,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,a ,/udy 9 ,magic &    
,religion                               
,! ,gold5 ,b\gh                         
,a ,/udy 9 ,magic & ,religion           
,by                ,,sir ,james ,george 
,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4  
,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge   
,pr(essor ( ,social ,an?ropology 9 !    
,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool4                 
,?ird ,edition4                         
,vol4 ,,ii4                             
,"p ,i                    ,! ,magic ,art
 & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s                  
,vol4 ,,ii                              
,macmillan & ,co41 ,limit$              
,/4 ,m>t9's ,/reet1 ,london             
#aiag                           ,?ird   
,edition ,m>* #aiaa                     
,repr9t$ ,july #aiaa1 #aiac1 #aiag      
,,cont5ts      ,*apt]                   
,,viii4--,dep>tm5tal ,k+s ( ,nature ,pp4
 #a-f    ,! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi      
probably a dep>tm5tal k+ ( nature2  ,k+s
 ( ,ra9 9 ,africa2 ,k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] 
9 ,cambodia4      ,*apt] ,,ix4--,!      

,wor%ip ( ,trees ,pp4 #g-eh     #a4     
,tree-spirits--,great =e/s ( anci5t     
,europe2 tree-wor%ip  practis$ by all   
,aryan races 9 ,europe2 trees reg>d$ z  
animate2  tree-spirits1 sacrifices to   
trees2 trees s5sitive to w\nds2         
apologies  = cutt+ d[n trees2 ble$+     
trees2 trees ?reat5$ to make !m  be>    
fruit2 attempts to deceive spirits (    
trees & plants2 trees  m>ri$ to ea* o!r2
 trees 9 blossom & rice 9 bloom treat$ l
  pregnant wom52 trees t5ant$ by ! s\ls 
( ! dead2 trees z !  abode1 n ! body1 ( 
spirits2 c]emonies at fell+ trees2      
propitiat+ tree-spirits 9 h\se-timb]2   
sacr$ trees ! abode (  spirits2 sacr$   
groves4     #b4 ,b5efic5t ,p[]s (       
,tree-spirits--,tree-_s develops into   
an?ropomorphic deity ( ! woods2         
tree-spirits give ra9 & sun%9e2         
tree-spirits make crops to gr[2 ! ,h>ve/
 ,may & k9dr$ cu/oms2  tree-spirits make
 h]ds & wom5 fruitful2 gre5 b\ghs       
protect aga9/  wit*craft2 influ5ce (    
tree-spirits on cattle among ! ,w5ds1   

,e/honians1 & ,circassians2 tree-spirits
 grant (fspr+ or easy  deliv]y to wom54 
,*apt] ,x4--,relics ( ,tree-wor%ip 9    
,mod]n ,europe ,pp4 #ei-if    ,may-trees
 9 ,europe1 especially ,engl&2          
,may-g>l&s 9 ,engl&2 ,may  cu/oms 9     
,france1 ,g]many1 & ,greece2 ,:itsuntide
 cu/oms 9 ,russia2  ,may-trees 9 ,g]many
 & ,sw$52 ,midsumm] trees & poles 9     
,sw$52  village ,may-poles 9 ,engl& &   
,g]many2 tree-_s deta*$ f tree  &       
repres5t$ 9 human =m1 ,e/honian tale2   
tree-_s repres5t$  simultane\sly 9      
vegetable & human =m2 ! ,little ,may    
,rose2 !  ,walb]2 ,gre5 ,george2 d\ble  
repres5tation ( tree-_s by tree &  man  
among ! ,oraons2 d\ble repres5tation (  
h>ve/-goddess ,gauri2 ,w4  ,mannh>dt's  
conclusions2 tree-_s or vegetation-_s   
repres5t$ by  a p]son alone2 leaf-clad  
mumm]s 7,gre5 ,george1 ,little ,leaf    
,man1  ,jack-9-!-,gre51 etc472 leaf-clad
 mumm]s call$ ,k+s or ,que5s 7,k+  &    
,que5 ( ,may1 ,:itsuntide ,k+1 etc472   
,:itsuntide ,bridegroom &  ,bride2      

,midsumm] ,bridegroom & ,bride2 ! ,=sak5
 ,bridegroom or ,bride2  ,/4 ,bride 9   
,scotl& & ! ,isle ( ,man2 ,may ,bride or
 ,:itsuntide  ,bride4      ,*apt]       
,,xi4--,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,sexes on       
,vegetation ,pp4 #ig-aai    ,! m>riage (
 ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may int5d$ to promote 
! gr[?  ( vegetation by homoeopa?ic     
magic2 int]c\rse ( ! sexes practis$  to 
make ! crops gr[ & fruit-trees to be>   
fruit2 p>5ts ( tw9s  suppos$ to f]tilise
 ! bananas 9 ,ug&a2 relics ( simil>     
cu/oms  9 ,europe2 cont95ce practis$ 9  
ord] to make ! crops gr[2 ince/  &      
illicit love suppos$ to blight ! fruits 
( ! e>? by caus+  dr\ght or excessive   
ra92 traces ( simil> beliefs z to !     
blight+  effect ( adult]y & ince/ among 
! anci5t ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1  &    
,iri%2 possible influ5ce ( su* beliefs  
on ! in/itution ( !  =bidd5 degrees (   
k9%ip2 explanation ( ! seem+            
contradiction  ( ! =ego+ cu/oms2        
indirect b5efit to humanity ( "s ( ^!   
sup]/itions4      ,*apt] ,,xii4--,!     

,sacr$ ,m>riage ,pp4 #abj-agj     #a4   
,diana z a ,goddess (                   
,f]tility--,dramatic m>riages ( gods &  
goddesses z a *>m to promote vegetation2
 ,diana z a goddess ( !  woodl&s2       
sanctity ( holy groves 9 antiquity2 !   
break+ ( !  ,gold5 ,b\gh a solemn rite1 
n a m]e piece ( bravado2 ,diana a       
goddess  ( ! teem+ life ( nature1 bo?   
animal & vegetable2 deities (  woodl&s  
naturally ! patrons ( ! bea/s ( ! woods2
 ! cr[n+  ( hunt+ dogs on ,diana's day a
 purification = _! slaught] ( !  bea/s (
 ! wood2 z goddess ( ! moon1 especially 
! yell[  h>ve/ moon1 ,diana a goddess ( 
crops & ( *ildbir?2 z a goddess  (      
f]tility ,diana ne$$ a male p>tn]4      
#b4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,gods--,m>riages ( !
 gods 9 ,babylonia &  ,assyria2 m>riage 
( ! god ,ammon to ! ,que5 ( ,egypt2     
,apollo & 8  prophetess at ,pat>a2      
,artemis & ! ,ess5es at ,ephesus2       
m>riage (  ,dionysus & ! ,que5 at ,a!ns2
 m>riage ( ,zeus & ,demet] at  ,eleusis2
 m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a at ,plataea2    

m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a  9 o!r p>ts (    
,greece2 ! god ,frey & 8 human wife 9   
,sw$52  simil> rites 9 anci5t ,gaul2    
m>riages ( gods to images or liv+  wom5 
among uncivilis$ peoples2 cu/om ( !     
,wotyaks2 cu/om ( !  ,p]uvian ,indians2 
m>riage ( a woman to ! ,sun among !     
,blackfoot  ,indians2 m>riage ( girls to
 fi%+-nets among ! ,hurons &            
,algonqu9s2 m>riage ( ! ,sun-god &      
,e>?-goddess among ! ,oraons2  m>riage (
 wom5 to gods 9 ,india & ,africa2       
m>riage ( wom5 to  wat]-gods &          
crocodiles2 virg9 sacrific$ z a bride to
 ! j9nee (  ! sea 9 ! ,maldive ,isl&s4  
#c4 ,sacrifices to                      
,wat]-spirits--,/ories ( ! ,p]seus &    
,&rom$a  type2 wat]-spirits conceiv$ z  
s]p5ts or dragons2 sacrifices (  human  
be+s to wat]-spirits2 wat]-spirits z    
disp5s]s ( f]tility2  wat]-spirits be/[ 
(fspr+ on wom52 love ( riv]-spirits =   
wom5  9 ,greek my?ology2 ! ,slay+ ( !   
,dragon at ,fur? 9 ,bav>ia2 ,/4  ,roma9 
& ! ,dragon at ,r\54      ,*apt]        

,,xiii4--,! ,k+s ( ,rome & ,alba ,pp4   
#aga-aid     #a4 ,numa & ,eg]ia--,eg]ia 
a nymph ( wat] & ! oak1 p]haps a  =m (  
,diana2 m>riage ( ,numa & ,eg]ia a      
rem9isc5ce ( !  m>riage ( ! ,k+ ( ,rome 
to a goddess ( wat] & vegetation4       
#b4 ,! ,k+ z ,jupit]--,! ,roman k+      
p]sonat$ ,jupit] & wore  8 co/ume2 ! oak
 cr[n z a symbol ( div9ity2 p]sonation (
 !  dead by mask$ m5 among ! ,romans2 ! 
k+s ( ,alba z  p]sonifications (        
,jupit]2 leg5ds ( ! dea?s ( ,roman k+s  
po9t  to _! connexion ) ! ?und]-god2    
local ,jupit]s 9 ,latium2 !  oak-groves 
( anci5t ,rome2 ,latian ,jupit] on !    
,alban ,m\nt2 woods (  ,latium 9        
antiquity2 ,lat9 wor%ip ( ,jupit] l !   
,druidical wor%ip  ( ! oak2 sacr$       
m>riage ( ,jupit] & ,juno2 ,janus &     
,c>na!  ,flam5 ,dialis & ,flam9ica z    
repres5tatives ( ,jupit] & ,juno2       
m>riage ( ! ,roman k+ to ! oak-goddess4 
,*apt] ,,xiv4--,! ,k+'s ,fire ,pp4      
#aie-bjf    ,sacr$ m>riage ( ! ,fire-god
 ) a woman2 leg5ds ( ! bir? (  ,lat9 k+s

 f ,ve/al ,virg9s impregnat$ by ! fire2 
,ve/al ,virg9s  z wives ( ! ,fire-god2 !
 ,ve/al fire orig9ally ! fire on !  k+'s
 he>?2 ! r\nd temple ( ,ve/a a copy ( ! 
old r\nd hut (  ! e>ly ,lat9s2 rude     
pott]y us$ 9 ,roman ritual2 sup]/itions 
z to  ! mak+ ( pott]y2 sanctity ( !     
/or]oom at ,rome2 ! temple (  ,ve/a )   
its sacr$ fire a copy ( ! k+'s h\se4    
,*apt] ,,xv4--,! ,fire-drill ,pp4       
#bjg-bbf    ,ve/al fire at ,rome rek9dl$
 by ! fire-drill2 use ( ! fire-drill  by
 savages2 ! fire-/icks reg>d$ by savages
 z male & female2  fire-cu/oms ( !      
,h]]o2 sacr$ fire among ! ,h]]o ma9ta9$ 
9  ! *ief's hut by 8 unm>ri$ daught]2 ! 
,h]]o *ief z prie/ (  ! he>?2 sacr$     
,h]]o fire rek9dl$ by fire-/icks1 :i*   
are  reg>d$ z male & female1 & are made 
f ! sacr$ ance/ral  tree2 ! sacr$ ,h]]o 
he>? a special seat ( ! ance/ral        
spirits2  sacr$ fire-/icks ( ! ,h]]o    
repres5t deceas$ ance/ors2 sacr$        
fire-bo>ds z family deities among !     
,koryaks & ,*uck*ees4      ,*apt]       

,,xvi4--,fa!r ,jove & ,"m ,ve/a ,pp4    
#bbg-beb    ,simil>ity betwe5 !         
fire-cu/oms ( ! ,h]]o & ! anci5t        
,lat9s2 rites p]=m$ by ! ,ve/als = !    
f]tility ( ! e>?  & ! fecundity (       
cattle2 ! ,ve/als z embodim5ts ( ,ve/a1 
a  "m-goddess ( f]tility2 ! dome/ic fire
 z a fecundat+ ag5t 9  m>riage ritual2  
newborn *ildr5 & ! dome/ic fire2 reasons
 =  ascrib+ a procreative virtue to     
fire2 fire k9dl$ by friction by  human  
repres5tatives ( ! ,fire-fa!r &         
,fire-"m2 fire k9dl$  by friction by boy
 & girl or by man & woman2 human        
fire-mak]s  sometimes m>ri$1 sometimes  
unm>ri$2 holy fire & virg9s ( ,/4       
,brigit 9 ,irel&2 ! oaks ( ,er92 virg9  
prie/esses ( fire 9  anci5t ,p]u &      
,mexico2 ! ,agnihotris or fire-prie/s ( 
!  ,brahmans2 k9ds ( wood employ$ =     
fire-/icks 9 ,india & anci5t  ,greece4  
,*apt] ,,xvii4--,! ,orig9 ( ,p]petual   
,fires ,pp4 #bec-bfe    ,cu/om (        
p]petual fires probably orig9at$ 9      
motives ( conv5i5ce2  races report$ to  

be ignorant ( ! means ( mak+ fire2 fire 
probably  us$ by m5 be=e !y knew h[ to  
k9dle x2 savages c>ry fire )  !m z a    
matt] ( conv5i5ce2 ,prome!us !          
fire-br+]2 p]petual  fires ma9ta9$ by   
*iefs & k+s2 fire ext+ui%$ at k+'s dea?4
      ,*apt] ,,xviii4--,! ,succession to
 ! ,k+dom 9 ,anci5t ,latium ,pp4        
#bff-cbc    ,! sacr$ functions ( ,lat9  
k+s 9 g5]al probably ! same z  ^? ( !   
,roman k+s2 "q ( ! rule ( succession to 
!  ,lat9 k+%ip2 li/ ( ,alban k+s2 li/ ( 
,roman k+s2 ,lat9 k+%ip  app>5tly       
transmitt$ 9 female l9e to =eign husb&s 
( pr9cesses2  miracul\s bir?s ( k+s     
expla9$ on ?is hypo!sis2 m>riage (      
pr9cesses to m5 ( inf]ior rank 9        
,africa2 traces ( female desc5t  ( k+%ip
 9 ,greece2 & 9 ,sc&9avia2 rem9isc5ce ( 
su* desc5t  9 popul> tales2 female      
desc5t ( k+%ip among ! ,picts1 !        
,lydians1 ! ,danes1 & ! ,saxons2 traces 
( female k9%ip or  "m-k9 among !        
,aryans1 ! ,picts1 & ! ,etruscans2 "m-k9
  may survive 9 royal families aft] x   

has be5 sup]s$$ by fa!r-k9  among       
common]s2 ! ,roman k+s plebeians1 n     
patricians2 ! fir/  consuls at ,rome    
heirs to ! ?rone accord+ to "m-k92      
attempt (  ,t>qu9 to *ange ! l9e (      
succession f ! female to ! male  l9e2 ! 
h]$it>y pr9ciple compatible ) ! elective
 pr9ciple 9  succession to ! ?rone2     
comb9ation ( ! h]$it>y ) !  elective    
pr9ciple 9 succession to ! k+%ip 9      
,africa & ,assam2  simil> comb9ation    
p]haps 9 =ce at ,rome2 p]sonal qualities
  requir$ 9 k+s & *iefs2 succession to !
 ?rone det]m9$ by a  race2 cu/om ( rac+ 
= a bride2 conte/s = a bride o!r ?an a  
race2 ! ,flight ( ! ,k+ 7,regifugium7 at
 ,rome p]haps a relic ( a  conte/ = !   
k+dom & ! h& ( a pr9cess2 confirmation (
 ?is  !ory f ! practice ( kill+ a human 
repres5tative ( ,saturn at  !           
,saturnalia2 viol5t ends ( ,roman k+s2  
dea? ( ,romulus on !  ,nonae ,caprot9ae 
7#g? ,july71 an old lic5ti\s fe/ival l !
  ,saturnalia = ! f]tilisation ( ! fig2 
viol5t dea?s ( o!r  ,roman k+s2         

succession to ,lat9 k+%ip p]haps decid$ 
by s+le  combat2 ,african p>allels2     
,greek & ,italian k+s may h p]sonat$    
,cronus & ,saturn be=e !y p]sonat$ ,zeus
 & ,jupit]4      ,*apt] ,,xix4--,/4     
,george & ! ,p>ilia ,pp4 #cbd-cdh    ,! 
e>ly ,italians a pa/oral z well z       
agricultural p2 !  %eph]ds' fe/ival ( ! 
,p>ilia on #ba/ ,april2 int5tion ( !    
fe/ival to ensure ! welf>e ( ! flocks & 
h]ds & to gu>d !m  aga9/ wit*es &       
wolves2 fe/ival ( ! same k9d /ill held 9
  ,ea/]n ,europe on #bcrd ,april1 ,/4   
,george's ,day2 precautions tak5 by !   
,e/honians aga9/ wit*es & wolves on ,/4 
,george's ,day1 :5 !y  drive out !      
cattle to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t2 ,/4       
,george's ,day a  pa/oral fe/ival 9     
,russia2 among ! ,ru!nians1 among !     
,huzuls (  ! ,c>pa?ians2 ,/4 ,george z !
 patron ( horses 9 ,silesia &  ,bav>ia2 
,/4 ,george's ,day among ! ,saxons &    
,r\manians (  ,transylvania2 ,/4        
,george's ,day a h]dsman's fe/ival among
 !  ,wala*ians1 ,bulg>ians1 & ,s\?      

,slavs2 precautions tak5 aga9/  wit*es &
 wolves :5ev] ! cattle are driv5 out to 
pa/ure = !  fir/ "t1 z 9 ,prussia &     
,sw$52 ^! p>allels illu/rate "s         
features ( ! ,p>ilia2 ,/4 ,george z a   
p]sonification ( trees or  vegetation 9 
g5]al2 ,/4 ,george z patron ( *ildbir? &
 love2 ,/4  ,george seems to h displac$ 
an old ,aryan god ( ! spr+1 su* z  !    
,li?uanian ,p]grubiusk4      ,*apt]     
,,xx4--,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,oak ,pp4 #cdi-cge
     #a4 ,! ,diffusion ( ! ,oak 9       
,europe--,jupit] ! god ( ! oak1  ! sky1 
& ?und]2 ( ^! attributes ! oak is       
probably prim>y  & ! sky & ?und]        
second>y2 ,europe cov]$ ) oak =e/s 9    
prehi/oric times2 rema9s ( oaks f\nd 9  
peat-bogs2 anci5t lake  dwell+s built on
 oak5 piles2 evid5ce ( classical writ]s 
z to oak  =e/s 9 antiquity2 oak-woods 9 
mod]n ,europe4     #b4 ,! ,aryan ,god ( 
! ,oak & ! ,?und]--,aryan wor%ip ( ! oak
  & ( ! god ( ! oak2 ,zeus z ! god ( !  
oak1 ! ?und]1 &  ! ra9 9 anci5t ,greece2
 ,jupit] z ! god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1  & ! 

ra9 9 anci5t ,italy2 ,celtic wor%ip ( ! 
oak2 ,don> & ,?or  ! ,teutonic gods ( ! 
oak & ?und]2 ,p]un ! god ( ! oak &      
?und] among ! ,slavs2 ,p]kunas ! god ( !
 oak & ?und] among  ! ,li?uanians2 ,ta>a
 ! god ( ! oak & ?und] among !          
,e/honians2 ,p>janya1 ! old ,indian god 
( ?und]1 ra91 &  f]tility2 gods ( ?und] 
& ra9 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & !           
,caucasus2 traces ( ! wor%ip ( ! oak 9  
mod]n ,europe2 9 !  great ,european god 
( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & ! ra91 ! orig9al    
elem5t seems to h be5 ! oak4      ,*apt]
 ,,xxi4--,dianus & ,diana ,pp4 #cgf-chg 
,recapitulation3 rise ( sacr$ k+s end[$ 
) magical or div9e  p[]s2 ! ,k+ ( !     
,wood at ,nemi seems to h p]sonifi$     
,jupit]  ! god ( ! oak & to h mat$ )    
,diana ! goddess ( ! oak2  ,dianus      
7,janus7 & ,diana orig9ally             
dialectically diff]5t =ms (  ,jupit] &  
,juno2 ,janus 7,dianus7 n orig9ally a   
god ( doors2  d\ble-head$ figure (      
,janus 7,dianus7 d]iv$ f a cu/om ( plac+
  him z s5t9el at doorways2 p>allel     

cu/om among ! negroes (  ,sur9am2       
orig9ally ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi      
repres5t$ ,dianus  7,janus71 a duplicate
 =m ( ,jupit]1 ! god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1  
& ! sky4    ,,index ,pp4 #chi-dag       
,,*apt] ,,viii                          
,,dep>tm5tal ,,k+s ,,( ,,nature      ,! 
prec$+ inve/igation has prov$ t ! same  
,sid5ote3  ,dep>tm5tal k+s ( nature4    
union ( sacr$ functions ) a royal  title
 :i* meets u 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1
 ! ,sacrificial  ,k+ at ,rome1 & !      
magi/rate call$ ! ,k+ at ,a!ns1 occurs  
frequ5tly outside ! limits ( classical  
antiquity & is a common  feature (      
societies at all /ages f b>b>ism to     
civilisation4  ,fur!r1 x appe>s t !     
royal prie/ is (t5 a k+1 n only 9  "n b 
9 fact1 sway+ ! sceptre z well z !      
crosi]4 ,all ?is  confirms ! traditional
 view ( ! orig9 ( ! titul> & prie/ly    
k+s 9 ! republics ( anci5t ,greece &    
,italy4 ,at lea/ by %ew+  t ! comb9ation
 ( spiritual & temporal p[]1 ( :i*      
,graeco-,italian tradition pres]v$ !    

memory1 has actually exi/$ 9  _m places1
 we h obviat$ any suspicion (           
improbability t might  h atta*$ to !    
tradition4 ,!re=e we may n[ fairly ask1 
,may n  ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood h _h an orig9 l 
t :i* a probable  tradition assigns to !
 ,sacrificial ,k+ ( ,rome & ! titul> ,k+
  ( ,a!ns8 ,9 o!r words1 may n 8        
pr$ecessors 9 (fice h be5  a l9e ( k+s  
:om a republican revolution /ripp$ ( _! 
political  p[]1 leav+ !m only _!        
religi\s functions & ! %ad[ ( a  cr[n8  
,!re are at lea/ two reasons = answ]+   
?is "q 9 !  negative4 ,"o reason is     
drawn f ! abode ( ! prie/ ( ,nemi2 !    
o!r f 8 title1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood4 ,if 8   
pr$ecessors _h be5  k+s 9 ! ord9>y s5se1
 he w\ld surely h be5 f\nd resid+1  l ! 
fall5 k+s ( ,rome & ,a!ns1 9 ! city (   
:i* !  sceptre _h pass$ f him4 ,?is city
 mu/ h be5 ,aricia1 = !re  0 none ne>]4 
,b ,aricia 0 ?ree miles (f f 8 =e/      
sanctu>y by ! lake %ore4 ,if he reign$1 
x 0 n 9 ! city1 b  9 ! gre5wood4 ,aga9 8
 title1 ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 h>dly all[s u to 

suppose t he _h ev] be5 a k+ 9 ! common 
s5se ( ! ^w4  ,m likely he 0 a k+ (     
nature1 & ( a special side ( nature1    
namely1 ! woods f :i* he took 8 title4  
,if we c\ld f9d  in/ances ( :at we may  
call dep>tm5tal k+s ( nature1 t is (    
p]sons suppos$ to rule ov] p>ticul>     
elem5ts or aspects ( nature1  !y w\ld   
probably pres5t a clos] analogy to ! ,k+
 ( ! ,wood  ?an ! div9e k+s we h be5    
hi!rto consid]+1 ^: control  ( nature is
 g5]al r ?an special4 ,in/ances ( su*   
dep>tm5tal  k+s are n want+4            
,sid5ote3 ,k+s ( ra9 9 ,africa4 ,on a   
hill at ,bomma ne> ! m\?  ( ! ,congo    
dwells ,namvulu ,vumu1 ,k+ ( ! ,ra9 &   
,/orm4#a ,( "s  ( ! tribes on ! ,upp]   
,nile we are told t !y h no k+s 9  !    
common s5se2 ! only p]sons :om !y       
ackn[l$ge z su* are !  ,k+s ( ! ,ra91   
,mata ,kod\1 :o are cr$it$ ) ! p[] (    
giv+ ra9 at ! prop] "t1 t is 9 ! ra9y   
season4 ,be=e !  ra9s beg9 to fall at ! 
end ( ,m>* ! c\ntry is a p>*$ &  arid   
des]t2 & ! cattle1 :i* =m ! p's *ief    

weal?1  p]i% = lack ( grass4 ,s1 :5 !   
end ( ,m>* draws on1 ea*  h\sehold]     
betakes himself to ! ,k+ ( ! ,ra9 & (f]s
 him a c[  t he may make ! bless$ wat]s 
( heav5 to drip on ! br[n &  )]$        
pa/ures4 ,if no %[] falls1 ! p assemble 
& dem&  t ! k+ %all give !m ra92 & if ! 
sky /ill cont9ues  cl\dless1 !y rip up 8
 belly1 9 :i* he is believ$ to keep !   
/orms4 ,among/ ! ,b>i tribe "o ( ^! ,ra9
 ,k+s made ra9 by  spr9kl+ wat] on !    
gr\nd out ( a h&bell4#b    ,sid5ote3    
,prie/hood ( ! ,alfai4 ,among tribes on 
! outskirts (  ,abyss9ia a simil> (fice 
exi/s & has be5 ?us describ$ by an      
obs]v]4 8,! prie/hood ( ! ,alfai1 z he  
is call$ by ! ,b>ea &  ,kunama1 is a    
rem>kable "o2 he is believ$ to be able  
to make ra94  ,?is (fice =m]ly exi/$    
among ! ,alg$s & appe>s to be /ill      
common to ! ,nuba negroes4 ,! ,alfai ( !
 ,b>ea1 :o is also  consult$ by ! nor!rn
 ,kunama1 lives ne> ,tembad]e on a      
m\nta9  alone ) 8 family4 ,! p br+ him  
tribute 9 ! =m (  clo!s & fruits1 &     

cultivate = him a l>ge field ( 8 own4   
,he  is a k9d ( k+1 & 8 (fice passes by 
inh]itance to 8 bro!r  or si/]'s son4   
,he is suppos$ to conjure d[n ra9 & to  
drive away  ! locu/s4 ,b if he          
disappo9ts ! p's expectation & a great  
dr\ght arises 9 ! l&1 ! ,alfai is /on$  
to dea?1 & 8  ne>e/ relations are oblig$
 to ca/ ! fir/ /one at him4 ,:5 we      
pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ! (fice ( ,alfai 0
 /ill held by an old  man2 b ,i he>d t  
ra9-mak+ _h prov$ too dang]\s = him &  t
 he _h r5\nc$ 8 (fice40#c    ,sid5ote3  
,k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] 9 ,cambodia4 ,9 !  
backwoods (  ,cambodia live two my/]i\s 
sov]eigns kn[n z ! ,k+ ( ! ,fire  & !   
,k+ ( ! ,wat]4 ,_! fame is spread all   
ov] ! s\? (  ! great ,indo-,*9ese       
p59sula2 b only a fa9t e*o ( x has      
rea*$ ! ,we/4 ,d[n to a few ye>s ago no 
,european1 s f> z is  kn[n1 _h ev] se5  
ei!r ( !m2 & _! v exi/5ce might h  pass$
 = a fable1 7 x n t till lately         
communications 7  regul>ly ma9ta9$      
betwe5 !m & ! ,k+ ( ,cambodia1 :o ye> by

  ye> ex*ang$ pres5ts ) !m4 ,!          
,cambodian gifts 7 pass$ f  tribe to    
tribe till !y rea*$ _! de/9ation2 = no  
,cambodian  w\ld essay ! long & p]il\s  
j\rney4 ,! tribe among/ :om !  ,k+s (   
,fire & ,wat] reside is ! ,*rais or     
,j>ay1 a race )  ,european features b a 
sall[ complexion1 inhabit+ ! =e/-clad   
m\nta9s & high tablel&s :i* sep>ate     
,cambodia f ,annam4 ,_!  royal functions
 are ( a purely my/ic or spiritual ord]2
 !y h no  political au?ority2 !y are    
simple peasants1 liv+ by ! sweat (  _!  
br[ & ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful4 ,accord+ to  
"o acc\nt  !y live 9 absolute solitude1 
nev] meet+ ea* o!r & nev]  see+ a human 
face4 ,!y inhabit successively sev5 t[]s
 p]*$ ^u  sev5 m\nta9s1 & e ye> !y pass 
f "o t[] to ano!r4  ,p come furtively & 
ca/ )9 _! rea* :at is ne$ful =  _!      
subsi/5ce4 ,! k+%ip la/s sev5 ye>s1 ! "t
 necess>y to  inhabit all ! t[]s        
successively2 b _m die be=e _! "t is    
out4 ,! (fices are h]$it>y 9 "o or      
7accord+ to o!rs7 two  royal families1  

:o enjoy high consid]ation1 h rev5ues   
assign$ to  !m1 & are exempt f !        
necessity ( till+ ! gr\nd4 ,b  naturally
 ! dignity is n covet$1 & :5 a vacancy  
occurs1 all  eligible m5 7!y mu/ be     
/rong & h *ildr57 flee & hide  !mselves4
 ,ano!r acc\nt1 admitt+ ! reluctance ( !
 h]$it>y  c&idates to accept ! cr[n1    
does n c\nt5ance ! report ( _!  h]mit-l 
seclusion 9 ! sev5 t[]s4 ,= x repres5ts 
! p  z pro/rat+ !mselves be=e ! my/ic   
k+s :5ev] !y appe>  9 public1 x be+     
?\ght t a t]rible hurricane w\ld bur/   
ov]  ! c\ntry if ?is m>k ( homage 7     
omitt$4 ,probably1 h[ev]1  ^! are m]e   
fables su* z commonly %$ a glam\r (     
romance ov]  ! di/ant & unkn[n4 ,a ,fr5*
 (fic]1 :o _h an int]view ) !  r$\btable
 ,fire ,k+ 9 ,febru>y #ahia1 f\nd him   
/ret*$ on a bamboo  c\*1 dilig5tly smok+
 a long copp] pipe1 & surr\nd$ by p  :o 
paid him no great def]5ce4 ,9 spite ( 8 
my/ic vocation !  sorc]] _h no *>m or   
talisman ab\t him1 & 0 9 no way         
di/+ui%able f 8 fell[s except by 8 tall 

/ature4 ,ano!r  writ] reports t ! two   
k+s are mu* fe>$1 because !y are        
suppos$ to possess ! evil eye2 h5ce e "o
 avoids !m1 & !  pot5tates consid]ately 
c\gh to ann\nce _! approa* & to all[  p 
to get out ( _! way4 ,!y enjoy          
extraord9>y privileges &  immunities1 b 
_! au?ority does n ext5d beyond ! few   
villages  ( _! neighb\rhood4 ,l _m o!r  
sacr$ k+s1 ( :om we %all  read 9 !      
sequel1 ! ,k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] are n    
all[$ to die a  natural dea?1 = t w\ld  
l[] _! reputation4 ,accord+ly :5  "o (  
!m is s]i\sly ill1 ! eld]s hold a       
consultation & if !y  ?9k he _c recov]  
!y /ab him to dea?4 ,8 body is burn$ &  
! a%es are pi\sly collect$ & publicly   
hon\r$ = five ye>s4  ,"p ( !m is giv5 to
 ! wid[1 & %e keeps !m 9 an urn1 :i*  %e
 mu/ c>ry on h] back :5 %e goes to weep 
on h] husb&'s grave4    ,sid5ote3       
,sup]natural p[]s ( ! ,k+s ( ,fire &    
,wat]4 ,we are  told t ! ,fire ,k+1 ! m 
important ( ! two1 ^:  sup]natural p[]s 
h nev] be5 que/ion$1 (ficiates at       

m>riages1  fe/ivals1 & sacrifices 9     
hon\r ( ! ,yan or _s4 ,on ^!  occasions 
a special place is set ap>t = him2 & !  
pa? by :i* he  approa*es is spread )    
:ite cotton clo?s4 ,a reason = conf9+  !
 royal dignity to ! same family is t ?is
 family is 9  possession ( c]ta9 fam\s  
talismans :i* w\ld lose _! virtue or    
disappe> if !y pass$ out ( ! family4 ,^!
 talismans are ?ree3  ! fruit ( a creep]
 call$ ,cui1 ga!r$ ages ago at ! "t (  !
 la/ deluge1 b /ill fre% & gre52 a      
rattan1 also v old b  be>+ fl[]s t nev] 
fade2 & la/ly1 a sword conta9+ a ,yan   
or _s1 :o gu>ds x con/antly & works     
miracles ) x4 ,!  _s is said to be t ( a
 slave1 ^: blood *anc$ to fall ^u  !    
blade :ile x 0 be+ =g$1 & :o di$ a      
volunt>y dea? to  expiate 8 involunt>y  
(f5ce4 ,by means ( ! two =m] talismans  
! ,wat] ,k+ c raise a flood t w\ld dr[n 
! :ole e>?4 ,if  ! ,fire ,k+ draws !    
magic sword a few in*es f its %ea?1 !   
sun is hidd5 & m5 & bea/s fall into a   
pr(\nd sleep2 7 he to  draw x q out ( ! 

scabb>d1 ! _w w\ld come to an end4 ,to  
?is wondr\s br& sacrifices ( buffaloes1 
pigs1 f[ls1 & ducks are  (f]$ = ra94 ,x 
is kept swa!d 9 cotton & silk2 & among/ 
!  annual pres5ts s5t by ! ,k+ (        
,cambodia 7 ri* /uffs to wrap  ! sacr$  
sword4    ,sid5ote3 ,gifts s5t by ! ,k+s
 ( ,fire & ,wat] to ! ,k+ (  ,cambodia4 
,9 return ! ,k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] s5t him
 a huge wax  c&le & two calaba%es1 "o   
full ( rice & ! o!r ( sesame4 ,!  c&le  
bore ! impress ( ! ,fire ,k+'s middle   
f+]1 & 0  probably ?\ght to conta9 ! se$
 ( fire1 :i* ! ,cambodian  mon>* ?us    
receiv$ once a ye> fre% f ! ,fire ,k+   
himself ,?is  holy c&le 0 kept = sacr$  
uses4 ,on rea*+ ! capital (  ,cambodia x
 0 entru/$ to ! ,brahmans1 :o laid x up 
beside !  regalia1 & ) ! wax made tap]s 
:i* 7 burn$ on ! alt>s on  solemn days4 
,z ! c&le 0 ! special gift ( ! ,fire    
,k+1 we may  conjecture t ! rice &      
sesame 7 ! special gift ( ! ,wat]  ,k+4 
,! latt] 0 d\btless k+ ( ra9 z well z ( 
wat]1 & !  fruits ( ! e>? 7 boons       

conf]r$ by him on m54 ,9 times (        
calamity1 z dur+ plague1 floods1 & w>1 a
 little ( ?is sacr$  rice & sesame 0    
scatt]$ on ! gr\nd 8to appease ! wra? ( 
!  malefic5t spirits40 ,contr>y to !    
common usage ( ! c\ntry1 :i*  is to bury
 ! dead1 ! bodies ( bo? ^! my/ic mon>*s 
are burnt1  b _! nails & "s ( _! tee? & 
bones are religi\sly  pres]v$ z amulets4
 ,x is :ile ! corpse is be+ consum$ on !
  pyre t ! k9sm5 ( ! deceas$ magician   
flee to ! =e/ &  hide !mselves = fe> (  
be+ elevat$ to ! invidi\s dignity  :i*  
he has j vacat$4 ,! p g & se>* = !m1 & !
  fir/ ^: lurk+ place !y discov] is made
 ,k+ ( ,fire or  ,wat]4#d    ,^!1 !n1   
are examples ( :at ,i h call$ dep>tm5tal
 k+s (  nature4 ,b x is a f> cry to     
,italy f ! =e/s ( ,cambodia &  ! s\rces 
( ! ,nile4 ,& ?\gh ,k+s ( ,ra91 ,wat]1 &
 ,fire h  be5 f\nd1 we h /ill to discov]
 a ,k+ ( ! ,wood to mat* !  ,arician    
prie/ :o bore t title4 ,p]haps we %all  
f9d him ne>]  home4    ,footnote #a3    
,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die deuts*e ,exp$ition an 

d] ,loango-,k/e1 ii4 #bcj4    ,footnote 
#b3      8,excursion de ,m4             
,brun-,rollet dans la rgion suprieure du
 ,nil10    ,bullet9 de la ,socit de     
,gographie 7,p>is71 ,i,vme ,srie1 iv4   
7#aheb7    pp4 #dba-dbc2 ib4 viii4      
7#ahed7 pp4 #chg sq42 ,brun-,rollet1 ,le
 ,nil    ,blanc et le ,s\dan 7,p>is1    
#ahee71 pp4 #bbg sqq4 ,z to !           
ra9-mak+ *iefs ( ?is region see above1  
vol4 i4 pp4 #cde sqq4 ,z    to ! di/ress
 & privations endur$ by ^! p 9 ! dry    
season1 see ,e4 de ,pruyss5a]e1 8,reis5 
und ,=s*ung5 im ,gebiete des    ,weiss5 
und ,blau5 ,nil10 ,pet]mann's           
,mit!ilung51 ,ergnzung%eft    ,no4 #ej  
7,go?a1 #ahgg71 p4 #bc4    ,footnote #c3
      ,w4 ,munz+]1 ,o/afrikanis*e ,/udi5
 7,s*affhaus51 #ahfd71 p4 #dgd4         
,footnote #d3      ,mgr4 ,cun1 9        
,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 
xiii4 7#ahda7 p4    #adc2 ,h4 ,m\hot1   
,travels 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>ts ( ,indo-,*9a 
7,london1    #ahfd71 ii4 #ce2 ,a4       
,ba/ian1 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d]     

,gebirgs/mme    9 ,kambodia10           
,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde
 zu ,b]l91    i4 7#ahff7 p4 #cg2 ,j4    
,m\ra1 ,le ,royaume du ,cambodge 7,p>is1
 #ahhc71 i4    #dcb-dcf2 ,e4 ,aymoni]1  
8,notes sur les c\tumes et croyances    
sup]/itieuses des ,cambodgi5s10 9       
,co*9*9e ,franaise3    ,excursions et   
reconnaissances1 ,no4 #af 7,saigon1     
#ahhc71 pp4 #agb sq42    id41 ,notes sur
 le ,laos 7,saigon1 #ahhe71 p4 #fj2 ,le 
,capita9e ,cupet1    8,*ez les          
populations sauvages du ,sud de         
l',annam10 ,t\r du monde1    ,no4 #afhb1
 ,april #a1 #ahic1 pp4 #aic-bjd2 id41 9 
,mission ,pavie1    ,indo-,*9e          
#ahgi-ahie1 ,gographie et voyages1 iii4 
7,p>is1 #aijj7 pp4    #big-cah2 ,t\rni]1
 ,notice sur le ,laos ,franais 7,hanoi1 
#aijj71 pp4    #aaa sq42 ,a4 ,lavalle1  
8,notes e?nographiques sur div]ses      
tribus du    ,sud-,e/ de l',inde-,*9e10 
,bullet9 de l'cole ,franaise            
d',extrme-,ori5t1 i4 7,hanoi1 #aija7 pp4
 #cjc sq4 ,mgr4 ,cun m5tions    only !  

,k+ ( ,fire4 ,ba/ian speaks z if ! ,k+ (
 ,fire 0 also    ! ,k+ ( ,wat]4 ,bo?    
writ]s report at second h&4             
,,*apt] ,,ix                            
,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,trees                
#a4 ,tree-spirits      ,sid5ote3 ,great 
=e/s ( anci5t ,europe4 ,9 ! religi\s    
hi/ory (  ! ,aryan race 9 ,europe !     
wor%ip ( trees has play$ an important   
"p4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural4 ,= at !    
dawn ( hi/ory ,europe  0 cov]$ ) imm5se 
primaeval =e/s1 9 :i* ! scatt]$  cle>+s 
mu/ h appe>$ l islets 9 an ocean ( gre54
 ,d[n to  ! fir/ c5tury be=e our era !  
,h]cynian =e/ /ret*$ ea/w>d  f ! ,rh9e =
 a di/ance at once va/ & unkn[n2 ,g]mans
 :om  ,caes> que/ion$ _h travell$ = two 
mon?s ?r\gh x )\t  rea*+ ! end4#e ,f\r  
c5turies lat] x 0 visit$ by ! ,emp]or   
,julian1 & ! solitude1 ! gloom1 ! sil5ce
 ( ! =e/ appe> to  h made a deep        
impression on 8 s5sitive nature4 ,he    
decl>$ t he  knew no?+ l x 9 ! ,roman   
empire4#f ,9 our own c\ntry !  wealds ( 
,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex are remnants ( 

! great =e/ (  ,&]ida1 :i* once clo!d ! 
:ole ( ! s\?-ea/]n portion (  ! isl&4   
,we/w>d x seems to h /ret*$ till x jo9$ 
ano!r  =e/ t ext5d$ f ,hamp%ire to      
,devon4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4  !     
citiz5s ( ,london /ill hunt$ ! wild bull
 & ! bo> 9 !  woods ( ,hamp/ead4 ,ev5 "u
 ! lat] ,plantag5ets ! royal =e/s  7    
sixty-eight 9 numb]4 ,9 ! =e/ ( ,ard5 x 
0 said t d[n  to mod]n times a squirrel 
might leap f tree to tree = ne>ly !     
:ole l5g? ( ,w>wick%ire4#g ,! excavation
 ( anci5t pile-villages  9 ! valley ( ! 
,po has %ewn t long be=e ! rise &       
probably  ! f\ndation ( ,rome ! nor? (  
,italy 0 cov]$ ) d5se woods  ( elms1    
*e/nuts1 & especially ( oaks4#h         
,ar*aeology is "h  confirm$ by hi/ory2 =
 classical writ]s conta9 _m ref]5ces to 
,italian =e/s :i* h n[ disappe>$4#i ,z  
late z ! f\r?  c5tury be=e our era ,rome
 0 divid$ f c5tral ,etruria by !  dread$
 ,cim9ian =e/1 :i* ,livy comp>es to !   
woods ( ,g]many4 ,no  m]*ant1 if we may 
tru/ ! ,roman hi/orian1 _h ev] p5etrat$ 

its  pa?less solitudes3 & x 0 deem$ a   
mo/ d>+ feat :5 a ,roman  g5]al1 aft]   
s5d+ two sc\ts to explore its           
intricacies1 l$ 8  army into ! =e/ &1   
mak+ 8 way to a ridge ( ! wood$         
m\nta9s1 look$ d[n on ! ri* ,etrurian   
fields spread out bel[4#aj  ,9 ,greece  
beautiful woods ( p9e1 oak1 & o!r trees 
/ill l+] on  ! slopes ( ! high ,arcadian
 m\nta9s1 /ill adorn ) _!  v]dure ! deep
 gorge ?r\gh :i* ! ,ladon hurries to jo9
 !  sacr$ ,alpheus2 & 7 /ill1 d[n to a  
few ye>s ago1 mirror$ 9 !  d>k blue     
wat]s ( ! lonely lake ( ,ph5eus2 b !y   
are m]e  fragm5ts ( ! =e/s :i* clo!d    
great tracts 9 antiquity1 &  :i* at a m 
remote epo* may h spann$ ! ,greek       
p59sula f  sea to sea4#aa    ,sid5ote3  
,tree-wor%ip practis$ by all ! ,aryan   
races 9 ,europe4  ,f an exam9ation ( !  
,teutonic words = 8temple0 ,grimm has   
made x  probable t among/ ! ,g]mans !   
olde/ sanctu>ies 7 natural  woods4#ab   
,h[ev] ?is may be1 tree-wor%ip is well  
atte/$ = all  ! great ,european families

 ( ! ,aryan /ock4 ,among/ ! ,celts !    
oak-wor%ip ( ! ,druids is famili> to e  
"o1#ac & _! old  ^w = a sanctu>y seems  
to be id5tical 9 orig9 & mean+ )  !     
,lat9 nmus1 a grove or woodl& glade1 :i*
 /ill survives 9  ! "n ( ,nemi4#ad      
,sacr$ groves 7 common among ! anci5t   
,g]mans1 & tree-wor%ip is h>dly ext9ct  
among/ _! desc5dants at  ! pres5t       
day4#ae ,h[ s]i\s t wor%ip 0 9 =m] times
 may be  ga!r$ f ! f]oci\s p5alty       
appo9t$ by ! old ,g]man laws =  su* z   
d>$ to peel ! b>k ( a /&+ tree4 ,!      
culprit's navel  0 to be cut out & nail$
 to ! "p ( ! tree :i* he _h  peel$1 & he
 0 to be driv5 r\nd & r\nd ! tree till  
all 8  guts 7 w\nd ab\t its trunk4#af ,!
 int5tion ( ! puni%m5t  cle>ly 0 to     
replace ! dead b>k by a liv+ sub/itute  
tak5 f  ! culprit2 x 0 a life = a life1 
! life ( a man = ! life (  a tree4 ,at  
,upsala1 ! old religi\s capital ( ,sw$51
 !re 0 a  sacr$ grove 9 :i* e tree 0    
reg>d$ z div9e4#ag ,! hea!n  ,slavs     
wor%ipp$ trees & groves4#ah ,!          

,li?uanians 7 n  conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 
till t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5?  c5tury1 
& among/ !m at ! date ( _! conv]sion !  
wor%ip (  trees 0 prom95t4 ,"s ( !m     
rev]$ rem>kable oaks & o!r  great %ady  
trees1 f :i* !y receiv$ oracul>         
responses4 ,"s  ma9ta9$ holy groves ab\t
 _! villages or h\ses1 :]e ev5 to  break
 a twig w\ld h be5 a s94 ,!y ?\ght t he 
:o cut a b\gh  9 su* a grove ei!r di$   
sudd5ly or 0 crippl$ 9 "o ( 8  limbs4#ai
 ,pro(s ( ! preval5ce ( tree-wor%ip 9   
anci5t ,greece  & ,italy are            
abundant4#bj ,9 ! sanctu>y (            
,aesculapius at ,cos1 =  example1 x 0   
=bidd5 to cut d[n ! cypress-trees "u a  
p5alty  ( a ?\s& dra*ms4#ba ,b n[h]e1   
p]haps1 9 ! anci5t _w  0 ?is antique =m 
( religion bett] pres]v$ ?an 9 ! he>t ( 
! great metropolis itself4 ,9 ! ,=um1 ! 
busy c5tre ( ,roman  life1 ! sacr$      
fig-tree ( ,romulus 0 wor%ipp$ d[n to ! 
days (  ! empire1 & ! )]+ ( its trunk 0 
en\gh to spread  con/]nation ?r\gh !    
city4#bb ,aga91 on ! slope ( ! ,palat9e 

,hill grew a cornel-tree :i* 0 e/eem$ "o
 ( ! mo/ sacr$  objects 9 ,rome4 ,:5ev] 
! tree appe>$ to a pass]-by to be       
droop+1 he set up a hue & cry :i* 0 e*o$
 by ! p 9 !  /reet1 & soon a cr[d might 
be se5 runn+ helt]-skelt] f all  sides )
 buckets ( wat]1 z if 7says ,plut>*7 !y 
7 ha/5+  to put out a fire4#bc          
,sid5ote3 ,tree-wor%ip among !          
,f9ni%-,ugrian peoples4 ,among !  tribes
 ( ! ,f9ni%-,ugrian /ock 9 ,europe !    
hea!n wor%ip 0  p]=m$ = ! mo/ "p 9 sacr$
 groves1 :i* 7 always enclos$  ) a f5ce4
 ,su* a grove (t5 consi/$ m]ely ( a     
glade or cle>+  ) a few trees dott$     
ab\t1 ^u :i* 9 =m] times ! sk9s (  !    
sacrificial victims 7 hung4 ,! c5tral   
po9t ( ! grove1 at  lea/ among ! tribes 
( ! ,volga1 0 ! sacr$ tree1 beside :i*  
ev]y?+ else sank into insignificance4   
,be=e x ! wor%ipp]s  assembl$ & ! prie/ 
(f]$ 8 pray]s1 at its roots ! victim  0 
sacrific$1 & its b\ghs sometimes s]v$ z 
a pulpit4 ,no wood  might be hewn & no  
bran* brok5 9 ! grove1 & wom5 7  g5]ally

 =bidd5 to ent] x4 ,! ,o/yaks & ,woguls1
 two peoples (  ! ,f9ni%-,ugrian /ock 9 
,sib]ia1 _h also sacr$ groves 9 :i*     
no?+ might be t\*$1 & :]e ! sk9s ( !    
sacrific$ animals  7 susp5d$2 b ^!      
groves 7 n enclos$ ) f5ces4#bd ,ne>     
,kuopio1 9 ,f9l&1 !re 0 a fam\s grove ( 
anci5t moss-gr[n firs1  :]e ! p (f]$    
sacrifices & practis$ sup]/iti\s cu/oms 
d[n to ab\t #afej1 :5 a /urdy vet]an ( !
 ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> d>$  to cut x d[n at 
! bidd+ ( ! pa/or4 ,sacr$ groves n[     
h>dly  exi/ 9 ,f9l&1 b sacr$ trees to   
:i* (f]+s are br\ght are  /ill n v      
uncommon4 ,on "s firs ! skulls ( be>s   
are nail$1  app>5tly t ! hunt] may h    
good luck 9 ! *ase4#be ,!  ,o/yaks are  
said nev] to h pass$ a sacr$ tree )\t   
%oot+ an  arr[ at x z a m>k ( respect4  
,9 _m places !y hung furs &  sk9s on !  
holy trees 9 ! =e/2 b hav+ obs]v$ t ^!  
furs 7 (t5 appropriat$ & c>ri$ (f by    
unscrupul\s travell]s1  !y adopt$ !     
practice ( hew+ ! trunks into great     
blocks1 :i*  !y deck$ ) _! (f]+s &      

pres]v$ 9 safe places4 ,!  cu/om m>ks a 
transition f ! wor%ip ( trees to !      
wor%ip (  idols c>v$ out ( ! sacr$ wood4
 ,)9 _! sacr$ groves no grass  or wood  
might be cut1 no game hunt$1 no fi%     
caught1 n ev5 a draught  ( wat] drunk4  
,:5 !y pass$ !m 9 _! canoes1 !y 7 c>eful
  n to t\* ! l& ) ! o>1 & if ! j\rney   
?r\gh !  hall[$ gr\nd 0 long1 !y laid 9 
a /ore ( wat] be=e ent]+  on x1 = !y    
w\ld r suff] extreme ?ir/ ?an slake x by
  dr9k+ ( ! sacr$ /ream4 ,! ,o/yaks also
 reg>d$ z holy any  tree on :i* an eagle
 _h built its ne/ = sev]al ye>s1 & !y   
sp>$ ! bird z well z ! tree4 ,no great] 
injury c\ld be done  !m ?an to %oot su* 
an eagle or de/roy its ne/4#bf          
,sid5ote3 ,trees are reg>d$ by ! savage 
z animate4 ,b x is  necess>y to exam9e 9
 "s detail ! notions on :i* ! wor%ip (  
trees & plants is bas$4 ,to ! savage !  
_w 9 g5]al is  animate1 & trees & plants
 are no exception to ! rule4 ,he ?9ks  t
 !y h s\ls l 8 own1 & he treats !m      
accord+ly4 8,!y  say10 writes ! anci5t  

veget>ian ,porphyry1 8t primitive m5 l$ 
an  unhappy life1 = _! sup]/ition did n 
/op at animals b  ext5d$ ev5 to plants4 
,= :y %\ld ! slaught] ( an ox or a  %eep
 be a great] wrong ?an ! fell+ ( a fir  
or an oak1 see+  t a s\l is implant$ 9  
^! trees also80#bg ,simil>ly1 !         
,hidatsa ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica       
believe t e natural object has  its _s1 
or to speak m prop]ly1 its %ade4 ,to ^! 
%ades "s  consid]ation or respect is    
due1 b n equally to all4 ,= example1  ! 
%ade ( ! cottonwood1 ! greate/ tree 9 ! 
valley ( !  ,upp] ,miss\ri1 is suppos$  
to possess an intellig5ce :i*1 if       
prop]ly approa*$1 may help ! ,indians 9 
c]ta9 und]tak+s2 b  ! %ades ( %rubs &   
grasses are ( little acc\nt4 ,:5 !      
,miss\ri1 swoll5 by a fre%et 9 spr+1    
c>ries away "p ( its banks  & sweeps "s 
tall tree into its curr5t1 x is said t !
 _s  ( ! tree cries :ile ! roots /ill   
cl+ to ! l& & until !  trunk falls ) a  
spla% into ! /ream4 ,=m]ly ! ,indians   
consid]$ x wrong to fell "o ( ^! giants1

 & :5 l>ge logs  7 ne$$ !y made use only
 ( trees :i* _h fall5 ( !mselves4  ,till
 lately "s ( ! m cr$ul\s old m5 decl>$ t
 _m ( !  mis=tunes ( _! p 7 caus$ by ?is
 mod]n disreg>d = !  rights ( ! liv+    
cottonwood4#bh ,! ,iroquois believ$ t   
ea*  species ( tree1 %rub1 plant1 & h]b 
_h its own _s1 & to ^!  spirits x 0 _!  
cu/om to return ?anks4#bi ,! ,wanika (  
,ea/]n  ,africa fancy t e tree1 &       
especially e coco-nut tree1 has  its _s2
 8! de/ruction ( a cocoa-nut tree is    
reg>d$ z  equival5t to matricide1       
because t tree gives !m life &          
n\ri%m5t1 z a "m does h] *ild40#cj ,9 ! 
,yasawu isl&s (  ,fiji a man w nev] eat 
a coco-nut )\t fir/ ask+ its            
leave--8,may  ,i eat y1 my *ief80#ca    
,among ! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti%    
,columbia  "y p address$ ! foll[+ pray] 
to ! sunfl[] root be=e  !y ate ! fir/   
roots ( ! season3 8,i in=m !e t ,i int5d
 to  eat !e4 ,maye/ ?\ always help me to
 asc5d1 s t ,i may always be  able to   
rea* ! tops ( m\nta9s1 & may ,i nev] be 

clumsy6 ,i ask  ?is f !e1               
,sunfl[]-,root4 ,?\ art ! greate/ ( all 
9  my/]y40 ,to omit ?is pray] w\ld h    
made ! eat] ( ! root  lazy1 & caus$ him 
to sleep long 9 ! morn+4 ,we are n told1
 b  may conjecture1 t ^! ,indians       
ascrib$ to ! sunfl[] ! sun's  p[] (     
climb+ above ! m\nta9-tops & ( ris+     
betimes 9 !  morn+2 h5ce :oev] ate ( !  
plant1 ) all ! due =malities1  w\ld     
naturally acquire ! same useful         
prop]ties4 ,x is n s easy to  say :y    
wom5 _h to obs]ve cont95ce 9 cook+ &    
digg+ ! root1  & :y1 :5 !y 7 cook+ x1 no
 man might come ne> ! ov54#cb  ,! ,dyaks
 ascribe s\ls to trees1 & d n d>e to cut
 d[n an old  tree4 ,9 "s places1 :5 an  
old tree has be5 bl[n d[n1 !y set x  up1
 sme> x ) blood1 & deck x ) flags 8to   
appease ! s\l (  ! tree40#cc ,siamese   
monks1 believ+ t !re are s\ls ev]y:]e1  
& t to de/roy any?+ :atev] is =cibly to 
dispossess a s\l1  w n break a bran* ( a
 tree1 8z !y w n break ! arm ( an       
innoc5t p]son40#cd ,^! monks1 ( c\rse1  

are ,buddhi/s4 ,b  ,buddhi/ animism is n
 a philosophical !ory4 ,x is simply a   
common  savage dogma incorporat$ 9 !    
sy/em ( an hi/orical religion4 ,to      
suppose ) ,b5fey & o!rs t ! !ories (    
animism &  transmigration curr5t among  
rude peoples ( ,asia are d]iv$ f        
,buddhism1 is to rev]se ! facts4        
,buddhism 9 ?is respect borr[$  f       
savag]y1 n savag]y f ,buddhism4#ce      
,accord+ to ,*9ese  belief1 ! spirits ( 
plants are nev] %ap$ l plants b h       
commonly ! =m ei!r ( human be+s or (    
animals1 = example  bulls & s]p5ts4     
,occasionally at ! fell+ ( a tree !     
tree-_s has be5 se5 to ru% out 9 ! %ape 
( a blue bull4#cf  ,9 ,*9a 8to ?is day !
 belief 9 tree-spirits dang]\s to man is
  obvi\sly /rong4 ,9 s\!rn ,fuhki5 x    
det]s p f fell+ any  l>ge trees or *opp+
 (f heavy bran*es1 = fe> ! indwell+  _s 
may become irritat$ & visit ! aggressor 
or 8 neighb\rs  ) disease & calamity4   
,especially respect$ are ! gre5 banyan  
or  *'ng1 ! bigge/ trees to be f\nd 9 t 

"p ( ,*9a4 ,9 ,amoy  "s p ev5 %[ a /rong
 av]sion f plant+ trees1 !  plant]s1 z  
soon z ! /ems h become z ?ick z _!      
necks1  be+ sure to be ?rottl$ by !     
indwell+ spirits4 ,no explanation (  ?is
 curi\s sup]/ition 0 ev] giv5 u4 ,x may 
acc\nt to "s  ext5t = ! almo/ total     
neglect ( =e/ry 9 t "p ( ,*9a1  s t     
h>dly any except spontane\s trees gr[   
!re40#cg    ,sid5ote3 ,p>ticul> sorts ( 
trees t5ant$ by spirits2 sacrifices to  
tree-spirits4 ,sometimes x is only      
p>ticul> sorts ( trees t are  suppos$ to
 be t5ant$ by spirits4 ,at ,grbalj 9    
,dalmatia x is said  t among great      
bee*es1 oaks1 & o!r trees !re are "s t  
are  end[$ ) %ades or s\ls1 & :oev]     
fells "o ( !m mu/ die on  ! spot1 or at 
lea/ live an invalid = ! re/ ( 8 days4  
,if a  woodman fe>s t a tree :i* he has 
fell$ is "o ( ?is sort1 he  mu/ cut (f !
 head ( a live h5 on ! /ump ( ! tree ) !
  v same axe ) :i* he cut d[n ! tree4   
,?is w protect him  f all h>m1 ev5 if ! 
tree be "o ( ! animat$ k9d4#ch ,!       

silk-cotton trees1 :i* re> _! ,sid5ote3 
,silk-cotton trees 9 ,we/  ,africa4     
enorm\s trunks to a /up5d\s height1 f>  
out-topp+ all !  o!r trees ( ! =e/1 are 
reg>d$ ) rev]5ce ?r\gh\t ,we/  ,africa1 
f ! ,s5egal to ! ,nig]1 & are believ$ to
 be ! abode  ( a god or _s4 ,among !    
,ewe-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/  ! 
indwell+ god ( ?is giant ( ! =e/ goes by
 ! "n (  ,hunt94 ,trees 9 :i* he        
specially dwells--= x is n e            
silk-cotton tree t he ?us hon\rs--are   
surr\nd$ by a girdle (  palm-leaves2 &  
sacrifices ( f[ls1 & occasionally (     
human be+s1  are fa/5$ to ! trunk or    
laid aga9/ ! foot ( ! tree4 ,a tree     
di/+ui%$ by a girdle ( palm-leaves may n
 be cut d[n or injur$  9 any way2 & ev5 
silk-cotton trees :i* are n suppos$ to  
be  animat$ by ,hunt9 may n be fell$    
unless ! woodman fir/ (f]s a  sacrifice 
( f[ls & palm-oil to purge himself ( !  
propos$  sacrilege4 ,to omit ! sacrifice
 is an (f5ce :i* may be puni%$  )       
dea?4#ci ,sid5ote3 ,sycamores 9 anci5t  

,egypt4 ,ev]y:]e 9  ,egypt on ! bord]s (
 ! cultivat$ l&1 & ev5 at "s di/ance  f 
! valley ( ! ,nile1 y meet ) f9e        
sycamores /&+  solit>y & ?riv+ z by a   
miracle 9 ! s&y soil2 _! liv+  gre5     
contra/s /rongly ) ! tawny hue ( !      
surr\nd+  l&scape1 & _! ?ick imp5etrable
 foliage bids defiance ev5 9  summ] to !
 noonday sun4 ,! secret ( _! v]dure is t
 _!  roots /rike d[n into rills ( wat] t
 trickle by unse5 sluices  f ! great    
riv]4 ,( old ! ,egyptians ( e rank      
e/eem$ ^!  trees div9e1 & paid !m regul>
 homage4 ,!y gave !m figs1  rais9s1     
cucumb]s1 vegetables1 & wat] 9 e>!nw>e  
pit*]s1 :i*  *>itable folk fill$ afre% e
 day4 ,pass]s-by slak$ _! ?ir/  at ^!   
pit*]s 9 ! sultry h\rs1 & paid = !      
welcome draught  by a %ort pray]4 ,! _s 
t animat$ ^! beautiful trees  g5]ally   
lurk$ unse51 b sometimes he w\ld %ew 8  
head or ev5  8 :ole body outside !      
trunk1 b only to retire into x aga94#dj 
,p 9 ,congo set calaba%es ( palm-w9e at 
! foot ( c]ta9 trees  = ! trees to dr9k 

:5 !y are ?ir/y4#da ,! ,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ 
trees 9 ,africa1 ,syria1 & ,patagonia4  
,wanika ( ,ea/]n ,africa pay  special   
hon\r to ! spirits ( coco-nut palms 9   
return = ! _m  b5efits conf]r$ on !m by 
! trees4 ,to cut d[n a coco-nut palm is 
an inexpiable (f5ce1 equival5t to       
matricide4 ,!y sacrifice to !  tree on  
_m occasions4 ,:5 a man 9 ga!r+ !       
coco-nuts has fall5  f ! palm1 !y       
attribute x to ! wra? ( ! tree-_s1 &    
resort to ! odde/ means ( appeas+       
him4#db ,! ,masai p>ticul>ly  rev]5ce ! 
subugo tree1 ! b>k ( :i* has m$ical     
prop]ties1  & a species ( p>asitic fig  
:i* !y call retete4 ,! gre5 figs  are   
eat5 by boys & girls1 & old] p          
propitiate ! tree by  p\r+ ! blood ( a  
goat at ! foot ( ! trunk & /rew+ grass  
on ! bran*es4#dc ,! natives ( !         
,bissagos ,isl&s1 (f ! we/  coa/ (      
,africa1 sacrifice dogs1 cocks1 & ox5 to
 _! sacr$ trees1  b !y eat ! fle% ( !   
victims & leave only ! horns1 fa/5$  to 
! trees1 = ! spirits4#dd ,9 a ,turki%   

village ( ,nor!rn  ,syria !re is a v old
 oak-tree :i* ! p wor%ip1 burn+  inc5se 
to x & br++ (f]+s z !y w\ld to a        
%r9e4#de ,9  ,patagonia1 betwe5 ! ,rio  
,negro & ! ,rio ,colorado1 !re /&s      
solit>y an anci5t acacia-tree ) a gn>l$ 
& holl[ trunk4 ,!  ,indians rev]e x z ! 
abode ( a _s1 & hang (f]+s (  blankets1 
pon*os1 ribbons1 & col\r$ ?reads on x1 s
 t ! tree  pres5ts ! aspect ( an old    
clo!s' %op1 ! tatt]$1 wea!r-worn  g>m5ts
 droop+ sadly f ! b\ghs4 ,no ,indian    
passes x )\t  leav+ some?+1 if x be only
 a little horse-hair :i* he ties to a   
bran*4 ,! holl[ trunk conta9s (f]+s (   
tobacco1 beads1 &  sometimes co9s4 ,b ! 
be/ evid5ce ( ! sanctity ( ! tree are  !
 blea*$ skeletons ( _m horses :i* h be5 
kill$ 9 hon\r  ( ! _s2 = ! horse is !   
mo/ preci\s sacrifice t ^!  ,indians c  
(f]4 ,!y slaught] ! animal also to      
propitiate !  spirits ( ! deep & rapid  
,sid5ote3 ,sacrifices to trees4 riv]s   
:i* !y h (t5 to =d or swim4#df ,!       
,kayans ( ,c5tral ,borneo  ascribe s\ls 

to ! trees :i* yield ! poison !y use to 
env5om  _! arr[s4 ,!y ?9k t ! _s ( !    
tasem tree 7,anti>is  toxic>ia7 is      
p>ticul>ly h>d to please2 b if ! wood   
has a /rong  & agreeable sc5t1 !y "k t !
 man :o fell$ ! tree mu/  h contriv$ by 
8 (f]+s to mollify ! peevi% _s4#dg ,9   
"s ( ! ,l\isiade ,isl&s !re are c]ta9   
l>ge trees "u :i*  ! natives hold _!    
fea/s4 ,^! trees seem to be reg>d$ z    
end[$ ) s\ls2 = a portion ( ! fea/ is   
set aside = !m1  & ! bones ( pigs & (   
human be+s are ev]y:]e deeply imb$d$  9 
_! bran*es4#dh ,among ! ,kangra m\nta9s 
( ! ,punjaub a girl  us$ to be annually 
sacrific$ to an old c$>-tree1 ! families
 ( !  village tak+ x 9 turn to supply ! 
victim4 ,! tree 0 cut d[n  n v _m ye>s  
ago4#di ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve x is /ill     
cu/om>y 9  "s p>ts ( ,g]many to gird    
fruit-trees ) ropes ( /raw on :i*  !    
sausages prep>$ = ! fe/ival h la94 ,?is 
is suppos$ to  make ! trees be> fruit4  
,9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg ! p]son :o  ties !
 /raw r\nd ! trees says1 8,little tree1 

,i make y a pres5t1  & y w make me "o40 
,! p say t if ! trees receive  gifts1 !y
 w be/[ gifts 9 return4 ,! cu/om1 :i* is
 cle>ly a  relic ( tree-wor%ip1 is (t5  
obs]v$ on ,new ,ye>'s night or at any   
"t betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,twelf? ,night4#ej 
,sid5ote3 ,trees suppos$ to be s5sitive 
& to feel w\nds4 ,if trees  are animate1
 !y are necess>ily s5sitive & ! cutt+ ( 
!m d[n  becomes a delicate surgical     
op]ation1 :i* mu/ be p]=m$ ) z  t5d] a  
reg>d z possible = ! feel+s ( ! suff]]s1
 :o  o!rwise may turn & r5d ! c>eless or
 bungl+ op]ator4 ,:5 an  oak is be+     
fell$ 8x gives a k9d ( %riekes or       
groanes1 t may be  he>d a mile (f1 z if 
x 7 ! g5ius ( ! oake lam5t+4 ,e4  ,wyld1
 ,esq41 ha? he>d x sev]all times40#ea ,!
 ,ojebways 8v seldom  cut d[n gre5 or   
liv+ trees1 f ! idea t x puts !m to pa91
  & "s ( _! m$ic9e-m5 pr(ess to h he>d !
 wail+ ( !  trees "u ! axe40#eb ,trees t
 ble$ & utt] cries ( pa9 or  indignation
 :5 !y are hack$ or burn$ occur v (t5 9 
,*9ese  books1 ev5 9 ,/&>d ,hi/ories4#ec

 ,old peasants 9 "s p>ts (  ,au/ria /ill
 believe t =e/-trees are animate1 & w n 
all[  an incision to be made 9 ! b>k )\t
 special cause2 !y h  he>d f _! fa!rs t 
! tree feels ! cut n ,sid5ote3          
,apologies (f]$ to trees = cutt+ !m d[n4
 less ?an a w\nd$  man 8 hurt4 ,9 fell+ 
a tree !y beg its p>don4#ed ,x is said t
  9 ! ,upp] ,palat9ate also old woodm5  
/ill secretly ask a f9e1  s\nd tree to  
=give !m be=e !y cut x d[n4#ee ,s 9     
,j>k9o  ! woodman craves p>don ( ! tree 
he fells4#ef ,be=e ! ,ilocanes  ( ,luzon
 cut d[n trees 9 ! virg9 =e/ or on !    
m\nta9s1 !y  recite "s v]ses to ! foll[+
 effect3 8,be n uneasy1 my fri5d1  ?\gh 
we fell :at we h be5 ord]$ to fell40    
,?is !y d 9 ord]  n to draw d[n on      
!mselves ! hatr$ ( ! spirits :o live 9 !
  trees1 & :o are apt to av5ge !mselves 
by visit+ ) griev\s  sickness su* z     
injure !m wantonly4#eg ,:5 ! ,tagalogs (
 !  ,philipp9es wi% to pluck a fl[]1 !y 
ask leave ( ! g5ius  7nono7 ( ! fl[] to 
d s2 :5 !y are oblig$ to cut d[n a  tree

 !y beg p>don ( ! g5ius ( ! tree &      
excuse !mselves by  say+ t x 0 ! prie/  
:o bade !m fell x4#eh ,among !          
,tigre-speak+ tribes 9 ! nor? (         
,abyss9ia p are afraid to  fell a gre5 &
 fruit-be>+ tree le/ !y incur ! curse ( 
,god1  :i* is he>d 9 ! groan+ ( ! tree z
 x s9ks to ! gr\nd4  ,b if a man is bold
 en\gh to cut d[n su* a tree1 he w say  
to x1  8,?y curse abide 9 !e10 or he w  
allege t x 0 n he b an  elephant or a   
rh9oc]os t knock$ x d[n4#ei ,among/ !   
,hos (  ,togol&1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 :5 a   
man wi%es to make palm-w9e he hires     
woodm5 to fell ! trees4 ,!y g into !    
palm-wood1 set "s meal on  ! gr\nd & say
 to ! wood1 8,t is y\r food4 ,! old man 
at home  s5t u to cut y d[n4 ,we are    
/ill *ildr5 :o "k no?+ at all4  ,! old  
man at home has s5t u40 ,!y say ?is     
because !y ?9k t  ! wood is a _s & t x  
is angry ) !m4#fj ,be=e a ,k>o  ,batak  
cuts d[n a tree1 he w (f] x betel &     
apologies2 & if 9  pass+ ! place        
aft]w>ds he %\ld see ! tree weep+ or1 z 

we  %\ld say1 exud+ sap1 he ha/5s to    
console x by spr9kl+ !  blood ( a f[l on
 ! /ump4#fa ,! ,basoga ( ,c5tral ,africa
 ?9k  t :5 a tree is cut d[n ! angry _s 
:i* inhabits x may  cause ! dea? ( !    
*ief & 8 family4 ,to prev5t ?is disa/]  
!y consult a m$ic9e-man be=e !y fell a  
tree4 ,if ! man ( skill  gives leave to 
proce$1 ! woodman fir/ (f]s a f[l & a   
goat to  ! tree2 !n z soon z he has giv5
 ! fir/ bl[ ) ! axe1 he  applies 8 m\?  
to ! cut & sucks "s ( ! sap4 ,9 ?is way 
he  =ms a bro!rhood ) ! tree1 j z two m5
 become blood-bro!rs  by suck+ ea* o!r's
 blood4 ,aft] t he c cut d[n 8          
tree-bro!r ) impunity4#fb ,an anci5t    
,indian ritual directs t 9  prep>+ to   
fell a tree ! woodman %\ld lay a /alk ( 
grass on !  spot :]e ! bl[ is to fall1 )
 ! words1 8,o plant1 %ield x60  & t he  
%\ld say to ! axe1 8,o axe1 hurt x n60  
,:5 ! tree  _h fall51 he p\r$ melt$     
butt] on ! /ump1 say+1 8,gr[ ?\ out  (  
?is1 ,o "l ( ! =e/1 gr[ ) a hundr$      
%oots6 ,may we gr[  ) a ?\s& %oots60 ,!n

 he ano9t$ ! sev]$ /em & w\nd a  rope ( 
grass r\nd x4#fc    ,sid5ote3 ,ble$+    
trees4 ,aga91 :5 a tree or plant is cut 
x is  sometimes ?\ght to ble$4 ,"s      
,indians d>e n cut a c]ta9 plant1       
because !re comes out a r$ juice :i* !y 
take = ! blood ( !  plant4#fd ,9 ,samoa 
!re 0 a grove ( trees :i* no "o d>$ hew 
d[n4 ,once "s /rang]s tri$ to d s1 b    
blood fl[$ f !  tree1 & ! sacrilegi\s   
/rang]s fell ill & di$4#fe ,d[n to #ahei
  !re /ood a sacr$ l>*-tree at ,naud]s 9
 ! ,tyrol :i* 0  ?\ght to ble$ :5ev] x 0
 cut2 moreov] p fanci$ t !  /eel pi]c$ !
 woodman's body to ! same dep? t x pi]c$
 !  tree1 & t ! w\nd on 8 body w\ld n   
heal until ! b>k  clos$ ov] ! sc> on !  
trunk4 ,s sacr$ 0 ! tree t no "o  w\ld  
ga!r fuel or cut timb] ne> x2 & to      
curse1 scold1 or qu>rel  9 its          
neighb\rhood 0 reg>d$ z a cry+ s9 :i*   
w\ld be  sup]naturally puni%$ on ! spot4
 ,angry disputants 7 (t5 hu%$  ) ! w>n+ 
:isp]1 8,don't1 ! sacr$ tree is "h40#ff 
,sid5ote3 ,trees ?reat5$ 9 ord] to make 

!m be> fruit4 ,b !  spirits ( vegetation
 are n always treat$ ) def]5ce &        
respect4  ,if fair words & k9d treatm5t 
d n move !m1 /rong] measures are        
sometimes resort$ to4 ,! durian-tree ( !
 ,ea/ ,indies1 ^: smoo?  /em (t5 %oots  
up to a height ( eighty or n9ety feet   
)\t  s5d+ out a bran*1 be>s a fruit ( ! 
mo/ delici\s flav\r &  ! mo/ disgu/+    
/5*4 ,! ,malays cultivate ! tree = !    
sake  ( its fruit1 & h be5 kn[n to      
resort to a peculi> c]emony =  ! purpose
 ( /imulat+ its f]tility4 ,ne> ,jugra 9 
,selangor !re  is a small grove (       
durian-trees1 & on a specially *os5 day 
!  villag]s us$ to assemble 9 x4        
,!reupon "o ( ! local sorc]]s  w\ld take
 a hat*et & deliv] sev]al %rewd bl[s on 
! trunk (  ! mo/ b>r5 ( ! trees1 say+1  
8,w y n[ be> fruit or n8  ,if y d n1 ,i 
%all fell y40 ,to ?is ! tree repli$     
?r\gh !  m\? ( ano!r man :o _h climb$ a 
mango/9-tree h>d by 7!  durian-tree be+ 
unclimbable71 8,yes1 ,i w n[ be> fruit2 
,i beg y  n to fell me40#fg ,s 9 ,japan 

to make trees be> fruit two m5 g  into  
an or*>d4 ,"o ( !m climbs up a tree & ! 
o!r /&s at  ! foot ) an axe4 ,! man ) ! 
axe asks ! tree :e!r x w  yield a good  
crop next ye> & ?reat5s to cut x d[n if 
x does n4  ,to ?is ! man among ! bran*es
 replies on behalf ( ! tree t x  w be>  
abundantly4#fh ,odd z ?is mode (        
horticulture may seem to  u1 x has its  
exact p>allels 9 ,europe4 ,on ,*ri/mas  
,eve _m a ,s\?  ,slavonian & ,bulg>ian  
peasant sw+s an axe ?reat5+ly aga9/ a   
b>r5 fruit-tree1 :ile ano!r man /&+ by  
int]c$es = !  m5ac$ tree1 say+1 8,d n   
cut x d[n2 x w soon be> fruit40  ,?rice 
! axe is swung1 & ?rice ! imp5d+ bl[ is 
arre/$ at  ! entreaty ( ! int]cessor4   
,aft] t ! fright5$ tree w  c]ta9ly be>  
fruit next ye>4#fi ,s at ! village (    
,ucria 9  ,sicily1 if a tree ob/9ately  
refuses to be> fruit1 ! own] pret5ds  to
 hew x d[n4 ,j z ! axe is ab\t to fall1 
a fri5d int]c$es  = ! tree1 begg+ him to
 h pati5ce = "o ye> m1 &  promis+ n to  
int]f]e aga9 if ! culprit has n m5d$ 8  

ways  by !n4 ,! own] grants 8 reque/1 & 
! ,sicilians say t a tree  seldom rema9s
 deaf to su* a m5ace4 ,! c]emony is     
p]=m$ on  ,ea/] ,saturday4#gj ,9 ,arm5ia
 ! same pantomime is sometimes  p]=m$ by
 two m5 = ! same purpose on ,good       
,friday4#ga ,9 !  ,abruzzi ! c]emony    
takes place be=e sunrise on ! morn+ (   
,/4  ,john's ,day 7,midsumm] ,day74 ,!  
own] ?reat5s ! trees :i* are sl[  to be>
 fruit4 ,?rice he walks r\nd ea* slugg>d
 repeat+ 8 ?reat  & /rik+ ! trunk ) !   
head ( an axe4#gb ,9 ,lesbos1 :5 an     
orange-tree or a lemon-tree does n be>  
fruit1 ! own] w  sometimes set a        
look+-glass be=e ! tree2 !n /&+ ) an axe
  9 8 h& ov] aga9/ ! tree & gaz+ at its 
reflection 9 !  glass he w feign to fall
 into a passion & w say al\d1 8,be>     
fruit1 or ,i'll cut y d[n40#gc ,:5      
cabbages m]ely curl _! leaves  in/ead ( 
=m+ heads z !y ought to d1 an ,e/honian 
peasant w  g out into ! g>d5 be=e       
sunrise1 clad only 9 8 %irt1 & arm$  ) a
 scy!1 :i* he sweeps ov] ! refractory   

vegetables z if he  meant to cut !m d[n4
 ,?is intimidates ! cabbages & br+s !m  
to  a s5se ( _! duty4#gd    ,sid5ote3   
,attempts to deceive ! spirits ( trees &
 plants4 ,if  ,european peasants ?us "k 
h[ to "w on ! fe>s ( cabbages &         
fruit-trees1 ! subtle ,malay has le>n$  
h[ to ov]rea* ! simple  s\ls ( ! plants 
& trees t gr[ 9 8 native l&4 ,?us1 :5 a 
bun* ( fruit hangs f an ar5 palm-tree1 &
 9 rea*+ aft] x  y tread on "s ( ! fall5
 fruit1 ! ,galel>eese say t y  ought to 
grunt l a wild bo> 9 ord] t y\r feet may
 n it*4  ,! *a9 ( reason+ seems weak to 
a ,european m9d1 b ! natives  f9d no    
flaw 9 x4 ,!y h obs]v$ t wild bo>s are  
fond ( !  fruit1 & run freely ab\t among
 x z x lies on ! gr\nd4 ,f ?is  !y inf] 
t ! animal's feet are pro( aga9/ ! it*  
:i* m5  suff] ?r\gh tread+ on ! fruit2 &
 h5ce !y conclude t if1  by grunt+ 9 a  
natural & life-l mann]1 y c impress !   
fruit  ) ! belief t y are a pig1 x w    
treat y\r feet z t5d]ly  z ! feet ( 8   
fri5ds ! real pigs4#ge ,aga91 pregnant  

wom5 9  ,java sometimes take a fancy to 
eat ! wild species ( a p>ticul>  plant  
7,colocasia antiquorum71 :i*1 on acc\nt 
( its exce$+ly  pung5t ta/e1 is n       
commonly us$ z food by human be+s1 ?\gh 
x  is reli%$ by pigs4 ,9 su* a case x   
becomes ! husb&'s duty to g  & look = ! 
plant1 b be=e he ga!rs x he takes c>e to
 grunt  l\dly1 9 ord] t ! plant may take
 him = a pig1 & s mitigate  ! pung5cy ( 
its flav\r4#gf ,aga91 9 ! ,madiun       
di/rict ( ,java  !re gr[s a plant ( :i* 
! fruit is believ$ to be injuri\s =  m51
 b n = apes4 ,! ur*9s :o h]d buffaloes1 
& to :om  no?+ edible comes amiss1 eat  
?is fruit also2 b be=e pluck+ x  !y take
 ! precaution ( mimick+ ! voices ( apes1
 9 ord] to  p]suade ! plant t its fruit 
is de/9$ = ! maw ( ^!  creatures4#gg    
,once m1 ! ,javanese scrape ! r9d ( a   
c]ta9  plant 7,s>colobus n>coticus7 into
 a p[d]1 ) :i* !y poison  su* dang]\s   
bea/s z tig]s & wild bo>s4 ,b ! r9d is  
believ$  n to be a poison = m54 ,h5ce ! 
p]son :o ga!rs ! plant has  to obs]ve   

c]ta9 precautions 9 ord] t its baneful  
quality may n  be lo/ 9 pass+ ?r\gh 8   
h&s4 ,he approa*es x nak$ &  creep+ on  
all f\rs to make ! plant ?9k t he is a  
rav5\s  bea/ & n a man1 & to /r5g!n !   
illusion he bites ! /alk4  ,aft] t !    
deadly prop]ty ( ! r9d is assur$4 ,b ev5
 :5 !  plant has be5 ga!r$ & ! p[d] made
 f x 9 /rict accordance  ) c]ta9        
sup]/iti\s rules1 c>e is /ill ne$$ 9    
h&l+ !  p[d]1 :i* is reg>d$ z alive &   
intellig5t4 ,x may n be  br\ght ne> a   
corpse1 nor may a corpse be c>ri$ pa/ ! 
h\se 9  :i* ! p[d] is kept4 ,= if ei!r (
 ^! ?+s 7 to happ51  ! p[d]1 see+ !     
corpse1 w\ld ha/ily conclude t x _h     
already done its "w1 & s all its noxi\s 
quality w\ld be gone4#gh  ,! ,indians ( 
! ,upp] ,or9oco extract a fav\rite      
bev]age f  c]ta9 palm-trees :i* gr[ 9 _!
 =e/s4 ,9 ord] to make !  trees be>     
abundance ( fruit ! m$ic9e-m5 bl[ sacr$ 
trumpets  "u !m2 b h[ ?is is suppos$ to 
produce ! desir$ effect does  n appe>4  
,! trumpets 7botutos7 are objects (     

religi\s  v5]ation2 no woman may look on
 !m "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,c&idates  =         
initiation into ! my/]y ( ! trumpets mu/
 be m5 ( good  "* & celibate4 ,!        
initiat$ memb]s sc\rge ea* o!r1 fa/1  & 
practise o!r au/]ities4#gi    ,sid5ote3 
,trees m>ri$ to ea* o!r4 ,! conception (
 trees &  plants z animat$ be+s         
naturally results 9 treat+ !m z male &  
female1 :o c be m>ri$ to ea* o!r 9 a    
real1 & n m]ely a  figurative or        
poetical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! notion is n    
purely  fanciful1 = plants l animals h  
_! sexes & reproduce _!  k9d by ! union 
( ! male & female elem5ts4 ,b :]eas 9   
all  ! high] animals ! organs ( ! two   
sexes are regul>ly sep>at$  betwe5      
diff]5t individuals1 9 mo/ plants !y    
exi/ toge!r 9  e individual ( ! species4
 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is by no means       
univ]sal1 & 9 _m species ! male plant is
 di/9ct f !  female4 ,! di/9ction appe>s
 to h be5 obs]v$ by "s savages1  = we   
are told t ! ,maoris 8are acqua9t$ ) !  
sex ( trees1  etc41 & h di/9ct names = !

 male & female ( "s  trees40#hj ,!      
,sid5ote3 ,artificial f]tilisation ( !  
date-palm4  anci5ts knew ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! male & ! female date-palm1  &  
f]tilis$ !m artificially by %ak+ ! poll5
 ( ! male tree  ov] ! fl[]s ( !         
female4#ha ,! f]tilisation took place 9 
spr+4 ,among ! hea!n ( ,h>ran ! mon?    
dur+ :i* ! palms  7 f]tilis$ bore ! "n (
 ! ,date ,mon?1 & at ?is "t !y          
celebrat$ ! m>riage fe/ival ( all ! gods
 & goddesses4#hb  ,diff]5t f ?is true & 
fruitful m>riage ( ! palm are ! false  &
 b>r5 m>riages ( plants :i* play a "p   
,sid5ote3 ,m>riages (  trees 9 ,india4 9
 ,h9doo sup]/ition4 ,= example1 if a    
,h9doo has  plant$ a grove ( mangos1    
nei!r he nor 8 wife may ta/e ( !  fruit 
until he has =mally m>ri$ "o ( ! trees1 
z a bridegroom1  to a tree ( a diff]5t  
sort1 commonly a tam>9d-tree1 :i* gr[s  
ne> x 9 ! grove4 ,if !re is no tam>9d to
 act z bride1 a jasm9e  w s]ve ! turn4  
,! exp5ses ( su* a m>riage are (t5      
consid]able1 = ! m ,brahmans are fea/$  

at x1 ! great] !  glory ( ! own] ( !    
grove4 ,a family has be5 kn[n to sell   
its  gold5 & silv] tr9kets1 & to borr[  
all ! money !y c\ld 9  ord] to m>ry a   
mango-tree to a jasm9e ) due pomp &     
c]emony4#hc  ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt ( 
! c]emony1 a bran* ( a b> tree  is      
br\ght & fix$ ne> "o ( ! mango trees 9 !
 grove to  repres5t ! b> or bridegroom1 
& bo? are wrapt r\nd ) !  same piece (  
clo? by ! own] ( ! grove & 8 wife4 ,to  
complete  ! c]emony a bamboo basket     
conta9+ ! bride's belong+s & d[ry  on a 
m9iature scale is provid$2 & aft] !     
,brahman prie/ has done  8 "p1 v]milion1
 ! emblem ( a complet$ m>riage1 is      
appli$ to  ! mango z to a bride4#hd     
,ano!r plant :i* figures z ,sid5ote3    
,m>riage ( ! holy basil4 a bride 9      
,h9doo rites is ! tulasi or  ,holy      
,basil 7,ocymum sanctum74 ,x is a small 
%rub1 n too big to be  gr[n 9 a l>ge    
fl[]-pot1 & is (t5 plac$ 9 rooms2 inde$ 
!re  is h>dly a respectable ,h9doo      
family t does n possess "o4 ,9  spite ( 

its humble appe>ance1 ! %rub is p]vad$  
by ! ess5ce (  ,vi%nu & 8 wife ,lak%mi1 
& is itself wor%ipp$ daily z a deity4   
,! foll[+ pray] is (t5 address$ to x3   
8,i adore t tulasi 9  ^: roots are all !
 sacr$ places ( pilgrimage1 9 ^: c5tre  
are  all ! deities1 & 9 ^: upp] bran*es 
are all ! ,v$as40 ,!  plant is          
especially a woman's div9ity1 be+ reg>d$
 z an embodim5t  ( ,vi%nu's wife        
,lak%mi1 or ( ,rama's wife ,sita1 or (  
,kri%na's wife  ,rukm9i4 ,wom5 wor%ip x 
by walk+ r\nd x & pray+ or (f]+  fl[]s &
 rice to x4 ,n[ ?is sacr$ plant1 z !    
embodim5t ( a  goddess1 is annually     
m>ri$ to ! god ,kri%na 9 e ,h9doo       
family4  ,! c]emony takes place 9 ! mon?
 ,k>ttika or ,novemb]4 ,9 ,we/]n  ,india
 !y (t5 br+ an idol ( ! y\?ful ,kri%na 9
 a gorge\s  palanqu91 foll[$ by a long  
tra9 ( att5dants1 to ! h\se ( a  ri* man
 to be w$d$ to ! basil2 & ! fe/ivities  
are celebrat$  ) great pomp4#he ,aga91 z
 ! wife ( ,vi%nu1 ! holy basil is  m>ri$
 to ! ,salagrama1 a black fossil        

ammonite :i* is reg>d$ z  an embodim5t (
 ,vi%nu4 ,9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,india ?is     
m>riage ( !  plant to ! fossil has to be
 p]=m$ be=e x is lawful to ta/e (  !    
fruit ( a new or*>d4 ,a man hold+ !     
fossil p]sonates !  bridegroom1 & ano!r 
hold+ ! basil repres5ts ! bride4 ,aft]  
burn+ a sacrificial fire1 ! (ficiat+    
,brahman puts ! usual  que/ions to !    
c\ple ab\t to be unit$4 ,bride &        
bridegroom walk  six times r\nd a small 
spot m>k$ out 9 ! c5tre ( !  or*>d4#hf  
,fur!r1 no well is consid]$ lucky until 
! ,salagrama  has be5 solemnly w$d$ to !
 holy basil1 :i* /&s = ! g>d5  t ! well 
is int5d$ to wat]4 ,! relations         
assemble2 ! own] (  ! g>d5 repres5ts !  
bridegroom1 :ile a k9sman ( 8 wife      
p]sonates ! bride4 ,gifts are giv5 to ! 
,brahmans1 a fea/ is held  9 ! g>d51 &  
aft] t bo? g>d5 & well may be us$ )\t   
dang]4#hg ,! same m>riage ( ! sacr$     
fossil to ! sacr$ plant  is celebrat$   
annually by ! ,rajah ( ,or*ha at        
,ludhaura4 ,a =m]  ,rajah us$ to sp5d a 

sum equal to ab\t ?irty ?\s& p\nds1 be+ 
"o-f\r? ( 8 rev5ue1 ^u ! c]emony4 ,on "o
 occasion ov] a  hundr$ ?\s& p are said 
to h be5 pres5t at ! rite1 &  to h be5  
fea/$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,rajah4 ,!        
procession  consi/$ ( eight elephants1  
twelve hundr$ camels1 & f\r ?\s&        
horses1 all m\nt$ & elegantly cap>ison$4
 ,! mo/ sumptu\sly  decorat$ ( !        
elephants c>ri$ ! fossil god to pay 8   
bridal  visit to ! little %rub goddess4 
,on su* an occasion all ! rites (  a    
regul> m>riage are p]=m$1 & aft]w>ds !  
newly-w$d$ c\ple  are left to repose    
toge!r 9 ! temple till ! next ye>4#hh   
,on  ,*ri/mas ,eve ,g]man peasants us$  
to tie fruit-trees toge!r )  /raw ropes 
to make !m be> fruit1 say+ t ! trees 7  
?us  m>ri$4#hi    ,sid5ote3 ,trees 9    
blossom & rice 9 bloom treat$ l pregnant
  wom54 ,9 ! ,moluccas1 :5 ! clove-trees
 are 9 blossom1 !y are  treat$ l        
pregnant wom54 ,no noise may be made ne>
 !m2 no light or  fire may be c>ri$ pa/ 
!m at night2 no "o may approa* !m )  8  

hat on1 all mu/ uncov] 9 _! pres5ce4 ,^!
 precautions are  obs]v$ le/ ! tree %\ld
 be al>m$ & be> no fruit1 or %\ld  drop 
its fruit too soon1 l ! untimely deliv]y
 ( a woman :o has  be5 fright5$ 9 h]    
pregnancy4#ij ,s 9 ! ,ea/ ! gr[+        
rice-crop is (t5 treat$ ) ! same        
consid]ate reg>d z a  bre$+ woman4 ,?us 
9 ,amboyna1 :5 ! rice is 9 bloom1 ! p   
say t x is pregnant & fire no guns &    
make no o!r noises ne>  ! field1 = fe>  
le/1 if ! rice 7 ?us di/urb$1 x w\ld    
misc>ry1 & ! crop w\ld be all /raw & no 
gra94#ia ,! ,javanese  also reg>d !     
bloom on ! rice z a sign t ! plant is   
pregnant2  & !y treat x accord+ly1 by   
m+l+ 9 ! wat] t irrigates  ! fields a   
c]ta9 a/r+5t food prep>$ f s\r fruit1   
:i* is  believ$ to be :olesome = wom5 ) 
*ild4#ib ,9 "s di/ricts (  ,we/]n       
,borneo !re mu/ be no talk ( corpses or 
demons 9 ! fields1  else ! _s ( ! gr[+  
rice w\ld be fright5$ & flee away to    
,java4#ic ,! ,toboongkoos ( ,c5tral     
,celebes w n fire a gun 9 a  ricefield1 

le/ ! rice %\ld be fright5$ away4#id ,! 
,*ams (  ,b9h-,?uan1 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 d n  
d>e to t\* ! rice 9 !  gran>y at        
mid-day1 because ! rice is !n asleep1 & 
x w\ld be  bo? rude & dang]\s to di/urb 
its noonday slumb]4#ie ,9 ,orissa  gr[+ 
rice is 8consid]$ z a pregnant woman1 & 
! same c]emonies  are obs]v$ ) reg>d to 
x z 9 ! case ( human females40#if ,9    
,poso1 a di/rict ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 :5 
! rice-e>s are beg9n+ to  =m1 wom5 g    
?r\gh ! field fe$+ ! "y e>s ) s(t-boil$ 
rice to make !m gr[ fa/4 ,!y c>ry ! food
 9 calaba%es1 &  grasp+ ! e>s 9 _! h&s  
b5d !m ov] into ! vessels t  !y may     
p>take ( ! /r5g!n+ pap4 ,! reason =     
boil+ !  rice s(t is t ! e>s are reg>d$ 
z "y *ildr5 :o c\ld n  dige/ rice cook$ 
9 ! usual way4#ig ,! ,tomori ( ,c5tral  
,celebes  fe$ ! rip5+ rice by t\*+ x ) !
 cont5ts ( a brok5  egg4#ih ,:5 ! gra9  
beg9s to =m1 ! p ( ,gayo1 a di/rict  (  
nor!rn ,sumatra1 reg>d ! rice z pregnant
 & fe$ x ) a pap  compos$ ( rice-meal1  
coco-nut1 & treacle1 :i* !y deposit on  

leaves 9 ! middle & at ! corn]s ( !     
field4 ,& :5 ! crop  is pl5tiful & !    
rice has be5 ?re%$1 !y give x wat] to   
dr9k  9 a pit*]1 :i* !y bury to ! neck 9
 ! heap ( gra94#ii    ,sid5ote3 ,trees  
suppos$ to be t5ant$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead4
  ,sometimes x is ! s\ls ( ! dead :i*   
are believ$ to animate  trees4 ,! ,di]i 
tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia reg>d z v sacr$  
c]ta9  trees :i* are suppos$ to be _!   
fa!rs trans=m$2 h5ce !y  speak ) rev]5ce
 ( ^! trees1 & are c>eful t !y %all n   
be cut d[n or burn$4 ,if ! settl]s      
require !m to hew d[n !  trees1 !y      
e>ne/ly prote/ aga9/ x1 ass]t+ t 7 !y to
 d  s !y w\ld h no luck1 & might be     
puni%$ = n protect+  _! ance/ors4#ajj   
,"s ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s believe t !  
s\ls ( _! ance/ors are 9 c]ta9 trees1   
:i* !y !re=e  sp>e4 ,if !y are oblig$ to
 fell "o ( ^! trees1 !y excuse  !mselves
 to x by say+ t x 0 ! prie/ :o made !m d
 x4  ,! spirits take up _! abode1 by    
pref]5ce1 9 tall & /ately  trees ) great
 spread+ bran*es4 ,:5 ! w9d ru/les !    

leaves1  ! natives fancy x is ! voice ( 
! _s2 & !y nev] pass  ne> "o ( ^! trees 
)\t b[+ respectfully1 & ask+ p>don  ( ! 
_s = di/urb+ 8 repose4 ,among !         
,ignorrotes1 9 !  di/rict ( ,lepanto1 e 
village has its sacr$ tree1 9 :i* !     
s\ls ( ! dead =efa!rs ( ! hamlet reside4
 ,(f]+s are made  to ! tree1 & any      
injury done to x is believ$ to entail "s
  mis=tune on ! village4 ,7 ! tree cut  
d[n1 ! village & all  its inhabitants   
w\ld inevitably p]i%4#aja ,! natives (  
,bontoc1 a  prov9ce 9 ! nor? ( ,luzon1  
cut d[n ! woods ne> _! villages1  b     
leave a few f9e trees /&+ z ! abode ( ! 
spirits ( _!  ance/ors 7anitos72 & !y   
hon\r ! spirits by deposit+ food  "u !  
trees4#ajb ,! ,dyaks believe t :5 a man 
dies by  accid5t1 z by dr[n+1 x is a    
sign t ! gods mean to exclude him  f !  
realms ( bliss4 ,accord+ly 8 body is n  
buri$1 b  c>ri$ into ! =e/ & !re laid   
d[n4 ,! s\ls ( su*  un=tunates pass into
 trees or animals or fi%1 & are mu*     
dread$ by  ! ,dyaks1 :o ab/a9 f us+     

c]ta9 k9ds ( wood1 or eat+  c]ta9 sorts 
( fi%1 because !y are suppos$ to conta9 
! s\ls (  ! dead4#ajc ,once1 :ile walk+ 
) a ,dyak ?r\gh ! jungle1 ,sir  ,hugh   
,l[ obs]v$ t 8 companion1 aft] rais+ 8  
sword to /rike  a great snake1 sudd5ly  
arre/$ 8 arm & suff]$ ! reptile to      
escape4 ,on ask+ ! reason1 he 0 told by 
! ,dyak t ! bu% 9  front ( :i* !y 7 /&+ 
_h be5 a man1 a k9sman ( 8 own1  :o1 dy+
 "s t5 ye>s be=e1 _h appe>$ 9 a dream to
 8 wid[  & told h] t he _h become t     
p>ticul> bamboo-tree4 ,h5ce !  gr\nd &  
ev]y?+ on x 0 sacr$1 & ! s]p5t might n  
be  int]f]$ )4 ,! ,dyak fur!r relat$ t 9
 spite ( ! w>n+  giv5 to ! woman 9 !    
vision1 a man _h be5 h>dy en\gh to cut a
  bran* ( ! tree1 b t ! fool _h paid = 8
 tem]ity ) 8  life1 = he di$ soon       
aft]w>ds4 ,a little bamboo alt> /ood 9  
front  ( ! bu%1 on :i* ! remnants (     
(f]+s pres5t$ to ! _s  ( ! tree 7 /ill  
visible :5 ,sir ,hugh ,l[ pass$ t       
way4#ajd    ,9 ,corea ! s\ls ( p :o die 
( ! plague or by ! roadside1  & ( wom5  

:o expire 9 *ildb$1 inv>iably take up _!
 abode 9  trees4 ,to su* spirits (f]+s (
 cake1 w9e1 & pork are made on  heaps ( 
/ones pil$ "u ! trees4#aje ,9 ,*9a x has
 be5  cu/om>y f "t immemorial to plant  
trees on graves 9 ord] !reby  to /r5g!n 
! s\l ( ! deceas$ & ?us to save 8 body f
  corruption2 & z ! ev]gre5 cypress &   
p9e are deem$ to be  full] ( vitality   
?an o!r trees1 !y h be5 *os5 by pref]5ce
  = ?is purpose4 ,h5ce ! trees t gr[ on 
graves are sometimes  id5tifi$ ) ! s\ls 
( ! dep>t$4#ajf ,among ! ,miao-,kia1 an 
aborig9al race ( ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,*9a1 a
 sacr$ tree /&s at  ! entrance ( e      
village1 & ! inhabitants believe t x is 
t5ant$ by ! s\l ( _! fir/ ance/or & t x 
rules _!  de/9y4 ,sometimes !re is a    
sacr$ grove ne> a village1 :]e !  trees 
are suff]$ to rot & die on ! spot4 ,_!  
fall5 bran*es  cumb] ! gr\nd1 & no "o   
may remove !m unless he has fir/ ask$   
leave ( ! _s ( ! tree & (f]$ him a      
sacrifice4#ajg ,among  ! ,m>aves (      
,s\!rn ,africa ! burial-gr\nd is always 

reg>d$ z a  holy place :]e nei!r a tree 
may be fell$ nor a bea/ kill$1  because 
ev]y?+ !re is suppos$ to be t5ant$ by ! 
s\ls ( !  dead4#ajh ,trees suppos$ to be
 inhabit$ by spirits ( ! dead are       
report$ to be common 9 ,s\!rn           
,nig]ia4#aji ,?us 9 ! ,indem tribe  on !
 ,cross ,riv] e village has a big tree  
into :i* ! s\ls (  ! villag]s are       
believ$ to pass at dea?4 ,h5ce !y w n   
all[  ^! trees to be cut1 & !y sacrifice
 to !m :5 p are  ill4#aaj ,o!r natives (
 ! ,cross ,riv] say t ! big tree ( !    
village is 8_! ,life10 & t anybody :o   
breaks a b\gh ( x w  fall sick or die   
unless he pays a f9e to ! *ief4#aaa ,"s 
( !  m\nta9e]s on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,new
 ,gu9ea ?9k t !  spirits ( _! ance/ors  
live on ! bran*es ( trees1 on :i*       
accord+ly !y hang rags ( r$ or :ite     
cotton1 always 9 ! numb]  ( sev5 or a   
multiple ( sev52 also1 !y place food on 
! trees or  hang x 9 baskets f !        
b\ghs4#aab ,among ! ,buryats ( ,sib]ia  
! bones ( a deceas$ %aman are deposit$ 9

 a hole hewn 9 ! trunk  ( a great fir1  
:i* is !n c>efully clos$ up4 ,!nce=? !  
tree  goes by ! "n ( ! %aman's fir1 & is
 look$ ^u z 8 abode4  ,:oev] cuts d[n   
su* a tree w p]i% ) all 8 h\sehold4 ,e  
tribe has its sacr$ grove ( firs 9 :i* !
 bones ( ! dead  %amans are buri$4 ,9   
treeless regions ^! firs (t5 =m isolat$ 
clumps on ! hills1 & are visible f      
af>4#aac ,! ,lkung5 ,indians  ( ,briti% 
,columbia fancy t trees are trans=m$ m51
 & t !  creak+ ( ! bran*es 9 ! w9d is _!
 voice4#aad ,9 ,croatia1  !y say t      
wit*es us$ to be buri$ "u old trees 9 ! 
=e/1  & t _! s\ls pass$ into ! trees &  
left ! villag]s 9  peace4#aae ,a tree t 
gr[s on a grave is reg>d$ by ! ,s\?     
,slavonian peasant z a sort ( feti%4    
,:oev] breaks a twig f x  hurts ! s\l ( 
! dead1 b ga9s !reby a magic w&1 s9ce ! 
s\l embodi$ 9 ! twig w be at 8          
s]vice4#aaf ,?is rem9ds u  ( ! /ory (   
,polydorus 9 ,virgil1#aag & ( ! ble$+   
pomegranate t grew on ! grave ( !       
fratricides ,eteocles &  ,polynices at  

,!bes#aah4 ,simil> /ories are told f>   
away f !  classic l&s ( ,italy &        
,greece4 ,9 an ,annamite tale an old    
fi%]man  makes an incision 9 ! trunk ( a
 tree :i* has drift$ a%ore2 b  blood    
fl[s f ! cut1 & x appe>s t an empress ) 
h] ?ree  daught]s1 :o _h be5 ca/ into ! 
sea1 are embodi$ 9 !  tree4#aai ,on !   
,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa ! negroes   
tell h[ f  ! m\ld]+ bones ( a little    
boy1 :o _h be5 murd]$ by 8  bro!r 9 !   
=e/1 !re sprang up an edible fungus1 :i*
 spoke &  reveal$ ! crime to ! *ild's "m
 :5 %e attempt$ to pluck  x4#abj        
,sid5ote3 ,trees sometimes conceiv$ n z 
! body b m]ely z !  abode ( spirits4 ,9 
mo/1 if n all1 ( ^! cases ! _s is  view$
 z incorporate 9 ! tree2 x animates !   
tree & mu/ suff]  & die ) x4 ,b1 accord+
 to ano!r & probably lat] op9ion1  !    
tree is n ! body1 b m]ely ! abode ( !   
tree-_s1 :i*  c quit x & return to x at 
pleasure4 ,! inhabitants ( ,siaoo1 an   
isl& ( ! ,sangi gr\p 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1  
believe 9 c]ta9 sylvan  spirits :o dwell

 9 =e/s or 9 great solit>y trees4 ,at   
full moon  ! _s comes =? f 8 lurk+-place
 & roams ab\t4 ,he has a  big head1 v   
long arms & legs1 & a pond]\s body4 ,9  
ord] to  propitiate ! wood-spirits p br+
 (f]+s ( food1 f[ls1  goats1 & s =? to !
 places :i* !y are suppos$ to haunt4#aba
  ,! p ( ,nias ?9k t1 :5 a tree dies1   
its lib]at$ _s  becomes a demon1 :i* c  
kill a coco-nut palm by m]ely light+ on 
its bran*es1 & c cause ! dea? ( all !   
*ildr5 9 a h\se by  p]*+ on "o ( ! po/s 
t support x4 ,fur!r1 !y are (  op9ion t 
c]ta9 trees are at all times inhabit$ by
 rov+ demons  :o1 if ! trees 7 damag$1  
w\ld be set free to g ab\t on err&s  (  
mis*ief4 ,h5ce ! p respect ^! trees1 &  
are c>eful n  to cut !m d[n4#abb ,on !  
,tanga coa/ ( ,ea/ ,africa mis*iev\s    
sprites reside 9 great trees1 especially
 9 ! fanta/ically %ap$  baobabs4        
,sometimes !y appe> 9 ! %ape ( ugly     
black be+s1 b z  a rule !y ent] unse5   
into p's bodies1 f :i*1 aft] caus+  mu* 
sickness & mis]y1 !y h to be ca/ out by 

! sorc]]4#abc  ,! ,w>ramunga tribe (    
,c5tral ,au/ralia believe t c]ta9 trees 
are  ! abode ( disembodi$ human spirits 
wait+ to be born aga94 ,no  woman w     
/rike "o ( ^! trees ) an axe1 le/ ! bl[ 
might  di/urb "o ( ! spirits1 :o might  
come =? f ! tree & ent]  h] body4#abd ,9
 ! ,galla region ( ,ea/ ,africa1 :]e !  
vegetation  is magnific5t1 !re are _m   
sacr$ trees1 ! haunts ( j9n4 ,mo/ (  !m 
belong to ! sycamore & maple family1 b  
!y d n all exhale  an equal od\r (      
sanctity4 ,! watsa1 ) its edible fruit1 
is  lea/ rev]$2 p climb x to get !      
fruit1 & ?is di/urbs !  j9n1 :o         
naturally d n c>e to l+] among its      
b\ghs4 ,! gute  tubi1 :i* has no edible 
fruit1 is m sacr$4 ,e ,galla tribe has  
its sacr$ tree1 :i* is always "o        
individual ( a p>ticul> species  call$  
lafto4 ,:5 a tree has be5 consecrat$ by 
a prie/ x becomes  holy1 & no bran* ( x 
may be brok54 ,su* trees are load$ )    
long  ?reads1 wooll5 b&s1 & bracelets2 !
 blood ( animals is p\r$ on  _! roots & 

sometimes sme>$ on _! trunks1 & pots    
full (  butt]1 milk1 & fle% are plac$   
among ! bran*es or on ! gr\nd  "u !m4 ,9
 _m ,galla tribes wom5 may n tread on ! 
%ad[ (  sacr$ trees or ev5 approa* !    
trees4#abe    ,sid5ote3 ,c]emonies at   
fell+ trees4 ,n a few c]emonies obs]v$  
at cutt+ d[n haunt$ trees are bas$ on ! 
belief t ! spirits  h x 9 _! p[] to quit
 ! trees at pleasure or 9 case ( ne$4   
,?us :5 ! ,pelew ,isl&]s are fell+ a    
tree1 !y conjure !  _s ( ! tree to leave
 x & settle on ano!r4#abf ,! wily  negro
 ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 :o wi%es to fell an  
a%or9 tree1 b  kn[s t he _c d x s long z
 ! _s rema9s 9 ! tree1  places a little 
palm-oil on ! gr\nd z a bait1 & !n1 :5 !
  unsuspect+ _s has quitt$ ! tree to    
p>take ( ?is da9ty1  ha/5s to cut d[n   
its late abode4#abg ,! ,alfoors ( ,poso1
 9 ,c5tral  ,celebes1 believe t great   
trees are inhabit$ by demons 9 human =m1
  & ! tall] ! tree ! m p[]ful ! demon4  
,accord+ly !y  are c>eful n to fell su* 
trees1 & !y leave (f]+s at ! foot  ( !m 

= ! spirits4 ,b sometimes1 :5 !y are    
cle>+ l& =  cultivation1 x becomes      
necess>y to cut d[n ! trees :i* cumb] x4
  ,9 t case ! ,alfoor w call to ! demon 
( ! tree & besee*  him to leave 8 abode 
& g else:]e1 & he deposits food "u !    
tree z provision = ! _s on 8 j\rney4    
,!n1 & n till  !n1 he may fell ! tree4  
,woe to ! luckless wight :o %\ld turn a 
tree-_s out ( 8 h\se )\t giv+ him due   
notice6#abh ,:5  ! ,toboongkoos (       
,c5tral ,celebes are ab\t to cle> a     
piece ( =e/  9 ord] to plant rice1 !y   
build a t9y h\se & furni% x ) t9y  clo!s
 & "s food & gold4 ,!n !y call toge!r   
all ! spirits  ( ! wood1 (f] !m ! little
 h\se ) its cont5ts1 & besee*  !m to    
quit ! spot4 ,aft] t !y may safely cut  
d[n ! wood  )\t fe>+ to w\nd !mselves 9 
s do+4#abi ,be=e ! ,tomori  ( ,c5tral   
,celebes fell a tall tree !y lay a quid 
( betel at its  foot1 & invite ! _s :o  
dwells 9 ! tree to *ange 8  lodg+2      
moreov]1 !y set a little ladd] aga9/ !  
trunk to enable  him to desc5d ) safety 

& com=t4#acj ,! ,sundanese ( !  ,ea/]n  
,ar*ipelago drive gold5 or silv] nails  
into ! trunk ( a  sacr$ tree = ! sake ( 
expell+ ! tree-_s be=e !y hew  d[n 8    
abode4#aca ,!y seem to ?9k t1 ?\gh !    
nails w hurt  him1 8 vanity w be soo!d  
by ! reflection t !y are ( gold  or     
silv]4 ,9 ,rotti1 an isl& to ! s\? (    
,timor1 :5 !y fell a  tree to make a    
c(f91 !y sacrifice a dog z comp5sation  
to !  tree-_s ^: prop]ty !y are ?us mak+
 free )4#acb ,be=e  ! ,gayos ( ,nor!rn  
,sumatra cle> a piece ( =e/ = ! purpose 
(  plant+ tobacco or sug>-cane1 !y (f] a
 quid ( betel to ! _s  :om !y call ! ,"l
 ( ! ,wood1 & beg 8 leave to qu>t]      
!mselves on 8 doma94#acc ,! ,m&el+s (   
,sumatra endeav\r to  lay ! blame ( all 
su* misde$s at ! door ( ! ,dut*         
au?orities4  ,?us :5 a man is cutt+ a   
road ?r\gh a =e/ & has to fell a  tall  
tree :i* blocks ! way1 he w n beg9 to   
ply 8 axe until  he has said3 8,_s :o   
lodge/ 9 ?is tree1 take x n ill t ,i    
cut d[n ?y dwell+1 = x is done at no wi%

 ( m9e b by ord] (  ! ,controll]40 ,& :5
 he wi%es to cle> a piece ( =e/-l& =    
cultivation1 x is necess>y t he %\ld    
come to a satisfactory  und]/&+ ) !     
woodl& spirits :o live !re be=e he lays 
l[ _! leafy dwell+s4 ,= ?is purpose he  
goes to ! middle ( !  plot ( gr\nd1     
/oops d[n1 & pret5ds to pick up a lett]4
 ,!n  unfold+ a bit ( pap] he reads al\d
 an imag9>y lett] f !  ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 
9 :i* he is /rictly enjo9$ to set ab\t  
cle>+  ! l& )\t delay4 ,hav+ done s1 he 
says3 8,y he> t1  spirits4 ,i mu/ beg9  
cle>+ at once1 or ,i %all be hang$40#acd
 ,:5  ! ,tagales ( ! ,philipp9es are    
ab\t to fell a tree :i* !y  believe to  
be inhabit$ by a _s1 !y excuse !mselves 
to !  _s1 say+3 8,! prie/ has ord]$ u to
 d x2 ! fault is n  ours1 nor ! w       
ei!r40#ace ,!re is a c]ta9 tree call$   
r>a  :i* ! ,dyaks believe to be inhabit$
 by a _s4 ,be=e !y cut  d[n "o ( ^!     
trees !y /rike an axe into ! trunk1     
leave x  !re1 & call ^u ! _s ei!r to    
quit 8 dwell+ or to give  !m a sign t he

 does n wi% x to be m$dl$ )4 ,!n !y g   
home4 ,next day !y visit ! tree1 & if !y
 f9d ! axe /ill  /ick+ 9 ! trunk1 !y c  
fell ! tree )\t dang]2 !re is  no _s 9  
x1 or he w\ld c]ta9ly h eject$ ! axe f 8
  abode4 ,b if !y f9d ! axe ly+ on !    
gr\nd1 !y "k t !  tree is inhabit$ & !y 
w n fell x2 = x mu/ surely h  be5 ! _s (
 ! tree 9 p]son :o expell$ ! intrusive  
axe4  ,"s sceptical ,europeans1 h[ev]1  
argue t :at ca/s out ! axe is  /ry*n9e 9
 ! sap r ?an ! tree-_s4 ,!y say t if !  
sap is runn+1 ! axe mu/ necess>ily be   
=c$ out by ! action (  heat & !         
expansion ( ! exud+ gutta2 :]eas if !   
axe rema9s  9 ! trunk1 ?is only %ews t !
 tree is n vigor\s b ready to  die4#acf 
,be=e !y cut d[n a great tree1 !        
,indians 9 ! neighb\rhood (  ,santiago  
,tepehuacan hold a fe/ival 9 ord] to    
appease ! tree & s  prev5t x f hurt+    
anybody 9 its fall4#acg ,9 ! ,greek isl&
 (  ,siphnos1 if woodm5 h to fell a tree
 :i* !y reg>d z possess$  by a _s1 !y   
are mo/ c>eful1 :5 x falls1 to pro/rate 

!mselves humbly & 9 sil5ce le/ ! _s %\ld
 *a/ise !m z  x escapes4 ,sometimes !y  
put a /one on ! /ump ( ! tree to  prev5t
 ! egress ( ! _s4#ach ,9 "s p>ts (      
,sumatra1 s soon  z a tree is fell$1 a  
"y tree is plant$ on ! /ump1 & "s  betel
 & a few small co9s are also plac$ on   
x4#aci ,! purpose (  ! c]emony seems    
pla94 ,! _s ( ! tree is (f]$ a new home 
9 ! "y tree plant$ on ! /ump ( ! old "o1
 & ! (f]+  ( betel & money is meant to  
comp5sate him = ! di/urbance he has     
suff]$4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! ,maghs ( ,b5gal 
7 oblig$ by ,europeans  to cut d[n trees
 :i* ! natives believ$ to be t5ant$ by  
spirits1  "o ( !m 0 always ready ) a    
gre5 sprig1 :i* he ran & plac$  9 !     
middle ( ! /ump :5 ! tree fell1 8z a    
propitiation to !  _s :i* _h be5        
displac$ s r\ghly1 plead+ at ! same "t  
! ord]s ( ! /rang]s = ! "w40#adj ,9     
,halmah]a1 h[ev]1  ! motive = plac+ a   
sprig on ! /ump is said to be to deceive
 !  _s into ?9k+ t ! fall5 /em is /ill  
gr[+ 9 its old  place4#ada ,! ,gilyaks  

ins]t a /ick ) curl$ %av+s on ! /ump  ( 
! tree :i* !y h fell$1 believ+ t 9 ?is  
way !y give  back to ! dispossess$      
tree-_s 8 life & s\l4#adb ,g]man  woodm5
 make a cross ^u ! /ump :ile ! tree is  
fall+1 9 !  belief t ?is enables ! _s ( 
! tree to live ^u !  /ump4#adc ,be=e !  
,katodis fell a =e/ tree1 !y *oose a    
tree (  ! same k9d & wor%ip x by pres5t+
 a coco-nut1 burn+ inc5se1  apply+ a r$ 
pigm5t1 & begg+ x to bless !            
und]tak+4#add  ,! int5tion1 p]haps1 is  
to induce ! _s ( ! =m] tree to  %ift its
 qu>t]s to ! latt]4 ,9 cle>+ a wood1 a  
,galel>eese mu/  n cut d[n ! la/ tree   
till ! _s 9 x has be5 induc$ to g       
away4#ade ,:5 ! ,dyaks fell ! jungle on 
! hills1 !y (t5 leave  a few trees /&+  
on ! hill-tops z a refuge = !           
dispossess$  tree-spirits4#adf ,sail+ up
 ! ,b>am riv] 9 ,s>awak y pass f  "t to 
"t a cle>+ 9 ! =e/ :]e manioc is        
cultivat$4 ,9 !  middle ( e "o ( ^!     
cle>+s a solit>y tree is always left    
/&+ z a home = ! eject$ spirits ( !     

wood4 ,its b\ghs are  /ripp$ (f1 all b !
 topmo/1 & j "u its leafy cr[n two      
cross-pieces are fa/5$ f :i* rags       
dangle4#adg ,simil>ly 9  ,india1 !      
,gonds all[ a grove ( typical trees to  
rema9 z a home or  res]ve = ! woodl&    
spirits :5 !y are cle>+ away a          
jungle4#adh ,! ,mund>is h sacr$ groves  
:i* 7 left /&+  :5 ! l& 0 cle>$1 le/ !  
sylvan gods1 disquiet$ at !  fell+ ( !  
trees1 %\ld ab&on ! place4#adi ,! ,miris
 9 ,assam  are unwill+ to break up new  
l& = cultivation s long z !re is  fall[ 
l& available2 = !y fe> to (f5d ! spirits
 ( ! woods  by hew+ d[n trees           
ne$lessly4#aej ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a *ild  
has be5 lo/1 ! ,padams ( ,assam ?9k t x 
has be5 /ol5 by !  spirits ( ! wood2 s  
!y retaliate on ! spirits by fell+ trees
  till !y f9d ! *ild4 ,! spirits1 fe>+  
to be left )\t a tree  9 :i* to lodge1  
give up ! *ild1 & x is f\nd 9 ! =k ( a  
tree4#aea    ,sid5ote3 ,propitiat+      
tree-spirits 9 h\se-timb]4 ,ev5 :5 a    
tree  has be5 fell$1 sawn into planks1 &

 us$ to build a h\se1 x is  possible t !
 woodl& _s may /ill be lurk+ 9 ! timb]1 
& accord+ly "s p seek to propitiate him 
be=e or aft] !y  occupy ! new h\se4     
,h5ce1 :5 a new dwell+ is ready !       
,toradjas  ( ,c5tral ,celebes kill a    
goat1 a pig1 or a buffalo1 & sme> all ! 
woodwork ) its blood4 ,if ! build+ is a 
lobo or _s-h\se1 a  f[l or a dog is     
kill$ on ! ridge ( ! ro(1 & its blood   
all[$  to fl[ d[n on bo? sides4 ,! rud] 
,tonapoo 9 su* a case sacrifice a  human
 be+ on ! ro(4 ,?is sacrifice on ! ro( (
 a lobo or  temple s]ves ! same purpose 
z ! sme>+ ( blood on ! woodwork  ( an   
ord9>y h\se4 ,! int5tion is to          
propitiate ! =e/-spirits  :o may /ill be
 9 ! timb]2 !y are ?us put 9 good hum\r 
&  w d ! inmates ( ! h\se no h>m4 ,= a l
 reason p 9  ,celebes & ! ,moluccas are 
mu* afraid ( plant+ a po/ upside d[n  at
 ! build+ ( a h\se2 = ! =e/-_s1 :o might
 /ill be 9  ! timb]1 w\ld v naturally   
res5t ! indignity & visit !  inmates )  
sickness4#aeb ,! ,bahaus or ,kayans (   

c5tral ,borneo are  ( op9ion t          
tree-spirits /& v /iffly on ! po9t (    
hon\r  & visit m5 ) _! displeasure = any
 injury done to !m4 ,h5ce  aft] build+ a
 h\se1 :]eby !y h be5 =c$ to illtreat _m
  trees1 ^! p obs]ve a p]iod ( p5ance = 
a ye>1 dur+ :i*  !y mu/ ab/a9 f _m ?+s1 
su* z ! kill+ ( be>s1  tig]-cats1 &     
s]p5ts4 ,! p]iod ( taboo is br\ght to an
 end by a  c]emony at :i* head-hunt+1 or
 ! pret5ce ( x1 plays a "p4 ,!          
,ooloo-,ay> ,dyaks on ! ,m&ai riv] are  
/ill m punctili\s 9 _!  obs]vance (     
taboos aft] build+ a h\se4 ,! l5g? ( !  
p5ance  dep5ds *iefly on ! k9d ( timb]  
us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( !  dwell+4 ,if !  
timb] 0 ! valuable ironwood1 ! inmates (
 !  h\se mu/ d5y !mselves v>i\s da9ties 
= ?ree ye>s4 ,b !  spirits ( humbl]     
trees are less exact+4#aec ,:5 ! ,kayans
 h  fell$ an ironwood tree 9 ord] to cut
 x up into planks = a ro(1  !y w (f] a  
pig to ! spirits ( ! tree1 hop+ ?us to  
prev5t  ! spirits f mole/+ ! s\ls (     
p]sons assembl$ "u !  ro(4#aed          

,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ trees ! abode (        
spirits4 ,?us ! tree is  reg>d$1        
sometimes z ! body1 sometimes z m]ely ! 
h\se ( !  tree-_s2 & :5 we read ( sacr$ 
trees :i* may n be cut d[n  because !y  
are ! seat ( spirits1 x is n always     
possible to say  ) c]ta9ty 9 :i* way !  
pres5ce ( ! _s 9 ! tree is  conceiv$4 ,9
 ! foll[+ cases1 p]haps1 ! trees are    
reg>d$ z  ! dwell+-place ( ! spirits r  
?an z _! bodies4 ,! ,sea  ,dyaks po9t to
 _m a tree z sacr$ because x is ! abode 
( a _s  or spirits1 & to cut "o ( ^! d[n
 w\ld provoke ! _s's  ang]1 :o might    
av5ge himself by visit+ ! sacrilegi\s   
woodman  ) sickness4#aee ,! ,battas (   
,sumatra h be5 kn[n to refuse to  cut   
d[n c]ta9 trees because !y 7 ! abode (  
mighty spirits :o  w\ld res5t !         
injury4#aef ,"o ( ! l>ge/ & /atelie/ ( !
  =e/ trees 9 ,p]ak is kn[n z toallong2 
x has a v poison\s  sap :i* produces    
great irritation :5 x comes into contact
 ) !  sk94 ,_m trees ( ?is species h    
l>ge holl[ knobs on _! trunks  :]e      

bran*es h be5 brok5 (f4 ,^! knobs are   
look$ ^u by !  ,malays z h\ses (        
spirits1 & !y object /rongly to cut d[n 
trees  t are ?us disfigur$1 believ+ t ! 
man :o fells "o ( !m  w die )9 ! ye>4   
,:5 cle>+s are made 9 ! =e/ ^!  trees   
are g5]ally left /&+ to ! annoyance &   
exp5se (  plant]s4#aeg ,! ,siamese fe>  
to cut d[n any v f9e trees le/  !y %\ld 
incur ! ang] ( ! p[]ful spirits :o      
inhabit  !m4#aeh ,! ,en1 a tribe ( ,upp]
 ,burma1 wor%ip ! spirits ( hills  &    
=e/s1 & ov] great tracts ( c\ntry !y w n
 lay out  fields = fe> ( (f5d+ !        
spirits4 ,!y say t if a tree is  fell$ a
 man dies4#aei ,9 e ,khond village a    
l>ge grove1 g5]ally  ( sl trees 7,%orea 
robu/a71 is d$icat$ to ! =e/ god1 ^:    
fav\r is s\ght by ! sacrifice ( birds1  
hogs1 & %eep1 toge!r  ) an (f]+ ( rice &
 an addl$ egg4 ,?is sacr$ grove is      
religi\sly pres]v$4 ,! "y trees are     
occasionally prun$1 b n  a twig may be  
cut = use )\t ! =mal cons5t ( ! village 
&  ! c]emonial propitiation ( ! god4#afj

 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,b]> !  holy groves are s 
c>efully pres]v$1 t dur+ ! annual       
fe/ivals  held 9 !m x is cu/om>y to ga!r
 & burn solemnly all dead &  fall5      
bran*es & trees4#afa ,! ,l>ka ,kols (   
,india believe t !  tops ( trees are !  
abode ( spirits :o are di/urb$ by !     
fell+  ( ! trees & w take v5geance4#afb 
,! ,p>ahiya1 a ,dravidian  tribe (      
,mirzapur1 ?9k t evil spirits live 9 !  
sl1 ppal1  & mahua trees2 !y make (f]+s 
to su* trees & w n climb  into _!       
bran*es4#afc ,9 ,travancore demons are  
suppos$ to reside 9  c]ta9 l>ge old     
trees1 :i* x w\ld be sacrilegi\s &      
dang]\s to  hew d[n4 ,a r\gh /one is    
g5]ally plac$ at ! foot ( "o ( ^!  trees
 z an image or emblem1 & turm]ic p[d] is
 rubb$ on x4#afd  ,"s ( ! ,we/]n tribes 
( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea dread c]ta9 female
  devils :o inhabit l>ge trees & are v  
dang]\s4 ,trees suppos$ to  be ! abode (
 ^! demons are treat$ ) mu* respect &   
nev] cut  d[n4#afe ,ne> ,old ,calab> !re
 is a rav9e full ( ! d5se/ &  ri*e/     

vegetation1 :5ce a /ream ( limpid wat]  
fl[s purl+ to !  riv]4 ,! spot 0        
consid]$ by a late k+ to be hall[$      
gr\nd1 !  resid5ce ( ,anansa1 ! tutel>y 
god ( ,old ,calab>4 ,! p _h  /rict ord]s
 to rev]e ! grove1 & no bran* ( x might 
be  cut4#aff ,among ! ,bamb>as ( ! ,upp]
 ,nig] e village has its  sacr$ tree1   
g5]ally a tam>9d1 :i* is suppos$ to be !
 abode (  ! feti% & is c>efully pres]v$4
 ,! feti% is consult$ on e  important   
occasion1 & sacrifices ( %eep1 dogs1 &  
f[ls1  accompani$ ) (f]+s ( millet &    
fruits1 are made "u !  sacr$ tree4#afg  
,9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia a mod]n travell]  
f\nd a  great solit>y acacia-tree :i* ! 
,b$\9s believ$ to be possess$  by a     
j9nee4 ,%r$s ( cotton & horns ( goats   
hung among ! b\ghs  & nails 7 knock$    
into ! trunk4 ,an ,arab /rongly dissuad$
 !  travell] f cutt+ a bran* ( ! tree1  
assur+ him t x 0  dea? to d s4#afh ,!   
,y\r\ks1 :o inhabit ! s\!rn coa/s (     
,asia ,m9or & ! heights ( ,m\nt ,taurus1
 h sacr$ trees :i* !y  nev] cut d[n f   

fe> ( driv+ away ! spirits t own !m4#afi
  ,! old ,prussians believ$ t gods      
inhabit$ tall trees1 su* z oaks1  f :i* 
!y gave audible answ]s to enquir]s2 h5ce
 ^! trees  7 n fell$1 b wor%ipp$ z !    
homes ( div9ities4 ,among/ !  trees ?us 
v5]at$ by !m 0 ! eld]-tree4#agj ,!      
,samagitians  ?\ght t if any "o v5tur$  
to injure c]ta9 groves1 or ! birds  or  
bea/s 9 !m1 ! spirits w\ld make 8 h&s or
 feet  crook$4#aga ,d[n to ! n9ete5?    
c5tury ! ,e/honians /ood 9  su* awe ( _m
 trees1 :i* !y consid]$ z ! seat (      
mighty  spirits1 t !y w\ld n ev5 pluck a
 fl[] or a b]ry on !  gr\nd :]e ! %ad[ (
 ! trees fell1 mu* less w\ld !y d>e to  
break a bran* f ! tree itself4#agb      
,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ groves4 ,ev5 :]e no    
m5tion is made (  wood-spirits1 we may  
g5]ally assume t :5 trees or groves are 
sacr$ & inviolable1 x is because !y are 
believ$ to be ei!r  inhabit$ or animat$ 
by sylvan deities4 ,9 ,c5tral ,india !  
b> tree  7,ficus ,indica7 & ! pipal     
7,ficus religiosa7 are sacr$1 &  e *ild 

le>ns ! say+ t 8x is bett] to die a lep]
 ?an  pluck a leaf ( a pipal1 & he :o c 
w\nd a b> w kick 8  little si/]40#agc ,9
 ,livonia !re is a sacr$ grove 9 :i*1 if
 any  man fells a tree or breaks a      
bran*1 he w die )9 ! ye>4#agd  ,!       
,wotyaks h sacr$ groves4 ,a ,russian :o 
v5tur$ to hew a tree 9  "o ( !m fell    
sick & di$ next day4#age ,! hea!n       
,*]emiss (  ,s\?-,ea/]n ,russia h sacr$ 
groves1 & woe to him :o d>es to  fell "o
 ( ! holy trees4 ,if ! au?or ( !        
sacrilege is unkn[n1  !y take a cock or 
a goose1 torture x to dea? & !n ?r[ x on
  ! fire1 :ile !y pray to ! gods to     
puni% ! s9n] & cause him  to p]i% l !   
bird4#agf ,ne> a *apel ( ,/4 ,n9ian1 9 !
 p>i%  ( ,belly1 !re /ood m ?an a c5tury
 & a half ago a r[ ( trees1  8all (     
equal size1 ?ick plant$ = ab\t ! l5g? ( 
a butt10 :i*  7 8look$ ^u by !          
sup]/iti\s papi/s z sacr$ trees1 f  :i* 
!y reckon x sacrilege to take s mu* z a 
bran* or any ( !  fruit40#agg ,s 9 !    
isl& ( ,skye "s two hundr$ & fifty ye>s 

ago !re 0 a holy lake1 8surr\nd$ by a   
fair wood1 :i* none  presumes to cut02 &
 ^? :o v5tur$ to infr+e its sanctity by 
break+ ev5 a twig ei!r sick5$ on ! spot 
or 7 visit$  aft]w>ds by 8"s signal     
inconv5i5ce40#agh ,sacrifices (f]$ at   
cutt+ d[n trees are d\btless meant to   
appease ! wood-spirits4 ,9  ,gilgit x is
 usual to spr9kle goat's blood on a tree
 ( any k9d be=e  fell+ x4#agi ,!        
,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa hold !  
mugumu or  mugomo tree1 a species ( fig1
 sacr$ on acc\nt ( its size & f9e       
appe>ance2 h5ce !y d n ru?lessly cut x  
d[n l all o!r  trees :i* cumb] a pat* ( 
gr\nd t is to be cle>$ = tillage4       
,groves ( ?is tree are sacr$4 ,9 !m no  
axe may be laid to any tree1  no bran*  
brok51 no firewood ga!r$1 no grass      
burnt2 & wild animals  :i* h tak5 refuge
 !re may n be mole/$4 ,9 ^! sacr$       
groves %eep & goats are sacrific$ &     
pray]s are (f]$ = ra9  or f9e wea!r or 9
 behalf ( sick *ildr54 ,! :ole meat ( ! 
sacrifices is left 9 ! grove = ,god     

7,ngai7 to eat2 ! fat is  plac$ 9 a     
cleft ( ! trunk or 9 ! bran*es z a      
tit-bit = him4  ,he lives up 9 ! b\ghs b
 comes d[n to p>take ( ! food4#ahj      
#b4 ,b5efic5t ,p[]s ( ,tree-,spirits    
,sid5ote3 ,transition ( tree-_s into    
an?ropomorphic deity ( !  woods4 ,:5 a  
tree comes to be view$1 no long] z !    
body ( !  tree-_s1 b simply z its abode 
:i* x c quit at pleasure1 an  important 
advance has be5 made 9 religi\s ?\ght4  
,animism is pass+  into poly!ism4 ,9 o!r
 words1 in/ead ( reg>d+ ea* tree z a    
liv+ & consci\s be+1 man n[ sees 9 x    
m]ely a lifeless1 in]t  mass1 t5ant$ = a
 long] or %ort] "t by a sup]natural be+ 
:o1  z he c pass freely f tree to tree1 
!reby enjoys a c]ta9 "r  ( possession or
 lord%ip ov] ! trees1 &1 ceas+ to be a  
tree-s\l1 becomes a =e/ god4 ,z soon z !
 tree-_s is ?us 9 a  measure dis5gag$ f 
ea* p>ticul> tree1 he beg9s to *ange 8  
%ape & assume ! body ( a man1 9 virtue (
 a g5]al t5d5cy (  e>ly ?\ght to clo!   
all ab/ract spiritual be+s 9 concrete   

human  =m4 ,h5ce 9 classical art !      
sylvan deities are depict$ 9 human      
%ape1 _! woodl& "* be+ d5ot$ by a bran* 
or "s  equally obvi\s symbol4#aha ,b ?is
 *ange ( %ape does n affect  ! ess5tial 
"* ( ! tree-_s4 ,! p[]s :i* he  ex]cis$ 
z a tree-s\l incorporate 9 a tree1 he   
/ill cont9ues to  wield z a god ( trees4
 ,?is ,i %all n[ attempt to prove 9     
detail4 ,i  %all %ew1 fir/1 t trees     
consid]$ z animate be+s are cr$it$  ) ! 
p[] ( mak+ ! ra9 to fall1 ! sun to %9e1 
flocks &  h]ds to multiply1 & wom5 to   
br+ =? easily2 &1 second1 t  ! v same   
p[]s are attribut$ to tree-gods conceiv$
 z  an?ropomorphic be+s or z actually   
inc>nate 9 liv+ m54    ,sid5ote3 ,trees 
suppos$ to give ra9 & sun%9e4 ,fir/1 !n1
 trees  or tree-spirits are believ$ to  
give ra9 & sun%9e4 ,:5 !  mission>y     
,j]ome ( ,prague 0 p]suad+ ! hea!n      
,li?uanians to  fell _! sacr$ groves1 a 
multitude ( wom5 bes\ght ! ,pr9ce (     
,li?uania to /op him1 say+ t ) ! woods  
he 0 de/roy+ !  h\se ( god f :i* !y _h  

be5 wont to get ra9 &  sun%9e4#ahb ,!   
,mund>is 9 ,assam ?9k t if a tree 9 !   
sacr$  grove is fell$ ! sylvan gods     
ev9ce _! displeasure by )hold+  ra94#ahc
 ,9 ord] to procure ra9 ! inhabitants ( 
,monyo1 a village  9 ! ,saga+ di/rict ( 
,upp] ,burma1 *ose ! l>ge/ tam>9d-tree  
ne> ! village & nam$ x ! haunt ( ! _s   
7nat7 :o  controls ! ra94 ,!n !y (f]$   
bread1 coco-nuts1 planta9s1 &  f[ls to !
 gu>dian _s ( ! village & to ! _s :o    
gives  ra91 & !y pray$1 8,o ,"l nat h   
pity on u poor mortals1 &  /ay n ! ra94 
,inasmu* z our (f]+ is giv5 ungrudg+ly1 
let  ! ra9 fall day & night40 ,aft]w>ds 
libations 7 made 9 hon\r  ( ! _s ( !    
tam>9d-tree2 & /ill lat] ?ree eld]ly    
wom51  dress$ 9 f9e clo!s & we>+        
necklaces & e>r+s1 sang !  ,ra9         
,song4#ahd ,9 ,cambodia ea* village or  
prov9ce has its sacr$  tree1 ! abode ( a
 _s4 ,if ! ra9s are late ! p sacrifice  
to ! tree4#ahe ,9 "t ( dr\ght ! eld]s ( 
! ,wakamba 9 ,ea/  ,africa assemble &   
take a calaba% ( cid] & a goat to a     

baobab-tree1 :]e !y kill ! goat b d n   
eat x4#ahf ,:5  ,ovambo wom5 g out to s[
 corn !y take ) !m 9 ! basket (  se$ two
 gre5 bran*es ( a p>ticul> k9d ( tree   
7,peltophorum  africanum ,sond471 "o (  
:i* !y plant 9 ! field along ) !  fir/  
se$ s[n4 ,! bran* is believ$ to h ! p[] 
( attract+  ra92 h5ce 9 "o ( ! native   
dialects ! tree goes by ! "n (  !       
8ra9-bu%40#ahg ,to extort ra9 f !       
tree-_s a bran* is  sometimes dipp$ 9   
wat]1 z we h se5 above4#ahh ,9 su* cases
 !  _s is d\btless suppos$ to be imman5t
 9 ! bran*1 & ! wat]  ?us appli$ to ! _s
 produces ra9 by a sort ( sympa!tic     
magic1  exactly z we saw t 9 ,new       
,cal$onia ! ra9-mak]s p\r wat] on a     
skeleton1 believ+ t ! s\l ( ! deceas$ w 
conv]t ! wat]  into ra94#ahi ,!re is    
h>dly room to d\bt t ,mannh>dt is "r 9  
expla9+ z a ra9-*>m ! ,european cu/om ( 
dr5*+ ) wat]  ! trees :i* are cut at    
c]ta9 popul> fe/ivals1 z midsumm]1      
,:itsuntide1 & h>ve/4#aij    ,sid5ote3  
,tree-spirits suppos$ to make ! crops   

gr[4 ,aga91  tree-spirits make ! crops  
to gr[4 ,among/ ! ,mund>is e village    
has its sacr$ grove1 & 8! grove deities 
are held responsible =  ! crops1 & are  
especially hon\r$ at all ! great        
agricultural  fe/ivals40#aia ,! negroes 
( ! ,gold ,coa/ are 9 ! habit (         
sacrific+ at ! foot ( c]ta9 tall trees1 
& !y ?9k t if  "o ( ^! 7 fell$ all !    
fruits ( ! e>? w\ld p]i%4#aib  ,be=e    
h>ve/ ! ,wabondi ( ,ea/ ,africa         
sacrifice a goat to !  _s t lives 9     
baobab-trees2 ! blood is p\r$ into a    
hole at  ! foot ( "o ( ! trees4 ,if !   
sacrifice 7 omitt$ ! _s  w\ld s5d       
disease & dea? among ! p4#aic ,! ,gallas
 dance 9  c\ples r\nd sacr$ trees1 pray+
 = a good h>ve/4 ,e c\ple  consi/s ( a  
man & woman1 :o are l9k$ toge!r by a    
/ick1 (  :i* ea* holds "o end4 ,"u _!   
arms !y c>ry gre5 corn or  grass4#aid   
,sw$i% peasants /ick a leafy bran* 9 ea*
 furr[ (  _! corn-fields1 believ+ t ?is 
w ,sid5ote3 ,! ,h>ve/-,may4  ensure an  
abundant crop4#aie ,! same idea comes   

out 9 ! ,g]man &  ,fr5* cu/om ( !       
,h>ve/-,may4 ,?is is a l>ge bran* or a  
:ole  tree1 :i* is deck$ ) e>s ( corn1  
br\ght home on ! la/ waggon  f !        
h>ve/-field1 & fa/5$ on ! ro( ( !       
f>mh\se or (  ! b>n1 :]e x rema9s = a   
ye>4 ,mannh>dt has prov$ t ?is  bran* or
 tree embodies ! tree-_s conceiv$ z ! _s
 (  vegetation 9 g5]al1 ^: vivify+ &    
fructify+ influ5ce is ?us  br\ght to be>
 ^u ! corn 9 p>ticul>4 ,h5ce 9 ,swabia !
  ,h>ve/-,may is fa/5$ among/ ! la/     
/alks ( corn left /&+ on  ! field2 9 o!r
 places x is plant$ on ! corn-field & ! 
la/  %eaf cut is atta*$ to its          
trunk4#aif ,! ,h>ve/-,may ( ,g]many has 
its c\nt]p>t 9 ! eiresione ( anci5t     
,greece4#aig ,!  eiresione 0 a bran* (  
olive or laurel1 b\nd ab\t ) ribbons  & 
hung ) a v>iety ( fruits4 ,?is bran* 0  
c>ri$ 9 procession  at a h>ve/ fe/ival &
 0 fa/5$ ov] ! door ( ! h\se1 :]e  x    
rema9$ = a ye>4 ,! object ( pres]v+ !   
,h>ve/-,may or !  eiresione = a ye> is t
 ! life-giv+ virtue ( ! b\gh may  fo/] !

 gr[? ( ! crops ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,by ! end
 ( !  ye> ! virtue ( ! b\gh is suppos$  
to be exhau/$ & x is  replac$ by a new  
"o4 ,foll[+ a simil> tra9 ( ?\ght "s ( !
  ,dyaks ( ,s>awak are c>eful at ! rice 
h>ve/ to take up ! roots (  a c]ta9     
bulb\s plant1 :i* be>s a beautiful cr[n 
( :ite &  fragrant fl[]s4 ,^! roots are 
pres]v$ ) ! rice 9 ! gran>y  & are      
plant$ aga9 ) ! se$-rice 9 ! foll[+     
season2 =  ! ,dyaks say t ! rice w n gr[
 unless a plant ( ?is sort be  9 !      
field4#aih    ,sid5ote3 ,cu/oms l !     
,h>ve/-,may 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,cu/oms 
l t ( ! ,h>ve/-,may appe> to exi/ 9     
,india & ,africa4 ,at a  h>ve/ fe/ival (
 ! ,lhoosai ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india ! *ief 
goes  ) 8 p into ! =e/ & fells a l>ge   
tree1 :i* is !n  c>ri$ into ! village & 
set up 9 ! mid/4 ,sacrifice is (f]$1  & 
spirits & rice are p\r$ ov] ! tree4 ,!  
c]emony closes )  a fea/ & a dance1 at  
:i* ! unm>ri$ m5 & girls are ! only     
p]=m]s4#aii ,among ! ,be*uanas !        
hack-?orn is v sacr$1 &  x w\ld be a    

s]i\s (f5ce to cut a b\gh f x & c>ry x  
into  ! village dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,b  
:5 ! corn is ripe 9 !  e> ! p g ) axes1 
& ea* man br+s home a bran* ( !  sacr$  
hack-?orn1 ) :i* !y repair ! village    
cattle-y>d4#bjj  ,accord+ to ano!r      
au?ority1 x is a rule ) ! ,be*uanas t   
8nei!r ! hook-?orn nor ! milk-tree mu/  
be cut d[n :ile !  corn is on ! gr\nd1 =
 ?is1 !y ?9k1 w\ld prev5t ra94 ,:5 ,i  0
 at ,lattakoo1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,hamilton /ood 
9 mu* ne$ ( "s  milk-tree timb]1 he dur/
 n supply himself till all ! corn 0     
ga!r$ 940#bja ,_m tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n  
,africa w n cut d[n  timb] :ile ! corn  
is gre51 fe>+ t if !y did s1 ! crops    
w\ld be de/roy$ by blight1 hail1 or e>ly
 fro/4#bjb ,! hea!n  ,*]emiss1 9 !      
,russian ,gov]nm5t ( ,kasan1 w n fell   
trees1 m[  grass1 or dig ! gr\nd :ile ! 
corn is 9 bloom4#bjc ,aga91 !  fructify+
 p[] ( ! tree is put =? at se$-"t z well
 z at  h>ve/4 ,among ! ,aryan tribes (  
,gilgit1 on ! nor?-we/]n fronti]  (     
,india1 ! sacr$ tree is ! ,*ili1 a      

species ( c$> 7,junip]us  excelsa74 ,at 
! beg9n+ ( :eat-s[+ ! p receive f !     
rajah's gran>y a quantity ( :eat1 :i* is
 plac$ 9 a sk9 mix$  ) sprigs ( ! sacr$ 
c$>4 ,a l>ge bonfire ( ! c$> wood is    
light$1 & ! :eat :i* is to be s[n is    
held ov] ! smoke4 ,!  re/ is gr\nd &    
made into a l>ge cake1 :i* is bak$ on ! 
same  fire & giv5 to ! pl\ghman4#bjd ,"h
 ! int5tion ( f]tilis+  ! se$ by means (
 ! sacr$ c$> is unmi/akable4            
,sid5ote3 ,f]tilis+ virtue attribut$ to 
trees4 ,9 all ^! cases  ! p[] ( fo/]+ ! 
gr[? ( crops1 &1 9 g5]al1 (  cultivat$  
plants1 is ascrib$ to trees4 ,!         
ascription is n  unnatural4 ,= ! tree is
 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful memb] ( !         
vegetable k+dom1 & man is famili> ) x   
be=e he takes to  cultivat+ corn4 ,h5ce 
he naturally places ! feebl] &1 to him1 
new] plant "u ! dom9ion ( ! old] & m    
p[]ful4    ,sid5ote3 ,tree-spirits make 
h]ds to multiply & wom5 to br+  =?4     
,aga91 ! tree-_s makes ! h]ds to        
multiply & blesses  wom5 ) (fspr+4 ,!   

sacr$ ,*ili or c$> ( ,gilgit 0 suppos$  
to possess ?is virtue 9 addition to t ( 
f]tilis+ ! corn4 ,at  ! comm5cem5t (    
:eat-s[+ ?ree *os5 unm>ri$ y\?s1 aft]   
und]go+ daily wa%+ & purification = ?ree
 days1 us$ to />t  = ! m\nta9 :]e ! c$>s
 grew1 tak+ ) !m w9e1 oil1  bread1 &    
fruit ( e k9d4 ,hav+ f\nd a suitable    
tree !y  spr9kl$ ! w9e & oil on x1 :ile 
!y ate ! bread & fruit z  a sacrificial 
fea/4 ,!n !y cut (f ! bran* & br\ght x  
to !  village1 :]e1 amid g5]al rejoic+1 
x 0 plac$ on a l>ge /one  beside runn+  
wat]4 8,a goat 0 !n sacrific$1 its blood
 p\r$ ov]  ! c$> bran*1 & a wild dance  
took place1 9 :i* weapons 7  br&i%$     
ab\t1 & ! head ( ! slaught]$ goat 0     
borne al(t1  aft] :i* x 0 set up z a m>k
 = arr[s & bullet-practice4  ,e good %ot
 0 rew>d$ ) a g\rd full ( w9e & "s ( !  
fle% ( ! goat4 ,:5 ! fle% 0 f9i%$ !     
bones 7 ?r[n  into ! /ream & a g5]al    
ablution took place1 aft] :i* e man  w5t
 to 8 h\se tak+ ) him a spray ( ! c$>4  
,on arrival at  8 h\se he f\nd ! door   

%ut 9 8 face1 & on 8 knock+ =           
admission1 8 wife ask$1 #8,:at h y      
br\ght8' ,to :i* he  answ]$1 #8,if y    
want *ildr51 ,i h br\ght !m to y2 if y  
want  food1 ,i h br\ght x2 if y want    
cattle1 ,i h br\ght !m2  :atev] y want1 
,i h x4' ,! door 0 !n op5$ & he ent]$  )
 8 c$> spray4 ,! wife !n took "s ( !    
leaves1 & p\r+  w9e & wat] on !m plac$  
!m on ! fire1 & ! re/ 7  spr9kl$ ) fl\r 
& susp5d$ f ! ceil+4 ,%e !n spr9kl$     
fl\r on h] husb&'s head & %\ld]s1 &     
address$ him ?us1 #8,ai  ,%iri ,bag]?um1
 son ( ! fairies1 y h come f f>6' ,%iri 
,bag]?um1 #8! dreadful k+1' be+ ! =m (  
address to ! c$>  :5 pray+ = wants to be
 fulfill$4 ,! next day ! wife bak$ a    
numb] ( cakes1 & tak+ !m ) h]1 drove !  
family goats to !  ,*ili /one4 ,:5 !y 7 
collect$ r\nd ! /one1 %e began to pelt  
!m ) pebbles1 invok+ ! ,*ili at ! same  
"t4 ,accord+ to !  direction 9 :i* !    
goats ran (f1 om5s 7 drawn z to ! numb] 
& sex ( ! kids expect$ dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4
 ,walnuts &  pomegranates 7 !n plac$ on 

! ,*ili /one1 ! cakes 7  di/ribut$ &    
eat51 & ! goats foll[$ to pa/ure 9      
:atev]  direction !y %[$ a disposition  
to g4 ,= five days aft]w>ds ?is  song 0 
sung 9 all ! h\ses3--                   
#8,dread ,fairy ,k+1 ,i sacrifice be=e  
y1              ,h[ nobly d y /&6 y h   
fill$ up my h\se1              ,y h     
br\ght me a wife :5 ,i _h n "o1         
,in/ead ( daught]s y h giv5 me sons4    
,y h %[n me ! ways ( "r1              ,y
 h giv5 me _m *ildr54'0#bje    ,sid5ote3
 ,f]tilis+ virtue attribut$ to trees4   
,"h ! driv+ (  ! goats to ! /one on :i* 
! c$> _h be5 plac$ is cle>ly  meant to  
imp>t to !m ! f]tilis+ influ5ce ( ! c$>4
 ,9  ,nor!rn ,india ! ,emblica (fic9alis
 is a sacr$ tree4 ,on !  elev5? ( ! mon?
 ,phalgun 7,febru>y7 libations are p\r$ 
at !  foot ( ! tree1 a r$ or yell[ /r+  
is b\nd ab\t ! trunk1 &  pray]s are (f]$
 to x = ! fruitfulness ( wom51 animals1 
&  crops4#bjf ,aga91 9 ,nor!rn ,india ! 
coco-nut is e/eem$ "o ( !  mo/ sacr$    
fruits1 & is call$ ,sriphala1 or ! fruit

 ( ,sri1 !  goddess ( prosp]ity4 ,x is !
 symbol ( f]tility1 & all ?r\gh  ,upp]  
,india is kept 9 %r9es & pres5t$ by !   
prie/s to wom5 :o  desire to become     
mo!rs4#bjg ,9 ! t[n ( ,qua1 ne> ,old    
,calab>1  !re us$ to gr[ a palm-tree :i*
 ensur$ conception to any b>r5  woman :o
 ate a nut f its bran*es4#bjh ,9        
,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce (  ,may-trees on    
cattle4 ,europe ! ,may-tree or ,may-pole
 is app>5tly  suppos$ to possess simil> 
p[]s ov] bo? wom5 & cattle4 ,?us 9  "s  
p>ts ( ,g]many on ! fir/ ( ,may !       
peasants set up ,may-trees  or          
,may-bu%es at ! doors ( /ables & byres1 
"o = ea* horse &  c[2 ?is is ?\ght to   
make ! c[s yield mu* milk4#bji ,( !     
,iri%  we are told t 8!y fancy a gre5   
b\gh ( a tree1 fa/5$ on  ,may-day aga9/ 
! h\se1 w produce pl5ty ( milk t        
summ]40#baj ,9 ,suffolk !re 0 an old    
cu/om1 obs]v$ 9 mo/  f>m-h\ses1 t any   
s]vant :o c\ld br+ 9 a bran* ( haw?orn 9
  blossom on ! fir/ ( ,may 0 entitl$ to 
a di% ( cream =  breakfa/4#baa          

,simil>ly1 89 p>ts ( ,cornwall1 till    
c]ta9ly t5  ye>s ago1 any *ild :o br\ght
 to a dairy on ,may morn+ a piece (     
haw?orn 9 bloom1 or a piece ( fre%      
brack51 long en\gh to surr\nd  ! e>!nw>e
 b[l 9 :i* cream is kept1 0 giv5 a b[l (
  cream40#bab ,on ,may ,day ,engli%     
milkmaids us$ to dance ) g>l&s on  _!   
pails4 ,"o ,may morn+ long ago ,pepys on
 8 way to ,we/m9/]  saw _m ( !m danc+   
?us to ! music ( a fiddle :ile pretty   
,nel  ,gwynne1 9 h] smock sleeves &     
bodice1 wat*$ !m f ! door (  h] lodg+s 9
 ,drury-lane4#bac    ,sid5ote3 ,may-tree
 or ,may-bu% a protection aga9/         
wit*craft4  ,h[ev] 9 ^! & simil>        
,european cu/oms x seems t !  influ5ce (
 ! tree1 bu%1 or b\gh is really         
protective r ?an  g5]ative2 x does n s  
mu* fill ! udd]s ( ! c[s z prev5t  !m f 
be+ dra9$ dry by wit*es1 :o ride on     
broom/icks or  pit*=ks ?r\gh ! air on ! 
,eve ( ,may ,day 7! fam\s ,walpurgis    
,night7 & make great ef=ts to /eal !    
milk f ! cattle4 ,h5ce  ! _m precautions

 :i* ! prud5t h]dsman mu/ take to gu>d 8
  bea/s at ?is season f ! raids ( ^!    
baleful creatures4 ,=  example1 on ,may 
morn+ ! ,iri% scatt] primroses on !     
?re%old1  keep a piece ( r$-hot iron on 
! he>?1 or tw9e bran*es (  :ite?orn &   
m\nta9-a% or r[an ab\t ! door4 ,to save 
! milk  !y cut & peel b\ghs ( m\nta9-a% 
7r[an71 & b9d ! twigs  r\nd ! milk-pails
 & ! *urn4#bad ,accord+ to a writ] ( !  
sixte5? c5tury1 ^: description is quot$ 
by ,camd51 ! ,iri%  8acc\nt e woman :o  
fet*es fire on ,may-day a wit*1 nor w !y
  give x to any b sick p]sons1 & t ) an 
imprecation1 believ+  %e w /eal all !   
butt] ! next summ]4 ,on ,may day !y kill
 all  ! h>es !y f9d among _! cattle1    
suppos+ !m ! old wom5 :o  h designs on !
 butt]4 ,!y imag9e ! butt] s /ol5 may be
  recov]$ if !y take "s ( ! ?at* hang+  
ov] ! door & burn  x40#bae ,9 ! nor?-ea/
 ( ,scotl& pieces ( r[an-tree &         
woodb9e1 or ( r[an alone1 us$ to be     
plac$ ov] ! doors ( !  c[-h\ses on ,may 
,day to keep ! wit*es f ! k9e2 & a /ill 

bett] way ( atta9+ ! same object 0 to   
tie a cross ( r[an-tree  wood ) a sc>let
 ?read to ea* animal's tail4#baf ,!     
,highl&]s  ( ,scotl& believe t on       
,beltane eve1 t is ! night be=e ,may    
,day1 ! wit*es g ab\t 9 ! %ape ( h>es & 
suck ! milk f  ! c[s4 ,to gu>d aga9/ _! 
depr$ations t> 0 put beh9d !  e>s ( !   
cattle & at ! root ( ! tail1 & ! h\se 0 
hung  ) r[an-tree4#bag ,= ! same reason 
! ,highl&]s say t !  peg ( ! c[-%ackle &
 ! h&le & cross ( ! *urn-/aff  %\ld     
always be made ( r[an1 because t is !   
mo/ pot5t *>m  aga9/ wit*craft4#bah ,9 !
 ,isle ( ,man on ,may ,day1 old /yle1  p
 c>ri$ crosses ( r[an 9 _! hats & fa/5$ 
,may-fl[]s  ov] _! doors z a protection 
aga9/ elves & wit*es1 & = !  same       
purpose !y ti$ crosses ( r[an to ! tails
 ( ! cattle4 ,also  wom5 wa%$ _! faces 9
 ! dew e>ly on ,may morn+ 9 ord] to     
secure good luck1 a f9e complexion1 &   
immunity f wit*es4 ,fur!r1  ! break (   
day on t morn+ 0 ! signal = sett+ ! l+  
or  gorse on fire1 :i* 0 done = ! sake (

 burn+ out ! wit*es1  :o are wont to    
take ! %ape ( h>es4 ,9 "s places1 inde$1
 z 9  ! ,lezayre p>i%1 ! practice 0 to  
burn gorse 9 ! h$ge ( e  field to drive 
away ! wit*es1 :o are /ill fe>$ 9 !     
,isle (  ,man4#bai ,9 ,norway & ,d5m>k  
bran*es ( r[an are ,sid5ote3            
,precautions aga9/ wit*craft on ,may    
,day & ,walpurgis ,night4  simil>ly us$ 
to protect h\ses & cattle-/alls aga9/   
wit*es on  ,walpurgis ,night1 & !re1    
too1 x is ?\ght t ! *urn-/aff  %\ld be  
made ( r[an4#bbj ,9 ,g]many a common way
 ( keep+ wit*es  f ! cattle on          
,walpurgis ,night is to *alk up ?ree    
crosses on !  door ( ! c[h\se4#bba      
,bran*es ( buck?orn /uck 9 ! muck-heaps 
on ! eve ( ,may ,day answ] ! same       
purpose4#bbb ,9 ,silesia !  precautions 
tak5 at ?is season aga9/ wit*es are _m &
 v>i\s2  = example1 pieces ( buck?orn   
are nail$ crosswise ov] ! door (  !     
c[h\se2 pit*=ks & h>r[s1 turn$ upside   
d[n1 ) !  prongs po9t+ outw>ds1 are     
plac$ at ! doors2 & a sod ( fre%  turf f

 a mead[ is laid be=e ! ?re%old & /rew$ 
)  m>%-m>igolds4 ,be=e ! wit*es c pass !
 ?re%old1 !y mu/  c\nt e blade ( grass 9
 ! turf & e petal ( ! m>igolds2  & :ile 
!y are /ill c\nt+ ! day breaks & _! p[] 
is  gone4 ,= ! same reason little       
bir*-trees are set up at !  h\se-door1  
because ! wit*es _c ent] ! h\se till !y 
h  c\nt$ all ! leaves2 & be=e !y h done 
! sum x is broad  daylight1 & !y mu/    
flee away ) ! %ad[s4#bbc ,on ,walpurgis 
,night ! ,g]mans ( ,moravia put knives  
"u ! ?re%old ( !  c[h\se & twigs ( bir* 
at ! door & 9 ! muck-heap to keep !     
wit*es f ! c[s4#bbd ,= ! same purpose ! 
,bohemians at ?is  season lay bran*es ( 
gooseb]ry bu%es1 haw?orn1 & wild        
rose-trees  on ! ?re%olds ( ! c[h\ses1  
because ! wit*es are caught by  ! ?orns 
& c get no f>!r4#bbe ,we n[ see :y ?orny
 trees &  bu%es1 :e!r haw?orn1 buck?orn1
 or :at n1 af=d protection  aga9/       
wit*craft3 !y s]ve z prickly h$ges ?r\gh
 :i* !  wit*es _c =ce _! way4 ,b ?is    
explanation cle>ly does n  apply to !   

m\nta9-a% & ! bir*4    ,sid5ote3        
,influ5ce ( tree-spirits on cattle among
 ! ,w5ds1  ,e/honians1 & ,circassians4  
,on ! second ( ,july "s ( ! ,w5ds  us$  
to set up an oak-tree 9 ! middle ( !    
village ) an iron  cock fa/5$ to its    
top2 !n !y danc$ r\nd x1 & drove !      
cattle r\nd x to make !m ?rive4#bbf ,"s 
( ! ,e/honians believe  9 a mis*iev\s _s
 call$ ,metsik1 :o lives 9 ! =e/ & has  
! weal ( ! cattle 9 8 h&s4 ,e ye> a new 
image ( him is  prep>$4 ,on an appo9t$  
day all ! villag]s assemble & make a    
/raw man1 dress him 9 clo!s1 & take him 
to ! common pa/ure-l&  ( ! village4 ,"h 
! figure is fa/5$ to a high tree1 r\nd  
:i*  ! p dance noisily4 ,on almo/ e day 
( ! ye> pray] &  sacrifice are (f]$ to  
him t he may protect ! cattle4          
,sometimes  ! image ( ,metsik is made ( 
a corn-%eaf & fa/5$ to a tall tree  9 ! 
wood4 ,! p p]=m /range antics be=e x to 
induce  ,metsik to gu>d ! corn & !      
cattle4#bbg ,! ,circassians reg>d !     
pe>-tree z ! protector ( cattle4 ,s !y  

cut d[n a "y pe>-tree  9 ! =e/1 bran* x1
 & c>ry x home1 :]e x is ador$ z a      
div9ity4 ,almo/ e h\se has "o su*       
pe>-tree4 ,9 autumn1 on !  day ( !      
fe/ival1 ! tree is c>ri$ into ! h\se )  
great  c]emony to ! s\nd ( music & amid 
! joy\s cries ( all !  inmates1 :o      
complim5t x on its =tunate arrival4 ,x  
is cov]$ )  c&les1 & a *eese is fa/5$ to
 its top4 ,r\nd ab\t x !y eat1  dr9k1 & 
s+4 ,!n !y bid ! tree good-bye & take x 
back to !  c\rty>d1 :]e x rema9s = ! re/
 ( ! ye>1 set up aga9/ !  wall1 )\t     
receiv+ any m>k ( respect4#bbh          
,sid5ote3 ,tree-spirits grant (fspr+ or 
an easy deliv]y to wom54  ,9 ! ,tuhoe   
tribe ( ,maoris 8! p[] ( mak+ wom5      
fruitful is  ascrib$ to trees4 ,^! trees
 are associat$ ) ! navel-/r+s (  def9ite
 my?ical ance/ors1 z inde$ ! navel-/r+s 
( all *ildr5  us$ to be hung ^u !m d[n  
to q rec5t times4 ,a b>r5 woman _h  to  
embrace su* a tree ) h] arms1 & %e      
receiv$ a male or a  female *ild accord+
 z %e embrac$ ! ea/ or ! we/ side40#bbi 

,! common ,european cu/om ( plac+ a gre5
 bu% on ,may ,day be=e or  on ! h\se ( a
 belov$ maid5 probably orig9at$ 9 !     
belief (  ! f]tilis+ p[] ( !            
tree-_s4#bcj ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia  su*  
bu%es are set up also at ! h\ses (      
newly-m>ri$ pairs1 &  ! practice is only
 omitt$ if ! wife is ne> h] conf9em5t2 =
 9  t case !y say t ! husb& has 8set up 
a ,may-bu% =  himself40#bca ,among !    
,s\? ,slavonians a b>r5 woman1 :o       
desires to  h a *ild1 places a new      
*emise ^u a fruitful tree on ! eve (    
,/4 ,george's ,day4 ,next morn+ be=e    
sunrise %e exam9es ! g>m5t1  & if %e    
f9ds t "s liv+ creature has crept on x1 
%e hopes  t h] wi% w be fulfill$ )9 !   
ye>4 ,!n %e puts on !  *emise1 confid5t 
t %e w be z fruitful z ! tree on :i* !  
g>m5t has pass$ ! night4#bcb ,among !   
,k>a-,kirghiz b>r5 wom5  roll !mselves  
on ! gr\nd "u a solit>y apple-tree1 9   
ord] to  obta9 (fspr+4#bcc ,"s ( !      
hill-tribes ( ,india h a cu/om (  m>ry+ 
! bride & bridegroom to two trees be=e  

!y are m>ri$  to ea* o!r4 ,= example1   
among ! ,mundas ! bride t\*es ) r$  lead
 a mahw-tree1 clasps x 9 h] arms1 & is  
ti$ to x2 & !  bridegroom goes ?r\gh a l
 c]emony ) a mango-tree4#bcd ,!         
int5tion ( ! cu/om may p]haps be to     
communicate to !  newly-w$d$ pair !     
vigor\s reproductive p[] ( ! trees4#bce 
,la/ly1 ! p[] ( grant+ to wom5 an easy  
deliv]y at *ild-bir?  is ascrib$ to     
trees bo? 9 ,sw$5 & ,africa4 ,9 "s      
di/ricts (  ,sw$5 !re 0 =m]ly a brdtrd  
or gu>dian-tree 7lime1 a%1 or  elm7 9 ! 
neighb\rhood ( e f>m4 ,no "o w\ld pluck 
a s+le  leaf ( ! sacr$ tree1 any injury 
to :i* 0 puni%$ by ill-luck or          
sickness4 ,pregnant wom5 us$ to clasp ! 
tree 9 _! arms 9 ord]  to ensure an easy
 deliv]y4#bcf ,9 "s negro tribes ( !    
,congo  region pregnant wom5 make       
!mselves g>m5ts out ( ! b>k ( a  c]ta9  
sacr$ tree1 because !y believe t ?is    
tree deliv]s !m  f ! dang]s t att5d     
*ild-be>+4#bcg ,! /ory t ,leto  clasp$ a
 palm-tree & an olive-tree or two       

laurel-trees1 :5 %e 0  ab\t to give bir?
 to ! div9e tw9s ,apollo & ,artemis1    
p]haps  po9ts to a simil> ,greek belief 
9 ! efficacy ( c]ta9 trees to           
facilitate deliv]y4#bch    ,footnote #e3
      ,caes>1 ,bell4 ,gall4 vi4 #be4    
,footnote #f3      ,julian1 ,fragm4 #d1 
ed4 ,h]tle91 pp4 #fjh sq4 ,on ! va/     
woods (    ,g]many1 _! coolness & %ade1 
see also ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4    #e4 
,footnote #g3      ,*4 ,elton1 ,orig9s (
 ,engli% ,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahhb71 pp4  
#c1 #ajf    sq41 #bbd4    ,footnote #h3 
,w4 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e 
7,leipsic1 #ahgi71 pp4 #be sq4          
,footnote #i3      ,h4 ,niss51 ,italis*e
 ,l&eskunde1 i4 7,b]l91 #ahhc7 pp4 #dca 
sqq4    ,footnote #aj3      ,livy1 ix4  
#cf-ch4 ,! ,cim9ian m\nta9s 7,monte     
,cim9o7 are /ill    clo!d ) d5se woods (
 maje/ic oaks & *e/nuts4 ,mod]n         
writ]s suppose t ,livy has exagg]at$ !  
t]rors & difficulties    ( ! =e/4 ,see  
,g4 ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies (      
,etruria1 #crd    ,ed41 i4 #adf-adi4    

,footnote #aa3      ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4
 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie von  
,grie*5l&    7,breslau1 #ahhe71 pp4 #ceg
 sqq4 ,i am told t ! d>k blue wat]s (   
! lake ( ,ph5eus1 :i* /ill reflect$ !   
sombre p9e-=e/s (    ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s 
:5 ,i travell$ 9 ,arcadia 9 ! bright    
un=getable autumn days ( #ahie1 h s9ce  
disappe>$1 !    subt]ranean *asms :i*   
dra9 ?is bas9 hav+ be51 :e!r            
accid5tally or artificially1 cle>$ s z  
to all[ ! p5t-up    wat]s to escape4 ,! 
acres :i* ! peasants h !reby add$ to    
_! fields w h>dly console future        
travell]s = ! loss ( !    wat]y mirror1 
:i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 z x 0 "o (  
! r>e/1 sc5es 9 ! p>*$ l& ( ,greece4    
,footnote #ab3      ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e
 ,my?ologie1 #d? ,ed41 i4 #ec sqq42 ,o4 
,s*rad]1    ,reallexikon d]             
indo-g]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde           
7,/rasburg1 #aija71    s4v4 8,tempel10  
pp4 #hee sqq4    ,footnote #ac3         
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bdi sqq42      
,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]t4 viii4    #h4 

,footnote #ad3      ,o4 ,s*rad]1 op4    
cit4 pp4 #heg sq4    ,footnote #ae3     
,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #i1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc2  
id41 ,annals1 ii4 #ab1 iv4 #gc2    id41 
,hi/4 iv4 #ad2 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e     
,my?ologie1 #d? ,ed41 pp4    #eda sqq42 
,bav>ia ,l&es- und ,volkeskunde des     
,knigrei*s ,bay]n1    iii4 #ibi sq4     
,footnote #af3      ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e
 ,re*tsalt]?m]1 pp4 #eai sq42 ,w4       
,mannh>dt1    ,baumkultus 7,b]l91       
#ahge71 pp4 #bf sqq4    ,footnote #ag3  
,adam ( ,brem51 ,descriptio insul>um    
,aquilonis1 #bg 7,migne's    ,patrologia
 ,lat9a1 vol4 cxlvi4 col4 #fdd74        
,footnote #ah3      ,l4 ,leg]1 ,la      
,my?ologie slave 7,p>is1 #aija71 pp4    
#gc-ge1 #ahh-aij4    ,footnote #ai3     
,ma?ias ,mi*ov1 8,de ,s>matia ,asiana   
atque ,europea10 9 ,simon    ,grynaeus's
 ,novus ,orbis regionum ac insul>um     
vet]ibus incognit>um    7,p>is1 #aecb71 
pp4 #dee sq4 wrongly numb]$ #dde1 #ddf2 
,m>t9    ,crom]1 ,de orig9e et rebus    
ge/is ,polonorum 7,basel1 #aefh71 p4    

#bda2    ,fabricius1 ,livonicae hi/oriae
 comp5diosa s]ies 7,scriptores r]um     
,livonic>um1 ii4 7,riga & ,leipsic1     
#ahdh7 p4 #dda74    ,footnote #bj3      
,see ,c4 ,btti*]1 ,d] ,baumkultus d]    
,hell55 7,b]l91 #ahef72 ,l4    ,prell]1 
,rmis*e ,my?ologie1 #crd4 ,ed41 i4      
#aje-aad4    ,footnote #ba3      ,!     
,classical ,review1 xix4 7#aije7 p4     
#cca1 ref]r+ to an    inscription f\nd 9
 ,cos "s ye>s ago4    ,footnote #bb3    
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xv4 #gg2 ,tacitus1   
,ann4 xiii4 #eh4 ,! fig-tree is         
repres5t$ on ,roman co9s & on ! great   
m>ble reliefs :i* /&    9 ! ,=um4 ,see  
,e4 ,babelon1 ,monnaies de la ,rpublique
 roma9e1 ii4    #ccf sq42 ,r4 ,lanciani1
 ,ru9s & ,excavations ( ,anci5t ,rome   
7,london1 #ahig71 p4 #beh2 ,e4 ,pet]s51 
,vom alt5 ,rom 7,leipsic1 #aijj71    pp4
 #bf1 #bg4    ,footnote #bc3            
,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bj4    ,footnote    
#bd3      ,k4 ,rhamm1 8,d] heidnis*e    
,gottesdi5/ des f9nis*5 ,/ammes10       
,globus1 lxvii4 7#ahie7 pp4 #cdc1 #cdh4 

,?is article is an ab/ract ( a    ,f9ni%
 book ,suom5 suvun pakanill95 jumal5    
palvelus1 by ,j4 ,krohn    7,hels+=s1   
#ahid74    ,footnote #be3      8,heilige
 ,ha9e und ,bume d] ,f9n510 ,globus1    
lix4 7#ahia7 pp4 #cej    sq4            
,footnote #bf3      ,p4 ,s4 ,pallas1    
,reise dur* v]s*i$5e ,prov9z5 des       
russis*5    ,rei*s 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1     
#agga-aggf71 iii4 #fj sq4    ,footnote  
#bg3      ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 i4   
#f4 ,?is 0 an op9ion ( ! ,/oic &        
,p]ipatetic philosophy4    ,footnote    
#bh3      ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 ,e?nography 
& ,philology ( ! ,hidatsa    ,indians   
7,wa%+ton1 #ahgg71 pp4 #dh sq4          
,footnote #bi3      ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1    
,league ( ! ,iroquois 7,ro*e/]1 #ahea71 
pp4 #afb1    #afd4    ,footnote #cj3    
,j4 ,l4 ,krapf1 ,travels1 ,rese>*es1 &  
,mission>y ,lab\rs dur+ an    ,eighte5  
,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,ea/]n ,africa       
7,london1 #ahfj71 p4 #aih4    ,footnote 
#ca3      ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 9 a     
lett] to ! au?or dat$ ,novemb] #c1      

#ahih4    ,footnote #cb3      ,j4 ,teit1
 8,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti%        
,columbia10 p4 #cdi 7,memoir    ( !     
,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,! 
,jesup ,nor? ,pacific    ,exp$ition1    
vol4 i4 "p iv474    ,footnote #cc3      
,c4 ,hupe1 8,ov] de godsdi5/1 z$5 enz4  
d] ,dajakk]s10 ,tijds*rift    voor      
,nerl&s ,indi1 #ahdf 7,batavia71 dl4    
iii4 p4 #aeh4    ,footnote #cd3      ,de
 la ,l\b]e1 ,du royaume de ,siam        
7,am/]dam1 #afia71 i4 #chb4 ,comp>e     
,mgr4 ,bruguire1 9 ,annales de          
l',association de la ,propagation de la 
,foi1 v4 7#ahca7 p4 #abg4    ,footnote  
#ce3      ,! ,buddhi/ conception ( trees
 z animat$ (t5 comes out 9 !            
,jatakas4 ,= examples see ,h4 ,old5b]g1 
,die ,religion des ,v$a1 pp4    #bei    
sqq42 ,! ,jtaka1 bk4 xii4 ,no4 #dfe1    
vol4 iv4 pp4 #if sqq4    7,engli%       
translation edit$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,c[ell74   
,footnote #cf3      ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de      
,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 iv4 
7,leyd51 #aija7    pp4 #bgb sqq4        

,footnote #cg3      ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de      
,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 v4  
7,leyd51 #aijg7    p4 #ffc4    ,footnote
 #ch3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,volksglaube
 und religis] ,brau* d] ,sdslav5        
7,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahij71 p4 #cc4          
,footnote #ci3      ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,!  
,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/   
7,london1    #ahij71 pp4 #di sqq4       
,comp>e id41 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( !
    ,gold ,coa/ 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4   
#cd sqq42 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 ix4    
7#ahgg7 p4 #ga4    ,footnote #dj3       
,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire anci5ne des       
peuples de l',ori5t classique3 les      
orig9es 7,p>is1 #ahie71 pp4 #aba sq4    
,footnote #da3      ,m]olla1 8,voyage to
 ,congo10 9 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages &       
,travels1 xvi4    #bcf4    ,footnote    
#db3      ,c4 ,c4 von d] ,deck51 ,reis5 
9 ,o/-,afrika 7,leipsic & ,heidelb]g1   
#ahfi-ahga71 i4 #baf4 ,! writ] does n   
describe ! mode ( appeas+    ! tree-_s 9
 ! case m5tion$4 ,z to ! ,wanika        
beliefs1 see    above1 p4 #ab4          

,footnote #dc3      ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on1
 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate 7,london1       
#aijb71 ii4 #hcb4    ,footnote #dd3     
,j4 ,b4 ,l4 ,dur&1 ,voyage au ,sngal    
7,p>is1 #ahjb71 p4 #aai4    ,footnote   
#de3      ,s4 ,j4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive  
,semitic ,religion ,to-day 7,*icago1    
#aijb71 p4    #id4    ,footnote #df3    
,a4 d',orbigny1 ,voyage dans l',amrique 
,mridionale 7,p>is &    ,/rasburg1      
#ahci-ahdc71 ii4 #aeg1 #aei sq4         
,footnote #dg3      ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1
 ,9 ,c5traal-,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijj71 i4
 #adf4    ,footnote #dh3      ,h4 ,h4   
,romilly1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea    
7,london1 #ahhi71 p4 #hf4    ,footnote  
#di3      ,d4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ibbetson1        
,outl9es ( ,panjab ,e?nography          
7,calcutta1 #ahhc71    p4 #abj4         
,footnote #ej3      ,w4 von ,s*ul5b]g1  
8,volkskundli*e ,mit!ilung5 aus d]      
,m>k10    ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9]          
,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1          
,e?nologie    und ,urges*i*te 7#ahif71  
p4 #ahi4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4      

,s*w>tz1    ,nord-deuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5  
und ,gebru*e1 p4 #djg1  #adb2 ,e4 ,mei]1
    ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 
aus ,s*wab51 p4 #dfc1  #bjh2 ,a4        
,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus    
,we/fal51 ii4 pp4 #ajh sq41     #cbf1   
#cbg1 p4 #aaf1  #cef1 #ceh2 ,a4 ,birl+]1
 ,volk/hmli*es aus    ,s*wab51 i4 pp4   
#dfd sq41  #f2 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 
und    ,gebru*e aus ,mekl5burg1 ii4 #bbh
 sq42 ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e             
,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebru*e1 #bnd ,ed41  
p4 #bi2 ,r4 ,&ree1    ,brauns*weig]     
,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4     
#bcd2 ,r4 ,wuttke1    ,s*sis*e          
,volkskunde #bnd ,ed41 7,dresd51 #aija71
 p4 #cgj4 ,! cu/om has    be5 discuss$  
by ,u4 ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5 ,opf]gebru*e 
bei ,ack]bau    und ,viehzu*t 7,breslau1
 #ahhd71 pp4 #bad-bbj4 ,he comes to !   
conclusion1 :i* ,i _c b reg>d z         
errone\s1 t ! cu/om    0 9 orig9 a      
rational precaution to keep ! cat]pill>s
 f !    trees4 ,comp>e ! m>riage (      
trees1 bel[1 pp4 #bd sqq4    ,footnote  

#ea3      ,j4 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es (       
,g5tilisme & ,judaisme 7,london1 #ahha71
 p4    #bdg4    ,footnote #eb3          
,pet] ,jones1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ojebway      
,indians1 p4 #ajd4    ,footnote #ec3    
,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em 
( ,*9a1 iv4 #bgd4    ,footnote #ed3     
,a4 ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus            
/]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1           
#ahfe-fg71 ii4 #cj4    ,footnote #ee3   
,p4 ,wagl]1 ,die ,ei*e 9 alt] und neu]  
,zeit1 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahia7 p4    #ef note
 #a4    ,footnote #ef3      ,a4 ,ba/ian1
 ,indonesi51 i4 #aed2 comp>e id41 ,die  
,vlk] des    /li*5 ,asi51 ii4 #deg sq41 
iii4 #bea sq41 iv4 #db sq4    ,footnote 
#eg3      ,j4 de los ,reyes y ,flor5t9o1
 8,die religios5 ,ans*auung5 d]         
,ilocan5 7,luzon710 ,mit!ilung5 d] k4 k4
 ,geograph4 ,gesells*aft 9    ,wi51     
xxxi4 7#ahhh7 p4 #eef4    ,footnote #eh3
      ,f4 ,g>dn]1 8,philipp9e 7,tagalog7
 ,sup]/itions10 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican      
,folk-lore1 xix4 7#aijf7 p4 #aia4 ,^!   
sup]/itions are translat$    f an old & 

r>e "w ,la ,pratica del m9i/]io1 by     
,padre ,tomas    ,ortiz 7,manila1       
#agac74    ,footnote #ei3      ,?4      
,nldeke1 8,tigre-,texte10 ,zeits*rift fr
 ,assyriologie1 xxiv4    7#aiaj7 p4     
#bih1 ref]r+ to ,e4 ,littmann1          
,publications ( !    ,pr9ceton          
,exp$ition to ,abyss9ia 7,leyd51 #aiaj74
    ,footnote #fj3      ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die
 ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4         
#cid-cif4    ,footnote #fa3      ,j4 ,h4
 ,neumann1 8,de tndi 9 v]b& met ,si     
,dajang10 ,m$$eel+5    van wege het     
,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xlviii4     
7#aijd7 pp4    #abd sq4    ,footnote    
#fb3      ,f a lett] ( ! ,rev4 ,j4      
,roscoe1 writt5 9 ,busoga1 #ba/ ,may1   
#aijh4    ,footnote #fc3                
,satapa?a-,brhmana1 translat$ by ,j4    
,eggel+1 ,"p ,,ii4 pp4 #afe    sq4      
7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxvi472   
,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die    ,religion des     
,v$a1 pp4 #bef sq4    ,footnote #fd3    
,de la ,l\b]e1 ,du royaume de ,siam     
7,am/]dam1 #afia71 i4 #chc4    ,footnote

 #fe3      ,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #fc4  
,footnote #ff3      ,i4 v4 ,z+]le1 8,d] 
heilige ,baum bei ,naud]s10 ,zeits*rift 
fr    deuts*e ,my?ologie und            
,sitt5kunde1 iv4 7#ahei71 pp4 #cc sqq4  
,accord+ to ,lucan 7,ph>sal4 iii4       
#dbi-dca71 ! soldi]s :om ,caes>    ord]$
 to cut d[n ! sacr$ oak-grove ( !       
,druids at ,m>seilles    believ$ t !    
axes w\ld reb\nd f ! trees & w\nd       
!mselves4    ,footnote #fg3      ,w4 ,w4
 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #aih sq4 ,z 
to ! durian-tree &    its fruit1 see ,a4
 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago #f?
 ,ed41    7,london1 #ahgg71 pp4 #gd sqq4
    ,footnote #fh3      ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1  
,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 p4 #afe4        
,footnote #fi3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1    
,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d]     
,sdslav51 p4    #cd2 ,a4 ,/rausz1 ,die  
,bulg>5 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 p4 #ceb4     
,comp>e ,r4 ,f4    ,ka9dl1 8,aus d]     
,volksb]lief]ung d] ,bojk510 ,globus1   
lxxix4    7#aija7 p4 #aeb4    ,footnote 
#gj3      ,g4 ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e fe/e 

popol>i 7,pal]mo1 #ahha71 p4 #bba2      
id41 ,usi e co/umi1 cr$5ze e pregiudizi 
del popolo siciliano1    iii4 7,pal]mo1 
#ahhi7 p4 #aaa2 ,g4 ,vuilli]1 8,*ez les 
magici5s et les    sorci]s de la        
,corrze10 ,t\r du monde1 ,n4,s4 v4      
7#ahii7 p4 #eab4    ,footnote #ga3      
,m4 ,t*raz1 8,notes sur la my?ologie    
,armni5ne10 ,transactions ( !    ,n9?   
,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s   
7,london1 #ahic71 ii4 #hbg4    ,comp>e  
,m4 ,abeghian1 ,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube
 7,leipsic1 #ahii71 p4    #fj4          
,footnote #gb3      ,g4 ,f9amore1       
,cr$5ze1 usi1 e co/umi abruzzesi        
7,pal]mo1 #ahij71 pp4    #afb sq4       
,footnote #gc3      ,georgeakis et      
,p9eau1 ,folk-lore de ,lesbos 7,p>is1   
#ahid71 p4 #ced4    ,footnote #gd3      
,boecl]-,kreutzwald1 ,d] ,eh/5          
ab]glubis*e ,gebru*e1 ,weis5 und        
,gewohnheit5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed71 p4
 #acd4    ,footnote #ge3      ,m4 ,j4   
van ,ba>da1 8,fabel51 ,v]hal51 en       
,ov]lev]+5 d]    ,galel>eez510 ,bijdrag5

 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van  
,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlv4 7#ahie7 p4 #eaa4   
,footnote #gf3      ,a4 ,g4 ,vord]man1  
8,plant5-animisme op ,java10            
,teysmannia1 ,no4 #b1    #ahif1 pp4 #ei 
sq42 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr          
,e?nographie1 ix4    7#ahif7 p4 #age4   
,footnote #gg3      ,a4 ,g4 ,vord]man1  
op4 cit4 p4 #fj2 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv 
fr    ,e?nographie1 ix4 7#ahif7 p4 #agf4
    ,footnote #gh3      ,a4 ,g4         
,vord]man1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fa-fc4         
,footnote #gi3      ,a4 de ,humboldt1   
,voyage aux rgions qu9oxiales du ,n\veau
    ,cont95t1 ii4 7,p>is1 #ahai7 pp4    
#cfi sq41 #dbi sq4    ,footnote #hj3    
,elsdon ,be/1 8,maori ,nom5clature10    
,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological             
,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #aig4      
,footnote #ha3      ,h]odotus1 i4 #aic2 
,!ophra/us1 ,hi/oria plant>um1 ii4 #h4  
#d2    ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xiii4 #ca1 #cd
 sq4 ,9 ?is passage ,pl9y /ates    t    
naturali/s di/+ui%$ ! sexes ( all trees 
& plants4 ,on    ,assyrian monum5ts a   

w+$ figure is (t5 repres5t$ hold+ an    
object :i* looks l a p9e-cone to a      
palm-tree4 ,! sc5e has be5    +5i\sly & 
) great probability expla9$ by ,pr(essor
 ,e4 ,b4    ,tylor z ! artificial       
f]tilisation ( ! date-palm by means ( ! 
male infloresc5ce4 ,see 8 pap] 9        
,proce$+s ( ! ,society (    ,biblical   
,ar*aeology1 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #chc-cic4 
,on ! artificial    f]tilisation ( !    
date-palm1 see ,c4 ,ritt]1 ,v]glei*5de  
,erdkunde    von ,arabi5 7,b]l91 #ahdg71
 ii4 #haa1 #hbg sq4    ,footnote #hb3   
,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d]      
,ssabismus 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef71     
ii4 #cf1 #bea4 ,mohamm$ =bade !         
artificial f]tilisation ( !    palm1    
probably because ( ! sup]/itions atta*+ 
to ! c]emony4    ,b he _h to ackn[l$ge 8
 mi/ake4 ,see ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\?1        
,mohamm$ & ! ,rise ( ,islam1 p4 #bcj 7a 
passage po9t$ out to me    by ,dr4 ,a4  
,w4 ,v]rall74    ,footnote #hc3         
,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman1 ,rambles &       
,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial    

7,we/m9/]1 #ahic71 i4 #ch sq42 comp>e   
,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1    vol4 xiii41  
,c5tral ,prov9ces1 "p i4 p4 #ib4        
,footnote #hd3      ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic
 ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxxii41 "p iii4     
7,calcutta1 #aijd7 p4 #db4    ,footnote 
#he3      ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,murs1       
in/itutions et crmonies des peuples de  
l',inde 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 ii4 #ddh sq42   
,moni] ,williams1 ,religi\s ,life    &  
,?\ght 9 ,india1 pp4 #ccc-cce2 ,w4      
,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion &            
,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1   
#ahif71 ii4 #aaj sq4    ,accord+ to     
ano!r acc\nt1 x is ,vi%nu1 n ,kri%na1 to
 :om !    holy plant is annually m>ri$ 9
 e pi\s ,h9doo family4 ,see    ,c5sus ( 
,india1 #aija1 vol4 xviii41 ,b>oda1 p4  
#abe4    ,footnote #hf3      ,sir ,h5ry 
,m4 ,elliot1 ,memoirs on ! ,hi/ory1     
,folklore1 &    ,di/ribution ( ! ,races 
( ! ,nor?-we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1     
edit$ by ,j4 ,beames 7,london1 #ahfi71  
i4 #bcc sq4    ,footnote #hg3      ,w4  
,crooke1 op4 cit4 i4 #di4    ,footnote  

#hh3      ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman1        
,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian  
,(ficial    7,we/m9/]1 #ahic71 i4       
#adg-adi1 #age4 ,! ,salagrama is        
commonly    p]=at$ 9 "o or m places by  
worms or1 z ! ,h9doos believe1    by !  
leg5d>y insect ,vajrakita or by ,vi%nu  
himself4 ,! value (    ! fossil %ell    
dep5ds on its col\r1 & ! numb] ( its    
convolutions & holes4 ,! black are priz$
 z graci\s embodim5ts    ( ,vi%nu2 !    
violet are %unn$ z dang]\s avat>s ( !   
god4 ,he    :o possesses a black        
,salagrama keeps x wrapp$ 9 :ite l951   
wa%es & adores x daily4 ,a draught ( !  
wat] 9 :i* ! %ell    has be5 wa%$ is    
suppos$ to purge away all s9 & to secure
 !    temporal & et]nal welf>e ( !      
dr9k]4 ,^! fossils are f\nd    9        
,nepaul1 9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! riv] ,g&aka1
 a nor!rn    tribut>y ( ! ,ganges4 ,h5ce
 ! di/rict goes by ! "n (    ,salagrami1
 & is highly e/eem$ = its sanctity2 a   
visit to x    conf]s great m]it on a    
man4 ,see ,sonn]at1 ,voyage aux ,indes  

,ori5tales et  la ,*9e 7,p>is1 #aghb71  
i4 #agc sq42 ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1    ,murs1 
in/itutions et crmonies des peuples de  
l',indie 7,p>is1    #ahbe71 ii4         
#ddf-ddh2 ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman1 op4    
cit4 i4 #adh sq41 )    ! editor's notes2
 ,moni] ,williams1 ,religi\s ,?\ght &   
,life 9    ,india1 pp4 #fi sq42 ,g4     
,watt1 ,diction>y ( ! ,economic         
,products (    ,india1 vi4 ,"p ,,ii4    
7,london & ,calcutta1 #ahic7 p4 #chd2   
,w4 ,crooke1    op4 cit4 ii4 #afd sq42  
,indian ,antiqu>y1 xxv4 7#ahif7 p4 #adf2
 ,g4    ,opp]t1 ,on ! ,orig9al          
,inhabitants ( ,bh>atav>sa or ,india    
7,we/m9/] & ,leipsic1 #ahic71 pp4       
#ccg-cei2 id41 8,note sur les           
,slagrmas10 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie
 des ,inscriptions et                   
,belles-,lettres 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4    
#dgb-dhe4 ,! %ell d]ives its "n    (    
ammonite f its resemblance to a ram's   
horn1 recall+ !    ram-god ,ammon4      
,footnote #hi3      ,die ge/riegelte    
,rock5philosophie 7,*emnitz1 #agei71 pp4

 #bci sq42    ,u4 ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5   
,opf]gebru*e bei ,ack]bau und ,viehzu*t1
    pp4 #bad sqq4 ,see above1 p4 #ag4   
,footnote #ij3      ,van ,s*mid1        
8,aanteek5+5 nop5s de z$51 gewoont5 en  
gebruik51    etc41 d] bevolk+ van de    
eil&5 ,sap>oea1 etc40 ,tijds*rift voor  
,nerl&s ,indi1 #ahdc 7,batavia71 dl4 ii4
 p4 #fje2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1    ,indonesi51 i4
 #aef4    ,footnote #ia3      ,g4 ,w4   
,w4 ,c4 ,b>on van ,hovell1 ,ambon en me]
 bepaaldelijk de    ,oelias]s           
7,dordre*t1 #ahge71 p4 #fb4    ,footnote
 #ib3      ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51 8,het        
animisme bij de volk5 van het ,indis*5  
ar*ipel10    ,de ,indis*e ,gids1 ,june  
#ahhd1 p4 #ieh2 id41 ,h&leid+ voor de   
v]gelijk5de ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*    
,indi 7,leyd51 #ahic71 pp4    #edi sq4  
,footnote #ic3      ,e4 ,l4 ,m4 ,khr1   
8,s*ets5 uit ,borneo's ,we/]afdeel+10   
,bijdrag5 tot    de ,taal- ,l&- en      
,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlvii4  
7#ahig7    pp4 #eh sq4    ,footnote #id3
      ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5ige          

e?nografis*e aanteek5+5 omtr5t de       
,tobo5gkoe en de ,tomori10 ,m$$eel+5 van
 wege het ,n$]l&s*e    ,z5del+g5oots*ap1
 xliv4 7#aijj7 p4 #bba4    ,footnote    
#ie3      ,d4 ,grangeon1 8,les ,*am et  
leur sup]/itions10 ,missions            
,ca?oliques1    xxviii4 7#ahif7 p4 #hc4 
,footnote #if3      ,indian ,antiqu>y1  
i4 7#ahgb7 p4 #agj4    ,footnote #ig3   
,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &] aanga&e het 
gee/elijk en    maats*appelijk lev5 van 
d5 ,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege    
het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxix4  
7#ahie7 pp4 #bb1 #ach4    ,footnote #ih3
      ,id41 8,e5ige e?nografis*e        
aanteek5+5 omtr5t de ,tobo5gkoe en      
,tomori10 ib41 xliv4 7#aijj7 p4 #bbg4   
,footnote #ii3      ,c4 ,sn\ck          
,hurgronje1 ,het ,gajl& en zijne        
,bewon]s 7,batavia1 #aijc71    pp4 #cdd1
 #cde4    ,footnote #ajj3      ,s4      
,gason1 8,! ,diey]ie ,tribe10 ,native   
,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 p4    #bhj2   
,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 8,! ,di]i & o!r k9dr$   
,tribes ( ,c5tral    ,au/ralia10 ,j\rnal

 ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xx4     
7#ahia7 p4    #hi4    ,footnote #aja3   
,f4 ,blum5tritt1 8,d] ,ahn5cultus und   
die religise ,ans*auung5 d]    ,malai5  
des ,philipp95-,ar*ipels10 ,mit!ilung5  
d] ,wi5] ,geogr4    ,gesells*aft        
7#ahhb71 pp4 #aei sq42 id41 ,v]su* e9]  
,e?nographie d] ,philipp95 7,go?a1      
#ahhb71 pp4 #ac1 #bi 7,pet]mann's       
,mit!ilung51 ,ergnzung%eft1 ,no4 #fg72  
,j4 ,mallat1 ,les ,philipp9es    7,p>is1
 #ahdf71 i4 #fc sq4    ,footnote #ajb3  
,a4 ,s*ad5b]g1 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d]
 im ,inn]n ,nordluzons    leb5d5 ,/mme10
 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr   
,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und           
,urges*i*te 7#ahhh71 p4 #dj4            
,footnote #ajc3      ,f4 ,grab[sky1 8,d]
 ,tod1 etc41 bei d5 ,dajak510           
,int]nationales    ,ar*iv fr            
,e?nographie1 ii4 7#ahhi7 p4 #aha4      
,footnote #ajd3      ,h4 ,l[1 ,s>awak   
7,london1 #ahdh71 p4 #bfd4    ,footnote 
#aje3      ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h]    
,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 i4 #ajf sq4

    ,footnote #ajf3      ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de 
,groot1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 ii4    
#dfb sqq41 iv4    #bgg sq4    ,footnote 
#ajg3      ,la ,mission lyonnaise       
d'exploration comm]ciale en ,*9e        
#ahie-ahig    7,lyons1 #ahih71 p4 #cfa4 
,footnote #ajh3      8,d] ,muata        
,cazembe und die ,vlk]/mme d] ,m>avis1  
,*evas1 ,muembas1    ,lundas und &]e von
 ,sd-,afrika10 ,zeits*rift fr allgeme9e 
,erdkunde1 vi4 7#ahef7 p4 #bgc4         
,footnote #aji3      ,major ,a4 ,g4     
,leon>d1 ,! ,l[] ,nig] & its ,tribes    
7,london1 #aijf71    pp4 #bih sqq4      
,footnote #aaj3      ,*4 ,p>tridge1     
,cross ,riv] ,natives 7,london1 #aije71 
pp4 #bgb sq4    ,footnote #aaa3      ,*4
 ,p>tridge1 op4 cit4 pp4 #e1 #aid1 #bje 
sq4    ,footnote #aab3      ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 
de ,cl]cq1 8,de ,we/5 ,noordku/ van     
,n$]l&s*    ,nieuw-,gu9ea10 ,tijds*rift 
van het kon4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig   
,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 p4 
#aii4    ,footnote #aac3      8,%amanism
 9 ,sib]ia & ,european ,russia10 ,j\rnal

 ( !    ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxiv4
 7#ahie7 p4 #acf4    ,footnote #aad3    
,fr4 ,boas1 9 ,six? ,report on !        
,nor?-,we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4      
#bh 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( !     
,briti% ,association =    #ahij74       
,footnote #aae3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1   
,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d]     
,sdslav51 p4    #cf4    ,footnote #aaf3 
,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 loc4 cit4    ,footnote 
#aag3      ,a5eid1 iii4 #bb sqq4        
,footnote #aah3      ,philo/ratus1      
,imag9es1 ii4 #bi4    ,footnote #aai3   
,a4 ,l&es1 8,contes et lg5des           
annamites10 ,no4 #i1 9 ,co*9*9e         
franaise3 excursions et reconnaissances1
 ,no4 #bj 7,saigon1 #ahhe71 p4    #caj4 
,footnote #abj3      ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! 
,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/
 ( ,we/    ,africa1 pp4 #acd-acf4       
,footnote #aba3      ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,j4 van
 ,d9t]1 8,e5ige geographis*e en         
e?nographis*e    aanteek5+5 betreff5de  
het eil& ,siaoe10 ,tijds*rift voor      
,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1    

xli4 7#ahii7 pp4 #cgi sq4    ,footnote  
#abb3      ,e4 ,modigliani1 ,un ,viaggio
 a ,nz 7,milan1 #ahij71 p4 #fbi4        
,footnote #abc3      ,o4 ,baumann1      
,usamb>a und se9e ,na*b>gebiete 7,b]l91 
#ahia71 pp4 #eg    sq4    ,footnote     
#abd3      ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn     
,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #afb1  
#ccj sq4    ,footnote #abe3      ,ph4   
,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie               
,nordo/-,afrikas3 ,die gei/ige ,cultur  
d] ,dankil1 ,galla und ,soml 7,b]l91    
#ahif71 pp4 #cd sq4 ,on !    ,galla     
wor%ip ( trees1 see fur!r ,mgr4         
,massaja1 9 ,annales de la              
,propagation de la ,foi1 xxx4 7#aheh7 p4
 #ej2 ,c\lbeaux1 8,au pays de           
,m5elik10 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxx4   
7#ahih7 p4 #dah4    ,footnote #abf3     
,j4 ,kub>y1 8,die ,religion d] ,pelau]10
 9 ,a4 ,ba/ian's ,all]lei aus    ,volks-
 und ,m5s*5kunde1 i4 #eb2 id41 ,beitrge 
zur ,k5ntnis des    ,k>ol95 ,ar*ipels1  
iii4 7,leyd51 #ahie7 p4 #bbh4           
,footnote #abg3      ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! 

,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave      
,coa/1 p4 #aae4    ,footnote #abh3      
,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &] aanga&e het 
gee/elijk en    maats*appelijk lev5 van 
d5 ,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege    
het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xl4     
7#ahif7 pp4 #bh sq4    ,footnote #abi3  
,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5ige e?nografis*e   
aanteek5+5 omtr5t de    ,tobo5gkoe en de
 ,tomori10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het       
,n$]l&s*e    ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4    
7#aijj7 pp4 #bbj sq4    ,footnote #acj3 
,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdb4      
,footnote #aca3      ,j4 ,habbema1      
8,bijgelo( 9 de ,preang]-,reg5ts*app510 
,bijdrag5 tot    de ,taal- ,l&- en      
,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xli4    
7#aijj7 pp4    #aac1 #aae4    ,footnote 
#acb3      ,g4 ,heijm]+1 8,z$5 en       
,gewoont5 op het eil& ,rottie10         
,tijds*rift    voor ,nerl&s ,indi       
7#ahdd71 dl4 i4 p4 #ceh4    ,footnote   
#acc3      ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,het  
,gajl& en zijne ,bewon]s 7,batavia1     
#aijc71    p4 #cea4    ,footnote #acd3  

,?4 ,a4 ,l4 ,heyt+1 8,bes*rijv+ d]      
ond]-afdeel+ ,groot-m&el+    en         
,batang-natal10 ,tijds*rift van het     
,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig    ,g5oots*ap1 
,twe$e ,s]ie1 xiv4 7#ahig7 pp4 #bhi sq4 
,footnote #ace3      ,f4 ,blum5tritt1   
,v]su* e9] ,e?nographie d] ,philipp95   
7,go?a1    #ahhb71 p4 #ac 7,pet]manns   
,mit!ilung51 ,ergnzungheft1 ,no4 #fg74  
,see    above1 pp4 #ah sq4    ,footnote 
#acf3      ,crossl&1 quot$ by ,h4 ,l+   
,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti%   
,nor? ,borneo1 i4 #bhf2 comp>e ,j\rnal (
 ! ,an?ropological    ,in/itute1 xxi4   
7#ahib7 p4 #aad4    ,footnote #acg3     
8,lettre du cur de ,santiago ,tepehuacan
  son vque10 ,bullet9 de la    ,socit de
 ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,i,ime4 ,srie1 ii4 
7#ahcd7 pp4 #ahb sq4    ,footnote #ach3 
,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #cg4     
,footnote #aci3      ,a4 ,l4 ,van       
,hasselt1 ,volksbes*rijv+ van           
,midd5-,sumatra 7,leyd51    #ahhb71 p4  
#aef4    ,footnote #adj3      ,w4       
,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore 

( ,nor!rn ,india    7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71  
ii4 #hg4    ,footnote #ada3      ,i4 ,m4
 van ,ba>da1 8le de ,halma-heira10      
,bullet9s de la ,socit                  
d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 iv4 7#ahic7 p4
 #edg4    ,footnote #adb3      ,l4      
,/]nb]g1 8,die ,religion d] ,gilyak10   
,ar*iv fr    ,religionswiss5s*aft1 viii4
 7#aije7 p4 #bdf4    ,footnote #adc3    
,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #hc4     
,footnote #add3      ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal 
,asiatic ,society1 vii4 7#ahdc7 p4 #bi4 
,footnote #ade3      ,a4 ,ba/ian1       
,indonesi51 i4 #ag4    ,footnote #adf3  
,j4 ,p]ham1 8,sea ,dyak ,religion10     
,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( !    ,royal
 ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #aj 7,dec4     
#ahhb71 p4 #bag2 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,!       
,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor?      
,borneo1 i4 #ahd4    ,footnote #adg3    
,w4 ,kk5?al1 ,=s*ungsreise 9 d5 ,molukk5
 und 9 ,borneo    7,frank=t1 #ahif71 pp4
 #bfe sq4    ,footnote #adh3            
,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1  
xxv4 7#ahif7 p4 #agj4    ,footnote #adi3

      ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive     
,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahh2     
comp>e    ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,vlk]/mme am     
,brahmaputra1 p4 #i4    ,footnote #aej3 
,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc2 ,a4   
,ba/ian1 op4 cit4 p4 #af4 ,comp>e    ,l4
 ,a4 ,waddell1 8,! ,tribes ( !          
,brahmaputra ,valley10 ,j\rnal ( !      
,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxix4       
7#aija7 ,"p ,,iii4 p4 #af2 ,w4 ,rob]tson
    ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1   
#bnd ,ed41 pp4 #acb sq4    ,footnote    
#aea3      ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 
#be2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 op4 cit4 p4 #cg4      
,footnote #aeb3      ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1   
8,het kopp5snell5 d] ,toradja's van     
,midd5-,celebes en    zijne beteek5is10 
,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9k4         
,akademie    van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+  
,lett]kunde1 ,,iv4 ,reeks1 iii4 7#ahii7 
p4    #aie4    ,footnote #aec3      ,a4 
,w4 ,niew5huis1 ,9 ,c5traal-,borneo     
7,leyd51 #aijj71 i4 #adf2 id41    ,qu]  
dur* ,borneo1 i4 7,leyd51 #aijd7 p4     
#ajg4    ,footnote #aed3      ,id41     

8,twe$e ,reis van ,pontianak na>        
,sam>9da10 ,tijds*rift van    het kon9k4
 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1   
,,ii4 ,s]ie1    xvii4 7#aijj7 p4 #dbg4  
,footnote #aee3      ,j4 ,p]ham1 8,sea  
,dyak ,religion10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits   
,bran* ( !    ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 
,no4 #aj 7,decemb] #ahhb71 p4 #bag2 ,h4 
,l+ ,ro?1    ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak &    
,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 i4 #ahd4         
,footnote #aef3      ,b4 ,hag51         
8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d]              
,batt>eligion10 ,tijds*rift    voor     
,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1    
xxviii4 #ecj1 note4    ,footnote #aeg3  
,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #bjb4 
,footnote #aeh3      ,e4 ,"y1 ,! ,k+dom 
( ! ,yell[ ,robe 7,we/m9/]1 #ahih71 pp4 
#aib sq4    ,footnote #aei3      ,j4 ,g4
 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( 
,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an    ,/ates1 ,"p ,i4
 vol4 i4 7,rangoon1 #aijj7 pp4 #eah sq4 
,footnote #afj3      ,capta9 ,macph]son1
 9 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4  
#aab     #dbh4    ,footnote #afa3       

,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion &        
,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india             
7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #ia4    ,footnote
 #afb3      ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des 
/li*5 ,asi51 i4 #acd4 ,! au?ority       
quot$ by ,ba/ian calls ! p ,curka       
,coles4 ,z to ! ,l>ka ,kols1    see ,e4 
,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology (   
,b5gal1 pp4 #agg sqq4    ,footnote #afc3
      ,w4 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! 
,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces &    ,oudh1 iv4  
#acj4    ,footnote #afd3      ,s4       
,mate]1 ,! ,l& ( ,*>ity 7,london1       
#ahga71 p4 #bjf4    ,footnote #afe3     
,b4 ,a4 ,hely1 9 ,annual ,report on     
,briti% ,new ,gu9ea = #ahid-ie1 p4      
#eg4    ,footnote #aff3      ,t4 ,j4    
,hut*9son1 ,impressions ( ,we/]n ,africa
 7,london1 #aheh71 pp4    #acj sq4      
,footnote #afg3      ,galli5i1 8,mission
 dans le ,haut ,nig] et  ,sg\10 ,bullet9
 de la    ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 
viiime ,srie1 v4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #egg sq4   
,footnote #afh3      ,*4 ,m4 ,d\ghty1   
,travels 9 ,arabia ,des]ta 7,cambridge1 

#ahhh71 i4 #cfe4    ,footnote #afi3     
,?4 ,b5t1 8,! ,y\r\ks ( ,asia ,m9or10   
,j\rnal ( !    ,an?ropological          
,in/itute1 xx4 7#ahia7 p4 #bge4         
,footnote #agj3      ,erasmus ,/ella1   
8,de ,borussiae antiquitatibus10 9      
,simon ,grynaeus's    ,novus ,orbis     
regionum ac insul>um vet]ibus           
incognit>um 7,p>is1    #aecb71 p4 #eaj2 
,j4 ,lasicius 7,lasiczki71 8,de diis    
,samagit>um    caet]orumque ,s>mat>um10 
9 ,respublica sive ,/atus regni         
,poloniae1    ,lituaniae1 ,prussiae1    
,livoniae1 etc4 7,leyd51 #afbg71 pp4    
#bii sq42 ,m4    ,c4 ,h>tkno*1 ,alt und 
neues ,preuss5 7,frank=t & ,leipsic1    
#afhd71    p4 #abj4 ,lasiczki's "w has  
be5 repr9t$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 9         
,magaz9 h]ausgegeb5 von d]              
lettis*-lite-rris*5 ,gesells*aft1       
xiv4 #hb sqq4 7,mitau1 #ahfh74          
,footnote #aga3      ,ma?ias ,mi*ov1 9  
,simon ,grynaeus's ,novus ,orbis        
regionum ac insul>um    vet]ibus        
incognit>um 7,p>is1 #aecb71 p4 #deg4    

,footnote #agb3      ,j4 ,g4 ,kohl1 ,die
 deuts*-russis*5 ,o/seeprov9z5 7,dresd5 
&    ,leipsic1 #ahda71 ii4 #bgg4        
,footnote #agc3      ,capt4 ,e4 ,c4     
,lu>d1 9 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 xix4   
7,luckn[1 #aijb7 p4    #gf4    ,footnote
 #agd3      ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e        
,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4 #dig2 comp>e id4
 ii4    #edj1 #eda4    ,footnote #age3  
,max ,bu*1 ,die ,wotjk5 7,/uttg>t1      
#ahhb71 p4 #abd4    ,footnote #agf3     
,p4 v4 ,/591 8,e9 neu] ,beitrag zur     
,e?nographie d] ,ts*]emiss510           
,globus1 lviii4 7#ahij7 p4 #bjd4        
,footnote #agg3      ,j4 ,g4 ,dalyell1  
,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1
 #ahcd71    p4 #djj4    ,footnote #agh3 
,j4 ,g4 ,dalyell1 loc4 cit4    ,footnote
 #agi3      ,j4 ,biddulph1 ,tribes ( !  
,h9doo ,koo%1 p4 #aaf4    ,footnote     
#ahj3      ,h4 ,r4 ,tate1 8,fur!r ,notes
 on ! ,kikuyu ,tribe ( ,briti% ,ea/     
,africa10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological   
,in/itute1 xxxiv4 7#aijd7 p4    #bfc2   
id4 8,! ,native ,law ( ! ,s\!rn ,gikuyu 

( ,briti% ,ea/    ,africa10 ,j\rnal ( ! 
,african ,society1 ,no4 #ce 7,april     
#aiaj71 pp4    #bdb sq4    ,footnote    
#aha3      ,on ! repres5tations (       
,silvanus1 ! ,roman wood-god1 see ,h4   
,jordan    9 ,l4 ,prell]'s ,rmis*e      
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #cic note2 ,a4
    ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des classis*5    
,alt]tums1 iii4 #affe sq4 ,a    good    
repres5tation ( ,silvanus be>+ a p9e    
bran* is giv5 9 !    ,sale ,catalogue ( 
,h4 ,h(fmann1 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 pt4 ii4     
,footnote #ahb3      ,a5eas ,sylvius1   
,op]a 7,ble1 #aega71 p4 #dah wrongly    
numb]$ #dbj2    comp>e ,erasmus ,/ella1 
8,de ,borussiae antiquitatibus10 9      
,novus ,orbis    regionum ac insul>um   
vet]ibus incognit>um1 p4 #eaj4          
,footnote #ahc3      ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1   
,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4     
#ahf4    ,footnote #ahd3      ,j4 ,g4   
,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] (  
,upp] ,burmah & !    ,%an ,/ates1 ,"p   
,,ii4 vol4 iii4 7,rangoon1 #aija71 pp4  
#fc sq4    ,footnote #ahe3      ,e4     

,aymoni]1 9 ,co*9*9e franaise3          
excursions et    reconnaissances1 ,no4  
#af 7,saigon1 #ahhc71 pp4 #age sq4      
,footnote #ahf3      ,l4 ,decle1 ,?ree  
,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa 7,london1       
#ahih71 p4 #dhi4    ,footnote #ahg3     
,h4 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 pp4  
#bie sq4    ,footnote #ahh3      ,see   
above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdh1 #bej1 #cji4    
,footnote #ahi3      ,above1 vol4 i4 p4 
#bhd4    ,footnote #aij3      ,w4       
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus 7,b]l91 #ahge71  
pp4 #aeh1 #aei1 #agj1 #aig1    #bad1    
#cea1 #ead4    ,footnote #aia3      ,e4 
,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology (   
,b5gal1 p4 #ahh4    ,footnote #aib3     
,villault1 ,relation des co/es appelles 
,gu9e 7,p>is1 #affi71 pp4    #bff sq42  
,labat1 ,voyage du *evali] des ,m>*ais  
en ,gu9e1 isles    vois9es1 et  ,cay5ne 
7,p>is1 #agcj71 i4 #cch4    ,footnote   
#aic3      ,o4 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a und   
se9e ,na*b>gebiete 7,b]l91 #ahia71 p4   
#adb4    ,footnote #aid3      ,c4 ,e4   
,x4 ,ro*et d',h]ic\rt1 ,voyage sur la   

cte ori5tale de la ,m]    ,r\ge dans le 
pays d',adel et le royaume de ,*oa      
7,p>is1 #ahda71 pp4    #aff sq4         
,footnote #aie3      ,l4 ,lloyd1        
,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71
 p4 #bff4    ,footnote #aif3      ,w4   
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #aij sqq4   
,footnote #aig3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91   
#ahgg71 pp4 #bab    sqq4    ,footnote   
#aih3      ,h4 ,l[1 ,s>awak1 p4 #bgd2   
id41 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological      
,in/itute1 xxv4 7#ahif7 p4 #aaa4        
,footnote #aii3      ,t4 ,h4 ,lew91     
,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india       
7,london1 #ahgj71 p4    #bgj4           
,footnote #bjj3      ,j4 ,mack5zie1 ,t5 
,ye>s ,nor? ( ! ,orange ,riv]           
7,ed9burgh1 #ahga71    p4 #che4         
,footnote #bja3      ,j4 ,campbell1     
,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,second ,j\rney
 7,london1 #ahbb71    ii4 #bjc4         
,footnote #bjb3      ,rev4 ,j4          
,macdonald1 ,,ms4 notes2 comp>e id41    
,light 9 ,africa1 p4    #baj2 id41 9    

,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1  
xx4 7#ahia7    p4 #adj4 ,! ,nubas w n   
cut %oots ( ! nabac 7a ?orn-tree7       
dur+ ! ra9y season 7,missions           
,ca?oliques1 xiv4 7#ahhb7 p4 #dfj74     
,among "s ( ! hill-tribes ( ! ,punjaub  
no "o is all[$ to cut    grass or any   
gre5 ?+ ) an iron sickle till ! fe/ival 
( !    rip5+ gra9 has be5 celebrat$2    
o!rwise ! field-god w\ld be    angry &  
s5d fro/ to de/roy or injure ! h>ve/    
7,d4 ,c4 ,j4    ,ibbetson1 ,outl9es (   
,panjab ,e?nography1 p4 #aba74          
,footnote #bjc3      8,ueb] die         
,religion d] heidnis*5 ,ts*]emiss5 im   
,g\v]nem5t    ,kasan10 ,zeits*rift fr   
allgeme9e ,erdkunde1 ,n4 ,f4 iii4       
7#aheg7 p4    #aej4    ,footnote #bjd3  
,j4 ,biddulph1 ,tribes ( ! ,h9doo ,koo%1
 pp4 #ajc sq4    ,footnote #bje3        
,j4 ,biddulph1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ajf sq4    
,footnote #bjf3      ,w4 ,crooke1       
,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn
 ,india    7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #ajb4 
,see also ,sir ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot1 ,memoirs

 on    ! ,hi/ory1 ,folk-lore1 &         
,di/ribution ( ! ,races ( !             
,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 edit$  
by ,j4 ,beames1 ii4 #bag1    :]e1 h[ev]1
 ! object ( ! pray]s is said to be !    
fruitfulness ( ! tree itself1 n !       
fruitfulness ( wom51    animals1 &      
cattle4    ,footnote #bjg3      ,w4     
,crooke1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajf4    ,footnote
 #bjh3      ,?4 ,j4 ,hut*9son1          
,impressions ( ,we/]n ,africa1 p4 #abh4 
,footnote #bji3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 p4 #afa2 ,e4 ,mei]1        
,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5    und ,gebru*e  
aus ,s*wab51 p4 #cig2 ,a4 ,pet]1        
,volk/hmli*es aus    /]rei*is*-,s*lesi51
 ii4 #bhf4    ,footnote #baj3      ,w4  
,camd51 ,britannia1 ed4 ,r4 ,g\gh       
7,london1 #aggi71 iii4 #fei4    ,camd5's
 au?ority is ,good1 a writ] ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury4    ,footnote #baa3      ,c\nty  
,folk-lore3 ,suffolk1 collect$ & edit$  
by ,lady ,evel9e    ,camilla ,gurdon    
7,london1 #ahic71 p4 #aag4    ,footnote 
#bab3      ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,b5son1 9 a     

lett] to ! au?or dat$ ,decemb] #ae1     
#ahib4    ,footnote #bac3      ,memoirs 
( ,samuel ,pepys1 ,esq41 edit$ by ,"l   
,braybrooke1 ,second    ,edition        
7,london1 #ahbh71 ii4 #bji1 "u ,may #a/1
 #affg4    ,footnote #bad3      ,lady   
,wilde1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds1 ,my/ic ,*>ms1 &
 ,sup]/itions (    ,irel& 7,london1     
#ahhg71 i4 #aif sq4 ,if an ,iri%        
h\sewife puts a    r+ ( r[an-tree or    
quick51 z x is also call$1 on ! h&le (  
! *urn-da% :5 %e is *urn+1 no wit* c    
/eal h] butt] 7,p4    ,w4 ,joyce1       
,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&        
7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #bcf    sq474      
,footnote #bae3      ,w4 ,camd51 loc4   
cit4    ,footnote #baf3      ,w4        
,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-ea/ (     
,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71    p4 #ahh4   
,footnote #bag3      ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 
,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s
 &    ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 p4 #bgj1 comp>e 
ib41 pp4 #g sqq4    ,footnote #bah3     
,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aa sq4 
,9 ,g]many also ! r[an-tree    is a *>m 

aga9/ wit*craft 7,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d]       
deuts*e    ,volksab]glaube1 #bnd ,ed41  
p4 #ajf1  #ade74    ,footnote #bai3     
,sir ,john ,rhys1 8,! ,coligny ,cal5d>10
 ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti%    ,academy1 vol4
 iv4 pp4 #ee sq4 ( ! (fpr9t4            
,footnote #bbj3      ,a4 ,kuhn1         
,h]abkunft des ,feu]s #bnd ,ed41        
7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #agh    sq42 ,w4 
,mannh>dt1 ,g]manis*e ,my!n 7,b]l91     
#aheh71 pp4 #ag sq4    ,footnote #bba3  
,j4 ,d4 ,h4 ,temme1 ,die ,volkssag5 d]  
,altm>k 7,b]l91 #ahci71 p4 #he2 ,e4     
,somm]1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus   
,sa*s5 und ,?r+5    7,halle1 #ahdf71 p4 
#adi2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und    
,mr*5 aus    ,we/fal51 ii4 p4 #aed1     
#dcb1 p4 #aee1  #dcf2 ,a4 ,s*lei*]1     
,volk/mli*es aus ,sonn5b]g 7,weim>1     
#aheh71 p4 #aci2 ,a4 ,pet]1             
,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5    
7,troppau1 #ahfe-fg71 ii4    #beb2 ,r4  
,eisel1 ,sag5bu* des ,voigtl&es 7,g]a1  
#ahga71 p4 #baj2    ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 
,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm51 p4 #baj2 ,p4    

,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und            
,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi51 i4 7,leipsic1  
#aijc7 p4 #aji4    ,footnote #bbb3      
,a4 ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s1 #bnd  
,ed41 p4 #aff4    ,footnote #bbc3       
,p4 ,dre*sl]1 op4 cit4 i4 #aji sq4      
,comp>e ,a4 ,pet]1 loc4 cit4            
,footnote #bbd3      ,w4 ,mll]1 ,beitrge
 zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5    
7,vi5na    & ,olmtz1 #ahic71 p4 #cbd4   
,footnote #bbe3      ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1
 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm51 p4 #baj4       
,footnote #bbf3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 p4 #agd4    ,footnote #bbg3
      ,j4 ,b4 ,holzmay]1 8,osiliana10   
,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5         
,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vii4 ,no4 #b   
7,dorpat1 #ahgb71 pp4 #aj sq42 ,w4      
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #djg sq4    
,footnote #bbh3      ,potocki1 ,voyage  
dans les /eps d',a/rakhan et du ,caucase
 7,p>is1    #ahbi71 i4 #cji4            
,footnote #bbi3      ,w4 ,foy1 9 ,ar*iv 
fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 x4 7#aijg7 p4  
#eea4 ,=    details ( ! evid5ce see ,w4 

,h4 ,goldie1 ,m4,d41 8,maori ,m$ical    
,lore10    ,transactions & ,proce$+s ( !
 ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1 xxxvii4         
7#aijd7 pp4 #ic-ie4    ,footnote #bcj3  
,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #afc    
sqq4 ,to 8 au?orities add =    ,france1 
,a4 ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 c\tumes1      
lg5des et contes des    ,ard5nes1 pp4   
#hd sqq42 ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,folk-lore des 
,hautes-,vosges1    pp4 #aca sq42       
,br5g]-,fraud1 ,sup]/itions et          
survivances1 v4 #cji    sq42 ,*4        
,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt  
7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4    #fi-gb2 ,f4      
,*apiseau1 ,le ,folk-lore de la ,beauce 
et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1    #aijb71 ii4      
#aji-aaa2 = ,silesia1 ,f4 ,tetzn]1 8,die
 ,ts*e*5 und ,mhr]    9 ,s*lesi510      
,globus1 lxxviii4 7#aijj7 p4 #cdj2 ,p4  
,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1    ,brau* und         
,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi51 i4 #aab sq42 = 
,moravia1 ,w4    ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur    
,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr51 p4 #bf2
 =    ,s>d9ia1 ,r4 ,t5nant1 ,s>d9ia &   
its ,res\rces 7,rome & ,london1         

#ahhe71 pp4 #ahe sq4 ,9 ,brunswick !    
cu/om is obs]v$ at    ,:itsuntide 7,r4  
,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde1 p4    
#bdh74    ,footnote #bca3      ,bav>ia1 
,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s   
,bay]n1 i4 #cgc4    ,footnote #bcb3     
,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,volksglaube und       
religis] ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 p4    #ce4 
,footnote #bcc3      ,w4 ,radl(f1 ,prob5
 d] ,volkslitt]atur d] nrdli*5 ,trkis*5 
,/mme1 v4 #b 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahhe74   
,footnote #bcd3      ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1   
,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4     
#aid2 a simil>    cu/om is practis$     
among ! ,kurmis1 ibid41 p4 #cai4 ,among 
!    ,mundas ! cu/om seems n[ to h fall5
 into disuse 7,h4 ,h4 ,risley1          
,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal3 ,e?nographic 
,gloss>y1 ii4 #ajb74    ,footnote #bce3 
,! explanation has be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4  
,w4 ,crooke 7,j\rnal ( !                
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxviii4      
7#ahii7 p4 #bdc74 ,!re are o!r    facts1
 h[ev]1 :i* po9t to a diff]5t           
explanation1 namely1 t    ! practice is 

int5d$ to av]t possible evil consequ5ces
 f    bride or bridegroom4 ,= example1  
8! sup]/ition reg>d+ a man's    ?ird    
m>riage1 preval5t 9 ,b>r &1 ,i believe 9
 o!r p>ts (    ,india1 is n despis$ by !
 ,vlams4 ,a ?ird m>riage is unlucky4    
,%\ld a man m>ry a ?ird wife1 x matt]s n
 :e!r 8 =m]    wives be alive or n1 evil
 w befall ei!r him or t wife4 ,no       
fa!r w\ld give 8 girl to a man ^: ?ird  
wife %e w\ld be4 ,a    man !re=e1 :o has
 twice ent]$ ! m>ri$ /ate & wi%es to    
mate yet once aga91 _c obta9 z a ?ird   
wife any "o :o has    bo? ! wit & !     
tongue to say no2 a tree has nei!r1 s to
 a    tree he is m>ri$4 ,i h n be5 able 
to discov] :y ! tree1 or    r %rub1     
call$ 9 ,m>? ru'i & 9 ,h9d/n mad>       
7,asclepias gigantea71 is inv>iably !   
victim select$ 9 ,b>r1    nor d ,i "k   
:e!r ! %rub is simil>ly fav\r$ 9 o!r    
p>ts    ( ,india4 ,! c]emony consi/s 9 !
 b9d+ ( a mangal stra    r\nd ! select$ 
%rub1 by :i* ! bridegroom sits1 :ile    
turm]ic-dy$ rice 7akata7 is ?r[n ov] bo?

 him & ! %rub4    ,?is is ! :ole ( !    
simple c]emony4 ,he has gone ?r\gh 8    
unlucky ?ird m>riage1 & any lady :om he 
may fav\r aft] ?is    w be 8 f\r? wife0 
7,capta9 ,wolseley ,haig1 8,notes on !  
,vlam    ,ca/e 9 ,brr10 ,j\rnal ( !     
,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxx4 "p     
iii4 7#aija7 p4 #bh74 ,aga91 ! ,vellalas
 ( ,s\!rn ,india 8obs]ve a    curi\s    
cu/om 7d]iv$ f ,brhmans7 ) reg>d to     
m>riage1 :i*    is n unkn[n 9 o!r       
communities4 ,a man m>ry+ a second wife 
aft] ! dea? ( 8 fir/ has to m>ry a      
planta9 tree1 & cut x    d[n be=e ty+ ! 
tli1 &1 9 case ( a ?ird m>riage1 a man  
has to tie a tli fir/ to ! erukkan      
7arka3 ,calotropis gigantea7    plant4  
,! idea is t second & f\r? wives d n    
prosp]1 &    ! tree & ! plant are       
accord+ly made to take _! places40      
7,mr4 ,hem+way1 quot$ by ,e4 ,?ur/on1   
,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn    ,india1    
vii4 #chg74 ,ty+ ! tali to ! bride is ! 
common ,h9doo    symbol ( m>riage1 l    
giv+ ! r+ ) u4 ,z to ^! ,indian         

m>riages to trees see fur!r my ,totemism
 & ,exogamy1 i4 #cb sq41    iv4 #baj    
sqq42 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4     
#beb1 iii4  #ab1 #ij1    #efb1 iv4      
#cif2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4
  #aaj2 ,d4 ,c4 ,j4    ,ibbetson1       
,settlem5t ,report ( ! ,k>nal ,di/rict1 
p4 #aee2 ,h4 ,h4    ,risley1 ,tribes &  
,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 i4 #eca2 ,capt4 ,e4 ,c4
 ,lu>d1 9    ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1    
vol4 xix4 #gf2 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,tribes &   
,ca/es    ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces &  
,oudh1 ii4 #cfc2 id41 ,popul>           
,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 
7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4    #aae-aba4 ,i 0
 =m]ly dispos$ to connect ! cu/om )     
totemism1    b ( ?is !re seems to be no 
suffici5t evid5ce4    ,footnote #bcf3   
,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #ea sq4 
,footnote #bcg3      ,m]olla1 8,voyage  
to ,congo10 9 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages &     
,travels1 xvi4    #bcf sq4    ,footnote 
#bch3      ,c4 ,btti*]1 ,d] ,baumkultus 
d] ,hell55 7,b]l91 #ahef71 pp4 #cj      
sq4                                     

,,*apt] ,x                  ,,relics ,,(
 ,,tree-,,wor%ip ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,europe   
,sid5ote3 ,may-trees 9 ,europe4 ,f !    
=ego+ review ( !  b5efic5t qualities    
commonly ascrib$ to tree-spirits1 x is  
easy to  und]/& :y cu/oms l ! ,may-tree 
or ,may-pole h prevail$ s  widely &     
figur$ s prom95tly 9 ! popul> fe/ivals (
 ,european  peasants4 ,9 spr+ or e>ly   
summ] or ev5 on ,midsumm] ,day1 x 0 &   
/ill is 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe ! cu/om to g
 out to ! woods1 cut  d[n a tree & br+ x
 into ! village1 :]e x is set up amid   
g5]al rejoic+s2 or ! p cut bran*es 9 !  
woods1 & fa/5  !m on e h\se4 ,! int5tion
 ( ^! cu/oms is to br+ home to  !       
village1 & to ea* h\se1 ! bless+s :i* ! 
tree-_s has  9 its p[] to be/[4 ,h5ce ! 
cu/om 9 "s places ( plant+ a  ,may-tree 
be=e e h\se1 or ( c>ry+ ! village       
,may-tree f  door to door1 t e h\sehold 
may receive its %>e ( !  bless+4 ,out ( 
! mass ( evid5ce on ?is subject a few   
examples may  be select$4    ,sid5ote3  
,may-trees & ,may-bu%es 9 ,engl&4 ,sir  

,h5ry ,pi]s1 9 8  ,description (        
,we/mea?1 writ+ 9 #afhb says3 8,on      
,may-eve1 e  family sets up be=e _! door
 a gre5 bu%1 /rew$ ov] ) yell[  fl[]s1  
:i* ! mead[s yield pl5tifully4 ,9       
c\ntries :]e timb]  is pl5tiful1 !y     
erect tall sl5d] trees1 :i* /& high1 &  
!y  cont9ue almo/ ! :ole ye>2 s z a     
/rang] w\ld g nigh to  imag9e t !y 7 all
 signs ( ale-sell]s1 & t all h\ses  7   
ale-h\ses40#bci ,9 ,nor?ampton%ire a "y 
tree t5 or twelve  feet high us$ to be  
plant$ be=e ea* h\se on ,may ,day s z to
  appe> gr[+2 fl[]s 7 ?r[n ov] x & /rewn
 ab\t !  door4#bdj 8,among anci5t cu/oms
 /ill reta9$ by ! ,corni%1 may be       
reckon$ t ( deck+ _! doors & por*es on !
 fir/ ( ,may  ) gre5 b\ghs ( sycamore & 
haw?orn1 & ( plant+ trees1 or  r /umps (
 trees1 be=e _! h\ses40#bda ,9 ! nor? ( 
,engl& x 0 ,sid5ote3 ,may g>l&s 9       
,engl&4 =m]ly ! cu/om  = "y p to rise a 
little aft] midnight on ! morn+ ( !     
fir/ ( ,may1 & g out ) music & ! bl[+ ( 
horns into !  woods1 :]e !y broke       

bran*es & adorn$ !m ) nosegays &  cr[ns 
( fl[]s4 ,?is done1 !y return$ ab\t     
sunrise & fa/5$  ! fl[]-deck$ bran*es   
ov] ! doors & w9d[s ( _!  h\ses4#bdb ,at
 ,ab+don 9 ,b]k%ire "y p =m]ly w5t ab\t 
9 gr\ps on ,may morn+1 s++ a c>ol ( :i* 
! foll[+ are two  ( ! v]ses3--          
8,we've be5 rambl+ all ! night1         
,& sometime ( ?is day2                  
,& n[ return+ back aga91                
,we br+ a g>l& gay4                     
,a g>l& gay we br+ y "h2                
,& at y\r door we /&2                   
,x is a spr\t well budd$ out1           
,! "w ( our ,"l's h&40#bdc    ,at ! t[ns
 ( ,saffron ,wald5 & ,debd5 9 ,essex on 
! fir/ ( ,may  little girls g ab\t 9    
p>ties f door to door s++ a song almo/  
id5tical ) ! above & c>ry+ g>l&s2 a doll
 dress$ 9 :ite  is usually plac$ 9 !    
middle ( ea* g>l&4#bdd ,simil> cu/oms  h
 be5 & inde$ are /ill obs]v$ 9 v>i\s    
p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,!  g>l&s are g5]ally 9 !
 =m ( hoops int]sect+ ea* o!r at  "r    
angles4 ,?us on ,may morn+ ! girls ( !  

neighb\r+ villages  us$ to flock into   
,nor?ampton br++ _! g>l&s1 :i* !y       
exhibit$ f h\se to h\se4 ,! skeleton ( !
 g>l& 0 =m$ (  two hoops ( osi] or hazel
 cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 & s  tw9$ 
) fl[]s & ribbons t no "p ( !m c\ld be  
se54 ,9  ! c5tre ( ! g>l&s 7 plac$ gaily
 dress$ dolls1 "o1 two1 or  ?ree 9 numb]
 accord+ to ! size ( ! g>l&4 ,! :ole 0  
fix$ to a /aff ab\t five feet long1 by  
:i* x 0 c>ri$4 ,9  %ew+ _! g>l&s !      
*ildr5 *ant$ "s simple ditties &        
receiv$ 9 return p5nies1 :i* furni%$ =? 
a fea/ on _!  return to _! homes4 ,a    
m]ry dance r\nd ! g>l& conclud$ !       
fe/ivity4#bde ,at ,uttoxet] gr\ps (     
*ildr5 c>ry g>l&s (  fl[]s ab\t ! t[n on
 ,may ,day4 8,! g>l&s consi/ ( two      
hoops1  "o pass+ ?r\gh ! o!r1 :i* give !
 appe>ance ( f\r  half-circles1 & !y are
 decorat$ ) fl[]s & ev]gre5s1 &         
surm\nt$ ) a bun* ( fl[]s z a sort (    
cr[n1 & 9 ! c5tre  ( ! hoops is a p5dant
 orange & fl[]s40 ,"o or m ( !  *ildr5  
c>ry a little pole or /ick upright ) a  

bun* ( fl[]s  fa/5$ to ! top4 ,!y are   
!mselves decorat$ ) fl[]s &  ribbons1 & 
receive p5ce f ! h\ses :i* !y visit4#bdf
 ,at  ,wat=d 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 gr\ps (      
*ildr51 almo/ entirely girls1 g  ab\t ! 
/reets f door to door on ,may ,day s++  
"s v]ses1 (  :i* two agree almo/ v]bally
 ) ^? :i*1 z we h se51 are  sung at     
,ab+don 9 ,b]k%ire4 ,!y are dress$ 9    
:ite1 & adorn$  ) gay ribbons & sa%es ( 
_m hues4 8,two ( ! girls c>ry  betwe5 !m
 on a /ick :at !y call #8! g>l&1' :i* 9 
its  simple/ =m1 is made ( two circul>  
hoops1 int]sect+ ea* o!r at  "r angles2 
a m elaborate =m has1 9 addition1 small]
  semicircles ins]t$ 9 ! f\r angles =m$ 
by ! meet+ ( !  hoops at ! top ( #8!    
g>l&4' ,^! hoops are cov]$ ) any        
wild-fl[]s 9 season1 & are fur!r        
ornam5t$ ) ribbons4 ,!  #8g>l&' 9 %ape  
rem9ds me ( ! #8,*ri/mas' :i* us$ to =m 
!  c5tre ( ! ,*ri/mas decorations 9     
,york%ire "s few ye>s ago1  except t !  
latt] _h a bun* ( mi/letoe inside !     
hoops40#bdg  ,a simil> cu/om 0 obs]v$ at

 ,bampton-9-!-,bu% 9 ,ox=d%ire d[n  to  
ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!    
g>l& consi/$ (  two cross$ hoops cov]$ )
 moss1 fl[]s1 & ribbons4 ,two girls1    
kn[n z ! ,lady & h] ,maid1 bore ! g>l&  
betwe5 !m on a  /ick2 & a boy call$ !   
,"l1 :o c>ri$ a /ick dress$ )  ribbons &
 fl[]s1 collect$ contributions f !      
spectators4 ,f  "t to "t ! ,lady sang a 
few l9es & 0 !n kiss$ by !  ,"l4#bdh ,at
 ,sev5oaks 9 ,k5t ! *ildr5 c>ry b\ghs & 
g>l&s  f door to door on ,may ,day4 ,!  
b\ghs consi/ ( /icks c>ri$  upright )   
bun*es ( leaves & wild-fl[]s fa/5$ to ! 
top4 ,!  g>l&s are =m$ ( two hoops      
int]lac$ cross-wise & cov]$ )  blue &   
yell[ fl[]s f ! woods & h$ges4          
,sometimes !  g>l&s are fa/5$ to ! end (
 a /ick c>ri$ p]p5dicul>ly1  sometimes  
!y hang f ! middle ( a /ick borne       
horizontally by two  *ildr54#bdi ,9 !   
/reets ( ,cambridge little girls        
regul>ly make  _! appe>ance e ,may ,day 
) female dolls enclos$ 9 hoops1  :i* are
 cov]$ ) ribbons & fl[]s4 ,^! !y %ew to 

pass]s-by1 invit+ !m to rememb] ! ,may  
,lady by pay+ a small sum  to h]        
be>]s4#bej ,at ,salisbury girls g ?r\gh 
! /reets on ,may  ,day 9 pairs1 c>ry+   
betwe5 !m on a /ick a circul> g>l& or   
hoop adorn$ ) fl[]s & b[s2 !y visit !   
%ops ask+ =  money4 ,a simil> cu/om is  
obs]v$ at ,wilton a few miles f         
,salisbury4#bea ,at ,caw?orne 9         
,york%ire 8on ! fir/ ( ,may !           
s*ool-*ildr5 came ) hoops to beg =      
artificial fl[]s2 ^! my  "m's maid us$  
to sew on to ! hoops1 :i* ) ribbons &   
o!r  decorations1 7 us$ 9 deck+ out a   
tall ,may-pole plant$ 9 !  village40#beb
 ,x appe>s t a hoop wrea!d ) r[an & m>% 
m>igold1 & be>+ susp5d$ )9 x two balls1 
is /ill c>ri$ on  ,may ,day by villag]s 
9 "s p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,! balls1 :i* are   
sometimes cov]$ ) gold & silv] pap]1 are
 said to h  orig9ally repres5t$ ! sun & 
moon4#bec    ,sid5ote3 ,may cu/oms 9    
,france1 ,g]many1 & ,greece4 ,9 "s      
villages  ( ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s on ! fir/
 ,sunday ( ,may "y girls g 9  b&s f h\se

 to h\se1 s++ a song 9 praise ( ,may1 9 
:i*  m5tion is made ( ! 8bread & meal t 
come 9 ,may40 ,if money is  giv5 !m1 !y 
fa/5 a gre5 b\gh to ! door2 if x is     
refus$1  !y wi% ! family _m *ildr5 & no 
bread to fe$ !m4#bed ,9  ! ,fr5*        
dep>tm5t ( ,may5ne1 boys :o bore ! "n ( 
,maillot9s  us$ to g ab\t f f>m to f>m  
on ! fir/ ( ,may s++ c>ols1  = :i* !y   
receiv$ money or a dr9k2 !y plant$ a    
small tree or a  bran* ( a tree4#bee    
,among ! ,g]mans ( ,moravia on ! ?ird   
,sunday  be=e ,ea/]1 :i* goes by ! "n ( 
,laet>e ,sunday1 x is  cu/om>y 9 "s     
places = "y girls to c>ry a small       
fir-tree ab\t  f door to door1 :ile !y  
s+ songs1 = :i* !y receive  pres5ts4 ,! 
tree is trick$ out ) _m-col\r$ ribbons1 
&  sometimes ) fl[]s & dy$ egg-%ells1 & 
its bran*es are tw9$  toge!r s z to =m  
:at is call$ a cr[n4#bef ,9 ,corfu !    
*ildr5 g ab\t s++ ,may songs on ! fir/ (
 ,may4 ,! boys c>ry  small cypresses    
adorn$ ) ribbons1 fl[]s1 & ! fruits ( ! 
season4 ,!y receive a glass ( w9e at ea*

 h\se4 ,! girls c>ry  nosegays4 ,"o ( !m
 is dress$ up l an angel1 ) gilt w+s1 & 
scatt]s fl[]s4#beg    ,sid5ote3         
,:itsuntide cu/oms 9 ,russia4 ,on !     
,?ursday be=e  ,:itsunday ! ,russian    
villag]s 8g out into ! woods1 s+ songs1 
weave g>l&s1 & cut d[n a "y bir*-tree1  
:i* !y dress up 9  woman's clo!s1 or    
adorn ) _m-col\r$ %r$s & ribbons4 ,aft] 
t comes a fea/1 at ! end ( :i* !y take !
 dress$-up  bir*-tree1 c>ry x home to _!
 village ) joyful dance & song1  & set x
 up 9 "o ( ! h\ses1 :]e x rema9s z an   
hon\r$  gue/ till ,:itsunday4 ,on ! two 
int]v5+ days !y pay visits to  ! h\se   
:]e _! #8gue/' is2 b on ! ?ird day1     
,:itsunday1 !y  take h] to a /ream & fl+
 h] into its wat]s10 ?r[+ _!  g>l&s aft]
 h]4 8,all ov] ,russia e village & e t[n
 is  turn$1 a little be=e ,:itsunday1   
into a sort ( g>d54 ,ev]y:]e  along !   
/reets ! "y bir*-trees /& 9 r[s1 e h\se 
&  e room is adorn$ ) b\ghs1 ev5 !      
eng9es ^u ! railway are  = ! "t deck$ ) 
gre5 leaves40#beh ,9 ?is ,russian cu/om 

!  dress+ ( ! bir* 9 woman's clo!s %ews 
h[ cle>ly ! tree is  p]sonifi$2 & ! ?r[+
 x into a /ream is mo/ probably a       
ra9-*>m4 ,9 "s villages ( ,altm>k x 0   
=m]ly ! cu/om =  s]v+-m51 grooms1 &     
c[h]ds to g f f>m to f>m at ,:itsuntide 
di/ribut+ cr[ns made ( bir* bran*es &   
fl[]s to ! f>m]s2  ^! cr[ns 7 hung up 9 
! h\ses & left till ! foll[+  ye>4#bei  
,sid5ote3 ,may-trees 9 ,g]many & ,sw$54 
,9 ! neighb\rhood (  ,zab]n 9 ,alsace   
b&s ( p g ab\t c>ry+ ,may-trees4 ,among/
  !m is a man dress$ 9 a :ite %irt1 ) 8 
face black5$2 9  front ( him is c>ri$ a 
l>ge ,may-tree1 b ea* memb] ( ! b&  also
 c>ries a small] "o4 ,"o ( ! company    
be>s a huge basket 9  :i* he collects   
eggs1 bacon1 & s =?4#bfj ,9 "s p>ts (   
,sw$5 on ! eve ( ,may ,day lads g ab\t  
c>ry+ ea* a bun* (  fre%-ga!r$ bir*     
twigs1 :olly or p>tially 9 leaf4 ,) !   
village fiddl] at _! head1 !y make !    
r\nd ( ! h\ses s++  ,may songs2 ! burd5 
( _! songs is a pray] = f9e wea!r1 a    
pl5tiful h>ve/1 & worldly & spiritual   

bless+s4 ,"o ( !m  c>ries a basket 9 :i*
 he collects gifts ( eggs & ! l4 ,if  !y
 are well receiv$ !y /ick a leafy twig 9
 ! ro( ov] !  cottage door4#bfa         
,sid5ote3 ,midsumm] trees & poles 9     
,sw$54 ,b 9 ,sw$5 midsumm]  is ! season 
:5 ^! c]emonies are *iefly obs]v$4 ,on !
 ,eve (  ,/4 ,john 7! tw5ty-?ird (      
,june7 ! h\ses are ?or\ghly cleans$  &  
g>ni%$ ) gre5 b\ghs & fl[]s4 ,"y        
fir-trees are rais$  at ! doorway &     
else:]e ab\t ! home/ead2 & v (t5 small  
umbrage\s arb\rs are con/ruct$ 9 ! g>d54
 ,9 ,/ockholm on ?is  day a leaf-m>ket  
is held at :i* ?\s&s ( ,may-poles 7,maj 
,/ng]71 f six in*es to twelve feet high1
 decorat$ ) leaves1  fl[]s1 slips (     
col\r$ pap]1 gilt egg-%ells /rung on    
re$s1 &  s on1 are expos$ = sale4       
,bonfires are lit on ! hills1 & !  p    
dance r\nd !m & jump ov] !m4 ,b ! *ief  
ev5t ( !  day is sett+ up ! ,may-pole4  
,?is consi/s ( a /raight & tall         
spruce-p9e tree1 /ripp$ ( its bran*es4  
8,at times hoops & at  o!rs pieces (    

wood1 plac$ cross-wise1 are atta*$ to x 
at  int]vals2 :il/ at o!rs x is provid$ 
) b[s1 repres5t+1 s  to say1 a man ) 8  
arms akimbo4 ,f top to bottom n only !  
#8,maj  ,/ng' 7,may-pole7 itself1 b !   
hoops1 b[s1 etc41 are ornam5t$ )        
leaves1 fl[]s1 slips ( v>i\s clo?1 gilt 
egg-%ells1 etc42 & on  ! top ( x is a   
l>ge vane1 or x may be a flag40 ,! rais+
 ( !  ,may-pole1 ! decoration ( :i* is  
done by ! village maid5s1 is an  affair 
( mu* c]emony2 ! p flock to x f all     
qu>t]s1 &  dance r\nd x 9 a great       
r+4#bfb ,midsumm] cu/oms ( ! same sort  
us$ to be obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many4   
,?us 9 ! t[ns ( !  ,upp] ,h>z ,m\nta9s  
tall fir-trees1 ) ! b>k peel$ (f _!  l[]
 trunks1 7 set up 9 op5 places & deck$ )
 fl[]s &  eggs1 :i* 7 pa9t$ yell[ & r$4 
,r\nd ^! trees ! "y  folk danc$ by day &
 ! old folk 9 ! ev5+4 ,_m p  disguis$   
!mselves1 & dramatic repres5tations 7   
giv51 among/  o!rs mock executions1 at  
:i* ! suff]]'s hat 0 knock$ (f  in/ead (
 8 head4 ,at ! village ( ,l]ba* 9 ^!    

fir-clad  m\nta9s *ildr5 w\ld ga!r      
toge!r on ,midsumm] ,day1 ea* ) a  t9y  
fir-tree1 :i* !y made to revolve f left 
to "r 9 !  direction ( ! sun1 :ile !y   
sang 8,! maid5 turn$ h]self ab\t10  or  
8,oh1 ?\ de> ,summ]time6 ,oh1 ?\ de>    
,summ]time60#bfc ,9 "s  p>ts ( ,bohemia 
also a ,may-pole or midsumm]-tree is    
erect$ on ,/4  ,john's ,eve4 ,! lads    
fet* a tall fir or p9e f ! wood & set x 
up on a height1 :]e ! girls deck x )    
nosegays1 g>l&s1 & r$  ribbons4 ,x is   
aft]w>ds burn$4#bfd    ,sid5ote3        
,village ,may-poles 9 ,engl&4 ,x w\ld be
 ne$less to  illu/rate at l5g? ! cu/om1 
:i* has prevail$ 9 v>i\s p>ts (         
,europe1 su* z ,engl&1 ,france1 &       
,g]many1 ( sett+ up a village  ,may-tree
 or ,may-pole on ,may ,day4#bfe ,a few  
examples w suffice4 ,!  puritanical     
writ] ,phillip ,/ubbes 9 8 ,anatomie (  
,abuses1 fir/  publi%$ at ,london 9     
#aehc1 has describ$ ) manife/ disgu/ h[ 
!y us$ to br+ 9 ! ,may-pole 9 ! days (  
good ,que5 ,bess4 ,8  description af=ds 

u a vivid glimpse ( m]ry ,engl& 9 ! old5
  "t4 8,aga9/ ,may1 ,:itsonday1 or o!r  
"t1 all ! yung m5 &  maides1 olde m5 &  
wives1 run gadd+ ov] night to ! woods1  
groves1  hils1 & m\nta9s1 :]e !y sp5d   
all ! night 9 plesant pa/imes2  & 9 !   
morn+ !y return1 br++ ) !m bir* &       
bran*es (  trees1 to deck _! assemblies 
)all4 ,& no m]vaile1 = !re is a  great  
,"l pres5t among/ !m1 z sup]9t5d5t & ,"l
 ov] _!  pa/imes & sportes1 namely1     
,sa?an1 pr9ce ( hel4 ,b ! *iefe/  jewel 
!y br+ f !nce is _! ,may-pole1 :i* !y   
br+ home  ,sid5ote3 ,br++ 9 ! ,may-pole4
 ) great v5]ation1 z ?us4  ,!y h tw5tie 
or =tie yoke ( ox51 e oxe hav+ a sweet  
nose-gay ( fl\]s plac$ on ! tip ( 8     
hornes1 & ^! ox5  drawe home ?is        
,may-pole 7?is /9kyng ydol1 r71 :i* is  
cov]$  all ov] ) fl\res & he>bs1 b\nd   
r\nd ab\t ) /r+s1 f  ! top to ! bottome1
 & sometime pa9t$ ) v>iable col\rs1 )   
two or ?ree hundr$ m51 wom5 & *ildr5    
foll[+ x ) great  devotion4 ,& ?us bee+ 
re>$ up1 ) h&k]*eefs & flags  hov]+ on !

 top1 !y /raw ! gr\nd r\nde ab\t1 b9de  
gre5  b\ghes ab\t x1 set up somm]       
haules1 b[]s1 & arbors h>d by x4  ,& !n 
fall !y to daunce ab\t x1 l z ! hea!n p 
did at  ! d$ication ( ! ,idols1 :]e( ?is
 is a p]fect patt]n1 or  r ! ?+ itself4 
,i h he>d x cr$ibly report$ 7& t  viva  
voce7 by m5 ( great gravitie &          
reputation1 t ( =tie1  ?reescore1 or a  
hundr$ maides go+ to ! wood ov] night1  
!re h  sc>esly ! ?ird "p ( !m return$   
home aga9e undefil$40#bff ,(  ! ,corni% 
p _! hi/orian ,borlase says3 8,f t[ns !y
 make  excursions1 on ,may eve1 into !  
c\ntry1 cut d[n a tall elm1 br+ x  into 
t[n ) rejoic+s1 & hav+ fitt$ a /raight  
tap] pole to  ! end ( x1 & pa9t$ x1     
erect x 9 ! mo/ publick "p1 &  ^u       
holidays & fe/ivals dress x ) g>l&s (   
fl[]s1 or  ensigns & /ream]s40#bfg ,9   
,nor?umb]l&1 d[n app>5tly to ne>  ! end 
( ! eighte5? c5tury1 "y p ( bo? sexes   
us$ to g  out e>ly on ,may morn+ to ga!r
 ! fl[]+ ?orn & ! dew (f  ! grass1 :i*  
!y br\ght home ) music & acclamations2  

!n1  hav+ dress$ a pole on ! gre5 )     
g>l&s1 !y danc$ ab\t x4  ,! dew 0       
consid]$ z a great cosmetic1 & pres]v$ !
 face f  wr9kles1 blot*es1 & ! traces ( 
old age4 ,a syllabub made ( w>m  milk f 
! c[1 sweet cakes1 & w9e 0 prep>$ = !   
fea/2 &  a k9d ( div9ation1 to discov]  
:o %\ld be w$d$ fir/1 0  practis$ by    
dropp+ a m>riage-r+ into ! syllabub &   
fi%+ =  x ) a ladle4#bfh ,at ,pad/[ 9   
,cornwall1 :5 %ipbuild+ 0 a  ?riv+      
indu/ry ( ! port1 ! %ipwrights us$ to   
erect a tall  ,may-pole at ! top (      
,cross ,/reet 9 ! middle ( a cross      
inlaid )  /one4 ,! pole 0 gaily decorat$
 ) spr+ fl[]s & s =?4  ,b ! cu/om has   
long be5 ab&on$4 ,a great feature ( !   
celebration ( ,may ,day at ,pad/[ us$ to
 be ! ,hobby ,horse1 t is1 a  man we>+ a
 f]oci\s mask1 :o w5t danc+ & s++ be=e !
  *ief h\ses1 accompani$ by a great     
fl[]-b$eck$ cr[d ( m5 &  wom51 :ile ! m5
 fir$ pi/ols load$ ) p[d] 9 all         
directions4#bfi    ,sid5ote3 ,village   
,may-trees & ,may-poles 9 ,g]many4 ,9   

,swabia on !  fir/ ( ,may a tall        
fir-tree us$ to be fet*$ into ! village1
 :]e  x 0 deck$ ) ribbons & set up2 !n !
 p danc$ r\nd x  m]rily to music4 ,!    
tree /ood on ! village gre5 ! :ole ye>  
?r\gh1 until a fre% tree 0 br\ght 9 next
 ,may ,day4#bgj ,9 ,saxony  8p 7 n      
cont5t ) br++ ! summ] symbolically 7z k+
  or que57 into ! village2 !y br\ght !  
fre% gre5 itself f !  woods ev5 into !  
h\ses3 t is ! ,may or ,:itsuntide trees1
 :i*  are m5tion$ 9 docum5ts f ! ?irte5?
 c5tury onw>ds4 ,!  fet*+ 9 ( !         
,may-tree 0 also a fe/ival4 ,! p w5t out
  into ! woods to seek ! ,may 7majum    
qua]]e71 br\ght "y trees1  especially   
firs & bir*es1 to ! village & set !m up 
be=e !  doors ( ! h\ses or ( !          
cattle-/alls or 9 ! rooms4 ,"y  fell[s  
erect$ su* ,may-trees1 z we h already   
said1 be=e !  *amb]s ( _! swee!>ts4     
,besides ^! h\sehold ,mays1 a great     
,may-tree or ,may-pole1 :i* _h also be5 
br\ght 9 solemn procession  to !        
village1 0 set up 9 ! middle ( ! village

 or 9 !  m>ket-place ( ! t[n4 ,x _h be5 
*os5 by ! :ole community1 :o  wat*$ ov] 
x mo/ c>efully4 ,g5]ally ! tree 0 /ripp$
 ( its  bran*es & leaves1 no?+ b ! cr[n 
be+ left1 on :i* 7  display$1 9 addition
 to _m-col\r$ ribbons & clo?s1 a v>iety 
(  victuals su* z sausages1 cakes1 &    
eggs4 ,! "y folk ex]t$  !mselves to     
obta9 ^! prizes4 ,9 ! greasy poles :i*  
are /ill  to be se5 at our fairs we h a 
relic ( ^! old ,may-poles4 ,n           
uncommonly !re 0 a race on foot or on   
horseback to ! ,may-tree--a  ,:itsuntide
 pa/ime :i* 9 c\rse ( "t has be5 dive/$ 
( its  goal & survives z a popul> cu/om 
to ?is day 9 _m p>ts (  ,g]many4 ,9 !   
great t[ns ( our l& ! cu/om has develop$
 into  sport1 = our spr+ races are 9 _! 
orig9 no?+ b ! old  ,g]man horse-races1 
9 :i* ! victor receiv$ a prize 7g5]ally 
a  r$ clo?7 f ! h& ( a maid51 :ile ! la/
 rid] 0 greet$  ) je]s & gibes by !     
assembl$ community40#bga ,! cu/om ( !   
,may-tree is obs]v$ by ! ,w5ds (        
,saxony1 z well z by ! ,g]mans4  ,! "y  

m5 ( ! village *oose ! slimme/ & talle/ 
tree 9 !  wood1 peel x & set x up on !  
village gre54 ,its leafy top is  deck$ )
 clo?s & ribbons pres5t$ by ! girls4 ,"h
 x /&s1  t[]+ high above ! ro(s1 till   
,asc5sion ,day1 or 9 _m places  till    
,:itsuntide4 ,:5 x is be+ tak5 d[n1 ! "y
 folk dance  r\nd x1 & ! y\? :o cat*es &
 breaks (f ! leafy cr[n (  ! fall+ tree 
is ! h]o ( ! day4 ,hold+ ! gre5 b\ghs   
al(t  he is c>ri$ %\ld]-high1 ) music & 
joy\s %\ts1 to !  ale-h\se1 :]e ! dance 
is resum$4#bgb ,at ,bordeaux on !       
,sid5ote3 ,may-poles & ,may-trees 9     
,france4 fir/ ( ,may ! boys (  ea* /reet
 us$ to erect 9 x a ,may-pole1 :i* !y   
adorn$ )  g>l&s & a great cr[n2 & e ev5+
 dur+ ! :ole ( !  mon? ! "y p ( bo?     
sexes danc$ s++ ab\t ! pole4#bgc  ,d[n  
to ! pres5t day ,may-trees deck$ ) fl[]s
 & ribbons are  set up on ,may ,day 9 e 
village & hamlet ( gay ,prov5ce4 ,"u  !m
 ! "y folk make m]ry & ! old folk       
re/4#bgd ,! ,r$  ,k>5s ( ,sid5ote3      
,may-poles among ! ,k>5s ( ,burma4 ,upp]

 ,burma  hold a fe/ival 9 ,april1 at :i*
 ! *ief c]emony is ! erection (  a po/  
on gr\nd set ap>t = ! purpose 9 or ne>  
ea* village4 ,a  new po/ is set up e    
ye>2 ! old ones are left /&+1 b are  n  
r5ew$ if !y fall or decay4 ,om5s are    
fir/ drawn f *ick5  bones z to :i* tree 
w be ! be/ to fell = ! po/1 :i* day  w  
be ! luckie/1 & s on4 ,a pole "s tw5ty  
or ?irty feet long  is !n hewn f ! tree 
& ornam5t$ ) a rudely c>v$ capital4  ,on
 ! lucky day all ! villag]s assemble &  
drag ! pole to !  *os5 spot4 ,:5 x has  
be5 set up1 ! p dance 8a rude sort (    
,may-pole dance0 to ! music ( drums &   
gongs4 ,mu* pork is eat5 &  mu* liquor  
drunk on ?is fe/ive occasion4#bge       
,sid5ote3 ,p]man5t ,may-poles4 ,9 all ^!
 cases1 app>5tly1 !  cu/om is or 0 to   
br+ 9 a new ,may-tree ea* ye>4 ,h[ev]1 9
  ,engl& ! village ,may-pole seems z a  
rule1 at lea/ 9 lat] times1  to h be5   
p]man5t1 n r5ew$ annually4#bgf ,villages
 ( ,upp]  ,bav>ia r5ew _! ,may-pole once
 e ?ree1 f\r1 or five ye>s4 ,x  is a    

fir-tree fet*$ f ! =e/1 & amid all !    
wrea?s1 flags1  & inscriptions ) :i* x  
is b$eck$1 an ess5tial "p is !  bun* (  
d>k gre5 foliage left at ! top 8z a     
mem5to t 9 x we  h to d1 n ) a dead     
pole1 b ) a liv+ tree f !               
gre5wood40#bgg ,we c h>dly d\bt t       
orig9ally ! practice  ev]y:]e 0 to set  
up a new ,may-tree e ye>4 ,z ! object ( 
!  cu/om 0 to br+ 9 ! fructify+ _s (    
vegetation1 newly  awak5$ 9 spr+1 ! end 
w\ld h be5 defeat$ if1 in/ead ( a  liv+ 
tree1 gre5 & sappy1 an old )]$ "o _h be5
 erect$ ye>  aft] ye> or all[$ to /&    
p]man5tly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! mean+  ( !     
cu/om _h be5 =gott51 & ! ,may-tree 0    
reg>d$ simply  z a c5tre = holiday      
m]ry-mak+1 p saw no reason = fell+ a    
fre% tree e ye>1 & pref]r$ to let ! same
 tree /&  p]man5tly1 only deck+ x ) fre%
 fl[]s on ,may ,day4 ,b ev5  :5 !       
,may-pole _h ?us become a fixture1 ! ne$
 ( giv+ x !  appe>ance ( be+ a gre5     
tree1 n a dead pole1 0 sometimes felt4  
,?us at ,wev]ham 9 ,*e%ire 8are two     

,may-poles1 :i* are decorat$ on  ?is day
 7,may ,day7 ) all due att5tion to !    
anci5t solemnity2 !  sides are hung )   
g>l&s1 & ! top t]m9at$ by a bir* or o!r 
tall sl5d] tree ) its leaves on2 ! b>k  
be+ peel$1 & !  /em splic$ to ! pole1 s 
z to give ! appe>ance ( "o tree f  !    
summit40#bgh ,?us ! r5ewal ( ! ,may-tree
 is l ! r5ewal  ( ! ,h>ve/-,may2#bgi ea*
 is int5d$ to secure a fre% portion (  !
 f]tilis+ _s ( vegetation1 & to pres]ve 
x ?r\gh\t !  ye>4 ,b :]eas ! efficacy ( 
! ,h>ve/-,may is re/rict$ to  promot+ ! 
gr[? ( ! crops1 t ( ! ,may-tree or      
,may-bran*  ext5ds also1 z we h se51 to 
wom5 & cattle4 ,la/ly1 ,sid5ote3  ,!    
,may-tree burnt at ! end ( ! ye>4 x is  
wor? not+ t !  old ,may-tree is         
sometimes burn$ at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,?us 9
 !  di/rict ( ,prague "y p break pieces 
( ! public ,may-tree &  place !m beh9d !
 holy pictures 9 _! rooms1 :]e !y rema9 
till next ,may ,day1 & are !n burn$ on !
 he>?4#bhj ,9 ,wrtemb]g  ! bu%es :i* are
 set up on ! h\ses on ,palm ,sunday are 

sometimes  left !re = a ye> & !n        
burnt4#bha ,! eiresione 7!  ,h>ve/-,may 
( ,greece7 0 p]haps burnt at ! end ( !  
ye>4#bhb                      99        
99       99       99       99           
,sid5ote3 ,tree-_s deta*$ f ! tree &    
repres5t$ 9 human  =m4 ,s mu* = !       
tree-_s conceiv$ z incorporate or       
imman5t  9 ! tree4 ,we h n[ to %ew t !  
tree-_s is (t5 conceiv$  & repres5t$ z  
deta*$ f ! tree & clo!d 9 human =m1 &   
ev5 z embodi$ 9 liv+ m5 or wom54 ,!     
evid5ce = ?is  an?ropomorphic           
repres5tation ( ! tree-_s is l>gely to  
be f\nd  9 ! popul> cu/oms ( ,european  
peasantry4 ,^! w be describ$  pres5tly1 
b be=e exam9+ !m we may notice an       
,e/honian  folk-tale :i* illu/rates !   
same tra9 ( ?\ght v cle>ly4 ,once  ^u a 
"t1 s runs ,sid5ote3 ,e/honian /ory ( a 
tree-elf4 !  tale1 a "y peasant 0 busy  
rak+ ! hay 9 a mead[1 :5 on !  rim ( !  
horizon a heavy ?und]-cl\d loom$ black &
 angry1 w>n+  him to make ha/e ) 8 "w   
be=e ! /orm %\ld break4 ,he  f9i%$ 9 "t1

 & 0 w5d+ 8 way homew>d1 :5 "u a tree he
  espi$ a /rang] fa/ asleep4 8,he w be  
dr5*$ to ! sk910  ?\ght ! good-natur$ "y
 fell[ to himself1 8if ,i all[ him to   
sleep on40 ,s he /epp$ up to ! sleep] & 
%ak+ him =cibly  r\s$ him f 8 slumb]4 ,!
 /rang] />t$ up1 & at sight (  !        
?und]-cl\d1 :i* n[ d>k5$ ! sky1 he      
bl5*$1 fumbl$ 9  8 pockets1 & f9d+ no?+ 
9 !m :]e) to rew>d !  fri5dly swa91 he  
said1 8,?is "t ,i am y\r debtor4 ,b ! "t
 w  come :5 ,i %all be able to repay y\r
 k9dness4 ,rememb] :at ,i tell  y4 ,y w 
enli/4 ,y w be p>t$ f y\r fri5ds = ye>s1
  & "o day a feel+ ( homesickness w come
 ov] y 9 a =eign  l&4 ,!n look up1 & y w
 see a crook$ bir*-tree a few /eps  f y4
 ,g to x1 knock ?rice on ! trunk1 & ask1
 #8,is ! ,crook$  ,"o at home8' ,! re/ w
 foll[40 ,) ^! words ! /rang]  ha/5$    
away & 0 out ( sight 9 a mom5t4 ,!      
peasant also w5t  8 way1 & soon =got all
 ab\t ! matt]4 ,well1 "t w5t by &  "p ( 
! /rang]'s prophecy came true4 ,= !     
peasant turn$  soldi] & s]v$ 9 a cavalry

 regim5t = ye>s4 ,"o day1 :5 he 0       
qu>t]$ ) 8 regim5t 9 ! nor? ( ,f9l&1 x  
fell to 8 turn  to t5d ! horses :ile 8  
comrades 7 roi/]+ 9 ! tav]n4  ,sudd5ly a
 great ye>n+ = home1 su* z he _h nev]   
kn[n be=e1  came ov] ! lonely troop]2   
te>s />t$ to 8 eyes1 & de>  visions ( 8 
native l& cr[d$ on 8 s\l4 ,!n he be?\ght
 him (  ! sleep+ /rang] 9 ! wood1 & !   
:ole sc5e came back to him  z fre% z if 
x _h happ5$ ye/]day4 ,he look$ up1 &    
!re1  /range to tell1 he 0 aw>e ( a     
crook$ bir*-tree "r 9 front (  him4 ,m 9
 je/ ?an 9 e>ne/ he w5t up to x & did z 
!  /rang] _h bidd5 him4 ,h>dly _h !     
words1 8,is ! ,crook$ ,"o at  home80    
pass$ 8 lips :5 ! /rang] himself /ood   
be=e him &  said1 8,i am glad y h come4 
,i fe>$ y _h =gott5 me4 ,y wi%  to be at
 home1 d y n80 ,! troop] said yes1 he   
did4 ,!n !  ,crook$ ,"o cri$ into !     
tree1 8,"y folks1 :i* ( y is !          
fleete/80 ,a voice f ! bir* repli$1     
8,fa!r1 ,i c run z fa/ z  a moor-h5     
flies40 8,well1 ,i ne$ a fleet] mess5g] 

to-day40 ,a second  voice answ]$1 8,i c 
run l ! w9d40 8,i ne$ a swift] envoy10  
said ! fa!r4 ,!n a ?ird voice cri$1 8,i 
c run l ! ?\ght  ( man40 8,y are aft] my
 own he>t4 ,fill a bag full ( gold &    
take  x ) my fri5d & b5efactor to 8     
home40 ,!n he caught !  soldi] by ! hat1
 cry+1 8,! hat to ! man1 & ! man to !   
h\se60 ,! same mom5t ! soldi] felt 8 hat
 fly f 8 head4 ,:5  he look$ ab\t = x1  
lo6 he 0 at home 9 ! old famili> p>l\r  
we>+ 8 old peasant clo!s1 & ! great sack
 ( money /ood  beside him4 ,yet on p>ade
 & at ! roll-call he 0 nev] miss$4 ,:5  
! man :o told ?is /ory 0 ask$1 8,:o c\ld
 ! /rang] be80 he  answ]$1 8,:o b a     
tree-elf80#bhc    ,sid5ote3 ,tree-_s    
repres5t$ simultane\sly 9 vegetable &   
human  =m4 ,!re is an in/ructive class (
 cases 9 :i* ! tree-_s  is repres5t$    
simultane\sly 9 vegetable =m & 9 human  
=m1 :i*  are set side by side z if = !  
express purpose ( expla9+ ea*  o!r4 ,9  
^! cases ! human repres5tative ( !      
tree-_s is  sometimes a doll or puppet1 

sometimes a liv+ p]son2 b :e!r a  puppet
 or a p]son1 x is plac$ beside a tree or
 b\gh2 s t  toge!r ! p]son or puppet1 & 
! tree or b\gh1 =m a sort (  bil+ual    
inscription1 ! "o be+1 s to speak1 a    
translation ( !  o!r4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !re is
 no room left = d\bt t ! _s  ( ! tree is
 actually repres5t$ 9 human =m4 ,?us 9  
,bohemia1 on  ! f\r? ,sunday 9 ,l5t1 "y 
p ?r[ a puppet call$ ,dea? into  ! wat]2
 !n ! girls g into ! wood1 cut d[n a "y 
tree1 &  fa/5 to x a puppet dress$ 9    
:ite clo!s to look l a woman2  ) ?is    
tree & puppet !y g f h\se to h\se       
collect+  gratuities & s++ songs ) !    
refra93--                      8,we c>ry
 ,dea? out ( ! village1                 
,we br+ ,summ] into ! village40#bhd     
,"h1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! 8,summ]0  
is ! _s ( vegetation  return+ or reviv+ 
9 spr+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( our own c\ntry     
*ildr5 g ab\t ask+ = p5ce ) "s small    
imitations (  ,may-poles1 & ) a         
f9ely-dress$ doll :i* !y call ! ,lady ( 
! ,may4#bhe ,9 ^! cases ! tree & !      

puppet are obvi\sly  reg>d$ z equival5t4
    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,little ,may ,rose4 ,at
 ,?ann1 9 ,alsace1 a girl call$ !       
,little ,may ,rose1 dress$ 9 :ite1      
c>ries a small ,may-tree1 :i* is  gay ) 
g>l&s & ribbons4 ,h] companions collect 
gifts f door to  door1 s++ a song3--    
8,little ,may ,rose turn r\nd ?ree      
times1                  ,let u look at y
 r\nd & r\nd6                  ,rose ( !
 ,may1 come to ! gre5wood away1         
,we w be m]ry all4                  ,s  
we g f ! ,may to ! roses40    ,9 ! c\rse
 ( ! song a wi% is express$ t ^? :o give
  no?+ may lose _! f[ls by ! m>t51 t _! 
v9e may be> no  clu/]s1 _! tree no nuts1
 _! field no corn2 ! produce ( !  ye> is
 suppos$ to dep5d on ! gifts (f]$ to ^! 
,may  s+]s4#bhf ,"h & 9 ! cases m5tion$ 
above1 :]e *ildr5 g  ab\t ) gre5 b\ghs  
or g>l&s on ,may ,day s++ & collect+    
money1 ! mean+ is t ) ! _s ( vegetation 
!y br+  pl5ty & good luck to ! h\se1 &  
!y expect to be paid = !  s]vice4 ,9    
,russian ,li?uania1 on ! fir/ ( ,may1 !y

 us$ to set up  a gre5 tree be=e !      
village4 ,!n ! ru/ic swa9s *ose !       
prettie/ girl1 cr[n$ h]1 swa!d h] 9 bir*
 bran*es & set h]  beside ! ,may-tree1  
:]e !y danc$1 sang1 & %\t$ 8,o ,may6 ,o 
,may60#bhg ,9 ,brie 7,isle de ,france7 a
 ,may-tree is set up 9 ! mid/ (  !      
village2 its top is cr[n$ ) fl[]s2 l[]  
d[n x is tw9$  ) leaves & twigs1 /ill   
l[] ) huge gre5 bran*es4 ,! girls  dance
 r\nd x1 & at ! same "t a lad wrapt 9   
leaves & call$  ,fa!r ,may is l$        
ab\t4#bhh ,9 ! small t[ns ( ! ,frank5   
,wald  ,sid5ote3 ,! ,walb]4 m\nta9s 9   
,nor!rn ,bav>ia1 on ! second  ( ,may1 a 
,walb] tree is erect$ be=e a tav]n1 & a 
man dances  r\nd x1 envelop$ 9 /raw f   
head to foot 9 su* a way t !  e>s ( corn
 unite above 8 head to =m a cr[n4 ,he is
 call$ !  ,walb]1 & us$ to be l$ 9      
procession ?r\gh ! /reets1 :i*  7 adorn$
 ) sprigs ( bir*4#bhi    ,sid5ote3 ,gre5
 ,george 9 ,c>9?ia4 ,among/ ! ,slavs (  
,c>9?ia1  on ,/4 ,george's ,day 7!      
tw5ty-?ird ( ,april71 ! "y p deck  )    

fl[]s & g>l&s a tree :i* has be5 fell$  
on ! eve ( !  fe/ival4 ,! tree is !n    
c>ri$ 9 procession1 accompani$ ) music  
& joyful acclamations1 ! *ief figure 9 !
 procession be+ !  ,gre5 ,george1 a "y  
fell[ clad f head to foot 9 gre5 bir*   
bran*es4 ,at ! close ( ! c]emonies !    
,gre5 ,george1 t is an  effigy ( him1 is
 ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,x is ! aim ( ! lad  
:o  acts ,gre5 ,george to /ep out ( 8   
leafy envelope & sub/itute !  effigy s  
adroitly t no "o %all p]ceive ! *ange4  
,9 _m  places1 h[ev]1 ! lad himself :o  
plays ! "p ( ,gre5 ,george is  duck$ 9 a
 riv] or pond1 ) ! express int5tion (   
?us ensur+  ra9 to make ! fields &      
mead[s gre5 9 summ]4 ,9 "s places !     
cattle are cr[n$ & driv5 f _! /alls to !
 accompanim5t (  a song3--              
8,gre5 ,george we br+1                  
,gre5 ,george we accompany1             
,may he fe$ our h]ds well4              
,if n1 to ! wat] ) him40#bij    ,"h we  
see t ! same p[]s ( mak+ ra9 & fo/]+ !  
cattle1 :i* are ascrib$ to ! tree-_s    

reg>d$ z incorporate 9  ! tree1 are also
 attribut$ to ! tree-_s repres5t$ by a  
liv+  man4    ,sid5ote3 ,gre5 ,george   
among ! gypsies4 ,among ! gypsies (     
,transylvania & ,r\mania ! fe/ival (    
,gre5 ,george is ! *ief  celebration (  
spr+4 ,"s ( !m keep x on ,ea/] ,monday1 
o!rs on  ,/4 ,george's ,day 7!          
tw5ty-?ird ( ,april74 ,on ! eve ( !     
fe/ival  a "y will[ tree is cut d[n1    
adorn$ ) g>l&s & leaves1 &  set up 9 !  
gr\nd4 ,wom5 ) *ild place "o ( _! g>m5ts
 "u  ! tree1 & leave x !re ov] night2 if
 next morn+ !y f9d a  leaf ( ! tree ly+ 
on ! g>m5t1 !y "k t _! deliv]y  w be    
easy4 ,sick & old p g to ! tree 9 !     
ev5+1 spit on  x ?rice1 & say1 8,y w    
soon die1 b let u live40 ,next morn+  ! 
gypsies ga!r ab\t ! will[4 ,! *ief      
figure ( ! fe/ival is  ,gre5 ,george1 a 
lad :o is conceal$ f top to toe 9 gre5  
leaves &  blossoms4 ,he ?r[s a few      
h&fuls ( grass to ! bea/s ( ! tribe1  9 
ord] t !y may h no lack ( fodd] ?r\gh\t 
! ye>4 ,!n  he takes ?ree iron nails1   

:i* h la9 = ?ree days & nights 9  wat]1 
& knocks !m into ! will[2 aft] :i* he   
pulls !m out  & fl+s !m into a runn+    
/ream to propitiate ! wat]-spirits4     
,f9ally1 a pret5ce is made ( ?r[+ ,gre5 
,george into ! wat]1 b  9 fact x is only
 a puppet made ( bran*es & leaves :i* is
 duck$  9 ! /ream4#bia ,9 ?is v]sion ( !
 cu/om ! p[]s ( grant+  an easy deliv]y 
to wom5 & ( communicat+ vital en]gy to !
 sick  & old are cle>ly ascrib$ to !    
will[2 :ile ,gre5 ,george1 !  human     
d\ble ( ! tree1 be/[s food on ! cattle1 
& fur!r  ensures ! fav\r ( !            
wat]-spirits by putt+ !m 9 indirect     
communication ) ! tree4    ,sid5ote3    
,d\ble repres5tation ( ! tree-_s by tree
 & man  among ! ,oraons4 ,an example ( !
 d\ble repres5tation ( ! _s  (          
vegetation by a tree & a liv+ man is    
report$ f ,b5gal4 ,!  ,oraons h a       
fe/ival 9 spr+ :ile ! sl-trees are 9    
blossom1  because !y ?9k t at ?is "t !  
m>riage ( e>? is celebrat$  & ! sl fl[]s
 are necess>y = ! c]emony4 ,on an       

appo9t$ day  ! villag]s g ) _! prie/ to 
! ,s>na1 ! sacr$ grove1 a  remnant ( !  
old sl =e/ 9 :i* a goddess ,s>na ,burhi1
 or woman  ( ! grove1 is suppos$ to     
dwell4 ,%e is ?\ght to h great  influ5ce
 on ! ra92 & ! prie/ arriv+ ) 8 p>ty at 
!  grove sacrifices to h] five f[ls1 (  
:i* a morsel is giv5 to ea*  p]son      
pres5t4 ,!n !y ga!r ! sl fl[]s & return 
lad5 )  !m to ! village4 ,next day !    
prie/ visits e h\se1 c>ry+  ! fl[]s 9 a 
wide op5 basket4 ,! wom5 ( ea* h\se br+ 
out  wat] to wa% 8 feet z he approa*es1 
& kneel+ make him an  obeisance4 ,!n he 
dances ) !m & places "s ( ! sl fl[]s    
ov] ! door ( ! h\se & 9 ! wom5's hair4  
,no soon] is ?is  done ?an ! wom5 empty 
_! wat]-jugs ov] him1 dr5*+ him to  !   
sk94 ,a fea/ foll[s1 & ! "y p1 ) sl     
fl[]s 9  _! hair1 dance all night on !  
village gre54#bib ,"h1 !  equival5ce ( !
 fl[]-be>+ prie/ to ! goddess ( ! fl[]+ 
tree comes out pla9ly4 ,= %e is suppos$ 
to influ5ce ! ra91 &  ! dr5*+ ( ! prie/ 
) wat] is1 d\btless1 l ! duck+  ( !     

,gre5 ,george 9 ,c>9?ia & else:]e1 a    
ra9-*>m4 ,?us !  prie/1 z if he 7 ! tree
 goddess h]self1 goes f door to door    
disp5s+ ra9 & be/[+ fruitfulness on ea* 
h\se1 b especially  on ! wom54 ,9 "s    
p>ts ,sid5ote3 ,d\ble repres5tation ( ! 
h>ve/-goddess ,gauri by a bundle (      
plants & an unm>ri$ girl4 (  ,india !   
h>ve/-goddess ,gauri1 ! wife ( ,siva1 is
 repres5t$ bo?  by an unm>ri$ girl & by 
a bundle ( ! wild fl[]+ balsam plant    
t\*-me-n 7,impati5s sp471 :i* is ti$ up 
9 a mummy-l figure  ) a woman's mask1   
dress1 & ornam5ts4 ,be=e be+ remov$ f ! 
soil to repres5t ! goddess ! plants are 
wor%ipp$4 ,! girl is  also wor%ipp$4 ,!n
 ! bundle ( plants is c>ri$ & ! girl :o 
p]sonates ! goddess walks ?r\gh ! rooms 
( ! h\se1 :ile !  suppos$ footpr9ts (   
,gauri h]self are impr9t$ on ! floor )  
r$  pa/e4 ,on ent]+ ea* room ! human    
repres5tative ( ,gauri is ask$1         
8,gauri1 ,gauri1 :i!r h y come & :at d y
 see80 & ! girl  makes appropriate      
replies4 ,!n %e is giv5 a m\?ful (      

sweets &  ! mi/ress ( ! h\se says1      
8,come ) gold5 feet & /ay =  ev]40 ,!   
plant-=m$ effigy ( ,gauri is aft]w>ds   
wor%ipp$ z !  goddess h]self & receives 
(f]+s ( rice-cakes & pancakes4 ,on  !   
?ird day x is ?r[n into a riv] or tank2 
!n a h&ful (  pebbles or s& is br\ght   
home f ! spot & ?r[n all ov] !  h\se & !
 trees to br+ good luck to ! h\se & to  
protect !  trees f v]m94 ,a rem>kable   
feature ( ! c]emonies is t !  goddess   
,gauri is suppos$ to be secretly foll[$ 
by h] husb& ,siva1  :o rema9s hidd5 "u !
 fold ( h] g>m5t & is repres5t$ by a  l1
 cov]$ by a coco-nut & fill$ ) rice1 :i*
 is c>efully  measur$4 ,aft] ! image (  
,gauri has be5 ?r[n into ! riv] or      
tank1 ! rice 9 ! l repres5t+ ,siva is   
c>efully measur$  aga91 9 ord] to see   
:e!r ! quantity has increas$ or         
decreas$1  & accord+ to ! result an     
abundant or a scanty h>ve/ is           
progno/icat$4#bic ,h5ce x appe>s t !    
:ole ritual aims at  ensur+ a pl5tiful  
crop ( rice4 ,9 ?is case ! _s (         

vegetation  ?us repres5t$ 9 duplicate by
 a liv+ girl & ! effigy ( a woman  is a 
h>ve/ goddess1 n a tree-_s1 b ! pr9ciple
 is ! same4    ,sid5ote3 ,w4 ,mannh>dt's
 summ>y ( ! evid5ce4 ,)\t cit+ m        
examples to ! same effect1 we may sum up
 ! results ( ! prec$+  pages 9 ! words (
 ,mannh>dt3 8,! cu/oms quot$ suffice to 
e/abli% ) c]ta9ty ! conclusion t 9 ^!   
spr+ processions  ! _s ( vegetation is  
(t5 repres5t$ bo? by ! ,may-tree &  9   
addition by a man dress$ 9 gre5 leaves  
or fl[]s or by a girl  simil>ly adorn$4 
,x is ! same _s :i* animates ! tree & is
  active 9 ! inf]ior plants & :i* we h  
recognis$ 9 !  ,may-tree & !            
,h>ve/-,may4 ,q consi/5tly ! _s is also 
suppos$ to manife/ 8 pres5ce 9 ! fir/   
fl[] ( spr+ &  reveals himself bo? 9 a  
girl repres5t+ a ,may-rose1 & also1 z   
giv] ( h>ve/1 9 ! p]son ( ! ,walb]4 ,!  
procession )  ?is repres5tative ( !     
div9ity 0 suppos$ to produce ! same     
b5eficial effects on ! f[ls1 !          
fruit-trees1 & ! crops z !  pres5ce ( ! 

deity himself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mumm] 0  
reg>d$  n z an image b z an actual      
repres5tative ( ! _s (  vegetation2 h5ce
 ! wi% express$ by ! att5dants on !     
,may-rose  & ! ,may-tree t ^? :o refuse 
!m gifts ( eggs1 bacon1 & s  =?1 may h  
no %>e 9 ! bless+s :i* x is 9 ! p[] (  !
 it9]ant _s to be/[4 ,we may conclude t 
^! begg+  processions ) ,may-trees or   
,may-b\ghs f door to door 7#8br++  !    
,may or ! summ]'7 _h ev]y:]e orig9ally a
 s]i\s &1 s to  speak1 sacram5tal       
significance2 p really believ$ t ! god (
  gr[? 0 pres5t unse5 9 ! b\gh2 by !    
procession he 0 br\ght  to ea* h\se to  
be/[ 8 bless+4 ,! names ,may1 ,fa!r     
,may1 ,may  ,lady1 ,que5 ( ! ,may1 by   
:i* ! an?ropomorphic _s (  vegetation is
 (t5 d5ot$1 %ew t ! idea ( ! _s (       
vegetation is bl5t ) a p]sonification ( 
! season at :i* 8  p[]s are mo/ /rik+ly 
manife/$40#bid    ,sid5ote3 ,tree-_s or 
vegetation-_s repres5t$ by a p]son      
alone4 ,?us f> we h se5 t ! tree-_s or !
 _s (  vegetation 9 g5]al is repres5t$  

ei!r 9 vegetable =m alone1 z  by a tree1
 b\gh1 or fl[]2 or 9 vegetable & human  
=m  simultane\sly1 z by a tree1 b\gh1 or
 fl[] 9 comb9ation ) a  puppet or a liv+
 p]son4 ,x rema9s to %ew t !            
repres5tation (  him by a tree1 b\gh1 or
 fl[] is sometimes entirely dropp$1 :ile
 !  repres5tation ( him by a liv+ p]son 
rema9s4 ,9 ?is case !  repres5tative "* 
( ! p]son is g5]ally m>k$ by dress+  him
 or h] 9 leaves or fl[]s2 sometimes too 
x is indicat$ by !  "n he or %e be>s4   
,sid5ote3 ,gre5 ,george 9 ,russia4 ,?us 
9 "s p>ts ( ,russia on ,/4  ,george's   
,day 7! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april7 a y\? is   
dress$ out1 l  our ,jack-9-!-,gre51 )   
leaves & fl[]s4 ,! ,slov5es call him  ! 
,gre5 ,george4 ,hold+ a light$ tor* 9 "o
 h& & a pie 9 !  o!r1 he goes out to !  
corn-fields1 foll[$ by girls s++        
appropriate songs4 ,a circle ( bru%wood 
is !n light$1 9 ! middle  ( :i* is set !
 pie4 ,all :o take "p 9 ! c]emony !n sit
 d[n  ar\nd ! fire & divide ! pie among 
!m4#bie ,9 ?is cu/om !  ,gre5 ,george   

dress$ 9 leaves & fl[]s is pla9ly       
id5tical ) !  simil>ly disguis$ ,gre5   
,george :o is associat$ ) a tree 9 !    
,c>9?ian1 ,transylvanian1 & ,r\manian   
cu/oms obs]v$ on ! same  day4 ,aga91    
,sid5ote3 ,:itsuntide cu/oms 9 ,russia4 
we saw t 9  ,russia at ,:itsuntide a    
bir*-tree is dress$ 9 woman's clo!s &   
set  up 9 ! h\se4 ,cle>ly equival5t to  
?is is ! cu/om obs]v$ on  ,:it-,monday  
by ,russian girls 9 ! di/rict ( ,p9sk4  
,!y *oose !  prettie/ ( _! numb]1       
envelop h] 9 a mass ( foliage tak5 f  ! 
bir*-trees & maples1 & c>ry h] ab\t     
?r\gh ! village4 ,9  a di/rict ( ,little
 ,russia !y take r\nd a 8popl>10        
repres5t$ by a  girl we>+ bright fl[]s 9
 h] hair4#bif ,at ,:itsuntide 9 ,holl&  
poor wom5 us$ to g ab\t begg+ ) a little
 girl call$  ,:itsuntide ,fl[]          
7,p9xt]bloem1 p]haps a k9d ( iris72 %e 0
  deck$ ) fl[]s & sat 9 a waggon4 ,9    
,nor? ,brabant %e we>s !  fl[]s f :i* %e
 takes h] "n & a song is sung3--        
8,:itsuntide ,fl[]1                     

,turn y\rself once r\nd40#big           
,sid5ote3 ,may cu/oms 9 ,france4 ,all   
ov] ,prov5ce on ! fir/ ( ,may  pretty   
little girls are dress$ 9 :ite1 deck$ ) 
cr[ns & wrea?s  ( roses1 & set on seats 
or plat=ms /rewn ) fl[]s 9 !  /reets1   
:ile _! companions g ab\t begg+ copp]s =
 ! ,mayos  or ,mayes1 z !y are call$1 f 
! pass]s-by4#bih ,9 "s p>ts (  !        
,ard5nes on ,may ,day a small girl1 clad
 9 :ite & we>+ a  *aplet ( fl[]s on h]  
head1 us$ to g f h\se to h\se ) h]      
play-mates1 collect+ contributions & s++
 t x 0 ,may1 !  mon? ( ,may1 ! pretty   
mon? ( ,may1 t ! :eat 0 tall1 !  haw?orn
 9 bloom1 & ! l>k c>oll+ 9 ! sky4#bii   
,sid5ote3 ,! ,little ,leaf ,man4 ,9     
,ruhla 7,?r+57 z soon z !  trees beg9 to
 gr[ gre5 9 spr+1 ! *ildr5 assemble on a
 ,sunday  & g out into ! woods1 :]e !y  
*oose "o ( _! play-mates to  be !       
,little ,leaf ,man4 ,!y break bran*es f 
! trees & tw9e  !m ab\t ! *ild till only
 8 %oes peep out f ! leafy mantle4      
,holes are made 9 x = him to see ?r\gh1 

& two ( ! *ildr5  lead ! ,little ,leaf  
,man t he may n /umble or fall4 ,s++ &  
danc+ !y take him f h\se to h\se1 ask+ =
 gifts ( food su*  z eggs1 cream1       
sausages1 & cakes4 ,la/ly1 !y spr9kle ! 
,leaf ,man  ) wat] & fea/ on ! food !y h
 collect$4#cjj ,at  ,rll%aus5 on !      
,sid5ote3 ,leaf-clad mumm]s at          
,:itsuntide4  ,s*walm1 9 ,hesse1 :5     
aft]noon s]vice is ov] on ,:itsunday1 ! 
s*oolboys & s*oolgirls g out into ! wood
 & !re clo! a boy  f head to foot 9     
leaves s t nobody w\ld "k him4 ,he is   
call$  ! ,little ,:itsuntide ,man4 ,a   
procession is !n =m$4 ,two boys lead  _!
 leaf-clad playfell[2 two o!rs prec$e   
him ) a basket2 &  two girls ) ano!r    
basket br+ up ! re>4 ,?us !y g f h\se   
to h\se s++ hymns or popul> songs &     
collect+ eggs & cakes 9  ! baskets4 ,:5 
!y h fea/$ on ^!1 !y /rip _! comrade  ( 
8 v]dant envelope on an op5 place 9     
front ( ! village4#cja  ,9 "s p>ts (    
,rh5i% ,bav>ia at ,:itsuntide a boy or  
lad is swa!d  9 ! yell[ blossom ( !     

broom1 ! d>k gre5 twigs ( ! firs1  & o!r
 foliage4 ,?us attir$ he is kn[n z !    
,quack & goes f  door to door1 :irl+    
ab\t 9 ! dance1 :ile an appropriate song
 is  *ant$ & 8 companions levy          
contributions4#cjb ,9 ! ,fricktal1      
,switz]l&1 at ,:itsuntide boys g out    
into a wood & swa! "o (  _! numb] 9     
leafy b\ghs4 ,he is call$ !             
,:itsuntide-l\t  7,pf+/lmmel71 & be+    
m\nt$ on horseback ) a gre5 bran* 9  8  
h& he is l$ back into ! village4 ,at !  
village-well a halt is  call$ & !       
leaf-clad l\t is dism\nt$ & duck$ 9 !   
tr\gh4  ,!reby he acquires ! "r (       
spr9kl+ wat] on ev]ybody1 & he  ex]cises
 ! "r specially on girls & /reet ur*9s4 
,! ur*9s  m>* be=e him 9 b&s begg+ him  
to give !m a ,:itsuntide  wett+4#cjc    
,sid5ote3 ,jack-9-!-,gre5 9 ,engl&4 ,9  
,engl& ! be/-kn[n  example ( ^!         
leaf-clad mumm]s is ! ,jack-9-!-,gre51 a
  *imney-sweep] :o walks encas$ 9 a     
pyramidal framework (  wick]work1 :i* is
 cov]$ ) holly & ivy1 & surm\nt$ by a   

cr[n ( fl[]s & ribbons4 ,?us array$ he  
dances on ,may ,day at !  head ( a troop
 ( *imney-sweeps1 :o collect p5ce4#cjd  
,! c]emony  0 witness$ at ,*elt5ham on !
 second ( ,may #ahib1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4   
,d4  ,r\se1 :o has describ$ 9 detail !  
co/ume ( ! p]=m]s4 ,!y  7 all           
*imney-sweeps ( ! t[n4 ,jack-9-!-,gre5  
or !  ,bu%-c>ri] 0 enclos$ 9 a wood5    
framework on :i* leaves 7  fa/5$ s z to 
make a ?ick cone ab\t six feet high1    
topp$ ) a  cr[n1 :i* consi/$ ( two wood5
 hoops plac$ crosswise & cov]$  ) fl[]s4
 ,! leafy envelope 0 unbrok5 except = a 
s+le  op5+ ?r\gh :i* pe]$ ! face ( !    
mumm]4 ,f "t to "t  9 _! progress ?r\gh 
! /reets ! p]=m]s halt$1 & ?ree  ( !m1  
dress$ 9 r$1 blue1 & yell[ respectively1
 tripp$ lightly  r\nd ! leaf-cov]$ man  
to ! inspir+ /ra9s ( a fiddle & a  t9   
:i/le on :i* two ( _! comrades ) black5$
 faces  disc\rs$ sweet music4 ,! lead] (
 ! procession 0 a cl[n  fanta/ically    
clad 9 a long :ite p9a=e or bl\se )     
col\r$  fr+es & frills1 & we>+ on 8 head

 a beav] hat ( ! famili>  patt]n1 ! cr[n
 ( :i* hung loose & 0 adorn$ ) ribbons &
  a bird or a bundle ( fea!rs4 ,l>ge    
black r+s surr\nd$ 8 eyes1  & a r$ dab  
ov] m\? & *9 l5t a pleas+ v>iety to 8   
c\nt5ance4 ,he contribut$ to ! public   
hil>ity by flapp+ !  yell[ fr+e ( 8     
bl\se ) qua9t ge/ures & occasionally    
fann+ himself languidly4 ,8 ef=ts 7     
second$ by ano!r  p]=m]1 :o wore a r$   
fool's cap1 all /uck ) fl[]s1 & a  :ite 
p9a=e enri*$ ) black human figures 9    
front & a black  gridiron-l patt]n1     
cross$ diagonally by a r$ b>1 at ! back4
 ,two  boys 9 :ite p9a=es1 ) simil>     
figures1 or />s1 on ! brea/1  & a fi% on
 ! back1 complet$ ! company4 ,=m]ly !re 
us$ to be  a man 9 woman's clo!s1 :o    
p]sonat$ ! cl[n's wife4#cje ,9 "s  p>ts 
also ( ,france a "y fell[ is encas$ 9 a 
wick] framework  cov]$ ) leaves & is l$ 
ab\t4#cjf ,9 ,frick?al1 9 ! ,swiss      
,sid5ote3 ,! ,:itsuntide ,basket 9      
,switz]l&4 canton ( ,a>gau1 a  simil>   
frame ( basketwork is call$ !           

,:itsuntide ,basket4 ,z soon z  ! trees 
beg9 to bud1 a spot is *os5 9 ! wood1 & 
"h !  village lads make ! frame ) all   
secrecy1 le/ o!rs %\ld  =e/all !m4      
,leafy bran*es are tw9$ r\nd two hoops1 
"o ( :i*  re/s on ! %\ld]s ( ! we>]1 !  
o!r encircles 8 calves2  holes are made 
= 8 eyes & m\?2 & a l>ge nosegay cr[ns !
  :ole4 ,9 ?is guise he appe>s sudd5ly 9
 ! village at ! h\r (  vesp]s1 prec$$ by
 ?ree boys bl[+ on horns made ( will[   
b>k4  ,! great object ( 8 support]s is  
to set up ! ,:itsuntide ,basket  on !   
village well1 & to keep x & him !re1    
despite ! ef=ts  ( ! lads f neighb\r+   
villages1 :o seek to c>ry (f !          
,:itsuntide ,basket & set x up on _! own
 well4#cjg ,9 !  neighb\rhood ( ,ert+5  
7,wrtemb]g7 a ,sid5ote3 ,! ,lazy ,man 9 
,wrtemb]g4 mask] ( ! same sort1 kn[n z !
 ,lazy ,man  7,latzmann71 goes ab\t !   
village on ,midsumm] ,day2 he is hidd5  
"u a great pyramidal or conical frame ( 
wick]work1 t5 or twelve  feet high1 :i* 
is completely cov]$ ) sprigs ( fir4 ,he 

has a bell  :i* he r+s z he goes1 & he  
is att5d$ by a suite ( p]sons  dress$ up
 9 "*--a footman1 a colonel1 a but*]1 an
 angel1 !  devil1 ! doctor1 & s on4 ,!y 
m>* 9 ,indian file & halt be=e  e h\se1 
:]e ea* ( !m speaks 9 "*1 except ! ,lazy
  ,man1 :o says no?+4 ,) :at !y get by  
begg+ f door to door  !y hold a         
fea/4#cjh    ,9 ! class ( cases ( :i* ! 
=ego+ are specim5s x is obvi\s  t !     
leaf-clad p]son :o is l$ ab\t is        
equival5t to !  ,may-tree1 ,may-b\gh1 or
 ,may-doll1 :i* is c>ri$ f h\se to h\se 
by *ildr5 begg+4 ,bo? are repres5tatives
 ( ! b5efic5t _s  ( vegetation1 ^: visit
 to ! h\se is recomp5s$ by a pres5t (   
money or food4    ,sid5ote3 ,leaf-clad  
repres5tative ( vegetation sometimes    
call$ a  ,k+ or ,que54 ,(t5 ! leaf-clad 
p]son :o repres5ts ! _s (  vegetation is
 kn[n z ! k+ or ! que52 ?us1 = example1 
he or  %e is call$ ! ,may ,k+1          
,:itsuntide ,k+1 ,que5 ( ,may1 & s on4  
,^! titles1 z ,mannh>dt obs]ves1 imply t
 ! _s incorporate  9 vegetation is a    

rul]1 ^: creative p[] ext5ds f> &       
wide4#cji    ,sid5ote3 ,may-,k+s at     
,:itsuntide 9 ,g]many & ,bohemia4 ,9 a  
village ne> ,salzw$el a ,may-tree is set
 up at ,:itsuntide & ! boys  race to x2 
he :o rea*es x fir/ is k+2 a g>l& (     
fl[]s is put  r\nd 8 neck & 9 8 h& he   
c>ries a ,may-bu%1 ) :i*1 z !           
procession moves along1 he sweeps away !
 dew4 ,at ea* h\se !y s+  a song1 wi%+ !
 inmates good luck1 ref]r+ to ! 8black  
c[ 9  ! /all milk+ :ite milk1 black h5  
on ! ne/ lay+ :ite eggs10  & begg+ a    
gift ( eggs1 bacon1 & s on4#caj ,at !   
village (  ,ellgo? 9 ,silesia a c]emony 
call$ ! ,k+'s ,race is obs]v$ at        
,:itsuntide4 ,a pole ) a clo? ti$ to x  
is set up 9 a mead[1 &  ! "y m5 ride pa/
 x on horseback1 ea* try+ to snat* away 
!  clo? z he gallops by4 ,! "o :o       
succe$s 9 c>ry+ x (f &  dipp+ x 9 !     
neighb\r+ ,od] is proclaim$ ,k+4#caa ,"h
 !  pole is cle>ly a sub/itute = a      
,may-tree4 ,9 "s villages (  ,brunswick 
at ,:itsuntide a ,may ,k+ is completely 

envelop$ 9 a  ,may-bu%4 ,9 "s p>ts (    
,?r+5 also !y h a ,may ,k+ at           
,:itsuntide1 b he is dress$ up r        
diff]5tly4 ,a frame ( wood is  made 9   
:i* a man c /&2 x is completely cov]$ ) 
bir*  b\ghs & is surm\nt$ by a cr[n (   
bir* & fl[]s1 9 :i* a  bell is fa/5$4   
,?is frame is plac$ 9 ! wood & ! ,may   
,k+ gets  into x4 ,! re/ g out & look = 
him1 & :5 !y h f\nd him  !y lead him    
back into ! village to ! magi/rate1 !   
cl]gyman1  & o!rs1 :o h to guess :o is 9
 ! v]dur\s frame4 ,if !y  guess wrong1 !
 ,may ,k+ r+s 8 bell by %ak+ 8 head1 & a
  =feit ( be] or ! l mu/ be paid by !   
unsuccessful  guess]4#cab ,at ,wahr/$t 9
 ,brunswick ! boys at ,:itsuntide *oose 
by lot a k+ & a high-/ew>d 7f/je-mei]74 
,! latt] is  completely conceal$ 9 a    
,may-bu%1 we>s a wood5 cr[n wrea!d )    
fl[]s1 & c>ries a wood5 sword4 ,! k+1 on
 ! o!r h&1 is  only di/+ui%$ by a       
nosegay 9 8 cap1 & a re$1 ) a r$  ribbon
 ti$ to x1 9 8 h&4 ,!y beg = eggs f h\se
 to h\se1  ?reat5+ t1 :]e none are giv51

 none w be laid by ! h5s  ?r\gh\t ! ye>4
 ,9 ?is cu/om ! high-/ew>d appe>s1 = "s 
reason1 to h usurp$ ! insignia ( !      
k+4#cac ,at ,hilde%eim1 9  ,hanov]1 five
 or six "y fell[s g ab\t on ! aft]noon (
  ,:it-,monday crack+ long :ips 9       
measur$ "t & collect+ eggs  f ! h\ses4  
,! *ief p]son ( ! b& is ! ,sid5ote3 ,!  
,leaf  ,k+4 ,leaf ,k+1 a lad swa!d s    
completely 9 bir*5 twigs t  no?+ ( him c
 be se5 b 8 feet4 ,a huge head-dress (  
bir*5  twigs adds to 8 app>5t /ature4 ,9
 8 h& he c>ries a long crook1  ) :i* he 
tries to cat* /ray dogs & *ildr54#cad ,9
 "s p>ts  ( ,bohemia on ,:it-,monday !  
"y fell[s disguise !mselves 9 tall  caps
 ( bir* b>k adorn$ ) fl[]s4 ,"o ( !m is 
dress$ z a  k+ & dragg$ on a sl$ge to ! 
village gre51 & if on ! way  !y pass a  
pool ! sl$ge is always ov]turn$ into x4 
,arriv$ at !  gre5 !y ga!r r\nd ! k+2 ! 
cri] jumps on a /one or climbs  up a    
tree & recites lampoons ab\t ea* h\se & 
its inmates4  ,aft]w>ds ! disguises (   
b>k are /ripp$ (f & !y g ab\t !  village

 9 holiday attire1 c>ry+ a ,may-tree &  
begg+4 ,cakes1 eggs1  & corn are        
sometimes giv5 !m4#cae ,at ,grossv>gula1
 ne>  ,lang5salza1 9 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,grass
 ,k+4 ! eighte5? c5tury a  ,grass ,k+   
us$ to be l$ ab\t 9 procession at       
,:itsuntide4 ,he 0  encas$ 9 a pyramid (
 popl> bran*es1 ! top ( :i* 0 adorn$  ) 
a royal cr[n ( bran*es & fl[]s4 ,he rode
 on horseback )  ! leafy pyramid ov]    
him1 s t its l[] end t\*$ ! gr\nd1  & an
 op5+ 0 left 9 x only = 8 face4         
,surr\nd$ by a  cavalcade ( "y fell[s1  
he rode 9 procession to ! t[n hall1 !   
p>sonage1 & s on1 :]e !y all got a dr9k 
( be]4 ,!n "u !  sev5 l9d5s ( !         
neighb\r+ ,somm]b]g1 ! ,grass ,k+ 0     
/ripp$ ( 8 gre5 cas+2 ! cr[n 0 h&$ to ! 
,mayor1 & !  bran*es 7 /uck 9 ! flax    
fields 9 ord] to make ! flax gr[        
tall4#caf ,9 ?is la/ trait ! f]tilis+   
influ5ce ascrib$ to !  repres5tative ( !
 tree-_s comes out cle>ly4 ,9 !         
neighb\rhood ( ,pils5 7,bohemia7 a      
conical hut ( gre5 bran*es1  )\t any    

door1 is erect$ at ,:itsuntide 9 ! mid/ 
( ! village4  ,to ?is hut rides a troop 
( village lads ) a k+ at _! head4 ,he   
we>s a sword at 8 side & a sug>-loaf hat
 ( ru%es on 8 head4 ,9  8 tra9 are a    
judge1 a cri]1 & a p]sonage call$ !     
,frog-flay]  or ,hangman4 ,?is la/ is a 
sort ( ragg$ m]ry&rew1 we>+ a ru/y  old 
sword & be/rid+ a sorry hack4 ,on rea*+ 
! hut ! cri]  dism\nts & goes r\nd x    
look+ = a door4 ,f9d+ none1 he says1    
8,ah1 ?is is p]haps an en*ant$ ca/le2 ! 
wit*es creep ?r\gh !  leaves & ne$ no   
door40 ,at la/ he draws 8 sword & hews 8
 way  into ! hut1 :]e !re is a *air1 on 
:i* he seats himself &  proce$s to      
criticise 9 rhyme ! girls1 f>m]s1 &     
f>m-s]vants (  ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ?is  
is ov]1 ! ,frog-flay] /eps =w>d &1  aft]
 exhibit+ a cage ) frogs 9 x1 sets up a 
gall[s on :i* he  hangs ! frogs 9 a     
r[4#cag ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,plas !     
c]emony  diff]s 9 "s po9ts4 ,! k+ & 8   
soldi]s are completely clad 9  b>k1     
adorn$ ) fl[]s & ribbons2 !y all c>ry   

swords & ride  horses1 :i* are gay )    
gre5 bran*es & fl[]s4 ,:ile ! village   
dames & girls are be+ criticis$ at !    
arb\r1 a frog is secretly  p9*$ & pok$  
by ! cri] till x quacks4 ,s5t5ce ( dea? 
is  pass$ on ! frog by ! k+2 ! hangman  
beheads x & fl+s !  ble$+ body among !  
spectators4 ,la/ly1 ! k+ is driv5 f !   
hut & pursu$ by ! soldi]s4#cah ,! p9*+ &
 behead+ ( !  frog are d\btless1 z      
,mannh>dt obs]ves1#cai a ra9-*>m4 ,we h 
se5 t "s ,indians ( ! ,or9oco beat frogs
 = ! express purpose  ( produc+ ra91 & t
 kill+ a frog is a ,european            
ra9-*>m4#cbj    ,sid5ote3 ,may-,que5s & 
,:itsuntide ,que5s4 ,(t5 ! _s (         
vegetation 9 spr+ is repres5t$ by a que5
 in/ead ( a k+4 ,9 !  neighb\rhood (    
,lib*[ic 7,bohemia71 on ! f\r? ,sunday 9
 ,l5t1  girls dress$ 9 :ite & we>+ !    
fir/ spr+ fl[]s1 z violets  & daisies1 9
 _! hair1 lead ab\t ! village a girl :o 
is call$  ! ,que5 & is cr[n$ ) fl[]s4   
,dur+ ! procession1 :i* is  conduct$ )  
great solemnity1 none ( ! girls may /&  

/ill1 b  mu/ keep :irl+ r\nd cont9ually 
& s++4 ,9 e h\se !  ,que5 ann\nces !    
arrival ( spr+ & wi%es ! inmates good   
luck  & bless+s1 = :i* %e receives      
pres5ts4#cba ,9 ,g]man ,hung>y  ! girls 
*oose ! prettie/ girl to be _!          
,:itsuntide ,que51  fa/5 a t[]+ wrea? on
 h] br[1 & c>ry h] s++ ?r\gh !  /reets4 
,at e h\se !y /op1 s+ old ballads1 &    
receive  pres5ts4#cbb ,9 ! s\?-ea/ (    
,irel& on ,may ,day ! prettie/  girl us$
 to be *os5 ,que5 ( ! di/rict = twelve  
mon?s4 ,%e 0  cr[n$ ) wild fl[]s2 fea/+1
 danc+1 & ru/ic sports  foll[$1 & 7     
clos$ by a gr& procession 9 ! ev5+4     
,dur+  h] ye> ( (fice %e presid$ ov]    
rural ga!r+s ( "y p at  dances &        
m]ry-mak+s4 ,if %e m>ri$ be=e next ,may 
,day1 h]  au?ority 0 at an end1 b h]    
successor 0 n elect$ till t day  came   
r\nd4#cbc ,! ,may ,que5 is common 9     
,france#cbd & famili> 9  ,engl&4 ,?us at
 ! adjo9+ ,sid5ote3 ,! ,may ,que5 9     
,w>wick%ire4 villages ( ,*]r+ton &      
,/\rton 9 s\?  ,w>wick%ire1 ! ,que5 (   

,may is /ill repres5t$ on ,may ,day by a
  small girl dress$ 9 :ite & we>+ a     
wrea? ( fl[]s on h] head4  ,an old] girl
 :eels ! ,que5 9 :at is call$ a         
mail-c>t1 t is1 a  *ild's p]ambulator on
 two :eels4 ,ano!r girl c>ries a        
money-box4  ,f\r boys be> ! ,may-pole1 a
 conical framework =m$ ( a high tripod  
) a c5tral %aft4 ,! :ole /ructure is    
encas$ 9 a s]ies ( five  hoops1 :i* rise
 "o above ! o!r1 dim9i%+ 9 size f bottom
  to top ) ! tap]+ ( ! cone4 ,! hoops1 z
 well z ! tripod  & ! c5tral %aft1 are  
all cov]$ ) :atev] fl[]s happ5 to  be 9 
bloom1 su* z m>%-m>igolds1 primroses1 or
 blue-bells4 ,to !  top ( ! c5tral %aft 
is fa/5$ a bun* ( ! fl[] call$          
cr[n-imp]ial1 if x is 9 season4 ,! l[e/ 
hoop is cross$ by two  b>s at "r angles 
to ea* o!r1 & ! project+ ends ( ! b>s   
s]ve z h&les1 by :i* ! f\r boys c>ry !  
,may-pole4 ,ea* ( !  be>]s has a g>l& ( 
fl[]s slung ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,?us !  *ildr5 
g f h\se to h\se1 s++ _! songs & receiv+
  money1 :i* goes to provide a treat =  

!m 9 ! aft]noon4#cbe    ,sid5ote3 ,_s ( 
vegetation repres5t$ simultane\sly by a 
,k+ &  ,que5 or a ,bridegroom & ,bride4 
,aga9 ! _s ( vegetation is  sometimes   
repres5t$ by a k+ & que51 a "l & lady1  
or a  bridegroom & bride4 ,"h aga9 !    
p>allelism holds betwe5 !               
an?ropomorphic & ! vegetable            
repres5tation ( ! tree-_s1 =  we h se5  
above t trees are sometimes m>ri$ to ea*
 o!r4#cbf  ,at ,hal=d 9 s\? ,w>wick%ire 
! *ildr5 g f h\se to h\se on  ,may ,day1
 ,sid5ote3 ,:itsuntide ,k+ & ,que54     
walk+ two & two 9  procession & head$ by
 a ,k+ & ,que54 ,two boys c>ry a        
,may-pole  "s six or sev5 feet high1 :i*
 is cov]$ ) fl[]s & gre5]y4  ,fa/5$ to x
 ne> ! top are two cross-b>s at "r      
angles to ea*  o!r4 ,^! are also deck$ )
 fl[]s1 & f ! ends ( ! b>s  hang hoops  
simil>ly adorn$4 ,at ! h\ses ! *ildr5 s+
 ,may songs  & receive money1 :i* is us$
 to provide tea = !m at !  s*ool-h\se 9 
! aft]noon4#cbg ,9 a ,bohemian village  
ne>  ,kniggrtz on ,:it-,monday ! *ildr5 

play ! k+'s game1 at :i* a  k+ & que5   
m>* ab\t "u a canopy1 ! que5 we>+ a     
g>l&1  & ! y\nge/ girl c>ry+ two wrea?s 
on a plate beh9d !m4 ,!y  are att5d$ by 
boys & girls call$ groomsm5 &           
bridesmaids1 &  !y g f h\se to h\se     
collect+ gifts4#cbh ,a regul> feature 9 
! popul> celebration ( ,:itsuntide 9    
,silesia us$ to be1 & to  "s ext5t /ill 
is1 ! conte/ = ! k+%ip4 ,?is conte/ took
  v>i\s =ms1 b ! m>k or goal 0 g5]ally !
 ,may-tree or  ,may-pole4 ,sometimes !  
y\? :o succe$$ 9 climb+ ! smoo? pole  & 
br++ d[n ! prize 0 proclaim$ !          
,:itsuntide ,k+ & 8  swee!>t !          
,:itsuntide ,bride4 ,aft]w>ds ! k+1     
c>ry+ !  ,may-bu%1 repair$ ) ! re/ ( !  
company to ! ale-h\se1 :]e  a dance & a 
fea/ end$ ! m]ry-mak+4 ,(t5 ! "y f>m]s &
  lab\r]s rac$ on horseback to !        
,may-pole1 :i* 0 adorn$ )  fl[]s1       
ribbons1 & a cr[n4 ,he :o fir/ rea*$ !  
pole 0 !  ,:itsuntide ,k+1 & ! re/ _h to
 obey 8 ord]s = t day4 ,!  wor/ rid]    
became ! cl[n4 ,at ! ,may-tree all      

dism\nt$ & hoi/$  ! k+ on _! %\ld]s4 ,he
 nimbly sw>m$ up ! pole & br\ght  d[n ! 
,may-bu% & ! cr[n1 :i* _h be5 fa/5$ to !
 top4  ,meantime ! cl[n hurri$ to !     
ale-h\se & proce$$ to bolt ?irty  rolls 
( bread & to swig f\r qu>t bottles (    
br&y ) ! utmo/  possible despat*4 ,he 0 
foll[$ by ! k+1 :o bore ! ,may-bu%  &   
cr[n at ! head ( ! company4 ,if on _!   
arrival ! cl[n _h  already dispos$ ( !  
rolls & ! br&y1 & greet$ ! k+ )  a spee*
 & a glass ( be]1 8 score 0 paid by !   
k+2 o!rwise  he _h to settle x himself4 
,aft] *ur* "t ! /ately procession  w\nd 
?r\gh ! village4 ,at ! head ( x rode !  
k+1 deck$ )  fl[]s & c>ry+ ! ,may-bu%4  
,next came ! cl[n ) 8 clo!s  turn$      
inside out1 a great flax5 be>d on 8 *91 
& ! ,:itsuntide  cr[n on 8 head4 ,two   
rid]s disguis$ z gu>ds foll[$4 ,!       
procession drew up be=e e f>my>d2 ! two 
gu>ds dism\nt$1  %ut ! cl[n into ! h\se1
 & claim$ a contribution f !  h\sewife  
to buy soap ) :i* to wa% ! cl[n's be>d4 
,cu/om  all[$ !m to c>ry (f any victuals

 :i* 7 n "u lock &  key4 ,la/ ( all !y  
came to ! h\se 9 :i* ! k+'s swee!>t     
liv$4 ,%e 0 greet$ z ,:itsuntide ,que5 &
 receiv$ suitable  pres5ts--to wit1 a   
_m-col\r$ sa%1 a clo?1 & an apron4 ,! k+
  got z a prize1 a ve/1 a neckclo?1 & s 
=?1 & _h ! "r (  sett+ up ! ,may-bu% or 
,:itsuntide-tree be=e 8 ma/]'s y>d1  :]e
 x rema9$ z an hon\rable tok5 till !    
same day next ye>4  ,f9ally ! procession
 took its way to ! tav]n1 :]e ! k+ &    
que5 op5$ ! dance4 ,sometimes !         
,:itsuntide ,k+ & ,que5  succe$$ to     
(fice 9 a diff]5t way4 ,a man ( /raw1 z 
,sid5ote3  ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may4 l>ge z   
life & cr[n$ ) a r$ cap1 0  convey$ 9 a 
c>t1 betwe5 two m5 arm$ & disguis$ z    
gu>ds1 to a  place :]e a mock c\rt 0    
wait+ to try him4 ,a great cr[d foll[$  
! c>t4 ,aft] a =mal trial ! /raw man 0  
condemn$ to dea? &  fa/5$ to a /ake on !
 execution gr\nd4 ,! "y m5 ) b&ag$  eyes
 tri$ to /ab him ) a spe>4 ,he :o       
succe$$ became k+ &  8 swee!>t que54 ,! 
/raw man 0 kn[n z ! ,golia?4#cbi ,ne>   

,gr5oble1 9 ,france1 a k+ & que5 are    
*os5 on ! fir/ ( ,may &  are set on a   
?rone = all to see4#ccj ,at ,head+ton1  
ne> ,ox=d1  *ildr5 us$ to c>ry g>l&s f  
door to door on ,may ,day4 ,ea*  g>l& 0 
borne by two girls1 & !y 7 foll[$ by a  
"l &  lady--a boy & girl l9k$ toge!r by 
a :ite h&k]*ief1 ( :i*  ea* held an end1
 & dress$ ) ribbons1 sa%es1 & fl[]s4 ,at
 ea*  door !y sang a v]se3--            
8,g5tlem5 & ladies1                     
,we wi% y happy ,may2                   
,we come to %ew y a g>l&1               
,because x is ,may-day40    ,on receiv+ 
money ! "l put 8 arm ab\t 8 lady's wai/ 
&  kiss$ h]4#cca ,at ,fleuri]s 9        
,switz]l& on ! sev5? ( ,may #ahdc  a    
,may-bridegroom 7p\x de ,mai7 & 8 bride 
7 escort$ 9 a  procession ( ov] two     
hundr$ *ildr51 "s ( :om c>ri$ gre5      
bran*es ( bee*4 ,a numb] ( ,may ,fools 7
 entru/$ ) !  delicate duty ( go+ r\nd )
 ! hat4 ,! proce$s ( _! tact  & indu/ry 
furni%$ a banquet 9 ! ev5+1 & ! day end$
 )  a *ildr5's ball4#ccb ,9 "s ,saxon   

villages at ,:itsuntide a lad &  a lass 
us$ to disguise !mselves & hide 9 !     
bu%es or high grass  outside ! village4 
,!n ! :ole village w5t out ) music 8to  
seek  ! bridal pair40 ,:5 !y f\nd !     
c\ple !y all ga!r$ r\nd  !m1 ! music    
/ruck up1 & ! bridal pair 0 l$ m]rily to
 !  village4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y danc$4 ,9 "s  
places ! bridal pair 0  call$ ! pr9ce & 
! pr9cess4#ccc    ,sid5ote3 ,:itsuntide 
,bridegroom & ,bride 9 ,d5m>k4 ,9 a p>i%
 (  ,d5m>k x us$ to be ! cu/om at       
,:itsuntide to dress up a little  girl z
 ! ,:itsun-bride 7p9se-brud57 & a little
 boy z h]  groom4 ,%e 0 deck$ 9 all !   
f9]y ( a gr[n-up bride1 & wore a  cr[n (
 ! fre%e/ fl[]s ( spr+ on h] head4 ,h]  
groom 0 z  gay z fl[]s1 ribbons1 & knots
 c\ld make him4 ,! o!r *ildr5  adorn$   
!mselves z be/ !y c\ld ) ! yell[ fl[]s (
 !  trollius & cal?a4 ,!n !y w5t 9 great
 /ate f f>mh\se to  f>mh\se1 two little 
girls walk+ at ! head ( ! procession z  
bridesmaids1 & six or eight outrid]s    
gallop+ ahead on hobby-horses  to       

ann\nce _! com+4 ,contributions ( eggs1 
butt]1 loaves1 cream1  c(fee1 sug>1 &   
tall[-c&les 7 receiv$ & convey$ away 9  
baskets4 ,:5 !y _h made ! r\nd ( ! f>ms1
 "s ( ! f>m]s'  wives help$ to arrange !
 w$d+ fea/1 & ! *ildr5 danc$  m]rily 9  
clogs on ! /amp$ clay floor till ! sun  
rose & !  birds began to s+4 ,all ?is is
 n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,only ! old  folks    
/ill rememb] ! little ,:itsun-bride & h]
 mimic pomp4#ccd    ,sid5ote3 ,midsumm] 
,bridegroom & ,bride 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway4 
,we h  se5 t 9 ,sw$5 ! c]emonies        
associat$ else:]e ) ,may ,day or        
,:itsuntide commonly take place at      
,midsumm]4#cce ,accord+ly we f9d  t 9 "s
 p>ts ( ! ,sw$i% prov9ce ( ,blek+e !y   
/ill *oose  a ,midsumm]'s ,bride1 to :om
 ! 8*ur* coronet0 is occasionally l5t4  
,! girl selects = h]self a ,bridegroom1 
& a collection is made =  ! pair1 :o = !
 "t be+ are look$ on z man & wife4 ,!   
o!r y\?s also *oose ea* 8 bride4#ccf ,a 
simil> c]emony seems  to be /ill kept up
 9 ,norway1 = a correspond5t writes to  

me z  foll[s 9 ref]5ce to ! ,dani% cu/om
 ( ! ,:itsun-bride3 8,x may  int]e/ y to
 "k t on ,june #bc1 #ahic1 ,i witness$  
at ,ull5svang1  ,h>dang]1 ,norway1 a    
c]emony almo/ exactly ! same z t        
describ$  9 y\r book4 ,wild fl[]s are   
sc>ce !re1 & ! bride wore !  usual metal
 cr[n1 ! att5dants = ! mo/ "p we>+ !    
pretty  ,h>dang] co/ume4 ,! danc+ took  
place 9 an unlight$ b>n1 z !  f>m] 0    
afraid ( fire4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( boys at ! 
dance1 b  s f> z ,i c rememb]1 none 9 ! 
procession4 ,! cu/om is cle>ly  dy+ out1
 & ! some:at reluctant bridegroom 0 !   
subject ( a  good deal ( *aff f 8       
fell[s40#ccg ,9 ,s>d9ia ! ,midsumm]     
c\ples are kn[n z ! ,swee!>ts ( ,/4     
,john1 & _! association  ) ! gr[? (     
plants is cle>ly br\ght out by ! pots ( 
spr\t+ gra9 :i* =m a pr9cipal "p ( !    
c]emony4#cch    ,sid5ote3 ,=sak5        
,bridegroom or ,bride ( ,may or         
,:itsuntide4 ,9 !  neighb\rhood (       
,brianon 7,dauph97 on ,may ,day ! lads  
wrap up 9  gre5 leaves a "y fell[ ^:    

swee!>t has des]t$ him or m>ri$  ano!r4 
,he lies d[n on ! gr\nd & feigns to be  
asleep4 ,!n a girl  :o likes him1 & w\ld
 m>ry him1 comes & wakes him1 & rais+   
him  up (f]s him h] arm & a flag4 ,s !y 
g to ! aleh\se1 :]e !  pair lead (f !   
danc+4 ,b !y mu/ m>ry )9 ! ye>1 or !y   
are treat$ z old ba*elor & old maid1 &  
are deb>r$ ! company  ( ! "y folk4 ,!   
lad is call$ ! bridegroom ( ! mon? (    
,may  7le fianc du mois de ,may74 ,9 !  
aleh\se he puts (f 8 g>m5t (  leaves1   
out ( :i*1 mix$ ) fl[]s1 8 p>tn] 9 !    
dance makes  a nosegay1 & we>s x at h]  
brea/ next day1 :5 he leads h] aga9  to 
! aleh\se4#cci ,l ?is is a ,russian     
cu/om obs]v$ 9 !  di/rict ( ,n]e*ta on !
 ,?ursday be=e ,:itsunday4 ,! girls g   
out  into a bir*-wood1 w9d a girdle or  
b& r\nd a /ately bir*1 twi/  its l[]    
bran*es into a wrea?1 & kiss ea* o!r 9  
pairs ?r\gh  ! wrea?4 ,! girls :o kiss  
?r\gh ! wrea? call ea* o!r  gossips4 ,!n
 "o ( ! girls /eps =w>d1 & mimick+ a    
drunk5  man1 fl+s h]self on ! gr\nd1    

rolls on ! grass1 & feigns to  fall fa/ 
asleep4 ,ano!r girl wak5s ! pret5d$     
sleep] & kisses  him2 !n ! :ole bevy    
trips s++ ?r\gh ! wood to tw9e  g>l&s1  
:i* !y ?r[ into ! wat]4 ,9 ! fate ( !   
g>l&s  float+ on ! /ream !y read _!     
own4#cdj ,"h ! "p ( !  sleep] 0 probably
 at "o "t play$ by a lad4 ,9 ^! ,fr5* & 
,russian cu/oms we h a =sak5 bridegroom1
 9 ! foll[+ a  =sak5 bride4 ,on ,%rove  
,tuesday ! ,slov5es ( ,ob]kra9 drag a   
/raw  puppet ) joy\s cries up & d[n !   
village2 !n !y ?r[ x  into ! wat] or    
burn x1 & f ! height ( ! flames !y judge
  ( ! abundance ( ! next h>ve/4 ,! noisy
 crew is foll[$ by a  female mask]1 :o  
drags a great bo>d by a /r+ & gives out 
t  %e is a =sak5 bride4#cda    ,view$ 9 
! light ( :at has gone be=e1 ! awak5+ ( 
!  =sak5 sleep] 9 ^! c]emonies probably 
repres5ts ! revival (  vegetation 9     
spr+4 ,b x is n easy to assign _!       
respective  p>ts to ! =sak5 bridegroom &
 to ! girl :o wakes him f 8  slumb]4 ,is
 ! sleep] ! leafless =e/ or ! b>e e>? ( 

w9t]8  ,is ! girl :o wak5s him ! fre%   
v]dure or ! g5ial sun%9e (  spr+8 ,x is 
h>dly possible1 on ! evid5ce be=e u1 to 
answ]  ^! que/ions4 ,! ,oraons ( ,b5gal1
 x may be rememb]$1 celebrate  ! m>riage
 ( e>? 9 ! spr+time1 :5 ! sl-tree is 9  
blossom4#cdb ,b f ?is we c h>dly argue t
 9 ! ,european  c]emonies ! sleep+      
bridegroom is 8! dream+ e>?0 & ! girl  !
 spr+ blossoms4    ,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,bride 
9 ,scotl& & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,9 !        
,highl&s  ( ,scotl& ! revival (         
vegetation 9 spr+ us$ to be graphically 
repres5t$ on ,/4 ,bride's ,day1 ! fir/ (
 ,febru>y4 ,?us 9 !  ,hebrides 8!       
mi/ress & s]vants ( ea* family take a   
%eaf ( oats1  & dress x up 9 wom5's     
app>el1 put x 9 a l>ge basket1 & lay a  
wood5 club by x1 & ?is !y call ,briid's 
b$2 & !n ! mi/ress  & s]vants cry ?ree  
times1 #8,briid is come1 ,briid is      
welcome4' ,?is  !y d j be=e go+ to b$1 &
 :5 !y rise 9 ! morn+ !y  look among !  
a%es1 expect+ to see ! impression (     
,briid's club  !re2 :i* if !y d1 !y     

reckon x a true presage ( a good crop  &
 prosp]\s ye>1 & ! contr>y !y take z an 
ill om540#cdc  ,! same cu/om is describ$
 by ano!r witness ?us3 8,^u ! night     
be=e ,c&lemas x is usual to make a b$ ) 
corn & hay1 ov] :i*  "s blankets are    
laid1 9 a "p ( ! h\se1 ne> ! door4 ,:5 x
  is ready1 a p]son goes out & repeats  
?ree times1 444 #8,bridget1  ,bridget1  
come 92 ?y b$ is ready4' ,"o or m c&les 
are left  burn+ ne> x all night40#cdd   
,simil>ly 9 ! ,isle ( ,man 8on !  eve ( 
! fir/ ( ,febru>y1 a fe/ival 0 =m]ly    
kept1 call$1 9  ! ,manks language1      
,laa'l ,bree%ey1 9 hon\r ( ! ,iri% lady 
:o  w5t ov] to ! ,isle ( ,man to receive
 ! veil f ,/4 ,maughold4 ,!  cu/om 0 to 
ga!r a bundle ( gre5 ru%es1 & /&+ ) !m 9
  ! h& on ! ?re%old ( ! door1 to invite 
! holy ,sa9t ,bridget  to come & lodge )
 !m t night4 ,9 ! ,manks language1 !    
invitation ran ?us3--#8,br$e1 ,br$e1 t> 
gys my ?ie t> dyn ?ie ayms  noght4      
,fo%il jee yn dorrys da ,br$e1 z lhig da
 ,br$e e heet /aigh4'  ,9 ,engli%3      

#8,bridget1 ,bridget1 come to my h\se1  
come to my h\se  to-night4 ,op5 ! door =
 ,bridget1 & let ,bridget come 94' ,aft]
  ^! words 7 repeat$1 ! ru%es 7 /rewn on
 ! floor by way (  a c>pet or b$ = ,/4  
,bridget4 ,a cu/om v simil> to ?is 0    
also  obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! ,out-,isles ( !   
anci5t k+dom ( ,man40#cde  ,9 ^! ,manx &
 ,highl& c]emonies x is obvi\s t ,/4    
,bride1 or  ,/4 ,bridget1 is an old     
hea!n goddess ( f]tility1 disguis$ 9 a  
?readb>e ,*ri/ian cloak4 ,probably %e is
 no o!r ?an ! ,celtic  goddess ,brigit1 
:o w meet u aga9 lat] on4#cdf           
,sid5ote3 ,may ,bride or ,:itsuntide    
,bride4 ,(t5 ! m>riage ( !  _s (        
vegetation 9 spr+1 ?\gh n directly      
repres5t$1 is  impli$ by nam+ ! human   
repres5tative ( ! _s1 8! ,bride10  &    
dress+ h] 9 w$d+ attire4 ,?us 9 "s      
villages ( ,altm>k at  ,:itsuntide1 :ile
 ! boys g ab\t c>ry+ a ,may-tree or     
lead+ a  boy envelop$ 9 leaves & fl[]s1 
! girls lead ab\t ! ,may ,bride1  a girl
 dress$ z a bride ) a great nosegay 9 h]

 hair4 ,!y g f  h\se to h\se1 ! ,may    
,bride s++ a song 9 :i* %e asks = a     
pres5t1 & tells ! inmates ( ea* h\se t  
if !y give h]  some?+ !y w !mselves h   
some?+ ! :ole ye> ?r\gh2  b if !y give  
h] no?+ !y w !mselves h no?+4#cdg ,9  "s
 p>ts ( ,we/phalia two girls lead a     
fl[]-cr[n$ girl call$ !  ,:itsuntide    
,bride f door to door1 s++ a song 9 :i* 
!y ask  = eggs4#cdh ,at ,waggum 9       
,brunswick1 :5 s]vice is ov] on         
,:itsunday1 ! village girls assemble1   
dress$ 9 :ite or bright  col\rs1 deck$ )
 fl[]s1 & we>+ *aplets ( spr+ fl[]s 9   
_! hair4 ,"o ( !m repres5ts ! ,may      
,bride1 & c>ries a cr[n (  fl[]s on a   
/aff z a sign ( h] dignity4 ,z usual !  
*ildr5 g  ab\t f cottage to cottage s++ 
& begg+ = eggs1 sausages1  cakes1 or    
money4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,brunswick x is a  
boy clo!d all 9  bir* leaves :o         
p]sonates ! ,may ,bride4#cdi ,9 ,bresse 
9 ! mon?  ( ,may a girl call$ la ,m>ie  
is trick$ out ) ribbons &  nosegays & is
 l$ ab\t by a gallant4 ,%e is prec$$ by 

a lad  c>ry+ a gre5 ,may-tree1 &        
appropriate v]ses are sung4#cej         
,footnote #bci3      ,quot$ by ,j4 ,br&1
 ,popul> ,antiquities1 i4 #bdf 7ed4     
,bohn74    ,footnote #bdj3      ,t4 ,f4 
,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 
7,london1 #ahgf71 p4    #bed4           
,footnote #bda3      ,w4 ,borlase1 ,!   
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall 7,ox=d1    
#ageh71 p4 #bid4    ,footnote #bdb3     
,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #bab sq4          
,footnote #bdc3      ,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton  
,dy]1 ,popul> ,briti% ,cu/oms1 p4 #bcc4 
,footnote #bdd3      ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,book 
( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 i4
 #egh2 ,t4    ,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 op4   
cit4 pp4 #bcg sq4    ,footnote #bde3    
,w4 ,hone1 ,e ,day ,book 7,london1      
,n4,d471 ii4 #fae sq42 ,t4 ,f4          
,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms1
 pp4 #bea sq4 ,at ,polebrook    9       
,nor?ampton%ire ! v]ses sung by ! *ildr5
 on _! r\nds    include two :i* are     
almo/ id5tical ) ^? sung at ,ab+don 9   
,b]k%ire4 ,see ,dy]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bee  

sq4 ,! same v]ses 7    =m]ly sung on    
,may ,day at ,hit*9 9 ,h]t=d%ire 7,hone1
 ,e ,day    ,book1 i4 #efg sq42 ,dy]1   
op4 cit4 pp4 #bdj sq474    ,footnote    
#bdf3      ,dy]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfc4      
,footnote #bdg3       ,p]cy ,mann+1 9   
,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #djc sq4    
,footnote #bdh3      ,id41 9 ,folk-lore1
 viii4 7#ahig7 p4 #cjh4 ,cu/oms ( ! same
 sort    are report$ also f ,combe1     
,head+ton1 & ,islip1 all 9    ,ox=d%ire 
7,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms1 pp4 #bfa
 sq474 ,see    bel[1 pp4 #ij sq4        
,footnote #bdi3      ,dy]1 op4 cit4 p4  
#bdc4    ,footnote #bej3      ,w4 ,h4   
,d4 ,r\se1 9 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 p4 
#ec4 ,i h witness$ !    c]emony almo/   
annually = _m ye>s4 ,_m ( ! hoops h no  
doll1 & ribbons or rags ( col\r$ clo?   
are m conspicu\s ?an    fl[]s 9 _!      
decoration4    ,footnote #bea3      ,j4 
,p4 ,emslie1 9 ,folk-lore1 xi4 7#aijj7  
p4 #baj4    ,footnote #beb3             
,memoirs ( ,anna ,m>ia ,wilhelm9a       
,pick]+1 edit$ by h] son1    ,sp5c]     

,pick]+ 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #afj sq4  
,footnote #bec3      ,lady ,wilde1      
,anci5t ,cures1 ,*>ms1 & ,usages (      
,irel& 7,london1    #ahij71 pp4 #aja sq4
 ,at ! anci5t ,greek fe/ival ( !        
,daphnephoria    or 8,laurel-be>+0 a    
/aff ( olive-wood1 deck$ ) laurels1     
purple    ribbons1 & _m-col\r$ fl[]s1 0 
c>ri$ 9 procession1 &    atta*$ to x 7  
two l>ge globes repres5t+ ! sun & moon1 
toge!r ) a numb] ( small] globes :i*    
/ood = ! />s4    ,see ,proclus1 quot$ by
 ,photius1 ,biblio!ca1 p4 #cba1 ed4     
,bekk]4    ,footnote #bed3      ,e4     
,cortet1 ,essai sur les ftes religieuses
 7,p>is1 #ahfg7 pp4 #afg    sqq4        
,footnote #bee3      ,revue des         
traditions populaires1 ii4 7#ahhg7 p4   
#bjj4    ,footnote #bef3      ,w4 ,mll]1
 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 
,mhr5 7,wi5 und    ,olmtz1 #ahic71 pp4  
#cai sq41 #cee-cei4    ,footnote #beg3  
,folk-lore1 i4 7#ahij7 pp4 #eah sqq4    
,footnote #beh3       ,w4 ,r4 ,s4       
,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p #bnd    

,ed41 7,london1    #ahgb71 pp4 #bcd sq4 
,footnote #bei3      ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e
 ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4     
#cae4    ,footnote #bfj3      ,w4       
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #afb4        
,footnote #bfa3      ,l4 ,lloyd1        
,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$51 p4 #bce4        
,footnote #bfb3      ,l4 ,lloyd1 op4    
cit4 pp4 #beg sqq4    ,footnote #bfc3   
,h4 ,prhle1 ,h>zbild] 7,leipsic1 #ahee71
 pp4 #ai sq4 ,comp>e id41    9          
,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und   
,sitt5kunde1 i4 7#ahec7    pp4 #ha sq42 
,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,g]manis*e ,my!n1 pp4    
#eab sqq42 ,a4    ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1
 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 
7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cij1  #hj4       
,footnote #bfd3      ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1
 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus ,bhm5 7,prague1       
,n4,d471 pp4    #cjh sq4 ,a full]       
description ( ! c]emony w be giv5 lat]4 
,footnote #bfe3      ,= ! evid5ce see   
,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 i4 #bcd 
sqq42    ,w4 ,hone1 ,e ,day ,book1 i4   
#edg sqq41 ii4 #egd sqq42 ,r4 ,*amb]s1  

,book ( ,days1 i4 #egd sqq42 ,t4 ,f4    
,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul>         
,cu/oms1 pp4 #bbh sqq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1  
,baumkultus1 pp4 #afh sqq4    ,footnote 
#bff3      ,phillip ,/ubbes1 ,!         
,anatomie ( ,abuses1 p4 #adi 7,f4 ,j4   
,furnivall's    repr9t74 ,9 lat]        
editions "s v]bal *anges 7 made4        
,footnote #bfg3      ,w4 ,borlase1      
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,cornwall 7,ox=d1    
#ageh71 p4 #bid4    ,footnote #bfh3     
,w4 ,hut*9son1 ,view ( ,nor?umb]l&      
7,newca/le1 #aggh71 ii4    ,app5dix1 pp4
 #ac sq42 ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms1
 p4 #beg4    ,footnote #bfi3            
8,pad/[ #8,hobby ,hoss1'0 ,folklore1    
xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #ei sq4    ,footnote   
#bgj3      ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51   
,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5         
7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 p4 #cif4    ,footnote
 #bga3      ,e4 ,mogk1 9 ,r4 ,wuttke's  
,s*sis*e ,volkskunde #bnd ,ed41         
7,dresd51    #aija71 pp4 #cji sq4       
,footnote #bgb3      ,m4 ,r5ts*1 9 ,r4  
,wuttke's op4 cit4 p4 #cei4    ,footnote

 #bgc3      ,a4 ,de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1    
my!s et traditions des prov9ces de      
,france    7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4  
#acg4    ,footnote #bgd3                
,br5g]-,fraud1 ,sup]/itions et          
survivances 7,p>is1 #ahif71 v4 #cjh     
sq4 ,comp>e id41 ,rem9isc5ces populaires
 de la ,prov5ce1 pp4 #ba    sq41 #bf1   
#bg4    ,footnote #bge3      ,j4 ,g4    
,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] (  
,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an    ,/ates1 "p i4  
vol4 i4 7,rangoon1 #aijj7 p4 #ebi4      
,footnote #bgf3      ,w4 ,hone1 ,e ,day 
,book1 i4 #edg sqq42 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,book 
( ,days1    i4 #ega4    ,footnote #bgg3 
,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des     
,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 i4 #cgb4    ,footnote
 #bgh3      ,w4 ,hone1 ,e ,day ,book1   
ii4 #eig sq4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,pro!ro tells 
me    t ab\t ! ye> #ahge he saw a       
p]man5t ,may-pole deck$ )    fl[]s on   
,may ,day on ! road betwe5 ,cambridge & 
,/4 ,neot's1 n    f> f ! turn+ to       
,caxton4    ,footnote #bgi3      ,see   
above1 pp4 #dg sq4    ,footnote #bhj3   

,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus    
,bhm51 p4 #bag2 ,w4    ,mannh>dt1       
,baumkultus1 p4 #eff4    ,footnote #bha3
      ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus    
,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1        
#ahfa-ahfb71 ii4 #gd sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1
 ,baumkultus1 p4 #eff4    ,footnote     
#bhb3      ,ari/ophanes1 ,plutus1 #ajed2
 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und      
,feldkulte1 pp4 #bbb sq4    ,footnote   
#bhc3      ,boecl]-,kreutzwald1 ,d]     
,eh/5 ab]glubis*e ,gebru*e1 ,weis5 und  
,gewohnheit51 pp4 #aab-aad4 ,"s traits 9
 ?is /ory seem to sugge/    t ! return (
 ! troop] to 8 old home 01 l t ( !      
w>-brok5 vet]an 9 ,campbell's poem1 only
 a soldi]'s dream4    ,footnote #bhd3   
,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus    
,bhm51 pp4 #hf sqq42 ,w4    ,mannh>dt1  
,baumkultus1 p4 #aef4    ,footnote #bhe3
      ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days1 i4    
#egc4 ,comp>e ! ,cambridge cu/om1       
describ$ above1 p4 #fb4    ,footnote    
#bhf3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1  
p4 #cab4    ,footnote #bhg3      ,w4    

,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #cac4        
,footnote #bhh3      ,ibid4 p4 #cad4    
,footnote #bhi3      ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und
 ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 iii4
 #ceg2 ,w4    ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1   
pp4 #cab sq4 ,! ^w ,walb] probably      
comes f ,walburgis1 :i* is d\btless only
 ano!r =m ( !    bett] kn[n ,walpurgis4 
,! second ( ,may is call$ ,walburgis    
,day1 at    lea/ 9 ?is "p ( ,bav>ia4    
,footnote #bij3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 pp4 #cac sq4    ,footnote  
#bia3      ,h4 von ,wlislocki1          
,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d]     
,zigeun]    7,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahia71 pp4  
#adh sq4    ,footnote #bib3      ,e4 ,t4
 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology (      
,b5gal1 p4 #bfa4    ,footnote #bic3     
,b4 ,a4 ,gupte1 8,h>ve/ ,fe/ivals 9     
hon\r ( ,gauri & ,gane%10    ,indian    
,antiqu>y1 xxxv4 7#aijf7 p4 #fa4        
,footnote #bid3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 pp4 #cae sq4    ,footnote  
#bie3      ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,russian
 ,folk-tales1 p4 #cde4 ,z to ,gre5      

,george see    above1 pp4 #ge sq4       
,footnote #bif3      ,w4 ,r4 ,s4        
,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 p4     
#bcd4    ,footnote #big3      ,w4       
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #cah2 ,j4    
,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1    #d? ed41
 ii4 #feg4    ,footnote #bih3      ,a4  
de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 my!s et traditions  
des prov9ces de ,france1    pp4 #ag sq42
 ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,rm9isc5ces populaires  
de la    ,prov5ce1 pp4 #a sq4           
,footnote #bii3      ,a4 ,meyrac1       
,traditions1 c\tumes1 lg5des et contes  
des ,ard5nes    7,*>leville1 #ahij71 pp4
 #gi-hb4 ,! girl 0 call$ ! ,trim\zette4 
,a    cu/om ( ! same g5]al "* 0 practis$
 d[n to rec5t    times 9 ! ,jura        
7,br5g]-,fraud1 ,rm9isc5ces populaires  
de la    ,prov5ce1 p4 #ah74    ,footnote
 #cjj3      ,f4 ,a4 ,reimann1 ,deuts*e  
,volksfe/e im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t    
7,weim>1 #ahci71 pp4 #aei sq42 ,w4      
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #cbj2 ,a4    
,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e   
aus ,?r+51 p4 #baa4    ,footnote #cja3  

,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-,sitt5 und 
,gebru*e im ,li*te d]    heidnis*5      
,vorzeit 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 p4 #gj4      
,footnote #cjb3      ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und
 ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 iv4 
#b1 pp4    #cei sq4 ,simil>ly 9 !       
,dp>tem5t de l',a9 7,france7 on ! fir/  
( ,may eight or t5 boys unite1 clo! "o (
 _! numb] 9 leaves1    & g f h\se to    
h\se begg+ 7,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 
p4    #cah74    ,footnote #cjc3      ,e4
 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 8,fru*tb>keitsrit5 im 
s*weiz]is*5    ,volksbrau*10            
,s*weiz]is*es ,ar*iv fr ,volkskunde1 xi4
 7#aijg7 p4    #beb4    ,footnote #cjd3 
,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #cbb2 ,w4
 ,hone1 ,e-,day ,book1 i4 #ehc    sqq42 
,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> 
,cu/oms1 pp4 #bcj sq4    ,footnote #cje3
      ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se1 8,may-,day 9   
,*elt5ham10 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 
#ej-ec4 ,on ,may ,day #ahia ,i saw a    
,jack-9-!-,gre5 9 ! /reets (            
,cambridge4    ,footnote #cjf3      ,w4 
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #cbc4        

,footnote #cjg3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 p4 #cbc2 ,h4 ,h]zog1       
,s*weiz]is*e    ,volksfe/e1 ,sitt5 und  
,gebru*e 7,a>au1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bdh sq4   
,footnote #cjh3      ,a4 ,birl+]1       
,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab51 ii4 #aad sq42
 ,w4    ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #cbe4
    ,footnote #cji3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 
,baumkultus1 pp4 #cad sq4    ,footnote  
#caj3      ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1   
,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e1 
p4 #chj4    ,footnote #caa3      ,f4    
,tetzn]1 8,die ,ts*e*5 und ,mhr] 9      
,s*lesi510 ,globus1 lxviii    7#aijj7 p4
 #cdj4    ,footnote #cab3      ,a4 ,kuhn
 und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #chc sq42
 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1    ,baumkultus1 p4 #cdb4
    ,footnote #cac3      ,r4 ,&ree1     
,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1  
#ahif71 pp4 #bdi    sq4    ,footnote    
#cad3      ,k4 ,seif>t1 ,sag51 ,mr*51   
,s*wnke und ,gebru*e aus ,/adt und      
,/ift ,hilde%eim1 ,zweite ,auflage      
7,hilde%eim1 #ahhi71 pp4 #ahj sq4       
,footnote #cae3      ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1

 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus ,bhm51 pp4 #bfj sq42  
,w4    ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #cdb 
sq4    ,footnote #caf3      ,f4 ,a4     
,reimann1 ,deuts*e ,volksfe/e im        
neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 pp4    #aeg-aei2
 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #cdg   
sq42 ,a4 ,witzs*el1    ,sag51 ,sitt5 und
 ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 
#bjc4    ,footnote #cag3                
,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus    
,bhm51 pp4 #bec sqq4    ,footnote #cah3 
,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus    
,bhm51 p4 #bfb2 ,w4    ,mannh>dt1       
,baumkultus1 pp4 #cec sq4    ,footnote  
#cai3      ,baumkultus1 p4 #cee4        
,footnote #cbj3      ,above1 vol4 i4 pp4
 #bib1 #bic4    ,footnote #cba3         
,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus    
,bhm51 p4 #ic2 ,w4    ,mannh>dt1        
,baumkultus1 p4 #cdd4    ,footnote #cbb3
      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4   
#cdc sq4    ,footnote #cbc3      ,t4 ,f4
 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul>        
,cu/oms1 pp4 #bgj sq4    ,footnote #cbd3
      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4   

#cdd sqq42 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,ftes           
religieuses1 pp4 #afj sqq42 ,d4 ,monni]1
 ,traditions populaires    comp>es1 pp4 
#bhb sqq42 ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,rm9isc5ces   
populaires    de la ,prov5ce1 pp4 #ag   
sq42 ,*4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en       
,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4       
#fe-fi4 ,9 ,fran*e-,comt %e seems to    
be g5]ally kn[n z l'p\se1 8! sp\se40    
,footnote #cbe3      ,f in=mation giv5  
me by ,mabel ,bailey1 9 ! s]vice ( ,miss
 ,a4    ,wyse ( ,hal=d4 ,my in=mant's   
fa!r is a native ( ,/\rton1 &    %e     
h]self has sp5t mu* ( h] life !re4 ,i   
conjecture t !    conical fl[]-b$eck$   
/ructure may once h be5 borne by a mumm]
    conceal$ )9 x4 ,comp>e ! cu/oms     
describ$ above1 pp4 #hb sq4    ,footnote
 #cbf3      ,above1 pp4 #bd sqq4        
,footnote #cbg3      ,f in=mation giv5  
me by ,miss ,a4 ,wyse ( ,hal=d4         
,footnote #cbh3      ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1
 ,fe/-,kal5d> aus ,bhm51 pp4 #bfe sq42  
,w4    ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #dbb4 
,footnote #cbi3      ,p4 ,dre*sl]1      

,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9       
,s*lesi51 i4    7,leipsic1 #aijc7 pp4   
#abe-abi4    ,footnote #ccj3      ,d4   
,monni]1 ,traditions populaires comp>es 
7,p>is1 #ahed71 p4 #cjd2    ,e4 ,cortet1
 ,ftes religieuses1 p4 #afa2 ,w4        
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4    #dbc4     
,footnote #cca3      ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul>  
,antiquities1 i4 #bcc sq42 ,w4          
,mannh>dt1    ,baumkultus1 p4 #dbd4 ,we 
h se5 7p4 #fb7 t a cu/om ( ! same       
sort us$ to be obs]v$ at                
,bampton-9-!-,bu% 9 ,ox=d%ire4          
,footnote #ccb3      ,e4                
,h(fmann-,kray]1 8,fru*tb>keitsrit5 im  
s*weiz]is*5    ,volksbrau*10            
,s*weiz]is*es ,ar*iv fr ,volkskunde1 xi4
 7#aijg7 pp4    #beg sq4    ,footnote   
#ccc3      ,e4 ,somm]1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und 
,gebru*e aus ,sa*s5 und ,?r+5           
7,halle1 #ahdc71 pp4 #aea sq42 ,w4      
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #dca sq4    
,! cu/om is n[ obsolete 7,e4 ,mogk1 9   
,r4 ,wuttke's ,s*sis*e    ,volkskunde1  
#bnd ,ed41 ,dresd51 #aija1 p4 #cji74    

,footnote #ccd3      ,h4 ,f4 ,feilb]g1 9
 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 pp4 #aid sq4   
,footnote #cce3      ,see above1 p4 #fe4
    ,footnote #ccf3      ,l4 ,lloyd1    
,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$51 p4 #beg4        
,footnote #ccg3      ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4       
,cr(ts1 9 a lett] to me dat$ ,febru>y   
#c1 #aija1 #i    ,nor?wi* ,t]race1      
,*elt5ham4    ,footnote #cch3      ,=   
details see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1   
,second ,edition1 pp4 #bjb sq4          
,footnote #cci3      ,?is cu/om 0 told  
to ,w4 ,mannh>dt by a ,fr5* prison] 9 ! 
w>    ( #ahgj-ga 7,baumkultus1 p4 #dcd74
    ,footnote #cdj3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 
,baumkultus1 pp4 #dcd sq4    ,footnote  
#cda3      ,ibid4 p4 #dce4    ,footnote 
#cdb3      ,see above1 pp4 #gf sq4      
,footnote #cdc3      ,m4 ,m>t91         
,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&
 7,london1    #afgc #agjc71 p4 #aai2 id4
 9 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 
#fac2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4    
#dcf4 ,accord+ to ,m>t91 !    c]emony   
took place on ,c&lemas ,day1 ! second ( 

,febru>y4 ,b ?is    seems to be a       
mi/ake4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1         
,wit*craft & ,second    ,sight 9 !      
,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 pp4 #bdg   
sq4 ,!    ,rev4 ,james ,macdonald1 (    
,reay 9 ,cai?ness1 0 assur$ by old p    
t ! %eaf us$ 9 mak+ ,briid's b$ 0 ! la/ 
%eaf cut at    h>ve/ 7,j4 ,macdonald1   
,religion & ,my?1 p4 #ada74 ,lat] on we 
%all    see t ! la/ %eaf is (t5 reg>d$ z
 embody+ ! _s (    ! corn1 & special c>e
 is !re=e tak5 ( x4    ,footnote #cdd3  
,john ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 ,scotl& &    
,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5?    ,c5tury1 edit$
 by ,alex4 ,all>dyce 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71
 ii4 #ddg4 ,at    ,ball9asloe 9 ,c\nty  
,galway x is cu/om>y to fa/5 a cross (  
twi/$ corn 9 ! ro( ( ! cottages on      
,c&lemas ,day4 ,! cross    is fa/5$ by  
means ( a knife /uck ?r\gh a potato1 &  
rema9s 9    its place = mon?s1 if n = a 
ye>4 ,?is cu/om 7( :i* ,i 0    in=m$ by 
,miss ,n9a ,hill 9 a lett] dat$ ,may #e1
 #ahih7 may be    connect$ ) ! ,highl&  
"o describ$ 9 ! text4    ,footnote #cde3

      ,j4 ,tra91 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical
 ,acc\nt ( ! ,isle ( ,man    7,d\glas1  
,isle ( ,man1 #ahde71 ii4 #aaf4         
,footnote #cdf3      ,see bel[1 pp4 #bdj
 sqq4 ,brigit is ! true orig9al =m ( !  
"n1 :i* has be5 corrupt$ into ,bre$1    
,bride1 & ,bridget4 ,see    ,d\glas     
,hyde1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,irel&      
7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #ec1    note #b4   
,footnote #cdg3      ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e
 ,sag5 und ,mr*51 pp4 #cah sqq42 ,w4    
,mannh>dt1    ,baumkultus1 p4 #dcg4     
,footnote #cdh3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 p4 #dch4    ,footnote #cdi3
      ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig]          
,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4     
#bdh4    ,footnote #cej3      ,d4       
,monni]1 ,traditions populaires comp>es1
 pp4 #bhc sq42 ,e4    ,cortet1 ,ftes    
religieuses1 pp4 #afb sq42 ,w4          
,mannh>dt1    ,baumkultus1 pp4 #dci sq4 
,,*apt] ,,xi                  ,,!       
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,sexes ,,on         
,,vegetation      ,sid5ote3 ,! m>riage (
 ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may int5d$ to promote 

! gr[? ( vegetation by homoeopa?ic      
magic4 ,f ! prec$+  exam9ation ( ! spr+ 
& summ] fe/ivals ( ,europe we may inf]  
t our rude =efa!rs p]sonifi$ ! p[]s (   
vegetation z male  & female1 & attempt$1
 on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or         
imitative  magic1 to quick5 ! gr[? (    
trees & plants by repres5t+ !  m>riage (
 ! sylvan deities 9 ! p]sons ( a ,k+ &  
,que5 (  ,may1 a ,:itsun ,bridegroom &  
,bride1 & s =?4 ,su* repres5tations  7  
accord+ly no m]e symbolic or allegorical
 dramas1 pa/oral plays  design$ to amuse
 or in/ruct a ru/ic audi5ce4 ,!y 7 *>ms 
int5d$ to make ! woods to gr[ gre51 !   
fre% grass to spr\t1 !  corn to %oot1 & 
! fl[]s to bl[4 ,& x 0 natural to       
suppose  t ! m closely ! mock m>riage ( 
! leaf-clad or  fl[]-deck$ mumm]s ap$ ! 
real m>riage ( ! woodl& sprites1  ! m   
effective w\ld be ! *>m4 ,accord+ly we  
may assume ) a  high degree (           
probability t ! pr(ligacy :i* notori\sly
  att5d$ ^! c]emonies#cea 0 at "o "t n  
an accid5tal excess  b an ess5tial "p ( 

! rites1 & t 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o  p]=m$  
!m ! m>riage ( trees & plants c\ld n be 
f]tile  )\t ! real union ( ! human      
sexes4 ,at ! pres5t day x might  p]haps 
be va9 to look 9 civilis$ ,europe =     
cu/oms ( ?is sort  obs]v$ = ! explicit  
purpose ( promot+ ! gr[? ( vegetation4  
,b rud] races 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w h       
consci\sly employ$  ! int]c\rse ( !     
sexes z a means to ensure ! fruitfulness
 (  ! e>?2 & "s rites :i* are /ill1 or 7
 till lately1 kept up  9 ,europe c be   
reasonably expla9$ only z /unt$ relics (
 a  simil> practice4 ,! foll[+ facts w  
make ?is pla94    ,sid5ote3 ,int]c\rse (
 ! sexes practis$ 9 ord] to make ! crops
  gr[4 ,= f\r days be=e !y committ$ !   
se$ to ! e>? !  ,pipiles ( ,c5tral      
,am]ica kept ap>t f _! wives 89 ord] t  
on  ! night be=e plant+ !y might indulge
 _! passions to !  fulle/ ext5t2 c]ta9  
p]sons are ev5 said to h be5 appo9t$ to 
p]=m ! sexual act at ! v mom5t :5 ! fir/
 se$s 7  deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd40 ,! use (  
_! wives at t "t 0 inde$  enjo9$ ^u ! p 

by ! prie/s z a religi\s duty1 9 default
  ( :i* x 0 n lawful to s[ ! se$4#ceb ,!
 only possible  explanation ( ?is cu/om 
seems to be t ! ,indians confus$ !      
process by :i* human be+s reproduce _!  
k9d ) ! process by  :i* plants dis*>ge !
 same function1 & fanci$ t by resort+   
to ! =m] !y 7 simultane\sly =w>d+ !     
latt]4 ,9 !  mon? ( ,decemb]1 :5 !      
alligator pe>s beg9 to rip51 ! ,indians 
( ,p]u us$ to hold a fe/ival call$      
,acatay mita 9 ord] to make  ! fruit gr[
 mell[4 ,! fe/ival la/$ five days &     
nights1 & 0  prec$$ by a fa/ ( five days
 dur+ :i* !y ate nei!r salt nor  pepp] &
 refra9$ f _! wives4 ,at ! fe/ival m5 & 
boys  assembl$ />k nak$ 9 an op5 space  
among ! or*>ds1 & ran f  !re to a di/ant
 hill4 ,any woman :om !y ov]took on !   
way !y  violat$4#cec ,9 "s p>ts ( ,java1
 at ! season :5 ! bloom w  soon be on ! 
rice1 ! husb&man & 8 wife visit _!      
fields by  night & !re engage 9 sexual  
int]c\rse = ! purpose (  promot+ ! gr[? 
( ! crop4#ced ,9 ! ,leti1 ,s>mata1 & "s 

o!r gr\ps ( isl&s :i* lie betwe5 ! we/]n
 end ( ,new ,gu9ea  & ! nor!rn "p (     
,au/ralia1 ! hea!n population reg>d !   
sun z ! male pr9ciple by :om ! e>? or   
female pr9ciple is  f]tilis$4 ,!y call  
him ,upu-l]a or ,mr4 ,sun1 & repres5t   
him "u  ! =m ( a lamp made ( coco-nut   
leaves1 :i* may be se5 hang+  ev]y:]e 9 
_! h\ses & 9 ! sacr$ fig-tree4 ,"u !    
tree  lies a l>ge flat /one1 :i* s]ves z
 a sacrificial table4 ,on x !  heads (  
sla9 foes 7 & are /ill plac$ 9 "s ( !   
isl&s4  ,once a ye>1 at ! beg9n+ ( !    
ra9y season1 ,mr4 ,sun comes d[n  into !
 holy fig-tree to f]tilise ! e>?1 & to  
facilitate 8  desc5t a ladd] ) sev5     
rungs is consid]ately plac$ at 8        
disposal4 ,x is set up "u ! tree & is   
adorn$ ) c>v$ figures  ( ! birds ^:     
%rill cl>ion h]alds ! approa* ( ! sun 9 
!  ,ea/4 ,on ?is occasion pigs & dogs   
are sacrific$ 9 pr(usion2 m5  & wom5    
alike indulge 9 a saturnalia2 & ! my/ic 
union ( ! sun  & ! e>? is dramatically  
repres5t$ 9 public1 amid song &  dance1 

by ! real union ( ! sexes "u ! tree4 ,! 
object ( !  fe/ival1 we are told1 is to 
procure ra91 pl5ty ( food & dr9k1       
abundance ( cattle & *ildr5 & ri*es f   
,gr&fa!r ,sun4 ,!y  pray t he may make e
 %e-goat to ca/ two or ?ree "y1 !  p to 
multiply1 ! dead pigs to be replac$ by  
liv+ pigs1 !  empty rice-baskets to be  
fill$1 & s on4 ,& to induce him to grant
  _! reque/s !y (f] him pork & rice &   
liquor1 & invite him  to fall to4 ,9 !  
,bab> ,isl&s a special flag is hoi/$ at 
?is  fe/ival z a symbol ( ! creative    
en]gy ( ! sun2 x is ( :ite  cotton1 ab\t
 n9e feet high1 & consi/s ( ! figure ( a
 man 9 an  appropriate attitude4#cee    
,among ! ,tangkhuls ( ,manipur1 be=e !  
rice is s[n & :5 x is reap$1 ! boys &   
girls h a tug-(-w>  ) a t\gh rope (     
twi/$ creep]4 ,great j>s ( be] are set  
ready1  & ! /rictness ( _! ord9>y       
morality is brok5 by a night (  unbridl$
 lic5ce4#cef ,x w\ld be unju/ to treat  
^! orgies z a  m]e outbur/ ( unbridl$   
passion2 no d\bt !y are delib]ately &   

solemnly organis$ z ess5tial to !       
f]tility ( ! e>? & !  welf>e ( man4     
,sid5ote3 ,int]c\rse ( ! sexes practis$ 
9 ord] to make trees  be> fruit4 ,! same
 means :i* are ?us adopt$ to /imulate ! 
gr[? ( ! crops are naturally employ$ to 
ensure ! fruitfulness (  trees4 ,! "w   
kn[n z ,! ,agriculture ( ! ,nabataeans  
conta9$  app>5tly a direction t ! graft+
 ( a tree ^u ano!r tree (  a diff]5t    
sort %\ld be done by a damsel1 :o at ! v
 mom5t (  ins]t+ ! graft 9 ! b\gh %\ld  
h]self be subject$ to  treatm5t :i* c   
only be reg>d$ z a direct copy ( !      
op]ation  %e 0 p]=m+ on ! tree4#ceg ,9  
"s p>ts ( ,amboyna1 :5 !  /ate ( ! clove
 plantation indicates t ! crop is likely
 to be  scanty1 ! m5 g nak$ to !        
plantations by night1 & !re seek to     
f]tilise ! trees precisely z !y w\ld    
impregnate wom51 :ile at  ! same "t !y  
call out = 8,m cloves60 ,?is is suppos$ 
to make  ! trees be> fruit m            
abundantly4#ceh ,9 ,java :5 a palm tree 
is  to be tapp$ = w9e1 ! man :o proposes

 to relieve ! tree ( its  sup]flu\s     
juices deems x necess>y to approa* !    
palm 9 !  "* ( a lov] & a husb&1 z well 
z ( a son4 ,:5 he comes  ^u a palm :i*  
he ?9ks suitable1 he w n beg9 cutt+ at !
  trunk until he has intimat$ z         
delicately z he c ! reasons :i*  lead   
him to p]=m t surgical op]ation1 & !    
ard5t affection  :i* he *]i%es = ! tree4
 ,= ?is purpose he holds a dialogue  ) !
 palm1 9 :i* he naturally speaks 9 ! "* 
( ! tree  z well z 9 8 own4 8,o "m      
endang-r5i60 he beg9s1 8= !  sake ( y ,i
 h let myself be dr5*$ by ! ra9 & scor*$
 by  ! sun2 long h ,i s\ght y6 ,n[ at   
la/ h ,i f\nd y4 ,h[  ard5tly h ,i long$
 = y6 ,(t5 be=e h y giv5 me !  brea/4   
,yet ,i /ill ?ir/4 ,!re=e n[ ,i ask =   
f\r potfuls m40  8,well1 fair y\?10     
replies ! tree1 8,i h always be5 "h4    
,:at is  ! reason t y h s\ght me80 8,!  
reason ,i h s\ght y is  t ,i h he>d y   
suff] f incont95tia ur9ae40 8,s ,i d10  
says ! tree4 8,w y m>ry me80 says ! man4
 8,t ,i w10 says  ! tree1 8b fir/ y mu/ 

plight y\r tro? & recite ! usual        
confession ( fai?40 ,on t ! man takes a 
rattan leaf & wraps x  r\nd ! palm z a  
pl$ge ( betro?al1 aft] :i* he says !    
cre$3  8,!re is no ,god b ,allah1 &     
,mohamm$ is 8 prophet40 ,! maid5ly  &   
or?odox scruples ( ! tree hav+ ?us be5  
satisfi$1 he  embraces x z 8 bride4 ,at 
fir/ he atta*es only a small di% to !   
trunk to receive ! juices :i* exude f ! 
cut 9 ! b>k2 a  l>ge di% might fright5 !
 tree4 ,9 fa/5+ ! di% to ! palm he      
says1 8,bok-endang-r5i6 y\r *ild is     
langui%+ away = ?ir/4 ,he  asks y = a   
dr9k40 ,! tree replies1 8,let him slake 
8 ?ir/6  ,"m's brea/s are full to       
ov]fl[+40#cei ,we h already se5  t 9 "s 
p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,india a mock m>riage    
betwe5 two actors  is p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( a 
newly-plant$ or*>d1#cfj no d\bt = !     
purpose ( mak+ x be> fruit4 ,9 ! ,nicob>
 ,isl&s a pregnant woman  is tak5 into !
 g>d5s 9 ord] to imp>t ! bless+ (       
f]tility  to ! plants4#cfa    ,sid5ote3 
,9 ,ug&a p>5ts ( tw9s are suppos$ to    

f]tilise !  planta9s4 ,! ,bag&a (       
,c5tral ,africa believe s /rongly 9 !   
intimate relation betwe5 ! int]c\rse ( !
 sexes & ! f]tility  ( ! gr\nd t among  
!m a b>r5 wife is g5]ally s5t away      
because %e is suppos$ to prev5t h]      
husb&'s g>d5 f be>+  fruit4 ,on !       
contr>y1 a c\ple :o h giv5 pro( (       
extraord9>y  f]tility by becom+ ! p>5ts 
( tw9s are believ$ by ! ,bag&a  to be   
end[$ ) a correspond+ p[] ( increas+ !  
fruitfulness  ( ! planta9-trees1 :i*    
furni% !m ) _! /aple food4 ,"s  little  
"t aft] ! bir? ( ! tw9s a c]emony is    
p]=m$1 !  object ( :i* cle>ly is to     
transmit ! reproductive virtue ( !      
p>5ts to ! planta9s4 ,! "m lies d[n on  
h] back 9 ! ?ick  grass ne> ! h\se &    
places a fl[] ( ! planta9 betwe5 h]     
legs2 !n h] husb& comes & knocks ! fl[] 
away ) 8 g5ital  memb]4 ,fur!r1 ! p>5ts 
g ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 p]=m+ dances  9 !     
g>d5s ( fav\r$ fri5ds1 app>5tly = !     
purpose (  caus+ ! planta9-trees to be> 
fruit m abundantly4 ,! same  belief 9 ! 

f]tilis+ p[] ( su* p>5ts probably       
expla9s :y 9  ,ug&a ! fa!r ( tw9s is    
inviolable & may g into anybody's  g>d5 
& take ! produce at w4 ,to di/+ui% him f
 ! common  h]d 8 hair is cut 9 a special
 way1 & he we>s little bells at 8       
ankles :i* t9kle z he walks4 ,8 sacr$ "*
 is fur!r  manife/$ by a rule :i* he mu/
 obs]ve aft] ! r\nd ( visits has  be5   
paid1 & ! dances 9 ! g>d5s are ov]4 ,he 
has to rema9 at  home until ! next "t t 
! army goes =? to battle1 & 9 !  int]val
 he may nei!r dress 8 hair nor cut 8    
f+]-nails4 ,:5  w> has be5 proclaim$1 8 
:ole body is %av$ & 8 nails cut4 ,!     
clipp$ hair & nails he ties up 9 a ball1
 :i* he takes ) him to  ! w>1 along ) ! 
b>k clo? :i* he wore at ! dances4 ,:5 he
  has kill$ a foe1 he crams ! ball into 
! dead man's m\?1 ties !  b>k-clo? r\nd 
8 neck1 & leaves !m !re on !            
battlefield4#cfb ,app>5tly ! c]emony is 
int5d$ to rid him ( !  peculi> sanctity 
or /ate ( taboo :i* he contract$ by !   
bir? (  tw9s1 & to facilitate 8 return  

to ord9>y life4 ,=1 to ! m9d  ( !       
savage1 z we %all see lat] on1 sanctity 
has its dang]s &  inconv5i5ces1 & !     
sacr$ man may (t5 be glad to dive/      
himself  ( x by /ripp+ himself ( ^?     
sep>able p>ts ( 8 p]son--!  hair &      
nails--to :i* ! holy contagion is apt to
 cl+4    ,sid5ote3 ,relics ( simil>     
cu/oms 9 ,europe4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts (       
,europe cu/oms h prevail$ bo? at spr+ & 
h>ve/ :i* are  cle>ly bas$ on ! same    
crude notion t ! relation ( ! human     
sexes to ea* o!r c be s us$ z to quick5 
! gr[? ( plants4  ,= example1 9 !       
,ukra9e on ,/4 ,george's ,day 7!        
tw5ty-?ird (  ,april7 ! prie/ 9 8 robes1
 att5d$ by 8 acolytes1 goes out to  !   
fields ( ! village1 :]e ! crops are     
beg9n+ to %ew gre5  above ! gr\nd1 &    
blesses !m4 ,aft] t ! "y m>ri$ p  lie   
d[n 9 c\ples on ! s[n fields & roll     
sev]al times ov] on  !m1 9 ! belief t   
?is w promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,9  "s  
p>ts ( ,russia ! prie/ himself is roll$ 
by wom5 ov] !  spr\t+ crop1 & t )\t     

reg>d to ! mud & holes :i* he  may      
enc\nt] 9 8 b5efic5t progress4 ,if !    
%eph]d resi/s or  remon/rates1 8 flock  
murmurs1 8,little ,fa!r1 y d n really   
wi%  u well1 y d n wi% u to h corn1     
al?\gh y d wi% to live  on our          
corn40#cfc ,9 ,engl& x seems to h be5   
cu/om>y = "y  c\ples to roll d[n a slope
 toge!r on ,may ,day2 on ,gre5wi*-hill !
  cu/om 0 practis$ at ,ea/] &           
,:itsuntide1#cfd z x 0 till  lately     
practis$ ne> ,dubl9 on ,:itmonday4#cfe  
,:5 we consid] h[  closely ^! seasons1  
especially ,may ,day & ,:itsuntide1 are 
associat$ ) c]emonies = ! revival (     
plant life 9 spr+1 we  %all sc>cely d\bt
 t ! cu/om ( roll+ 9 c\ples at su* times
  _h orig9ally ! same significance :i* x
 /ill has 9 ,russia2 &  :5 fur!r we     
comp>e ?is p>ticul> cu/om ) ! practice (
  repres5t+ ! v]nal p[]s ( vegetation by
 a bridal pair1 &  rememb] ! traditions 
:i* ev5 9 our own c\ntry atta* to ,may  
,day1#cff we %all probably d no inju/ice
 to our =efa!rs if we  conclude t !y    

once celebrat$ ! return ( spr+ ) gross] 
rites1 ( :i* ! cu/oms ,i h ref]r$ to are
 only a /unt$  survival4 ,inde$1 ^!     
rites 9 _! grosse/ =m are said to be    
/ill obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,holl& at    
,:itsuntide4#cfg ,9 "s  p>ts ( ,g]many  
at h>ve/ ! m5 & wom51 :o h reap$ ! corn1
  roll toge!r on ! field4#cfh ,?is aga9 
is probably a mitigation (  an old] &   
rud] cu/om design$ to imp>t f]tility to 
! fields by  me?ods l ^? resort$ to by !
 ,pipiles ( ,c5tral ,am]ica long  ago & 
by ! cultivators ( rice 9 ,java at !    
pres5t "t4 ,9 ,poso1  :5 ! rice-crop is 
n ?riv+1 ! f>m]'s wife sets b[ls ( rice 
& betel 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! field2 !n %e   
lies d[n1 draws h]  petticoat ov] h]    
head1 & pret5ds to fall asleep4 ,b "o ( 
h]  *ildr5 !reupon mimics ! cr[+ ( a    
cock1 & at ! s\nd %e  gets up1 8because 
a new day has dawn$40 ,! int5tion ( ?is 
c]emony1  :i* ! natives c\ld n or w\ld n
 expla9 to ! ,dut* mission>y  :o reports
 x1 may be to place ! woman at !        
disposal ( ! god (  ! field4 ,we are    

expressly told t !re is a special god ( 
!  rice-fields nam$ ,puwe-wai1 & t !    
c]emony 9 "q is  p]=m$ 9 8 hon\r4#cfi   
,sid5ote3 ,cont95ce practis$ 9 ord] to  
make ! crops gr[4 ,to !  /ud5t :o c>es  
to track ! devi\s c\rse ( ! human m9d 9 
its  grop+s aft] tru?1 x is ( "s int]e/ 
to obs]ve t ! same  !oretical belief 9 !
 sympa!tic influ5ce ( ! sexes on        
vegetation1 :i* has l$ "s peoples to    
indulge _! passions z a  means (        
f]tilis+ ! e>?1 has l$ o!rs to seek !   
same end by  directly opposite means4 ,f
 ! mom5t t !y s[$ ! maize till  ! "t t  
!y reap$ x1 ! ,indians ( ,nic>agua liv$ 
*a/ely1  keep+ ap>t f _! wives & sleep+ 
9 a sep>ate place4 ,!y  ate no salt1 &  
drank nei!r cocoa nor *i*a1 ! f]m5t$    
liquor  made f maize2 9 %ort ! season 0 
= !m1 z ! ,spani%  hi/orians obs]ve1 a  
"t ( ab/95ce4#cgj ,to ?is day "s ( !    
,indian tribes ( ,c5tral ,am]ica        
practise cont95ce = ! purpose (  !reby  
promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,?us we are   
told t be=e  s[+ ! maize ! ,kek*i       

,indians sleep ap>t f _! wives1 &  eat  
no fle% = five days1 :ile among !       
,lanqu9]os & ,cajabon]os  ! p]iod (     
ab/95ce f ^! c>nal pleasures ext5ds to  
?irte5  days4#cga ,s among/ "s ( !      
,g]mans ( ,transylvania x is a rule  t  
no man may sleep ) 8 wife dur+ ! :ole ( 
! "t t he  is engag$ 9 s[+ 8 fields4#cgb
 ,! same rule is obs]v$ at  ,kalotaszeg 
9 ,hung>y2 ! p ?9k t if ! cu/om 7 n     
obs]v$ ! corn w\ld be mildew$4#cgc      
,simil>ly a ,c5tral ,au/ralian  headman 
( ! ,kaiti% tribe /rictly ab/a9s f      
m>ital relations  ) 8 wife all ! "t t he
 is p]=m+ magical c]emonies to  make !  
grass gr[2 = he believes t a brea* ( ?is
 rule w\ld  prev5t ! grass se$ f spr\t+ 
prop]ly4#cgd ,9 "s ( !  ,melanesian     
isl&s1 :5 ! yam v9es are be+ tra9$1 ! m5
 sleep  ne> ! g>d5s & nev] approa* _!   
wives2 %\ld !y ent] !  g>d5 aft] break+ 
?is rule ( cont95ce ! fruits ( ! g>d5   
w\ld be spoilt4#cge ,9 ! ,motu tribe (  
,new ,gu9ea1 :5 ra9 has  fall5          
pl5tifully & !re is promise ( a good    

crop ( bananas1 "o  ( ! *ief m5 becomes 
holy or taboo1 & mu/ live ap>t f 8  wife
 & eat only c]ta9 k9ds ( food4 ,he bids 
! "y m5 beat !  drum & dance1 89 ord] t 
by s do+ !re may be a l>ge h>ve/4  ,if !
 danc+ is n giv51 !re w be an end to !  
good gr[?2  b if x is cont9u$1 all w g  
well4 ,p come 9 f o!r  villages to      
assi/1 & w dance all night40#cgf ,9 !   
,mekeo  di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1  
:5 a taboo has be5 put on !  coco-nuts &
 areca-nuts to promote _! gr[?1 "s      
f\rte5 or  fifte5 m5 act z wat*m5 to    
en=ce ! taboo4 ,e ev5+ !y g  r\nd !     
village arm$ ) clubs & we>+ masks or s  
cov]$ )  leaves t nobody w\ld "k !m4    
,all ! "t !y are 9 (fice !y  may n *ew  
betel nor dr9k coco-nut wat]1 le/ !     
areca-nuts 7:i*  are eat5 ) betel7 & !  
coco-nuts %\ld fail4 ,moreov]1 !y may  n
 live ) _! wives2 inde$1 !y may n ev5   
look at a woman1  & if !y pass "o !y mu/
 keep _! eyes on ! gr\nd4#cgg ,among  ! 
,kabuis ( ,manipur1 be=e ! rice is s[n &
 :5 x is reap$1  ! /ricte/ *a/ity has to

 be obs]v$1 especially by ! religi\s    
head ( ! village1 :o1 besides always    
tak+ ! om5s on behalf (  ! villag]s1 is 
! fir/ to s[ & ! fir/ to reap4#cgh ,"s (
  ! tribes ( ,assam believe t s long z !
 crops rema9 ung>n]$1  ! slighte/       
incont95ce might ru9 all4#cgi ,9 !      
inc5se-gr[+  region ( ,arabia 9         
antiquity !re 7 ?ree families *>g$ ) !  
special c>e ( ! inc5se-trees4 ,!y 7     
call$ sacr$1 & at !  "t :5 !y cut !     
trees or ga!r$ ! inc5se !y 7 =bidd5  to 
pollute !mselves ) wom5 or ) ! contact (
 ! dead2 !  obs]vance ( ^! rules (      
c]emonial purity 0 believ$ to increase  
! supply ( inc5se4#chj ,app>5tly !      
inc5se itself 0 deem$  holy1 = on be+   
ga!r$ x 0 deposit$ 9 ! sanctu>y ( !     
,sun1 :]e ! m]*ants inspect$ & pur*as$  
x4#cha ,) anci5t  ,greek husb&m5 x 0 a  
maxim t olives %\ld always be plant$ &  
ga!r$ by pure boys & virg9s2 ! uncommon 
fruitfulness ( !  olive-trees at        
,anaz>bus 9 ,cilicia 0 attribut$ to _!  
be+ t5d$  by "y & innoc5t *ildr54 ,9    

default ( su* work]s1 !  olive-ga!r] _h 
to swe> t he _h be5 fai?ful to 8 own    
wife2  = 8 fidelity 0 believ$ to ensure 
an abundant crop ( fruit !  foll[+      
ye>4#chb    ,sid5ote3 ,illicit love     
suppos$ to blight ! fruits ( ! e>?4     
,aga91 ! sympa!tic relation suppos$ to  
exi/ betwe5 ! comm]ce  ( ! sexes & !    
f]tility ( ! e>? manife/s itself 9 !    
belief t illicit love t5ds1 directly or 
indirectly1 to m> t  f]tility & to      
blight ! crops4#chc ,su* a belief       
prevails1 =  example1 among ! ,k>5s (   
,burma4 ,!y imag9e t adult]y or         
=nication has a p[]ful influ5ce to      
injure ! h>ve/4 ,h5ce if !  crops h be5 
bad = a ye> or two1 & no ra9 falls1 !   
villag]s  set d[n ! de>? to secret s9s (
 ?is k9d1 & say t ! ,god (  heav5 & e>? 
is angry ) !m on t acc\nt2 & !y all     
unite  9 mak+ an (f]+ to appease him4   
,fur!r1 :5ev] adult]y or  =nication is  
detect$1 ! eld]s decide t ! s9n]s mu/   
buy a  hog & kill x4 ,!n ! woman takes  
"o foot ( ! hog1 & ! man  takes ano!r1 &

 !y scrape out furr[s 9 ! gr\nd ) ea*   
foot1  & fill ! furr[s ) ! blood ( !    
hog4 ,next !y scrat* !  gr\nd ) _! h&s &
 pray3 8,god ( heav5 & e>?1 ,god ( !    
m\nta9s & hills1 ,i h de/roy$ !         
productiv5ess ( ! c\ntry4  ,d n be angry
 ) me1 d n hate me2 b h m]cy on me1 &   
compassionate me4 ,n[ ,i repair !       
m\nta9s1 n[ ,i heal ! hills1 &  ! /reams
 & ! l&s4 ,may !re be no failure (      
crops1 may !re  be no unsuccessful      
lab\rs1 or un=tunate ef=ts 9 my c\ntry4 
,let  !m be dissipat$ to ! foot ( !     
horizon4 ,make ?y paddy fruitful1  ?y   
rice abundant4 ,make ! vegetables to    
fl\ri%4 ,if we cultivate b  little1 /ill
 grant t we may obta9 a little40 ,aft]  
ea* has pray$  ?us1 !y return to ! h\se 
& say !y h repair$ !  e>?4#chd ,!       
,battas ( ,sumatra ?9k t if an unm>ri$  
woman is  big ) *ild1 x is necess>y to  
give h] 9 m>riage at once1 ev5 to  a man
 ( l[] rank2 = o!rwise ! p w be infe/$  
by  tig]s1 & ! crops 9 ! field w n yield
 an abundant return4  ,! crime ( ince/1 

9 _! op9ion1 w\ld bla/ ! :ole h>ve/ if  
! wrong 7 n spe$ily repair$4 ,epidemics 
& o!r calamities  t affect ! :ole p are 
almo/ always trac$ by !m to ince/1  by  
:i* is to be und]/ood any m>riage t     
conflicts ) _!  cu/oms4#che    ,sid5ote3
 ,dyak belief t lewdness may cause bad  
wea!r & spoil !  crops4 ,simil> views   
are held by v>i\s tribes ( ,borneo4 ,?us
 :5  ! ra9 p\rs d[n /eadily day aft] day
 & week aft] week1 & !  crops are rott+ 
9 ! fields1 ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo come to !
  conclusion t "s "o has be5 indulg+ 9  
fle%ly lu/s2 s !  eld]s lay _! heads    
toge!r & adjudicate on all cases ( ince/
  & bigamy1 & purify ! e>? ) ! blood (  
pigs1 :i* appe>s  to possess 9 a high   
degree ! valuable prop]ty ( aton+ =     
moral  guilt4 ,= ?ree days ! villages   
are taboo$ & all lab\r  discont9u$2 !   
inhabitants rema9 at home1 & no /rang]s 
are  admitt$4 ,n long ago ! (f5d]s1 ^:  
lewdness _h ?us br\ght  ! :ole c\ntry   
into dang]1 w\ld h be5 puni%$ ) dea? or 
at  lea/ slav]y4 ,a ,dyak may n m>ry 8  

fir/ c\s9 unless he fir/  p]=ms a       
special c]emony call$ b]gaput to av]t   
evil consequ5ces  f ! l&4 ,! c\ple      
repair to ! wat]-side1 fill a small     
pit*]  ) _! p]sonal ornam5ts1 & s9k x 9 
! riv]2 or in/ead ( a  j> !y fl+ a *opp]
 & a plate into ! wat]4 ,a pig is !n    
sacrific$ on ! bank1 & its c>case1 dra9$
 ( blood1 is ?r[n 9  aft] ! j>4 ,next ! 
pair are pu%$ into ! wat] by _! fri5ds  
& ord]$ to ba! toge!r4 ,la/ly1 a jo9t ( 
bamboo is fill$ )  pig's blood1 & !     
c\ple p]ambulate ! c\ntry & ! villages  
r\nd ab\t1 spr9kl+ ! blood on ! gr\nd4  
,aft] t !y are  free to m>ry4 ,?is is   
done1 we are told1 = ! sake ( ! :ole    
c\ntry1 9 ord] t ! rice may n be        
bla/$4#chf ,! ,bahaus or  ,kayans1 a    
tribe 9 ! int]ior ( ,borneo1 ,sid5ote3  
,kayan belief t  adult]y or =nication   
spoils ! h>ve/4 believe t adult]y is    
puni%$ by ! spirits1 :o visit ! :ole    
tribe ) failure ( !  crops & o!r        
mis=tunes4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to av]t ^!      
calamities  f ! innoc5t memb]s ( !      

tribe1 ! two culprits1 ) all _!         
possessions1 are put 9 qu>ant9e on a    
gravel bank 9 ! middle ( !  riv]2 !n 9  
ord] ?or\ghly to dis9fect !m1 pigs &    
f[ls are  kill$1 & ) ! blood prie/esses 
sme> ! prop]ty ( ! guilty  pair4 ,f9ally
 ! two are set on a raft1 ) sixte5 eggs1
 & all[$  to drift d[n ! /ream4 ,!y may 
save !mselves by swimm+ a%ore1  b ?is is
 p]haps a mitigation ( an old] s5t5ce ( 
dea? by  dr[n+4 ,"y p %[] long          
grass-/alks1 :i* /& = spe>s1  at !      
%amefac$ & dripp+ c\ple4#chg ,! ,blu-u  
,kayans ( ! same  region simil>ly imag9e
 t an intrigue betwe5 an unm>ri$ pair is
  puni%$ by ! spirits ) failure ( !     
h>ve/1 ( ! fi%+1 &  ( ! hunt4 ,h5ce !   
del9qu5ts h to appease ! wra? ( !       
spirits by sacrific+ a pig & "s         
rice4#chh    ,sid5ote3 ,ince/ & s$uction
 suppos$ to be a cause ( bad wea!r  &   
failure ( crops 9 ,celebes4 ,among !    
,macass>s & ,bug9eese (  ,s\!rn ,celebes
 ince/ is a capital crime4 8,9 !        
,bug9eese language  ?is misde$ is call$ 

spa-tna1 :i*1 lit]ally translat$1       
signifies t ! gr\nd 7tna7 :i* has be5   
pollut$ ) !  blood ( su* a p]son mu/    
above all be %unn$ 7spa74 ,:5 we        
rememb] h[ afraid ( evil spirits a      
native is 9 pass+ ev5 a spot  t has be5 
/a9$ ) innoc5t blood1 we c easily       
conceive :at  passes 9 8 m9d at ! ?\ght 
( ! blood ( "o :o has be5  guilty ( su* 
a crime4 ,:5 ! riv]s dry up & ! supply (
 fi%  runs %ort1 :5 ! h>ve/ & ! produce 
( ! g>d5s misc>ry1  :5 edible fruits    
fail1 & especially :5 sickness is rife  
among !  cattle & horses1 z well z :5   
civil /rife breaks out & !  c\ntry      
suff]s f any o!r widespread calamity1 ! 
native g5]ally  ?9ks t e>? & air h be5  
sulli$ ) ! blood ( p]sons  :o h committ$
 ince/4 ,! blood ( su* p %\ld naturally 
n  be %$4 ,h5ce ! puni%m5t usually      
inflict$ on !m is t (  dr[n+4 ,!y are   
ti$ up 9 a sack & ?r[n into ! sea4 ,yet 
!y  get ) !m on _! j\rney to et]nity !  
necess>y provisions1  consi/+ ( a bag ( 
rice1 salt1 dri$ fi%1 coco-nuts & s on1 

n  =gett+ ?ree quids ( betel40#chi      
,among ! ,tomori ( ,c5tral  ,celebes a  
p]son guilty ( ince/ is ?rottl$2 no drop
 ( 8 blood may  fall on ! gr\nd1 = if x 
did1 ! rice w\ld nev] gr[ aga94 ,!      
union ( uncle & niece is reg>d$ by ^! p 
z ince/1 b x  c be expiat$ by an (f]+4  
,a g>m5t ( ! man & "o ( !  woman are    
laid on a copp] vessel2 ! blood ( a     
sacrific$ animal1  ei!r a goat or a f[l1
 is all[$ to drip on ! g>m5ts1 & !n  !  
vessel ) its cont5ts is suff]$ to float 
d[n ! riv]4#cij  ,among ! ,tolalaki1    
ano!r tribe ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 p]sons  
:o h  defil$ !mselves ) ince/ are %ut up
 9 a basket & dr[n$4 ,no  drop ( _!     
blood may be spilt on ! gr\nd1 = t w\ld 
h9d]  ! e>? f ev] be>+ fruit aga94#cia  
,:5 x ra9s 9 torr5ts1  ! ,galel>eese (  
,halmah]a say t bro!r & si/]1 or fa!r & 
daught]1 or 9 %ort "s ne> relations are 
hav+ illicit relations  ) ea* o!r1 & t e
 human be+ mu/ be in=m$ ( x1 =  !n only 
w ! ra9 cease to desc5d4 ,! sup]/ition  
has  repeat$ly caus$ blood relations to 

be accus$1 rightfully or  wrongfully1 ( 
ince/4 ,! p also reg>d o!r al>m+ natural
  ph5om5a1 = in/ance a viol5t e>?quake  
or ! eruption ( a  volcano1 z           
consequ5ces ( crimes ( ! same sort4     
,p]sons *>g$  ) su* (f5ces are br\ght to
 ,t]nate2 x is said t =m]ly !y  7 (t5   
dr[n$ on ! way or1 on be+ hal$ ?i!r1 7  
condemn$  to be ?r[n into ! volcano4#cib
    ,sid5ote3 ,brea*es ( sexual morality
 suppos$ to prev5t ra9 & s  to blight ! 
fruits ( ! e>? 9 ,africa4 ,9 "s p>ts (  
,africa1  also1 x is believ$ t brea*es (
 sexual morality di/urb ! c\rse  (      
nature1 p>ticul>ly by blight+ ! fruits (
 ! e>?4 ,?us !  negroes ( ,loango       
suppose t ! int]c\rse ( a man ) an      
immature  girl is puni%$ by ,god )      
dr\ght & consequ5t fam9e1 until !       
culprits atone = _! s9 by danc+ nak$    
be=e ! k+ & an  assembly ( ! p1 :o ?r[  
hot gravel & bits ( glass at !  pair4 ,=
 example1 9 ! ye> #ahih1 x 0 discov]$ t 
a long  dr\ght 0 caus$ by ! misconduct (
 ?ree girls1 :o 7 ) *ild  be=e !y _h    

pass$ ?r\gh :at is call$ ! pa9t-h\se1 t 
is1  be=e !y _h be5 pa9t$ r$ & seclud$ =
 a "t 9 tok5 t  !y _h atta9$ to ! age ( 
pub]ty4 ,! p 7 v angry &  tri$ to puni% 
or ev5 kill ! girls4#cic ,among/ !      
,bavili (  ,loango1 x is believ$ t if a 
man breaks ! m>riage law by m>ry+  a    
woman ( 8 "m's clan1 ,god w 9 l mann]   
puni% ! crime  by )hold+ ! ra9s 9 _! due
 season4#cid ,simil> notions (  !       
blight+ influ5ce ( sexual crime appe> to
 be ent]ta9$ by !  ,n&i ( ,briti% ,ea/  
,africa1 = among/ !m a girl :o has be5  
gott5 ) *ild by a w>rior1 may nev] look 
inside ( a gran>y =  fe> ( spoil+ !     
corn4#cie ,among ! ,basutos likewise    
8:ile !  corn is expos$ to view1 all    
defil$ p]sons are c>efully kept f x4    
,if ! aid ( a man 9 ?is /ate is necess>y
 = c>ry+ home !  h>ve/1 he rema9s at "s 
di/ance :ile ! sacks are fill$1 &  only 
approa*es to place !m ^u ! draught ox54 
,he )draws z  soon z ! load is deposit$ 
at ! dwell+1 & "u no pretext c  he assi/
 9 p\r+ ! corn into ! baskets 9 :i* x is

  pres]v$40#cif ,! nature ( ! defilem5t 
:i* ?us disqualifies a  man = h&l+ !    
corn is n m5tion$1 b probably x w\ld    
include un*a/ity4 ,we may conjecture t x
 0 = a simil> reason  t ! ,basoga (     
,c5tral ,africa us$ to puni% sev]ely !  
s$uction  ( a virg94 8,if a man 0       
convict$ ( su* a crime1 & ! woman's     
guilt 0 discov]$1 he & %e 7 s5t at night
 "t to ,kaluba's  village1 :]e !y 7 ti$ 
to a tree4 ,?is tall spread+            
inc5se-tree 0 ?\ght to be "u !          
protection ( a _s call$  ,kakua         
,kambuzi4 ,next morn+ ! err+ c\ple 7    
discov]$ by  p 9 ! surr\nd+ plantations1
 :o releas$ !m4 ,!y 7 !n  all[$ to      
settle ne> ! tree ( ! protect+ _s40 ,?is
 practice  ( ty+ ! culprits to a sacr$  
tree may h be5 ?\ght to atone  = _!     
crime & s to ensure ! f]tility ( ! e>?  
:i* !y  _h imp]ill$4 ,! notion p]haps 0 
to deliv] ! crim9als into !  p[] ( !    
(f5d$ tree-_s2 if !y 7 f\nd alive 9 !   
morn+1 x 0 a sign t he _h p>don$ !m4    
8,curi\sly en\gh1 !  ,basoga also held 9

 great abhorr5ce any?+ l ince/ among/   
dome/ic animals--t is to say1 !y greatly
 disapprov$ ( int]c\rse  betwe5 a bull  
calf & its "m-c[1 or betwe5 a bull & a  
c[ t  7 kn[n to be bro!r & si/]4 ,if ?is
 occurr$1 ! bull & c[  7 s5t by night to
 a feti% tree & ti$ !re4 ,! next morn+ !
  *ief ( ! di/rict appropriat$ ! animals
 & turn$ !m to 8  own use40#cig ,foll[+ 
out ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 ! ,toradjas (  
,c5tral ,celebes +5i\sly employ         
,sid5ote3 ,ince/ ( animals employ$  z a 
ra9-*>m 9 ,africa4 ! ince/ ( animals z a
 ra9-*>m4 ,=  !y believe t ! ang] ( !   
gods at ince/ or be/iality  manife/s    
itself 9 ! =m ( viol5t /orms1 heavy ra91
 or long  dr\ght4 ,accord+ly !y ?9k t x 
is always 9 _! p[] to  enrage ! gods by 
committ+ ince/ & s to procure ra9 :5 x  
is  ne$$4 ,h[ev]1 !y ab/a9 f p]petrat+ !
 crime among  !mselves1 fir/1 because x 
w\ld be necess>y to put ! culprits to   
dea?1 & second1 because ! /orms ?us     
rais$ w\ld be s furi\s  t !y w\ld d m   
h>m ?an good4 ,b !y fancy t ! ince/1    

real or simulat$1 ( animals is a light] 
(f5ce1 :i* by  discompos+1 )\t          
exasp]at+1 ! high] p[]s w di/urb !      
balance ( nature j en\gh to improve !   
wea!r4 ,a c]emony ( ?is  sort 0 witness$
 by a mission>y4 ,ra9 0 want$1 & !      
headman (  ! village _h to see t x fell4
 ,he took 8 measures accord+ly4  ,att5d$
 by a cr[d he c>ri$ a cock & a little s[
 to ! riv]4  ,"h ! animals 7 kill$1 laid
 side by side 9 an intimate embrace1  & 
wrapp$ tightly up 9 a piece ( cotton4   
,!n ! headman engag$ 9  pray]4 8,o gods 
above & gods bel[10 said he1 8if y h    
pity on u1  & w t we eat food ?is ye>1  
give ra94 ,if y w n give  ra91 well we h
 "h buri$ a cock & a s[ 9 an intimate   
embrace40  ,by :i* he meant to say1 8,be
 angry at ?is abom9ation :i* we h       
committ$1 & manife/ y\r ang] 9          
/orms40#cih    ,^! examples suffice to  
prove t among _m savage races brea*es ( 
! m>riage laws are ?\ght to bla/ !      
fruits ( ! e>? ?r\gh  excessive ra9 or  
excessive dr\ght4 ,simil> notions ( !   

disa/r\s  effects ( sexual crimes may   
,sid5ote3 ,simil> notions ( ! blight+   
effect ( sexual crime may be detect$    
among ! civilis$ races (  antiquity1 =  
example1 among ! ,jews4 be detect$ among
 "s ( !  civilis$ races ( antiquity1 :o 
seem n to h limit$ ! suppos$  /]ilis+   
influ5ce ( su* (f5ces to ! fruits ( !   
e>?1 b  to h ext5d$ x also to wom5 &    
cattle4#cii ,?us among !  ,hebrews we   
read h[ ,job1 passionately prote/+ 8    
innoc5ce be=e  ,god1 decl>es t he is no 
adult]]2 8,= t10 says he1 87 an  he9\s  
crime2 yea1 x 7 an iniquity to be puni%$
 by ! judges3  = x is a fire t consume? 
unto ,de/ruction1 & w\ld root out all   
m9e increase40#djj ,9 ?is passage !     
,hebrew ^w translat$  8increase0        
commonly means 8! produce ( ! e>?20#dja 
& if we  give ! ^w its usual s5se "h1 !n
 ,job affirms adult]y to be  de/ructive 
( ! fruits ( ! gr\nd1 :i* is j :at _m   
savages  /ill believe4 ,?is             
int]pretation ( 8 words is /rongly      
confirm$ by  two n>ratives 9 ,g5esis1   

:]e we read h[ ,s>ah1 ,abraham's wife1 0
  tak5 into 8 h>em by a k+ :o did n "k  
h] to be ! wife (  ! patri>*1 & h[      
!reaft] ,god visit$ ! k+ & 8 h\sehold  )
 great plagues1 especially by clos+ up !
 wombs ( ! k+'s  wives & 8 maid-s]vants1
 s t !y bore no *ildr54 ,x 0 n  till !  
k+ _h discov]$ & confess$ 8 s91 &       
,abraham _h  pray$ ,god to =give him1 t 
! k+'s wom5 aga9 became  fruitful4#djb  
,^! n>ratives seem to imply t adult]y1  
ev5 :5  x is committ$ 9 ignorance1 is a 
cause ( plague & especially (  /]ility  
among wom54 ,aga91 9 ,leviticus1 aft] a 
long li/ ( sexual  crimes1 we read3#djc 
8,defile n ye y\rselves 9 any ( ^! ?+s3 
= 9 all ^! ! nations are defil$ :i* ,i  
ca/ out f be=e  y3 & ! l& is defil$3    
!re=e ,i d visit ! iniquity !re(  ^u x1 
& ! l& vomite? out h] inhabitants40 ,?is
 passage  appe>s to imply t ! l& itself 
0 someh[ physically ta9t$ by  sexual    
transgressions s t x c\ld no long]      
support !  inhabitants4    ,sid5ote3    
,blight+ effect attribut$ to ince/ by ! 

anci5t ,greeks  & ,iri%4 ,x w\ld seem t 
! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans ent]ta9$     
simil> notions z to ! wa/+ effect (     
ince/4 ,accord+ to  ,sophocles ! l& (   
,!bes suff]$ f blight1 f pe/il5ce1 &  f 
! /]ility bo? ( wom5 & ( cattle "u !    
reign (  ,o$ipus1 :o _h unwitt+ly sla9 8
 fa!r & w$d$ 8 "m1 &  ! ,delphic oracle 
decl>$ t ! only way to re/ore !         
prosp]ity  ( ! c\ntry 0 to bani% ! s9n] 
f x1 z if 8 m]e pres5ce  )]$ plants1    
animals1 & wom54#djd ,no d\bt ! poet & 8
  he>]s set d[n ^! public calamities 9  
great "p to ! guilt (  p>ricide1 :i*    
re/$ on ,o$ipus2 b !y c h>dly h fail$ to
  lay mu* also ( ! evil at ! door ( 8   
ince/ ) 8 "m4  ,aga91 9 anci5t ,italy1  
"u ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 a ,roman noble 0
  accus$ ( ince/ ) 8 si/]4 ,he committ$ 
suicide1 8 si/] 0  bani%$1 & ! emp]or   
ord]$ t c]ta9 anci5t c]emonies          
traditionally d]iv$ f ! laws ( ,k+      
,s]vius ,tullius %\ld be  p]=m$1 & t    
expiation %\ld be made by ! pontiffs at 
!  sacr$ grove ( ,diana1#dje probably ! 

fam\s ,arician grove1 :i* has  furni%$ !
 />t+-po9t ( our enquiry4 ,z ,diana     
appe>s to h  be5 a goddess ( f]tility 9 
g5]al & ( ! fruitfulness ( wom5  9      
p>ticul>1 ! atonem5t made at h] sanctu>y
 = ince/ may  p]haps be accept$ z       
evid5ce t ! ,romans1 l o!r peoples1     
attribut$ to sexual immorality a t5d5cy 
to bla/ ! fruits bo? (  ! e>? & ( !     
womb4 ,?is inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ by a      
precept  laid d[n by grave ,roman writ]s
 t bak]s1 cooks1 & butl]s ought  to be  
/rictly *a/e & cont95t1 because x 0 mo/ 
important t  food & cups %\ld be h&l$   
ei!r by p]sons "u ! age (  pub]ty1 or at
 all ev5ts by p]sons :o indulg$ v sp>+ly
 9  sexual int]c\rse2 = :i* reason if a 
bak]1 a cook1 or a butl]  broke ?is rule
 ( cont95ce x 0 8 b\nd5 duty to wa% 9 a 
riv]  or o!r runn+ wat] be=e he appli$  
himself aga9 to 8  pr(essional duties4  
,b = all su* duties ! s]vices ( a boy or
 (  a virg9 7 pref]r$4#djf ,! ,celts (  
anci5t ,irel& simil>ly  believ$ t ince/ 
blight$ ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,accord+ to   

leg5d ,mun/] 0 afflict$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury 
( our era ) a  failure ( ! crops & o!r  
mis=tunes4 ,:5 ! nobles enquir$  into ! 
matt]1 !y 7 told t ^! calamities 7 !    
result (  an ince/ :i* ! k+ _h committ$ 
) 8 si/]4 ,9 ord] to put  an end to !   
evil !y dem&$ ( ! k+ 8 two sons1 ! fruit
 (  8 unholy union1 t !y might consume  
!m ) fire & ca/ _!  a%es into ! runn+   
/ream4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( ! sons1 ,corc by "n1
  is said to h be5 purg$ ( 8 inh]it$    
ta9t by be+ s5t out (  ,irel& to an     
isl&1 :]e a ,druid purifi$ him e morn+1 
by  putt+ him on ! back ( a :ite c[ ) r$
 e>s1 & p\r+ wat]  ov] him1 till "o day 
! c[ jump$ into ! sea & became a rock1  
no  d\bt tak+ ! s9 ( ,corc's fa!r away )
 h]4 ,aft] t ! boy  0 br\ght back to    
,er94#djg    ,sid5ote3 ,belief 9 !      
blight+ effect ( ince/ may h help$ to   
in/itute ! =bidd5 degrees4 ,?us ! belief
 t ince/ or sexual  crime 9 g5]al has   
p[] to bla/ ! fruits ( ! e>? is         
widespread & probably goes back to a v  
remote antiquity2 x may  long h prec$$ !

 rise ( agriculture4 ,we may conjecture 
t 9  its orig9 ! belief 0 magical r ?an 
religi\s2 9 o!r words1  t ! blight 0 at 
fir/ suppos$ to be a direct consequ5ce (
 !  act itself r ?an a puni%m5t inflict$
 on ! crim9al by gods or  spirits4      
,conceiv$ z an unnatural union ( !      
sexes1 ince/ might be  ?\ght to subv]t !
 regul> processes ( reproduction1 & s to
  prev5t ! e>? f yield+ its fruits & to 
h9d] animals & m5  f propagat+ _! k9ds4 
,at a lat] "t ! ang] ( spiritual  be+s  
w\ld naturally be invok$ 9 ord] to give 
a religi\s sanction  to ! old taboo4 ,if
 ?is 0 s1 x is possible t some?+ ( !    
horror :i* ince/ has excit$ among mo/1  
?\gh by no means all1  races ( m51      
sprang f ?is anci5t sup]/ition & has be5
  transmitt$ z an in/9ct 9 _m nations   
long aft] ! imag9>y  gr\nd ( x _h be5   
=gott54 ,c]ta9ly a c\rse ( conduct :i* 0
  suppos$ to endang] or de/roy ! g5]al  
supply ( food & !re=e  to /rike a bl[ at
 ! v life ( ! :ole p1 c\ld n b  pres5t  
itself to ! savage imag9ation z a crime 

( ! blacke/ dye1  fraught ) ! mo/ fatal 
consequ5ces to ! public weal4 ,h[ f>    
su* a sup]/ition may 9 ! beg9n+ h op]at$
 to prev5t !  union ( ne> k91 9 o!r     
words1 to in/itute ! sy/em ( prohibit$  
degrees :i* /ill prevails among ! great 
majority ( mank9d1 bo?  savage &        
civilis$1 is a "q :i* des]ves to be     
consid]$ by  ! hi/orians ( m>riage4#djh 
,sid5ote3 ,explanation ( ! seem+        
contradiction 9 ! =ego+  cu/oms4 ,if we 
ask :y x is t simil> beliefs %\ld       
logically  lead1 among diff]5t peoples1 
to su* opposite modes ( conduct z  /rict
 *a/ity & m or less op5 debau*]y1 !     
reason1 z x  pres5ts itself to !        
primitive m9d1 is p]haps n v f> to seek4
  ,if rude man id5tifies himself1 9 a   
mann]1 ) nature2 if he fails to  di/+ui%
 ! impulses & processes 9 himself f !   
me?ods :i*  nature adopts to ensure !   
reproduction ( plants & animals1 he may 
leap to "o ( two conclusions4 ,ei!r he  
may inf] t by yield+ to  8 appetites he 
w !reby assi/ 9 ! multiplication (      

plants &  animals2 or he may imag9e t ! 
vig\r :i* he refuses to exp5d 9         
reproduc+ 8 own k9d1 w =m z x 7 a /ore (
 en]gy :]eby  o!r creatures1 :e!r       
vegetable or animal1 w someh[ b5efit 9  
propagat+ _! species4 ,?us f ! same     
crude philosophy1 ! same  primitive     
notions ( nature & life1 ! savage may   
d]ive by diff]5t  *annels a rule ei!r ( 
pr(ligacy or ( asceticism4    ,sid5ote3 
,indirect b5efit ( "s ( ^! sup]/iti\s   
cu/oms4 ,to  read]s br$ 9 a religion :i*
 is saturat$ ) ! ascetic idealism  ( !  
,ea/1 ! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 ( !   
rule (  cont95ce obs]v$ "u c]ta9        
circum/ances by rude or savage  peoples 
may seem f>-fet*$ ,sid5ote3 ,! ascetic  
view ( *a/ity n  und]/ood by ! savage4 &
 improbable4 ,!y may ?9k t moral        
purity1 :i* is s intimately associat$ 9 
_! m9ds ) !  obs]vance ( su* a rule1    
furni%es a suffici5t explanation ( x2   
!y may hold ) ,milton#dji t *a/ity 9    
itself is a noble  virtue1 & t ! re/ra9t
 :i* x imposes on "o ( ! /ronge/        

impulses ( our animal nature m>ks out ^?
 :o c submit to x z  m5 rais$ above !   
common h]d1 & !re=e wor?y to receive !  
seal ( ! div9e approbation4 ,h[ev]      
natural ?is mode ( ?\ght may  seem to u1
 x is utt]ly =eign & inde$              
incompreh5sible to !  savage4 ,if he    
resi/s on occasion ! sexual in/9ct1 x is
 f no  high idealism1 no e!real         
aspiration aft] moral purity1 b = !     
sake ( "s ult]ior yet p]fectly def9ite &
 concrete object1 to  ga9 :i* he is     
prep>$ to sacrifice ! imm$iate          
gratification (  8 s5ses4 ,t ?is is or  
may be s1 ! examples ,i h cit$ are      
amply suffici5t to prove4 ,!y %ew t :]e 
! in/9ct (  self-pres]vation1 :i*       
manife/s itself *iefly 9 ! se>* =  food1
 conflicts or appe>s to conflict ) !    
in/9ct :i* conduces  to ! propagation ( 
! species1 ! =m] in/9ct1 z ! prim>y  & m
 fundam5tal1 is capable ( ov]-ma/]+ !   
latt]4 ,9 %ort1  ! savage is will+ to   
re/ra9 8 sexual prop5sity = ! sake (    
food4 ,ano!r object = ! sake ( :i* he   

cons5ts to ex]cise !  same self-re/ra9t 
is victory 9 w>4 ,n only ! w>rior 9 !   
field  b 8 fri5ds at home w (t5 bridle  
_! s5sual appetites f a  belief t by s  
do+ !y w ! m easily ov]come _!          
enemies4#daj ,! fallacy ( su* a belief1 
l ! belief t !  *a/ity ( ! s[] conduces 
to ! gr[? ( ! se$1 is pla9  en\gh to u2 
yet p]haps ! self-re/ra9t :i* ^! & ! l  
beliefs1 va9 & false z !y are1 h impos$ 
on mank9d1 has n  be5 )\t its utility 9 
brac+ & /r5g!n+ ! bre$4 ,=  /r5g? ( "* 9
 ! race z 9 ! individual consi/s ma9ly  
9 ! p[] ( sacrific+ ! pres5t to !       
future1 ( disreg>d+  ! imm$iate         
temptations ( ephem]al pleasure = m     
di/ant &  la/+ s\rces ( satisfaction4 ,!
 m ! p[] is ex]cis$ !  high] & /rong]   
becomes ! "*2 till ! height ( h]oism is 
rea*$ 9 m5 :o r5\nce ! pleasures ( life 
& ev5 life itself  = ! sake ( keep+ or  
w9n+ = o!rs1 p]haps 9 di/ant ages1  !   
bless+s ( fre$om & tru?4    ,footnote   
#cea3      ,see above1 p4 #fg1 & bel[1  
p4 #ajd4    ,footnote #ceb3             

,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des     
nations civilises du ,mexique et    de  
l',amrique ,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71
 ii4 #efe2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1    ,native 
,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #gai    
sq41 iii4 #ejg2 ,o4    ,/oll1 ,die      
,e?nologie d] ,indian]/mme von          
,guatemala 7,leyd51    #ahhi71 p4 #dg4  
,footnote #cec3      ,p4 ,j4 de         
,arriaga1 ,extirpacion de la idolatria  
del ,piru 7,lima1 #afba71    pp4 #cf sq4
    ,footnote #ced3      ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51
 8,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5     
,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10    ,de ,indis*e     
,gids1 ,june #ahhd1 p4 #ieh4            
,footnote #cee3      ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1
 ,de sluik-en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5    
,selebes en    ,papua1 pp4 #ccg1        
#cgb-cge1 #daj sq42 ,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4     
,b>on van ,hovell1 9    ,tijds*rift voor
 ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1   
xxxiii4 7#ahij7    pp4 #bjd sq41 #bjf   
sq42 id41 9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr   
,e?nographie1 viii4 7#ahie7 p4 #acd2 ,j4
 ,a4 ,jacobs51 ,reis5 9 die             

,inselwelt des ,b&a-,me]es 7,b]l91      
#ahif71 pp4 #abc1 #abe2 ,j4 ,h4 de      
,vries1 8,reis door e5ige eil&groep5 d] 
,resid5tie ,ambo9a10    ,tijds*rift van 
het kon9k4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig     
,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 xvii4 7#aijj7 
pp4 #eid1 #fab1 #fae sq4 ,!    "n ( !   
fe/ival is v>i\sly giv5 z porke1 porka1 
porka1 & purka4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,timor !    
m>riage ( !    ,sun-god ) ,"m ,e>? is   
deem$ ! s\rce ( all f]tility &    gr[?4 
,see ,j4 ,s4 ,g4 ,gramb]g1 8,e5e ma& 9  
de ,b9n5l&5 van    ,timor10 ,v]h&el+5   
van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van      
,kun/5 en    ,wet5s*app51 xxxvi4 #bjf   
sq42 ,h4 ,sond]van1 8,timor en de       
,timoreez510 ,tijds*riftvan het ,n$]l&s*
 ,a>drijkskundig    ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e  
,s]ie1 dl4 v4 7#ahhh71 ,afdeel+ me]     
uitgebreide    artikel51 p4 #cig4       
,footnote #cef3      ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1   
8,! ,native ,tribes ( ,manipur10 ,j\rnal
 ( !    ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4
 7#aija7 p4 #cjg4    ,footnote #ceg3    
,maimonides1 translat$ by ,d4 ,*wolsohn1

 ,die ,ssabi] und d]    ,ssabismus1 ii4 
#dge4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ! direction1  
:i* ,maimonides "h attributes to ! hea!n
 ( ,h>ran1 is tak5 by    him f ! beg9n+ 
( ,! ,agriculture ( ! ,nabataeans1 :i*  
he _h ref]r$ to a few l9es be=e4 ,! fir/
 "p ( t "w    appe>s to be lo/1 ?\gh o!r
 p>ts ( x exi/ 9 manuscript at    ,p>is1
 ,ox=d1 & else:]e4 ,see ,d4 ,*wolsohn1  
op4 cit4 i4 #fig    sqq4 ,! book is an  
e>ly ,mohamm$an =g]y2 b ! sup]/itions   
x describes may v well be g5u9e4 ,see   
,a4 von ,guts*mid1 ,kle9e    ,s*rift51  
ii4 #efh-gac4    ,footnote #ceh3        
,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>on van ,hovell1      
,ambon en me] bepaaldelijk de           
,oelias]s 7,dordre*t1 #ahge71 pp4 #fb   
sq4    ,footnote #cei3      ,j4 ,kreem]1
 8,tiang-drs0 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het    
,n$]l&s*e    ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxvi4    
7#ahhb71 pp4 #abh-acb4 ,?is & !         
prec$+ cu/om h be5 already quot$ by ,g4 
,a4 ,wilk5 78,het    animisme bij de    
volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 ,de    
,indis*e    ,gids1 ,june #ahhd1 pp4 #ifb

 sq42 & ,h&leid+ voor de    vorgelijk5de
 ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi 7,leyd51
 #ahic71 p4    #eej74    ,footnote #cfj3
      ,above1 p4 #bf4    ,footnote #cfa3
      ,w4 ,svoboda1 8,die ,bewohn] des  
,nikob>5-,ar*ipels10 ,int]nationales    
,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 v4 7#ahib7 pp4  
#aic sq4 ,= o!r examples    ( a fruitful
 woman mak+ trees fruitful1 see above1  
vol4 i4 pp4 #adj    sq4    ,footnote    
#cfb3      ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,fur!r ,notes  
on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a10     
,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1  
xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #cb-ce1    #ch1 #hj4 
,! ,p]uvian cu/om describ$ above 7vol4  
i4 p4 #bff7 may 9    l mann] h be5      
int5d$ to promote ! gr[? ( beans ?r\gh  
! f]tilis+ influ5ce ( ! p>5ts ( tw9s4   
,on ! contr>y    among ! ,bass>i (      
,togo1 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 wom5 :o h giv5 
bir? to tw9s may n g ne> ! f>m at !     
seasons ( s[+ &    reap+1 le/ !y %\ld   
de/roy ! crop4 ,only aft] ! bir? (      
ano!r *ild does cu/om all[ !m to %>e    
aga9 ! lab\r ( !    fields4 ,see ,h4    

,klose1 ,togo unt] deuts*] ,flagge      
7,b]l91 #ahii71 p4    #eaj4    ,footnote
 #cfc3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 
pp4 #dhj sq42 id41 ,my?ologis*e         
,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 p4 #cda4   
,footnote #cfd3      ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul>  
,antiquities1 i4 #aha4    ,footnote     
#cfe3      ,my in=mant is ,pr(4 ,w4     
,ridgeway4 ,! place 0 a field at ! head 
( ! ,d>gle vale1 ne> ,ennisk]ry4        
,footnote #cff3      ,see above1 p4 #fg4
    ,footnote #cfg3      ,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4
 ,b>on van ,hovell1 9 ,int]nationales   
,ar*iv fr    ,e?nographie1 viii4 7#ahie7
 p4 #acd note4 ,! cu/om seems to g by ! 
"n ( dauwtropp5 or 8dew-tread+40 ,z     
di/ricts or places 9    :i* ! practice  
is /ill kept up ! writ] names ,s\?      
,holl&1    ,dordre*t1 & ,rott]dam4      
,footnote #cfh3      ,l4 ,/rack]jan1    
,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um  
,old5burg    7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 ii4 p4 
#gh1  #cfa2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 
p4    #dha2 id41 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 
p4 #cdj4 ,comp>e ,?4 ,siebs1    8,das   

,sat]l&10 ,zeits*rift fr ,volkskunde1   
iii4 7#ahic7 p4 #bgg4    ,footnote #cfi3
      ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &]       
aanga&e het gee/elijk en                
maats*appelijk lev5 van d5              
,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege    het
 ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxix4     
7#ahie7 p4 #ach1 ibid4    xl4 7#ahif7   
pp4 #af sq4    ,footnote #cgj3      ,g4 
,f4 ,ovi$o y ,valdes1 ,hi/oire du       
,nic>agua 7publi%$ 9                    
,t]naux-,compans' ,voyages1 relations et
 mmoires orig9aux1 etc471    ,p>is1     
#ahdj1 pp4 #bbh sq42 ,a4 de ,h]r]a1     
,g5]al ,hi/ory ( !    ,va/ ,cont95t &   
,isl&s call$ ,am]ica 7,/ev5s's          
translation1    ,london1 #agbe-bf71 iii4
 #bih4    ,footnote #cga3      ,c4      
,sapp]1 8,die ,gebru*e und religis5     
,ans*auung5 d]    ,kek*i-,indian]10     
,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 
viii4    7#ahie7 p4 #bjc4 ,ab/95ce f    
wom5 = sev]al days is also    practis$  
be=e ! s[+ ( beans & ( *ilis1 b only by 
,indians :o d a l>ge bus9ess 9 ^!       

commodities 7ibid4 p4 #bje74            
,footnote #cgb3      ,a4 ,he9ri*1       
,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5   
,sa*s5    ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1     
#ahhj71 p4 #g4    ,footnote #cgc3       
,r4 ,temesv>y1 ,volksbru*e und          
,ab]glaub5 9 d] ,geburt%ilfe und    d]  
,pflege d] ,neugeborn5 9 ,ung>n         
7,leipsic1 #aijj71 p4 #af4    ,footnote 
#cgd3      ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn     
,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bic4   
,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #hh4    ,footnote
 #cge3      ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,!       
,melanesians1 p4 #acd4    ,footnote     
#cgf3      ,j4 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new 
,gu9ea 7,london1 #ahhg71 p4 #aha4 ,!    
^w :i* ,i h tak5 to mean 8holy or taboo0
 is helaga4 ,mr4    ,*alm]s does n      
translate or expla9 x4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,g4     
,seligmann says    t ! ^w 8conveys      
some?+ ( ! idea ( #8sacr$1' #8set ap>t1'
    #8*>g$ ) virtue'0 7,! ,melanesians (
 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4    #aja1 note  
#b74    ,footnote #cgg3      ,a4 ,c4    
,haddon1 ,head-hunt]s 7,london1 #aija71 

pp4 #bgj-bgb1 #bge sq4    ,footnote     
#cgh3      ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 8,! ,native 
,tribes ( ,manipur10 ,j\rnal ( !        
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4 7#aija7
 p4 #cjg4    ,footnote #cgi3      ,t4   
,c4 ,hodson1 8,! g5na among/ ! ,tribes (
 ,assam10 ,j\rnal (    ! ,an?ropological
 ,in/itute1 xxxvi4 7#aijf7 p4 #id4      
,footnote #chj3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 
xii4 #ed2 ,sol9us1 xxxiii4 #f sq41 p4   
#aff1 ed4 ,?4    ,momms5 7fir/ edition74
    ,footnote #cha3      ,!ophra/us1    
,hi/or4 plant4 ix4 #d4 #e sq4           
,footnote #chb3      ,palladius1 ,de re 
ru/ica1 i4 #f4 #ad2 ,geoponica1 ix4 #c4 
#e sq4    ,footnote #chc3      ,) :at   
foll[s comp>e ,psy*e's ,task1 *apt] iv4 
pp4 #ca sqq41    :]e ,i h adduc$ ! same 
evid5ce to "s ext5t 9 ! same    words4  
,footnote #chd3      ,f4 ,mason1 8,on   
dwell+s1 works ( art1 laws1 etc41 ( !   
,k>5s10    ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society
 ( ,b5gal1 xxxvii4 7#ahfh7 ,"p ii4      
pp4 #adg sq4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,r4 ,m',mahon1 
,! ,k>5s ( ! ,gold5    ,*]sonese        

7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #ccd sq4          
,footnote #che3      ,j4 ,b4 ,neumann1  
8,het ,pane- en ,bila-/roomgebi$ op het 
eil&    ,sumatra10 ,tijds*rift van het  
,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig    ,g5oots*ap1 
,twe$e ,s]ie1 dl4 iii4 ,afdeel+1 me]    
uitgebreide    artikel51 ,no4 #c        
7#ahhf71 pp4 #ead sq42 ,m4 ,j\/ra1 8,het
 lev51 de    z$5 en gewoont5 d]         
,bataks10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het        
,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xlvi4       
7#aijb7 p4 #daa4    ,footnote #chf3     
,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 8,l['s natives ( ,borneo10
 ,j\rnal ( !    ,an?ropological         
,in/itute1 xxi4 7#ahib7 pp4 #aac sq41   
#acc1 xxii4    7#ahic7 p4 #bd2 id41     
,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor?      
,borneo1 i4    #dja4 ,comp>e ,rev4 ,j4  
,p]ham1 8,pet>a1 or ,sea ,dyak ,gods10  
,j\rnal (    ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal
 ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #h1 ,decemb]   
#ahha1 p4 #aej2 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives (
 ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor?    ,borneo1 i4 
#ahj4 ,accord+ to ,ar*deacon ,p]ham1 8,e
 di/rict    trav]s$ by an adult]] is    

believ$ to be accurs$ ( ! gods until    
! prop] sacrifice has be5 (f]$40 ,9     
respectable ,dyak families1    :5 an    
unm>ri$ girl is f\nd ) *ild & ! fa!r is 
unkn[n1    !y sacrifice a pig & spr9kle 
! doors ) its blood to wa%    away ! s9 
7,sp5s] ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( !  
,f> ,ea/1    #bnd ,ed41 i4 #fd74 ,9     
,c]am a p]son convict$ ( un*a/ity has to
    expiate 8 guilt by sme>+ e h\se 9 ! 
village ) !    blood ( a pig & a f[l4   
,see ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,indonesi51 i4 7,b]l91
    #ahhd7 p4 #add4    ,footnote #chg3  
,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo  
7,leyd51 #aijd-aijg71 i4 #cfg4          
,footnote #chh3      ,a4 ,w4            
,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 ii4 #ii2
 id41 ,9 ,c5traal    ,borneo 7,leyd51   
#aijj71 ii4 #bgh4    ,footnote #chi3    
,b4 ,f4 ,mat!s1 8,ov] de d's ( gewoont5 
d] ,makass>5 en    ,boeg9eez510 ,v]slag5
 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9klijke ,akademie   
van    ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+            
,lett]kunde1 ,d]de ,reeks1 ,,ii4        
7,am/]dam1    #ahhe7 p4 #ahb4 ,! simil> 

,roman p5alty = p>ricide 7,dige/1       
xlviii4 #i4 #i2 ,val]ius ,maximus1 i4   
#a4 #ac2 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,mayor's note on   
,juv5al ,sat4 viii4 #bad7 may h be5     
adopt$ = a simil> reason4    ,b 9 t case
 ! sc\rg+ :i* prec$$ ! dr[n+ c h>dly    
h be5 orig9ally a "p ( ! puni%m5t4      
,footnote #cij3      ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1   
8,e5ige e?nografis*e aanteek5+5 omtr5t  
de    ,tobo5gkoe en de ,tomori10        
,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e        
,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4 7#aijj7 p4 #bce4
    ,footnote #cia3      ,a4 ,c4        
,kruijt1 8,van ,posso na> ,mori10       
,m$$eel+5 van wege het    ,n$]l&s*e     
,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4 7#aijj7 p4 #afb4
    ,footnote #cib3      ,m4 ,j4 van    
,ba>da1 8,fabel51 ,v]hal5 en ,ov]lev]+5 
d]    ,galel>eez510 ,bijdrag5 tot de    
,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van          
,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlv4 7#ahie7 p4 #ead4 ,9
 ! ,banggai ,ar*ipelago1    to ! ea/ (  
,celebes1 e>?quakes are expla9$ z       
puni%m5ts    inflict$ by evil spirits = 
indulg5ce 9 illicit love 7,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de

    ,cl]cq1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,k5nis d]  
,resid5tie ,t]nate 7,leyd51    #ahij71  
p4 #acb74    ,footnote #cic3      ,o4   
,dapp]1 ,description de l',afrique      
7,am/]dam1 #afhf71 p4 #cbf2 ,r4 ,e4     
,d5nett1 ,at ! ,back ( ! ,black ,man's  
,m9d 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #ec1         
#fg-ga4    ,footnote #cid3      ,r4 ,e4 
,d5nett1 op4 cit4 p4 #eb4    ,footnote  
#cie3      ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i1 _! 
,language & ,folk-lore 7,ox=d1          
#aiji71 p4 #gf4    ,footnote #cif3      
,rev4 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos         
7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #beb4    ,footnote 
#cig3      ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on1 ,! ,ug&a
 ,protectorate 7,london1 #aijb71 ii4    
#gah    sq4    ,footnote #cih3      ,a4 
,c4 ,kruijt1 8,reg5 lokk5 en reg5       
v]drijv5 bij de ,toradja's van    ,midd5
 ,celebes10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e   
,taal- ,l&- en    ,volk5kunde1 xliv4    
7#aija7 p4 #d4    ,footnote #cii3       
,probably a simil> ext5sion ( !         
sup]/ition to animal life occurs    also
 among savages1 ?\gh ! au?orities ,i h  

consult$ d n    m5tion x4 ,a trace1     
h[ev]1 ( su* an ext5sion appe>s 9 a     
belief    ent]ta9$ by ! ,khasis (       
,assam1 t if a man defies tribal cu/om  
by m>ry+ a woman ( 8 own clan1 ! wom5 ( 
! tribe w die    9 *ildb$ & ! p w suff] 
f o!r calamities4 ,see    ,colonel ,p4  
,r4 ,t4 ,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1   
#aijg71 pp4 #id1 #abc4    ,footnote     
#djj3      ,job xxxi4 #aa sq4 7,revis$  
,v]sion74    ,footnote #dja3      4 ,see
 ,hebrew & ,engli% ,lexicon1 by ,f4     
,br[n1 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1    & ,*4 ,a4     
,briggs 7,ox=d1 #aijf71 p4 #ajj4        
,footnote #djb3      ,g5esis xii4       
#aj-bj1 xx4 #a-ah4    ,footnote #djc3   
,leviticus xviii4 #bd sq4    ,footnote  
#djd3      ,sophocles1 ,o$ipus          
,tyrannus1 #bb sqq41 #ie sqq4           
,footnote #dje3      ,tacitus1 ,annals1 
xii4 #d & #h4    ,footnote #djf3        
,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 xii4 #b sq41 
appeal+ to ! au?ority    ( ,m4          
,ambivius1 ,ma5as ,lic9ius1 & ,c4       
,matius4 ,see on ?is subject    bel[1 p4

 #bje4    ,footnote #djg3      ,g4      
,keat+1 ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 translat$ by  
,j4 ,o',mahony 7,new ,york1    #aheg71  
pp4 #ccg sq42 ,p4 ,w4 ,joyce1 ,social   
,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&    7,london1   
#aijc71 ii4 #eab sq42 ,j4 ,rhys1 ,celtic
 ,hea!ndom 7,london    & ,ed9burgh1     
#ahhh71 pp4 #cjh sq4    ,footnote #djh3 
,comp>e ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #aec  
sqq4    ,footnote #dji3      8,next 7=  
he> me out n[1 read]s7 t ,i may tell ye 
:i!r my    y\ng] feet w&]$2 ,i betook me
 among ^? l(ty fables &    romances :i* 
rec\nt 9 solemn cantos ! de$s (         
knigh?ood    f\nd$ by our victori\s k+s1
 & f h5ce _h 9 r5[n ov] all             
,*ri/5dom4 ,!re ,i read x 9 ! oa? ( e   
knight t he    %\ld def5d to ! utmo/    
exp5se ( 8 be/ blood1 or ( 8 life1    if
 x s befell him1 ! hon\r & *a/ity (     
virg9 or matron2 f    :5ce ev5 !n ,i    
le>n$ :at a noble virtue *a/ity sure mu/
 be1    to ! def5ce ( :i* s _m wor?ies1 
by su* a de> adv5ture (    !mselves1 _h 
sworn2 & if ,i f\nd 9 ! /ory aft]w>d any

 (    !m by ^w or de$ break+ t oa?1 ,i  
judg$ x ! same fault (    ! poet z t :i*
 is attribut$ to ,hom]1 to h writt5     
indec5t ?+s ( ! gods4 ,only ?is my m9d  
gave me1 t e    free & g5tle _s1 )\t t  
oa?1 ought to be born a knight1    nor  
ne$$ to expect ! gilt spur or ! lay+ ( a
 sword ^u 8    %\ld] to /ir him up bo?  
by 8 c\nsel & 8 arm1 to secure &        
protect ! weakness ( any attempt$       
*a/ity0 7,milton1 8,apology =           
,smectymnuus10 ,complete ,collection ( !
 ,hi/orical1 ,political1 &              
,miscellane\s ,works ( ,john ,milton    
7,london1 #agch71 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa74     
,footnote #daj3      ,= examples (      
*a/ity obs]v$ at home by ! fri5ds ( !   
abs5t    w>riors1 see above1 vol4 i4 pp4
 #abh1 #aca1 #acc4 ,examples ( *a/ity   
obs]v$ by ! w>riors !mselves 9 ! field w
 be giv5 9 !    second "p ( ?is "w4     
,mean:ile see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd     
,ed41    i4 #cbh1 note #b4              
,,*apt] ,,xii                           
,,! ,,sacr$ ,,m>riage                   

#a4 ,diana z a ,goddess ( ,f]tility     
,sid5ote3 ,dramatic m>riages ( gods &   
goddesses z a *>m to  promote           
vegetation4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t     
accord+ to a  widespread belief1 :i* is 
n )\t a f\ndation 9 fact1 plants        
reproduce _! k9ds ?r\gh ! sexual union (
 male & female  elem5ts1 & t on !       
pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative     
magic  ?is reproduction c be /imulat$ by
 ! real or mock m>riage ( m5  & wom51 :o
 masqu]ade = ! "t be+ z spirits (       
vegetation4  ,su* magical dramas h play$
 a great "p 9 ! popul> fe/ivals (       
,europe1 & bas$ z !y are on a v crude   
conception ( natural law1  x is cle> t  
!y mu/ h be5 h&$ d[n f a remote         
antiquity4 ,we %all h>dly1 !re=e1 err 9 
assum+ t !y date  f a "t :5 ! =efa!rs ( 
! civilis$ nations ( ,europe 7  /ill    
b>b>ians1 h]d+ _! cattle & cultivat+    
pat*es ( corn  9 ! cle>+s ( ! va/ =e/s1 
:i* !n cov]$ ! great]  "p ( ! cont95t1 f
 ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,b 
if ^! old spells & en*antm5ts = ! gr[? (

 leaves &  blossoms1 ( grass & fl[]s &  
fruit1 h l+]$ d[n to our own  "t 9 !    
%ape ( pa/oral plays & popul>           
m]ry-mak+s1 is x n  reasonable to       
suppose t !y surviv$ 9 less att5uat$ =ms
 "s  two ?\s& ye>s ago among ! civilis$ 
peoples ( antiquity8 ,or1 to  put x     
o!rwise1 is x n likely t 9 c]ta9        
fe/ivals ( !  anci5ts we may be able to 
detect ! equival5ts ( our ,may ,day1    
,:itsuntide1 & ,midsumm] celebrations1 )
 ?is diff]5ce1 t 9  ^? days ! c]emonies 
_h n yet dw9dl$ into m]e %[s &          
pageants1 b 7 /ill religi\s or magical  
rites1 9 :i* ! actors  consci\sly       
support$ ! high p>ts ( gods & goddesses8
 ,n[ 9 !  fir/ *apt] ( ?is book we f\nd 
reason to believe t ! prie/  :o bore !  
title ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi _h = 8   
mate !  goddess ( ! grove1 ,diana       
h]self4 ,may n he & %e1 z ,k+ &  ,que5 (
 ! ,wood1 h be5 s]i\s c\nt]p>ts ( ! m]ry
 mumm]s  :o play ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may1 !
 ,:itsuntide ,bridegroom & ,bride  9    
mod]n ,europe8 & may n _! union h be5   

ye>ly celebrat$ 9  a !ogamy or div9e    
m>riage8 ,su* dramatic w$d+s ( gods &   
goddesses1 z we %all see pres5tly1 7    
c>ri$ out z solemn  religi\s rites 9 _m 
p>ts ( ! anci5t _w2 h5ce !re is no      
intr9sic improbability 9 ! supposition t
 ! sacr$ grove at ,nemi  may h be5 !    
sc5e ( an annual c]emony ( ?is sort4    
,direct  evid5ce t x 0 s !re is none1 b 
analogy pleads 9 fav\r (  ! view1 z ,i  
%all n[ endeav\r to %ew4    ,sid5ote3   
,diana a goddess ( ! woodl&s4 ,diana 0  
ess5tially a  goddess ( ! woodl&s1 z    
,c]es 0 a goddess ( ! corn & ,bac*us  a 
god ( ! v9e4#daa ,h] sanctu>ies 7       
commonly 9 groves1 inde$  e grove 0     
sacr$ to h]1#dab & %e is (t5 associat$ )
 !  =e/ god ,silvanus 9 d$ications4#dac 
,we mu/ n ,sid5ote3 ,sanctity  ( holy   
groves 9 antiquity4 =get t to ! anci5ts 
! sanctity  ( a holy grove 0 v real &   
might n be violat$ ) impunity4  ,=      
example1 9 ,attica !re 0 a sanctu>y (   
,eri?asean ,apollo1 &  x 0 enact$ by law
 t any p]son caught 9 ! act ( cutt+     

trees  9 x1 or c>ry+ away timb]1        
firewood1 or fall5 leaves1 %\ld be      
puni%$ ) fifty /ripes1 if he 0 a slave1 
or ) a f9e ( fifty  dra*ms1 if he 0 a   
freeman4 ,! culprit 0 d5\nc$ by ! prie/ 
to  ! k+1 t is1 to ! sacr$ (ficial or   
m9i/] ( /ate :o bore  ! royal title4#dad
 ,simil>ly x 0 ! duty ( ! sacr$ m5 at   
,&ania1 9 ,mess5ia1 to sc\rge slaves &  
f9e freem5 :o cut wood 9  ! grove ( !   
,great ,goddesses4#dae ,9 ,crete x 0    
=bidd51 "u  pa9 ( curses & f9es1 to fell
 timb]1 s[ corn1 & h]d or fold  flocks  
)9 ! prec9ct ( ,dictaean ,zeus4#daf ,9  
,italy l cu/oms  prevail$4 ,ne>         
,spoletium !re 0 a sacr$ grove f :i*    
no?+  might be tak51 & 9 :i* no wood    
might be cut except j s mu* z  0 ne$$ = 
! annual sacrifice4 ,any p]son :o kn[+ly
 violat$  ! sanctity ( ! grove _h to    
expiate 8 (f5ce by sacrific+ an  ox to  
,jupit]1 & to pay besides a f9e ( ?ree  
hundr$ p5ce4#dag ,9  8 treatise on f>m+ 
,cato directs t be=e ?9n+ a grove !     
,roman husb&man %\ld (f] a pig z an     

expiatory sacrifice to ! god  or goddess
 ( ! place1 & %\ld entreat 8 or h] fav\r
 =  himself1 8 *ildr51 & 8 h\sehold4#dah
 ,! ,fratres ,arvales or  ,bre?r5 ( !   
,till$ ,fields 7 a ,roman college (     
twelve prie/s1  :o p]=m$ public religi\s
 rites = ! purpose ( mak+ ! crops  to   
gr[1 & !y wore wrea?s ( e>s ( corn z a  
badge ( _!  (fice4#dai ,_! sacrifices 7 
(f]$ 9 ! grove ( ! goddess  ,dia1       
situat$ five miles d[n ! ,tib] f ,rome4 
,s hall[$ 0 ?is  grove1 :i* is kn[n to h
 includ$ laurels & holly-oaks1 t        
expiatory sacrifices ( s[s & lambs _h to
 be (f]$ :5 a rott5  b\gh fell to !     
gr\nd1 or :5 an old tree 0 laid l[ by a 
/orm or  dragg$ d[n by a load ( sn[ on  
its bran*es4 ,& /ill m elaborate        
expiation _h to be made ) ! slaught] (  
s[s1 %eep1 & bulls  :5 any ( ! sacr$    
trees 7 /ruck by lightn+ & x 0  necess>y
 to dig !m up by ! roots1 split !m1 burn
 !m1 & plant  o!rs 9 _! room4#dbj ,at ! 
annual fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia1 :i*  0      
int5d$ to ensure ! welf>e ( ! flocks &  

h]ds1 ,roman  %eph]ds pray$ to be =giv5 
if !y _h ent]$ a hall[$ grove1 or  sat  
d[n "u a sacr$ tree1 or lopp$ a holy    
b\gh 9 ord] to fe$ a  sick %eep on !    
leaves4#dba    ,sid5ote3 ,s5se ( !      
div9ity ( woods %>$ by polite ,roman    
writ]s4 ,nor 0 ?is s5se ( ! indwell+    
div9ity ( ! woods  conf9$ to ! simple   
ru/ics :o1 t5d+ _! flocks 9 !  *equ]$   
%ade1 felt ! pres5ce ( spirits 9 !      
solemn /illness (  ! =e/1 he>d _! voices
 9 ! s\gh ( ! w9d among !  bran*es1 &   
saw _! h&iwork 9 ! fre% gre5 ( spr+ & ! 
fad+ gold ( autumn4 ,! feel+ 0 %>$ by ! 
mo/ cultivat$  m9ds 9 ! greate/ age (   
,roman civilisation4 ,pl9y says t 8!    
woods 7 =m]ly ! temples ( ! deities1 &  
ev5 n[ simple  c\ntry folk d$icate a    
tall tree to a god ) ! ritual ( ! old5  
"t2 & we adore sacr$ groves & ! v sil5ce
 t reigns 9  !m n less dev\tly ?an      
images t gleam ) gold & ivory40#dbb     
,simil>ly ,s5eca writes3 8,if y come ^u 
a grove ( old trees t  h %ot up above ! 
common height & %ut out ! sight ( ! sky 

by ! gloom ( _! matt$ b\ghs1 y feel !re 
is a _s 9 !  place1 s l(ty is ! wood1 s 
lone ! spot1 s wondr\s ! ?ick  unbrok5  
%ade40#dbc    ,sid5ote3 ,! break+ ( !   
,gold5 ,b\gh a rite ( solemn            
significance1 n a m]e piece ( bravado4  
,?us ! anci5ts1 l _m  o!r p 9 v>i\s p>ts
 ( ! _w1 7 deeply impress$ )  ! sanctity
 ( holy groves1 & reg>d$ ev5 ! cutt+ ( a
 b\gh 9  !m z a sacrilege :i* call$ =   
expiation4 ,if !re=e a c&idate  = !     
prie/hood ( ,diana at ,nemi _h to break 
a bran* ( a c]ta9  tree 9 ! sacr$ grove 
be=e he c\ld fight ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 we  
may be sure t ! act 0 a rite ( solemn   
significance1 & t to  treat x z a m]e   
piece ( bravado1 a *all5ge to ! prie/ to
 come  on & def5d 8 doma91 w\ld be to   
commit ! commone/ ( all errors  9 deal+ 
) ! pa/1 t1 namely1 ( int]pret+ ! cu/oms
 (  o!r races & o!r g5]ations by ref]5ce
 to mod]n ,european  /&>ds4 ,9 ord] to  
und]/& an ali5 religion ! fir/ ess5tial 
is to dive/ ourselves1 z well z we c1 ( 
our own famili>  prepossessions1 & to   

place ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( ^?   
^: fai? & practice we are /udy+4 ,to d  
?is at all is  difficult2 to d x        
completely is p]haps impossible2 yet !  
attempt  mu/ be made if ! enquiry is to 
progress in/ead ( return+ on  itself 9 a
 vici\s circle4    ,sid5ote3 ,diana n a 
m]e goddess ( trees1 b1 l ,artemis1 a   
p]sonification ( ! teem+ life ( nature1 
bo? animal &  vegetable4 ,b :atev] h]   
orig9 may h be51 ,diana 0 n always  a   
m]e goddess ( trees4 ,l h] ,greek si/]  
,artemis1 %e appe>s to  h develop$ into 
a p]sonification ( ! teem+ life (       
nature1  bo? animal & vegetable4 ,z     
mi/ress ( ! gre5wood %e w\ld  naturally 
be ?\ght to own ! bea/s1 :e!r wild or   
tame1 t  rang$ ?r\gh x1 lurk+ = _! prey 
9 its gloomy dep?s1 mun*+  ! fre% leaves
 & %oots among ! b\ghs1 or cropp+ !     
h]bage 9  ! op5 glades & dells4 ,?us %e 
might come ,sid5ote3 ,a deity ( !  woods
 is naturally ! patron ( ! bea/s 9 !    
woods1 bo? game &  cattle4 to be !      
patron goddess bo? ( hunt]s &           

h]dsm51#dbd  j z ,silvanus 0 ! god n    
only ( woods1 b ( cattle4#dbe  ,simil>ly
 9 ,f9l& ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/ 7 reg>d$ z
 !  h]ds ( ! woodl& ,god ,tapio & ( 8   
/ately & beautiful wife4  ,no man might 
slay "o ( ^! animals )\t ! graci\s      
p]mission  ( _! div9e own]s4 ,h5ce !    
hunt] pray$ to ! sylvan deities1  & v[$ 
ri* (f]+s to !m if !y w\ld drive ! game 
across 8  pa?4 ,& cattle also seem to h 
enjoy$ ! protection ( ^?  spirits ( !   
woods1 bo? :5 !y 7 9 _! /alls & :ile !y 
/ray$ 9 ! =e/4#dbf ,s 9 ! belief (      
,russian peasants !  _s ,les*iy rules   
bo? ! wood & all ! creatures 9 x4 ,! be>
  is to him :at ! dog is to man2 & !    
migrations ( ! squirrels1  ! field-mice1
 & o!r d5iz5s ( ! woods are c>ri$ out 9 
ob$i5ce to 8 behe/s4 ,success 9 ! *ase  
dep5ds on 8 fav\r1  & to assure himself 
( ! _s's help ! huntsman lays an  (f]+1 
g5]ally ( bread & salt1 on ! trunk ( a  
tree 9 !  =e/4 ,9 ,:ite ,russia e       
h]dsman mu/ pres5t a c[ to ,les*iy 9    
summ]1 & 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ar*angel "s   

h]dsm5 h won 8  fav\r s f> t he ev5 fe$s
 & t5ds _! h]ds = !m4#dbg  ,simil>ly !  
=e/-god ( ! ,lapps rul$ ov] all ! bea/s 
( !  =e/2 !y 7 view$ z 8 h]ds1 & good or
 bad luck 9 hunt+  dep5d$ on 8 w4#dbh   
,s1 too1 ! ,samagitians deem$ ! birds & 
bea/s ( ! woods sacr$1 d\btless because 
!y 7 "u !  protection ( ! sylvan        
god4#dbi ,be=e ! ,gayos ( ,sumatra hunt 
de]1 wild goats1 or wild pigs ) h\nds 9 
! woods1 !y deem x  necess>y to obta9 ! 
leave ( ! unse5 ,"l ( ! =e/4 ,?is is    
done accord+ to a prescrib$ =m by a man 
:o has special skill 9  woodcraft4 ,he  
lays d[n a quid ( betel be=e a /ake :i* 
is cut 9 a  p>ticul> way to repres5t !  
,"l ( ! ,wood1 & hav+ done s he  prays  
to ! _s to signify 8 cons5t or          
refusal4#dcj    ,sid5ote3 ,! cr[n+ (    
hunt+ dogs on ,diana's day 0 probably a 
purificatory c]emony to cleanse !m f !  
guilt ( hav+ kill$  game1 ! creatures ( 
! goddess4 ,we h se5 t at ,diana's      
fe/ival x 0 cu/om>y to cr[n hunt+ dogs1 
to leave wild bea/s 9  peace1 & to p]=m 

a purificatory c]emony = ! b5efit ( "y  
p4#dca ,"s light is ?r[n on ! mean+ ( ^!
 cu/oms by a  passage 9 ,arrian's       
treatise on hunt+4 ,he tells u t a good 
h\nd  is a boon conf]r$ by "o ( ! gods  
^u ! huntsman1 :o ought to  te/ify 8    
gratitude by sacrific+ to ! ,huntress   
,artemis4 ,fur!r1  ,arrian goes on to   
say3 8,x is "r t aft] a successful *ase 
a man  %\ld sacrifice & d$icate !       
fir/-fruits ( 8 bag to !  goddess1 9    
ord] to purify bo? ! h\nds & ! hunt]s1 9
  accordance ) old cu/om & usage40 ,he  
tells u t ! ,celts 7  wont to =m a      
treasury = ! goddess ,artemis1 into :i* 
!y paid a  f9e ( two obols = e h>e !y   
kill$1 a dra*m = e fox1  & f\r dra*ms = 
e roe4 ,once a ye>1 on ! bir?day (      
,artemis1  !y op5$ ! treasury1 & ) !    
accumulat$ f9es pur*as$ a  sacrificial  
victim1 x might be a %eep1 a goat1 or a 
calf4 ,hav+ sla9  ! animal & (f]$ h] %>e
 to ! ,huntress ,artemis1 !y fea/$1  bo?
 m5 & dogs2 & !y cr[n$ ! dogs on t day  
89 ord] to  signify10 says ,arrian1 8t !

 fe/ival 0 = _! b5efit40#dcb  ,! ,celts 
to :om ,arrian1 a native ( ,bi?ynia1 "h 
ref]s 7  probably ! ,galatians ( ,asia  
,m9or2 b d\btless ! cu/om he  describes 
0 import$ by ^! b>b>ians1 along ) _!    
native  tongue#dcc & ! wor%ip ( !       
oak1#dcd f _! old home 9  ,c5tral or    
,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! ,celtic div9ity :om 
,arrian id5tifies  ) ,artemis may well h
 be5 really ak9 bo? to h] & to !        
,italian ,diana4 ,we "k f o!r s\rces t !
 ,celts rev]$ a  woodl& goddess ( ?is   
type2 ?us ,ardu9na1 goddess ( ! =e/ (  !
 ,ard5nes1 0 repres5t$1 l ,artemis &    
,diana1 ) a b[ &  quiv]4#dce ,9 any case
 ! cu/om describ$ by ,arrian is good    
evid5ce  ( a belief t ! wild bea/s      
belong to ! goddess ( ! wilds1 :o  mu/  
be comp5sat$ = _! de/ruction2 &1 tak5 ) 
:at he says  ( ! ne$ ( purify+ ! h\nds  
aft] a successful *ase1 ! ,celtic       
practice ( cr[n+ !m at ! annual fe/ival 
( ,artemis may h  be5 meant to purge !m 
( ! /a9 !y _h contract$ by kill+ !      
creatures ( ! goddess4 ,! same          

explanation w\ld naturally apply to  !  
same cu/om obs]v$ by ! ,italians at !   
fe/ival ( ,diana4    ,sid5ote3 ,cattle  
cr[n$ to protect !m f wit*craft4 ,b :y1 
x  may be ask$1 %\ld cr[ns or g>l&s     
cleanse dogs f ! ta9t (  blood%$8 ,an   
answ] to ?is "q is indicat$ by ! reason 
:i*  ! ,s\? ,slavonian peasant assigns =
 cr[n+ ! horns ( 8 c[s  ) wrea?s ( fl[]s
 on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ! tw5ty-?ird (  
,april4  ,he does x 9 ord] to gu>d !    
cattle aga9/ wit*craft2 c[s t  h no     
cr[ns are reg>d$ z giv5 ov] to ! wit*es4
 ,9 ! ev5+  ! *aplets are fa/5$ to !    
door ( ! cattle-/all1 & rema9  !re      
?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,a h]dsman :o fails to   
cr[n 8 bea/s is  scold$ & sometimes     
beat5 by 8 ma/]4#dcf ,! ,g]man & ,fr5*  
cu/om ( cr[n+ cattle on ,midsumm]       
,day#dcg probably spr+s f  ! same       
motive4 ,= on ,midsumm] ,eve1 j z on    
,walpurgis ,night1  wit*es are v busy   
hold+ _! nocturnal assemblies & try+ to 
/eal ! milk & butt] f ! c[s4 ,to gu>d   
aga9/ !m "s  p at ?is season lay besoms 

crosswise be=e ! doors ( !  /alls4 ,o!rs
 make fa/ ! doors & /op up ! *9ks1 le/ !
  wit*es %\ld creep ?r\gh !m on _!      
return f ! revels4 ,9  ,swabia all !    
*ur* bells us$ to be kept r++ f n9e at  
night  till break ( day on ,midsumm]    
morn+ to drive away ! inf]nal r\t  f    
hone/ folk's h\ses4 ,s\? ,slavonian     
peasants are up betimes t  morn+1 ga!r !
 dew f ! grass1 & wa% ! c[s ) x2 t      
saves _! milk f ! helli% *>ms ( !       
wit*es4#dch    ,sid5ote3 ,simil>ly !    
cr[n+ ( hunt+ dogs may h be5 meant to   
protect !m aga9/ ! angry spirits ( !    
bea/s !y _h kill$4  ,n[ :5 we obs]ve t  
g>l&s ( fl[]s1 l haw?orn & o!r  gre5    
b\ghs1#dci avail to w>d (f ! unse5 p[]s 
( mis*ief1 we  may conjecture t !       
practice ( cr[n+ dogs at ! fe/ival ( a  
huntress goddess 0 int5d$ to pres]ve !  
h\nds f ! angry &  dang]\s spirits ( !  
wild bea/s :i* !y _h kill$ 9 ! c\rse  ( 
! ye>4 ,fanta/ical z ?is explanation may
 s\nd to u1 x is  p]fectly 9 accordance 
) ! ideas ( ! savage1 :o1 z we %all  see

 lat] on1 resorts to a multitude (      
curi\s exp$i5ts = dis>m+  ! wra? ( !    
animals ^: life he has be5 oblig$ to    
take4 ,?us  conceiv$1 ! cu/om 9 "q might
 /ill be t]m$ a purification2  b its    
orig9al purpose1 l t ( _m o!r           
purificatory rites1  w\ld be n s mu* to 
cleanse moral guilt1 z to raise a       
physical  b>ri] aga9/ ! assaults (      
malignant & mis*iev\s spirits4#ddj      
,sid5ote3 ,conceiv$ z ! moon1 ,diana 0  
also a goddess ( crops &  ( *ildbir?4 ,b
 ,diana 0 n m]ely a patroness ( wild    
bea/s1 a  mi/ress ( woods & hills1 (    
lonely glades & s\nd+ riv]s2  conceiv$ z
 ! moon1 & especially1 x w\ld seem1 z ! 
yell[  h>ve/ moon1 %e fill$ ! f>m]'s    
grange ) goodly fruits1 &  he>d ! pray]s
 ( wom5 9 travail4#dda ,9 h] sacr$ grove
 at ,nemi1  z we h se51 %e 0 especially 
wor%ipp$ z a goddess (  *ildbir?1 :o    
be/[$ (fspr+ on m5 & wom54#ddb ,?us     
,diana1  l ! ,greek ,artemis1 ) :om %e 0
 con/antly id5tifi$1 may be  describ$ z 
a goddess ( nature 9 g5]al & ( f]tility 

9  p>ticul>4#ddc ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1
 t 9 h] sanctu>y on  ! ,av5t9e %e 0     
repres5t$ by an image copi$ f !         
_m-brea/$ idol ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis1 )
 all its cr[d$ emblems  ( exub]ant      
fecundity4#ddd ,h5ce too we c und]/& :y 
an anci5t  ,roman law1 attribut$ to ,k+ 
,tullius ,ho/ilius1 prescrib$ t1 :5     
ince/ _h be5 committ$1 an expiatory     
sacrifice %\ld be (f]$ by  ! pontiffs 9 
! grove ( ,diana4#dde ,= we "k t ! crime
 (  ince/ is commonly suppos$ to cause a
 de>?2#ddf h5ce x w\ld be  meet t       
atonem5t = ! (f5ce %\ld be made to !    
goddess (  f]tility4    ,sid5ote3 ,z a  
goddess ( f]tility ,diana _h h]self to  
be f]tile1  & = t purpose ne$$ a male   
p>tn]4 ,n[ on ! pr9ciple t  ! goddess ( 
f]tility mu/ h]self be f]tile1 x behov$ 
,diana to  h a male p>tn]4 ,h] mate1 if 
! te/imony ( ,s]vius may be  tru/$1 0 t 
,virbius :o _h 8 repres5tative1 or      
p]haps r  8 embodim5t1 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood
 at ,nemi4#ddg ,! aim ( _!  union w\ld  
be to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 ( 

animals1 &  ( mank9d2 & x might         
naturally be ?\ght t ?is object w\ld be 
m surely atta9$ if ! sacr$ nuptials 7   
celebrat$ e ye>1  ! p>ts ( ! div9e bride
 & bridegroom be+ play$ ei!r by  _!     
images or by liv+ p]sons4 ,no anci5t    
writ] m5tions t ?is  0 done 9 ! grove at
 ,nemi2 b our k ( ! ,arician ritual  is 
s scanty t ! want ( in=mation on ?is    
head c h>dly c\nt  z a fatal objection  
to ! !ory4 ,t !ory1 9 ! abs5ce (  direct
 evid5ce1 mu/ necess>ily be bas$ on !   
analogy ( simil>  cu/oms practis$       
else:]e4 ,"s mod]n examples ( su*       
cu/oms1 m  or less deg5]ate1 7 describ$ 
9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,"h we %all  consid] _!  
anci5t c\nt]p>ts4                       
#b4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,gods      ,sid5ote3
 ,m>riages ( ! gods 9 ,babylonia &      
,assyria4 ,at ,babylon  ! impos+        
sanctu>y ( ,bel rose l a pyramid above !
 city 9 a  s]ies ( eight t[]s or /ories1
 plant$ "o on ! top ( ! o!r4  ,on !     
highe/ t[]1 rea*$ by an asc5t :i* w\nd  
ab\t all !  re/1 !re /ood a spaci\s     

temple1 & 9 ! temple a great b$1        
magnific5tly drap$ & cu%ion$1 ) a gold5 
table beside x4 ,9  ! temple no image 0 
to be se51 & no human be+ pass$ ! night 
!re1 save a s+le woman1 :om1 accord+ to 
! ,*aldean prie/s1 !  god *ose f among  
all ! wom5 ( ,babylon4 ,!y said t !     
deity  himself came into ! temple at    
night & slept 9 ! great b$2 &  ! woman1 
z a consort ( ! god1 might h no         
int]c\rse )  mortal man4#ddh ,z ,bel at 
,babylon 0 id5tifi$ ) ,m>duk1 ! *ief    
god ( ! city1#ddi ! woman :o ?us %>$ 8  
b$ 0 d\btless  "o ( ! 8wives ( ,m>duk0  
m5tion$ 9 ! code ( ,hammurabi4#dej ,at  
,calah1 :i* 0 = "s "t ! capital (       
,assyria be=e x 0  displac$ by          
,n9eveh1#dea ! m>riage ( ! god ,nabu    
appe>s to h  be5 annually celebrat$ on !
 ?ird ( ! mon? ,iyy> or ,airu1 :i*      
correspond$ to ,may4 ,= on t day 8 b$ 0 
consecrat$ 9 !  city1 & ! god ent]$ 8   
b$*amb]1 to return to 8 place on !      
foll[+ day4 ,! c]emonies att5d+ !       
consecration ( ! c\*  are m9utely       

describ$ 9 a liturgical text4 ,aft] !   
appropriate  (f]+s _h be5 pres5t$1 !    
(ficiat+ prie/ess purifi$ !  feet ( !   
div9e image ) a sprig ( re$ & a vessel (
 oil1  approa*$ ! b$ ?rice1 kiss$ ! feet
 ( ! image1 !n retir$  & sat d[n4 ,aft] 
t %e burn$ c$> wood dipp$ 9 w9e1 set    
be=e ! image ! he>t ( a %eep wrapp$ 9 a 
clo?1 & (f]$  libations4 ,aromatic woods
 7 consecrat$ & burnt1 m libations &    
(f]+s 7 made1 tables 7 spread = v>i\s   
div9ities1 & !  c]emony end$ ) a pray] =
 ! ,k+4 ,! god also w5t 9  procession to
 a grove1 rid+ 9 a *>iot beside 8       
*>iote]4#deb    ,sid5ote3 ,m>riage ( !  
god ,ammon to ! ,que5 ( ,egypt4 ,at     
,!bes  9 ,egypt a woman slept 9 ! temple
 ( ,ammon z ! consort ( ! god1  &1 l !  
human wife ( ,bel at ,babylon1 %e 0 said
 to h no  comm]ce ) a man4#dec ,9       
,egyptian texts %e is (t5 m5tion$ z  8! 
div9e consort10 & usually %e 0 no less a
 p]sonage ?an !  ,que5 ( ,egypt h]self4 
,=1 accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 _! mon>*s  
7 actually begott5 by ! god ,ammon1 :o  

assum$ = ! "t be+  ! =m ( ! reign+ k+1 &
 9 t disguise _h int]c\rse )  ! que54 ,!
 div9e procreation is c>v$ & pa9t$ 9    
great detail  on ! walls ( two ( ! olde/
 temples 9 ,egypt1 ^? ( ,deir el  ,bah>i
 & ,luxor2 & ! inscriptions atta*$ to ! 
pa9t+s leave  no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( !  
sc5es4 ,! pictures at ,deir el  ,bah>i1 
:i* repres5t ! begett+ & bir? ( ,que5   
,hat%opsit\1  are ! m anci5t1 & h be5   
reproduc$ ) b little *ange at  ,luxor1  
:]e !y repres5t ! begett+ & bir? ( ,k+  
,am5ophis  ,,iii4 ,! nativity is depict$
 9 ab\t fifte5 sc5es1 :i* may be  gr\p$ 
9 ?ree acts3 fir/1 ! c>nal union ( ! god
 ) !  que52 second1 ! bir?2 & ?ird1 !   
recognition ( ! infant by  ! gods4 ,!   
m>riage ( ,ammon ) ! que5 is ann\nc$ by 
a  prologue 9 heav52 ,ammon summons 8   
assessors1 ! gods ( ,heliopolis1        
reveals to !m ! future bir? ( a new     
,ph>aoh1 a royal pr9cess1 &  reque/s !m 
to make ready ! fluid ( life & ( /r5g?1 
( :i*  !y are ma/]s4 ,!n ! god is se5   
approa*+ ! que5's  b$*amb]2 9 front (   

him m>*es ,?o?1 ) a roll ( papyrus 9 8  
h&1 :o1 to prev5t mi/akes1 recites !    
(ficial names ( ! que51  ! sp\se ( !    
reign+ k+ 7,?o?mes ,i4 at ,deir el      
,bah>i1 ,?o?mes  ,,iv4 at ,luxor71 !    
faire/ ( wom54 ,!n ,?o? )draws beh9d    
,ammon1  lift+ 8 arm beh9d ! god 9 ord] 
to r5ew 8 vital fluid at ?is  critical  
mom5t4 ,next1 accord+ to ! inscription1 
! my/]y (  inc>nation takes place4      
,ammon lays aside 8 godhead & becomes   
fle%  9 ! lik5ess ( ! k+1 ! human sp\se 
( ! que54 ,!  consummation ( ! div9e    
union foll[s imm$iately4 ,on a b$ ( /ate
  ! god & ! que5 appe> seat$ opposite   
ea* o!r1 ) _! legs  cross$4 ,! que5     
receives f h] husb& ! symbols ( life &  
/r5g?1 :ile two goddesses1 ,neit &      
,selkit1 ! patronesses (  matrimony1    
support ! feet ( ! c\ple & gu>d !m f    
h>m4 ,!  text :i* encloses ! sc5e sets  
=? cle>ly ! reality ( ?is  my/ic union (
 ! human ) ! div9e4 8,?us sai?          
,ammon-,ra1 k+ (  ! gods1 "l ( ,k>nak1  
he :o rules ov] ,!bes1 :5 he took !  =m 

( ?is male1 ! ,k+ ( ,upp] & ,ne!r       
,egypt1 ,?o?mes ,i4 7or  ,?o?mes ,,iv471
 giv] ( life4 ,he f\nd ! que5 !n :5 %e  
lay 9  ! glory ( h] palace4 ,%e awoke at
 ! fragrance ( ! god1 &  m>vell$ at x4  
,/raightway 8 ,maje/y w5t t[>ds h]1 took
  possession ( h]1 plac$ 8 he>t 9 h]1 & 
%ew$ himself to h] 9  8 div9e =m4 ,& ^u 
8 com+ %e 0 uplift$ at ! sight (  8     
beauty1 ! love ( ! god ran ?r\gh all h] 
limbs1 & ! smell  ( ! god & 8 brea? 7   
full ( ! p]fumes ( ,p\nit4 ,& ?us  sai? 
! royal sp\se1 ! royal "m ,ahmasi 7or   
,m\tem\aa71 9  pres5ce ( ! maje/y ( ?is 
glori\s god1 ,ammon1 "l ( ,k>nak1  "l ( 
,!bes1 #8,twice great are ?y s\ls6 ,x is
 noble to behold ?y  c\nt5ance :5 ?\    
jo9e/ ?yself to my maje/y 9 all grace6  
,?y  dew impregnates all my limbs4' ,!n1
 :5 ! maje/y ( ! god _h  accompli%$ all 
8 desire ) h]1 ,ammon1 ! "l ( ! two l&s1
  said to h]3 #8,%e :o is jo9$ to       
,ammon1 ! fir/ ( ! nobles1  v]ily1 su*  
%all be ! "n ( ! daught] :o %all op5 ?y 
womb1  s9ce su* is ! c\rse ( ! words t  

came =? f ?y m\?4  ,%e %all reign 9     
righte\sness 9 all ! e>?1 = my s\l is   
h]s1  my he>t is h]s1 my w is h]s1 my   
cr[n is h]s1 truly1 t %e may  rule ov] !
 two l&s1 t %e may guide ! s\ls ( all   
liv+4'0    ,sid5ote3 ,nativity ( ! div9e
 ,egyptian k+s repres5t$ on !  monum5ts4
 ,aft] ! begett+ ( ! div9e *ild--= we   
mu/ rememb]  t ! k+s & que5s ( ,egypt 7 
reg>d$ z div9ities 9 _!  lifetime--ano!r
 s]ies ( sc5es repres5ts ! fa%ion+ ( its
 body  & its bir?4 ,! god ,khn\m\1 :o 9 
! beg9n+ ( "t m\ld$  gods & m5 on 8     
pott]'s :eel1 is se5 seat$ at 8 :eel    
modell+ ! future k+ or que5 & _!        
d\bles--^? spiritual  duplicates or     
ext]nal s\ls :i* 7 believ$ to hov]      
invisible  ab\t bo? m5 & gods all ?r\gh 
life4 ,9 front ( ,khn\m\ kneels  ,hiqit1
 ! frog-head$ goddess1 8! great         
magician02 %e is hold+ out  to !        
newly-creat$ figures ! symbol ( life1 ! 
crux ansata 1 9  ord] t !y may brea! &  
live4 ,ano!r sc5e repres5ts !  bir?4 ,at
 ,deir el ,bah>i ! que5 has already be5 

deliv]$1 & is  pres5t+ h] daught] to    
sev]al goddesses1 :o h act$ ! "p (      
midwives4 ,at ,luxor ! d\ble ( ! royal  
infant is born fir/2 !  goddesses :o    
s]ve z nurses h him 9 _! arms1 & !      
midwives  are prep>+ to receive ! real  
*ild4 ,beh9d ! que5 are !  goddesses :o 
wat* ov] *ildbir?1 l$ by ,isis &        
,neph?ys2 & all  ar\nd ! spirits ( !    
,ea/1 ! ,we/1 ! ,nor?1 & ! ,s\? are     
pres5t+ ! symbol ( life or utt]+        
acclamations4 ,9 a corn] !  grotesque   
god ,bes & ! female hippopotamus ,api   
keep (f all evil  influ5ce & e malignant
 _s4    ,sid5ote3 ,^! repres5tations    
probably copi$ f ! life4 ,we  %all      
probably n err 9 assum+1 ) "s em95t     
au?orities1 t  ! c]emonies ( ! nativity 
( ! ,ph>aohs1 ?us emblazon$ on !  walls 
( ,egyptian temples1 7 copi$ f ! life2 9
 o!r words1  t ! c>v$ & pa9t$ sc5es     
repres5t a real drama1 :i* 0  act$ by   
mask$ m5 & wom5 :5ev] a que5 ( ,egypt 0 
br\ght to  b$4 8,"h1 z ev]y:]e else 9   
,egypt10 says ,pr(essor ,masp]o1        

8sculptor & pa9t] did no?+ b fai?fully  
imitate reality4 ,!ory  requir$ t !     
assimilation ( ! k+s to ! gods %\ld be  
complete1 s t e act ( ! royal life 01 z 
x 71 a trac+  ( ! correspond+ act ( !   
div9e life4 ,f ! mom5t t !  k+ 0 ,ammon1
 he wore ! co/ume & badges ( ,ammon--!  
tall hat  ) ! long plumes1 ! cross (    
life1 ! greyh\nd-head$  sceptre--& ?us  
array$ he pres5t$ himself 9 ! que5's    
b$*amb]  to consummate ! m>riage4 ,!    
assi/ants also assum$ ! co/ume &        
appe>ance ( ! div9ities :om !y inc>nat$2
 ! m5 put on masks  ( jackals1 hawks1 & 
crocodiles1 :ile ! wom5 donn$ masks (   
c[s  or frogs1 accord+ z !y play$ ! p>ts
 ( ,anubis1 ,khn\m\1  ,sovk\1 ,ha?or1 or
 ,hiqit2 & ,i am dispos$ to believe t ! 
d\bles  ( ! new-born *ild 7 repres5t$ by
 z _m puppets z 7  requir$ by !         
c]emonies4 ,"s ( ! rites 7 complicat$1 &
 mu/  h tir$ excessively ! "m & *ild :o 
und]w5t !m2 b !y  are no?+ to ^? t h be5
 obs]v$ 9 simil> circum/ances 9  o!r    
l&s4 ,9 g5]al1 we are b\nd to hold t all

 ! pictures  trac$ on ! walls ( !       
temples1 9 :i* ! p]son ( ! k+ is        
conc]n$1 correspond to a real action 9  
:i* disguis$ p]sonages  play$ ! "p (    
gods40#ded    ,sid5ote3 ,human wives (  
,ammon 9 ! decl9e ( ,egypt4 ,9 ! decl9e 
( ,egypt f ! elev5? c5tury onw>d1 !     
wives ( ,ammon at ,!bes  7 call$ on to  
play a conspicu\s "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ( !   
c\ntry4 ,! /rong grip ( ! ,ph>aohs 0    
relax$ & "u _!  feeble successors !     
empire crumbl$ away into a numb] ( petty
  indep5d5t /ates4 ,9 ?is dissolution ( 
! c5tral au?ority !  crafty high prie/s 
( ,ammon at ,!bes contriv$ to usurp     
regal p[]s  & to reign f> & wide 9 ! "n 
( ! deity1 veil+ _!  rescripts "u !     
guise ( oracles ( ! god1 :o1 ) ! help ( 
a  little juggl]y1 complac5tly signifi$ 
8 ass5t to _! wi%es by  nodd+ 8 head or 
ev5 by spee*4 ,b curi\sly en\gh "u ?is  
pret5d$ !ocracy ! nom9al rul] 0 n !     
prie/ himself1 b  8 wife1 ! e>?ly       
consort ( ,ammon4 ,?us ,!bes became = a 
"t a  gho/ly pr9cipality gov]n$ o/5sibly

 by a dyna/y ( female popes4  ,_! (fice 
0 h]$it>y1 pass+ by rights f "m to      
daught]4  ,b probably ! entail 0 (t5    
brok5 by ! policy or ambition (  ! m5 :o
 /ood beh9d ! sc5es & work$ ! religi\s  
puppet-%[  by hidd5 wires to ! awe &    
a/oni%m5t ( ! gap+ vulg>4  ,c]ta9ly we  
"k t on "o occasion ,k+ ,psammeti*us    
,fir/ foi/$  8 own daught] into ! ,holy 
,see by d$icat+ h] to ,ammon "u a       
hypocritical pr(ession ( gratitude =    
fav\rs be/[$ on him by !  deity4 ,& !   
female pope _h to submit to ! dictation 
) ! be/  grace %e c\ld assume1 prote/+  
h] affection = ! adopt$  daught] :o _h  
ou/$ h] own daught] f ! ?rone4#dee      
,sid5ote3 ,human concub9es ( ,ammon 9   
,roman times4 ,at a lat] p]iod1  :5     
,egypt lay "u ! heel ( ,rome1 ! "* ( 8! 
div9e  consort0 ( ,ammon at ,!bes _h    
greatly *ang$4 ,= at ! beg9n+ (  our era
 ! cu/om 0 to appo9t a "y & beautiful   
girl1 ! scion  ( "o ( ! noble/ h\ses1 to
 s]ve ,ammon z 8 concub9e4 ,!  ,greeks  
call$ ^! maid5s ,pallades1 app>5tly aft]

 _! own virg9  goddess ,pallas2 b !     
conduct ( ! girls 0 by no means maid5ly1
  = !y l$ ! loose/ ( lives till pub]ty4 
,!n !y 7 m\rn$  ov] & giv5 9            
m>riage4#def ,_! graves 7 %[n ne>       
,!bes4#deg ,! reason :y _! s]vices end$ 
at pub]ty may h  be5 t z concub9es ( !  
god !y might n be> *ildr5 to  mortal    
fa!rs2 h5ce x 0 deem$ prud5t to t]m9ate 
_! relations  ) ! div9ity be=e !y 7 ( an
 age to become mo!rs4 ,x 0  an ,egyptian
 doctr9e t a mortal woman c\ld conceive 
by a god1 b  t a goddess c\ld n conceive
 by a mortal man4#deh ,! c]ta9ty (      
mat]nity & ! unc]ta9ty ( pat]nity sugge/
 an obvi\s &  probably suffici5t gr\nd =
 ?is !ological di/9ction4    ,sid5ote3  
,apollo & 8 prophetess at ,pat>a4       
,apollo 0 said to  sp5d ! w9t] mon?s at 
,pat>a 9 ,lycia & ! summ] mon?s 9 !     
isl& ( ,delos1 & accord+ly he gave      
oracles = "o half ( !  ye> 9 ! "o place1
 & = ! o!r half 9 ! o!r4#dei ,s long  z 
he t>ri$ at ,pat>a1 8 prophetess 0 %ut  
up ) him 9 !  temple e night4#dfj ,at   

,ephesus !re 0 a college ,sid5ote3 ,!   
,ess5es ( ,artemis at ,ephesus4 ( sacr$ 
m5 call$ ,ess5es or ,k+  ,bees :o held  
(fice = a ye>1 dur+ :i* !y _h to obs]ve 
/rict  *a/ity & o!r rules ( c]emonial   
purity4#dfa ,h[ _m ( !m  !re 7 at a "t  
we d n "k1 b !re mu/ h be5 sev]al1  = 9 
,ephesian inscriptions !y are regul>ly  
ref]r$ to 9 !  plural4 ,!y _c h be5 b\nd
 to lifelong celibacy1 = 9 "o (  !      
inscriptions an ,ess5 m5tions 8         
wife4#dfb ,possibly !y 7  deem$ ! annual
 husb&s ( ,artemis1 ! great _m-brea/$   
goddess  ( f]tility at ,ephesus1 ^:     
association ) ! bee is v\*$ =  by !     
figures ( bees :i* appe> commonly bo? on
 h] /atues & on  ! co9s ( ,ephesus4#dfc 
,if ?is conjecture is "r1 ! ,k+ ,bees  &
 _! bee-goddess ,artemis at ,ephesus    
w\ld be closely p>allel to  ! ,k+ ( !   
,wood & 8 woodl&-goddess ,diana at      
,nemi1 z ^!  latt] are int]pret$ by me4 
,! rule ( *a/ity impos$ on ! ,k+  ,bees 
dur+ _! ye> ( (fice w\ld be easily      
explicable on ?is  hypo!sis4 ,z !       

tempor>y husb&s ( ! goddess !y w\ld be  
expect$ = ! "t be+ to h no int]c\rse )  
mortal wom51  j z ! human wives ( ,bel &
 ,ammon 7 suppos$ to h no  comm]ce )    
mortal m54    ,sid5ote3 ,m>riage (      
,dionysus to ! ,que5 at ,a!ns4 ,at ,a!ns
 !  god ( ! v9e1 ,dionysus1 0 annually  
m>ri$ to ! ,que51 & x  appe>s t !       
consummation ( ! div9e union1 z well z !
  esp\sals1 0 enact$ at ! c]emony2 b    
:e!r ! "p ( ! god  0 play$ by a man or  
an image we d n "k4 ,attic law requir$ t
  ! ,que5 %\ld be a burgess & %\ld nev] 
h kn[n any man b  h] husb&4 ,%e _h to   
(f] c]ta9 secret sacrifices on behalf ( 
!  /ate1 & 0 p]mitt$ to see :at no =eign
 woman might ev] behold1  & to ent] :]e 
no o!r ,a!nian might set foot4 ,%e 0    
assi/$ 9  ! dis*>ge ( h] solemn         
functions by f\rte5 sacr$ wom51 "o =    
ea* ( ! alt>s ( ,dionysus4 ,! old       
,dionysiac fe/ival 0 held on  ! twelf?  
day ( ! mon? ,an!/]ion1 correspond+     
r\ghly to our  ,febru>y1 at ! anci5t    
sanctu>y ( ,dionysus 9 ! ,m>%es1 :i* 0  

nev] op5$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> save on t "o    
day4 ,at ?is fe/ival  ! ,que5 exact$ an 
oa? ( purity & *a/ity f ! f\rte5  sacr$ 
wom5 at ! alt>4 ,possibly h] m>riage 0  
celebrat$ on !  same day1 ?\gh ( t we h 
no positive evid5ce1 & we le>n f        
,ari/otle t ! c]emony took place1 n at !
 sanctu>y 9 !  m>%es1 b 9 ! old (ficial 
resid5ce ( ! ,k+1 kn[n z !              
,cattle-/all1 :i* /ood ne> ! ,prytaneum 
or ,t[n-hall on !  nor?-ea/]n slope ( ! 
,acropolis4#dfd ,b :atev] ! date ( !    
w$d+1 its object c h>dly h be5 any o!r  
?an t ( ensur+  ! f]tility ( ! v9es &   
o!r fruit-trees1 ( :i* ,dionysus 0  !   
god4 ,?us bo? 9 =m & 9 mean+ ! c]emony  
w\ld answ] to  ! nuptials ( ! ,k+ &     
,que5 ( ,may4 ,aga91 ! /ory1 de> to     
poets & arti/s1 ( ! =sak5 & sleep+      
,ariadne1 wak$ &  w$d$ by ,dionysus1    
resembles s closely ! little drama act$ 
by  ,fr5* peasants ( ! ,alps on ,may    
,day1#dfe t1 consid]+ !  "* ( ,dionysus 
z a god ( vegetation1 we c h>dly help   
reg>d+ x z ! reflection ( a spr+ c]emony

 l ! ,fr5* "o4  ,9 po9t ( fact !        
,sid5ote3 ,dionysus & ,ariadne4 m>riage 
(  ,dionysus & ,ariadne 0 believ$ by    
,prell] to h be5 act$ e  spr+ 9         
,crete4#dff ,8 evid5ce1 inde$1 is       
inconclusive1 b !  view itself is       
probable4 ,if ,i am "r 9 comp>+ ! two1 !
 *ief  diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fr5* & !      
,greek c]emonies appe>s to h  be5 t 9 ! 
=m] ! sleep] 0 a =sak5 bridegroom1 9 !  
latt] a =sak5 bride2 & ! gr\p ( />s 9 ! 
sky1 9 :i*  fancy saw ,ariadne's w$d+   
cr[n1#dfg may h be5 only a translation  
to heav5 ( ! g>l& worn by ! ,greek girl 
:o play$ ! ,que5 (  ,may4    ,sid5ote3  
,m>riage ( ,zeus ) ,demet] at ,eleusis4 
,if at ,a!ns1 &  probably else:]e1 !    
v9e-god 0 m>ri$ to a que5 9 ord] t  !   
v9es might be load$ ) clu/]s ( grapes1  
!re is reason to  ?9k t a m>riage ( a   
diff]5t k9d1 int5d$ to make ! fields    
wave ) yell[ corn1 0 annually celebrat$ 
n _m miles (f1  beyond ! l[ hills t b\nd
 ! pla9 ( ,a!ns on ! we/4 ,9 !  great   
my/]ies solemnis$ at ,eleusis 9 ! mon? (

 ,septemb] !  union ( ! sky-god ,zeus ) 
! corn-goddess ,demet] appe>s to h  be5 
repres5t$ by ! union ( ! hi]ophant ) !  
prie/ess (  ,demet]1 :o act$ ! p>ts (   
god & goddess4 ,b _! int]c\rse  0 only  
dramatic or symbolical1 = ! hi]ophant _h
 tempor>ily  depriv$ himself ( 8        
virility by an application ( hemlock4 ,!
  tor*es hav+ be5 ext+ui%$1 ! pair      
desc5d$ into a murky place1  :ile !     
?rong ( wor%ipp]s await$ 9 anxi\s       
susp5se ! result  ( ! my/ic congress1 on
 :i* !y believ$ _! own salvation to     
dep5d4 ,aft] a "t ! hi]ophant reappe>$1 
& 9 a blaze ( light  sil5tly exhibit$ to
 ! assembly a reap$ e> ( corn1 ! fruit (
  ! div9e m>riage4 ,!n 9 a l\d voice he 
proclaim$1 8,que5 ,brimo  has br\ght =? 
a sacr$ boy ,brimos10 by :i* he meant1  
8,! ,mighty  ,"o has br\ght =? !        
,mighty40 ,! corn-"m 9 fact _h giv5     
bir? to h] *ild1 ! corn1 & h]           
travail-pangs 7 enact$ 9 !  sacr$       
drama4#dfh ,?is revelation ( ! reap$    
corn appe>s to h  be5 ! cr[n+ act ( !   

my/]ies4 ,?us ?r\gh ! glam\r %$  r\nd ^!
 rites by ! poetry & philosophy ( lat]  
ages !re /ill  looms1 l a di/ant l&scape
 ?r\gh a sunlit haze1 a simple ru/ic    
fe/ival design$ to cov] ! wide          
,eleus9ian pla9 ) a pl5te\s  h>ve/ by   
w$d+ ! goddess ( ! corn to ! sky-god1 :o
  f]tilis$ ! b>e e>? ) g5ial %[]s4      
,sid5ote3 ,m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a at    
,plataea4 ,b ,zeus 0 n  always !        
sky-god1 nor did he always m>ry !       
corn-goddess4 ,if 9  antiquity a        
travell]1 quitt+ ,eleusis & pass+ ?r\gh 
miles (  olive-groves & corn-fields1 _h 
climb$ ! p9e-clad m\nta9s (  ,ci?a]on & 
desc5d$ ?r\gh ! =e/ on _! nor!rn slope  
to  ,plataea1 he might h *anc$ to f9d ! 
p ( t little  ,boeotian t[n celebrat+ a 
diff]5t m>riage ( ! great god to a      
diff]5t goddess4 ,! c]emony is describ$ 
by a ,greek antiqu>y ^:  note-book has  
=tunately pres]v$ = u n a few rural     
cu/oms (  anci5t ,greece1 ( :i* ! k w\ld
 o!rwise h p]i%$4    ,e few ye>s ! p (  
,plataea held a fe/ival :i* !y call$  ! 

,little ,da$ala4 ,on ! day ( ! fe/ival  
!y w5t out into an  anci5t oak =e/1 !   
trees ( :i* 7 ( gigantic gir?4 ,!re  !y 
set "s boil$ meat on ! gr\nd1 & wat*$ ! 
birds t  ga!r$ r\nd x4 ,:5 a rav5 0     
obs]v$ to c>ry (f a piece ( !  meat &   
p]* on an oak1 ! p foll[$ x & cut d[n ! 
tree4  ,) ! wood ( ! tree !y made an    
image1 dress$ x z a bride1 &  plac$ x on
 a bullock-c>t ) a bridesmaid beside x4 
,x seems !n  to h be5 drawn to ! banks (
 ! riv] ,asopus & back to !  t[n1 att5d$
 by a pip+ & danc+ cr[d4 ,aft] ! fe/ival
 !  image 0 put away & kept till !      
celebration ( ! ,great ,da$ala1  :i*    
fell only once 9 sixty ye>s1 & 0 held by
 all ! p (  ,boeotia4 ,on ?is occasion  
all ! images1 f\rte5 9 numb]1 t _h      
accumulat$ f ! celebrations ( ! ,little 
,da$ala 7 dragg$ on  wa9s 9 procession  
to ! riv] ,asopus1 & !n to ! top ( ,m\nt
  ,ci?a]on4 ,!re an alt> _h be5         
con/ruct$ ( squ>e blocks ( wood  fitt$  
toge!r1 ) bru%wood heap$ ov] x4 ,animals
 7 sacrific$  by be+ burn$ on ! alt>1 & 

! alt> itself1 toge!r ) !  images1 0    
consum$ by ! flames4 ,! blaze1 we are   
told1 rose to a  prodigi\s height & 0   
se5 = _m miles4 ,to expla9 ! orig9 (  ! 
fe/ival a /ory ran t once ^u a "t ,h]a  
_h qu>rell$ )  ,zeus & left him 9 high  
dudgeon4 ,to lure h] back ,zeus gave out
 t  he 0 ab\t to m>ry ! nymph ,plataea1 
daught] ( ! riv] ,asopus4  ,he _h a f9e 
oak cut d[n1 %ap$ & dress$ z a bride1 & 
convey$  on a bullock-c>t4 ,transport$ )
 rage & jeal\sy1 ,h]a flew to !  c>t1 & 
te>+ (f ! veil ( ! pret5d$ bride1       
discov]$ !  deceit t _h be5 practis$ on 
h]4 ,h] rage n[ turn$ to laught]1  & %e 
became reconcil$ to h] husb& ,zeus4#dfi 
,sid5ote3 ,resemblance ( ! ,plataean    
c]emony to ! spr+ &  midsumm] fe/ivals (
 mod]n ,europe4 ,! resemblance ( ?is    
fe/ival  to "s ( ! ,european spr+ &     
midsumm] fe/ivals is tol]ably  close4   
,we h se5 t 9 ,russia at ,:itsuntide !  
villag]s g out  into ! wood1 fell a     
bir*-tree1 dress x 9 woman's clo!s1 &   
br+  x back to ! village ) dance & song4

 ,on ! ?ird day x is  ?r[n into !       
wat]4#dgj ,aga91 we h se5 t 9 ,bohemia  
on  ,midsumm] ,eve ! village lads fell a
 tall fir or p9e-tree 9 ! wood  & set x 
up on a height1 :]e x is adorn$ ) g>l&s1
 nosegays1  & ribbons1 & aft]w>ds       
burnt4#dga ,! reason = burn+ ! tree  w  
appe> aft]w>ds2 ! cu/om itself is n     
uncommon 9 mod]n  ,europe4 ,9 "s p>ts ( 
! ,pyr5ees a tall & sl5d] tree is cut   
d[n on ,may ,day & kept till ,midsumm]  
,eve4 ,x is !n roll$ to !  top ( a hill1
 set up1 & burn$4#dgb ,9 ,ang\lme on ,/4
 ,pet]'s ,day1  ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,june1 a  
tall leafy popl> is set up 9 !          
m>ket-place & burn$4#dgc ,ne> ,launce/on
 9 ,cornwall !re is a  l>ge tumulus kn[n
 z ,:itebor\gh1 ) a fosse r\nd x4 ,on   
?is  tumulus 8!re 0 =m]ly a great       
bonfire on ,midsumm] ,eve2 a l>ge  summ]
 pole 0 fix$ 9 ! c5tre1 r\nd :i* ! fuel 
0 heap$ up4  ,x _h a l>ge bu% on ! top (
 x4 ,r\nd ?is 7 p>ties (  wre/l]s       
cont5d+ = small prizes40 ,! ru/ics      
believ$ t giants  7 buri$ 9 su* m\nds1 &

 no?+ w\ld tempt !m to di/urb  _!       
bones4#dgd ,9 ,dubl9 on ,may-morn+ boys 
us$ to g out & cut a  ,may-bu%1 br+ x   
back to t[n1 & !n burn x4#dge           
,sid5ote3 ,all su* c]emonies 7 orig9ally
 magical rites int5d$ to  br+ ab\t !    
effects :i* !y dramatically repres5t$4  
,probably  ! ,boeotian fe/ival belong$  
to ! same class ( rites4 ,x  repres5t$ !
 m>riage ( ! p[]s ( vegetation--! union 
( !  oak-god ) ! oak-goddess#dgf--;9    
spr+ or midsumm]1 j z !  same ev5t is   
repres5t$ 9 mod]n ,europe by a ,k+ &    
,que5 or a ,"l  & ,lady ( ! ,may4 ,9 !  
,boeotian1 z 9 ! ,russian1 c]emony !    
tree dress$ z a woman /&s = ! ,engli%   
,may-pole & ,may-que5 9  "o4 ,all su*   
c]emonies1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are n1 or 
at lea/  7 n orig9ally1 m]e spectacul>  
or dramatic exhibitions4 ,!y are        
magical rites design$ to produce !      
effect :i* !y dramatically set  =?4 ,if 
! revival ( vegetation 9 spr+ is mimick$
 by !  awak5+ ( a sleep]1 ! mimicry is  
int5d$ actually to quick5 !  gr[? (     

leaves & blossoms2 if ! m>riage ( ! p[]s
 (  vegetation is simulat$ by a ,k+ &   
,que5 ( ,may1 ! idea is t !  p[]s ?us   
p]sonat$ w really be r5d]$ m productive 
by !  c]emony4 ,9 %ort1 all ^! spr+ &   
midsumm] fe/ivals fall "u  ! head (     
homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,! ?+   
:i* p wi%  to br+ ab\t !y repres5t      
dramatically1 & ! v repres5tation  is   
believ$ to effect1 or at lea/ to        
contribute to1 ! production (  ! desir$ 
result4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,da$ala ! /ory (  
,h]a's  qu>rel ) ,zeus & h] sull5       
retirem5t may p]haps )\t  /ra9+ be      
int]pret$ z a my?ical expression = a bad
 season &  ! failure ( ! crops4 ,! same 
disa/r\s effects 7 attribut$ to  ! ang] 
& seclusion ( ,demet] aft] ! loss ( h]  
daught]  ,pros]p9e4#dgg ,n[ ! in/itution
 ( a fe/ival is (t5 expla9$ by  a       
my?ical /ory1 :i* relates h[ ^u a       
p>ticul> occasion ^?  v calamities      
occurr$ :i* x is ! real object ( !      
fe/ival to  av]t2 s t if we "k ! my?    
told to acc\nt = ! hi/orical  orig9 ( ! 

fe/ival1 we c (t5 inf] f x ! real       
int5tion  ) :i* ! fe/ival 0 celebrat$4  
,if1 !re=e1 ! orig9 ( !  ,da$ala 0      
expla9$ by a /ory ( a failure ( crops & 
consequ5t  fam9e1 we may inf] t ! real  
object ( ! fe/ival 0 to prev5t  !       
occurr5ce ( su* disa/]s2 &1 if ,i am "r 
9 my  int]pretation ( ! fe/ival1 !      
object 0 suppos$ to be effect$  by      
dramatically repres5t+ ! m>riage ( !    
div9ities mo/  conc]n$ ) ! production ( 
trees & plants4 ,! m>riage ( ,zeus  &   
,h]a 0 act$ at annual fe/ivals 9 v>i\s  
p>ts ( ,greece1#dgh  & x is at lea/ a   
fair conjecture t ! nature & int5tion ( 
^! c]emonies 7 su* z ,i h assign$ to !  
,plataean fe/ival  ( ! ,da$ala2 9 o!r   
words1 t ,zeus & ,h]a at ^! fe/ivals  7 
! ,greek equival5ts ( ! ,"l & ,lady ( ! 
,may4 ,hom]'s  gl[+ picture ( ,zeus &   
,h]a c\*$ on fre% hyac9?s &             
crocuses1#dgi l ,milton's description ( 
! dalliance ( ,zephyr )  ,aurora1 8z he 
met h] once a-,may+10 0 p]haps pa9t$ f !
  life4    ,sid5ote3 ,! god ,frey & 8   

human wife 9 ,sw$54 ,! sacr$  m>riage ( 
,zeus & ,h]a _h1 z 0 natural1 its       
c\nt]p>t among !  nor!rn k9sfolk ( !    
,greeks4 ,9 ,sw$5 e ye> a life-size     
image  ( ,frey1 ! god ( f]tility1 bo?   
animal & vegetable1 0 drawn  ab\t !     
c\ntry 9 a waggon att5d$ by a beautiful 
girl :o 0  call$ ! god's wife4 ,%e act$ 
also z 8 prie/ess 9 8 great  temple at  
,upsala4 ,:]ev] ! waggon came ) ! image 
( ! god &  8 bloom+ "y bride1 ! p cr[d$ 
to meet !m & (f]$  sacrifices = a       
fruitful ye>4 ,once on a "t a ,norwegian
 exile nam$  ,gunn> ,helm+ gave himself 
out to be ,frey 9 p]son1 & rode ab\t on 
! sacr$ waggon dress$ up 9 ! god's      
clo!s4 ,ev]y:]e ! simple  folk welcom$  
him z ! deity1 & obs]v$ ) wond] &       
delight  t a god walk$ ab\t among m5 &  
ate & drank j l o!r  p4 ,& :5 ! mon?s   
w5t by1 & ! god's fair "y wife 0  se5 to
 be ) *ild1 _! joy wax$ greatly1 = !y   
?\ght1  8,surely ?is is an om5 ( a      
fruitful season40 ,x happ5$ t !  wea!r 0
 !n s mild1 & ! promise ( a pl5te\s     

h>ve/ s  fair1 t no man ev] rememb]$ su*
 a ye> be=e4 ,b "o night !  god dep>t$ 9
 ha/e1 ) 8 wife & all ! gold & silv] &  
f9e raim5t :i* he _h got toge!r2 & ?\gh 
! ,sw$es made aft]  him1 !y c\ld n cat* 
him4 ,he 0 ov] ! hills & f> away 9      
,norway4#dhj ,simil> c]emonies appe> to 
h be5 obs]v$ by !  ,sid5ote3 ,simil>    
cu/oms 9 ,gaul4 peasantry ( ,gaul 9     
antiquity2 =  ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 writ+ 9 
! six? c5tury ( our era1 says t at      
,autun ! p us$ to c>ry ab\t an image ( a
 goddess 9 a waggon  drawn by ox54 ,!   
int5tion ( ! c]emony 0 to ensure !      
safety (  ! crops & v9es1 & ! ru/ics    
danc$ & sang 9 front ( !  image4#dha ,! 
old hi/orian id5tifies ! goddess )      
,cybele1 !  ,great ,"m goddess (        
,phrygia1 & ! id5tification w\ld seem to
 be  correct4 ,= we le>n f ano!r s\rce t
 m5 wr\ght up to a pit*  ( fr5zy by !   
%rill music ( flutes & ! cla% ( cymbals1
  sacrific$ _! virility to ! goddess1   
da%+ ! sev]$ portions  ( !mselves aga9/ 
h] image4#dhb ,n[ ?is religi\s ca/ration

 0  a m>k$ feature ( ! ,phrygian wor%ip 
( ,cybele1 b x is ali5 to  ,we/]n modes 
( ?\ght1 al?\gh x /ill f9ds fav\r ) a   
section  ( ! b>b>\s1 fanatical1         
semi-,ori5tal peasantry ( ,russia4#dhc  
,b  :e!r ( native or ( ,ea/]n orig9 !   
rites ( ! goddess ( ,autun  closely     
con=m$ to ^? ( ! great ,phrygian goddess
 & appe> to  h be51 l !m1 a p]v]t$ =m ( 
! ,sacr$ ,m>riage1 :i* 0  design$ to    
f]tilise ! e>?1 & 9 :i* eunu*s1 /range z
 x may  seem1 p]sonat$ ! lov]s ( !      
goddess4#dhd    ,sid5ote3 ,! cu/om (    
m>ry+ gods to images or to liv+ p]sons  
is  f\nd also among uncivilis$ peoples4 
,?us ! cu/om ( m>ry+ gods  ei!r to      
images or to human be+s 0 widespread    
among ! nations (  antiquity4 ,! ideas  
on :i* su* a cu/om is bas$ are too crude
 to  all[ u to d\bt t ! civilis$        
,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 & ,greeks     
inh]it$ x f _! b>b>\s or savage =efa!rs4
 ,?is  presumption is /r5g!n$ :5 we f9d 
rites ( a simil> k9d 9  vogue among !   
l[] races4 ,?us1 = example1 we are told 

t once  ^u a ,sid5ote3 ,cu/om ( !       
,wotyaks4 "t ! ,wotyaks ( ! ,malmyz     
di/rict 9 ,russia 7 di/ress$ by a s]ies 
( bad h>ve/s4 ,!y did  n "k :at to d1 b 
at la/ conclud$ t _! p[]ful b  mis*iev\s
 god ,k]emet mu/ be angry at be+        
unm>ri$4 ,s a  deputation ( eld]s visit$
 ! ,wotyaks ( ,cura & came to an        
und]/&+ ) !m on ! subject4 ,!n !y       
return$ home1 laid 9  a l>ge /ock (     
br&y1 & hav+ made ready a gaily deck$   
waggon &  horses1 !y drove 9 procession 
) bells r++1 z !y d :5  !y are fet*+    
home a bride1 to ! sacr$ grove at ,cura4
 ,!re !y  ate & drank m]rily all night1 
& next morn+ !y cut a squ>e  piece (    
turf 9 ! grove & took x home ) !m4 ,aft]
 ?is1  ?\gh x f>$ well ) ! p ( ,malmyz1 
x f>$ ill ) !  p ( ,cura2 = 9 ,malmyz ! 
bread 0 good1 b 9 ,cura x 0  bad4 ,h5ce 
! m5 ( ,cura :o _h cons5t$ to ! m>riage 
7 blam$  & r\ghly h&l$ by _! indignant  
fell[-villag]s4 8,:at !y  meant by ?is  
m>riage c]emony10 says ! writ] :o       
reports x1 8x is  n easy to imag9e4     

,p]haps1 z ,be*t]ew ?9ks1 !y meant to   
m>ry  ,k]emet to ! k9dly & fruitful     
,mukyl91 ! ,e>?-wife1 9 ord]  t %e might
 influ5ce him = good40#dhe ,?is c>ry+ ( 
turf1 l  a bride1 9 a waggon f a sacr$  
grove resembles ! ,plataean cu/om  (    
c>t+ an oak log z a bride f an anci5t   
oak =e/2 & we h  se5 gr\nd = ?9k+ t !   
,plataean c]emony1 l its ,wotyak        
c\nt]p>t1 0 int5d$ z a *>m to secure    
f]tility4 ,:5 wells are  dug 9 ,b5gal1 a
 wood5 image ( a god is made & m>ri$ to 
!  goddess ( wat]4#dhf    ,sid5ote3     
,cu/om ( ! ,p]uvian ,indians4 ,(t5 !    
bride de/9$ =  ! god is n a log or a    
clod1 b a liv+ woman ( fle% & blood4  ,!
 ,indians ( a village 9 ,p]u h be5 kn[n 
to m>ry a beautiful  girl1 ab\t f\rte5  
ye>s ( age1 to a /one %ap$ l a human    
be+1  :i* !y reg>d$ z a god 7huaca74    
,all ! villag]s took "p 9  ! m>riage    
c]emony1 :i* la/$ ?ree days1 & 0 att5d$ 
)  mu* revelry4 ,! girl !reaft] rema9$ a
 virg9 & sacrific$ to  ! idol = ! p4 ,!y
 %ew$ h] ! utmo/ rev]5ce & deem$  h]    

div9e4#dhg ,! ,blackfoot ,indians (     
,nor? ,sid5ote3 ,m>riage ( a  woman to !
 ,sun among ! ,blackfoot ,indians4      
,am]ica us$ to wor%ip  ! ,sun z _! *ief 
god1 & !y held a fe/ival e ye> 9 8      
hon\r4 ,f\r days be=e ! new moon (      
,augu/ ! tribe halt$ on its  m>*1 & all 
hunt+ 0 susp5d$4 ,bodies ( m\nt$ m5 7 on
 duty  day & night to c>ry out ! ord]s (
 ! high prie/ ( ! ,sun4 ,he  enjo9$ ! p 
to fa/ & to take vap\r ba?s dur+ ! f\r  
days be=e ! new moon4 ,moreov]1 ) ! help
 ( 8 c\ncil1 he  *ose ! ,ve/al :o 0 to  
repres5t ! ,moon & to be m>ri$ to !     
,sun at ! fe/ival4 ,%e might be ei!r a  
virg9 or a woman :o _h _h  b "o husb&4  
,any girl or woman f\nd to h dis*>g$ !  
sacr$  duties )\t fulfill+ ! prescrib$  
conditions 0 put to dea?4 ,on  ! ?ird   
day ( prep>ation1 aft] ! la/            
purification _h be5  obs]v$1 !y built a 
r\nd temple ( ! ,sun4 ,po/s 7 driv5 into
  ! gr\nd 9 a circle2 ^! 7 connect$ )   
cross-pieces1 & !  :ole 0 cov]$ )       
leaves4 ,9 ! middle /ood ! sacr$ pole1  

support+ ! ro(4 ,a bundle ( _m small    
bran*es ( sacr$ wood1  wrapp$ 9 a       
spl5did buffalo robe1 cr[n$ ! summit ( !
 temple4  ,! entrance 0 on ! ea/1 & )9 !
 sanctu>y /ood an alt> on  :i* re/$ !   
head ( a buffalo4 ,beside ! alt> 0 !    
place  res]v$ = ! ,ve/al4 ,"h1 on a b$  
prep>$ = h]1 %e slept 8!  sleep ( w>10 z
 x 0 call$4 ,h] o!r duties consi/$ 9    
ma9ta9+ a sacr$ fire ( fragrant h]bs1 9 
pres5t+ a light$  pipe to h] husb& !    
,sun1 & 9 tell+ ! high prie/ ! dream  %e
 dream$ dur+ 8! sleep ( w>40 ,on le>n+ x
 ! prie/ _h x  proclaim$ to ! :ole      
nation to ! beat ( drum4#dhh ,e ye>     
ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 :5 ! season = fi%+
 ) ! drag-net  began1 ! ,sid5ote3       
,m>riage ( girls to fi%+ nets among !   
,hurons  & ,algonqu9s4 ,algonqu9s &     
,hurons m>ri$ _! nets to two "y  girls1 
ag$ six or sev54 ,at ! w$d+ fea/ ! net 0
 plac$  betwe5 ! two maid5s1 & 0 exhort$
 to take c\rage & cat* _m  fi%4 ,!      
reason = *oos+ ! brides s "y 0 to make  
sure t  !y 7 virg9s4 ,! orig9 ( ! cu/om 

is said to h be5 ?is4  ,"o ye>1 :5 !    
fi%+ season came r\nd1 ! ,algonqu9s ca/ 
_!  nets z usual1 b took no?+4 ,surpris$
 at _! want ( success1  !y did n "k :at 
to make ( x1 till ! s\l or g5ius 7oki7 (
  ! net appe>$ to !m 9 ! lik5ess ( a    
tall well-built man1 :o  said to !m 9 a 
great passion1 8,i h lo/ my wife & ,i _c
 f9d  "o :o has kn[n no o!r man b me2 t 
is :y y d n succe$1  & :y y nev] w      
succe$ till y give me satisfaction on   
?is  head40 ,s ! ,algonqu9s held a      
c\ncil & resolv$ to appease !  _s ( !   
net by m>ry+ him to two su* v "y girls t
 he  c\ld h no gr\nd ( compla9t on t    
score = ! future4 ,!y did  s1 & ! fi%+  
turn$ out all t c\ld be wi%$4 ,! ?+ got 
w9d among _! neighb\rs ! ,hurons1 & !y  
adopt$ ! cu/om4 ,a  %>e ( ! cat* 0      
always giv5 to ! families ( ! two girls 
:o  act$ z brides ( ! net = ! ye>4#dhi  
,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ ,m>riage ( ! ,sun-god &
 ,e>?-goddess among !  ,oraons4 ,!      
,oraons ( ,b5gal wor%ip ! ,e>? z a      
goddess1 &  annually celebrate h]       

m>riage ) ! ,sun-god ,dh>m at ! "t :5  !
 sl tree is 9 blossom4 ,! c]emony is z  
foll[s4 ,all ba!1  !n ! m5 repair to !  
sacr$ grove 7s>n71 :ile ! wom5  assemble
 at ! h\se ( ! village prie/4 ,aft]     
sacrific+ "s  f[ls to ! ,sun-god & !    
demon ( ! grove1 ! m5 eat & dr9k4  8,!  
prie/ is !n c>ri$ back to ! village on !
 %\ld]s ( a  /rong man4 ,ne> ! village !
 wom5 meet ! m5 & wa% _! feet4  ,) beat+
 ( drums & s++1 danc+1 & jump+1 all     
proce$ to  ! prie/'s h\se1 :i* has be5  
decorat$ ) leaves & fl[]s4  ,!n ! usual 
=m ( m>riage is p]=m$ betwe5 ! prie/ & 8
  wife1 symboliz+ ! suppos$ union betwe5
 ,sun & ,e>?4 ,aft] !  c]emony all eat &
 dr9k & make m]ry2 !y dance & s+ obsc5e 
songs1 & f9ally indulge 9 ! vile/       
orgies4 ,! object is to move  ! "m e>?  
to become fruitful40#dij ,?us ! ,sacr$  
,m>riage (  ! ,sun & ,e>?1 p]sonat$ by !
 prie/ & 8 wife1 is celebrat$  z a *>m  
to ensure ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd2 & = !   
same  purpose1 on ! pr9ciple (          
homoeopa?ic magic1 ! p indulge 9 a      

lic5ti\s orgy4 ,among ! ,sulka ( ,new   
,brita91 at ! village (  ,kolvagat1 a   
c]ta9 man has *>ge ( two /one figures   
:i* are call$  respectively 8,our       
gr&fa!r0 7ngur es7 & 8,our gr&mo!r0     
7ngur  pei74 ,!y are said to be kept 9 a
 h\se built specially = !  purpose4     
,fruits ( ! field are (f]$ to !m & left 
beside !m to  rot4 ,:5 _! gu>dian puts !
 two figures ) _! faces turn$  t[>ds ea*
 o!r1 ! plantations are believ$ to      
fl\ri%2 b :5  he sets !m back to back1  
!re is de>? & ! p suff] f  eruptions on 
! sk94#dia ,?is turn+ ( ! two images    
face to face  may be reg>d$ z a simple  
=m ( ,sacr$ ,m>riage betwe5 ! two  div9e
 p[]s repres5t$ by !m1 :o are cle>ly    
suppos$ to control  ! f]tility ( !      
plantations4    ,sid5ote3 ,m>riage (    
wom5 to gods 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,at !  
village ( ,bas ,doda1 9 ! ,gurgaon      
di/rict ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india1 a  fair  
is held on ! tw5ty-six? ( ! mon? ,*ait &
 ! two  foll[+ days4 ,we are told t     
=m]ly girls ( ! ,dh9w> class  us$ to be 

m>ri$ to ! god at ^! fe/ivals1 & t !y   
always  di$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,( late ye>s 
! practice is said to h be5             
discont9u$4#dib ,9 ,beh> dur+ ! mon? (  
,sawan 7,augu/7 cr[ds (  wom51 call+    
!mselves ,nag9 or 8wives ( ! snake10 g  
ab\t =  two & a half days begg+2 dur+   
?is "t !y may nei!r sleep  "u a ro( nor 
eat salt4 ,half ! proce$s ( _! begg+ is 
giv5  to ,brahmans1 & ! o!r half sp5t 9 
salt & sweet-meats1 :i* are  eat5 by all
 ! villag]s4#dic ,among/ ! ,ewe-speak+  
peoples ( !  ,slave ,coa/ 9 ,we/ ,africa
 human wives ( gods are v common4 ,9    
,dahomey !y sw>m1 & x has ev5 be5       
e/imat$ t e f\r?  woman is devot$ to !  
s]vice ( "s deity4 ,! *ief bus9ess (  ^!
 female vot>ies is pro/itution4 ,9 e t[n
 !re is at lea/  "o sem9>y :]e ! h&some/
 girls1 betwe5 t5 & twelve ye>s (  age1 
are tra9$4 ,!y /ay = ?ree ye>s1 le>n+ ! 
*ants &  dances peculi> to ! wor%ip ( ! 
gods1 & pro/itut+ !mselves  to ! prie/s 
& ! inmates ( ! male sem9>ies4 ,at ! end
 (  _! noviciate !y become public       

h>lots4 ,b no disgrace atta*es to  _!   
pr(ession1 = x is believ$ t !y are m>ri$
 to ! god1  & t _! excesses are caus$ & 
direct$ by him4 ,/rictly  speak+1 !y    
%\ld conf9e _! fav\rs to ! male         
wor%ipp]s at  ! temple1 b 9 practice !y 
be/[ !m indiscrim9ately4 ,*ildr5  born (
 su* unions belong to ! deity4 ,z !     
wives ( a god1 ^!  sacr$ wom5 may n     
m>ry4 ,b !y are n b\nd to ! s]vice ( !  
div9ity = life4 ,"s only be> 8 "n &     
sacrifice to him on _!  bir?days4#did   
,among/ ^! polygam\s ,we/ ,african gods 
! sacr$  py?on seems to be p>ticul>ly   
associat$ ) ! f]tility ( !  e>?2 = he is
 invok$ 9 excessively wet1 dry1 & b>r5  
seasons1  & ! "t ( ye> :5 "y girls are  
s\ght out to be 8 brides is  :5 ! millet
 is beg9n+ to spr\t4#die    ,sid5ote3   
,wom5 m>ri$ to wat]-gods4 ,x des]ves to 
be rem>k$ t  ! sup]natural be+ to :om   
wom5 are m>ri$ is (t5 a god or  _s (    
wat]4 ,?us ,mukasa1 ! god ( ! ,victoria 
,nyanza lake1 :o  0 propitiat$ by !     
,bag&a e "t !y und]took a long voyage1  

_h virg9s provid$ = him to s]ve z 8     
wives4 ,l ! ,ve/als  !y 7 b\nd to       
*a/ity1 b unlike ! ,ve/als !y seem to h 
be5 (t5 unfai?ful4 ,! cu/om la/$ until  
,mwanga 0 conv]t$ to  ,*ri/ianity4#dif  
,! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa      
wor%ip ! snake  ( a c]ta9 riv]1 & at    
int]vals ( sev]al ye>s !y m>ry !        
snake-god to wom51 b especially to "y   
girls4 ,= ?is purpose huts  are built by
 ord] ( ! m$ic9e-m51 :o !re consummate !
 sacr$  m>riage ) ! cr$ul\s female      
devotees4 ,if ! girls d n repair  to !  
huts ( _! own accord 9 suffici5t numb]s1
 !y are seiz$  & dragg$ ?i!r to !       
embraces ( ! deity4 ,! (fspr+ ( ^!      
my/ic unions appe>s to be fa!r$ on ,god 
7,ngai72 c]ta9ly !re  are *ildr5 among !
 ,akikuyu :o pass = *ildr5 ( ,god4#dig  
,9  ,k5gtung1 "o ( ! pr9cipal ,%an /ates
 ( ,upp] ,burma1 ! _s (  ! ,nawng ,tung 
lake is reg>d$ z v p[]ful1 & is         
propitiat$  ) (f]+s 9 ! eigh? mon? 7ab\t
 ,july7 ( ea* ye>4 ,a  rem>kable feature
 ( ! wor%ip ( ?is _s consi/s 9 !        

d$ication to him ( f\r virg9s 9 m>riage4
 ,cu/om requires t ?is  %\ld be done    
once 9 e ?ree ye>s4 ,x 0 actually done  
by !  late k+ or *ief 7,sawbwa7 9 #ahic1
 b d[n to #aija ! rite _h n  be5 p]=m$  
by 8 successor4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief    
features (  ! c]emony4 ,! virg9s :o are 
to w$ ! _s ( ! lake mu/ be  ( pure ,hkn 
race4 ,ord]s are s5t out = all ! ,hkn ( 
! valley to  att5d4 ,f ! unm>ri$ wom5 ( 
suitable age1 t5 are select$4  ,^! are z
 beautiful z may be1 & mu/ be )\t spot  
or blemi%4  ,f\r maid5s out ( ! t5 are  
*os5 by lot1 & c>efully dress$ 9  new   
g>m5ts4 ,a fe/ival is held1 usually at !
 h\se ( ! ,*ief  ,m9i/]1 :]e ! girls sit
 on a rais$ plat=m4 ,f\r old wom51      
?\ght to be possess$ by spirits1 ent] & 
rema9 z long z !  fea/ la/s4 ,dur+ ?is  
"t any?+ !y may want1 su* z food1       
betel1 or *]oots1 is h&$ to !m by ! f\r 
girls4 ,app>5tly !  old wom5 pass =     
repres5tatives ( ! _s1 & h5ce !y are    
wait$ on by ! maid5s de/9$ to be 8      
wives4 ,dotage1 bl9dness1 or  any great 

infirmity ( age seems to be acc\nt$     
possession by a _s  = ! purposes ( ?is  
function4 ,:5 ! fea/ is ov]1 ! maid5s   
are =mally pres5t$ to ! _s1 along ) !   
v>i\s sacrifices  & (f]+s4 ,!y are next 
tak5 to ! *ief's resid5ce1 :]e  /r+s are
 ti$ r\nd _! wri/s by ! m9i/]s & eld]s  
to gu>d  !m aga9/ ill-luck4 ,usually !y 
sleep a night or two at ! palace1  aft] 
:i* !y may return to _! homes4 ,!re     
seems to be no  objection to _! m>ry+   
aft]w>ds4 ,if no?+ happ5s to any ( !    
f\r1 x is believ$ t ! _s ( ! lake loves 
!m b little2  b if "o ( !m dies soon    
aft] ! c]emony1 x %ews t %e has  be5    
accept$ by him4 ,! _s is propitiat$ ) ! 
sacrifice (  pigs1 f[ls1 & sometimes a  
buffalo4#dih    ,sid5ote3 ,egyptian     
cu/om ( dr[n+ a girl z a sacrifice to ! 
,nile4 ,9 ?is la/ cu/om ! dea? ( ! woman
 is reg>d$ z a sign  t ! god has tak5 h]
 to himself4 ,sometimes1 app>5tly1 x has
 n  be5 left to ! discretion ( ! div9e  
bridegroom to take or leave  8 human    
bride2 %e 0 made ov] to him once = all 9

 dea?4 ,:5  ! ,arabs conqu]$ ,egypt !y  
le>n$ t at ! annual rise ( !  ,nile !   
,egyptians 7 wont to deck a "y virg9 9  
gay app>el &  ?r[ h] into ! riv] z a    
sacrifice1 9 ord] to obta9 a pl5tiful   
inundation4 ,! ,arab g5]al aboli%$ !    
b>b>\s cu/om4#dii ,x is  said t "u !    
,tang dyna/y ! ,*9ese us$ to m>ry a "y  
girl  to ! ,yell[ ,riv] once a ye> by   
dr[n+ h] 9 ! wat]4 ,= ?is  purpose !    
wit*es *ose ! faire/ damsel !y c\ld f9d 
&  !mselves sup]9t5d$ ! fatal m>riage4  
,at la/ ! local m&>91  a man ( s5se &   
humanity1 =bade ! cu/om4 ,b ! wit*es    
disreg>d$ 8 edicts & made _! prep>ations
 = ! usual murd]4  ,s :5 ! day 0 come1 !
 magi/rate appe>$ on ! sc5e ) 8  soldi]s
 & _h all ! wit*es b\nd & ?r[n into !   
riv] to  dr[n1 tell+ !m t no d\bt ! god 
w\ld be able to *oose 8  bride = himself
 f among !m4#ejj ,! pr9ces ( ,koepang1 a
 /ate  9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& ( ,timor1  
deem$ !mselves desc5d$ f  crocodiles2 & 
on ,sid5ote3 ,girls sacrific$ z brides (
 crocodiles4  ! coronation ( a new pr9ce

 a solemn sacrifice 0 made to !         
crocodiles 9 pres5ce ( ! p4 ,! (f]+s    
consi/$ ( a pig  ) r$ bri/les & a "y    
girl prettily dress$1 p]fum$1 &  deck$ )
 fl[]s4 ,%e 0 tak5 d[n to ! bank ( !    
riv] & set  on a sacr$ /one 9 a cave4   
,!n "o ( ! pr9ce's gu>ds summon$  !     
crocodiles4 ,soon "o ( ! bea/s appe>$ & 
dragg$ ! girl  d[n into ! wat]4 ,! p    
?\ght t he m>ri$ h]1 & t if  he did n   
f9d h] a maid he w\ld br+ h] back4#eja  
,on fe/al  occasions 9 ! same /ate a    
new-born girl 0 sometimes d$icat$ to a  
crocodile1 & !n1 ) c]ta9 c]emonies (    
consecration1 br\ght up  to be m>ri$ to 
a prie/4#ejb ,x is said t once1 :5 !    
inhabitants ( ,cayeli 9 ,buru--ano!r    
,ea/ ,indian isl&--7 ?reat5$  )         
de/ruction by a sw>m ( crocodiles1 !y   
ascrib$ ! mis=tune  to a passion :i* !  
pr9ce ( ! crocodiles _h conceiv$ = a    
c]ta9 girl4 ,accord+ly1 !y compell$ !   
damsel's fa!r to dress  h] 9 bridal     
array & deliv] h] ov] to ! clut*es ( h] 
crocodile lov]4#ejc    ,sid5ote3 ,virg9 

sacrific$ z a bride to a j9nee ( ! sea 9
 !  ,maldive ,isl&s4 ,a usage ( ! same  
sort is report$ to h prevail$  9 !      
,maldive ,isl&s be=e ! conv]sion ( !    
inhabitants to  ,islam4 ,! fam\s ,arab  
travell] ,ibn ,batutah has describ$ !   
cu/om  & ! mann] 9 :i* x came to an end4
 ,he 0 assur$ by sev]al  tru/wor?y      
natives1 ^: names he gives1 t :5 ! p ( !
  isl&s 7 idolat]s !re appe>$ to !m e   
mon? an evil _s  among ! j9n1 :o came f 
across ! sea 9 ! lik5ess ( a %ip  full (
 burn+ lamps4 ,! wont ( ! inhabitants1 z
 soon z !y  p]ceiv$ him1 0 to take a "y 
virg91 &1 hav+ adorn$ h]1 to  lead h] to
 a hea!n temple t /ood on ! %ore1 ) a   
w9d[  look+ out to sea4 ,!re !y left !  
damsel = ! night1 & :5  !y came back 9 !
 morn+ !y f\nd h] a maid no m1 & dead4  
,e mon? !y drew lots1 & he ^u :om ! lot 
fell gave up 8  daught] to ! j9nee ( !  
sea4 ,9 "t !re came to !m a ,b]b]  nam$ 
,abu 'lb]ecat1 :o knew ! ,coran by he>t4
 ,he lodg$ 9 ! h\se  ( an old woman ( ! 
isle ( ,mahal4 ,"o day1 visit+ 8 ho/ess1

 he  f\nd t %e _h ga!r$ h] family ab\t  
h]1 & t ! wom5  7 weep+ z if !re 7 a    
fun]al4 ,on enquir+ into ! cause (  _!  
di/ress1 he le>n$ t ! lot _h fall5 on ! 
old woman1 &  t %e _h an only daught]1  
:o mu/ be sla9 by ! evil j9nee4 ,abu    
'lb]ecat said to ! old dame1 8,i w g ?is
 night in/ead ( ?y  daught]40 ,n[ he 0 q
 be>dless4 ,s :5 ! night 0 come !y  took
 him1 & aft] he _h p]=m$ 8 ablutions1 !y
 put him 9 !  temple ( idols4 ,he set   
himself to recite ! ,coran2 !n ! demon  
appe>$ at ! w9d[1 b ! man w5t on ) 8    
recitation4 ,no  soon] 0 ! j9nee )9 he>+
 ( ! holy words ?an he div$  into ! sea4
 ,:5 morn+ broke1 ! old woman & h]      
family & !  p ( ! isl& came1 accord+ to 
_! cu/om1 to c>ry away !  girl & burn h]
 body4 ,!y f\nd ! /rang] repeat+ !      
,coran1 &  took him to _! k+1 ^: "n 0   
,*5\razah1 & made him relate  8         
adv5ture4 ,! k+ 0 a/oni%$ at x4 ,! ,b]b]
 propos$ to !  k+ t he %\ld embrace     
,islam4 ,*5\razah said to him1 8,t>ry ) 
u till next mon?2 if ?\ %alt d :at ?\   

ha/ done1 & %alt  escape f ! evil j9nee1
 ,i w be conv]t$40 ,! /rang] abode  ) ! 
idolat]s1 & ,god dispos$ ! k+'s he>t to 
receive !  true fai?4 ,s be=e ! mon? 0  
out he became a ,mussalman1 he &  8     
wives & 8 *ildr5 & ! p ( 8 c\rt4 ,& :5 !
  next mon? began1 ! ,b]b] 0 conduct$ to
 ! temple ( idols2 b  ! demon did n     
appe>1 & ! ,b]b] set himself to recite !
 ,coran  till break ( day4 ,!n ! ,sultan
 & 8 subjects broke ! idols &  demoli%$ 
! temple4 ,! p ( ! isl& embrac$ ,islam &
 s5t  mess5g]s to ! o!r isles1 & _!     
inhabitants 7 conv]t$  likewise4 ,b by  
reason ( ! demon _m ( ! ,maldive ,isl&s 
7  depopulat$ be=e _! conv]sion to      
,islam4 ,:5 ,ibn ,batutah himself  l&$ 9
 ! c\ntry he knew no?+ ( ^! ?+s4 ,"o    
night1 z he  0 go+ ab\t 8 bus9ess1 he   
he>d ( a sudd5 p say+ 9 a  l\d voice1   
8,!re is no ,god b ,god10 & 8,god is    
great40 ,he saw  *ildr5 c>ry+ copies ( !
 ,coran on _! heads1 & wom5 beat+  on   
bas9s & vessels ( copp]4 ,he 0 a/oni%$  
at :at !y did1 &  he said1 8,:at has    

happ5$80 ,!y answ]$1 8,do/ ?\ n behold !
  sea80 ,he look$ t[>ds ! sea1 & beheld 
9 ! d>kness1 z x 71  a great %ip full ( 
burn+ lamps & cressets4 ,!y said to him1
 8,t  is ! demon4 ,x is 8 wont to %ew   
himself once a mon?2 b aft] we  h done t
 :i* ?\ ha/ se51 he returns to 8 place &
 does u  no mann] ( h>m40#ejd           
,sid5ote3 ,! /ory bas$ on !             
phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea4 ,x  occurr$ to  
me t ?is my? ( ! demon lov] may h be5   
bas$ on  "s physical ph5om5on1          
electrical1 lun>1 or o!rwise1 :i* is    
p]iodically se5 at night 9 ! ,maldive   
,isl&s4 ,accord+ly ,i  consult$         
,pr(essor ,j4 ,/anley ,g>d9]1 our =emo/ 
au?ority on !  ar*ipelago4 ,8 answ]1 :i*
 confirms my conjecture1 runs ?us3 8,a  
peculi> phosphoresc5ce1 l ! gl[ ( a lamp
 hidd5 by a r\gh5$  glass %ade1 is      
occasionally visible on lagoon %oals 9 !
 ,maldives4 ,i  imag9e x to h be5 due to
 "s s+le animal ) a great]              
phosphoresc5ce ?an any at pres5t kn[n to
 u4 ,a p]iodical appe>ance  at "s phase 

( ! moon due to reproduction is n       
improbable & has  p>allels4 ,! my? /ill 
exi/s 9 ! ,maldives1 b 9 a r  diff]5t   
=m40 ,he adds t 8a numb] ( ^! animals   
might ( c\rse  appe> on "s %oal ne>     
,male10 ! pr9cipal isl& ( ! gr\p4 ,to  !
 eyes ( ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s su* a   
my/]i\s gl[1  sudd5ly light+ up ! sea 9 
! dusk ( ! ev5+1 might well  appe> a    
phantom %ip1 hung ) burn+ lamps1 be>+   
d[n on !  devot$ isl&s1 & 9 ! /illness (
 night ! ro> ( ! surf on  ! b>ri] reef  
might s\nd 9 _! e>s l ! voice ( ! demon 
call+ = 8 prey4#eje                     
#c4 ,sacrifices to ,wat]-spirits        
,sid5ote3 ,/ories ( ! ,p]seus & ,&rom$a 
type4 ,ibn ,batutah's  n>rative ( !     
demon lov] & 8 mortal brides closely    
resembles a  well-kn[n type ( folk-tale1
 ( :i* v]sions h be5 f\nd f  ,japan &   
,annam 9 ! ,ea/ to ,s5egambia1          
,sc&9avia1 & ,scotl& 9  ! ,we/4 ,! /ory 
v>ies 9 details f p to p1 b z  commonly 
told x runs ?us4 ,a c]ta9 c\ntry is     
infe/$ by a  _m-head$ s]p5t1 dragon1 or 

o!r mon/]1 :i* w\ld de/roy !  :ole p if 
a human victim1 g5]ally a virg91 7 n    
deliv]$  up to him p]iodically4 ,_m     
victims h p]i%$1 & at la/ x has  fall5  
to ! lot ( ! k+'s own daught] to be     
sacrific$4 ,%e is  expos$ to ! mon/]1 b 
! h]o ( ! tale1 g5]ally a "y man  (     
humble bir?1 int]poses 9 h] behalf1     
slays ! mon/]1 &  receives ! h& ( !     
pr9cess z 8 rew>d4 ,9 _m ( ! tales  !   
mon/]1 :o is sometimes describ$ z a     
s]p5t1 inhabits ! wat]  ( a sea1 a lake1
 or a f\nta94 ,9 o!r v]sions he is a    
s]p5t or  dragon :o takes possession ( !
 spr+s ( wat]1 & only all[s !  wat] to  
fl[ or ! p to make use ( x on condition 
( receiv+  a human victim4#ejf          
,sid5ote3 ,wat]-spirits conceiv$ z      
s]p5ts or dragons4 ,x w\ld  probably be 
a mi/ake to dismiss all ^! tales z pure 
inv5tions (  ! /ory-tell]4 ,r we may    
suppose t !y reflect a real cu/om  (    
sacrific+ girls or wom5 to be ! wives ( 
wat]-spirits1 :o are  v (t5 conceiv$ z  
great s]p5ts or dragons4 ,else:]e ,i h  

cit$ _m in/ances ( ?is belief 9         
s]p5t-%ap$ spirits (  wat]2#ejg "h x may
 be wor? :ile to add a few m4 ,?us !    
,w>ramunga ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia p]=m     
elaborate c]emonies to appease  or co]ce
 a gigantic1 b purely my?ical wat]-snake
 :o is said to  h de/roy$ a numb] (     
p4#ejh ,"s ( ! natives ( we/]n          
,au/ralia fe> to approa* l>ge pools1    
suppos+ !m to be inhabit$  by a great   
s]p5t1 :o w\ld kill !m if !y d>$ to dr9k
 or draw  wat] !re by night4#eji ,!     
,indians ( ,new ,granada believ$ t :5  !
 "m ( all mank9d1 nam$ ,ba*ue1 0 gr[n   
old1 %e & h]  husb& plung$ into ! ,lake 
( ,iguague1 :]e !y 7 *ang$ into  two    
enorm\s s]p5ts1 :i* /ill live 9 ! lake &
 sometimes %ew  !mselves4#eaj ,! ,oyampi
 ,indians ( ,fr5* ,guiana imag9e t ea*  
wat]fall has a gu>dian 9 ! %ape ( a     
mon/r\s snake1 :o lies  hidd5 "u ! eddy 
( ! cascade1 b has sometimes be5 se5 to 
lift up its huge head4 ,to see x is     
fatal4 ,canoe & ,indians are !n  dragg$ 
d[n to ! bottom1 :]e ! mon/] swall[s all

 ! m51 &  sometimes ! canoe also4 ,h5ce 
! ,oyampis nev] "n a wat]fall till  !y h
 pass$ x1 = fe> t ! snake at ! bottom ( 
! wat]  might he> its "n & attack ! ra% 
intrud]s4#eaa ,! ,hui*ol  ,indians (    
,mexico adore wat]4 ,spr+s are sacr$1 & 
! gods 9 !m  are mo!rs or s]p5ts1 t rise
 ) ! cl\ds & desc5d z  fructify+        
ra94#eab ,! ,t>ahum>es1 ano!r ,indian   
tribe ( ,mexico1  ?9k t e riv]1 pool1 & 
spr+ has its s]p5t1 :o causes !  wat] to
 come up out ( ! e>?4 ,all ^!           
wat]-s]p5ts are easily  (f5d$2 h5ce !   
,t>ahum>es place _! h\ses "s little way 
f  ! wat]1 & w n sleep ne> x :5 !y are  
on a j\rney4  ,:5ev] !y con/ruct weirs  
to cat* fi%1 !y take c>e to (f]  fi% to 
! wat]-s]p5t ( ! riv]2 & :5 !y are away 
f home  & are mak+ p9ole1 t is1 toa/$   
maize-meal1 !y drop ! fir/  ( ! p9ole   
into ! wat] z an (f]+ to ! s]p5ts1 :o   
w\ld  o!rwise try to seize !m & *ase !m 
back to _! own l&4#eac  ,9 ,basutol& !  
riv]s ,ketane & ,maletsunyane tumble1 ) 
a ro> (  wat]s & a cl\d ( iridesc5t     

spray1 into va/ *asms hundr$s (  feet   
deep4 ,! ,basutos fe> to approa* ! foot 
( ^! huge falls1  = !y ?9k t a _s 9 !   
%ape ( a gigantic snake haunts !  see?+ 
cauldron :i* receives ! fall+ wat]s4#ead
    ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifices ( human be+s  
to wat]-spirits4 ,! p]ils (  ! sea1 (   
floods1 ( rapid riv]s1 ( deep pools &   
lakes1 naturally  acc\nt = ! belief t   
wat]-spirits are fickle & dang]\s  be+s1
 :o ne$ to be appeas$ by sacrifices4    
,sometimes ^!  sacrifices consi/ (      
animals1 su* z horses & bulls1#eae b (t5
  ! victims are human be+s4 ,?us at !   
m\? ( ! ,bonny ,riv] !re  is a dang]\s  
b> on :i* vessels trad+ to ! riv] h be5 
lo/4  ,?is is bad = bus9ess1 & accord+ly
 ! negroes us$ to sacrifice  a "y man   
annually to ! _s ( ! b>4 ,! h&some/ y\? 
0  *os5 = ! purpose1 & = _m mon?s be=e !
 c]emony he  lodg$ ) ! k+4 ,! p reg>d$  
him z sacr$ or ju-ju1 &  :atev] he t\*$1
 ev5 :5 he pass$ casually ?r\gh !       
/reets1  %>$ 8 sanctity & belong$ to    
him4 ,h5ce :5ev] he appe>$ 9  public !  

inhabitants fl$ be=e him1 le/ he %\ld   
t\* _!  g>m5ts or any?+ !y might be     
c>ry+4 ,he 0 kept 9 ignorance (  ! fate 
9 /ore = him1 & no "o might in=m him ( x
 "u pa9  ( dea?4 ,on an appo9t$ day he 0
 tak5 out to ! b> 9 a canoe &  induc$ to
 jump into ! wat]4 ,!n ! r[]s pli$ _!   
paddles &  left him to dr[n4 ,a simil>  
c]emony us$ to be p]=m$ at ! ,new       
,calab> ,riv]1 b ! victim 0 a culprit4  
,he 0 ?r[n into !  wat] to be dev\r$ by 
! %>ks1 :i* are !re ! pr9cipal feti%  or
 ju-ju4#eaf ,! *iefs ( ,duke ,t[n1 on ! 
same coa/ ( ,gu9ea1  7 wont to make an  
annual (f]+ to ! riv]4 ,a "y woman ( a  
light col\r1 or an alb9o1 0 *os5 z !    
victim4 ,on a set day !y  deck$ h] )    
f9]y1 took h] d[n to ,p>rot ,isl&1 & )  
mu*  c]emony plung$ h] 9 ! /ream4 ,!    
fi%]m5 ( ,efiat1 at ! m\?  ( ! riv]1 are
 said /ill to obs]ve ! rite 9 ord] to   
ensure a  good cat* ( fi%4#eag ,! ,k+ ( 
,dahomey us$ to s5d f "t to  "t a man1  
dress$ out ) ! insignia ( (fice1 to     
,:ydah to be  dr[n$ at ! m\? ( ! riv]4  

,! int5tion ( ! sacrifice 0 to  attract 
m]*ant %ips4#eah ,:5 a fi%]man has be5  
c>ri$ (f by a  crocodile1 "s ( ! natives
 on ! banks ( ,lake ,tanganyika take ?is
  = a sign t ! _s deems himself slight$1
 s9ce he is oblig$  to come & f9d       
victims = himself in/ead ( hav+ !m      
pres5t$ to  him4 ,h5ce ! sorc]]s g5]ally
 decide t a second victim is  want$2 s1 
hav+ *os5 "o1 !y b9d him h& & foot & fl+
 him  into ! lake to fe$ !              
crocodiles4#eai ,! crat] ( ! volcano    
,tolucan 9 ,mexico encloses two lakes ( 
cle> cold wat]1 surr\nd$ by  gloomy =e/s
 ( p9e4 ,"h1 9 ! eighte5? mon? ( !      
,toltec  ye>1 answ]+ to ,febru>y1 *ildr5
 beautifully dress$ & deck$  ) fl[]s &  
gay fea!rs us$ to be dr[n$ z an (f]+ to 
,tlaloc1 ! god ( ! wat]s1 :o _h a f9e   
temple on ! spot4#ebj  ,! ,*ams ( ,annam
 h traditions ( a "t :5 liv+ m5 7 ?r[n  
into ! sea e ye> 9 ord] to propitiate ! 
deities :o look$  aft] ! fi%+1 & :5     
*ildr5 ( good family 7 dr[n$ 9 !        
wat]-*annels 9 ord] t ! rice-fields     

might be duly  irrigat$4#eba            
,sid5ote3 ,wat]-spirits conceiv$ z      
b5efic5t be+s :o disp5se  f]tility4 ,?is
 la/ in/ance br+s out a m k9dly aspect (
 !  wat]-spirits4 ,if ^! be+s are dread$
 by ! fi%]man & !  m>9] :o tempt ! angry
 sea1 & by ! huntsman :o has to swim or 
=d ! ru%+ riv]s1 !y are view$ 9 a       
diff]5t light by !  %eph]d & ! husb&man 
9 hot & arid l&s1 :]e ! pa/ure =  !     
cattle & ! produce ( ! fields alike     
dep5d on ! supply (  wat]1 & :]e        
prolong$ dr\ght means />vation & dea? = 
man  & bea/4 ,to m5 9 su* circum/ances !
 spirits ( ! wat]s are  b5efic5t be+s1 !
 disp5s]s ( life & f]tility1 :e!r _!    
bless+s desc5d z ra9 f heav5 or well up 
z spr+s ( bubbl+  wat] 9 ! p>*$ des]t4  
,9 ! ,semitic ,ea/1 = example1 :]e !    
ra9fall is prec>i\s or conf9$ to c]ta9  
seasons1 ! face ( !  e>? is b>e & )]$ = 
mo/ ( ! ye>1 except :]e x is kept  fre% 
by irrigation or by ! p]colation (      
und]gr\nd wat]4 ,"h1  accord+ly1 ! local
 gods or ,baalim _h _! seats orig9ally 9

  spots ( natural f]tility1 by f\nta9s &
 ! banks ( riv]s1 9  groves & tangl$    
?ickets & gre5 glades ( m\nta9 holl[s & 
deep wat]c\rses4 ,z lords ( ! spr+s &   
subt]ranean wat]s !y  7 suppos$ to be ! 
s\rces ( all ! gifts ( ! l&1 ! corn1  ! 
w9e & ! oil1 ! wool & ! flax1 ! v9es & !
  fig-trees4#ebb    ,sid5ote3           
,wat]-spirits conceiv$ z be/[+ (fspr+ on
 wom54  ,:]e wat]-spirits are ?us       
conceiv$ z ! au?ors ( f]tility 9  g5]al1
 x is natural t !y %\ld be held to ext5d
 ! sph]e (  _! op]ations to m5 &        
animals2 9 o!r words1 t ! p[] (  be/[+  
(fspr+ on b>r5 wom5 & cattle %\ld be    
ascrib$ to  !m4 ,?is ascription comes   
out cle>ly 9 a cu/om obs]v$ by ,syrian  
wom5 at ! pres5t day4 ,"s ( ! *annels ( 
! ,orontes are us$  = irrigation1 b at a
 c]ta9 season ( ! ye> ! /reams are      
turn$ (f & ! dry b$ ( ! *annels is cle>$
 ( mud & any  o!r matt] t might clog !  
fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,! fir/ night t  ! wat] is
 turn$ on aga91 x is said to h ! p[] (  
procreation4 ,accord+ly b>r5 wom5 take  

_! places 9 ! *annel1  wait+ = ! embrace
 ( ! wat]-_s 9 ! ru% ( !  /ream4#ebc    
,aga91 a pool ( wat] 9 a cave at ,juneh 
enjoys ! same  reputation4 ,! p ?9k a   
*ildless c\ple :o ba! 9 ! wat]  w h     
(fspr+4#ebd ,9 ,india _m wells are      
suppos$ to cure  /]ility1 :i* is        
univ]sally attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( evil  
spirits4 ,! wat] ( sev5 wells is        
collect$ on ! night ( !  ,diwali or fea/
 ( lamps1 & b>r5 wom5 ba! 9 x 9 ord] to 
remove _! reproa*4 ,!re is a well 9     
,orissa :]e ! prie/s ?r[  betel-nuts    
into ! mud4 ,*ildless wom5 scramble = ! 
nuts1 & %e  :o f9ds !m w be a happy "m  
be=e long4 ,= ! same reason1  aft]      
*ildbir? an ,indian "m is tak5 to wor%ip
 ! village well4  ,%e walks r\nd x 9 !  
c\rse ( ! sun & sme>s ! plat=m )  r$    
lead1 :i* may be a sub/itute = blood4 ,a
 ,kh&h prie/ w take  a *ildless woman to
 ! meet+ ( two /reams1 :]e he makes an  
(f]+ to ! god ( bir?s & spr9kles ! woman
 ) wat] 9  ord] to rid h] ( ! influ5ce (
 ! _s :o h9d]s  conception4#ebe ,9 !    

,punjaub a b>r5 woman :o desires to     
become a  "m w sometimes be let d[n into
 a well on a ,sunday or ,tuesday  night 
dur+ ! ,diwali fe/ival4 ,aft] /ripp+    
h]self ( h] clo!s  & ba?+ 9 ! wat]1 %e  
is drawn up aga9 & p]=ms !  *aukpurna   
c]emony ) incantations taught by a      
wiz>d4 ,:5 ?is  c]emony has be5 p]=m$1 !
 well is suppos$ to run dry2 its        
quick5+ & f]tilis+ virtue has be5       
ab/ract$ by ! woman4#ebf  ,! ,indian    
sect ( ! ,vallabha*>yas or ,mah>ajas    
believe t ba?+  9 a sacr$ well is a     
rem$y = b>r5ness 9 wom54#ebg ,9         
antiquity  ! wat]s ( ,s9uessa 9         
,campania 7 ?\ght to bless *ildless     
wives  ) (fspr+4#ebh ,to ?is day ,syrian
 wom5 resort to hot spr+s 9  ord] to    
obta9 *ildr5 f ! sa9t or j9nee ( !      
wat]s4#ebi ,9  ,scotl& ! same f]tilis+  
virtue us$ to be1 & probably /ill is1   
ascrib$ to c]ta9 spr+s4 ,wives :o wi%$  
to become mo!rs =m]ly  resort$ to ! well
 ( ,/4 ,fillan at ,comrie1 & to ! wells 
( ,/4  ,m>y at ,:itekirk & 9 ! ,isle (  

,may4#ecj ,9 ! ,aran ,isl&s1 (f  ! coa/ 
( ,galway1 wom5 desir\s ( *ildr5 pray at
 ,/4 ,eany's ,well1  by ! ,angels'      
,walk1 & ! m5 pray at ! rag well by !   
*ur* (  ! ,f\r ,comely ,ones at         
,onaght4#eca ,*ild's ,well 9 ,ox=d 0    
suppos$  to h ! virtue ( mak+ b>r5 wom5 
to br+ =?4#ecb ,ne>  ,b+field 9         
,nor?umb]l& !re is a copi\s sulphur spr+
 kn[n z  ! ,borewell4 ,on ! ,sunday     
foll[+ ! f\r? day ( ,july1 t is  ab\t   
,midsumm] ,day1 accord+ to ! old /yle1  
great cr[ds ( p  us$ to assemble at !   
well f all ! surr\nd+ hamlets &         
villages4 ,! sc5e 0 l a fair1 /alls = ! 
sale ( refre%m5ts  be+ br\ght & set up =
 ! occasion4 ,! neighb\r+ slopes 7      
t]rac$1 & seats =m$ = ! conv5i5ce (     
pilgrims & visitors4  ,b>r5 wom5 pray$  
at ! well t !y might become mo!rs4 ,if  
_!  fai? 0 /rong en\gh1 _! pray]s 7 he>d
 )9 ! ye>4#ecc    ,sid5ote3 ,love (     
riv]-spirits = wom5 9 ,greek my?ology4  
,9 ,greek  my?ology simil> ideas ( !    
procreative p[] ( wat] meet u 9 !       

/ories ( ! loves ( riv]s = wom5 & 9 !   
leg5ds :i* trac$  ! desc5t ( h]oes &    
h]o9es f riv]-gods4#ecd ,9 ,sophocles's 
play ( ,! ,tra*9ian ,wom5 ,dejanira     
tells h[ %e 0 woo$ by !  riv] ,a*el\s1  
:o came to h] fa!r & claim$ h] h&1      
appe>+  9 ! lik5ess n[ ( a bull1 n[ ( a 
s]p5t1 & n[ ( a be+ )  ! body ( a man & 
! front ( an ox1 :ile /reams ( wat] fl[$
  f 8 %aggy be>d4 ,%e relates1 too1 h[  
glad %e 0 :5 ,h]cules  pres5t$ himself &
 vanqui%$ ! riv]-god 9 s+le combat &    
took  h] to wife4#ece ,! leg5d p]haps   
pres]ves a rem9isc5ce ( t  cu/om (      
provid+ a wat]-god ) a human wife :i*   
has be5  practis$ else:]e4 ,! motive (  
su* a cu/om may h v>i$ )  ! p>ticul>    
conception :i* happ5$ to prevail ( ! "* 
(  ! wat]-god4 ,:]e he 0 suppos$ to be a
 cruel & de/ructive  be+1 :o dr[n$ m5 & 
laid wa/e ! c\ntry1 a wife w\ld be  (f]$
 simply to keep him 9 good hum\r1 & s   
prev5t him f do+  mis*ief4 ,b :]e he 0  
view$ z ! procreative p[] on :om !      
f]tility ( ! e>? & ! fecundity ( m5 &   

animals dep5d$1  8 m>riage w\ld be deem$
 necess>y = ! purpose ( enabl+ him  to  
dis*>ge 8 b5efic5t functions4 ,?is      
belief 9 ! amor\s  "* ( riv]s comes out 
pla9ly 9 a cu/om :i* 0 obs]v$ at  ,troy 
d[n to classical times4 ,maid5s ab\t to 
m>ry 7 wont to ba!  9 ! ,scam&]1 say+ z 
!y did s1 8,scam&]1 take my virg9ity40  
,a simil> cu/om appe>s to h be5 obs]v$  
at ! riv] ,mae&]1  & p]haps 9 o!r p>ts (
 ! ,greek _w4 ,occasionally1 x w\ld     
seem1 "y m5 took advantage ( ! practice 
to ravi% ! girls1 &  ! (fspr+ ( su* a   
union 0 fa!r$ on ! riv]-god4#ecf ,!  ba?
 :i* a ,greek bride & bridegroom        
regul>ly took be=e m>riage  appe>s to h 
be5 int5d$ to bless _! union ) (fspr+   
?r\gh ! f]tilis+ influ5ce ( !           
wat]-nymphs4#ecg    ,?us x w\ld appe> t 
9 _m p>ts ( ! _w a cu/om has  prevail$ (
 sacrific+ human be+s to wat]-spirits1 &
 t 9 n  a few cases ! c]emony has tak5 !
 =m ( mak+ ov] a woman to  ! _s to be 8 
wife1 9 ord] ei!r to pacify 8 fury or to
 give  play to 8 g5]ative p[]s4 ,:]e !  

wat]-_s 0 reg>d$ z  female1 "y m5 might 
be pres5t$ to h] = a simil> purpose1 &  
?is may be ! reason :y ! victims        
sacrific$ to wat]-spirits are  sometimes
 males4 ,among civilis$ peoples ^!      
cu/oms survive = !  mo/ "p only 9 popul>
 tales1 ( :i* ! leg5d ( ,p]seus &       
,&rom$a1 ) its m$iaeval c\nt]p>t ( ,/4  
,george & ! ,dragon1  is ! mo/ famili>  
example4 ,b occasionally !y appe> to h  
left  traces ( !mselves 9 c]emonies &   
pageants4 ,?us at ,fur? 9  ,bav>ia a    
,sid5ote3 ,midsumm] cu/om ( slay+ !     
dragon at ,fur? 9  ,bav>ia4 drama call$ 
! ,slay+ ( ! ,dragon us$ to be act$ e   
ye> ab\t ,midsumm]1 on ! ,sunday aft]   
,corpus ,*ri/i ,day4 ,cr[ds (           
spectators flock$ f ! neighb\rhood to   
witness x4 ,! sc5e (  ! p]=mance 0 !    
public squ>e4 ,on a plat=m /ood or sat a
  pr9cess we>+ a gold5 cr[n on h] head1 
& z _m silv]  ornam5ts on h] body z c\ld
 be borr[$ = ! purpose4 ,%e 0  att5d$ by
 a maid ( hon\r4 ,opposite h] 0 /ation$ 
! dragon1 a  dreadful mon/] ( pa9t$     

canvas /ret*$ on a wood5 skeleton &     
mov$ by two m5 inside4 ,f "t to "t !    
creature w\ld ru% )  gap+ jaws into !   
d5se cr[d ( spectators1 :o retreat$     
ha/ily1  tumbl+ ov] ea* o!r 9 _! anxiety
 to escape4 ,!n a knight 9  arm\r1      
att5d$ by 8 m5-at-arms1 rode =? & ask$ !
 pr9cess  :at %e did 8on ?is h>d /one10 
& :y %e look$ s sad4 ,%e told  him t !  
dragon 0 com+ to eat h] up4 ,on t !     
knight bade  h] be ( good *e]1 = t ) 8  
sword he w\ld rid ! c\ntry  ( ! mon/]4  
,) t he *>g$ ! dragon1 ?ru/+ 8 spe>     
into its maw & tak+ c>e to /ab a bladd] 
( bullock's blood :i*  0 !re conceal$4  
,! gu% ( blood :i* foll[$ 0 an          
indisp5sable "p ( ! %[1 & if ! knight   
miss$ 8 /roke he  0 unm]cifully je]$ &  
taunt$ by ! cr[d4 ,hav+ despat*$ !      
mon/] ) sword & pi/ol1 ! knight !n ha/5$
 to ! pr9cess  & told h] t he _h sla9 ! 
dragon :o _h s long oppress$ !  t[n4 ,9 
return %e ti$ a wrea? r\nd 8 arm1 &     
ann\nc$ t h]  noble fa!r & "m w\ld soon 
come to give !m half ! k+dom4  ,!       

m5-at-arms !n escort$ ! knight & !      
pr9cess to ! tav]n1  !re to end ! day ) 
dance & revelry4 ,bohemians & ,bav>ians 
came f _m miles to witness ?is play ( ! 
,slay+ ( ! ,dragon1  & :5 ! mon/]'s     
blood /ream$ =? !y eag]ly mopp$ x up1   
along ) ! blood-soak$ e>?1 9 :ite clo?s1
 :i* !y  aft]w>ds laid on ! flax-fields1
 9 ord] t ! flax might ?rive  & gr[     
tall4 ,= ! 8dragon's blood0 0 ?\ght to  
be a sure  protection aga9/             
wit*craft4#ech ,?is use ( ! blood       
suffices to  prove t ! ,slay+ ( !       
,dragon at ,fur? 0 n a m]e popul>       
spectacle1 b a magical rite design$ to  
f]tilise ! fields4 ,z su*  x probably   
desc5d$ f a v remote antiquity1 & may   
well h  be5 inve/$ ) a "* ( solemnity1  
if n ( trag$y1 long  be=e x deg5]at$    
into a f>ce4    ,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,roma9    
deliv]s ,r\5 f a dragon4 ,m fam\s 0 !   
dragon f :i*1 accord+ to leg5d1 ,/4     
,roma9 deliv]$ ,r\51 &  f> m impressive 
0 ! c]emony ) :i*1 d[n to ! ,fr5*       
,revolution1 ! city commemorat$ its     

deliv]ance4 ,! /ately &  beautiful      
edifices ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* /ill    
adorn ,r\51 =m$ a  fitt+ backgr\nd = a  
pageant :i* c>ri$ ! m9d back to ! days  
:5 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,engl& & ,ri*>d        
,cur-de-,lion1 ,dukes ( ,norm&y1  /ill  
_h _! palace 9 ?is anci5t capital ( _!  
ance/ral  doma9s4 ,leg5d ran t ab\t !   
ye> #ebj ,a4,d4 a =e/ or m>% ne>  ! city
 0 infe/$ by a mon/r\s bea/ 9 ! %ape ( a
 s]p5t or  dragon1 :i* e day wr\ght     
great h>m to ,r\5 & its  neighb\rhood1  
dev\r+ man & bea/1 caus+ boats & m>9]s  
on  ! riv] ,se9e to p]i%1 & inflict+ o!r
 woes innum]able on !  commonweal?4 ,at 
la/ ! ar*bi%op1 ,/4 ,roma91 resolv$ to  
be>d !  mon/] 9 8 d54 ,he c\ld get none 
to accompany him b a prison]  condemn$  
to dea? = murd]4 ,on _! approa* ! dragon
 made z  ?\gh he w\ld swall[ !m up2 b ! 
ar*bi%op1 rely+ on !  div9e help1 made !
 sign ( ! cross1 & at once ! mon/]      
became  s g5tle t he suff]$ ! sa9t to   
b9d him ) 8 /ole & !  murd]] to lead him
 l a lamb to ! slaught]4 ,?us !y w5t 9  

procession to a public place 9 ,r\51 :]e
 ! dragon 0 burnt 9 !  pres5ce ( ! p &  
its a%es ca/ into ! riv]4 ,! murd]]  0  
p>don$ = 8 s]vices2 & ! fame ( ! de$    
hav+ gone  abroad1 ,/4 ,roma91 or 8     
successor ,/4 ,ou51 ^: memory is en%r9$ 
9 a *ur* ( dreamlike beauty at ,r\51    
obta9$ f ,k+ ,dagob]t 9  p]petuity a    
privilege = ! ar*bi%op1 dean1 & canons (
 !  ca!dral1 to wit1 t e ye> on         
,asc5sion ,day1 ! anniv]s>y (  !        
miracle1 !y %\ld ,sid5ote3 ,9 memory (  
?is deliv]ance !  ar*bi%op & *apt] (    
,r\5 7 annually all[$ to p>don a        
malefactor on ,asc5sion ,day4 p>don &   
release f prison a  malefactor1 :omsoev]
 !y *ose1 & :atev] ! crime ( :i* he  _h 
be5 guilty4 ,?is privilege1 unique 9    
,france1 0 claim$ by !  *apt] ( !       
ca!dral z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5?   
c5tury2 = 9 #abaj1 ! gov]nor ( ! ca/le (
 ,r\5 hav+ boggl$  at giv+ up a prison]1
 ! *apt] appeal$ to ,k+ ,philip         
,augu/us1  :o caus$ an enquiry to be    
made into ! claim4 ,at ?is enquiry n9e  

witnesses swore t nev] 9 ! reigns (     
,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,ri*>d  ,cur-de-,lion1    
,dukes ( ,norm&y1 _h !re be5 any        
difficulty rais$ on  ! po9t 9 "q4       
,h5ce=w>d ! *apt] seems to h enjoy$  !  
"r )\t opposition d[n to #agij1 :5 x    
ex]cis$ its  privilege ( m]cy = ! la/   
"t4 ,next ye> ! face ( ?+s _h  *ang$2   
!re 0 nei!r ar*bi%op nor *apt] at ,r\54 
,a regi/]  ( ! names ( ! prison]s :o 7  
p>don$1 toge!r ) an  acc\nt ( _! crimes1
 0 kept & /ill exi/s4 ,only a few ( !   
names 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury are kn[n1 & !re
 are _m gaps 9  ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? 
c5tury2 b f t "t onw>d !  regi/] is     
ne>ly complete4 ,mo/ ( ! crimes appe> to
 h be5  murd] or homicide4    ,sid5ote3 
,c]emony ( ! annual p>don & release ( a 
prison] at  ,r\54 ,! proce$+s1 on !     
great day ( p>don1 v>i$ some:at 9       
diff]5t ages4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is bas$ 9
 great "p on a  description writt5 9 !  
reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & publi%$ at ,r\5 9
  #aehg4 ,fifte5 days be=e ,asc5sion    
,day ! canons ( ! ca!dral  summon$ !    

k+'s (fic]s to /op all proce$+s aga9/   
crim9als  deta9$ 9 prison4 ,aft]w>ds1 on
 ! ,monday ( ,rogations1 two canons     
exam9$ ! prison]s & took _! confessions1
 go+ f prison to  prison till ,asc5sion 
,day4 ,on t day1 ab\t sev5 o'clock 9 !  
morn+1 all ! canons assembl$ 9 !        
*apt]-h\se & invok$ !  grace ( ! ,holy  
,_s by ! hymn ,v5i creator ,spiritus1 & 
o!r  pray]s4 ,also !y made oa? to reveal
 none ( ! depositions ( !  crim9als1 b  
to hold !m sacr$ "u ! seal ( confession4
 ,!  depositions hav+ be5 tak5 & !      
commission]s he>d1 ! *apt]1  aft] due   
delib]ation1 nam$ him or h] among !     
prison]s :o 0 to  receive ! b5efit ( !  
privilege4 ,a c>d be>+ ! prison]'s "n  &
 seal$ ) ! seal ( ! *apt] 0 !n s5t to ! 
memb]s (  p>liam5t1 :o 7 sitt+ 9 full   
assembly1 clad 9 _! r$ robes1  9 ! great
 hall ( ! palace to receive ! nom9ation 
( !  prison] & to give x legal effect4  
,! crim9al 0 !n releas$ &  p>don$4      
,imm$iately ! m9/] bells began to r+1 ! 
doors ( !  ca!dral 7 flung op51 ! organ 

peal$1 hymns 7 sung1 c&les  lit1 & e    
solemnity obs]v$ 9 tok5 ( joy &         
gladness4 ,fur!r1  9 pres5ce ( !        
conclave all ! depositions ( ! o!r      
prison]s  7 burnt on ! alt> ( !         
*apt]-h\se4 ,!n ! ar*bi%op &  ! :ole ( !
 cl]gy ( ! ca!dral w5t 9 procession to !
 great  squ>e kn[n z ! ,old ,t[] ne> !  
riv]1 c>ry+ ! %r9es &  reliqu>ies ( !   
m9/]1 & accompani$ by ! joy\s music (   
hautboys & cl>ions4 ,app>5tly ! ,old    
,t[] occupies ! site ( !  anci5t ca/le (
 ! ,dukes ( ,norm&y1 & ! cu/om ( go+    
?i!r  9 procession came d[n f a "t :5 ! 
prison]s 7 deta9$ 9  ! ca/le-dungeons4  
,9 ! squ>e !re /ood1 & /ill /&s1 a      
plat=m ( /one rais$ high above ! gr\nd &
 approa*$ by flights  ( /eps4 ,?i!r !y  
br\ght ! %r9e 7fi]te7 ( ,/4 ,roma91 &   
?i!r too 0 l$ ! p>don$ prison]4 ,he     
asc5d$ ! plat=m1 &  aft] confess+ 8 s9s 
& receiv+ absolution he ?rice lift$ !   
%r9e ( ,/4 ,roma91 :ile ! innum]able    
multitude assembl$ 9 !  squ>e cri$ al\d1
 ea* "t ! %r9e 0 lift$1 8,noel6 ,noel6  

,noel60 :i* 0 und]/ood to mean 8,god be 
) u60 ,t done1 !  procession re-=m$ &   
return$ to ! ca!dral4 ,at ! head walk$ a
  beadle clad 9 violet1 :o bore on a    
pole ! wick] effigy ( !  w+$ dragon (   
,notre ,dame1 hold+ a l>ge fi% 9 its    
m\?4 ,!  :isp]s & cries excit$ by !     
appe>ance ( ! mon/] 7 dr[n$  9 ! l\d    
fanf>es ( cornets1 cl>ions1 & trumpets4 
,beh9d !  musicians1 :o wore ! liv]ies (
 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,bro!rhood (  ,notre ,dame 
) 8 arms emblazon$ on an ensign (       
taffeta1 came !  c>v$ silv]-gilt %r9e ( 
,notre ,dame4 ,aft] x foll[$ ! cl]gy (  
! ca!dral to ! numb] ( two hundr$1 clad 
9 robes ( violet or  crimson silk1 be>+ 
bann]s1 crosses1 & %r9es1 & *ant+ !     
hymn ,de resurrectione ,dom9i4 ,!n came 
! ar*bi%op1 giv+ 8  bless+ to ! great   
multitude :o ?rong$ ! /reets4 ,! prison]
  himself walk$ beh9d1 b>ehead$1 cr[n$ )
 fl[]s1 c>ry+ "o  end ( ! litt] :i*     
support$ ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,roma92 ! fett]s  
he _h worn hung f ! litt]2 & ) him pac$1
 ) light$  tor*es 9 _! h&s1 ! m5 or wom5

 :o1 = ! la/ sev5 ye>s1  _h 9 l mann]   
receiv$ _! p>don4 ,ano!r beadle1 9 a    
violet  liv]y1 m>*$ beh9d be>+ al(t on a
 pole ! wick] effigy ( !  dragon        
7,g>g\ille7 de/roy$ by ,/4 ,roma92 9 its
 m\? ! dragon  sometimes held a live    
animal1 su* z a "y fox1 a rabbit1 or a  
suck+ pig1 & x 0 att5d$ by ! ,bro!rhood 
( !  ,g>g\ill>ds4 ,! cl]gy ( ! ?irty-two
 p>i%es ( ,r\5 also took  "p 9 !        
procession1 :i* mov$ f ! ,old ,t[] to ! 
ca!dral  amid ! acclamations ( ! cr[d1  
:ile f e *ur* t[] 9 !  city ! bells rang
 out a joy\s peal1 ! great ,georges     
d',amboise  ?und]+ above !m all4 ,aft]  
mass _h be5 p]=m$ 9 !  ca!dral1 !       
prison] 0 tak5 to ! h\se ( ! ,ma/] ( !  
,bro!rhood ( ,/4 ,roma91 :]e he 0       
magnific5tly fea/$1 lodg$1  & s]v$1     
h[ev] humble 8 rank4 ,next morn+ he aga9
 pres5t$  himself to ! *apt]1 :]e1      
kneel+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a great  assembly1 
he 0 sev]ely reprov$ = 8 s9s & admoni%$ 
to give  ?anks to ,god1 to ,/4 ,roma91 &
 to ! canons = ! p>don he _h  receiv$ 9 

virtue ( ! privilege4    ,sid5ote3      
,hi/ory & mean+ ( ! privilege ( ! ,fi]te
 or  %r9e ( ,/4 ,roma9 at ,r\54 ,:at 0 !
 orig9 & mean+ ( ?is  rem>kable         
privilege ( ! ,fi]te1 z ! %r9e ( ,/4    
,roma9 0  call$8 ,its hi/ory has be5    
c>efully inve/igat$ by ,a4 ,floquet1    
,*ief  ,regi/r> ( ! ,royal ,c\rt ( ,r\51
 ) ! aid ( all !  docum5t>y evid5ce1    
includ+ ! ar*ives bo? at ,r\5 & ,p>is4  
,he  appe>s to h %ewn conclusively t !  
association ( ,/4 ,roma9  ) ! cu/om is  
comp>atively late4 ,we possess a life ( 
! sa9t 9  ,lat9 v]se1 dat+ f ! eigh?    
c5tury1 9 :i* ! miracles said  to h be5 
wr\ght by him are set =? 9 a /ra9 (     
pomp\s eulogy4  ,yet nei!r 9 x nor 9 any
 ( ! o!r e>ly lives ( ,/4 ,roma9 &  ,/4 
,ou51 nor 9 any ( ! old] *ronicles &    
m>tyrologies1 is a  s+le ^w said ab\t ! 
de/ruction ( ! dragon & ! deliv]ance  ( 
! prison]4 ,x is n till #acid t we meet 
= ! fir/ "t  ) a m5tion ( ! miracle4    
,moreov]1 ! deliv]ance ( ! prison]  c   
h>dly h be5 in/itut$ 9 hon\r ( ,/4      

,roma91 else x w\ld  h tak5 place on !  
tw5ty-?ird ( ,octob]1 ! day on :i* !    
,*ur* ( ,r\5 celebrates ! translation ( 
! sa9t's bones to !  ca!dral4 ,/4 ,roma9
 di$ 9 #fch1 & 8 bones 7 transf]r$ to ! 
ca!dral ( ,r\5 at ! end ( ! elev5? or ! 
beg9n+ ( !  twelf? c5tury4 ,fur!r1      
,floquet has adduc$ /rong gr\nds =      
believ+ t ! privilege claim$ by ! *apt] 
( ,r\5 ( annually  p>don+ a condemn$    
crim9al on ,asc5sion ,day 0 unkn[n 9 !  
e>ly  ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & t x     
orig9at$ 9 ! reign (  ,h5ry ,i4 or      
,/eph51 if n 9 t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,he      
supposes !  c]emony to h be5 9 its orig9
 a sc5ic repres5tation ( !  triumph (   
,*ri/ ov] s9 & dea?1 ! deliv]ance ( !   
condemn$  prison] symbolis+ ! deliv]ance
 ( man f ! yoke ( corruption1  & br++   
home to ! p 9 a visible =m ! great my/]y
  :i* ! fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion 0 in/itut$
 to commemorate4 ,su*  dramatic         
expositions ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 he po9ts
 out1 7 common  9 ! ,middle ,ages4      
,sid5ote3 ,sugge/$ orig9 ( ! cu/om4     

,plausible z is ?is  solution ( !       
problem1 x c sc>cely be reg>d$ z        
satisfactory4  ,_h ?is be5 ! real orig9 
( ! privilege1 we %\ld expect to f9d  ! 
,asc5sion ( ,*ri/ ei!r pla9ly enact$1 or
 at lea/ di/9ctly  allud$ to 9 !        
c]emony2 b ?is1 s f> z we c le>n1 0 n   
s4 ,aga91 w\ld x n sav\r ( blasphemy to 
repres5t ! s9less &  glorifi$ ,r$eem] by
 a ruffian /a9$ ) ! blacke/ crimes8     
,moreov]1 ! "p play$ by ! dragon 9 !    
leg5d & 9 !  spectacle seems too        
important to all[ u to expla9 x away1 ) 
,floquet1 z a m]e symbol ( ! suppression
 ( paganism by ,/4 ,roma94  ,! tale ( ! 
conque/ ( ! dragon is old] ?an          
,*ri/ianity1 &  _c be expla9$ by x4 ,at 
,r\5 ! connexion ( ,/4 ,roma9 ) !  /ory 
seems c]ta9ly to be late1 b t does n    
prove ! /ory  itself to be late also4   
,judg+ f ! analogy ( simil> tales       
else:]e1 we may conjecture t 9 ! ,r\5   
v]sion ! crim9al  repres5ts a victim    
annually sacrific$ to a wat]-_s or o!r  
fabul\s be+1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian sa9t has   

displac$ a pagan h]o1  :o 0 said to h   
deliv]$ ! victim f dea? & put an end to 
! sacrifice by slay+ ! mon/]4 ,?us x    
seems possible t !  cu/om ( annually    
p>don+ a condemn$ malefactor may h      
sup]s$$  an old] practice ( treat+ him z
 a public scapegoat1 :o di$ to  save !  
re/ ( ! p4 ,9 ! sequel we %all see t su*
  cu/oms h be5 obs]v$ 9 _m l&s4 ,x is n 
incr$ible t at  ,r\5 a usage ( ?is sort 
%\ld h surviv$ 9 a modifi$ %ape f  pagan
 times d[n to ! twelf? c5tury1 & t !    
,*ur* %\ld at  la/ h int]v5$ to save !  
wret* & turn a relic ( hea!ndom  to !   
glory ( ,god & ,/4 ,roma94 ,b ?is       
explanation ( ! fam\s  privilege ( !    
,fi]te is put =w>d ) a full s5se ( !    
difficulties att5d+ x1 & ) no wi% to    
dogmatise on s obscure a  subject4#eci  
,footnote #daa3      ,speak+ ( ! "o ,god
 :o reveals himself 9 _m =ms & "u    _m 
names1 ,augu/9e says3 8,ipse 9 ae!re sit
 ,jupit]1 ipse 9    are ,juno1 ipse 9   
m>e ,neptunus 444 ,lib] 9 v9eis1 ,c]es 9
    frum5tis1 ,diana 9 silvis10 etc4    

7,de civitate ,dei1 iv4 #aa74           
,footnote #dab3      ,s]vius on ,virgil1
 ,georg4 iii4 #ccb3 8,nam1 ut diximus1  
et omnis    qu]cus ,jovi e/ consecrata1 
et omnis lucus ,dianae40    ,footnote   
#dac3      ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon d]  
grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #ajje2 ,h4
    ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae     
selectae1 ,nos4 #cbff-cbfh4    ,footnote
 #dad3      ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge        
inscriptionum ,graec>um1 #bnd ,ed41 ,no4
 #efh2 ,*4    ,mi*el1 ,recueil          
d'inscriptions grecques1 ,no4 #fhf2 ,e4 
,s4 ,rob]ts1    ,introduction to ,greek 
,epigraphy1 ii41 ,no4 #aci4    ,footnote
 #dae3      ,ditt5b]g]1 op4 cit4 ,no4   
#fec1 l9es #gi sqq42 ,*4 ,mi*el1 op4    
cit41 ,no4 #fid4 ,z to ! grove see      
,pausanias1 iv4 #cc4 #d sq4    ,footnote
 #daf3      ,ditt5b]g]1 op4 cit41 ,no4  
#ibi1 l9es #hj sqq4 ,comp>e id4 ,no4    
#efi2 ,pausanias1 ii4 #bh4 #g4          
,footnote #dag3      ,h4 ,dessau1       
,inscriptiones ,lat9ae selectae1 ,no4   
#diaa4    ,footnote #dah3      ,cato1   

,de agri cultura1 #aci4    ,footnote    
#dai3      ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 v4   
#he1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4    
,hi/4 xviii4 #f4    ,footnote #dbj3     
,g4 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium     
7,b]l91 #ahgd71 pp4 #acf-adc2 ,h4       
,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae         
selectae1 ii41 ,nos4 #ejdb1 #ejdc1      
#ejde1    #ejdf1 #ejdh4    ,footnote    
#dba3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #gdi-gee4  
,footnote #dbb3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 
xii4 #c4    ,footnote #dbc3      ,s5eca1
 ,epi/4 iv4 #ab4 #c4 ,see fur!r ,l4     
,prell]1 ,rmis*e    ,my?ologie1 #crd    
,ed41 i4 #ajh sqq4 ,= evid5ce ( ! poets 
he    ref]s to ,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4    
#ccb sqq42 ,tibullus1 i4 #a4 #aa2 ,ovid1
    ,amores1 iii4 #a4 #a sq4            
,footnote #dbd3      ,on ,diana z a     
huntress see ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones
 ,lat9ae    selectae1 ,nos4 #cbeg-cbff4 
,= indications ( h] c>e = dome/ic       
cattle see ,livy1 i4 #de2 ,plut>*1      
,quae/iones ,romanae1 #d2 & above1      
vol4 i4 p4 #g4    ,footnote #dbe3       

,virgil1 ,a541 viii4 #fjj sq41 )        
,s]vius's note4    ,footnote #dbf3      
,m4 ,a4 ,ca/r51 ,vorlesung5 b] die      
f9nis*e ,my?ologie 7,/4    ,pet]sburg1  
#ahec71 pp4 #ib-ii4    ,footnote #dbg3  
,p4 v4 ,/591 8b] d5 ,gei/]glaub5 9      
,russl&10 ,globus1 lvii4    7#ahij71 p4 
#bhc4    ,footnote #dbh3      ,j4       
,ab]cromby1 ,! ,pre- & ,proto-hi/oric   
,f9ns 7,london1 #ahih71 i4    #afa4     
,footnote #dbi3      ,ma?ias ,mi*ov1    
8,de ,s>matia ,asiana atque ,europea10 9
 ,novus ,orbis    regionum ac insul>um  
vet]ibus incognit>um1 p4 #deg4          
,footnote #dcj3      ,c4 ,sn\ck         
,hurgronje1 ,het ,gajl& en zijne        
,bewon]s 7,batavia1 #aijc71    pp4 #cea1
 #cei4    ,footnote #dca3      ,see vol4
 i4 p4 #ad4    ,footnote #dcb3          
,arrian1 ,cynegeticus1 #cc sq4          
,footnote #dcc3      ,! ,galatians      
reta9$ _! ,celtic spee* z late z ! f\r? 
c5tury ( our era1 = ,j]ome says t 9 8   
day _! language    h>dly diff]$ f t ( ! 
,trev]i1 a ,celtic tribe on !           

,moselle1 ^: "n survives 9 ,treves4 ,see
 ,j]ome1 ,comm5t>4 9    ,epi/4 ad       
,galatas1 lib4 ii4 praef4 7,migne's     
,patrologia ,lat9a1 vol4    xxvi4 col4  
#ceg74    ,footnote #dcd3      ,see     
bel[1 p4 #cfc4    ,footnote #dce3       
,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae     
selectae1 ,no4 #dfcc2 ,ihm1    9        
,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d]  
classis*5    ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ii4   
#faf1 s4v4 8,ardu9na02 comp>e id4 i4    
#ajd1 s4v4 8,abnoba40    ,footnote #dcf3
      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,volksglaube und 
religis] ,brau* d] ,sdslav5    7,mn/] i4
 ,w41 #ahij71 p4 #abe4    ,footnote     
#dcg3      ,j4 ,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und  
,bru*e1 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel     
des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,treves1            
#ahef-aheh71 i4 #db sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn und  
,w4    ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51     
,mr*5 und ,gebru*e1 pp4 #cic sq42    ,*4
 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 
7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #ij4 ,9    ,sw$5 &   
p>ts ( ,g]many cattle are cr[n$ on ! day
 9 spr+    :5 !y are fir/ driv5 out to  

pa/ure1 :i* is sometimes at             
,:itsuntide 7,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft 
des ,feu]s1 #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #afc    sq42 
,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$51 pp4 
#bdf sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn1    ,mrkis*e ,sag5  
und ,mr*51 pp4 #cae sq41 #cbg sq42 ,p4  
,dre*sl]1    ,sitte1 ,brau* und         
,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi51 i4 #abc74      
,among/ !    ,romans cattle 7 cr[n$ at !
 ,amb>valia 7,tibullus1 ii4 #a4 #g      
sq42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #ffc72 & asses &  
mill-/ones 7 cr[n$    at ,ve/a's fe/ival
 on ! n9? ( ,june 7,prop]tius1 v4 #a4   
#ba2 ,ovid1    ,fa/i1 vi4 #caa sq474 ,! 
orig9al motive ( all ^! cu/oms may    h 
be5 ! "o indicat$ 9 ! text4 ,p]haps !   
same explanation    might be f\nd to    
apply to c]ta9 o!r cases ( we>+ wrea?s  
or    cr[ns4    ,footnote #dch3         
,tettau und ,temme1 ,die ,volkssag5     
,o/preuss5s1 ,lit?au5s und              
,we/preuss5s1 pp4 #bfc sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn   
und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e    ,sag51 
,mr*5 und ,gebru*e1 p4 #cib2            
,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,das    fe/li*e     

,jahr1 p4 #aha2 id41 ,cal5dri] belge1 i4
 #dbc sq42 ,a4    ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es
 aus ,s*wab51 i4 p4 #bgh1  #dcg2 ,r4    
,eisel1    ,sag5bu* des ,voigtl&es1 p4  
#baj2 ,f4 ,j4 ,wi$emann1 ,aus dem inn]5 
und uss]5 ,leb5 d] ,eh/51 p4 #cfc2 ,f4  
,s4 ,krauss1 ,volksglaube und           
religis] ,brau* d] ,sdslav51 p4 #abh4   
,footnote #dci3      ,see above1 pp4    
#eb-ee4    ,footnote #ddj3      ,9      
,nepaul a fe/ival kn[n z ,khi* ,pj is   
held1 at :i* wor%ip is    (f]$ to dogs1 
& g>l&s ( fl[]s are plac$ r\nd ! necks (
    e dog 9 ! c\ntry 7,w4 ,crooke1      
,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore    (     
,nor!rn ,india1 ,we/m9/]1 #ahif1 ii4    
#bba74 ,b z ! cu/om is    app>5tly n    
limit$ to hunt+ dogs1 ! explanation     
sugge/$    above w\ld h>dly apply4      
,footnote #dda3      ,catullus1 xxxiv4  
#i-bj2 ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 ii4   
#bf4 #fh sq42    ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1
 v4 #fh sq4 ,x des]ves to be rememb]$   
t ,diana's day 0 ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/1 :i*
 9 g5]al w\ld    be ! "t :5 ! spl5did   

h>ve/ moon 0 at ! full4 ,indian    wom5 
9 ,p]u us$ to pray to ! moon to grant !m
 an easy deliv]y4    ,see ,p4 ,j4 de    
,arriaga1 ,extirpacion de la idolatria  
del ,piru 7,lima1    #afba71 p4 #cb4    
,footnote #ddb3      ,see above1 vol4 i4
 p4 #ab4    ,footnote #ddc3      ,9 l   
mann] ! ,greeks conceiv$ ( ! goddess    
,e>? z ! "m    n only ( corn b ( cattle 
& ( human (fspr+4 ,see ! ,hom]ic        
,hymn to ,e>? 7,no4 #cj74    ,footnote  
#ddd3      ,/rabo1 iv4 #a4 #d & #e1 pp4 
#agi sq4 ,! image on ! ,av5t9e 0        
copi$ f t at ,m>seilles1 :i* 9 turn 0   
copi$ f ! "o    at ,ephesus4            
,footnote #dde3      ,tacitus1 ,annals1 
xii4 #h4 ,! ,romans fe>$ t ! m>riage (  
,claudius ) 8 pat]nal c\s9 ,agripp9a1   
:i* !y reg>d$ z    ince/1 might result 9
 "s public calamity 7,tacitus1 ,annals1 
xii4    #e74    ,footnote #ddf3         
,see above1 pp4 #ajg sqq4    ,footnote  
#ddg3      ,see above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bj  
sq41 #dj4    ,footnote #ddh3            
,h]odotus1 i4 #aha sq4    ,footnote     

#ddi3      ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion (      
,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #aag sq42 ,l4
 ,w4    ,k+1 ,babylonian ,my?ology &    
,religion1 pp4 #ah1 #ba4    ,footnote   
#dej3      ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,gesetze   
,hammurabis #bnd ,ed41 7,leipsic1       
#aijc71 p4 #ca     #ahb4 ,! expression  
is translat$ 8vot>y ( ,m>duk0 by ,mr ,c4
 ,h4 ,w4    ,johns 7,babylonian &       
,assyrian ,laws1 ,contracts1 & ,lett]s1 
,ed9burgh1 #aijd1 p4 #fj74 8,! vot>y (  
,m>duk is ! god's wife v[$    to        
p]petual *a/ity1 & is !re=e di/9ct f !  
devotees (    ,it>4 ,l ! ord9>y         
c\rtesan1 ^! =m$ a sep>ate class &      
enjoy$ special privileges0 7,s4 ,a4     
,cook1 ,! ,laws ( ,moses & !    ,code ( 
,hammurabi1 ,london1 #aijc1 p4 #adh74   
,footnote #dea3      ,m4 ,ja/r[1 op4    
cit4 pp4 #db sq4    ,footnote #deb3     
,c4 ,john/on 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican     
,ori5tal ,society1 xviii4    ,fir/ ,half
 7#ahig71 pp4 #aec-aee2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1  
,assyrian & ,babylonian    ,lit]ature   
7,new ,york1 #aija71 p4 #bdi4 ,= !      

equival5ce ( ,iyy> or    ,airu ) ,may   
see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4        
8,mon?s10 iii4 coll4    #caic sq4       
,footnote #dec3      ,h]odotus1 i4 #ahb4
    ,footnote #ded3      ,g4 ,masp]o1 9 
,j\rnal des ,savants1 anne #ahii1 pp4   
#dja-djf2 ,a4    ,moret1 ,du c>actre    
religieux de la royaut ,ph>aonique      
7,p>is1    #aijb71 pp4 #dh-gc2 ,a4      
,wi$emann1 ,h]odots zweites ,bu*        
7,leipsic1    #ahij71 pp4 #bfh sq4 ,m4  
,moret %>es ! view ( ,pr(4 ,masp]o t !  
pictures1 or r pa9t$ reliefs1 7 copi$ f 
masqu]ades 9    :i* ! k+ & o!r m5 & wom5
 figur$ z gods & goddesses4    ,z to !  
,egyptian doctr9e ( ! spiritual d\ble or
 ext]nal s\l    7,ka71 see ,a4          
,wi$emann1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e
 ( !    ,immortality ( ! ,s\l 7,london1 
#ahie71 pp4 #aj sqq4    ,footnote #dee3 
,a4 ,erman1 ,die gyptis*e ,religion     
7,b]l91 #aije71 pp4 #ge1 #afe sq42      
comp>e id41 gypt5 und gyptis*es ,leb5 im
 ,alt]tum1 pp4 #djj    sq4 ,z to !      
gho/ly rule ( ! high prie/s ( ,ammon at 

,!bes    see fur!r ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire
 anci5ne des peuples de l',ori5t        
classique1 les premires mles des peuples
 7,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #eei    sqq42 ,j4  
,h4 ,brea/$1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t     
,egyptians 7,london1    #aijh71 pp4 #cej
 sq41 #ceg sq42 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1         
,ges*i*te d] ,religion    im ,alt]tum1  
i4 7,go?a1 #ahif71 p4 #ff4    ,footnote 
#def3      ,/rabo1 xvii4 #a4 #df1 p4    
#haf4    ,footnote #deg3      ,diodorus 
,siculus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #dg4           
,footnote #deh3      ,plut>*1           
,quae/iones conviviales1 viii4 #a4 #f   
sq42 id41 ,numa1 #d4    ,footnote #dei3 
,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 iv4 #adc4      
,comp>e ,horace1 ,odes1 iii4 #fb    sqq4
    ,footnote #dfj3      ,h]odotus1 i4  
#ahb4    ,footnote #dfa3                
,pausanias1 viii4 #ac4 #a4 ,z to ! mean+
 ( ! title ,ess5 see    ,callima*us1    
,hymn to ,zeus1 #af2 ,hesy*ius1 ,suidas1
 & ,etymologicum    ,magnum1 s4v4 4 ,!  
anci5ts mi/ook ! ,que5 bee = a male1    
& h5ce spoke ( ,k+ bees4 ,see ,ari/otle1

 ,hi/or4 animal4 v4 #ba    sq41 ix4 #dj1
 pp4 #eec1 #fbc sqq41 ed4 ,bekk]2 id41  
,de animalium    g5]atione1 iii4 #aj1 p4
 #gfj1 ed4 ,bekk]2 ,aelian1 ,nat4       
animal4 i4    #aj1 v4 #aj sq42 ,virgil1 
,georg4 iv4 #ba1 #fh2 ,w4 ,walt]-,torn[1
 ,de    apium mellisque apud vet]es     
significatione 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #cj  
sqq4 ,! ,ess5es or ,k+ ,bees are n to be
 conf\nd$ ) !    nom9al k+s 7,basileis7 
( ,ephesus1 :o probably held (fice =    
life4 ,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg4       
,footnote #dfb3      ,j4 ,t4 ,wood1     
,discov]ies at ,ephesus1 ,inscriptions f
 ! ,temple (    ,diana1 pp4 #b1 #ad2    
,inscriptions f ! ,augu/eum1 p4 #d2     
,inscriptions f ! ,city & ,suburbs1 p4  
#ch4    ,footnote #dfc3      ,see ,b4   
,v4 ,head1 ,co9s ( ,ephesus 7,london1   
#ahhj71 & above1 vol4 i4    pp4 #cg sq4 
,mod]n writ]s sometimes ass]t t !       
prie/esses (    ! ,ephesian ,artemis 7  
call$ ,bees4 ,c]ta9 o!r ,greek          
prie/esses    7 und\bt$ly call$ ,bees1 &
 x seems n improbable t !    prie/esses 

( ! ,ephesian ,artemis bore ! same title
 &    repres5t$ ! goddess 9 h] "* ( a   
bee4 ,b no anci5t    writ]1 s f> z ,i   
"k1 affirms x4 ,see my note on          
,pausanias1 viii4    #ac4 #a4           
,footnote #dfd3      ,demo/h5es1 ,contra
 ,nea]4 #gc-gh1 pp4 #acfi-acga2         
,ari/otle1    ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 iii4
 #e2 ,hesy*ius1 s4vv4      & 2          
,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 2 ,pollux1  
viii4    #ajh2 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1         
,gottesdi5/li*e ,alt]?m]1 #bnd ,ed41    
#cb4    #ae1  #eh4 #aa sqq42 ,aug4      
,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum
    7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #cia sqq4 ,f 
,demo/h5es1 l4c41 comp>$    )           
,?ucydides1 ii4 #ae1 x seems c]ta9 t !  
oa? 0    adm9i/]$ by ! ,que5 at ! "t &  
place m5tion$ 9 ! text4    ,=m]ly x 0   
assum$ t h] m>riage to ,dionysus 0      
celebrat$    at ! same place & "t2 b !  
assumption z to ! place 0    disprov$ by
 ! discov]y ( ,ari/otle's ,con/itution (
 ,a!ns1    & ) x ! assumption z to ! "t 
falls to ! gr\nd4 ,z !    ,greek mon?s 7

 commonly nam$ aft] ! fe/ivals :i* 7    
held    9 !m1 x is tempt+ to conjecture 
t ! sacr$ m>riage took    place 9 !     
,m>riage ,mon? 7,gamelion71 answ]+ to   
our ,janu>y4    ,b m probably t mon? 0  
nam$ aft] ! sacr$ m>riage (    ,zeus &  
,h]a1 :i* 0 celebrat$ at ,a!ns &        
else:]e4 ,see    bel[1 p4 #adc4 ,?is is 
! view ( ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*] 7,juno und ,h]a1
 p4    #gc1 n4 #bag7 & ,aug4 ,momms5    
7,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 p4 #chc74 ,f    ! 
"n ,cattle-/all1 appli$ to ! sc5e ( !   
m>riage1 ,miss ,j4    ,e4 ,h>rison      
+5i\sly conjectur$ t 9 ! rite ,dionysus 
may h    be5 repres5t$ z a bull         
7,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek        
,religion1 p4 #ecg74 ,! conjecture 0    
anticipat$ by ,pr(4 ,u4 von             
,wilam[itz-,moell5dorff1 ,ari/oteles und
 ,a!n 7,b]l91 #ahic71 ii4    #db4       
,dionysus 0 (t5 conceiv$ by ! ,greeks 9 
! =m ( a bull4    ,footnote #dfe3       
,above1 pp4 #ib sq4    ,footnote #dff3  
,l4 ,prell]1 ,ausgewhlte ,aufstze       
7,b]l91 #ahfd71 pp4 #bic-bif2    comp>e 

8 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 ed4   
,c4 ,rob]t1 i4 #fha    sqq4    ,footnote
 #dfg3      ,hyg9us1 ,a/ronomica1 i4 #e4
    ,footnote #dfh3      ,t]tullian1 ,ad
 nationes1 ii4 #g1 8,cur rapitur sac]dos
 ,c]]is si    non tale ,c]es passa e/80 
,a/]ius ,amas5us1 ,encomium 9 sanctos   
m>tyres1 9 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1
 xl4 col4 #cbd1   7at    ,eleusis7    1 
1   2    1                         2    
,psellus1 ,qua5am sunt    ,graecorum    
op9iones de daemonibus1 p4 #ci4 ed4 ,j4 
,f4 ,boissonade1        1    1          
1    444          4            4 '      
1   1      1      1         7comp>e     
,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1 v4        
#bj-bc72 ,s*ol4 on ,plato1 ,gorgias1    
p4 #dig c1    7! ,eleus9ian my/]ies7    
1     1    2    ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio 
omnium ha]esium1 v4 #h1 pp4 #afb1 #afd1 
ed4    ,dunck] & ,s*neidew91    7,god71 
1        1          1                  1
     4                  1    1      1   
1             1                         
1   4 ,9 comb9+ &    int]pret+ ?is      

fragm5t>y evid5ce ,i h foll[$ ,mr4 ,p4  
,f\c>t    7,re*]*es sur l'orig9e et la  
nature des my/res d',eleusis1    ,p>is1 
#ahie1 pp4 #dh sq42 id41 ,les ,gr&s     
,my/res d',eleusis1    ,p>is1 #aijj1 p4 
#fi71 & ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison          
7,prolegom5a to !    ,/udy ( ,greek     
,religion1 pp4 #edi sqq474 ,9 antiquity 
x 0    believ$ t an o9tm5t or pla/] (   
hemlock appli$ to ! g5ital    organs    
prev5t$ !m f dis*>g+ _! function4 ,see  
,dioscorides1 ,de mat]ia m$ica1 iv4 #gi2
 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxv4    #aed4 ,dr4  
,j4 ,b4 ,bradbury1 ,d[n+ ,pr(essor (    
,m$ic9e 9 !    ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 
in=ms me t ?is belief is correct4       
8,al?\gh conium hemlock is n us$ z an   
anaphrodisiac at !    pres5t day1 !re c 
be no d\bt t x has ?is effect4 ,:5      
rubb$ into ! sk9 x depresses s5sory     
n]ve-end+s & is    absorb$4 ,aft]       
absorption x depresses all sympa!tic    
n]ve-cells4    ,bo? ^! effects w\ld t5d 
to dim9i% organic reflexes su* z        
aphrodisia0 7,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,dixon1       

,ph>macological ,laboratory1            
,cambridge74    ,pausanias seems to     
imply t ! hi]ophant 0 =bidd5 to m>ry    
7ii4 #ad4 #a74 ,x may h be5 s 9 8 age1 !
 second c5tury ( our    era2 b an       
inscription ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 %ews 
t at t    "t x 0 lawful = him to take a 
wife4 ,see ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,les ,gr&s       
,my/res d',eleusis1 pp4 #bf sqq4        
7extract f ! ,mmoires de    l',acadmie  
des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1  
vol4 xxxvii474    ,footnote #dfi3       
,pausanias1 ix4 #c2 ,plut>*1 quot$ by   
,eusebius1 ,praep>4 ,evang4 iii4    #a  
sq4    ,footnote #dgj3      ,above1 p4  
#fd4    ,footnote #dga3      ,above1 p4 
#ff4    ,footnote #dgb3      ,w4        
,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #agg4        
,footnote #dgc3      ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     
,baumkultus1 pp4 #agg sq4    ,footnote  
#dgd3      ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul>            
,antiquities1 i4 #cah sq42 ,w4          
,mannh>dt1    ,baumkultus1 p4 #agh4     
,footnote #dge3      ,w4 ,hone1 ,e ,day 
,book1 ii4 #eie sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1     

,baumkultus1    p4 #agh4    ,footnote   
#dgf3      ,) reg>d to ,zeus z an       
oak-god see bel[1 pp4 #ceh sq4 ,h]a     
appe>s ) an oak-tree & h] sacr$ bird !  
peacock p]*$ on x    9 a gr\p :i* is    
pres]v$ 9 ! ,palazzo degli ,cons]vatori 
at    ,rome4 ,9 ! same gr\p ,pallas is  
repres5t$ ) h] olive-tree &    h] owl2 s
 t ! conjunction ( ! oak ) ,h]a _c be   
accid5tal4 ,see ,w4 ,helbig1 ,fhr] dur* 
die ff5tli*5 ,sammlung5    klassis*5    
,alt]tm] 9 ,rom #bnd ,ed41 7,leipsic1   
#ahii71 i4 #cig1 ,no4    #ehg4          
,footnote #dgg3      ,pausanias1 viii4  
#db4    ,footnote #dgh3      ,at        
,cnossus 9 ,crete1 ,diodorus ,siculus1  
v4 #gb2 at ,samos1 ,lactantius1         
,in/it4 i4 #ag 7comp>e ,augu/9e1 ,de    
civitate ,dei1 vi4 #g72 at    ,a!ns1    
,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4  2             
,etymologicum ,magnum1    s4v4 1 p4     
#dfh4 #eb4 ,a fragm5t ( ,ph]ecydes      
relat+ to    ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a   
came to light "s ye>s ago4 ,see         
,gr5fell & ,hunt1 ,new ,classical & o!r 

,greek & ,lat9 ,papyri    7,ox=d1       
#ahig71 p4 #bc2 ,h4 ,weil1 9 ,revue des 
tudes grecques1 x4    7#ahig7 pp4 #a-i4 
,! subject has be5 discuss$ by ,w4 ,h4  
,ros*] 7,juno    und ,h]a1 ,leipsic1    
#ahge1 pp4 #gb sqq474 ,f ! wide         
preval5ce (    ! rite he inf]s t ! cu/om
 ( ! sacr$ m>riage 0 once    common to  
all ! ,greek tribes4    ,footnote #dgi3 
,iliad1 xiv4 #cdg sqq4 ,h]a 0 wor%ipp$  
"u ! title (    ,fl[]y at ,argos        
7,pausanias1 ii4 #bb4 #a2 comp>e        
,etymol4 ,magn4 s4v4    1 p4 #ajh1 l9e  
#dh71 & wom5 call$ ,fl[]-be>]s s]v$ 9   
h] sanctu>y 7,pollux1 iv4 #gh74 ,a great
 fe/ival ( ga!r+ fl[]s    0 celebrat$ by
 ,peloponnesian wom5 9 spr+ 7,hesy*ius1 
s4v4    1 comp>e ,photius1 ,lexicon1    
s4v4 74 ,! fir/ (    ,may is /ill a     
fe/ival ( fl[]s 9 ,peloponnese4 ,see    
,folk-lore1 i4    7#ahij7 pp4 #eah sqq4 
,footnote #dhj3      ,j4 ,grimm1        
,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4 #agf2  
,p4 ,h]rmann1    ,nordis*e ,my?ologie   
7,leipsic1 #aijc71 pp4 #aih sqq41 #bag1 

#ebj1 #ebi2    ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,my?ologie
 d] ,g]man5 7,/rasburg1 #aijc71 pp4 #cff
    sq4 ,! procession ( ,frey & 8 wife 9
 ! waggon is d\btless    ! same ) !     
procession ( ,n]?us 9 a waggon :i*      
,tacitus    describes 7,g]mania1 #dj74  
,n]?us seems to be no o!r ?an ,freya1   
! wife ( ,frey4 ,see ! comm5tators on   
,tacitus1 l4c41 &    especially ,k4     
,mll5h(f1 ,deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde1 iv4  
7,b]l91    #aijj7 pp4 #dfh sq4          
,footnote #dha3      ,gregory ( ,t\rs1  
,de gloria confessorum1 #gg 7,migne's   
,patrologia    ,lat9a1 lxxi4 col4 #hhd74
 ,comp>e ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 ,vita ,s4  
,m>t9i1 #ab3 8,quia esset haec ,gallorum
 ru/icis consuetudo1    simulacra       
daemonum c&ido tecta velam9e mis]a p]   
agros suos    circumf]re dem5tia40      
,footnote #dhb3      8,passio ,sancti   
,symphoriani10 *s4 #b & #f 7,migne's    
,patrologia    ,graeca1 v4 #adfc1       
#adff74    ,footnote #dhc3      ,^!     
crazy wret*es ca/rate m5 & mutilate     
wom54 ,h5ce !y are    kn[n z ! ,skoptsy 

78mutilat$074 ,see ,n4 ,tsakni1 ,la     
,russie    sectaire1 pp4 #gd sqq4       
,footnote #dhd3      ,z to ?is feature 9
 ! ritual ( ,cybele1 see ,adonis1       
,attis1    ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1   
pp4 #bai sqq4    ,footnote #dhe3        
,max ,bu*1 ,die ,wotjk5 7,/uttg>t1      
#ahhb71 p4 #acg4    ,footnote #dhf3     
,e4 ,a4 ,gait1 9 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1
 vol4 vi4 "p i4 p4 #aij4    ,footnote   
#dhg3      ,p4 ,j4 de ,arriaga1         
,extirpacion de la idolatria del ,piru  
7,lima1 #afba71    p4 #bj4    ,footnote 
#dhh3      ,fa!r ,lacombe1 9 ,missions  
,ca?oliques1 ii4 7#ahfi7 pp4 #cei sq4   
,footnote #dhi3      ,relations des     
,jsuites1 #afcf1 p4 #aji1 & #afci1 p4   
#ie 7,canadian    repr9t72 ,*>levoix1   
,hi/oire de la ,n\velle ,france1 v4     
#bbe2    ,*ateaubri&1 ,voyage en        
,amrique 7,p>is1 #ahgj71 pp4 #adj-adb4  
,footnote #dij3      ,rev4 ,f4 ,hahn1   
8,"s ,notes on ! ,religion &            
,sup]/itions ( !    ,oros10 ,j\rnal ( ! 
,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxxii4 "p   

iii4    7,calcutta1 #aijd7 p4 #ab4 ,=   
ano!r acc\nt ( ! c]emonies held by    ! 
,oraons 9 spr+ see above1 pp4 #gf sq4   
,footnote #dia3      ,p4 ,ras*]1 8,die  
,sulka10 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 xxix4 
7#aijd7 p4    #bag4    ,footnote #dib3  
,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion &        
,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india             
7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #aah4            
,footnote #dic3      ,w4 ,crooke1 op4   
cit4 ii4 #ach4    ,footnote #did3       
,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples 
( ! ,slave ,coa/1 pp4    #aci-adb4      
,footnote #die3      ,adonis1 ,attis1   
,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #eh sq4  
,footnote #dif3      ,sir ,h>ry         
,john/on1 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate        
7,london1 #aijb71 ii4 #fgg4    ,footnote
 #dig3      ,f notes s5t to me by ,mr4  
,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 #ba/ ,may #aijh4       
,footnote #dih3      ,j4 ,g4 ,scott &   
,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp]     
,burma & ! ,%an    ,/ates1 "p ii4 vol4  
i4 7,rangoon1 #aija7 p4 #dci4           
,footnote #dii3      ,e4 ,w4 ,lane1     

,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians 
7,paisley &    ,london1 #ahie71 *ap4    
xxvi4 p4 #ejj4 ,! au?ority = ! /atem5t  
is    ! ,arab hi/orian ,makrizi4        
,footnote #ejj3      ,! ,nor? ,*9a      
,h]ald1 #d? ,may #aijf1 p4 #bce4        
,footnote #eja3      ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51    
8,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5      
,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10    ,de ,indis*e     
,gids1 ,june #ahhd1 p4 #iid 7ref]r+ to  
,ve?1 ,het eil&    ,timor1 p4 #ba72 ,a4 
,ba/ian1 ,indonesi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahhe7 
p4 #h4    ,footnote #ejb3      ,a4      
,ba/ian1 op4 cit4 p4 #aa4    ,footnote  
#ejc3      ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,indonesi51 i4  
7,b]l91 #ahhd7 p4 #acd4    ,footnote    
#ejd3      ,voyages d',ibn ,bat\tah1    
texte arabe1 accompagn d'une traduction1
    p> ,c4 ,defrm]y et ,b4 ,r4          
,sangu9etti 7,p>is1 #ahec-aheh71 iv4    
#abf-acj4    ,footnote #eje3      ,!    
,?&a ,pulayans1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india1 
?9k t !    phosphoresc5ce on ! surface (
 ! sea indicates ! pres5ce (    !       
spirits ( _! ance/ors1 :o are fi%+ 9 !  

backwat]s4 ,see    ,e4 ,?ur/on1         
,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 p4 
#bic4 ,simil>ly    ! ,sulkas ( ,new     
,brita9 fancy t ! my/]i\s gl[ comes f   
s\ls ba?+ 9 ! wat]4 ,see ,p4 ,ras*]1    
8,die ,sulka10 ,ar*iv fr                
,an?ropologie1 xxix4 7#aijd7 p4 #baf4   
,footnote #ejf3      ,= a li/ ( ^!      
tales1 ) ref]5ces to ! au?orities1 see  
my    note on ,pausanias1 ix4 #bf4 #g4  
,to ! examples !re ref]r$ to add ,i4    
,v4 ,z+]le1 ,k9d]- und ,hausmr*5 aus    
,tirol1 ,nos4 #h1 #ba1 #ce1 pp4    #ce  
sqq41 #ajj sqq41 #agh sqq42 ,g4 ,f4     
,abbott1 ,mac$onian    ,folk-lore1 pp4  
#bgj sqq4 ,?is type ( /ory has be5      
elaborately    inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,e4   
,s4 ,h>tl& 7,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1        
,london1    #ahid-ahif71 b he has n     
discuss$ ! cu/om ( ! sacr$    m>riage1  
on :i* ! /ory seems to be f\nd$4        
,footnote #ejg3      ,note on           
,pausanias1 ix4 #aj4 #e4    ,footnote   
#ejh3      ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn     
,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bbf   

sqq4    ,footnote #eji3      ,r4        
,salvado1 ,mmoires hi/oriques sur       
l',au/ralie 7,p>is1 #ahed71 p4    #bfb4 
,footnote #eaj3      ,h4                
,t]naux-,compans1 ,essai sur l'anci5    
,cund9am>ca1 pp4 #f sq4    ,footnote    
#eaa3      ,h4 ,c\dreau1 ,*ez nos       
,indi5s 7,p>is1 #ahie71 pp4 #cjc sq4    
,footnote #eab3      ,c4 ,lumholtz1     
,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 ii4   
#eg4    ,footnote #eac3      ,c4        
,lumholtz1 op4 cit4 i4 #djb sq4         
,footnote #ead3      ,t4 ,i4 ,faircl\gh1
 8,notes on ! ,basutos10 ,j\rnal ( !    
,african    ,society1 ,no4 #ad1 ,janu>y 
#aije1 p4 #bja4    ,footnote #eae3      
,to ! examples giv5 9 my note on        
,pausanias viii4 #g4 #b1 add ,ph4       
,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie               
,nordo/-,afrikas1 die gei/ige ,cultur   
d] ,dankil1 ,galla und ,soml 7,b]l91    
#ahif71 pp4 #df1 #ej2 8,de    ,dajaks op
 ,borneo10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het       
,n$]l&s*e    ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xiii4    
7#ahfi7 p4 #gb2 ,a4 ,d',orbigny1 ,voyage

    dans l',amrique ,mridionale1 ii4    
#ic1 #afj 7see above1 pp4 #af    sq472  
,f4 ,blum5tritt1 8b] die ,e+ebor55 d]   
,insel ,palawan    und d] ,inselgruppe  
d] ,talamian510 ,globus1 lix4 7#ahia7 p4
 #afg2    ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion
 & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india          
7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #df2 ,fa!r        
,guillem1 9 ,annales de la              
,propagation de la ,foi1 lx4 7#ahhh7 p4 
#beb4    ,footnote #eaf3      ,w4 ,f4   
,w4 ,ow51 ,n>rative ( ,voyages to       
explore ! ,%ores ( ,africa1    ,arabia1 
& ,madagasc> 7,london1 #ahcc71 ii4 #ced 
sq4    ,footnote #eag3      ,h4 ,goldie1
 ,calab> & its ,mission1 ,new ,edition  
7,ed9burgh &    ,london1 #aija71 p4 #dc4
    ,footnote #eah3      ,annales de la 
,propagation de la ,foi1 xxxiii4 7#ahfa7
 p4 #aeb4    ,footnote #eai3      ,fa!r 
,guillem1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation 
de la ,foi1 lx4 7#ahhh7    p4 #bec4     
,footnote #ebj3      ,brasseur de       
,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des nations civilises
 du ,mexique et    de                   

l',amrique-,c5trale1 i4 #cbg sq4        
,footnote #eba3      ,e4 ,aymoni]1 8,les
 ,t*ames et leurs religions10 ,revue de 
l'hi/oire    des religions1 xxiv4       
7#ahia7 p4 #bac4    ,footnote #ebb3     
,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( !      
,semites1 #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #if-ajd4       
,footnote #ebc3      ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1  
,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day   
7,*icago1 #aijb71 p4    #aag4           
,footnote #ebd3      ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1  
op4 cit4 p4 #aai4    ,footnote #ebe3    
,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion &        
,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india             
7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #ej sq41 #bbe sq4
    ,footnote #ebf3      ,c5sus (       
,india1 #aija1 vol4 xvii41 ,punjab1 p4  
#afd4    ,footnote #ebg3      ,w4       
,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( !           
,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces &    ,oudh1 iv4  
#dbe4 ,z to ! sect ( ! ,mah>ajas1 see   
above1 vol4 i4    pp4 #djf sq4          
,footnote #ebh3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 
xxxi4 #h4    ,footnote #ebi3      ,s4   
,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic       

,religion ,to-day1 pp4 #aaf sq42        
,mrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spo]1 8,! ,p[]s ( ,evil 9
 ,j]usalem10 ,folk-lore1    xviii4      
7#aijg7 p4 #ee2 ,a4 ,jauss51 ,c\tumes   
des ,arabes au pays de ,moab    7,p>is1 
#aijh71 p4 #cfj4    ,footnote #ecj3     
,j4 ,m4 ,mack9lay1 ,folk-lore ( ,scotti%
 ,lo*s & ,spr+s 7,glasg[1    #ahic71 p4 
#aab4    ,footnote #eca3      ,a4 ,c4   
,haddon & ,c4 ,r4 ,br[ne1 8,!           
,e?nography ( ! ,aran ,isl&s10          
,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ii4
 7#ahic71 p4 #hai4    ,footnote #ecb3   
,r4 ,c4 ,hope1 ,! ,leg5d>y ,lore ( !    
,holy ,wells ( ,engl& 7,london1         
#ahic71 p4 #abb4    ,footnote #ecc3     
,r4 ,c4 ,hope1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ajg sq4    
,footnote #ecd3      ,see1 = example1   
,pausanias1 ii4 #ae4 #e1 v4 #g4 #b sq41 
vi4 #bb4 #i1 vii4    #bc4 #a sq41 viii4 
#dc4 #a1 ix4 #a4 #a sq41 ix4 #cd4 #f &  
#i4    ,footnote #ece3      ,sophocles1 
,tra*9iae1 #f sqq4 ,! combat ( ,h]cules 
) !    bull-%ap$ riv]-god 9 pres5ce (   
,dejanira is ! subject ( a    r$-figur$ 

vase pa9t+4 ,see ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1
 ,prolegom5a to    ! ,/udy ( ,greek     
,religion #bnd ,ed41 7,cambridge1       
#aijh71 ,fig4 #acc1 p4    #dcd4         
,footnote #ecf3      ,aes*9es1 ,epi/4 x4
 ,! lett]s ( ,aes*9es are spuri\s1 b    
!re is no reason to d\bt t ! cu/om "h   
describ$ 0    actually obs]v$4          
,footnote #ecg3      ,see ! evid5ce     
collect$ by ,mr4 ,floyd ,g4 ,ball5t9e1  
8,"s ,phases (    ! ,cult ( ! ,nymphs10 
,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 
xv4    7#aijd7 pp4 #ig sqq4    ,footnote
 #ech3      ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur    
deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 i4 #ajg-aaj1 ii4    
#eej4 ,at    ,ragusa 9 ,sicily an       
enorm\s effigy ( a dragon1 ) movable    
tail &    eyes1 is c>ri$ 9 procession on
 ,/4 ,george's ,day 7,april #bcrd72 &   
along ) x two huge sug> loaves1 decorat$
 ) fl[]s1 figure 9    ! procession4 ,at 
! end ( ! fe/ival ^! loaves are brok5   
into little bits1 & e f>m] puts "o ( !  
pieces 9 8 s[$    fields to ensure a    
good crop4 ,see ,g4 ,pitr1 ,fe/e        

patronali 9    ,sicilia 7,tur9 &        
,pal]mo1 #aijj71 pp4 #cbc sq4 ,9 ?is    
cu/om !    f]tility *>m rema9s1 ?\gh !  
m>riage c]emony appe>s to be    abs5t4  
,z to ! mumm]s' play ( ,/4 ,george1 see 
,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1    ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age  
7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #bje sqq42 ,a4       
,beatty1 8,!    ,/4 ,george1 or         
,mumm]s'1 ,plays10 ,transactions ( !    
,wiscons9    ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,arts1
 & ,lett]s1 xv4 "p ii4 7,octob]1 #aijf7 
pp4 #bgc-cbd4 ,a sep>ate copy ( ! latt] 
"w 0 k9dly s5t to me    by ! au?or4     
,footnote #eci3      ,see ,f4 ,n4       
,taillepi$1 ,recueil des ,antiquitez et 
s+ul>itez de la    ville de ,r\5 7,r\51 
#aehg71 pp4 #ic-aje2 ,a4 ,floquet1      
,hi/oire du    privilge de ,sa9t ,roma9 
7#b vols4 #hvo1 ,r\51 #ahcc74 ,brief]   
notices    ( ! cu/om & leg5d w be f\nd 9
 ,a4 ,bosquet's ,la ,norm&ie            
romanesque et m]veilleuse 7,p>is & ,r\51
 #ahde71 pp4 #dje-dji2 &    ,a4 de      
,nore's ,c\tumes1 my!s1 et traditions   
des prov9ces de ,france    7,p>is &     

,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #bde-bej4 ,! gilt   
fi]te1 or portable    %r9e ( ,/4 ,roma91
 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,*apt] ,libr>y ( !      
,ca!dral at ,r\51 :]e ,i saw x 9 ,may   
#aijb4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a    *apel1 on !  
ro( ( :i* ! sa9t /&s erect1 trampl+ on !
    w+$ dragon1 :ile ! condemn$ prison] 
kneels 9 front ( him4    ,?is1 h[ev]1 is
 n ! orig9al %r9e1 :i* 0 s decay$ t    9
 #aggf ! ,*apt] decid$ to replace x by  
ano!r4 ,see ,floquet1    op4 cit4 ii4   
#cch-cdf4 ,! cu/om ( c>ry+ ! dragons 9  
procession 0 /opp$ 9 #agec because ( its
 t5d5cy to impair !    solemnity ( !    
c]emony 7,floquet1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cja74  
,ev5 m    fam\s ?an ! dragon ( ,r\5 0 ! 
dragon ( ,t>ascon1 an effigy    ( :i*   
us$ to be c>ri$ 9 procession on         
,:itsunday4 ,see ,a4 de    ,nore1 op4   
cit4 pp4 #dg sqq4 ,z to o!r ,fr5*       
dragons see ,p4    ,sbillot1 ,le        
,folk-lore de ,france1 i4 7,p>is1 #aijd7
 pp4 #dfh-dgj4                          
,,*apt] ,,xiii                          
,,! ,,k+s ,,( ,,rome ,,& ,,alba         

#a4 ,numa & ,eg]ia      ,sid5ote3 ,eg]ia
 at ,nemi a nymph ( wat] & ( ! oak1     
p]haps a  =m ( ,diana4 ,f ! =ego+ survey
 ( cu/om & leg5d we may  inf] t ! sacr$ 
m>riage ( ! p[]s bo? ( vegetation & (   
wat] has be5 celebrat$ by _m peoples = !
 sake ( promot+ !  f]tility ( ! e>?1 on 
:i* ! life ( animals & m5 ultimately    
dep5ds1 & t 9 su* rites ! "p ( ! div9e  
bridegroom or  bride is (t5 su/a9$ by a 
man or woman4 ,! evid5ce may1 !re=e1    
l5d "s c\nt5ance to ! conjecture t 9 !  
sacr$ grove at  ,nemi1 :]e ! p[]s (     
vegetation & ( wat] manife/$ !mselves  9
 ! fair =ms ( %ady woods1 tumbl+        
cascades1 & glassy lake1 a  m>riage l t 
( our ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may 0 annually     
celebrat$  betwe5 ! mortal ,k+ ( ! ,wood
 & ! immortal ,que5 ( ! ,wood1  ,diana4 
,9 ?is connexion an important figure 9 !
 grove 0 !  wat]-nymph ,eg]ia1 :o 0     
wor%ipp$ by pregnant wom5 because %e1  l
 ,diana1 c\ld grant !m an easy          
deliv]y4#edj ,f ?is x seems  fairly safe
 to conclude t1 l _m o!r spr+s1 ! wat] (

  ,eg]ia 0 cr$it$ ) a p[] ( facilitat+  
conception z well z  deliv]y4 ,! votive 
(f]+s f\nd on ! spot1 :i* cle>ly ref] to
  ! begett+ ( *ildr51#eda may possibly h
 be5 d$icat$ to  ,eg]ia r ?an to ,diana1
 or p]haps we %\ld r say t !  wat]-nymph
 ,eg]ia is only ano!r =m ( ! great      
nature-goddess  ,diana h]self1 ! mi/ress
 ( s\nd+ riv]s z well z ( umbrage\s     
woods1#edb :o _h h] home by ! lake & h] 
mirror 9 its calm  wat]s1 & ^: ,greek   
c\nt]p>t ,artemis lov$ to haunt m]es &  
spr+s4#edc ,! id5tification ( ,eg]ia )  
,diana is confirm$ by a  /atem5t (      
,plut>* t ,eg]ia 0 "o ( ! oak-nymphs#edd
 :om  ! ,romans believ$ to preside ov] e
 gre5 oak-grove2#ede =  :ile ,diana 0 a 
goddess ( ! woodl&s 9 g5]al %e appe>s to
  h be5 intimately associat$ ) oaks 9   
p>ticul>1 especially at  h] sacr$ grove 
( ,nemi4#edf ,p]haps1 !n1 ,eg]ia 0 !    
fairy ( a  spr+ t fl[$ f ! roots ( a    
sacr$ oak4 ,su* a spr+ is said  to h    
gu%$ f ! foot ( ! great oak at ,dodona1 
& f its  murmur\s fl[ ! prie/ess drew   

oracles4#edg ,among ! ,greeks a  draught
 ( wat] f c]ta9 sacr$ spr+s or wells 0  
suppos$ to  conf] prophetic p[]s4#edh   
,?is w\ld expla9 ! m ?an mortal  wisdom 
) :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 ,eg]ia     
inspir$ h] royal  husb& or lov]         
,numa4#edi ,:5 we rememb] h[ v (t5 9    
e>ly  society ! k+ is held responsible =
 ! fall ( ra9 & !  fruitfulness ( ! e>?1
 x seems h>dly ra% to conjecture t 9  ! 
leg5d ( ! nuptials ( ,numa & ,sid5ote3  
,! leg5d ( !  nuptials ( ,numa & ,eg]ia 
may be a rem9isc5ce ( a sacr$ m>riage   
:i* ! k+s ( ,rome contract$ ) a goddess 
( wat] & (  vegetation4 ,eg]ia we h a   
rem9isc5ce ( a sacr$ m>riage :i*  ! old 
,roman k+s regul>ly contract$ ) a       
goddess ( vegetation  & wat] = ! purpose
 ( enabl+ him to dis*>ge 8 div9e or     
magical functions4 ,9 su* a rite ! "p ( 
! goddess might be  play$ ei!r by an    
image or a woman1 & if by a woman1      
probably by !  ,que54 ,if !re is any    
tru? 9 ?is conjecture1 we may suppose t 
!  ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,rome masqu]ad$ z god &

 goddess at _! m>riage1  exactly z ! ,k+
 & ,que5 ( ,egypt appe> to h done4#eej  
,!  leg5d ( ,numa & ,eg]ia po9ts to a   
sacr$ grove r ?an to a  h\se z ! sc5e ( 
! nuptial union1 :i*1 l ! m>riage ( !   
,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may1 or ( ! v9e-god & !  
,que5 ( ,a!ns1 may  h be5 annually      
celebrat$ z a *>m to ensure ! f]tility n
  only ( ! e>? b ( man & bea/4 ,n[1     
accord+ to "s acc\nts1  ! sc5e ( !      
m>riage 0 no o!r ?an ! sacr$ grove (    
,nemi1  & on q indep5d5t gr\nds we h be5
 l$ to suppose t 9  t same grove ! ,k+ (
 ! ,wood 0 w$d$ to ,diana4 ,!  conv]g5ce
 ( ! two di/9ct l9es ( enquiry sugge/s t
 !  leg5d>y union ( ! ,roman k+ ) ,eg]ia
 may h be5 a reflection  or duplicate ( 
! union ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood ) ,eg]ia or h]
  d\ble ,diana4 ,?is does n imply t !   
,roman k+s ev] s]v$ z  ,k+s ( ! ,wood 9 
! ,arician grove1 b only t !y may       
orig9ally h be5 inve/$ ) a sacr$ "* ( ! 
same  g5]al k9d1 & may h held (fice on  
simil> t]ms4 ,to be m  explicit1 x is   
possible t !y reign$1 n by "r ( bir?1 b 

9 virtue ( _! suppos$ div9ity z         
repres5tatives or embodim5ts  ( a god1 &
 t z su* !y mat$ ) a goddess1 & _h to   
prove  _! fitness f "t to "t to dis*>ge 
_! div9e functions by  engag+ 9 a sev]e 
bodily /ruggle1 :i* may (t5 h prov$     
fatal  to !m1 leav+ ! cr[n to _!        
victori\s adv]s>y4 ,our k  ( ! ,roman   
k+%ip is f> too scanty to all[ u to     
affirm any "o (  ^! propositions )      
confid5ce2 b at lea/ !re are "s  scatt]$
 h9ts or indications ( a simil>ity 9 all
 ^! respects  betwe5 ! prie/s ( ,nemi & 
! k+s ( ,rome1 or p]haps r  betwe5 _!   
remote pr$ecessors 9 ! d>k ages :i*     
prec$$ !  dawn ( leg5d4#eea       #b4 ,!
 ,k+ z ,jupit]      ,sid5ote3 ,! ,roman 
k+ seems to h p]sonat$ ,jupit] & worn 8 
co/ume4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x w\ld seem
 t ! ,roman k+  p]sonat$ no less a deity
 ?an ,jupit] himself4 ,= d[n to imp]ial 
times victori\s g5]als celebrat+ a      
triumph1 & magi/rates  presid+ at !     
games 9 ! ,circus1 wore ! co/ume (      
,jupit]1 :i*  0 borr[$ = ! occasion f 8 

great temple on ! ,capitol2 &  x has be5
 held ) a high degree ( probability bo? 
by anci5ts &  mod]ns t 9 s do+ !y copi$ 
! tradition>y attire &  insignia ( !    
,roman k+s4#eeb ,!y rode a *>iot drawn  
by f\r  laurel-cr[n$ horses ?r\gh !     
city1 :]e e "o else w5t on  foot2#eec !y
 wore purple robes embroid]$ or spangl$ 
) gold2 9  ! "r h& !y bore a bran* (    
laurel & 9 ! left h& an  ivory sceptre  
topp$ ) an eagle2 a wrea? ( laurel cr[n$
 _!  br[s2 _! face 0 r$d5$ ) v]milion2 &
 ov] _! head a  slave held a heavy cr[n 
( massy gold fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess ( oak  
leaves4#eed ,9 ?is attire ! assimilation
 ( ! man to ! god comes  out above all 9
 ! eagle-topp$ sceptre1 ! oak5 cr[n1 & !
  r$d5$ face4 ,= ! eagle 0 ! bird (     
,jove1 ! oak 0 8  sacr$ tree1 & ! face (
 8 image /&+ 9 8 f\r-horse  *>iot on !  
,capitol 0 9 l mann] regul>ly dy$ r$ on 
fe/ivals2 inde$1 s important 0 x deem$  
to keep ! div9e  features prop]ly r\g$ t
 "o ( ! fir/ duties ( ! c5sors 0  to    
contract = hav+ ?is done4#eee ,! ,greeks

 sometimes pa9t$ r$  ! face or ! :ole   
body ( ! w9e-god ,dionysus4#eef ,^!     
cu/oms  may h be5 a sub/itute = an old] 
practice ( fe$+ a god by  sme>+ ! face1 
& especially ! lips1 ( 8 idol ) ! blood 
( a sacrificial victim4 ,_m examples (  
su* a practice might be  adduc$ f !     
religion ( b>b>\s peoples4#eeg ,z !     
triumphal  procession always end$ 9 !   
temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol1 x 0     
peculi>ly appropriate t ! head ( !      
victor %\ld be grac$ by a  cr[n ( oak   
leaves1 = n only 0 e oak consecrat$ to  
,jupit]1#eeh b ! ,capitol9e temple ( !  
god 0 said to h be5  built by ,romulus  
beside a sacr$ oak1 v5]at$ by %eph]ds1  
to :i*  ! k+ atta*$ ! spoils won by him 
f ! enemy's g5]al 9  battle4#eei ,we are
 expressly told t ! oak cr[n 0 ,sid5ote3
 ,!  oak cr[n z an emblem ( ,jupit] & ( 
! ,roman emp]ors4 sacr$ to  ,capitol9e  
,jupit]2#efj a passage ( ,ovid proves t 
x 0 reg>d$  z ! god's special emblem4   
,writ+ 9 exile on ! %ores ( ! ,black    
,sea1 ! poet s5ds ! book :i* he has j   

compos$ to ,rome to be  publi%$ !re2 he 
p]sonifies ! volume & imag9es x pass+   
along  ! ,sacr$ ,way & up to ! door ( ! 
emp]or's /ately palace on !  ,palat9e   
hill4 ,above ! portal hung %9+ arms & a 
cr[n ( oak  leaves4 ,at ! sight ! poet  
/>ts3 8,is ?is1 quo? ,i1 ! h\se (       
,jove8 ,= sure to my prophetic s\l !    
oak5 cr[n 0 reason good to  ?9k x       
s40#efa ,! s5ate _h grant$ ,augu/us ! "r
 to h !  wrea? ( oak always susp5d$ ov] 
8 door2#efb & else:]e ,ovid  c\nts ?is  
among ! m ?an mortal hon\rs be/[$ on !  
emp]or4#efc ,on ! ,capitol at ,cirta !re
 /ood a silv] image (  ,jupit] we>+ a   
silv] cr[n ( oak leaves & acorns4#efd   
,simil>ly  at ,dodona1 ! mo/ fam\s      
sanctu>y ( ! oak 9 ,greece1 ! image (   
,zeus appe>s to h worn a *aplet ( oak   
leaves2 = ! god is  con/antly ?us       
portray$ on co9s ( ,epirus4#efe ,& j z  
,roman  k+s appe> to h p]sonat$ !       
oak-god ,jupit]1 s ,greek k+s  appe> to 
h p]sonat$ ! oak-god ,zeus4 ,! leg5d>y  
,salmoneus (  ,elis is c]ta9ly report$  

to h done s2#eff ,p]iphas1 an anci5t  k+
 ( ,a!ns1 is said to h be5 /yl$ ,zeus by
 8 p1 & to  h be5 *ang$ into an eagle by
 8 jeal\s "n-sake4#efg ,9 ,hom]  k+s are
 (t5 spok5 ( z nurtur$ by ,zeus &       
div9e4#efh ,inde$ we  are told t 9      
anci5t days e ,greek k+ 0 call$         
,zeus4#efi    ,sid5ote3 ,to ! ,romans ! 
brea* betwe5 ! human & ! div9e 0  n s   
wide z x seems to u4 ,?us we may fairly 
assume t on  c]ta9 solemn occasions     
,roman g5]als & magi/rates p]sonat$ !   
supreme god1 & t 9 s do+ !y reviv$ !    
practice ( ! e>ly  k+s4 ,to u mod]ns1 = 
:om ! brea* :i* divides ! human &  !    
div9e has deep5$ into an impassable     
gulf1 su* mimicry may appe>  impi\s1 b x
 0 o!rwise ) ! anci5ts4 ,to _! ?9k+ gods
  & m5 7 ak91 = _m families trac$ _!    
desc5t f a  div9ity1 & ! deification ( a
 man probably seem$ z little            
extraord9>y to !m z ! canonisation ( a  
sa9t seems to a mod]n  ,ca?olic4 ,!     
,romans 9 p>ticul> 7 q famili> ) !      
spectacle ( m5 masqu]ad+ z spirits2 = at

 ! fun]als ( great  h\ses all !         
illu/ri\s dead ( ! family 7 p]sonat$ by 
m5  specially *os5 = _! resemblance to !
 dep>t$4 ,^!  repres5tatives wore       
,sid5ote3 ,roman cu/om ( repres5t+ dead 
ance/ors by mask$ m54 masks fa%ion$ &   
pa9t$ 9 ! lik5ess (  ! orig9als3 !y 7   
dress$ 9 ri* robes ( (fice1 respl5d5t  )
 purple & gold1 su* z ! dead nobles _h  
worn 9 _!  lifetime3 l !m1 !y rode 9    
*>iots ?r\gh ! city prec$$ by  ! rods & 
axes1 & att5d$ by all ! pomp & h]aldry (
 high  /ation2 & :5 at la/ ! fun]al     
procession1 aft] ?read+ its  way ?r\gh !
 cr[d$ /reets1 defil$ into ! ,=um1 !    
mask]s  solemnly took _! seats on ivory 
*airs plac$ = !m on !  plat=m ( !       
,ro/ra1 9 ! sight ( ! p1 recall+ no d\bt
  to ! old1 by _! sil5t pres5ce1 !      
memories ( an illu/ri\s  pa/1 & fir+ !  
"y ) ! ambition ( a glori\s future4#egj 
,sid5ote3 ,! k+s ( ,alba seem also to h 
claim$ to repres5t  ,jupit]4 ,accord+ to
 a tradition :i* we h no reason to      
reject1  ,rome 0 f\nd$ by settl]s f     

,alba ,longa1 a city situat$ on !  slope
 ( ! ,alban hills1 ov]look+ ! lake & !  
,campagna4#ega  ,h5ce if ! ,roman k+s   
claim$ to be repres5tatives or          
embodim5ts (  ,jupit]1 ! god ( ! sky1 ( 
! ?und]1 & ( ! oak1 x is  natural to    
suppose t ! k+s ( ,alba1 f :om ! f\nd] (
 ,rome  trac$ 8 desc5t1 may h set up !  
same claim be=e !m4 ,n[ !  ,alban dyna/y
 bore ! "n ( ,silvii or ,wood1 & x c    
h>dly be  )\t significance t 9 ! vision 
( ! hi/oric glories ( ,rome  reveal$ to 
,a5eas 9 ! und]world1 ,virgil1 an       
antiqu>y z well z a  poet1 %\ld repres5t
 all ! l9e ( ,silvii z cr[n$ ,sid5ote3  
,!  ,silvii & ! ,julii4 ) oak4#egb ,a   
*aplet ( oak leaves w\ld ?us  seem to h 
be5 "p ( ! insignia ( ! old k+s ( ,alba 
,longa z  ( _! successors ! k+s ( ,rome2
 9 bo? cases x m>k$ !  mon>* z ! human  
repres5tative ( ! oak-god4 ,) reg>d to  
,silvius1 ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,alban dyna/y1  
we are told t he got  8 "n because he _h
 be5 born or br\ght up 9 ! =e/1 & t  :5 
he came to man's e/ate he conte/$ !     

k+dom ) 8 k9sman  ,julus1 ^: "n1 z "s ( 
! anci5ts !mselves ,sid5ote3 ,julus1  ! 
little ,jupit]4 p]ceiv$1 means ! ,little
 ,jupit]4 ,! p  decid$ 9 fav\r (        
,silvius1 b 8 rival ,julus 0 consol$ = !
  loss ( ! cr[n by be+ inve/$ ) religi\s
 au?ority & !  (fice ( *ief pontiff1 or 
p]haps r ( ,flam5 ,dialis1 ! highe/     
dignity aft] ! k+%ip4 ,f ?is ,julus or  
,little ,jupit]1 ! noble  h\se ( !      
,julii1 & h5ce ! fir/ emp]ors ( ,rome1  
believ$  !mselves to be sprung4#egc ,!  
leg5d ( ! dispute betwe5 ,silvius  &    
,julus may pres]ve a rem9isc5ce ( su* a 
p>tition ( spiritual  & temporal p[]s 9 
,alba ,longa z aft]w>ds took place 9    
,rome1 :5  ! old regal (fice 0 divid$   
betwe5 ! ,consuls & ! ,k+ ( !  ,sacr$   
,rites4#egd ,_m m in/ances ( su* a s*ism
 w meet u  lat] on4 ,t ! ,julian h\se   
wor%ipp$ ,vejovis1 ! ,little ,jupit]1   
accord+ to ! anci5t rites ( ,alba       
,longa1 is prov$ by !  inscription on an
 alt> :i* !y d$icat$ to him at _!       
ance/ral  home ( ,bovillae1 a colony (  

,alba ,longa1 situat$ at ! foot ( !     
,alban hills4#ege ,! ,caes>s1 ! mo/     
illu/ri\s family ( ! ,julian  h\se1 took
 _! "n f _! long hair 7caes>ies71#egf   
:i*  0 probably 9 ^? e>ly days1 z x 0   
among ! ,franks long  aft]w>ds1 a symbol
 ( royalty4#egg    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,alban  
k+s seem to h be5 expect$ to make ?und] 
& ra9 = ! good ( _! subjects4 ,b 9 c$+ !
 pontificate  to _! rivals1 x w\ld seem 
t ! reign+ dyna/y ( ! ,silvii  or ,woods
 by no means r5\nc$ _! own claim to     
p]sonate ! god (  ! oak & ! ?und]2 = !  
,roman annals record t "o ( !m1         
,romulus1 ,remulus1 or ,amulius ,silvius
 by "n1 set up = be+ a god 9  8 own     
p]son1 ! equal or sup]ior ( ,jupit]4 ,to
 support 8  pret5sions & ov]awe 8       
subjects1 he con/ruct$ ma*9es :]eby he  
mimick$ ! clap ( ?und] & ! fla% (       
lightn+4 ,diodorus  relates t 9 ! season
 ( fruitage1 :5 ?und] is l\d &  frequ5t1
 ! k+ comm&$ 8 soldi]s to dr[n ! ro> (  
heav5's  artill]y by cla%+ _! swords    
aga9/ _! %ields4 ,b he paid  ! p5alty ( 

8 impiety1 = he p]i%$1 he & 8 h\se1     
/ruck by  a ?und]bolt 9 ! mid/ ( a      
dreadful /orm4 ,swoll5 by ! ra91 !      
,alban lake rose 9 flood & dr[n$ 8      
palace4 ,b /ill1 says an  anci5t        
hi/orian1 :5 ! wat] is l[ & ! surface   
unruffl$ by a  breeze1 y may see ! ru9s 
( ! palace at ! bottom ( ! cle>         
lake4#egh ,tak5 along ) ! simil> /ory ( 
,salmoneus1 k+ (  ,elis1#egi ?is leg5d  
po9ts to a real cu/om obs]v$ by ! e>ly  
k+s ( ,greece & ,italy1 :o l _! fell[s 9
 ,africa d[n to  mod]n times may h be5  
expect$ to produce ra9 & ?und] = !  good
 ( ! crops4#ehj ,! prie/ly k+ ,numa     
pass$ = an adept 9  ! art ( draw+ d[n   
lightn+ f ! sky4#eha ,mock ?und]1 we    
"k1 has be5 made by v>i\s peoples z a   
ra9-*>m 9 mod]n  times2#ehb :y %\ld x n 
h be5 made by k+s 9 antiquity8          
,sid5ote3 ,! leg5ds ( ! dea?s ( ,roman  
k+s po9t to a close  connexion betwe5 ! 
k+ & ! ?und]-god4 ,9 ?is connexion x    
des]ves to be not$ t1 accord+ to !      
leg5d1 ,salmoneus1 l 8  ,alban c\nt]p>t1

 0 kill$ by a ?und]bolt2 & t "o ( !     
,roman k+s1 ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 is       
report$ to h met ) ! same end  9 an     
attempt to draw d[n ,jupit] 9 ! =m (    
lightn+ f !  sky4#ehc ,a5eas himself1 ! 
leg5d>y ance/or bo? ( ! ,alban &  !     
,roman k+s1 vani%$ f ! _w 9 a viol5t    
?und]/orm1 &  0 aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ z     
,jupit] ,indiges4 ,a m\nd ( e>?1        
encircl$ ) f9e trees1 on ! bank ( !     
little riv] ,numicius 0  po9t$ out z 8  
grave4#ehd ,romulus1 too1 ! fir/ k+ (   
,rome1  ,sid5ote3 ,dea? & deification ( 
,romulus4 disappe>$ 9 l  mann]4 ,x 0 !  
sev5? ( ,july1 & ! k+ 0 review+ 8 army  
at ! ,goat's ,m>%1 outside ! walls ( !  
city4 ,sudd5ly ! sky  l[]$ & a tempe/   
bur/1 accompani$ by peals ( ?und]4 ,soon
 !  /orm _h swept by1 leav+ ! brightness
 & s]5ity ( ! summ]  day beh9d4 ,b      
,romulus 0 nev] se5 aga94 ,^? :o _h /ood
 by him  said !y saw him caught up to   
heav5 9 a :irlw9d2 & n long  aft]w>ds a 
c]ta9 ,proculus ,julius1 a patrician (  
,alban bir? &  desc5t1 decl>$ on oa? t  

,romulus _h appe>$ to him clad 9  bright
 arm\r1 & ann\nc$ t ! ,romans 7 to      
wor%ip him z a  god "u ! "n ( ,quir9us1 
& to build him a temple on ! spot4  ,!  
temple 0 built & ! place 0 h5ce=? kn[n z
 ! ,quir9al  hill4#ehe ,9 ?is leg5d x is
 significant t ! annunciation ( !  k+'s 
div9ity %\ld be put 9 ! m\? ( a memb] ( 
! ,julian  h\se1 a native ( ,alba2 = we 
h se5 reason to believe t at ,alba  !   
,julii _h compet$ ) ! ,silvii1 f :om    
,romulus 0 desc5d$1  = ! k+%ip1 & ) x = 
! hon\r ( p]sonat+ ,jupit]4 ,if1  z     
seems to be philologically possible1 !  
^w ,quir9us is d]iv$  f ! same root z   
qu]cus1 8an oak10 ! "n ( ! deifi$       
,romulus w\ld mean no m ?an 8! oak-god10
 t is1 ,jupit]4#ehf  ,?us ! tradition   
w\ld squ>e p]fectly ) ! o!r indications 
(  cu/om & leg5d :i* h l$ u to conclude 
t ! k+s bo? (  ,rome & ( ,alba claim$ to
 embody 9 _! own p]sons ! god ( !  sky1 
( ?und]1 & ( ! oak4 ,c]ta9ly ! /ories   
:i* associat$  ! dea?s ( s _m ( !m )    
?und]/orms po9t to a close  connexion ) 

! god ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,a k+ :o _h be5
  wont to fulm9ate 9 8 lifetime might   
naturally be suppos$ at dea?  to be     
c>ri$ up 9 a ?und]/orm to heav51 !re to 
dis*>ge above  ! cl\ds ! same duties :i*
 he _h p]=m$ on e>?4 ,su* a tale  w\ld  
be all ! m likely to atta* itself to !  
tw9 ,romulus1 if  ! e>ly ,romans %>$ !  
widespread sup]/ition t tw9s h  p[] ov] 
! wea!r 9 g5]al & ov] ra9 & w9d 9       
p>ticul>4#ehg ,t tempe/s are caus$ by ! 
spirits ( ! dead is  a belief ( !       
,araucanians ( ,*ili4 ,n a /orm bur/s ^u
 ! ,&es  or ! ocean :i* ^! ,indians d n 
ascribe to a battle betwe5 !  s\ls ( _! 
fell[-c\ntrym5 & ! dead ,spani>ds4 ,9 ! 
ro>+  ( ! w9d !y he> ! trampl+ ( !      
gho/ly horses1 9 ! peal  ( ! ?und] !    
roll ( ! drums1 & 9 ! fla%es ( lightn+  
! fire ( ! artill]y4#ehh    ,sid5ote3 ,e
 ,lat9 t[n probably _h its local        
,jupit]4 ,?us1 if  ! k+s ( ,alba & ,rome
 imitat$ ,jupit] z god ( ! oak by we>+  
a cr[n ( oak leaves1 !y seem also to h  
copi$ him 9 8  "* ( a wea!r-god by      

pret5d+ to make ?und] & lightn+4  ,& if 
!y did s1 x is probable t1 l ,jupit] 9  
heav5 & _m  k+s on e>?1 !y also act$ z  
public ra9-mak]s1 wr++ %[]s  f ! d>k sky
 by _! en*antm5ts :5ev] ! p>*$ e>? cri$ 
out = ! refre%+ moi/ure4 ,at ,rome !    
sluices ( heav5 7  op5$ by means ( a    
sacr$ /one1 & ! c]emony appe>s to h  =m$
 "p ( ! ritual ( ,jupit] ,elicius1 ! god
 :o elicits f  ! cl\ds ! fla%+ lightn+ &
 ! dripp+ ra94#ehi ,& :o s  well fitt$  
to p]=m ! c]emony z ! k+1 ! liv+        
repres5tative ( ! sky-god8    ,sid5ote3 
,_m local ,jupit]s 9 ,latium4 ,!        
conclusion :i* we h  rea*$ z to ! k+s ( 
,rome & ,alba probably holds good ( all 
!  k+s ( anci5t ,latium3 ea* ( !m1 we   
may suppose1 repres5t$ or  embodi$ !    
local ,jupit]4 ,= we c h>dly d\bt t (   
old e  ,lat9 t[n or settlem5t _h its own
 ,jupit]1 z e t[n & almo/  e *ur* 9     
mod]n ,italy has its own ,madonna2 & l !
 ,baal (  ! ,semites ! local ,jupit] 0  
commonly wor%ipp$ on high places4       
,wood$ heights1 r\nd :i* ! ra9-cl\ds    

ga!r1 7 inde$ !  natural sanctu>ies = a 
god ( ! sky1 ! ra91 & ! oak4 ,at ,rome  
he occupi$ "o summit ( ! ,capitol9e     
hill1 :ile ! o!r summit  0 assign$ to 8 
wife ,juno1 ^: temple1 ) ! long flight  
,sid5ote3 ,capitol9e ,jupit] & ,juno4 ( 
/airs lead+ up to x1 has  = ages be5    
appropriately replac$ by ! *ur* ( ,/4   
,m>y 89 !  alt> ( ! sky0 79             
,araceli74#eij ,t bo? heights 7         
orig9ally  wood$ seems c]ta91 = d[n to  
imp]ial times ! saddle :i* jo9s  !m 0   
kn[n z ! place 8betwe5 ! two            
groves40#eia ,virgil tells  u t !       
hilltop :]e gild$ temples glitt]$ 9 8   
day _h be5  cov]$ ( old by %aggy        
?ickets1 ! haunt ( woodl& elves &       
savage m51 8born ( ! tree-trunks & !    
he>t ( oak40#eib ,^!  ?ickets 7 probably
 compos$ ( oaks1 = ! oak cr[n ,sid5ote3 
,! hills ( ,rome once wood$ ) oaks4 0   
sacr$ to ,capitol9e ,juno  z well z to  
,jupit]2#eic x 0 to a sacr$ oak on !    
,capitol t  ,romulus fa/5$ ! spoils1#eid
 & !re is evid5ce t 9 e>ly  times       

oak-woods clo!d o!r ( ! hills on :i*    
,rome 0 aft]w>ds  built4 ,?us ! ,caelian
 hill w5t orig9ally by ! "n ( ! ,m\nta9 
( ! ,oak ,grove on acc\nt ( ! ?ickets ( 
oak by :i* x 0  ov]gr[n1#eie & ,jupit] 0
 "h wor%ipp$ 9 8 "* ( !  oak-god2#eif "o
 ( ! old gates ( ,rome1 app>5tly betwe5 
!  ,caelian & ! ,esquil9e hills1 0 call$
 ! ,gate ( ! ,oak ,grove  = a simil>    
reason2#eig & )9 ! walls h>d by 0 a     
,*apel (  ! ,oak ,grove d$icat$ to !    
wor%ip ( ! oak-nymphs4#eih ,^!  nymphs  
appe> on co9s ( ! ,accoleian family z   
?ree wom5 support+  on _! %\ld]s a pole 
f :i* rise leafy bran*es4#eii ,!        
,esquil9e hill seems also to h d]iv$ its
 "n f its oaks4 ,aft]  m5tion+ ! ,*apel 
( ! ,oak & o!r hall[$ groves :i* /ill   
dott$ ! hill 9 8 "t1 ! antiqu>y ,v>ro   
tells u t _!  b\nds 7 n[ mu* curtail$1  
add+ ) a sigh t x 0 no wond]  ! sacr$   
old trees %\ld give way to ! mod]n      
wor%ip (  ,mammon4#fjj ,app>5tly !      
,roman nobles ( ^? days sold ! anci5t   
woods1 z _! desc5dants sell _! beautiful

 g>d5s1 =  build+-l&4 ,to ?is li/ (     
oak-clad hills on ! left bank ( !  ,tib]
 mu/ be add$ ! ,quir9al1 if ,quir9us1 :o
 _h a v anci5t  %r9e on ! hill1 0 !     
oak-god4#fja ,"u ! ,av5t9e 0 a grove  ( 
ev]gre5 oaks1#fjb :i* appe>s to h be5 no
 o!r ?an !  grove ( ,eg]ia outside !    
,porta ,cap5a4#fjc ,! old grove ( ,ve/a1
  :i* once skirt$ ! foot ( ! ,palat9e   
hill on ! side ( !  ,=um1#fjd mu/ surely
 h be5 a grove ( oaks2 = n only does an 
oak appe> gr[+ beside ! temple ( ,ve/a  
on a f9e relief pres]v$  9 ! gall]y ( ! 
,uffizi at ,flor5ce1 b ,sid5ote3 ,!     
sacr$  ,ve/al fire f$ ) oak-wood4 *>r$  
emb]s ( ! sacr$ ,ve/al fire  h 9 rec5t  
ye>s be5 discov]$ at ! temple ( ,ve/a 9 
!  ,=um1 & a microscopic analysis ( !m  
has prov$ t !y consi/  ( ! pi? or he>t (
 trunks or great bran*es ( oak          
7qu]cus74#fje ,! full significance ( ?is
 discov]y w appe>  lat] on4 ,:5 !       
plebeians sec$$ to ! ,janiculum 9 ! ?ird
  c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ! dictator ,q4     
,hort5sius summon$ a meet+ (  ! p &     

pass$ a law 9 an oak grove1 :i* p]haps  
grew on !  hill4#fjf ,9 ?is neighb\rhood
 !re 0 a /reet call$ ! ,/reet (  ! ,oak 
,grove2 x is m5tion$ 9 an inscription   
f\nd 9 its orig9al  position ne> ! mod]n
 ,g>ibaldi bridge4#fjg ,on ! ,vatican   
hill  !re /ood an ev]gre5 oak :i* 0     
believ$ to be old] ?an ,rome2  an       
inscription 9 ,etruscan lett]s on a     
bronze tablet proclaim$ !  sanctity ( ! 
tree4#fjh ,f9ally1 t oak woods exi/$ at 
or ne>  ,rome 9 ! e>lie/ times has      
lately be5 demon/rat$ by ! discov]y  9 !
 ,=um itself ( a prehi/oric cemet]y1 :i*
 conta9s among/  o!r sepultures ! bones 
( sev]al "y *ildr5 deposit$ 9 rudely    
holl[$ trunks ( oak4#fji ,) all ?is     
evid5ce be=e u we ne$  n wond] t ,virgil
 %\ld speak ( ! primitive inhabitants ( 
,rome  z 8born ( ! tree-trunks & ! he>t 
( oak10 & t ! ,roman  k+s %\ld h worn   
cr[ns ( oak leaves 9 imitation ( !      
oak-god  ,jupit]1 :o dwelt 9 8 sacr$    
grove on ! ,capitol4    ,sid5ote3 ,!    
,alban k+s may h imitat$ ,latian        

,jupit]1 :o dwelt  on ! top ( ! ,alban  
,m\nt4 ,if ! k+s ( ,rome ap$ ,capitol9e 
,jove1 _! pr$ecessors ! k+s ( ,alba     
probably laid !mselves out  to mimic !  
great ,latian ,jupit]1 :o _h 8 seat     
above ! city on  ! summit ( ! ,alban    
,m\nta94 ,lat9us1 ! leg5d>y ance/or ( ! 
dyna/y1 0 said to h be5 *ang$ into      
,latian ,jupit] aft]  vani%+ f ! _w 9 ! 
my/]i\s fa%ion *>act]i/ic ( !  old ,lat9
 k+s4#faj ,! sanctu>y ( ! god on ! top (
 !  m\nta9 0 ! religi\s c5tre ( ! ,lat9 
,league1 z ,alba 0 its  political       
capital till ,rome wre/$ ! supremacy f  
its anci5t  rival4 ,app>5tly no temple1 
9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 0 ev] erect$  to     
,jupit] on ?is 8 holy m\nta92 z god ( ! 
sky & ?und] he  appropriately receiv$ ! 
homage ( 8 wor%ipp]s 9 ! op5 air4  ,!   
massive wall1 ( :i* "s rema9s /ill      
enclose ! old g>d5 (  ! ,passioni/      
mona/]y1 seems to h be5 "p ( ! sacr$    
prec9ct  :i* ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d1 ! la/ k+ ( 
,rome1 m>k$ out = !  solemn annual      
assembly ( ! ,lat9 ,league4#faa ,! god's

 olde/  sanctu>y on ?is airy m\nta9-top 
0 a grove2#fab & be>+ 9  m9d n m]ely !  
special consecration ( ! oak to ,jupit]1
 b also  ! traditional oak cr[n ( !     
,alban k+s & ! analogy ( !  ,capitol9e  
,jupit] at ,rome1 we may suppose t !    
trees 9 ! grove  7 oaks4#fac ,we "k t 9 
antiquity ,m\nt ,algidus1 an outly+     
gr\p ( ! ,alban hills1 0 cov]$ ) d>k    
=e/s ( oak2#fad &  among ! tribes :o    
belong$ to ! ,lat9 ,league 9 ! e>lie/   
days1  & 7 entitl$ to %>e ! fle% ( !    
:ite bull sacrific$ on !  ,alban ,m\nt1 
!re 0 "o ^: memb]s /yl$ !mselves ! ,m5 (
  ! ,oak1#fae d\btless on acc\nt ( !    
woods among :i* !y dwelt4    ,sid5ote3  
,!ophra/us's description ( ! woods (    
,latium4 ,b we  %\ld err if we pictur$  
to ourselves ! c\ntry z cov]$ 9         
hi/orical times ) an unbrok5 =e/ ( oaks4
 ,!ophra/us has left  u a description ( 
! woods ( ,latium z !y 7 9 ! f\r?       
c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,he says3 8,! l& ( ! 
,lat9s is all moi/4  ,! pla9s produce   
laurels1 myrtles1 & wond]ful bee*es2 =  

!y  fell trees ( su* a size t a s+le /em
 suffices = ! keel ( a  ,tyrrh5ian %ip4 
,p9es & firs gr[ 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,:at !y   
call  ! l& ( ,circe is a l(ty headl&    
?ickly wood$ ) oak1 myrtle1  & luxuriant
 laurels4 ,! natives say t ,circe dwelt 
!re1 & !y  %ew ! grave ( ,elp5or1 f :i* 
gr[ myrtles su* z wrea?s are  made (1   
:]eas ! o!r myrtle-trees are tall40#faf 
,?us !  prospect f ! top ,sid5ote3 ,!   
prospect f ! ,alban ,m\nt 9  antiquity4 
( ! ,alban ,m\nt 9 ! e>ly days ( ,rome  
mu/ h be5  v diff]5t 9 "s respects f :at
 x is to-day4 ,! purple  ,ap5n9es1      
inde$1 9 _! et]nal calm on ! "o h&1 & ! 
%9+ ,m$it]ranean 9 its et]nal unre/ on !
 o!r1 no d\bt  look$ !n mu* z !y look   
n[1 :e!r ba!d 9 sun%9e1 or  *equ]$ by ! 
fleet+ %ad[s ( cl\ds2 b in/ead ( !      
desolate  br[n expanse ( ! fev]-/rick5  
,campagna1 spann$ by its long l9es  (   
ru9$ aqu$ucts1 l ! brok5 ar*es ( !      
bridge 9 ! vision  ( ,mirza1 ! eye mu/ h
 rang$ ov] woodl&s t /ret*$ away1  mile 
aft] mile1 on all sides1 till _! v>i$   

hues ( gre5 or  autumnal sc>let & gold  
melt$ ins5sibly into ! blue ( ! di/ant  
m\nta9s & sea4    ,?us ! ,alban ,m\nt 0 
to ! ,lat9s :at ,olympus 0 to ! ,greeks1
  ! l(ty abode ( ! sky-god1 :o hurl$ 8  
?und]bolts f above  ! cl\ds4 ,! :ite    
/e]s :i* 7 "h sacrific$ to him 9 8      
sacr$ grove1 z 9 ! ,capitol at          
,rome1#fag rem9d u ( ! :ite  bulls :i* !
 ,druids ( ,gaul sacrific$ "u ! holy oak
 :5  ,sid5ote3 ,resemblance betwe5 !    
,lat9 wor%ip ( ,jupit] & !  ,druidical  
wor%ip ( ! oak4 !y cut ! mi/letoe2#fah &
 !  p>allel w\ld be all ! clos] if1 z we
 h se5 reason to ?9k1  ! ,lat9s wor%ipp$
 ,jupit] orig9ally 9 groves ( oak4 ,o!r 
resemblances betwe5 anci5t ,gaul &      
,latium w meet u lat] on4 ,:5  we       
rememb] t ! anci5t ,italian & ,celtic   
peoples spoke languages  :i* are ne>ly  
relat$ to ea* o!r1#fai we %all n be     
surpris$  at discov]+ traces ( community
 9 _! religion1 especially 9 :at        
conc]ns ! wor%ip ( ! god ( ! oak & !    
?und]4 ,= t  wor%ip1 z we %all see      

pres5tly1 belongs to ! olde/ /ratum (   
,aryan civilisation 9 ,europe4          
,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ m>riage ( ,jupit] &    
,juno4 ,b ,jupit] did n  reign alone on 
! top ( 8 holy m\nta94 ,he _h 8 consort 
)  him1 ! goddess ,juno1 :o 0 wor%ipp$  
"h "u ! same title1  ,moneta1 z on !    
,capitol at ,rome4#fbj ,z ! oak cr[n 0  
sacr$ to  ,jupit] & ,juno on !          
,capitol1#fba s we may suppose x 0 on ! 
,alban ,m\nt1 f :i* ! ,capitol9e wor%ip 
0 d]iv$4 ,?us !  oak-god w\ld h 8       
oak-goddess 9 ! sacr$ oak grove4 ,s at  
,dodona  ! oak-god ,zeus 0 c\pl$ )      
,dione1 ^: v "n is only a  dialectically
 diff]5t =m ( ,juno2#fbb & s on ! top ( 
,m\nt  ,ci?a]on he 0 p]iodically w$d$ to
 an oak5 image ( ,h]a4#fbc ,x  is       
probable1 ?\gh x _c be positively prov$1
 t ! sacr$  m>riage ( ,jupit] & ,juno 0 
annually celebrat$ by all ! peoples  ( !
 ,lat9 /ock 9 ! mon? :i* !y nam$ aft] ! 
goddess1 !  midsumm] mon? ( ,june4#fbd  
,n[ on ! fir/ ( ,june ! ,roman  pontiffs
 p]=m$ c]ta9 rites 9 ! grove ( ,hel]nus 

beside !  ,tib]1 & on ! same day1 &     
p]haps 9 ! same place1 a nymph (  !     
grove1 by "n ,c>na1 receiv$ (f]+s ( l>d 
& bean-porridge4  ,%e 0 said to be a    
huntress1 *a/e & coy1 :o gave ,sid5ote3 
,janus  & ,c>na4 ! slip to h] lov]s 9 ! 
dep?s ( ! wood1 b 0  caught by ,janus4  
,"s took h] to be ,diana h]self4#fbe ,if
 %e 7  inde$ a =m ( t goddess1 h] union 
) ,janus1 t is1 ,dianus1  w\ld be       
appropriate2 & z %e _h a *apel on !     
,caelian hill1 :i*  0 once cov]$ )      
oak-woods1#fbf %e may h be51 l ,eg]ia1  
an  oak-nymph4 ,fur!r1 ,janus1 or       
,dianus1 & ,diana1 z we %all see lat]   
on1 7 orig9ally m]e d\bles ( ,jupit] &  
,juno1 ) :om !y  co9cide 9 "n & to "s   
ext5t 9 function4 ,h5ce x appe>s to be  
n impossible t ! rite celebrat$ by !    
pontiffs on ! fir/ (  ,june 9 ! sacr$   
grove ( ,hel]nus 0 ! m>riage ( ,jupit] &
  ,juno "u ! =ms ( ,janus & ,diana4 ,x  
w\ld be "s confirmation  ( ?is view if  
we c\ld be sure t1 z ,ovid seems to     
imply1 !  ,romans 7 9 ! habit ( plac+   

bran*es ( :ite ?orn or buck?orn  9 _!   
,sid5ote3 ,anci5t use ( :ite ?orn or    
buck?orn to w>d (f  wit*craft4 w9d[s on 
! fir/ ( ,june to keep out ! wit*es2#fbg
  = 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe precisely ! same
 cu/om is obs]v$1 =  ! same reason1 a   
mon? e>li]1 on ! m>riage day ( ! ,k+ &  
,que5 ( ,may4#fbh ,! ,greeks c]ta9ly    
believ$ t bran*es ( :ite  ?orn or       
buck?orn fa/5$ to a door or outside !   
h\se _h p[] to  dis>m ! malignant arts (
 sorc]]s#fbi & to exclude spirits4      
,h5ce !y hung up bran*es ( x be=e ! door
 :5 sacrifices 7  be+ (f]$ to ! dead1   
le/ any ( ! pr[l+ gho/s %\ld be  tempt$ 
to revisit _! old homes or to invade ^? 
( o!r  p4#fcj ,:5 ! a!i/ ,bion lay ady+1
 he n only caus$  sacrifices to be (f]$ 
on 8 behalf to ! gods ^: exi/5ce he  _h 
d5i$1 b got an old hag to mumble        
incantations ov] him & to  b9d magical  
?ongs ab\t 8 arms1 & he _h b\ghs (      
buck?orn &  laurel atta*$ to ! l9tel to 
keep out dea?4#fca ,h[ev]1 !  evid5ce z 
to ! rites obs]v$ by ! ,romans on ! fir/

 ( ,june is  too slight & dubi\s to all[
 u to press ! p>allel ) ,may ,day4      
,sid5ote3 ,at ! sacr$ m>riage ( ,jupit] 
& ,juno 9 lat] times !  p>ts ( ! deities
 may h be5 act$ by ! ,flam5 ,dialis & ! 
,flam9ica4 ,if at any "t ( ! ye> !      
,romans celebrat$ ! sacr$  m>riage (    
,jupit] & ,juno1 z ! ,greeks commonly   
celebrat$ !  correspond+ m>riage ( ,zeus
 & ,h]a1#fcb we may suppose t "u  !     
,republic ! c]emony 0 ei!r p]=m$ ov]    
images ( ! div9e  pair or act$ by !     
,flam5 ,dialis & 8 wife ! ,flam9ica4 ,= 
!  ,flam5 ,dialis 0 ! prie/ ( ,jove2    
inde$1 anci5t & mod]n writ]s  h reg>d$  
him1 ) mu* probability1 z a liv+ image (
 ,jupit]1  a human embodim5t ( !        
sky-god4#fcc ,9 e>li] times ! ,roman k+1
  z repres5tative ( ,jupit]1 w\ld       
naturally play ! "p ( !  heav5ly        
bridegroom at ! sacr$ m>riage1 :ile 8   
que5 w\ld figure  z ! heav5ly bride1 j z
 9 ,egypt ,sid5ote3 ,! ,flam5 &         
,flam9ica may h be5 ! deputies ( ! k+ & 
que54 ! k+  & que5 masqu]ad$ 9 ! "* (   

deities1 & z at ,a!ns !  que5 annually  
w$d$ ! v9e-god ,dionysus4 ,t ! ,roman k+
 &  que5 %\ld act ! p>ts ( ,jupit] &    
,juno w\ld seem all ! m  natural because
 ^! deities !mselves bore ! title ( ,k+ 
&  ,que54#fcd ,ev5 if ! (fice ( ,flam5  
,dialis exi/$ "u ! k+s1  z x appe>s to h
 done1 ! d\ble repres5tation ( ,jupit]  
by !  k+ & ! flam5 ne$ n h seem$        
extraord9>y to ! ,romans (  ! "t4 ,!    
same sort ( duplication1 z we saw1      
appe>s to h tak5  place at ,alba1 :5 !  
,julii 7 all[$ to repres5t ! supreme god
  9 ! "* ( ,little ,jupit]s1 :ile !     
royal dyna/y ( !  ,silvii cont9u$ to    
wield ! div9e ?und] & lightn+4#fce ,&   
long ages aft]w>ds1 hi/ory repeat+      
itself1 ano!r memb] ( !  ,julian h\se1 !
 fir/ emp]or ( ,rome1 0 deifi$ 9 8      
lifetime  "u ! title ( ,jupit]1 :ile a  
flam5 0 appo9t$ to d = him  :at ! ,flam5
 ,dialis did = ! heav5ly ,jove4#fcf ,x  
is said t  ,numa1 ! typical prie/ly k+1 
at fir/ himself dis*>g$ !  functions (  
,flam5 ,dialis1 b aft]w>ds appo9t$ a    

sep>ate prie/  ( ,jupit] ) t title1 9   
ord] t ! k+s1 untrammel$ by !  burd5some
 religi\s obs]vances atta*$ to !        
prie/hood1 might be  free to lead _!    
armies to battle4#fcg ,! tradition may  
be  sub/antially correct2 = analogy %ews
 t ! functions ( a  prie/ly k+ are too  
h>ass+ & too incongru\s to be p]man5tly 
unit$ 9 ! same h&s1 & t soon] or lat] ! 
hold] ( !  (fice seeks to rid himself ( 
"p ( 8 burd5 by deput+ to o!rs1  accord+
 to 8 temp] & ta/es1 ei!r 8 civil or 8  
religi\s  duties4 ,h5ce we may take x z 
probable t ! fight+ k+s (  ,rome1 tir$ (
 p>ad+ z ,jupit] & ( obs]v+ all !       
elaborate  ritual1 all ! t$i\s          
re/rictions :i* ! "* ( godhead  entail$ 
on !m1 7 glad to relegate ^! pi\s       
mumm]ies to a  sub/itute1 9 ^: h&s !y   
left ! crosi] at home :ile !y w5t  =? to
 wield ! %>p ,roman sword abroad4 ,?is  
w\ld expla9 :y !  traditions ( ! lat]   
k+s1 f ,tullus ,ho/ilius onw>ds1 exhibit
 s  few traces ( sacr$ or prie/ly       
functions adh]+ to _! (fice4  ,among !  

c]emonies :i* !y h5ce=w>d p]=m$ by      
deputy may  h be5 ! rite ( ! sacr$      
m>riage4    ,sid5ote3 ,at ! sacr$       
m>riage ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,rome probably  
p]sonat$ ! god & goddess ( ! oak4 ,:e!r 
t 0 s or n1  ! leg5d ( ,numa & ,eg]ia   
appe>s to embody a rem9isc5ce ( a "t  :5
 ! prie/ly k+ himself play$ ! "p ( !    
div9e bridegroom2  & z we h se5 reason  
to suppose t ! ,roman k+s p]sonat$  !   
oak-god1 :ile ,eg]ia is expressly said  
to h be5 an oak-nymph1  ! /ory ( _!     
union 9 ! sacr$ grove raises a          
presumption t  at ,rome 9 ! regal p]iod 
a c]emony 0 p]iodically p]=m$  exactly  
analog\s to t :i* 0 annually celebrat$  
at ,a!ns d[n  to ! "t ( ,ari/otle4#fch  
,! m>riage ( ! ,k+ ( ,rome to !         
oak-goddess1 l ! w$d+ ( ! v9e-god to !  
,que5 ( ,a!ns1  mu/ h be5 int5d$ to     
quick5 ! gr[? ( vegetation by           
homoeopa?ic magic4 ,( ! two =ms ( ! rite
 we c h>dly d\bt  t ! ,roman 0 ! old]1 &
 t long be=e ! nor!rn invad]s  met ) !  
v9e on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean _!      

=efa!rs  _h m>ri$ ! tree-god to !       
tree-goddess 9 ! va/ oak =e/s (  ,c5tral
 & ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 ! ,engl& ( our   
day ! =e/s h  mo/ly disappe>$1 yet /ill 
on _m a village gre5 & 9 _m a  c\ntry   
lane a fad$ image ( ! sacr$ m>riage l+]s
 9 ! ru/ic  pageantry ( ,may ,day4      
,footnote #edj3      ,see above1 vol4 i4
 pp4 #ag sq4    ,footnote #eda3         
,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4    ,footnote
 #edb3      ,catullus1 xxxiv4 #i sqq4   
,footnote #edc3      ,w]nicke1 9        
,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyklopdie d]   
classis*5    ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ii4   
coll4 #acdc1 #acea4    ,footnote #edd3  
,plut>*1 ,de =tuna ,romanorum1 #i4 ,?is 
/atem5t w\ld be /rongly    confirm$ by  
etymology if we c\ld be sure t1 z ,mr4  
,a4 ,b4 ,cook has    sugge/$1 ! "n      
,eg]ia is d]iv$ f a root aeg mean+      
8oak40    ,! "n is spelt ,aeg]ia by     
,val]ius ,maximus 7i4 #b4 #a74 ,see ,a4 
,b4    ,cook1 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & !      
,oak10 ,classical ,review1 xviii4       
7#aijd7    p4 #cff2 id4 8,! ,european   

,sky-,god10 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4
 #bhc    sq42 & z to ! root aeg see ,o4 
,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d]                
indog]manis*5 ,at]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 
#aija71 p4 #afd4    ,footnote #ede3     
,fe/us1 s4v4 8,qu]quetulanae10 pp4 #bfj1
 #bfa1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4    ,footnote  
#edf3      ,see bel[1 p4 #chj4          
,footnote #edg3      ,s]vius on ,virgil1
 ,a54 iii4 #dff4    ,footnote #edh3     
,tacitus1 ,annals1 ii4 #ed2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4
 ,hi/4 ii4 #bcb2 ,pausanias1 ix4    #b4 
#aa1 x4 #bd4 #g2 ,lucian1 ,bis          
accusatus1 #a4    ,footnote #edi3       
,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #ah4    ,footnote
 #eej3      ,see above1 pp4 #acj sqq4   
,footnote #eea3      ,! fir/1 ,i        
believe1 to po9t out a p>allelism 9     
detail betwe5    ,rome & ,aricia 0 ,mr4 
,a4 ,b4 ,cook 7,classical ,review1 xvii4
 7#aijb7    pp4 #cgf sqq472 b f !       
simil>ity he inf]r$ ! humanity (    !   
,arician prie/s r ?an ! div9ity ( !     
,roman k+s4 ,a    full] consid]ation (  
all ! evid5ce has s9ce l$ him1 rightly z

    ,i conceive1 to rev]se ! inf]5ce4   
,see 8 articles 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1    & ! 
,oak10 ,! ,classical ,review1 xviii4    
7#aijd7 pp4 #cfj-cge2 8,!    ,european  
,sky-,god10 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4
 #bfj-ccb4 ,9 ! fir/    & second        
editions ( ?is "w ,i _h sugge/$ t !     
regifugium    at ,rome may h be5 a relic
 ( a rule ( succession to ! ?rone    l t
 :i* obta9$ at ,nemi4 ,! foll[+         
discussion ( !    religi\s position ( ! 
old ,lat9 k+s owes mu* to ,mr4 ,cook's  
sagacity & le>n+1 ( :i* he freely imp>t$
 to me4    ,footnote #eeb3              
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4   
,rom4 iii4 #fa sq41 iv4 #gd1 v4    #ce2 
,b4 ,g4 ,niebuhr1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ii4  
#cf2 ,?4 ,momms51 ,hi/ory (    ,rome1   
,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahid71 i4 #hc2 
,a4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gre5idge1 ,roman    ,public
 ,life 7,london1 #aija71 pp4 #dd sq4 ,b 
,momms51 :ile he held    t ! co/ume ( a 
,roman god & ( ! ,roman k+ 0 ! same1    
d5i$ t ! k+ p]sonat$ ! god4 ,a tru]     
hi/orical insight is    display$ by ,k4 

,o4 ,mll] 9 8 treatm5t ( ! subject 7,die
    ,etrusk]1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgg1 i4 #cdh  
sq474 ,= a discussion ( !    evid5ce see
 ,?4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/aatsre*t1 #crd 
,ed41 i4 #cgb    sq41 ii4 #e sq42 ,j4   
,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 ii4  
#eff    sq41 iii4 #bnd ,ed41 #ejg sq42  
id41 ,privatleb5 d] ,rm]1 #bnd    ,ed41 
#edb sq42 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 op4 cit4 i4    
#cdd-cej1 ii4 #aih-bjj2    ,au/1 s4v4   
8,juppit]10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon 
d] grie*4 u4    rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4     
coll4 #fcc1 #gbe-gbh4 ,among ! *ief     
passages (    anci5t au?ors on ! subject
 are ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1         
ll4cc42 ,/rabo1 v4 #b4 #b1 p4 #bbj2     
,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #dj2 ,appian1    
,pun4 #ff2 ,zon>as1 ,annal4 vii4 #h &   
#ba2 ,livy1 i4 #h4 #a sq41 v4    #bc4 #d
 sq41 v4 #da4 #b1 x4 #g4 #i sq42        
,florus1 i4 #e4 #f2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4        
,hi/4 viii4 #aie1 xv4 #abg1 #acj1 #acg1 
xxxiii4 #aa4 #aaa sq42 ,juv5al1    x4   
#cf-dc2 ,ovid1 ,ex ,ponto1 ii4 #eg sq42 
,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #f4    #g-i2    

,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,ecl4 vi4 #bb1 x4   
#bg2 ,ael4 ,lampridius1    ,alex&]      
,sev]us1 #dj4 #h2 ,jul4 ,capitol9us1    
,gordiani tres1 #d4 #d2    ,aulus       
,gellius1 v4 #f4 #e-g2 ,t]tullian1 ,de  
corona militis1 #ac4 ,!    fulle/       
descriptions ( a ,roman triumph are ^? (
 ,appian &    ,zon>as 7vii4 #ba74       
,footnote #eec3      ,camillus triumph$ 
9 a *>iot drawn by :ite horses l ! sacr$
    :ite horses ( ,jupit] & ! ,sun4 ,8  
,republican contempor>ies    7 (f5d$ at 
:at !y reg>d$ z a too close imitation ( 
!    gods 7,livy1 v4 #bc4 #e sq42       
,plut>*1 ,camillus1 #g2 ,dio ,cassius1  
lii4    #ac72 b ! ,roman emp]ors foll[$ 
8 example1 or p]haps reviv$    ! old    
cu/om ( ! k+s4 ,see ,dio ,cassius1      
xliii4 #ad2 ,suetonius1    ,n]o1 #be2   
,pl9y1 ,panegyric1 #bb2 ,prop]tius1 v4  
#a4 #cb2 ,ovid1 ,ars    amat4 i4 #bad4  
,on ! sanctity ( :ite horses among v>i\s
 bran*es    ( ! ,aryan /ock1 see ,j4 von
 ,negele91 8,die volk/hmli*e ,b$eutung  
d] weiss5 ,f>be10 ,zeits*rift fr        

,e?nologie1 xxxiii4 7#aija7 pp4         
#fb-ff2 ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 &      
,influ5ce ( ! ,?or\ghbr$    ,horse      
7,cambridge1 #aije71 pp4 #aje1 #ahf1    
#ahg1 #bid1 #bie1 #dai4 ,z to !         
horses ( ! ,sun1 see above1 vol4 i4 pp4 
#cae sq4    ,footnote #eed3             
,t]tullian1 ,de corona militis1 #ac1    
8,coronant et publicos ord9es    laureis
 publicae causae magi/ratus v]o insup]  
aureis4 ,praef]untur    etiam illis     
,hetruscae4 ,hoc vocabulum e/ coron>um1 
quas gemmis et    foliis ex auro qu]c9is
 ob ,jovem insignes ad d$uc5das !nsas   
cum    palmatis togis sumunt40 ,! !nsae 
7 ! sacr$ c>s 9 :i*    ! images ( ! gods
 7 c>ri$ at ! procession ( !            
,circ5sian games 7see ,w4 ,smi?'s       
,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman            
,antiquities1 #crd ,ed41 s4v474 ,t !    
,etruscan cr[n describ$ by    ,t]tullian
 0 ! gold5 cr[n held by a slave ov] !   
head ( a    g5]al on 8 triumph may be   
inf]r$ f ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4    xxxiii4  
#aa1 8,vulgoque sic triumphabant1 et cum

 corona ex auro ,etrusca    su/9]etur a 
t]go1 anulus tam5 9 digito f]reus erat  
aeque    triumphantis et s]vi =tasse    
coronam su/95tis40 ,comp>e ,zon>as1     
,annal4 vii4 #ba2 ,juv5al1 x4 #ch sqq4  
,momms5 says t !    triumphal gold5 cr[n
 0 made 9 ! %ape ( laurel leaves        
7,rmis*es ,/aatsre*t1 i4 #crd ,ed41     
#dbg72 b none ( ! anci5t    au?ors cit$ 
by him appe>s to affirm ?is1 ) !        
exception (    ,aulus ,gellius 7v4 #f4  
#e-g1 8,triumphales coronae sunt aureae1
 quae    imp]atoribus ob honorem        
triumphi mittuntur4 ,id vulgo dicitur   
aurum    coron>ium4 ,haec antiquitus e  
lauru erant1 po/ fi]i ex aura           
coeptae074 ,gellius may h confus$ !     
wrea? ( real laurel :i*    ! g5]al wore 
on 8 head 7,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxxiii4   
#abg1 #acj1    #acg7 ) ! gold5 cr[n :i* 
0 held ov] him by a slave4 ,! two       
cr[ns are cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ,zon>as    
7l4c471 ?\gh he does    n describe !    
%ape ( ! gold5 cr[n4 ,?us !re is no good
    gr\nd = reject+ ! express te/imony (

 ,t]tullian t !    gold5 cr[n 0 %ap$ l  
oak-leaves4 ,?is seems to h be5         
,momms5's own e>li] op9ion1 s9ce he     
m5tions 8a *aplet ( oak5    leaves 9    
gold0 z "p ( ! insignia ( ! ,roman k+s  
7,roman    ,hi/ory1 ,london1 #ahid1 i4  
#hc74    ,footnote #eee3      ,pl9y1    
,nat4 ,hi/4 xxxiii4 #aaa sq42 ,s]vius on
 ,virgil1 ,ecl4 vi4    #bb1 x4 #bg4     
,footnote #eef3      ,pausanias1 ii4 #b4
 #f1 vii4 #bf4 #aa1 viii4 #ci4 #f4 ,=   
o!r examples (    idols pa9t$ r$ see my 
note on ,pausanias1 ii4 #b4 #f4         
,footnote #eeg3      ,= in/ances see    
,fr4 ,kun/mann1 8,val5t9 ,f]d9&'s       
,bes*reibung    d] ,s]ra ,leoa10        
,abh&lung5 d4 hi/or4 ,classe d4 kn4     
,bay]4    ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*aft51 ix4
 7,muni*1 #ahff7 p4 #aca2 ,j4 ,b4       
,labat1    ,relation hi/orique de       
l'?iopie ,occid5tale 7,p>is1 #agcb71 i4 
#bej2    ,gmel91 ,reise dur* ,sibiri51  
ii4 #dgf2 8,ueb] d5 religis5 ,glaub5    
und die ,c]emoni5 d] heidnis*5 ,samoj$5 
im ,kreise ,mes510    ,zeits*rift fr    

allgeme9e ,erdkunde1 ,n4,f4 viii4       
7#ahfj7 p4 #ei2 ,e4    ,rae1 ,! ,:ite   
,sea ,p59sula1 p4 #aej2 ,j4 ,b4 ,mll]1  
8,les ,murs et    usages des ,o/iackes10
 ,recueil de voiages au ,nord1 viii4    
7,am/]dam1    #agbg7 pp4 #dad sq42      
,delam>e1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation 
de la    ,foi1 xii4 7#ahdj7 p4 #dhb2    
,sahagun1 ,hi/oire gnrale des *oses de  
la    ,n\velle-,espagne 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 
p4 #ahe2 ,j4 de ,velasco1 ,hi/oire du   
royaume de ,quito1 p4 #aba              
7,t]naux-,compans1 ,voyages1 relations  
et    mmoires1 xviii41 ,p>is1 #ahdj72   
,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new    ,_w 
call$ ,am]ica1 i4 #cgd n4 #a2 ,f4 ,b4   
,jevons1 ,introduction to !    ,hi/ory (
 ,religion 7,london1 #ahif71 p4 #aeh4   
,(t5 we are m]ely told    t ! blood is  
sme>$ or spr9kl$ on ! image4 ,see ,a4   
,b4 ,ellis1    ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! 
,slave ,coa/1 pp4 #db1 #gi2 id41        
,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave      
,coa/1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajf2 ,a4 ,f4          
,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia       

7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #bee2 ,fr4         
,kram]1 8,d] ,gtz5di5/ d] ,niass]10     
,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e    ,taal-1    
,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxxiii4 7#ahij7 p4 
#dif4 ,= m examples    see my note on   
,pausanias1 ii4 #b4 #f4    ,footnote    
#eeh3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xii4 #c2  
,pha$rus1 iii4 #ag4 #a sqq42 ,s]vius on 
,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4 #ccb1 & on ,ecl4  
i4 #ag4    ,footnote #eei3      ,livy1  
i4 #aj4 #d sqq4    ,footnote #efj3      
,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #ib4    ,footnote
 #efa3      ,ovid1 ,tri/ia1 iii4 #ca    
sqq4    ,footnote #efb3      ,dio       
,cassius1 liii4 #ai4    ,footnote #efc3 
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #fjg sqq41 iv4 #iec sq4
 ,tib]ius refus$ a simil>    hon\r      
7,suetonius1 ,tib]ius1 #bf72 b ,domitian
 seems to h    accept$ x 7,m>tial1 viii4
 #hb4 #g74 ,two /atues ( ,claudius1 "o 9
    ! ,vatican1 ! o!r 9 ! ,lat]an       
,museum1 repres5t ! emp]or z    ,jupit] 
we>+ ! oak cr[n 7,w4 ,helbig1 ,fhr] dur*
 die    ff5tli*5 ,sammlung5 klassis*]   
,alt]tm] 9 ,rom1 #bnd ,ed41 i4    ,nos4 

#cab1 #fgc74    ,footnote #efd3         
,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 viii4  
,no4 #fiha4    ,footnote #efe3      ,j4 
,ov]beck1 ,grie*is*e ,kun/my?ologie1    
,besond]] ,!il1 i4 #bcb    sqq42 ,l4 ,r4
 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1  
i4 #ajg sq4    ,footnote #eff3      ,see
 above1 vol4 i4 p4 #caj4    ,footnote   
#efg3      ,anton9us ,lib]alis1         
,trans=m4 #f4 ,= ?is & ! two foll[+     
passages ( ,tzetzes ,i am indebt$ to    
,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook4 ,see fur!r 8        
articles1 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10   
,classical ,review1 xvii4    7#aijc7 p4 
#dji2 8,! ,european ,sky-god10          
,folk-lore1 xv4 7#aijd7 pp4 #bii    sqq4
    ,footnote #efh3      ,h4 ,ebel+1    
,lexicon ,hom]icum1 s4vv4 1 1 &    4    
,footnote #efi3      ,j4 ,tzetzes1      
,antehom]ica1 #ajb sq43                 
1                         4      id41   
,*iliades1 i4 #dgd3                     
'    4    ,footnote #egj3               
,polybius1 vi4 #ec sq4    ,footnote     
#ega3      ,z to ! situation1 see       

,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4  
i4 #ff2    ,h4 ,niss51 ,italis*e        
,l&eskunde1 ii4 #ehb sq4    ,footnote   
#egb3      ,virgil1 ,a54 vi4 #ggb4 ,i h 
to ?ank ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook = direct+    
my att5tion to ! ,alban k+s & _! int]e/+
 leg5ds4 ,see 8    articles 8,zeus1     
,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10 ,classical ,review1 
xviii4    7#aijd7 pp4 #cfc sq42 8,!     
,european ,sky-god10 ,folk-lore1 xvi4   
7#aije7    pp4 #bhe sqq4    ,footnote   
#egc3      ,virgil1 ,a54 vi4 #gfj sqq41 
) ! comm5t>y ( ,s]vius2 ,livy1    i4 #c4
 #f sqq42 ,ovid1 ,metam4 xiv4 #fji sqq42
 id41 ,fa/i1 iv4 #ci    sqq42 ,fe/us1   
s4v4 8,silvi10 p4 #cdj1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4     
,mll]2 ,aurelius    ,victor1 ,origo     
g5tis ,romanae1 #ae-ag2 ,dionysius      
,halic>nas5sis1    ,antiquit4 ,rom4 i4  
#gj2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 9 ,eusebius1   
,*ronic4 i4    coll4 #bhe1 #bhg1 ed4 ,a4
 ,s*o5e2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 vii4 #c;a &
 #c;b1 vol4    ii4 pp4 #aaj-aab1 ed4 ,l4
 ,d9dorf 7,teubn] edition72 ,joannes    
,lydus1 ,de    magi/ratibus1 i4 #ba4 ,z 

to ! d]ivation ( ! "n ,julus1 see       
,aurelius ,victor1 op4 cit4 #ae1        
8,igitur ,lat9i ,ascanium ob insignem   
virtutem non solum ,jove ortum          
cr$id]unt1 s$ etiam p] dim9utionem1     
decl9ato paululum nom9e1 primo ,jobum1  
de9 po/ea ,julum    appell>ant02 also   
,/eud+1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d4  
grie*4    u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #egd4  
,comp>e ,w4 ,m4 ,l9dsay1 ,! ,lat9       
,language 7,ox=d1 #ahid71 p4 #bej4      
,accord+ to ,diodorus1 !    prie/hood   
be/[$ on ,julus 0 ! pontificate2 b ! "n 
,julus    or ,little ,jupit] sugge/s t !
 (fice 0 r t ( ,flam5    ,dialis1 :o 0 a
 sort ( liv+ embodim5t ( ,jupit] 7see   
bel[1 pp4    #aia sq471 & ^: "n (       
,dialis is d]iv$ f ! same root    z     
,julus4 ,on ! ,julii & _! relation to   
,vejovis see ,r4 ,h4    ,klaus51 ,a5eas 
und die ,p5at51 ii4 #ajei sqq4          
,footnote #egd3      ,see above1 p4 #a1 
& vol4 i4 p4 #dd4    ,footnote #ege3    
,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 xiv4   
,no4 #bchg2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e        

,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #bfc sq4 ,on  
,vejovis z ! ,little ,jupit]    see     
,fe/us1 s4v4 8,vesculi10 p4 #cgi1 8,ve  
enim syllabam rei p>vae    praeponebant1
 unde ,veiovem p>vum ,iovem et vegr&em  
fabam m9utam    dicebant02 also ,ovid1  
,fa/i1 iii4 #dbi-ddh4 ,at ,rome !       
sanctu>y (    ,vejovis 0 on ! saddle    
betwe5 ! two peaks ( ! ,capitol9e hill  
7,aulus ,gellius1 v4 #ab4 #a sq42 ,ovid1
 ,fa/i1 iii4 #dbi sq472 ?us    he       
appropriately dwelt on ! same hill z !  
,great ,jupit]1 b    l[] d[n ! slope4   
,on co9s ( ! ,g>gilian1 ,ogulnian &     
,v]gilian h\ses ,vejovis is repres5t$ by
 a y\?ful be>dless head1    cr[n$ ) oak4
 ,see ,e4 ,babelon1 ,monnaies de la     
,rpublique ,roma9e1    i4 #ecb1 ii4     
#bff1 #ebi4 ,on o!r ,republican co9s 8  
head is cr[n$    ) laurel4 ,see ,e4     
,babelon1 op4 cit4 i4 #gg1 #eje-ejh1 ii4
 #f1 #h4    ,circ5sian games 7 held at  
,bovillae 9 hon\r ( ! ,julian family1   
& ,tib]ius d$icat$ a *apel to !m !re4   
,see ,tacitus1 ,annals1    ii4 #da1 xv4 

#bc4    ,footnote #egf3      ,fe/us1    
s4v4 8,caes>10 p4 #eg1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4      
,mll]4 ,o!r b less    probable          
explanations ( ! "n are sugge/$ by      
,aelius ,sp>tianus    7,helius1 ii4 #c  
sq474    ,footnote #egg3      ,z to !   
,franki% k+s see ,aga?ias1 ,hi/4 i4 #c2 
,j4 ,grimm1    ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?m]1  
pp4 #bci sqq42 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1         
,second ,edition1 i4 #cfh sq4           
,footnote #egh3      ,dionysius         
,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,roman4 i4   
#ga2 ,diodorus ,siculus1    9 ,eusebius1
 ,*ronic4 bk4 i4 coll4 #bhg1 #bhi1 ed4  
,a4 ,s*o5e2    ,diodorus ,siculus1 vii4 
#c;a & #d1 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf2 ,zon>as1    
,annal4    vii4 #a2 ,aurelius ,victor1  
,origo g5tis ,romanae1 #ah2 ,ovid1      
,metam4    xiv4 #faf-fah2 id41 ,fa/i1   
iv4 #ej2 ,livy1 i4 #c4 #i4 ,! k+ is     
call$ ,romulus by ,livy1 ,remulus by    
,ovid1 ,aremulus by ,aurelius ,victor1  
,amulius by ,zon>as1 ,amulius or        
,arramulius by ,diodorus1 & ,allodius by
    ,dionysius4 ,a tale ( a city subm]g$

 9 ! ,alban lake is /ill    curr5t 9 !  
neighb\rhood4 ,see ! ,engli%            
translators' note to    ,niebuhr's      
,hi/ory ( ,rome1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #bjj4    
,simil> /ories are told    9 _m l&s4    
,see my note on ,pausanias1 vii4 #bd4   
#f4    ,footnote #egi3      ,see above1 
vol4 i4 p4 #caj4    ,footnote #ehj3     
,see above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cdb sqq4       
,footnote #eha3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 
ii4 #adj1 xxviii4 #ac sq4 ,o!r writ]s   
speak only    ( ,numa's skill 9 expiat+ 
! prodigy or evil om5 ( ?und]bolts4     
,see ,livy1 i4 #bj4 #g2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1   
iii4 #bhe-cdh2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #ae2     
,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1 v4 #a-d4  
,footnote #ehb3      ,see above1 vol4 i4
 pp4 #bdh1 #bea4    ,footnote #ehc3     
,apollodorus1 i4 #i4 #g2 ,virgil1 ,a54  
vi4 #eib sqq42 ,pl9y1 ,nat4    ,hi/4 ii4
 #adj1 xxviii4 #ad 7ref]r+ to ! fir/    
book ( ,l4 ,piso's    ,annals72 ,livy1  
i4 #ca4 #h2 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,de viris
 illu/ribus1 #d2    ,zon>as1 ,annal4    
vii4 #f4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt       

,tullus    ,ho/ilius 0 murd]$ by 8      
successor ,ancus ,m>tius dur+ a viol5t  
/orm 7,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1        
,antiquit4 ,rom4 iii4 #ce2 ,zon>as1     
l4c474    ,footnote #ehd3      ,livy1 i4
 #b4 #f2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 xiv4 #eih-fjh2  
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 iii4    #ef2         
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4   
,rom4 i4 #fd2 ,s]vius on    ,virgil1    
,a54 i4 #bei2 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,origo 
g5tis ,romanae1 #ad4    ,only ! la/     
writ] m5tions ! ?und]/orm4    ,footnote 
#ehe3      ,livy1 i4 #af2 ,cic]o1 ,de   
legibus1 i4 #a4 #c2 id41 ,de re publica1
 i4    #af4 #be1 ii4 #aj4 #bj2 ,ovid1   
,fa/i1 ii4 #dge-eab2 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 
#bg sq42 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1     
,antiquit4 ,rom4 ii4 #ef & #fc2         
,zon>as1 ,annal4 vii4 #d2 ,aurelius     
,victor1 ,de viris illu/ribus1 #b2      
,florus1 ,epitoma1 i4 #a4 #af-ah4 ,f    
,cic]o 7,de legibus1 i4 #a4 #c7 we      
le>n t ! app>ition ( ,romulus to        
,proculus ,julius took place    ne> !   
spot :]e ! h\se ( ,atticus aft]w>ds     

/ood1 & f    ,cornelius ,nepos          
7,atticus1 #ac4 #b7 we "k t ,atticus _h 
an    agreeable villa & %ady g>d5 on !  
,quir9al4 ,z to ! temple (    ,quir9us  
see also ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 v4 #ea2
 ,fe/us1 pp4 #bed1    #bee1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 
,mll]2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xv4 #abj4 ,z  
to ! site (    ! temple & ! "q :e!r x 0 
id5tical ) ! temple    d$icat$ by ,l4   
,papirius ,cursor 9 #bic ,b4,c4 7,livy1 
x4 #df4 #g2 ,pl9y1    ,nat4 ,hi/4 vii4  
#bac7 see ,o4 ,ri*t]1 ,topographie d]   
,/adt ,rom1    #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #bhf sqq42
 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5    
7,muni*1 #aijd71 pp4 #add sqq4          
,footnote #ehf3      ,see ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1
 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10 ,classical 
,review1    xviii4 7#aijd7 pp4 #cfh sq42
 id4 8,! ,european ,sky-god10           
,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 p4 #bha4 ,b a  
s]i\s argum5t aga9/ !    propos$        
d]ivation ( ,quir9us f qu]cus is t1 z ,i
 am    in=m$ by my le>n$ philological   
fri5d ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4    ,m\lton1 
x is inconsi/5t ) ! mu* m probable      

d]ivation (    ,p]kunas f qu]cus4 ,see  
bel[1 p4 #cfg1 note #c4    ,footnote    
#ehg3      ,see above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bfb 
sqq4    ,footnote #ehh3      ,j4 ,i4    
,mol9a1 ,geographical1 ,natural1 &      
,civil ,hi/ory ( ,*ili    7,london1     
#ahji71 ii4 #ib sq4 ,! savage ,conibos (
 ! ,ucayali riv]    9 ea/]n ,p]u imag9e 
t ?und] is ! voice ( ! dead 7,w4        
,smy? & ,f4 ,l[e1 ,j\rney f ,lima to    
,p>a1 ,london1 #ahcf1 p4 #bdj72    &    
among !m :5 p>5ts :o h lo/ a *ild )9    
?ree mon?s    he> ?und]1 !y g & dance on
 ! grave1 h[l+ turn ab\t 7,de    ,/4    
,cricq1 8,voyage du ,pr\ au ,brsil10    
,bullet9 de la ,socit de    ,gographie1 
ivme srie1 vi41 ,p>is1 #ahec1 p4 #bid74 
,! ,yurac>es (    ea/]n ,p]u ?reat5 !   
?und]-god ) _! arr[s & defy him    :5 he
 ?und]s 7,a4 ,d',orbigny1 ,l',homme     
amrica91 i4 #cfe71 j z    ! ,?racians   
did ( old 7,h]odotus1 iv4 #id74 ,s !    
,kayans ( ,borneo1    on he>+ a peal (  
?und]1 h be5 se5 to grasp _! swords =   
! purpose ( keep+ (f ! demon :o causes x

 7,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1    ,9 ,c5traal   
,borneo1 i4 #adj sq41 #adf sq474        
,footnote #ehi3      ,see above1 vol4 i4
 p4 #caj2 & = ! connexion ( ! rite )    
,jupit] ,elicius see ,o4 ,gilb]t1       
,ges*i*te und ,topographie d] ,/adt     
,rom im ,alt]tum1 ii4 #aed sq42 ,au/1 9 
,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d]    grie*4  
und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #feg sq4 ,z to !
 connexion (    ,jupit] ) ! ra9-mak+    
c]emony 7aquaelicium71 ! comb9$         
evid5ce ( ,petronius 7,sat4 #dd7 &      
,t]tullian 7,apologeticus1 #dj7    seems
 to me conclusive4    ,footnote #eij3   
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #fcg sq41 vi4 #ahc     
sqq42 ,livy1 vii4 #bh4 #d sq42          
,cic]o1 ,de div9atione1 i4 #de4 #aja2   
,sol9us1 i4 #ba4 ,al?\gh !    temple 0 n
 d$icat$ until #cdd ,b4,c41 ! wor%ip ( !
 goddess (    ! hill appe>s to h be5 v  
anci5t4 ,see ,h4 ,jordan1               
,topographie d] ,/adt ,rom im ,alt]tum1 
i4 #b1 pp4 #aji sq42 ,w4 ,h4    ,ros*]1 
,lexikon d4 grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1   
ii4 coll4 #eib sq4    ,footnote #eia3   

,livy1 i4 #h4 #e2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4    
#dcj2 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1        
,antiquit4 ,rom4 ii4 #ae4    ,footnote  
#eib3      ,virgil1 ,a54 viii4 #cad-cah1
 #cdg-ced4    ,footnote #eic3           
,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #ib4    ,footnote
 #eid3      ,livy1 i4 #aj4 #e4          
,footnote #eie3      ,mons              
,qu]quetulanus2 see ,tacitus1 ,annals1  
iv4 #fe4    ,footnote #eif3      ,a     
monum5t f\nd at ,rome repres5ts ,jupit] 
beside an oak1 &    und]nea? is !       
d$ication3 ,jovi ,caelio4 ,see ,h4      
,dessau1    ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae      
selectae1 ,no4 #cjhj4    ,footnote #eig3
      ,porta ,qu]quetulana or           
,qu]quetul>ia2 see ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4   
xvi4 #cg2 ,fe/us1 pp4 #bfj1 #bfa1 ed4   
,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4    ,footnote #eih3       
,fe/us1 ll4cc42 ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 
v4 #di4    ,footnote #eii3      ,e4     
,babelon1 ,monnaies de la ,rpublique    
,roma9e1 i4 #ii sq4    ,footnote #fjj3  
,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 v4 #di1 :]e1    
h[ev]1 8alii ab    aesculetis0 is a     

conjecture ( ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]'s4 ,i d n "k 
:at    au?ority ,o4 ,ri*t] has = read+  
aesculis consitae 78plant$    ) oaks07 =
 excultae 9 ?is passage 7,topographie d]
 ,/adt    ,rom1 #bnd ,ed41 p4 #cjb1 n4  
#d74 ,mod]n topograph]s pref] to d]ive !
    "n f ex-col]e 9 ! s5se ( 8! hill    
outside ! city0 7,o4    ,ri*t]1 l4c42   
,o4 ,gilb]t1 ,ges*i*te und ,topographie 
d] ,/adt ,rom    im ,alt]tum1 i4 #aff   
sq474    ,footnote #fja3      ,see      
above1 p4 #ahb4    ,footnote #fjb3      
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #bie sq4    ,footnote
 #fjc3      ,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #ah2 
& = ! id5tification1 ,o4 ,gilb]t1       
,ges*i*te und ,topographie d] ,/adt ,rom
 im ,alt]tum1 ii4 #aeb    sqq42 ,a4 ,b4 
,cook1 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10      
,classical ,review1    xviii4 7#aijd7 p4
 #cff4    ,footnote #fjd3       ,cic]o1 
,de div9atione1 i4 #de1 #aja4           
,footnote #fje3      ,g4 ,boni1 9       
,notizie degli ,scavi1 ,may #aijj1 pp4  
#afa1 #agb2 id41    ,a$es ,ve/ae1 p4 #ad
 7extract f ! ,nuova ,antologia1 #a/    

,augu/    #aijj74 ,copies ( ^! & o!r    
pap]s conta9+ ,comm5datore ,boni's      
acc\nt ( 8 memorable excavations &      
discov]ies 7 k9dly giv5    me by him    
dur+ my /ay 9 ,rome 9 ! w9t] (          
#aijj-aija4 ,t !    fire 9 "q 0 a       
sacrificial "o is prov$ by ! bones1     
pot%]ds1 & rude copp] money f\nd among !
 a%es4 ,comm5d4 ,boni    ?9ks t ! *>r$  
rema9s ( ! wood prove t ! fire 0        
ext+ui%$1 probably by libations1 & t    
!re=e x _c h    be5 ! p]petual holy fire
 ( ,ve/a1 :i* w\ld h burn$ up           
completely all ! fuel4 ,b a new fire 0  
annually lit on ! fir/    ( ,m>* 7,ovid1
 ,fa/i1 iii4 #adc sq42 ,macrobius1      
,saturn4 i4 #ab4    #f71 :i* may imply t
 ! old fire 0 c]emonially ext+ui%$1    z
 (t5 happ5s 9 su* cases4    ,footnote   
#fjf3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #cg4 
,footnote #fjg3      ,o4 ,ri*t]1        
,topographie d] ,/adt ,rom1 #bnd ,ed41  
p4 #baa4    ,footnote #fjh3      ,pl9y1 
,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bcg4 ,! inscription 0 
probably n 9 !    ,etruscan language1 b 

only 9 an ar*aic alphabet l t employ$   
9 ! inscription on ! pyramidal /one :i* 
has be5 f\nd "u    ! ,black ,/one 9 !   
,=um4    ,footnote #fji3      ,g4 ,boni1
 8,bimbi ,romulei10 ,nuova ,antologia1  
#af? ,febru>y #aijd1 pp4 #e    sqq4     
7sep>ate repr9t72 ,e4 ,burton-,br[n1    
,rec5t ,excavations 9 !    ,roman ,=um  
7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #aej4    ,footnote 
#faj3      ,fe/us1 s4v4 8,oscillantes10 
p4 #aid1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4    ,footnote
 #faa3      ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1  
,antiquit4 ,rom4 iv4 #di2 ,a4 ,s*wegl]1 
,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 i4 #cda2 ,h4 ,niss51 
,italis*e ,l&eskunde1 ii4    #ehj4 ,x is
 to be obs]v$ t ,dionysius does n "h    
speak ( !    d$ication ( a temple to    
,jupit]2 :5 he describes ! f\ndation (  
! temple ( ,capitol9e ,jupit] by ,t>qu9 
7iv4 #ei & #fa7 8    language is q      
diff]5t4 ,! mona/]y1 f\nd$ 9 #aggg by   
,c>d9al ,york1 ! la/ ( ! ,/u>ts1 has n[ 
be5 conv]t$ into a    meteorological    
/ation & an inn 7,k4 ,ba$ek]1 ,c5tral   
,italy &    ,rome1 #ac? ,ed41 p4 #djj74 

,x is fitt+ en\gh t ! atmosph]ic        
ph5om5a %\ld be obs]v$ by mod]n sci5ce  
on ! spot :]e !y    7 wor%ipp$ by anci5t
 piety4    ,footnote #fab3      ,livy1  
i4 #ca4 #c4    ,footnote #fac3          
,accord+ to tradition1 ! future site (  
,alba ,longa 0 m>k$ out    by a :ite s[ 
& h] litt]1 :i* 7 f\nd ly+ "u ev]gre5   
oaks 7,virgil1 ,a54 viii4 #dc71 z ,mr4  
,a4 ,b4 ,cook has po9t$ out             
7,classical ,review1 xviii4 #cfc74 ,!   
tradition seems to %ew t !              
neighb\rhood ( ! city 0 wood$ ) oaks4   
,footnote #fad3      ,see bel[1 p4 #chj4
    ,footnote #fae3      ,qu]quetulani4 
,see ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 iii4 #fi2       
,dionysius    ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4
 ,rom4 v4 #fa4 ,z to ! :ite bulls       
sacrific$ at ! great ,lat9 fe/ival &    
p>tak5 ( by ! memb]s    ( ! ,league1 see
 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1 ii4 #fh2 
,dionysius    ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4     
,rom4 iv4 #di4 ,comp>e ,cic]o1 ,pro     
,plancio1    ix4 #bc2 ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua   
,lat9a1 vi4 #be4    ,footnote #faf3     

,!ophra/us1 ,hi/or4 plant4 v4 #h4 #c4   
,footnote #fag3      ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus
 nationes1 ii4 #fh2 ,livy1 xxii4 #aj4   
#g2 ,ovid1 ,ex    ,ponto1 iv4 #d4 #ca2  
,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,georg4 ii4 #adf2   
,horace1    ,c>m5 ,saecul>e1 #di4       
,footnote #fah3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 
xvi4 #bej sq4    ,footnote #fai3        
8,italic & ,keltic are s closely b\nd   
toge!r by important phonetic    &       
morphological aff9ities t !y are        
sometimes spok5 ( z "o    bran*0 (      
,aryan spee* 7,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton1 ,two     
,lectures on ! ,sci5ce    ( ,language1  
,cambridge1 #aijc1 p4 #f1 note74 8,!    
connection ( !    ,celtic & ,italic     
languages is /ructural4 ,x is mu* deep] 
?an t    ( ,celts & ,teutons1 & goes    
back to an e>li] epo*4 ,celts &         
,lat9s mu/ h dwelt toge!r z an undivid$ 
p 9 ! valley    ( ! ,danube1 & x mu/ h  
be5 at a mu* lat] "t--aft] !            
,umbrians & ,lat9s _h cross$ ! ,alps--t 
! contact ( ,celts &    ,teutons came   
ab\t0 7,isaac ,taylor1 ,! ,orig9 ( !    

,aryans1 p4 #aib2    comp>e id4 p4      
#beg74 ,see also ,p4 ,giles1 ,manual (  
,comp>ative    ,philology #bnd ,ed41    
7,london1 #aija71 p4 #bf4    ,footnote  
#fbj3      ,livy1 xlii4 #g4 #a1 xlv4    
#ae4 #aj4 ,comp>e ,dio ,cassius1 xxxix4 
#bj4 #a4 ,!    temple on ! ,alban ,m\nt 
0 d$icat$ 9 #afh ,b4,c41 b ! wor%ip    0
 d\btless f> old]4    ,footnote #fba3   
,see above1 pp4 #agf1 #ahd4    ,footnote
 #fbb3      ,/rabo1 vii4 #g4 #ab1 p4    
#cbi2 ,hyp]ides1 ,or4 iii4 coll4 #ce-cg1
 pp4 #dc    sq41 ed4 ,blass2 ,g4        
,curtius1 ,grie*4 ,etymologie1 #e? ,ed41
 p4 #bcf2    ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,juno und  
,h]a 7,leipsic1 #ahge71 pp4 #ag sq42    
id41    ,lexikon d4 grie*4 u4 rm4       
,my?ologie1 ii4 coll4 #egf1 #egh sq4    
,see    bel[1 p4 #cha4    ,footnote     
#fbc3      ,see above1 pp4 #adj sqq4    
,footnote #fbd3      ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1    
,juno und ,h]a1 pp4 #fd sqq42 id41      
,lexikon d4    grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1
 ii4 #ege sq41 #eia sqq4 ,at ,fal]ii !  
image ( ,juno 0 annually c>ri$ 9        

procession f h] sacr$    grove1 & 9 "s  
respects ! c]emony resembl$ a m>riage   
procession 7,ovid1 ,amores1 iii4 #ac2   
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1    ,antiquit4
 ,rom4 i4 #ba74 ,! "n ( ,june 0 ,junius 
at ,rome1    ,junonius at ,aricia1      
,laur5tum & ,lav9ia1 & ,junonalis at    
,tibur    & ,pra5e/e 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 
#ei-fc2 ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #ab4 #cj74 
,! =ms ,junonius & ,junonalis are       
recognis$ by ,fe/us 7p4 #ajc1    ed4 ,c4
 ,o4 ,mll]74 ,_! exi/5ce among ! ,lat9s 
seems to r5d]    ! d]ivation ( ,junius f
 ,juno q c]ta91 ?\gh t    d]ivation is  
d\bt$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l] 7,roman   
,fe/ivals ( !    ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1  
pp4 #ii sq474    ,footnote #fbe3        
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #aja-afh2 ,macrobius1 
,sat4 i4 #ab4 #ca-cc2    ,t]tullian1 ,ad
 nationes1 ii4 #i2 ,v>ro1 quot$ by      
,nonius ,m>cellus1    ,de comp5diosa    
doctr9a1 p4 #cij1 ed4 ,l4 ,qui*]at4 ,!re
 0 a    sacr$ bee*5 grove ( ,diana on a 
hill call$ ,corne ne> ,tusculum         
7,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bdb74 ,b      

,corne has probably no connection    )  
,c>na4 ,! grove ( ,hel]nus 0 cr[d$ )    
wor%ipp]s on    ! fir/ ( ,febru>y       
7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #fg1 :]e ,hel]ni is a
    conjectural em5dation = ,av]ni or   
,asyli74 ,no?+ else is kn[n    ab\t     
,hel]nus1 unless ) ,m]kel 79 8 edition (
 ,ovid's ,fa/i1    pp4 cxlviii4 sq47 we 
read ,el]no = ,et]no 9 ,fe/us1 p4 #ic1  
ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4 ,9 t case x w\ld seem
 t black ox5 7    sacrific$ to him4 ,f !
 association ( ,c>na ) ,janus x 0       
inf]r$ by ,m]kel 7l4c47 t ! grove (     
,hel]nus /ood on or    ne> ! ,janiculum1
 :]e !re 0 a grove ( oaks 7see above1 p4
    #ahf74 ,b ! language ( ,ovid 7,fa/i1
 ii4 #fg7 po9ts r to !    m\? ( ! ,tib]4
    ,footnote #fbf3      ,see above1 p4 
#ahe4    ,footnote #fbg3      ,ovid1    
,fa/i1 vi4 #abi-afh4 ,a ,roman bride on 
! way to h] husb&'s    h\se 0 prec$$ by 
a boy be>+ a tor* ( buck?orn 7sp9a      
alba1 ,fe/us1 s4v4 8,patrimi10 p4 #bde1 
ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,v>ro1    quot$ by   
,nonius ,m>cellus1 ,de comp5diosa       

doctr9a1 s4v4 8,fax10    p4 #aaf1 ed4   
,l4 ,qui*]at74 ,! int5tion probably 0 to
 def5d h]    f en*antm5t & evil spirits4
 ,bran*es ( buck?orn 7 also    ?\ght to 
protect a h\se aga9/ ?und]bolts         
7,columella1 ,de re    ru/ica1 x4 #cdf  
sq474    ,footnote #fbh3      ,see      
above1 p4 #ed4    ,footnote #fbi3       
,dioscorides1 ,de arte m$ica1 i4 #aai4  
,footnote #fcj3      ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1
 ,!riaca1 #hfa4    ,footnote #fca3      
,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,vitae philosophorum1
 iv4 #ed-eg4    ,footnote #fcb3         
,see above1 p4 #adc4    ,footnote #fcc3 
,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #aaa             
2 ,l4    ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1   
#crd ,ed41 i4 #bja2 ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons1    
,plut>*'s ,romane ,que/ions1 p4 lxxiii42
 ,c4 ,julian1 9 ,d>emb]g et    ,saglio1 
,dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et 
roma9es1 ii4 #aaef    sqq4    ,footnote 
#fcd3      ,cic]o1 ,de re publica1 iii4 
#ac4 #bb2 ,virgil1 ,a54 x4 #aab2        
,horace1    ,sat4 ii4 #a4 #db sq42      
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #cg2 ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua  

,lat9a1 v4 #f4 #g2 ,livy1 v4 #ba4 #b1 v4
 #bc4 #g2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxxv4      
#aae2 ,flavius ,vopiscus1 ,probus1 xii4 
#g2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e    ,my?ologie1 
#crd ,ed41 i4 #bje1 #bhd2 ,w4 ,h4       
,ros*]1 ,lexikon d4 grie*4    u4 rm4    
,my?ologie1 ii4 #fjj sqq4    ,footnote  
#fce3      ,see above1 pp4 #agi sq4     
,footnote #fcf3      ,cic]o1            
,philippics1 ii4 #dc4 #aaj2 ,suetonius1 
,divus ,julius1 #gf2 ,dio    ,cassius1  
xliv4 #f4 ,! co9cid5ce has be5 po9t$ out
 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4    ,cook 7,classical   
,review1 xviii4 #cga74    ,footnote     
#fcg3      ,livy1 i4 #bj4 #a sq4        
,footnote #fch3      ,numa 0 n ! only   
,roman k+ :o is said to h enjoy$ !      
fav\rs ( a goddess4 ,romulus 0 m>ri$ to 
,h]silia1 :o seems to    h be5 a ,sab9e 
goddess4 ,ovid tells u h[1 :5 ! dead    
,romulus    _h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( a  
god "u ! "n ( ,quir9us1 8    wid[       
,h]silia 0 deifi$ z 8 consort4 ,?us1 if 
,quir9us 0 a    ,sab9e oak-god1 8 wife  
w\ld be an oak-goddess1 l ,eg]ia4 ,see  

,ovid1 ,metam4 xiv4 #hbi-hea4 ,comp>e   
,livy1 i4 #aa4 #b2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1      
#ad4 ,on ,h]silia z a goddess see ,a4   
,s*wegl]1 ,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1    i4 #dgh1
 note #aj2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e         
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #cgb4         
,aga91 ( ,k+ ,s]vius ,tullius we read h[
 ! goddess ,=tuna1    smitt5 ) love (   
him1 us$ to ent] 8 h\se nightly by a    
w9d[4    ,see ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #efi    
sqq42 ,plut>*1 ,quae/iones ,romanae1    
#cf2 id41 ,de =tuna ,romanorum1 #aj4    
,h[ev]1 ! orig9 & nature    ( ,=tuna are
 too obscure to all[ u to base any      
conclusions on ?is    leg5d4 ,= v>i\s m 
or less conjectural explanations ( !    
goddess see ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman     
,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( !    ,republic1  
pp4 #afa-agb4                           
,,*apt] ,,xiv                           
,,! ,,k+',s ,,fire      ,sid5ote3 ,sacr$
 ,m>riage ( ! ,fire-god ) a woman4 ,?us 
f> we  h dealt ma9ly ) ^? in/ances ( !  
,sacr$ ,m>riage 9 :i* a  human be+ is   
w$d$ to ! div9e p[]s ( vegetation or    

wat]4 ,n[  we pass to ! consid]ation ( a
 diff]5t class ( cases1 9 :i* !  div9e  
bridegroom is ! fire & 8 bride a human  
virg94 ,& ^!  cases are p>ticul>ly      
important = our pres5t enquiry into !   
e>ly  ,lat9 k+%ip1 s9ce x appe>s t ! old
 ,lat9 k+s 7 commonly  suppos$ to be !  
(fspr+ ( ! fire-god by mortal mo!rs4 ,! 
evid5ce :i* po9ts to ?is conclusion is z
 foll[s4    ,sid5ote3 ,leg5d ( ! bir? ( 
,k+ ,s]vius ,tullius f ! fire4  ,fir/1  
let u take ! leg5d ( ! bir? ( ,k+       
,s]vius ,tullius4 ,x  is said t "o day !
 virg9 ,ocrisia1 a slave-woman ( ,que5  
,tanaquil1 ! wife ( ,k+ ,t>qu9 ! eld]1 0
 (f]+ z usual  cakes & libations ( w9e  
on ! royal he>?1 :5 a flame 9 !  %ape ( 
! male memb] %ot out f ! fire4 ,tak+ ?is
 = a sign  t h] h&maid5 0 to be ! "m ( a
 m ?an mortal son1 !  wise ,que5        
,tanaquil bade ! girl array h]self z a  
bride & lie d[n  beside ! he>?4 ,h]     
ord]s 7 obey$2 ,ocrisia conceiv$ by !   
god  or _s ( ! fire1 & 9 due "t br\ght  
=? ,s]vius ,tullius1  :o 0 ?us born a   

slave1 be+ ! reput$ son ( a slave "m & a
  div9e fa!r1 ! fire-god4 ,8 bir? f !   
fire 0 atte/$ 9 8  *ildhood by a lamb5t 
flame :i* play$ ab\t 8 head z he slept  
at  noon 9 ! k+'s palace4#fci ,?is /ory1
 z o!rs h po9t$ out  be=e1#fdj seems    
cle>ly to imply t ! "m ( ,s]vius 0 a    
,ve/al ,virg9 *>g$ ) ! c>e & wor%ip ( ! 
sacr$ fire 9  ! k+'s h\se4 ,n[1 9       
,proma?ion's ,hi/ory ( ,italy1 cit$ by  
,plut>*1 a simil> tale 0 told ( ! bir? (
 ,romulus himself4 ,x is  ,sid5ote3     
,leg5d ( ! bir? ( ,romulus f ! fire4    
said t 9  ! h\se ( ! ,k+ ( ,alba a flame
 l to ! male organ (  g5]ation hung ov] 
! he>? = _m days4 ,le>n+ f an oracle  t 
a virg9 %\ld conceive by ?is phantom &  
be> a son ( great  val\r & r5[n1 ! k+   
bade "o ( 8 daught]s submit to its      
embraces1 b %e disda9$ to d s1 & s5t h] 
h&maid in/ead4  ,angry at h] disob$i5ce1
 h] fa!r ord]$ bo? ! maid5s to be put   
to dea?4 ,b ,ve/a appe>$ to him 9 a     
dream1 =bade ! execution1  & comm&$ t   
bo? ! girls %\ld be imprison$ until !y  

_h  wov5 a c]ta9 web1 aft] :i* !y 7 to  
be giv5 9 m>riage4 ,b  ! web 0 nev]     
f9i%$1 = z fa/ z !y wove x by day1 o!r  
maid5s1 9 ob$i5ce to ! k+'s ord]s1      
unwove x at night4 ,meantime  ! h&maid5 
conceiv$ by ! flame ( fire1 & gave bir? 
to ,romulus  & ,remus4#fda ,9 ?is leg5d1
 z 9 ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,s]vius          
,tullius1 x is pla9 t ! "m ( ! future   
,k+ ( ,rome 0 bo?  a slave & a prie/ess 
( ,ve/a4 ,or?odox ,roman tradition      
always  admitt$ t %e 0 a ,ve/al1 b      
naturally en\gh repres5t$ h] z  ! k+'s  
daught] r ?an 8 slave4 ,! god ,m>s1 x 0 
said1  got h] ) *ild z %e drew wat] 9 8 
sacr$ grove4#fdb ,h[ev]1  :5 we comp>e  
?is leg5d ) ! simil> /ory ( ! bir? (    
,s]vius1 we may suspect t ,proma?ion has
 pres]v$1 ?\gh p]haps 9  a p]v]t$ =m1 an
 old feature ( ! ,lat9 k+%ip1 namely1 t 
"o  ( ! k+'s p>5ts might be1 & sometimes
 01 a slave4 ,:e!r t  0 s or n1 su*     
tales at lea/ be> witness to an old     
belief t  ! e>ly ,roman k+s 7 born (    
virg9s & ( ! fire4 ,simil>ly  ,caeculus1

 ! f\nd] ( ,pra5e/e1 pass$ = a ,sid5ote3
 ,leg5d (  ! bir? ( ,caeculus f ! fire4 
son ( ,vulcan4 ,x 0 said t  8 "m        
conceiv$ him ?r\gh a sp>k1 :i* leapt f !
 fire &  /ruck h] z %e sat by ! he>?4   
,%e expos$ ! *ild ne> a temple  (       
,jupit]1 & he 0 f\nd !re beside a fire  
by "s maid5s :o  7 go+ to draw wat]4 ,9 
aft]-life he prov$ 8 div9e bir? by      
work+ an appropriate miracle4 ,:5 an    
infidel cr[d refus$ to believe  t he 0 !
 son ( a god1 he pray$ to 8 fa!r1 &     
imm$iately  ! unbeliev]s 7 surr\nd$ ) a 
flame ( fire4#fdc ,m ?an  ?is1 ! :ole ( 
! ,alban dyna/y appe> to h trac$ _!     
desc5t  f a ,ve/al1 = ! wife ( ,k+      
,lat9us1 _! leg5d>y ance/or1  0 nam$    
,amata#fdd or ,belov$1 & ?is 0 ! regul> 
title be/[$  on a ,ve/al aft] h]        
election1#fde a title :i* _c be fully   
und]/ood except 9 ! light ( ! =ego+     
traditions1 :i* seem  to %ew t ! ,ve/als
 7 regul>ly suppos$ to be belov$ by !   
fire-god4 ,moreov]1 fire is said to h   
play$ r\nd ! head (  ,amata's daught]   

,lav9ia1#fdf j z x play$ r\nd ! head ( !
  fire-born ,s]vius ,tullius4 ,z ! same 
prodigy 0 report$ ( ,julus or           
,ascanius1 ! son ( ,a5eas1#fdg we may   
suspect t a simil> leg5d  0 told ( 8    
miracul\s conception at ! he>?4         
,sid5ote3 ,! ,ve/al ,virg9s seem to h   
be5 reg>d$ z ! wives (  ! fire-god4 ,n[ 
we may take x z c]ta9 t ! ,romans &     
,lat9s  w\ld nev] h trac$ ! desc5t ( _! 
k+s f ,ve/al ,virg9s  unless !y _h ?\ght
 t su* a desc5t1 f> f be+ a /a91  01 "u 
c]ta9 circum/ances1 highly hon\rable4   
,:at !  circum/ances 7 t p]mitt$ a      
,ve/al to become a "m1 n only  )        
impunity b ) hon\r & glory1 appe> pla9ly
 f ! /ories  ( ! bir? ( ,caeculus1      
,romulus1 & ,s]vius ,tullius4 ,if %e    
might n  "k a mortal man1 %e 0 q free1 &
 inde$ 0 enc\rag$1 to  conceive & be> a 
son to ! fire-god4 ,9 fact ! leg5ds     
sugge/  t ! ,ve/als 7 regul>ly reg>d$ z 
! fire-god's wives4 ,?is  w\ld expla9 :y
 !y 7 b\nd to *a/ity dur+ _! t]m (      
s]vice3 ! bride mu/ be true to h] div9e 

bridegroom4 ,& ! !ory  ( *a/ity c\ld be 
easily reconcil$ ) ! practice ( mat]nity
 by  all[+ a man to masqu]ade z !       
fire-god at a sacr$ m>riage1 j  z 9     
,egypt ! k+ disguis$ himself z ! god    
,ammon :5 he w$d$  ! que51#fdh or z     
among ! ,ewe tribes ! prie/ poses z !   
py?on-god :5 he goes 9 to ! human brides
 ( ! s]p5t4#fdi ,?us  ! doctr9e ( !     
div9e bir? ( k+s pres5ts no s]i\s       
difficulty  to p :o believe t a god may 
be made fle% 9 a man1 & t a  virg9 may  
conceive & be> him a son4 ,( c\rse !    
!ory ( !  div9e mo!rhood ( ! ,ve/als    
applies only to ! e>ly regal &  !re=e   
prehi/oric p]iod4 ,"u ! ,republic ! dem&
 = k+s  _h ceas$1 & ) x1 !re=e1 !       
supply4 ,yet a trace ( ! old  view ( !  
,ve/als z virg9 mo!rs l+]$ d[n to !     
late/ times  9 ! "* ( ,ve/a h]self1 _!  
patroness & type2 = ,ve/a  always bore !
 (ficial title ( ,"m1 nev] t (          
,virg94#fej ,we  may surmise t a simil> 
belief & practice once obta9$ 9 ,attica4
  ,= ,eri*?onius1 k+ ( ,a!ns1 is said to

 h be5 a son ( !  fire-god ,hephae/us by
 ! virg9 goddess ,a!na3 ! /ory told ( 8 
miracul\s bir? f ! gr\nd1 :i* _h be5    
impregnat$ by ! se$  ( ! fire-god1 is   
cle>ly a lat] v]sion devis$ to save !   
virg9ity ( 8 "m4#fea ,! p]petual lamp ( 
,a!na1 :i* burn$  9 ! ,ere*!um or h\se (
 ,ere*!us 7:o 0 id5tical )  ,eri*?onius7
 on ! acropolis ( ,a!ns1#feb may h      
answ]$ to !  p]petual fire ( ,ve/a at   
,rome2 & x is possible t ! maid5s  call$
 ,arrephoroi or ,errephoroi1 :o dwelt   
close to ! ,ere*!um1#fec  may at "o "t h
 p]sonat$ ,a!na & pass$1 l ! ,ve/als1 = 
wives ( ! fire-god4    ,sid5ote3        
,rationali/ic !ory ( ! duties ( !       
,ve/als reject$4  ,x has1 inde$1 be5    
held t ! ,ve/als 7 ( old ! k+'s         
daught]s1 :o 7 kept at home & =bidd5 to 
m>ry = no o!r  reason ?an t !y might    
devote !mselves to ! dome/ic duties (   
draw+ wat]1 mopp+ ! h\se1 t5d+ ! fire1 &
 bak+  cakes4#fed ,b ?is rationali/ic   
!ory c\ld h>dly expla9 !  sup]/iti\s    
horror :i* ! infidelity ( a ,ve/al      

always excit$ 9  ! ,roman m9d4 ,cu/oms  
:i* beg9 9 reason seldom end 9          
sup]/ition4 ,x is likely1 !re=e1 t !    
rule ( *a/ity impos$  on ! ,ve/als 0    
bas$ f ! fir/ on a sup]/ition r ?an on  
a m]e consid]ation ( practical          
conv5i5ce4 ,! belief t !  ,ve/als 7 !   
sp\ses ( ! fire-god w\ld expla9 !       
rule4#fee ,we  h se5 t ! practice (     
m>ry+ wom5 to gods has be5 by no  means 
uncommon4 ,if ! _s ( ! wat] has 8 human 
wife1 :y n  ! _s ( ! fire8 ,inde$1      
primitive man has a special reason =    
?9k+ t ! fire-god %\ld always be m>ri$4 
,:at t reason  is1 ,i w n[ try to       
expla94    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ve/al fire (   
lat] times 0 a cont9uation ( ! fire  on 
! k+'s he>?4 ,b fir/ x is necess>y to   
appreh5d cle>ly  t ! ,ve/al fire (      
republican & imp]ial ,rome 0 /rictly !  
successor or cont9uation ( ! fire :i* 9 
! regal p]iod _h  burn$ on ! k+'s he>?4 
,t x 0 s appe>s pla9ly f !  /ories ( !  
bir? ( ,romulus & ,s]vius ,tullius1 :i* 
%ew t  ,ve/a 0 believ$ to be wor%ipp$ at

 ! royal fireside by maid5s :o  7 ei!r !
 k+'s daught]s or 8 slaves4 ,?is        
conclusion is amply  confirm$ by a /udy 
( ! temple ( ,ve/a & ! adjo9+ edifices  
9 ! ,roman ,=um4 ,= ! s-call$ temple ( !
 goddess nev] 01  /rictly speak+1 a     
temple at all4 ,?is fact we h on !      
au?ority  ( ,v>ro himself1 ! greate/ (  
,roman antiqu>ies4#fef ,! little  r\nd  
build+ 9 :i* ! sacr$ fire always burn$ 0
 m]ely a copy  ( ! r\nd hut 9 :i* ! k+1 
l 8 ,sid5ote3 ,! r\nd temple  ( ,ve/a a 
copy ( ! anci5t ,italian hut4 subjects1 
_h dwelt 9 days  ( old4 ,tradition      
pres]v$ a memory ( ! "t :5 its walls 7  
made ( wattl$ osi]s & ! ro( 0 (         
?at*2#feg inde$1 )  t peculi> cl++ to ! 
=ms ( ! pa/ :i* is *>act]i/ic  ( royalty
 & religion1 ! inmo/ %r9e cont9u$ d[n   
ev5 to late  times to be fa%ion$ ( !    
same simple mat]ials4#feh ,! hut (      
,romulus1 or :at pass$ = x1 con/ruct$ ( 
wood1 re$s1 & /raw1  0 always pres]v$ & 
c>efully repair$ 9 ! orig9al /yle4 ,x   
/ood on ! side ( ! ,palat9e hill fac+ ! 

,circus ,maximus4#fei ,a  simil> hut1   
ro($ ) ?at*1 0 9 l mann] ma9ta9$ on !   
,capitol9e hill1 & traditionally        
associat$ ) ,romulus4#ffj ,!  s-call$   
temple ( ,ve/a 9 hi/orical times /ood n 
on any ( !  hills1 b 9 ! ,=um1 at !     
nor!rn foot ( ! ,palat9e4 ,its          
situation 9 ! flat gr\nd is q consi/5t )
 ! view t !  build+ repres5ts ! k+'s    
h\se ( e>ly1 ?\gh n ( ! v  e>lie/1      
times2 =1 accord+ to tradition1 x 0     
built by ,numa 9  ?is position betwe5 ! 
,palat9e & ! ,capitol1 at ! "t :5 he    
unit$ ! two sep>ate t[ns on ^! hills &  
turn$ ! l[ swampy  gr\nd betwe5 !m into 
_! common place ( assembly4 ,"h1 too1   
beside ! temple ( ,ve/a1 ! k+ built     
himself a h\se1 :i* 0  ev] aft]w>ds kn[n
 z ! ,regia or palace2 =m]ly he _h dwelt
 on  ! ,quir9al4#ffa ,9 aft]-times ?is  
old palace ( ! k+s 0  p]haps ! (ficial  
resid5ce ( _! successor1 ! ,k+ ( !      
,sacr$ ,rites4#ffb ,adjo9+ x 0 ! h\se ( 
! ,ve/als1#ffc at  fir/1 no d\bt1 a     
simple & unpret5ti\s edifice1 b aft]w>ds

 a  /ately pile ga!r$ r\nd a spaci\s op5
 c\rt :i* mu/ h  resembl$ ! cloi/] ( a  
m$iaeval mona/]y4 ,we may assume t !    
k]nel ( ?is gr\p ( build+s 0 ! r\nd     
temple ( ,ve/a1 &  t ! he>? 9 x1 on :i* 
burn$ ! sacr$ fire1 0 orig9ally  ! he>? 
( ! k+'s h\se4 ,t ! s-call$ temple 0    
built on  ! model ( ! r\nd huts ( ! old 
,lat9s is prov$ by !  discov]ies made at
 an anci5t necropolis ne> ,albano4 ,!   
a%es ( !  dead 7 "h deposit$ 9 urns1 :i*
 are %ap$ l ,sid5ote3  ,hut-urns f\nd at
 ,albano & ,rome4 little r\nd huts )    
conical  ro(s1 obvi\sly 9 ord] t ! s\ls 
( ! dead might live 9  h\ses su* z !y _h
 inhabit$ dur+ life4 ,! ro(s ( ^!       
m9iature dwell+s are rais$ on           
cross-beams1 sometimes ) "o or  m holes 
to let out ! smoke4 ,! door is fa/5$ by 
a crossb>1  :i* is pass$ ?r\gh a r+ on !
 outside & ti$ to ! two  side-po/s4 ,9  
"s ( ^! hut-urns ! side-po/s are        
duplicat$1 or  ev5 triplicat$1 = ! sake 
( ornam5t2 & x is probable t !  r+ (    
columns :i* encircl$ ! little temple (  

,ve/a 9 hi/orical  times 0 m]ely an     
ext5sion ( ! door-po/s ( ! prehi/oric   
hut4  ,! necropolis 9 :i* ^! urns 7 f\nd
 mu/ be v anci5t1  s9ce x 0 buri$ "u !  
/reams ( lava vomit$ by ! ,alban        
,m\nta9 9 eruption4 ,b ! m\nta9 has n   
be5 an active volcano  )9 hi/orical     
times1 unless1 inde$1 ! %[]s ( /ones & !
  ra9 ( blood (t5 record$ z om9\s       
prodigies by ,roman writ]s may  be      
expla9$ z jets ( pumice & r$ volcanic   
du/ dis*>g$ by "o  ( ! crat]s4#ffd ,!   
prehi/oric burial-gr\nd lately discov]$ 
9  ! ,roman ,=um has yield$ sev]al      
hut-urns ( precisely ! same %ape  z ^? (
 ! ,alban cemet]y4 ,h5ce we may inf] )  
tol]able  c]ta9ty t ! e>lie/ ,lat9      
settl]s bo? on ! ,alban hills &  at     
,rome dwelt 9 r\nd huts built ( wattle &
 dab1 ) peak$ ro(s  ( ?at*4#ffe         
,sid5ote3 8,numa's crock]y10 ! primitive
 e>!nw>e vessels us$ by  ! ,ve/als4 ,if 
fur!r evid5ce 7 ne$$ to conv9ce u t !   
r\nd temple ( ,ve/a m]ely reproduc$ a   
,roman h\se ( ! old5 "t1  x might be    

suppli$ by ! primitive vessels ( co>se  
e>!nw>e 9  :i* ! ,ve/als always pres5t$ 
_! (f]+s1 & :i*1 9 memory  ( !          
artlessness ( an e>li] age1 w5t by ! "n 
( 8,numa's  crock]y40#fff ,a ,greek     
hi/orian1 writ+ :5 ,rome 0 at ! height  
( h] p[] & glory "u ,augu/us1 praises ! 
,romans = !  au/]e simplicity ) :i*1 9  
an age ( vulg> weal? &  o/5tation1 !y   
cont9u$ to hon\r ! gods ( _! fa!rs4 8,i 
h  se510 said he1 8meals set be=e ! gods
 on old-fa%ion$ wood5  tables1 9 mats & 
e>!nw>e di%es1 ! food consi/+ ( b>ley   
loaves & cakes & spelt & fir/fruits &   
su*-l ?+s1 all  pla9 & inexp5sive & free
 f any t\* ( vulg>ity4 ,& ,i h  se5     
libations (f]$1 n 9 vessels ( silv] &   
gold1 b 9 little  e>!n cups & jugs2 & ,i
 he>tily admir$ a p :i* ?us walk$  9 !  
ways ( _! fa!rs1 n deviat+ f ! anci5t   
rites into  extravagance & display40#ffg
 ,specim5s ( ?is antique pott]y h  come 
to light ( late ye>s at ! h\se ( !      
,ve/als1 ! temple (  ,ve/a1 & o!r       
religi\s c5tres 9 ! ,=um2#ffh o!rs _h   

be5  f\nd previ\sly on ! ,esquil9e hill 
& 9 ! necropolis ( ,alba  ,longa4#ffi   
,we may conjecture t if ! ,romans       
cont9u$ to s]ve !  gods _! meals 9      
simple e>!nw>e di%es long aft] !y       
!mselves  quaff$ _! w9e f goblets (     
cry/al & gold or f murrh9e  cups ) _!   
cl\dy iridesc5t hues ( purple &         
:ite1#fgj !y  did s1 n f any pr9ciple ( 
sev]e good ta/e1 b r f  t sup]/iti\s fe>
 ( innovation :i* has embalm$ 9 religi\s
  ritual1 z 9 amb]1 s _m curi\s relics (
 ! pa/4 ,! old =ms  & mat]ials ( !      
vessels 7 consecrat$ by immemorial usage
 &  might n be *ang$ ) impunity4 ,inde$1
 9 ! ritual ( ! ,arval  ,bro!rs ! holy  
pots !mselves appe> to h be5 an object (
  wor%ip4#fga ,specim5s ( ^! pots h be5 
f\nd on ! site ( !  sacr$ grove :]e !   
,bro!rs p]=m$ _! qua9t s]vice1 & !y  %$ 
an int]e/+ light on ! cons]vatism ( !   
,roman religion4  ,"s ( !m are m\ld$ 9 !
 mo/ primitive fa%ion by ,sid5ote3      
,rude pott]y us$ by ! ,arval ,bro!rs4 ! 
h& )\t any  me*anical appliance4 ,b mo/ 

( !m belong to a /age ( art1 lat]  inde$
 ?an ?is rude beg9n+1 yet e>li] ?an !   
inv5tion ( !  pott]'s :eel4 ,9 ord] to  
give ! vessels _! prop] %ape &  prev5t !
 sides f collaps+1 wood5 hoops 7 ins]t$ 
9 !m1  & ! m>ks made by ^! hoops 9 ! s(t
 clay may /ill be se5 on  ! inside ( mo/
 ( ! pots f\nd 9 ! grove4 ,we may       
suppose t  :5 ! pott]'s :eel came into  
univ]sal use1 ! old art ( mak+  pott]y  
by ! h& 0 lo/2 b z religion w\ld h no?+ 
to d  ) pots made 9 ! new-fangl$ way1 ! 
pi\s workman _h to imitate  ! anci5t w>e
 z well z he c\ld1 ek+ out 8 imp]fect   
skill )  ! aid ( wood5 hoops4#fgb       
,p]haps ! fictores ,ve/alium & !        
fictores ,pontificum1 ( :om we read 9   
inscriptions1#fgc 7 ^?  pott]s :o1      
comb9+ a retrograde art ) s\nd religi\s 
pr9ciples1  provid$ ! ,ve/als &         
,pontiffs ) ! co>se crock]y s de> to    
gods & to antiqu>ies4 ,if t 0 s1 !y may 
h _h 9 !  ex]cise ( _! craft to obs]ve  
"s su* curi\s rules z are /ill          
,sid5ote3 ,savage sup]/itions z to !    

mak+ ( pott]y4 obs]v$  9 simil>         
circum/ances by ! savage ,yurac>es1 a   
tribe ( ,indians  liv+ disp]s$ 9 ! dep?s
 ( beautiful tropical =e/s1 at !  ea/]n 
foot ( ! ,bolivian ,&es4 ,we are told by
 an explor] t 8!  manufacture ( pott]y  
is n an ev]yday affair ) ?is sup]/iti\s 
p1 & accord+ly !y surr\nd x ) s+ul>     
precautions4 ,!  wom51 :o alone are     
entru/$ ) ! duty1 g away v solemnly to  
look = ! clay1 b !y d s only :5 !re is  
no crop to be  ga!r$4 ,9 ! fe> ( ?und]  
!y betake !mselves to ! mo/  seque/]$   
spots ( ! =e/ 9 ord] n to be se54 ,!re  
!y  build a hut4 ,:ile !y are at "w !y  
obs]ve c]ta9 c]emonies &  nev] op5 _!   
m\?1 speak+ to ea* o!r by signs1 be+    
p]suad$  t "o ^w spok5 w\ld infallibly  
cause all _! pots to break 9  ! fir+2 & 
!y d n g ne> _! husb&s1 = if !y did1 all
  ! sick p w\ld die40#fgd ,among !      
,ba-,ronga ( ,s\? ,africa  pott]y is    
made by wom5 only1 & !y pref] to employ 
a *ild "u  pub]ty to light ! fire 9 :i* 
! pots are to be bak$1 because !  *ild  

has pure h&s & ! pots are !re=e less    
likely to crack 9  ! furnace ?an if !   
woman lit ! fire h]self4#fge ,if ! read]
  objects t ,roman pott]s _c h be5      
trammell$ by sup]/itions  l ^? :i* hamp]
 ! savage pott]s ( ,am]ica & ,africa1 ,i
  w\ld rem9d him ( ! rules laid d[n by  
grave ,roman writ]s = !  moral guidance 
( cooks1 bak]s1 & butl]s4 ,aft] m5tion+ 
a numb]  ( ^! writ]s by "n1 ,columella  
in=ms u t 8all ( !m are (  op9ion t he  
:o engages 9 any "o ( ^! occupations is 
b\nd to  be ,sid5ote3 ,*a/ity requir$ 9 
p]sons :o h&le di%es & food4  *a/e &    
cont95t1 s9ce ev]y?+ dep5ds on tak+ c>e 
t  nei!r ! di%es nor ! food %\ld be h&l$
 by any "o above !  age ( pub]ty1 or at 
lea/ by any "o :o is n exce$+ly ab/emi\s
  9 sexual matt]s4 ,!re=e a man or woman
 :o is sexually unclean  ought to wa% 9 
a riv] or runn+ wat] be=e he t\*es !    
cont5ts  ( ! /or]oom4 ,t is :y !re %\ld 
be a boy or a maid to fet*  f ! /or]oom 
! ?+s t are ne$$40#fgf ,:5 ,roman cooks1
  bak]s1 & butl]s 7 expect$ to be s     

/rict 9 ! s]vice (  _! human ma/]s1 x   
might naturally be ?\ght t ! pott]s     
%\ld be n less s ^: bus9ess x 0 to      
fa%ion ! rude yet  preci\s vessels meet 
= ! wor%ip ( ! gods4    ,sid5ote3       
,sanctity ( ! /or]oom 7p5us7 & ( !      
,p5ates 9 a  ,roman h\se4 ,if ! /or]oom 
7p5us7 ( a ,roman h\se 0 deem$ s  holy t
 its cont5ts c\ld only be h&l$ by p]sons
 c]emonially  clean1 ! reason 0 t !     
,p5ates or gods ( ! /or]oom dwelt 9     
x4#fgg ,! dome/ic he>?1 :]e ! h\sehold  
meals 7 cook$ 9  ! simple days ( old1 0 
! natural alt> ( ! ,p5ates2#fgh _!      
images1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! ,l>es1 /ood by x
 & %one 9 !  *e]ful gl[ ( ! fire1 :5 !  
family ga!r$ r\nd x 9 !  ev5+4#fgi ,?us 
9 e h\se ,ve/a1 ! goddess ( ! he>?1 0   
intimately b\nd up ) ! ,p5ates or gods (
 ! /or]oom2 inde$1  %e 0 reckon$ "o (   
!m4#fhj ,n[ ! temple ( ,ve/a1 be+  no?+ 
m ?an a type ( ! olde/ =m ( ,roman h\se1
 naturally  _h1 l an ord9>y h\se1 its   
sacr$ /or]oom1 & its ,p5ates or  gods ( 
! /or]oom4#fha ,h5ce if 9 e common h\se 

/rict  *a/ity 01 !oretically at lea/1   
expect$ ( all :o ent]$ !  /or]oom1 we c 
well und]/& :y su* an obligation %\ld h 
be5 laid on ! ,ve/als1 :o _h 9 _! *>ge !
 holie/ ( all  /or]ooms1 ! *amb] 9 :i* 7
 popul>ly suppos$ to be pres]v$  !      
talismans on :i* ! safety ( ! /ate      
dep5d$4#fhb    ,sid5ote3 ,?us ! temple (
 ,ve/a1 ) its p]petual fire & its  sacr$
 /or]oom1 0 m]ely a copy ( ! ,roman k+'s
 h\se4 ,?us on  ! :ole we may reg>d x z 
highly probable t ! r\nd temple (  ,ve/a
 9 ! ,=um1 ) its sacr$ /or]oom &        
p]petual fire1 0  m]ely a survival1 "u  
*ang$ conditions1 ( ! old h\se ( !      
,roman k+s1 :i* aga9 may h be5 a copy ( 
! /ill old] h\se  ( ! k+s ( ,alba4 ,bo? 
7 modell$ on ! r\nd huts ( wattl$  osi]s
 9 :i* ! e>ly ,lat9s dwelt among ! woods
 & hills (  ,latium 9 ! days :5 ! ,alban
 ,m\nta9 0 /ill an active volcano4      
,h5ce x is legitimate to comp>e ! old   
leg5ds ( ! royal he>?  ) ! lat] practice
 9 reg>d to ! he>? ( ,ve/a1 & f !       
comp>ison to expla91 if we c1 ! mean+   

bo? ( ! leg5ds & (  ! practice4         
,footnote #fci3      ,plut>*1 ,de =tuna 
,romanorum1 #aj2 ,dionysius             
,halic>nas5sis1    ,antiquit4 ,rom4 iv4 
#a sq42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #fbg-fcf2     
,pl9y1 ,nat4    ,hi/4 ii4 #bda1 xxxvi4  
#bjd2 ,livy1 i4 #ci2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1
 ,a54 ii4    #fhc2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus  
nationes1 v4 #ah4 ,accord+ to !         
,etruscan    annals1 ,s]vius ,tullius 0 
an ,etruscan by "n ,ma/>na1 :o came to  
,rome ) 8 fri5d ,caeles ,vib5na1 &1     
*ang+ 8 "n1 obta9$    ! k+dom4 ,?is 0   
/at$ by ! ,emp]or ,claudius 9 a spee* ( 
:i* fragm5ts are engrav$ on a bronze    
tablet f\nd at ,lyons4 ,see    ,tacitus1
 ,annals1 ed4 ,orelli1 #bnd ,ed41 p4    
#cdb4 ,z ! emp]or wrote a    hi/ory (   
,etruria 9 tw5ty books 7,suetonius1     
,divus ,claudius1 #db7    he probably _h
 "s au?ority = ! /atem5t1 & ! hi/orical1
    or at lea/ leg5d>y1 "* ( ,ma/>na &  
,caeles ,vib5na is    v\*$ = by a pa9t+ 
inscrib$ ) _! names1 :i* 0 f\nd    9    
#aheg 9 an ,etruscan tomb at ,vulci4    

,see ,g4 ,d5nis1 ,cities &    ,cemet]ies
 ( ,etruria1 #crd ,ed41 ii4 #ejf sq4 ,b 
f ?is x by no    means foll[s t !       
id5tification ( ,ma/>na ) ,s]vius       
,tullius    0 correct4 ,s*wegl] pref]r$ 
! ,roman to ! ,etruscan tradition       
7,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 i4 #gbj sq471 & s1  
aft] long hesitation1    did ,niebuhr   
7,hi/ory ( ,rome1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #chj    
sqq474 ,x is fair to    add t bo? ^!    
hi/orians wrote be=e ! discov]y ( ! tomb
    at ,vulci4    ,footnote #fdj3       
,a4 ,s*wegl]1 ,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 i4     
#gae2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e              
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 ii4 #cdd4        
,footnote #fda3      ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 
#b4    ,footnote #fdb3      ,dionysius  
,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4 i4 #gf sq42 
,livy1 i4 #c sq42    ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 
#c2 ,zon>as1 ,annal4 vii4 #a2 ,ju/91    
xliii4 #b4    #a-c4    ,footnote #fdc3  
,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #fgh4     
,footnote #fdd3      ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 
#cdc4    ,footnote #fde3      ,aulus    
,gellius1 i4 #ab1 #ad & #ai4 ,comp>e ,l4

 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e    ,my?ologie1 #crd   
,ed41 ii1 #afa1 #cdd4 ,!re 0 a v anci5t 
wor%ip    ( ,ve/a at ,lav9ium1 ! city   
nam$ aft] ,amata's daught] ,lav9ia1    !
 ance/ress ( ! ,alban k+s4 ,see above1  
vol4 i4 p4 #ad4    ,footnote #fdf3      
,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #ga-gg4    ,footnote 
#fdg3      ,virgil1 ,a54 ii4 #fhj-fhf4  
,we may comp>e ! halo ) :i* !           
va+lori\s & rascally arti/ ( g5ius1     
,b5v5uto ,cell9i1    decl>$ 8 head to be
 encircl$4 8,ev] s9ce ! "t ( my /range  
vision until n[10 says he1 8an aureole (
 glory 7m>vell\s to    relate7 has re/$ 
on my head4 ,?is is visible to e sort ( 
m5 to    :om ,i h *os5 to po9t x out2 b 
^? h be5 v few4 ,?is    halo c be obs]v$
 above my %ad[ 9 ! morn+ f ! ris+ (    !
 sun = ab\t two h\rs1 & f> bett] :5 !   
grass is dr5*$    ) dew4 ,x is also     
visible at ev5+ ab\t sunset4 ,i became  
aw>e    ( x 9 ,france at ,p>is2 = ! air 
9 ^? p>ts is s mu* fre]    f mi/1 t "o c
 see x !re f> bett] manife/$ ?an 9      
,italy1 mi/s be+ f> m frequ5t among u40 

,see ,! ,life (    ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1    
translat$ by ,j4 ,add+ton ,symonds #crd 
,ed41    7,london1 #ahhi71 pp4 #bgi sq4 
,footnote #fdh3      ,see above1 pp4    
#aca sqq4    ,footnote #fdi3      ,a4   
,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,ewe-speak+ peoples ( !  
,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/    ,africa1 p4 #fj4 
,see above1 pp4 #adi sq4    ,footnote   
#fej3      ,see bel[1 p4 #bbi4          
,footnote #fea3      ,apollodorus iii4  
#ad4 #f2 ,s*ol4 on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ii4   
#edg2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1    ,*iliades1 v4    
#ffi sq42 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1  
xviii4 #ab4    ,footnote #feb3          
,pausanias i4 #bf4 #f sq42 ,/rabo ix4   
#a4 #af1 p4 #cif2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1    #i2
 id41 ,sulla1 #ac4 ,z to ! id5tity (    
,ere*!us &    ,eri*?onius see my note on
 ,pausanias1 i4 #ah4 #b 7vol4 ii4 p4    
#afi74    ,footnote #fec3               
,pausanias1 i4 #bg4 #c1 ) my note4      
,footnote #fed3      ,! !ory 0 =m]ly    
advocat$ by me 7,j\rnal ( ,philology1   
xiv4    7#ahhe7 pp4 #aed sqq47 ,z to !  
duties ( ! ,ve/als see ,j4    ,m>qu>dt1 

,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #bnd ,ed41
 pp4 #cdb sqq4    ,footnote #fee3       
,?is explanation 0 fir/1 s f> z ,i "k1  
giv5 by me 9 my    ,lectures on ! ,e>ly 
,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip 7,london1 #aije71 p4 
#bba4 ,x has s9ce be5 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,e4
 ,fehrle 7,die kultis*e    ,keus*heit im
 ,alt]tum1 ,giess51 #aiaj1 pp4 #baj     
sqq474    ,footnote #fef3      ,aulus   
,gellius1 xiv4 #g4 #g4 ,comp>e ,s]vius  
on ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #aec1    ix4 #d4  
,footnote #feg3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4  
#bfa sq4    ,footnote #feh3      ,fe/us1
 s4v4 8p5us10 p4 #bej1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4      
,mll]1 :]e = saepius    we mu/ obvi\sly 
read saeptus4    ,footnote #fei3        
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #aii1 iii4 #ahc sq42   
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1    ,antiquit4
 ,rom4 i4 #gi4 #aa4 ,= ! situation ( !  
hut see also    ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bj4 
,footnote #ffj3      ,conon1            
,n>rationes1 #dh2 ,vitruvius1 ii4 #a4   
#e1 p4 #ce1 ed4 ,rose &    ,mll]-,/rb+2 
,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ae4 #aj4       
,comp>e ,virgil1    ,a54 viii4 #fec sq4 

,z to ! two huts on ! ,palat9e & !      
,capitol see ,a4 ,s*wegl]1 ,rmis*e      
,ges*i*te1 i4 #cid2 ,l4 ,jahn on        
,macrobius1 l4c4    ,footnote #ffa3     
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4  
ii4 #ff2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #aa    & #ad2  
,sol9us1 i4 #ba2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #bfc 
sqq42 id41    ,tri/ia1 iii4 #a4 #bi sq42
 ,tacitus1 ,annals1 xv4 #da4            
,footnote #ffb3      ,s]vius on ,virgil1
 ,a54 viii4 #cfc4 ,fe/us1 h[ev]1        
di/+ui%es    ! old royal palace 7,regia7
 f ! h\se ( ! ,k+ ( !    ,sacr$ ,rites  
7s4v4 8,sacram viam10 pp4 #bij1 #bic1   
ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]74    ,9 classical     
times ! ,regia 0 ! resid5ce or (fice ( !
    ,pontifex ,maximus2 b we c h>dly    
d\bt t =m]ly x 0 !    h\se ( ! ,rex     
,sacrorum4 ,see ,o4 ,gilb]t1 ,ges*i*te  
und    ,topographie d] ,/adt ,rom im    
,alt]tum1 i4 #bbe1 #bce sq41 #cda1 #cdd4
    ,z to ! exi/+ rema9s ( ! ,regia1 !  
temple ( ,ve/a1 &    ! h\se ( ! ,ve/als1
 see ,o4 ,ri*t]1 ,topographie d] ,/adt  
,rom1    #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #hh sqq42 ,*4   

,huels51 ,die ,ausgrabung5 auf dem ,=um 
,romanum #bnd ,ed41 7,rome1 #aijc71 pp4 
#fb sqq41 #hh sqq42 ,mrs4 ,e4           
,burton-,br[n1 ,rec5t ,excavations 9 !  
,roman ,=um 7,london1 #aijd71    pp4 #bf
 sqq4    ,footnote #ffc3      ,dio      
,cassius1 liv4 #bg1 :o tells u t        
,augu/us annex$ ! h\se (    ! ,k+ ( !   
,sacr$ ,rites to ! h\se ( ! ,ve/als1 on 
:i* x    abutt$4    ,footnote #ffd3     
,_m su* ph5om5a are not$ by ,julius     
,obsequ5s 9 8 book (    prodigies1      
app5d$ to ,w4 ,weiss5born's edition (   
,livy1 vol4 x4 #b1    pp4 #aic sqq4     
7,b]l91 #ahha74    ,footnote #ffe3      
,w4 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1
 pp4 #ej-ee2 ,e4 ,burton-,br[n1         
,rec5t ,excavations 9 ! ,roman ,=um1 pp4
 #cj1 #aeb1 #aed4 ,=    pictures ( ^!   
hut-urns see ,g4 ,boni 9 ,notizie degli 
,scavi1 ,may    #aijj1 p4 #aia1 fig4    
#eb2 id41 9 ,nuova ,antologia1 ,augu/   
#aijj1 p4    #bb4    ,footnote #fff3    
,val]ius ,maximus1 iv4 #d4 #aa2 ,ovid1  
,fa/i1 vi4 #caj2 ,acron on ,horace1     

,odes1 i4 #ca1 quot$ by ,g4 ,boni 9     
,notizie degli ,scavi1 ,may #aijj1    p4
 #agi2 ,cic]o1 ,p>adoxa1 i4 #b2 id41 ,de
 natura deorum1 iii4 #ag4    #dc2       
,p]sius1 ,sat4 ii4 #ei sq42 ,juv5al1    
,sat4 vi4 #cdb sqq4    ,footnote #ffg3  
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4  
ii4 #bc4 ,on e>!nw>e vessels    us$ 9   
religi\s rites see also ,pl9y1 ,nat4    
,hi/4 xxxv4 #ajh1 8,9    sacris quidem  
etiam int] has opes hodie non murr9is   
cry/all9isve1    s$ fictilibus          
prolibatur simpulis02 ,apuleius1 ,de    
magia1 #ah1    8,eadem paup]tas etiam   
populo ,romano imp]ium a primordio      
fundavit1    proque eo 9 hodi]num diis  
immortalibus simpuvio et cat9o fictili  
sacrificat40    ,footnote #ffh3      ,g4
 ,boni 9 ,notizie degli ,scavi1 ,may    
#aijj1 p4 #agi2 ,e4 ,burton-,br[n1      
,rec5t ,excavations 9 ! ,roman ,=um1 pp4
 #bc sq41 #da4    ,footnote #ffi3       
,w4 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1
 pp4 #hb sqq4    ,footnote #fgj3        
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxxvii4 #ba sq4      

,footnote #fga3      ,g4 ,h5z51 ,acta   
,fratrum ,arvalium 7,b]l91 #ahgd71 pp4  
#bf1 #cj2 ,h4    ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones
 ,lat9ae selectae1 ,no4 #ejci2 ,j4      
,m>qu>dt1    ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1   
iii4 #bnd ,ed41 #def4    ,footnote #fgb3
      ,w4 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d]   
,poeb5e1 p4 #hg4    ,footnote #fgc3     
,g4 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla inscriptionum   
,lat9>um1 ,nos4 #caa1 #ihf1 #acbf1      
#acca2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones      
,lat9ae selectae1 ,nos4 #def1 #ccad1    
#dibf1 #dicc1 #dicf1 #didb1 #didc4      
,mod]n writ]s1 foll[+ ,v>ro 7,de    l+ua
 ,lat9a1 vii4 #dd1 8fictores dicti a    
f+5dis libis071    expla9 ^! fictores z 
bak]s ( sacr$ cakes4 ,see ,*4 ,a4       
,lobeck1    ,aglaophamus1 pp4 #ajhd sq42
 ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e                  
,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #bnd ,ed41 #bdi4  
,!y may be "r1 b x is to    be obs]v$ t 
,v>ro does n expressly ref] to !        
fictores (    ! ,ve/als & ,pontiffs1 &  
fur!r1 t 9 ,lat9 fictor commonly        
means a pott]1 n a bak]1 = :i* ! regul> 

^w is pi/or4    ,footnote #fgd3      ,a4
 d',orbigny1 ,voyage dans l',amrique    
,mridionale1 iii4 7,p>is &    ,/rasburg1
 #ahdd7 p4 #aid4 ,mu* ( d',orbigny's    
valuable in=mation z    to ?is tribe 0  
drawn f ! manuscript ( ,fa!r ,lacueva1 a
    ,spani% ,franciscan monk ( weal?y   
family & sa9t-l "*1    :o sp5t eighte5  
or tw5ty ye>s among ! ,yurac>es 9 a va9 
attempt to conv]t !m4 ,) reg>d to !     
crops m5tion$ 9 !    text1 ^! savages   
plant banana-trees1 manioc1 sug>-cane1 &
    vegetables r\nd ab\t _! huts1 :i* !y
 erect 9 cle>+s (    ! =e/4 ,see        
d',orbigny1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aif sq4      
,footnote #fge3      ,h4 ,a4 ,junod1    
8,les ,conceptions physiologiques des   
,bant\ ,sud-,africa9s    et leurs       
tab\s10 ,revue d',e?nographie et de     
,sociologie1 i4 7#aiaj71    p4 #adg4    
,footnote #fgf3      ,columella1 ,de re 
ru/ica1 xii4 #d4 #b sq4    ,footnote    
#fgg3      ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1   
ii4 #bg4 #fh4    ,footnote #fgh3        
,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 xi4 #baa4      

,footnote #fgi3      ,horace1 ,epodes1  
ii4 #fe sq42 ,m>tial1 iii4 #eh4 #c sq42 
,l4 ,prell]1    ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1 #crd
 ,ed41 ii4 #aje sqq41 #aee sqq4 ,see    
also ,a4    ,de-,m>*i1 ,il ,culto       
privato di ,roma antica1 i4 7,milan1    
#ahif7 p4 #fg1    ) plate iii4          
,footnote #fhj3      ,macrobius1        
,saturn4 iii4 #d4 #aa2 ,g4 ,wiss[a1     
,religion und ,kultus d]    ,rm]1 pp4   
#ade sq4    ,footnote #fha3      ,fe/us1
 s4v4 8p5us10 pp4 #bej1 #bea1 ed4 ,c4   
,o4 ,mll]2 ,tacitus1    ,annals1 xv4    
#da2 ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e              
,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #bnd    ,ed41 #beb
 sq4    ,footnote #fhb3      ,dionysius 
,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4 ii4    
#ff2 ,livy1 xxvi4 #bg4    #ad2 ,j4      
,m>qu>dt1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bnd ,ed41 #bej 
sq4                                     
,,*apt] ,,xv                            
,,! ,,fire-,,drill      ,sid5ote3 ,mode 
( rek9dl+ ! ,ve/al fire at ,rome by     
means ( !  fire-drill4 ,9 hi/orical     
times1 :5ev] ! ,ve/al fire at ,rome     

happ5$ to be ext+ui%$1 ! virg9s 7 beat5 
by ! pontiff2  aft] :i* x 0 _! cu/om1   
app>5tly ) ! aid ( ! pontiff1  to       
rek9dle ! fire by drill+ a hole 9 a bo>d
 ( lucky wood till a  flame 0 elicit$ by
 friction4 ,! new fire ?us obta9$ 0     
c>ri$  into ! temple ( ,ve/a by "o ( !  
virg9s 9 a bronze sieve4#fhc  ,z ?is    
mode ( produc+ fire is "o ( ! mo/       
primitive kn[n to  man1 & has be5       
commonly employ$ by _m savage ,sid5ote3 
,use ( !  fire-drill by savages4 tribes 
d[n to mod]n times1#fhd we ne$ h  no    
difficulty 9 believ+ t its use 9 !      
wor%ip ( ,ve/a 0 a  survival f          
prehi/oric ages1 & t :5ev] ! fire on !  
he>?  ( ! ,lat9 k+s w5t out x 0 regul>ly
 relit 9 ! same fa%ion4  ,9 its simple/ 
=m ! fire-drill1 z ! app>atus has be5   
appropriately nam$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4 
,tylor1 consi/s ( two /icks1  ! "o      
furni%$ ) a po9t & ! o!r ) a hole4 ,!   
po9t (  ! "o /ick is ins]t$ into ! hole 
( ! o!r1 :i* is laid flat  on ! gr\nd1  
:ile ! op]ator holds ! po9t$ /ick       

upright 9  position & twirls x rapidly  
betwe5 8 h&s till ! rubb+ ( !  two /icks
 aga9/ ea* o!r produces sp>ks & at la/ a
 flame4    ,sid5ote3 ,_m savages reg>d !
 two /icks ( ! fire-drill z male  &     
female1 & ! rubb+ ( ! two toge!r z a    
sexual union4 ,_m  savages see 9 ?is    
op]ation a resemblance to ! union ( !   
sexes1  & h accord+ly nam$ ! po9t$ /ick 
! man & ! hol$ /ick  ! woman4 ,?us we   
are told t among ! ,?ompson ,indians (  
,briti%  ,columbia 8fire 0 obta9$ by    
means ( ! fire-drill1 :i* consi/$  ( two
 dri$ /icks1 ea* ov] a foot 9 l5g?1 &   
r\nd$ (f to less  ?an an in* 9 diamet]4 
,"o /ick 0 %>p5$ at "o end2 :ile !  o!r 
0 m>k$ ) a c\ple ( not*es close to ea*  
o!r--"o on !  side1 & ! o!r on top4 ,!  
%>p5$ end ( ! fir/ /ick 0  plac$ 9 ! top
 not* ( ! o!r /ick1 & turn$ rapidly     
betwe5  ! /raight5$ palms ( bo? h&s4 ,! 
heat ?us produc$ by !  friction ( !     
/icks caus$ sp>ks to fall d[n ! side    
not* ^u  t9d] plac$ und]nea?1 :i*1 :5 x 
comm5c$ to smoke1 0 tak5  9 ! h&s1 &    

bl[n ^u until fann$ into a flame4 ,!    
t9d] 0  dry grass1 ! %r$d$ dry b>k ( !  
sagebru%1 or c$>-b>k4 ,!  %>p5$ /ick 0  
call$ ! #8man1' & 0 made ( black-p9e    
root1  tops ( "y yell[ p9e1 he>t (      
yell[-p9e cones1 s]vice-b]ry  wood1 etc4
 ,! not*$ /ick 0 call$ ! #8woman1' & 0  
g5]ally  made ( popl>-root4 ,h[ev]1 _m  
k9ds ( wood 7 us$ = ?is  purpose4 ,:5   
hot a%es or a sp>k fell ^u ! t9d]1 !y   
said1 #8,!  woman has giv5 bir?4'0#fhe  
,! ,hopi ,indians k9dle fire c]emonially
  by ! friction ( two /icks1 :i* are    
reg>d$ respectively z male  & female4 ,!
 female /ick has a not* 9 x & is laid   
flat on !  floor2 ! po9t ( ! male /ick  
is ins]t$ 9 ! not* ( !  female /ick & is
 made to revolve rapidly by twirl+ !    
/ick  betwe5 ! h&s4 ,poll5 is add$ z a  
male symbol1 & ! sp>k is  caught 9 a    
t9d] ( %r$d$ c$> b>k4#fhf ,! ,urabunna  
tribe (  ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :o also make
 fire by means ( ! fire-drill1 call  !  
upright piece 8! *ild-/ick10 :ile !y    
give to ! horizontal  or not*$ piece !  

"n ( 8! "m-/ick0 or 8! "m ( !           
fire40#fhg ,s 9 ! ,murray ,isl&s1       
,torres ,/raits1 ! upright /ick  is     
call$ ! *ild 7w]em71 & ! horizontal /ick
 ! "m  7apu74 ,9 ,mabuiag1 ,torres      
,/raits1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v]tical  /ick is
 kn[n z ! male organ 7ini71 & !         
horizontal /ick z  ! hole 7sakai74#fhh  
,sid5ote3 ,! fire-drill among ! ,arabs4 
8,! anci5t ,b$\9s  k9dl$ fire by means (
 ! fire-drill1 :i* 0 compos$ ( a        
horizontal /ick1 ! z5da1 & an upright   
/ick1 ! z5d4 ,!  sci5ce ( language      
furni%es u ) _m p>allels = ?is mode (   
reg>d+ ! two p>ts z male & female2 ! two
 p>ts ( ! lock  are di/+ui%$ 9 l mann]2 
! sp>k is !n ! *ild1 tifl2  comp>e also 
our ,g]man ,s*raub5mutt]1 ,mutt]gew9de4 
,! /icks  = mak+ fire by friction are n 
tak5 f ! same tree2 on !  contr>y1 !y   
*oose "o z h>d & t\gh z possible1 & !   
o!r  s(t1 :i* all[s ! h>d "o to fit into
 x m easily & cat*es  fire ! quick] on  
acc\nt ( its loose texture4 ,! s(t wood 
0  naturally ! horizontal /ick1 ! z5da1 

:i* ! ,arabs made out (  ,calotropis    
proc]a 7'o%>71 :ile = ! upright /ick !y 
us$ a  h>d bran* ( m>kh40#fhi           
,sid5ote3 ,! fire-drill 9 ,africa4 ,!   
,ngumbu ( ,s\? ,cam]oons1 9  ,we/       
,africa1 =m]ly made fire by rubb+ two   
/icks aga9/ ea*  o!r4 ,( ! /icks ! "o1  
call$ ! male ns*io1 0 put into a  hole (
 ! o!r1 :i* 0 call$ ! female ns*io4#fij 
,9 ,ea/  ,africa ! ,masai m5 make fire  
by drill+ a hole 9 a flat piece (  wood 
) a h>d po9t$ /ick4 ,!y say t ! h>d     
po9t$ /ick is  a man & t ! flat piece ( 
wood is 8 wife4 ,! =m] is cut  f ,ficus 
sycomorus & ,ekeb]gia sp41 ! latt] f any
 fibr\s  tree1 su* z ,kigelia africana1 
,cordia ovalis1 or ,acacia albida4  ,!  
wom5 get _! fire f ! "o :i* has ?us be5 
k9dl$ by !  m54#fia ,! ,n&i simil>ly    
produce fire by rapidly drill+ a h>d    
po9t$ /ick into a small hole 9 a flat   
piece ( s(t wood4 ,! h>d  /ick is call$ 
! male 7kirkit7 & ! piece ( s(t wood !  
female 7kket74 ,among ! ,n&i1 z app>5tly
 among ! ,masai1  fire-mak+ is an       

exclusive privilege ( ! m5 ( !          
tribe4#fib ,!  ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa 
also made fire by means ( ! fire-drill2 
!y call$ ! upright /ick ! male1 & !     
horizontal /ick !  female4#fic ,among ! 
,bantu tribes ( s\?-ea/]n ,africa1 8:5 !
  native ,africans use special fire1    
ei!r 9 connection ) sacrifice or  !     
fe/ival ( fir/-fruits1 x is produc$ by a
 doctor1 & 9 !  foll[+ mann]3--,two     
/icks1 made ( ! ,uzwati tree1 & call$ ! 
#8husb& & wife1' are giv5 to him by !   
*ief4 ,^! /icks are  prep>$ by !        
magicians1 & are ! exclusive prop]ty ( !
 *ief1  ! #8wife' be+ ! %ort] ( ! two4  
,! doctor cuts a piece (f  ea* /ick1 &  
proce$s to k9dle fire 9 ! usual mann]1  
by  revolv+ ! "o rapidly betwe5 ! palms 
( 8 h&s1 :ile its end  re/s 9 a small   
holl[ dug 9 ! side ( ! o!r4 ,aft] he has
  obta9$ fire1 he gives x to 8 att5dant1
 :o gets ! pots 9 ord]1  & ev]y?+ ready 
= cook+ ! newly-reap$ fruits4 ,! /icks  
are  h&$ back to ! *ief by ! doctor--no 
o!r h& mu/ t\* !m--&  put away till !y  

are requir$ next season4 ,!y are reg>d$ 
z 9 a  measure sacr$1 & no "o1 except ! 
*ief's p]sonal s]vant1 may g  to ! side 
( ! hut :]e !y are kept4 ,aft] be+      
repeat$ly us$  = fire-mak+1 ! doctor    
disposes ( :at rema9s1 & new ones are   
made & consecrat$ by ! magician4 ,a     
special pot is us$ = !  prep>ation ( !  
fea/1 & no o!r ?an x may be set on a    
fire  produc$ f ! #8husb& & wife4' ,:5 !
 fea/ is ov]1 ! fire  is c>efully       
ext+ui%$1 & ! pot plac$ along ) ! /icks1
  :]e x rema9s unt\*$ = ano!r ye>40#fid 
,b ev5 = !  purposes ( daily life ^!    
tribes /ill k9dle fire 9 ?is mann]1 if  
!y happ5 to be )\t mat*es4 8,a native   
takes two special /icks1  made ( a light
 wood4 ,"o ( ^! he po9ts3 ?is is call$ !
 male  /ick4 ,he !n makes a conical hole
 9 ! c5tre ( ! o!r /ick1  :i* is call$ !
 female4 ,plac+ ! female /ick on !      
gr\nd1 he  holds x firmly by 8 feet--a  
native f9ds no difficulty 9 ?is1 z he  c
 easily pick ?+s (f ! gr\nd ) 8 toes if 
8 h&s are  full4 ,he !n places ! po9t$  

/ick into ! conical hole1 & sl[ly       
twirls ! male /ick betwe5 8 h&s4 ,he    
does ?is :ile us+ a good  deal (        
pressure1 & ! wood becomes p[d]$1 ly+   
r\nd !  revolv+ po9t 9 a little heap (  
du/4 ,:5 he ?9ks he has made  suffici5t 
( ! wood du/1 he twirls ! /ick v fa/1 & 
9 a  mom5t ! p[d] bur/s into flame1 :i* 
he uses to set fire to "s  dri$         
grass40#fie    ,sid5ote3 ,fire-cu/oms ( 
! ,h]]o4 ,! ,dam>as or ,h]]o (          
,dam>al&1 9 s\?-we/]n ,africa1 ma9ta9   
sacr$ fires 9 _!  villages1 & _! cu/oms 
& beliefs 9 ?is respect pres5t a close  
resemblance to ! ,roman wor%ip ( ,ve/a4 
,=tunately ! ,h]]o  fire-wor%ip has be5 
describ$ by a numb] ( indep5d5t         
witnesses1  & z _! acc\nts agree        
sub/antially ) ea* o!r1 we may assume  t
 !y are correct4 ,! p are a tall1       
f9ely-built race (  nomadic h]dsm5      
belong+ to ! ,bantu /ock1 :o seem to h  
migrat$  into _! pres5t c\ntry f ! nor? 
& ea/ ab\t a hundr$ &  fifty or two     
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! des]t "* ( ! c\ntry 

&  its seclusion f ! out] _w long comb9$
 to pres]ve !  primitive mann]s ( !     
inhabitants4#fif ,9 _! native /ate !    
,h]]o are a purely pa/oral p1 possess+  
,sid5ote3 ,! ,h]]o a  pa/oral p4 imm5se 
h]ds ( cattle & flocks ( %eep & goats1  
:i* are ! pride & joy ( _! he>ts1 almo/ 
_! idols4 ,!y  subsi/ *iefly on ! milk (
 _! h]ds1 :i* !y commonly dr9k  s\r4 ,( 
! fle% !y make b little use1 = !y seldom
 kill any (  _! cattle1 & nev] a c[1 a  
calf1 or a lamb4 ,ev5 ox5 & wea!rs  are 
only slaught]$ on solemn & fe/al        
occasions1 su* z visits1  burials1 & !  
l4 ,su* slaught] is a great ev5t 9 a    
village1 &  "y & old flock f f> & ne> to
 p>take ( ! meat4#fig ,_!  huts are ( a 
r\nd ,sid5ote3 ,huts & villages ( !     
,h]]o4 beehive  %ape1 ab\t t5 feet 9    
diamet]4 ,! framework consi/s ( /\t     
bran*es1 ( :i* ! l[] ends are ramm$ into
 ! gr\nd1 :ile !  upp] ends are b5t     
toge!r & ti$ ) b>k4 ,a village is       
compos$  ( a numb] ( ^! r\nd huts       
arrang$ 9 a circle ab\t ! calves'  p5 z 

a c5tre & surr\nd$ by an artificial h$ge
 (  ?orn-bu%es4#fih ,at night ! cattle  
are driv5 9 ?r\gh ! h$ge  & take up _!  
qu>t]s 9 ! op5 space r\nd ! calves'     
p54#fii    ,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ fire ( !    
,h]]o village ma9ta9$ 9 or be=e !  hut (
 ! *ief's pr9cipal wife4 ,! hut ( !     
great or pr9cipal  wife ( ! *ief1 built 
& furni%$ 9 a m elaborate /yle ?an  !   
re/1 regul>ly /&s to ! ea/ ( ! calves'  
p51 9 !  direction ( sunrise1 s t f its 
position we c always le>n  approximately
 ! season ( ! ye> :5 ! village 0 f\nd$4 
,!  *ief or headman ( ! village has no  
special hut ( 8 own2 he passes  ! day 9 
! hut ( ! great wife1 & ! night commonly
 9 "o (  ! huts ( 8 o!r wives 9 ! nor!rn
 semicircle4 ,betwe5 !  h\se ( ! great  
wife & ! calves' p51 b some:at ne>] to !
  p51 is a l>ge heap ( a%es on :i*1 9   
good wea!r1 a small1  fa9tly glimm]+    
fire may be se5 to burn at any "t ( !   
day4 ,!  heap ( a%es is ! sacr$ he>?    
7okuruo72 ! fire is ! holy fire         
7omurang]e or omurang]]o7 ( ! village4  

,! op5 space betwe5  ! sacr$ he>? & !   
h\se ( ! great wife is kn[n z ! holy    
gr\nd or ! holy h\se 7otyiz]o74#gjj     
,betwixt ! he>? & !  calves' fold /&s a 
great )]$ bran* ( ! omumborombonga      
7,combretum primig5um71 ! sacr$ tree ( !
 ,h]]o1 f :i* !y  believe t bo? !y & _! 
cattle are desc5d$4 ,:5 a bran* (  ?is  
tree _c be obta9$ its place is tak5 by a
 b\gh ( !  omwapu tree 7,grevia         
spec47#gja ,at night & 9 ra9y wea!r !   
fire is transf]r$ to ! hut ( ! great    
wife1 :]e x is c>efully  kept           
alight4#gjb ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! 
fire is regul>ly  pres]v$ 9 ! h\se1 & a 
br& is only br\ght out into ! op5  air  
:5 ! cattle are be+ milk$ at morn+ &    
ev5+ 9 ord]  t 9 pres5ce ( ! fire ! c[  
may be heal?y & give mu*  milk4#gjc ,!  
cu/om 9 ?is respect p]haps v>ies 9      
diff]5t  villages1 & may be det]m9$ 9 "s
 measure by ! climate4 ,!  sacr$ fire is
 reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( ! village2 f x at   
ev5+  ! p fet* a light to k9dle ! fire  
on _! own he>?s1 =  e h\sehold] has 8   

own private he>? 9 front ( 8 hut4 ,at ! 
holy he>? are kept ! mo/ sacr$          
possessions ( ! tribe1 to wit1  ! bundle
 ( /icks :i* repres5t _! ance/ors2 "h   
sacrifices  are (f]$ & en*antm5ts p]=m$2
 "h ! fle% ( ! victims is  cook$2 "h is 
! prop] place ( ! *ief2 "h ! eld]s      
assemble  9 c\ncil1 & judgm5t is giv52  
"h /rang]s are receiv$ &  ambassadors   
ent]ta9$4 ,at ! banquets held on solemn 
occasions all  may p>take ( ! fle%1 :e!r
 !y be fri5ds or foes2 !  /rang]'s curse
 w\ld re/ on ! *url :o %\ld refuse him 8
 j  %>e2 & ?is curse ! ,h]]o dreads     
above ev]y?+ because he  believes its   
effect to be infallible4 ,s great is !  
v5]ation felt by  ! natives = ! sacr$   
he>?1 ) its hall[$ b\gh1 t !y  d>e n    
approa* x )\t te/ify+ ! deepe/ respect4 
,!y take  (f _! s&als1 ?r[ !mselves on !
 gr\nd1 & pray _! great  ance/or 7,tate 
,mukuru7 to be graci\s to !m4 ,! horns (
 ! ox5  slaught]$ at fe/ivals lie beside
 ! he>?2 ! *ief sits on !  l>ge/ pair :5
 he is engag$ 9 p]=m+ 8 magical rites4  

,ne>  ! fire1 too1 is a /one on :i* none
 b ! *ief has ! "r to  sit4#gjd         
,sid5ote3 ,! sacr$ fire among ! ,h]]o is
 wat*$ & f$ by  ! *ief's elde/ unm>ri$  
daught]1 :o p]=ms o!r prie/ly  duties4  
,! duty ( ma9ta9+ ! sacr$ fire & pres]v+
 x  f ext9ction is entru/$ to ! elde/   
unm>ri$ daught] (  ! *ief by 8 great    
wife2 if he has no daught]1 ! task      
devolves on ! unm>ri$ girl :o is next ( 
k9 to him4 ,%e  be>s ! title ( ondang]e1
 d]iv$ f ! "n ( !  sacr$ fire           
7omurang]e74#gje ,besides keep+ up !    
fire %e  has o!r prie/ly functions to   
dis*>ge4 ,be=e ! m5 />t on  a dang]\s   
exp$ition1 %e rubs ! holy a%es on _!    
=eheads4#gjf ,:5 a woman br+s h]        
new-born infant to !  sacr$ he>? to     
receive its "n1 ! maid5 prie/ess or     
,ve/al1  z we may call h]1 spr9kles wat]
 on bo? "m & *ild4#gjg  ,e morn+1 :5 !  
cattle walk out ( ! fold1 %e  bespr9kles
 ! fatte/ ( !m ) a bru% dipp$ 9         
wat]4#gjh  ,:5 an ox dies by accid5t at 
! village1 %e lays a piece (  wood on   

its back1 pray+ at ! same "t = long     
life1 pl5ty  ( cattle1 & s =?4 ,moreov]1
 %e ties a d\ble knot 9 h]  apron = !   
dead bea/1 = a curse w\ld foll[ if %e   
neglect$ to d s4#gji ,la/ly1 :5 ! site (
 ! village is  *ang$1 ! prie/ess walks  
at ! head ( ! p & ( !  h]ds1 c>ry+ a    
firebr& f ! old sacr$ he>? & tak+  !    
utmo/ c>e to keep x alight4#gaj    ,!   
*ief or headman ( ! village is also !   
prie/2 ,sid5ote3 ,!  ,h]]o *ief acts z a
 prie/4 he alone may p]=m religi\s      
c]emonies except su* z fall )9 ! prov9ce
 ( ! ,ve/al  prie/ess1 8 daught]4 ,9 8  
capacity ( prie/ he keeps ! sacr$       
bundle ( /icks :i* repres5t ! ance/ors1 
& at sacrifices he  (f]s meat to !m t !y
 may consecrate x4 ,:5 ! old village is 
ab&on$1 x is 8 duty to c>ry1 l ,a5eas   
quitt+ ! ru9s (  ,troy1#gaa ^! rude     
p5ates to ! new home4 ,h[ev]1 x is deem$
  en\gh if he m]ely places ! holy bundle
 on 8 back1 & !n h&s  x to a s]vant1 :o 
c>ries x = him4 ,z a prie/ he introduces
 !  newborn *ildr5 to ! spirits ( !     

ance/ors at ! sacr$ he>?1  & gives !    
infants _! names2 & z a prie/ he has a  
c[ to  himself1 ^: milk no "o else may  
dr9k4 ,?is milk is kept 9 vessels  :i*  
diff] f ! ord9>y milk vessels1 n only 9 
%ape & size1  b also 9 be+ m>k$ ) !     
badge ( 8 pat]nal clan4 ,:5 a man  goes 
=? f ! village ) 8 family & s]vants to  
h]d !  cattle on a di/ant pa/ure1 or to 
f\nd ano!r village1 he takes )  him a   
burn+ br& f ! sacr$ he>? :]e) to k9dle !
 holy  fire 9 8 new home4 ,by ,sid5ote3 
,fire tak5 f ! *ief's he>?  by ! f\nd] (
 a new village4 do+ s he ackn[l$ges     
himself !  vassal ( ! *ief f ^: he>? he 
took ! fire4 ,9 ?is way a  s+le village 
may give out sw>m aft] sw>m1 till x has 
become !  metropolis or capital ( a :ole
 gr\p ( villages1 ! inhabitants (  :i*  
recognise ! supremacy ( ! p>5t          
community1 & reg>d  !mselves z all sitt+
 r\nd its sacr$ fire4 ,x is ?us t a     
village may gr[ into a tribe & its      
headman into a p[]ful *ief1  :o1 by     
means ( m>riage alliances & ! adhesion (

 weak] rivals1  may ext5d 8 sway ov]    
ali5 communities1 & s gradually acquire 
!  rank & au?ority ( a k+4#gab ,!       
political evolution ( ! ,h]]o  has inde$
 /opp$ %ort ( ?is f9al /age2 b among ! m
  advanc$ bran*es ( ! ,bantu race1 su* z
 ! ,zulus & !  ,matabeles1 x is possible
 t ! k+%ip has develop$ along ^!  l9es4 
,sid5ote3 ,! comb9$ (fice ( *ief & prie/
 among ! ,h]]o  desc5ds 9 ! male l9e4 ,!
 possession ( ! sacr$ fire & ( !        
ance/ral /icks1 c>ry+ ) x bo? political 
au?ority & prie/ly  dignity1 desc5ds 9 !
 male l9e1 & h5ce g5]ally passes f  fa!r
 to son4 ,9 any case1 :e!r ! deceas$ _h 
a son or n1 !  d\ble (fice ( *ief &     
prie/ mu/ always rema9 9 8 pat]nal  clan
 7oruzo74 ,if x %\ld happ5 t ! clan     
becomes ext9ct by 8  dea?1 ! ,sid5ote3  
,a *ief's sacr$ he>? ab&on$ = "s "t     
aft] 8 dea?4 sacr$ fire is put out1 !   
he>? de/roy$1 no br&  is tak5 f x1 & !  
/icks repres5t+ ! ance/ors are laid  ) !
 dead man 9 ! grave4 ,b %\ld !re be an  
heir1 z usually  happ5s1 he takes a     

fire-br& f ! sacr$ he>? & dep>ts )  all 
! p to seek a new home1 ab&on+ ! old    
village = ye>s4  ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 !y return
 to ! spot1 rebuild ! huts on ! same    
sites1 & inhabit !m aga94 ,b 9 ! int]val
 none ( ! k9sm5  ( ! deceas$ may approa*
 ! des]t$ village "u pa9 (  incurr+ !   
wra? ( ! gho/4 ,:5 ! return at la/ takes
 place1  & ! p h ann\nc$ _! arrival to !
 dead *ief at 8  grave1 :i* is g5]ally 9
 ! cattle-p51 !y make a new fire by !   
friction ( ! two sacr$ fire-/icks on !  
old he>?2 = x is n  lawful to br+ ) !m a
 br& f _! la/ settlem5t4#gac            
,sid5ote3 ,! sacr$ ,h]]o fire rek9dl$ by
 ! fire-drill4 ,if !  sacr$ fire %\ld g 
out ?r\gh ! neglect ( ! prie/ess1 a     
sudd5  %[] ( ra91 or any o!r accid5t1 ! 
,h]]o deem x a v evil  om54 ,! :ole     
tribe is imm$iately summon$ & l>ge (f]+s
 (  cattle are made z an expiation4 ,!n 
! fire is relit by means ( !  friction (
 two sacr$ fire-/icks1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n
 f  fa!r to son4 ,e *ief possesses su*  
fire-/icks1 & keeps !m  ti$ up ) !      

bundle ( holy /icks t repres5t !        
ance/ors4 ,"o  ( ! fire-/icks is po9t$1 
! o!r has a hole 9 ! middle1 &          
sometimes also a not* cut r\nd x4 ,9 !  
not* "s fungus or rott5  wood is plac$ z
 t9d]4 ,! hol$ /ick is held fa/ on !    
gr\nd by  ! knees ( ! op]ator1 :o ins]ts
 ! po9t ( ! o!r /ick 9  ! hole & twirls 
x rapidly betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s 9 !    
usual way4 ,z soon z a sp>k is emitt$ x 
cat*es ! t9d]1 :i*  c !n easily be bl[n 
up into a flame4 ,?us x is f ! t9d]1 we 
are told1 & n f ! /icks1 t ! flame is   
elicit$4 ,9 ?is  fa%ion1 if ev]y?+ is v 
dry1 z x g5]ally is 9 ,h]]ol&1  ! native
 gets fire 9 ab\t a m9ute4 ,! names     
appli$ to ! two  /icks indicate t !     
po9t$ /ick 7ondume7 is reg>d$ z male  & 
! hol$ /ick 7otyiya7 z female1 & t !    
process ( mak+  fire by ! friction ( !  
two is comp>$ to ! int]c\rse ( !  sexes4
 ,z to ! wood ( :i* ! fire-/icks are    
made acc\nts diff]4  ,accord+ to ,dr4   
,h4 ,s*9z ! hol$ or female /ick is ( a  
s(t wood1  ! po9t$ or male /ick ( a h>d 

wood1 g5]ally ( ! ,sid5ote3  ,! male    
fire-/ick made ( ! sacr$ omumborombonga 
tree4 sacr$  omumborombonga tree        
7,combretum primig5um74 ,accord+ to ,mr4
 ,c4 ,g4  ,bttn]1 nei!r ( ! /icks ne$ be
 ( a special tree1 & any wood  t happ5s 
to be at h& may be employ$ = ! purpose2 
only !  wood ( ! ?orny acacias1 :i*     
ab\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 appe>s to be          
unsuitable4#gad ,probably ! rule m5tion$
 by ,dr4 ,s*9z is !  orig9al "o1 & if 9 
"s places ! wood ( ! sacr$ tree has     
ceas$ to be us$ to light ! holy fire1 ! 
reason may be simply t  ! tree does n   
gr[ !re1 & t accord+ly ! p are  oblig$  
to use su* wood z !y c f9d4 ,we h se5 t 
a bran* (  ! sacr$ omumborombonga tree  
is regul>ly plant$ beside ! village     
he>?1 b t 9 default ( x ! p h to put up 
) a b\gh  ( ano!r k9d ( tree1 ! omuwapu 
7,grevia spec74#gae ,su*  sub/itutions 7
 especially apt to be =c$ on ! ,h]]o 9 !
  s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry1 :]e !            
omumborombonga tree is v  r>e & =e/s d n
 exi/1 ! l>g] trees gr[+ s+ly or 9      

clumps4 ,9 ! nor?1 on ! o!r h&1         
vegetation is mu* ri*]1 &  regul> woods 
are to be f\nd4 ,"h1 9 p>ticul>1 !      
omumborombonga  tree is "o ( ! ornam5ts 
( ! l&scape4 ,x gr[s only beside        
wat]-c\rses1 & g5]ally /&s solit>y1     
surpass+ a tall oak 9  height1 & rivall+
 x 9 gir?2 inde$1 s ?ick is ! trunk t  7
 x holl[$ out a family c\ld lodge 9 x4  
,unlike mo/ trees 9  ! c\ntry x is      
?ornless4 ,:ole =e/s ( x gr[ to ! ea/w>d
 (  ,h]]ol&1 9 ! direction ( ,lake      
,ngami4 ,s close is ! gra9 & s  heavy ! 
wood t "s ( ! e>ly explor]s gave x ! "n 
( !  8iron tree40#gaf ,h5ce x is well   
adapt$ to =m ! upright /ick (  !        
fire-drill1 = :i* a h>d wood is requir$4
    ,sid5ote3 ,h]]o tradition ( ! orig9 
( m5 & cattle f !  sacr$ omumborombonga 
tree4 ,! ,h]]o h a tradition t 9 !      
beg9n+ !y & _! cattle & all f\r-foot$   
bea/s came =?  f ! omumborombonga tree 9
 a s+le day1 :]eas birds1 fi%1 &  creep+
 ?+s sprang f ! ra94 ,h[ev]1 slightly   
diff]5t  v]sions ( ! ,h]]o g5esis appe> 

to be curr5t4 ,z to ! orig9 (  m5 &     
cattle f ! tree1 public op9ion is       
unanim\s2 b "s  diss5t]s hold t %eep &  
p]haps goats1 b c]ta9ly %eep1  issu$ f a
 flat rock 9 ! nor? ( ! c\ntry4 ,= "s "t
 pa/1  un=tunately1 ! tree has ceas$ to 
be prolific2 x is ( no use  wait+ beside
 x 9 ! hope ( captur+ su* ox5 & %eep z x
  might be>4 ,yet /ill ! ,h]]o te/ify   
great respect = ! tree  :i* !y reg>d z  
_! ance/or 7omukuru74 ,to injure x is   
deem$  a sacrilege :i* ! ance/or w puni%
 soon] or lat]4 ,9 pass+  x !y b[       
rev]5tly & /ick a bun* ( gre5 twigs or  
grass into  ! trunk or ?r[ x d[n at !   
foot4 ,!y address ! tree1 say+1  8,u-z]a
 tate mukururume1 ,?\ art holy1         
gr&fa!r60 & !y ev5  ent] into           
conv]sation ) x1 giv+ ! answ]s !mselves 
9 a  *ang$ voice4 ,!y h>dly d>e to sit  
d[n 9 its %ad[4 ,all ?is  rev]5ce !y    
display = e tree ( ! species4#gag       
,sid5ote3 ,migration f "o c\ntry to     
ano!r sometimes involves a  *ange (     
sacr$ tree4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may inf] 

t s long z  ! ,h]]o dwelt 9 a l& :]e _! 
ance/ral tree ab\nd$1 !y  made ! male   
fire-/ick f its wood2 b t z !y gradually
  migrat$ f a region ( tropical ra9s &  
luxuriant =e/s to !  arid m\nta9s1 op5  
grass l&s1 & dry torrid climate ( _!    
pres5t c\ntry1#gah !y _h 9 "s places to 
=go its use & to  take ano!r tree 9 its 
/ead4 ,simil>ly ! ,aryan invad]s (      
,greece  & ,italy 7 oblig$1 "u a s\!rn  
sky1 to seek sub/itutes =  ! sacr$ oak (
 _! old nor!rn home2 & m & m1 z "t  w5t 
on & ! decidu\s woods retreat$ up !     
m\nta9 slopes1 !y  f\nd :at !y s\ght 9 !
 laurel1 ! olive1 & ! v9e4 ,zeus        
himself _h to put up ) ! :ite popl> at 8
 great sanctu>y (  ,olympia 9 ! hot     
l[l&s ( ,elis2#gai & on summ] days1 :5 !
  light leaves ( ! popl> h>dly /irr$ 9 !
 languid air & !  buzz ( ! flies 0 m ?an
 usually exasp]at+1 he p]haps look$     
wi/fully away to ! ,arcadian m\nta9s1   
loom+ blue 9 ! di/ance  ?r\gh a haze (  
heat1 & sigh$ = ! %ad[ & ! coolness (   
_! oak woods4    ,sid5ote3 ,! wor%ip ( !

 *ief's fire a =m ( ance/or-wor%ip4     
,?us x appe>s t ! sanctity ascrib$ by ! 
,h]]o to ! *ief's  fire spr+s f a cu/om 
( k9dl+ x ) ! wood ( _!  ance/ral tree2 
9 fact1 ! cult ( ! fire resolves itself 
into a  =m ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,= !       
religion ( ! ,h]]o1 l t (  all ,bantu   
peoples1 is fir/ & =emo/ a propitiation 
( ! spirits  ( _! =efa!rs conceiv$ z    
p[]ful be+s able & will+ to  h>m !m4 ,f 
y\? to dea? ! ,h]]o live 9 con/ant dread
 (  _! ance/ors 7ovakuru1 plural (      
omukuru71 :o1 sometimes se5  & sometimes
 unse51 return to e>? & play _!         
desc5dants _m a  spiteful trick4 ,!y    
glide into ! village1 /eal ! milk1 drive
 !  cattle f ! fold1 & waylay wom54 ,m  
?an t1 !y c inflict  disease & dea?1    
decide ! issue ( w>1 & s5d or )hold ra9 
at  pleasure4 ,!y are ! cause ( e       
vexation & mis=tune1 & !  :ole aim ( !  
liv+ is by frequ5t sacrifices to mollify
 & appease  ! dead4#gbj    ,sid5ote3 ,! 
sacr$ he>? a special seat ( ! ance/ral  
spirits4  ,n[ ! sacr$ he>? seems to be 9

 a special s5se ! seat ( !  wor%ip paid 
to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,"h ! head ( !   
family sits  & communes ) 8 =efa!r1 giv+
 himself ! answ]s he ?9ks  fit4#gba     
,hi!r ! newborn *ild is br\ght ) its "m 
to be  introduc$ to ! spirits & to      
receive its "n1 & ! *ief1  address+ 8   
ance/ors1 ann\nces1 8,to y a *ild is    
born 9 y\r  village2 may ?is village    
nev] come to an end60#gbb ,hi!r ! bride 
is conduct$ at h] m>riage1 & a %eep hav+
 be5 sacrific$1 its  fle% is plac$ on ! 
holy bu%es at ! he>?4#gbc ,hi!r ! sick  
are c>ri$ to be comm5d$ to ! c>e ( _!   
gho/ly k9sm51 & z  ! suff]] is borne    
r\nd & r\nd ! fire 8 fri5ds *ant3--     
8,see1 ,fa!r1 we h come "h1             
,) ?is sick man to y1                   
,t he may soon recov]40#gbd    ,sid5ote3
 ,sacr$ /icks repres5t+ ! deceas$       
ance/ors ( !  ,h]]o4 ,b ! mo/ tangible  
l9k betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ! fire &  ! wor%ip
 ( ! dead is furni%$ by ! sacr$ /icks   
repres5t+  ! ance/ors1 :i* are kept 9 a 
bundle toge!r ) ! two /icks  us$ = k9dl+

 ! fire by friction4 ,ea* ( ^! rude     
idols or  ,l>es1 z we may call !m1      
8symbolises a def9ite ance/or ( !       
pat]nal clan1 &1 tak5 toge!r1 !y may be 
reg>d$ z ! mo/  sacr$ possession ( a    
family4 ,!y /& 9 ! close/ relation to ! 
holy he>?1 or r to ! prie/ly dignity1 & 
mu/ !re=e  always rema9 9 ! same pat]nal
 clan40#gbe ,^! /icks 8are cut  f trees 
or bu%es :i* are d$icat$ to ! ance/ors1 
& !y  repres5t ! ance/ors at !          
sacrificial meals1 = ! cook$ fle%  ( !  
victims is always set be=e !m fir/4 ,_m 
p always keep  ^! /icks1 ti$ up 9 a     
bundle ) /raps & hung ) amulets1 9  !   
bran*es ( ! sacrificial bu%es :i* /& on 
! sacr$ he>?  7okuruo74 ,! sacrificial  
bu% s]ves to support ! sev]$ pieces (  !
 victim1 & ?us 9 a measure repres5ts an 
alt> or table (  sacrifice40#gbf ,:5    
aft] an abs5ce ( ye>s ! p return to a   
village :]e a *ief di$ & 0 buri$1 a new 
fire is k9dl$ by  friction on ! old     
he>?1 ! fle% ( ! fir/ animal slaught]$  
"h is cook$ 9 a p>ticul> vessel1 & !    

*ief h&s a portion (  x to e p]son      
pres5t4 8,an image1 consi/+ ( two pieces
 ( wood1  suppos$ to repres5t ! h\sehold
 deity1 or r ! deifi$ p>5t1  is !n      
produc$1 & moi/5$ 9 ! platt] ( ea*      
individual4 ,!  *ief !n takes ! image1  
&1 aft] affix+ a piece ( meat to !  upp]
 end ( x1 he plants x 9 ! gr\nd1 on !   
id5tical spot :]e  8 p>5t 0 accu/om$ to 
sacrifice4 ,! fir/ pail ( milk produc$  
f ! cattle is also tak5 to ! grave2 a   
small quantity is p\r$  on ! gr\nd1 & a 
bless+ ask$ on ! rema9d]40 ,ea* clan1 ! 
writ] adds1 has a p>ticul> tree or %rub 
consecrat$ to x1 & (  ?is tree or %rub !
 two /icks repres5t+ ! deceas$ are      
made4#gbg    ,sid5ote3 ,! sacr$ /icks   
repres5t+ ! ance/ors are probably !     
fire-/icks :i* 7 us$ to k9dle fre% fire 
9 ! village aft] a  dea?4 ,9 ^! acc\nts 
! sacr$ /icks :i* /& = !  ance/ors1 & to
 :i* ! meat ( sacrifices is fir/ (f]$1  
are  di/+ui%$1 expressly or implicitly1 
f ! sacr$ /icks :i* are  us$ to make !  
holy fire4#gbh ,o!r writ]s1 h[ev]1      

id5tify !  two sets ( /icks4 ,?us we are
 told t ! ,h]]o 8make images (  _!      
ance/ors z foll[s4 ,!y take ! two /icks 
) :i* !y  make fire & tie !m toge!r ) a 
fre% wisp ( corn4 ,!n !y  wor%ip ?is    
object z _! ance/or4 ,!y may approa* x  
only on  _! knees4 ,= h\rs toge!r !y sit
 be=e x & talk ) x4 ,if  y ask !m :]e !y
 imag9e _! ance/ors to be1 s9ce !y _c   
surely be ^! /icks1 !y answ] t !y d n   
"k4 ,! /icks  are kept 9 ! h\se ( !     
great wife40#gbi ,aga91 ano!r writ]     
def9es ! ondume or male fire-/ick z a   
8/ick repres5t+ an  omukuru1 i4e4       
ance/or1 deity1 ) :i* & ! otyiza ! holy 
fire is made40#gcj ,aga91 ! ,rev4 ,g4   
,viehe1 9 describ+ !  c]emonies obs]v$  
at ! return to a des]t$ village :]e an  
ance/or 7omukuru7 is buri$1 tells u t !y
 br+ no fire )  !m1 8b holy fire mu/ n[ 
be obta9$ f ! omukuru4 ,?is is  done ) !
 ondume & ! otyiza4 ,! mean+ ( ^! two   
words  pla9ly %[s t ! fir/ repres5ts !  
omukuru1 & ! o!r 8  wife40#gca ,! same  
excell5t au?ority def9es ! ozondume z   

8/icks :i* repres5t ! ovakuru1 i4e4     
ance/ors1 deities02#gcb  & ozondume is  
simply ! plural ( ondume1 ! male        
fire-/ick4#gcc ,h5ce x appe>s highly    
probable t ! /icks  repres5t+ ! ance/ors
 are1 9 fact1 no?+ b ! male  fire-/icks1
 ea* ( :i* 0 cut to make a new fire on !
 return to  ! old village aft] a *iefs  
dea?4 ,! /ick w\ld be an appropriate    
emblem ( ! deceas$1 :o _h be5 9 8       
lifetime ! own] ( !  sacr$ fire1 & :o n[
 aft] 8 dea? be/[$ x on 8 desc5dants  by
 means ( ! friction ( 8 wood5 image4 ,& 
! symbolism w  appe> all ! m natural :5 
we rememb] t ! male fire-/ick is        
g5]ally made f ! ance/ral tree1 t !     
process ( fire-mak+  is reg>d$ by !     
,h]]o z ! begett+ ( a *ild1 & t _!  "n =
 ! /ick1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable      
etymology1 signifies  8! begett]40 ,su* 
/icks w\ld be f> too sacr$ to be ?r[n   
away  :5 !y _h s]v$ _! imm$iate purpose 
( k9dl+ a new fire1 &  ?us 9 "t a :ole  
bundle ( !m w\ld accumulate1 ea* ( !m   
recall+1 & 9 a s5se repres5t+1 "o ( !   

great =efa!rs (  ! tribe4 ,:5 ! old     
/icks _h ceas$ to be us$ z fire-light]s1
  & 7 pres]v$ m]ely z memorials ( !     
dead1 x is n surpris+  t _! orig9al     
function %\ld be ov]look$ by "s         
,european  obs]v]s1 :o h ?us be5 l$ to  
di/+ui% !m f ! /icks by  :i* ! fire is  
actually produc$ at ! pres5t day4#gcd   
,among/ !  ,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ fire-bo>ds  
among ! ,koryaks & ,*uck*ees (          
nor?-ea/]n ,asia4 ,koryaks ( nor?-ea/]n 
,asia1 :5 ! sacr$  fire-bo>ds1 r\ghly   
c>v$ 9 human =m1 are s full ( holes t   
!y c no long] be us$ = ! purpose ( k9dl+
 fire1 !y are  /ill kept z holy relics 9
 a %r9e ne> ! door ( ! h\se2 & a  /rang]
 :o obs]v$ ! respect ) :i* !y are       
treat$1 b :o  did n "k _! hi/ory1 might 
well mi/ake !m = figures (  wor%ipful   
ance/ors & nev] guess ! practical       
purpose :i* !y  once s]v$ z             
fire-light]s4 ,a ,koryak family reg>ds  
its sacr$  fire-bo>d n only z ! deity ( 
! h\sehold fire1 ! gu>dian (  ! family  
he>?1 b also z ! gu>dian ( ! re9de]1 &  

!y  call x ! 8ma/] ( ! h]d40 ,x is      
suppos$ to protect ! re9de]  f wolves & 
f sickness & to prev5t ! animals f /ray+
  away & be+ lo/4 ,:5 a re9de] is       
slaught]$1 ! sacr$  fire-bo>d is tak5   
out & sme>$ ) ! blood4 ,! m>itime       
,koryaks1 :o d n live by re9de]1 reg>d !
 sacr$ fire-bo>d z  ! ma/] ( ! und]gr\nd
 h\se & ! help] 9 ! hunt (  sea-mammals4
 ,!y call x 8fa!r0 & fe$ x f "t to "t ) 
fat1 :i* !y sme> on its m\?4#gce ,among 
! neighb\r+  ,*uck*ees 9 ! nor?-ea/]n   
extremity ( ,asia simil> ideas &  cu/oms
 obta9 9 respect ( ! fire-bo>ds4 ,^! are
 r\ghly c>v$  9 human =m & p]sonifi$1   
almo/ deifi$1 z ! sup]natural  gu>dians 
( ! re9de]4 ,! holes made by drill+ 9 ! 
bo>d are  deem$ ! eyes ( ! figure & !   
squeak+ noise produc$ by !  friction ( !
 fire-drill 9 ! hole is ?\ght to be its 
voice4 ,at  e sacrifice ! m\? ( ! figure
 is greas$ ) tall[ or )  ! m>r[ ( bones4
 ,:5 a new fire-bo>d is made1 x is      
consecrat$ by  be+ sme>$ ) ! blood ( a  
slaught]$ re9de]1 & ! own]  says1       

8,en\gh6 ,take up y\r abode "h60 ,!n !  
o!r fire-bo>ds are  br\ght to ! same    
place & set side by side on ! gr\nd4 ,! 
own]  says1 8,ho6 ^! are y\r companions4
 ,see t ,i always f9d easily  e k9d (   
game60 ,next he slaught]s ano!r re9de] &
 says1 8,hi6  ,s9ce y are "o ( my "y m51
 g & drive ! h]d hi!r60 ,!n  aft] a     
pause he asks ! fire-bo>d1 8,h y br\ght 
x80 to :i* 9  ! "n ( ! fire-bo>d he     
answ]s1 8,i h40 ,!reupon1 speak+ 9  8   
own p]son1 he says1 8,!n cat* "s re9de]6
 ,x seems t y  w keep a good wat* ov] ! 
h]d4 ,!re1 f ! actual *ief (  !         
fire-bo>ds1 y may le>n wisdom40 ,^!     
sacr$ fire-bo>ds are  (t5 h&$ d[n f     
g5]ation to g5]ation z family           
heir-looms4  ,dur+ ! calv+-season !y are
 tak5 f _! bag & plac$  beh9d ! frame 9 
! out] t5t 9 ord] t !y may protect !    
dams4#gcf    ,sid5ote3 ,! evolution ( a 
fire-god or fire-goddess4 ,^! ,koryak  &
 ,*uck*ee cu/oms illu/rate ! evolution (
 a fire-god into !  patron deity ( a    
family & 8 repres5tation 9 human =m by !

  bo>d :i* is us$ 9 fire-mak+4 ,z !     
fire-bo>d is t "p (  ! k9dl+ app>atus   
:i* is commonly reg>d$ z female 9       
contradi/9ction to ! drill1 :i* is      
reg>d$ z male1 we c easily  und]/& :y ! 
deity ( ! fire %\ld sometimes1 z at     
,rome1 be  conceiv$ z a goddess r ?an z 
a god2 :]eas if ! drill itself  7 view$ 
z ! ess5tial "p ( ! app>atus we %\ld    
expect to  f9d a fire-god & n a         
fire-goddess4    ,footnote #fhc3        
,fe/us1 s4v4 8,ignis10 p4 #ajf1 ed4 ,c4 
,o4 ,mll]3 8,ignis ,ve/ae si    qu&o    
int]/9ctus esset1 virg9es v]b]ibus      
afficiebantur a    pontifice1 quibus mos
 erat tabulam felicis mat]iae tamdiu    
t]ebr>e1    qu\sque exceptum ignem      
cribro a5eo virgo 9 a$em f]ret40 ,9 ?is 
passage x is n cle> :e!r quibus ref]s to
 ! virg9s alone    or to ! virg9s & !   
pontiff toge!r2 b ! /rict grammatical   
con/ruction is 9 fav\r ( ! latt]        
int]pretation4 ,! po9t is    n          
unimportant1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,f 
a passage ( ,plut>*    7,numa1 #i7 x has

 sometimes be5 inf]r$ t ! ,ve/al fire 0 
rek9dl$ by sunlight reflect$ f a        
burn+-glass4 ,b 9 ?is    passage ,plut>*
 is describ+ a ,greek1 n a ,roman1 mode 
( mak+    fire1 z has be5 rightly po9t$ 
out by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,h4 ,morgan 78,de  
ignis elici5di modis apud antiquos10    
,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical             
,philology1 i4 7#ahij7 pp4 #ef sqq474 ,9
 ?is memoir ,pr(essor ,morgan    has    
collect$ & discuss$ ! passages ( ,greek 
& ,lat9 writ]s    :i* ref] to ! k9dl+ ( 
fire4    ,footnote #fhd3      ,see ,e4  
,b4 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1    
#crd ,ed41 pp4 #bch sqq4    ,m evid5ce  
might easily be giv54 ,see1 = example1  
,j4 ,dawson1    ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1  
pp4 #ae sq42 ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,among      
,cannibals1    p4 #aia2 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 
,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1  
pp4    #ggj-ggc2 ,maximilian ,pr9z zu   
,wi$-,newi$1 ,reise na* ,brasili51 ii4  
#ah sq42 ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among !     
,indians ( ,guiana1 pp4 #beg-bei2    ,k4
 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n     

,z5tral-,brasili5s1 pp4    #bbc sqq42   
,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak &   
,briti% ,nor?    ,borneo1 i4 #cge sqq42 
,a4 ,maass1 ,bei lieb5swrdig5 ,wild51 e9
    ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d]           
,m5tawai-,insulan] 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4  
#aad1    #aaf2 ,mgr4 ,le ,roy1 8,les    
,pygmes10 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxix4  
7#ahig71    p4 #acg2 ,e4 ,?ur/on1       
,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india     
7,madras1    #aijf71 pp4 #dfd-dgj2 ,w4  
,a4 ,re$1 ,negritos ( ,zambales         
7,manila1 #aijd71    p4 #dj4            
,footnote #fhe3      ,j4 ,teit1 8,!     
,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia10 
pp4 #bjc1 #bje    7,memoir ( ! ,am]ican 
,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,! ,jesup   
,nor?    ,pacific ,exp$ition1 vol4 i4 "p
 #d74    ,footnote #fhf3      ,j4 ,walt]
 ,fewkes1 8,! ,less] ,new-fire ,c]emony 
at ,walpi10 ,am]ican    ,an?ropologi/1  
,n4,s4 iii4 7#aija7 p4 #dde4            
,footnote #fhg3      ,sp5c] & ,gill51   
,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 
#fba4    ,footnote #fhh3      ,= ?is    

in=mation ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 
,ray4    ,footnote #fhi3      ,g4       
,jacob1 ,alt>abis*es ,b$u95eb5 #bnd     
,ed41 7,b]l91 #ahig71 p4 #ia4    ,9 8   
,arabic-,engli% ,lexicon1 book i4 p4    
#abeg1 ,e4 ,w4 ,lane gives !    foll[+  
acc\nt ( ! subject3 8z&1 a piece ( /ick 
or wood1    = produc+ fire2 ! upp] "o ( 
! two pieces ( /ick1 or wood1    ) :i*  
fire is produc$3 444 & z&a is !         
appellation ( !    l[] "o !re(1 9 :i* is
 ! not* or holl[1 or 9 :i* is a         
hole4444 ,"o end ( ! z& is put into !   
f>d 7not*7 ( !    z&a1 & ! z& is !n     
rapidly twirl$ r\nd 9 produc+           
fire4444 ,! be/ k9d ( z& is made ( 'afr 
& ! be/ k9d    ( z&a ( m>kh40 ,x w be   
obs]v$ t ! two writ]s    diff] z to m>kh
 wood1 ,jacob say+ t x is us$ to make ! 
upright 7male7 /ick1 & ,lane t x is us$ 
to make ! horizontal    7female7 /ick4  
,my le>n$ fri5d ,pr(essor ,a4 ,a4       
,bevan1 :o direct$    my att5tion to bo?
 passages & translit]at$ = me ! ,arabic 
words 9 ,lane1 has k9dly consult$ !     

orig9al au?orities on ?is    po9t &     
in=ms me t ,lane is "r4    ,footnote    
#fij3      ,l4 ,concradt1 8,die ,ngumbu 
9 ,sdkam]un10 ,globus1 lxxxi1 7#aijb7 p4
    #ced4    ,footnote #fia3      ,a4   
,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai 7,ox=d1 #aije71  
p4 #cdb4    ,footnote #fib3      ,a4 ,c4
 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4    
#he4    ,footnote #fic3      ,lett] ( ! 
,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 dat$ ,m5go1 ,ug&a1   
#crd ,augu/ #aijd4    ,footnote #fid3   
,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa #bnd   
,ed41 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #baf sq4    
,footnote #fie3      ,dudley ,kidd1 ,!  
,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4  
#ea sq4    ,footnote #fif3      ,j4     
,irle1 ,die ,h]]o 7,gt]sloh1 #aijf71 pp4
 #di sqq41 #ec sqq4    ,comp>e ,josaphat
 ,hahn1 8,die ,ovah]]o10 ,zeits*rift d] 
,gesells*aft    fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91  
iv4 7#ahfi7 pp4 #bbg sqq42 ,h4 ,s*9z1   
,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika 7,old5burg &     
,leipsic1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #adb sq42    ,e4 
,dann]t1 ,zum ,re*te d] ,h]]o 7,b]l91   
#aijf71 pp4 #a sqq4 ,!    p call        

!mselves ,ovah]]o 7plural72 ! s+ul> =m  
is    ,omuh]]o4 ,! "n ,dam>as 0 giv5 !m 
by ! ,engli% & ,dut*4    ,"u ! influ5ce 
( ! mission>ies mo/ ( ! hea!n cu/oms    
describ$ 9 ! text seem n[ to h          
disappe>$4 ,see ,p4 ,h4    ,br9ck]1     
8,"*1 ,sitt51 und ,gebru*e1 speciell d] 
,bantu    ,deuts*-,sdwe/-afrikas10      
,mit!ilung5 des ,sem9>s fr              
,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu ,b]l91 iii4     
7#aijj7 ,dritte ,ab!ilung1 p4    #gb4   
,footnote #fig3      ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1   
,lake ,ngami 7,london1 #ahef71 p4 #bcj2 
,j4 ,*apman1    ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( 
,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahfh71 i4 #cbe2 
,j4    ,hahn1 8,die ,ovah]]o10          
,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde
 zu    ,b]l91 iv4 7#ahfi7 pp4 #bdd-bdg1 
#bej2 ,c4 ,j4 ,bttn]1 ,das ,h9t]l&      
von ,walfis*bai und ,angra ,pequ5a      
7,heidelb]g1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bbh sq42      
,h4 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 pp4  
#aeh-afa2 ,j4 ,irle1 ,die    ,h]]o1 pp4 
#cb sqq41 #aac4    ,footnote #fih3      
,francis ,galton1 ,n>rative ( an        

,explor] 9 ,tropical ,s\? ,africa       
#crd ,ed41 7,london1 #ahij71 p4 #aaf2   
,j4 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4 7#ahfi71 p4     
#bdg2 ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #aee2 ,j4  
,irle1 ,die ,h]]o1 pp4 #aaa    sq4      
,footnote #fii3      ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4
 p4 #aei4    ,footnote #gjj3      ,h4   
,s*9z1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aee-aeg2 comp>e ,j4
 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4    7#ahfi7 p4 #dii2
 ,j4 ,irle1 ,die ,h]]o1 p4 #gh2 ,e4     
,dann]t1 ,zum ,re*te    d] ,h]]o1 pp4 #d
 sq4 ,at fir/ sight ,dr4 ,s*9z's acc\nt 
appe>s    to diff] slightly f t giv5 by 
! ,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 :o says3 8,9    !   
w]fts ( ! ,ovah]]o1 ! h\ses ( ! *ief are
 on !    ea/]n side4 ,next to ^!1 t[>ds 
! we/1 foll[1 "o aft]    ano!r1 ! holy  
h\se 7otyiz]o71 ! place ( ! holy fire   
7okuruo71 & ! kraal i4e4 ! calves' p5   
7otyunda72 ?us    ! otyiz]o is on ! ea/1
 & ! otyunda on ! we/ side (    !       
okuruo0 78,"s ,cu/oms ( ! ,ovah]]o10    
,s\? ,african    ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 
7#ahgi7 p4 #fb74 ,b x seems cle> t by ! 
*ief's h\se ,mr4 ,viehe means :at ,dr4  

,s*9z calls ! h\se ( !    great wife2 & 
t :at ,mr4 ,viehe calls ! holy h\se is !
 op5    space betwe5 ! sacr$ he>? & !   
h\se ( ! great wife or    *ief4 ,t space
 is describ$ z ! holy gr\nd by ,dr4     
,s*9z1 :o    uses t phrase 78d] geweihte
 ,bod507 z ! equival5t ( !    native    
otyiz]o4 ,?us ! two writ]s are 9        
sub/antial agreem5t    ) ea* o!r4 ,on ! 
o!r h& ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hahn gives ! "n (  
otyiz]o or sacr$ h\se to 8! *ief h\se ( 
! *ief1 9 front    ( :i* is ! place ( ! 
holy fire40 ,he adds t 8! *ief has      
sev]al h\ses1 accord+ to ! numb] (      
wives1 ea* wife hav+ h]    own hut0     
7,s\? ,african ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4  
7#ahhj7 p4 #fb1 note    #a47 ,! "n      
otyiz]o seems to be d]iv$ f z]a1        
8sacr$10    8taboo40 ,see ,g4 ,viehe1   
op4 cit4 pp4 #ci1 #da1 #dc2 ,rev4 ,e4   
,dann]t1 9    7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore
 ,j\rnal1 ii4 7#ahhj7 pp4 #fc1 #fe1     
#aje1 &    ! editor's note1 ib4 p4 #ic4 
,footnote #gja3      ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4
 p4 #aee4    ,footnote #gjb3      ,c4   

,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bbc2 ,j4 
,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4 7#ahfi7    p4 #ejj2 
,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe4            
,footnote #gjc3      ,h4 ,br9ck]1       
,wrt]bu* und kurzgefas/e ,grammatik des 
,otjih]]o    7,leipsic1 #ahhf71 s4v4    
8okuruo02 id4 8,pyrolatrie 9 ,sdafrika10
    ,globus1 lxvii4 7,janu>y #ahie7 p4  
#ig2 ,mey]1 quot$ by ,j4 ,kohl]1        
8,das ,re*t d] ,h]]o10 ,zeits*rift fr   
v]glei*5de    ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 xiv4    
7#aijj7 p4 #cae4    ,footnote #gjd3     
,j4 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4 7#ahfi7 pp4 #dii
 sq42 ,rev4 ,h4 ,beid]becke1 9    7,s\? 
,african7 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4       
7#ahhj7 p4 #hd2 ,c4 ,g4    ,bttn]1      
8,ueb] ,h&w]ke und te*nis*e ,f]tigkeit5 
d] ,e+ebor55    9 ,dam>al&10 ,ausl&1 #g?
 ,july #ahhd1 p4 #ebb2 ,p4 ,h4 ,br9ck]1 
9    ,mit!ilung5 des ,sem9>s fr         
,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu ,b]l91    iii4  
7#aijj7 ,dritte ,ab!ilung1 p4 #ge2 id41 
,wrt]bu* des    ,otjih]]o1 s4v4         
8okuruo02 id41 8,pyrolatrie 9           
,sdafrika10    ,globus1 lxvii4 7,janu>y 

#ahie7 p4 #ig2 ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4   
#ahc2    ,mey]1 l4c4    ,footnote #gje3 
,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbc2 ,j4  
,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4 7#ahfi7 p4    #ejj2 
,rev4 ,e4 ,dann]t1 9 7,s\? ,african7    
,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4    7#ahhj7 p4   
#ff2 ,rev4 ,h4 ,beid]becke1 ibid4 p4    
#hc1 note #d2 ,c4 ,g4    ,bttn]1 l4c42  
,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #afe2 ,j4 ,irle1 
,die ,h]]o1    pp4 #gh sq42 ,e4 ,dann]t1
 ,zum ,re*te d] ,h]]o1 p4 #e4 ,accord+  
to    ,mey] 7l4c47 & ,e4 ,dann]t 7,zum  
,re*te d] ,h]]o1 p4 #e71 if !    *ief's 
elde/ daught] m>ries1 ! duty ( t5d+ !   
fire passes    to 8 elde/ wife4 ,?is    
/atem5t is at v>iance ) all ! o!r       
te/imony on ! subject1 & = reasons :i* w
 appe> pres5tly    ,i reg>d x z         
improbable4 ,at lea/ x c h>dly repres5t 
!    orig9al cu/om4    ,footnote #gjf3  
,rev4 ,h4 ,beid]becke1 9 7,s\? ,african7
 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4    7#ahhj7 p4  
#hd4    ,footnote #gjg3      ,rev4 ,e4  
,dann]t1 9 7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore   
,j\rnal1 ii4 7#ahhj7    p4 #ff2 ,h4     

,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #afh4    ,footnote   
#gjh3      ,francis ,galton1 op4 cit4 p4
 #aae4    ,footnote #gji3      ,c4 ,j4  
,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bbc4         
,footnote #gaj3      ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1   
l4c42 ,j4 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4 7#ahfi7 p4
 #ejj2 ,h4    ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #afg4  
,footnote #gaa3      ,virgil1 ,a54 ii4  
#gag sqq41 #gdg4    ,footnote #gab3     
,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 p4 #bbd2 
,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 9 7,s\?    ,african7  
,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahgi7 p4 #dc2  
,rev4 ,e4 ,dann]t1 9    7,s\? ,african7 
,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4 7#ahhj7 p4 #fg2 
,c4 ,g4    ,bttn]1 l4c42 ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 
cit4 pp4 #aff1 #afg1 #ahf2 ,mey]1       
quot$ by ,j4 ,kohl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cae2  
,p4 ,h4 ,br9ck]1 9    ,mit!ilung5 des   
,sem9>s fr ,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu      
,b]l91    iii4 7#aijj7 ,dritte          
,ab!ilung1 pp4 #ge sq42 ,j4 ,irle1 ,die 
,h]]o1 p4    #hj2 ,e4 ,dann]t1 ,zum     
,re*te d] ,h]]o 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #e4  
,footnote #gac3      ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1   
,lake ,ngami1 pp4 #bbh sq42 ,rev4 ,g4   

,viehe1 op4    cit4 i4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #fa  
sq42 ,c4 ,g4 ,bttn]1 l4c42 ,h4 ,s*9z1   
op4    cit4 pp4 #afe1 #ahj4 ,! ,h]]o h a
 curi\s tw(old sy/em (    pat]nal clans 
7otuzo1 plural2 oruzo1 s+ul>7 & mat]nal 
clans    7oma&a1 plural2 e&a1 s+ul>74 ,e
 p]son inh]its an    oruzo f 8 fa!r & an
 e&a f 8 "m4 ,see my    ,totemism &     
,exogamy1 ii4 #ceg sqq4    ,footnote    
#gad3      ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake       
,ngami1 pp4 #bbc sq42 ,j4 ,hahn1 op4    
cit4 iv4    7#ahfi7 p4 #ejj2 ,rev4 ,g4  
,viehe1 op4 cit4 i4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #ci1    
#fa2 ,c4 ,g4    ,bttn]1 l4c42 ,h4       
,br9ck]1 ,wrt]bu* des ,otji-h]]o1 s4vv4 
ondume & otjija2 id4 8,"*1 ,sitt51 und  
,gebru*e1    speciell d] ,bantu         
,deuts*-,sdwe/-afrikas10 ,mit!ilung5 des
    ,sem9>s fr ,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu  
,b]l91 iii4 7#aijj7 ,dritte             
,ab!ilung1 p4 #ge2 id4 8,pyrolatrie 9   
,sdafrika10 ,globus1 lxvii4    7,janu>y1
 #ahie7 p4 #if2 ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 pp4 
#afe sq42 ,j4 ,kohl]1    op4 cit4 pp4   
#cje1 #cae2 ,j4 ,irle1 ,die ,h]]o1 pp4  

#gi sq4 ,accord+    to ,dr4 ,s*9z1 !    
mean+ ( ! names appli$ to ! fire-/icks  
has    be5 mu* disput$2 he himself      
adopts ! view giv5 9 ! text1 &          
supports x by weighty reason :i*1 tak5  
along ) analog\s    designations 9 _m   
o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 may be reg>d$ z        
conclusive4 ,he tells u t otyiza means  
pud5dum muliebre1 &    ?is is actually !
 "n ( ! hol$ /ick accord+ to ,mr4 ,viehe
    7ll4cc471 ?\gh ,dr4 ,s*9z gives     
otyia z ! "n4 ,i h    foll[$ ,dr4       
,br9ck] 9 accept+ otyiya 7otjija7 z !   
correct    =m ( ! ^w4 ,fur!r1 ,dr4 ,s*9z
 d]ives ondume1 ! "n (    ! po9t$ /ick1 
f a v]b ruma1 mean+ 8to h int]c\rse    )
 a woman40 ,moreov]1 he reports t ! ,ai 
,san ,bu%m51 ne>    ,noihas1 9 !        
,kalah>i des]t1 call ! v]tical fire-/ick
 tau    doro & ! horizontal fire-/ick   
gai doro1 :]e tau is !    mascul9e      
prefix & gai ! fem99e4 ,f9ally1 a ,h]]o 
expla9$    to him ! significance ( !    
names by ref]r+ 9 an unmi/akable        
mann] to ! correspond+ relations 9 !    

animal k+dom4 ,t !    two /icks are     
reg>d$ z male & female is positively    
affirm$ by    ,mr4 ,viehe1 ,mr4 ,mey]   
7quot$ by ,j4 ,kohl]71 & ,dr4 ,br9ck]4  
,footnote #gae3      ,see above1 pp4    
#bac sq4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,viehe says t !       
omuwapu tree    8acts a v important "p 9
 almo/ all ! religi\s c]emonies0 (    ! 
,h]]o 7op4 cit4 i4 #de74 ,probably x is 
only us$ :]e !    omumborombonga _c be  
_h4    ,footnote #gaf3      ,j4 ,hahn1  
8,das ,l& d] ,h]]o10 ,zeits*rift d]     
,gesells*aft fr    ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91  
iii4 7#ahfh7 pp4 #bjj1 #bac1 #bad sq42  
,c4 ,j4    ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 pp4   
#bah1 #bba2 id41 ,! ,okavango ,riv]     
7,london1 #ahfa71 pp4 #ba sq42 ,h4      
,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4    ,footnote   
#gag3      ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake       
,ngami1 p4 #bba2 ,francis ,galton1 op4  
cit4 p4    #aae2 ,j4 ,hahn1 op4 cit4    
iii4 7#ahfh7 p4 #bae1 iv4 7#ahfi7 p4    
#dih1 note2    ,rev4 ,h4 ,beid]becke1 9 
7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4 
7#ahhj7 pp4 #ib sq42 ,h4 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4

 pp4 #ahb sq42 ,mey]1    quot$ by ,j4   
,kohl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #big2 ,p4 ,h4       
,br9ck]1 9    ,mit!ilung5 des ,sem9>s fr
 ,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu ,b]l9          
7#aijj71 ,dritte ,ab!ilung1 p4 #gc2 ,j4 
,irle1 ,die ,h]]o1 pp4 #ge sq41    #gg2 
,e4 ,dann]t1 ,zum ,re*te d] ,h]]o1 pp4  
#c sq4    ,footnote #gah3      ,on !    
evid5ce = ?is migration see ,j4 ,*apman1
 ,travels 9 !    ,int]ior ( ,s\?        
,africa1 i4 #cbe-cbg2 ,j4 ,hahn1 op4    
cit4 iii4 7#ahfh7    pp4 #bbg sqq4 ,z to
 ! physical features & climate (        
,h]]ol&1    see ,j4 ,hahn1 8,das ,l& d] 
,ovah]]o10 ,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft  
fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 iii4 7#ahfh7 pp4 
#aic sqq42 ,j4 ,irle1 ,die    ,h]]o1 pp4
 #i sqq41 #ai sqq4    ,footnote #gai3   
,pausanias1 v4 #ac4 #c1 v4 #ad4 #b4 ,on 
! sub/itution ( ! popl> =    ! oak1 see 
,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook 9 ,folk-lore1 xv4    
7#aijd7 pp4 #big sq4    ,footnote #gbj3 
,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 8,"s ,cu/oms ( !      
,ovah]]o10 7,s\? ,african7    ,folk-lore
 ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #fd-ff2 ,rev4  

,h4 ,beid]becke1 9    7,s\? ,african7   
,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4 7#ahhj7 p4 #ia2 
,h4 ,s*9z1    op4 cit4 pp4 #ahc sq42 ,p4
 ,h4 ,br9ck]1 9 ,mit!ilung5 des         
,sem9>s fr ,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu      
,b]l91 iii4 7#aijj7 ,dritte             
,ab!ilung1 pp4 #hi sq42 ,j4 ,irle1 ,die 
,h]]o1 pp4 #gd1 #ge1 #gg4    ,app>5tly x
 is only a p[]ful or em95t man :o       
becomes an    omukuru aft] 8 dea?4 ,or  
r1 p]haps1 ?\gh all dead m5    become   
ovakuru1 only ! /rong & brave are fe>$ &
 wor%ipp$4    ,footnote #gba3      ,h4  
,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahc4    ,footnote   
#gbb3      ,rev4 ,e4 ,dann]t1 8,cu/oms (
 ! ,ovah]]o at ! ,bir? ( a ,*ild10      
7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4 
7#ahhj7 pp4 #ff sq4 ,comp>e    ,rev4 ,g4
 ,viehe1 op4 cit4 i4 7#ahgi7 p4 #da2 ,h4
 ,s*9z1 op4 cit4 p4    #afh4            
,footnote #gbc3      ,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 9
 7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 
7#ahgi7 pp4    #di sq4    ,footnote     
#gbd3      ,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 op4 cit4 i4
 #ea4    ,footnote #gbe3      ,h4 ,s*9z1

 op4 cit4 p4 #aff4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,irle1   
,die ,h]]o1 p4 #gg4    ,footnote #gbf3  
,j4 ,hahn1 op4 cit4 iv4 7#ahfi7 p4 #ejj1
 note4    ,footnote #gbg3      ,c4 ,j4  
,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 pp4 #bbh sq4 ,!  
c]emony is describ$    m fully by !     
,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 8,"s ,cu/oms ( !      
,ovah]]o10    7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore
 ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #fa sq41 f     
^: acc\nt "s ( ! details 9 ! text are   
borr[$4    ,footnote #gbh3      ,!      
di/9ction is made also by ,mr4 ,j4      
,irle4 ,accord+ to him1 :ile    !       
fire-/icks are call$ ozondume 7plural ( 
ondume71 ! /icks    :i* repres5t !      
ance/ors are call$ ozohongue & are made 
f    ! omuvapu bu%4 ,9 e *ief's h\se !re
 is a bundle ( ab\t    tw5ty ( ^!       
ance/ral /icks4 ,:5 a *ief dies1 ! /icks
 are    wrapp$ 9 a portion ( ! sacr$    
bull 7omusisi7 :i* is    slaught]$ on   
?is occasion1 & a new /ick is add$ to ! 
bundle4    ,at ! same "t ,mr4 ,irle     
tells u t ! fire-/icks 7ozondume7       
also repres5t ! ance/ors & are made l !m

 f ! omuvapu    bu%4 ,see ,j4 ,irle1    
,die ,h]]o1 pp4 #gg1 #gi4    ,footnote  
#gbi3      ,b5s51 quot$ by ,j4 ,kohl]1  
8,das ,re*t d] ,h]]o10 ,zeits*rift fr   
v]glei*5de ,re*tswiss5s*aft1 xiv4       
7#aijj7 p4 #cje4    ,footnote #gcj3     
,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 or 8 editor1 op4 cit4 
i4 7#ahgi7 p4 #ci4 ,! otyiza    7otyiya7
 is ! female fire-/ick4 ,see above1 p4  
#bah note #a4    ,footnote #gca3        
,rev4 ,g4 ,viehe1 9 7,s\? ,african7     
,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahgi7 p4       
#fa4    ,footnote #gcb3      ,ibid4 p4  
#dc1 comp>e p4 #ej4    ,footnote #gcc3  
,j4 ,irle1 ,die ,h]]o1 p4 #gi4          
,footnote #gcd3      ,i h assum$ t !    
ance/ral /icks1 :atev] _! orig91        
repres5t only m54 ,?is is pla9ly impli$ 
by ,dr4 ,br9ck]1 :o tells    u t 8ea* ( 
^! /icks repres5ts ! male memb] (       
g5]ation    & 9 ! ,bantu s5se a         
p]sonality1 :i* /&s = ! pres5ce (    !  
deceas$ *ief on all fe/ive occasions &  
especially at    religi\s c]emonies0    
78,"*1 ,sitt51 und ,gebru*e1 speciell d]

    ,bantu ,deuts*-,sdwe/afrikas10      
,mit!ilung5 des ,sem9>s fr              
,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu ,b]l91 iii4     
7#aijj7 ,dritte ,ab!ilung1 p4    #gd74  
,9 savage society wom5 are ( too little 
acc\nt = _!    gho/s to be commonly     
wor%ipp$4 ,speak+ ( ! ,bantu peoples1 a 
writ] :o kn[s !m well obs]ves3 8,?is    
lack ( respect = old    wom5 is a "p ( !
 natives' religi\s sy/em1 & is connect$ 
) _! conception ( a future life1 9 :i*  
wom5 play a    subord9ate "p1 _! spirits
 n be+ able to cause mu* tr\ble1    &   
!re=e n be+ ( mu* acc\nt0 7,dudley      
,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial    ,kafir1 p4 #bc74 
,footnote #gce3      ,w4 ,jo*elson1 8,! 
,koryak10 pp4 #cb-cf 7,memoir ( !       
,am]ican ,museum    ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 
,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1    
vol4 vi41    ,leyd5 & ,new ,york1       
#aijh74    ,footnote #gcf3      ,w4     
,bog>as1 8,! ,*uk*ee ,religion10 pp4    
#cdi-cec 7,memoir ( !    ,am]ican       
,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,! ,jesup   
,nor? ,pacific    ,exp$ition1 vol4 vii4 

"p ii41 ,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aijd74    
,,*apt] ,,xvi                           
,,fa!r ,,jove ,,& ,,"m ,,ve/a           
,sid5ote3 ,simil>ity betwe5 !           
fire-cu/oms ( ! ,h]]o & !  anci5t       
,lat9s4 ,! read] may rememb] t ! prec$+ 
acc\nt (  ! fire-cu/oms ( ! ,h]]o 0     
introduc$ = ! sake ( comp>ison  ) !     
,lat9 wor%ip ( ,ve/a4 ,! po9ts (        
simil>ity betwe5 !  two w n[ be         
indicat$4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h se5      
reason to  hold t ! ev]-burn+ ,ve/al    
fire at ,rome 0 m]ely a survival (  !   
fire on ! k+'s he>?4 ,s among ! ,h]]o ! 
sacr$ fire (  ! village is ! *ief's     
fire1 :i* is kept burn+ or sm\ld]+ 9  8 
h\se by day & by night4 ,9 ,rome1 z 9   
,h]]ol&1 ! ext9ction  ( ! fire 0 reg>d$ 
z an evil om51 :i* _h to be expiat$ by  
sacrifices1#gcg & new fire 0 procur$ 9  
primitive fa%ion by  twirl+ ! po9t ( "o 
/ick 9 ! hole ( ano!r4 ,! ,roman fire  0
 f$ ) ! wood ( ! sacr$ oak tree1 j z !  
,african fire  is k9dl$ ) ! wood ( !    
sacr$ omumborombonga tree4 ,beside  bo? 

7 kept ! images ( ! ance/ors1 ! ,l>es at
 ,rome1 !  ozondume 9 ,h]]ol&4 ,! k+'s  
h\se :i* %elt]$ ! fire &  ! images 0    
orig9ally 9 ,italy :at ! *ief's hut /ill
 is 9  ,h]]ol&1 a circul> hut ( osi]s1 n
 z anci5t dream]s ?\ght1  because ! e>? 
is r\nd1#gch nor yet because a circle is
 ! symbol  ( re/1 b simply because x is 
bo? easi] & *eap] to build a  r\nd hut  
?an a squ>e4#gci    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,roman 
,ve/als1 or "s ( !m1 appe> to h be5     
orig9ally ! k+'s daught]s4 ,fur!r1 9    
,rome ! sacr$ fire 0  t5d$1 z x /ill is 
9 ,h]]ol&1 by unm>ri$ wom51 & z !  ,h]]o
 prie/esses are ! *iefs daught]s1 s1 we 
may conjecture1 x  0 ) "s at lea/ ( !   
,ve/als among ! anci5t ,lat9s4 ,!       
,roman ,ve/als appe> to h be5 "u !      
patria pote/as ( !  k+1 &1 9 republican 
times1 ( ! ,pontifex ,maximus1 :o       
succe$$  to "s ( ! k+'s functions4#gdj  
,b if !y 7 "u ! patria  pote/as ( ! k+1 
!y mu/ h be5 ei!r 8 wives or  daught]s2 
z virg9s !y _c h be5 8 wives2 x rema9s1 
!re=e1 t !y 7 8 daught]s4 ,v>i\s        

circum/ances confirm  ?is view4 ,_! h\se
 at ,rome1 z we saw1 always adjo9$ !    
,regia1  ! old palace ( ! k+s2 !y 7     
treat$ ) m>ks ( respect  usually accord$
 to royalty2#gda & ! mo/ fam\s ( all !  
,ve/als1 ! "m ( ,romulus1 0 said to be a
 daught] ( ! ,k+ (  ,alba4#gdb ,! cu/om 
( putt+ an unfai?ful ,ve/al to dea? by  
immur+ h] 9 a subt]ranean *amb]#gdc may 
h be5 adopt$ 9  ord] to avoid !         
necessity ( tak+ ! life ( a pr9cess by  
viol5ce2#gdd =1 z we %all le>n lat] on1 
!re is a v  widespread reluctance to    
spill royal blood4    ,sid5ote3 ,rites  
p]=m$ by ! ,ve/als = ! f]tility ( ! e>? 
& ! fecundity ( cattle4 ,among/ ! ,h]]o 
! *ief's daught]  :o t5ds ! holy fire   
has also to p]=m c]ta9 prie/ly rites1   
:i* h = _! object ! prosp]ity &         
multiplication ( !  cattle4#gde ,s1 too1
 x 0 ) ! ,roman ,ve/als4 ,on ! fifte5? (
  ,april e ye> pregnant c[s 7 sacrific$ 
to ! ,e>? goddess2 !  unborn calves 7   
torn f _! mo!rs' wombs1 ! *ief ,ve/al   
burn$ !m & kept _! a%es = use at !      

%eph]ds' fe/ival (  ! ,p>ilia4 ,?is     
sacrifice ( pregnant c[s 0 a f]tility   
*>m  design$1 by a curi\s application ( 
homoeopa?ic magic1 to quick5  bo? ! se$ 
9 ! gr\nd & ! wombs ( ! c[s & !         
ewes4#gdf  ,at ! ,p>ilia1 held on !     
tw5ty-fir/ ( ,april1 ! ,ve/als mix$ !   
a%es ( ! unborn calves ) ! blood ( a    
horse :i* _h be5  sacrific$ 9 ,octob]1 &
 ?is mixture !y di/ribut$ to %eph]ds1   
:o fumigat$ _! flocks ) x z a means (   
ensur+ _!  fecundity & a pl5tiful supply
 ( milk4#gdg    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ve/als 7  
probably reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ,ve/a1   
:o 0 a "m-goddess1 ! be/[] ( (fspr+ on  
cattle &  wom54 ,/range z at fir/ x may 
seem to f9d holy virg9s assi/+  9       
op]ations int5d$ to promote ! f]tility (
 ! e>? & (  cattle1 ?is reproductive    
function accords p]fectly ) ! view t  !y
 7 ( old ! wives ( ! fire-god & ! mo!rs 
( k+s4 ,on  t view1 also1 we c und]/& :y
 d[n to imp]ial times !  ,ve/als ador$ !
 male emblem ( g5]ation1#gdh & :y ,ve/a 
h]self1 ! goddess ( :om !y 7 !          

prie/esses & probably !  embodim5ts1 0  
wor%ipp$ by ! ,romans n z a virg9 b z a 
"m4#gdi ,%e 0 sometimes id5tifi$ )      
,v5us4#gej ,l ,diana1  ) :om %e 0       
id5tifi$ at ,nemi1 %e appe>s to h be5 a 
goddess  ( fecundity1 :o be/[$ (fspr+   
bo? on cattle & on wom54 ,t  %e 0       
suppos$ to multiply cattle is indicat$  
by ! c]emonies :i*  ! ,ve/als p]=m$ 9   
,april2 t %e made wom5 to be mo!rs is   
h9t$ at n obscurely by ! leg5ds ( ! bir?
 ( ! old ,lat9  k+s4#gea ,! anci5t      
,aryan practice ( lead+ a bride ?rice   
r\nd  ! he>? ( h] new home#geb may h be5
 int5d$ n m]ely to  introduce h] to !   
ance/ral spirits :o _h _! seats !re1 b  
also to promote conception1 p]haps by   
all[+ "o ( ^! v  spirits to ent] into h]
 & be born aga94 ,:5 ! anci5t ,h9doo    
bridegroom l$ 8 bride r\nd ! fire1 he   
address$ ! fire-god  ,sid5ote3 ,cu/om ( 
lead+ a bride r\nd ! fire p]haps a      
f]tility  *>m4 ,agni ) ! words1 8,may/  
?\ give back1 ,agni1 to ! husb&  ! wife 
toge!r ) (fspr+40#gec ,:5 a ,slavonian  

bride ent]s  h] husb&'s h\se aft]       
m>riage %e is l$ ?rice r\nd ! he>?2  !n 
%e mu/ /ir ! fire ) ! pok]1 say+1 8,z _m
 sp>ks  spr+ up1 s _m cattle1 s _m male 
*ildr5 %all enliv5 ! new  home40#ged ,at
 ,mo/>1 9 ,h]zegov9a1 ! bride seats     
h]self on a bag  ( fruit beside ! he>? 9
 h] new home & pokes ! fire ?rice4      
,:ile %e does s1 !y br+ h] a small boy &
 set him on h] lap4  ,%e turns ! *ild   
?rice r\nd 9 ord] t %e may give bir? to 
male *ildr54#gee ,/ill m cle>ly does    
belief 9 ! impregnation  ( a woman by   
fire come out 9 ano!r ,s\? ,slavonian   
cu/om4 ,:5 a  wife wi%es to h a *ild1 %e
 w hold a vessel full ( wat] beside  !  
fire on ! he>?1 :ile h] husb& knocks two
 burn+ br&s  toge!r s t ! sp>ks fly out4
 ,:5 "s ( !m h fall5 into  ! vessel1 !  
woman dr9ks ! wat] :i* has ?us be5      
f]tilis$ by  ! fire4#gef ,! same belief 
seems /ill to l+] 9 ,engl&2 =  !re is a 
,l9coln%ire say+ t if a woman's apron is
 burn$ above  ! knee by a sp>k or r$-hot
 c9d] fly+ out ( a fire1 %e w  become a 

"m4#geg ,?us ! sup]/ition :i* gave rise 
to !  /ories ( ! bir? ( ! old ,roman k+s
 holds its gr\nd to ?is day  9 ,europe1 
ev5 9 our own c\ntry4 ,s inde/ructible  
are ! crude  fancies ( our savage       
=efa!rs4 ,?us we may safely inf] t ! old
  practice ( lead+ a bride =mally to or 
r\nd ! he>? 0 design$  to make h]       
fruitful ?r\gh ! g5]ative virtue ascrib$
 to ! fire4  ,! cu/om is n conf9$ to    
peoples ( ! ,aryan /ock1 = x is  obs]v$ 
also by ! ,e/honians & ! ,wotyaks (     
,russia#geh &1 z  we h se51 by ! ,h]]o (
 ,s\? ,africa4#gei ,x expresses 9 daily 
life ! same idea :i* is embodi$ 9 ! my?s
 ( ! bir? (  ,s]vius ,tullius & ! o!r   
,lat9 k+s1 ^: virg9 mo!rs  conceiv$     
?r\gh contact ) a sp>k or tongue (      
fire4#gfj    ,sid5ote3 ,new-born *ildr5 
br\ght to ! he>? z a mode (  introduc+  
!m to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,accord+ly1   
:]e beliefs  & cu/oms ( ?is sort h      
prevail$1 x is easy to und]/& :y        
new-born *ildr5 %\ld be br\ght to !     
he>?1 & :y _! bir?  %\ld !re be solemnly

 ann\nc$ to ! ance/ors4 ,?is is done by 
!  ,h]]o1#gfa & 9 l mann] on ! fif? or  
sev5? day aft] a  bir? ! anci5t ,greeks 
us$ to run nak$ r\nd ! he>? ) !         
new-born babe 9 _! arms4#gfb ,?is ,greek
 c]emony may p]haps be  reg>d$ z m]ely a
 purification1 9 o!r words z a means (  
keep+  at bay ! demons :o lie 9 wait =  
infants4 ,c]ta9ly 9 o!r p>ts  ( ! _w a  
cu/om has prevail$ ( pass+ a newly born 
*ild  backw>ds & =w>ds ?r\gh ! smoke ( !
 fire = ! express  purpose ( w>d+ (f    
evil spirits or o!r baleful             
influ5ces4#gfc  ,yet on ! analogy ( !   
prec$+ cu/oms we may conjecture t a     
practice ( solemnly br++ infants to !   
dome/ic he>? has also  be5 resort$ to z 
a mode ( introduc+ !m to ! spirits ( _! 
fa!rs4#gfd ,9 ,russia ! old belief t !  
s\ls ( ! ance/ors  7 someh[ 9 ! fire on 
! he>? has left traces ( itself d[n to  
! pres5t "t4 ,?us 9 ! ,nijegorod        
,gov]nm5t x is /ill =bidd5  to break up 
! sm\ld]+ faggots 9 a /ove1 because to d
 s might  cause ! ance/ors to fall ?r\gh

 into hell4 ,& :5 a ,russian family     
moves f "o h\se to ano!r1 ! fire is rak$
 out ( ! old /ove  into a j> & solemnly 
convey$ to ! new "o1 :]e x is receiv$  )
 ! words1 8,welcome1 gr&fa!r1 to ! new  
home60#gfe    ,sid5ote3 ,reasons :y a   
procreative virtue 0 ascrib$ to fire4 ,b
  :y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld a procreative 
virtue be attribut$ to !  fire1 :i* at  
fir/ sight appe>s to be a purely        
de/ructive ag5t8 &  :y 9 p>ticul> %\ld !
 ance/ral spirits be conceiv$ z pres5t  
9 x8 ,two diff]5t reasons p]haps l$     
savage philosoph]s to ^!  conclusions4  
,9 ! fir/ place ! common mode ( mak+    
fire by means  ( ! fire-drill has       
sugge/$1 z we h se51 to _m savages !    
notion t fire is ! *ild ( ! fire-/icks1 
9 o!r words t  ! rubb+ ( ! fire-/icks   
toge!r is a sexual union :i* begets     
(fspr+ 9 ! %ape ( a flame4 ,?is ( itself
 suffices to impress on  ! m9d ( a      
savage ! idea t a capacity (            
reproduction is innate  9 ! fire1 &     
consequ5tly t a woman may conceive by   

contact )  x4 ,/rictly speak+1 he ought 
p]haps to ref] ?is p[] (  reproduction n
 to ! fire b to ! fire-/icks2 b savage  
?\ght  is 9 g5]al too vague to di/+ui%  
cle>ly betwe5 cause & effect4  ,if he   
?9ks ! matt] out1 z he may d if he is m 
?an usually  reflective1 ! savage w     
probably conclude t fire ,sid5ote3 ,!   
process ( mak+ fire by friction seems to
 ! savage an act (  g5]ation4 exi/s     
unse5 9 all wood1 & is only elicit$ f x 
by  friction1#gff s t ! sp>k or flame is
 ! *ild1 n s mu* (  ! fire-/icks1 z ( ! 
p>5t fires 9 !m4 ,b ?is ref9em5t (      
?\ght may well be above ! rea* ev5 ( a  
savage philosoph]4 ,!  second reason :i*
 seems to h l$ e>ly man to associate !  
fire  ) ! s\ls ( 8 ance/ors 0 a         
sup]/iti\s v5]ation = !  ance/ral tree  
:i* furni%$ ei!r ! fuel = ! sacr$ fire  
or  ! mat]ial out ( :i* he c>v$ "o or   
bo? ( ! fire-/icks4  ,among ! ,h]]o1 z  
we ,sid5ote3 ,aga91 ! fire 0 associat$ )
  ! ance/ors ?r\gh ! sacr$ ance/ral tree
 :i* furni%$ ei!r  ! fuel or !          

fire-/icks4 saw1 ! male fire-/ick       
commonly is1 or  us$ to be1 made out ( !
 holy omumborombonga tree1 f :i* !y     
believe t !y & _! cattle sprang 9 days (
 old4 ,h5ce no?+  c\ld be m natural ?an 
t !y %\ld reg>d ! fire produc$ by  !    
friction ( a piece ( ! ance/ral tree1 z 
ak9 to !mselves1  ! (fspr+ ( ! same     
mighty =efa!r1 to wit1 ! sacr$ tree4    
,simil>ly1 ! ,ve/al fire at ,rome 0 f$ )
 ! wood ( ! oak1 !  sacr$ tree (        
,jupit]1 & ! fir/ ,romans are describ$ z
 8born (  ! tree trunks & ! he>t (      
oak40#gfg ,no wond]1 !n1 t !  ,lat9 k+s1
 :o claim$ to repres5t ,jupit]1 & 9 t   
capacity  masqu]ad$ 9 8 co/ume & made   
mock ?und]1 %\ld h prid$  !mselves on   
be+ sprung f a fire :i* 0 f$ ) ! wood ( 
! god's holy tree2 su* an orig9 0 only  
ano!r =m ( desc5t  f ! oak & f ! god ( !
 oak1 ,jupit] himself4    ,sid5ote3     
,e/honian m>riage cu/om4 ,! !ory t      
impregnation by  fire is really         
impregnation by ! wood ( ! tree ) :i* ! 
fire  is k9dl$1 d]ives "s confirmation f

 a cu/om :i* is obs]v$ at  m>riage by "s
 ( ! ,e/honians 9 ! neighb\rhood (      
,ob]pahl54  ,! bride is escort$ to a    
tree1 :i* is !reupon cut d[n & burn$4   
,:5 ! fire blazes up1 %e is l$ ?rice    
r\nd x & plac$ betwe5  ?ree arm$ m51 :o 
cla% _! swords ov] h] head1 :ile ! wom5 
s+ a song4 ,!n "s co9s are ?r[n into !  
fire1 & :5 x has  di$ out !y are recov]$
 & knock$ into ! /ump ( ! tree1  :i* 0  
cut d[n to s]ve z fuel4#gfh ,?is is     
cle>ly a mode (  rew>d+1 fir/ ! fire1 & 
next ! tree1 = "s b5efit !y h  conf]r$  
on ! bride4 ,b 9 e>ly society husb& &   
wife desire  no?+ s mu* z (fspr+2 ?is   
!re=e may v well be !  b5efit = :i* !   
,e/honian bride repays ! tree4          
,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( ! ,fire-"m    
intimately b\nd up )  t ( ! female      
fire-/ick 9 ! fire-drill4 ,?us f> we h  
reg>d$ ma9ly ! pat]nal aspect ( ! fire1 
:i* ! ,lat9s  my?ically embodi$ 9       
,jupit]1 t is lit]ally ,fa!r ,jove1 !   
god  ( ! oak4 ,! mat]nal aspect ( ! fire
 0 = !m repres5t$ by  ,"m ,ve/a1 z !y   

call$ h]2 & z ! ,roman k+ /ood = ,fa!r  
,jove1 s 8 wife or daught]--! practice  
on ?is po9t appe>s to h  v>i$--/ood =   
,"m ,ve/a4 ,sometimes1 z we h se51 !    
,ve/al  virg9s1 ! prie/esses or r       
inc>nations ( ,ve/a1 appe> to h  be5 !  
daught]s1 n ! wives1 ( ! k+4 ,b1 on !   
o!r h&1  !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! wife 
( ,k+ ,lat9us1 !  leg5d>y ance/or ( !   
,lat9s1 0 traditionally reg>d$ z a      
,ve/al1#gfi & ! analogy ( ! ,flam5      
,dialis ) 8 wife !  ,flam9ica1 z ,i %all
 %ew pres5tly1 po9ts also to a m>ri$    
pair (  prie/ly function>ies conc]n$ ) !
 k9dl+ & ma9t5ance (  ! sacr$ fire4     
,h[ev] t may h be51 we may take x z     
probable  t ! notion ( ! fire-"m 0      
intimately associat$ )1 if x  did n spr+
 directly f1 ! female fire-/ick ( !     
fire-drill1  j z ! conception ( !       
fire-fa!r 0 simil>ly b\nd up )  ! male  
fire-/ick4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fire-fa!r & 
! ,fire-"m repres5t$ by a prie/  &      
prie/ess :o toge!r made ! sacr$ fire by 
means ( !  fire-drill4 ,fur!r1 x seems t

 ^! my?ical be+s1 !  fire-fa!r & !      
fire-"m1 7 repres5t$ 9 real life by a   
prie/ & a prie/ess1 :o toge!r made !    
sacr$ fire1 ! prie/  appropriately      
twirl+ ! po9t$ male /ick1 :ile !        
prie/ess held  fa/ on ! gr\nd ! hol$    
female /ick1 ready to bl[ up into a     
flame  ! sp>k :i* fell on ! t9d]4 ,9 !  
composite religion ( ,rome1  =m$ l !    
,roman /ate by ! fusion ( sev]al tribes1
 ea* )  its own gods & prie/s1 su* pairs
 ( fire-prie/s may at fir/ h  be5       
duplicat$4 ,9 "o or m ( ! tribes :i*    
aft]w>ds made up  ! ,roman commonweal? !
 function ( k9dl+ ! holy fire ( oak 0   
p]haps assign$ to ! ,flam5 ,dialis & 8  
wife ! ,flam9ica1 !  liv+ repres5tatives
 ( ,jupit] & ,juno2 & if1 z "s s*ol>s   
?9k1 ! "n flam5 comes f fl>e1 8to bl[   
up10#ggj !  d]ivation w\ld fit well )   
?is !ory4 ,b 9 hi/orical ,rome !  duty (
 mak+ ! sacr$ fire lay ) ! ,ve/al virg9s
 & ! *ief  pontiff4#gga ,! mode 9 :i* !y
 %>$ ! "w betwe5 !m is n  describ$ by   
anci5t writ]s1 b we may suppose t "o ( !

 virg9s  held ! bo>d ( lucky wood on !  
gr\nd :ile ! pontiff ins]t$  ! po9t ( a 
peg into ! hole ( ! bo>d & made ! peg   
revolve  rapidly betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s4
 ,:5 ! lik5ess ( ?is mode  ( produc+    
fire to ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes _h once   
/ruck  p1 !y w\ld deem x unnatural1 &   
ev5 indec5t1 = a woman to  usurp ! man's
 function ( twirl+ ! po9t$ male /ick4 ,b
 !  ,ve/als c]ta9ly help$ to make fire  
by friction2 x w\ld seem1  !re=e1 t ! "p
 !y took 9 ! process c only h be5 !  "o 
,i h conjecturally assign$ to !m4 ,at   
all ev5ts1 ! conjecture  is support$ by 
! foll[+ analogies4    ,sid5ote3 ,among 
! ,djakuns fire is made by ! lead] & 8  
unm>ri$ daught]4 ,! ,djakuns1 a wild    
tribe ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1  are 9 !     
habit ( mak+ fire by friction4 ,a       
travell] has describ$  ! cu/om z foll[s3
 8,:5 a troop 0 on a j\rney & int5d$    
ei!r to pit* a tempor>y camp1 or to make
 a long] settlem5t1 !  fir/ camp fire 0 
k9dl$ = good luck by an unm>ri$ girl ) !
  help ( ! fire-drill4 ,g5]ally ?is girl

 0 ! daught] ( ! man  :o s]v$ ! troop z 
lead]4 ,x 0 deem$ ( special importance t
  on ! fir/ night ( a settlem5t ! fire (
 e b& %\ld be lit  by ! unm>ri$ daught] 
( a lead]4 ,b %e might only dis*>ge ?is 
duty if %e _h n h] mon?ly sickness on h]
 at ! "t4 ,?is cu/om  is all ! m        
rem>kable inasmu* z ! ,djakuns 9 _!     
migrations  always c>ri$ a sm\ld]+ rope 
( b>k ) !m40 8,:5 ! fire 0  to be k9dl$1
 ! girl took ! piece ( s(t wood & held x
 on !  gr\nd1 :ile h] fa!r1 or any o!r  
m>ri$ man1 twirl$ ! v]tical  bor] ^u x4 
,%e wait$ = ! sp>k to spr+ f ! wood1 &  
fann$ x into a flame ei!r by bl[+ on x  
or by wav+ ! piece (  wood quickly ab\t 
9 h] h&4 ,= ?is purpose %e caught ! sp>k
 9  a bundle ( teas$ b>k & expos$ x to a
 draught ( air40 8,fire s  produc$ 0    
employ$ to k9dle ! o!r fires = t night4 
,!y  ascrib$ to x good luck 9 cook+ & a 
great] p[] ( keep+ (f  tig]s & s =?1 ?an
 if ! fir/ fire _h be5 k9dl$ by a sp>k  
f ! sm\ld]+ b>k rope40#ggb ,?is acc\nt  
sugge/s a reason :y  a holy fire %\ld be

 t5d$ by a numb] ( virg9s3 "o or m ( !m 
might at any "t be incapacitat$ by a    
natural infirmity = !  dis*>ge ( ! sacr$
 duty4    ,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,slavs ( ! 
,balkans fire is made by a "y girl  &   
boy4 ,aga91 ! ,slavs ( ! ,balkan        
,p59sula ascribe a heal+ or  protective 
p[] to 8liv+ fire10 & :5 an epidemic is 
rag+ 9 a  village !y w sometimes ext+ui%
 all ! fires on ! he>?s &  procure a    
8liv+ fire0 by ! friction ( wood4 ,at ! 
pres5t day ?is  is done by v>i\s        
me*anical devices1 b ! olde/ me?od1 n[  
almo/  obsolete1 is said to be z        
foll[s3--,a girl & a boy betwe5 ! ages (
  elev5 & f\rte51 hav+ be5 *os5 to make 
! fire1 are l$ into a  d>k room1 :]e !y 
mu/ /rip !mselves ( all _! clo!s )\t    
speak+ a ^w4 ,!n two p]fectly dry       
cyl9drical pieces ( lime-wood  are giv5 
!m1 :i* !y mu/ rub rapidly aga9/ ea*    
o!r1 turn  ab\t1 till !y take fire4     
,t9d] is !n lit at ! flame & us$ =  !   
purpose ( heal+4 ,?is mode ( k9dl+ !    
8liv+ fire0 is /ill  practis$ 9 ! ,s*>  

,m\nta9s ( ,old ,s]via4 ,! writ] :o     
describes  x witness$ "s ye>s ago ! use 
( ! sacr$ fire at ! village (  ,setonje1
 at ! foot ( ! ,homolye ,m\nta9s1 9 !   
he>t ( ! great  ,s]vian =e/4 ,b on t    
occasion ! fire 0 made 9 ! mann]        
describ$1 n by a boy & girl1 b by an old
 woman & an old man4  ,e fire 9 !       
village _h previ\sly be5 ext+ui%$1 & 0  
aft]w>ds relit ) ! new fire4#ggc        
,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,ka*9s fire is made  
by a man & woman jo9tly4  ,among !      
,ka*9s ( ,burma1 :5 p take solemn       
possession ( a new  h\se1 a new fire is 
made 9 front ( x by a man & woman       
jo9tly4 ,a  dry piece ( bamboo is pegg$ 
d[n on ! gr\nd2 ! two fire-mak]s  sit   
d[n fac+ ea* o!r at ei!r end ( x1 &     
toge!r rub ano!r  piece ( bamboo on !   
horizontal piece1 "o ( !m hold+ ! wri/s 
( ! o!r & bo? press+ d[n firmly till    
fire is elicit$4#ggd    ,sid5ote3 ,?us !
 conception ( ! fire-/icks z male &     
female is  c>ri$ out by requir+ ! male  
/ick to be work$ by a man & !  female   

/ick to be work$ by a woman4 ,9 ! fir/  
at lea/ ( ^!  cu/oms1 x is pla91 !      
conception ( ! fire-/icks z male &      
female has be5 logically c>ri$ out by   
requir+ ! male fire-/ick  to be work$ by
 a man & ! female fire-/ick to be held  
by a woman4  ,b op9ions seem to diff] on
 ! "q :e!r ! fire-mak]s  ,sid5ote3 ,b   
op9ions diff] z to :e!r ! fire-mak]s    
%\ld be  m>ri$ or s+le4 %\ld be w$d$ or 
s+le4 ,! ,djakuns pref] t  ! man %\ld be
 m>ri$ & ! woman unm>ri$2 on ! o!r h&1  
! ,slavs ( ! ,s*> ,m\nta9s cle>ly ?9k x 
bett] t bo?  %\ld be s+le1 s9ce !y      
entru/ ! duty ( mak+ ! fire to a  boy & 
girl4 ,9 s f> z ! man's "p 9 ! "w is    
conc]n$1 "s  ( our ,scotti% ,highl&]s   
agree ) ! ,djakuns at ! o!r end (  ! _w2
 = ! natives ( ,lewis 8did also make use
 ( a fire call$  ,t9-eg91 i4e4 a =c$    
fire1 or fire ( necessity1 :i* !y us$  z
 an antidote aga9/ ! plague or murra9 9 
cattle2 & x 0  p]=m$ ?us3 all ! fires 9 
! p>i% 7 ext+ui%$1 & !n  eighty-"o m>ri$
 m51 be+ ?\ght ! necess>y numb] =       

effect+  ?is design1 took two great     
planks ( wood1 & n9e ( !m 7  employ$ by 
turns1 :o by _! repeat$ ef=ts rubb$ "o (
 !  planks aga9/ ! o!r until ! heat !re(
 produc$ fire2 & f  ?is =c$ fire ea*    
family is suppli$ ) new fire1 :i* is no 
soon] k9dl$ ?an a pot full ( wat] is    
quickly set on x1 &  aft]w>ds spr9kl$ ^u
 ! p infect$ ) ! plague1 or ^u  ! cattle
 t h ! murra94 ,& ?is !y all say !y f9d 
successful by exp]im5t3 x 0 practis$ 9 !
 ma9 l&1 opposite to  ! s\? ( ,skie1 )9 
^! ?irty ye>s40#gge ,on ! o!r h&1  !    
,g]mans ( ,halb]/adt sid$ ) ! ,s\?      
,slavs on ?is po9t1 =  !y caus$ ! =c$   
fire1 or ne$ fire1 z x is commonly      
call$1 to  be made by two *a/e boys1 :o 
pull$ at a rope :i* ran r\nd a  wood5   
cyl9d]4#ggf ,! !ory & practice ( !      
,basutos 9 ,s\?  ,africa 7 simil>4 ,aft]
 a bir? _h tak5 place !y us$ to k9dle  !
 fire ( ! hut afre%1 & 8= ?is purpose x 
0 necess>y t  a "y man ( *a/e habits    
%\ld rub two pieces ( wood quickly "o   
aga9/ ano!r1 until a flame sprung up1   

pure z himself4 ,x 0 firmly  believ$ t a
 premature dea? await$ him :o %\ld d>e  
to take ^u  himself ?is (fice1 aft] hav+
 lo/ 8 innoc5ce4 ,z soon1  !re=e1 z a   
bir? 0 proclaim$ 9 ! village1 ! fa!rs   
took  _! sons to und]go ! ordeal4 ,^? :o
 felt !mselves guilty  confess$ _!      
crime1 & submitt$ to be sc\rg$ r ?an    
expose  !mselves to ! consequ5ces ( a   
fatal tem]ity40#ggg    ,sid5ote3        
,reasons = entru/+ ! mak+ ( fire to     
unm>ri$ boys  & girls4 ,x is n h>d to   
div9e :y ! task ( twirl+ ! male         
fire-/ick 9 ! hole ( ! female fire-/ick 
%\ld by "s p be  assign$ to m>ri$ m54 ,!
 analogy ( ! process to ! int]c\rse  ( !
 sexes furni%es an obvi\s reason4 ,x is 
less easy to und]/&  :y o!r p %\ld pref]
 to entru/ ! duty to unm>ri$ boys4  ,b  
probably ! pref]5ce is bas$ on a belief 
t *a/ity leaves  ! boys ) a /ock (      
reproductive en]gy :i* !y may exp5d on  
! op]ation ( fire-mak+1 :]eas m>ri$ m5  
dissipate ! same  en]gy 9 o!r *annels4  
,a some:at simil> tra9 ( ?\ght may      

expla9 a rule ( virg9ity enjo9$ on wom5 
:o assi/ 9 !  production ( fire by hold+
 ! female fire-/ick on ! gr\nd4 ,z a    
virg9's womb is free to conceive1 s1 x  
might be ?\ght1 w be !  womb ( ! female 
fire-/ick :i* %e holds2 :]eas _h !      
female  fire-mak] be5 already ) *ild1 %e
 c\ld n be reimpregnat$1 &  consequ5tly 
! female fire-/ick c\ld n give bir? to a
 sp>k4  ,?us1 9 ! sympa!tic connexion   
betwe5 ! fire-/icks & !  fire-mak]s we  
seem to rea* ! ultimate orig9 ( ! ord] (
 !  ,ve/al ,virg9s3 !y _h to be *a/e1   
because o!rwise !y c\ld n  light ! fire4
 ,once :5 ! sacr$ fire _h gone out1 !   
,ve/al 9  *>ge ( x 0 suspect$ ( hav+    
br\ght ab\t ! calamity by h]  un*a/ity1 
b %e triumphantly repell$ ! suspicion by
 elicit+ a  flame f ! cold a%es4#ggh    
,ideas ( ! same primitive k9d /ill  l+] 
among ! ,fr5* peasantry1 :o ?9k t if a  
girl c bl[ up  a sm\ld]+ c&le into a    
flame %e is a virg91 b t if %e fails  to
 d s1 %e is n4#ggi ,9 anci5t ,greece    
none b p]sons ( pure  life 7 all[$ to   

bl[ up ! holy fire ) _! m\?s2 a vile man
  :o _h pollut$ 8 lips 0 deem$ unwor?y  
to dis*>ge !  duty4#ghj    ,sid5ote3 ,! 
holy fire & virg9s ( ,/4 ,brigit 9      
,irel&4 ,!  ,fr5* sup]/ition1 :i* ,i h j
 m5tion$1 may well date f  ,druidical   
times1 = !re are "s gr\nds = ?9k+ t     
among !  old ,celts1 z among _! ne>     
k9sm5 ! ,lat9s1 holy fires 7  t5d$ by   
virg9s4 ,9 our own c\ntry p]petual fires
 7 ma9ta9$ 9  ! temple ( a goddess :om !
 ,romans id5tifi$ ) ,m9]va1#gha  b ^:   
native ,celtic "n seems to h be5        
,brigit4 ,l ,m9]va1  ,brigit 0 a goddess
 ( poetry & wisdom1 & %e _h two si/]s   
also  call$ ,brigit1 :o presid$ ov]     
lee*craft & smi?craft respectively4     
,?is appe>s to be only ano!r way ( say+ 
t ,brigit 0 !  patroness ( b>ds1        
physicians1 & smi?s4#ghb ,n[1 at ,kild>e
 9  ,irel& ! nuns ( ,/4 ,brigit t5d$ a  
p]petual holy fire d[n to !  suppression
 ( ! mona/]ies "u ,h5ry ,,viii42 & we c 
h>dly  d\bt t 9 do+ s !y m]ely kept up1 
"u a ,*ri/ian "n1 an  anci5t pagan      

wor%ip ( ,brigit 9 h] "* ( a            
fire-goddess or  patroness ( smi?s4 ,!  
nuns 7 n9ete5 9 numb]4 ,ea* ( !m _h  !  
c>e ( ! fire = a s+le night 9 turn2 & on
 ! tw5tie?  ev5+ ! la/ nun1 hav+ heap$  
wood on ! fire1 us$ to say1  8,brigit1  
take *>ge ( y\r own fire2 = ?is night   
belongs to y40  ,%e !n w5t away1 & next 
morn+ !y always f\nd ! fire /ill  burn+ 
& ! usual quantity ( fuel consum$4 ,l ! 
,ve/al fire at  ,rome 9 ! old days1 !   
fire ( ,/4 ,brigit burn$ )9 a circul>   
enclosure made ( /akes & bru%wood1 & no 
male might set foot  inside ! f5ce4 ,!  
nuns 7 all[$ to fan ! fire or bl[ x up  
) bell[s1 b !y might n bl[ on x ) _!    
brea?4#ghc  ,sid5ote3 ,n to brea! on a  
holy fire4 ,simil>ly x is said t !      
,balkan ,slavs w n bl[ ) _! m\?s on !   
holy fire ( !  dome/ic he>?2#ghd a      
,brahman is =bidd5 to bl[ a fire ) 8    
m\?2#ghe & among ! ,p>sees ! prie/s h to
 we> a veil ov]  _! m\? le/ !y %\ld     
defile ! sacr$ fire by _!  brea?4#ghf ,!
 cu/om ( ma9ta9+ a p]petual fire 0 n    

peculi>  ,sid5ote3 ,o!r p]petual fires 9
 ,irel&4 to ,kild>e1 b seems to  h be5  
common 9 ,irel&1 = ! native records %ew 
t su* fires  7 kept up 9 sev]al         
mona/]ies1 9 ea* ( :i* a small *ur* or  
oratory 0 set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,?is 0  
done1 = example1 at  ! mona/]ies (      
,seirki]an1 ,kilma9ham1 &               
,ini%murray4#ghg ,we may  conjecture t  
^! holy fires 7 m]ely survivals ( !     
p]petual  fires :i* 9 pagan ,sid5ote3   
,/4 ,brigit's fire p]haps f$ )          
oak-wood4 times _h burn$ 9 hon\r (      
,brigit4 ,! view t ,brigit  0 a         
fire-goddess is confirm$ by ! obs]vation
 t 9 ! ,*ri/ian  cal5d> h] fe/ival falls
 ! day be=e ,c&lemas1 & ! cu/oms  obs]v$
 at t season by ,celtic peasantry seem  
to prove t %e 0 a  goddess ( ! crops z  
well z ( fire4#ghh ,if t 0 s1 x is      
ano!r reason = comp>+ h] to ,ve/a1 ^:   
prie/esses p]=m$  c]emonies to f]tilise 
bo? ! e>? & ! cattle4#ghi ,fur!r1  !re  
are "s gr\nds = connect+ ,brigit1 l     
,ve/a1 ) ! oak2  = at ,kild>e h]        

,*ri/ian namesake1 ,/4 ,brigit1 o!rwise 
kn[n z  ,/4 ,bride or ,/4 ,bridget1     
built h] *ur* "u an oak-tree1 :i*  exi/$
 till ! t5? c5tury1 & gave its "n to !  
spot1 =  ,kild>e is ,cilld>a1 8! *ur* ( 
! oak-tree40#gij ,! 8*ur* (  ! oak0 may 
well h displac$ a temple or sanctu>y ( !
 oak1 :]e  9 ,druidical days ! holy fire
 0 f$1 l ! ,ve/al fire at ,rome1  ) !   
wood ( ! sacr$ tree4    ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly 
,iri% mona/]ies built 9 oak groves4 ,we 
may suspect  t a conv]sion ( ?is sort 0 
(t5 effect$ 9 ,irel& by !  e>ly ,*ri/ian
 mission>ies4 ,! mona/]ies ( ,d]ry &    
,durr[1  f\nd$ by ,/4 ,columba1 7 bo?   
nam$ aft] ! oak groves amid/  :i* !y 7  
built2 & at ,d]ry ! sa9t sp>$ !         
beautiful trees  & /rictly enjo9$ 8     
successors to d ! same4 ,9 8 old age1   
:5 he liv$ an exile on ! %ores ( ! bleak
 /orm-swept isle (  ,iona1 8 he>t ye>n$ 
to ! home ( 8 y\? among ! oak groves (  
,irel&1 & he gave expression to ! ye>n+ 
9 passionate v]se3--               8,t  
spot is ! de>e/ on ,er9's gr\nd1        

,= ! treasures t peace & purity l5d1    
,= ! ho/s ( bright angels t circle x    
r\nd1               ,protect+ its bord]s
 f end to end4               8,! de>e/ (
 any on ,er9's gr\nd1               ,=  
its peace & its beauty ,i gave x my     
love2             ,ea* leaf ( ! oaks    
ar\nd ,d]ry is f\nd               ,to be
 cr[d$ ) angels f heav5 above4          
8,my ,d]ry6 my ,d]ry6 my little oak     
grove1               ,my dwell+1 my     
home1 & my own little cell1             
,may ,god ! ,et]nal 9 ,heav5 above      
,s5d dea? to ?y foes1 & def5d !e        
well40#gia    ,a feel+ ( ! same sort    
came ov] a v diff]5t exile 9 a v        
diff]5t sc5e1 :5 gr[+ old amid !        
turmoil1 ! gaieties1 !  di/ractions (   
,p>is1 he rememb]$ ! ,g]man oak woods ( 
8 y\?4                  8,i* hatte e9/  
e9 s*nes ,vat]l&4                ,d]    
,ei*5baum                ,wu*s dort s   
ho*1 die ,veil*5 nickt5 sanft4          
,es w> e9 ,traum40    ,sid5ote3 ,virg9  
prie/esses ( fire among ! ,incas ( ,p]u4

 ,f> f  ! oaks ( ,er9 & ! sa9t's la/    
home among ! /ormy ,hebrides1 a  sacr$  
fire has be5 t5d$ by holy virg9s1 )     
/ateli] rites & 9  m solemn fanes1 "u ! 
equ9octial l9e4 ,! ,incas ( ,p]u1 :o    
deem$ !mselves ! *ildr5 ( ! ,sun1       
procur$ a new fire f  _! great fa!r at !
 sol/ice 9 ,june1 our ,midsumm] ,day4   
,!y  k9dl$ x by hold+ t[>ds ! sun a     
holl[ mirror1 :i* reflect$  8 beams on a
 t9d] ( cotton wool4 ,b if ! sky happ5$ 
to be  ov]ca/ at ! "t1 !y made ! new    
fire by rubb+ two /icks  aga9/ ea* o!r2 
& !y look$ ^u x z a bad om5 :5 !y 7     
oblig$ to d ?is1 = !y said ! ,sun mu/ be
 angry ) !m1 s9ce  he refus$ to k9dle ! 
flame ) 8 own h&4 ,! sacr$ fire1  h[ev] 
obta9$1 0 deposit$ at ,cuzco1 ! capital 
( ,p]u1 9 !  temple ( ! ,sun1 & also 9 a
 great conv5t ( holy virg9s1 :o  gu>d$ x
 c>efully ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & x 0 an evil  
augury if  !y suff]$ x to g out4 ,^!    
,sid5ote3 ,wives ( ! ,sun 9 ,p]u4       
virg9s 7 reg>d$ z ! wives ( ! ,sun1 & !y
 7 b\nd to  p]petual *a/ity4 ,if any (  

!m prov$ unfai?ful to h] husb& !  ,sun1 
%e 0 buri$ alive1 l a ,roman ,ve/al1 &  
h] p>am\r 0  /rangl$4 ,! reason = putt+ 
h] to dea? 9 ?is mann] 0  probably1 z at
 ,rome1 a reluctance to %$ royal blood2 
= all ^!  virg9s 7 ( ! royal family1 be+
 daught]s ( ! ,incas or ( 8  k9sm54     
,besides t5d+ ! holy fire1 !y _h to     
weave & make all  ! clo!s worn by !     
,inca & 8 legitimate wife1 to bake !    
bread  t 0 (f]$ to ! ,sun at 8 great    
fe/ivals1 & to brew ! w9e  :i* ! ,inca &
 8 family drank on ^! occasions4 ,all ! 
furniture ( ! conv5t1 d[n to ! pots1    
pans1 & j>s1 7 ( gold  & silv]1 j z 9 ! 
temple ( ! ,sun1 because ! virg9s 7     
deem$ to be 8 wives4 ,& !y _h a gold5   
g>d51 :]e ! v  clods 7 ( f9e gold2 :]e  
gold5 maize re>$ its /alks1 leaves  &   
cobs1 all ( ! preci\s metal2 & :]e gold5
 %eph]ds1 )  sl+s & crooks ( gold1 t5d$ 
gold5 %eep & lambs4#gib ,!  analogy ( ^!
 virg9 gu>dians ( ! sacr$ flame furni%es
 an  argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view set =? 9 !
 prec$+ pages2 = if  ! ,p]uvian ,ve/als 

7 ! brides ( ! ,sun1 may n ! ,roman     
,ve/als h be5 ! brides ( ! ,fire8       
,sid5ote3 ,virg9 prie/esses ( fire 9    
,mexico & ,yucatan4 ,on !  summit ( !   
great pyramidal temple at ,mexico two   
fires burn$  cont9ually on /one he>?s 9 
front ( two *apels1 & dreadful          
mis=tunes 7 suppos$ to foll[ if ! fires 
7 all[$ to g out4  ,!y 7 kept up by     
prie/s & maid5s1 "s ( :om _h tak5 a v[  
( p]petual virg9ity4 ,b mo/ ( ^! girls  
seem to h s]v$ only  = a ye> or m until 
_! m>riage4 ,!y (f]$ inc5se to !  idols1
 wove clo?s = ! s]vice ( ! temple1 swept
 ! sacr$ area1  & bak$ ! cakes :i* 7    
pres5t$ to ! gods b eat5 by _!  prie/s4 
,!y 7 clad all 9 :ite1 )\t any ornam5t4 
,a broom &  a c5s] 7 _! emblems4 ,dea? 0
 ! p5alty inflict$ on !  fai?less virg9 
:o pollut$ by h] incont95ce ! temple ( !
  god4#gic ,9 ,yucatan !re 0 an ord] (  
,ve/als in/itut$ by a  pr9cess1 :o act$ 
z lady-sup]ior & 0 deifi$ aft] h] dea?  
"u ! title ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,fire4 ,!     
memb]s enroll$  !mselves volunt>ily ei!r

 = life or = a t]m ( ye>s1 aft]  :i* !y 
might m>ry4 ,_! duty 0 to t5d ! sacr$   
fire1 !  emblem ( ! sun4 ,if !y broke _!
 v[ ( *a/ity or all[$ !  fire to g out1 
!y 7 %ot to dea? ) arr[s4#gid           
,sid5ote3 ,virg9 prie/esses ( fire among
 ! ,bag&a4 ,among/ !  ,bag&a ( ,c5tral  
,africa !re us$ to be an ord] ( ,ve/al  
,virg9s  7bakaja7 :o 7 atta*$ to !      
temples ( ! gods4 ,_! duties  7 to keep 
! fire ( ! god burn+ all night1 to see t
 !re  0 a good supply ( firewood1 & to  
wat* t ! suppliants did n  br+ to !     
deity any?+ t 0 taboo$ to him4 ,^!      
maid5s are  also said to h _h *>ge ( "s 
( ! vessels4 ,all ( !m 7  "y girls2 no  
man might t\* !m2 & :5 !y rea*$ ! age ( 
pub]ty1 ! god ord]$ !m to be giv5 9     
m>riage4 ,! place ( a  girl :o ?us      
vacat$ (fice _h to be suppli$ by ano!r  
girl tak5  f ! same clan4#gie           
,sid5ote3 ,resemblance betwe5 ! ,flam5  
,dialis ( ! ,romans & !  ,agnihotri or  
fire-prie/ ( ! ,brahmans4 ,we h se5 t "s
  p commit ! task ( mak+ fire by        

friction to m>ri$ m52 &  foll[+ ! op9ion
 ( o!r s*ol>s ,i h conjectur$ t 9 "s  ( 
! ,lat9 tribes ! duty ( k9dl+ & fe$+ !  
sacr$ fire may  h be5 assign$ to !      
,flam5 ,dialis1 :o _h always to be      
m>ri$2  if 8 wife di$1 he vacat$ 8      
(fice4#gif ,! sanctity ( 8 fire  is     
prov$ by ! rule t no br& might be tak5 f
 8 h\se except  = ! purpose ( a         
sacrifice4#gig ,fur!r1 ! importance     
ascrib$ to  ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties is     
atte/$ by ano!r old rule :i*  =bade him 
to be abs5t f 8 h\se 9 ,rome = a s+le   
night4#gih  ,! prohibition w\ld be      
intelligible if "o ( 8 duties _h =m]ly  
be5 to sup]9t5d ! ma9t5ance ( a p]petual
 fire4 ,h[ev] t  may h be51 ! life ( !  
prie/ 0 regulat$ by a :ole code (       
curi\s re/rictions or taboos1 :i* r5d]$ 
! (fice s burd5some  & vexati\s t1 9    
spite ( ! high hon\rs atta*$ to ! po/1  
= a p]iod ( m ?an sev5ty ye>s toge!r no 
man 0 f\nd  will+ to und]take x4#gii ,"s
 ( ^! re/rictions w be  exam9$ lat]     
on4#hjj ,_! simil>ity to ! rules ( life 

/ill  obs]v$ 9 ,india by ! ,brahmans :o 
are fire-prie/s 7,agnihotris7  seems to 
confirm ! view t ! ,flam5 also 0        
orig9ally a  fire-prie/4 ,! p>allel     
betwe5 ! two prie/hoods w\ld be all !  m
 rem>kable if1 z "s s*ol>s hold1 ! v    
names ,brahman &  ,flam5 are            
philologically id5tical4#hja ,z to ^!   
,brahmanical  fire-prie/s or ,agnihotris
 we are told t ! numb] ( !m n[adays  is 
v limit$1 because ! c]emonies involve   
heavy exp5diture1 &  ! rules :i*        
regulate !m are v elaborate & difficult4
 ,!  (f]+ ( food to ! fire at meals is1 
inde$1 "o ( ! five daily  duties ( e    
,brahman2 b ! regul> fire-s]vice is !   
special  duty ( ! ,agnihotri4 ,9 ord] t 
he may be c]emonially pure he is  b\nd  
by c]ta9 obligations n to travel or     
rema9 away f home =  any long "t2 to    
sell no?+ :i* is produc$ by himself or 8
  family2 to pay little att5tion to     
worldly affairs2 to speak ! tru?2  to   
ba! & wor%ip ! deities 9 ! aft]noon z   
well z 9 !  morn+2 & to sacrifice to 8  

deceas$ ance/ors on ! fifte5? (  e mon?4
 ,he is n all[$ to take food at night4  
,he may n eat  alkal9e salt1 meat1      
honey1 & inf]ior gra91 su* z "s v>ieties
  ( pulse1 millet1 & ! egg plant4 ,he   
nev] we>s %oes nor sleeps on  a b$1 b   
always on ! gr\nd4 ,he is expect$ to    
keep awake mo/ (  ! night & to /udy !   
,%/ras4 ,he may h no connexion )1 nor   
unholy ?\ghts reg>d+1 any woman b 8     
wife2 & he mu/ ab/a9  f e o!r act t     
involves p]sonal impurity4#hjb ,) ^!    
rules we may comp>e "s ( ! obligations  
laid on ! ,flam5 ,dialis4  ,9 ! old     
days1 z we saw1 he 0 b\nd nev] to be    
abs5t f 8  h\se = a s+le night4 ,he     
might n t\* or ev5 "n raw meat1  beans1 
ivy1 & a %e-goat2 he might n eat leav5$ 
bread1 nor t\* a  dead body2 & ! feet ( 
8 b$ _h always to be sme>$ )  mud4#hjc  
,?is la/ rule seems to be a mitigation (
 an old] cu/om (  sleep+ on ! gr\nd1 a  
cu/om :i* is /ill obs]v$ by !           
fire-prie/ 9 ,india1 z x 0 9 antiquity  
by ! prie/s ( ,zeus at  ,dodona4#hjd    

,simil>ly ! prie/ ( ! old ,prussian god 
,potrimpo 0  b\nd to sleep on ! b>e e>? 
= ?ree nights be=e he sacrific$  to !   
deity4#hje    ,sid5ote3 ,mode 9 :i* !   
,agnihotri procures fre% fire by !      
friction ( fire-/icks4 ,e ,agnihotri has
 a sep>ate room 9 8  h\se :]e ! sacr$   
fire is kept burn+ 9 a small pit ( a    
cubit  squ>e4 ,%\ld ! fire *ance to g   
out1 ! prie/ mu/ get fre% fire  f ano!r 
prie/ or procure x by ! friction (      
fire-/icks  7arani74 ,^! comprise1 fir/1
 a block ( sami wood 7,prosopis         
spicig]a7 9 :i* a small hole is made    
emblematical ( ! female  pr9ciple 7sakti
 yoni71 &1 second1 an upright %aft :i*  
is made to  revolve 9 ! hole ( ! block  
by means ( a rope4 ,! po9t 9 !  drill   
:]e ! rope is appli$ to cause x to      
revolve is call$ deva  yoni4 ,two prie/s
 take "p 9 ! op]ation4 ,be=e !y beg9 !y 
s+ a hymn 9 hon\r ( ! fire-god ,agni4   
,:5 ! fire has be5  k9dl$ !y place x 9 a
 copp] vessel & spr9kle x ) p[d]$       
c[-dung4 ,:5 x is well alight1 !y cov] x

 ) ano!r copp]  vessel1 spr9kle x )     
drops ( wat]1 & s+ ano!r hymn 9 hon\r  (
 ,agni4 ,f9ally1 ! new fire is consign$ 
to ! fire-pit4#hjf  ,accord+ to ano!r   
description ( ! mod]n ,indian           
fire-drill1 !  l[] block is usually made
 ( ! h>d wood ( ! khadira or khair  tree
 7,acacia cate*u71 & x conta9s two %all[
 holes4 ,9 "o (  ^! holes ! revolv+     
drill works & produces sp>ks by         
friction2  ! o!r hole conta9s t9d] :i*  
is ignit$ by means ( ! sp>ks4  ,?is     
latt] hole is kn[n z ! yoni1 ! female   
organ ( g5]ation4  ,! upp] or revolv+   
portion ( ! drill is call$ ! praman?a4  
,x consi/s ( a r\nd %aft ( h>d wood1 ) a
 spike ( s(t] wood  ins]t$ 9 its l[]    
end4 ,"o prie/ causes ! %aft to revolve 
by  pull+ a cord1 :ile ano!r prie/      
presses ! spike d[n into !  hole 9 !    
block by lean+ h>d ^u a flat bo>d plac$ 
on ! top (  ! %aft4 ,! spike is g5]ally 
made ( ! peepul or sacr$ fig-tree4  ,:5 
x has become *>r$ by friction1 x is     
replac$ by ano!r4#hjg  ,accord+ to "o   

acc\nt1 ! fire is made 9 ?is fa%ion1 n  
by two  prie/s1 b by ! ,brahman & 8     
wife2 %e pulls ! cord1 :ile he  holds ! 
bor] 9 ! hole & recites ! spells        
necess>y = !  production ( ! fire4#hjh  
,sid5ote3 ,! ,indian fire-/icks made f !
 sacr$ fig & sami  wood4 ,?is practice (
 ! mod]n ,agnihotri or fire-prie/ (     
,india is  9 g5]al accord ) ! precepts  
laid d[n 9 ! anci5t sacr$  books ( 8    
religion4 ,= ^! direct t ! upp] or male 
/ick (  ! fire-drill %\ld be made ( !   
sacr$ fig-tree 7asvat?a71 &  ! l[] or   
female /ick ( sami wood 7,prosopis      
spicig]a72 &  !y draw out ! analogy     
betwe5 ! process ( fire-mak+ & !        
int]c\rse ( ! sexes 9 m9ute detail4#hji 
,x des]ves to be  ,sid5ote3 ,! male     
fire-/ick made by pref]5ce f a sacr$    
fig-tree  gr[+ z a p>asite on ! female  
sami tree4 not$ t ! male  fire-/ick 0   
cut by pref]5ce f a sacr$ fig-tree :i*  
grew z a  p>asite on a sami or female   
tree4 ,! reason = ?is pref]5ce is       
obvi\s to ! primitive m9d4 ,a p>asite   

clasp+ a tree ) its  t5drils is conceiv$
 z a man embrac+ a woman1 h5ce a pair ( 
fire-/icks made f a pair ( trees ?us    
int]lac$ w naturally  possess ! p[] (   
procreat+ fire by friction 9 an         
unusually high  degree4#haj ,s          
completely1 9 ! ,h9doo m9d1 does !      
process (  mak+ fire by friction bl5d ) 
! union ( ! human sexes t x  is actually
 employ$ z "p ( a *>m to procure male   
(fspr+4#haa  ,su* a confusion ( ?\ght   
helps u to und]/& ! "p play$ by  !      
dome/ic fire 9 ! ritual ( m>riage & bir?
 z well z 9 !  leg5ds ( ! miracul\s     
orig9 ( ! ,lat9 k+s4#hab ,9 anci5t      
,india ! male & ! female fire-/ick 7    
id5tifi$ ) ,k+  ,pururavas & ! nymph    
,urvasi1 ^: loves & sorr[s =m$ ! !me  ( 
a beautiful tale4#hac    ,sid5ote3 ,!   
,greeks also pref]r$ to make "o ( !     
fire-/icks f  a p>asitic plant4 ,l !    
anci5t ,indians1 ! ,greeks seem to h    
pref]r$ t "o ( ! two fire-/icks %\ld be 
made f a  p>asitic or creep+ plant4 ,!y 
recomm5d$ t ! bor] ( !  fire-drill %\ld 

be made ( laurel & ! bo>d ( ivy or ano!r
  creep]1 app>5tly a k9d ( wild v9e :i* 
grew l ivy ^u trees2  b 9 practice bo? !
 bor] & ! bo>d 7 sometimes made (  o!r  
woods1 among :i* buck?orn1 ! ev]gre5    
oak1 & ! lime are  p>ticul>ly           
m5tion$4#had ,:5 we consid] ! analogy ( 
! ,indian  pref]5ce = a bor] made f a   
p>asite1 & rememb] h[ deeply  root$ 9 ! 
primitive m9d is ! comp>ison ( !        
friction ( !  fire-/icks to ! union     
,sid5ote3 ,! reason = su* a pref]5ce is 
! analogy ( ! union ( ! sexes4 ( !      
sexes1 we %all h>dly  d\bt t ! ,greeks  
orig9ally *ose ! ivy or wild v9e = a    
fire-/ick f motives ( ! sort :i* l$ !   
,h9doos to select !  wood ( a p>asitic  
fig-tree = ! same purpose4 ,b :ile !    
,h9doos  reg>d$ ! p>asite z male & !    
tree to :i* x clung z female1  ! ,greeks
 ( ,!ophra/us's "t seem to h inv]t$ ?is 
conception1  s9ce !y recomm5d$ t ! bo>d1
 :i* plays ! "p ( !  female 9 !         
fire-drill1 %\ld be made ( ivy or ano!r 
creep]1  :]eas ! bor]1 :i* necess>ily   

repres5ts ! male1 0 to be  fa%ion$ out (
 laurel4 ,?is w\ld imply t ! ivy 0 a    
female &  ! laurel a male4 ,yet 9       
,greek1 on ! contr>y1 ! ^w = ivy is     
mascul9e1 & ! plant 0 id5tifi$          
my?ologically ) ! male god              
,dionysus2#hae :]eas ! ^w = laurel is   
fem99e & ! tree 0  id5tifi$ ) a nymph4  
,h5ce we may conjecture t at fir/ !     
,greeks1 l ! ,h9doos1 reg>d$ ! cl++     
creep] z ! male &  ! tree :i* x embrac$ 
z ! female1 & t ( old1 !re=e1  !y made !
 bor] ( ! fire-drill out ( ivy & ! bo>d 
out (  laurel4 ,if ?is 0 s1 ! reasons   
:i* l$ !m to rev]se ! usage  c only be  
guess$ at4 ,p]haps practical conv5i5ce  
_h a %>e 9  br++ ab\t ! *ange4 ,= !     
laurel is1 z ! late ,pr(essor ,h4       
,m>%all ,w>d k9dly in=m$ me1 a h>d] wood
 ?an ! ivy1 & to  judge by g5]al1 ?\gh n
 univ]sal1 practice mo/ p f9d x  easi]  
to make fire by ! friction ( a h>d bor] 
on a s(t bo>d ?an  by rubb+ a h>d bo>d )
 a s(t po9t4 ,?is1 !re=e1 w\ld be a     
reason = mak+ ! bor] ( laurel & ! bo>d (

 ivy4 ,if su* a  *ange took place 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! ,greek fire-drill1 x w\ld be 
an  int]e/+ example ( sup]/ition        
modifi$1 if n vanqui%$1 by  utility 9 ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce4    ,footnote #gcg3   
,livy1 xxviii4 #aa4 #f sq42 ,dionysius  
,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4    ii4 
#fg4 #e4    ,footnote #gch3      ,ovid1 
,fa/i1 vi4 #bfe sqq42 ,fe/us1 p4 #bfb1  
ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4    ,footnote #gci3   
,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir1 pp4 
#aa sq4 ,on ! diffusion (    ! r\nd hut 
9 ,africa ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on says3   
8,! orig9al =m (    h\se ?r\gh\t all    
,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 0 :at ! majority
 (    ! h\ses /ill are--circul> &       
some:at l a beehive 9 %ape1    ) r\nd   
walls ( wattle & daub & ?at*$ ro(4 ,?is 
/yle (    h\se is *>act]i/ic ( 7a7 all  
,africa s\? ( ! ,zambezi2    7b7 all    
,briti% ,c5tral ,africa2 z mu* ( !      
,portuguese prov9ces    ( ,zambezia &   
,moambique z are n "u direct ,portuguese
 or    ,muhamm$an influ5ce :i* may h    
introduc$ ! rectangul>    dwell+2 7c7   

all ,ea/ ,africa up to & includ+ !      
,egyptian    ,sudan1 :]e ,arab influ5ce 
has n introduc$ ! oblong rectangul>     
build+2 7d7 ! ,c5tral ,nig]ian ,sudan1  
mu* ( ,s5egambia1 &    p]haps ! ,we/    
,coa/ ( ,africa z f> ea/ & s\? z ! ,gold
    ,coa/1 subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! same  
limitations z to =eign    influ5ce0     
7,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 ,london1      
#ahig1 ,p4 #dec74    ,footnote #gdj3    
,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1  
iii4 #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #bej1 #cda    sq4   
,footnote #gda3      ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 op4  
cit4 iii4 #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #cdj sq42      
,j\rnal (    ,philology1 xiv4 7#ahhe7   
pp4 #aee sq4    ,footnote #gdb3         
,livy1 i4 #c sq42 ,dionysius            
,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4 i4 #gf 
sq42 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #c4    ,footnote
 #gdc3      ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #aj2        
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4  
ii4 #fg4    #d1 viii4 #hi4 #e4          
,footnote #gdd3      ,! sugge/ion is due
 to ,mr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,bayfield 7,classical  
,review1 xv4    #aija1 p4 #ddh74 ,he    

comp>es ! simil> execution ( ! pr9cess  
,antigone 7,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #ggc  
sqq474 ,h[ev]1 we mu/    rememb] t a    
cu/om ( bury+ p alive has be5 practis$ z
 a    puni%m5t or a sacrifice by        
,romans1 ,p]sians1 & ,g]mans1 ev5 :5    
! victims 7 n ( royal blood4 ,see ,livy1
 xxii4 #eg4 #f2 ,pl9y1    ,nat4 ,hi/4   
xxviii4 #ab2 ,plut>*1 ,m>cellus1 #c2    
id41 ,quae/4    ,rom4 #hc2 ,h]odotus1   
vii4 #aad2 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e         
,re*tsalt]?m]1    #crd ,ed41 pp4 #fid   
sq4 ,z to ! objection to spill royal    
blood1 see    ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,second  
,edition1 i4 #ced sq4    ,footnote #gde3
      ,see above1 p4 #bae4    ,footnote 
#gdf3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #fbi-fgb4  
,comp>e ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 vi4 #ae2
    ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4   
#di4    ,footnote #gdg3      ,ovid1     
,fa/i1 iv4 #gca-ghb4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cbf4
    ,footnote #gdh3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4   
,hi/4 xxviii4 #ci2 8,quamquam religione 
tutatur et    fasc9us1 imp]atorum       
quoque1 non solum infantium cu/os1 qui  

deus    int] sacra ,romana ,ve/alibus   
colitur40    ,footnote #gdi3            
,virgil1 ,georg4 i4 #dih2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 
iv4 #hbh2 ,g4 ,h5z51 ,acta    fratrum   
,arvalium1 pp4 #abd1 #adg2 ,h4 ,dessau1 
,inscriptiones ,lat9ae    selectae1     
,nos4 #ejdg1 #ejdh4 ,ennius repres5t$   
,ve/a z ! "m (    ,saturn & ,titan4 ,see
 ,lactantius1 ,div94 in/4 i4 #ad4       
,footnote #gej3      ,augu/9e1 ,de      
civitate ,dei1 iv4 #aj4    ,footnote    
#gea3      ,see above1 pp4 #aie sqq4    
,footnote #geb3      ,grihya ,stras1    
translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 vol4 i4 pp4  
#cg1 #afh1 #bgi1    #bhc1 #chb1 #chd1   
vol4 ii4 pp4 #df1 #aia1 #bfj2 ,m4       
,w9t]nitz1 8,das    alt9dis*e           
,ho*zeitsrituell10 pp4 #d1 #ef-fb       
7,d5ks*rift5 d]    kais]l4 ,akademie d] 
,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,wi51 xl41 ,vi5na1       
#ahib72 ,h4    ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es      
,leb51 p4 #cab2 ,g4 ,a4 ,gri]son1 ,bihr 
,peasant    ,life 7,calcutta1 #ahhe71 p4
 #cfh2 ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und      
,brau* d]    ,sdslav51 pp4 #chf1 #dcf1  

cp4 #dcj2 ,j4 ,lasicius1 8,de diis      
,samagit>um    caet]orumque ,s>mat>um10 
9 ,magaz9 h]ausgegeb5 von d]            
,lettis*-,lit]>is*5 ,gesells*aft1 xiv4  
#ii2 ,j4 ,maeletius    7,maletius71 8,de
 sacrificiis et idolatria vet]um        
,borussorum ,livonum    ali>umque       
vic9>um g5tium10 9 ,mitteilung5 d]      
,litt]>is*5    ,gesells*aft ,masovia1   
viii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #aia1 #bjd 7?is "w is 
also    repr9t$ "u ! "n ( ,j4 ,m5ecius 9
 ,scriptores r]um    ,livonic>um1 ii4   
7,riga & ,leipsic1 #ahdh7 pp4 #chi-cib72
 ,f4 ,woe/e1 9    ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e
 ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 ii4 7#ahee7
 p4    #ia2 ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1  
,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und           
,gebru*e1 pp4 #dcc1 #ebb2 ,a4 ,kuhn1    
,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus           
,we/fal51 ii4 #ch2 ,j4 ,h4 ,s*mitz1     
,sitt5 und ,sag51 etc41 des ,eifl]      
,volkes1 i4 #fg2 ,montanus1 ,die deuts*e
 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbru*e und    deuts*] 
,volksglaube1 p4 #he2                   
,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,ho*zeitsbu*        

7,leipsic1 #ahga71 p4 #bbb2 ,l4 v4      
,s*ro$]1 ,die ,ho*zeitsbru*e d]    ,e/5 
7,b]l91 #ahhh71 pp4 #abg sqq42 ,e4      
,samt]1 ,famili5fe/e d]    ,grie*5 und  
,rm] 7,b]l91 #aija71 pp4 #ei-fb2 ,o4    
,s*rad]1    ,reallexikon d]             
indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 pp4 #cef  
sq4 ,?is    evid5ce proves t ! cu/om has
 be5 practis$ by ! ,indian1             
,slavonian1 ,li?uanian1 & ,teutonic     
bran*es ( ! ,aryan race1 f    :i* we may
 fairly inf] t x 0 obs]v$ by ! ance/ors 
( !    :ole family be=e _! disp]sion4   
,footnote #gec3      ,grihya-,stras1    
translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 vol4 i4 p4   
#bhc 7,sacr$    ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4   
xxix474    ,footnote #ged3      ,pr(4   
,vl4 ,titelba*1 8,das heilige ,feu] bei 
d5 ,balkanslav510    ,int]nationales    
,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 p4
 #a4    ,footnote #gee3      ,f4 ,s4    
,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sdslav5  
7,vi5na1 #ahhe71 p4 #dcj4    ,footnote  
#gef3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 
#eca4    ,footnote #geg3      ,?is say+ 

0 communicat$ to me by ,miss ,mabel     
,peacock 9 a lett]    dat$              
,kirton-9-,l9dsey1 ,l9coln%ire1 #cj?    
,octob] #aije4    ,footnote #geh3       
,max ,bu*1 ,die ,wotjk5 7,/uttg>t1      
#ahhb71 pp4 #eb1 #ei2 ,l4 v4    ,s*ro$]1
 op4 cit4 pp4 #abi1 #acb4    ,footnote  
#gei3      ,above1 pp4 #bba sq4         
,footnote #gfj3      ,z x is believ$ t  
fire may impregnate human be+s1 s       
conv]sely    "s p seem to imag9e t x may
 be impregnat$ by !m4 ,?us    ,mr4 ,t4  
,r4 ,glov]1 ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's        
,college1 ,cambridge1 writes to    me   
7#ah? ,june #aijf73 8,a curi\s & n v    
quotable in/ance ( 7,i    suppose7      
,sacr$ ,m>riage 0 br\ght to my notice by
 ,mr4 ,br[n ( !    ,canadian ,bapti/    
,mission to ! ,telugus4 ,he said t 9    
,h9doo    temples 79 ,s\? ,india        
*iefly87 sometimes a scaffold+ is erect$
    ov] a fire4 ,a man & a woman are got
 to copulate on x & all[ !    human se$ 
to fall into ! fire40 ,b p]haps ?is     
c]emony is only    ano!r way ( convey+ !

 f]tilis+ virtue ( ! fire to !    woman1
 9 o!r words1 ( gett+ h] ) *ild4        
,footnote #gfa3      ,above1 pp4 #bae1  
#bba4    ,footnote #gfb3      ,suidas1  
,h>pocration1 & ,etymologicum ,magnum1  
s4v4 2    ,hesy*ius1 s4v4  2 ,s*ol4 on  
,plato1 ,!aetetus1 p4    #afj ,e4 ,on   
?is cu/om see ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,cultes1 my!s1
 et religions1    i4 7,p>is1 #aije7 pp4 
#acg-ade4 ,he sugge/s t ! runn+ ( !     
nak$ m5 :o c>ri$ ! babies 0 int5d$1 by  
means ( sympa!tic    magic1 to imp>t to 
! little ones 9 aft]-life ! p[] ( runn+ 
fa/4 ,b ?is !ory does n expla9 :y ! race
 took place r\nd    ! he>?4    ,footnote
 #gfc3      ,! cu/om has be5 practis$ ) 
?is int5tion 9 ,scotl&1 ,*9a1    ,new   
,brita91 ! ,t5imb] & ,timorlaut ,isl&s1 
& by ! ,ovambo (    ,s\? ,africa4 ,see  
,p5nant's 8,second ,t\r 9 ,scotl&10     
,p9k]ton's    ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 
#chc2 ,miss ,c4 ,f4 ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,9 !
    ,hebrides1 ed4 #ahhc1 p4 #aja2 ,*9a 
,review1 ix4 7#ahhj-ahha7 p4 #cjc2      
,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,im ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 pp4

 #id sq42 ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1    ,de    
sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5        
,selebes en ,papua1 p4 #cjc2    ,h4     
,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1 p4 #cjg4 
,a simil> cu/om 0    obs]v$1 probably = 
! same reason1 9 anci5t ,mexico & 9     
,madagasc>4 ,see ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory (   
,mexico1 translat$ by ,cull51    i4 #ca2
 ,w4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc>1 i4   
#aeb4 ,comp>e my note1    8,! ,y\? (    
,a*illes10 ,classical ,review1 vii4     
7#ahic7 pp4 #bic sq4    ,footnote #gfd3 
,comp>e ,e4 ,samt]1 ,famili5fe/e d]     
,grie*5 und ,rm] 7,b]l91    #aija71 pp4 
#ei-fb4    ,footnote #gfe3      ,w4 ,r4 
,s4 ,ral/on1 ,! ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 
pp4 #abj sq4    ,ral/on held t !        
,russian h\se-_s ,domovoy1 :o is suppos$
 to    live beh9d ! /ove1 is ! mod]n    
repres5tative ( an ance/ral    _s4      
,comp>e ibid4 pp4 #hd1 #hf1 #aai4       
,footnote #gff3      ,evid5ce ( ?is view
 w be adduc$ lat] on4 ,see ,! ,gold5    
,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 iii4 #def4     
,footnote #gfg3      ,see above1 pp4    

#ahe sq4    ,footnote #gfh3      ,l4 v4 
,s*ro$]1 ,die ,ho*zeitsbru*e d] ,e/5    
7,b]l91 #ahhh71 pp4    #abi sq4         
,footnote #gfi3      ,see above1 p4     
#aig4    ,footnote #ggj3      ,?4       
,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,new ,edition 
7,london1 #ahid71 i4 #bae    sq42 ,j4   
,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 
#bnd ,ed41 p4    #cbf2 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 
,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( !         
,republic1    p4 #adg4 ,= ano!r         
d]ivation ( _! "n see bel[1 p4 #bdg4    
,footnote #gga3      ,see above1 p4     
#bjg4    ,footnote #ggb3      ,h4       
,vaughan ,/ev5s1 8,mitteilung5 aus dem  
,frau5leb5 d] rang    ,bel5das1 d] rang 
,djkun und d] rang ,lut10 be>beitet von 
,dr4 ,max    ,b>tels1 ,zeits*rift fr    
,e?nologie1 xxviii4 7#ahif7 pp4 #afh sq4
    ,! writ] adds t any p]son1 boy1 man1
 or woman 7provid$ %e 0    n m5/ru\s7   
might light ! fire1 if x 7 m conv5i5t t 
he or %e %\ld d s4 ,?us ! co-op]ation ( 
a m>ri$ man & an    unm>ri$ girl1 ?\gh  
app>5tly deem$ ! be/1 0 n ! only        

p]missible way ( ignit+ ! wood4 ,! good 
fai? or at all ev5ts    ! accuracy ( !  
late ,g]man travell] ,h4 ,vaughan ,/ev5s
 is n1 ,i    und]/&1 above suspicion2 b 
,mr4 ,nelson ,ann&ale1 jo9t au?or (     
,fasciculi ,malay5ses1 writes to me (   
him t 8he c]ta9ly _h a    k & exp]i5ce (
 ! wild tribes ( ! ,malay region :i*    
few or none h excell$1 = he liv$        
lit]ally z "o (    !mselves40           
,footnote #ggc3      ,pr(4 ,vl4         
,titelba*1 8,das heilige ,feu] bei d5   
,balkanslav510    ,int]nationales ,ar*iv
 fr ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 pp4     
#b-d4 ,!    c]emony witness$ by ,pr(4   
,titelba* w be describ$ lat] on 9    ?is
 "w4 ,k+lake rode ?r\gh ! great ,s]vian 
=e/ on 8 way    f ,belgrade to          
,con/ant9ople1 & f 8 description 7,eo!n1
    *4 ii47 we ga!r t x is *iefly       
compos$ ( oak4 ,he says3    8,endless & 
endless n[ on ei!r side ! tall oaks     
clos$ 9 _!    ranks1 & /ood gloomily    
l[]+ ov] u40    ,footnote #ggd3      ,*4
 ,gilhodes1 8,la ,culture matrielle des 

,kat*9s 7,birmanie710    ,an?ropos1 v4  
7#aiaj7 p4 #fbi4    ,footnote #gge3     
,m4 ,m>t9's 8,description ( ! ,we/]n    
,isl&s ( ,scotl&10 9    ,p9k]ton's      
,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 #faa4 ,! fir/ 
edition (    ,m>t9's "w 0 publi%$ 9     
#agjc1 & ! second 9 #agaf4    ,footnote 
#ggf3      ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e         
,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4 #ejd4           
,footnote #ggg3      ,e4 ,casalis1 ,!   
,basutos1 pp4 #bfg sq4    ,footnote     
#ggh3      ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1   
,antiquit4 ,rom4 ii4 #fh2 ,val]ius      
,maximus1    i4 #a4 #g4    ,footnote    
#ggi3      ,j4 ,lecur1 ,esquisses du    
,bocage ,norm&1 ii4 7,cond-sur-,noireau1
    #ahhg7 p4 #bg2 ,b4 ,s\*1 ,croyances1
 prsages et traditions div]ses          
7,niort1 #ahhj71 p4 #ab4    ,footnote   
#ghj3      ,polybius1 xii4 #ac4 ,9      
,d>fur a curi\s p[] ov] fire is ascrib$ 
to    wom5 :o h be5 fai?ful to _!       
husb&s4 8,x is a belief among    !      
,=ians1 t if ! city takes fire1 ! only  
means ( arre/+    ! progress ( ! flames 

is to br+ ne> !m a woman1 no long]      
"y1 :o has nev] be5 guilty ( intrigue4  
,if %e be pure1 by    m]ely wav+ a      
mantle1 %e puts a /op to ! de/ruction4  
,success    has sometimes rew>d$ a      
virtu\s woman0 7,travels ( an ,arab     
,m]*ant ,mohamm$ ,ibn-,om> ,el-,t\nsy 9 
,s\dan1 abridg$ f !    ,fr5* by ,bayle  
,/4 ,john 7,london1 #ahed71 p4 #aab74   
,comp>e ,r4 ,w4    ,felk91 8,notes on ! 
,= ,tribe ( ,c5tral ,africa10 ,proce$+s 
(    ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1     
xiii4 7#ahhd-ahhf7 p4 #bcj4    ,footnote
 #gha3      ,sol9us1 xxii4 #aj4 ,!      
,celtic ,m9]va1 accord+ to ,caes> 7,de  
bello    ,gallico1 vi4 #ag71 0 a goddess
 ( ! me*anical arts4    ,footnote #ghb3 
,j4 ,rhys1 ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 pp4       
#gc-gg2 ,p4 ,w4 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory 
( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #bfj sq4           
,footnote #ghc3      ,giraldus          
,cambr5sis1 ,! ,topography ( ,irel&1    
*aps4    xxxiv4-xxxvi41 translat$ by    
,?omas ,wright2 ,p4 ,w4 ,joyce1 ,social 
,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #ccd sq4 ,x

 is said t 9 !    isl& ( ,s5a 7! mod]n  
,se971 (f ! coa/ ( ,brittany1 !re    0  
an oracle ( a ,gallic deity ^: wor%ip 0 
c>$ = by n9e    virg9 prie/esses4 ,!y   
c\ld raise /orms by _! incantations1 &  
turn !mselves into any animals !y pleas$
 7,mela1 iii4 #dh72 b    x is n said t  
!y ma9ta9$ a p]petual holy fire1 ?\gh   
,*4    ,elton affirms t !y did 7,orig9s 
( ,engli% ,hi/ory1 p4 #bg74 ,m4         
,salomon ,re9a* dismisses ^! virg9s z a 
fable bas$ on ,hom]'s    description ( !
 isle ( ,circe 7,odyssey1 x4 #ace sqq471
 & he    d5ies t ! ,gauls employ$ virg9 
prie/esses4 ,see 8 article1    8,les    
,vi]ges de ,s5a10 ,revue ,celtique1     
xviii4 7#ahig7 pp4 #a-h2 id41           
,cultes1 my!s1 et religions1 i4 7,p>is1 
#aije7 pp4 #aie sqq4 ,to me    ! nuns ( 
,/4 ,brigit seem to be mo/ probably !   
successors ( a    ,celtic ord] (        
,ve/als4 ,t !re 7 female ,druids is     
c]ta91 b    x does n appe> :e!r !y 7    
virg9s4 ,see ,lampridius1    ,alex&]    
,sev]us1 #fj2 ,vopiscus1 ,aurelianus1   

#dd2 id41    ,num]ianus1 #ad sq4        
,footnote #ghd3      ,pr(4 ,vl4         
,titelba*1 8,das heilige ,feu] bei d5   
,balkanslav510    ,int]nationales ,ar*iv
 fr ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 p4 #a4  
,footnote #ghe3      ,laws ( ,manu1 iv4 
#ec1 translat$ by ,g4 ,bhl] 7,sacr$     
,books ( !    ,ea/1 vol4 xxv4 p4 #acg74 
,footnote #ghf3      ,m>t9 ,haug1       
,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 
& ,religion (    ! ,p>sees #crd ,ed41   
7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #bdc1 note #a4     
,/rabo describes    ! m\?-veil worn by !
 ,magian prie/s 9 ,cappadocia 7xiv4 #c4 
#ae1    p4 #gcc74 ,at ,arkon1 9 ! isl& (
 ,rg51 !re 0 a %r9e s holy    t none b !
 prie/ might ent] x1 & ev5 he might n   
brea!    9 x4 ,z (t5 z he ne$$ to draw 9
 or give out brea?1 he us$ to    run out
 ( ! door le/ he %\ld ta9t ! div9e      
pres5ce ) 8    brea?4 ,see ,saxo        
,grammaticus1 ,hi/oria ,danica1 bk4 xiv4
 p4 #hbd1 ed4    ,p4 ,e4 ,mll] 7p4 #cic 
( ,elton's ,engli% translation74        
,footnote #ghg3      ,p4 ,w4 ,joyce1    

,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 i4    
#cce sq42    ,/&i% ,h4 ,o',grady1 ,sylva
 ,gadelica1 translation 7,london1       
#ahib71 pp4    #ae1 #af1 #da4           
,footnote #ghh3      ,see above1 pp4 #id
 sq4    ,footnote #ghi3      ,see above1
 p4 #bbi4    ,footnote #gij3            
,d\glas ,hyde1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory (     
,irel& 7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #aeh4    ,! 
tradition ( ! oak ( ,kild>e survives 9 !
 l9es1                 8,t oak ( ,sa9t  
,bride1 :i* nor ,devil nor ,dane        
,nor ,saxon nor ,dut*man c\ld r5d f h]  
fane10      :i* are quot$ by ,mr4 ,d4   
,fitzg]ald 9 ,revue ,celtique1 iv4      
7#ahgi-ahhj7 p4 #aic4    ,footnote #gia3
      ,d\glas ,hyde1 op4 cit4 pp4       
#afi-aga4 ,at ,kells1 also1 ,/4 ,columba
    dwelt "u a great oak-tree4 ,! writ] 
( 8 ,iri% life1 quot$ by    ,mr4 ,hyde1 
says t ! oak-tree 8rema9$ till ^! latt] 
times1    :5 x fell ?r\gh ! cra% ( a    
mighty w9d4 ,& a c]ta9 man    took      
some:at ( its b>k to tan 8 %oes )4 ,n[1 
:5 he did on    ! %oes1 he 0 smitt5 )   

leprosy f 8 sole to 8 cr[n40            
,footnote #gib3      ,g>cilasso de la   
,vega1 ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1   
pt4 i4 bk4    iv4 *aps4 #a-c1 bk4 vi4   
*aps4 #bj-bb 7vol4 i4 pp4 #bib-bii1 vol4
 ii4    pp4 #aee-afd1 ,m>kham's         
translation72 ,p4 de ,cieza de ,leon1   
,travels1    p4 #acd 7,m>kham's         
translation72 id41 ,second ,"p ( !      
,*ronicle    ( ,p]u1 pp4 #he sq4        
7,m>kham's translation72 ,aco/a1        
,natural &    ,moral ,hi/ory ( !        
,indies1 bk4 v4 *ap4 #ae 7vol4 ii4 pp4  
#cca-ccc1    ,hakluyt ,society74        
,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor discr$its      
,g>cilasso's    description ( ^!        
,p]uvian prie/esses on ! gr\nd t x      
resembles ,plut>*'s acc\nt ( ! ,roman   
,ve/als 7,numa1 #i sq47    too closely  
to be indep5d5t2 he ?9ks t 8! app>5t    
traces (    absorption f ,plut>*        
invalidate :atev] re/s on ,g>cilasso de 
la    ,vega's unsupport$ te/imony40 ,see
 8 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly    ,hi/ory (  
,mank9d1 #crd ,ed41 pp4 #bdi-bec4 ,9    

p>ticul>1 he /umbles    at ! /atem5t t  
an unfai?ful ,p]uvian prie/ess 0 buri$  
alive4 ,b t /atem5t 0 made by ,cieza de 
,leon1 :o travell$ 9    ,p]u :5         
,g>cilasso 0 a *ild1 & ^: book1 or r !  
fir/    "p ( x1 conta9+ ! /atem5t1 0    
publi%$ m ?an fifty    ye>s be=e t (    
,g>cilasso4 ,moreov]1 :5 we und]/& t !  
puni%m5t 9 "q 0 bas$ on a sup]/ition :i*
 occurs    indep5d5tly 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1
 ! app>5t improbability    ( ! co9cid5ce
 vani%es4 ,z to ! mode ( k9dl+ ! sacr$  
fire1 ,pr(essor ,tylor und]/&s ,plut>*  
to say t ! sacr$ fire    at ,rome 0     
k9dl$1 z 9 ,p]u1 by a burn+-glass4 ,to  
me x seems    t ,plut>* is "h speak+ ( a
 ,greek1 n a ,roman usage1 & ?is    is  
made /ill cle>] :5 8 text is read       
correctly4 ,= ! words     1     %\ld be 
alt]$ to        4 ,see ,h4 ,pomt[ 9     
,rhe9is*es ,museum1 ,n4 ,f4 li4         
7#ahif7 p4 #cfe1 & my note on           
,pausanias1 x4 #ai4 #d 7vol4 v4 p4      
#cca74    ,?us ,plut>* gives two        
in/ances :5 a sacr$ fire 0 ext+ui%$    &

 _h to be relit ) a burn+-glass2 b bo?  
in/ances are    ,greek1 nei!r is ,roman4
 ,! ,greek mode ( light+ a sacr$ fire by
    means ( a cry/al is describ$ also 9 
! ,orphic poem on preci\s    /ones1     
v]ses #agg sqq4 7,orphica1 ed4 ,e4      
,abel1 p4 #aae74 ,nor 7    ! ,greeks &  
,p]uvians peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,!     
,siamese &    ,*9ese h also be5 9 !     
habit ( k9dl+ a sacr$ fire by means    (
 a metal mirror or burn+-glass4 ,see    
,pallegoix1 ,description du    royaume  
,?ai ou ,siam1 ii4 #ee2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1    
,die ,vlk] des /li*5    ,asi51 iii4     
#eaf2 ,j4 ,h4 ,pla?1 8,die ,religion und
 d] ,cultus d] alt5    ,*9es510         
,abh&lung5 d] k4 bay]4 ,akademie d]     
,wiss51 i4 ,cl4    ix4 7#ahfc7 pp4 #hgf 
sq4 ,aga91 ! full description ( ! gold5 
g>d5 ( ! ,p]uvian ,ve/als1 :i* may s\nd 
to u fabul\s1 is    giv5 by ,cieza de   
,leon 9 a "w 7! ,second ,"p ( !         
,*ronicle (    ,p]u7 :i* x is unlikely t
 ,g>cilasso ev] saw1 s9ce x 0 n    pr9t$
 till #ahgc1 c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,yet 

,g>cilasso's brief    description ( !   
g>d5 agrees closely ) t ( ,cieza de     
,leon1    diff]+ f x j z t ( an         
indep5d5t witness naturally             
w\ld--namely1 9 ! selection ( "s o!r    
details 9 addition to    ^? :i* ! two h 
9 common4 ,he says t ! virg9s 8_h a     
g>d5 ( trees1 plants1 h]bs1 birds &     
bea/s1 made ( gold &    silv]1 l t 9 !  
temple0 7vol4 i4 p4 #bih1 ,m>kham's     
translation74 ,?us ! two acc\nts are    
probably indep5d5t &    !re=e tru/wor?y1
 = a fiction ( ?is k9d c\ld h>dly h     
occurr$ to two romanc]s sep>ately4 ,a   
/rong confirmation (    ,g>cilasso's    
fidelity is furni%$ by ! close          
resemblance :i* !    fire cu/oms1 bo? ( 
,rome & ,p]u1 pres5t to !               
well-au!nticat$    fire cu/oms ( ! ,h]]o
 at ! pres5t day4 ,!re seems to be e    
reason to ?9k t all ?ree sets ( cu/oms  
orig9at$    indep5d5tly 9 ! simple ne$s 
& sup]/iti\s fancies ( !    savage4 ,on 
! :ole1 ,i see no reason to "q ! good   
fai? &    accuracy ( ,g>cilasso4        

,footnote #gic3      ,b4 de ,sahagun1   
,hi/oire des *oses de la ,n\velle       
,espagne1 pp4 #aif    sq41 #chf2 ,aco/a1
 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 
bk4 v4    *4 #ae 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #ccc sq41
 ,hakluyt ,society72 ,a4 de ,h]r]a1     
,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s
 ( ,am]ica1 iii4    #bji sq41 ,/ev5s's  
translation 7,london1 #agbe1 #agbf72    
,clavig]o1    ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4     
#bfd1 #bgd sq42 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1  
,hi/oire des nations civilises du       
,mexique et de l',amrique    ,c5trale1  
i4 #bhi1 iii4 #ffa2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1   
,native ,races ( !    ,pacific ,/ates1  
ii4 #bjd sqq41 #bde1 #ehc1 iii4 #dce sq4
 ,h[ev]1    ,sahagun 7pp4 #ahf1 #aid71  
,aco/a 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ccf7 & ,h]r]a seem 
to    imply t ! duty ( ma9ta9+ ! sacr$  
fire 0 dis*>g$ by    m5 only4           
,footnote #gid3      ,brasseur de       
,b\rb\rg1 op4 cit4 ii4 #f2 ,h4 ,h4      
,bancr(t1 op4 cit4    iii4 #dgc4        
,fire-wor%ip seems to h l+]$ among !    
,indians (    ,yucatan d[n to ab\t !    

middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x may      
/ill survive among !m4 ,see ,d4 ,g4     
,br9ton1 8,! ,folk-lore (    ,yucatan10 
,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #bdg 
sq4    ,footnote #gie3      ,lett] ( !  
,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 dat$ ,kampala1 ,ug&a1
 #i? ,april #aiji4    ,footnote #gif3   
,aulus ,gellius1 x4 #ae4 #bb2 ,ateius   
,capito1 cit$ by ,plut>*1 ,quae/4       
,rom4 #ej4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s]vius on     
,virgil1 ,a54 iv4 #bi1 says    t !      
,flam5 might m>ry ano!r wife aft] ! dea?
 ( ! fir/4    ,b ! /atem5t ( ,aulus     
,gellius & ,ateius ,capito is confirm$  
by    o!r evid5ce4 ,see ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1   
,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4    #bnd   
,ed41 #cbi1 note #h4 ,z to ! rule see my
 note1 8,! ,wid[$    ,flam510 ,adonis1  
,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4  
#djg sqq4    ,footnote #gig3      ,aulus
 ,gellius1 x4 #ae4 #g2 ,fe/us1 p4 #ajf1 
ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4    ,footnote #gih3   
,livy1 v4 #eb4 #ac sq4 ,9 lat] times !  
rule 0 s f> relax$ t    he 0 all[$ to be
 abs5t f ,rome = two nights or ev5      

long]1    provid$ he got leave f ! *ief 
pontiff on ! score (    ill-heal?4 ,see 
,aulus ,gellius1 x4 #ae4 #ad2 ,tacitus1 
,annals1 iii4 #ga4    ,footnote #gii3   
,tacitus1 ,annals1 iii4 #eh2 ,dio       
,cassius1 liv4 #cf4 ,z to ! hon\rs      
atta*$ to ! (fice1 see ,livy1 xxvii4 #h4
 #h2 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4    ,rom4 #aac4    
,footnote #hjj3      ,see ,! ,gold5     
,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 i4 #bda sqq4   
,footnote #hja3      ,p4 ,krets*m]1     
,e9leitung 9 die ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 
,spra*e    7,gtt+51 #ahif71 pp4 #abg    
sqq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d]      
indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 pp4 #fcg  
sq4 ,= a diff]5t    d]ivation ( ! "n    
,flam5 see above1 p4 #bce4 ,be+ no      
philolog]1    ,i d n pret5d to decide   
betwe5 ! rival etymologies4 ,my fri5d   
,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton pref]s ! equation 
,flam5  ,brahman1 :i*    he tells me is 
philologically correct1 because if      
,flam5 came f    fl>e we %\ld expect a  
=m l flator r ?an flam54    ,! =m flator
 0 us$ 9 ,lat91 ?\gh n 9 ?is s5se4      

,footnote #hjb3      ,w4 ,crooke1 ,!    
,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n       
,prov9ces &    ,oudh1 i4 #cj-cb4 ,comp>e
 ,moni] ,williams1 ,religi\s ,?\ght &   
,life    9 ,india1 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe1 #cib4
    ,footnote #hjc3      ,aulus         
,gellius1 x4 #ae4    ,footnote #hjd3    
,hom]1 ,iliad1 xvi4 #bcc-bce2           
,sophocles1 ,tra*9iae1 #aaff sq42       
,callima*us1 ,hymn to ,delos1 #bhd-bhf4 
,footnote #hje3      ,*4 ,h>tkno*1      
,selectae diss]tationes hi/oricae de    
v>iis rebus    ,prussicis1 p4 #afc 7b\nd
 up ) 8 edition ( ,dsburg's ,*ronicon   
,prussiae1 ,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #afgi72 
,simon ,grunau1 ,preussis*]    ,*ronik1 
ed4 ,m4 ,p]lba*1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahgf7 p4
 #ie4    ,footnote #hjf3      ,w4       
,crooke1 op4 cit4 i4 #ca-cc4            
,footnote #hjg3      ,w4 ,crooke1       
,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn
 ,india    7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #aid  
sq4    ,footnote #hjh3      ,j4 ,c4     
,nesfield1 9 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1  
ii4 p4 #ab1  #gg4    ,footnote #hji3    

,rigv$a1 iii4 #bi1 translat$ by ,r4 ,t4 
,h4 ,griffi? 7,b5>es1    #ahhi-ahib71   
vol4 ii4 pp4 #be-bg2 ,satapa?a ,brhmana1
 translat$ by ,j4    ,eggel+1 "p i4 p4  
#chi1 note #c1 "p ii4 pp4 #ij sq41 "p v4
 pp4    #fh-gd2 ,hymns ( ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 
translat$ by ,m4 ,bloomfield1 pp4       
#ia1 #ig sq41 #ccd1 #dfj2 ,w4 ,cal&1    
,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual1 pp4    #aae   
sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s1  
#bnd ,ed41 pp4 #dj1 #fd-gh1    #ahc-ahe2
 ,h4 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb51 pp4 #eh1
 #ei4 ,! sami wood    is sometimes      
id5tifi$ ) ! ,acacia ,suma 7,mimosa     
,suma72 b    ! mod]n ,b5galee "n (      
,prosopis spicig]a is %ami or somi1     
:i* seems to be conclusive evid5ce ( !  
id5tity ( ,prosopis    spicig]a ) sami4 
,! ,prosopis spicig]a is a decidu\s     
?orny    tree ( mod]ate size1 :i* gr[s 9
 ! arid zones ( ! ,punjaub1             
,rajputana1 ,guj>at1 ,bundelcund1 & !   
,deccan4 ,! he>t ( ! wood    is ( a     
purpli% br[n col\r & extremely h>d4 ,x  
is especially    valu$ = fuel1 z x gives

 out mu* heat4 ,see ,g4 ,watt1          
,diction>y    ( ! ,economic ,products ( 
,india1 s4v4 8,prosopis spicig]a40 ,= a 
ref]5ce to ?is "w ,i am indebt$ to !    
k9dness ( ! late    ,pr(essor ,h4       
,m>%all ,w>d4    ,footnote #haj3        
,a4 ,kuhn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dj1 #ff1 #age4 
,footnote #haa3      ,hymns ( !         
,a?>va-,v$a1 translat$ by ,m4           
,bloomfield1 pp4 #ig    sq41 #dfj2 ,w4  
,cal&1 ,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual1 pp4    
#aae sq4    ,footnote #hab3      ,see   
above1 pp4 #aie sqq41 #bcj sqq4         
,footnote #hac3      ,rigv$a1 x4 #ie1   
translat$ by ,r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,griffi?1      
,satapa?a    ,brhmana1 translat$ by ,j4 
,eggel+1 "p v4 pp4 #fh-gd4 ,comp>e ,h4  
,old5b]g1 ,die ,lit]atur des alt5 ,indi5
 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91    #aijc71 pp4      
#ec-ee4 ,on ! /ory see ,a4 ,kuhn1       
,h]abkunft des ,feu]s1    #bnd ,ed41 pp4
 #ga sqq42 ,f4 ,max ,mll] ,select$      
,essays on ,language1    ,religion1 &   
,my?ology 7,london1 #ahha71 i4 #djh     
sqq42 ,&rew ,lang1    ,cu/om & ,my?     

7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #fd sqq42 ,k4 ,f4 
,pis*el &    ,geldn]1 ,v$is*e ,/udi51 i4
 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhi71 pp4 #bdc-bie4 ,x    
belongs to ! gr\p ( tales :i* describe !
 m>riage ( a human    ) an animal mate1 
( a mortal ) a fairy1 & (t51 ?\gh n     
always1 _! unhappy p>t+4 ,! /ory seems  
to h its roots 9    totemism4 ,see my   
,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 #eff sqq4 ,x w
 be    illu/rat$ m at l5g? 9 a lat] "p (
 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4    ,footnote #had3    
,hom]1 ,hymn to ,m]cury1 #ajh-aaa 7:]e a
 l9e has be5 lo/2 see !    note (       
,messrs4 ,all5 & ,sikes72 ,!ophra/us1   
,hi/or4 plant4 v4 #i4    #f2 id41 ,de   
igne1 ix4 #fd2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,s*ol4 
on    ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argon4 i4  
#aahd2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bjh2    
,s5eca1 ,nat4 ,quae/4 ii4 #bb2 ,a4      
,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s1 #bnd      
,ed41 pp4 #ce-da2 ,h4 ,blumn]1          
,te*nologie und ,t]m9ologie d] ,gew]be  
und ,kn/e1 ii4 #ced-cef4 ,!ophra/us     
gives ! "n ( a?rag5e    to ! plant :i*1 
next to or equally ) ivy1 makes ! be/   

bo>d2    he comp>es x to a v9e4 ,pl9y   
7l4c47 seems to h id5tifi$ x    ) a     
species ( wild v9e4 ,accord+ to         
,spr5gel1 ! a?rag5e is    ! ,clematis   
cirrhosa ( ,l9naeus1 ! ,fr5* clmatite   
vrilles4    ,see ,dioscorides1 ed4 ,c4  
,spr5gel1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fda4 ,z to ! k9ds
 (    wood employ$ by ! ,romans 9 k9dl+ 
fire we h no c]ta9    evid5ce1 z ,pl9y &
 ,s5eca may h m]ely copi$ f             
,!ophra/us4    ,footnote #hae3          
,pausanias1 i4 #ca4 #f1 ) my note4      
,,*apt] ,,xvii                       ,,!
 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,p]petual ,,fires         
,sid5ote3 ,! cu/om ( ma9ta9+ a p]petual 
fire probably  orig9at$ 9 ! difficulty (
 mak+ fire by friction4 ,:atev]         
sup]/itions may h ga!r$ ab\t x 9 ! c\rse
 ( ages1 !  cu/om ( ma9ta9+ a p]petual  
fire probably sprang f a simple         
consid]ation ( practical conv5i5ce4 ,!  
primitive mode ( mak+  fire by !        
friction ( wood is labori\s at all      
times1 & x is  especially s 9 wet wea!r4
 ,h5ce ! savage f9ds x conv5i5t to  keep

 a fire con/antly burn+ or sm\ld]+ 9    
ord] to sp>e himself  ! tr\bl+ ( k9dl+  
x4 ,?is conv5i5ce becomes a necessity ) 
p :o d n "k h[ to make fire4 ,t !re h   
be5 su*  tribes d[n to our own "t is    
affirm$ by witnesses ^: evid5ce we  h no
 reason to d\bt4 ,?us ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,man1
 :o resid$ elev5 ye>s 9  ! ,&aman ,isl&s
 & 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! natives1   
tells u t1 be+ ignorant ( ,sid5ote3 ,"s 
races said to be  ignorant ( ! means (  
mak+ fire4 ! art ( mak+ fire1 !y take  !
 utmo/ pa9s to prev5t its ext9ction4 ,:5
 !y leave a camp  int5d+ to return 9 a  
few days1 !y n only take ) !m "o or  m  
sm\ld]+ logs1 wrapp$ 9 leaves if ! wea!r
 be wet1 b !y  also place a l>ge burn+  
log or faggot ( suitable wood 9 "s      
%elt]$ spot1 :]e x sm\ld]s = sev]al days
 & c be easily  rek9dl$ :5 x is ne$$4   
,:ile x is ! bus9ess ( ! wom5 to  ga!r !
 wood1 ! duty ( keep+ up ! fires bo? at 
home & 9  travell+ by l& or sea is n    
conf9$ to !m1 b is und]tak5 by  p]sons (
 ei!r sex :o h mo/ leisure or are lea/  

burd5$4#haf  ,! ,russian travell]1 ,b>on
 ,miklu*o-,maclay1 :o liv$ among !      
natives ( ! ,maclay coa/ ( nor!rn ,new  
,gu9ea at a "t :5 !y  _h h>dly come into
 contact ) ,europeans1 writes3 8,x is   
rem>kable  t "h almo/ all ! inhabitants 
( ! coa/ possess no means  :atev] ( mak+
 fire1 h5ce !y always & ev]y:]e c>ry    
burn+  or gl[+ br&s ab\t ) !m4 ,if !y g 
9 ! morn+ to !  plantation !y c>ry a    
half-burnt br& f _! he>? 9 ord] to      
k9dle a fire at ! corn] ( ! plantation4 
,if !y g on a long]  j\rney into !      
m\nta9s1 !y aga9 take fire ) !m = !     
purpose ( smok+1 s9ce _! cig>s1 wrapp$ 9
 gre5 leaves1  cont9ually g out4 ,on sea
 voyages !y usually keep gl[+ coals 9 a 
half-brok5 pot p>tly fill$ ) e>?4 ,! p  
:o rema9 beh9d  9 ! village nev] =get to
 keep up ! fire40 ,!y repeat$ly told    
him t !y _h (t5 to g to o!r villages to 
fet* fire :5 !  fires 9 all ! huts ( _! 
own village _h *anc$ to g out4 ,yet  !  
same travell] tells u t ! m\nta9 tribes 
( ?is "p ( ,new  ,gu9ea1 su* z !        

,englam-,mana & ,ti5gum-,mana1 "k h[ to 
make fire  by friction4 ,!y p>tially    
cleave a log ( dry wood ) a /one axe  & 
!n draw a /\t cord1 =m$ ( a split       
creep]1 rapidly to &  fro 9 ! cleft1    
till sp>ks fly out & set fire to a t9d] 
( dry  coco-nut fibres4#hag ,x is odd t 
! p ( ! coa/ %\ld n  h le>n$ ?is mode ( 
produc+ fire f _! neighb\rs 9 !         
m\nta9s4 ,! ,russian explor]'s          
obs]vations1 h[ev]1 h be5  confirm$ by  
,g]man writ]s4 ,"o ( !m1 a ,mr4         
,h(fmann1 says ( ^!  p3 8,9 e h\se c>e  
is tak5 t fire burns day & night on  !  
he>?4 ,= ?is purpose !y *oose a k9d (   
wood :i* burns  sl[ly1 b glimm]s = a    
long "t & reta9s its gl[4 ,:5 a man     
sets out on a j\rney or goes to ! field 
he has always a glimm]+  br& ) him4 ,if 
he wi%es to make fire1 he waves !       
sm\ld]+ wood  to & fro till x bur/s into
 a gl[40 ,on frequ5t$ pa?s1 crossways1  
& s =?1 y may (t5 see trunks ( trees ly+
 :i* h be5  fell$ = ! purpose ( be+     
ignit$ & furni%+ fire to  pass]s-by4    

,su* trees cont9ue to sm\ld] =          
weeks4#hah ,simil>ly  ! dw>f tribes (   
,c5tral ,africa 8d n "k h[ to k9dle a   
fire  quickly1 & 9 ord] to get "o       
readily at any mom5t !y keep !  burn+   
trunks ( fall5 trees 9 suitable spots1 &
 wat* ov] _!  pres]vation l ! ,ve/als ( 
old40#hai ,x seems to be at lea/        
d\btful :e!r ^! dw>fs ( ! va/ & gloomy  
equatorial =e/s  are acqua9t$ ) ! art ( 
mak+ fire at all4 ,a ,g]man travell]    
obs]ves t ! c>e :i* !y take to pres]ve  
fire is extremely  rem>kable4 8,x       
appe>s10 he says1 8t ! pygmies1 z o!r   
travell]s h report$1 d n "k h[ to k9dle 
fire by rubb+  /icks aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,l !
 ,wambuba ( ! =e/1 9 leav+ a  camp1 !y  
take ) !m a ?ick gl[+ br&1 & c>ry x1 (t5
 =  h\rs1 9 ord] to light a fire at _!  
next halt+ place40#hbj    ,sid5ote3     
,fire k9dl$ by natural causes 0 probably
 us$ by m5 long  be=e !y le>n$ to make x
 = !mselves4 ,:e!r or n tribes  ignorant
 ( ! means ( mak+ fire h surviv$ to     
mod]n times1 x  seems likely t mank9d   

possess$ & us$ fire long be=e !y  le>n$ 
h[ to k9dle x4 ,9 ! viol5t ?und]/orms   
:i* accompany  ! end ( ! dry season 9   
,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,africa1 x is n        
uncommon = ! lightn+ to /rike & ignite a
 tree1 f :i* !  fire soon spreads to !  
)]$ h]bage1 till a great conflagration  
is  />t$4 ,f a s\rce ( ?is sort a savage
 tribe may h fir/  obta9$ fire1 & ! same
 ?+ may h happ5$ indep5d5tly 9  _m p>ts 
( ! _w4#hba ,o!r p1 p]haps1 procur$ fire
 f  volcanoes1 ! lava ( :i* w1 "u       
fav\rable circum/ances1  rema9 hot en\gh
 to k9dle %av+s ( wood ye>s aft] an     
eruption has  tak5 place4#hbb ,o!rs aga9
 may h lit _! fir/ fire at ! jets  (    
inflammable gas :i* spr+ f ! gr\nd 9    
v>i\s p>ts ( !  _w1 notably at ,baku on 
! ,caspian1 :]e ! flames burn day &     
night1 summ] & w9t]1 to a height (      
fifte5 or tw5ty feet4#hbc ,x  is h>d] to
 conjecture h[ man fir/ le>n$ ! great   
secret ( mak+  fire by friction4 ,!     
discov]y 0 p]haps made by jungle or =e/ 
races1 :o saw dry bamboos or bran*es ?us

 ignit$ by rubb+ aga9/  ea* o!r 9 a high
 w9d4 ,fires are sometimes />t$ 9 ?is   
way 9  ! =e/s ( ,new ,zeal&4#hbd ,x has 
also be5 sugge/$ t savages  may h       
accid5tally elicit$ a flame = ! fir/ "t 
9 ! process  ( *ipp+ fl9ts ov] dry moss1
 or bor+ holes ) h>d /icks 9  s(t       
wood4#hbe    ,sid5ote3 ,_m savages c>ry 
fire con/antly ) !m z a matt] (         
conv5i5ce4 ,b ev5 :5 ! art ( fire-mak+  
has be5 acquir$1  ! process itself is s 
labori\s t _m savages keep fire always  
burn+ r ?an be at ! tr\ble ( extract+ x 
by friction4  ,?is1 = example1 0 true ( 
! rov+ ,au/ralian aborig9es be=e  !y    
obta9$ mat*es f ! :ites4 ,on _! w&]+s !y
 c>ri$  ab\t ) !m pieces ( sm\ld]+ b>k  
or cones ( ! ,banksia tree  :]e) to     
k9dle _! camp fires4#hbf ,! duty ( ?us  
transport+  fire f "o place to ano!r    
seems commonly to h fall5 to !  wom54   
8,a /ick1 a piece ( decay$ wood1 or m   
(t5 ! beautiful  se$-/em ( ! ,banksia1  
is light$ at ! fire ! woman is leav+2  &
 f h] bag1 :i*1 9 damp wea!r1 %e w\ld   

keep fill$ ) dry  cones1 or f mat]ials  
collect$ 9 ! =e/1 %e w\ld easily1  dur+ 
h] j\rney1 pres]ve ! fire got at ! la/  
encampm5t40#hbg  ,ano!r writ] tells u t 
! ,au/ralian native always _h 8         
fire-/ick ) him1 & if 8 wife let x g    
out1 s mu* ! worse  = h]4 ,! d>k br[n   
velvety-look+ core ( ! ,banksia is v    
ret5tive ( fire & burns sl[ly1 s t "o ( 
^! little  fire-/icks w\ld la/ a        
consid]able "t1 & a bag ( !m w\ld       
suffice = a :ole day4#hbh ,! ,tasmanians
 knew h[ to make fire by  twirl+ ! po9t 
( a /ick 9 a piece ( s(t b>k2 8b z x 0  
difficult at times to obta9 fire by ?is 
means1 especially 9 wet  wea!r1 !y      
g5]ally1 9 _! p]egr9ations1 c>ri$ ) !m a
  fire-/ick light$ at _! la/            
encampm5t40#hbi ,) !m1 z )  !           
,au/ralians1 x 0 ! special task ( ! wom5
 to keep !  fire-br& alight & to c>ry x 
f place to place4#hcj ,:5 !  natives (  
,mat]b]t1 (f ,new ,brita91 are on a     
voyage !y c>ry fire  ) !m4 ,= ?is       
purpose !y press "s ( ! s(t fibr\s husk 

(  ! ripe coco-nut into a coco-nut %ell1
 & !n place a r$-hot emb]  9 ! middle ( 
x4 ,?is w sm\ld] = ?ree or f\r days1 & f
  x !y obta9 a light = _! fires :]ev] !y
 may l&4#hca ,!  ,polynesians made fire 
by ! friction ( wood1 rubb+ a score 9 a 
bo>d ) a %>p-po9t$ /ick till ! du/ s    
produc$ k9dl$ into  sp>ks1 :i* 7 caught 
9 a t9d] ( dry leaves or grass4 ,:ile !y
  rubb$1 !y *ant$ a pray] or hymn till !
 fire appe>$4 ,b 9 wet  wea!r ! task (  
fire-mak+ 0 labori\s1 s at su* times !  
natives usually c>ri$ fire ab\t ) !m 9  
ord] to avoid !  tr\ble ( k9dl+ x4#hcb  
,! ,fuegians make fire by /rik+ two     
lumps ( iron pyrites toge!r & lett+ !   
sp>ks fall on birds'  d[n or on dry     
moss1 :i* s]ves z t9d]4 ,b r ?an be at !
  pa9s ( do+ ?is !y c>ry fire ) !m      
ev]y:]e1 bo? by sea  & l&1 tak+ great   
c>e to prev5t its ext9ction4#hcc ,!     
,ca+ua  ,indians ( ,p>aguay make fire 9 
! usual way by ! fire-drill1 b to  save 
!mselves tr\ble !y keep fire con/antly  
burn+ 9 _! huts  by means ( great blocks

 ( wood4#hcd ,! ,indians ( ,guiana also 
produce fire by twirl+ ! po9t ( "o /ick 
9 ! hole ( ano!r1  b !y seldom ne$ to   
resort to ?is labori\s process1 = !y    
keep  fire burn+ 9 e h\se1 & on long    
j\rneys !y usually c>ry a  l>ge piece ( 
sm\ld]+ timb] 9 _! canoes4 ,ev5 9 walk+ 
across ! savannah an ,indian w sometimes
 take a fire-br& )  him4#hce ,! ,jaggas1
 a ,bantu tribe 9 ! ,kilimanj>o di/rict 
( ,ea/  ,africa1 keep up fire day &     
night 9 _! huts on acc\nt ( _!  cattle4 
,if x goes out1 ! wom5 fet* gl[+ br&s f 
a  neighb\r's h\se2 ^! !y c>ry wrapp$ up
 9 banana leaves4 ,?us  !y convey fire =
 great di/ances1 sometimes ! :ole day   
long4  ,h5ce !y seldom ne$ to k9dle     
fire1 ?\gh ! m5 c make x  readily by    
means ( ! fire-drill4#hcf ,! tribes (   
,briti% ,c5tral  ,africa also "k h[ to  
produce fire 9 ?is fa%ion1 b !y d n  (t5
 put _! k 9 practice4 ,= !re is sure to 
be a burn+  br& on "o or o!r ( ! he>?s (
 ! village f :i* a fire  c be lit2 & :5 
m5 g on a j\rney !y take sm\ld]+ /icks  

) !m & nurse ! gl[+ wood r ?an be at !  
tr\ble (  mak+ fire by friction4#hcg ,9 
! huts ( ! ,ibos on ! l[] ,nig]  burn+  
emb]s are always kept & nev] all[$ to g 
out4#hch ,&  ?is is ! regul> practice   
among all ! tribes ( ,we/ ,africa :o  h 
n yet obta9$ mat*es4 ,if ! fire 9 a h\se
 %\ld g out1 a  woman w run to a        
neighb\r's hut & fet* a burn+ /ick f !  
he>?4 ,h5ce 9 mo/ ( _! villages fire has
 probably n ne$$ to  be made = ye>s &   
ye>s4 ,among dome/icat$ tribes1 l !     
,effiks  or ,agalwa1 :5 ! m5 are go+ out
 to ! plantation !y w  enclose a burn+  
/ick 9 a holl[ piece ( a c]ta9 k9d (    
wood1  :i* has a l9+ ( its pi? left 9 x1
 & !y w c>ry ?is  8fire-box0 ) !m4#hci  
,sid5ote3 ,! !ft ( fire by ,prome!us4   
,be=e ! introduction (  mat*es ,greek   
peasants us$ to convey fire f place to  
place 9 a  /alk ( giant f5nel4 ,! /alks 
( ! plant are ab\t five feet long  by   
?ree in*es ?ick1 & are encas$ 9 a h>d   
b>k4 ,! core ( !  /alk consi/s ( a :ite 
pi? :i*1 :5 x is dry1 burns sl[ly l  a  

wick )\t injury to ! b>k4#hdj ,?us :5   
,prome!us1 accord+  to ! leg5d1 /ole !  
fir/ fire f heav5 & br\ght x d[n to  e>?
 hidd5 9 a /alk ( giant f5nel1#hda he   
c>ri$ 8 fire j  z e ,greek peasant &    
m>9] did on a j\rney4    ,sid5ote3 ,:5 p
 settl$ 9 villages1 x w\ld be conv5i5t  
to  keep up a p]petual fire 9 ! h\se ( !
 head man4 ,:5 a tribe  ceas$ to be     
nomadic & _h settl$ 9 m or less p]man5t 
villages1  x w\ld be a conv5i5t cu/om to
 keep a fire p]petually burn+ 9  e h\se4
 ,su* a cu/om1 z we h se51 has be5      
obs]v$ by  v>i\s peoples1 & x appe>s to 
h prevail$ univ]sally among all  bran*es
 ( ! ,aryans4#hdb ,arnobius implies t x 
0 =m]ly  practis$ by ! ,romans1 ?\gh 9 8
 own "t ! usage _h fall5  into          
abeyance4#hdc ,b x w\ld be obvi\sly     
desirable t !re  %\ld be "s "o place 9 !
 village :]e e h\sewife c\ld be  sure ( 
obta9+ fire )\t hav+ to k9dle x by      
friction1 if h]  own %\ld *ance to g    
out4 ,! mo/ natural spot to look = x    
w\ld  be ! he>? ( ! head man ( !        

village1 :o w\ld come 9 "t to  be reg>d$
 z responsible = its ma9t5ance4 ,?is is 
:at seems to  h happ5$ n only among !   
,h]]o ( ,s\? ,africa & ! ,lat9  peoples 
( ,italy1 b also among ! ance/ors ( !   
,greeks2 = 9  anci5t ,greece ! p]petual 
fire kept up 9 ! ,prytaneum1 or         
t[n-hall1 0 at fir/ app>5tly ! fire on !
 k+'s he>?4#hdd  ,f ?is simple orig9 may
 h sprung ! cu/om :i* 9 v>i\s  p>ts ( ! 
_w associates ! ma9t5ance ( a p]petual  
fire )  *iefly or royal dignity4 ,?us x 
0 a di/+ui%+ m>k ( !  ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce ! 
ma9t5ance ( a p]petual fire came to be  
associat$ ) *iefly or royal dignity4    
*iefta9%ip ( "o ( !  ,samoan nobility1 t
 8 fire nev] w5t out4 ,8 att5dants _h a 
p>ticul> "n1 f _! special bus9ess (     
keep+ 8 fire ablaze  all night long :ile
 he slept4#hde ,among ! ,gallas !       
ma9t5ance (  a p]petual fire1 ev5 :5 x  
s]ves no practical purpose1 is a        
fav\rite mode ( ass]t+ high rank1 & !   
*iefs (t5 indulge 9  x4#hdf ,! ,*itom1 a
 gr& pontiff 9 ! k+dom ( ,congo1 ( :om  

we %all he> m h]eaft]1 kept up 9 8 hut1 
day & night1 a  sacr$ fire1 ( :i* he    
disp5s$ br&s to su* z came to ask =  !m 
& c\ld pay = !m4 ,he is said to h done a
 good bus9ess 9  fire1 = ! infatuat$ p  
believ$ t x pres]v$ !m f  _m            
accid5ts4#hdg ,9 ,ug&a a p]petual sacr$ 
fire1 suppos$ to h  come d[n to e>? ) ! 
fir/ man ,k9tu1 is ma9ta9$ by a *ief1   
:o is put to dea? if he suff]s x to be  
ext+ui%$4 ,f ?is  sacr$ fire ! k+'s fire
 7gombolola7 is light$ & kept con/antly 
burn+ at ! gate ( ! royal enclosure dur+
 ! :ole ( 8  reign4 ,by day x burns 9 a 
small hut1 b at night x is br\ght out  &
 set 9 a little hole 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e x   
blazes brightly till  daybreak1 :atev] !
 wea!r may be4 ,:5 ! k+ j\rneys ! fire  
goes ) him1 & :5 he dies x is ext+ui%$4 
,! dea? ( a k+  is inde$ ann\nc$ to ! p 
by ! words1 8,! fire has gone out40  ,a 
man :o be>s a special title is *>g$ ) ! 
duty ( ma9ta9+  ! fire1 & ( look+ aft]  
all ! fuel & tor*es us$ 9 !  royal      
enclosure4 ,:5 ! k+ dies ! gu>dian ( 8  

fire is  /rangl$ ne> ! he>?4#hdh        
,simil>ly 9 ,dage\1 a c\ntry to !  we/ (
 ,d>fur1 x is said t a cu/om prevail$ ( 
k9dl+ a fire on  ! inauguration ( a k+ &
 keep+ x alight till 8 dea?4#hdi  ,among
 ! ,mucelis ( ,angola1 :5 ! k+ ( ,ambo9 
or ,sanga dies1 all  fires 9 ! k+dom are
 ext+ui%$4 ,aft]w>ds ! new k+ makes new 
fire by rubb+ two /icks aga9/ ea*       
o!r4#hej ,su* a cu/om is  probably no?+ 
m ?an an ext5sion ( ! practice ( putt+  
out a  *ief's own fire at 8 dea?4       
,simil>ly1 :5 a new ,muata ,jamwo1 a    
great pot5tate 9 ! int]ior ( ,angola1   
comes to ! ?rone1 "o (  8 fir/ duties is
 to make a new fire by ! friction (     
wood1 = !  old fire may n be us$4#hea   
,be=e ! palace gate ( ! k+ (  ,siam !re 
burns1 or us$ to burn1 a p]petual fire1 
:i* 0 said to  h be5 lit f heav5 ) a    
fi]y ball4#heb    ,sid5ote3 ,p]petual   
fire ma9ta9$ by ! *ief call$ ! ,great   
,sun  among ! ,nat*ez ,indians4 ,among !
 ,nat*ez ,indians ( ! l[]  ,mississippi 
a p]petual fire1 suppos$ to h be5 br\ght

 d[n f  ! sun1 0 ma9ta9$ 9 a squ>e      
temple :i* /ood beside ! hut (  !       
supreme *ief ( ! nation4 ,he bore !     
title ( ! ,great ,sun1 &  believ$       
himself to be a desc5dant or bro!r ( !  
lum9>y 8  namesake4 ,e morn+ :5 ! sun   
rose he blew ?ree :iffs ( 8  pipe t[>ds 
x1 & rais+ 8 h&s above 8 head1 & turn+ f
  ea/ to we/1 he m>k$ out ! c\rse :i* ! 
bright orb 0 to  pursue 9 ! sky4 ,!     
sacr$ fire 9 ! temple 0 f$ ) logs (     
walnut or oak1 & ! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 to
 prev5t its  ext9ction2 = su* an ev5t   
w\ld h be5 ?\ght to put ! :ole  nation 9
 jeop>dy4 ,eight m5 7 appo9t$ to gu>d ! 
fire1 two (  :om 7 b\nd to be always on 
wat*2 & ! ,great ,sun himself look$  to 
! ma9t5ance ( ! fire ) anxi\s att5tion4 
,if any ( !  gu>dians ( ! fire fail$ to 
d 8 duty1 ! rule 0 t he %\ld  be put to 
dea?4 ,:5 ! great *ief di$ 8 bones 7    
deposit$ 9  ! temple1 along ) ! bones ( 
_m att5dants :o 7 /rangl$  9 ord] t _!  
s\ls might wait ^u him 9 ! _s l&4 ,on   
su* an occasion ! *ief's fire 0         

ext+ui%$1 & ?is 0 !  signal = putt+ out 
all ! o!r fires 9 ! c\ntry4 ,e village  
_h also its own temple 9 :i* a p]petual 
fire 0 ma9ta9$ "u  ! gu>dian%ip ( a     
subord9ate *ief4 ,^! less] *iefs also   
bore  ! title ( ,suns1 b ackn[l$g$ !    
supremacy ( ! head *ief1 !  ,great ,sun4
 ,all ( ^! ,suns 7 suppos$ to be desc5d$
 f a man  & woman :o _h come d[n f !    
lum9>y f :i* !y took _!  names4 ,!re 7  
female ,suns z well z male ,suns1 b !y  
might n  m>ry among !mselves2 !y _h     
always to mate ) a woman or a man (  l[]
 rank4 ,_! nobility 0 transmitt$ 9 !    
mat]nal l9e2 t  is1 ! *ildr5 ( a female 
,sun1 bo? sons & daught]s1 7 ,suns1  b !
 *ildr5 ( a male ,sun 7 n4 ,h5ce a *ief 
0 nev]  succe$$ by 8 own son1 b always  
by ! son ei!r ( 8 si/] or  ( 8 ne>e/    
female relation4 ,! ,nat*ez knew h[ to  
produce fire by  means ( ! fire-drill2 b
 if ! sacr$ fire 9 ! temple w5t out1  !y
 relit x1 n by ! friction ( wood1 b by a
 br& br\ght f  ano!r temple or f a tree 
:i* _h be5 ignit$ by lightn+4#hec  ,9 ^!

 cu/oms ( ! ,nat*ez we h cle>ly         
fire-wor%ip &  sun-wor%ip ( ! same g5]al
 type :i* meets u aga9 at a high]  /ate 
( evolution among ! ,incas ( ,p]u4 ,bo? 
sets ( cu/oms  probably sprang orig9ally
 f ! p]petual fire on ! *ief's  dome/ic 
he>?4    ,sid5ote3 ,fire c>ri$ be=e     
*iefs & k+s z a symbol ( royalty4  ,:5 a
 p]petual fire has ?us become a symbol (
 royalty1 x is natural  t x %\ld be     
c>ri$ be=e ! k+ or *ief on ! m>*4 ,among
  ! ,indians ( ! ,mississippi a light$  
tor* us$ to be borne 9 front  ( a *ief1 
& no common] w\ld d>e to walk betwe5 a  
*ief & 8  tor*-be>]4#hed ,a sacr$ fire1 
suppos$ to h desc5d$ f  heav51 0 c>ri$ 9
 a brazi] be=e ! ,p]sian k+s1#hee & !   
cu/om 0 adopt$ z a badge ( imp]ial      
dignity by lat] ,roman  emp]ors4#hef ,! 
practice appe>s to h be5 especially     
obs]v$ 9  "t ( w>4 ,among/ ! ,ovambo (  
,s\? ,africa ! *ief appo9ts a  g5]al to 
lead ! army to battle1 & next to ! g5]al
 ! greate/  (fic] is he :o c>ries a     
fire-br& at ! head ( ! w>riors4 ,if  !  

fire goes out on ! m>*1 x is an evil om5
 & ! army beats a  retreat4#heg ,:5 ! k+
 ( ,monomotapa1 or ,b5omotapa1 0 at w>1 
a  sacr$ fire 0 kept burn+ p]petually 9 
a hut ne> 8 t5t4#heh ,9  old days x is  
said t ! k+ ( ,mombasa 9 ,ea/ ,africa   
c\ld put an  army ( eighty ?\s& m5 9 !  
field4 ,on ! m>* 8 gu>ds 7  prec$$ by m5
 c>ry+ fire4#hei ,high above ! t5t (    
,alex&] !  ,great hung a fi]y cresset on
 a pole1 & 8! flame ( x 0 se5 by  night1
 & ! smoke by day40#hfj ,:5 a ,sp>tan k+
 0 ab\t to lead  an army abroad he fir/ 
sacrific$ at home to ,zeus ! ,lead]4 ,!n
 a  man call$ ! fire-be>] took fire f ! 
alt> & m>*$ ) x  at ! head ( ! troops to
 ! fronti]4 ,!re ! k+ aga9  sacrific$ to
 ,zeus & ,a!na1 & if ! om5s 7 fav\rable1
 he  cross$ ! bord]1 prec$$ by ! fire f 
! sacrifices1 :i*  !nce=? l$ ! way &    
might n be qu5*$4 ,to p]=m su*          
sacrifices ! k+ always rose v e>ly 9 !  
morn+1 :ile x 0  /ill d>k1 9 ord] to get
 ! e> ( ! god be=e ! enemy c\ld  =e/all 
him4#hfa    ,sid5ote3 ,! cu/om ( keep+  

up a p]petual fire dur+ a k+'s  reign & 
ext+ui%+ x at 8 dea?1 might lead to a   
belief t 8  life 0 b\nd up ) ! fire4 ,a 
cu/om ( ma9ta9+ a fire dur+  a k+'s     
reign & ext+ui%+ x at 8 dea?1 ev5 if x  
did n  orig9ate 9 a sup]/ition1 w\ld    
naturally l5d itself to a  sup]/iti\s   
int]pretation4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !    
sign & !  cause ( an ev5t is n readily  
grasp$ by a dull m9d2 h5ce !  ext9ction 
( ! k+'s fire1 f be+ m]ely a signal ( 8 
dea?1  might come 9 "t to be reg>d$ z a 
cause ( x4 ,9 o!r words1 a  vital       
connexion might be suppos$ to exi/      
betwe5 ! k+ & !  fire1 s t if ! fire 7  
put out ! k+ w\ld die4 ,t a  sympa!tic  
bond ( "s sort unit$ ! k+'s life ) !    
fire on  8 he>? 0 app>5tly believ$ by ! 
anci5t ,scy?ians4 ,= _!  mo/ solemn oa? 
0 by ! k+'s he>?1 & if any man :o _h    
tak5  ?is oa? =swore himself1 !y believ$
 t ! k+ w\ld fall  ill4#hfb ,! /ory (   
,meleag]1#hfc ^: life 0 said to be b\nd 
up  ) a br& pluck$ f ! fire on ! he>?1  
belongs to ! same  class ( ideas1 :i* w 

be exam9$ at l>ge 9 a lat] "p ( ?is  "w4
 ,:]ev] a sup]/ition ( ?is sort ga!r$   
r\nd ! k+'s  he>?1 x is obvi\s t he w\ld
 be mov$ to wat* ov] ! fire )  r$\bl$   
vigilance4 ,on a c]ta9 day ! ,ve/al     
,virg9s at ,rome us$ to  g to ! ,k+ ( ! 
,sacr$ ,rites1 ! successor ( ! old      
,roman  k+s1 & say to him1 8,wat*e/ ?\1 
,o ,k+8 ,wat*40#hfd ,! c]emony  may h   
be5 a rem9isc5ce or survival ( a "t :5 !
 k+'s life  z well z ! g5]al safety 0   
suppos$ to hang on ! ma9t5ance (  !     
fire1 to ! gu>dian%ip ( :i* he w\ld ?us 
be impell$ by !  motive (               
self-pres]vation z well z ( public duty4
 ,:5 natives (  ! ,kei ,isl&s 9 ! ,ea/  
,indies are away on a long voyage1 a    
sacr$  fire is kept up ! :ole "t ( _!   
abs5ce by _! fri5ds at  home4 ,?ree or  
f\r "y girls are appo9t$ to fe$ x & wat*
 ov]  x day & night ) a jeal\s c>e le/ x
 %\ld g out2 its  ext9ction w\ld be     
deem$ a mo/ evil om51 = ! fire is !     
symbol  ( ! life ( ! abs5t ones4#hfe    
,?is belief & ?is practice may  help u  

to und]/& ! correspond+ beliefs &       
practices conc]n$  ) ! ma9t5ance ( a    
p]petual fire at ,rome4    ,footnote    
#haf3      ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 ,on !          
,aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman      
,isl&s    7,london1 ,n4,d471 p4 #hb4    
,mr4 ,man's evid5ce is confirm$ by a    
,g]man    travell]1 ,mr4 ,jagor1 :o says
 ( ! ,&aman ,isl&]s3 8,! fire    mu/    
nev] g out4 ,"h also ,i am aga9 assur$ t
 ! ,&amanese    h no means ( mak+ fire40
 ,see ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9]              
,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 #ahgg1 p4
 7#ed7 7b\nd )    ,zeits*rift fr        
,e?nologie1 ix474 ,i regret t on ?is    
subject ,i    did n "q ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4     
,br[n1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1       
,cambridge1 :o resid$ = ab\t two ye>s   
among ! ,&aman    ,isl&]s1 /udy+ _!     
cu/oms & beliefs4 ,mr4 ,br[n is n[      
7,decemb] #aiaj7 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia4      
,footnote #hag3      ,n4 von            
,miklu*o-,maclay1 8,e?nologis*e         
,bem]kung5 b] die ,papuas d]            
,maclay-,k/e 9 ,neu-,gu9ea10            

,natuurkundig ,tijds*rift voor          
,n$]l&s* ,indie1 xxxv4 7#ahge71 pp4 #hb1
 #hc4 ,comp>e ,c4 ,hag]1    ,kais]      
,wilhelms-,l& und d] ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 
p4 #fi2 ,m4 ,krieg]1    ,neu-,gu9ea1 p4 
#aec4 ,! natives ( ! ,maclay ,coa/ are  
said to h    traditions ( a "t :5 !y 7  
ignorant ev5 ( ! use ( fire2    !y ate  
fruits raw1 :i* set up a disease ( !    
gums1 fill+ _!    m\?s ) blood2 !y _h a 
special "n = ! disease4 ,see ,n4 von    
,miklu*o-,maclay1 9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9]
 ,gesells*aft fr    ,an?ropologie1      
#ahhb1 p4 7#egg7 7b\nd ) ,zeits*rift fr 
,e?nologie1 xiv474 ,! reports ( p liv+ 9
 ignorance ( !    use ( fire h hi!rto   
prov$1 on clos] exam9ation1 to be       
fables4    ,see ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1         
,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory (        
,mank9d1 #crd    ,ed41 pp4 #bbi sqq4 ,! 
late/ repetition ( ! /ory t ,i "k (     
is by an ,am]ican naturali/1 ,mr4       
,titian ,r4 ,peale1 :o confirms !       
explod$ /atem5t t d[n to #ahda ! natives
 ( ,b[dit* ,isl&    _h n se5 fire4 ,see 

,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 xviii4 7#ahhd7  
pp4    #bbi-bcb4    ,footnote #hah3     
,b4 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papuas 7,wiesbad51 
#ahii71 pp4 #bjc sq4 ,mr4    ,hag5's    
acc\nt applies *iefly to ! natives (    
,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,he    tells u t = ! mo/
 "p !y n[ use ,sw$i% mat*es4            
,footnote #hai3      ,g4 ,casati1 ,t5   
,ye>s 9 ,equatoria 7,london & ,new      
,york1 #ahia71 i4    #aeg4 ,ano!r writ] 
says t ^! dw>fs 8keep fire alight       
p]petually1 />t+ x 9 "s l>ge tree1 :i*  
goes on sm\ld]+    = mon?s at a "t0     
7,capta9 ,guy ,burr[s1 ,! ,l& ( !       
,pigmies    7,london1 #ahih71 p4 #aii74 
,footnote #hbj3      ,f4 ,/uhlmann1 ,mit
 ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika       
7,b]l91 #ahid71    pp4 #dea sq4         
,footnote #hba3      ,sir ,h>ry ,h4     
,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa       
7,london1 #ahig71 p4    #dci2 id41 ,!   
,ug&a ,protectorate 7,london1 #aijb71   
ii4 #edj4 ,if we    may tru/ ,diodorus  
,siculus 7i4 #ac4 #c71 ?is 0 ! orig9 (  
fire    alleg$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s4   

,among ! ,w9amwanga & ,wiwa tribes    ( 
,ea/ ,africa1 to ! s\? ( ,lake          
,tanganyika1 8:5 lightn+ sets    fire to
 a tree1 all ! fires 9 a village are put
 out1 & fireplaces    fre%ly pla/]$1    
:ile ! head m5 take ! fire to ! *ief1 :o
    prays ov] x4 ,x is !n s5t to all 8  
villages1 ! p ( !    villages rew>d+ 8  
mess5g]s40 ,see ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,*i%olm1   
8,notes on    ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( !   
,w9amwanga & ,wiwa10 ,j\rnal ( !        
,african ,society1 ,no4 #cf 7,july      
#aiaj71 p4 #cfc4 ,! ,p>sees ascribe     
peculi> sanctity to fire :i* has be5    
obta9$ f a tree /ruck    by lightn+4    
,see ,d4 ,j4 ,k>aka1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mod]n 
,p>sis    7,london1 #ahhd71 ii4 #bac4 ,9
 ,siam & ,cambodia su* fire is c>efully 
pres]v$ & us$ to light ! fun]al pyres ( 
k+s & o!rs4 ,see    ,pallegoix1         
,description du royaume ,?ai ou ,siam1  
i4 #bdh2 ,j4 ,m\ra1    ,le ,royaume du  
,cambodge1 i4 #cfj4    ,footnote #hbb3  
,osc> ,pes*el1 ,vlk]kunde #f? ,ed4      
7,leipsic1 #ahhe71 p4 #ach4 ,mr4 ,man   

?9ks x likely t ! ,&aman ,isl&]s got _! 
fire f "o (    ! two volcanoes :i* exi/ 
9 _! isl& 7,on ! ,aborig9al             
,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 p4 #hb74
 ,! ,creek ,indians (    ,nor? ,am]ica h
 a tradition t "s ( _! ance/ors procur$ 
fire f a volcano4 ,see ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et1
 ,a ,migration ,leg5d ( !    ,creek     
,indians1 ii4 7,/4 ,l\is1 #ahhh7 p4 #aa 
7#dc74    ,footnote #hbc3      ,o4      
,pes*el1 loc4 cit4 ,z to ! fires ( ,baku
 see fur!r1 ,adonis1    ,attis1 ,osiris1
 ,second ,edition1 p4 #aei4    ,footnote
 #hbd3      ,r4 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a    
,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its             
,inhabitants1 #bnd    ,ed41 p4 #cfg2 ,w4
 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore
 ( ,nor!rn    ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 
ii4 #aid2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft des     
,feu]s1    #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #ib1 #ajb4    
,lucretius ?\ght t ! fir/ fire 0        
procur$ ei!r f lightn+ or f ! mutual    
friction ( trees 9    a high w9d 7,de   
r]um natura1 v4 #ajia-aaja74 ,! latt]   
s\rce 0    pref]r$ by ,vitruvius 7,de   

ar*itectura1 ii4 #a4 #a74    ,footnote  
#hbe3      ,sir ,h>ry ,h4 ,john/on1     
ll4cc4 ,pr(essor ,k4 von d5 ,/e95       
conjectures t savages1 :o already       
possess$ fire1 & 7 wont to    use t9d]  
to nurse a sm\ld]+ br& into a blaze1 may
 h    accid5tally discov]$ ! mode (     
k9dl+ fire 9 an attempt to    make t9d] 
by rubb+ two dry /icks or re$s aga9/ ea*
 o!r4 ,see    ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5
 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 pp4    
#bai-bbh4    ,footnote #hbf3      ,j4   
,dumont ,d',urville1 ,voyage aut\r du   
monde et  la re*]*e de la    ,p]\se1 i4 
7,p>is1 #ahcb7 pp4 #ie1 #aid2 ,scott    
,n9d1 8,description (    ! ,natives (   
,k+ ,george's ,s\nd10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal
    ,geographical ,society1 i4 7#ahcb7  
p4 #bf2 ,e4 ,j4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals (       
,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral    
,au/ralia1 ii4 #ceg2 ,a4    ,oldfield1  
8,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia10            
,transactions ( !    ,e?nological       
,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s41 iii4 7#ahfe7
 pp4 #bhc sq42 ,j4    ,dawson1          

,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ae2 ,annales 
de la ,propagation de    la ,foi1 xvii4 
7#ahde7 pp4 #gf sq4    ,footnote #hbg3  
,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es (       
,victoria1 i4 #cif4    ,footnote #hbh3  
,r4 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 or ,new 
,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 #bnd    ,ed41
 p4 #efg4 ,o!r writ]s confirm ! /atem5t 
t ! c>ry+ (    ! fire-/icks is ! special
 duty ( ! wom54 ,see ,w4 ,/anbridge1    
8,on ! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria10         
,transactions ( ! ,e?nological          
,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s41 i4 7#ahfa7  
p4 #bia2 ,j4 ,f4 ,mann1 8,notes on !    
,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia10 ,proce$+s ( !  
,geographical ,society (    ,au/ralasia1
 i4 7#ahhe7 p4 #bi4    ,footnote #hbi3  
,melville1 quot$ by ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,!    
,aborig9es ( ,tasmania    7,london1     
#ahij71 p4 #ig4 ,x has sometimes be5    
affirm$ t !    ,tasmanians did n "k h[  
to k9dle fire2 b ! evid5ce collect$     
by ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? 7op4 cit41 pp4 xii4    
sq41 #if sq471 proves t    !y 7 accu/om$
 to light x bo? by ! friction ( wood &  

by    /rik+ fl9ts toge!r4    ,footnote  
#hcj3      ,mr4 ,dove1 quot$ by ,james  
,bonwick1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( !     
,tasmanians1 p4 #bj4    ,footnote #hca3 
,wilfr$ ,p[ell1 ,w&]+s 9 a ,wild ,c\ntry
 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #aif4    ,footnote
 #hcb3      ,capta9 ,j4 ,wilson1        
,mission>y ,voyage to ! ,s\!rn ,pacific 
,ocean    7,london1 #agii71 p4 #ceg4    
,footnote #hcc3      ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1     
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man1 ii4 #ebb2 ,j4  
,g4 ,g>son1 8,on !    ,inhabitants (    
,ti]ra del ,fuego10 ,j\rnal ( !         
,an?ropological    ,in/itute1 xv4       
7#ahhf74 p4 #ade2 ,mission sci5tifique  
du ,cap ,horn1    #ahhb-ahhc1 vii4      
7,p>is1 #ahia7 p4 #cde4    ,footnote    
#hcd3      ,j4 ,b4 ,ambrosetti1 8,los   
,indios ,ca+ua del alto ,p>an           
7misiones710    ,bolet9o del ,in/ituto  
,geografico ,arg5t9o1 xv4 7#ahie7 pp4   
#gjc    sq4    ,footnote #hce3      ,e4 
,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians (       
,guiana1 pp4 #beg sq4    ,footnote #hcf3
      ,a4 ,wid5mann1 ,die               

,kilim&s*>o-,bevlk]ung 7,go?a1 #ahii71  
pp4 #fh    sq4 7,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung53
 ,ergnzung%eft1 ,no4 #abi74    ,footnote
 #hcg3      ,sir ,h>ry ,h4 ,john/on1    
,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1       
#ahig71 p4    #dch4    ,footnote #hch3  
,a4 ,f4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,up ! ,nig]   
7,london1 #ahib71 p4 #cg4    ,footnote  
#hci3      ,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1      
,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #eii sq4   
,footnote #hdj3      ,p4 de ,t\rne=t1   
,relation d'un voyage du ,levant        
7,am/]dam1 #agah71    i4 #ic 7,lettre   
vi472 ,sib?orp1 9 ,r4 ,walpole's        
,memoirs relat+ to    ,european &       
,asiatic ,turkey 7,london1 #ahag71 pp4  
#bhd sq42 ,w4 ,g4    ,cl>k1             
,peloponnesus 7,london1 #aheh71 p4 #aaa2
 ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 ,!    ,cyclades 7,london1
 #ahhe71 p4 #cfe4 ,! giant f5nel 7,f]ula
 communis1    ,l47 is /ill kn[n 9       
,greece by its anci5t "n1 h>dly modifi$ 
7n>!ka in/ead ( n>!x71 ?\gh ,w4 ,g4     
,cl>k says ! mod]n    "n is kalami4 ,b5t
 speaks ( ! plant z a re$1 :i* is a     

mi/ake4 ,! plant is describ$ by         
,!ophra/us 7,hi/or4 plant4 vi4    #b4 #g
 sq474    ,footnote #hda3      ,hesiod1 
,works & ,days1 #ej-eb2 id41 ,!ogony1   
#efe-efg2    ,aes*ylus1 ,prome!us ,b\nd1
 #ajg-aaa2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 
#g4 #a2 ,hyg9us1 ,fabulae1 #add2 id41   
,a/ronomica1 ii4 #ae4    ,footnote #hdb3
      ,see my article1 8,! ,prytaneum1 !
 ,temple ( ,ve/a1 ! ,ve/als1            
,p]petual ,fires10 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1
 xiv4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #afi-aga4    ,footnote
 #hdc3      ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus         
nationes1 ii4 #fg4    ,footnote #hdd3   
,see my article1 8,! ,prytaneum1 !      
,temple ( ,ve/a1 ! ,ve/als1    ,p]petual
 ,fires10 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 xiv4    
7#ahhe7 pp4 #ade sqq4    ,footnote #hde3
      ,g4 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9       
,polynesia 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #cbf4   
,footnote #hdf3      ,ph4 ,paulits*ke1  
,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas1 die      
mat]ielle ,cultur    d] ,dankil1 ,galla 
und ,soml 7,b]l91 #ahic71 p4 #ade4      
,footnote #hdg3      ,j4 ,b4 ,labat1    

,relation hi/orique de l'?iopie         
,occid5tale1 i4 #bef    sq4    ,footnote
 #hdh3      ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,fur!r ,notes 
on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a10     
,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1  
xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #dc1 #ea    sq42 id41
 9 a lett] to me dat$ ,m5go1 ,ug&a1 #crd
 ,augu/ #aijd4    ,footnote #hdi3       
,w4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,travels 9 ,africa1     
,egypt1 & ,syria 7,london1 #agii71 p4   
#cjf4    ,footnote #hej3      ,j4 ,j4   
,monteiro1 ,angola & ! ,riv] ,congo     
7,london1 #ahge71 ii4 #afg4    ,footnote
 #hea3      ,p4 ,pogge1 ,im ,rei*e des  
,muata ,jamwo 7,b]l91 #ahhj71 p4 #bcd4  
,footnote #heb3      ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die  
,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 iii4 #eae sq4    
,footnote #hec3      ,du ,pratz1 ,hi/ory
 ( ,l\isiana 7,london1 #aggd71 pp4      
#ccj-ccd1 #cdf    sq41 #cea-ceh2        
,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire de la ,n\velle      
,france1 vi4 #agb    sqq42 ,lafitau1    
,murs des sauvages ,am]iqua9s1 i4 #afg  
sq42    ,lettres difiantes et curieuses1
 ,n\velle dition1 vii4 7,p>is1    #agha7

 pp4 #g-af 7repr9t$ 9 ,recueil de       
voyages au nord1 ix4    ,am/]dam1 #agcg1
 pp4 #c-ac72 8,relation de la           
,l\isianne10 ,recueil de    voyages au  
,nord1 v4 7,am/]dam1 #agcd7 pp4 #bc sq42
 ,bossu1 ,n\veaux    ,voyages aux ,indes
 ,occid5tales 7,p>is1 #agfh71 i4 #db-dd2
    ,*ateaubri&1 ,voyage en ,amrique    
7,p>is1 #ahgj71 pp4 #bbg sqq42 ,h4      
,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 v4    
#fh4 ,! acc\nts diff] f ea*    o!r 9 "s 
details4 ,?us ,du ,pratz speaks z if !re
 7 only two    fire-temples 9 ! c\ntry1 
:]eas ! writ] 9 ! ,lettres    difiantes 
says t !re 7 elev5 villages ea* ) its   
fire-temple1 & t =m]ly !re _h be5 sixty 
villages &    temples4 ,! acc\nt 9 !    
text is bas$ ma9ly on ! au?ority (      
,du ,pratz1 :o liv$ among ! ,nat*ez on  
t]ms ( intimacy = eight    ye>s1 f ! end
 ( #agah to #agbf4    ,footnote #hed3   
,h5nep91 ,n\velle ,dc\v]te d'un trs gr& 
pays situ dans    l',amrique 7,utre*t1  
#afig71 p4 #cjf4    ,footnote #hee3     
,x5ophon1 ,cyropa$ia1 viii4 #c4 #ab2    

,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #f4    #cd2
 ,qu9tus ,curtius1 iii4 #c4 #g4         
,footnote #hef3      ,dio ,cassius1     
lxxi4 #ce4 #e2 ,h]odian1 i4 #h4 #d1 i4  
#af4 #d1 ii4 #c4 #b1 ii4    #h4 #f1 vii4
 #a4 #i1 vii4 #f4 #b4    ,footnote #heg3
      ,h4 ,s*9z1 ,deuts*-,sdwe/-,afrika1
 p4 #cbj4    ,footnote #heh3      ,o4   
,dapp]1 ,description de l',afrique      
7,am/]dam1 #afhf71 p4 #cib4    ,footnote
 #hei3      ,o4 ,dapp]1 op4 cit4 p4     
#djj4    ,footnote #hfj3      ,qu9tus   
,curtius1 v4 #b4 #g4 ,curtius repres5ts 
?is z a signal adopt$    by ,alex&]1    
because ! s\nd ( ! bugle 0 lo/ 9 !      
trampl+    & hum ( ! great multitude4 ,b
 ?is maybe m]ely ! hi/orian's           
int]pretation ( an old cu/om4           
,footnote #hfa3      ,x5ophon1          
,respublica ,lac$aemoniorum1 xiii4 #b   
sq42 ,nicolaus    ,damasc5us1 quot$ by  
,/obaeus1 ,florilegium1 xliv4 #da 7vol4 
ii4 p4    #ahh ed4 ,me9eke72 ,hesy*ius1 
s4v4 4    ,footnote #hfb3               
,h]odotus1 iv4 #fh4    ,footnote #hfc3  

,aes*ylus1 ,*oph4 #fjd sqq42            
,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #h4 #b     
sq42 ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #cd4 #f    
sq42 ,ovid1 ,metamorph4 viii4 #dde      
sqq42 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #aga & #agd4       
,footnote #hfd3      ,s]vius1 on        
,virgil1 ,a54 x4 #bbh4    ,footnote     
#hfe3      ,le ,p4 ,h4 ,geurtj5s1 8,le  
,crmonial des ,voyages aux les ,keij10  
,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #ccg sq4      
,,*apt] ,,xviii              ,,!        
,,succession ,,to ,,! ,,k+dom ,,9       
,,anci5t ,,latium      ,sid5ote3 ,!     
,ve/al fire & ! great prie/hoods appe>  
to h be5  in/itutions common to ! :ole  
,lat9 race4 ,?us x appe>s t a  v>iety ( 
consid]ations comb9$ to uphold1 if n to 
orig9ate1 !  cu/om ( ma9ta9+ a p]petual 
fire4 ,! sanctity ( ! wood :i*  f$ x1 ! 
belief 9 ! g5]ative virtue ( ! process  
by :i* x  0 k9dl$1 ! suppos$ efficacy ( 
fire 9 repell+ ! p[]s (  evil1 !        
association ( ! he>? ) ! spirits ( !    
dead &  ) ! maje/y or ev5 ! life ( ! k+ 
all work$ toge!r to  inve/ ! simple old 

cu/om ) a halo ( my/]y & romance4 ,if   
?is  0 s at ,rome we may assume t matt]s
 7 n v diff]5t 9 !  o!r ,lat9 t[ns :i*  
kept up a ,ve/al fire4 ,^! too _h _! k+s
  ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites1 _! flam5s1 & _!    
pontiffs1 z well z _!  ,ve/al           
,virg9s4#hff ,all ! great prie/hoods (  
,rome appe>1 9 fact1  to h _h _! d\bles 
9 ! o!r anci5t cities ( ,latium2 all  7 
probably primitive in/itutions common to
 ! :ole ,lat9  race4#hfg    ,sid5ote3   
,prie/ly or div9e functions ( ! ,roman  
k+s1 includ+  ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,ve/al    
fire4 ,accord+ly1 :atev] is true or     
probable ( ! ,roman prie/hoods1 ab\t :i*
 we "k mo/1 may  reasonably be reg>d$ z 
true or probable ( ! correspond+        
prie/hoods else:]e 9 ,latium1 ab\t :i* =
 ! mo/ "p we "k  no?+ m ?an ! names4 ,n[
 9 reg>d to ! ,roman k+1 ^:  prie/ly    
functions 7 inh]it$ by 8 successor ! k+ 
( !  ,sacr$ ,rites1 ! =ego+ discussion  
has l$ u to ! foll[+  conclusions4 ,he  
repres5t$ & inde$ p]sonat$ ,jupit]1 !   
great god  ( ! oak1 ! sky1 & ! ?und]1 & 

9 t "* made ra91  ?und]1 & lightn+ = !  
good ( 8 subjects1 l _m m  k+s ( ! wea!r
 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,fur!r1 he n only   
mimick$ ! oak-god by we>+ an oak wrea? &
 o!r insignia (  div9ity1 b he 0 m>ri$  
to an oak-nymph ,eg]ia1 :o appe>s to h  
be5 m]ely a local =m ( ,diana 9 h] "* ( 
a goddess (  woods1 ( wat]s1 & (        
*ildbir?4 ,moreov]1 he 0 desc5d$ f !    
oak1 s9ce he 0 born ( a virg9 :o        
conceiv$ by contact ) a fire  ( sacr$   
oak-wood4 ,h5ce he _h to gu>d ! ance/ral
 fire & keep x  con/antly burn+1 inasmu*
 z on its ma9t5ance dep5d$ !  cont9uance
 ( ! royal family4 ,only on c]ta9 /at$  
occasions 0 x  lawful & ev5 necess>y to 
ext+ui% ! old fire 9 ord] to revive  x 9
 a pur] & m vigor\s =m by ! friction ( !
 sacr$ wood4  ,?is 0 done once a ye> on 
! fir/ ( ,m>*1#hfh & we may  conjecture 
t x 0 also done by ! new k+ on 8        
accession to  p[]2 =1 z we h se51 x has 
be5 cu/om>y 9 ,sid5ote3 ,b !  fire 0    
=mally ext+ui%$ & rek9dl$ on c]ta9      
occasions1  p]haps on ! dea? ( ! k+4    

v>i\s places to ext+ui% !  k+'s fire at 
8 dea?4#hfi ,among ! anci5t ,p]sians !  
p]petual  sacr$ fire 0 put out on ! dea?
 ( a k+ & rema9$ unlit until  aft] 8    
fun]al4#hgj ,x is a common practice to  
ext+ui% ! fire  9 any h\se :]e a dea?   
has tak5 place1#hga app>5tly f a fe>  t 
! gho/ may scor* or s+e himself at x1 l 
a mo? at !  flame ( a c&le2 & ! cu/om ( 
putt+ out ! k+'s fire at 8  decease may 
9 its orig9 h be5 no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,b :5 
!  fire on ! k+'s he>? came to be view$ 
z b\nd up 9 a my/]i\s  fa%ion ) 8 life1 
x w\ld naturally be ext+ui%$ at 8 dea?1 
n to sp>e 8 flutt]+ gho/ ! risk & pa9 ( 
fall+ into x1  b because1 z a sort (    
life-tok5 or ext]nal s\l1 x too mu/ die 
at 8 dea? & be born aga9 f ! holy tree4 
,at all ev5ts1 x  seems probable t :5ev]
 & f :atev] cause x became necess>y  to 
rek9dle ! royal & sacr$ fire by !       
friction ( wood1 !  op]ation 0 p]=m$    
jo9tly by ! k+ & ! ,ve/als1 "o or m  (  
:om may h be5 8 daught]s or ! daught]s (
 8 pr$ecessor4  ,reg>d$ z imp]sonations 

( ,"m ,ve/a h]self1 ^! prie/esses  w\ld 
be ! *os5 vessels1 n only to br+ to bir?
 ! se$ ( fire  9 work+ ! fire-drill1 b  
also to receive ! se$ ( ! fire-god  9 _!
 *a/e wombs1 & s to become ! mo!rs (    
fire-begott5  k+s4    ,sid5ote3 ,:at is 
true ( ! ,roman k+s is probably true ( !
 ,lat9  k+s 9 g5]al4 ,all ^!            
conclusions1 :i* we h rea*$ ma9ly  by a 
consid]ation ( ! ,roman evid5ce1 may )  
great probability be  appli$ to ! o!r   
,lat9 communities4 ,!y too probably _h (
 old  _! div9e or prie/ly k+s1 :o       
transmitt$ _! religi\s  functions1 )\t  
_! civil p[]s1 to _! successors ! k+s ( 
! ,sacr$ ,rites4    ,sid5ote3 ,:at 0 !  
rule ( succession to ! ,lat9 k+%ip8 ,b  
we h /ill to ask1 ,:at 0 ! rule (       
succession to ! k+dom  among ! old ,lat9
 tribes8 ,we possess two li/s ( ,lat9   
k+s bo?  pr(ess$ly complete4 ,"o is !   
li/ ( ! k+s ( ,alba1 ! o!r is  ! li/ ( !
 ,sid5ote3 ,! li/ ( ! ,alban k+s seems  
to imply  t ! k+%ip 0 h]$it>y 9 ! male  
l9e4 k+s ( ,rome4 ,if we  accept z      

au!ntic ! li/ ( ! ,alban k+s1 we c only 
conclude  t ! k+dom 0 h]$it>y 9 ! male  
l9e1 ! son regul>ly  succe$+ 8 fa!r on !
 ?rone4#hgb ,b ?is li/1 if x is n1  z   
,niebuhr held1 a late & clumsy          
fabrication1 has some:at !  appe>ance ( 
an ela/ic cord :i* anci5t hi/orians     
/ret*$ 9  ord] to l9k ,a5eas to         
,romulus4#hgc ,yet x w\ld be ra% to set 
^!  names :olly aside z a *ronological  
/op-gap delib]ately foi/$ 9  by lat]    
annali/s4 ,9 e>ly mon>*ies1 be=e !      
inv5tion (  writ+1 tradition is         
rem>kably ret5tive ( ! names ( k+s4 ,!  
,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa1 = example1    
rememb] ! names ( m ?an  ?irty ( _! k+s 
9 an unbrok5 *a9 ( tw5ty-two            
g5]ations4#hgd ,ev5 ! occurr5ce ( =eign 
names among ! ,alban  k+s is n ( itself 
suffici5t to condemn ! li/ z a =g]y2 =1 
z ,i %all %ew pres5tly1 ?is feature is  
explicable by a rule (  desc5t :i*      
appe>s to h prevail$ 9 _m anci5t        
mon>*ies1  includ+ t ( ,rome4 ,p]haps ! 
mo/ we c say = ! hi/ory (  ! ,alban k+s 

is t _! names may well be g5u9e1 & t "s 
g5]al features ( ! mon>*y1 toge!r ) a   
few ev5ts :i*  happ5$ to /rike ! popul> 
imag9ation1 may h surviv$ 9 !  memory ( 
! p till !y f\nd _! way into writt5     
hi/ory4 ,b  no dep5d5ce c be plac$ ei!r 
on ! alleg$ ye>s ( _! reigns1  or on !  
h]$it>y pr9ciple :i* is assum$ to h     
connect$ ea*  k+ ) 8 pr$ecessor4    ,:5 
we come to ! li/ ( ! ,roman k+s we are  
on mu* firm]1  ?\gh /ill slipp]y gr\nd4 
,accord+ to tradition !re 7 9 all  eight
 k+s ( ,rome1#hge & ) reg>d to ! five   
la/ ( !m1 at  all ev5ts1 we c h>dly d\bt
 t !y actually sat on ! ?rone1  & t !   
traditional hi/ory ( _! reigns is1 9 its
 ma9  outl9es1 correct4#hgf ,n[ x is v  
rem>kable t ?\gh ! fir/  k+ ( ,rome1    
,romulus1 is said to h be5 desc5d$ f !  
royal  h\se ( ,alba1 9 :i* ! k+%ip is   
repres5t$ z h]$it>y 9 !  male l9e1 n "o 
( ! ,sid5ote3 ,on ! o!r h& none ( !     
,roman  k+s 0 imm$iately succe$$ by 8   
son1 b ?ree 7 succe$$ by  _! sons-9-law1
 :o 7 =eign]s4 ,roman k+s 0 imm$iately  

succe$$ by 8 son on ! ?rone4 ,yet sev]al
 left sons or gr&sons  beh9d !m4#hgg ,on
 ! o!r h&1 "o ( !m 0 desc5d$ f a  =m] k+
 ?r\gh 8 "m1 n ?r\gh 8 fa!r1#hgh & ?ree 
( ! k+s1 namely ,tatius1 ! eld] ,t>qu91 
& ,s]vius ,tullius1  7 succe$$ by _!    
sons-9-law1#hgi :o 7 all ei!r =eign]s   
or ( =eign desc5t4#hhj ,?is ,sid5ote3   
,?is sugge/s t !  k+%ip 0 transmitt$ 9 !
 female l9e & 0 held by =eign]s  :o     
m>ri$ ! royal pr9cesses4 sugge/s t ! "r 
to !  k+%ip 0 transmitt$ 9 ! female l9e1
 & 0 actually ex]cis$  by =eign]s :o    
m>ri$ ! royal pr9cesses4 ,to put x 9    
te*nical  language1 ! succession to !   
k+%ip at ,rome & probably 9 ,latium     
g5]ally w\ld seem to h be5 det]m9$ by   
c]ta9 rules :i* h  m\ld$ e>ly society 9 
_m p>ts ( ! _w1 namely exogamy1  be5a   
m>riage1 & female k9%ip or "m-k94       
,exogamy is ! rule  :i* obliges a man to
 m>ry a woman ( a diff]5t clan f 8 own2 
be5a m>riage is ! rule t he mu/ leave ! 
home ( 8 bir?  & live ) 8 wife's p2#hha 
& female k9%ip or "m-k9  is ! sy/em (   

trac+ relation%ip & transmitt+ ! family 
"n  ?r\gh wom5 in/ead ( ?r\gh m54#hhb   
,if ^! pr9ciples regulat$  desc5t ( !   
k+%ip among ! anci5t ,lat9s1 ! /ate (   
?+s 9  ?is respect w\ld be some:at z    
foll[s4 ,! political & religi\s  c5tre (
 ea* community w\ld be ! p]petual fire  
on ! k+'s  he>? t5d$ by ,ve/al ,virg9s (
 ! royal clan4 ,! k+ w\ld be a  man (   
ano!r clan1 p]haps ( ano!r t[n or ev5 ( 
ano!r race1  :o _h m>ri$ a daught] ( 8  
pr$ecessor & receiv$ ! k+dom  ) h]4 ,!  
*ildr5 :om he _h by h] w\ld inh]it _!   
"m's  "n1 n 82 ! daught]s w\ld rema9 at 
home2 ! sons1 :5 !y  grew up1 w\ld g    
away into ! _w1 m>ry1 & settle 9 _!     
wives'  c\ntry1 :e!r z k+s or common]s4 
,( ! daught]s :o /ay$ at  home1 "s or   
all w\ld be d$icat$ z ,ve/al ,virg9s = a
 long] or  %ort] "t to ! s]vice ( ! fire
 on ! he>?1 & "o ( !m  w\ld 9 "t become 
! consort ( h] fa!r's successor4        
,sid5ote3 ,?is hypo!sis expla9s "s      
obscure features 9 !  traditional hi/ory
 ( ! ,lat9 k+s1 su* z ! /ories ( _!     

miracul\s bir?4 ,?is hypo!sis has !     
advantage ( expla9+ 9 a  simple &       
natural way "s obscure features 9 !     
traditional hi/ory  ( ! ,lat9 k+%ip4    
,?us ! leg5ds :i* tell h[ ,lat9 k+s 7   
born ( virg9 mo!rs & div9e fa!rs become 
at lea/ m  intelligible4 ,=1 /ripp$ ( _!
 fabul\s elem5t1 tales ( ?is  sort mean 
no m ?an t a woman has be5 gott5 ) *ild 
by a man  unkn[n2 & ?is unc]ta9ty z to  
fa!rhood is m easily compatible  ) a    
sy/em ( k9%ip :i* ignores pat]nity ?an )
 "o :i*  makes x all-important4 ,if at !
 bir? ( ! ,lat9 k+s _! fa!rs  7 really  
unkn[n1#hhc ! fact po9ts ei!r to a g5]al
 loos5ess  ( life 9 ! royal family or to
 a special relaxation ,sid5ote3 ,!      
,lat9 k+s p]haps begott5 at a           
,saturnalia4 ( moral rules on c]ta9     
occasions1 :5 m5 & wom5 rev]t$ = a      
season to ! lic5ce ( an  e>li] age4 ,su*
 ,saturnalias are n uncommon at "s /ages
 ( social  evolution4 ,9 our own c\ntry 
traces ( !m long surviv$ 9 !  practices 
( ,may ,day & ,:itsuntide1 if n (       

,*ri/mas4 ,*ildr5 born  ( ! m or less   
promiscu\s int]c\rse :i* *>act]ises     
fe/ivals ( ?is k9d w\ld naturally be    
fa!r$ on ! god to :om  ! p>ticul>       
fe/ival 0 d$icat$4    ,sid5ote3 ,!      
,roman fe/ival ( ,midsumm] 0 a k9d (    
,saturnalia1 &  0 specially associat$ ) 
! fire-born ,k+ ,s]vius ,tullius4 ,9    
?is connexion x may n be )\t            
significance t a fe/ival (  jollity &   
drunk5ness 0 celebrat$ by ! plebeians & 
slaves at  ,rome on ,midsumm] ,day1 & t 
! fe/ival 0 specially associat$  ) !    
fire-born ,k+ ,s]vius ,tullius1 be+ held
 9 hon\r (  ,=tuna1 ! goddess :o lov$   
,s]vius z ,eg]ia lov$ ,numa4 ,! popul>  
m]rymak+s at ?is season includ$         
foot-races & boat-races2 !  ,tib] 0 gay 
) fl[]-wrea!d boats1 9 :i* "y folk sat  
quaff+ w9e4#hhd ,! fe/ival appe>s to h  
be5 a sort (  ,midsumm] ,saturnalia     
answ]+ to ! real ,saturnalia :i* fell at
  ,midw9t]4 ,9 mod]n ,europe1 z we %all 
le>n lat] on1 ! great  ,midsumm] fe/ival
 has be5 above all a fe/ival ( lov]s & (

 fire2  "o ( its pr9cipal features is ! 
pair+ ( swee!>ts1 :o leap  ov] !        
bonfires h& 9 h& or ?r[ fl[]s across !  
flames to  ea* o!r4 ,& _m om5s ( love & 
m>riage are drawn f !  fl[]s :i* bloom  
at ?is my/ic season4#hhe ,x is ! "t ( ! 
roses & ( love4 ,yet ! innoc5ce & beauty
 ( su* fe/ivals 9  mod]n times ought n  
to bl9d u to ! likelihood t 9 e>li]     
days !y 7 m>k$ by co>s] features1 :i* 7 
probably ( !  ess5ce ( ! rites4 ,inde$1 
among ! rude ,e/honian peasantry ^!     
features seem to h l+]$ d[n to our own  
g5]ation1 if n to !  pres5t day4 ,"o o!r
 feature 9 ! ,roman celebration (       
,midsumm]  des]ves to be specially      
notic$4 ,! cu/om ( r[+ 9 fl[]-deck$     
boats on ! riv] on ?is day proves t x 0 
to "s ext5t a wat]  fe/ival2 &1 z we    
%all le>n lat] on1 wat] has always1 d[n 
to  mod]n times1 play$ a conspicu\s "p 9
 ! rites ( ,midsumm] ,day1  :i* expla9s 
:y ! ,*ur*1 9 ?r[+ its cloak ov] ! old  
hea!n fe/ival1 *ose to d$icate x to ,/4 
,john ! ,bapti/4#hhf    ,sid5ote3 ,b !  

unc]ta9ty z to ! pat]nity ( ! ,roman k+s
  may only mean t 9 lat] times ! names (
 _! fa!rs 7  =gott54 ,! hypo!sis t !    
,lat9 k+s may h be5 begott5  at an      
annual fe/ival ( love is necess>ily a   
m]e conjecture1 ?\gh  ! traditional bir?
 ( ,numa on ! fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia1 :5   
%eph]ds leap$ across ! spr+             
bonfires1#hhg z lov]s leap across  !    
,midsumm] fires1 may p]haps be ?\ght to 
l5d x a fa9t col\r (  probability4 ,b x 
is q possible t ! unc]ta9ty z to _!     
fa!rs may n h aris5 till long aft] !    
dea? ( ! k+s1 :5  _! figures began to   
melt away into ! cl\dl& ( fable1 assum+ 
fanta/ic %apes & gorge\s col\r+ z !y    
pass$ f e>? to  heav54 ,if !y 7 ali5    
immigrants1 /rang]s & pilgrims 9 !  l&  
!y rul$ ov]1 x w\ld be natural en\gh t !
 p %\ld  =get _! l9eage1 & =gett+ x %\ld
 provide !m )  ano!r1 :i* made up 9     
lu/re :at x lack$ 9 tru?4 ,! f9al       
apo!osis1 :i* repres5t$ ! k+s z n m]ely 
sprung f gods  b z !mselves deities     
inc>nate1 w\ld be mu* facilitat$ if 9   

_! lifetime1 z we h se5 reason to ?9k1  
!y _h actually laid  claim to div9ity4  
,sid5ote3 ,:]e desc5t is trac$ ?r\gh    
wom5 only1 girls ( !  highe/ rank may be
 m>ri$ to m5 ( humble bir?1 ev5 to ali5s
 &  slaves4 ,if among ! ,lat9s ! wom5 ( 
royal blood always /ay$ at  home &      
receiv$ z _! consorts m5 ( ano!r /ock1 &
 (t5 (  ano!r c\ntry1 :o reign$ z k+s 9 
virtue ( _! m>riage ) a  native pr9cess1
 we c und]/& n only :y =eign]s wore !   
cr[n at ,rome1 b also :y =eign names    
occur 9 ! li/ ( ! ,alban  k+s4 ,9 a /ate
 ( society :]e nobility is reckon$ only 
?r\gh  wom5--9 o!r words1 :]e desc5t    
?r\gh ! "m is ev]y?+1  & desc5t ?r\gh ! 
fa!r is no?+--no objection w be felt to 
unit+ girls ( ! highe/ rank to m5 (     
humble bir?1 ev5 to ali5s  or slaves1   
provid$ t 9 !mselves ! m5 appe> to be   
suitable  mates4 ,:at really matt]s is t
 ! royal /ock1 on :i* !  prosp]ity & ev5
 ! exi/5ce ( ! p is suppos$ to dep5d1   
%\ld be p]petuat$ 9 a vigor\s & effici5t
 =m1 & = ?is  purpose x is necess>y t ! 

wom5 ( ! royal family %\ld be>  *ildr5  
to m5 :o are physically & m5tally fit1  
accord+ to !  /&>d ( e>ly society1 to   
dis*>ge ! important duty (  procreation4
 ,?us ! p]sonal qualities ( ! k+s at ?is
 /age (  social evolution are deem$ (   
vital importance4 ,if !y1 l _!          
consorts1 are ( royal & div9e desc5t1 s 
mu* ! bett]2 b x is  n ess5tial t !y    
%\ld be s4    ,sid5ote3 ,9 ,a%antee1 :]e
 ! k+dom desc5ds ?r\gh wom51 !  rank ( !
 k+'s fa!r is n reg>d$4 ,! hypo!sis :i* 
we h  be5 l$ to frame ( ! rule (        
succession to ! ,lat9 k+%ip w  be       
confirm$ by analogy if we c %ew t       
else:]e1 "u a sy/em (  female k9%ip1 !  
pat]nity ( ! k+s is a matt] (           
indiff]5ce--nay1 t m5 :o are born slaves
 may1 l ,s]vius  ,tullius1 m>ry royal   
pr9cesses & be rais$ to ! ?rone4 ,n[ ?is
 is  true ( ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( !   
,gold ,coa/ 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,?us  9     
,a%antee1 :]e ! k+dom desc5ds 9 ! female
 l9e to ! k+'s  bro!rs & aft]w>ds to !  
sons ( 8 si/] 9 pref]5ce to 8  own sons1

 ! si/]s ( ! reign+ mon>* are free to   
m>ry or  intrigue ) :om !y please1      
provid$ only t _! husb& or  lov] be a v 
/rong & h&some man1 9 ord] t ! k+s :om  
he  begets may be m5 ( f9] pres5ce ?an  
_! subjects4 ,x matt]s n  h[ l[ may be !
 rank & position ( ! k+'s fa!r4 ,if !   
k+'s  si/]s1 h[ev]1 h no sons1 ! ?rone w
 pass to ! k+'s own  son1 & fail+ a son1
 to ! *ief vassal or ! *ief slave4 ,b 9 
! ,fantee c\ntry ! pr9cipal slave       
succe$s to ! exclusion ( !  son4 ,s     
little reg>d is paid by ^! p to !       
l9eage1 especially  ! pat]nal l9eage1 ( 
_! k+s4#hhh ,yet ,a%antee has atta9$ a  
b>b>ic civilisation z high p]haps z t ( 
any negro /ate1 &  probably n at all    
inf]ior to t ( ! petty ,lat9 k+doms at !
  dawn ( hi/ory4    ,sid5ote3 ,traces ( 
a simil> /ate ( ?+s 9 ,ug&a4 ,a trace ( 
a  simil> /ate ( ?+s appe>s to survive 9
 ,ug&a1 ano!r great  ,african mon>*y4 ,=
 !re ! que5 d[ag] & ! que5 si/] are1  or
 71 all[$ to h z _m husb&s z !y *oose1  
)\t go+  ?r\gh any m>riage c]emony4 8,( 

^! two wom5 x is commonly said  all     
,ug&a is _! husb&2 !y appe> to be fond (
 *ange1 only  liv+ ) a man = a few days 
& !n invit+ "s "o else to take  8       
place40 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! leg5ds ( !   
lu/ful que5  ,semiramis1 & ! lik5ess may
 be m ?an sup]ficial4 ,yet ^!  wom5 are 
n all[$1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 to be> *ildr52  
h5ce !y  practise abortion4#hhi ,bo? !  
lic5ce & ! prohibition may be  expla9$  
if we suppose t =m]ly ! k+dom desc5d$1 z
 x /ill  does 9 ,a%antee1 fir/ to ! k+'s
 bro!rs & next to ! sons (  8 si/]s4 ,= 
9 t case ! next heirs to ! ?rone w\ld be
 !  sons ( ! k+'s "m & ( 8 si/]s1 & ^!  
wom5 might  accord+ly be all[$1 z ! k+'s
 si/]s /ill are all[$ 9  ,a%antee1 to   
mate ) any h&some m5 :o took _! fancy1 9
 ord]  t _! (fspr+ might be ( regal "p4 
,b :5 ! l9e (  desc5t 0 *ang$ f ! female
 to ! male l9e1 9 o!r words1  :5 ! k+s 7
 succe$$ by _! sons in/ead ( by _!      
bro!rs  or _! si/]s' sons1 !n ! k+'s "m 
& 8 si/]s w\ld be  =bidd5 to be> *ildr5 
le/ ! desc5t ( ! cr[n to ! k+'s  own    

*ildr5 %\ld be endang]$ by ! exi/5ce (  
rivals :o1  accord+ to ! old law ( !    
k+dom1 _h a bett] "r to !  ?rone4 ,we   
may surmise t ! practice ( putt+ ! k+'s 
bro!rs  to dea? at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign1  
:i* surviv$ till ,ug&a  pass$ "u ,engli%
 protection1#hij 0 in/itut$ at ! same "t
 z  ! prohibition ( *ild-be>+ laid on ! 
k+'s "m & si/]s4  ,! "o cu/om got rid ( 
exi/+ rivals2 ! o!r prev5t$ !m f  be+   
born4 ,t ! k+%ip 9 ,ug&a 0 =m]ly        
transmitt$ 9 !  female l9e is /rongly   
indicat$ by ! rule t ! k+s & !  re/ ( ! 
royal family take _! totems f _! mo!rs1 
:]eas  all ! o!r p ( ! c\ntry get _!    
totems f _!  fa!rs4#hia    ,sid5ote3 ,9 
,loango also1 :]e ! blood royal is trac$
 9 ! female  l9e1 ! pr9cesses are free  
to cohabit ) :om !y please1 &  _!       
consorts are practically _! slaves4 ,9  
,loango ! blood royal  is trac$ 9 !     
female l9e1 & "h also ! pr9cesses are   
free to  *oose & divorce _! husb&s at   
pleasure1 & to cohabit at !  same "t )  
o!r m54 ,^! husb&s are ne>ly always     

plebeians1  = pr9ces & pr9cesses1 :o are
 v num]\s & =m a rul+  ca/e 9 ! c\ntry1 
may n m>ry ea* o!r4 ,! lot ( a pr9ce    
consort is n a happy "o1 = he is r !    
slave & prison] ?an  ! mate ( 8 imp]i\s 
pr9cess4 ,9 m>ry+ h] he engages nev]  m 
to look at a woman dur+ ! :ole "t he    
cohabits ) 8 royal  sp\se4 ,:5 he goes  
out he is prec$$ by gu>ds :o drive away 
all  females f ! road :]e he is to pass4
 ,if 9 spite ( ^!  precautions he %\ld  
by ill-luck ca/ 8 eyes on a woman1 !    
pr9cess  may h 8 head *opp$ (f1 &       
commonly ex]cises1 or us$ to  ex]cise1 !
 "r4 ,?is sort ( lib]t9ism1 su/a9$ by   
p[]1 (t5  c>ries ! pr9cesses to !       
greate/ excesses1 & no?+ is s mu*       
dread$ z _! ang]4 ,no wond] t common]s 9
 g5]al avoid !  hon\r ( a royal         
alliance4 ,only poor & emb>rass$ m5 seek
 x z a  protection aga9/ _! cr$itors &  
enemies4 ,all ! *ildr5 ( su*  a man by  
su* a wife are pr9ces & pr9cesses1 & any
 "o ( !  pr9ces may 9 "t be *os5 k+2 = 9
 ,loango ! cr[n is n  h]$it>y b         

elective4#hib ,?us x w\ld seem t ! fa!r 
( !  ,k+ ( ,loango is ne>ly always a    
plebeian1 & (t5 little bett] ?an  a     
slave4    ,sid5ote3 ,simil> rights      
enjoy$ by que5s 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,ne> 
!  ,*ambezi riv]1 :i* falls into ,lake  
,b5gweolo 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 !re  is a  
small /ate gov]n$ by a que5 :o belongs  
to ! reign+ family  ( ,ubemba4 ,%e be>s 
! title ( ,mamfum] or ,"m ( ,k+s4 8,!   
privileges atta*$ to ?is dignity are    
num]\s4 ,! mo/ s+ul> is  t ! que5s may  
*oose = !mselves _! husb& among ! common
  p4 ,! *os5 man becomes pr9ce-consort  
)\t %>+ 9 !  adm9i/ration ( affairs4 ,he
 is b\nd to leave ev]y?+ to foll[ 8     
royal & (t5 b little accommodat+ sp\se4 
,to %ew t 9 ^!  h\seholds ! rights are  
inv]t$ & t a man may be *ang$ into a    
woman1 ! que5 takes ! title ( ,monsieur 
& h] husb& t (  ,madame40#hic           
,sid5ote3 ,traces ( female desc5t ( !   
k+%ip 9 anci5t ,greece4  ,at ,a!ns1 z at
 ,rome1 we f9d traces ( succession to ! 
?rone by  m>riage ) a royal pr9cess2 =  

two ( ! mo/ anci5t k+s (  ,a!ns1 namely 
,cecrops & ,amphictyon1 are said to h   
m>ri$ !  daught]s ( _! pr$ecessors4#hid 
,?is tradition is confirm$ by !         
evid5ce1 :i* ,i %all adduce pres5tly1 t 
at ,a!ns male k9%ip  0 prec$$ by female 
k9%ip4    ,sid5ote3 ,) ?is rule ( desc5t
 ( ! k+%ip males rule ov]  diff]5t      
k+doms 9 successive g5]ations4 ,fur!r1  
if ,i am "r 9  suppos+ t 9 anci5t       
,latium ! royal families kept _!        
daught]s  at home & s5t =? _! sons to   
m>ry pr9cesses & reign among  _! wives' 
p1 x w foll[ t ! male desc5dants w\ld   
reign 9 successive g5]ations ov] diff]5t
 k+doms4 ,n[ ?is seems  to h happ5$ bo? 
9 anci5t ,greece & 9 anci5t ,sw$52 f    
:i* we may legitimately inf] t x 0 a    
cu/om practis$ by m  ?an "o bran* ( !   
,aryan /ock 9 ,europe4 ,take1 = in/ance1
 !  great h\se ( ,aeacus1 ! gr&fa!r (   
,a*illes & ,ajax4 ,aeacus  himself      
reign$ 9 ,aeg9a1 b 8 desc5dants1 z has  
be5 ju/ly  obs]v$1 8f ! beg9n+ w5t =? to
 o!r l&s40#hie ,8 son  ,telamon migrat$ 

to ! ,sid5ote3 ,migrations ( ! male     
desc5dants (  ,aeacus4 isl& ( ,salamis1 
m>ri$ ! k+'s daught]1 & reign$  ov] !   
c\ntry4#hif ,telamon's son ,teuc]1 9 8  
turn1 migrat$ to  ,cyprus1 w$d$ ! k+'s  
daught]1 & succe$$ 8 fa!r-9-law on  !   
?rone4#hig ,aga91 ,peleus1 ano!r son (  
,aeacus1 quitt$ 8  native l& & w5t away 
to ,ph?ia 9 ,!ssaly1 :]e he receiv$ !   
h& ( ! k+'s daught]1 & ) h] a ?ird ( !  
k+dom4#hih  ,( ,a*illes1 ! son (        
,peleus1 we are told t 9 8 y\? he 0  s5t
 to ! c\rt ( ,lycom$es1 ,k+ ( ,scyros1  
:]e he got "o ( !  pr9cesses ) *ild4#hii
 ,! tradition seems to %ew t ,a*illes   
foll[$ ! cu/om ( 8 family 9 seek+ 8     
=tune 9 a =eign  l&4 ,8 son             
,neoptolemus1 aft] him1 w5t away to     
,epirus1 :]e he  settl$ & became !      
ance/or ( ! k+s ( ! c\ntry4#ijj         
,sid5ote3 ,migrations ( ! male          
desc5dants ( ,tydeus & ,pelops4  ,aga91 
,tydeus 0 a son ( ,o5eus1 ! ,k+ (       
,calydon 9 ,aetolia1 b  he w5t to ,argos
 & m>ri$ ! k+'s daught]4#ija ,8 son     

,diom$e  migrat$ to ,daunia 9 ,italy1   
:]e he help$ ! k+ 9 a w> ) 8  enemies1  
receiv+ z 8 rew>d ! k+'s daught] 9      
m>riage &  "p ( ! k+dom4#ijb ,z ano!r   
example we may take ! family (  !       
,pelopidae1 ^: tragic =tunes ! ,greek   
poets nev] we>i$ (  celebrat+4 ,_!      
ance/or 0 ,tantalus1 ,k+ ( ,sipylus 9   
,asia ,m9or4  ,b 8 son ,pelops pass$    
into ,greece1 won ,hippodamia1 ! daught]
 (  ! ,k+ ( ,pisa1 9 ! fam\s *>iot-race1
 & succe$$ 8  fa!r-9-law on ! ?rone4#ijc
 ,8 son ,atreus did n rema9 9 ,pisa1  b 
migrat$ to ,myc5ae1 ( :i* he became     
k+2#ijd & 9 ! next  g5]ation ,m5elaus1  
son ( ,atreus1 w5t to ,sp>ta1 :]e he    
m>ri$  ,hel51 ! k+'s daught]1 & himself 
reign$ ov] ! c\ntry4#ije  ,fur!r1 x is v
 notable t1 accord+ to ! old lyric      
poets1  ,agamemnon himself1 ! eld] bro!r
 ( ,m5elaus1 reign$ n at ,myc5ae  b 9   
,lac$aemon1 ! native l& ( 8 wife        
,clytaemne/ra1 & t  he 0 buri$ at       
,amyclae1 ! anci5t capital ( !          
c\ntry4#ijf    ,sid5ote3 ,^! migrations 

n und]/ood 9 lat] times4 ,v>i\s  reasons
 are assign$ by anci5t ,greek writ]s =  
^! migrations (  ! pr9ces4 ,a common "o 
is t ! k+'s son _h be5 bani%$ =  murd]4 
,?is w\ld expla9 v well :y he fl$ 8 own 
l&1 b x is  no reason at all :y he %\ld 
become k+ ( ano!r4 ,we may suspect  t   
su* reasons are aft]?\ghts devis$ by    
writ]s :o1 accu/om$  to ! rule t a son  
%\ld succe$ to 8 fa!r's prop]ty &       
k+dom1 7 h>d put to x to acc\nt = s _m  
traditions ( k+s'  sons :o quitt$ ! l& (
 _! bir? to reign ov] a =eign  k+dom4   
,sid5ote3 ,traces ( simil> migrations 9 
,sc&9avian tradition4 ,9  ,sc&9avian    
tradition we meet ) traces ( simil>     
cu/oms4 ,= we  read ( daught]s' husb&s  
:o receiv$ a %>e ( ! k+doms (  _! royal 
fa!rs-9-law1 ev5 :5 ^! fa!rs-9-law _h   
sons (  _! own2 9 p>ticul>1 dur+ ! five 
g5]ations :i* prec$$  ,h>old !          
,fair-hair$1 male memb]s ( ! ,yngl+>    
family1 :i* is  said to h come f ,sw$51 
are report$ 9 ! ,heimskr+la or  ,sagas (
 ! ,norwegian ,k+s to h obta9$ at lea/  

six prov9ces  9 ,norway by m>riage ) !  
daught]s ( ! local k+s4#ijg    ,sid5ote3
 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ! transmission ( !     
k+%ip ?r\gh  wom5 is pres]v$ 9 popul>   
tales4 ,?us x w\ld seem t among "s      
,aryan peoples1 at a c]ta9 /age ( _!    
social evolution1 x has be5  cu/om>y to 
reg>d wom5 & n m5 z ! *annels 9 :i*     
royal  blood fl[s1 & to be/[ ! k+dom 9  
ea* successive g5]ation on  a man (     
ano!r family1 & (t5 ( ano!r c\ntry1 :o  
m>ries "o  ( ! pr9cesses & reigns ov] 8 
wife's p4 ,a common type (  popul> tale1
 :i* relates h[ an adv5tur]1 com+ to a  
/range l&1  w9s ! h& ( ! k+'s daught] & 
) h] ! half or ! :ole  ( ! k+dom1 may   
well be a rem9isc5ce ( a real cu/om4#ijh
    ,sid5ote3 ,:]e su* cu/oms prevail1 !
 k+%ip is an appanage (  m>riage ) a    
pr9cess4 ,:]e usages & ideas ( ?is sort 
prevail1  x is obvi\s t ! k+%ip is m]ely
 an appanage ( m>riage ) a  woman ( !   
blood royal4 ,! old ,dani% hi/orian     
,saxo ,grammaticus puts  ?is view ( !   
k+%ip v cle>ly 9 ! m\? ( ,h]mutrude1 a  

leg5d>y que5 ( ,scotl&1 & h] /atem5t is 
all ! m  significant because1 z we %all 
see pres5tly1 x reflects ! actual       
practice ( ! ,picti% k+s4 8,inde$ %e 0 a
 que510 says  ,h]mutrude1 8& b t h] sex 
ga9said x1 might be deem$ a k+2  nay 7& 
?is is yet tru]71 :omsoev] %e ?\ght     
wor?y ( h] b$  0 at once a k+1 & %e     
yield$ h] k+dom ) h]self4 ,?us h]       
sceptre & h] h& w5t toge!r40#iji ,:]ev] 
a cu/om ( ?is sort  is obs]v$1 a man may
 cle>ly acquire ! k+dom j z well by     
m>ry+ ! wid[ z ! daught] ( 8 pr$ecessor4
 ,?is is :at  ,aegi/hus did at ,myc5ae1 
& :at ,hamlet's uncle ,f5g & ,hamlet's  
successor ,wiglet did 9 ,d5m>k2 all ?ree
 slew _! pr$ecessors1  m>ri$ _! wid[s1 &
 !n sat peacefully on ! ?rone4#iaj ,!   
tame submission ( ! p to _! rule w\ld be
 intelligible1 if  !y reg>d$ ! assass9s1
 9 spite ( _! crime1 z ! lawful         
occupants ( ! ?rone by reason ( _!      
m>riage ) ! wid[$  que5s4 ,simil>ly1    
,gyges murd]$ ,c&aules1 ,k+ ( ,lydia1   
,sid5ote3  ,! ,lydian k+%ip app>5tly    

transmitt$ ?r\gh wom54 m>ri$ 8  que51 & 
reign$ ov] ! c\ntry4#iaa ,nor 0 ?is !   
only in/ance  ( su* a succession 9 !    
hi/ory ( ,lydia4 ,! wife ( ,k+ ,cadys   
conspir$ aga9/ 8 life ) h] p>am\r       
,sp]mus1 & ?\gh h]  husb& recov]$ f !   
dose ( poison :i* %e adm9i/]$ to him1   
he di$ soon aft]w>ds1 & ! adult]] m>ri$ 
8 leman &  succe$$ to ! ?rone4#iab ,^!  
cases excite a suspicion t 9 !  royal   
h\se ( ,lydia desc5t 0 trac$ 9 ! female 
l9e1 & !  suspicion is /r5g!n$ by !     
leg5d>y "* ( ,omphale1 !  ance/ress ( ! 
dyna/y4 ,= %e is repres5t$ z a mascul9e 
b  dissolute que5 ( ! ,semiramis type1  
:o wore male attire & put all  h] fav\r$
 lov]s to dea?1 :ile on ! o!r h& h]     
consort  ,h]cules 0 h] pur*as$ slave1 0 
treat$ ) indignity1 & w5t  ab\t dress$ z
 a woman4#iac ,?is pla9ly implies t !   
que5 0 a  f> m p[]ful & important       
p]sonage ?an ! k+1 z w\ld  naturally    
happ5 :]ev] x is ! que5 :o conf]s       
royalty on h]  consort at m>riage in/ead
 ( receiv+ x f him4 ,! /ory t %e        

pro/itut$ ! daught]s ( ! ,lydians to _! 
male slaves#iad is (  a piece ) !       
tradition t %e h]self m>ri$ h] slave    
,h]cules4  ,x may mean little m ?an t ! 
,lydians 7 indiff]5t to  pat]nity1 & t !
 *ildr5 ( freewom5 by slaves rank$ z    
free4  ,su* an indiff]5ce to fa!rhood1  
c\pl$ ) ! anci5t acc\nts (  ! loose     
morals ( ! ,lydian girls1 :o 7 accu/om$ 
to e>n a  d[ry by pro/itution1#iae is a 
m>k ( ! sy/em ( female k9%ip4  ,h5ce we 
may conjecture t ,h]odotus 0 wrong 9    
say+ t f  ,h]cules to ,c&aules ! cr[n ( 
,lydia _h desc5d$ = tw5ty-two  g5]ations
 f fa!r to son4#iaf ,! old mode (       
transmitt+ !  cr[n ( ,lydia ?r\gh wom5  
probably did n end ) ,c&aules4 ,at  lea/
 we are told t 8 murd]] & successor     
,gyges1 l ,h]cules1  ! my?ical f\nd] ( !
 dyna/y1 gave himself & 8 k+dom into  ! 
h&s ( ! woman he lov$1 & t :5 %e di$ he 
collect$ all  ! slaves f ! c\ntry r\nd  
ab\t & rais$ 9 h] memory a m\nd  s l(ty 
t x c\ld be se5 f e "p ( ! ,lydian pla91
 &  = c5turies aft] 0 kn[n z ! ,h>lot's 

,tomb4#iag    ,sid5ote3 ,m>riage (      
,canute ) ! wid[ ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,:5    
,canute ! ,dane _h be5 ackn[l$g$ ,k+ (  
,engl&1 he m>ri$ ,emma1  ! wid[ ( 8     
pr$ecessor ,e!lr$1 ^: ?rone he _h       
ov]turn$  & ^: *ildr5 he _h driv5 into  
exile4 ,! m>riage has n  unnaturally    
puzzl$ ! hi/orians1 = ,emma 0 mu* old]  
?an h]  second husb&1 %e 0 !n liv+ 9    
,norm&y1 & x is v d\btful  :e!r ,canute 
_h ev] se5 h] be=e %e became 8 bride4   
,all1  h[ev]1 becomes pla9 if1 z ! cases
 ( ,f5g & ,wiglet seem to %ew1  x 0 an  
old ,dani% cu/om t m>riage ) a k+'s wid[
 c>ri$  ! k+dom ) x z a matt] ( "r4 ,9 t
 case ! "y b  prud5t ,canute m>ri$ !    
mature wid[ m]ely out ( policy 9 ord] to
  cl9*1 accord+ to ,dani% notions1 by a 
legal measure 8 claim to  t cr[n :i* he 
_h already won = himself by ! sword4#iah
 ,among  ! ,saxons & _! ne> k9sm5 !     
,v>9i x appe>s to h be5 a  regul> cu/om 
= ! new k+ to m>ry 8 /epmo!r4 ,?us      
,h]megisclus1 ,k+ ( ! ,v>9i1 on 8 dea?b$
 enjo9$ 8 son  ,radigis to w$ 8 /epmo!r 

9 accordance ) _! ance/ral  practice1 & 
8 injunction 0 obey$4#iai ,edbald1 ,k+ (
 ,k5t1  m>ri$ 8 /epmo!r aft] ! dea? ( 8 
fa!r ,e!lb]t2#ibj &  z late z ! n9?     
c5tury ,e!lbald1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1  
w$d$  ,judi?1 ! wid[ ( 8 fa!r           
,e!lwulf4#iba ,su* m>riages are         
intelligible if we suppose t old ,saxon 
z well z old ,dani% law gave  ! k+dom to
 him :o m>ri$ ! late k+'s wid[4         
,sid5ote3 ,traces ( ! sy/em ( female    
k9%ip among ! ,aryans4 ,to  ! view t !  
"r to ! ,lat9 k+%ip 0 d]iv$ f wom5 &  n 
f m51 x may be object$ t ! sy/em (      
female k9%ip or  "m-k9 is unkn[n among !
 ,aryans1#ibb & t ev5 if fa9t  traces ( 
x may be met ) else:]e1 ! la/ place 9 ! 
_w  :]e we %\ld look = x w\ld be ,rome1 
! /ronghold ( !  patri>*al family4 ,to  
meet ?is objection x is necess>y to po9t
 to  "s facts :i* appe> to be und\bt$   
survivals among ,aryan peoples (  a     
cu/om ( trac+ desc5t ?r\gh ! "m only4   
,sid5ote3 ,female k9%ip among !         
,a!nians1 ! ,epizephyrian  ,locrians1 ! 

,cantabrians1 & ! ,g]mans4 ,9 ,attica   
tradition ran  t ( old ! wom5 7 ! common
 prop]ty ( ! m51 :o c\pl$  ) !m l bea/s1
 s t :ile e "o knew 8 "m1 nobody  knew  
:o 8 fa!r 04 ,?is sy/em ( sexual        
communism 0 aboli%$  by ,cecrops1 ! fir/
 ,k+ ( ,a!ns1 :o introduc$ individual   
m>riage  9 its place4#ibc ,little weight
 c\ld be atta*$ to ?is tradition1 if  x 
7 n support$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by !      
,attic usage :i*  always all[$ a man to 
m>ry 8 half-si/] by ! same fa!r b n  8  
half-si/] by ! same "m4#ibd ,su* a rule 
seems cle>ly to be  a relic ( a "t :5   
k9%ip 0 c\nt$ only ?r\gh wom54 ,aga91  !
 ,epizephyrian ,locrians 9 ,italy trac$ 
all ance/ral di/9ction 9  ! female1 n ! 
male l9e4 ,among !m ! nobles 7 ! memb]s 
(  ! hundr$ h\ses f :om 7 *os5 by lot ! 
maid5s to be s5t  to ,troy4#ibe ,= 9    
ord]1 x is said1 to expiate ! sacrilege 
committ$ by ! ,locrian ,ajax :5 he      
violat$ ,cass&ra 9 !  sanctu>y ( ,a!na  
at ,troy1 ! cities ( ,locris us$        
annually to s5d  to ! ,trojan goddess   

two maid5s1 :om ! ,trojans slew1 &1     
burn+  _! bodies on ! wood ( c]ta9 trees
 :i* bore no fruit1 ?rew !  a%es into ! 
sea4 ,if ! maid5s contriv$ to escape !y 
took refuge  9 ! sanctu>y ( ,a!na1 :i*  
!y !nce=? swept & wa%$1  nev] quitt+ x  
except at night1 & always go+ b>efoot1  
%orn1 &  clad 9 a s+le g>m5t4 ,! cu/om  
is said to h be5 obs]v$ = a  ?\s& ye>s  
d[n to ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era4#ibf  
,among !  ,locrians1 z else:]e1 ! sy/em 
( female k9%ip w\ld seem to h  gone h& 9
 h& ) dissolute morals2 = !re is reason 
to ?9k  t ( old ! ,locrians1 l !        
,lydians & ,arm5ians1 _h be5 wont  to   
pro/itute _! daught]s be=e m>riage1 ?\gh
 9 lat] times !  cu/om fell into        
abeyance4#ibg ,! ,cantabrians ( ,spa9   
seem also to  h _h "m-k92 = among !m x 0
 ! daught]s :o inh]it$  prop]ty & :o    
portion$ out _! bro!rs 9 m>riage4#ibh   
,aga91  ! anci5t ,g]mans deem$ ! tie    
betwe5 a man & 8 si/]'s  *ildr5 z close 
z t betwe5 a fa!r & 8 *ildr52 inde$ "s  
reg>d$ ! bond z ev5 clos] & m sacr$1 &  

!re=e 9  exact+ ho/ages !y *ose ! *ildr5
 ( a man's si/] r ?an  8 own *ildr51    
believ+ t ?is gave !m a firm] hold on ! 
family4#ibi ,! sup]iority ?us assign$ to
 ! mat]nal uncle ov]  ! fa!r is an      
infallible m>k ( "m-k91 ei!r pres5t or  
pa/1  z may be obs]v$1 = in/ance1 9 v _m
 ,african tribes to ?is  day1 among :om 
bo? prop]ty & political p[] pass1 n f   
fa!r  to son1 b f ! mat]nal uncle to 8  
nephews4#icj ,simil>ly1 9  ,melanesia ! 
close relation ( ! "m's bro!r to 8      
nephew is  ma9ta9$ ev5 :]e ! sy/em (    
relation%ip has become  patri>*al4#ica  
,among/ ! ,g]mans 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus1 x  
is  true1 a man's heirs 7 8 own         
*ildr51#icb b ! "m's bro!r  c\ld nev] h 
atta9$ ! position he held except "u a   
sy/em (  mat]nal desc5t4 ,ano!r ve/ige (
 "m-k9 among a ,teutonic p  appe>s to be
 f\nd 9 ! ,salic law4 ,= x 0 a cu/om ) !
  ,salian ,franks t :5 a wid[ m>ri$     
aga91 a price _h to be paid to  h]      
family1 & 9 lay+ d[n ! ord] 9 :i* h]    
k9sm5 7  entitl$ to receive ?is paym5t !

 law gave a decid$ pref]5ce to  ! female
 ov] ! male l9e2 ?us ! fir/ p]son       
entitl$ to claim  ! money 0 ! elde/ son 
( ! wid['s si/]4#icc    ,sid5ote3 ,among
 ! ,picts ! k+%ip 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh    
wom54  ,x is a moot po9t :e!r ! ,picts (
 ,scotl& belong$ to ! ,aryan  family or 
n2#icd b among !m ! k+dom 0 c]ta9ly     
transmitt$  ?r\gh wom54 ,b$e tells u t  
d[n to 8 own "t1 9 ! e>ly  "p ( ! eigh? 
c5tury1 :5ev] a d\bt arose z to !       
succession1  ! ,picts *ose _! k+ f !    
female r ?an ! male  l9e4#ice ,! /atem5t
 is amply confirm$ by hi/orical evid5ce4
 ,=  we possess a li/ ( ! ,picti% k+s & 
_! fa!rs :i* 0 drawn  up 9 ! reign (    
,c5a$1 ,k+ ( ! ,scots1 t[>ds ! end ( !  
t5? c5tury2 & = ! p]iod f ! ye> #ehc to 
! ye> #hdj !  regi/] is au!nticat$ by ! 
,iri% ,annals ( ,tig]na* & ,ul/]4  ,n[1 
x is significant t 9 ?is li/ ! fa!rs ( !
 k+s are  nev] !mselves k+s2 9 o!r      
words1 no k+ 0 succe$$ on !  ?rone by 8 
son4 ,fur!r1 if we may judge by _!      
names1 ! fa!rs  ( ! ,picti% k+s 7 n     

,picts b =eign]s--m5 ( ,iri%1 ,cymric1  
or ,engli% race4 ,! inf]5ce f ^! facts  
seems to be t among  ! ,picts ! royal   
family 0 exogam\s1 & t ! cr[n desc5d$  9
 ! female l9e2 9 o!r words1 t !         
pr9cesses m>ri$ m5 (  ano!r clan or ev5 
( ano!r race1 & t _! issue by ^!        
/rang]s sat on ! ?rone1 :e!r !y succe$$ 
9 a prescrib$  ord] accord+ to bir?1 or 
:e!r !y 7 elect$ f among !  sons (      
pr9cesses1 z ! words ( ,b$e might be    
tak5 to imply4#icf    ,sid5ote3 ,female 
k9%ip among ! ,etruscans4 ,ano!r        
,european1 ?\gh  app>5tly n ,aryan1 p   
among :om ! sy/em ( female k9%ip  appe>s
 to h prevail$ 7 ! ,etruscans4 ,= 9     
,etruscan sepul*ral  inscriptions ! "n (
 ! "m ( ! deceas$ is regul>ly  record$  
along ) or ev5 )\t ! "n ( ! fa!r2 & :]e 
! names ( bo? fa!r & "m are m5tion$1    
great] prom95ce is  giv5 to ! "m's "n by
 writ+ x 9 full1 :]eas ! fa!r's  "n is1 
9 accordance ) ,roman usage1 m]ely      
indicat$ by an  initial4#icg ,! /atem5t 
( ,!opompus t among ! ,etruscans  sexual

 communism 0 a recognis$ practice1 & t  
pat]nity 0  unkn[n1#ich may be only an  
exagg]at$ way ( say+ t !y trac$  _!     
desc5t ?r\gh _! mo!rs & n ?r\gh _!      
fa!rs4 ,yet  app>5tly 9 ,etruria1 z     
else:]e1 ?is sy/em ( relation%ip 0      
comb9$ ) a real indiff]5ce to fa!rhood &
 ) ! dissolute  morals :i* t indiff]5ce 
implies2 = ,etruscan girls 7 wont to    
e>n a d[ry by pro/itution4#ici ,9 ^!    
cu/oms ! ,etruscans  resembl$ !         
,lydians1 & ! simil>ity confirms !      
common op9ion (  antiquity1 :i* mod]n   
hi/orians h too lightly set aside1 t !  
,etruscans 7 ( ,lydian orig94#idj ,h[ev]
 t may be1 9  consid]+ ! ve/iges ( "m-k9
 among ! ,lat9s1 we %all d  well to be> 
9 m9d t ! same ar*aic mode ( trac+      
desc5t  appe>s to h prevail$ among !    
neighb\r+ ,etruscans1 :o n only  ex]cis$
 a p[]ful influ5ce on ,rome1 b gave h]  
two1 if n ?ree1  ( h] k+s4#ida          
,sid5ote3 ,"m-k9 may survive 9 ! royal  
family aft] x has be5  ex*ang$ = fa!r-k9
 9 all o!rs4 ,x w\ld be nei!r unnatural 

nor surpris+ if among ! anci5t ,lat9s   
"m-k9 surviv$ 9 !  royal family aft] x  
_h be5 ex*ang$ = fa!r-k9 9 all o!rs4  ,=
 royalty1 l religion1 is ess5tially     
cons]vative2 x cl+s to  old =ms & old   
cu/oms :i* h long vani%$ f ord9>y life4 
,?us 9 ,ug&a p]sons ( royal blood /ill  
inh]it _! totems f  _! mo!rs1 :ile o!r p
 inh]it !m f _! fa!rs4 ,s 9  ,d5m>k &   
,sc&9avia1 z we h se51 ! k+dom w\ld     
appe> to  h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh wom5   
long aft] ! family "n &  prop]ty _h     
become h]$it>y 9 ! male l9e among ! p4  
,sometimes ! diff]5ce 9 cu/om betwe5 k+s
 & common]s is  probably bas$ r on a    
di/9ction ( race ?an on v>y+ degrees  ( 
social progress2 = a dyna/y is (t5 a    
family ( ali5 orig9 :o  h impos$ _! rule
 on _! subjects by =ce ( arms1 z !      
,normans did on ! ,saxons1 & ! ,man*us  
on ! ,*9ese4 ,m r>ely1  p]haps1 x may h 
happ5$ t f motives ( policy or          
sup]/ition a ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes a     
conqu]+ race may h left a  nom9al k+%ip 
to memb]s ( ! old royal h\se4 conqu]+   

tribe  has left a nom9al k+%ip to !     
memb]s ( ! old royal h\se4 ,su*  a      
concession w\ld be mo/ likely to be made
 :]e ! functions ( !  k+ 7 r religi\s   
?an civil1 & :]e ! prosp]ity ( !  c\ntry
 0 suppos$ to dep5d on ! ma9t5ance ( !  
e/abli%$  relations betwe5 ! p & ! gods 
( ! l&4 ,9 t case !  new-com]s1 kn[+ n  
h[ to appease & conciliate ^! /range    
deities1 might be glad to let ! prie/ly 
k+s ( ! conqu]$ race  p]=m ! qua9t rites
 & mumble ! v5]able spells1 :i* _h be5  
f\nd to answ] _! purpose "t out (       
m9d4#idb ,9 a commonweal?  l ! ,roman1  
=m$ by ! union ( diff]5t /ocks1 ! royal 
family might ?us belong ei!r to !       
conqu]ors or to ! conqu]$2  9 o!r words1
 ei!r to ! ,sid5ote3 ,?is p]haps happ5$ 
at ,rome1  :]e _m ( ! k+s seem to h be5 
plebeians4 patricians or to  !          
plebeians4 ,b if we leave out ( acc\nt  
,romulus & ,tatius1 :o  are m or less   
leg5d>y figures1 & ! two ,t>qu9s1 :o    
came ( a  noble ,etruscan h\se1 all !   
o!r ,roman k+s appe> f _! names  to h   

be5 m5 ( plebeian1 n patrician1         
families4#idc ,h5ce x  seems probable t 
!y belong$ to ! indig5\s race1 :o may h 
reta9$ "m-k91 at lea/ 9 ! royal         
succession1 aft] !y _h  submitt$ to     
invad]s :o knew fa!r-k9 only4           
,sid5ote3 ,! abolition ( ! mon>*y at    
,rome may h be5 a  revolution :]eby !   
patricians wre/$ ! %ad[ ( sov]eignty f  
! plebeians & transf]r$ x to !mselves1  
:o already wield$ !  sub/ance4 ,if t 0  
s1 x confirms ! view t ! old ,roman     
k+%ip 0 ess5tially a religi\s (fice2 = !
 conqu]ors w\ld be  mu* m ready to leave
 an (fice ( ?is sort 9 ! h&s ( !        
conqu]$ ?an a k+%ip ( ! type ) :i* we   
are famili>4 8,let  ^! puppets10 !y     
might ?9k1 8r5d] to ! gods _! dues1 :ile
  we rule ! p 9 peace & lead !m 9 w>40  
,( su* prie/ly  k+s ,numa 0 ! type4 ,b n
 all ( 8 successors 7 will+ to  model   
!mselves on 8 sa9tly figure &1 reject+ !
 pomps &  vanities ( e>?1 to devote     
!mselves to communion ) heav54 ,"s  7 m5
 ( /rong w & w>like temp]1 :o c\ld n    

brook ! dull  r\t9e ( ! cloi/]4 ,!y     
long$ to ex*ange ! /illness & gloom  ( !
 temple or ! sacr$ grove = ! sun%9e1 !  
du/1 & !  tumult ( ! battlefield4 ,su*  
m5 broke b\nds1 & :5 !y  ?reat5$ to get 
completely out ( h& & turn ! tables on !
  patricians1 x 0 "t t !y %\ld g4 ,?is1 
we may conjecture1  0 ! real mean+ ( !  
abolition ( ! k+%ip at ,rome4 ,x put an 
end to ! solemn pret5ce t ! /ate 0 /ill 
rul$ by ! anci5t  own]s ( ! soil3 x took
 ! %ad[ ( p[] f !m & gave x to  ^? :o _h
 long possess$ ! sub/ance4 ,! gho/ ( !  
mon>*y  _h begun to walk & gr[          
tr\blesome3 ! revolution laid x =       
c5turies4    ,sid5ote3 ,at fir/ !       
int5tion seems to h be5 to leave !      
annual  k+%ip or consul%ip to ! old     
royal family4 ,b ?\gh ! effect  ( !     
revolution 0 to sub/itute ! real rule ( 
! patricians =  ! nom9al rule ( !       
plebeians1 ! break ) ! pa/ 0 at !       
outset less complete ?an x seems4 ,= !  
fir/ two consuls 7 bo?  m5 ( ! royal    
blood4 ,"o ( !m1 ,l4 ,junius ,brutus1 0 

si/]'s son  ( ! expell$ ,k+ ,t>qu9 !    
,pr\d4#idd ,z su* he w\ld h be5  ! heir 
to ! ?rone "u a /rict sy/em ( "m-k94 ,! 
o!r  consul1 ,l4 ,t>qu9ius ,collat9us1 0
 a son ( ! late k+'s c\s9  ,eg]ius4#ide 
,^! facts sugge/ t ! fir/ int5tion ( !  
revolution>ies 0 nei!r to aboli% ! k+%ip
 nor to wre/ x f  ! royal family1 b1    
m]ely reta9+ ! h]$it>y mon>*y1 to       
re/rict its p[]s4 ,to a*ieve ?is object 
!y limit$ ! t5ure (  (fice to a ye> &   
d\bl$ ! numb] ( ! k+s1 :o might ?us be  
expect$ to *eck & balance ea* o!r4 ,b x 
is n impossible t  bo? re/rictions 7    
m]ely ! revival ( old rules :i* ! gr[+  
p[] ( ! k+s _h contriv$ = a "t to set   
aside 9 practice4  ,! leg5ds ( ,romulus 
& ,remus1 & aft]w>ds ( ,romulus &       
,tatius1  may be real rem9isc5ces ( a   
d\ble k+%ip l t ( ,sp>ta2#idf  & 9 !    
ye>ly c]emony ( ! ,regifugium or ,flight
 ( ! ,k+ we  seem to detect a trace ( an
 annual1 n a life-long1 t5ure (         
(fice4#idg ,! same ?+ may p]haps be true
 ( ! p>allel *ange  :i* took place at   

,a!ns :5 ! p depriv$ ! ,m$ontids (  _!  
regal p[]s & r$uc$ !m f k+s to          
responsible  magi/rates1 :o held (fice  
at fir/ = life1 b aft]w>ds only =       
p]iods ( t5 ye>s4#idh ,"h1 too1 !       
limitation ( ! t5ure (  ! k+%ip may h   
be5 m]ely ! re9=cem5t ( an old cu/om    
:i* _h fall5 into abeyance4 ,at ,rome1  
h[ev]1 ! attempt to  ma9ta9 ! h]$it>y   
pr9ciple1 if x 0 made at all1 0 almo/   
imm$iately ab&on$1 & ! patricians op5ly 
transf]r$ to  !mselves ! d\ble k+%ip1   
:i* !nce=? 0 purely elective1  & 0      
aft]w>ds kn[n z ! consul%ip4#idi        
,sid5ote3 ,! abolition ( ! mon>*y at    
,rome seems to h be5  ha/5$ by an       
attempt ( ! la/ k+ to %ift ! succession 
f !  female to ! male l9e4 ,! hi/ory ( !
 la/ k+ ( ,rome1 ,t>qu9  ! ,pr\d1 leads 
u to suspect t ! (f5ce :i* he gave by 8 
ambiti\s & dom9e]+ "* 0 height5$ by an  
attempt to  %ift ! succession ( ! k+%ip 
f ! female to ! male l9e4  ,he himself  
unit$ bo? rights 9 8 own p]son2 = he _h 
m>ri$ !  daught] ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,s]vius

 ,tullius1 & he 0 ! son or  gr&son (    
,t>qu9 ! ,eld]1#iej :o prec$$ ,s]vius   
,tullius on !  ?rone4 ,b 9 ass]t+ 8 "r  
to ! cr[n1 if we c tru/ ,roman  hi/ory  
on ?is po9t1 ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d entirely    
ignor$ 8 claim to  x ?r\gh wom5 z !     
son-9-law ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & insi/$ only 
on 8 claim 9 ! male l9e z ! son or      
gr&son ( a =m]  k+4#iea ,& he evid5tly  
int5d$ to bequea? ! k+dom to "o (  8    
sons2 = he put out ( ! way two ( ! m5   
:o1 if !  succession _h be5 ?r\gh wom5 9
 ! way ,i h indicat$1 w\ld  h be5       
entitl$ to sit on ! ?rone be=e 8 own    
sons1 & ev5  be=e himself4 ,"o ( ^! 0 8 
si/]'s husb&1 ! o!r 0 h]  eld] son4 ,h] 
y\ng] son1 ! fam\s ,lucius ,junius      
,brutus1 only  escap$ ! fate ( 8 fa!r & 
eld] bro!r by feign+1 l  ,hamlet1       
imbecility1 & ?us delud+ 8 wick$ uncle  
into ! belief  t he _h no?+ to fe> f su*
 a simpleton4#ieb ,?is design (  ,t>qu9 
to alt] ! l9e ( succession f ! female to
 ! male side  ( ! h\se may h be5 ! la/  
drop :i* fill$ 8 cup (  high-h&$ tyranny

 to ov]fl[+4 ,at lea/ x is a /range     
co9cid5ce1 if x is no?+ m1 t he 0 depos$
 by ! man :o1  "u a sy/em ( female      
k9%ip1 0 ! rightful heir1 & :o 9 a  s5se
 actually sat on ! ?rone f :i* he pu%$ 8
 uncle4 ,= !  curule *air ( ! consul 0  
little less ?an ! k+'s ?rone "u  a      
limit$ t5ure4    ,sid5ote3 ,! h]$it>y   
pr9ciple does n necess>ily exclude !    
elective 9 ! succession to a mon>*y2 _m 
,african *iefta9%ips or  k+%ips are bo? 
h]$it>y & elective4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$ 
:e!r ! ,roman mon>*y 0 h]$it>y or       
elective4 ,! "q  implies an opposition  
betwe5 ! two modes ( succession :i* by  
no  means necess>ily exi/s4 ,z a matt] (
 fact1 9 _m ,african tribes at  ! pres5t
 day ! succession to ! k+dom or !       
*iefta9%ip is  det]m9$ by a comb9ation (
 ! h]$it>y & ! elective  pr9ciple1 t is1
 ! k+s or *iefs are *os5 by ! p or by a 
body ( electors f among ! memb]s ( !    
royal family4 ,& z !  *iefs h commonly  
sev]al wives & _m *ildr5 by !m1 ! numb] 
( possible c&idates may be n            

inconsid]able4 ,= example1 we are  told 
t 8! gov]nm5t ( ! ,banyai is r peculi>1 
be+ a sort  ( feudal republicanism4 ,!  
*ief is elect$1 & !y *oose ! son  ( !   
deceas$ *ief's si/] 9 pref]5ce to 8 own 
(fspr+4 ,:5  dissatisfi$ ) "o c&idate1  
!y ev5 g to a di/ant tribe = a          
successor1 :o is usually ( ! family ( ! 
late *ief1 a bro!r1 or  a si/]'s son1 b 
nev] 8 own son or daught]4 ,:5 fir/     
spok5 to  on ! subject1 he answ]s z if  
he ?\ght himself unequal to ! task  &   
unwor?y ( ! hon\r1 b1 hav+ accept$ x1   
all ! wives1  goods1 & *ildr5 ( 8       
pr$ecessor belong to him1 & he takes c>e
  to keep !m 9 a dep5d5t position40     
,among ^! p 8! *ildr5  ( ! *ief h few]  
privileges ?an common free m54 ,!y may n
 be  sold1 b1 r ?an *oose any "o ( !m = 
a *ief at any future  "t1 ! free m5 w\ld
 pref] to elect "o ( !mselves :o bore   
only  a v di/ant relation%ip to !       
family40#iec    ,sid5ote3 ,*iefs & k+s 9
 ,africa elect$ f sev]al families 9     
rotation4 ,sometimes ! field ( *oice is 

ext5d$ /ill fur!r by a  rule t ! *ief   
may or mu/ be *os5 f "o ( sev]al        
families  9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,?us among !  
,bangalas ( ! ,cassange ,valley 9       
,angola ! *ief is elect$ f ?ree families
 9 rotation4#ied ,&  ,diag>a1 a c\ntry  
bord]+ on ,s5egambia1 is rul$ by an     
absolute  mon>* :o is *os5 alt]nately f 
two families1 "o ( :i* lives  9 ,diap9a 
& ! o!r 9 ,badum>4#iee ,9 ! ,w9amwanga  
tribe1 to  ! s\? ( ,lake ,tanganyika1 8!
 fir/ male *ild born to a *ief  aft] he 
succe$s to ! *iefta9%ip is ! natural    
heir1 b _m  ye>s ago !re 7 two claimants
 to ! ?rone1 ^: support]s 7  ab\t equal1
 & to avoid a civil w> ! foll[+         
arrangem5t 0  made4 ,"o ( !m 0 all[$ to 
reign1 b ! o!r claimant or 8  son 0 to  
succe$ him4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ out1 s t n[ !re
 are  cont9ually alt]nate dyna/ies40#ief
 ,s 9 ! ,matse tribe ( ,togol&  9 ,we/  
,africa1 !re are two royal families     
desc5d$ f two wom51  :i* supply a k+    
alt]nately4 ,h5ce ! palm =e/ :i* belongs
 to  ! cr[n is divid$ into two p>ts2 !  

reign+ k+ has ! "r to  "o "p1 & !       
repres5tative ( ! o!r royal h\se has a  
"r to  ! o!r "p4#ieg ,among ! ,yorubas 9
 we/]n ,africa ! sov]eign  *ief is      
always tak5 f "o or m families :i* h !  
h]$it>y "r ( furni%+ ! community )      
rul]s4 ,9 _m cases  ! succession passes 
regul>ly f "o to a second family        
alt]nately2  b 9 "o in/ance1 app>5tly   
unique1 ! "r ( succession to !          
sov]eignty seems to be possess$ by f\r  
pr9cely families1 f ea*  ( :i* ! head   
*ief is elect$ 9 rotation4 ,! pr9ciple (
  primog5iture is n necess>ily foll[$ 9 
! election1 b !  *oice ( ! electors mu/ 
always fall on "o :o is relat$ to a  =m]
 *ief 9 ! male l9e4 ,= pat]nal desc5t   
alone is recognis$  9 ,yorubal&1 :]e ev5
 ! greate/ *ief may take to wife a woman
 (  ! l[e/ rank4 ,sometimes ! *oice ( ! 
rul+ *ief is made by  div9e au?ority1   
intimat$ to ! p ?r\gh ! high prie/ ( !  
pr9cipal god ( ! di/rict4#ieh ,among !  
,ig>as1 on ! l[]  ,nig]1 ! royal family 
is divid$ into f\r bran*es1 ea* ( :i*   

provides a k+ 9 turn4 ,! capital & its  
di/rict1 bo? ( :i*  be> ! "n ( ,idah1   
are always occupi$ by ! reign+ bran* ( !
  royal family1 :ile ! ?ree o!r bran*es1
 n be+ all[$ to live  !re1 retreat into 
! int]ior4 ,h5ce at ! dea? ( a k+ a     
d\ble  *ange takes place4 ,on ! "o h& ! 
late reign+ family1 ) all  _! dep5dants1
 h to leave ! homes 9 :i* _m ( !m h  be5
 born & br\ght up1 & to migrate to t[ns 
9 ! =e/1 :i*  !y "k only by "n4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 ! new reign+ family come  into !
 capital1 & _! p settle 9 ! h\ses       
occupi$ by  _! =efa!rs f\r reigns ago4  
,! k+ is g5]ally elect$ by !  lead+ m5 (
 8 bran* ( ! royal family2 !y *oose !   
ri*e/  & mo/ p[]ful ( _! numb]4#iei     
,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,khasis ( ,assam1    
also1 ! succession to !  k+dom is p>tly 
h]$it>y & p>tly elective4 ,aga91 among !
  ,khasis ( ,assam we meet ) ! same     
comb9ation ( ! h]$it>y )  ! elective    
pr9ciple 9 ! succession to ! k+dom4     
,inde$1 9 ?is  p ! k+%ip pres5ts sev]al 
features ( resemblance to ! old  ,lat9  

k+%ip z x appe>s to h exi/$ at ! dawn ( 
hi/ory4 ,=  a ,khasi k+ is ! religi\s z 
well z ! secul> head ( ! /ate2  along ) 
! soo?-say]s he consults ! auspices = ! 
public  good1 & sometimes he has prie/ly
 duties to p]=m4 ,succession to !  k+%ip
 always runs 9 ! female l9e1 = ! ,khasis
 h a regul>  sy/em ( "m-k9 z oppos$ to  
fa!r-k92 h5ce x is n !  k+'s sons1 b 8  
ut]9e bro!rs & ! sons ( 8 ut]9e  si/]s  
:o succe$ him on ! ?rone 9 ord] ( bir?4 
,b ?is  h]$it>y pr9ciple is controll$ by
 a body ( electors1 :o h !  "r ( reject+
 unsuitable claimants to ! ?rone4       
,g5]ally !  electors are a small body   
compos$ ( ! heads ( c]ta9 prie/ly       
clans2 b 9 "s ,khasi /ates ! numb] ( !  
electors has be5  greatly increas$ by ! 
inclusion ( repres5tative headm5 ( c]ta9
  important lay clans1 or ev5 by !      
inclusion ( village headm5 or (  ! *ief 
sup]9t5d5ts ( ! village m>kets4 ,nay1 9 
! ,langrim  /ate all ! adult males      
regul>ly vote at ! election ( a mon>*2  
& "h ! royal family is divid$ into two  

bran*es1 a ,black & a  ,:ite1 f ei!r (  
:i*1 app>5tly1 ! electors are free to   
*oose  a k+4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,nobosohpoh 
/ate !re are two royal h\ses1 a  ,black 
& a ,:ite1 & ! p may select ! heir to ! 
?rone f  ei!r ( !m4#ifj    ,sid5ote3    
,?us ! ,roman mon>*y may h comb9$ !     
h]$it>y )  ! elective pr9ciple4 ,?us !  
m]e circum/ance t all ! ,roman  k+s1 ) !
 exception ( ! two ,t>qu9s1 appe> to h  
belong$  to diff]5t families1 is n (    
itself conclusive aga9/ ! view t  h]$ity
 0 "o ( ! elem5ts :i* det]m9$ !         
succession4 ,!  numb] ( families f :om !
 k+ might be elect$ may h be5  l>ge4 ,& 
ev5 if1 z is possible1 ! electors 7 free
 to *ose a  k+ )\t any reg>d to 8 bir?1 
! h]$it>y pr9ciple w\ld  /ill be ma9ta9$
 if1 z we h se5 reason to conjecture1 x 
0  ess5tial t ! *os5 c&idate %\ld m>ry a
 woman ( ! royal  h\se1 :o w\ld g5]ally 
be ei!r ! daught] or ! wid[ ( 8         
pr$ecessor4 ,9 ?is way ! app>5tly       
disp>ate pr9ciples (  unfett]$ election 
& /rict h]$ity w\ld be comb9$2 ! m>riage

  ( ! elect$ k+ ) ! h]$it>y pr9cess w\ld
 furni% ! l9k  betwe5 ! two4 ,"u su* a  
sy/em1 to put x o!rwise1 ! k+s are      
elective & ! que5s h]$it>y4 ,?is is j ! 
conv]se ( :at  happ5s "u a sy/em ( male 
k9%ip1 :]e ! k+s are h]$it>y  & ! que5s 
elective4    ,9 ! lat] times ( ,rome x 0
 held t ! cu/om _h be5 = !  p to elect !
 k+s & = ! s5ate to ratify !            
election4#ifa ,b we may suspect1 )      
,momms51 t ?is 0 no m  ?an an inf]5ce f 
! mode ( elect+ ! consuls4 ,! magi/rates
  :o1 "u ! republic1 repres5t$ ! k+s mo/
 closely 7 !  dictator & ! ,k+ ( !      
,sacr$ ,rites1 & nei!r ( ^! 0  elect$ by
 ! p4 ,bo? 7 nom9at$1 ! dictator by !   
consul1  & ! ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites by ! 
*ief pontiff4#ifb ,accord+ly  x seems   
probable t "u ,sid5ote3 ,! k+ 0 probably
 nom9at$  ei!r by 8 pr$ecessor or by an 
int]im k+4 ! mon>*y ! k+  0 nom9at$ ei!r
 by 8 pr$ecessor or1 fail+ t1 by an     
int]im  k+ 7int]rex7 *os5 f ! s5ate4#ifc
 ,n[ if1 z we h be5  l$ to ?9k1 an      
ess5tial claim to ! ?rone 0 con/itut$ by

  m>riage ) a pr9cess ( ! royal h\se1   
no?+ c\ld be m  natural ?an t ! k+ %\ld 
*oose 8 successor1 :o w\ld  commonly be 
also 8 son-9-law4 ,if he _h sev]al      
sons-9-law & _h  omitt$ to designate !  
"o :o 0 to reign aft] him1 ! election   
w\ld be made by 8 sub/itute1 ! int]im   
k+4    ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonal qualities :i* 
comm5d$ a man = m>riage ) a  pr9cess &  
succession to ! ?rone4 ,! p]sonal       
qualities :i*  recomm5d$ a man = a royal
 alliance & succession to ! ?rone  w\ld 
naturally v>y accord+ to ! popul> ideas 
( ! "t & !  "* ( ! k+ or 8 sub/itute1 b 
x is reasonable to suppose  t among !m 9
 e>ly society physical /r5g? & beauty   
w\ld hold  a prom95t place4#ifd ,we h   
se5 t 9 ,a%antee ! husb&s or  p>am\rs ( 
! pr9cesses mu/ always be m5 ( f9e      
pres5ce1 because  !y are to be ! fa!rs (
 future k+s4 ,among ! ,e?iopians 9      
antiquity1 z among ! ,a%antees & _m o!r 
,african tribes to ?is  day1 ! cr[n     
pass$ 9 ! female l9e to ! son ( ! k+'s  
si/]1 b if !re 0 no su* heir !y *ose !  

h&some/ & mo/  valiant man to reign ov] 
!m4#ife ,we are told t ! ,gordioi       
,sid5ote3 ,fat k+s4 elect$ ! fatte/ man 
to ! k+%ip1#iff nor  is ?is incr$ible :5
 we rememb] t 9 ,africa corpul5ce is    
/ill  reg>d$ z a great di/9ction &      
beauty1 & t bo? ! *iefs &  _! wives are 
sometimes s fat t !y c h>dly walk4 ,?us 
among  ! ,caffres *iefs & ri* m5 atta9  
to an enorm\s bulk1 & !  que5s fatt5    
!mselves on beef & porridge1 ( :i* !y   
p>take  freely 9 ! int]vals ( slumb]4   
,to be fat is ) !m a m>k (  ri*es1 &    
!re=e ( high rank2 common folk _c af=d  
to eat &  dr9k & l\nge z mu* z !y w\ld l
 to d4#ifg ,! ,syrakoi 9  antiquity are 
report$ to h be/[$ ! cr[n on ! talle/   
man or  on ! man ) ,sid5ote3 ,long-head$
 k+s & *iefs4 ! longe/  head 9 ! lit]al1
 n ! figurative1 s5se ( ! ^w4#ifh ,!y   
seem to h be5 a ,s>matian p to ! nor? ( 
! ,caucasus1#ifi  & are probably ! same 
) ! long-head$ p describ$ by            
,hippocrates1 :o says t among !m ! m5 ) 
! longe/ heads  7 e/eem$ ! noble/1 & t  

!y appli$ b&ages & o!r  in/rum5ts to !  
heads ( _! *ildr5 9 infancy = ! sake (  
m\ld+ !m into ! %ape :i* !y admir$4#igj 
,su* reports are  probably by no means  
fabul\s1 = among ! ,monbuttu or         
,mang-bett\ (  ,c5tral ,africa d[n to   
?is day 8:5 ! *ildr5 ( *iefs are "y1    
/r+ is w\nd r\nd _! heads1 :i* are      
gradually compress$ into a  %ape t w    
all[ ( ! longe/ head-dress4 ,! skull ?us
 treat$  9 *ildhood takes ! appe>ance ( 
an elongat$ egg40#iga ,simil>ly         
,sid5ote3 ,heads artificially m\ld$ z a 
m>k ( high rank4 "s (  ! ,indian tribes 
on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica            
artificially m\ld  ! heads ( _! *ildr5  
into ! %ape ( a w$ge or a sug>-loaf by  
compress+ !m betwe5 bo>ds2 "s ( !m reg>d
 su* heads z a  p]sonal beauty1 o!rs z a
 m>k ( high bir?4#igb ,= in/ance1 8!    
practice among "s ( ! ,sali% seems to h 
_h a def9ite social1  z well z ae/hetic1
 significance4 ,!re appe> to h be5      
recognis$  degrees ( contortion m>k+ !  
social /atus ( ! individual4 ,=  example

 slaves1 ( :i* ! ,sali% kept consid]able
 numb]s1 7  prohibit$ f de=m+ ! heads ( 
_! *ildr5 at all1  consequ5tly a normal1
 unde=m$ head 0 ! sign & badge (        
s]vitude4 ,& 9 ! case ( ! base-born ( ! 
tribes ! heads (  _! *ildr5 7 cu/om>ily 
b slightly de=m$1 :ile ! heads  ( !     
*ildr5 born ( weal?y or noble p]sons1 & 
p>ticul>ly ^?  ( *iefs1 7 sev]ely &     
excessively de=m$40#igc    ,sid5ote3    
,among ! ,bororos ! be/ s+]s are !      
*iefs4 ,among !  ,bororos ( ,brazil at !
 pres5t day ! title to *iefta9cy is     
nei!r  corpul5ce nor an egg-%ap$ head1 b
 ! possession ( a f9e musical  e> & a   
ri* b>itone1 bass1 or t5or voice4 ,! be/
 s+]1 9 fact1  becomes ! *ief4 ,!re is  
no o!r way to supreme p[] b ?is4  ,h5ce 
9 ! education ( ! ,bororo y\? ! ma9 ?+  
is to tra91  n _! m9ds1 b _! voices1 = !
 be/ ( ! tuneful quire  w c]ta9ly be    
*ief4 ,9 ?is tribe1 accord+ly1 !re is no
 su*  ?+ z h]$it>y *iefta9%ip2 = if !   
son ( a *ief has an  indiff]5t e> or a  
poor voice1 he w be a common] to ! end (

 8  days4 ,:5 two rival song/]s are f\nd
 9 ! same village1 !y s+  aga9/ ea* o!r1
 & he :o is judg$ to h acquitt$ himself 
be/  9 ! musical conte/ m\nts ! ?rone4  
,8 defeat$ rival sometimes  retires 9 a 
huff ) 8 admir]s & f\nds a new village4 
,once  seat$ 9 ! place ( p[]1 ! melodi\s
 s+] is n only highly  hon\r$ &         
respect$1 b c exact unconditional       
ob$i5ce f all1  & he gives 8 ord]s1 l an
 op]atic k+ or h]o1 9 a musical         
recitativo4 ,x is especially at ev5tide1
 :5 ! sun has set & !  lab\rs ( ! day   
are ov]1 t he p\rs out 8 s\l 9 h>mony4  
,at  t wit*+ h\r he takes up 8 po/ 9    
front ( ! m5's  club-h\se1 & :ile 8     
subjects are hu%$ 9 att5tion he bur/s   
into sacr$ song1 pass+ f t to light]    
!mes1 & conclud+  ! oratorio by *ant+ 8 
comm&s to ea* individual = ! next       
day4#igd ,:5 ,addison ridicul$ ! new    
fa%ion ( ! ,italian op]a1  9 :i* g5]als 
sang ! ^w ( comm&1 ladies deliv]$ _!    
messages 9 music1 & lov]s *ant$ _!      
billet-d\x1 he little  suspect$ t among 

! backwoods ( ,brazil a tribe ( savages 
9 all  s]i\sness obs]v$ a cu/om :i* he  
?\ght absurd ev5 on !  /age4#ige        
,sid5ote3 ,succession to ! ?rone det]m9$
 by a race4 ,sometimes  app>5tly ! "r to
 ! h& ( ! pr9cess & to ! ?rone has  be5 
det]m9$ by a race4 ,! ,alitemnian       
,libyans aw>d$ ! k+dom to  ! fleete/    
runn]4#igf ,among/ ! old ,prussians1    
c&idates =  nobility rac$ on horseback  
to ! k+1 & ! "o :o rea*$ him  fir/ 0    
ennobl$4#igg ,accord+ to tradition !    
e>lie/ games at  ,olympia 7 held by     
,endymion1 :o set 8 sons to run a race =
 !  k+dom4 ,8 tomb 0 said to be at !    
po9t ( ! racec\rse f  :i* ! runn]s      
/>t$4#igh ,! fam\s /ory ( ,pelops &     
,hippodamia ,sid5ote3 ,greek traditions 
( pr9cesses ^: h&s 7  won 9 a race4 is  
p]haps only ano!r v]sion ( ! leg5d t !  
fir/ races at ,olympia 7 run = no less a
 prize ?an a k+dom4 ,=  ,o5omaus 0 k+ ( 
,pisa1 a t[n close to ,olympia2 & hav+  
be5  w>n$ by an oracle t he w\ld die by 
! h& ( ! man :o m>ri$  8 daught]        

,hippodamia1 he resolv$ to keep h] a    
maid4 ,s :5 any "o  came a-woo+ h]1 ! k+
 made ! suitor drive away 9 a *>iot )   
,hippodamia1 :ile he himself pursu$ !   
pair 9 ano!r c> drawn by  fleet horses1 
&1 ov]tak+ ! unlucky wight1 slew him4 ,9
 ?is way  he kill$ twelve suitors &     
nail$ _! heads to 8 h\se1 ! ru9s  ( :i* 
7 %ewn at ,olympia d[n to ! second      
c5tury ( our era4  ,! bodies ( ! suitors
 7 buri$ "u a l(ty m\nd1 & x is  said t 
9 =m] days sacrifices 7 (f]$ to !m      
ye>ly4 ,:5  ,pelops came to w9 ! h& (   
,hippodamia1 he brib$ ! *>iote] (       
,o5omaus n to put ! p9s into ! :eels ( !
 k+'s *>iot4 ,s  ,o5omaus 0 ?r[n f ! c> 
& dragg$ by 8 horses to dea?4 ,b  "s say
 he 0 despat*$ by ,pelops accord+ to !  
oracle4 ,anyh[1 he  di$1 & ,pelops m>ri$
 ,hippodamia & succe$$ to ! k+dom4#igi  
,! grave ( ,o5omaus 0 %[n at ,olympia2 x
 0 a m\nd ( e>?  enclos$ ) /ones4#ihj   
,"h1 too1 prec9cts 7 d$icat$ to ,pelops 
& ,hippodamia1 9 :i* sacrifices 7 (f]$  
to !m annually2 !  victim pres5t$ to    

,pelops 0 a black ram1 ^: blood 0 p\r$  
into  a pit4#iha ,o!r traditions 7      
curr5t 9 antiquity ( pr9cesses :o  7    
(f]$ 9 m>riage to ! fleete/ runn] & won 
by ! victor 9  ! race4 ,?us ,ic>ius at  
,sp>ta set ! woo]s ( 8 daught] ,p5elope 
to run a race2 ,ulysses won & w$d$ h]4  
,8 fa!r-9-law is said to  h tri$ to     
induce him to take up 8 abode 9 ,sp>ta2 
:i* seems to  %ew t if ,ulysses _h      
accept$ ! invitation he w\ld h inh]it$  
! k+dom ?r\gh 8 wife4#ihb ,s1 too1 !    
,libyan ,k+ ,antaeus  plac$ 8 beautiful 
daught] ,b>ce or ,alceis at ! end ( !   
racec\rse2 h] _m noble suitors1 bo?     
,libyans & =eign]s1 ran to  h] z ! goal1
 & ,alcidamus1 :o t\*$ h] fir/1 ga9$ h] 
9  m>riage4#ihc ,danaus1 also1 at ,argos
 is said to h /ation$ 8 _m  daught]s at 
! goal1 & ! runn] :o rea*$ !m fir/ _h   
fir/  *oice ( ! maid5s4#ihd ,some:at    
diff]5t f ^! traditions is  ! /ory (    
,atalante1 = 9 x ! woo]s are said to h  
cont5d$1  n ) ea* o!r1 b ) ! coy maid5  
h]self 9 a foot-race4 ,%e  slew h]      

vanqui%$ suitors & hung up _! heads 9 ! 
racec\rse1  till ,hippom5es ga9$ ! race 
& h] h& by ?r[+ d[n ! gold5  apples :i* 
%e /oop$ to pick up4#ihe    ,sid5ote3   
,cu/om ( rac+ = a bride among ! ,kirghiz
 & ,calmucks4  ,^! traditions may v well
 reflect a real cu/om ( rac+ = a  bride1
 = su* a cu/om appe>s to h prevail$     
among v>i\s  peoples1 ?\gh 9 practice x 
has deg5]at$ into a m]e =m or  pret5ce4 
,?us 8!re is "o race1 call$ ! #8,love   
,*ase1' :i* may be  consid]$ a "p ( ! =m
 ( m>riage among ! ,kirghiz4 ,9 ?is !   
bride1 arm$ ) a =midable :ip1 m\nts a   
fleet horse1 & is  pursu$ by all ! "y m5
 :o make any pret5sions to h] h&4 ,%e  w
 be giv5 z a prize to ! "o :o cat*es h]1
 b %e has !  "r1 besides urg+ on h]     
horse to ! utmo/1 to use h] :ip1 (t5  ) 
no mean =ce1 to keep (f ^? lov]s :o are 
unwelcome to h]1  & %e w probably fav\r 
! "o :om %e has already *os5 9 h]  he>t4
 ,z1 h[ev]1 by ,kirghiz cu/om1 a suitor 
to ! h& ( a maid5  is oblig$ to give a  
c]ta9 kalym1 or pur*ase-money1 & an     

agreem5t mu/ be made ) ! fa!r = ! am\nt 
( d[ry :i* he  gives 8 daught]1 !       
#8,love ,*ase' is a m]e matt] ( =m40#ihf
  ,simil>ly 8! c]emony ( m>riage among !
 ,calmucks is p]=m$ on  horseback4 ,a   
girl is fir/ m\nt$1 :o rides (f 9 full  
spe$4 ,h]  lov] pursues2 & if he        
ov]takes h]1 %e becomes 8 wife1 & !     
m>riage is consummat$ on ! spot1 aft]   
:i* %e returns ) him to  8 t5t4 ,b x    
sometimes happ5s t ! woman does n wi% to
 m>ry  ! p]son by :om %e is pursu$1 9   
:i* case %e w n suff] him  to ov]take   
h]2 & we 7 assur$ t no in/ance occurs ( 
a  ,calmuck girl be+ ?us caught unless  
%e has a p>tiality = h]  pursu]4 ,if %e 
dislikes him %e rides1 to use ! language
 ( ,engli%  sportsm51 #8neck or no?+1'  
until %e has completely escap$1 or until
  ! pursu]'s horse is tir$ out1 leav+ h]
 at lib]ty to return1 to  be aft]w>ds   
*as$ by "s m fav\r$ admir]40#ihg ,! race
 =  ! bride is f\nd also among !        
,koryaks ( nor?-ea/]n ,asia4 ,x  takes  
place 9 a l>ge t5t1 r\nd :i* _m sep>ate 

comp>tm5ts  call$ pologs are arrang$ 9 a
 cont9u\s circle4 ,! girl gets a  />t & 
is cle> ( ! m>riage if %e c run ?r\gh   
all !  comp>tm5ts )\t be+ caught by !   
bridegroom4 ,! wom5 ( !  encampm5t place
 e ob/acle 9 ! man's way1 tripp+ him up1
  belab\r+ him ) swit*es1 & s =?1 s t he
 has little  *ance ( succe$+ unless !   
girl wi%es x & waits = him4#ihh  ,among 
"s ( ! rude indig5\s tribes ( ! ,malay  
,p59sula  8m>riage is prec$$ by a s+ul> 
c]emony4 ,an old man pres5ts !  future  
c\ple to ! assembl$ gue/s1 &1 foll[$ by 
_! families1  he leads !m to a great    
circle1 r\nd :i* ! girl sets (f to run z
  fa/ z %e c4 ,if ! "y man succe$s 9    
ov]tak+ h]1 %e  becomes 8 mate2 o!rwise 
he loses all rights1 :i* happ5s         
especially :5 he is n s =tunate z to    
please 8 bride40#ihi  ,ano!r writ] tells
 u t among ^! savages1 :5 !re is a riv] 
at h&1 ! race takes place on ! wat]1 !  
bride paddl+ away 9  "o canoe & pursu$  
by ! bridegroom 9 ano!r4#iij ,be=e !    
w$d+ procession />ts = ! ,sid5ote3      

,caffre race = bride4  bridegroom's hut1
 a ,caffre bride is all[$ to make "o la/
 bid =  fre$om1 & a "y man is told (f to
 cat* h]4 ,%\ld he fail to d  s1 %e is  
!oretically all[$ to return to h] fa!r1 
& ! :ole  p]=mance has to be repeat$2 b 
! flight ( ! bride is usually a         
pret5ce4#iia    ,sid5ote3 ,! bride-race 
among ,teutonic peoples1 & its traces 9 
mod]n ,europe4 ,simil> cu/oms appe> to h
 be5 practis$ by all !  ,teutonic       
peoples2 = ! ,g]man1 ,anglo-,saxon1 &   
,norse languages  possess 9 common a ^w 
= m>riage :i* means simply              
bride-race4#iib ,moreov]1 traces ( !    
cu/om surviv$ into mod]n  times4 ,?us 9 
! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg1 d[n to ! fir/ half (
 !  n9ete5? c5tury at lea/1 x 0 !       
practice = bride &  bridegroom to run a 
race on _! w$d+ day 9 pres5ce ( all !   
gue/s4 ,two /urdy m5 took ! bride betwe5
 !m & set (f4 ,!  bridegroom gave !m a  
/>t & !n foll[$ hot-foot4 ,at ! end (  !
 c\rse /ood two or ?ree "y m>ri$ wom51  
:o took f !  bride h] maid5's cr[n &    

replac$ x by ! matron's cap4 ,if !      
bridegroom fail$ to ov]take 8 bride1 he 
0 mu* ridicul$4#iic ,9  o!r p>ts (      
,g]many races are /ill held at m>riage1 
b !  competitors are no long] ! bride & 
bridegroom4 ,?us 9 ,hesse at !  w$d+ ( a
 well-to-d f>m] 8 fri5ds race on        
horseback to !  h\se ( ! bride1 & h]    
fri5ds simil>ly race on horseback to !  
h\se ( ! bridegroom4 ,! prize hangs ov] 
! gate ( ! f>my>d  or ! door ( ! h\se4  
,x consi/s ( a silk5 or wooll5          
h&k]*ief1 :i* ! w9n] w9ds r\nd 8 head or
 fa/5s to 8  brea/4 ,! victors h also ! 
"r to escort ! m>riage  procession4#iid 
,9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 d[n at lea/ to "s     
fifty ye>s  ago1 a regul> feature ( a   
ru/ic w$d+ us$ to be :at 0 call$  !     
8bride-race0 or ! 8key-race40 ,x g5]ally
 took place :5 !  bridal p>ty 0 proce$+ 
f ! *ur* to ! aleh\se4 ,a c\rse  0 m>k$ 
out & two goals1 consi/+ ( heaps ( /raw1
 7 set up  at di/ances ( ?ree & f\r     
hundr$ y>ds respectively4 ,! /ronge/  & 
fleete/ ( ! "y fell[s rac$ b>efoot1 clad

 only 9 %irt &  tr\s]s4 ,he :o fir/     
rea*$ ! fur!r goal receiv$ ! fir/       
prize2 ?is 0 regul>ly a key ( gilt wood1
 :i* ! w9n] fa/5$  to 8 hat4 ,(t51 z 9  
"s ( ! ,greek leg5ds1 ! bride h]self  0 
! goal ( ! race4 ,! writ]s :o record !  
cu/om sugge/ t  ! race 0 orig9ally = !  
key ( ! bride*amb]1 & t !  bridegroom   
ran ) ! re/4#iie ,9 ,scotl& also ! gue/s
 at a  ru/ic w$d+ us$ to ride on        
horseback = a prize1 :i* sometimes      
consi/$ ( ! bride's cake set up on a    
pole 9 front ( !  bridegroom's h\se4 ,! 
race 0 kn[n z ! broose4#iif ,at         
,weit5sfeld1 9 ,c>9?ia1 a fe/ival call$ 
! ,bride-race is /ill  held e ye>4 ,x is
 popul>ly suppos$ to commemorate a "t :5
 a  plague _h swept away ! :ole p except
 a girl & ?ree "y  m54 ,^! ?ree1 x is   
said1 rac$ ) ea* o!r 9 ord] t !  w9n]   
might get ! maid5 to wife1 & s repeople 
! l&4 ,! race  is n[ held on horseback4 
,! w9n] receives z ! prize a g>l& (     
fl[]s call$ ! ,bride-wrea?1 & ! man :o  
comes 9 la/ gets a  wrea? ( ribbons &   

pig's bri/les4#iig ,x seems n impossible
 t  ?is cu/om is a relic ( a fair at :i*
 ! m>riageable maid5s (  ! ye> 7 assign$
 9 ord] ( m]it to ! "y m5 :o  di/+ui%$  
!mselves by _! feats ( /r5g? & agility4 
,a  practice ( ?is sort appe>s to h     
prevail$ ,sid5ote3 ,assignm5t (  brides 
to pick$ "y m5 among ! ,samnites4 among 
! anci5t  ,samnites4 ,e ye> ! y\?s &    
maid5s 7 te/$ publicly1 &  ! "y man :o 0
 adjudg$ be/ _h fir/ *oice ( ! girls2 ! 
second be/ _h ! next *oice1 & s on ) !  
re/4#iih 8,!y  say10 writes ,/rabo1 8t !
 ,samnites h a beautiful cu/om :i*      
incites to virtue4 ,= !y may n give _!  
daught]s 9 m>riage to  :om !y please1 b 
e ye> ! t5 be/ maid5s & ! t5 be/  y\?s  
are pick$ out1 & ! be/ ( ! t5 maid5s is 
giv5 to !  be/ ( ! t5 y\?s1 & ! second  
to ! second1 & s on4 ,b if  ! man :o w9s
 "o ( ^! prizes %\ld aft]w>ds turn out a
 knave1  !y disgrace him & take ! girl f
 him40#iii ,! nature ( !  te/ to :i* !  
"y m5 & wom5 7 subject$ is n m5tion$1  b
 we may conjecture t x 0 ma9ly a?letic4 

,sid5ote3 ,conte/s = a bride o!r ?an    
races4 ,! conte/s = a  bride may be     
design$ to try ! skill1 /r5g?1 & c\rage 
( !  suitors z well z _! horseman%ip &  
spe$ ( foot4 ,speak+ (  ,k+'s ,c\nty1   
,irel&1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5?       
c5tury1  ,ar?ur ,"y says3 8,!re is a v  
anci5t cu/om "h1 = a numb] (  c\ntry    
neighb\rs among ! poor p1 to fix ^u "s  
"y woman  t ought1 z !y ?9k1 to be      
m>ri$2 !y also agree ^u a "y  fell[ z a 
prop] husb& = h]2 ?is det]m9$1 !y s5d to
 !  fair "o's cab9 to in=m h] t on !    
,sunday foll[+ #8%e is to  be hors$1' t 
is1 c>ri$ on m5's backs4 ,%e mu/ !n     
provide  :isky & cyd] = a treat1 z all w
 pay h] a visit aft] mass =  a hurl+    
mat*4 ,z soon z %e is hors$1 ! hurl+    
beg9s1 9 :i*  ! "y fell[ appo9t$ = h]   
husb& has ! eyes ( all !  company fix$  
on him3 if he comes (f conqu]or1 he is  
c]ta9ly m>ri$  to ! girl2 b if ano!r is 
victori\s1 he z c]ta9ly loses h]1  = %e 
is ! prize ( ! victor4 ,^! trials are n 
always f9i%$  9 "o ,sunday1 !y take     

sometimes two or ?ree1 & ! common       
expression :5 !y are ov] is1 t #8su* a  
girl 0 goal'd4'  ,sometimes "o b>ony    
hurls aga9/ ano!r1 b a m>riageable girl 
is  always ! prize4 ,hurl+ is a sort (  
cricket1 b in/ead ( ?r[+  ! ball 9 ord] 
to knock d[n a wicket1 ! aim is to pass 
x ?r\gh  a b5t /ick1 ! ends /uck 9 !    
gr\nd40#ajjj ,9 ! great ,indian  epic ! 
,mahabh>ata x is ,sid5ote3 ,! ,indian   
,svayamv>a4  relat$ t ! h& ( ! lovely   
,pr9cess ,draupadi or ,kri%na1  daught] 
( ! ,k+ ( ! ,pan*alas1 0 only to be won 
by him :o  c\ld b5d a c]ta9 mighty b[ & 
%oot five arr[s ?r\gh a  revolv+ :eel s 
z to hit ! t>get beyond4 ,aft] _m noble 
woo]s  _h essay$ ! task 9 va91 !        
disguis$ ,arjun 0 successful1 &  c>ri$  
(f ! pr9cess to be ! wife ( himself & 8 
f\r  bro!rs4#ajja ,?is 0 an in/ance ( ! 
anci5t ,indian practice (  ,svayamv>a1 9
 accordance ) :i* a maid5 ( high rank   
ei!r  *ose h] husb& f among h] assembl$ 
suitors or 0 (f]$ z !  prize to !       
conqu]or 9 a trial ( skill4 ,! cu/om 0  

occasionally  obs]v$ among ! ,rajputs   
d[n to a late "t4#ajjb ,! ,t>t> k+      
,caidu1 ! c\s9 & oppon5t ( ,cublay      
,khan1 is said to h _h a  beautiful     
daught] nam$ ,aij>uc1 or 8! ,bright     
,moon10 :o 0 s tall  & brawny t %e      
outdid all m5 9 h] fa!r's realm 9 feats 
(  /r5g?4 ,%e v[$ %e w\ld nev] m>ry till
 %e f\nd a man :o c\ld  vanqui% h] 9    
wre/l+4 ,_m noble suitors came & tri$ a 
fall )  h]1 b %e ?rew !m all2 & f e "o  
:om %e _h ov]come  %e exact$ a hundr$   
horses4 ,9 ?is way %e collect$ an imm5se
  /ud4#ajjc ,9 ! ,nibelung5li$ ! fair   
,brunhild1 ,que5 ( ,icel&1  0 only to be
 won 9 m>riage by him :o c\ld beat h] 9 
?ree trials  ( /r5g?1 & ! unsuccessful  
woo]s =feit$ _! heads4 ,_m _h  ?us      
p]i%$1 b at la/ ,gun!r1 ,k+ ( !         
,burgundians1 vanqui%$  & m>ri$ h]4#ajjd
 ,x is said t ,si?on1 ,k+ ( ! ,odomanti 
9  ,?race1 _h a lovely daught]1 ,pall5e1
 & t _m ,sid5ote3  ,hippoclides at      
,sicyon1 & h[ he danc$ away 8 m>riage4  
m5 came  a-woo+ h] n only f ,?race b f  

,illyria & ! c\ntry (  ! ,don4 ,b h]    
fa!r said t he :o w\ld w$ 8 daught] mu/ 
fir/ fight himself & pay ) 8 life !     
p5alty ( defeat4 ,?us he  slew _m "y m54
 ,b :5 he 0 gr[n old & 8 /r5g? _h       
fail$1 he set two ( ! woo]s1 by "n      
,dryas & ,clitus1 to fight  ea* o!r = ! 
k+dom & ! h& ( ! pr9cess4 ,! combat 0   
to take place 9 *>iots1 b ! pr9cess1 be+
 9 love ) ,clitus1  brib$ 8 rival's     
*>iote] to put no p9s 9 ! :eels ( 8     
*>iot2 s ,dryas came to ! gr\nd1 &      
,clitus slew him & m>ri$  ! k+'s        
daught]4#ajje ,! tale agrees closely ) t
 ( ,pelops  & ,hippodamia4 ,bo? /ories  
probably conta91 9 a leg5d>y =m1        
rem9isc5ces ( a real cu/om4 ,)9         
hi/orical times ,cli/h5es1  tyrant (    
,sicyon1 made public proclamation at !  
,olympian games t he  w\ld give 8       
daught] ,ag>i/e 9 m>riage to t suitor   
:o1 dur+  a ye>'s trial1 %\ld prove     
himself ! be/4 ,s _m "y m5 :o  prid$    
!mselves on _! p]sons & on _! l9eage    
assembl$ at  ,sicyon f all p>ts ( !     

,greek _w4 ,! tyrant _h a racec\rse  & a
 wre/l+ s*ool made on purpose = !m1 &   
!re he put !m  ?r\gh _! paces4 ,( all ! 
suitors none pleas$ him s mu* z         
,hippoclides1 ! h&some/ & ri*e/ man (   
,a!ns1 a scion ( !  old pr9cely h\se (  
,cypselus4 ,& :5 ! ye> 0 up & ! day _h  
come on :i* ! aw>d 0 to be made1 !      
tyrant sacrific$ a hundr$  ox5 &        
ent]ta9$ ! suitors & all ! p ( ,sicyon  
at a  spl5did banquet4 ,d9n] be+ ov]1 ! 
w9e w5t r\nd & ! suitors  fell to       
wrangl+ z to _! accompli%m5ts & _! wit4 
,9 ?is  fea/ ( reason ! gay ,hippoclides
 out%one himself & !m all until1  flu%$ 
) triumph & liquor1 he jump$ on a table1
 danc$ to music1  & !n1 z a f9i%+ t\*1  
/ood on 8 head & saw$ ! air )  8 legs4  
,?is 0 too mu*4 ,! tyrant 9 disgu/ told 
him he _h  danc$ away 8 m>riage4#ajjf   
,sid5ote3 ,! annual flight ( ! k+       
7regifugium7 at ,rome may h  be5 a relic
 ( 8 conte/ = ! k+dom & = ! h& ( !      
pr9cess4 ,?us x appe>s t ! "r to m>ry a 
girl1 &  especially a pr9cess1 has (t5  

be5 conf]r$ z a prize 9 an  a?letic     
conte/4 ,!re w\ld be no reason1 !re=e1 =
 surprise if  ! ,roman k+s1 be=e be/[+  
_! daught]s 9 m>riage1 %\ld  h resort$  
to ?is anci5t mode ( te/+ ! p]sonal     
qualities (  _! future sons-9-law &     
successors4 ,if my !ory is correct1 !   
,roman k+ & que5 p]sonat$ ,jupit] & 8   
div9e consort1 & 9  ! "* ( ^! div9ities 
w5t ?r\gh ! annual c]emony ( a  sacr$   
m>riage = ! purpose ( caus+ ! crops to  
gr[ & m5 &  cattle to be fruitful &     
multiply4 ,?us !y did :at 9 m nor!rn    
l&s we may suppose ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may 
7 believ$ to d 9  days ( old4 ,n[ we h  
se5 t ! "r to play ! "p ( !  ,k+ ( ,may 
& to w$ ! ,que5 ( ,may has sometimes be5
 det]m9$ by  an a?letic conte/1         
p>ticul>ly by a race4#ajjg ,?is may h   
be5 a  relic ( an old m>riage cu/om ( ! 
sort we h exam9$1 a cu/om  design$ to   
te/ ! fitness ( a c&idate = matrimony4  
,su* a te/  might reasonably be appli$ )
 peculi> rig\r to ! k+ 9 ord] to  ensure
 t no p]sonal defect %\ld incapacitate  

him = !  p]=mance ( ^? sacr$ rites &    
c]emonies on :i*1 ev5 m  ?an on !       
despat* ( 8 civil & milit>y duties1 !   
safety &  prosp]ity ( ! community 7     
believ$ to dep5d4 ,& x w\ld be  natural 
to require ( him t f "t to "t he %\ld   
submit  himself afre% to ! same ordeal =
 ! sake ( publicly demon/rat+  t he 0   
/ill equal to ! dis*>ge ( 8 high call+4 
,a relic (  t te/ p]haps surviv$ 9 !    
c]emony kn[n z ! ,flight ( !  ,k+       
7regifugium71 cont9u$ to be annually    
obs]v$ at ,rome d[n to  imp]ial times4  
,on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ,febru>y a       
sacrifice us$ to  be (f]$ 9 ! ,comitium1
 & :5 x 0 ov] ! ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$  ,rites  
fl$ f ! ,=um4#ajjh ,we may conjecture t 
! ,flight (  ! ,k+ 0 orig9ally a race = 
an annual k+%ip1 :i* may h  be5 aw>d$ z 
a prize to ! fleete/ runn]4 ,at ! end ( 
! ye>  ! k+ might run aga9 = a second   
t]m ( (fice2 & s on1 until  he 0 defeat$
 & depos$ or p]haps sla94 ,9 ?is way :at
 _h once  be5 a race w\ld t5d to assume 
! "* ( a flight & a  pursuit4 ,! k+ w\ld

 be giv5 a />t2 he ran & 8 competitors  
ran  aft] him1 & if he 7 ov]tak5 he _h  
to yield ! cr[n &  p]haps 8 life to !   
lighte/ ( foot among !m4 ,9 "t a man (  
ma/]ful "* might succe$ 9 seat+ himself 
p]man5tly on !  ?rone & r$uc+ ! annual  
race or flight to ! empty =m :i* x      
seems always to h be5 )9 hi/orical      
times4#ajji ,! rite 0  sometimes        
int]pret$ z a commemoration ( !         
expulsion ( ! k+s  f ,rome2 b ?is appe>s
 to h be5 a m]e aft]?\ght devis$ to     
expla9 a c]emony ( :i* ! old mean+ 0    
=gott54 ,x is f>  m likely t 9 act+ ?us 
! ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites 0 m]ely  keep+  
up an anci5t cu/om :i* 9 ! regal p]iod  
_h be5 annually  obs]v$ by 8 pr$ecessors
 ! k+s4 ,:at ! orig9al int5tion (  !    
rite may h be5 mu/ probably always rema9
 m or less a matt]  ( conjecture4 ,!    
pres5t explanation is sugge/$ ) a full  
s5se (  ! difficulty & obscurity 9 :i* !
 subject is involv$4    ,sid5ote3 ,!    
!ory is confirm$ by ! evid5ce t at !    
,saturnalia a man us$ to p]sonate ! god 

,saturn & to be put to dea?  9 t "*4    
,?us1 if my !ory is correct1 ! ye>ly    
flight (  ! ,roman k+ 0 a relic ( a "t  
:5 ! k+%ip 0 an annual  (fice aw>d$1    
along ) ! h& ( a pr9cess1 to ! victori\s
  a?lete or gladiator1 :o !reaft] figur$
 along ) 8 bride z a  god & goddess at a
 sacr$ m>riage design$ to ensure !      
f]tility (  ! e>? by homoeopa?ic magic4 
,n[ ?is !ory is to a c]ta9 ext5t        
rem>kably confirm$ by an anci5t acc\nt (
 ! ,saturnalia :i* 0  discov]$ & publi%$
 "s ye>s ago by a le>n$ ,belgian s*ol>1 
,pr(essor ,franz ,cumont ( ,gh5t4 ,f t  
acc\nt we le>n t d[n to  ! beg9n+ ( !   
f\r? c5tury ( our era1 t is1 d[n ne>ly  
to  ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity by       
,con/ant9e1 ! ,roman soldi]s  /ation$ on
 ! ,danube 7 wont to celebrate !        
,saturnalia 9 a  b>b>\s fa%ion :i* mu/  
c]ta9ly h dat$ f a v remote  antiquity4 
,?irty days be=e ! fe/ival !y *ose by   
lot f among  !mselves a "y & h&some man1
 :o 0 dress$ 9 royal robes to  resemble 
! god ,saturn4 ,9 t "* he 0 all[$ to    

indulge all  8 passions to ! fulle/     
ext5t2 b :5 8 brief reign ( ?irty  days 
0 ov]1 & ! fe/ival ( ,saturn 0 come1 he 
_h to cut 8  own ?roat on ! alt> ( ! god
 he p]sonat$4#ajaj ,we c h>dly  d\bt t  
?is tragic figure1 :om a fatal lot doom$
 to masqu]ade =  a %ort "t z a deity &  
to die z su* a viol5t dea?1 0 ! true    
orig9al ( ! m]ry mon>* or ,k+ ( !       
,saturnalia1 z he 0  call$1 :om a happi]
 lot inve/$ ) ! playful dignity ( ,ma/] 
( ! ,w9t] ,revels4#ajaa ,9 all          
probability ! grim pr$ecessor (  !      
frolicsome ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia belong$  
to t class ( puppets  :o 9 "s c\ntries h
 be5 suff]$ to reign nom9ally = a few   
days ea* ye> m]ely = ! sake ( dis*>g+ a 
burd5some or fatal  obligation :i*      
o!rwise mu/ h fall5 on ! real k+4#ajab  
,if  t is s1 we may inf] t ! "p ( ! god 
,saturn1 :o 0  commonly spok5 ( z a     
k+1#ajac 0 =m]ly play$ at !  ,saturnalia
 by ! ,roman k+ himself4 ,& a trace ( ! 
,sacr$ ,m>riage  may p]haps be detect$ 9
 ! lic5ce accord$ to ! human            

repres5tatives ( ,saturn1 a lic5ce :i*1 
if ,i am "r1 is /rictly  analog\s to !  
old orgies ( ,may ,day & o!r simil>     
fe/ivals4 ,x  is to be obs]v$ t ,saturn 
0 ,sid5ote3 ,saturn ! god ( se$1 &  !   
,saturnalia a fe/ival ( s[+4 ! god ( !  
se$1 & !  ,saturnalia ! fe/ival ( s[+   
held 9 ,decemb]1#ajad :5 !  autumn s[+ 0
 ov] & ! husb&man gave himself up to a  
season (  jollity aft] ! long lab\rs (  
summ] & autumn4#ajae ,on !  pr9ciples ( 
homoeopa?ic magic no?+ c\ld be m natural
 ?an  t1 :5 ! la/ se$s _h be5 committ$  
to ! e>?1 ! m>riage  ( ! p[]s (         
vegetation %\ld be simulat$ by _! human 
repres5tatives = ! purpose (            
sympa!tically quick5+ ! se$4  ,9 %ort1  
no "t c\ld be m suitable = ! celebration
 ( !  ,sacr$ ,m>riage4 ,we h se5 z a    
matt] ( fact t ! s[+ ( !  se$ has (t5   
be5 accompani$ by sexual orgies ) !     
express  int5tion ( !reby promot+ ! gr[?
 ( ! crops4 ,at all ev5ts  ! view t !   
,k+'s ,flight at ,rome 0 a mitigation ( 
an old  cu/om ( putt+ him to dea? at !  

end ( a ye>'s t5ure ( (fice1  is        
confirm$ by ! practice ( annually slay+ 
a human repres5tative  ( ! div9e k+     
,saturn1 :i* surviv$ 9 "s p>ts ( !      
,roman  empire1 ?\gh n at ,rome itself1 
d[n to ,*ri/ian times4    ,sid5ote3 ,if 
! ,lat9 k+s 7 begott5 at ! lic5ti\s     
fe/ival  ( ! ,saturnalia1 we c\ld und]/&
 :y _! pat]nity 0 sometimes  unc]ta91 & 
:y !y might be ( s]vile p>5tage4 ,?is   
!ory  w\ld ?r[ light on "s d>k passages 
9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,roman  k+%ip1 su* z !   
obscure & humble bir?s ( c]ta9 k+s &  _!
 my/]i\s ends4 ,= if ! sacr$ m>riage    
took place at a  lic5ti\s fe/ival l !   
,saturnalia1 :5 slaves 7 tempor>ily     
grant$ ! privileges ( freem51#ajaf x    
might well be t !  pat]nity ( ! *ildr5  
begott5 at ?is "t1 includ+ ^? ( !  royal
 family1 0 a matt] ( unc]ta9ty2 nay1 x  
might be kn[n t  ! k+ or que5 _h (fspr+ 
by a slave4 ,su* (fspr+ ( a royal  fa!r 
& a slave "m1 or ( a royal "m & a slave 
fa!r1  w\ld rank z pr9ces & pr9cesses   
accord+ z male or female k9%ip          

prevail$4 ,"u a sy/em ( male k9%ip !    
union ( ! k+ ) a  slave woman w\ld give 
bir? to a ,s]vius ,tullius1 &1 accord+  
to "o  tradition1 to a ,romulus4 ,if    
female k9%ip prevail$ 9 ! royal  family1
 z we h se5 reason to suppose1 x is     
possible t !  /ories ( ! bir? ( ,romulus
 & ,s]vius f slave mo!rs is a  lat]     
inv]sion ( ! facts1 & t :at really      
happ5$ 0 t  "s ( ! old ,lat9 k+s 7      
begott5 by slave fa!rs on royal         
pr9cesses at ! fe/ival ( ! ,saturnalia4 
,! disappe>ance (  female k9%ip w\ld    
suffice to acc\nt = ! w>p+ ( !          
tradition4 ,all t 0 di/9ctly rememb]$   
w\ld be t "s ( !  k+s _h _h a slave = "o
 ( _! p>5ts2 & p liv+ "u  a sy/em (     
pat]nal desc5t w\ld naturally conclude t
 ! slave  p>5t ( a k+ c\ld only be ! "m1
 s9ce accord+ to _!  ideas no son ( a   
slave fa!r c\ld be ( royal blood & sit  
on !  ?rone4#ajag    ,sid5ote3 ,! viol5t
 ends ( ! ,roman k+s4 ,aga91 if ,i am "r
 9  suppos+ t 9 v e>ly times ! old ,lat9
 k+s p]sonat$ a god  & 7 regul>ly put to

 dea? 9 t "*1 we c bett]  und]/& !      
my/]i\s or viol5t ends to :i* s _m ( !m 
are  said to h come4 ,too mu* /ress %\ld
 n1 h[ev]1 be laid on su*  leg5ds1 = 9 a
 turbul5t /ate ( society k+s1 l         
common]s1 are  apt to be knock$ on !    
head = mu* s\nd] reasons ?an a claim to 
div9ity4 ,/ill1 x is wor? :ile to note t
 ,romulus is said to h  vani%$ my/]i\sly
 l ,a5eas1 or to h be5 cut to pieces by 
!  patricians :om he _h (f5d$1#ajah     
,sid5ote3 ,dea? ( ,romulus on  ! sev5? (
 ,july1 ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 at a       
fe/ival resembl+  ! ,saturnalia4 & t !  
sev5? ( ,july1 ! day on :i* he  p]i%$1 0
 a fe/ival :i* bore "s resemblance to ! 
,saturnalia4  ,= on t day ! female      
slaves 7 all[$ to take c]ta9  rem>kable 
lib]ties4 ,!y dress$ up z free wom5 9 ! 
attire (  matrons & maids1 & 9 ?is guise
 !y w5t =? f ! city1  sc(f$ & je]$ at   
all :om !y met1 & engag$ among !mselves 
9  a fight1 /rik+ & ?r[+ /ones at ea*   
o!r4 ,moreov]1 !y  fea/$ "u a wild      
fig-tree1 made use ( a rod cut f ! tree 

= a  c]ta9 purpose1 p]haps to beat ea*  
o!r )1 & (f]$ ! milky  juice ( ! tree 9 
sacrifice to ,juno ,caprot9a1 ^: "n     
appe>s to  mean ei!r ! goddess ( ! goat 
7cap]7 or ! goddess ( ! wild  fig-tree1 
= ,sid5ote3 ,! ,nonae ,caprot9ae seems  
to h be5 !  fe/ival ( ! f]tilisation ( !
 fig4 ! ,romans call$ a wild  fig-tree a
 goat-fig 7caprificus74 ,h5ce ! day 0   
call$ ! ,nonae  ,caprot9ae aft] ! animal
 or ! tree4 ,! fe/ival 0 n peculi>  to  
,rome1 b 0 held by wom5 ?r\gh\t         
,latium4#ajai ,x c h>dly be  dissociat$ 
f a cu/om :i* 0 obs]v$ by anci5t husb&m5
 at  ?is season4 ,!y s\ght to f]tilise !
 fig-trees or rip5 ! figs by  hang+ /r+s
 ( fruit f a wild fig-tree among !      
b\ghs4 ,!  practice appe>s to be v old4 
,x has be5 employ$ 9 ,greece bo? 9      
anci5t & mod]n times1 & ,roman writ]s   
(t5 ref] to x4 ,palladius  recomm5ds !  
sol/ice 9 ,june1 t is ,midsumm] ,day1 z 
! be/ "t  = ! op]ation2 ,columella      
pref]s ,july4#ajbj ,9 ,sicily at !      
pres5t day ! op]ation is p]=m$ ei!r on  

,midsumm] ,day 7!  fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john !
 ,bapti/7 or 9 ! e>ly days ( ,july2#ajba
 9  ,morocco & ,nor? ,africa g5]ally x  
takes place on ,midsumm]  ,day4#ajbb ,! 
wild fig-tree is a male & ! cultivat$   
fig-tree is a  female1 & ! f]tilisation 
is effect$ by insects1 :i* are  eng5d]$ 
9 ! fruit ( ! male tree & convey ! poll5
 to !  blossom ( ! female4#ajbc ,?us !  
plac+ ( wild figs1 lad5 )  poll5 &      
insects1 among ! b\ghs ( ! cultivat$    
fig-tree is1 l  ! artificial            
f]tilisation ( ! date-palm1#ajbd a real 
m>riage (  ! trees1 & x may well h be5  
reg>d$ z su* by ! peasants (  antiquity 
long be=e ! true !ory ( ! process 0     
discov]$4 ,n[  ! fig is an ,sid5ote3    
,importance ( ! fig z an article ( diet4
  important article ( diet 9 c\ntries   
bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4  ,9 ,pale/9e1 
= example1 ! fruit is n1 z ) u1 m]ely an
  agreeable luxury1 b is eat5 daily &   
=ms inde$ "o ( ! /aple  productions ( ! 
c\ntry4 8,to sit e man "u 8 v9e1 & "u  8
 fig tree0 0 ! regul> ,jewi% expression 

= ! peaceable  possession ( ! ,holy ,l&2
 & 9 ! fable ( ,jo?am ! fig-tree is     
invit$ by ! o!r trees1 next aft] !      
olive1 to come & reign ov]  !m4#ajbe ,:5
 ,s&anis ! ,lydian attempt$ to dissuade 
,croesus f  m>*+ aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 he   
repres5t$ to him t !re 0  no?+ to be    
ga9$ by conqu]+ ! inhabitants ( a b>r5  
c\ntry  :o nei!r drank w9e nor ate      
figs4#ajbf ,an ,arab comm5tator on !    
,koran obs]ves t 8,god swe>s by ^! two  
trees1 ! fig & !  olive1 because among  
fruit-trees !y surpass all ! re/4 ,!y   
relate  t a basket ( figs 0 (f]$ to !   
prophet ,mohamm$1 & :5 he  _h eat5 "o he
 bade 8 comrades d ! same1 say+1        
#8,truly1 if ,i  7 to say t any fruit _h
 come d[n f ,p>adise1 ,i w\ld say x  ( !
 fig4'0#ajbg ,h5ce x w\ld be natural t a
 process suppos$ to  be ess5tial to !   
rip5+ ( s fav\rite a fruit %\ld be !    
occasion ( a popul> fe/ival4 ,we may    
suspect t ! lic5se all[$  to slave wom5 
on ?is day =m$ "p ( an anci5t           
,saturnalia1 at  :i* ! loose behavi\r ( 

m5 & wom5 0 suppos$ to secure !         
f]tilisation ( ! fig-trees by           
homoeopa!tic magic4    ,sid5ote3 ,at !  
fe/ival ( ! sev5? ( ,july wom5 7        
probably  ?\ght to be f]tilis$ by ! fig 
z well z to f]tilise x4 ,b x  is        
possible & inde$ probable t !           
f]tilisation 0 believ$ to  be mutual2 9 
o!r words1 x may h be5 imag9$1 t :ile ! 
wom5 caus$ ! fig-tree to be> fruit1 !   
tree 9 its turn caus$  !m to be> *ildr54
 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by a       
rem>kable  ,african p>allel4 ,! ,akikuyu
 ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa attribute to !  
wild fig-tree ,sid5ote3 ,suppos$        
f]tilisation ( b>r5 wom5 by !  wild     
fig-tree among ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/
 ,africa4 ! p[] (  f]tilis+ b>r5 wom54  
,= ?is purpose !y apply ! :ite sap or   
milk to v>i\s p>ts ( ! body ( ! w\ld-be 
"m2 !n1 hav+  sacrific$ a goat1 !y tie !
 woman to a wild fig-tree ) long  /rips 
cut f ! inte/9es ( ! sacrificial animal4
 8,?is seems10  writes ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4     
,hobley1 :o reports ! cu/om1 8to be a   

case ( !  tree m>riage ( ,india4 ,i     
fancy !re is an idea ( c]emonial m>riage
  ) ! ance/ral spirits :i* are said to  
inhabit c]ta9 ( ^!  fig-trees2 9 fact x 
supports ! ,kamba idea ( ! spiritual    
husb&s40#ajbh ,! belief 9 spiritual     
husb&s1 ,sid5ote3 ,belief (  ! ,akamba t
 ! spirits ( ! dead live 9 wild         
fig-trees4 to  :i* ,mr4 ,hobley "h      
briefly ref]s1 is z foll[s4 ,! ,akamba (
  ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa imag9e t e m>ri$ 
woman is at ! same "t  ! wife ( a liv+  
man & also ! wife ( ! _s ( "s  dep>t$   
ance/or 7aimu74 ,!y are firmly conv9c$ t
 ! f]tility  ( a wife dep5ds to a great 
ext5t on ! att5tions ( h] spiritual     
husb&1 & if %e does n conceive )9 six   
mon?s aft] m>riage  !y take x z a sign t
 h] spiritual husb& is neglect+ h]2 s   
!y (f] be] & kill a goat z a            
propitiatory sacrifice4 ,if aft]  t !   
woman /ill rema9s b>r51 !y make a bigg] 
fea/ & kill a  bullock4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if
 a wife is f\nd to be ) *ild soon  aft] 
m>riage1 !y are glad & consid] x a pro( 

t %e has f\nd  fav\r 9 ! eyes ( h]      
gho/ly husb&4 ,fur!r1 !y believe t at   
dea? ! human _s quits ! bodily frame &  
takes up its abode 9  a wild fig-tree   
7mumbo72 h5ce !y build m9iature huts at 
! foot  ( ^? fig-trees :i* are ?\ght to 
be haunt$ by ! s\ls ( !  dead1 & !y     
p]iodically sacrifice to ^!             
spirits4#ajbi  ,accord+ly1 we may       
conjecture1 ?\gh we are n told1 t among/
 !  ,akamba1 z among ! ,akikuyu1 a b>r5 
woman sometimes resorts to a wild       
fig-tree 9 ord] to obta9 a *ild1 s9ce %e
 believes t h]  spiritual sp\se has 8   
abode 9 ! tree4 ,! ,akikuyu cle>ly      
attribute a special p[] ( f]tilisation  
to ! milky sap ( ! tree1  s9ce !y apply 
x to v>i\s p>ts ( ! woman :o desires to 
become  a "m3 p]haps !y reg>d x z ! se$ 
( ! fig4 ,?is may  expla9 :y ! ,roman   
slave-wom5 (f]$ ! milky juice ( ! tree  
to  ,juno ,caprot9a2 !y may h int5d$    
!reby to add to ! fecundity  ( ! "m     
goddess4 ,& we c sc>cely d\bt t ! rods  
:i*  !y cut f ! wild fig-tree1 = !      

purpose app>5tly ( beat+  ea* o!r1 7    
suppos$ to communicate ! g5]ative virtue
 ( !  tree to ! wom5 :o ,sid5ote3       
,suppos$ f]tilisation ( wom5 by !  wild 
banana-tree among ! ,bag&a4 7 /ruck by  
!m4 ,! ,bag&a (  ,c5tral ,africa appe>  
to ascribe to ! wild banana-tree ! same 
p[]  ( remov+ b>r5ness :i* ! ,akikuyu   
attribute to ! wild fig-tree4  ,= :5 a  
wife has no *ild1 %e & h] husb& w       
sometimes repair  to a wild banana-tree 
& !re1 /&+ "o on ea* side ( ! tree1     
p>take ( ! male organs ( a goat1 ! man  
eat+ ! fle% &  dr9k+ ! s\p & ! woman    
dr9k+ ! s\p only4 ,?is is believ$  to   
ensure conception aft] ! husb& has gone 
9 to 8 wife4#ajcj  ,"h aga91 z among !  
,akikuyu1 we see t ! f]tilis+ virtue (  
! tree is re9=c$ by ! f]tilis+ virtue ( 
! goat2 & we c  !re=e bett] und]/& :y ! 
,romans call$ ! male wild fig-tree      
8goat-fig10 & :y ! ,mess5ians dubb$ x   
simply 8he-goat40    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,roman
 k+ may h celebrat$ a sacr$ m>riage on !
  ,nonae ,caprot9ae z a *>m to make !   

fig-trees be> fruit4 ,!  association ( !
 dea? ( ,romulus ) ! fe/ival ( ! wild   
fig-tree c h>dly be accid5tal1          
especially z he & 8 tw9-bro!r  ,remus 7 
said to h be5 suckl$ by ! %e-wolf "u a  
fig-tree1  ! fam\s ficus ,rum9alis1 :i* 
0 %ewn 9 ! =um z "o ( !  sacr$ objects (
 ,rome & receiv$ (f]+s ( milk d[n to    
late  times4#ajca ,inde$1 "s h gone s f>
 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n  times z to d]ive 
! names ( ,romulus & ,rome itself f ?is 
fig-tree 7ficus ,rum9alis72 if !y are   
"r1 ,romulus 0 8!  fig-man0 & ,rome 8!  
fig-t[n40#ajcb ,be t z x may1 ! clue to 
! association ( ,romulus ) ! fig is     
probably furni%$ by ! old  belief t ! k+
 is responsible = ! fruits ( ! e>? & !  
ra9 f heav54 ,we may conjecture t on ?is
 pr9ciple ! ,roman  k+ 0 expect$ to make
 ! fig-trees blossom & be> figs1 & t  9 
ord] to d s he masqu]ad$ z ! god ( !    
fig-tree & w5t  ?r\gh a =m ( sacr$      
m>riage1 ei!r ) 8 que5 or ) a           
slave-woman1 on ! ,july day :5 ! husb&m5
 resort$ to a m  efficaci\s means (     

produc+ ! same result4 ,! c]emony ( !   
sacr$ m>riage ne$ n h be5 re/rict$ to a 
s+le day 9 !  ye>4 ,x may well h be5    
repeat$ = _m diff]5t crops &  fruits4   
,if ! ,que5 ( ,a!ns 0 annually m>ri$ to 
! god ( !  v9e1 :y %\ld n ! ,k+ ( ,rome 
h annually w$d$ ! goddess  ( ! fig8     
,sid5ote3 ,! m>riage ( ! div9e k+ or    
human god (t5 foll[$  by 8 dea?4 ,b1 z  
we h se51 ,romulus1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,rome1  
is  said to h p]i%$ on ! day ( ?is      
fe/ival ( ! fig1 :i*1 if  our hypo!sis  
is correct1 0 also ! day ( 8 c]emonial  
m>riage  to ! tree4 ,t ! real date ( 8  
dea? %\ld h be5 pres]v$  by tradition is
 v improbable2 r we may suppose t !     
reason  = dat+ 8 dea? & 8 m>riage on !  
same day 0 drawn f  "s anci5t ritual 9  
:i* ! two ev5ts 7 actually associat$4   
,b we h /ill to ask1 ,:y %\ld ! k+'s    
w$d+-day be also !  day ( 8 dea?8 ,!    
answ] mu/ be def]r$ = ! pres5t4 ,all we 
ne$ say n[ is t else:]e ! m>riage ( !   
div9e k+ or human  god has be5 regul>ly 
foll[$ at a brief int]val by 8 viol5t   

end4  ,= him1 z = o!rs1 dea? (t5 treads 
on ! heels ( love4#ajcc    ,sid5ote3    
,viol5t ends ( ,tatius1 ,tullus         
,ho/ilius1 & o!r ,roman  k+s4 ,ano!r    
,roman k+ :o p]i%$ by viol5ce 0 ,tatius1
 !  ,sab9e colleague ( ,romulus4 ,x is  
said t he 0 at ,lav9ium (f]+  a public  
sacrifice to ! ance/ral gods1 :5 "s m5  
to :om he _h  giv5 umbrage despat*$ him 
) ! sacrificial knives & spits :i*  !y  
_h snat*$ f ! alt>4#ajcd ,! occasion & !
 mann] (  8 dea? sugge/ t ! slaught] may
 h be5 a sacrifice r  ?an an            
assass9ation4 ,aga91 ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 
! successor ( ,numa1  0 commonly said to
 h be5 kill$ by lightn+1 b _m held t  he
 0 murd]$ at ! in/igation ( ,ancus      
,m>cius1 :o reign$ aft]  him4#ajce      
,speak+ ( ! m or less my?ical ,numa1 !  
type ( !  prie/ly k+1 ,plut>* obs]ves t 
88 fame 0 enhanc$ by !  =tunes ( ! lat] 
k+s4 ,= ( ! five :o reign$ aft] him !   
la/ 0 depos$ & end$ 8 life 9 exile1 & ( 
! rema9+ f\r  n "o di$ a natural dea?2 =
 ?ree ( !m 7 assass9at$ &  ,tullus      

,ho/ilius 0 consum$ by ?und]bolts40#ajcf
 ,?is implies t  ,k+ ,ancus ,m>cius1 z  
well z ,t>qu9 ! ,eld] & ,s]vius         
,tullius1  p]i%$ by ! h& ( an assass94  
,no o!r anci5t hi/orian1 s f>  z ,i "k1 
records ?is ( ,ancus ,m>cius1 ?\gh "o ( 
!m says t  ! k+ 80 c>ri$ (f by an       
untimely dea?40#ajcg ,t>qu9 ! ,eld]  0  
sla9 by two murd]]s :om ! sons ( 8      
pr$ecessor1 ,ancus  ,m>cius1 _h hir$ to 
d ! de$4#ajch ,la/ly1 ,s]vius ,tullius  
came by  8 end 9 circum/ances :i* recall
 ! combat = ! prie/hood (  ,diana at    
,nemi4 ,he 0 attack$ by 8 successor &   
kill$ by 8  ord]s1 ?\gh n by 8 h&4      
,moreov]1 he liv$ among ! oak groves  ( 
! ,esquil9e ,hill at ! head ( ! ,slope (
 ,virbius1 & x 0  "h1 beside a sanctu>y 
( ,diana1 t he 0 sla94#ajci    ,sid5ote3
 ,! succession to ! ,lat9 k+%ipmay      
sometimes h be5  decid$ by s+le combat4 
,^! leg5ds ( ! viol5t ends ( !  ,roman  
k+s sugge/ t ! conte/ by :i* !y ga9$ !  
?rone may  sometimes h be5 a mortal     
combat r ?an a race4 ,if t 7 s1  !      

analogy :i* we h trac$ betwe5 ,rome &   
,nemi w\ld be /ill  clos]4 ,at bo?      
places ! sacr$ k+s1 ! liv+              
repres5tatives (  ! godhead1 w\ld ?us be
 liable to suff] deposition & dea? at ! 
h& ( any resolute man :o c\ld prove 8   
div9e "r to ! holy  (fice by ! /rong arm
 & ! %>p sword4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+   
if among ! e>ly ,lat9s ! claim to !     
k+dom %\ld (t5 h  be5 settl$ by s+le    
combat2 = d[n to hi/orical times !      
,umbrians  regul>ly submitt$ _! private 
disputes to ! ordeal ( battle1 &  he :o 
cut 8 adv]s>y's ?roat 0 ?\ght !reby to h
 prov$ !  ju/ice ( 8 cause beyond ! rea*
 ( cavil4#ajdj 8,any "o :o  rememb]s h[ 
9 ! =e/s ( ,we/phalia ! ,femg]i*t set ! 
mod]n civil law at defiance d[n into !  
eighte5? c5tury1 & h[  9 ! m\nta9s (    
,corsica & ,s>d9ia blood-rev5ge has     
p]si/$ &  p]si/s to our own days1 w n   
wond] t h>dly a c5tury aft]  ! union (  
,italy ! ,roman legislation _h n yet    
succe$$ 9  putt+ d[n ! la/ relics ( ?is 
anci5t ,italian or r  ,indo-,european   

mode ( do+ ju/ice 9 ! ne/s ( !          
,ap5n9es40#ajda    ,sid5ote3 ,combats = 
! k+dom 9 ,africa4 ,a p>allel to :at ,i 
conceive to h be5 ! rule ( ! old ,lat9  
k+%ip is furni%$ by  a ,we/ ,african    
cu/om ( to-day4 ,:5 ! ,maluango or k+ ( 
,loango1  :o is deem$ ! repres5tative ( 
,god on e>?1 has be5 elect$1 he  has to 
take 8 /& at ,nkumbi1 a l>ge tree ne> ! 
entrance to 8  sacr$ gr\nd4 ,"h1        
enc\rag$ by "o ( 8 m9i/]s1 he mu/ fight 
all rivals :o pres5t !mselves to dispute
 8 "r to !  ?rone4#ajdb ,?is is "o ( !  
_m in/ances 9 :i* ! rites &  leg5ds (   
anci5t ,italy are illu/rat$ by !        
practice ( mod]n  ,africa4 ,simil>ly    
among ! ,banyoro ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ^:  
k+ _h to  take 8 life ) 8 own h& :5ev] 8
 heal? & /r5g? began  to fail1 !        
succession to ! ?rone 0 det]m9$ by a    
mortal combat  among ! claimants1 :o    
f\ght till only "o ( !m 0 left          
alive4#ajdc ,ev5 9 ,engl& a relic ( a   
simil> cu/om surviv$ till  lately 9 !   
coronation c]emony1 at :i* a *ampion us$

 to ?r[  d[n 8 glove & *all5ge to mortal
 combat all :o disput$ !  k+'s "r to !  
cr[n4 ,! c]emony 0 witness$ by ,pepys at
 !  coronation ( ,*>les ! ,second4#ajdd 
,sid5ote3 ,9 ,greece & ,italy k+s       
probably p]sonat$ ,cronus &  ,saturn1 ! 
god ( ! se$1 be=e !y p]sonat$ ,zeus &   
,jupit]1  ! god ( ! oak4 ,9 ! =ego+     
enquiry we h f\nd reason to  suppose t !
 ,roman k+s p]sonat$ n only ,jupit] !   
god ( !  oak1 b ,saturn ! god ( ! se$ & 
p]haps also ! god ( !  fig-tree4 ,! "q  
naturally arises1 ,did !y d s           
simultane\sly  or successively8 ,9 o!r  
words1 did ! same k+ regul>ly repres5t  
! oak-god at "o season ( ! ye>1 !       
se$-god at ano!r1 & !  fig-god at a     
?ird8 or 7 !re sep>ate dyna/ies (       
oak-k+s1  se$-k+s1 & fig-k+s1 :o belong$
 p]haps to diff]5t /ocks &  reign$ at   
diff]5t times8 ,! evid5ce does n all[ u 
to answ]  ^! que/ions def9itely4 ,b     
tradition c]ta9ly po9ts to !  conclusion
 t 9 ,latium & p]haps 9 ,italy g5]ally !
 se$-god  ,saturn 0 an old] deity ?an ! 

oak-god ,jupit]1 j z 9 ,greece  ,cronus 
appe>s to h prec$$ ,zeus4 ,p]haps       
,saturn & ,cronus 7 !  gods ( an old    
indig5\s & agricultural p2 :ile ,jupit] 
&  ,zeus 7 ! div9ities ( a rud] invad+  
race1 :i* sw>m$ d[n  into ,italy &      
,greece f ! =e/s ( c5tral ,europe1 br++ 
_!  wild woodl& deities to dwell 9 m    
f]tile l&s1 "u s(t]  skies1 side by side
 ) ! gods ( ! corn & ! v9e1 ! olive  & !
 fig4 ,if t 0 s1 we may suppose t be=e !
 irruption (  ^! nor!rn b>b>ians ! old  
k+s ( ,greece & ,italy p]sonat$  ! gods 
( ! fat field & fruitful or*>d1 & t x 0 
n till  aft] ! conque/ t _! successors  
le>n$ to pose z ! god (  ! v]dant oak & 
! ?und]+ sky4 ,h[ev]1 on que/ions s     
obscure  we mu/ be cont5t to susp5d our 
judgm5t4 ,x is unlikely t !  /ud5t's    
se>*-light w ev] pi]ce ! mi/s t hang ov]
 ^!  remote ages4 ,all t we c d is to   
foll[ ! l9es ( evid5ce  backw>d z f> z  
!y c be trac$1 till1 aft] gr[+ fa9t] &  
fa9t]1 !y are lo/ altoge!r 9 ! d>kness4 
,footnote #hff3      ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1      

,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #bnd ,ed41
 #bcg1 #cba2 ,c4    ,julian1 9 ,d>emb]g 
et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des antiquits 
grecques    et roma9es1 ii4 #aagc4 ,z to
 ,ve/a & ! ,ve/als1 see above1 vol4     
i4 pp4 #ac sq4    ,footnote #hfg3       
,c4 ,julian1 l4c4    ,footnote #hfh3    
,see above1 p4 #ahf note #a4            
,footnote #hfi3      ,above1 pp4        
#bfa-bfc4    ,footnote #hgj3            
,diodorus ,siculus1 xvii4 #aad4         
,footnote #hga3      ,?us 9 "s ,african 
tribes ! h\sehold fire is put out aft] a
    dea?1 & aft]w>ds relit by ! friction
 ( /icks 7,sir ,h4 ,h4    ,john/on1     
,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #dci2 ,l4   
,concradt1 8,die ,ngumbu    9           
,sdkam]un10 ,globus1 lxxxi1 7#aijb7 p4  
#ceb74 ,9 ,laos ! fire on    ! he>? is  
ext+ui%$ aft] a dea? & ! a%es are       
scatt]$2    aft]w>ds a new fire is      
obta9$ f a neighb\r 7,t\rni]1 ,notice   
sur le ,laos franais1 p4 #fh74 ,a cu/om 
( ! same sort is obs]v$    9 ,burma1 b  
!re ! new fire mu/ be b\ght 7,c4 ,j4 ,f4

 ,s4 ,=bes1    ,briti% ,burma1 p4 #id74 
,among ! ,miris ( ,assam ! new fire is  
made    by ! wid[ or wid[] 7,w4 ,h4     
,furness1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?rop4        
,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #dfb74 ,9  
,arm5ia x is made by fl9t &    /eel 7,m4
 ,abeghian1 ,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube1  
p4 #ga74 ,9 ,argos    fire 0 ext+ui%$   
aft] a dea?1 & fre% fire obta9$ f a     
neighb\r 7,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,graec4 #bd74
 ,9 ! ,highl&s (    ,scotl& all fires 7 
put out 9 a h\se :]e !re 0 a corpse     
7,p5nant's 8,t\r 9 ,scotl&10 9          
,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1    iii4 
#di74 ,among/ ! ,bogos ( ,ea/ ,africa no
 fire may be lit 9 a    h\se aft] a dea?
 until ! body has be5 c>ri$ out 7,w4    
,munz+]1    ,sitt5 und ,re*t d] ,bogos1 
p4 #fg74 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 :5 a       
dea? has tak5 place1 fire is transf]r$ f
 ! h\se to a %$    erect$ beside x 7,j4 
,s4 ,kub>y1 8,die ,todt5be/attung auf d5
    ,pelau-,inseln10                    
,orig9al-,mit!ilung5 aus d] ,e?nologis*5
    ,ab!ilung d] ,knigli*5 ,muse5 zu    

,b]l91 i4 #g74 ,9 ! ,m>quesas    ,isl&s 
fires 7 ext+ui%$ aft] a dea?            
7,v9c5don-,dum\l9 et    ,desgraz1 ,iles 
,m>quises1 p4 #bea74 ,among ! ,indians (
 ,p]u & !    ,moors ( ,algi]s no fire   
might be light$ = sev]al days 9 a h\se  
:]e a dea? _h occurr$ 7,cieza de ,leon1 
,travels1 ,m>kham's    translation1 p4  
#cff2 ,dapp]1 ,description de           
l',afrique1 p4 #agf74 ,!    same cu/om  
is report$ ( ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,india     
7,m&elsloe1 9 ,j4    ,h>ris's ,voyages &
 ,travels1 i4 7,london1 #agdd7 p4 #ggj74
 ,9 ! ,ea/    ,indian isl& ( ,wett] no  
fire may burn 9 a h\se = ?ree days      
aft] a dea?1 & accord+ to ,ba/ian !     
reason is ! "o giv5 9    ! text1 to wit1
 a fe> t ! gho/ might fall into x & hurt
    himself 7,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,indonesi51   
ii4 #fj74 ,= m evid5ce1 see my          
article 8,on c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms10    
,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological             
,in/itute1 xv4 7#ahhf7 p4 #ij4          
,footnote #hgb3      ,= ! li/ ( ! ,alban
 k+s see ,livy1 i4 #c4 #e-aa2 ,ovid1    

,fa/i1    iv4 #ci-ef2 id41 ,metam4 xiv4 
#fji sqq42 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1   
,antiquit4 ,rom4 i4 #gj sq42 ,eusebius1 
,*ronic4 bk4 i4 vol4 i4    coll4 #bgc1  
#bge1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bhi1 #bia1 ed4 ,a4   
,s*o5e2 ,diodorus ,siculus1    vii4 #crd
 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf2 ,sextus ,aurelius     
,victor1 ,origo g5tis    ,romanae1      
#ag-ai2 ,zon>as1 ,annales1 vii4 #a4     
,footnote #hgc3      ,see ,b4 ,g4       
,niebuhr1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 i4 #bje-bjg2 
,a4 ,s*wegl]1    ,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 i4  
#cci1 #cdb-cde4 ,h[ev]1 ,niebuhr admits 
t    "s ( ! names may h be5 tak5 f old] 
leg5ds4    ,footnote #hgd3      ,h4 ,m4 
,/anley1 ,?r\gh ! ,d>k ,cont95t         
7,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #chj2 ,c4    ,t4   
,wilson & ,r4 ,w4 ,felk91 ,ug&a & !     
,egyptian ,s\dan 7,london1    #ahhb71 i4
 #aig2 ,fr4 ,/uhlman1 ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a  
ins ,h]z von ,afrika    7,b]l91 #ahid71 
pp4 #aib sq42 ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,f>!r ,notes
 on !    ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a10 
,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological             
,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #be1 )     

plates i4 & ii42 ,sir ,h>ry    ,john/on1
 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 ii4 #fha sq4   
,footnote #hge3      ,romulus & ,tatius 
reign$ = a "t toge!r2 aft] ,romulus !   
k+s 71 9 ord] ( succession1 ,numa       
,pompilius1 ,tullus ,ho/ilius1    ,ancus
 ,m>cius1 ! eld] ,t>qu91 ,s]vius        
,tullius1 & ,t>qu9 !    ,pr\d4          
,footnote #hgf3      ,see ,a4 ,s*wegl]1 
,rmis*e ,ges*i*te1 i4 #egi sq4          
,footnote #hgg3      ,accord+ to "o     
acc\nt1 ,romulus _h a son & a daught]   
7,plut>*1    ,romulus1 #ad74 ,"s held t 
,numa _h f\r sons 7,plut>*1 ,numa1      
#ba74 ,ancus ,m>cius left two sons      
7,livy1 i4 #ce4 #a1 i4 #dj2 ,dionysius  
,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4 iii4 #gb    
sq41 iv4 #cd4 #c74 ,t>qu9 !    ,eld]    
left two sons or gr&sons 7,livy1 i4 #df2
 ,dionysius ,halic41 ,ant4    ,rom4 iv4 
#f sq4 iv4 #bh74    ,footnote #hgh3     
,pompilia1 ! "m ( ,ancus ,m>cius1 0 a   
daught] ( ,numa4 ,see    ,cic]o1 ,de re 
publica1 ii4 #ah4 #cc2 ,livy1 i4 #cb4   
#a2 ,dionysius    ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 

,rom4 ii4 #gf4 #e1 iii4 #ce4 #c1 iii4   
#cf4 #b2    ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #ba4        
,footnote #hgi3      ,numa m>ri$ ,tatia1
 ! daught] ( ,tatius 7,plut>*1 ,numa1 #c
 &    #ba72 ,s]vius ,tullius m>ri$ !    
daught] ( ! eld] ,t>qu9 7,livy1    i4   
#ci4 #d72 & ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d m>ri$ ,tullia
 ! daught] (    ,s]vius ,tullius 7,livy1
 i4 #db4 #a1 i4 #df4 #e74    ,footnote  
#hhj3      ,numa 0 a ,sab9e f ,cures    
7,livy1 i4 #ah2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #c2     
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4  
ii4 #eh72 ,s]vius ,tullius1    accord+  
to ! common acc\nt1 0 ! son ( ,ocrisia1 
a slave woman    ( ,corniculum 7,livy1  
i4 #ci4 #e2 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1  
,ant4 ,rom4    iv4 #a471 b accord+ to   
ano!r acc\nt he 0 an ,etruscan 7see     
above1 p4 #aif note72 & ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d 0
 a son ( ! eld]    ,t>qu91 :o 0 an      
,etruscan f ,t>qu9ii 7,livy1 i4 #cd2    
,cic]o1 ,de    re publica1 ii4 #ai sq41 
#cd sq474 ,! =eign bir? ( _!    k+s     
naturally /ruck ! ,romans !mselves4 ,see
 ! spee* put by    ,livy 7i4 #ce4 #c71 9

 ! m\? ( ! eld] ,t>qu93 8,se non rem    
novam    pet]e1 quippe qui non primus1  
quod quisquam indign>i mir>ive          
posset1 s$ t]tius ,romae p]egr9us regnum
 adfectet2 et ,tatium non ex    p]egr9o 
solum s$ etiam ex ho/e regem factum1 et 
,numam ign>um    urbis non pet5tem 9    
regnum ultro accitum3 se1 ex quo sui    
pot5s    fu]it1 ,romam cum conjuge ac   
=tunis omnibus commigrasse40 ,& see a   
passage 9 a spee* actually spok5 by !   
,emp]or ,claudius3 8,quondam    reges   
hanc t5u]e urbem1 nec tam5 dome/icis    
successoribus eam    trad]e contigit4   
,sup]v5]e ali5i et quidem ext]ni1 ut    
,numa ,romulo    success]it ex ,sab9is  
v5i5s1 vic9us quidem s$ tunec ext]nus10 
etc4 ,! spee* is engrav$ on bronze      
tablets f\nd at ,lyons4 ,see            
,tacitus1 ed4 ,bait] & ,orelli1 i4 #bnd 
,ed41 p4 #cdb4    ,footnote #hha3       
8,9 ,ceylon1 :]e ! high] & l[] poly&ry  
co-exi/1 m>riage is    ( two            
sorts--,deega or ,be5a--accord+ z ! wife
 goes to live 9 !    h\se & village ( h]

 husb&s1 or z ! husb& or husb&s come    
to live ) h] 9 or ne> ! h\se ( h] bir?0 
7,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1    ,/udies 9       
,anci5t ,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahhf71 p4    
#aja74    ,footnote #hhb3      ,! sy/em 
( "m-k91 t is1 ( trac+ desc5t ?r\gh     
females    in/ead ( ?r\gh males1 is (t5 
call$ ! matri>*ate4 ,b ?is    t]m is    
inappropriate & mislead+1 z x implies t 
"u !    sy/em 9 "q ! wom5 gov]n ! m54   
,ev5 :5 ! s-call$    matri>*ate         
regulates ! desc5t ( ! k+dom1 ?is does n
 mean    t ! wom5 ( ! royal family      
reign2 x only means t !y are    ! *annel
 ?r\gh :i* ! k+%ip is transmitt$ to _!  
husb&s or sons4    ,footnote #hhc3      
,anci5t writ]s repeat$ly speak ( !      
unc]ta9ty z to ! fa!rs    ( ! ,roman    
k+s4 ,see ,livy1 i4 #d4 #b2 ,dionysius  
,halic>nas5sis1    ,ant4 ,rom4 ii4 #b4  
#c2 ,cic]o1 ,de re publica1 ii4 #ah4    
#cc2 ,s5eca1    ,epi/4 cviii4 #cj2      
,aelian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 xiv4 #cf4           
,footnote #hhd3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4  
#ggc-ghd2 ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 vi4   

#ag4 ,comp>e    ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e    
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 ii4 #ahj sq4     
,footnote #hhe3      ,see ,! ,gold5     
,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 iii4 #bff sqq41
 #cbh sqq4    ,footnote #hhf3      ,see 
,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second       
,edition1 pp4 #bjc sqq42 ,!    ,gold5   
,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 iii4 #cah sq4  
,footnote #hhg3      ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #c4
    ,footnote #hhh3      ,t4 ,e4 ,b[di*1
 ,mission f ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le to       
,a%antee1 ,new    ,edition 7,london1    
#ahgc71 pp4 #ahe1 #bjd sq42 ,a4 ,b4     
,ellis1 ,!    ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( !  
,gold ,coa/1 pp4 #bhg1 #big sq42 id41   
,! ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave   
,coa/1 p4 #ahg4    ,footnote #hhi3      
,j4 ,roscoe1 8,fur!r ,notes on ! ,mann]s
 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a10    ,j\rnal ( !  
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4       
7#aijb7 pp4 #cf1 #fg4    ,9 ,b59 8!     
legitimate daught]s ( a k+ did n m>ry   
any "o1    b be/[$ _! fav\rs z !y       
pleas$40 7,mr4 ,c4 ,pun*1 9 ,h4 ,l+     
,ro?'s ,great ,b59 7,halifax1 ,engl&1   

#aijc71 p4 #cg74    ,footnote #hij3     
,c4 ,t4 ,wilson & ,r4 ,w4 ,felk91 ,ug&a 
& ! ,egyptian ,s\dan    7,london1       
#ahhb71 i4 #bjj2 ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,fur!r   
,notes on ! ,mann]s &    ,cu/oms ( !    
,bag&a10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological    
,in/itute1    xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #fg4    
,footnote #hia3      ,j4 ,roscoe1 op4   
cit4 pp4 #bg1 #fb4 ,mr4 ,roscoe says3   
8,! royal family    traces its p$igree  
?r\gh ! mat]nal clan1 b ! nation ?r\gh  
! pat]nal clan40 ,b he "h ref]s to !    
desc5t ( ! totem    only4 ,t ! ?rone    
desc5ds f fa!r to son is prov$ by !     
g5ealogical tables :i* he gives 7,plates
 ,i4 & ,,ii474    ,footnote #hib3       
,proy>t's 8,hi/ory ( ,loango10 9        
,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1    xvi4 
#egj1 #egi sq42 ,l4 ,degr&pr1 ,voyage   
la cte occid5tale    d',afrique 7,p>is1 
#ahja71 pp4 #aaj-aad2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die 
deuts*e    ,exp$ition an d] ,loango     
,k/e1 i4 #aig sqq4 ,"t seems n to h     
mitigat$ ! lot ( ^! unhappy pr9ce       
consorts4 ,see ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett1    ,at !

 ,back ( ! ,black ,man's ,m9d 7,london1 
#aijf71 pp4 #cf sq41    #acd4 ,mr4      
,d5nett says t ! husb& ( a pr9cess is   
virtually h]    slave & may be put to   
dea? by h]4 ,all ! si/]s ( ! ,k+ (      
,loango enjoy ^! arbitr>y rights ov] _! 
husb&s1 & !    (fspr+ ( any ( !m may    
become k+4    ,footnote #hic3      ,fa!r
 ,guillem1 8,au ,b5g\olo10 ,missions    
,ca?oliques1 xxxiv4    7#aijb7 p4 #af4  
,! writ] visit$ ! /ate & _h an int]view 
)    ! que51 a woman ( gigantic /ature1 
we>+ _m amulets4    ,footnote #hid3     
,pausanias1 i4 #b4 #f4    ,footnote     
#hie3      ,pausanias1 ii4 #bi4 #d4 ,i h
 to ?ank ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,*adwick = po9t+  
out ! foll[+ ,greek & ,sw$i% p>allels to
 :at ,i conceive to    h be5 ! ,lat9    
practice4    ,footnote #hif3            
,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #gb4 #g4        
,accord+ to ,apollodorus 7iii4 #ab4 #g71
    ,cy*reus1 ,k+ ( ,salamis1 di$       
*ildless1 & bequea!d 8 k+dom    to      
,telamon4    ,footnote #hig3      ,j4   
,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #dej4   

,comp>e ,pausanias1 ii4 #bi4 #d4        
,footnote #hih3      ,apollodorus1 iii4 
#ac4 #a4 ,accord+ to ,diodorus ,siculus 
7iv4 #gb4 #f71    ! k+ ( ,ph?ia 0       
*ildless1 & bequea!d 8 k+dom to         
,peleus4    ,footnote #hii3             
,apollodorus1 iii4 #ac4 #h2 ,hyg9us1    
,fabulae1 #if4    ,footnote #ijj3       
,pausanias1 i4 #aa4 #a sq42 ,ju/91 xvii4
 #c4    ,footnote #ija3                 
,apollodorus1 i4 #h4 #e4    ,footnote   
#ijb3      ,anton9us ,lib]alis1         
,trans=m4 #cg2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 xiv4 #dei 
sq41    #eaj sq4 ,comp>e ,virgil1 ,a54  
xi4 #bdc sqq4    ,footnote #ijc3        
,diodorus1 iv4 #gc2 ,hyg9us1 ,fabulae1  
#hb-hd2 ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1    ,georg4 
iii4 #g4    ,footnote #ijd3             
,?ucydides1 i4 #i2 ,/rabo1 viii4 #f4    
#ai1 p4 #cgg4    ,footnote #ije3        
,apollodorus1 iii4 #aj4 #h4    ,footnote
 #ijf3      ,s*ol4 on ,euripides1       
,ore/es1 #df2 ,p9d>1 ,py?4 xi4 #ca sq42 
,pausanias1 iii4 #ai4 #f4    ,footnote  
#ijg3      ,h4 ,m4 ,*adwick1 ,! ,orig9 (

 ! ,engli% ,nation 7,cambridge1 #aijg71 
pp4 #ccb sq4 ,9 treat+ ( ! succession to
 ! k+dom 9    ,sc&9avia1 ! late ,k4     
,maur]1 "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on old 
,norse law1 also rem>k$ t 8"s anci5t    
au?orities    7,quell5b]i*te7 pr(ess to 
"k ( a c]ta9 "r ( succession    accord$ 
to wom51 9 virtue ( :i* "u c]ta9        
circum/ances1    ?\gh !y c\ld n !mselves
 succe$ to ! k+dom1 !y    nev]!less c\ld
 convey x to _! husb&s40 ,& he cites a  
numb]    ( in/ances1 h[ "o k+ 7,ey/e9n  
,halfdan>son7 succe$$ 8    fa!r-9-law   
7,eirikr ,agn>sson7 on ! ?rone2 h[ ano!r
 7,gudrodr    ,halfdan>son7 receiv$ ) 8 
wife ,alfhildr a portion ( h]    fa!r's 
k+dom2 & s on4 ,see ,k4 ,maur]1         
,vorlesung5 b]    altnordis*e           
,re*tsges*i*te1 i4 7,leipsic1 #aijg7 pp4
 #bcc sq4    ,footnote #ijh3      ,g4   
,w4 ,das5t1 ,popul> ,tales f ! ,norse1  
pp4 #aca sqq42 ,s4    ,grundtvig1       
,dnis*e ,volksmr*51 ,fir/ ,s]ies        
7,leipsic1 #ahgh71 pp4    #bhe sqq4     
7,leo's ,g]man translation72 ,cavallius 

und ,/eph5s1    ,s*w$is*e ,volkssag5 und
 ,mr*51 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #fb sqq4           
7,ob]leitn]'s ,g]man translation72      
,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ,no4 #fj2     
,kuhn und ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51  
,mr*5 und ,gebru*e1 pp4    #cdj sqq42   
,j4 ,w4 ,wolf1 ,deuts*e ,hausmr*51 pp4  
#cgb sqq42 ,philo    vom ,walde1        
,s*lesi5 9 ,sage und ,brau*1 pp4 #ha    
sqq42 ,i4 ,v4    ,z+]le1 ,k9d]- und     
,hausmr*5 aus ,tirol1 ,no4 #h1 pp4 #ce  
sqq4    ,no4 #ce1 pp4 #agh sqq42 ,j4    
,haltri*1 ,deuts*e ,volksmr*5 aus dem   
,sa*s5l&e 9 ,sieb5brg51 #d? ed41 ,no4   
#ae1 pp4 #ajc sqq42 ,j4 ,f4             
,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales ( ! ,we/      
,highl&s1 ,no4 #d1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gg      
sqq42 ,a4 ,s*lei*]1 ,litauis*e ,mr*51   
,spri*wrte1 ,rtsel und    ,li$]1 pp4 #eg
 sqq42 ,a4 ,leski5 und ,k4 ,brugmann1   
,litauis*e    ,volksli$] und ,mr*51 ,no4
 #ad1 pp4 #djd sqq42 ,basile1           
,p5tam]one1 ,fir/ day1 sev5? tale1 vol4 
i4 pp4 #ig sqq4    7,liebre*t's ,g]man  
translation72 ,e4 ,legr&1 ,contes       

populaires    grecques1 pp4 #afi sqq42  
,j4 ,g4 von ,hahn1 ,grie*is*e und       
albanesis*e ,mr*51 ,no4 #ih1 vol4 ii4   
pp4 #aad sq42 ,a4 und ,a4    ,s*ott1    
,wala*is*e ,maehr*51 ,no4 #aj1 pp4 #adj 
sqq42 ,w4 ,web/]1    ,basque ,leg5ds1   
pp4 #cf-ch2 ,a4 ,s*iefn]1 ,aw>is*e      
,texte 7,/4    ,pet]sburg1 #ahgc71 ,no4 
#b1 pp4 #ba sqq42 ,j4 ,rivire1 ,contes  
populaires de la ,kabylie1 pp4 #aie-aig4
    ,footnote #iji3      ,saxo          
,grammaticus1 ,hi/oria ,danica1 bk4 iv4 
p4 #abf 7,elton's    translation74 ,!   
passage occurs on p4 #aeh ( ,p4 ,e4     
,mll]'s edition    ( ,saxo4    ,footnote
 #iaj3      ,! /ory ( ,hamlet 7,amle?7  
is told1 9 a /rik+ =m1 by ,saxo         
,grammaticus 9 ! ?ird & f\r? books ( 8  
hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4    ,*adwick tells  
me t ,hamlet /&s on ! bord]-l9e betwe5  
leg5d    & hi/ory4 ,h5ce ! ma9 outl9es (
 8 /ory may be correct4    ,footnote    
#iaa3      ,h]odotus1 i4 #g-ac4         
,footnote #iab3      ,nicolaus          
,damasc5us1 vi4 frag4 #di1 9 ,fragm5ta  

,hi/oricorum    ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4     
,mll]1 iii4 #chj4    ,footnote #iac3    
,a!naeus1 xii4 #aa1 pp4 #eae ,f-#eaf ,b2
 ,apollodorus1 ii4 #f4 #c2 ,diodorus    
,siculus1 iv4 #ca2 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de 
magi/ratibus1 iii4 #fd2 ,lucian1        
,dialogi deorum1 xiii4 #b2 ,ovid1       
,h]oides1 ix4 #ee sqq42 ,/atius1    ,!b4
 x4 #fdf-fdi4    ,footnote #iad3        
,a!naeus1 l4c4    ,footnote #iae3       
,h]odotus1 i4 #ic2 ,cle>*us1 quot$ by   
,a!naeus1 xii4 #aa1 p4 #eaf ,a ,b4    ,!
 ,arm5ians also pro/itut$ _! daught]s   
be=e m>riage1    d$icat+ !m = a long "t 
to ! pr(ligate wor%ip ( !    goddess    
,anaitis 7,/rabo1 xi4 #ad4 #af1 p4 #ecb 
sq474 ,! cu/om 0    probably practis$ z 
a *>m to secure ! f]tility ( ! e>? z    
well z ( man & bea/4 ,see ,adonis1      
,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1      
pp4 #cb sqq4    ,footnote #iaf3         
,h]odotus1 i4 #g4    ,footnote #iag3    
,cle>*us1 quot$ by ,a!naeus1 xiii4 #ca1 
p4 #egc ,a ,b4    ,footnote #iah3       
,see ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ,hi/ory ( !      

,norman ,conque/ ( ,engl&1 i4 #crd      
,ed41 #daj-dab1 #gcc-gcg4 ,i am indebt$ 
to my fri5d ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,*adwick    bo?
 = ! fact & its explanation4            
,footnote #iai3      ,procopius1 ,de    
bello ,go?ico1 iv4 #bj 7vol4 ii4 p4     
#eic1 ed4 ,j4 ,haury74    ,?is & !      
foll[+ cases ( m>riage ) a /epmo!r are  
cit$    by ,k4 ,we9hold1 ,deuts*e ,frau5
 #bnd ,ed41 7,vi5na1 #ahhb71 ii4 #cei   
sq4    ,footnote #ibj3      ,b$e1       
,hi/oria ecclesia/ica g5tis ,anglorum1  
ii4 #e4 #ajb2 comp>e i4    #bg4 #fc4    
,footnote #iba3      ,prud5tius         
,trec5sis1 8,annales10 anno #heh1 9     
,p]tz's ,monum5ta    ,g]maniae hi/orica1
 i4 #dea2 ,+ulfus1 ,hi/oria1 quot$ ibid4
    ,footnote #ibb3      ,?is is 9      
sub/ance ! view ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,he>n 7,!
 ,aryan    ,h\se-hold1 pp4 #aej-aee7 & (
 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,delbrck 78,das ,mutt]re*t   
bei d5 ,indog]man510 ,preussis*e        
,jahrb*]1 lxxix4 7#ahie7 pp4    #ad-bg74
    ,footnote #ibc3      ,cle>*us (     
,soli1 quot$ by ,a!naeus1 xiii4 #b4 p4  

#eee ,d2 ,john (    ,antio*1 9 ,fragm5ta
 ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1
 iv4    #edg2 ,*>ax ( ,p]gamus ib4 iii4 
#fch2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on           
,lycophron1 #aaa2 id41 ,*iliades1 v4    
#fej-ffe2 ,suidas1 s4v4    2 ,ju/91 ii4 
#f4 #g4    ,footnote #ibd3             1
      1     1         1     1 ,philo    
,judaeus1 ,de specialibus legibus1 vol4 
ii4 p4 #cjc1 ed4 ,?4 ,mangey4    ,see   
also ,plut>*1 ,!mi/ocles1 #cb2          
,cornelius ,nepos1 ,cimon1 #a2    ,s*ol4
 on ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds1 #acga2 ,l4    
,beau*et1 ,hi/oire du    droit priv de  
la ,rpublique ,a?ni5ne1 i4 7,p>is1      
#ahig7 pp4 #afe    sqq4 ,comp>e ,m9ucius
 ,felix1 ,octavius1 #ca4    ,footnote   
#ibe3      ,polybius1 xii4 #e4          
,footnote #ibf3      ,/rabo1 xiii4 #a4  
#dj1 pp4 #fjj sq42 ,plut>*1 ,de s]a     
num9is    v9dicta1 #ab2 & especially    
,lycophron1 ,cass&ra1 #aada sqq41    ) !
 s*olia ( ,j4 ,tzetzes1 :o ref]s to     
,timaeus & ,callima*us    z 8           
au?orities4    ,footnote #ibg3          

,ju/91 xxi4 #c4 #a-f4    ,footnote #ibh3
      ,/rabo1 iii4 #d4 #ah4    ,footnote
 #ibi3      ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #bj4    
,comp>e ,l4 ,d>gun1 ,mutt]re*t und      
,raubehe    und ihre ,re/e im g]manis*5 
,re*t und ,leb5 7,breslau1 #ahhc71 pp4  
#ba sq4    ,footnote #icj3      ,a4     
,giraud-,teulon1 ,les ,orig9es du m>iage
 et de la famille1 pp4 #bjf    sqq42 ,a4
 ,h4 ,po/1 ,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z1 i4
 #ac sqq42 ,sir    ,h>ry ,h4 ,john/on1  
,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #dga2 ,a4   
,b4 ,ellis1 ,!    ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples (
 ! ,gold ,coa/1 pp4 #big sq42 id41 ,!   
,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1  
pp4 #bjg sqq4 ,mu* m    evid5ce w be    
f\nd 9 my ,totemism & ,exogamy4         
,footnote #ica3      ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 
,! ,melanesians1 p4 #ej1 note #b4       
,footnote #icb3      ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1
 #bj4    ,footnote #icc3      ,a4 ,w4   
,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/     
,au/ralia1 pp4 #bhf sqq4    ,! reipus or
 paym5t made on ! rem>riage ( a wid[ is 
discuss$    by ,l4 ,d>gun1 op4 cit4 pp4 

#ada-aeb4    ,footnote #icd3      ,w4   
,f4 ,sk5e held t ! ,picts 7 ,celts4 ,see
 8 ,celtic ,scotl&1    i4 #aid-bbg4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ,h4 ,zimm] supposes !m to h   
be5    ! pre-,celtic inhabitants ( !    
,briti% ,isl&s4 ,see 8 pap] 8,das       
,mutt]re*t d] ,pikt510 ,zeits*rift d]   
,savigny-,/iftung fr    ,re*tsges*i*te1 
xv4 7#ahid7 ,romani/is*e ,ab!ilung1 pp4 
#bji sqq4    ,footnote #ice3            
8,cumque uxores ,picti non hab5tes      
pet]5t a ,scottis1 ea solum             
conditione d>e cons5s]unt1 ut ubi res   
p]v5iret 9 dubium1 magis    de fem9ea   
regum prosapia quam de mascul9a regem   
sibi elig]5t2 quod    usque hodie apud  
,pictos con/at esse s]vatum10 ,b$e1     
,hi/oria    ecclesia/ica g5tis          
,anglorum1 ii4 #a4 #g4    ,footnote     
#icf3      ,w4 ,f4 ,sk5e1 ,celtic       
,scotl&1 i4 #bcb-bce2 ,j4 ,f4           
,mc,lennan1 ,/udies    9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory
 7,london1 #ahhf71 pp4 #fh-gj2 ,h4      
,zimm]1 loc4 cit4    ,footnote #icg3    
,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,die ,etrusk] 7,/uttg>t1 

#ahgg71 ii4 #cgf sq42 ,j4 ,j4    ,ba*(51
 ,die ,sage von ,tanaquil 7,heidelb]g1  
#ahgj71 pp4 #bhb-bij4    ,footnote #ich3
       '                     444        
1         1 ,a!naeus1 xii4 #ad1 p4 #eag 
,d ,e4    ,footnote #ici3      8,non    
enim hic1 ubi ex ,tusco modo ,tute tibi 
indigne dotem qua]as    corpore0        
7,plautus1 ,ci/ell>ia1 ii4 #c4 #bj sq474
    ,footnote #idj3      ,h]odotus1 i4  
#id2 ,/rabo1 v4 #b4 #b1 p4 #bai2        
,tacitus1 ,annals1 iv4 #ee2    ,timaeus1
 cit$ by ,t]tullian1 ,de spectaculis1   
#e2 ,fe/us1 s4v4    8,turannos10 p4     
#cee1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,plut>*1       
,romulus1 #b2 ,velleius    ,pat]culus1  
i4 #a4 #d2 ,ju/91 xx4 #a4 #g2 ,val]ius  
,maximus1 ii4 #d4 #d2    ,s]vius1 on    
,virgil1 ,a54 i4 #fg4 ,on ! o!r h&1     
,dionysius (    ,halic>nassus held t !  
,etruscans 7 an indig5\s ,italian race1 
diff]+ f all o!r kn[n peoples 9 language
 & cu/oms 7,ant4    ,rom4 i4 #bf-cj74   
,on ?is mu*-vex$ "q1 see ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 
,die    ,etrusk] 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgg71 i4  

#fe sqq42 ,g4 ,d5nis1 ,cities &         
,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 #crd ,ed41 i4 pp4
 xxxiii4 sqq42 ,f4 ,hommel1             
,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te 
des ,alt5 ,ori5ts1 #bnd ,ed41    pp4 #fc
 sqq4 79 ,iwan von ,mll]'s ,h&bu* d]    
klassis*5    ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 vol4  
iii474    ,footnote #ida3      ,x is    
d\btful :e!r ,s]vius ,tullius 0 a ,lat9 
or an ,etruscan4 ,see    above1 p4 #aie1
 note #a4    ,footnote #idb3      8,all 
ov] ,india ! h$ge-prie/ is v (t5 an     
auto*?on1 8 long    resid5ce 9 ! l& be+ 
suppos$ to conf] ^u him ! k    ( ! "* & 
peculi>ities ( ! local gods1 & to tea*  
him    ! prop] mode 9 :i* !y may be     
conciliat$4 ,?us ! ,doms    pres]ve to !
 pres5t day ! animi/ic & demoni/ic      
beliefs (    ! aborig9al races1 :i* !   
,khasiyas1 :o h succe$$ !m1    temp] ) !
 wor%ip ( ! village deities1 ! nam$ &   
localis$ div9e entities1 ) ! occasional 
languid cult ( !    great] ,h9du gods4  
,! propitiation ( ! vague spirits (     
wood1 or    cliff1 riv] or lake1 !y are 

satisfi$ to leave 9 *>ge ( _!    s]fs0  
7,w4 ,crooke1 ,natives ( ,nor!rn ,india1
 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #ajd    sq474 ,:5 !
 ,israelites _h be5 c>ri$ away captives 
into    ,assyria1 ! new settl]s 9 !     
desolate l& ( ,israel 7 attack$    by   
lions1 :i* !y suppos$ to be s5t aga9/ !m
 by ! god (    ! c\ntry because1 z      
/rang]s1 !y did n "k h[ to propitiate   
him4 ,s !y petition$ ! k+ ( ,assyria &  
he s5t !m a native    ,israeliti% prie/1
 :o taught !m h[ to wor%ip ! ,god (     
,israel4    ,see #b ,k+s xvii4 #bd-bh4  
,footnote #idc3      ,h4 ,jordan1 ,die  
,knige im alt5 ,itali5 7,b]l91 #ahhd71  
pp4 #ae-be4    ,footnote #idd3          
,livy1 i4 #ef4 #g2 ,dionysius           
,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4 iv4 #fh4 #a4
    ,footnote #ide3      ,livy1 i4 #cd4 
#b sq41 i4 #ch4 #a1 i4 #eg4 #f2         
,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1    ,ant4     
,rom4 iv4 #fd4    ,footnote #idf3       
,i owe to ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook ! int]e/+  
sugge/ion t ! d\ble    consul%ip 0 a    
revival ( a d\ble k+%ip4    ,footnote   

#idg3      ,z to ! ,regifugium see bel[1
 pp4 #cjh-caj4    ,footnote #idh3       
,pausanias1 iv4 #e4 #aj2 ,g4 ,gilb]t1   
,h&bu* d] grie*4    ,/aatsalt]?m]1 i4   
#bnd ,ed41 #abb sq4    ,footnote #idi3  
,! two supreme magi/rates :o replac$ !  
k+s 7 at fir/    call$ praetors4 ,see   
,livy1 iii4 #ee4 #ab2 ,b4 ,g4 ,niebuhr1 
,hi/ory (    ,rome1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #ebj  
sq42 ,?4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es ,/aatsre*t1  
ii4 #crd ,ed41 #gd sqq4 ,t ! p[] ( !    
fir/ consuls 01 )    ! limitations      
indicat$ 9 ! text1 t ( ! old k+s is     
fully    recognis$ by ,livy 7ii4 #a4 #g 
sq474    ,footnote #iej3      ,x 0 a    
disput$ po9t :e!r ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d 0 ! son
 or    gr&son ( ,t>qu9 ! ,eld]4 ,mo/    
writ]s1 & ,livy 7i4 #df4 #d7 among      
!m1 held t he 0 a son4 ,dionysius (     
,halic>nassus1 on ! o!r    h&1 argu$ t  
he mu/ h be5 a gr&son2 he insi/s /rongly
 on    ! *ronological difficulties to   
:i* ! ord9>y hypo!sis is    expos$ if   
,s]vius ,tullius reign$1 z he is said to
 h reign$1    =ty-f\r ye>s4 ,see        

,dionysius ,halic4 ,ant4 ,rom4 iv4 #f   
sq4    ,footnote #iea3      ,livy1 i4   
#dh4 #b2 ,dionysius ,halic4 ,ant4 ,rom4 
iv4 #ca sq4 & #df4    ,footnote #ieb3   
,livy1 i4 #ef2 ,dionysius ,halic4 ,ant4 
,rom4 iv4 #fg-fi1 #gg2 ,val]ius         
,maximus1 vii4 #c4 #b2 ,aurelius        
,victor1 ,de viris illu/ribus1 x4 ,!    
murd] ( ,brutus's fa!r & bro!r is       
record$ by ,dionysius2 !    o!r writ]s  
m5tion ! assass9ation ( 8 bro!r only4 ,!
    resemblance betwe5 ,brutus & ,hamlet
 has be5 po9t$ out be=e4 ,see    ,f4    
,york ,p[ell1 9 ,elton's translation (  
,saxo ,grammaticus's ,dani%    ,hi/ory  
7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #dje-daj4         
,footnote #iec3      ,d4 ,liv+/one1     
,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\?  
,africa1    pp4 #fag sq4 ,_m m examples 
are giv5 by ,a4 ,h4 ,po/1               
,afrikanis*e ,jurisprud5z 7,old5burg &  
,leipsic71 i4 #acd sqq4    ,footnote    
#ied3      ,d4 ,liv+/one1 op4 cit4 p4   
#dcd4    ,footnote #iee3      ,h4       
,hecqu>d1 ,reise an die ,k/e und 9 das  

,inn]e von ,we/-,afrika    7,leipsic1   
#ahed71 p4 #ajd4 ,?is & ! prec$+ example
 are cit$ by    ,a4 ,h4 ,po/1 l4c4      
,footnote #ief3      ,j4 ,a4 ,*i%olm1   
8,notes on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( !      
,w9amwanga    & ,wiwa10 ,j\rnal ( !     
,african ,society1 ,no4 #cf 7,july      
#aiaj71 p4    #chd4    ,footnote #ieg3  
,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91     
#aijf71 pp4 #ghd sq4    ,footnote #ieh3 
,sir ,william ,mac,gregor1 8,lagos1     
,abeokuta1 & ! ,alake10 ,j\rnal (    !  
,african ,society1 ,no4 #ab 7,july      
#aijd71 pp4 #dgj sq4    ,footnote #iei3 
,c4 ,p>tridge1 8,! ,burial ( ! ,atta (  
,ig>al&1 & !    #8,coronation' ( 8      
,successor10 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1     
,septemb]    #aijd1 pp4 #cbi sq4 ,mr4   
,p>tridge k9dly gave me "s details z to 
! election ( ! k+ 9 a lett] dat$ #bd?   
,octob] #aijd4 ,he is    ,assi/ant      
,di/rict ,commission] 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 
,footnote #ifj3      ,major ,p4 ,r4 ,t4 
,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1 #aijg71   
pp4 #ff-ge4    ,footnote #ifa3          

,livy1 i4 #ag2 ,cic]o1 ,de re publica1  
ii4 #ag4 #ca4    ,footnote #ifb3      ,z
 to ! nom9ation ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,sacr$      
,rites see ,livy1 xl4 #db2    ,dionysius
 ,halic4 ,ant4 ,rom4 v4 #a4 #d4 ,! latt]
 writ] says t !    augurs co-op]at$ ) ! 
pontiff 9 ! nom9ation4    ,footnote     
#ifc3      ,?4 ,momms51 ,rmis*es        
,/aatsre*t1 ii4 #crd ,ed41 #f-h2 ,a4 ,h4
 ,j4    ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1
 pp4 #de sqq4 ,mr4 ,gre5idge ?9ks    t !
 k+ 0 regul>ly nom9at$ by 8 pr$ecessor &
 only    occasionally by an int]im k+4  
,momms5 holds t he 0 always    nom9at$  
by ! latt]4    ,footnote #ifd3          
,comp>e ,lucretius1 v4 #aajh sqq43      
8,cond]e coep]unt urbis arcemque loc>e  
,praesidium reges ipsi sibi p]fugiumque1
                  ,et pecus atque agros 
divis]e atque d$]e                  ,pro
 facie cujusque et viribus +5ioque2     
,nam facies multum valuit viresque      
vig5tes40    ,footnote #ife3            
,nicolaus ,damasc5us1 9 ,/obaeus1       
,florilegium1 xliv4 #da 7,frag4         

,hi/or4 ,graec4 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4     
#dfc74 ,o!r writ]s say simply    t !    
talle/1 /ronge/1 or h&some/ man 0 *os5  
k+4 ,see    ,h]odotus1 iii4 #bj2        
,ari/otle1 ,politics1 iv4 #d2 ,a!naeus1 
xiii4 #bj1    p4 #eff c4    ,footnote   
#iff3      ,z5obius1 ,c5t4 v4 #be4      
,footnote #ifg3      ,j4 ,%oot]1 ,!     
,kafirs ( ,natal1 pp4 #d sq4 ,comp>e ,d4
 ,liv+/one1    ,mission>y ,travels &    
,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #ahf2 ,w4  
,max    ,mll]1 ,asi5 und ,europa        
7,leipsic1 #ahic71 p4 #aaj4    ,footnote
 #ifh3      ,z5obius1 ,c5t4 v4 #be4     
,footnote #ifi3      ,/rabo1 xi4 #ba1 p4
 #dib4    ,footnote #igj3               
,hippocrates1 ,de a]e locis et aquis    
7vol4 i4 pp4 #eej sq4 ed4    ,khn74     
,footnote #iga3      ,capta9 ,guy       
,burr[s1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,pigmies 7,london1  
#ahih71 p4 #ie4    ,speak+ ( ?is tribe1 
,em9 ,pa%a obs]ves3 8,! mo/ curi\s      
cu/om1    h[ev]1 & "o :i* is p>ticul>ly 
obs]v$ 9 ! rul+    families1 is b&ag+ ! 
heads ( infants4 ,by means ( ^!         

b&ages a l5g!n+ ( ! head along its      
horizontal axis is    produc$2 & :]eas !
 ord9>y ,monbutto p h r r\nd    heads1 !
 =m ( ! head 9 ! bett] classes %[s an   
extraord9>y increase 9 l5g?1 :i* c]ta9ly
 v well suits    _! /yle ( hair & (     
hats40 ,see ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral        
,africa1    be+ a ,collection ( ,lett]s 
& ,j\rnals 7,london1 #ahhh71 p4 #bab4   
,footnote #igb3      ,lewis & ,cl>k1    
,exp$ition to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri1 *4
 #bc1    vol4 ii4 #cbg sq4 7repr9t$ at  
,london1 #aije72 ,d4 ,w4 ,h>mon1 quot$  
by ,rev4 ,j4 ,morse1 ,report to !       
,secret>y ( ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    on 
,indian ,affairs 7,ne:av51 #ahbb71      
,app5dix1 p4 #cdf2 ,h4 ,r4              
,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 ii4 #cbe  
sq42 ,r4 ,c4 ,mayne1 ,f\r ,ye>s    9    
,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #bgg2 ,g4 ,m4     
,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies (    ,savage  
,life1 pp4 #bh-cj2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1    
,native ,races ( ! ,pacific    ,/ates1  
i4 #ahj4    ,footnote #igc3      ,c4    
,hill-,t\t1 ,! ,f> ,we/1 ! ,home ( !    

,sali% & ,dn 7,london1    #aijg71 p4    
#dj4 ,z to ! cu/om 9 g5]al among ^!     
tribes1 see    ibid4 pp4 #ch-da4 ,9     
,melanesia ! practice ( artificially    
l5g!n+ ! head into a cone by means (    
b&ages appli$ 9    infancy is obs]v$ by 
! natives ( ,malikolo 7,malekula7 9 !   
,new    ,hebrides & also by ! natives ( 
! s\? coa/ ( ,new ,brita91    f ,cape   
,roebuck to ,cape ,b$d]4 ,see ,beatrice 
,grim%aw1 ,f ,fiji to    ! ,cannibal    
,isl&s 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #beh-bfj2  
,r4 ,p>k9son1    ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d]  
,sdsee 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg71 pp4 #bjd-bjf4 
,footnote #igd3      ,v4 ,fric & ,p4    
,rad91 8,contributions to ! ,/udy ( !   
,bororo    ,indians10 ,j\rnal ( !       
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvi4       
7#aijf7    pp4 #chh sq4    ,footnote    
#ige3      ,see ,! ,spectator1 ,nos4 #ah
 & #bj4    ,footnote #igf3              
,nicolaus ,damasc5us1 9 ,/obaeus1       
,florilegium1 xliv4 #da 7,fragm5ta      
,hi/oric4 ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1    
iii4 #dfc74    ,footnote #igg3          

,simon ,grunau1 ,preussis*e ,*ronik1    
,tract4 ii4 cap4 iii4  #b1 p4 #ff1      
ed4 ,m4 ,p]lba*4 ,?is passage 0 po9t$   
out to me by ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4    ,*adwick4  
,footnote #igh3      ,pausanias1 v4 #a4 
#d1 vi4 #bj4 #i4    ,footnote #igi3     
,apollodorus1 ,epitoma1 ii4 #d-i1 ed4   
,r4 ,wagn] 7,apollodorus1    ,biblio!ca1
 ed4 ,r4 ,wagn]1 pp4 #ahc sq472         
,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4    #gc2         
,pausanias1 v4 #a4 #f sq41 v4 #aj4 #f   
sq41 v4 #ad4 #g1 v4 #ag4 #g    sq41 v4  
#bj4 #f sq41 vi4 #ba4 #g-aa4            
,footnote #ihj3      ,pausanias1 vi4    
#ba4 #c4    ,footnote #iha3             
,pausanias1 v4 #ac4 #a-f1 vi4 #bj4 #g4  
,footnote #ihb3      ,pausanias1 iii4   
#ab4 #a1 #bj4 #aj sq4    ,footnote #ihc3
      ,p9d>1 ,py?4 ix4 #aha-bbj1 ) !    
,s*olia4    ,footnote #ihd3      ,p9d>1 
,py?4 ix4 #aie sqq42 ,pausanias1 iii4   
#ab4 #b4    ,footnote #ihe3             
,apollodorus1 iii4 #i4 #b2 ,hyg9us1     
,fab4 #ahe2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #efj      
sqq4    ,footnote #ihf3      ,e4        

,s*uyl]1 ,turki/an 7,london1 #ahgf71 i4 
#db sq4 ,?is & ! f\r    foll[+ examples 
( ! bride-race h be5 already cit$ by ,j4
 ,f4    ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t   
,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahhf71 pp4 #ae sq41  
#aha-ahd4 ,he supposes !m to be relics (
 a cu/om ( captur+ wom5    f ano!r      
community4    ,footnote #ihg3      ,e4  
,d4 ,cl>ke1 ,travels 9 ,v>i\s ,c\ntries1
 i4 7,london1 #ahaj71 p4    #ccc4 ,9 !  
f\r? octavo edition ( ,cl>ke's ,travels 
7vol4 i41    ,london1 #ahaf71 f :i*     
,mc,lennan seems to h quot$1 !re are a  
few v]bal *anges4    ,footnote #ihh3    
,j4 ,mc,lennan1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahc sq41  
ref]r+ to ,k5nan's ,t5t    ,life 9      
,sib]ia 7#ahgj71 :i* ,i h n se54 ,comp>e
 ,w4 ,jo*elson1    8,! ,koryak0 7,leyd5 
& ,new ,york1 #aijh71 p4 #gdb 7,memoir (
 !    ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural       
,hi/ory1 ,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific       
,exp$ition1 vol4 vi474    ,footnote     
#ihi3      ,lett] ( ! mission>y ,big&et1
 dat$ ,m>* #ahdg1 9 ,annales de la      
,propagation de la ,foi1 xx4 7#ahdh7 p4 

#dca4 ,a simil> acc\nt ( !    c]emony is
 giv5 by ,m4 ,b\ri51 8,wild ,tribes ( ! 
,malay ,p59sula10    ,transactions ( !  
,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s4 
iii4 7#ahfe7    p4 #ha4 ,see fur!r ,w4  
,w4 ,skeat & ,c4,o4 ,blagd51 ,pagan     
,races ( !    ,malay ,p59sula 7,london1 
#aijf71 ii4 #fh1 #gg sq41 #gi sq41 #hb  
sq4    ,footnote #iij3      ,j4 ,cam]on1
 ,our ,tropical ,possessions 9 ,malayan 
,india 7,london1    #ahfe71 pp4 #aaf sq4
    ,footnote #iia3      ,dudley ,kidd1 
,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4
 #bai4    ,footnote #iib3      ,middle  
,high ,g]man brtl\f1 mod]n ,g]man       
,brautlauf1 ,anglo-,saxon    brydhlap1  
old ,norse brudhlaup1 mod]n ,norse      
bryllup4 ,see ,grimm1    ,deuts*es      
,wrt]bu*1 s4v4 8,brautlauf02 ,k4        
,we9hold1 ,deuts*e    ,frau51 #bnd ,ed41
 i4 #djg4 ,! latt] writ] supposes ! ^w  
to ref]    m]ely to ! procession f !    
h\se ( ! bride to ! h\se (    !         
bridegroom4 ,b ,grimm is mo/ probably "r
 9 hold+ t    orig9ally x appli$ to a   

real race = ! bride4 ,?is is ! view     
also ( ,k4 ,simrock 7,deuts*e           
,my?ologie1 #e? ,ed4 pp4 #eih sq474     
,ano!r writ] sees 9 x a trace ( m>riage 
by capture 7,l4 ,d>gun1    ,mutt]re*t   
und ,raubehe 7,breslau1 #ahhc71 p4      
#acj74 ,comp>e ,k4    ,s*midt1 ,jus     
primae noctis 7,freiburg i4 ,b4 #ahha71 
p4 #abi4    ,footnote #iic3      ,a4    
,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 
#ahdc71 p4 #ceh4    ,footnote #iid3     
,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-sitt5 und  
,gebru*e 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 pp4    #aej  
sq4    ,footnote #iie3      ,l5tn] &    
,dahn1 9 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde
 des ,knigrei*s    ,bay]n1 i4 7,muni*1  
#ahfj7 pp4 #cih sq4    ,footnote #iif3  
,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4     
#aec-aee 7,bohn's edition72 ,j4         
,jamieson1 ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti%      
,language1 s4v4 8,broose40    ,footnote 
#iig3      ,e4 ,h]rmann1 8b] ,li$] und  
,bru*e bei ,ho*zeit5 9 ,krnt510         
,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 xix4 7#ahia7 p4
 #afi4    ,footnote #iih3      ,nicolaus

 ,damasc5us1 quot$ by ,/obaeus1         
,florilegium1 xliv4 #da2    ,fragm5ta   
,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 
iii4 #deg4    ,footnote #iii3           
,/rabo1 v4 #d4 #ab1 p4 #bej4            
,footnote #ajjj3      ,ar?ur ,"y1 8,t\r 
9 ,irel&10 9 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages &      
,travels1    iii4 #hfj4    ,footnote    
#ajja3      ,mahabh>ata1 cond5s$ into   
,engli% by ,romes* ,dutt 7,london1      
#ahih71    pp4 #ae sqq42 ,j4 ,c4 ,oman1 
,! ,great ,indian ,epics1 pp4 #aji sqq4 
,footnote #ajjb3      ,j4 ,d4 ,mayne1 ,a
 ,treatise on ,h9du ,law & ,usage #crd  
,ed41 7,madras &    ,london1 #ahhc71 p4 
#ef2 ,! ,vikramnkadeva*>ita1 edit$ by   
,g4 ,bhl]    7,bombay1 #ahge71 pp4      
#ch-dj2 ,a4 ,holtzmann1 ,das ,mahbh>ata 
und se9e    ,!ile1 i4 7,kiel1 #ahie71   
pp4 #ba sq42 ,j4 ,jolly1 ,re*t und      
,sitte1    pp4 #ej sq4 79 ,g4 ,bhl]'s   
,grundriss d] indo-aris*5               
,philologie74    ,footnote #ajjc3       
,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo41 ,yule's    
translation1 #bnd ,ed41 bk4 iv4    *4   

#d1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dfa-dfc4    ,footnote 
#ajjd3      ,! ,lay ( ! ,nibelungs1     
translat$ by ,alice ,horton 7,london1   
#ahih71    ,adv5tures vi4 & vii4        
,footnote #ajje3      ,p>!nius1 ,n>rat4 
,amat4 vi4 ,?is passage 0 po9t$ out to  
me by    ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 :o has     
himself discuss$ ! conte/ = !    k+%ip4 
,see 8 article1 8,! ,european ,sky-god10
 ,folk-lore1 xv4    7#aijd7 pp4 #cgf    
sqq4    ,footnote #ajjf3      ,h]odotus1
 vi4 #abf-acj4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9   
?is & o!r (    ! examples cit$ above !  
succession to ! k+dom did n pass    ) ! 
h& ( ! pr9cess4    ,footnote #ajjg3     
,see above1 pp4 #fi1 #hd1 #ij sq4 ,^!   
cu/oms 7 obs]v$ at    ,:itsuntide1 n on 
,may ,day4 ,b ! ,:itsuntide k+ & que5   
are    obvi\sly equival5t to ! ,k+ &    
,que5 ( ,may4 ,h5ce ,i all[    myself to
 use ! latt] & m famili> titles s z to  
include !    =m]4    ,footnote #ajjh3   
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #fhe sqq42 ,plut>*1   
,quae/4 ,rom4 #fc2 ,j4    ,m>qu>dt1     
,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 #bnd ,ed41

 #cbc sq42 ,w4    ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman   
,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 pp4 
#cbg    sqq4    ,footnote #ajji3        
,ano!r propos$ explanation ( !          
regifugium is t ! k+ fl$    because at !
 sacrifice he _h incurr$ ! guilt ( slay+
 a sacr$    animal4 ,see ,w4 ,w>de      
,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( !  
,republic1 pp4 #cbh sqq4 ,! be/-kn[n    
example ( su* a ritual    flight is t ( 
! m5 :o slew ! ox at ! ,a!nian fe/ival (
    ! ,b\phonia4 ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1  
,second ,edition1 ii4 #bid4    ,among/ !
 ,pawnees ! f\r m5 :o assi/$ at !       
sacrifice ( a    girl to ,ti-ra'-wa us$ 
to run away v fa/ aft] ! de$ 0 done    &
 wa% !mselves 9 ! riv]4 ,see ,g4 ,b4    
,gr9nell1 ,pawnee ,h]o    ,/ories &     
,folk-,tales 7,new ,york1 #ahhi71 pp4   
#cfe sq4 ,among !    anci5t ,egyptians !
 man ^: duty x 0 to slit op5 a corpse = 
! purpose ( embalm+ x fl$ z soon z he _h
 done 8 "p1    pursu$ by all ! p]sons   
pres5t1 :o pelt$ him ) /ones &    curs$ 
him1 8turn+ z x 7 ! pollution on him2 = 

!y suppose    t any "o :o violates or   
w\nds or does any h>m to ! p]son (    a 
fell[-tribesman is hateful0 7,diodorus  
,siculus1 i4 #ia4 #d74 ,simil>ly    9 ! 
we/]n isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits ! man ^:  
duty x 0 to    decapitate a corpse = !  
purpose ( pres]v+ ! skull 0 %ot    at ) 
arr[s by ! relatives ( ! deceas$ z an   
expiation =    ! injury he _h done to ! 
corpse ( _! k9sman4 ,see ,reports (    !
 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition  
to ,torres ,/raits1 v4    7,cambridge1  
#aijd7 pp4 #bdi1 #bea4 ,?is explanation 
( ! regifugium    c]ta9ly des]ves to be 
consid]$4 ,b on ?is z on s _m o!r       
po9ts ( anci5t ritual we c h>dly hope   
ev] to atta9 to    c]ta9ty4    ,footnote
 #ajaj3      ,f4 ,cumont1 8,les ,actes  
de ,s4 ,dasius10 ,analecta ,boll&iana1  
xvi4    7#ahig7 pp4 #e-af4 ,see fur!r   
,messrs4 ,p>m5ti] & ,cumont1 8,le ,roi  
des ,saturnales10 ,revue de ,philologie1
 xxi4 7#ahig7 pp4 #adc-aec2 ,!    ,gold5
 ,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 iii4 #ach sqq4
 ,! tomb ( ,/4 ,dasius1    a ,*ri/ian   

soldi] :o 0 put to dea? at ,duro/orum 9 
#cjc ,a4,d4    aft] refus+ to play ! "p 
( ,saturn at ! fe/ival1 has s9ce    be5 
discov]$ at ,ancona4 ,a ,greek          
inscription on ! tomb records    t !    
m>tyr's rema9s 7 br\ght ?i!r f          
,duro/orum4 ,see ,f4    ,cumont1 8,le   
,tombeau de ,s4 ,dasius de ,duro/orum10 
,analecta    ,boll&iana1 xxvii4 7#aijh7 
pp4 #cfi-cgb4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,erh>d (    
,/rasburg1 :o has be5 engag$ = ye>s 9   
prep>+ an edition (    ! ,acta ,m>tyrum 
= ! ,b]l9 ,corpus ( ,greek ,fa!rs1 in=m$
    me 9 conv]sation at ,cambridge 9 !  
summ] ( #aiaj t he ranks    ! ,acts (   
,/4 ,dasius among ! au!ntic docum5ts (  
_! class4    ,! pla9 unv>ni%$ n>rative  
be>s inde$ ! /amp ( tru? on its    face4
    ,footnote #ajaa3      ,tacitus1     
,annals1 xiii4 #ae2 ,arrian1 ,epicteti  
diss]t4 i4 #be4 #h2    ,lucian1         
,saturnalia1 #d4    ,footnote #ajab3    
,z to ^! tempor>y k+s see ,! ,gold5     
,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1    ii4 #bd sqq4
    ,footnote #ajac3      ,v>ro1 ,r]um  

ru/ic>um1 iii4 #a4 #e2 ,virgil1 ,a54    
viii4 #cbd2    ,tibullus1 i4 #c4 #ce2   
,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #ai4  
,comp>e    ,wiss[a1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s  
,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1  
iv4 #dcc sq4    ,footnote #ajad3        
,on ,saturn z ! god ( s[+ & ! d]ivation 
( 8 "n f a    root mean+ 8to s[10 f :i* 
comes satus 8s[+10 see ,v>ro1    ,de    
l+ua ,lat9a1 v4 #fd2 ,fe/us1 s4v4       
8,opima spolia10 p4 #ahf1 ed4    ,c4 ,o4
 ,mll]2 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1    
vii4 #b1 #c4 #ac1 #ae2    ,wiss[a1 9 ,w4
 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4
 ,my?ologie1    iv4 #dbh4 ,! d]ivation  
is confirm$ by ! =m ,saeturnus :i*      
occurs 9 an inscription 7,saeturni      
pocolom1 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscript4        
,lat9ae selectae1 ,no4 #biff74 ,z to !  
,saturnalia see ,l4 ,prell]1    ,rmis*e 
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 ii4 #ae sqq42 ,j4
 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e    ,/aatsv]waltung1  
#bnd ,ed41 pp4 #ehf sqq42 ,dezobry1     
,rome au sicle    d',augu/e1 iii4 #adc  
sqq42 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals 

( !    ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 pp4 #bfh   
sqq4 ,! fe/ival 0 held f !    sev5te5?  
to ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,decemb]4 ,i =m]ly    
argu$ t 9    ! old days1 :5 ! ,roman ye>
 began ) ,m>* in/ead ( )    ,janu>y1 !  
,saturnalia may h be5 held f ! sev5te5? 
to !    tw5ty-?ird ( ,febru>y1 9 :i*    
case ! fe/ival mu/ h    imm$iately      
prec$$ ! ,flight ( ! ,k+1 :i* fell on   
,febru>y    ! tw5ty-f\r?4 ,see ,! ,gold5
 ,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 iii4 #add     
sqq42 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( !  
,k+%ip1 p4 #bff4 ,b    ?is attempt to   
br+ ! anci5t ,saturnalia into imm$iate  
juxtaposition to ! ,k+'s ,flight breaks 
d[n :5 we obs]ve1 z my    fri5d ,mr4 ,w4
 ,w>de ,f[l] has po9t$ out to me1 t !   
,saturnalia    fell 9 ,decemb] "u !     
,republic1 long be=e ,caes>1 9 8 re=m   
( ! cal5d>1 _h %ift$ ! comm5cem5t ( !   
ye> f ,m>*    to ,janu>y4 ,see ,livy1   
xxii4 #a4 #ai sq4    ,footnote #ajae3   
,roman f>m]s s[$ :eat1 spelt1 & b>ley 9 
,decemb]1 flax up to    ! sev5? ( t     
mon?1 & beans up to ! elev5? 7! fe/ival 

( ,septimontium74 ,see ,palladius1 ,de  
re ru/ica1 xiii4 #a4 ,9 !    l[l&s (    
,sicily at ! pres5t day ,novemb] &      
,decemb] are !    mon?s ( s[+1 b 9 !    
highl&s ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,see ,g4    
,pitr1 ,usi e co/umi1 cr$5ze e          
pregiudizi del popolo siciliano1    iii4
 7,pal]mo1 #ahhi7 pp4 #acb sqq4 ,h5ce we
 may suppose t 9 !    ,roman ,campagna (
 old ! la/ s[+ ( autumn 0 ov] be=e !    
middle ( ,decemb]1 :5 ! ,saturnalia     
began4    ,footnote #ajaf3      ,?is    
tempor>y lib]ty accord$ to slaves 0 "o (
 ! mo/    rem>kable features ( !        
,saturnalia & k9dr$ fe/ivals 9          
antiquity4 ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,second
 ,edition1 iii4 #aci sqq4    ,footnote  
#ajag3      ,! le>n$ ,swiss s*ol>1 ,j4  
,j4 ,ba*(5 long ago drew out 9 m9ute    
detail ! p>allel betwe5 ^! bir? leg5ds (
 ! ,roman k+s &    lic5ti\s fe/ivals l !
 ,roman ,saturnalia & ! ,babylonian     
,sacaea4 ,see 8 book ,die ,sage von     
,tanaquil 7,heidelb]g1 #ahgj71 pp4      
#acc sqq4 ,to be frank1 ,i h n _h !     

pati5ce to read ?r\gh    8 long         
diss]tation4    ,footnote #ajah3        
,livy1 i4 #af2 ,dionysius ,halic4 ,ant4 
,rom4 ii4 #ef2 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1       
#bg2 ,florus1 i4 #a4 #af sq4 ,see above1
 pp4 #aha sq4    ,footnote #ajai3       
,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 vi4 #ah2        
,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bi2 id41            
,camillus1 #cc2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 
#aa4 #cf-dj4 ,! analogy ( ?is    fe/ival
 to ! ,babylonian ,sacaea 0 long ago    
po9t$ out by ,j4 ,j4    ,ba*(54 ,see 8  
book ,die ,sage von ,tanaquil           
7,heidelb]g1 #ahgj71 pp4    #agb sqq4   
,footnote #ajbj3      ,ari/otle1 ,hi/4  
anim4 v4 #cb1 p4 #eeg;b1 ed4 ,bekk]2    
,!ophra/us1    ,hi/4 ,plant4 ii4 #h2    
id41 ,de causis plant>um1 ii4 #i2       
,plut>*1    ,quae/4 conviv4 vii4 #b4 #b2
 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xv4 #gi-ha1 xvi4    
#aad1    xvii4 #bef2 ,palladius1 iv4    
#aj4 #bh1 vii4 #e4 #b2 ,columella1 xi4  
#b4 #ef2    ,geoponica1 iii4 #f1 x4 #dh4
 ,z to ! practice 9 mod]n ,greece &    !
 fig-gr[+ di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or1 see   

,p4 de ,t\rne=t1    ,relation d'un      
voyage du ,levant 7,am/]dam1 #agah71 i4 
#acj2 ,w4 ,r4    ,paton1 8,! ,ph>makoi &
 ! ,/ory ( ! ,fall10 ,revue             
ar*ologique1 ,,ivme ,srie1 ix4 7#aijg7  
p4 #ea4 ,= an elaborate    exam9ation ( 
! process & its relation to !           
dome/ication &    spread ( ! fig-tree1  
see ,graf zu ,solms-,lauba*1 8,die      
,h]kunft1    ,dome/ication und          
,v]breitung des gewhnli*5 ,feig5baums   
7,ficus    ,c>ica1 ,l4710 ,abh&lung5 d] 
,knigli*5 ,gesells*aft d]               
,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 xxviii4 7#ahhb7 
pp4 #a-ajf4 ,?is la/    writ] ?9ks t !  
op]ation 0 n practis$ by ,italian       
husb&m51 because x is n m5tion$ by ,cato
 & ,v>ro4 ,b _!    sil5ce c h>dly       
outweigh ! express m5tion &             
recomm5dation (    x by ,palladius &    
,columella4 ,!ophra/us1 x is true1 says 
t !    process 0 n 9 use 9 ,italy 7,hi/4
 ,plant>um1 ii4 #h4 #a71 b he    c      
sc>cely h _h exact in=mation on ?is     
subject4    ,caprificatio1 z ?is        

artificial f]tilisation ( fig-trees is  
call$1 is /ill employ$ by ! ,neapolitan 
peasantry1 ?\gh x seems    to be unkn[n 
9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,pl9y's acc\nt has no  
indep5d5t    value1 z he m]ely copies f 
,!ophra/us4 ,! "n 8goat-fig0            
7caprificus7 appli$ to ! wild fig-tree  
may be d]iv$ f !    notion t ! tree is a
 male :o m\nts ! female z ! he-goat     
m\nts ! %e-goat4 ,simil>ly ! ,mess5ians 
call$ ! tree simply    8he-goat0 774    
,see ,pausanias1 iv4 #bj4 #a-c4         
,footnote #ajba3      ,g4 ,pitr1 ,usi e 
co/umi1 cr$5ze e pregiudizi del popolo  
siciliano1    iii4 #aac4    ,footnote   
#ajbb3      ,budgett ,meak91 ,! ,moors  
7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #beh2 ,e4 ,d\tt1   
,magie    et religion dans l',afrique du
 ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 p4 #efh4       
,footnote #ajbc3      ,a4 ,engl]1 9 ,v4 
,hehn's ,kulturpflanz5 und ,hau/hi]e1   
#g? ,ed41    7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #ii4    
,comp>e ,graf zu ,solms-,lauba*1 op4    
cit42    ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4   
8,fig-tree10 vol4 iv4 #aeai4 ,!         

anci5ts 7 well aw>e ( ! production ( ^! 
insects 9 !    wild fig-tree & _!       
transf]5ce to ! cultivat$ fig-tree4     
,sometimes in/ead ( f]tilis+ ! trees by 
h& !y cont5t$    !mselves ) plant+ wild 
fig-trees ne> cultivat$ fig-trees1 s    
t ! f]tilisation 0 effect$ by ! w9d1 :i*
 blew !    insects f ! male to ! female 
trees4 ,see ,ari/otle1 l4c42            
,!ophra/us1 ,de causis plant>um1 ii4 #i2
 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xv4    #gi-ha2      
,palladius1 iv4 #aj4 #bh4 ,on subject ( 
! f]tilisation ( !    fig ! late        
,pr(essor ,h4 ,m>%all ,w>d ( ,cambridge 
k9dly furni%$    me ) ! foll[+ note1 :i*
 w s]ve to supplem5t & correct    !     
brief acc\nt 9 ! text3--8,! fig is a    
holl[ case full (    fl[]s4 ,9 ! wild   
fig a small gall wasp 7,cynips ps5es7   
lays its    eggs3 ?is k9d ( fig is /ill 
call$ ,caprificus4 ,! eggs hat* 9    !  
female fl[]s at ! base ( ! holl[ fig3 at
 ! top1 ne> !    o/iole obs]vable on any
 ripe fig1 are ! male fl[]s4 ,:5 !      
eggs hat*1 & ! little insects creep     

?r\gh ! o/iole1 ! male    fl[]s du/ !   
wasp ) poll51 & ! insect flies to ano!r 
fl[] 7to lay its eggs71 & s f]tilises _m
 ( ! female fl[]s    9 return = ! nurs]y
 af=d$ its eggs4 ,n[1 ! cultivat$ fig   
is apt to be b>r5 ( male fl[]s4 ,h5ce ! 
hang+ ( bran*es    be>+ wild figs       
enables ! escap+ wasps to d ! trick4 ,! 
anci5ts knew ! fact t ! prop9quity ( !  
,caprificus help$    ! f]tility ( !     
cultivat$ fig1 b1 ( c\rse1 !y did n "k  
! details ( ! process4 ,! fur!r         
complexities are1 *iefly1    t ! fig    
be>s two k9ds ( female fl[]s3 "o        
especially fitt$    = ! wasp's          
conv5i5ce1 ! o!r n4 ,! ,caprificus figs 
are    in$ible4 ,9 ,naples ?ree crops ( 
!m are borne e ye>1 viz4    ,mamme 79   
,april71 ,pr(i*i 79 ,june71 & ,mammoni  
79 ,augu/74    ,x is ! ,june crop t be>s
 mo/ male fl[]s & is mo/ useful40    ,! 
sugge/ion t ! fe/ival ( ! sev5? ( ,july 
0 connect$    ) ?is horticultural       
op]ation is due to ,l4 ,prell] 7,rmis*e 
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #bhg74        

,footnote #ajbd3      ,see above1 pp4   
#bd sq4    ,footnote #ajbe3      #a ,k+s
 iv4 #be2 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ca2 ,isaiah   
xxxvi4 #af2 ,micah iv4 #d2    ,ze*>iah  
iii4 #aj2 ,judges ix4 #aj sq42 ,h4 ,b4  
,tri/ram1 ,! ,natural    ,hi/ory ( !    
,bible #i? ,ed4 7,london1 #ahih71 pp4   
#cej sqq42    ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1   
s4v4 8,fig ,tree10 vol4 ii4 #aeai sq4   
,footnote #ajbf3      ,h]odotus1 i4 #ga4
    ,footnote #ajbg3      ,zama*s*>1    
cit$ by ,graf zu ,solms-,lauba*1 op4    
cit4 p4 #hb4 ,=    m evid5ce z to ! fig 
9 antiquity see ,v4 ,hehn1              
,kulturpflanz5    und ,hau/hi]e1 #g?    
,ed41 pp4 #id sqq4    ,footnote #ajbh3  
,lett] ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley to me1    
dat$ ,nairobi1 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1    
,july #bg?1 #aiaj4 ,?is int]e/+         
in=mation 0 giv5 spontane\sly    & n 9  
answ] to any que/ions ( m9e4            
,footnote #ajbi3      ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1  
,! ,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba & o!r ,ea/     
,african ,tribes    7,cambridge1 #aiaj71
 pp4 #he1 #hi sq4 ,9 ,briti% ,c5tral    

,africa 8e    village has its           
#8pray]-tree1' "u :i* ! sacrifices are  
(f]$4    ,x /&s 7usually7 9 ! bwalo1 !  
op5 space :i* ,mr4 ,macdonald    calls !
 #8=um1' & is1 sometimes1 at any rate1 a
 wild fig-tree40    8,?is is ! pr9cipal 
tree us$ = mak+ b>k-clo?4 ,liv+/one     
says1 #8,x is a sacr$ tree all ov]      
,africa & ,india'2 & ,i le>n    f ,m4   
,augu/e ,*evali] t x is f\nd 9 e village
 ( ,s5egal    & ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 & look$ on
 z #8a feti*-tree'0 7,miss ,a4 ,w]n]1   
,! ,natives ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1  
pp4 #fb sq474    ,footnote #ajcj3       
,f ! unpubli%$ pap]s ( ! ,rev4 ,john    
,roscoe1 :i* he has    k9dly plac$ at my
 disposal4    ,footnote #ajca3          
,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 v4 #ed2 ,livy1  
i4 #d4 #e2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4    #daa    
sq42 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xv4 #gg2 ,fe/us1
 pp4 #bff1 #bgj1 #bga1 ed4    ,c4 ,o4   
,mll]2 ,tacitus1 ,annals1 xiii4 #eh2    
,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54    viii4 #ij2  
,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #d2 id41 ,quae/iones 
,romanae1 #eg2    ,dionysius            

,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquitates ,romanae1 
iii4 #ga4 #e4 ,all !    ,roman writ]s   
speak ( ! tree z a cultivat$ fig        
7ficus71 n a    wild fig 7caprificus71 &
 ,dionysius agrees ) !m4 ,plut>*        
alone 7,romulus1 #d7 describes x z a    
wild fig-tree 774 ,see    also above1 p4
 #aj4    ,footnote #ajcb3      ,fe/us1  
p4 #bff1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,ettore     
,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds (    ,roman      
,hi/ory 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #ee sqq4  
,fe/us inde$ treats !    d]ivation z an 
absurdity1 & _m p w be incl9$ to agree  
) him4    ,footnote #ajcc3      ,on !   
fif? ( ,july a c]emony call$ ! ,flight (
 ! ,p 0    p]=m$ at ,rome4 ,"s anci5t   
writ]s ?\ght t x commemorat$    !       
disp]sal ( ! p aft] ! disappe>ance (    
,romulus4 ,b    ?is is to confuse !     
dates2 =1 accord+ to tradition1 ! dea?  
( ,romulus took place on ! sev5?1 n !   
fif? ( ,july1 &    !re=e aft] in/ead (  
be=e ! ,flight ( ! ,p4 ,see ,v>ro1      
,de l+ua ,lat9a1 vi4 #ah2 ,macrobius1   
,sat4 iii4 #b4 #ad2 ,dionysius          

,halic>n4 ,ant4 ,rom4 ii4 #ef4 #e2      
,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bi2 id41            
,camillus1 #cc2 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman 
,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( !    ,republic1  
pp4 #agd sqq4 ,mr4 ,w>de ,f[l] may be "r
 9 ?9k+    t "s connexion p]haps exi/$  
betwe5 ! c]emonies ( ! two    days1 !   
fif? & ! sev5?2 & ,i agree ) 8 sugge/ion
 t    8! /ory itself ( ! dea? ( ,romulus
 _h gr[n out ( "s    religi\s rite p]=m$
 at ?is "t ( ye>40 ,i note z a curi\s   
co9cid5ce1 = x c h>dly be m1 t at ,bodm9
 9 ,cornwall a    fe/ival 0 held on !   
sev5? ( ,july1 :5 a ,"l ( ,misrule 0    
appo9t$1 :o tri$ p = imag9>y crimes &   
s5t5c$ !m to    be duck$ 9 a quagmire   
call$ ,halgav]1 :i* is expla9$ to mean  
8! goat's moor40 ,see ,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton 
,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul>    ,cu/oms1 p4    
#cci4 ,! 8goat's moor0 is an odd e*o ( !
 8goat's    m>%0 at :i* ,romulus        
disappe>$ on ! same day ( ! ye> 7,livy1 
i4 #af4 #a2 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bi2 id41
 ,camillus1 #cc74    ,footnote #ajcd3   
,livy1 i4 #ad4 #a sq42 ,dionysius       

,halic>n4 ,ant4 ,rom4 ii4 #eb4 #c2      
,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bc4    ,footnote    
#ajce3      ,dionysius ,halic>n4 ,ant4  
,rom4 iii4 #ce2 ,zon>as1 ,annales1 vii4 
#f4    ,z to 8 report$ dea? by lightn+1 
see above1 p4 #aha4    ,footnote #ajcf3 
,plut>*1 ,numa1 #bb4 ,i h prun$ !       
luxuriant p]iods 9 :i*    ,plut>*       
dwells1 ) edify+ unction1 on ! righte\s 
visitation (    ,god :i* ov]took t e>ly 
agno/ic ,tullus ,ho/ilius4    ,footnote 
#ajcg3      ,aurelius ,victor1 ,de viris
 illu/ribus1 v4 #e4    ,footnote #ajch3 
,livy1 i4 #dj2 ,dionysius ,halic>n4     
,ant4 ,rom4 iii4 #gc4    ,footnote      
#ajci3      ,livy1 i4 #dh2 ,dionysius   
,halic>n4 ,ant4 ,rom4 iv4 #ch sq42      
,sol9us1 i4    #be4 ,! read+ ,virbium   
clivum 78! slope ( ,virbius07 occurs    
only    9 ! m rec5t manuscripts ( ,livy3
 ! bett]-atte/$ read+    bo? ( ,livy &  
,sol9us is ,urbium4 ,b ! obscure        
,virbium w\ld    easily & naturally be  
alt]$ into ,urbium1 :]eas ! rev]se      
*ange is v improbable4 ,see ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4

 ,cook1 9 ,classical ,review1    xvi4   
7#aijb7 p4 #chj1 note #c4 ,9 ?is passage
 ,mr4 ,cook 0 ! fir/ to    call att5tion
 to ! analogy betwe5 ! murd] ( !        
slave-born    k+1 ,s]vius ,tullius1 & ! 
slaught] ( ! slave-k+ by 8    successor 
at ,nemi4 ,z to ! oak-woods ( !         
,esquil9e see above1 p4    #ahe4        
,footnote #ajdj3      ,nicolaus         
,damasc5us1 9 ,/obaeus1 ,florilegium1 x4
 #gj4 ,fragm5ta    ,hi/oricorum         
,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 #deg4   
,footnote #ajda3      ,h4 ,jordan1 ,die 
,knige im alt5 ,itali5 7,b]l91 #ahhg71  
pp4 #dd sq4    ,9 ?is 8 la/ "w ,jordan  
argues t ! ,umbrian practice1    comb9$ 
) ! rule ( ! ,arician prie/hood1 ?r[s   
light on !    exi/5ce & nature ( ! k+%ip
 among ! anci5t ,lat9s4 ,on ?is         
subject ,i am happy to be at "o ) s     
le>n$ & judici\s a    s*ol>4            
,footnote #ajdb3      ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett1  
,at ! ,back ( ! ,black ,man's ,m9d      
7,london1 #aijf71    pp4 #aa sq41 #aaa1 
#aca sq41 #ace4 ,! ^w translat$ 8sacr$  

gr\nd0    7xibila1 plural bibila7 means 
prop]ly 8sacr$ grove40 ,su*    8sacr$   
groves0 are common 9 ?is "p ( ,africa1 b
 9 ! 8sacr$    grove0 ( ! k+ ( ,loango !
 tree beside :i* ! mon>* takes    po/ to
 fight = ! cr[n appe>s to /& solit>y 9 a
 grassy    pla94 ,see ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett1  
op4 cit4 pp4 #aa sq41 #be1 #if sqq41    
#aaj    sqq4 ,we h se5 t ! "r (         
succession to ! ?rone (    ,loango      
desc5ds 9 ! female l9e 7above1 pp4 #bgf 
sq471 :i*    furni%es ano!r po9t (      
resemblance betwe5 ,loango & ,rome1 if  
my    !ory ( ! ,roman k+%ip is correct4 
,footnote #ajdc3      ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1   
,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 #ecj4 ,my     
au?ority is !    ,rev4 ,john ,roscoe1   
=m]ly ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society 9   
,ug&a4    ,footnote #ajdd3      ,memoirs
 ( ,samuel ,pepys1 edit$ by ,ri*>d1 ,"l 
,braybrooke1 ,second    ,edition        
7,london1 #ahbh71 i4 #aic sq4 7"u ,april
 #bcrd1 #affa74                         
,,*apt] ,,xix                           
,,/4 ,,george ,,& ,,! ,,p>ilia          

,sid5ote3 ,! e>ly ,italians 7 z mu* a   
pa/oral z an agricultural  p1 & _! k+s  
w\ld be expect$ to ensure ! safety &    
fecundity ( ! flocks & h]ds4 ,9 ! c\rse 
( ! prec$+  inve/igation we f\nd reason 
to assume t ! old ,lat9 k+s1 l  _!      
bre?r5 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 7 *>g$ ) c]ta9 
religi\s duties or magical functions1   
among/ :i* ! ma9t5ance (  ! f]tility ( !
 e>? held a pr9cipal place4 ,by ?is ,i d
 n mean  t !y _h to see to x only t !   
ra9 fell1 & t ! corn  grew & trees put  
=? _! fruit 9 due season4 ,9 ^? e>ly    
days  x is probable t ! ,italians 7 q z 
mu* a pa/oral z an  agricultural p1 or1 
9 o!r words1 t !y dep5d$ = _!  subsi/5ce
 no less on _! flocks & h]ds ?an on _!  
fields &  or*>ds4 ,to provide _! cattle 
) grass & wat]1 to ensure _!  fecundity 
& ! abundance ( _! milk1 & to gu>d !m f 
!  depr$ations ( wild bea/s1 w\ld be    
objects ( ! fir/ importance  ) ! %eph]ds
 & h]dsm5 :o1 accord+ to tradition1     
f\nd$  ,rome2#ajde & ! k+1 z !          
repres5tative or embodim5t ( !  deity1  

w\ld be expect$ to d 8 "p t[>ds procur+ 
^!  bless+s = 8 p by ! p]=mance ( sacr$ 
rites4 ,! ,greeks  ( ! ,hom]ic age1 z we
 h se51 ?\ght t ! reign ( a good  k+ n  
only made ! l& to be> :eat & b>ley1 b   
also caus$  ! flocks to multiply & ! sea
 to yield fi%4#ajdf    ,sid5ote3 ,numa  
is said to h be5 born & ,rome to h be5  
f\nd$  on ! %eph]ds' fe/ival ( !        
,p>ilia1 ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,april4  ,9 ?is 
connexion1 accord+ly1 x c be no m]e     
accid5t t ,rome is  said to h be5 f\nd$ 
& ! pi\s k+ ,numa to h be5 born on  !   
tw5ty-fir/ ( ,april1 ! day ( ! great    
%eph]ds' fe/ival (  ! ,p>ilia4#ajdg ,x  
is v unlikely t ! real day ei!r ( !     
f\ndation ( ! city or ( ,numa's bir?    
%\ld h be5 rememb]$1  ev5 if we suppose 
,numa to h be5 an hi/orical p]sonage r  
?an  a my?ical type2 x is f> m probable 
t bo? ev5ts 7  arbitr>ily assign$ to ?is
 date by ! speculative antiqu>ies ( a   
lat] age on ! gr\nd ( "s assum$ fitness 
or propriety4 ,9 :at  did ?is fitness or
 propriety consi/8 ,! belief t ! fir/   

,romans  7 %eph]ds & h]dsm5 w\ld be     
reason en\gh = suppos+ t  ,rome 0 f\nd$ 
on ! day ( ! %eph]ds' fe/ival1 or ev5 t 
!  fe/ival 0 in/itut$ to commemorate !  
ev5t4#ajdh ,b :y %\ld  ,numa be ?\ght to
 h be5 born on t day ( all days8 ,p]haps
 x  0 because ! old sacr$ k+s1 ( :om he 
0 ! model1 _h to play  an important "p 9
 ! c]emonies ( ! day4 ,! bir?days ( !   
gods 7 celebrat$ by fe/ivals2#ajdi ! k+s
 7 div9e or  semi-div9e2 x w\ld be      
natural1 !re=e1 t _! bir?days %\ld  be  
id5tifi$ ) high fea/s & holidays4 ,:e!r 
?is 0 s or n1  ! fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia    
pres5ts s _m po9ts ( resemblance to  "s 
( ! popul> cu/oms discuss$ 9 ^! volumes 
t a brief  exam9ation ( x may n be      
inappropriate 9 ?is place4#ajej         
,sid5ote3 ,! ,p>ilia1 a fe/ival         
celebrat$ by %eph]ds & h]dsm5  9 hon\r (
 ,pales1 = ! safety & increase ( _!     
flocks &  h]ds4 ,! spr+ fe/ival ( !     
tw5ty-fir/ ( ,april1 kn[n z !  bir?day (
 ,rome1#ajea 0 deem$ second 9 importance
 to none 9 !  cal5d>4#ajeb ,x 0 held by 

%eph]ds & h]dsm5 = ! welf>e  & increase 
( _! flocks & h]ds4#ajec ,! pa/oral     
deity to :om  !y paid _! devotions 0    
,pales1 z to ^: sex ! anci5ts  !mselves 
7 n at "o4 ,9 lat] times !y commonly    
spoke ( h] z  a goddess2 b ,v>ro reg>d$ 
,pales z mascul9e1#ajed & we may  foll[ 
8 high au?ority4 ,! day 0 celebrat$ )   
simil> rites  bo? 9 ! t[n & ! c\ntry1 b 
9 its orig9 x mu/ h be5 a  /rictly rural
 fe/ival4 ,inde$1 x c\ld h>dly be c>ri$ 
out 9 full  except among ! %eepfolds &  
cattle-p5s4 ,at "s "t ( ! day1  probably
 9 ! morn+1 ! p repair$ to ! temple (   
,ve/a1  :]e !y receiv$ f ! ,ve/al       
,virg9s a%es1 blood1 & bean-/raw  to be 
us$ 9 fumigat+ !mselves & probably _!   
bea/s4 ,! a%es  7 ^? ( ! unborn calves  
:i* _h be5 torn f _! mo!rs'  wombs on ! 
fifte5? ( ,april2 ! blood 0 t :i* _h    
dripp$  f ! tail ( a horse sacrific$ 9  
,octob]4#ajee ,bo? 7 probably  suppos$  
to ex]cise a f]tilis+ z well z a cleans+
 influ5ce on  ! p & on ! cattle2#ajef = 
app>5tly "o effect ( !  c]emonies1 9 !  

popul> op9ion1 0 to quick5 ! wombs (    
wom5 no  less ?an ( c[s & ewes4#ajeg ,at
 break ( day ! %eph]d purifi$  8 %eep1  
aft] spr9kl+ & sweep+ ! gr\nd4 ,! fold 0
 deck$  ) leafy b\ghs1 & a great wrea? 0
 hung on ! door4#ajeh ,!  purification (
 ! flocks app>5tly consi/$ 9 driv+ !m   
ov]  burn+ heaps ( grass1 p9e-wood1     
laurel1 & bran*es ( ! male              
olive-tree4#ajei ,c]ta9ly at "s "t (    
,sid5ote3 ,! flocks  purifi$ by be+     
driv5 ?r\gh fire4 ! day ! %eep 7        
compell$  to scamp] ov] a fire4#ajfj    
,moreov]1 ! bleat+ flocks 7 t\*$  )     
burn+ sulphur & fumigat$ ) its blue     
smoke4#ajfa ,!n !  %eph]d (f]$ to ,pales
 baskets ( millet1 cakes ( millet1 &    
pails  ( w>m milk4 ,next he pray$ to !  
god t he w\ld gu>d ! fold  f ! evil     
p[]s1 includ+ probably wit*craft2#ajfb t
 !  flocks1 ! m51 & ! dogs might be hale
 & free f disease2 t  ! %eep might n    
fall a prey to wolves2 t grass & leaves 
might  ab\nd2 t wat] might be pl5tiful2 
t ! udd]s ( ! dams might  be full (     

milk2 t ! rams might be lu/y1 & ! ewes  
prolific2  t _m lambs might be born2 & t
 !re might be mu* wool at  %e>+4#ajfc   
,?is pray] ! %eph]d _h to repeat f\r    
times1  look+ to ! ea/2 !n he wa%$ 8 h&s
 9 ! morn+ dew4 ,aft]  t he drank a b[l 
( milk & w9e1 &1 w>m$ ) ! liquor1  leap$
 ev] burn+ heaps ( crackl+ /raw4 ,?is   
practice ( jump+  ov] a /raw fire w\ld  
seem to h be5 a pr9cipal "p ( !         
c]emonies3 at lea/ x /ruck ! anci5ts    
!mselves1 = !y (t5  ref] to x4#ajfd     
,sid5ote3 ,! %eph]d's pray]4 ,! %eph]d's
 pray] at ! ,p>ilia  is in/ructive1     
because x gives u 9 %ort a view ( ! *ief
 wants  ( ,sid5ote3 ,! %eph]d has to    
propitiate ! tree-spirits &             
wat]-spirits4 ! pa/oral life4 ,!        
supplication = grass & leaves  & wat]   
rem9ds u t ! h]dsman no less ?an !      
husb&man  dep5ds ultimately on          
vegetation & ra92 s t ! same div9e  p[]s
 :i* cov] ! fields ( ! "o ) yell[ corn  
may be  conceiv$ to c>pet ! mead[s ( !  
o!r ) gre5 grass1 & to  div]sify !m )   

pools & riv]s = ! refre%m5t ( ! ?ir/y   
cattle4 ,& x is to be borne 9 m9d t 9   
c\ntries :]e grass is  less pl5tiful ?an
 "u ! ra9y skies ( nor!rn ,europe1 %eep1
  goats1 & cattle /ill subsi/ 9 great   
measure on ! leaves & juicy  twigs (    
trees4#ajfe ,h5ce 9 ^! l&s ! pi\s %eph]d
 &  goa!rd _c af=d to ignore or to (f5d 
! tree-spirits1 on ^:  fav\r & b\nty 8  
flocks are dep5d5t = mu* ( _! fodd]4    
,inde$1 at ! ,p>ilia ! %eph]d made      
elaborate excuses to ^!  div9e be+s =   
any trespass he might unwitt+ly h       
committ$ on  _! hall[$ doma9 by ent]+ a 
sacr$ grove1 sitt+ 9 ! %ad[  ( a holy   
tree1 or lopp+ leafy bran*es f x ) :i*  
to fe$ a  sickly %eep4#ajff ,9 l mann]  
he crav$ p>don ( ! wat]-nymphs1  if !   
ho(s ( 8 cattle _h /irr$ up ! mud 9 _!  
cle> pools2  & he implor$ ,pales to     
int]c$e = him ) ! div9ities (  spr+s 8& 
! gods disp]s$ ?r\gh e woodl&           
glade40#ajfg    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,p>ilia 0  
p]haps ! "t :5 ! flocks & h]ds  7 turn$ 
out = ! fir/ "t 9 spr+ to graze 9 ! op54

 ,!  ,p>ilia 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be ! 
be/ "t = c\pl+ !  rams & ! ewes2#ajfh & 
x has be5 sugge/$ t x 0 also !  season  
:5 ! flocks & h]ds1 aft] be+ fold$ &    
/all$  ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 7 turn$ out = !  
fir/ "t to pa/ure 9  spr+4#ajfi ,!      
occasion is an anxi\s "o = ! %eph]d1    
especially 9 c\ntries :i* are infe/$ )  
wolves1 z anci5t ,italy  04#ajgj        
,accord+ly ! ,italian %eph]d propitiat$ 
,pales ) a  slaught]$ victim be=e he    
drove 8 flocks afield 9 spr+2#ajga  b x 
is d\btful :e!r ?is sacrifice =m$ "p ( !
 ,p>ilia4  ,none ( ! anci5t au?ors :o   
expressly describe ! ,p>ilia m5tion  !  
slaught] ( a victim2 & 9 ,plut>*'s day a
 tradition ran t (  old no blood 0 %$ at
 ! fe/ival4#ajgb ,b su* a tradition     
seems  to po9t to a contr>y practice 9  
aft]-times4 ,9 ! abs5ce (  decisive     
evid5ce ! "q mu/ be left op52 b mod]n   
analogy1 z  we %all see1 /rongly        
supports ! op9ion t imm$iately at !     
close ( ! ,p>ilia ! flocks & h]ds 7     
driv5 out to graze 9  ! op5 pa/ures = ! 

fir/ "t aft] _! long w9t]  conf9em5t4   
,on ?is view a special significance is  
se5 to atta* to  "s ( ! features ( !    
fe/ival1 su* z ! pray] = protection     
aga9/ ! wolf2 = ! brute c\ld h>dly d !  
%eep & k9e mu*  h>m s long z !y 7 safely
 p5t )9 ! walls ( ! %eepcote  & !       
cattle-/all4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,roman k+s 
_h p]haps to dis*>ge "s important       
religi\s function at ! ,p>ilia4 ,z !    
,p>ilia is said to h be5  celebrat$ by  
,romulus1 :o sacrific$ to ! gods & caus$
 ! p  to purify !mselves by leap+ ov]   
flames1#ajgc "s s*ol>s h  inf]r$ t x 0  
cu/om>y = ! k+1 & aft]w>ds = 8          
successor1 ! *ief pontiff1 or ! ,k+ ( ! 
,sacr$ ,rites1 to (f]  sacrifices = ! p 
at ! ,p>ilia4#ajgd ,! inf]5ce is        
reasonable & receives "s confirmation1 z
 we %all see pres5tly1  f ! analogy (   
mod]n cu/om4 ,fur!r1 ! tradition t ,numa
 0  born on ! day ( ! ,p>ilia may be    
?\ght to po9t 9 ! same way1  s9ce x is  
mo/ naturally explicable on ! hypo!sis t
 ! k+  _h to dis*>ge "s important       

function at ! fe/ival4 ,/ill1 x mu/  be 
confess$ t ! positive evid5ce = connect+
 ! ,roman k+s  ) ! celebration ( !      
tw5ty-fir/ ( ,april is slight & dubi\s4 
,sid5ote3 ,! ,p>ilia int5d$ to ensure ! 
welf>e ( ! cattle &  to gu>d !m aga9/   
wit*es & wolves4 ,on ! :ole ! fe/ival ( 
! ,p>ilia1 :i* probably fell at or ne> !
 "t ( turn+ out !  cattle to pa/ure 9   
spr+1 0 design$ to ensure _! welf>e &   
increase1 & to gu>d !m f ! insidi\s     
ma*9ations or ! op5  attacks ( _! v>i\s 
enemies1 among :om wit*es & wolves 7    
p]haps ! mo/ dread$4    ,sid5ote3 ,a    
celebration ( ! same sort is /ill held 9
 ea/]n  ,europe on ! tw5ty-?ird (       
,april1 ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,george1 !      
patron sa9t ( cattle1 horses1 & wolves4 
,n[ x c h>dly be a m]e  co9cid5ce t d[n 
to mod]n times a great popul> fe/ival ( 
?is  sort has be5 celebrat$ only two    
days lat] by ! h]dsm5 &  %eph]ds ( ea/]n
 ,europe1 :o /ill *]i% a pr(\nd belief 9
  wit*craft1 & /ill fe>1 ) f> bett]     
reason1 ! raids ( wolves  on _! flocks &

 h]ds4 ,! fe/ival falls on ! tw5ty-?ird 
(  ,april & is d$icat$ to ,/4 ,george1 !
 patron sa9t ( cattle1  horses1 &       
wolves4 ,! ,e/honians say t on ,/4      
,george's morn+ !  wolf gets a r+ r\nd 8
 sn\t & a halt] ab\t 8 neck1 :]eby he   
is r5d]$ less dang]\s till ,mi*aelmas4  
,b if ! day %\ld *ance  to be a ,friday 
at full moon1 or if be=e ! day came r\nd
 any p]son  %\ld h be5 s ra% z to ?ump !
 dirty l95 9 ! wa%-tub  ) two beetles1 !
 cattle w run a s]i\s risk ( be+ dev\r$ 
by wolves4 ,_m are ! precautions tak5 by
 ! anxi\s ,e/honians  ,sid5ote3         
,precautions tak5 by ! ,e/honians aga9/ 
wolves &  wit*es on ,/4 ,george's ,day4 
on ?is day to gu>d _! h]ds f !  rav5+   
bea/s4 ,?us "s p ga!r wolf's dung on !  
prec$+  night1 burn x1 & fumigate !     
cattle ) x 9 ! morn+4 ,or !y  collect   
bones f ! pa/ures & burn !m at a        
cross-road1 :i*  s]ves z a *>m aga9/    
sickness1 sorc]y1 & demons q z well z   
aga9/ wolves4 ,o!rs smoke ! cattle ) asa
 foetida or sulphur to  protect !m aga9/

 wit*craft & noxi\s exhalations4 ,!y    
?9k1  too1 t if y sew /it*es on ,/4     
,george's morn+ ! cubs ( !  wolves w be 
bl9d1 no d\bt because _! eyes are sew$  
up by !  ne$le & ?read4 ,9 ord] to =eca/
 ! fate ( _! h]ds !  peasants put eggs  
or a %>p weapon1 su* z an axe or a scy!1
 be=e  ! doors ( ! /alls1 & ! animal :i*
 cru%es an egg or w\nds  itself w surely
 be r5t by a wolf or w p]i% 9 "s o!r    
fa%ion be=e ! ye> is out4 ,s c]ta9 is   
its fate t _m a man  pref]s to slaught] 
! doom$ bea/ out ( h& = ! sake ( sav+   
at lea/ ! beef4    ,sid5ote3 ,!         
,e/honians g5]ally drive _! cattle out  
to pa/ure  = ! fir/ "t on ,/4 ,george's 
,day4 ,z a rule ! ,e/honians drive  _!  
cattle out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t on ,/4 
,george's ,day1 &  ! h]dsman's duties   
beg9 f !n4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! h]ds %\ld  h   
be5 s5t out to graze be=e t day1 ! boys 
:o look aft]  !m mu/ eat nei!r fle% nor 
butt] :ile !y are on duty2 else !       
wolves w de/roy _m %eep1 & ! cream w n  
turn to butt] 9  ! *urn4 ,fur!r1 ! boys 

may n k9dle a fire 9 ! wood1 or !       
wolf's too? w\ld be fi]y & he w\ld bite 
vici\sly4 ,by ,/4 ,george's  ,day1 !    
tw5ty-?ird ( ,april1 !re is commonly    
fre% grass 9 !  mead[s4 ,b ev5 if ! spr+
 %\ld be late & ! cattle %\ld  h to     
return to _! /alls hungri] ?an !y w5t   
=?1 _m  ,e/honian f>m]s insi/ on turn+  
out ! poor bea/s on ,/4 ,george's  ,day 
9 ord] t ! sa9t may gu>d !m aga9/ 8     
creatures !  wolves4 ,on ?is morn+ !    
f>m] treats ! h]dsman to a dram (  br&y1
 & gives him two copp] kopecks z        
8tail-money0 = e c[  9 ! h]d4 ,?is money
 ! giv] fir/ passes ?rice r\nd 8 head & 
!n lays x on ! dunghill2 = if ! h]dsman 
took x f 8 h&1  x w\ld 9 "s way injure !
 h]d4 ,7 ?is c]emony omitt$1 !  wolves  
w\ld prove v de/ructive1 because !y _h n
 be5 appeas$  on ,/4 ,george's ,day4    
,aft] receiv+ ! 8tail-money0 "s h]dsm5  
are  wont to collect ! h]d on ! village 
common4 ,"h !y set up _!  crook 9 !     
gr\nd1 place _! hat on x1 & walk ?rice  
r\nd !  cattle1 mutt]+ spells or ! ,"l's

 ,pray] z !y d s4 ,!  pa/oral crook %\ld
 be cut f ! r[an or m\nta9-a% &         
consecrat$ by a wise man1 :o c>ves my/ic
 signs on x4 ,sometimes !  upp] end ( ! 
crook is holl[$ out & fill$ ) quicksilv]
 &  asa foetida1 ! ap]ture be+ /opp$ up 
) res94 ,"s ,e/honians  cut a cross ) a 
scy! "u ! door ?r\gh :i* ! h]d is to be 
driv51 & fill ! furr[s ( ! cross ) salt 
to prev5t c]ta9  evil be+s f h>m+ !     
cattle4 ,fur!r1 x is an almo/ univ]sal  
cu/om 9 ,e/honia n to hang bells on !   
necks ( ! k9e till ,/4  ,george's ,day2 
! few :o c give a reason = ! rule say t 
!  *im+ ( ! bells be=e t season w\ld    
attract ! wild  bea/s4#ajge    ,sid5ote3
 ,sacrifices = horses (f]$ on ,/4       
,george's ,day by !  ,e/honians ( ,dago4
 ,9 ! isl& ( ,dago d[n to ! e>ly "p ( ! 
n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 c]ta9 holy trees f 
:i* no "o d>$  to break a b\gh2 9 spite 
( ! lack ( wood 9 ! isl& ! fall5        
bran*es 7 all[$ to rot 9 heaps on !     
gr\nd4 ,"u su* trees  ! ,e/honians us$  
to (f] sacrifices on ,/4 ,george's ,day 

= !  safety & welf>e ( _! horses4 ,!    
(f]+s1 :i* consi/ ( an  egg1 a piece (  
money1 & a bun* ( horse-hair ti$ up ) a 
r$  ?read1 7 buri$ 9 ! e>?4#ajgf ,!     
cu/om is int]e/+  because x exhibits ,/4
 ,george 9 ! two-fold "* ( a patron (   
horses & ( trees4 ,9 ! latt] capacity he
 has already met u m  ?an once "u ! "n (
 ,gre5 ,george4#ajgg    ,sid5ote3 ,/4   
,george z ! patron ( wolves & cattle 9  
,russia2 !  h]ds are driv5 out to pa/ure
 = ! fir/ "t on 8 day4 ,9  ,russia !    
sa9t is kn[n z ,yegory or ,yury1 & "h1 z
 9 ,e/honia1  he is a patron ( wolves z 
well z ( flocks & h]ds4 ,_m leg5ds      
speak ( ! connexion :i* exi/s betwe5 ,/4
 ,george & ! wolf4 ,9  ,little ,russia !
 bea/ is kn[n z 8,/4 ,george's ,dog10 & 
! c>cases  ( %eep :i* wolves h kill$ are
 n eat51 x be+ held t !y  h be5 made ov]
 by div9e comm& to ! bea/s ( !          
field4#ajgh  ,! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,george on
 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april has a national  z
 well z an ecclesia/ical "* 9 ,russia1 &
 ! my?ical  features ( ! songs :i* are  

devot$ to ! day prove t ! sa9t  has     
supplant$ "s old ,slavonian deity :o us$
 to be hon\r$ at ?is  season 9 hea!n    
times4 ,x is n z a slay] ( dragons & a  
*ampion  ( =lorn damsels t ,/4 ,george  
figures 9 ^! songs1 b z a  patron (     
f>m]s & h]dsm5 :o pres]ves cattle f h>m1
 & on  ^: day accord+ly ! flocks & h]ds 
are driv5 out to br[se !  fre% pa/ures =
 ! fir/ "t aft] _! conf9em5t ?r\gh !    
long ,russian w9t]4 8,:at ! wolf holds 9
 its tee?1 t ,yegory has  giv510 is a   
prov]b :i* %ews h[ completely he is     
?\ght to rule  ov] ! fold & ! /all4 ,"h 
is "o ( ! songs3--                      
8,we h gone ar\nd ! field1              
,we h call$ ,yegory 444                 
#8,o ?\1 our brave ,yegory1             
,save our cattle1                     ,9
 ! field1 & beyond ! field1             
,9 ! =e/1 & beyond ! =e/1               
,"u ! bright moon1                      
,"u ! r$ sun1                     ,f !  
rapaci\s wolf1                     ,f ! 
cruel be>1                     ,f !     

cunn+ bea/4'0    ,a ,:ite-,russian song 
repres5ts ,/4 ,george z op5+ ) gold5    
keys1  probably ! sunbeams1 ! soil :i*  
has be5 fro/-b\nd all !  w9t]3--        
8,holy ,jury1 ! div9e envoy1            
,has gone to ,god1                      
,& hav+ tak5 ! gold5 keys1              
,has unlock$ ! moi/ e>?1                
,hav+ scatt]$ ! cl++ dew                
,ov] ,:ite-,russia & all ! _w40    ,9   
,moravia !y 8meet ! ,spr+0 ) a song 9   
:i* !y ask ,gre5  ,?ursday1 t is1 ! day 
be=e ,good ,friday1 :at he has done ) ! 
keys1 & he answ]s3 8,i gave !m to ,/4   
,george4 ,/4 ,george arose &  unlock$ ! 
e>?1 s t ! grass grew--! gre5 grass40 ,9
 ,:ite  ,russia x is cu/om>y on ,/4     
,george's ,day to drive ! cattle afield 
?r\gh ! morn+ dew1 & 9 ,little ,russia &
 ,bulg>ia "y folk g  out e>ly & roll    
!mselves 9 x4#ajgi ,9 ! ,smol5sk        
,gov]nm5t on  ?is day ! cattle are driv5
 out fir/ to ! rye-fields & !n to  !    
pa/ures4 ,a religi\s s]vice is held 9 ! 
/alls be=e !  dep>ture ( ! h]d &        

aft]w>ds 9 ! field1 :]e ! /ool :i*      
support$ ! holy picture is all[$ to /& =
 sev]al weeks till  ! next procession ) 
! pictures ( ! sa9ts takes place4 ,/4   
,george's ,day 9 ?is gov]nm5t is !      
h]dsm5's fe/ival1 & x is  ! t]m f :i* _!
 engagem5ts are dat$4#ajhj ,& 9 !       
,smol5sk ,gov]nm5t1 :5 ! h]ds are be+   
s5t out to graze on ,/4  ,george's ,day1
 ! foll[+ spell is utt]$3--             
8,deaf man1 deaf man1 do/ ?\ he> u80    
8,i he> n40           8,god grant t !   
wolf may n he> our cattle60             
8,cripple1 cripple1 can/ ?\ cat* u80    
8,i _c cat*40           8,god grant t ! 
wolf may n cat* our cattle60            
8,bl9d man1 bl9d man1 do/ ?\ see u80    
8,i see n40           8,god grant t !   
wolf may n see our cattle60#ajha        
,sid5ote3 ,9 ,russia wit*es try to /eal 
! milk ( ! cattle on !  eve ( ,/4       
,george4 ,b 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,russian     
peasant wolves are  n ! only foes (     
cattle at ?is season4 ,on ! eve ( ,/4   
,george's  ,day1 z well z on ! night    

be=e ,:itsunday & on ,midsumm] ,eve1    
wit*es g out nak$ 9 ! d>k & cut *ips f !
 doors & gates  ( f>my>ds4 ,^! !y boil 9
 a milk-pail1 & ?us *>m away !  milk f !
 f>ms4 ,h5ce c>eful h\sewives exam9e _! 
doors &  sme> mud 9 any fre% ga%es !y   
may f9d 9 !m1 :i* fru/rates  ! knavi%   
tricks ( ! milk-/eal+ wit*4 ,n to be    
baffl$1  h[ev]1 ! wit*es climb ! wood5  
crosses by ! wayside & *ip  spl9t]s f   
!m1 or lay _! h&s on /ray wood5 w$ges4  
,^!  !y /ick into a po/ 9 ! cattle-%$ & 
squeeze !m ) _!  h&s till milk fl[s f !m
 z freely z f ! dugs ( a c[4 ,at  ?is "t
 also wick$ p turn !mselves by magic art
 into dogs &  black cats1 & 9 t disguise
 !y suck ! milk ( c[s1 m>es1 &  ewes1   
:ile !y slaught] ! bulls1 horses1 &     
rams4#ajhb    ,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,george's   
,day among ! ,ru!nians4 ,! ,ru!nians (  
,buk[9a & ,galicia believe t at midnight
 be=e ,/4 ,george's ,day  7! tw5ty-?ird 
( ,april7 ! wit*es come 9 b&s ( twelve  
to !  hills at ! b\nd>ies ( ! villages &
 !re dance & play )  fire4 ,moreov]1 !y 

cull on ! m\nta9s ! h]bs !y ne$ = _!    
inf]nal en*antm5ts4 ,l ! ,e/honians & ! 
,russians1 !  ,ru!nians drive _! cattle 
out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t on ,/4        
,george's ,day2 h5ce dur+ ! prec$+ night
 ! wit*es are v busy  ca/+ _! spells on 
! c[s2 & ! f>m] is at great pa9s to     
defeat _! fell purpose4 ,) ?is int5t _m 
p cat* a snake1  sk9 x1 & fumigate ! c[s
 ) ! sk9 on ! eve ( ! sa9t's  day4 ,to  
rub ! udd]s & horns ( ! c[s ) s]p5t's   
fat is  equally effective4 ,o!rs /rew   
meal ab\t ! animals1 say+1 8,n  till ?\ 
ha/ ga!r$ up ?is meal1 %alt ?\ take !   
milk f my  c[ ,s-&-s40 ,fur!r1 sods (   
turf1 ) ?orn-bran*es /uck 9  !m1 are    
laid on ! gate-po/s2 & crosses are pa9t$
 ) t> on  ! doors4 ,^! precautions keep 
! wit*es f ! c[s4 ,if1  h[ev]1 a bea/   
%\ld aft] all be bewit*$1 ! f>m]'s wife 
drags  a rope ab\t 9 ! dew on ! morn+ ( 
,/4 ,george's ,day4 ,!n %e  *ops x up   
small1 mixes salt ) x1 & scatt]s ! bits 
among !  c['s fodd]4 ,no soon] has !    
afflict$ animal p>tak5 ( ?is  comp\nd   

?an ! spell is brok54#ajhc    ,sid5ote3 
,/4 ,george's ,day among ! ,huzuls ( !  
,c>pa?ians4 ,!  ,huzuls ( ! ,c>pa?ian   
,m\nta9s believe t :5 a c[ gives milk   
t+$ ) blood1 or no milk at all1 a wit*  
is ! cause ( x4 ,^!  malefic5t be+s play
 _! pranks especially on ! eve ( ,/4    
,george's ,day & on ,midsumm] ,eve1 b !y
 are mo/ dang]\s at !  =m] season1 = t  
night !y & ! f\l fi5ds hold _!  greate/ 
ga!r+ or sabba?4 ,to /eal ! c[s' milk !y
 resort to  v>i\s devices4 ,sometimes !y
 run ab\t 9 ! %ape ( dogs & smell  !    
c[s' udd]s4 ,sometimes !y rub ! udd]s ( 
_! own c[s )  milk tak5 f a neighb\r's  
k9e2 !n _! own c[s yield abundant  milk1
 b ! udd]s ( ! neighb\r's c[s %rivel up 
or give only  blood4 ,o!rs aga9 make a  
wood5 c[ on ! spot :]e ! real c[s  are  
g5]ally milk$1 tak+ c>e to /ick into !  
gr\nd ! knife  !y us$ 9 c>v+ ! image4   
,!n ! wood5 c[ yields ! wit* all  ! milk
 ( ! cattle :i* are commonly milk$ !re1 
:ile ! own]  ( ! bea/s gets no?+ b blood
 f !m4    ,sid5ote3 ,precautions tak5 by

 ! ,huzuls aga9/ ! wit*es :o try  to    
/eal milk on ! eve ( ,/4 ,george4 ,h5ce 
! ,huzuls take /eps to  gu>d _! c[s f ! 
ma*9ations ( wit*es at ?is season4 ,=   
?is purpose !y k9dle a great fire be=e !
 h\se on ! eve ( ,/4  ,george's ,day1   
us+ z fuel ! dung :i* has accumulat$    
dur+ !  w9t]4 ,also !y place on !       
gate-po/s clods 9 :i* are /uck !        
bran*es consecrat$ on ,palm ,sunday or  
b\ghs ( ! silv] popl>1 !  wood ( :i* is 
deem$ especially efficaci\s 9 bann+     
fi5ds4  ,moreov]1 !y make crosses on !  
doors1 spr9kle ! c[s ) mud1  & fumigate 
!m ) inc5se or ! sk9 ( a snake4 ,to tie 
r$  wooll5 ?reads r\nd ! necks or tails 
( ! animals is also a  safegu>d aga9/   
wit*craft4 ,& 9 ,june1 :5 ! sn[ has     
melt$ &  ! cattle are l$ to ! high      
m\nta9 pa/ures1 ! h]ds h no  soon] rea*$
 _! summ] qu>t]s ?an ! h]dsman makes    
8liv+  fire0 by ! friction ( wood &     
drives ! animals ov] ! a%es 9  ord] to  
protect !m aga9/ wit*es & o!r p[]s (    
evil4 ,! fire  ?us k9dl$ is kept        

con/antly burn+ 9 ! h]dsman's hut till )
  ! *ill ( autumn ! "t comes to drive ! 
h]ds d[n ! m\nta9s  aga94 ,if ! fire w5t
 out 9 ! int]val1 x w\ld be an ill om5 =
  ! own] ( ! pa/ures4#ajhd    ,sid5ote3 
,sacrifice = horses 9 ,silesia on ,/4   
,george's ,day4 ,9 "s  p>ts ( ,silesia !
 might ( ! wit*es is believ$ to be at ! 
highe/ pit* on ,/4 ,george's ,day4 ,! p 
deem ! sa9t v  p[]ful 9 ! matt] (       
cattle-bre$+ & especially (             
horse-bre$+4 ,at ! ,poli% village (     
,o/roppa1 n f> f  ,gleiwitz1 a sacrifice
 = horses us$ to be (f]$ at ! little    
village *ur*4 ,x has be5 describ$ by an 
eye-witness4 ,peasants on  horseback    
/ream$ to ! spot f all ! neighb\r+      
villages1 n  ) ! /aid & solemn pace (   
pilgrims1 b ) ! noise &  clatt] (       
m]rymak]s ha/5+ to a revel4 ,! sorry    
image ( !  sa9t1 c>v$ 9 wood & ab\t an  
ell high1 /ood 9 ! *ur*y>d on  a table  
cov]$ ) a :ite clo?4 ,x repres5t$ him   
seat$ on  horseback & spe>+ ! dragon4   
,beside x 7 two vessels to receive      

(f]+s ( money & eggs respectively4 ,z   
ea* f>m] gallop$ up1 he  dism\nt$1 l$ 8 
horse by ! bridle1 knelt be=e ! image ( 
!  sa9t1 & pray$4 ,aft] t he made 8 (f]+
 ( money or eggs1  accord+ to 8 means1 9
 ! "n ( 8 horse4 ,!n he l$ ! bea/  r\nd 
! *ur* & *ur*y>d1 te!r$ x1 & w5t into ! 
*ur*  to he> mass & a s]mon4 ,hav+ ?us  
paid 8 devotions to ! sa9t1  e man leap$
 into ! saddle & made = ! ne>e/         
public-h\se  z fa/ z 8 horse c\ld lay   
legs to ! gr\nd4#ajhe    ,sid5ote3      
,fe/ival ( ,/4 ,george1 z ! patron (    
horses1 at ,ertr+5  9 ,bav>ia4 ,at      
,ertr+51 9 ,s\? ,bav>ia1 !re is a *apel 
( ,/4  ,george1 :]e a fe/ival ( ! sa9t  
us$ to be held on ,april !  tw5ty-f\r?  
d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,f !
  :ole neighb\rhood p /ream$ ?i!r on    
horseback & 9 waggons  to take "p 9 !   
c]emony4 ,m ?an f\rte5 hundr$ rid]s are 
said  to h be5 pres5t on "o occasion4 ,!
 f\ndation ( ! *apel 0  attribut$ to !  
mona/]y ( ,holy ,cross ,vale            
7,heiligkreuztal71 &  ! abbot & prior ) 

_! suite att5d$ ! fe/ival 9 /ate  m\nt$ 
on :ite horses4 ,a burgh] ( ,ertr+5 _h  
to ride z patron 9  ! co/ume ( ,/4      
,george1 :om he repres5t$4 ,he alone    
be/rode a  fi]y /allion4 ,aft] !        
celebration ( high mass ! horses 7      
bless$ at ! *apel4 ,!n ! procession ( m5
 on horseback mov$  r\nd ! common l&s1  
w9d+ up at ! p>i% *ur*1 :]e x broke     
up4#ajhf ,9 _m villages ne> ,freiburg 9 
,bad5 ,/4 ,george is !  patron ( horses1
 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,bad5 ! sa9t's day       
7,april !  tw5ty-?ird7 is ! season :5   
cattle are driv5 out to pa/ure =  ! fir/
 "t 9 spr+4#ajhg    ,sid5ote3 ,/4       
,george's ,day among ! ,saxons &        
,r\manians (  ,transylvania4 ,! ,saxons 
( ,transylvania ?9k t on ! eve ( ,/4    
,george's ,day ! wit*es ride on ! backs 
( ! c[s into !  f>my>d1 if bran*es (    
wild rosebu%es or o!r ?orny %rubs are n 
/uck ov] ! gate ( ! y>d to keep !m      
out4#ajhh ,beliefs &  practices ( ?is   
sort are %>$ by ! ,r\manians (          
,transylvania4  ,!y hold t on ,/4       

,george's ,day ! wit*es keep _! sabba? 9
  seque/]$ spots1 su* z woodl& glades1  
des]t$ f>m-/ead+s1 &  ! l4 ,9 ,wala*ia  
gre5 sods are laid on ! w9d[-sills & on 
!  l9tels ( ! doors to av]t ! uncanny   
crew4 ,b 9 ,transylvania !  ,r\manians1 
n cont5t ) sett+ a ?orn-bu% 9 ! doorway 
( !  h\se1 keep wat* & w>d all night    
beside ! cattle or else:]e1 to  cat* !  
wit*es :o are at "w /eal+ ! milk f !    
c[s4 ,"h1  z else:]e1 ! day is above all
 ! h]dsman's fe/ival4 ,x m>ks !  beg9n+ 
( spr+2 ! %eph]ds are prep>+ to />t = ! 
di/ant pa/ures1 & !y li/5 ) all _! e>s  
to "s wiseacre  :o tells !m h[1 if !    
milk %\ld fail 9 ! udd]s ( ! %eep1  !y h
 only to ?ra% ! %eph]d's p\*1 & e /roke 
w  fall on ! wit* :o is pump+ ! lo/ milk
 into h] pails4#ajhi    ,sid5ote3 ,/4   
,george's ,day ! h]dsman's fe/ival among
 !  ,wala*ians4 ,! ,wala*ians look on   
,/4 ,george's ,day z v holy2 =  !y are  
ma9ly a pa/oral folk1 & ,/4 ,george is !
 patron ( h]ds  & h]dsm54 ,on t day     
also1 z well z on ! day be=e & ! day    

aft]1 ! ,wala*ian numb]s 8 h]d1 beg9n+  
at "o & c\nt+  cont9u\sly up to ! total4
 ,?is he nev] does at any o!r "t (  !   
ye>4 ,on ?is day1 too1 he milks 8 %eep =
 ! fir/ "t into  vessels :i* h be5      
c>efully sc\r$ & are wrea!d ) fl[]s4    
,!n too a cake ( :ite meal is bak$ 9 !  
%ape ( a r+1 & is  roll$ on ! gr\nd 9   
sight ( ! h]d2 & f ! l5g? ( its  c\rse  
om5s are drawn z to ! good or bad luck (
 ! cattle 9 _!  summ] pa/ures4 ,if ! h]d
 is own$ by sev]al m51 !y aft]w>ds  lay 
hold ( ! r+1 & break x among !m1 & ! "o 
:o gets !  l>ge/ piece w h ! be/ luck4  
,! milk is made into a *eese  :i* is    
divid$2 & ! pieces ( ! cake are giv5 to 
! %eph]ds4  ,9 l mann] ! wrea?s ( fl[]s 
:i* cr[n$ ! pails are ?r[n  into ! wat]1
 & f ! way 9 :i* !y float d[n-/ream !   
%eph]ds presage good or evil =tune4#ajij
    ,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,george's ,day among !
 ,bulg>ians & ,s\? ,slavs4 ,!           
,bulg>ians seem to %>e ! belief t cattle
 are especially expos$  to ! ma*9ations 
( wit*es at ?is season1 = x is a rule ) 

!m n to give away milk1 butt]1 or *eese 
on ! eve ( ,/4 ,george's  ,day2 to d s1 
!y say1 w\ld be to give away ! pr(it ( !
 mil*  k9e4#ajia ,!y rise v e>ly on !   
morn+ ( ?is day1 & wa%  !mselves 9 !    
dew1 t !y may be heal?y4#ajib ,x is     
said1 too1  t a regul> sacrifice is /ill
 (f]$ on ,/4 ,george's ,day 9  ,bulg>ia4
 ,an old man kills a ram1 :ile girls    
spread grass on :i* !  blood is p\r$    
=?4#ajic ,! int5tion ( ! sacrifice may  
be to  make ! h]bage gr[ abundantly 9 ! 
pa/ures4 ,among/ ! ,s\?  ,slavs !       
tw5ty-?ird ( ,april1 ,/4 ,george's ,day1
 is ! *ief fe/ival  ( ! spr+4 ,! h]dsman
 ?9ks t if 8 cattle are well on t  day  
!y w ?rive ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,z we h       
already se51#ajid  he cr[ns ! horns ( 8 
c[s ) g>l&s ( fl[]s to gu>d !m  aga9/   
wit*craft1 & 9 ! ev5+ ! g>l&s are hung  
on !  doors ( ! /alls1 :]e !y rema9     
until ! next ,/4 ,george's ,day4  ,e>ly 
9 ! morn+ ( t day1 :5 ! h]dsman drives !
 c[s f  ! byres1 ! h\sewife takes salt 9
 "o h& & a pot%]d )  gl[+ coals 9 ! o!r4

 ,%e (f]s ! salt to ! c[1 & !  bea/ mu/ 
/ep ov] ! sm\ld]+ coals1 on :i* v>i\s   
k9ds (  roses are smok+4 ,?is deprives !
 wit*es ( all p[] to h>m !  c[4 ,on !   
eve or ! morn+ ( ! day old wom5 cut     
?i/les &  fa/5 !m to ! doors & gates ( !
 f>m2 & !y make crosses  ) c['s dung on 
! doors ( ! byres to w>d (f ! wit*es4   
,_m  knock great nails into ! doors1 :i*
 is ?\ght to be a sur]  prev5tive ev5   
?an ?i/les4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts ! p cut   
?i/les be=e sunrise & put "s on ea*     
o!r's heads1 "s on !  f5ces1 ! w9d[s1 ! 
doors1 & "s 9 ! %ape ( wrea?s r\nd  !   
necks ( ! c[s1 9 ord] t ! wit*es may be 
p[]less to  h>m man & bea/1 h\se &      
home/ead1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,if1           
nev]!less1 a wit* %\ld contrive to /eal 
?r\gh ! g>d5 f5ce  & into ! byre1 x is  
all ov] ) ! c[s4 ,a good h\sewife w     
also g r\nd h] h\se & cattle-/alls e>ly 
9 ! morn+ ( !  fateful day & spr9kle !m 
) holy wat]4 ,ano!r approv$ means (     
driv+ ! wit*es away is furni%$ by ! fro?
 :i* is %ot f  ! spokes ( a revolv+     

mill-:eel2 = common-s5se tells u t  j z 
! fro? flies f ! :eel1 s ! wit*es w fly 
f our  h\se1 if only we apply ! rem$y 9 
! "r way4 ,& ! "r way  is ?is4 ,on ! eve
 ( ,/4 ,george's ,day y mu/ s5d a *ild  
to fet*  fro? f ! mill1 ?ree /ones f    
?ree cross-roads1 ?ree twigs (  a       
blackb]ry bu%1 ?ree sprigs ( bee*1 &    
?ree %oots ( a wild  v9e4 ,!n y ins]t ! 
plants 9 a butt]$ roll1 put ! /ones 9  !
 fire1 boil ! fro?1 toa/ ! butt]$ roll  
ov] ! gl[+  /ones1 & speak ^! words3 8,!
 blackb]ry twigs ga!r toge!r1  ! bee*es 
pull toge!r1 b ! foam f ! :eel %akes all
 evil  away40 ,d ?is1 & y may take my ^w
 = x t no wit* w be  able to *>m away ! 
milk f y\r c[s4#ajie    ,sid5ote3       
,precautions ( ! same sort are tak5     
aga9/ wolves &  wit*es :5ev] ! cattle   
are driv5 out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t  9  
spr+4 ,?us on ! :ole ! fe/ival ( ,/4    
,george at ! pres5t  day1 l ! ,p>ilia ( 
anci5t ,italy1 is a c]emony int5d$ to   
gu>d  ! cattle aga9/ _! real & _!       
imag9>y foes1 ! wolves &  ! wit*es1 at !

 critical season :5 ! flocks & h]ds are 
driv5  out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t 9 spr+4
 ,precautions ( ! same  sort are        
naturally tak5 by ! sup]/iti\s h]dsman  
:5ev]1 !  w9t] be+ ov]1 he turns 8 h]ds 
out into ! op5 = ! fir/  "t1 :e!r x be  
on ,/4 ,george's ,day or n4 ,?us 9      
,prussia &  ,li?uania1 :5 ! mom5t\s     
morn+ broke1 ! h]d-boy ran f h\se  to   
h\se 9 ! village1 knock$ at ! w9d[s1 &  
cri$3 8,put out !  fire1 sp9 n1 reel n1 
b drive ! cattle out60 ,meantime !      
h]dsman _h fet*$ s& f ! *ur*1 :i* he    
/rew$ on ! road  by :i* ! bea/s mu/ g f 
! f>my>d4 ,at ! same "t he laid  a      
woodcutt]'s axe 9 e doorway1 ) ! %>p    
edge outw>ds1 ov]  :i* ! c[s _h to /ep4 
,!n he walk$ 9 front ( !m1 speak+  nev] 
a ^w1 & pay+ no he$ to ! h]d1 :i* 0 kept
 toge!r by  ! h]d-boys alone4 ,8 ?\ghts 
7 occupi$ by high] ?+s1 = he  0 busy    
mak+ crosses1 bless+ ! cattle1 & murmur+
 pray]s1  till ! pa/ures 7 rea*$4 ,! axe
 9 ! doorway signifi$ t  ! wolf %\ld    
flee f ! h]d z f ! %>p edge ( ! axe3  ! 

s& f ! *ur* betok5$ t ! cattle %\ld n   
disp]se  & w&] 9 ! mead[s1 b %\ld keep z
 close toge!r z p  9 *ur*4#ajif         
,sid5ote3 ,sw$i% obs]vances at turn+ out
 ! cattle to graze aft]  _! w9t]        
conf9em5t4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! cattle are conf9$ 
almo/  :olly to _! /alls dur+ ! long &  
dre>y nor!rn w9t]2 &  ! fir/ day 9 spr+ 
on :i* !y are turn$ out into ! =e/ to   
graze has be5 f "t immemorial a great   
popul> fe/ival4 ,! "t  ( its celebration
 dep5ds m or less on ! mildness or      
sev]ity (  ! season4 ,= ! mo/ "p x takes
 place ab\t ! middle ( ,may4 ,on  !     
prec$+ ev5+ bonfires are k9dl$ ev]y:]e 9
 ! =e/1  because s f> z _! flick]+ light
 ext5ds ! cattle w be safe  f ! attacks 
( wild bea/s ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,= ! same 
reason p g ab\t ! woods t night fir+    
guns1 bl[+ horns1  & mak+ all k9ds (    
discordant noises4 ,! mode ( celebrat+ !
  fe/ival1 :i* 9 "s places is call$ !   
fea/ ( fl[]s1 v>ies  some:at 9 diff]5t  
prov9ces4 ,9 ,dalsl& ! cattle are driv5 
home  t day f pa/ure at noon in/ead ( at

 ev5+4 ,e>ly 9 !  morn+ ! h]d-boy       
repairs ) ! h]d to ! =e/1 :]e he decks  
_! horns ) wrea?s ( fl[]s & provides    
himself ) a w& (  ! r[an or m\nta9-a%4  
,dur+ 8 abs5ce ! girls pluck fl[]s1     
weave !m into a g>l&1 & hang x on ! gate
 ?r\gh :i* !  cattle mu/ pass on _!     
return f ! =e/4 ,:5 !y come back1  !    
h]d-boy takes ! g>l& f ! gate1 fa/5s x  
to ! top (  8 w&1 & m>*es ) x at ! head 
( 8 bea/s to ! hamlet4  ,aft]w>ds ! w& )
 ! g>l& on x is set up on ! muck-heap1  
:]e x rema9s all ! summ]4 ,! int5tion ( 
^! c]emonies is  n said1 b on ! analogy 
( ! prec$+ cu/oms we may conjecture  t  
bo? ! fl[]s & ! r[an-w& are suppos$ to  
gu>d !  cattle aga9/ wit*craft4 ,a      
little lat] 9 ! season1 :5 ! grass  is  
well gr[n 9 ! =e/1 mo/ ( ! cattle are   
s5t away to !  st]1 or summ] pa/ures1 ( 
:i* e hamlet commonly has "o or  m4 ,^! 
are cle>+s 9 ! woods1 & may be _m miles 
di/ant  f ! village4 ,9 ,dalec>lia !    
dep>ture usually takes place 9 !  fir/  
week ( ,june4 ,x is a great ev5t = !    

pa/oral folk4 ,an  in/9ctive long+ seems
 to awak5 bo? 9 ! p & ! bea/s4  ,!      
prep>ations ( ! wom5 are accompani$ by !
 bleat+ ( !  %eep & goats & ! l[+ ( !   
cattle1 :i* make incessant  ef=ts to    
break ?r\gh ! p5s ne> ! h\se :]e !y are 
%ut up4  ,two or m girls1 accord+ to !  
size ( ! h]d1 att5d ! cattle  on _!     
migration & /ay ) !m all ! summ]4 ,e    
animal z x  goes =?1 :e!r c[1 %eep1 or  
goat1 is m>k$ on ! br[ ) a  cross by    
means ( a t>-bru% 9 ord] to protect x   
aga9/ evil  spirits4 ,b m dang]\s foes  
lie 9 wait = ! cattle 9 !  di/ant       
pa/ures1 :]e be>s & wolves n uncommonly 
ru% =? on  !m f ! woods4 ,on su*        
occasions ! h]d-girls (t5 display !     
utmo/ gallantry1 belab\r+ ! f]oci\s     
bea/s ) /icks1 &  risk+ _! own lives 9  
def5ce ( ! h]ds4#ajig    ,sid5ote3 ,^!  
mod]n p>allels ?r[ light on "s features 
( !  ,p>ilia4 ,! =ego+ cu/oms1 practis$ 
d[n to mod]n times by  %eph]ds & h]dsm5 
) a full s5se ( _! mean+1 ?r[ light  on 
"s features ( ! ,p>ilia :i* might       

o!rwise rema9 obscure4  ,!y seem to %ew 
t :5 ! ,italian %eph]d hung gre5 b\ghs  
on  8 folds1 & g>l&s on 8 doors1 he did 
s 9 ord] to keep !  wit*es f ! ewes2 & t
 9 fumigat+ 8 flocks ) sulphur  & driv+ 
!m ov] a fire ( /raw he s\ght to        
int]pose a fi]y  b>ri] betwe5 !m & !    
p[]s ( evil1 :e!r ^! 7  conceiv$ z      
wit*es or mis*iev\s spirits4            
,sid5ote3 ,gre5 ,george a p]sonification
 ( a _s ( trees or (  vegetation 9      
g5]al4 ,b ,/4 ,george is m ?an a patron 
( cattle4  ,! mumm] :o dresses up 9 gre5
 b\ghs on ! sa9t's day & goes by  ! "n (
 ,gre5 ,george#ajih cle>ly p]sonifies ! 
sa9t himself1  & su* a disguise is      
appropriate only to a _s ( trees or (   
vegetation 9 g5]al4 ,z if to make ?is q 
cle>1 ! ,slavs (  ,c>9?ia c>ry a tree   
deck$ ) fl[]s 9 ! procession 9 :i*      
,gre5 ,george figures2 & ! c]emonies 9  
:i* ! leaf-clad mask]  takes a "p pla9ly
 indicate t he is ?\ght to /& 9 intimate
  connexion ) ra9 z well z ) cattle4    
,?is c\nt]p>t ( our ,jack  9 ! ,gre5 is 

kn[n 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia1 & ! ,slov5es  
call him  ,gre5 ,george4 ,dress$ 9      
leaves & fl[]s1 he appe>s 9 public on   
,/4  ,george's ,day c>ry+ a light$ tor* 
9 "o h& & a pie 9 !  o!r4 ,?us array$ he
 goes out to ! cornfields1 foll[$ by    
girls1  :o s+ appropriate songs4 ,a     
circle ( bru%wood is !n light$1 &  ! pie
 is set 9 ! middle ( x4 ,all :o %>e 9 ! 
c]emony sit  d[n ar\nd ! fire1 & ! pie  
is divid$ among !m4 ,! obs]vance  has   
p]haps a be>+ on ! cattle z well z on ! 
cornfields1 = 9  "s p>ts ( ,russia :5 ! 
h]ds g out to graze = ! fir/ "t  9 spr+ 
a pie bak$ 9 ! =m ( a %eep is cut up by 
! *ief  h]dsman1 & ! bits are kept z a  
cure = ! ills to :i* %eep  are          
subject4#ajii    ,sid5ote3 8,r++ out !  
grass0 on ,/4 ,george's ,day4 ,at       
,s*waz1 an  old ,tyrolese t[n 9 ! l[]   
valley ( ! ,inn1 "y lads assemble on    
,/4 ,george's ,day1 :i* is "h !         
tw5ty-f\r? ( ,april1 & hav+  provid$    
!mselves ) bells1 bo? l>ge & small1 !y g
 9  procession r++ !m to ! v>i\s f>ms ( 

! neighb\rhood1 :]e  !y are welcom$ &   
giv5 milk to dr9k4 ,^! processions1 :i* 
take  place 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,tyrol also1 
g by ! "n ( 8r++ out  ! grass0          
7,grasauslut571 & x is believ$ t :]ev] !
  bell-r+]s come1 !re ! grass gr[s & !  
crops w be abundant4  ,?is b5eficial    
effect appe>s to be ascrib$ to ! p[] ( !
 bells  to disp]se ! evil spirits1 :i*  
are ?\ght to be rampant on ,/4          
,george's ,day4 ,= ! same purpose (     
av]t+ demoniac influ5ce at  ?is "t1 p 9 
,salzburg & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts ( ,upp]
  ,au/ria g 9 procession r\nd ! fields &
 /ick palm bran*es or  small crosses 9  
!m2 also !y fa/5 bran*es ( ! ,prunus    
,padus1  ,l41 at ! w9d[s ( ! h\ses &    
cattle-/alls4#aajj ,9 "s p>ts  ( ,g]many
 ! f>m] looks to ! height ( 8 corn on   
,/4 ,george's  ,day1 expect+ t x %\ld !n
 be high en\gh to hide a cr[4#aaja      
,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,george suppos$ to get    
b>r5 wom5 ) *ild4 ,ev5  :5 we h said t  
,/4 ,george ( ,ea/]n ,europe repres5ts  
an old  hea!n deity ( %eep1 cattle1     

horses1 wolves1 vegetation1 & ra91 we  h
 n exhau/$ all ! prov9ces ov] :i* he is 
suppos$ to be>  sway4 ,accord+ to an    
op9ion :i* appe>s to be widely spread1  
he has  ! p[] ( bless+ b>r5 wom5 )      
(fspr+4 ,?is belief is  cle>ly at ! root
 ( ! ,s\? ,slavonian cu/om1 describ$    
above1  :]eby a *ildless woman hopes to 
become a "m by we>+ a %irt  :i* has hung
 all night on a fruitful tree on ,/4    
,george's ,eve4#aajb  ,simil>ly1 a      
,bulg>ian wife :o desires to h a *ild w 
/rike (f  a s]p5t's head on ,/4         
,george's ,day1 put a bean 9 its m\?1 & 
lay  ! head 9 a holl[ tree or bury x 9 !
 e>? at a spot s f> f  ! village t !    
cr[+ ( ! cocks _c be he>d !re4 ,if !    
bean buds1 h] wi%es w be grant$4#aajc   
,sid5ote3 ,love-*>ms practis$ among !   
,slavs on ,/4 ,george's ,day4  ,x is    
natural to suppose t a sa9t :o c be/[   
(fspr+ c also  br+ fond lov]s toge!r4   
,h5ce among ! ,slavs1 ) :om ,/4 ,george 
is s popul>1 8 day is "o ( ! seasons at 
:i* y\?s & maid5s  resort to *>ms &     

div9ation 9 ord] to w9 or discov] !     
affections ( ! o!r sex4 ,?us1 to take   
examples1 a ,bohemian way (  ga9+ a     
girl's love is z foll[s4 ,y cat* a frog 
on ,/4 ,george's  ,day1 wrap x 9 a :ite 
clo?1 & put x 9 an ant-hill aft] sunset 
or  ab\t midnight4 ,! creature croaks   
t]ribly :ile ! ants are gnaw+  ! fle% f 
its bones4 ,:5 sil5ce reigns aga91 y w  
f9d  no?+ left ( ! frog b "o little bone
 9 ! %ape ( a hook &  ano!r little bone 
9 ! %ape ( a %ovel4 ,take ! hook-%ap$   
bone1  g to ! girl ( y\r *oice1 & hook  
h] dress ) ! bone1 & %e  w fall ov] head
 & e>s 9 love ) y4 ,if y aft]w>ds tire (
  h]1 y h only to t\* h] ) ! %ovel-%ap$ 
bone1 & h]  affection w vani% z quickly 
z x came4#aajd ,aga91 at ,cekl9j1 9     
,crnagora1 maid5s g at break ( day on   
,/4 ,george's morn+ to a well  to draw  
wat]1 & look d[n into its d>k dep? till 
te>s fill _!  eyes & !y fancy !y see 9 !
 wat] ! image ( _! future  husb&4#aaje  
,at ,kraj9a1 9 ,s]via1 girls :o w\ld pry
 into ! book  ( fate ga!r fl[]s 9 !     

mead[s on ! eve ( ,/4 ,george1 make  !m 
up into nosegays1 & give to ! nosegays !
 names ( ! v>i\s  lads ^: he>ts !y w\ld 
w94 ,late at night !y place ! fl[]s  by 
/eal? "u ! op5 sky1 on ! ro( or else:]e1
 & leave !m  !re till daybreak4 ,! lad  
on ^: nosegay mo/ dew has fall5 w  love 
! girl mo/ truly ?r\gh\t ! ye>4         
,sometimes mis*iev\s  "y m5 secretly    
wat* ^! do+s1 & /eal ! bun*es ( fl[]s1  
:i* makes sore he>ts among ! girls4#aajf
 ,once m1 9 wood$  di/ricts ( ,bohemia a
 ,cze* maid5 w sometimes g out on ,/4   
,george's ,eve into an oak or bee* =e/ &
 cat* a "y wild pigeon4  ,x may be a    
r+-dove or a wood-pigeon1 b x mu/ always
 be a male4  ,%e takes ! bird home ) h]1
 & cov]s x ) a sieve or %uts x  up 9 a  
box t nobody may "k :at %e is ab\t4     
,hav+ kept & f$  x till x c fly1 %e     
rises v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :ile !  h\sehold
 is /ill asleep1 & goes ) ! dove to !   
he>?4 ,"h  %e presses ! bird ?rice to h]
 b>e brea/1 above h] he>t1 &  !n lets x 
fly away up ! *imney1 :ile %e says3--   

8,out ( ! *imney1 dove1                 
,fly1 fly f "h4                         
,take me1 de> ,hans1 my love1           
,none1 none s de>4                      
8,fly to y\r rocks1 fair dove1          
,fly to y\r lea4                        
,s may ,i get1 my love1                 
,none1 none b !e40#aajg    ,sid5ote3 ,/4
 ,george 9 ,syria e/eem$ a giv] ( (fspr+
 to  *ildless wom54 ,9 ! ,ea/1 also1 ,/4
 ,george is reput$ to be a giv]  (      
(fspr+ to b>r5 wom51 & 9 ?is "* he is   
rev]$ by  ,moslems z well z ,*ri/ians4  
,8 %r9es may be f\nd 9 all p>ts (       
,syria2 m places are associat$ ) him ?an
 ) any o!r sa9t 9  ! cal5d>4 ,! mo/     
fam\s ( 8 sanctu>ies is at ,kalat el    
,hosn1 9  ,nor!rn ,syria4 ,*ildless wom5
 ( all sects resort to x 9 ord] t  !    
sa9t may remove _! reproa*4 ,"s p %rug  
_! %\ld]s  :5 ! %r9e is m5tion$ 9 ?is   
connexion4 ,yet _m ,mohamm$an  wom5 :o  
desir$ (fspr+ us$ to repair to x ) !    
full cons5t  ( _! husb&s4 ,n[adays !    
true "* ( ! place is beg9n+  to be      

p]ceiv$1 & _m ,moslems h =bidd5 _! wives
 to visit  x4#aajh ,su* beliefs &       
practices ,sid5ote3 ,! ,syrian ,/4      
,george  may repres5t ,tammuz4 l5d "s   
col\r to ! !ory t 9 ! ,ea/  ! sa9t has  
tak5 ! place ( ,tammuz or ,adonis4#aaji 
,sid5ote3 ,9 ,europe ,/4 ,george seems  
to h displac$ an old ,aryan god  ( !    
spr+1 su* z ! ,li?uanian ,p]grubius4 ,b 
we _c suppose  t ! wor%ip ( ,tammuz has 
be5 transplant$ to ,europe & /ruck  its 
roots deep among ! ,slavs & o!r peoples 
9 ! ea/]n "p (  our cont95t4 ,r among/  
!m we mu/ look = a native ,aryan deity  
:o n[ masqu]ades 9 ! co/ume ( !         
,cappadocian sa9t & m>tyr  ,/4 ,george4 
,p]haps we may f9d him 9 ! ,p]grubius ( 
!  ,li?uanians1 a p :o reta9$ _! hea!n  
religion lat] ?an any  o!r bran* ( !    
,aryan /ock 9 ,europe4 ,?is ,p]grubius  
is describ$  z 8! god ( ! spr+10 z 8he  
:o makes leaves & grass to gr[10  or m  
fully z 8! god ( fl[]s1 plants1 & all   
buds40 ,on ,/4  ,george's ,day1 !       
tw5ty-?ird ( ,april1 ! hea!n ,prussians 

&  ,li?uanians (f]$ a sacrifice to      
,p]grubius4 ,a prie/1 :o bore !  title (
 ,wurs*ait1 held 9 8 h& a mug ( be]1    
:ile he ?us  address$ ! deity3 8,?\     
drive/ away ! w9t]2 ?\ br+e/ back  !    
pleasant spr+4 ,by !e ! fields & g>d5s  
are gre51 by !e  ! groves & ! woods put 
=? leaves40 ,accord+ to ano!r  v]sion1 !
 pray] ran z foll[s3 8,?\ drive/ ! w9t] 
away1 &  give/ 9 all l&s leaves & grass4
 ,we pray !e t ?\ w\ld/  make our corn  
to gr[ & w\ld/ put d[n all we$s40 ,aft] 
pray+  ?us1 ! prie/ drank ! be]1 hold+ !
 mug ) 8 tee?1 b n  t\*+ x ) 8 h&s4 ,!n 
)\t h&l+ x he ?rew ! mug  backw>d ov] 8 
head4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 pick$ up & fill$    
aga91  & all pres5t drank out ( x4 ,!y  
also sang a hymn 9 praise (  ,p]grubius1
 & !n sp5t ! :ole day 9 fea/+ &         
danc+4#aaaj  ,?us x appe>s t ,p]grubius 
0 a ,li?uanian god ( ! spr+1 :o  caus$ !
 grass & ! corn to gr[ & ! trees to bur/
 into leaf4  ,9 ?is he resembles ,gre5  
,george1 ! embodim5t ( ! fre%           
vegetation ( spr+1 ^: leaf-clad         

repres5tative /ill plays 8  pranks on ! 
v same day 9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,europe4  
,no?+1  inde$1 is said ( ! relation (   
,p]grubius to cattle1 & s f> !  analogy 
betwe5 him & ,/4 ,george breaks d[n4 ,b 
our acc\nts ( !  old ,li?uanian my?ology
 are few & scanty2 if we knew m ab\t    
,p]grubius we might f9d t z a god or    
p]sonification ( spr+ he1  l ,/4        
,george1 0 believ$ to ex]t all ! quick5+
 p[]s ( t  g5ial season--9 o!r words1 t 
8 b5efic5t activity 0 n  conf9$ to clo?+
 ! b>e e>? ) v]dure1 b ext5d$ to !  c>e 
( ! teem+ flocks & h]ds1 z well z to !  
propagation (  mank9d4 ,c]ta9ly x is n  
easy to draw a %>p l9e ( division       
betwe5 ! god :o att5ds to cattle & ! god
 :o provides ! food  on :i* !y subsi/4  
,sid5ote3 ,! ,roman equival5t ( ,/4     
,george 0 ,pales1 :o may h  be5 p]sonat$
 by ! k+ at ! ,p>ilia4 ,?us ,p]grubius  
may p]haps  h be5 ! nor!rn equival5t ( !
 pa/oral god ,pales1 :o 0  wor%ipp$ by !
 ,romans only two days e>li] at ! spr+  
fe/ival (  ! ,p>ilia4 ,x w be rememb]$ t

 ! ,roman %eph]ds pray$ to  ,pales =    
grass & leaves1 ! v ?+s :i* x 0 ! "p (  
,p]grubius to supply4 ,is x too bold to 
conjecture t 9 rural  di/ricts ( ,italy 
,pales may h be5 p]sonat$ by a leaf-clad
 man1  & t 9 ! e>ly age ( ,rome ! duty (
 ?us repres5t+ ! god  may h be5 "o ( !  
sacr$ functions ( ! k+8 ,! conjecture at
  lea/ sugge/s a reason = ! tradition t 
,numa1 ! typical  prie/ly k+ ( ,rome1 0 
born on ! day ( ! ,p>ilia4    ,footnote 
#ajde3      ,v>ro1 ,r]um ru/ic>um1 ii4  
#a4 #i sq4 8,romanorum v]o populum a    
pa/oribus esse ortum quis non dicit80   
etc4 ,among/ o!r argum5ts    9 fav\r (  
?is view ,v>ro ref]s to ! ,roman p]sonal
 names    d]iv$ f cattle1 bo? l>ge &    
small1 su* z ,porcius1    8pig-man10    
,ov9ius1 8%eep-man10 ,caprilius1        
8goat-man10    ,equitius1 8horse-man10  
,taurius1 8bull-man10 & s =?4 ,on !     
importance ( cattle & milk among !      
anci5t ,aryans see ,o4    ,s*rad]1      
,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5           
,alt]tumskunde    7,/rasburg1 #aija71   

pp4 #eda sq41 #fhi sqq41 #iac sqq4      
,footnote #ajdf3      ,above1 vol4 i4 p4
 #cff4    ,footnote #ajdg3      ,z to ! 
f\ndation ( ,rome on ?is date see ,v>ro1
 ,r]um    ru/ic>um1 ii4 #a4 #i2 ,cic]o1 
,de div9atione1 ii4 #dg4 #ih2 ,fe/us1   
s4v4 8,p>ilibus10 p4 #bcf1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4  
,mll]2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4    xviii4     
#bdg2 ,prop]tius1 v4 #d4 #gc sq42 ,ovid1
 ,fa/i1 iv4 #hja-hjf2    id41 ,metam4   
xiv4 #ggd sq42 ,velleius ,pat]culus1 i4 
#h4 #d2    ,eutropius1 i4 #a2 ,sol9us1  
i4 #ah2 ,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xxi4 
#f2    ,probus on ,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4 
#a2 ,s*ol4 ,v]on5s4 on ,virgil1 l4c42   
,dionysius ,halic>nas1 ,ant4 ,rom4 i4   
#hh2 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #ab2 ,dio       
,cassius1 xliii4 #db2 ,zon>as1 ,annales1
 vii4 #c2 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de          
m5sibus1 i4 #ad1 iv4 #ej4 ,z to ! bir? (
 ,numa1 see ,plut>*1    ,numa1 #c4 ,!   
fe/ival is v>i\sly call$ ,p>ilia &      
,palilia by    anci5t writ]s1 b ! =m    
,p>ilia seems to be ! bett] atte/$    ( 
! two4 ,see ,g4 ,wiss[a1 s4v4 8,pales10 

9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s    ,lexikon d] grie*4
 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 iii4 #abgh4        
,footnote #ajdh3      ,dionysius (      
,halic>nassus 7,ant4 ,rom4 i4 #hh7      
hesitates betwe5 ^!    two views4 ,)    
tru] hi/orical insight ,plut>*          
7,romulus1 #ab7    holds t ! ru/ic      
fe/ival 0 old] ?an ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 
,footnote #ajdi3      ,see1 = example1  
vol4 i4 above1 p4 #cb4    ,footnote     
#ajej3      ,= mod]n discussions ( !    
,p>ilia1 see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e       
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #dac sqq42 ,j4
 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e    ,/aatsv]waltung1  
iii4 #bnd ,ed41 #bjg sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1
 ,antike    ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4  
#cji-cag2 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman       
,fe/ivals1    pp4 #gi-he2 ,g4 ,wiss[a1  
s4v4 8,pales10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s       
,lexikon d]    grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1
 iii4 #abgf-abhj2 id41 ,religion und    
,kultus d] ,rm]1 pp4 #afe sq4           
,footnote #ajea3      ,cic]o1 ,de       
div9atione1 ii4 #dg4 #ih2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 
iv4 #hjf2 ,cal5d>    ( ,philocalus1     

quot$ by ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 op4 cit4 p4   
#gi2 ,probus on    ,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4
 #a2 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #ab2 ,zon>as1   
,annales1    vii4 #c4    ,footnote      
#ajeb3      ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1  
,ant4 ,rom4 i4 #hh4    ,footnote #ajec3 
,fe/us1 s4v4 8,pales10 p4 #bbb1 ed4 ,c4 
,o4 ,mll]2 ,dionysius ,halic4    l4c4   
,footnote #ajed3      ,s]vius on        
,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4 #a4 ,see also     
,arnobius1 ,adv]sus    nationes1 iii4   
#dj2 ,m>tianus ,capella1 i4 #ej4        
,footnote #ajee3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 
#fcg-fdj1 #gca-gcd2 ,prop]tius1 v4 #a4  
#ai sq4    ,footnote #ajef3      ,see   
above1 p4 #bbi4 ,z to ! sacrifice ( !   
horse 9 ,octob] see    ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 
,second ,edition1 ii4 #cae sqq4         
,footnote #ajeg3      ,tibullus1 ii4 #e4
 #ia sq43--                      8,et   
fetus matrona dabit1 natusque p>5ti     
,oscula compr5sis auribus cripict40     
,footnote #ajeh3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 
#gce-gch4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! fe/ival ,ovid 
m5tions only %eph]ds & %eep2 b s9ce     

,pales 0 a god ( cattle    z well z (   
%eep 7,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1 iii4
 #bc71 we may    suppose t h]ds & h]dsm5
 equally p>ticipat$ 9 x4 ,dionysius     
7l4c47 speaks ( f\r-foot$ bea/s 9 g5]al4
    ,footnote #ajei3      ,s ,mr4 ,w4   
,w>de ,f[l] und]/&s ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4   
#gce-gdb4    ,footnote #ajfj3           
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #hje sq4    ,footnote 
#ajfa3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #gci sq4  
,footnote #ajfb3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 
#gdg sq43--                 8,consule1  
dic1 pecori p>it] pecorisque magi/ris3  
,effugiat /abulis noxa repulsa meis40   
,) ?is s5se ( noxa comp>e id4 vi4 #abi  
sq41 :]e x is    said t buck?orn or     
haw?orn 8tri/es pell]e posset a =ibus   
noxas40    ,footnote #ajfc3      ,ovid1 
,fa/i1 iv4 #gfc-ggd4 ,! pray] t ! wolves
 may be kept f>    f ! fold is m5tion$  
also by ,tibullus 7ii4 #e4 #hh74        
,footnote #ajfd3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 
#ggi-ghb2 ,tibullus1 ii4 #e4 #hi sq42   
,prop]tius1 v4    #a4 #ai1 v4 #d4 #gg   
sq42 ,p]sius1 i4 #gb2 ,probus on        

,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4    #a4            
,footnote #ajfe3      ,i owe ?is        
obs]vation to ,f4 ,a4 ,paley1 on ,ovid1 
,fa/i1 iv4 #ged4 ,he    ref]s to        
,virgil1 ,georg4 ii4 #dce1 ,ecl4 x4 #cj2
 ,!ocritus1 xi4 #gc    sq42 to :i* may  
be add$ ,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4 #cjj sq41 
#cbj    sq42 ,horace1 ,epi/4 i4 #ad4    
#bh2 ,cato1 ,de re ru/ica1 #cj2         
,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 vii4 #c4 #ba1
 xi4 #b4 #hc & #ii-aja4 ,f    ^!        
passages ( ,cato & ,columella we le>n t 
! ,italian f>m]    f$ 8 cattle on !     
leaves ( ! elm1 ! a%1 ! popl>1 ! oak1   
! ev]gre5 oak1 ! fig1 & ! laurel4       
,footnote #ajff3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 
#gdi-ged4    ,footnote #ajfg3           
,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #geg-gfj4    ,footnote
 #ajfh3      ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 
vii4 #c4 #aa4 ,9 ?is respect ! practice 
( anci5t ,italian f>m]s w\ld seem to h  
diff]$ f t (    mod]n ,engli% bre$]s4 ,9
 a lett] 7dat$ #h? ,febru>y #aijh7 my   
fri5d ,pr(essor ,w4 ,som]ville ( ,ox=d  
writes3 8,x is aga9/ all    mod]n cu/om 

to arrange matt]s s t lambs are born    
five mon?s    aft] ,april #ba1 say ! end
 ( ,septemb]40 ,&1 aga91 9 ano!r        
lett] 7dat$ #af? ,febru>y #aijh7 he     
writes to me3 8,! matt] (    c\pl+ ewes 
& rams 9 ! end ( ,april is v p]plex+4 ,9
 ?is    c\ntry x is only ! ,dorset bre$ 
( %eep t w #8take' ! ram    at ?is "t ( 
! ye>4 ,9 ! case ( o!r bre$s ! ewe w    
only take ! ram 9 autumn1 say f ,july to
 ,novemb]1 s t !    lambs are born f    
,janu>y to ,may4 ,we consid] t lambs    
born late    9 ! season1 say ,may or    
,june1 nev] ?rive well40    ,footnote   
#ajfi3      ,! sugge/ion 0 made by ,c4  
,g4 ,heyne 9 8 comm5t>y on ,tibullus1   
i4 #e4 #hh4    ,footnote #ajgj3      ,o4
 ,kell]1 ,?i]e des classis*5 ,alt]?ums  
7,innsbruck1 #ahhg71 pp4    #aeh sqq4   
,footnote #ajga3      ,calpurnius1      
,bucol4 v4 #af-bh4    ,footnote #ajgb3  
,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #ab4    ,footnote    
#ajgc3      ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1  
,ant4 ,rom4 #a4 #hh4    ,footnote #ajgd3
      ,?is is ! view ( ,j4 ,m>qu>dt     

7,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4    #bnd  
,ed41 #bjg71 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]     
7,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #hc1 note    #a74 
,footnote #ajge3                        
,boecl]-,kreutzwald1 ,d] ,eh/5          
ab]glubis*e ,gebru*e1 ,weis5 und        
,gewohnheit51 pp4 #hb-hd1 #aaf-aah2 ,f4 
,j4 ,wi$emann1 ,aus dem inn]5    und    
uss]5 ,leb5 d] ,eh/51 pp4 #ccb1         
#cef-cfa2 ,holzmay]1    8,osiliana10    
,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5         
,gesells*aft zu    ,dorpat1 vii4 7#ahgb7
 p4 #fa4    ,footnote #ajgf3      ,f4   
,j4 ,wi$emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #dac4        
,footnote #ajgg3      ,see above1 pp4   
#ge sq4    ,footnote #ajgh3      ,w4 ,r4
 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,russian ,folk-tales1 pp4 
#cdd1 #cde4    ,footnote #ajgi3      ,w4
 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian   
,p1 pp4 #bbi-bca4 ,9 !    isl& ( ,rhodes
 also x is cu/om>y = p to roll !mselves 
on    ! grass = good luck on ,/4        
,george's ,day4 ,see ,m>y ,hamilton1    
,greek    ,sa9ts & _! ,fe/ivals         
7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #aiaj71 p4 #aff4  

,footnote #ajhj3      ,olga ,b>tels1    
8,aus dem ,leb5 d] weissrussis*5        
,l&bevlk]ung10    ,zeits*rift fr        
,e?nologie1 xxxv4 7#aijc7 p4 #fei4      
,footnote #ajha3      ,w4 ,r4 ,s4       
,ral/on1 op4 cit4 p4 #chi4 ,fr5*        
peasants ( ! ,vosges    ,m\nta9s believe
 t ,/4 ,george %uts ! m\?s ( wild bea/s 
&    prev5ts !m f attack+ ! flocks :i*  
are plac$ "u 8    protection 7,l4 ,f4   
,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des               
,hautes-,vosges1 p4 #abg74    ,footnote 
#ajhb3      ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 op4    
cit4 pp4 #cai sq4    ,footnote #ajhc3   
,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl1 8,zaub]glaube bei d5    
,rut55 9 d] ,buk[9a und    ,galizi510   
,globus1 lxi4 7#ahib7 p4 #bhj4          
,footnote #ajhd3      ,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl1   
,die ,huzul5 7,vi5na1 #ahid71 pp4 #fb   
sq41 #gh1 #hh    sq42 id41 8,zaub]glaube
 bei d5 ,huzul510 ,globus1 lxxvi4       
7#ahii7    p4 #bcc4    ,footnote #ajhe3 
,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und        
,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi51 i4             
7,leipsic1 #aijc7 pp4 #ajf sq4 ,!       

au?ority quot$ = ! sacrifice    is      
,ti$e1 ,m]kwrdigkeit5 ,s*lesi5s 7#ahjd71
 pp4 #abc sq4 ,x is    n expressly said1
 b we may assume1 t ! sacrifice 0 (f]$  
on ,/4 ,george's ,day4    ,footnote     
#ajhf3      ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,aus ,s*wab5   
7,wiesbad51 #ahgd71 ii4 #aff4 ,comp>e   
id41 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab51 ii4 #ba 
n4 #a4    ,footnote #ajhg3      ,e4 ,h4 
,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 im          
neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t    7,/rasburg1   
#aijj71 pp4 #bai1 #djh4    ,footnote    
#ajhh3      ,j4 ,haltri*1 ,zur          
,volkskunde d] ,sieb5brg] ,sa*s5        
7,vi5na1 #ahhe71    p4 #bha4            
,footnote #ajhi3      ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,das 
,jahr und se9e ,tage 9 ,me9ung und      
,brau* d] ,romn5    ,sieb5brg5s         
7,h]mann/adt1 #ahff71 pp4 #i1 #aa4      
,comp>e ,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl1    8,zur        
,volkskunde d] ,rumn5 9 d] ,buk[9a10    
,globus1 xcii4 7#aijg7    p4 #bhd4 ,x   
does n appe> :e!r ! %eph]d's p\*        
78,hirt5tas*507 9 "q is ! real p\* or ! 
plant ( t    "n4    ,footnote #ajij3    

,a4 und ,a4 ,s*ott1 ,wala*is*e ,maehr*5 
7,/uttg>t & ,tb+51    #ahde71 pp4 #bii  
sq4    ,footnote #ajia3      ,a4        
,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>5 7,leipsic1 #ahih71
 p4 #bhg4    ,footnote #ajib3      ,a4  
,/rausz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ccg4    ,footnote 
#ajic3      ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs 
( ! ,russian ,p1 p4 #bcj4    ,footnote  
#ajid3      ,above1 pp4 #abf sq4        
,footnote #ajie3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1  
,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d]     
,sdslav51 pp4    #abe-abg2 id41 ,kroati5
 und ,slavoni5 7,vi5na1 #ahhi71 pp4 #aje
 sq4    ,footnote #ajif3      ,w4 ,j4   
,a4 ,tettau und ,j4 ,d4 ,h4 ,temme1 ,die
 ,volkssag5 ,o/preuss5s1    ,lit?au5s   
und ,we/preuss5s 7,b]l91 #ahcg71 p4     
#bfc4    ,footnote #ajig3      ,l4      
,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$51 pp4     
#bdf-bea2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft    des  
,feu]s1 #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #afc sq4         
,footnote #ajih3      ,see above1 pp4   
#ge sq4    ,footnote #ajii3      ,w4 ,r4
 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,russian ,folk-tales1 p4  
#cde4    ,footnote #aajj3      ,m>ie    

,&ree-,eysn1 ,volkskundli*es aus dem    
bayris*-/]rei*is*5    ,alp5gebiet       
7,brunswick1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ahj-ahb4      
,footnote #aaja3      ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1    
,badis*es ,volksleb5 im neunzehnt5      
,jahrhund]t    7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4   
#dbc2 ,k4 ,freih]r von ,leopre*t+1 ,aus 
dem    ,le*ra9 7,muni*1 #ahee71 p4 #afh4
    ,footnote #aajb3      ,see above1   
pp4 #ef sq4    ,footnote #aajc3      ,a4
 ,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>51 pp4 #ccg1 #che  
sq4 ,!re seems to be a    special       
connexion betwe5 ,/4 ,george & s]p5ts4  
,9 ,bohemia &    ,moravia x is ?\ght t  
up to ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april s]p5ts      
are innocu\s1 & only get _! poison on ! 
sa9t's day4 ,see ,j4 ,v4    ,grohmann1  
,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und   
,mhr51  #cbf1    #ehj1 pp4 #ea1 #ha2 ,w4
 ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d]     
,deuts*5 9    ,mhr51 p4 #cbc4 ,v>i\s o!r
 *>ms are effect$ by means (    s]p5ts  
on ?is day4 ,?us if y te> out ! tongue (
 a live snake    on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 
put x 9 a ball ( wax1 & lay ! ball "u   

y\r tongue1 y w be able to talk d[n     
anybody4 ,see ,j4 ,v4    ,grohmann1 op4 
cit41  #egf1 #aafi1 pp4 #ha1 #aff4      
,footnote #aajd3      ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1
 op4 cit4  #adfc1 p4 #baj4    ,footnote 
#aaje3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und 
,brau* d] ,sdslav51 p4 #age4            
,footnote #aajf3      ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1  
op4 cit4 pp4 #age sq4    ,footnote      
#aajg3      ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1         
,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm51 pp4 #aid sq42   
,j4    ,v4 ,grohmann1 op4 cit41  #eed1  
p4 #gg4    ,footnote #aajh3      ,s4 ,j4
 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion
 ,to-day1 pp4 #hc sq41 #aah    sq4      
,footnote #aaji3      ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1   
,curi\s ,my?s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4    
#bgh sqq4    ,! au?ority = ?is          
id5tification is ! nom9al translator1 b 
real au?or1 ( ! "w call$ ,! ,agriculture
 ( ! ,nabataeans4    ,see ,d4 ,a4       
,*wolson1 b] ,tammuz und die            
,m5s*5v]ehrung bei d5    alt5           
,babyloni]n 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfj71 pp4
 #ef sq4 ,al?\gh ,!    ,agriculture ( ! 

,nabataeans appe>s to be a =g]y 7see    
above1 p4    #ajj1 note #b71 !          
id5tification ( ! ori5tal ,/4 ,george ) 
,tammuz may nev]!less be correct4       
,footnote #aaaj3      ,j4 ,maeletius    
7,m5ecius71 8,de sacrificiis et         
idolatria vet]um    ,borussorum ,livonum
 ali>umque vic9>um g5tium10 ,mitteilung5
 d]    ,litt]>is*5 ,gesells*aft         
,masovia1 ,heft #h 7,ltz51 #aijb71 pp4  
#ahe1    #ahg1 #bjj sq42 id4 9          
,scriptores r]um ,livonic>um1 ii4 7,riga
 &    ,leipsic1 #ahdh71 pp4 #chi1 #cij2 
,j4 ,lasicius1 8,de diis ,samagit>um    
caet]orumque ,s>mat>um10 ed4 ,w4        
,mannh>dt1 9 ,magaz9 h]ausgegeb5    von 
d] ,lettis*-lit]ris*5 ,gesells*aft1 xiv4
 7#ahfh7 pp4 #ie sq4    ,! fir/ =m ( !  
pray] to ,p]grubius is f ! ,lat91 !     
second f ! ,g]man1 v]sion ( ,maeletius's
 7,jan ,malecki's7 "w4    ,! description
 ( ,p]grubius z 8he :o makes leaves &   
grass to    gr[0 78d] le/ wa*ss5 laub   
unnd gras07 is also f ! ,g]man4         
,accord+ to ,m4 ,praetorius1 ,p]grubius 

0 a god ( husb&ry    7,deliciae         
,prussicae1 ,b]l91 #ahga1 p4 #be74      
,,*apt] ,,xx                            
,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,oak              
#a4 ,! ,diffusion ( ! ,oak 9 ,europe    
,sid5ote3 ,! ,lat9 k+s repres5t$        
,jupit]1 ! god ( ! oak1 !  sky1 ! ?und]1
 & ! ra94 ,9 a prec$+ *apt] "s reasons  
7 giv5 = ?9k+ t ! e>ly ,lat9 k+s pos$ z 
liv+  repres5tatives ( ,jupit]1 ! god ( 
! oak1 ! sky1 ! ra91 &  ! ?und]1 & t 9  
?is capacity !y attempt$ to ex]cise !   
f]tilis+ functions :i* 7 ascrib$ to !   
god4 ,! probability (  ?is view w be    
/r5g!n$ if x c be prov$ t ! same god 0  
wor%ipp$ "u o!r names by o!r bran*es ( !
 ,aryan /ock 9  ,europe1 & t ! ,lat9 k+s
 7 n alone 9 arrogat+ to  !mselves 8    
p[]s & attributes4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i      
propose briefly  to put toge!r a few ( !
 pr9cipal facts :i* po9t to ?is         
conclusion4    ,sid5ote3 ,:y %\ld ! god 
( ! oak be also ! god ( ! sky1 !  ?und]1
 & ! ra98 ,b at ! outset a difficulty   
pres5ts itself4  ,to u ! oak1 ! sky1 !  

ra91 & ! ?und] appe> ?+s totally  di/9ct
 f ea* o!r4 ,h[ did our =efa!rs come to 
gr\p !m  toge!r & imag9e !m z attributes
 ( "o & ! same god8 ,a  connexion may be
 se5 betwe5 ! sky1 ! ra91 & ! ?und]2 b  
:at has any ( !m to d ) ! oak8 ,yet "o (
 ^! app>5tly  disp>ate elem5ts 0        
probably ! orig9al nucleus r\nd :i* 9 "t
  ! o!rs ga!r$ & cry/allis$ into !      
composite conception (  ,jupit]4        
,accord+ly we mu/ ask1 ,:i* ( !m 0 !    
orig9al c5tre  ( attraction8 ,if m5 />t$
 ) ! idea ( an oak-god1 h[ came !y  to  
enl>ge 8 k+dom by annex+ to x ! prov9ce 
( ! sky1 !  ra91 & ! ?und]8 ,if1 on !   
o!r h&1 !y set out ) !  notion ( a god (
 ! sky1 ! ra91 & ! ?und]1 or any "o (   
!m1 :y %\ld !y h add$ ! oak to 8        
attributes8 ,! oak is  t]re/rial2 ! sky1
 ! ?und]1 & ! ra9 are cele/ial or a]ial4
  ,:at is ! bridge betwe5 ! two8        
,sid5ote3 ,9 ! composite "* ( ,jupit] ! 
oak is probably  prim>y1 ! sky1 ! ra91 &
 ! ?und] second>y & d]ivative4  ,9 !    
sequel ,i %all endeav\r to %ew t on !   

pr9ciple (  primitive ?\ght ! evolution 
( a sky-god f an oak-god is m  easily   
conceivable ?an ! conv]se2 & if ,i      
succe$1 x becomes  probable t 9 !       
composite "* ( ,jupit] ! oak is prim>y  
& orig9al1 ! sky1 ! ra91 & ! ?und]      
second>y &  d]ivative4    ,sid5ote3     
,europe cov]$ ) va/ oak =e/s 9          
prehi/oric times4  ,we h se5 t long be=e
 ! dawn ( hi/ory ,europe 0 cov]$  ) va/ 
primaeval woods1 :i* mu/ h ex]cis$ a    
pr(\nd  influ5ce on ! ?\ght z well z on 
! life ( our rude ance/ors  :o dwelt    
disp]s$ "u ! gloomy %ad[ or 9 ! op5     
glades &  cle>+s ( ! =e/4#aaaa ,n[1 (   
all ! trees :i* compos$  ^! woods ! oak 
appe>s to h be5 bo? ! commone/ & ! mo/  
useful4 ,! pro( ( ?is is drawn p>tly f !
 /atem5ts (  classical writ]s1 p>tly f !
 rema9s ( anci5t villages built on      
piles 9 lakes & m>%es1 & p>tly f ! oak  
=e/s :i* h  be5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 peat-bogs4
    ,sid5ote3 ,rema9s ( oak =e/s f\nd 9 
peat-bogs4 ,^! bogs1 :i*  atta9 _!      
greate/ developm5t 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 b 

are met )  also 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn p>ts 
( ! ,cont95t1 h pres]v$  z 9 a museum ! 
trees & plants :i* sprang up & fl\ri%$  
aft]  ! end ( ! glacial epo*4 ,?us 9    
,scotl& ! peat1 :i* occupies  wide areas
 bo? 9 ! highl&s & l[l&s1 almo/ ev]y:]e 
cov]s  ! rema9s ( =e/s1 among :i* !     
common] trees are p9e1 oak1  & bir*4 ,! 
oaks are ( great size1 & are f\nd at    
heights above  ! sea su* z ! tree w\ld n
 n[ naturally atta9 to4 ,equally        
rem>kable = _! size are ! p9es1 b ?\gh  
!y also _h a  wid] di/ribution ?an at   
pres5t1 !y appe> n to h =m$ any         
ext5sive =e/s at ! l[e/ levels ( !      
c\ntry4 ,/ill1 rema9s (  !m h be5 dug up
 9 _m l[l& peat-mosses1 :]e ! bulk ( !  
buri$ timb] is oak4#aaab ,:5 ,hatfield  
,moss 9 ,york%ire 0 dra9$1  !re 7 f\nd 9
 x trunks ( oak a hundr$ feet long & z  
black z  ebony4 ,"o giant actually      
measur$ a hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1  )
 a diamet] ( twelve feet at ! root & six
 feet at ! top4 ,no  su* tree n[ exi/s 9
 ,europe4#aaac ,sunk5 =e/s & peat occur 

at  _m places on ! coa/s ( ,engl&1      
especially on l[ %elv+ %ores  :]e ! l&  
falls away ) a g5tle slope to ! sea4 ,^!
  subm]g$ areas 7 once mud flats :i*1 z 
! sea retreat$ f  !m1 gradually became  
clo!d ) d5se =e/s1 *iefly ( oak &       
,scot* fir1 ?\gh a%1 yew1 ald]1 & o!r   
trees soon] or lat]  m+l$ ) !m4#aaad ,! 
great peat-bogs ( ,irel& %ew t !re  0 a 
"t :5 va/ woods ( oak & yew cov]$ !     
c\ntry1 ! oak  gr[+ on ! hills up to a  
height ( f\r hundr$ feet or !reab\t     
above ! sea1 :ile at high] levels deal 0
 ! prevail+ timb]4  ,human relics h (t5 
be5 discov]$ 9 ^! ,iri% bogs1 & anci5t  
roadways made ( oak h also come to      
light4#aaae ,9 ! peat-bog ne>           
,abbeville1 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1      
trunks ( oak h be5 dug up  f\rte5 feet  
?ick1 a diamet] r>ely met ) outside !   
tropics 9  ! old ,cont95t4#aaaf         
,sid5ote3 ,=m] oak woods ( ,d5m>k &     
,sc&9avia4 ,at pres5t !  woods ( ,d5m>k 
consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( magnific5t bee*es1  
:i*  fl\ri% "h z luxuriantly z any:]e 9 

! _w4 ,oaks are mu*  r>] & appe> to be  
on ! decl9e4 ,yet ! evid5ce ( !         
peat-bogs  proves t be=e ! adv5t ( !    
bee* ! c\ntry 0 ov]spread  ) d5se =e/s (
 tall & /ately oaks4 ,x 0 dur+ !        
asc5d5cy ( ! oak 9 ! woods t bronze     
seems to h become  kn[n 9 ,d5m>k2 =     
swords & %ields ( t metal1 n[ 9 !       
museum ( ,cop5hag51 h be5 tak5 out (    
peat 9 :i* oaks ab\nd4  ,yet at a /ill  
e>li] p]iod ! oak _h be5 prec$$ by ! p9e
 or  ,scot* fir 9 ! ,dani% =e/s2 & !    
discov]y ( neoli?ic  implem5ts 9 !      
peat-bogs %ews t savages ( ! ,/one ,age 
_h  _! homes 9 ^! old p9e woods z well z
 9 ! lat] =e/s (  oak4 ,"s antiqu>ies   
are ( op9ion t ! ,iron ,age 9 ,d5m>k    
began  ) ! com+ ( ! bee*1 b ( ?is !re is
 no evid5ce2 =  aught we "k to ! contr>y
 ! beautiful bee* =e/s may date back  to
 ! ,age ( ,bronze4#aaag ,! peat-bogs (  
,norway ab\nd 9 buri$  timb]2 & 9 _m (  
!m ! trees occur 9 two di/9ct lay]s4 ,! 
l[] ( ^! lay]s consi/s *iefly ( oak1    
hazel1 a%1 & o!r  decidu\s trees2 ! upp]

 is compos$ ( ,scot* firs & bir*es4 ,9  
! bogs ( ,sw$5 also ! oak =e/s und]lie !
 p9e =e/s4#aaah  ,h[ev]1 x appe>s to be 
d\btful :e!r ,sc&9avia 0 inhabit$ 9  !  
age ( ! oak woods4 ,neoli?ic tools h    
inde$ be5 f\nd 9 !  peat1 b g5]ally n   
deep] d[n ?an two feet or s2 h5ce "o    
antiqu>y inf]s t 9 ^! bogs n m ?an two  
feet ( peat has  =m$ )9 hi/orical       
times4#aaai ,b negative evid5ce on su* a
  po9t goes = little1 z only a small    
portion ( ! bogs c h be5  explor$4      
,sid5ote3 ,! anci5t lake dwell+s (      
,europe 7 built to a great  ext5t on    
oak5 piles4 ,unequivocal pro( ( !       
preval5ce ( ! oak  & its usefulness to  
man 9 e>ly times is furni%$ by ! rema9s 
(  ! pile villages :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 
_m ( ! lakes (  ,europe4 ,9 ! ,briti%   
,isl&s ! piles & ! plat=ms on :i*  ^!   
crannogs or lake dwell+s re/$ appe> to h
 be5 g5]ally (  oak1 ?\gh fir1 bir*1 &  
o!r trees 7 sometimes us$ 9 _!          
con/ruction4 ,speak+ ( ! ,iri% & ,scot* 
crannogs a le>n$  antiqu>y rem>ks3 8,e  

v>iety ( /ructure obs]v$ 9 ! "o  c\ntry 
is to be f\nd 9 ! o!r1 f ! purely       
artificial isl&1  fram$ ( oak-beams1    
mortis$ toge!r1 to ! natural isl&1      
artificially =tifi$ or enl>g$ by girdles
 ( oak-piles or ramp>ts  ( loose        
/ones40#aabj ,canoes holl[$ out ( trunks
 ( oak h be5  f\nd bo? 9 ! ,scot* & 9 ! 
,iri% crannogs4#aaba ,9 ! lake  dwell+s 
( ,switz]l& & ,c5tral ,europe ! piles   
are v (t5 (  oak1 b by no means z       
uni=mly s z 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s2 fir1    
bir*1 ald]1 a%1 elm1 & o!r timb] 7 also 
employ$ = !  purpose4#aabb ,t !         
inhabitants ( ^! villages subsi/$ p>tly 
on ! produce ,sid5ote3 ,! inhabitants ( 
! lake dwell+s  subsi/$ p>tly on acorns4
 ( ! oak1 ev5 aft] !y _h adopt$         
agriculture1 is prov$ by ! acorns :i* h 
be5 f\nd 9 _!  dwell+s along ) :eat1    
b>ley1 & millet1 z well z bee*-nuts1    
hazel-nuts1 & ! rema9s ( *e/nuts &      
*]ries4#aabc ,9 !  valley ( ! ,po !     
framework ( logs & planks :i* supports !
  prehi/oric villages is mo/ commonly ( 

elm wood1 b ev]gre5 oak &  *e/nut 7 also
 us$2 & ! abundance ( oaks is atte/$ by 
!  great quantities ( acorns :i* 7 dug  
up 9 ^! settlem5ts4 ,z  ! acorns 7      
sometimes f\nd /or$ 9 e>!nw>e vessels1 x
  appe>s t !y 7 eat5 by ! p z well z by 
_!  pigs4#aabd    ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce (  
classical writ]s z to ! oak =e/s (      
,europe4 ,! evid5ce ( classical writ]s  
proves t great oak =e/s  /ill exi/$ d[n 
to _! "t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?us ! 
,v5eti on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,brittany  
made _! flat-bottom$ boats  out ( oak   
timb]1 ( :i*1 we are told1 !re 0        
abundance 9 _!  c\ntry4#aabe ,pl9y in=ms
 u t1 :ile ! :ole ( ,g]many 0  cov]$ )  
cool & %ady woods1 ! l(tie/ trees 7 to  
be se5  n f> f ! c\ntry ( ! ,*auci1 :o  
inhabit$ ! coa/ ( !  ,nor? ,sea4 ,among 
^! giants ( ! =e/ he speaks especially (
 !  oaks :i* grew on ! banks ( two      
lakes4 ,:5 ! waves _h und]m9$  _! roots1
 ! oaks are said to h torn away great   
portions ( !  bank & float$ l isl&s on !
 lakes4#aabf ,! same ,sid5ote3  ,! oak  

woods ( ,g]many4 writ] speaks ( ! va/   
,h]cynian wood (  ,g]many z an oak =e/1 
old z ! _w1 unt\*$ = ages1 &  pass+     
wond]ful 9 its immortality4 ,s huge 7 ! 
trees1 he says1  t :5 _! roots met !y 7 
=c$ up above gr\nd 9 ! %ape  ( ar*es1   
?r\gh :i* a troop ( horse c\ld ride z   
?r\gh an op5  gate4#aabg ,8 te/imony z  
to ! k9d ( trees :i* compos$ ?is  fam\s 
=e/ is confirm$ by its "n1 :i* seems to 
mean no m ?an  8oak wood40#aabh ,9 !    
second c5tury be=e our era oak =e/s 7   
/ill s common 9 ! valley ( ! ,po t !    
h]ds ( sw9e :i*  br[s$ on ! acorns      
suffic$ to ,sid5ote3 ,! oak woods (     
anci5t  ,italy & ,greece4 supply !      
great] "p ( ! dem& = pork  ?r\gh\t      
,italy1 al?\gh n[h]e 9 ! _w1 accord+ to 
,polybius1  7 m pigs but*]$ to fe$ !    
gods1 ! p1 & !  army4#aabi ,else:]e !   
same hi/orian describes ! imm5se h]ds ( 
sw9e :i* roam$ ! ,italian oak =e/s1     
especially on ! coa/s (  ,tuscany &     
,lomb>dy4 ,9 ord] to sort out ! diff]5t 
droves :5  !y m+l$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! woods1 

ea* sw9eh]d c>ri$ a  horn1 & :5 he w\nd 
a bla/ on x all 8 own pigs came troop+  
to  him ) su* vehem5ce t no?+ c\ld /op  
!m2 = all ! h]ds  knew ! note ( _! own  
horn4 ,9 ! oak =e/s ( ,greece ?is       
device 0 unkn[n1 & ! sw9eh]ds !re _h    
h>d] "w to come by  _! own :5 ! bea/s _h
 /ray$ f> 9 ! woods1 z !y 7 apt  to d 9 
autumn :ile ! acorns 7 fall+4#aacj ,d[n 
to !  beg9n+ ( our era oak woods 7      
int]sp]s$ among ! olive groves  &       
v9ey>ds ( ! ,sab9e c\ntry 9 c5tral      
,italy4#aaca ,among !  beautiful woods  
:i* clo!d ! ,h]aean m\nta9s 9 ,sicily ! 
oaks  7 p>ticul>ly rem>k$ = _! /ately   
gr[? & ! great size  ( _! acorns4#aacb  
,9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! oak     
=e/s ( ,arcadia /ill h>b\r$ wild bo>s1  
be>s1 & huge tortoises  9 _! d>k        
recesses4#aacc    ,sid5ote3 ,! oak /ill 
! *ief =e/ tree ( ,europe4 ,ev5 n[ !    
pr$om9ance ( ! oak z ! pr9cipal =e/ tree
 ( ,europe has  h>dly pass$ away4 ,?us  
we are told t among ! leaf-be>+ trees  (
 ,greece1 z oppos$ to ! conif]s1 ! oak  

/ill plays by f> !  mo/ important "p 9  
reg>d bo? to ! numb] ( ! individuals &  
! numb] ( ! species4#aacd ,& ! ,briti%  
oak 9 p>ticul>  7,qu]cus robur7 is yet !
 prevail+ tree 9 mo/ ( ! woods (        
,france1 ,g]many1 & s\!rn ,russia1 :ile 
9 ,engl& ! coppice &  ! few fragm5ts (  
natural =e/ /ill left are ma9ly compos$ 
(  ?is species4#aace    ,sid5ote3 ,9    
,europe acorns h be5 us$ z human food   
bo? 9 anci5t  & mod]n times4 ,?us ! old 
classical tradition t m5 liv$ ^u  acorns
 be=e !y le>n$ to till ! gr\nd#aacf may 
v well be  f\nd$ on fact4 ,inde$ acorns 
7 /ill an article ( diet 9 "s  p>ts (   
s\!rn ,europe )9 hi/orical times4       
,speak+ ( !  prosp]ity ( ! righte\s1    
,hesiod decl>es t = !m ! e>?  be>s mu*  
sub/ance1 & ! oak on ! m\nta9s puts =?  
acorns4#aacg ,! ,arcadians 9 _! oak-=e/s
 7 prov]bial =  eat+ acorns1#aach b n ! 
acorns ( all oaks1 only ^? ( a  p>ticul>
 sort4#aaci ,pl9y tells u t 9 8 day     
acorns /ill  con/itut$ ! weal? ( _m     
nations1 & t 9 "t ( de>? !y  7 gr\nd &  

bak$ into bread4#aadj ,accord+ to       
,/rabo1 !  m\nta9e]s ( ,spa9 subsi/$ on 
acorn bread = two-?irds ( !  ye>2#aada &
 9 t c\ntry acorns 7 s]v$ up z a second 
c\rse  ev5 at ! meals ( !               
well-to-d4#aadb ,9 ! same regions ! same
  practice ,sid5ote3 ,acorns z food 9   
mod]n ,europe4 has surviv$ to  mod]n    
times4 ,! commone/ & f9e/ oak ( mod]n   
,greece is !  ,qu]cus ,aegilops1 ) a    
beautiful cr[n ( leaves1 & ! peasants   
eat its acorns bo? roa/$ & raw4#aadc ,! 
sweet] acorns ( !  ,qu]cus ,ballota also
 s]ve !m z food1 especially 9           
,arcadia4#aadd  ,9 ,spa9 p eat ! acorns 
( ! ev]gre5 oak 7,qu]cus ,ilex71  :i*   
are kn[n z bellotas1 & are said to be   
mu* l>g] & m  succul5t ?an ! produce ( !
 ,briti% oak4 ,! du*ess 9 ,don  ,quixote
 writes to ,san*o's wife to s5d h] "s ( 
!m4 ,b oaks are  n[ few & f> betwe5 9   
,la ,man*a4#aade ,ev5 9 ,engl& & ,france
  acorns h be5 boil$ & eat5 by ! poor z 
a sub/itute = bread  9 "t ( de>?4#aadf  
,& naturally ! use ( acorns z food =    

sw9e has also la/$ into mod]n times4 ,x 
is on acorns t ^? hogs  are fatt5$ 9    
,e/remadura :i* make ! fam\s ,montan*es 
hams4#aadg  ,l>ge h]ds ( sw9e 9 all !   
great oak woods ( ,g]many dep5d on      
acorns = _! autumn subsi/5ce2 & 9 !     
rema9+ royal =e/s  ( ,engl& !           
inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ villages /ill 
claim  _! anci5t "r ( pannage1 turn+ _! 
hogs into ! woods 9  ,octob] &          
,novemb]4#aadh                 #b4 ,!   
,aryan ,god ( ! ,oak & ! ,?und]#aadi    
,sid5ote3 ,! _m b5efits receiv$ by !    
anci5t ,aryans f ! oak  naturally l$ !m 
to wor%ip ! tree4 ,?us we may conclude t
 !  primitive ,aryans ( ,europe liv$    
among oak woods1 us$ oak /icks =  !     
light+ ( _! fires1 & oak timb] = !      
con/ruction (  _! villages1 _! roads1 _!
 canoes1 f$ _! sw9e on acorns1  &       
!mselves subsi/$ 9 "p on ! same simple  
diet4 ,no wond]1  !n1 if ! tree f :i* !y
 receiv$ s _m b5efits %\ld play  an     
important "p 9 _! religion1 & %\ld be   
inve/$ ) a  sacr$ "*4 ,we h se5 t !     

wor%ip ( trees has be5  _w-wide1 & t1   
beg9n+ ) a simple rev]5ce & dread ( !   
tree z itself animat$ by a p[]ful _s1 x 
has ,sid5ote3 ,!  wor%ip ( ! tree itself
 gradually grew into a wor%ip ( ! god ( 
! tree1 b no %>p l9e ( di/9ction c be   
drawn betwe5 !  two4 gradually gr[n into
 a cult ( tree gods & tree goddesses1 :o
  ) ! advance ( ?\ght become m & m      
deta*$ f _! old  home 9 ! trees1 &      
assume ! "* ( sylvan deities & p[]s  (  
f]tility 9 g5]al1 to :om ! husb&man     
looks n m]ely = !  prosp]ity ( 8 crops1 
b = ! fecundity ( 8 cattle & 8  wom54   
,:]e ?is evolution has tak5 place x has 
necess>ily be5 sl[  & long4 ,?\gh x is  
conv5i5t to di/+ui% 9 !ory betwe5 !     
wor%ip ( trees & ! wor%ip ( gods ( !    
trees1 x is impossible  to draw a h>d & 
fa/ l9e betwe5 !m 9 practice1 & to say1 
8,"h  ! "o beg9s & ! o!r ends40 ,su*    
di/9ctions1 h[ev] useful  !y may be z   
heads ( classification to ! /ud5t1 evade
 9 g5]al  ! dull] wit ( ! tree wor%ipp]4
 ,we _c !re=e hope to lay  our f+] on t 

precise po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,aryans :5  
!y  ceas$ to wor%ip ! oak = its own     
sake1 & began to wor%ip a god  ( ! oak4 
,t po9t1 if x 7 ideally possible to m>k 
x1 _h  d\btless be5 left f> beh9d !m by 
! m intellig5t1 at lea/1  ( our =efa!rs 
be=e !y em]g$ into ! light ( hi/ory4 ,we
  mu/ be cont5t = ! mo/ "p to f9d among 
!m gods ( :om !  oak 0 an attribute or  
sacr$ adjunct r ?an ! ess5ce4 ,if we    
wi% to f9d ! orig9al wor%ip ( ! tree    
itself we mu/ g = x  to ! ignorant      
peasantry ( to-day1 n to ! enlight5$    
writ]s (  antiquity4 ,fur!r1 x is to be 
borne 9 m9d t :ile all oaks 7  probably 
! object ( sup]/iti\s awe1 s t ! fell+ (
 any (  !m = timb] or firewood w\ld be  
att5d$ ) c]emonies design$  to appease !
 injur$ _s ( ! tree1#aaej only c]ta9    
p>ticul>  groves or individual oaks w\ld
 9 g5]al receive t measure (  homage :i*
 we %\ld t]m wor%ip4 ,! reasons :i* l$  
m5 to  v5]ate "s trees m ?an o!rs might 
be v>i\s4 ,among/ !m !  v5]able age &   
impos+ size ( a giant oak w\ld naturally

 c\nt =  mu*4 ,& any o!r /rik+          
peculi>ity :i* m>k$ a tree (f f  its    
fell[s w\ld be apt to attract !         
att5tion1 & to conc5trate on  itself !  
vague sup]/iti\s awe ( ! savage4 ,we "k1
 = example1  t ) ! ,druids ! gr[? (     
mi/letoe on an oak 0 a sign t  ! tree 0 
especially sacr$2 & ! r>ity ( ?is       
feature--=  mi/letoe does n commonly gr[
 on oaks--w\ld enhance ! sanctity &     
my/]y ( ! tree4 ,= x is ! /range1 !     
wond]ful1 ! r>e1 n  ! famili> &         
commonplace1 :i* excites ! religi\s     
emotions (  mank9d4    ,sid5ote3 ,!     
wor%ip ( ! oak tree or ( ! oak god seems
 to h  be5 common to all ! ,aryans (    
,europe4 ,! wor%ip ( ! oak tree or  ( ! 
oak god appe>s to h be5 %>$ by all !    
bran*es ( !  ,aryan /ock 9 ,europe4 ,bo?
 ,greeks & ,italians associat$ ! tree   
,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( ! oak 9 ,greece2 its
 association ) ,zeus4  ) _! highe/ god1 
,zeus or ,jupit]1 ! div9ity ( ! sky1 !  
ra91 & ! ?und]4#aaea ,p]haps ! olde/ &  
c]ta9ly "o ( !  mo/ fam\s sanctu>ies 9  

,greece 0 t ( ,dodona1 :]e ,zeus 0      
rev]$ 9 ! oracul> oak4#aaeb ,!          
?und]-/orms :i* are said to  rage at    
,dodona m frequ5tly ?an any:]e else 9   
,europe1#aaec w\ld  r5d] ! spot a fitt+ 
home = ! god ^: voice 0 he>d alike  9 ! 
ru/l+ ( ! oak leaves & 9 ! cra% ( ?und]4
 ,p]haps  ! bronze gongs :i* kept up a  
humm+ 9 ! w9d r\nd !  sanctu>y#aaed 7   
meant to mimick ! ?und] t might s (t5 be
  he>d roll+ & rumbl+ 9 ! coombs ( ! /]n
 & b>r5  m\nta9s :i* %ut 9 ! gloomy     
valley4#aaee ,9 ,boeotia1 z we h  se51 !
 sacr$ m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 ! oak god
 & ! oak  goddess1 0 celebrat$ ) mu*    
pomp by a religi\s f$]ation (           
/ates4#aaef ,& on ,m\nt ,lycaeus 9      
,arcadia ! "* ( ,zeus z  god bo? ( ! oak
 & ( ! ra9 comes out cle>ly 9 ! ra9 *>m 
practis$ by ! prie/ ( ,zeus1 :o dipp$ an
 oak bran* 9 a sacr$  spr+4#aaeg        
,sid5ote3 ,zeus z ! ra9 god ( ! ,greeks4
 ,9 8 latt] capacity  ,zeus 0 ! god to  
:om ! ,greeks regul>ly pray$ = ra94     
,no?+  c\ld be m natural2 = (t51 ?\gh n 

always1 he _h 8 seat on  ! m\nta9s :]e !
 cl\ds ga!r & ! oaks gr[4 ,on !         
acropolis at ,a!ns !re 0 an image ( ,e>?
 pray+ to ,zeus =  ra94#aaeh ,& 9 "t (  
dr\ght ! ,a!nians !mselves pray$1       
8,ra91 ra91 ,o de> ,zeus1 on ! cornl& ( 
! ,a!nians & on !  pla9s40#aaei ,!      
m\nta9s :i* lay r\nd _! city1 & to :i*  
!y look$ ?r\gh ! cle> ,attic air = signs
 ( ! wea!r1 7  associat$ by !m ) !      
wor%ip ( ! wea!r-god ,zeus4 ,x 0 a  sign
 ( ra9 :51 away to sea1 a cl\d re/$ on !
 %>p peak (  ,aeg9a1 :i* cuts ! sky-l9e 
l a blue horn4#aafj ,on ?is f>-se5  peak
 ,panhell5ian ,zeus 0 wor%ipp$1#aafa &  
leg5d ran t once1  :5 all ,greece 0 p>*$
 ) dr\ght1 envoys assembl$ 9 ,aeg9a  f e
 qu>t] & entreat$ ,aeacus1 ! k+ ( !     
isl&1 t he  w\ld int]c$e ) 8 fa!r ,zeus 
= ra94 ,! k+ compli$ )  ! reque/1 & by  
sacrifices & pray]s wrung ! ne$$ %[]s f 
8 sire ! sky-god4#aafb    ,sid5ote3     
,zeus z ! god ( f]tility4 ,aga91 x 0 a  
sign ( ra9  at ,a!ns :5 cl\ds 9 summ]   
lay on ! top or ! sides (               

,hymettus1#aafc ! *a9 ( b>r5 m\nta9s :i*
 b\nds ! ,attic  pla9 on ! ea/1 fac+ !  
we/]+ sun & cat*+ f 8 la/  beams a      
solemn gl[ ( purple light4 ,if dur+ a   
/orm a long bank (  cl\ds 0 se5 l[]+ on 
! m\nta91 x meant t ! /orm w\ld         
increase 9 fury4#aafd ,h5ce an alt> (   
,%[]y ,zeus /ood on  ,hymettus4#aafe    
,aga91 om5s ( wea!r 7 drawn :5 lightn+  
fla%$ or cl\ds hung on ! top ( ,m\nt    
,p>nes to ! nor? (  ,a!ns2#aaff & !re   
accord+ly an alt> 0 set up to sign-giv+ 
,zeus4#aafg ,! climate ( ea/]n ,argolis 
is dry1 & ! rugg$  m\nta9s are little   
bett] ?an a /ony wat]less wild]ness4 ,on
 "o (  !m1 nam$ ,m\nt ,ara*naeus1 or !  
,spid] ,m\nta91 /ood alt>s (  ,zeus &   
,h]a1 & :5 ra9 0 want$ ! p sacrific$ !re
 to  ! god & goddess4#aafh ,on ! ridge (
 ,m\nt ,tmolus1 ne> ,s>des1  !re 0 a    
spot call$ ! ,bir?place ( ,ra9y         
,zeus1#aafi probably  because cl\ds re/+
 on x 7 obs]v$ to presage ra94 ,! memb]s
  ( a religi\s society 9 ! isl& ( ,cos  
us$ to g 9 procession &  (f] sacrifices 

on an alt> ( ,ra9y ,zeus1 :5 ! ?ir/y l& 
/ood  9 ne$ ( refre%+ %[]s4#aagj ,?us   
conceiv$ z ! s\rce (  f]tility1 x 0 n   
unnatural t ,zeus %\ld receive ! title (
  ! ,fruitful ,"o1#aaga & t at ,a!ns he 
%\ld be wor%ipp$ "u  ! surname ( !      
,husb&man4#aagb    ,sid5ote3 ,zeus z !  
god ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,aga91 ,zeus     
wield$ ! ?und] & lightn+ z well z !     
ra94#aagc ,at ,olympia  & else:]e he 0  
wor%ipp$ "u ! surname ( ,?und]bolt2#aagd
  & at ,a!ns !re 0 a sacrificial he>? ( 
,lightn+ ,zeus on !  city wall1 :]e "s  
prie/ly (ficials wat*$ = lightn+ ov]    
,m\nt ,p>nes at c]ta9 seasons ( !       
ye>4#aage ,fur!r1 spots :i*  _h be5     
/ruck by lightn+ 7 regul>ly f5c$ 9 by ! 
,greeks &  consecrat$ to ,zeus !        
,desc5d]1 t is1 to ! god :o came d[n 9  
! fla% f heav54 ,alt>s 7 set up )9 ^!   
enclosures &  sacrifices (f]$ on !m4    
,sev]al su* places are kn[n f           
inscriptions to h exi/$ 9 ,a!ns4#aagf   
,sid5ote3 ,! ,greek k+s p]sonifi$ ,zeus1
 z ! ,italian k+s  p]sonifi$ ,jupit]4   

,?us :5 anci5t ,greek k+s claim$ to be  
desc5d$ f ,zeus1 & ev5 to be> 8 "n1#aagg
 we may reasonably  suppose t !y also   
attempt$ to ex]cise 8 div9e functions by
  mak+ ?und] & ra9 = ! good ( _! p or ! 
t]ror &  confusion ( _! foes4 ,9 ?is    
respect ! leg5d ( ,salmoneus#aagh       
probably reflects ! pret5sions ( a :ole 
class ( petty sov]eigns  :o reign$ (    
old1 ea* ov] 8 little canton1 9 !       
oak-clad  highl&s ( ,greece4 ,l _! k9sm5
 ! ,iri% k+s1 !y 7  expect$ to be a     
s\rce ( f]tility to ! l& & ( fecundity  
to !  cattle2#aagi & h[ c\ld !y fulfil  
^! expectations bett] ?an  by act+ ! "p 
( _! k9sman ,zeus1 ! great god ( ! oak1 
!  ?und]1 & ! ra98 ,!y p]sonifi$ him1   
app>5tly1 j z !  ,italian k+s p]sonifi$ 
,jupit]4#aahj    ,sid5ote3 ,jupit] 9    
,italy z ! god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & !    
ra94 ,9 anci5t ,italy e oak 0 sacr$ to  
,jupit]1 ! ,italian  c\nt]p>t (         
,zeus2#aaha & on ! ,capitol at ,rome !  
god 0  wor%ipp$ z ! deity n m]ely ( !   
oak1 b ( ! ra9 & !  ?und]4#aahb         

,contra/+ ! piety ( ! good old times ) !
  scepticism ( an age :5 nobody ?\ght t 
heav5 0 heav51 or  c>$ a fig = ,jupit]1 
a ,roman writ] tells u t 9 =m] days     
noble matrons us$ to g ) b>e feet1      
/ream+ hair1 & pure m9ds1  up ! long    
,capitol9e slope1 pray+ to ,jupit] =    
ra94 ,&  /raightway1 he goes on1 x ra9$ 
bucketsful1 !n or nev]1 &  ev]ybody     
return$ dripp+ l dr[n$ rats4 8,b        
n[adays10 says he1  8we are no long]    
religi\s1 s ! fields lie bak+40#aahc ,& 
z  ,jupit] conjur$ up ! cl\ds & caus$ !m
 to dis*>ge _! g5ial  burd5 on ! e>?1 s 
he drove !m away & br\ght ! bright      
,italian sky back once m4 ,h5ce he 0    
wor%ipp$ "u ! titles (  ! ,s]5e1 he :o  
re/ores s]5ity4#aahd ,la/ly1 z god ( !  
f]tilis+ %[]s ,sid5ote3 ,jupit] z ! god 
( f]tility4 he made  ! e>? to br+ =?2 s 
p call$ him ! ,fruitful ,"o4#aahe       
,sid5ote3 ,! god ( ! oak & ! ?und] among
 ! nor!rn  ,aryans4 ,:5 we pass f s\!rn 
to c5tral ,europe we /ill meet )  !     
great god ( ! oak & ! ?und] among !     

b>b>\s ,aryans :o  dwelt 9 ! va/        
primaeval =e/s4#aahf ,?us among ! ,celts
 ( ,gaul  ! ,druids e/eem$ no?+ m sacr$ 
?an ! mi/letoe & ! oak  on :i* x grew2  
!y *ose groves ( oaks = ! sc5e ( _!     
solemn s]vice1 & !y p]=m$ none ( _!     
rites )\t oak  leaves4#aahg 8,! ,celts10
 says a ,greek writ]1 8wor%ip ,sid5ote3 
,celtic wor%ip ( ! oak4 ,zeus1 & !      
,celtic image ( ,zeus is a tall         
oak40#aahh ,! ,celtic conqu]ors :o      
settl$ 9 ,asia 9 ! ?ird  c5tury be=e our
 era appe> to h c>ri$ ! wor%ip ( ! oak  
) !m to _! new home2 = 9 ! he>t ( ,asia 
,m9or ! ,galatian  s5ate met 9 a place  
:i* bore ! pure ,celtic "n (            
,drynemetum1  8! sacr$ oak grove0 or 8! 
temple ( ! oak40#aahi ,inde$ ! v  "n (  
,druids is believ$ by good au?orities to
 mean no m ?an 8oak  m540#aaij ,:5      
,*ri/ianity displac$ ,druidism 9 ,irel&1
 !  *ur*es & mona/]ies 7 sometimes built
 9 oak groves or "u  solit>y oaks1#aaia 
! *oice ( ! site ,sid5ote3 ,traces (    
sacr$  oaks 9 ,irel&4 be+ p]haps det]m9$

 by ! immemorial sanctity (  ! trees1   
:i* might pr$ispose ! m9ds ( ! conv]ts  
to receive  ) less reluctance ! tea*+ ( 
! new fai?4#aaib ,b !re is  no positive 
evid5ce t ! ,iri% ,druids p]=m$ _!      
rites1 l  _! ,gallic bre?r51 9 oak      
groves1#aaic s t ! inf]5ce f  ! *ur*es (
 ,kild>e1 ,d]ry1 & ! re/ is m]ely a     
conjecture  bas$ on analogy4    ,9 !    
religion ( ! anci5t ,g]mans ! v5]ation =
 sacr$ groves  seems to h held ! =emo/  
place1#aaid & accord+ to ,grimm !  *ief 
( _! holy trees 0 ! oak4#aaie ,x appe>s 
to h be5  especially d$icat$ to !       
,sid5ote3 ,! ,teutonic god ( ! oak &  ! 
?und]4 god ( ?und]1 ,don> or ,?un>1 !   
equival5t ( !  ,norse ,?or2 = a sacr$   
oak ne> ,geism>1 9 ,hesse1 :i* ,boniface
 cut  d[n 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 w5t among ! 
hea!n by ! "n (  ,jupit]'s oak 7robur   
,jovis71 :i* 9 old ,g]man w\ld be       
,don>es  eih1 8! oak ( ,don>40#aaif ,t !
 ,teutonic ?und] god ,don>1  ,?un>1 ,?or
 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,italian ?und] god      
,jupit] appe>s  f our ^w ,?ursday1      

,?un>'s day1 :i* is m]ely a r5d]+ ( !   
,lat9 dies ,jovis4#aaig ,?us among !    
anci5t ,teutons1 z among !  ,greeks &   
,italians1 ! god ( ! oak 0 also ! god ( 
! ?und]4  ,moreov]1 he 0 reg>d$ z !     
great f]tilis+ p[]1 :o s5t ra9  & caus$ 
! e>? to be> fruit2 = ,adam ( ,brem5    
tells u t  8,?or presides 9 ! air2 he x 
is :o rules ?und] & lightn+1  w9d &     
ra9s1 f9e wea!r & crops40#aaih ,9 ^!    
respects1  !re=e1 ! ,teutonic ?und] god 
aga9 resembl$ 8 s\!rn  c\nt]p>ts ,zeus &
 ,jupit]4 ,& l !m ,?or appe>s to h be5  
! *ief god ( ! pan!on2 = 9 ! great      
temple at ,upsala 8  image ,sid5ote3 ,! 
wor%ip ( ,?or at ,upsala4 occupi$ !     
middle  place betwe5 ! images ( ,od9 &  
,frey1#aaii & 9 oa?s by ?is or  o!r     
,norse tr9ities he 0 always ! pr9cipal  
deity invok$4#abjj  ,beside ! temple at 
,upsala !re 0 a sacr$ grove1 b ! k9ds ( 
trees :i* grew 9 x are n kn[n4 ,only (  
"o tree are we told t  x 0 ( mighty     
size1 ) great spread+ bran*es1 & t x    
rema9$ gre5 w9t] & summ] alike4 ,"h too 

0 a spr+ :]e  sacrifices 7 (f]$4 ,!y us$
 to plunge a liv+ man into !  wat]1 & if
 he disappe>$ !y drew a fav\rable om54  
,e n9e  ye>s1 at ! spr+ equ9ox1 a great 
fe/ival 0 held at ,upsala 9  hon\r (    
,?or1 ! god ( ?und]1 ,od91 ! god ( w>1 &
 ,frey1 !  god ( peace & pleasure4 ,!   
c]emonies la/$ n9e days4 ,n9e male      
animals ( e sort 7 sacrific$1 t _! blood
 might appease  ! gods4 ,ea* day six    
victims 7 slaught]$1 ( :om "o 0 a man4  
,_! bodies 7 fa/5$ to ! trees ( ! grove1
 :]e dogs &  horses might be se5 hang+  
beside m54#abja    ,sid5ote3 ,p]un1 !   
god ( ! oak & ! ?und] among ! ,slavs4   
,among/ ! ,slavs also ! oak appe>s to h 
be5 ! sacr$ tree (  ! ?und] god ,p]un1 !
 c\nt]p>t ( ,zeus & ,jupit]4#abjb ,x is 
said t at ,novgorod !re us$ to /& an    
image ( ,p]un 9 !  lik5ess ( a man ) a  
?und]-/one 9 8 h&4 ,a fire ( oak wood   
burn$ day & night 9 8 hon\r2 & if ev] x 
w5t out !  att5dants paid = _! neglig5ce
 ) _! lives4#abjc ,p]un  seems1 l ,zeus 
& ,jupit]1 to h be5 ! *ief god ( 8 p2  =

 ,procopius tells u t ! ,slavs 8believe 
t "o god1 ! mak]  ( lightn+1 is alone "l
 ( all ?+s1 & !y sacrifice to him  ox5 &
 e victim40#abjd    ,sid5ote3 ,p]kunas1 
! *ief ,li?uanian god4 ,! *ief deity ( !
  ,li?uanians 0 ,p]kunas or ,p]kuns1 !  
god ( ?und] & lightn+1  ^: resemblance  
to ,zeus & ,jupit] has (t5 be5 po9t$    
out4#abje  ,oaks 7 sacr$ to him1 & :5 !y
 7 cut d[n by ! ,*ri/ian  mission>ies1 !
 p l\dly compla9$ t _! sylvan deities  7
 de/roy$4#abjf ,p]petual fires1 k9dl$ ) 
! wood ( c]ta9  oak-trees1 7 kept up 9  
hon\r ( ,p]kunas2 if su* a fire w5t out1
  x 0 light$ aga9 by friction ( ! sacr$ 
wood4#abjg ,m5  sacrific$ to oak-trees =
 good crops1 :ile wom5 did ! same to    
lime-trees2 f :i* we may inf] t !y      
reg>d$ oaks z male &  lime-trees z      
female4#abjh ,& 9 "t ( dr\ght1 :5 !y    
want$  ra91 !y us$ to sacrifice a black 
heif]1 a black he-goat1 & a  black cock 
to ! ?und]-god 9 ! dep?s ( ! woods4 ,on 
su*  occasions ! p assembl$ 9 great     
numb]s f ! c\ntry r\nd  ab\t1 ate &     

drank1 & call$ ^u ,p]kunas4 ,!y c>ri$ a 
b[l (  be] ?rice r\nd ! fire1 !n p\r$ ! 
liquor on ! flames1 :ile  !y pray$ to ! 
god to s5d %[]s4#abji ,?us ! *ief       
,li?uanian  deity pres5ts a close       
resemblance to ,zeus & ,jupit]1 s9ce he 
0 !  god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 & ! ra94#abaj
    ,sid5ote3 ,! god ( ! oak & ! ?und]  
among ! ,e/honians4  ,w$g$ 9 betwe5 !   
,li?uanians & ! ,slavs are ! ,e/honians1
 a  p :o d n belong to ! ,aryan family4 
,b !y also %>$ !  rev]5ce = ! oak1 &    
associat$ ! tree ) _! ?und]-god  ,ta>a1 
! deity ( _! pan!on1 :om !y call$ 8,old 
,fa!r10 or  8,fa!r ( ,heav540#abaa ,x is
 said t d[n to ! beg9n+ ( !  n9ete5?    
c5tury ,e/honians us$ to sme> ! holy    
oaks1 lime-trees1  & a%-trees ) ! fre%  
blood ( animals at lea/ once a          
ye>4#abab ,! foll[+ pray] to ?und] is   
in/ructive1 because x  %ews h[ easily   
?und]1 ?r\gh its association ) ra91 may 
appe>  to ! ru/ic m9d 9 ! "* ( a        
b5efic5t & f]tilis+  p[]4 ,x 0 tak5 d[n 
f ! lips ( an ,e/honian peasant         

,sid5ote3 ,e/honian pray] to ?und]4 9 ! 
sev5te5? c5tury4  8,de> ,?und]10 he     
pray$1 8we sacrifice to !e an ox1 :i*   
has two  horns & f\r claws1 & we w\ld   
besee* !e = ! sake ( our  pl\gh+ & s[+1 
t our /raw may be r$ z copp]1 & our corn
  yell[ z gold4 ,drive some:]e else all 
black1 ?ick cl\ds ov] great  m>%es1 high
 woods1 & wide wa/es4 ,b to u pl\ghm5 & 
s[]s  give a fruitful "t & sweet ra94   
,holy ,?und]1 gu>d our fields1  t !y may
 be> good /raw bel[1 good e>s above1 &  
good gra9  )940#abac ,sometimes 9 "t (  
great dr\ght an ,e/honian f>m]  w\ld    
c>ry be] ?rice r\nd a sacrificial fire1 
!n p\r x on !  flames ) a pray] t !     
?und]-god w\ld be pleas$ to s5d         
ra94#abad    ,sid5ote3 ,p>janya1 ! old  
,indian god ( ?und]1 ra91 &  f]tility4  
,9 l mann]1 ,p>janya1 ! old ,indian god 
( ?und] &  ra91 ^: "n is by "s s*ol>s   
id5tifi$ ) ! ,li?uanian  ,p]kunas1#abae 
0 conceiv$ z a deity ( f]tility1 :o n   
only made  plants to g]m9ate1 b caus$   
c[s1 m>es1 & wom5 to conceive4 ,z  ! p[]

 :o impregnat$ all ?+s1 he 0 comp>$ to a
 bull1 an  animal :i* to ! primitive    
h]dsman is ! mo/ natural type ( !       
procreative en]gies4 ,?us 9 a hymn ( !  
,rigv$a x is said ( him3--        8,!   
,bull1 l\d ro>+1 swift to s5d 8 b\nty1  
lays 9 !         plants ! se$ =         
g]m9ation4      ,he smites ! trees ap>t1
 he slays ! demons3 all life fe>s him   
:o wields ! mighty weapon4      ,f him  
exce$+ /rong flees e'en ! guiltless :5  
?und]+         ,p>janya smites ! wick$4 
8,l a c>-driv] :ipp+ on 8 horses1 he    
makes ! mess5g]s         ( ra9 spr+     
=w>d4      ,f> (f res\nds ! ro>+ ( !    
lion :at "t ,p>janya fills         ! sky
 ) ra9-cl\d4      ,=? bur/ ! w9ds1 d[n  
come ! lightn+-fla%es3 ! plants         
%oot up1 ! realm ( light is /ream+4     
,food spr+s abundant = all liv+         
creatures :at "t ,p>janya               
quick5s e>? ) moi/ure40#abaf    ,9 ano!r
 hymn ,p>janya is spok5 ( z 8giv] ( gr[?
 to plants1 !  god :o rule? ov] ! wat]s 
& all mov+ creatures10 & x is said  t 89

 him all liv+ creatures h _! be+40 ,!n !
 poet goes  on3--        8,may ?is my   
song to sovran "l ,p>janya come ne> unto
 8 he>t         & give him pleasure4    
,may we atta9 ! %[]s t br+ enjoym5t1 &  
god-protect$         plants ) goodly    
fruitage4      ,he is ! ,bull ( all1 &  
_! impregn]3 he holds ! life ( all      
?+s fix$ & mov+40#abag    ,& 9 yet ano!r
 hymn we read3--        8,s+ =? & laud  
,p>janya1 son ( ,heav51 :o s5ds ! gift (
         ra93      ,may he provide our  
pa/urage4      ,p>janya is ! god :o =ms 
9 k9e1 9 m>es1 9 plants ( e>?      ,&   
womanhood1 ! g]m ( life40#abah    ,9    
%ort1 8,p>janya is a god :o presides ov]
 ! lightn+1 !  ?und]1 ! ra91 & !        
procreation ( plants & liv+ creatures4  
,b x is by no means cle> :e!r he is     
orig9ally a god ( ! ra91  or a god ( !  
?und]4 ,=1 z bo? ph5om5a are always     
associat$ 9  ,india1 ei!r ( ! two       
op9ions is admissible1 if no decid+     
evid5ce  comes f ano!r qu>t]40#abai ,on 
?is po9t some?+ w be said  pres5tly4 ,"h

 x is en\gh to h indicat$ ! ease ) :i* !
  notion ( ! ?und]-god passes into1 or  
is comb9$ )1 ! idea (  a god ( f]tility 
9 g5]al4    ,sid5ote3 ,god ( ?und]1 ra91
 & f]tility among ! ,iroquois4 ,!  same 
comb9ation meets u 9 ,h5o1 ! ?und]-_s ( 
! ,iroquois4  ,8 (fice 0 n only to hurl 
8 bolts at evil-do]s1 b to cool &       
refre% ! gr\nd ) %[]s1 to rip5 ! h>ve/1 
& to mature !  fruits ( ! e>?4 ,9 spr+1 
:5 !y committ$ ! se$s to !  soil1 !     
,indians pray$ to him t he w\ld wat] !m 
& fo/]  _! gr[?3 & at ! h>ve/ fe/ival !y
 ?ank$ him = 8 gift  ( ra94#abbj ,! ,hos
 ,sid5ote3 ,goddess ( lightn+1 ra91 &   
f]tility among ! ,hos4 ( ,togol& 9 ,we/ 
,africa di/+ui% two  deities ( !        
lightn+1 a god ,sogble & a goddess      
,sodza1 :o are  husb& & wife & talk )   
ea* o!r 9 ! s\nd ( ?und]4 ,!  goddess   
has epi!ts appli$ to h] :i* seem to %ew 
t %e is  believ$ to s5d ! ra9 & to cause
 ! plants to gr[4 ,%e is  address$ z    
8,"m ( m5 & bea/s1 %ip full ( yams1 %ip 
full (  ! mo/ v>i$ fullness40 ,fur!r1 x 

is said to be %e :o blesses !  till$ l&4
 ,moreov]1 l ! ,h9doo ?und]-god         
,p>janya1 :o slays  demons1 ! ,ho       
?und]-goddess drives away evil spirits &
 wit*es f  p's h\ses2 "u h] protection  
*ildr5 multiply & ! inmates  ( ! h\se   
rema9 heal?y4#abba ,! ,indians ( ! ,&es1
 ab\t  ,sid5ote3 ,gods ( ?und]1 ra91 &  
f]tility among ! ,indians ( !  ,&es & ! 
,ab*ases ( ! ,caucasus4 ,lake ,titicaca1
 believe 9 a  ?und]-god nam$ ,con or    
,cun1 :om !y call ! 8"l0 or 8fa!r0 (  ! 
m\nta9s 7,ccollo-auqui74 ,he is reg>d$ z
 a p[]ful be+1 b  irritable & difficult 
( access1 :o dwells on ! high m\nta9s   
above ! l9e ( p]petual sn[4 ,yet he     
gives great gifts to ^? :o  w9 8 fav\r2 
& :5 ! crops are langui%+ = lack ( ra91 
!  ,indians try to r\se ! god f 8 torpor
 by p\r+ a small libation  ( br&y into a
 t>n bel[ ! sn[-l9e2 = !y d>e n set foot
 on  ! sn[ le/ !y %\ld meet ! dreadful  
?und]-god face to face4  ,8 bird is !   
condor z ! eagle 0 ! bird ( ! ,greek    
?und]-god ,zeus4#abbb ,simil>ly 9 "t (  

dr\ght ! ,ab*ases ( !  ,caucasus        
sacrifice an ox to ,ap-hi1 ! god ( ?und]
 & lightn+1 &  an old man prays him to  
s5d ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+1 tell+ him  t 
! crops are p>*$1 ! grass burnt up1 & ! 
cattle  />v+4#abbc ,^! examples %ew h[  
readily a ?und]-god may come  to be     
view$ z a p[] ( f]tility2 ! connect+ l9k
 is furni%$  by ! f]tilis+ ra9 :i*      
usually accompanies a ?und]-/orm4       
,sid5ote3 ,traces ( ! wor%ip ( ! oak 9  
mod]n ,europe4 ,z might  h be5 expect$1 
! anci5t wor%ip ( ! oak 9 ,europe has   
left  its pr9t 9 popul> cu/om &         
sup]/ition d[n to mod]n times4 ,?us  9 !
 ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ,ma9e x is said t     
solit>y oak-trees 9  ! fields are /ill  
wor%ipp$1 ?\gh ! prie/s h s\ght to give 
! wor%ip a ,*ri/ian col\r by hang+      
images ( sa9ts on !  trees4#abbd ,9     
v>i\s p>ts ( ,l[] ,saxony & ,we/phalia1 
z late z  ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?       
c5tury1 traces surviv$ ( !  sanctity (  
c]ta9 oaks1 to :i* ! p paid a           
half-hea!ni%1  half-,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,9 

! pr9cipality ( ,m9d5 "y p (  bo? sexes 
us$ to dance r\nd an old oak on ,ea/]   
,saturday ) l\d  %\ts ( joy4 ,& n f> f !
 village ( ,wormeln1 9 !  neighb\rhood (
 ,pad]born1 !re /ood a holy oak 9 ! =e/1
 to  :i* ! inhabitants ( ,wormeln &     
,cal5b]g w5t e ye> 9 solemn             
procession4#abbe ,ano!r ve/ige (        
sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = ! oak  9 ,g]many is
 ! cu/om ( pass+ sick p & animals ?r\gh 
a  natural or artificial op5+ 9 ! trunk 
( an oak = ! purpose (  heal+ !m ( _!   
infirmities4#abbf ,at a village ne>     
,ragnit 9  ,ea/ ,prussia !re 0 an oak   
:i*1 d[n to ! sev5te5? c5tury1  !       
villag]s reg>d$ z sacr$1 firmly believ+ 
t any p]son :o  h>m$ x w\ld be visit$ ) 
mis=tune1 especially ) "s bodily        
ailm5t4#abbg ,ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? 
c5tury !  ,li?uanians /ill laid (f]+s = 
spirits "u anci5t oaks2#abbh  &         
old-fa%ion$ p among !m pref]r$ to cook !
 vi&s =  fun]al banquets on a fire (    
oak-wood1 or at lea/ "u an              
oak-tree4#abbi ,on ! rivulet ,micksy1   

betwe5 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,pskov  & ,livonia 
9 ,russia1 !re /ood a /unt$1 ,sid5ote3  
,wor%ip ( !  oak 9 mod]n ,russia4 )]$1 b
 holy oak1 :i* receiv$ ! homage  ( !    
neighb\r+ peasantry d[n at lea/ to      
#ahgd4 ,an eye-witness has  describ$ !  
c]emonies4 ,he f\nd a great cr[d ( p1   
*iefly  ,e/honians ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1    
assembl$ ) _! families ab\t !  tree1 all
 dress$ 9 gala co/ume4 ,"s ( !m _h      
br\ght wax c&les  & 7 fa/5+ !m ab\t !   
trunk & 9 ! bran*es4 ,soon a  prie/     
arriv$1 &1 hav+ donn$ 8 sacr$ robes1    
proce$$ to s+ a  canticle1 su* z is     
usually sung 9 ! ,or?odox ,*ur* 9 hon\r 
(  sa9ts4 ,b in/ead ( say+ z usual1     
8,holy sa9t1 pray ! ,"l =  u10 he said1 
8,holy ,oak ,hallelujah1 pray = u40 ,!n 
he inc5s$ !  tree all r\nd4 ,dur+ !     
s]vice ! tap]s on ! oak 7 light$1  & !  
p1 ?r[+ !mselves on ! gr\nd1 ador$ !    
holy tree4  ,:5 ! pa/or _h retir$1 8    
flock rema9$ till late at night1  fea/+1
 dr9k+1 danc+1 & light+ fre% tap]s on ! 
oak1 till  ev]ybody 0 drunk & ! proce$+s

 end$ 9 an orgy4#abcj    ,sid5ote3      
,c]emonial fires k9dl$ by ! friction (  
oak-wood4  ,ano!r relic ( ! anci5t      
sanctity ( ! oak has surviv$ to mod]n   
times 9 ! practice ( k9dl+ c]emonial    
fires by means ( !  friction ( oak-wood4
 ,?is has be5 done1 ei!r at /at$ seasons
 (  ! ye> or on occasions ( di/ress1 by 
,slavs1 ,g]mans1 &  ,celts4#abca ,tak5  
toge!r ) ! p]petual sacr$ fires (       
oak-wood  :i* we h f\nd among ! ,slavs1 
! ,li?uanians1 & ! anci5t  ,romans1#abcb
 ! wide preval5ce ( ! practice seems    
cle>ly to po9t  back to a "t :5 !       
=efa!rs ( ! ,aryans 9 ,europe dwelt 9   
=e/s ( oak1 f$ _! fires ) oak-wood1 &   
rek9dl$ !m1 :5  !y *anc$ to g out1 by   
rubb+ two oak5 /icks aga9/ ea* o!r4     
,sid5ote3 ,9 ! great ,european god ( !  
oak1 ! ?und]1 & !  ra91 ! orig9al elem5t
 seems to h be5 ! oak4 ,f !  =ego+      
survey ( ! facts x appe>s t a god ( !   
oak1 !  ?und]1 & ! ra9 0 wor%ipp$ ( old 
by all ! ma9 bran*es (  ! ,aryan /ock 9 
,europe1 & 0 inde$ ! *ief deity ( _!    

pan!on4#abcc ,x 0 natural en\gh t ! oak 
%\ld loom l>ge 9  ! religion ( p :o liv$
 9 oak =e/s1 us$ oak timb] =  build+1   
oak /icks = fuel1 & oak acorns = food & 
fodd]2 b  we h /ill to expla9 h[ !y 7 l$
 to associate ! ?und] &  ! ra9 ) ! oak 9
 _! conception ( ?is great div9ity4 ,f  
! nature ( ! case our solution ( !      
problem mu/ be conjectural2  we c only  
guess at ! ,sid5ote3 ,! clue to !       
developm5t ( a  lightn+-god out ( an    
oak-god may h be5 ! notion t !  heav5ly 
fire or lightn+ 0 made1 l ! e>?ly fire1 
by !  friction ( oak-wood4 tra9 ( ?\ght 
:i* prompt$ our =efa!rs  to l9k toge!r  
?+s :i* to u seem s v diff]5t4 ,?und] & 
ra9 may inde$ naturally be reg>d$ z ak9 
s9ce ! two s (t5  occur toge!r2 b !     
difficulty is to und]/& :y ! oak %\ld   
be jo9$ ) !m4 ,:i* ( ! ?ree elem5ts 0 ! 
orig9al  nucleus ab\t :i* ! o!rs        
aft]w>ds clu/]$8 ,9 our ignorance (  !  
facts1 ?is "q am\nts to ask+ :e!r1 on ! 
pr9ciples (  savage ?\ght1 x is easi] to
 suppose t an orig9al god ( ?und]  & ra9

 %\ld aft]w>ds add ! oak-tree to 8      
attributes1 or t1  on ! contr>y1 an old 
god ( ! oak %\ld annex to himself !     
?und] & ! ra98 ,9 fav\r ( ! fir/ ( ^!   
suppositions x  may be said t a god (   
?und] & ra9 might 9 "t be reg>d$ z  a   
god ( ! oak1 because ?und] & ra9 come f 
! sky1 & !  oak rea*es skyw>d & is (t5  
/ruck by lightn+4#abcd ,b ?is  tra9 (   
?\ght is h>dly likely to c>ry conviction
 ev5 to ! m9d  ( a savage4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 x is n difficult to imag9e h[ e>ly  man
 9 ,europe might suppose ! ?und]1 or r !
 lightn+1 to be  d]iv$ f ! oak4 ,see+ t 
fire on e>? 0 regul>ly k9dl$ by  ! rubb+
 ( oak5 /icks toge!r1 he might readily  
inf] t fire  9 heav5 0 produc$ 9 l      
mann]2 9 o!r words1 t ! fla% (  lightn+ 
0 ! sp>k elicit$ by "s "o :o 0 light+ 8 
fire  9 ! usual fa%ion up al(t2 = !     
savage commonly expla9s natural  ph5om5a
 by ideas drawn f ! circle ( 8 own daily
 life4  ,simil>ly1 p :o are accu/om$ to 
make fire by means ( fl9ts  sometimes   
suppose t lightn+ is produc$ 9 ! same   

way4 ,?is is  report$ ( !               
,arm5ians1#abce & x may be inf]r$ ( ! _m
  peoples :o believe t ! fl9t implem5ts 
( prehi/oric races are                  
?und]-bolts4#abcf    ,sid5ote3 ,:5 an   
oak-god _h once gr[n into a lightn+-god1
 he w\ld  easily develop into a god ( ! 
ra9 & ! sky4 ,?us x is easy to  conceive
 h[ a god ( ! oak1 view$ z ! s\rce (    
e>?ly fire1  %\ld come to be reg>d$ z a 
god ( ! lightn+1 & h5ce1 by an  easy    
ext5sion ( ideas1 z a god ( ?und] & ra94
 ,accord+ly we  may provisionally assume
 t ! great ,aryan gods :o comb9e ^!     
v>i\s functions h be5 evolv$ 9 ?is      
fa%ion4 ,a fur!r /ep 9  _! promotion    
w\ld be tak5 :5 ! :ole sky 0 assign$ to 
_!  dom9ion4 ,! ,greeks & ,italians     
c]ta9ly advanc$ _! ,zeus &  ,jupit] to  
?is l(ty position2#abcg b !re seems to  
be no evid5ce  t ! ,aryans ( ! nor? ev] 
rais$ _! correspond+ deities to  ! rank 
( sky-gods 9 g5]al4 ,x is commonly inde$
 assum$ t !  sky 0 ! orig9al prov9ce (  
all ^! deities1 or r ( !  s+le ,aryan   

god f :i* !y are desc5d$4 ,b on ?is !ory
 x is  h>d to see :y ! god ( ! sky %\ld 
h tak5 up ) ! oak1  & n only t1 b %\ld h
 clung to x ev5 aft] he _h1 9  "s places
 at lea/1 begun to sit v loose to 8 old 
home1 ! vault  ( heav54 ,surely 8       
fidelity to ! oak f ! e>lie/ to !  late/
 times among all ! diff]5t families ( 8 
,european  wor%ipp]s is a /rong argum5t 
= reg>d+ ! tree z ! prim>y1  n a        
second>y1 elem5t 9 8 composite nature4  
,footnote #aaaa3      ,see above1 pp4 #g
 sq4    ,footnote #aaab3      ,j4       
,geikie1 ,prehi/oric ,europe 7,ed9burgh1
 #ahha71 pp4 #dbj sq41 #dhb    sqq41    
#die4    ,footnote #aaac3      ,r4      
,munro1 ,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s 
or ,crannogs 7,ed9burgh1    #ahhb71 p4  
#bff1 quot+ ,alton's ,treatise on !     
,orig91 ,qualities1 &    ,cultivation ( 
,moss ,e>?4    ,footnote #aaad3      ,j4
 ,geikie1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dcb-dcf4        
,footnote #aaae3      ,j4 ,geikie1 op4  
cit4 pp4 #dfa-dfc4    ,footnote #aaaf3  
,a4 von ,humboldt1 ,kosmos1 i4 7,/uttg>t

 & ,tb+51 #ahde7 p4 #bih4    ,! passage 
is mi/ranslat$ 9 ! ,engli% v]sion edit$ 
by ,e4    ,sab9e4    ,footnote #aaag3   
,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,! ,geological      
,evid5ce ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man    #d?   
ed41 7,london1 #ahgc71 pp4 #h1 #ag1 #dae
 sq42 ,sir ,john ,lubbock 7,"l          
,avebury71 ,prehi/oric ,times #e? ,ed41 
7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #bea1 #chg2    ,j4
 ,geikie1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dhe-dhg4        
,footnote #aaah3      ,j4 ,geikie1 op4  
cit4 pp4 #dhg sq4    ,footnote #aaai3   
,j4 ,geikie1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhi4          
,footnote #aabj3      ,r4 ,munro1       
,anci5t ,scotti% ,lake ,dwell+s1 p4 #bj1
 quot+ !    article 8,crannoges0 9      
,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4    ,footnote    
#aaba3      ,r4 ,munro1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc4
 ,= m evid5ce ( ! use ( oak 9    ,briti%
 crannogs1 see id41 op4 cit4 pp4 #f-h1  
#bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1    #cb1 #cc    
sq41 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #db1 #ea sq41  
#ec1 #fa1 #fb1 #ig1 #abb1 #bjh1    #bfb1
 #bia-bii2 id4 ,! ,lake ,dwell+s (      
,europe 7,london1 ,p>is1 &    ,melb\rne1

 #ahij71 pp4 #cej1 #cfd1 #cgb1 #cgg4    
,footnote #aabb3      ,f4 ,kell]1 ,!    
,lake ,dwell+s ( ,switz]l& & o!r ,p>ts (
    ,europe #bnd ,ed41 7,london1 #ahgh71
 i4 #cg1 #dh1 #fe1 #hg1 #ic1 #aje1 #aaj1
 #abi1    #aef1 #ahf1 #aid1 #bja1 #bad1 
#bfd1 #bfh1 #bhi1 #cjj1 #cbj1 #cge1     
#chb1 #dcd1 #dch1    #ddj1 #ddd1 #ddf1  
#dfe1 #fci4    ,footnote #aabc3      ,f4
 ,kell]1 op4 cit4 i4 #ccb1 #ccd1 #cge1  
#ehf4    ,footnote #aabd3      ,w4      
,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e     
7,leipsic1 #ahgi71 pp4 #ab1 #af    sq41 
#bf4 ,! bones ( cattle1 pigs1 goats1 &  
%eep prove t    ^! animals 7 br$ by ! p 
( ! ,italian pile villages4    ,see ,w4 
,helbig1 op4 cit4 p4 #ad4    ,footnote  
#aabe3      ,/rabo1 v4 #d4 #a1 p4 #aie4 
,footnote #aabf3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4
 xvi4 #e4    ,footnote #aabg3           
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #f 8,h]cyniae   
silvae roborum va/itas 444    gl&if]i   
maxime g5]is omnes1 quibus honos apud   
,romanos    p]petuus40    ,footnote     
#aabh3      ,h4 ,hirt1 8,die ,urheimat  

d] ,indog]man510 ,indog]manis*e         
,=s*ung51 i4 7#ahib71 p4 #dhj2 ,p4      
,krets*m]1 ,e9leitung 9 die    ,ges*i*te
 d] grie*is*5 ,spra*e 7,gtt+51 #ahif71  
p4 #ha2 ,o4    ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] 
,indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 s4v4     
8,ei*e10 p4 #afd4 ,?is etymology assumes
 t ,h]cynia repres5ts an    orig9al     
,p]kunia1 & is connect$ ) ! ,lat9       
qu]cus4    ,h[ev]1 ! d]ivation is n     
undisput$4 ,see ,o4 ,s*rad]1 op4 cit4   
pp4 #ajae sq4    ,footnote #aabi3       
,polybius1 ii4 #ae4 ,comp>e ,/rabo1 v4  
#a4 #ab1 p4 #bah4    ,footnote #aacj3   
,polybius1 xii4 #d4    ,footnote #aaca3 
,/rabo1 v4 #c4 #a1 p4 #bbh4    ,footnote
 #aacb3      ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4    
#hd4    ,footnote #aacc3                
,pausanias1 viii4 #bc4 #h sq4 ,= notices
 ( =e/s & groves ( oak    9 ,arcadia &  
o!r p>ts ( ,greece1 see id4 ii4 #aa4 #d1
 iii4 #aj4 #f1    vii4 #bf4 #aj1 viii4  
#aa4 #a1 viii4 #be4 #a1 viii4 #db4 #ab1 
viii4 #ed4 #e1 ix4    #c4 #d1 ix4 #bd4  
#e4 ,! oaks 9 ! ,arcadian =e/s 7 ( v>i\s

    species 7id4 viii4 #ab4 #a74        
,footnote #aacd3      ,c4 ,neumann und  
,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie   
von ,grie*5l&    7,breslau1 #ahhe71 p4  
#cgh4    ,footnote #aace3               
,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? ,ed41     
xvii4 #fij4    ,footnote #aacf3         
,virgil1 ,georg41 i4 #g sq41 #adg-adi2  
,lucretius1 v4 #ici sq41 #ife2          
,tibullus1 ii4 #a4 #cg sq41 ii4 #c4 #fi2
 ,ovid1 ,metam4 i4 #ajf2 id41    ,fa/i1 
i4 #fge sq41 iv4 #cii-djb2 ,juv5al1 xiv4
 #ahb-ahd2 ,aulus    ,gellius1 v4 #f4   
#ab2 ,dionysius ,halic>nas4 ,ars        
rhetorica1 i4 #f1 vol4    v4 p4 #bcj1   
ed4 ,reiske2 ,pollux1 i4 #bcd2          
,poryphry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4    #e4     
,footnote #aacg3      ,hesiod1 ,works & 
,days1 #bcb sq4    ,footnote #aach3     
,h]odotus1 i4 #ff4    ,footnote #aaci3  
,pausanias1 viii4 #a1 #f4 ,accord+ to   
,pausanias x 0 only ! acorns    ( !     
phegos oak :i* ! ,arcadians ate4        
,footnote #aadj3      ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4
 xvi4 #ae4    ,footnote #aada3          

,/rabo1 iii4 #c4 #g1 p4 #aee4           
,footnote #aadb3      ,pl9y1 l4c4       
,footnote #aadc3      ,c4 ,neumann und  
,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie   
von    ,grie*5l&1 p4 #cgi4    ,footnote 
#aadd3      ,c4 ,neumann & ,j4 ,p>ts*1  
op4 cit41 p4 #chb1 note4    ,footnote   
#aade3      ,c]vantes1 ,don ,quixote1 "p
 ii4 *4 #ej1 vol4 iv4 p4 #acc ( ,h4 ,e4 
,watts's translation1 ) ! translator's  
note 7new edition1 ,london1    #ahie72  
,neumann und ,p>ts*1 op4 cit4 p4 #chj2  
,p4 ,wagl]1 ,die ,ei*e    9 alt] und    
neu] ,zeit1 i4 7,wurz51 #ahia7 p4 #ce4  
,! passage 9 ,don    ,quixote 0 po9t$   
out to me by my fri5d ,mr4 ,w4 ,wyse4   
,footnote #aadf3      ,encyclopdia      
,britannica1 #i?4 ,ed41 xvii4 #fib4     
,footnote #aadg3      ,h4 ,e4 ,watts1   
loc4 cit4    ,footnote #aadh3           
,encyclopdia ,britannica1 l4c4          
,footnote #aadi3      ,to avoid         
misappreh5sion1 ,i desire to po9t out t 
,i am n "h    conc]n$ ) ! evolution (   
,aryan religion 9 g5]al1 b only    ) t (

 a small1 ?\gh important "p ( x1 to wit1
 ! wor%ip    ( a p>ticul> k9d ( tree4   
,to write a g5]al hi/ory ( ,aryan       
religion 9 all its _m aspects z a wor%ip
 ( nature1 ( ! dead1    & s =?1 w\ld be 
a task equally beyond my p[]s & my      
ambition4 ,/ill less %\ld ,i dream (    
writ+ a univ]sal hi/ory (    religion4  
,! 8g5]al "w0 ref]r$ to 9 ! preface to !
 fir/    edition ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh is a 
book ( f> humbl] scope4    ,footnote    
#aaej3      ,= examples ( su* c]emonies1
 see above1 pp4 #ah-bj1 #cd-ch4         
,footnote #aaea3      ,= evid5ce ( ^!   
aspects ( ,zeus & ,jupit]1 see ,l4      
,prell]1    ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4   
#d? ed41 #aae sqq42 id41 ,rmis*e        
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #ahd sqq4 ,9  
=m] editions ( ?is book ,i    0 dispos$ 
to set aside mu* too summ>ily :at may be
 call$ !    meteorological side ( ,zeus 
& ,jupit]4    ,footnote #aaeb3      ,see
 my note on ,pausanias1 ii4 #ag4 #e2 ,p4
 ,wagl]1 ,die ,ei*e 9 alt]    und neu]  
,zeit1 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahia71 pp4 #b sqq42 

,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 8,zeus1    ,jupit]1 & !  
,oak10 ,classical ,review1 xvii4 7#aijc7
 pp4 #agh sqq4    ,footnote #aaec3      
,aug4 ,momms51 ,delphika 7,leipsic1     
#ahgh71 pp4 #d sq4    ,footnote #aaed3  
,/rabo1 ,frag4 vii4 #c2 ,/ephanus       
,byzantius1 s4v4 2 ,suidas1    s4vv4   &
 2 ,apo/olius1 ,c5t4 vi4 #dc2           
,z5obius1 ,c5t4 vi4 #e2 ,nonnus ,abbas1 
,ad ,s4 ,gregorii orat4 ii4    contra   
,julianum1 #ai 7,migne's ,patrologia    
,graeca1 xxxvi4 #ajde74 ,!    evid5ce on
 ?is subject has be5 collect$ & discuss$
 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4    ,cook 78,! ,gong at 
,dodona10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1   
xxii4    7#aijb7 pp4 #e-bh74 ,! !ory 9 !
 text is obvi\sly consi/5t1 bo?    ) !  
/atem5t t ! s\nd ( ! gongs 0 consult$ z 
oracul>1 & ) ! view1 advocat$ by ,mr4   
,cook1 t x 0    suppos$ to av]t evil    
influ5ces f ! sanctu>y4 ,if ,i am "r1   
! bronze /atuette :i*1 accord+ to "s    
acc\nts1 produc$ !    s\nd by /rik+ !   
gong ) a clapp] w\ld repres5t ,zeus     
himself    mak+ 8 ?und]4    ,footnote   

#aaee3      ,on ! natural surr\nd+s (   
,dodona1 see ,c4 ,c>apanos1 ,dodone et  
ses ru9es 7,p>is1 #ahgh71 pp4 #g-aj4    
,footnote #aaef3      ,above1 pp4 #adj  
sq4    ,footnote #aaeg3      ,above1    
vol4 i4 p4 #cji4 ,on ! oak z ! tree (   
,zeus1 see ,dionysius    ,halic>n4 ,ars 
rhetorica1 i4 #f1 vol4 v4 p4 #bcj ed4   
,reiske2 ,s*ol4 on    ,ari/ophanes1     
,birds1 #dhj4 ,on ?is subject mu*       
evid5ce1 bo?    lit]>y & monum5tal1 has 
be5 collect$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook 9 8  
articles 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10    
,classical ,review1 xvii4    7#aijc7 pp4
 #agd sqq41 #bfh sqq41 #djc sqq41 xviii4
 7#aijd7 pp4 #ge    sqq41 #cbg sq4      
,footnote #aaeh3      ,pausanias1 i4    
#bd4 #c4    ,footnote #aaei3      ,m>cus
 ,anton9us1 v4 #g4    ,footnote #aafj3  
,!ophra/us1 ,de signis tempe/atum1 i4   
#bd4    ,footnote #aafa3                
,pausanias1 i4 #cj4 #d4    ,footnote    
#aafb3      ,pausanias1 ii4 #bi4 #g sq42
 ,isocrates1 ,evagoras1 #ad2            
,apollodorus1    iii4 #ab4 #f4 ,aeacus 0

 said to be ! son ( ,zeus by ,aeg9a1    
daught]    ( ,asopus 7,apollodorus1     
l4c474 ,isocrates says t 8 relation%ip  
to ! god m>k$ ,aeacus out z ! man to    
procure ra94    ,footnote #aafc3        
,!ophra/us1 ,de signis tempe/atum1 i4   
#bj1 comp>e #bd4    ,footnote #aafd3    
,!ophra/us1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dc4          
,footnote #aafe3      ,pausanias1 i4    
#cb4 #b4    ,footnote #aaff3            
,!ophra/us1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dc & #dg4    
,comp>e ,ari/ophanes1    ,cl\ds1 #cbd   
sq42 ,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 4         
,footnote #aafg3      ,pausanias1 i4    
#cb4 #b4    ,footnote #aafh3            
,pausanias1 ii4 #be4 #aj4 ,z to !       
climate & sc5]y ( ^! b>r5    m\nta9s1   
see ,a4 ,philippson1 ,d] ,peloponnes    
7,b]l91 #ahia71 pp4 #dc    sq41 #fe4    
,footnote #aafi3      ,joannes ,lydus1  
,de m5sibus1 iv4 #dh4    ,footnote      
#aagj3      ,paton & ,hicks1 ,!         
,inscriptions ( ,cos 7,ox=d1 #ahia71    
,no4 #chb2    ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge      
,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 #bnd ,ed41    

,no4 #gce4    ,!re 7 alt>s ( ,ra9y ,zeus
 also at ,argos & ,lebadea4 ,see        
,pausanias1 ii4 #ai4 #h1 ix4 #ci4 #d4   
,footnote #aaga3          1 ,ari/otle1  
,de mundo1 #g1 p4 #dja a1 ed4    ,bekk]2
 ,plut>*1 ,de ,/oicorum repugnantiis1   
xxx4 #h4    ,footnote #aagb3            
,corpus ,inscriptionum ,attic>um1 iii4  
,no4 #gg2 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts1              
,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ii4 
,no4 #adb1 p4 #chg2 ,*4 ,mi*el1         
,recueil d'inscriptions grecques1 ,no4  
#fib2 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,cults (    !    
,greek ,/ates1 i4 #ff & #agb4           
,footnote #aagc3      ,hesiod1 ,!ogony1 
#ga sq42 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e        
,my?ologie1    #d? ed41 i4 #aai4        
,footnote #aagd3      ,pausanias1 v4    
#ad4 #g2 ,h4 ,roehl1 ,inscriptiones     
,graecae antiquissimae    7,b]l91       
#ahhb71 ,no4 #aja2 ,frnkel1 ,ins*rift5  
von ,p]gamon1 i4 ,no4    #bcb2 ,joannes 
,malalas1 ,*ronographia1 viii4 p4 #aii1 
ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf4    ,footnote #aage3    
,/rabo1 ix4 #b4 #aa1 p4 #djd4           

,footnote #aagf3      ,pollux1 ix4 #da2 
,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,etymologicum ,magnum1
 p4    #cda4 #h sqq42 ,artemidorus1     
,onirocrit4 #aa4 #i2 ,pausanias1 v4 #ad4
 #aj2    ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge           
,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 #bnd ,ed41    
,no4 #egg1    ) ,ditt5b]g]'s note4      
,footnote #aagg3      ,see above1 p4    
#agg4    ,footnote #aagh3      ,see     
above1 vol4 i4 p4 #caj4    ,footnote    
#aagi3      ,see above1 vol4 i4 p4 #cff4
    ,footnote #aahj3      ,= m evid5ce t
 ! old ,greek k+s regul>ly p]sonifi$    
,zeus1    see ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 8,!   
,european ,sky-god10 ,folk-lore1 xv4    
7#aijd7    pp4 #bii sqq4    ,footnote   
#aaha3      ,virgil4 ,georg4 iii4 #ccb1 
) ,s]vius's note2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4    
xii4 #c4    ,footnote #aahb3      ,z to 
! oak ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol & ! god's 
oak cr[n1 see    above1 p4 #agf4 ,)     
reg>d to ! ,capitol9e wor%ip ( ,?und]+  
,jupit]1 see ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #ba1
 xxxiv4 #aj & #gi1 xxxvi4 #ej4    ,he 0 
wor%ipp$ 9 _m places besides ,rome z !  

god ( ?und]    & lightn+4 ,see ,fe/us1  
p4 #bbi1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,apuleius1  
,de    mundo1 xxxvii4 #cga2 ,h4 ,dessau1
 ,inscriptones ,lat9ae selectae1 ,nos4  
#cjdd-cjec4    ,footnote #aahc3         
,petronius1 ,sat4 #dd4 ,t ! slope       
m5tion$ by ,petronius 0 !    ,capitol9e 
"o is made highly probable by a passage 
( ,t]tullian    7,apologeticus #dj3     
8,aquilicia ,jovi immolatis1 nudip$alia 
populo    d5untiatis1 coelum apud       
,capitolium qua]itis1 nubila de         
laque>ibus    exspectatis074 ,! *ur*    
fa!r's scorn = ! c]emony contra/s    ) !
 respect1 p]haps ! mock respect1 te/ifi$
 = x by !    man 9 ,petronius4 ,! epi!ts
 ,ra9y & ,%[]y are occasionally         
appli$ to ,jupit]4 ,see ,tibullus1 i4   
#g4 #bf2 ,apuleius1 ,de mundo1          
xxxvii4 #cga2 ,h4 ,dessau1              
,inscriptiones ,lat9ae selectae1 ,no4   
#cjdc4    ,footnote #aahd3      ,h4     
,dessau1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #cjdb2 ,apuleius1
 l4c4    ,footnote #aahe3               
,apuleius1 l4c41 8,plures eum ,frugif]um

 vocant02 ,h4 ,dessau1 op4    cit4 ,no4 
#cjag4    ,footnote #aahf3      ,on ?is 
subject see ,h4 ,munro ,*adwick1 8,!    
,oak & ! ,?und]-god10    ,j\rnal ( !    
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxx4 7#aijj7 
pp4 #bb-db4    ,footnote #aahg3         
,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bdi4           
,footnote #aahh3      ,maximus ,tyrius1 
,diss]t4 viii4 #h4 ,h4 ,d',arbois de    
,juba9ville    suppos$ t by ,celts !    
writ] "h meant ,g]mans 7,c\rs de la     
littrature celtique1 i4 #aba sqq474 ,?is
 0 n ! view ( ,j4    ,grimm1 to ^:      
au?ority ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville      
appeal$4 ,grimm says    t :at ,maximus  
,tyrius affirms ( ! ,celts might be     
appli$ to !    ,g]mans 7,deuts*e        
,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4 #ee71 :i* is q a
    diff]5t ?+4    ,footnote #aahi3     
,/rabo1 xii4 #e4 #a1 p4 #efg4 ,z to !   
mean+ ( ! "n see 7,sir7 ,j4    ,rhys1   
,celtic ,hea!ndom1 p4 #bba2 ,h4 ,f4     
,toz]1 ,selections f    ,/rabo1 p4 #bhd4
 ,on ! ,galatian language see above1 p4 
#abf1 note #b4    ,footnote #aaij3      

,g4 ,curtius1 ,grie*4 ,etymologie1 #e?  
,ed41 pp4 #bch sq42 ,j4 ,rhys1    op4   
cit4 pp4 #bba sq42 ,p4 ,krets*m]1       
,e9leitung 9 die    ,ges*i*te d] grie*4 
,spra*e1 p4 #ha4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,vanicek1  
,grie*is*-late9is*4 etymologis*es       
,wrt]bu*1 pp4 #cfh-cgj4    ,oak 9 old   
,iri% is daur1 9 mod]n ,iri% dair1 d>a*1
 9    ,gaelic d>a*4 ,see ,g4 ,curtius1  
l4c42 ,a4 ,macba91 ,etymological        
,diction>y ( ! ,gaelic ,language        
7,inv]ness1 #ahif71 s4v4    8,d>a*40 ,on
 ?is view ,pl9y 0 sub/antially "r 7,nat4
 ,hi/4    xvi4 #bdi7 9 connect+ ,druid )
 ! ,greek drus1 8oak10 ?\gh    ! "n 0 n 
d]iv$ f ! ,greek4 ,h[ev]1 ?is d]ivation 
( ,druid has be5 d\bt$ or reject$ by "s 
s*ol>s4 ,see ,h4    ,d',arbois de       
,juba9ville1 ,c\rs de la littrature     
celtique1 i4    7,p>is1 #ahhc71 pp4 #aag
 sqq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d]     
indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde1 pp4 #fch  
sq4    ,footnote #aaia3      ,see above1
 p4 #bdb4    ,footnote #aaib3      ,!   
,gael's 8fai? 9 druidism 0 nev] sudd5ly 

und]m9$2 = 9    ! sa9ts he only saw m   
p[]ful druids ?an ^? he _h    previ\sly 
kn[n1 & ,*ri/ took ! position 9 8 eyes (
 !    druid ' 4 ,iri% druidism absorb$ a
 c]ta9 am\nt (    ,*ri/ianity2 & x w\ld 
be a problem ( consid]able difficulty to
    fix on ! po9t :]e x ceas$ to be     
druidism1 & f :i*    onw>ds x c\ld be   
said to be ,*ri/ianity 9 any re/rict$   
s5se (    t t]m0 7,j4 ,rhys1 ,celtic    
,hea!ndom1 p4 #bbd74    ,footnote #aaic3
      ,p4 ,w4 ,joyce1 ,social ,hi/ory ( 
,anci5t ,irel&1 i4 #bcf4    ,footnote   
#aaid3      ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e        
,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4 #ee sq4 ,tacitus
 (t5    m5tions ! sacr$ groves ( !      
,g]mans1 b nev] specifies !    k9ds (   
trees ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,see ,annals1 
ii4 #ab1 iv4    #gc2 ,hi/or4 iv4 #ad2   
,g]mania1 #g1 #i1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc4        
,footnote #aaie3      ,j4 ,grimm1 op4   
cit4 ii4 #edb4    ,footnote #aaif3      
,willibald's ,life ( ,s4 ,boniface1 9   
,p]tz's ,monum5ta ,g]maniae    hi/orica1
 ii4 #cdc sq42 ,j4 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 i4  

pp4 #eh1 #adb4    ,footnote #aaig3      
,j4 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 i4 #aeg4 ,pr(4 ,e4 
,maass supposes t !    id5tification (  
,don> or ,?un> ) ,jupit] 0 fir/ made 9  
,upp]    ,g]many betwe5 ! ,vosges       
m\nta9s & ! ,black ,=e/4 ,see 8    "w   
,die ,tagesgtt] 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #bhj4
    ,footnote #aaih3      ,adam (       
,brem51 ,descriptio insul>um ,aquilonis1
 #bf 7,migne's    ,patrologia ,lat9a1   
cxlvi4 col4 #fdc74    ,footnote #aaii3  
,adam ( ,brem51 l4c4    ,footnote #abjj3
      ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,my?ologie des     
,g]man5 7,/rasburg1 #aijc71 p4 #bij4    
,footnote #abja3      ,adam ( ,brem51   
op4 cit4 #bf1 #bg1 ) ! ,s*olia 7,migne's
    ,patrologia ,lat9a1 cxlvi4 coll4    
#fdb-fdd74    ,footnote #abjb3      ,j4 
,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4
 #adb sq42 ,l4 ,leg]1 ,la    ,my?ologie 
slave 7,p>is1 #aija71 pp4 #ed-gf4       
,footnote #abjc3      ,l4 ,leg]1 op4    
cit4 pp4 #eg sq41 translat+ ,guagn9i's  
,s>matiae    ,europaeae descriptio      
7#aegh74 ,! passage is quot$ 9 ! orig9al

 by    ,*r4 ,h>tkno* 7,alt- und neues   
,preuss51 ,frank=t & ,leipsic1    #afhd1
 p4 #acb71 :o rightly assigns ! "w to   
,/ryk[ski1 n    ,guagn9i4 ,see ,w4      
,mannh>dt1 9 ,magaz9 h]ausgegeb5 von d] 
,lettis*-,lit]>is*5 ,gesells*aft1 xiv4  
7#ahfh7 pp4 #aje sq4    ,footnote #abjd3
      ,procopius1 ,de bello ,go?ico1    
iii4 #ad 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ceg1 ed4 ,j4     
,haury74    ,footnote #abje3            
,mat?ias ,mi*ov1 8,de ,s>matia ,asiana  
atque ,europea10 9 ,simon    ,grynaeus's
 ,novus ,orbis regionum ac insul>um     
vet]ibus incognit>um    7,p>is1 #aecb71 
p4 #deg2 id41 9 ,j4 ,pi/orius's         
,polonicae hi/oriae    corpus 7,ble1    
#aehb71 i4 #add2 ,m>t9 ,crom]1 ,de      
orig9e et rebus    ge/is ,polonorum     
7,ble1 #aefh71 p4 #bda2 ,j4 ,maeletius  
7,m5ecius1 ,ian    ,malecki71 8,de      
sacrificiis et idolatria vet]um         
,borussorum1 ,livonum1    ali>umque     
vic9>um g5tium10 ,scriptores r]um       
,livonic>um1 ii4    7,riga & ,leipsic1  
#ahdh7 p4 #cij2 id41 9 ,mitteilung5 d]  

,litt]>is*5 ,gesells*aft ,masovia1 ,heft
 #h 7,ltz51 #aijb71 p4 #ahg2    ,*r4    
,h>tkno*1 ,alt- und neues ,preuss5      
7,frank=t & ,leipsic1    #afhd71 pp4    
#aca sqq42 ,s4 ,ro/[ski1 quot$ by ,a4   
,brckn]1 ,ar*iv    fr slavis*e          
,philologie1 ix4 7#ahhf7 pp4 #cb1 #ce2  
,m4 ,tpp51    ,ges*i*te d] preussis*5   
,hi/oriographie 7,b]l91 #ahec71 p4 #aij 
78,p]kunos i/ 9 all5 &]n ,ueb]lief]ung5 
s gross und hehr1    wie nur imm] d]    
grie*is*e und rmis*e ,donn]gott1 und ke9
    &]] d] ,gtt] d>f si* ihm glei*      
/ell54 ,er i/ d] ,hauptgott1    wie na* 
&]n ,b]i*t5 9 ,preuss51 s au* 9 ,lit?au5
 und    ,livl&072 ,s*lei*]1             
8,lituanica10 ,sitzungsb]i*te d]        
philosoph4-hi/or4 ,classe d4 kais4      
,akademie d4 ,wiss54 7,vi5na71 xi4      
7#ahec pub4 #ahed7 p4 #if2 ,h4 ,us5]1   
,gtt]nam5 7,bonn1 #ahif71 p4 #ig4       
,footnote #abjf3      ,m4 ,praetorius1  
,deliciae ,prussicae 7,b]l91 #ahga71 pp4
 #ai sq42 ,s4    ,ro/[ski1 op4 cit4 pp4 
#cd1 #ce4 ,on ! sacr$ oaks ( !          

,li?uanians see ,*r4 ,h>tkno*1 op4 cit4 
pp4 #aag sqq42 ,tettau und    ,temme1   
,volkssag5 ,o/preuss5s1 ,lit?au5s und   
,we/preuss5s1 pp4    #ai-bb1 #ce-ch4    
,footnote #abjg3      ,m4 ,praetorius1  
l4c42 ,s4 ,grunau1 ,preussis*e ,*ronik1 
ed4 ,m4    ,p]lba*1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahgf7
 p4 #gh 7ii4 tract4 cap4 v4  #b74 ,!    
*ronicl]1 ,simon ,grunau1 liv$ z an     
it9]ant ,dom9ican fri> at !    beg9n+ ( 
! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! "p ( ,prussia :i*  
_h    be5 c$$ to ,pol&4 ,he br\ght 8    
hi/ory1 compos$ 9 some:at    ru/ic      
,g]man1 d[n to #aebi4 ,8 famili>        
int]c\rse ) ! l[e/    classes ( ! p     
enabl$ him to le>n mu* z to _! old      
hea!n cu/oms & sup]/itions2 b 8 good    
fai? has be5 d\bt$    or d5i$4 ,9       
p>ticul>1 8 description ( ! images ( !  
?ree    gods 9 ! great oak at ,romove   
has be5 reg>d$ ) suspicion or    d5\nc$ 
z a figm5t4 ,see ,*r4 ,h>tkno*1 op4 cit4
 pp4 #abg sqq42    ,m4 ,toepp51 op4 cit4
 pp4 #abb sqq41 #aij sqq42 ,m4 ,p]lba*'s
    preface to 8 edition ( ,grunau2 ,h4 

,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 p4 #hc4 ,b    8 acc\nt
 ( ! sanctity ( ! oak1 & ( ! p]petual   
sacr$    fire ( oak-wood1 may be        
accept$1 s9ce x is confirm$ by o!r      
au?orities4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,malecki1 a
 p]petual fire 0 kept up    by a prie/ 9
 hon\r ( ,p]kunas 7,p>gnus7 on ! top ( a
 m\nta91    :i* /ood beside ! riv]      
,neuuassa 7,niewiaza1 a tribut>y ( !    
,niem574 ,see ,malecki 7,maeletius1     
,m5ecius71 op4 cit41 ,scriptores    r]um
 ,livonic>um1 ii4 #cia2 id41            
,mitteilung5 d] ,litt]>is*5             
,gesells*aft ,masovia1 ,heft #h 7,ltz51 
#aijb71 p4 #ahg4 ,aga91 !    ,jesuit ,s4
 ,ro/[ski says t ! ,li?uanians ma9ta9$ a
 p]petual    sacr$ fire 9 hon\r (       
,p]kunas 9 ! woods 7quot$ by ,a4        
,brckn]1    ,ar*iv fr slavis*e          
,philologie1 ix4 7#ahhf7 p4 #cc74       
,malecki &    ,ro/[ski d n m5tion t !   
fire 0 k9dl$ ) oak-wood1 b    ?is is    
expressly /at$ by ,m4 ,praetorius1 & is1
 besides1    intr9sically probable1 s9ce
 ! oak 0 sacr$ to ,p]kunas4    ,moreov]1

 ! e>ly hi/orian1 ,pet] ( ,dusburg1 :o  
d$icat$ 8    *ronicle ( ,prussia to !   
,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,teutonic ,knights 9     
#acbf1 in=ms u t ! high-prie/ ( !       
nation1 :om !    ,prussians rev]$ z a   
pope1 kept up a p]petual fire at ,rom[1 
:i*    is d\btless ! same ) ! ,rom[o or 
,romewo ( ,grunau    7,preussis*e       
,*ronik1 pp4 #hj1 #ha1 comp>e p4 #fb1   
ed4 ,m4 ,p]lba*74    ,see ,p4 de        
,dusburg1 ,*ronicon ,prussiae1 ed4 ,*r4 
,h>tkno* 7,frank=t    & ,leipsic1       
#afgi71 p4 #gi4 ,m>t9 ,crom] says t !   
,li?uanians    8wor%ipp$ fire z a god1 &
 kept x p]petually burn+ 9 ! m          
frequ5t$ places & t[ns0 7,de orig9e et  
rebus ge/is ,polonorum1    ,ble1 #aefh1 
p4 #bda74 ,rom[ or ,rom[o is m commonly 
kn[n z ,romove4    ,its site is v       
unc]ta94 ,see ,*r4 ,h>tkno*1 ,alt- und  
neues    ,preuss51 pp4 #abb sqq4        
,grunau's acc\nt ( ,romove & its sacr$  
oak1 ) ! images ( ! ?ree gods 9 x & !   
fire ( oak-wood    burn+ be=e x1 is     
sub/antially repeat$ by ,alex4 ,guagn9i4

 ,see ,j4    ,pi/orius1 ,polonicae      
hi/oriae corpus 7,ble1 #aehb71 i4 #eb2  
,respublica sive /atus regni ,poloniae1 
,lituaniae1 ,prussiae1    ,livoniae1    
etc4 7,leyd51 #afbg71 pp4 #cba sq4 ,i d 
n "k :e!r    ! *ronicl]1 ,simon ,grunau1
 is ! same ) ,simon ,grynaeus1 editor   
( ! ,novus ,orbis regionum ac insul>um  
vet]ibus incognit>um1    :i* 0 publi%$  
at ,p>is 9 #aecb4    ,footnote #abjh3   
,s4 ,ro/[ski1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce4          
,footnote #abji3      ,d4 ,fabricius1   
8,de cultu1 religione et moribus        
incol>um ,livoniae10    ,scriptores r]um
 ,livonic>um1 ii4 #dda4 ,malecki        
7,maeletius7 also says    t ,p]kunas 0  
pray$ to = ra94 ,see ,mitteilung5 d]    
,litt]>is*5 ,gesells*aft ,masovia1 ,heft
 #h 7,ltz51 #aijb71 p4 #bja4            
,footnote #abaj3      ,accord+ to ,pr(4 
,h4 ,hirt1 ! "n ,p]kunas means 8!       
oak-god10    be+ d]iv$ f ! same root    
qu]q1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,lat9    qu]cus    
8oak10 ! ,h]cynian =e/1 ! ,norse god &  
goddess    ,fjrygn1 & ! ,indian         

,p>janya1 ! ,v$ic god ( ?und] &    ra94 
,see ,h4 ,hirt1 8,die ,urheimat d]      
,indog]man510 ,indog]manis*e            
,=s*ung51 i4 7#ahib7 pp4 #dgi sqq42 id41
 ,die ,indog]man5    7,/rasburg1        
#aije-aijg71 ii4 #ejg2 ,p4 ,krets*m]1   
,e9leitung 9 die    ,ges*i*te d]        
grie*is*5 ,spra*e1 pp4 #ha sq4 ,!       
id5tity ( !    names ,p]kunas & ,p>janya
 _h be5 ma9ta9$ long be=e by ,g4        
,bhl]1 ?\gh he did n connect ! words )  
qu]cus4 ,see 8    article1 8,on ! ,h9du 
god ,p>janya10 ,transactions ( !        
7,london7    ,philological ,society1    
#ahei1 pp4 #aed-afh4 ,z to ,p>janya1 see
 bel[1    pp4 #cfh sq4    ,footnote     
#abaa3      ,fr4 ,kreutzwald und ,h4    
,neus1 ,my?is*e und magis*e ,li$] d]    
,eh/5    7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed71 pp4   
#af1 #bf1 #bg1 #ef1 #eg1 #ajd2 ,f4 ,j4  
,wi$emann1    ,aus dem inn]5 und uss]5  
,leb5 d] ,eh/51 pp4 #dbg1 #dch4         
,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a special ?und]-god  
,k\1 ,koo1 ,pik] or ,pikne is           
di/+ui%$ f ,ta>a 7,t>74 ,see ,f4 ,j4    

,wi$emann1 op4 cit4 p4    #dbg2         
,kreutzwald und ,neus1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ab 
sq4    ,footnote #abab3                 
,boecl]-,kreutzwald1 ,d] ,eh/5          
ab]glubis*e ,gebru*e1 ,weis5 und        
,gewohnheit5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed71 p4
 #b4    ,footnote #abac3      ,j4       
,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4
 #adf4    ,footnote #abad3      ,f4 ,j4 
,wi$emann1 op4 cit4 p4 #dbg4            
,footnote #abae3      ,see above1 p4    
#cfg1 note #c4    ,footnote #abaf3      
,rigv$a1 ,book v4 ,hymn #hc1 ,r4 ,t4 ,h4
 ,griffi?'s translation 7,b5>es1        
#ahhi-ahib71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bii sq4      
,footnote #abag3      ,rigv$a1 ,book    
vii4 ,hymn #aja1 ,griffi?'s translation 
7vol4 iii4 pp4    #abc sq474            
,footnote #abah3      ,rigv$a1 ,book    
vii4 ,hymn #ajb1 ,griffi?'s translation 
7vol4 iii4 p4    #abd74 ,on ,p>janya see
 fur!r ,g4 ,bhl]1 8,on ! ,h9du god      
,p>janya10 ,transactions ( ! 7,london7  
,philological ,society1    #ahei1 pp4   
#aed-afh2 id4 9 ,ori5t und ,occid5t1 i4 

7#ahfb7 pp4    #bad-bbi2 ,j4 ,muir1     
,orig9al ,sanscrit ,texts1 v4 #adj-adb2 
,h4 ,old5b]g1    ,die ,religion des     
,v$a1 p4 #bbf2 ,a4 ,macdonnell1 ,v$ic   
,my?ology1 pp4    #hc-he4    ,footnote  
#abai3      ,g4 ,bhl]1 op4 cit4 p4 #afa4
    ,footnote #abbj3      ,l4 ,h4       
,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois 7,ro*e/]1
 #ahea71 pp4 #aeg    sq4    ,footnote   
#abba3      ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 
7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4 #dbd-dbg4           
,footnote #abbb3      ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1   
,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4  
7,ox=d1    #ahib7 pp4 #djg sq4          
,footnote #abbc3      ,n4 ,seidlitz1    
8,die ,ab*as510 ,globus1 lxvi4 7#ahid7  
p4 #gc4    ,footnote #abbd3      ,p4    
,wagl]1 ,die ,ei*e 9 alt] und neu]      
,zeit1 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahia7 p4    #cg4    
,footnote #abbe3      ,j4 ,grimm1       
,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41 i4 #ei4   
,footnote #abbf3      ,p4 ,wagl]1 ,die  
,ei*e 9 alt] und neu] ,zeit1 i4 7,wurz51
 #ahia7 pp4    #ba-bc4 ,= _m m survivals
 ( oak-wor%ip 9 ,g]many see ,p4         

,wagl]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #dj sqq4           
,footnote #abbg3      ,m4 ,praetorius1  
,deliciae ,prussicae 7,b]l91 #ahga71 p4 
#af4    ,footnote #abbh3      ,j4 ,g4   
,kohl1 ,die deuts*-russis*5             
,o/seeprov9z5 7,dresd5 &    ,leipsic1   
#ahda71 ii4 #ca2 comp>e #cc4            
,footnote #abbi3      ,s*lei*]1         
8,lituanica10 ,sitzungsb]i*te d]        
philos4-hi/or4 ,classe    d] kais4      
,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 xi4 7#ahec1  
pub4 #ahed7 p4 #ajj4    ,footnote #abcj3
      ,james ,piggul1 /ew>d ( ! e/ate ( 
,panikovitz1 9 a report to    ,b>on de  
,bog\s*efsky1 ,j\rnal ( !               
,an?ropological ,in/itute1    iii4      
7#ahgd7 pp4 #bgd sq4    ,footnote #abca3
      ,! evid5ce w be giv5 lat] on1 :5  
we come to deal ) !    fire-fe/ivals (  
,europe4 ,meantime ,i may ref] ! read]  
to ,!    ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1
 iii4 #cdg sqq41 :]e1 h[ev]1 !          
/atem5t z to ! univ]sal use ( oak-wood 9
 k9dl+ !    ne$-fire is too absolute1   
exceptions hav+ s9ce come to my    k4   

,^! w be notic$ 9 ! ?ird edition ( t "p 
(    ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4    ,footnote      
#abcb3      ,see above1 pp4 #ahf1 #cfe1 
#cff4    ,footnote #abcc3      ,! only  
positive evid5ce1 s f> z ,i "k1 t !     
,celtic oak-god    0 also a deity (     
?und] & ra9 is 8 id5tification ) ,zeus  
7see above1 p4 #cfb74 ,b ! analogy ( !  
,greeks1 ,italians1 ,teutons1    ,slavs1
 & ,li?uanians may be all[$ to supply ! 
lack ( m    def9ite te/imony4           
,footnote #abcd3      ,x is said to h   
be5 obs]v$ t lightn+ /rikes an oak tw5ty
    times = once t x /rikes a bee* 7,j4 
,grimm1 ,deuts*e    ,my?ologie1 #d? ed41
 iii4 #fd74 ,b ev5 if ?is obs]vation 7  
correct1 we c\ld n e/imate its wor?     
unless we knew !    comp>ative frequ5cy 
( oaks & bee*es 9 ! c\ntry :]e x 0      
made4 ,! ,greeks obs]v$ t a c]ta9       
species ( oak1 :i* !y    call$          
haliphloios1 or sea-b>k1 0 (t5 /ruck by 
lightn+    ?\gh x did n gr[ to a great  
height2 b f> f reg>d+ x z    !reby m>k$ 
out = ! s]vice ( ! god !y ab/a9$ f      

us+ its wood 9 ! sacrificial rites4 ,see
 ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/or4    plant4 iii4 #h4 
#e2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bd4        
,footnote #abce3       ,m4 ,abeghian1   
,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube1 p4 #ij4      
,footnote #abcf3      ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1   
,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #crd ,ed41 pp4 
#bbc-bbg4 ,=    m evid5ce ( ?is         
wide-spread belief see ,m4 ,baudr\9 et  
,l4    ,bonnemre1 8,les ,ha*es polies   
dans l'hi/oire jusqu'au ,x,i,xe sicle10 
,bullet9s et ,mmoires de la ,socit      
d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 ,ve    ,srie1 
v4 7#aijd7 pp4 #dif-edh2 ,lieut4 ,boyd  
,alex&]1 8,f ! ,nig]1    by ,lake ,*ad1 
to ! ,nile10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1  
xxx4 7#aijg7    pp4 #add sq42 ,a4 ,b4   
,ellis1 ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave 
,coa/1    pp4 #cg sq42 ,h4 ,seidel1 8,d]
 ,yew'e ,di5/ im ,togol&e10 ,zeits*rift 
fr afrikanis*e und oceanis*5 ,spra*51   
iii4 7#ahig7 p4 #afa2 ,h4    ,klose1    
,togo unt] deuts*] ,flagge1 pp4 #aig    
sq42 ,l4 ,conradt1 8,die    ,ngumbu 9   
,sdkam]un10 ,globus1 lxxxi4 7#aijb7 p4  

#cec2 ,gu]la*1    8,murs et sup]/itions 
des sauvages ,ba-hn>s10 ,missions       
,ca?oliques1 xix4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #ddb1     
#ded2 ,j4 ,a4 ,jacobs51 ,reis5 9 die    
,inselwelt des ,b&a-,me]es 7,b]l91      
#ahif71 pp4 #di sq41 #bcb2 ,c4          
,ribbe1 8,die ,aru-,inseln10 ,fe/s*rift 
des ,v]e9s fr ,erdkunde zu    ,dresd5   
7,dresd51 #ahhh71 p4 #afe2 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 
,e?nographic ,notes 9    ,s\!rn ,india1 
p4 #cea2 ,rev4 ,p4 ,o4 ,bodd+1 8,anci5t 
,/one ,implem5ts    9 ! ,santal         
,p>ganas10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society
 ( ,b5gal1    lxx4 ,"p iii4 7#aija7 pp4 
#ag-bj2 ,e4 ,m4 ,gordon1 ,indian        
,folk-tales    7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #ge2
 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,,iii4 ,orkney &    
,%etl&    ,isl&s1 collect$ by ,g4 ,f4   
,black 7,london1 #aijc71 p4 #aec2 ,p4   
,h]mann1    ,nordis*e ,my?ologie1 pp4   
#cci sq41 #ceb2 ,m4 ,toepp51 ,ab]glaub5 
aus ,masur5 #bnd ,ed41 7,danzig1 #ahfg71
 pp4 #db sq4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor has    
po9t$ out h[ natural to ! primitive m9d 
is ! association (    sp>k-produc+ /ones

 ) lightn+ 7,primitive ,culture1 #bnd   
,ed41    ii4 #bfb74    ,footnote #abcg3 
,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 #d? 
ed41 i4 #aaf sq42 id41    ,rmis*e       
,my?ologie1 #crd ,ed41 i4 #ahd sqq4 ,z  
to ,jupit] see 9    p>ticul> ,augu/9e1  
,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #ai1 8,coelum   
enim esse    ,jovem innum]abilit] et    
dilig5t] affirmant02 & ,ennius1 quot$ by
    ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 ii4 #be1 
#fe1 8,aspice hoc sublim5 c&5s1    quem 
invocant omnes ,jovem40                 
,,*apt] ,,xxi                           
,,dianus ,,& ,,diana      ,sid5ote3     
,recapitulation4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i propose
 to recapitulate  ! conclusions to :i* !
 enquiry has ?us f> l$ u1 & draw+       
toge!r ! scatt]$ rays ( light1 to turn  
!m on ! d>k figure (  ! prie/ ( ,nemi4  
,sid5ote3 ,rise ( sacr$ k+s1 :o are     
suppos$ to be end[$ )  magical or div9e 
p[]s4 ,we h f\nd t at an e>ly /age (    
society m51 ignorant ( ! secret         
processes ( ,nature & ( !  n>r[ limits  
)9 :i* x is 9 our p[] to control &      

direct  !m1 h commonly arrogat$ to      
!mselves functions :i* 9 !  pres5t /ate 
( k we %\ld deem sup]human or div9e4 ,! 
illusion has be5 fo/]$ & ma9ta9$ by !   
same causes :i* begot  x1 namely1 !     
m>vell\s ord] & uni=mity ) :i* ,nature  
conducts h] op]ations1 ! :eels ( h]     
great ma*9e revolv+ )  a smoo?ness &    
precision :i* enable ! pati5t obs]v] to 
anticipate 9 g5]al ! season1 if n ! v   
h\r1 :5 !y w  br+ r\nd ! fulfilm5t ( 8  
hopes or ! accompli%m5t ( 8  fe>s4 ,!   
regul>ly recurr+ ev5ts ( ?is great      
cycle1 or r  s]ies ( cycles1 soon /amp  
!mselves ev5 on ! dull m9d ( !  savage4 
,he =esees !m1 & =esee+ !m mi/akes !    
desir$  recurr5ce = an effect ( 8 own w1
 & ! dread$ recurr5ce =  an effect ( ! w
 ( 8 enemies4 ,?us ! spr+s :i* set !    
va/ ma*9e 9 motion1 ?\gh !y lie f>      
beyond our k51 %r\d$ 9  a my/]y :i* we c
 nev] hope to p5etrate1 appe> to        
ignorant man  to lie )9 8 rea*3 he      
fancies he c t\* !m & s "w by  magic art
 all mann] ( good to himself & evil to 8

 foes4 ,9 "t  ! fallacy ( ?is belief    
becomes app>5t to him3 he discov]s t    
!re are ?+s he _c d1 pleasures :i* he is
 unable ( himself  to procure1 pa9s :i* 
ev5 ! mo/ pot5t magician is p[]less to  
avoid4 ,! unatta9able good1 ! inevitable
 ill1 are n[ ascrib$ by  him to ! action
 ( invisible p[]s1 ^: fav\r is joy &    
life1  ^: ang] is mis]y & dea?4 ,?us    
magic t5ds to be displac$ by  ,sid5ote3 
,transition f magic to religion4        
religion1 & !  sorc]] by ! prie/4 ,at   
?is /age ( ?\ght ! ultimate causes (    
?+s are conceiv$ to be p]sonal be+s1 _m 
9 numb] & (t5  discordant 9 "*1 :o      
p>take ( ! nature & ev5 ( !  frailty (  
man1 ?\gh _! might is great] ?an 81 & _!
 life  f> exce$s ! span ( 8 ephem]al    
exi/5ce4 ,_! %>ply-m>k$                 
individualities1 _! cle>-cut outl9es h n
 yet begun1 "u !  p[]ful solv5t (       
philosophy1 to melt & coalesce into t   
s+le  unkn[n sub/ratum ( ph5om5a :i*1   
accord+ to ! qualities )  :i* our       
imag9ation inve/s x1 goes by "o or o!r (

 !  high-s\nd+ names :i* ! wit ( man has
 devis$ to hide 8  ignorance4           
,accord+ly1 s long z m5 look on _! gods 
z be+s ak9  to !mselves & n rais$ to an 
unapproa*able height above !m1  !y      
believe x to be possible = ^? ( _! own  
numb] :o surpass  _! fell[s to atta9 to 
! div9e rank aft] dea? or ev5 9 life4   
,inc>nate human deities ( ?is latt] sort
 may be said ,sid5ote3  ,inc>nate human 
deities4 to halt midway betwe5 ! age (  
magic &  ! age ( religion4 ,if !y be> ! 
names & display ! pomp (  deities1 !    
p[]s :i* !y are suppos$ to wield are    
commonly ^?  ( _! pr$ecessor ! magician4
 ,l him1 !y are expect$ to gu>d  _! p   
aga9/ ho/ile en*antm5ts1 to heal !m 9   
sickness1 to  bless !m ) (fspr+1 & to   
provide !m ) an abundant supply  ( food 
by regulat+ ! wea!r & p]=m+ ! o!r       
c]emonies  :i* are deem$ necess>y to    
ensure ! f]tility ( ! e>? & !           
multiplication ( animals4 ,m5 :o are    
cr$it$ ) p[]s s l(ty &  f>-rea*+        
naturally hold ! highe/ place 9 ! l&1 & 

:ile !  rift betwe5 ! spiritual & !     
temporal sph]es has n yet wid5$  too f>1
 !y are supreme 9 civil z well z        
religi\s matt]s3 9 a  ^w1 !y are k+s z  
well z gods4 ,?us ! div9ity :i* h$ges a 
k+ has its roots deep d[n 9 human       
hi/ory1 & long ages pass be=e  ^! are   
sapp$ by a pr(\nd] view ( nature & man4 
,sid5ote3 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi     
seems to h be5 "o ( ^!  div9e k+s & to h
 mat$ ) ! div9e ,que5 ( ! ,wood1        
,diana4 ,9 ! classical p]iod ( ,greek & 
,lat9 antiquity ! reign  ( k+s 0 = ! mo/
 "p a ?+ ( ! pa/2 yet ! /ories (  _!    
l9eage1 titles1 & pret5sions suffice to 
prove t !y too  claim$ to rule by div9e 
"r & to ex]cise sup]human p[]s4 ,h5ce   
we may )\t undue tem]ity assume t ! ,k+ 
( ! ,wood at ,nemi1  ?\gh %orn 9 lat]   
times ( 8 glory & fall5 on evil days1   
repres5t$ a long l9e ( sacr$ k+s :o _h  
once receiv$ n only  ! homage b !       
adoration ( _! subjects 9 return = !    
manifold bless+s :i* !y 7 suppos$ to    
disp5se4 ,:at little we  "k ( !         

functions ( ,diana 9 ! ,arician grove   
seems to prove t  %e 0 "h conceiv$ z a  
goddess ( f]tility1 & p>ticul>ly z a    
div9ity ( *ildbir?4#abch ,x is          
reasonable1 !re=e1 to suppose  t 9 !    
dis*>ge ( ^! important duties %e 0      
assi/$ by h]  prie/1 ! two figur+ z ,k+ 
& ,que5 ( ! ,wood 9 a solemn  m>riage1  
:i* 0 int5d$ to make ! e>? gay ) !      
blossoms (  spr+ & ! fruits ( autumn1 & 
to gladd5 ! he>ts ( m5 &  wom5 )        
heal?ful (fspr+4    ,sid5ote3 ,virbius1 
:om ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood repres5t$1 0        
probably  a =m ( ,jupit] reg>d$ z god ( 
! gre5wood1 & especially (  ! oak4 ,if !
 prie/ ( ,nemi pos$ n m]ely z a k+1 b z 
a god  ( ! grove1 we h /ill to ask1 ,:at
 deity 9 p>ticul> did he  p]sonate8 ,!  
answ] ( antiquity is t he repres5t$     
,virbius1 !  consort or lov] (          
,diana4#abci ,b ?is does n help u mu*1 =
 (  ,virbius we "k little m ?an ! "n4 ,a
 clue to ! my/]y is  p]haps suppli$ by !
 ,ve/al fire :i* burn$ 9 ! grove4#abdj  
,=  ! p]petual holy fires ( ! ,aryans 9 

,europe appe> to h be5  commonly k9dl$ &
 f$ ) oak-wood1#abda & we h se5 t 9     
,rome itself1 n _m miles f ,nemi1 ! fuel
 ( ! ,ve/al fire  consi/$ ( oak5 /icks  
or logs1 :i* 9 e>ly days ! holy maid5s  
d\btless ga!r$ or cut 9 ! coppices ( oak
 t once cov]$ !  ,sev5 ,hills4#abdb ,b !
 ritual ( ! v>i\s ,lat9 t[ns seems to  h
 be5 m>k$ by great uni=mity2#abdc h5ce x
 is reasonable to  conclude t :]ev] 9   
,latium a ,ve/al fire 0 ma9ta9$1 x 0    
f$1 z at ,rome1 ) wood ( ! sacr$ oak4   
,if ?is 0 s at ,nemi1 x  becomes        
probable t ! hall[$ grove !re consi/$ ( 
a natural  oak-wood1 & t !re=e ! tree   
:i* ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood _h to  gu>d at !    
p]il ( 8 life 0 itself an oak2 inde$ x 0
 f an  ev]gre5 oak1 accord+ to ,virgil1 
t ,a5eas pluck$ ! ,gold5  ,b\gh4#abdd   
,n[ ! oak 0 ! sacr$ tree ( ,jupit]1 !   
supreme god  ( ! ,lat9s4 ,h5ce x foll[s 
t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 ^: life  0 b\nd up 9 
a fa%ion ) an oak1 p]sonat$ no less a   
deity ?an  ,jupit] himself4 ,at lea/ !  
evid5ce1 slight z x is1 seems to po9t   

to ?is conclusion4 ,! old ,alban dyna/y 
( ! ,silvii or ,woods1 )  _! cr[n ( oak 
leaves1 app>5tly ap$ ! /yle & emulat$ ! 
p[]s ( ,latian ,jupit]1 :o dwelt on !   
top ( ! ,alban ,m\nt4#abde  ,x is n     
impossible t ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 :o gu>d$ !
 sacr$  oak a little l[] d[n ! m\nta91 0
 ! lawful successor &  repres5tative (  
?is anci5t l9e ( ! ,silvii or           
,woods4#abdf ,at all  ev5ts1 if ,i am "r
 9 suppos+ t he pass$ = a human ,jupit]1
  x w\ld appe> t ,virbius1 ) :om leg5d  
id5tifi$ him1 0  no?+ b a local =m (    
,jupit]1 consid]$ p]haps 9 8 orig9al    
aspect z a god ( ! gre5wood4#abdg       
,sid5ote3 ,diana & ! oak4 ,! hypo!sis t 
9 lat] times at all  ev5ts ! ,k+ ( !    
,wood play$ ! "p ( ! oak god ,jupit]1 is
  confirm$ by an exam9ation ( 8 div9e   
p>tn] ,diana4 ,sid5ote3  ,diana1 ! div9e
 p>tn] ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 seems
 to h  be5 especially associat$ ) ! oak4
 ,= two di/9ct l9es (  argum5t conv]ge  
to %ew t if ,diana 0 a que5 ( ! woods 9 
g5]al1 %e 0 at ,nemi a goddess ( ! oak 9

 p>ticul>4 ,9 !  fir/ place1 %e bore !  
title ( ,ve/a1 & z su* presid$ ov] a    
p]petual fire1 :i* we h se5 reason to   
believe 0 f$ ) oak  wood4#abdh ,b a     
goddess ( fire is n f> remov$ f a       
goddess (  ! fuel :i* burns 9 ! fire2   
primitive ?\ght p]haps drew no  %>p l9e 
( di/9ction betwe5 ! blaze & ! wood t   
blazes4 ,9  ! second place1 ! nymph     
,eg]ia at ,nemi appe>s to h be5 m]ely a 
=m ( ,diana1 & ,eg]ia is def9itely said 
to h be5 a ,dryad1 a  nymph ( !         
oak4#abdi ,else:]e 9 ,italy ! goddess _h
 h] home on  oak-clad m\nta9s4 ,?us     
,m\nt ,algidus1 a spur ( ! ,alban hills1
 0  cov]$ 9 antiquity ) d>k =e/s ( oak1 
bo? ( ! ev]gre5 &  ! decidu\s sort4 ,9  
w9t] ! sn[ lay long on ^! cold hills1 & 
_! gloomy oak-woods 7 believ$ to be a   
fav\rite haunt ( ,diana1  z !y h be5 (  
brig&s 9 mod]n times4#abej ,aga91 ,m\nt 
,tifata1 ! long abrupt ridge ( !        
,ap5n9es :i* looks d[n on !  ,campanian 
pla9 beh9d ,capua1 0 wood$ ( old )      
ev]gre5 oaks1  among :i* ,diana _h a    

temple4 ,"h ,sulla ?ank$ ! goddess = 8  
victory ov] ! ,m>ians 9 ! pla9 bel[1    
atte/+ 8 gratitude by  inscriptions :i* 
7 long aft]w>ds to be se5 9 !           
temple4#abea  ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we        
conclude t at ,nemi ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood     
p]sonat$ ! oak-god ,jupit] & mat$ ) !   
oak-goddess ,diana 9  ! sacr$ grove4 ,an
 e*o ( _! my/ic union has come d[n to u 
9  ! leg5d ( ! loves ( ,numa & ,eg]ia1  
:o accord+ to "s _h  _! try/+-place 9 ^!
 holy woods4#abeb    ,sid5ote3 ,9 nature
 & 9 "n ,dianus 7,janus7 & ,diana seem  
to be  only dialectically diff]5t =ms ( 
,jupit] & ,juno4 ,to ?is !ory  x may    
naturally be object$ t ! div9e consort (
 ,jupit] 0 n  ,diana b ,juno1 & t if    
,diana _h a mate at all he might be     
expect$  to be> ! "n n ( ,jupit]1 b (   
,dianus or ,janus1 ! latt] (  ^! =ms be+
 m]ely a corruption ( ! =m]4 ,all ?is is
 true1  b ! objection may be p>ri$ by   
obs]v+ t ! two pairs (  deities1 ,jupit]
 & ,juno on ! "o side1 & ,dianus &      
,diana1 or  ,janus & ,jana1 on ! o!r    

side1 are m]ely duplicates ( ea* o!r1   
_! names & _! functions be+ 9 sub/ance &
 orig9 id5tical4  ,) reg>d to _! names1 
all f\r ( !m come f ! same ,aryan  root 
,,di1 mean+ 8bright10 :i* occurs 9 !    
names ( !  correspond+ ,greek deities1  
,zeus & 8 old female consort            
,dione4#abec ,9 reg>d to _! functions1  
,juno & ,diana 7 bo?  goddesses (       
fecundity & *ildbir?1 & bo? 7 soon] or  
lat]  id5tifi$ ) ! moon4#abed ,z to !   
true nature & functions (  ,janus !     
anci5ts !mselves 7 puzzl$2#abee & :]e !y
  hesitat$1 x is n = u confid5tly to    
decide4 ,b ! view  m5tion$ by ,v>ro t   
,janus 0 ! god ( ! sky#abef is support$ 
n only by ! etymological id5tity ( 8 "n 
) t ( !  sky-god ,jupit]1 b also by !   
relation 9 :i* he appe>s to h  /ood to  
,jupit]'s two mates1 ,juno & ,juturna4  
,= ! epi!t ,junonian  be/[$ on          
,janus#abeg po9ts to a m>riage union    
betwe5 ! two  deities2 & accord+ to "o  
acc\nt ,janus 0 ! husb& ( !  wat]-nymph 
,juturna1#abeh :o accord+ to o!rs 0     

belov$ by  ,jupit]4#abei ,moreov]1      
,janus1 l ,jove1 0 regul>ly invok$1 &   
commonly spok5 (1 "u ! title (          
,fa!r4#abfj ,inde$1 he 0  id5tifi$ )    
,jupit] n m]ely by ! logic ( a ,*ri/ian 
doctor1#abfa b by ! piety ( a pagan     
wor%ipp] :o d$icat$ an  (f]+ to ,jupit] 
,dianus4#abfb ,a trace ( 8 relation to !
 oak may  be f\nd 9 ! oak-woods ( !     
,janiculum1 ! hill on ! "r bank  ( !    
,tib]1 :]e ,janus is said to h reign$ z 
a k+ 9 !  remote/ ages ( ,italian       
hi/ory4#abfc    ,sid5ote3 ,zeus &       
,dione1 ,jupit] & ,juno1 ,dianus        
7,janus7 & ,diana  repres5t a s+le      
orig9al pair ( ,aryan deities1 :i* ?r\gh
 purely  dialectical diff]5ces (        
nom5clature gradually div]g$ f ea*  o!r 
& came to be reg>d$ z sep>ate pairs (   
deities4 ,?us1 if ,i  am "r1 ! same     
anci5t pair ( deities 0 v>i\sly kn[n    
among !  ,greek & ,italian peoples z    
,zeus & ,dione1 ,jupit] & ,juno1 or     
,dianus  7,janus7 & ,diana 7,jana71 !   
names ( ! div9ities be+ id5tical 9      

sub/ance1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 =m ) ! dialect ( !
 p>ticul>  tribe :i* wor%ipp$ !m4 ,at   
fir/1 :5 ! peoples dwelt ne> ea*  o!r1 !
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! deities w\ld be h>dly
 m ?an "o  ( "n2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld be 
almo/ purely dialectical4 ,b !  gradual 
disp]sion ( ! tribes1 & _! consequ5t    
isolation f  ea* o!r1 w\ld fav\r ! gr[? 
( div]g5t modes ( conceiv+ &  wor%ipp+ !
 gods :om !y _h c>ri$ ) !m f _! old     
home1 s t 9 "t discrepancies ( my? &    
ritual w\ld t5d to  spr+ up & !reby to  
conv]t a nom9al into a real di/9ction   
betwe5 ! div9ities4 ,accord+ly :51 ) !  
sl[ progress (  culture1 ! long p]iod ( 
b>b>ism & sep>ation 0 pass+ away1  & !  
ris+ political p[] ( a s+le /rong       
community _h begun to  draw or hamm] its
 weak] neighb\rs into a nation1 !       
conflu5t  peoples w\ld ?r[ _! gods1 l _!
 dialects1 into a common  /ock2 & ?us x 
might come ab\t t ! same anci5t deities1
 :i*  _! =efa!rs _h wor%ipp$ toge!r be=e
 ! disp]sion1 w\ld  n[ be s disguis$ by 
! accumulat$ effect ( dialectical &     

religi\s div]g5cies t _! orig9al id5tity
 might fail to be  recognis$1 & !y w\ld 
take _! places side by side z indep5d5t 
div9ities 9 ! national pan!on4#abfd     
,sid5ote3 ,?is explanation ( ,janus z   
equival5t to ,jupit] is m  probable ?an 
! view t ,janus 0 orig9ally no?+ b ! god
 (  ! door 7janua72 = ! door 7janua7    
seems r to h be5  nam$ aft] ,janus ?an  
he aft] x4 ,?is duplication ( deities1 !
  result ( ! f9al fusion ( k9dr$ tribes 
:o _h long liv$ ap>t1  w\ld acc\nt = !  
appe>ance ( ,janus beside ,jupit]1 & (  
,diana  or ,jana beside ,juno 9 ! ,roman
 religion4#abfe ,at lea/ ?is appe>s  to 
be a m probable !ory ?an ! op9ion1 :i*  
has f\nd fav\r  ) "s mod]n s*ol>s1 t    
,janus 0 orig9ally no?+ b ! god  (      
doors4#abff ,t a deity ( 8 dignity &    
importance1 :om !  ,romans rev]$ z a god
 ( gods#abfg & ! fa!r ( 8 p1  %\ld h    
/>t$ 9 life z a humble1 ?\gh d\btless   
respectable1  doorkeep] appe>s to me1 ,i
 confess1 v unlikely4 ,s l(ty an end    
h>dly consorts ) s l[ly a beg9n+4 ,x is 

m probable t !  door 7janua7 got its "n 
f ,janus ?an t he got 8 "n f  x4 ,?is   
view is /r5g!n$ by a consid]ation ( ! ^w
 janua  itself4 ,! regul> ^w = door is !
 same 9 all ! languages (  ! ,aryan     
family f ,india to ,irel&4 ,x is dur 9  
,sanscrit1 ?ura  9 ,greek1 ,tr 9 ,g]man1
 door 9 ,engli%1 dorus 9 old ,iri%1 &   
=is 9 ,lat94#abfh ,yet besides ?is      
ord9>y "n = door1 :i*  ! ,lat9s %>$ )   
all _! ,aryan bre?r51 !y _h also ! "n   
janua1 to :i* !re is no correspond+ t]m 
9 any ,indo-,european  spee*4 ,! ^w has 
! appe>ance ( be+ an adjectival =m d]iv$
  f ! n\n ,janus4 ,i conjecture t x may 
h be5 cu/om>y to  set up an image or    
symbol ( ,janus at ! pr9cipal door ( !  
h\se 9  ord] to place ! entrance "u !   
protection ( ! great god4 ,a  door ?us  
gu>d$ might be kn[n z a janua =is1 t is1
 a ,januan  door1 & ! phrase might 9 "t 
be abridg$ into janua1 ! n\n  =is be+   
und]/ood b n express$4 ,f ?is to ! use (
  janua to designate a door 9 g5]al1    
:e!r gu>d$ by an image (  ,janus or n1  

w\ld be an easy & natural               
transition4#abfi    ,sid5ote3 ,!        
d\ble-head$ figure ( ,janus may h       
orig9at$ 9 a  cu/om ( plac+ 8 image z   
gu>dian ( doorways s z to face bo?      
ways1 outw>ds & inw>ds1 at ! same "t4   
,if !re is any tru? 9  ?is conjecture1 x
 may expla9 v simply ! orig9 ( ! d\ble  
head ( ,janus1 :i* has s long ex]cis$ ! 
+5uity (  my?ologi/s4 ,:5 x _h become   
cu/om>y to gu>d ! entrance (  h\ses &   
t[ns by an image ( ,janus1 x might well 
be deem$ necess>y  to make ! s5t9el god 
look bo? ways1 be=e & beh9d1 at ! same  
"t1 9 ord] t no?+ %\ld escape 8 vigilant
 eye4 ,= if !  div9e wat*man always fac$
 9 "o direction1 x is easy to imag9e    
:at mis*ief might h be5 wr\ght )        
impunity beh9d 8 back4    ,sid5ote3 ,?is
 explanation is confirm$ by !           
d\ble-head$ idols  :i* ! ,bu% negroes ( 
,sur9am set to gu>d ! entrances ( _!    
villages4 ,?is explanation ( !          
d\ble-head$ ,janus at ,rome is  confirm$
 by ! d\ble-head$ idol :i* ! ,bu%       

negroes 9 !  int]ior ( ,sur9am regul>ly 
set up z a gu>dian at ! entrance ( a    
village4 ,! idol consi/s ( a block (    
wood ) a human face rudely  c>v$ on ea* 
side2 x /&s "u a gateway compos$ ( two  
uprights  & a cross-b>4 ,beside ! idol  
g5]ally lies a :ite rag int5d$ to  keep 
(f ! devil2 & sometimes !re is also a   
/ick :i* seems to  repres5t a bludgeon  
or weapon ( "s sort4 ,fur!r1 f !        
cross-b>  hangs a small log :i* s]ves ! 
useful purpose ( knock+ on !  head any  
evil _s :o might attempt to pass ?r\gh !
  gateway4#abgj ,cle>ly ?is d\ble-head$ 
feti% at ! gateway ( !  negro villages 9
 ,sur9am be>s a close resemblance to !  
d\ble-head$  images ( ,janus :i*1 grasp+
 a /ick 9 "o h& & a key 9 !  o!r1 /ood  
s5t9el at ,roman gates & doorways2#abga 
& we c  h>dly d\bt t 9 bo? cases ! heads
 fac+ two ways are to be  simil>ly      
expla9$ z expressive ( ! vigilance ( !  
gu>dian god1  :o kept 8 eye on spiritual
 foes beh9d & be=e1 & /ood ready to     
bludgeon !m on ! spot4 ,we may1 !re=e1  

disp5se ) ! t$i\s  & unsatisfactory     
explanations :i* ! wily ,janus himself  
fobb$ (f  an anxi\s ,roman enquir]4#abgb
 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,borneo ! ,k5yahs       
g5]ally place be=e ! ma9 entrance ( _!  
h\ses ! wood5  image ( ,balli ,atap1 t  
is1 ! ,_s or ,god 7,balli7 ( ! ,ro(1  :o
 protects ! h\sehold f h>m ( all        
k9ds4#abgc ,b x does n  appe> t ?is     
div9e wat*man is provid$ ) m ?an "o     
face4    ,sid5ote3 ,?us ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood 
at ,nemi seems to h p]sonat$  ! great   
,aryan god ( ! oak1 ,jupit] or ,janus1 &
 to h mat$ )  ! oak-goddess ,diana4 ,to 
apply ^! conclusions to ! prie/ (       
,nemi1 we may suppose t z ! mate (      
,diana he repres5t$ orig9ally  ,dianus  
or ,janus r ?an ,jupit]1 b t ! diff]5ce 
betwe5  ^! deities 0 ( old m]ely        
sup]ficial1 go+ little deep] ?an  !     
names1 & leav+ practically unaffect$ !  
ess5tial functions (  ! god z a p[] ( ! 
sky1 ! ?und]1 & ! oak4 ,if my analysis  
( ?is great div9ity is correct1 !       
orig9al elem5t 9 8 composite  nature 0 !

 oak4 ,x 0 fitt+1 !re=e1 t 8 human      
repres5tative at ,nemi %\ld dwell1 z we 
h se5 reason to believe  he did1 9 an   
oak grove4 ,8 title ( ,k+ ( ! ,wood     
cle>ly indicates  ! sylvan "* ( ! deity 
:om he s]v$2 & s9ce he c\ld  only be    
assail$ by him :o _h pluck$ ! b\gh ( a  
c]ta9 tree 9  ! grove1 8 own life might 
be said to be b\nd up ) t ( !  sacr$    
tree4 ,?us he n only s]v$ b embodi$ !   
great ,aryan god (  ! oak2 & z an       
oak-god he w\ld mate ) ! oak-goddess1   
:e!r  %e w5t by ! "n ( ,eg]ia or ,diana4
 ,_! union1 h[ev]  consummat$1 w\ld be  
deem$ ess5tial to ! f]tility ( ! e>? &  
! fecundity ( man & bea/4 ,fur!r1 z !   
oak-god _h gr[n into a  god ( ! sky1 !  
?und]1 & ! ra91 s 8 human repres5tative 
w\ld be requir$1 l _m o!r div9e k+s1 to 
cause ! cl\ds to  ga!r1 ! ?und] to peal1
 & ! ra9 to desc5d 9 due season1 t  !   
fields & or*>ds might be> fruit & !     
pa/ures be cov]$  ) luxuriant h]bage4 ,!
 reput$ possessor ( p[]s s exalt$ mu/  h
 be5 a v important p]sonage2 & ! rema9s 

( build+s &  ( votive (f]+s :i* h be5   
f\nd on ! site ( ! sanctu>y  comb9e ) ! 
te/imony ( classical writ]s to prove t 9
 lat]  times x 0 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/   
popul> %r9es 9 ,italy4 ,ev5  9 ! old    
days :5 ! *ampaign c\ntry ar\nd 0 /ill  
p>cell$  out among ! petty tribes :o    
compos$ ! ,lat9 ,league1 ! sacr$  grove 
is kn[n to h be5 an object ( _! common  
rev]5ce &  c>e4 ,& j z ! k+s ( ,cambodia
 us$ to s5d (f]+s to !  my/ic k+s (     
,fire & ,wat] f> 9 ! dim dep?s ( !      
tropical  =e/1 s1 we may well believe1 f
 all sides ( ! broad ,latian  pla9 !    
eyes & foot/eps ( ,italian pilgrims     
turn$ to ! qu>t]  :]e1 /&+ %>ply out    
aga9/ ! fa9t blue l9e ( ! ,ap5n9es  or !
 deep] blue ( ! di/ant sea1 ! ,alban    
,m\nta9 rose be=e  !m1 ! home ( !       
my/]i\s prie/ ( ,nemi1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood4 
,!re1 among ! gre5 woods & beside ! /ill
 wat]s ( ! lonely  hills ! anci5t ,aryan
 wor%ip ( ! god ( ! oak1 ! ?und]1 &  !  
dripp+ sky l+]$ 9 its e>ly1 almo/       
,druidical =m1 long  aft] a great       

political & intellectual revolution _h  
%ift$ !  capital ( ,lat9 religion f !   
=e/ to ! city1 f ,nemi to  ,rome4       
,footnote #abch3      ,above1 vol4 i4   
pp4 #f sq41 #ab2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #abd sq41 
#abh sq41 #aga    sqq4    ,footnote     
#abci3      ,above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ai     
sqq41 #dj sq4    ,footnote #abdj3       
,above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ab sq4    ,footnote
 #abda3      ,above1 pp4 #cfe1 #cff1    
#cgb4    ,footnote #abdb3      ,above1  
p4 #ahf4    ,footnote #abdc3            
,above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ac sq41 vol4 ii4   
pp4 #ahd1 #bff4    ,footnote #abdd3     
,virgil1 ,a54 vi4 #bje sqq4    ,footnote
 #abde3      ,see above1 pp4 #agh sqq4  
,footnote #abdf3      ,?is sugge/ion is 
due to ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook4 ,see 8       
articles1 8,zeus1    ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10
 ,classical ,review1 xviii4 7#aijd7 pp4 
#cfc    sq42 & 8,! ,european ,sky-,god10
 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #bgg      
sq4 ,on ! o!r h& see above1 pp4 #a sq4  
,footnote #abdg3      ,virbius may      
p]haps be etymologically connect$ )     

viridis1    8gre510 & v]b5a1 8a sacr$   
b\gh40 ,if ?is 7 s1 ,virbius    w\ld be 
8! ,gre5 ,"o40 ,we are rem9d$ ( ^?      
popul>    p]sonifications ( ! spr+1     
,gre5 ,george & ,jack 9 ! ,gre54    ,see
 above1 pp4 #ge sq41 #hb sq4 ,z to !    
propos$ d]ivation f a    root mean+     
8gre50 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,conway writes 
to me 7#aj? ,janu>y    #aijc73 8,f ?is  
mean+ ( ! root a d]ivative 9 -bus w\ld n
    /rike me z s /range2 vir-bho might  
conceivably mean #8gr[+    gre54'0 ,9 my
 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip
 7pp4    #bhb sq47 ,i foll[$ ,mr4 ,a4   
,b4 ,cook 9 int]pret+ a passage (       
,plautus 7,cas9a1 ii4 #e4 #bc-bi7 z a   
ref]5ce to ! prie/s ( ,nemi    9 ! "* ( 
mortal ,jupit]s4 ,b a simpl] & m        
probable    explanation ( ! passage has 
be5 giv5 by ,dr4 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell4 ,see  
,a4    ,b4 ,cook1 8,! ,european         
,sky-god10 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 
#cbb    sqq42 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 9 ,!     
,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 iv4 7#aijf7 p4 #icb4   
,footnote #abdh3      ,see above1 vol4  

i4 p4 #ac1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cgh sq4        
,footnote #abdi3      ,above1 pp4 #aga  
sq4    ,footnote #abej3      ,horace1   
,odes1 i4 #ba4 #e sq41 iii4 #bc4 #i sq41
 iv4 #d4 #e sq41    ,c>m5 ,saecul>e1    
#fi2 ,livy1 iii4 #be4 #f-h2 ,e4 ,h4     
,bunbury1 9 ,smi?'s    ,diction>y (     
,greek & ,roman ,geography1 s4v4        
8,algidus40    ,footnote #abea3         
,fe/us1 s4v4 8,tifata10 p4 #cff1 ed4 ,c4
 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,velleius    ,pat]culus1 ii4
 #be4 #d2 ,e4 ,h4 ,bunbury1 op4 cit4    
s4v4 8,tifata40 ,=    m evid5ce ( !     
association ( ,diana ) ! oak1 see ,mr4  
,a4 ,b4    ,cook1 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & !  
,oak10 ,classical ,review1 xviii4       
7#aijd7    pp4 #cfi sq4    ,footnote    
#abeb3      ,above1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ag sq41
 vol4 ii pp4 #agb sq4    ,footnote      
#abec3      ,! orig9al root appe>s      
pla9ly 9 ,diovis & ,diespit]1 !    old] 
=ms ( ,jupit] 7,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1  
v4 #ff2 ,aulus    ,gellius1 v4 #ab74 ,! 
=m ,dianus is atte/$ by an inscription  
f\nd    at ,aquileia 7,corpus           

,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 v4 #ghc71 & !  
=m    ,jana by ,v>ro 7,r]um ru/ic>um1 i4
 #cg4 #c7 & ,macrobius 7,saturn4    i4  
#i4 #h74 ,9 ,zeus1 ,dione1 ,jupit]1 &   
,juno ! old root ,,di    appe>s 9 !     
exp&$ =m ,,div4 ,z to ! etymology ( ^!  
names1 see ,*4 ,ploix1 8,les ,dieux qui 
provi5n5t de la rac9e ,,div10           
,mmoires de la ,socit de ,l+ui/ique de  
,p>is1 i4 7#ahfh7 pp4    #bac-bbb2 ,g4  
,curtius1 ,grundzge d] grie*is*5        
,etymologie1 #e? ,ed41    pp4 #bcf sq41 
#faf sq42 ,a4 ,vanicek1                 
,grie*is*-late9is*es    etymologis*es   
,wrt]bu*1 i4 #cec sqq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 
,lexikon d]    grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1
 ii4 #de sq41 #egh sq41 #fai2 ,s4 ,l9de1
    ,de ,jano summo ,romanorumdeo       
7,lund1 #ahia71 pp4 #g sq42 ,j4 ,s4     
,speij]1    8,le ,dieu roma9 ,janus10   
,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1    
xxvi4    7#ahib7 pp4 #cg-da2 ,h4 ,us5]1 
,gtt]nam51 pp4 #af1 #ce sq41 #cbf2 ,p4  
,krets*m]1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,ges*i*te d]
 grie*is*5 ,spra*e1    pp4 #gh sqq41    

#ia1 #afa sq4 ,messrs4 ,speij] &        
,krets*m] reject !    d]ivation ( ,janus
 f ! root ,,di4    ,footnote #abed3     
,z to ,juno 9 ^! aspects1 see ,l4       
,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1    #crd    
,ed41 i4 #bga sqq42 ,g4 ,wiss[a1        
,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1    pp4   
#aag sqq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon d]  
grie*4 u4 rm4    ,my?ologie1 ii4 #egh   
sqq4 ,z to ,diana1 see above1 vol4 i4 p4
 #ab1    vol4 ii4 pp4 #abd1 #abh sq4    
,footnote #abee3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4  
#hi sqq42 ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #i2      
,s]vius1 on    ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #faj2 
,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 #a sq4
    ,footnote #abef3      ,v>ro1 quot$  
by ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4    
#bh2 ,joannes ,lydus1    ,de m5sibus1   
iv4 #b4 ,comp>e ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #i4
 #aa4 ,see ,r4    ,agahd1 ,m4 ,t]5tii   
,v>ronis r]um div9>um libri ,i4 ,,xiv4  
,,xv4 ,,xvi4    7,leipsic1 #ahih7 pp4   
#aag sqq41 #bjc sq4    ,footnote #abeg3 
,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #i4 #ae1 i4 #ae4   
#ai2 ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4     

#faj2 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 
#a4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,wiss[a ?9ks t            
sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,janus z well z to 
,juno on ! fir/ (    e mon? 7,religion  
und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 pp4 #ia sq472 b ?is
    view does n seem to me to be        
support$ by ! evid5ce ( ,macrobius      
7,sat4 i4 #i4 #af1 i4 #ae4 #ah sq471 to 
:i* he ref]s4 ,macrobius does    n say t
 ! fir/ ( e mon? 0 sacr$ to ,janus4     
,footnote #abeh3      ,arnobius1        
,adv]sus nationes1 iii4 #bi4            
,footnote #abei3      ,virgil1 ,a54 xii4
 #ach sqq42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #ehe sqq4 
,footnote #abfj3      ,cato1 ,de agri   
cultura1 #acd2 ,virgil1 ,a54 viii4 #ceg2
 ,horace1    ,epi/4 i4 #af4 #ei1 comp>e 
,sat4 ii4 #f4 #bj2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4   
xxxvi4 #bh2 ,juv5al1 vi4 #cid2 ,m>tial1 
x4 #bh4 #f sq42 ,aulus ,gellius1    v4  
#ab4 #e2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus nationes1  
iii4 #bi2 ,h4 ,dessau1    ,inscriptiones
 ,lat9ae selectae1 ,nos4 #ccbj1 #ccbb1  
#ccbc1 #ccbd1 #ccbe1    #ejdg2 ,g4      
,h5z51 ,acta fratrum ,arvalium1 p4 #add2

 ,a!naeus1 xv4 #df1    p4 #fib ,d1 ,e4  
,footnote #abfa3      ,augu/9e1 ,de     
civitate ,dei1 vii4 #i sq4    ,footnote 
#abfb3      ,corpus ,inscriptionum      
,lat9>um1 v4 ,no4 #ghc4    ,footnote    
#abfc3      ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #g4    
#ai2 ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,a54 viii4    
#cai &    #ceg2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus     
nationes1 iii4 #bi2 ,a!naeus1 xv4 #df1  
p4 #fib    ,d4 ,z to ! oak-woods ( !    
,janiculum1 see above1 p4 #ahf4         
,footnote #abfd3      ,z dialectal      
diff]5ces 9 ! anci5t ,italian languages 
seem to h    creat$ a multiplicity (    
deities1 s 9 ! ,malay language !y       
appe> to h creat$ a multiplicity (      
fabul\s animals4 ,see ,r4 ,j4           
,wilk9son1 ,malay ,beliefs 7,london &   
,leyd51 #aijf71 p4 #ef3 8,!    weal? (  
,malay nom5clature 9 ! prov9ce ( natural
 hi/ory is 9    itself a fruitful s\rce 
( error4 ,! id5tity ( diff]5t dialectic 
names = ! same animal is n always       
recogniz$3 ! local "n is    tak5 to     
repres5t ! real animal1 ! =eign "n is   

assum$ to    repres5t a r>e or fabul\s  
v>iety ( ! same g5us40 ,9 ^!    cases   
my?ology might fairly en\gh be describ$ 
z a disease (    language4 ,b su* cases 
cov] only a small "p ( ! va/ my?ical    
field4    ,footnote #abfe3      ,mr4 ,a4
 ,b4 ,cook1 :o accepts 9 sub/ance my    
!ory ( ! orig9al    id5tity ( ,jupit] & 
,janus1 ,juno & ,diana1 has sugge/$ t   
,janus & ,diana 7 ! deities ( !         
aborig9es ( ,rome1 ,jupit]    & ,juno ! 
deities ( _! conqu]ors4 ,see 8 article1 
8,zeus1    ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10          
,classical ,review1 xviii4 7#aijd7 pp4  
#cfg sq4    ,footnote #abff3      ,?is  
is ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]       
7,lexikon d] grie*4 u4 rm4              
,my?ologie1 ii4 #dg71 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de    
,f[l] 7,roman ,fe/ivals ( !    ,p]iod ( 
! ,republic1 pp4 #bhb sqq471 & ,pr(4 ,g4
 ,wiss[a    7,religion und ,kultus d]   
,rm]1 p4 #if74 ,x is reject$ = !        
reasons giv5 9 ! text by ,ph4 ,buttmann 
7,my?ologus1 ii4 pp4 #gb1    #gi7 & ,s4 
,l9de 7,de ,jano summo ,romanorum deo1  

pp4 #ej sqq474    ,footnote #abfg3      
,he 0 s salut$ 9 ! anci5t hymns ( !     
,salii4 ,see ,macrobius1    ,sat4 i4 #i4
 #ad2 comp>e ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1    
vii4 #bf sq4    ,footnote #abfh3        
,g4 ,curtius1 ,grundzge d] grie*is*5    
,etymologie1 #e? ,ed411 p4 #beh2    ,o4 
,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5  
,alt]tumskunde1 p4    #hff4    ,footnote
 #abfi3      ,?is !ory ( ! d]ivation (  
janua f ,janus 0 sugge/$1    ?\gh n     
accept$1 by ,ph4 ,butmann 7,my?ologus1  
ii4 #gi sqq474 ,x    occurr$ to me      
indep5d5tly4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook also    
d]ives janua f    ,janus1 b he w\ld     
expla9 ! d]ivation 9 a diff]5t way by   
suppos+ t ! l9tel & two side-po/s ( a   
door repres5t$ a    triple ,janus4 ,see 
8 article 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10   
,classical    ,review1 xviii4 7#aijd7 p4
 #cfi4    ,footnote #abgj3      ,k4     
,m>t91 8,b]i*t b] e9e ,reise ins ,gebiet
 des ,ob]5-,sur9am10    ,bijdrag5 tot de
 ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van         
,n$]l&s*-,indi1    xxxv4 7#ahhf7 pp4 #bh

 sq4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,a4 van      
,g5nep =    po9t+ out ?is confirmation (
 my !ory z to ! mean+ ( !    d\ble-head$
 ,janus4 ,see 8 article 8,janus         
,bifrons10 ,revue des    traditions     
populaires1 xxii4 7#aijg7 pp4 #ig sq4   
,footnote #abga3      ,macrobius1       
,saturn4 i4 #i4 #g1 8,s$ apud nos ,janum
 omnibus praeesse    januis nom5 o/5dit1
 quod e/ simile 4 ,nam et cum clavi ac  
virga figuratur1 quasi omnium et port>um
 cu/os et rector vi>um02    ,ovid1      
,fa/i1 i4 #ie1 #ii1 8,sac] ancipiti     
mir&us imag9e ,janus 444    t55s dextra 
baculum clavemque s9i/ra40    ,footnote 
#abgb3      ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #hi sqq4   
,footnote #abgc3      ,c4 ,hose & ,w4   
,mc,dougall1 8,! ,relations betwe5 ,m5 &
 ,animals 9    ,s>awak10 ,j\rnal ( !    
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4 7#aija7
 p4    #age4                            
,,index       ,abbas ,eff5di1 i4 #djb   
,ab*ases ( ! ,caucasus1 !1 ii4 #cgj     
,abolition ( ! k+%ip at ,rome1 ii4 #bhi 
sqq4     ,abraham & ,s>ah1 ii4 #aad     

,acacia-tree wor%ipp$1 ii4 #af          
,a*el\s & ,dejanira1 ii4 #afa sq4       
,a*illes1 ii4 #bgh     ,acorns z food1  
ii4 #cec1 #cee sq42     z fodd] = sw9e1 
#ced1 #cef     ,adam ( ,brem51 ii4 #cfd 
,adonis at ,byblus1 i4 #cj     ---- &   
,v5us 7,aphrodite71 i4 #ba1 #be1 #dj1   
#da     ---- or ,tammuz1 ii4 #cdf       
,adoption1 pret5ce ( bir? at1 i4 #gd sq4
     ,adult]y suppos$ to blight ! fruits
 ( ! e>?1 ii4 #ajg sq41 #aad            
,aeacus1 ii4 #bgh1 #cei     ,aegira1    
prie/ess ( ,e>? at1 i4 #cha sq4         
,aegi/hus1 ii4 #bha     ,a5eas & !      
,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aa1 ii4 #cgi2     8   
disappe>ance 9 a ?und]/orm1 #aha        
,aeolus1 i4 #cbf     ,aes*9es1 spuri\s  
epi/les (1 ii4 #afb n4 #b               
,aesculapius br+s ,hippolytus to life1  
i4 #bj2     at ,cos1 ii4 #aj            
,africa1 rise ( magicians1 especially   
ra9-mak]s1 to *iefta9%ip &      k+%ip 91
 i4 #cdb sqq41 #ceb2     human gods 91  
#cib sqq4     ---- ,nor?1 magical images
 91 i4 #fe sq4     ,aft]bir? 7plac5ta71 

contagi\s magic (1 i4 #ahb-bja2         
plac$ 9 tree1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #aij1 #aia1   
#aid1 #aii2     "p ( *ild's _s 91 #ahd2 
reg>d$ z bro!r or si/] ( *ild1 #ahi1    
#aia1 #aib1 #aic2     reg>d$ z a second 
*ild1 #aie2     seat ( ext]nal s\l1 #bjj
 sq4     ,agamemnon1 ii4 #bgi2          
sceptre (1 i4 #cfe     ,agni1 !         
fire-god1 ii4 #bdi     ,agnihotris1     
,brahman fire-prie/s1 ii4 #bdg sqq4     
,agriculture ( ! ,nabataeans1 ii4 #ajj  
,a9os1 i4 #fj     ,akamba1 !1 ii4 #cag  
,akikuyu1 !1 ii4 #dd1 #aej1 #caf1 #cag2 
pret5ce ( new bir? among !1 i4 #ge sq41 
#if sq4     ,alba ,longa1 ! k+s (1 ii4  
#agh sqq41 #bfh sq4     ,alban ,hills1  
i4 #b     ---- ,m\nta91 !1 ii4 #ahg sq41
 #bjb     ,albig5ses1 !1 i4 #djg        
,al*]+a1 leg5d>y "t1 i4 #ih     ,alfai1 
prie/hood ( !1 ii4 #c     ,algidus1     
,m\nt1 ii4 #ahg1 #chj     ,algonqu9s1 !1
 ii4 #adg     ,amata1 8,belov$10 title (
 ,ve/als1 ii4 #aig2     ,amata1 wife (  
,k+ ,lat9us1 #aig     ,amboyna1 ii4 #bh 
,am5ophis ,,iii41 bir? (1 ii4 #aca sqq4 

,am]ican ,indians1 p[] ( m$ic9e-m5 among
 !1 i4 #cee sqq4     ,ame?y/1 i4 #afe   
,ammon1 ! god1 m>ri$ to ! ,que5 (       
,egypt1 ii4 #acj sqq42     human wives (
 ! god1 #acj sqq42     co/ume ( ! god1  
#acc2     ,k+ ( ,egypt masqu]ad$ z1     
#acc2     at ,!bes1 high prie/s (1 #acd 
,ammonite1 black fossil1 ii4 #bf1 #bg n4
 #b     ,amphictyon1 ii4 #bgg           
,amulius ,sylvius1 ii4 #ahj             
,anaitis1 ,ori5tal goddess1 i4 #af sq41 
#cg n4 #b     ,anatomie ( ,abuses1 ii4  
#ff     ,anaz>bus1 ! olives (1 ii4 #ajg 
,ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,bantu peoples1 
ii4 #bba2     9 relation to fire-wor%ip1
 #bba     ,ance/ors1 pray]s to1 i4 #bhe1
 #bhg1 #cde1 #ceb2     sacrifices to1   
#cci2     s\ls (1 9 trees1 ii4 #cj1 #ca1
 #cb2     dead1 reg>d$ z mis*iev\s be+s1
 #bba2     repres5t$ by sacr$           
fire-/icks1 #bbb sqq42     s\ls (1 9 !  
fire on ! he>?1 #bcb     ,ance/ral      
spirits wor%ipp$ at ! he>?1 ii4 #bba sq4
     ,ance/ral tree1 fire k9dl$ f1 ii4  
#bba1 #bcc sq4     ,ancus ,m>tius1 8    

dea?1 ii4 #cbj     ,&aman ,isl&]s1 ii4  
#bec     ,&ania1 ii4 #abb     ,&]ida1   
=e/ (1 ii4 #g     ,&rom$a & ,p]seus1 ii4
 #afc     ,animals1 homoeopa?ic magic (1
 i4 #aej sqq42     ra9-mak+ by means (1 
#bhg sqq4     ,animism pass+ into       
poly!ism1 ii4 #de     ,anitos1 spirits (
 ance/ors1 ii4 #cj     ,anjea1 my?ical  
be+1 :o causes conception 9 wom51 i4    
#ajj1 #ahd     ,annals ( ,tig]na* &     
,ul/]1 ii4 #bhf     ,ann&ale1 ,nelson1  
ii4 #bcg n4     ,ano9t+ weapon :i* caus$
 w\nd1 i4 #bjb sqq4     ,antaeus1 ii4   
#cjj     ,antigone1 dea? (1 ii4 #bbh n4 
#e     ,antigonus1 i4 #cia n4 #a        
,antimores ( ,madagasc>1 i4 #ced        
,apa*es1 l& ( !1 i4 #cjf     ,apepi1    
,egyptian fi5d1 i4 #fg     ,apes ?\ght  
to be relat$ to tw9s1 i4 #bfe           
,ap-hi1 god ( ?und] & lightn+1 ii4 #cgj 
,aphrodite & ,adonis1 i4 #be     ----   
,askraia1 i4 #bf     ,apollo1 i4 #chd1  
#chf2     at ,delos1 #cb1 #cd sq42      
at ,delphi1 #bh2     grave (1 at        
,delphi1 #ce2     ,eri?asean1 ii4 #aba2 

at ,pat>a1 #ace     ---- & ,artemis1    
bir?days (1 i4 #cb     ---- ,diradiotes1
 i4 #cha     ,apologies (f]$ to trees = 
cutt+ !m d[n1 ii4 #ah sq41 #cf      sq4 
,apples at fe/ival ( ,diana1 i4 #ad1 #af
     ,april #ae?1 sacrifice on1 ii4     
#bbi1 #cbf     ---- #ba/1 date ( !      
,p>ilia1 ii4 #cbe1 #cbf     ---- #bcrd1 
,/4 ,george's ,day1 ii4 #ccj sqq4       
---- #bd?1 9 "s places ,/4 ,george's    
,day1 ii4 #ccg1 #cdc     ,arab *>ms1 i4 
#aeb1 #aec1 #aeg1 #afe sq41 #aha1 #cjc  
,arabs ( ,moab1 i4 #bgf     ,aratus1    
sacrifices to1 i4 #aje     ,araucanians 
( ,*ili1 !1 ii4 #ahc     ,ard51 =e/ (1  
ii4 #g     ,ard5nes1 goddess ( !1 ii4   
#abf     ,ar5 palm-tree1 ii4 #bb        
,ariadne & ,dionysus1 ii4 #ach          
,aricia1 i4 #c1 #d1 #aj1 ii4 #b2     8_m
 ,manii at10 i4 #bb     ,arician grove1 
! sacr$1 i4 #bj1 #bb1 ii4 #aae2         
horses exclud$ f1 i4 #bj     ,arik>a    
,indians1 i4 #aae     ,ari/otle1 ii4    
#acg     ,arkon1 9 ,rg51 ii4 #bda n4 #d 
,arm5ia1 ra9-mak+ 91 i4 #bge sq4        

,arrephoroi at ,a!ns1 !1 ii4 #aii       
,arrian1 on sacrifices to ,artemis1 ii4 
#abe sq4     ,arr[s %ot at sacr$ trees1 
ii4 #aa2     fire-tipp$1 %ot at sun dur+
 an eclipse1 i4 #caa     ,artemis1      
temple d$icat$ to h] by ,x5ophon1 i4 #g2
     bir?day (1 i4 #cb1 ii4 #abe2     ! 
,asiatic1 i4 #g2     at ,delos1 #bh2    
( ,ephesus1 #g1 #cg sq41 ii4 #abh1 #acf2
     a goddess ( ! wild life ( nature1  
i4 #ce sq42     sacrifices to1 ii4 #abe2
     wor%ipp$ by ! ,celts1 #abe sq42    
,s>onian1 i4 #bf2     ,wolfi%1 #bf sq4  
---- & ,apollo1 bir?days (1 i4 #cb2     
& ,hippolytus1 #ai sq41 #bd sqq4        
---- ,p>!nos1 i4 #cf     ,arunta1 !1 (  
,c5tral ,au/ralia1 i4 #ih2     magical  
c]emonies among1 #he sqq42     burial   
cu/oms ( !1 #ajb     ,arval ,bro!rs1 !1 
ii4 #bjc     ,aryan god ( ! oak & ?und]1
 ii4 #cef sqq42     god ( ! sky1 #cgd   
sq4     ,aryans1 magical p[]s ascrib$ to
 k+s among !1 i4 #cff sqq42     p]petual
 fires among !1 ii4 #bfj2     female    
k9%ip among !1 #bhc sqq4     ,ascanius  

or ,julus1 ii4 #aig     ,asc5sion ,day1 
ii4 #fi1 #aff     ,a%antee1 lic5ce      
accord$ to k+'s si/]s 91 ii4 #bgd sq4   
,a%es scatt]$ z ra9-*>m1 i4 #cjd2     9 
magic1 #cad2     ( unborn calves us$ 9 a
 f]tility *>m1 ii4 #bbi1 #cbf     ,asia 
,m9or1 pontiffs 91 i4 #dg               
,assimilation ( ra9-mak] to wat]1 i4    
#bfi sqq4     ,association ( ideas1     
magic bas$ on a misapplication ( !1 i4  
#bba      sq4     ,assumption ( ! ,virg9
 9 relation to ! fe/ival ( ,diana1 i4   
#ad-af     ,a/>te at ,byblus1 i4 #cj    
,atalante1 ii4 #cja     ,a!nian         
sacrifices to ! ,seasons1 i4 #caj       
,a!ns1 b>r[ ( ,hippolytus at1 i4 #be2   
new fire br\ght to1 #cb sq42     ,k+ &  
,que5 at1 #dd sq42     m>riage (        
,dionysus at1 ii4 #acf sq42     female  
k9%ip at1 #bgg     ,atk9son1 ,j4 ,c41 i4
 #aii     ,atreus1 ii4 #bgi     ,attack+
 ! w9d1 i4 #cbg sqq4     ,attica1 traces
 ( female k9%ip 91 ii4 #bhd     ,attis &
 ,cybele 7,"m ( ! ,gods71 i4 #ah1 #ba1  
#dj1 #da     ,atua1 ,polynesian t]m =   

god1 i4 #chg n4 #a     ,augu/1 ! ,ides  
7#ac?7 (1 ,diana's day1 i4 #ab1 #ad-ag  
---- #ae?1 ! day ( ! ,assumption ( !    
,virg91 i4 #ad-af     ,augu/9e on ! "o  
,god1 i4 #aba n4 #a     ,au/ralia1      
aborig9al pa9t+s 91 i4 #hg n4 #a2       
magic univ]sally practis$ b religion    
ne>ly unkn[n among !        aborig9es (1
 #bcd2     gov]nm5t ( old m5 9          
aborig9al1 #ccd sq42     influ5ce (     
magicians 9 aborig9al1 #ccd sqq4        
---- ,c5tral1 magical c]emonies = !     
supply ( food 91 i4 #he sqq4            
,au/ralian aborig9es1 magical images    
among !1 i4 #fb2     c]emonies (        
initiation among !1 #ib sqq42           
contagi\s magic ( tee? among !1 #agf2   
magic ( navel-/r+ & aft]bir? among !1   
#ahc sq4     ,autun1 procession (       
goddess at1 ii4 #add     ,auxesia &     
,damia1 i4 #ci     ,avebury1 ,"l1 i4    
#bbe n4     ,av5t9e1 ,diana on !1 ii4   
#abh       ,baal1 prophets (1 cutt+     
!mselves1 i4 #beh     ,baalim1 !1 lords 
( und]gr\nd wat]s1 ii4 #aei     ,bab>   

,ar*ipelago1 i4 #gb1 #aca     ,bab>uda1 
i4 #bgc     ,babylon1 magical images 9  
anci5t1 i4 #ff sq42     sanctu>y ( ,bel 
at1 ii4 #abi sq4     ,babylonian k+s1   
div9ity ( ! e>ly1 i4 #dag     ,bac*anals
 *ew ivy1 i4 #chd     ,ba*(51 ,j4 ,j41  
ii4 #cac n4 #a1 #cad n4 #a     ,bacon1  
,francis1 on ano9t+ weapon t caus$ w\nd1
 i4 #bjb     ,badonsa*51 ,k+ ( ,burma1  
i4 #djj     ,bag&a1 !1 i4 #cie2         
sup]/itions z to ! navel-/r+ & aft]bir? 
7plac5ta71 #aie        sq42     _!      
cu/oms 9 reg>d to tw9s1 ii4 #ajb sq42   
_! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ! sexes on     
vegetation1 #aja sq42     ,ve/al ,virg9s
 among !1 #bdf2     _! li/ ( k+s1 #bfi  
,bagba1 a feti%1 i4 #cbg     ,bagi%u1 i4
 #ajc     ,bahaus or ,kayans ( ,borneo1 
ii4 #dj1 #aji     ,bak]s1 ,roman1       
requir$ to be *a/e1 ii4 #aae sq41 #bje  
,balli ,atap1 ii4 #che     ,baloi1      
my?ical be+s1 i4 #agg     ,bamb>as1 !1  
ii4 #db     ,banana-tree1 wild1 suppos$ 
to f]tilise b>r5 wom51 ii4 #cah         
,b&icoot 9 ra9-*>m1 i4 #bhh             

,bangalas1 !1 ii4 #bic     ,banks'      
,isl&]s1 i4 #cad     ,bantu peoples1    
ance/or-wor%ip among !1 ii4 #bba        
,banyai1 *iefta9%ip among !1 ii4 #bib   
,banyoro1 !1 ii4 #cbb2     k+ ( !1 z    
ra9-mak]1 i4 #cdh     ,baobab-trees1 ii4
 #dg     ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,john !1 i4 #bgg  
,b>-tree 7,ficus ,indica71 ii4 #be1 #dc 
,b>ea1 !1 ii4 #c     ,b>5ton1 f\nta9 (1 
i4 #cjf1 #cjg     ,b>i1 ra9-mak+ among  
!1 i4 #cdf sq4     ,b>otse1 !1 i4 #cib  
sq4     ,b>r5 wom51 *>ms to procure     
(fspr+ =1 i4 #gj sqq42     ?\ght to     
/]ilise g>d5s1 #adb2     f]tilis$ by    
trees1 ii4 #ea1 #ef sq41 #caf sq42      
?\ght to blight ! fruits ( ! e>?1 #ajb2 
f]tilis$ by wat]-spirits1 #aei sqq4     
,basilai at ,olympia1 i4 #df n4 #d      
,basoga1 !1 ii4 #ai1 #aab     ,basutos1 
!1 i4 #ga1 #agg     ,ba? be=e m>riage1  
int5tion (1 ii4 #afb     ,ba?+ z a      
ra9-*>m1 i4 #bgg sq4     ,battas or     
,bataks ( ,sumatra1 i4 #ga1 #cih sq41   
ii4 #ajh     ,battus1 ,k+1 i4 #dg       
,bayfield1 ,m4 ,a41 ii4 #bbh n4 #e      

,bean1 spr\t+ (1 9 sup]/iti\s c]emony1  
i4 #bff     ,bea/s1 sacr$1 9 ,egypt held
 responsible = failure ( crops1 i4 #ced 
,be*uana *>ms1 i4 #aej sq4              
,be*uanas1 !1 i4 #cac     ,b$\9s1       
fire-drill ( ! anci5t1 ii4 #bji         
,bee*-woods ( ,d5m>k1 ii4 #cea     ,be5a
 m>riage1 ii4 #bga     ,bees1 ! ,k+     
,bees 7,ess5es7 at ,ephesus1 ii4 #ace   
sq4     ,bel ( ,babylon1 ii4 #abi       
,belep1 !1 ( ,new ,cal$onia1 i4 #aej    
,bell-r++ z a *>m to dispel evil        
influ5ces1 ii4 #cdc sq4     ,b5efits    
conf]r$ by magic1 i4 #bah sq4     ,b591 
k+ (1 z a god1 i4 #cif     ,b5v5uto     
,cell9i1 ii4 #aig n4 #f     ,b5zoni1    
,g41 i4 #eg n4     ,bes1 ! god1 ii4 #acc
     ,betsileo1 !1 i4 #cig     ,bevan1  
,pr(essor ,a4 ,a41 ii4 #baj n4          
,bezo> /one 9 ra9-*>ms1 i4 #cje         
,bhagavati1 goddess ( ,co*91 i4 #bhj    
,bir*1 cr[ns (1 ii4 #fd2     leaves1    
girl clad 91 #hj2     tree dress$ 9     
woman's clo!s1 #fd2     a protection    
aga9/ wit*es1 #ed     ,bir?1 pret5ce (1 

at adoption1 i4 #gd sq42     at return (
 suppos$ dead man1 #ge2     at          
circumcision1 #ge sq42     simulation ( 
a new1 #chj sq42     f ! fire1 ii4 #aie 
sqq4     ,bir?day1 ,greek cu/om (       
sacrific+ to a dead man on 81 i4 #aje   
,bir?days ( ,apollo & ,artemis1 i4 #cb  
8,bir?place ( ,ra9y ,zeus10 ii4 #cfj    
,black animals 9 ra9-*>ms1 i4 #bej1 #bij
 sqq42     col\r 9 magic1 #hc2     9    
ra9-mak+ c]emonies1 #bfi sq4            
,blackfoot ,indians1 i4 #aaf1 #aej2     
_! wor%ip ( ! sun1 ii4 #adf sq4         
,ble$+ trees1 ii4 #ah1 #bj1 #cc         
,blight+ effect ( illicit love on !     
fruits ( ! e>?1 ii4 #ajg      sqq4      
,bl9dness1 *>m to cause1 i4 #adg        
,blood drawn f virg9 bride1 i4 #id2     
%$ at circumcision & sub9cision1 uses (1
 #ib1 #id sq42     sympa!tic connexion  
betwe5 w\nd$ p]son & 8 %$ blood1 #bje2  
us$ to imitate ra91 #bef1 #beg sq42     
z a means ( inspiration1 #cha sqq42     
(f]$ to trees1 ii4 #ac1 #af1 #cd1 #dd1  
#dg2     ( pigs 9 purificatory rites1   

#ajg1 #ajh1 #aji2     ( ince/u\s p]sons1
 blight+ effects attribut$ to !1 #aaj   
sq42     reluctance to spill royal1     
#bbh2     sme>$ on sacr$ trees1 #cfg    
,blood1 human1 9 inti*iuma c]emonies1 i4
 #he1 sqq4 #ij1 sqq42     (f]$ at grave1
 #ij sq42     giv5 to sick p1 #ia2      
us$ to knit m5 toge!r1 #ib              
,blood-/one1 i4 #afe     ,bloomfield1   
,pr(essor ,m41 i4 #bbi     ,boan]ges1 i4
 #bff     ,bodio1 feti% k+1 i4 #cec     
,bogomiles1 !1 i4 #djg     ,boil$ meat  
(f]$ to ! ,seasons1 i4 #caj     ,bones (
 dead 9 magic1 i4 #adh2     human1 buri$
 z ra9-*>m1 #bhg2     burn$ z a *>m     
aga9/ sorc]y1 ii4 #ccj     ,bonfires at 
midsumm]1 ii4 #fe     ,bongo1 !1 i4 #cdg
     ,boni1 ,g41 ii4 #ahf n4 #a         
,borewell1 !1 ii4 #afa     ,borlase1    
,w41 ii4 #fg     ,born ?rice1 said (    
,brahmans1 i4 #cha     ,borneo1 i4 #ei1 
#gc2     beliefs z to ! blight+ effect (
 sexual crime 91 ii4 #ajh sqq4          
,bororos1 !1 ii4 #bih     ,b\gh1 !      
,gold51 pluck$ by ,a5eas1 i4 #aa1 ii4   

#cgi2     ! pluck+ ( x n a piece (      
bravado1 #abc sq42     grew on an       
ev]gre5 oak1 #cgi       ,b\ghs1 gre51 a 
*>m aga9/ wit*es1 ii4 #eb-ee1 #abg4     
,see also ,bran*es     ,bovillae1 ii4   
#agi     ,bradbury1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b41  
ii4 #aci n4 #a     ,brahman1 d]ivation (
 "n1 i4 #bbi     ---- fire-prie/s1 ii4  
#bdg sqq42     m>riage c]emony1 i4 #afj2
     h\sehold]1 tempor>y inspiration (1 
i4 #chj sq4     ,brahmans deem$ sup]ior 
to ! gods1 i #bbf2     div9ity ( !1 #djc
 sq42     ?rice-born1 #cha              
,bran*es dipp$ 9 wat] z a ra9-*>m1 i4   
#bdh1 #bej1 #cji4     ,see also ,b\ghs  
,brazil1 ,indians (1 p[] ( m$ic9e-m5    
among !1 i4 #ceh sq4     ,brea?1 holy   
fire n to be bl[n ^u ) !1 ii4 #bda      
,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 i4 #djh2     ( ! 
,till$ ,fields 7,fratres ,arvales71 ii4 
#abb     ,brhaspati1 z a magician1 i4   
#bda     ,bride ti$ to tree at m>riage1 
ii4 #eg2     ! ,:itsuntide1 #hi1 #if2   
! ,may1 #ie2     race = a1 #cja sqq42   
conte/s = a1 #cje sqq4     ---- ( ,god1 

!1 i4 #bgf     ---- race among ,teutonic
 peoples1 ii4 #cjc sqq4     ,bridegroom 
( ,may1 ii4 #ia1 #ic     ,bridget 9     
,scotl& & ! ,isle ( ,man1 ii4 #id sq4   
,brigit1 a ,celtic goddess1 ii4 #ie1    
#bdj sqq4     ,brimo & ,brimos1 ii4 #aci
     ,br9ck]1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,h41 ii4 #bbd n4 
#d     ,brooke1 ,rajah1 i4 #cfa         
,bro!rhood =m$ ) trees by suck+ _! sap1 
ii4 #ai sq4     ,bro!rs revil$ by si/]s 
= good luck1 i4 #bgi     ,br[n1 ,a4 ,r41
 ii4 #bed n4     ,br[n1 ,dr4 ,george1 i4
 #cdj     ,brunhild1 ,que5 ( ,icel&1 ii4
 #cjf     ,brutus1 ,l4 ,junius1 ii4     
#bij1 #bia     ,bryant1 ,jacob1 i4 #ccd 
,buck?orn1 a protection aga9/ wit*es1   
ii4 #ed1 #aia     ,buddha1 images (1    
dr5*$ z a ra9-*>m1 i4 #cjh     ,buddhas1
 liv+1 i4 #daj sq4     ,buddhi/ animism 
n a philosophical !ory1 ii4 #ac sq4     
,bhl]1 ,g41 ii4 #cfg n4 #c1 #cfi        
,bulg>ia1 ra9-mak+ 91 i4 #bgd     ,bull1
 ! ?und]-god comp>$ to a1 ii4 #cfh      
,bull-ro>] us$ z a w9d-*>m1 i4 #cbd     
,bull's blood drunk z means (           

inspiration1 i4 #cha sq42     z ordeal1 
i4 #chb n4 #a     ,bulls1 :ite1         
sacrific$1 ii4 #ahh sq4     ,bunjil     
,kraura1 i4 #cbd     ,buns51 on ,/4     
,hippolytus1 i4 #ba n4 #b     ,burgl>s1 
*>ms employ$ by1 to cause sleep1 i4 #adh
 sq4     ,burgundians & _! k+s1 i4 #cff 
,burial alive1 puni%m5t ( unfai?ful     
virg9s1 ii4 #bdd     ---- cu/oms int5d$ 
to ensure re-inc>nation1 i4 #aja sqq4   
,burma1 magical images 91 i4 #fb sq4    
,burn+ ( sacr$ trees or poles1 ii4 #ada 
sq4     ,burn+-glass or mirror1 fire    
k9dl$ by1 ii4 #bdc1 #bdd n4 #a          
,buryats1 !1 ii4 #cb     ,bu% negroes ( 
,sur9am1 ii4 #che     ,bu%m51 i4 #abc   
,butl]s1 ,roman1 requir$ to be *a/e1 ii4
 #aae sq41 #bje     ,buttmann1 ,p41 i4  
#dj n4 #b     ,bttn]1 ,c4 ,g41 ii4 #bah 
,byblus1 ,a/>te at1 i4 #cj              
,cabbages1 *>m to make cabbages gr[1 i4 
#acf sq4     ,cactus1 sacr$1 telepa?y 9 
se>* =1 i4 #abc sq4     ,cadys1 ii4 #bha
     ,caeculus born f ! fire1 ii4 #aig  
,caelian hill at ,rome1 ii4 #ahe        

,caes>1 ,julius1 8 villa at ,nemi1 i4 #e
     ,caes>s1 _! "n d]iv$ f caes>ies1   
ii4 #ahj     ,ca+ua ,indians1 !1 ii4    
#beh     ,calah1 anci5t capital (       
,assyria1 ii4 #acj     ,cal&1 ,dr4 ,w41 
i4 #bbi     ,caldwell1 ,bi%op ,r41 i4   
#chb     ,calica ,puran1 i4 #fc         
,caligula1 8 b>ges on ! lake ( ,nemi1 i4
 #e2     & ! prie/ ( ,nemi1 #aa         
,calmucks1 race = a bride among !1 ii4  
#cja sq4     ,cambodia1 ! regalia 91 i4 
#cfe2     ,k+s ( ,fire & ,wat] 91 ii4 #c
 sqq4     ,cambridge1 ,may ,day cu/om   
at1 ii4 #fb     ,camd51 ,w41 ii4 #ec4   
,camillus1 8 triumph1 ii4 #agd n4 #b    
,camphor1 taboos obs]v$ 9 se>* =1 i4    
#aad sq42     telepa?y 9 se>* =1 #abd   
sq4     ,c&aules1 ii4 #bha1 #bhb        
,c&lemas1 ii4 #id     ,cannibalism 9    
,au/ralia1 i4 #ajf sq4     ,cantabrians1
 "m-k9 among !1 ii4 #bhe     ,canute1   
,k+ ( ,engl&1 8 m>riage ) ,emma1 ii4    
#bhb sq4     ,cape ,york ,p59sula 9     
,que5sl&1 i4 #ii1 #ajj     ,cap5a1 !    
,porta1 at ,rome1 i4 #ah     ,capitol1  

temple ( ,jupit] on !1 ii4 #agd1 #agf1  
#ahd     ,caprificatio1 ii4 #cad n4 #b  
,caprificus1 ! wild fig-tree1 ii4 #cad  
sq4     ,c> ,nicob>1 i4 #cad     ,c>ibs1
 w> cu/om ( !1 i4 #acd     ,c>na1 nymph1
 ii4 #aij     ,c>p5t]1 son (1 z a human 
god1 i4 #cgf     ,c>pet-snakes1 magical 
c]emony = ! multiplication (1 i4 #ij    
,ca/or & ,pollux1 i4 #di sq4     ,cat 9 
ra9-*>m1 i4 #bhi1 #bia1 #cjh sq4        
,cat's cradle z a *>m to cat* ! sun1 i4 
#caf sq4     ,catl91 ,g41 i4 #cef       
,cato ! ,eld] on d$ication ( ,arician   
grove to ,diana1 i4 #bb1 #bc     ,cato1 
on expiation1 ii4 #abb     ,cattle      
cr[n$1 ii4 #ge1 #abf sq41 #cci1 #cda2   
*>m to recov] /ray$1 i4 #bab2           
influ5ce ( tree-spirits on1 ii4 #ee     
---- /all1 !1 at ,a!ns1 ii4 #acg        
,caul1 sup]/itions z to1 i4 #ahg sq41   
#aij sq41 #aii sq4     ,caves1          
prehi/oric pa9t+s ( animals 91 i4 #hg n4
 #a     ,cecrops1 ii4 #bgg2     said to 
h in/itut$ m>riage1 #bhd     ,c$>1      
sacr$1 ii4 #di1 #ej sq42     smoke (1   

inhal$ z mode ( inspiration1 i4 #chc sq4
     ---- tree1 girl annually sacrific$ 
to1 ii4 #ag     ---- wood burn$ z a     
religi\s rite1 ii4 #acj     ,celebes1 i4
 #aji2     magical virtue ( regalia 91  
#cfb sqq4     ,celtic div9ity ak9 to    
,artemis1 ii4 #abf     ---- & ,italian  
languages ak91 ii4 #ahi     ----        
,ve/als1 ii4 #bda n4 #a     ,celts1 _!  
wor%ip ( ! ,huntress ,artemis1 ii4 #abe 
sq42     _! wor%ip ( ! oak1 #cfb sq42   
( ,gaul1 _! h>ve/ fe/ival1 i4 #ag2     (
 ,irel&1 _! belief 9 ! blight+ effect ( 
ince/1 ii4 #aaf     ,ceos1 fun]al cu/oms
 91 i4 #aje     ,c]emonies1 initiatory1 
( ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es1 i4 #ib  
sqq4     ,*adwick1 ,h4 ,m41 ii4 #bgh n4 
#a1 #bhc n4 #a     ,*aka1 ! ,zulu       
despot1 i4 #cej     ,*ampion at ,engli% 
coronation c]emony1 ii4 #cbb     ,*ams1 
!1 i4 #abj1 #aca1 #add     ,*>iot 9     
ra9-*>m1 i4 #cji     ---- & horses      
d$icat$ to ! sun1 i4 #cae     ,*>les    
,,ii4 t\*es = scr(ula1 i4 #cfh sq4      
,*>ms to ensure long life1 i4 #afh sq42 

to prev5t ! sun f go+ d[n1 #caf sqq4    
,see also ,magic       ,*a/ity obs]v$ = 
sake ( abs5t p]sons1 i4 #abc1 #abd1     
#abe1 #aca2     practis$ to make ! crops
 gr[1 ii4 #ajd sqq42     requir$ (      
p]sons :o h&le di%es & food1 #aae sq41  
#bje2     ,milton on1 #aah n4 #a2     z 
a virtue n und]/ood by savages1 #aah2   
obs]v$ by sacr$ m51 p]haps ! husb&s ( a 
goddess1 #ace1 #acf2     obs]v$ by sacr$
 wom51 #acg2     requir$ 9 ^? :o make   
fire by friction1 #bch sq4     ,see also
 ,cont95ce     ,*auci1 !1 ii4 #cec      
,*]emiss1 !1 ii4 #dd1 #di     ,*]okees1 
homoeopa?ic magic ( plants among !1 i4  
#add1 #adf sq42     homoeopa?ic magic ( 
animals among !1 i4 #aee sq4            
,*ib*as1 !1 i4 #daf     ,*i-*i ,mama1 i4
 #bgf     ,*iefs1 sup]natural p[] (1 9  
,melanesia1 i4 #cch sqq42     z         
magicians1 especially ra9-mak]s1 9      
,africa1 #cdb sqq42     n all[$ to leave
 _! premises1 #cdi2     puni%$ = dr\ght 
& de>?1 #ceb sqq42     z prie/s1 ii4    
#bae sq42     *os5 f sev]al families 9  

rotation1 #bib sqq4     ,*ilcot9        
,indians1 i4 #cab     ,*ild's ,well at  
,ox=d1 ii4 #afa     ,*ildbir?1 ,diana z 
goddess (1 i4 #ab1 ii4 #abh     ,*ildr51
 newborn1 br\ght to ! he>?1 ii4 #bcb    
,*ili1 sacr$ c$>1 ii4 #di1 #ej sq4      
,*9a1 emp]ors (1 i4 #dg2     homoeopa?ic
 magic ( city sites 91 #afi sq42     !  
,emp]or (1 sup]ior to ! gods1 #daf sq4  
,see also ,*9ese     ,*9*vad1 human gods
 at1 i4 #dje sq4       ,*9ese1 magical  
images among !1 i4 #fj sq4     ----     
belief 9 spirits ( plants1 ii4 #ad      
---- *>ms to ensure long life1 i4 #afh  
sq4     ---- emp]or responsible =       
dr\ght1 i4 #cee     ---- empire1        
inc>nate human gods 9 !1 i4 #dab sqq4   
---- modes ( compell+ ! ra9-god to give 
ra91 i4 #big sqq4     ---- sup]/ition z 
to plac5ta 7aft]-bir?71 i4 #aid         
,*+illi1 !1 i4 #ii     ,*ios1 k+s (1 i4 
#de     ,*issumpe1 !1 i4 #cic           
,*itom1 !1 a pontiff ( ,congo1 ii4 #bfa 
,*ri/ians1 pret5d]s to div9ity among1 i4
 #djg sqq4     ,*ri/s1 ,russian sect (  

!1 i4 #djg sq4     ,*uck*ees1 sacr$     
fire-bo>ds ( !1 ii4 #bbe sq4     ,*ur+a1
 9 ,au/ralia1 i4 #hh1 #aii1 #cce        
,cimbrians1 !1 i4 #cca n4 #b            
,cim9ian =e/1 ii4 #h     ,circassians1  
_! cu/om z to pe>-trees1 ii4 #ee sq4    
,circumcision1 pret5ce ( new bir? at1 i4
 #gf1 #if sq42     uses ( blood %$ at1  
#ib1 #id sq42     sugge/$ orig9 (1 #if  
sq4     ,ci?a]on1 ,m\nt1 ii4 #adj       
,clans1 pat]nal & mat]nal1 ( ! ,h]]o1   
ii4 #bag     ,cleanl9ess promot$ by     
contagi\s magic1 i4 #age1 #cdb          
,cli/h5es & ,hippoclides1 ii4 #cjg sq4  
,clitus & ,pall5e1 ii4 #cjg     ,clo!s1 
sympa!tic connexion betwe5 a p]son & 81 
i4 #bje-bjg     ,cl\ds imitat$ by smoke1
 i4 #bdi2     by /ones1 i4 #bef2     by 
ra9-mak]1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc     ,cl\ds1  
magicians pa9t$ 9 imitation (1 i4 #cbc  
,clove-trees 9 blossom treat$ l pregnant
 wom51 ii4 #bh     ,cloves1 c]emony to  
make cloves gr[ ii4 #ajj     ,cl[n 9    
spr+ c]emonies1 ii4 #hb1 #hi            
,clytaemne/ra1 ii4 #bgi     ,cockatoos1 

c]emony = ! magical multiplication (1 i4
 #hi     ,coco-nut sacr$1 ii4 #ea       
---- palms wor%ipp$1 ii4 #af            
,codr+ton1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h41 quot$1 i4 #bbg 
sq41 #cch     ,coligny cal5d>1 i4 #ag n4
 #b     ,collat9us1 ,l4 ,t>qu9ius1 ii4  
#bij     ,columella1 ii4 #cad2          
quot$1 #bje     ,combat1 mortal1 = !    
k+dom1 ii4 #cbb     ,communism1         
tradition ( sexual1 ii4 #bhd            
,compell+ ra9-gods to give ra91 i4 #bif 
sqq4     ,complexity ( social ph5om5a1  
i4 #ccb     ,comrie1 ii4 #afa     ,con  
or ,cun1 a ?und]-god1 ii4 #cgj          
,conception 9 wom51 suppos$ cause (1 i4 
#ajj2     caus$ by trees1 ii4 #ea1 #ef  
sq41 #caf-cah     ,concord1 temple (1 at
 ,rome1 i4 #aa1 #ba n4 #b               
,concordia1 nurse ( ,/4 ,hippolytus1 i4 
#ba n4 #b     ,condor1 ! bird ( !       
?und]-god1 ii4 #cgj     ,confession (   
s9s1 i4 #bff     ,conflicts1 sangu9>y1 z
 ra9-*>m1 i4 #beh     ,conqu]ors        
sometimes leave a nom9al k+%ip to !     
conqu]$1 ii4 #bhh      sq4              

8,consort1 ! div9e10 ii4 #aca1 #ace     
,consuls1 ! fir/1 ii4 #bij              
,consul%ip at ,rome1 in/itution (1 ii4  
#bij sq4     ,contact or contagion 9    
magic1 law (1 i4 #eb1 #ec     ,contagi\s
 ,magic1 i4 #agd-bad2     ( tee?1       
#agf-ahb2     ( navel-/r+ & aft]bir?    
7plac5ta71 #ahb-bja2     ( w\nd &       
weapon1 #bja sqq42     ( footpr9ts1     
#bjg-bab2     ( o!r impressions1 #bac   
sq4     ---- taboos1 i4 #aag     ,conte/
 = ! k+%ip at ,:itsuntide1 ii4 #hi      
,conte/s = a bride1 ii4 #cje sqq4       
,cont95ce requir$ 9 magical c]emonies1  
i4 #hh2     requir$ at ra9-mak+         
c]emonies1 #beg1 #bei2     requir$ (    
p>5ts ( tw9s1 #bff2     practis$ 9 ord] 
to make ! crops gr[1 ii4 #ajd sqq4      
,see also ,*a/ity     ,conway1 ,pr(essor
 ,r4 ,s41 ii4 #cgi n4 #e     ,conybe>e1 
,f4 ,c41 i4 #djg n4 #c     ,cook1 ,a4   
,b41 i4 #bc n41 #dj n4 #c & #d1 #db n4  
#a1 ii4 #agb n4 #c1      #agc n4 #b1    
#agg n4 #f1 #agh n4 #c1 #ahg n4 #d1 #bbj
 n4 #c1 #bij n4      #c1 #cjg n4 #b1    

#cba n4 #a1 #ceh n4 #d1 #cgi n4 #d & n4 
#e1 #chj      n4 #d1 #chc n4 #b         
,cooks1 ,roman1 requir$ to be *a/e1 ii4 
#aae sq41 #bje     ,cora ,indians1 i4   
#ee sq4     ,corc1 8 purification1 ii4  
#aaf     ,corn1 defil$ p]sons kept f !1 
ii4 #aab2     reap$ e> (1 display$ at   
my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 #ach sq4     ----   
-"m1 !1 at ,eleusis1 ii4 #aci     ----  
-reap+ 9 ,greece1 date (1 i4 #cb        
,cornel-tree1 sacr$1 ii4 #aj     ,corni%
 cu/oms on ,may ,day1 ii4 #eb1 #fg      
,corp *re1 i4 #fh1 #fi     ,corpus      
,*ri/i ,day1 ii4 #afc     ,cos1 ,k+ (1  
i4 #de     ,crab 9 ra9-*>m1 i4 #bhi     
,crannogs1 ii4 #ceb     ,crannon 9      
,!ssaly1 i4 #cji     ,crawley1 ,e41 i4  
#bja n4 #a     ,crocodiles1 girls       
sacrific$ to1 ii4 #aeb     ,cronus &    
,zeus1 ii4 #cbc     ,crooke1 ,w41 i4    
#djf n4 #a1 ii4 #eg n4 #d1 #bhh n4 #a   
,cross ,riv]1 i4 #cdi     ,crossbills 9 
magic1 i4 #ha sq4     ,cr[n ( oak       
leaves1 ii4 #age1 #agf sq41 #ahd        
,cr[n+ cattle1 ii4 #ge1 #abf sq41 #cci1 

#cda     ---- dogs1 cu/om (1 i4 #ad1 ii4
 #abe sq41 #abg sq4     ,cr[ns1 magical 
virtue ( royal1 i4 #cfd sq42     ( bir* 
at ,:itsuntide1 ii4 #fd2     or wrea?s1 
cu/om ( we>+1 #abg n4 #b     ,cr[s 9    
magic1 i4 #hc     ,cry/als1 magic (1 i4 
#agf2     us$ 9 ra9-mak+1 #bed1 #bee1   
#cjd1 #cde1 #cdf     ,cumont1 ,pr(essor 
,franz1 ii4 #caj     ,cup-&-ball z a *>m
 to ha/5 ! return ( ! sun1 i4 #cag      
,curses1 public1 i4 #de2     suppos$    
b5eficial effects (1 i4 #bgi sqq4       
,curs+ at s[+1 i4 #bha     ---- fi%]m5 &
 hunt]s = good luck1 i4 #bhj sq4        
,curtiss1 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,i41 i4 #djb    
,cuzco1 ii4 #bdc     ,cybele1 ii4 #add  
sq42     & ,attis1 i4 #ah1 #ba1 #dj1 #da
     ,cyr5e1 k+%ip at1 i4 #dg           
,da$ala1 fe/ival ( !1 ii4 #adj sq4      
,da9yal or ,sibyl1 i4 #chc     ,dalai   
,lama ( ,lhasa1 i4 #daa sq4     ,dam>as 
or ,h]]o1 _! fire-cu/oms1 ii4 #baa sqq4 
,damia & ,auxesia1 i4 #ci     ,danaus1  
ii4 #cja     ,dance at giv+ ( oracles1  
i4 #cgi2     ( milkmaids on ,may-day1   

ii4 #eb     ,dances ( wom5 :ile m5 are  
away fight+1 i4 #aca-acd2     z means ( 
inspiration1 #djh n4 #a2     r\nd sacr$ 
trees1 ii4 #dg1 #ee2     f\nd !         
,may-pole1 #fe1 #fi1 #gd sq42     on    
graves1 #ahc n4 #b     ,danc+ z a       
f]tility *>m1 i4 #acg sqq41 ii4 #ajf    
,danes1 female desc5t ( ! k+%ip among !1
 ii4 #bhb sq4     ,daphnephoria1 ii4 #fc
 n4 #b     ,date-mon?1 !1 ii4 #be       
---- -palm1 artificial f]tilisation ( !1
 ii4 #bd sq4     ,dawn1 ! rosy1 i4 #ccd 
,day ( ,/ones1 i4 #bgi     ,de ,groot1  
,j4 ,j4 ,m41 i4 #daf sq41 ii4 #ad       
,dead1 hair (f]$ to !1 i4 #ca2          
pret5ce ( new bir? at return ( suppos$  
dead man1 #ge2     homoeopa?ic magic (  
!1 #adg sqq42     sacrifices to1 #afc2  
mak+ ra9 by means ( !1 #bhd sqq42       
trees animat$ by ! s\ls ( !1 ii4 #bi    
sqq42     ! illu/ri\s1 repres5t$ by     
mask$ m51 #agh2     ?und] & lightn+ made
 by !1 #ahc2     spirits ( !1 9 wild    
fig-trees1 #cag     ,dea?1 pret5ce (1 9 
magic1 i4 #hd2     infection (1 #adc2   

at ebb tide1 #afg sq42     puppet call$1
 c>ri$ out ( village1 ii4 #gc sq4       
,deceiv+ ! spirits ( plants & trees1 ii4
 #bb sqq4     ,deir el ,bah>i1 pa9t+s   
at1 ii4 #aca1 #acc     ,deities         
duplicat$ ?r\gh dialectical diff]5ces 9 
_! names1 ii4      #chj sq4             
,dejanira & ,a*el\s1 ii4 #afa sq4       
,deliv]y1 easy1 grant$ to wom5 by trees1
 ii4 #eg sq4     ,delos1 graves (       
,hyp]borean maid5s 91 i4 #bh1 #cc sqq42 
,apollo & ,artemis at1 #bh1 #cb-ce      
,delphi1 ,apollo at1 i4 #bh2     new    
fire s5t f1 #cb sq42     ,k+ (1 #de sq4 
,demet] & ,zeus1 _! m>riage at ,eleusis1
 ii4 #ach sq4     ,demetrius            
,poliorcetes deifi$ at ,a!ns1 i4 #cij   
sq4     ,d5m>k1 ,:itsun bride 91 ii4 #ia
 sq42     ! bee*-woods (1 #cea          
,d5nett1 ,r4 ,e41 ii4 #bgg n4 #a        
,dece1 a div9e _s1 i4 #daj              
,dep>tm5tal k+s ( nature1 ii4 #a sqq4   
,d]ry1 ! oaks (1 ii4 #bdb sq4           
,devil-danc]s1 i4 #chb     ,dew on ,may 
morn+1 cu/om ( wa%+ 9 !1 ii4 #ed1 #fg1  

#cbg1 #cci2     roll+ 9 !1 #ccc         
8,dew-tread+0 9 ,holl&1 ii4 #ajd n4 #b  
,dhurma ,rajah1 i4 #daj     ,,di1 ,aryan
 root mean+ 8bright10 ii4 #cha     ,dia1
 grove ( ! goddess1 ii4 #abb            
,dialectical diff]5ces a cause ( !      
duplication ( deities1 ii4 #chb      sq4
     ,diana1 h] sanctu>y at ,nemi1 i4 #b
 sqq42     z huntress at ,nemi1 #f2     
z patroness ( cattle1 #g1 ii4 #abd2     
h] prie/ at ,nemi1 i4 #h sqq42     !    
,tauric1 #aj sq41 #bd2     z goddess (  
*ildbir?1 #ab1 ii4 #abh2     z ,ve/a at 
,nemi1 i4 #ac1 ii4 #chj2     9 relation 
to v9es1 i4 #ae sq42     ! mate ( ! ,k+ 
( ! ,wood at ,nemi1 #dj1 #da1 ii4 #chj2 
z a goddess ( f]tility1 #abj sqq42     9
 relation to animals ( ! woods1 #abd1   
#abe sqq42     z ! moon1 #abh2     !    
goddess ( fruits1 #abh2     z a goddess 
( ! oak at ,nemi1 #chj     ---- &       
,dianus1 ii4 #cgf sqq4     ---- 7,jana71
 a d\ble ( ,juno1 ii4 #aij sq41 #cha sq4
     8,diana's ,mirror10 i4 #a          
,dianus 7,janus71 a d\ble ( ,jupit]1 ii4

 #aij sq41 #cha sq4     ,diels1         
,pr(essor ,h41 i4 #cij n4 #b     ,di]i1 
!1 i4 #ij1 #agg1 ii4 #bi2     ra9-mak+  
c]emonies ( !1 i4 #bee sqq4     ,d9ka or
 ,d5ka nation1 i4 #cdg     ,diodorus    
,siculus1 i4 #gd     ,diom$e1 ii4 #bgh2 
at ,troez51 i4 #bg2     sacr$ grove (1  
#bg     ,dione1 wife ( ,zeus at ,dodona1
 ii4 #ahi2     ! old consort ( ,zeus1   
#cha1 #chb     ,dionysius (             
,halic>nassus1 quot$1 ii4 #bjb sq4      
,dionysus1 m>riage (1 to ! ,que5 (      
,a!ns1 ii4 #acf sq42     & ,ariadne1    
#ach     ,discov]y ( fire1 ii4 #bee sqq4
     ,disease-mak]s 9 ,tana1 i4 #cda sq4
     8,div9e consort1 !10 ii4 #aca      
,div9ity ( k+s1 i4 #dh sqq42     among !
 ,hovas1 #cig2     among ! ,malays1     
#cih2     9 great hi/orical empires1    
#dae sqq42     gr[? ( ! conception ( !1 
ii4 #cgf sqq4     ---- ( ! ,brahmans1 i4
 #djc sq4     ,division ( lab\r 9       
relation to social progress1 i4 #dbj    
,diwali1 ! fea/ ( lamps1 ii4 #afj       
,dixon1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,e41 ii4 #aci n4 #a    

,djakuns1 _! mode ( mak+ fire1 ii4 #bcf 
,djuldjul1 i4 #bgd     ,dodola1 !1 i4   
#bgc     ,dodona1 oracul> spr+ at1 ii4  
#agb2     ,zeus at1 #agg2     ,zeus &   
,dione at1 #ahi2     oracul> oak at1    
#ceh     ,dog1 black1 sacrific$ = ra91  
i4 #bia2     us$ to /op ra91 #cjc       
,dogs cr[n$1 i4 #ad1 ii4 #abe sq41 #abg 
sq4     ,doll>-bird associat$ ) ra91 i4 
#bhg sq4     ,domalde1 a ,sw$i% k+1 i4  
#cff sq4     ,don> or ,?un>1 ! ,g]man   
?und] god1 ii4 #cfd     ,doors1 ,janus z
 a god (1 ii4 #chc sq4     ,doreh1 9    
,new ,gu9ea1 i4 #abe     ,dos ,santos1  
,j41 i4 #cib     ,d\ble-head$ feti%     
among ! ,bu% negroes ( ,sur9am1 ii4     
#che2     ,janus1 explanation (1 ii4    
#chd sq4     ,dragon1 ra9-god repres5t$ 
z1 i4 #big2     or s]p5t ( wat]1 ii4    
#aee sqq42     ( ,r\51 de/roy$ by ,/4   
,roma91 #afd sqq42     ! ,slay+ ( !1 at 
,fur?1 #afc sq4     ,dramas1 magical1 to
 promote vegetation1 ii4 #abj           
,dramatic exhibitions sometimes orig9ate
 9 magical rites1 ii4 #adb2     w$d+s ( 

gods & goddesses1 ii4 #aba     ,draupadi
 or ,kri%na1 ii4 #cjf     ,dreams1 modes
 ( c\nt]act+ evil1 i4 #agb sq4          
,dr5*+ p ) wat] z a ra9-*>m1 i4 #bej1   
#bea1 #bfi sq41      #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1  
#bge1 #bgg sq41 ii4 #gg     ,dropsy1    
anci5t ,greek mode ( prev5t+1 i4 #gh    
,dr\ght suppos$ to be caus$ by unburi$  
dead1 i4 #bhg2     & de>?1 *iefs & k+s  
puni%$ =1 #ceb sqq42     suppos$ to be  
caus$ by sexual crime1 ii4 #aaj1 #aaa1  
#aac     ,dr[n+ z a puni%m5t1 ii4 #aji1 
#aaj1 #aaa2     sacrifice by1 #cfd      
,druids1 oak-wor%ip ( !1 ii4 #i2     (  
,gaul1 _! sacrifices ( :ite bulls1 #ahi2
     female1 #bda n4 #a2     v5]ate !   
oak & ! mi/letoe1 #ceh1 #cfb2           
d]ivation ( ! "n1 #cfc     ,drums1      
homoeopa?ic magic at ! mak+ (1 i4 #acd  
sq42     beat5 z a *>m aga9/ a /orm1    
#cbh     ,drynemetum1 ii4 #cfc     ,du  
,pratz1 ii4 #bfc n4 #a     ,dudul1 !1 i4
 #bgd     ,duplication ( deities an     
effect ( dialectical diff]5ces1 ii4 #chb
      sq4     ,duro/orum1 m>tyrdom ( ,/4

 ,dasius at1 ii4 #caj n4 #a     ,dw>f   
tribes ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ii4 #bee      
,dyaks ( ,borneo1 !1 i4 #gc1 #abg1 ii4  
#ac2     ! ,sea1 #abg       ,ea1 !      
inv5tor ( magic1 i4 #bdj     ,eagle     
hunt]s1 taboos obs]v$ by1 i4 #aaf2      
*>ms employ$ by1 #adi sq4     ----      
-wood1 telepa?y 9 se>* =1 i4 #abj       
,eagles1 sacr$1 ii4 #aa     ,e>? & ,sun1
 m>riage ( !1 ii4 #ih sq41 #adh     ----
 goddess1 pregnant c[s sacrific$ to1 ii4
 #bbi     ,e>?quakes suppos$ to be caus$
 by ince/1 ii4 #aaa     ,ebb tide1 dea? 
at1 i4 #afg sq4     ,eclipse1 c]emonies 
at an1 i4 #caa sq4     ,economic        
progress a condition ( intellectual     
progress1 i4 #bah     ,eg]ia1 wat] nymph
 at ,nemi1 i4 #ag-ai1 #da1 ii4 #aga sq42
     an oak-nymph1 #agb2     a d\ble (  
,diana1 #chj2     & ,numa1 i4 #ah1 ii4  
#agb sqq41 #aic1 #chj     ,eg]ius       
,baebius or ,laevius1 i4 #bb     ,eggs  
collect$ at spr+ c]emonies1 ii4 #fe1    
#gh1 #ha1 #hd1 #he2     or egg-%ells1   
pa9t$1 9 spr+ c]emonies1 #fc1 #fe2     9

 purificatory rite1 #aji     ,egypt1    
magical images 9 anci5t1 i4 #ff1 #fg    
sq42     magicians 9 anci5t1 #bbe2      
confusion ( magic & religion 9 anci5t1  
#bcj sq42     k+s (1 deifi$ 9 _!        
lifetime1 #dah sqq42     ! ,que5 (1     
m>ri$ to ! god ,ammon1 ii4 #aca sq42    
k+ (1 masqu]ad+ z ,ammon1 #acc          
,egyptian k+s & que5s1 _! begett+ & bir?
 depict$ on !      monum5ts1 ii4 #aca   
sqq4     ---- wor%ip ( sacr$ bea/s1 i4  
#bi sq4     ,egyptians1 ! anci5t1       
wor%ipp$ m5 & animals1 i4 #chi sq42     
sycamores wor%ipp$ by ! anci5t1 ii4 #ae 
,eiresione1 ii4 #dh     ,eld]-tree1 ii4 
#dc     ,elective & h]$it>y mon>*y1     
comb9ation ( ! two1 ii4 #bib      sqq4  
,electric lights on ma/-heads1 spe>s1   
etc41 i4 #di sq4     ,elephant-hunt]s1  
telepa?y (1 i4 #abc     ,eleusis1       
my/]ies (1 ii4 #ach sq4     ,elip&us (  
,tol$o1 i4 #djg     ,elizabe?1 ,que51 i4
 #cfh     ,emblica (fic9alis1 a sacr$   
tree1 ii4 #ea     ,em9 ,pa%a1 ii4 #big  
n4 #g     ,emp$ocles1 8 claim to        

div9ity1 i4 #cij     ,emus1 c]emony = ! 
multiplication (1 i4 #he sq4            
,endymion1 ii4 #bii     ,ephesian       
,artemis1 ii4 #abh     ,ephesus1        
,artemis (1 i4 #cg sq42     nom9al k+s  
at1 #dg2     ! ,ess5es or ,k+ ,bees at1 
ii4 #ace sq4     ,epicurus1 sacrifices  
(f]$ to1 i4 #aje     ,ere*!um1 !1 ii4   
#aii     ,ere*!us & ,eri*?onius1 ii4    
#aii     ,erh>d1 ,pr(essor ,a41 ii4 #caj
 n4 #a     ,eri*?onius1 i4 #ba2     &   
,ere*!us1 ii4 #aii     ,eruptions (     
volcanoes suppos$ to be caus$ by ince/1 
ii4 #aaa     ,esquil9e hill at ,rome1   
ii4 #ahe     ,esquimaux1 i4 #gj1 #aac1  
#aba1 #caf1 #cbg     ,ess5es or ,k+     
,bees at ,ephesus1 i4 #dg n4 #b1 ii4    
#ace sq4     ,e/honian folk-tale ( a    
tree-elf1 ii4 #ga sqq42     m>riage     
cu/om1 #bcd     ,e/honians1 ,/4         
,george's ,day among !1 ii4 #ccj sqq42  
_! ?und]-god ,ta>a1 #cfg     ,etruscans1
 female k9%ip among !1 ii4 #bhf sq4     
,eudanemi1 !1 at ,a!ns1 i4 #cbe n4 #a   
,europe1 contagi\s magic ( footpr9ts 91 

i4 #baj sq42     confusion ( magic &    
religion 9 mod]n1 #bca-bcc2     =e/s (  
anci5t1 ii4 #g sq42     relics (        
tree-wor%ip 9 mod]n1 #ei sqq42          
diffusion ( ! oak 91 #cdi sqq4     ---- 
,s\?-,ea/]n1 ra9-mak+ c]emonies 91 i4   
#bgb sqq4     ,euros1 magical c]emony = 
! multiplication (1 i4 #hi     ,evelyn1 
,john1 i4 #cfi     ,ev]gre5 oak1 !      
,gold5 ,b\gh grew on1 ii4 #cgi     ---- 
trees 9 ,italy1 i4 #h     ,evolution (  
k+s out ( magicians or m$ic9e-m51 i4    
#dbj sq42     indu/rial1 f uni=mity to  
div]sity ( function1 #dba2              
political1 f democracy to despotism1    
#dba     ,exagg]ations ( an?ropological 
!ories1 i4 #ccc     ,exogamy1 ii4 #bga  
,expiation = adult]y or =nication1 ii4  
#ajg sq42     = ince/1 #aae1 #aaf       
,ext]nal s\l 9 aft]bir? or navel-/r+1 i4
 #bjj sq4     ,ext9ction ( fires at k+'s
 dea?1 ii4 #bfa sqq41 #bfg2     9 h\ses 
aft] any dea?1 #bfg sq4     ,ezekiel1 i4
 #hg n4 #a       ,fal]ii1 ,juno at1 ii4 
#aij n4 #b     ,fal/aff1 dea? (1 i4 #afh

     ,families1 royal1 k+s *os5 f       
sev]al1 ii4 #bib sqq4     ,fan tribe1 i4
 #cdi     ,f>nell1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,r41 i4 #cf1
 ii4 #cgi n4 #e     ,fa/+ obligatory1 i4
 #abd1 #aca     ,fa!r ,jove & ,"m ,ve/a1
 ii4 #bbg sqq4     ,fatte/ m5 *os5 k+s1 
ii4 #big     ,febru>y1 fir/ (1 ,/4      
,bride's day1 i4 #id sq4     ,fehrle1   
,e41 ii4 #aii n4 #e     ,female desc5t (
 ! k+%ip 9 ,rome1 ii4 #bgj sqq42     9  
,africa1 #bgd sqq42     9 ,greece1 #bgg 
sq42     9 ,sc&9avia1 #bgi sq42     9   
,lydia1 #bha sq42     among ,danes &    
,saxons1 #bhb sq4       ---- k9%ip 9    
desc5t ( ! ,roman k+%ip1 ii4 #bga2      
indiff]5ce to pat]nity ( k+s "u female  
k9%ip1 #bgd sqq42     at ,a!ns1 #bgg2   
indiff]5ce to pat]nity 9 g5]al "u1 #bhb2
     among ! ,aryans1 #bhc sqq4     ,see
 also ,"m-k9     ,female slaves1 lic5ce 
accord$ to !m on ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1   
ii4      #cac sq4     ,f5g & ,wiglet1   
ii4 #bha1 #bhc     ,f5nel1 fire c>ri$ 9 
giant1 ii4 #bfj     ,f]tilisation1      
artificial1 ( ! date palm1 ii4 #bd sq42 

( ! fig-tree1 #cad sq4     ---- ( wom5  
by ! wild fig-tree1 ii4 #caf2     by !  
wild banana-tree1 #cah     ,f]tilis+    
virtue attribut$ to trees1 ii4 #di sqq41
 #caf sqq4     ,f]tility1 ,diana z a    
goddess (1 ii4 #abj sqq42     !         
?und]-god conceiv$ z a deity ( f]tility1
 #cfh sqq4     ,fictores ,ve/alium1     
fictores ,pontificum1 ii4 #bjd          
,ficus ,rum9alis1 ii4 #cah     ,fi]te or
 %r9e ( ,/4 ,roma91 ii4 #afg1 #afh1 #agj
 n4 #a     ,fig1 z an article ( diet1   
ii4 #cae sq4     ,fig-tree ( ,romulus   
7ficus ,rum9alis71 ii4 #aj1 #cah        
---- artificial f]tilisation            
7caprificatio7 ( !1 ii4 #cad sq4        
---- sacr$1 ii4 #dd1 #ii1 #bdi1 #bej    
---- ! wild1 a male1 ii4 #cad sq42      
suppos$ to f]tilise wom51 #caf sq42     
haunt$ by spirits ( ! dead1 #cag        
,fiji1 cat*+ ! sun 91 i4 #caf           
,fijians1 gods ( !1 i4 #chi             
,f9ni%-,ugrian peoples1 sacr$ groves (  
!1 ii4 #aj sq4     ,f9ni% wiz>ds &      
wit*es1 i4 #cbe     ,fire 9 ! wor%ip (  

,diana1 i4 #ab sq42     suppos$ to be   
subject to ,ca?olic prie/s1 #bca2       
us$ to /op ra91 #beb sq42     z a *>m to
 rek9dle ! sun1 #caa1 #cac2     ( ,ve/a 
at ,rome f$ ) oak wood1 ii4 #ahf2       
bir? f !1 #aie sqq42     ! k+'s1 #aie   
sqq42     impregnation ( wom5 by1 #aie  
sqq41 #bcj sqq41 #bcd2     tak5 f sacr$ 
he>? to f\nd a new village1 #baf2     on
 ! he>?1 s\ls ( ance/ors 9 !1 #bcb2     
reasons = attribut+ a procreative virtue
 to1 #bcc sq42     made jo9tly by man & 
woman or boy & girl1 #bce sqq42         
cu/om ( ext+ui%+ fire & rek9dl+ x by !  
friction (        wood1 #bcg sq42       
ne$-fire made by m>ri$ m51 #bch2        
holy1 n to be bl[n ^u ) ! brea?1 #bdj1  
#bda2     tribes report$ to be ignorant 
( ! art ( k9dl+1 #bec sqq42     discov]y
 (1 by mank9d1 #bee sqq42     c>ri$ ab\t
 by savages1 #beg sqq42     kept burn+ 9
 h\ses ( *iefs & k+s1 #bfj sqq42        
c>ri$ be=e k+ or *ief1 #bfc sq42     a  
symbol ( life1 #bfe2     leap+ ov] a1   
#cbg1 #cbi     ,fire & ,wat]1 ,k+s (1   

ii4 #c sqq4     ---- -be>]1 !1 i4 #cc   
---- -bo>ds1 sacr$1 ( ! ,*uck*ees &     
,koryaks1 ii4 #bbe sq4     ---- cu/oms (
 ! ,h]]o or ,dam>as1 ii4 #baa sqq42     
comp>$ to ^? ( ! ,romans1 ii4 #bbg sqq4 
---- -drill1 !1 ii4 #bjg sqq41 #bdh     
sqq41 #beh sq41 #bfc2     ! k9dl+ ( fire
 by x reg>d$ by savages z a =m ( sexual 
int]c\rse1 #bjh sqq41 #bah1 #bcc1 #bce  
sq41 #bci1 #bdi sq42     ( ! ,h]]o1 #bag
 sq4     ---- -god m>ri$ to a human     
virg91 ii4 #aie sqq4     ---- k9dl$ by !
 friction ( wood1 ii4 #bjg sqq41 #bce   
sqq41 #bdc1      #bdh sqq41 #beh sq41   
#bfb1 #bfc1 #ccf1 #cff1 #cgb2     f     
ance/ral tree1 #bba1 #bcc sq42     by   
natural causes1 #bef2     by lightn+1   
#bfc     ---- 8liv+10 ii4 #bcg2     a   
*>m aga9/ wit*craft1 #ccf     ----      
8new10 ii4 #bcg2     s5t f ,delos &     
,delphi1 i4 #cb sq42     made at beg9n+ 
( k+'s reign1 ii4 #bfb1 #bfg2     made  
at ,midsumm]1 #bdc     ---- -prie/s     
7,agnihotris7 ( ! ,brahmans1 ii4 #bdg   
sqq4     ---- -/icks ( fire-drill reg>d$

 z male & female1 ii4 #bjh sqq41        
#bce1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdh sqq4     ----    
-wor%ip a =m ( ance/or-wor%ip1 ii4 #bba 
,fires c]emonially ext+ui%$1 i4 #cc2    
kept up = sake ( abs5t p]sons1 #abj sq41
 #abh1 #abi2     ext+ui%$ at dea? ( k+s1
 ii4 #bfa sqq41 #bfg2     at any dea?1  
#bfg sq42     c]emonial1 k9dl$ by !     
friction ( oak-wood1 #cgb     ----      
p]petual1 ( ,ve/a1 i4 #ac sq42     9    
,irel&1 ii4 #bdj sqq42     9 ,p]u &     
,mexico1 #bdc sqq42     orig9 (1 #bec   
sqq42     associat$ ) royal dignity1    
#bfa sqq42     ( oak-wood1 #cfe1 #cff   
,fir/-fruits1 d$ication (1 i4 #cb       
,fi%1 magical c]emony = ! multiplication
 (1 i4 #ij2     9 ra9-*>m1 #bhh sq4     
,fi%]m51 ,%etl&1 i4 #fi     ---- &      
hunt]s curs$ = good luck1 i4 #bhj sq4   
,fi%+ & hunt+1 homoeopa?ic magic 91 i4  
#ajh sqq42     telepa?y 91 #abj sqq4    
,fison1 ,rev4 ,lorim]1 i4 #caf1 #cca n4 
#b1 #cgh1 #chi n4 #c1 ii4 #ac n4 #a     
,fladda's *apel1 i4 #cbb     ,flam51    
d]ivation ( ! "n1 ii4 #bce1 #bdg        

---- ,dialis1 !1 ii4 #agi1 #bce1 #bdf1  
#bdg1 #bdh2     an embodim5t ( ,jupit]1 
#aia sq4     ,flam9ica1 !1 ii4 #aia1    
#bce     ,flax1 *>ms to make flax gr[   
tall1 i4 #ach sq41 ii4 #hf1 #afd        
,flight ( ! k+ 7,regifugium7 at ,rome1  
ii4 #cjh sqq41 #caa n4 #d2     (        
sacrific] aft] ! sacrifice1 #cji2     ( 
! ,p at ,rome1 #cai n4 #a     ,fl9t     
implem5ts suppos$ to be ?und]bolts1 ii4 
#cgd     ,floquet1 ,a41 ii4 #afh1 #afi  
,fl[]s1 div9ation f1 ii4 #cde     ,food1
 homoeopa?ic magic = ! supply (1 i4 #he 
sqq4     ,foods taboo$1 i4 #aag sqq4    
,footpr9ts1 contagi\s magic (1 i4       
#bjg-bab     8,=c$ fire0 or ne$-fire1   
ii4 #bch     ,=eign]s m>ry pr9cesses &  
receive ! k+dom ) !m1 ii4 #bgj      sqq4
     ,=esk9s remov$ at circumcision1    
uses (1 i4 #ib sq41 #ie2     us$ 9      
ra9-mak+1 #bef sq4     ,=e/s ( anci5t   
,europe1 ii4 #g sq4     ,=tuna & ,s]vius
 ,tullius1 ii4 #aic n4 #a1 #bgb     ,=um
 at ,rome1 prehi/oric cemet]y 9 !1 ii4  
#ahf1 #bjb     ,f\c>t1 ,p41 ii4 #aci n4 

#a     ,f[l]1 ,w4 ,w>de1 ii4 #caa n4 #d1
 #cai n4 #a1 #cbg n4 #b1 #cbi n4 #f1    
#chc n4 #c     ,fox 9 magic1 i4 #aea    
,fratres ,arvales1 ii4 #abb     ,free   
,_s1 ,bre?r5 ( !1 i4 #djh     ,fr5*     
peasants ascribe magical p[]s to prie/s1
 i4 #bca-bcc     ,frey1 ! god ( f]tility
 & 8 human wife1 ii4 #adc sq42     8    
image & fe/ival at ,upsala1 #cfd sq4    
,friction ( wood1 fire k9dl$ by1 ii4    
#bjg sqq41 #bce sqq41 #bdc1 #bdh        
sqq41 #beh sq41 #bfb1 #bfc1 #ccf1 #cff1 
#cgb     ,frog1 magic (1 i4 #aea2       
wor%ipp$1 #bid sq42     love-*>m made f 
! bone ( a1 ii4 #cde     ---- flay]1 !1 
ii4 #hf     ,frogs 9 relation to ra91 i4
 #bib sqq4     ,fro? f a mill-:eel z a  
*>m aga9/ wit*es1 ii4 #cdj              
,fruit-trees f]tilis$ by wom51 i4 #adj  
sq4     ,fruits bless$ on day (         
,assumption ( ! ,virg91 i4 #ad sqq42    
,artemis & ,diana z patronesses (1 #ae  
sq4     ,fuegians1 !1 ii4 #beh          
,fumigat+ flocks & h]ds z a *>m aga9/   
wit*craft1 ii4 #cbg1      #ccj1 #cce1   

#ccf1 #cci1 #cdc     ,fur? 9 ,bav>ia1 ! 
,slay+ ( ! ,dragon at1 ii4 #afc sqq4    
,furtwngl]1 ,a41 i4 #cji n4 #f          
,futuna1 i4 #chh     ,fylgia or gu>dian 
_s 9 ,icel&1 i4 #bjj       ,galatians1  
_! ,celtic language1 ii4 #abf n4 #b     
,galel>eesc1 !1 i4 #aaj1 #aac1 #aca1    
#adc1 #ade1 ii4 #bb     ,gallas1 k+s (  
!1 i4 #dh2     sacr$ trees ( !1 ii4 #cd 
,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ii4 #bdd n4 #a  
,g>d9]1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,/anley1 ii4 #aed 
,g>g\ille or dragon de/roy$ by ,/4      
,roma91 ii4 #afg     ,g>l&s on ,may     
,day1 ii4 #fj sqq41 #ij sq4     ,gaul1 !
 ,druids (1 ii4 #ahi     ,gauri1        
h>ve/-goddess1 ii4 #gg sq4     ,gayos1  
!1 ii4 #abe     ,g5nep1 ,a4 van1 ii4    
#che n4 #a     ,geomancy 9 ,*9a1 i4 #agj
     ,george1 ,gre51 ii4 #ge1 #gf1 #gi  
,g]mans1 wor%ip ( wom5 among ! anci5t1  
i4 #cia2     tree-wor%ip among ! anci5t1
 ii4 #h sq42     evid5ce ( "m-k9 among  
!1 #bhe2     wor%ip ( ! oak among !     
anci5t1 #cfc sq4     ,g]ontocracy 9     
,au/ralia1 i4 #cce     ,g]vasius (      

,tilbury1 i4 #cja     ,getae1 !1 i4 #cib
     ,gho/s 9 ,melanesia1 suppos$ p[]s  
(1 i4 #cch sq4     ,gilyaks1 !1 i4 #abb1
 ii4 #ch     ,girl annually sacrific$ to
 c$>-tree1 ii4 #ag     ,girls m>ri$ to  
nets1 ii4 #adg2     sacrific$ to        
crocodiles1 #aeb     ,glory1 ! ,h& (1 i4
 #adi     ,glov]1 ,t4 ,r41 ii4 #bca n4  
#f     ,goat1 blood (1 drunk z means (  
inspiration1 i4 #chb1 #chc     ,god1    
,bride (1 i4 #bgf2     savage ideas (1  
diff]5t f ^? ( civilis$ m51 #cge sq4    
8,god-boxes10 i4 #cgh     ,gods view$ z 
magicians1 i4 #bdj sqq41 #cge2          
sacrifice !mselves by fire1 #cae n4 #a2 
conception (1 sl[ly evolv$1 #cgc sq42   
inc>nate human1 #cgc sqq42     gods &   
m51 no %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe51 9    
,fiji1 #chi2     & goddesses1 dramatic  
w$d+s (1 ii4 #aba2     ! m>riage ( !1   
#abi sqq42     m>ri$ to wom51 #abi sqq41
 #adc sq41 #adf sq41 #adi sqq4     ,gold
 9 magic1 i4 #hj sq4     ,gold5 ,b\gh   
pluck$ by ,a5eas1 i4 #aa1 ii4 #cgi2     
! break+ ( x n a piece ( bravado1 i4    

#abc sq42     grew on an ev]gre5 oak1   
ii4 #cgi     ,gold5 lamb ( ,myc5ae1 i4  
#cfe     8,gold5 summ]10 !1 i4 #cb      
,gonds1 _! belief 9 re9c>nation1 i4 #ajd
 sq4     ,gongs beat5 9 a /orm1 i4 #cbh 
sq42     at ,dodona1 ii4 #ceh           
,gov]nm5t ( old m5 9 aborig9al          
,au/ralia1 i4 #ccd sq4     ,graft+1     
sup]/iti\s c]emony at1 ii4 #ajj         
,grang]1 ,pr(essor ,f41 i4 #db n4 #a    
,grasauslut51 ii4 #cdd     ,grass ,k+1  
!1 ii4 #he sq4     ---- se$1 magical    
c]emony = ! multiplication (1 i4 #hg    
sq42     cont95ce at magical c]emony =  
gr[? (1 ii4 #aje     ,graveclo!s1       
homoeopa?ic magic (1 9 ,*9a1 i4 #afh sq4
     ,graves1 ra9-*>ms at1 i4 #bfh1     
#bhf1 #bia2     trees plant$ on graves1 
ii4 #ca2     dances on1 #ahc n4 #b2     
( ,hyp]borean maid5s at ,delos1 i4 #bh1 
#cc sqq4     ,great ,sun1 !1 title (    
*ief1 ii4 #bfb1 #bfc     ,greece1       
prie/ly k+s 91 i4 #dd sqq42     k+s &   
*iefs sacr$ or div9e 9 anci5t1 #cff2    
human gods 9 anci5t1 #cij sq42     =e/s 

(1 ii4 #h2     female desc5t ( k+%ip 9  
anci5t1 #bgh sq4     ,greek k+s call$   
,zeus1 ii4 #agg1 #cfa     ,greeks1 !    
mod]n1 ra9-mak+ c]emonies among1 i4 #bgb
 sq42     & ,romans1 ra9-*>ms among !   
anci5t1 #cji sq4     ,gre5 b\ghs a *>m  
aga9/ wit*es1 ii4 #eb-ee1 #abg1 #cdb sq4
     ---- ,george1 ii4 #ge1 #gf1 #gi1   
#cdc     ---- ,?ursday1 ii4 #ccc        
,gre5wi*-hill1 cu/om ( roll+ d[n1 ii4   
#ajc     ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ii4 #add     
,grimm1 ,j41 ii4 #h1 #cfb n4 #f1 #cfd   
,grizzly be>s suppos$ to be relat$ to   
human tw9s1 i4 #bfd sq4     ,groves1    
sacr$1 ii4 #aj sq41 #dd2     ,arician1  
i4 #bj1 #bb1 ii4 #aae2     9 ,*ios1 i4  
#de2     9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 ii4  
#aba sqq4     ,grunau1 ,simon1 ii4 #cff 
n4 #b     ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe1 i4 #cjc  
,gu>dian _s associat$ ) caul1 i4 #aii   
sq4     ,guaycurus1 !1 i4 #ccj          
,gunkel1 ,h41 i4 #aja n4 #b     ,gunn>  
,helm+1 ii4 #add     ,gunputty1         
elephant-head$ god1 human inc>nation (1 
i4 #dje sq4     ,gyges1 ii4 #bha1 #bhb  

,gypsies1 ,gre5 ,george among !1 ii4 #ge
 sq4     ,gypsy c]emonies = /opp+ ra91  
i4 #bie sq4       ,hack-?orn sacr$1 ii4 
#dh     ,haddon1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c41 i4 #bfb  
,hahn1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h41 ii4 #bac n4 #b     
,haida ,indians1 i4 #gj1 #acc     ,hair 
(f]$ to gods & goddesses1 h]oes &       
h]o9es1 i4 #bh sq42     (f]$ to ! dead1 
#ca1 #ajb2     (f]$ to riv]s1 #ca2      
clipp+s (1 us$ 9 magic1 #eg1 #fd1 #fe1  
#ff2     *>ms to make hair gr[1 #hc1    
#ade1 #aec sq41 #aed2     loose z a *>m1
 #acf2     human1 us$ 9 ra9-mak+1 #bea  
sq42     long1 a symbol ( royalty1 ii4  
#ahj     ,hakea fl[]s1 c]emony = !      
multiplication (1 i4 #hf     ,hakim     
,s+h1 i4 #dji     ,hal=d 9 ,w>wick%ire1 
,may ,day cu/oms at1 ii4 #hh sq4        
,hamlet1 ii4 #bha1 #bia     ,hamm]      
wor%ipp$1 i4 #cag sq4     ,hammurabi1   
code (1 ii4 #acj     ,h& ( ,glory1 i4   
#adi     ,h>dy1 ,?omas1 i4 #acf         
,h>es z wit*es1 i4 #bab1 ii4 #ec        
,h>ran1 ! hea!n (1 i4 #chc1 ii4 #be1    
#ajj n4 #b     ,h>ris1 ,j4 ,r5del1 i4   

#ae n4 #a1 #ba n4 #b     ,h>rison1 ,miss
 ,j4 ,e41 ii4 #acg n4 #a1 #aci n4 #a    
,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s41 i4 #eb n4 #a1 ii4 #aef 
n4 #b     ,h>ve/ 9 ,greece1 date (1 i4  
#cb     ---- ,may1 !1 ii4 #dg sq4       
,hat%opsit\1 bir? ( ,que51 ii4 #aca sqq4
       ,hawaii1 insignia ( royal family 
(1 i4 #chh n4 #c     ,haw?orn on ,may   
,day1 ii4 #eb1 #fj2     a protection    
aga9/ wit*es1 #ee1 #abg                 
,head-hunt]s1 rules obs]v$ by p at home 
9 abs5ce (1 i4 #abi     ,headm5 ( totem 
clans 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 i4 #cce      
,heads1 cu/om ( m\ld+ heads             
artificially1 ii4 #big sq4     ,he>n1   
,dr4 ,w4 ,e41 ii4 #bhc n4 #e     ,he>?1 
! k+'s1 at ,rome1 ii4 #aie1 #bjj1 #bjf2 
sacr$1 ( ! ,h]]o1 #bac1 #bad2     !     
sacr$1 seat ( ! ance/ral spirits1 #bba2 
cu/om ( lead+ a bride r\nd !1 #bcj1     
#bca2     new-born *ildr5 br\ght to !1  
#bcb     ,he>ts ( m5 & animals (f]$ to !
 sun1 i4 #cae     ,heav51 vault (1      
imitat$ 9 ra9-*>m1 i4 #bfa1 #bfb        
,heav5ly ,ma/]1 !1 i4 #dac     ,hebrew  

prohibition ( images1 i4 #hg n4 #a      
---- prophets1 _! e?ical religion1 i4   
#bbc     ,hebrews1 _! notion ( ! blight+
 effect ( sexual crime1 ii4 #aad        
sq4     ,hegel on magic & religion1 i4  
#bce n4 #a1 #dbc sqq4     ,hehn1 ,v41 on
 ev]gre5s 9 ,italy1 i4 #h n4 #d         
,heimskr+la1 ii4 #bhj     ,he9e1 ,h41   
,pilgrimage to ,kevla>1 i4 #gg          
,heka]ge & ,heka]gos1 i4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce  
,helaga1 taboo1 ii4 #ajf n4 #b          
,helbig1 ,w41 i4 #bj n4 #e     ,hel]nus1
 grove (1 ii4 #aij sq4     ,hellebore1  
curses at cutt+ black1 i4 #bha          
,hemlock z an anaphrodisiac1 ii4 #ach1  
#aci n4 #a     ,hemp1 *>ms to make hemp 
gr[ tall1 i4 #acg sq4     ,h5o1 !       
?und]-_s ( ! ,iroquois1 ii4 #cfi sq4    
,h]a & ,h]cules1 i4 #gd     ,h]cules1   
sacrifice to1 i4 #bha     ---- &        
,a*el\s1 ii4 #afb     ---- & ,h]a1 i4   
#gd     ---- & ,omphale1 ii4 #bha       
,h]cynian =e/1 !1 ii4 #g1 #ced2         
etymology ( ! "n1 #ced n4 #b            
,h]$it>y & elective mon>*y1 comb9ation (

 ! two1 ii4 #bib      sqq4     ,h]]o or 
,dam>as1 _! fire-cu/oms1 ii4 #baa sqq4  
,h]mutrude1 leg5d>y que5 ( ,scotl&1 ii4 
#bha     ,h]odotus1 i4 #di1 #cca        
,h]silia1 a ,sab9e goddess1 ii4 #aic n4 
#a     ,heyne1 ,c4 ,g41 ii4 #cbi n4 #a  
,hidatsa ,indians1 ii4 #ab              
,hi]apolis1 i4 #bi     ,hi]ophant at    
,eleusis tempor>ily depriv$ ( 8         
virility1 ii4 #ach     ,highl&s (       
,scotl&1 ,/4 ,bride's day 91 ii4 #id    
,h9doo ,koo%1 sacr$ c$> ( !1 i4 #chc2   
! ,kafirs ( !1 #che     ---- ,tr9ity1 i4
 #bbe     ,h9doos1 magical images among 
!1 i4 #fc sqq4     ,hippoclides &       
,cli/h5es1 ii4 #cjg sq4                 
,hippocrates1 sacrifices (f]$ to1 i4    
#aje     ,hippodamia & ,pelops1 ii4     
#bgi1 #bii sq4     ,hippolytus 9        
relation to ,virbius at ,nemi1 i4 #ai   
sq42     (f]+s ( hair to1 #bh     ---- &
 ,artemis1 i4 #ai sq41 #bd sqq4     ----
 ,sa9t1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ba     ,hirn1   
,y41 i4 #eb n4 #a1 #ed n4 #a     ,hirt1 
,pr(essor ,h41 ii4 #cfg n4 #c     ,hobby

 ,horse at ,pad/[1 ii4 #fh     ,hobley1 
,c4 ,w41 ii4 #caf     ,hog's blood1     
purify+ virtue (1 i4 #ajg     ,hol$ /one
 9 magic1 i4 #cac     ,holl&1           
,:itsuntide cu/oms 91 ii4 #ajd     ,holy
 ,basil1 ii4 #bf     ,homoeopa?ic       
taboos1 i4 #aaf2     magic = ! mak+ (   
ra91 #bdg sqq4     ,see also ,magic     
,hopi ,indians1 !1 ii4 #bjh sq4         
,horse1 sacr$1 i4 #cfd2     sacrific$ at
 ,rome 9 ,octob]1 ii4 #bbi1 #cbf        
,horses exclud$ f ,arician grove1 i4    
#bj2     d$icat$ by ,hippolytus to      
,aesculapius1 #ba n4 #b1 #bg2     br&$ )
 m>k ( wolf1 #bg2     9 relation to     
,diom$e1 #bg2     sacrifice ( :ite1 #bg2
     sacrific$ to ! sun1 #cae sq42      
sacrific$ to trees1 ii4 #af2            
sanctity ( :ite1 #agd n4 #b2            
sacrifices =1 on ,/4 ,george's ,day1    
#ccb1 #ccf sq4     ,horus1 ! gold51 i4  
#dah     ,hos1 !1 ( ,togol&1 i4 #cif    
sq41 ii4 #ai1 #cgj     ,hot wat] drunk z
 a *>m1 i4 #abi     ,h\se-timb]1        
homoeopa?ic magic (1 i4 #adf            

,h\sebreak]s1 *>ms employ$ by1 to cause 
sleep1 i4 #adh sq4     ,hovas1 div9ity (
 k+s among !1 i4 #cig     ,h[itt1 ,a4   
,w41 i4 #agf1 #bjg1 #bjh     ,hub]t &   
,mauss1 ,messrs41 i4 #aaa n4 #b         
,hui*ol ,indians1 i4 #ga1 #abc          
,human gods1 i4 #cgc sqq4     ----      
victims sacrific$ to wat]-spirits1 ii4  
#aeg sqq4     ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 i4    
#daf     ,hunt]s employ contagi\s magic 
( footpr9ts1 i4 #baa sq4     ,hunt91 a  
tree-god1 ii4 #ae     ,hunt+ & fi%+1    
homoeopa?ic magic 91 i4 #ajh sqq42      
telepa?y 91 #abj sqq4     8,hurl+0 = a  
bride1 ii4 #cje sq4     ,hurons1 !1 ii4 
#adg2     re9c>nation among !1 i4 #aje2 
_! mode ( c\nt]act+ an evil dream1 #agb 
sq4     ,husb&s1 spiritual1 ii4 #caf sq4
     ,hut-urns ( anci5t ,lat9s1 ii4 #bja
 sq4     ,huts1 r\nd1 ( ! anci5t ,lat9s1
 ii4 #bjj sqq42     9 ,africa1 #bbg n4  
#c     ,huzuls1 !1 i4 #aac1 #acg2     _!
 precautions aga9/ wit*es1 ii4 #ccf     
,hymettus1 ii4 #cfj     ,hyp]borean     
maid5s at ,delos1 i4 #cc       ,ibn     

,batutah1 ii4 #aec     ,ic>ius1 ii4 #cjj
     ,icel&1 sup]/itions z to ! caul 91 
i4 #aii sqq4     ,iddah1 k+ (1 i4 #cif  
,ig>as1 succession to ! k+%ip among !1  
ii4 #bid     ,illicit love suppos$ to   
blight ! fruits ( ! e>?1 ii4 #ajg sqq4  
,images1 ,hebrew prohibition (1 i4 #hg  
n4 #a     ---- magical1 to injure p1 i4 
#ee sqq42     to procure (fspr+1 #gj-gd2
     to w9 love1 #gg     ,impressions1  
bodily1 contagi\s magic (1 i4 #bac sq4  
,inc>nate human gods1 i4 #cgc sqq4      
,inc>nation ( gods 9 human =m tempor>y  
or p]man5t1 i4 #cgf2     examples (     
tempor>y inc>nation1 #cgf sqq42         
examples ( p]man5t inc>nation1 #chf     
sqq42     my/]y (1 #cif n4 #e           
,incas1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,sun1 i4 #dae      
,inc5se1 fumes (1 inhal$ to produce     
inspiration1 i4 #cgi1 #chd     ----     
-ga!r]s1 *a/ity (1 ii4 #ajf sq4         
,ince/1 blight+ effects attribut$ to1   
ii4 #ajh1 #aaj sq41 #aac1 #aae          
sqq42     ( dome/ic animals abhorr$ by !
 ,basoga1 #aab sq42     ( animals       

employ$ z a ra9-*>m1 #aac     ,india1   
anci5t1 confusion ( magic & religion 91 
i4 #bbh sq42     magical p[] ( k+s 91   
#cff2     inc>nate human gods 91 #cgf1  
#djb sqq4     ,indiff]5ce to pat]nity ( 
k+s "u female k9%ip1 ii4 #bgd sqq4      
,indra1 ?und]bolt (1 i4 #bfi            
,indu/rial evolution f uni=mity to      
div]sity ( function1 i4 #dba            
,infidelity ( wife disa/r\s to abs5t    
husb&1 i4 #abc1 #aca     ,influ5ce ( !  
sexes on vegetation1 ii4 #ig sqq4       
,initiatory c]emonies ( ,c5tral         
,au/ralian aborig9es1 i4 #ib sqq4       
---- rites ( ,au/ralian aborig9es1      
sugge/$ explanation (1 i4 #ajf4         
,inquisition1 !1 i4 #djg1 #djh          
,insects1 homoeopa?ic magic (1 i4 #aeb  
,inspiration1 i4 #cgf sqq42     by      
inc5se1 #cgi2     by blood1 #cha sqq42  
by sacr$ plant or tree1 #chc sqq42     (
 victims1 #chd sqq4     ,inspir$ or     
religi\s type ( man-god1 i4 #bdd        
---- prie/s & prie/esses1 i4 #cgg sqq4  
,intellectual progress dep5d5t on       

economic progress1 i4 #bah              
,int]c\rse ( ! sexes practis$ to make ! 
crops & fruits gr[1      ii4 #ih sqq4   
,inti*iuma1 magical totemic c]emonies 9 
,c5tral ,au/ralia1 i4 #he               
,invuln]ability1 *>m to produce1 i4 #adf
 sq4     ,irel&1 p]petual fires 91 ii4  
#bdj sqq4     ---- sacr$ oak groves 9   
anci5t1 #bdb sq4     ,iri% k+s1 magical 
virtues attribut$ to1 i4 #cfg     ,irle1
 ,j41 ii4 #bbc n4 #b     ,iron1         
homoeopa?ic magic (1 i4 #aei sq4        
,iroquois1 !1 ii4 #ab2     _! ?und]-god1
 #cfi sq4     ,isle ( ,man1 ,/4 ,bridget
 9 !1 ii4 #id sq4     ---- ( ,may1 ii4  
#afa     ,ivy *ew$ by ,ba*anals1 i4     
#chd2     9 fire-mak+1 ii4 #bea sq4     
,jack-9-!-,gre51 ii4 #hb     ,jana1     
ano!r =m ( ,diana1 ii4 #cha1 #chb1 #chc 
,jangam1 prie/ ( ! ,l+ayats1 i4 #djd    
,janiculum hill1 !1 ii4 #ahf     ,janua1
 d]iv$ f ,janus1 ii4 #chd     ,janus1 z 
a god ( doors1 ii4 #chc sq42            
explanation ( ! two-head$1 #chd sq4     
---- & ,c>na1 ii4 #aij     ----         

7,dianus7 & ,diana1 d\bles ( ,jupit] &  
,juno1 ii4 #aij sq41 #cha      sq4      
,jaundice treat$ by homoeopa?ic magic1  
i4 #gi sqq4     ,java1 c]emonies to     
procure (fspr+ 91 i4 #gc2     c]emonies 
= prev5t+ ra9 91 #bgj sq4     ,j]ome (  
,prague1 i4 #cag     ,jevons1 ,f4 ,b41  
i4 #aje1 #bbe n4     ,jewitt1 ,j4 ,r41  
i4 #bfd     ,j9nee ( ! sea1 virg9s m>ri$
 to1 ii4 #aec sq4     ,job's prote/1 ii4
 #aad     ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,s41 i4 #cfh1  
#cgj     ,john/on1 ,sir ,h4 ,h41 ii4    
#bbg n4 #c     ,jordan1 ,h41 ii4 #cba n4
 #c     ,j\b]t1 quot$1 i4 #bbc n4 #b    
,jove 7,fa!r7 & ,"m ,ve/a1 ii4 #bbg sqq4
     ,juba9ville1 ,h4 d',arbois de1 ii4 
#cfb n4 #f     ,judah1 idolatr\s k+s (1 
i4 #cae     ,jukagirs1 !1 i4 #abb       
,julian1 ! ,emp]or1 ii4 #g     ,julii1  
!1 ii4 #agi1 #aib     ,julus1 ! ,little 
,jupit]1 ii4 #agi1 #aig     ,july ! #g?1
 ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 a ,roman fe/ival1 
ii4 #cac sqq4     ,june1 ! fir/ (1 a    
,roman fe/ival1 ii4 #aij     ,juno on ! 
,capitol1 ii4 #ahd2     at ,fal]ii1 #aij

 n4 #b2     a duplicate ( ,diana1 #cha  
sq4     ---- ,caprot9a1 ii4 #cac1 #cag  
---- ,moneta1 ii4 #ahi     ,jupit]1     
co/ume (1 ii4 #agd sq42     ! ,roman k+s
 9 ! "* (1 #agd sqq42     ,capitol9e1   
#agf2     ! ,little1 #agi1 #aib2        
,latian1 #ahg1 #cgi2     z god ( ! oak1 
! ?und]1 ! ra91 & ! sky1 #ceh1 #cfa     
sq42     z sky-god1 #cgd2     a         
duplicate ( ,janus 7,dianus71 #cha sq4  
---- & ,juno1 d\bles ( ,janus & ,diana1 
ii4 #aij sq42     sacr$ m>riage (1 #aij 
---- ,dianus1 ii4 #chb     ----         
,elicius1 ii4 #ahc     ---- ,indiges1   
ii4 #aha     ,jupit]s1 _m local1 9      
,latium1 ii4 #ahd     ,juturna1 a nymph1
 ii4 #chb       ,ka*9s ( ,burma1 !1 ii4 
#bcg     ,kafirs ( ! ,h9doo ,koo%1 i4   
#acc sq41 #che     ,kaiti% tribe (      
,c5tral ,au/ralia1 i4 #hg     ,kali1 !  
goddess1 i4 #chc     ,kamil>oi1 !1 i4   
#aja     ,kang>oos1 c]emony = !         
multiplication (1 i4 #hg sq4            
,k>a-,kirghiz1 ii4 #eg     ,k>5s (      
,burma1 i4 #bji2     _! cu/om 9 reg>d to

 =nication & adult]y1 ii4 #ajg sq4      
,k>o-,bataks1 !1 ( ,sumatra1 i4 #bgg    
,kausika ,sutra1 i4 #bji1 #bbi          
,kayans or ,bahaus ( ,borneo1 i4 #cbh1  
ii4 #aji     ,kei ,isl&s1 i4 #abf1 #aca1
 #ade     ,k5yahs ( ,borneo1 i4 #ei1 ii4
 #che     ,k]emet1 a god ( ! ,wotyaks1  
ii4 #ade sq4     ,kevla>1 ,virg9 ,m>y (1
 i4 #gg     8,key-race10 ii4 #cjd       
,keys1 ! gold51 ii4 #ccc     ,khasis (  
,assam1 succession to ! k+dom among !1  
ii4 #bid sq4     ,khn\m\1 ! god1 ii4    
#acb     ,kidd1 ,dudley1 i4 #di n4 #c1  
#cej1 ii4 #baa1 #bbd n4 #d     ,kild>e1 
fire & nuns ( ,/4 ,brigit at1 ii4 #bdj  
sq4     ,kimbugwe1 high (ficial 9 ,ug&a1
 i4 #aif     ,k+1 ,j4 ,e41 i4 #aje n4 #d
     ,k+ gives oracles1 i4 #cgg2     !  
,grass1 ii4 #he sq42     ! ,leaf1 #he2  
! ,roman1 z ,jupit]1 #agd sqq4     ---- 
& ,que5 at ,a!ns1 i4 #dd sq4     ---- ( 
,sacr$ ,rites at ,rome1 i4 #dd1 ii4     
#bja2     8 flight1 #cji     ---- ( !   
,saturnalia1 ii4 #caa     ---- ( ! ,wood
 at ,nemi1 i4 #a sqq41 ii4 #a2     a    

mate ( ,diana1 i4 #dj1 #da1 ii4 #chj2   
a p]sonification ( ! oak-god ,jupit]1   
#cgh sqq4     ,see also ,prie/ ( ,nemi  
---- ,bees 7,ess5es7 at ,ephesus1 ii4   
#ace sq4     ,k+dom1 mortal combat = !1 
ii4 #cbb2     9 anci5t ,latium1         
succession to1 #bff sqq4     ,k+s1      
prie/ly1 i4 #dd sqq42     titul> or     
sacr$1 9 ,greece1 #dd sqq42             
,teutonic1 #dg2     magicians z1 #ccb   
sqq42     z ra9-mak]s 9 ,africa1 #cdh1  
#cej sqq42     puni%$ = dr\ght & de>?1  
#cec sqq42     among ! ,aryans1 magical 
p[]s attribut$ to1 #cff sqq42           
div9ity (1 9 great hi/orical empires1   
#dae sqq42     ( nature1 ii4 #a sqq42   
( ra91 #b2     ,roman1 z deities 9 a    
,sacr$ ,m>riage1 #agb sq41 #aib1 #aic   
sq42     ,greek1 call$ ,zeus1 #agg1     
#cfa2     expect$ to make ?und]1 #ahj   
sq42     ! ,lat91 ?\ght to be ! sons ( !
 fire-god by mortal mo!rs1        #aie  
sqq42     p]petual fire 9 h\ses (1 #bfa 
sq42     ,roman1 z p]sonifications (    
,jupit]1 #bff sq42     pat]nity (1 a    

matt] ( indiff]5ce "u female k9%ip1 #bgd
        sqq42     sometimes ( a diff]5t 
race f _! subjects1 #bhh sq42     *os5 f
 sev]al royal families 9 rotation1 #bib 
sqq42     fat1 #big2     h&some/ m51    
#big2     long-head$1 #big2     sacr$ or
 div9e1 developm5t (1 #cgf sqq4     ,see
 also ,lat9 & ,roman     ,k+s' ,evil    
7scr(ula71 t\*+ = !1 i4 #cfh sqq4       
---- fire1 !1 ii4 #aie sqq4     ----    
,race1 !1 ii4 #hd     ---- si/]s1 lic5ce
 accord$ to1 ii4 #bgd sqq4     ,k+%ip1  
annual1 9 anci5t ,greece1 i4 #df        
---- conte/ = !1 at ,:itsuntide1 ii4 #hi
     ---- desc5t ( !1 9 ! female l9e1 at
 ,rome1 ii4 #bgj sqq42     9 ,africa1   
#bgd sqq42     9 ,greece1 #bgg sq42     
9 ,sc&9avia1 #bgi sq42     9 ,lydia1    
#bha sq42     among ! ,danes & ,saxons1 
#bhb sq4     ---- evolution ( ! sacr$1  
i4 #dbj sq4     ---- nom9al1 left by    
conqu]ors to indig5\s race1 ii4 #bhh sq4
     ---- ,roman1 abolition ( !1 ii4    
#bhi sqq4     ---- ! old ,roman1 a      
religi\s (fice1 ii4 #bhi     ,k+sley1   

,miss ,m>y ,h41 i4 #daa n4 #a     ,k9tu1
 ii4 #bfa     ,kirghiz1 8,love ,*ase0   
among !1 ii4 #cja     ,knock+ out ( tee?
 z initiatory c]emony 9 ,au/ralia1 i4   
#ig sqq4     ,knots1 ty+ up ! w9d 91 i4 
#cbf     ,kolkodoons1 !1 i4 #ic         
,kondhs1 _! belief 9 re9c>nation1 i4    
#ajd     ,koniags1 !1 i4 #aba           
,koryaks1 sacr$ fire-bo>ds ( !1 ii4     
#bbe2     race = a bride among !1 #cjb  
,kri%na1 i4 #djf2     m>riage (1 to !   
,holy ,basil1 ii4 #bf     ,kunama1 !1   
ii4 #c     ,kvasir1 i4 #bda             
,kwakiutl ,indians1 _! sup]/itions z to 
tw9s1 i4 #bfc       ,lac1 taboos obs]v$ 
9 ga!r+1 i4 #aae     ,lacueva1 ,fa!r1   
ii4 #bje n4     ,ladd] to facilitate !  
desc5t ( ! sun1 ii4 #ii     ,laet>e     
,sunday1 ii4 #fc     ,laibon1 i4 #cdc   
,lake-dwell+s ( prehi/oric ,europe1 ii4 
#ceb sq4     ,lakes1 gods ( lakes m>ri$ 
to wom51 ii4 #aej sq4     ,lak%mi1 wife 
( ,vi%nu1 ii4 #bf     ,lamas1           
transmigrations ( ! ,gr&1 i4 #daj sqq4  
,lamb ( ,myc5ae1 ! gold51 i4 #cfe       

,lamb1 blood (1 z means ( inspiration1  
i4 #cha     ,lamb+1 "t (1 ii4 #cbh n4 #d
     ,lamps1 d$ication ( burn+1 i4 #ab  
sq4     ,lane1 ,e4 ,w41 ii4 #bji n4 #d  
,language1 special1 = k+s & p]sons (    
blood royal1 i4 #dja     ,lapis manalis 
at ,rome1 i4 #caj     ,l>*-tree1 sacr$1 
ii4 #bj     ,l>es1 !1 ii4 #bjf          
,lat9 conf$]acy1 !1 9 relation to sacr$ 
,arician grove1 i4 #bb      sq4     ----
 k+s ?\ght to be ! sons ( ! fire-god by 
mortal mo!rs1 ii4      #aie sqq42       
li/s (1 #bfh sqq42     /ories ( _!      
miracul\s bir?1 #bgb     ,lat9us1 *ang$ 
into ,latian ,jupit]1 ii4 #ahg2     8   
wife a ,ve/al1 #bce     ,latium1 _m     
local ,jupit]s 91 ii4 #ahd2     9       
antiquity1 ! woods (1 #ahh2             
succession to ! k+dom 9 anci5t1 #bff    
sqq4     ,latuka1 ra9-mak]s among !1 i4 
#cdf1 #ced     ,laurel *ew$ z means (   
inspiration1 i4 #chd2     9 fire-mak+1  
ii4 #bea sq4     ,lav9ium1 wor%ip (     
,ve/a at1 i4 #ad     ,lazy ,man1 !1 ii4 
#hc     ,leaf-clad mumm]s1 ii4 #gd sqq41

 #gh sqq42     mock m>riage (1 ii4 #ig  
,leaf ,k+1 !1 ii4 #he     ---- ,man1 !  
,little1 ii4 #hj sq4     ,leafy bu/ at  
,nemi1 portrait ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 i4   
#da sq4     ,leap+ ov] a fire1 ii4 #cbg1
 #cbi     ---- & danc+ to make ! crops  
gr[ high1 i4 #acg sqq4     ,lemnos1 new 
fire br\ght to1 i4 #cb     ,l5gua       
,indians1 i4 #cac1 #ccj1 #cei     ,l5t1 
f\r? ,sunday 91 ii4 #gc1 #hg     ,l]ons 
( ,borneo1 i4 #ei     ,les*iy1 a woodl& 
_s1 ii4 #abd sq4     ,leto1 ii4 #eh     
,lvi1 ,pr(essor ,sylva91 i4 #bbh        
,lhasa1 i4 #daa sq4     ,lic5ce accord$ 
to slaves at ! ,saturnalia1 ii4 #cab2   
to female slaves at ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1
 #cac sq4     ,lightn+1 *>m aga9/1 i4   
#hb2     imitation (1 #bdh1 #cjc2       
?\ght to be ! fa!r ( tw9s1 #bff2        
wood ( tree t has be5 /ruck by1 #cai2   
fire k9dl$ by1 ii4 #bfc2     ,african   
deities (1 #cgj2     suppos$ to be      
produc$ by means ( fl9ts1 #cgd2         
,zeus1 i4 #cc1 ii4 #cfa     ,lime-trees 
sacr$1 ii4 #cff1 #cfg     ,l9dus 9      

,rhodes1 i4 #bha     ,l+ayats1 !1 i4    
#djd     ,li?uanians1 ! hea!n1 i4 #cag1 
ii4 #df2     tree-wor%ip among !1 #i2   
sacrifice to ,p]grubius1 #cdg2     !    
?und]-god ,p]kunas ( !1 #cfe sqq42      
_! rev]5ce = oaks1 #cff1 #cga           
,little ,jupit]1 !1 ii4 #agi1 #aib      
---- ,leaf ,man1 ii4 #hj sq4     8,liv+ 
fire10 ii4 #bcg2     z a *>m aga9/      
wit*craft1 #ccf     ,lo ,b5gula1 i4     
#cea1 #ceb1 #cid     ,loango1 k+ (1     
rev]$ z a god1 i4 #cif2     fights all  
rivals = 8 cr[n1 ii4 #cbb     ----      
lic5ce ( pr9cesses 91 ii4 #bgf sq4      
,lobo1 _s-h\se1 ii4 #ci     ,local totem
 c5tres1 i4 #if     ,locrians1 !        
,epizephyrian1 ii4 #bhd sq4             
8,longevity g>m5ts10 i4 #afi            
,long-head$ m5 *os5 k+s1 ii4 #big       
,loon1 ! bird1 associat$ ) ra91 i4 #bhh 
,"l ( ! ,wood1 ii4 #cf2     ( ,misrule1 
#cai n4 #a     ---- & ,lady ( ! ,may1   
ii4 #ij sq4     ,l\*eux1 !1 i4 #cef     
,love1 cure =1 i4 #afa2     illicit1    
?\ght to blight ! fruits ( ! e>?1 ii4   

#ajg sqq4     ,love-*>ms practis$ on ,/4
 ,george's ,day1 ii4 #cde sq4     8,love
 ,*ase0 among ! ,kirghiz1 ii4 #cja      
,lov]s ( goddesses1 _! unhappy ends1 i4 
#ci sq4     ,l[1 ,sir ,hugh1 ii4 #cj1   
#ca     ,lub>e1 god1 i4 #cie     ,lucian
 on hair (f]+s1 i4 #bh     ,lucius1 ,e41
 i4 #ac n4 #a     ,luxor1 pa9t+s at1 ii4
 #aca1 #acc     ,lyall1 ,sir ,a4 ,c41 i4
 #bbd n4 #a     ,lycaeus1 ,m\nt1 ii4    
#cei     ,lycurgus1 k+ ( ,?race1 i4 #cff
     ,lydia1 female desc5t ( k+%ip 91   
ii4 #bha sq4       ,mabuiag1 i4 #ei1    
#bfc1 #cbc     ,macdonald1 ,rev4 ,j41 i4
 #aaj1 ii4 #baj sq4     8,macdonald's   
disease1 !10 i4 #cgj n4 #c              
,mac,gregor1 ,sir ,william1 i4 #ccg     
8,macleod's ,fairy ,bann]10 i4 #cfh     
,macrobius1 ii4 #che n4 #b              
,madagasc>1 ,k+ (1 i4 #dg sq42     foods
 taboo$ 91 #aag sq42     cu/om ( wom5 9 
,madagasc> :ile m5 are at w>1 #aca2     
modes ( c\nt]act+ evil om5s 91 #agc sq4 
,madness1 cure (1 i4 #afa     ,mae&]1 ! 
riv]1 suppos$ to take ! virg9ity (      

brides1 ii4 #afb     ,magian prie/s1 ii4
 #bda n4 #d       ,magic1 pr9ciples (1  
i4 #eb sqq42     negative1 #aaa sqq42   
public & private1 #bad sq42     b5efits 
conf]r$ by1 #bah sq42     its analogy to
 sci5ce1 #bbj sq42     attraction (1    
#bba2     fatal flaw (1 #bba sq42       
bas$ on a misapplication ( ! association
 ( ideas1 #bba sq42     oppos$ 9        
pr9ciple to religion1 #bbd2     old] ?an
 religion1 #bcc sqq42     univ]sality ( 
belief 91 #bcd-bcf2     transition f    
magic to religion1 #bcg sqq41 ii4 #cgf  
sq42     ! fallacy (1 n easy to detect1 
i4 #bdb sq4     ,magic1 ,contagi\s1 i4  
#eb-ed1 #agd-bad2     ( tee?1 #agf-ahb2 
( navel-/r+ & aft]bir? 7plac5ta71       
#ahb-bja2     (w\nd & weapon1 #bja sqq42
     ( foot-pr9ts1 #bjg-bab2     ( o!r  
impressions1 #bac sq4     ----          
,homoeopa?ic or ,imitative1 i4 #eb sqq42
     9 m$ic9e1 #gh sqq42     = ! supply 
( food1 #he sqq42     9 fi%+ & hunt+1   
#ajh sqq42     to make plants gr[1 #acf 
sqq42     ( ! dead1 #adg sqq42     (    

animals1 #aej sqq42     ( inanimate ?+s1
 #aeg sqq42     to annul evil om5s1     
#agj-agd2     = ! mak+ ( ra91 #bdg sqq4 
---- ,sympa!tic1 i4 #ea sqq42     ! two 
bran*es (1 #ed2     examples (1 #ee sqq4
     ---- & religion1 i4 #bbj-bdc1 #bej1
 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cdg1 #ceb2     confus$    
toge!r1 #bbf sqq42     _! hi/orical     
antagonism comp>atively late1 #bbf2     
,hegel on1 #dbc sqq4     ,magical       
control ( ra91 i4 #bdg sqq42     ( !    
sun1 #caa sqq42     ( ! w9d1 #cai sqq4  
---- dramas to promote vegetation1 ii4  
#abj     ---- orig9 ( c]ta9 religi\s    
dramas1 ii4 #adb sq4     ---- type (    
man-god1 i4 #bdd       ,magician1       
public1 8 rise to p[]1 i4 #bae sqq4     
,magician's progress1 !1 i4 #bad sqq41  
#cce sqq4     ,magicians claim to compel
 ! gods1 i4 #bbe2     gods view$ z1 #bdj
 sqq42     importance ( rise (          
pr(essional magicians1 #bde sqq42     z 
k+s1 #ccb sqq42     develop into k+s1   
#dbj sq4     ,see also ,m$ic9e-m5       
,mahabh>ata1 !1 ii4 #cjf     ,mah>ajas1 

a ,h9doo sect1 i4 #djf1 ii4 #afj        
,maidu ,indians1 i4 #abb1 #ceg          
,maillot9s1 ii4 #fc     ,maimonides1 i4 
#adj1 ii4 #ajj n4 #b     ,maize1        
cont95ce at s[+1 ii4 #aje               
,makalakas1 !1 i4 #cid     ,makatisses1 
!1 i4 #ga     ,makrizi1 i4 #beb1 ii4    
#aea n4 #b     ,malay *>ms1 i4 #eg sq4  
---- magic1 i4 #aaj sq41 #aad sq41 #abg 
---- ,p59sula1 ! wild tribes ( !1 i4    
#cfj     ---- region1 div9ity ( k+s 91  
i4 #cih     ,malays1 _! sup]/iti\s      
v5]ation = _! rajahs1 i4 #cfa2          
regalia among !1 #cfb     ,maldive      
,isl&s1 ii4 #aec1 #aed     ,malecki     
7,maeletius1 ,m5ecius71 ,j41 ii4 #cff n4
 #b     ,man1 ,e4 ,h41 ii4 #bec         
8,man1 ! ,true10 i4 #dac     ---- -god1 
! two types (1 i4 #bdd sq42     notion (
 a man-god belongs to e>ly p]iod (      
religi\s hi/ory1 #cgd        sq4        
,mana1 sup]natural or magical p[] 9     
,melanesia1 i4 #aaa n4 #b1 #bbg1        
#bbh n4 #a1 #cci     ,mangaia1 i4 #cgh  
,mania1 a bogey1 i4 #bb     ,manii at   

,aricia1 i4 #bb     ,manius ,eg]ius1 i4 
#bb     ,manna1 c]emony = ! magical     
multiplication (1 i4 #hh sq4            
,mannh>dt1 ,w41 i4 #adj n4 #f1 ii4 #dg1 
#gh sq41 #hd1 #hg     ,mantras1 sacr$   
texts1 i4 #djc sq4     ,manu1 ! ,laws (1
 i4 #cff1 #djb     ,maoris1 !1 i4 #ga2  
magic ( navel-/r+ & aft]bir? among !1   
#ahb sq42     _! belief z to f]tilis+   
virtue ( trees1 ii4 #ef     ,m>aves1 !1 
i4 #cic1 ii4 #ca     ,m>cellus (        
,bordeaux1 i4 #hd     ,m>duk1 *ief      
,babylonian god1 z a magician1 i4 #bdj  
sq42     8 wives1 ii4 #acj     ,m>ett1  
,r4 ,r41 i4 #aaa n4 #b     ,m>igolds1   
magic (1 i4 #baa     ,m>quesas or       
,wa%+ton ,isl&s1 human gods 9 !1 i4 #chf
 sq4     ,m>riage to trees1 i4 #dj sq41 
ii4 #eg2     ( trees to ea* o!r1 #bd    
sqq42     mock1 ( leaf-clad mumm]s1 #ig2
     ! ,sacr$1 #aba sqq42     ( ! gods1 
#abi sqq42     ba? be=e1 #afb           
,m>%-m>igolds1 a protection aga9/       
wit*es1 ii4 #ed2     on ,may ,day1 #fc  
,m>tius1 ,c4 ,f4 ,phil4 von1 i4 #cei    

,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,hippolytus1 i4 #ba     
,masai1 p[] ( m$ic9e-m5 among !1 i4 #cdc
 sq4     ,ma%ona1 !1 i4 #cic            
,mask]s1 repres5t+ ! dead1 ii4 #agh     
,maspro1 ,sir ,ga/on1 i4 #bcj1 ii4 #acc 
sq4     8,mass ( ! ,holy ,_s10 i4 #bca  
sq4     ,mass ( ,sa9t ,scaire1 i4 #bcb  
sq4     ,ma/]1 ! ,heav5ly1 i4 #dac      
---- ( ,sorr[s1 i4 #bhj     ,matabeles1 
k+ ( !1 i4 #dh2     z ra9-mak]1 #cea sq4
     ---- magical effigies among !1 i4  
#fc     ,mat]nal uncle pref]r$ to fa!r1 
m>k ( "m-k91 ii4 #bhe     ,maur]1 ,k41  
ii4 #bhj n4 #a     ,mauss & ,hub]t1     
,messrs41 i4 #aaa n4 #b     ,may ,bride1
 !1 ii4 #ie1 #if     ,may bridegroom1   
ii4 #ia1 #ic     ---- -bu%1 ii4 #hd1    
#he1 #hi1 #ij1 #adb     ---- ,day1      
celebration (1 ii4 #ei sqq42     lic5ce 
(1 #fg1 #ajc sq4     ---- ,fools1 ii4   
#ia     ---- g>l&s1 ii4 #fj sqq41 #ij   
sq4     ---- ,k+1 ii4 #he sq4     ----  
,lady1 !1 ii4 #fb     ---- -poles1 ii4  
#ei1 #fe sqq4     ---- ,que51 ii4 #hd1  
#hg sq4     ---- ,rose1 ! ,little1 ii4  

#gd     ---- -trees1 ii4 #ei sq41 #fd1  
#fh sq42     or may-poles1 f]tilis+     
virtue (1 #eb     ,mayos or ,mayes1 ii4 
#hj       ,m$ic9e-m5 7magicians1        
sorc]]s71 p[] (1 among ,african tribes1 
i4      #cdb sqq42     p[] (1 among !   
,am]ican ,indians1 #cee sqq42           
progressive diff]5tiation (1 #dbj sq42  
develop into k+s1 #dbj sq42     ! olde/ 
pr(essional class1 #dbj4     ,see also  
,magicians     ,melampus & ,iphiclus1 i4
 #aeh     ,melanesia1 homoeopa?ic magic 
( /ones 91 i4 #afd2     sup]natural p[] 
( *iefs 91 #cch sqq4     ,m]k]1 ,capta9 
,m41 i4 #cdc     ,m]l91 i4 #cjf         
,messiah1 pret5d$1 i4 #dji     ,metsik1 
a =e/ _s1 ii4 #ee     ,mexican k+s1 _!  
oa?1 i4 #cef     ,mexicans1 human       
sacrifices ( ! anci5t1 i4 #cad sq4      
,micah1 quot$1 i4 #bbc     ,mice & rats1
 tee? (1 9 magic1 i4 #agh sqq4          
,midsumm]1 new fire made at1 ii4 #bdb2  
fe/ival (1 #bgb sq4     ---- bonfires1  
ii4 #fe1 #ada     ---- ,bride1 ii4 #ib  
---- cu/oms1 ii4 #abg2     9 ,sw$51 ii4 

#fe     ---- ,eve1 a wit*+ "t1 ii4 #abg 
,mikado1 !1 an inc>nation ( ! sun       
goddess1 i4 #dag     ,miklu*o-,maclay1  
,b>on von1 ii4 #bec sq4     ,milk1      
wit*es /eal milk on ,walpurgis ,night or
 ,may ,day1 ii4 #eb sqq42     wit*es    
/eal milk on ,midsumm] ,eve1 #abg2      
wit*es /eal milk on ,eve ( ,/4 ,george1 
#ccd sqq2     n giv5 away on ,/4        
,george's ,eve1 #cci     ---- -pails    
wrea!d ) fl[]s1 ii4 #cch1 #cci     ---- 
-/ones1 i4 #afe     ,milkm5 ( ! ,todas  
sacr$ or div9e1 i4 #djb sq4     ,milton 
on *a/ity1 ii4 #aah n4 #a               
,m9angkabau]s ( ,sumatra1 i4 #eh1 #adj  
,miris ( ,assam1 !1 ii4 #ci     ,mirror 
or burn+-glass1 fire made by means (1   
ii4 #bdc1 #bde n4     ,mi/letoe v5]at$  
by ! ,druids1 ii4 #ceh1 #cfb     ,moab1 
,arabs (1 i4 #bgf     ,mock sun1 i4 #cad
     ,m(fat1 ,dr4 ,r41 i4 #cea          
,mohamm$1 on ! fig1 ii4 #caf            
,momms51 ,?41 i4 #bc n4 #c1 ii4 #agd n4 
#a1 #age n4 #a1 #bif     ,mon>*y 9      
anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 tradition ( its 

abolition1 i4 #df2     rise (1 #baf     
sqq42     ess5tial to em]g5ce ( mank9d f
 savag]y1 #bag2     h]$it>y & elective1 
comb9ation ( ! two1 ii4 #bib sqq4       
,money1 old ,italian1 i4 #bc            
,montanus1 ! ,phrygian1 i4 #djg         
,montezuma1 i4 #daf     ,moon1 s++ to !1
 i4 #abe2     *>m to ha/5 !1 #cai2     9
 relation to *ild-bir?1 ii4 #abh2       
woman *os5 to repres5t !1 #adf          
,morbus regius1 jaundice1 i4 #cga n4 #d 
,morgan1 ,pr(essor ,m4 ,h41 ii4 #bjg n4 
#a     8,"m ( ,k+s10 ii4 #bgg     ---- (
 ! ,gods1 i4 #ba     ---- ( ! ,ra91 i4  
#bgf       ,"m-k91 ii4 #bga2     9      
succession to ,roman k+%ip1 #bga2       
among ! ,aryans1 #bhc sqq42             
sup]iority ( mat]nal uncle to fa!r "u   
"m-k91 #bhe4     ,see also ,female      
,k9%ip     ,"m's bro!r pref]r$ to fa!r1 
m>k ( "m-k91 ii4 #bhe     ,motu1 !1 i4  
#cag1 ii4 #ajf     ,motumotu1 !1 i4     
#cag1 #cbg1 #ccg2     or ,to>ipi1 !1 9  
,new ,gu9ea1 #abe     ,m\lton1 ,pr(essor
 ,j4 ,h41 ii4 #ahb n4 #b1 #ahi n4 #c1   

#bdg n4 #e     ,moxos ,indians1 i4 #abc 
,muata ,jamwo1 !1 ii4 #bfb     ,mukasa1 
god ( ! ,bag&a1 ii4 #aej     ,mll]1     
,max1 i4 #ccc sq4     ,mulongo1 8tw910  
"n appli$ by ! ,bag&a to ! navel-/r+1 i4
      #aie1 #aif     ,mumm]s dress$ 9   
leaves1 bran*es1 & fl[]s1 ii4 #gd sqq41 
#gh      sqq4     ,mund>is1 !1 ii4 #ci1 
#df     ,mundas1 !1 ii4 #eg     ,munro1 
,dr4 ,r41 ii4 #ceb     ,mura-muras1 i4  
#bee sq4     ,myc5ae1 gold5 lamb (1 i4  
#cfe     ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 ii4 #ach  
sq4     ,mytil5e1 k+s at1 i4 #de        
,nabataeans1 ,agriculture ( !1 ii4 #ajj 
,nabu1 m>riage ( ! god1 ii4 #acj        
,nahak1 rubbi% us$ 9 magic1 i4 #cda     
,nails knock$ into trees1 ii4 #cf1 #db2 
a *>m aga9/ wit*craft1 #cci sq4     ----
 pegs1 or p9s knock$ into images1 i4    
#fa1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh1 #fi     ,nails1 p>+s
 (1 us$ 9 magic1 i4 #eg1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff  
,names ( k+s *ang$ to procure ra91 i4   
#cee     ,n&i1 p[] ( m$ic9e-m5 among !1 
i4 #cdd     ,nanja spots or local totem 
c5tres1 i4 #if1 #ig     ,nat1 _s1 ii4   

#df     ,nat*ez1 !1 i4 #bdi2     _!     
p]petual fires1 ii4 #bfb sq4            
8,nativity ( ! sun's walk+-/ick10 i4    
#cab     ,nav>re1 ra9-mak+ 91 i4 #cjg   
sq4     ,navel-/r+1 contagi\s magic (1  
i4 #ahb-bja2     reg>d$ z bro!r or si/] 
( *ild1 #ahf1 #ahi2     call$ ! 8tw910  
#aie2     seat ( ext]nal s\l1 #bjj sq4  
,navel-/r+s hung on trees1 ii4 #ef      
,negative magic or taboo1 i4 #aaa sqq4  
,nemi1 ! lake (1 i4 #a sqq42            
sanctu>y ( ,diana at1 #b sqq42     !    
prie/ (1 #h sqq41 #dj1 #da1 ii4 #cgf1   
#chf1 #chg     ,neoptolemus1 ii4 #bgh   
,n]?us1 procession (1 ii4 #add n4 #a    
,nets1 m>riage ( girls to1 ii4 #adg     
,new bir?1 simulation (1 i4 #chj sq4    
---- -born *ildr5 br\ght to ! he>?1 ii4 
#bcb     ---- ,cal$onia1 i4 #gh2        
homoeopa?ic magic ( /ones 91 #afb sqq4  
---- ,cal$onians1 !1 i4 #cab1 #cac1 #cad
     ---- fire1 ii4 #bcg2     made at   
,midsumm]1 #bdc2     made at beg9n+ ( a 
k+'s reign1 #bfb1 #bfg     ---- ,gu9ea1 
influ5ce ( magicians 91 i4 #ccg sq4     

---- ,ye> fe/ival1 i4 #bea     ,ngai1   
god1 ii4 #dd1 #aej     ,nias1 i4 #aji1  
#adc     ,ni*olson1 ,g5]al1 wor%ipp$1 i4
 #djd     ,niebuhr1 ,b4 ,g41 ii4 #bfi   
,night+ale 9 magic1 i4 #aed     ,nile1 !
 ,upp]1 ra9-mak]s on !1 i4 #cde sqq42   
! bride ( !1 ii4 #aea     ,n9e animals  
sacrific$ daily at a fe/ival1 ii4 #cfe  
---- ye>s' fe/ival at ,upsala1 ii4 #cfd 
sq4     ,noah's ark1 i4 #ccd     ,nonae 
,caprot9ae1 ii4 #cad     ,nootkas1      
sup]/itions z to tw9s among !1 i4 #bfc  
sq4     ,norse tr9ities1 ii4 #cfd       
,noses bor$1 i4 #id     ,numa1 8        
bir?day1 ii4 #bgc2     a prie/ly k+1    
#bhi     ---- & ,eg]ia1 i4 #ah1 ii4 #agb
 sq41 #aic1 #chj     ,numa's bir?day1   
ii4 #cbe1 #cdh2     8,numa's crock]y10  
ii4 #bjb     ,numb]+ ! h]ds on ,/4      
,george's ,day1 ii4 #cch     ,numicius1 
! riv]1 ii4 #aha     ,nuns ( ,/4        
,brigit1 ii4 #bdj sq4     ,nur91 i4     
#bge1 #bgf     ,nusku1 ,babylonian      
fire-god1 i4 #fg     ,nyanza1 ,lake1 god
 (1 i4 #cie       ,oak1 its diffusion 9 

,europe1 ii4 #cdi sqq42     wor%ip ( !1 
#cdi sqq42     oracul>1 at ,dodona1     
#ceh2     wor%ipp$ 9 mod]n ,europe1 #cgj
 sqq4     ---- & ?und]1 ! ,aryan god (  
!1 ii4 #cef sqq42     sky1 ra91 & ?und]1
 god ( !1 #cdi sq4     ---- ev]gre51 9  
mak+ fire1 ii4 #bea2     ! ,gold5 ,b\gh 
grew on an1 #cgi     ---- bran* 9 ra9   
*>m1 i4 #cji     ---- -god m>ri$ to !   
oak-goddess1 ii4 #adb2     &            
oak-goddess1 m>riage (1 #ahi2     h[ he 
became a god ( lightn+1 ?und]1 & ra91   
#cgb sqq4     ---- groves 9 anci5t      
,irel&1 ii4 #bdb sq4     ---- leaves1   
cr[n (1 ii4 #age1 #agf sq41 #ahd        
---- -nymphs at ,rome1 ii4 #agb1 #ahe   
---- -tree gu>d$ by ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at  
,nemi1 i4 #db     ---- -trees1          
sacrifices to1 ii4 #cff     ---- -wood1 
,ve/a's fire at ,rome f$ )1 ii4 #ahf2   
p]petual fire (1 #cfe1 #cff2            
c]emonial fires k9dl$ by ! friction (1  
#cgb     ---- -woods on ! site ( anci5t 
,rome1 ii4 #ahd sqq4     ---- -wor%ip ( 
! ,druids1 ii4 #i     ,oak5 image dress$

 z a bride1 ii4 #adj sq4     ,oaks at   
,troez51 i4 #bf2     ( ,irel&1 ii4 #cfc2
     sacr$ among ! old ,prussians1 #dc  
,oa?s on /ones1 i4 #afj sq4             
,ocrisia1 ii4 #aie     ,octopus 9 magic1
 i4 #aef     ,od9 z a magician1 i4 #bda 
sq42     ! ,norse god ( w>1 ii4 #cfd    
,o$ipus1 ii4 #aae     ,o5omaus1 ii4 #cjj
     ,oesel1 isl& (1 i4 #cbi            
,(fspr+1 *>ms to procure1 i4 #gj sqq4   
,ojebways1 magical images among !1 i4   
#ee     ,olaf1 ,k+1 i4 #cfg     ,old m51
 gov]nm5t by1 9 aborig9al ,au/ralia1 i4 
#ccd sq4     ,old5b]g1 ,pr(essor ,h41 i4
 #bbe n41 #bbh1 #bce n4 #a1 #bfi1 #bgj  
,olives plant$ & ga!r$ by pure boys &   
virg9s1 ii4 #ajg     ,olympia1 races = !
 k+dom at1 ii4 #bii sq4     ,omahas1 !1 
i4 #bdi1 #cbj     ,om5s1 homoeopa?ic    
magic to annul evil om5s1 i4 #agj-agd   
,omphale & ,h]cules1 ii4 #bha           
,omumborombonga 7,combretum primig5um71 
! sacr$ tree ( !      ,h]]o1 ii4 #bac   
sq41 #bah1 #bai sq41 #bcc     ,omuwapu  
tree 7,grevia spec471 ii4 #bai          

,opprobri\s language levell$ at goddess 
to please h]1 i4 #bhj     ,oracles giv5 
by k+1 i4 #cgg     ,oraons1 m>riage (   
,sun & ,e>? among !1 ii4 #adh2     spr+ 
fe/ival ( !1 #gf sq4     ,oracul> spr+  
at ,dodona1 ii4 #agb     ,ordeal (      
battle among ! ,umbrians1 ii4 #cba      
,ore/es at ,nemi1 i4 #aj sq41 #ba n4 #b1
 #bd2     at ,troez51 #bf2     cur$ ( 8 
madness1 #afa     ,orgies1 sexual1 z    
f]tility *>ms1 ii4 #ih sqq4             
,orontes1 ! riv]1 ii4 #afj     ,osiris  
?reat5$ by magicians1 i4 #bbe           
,o/yaks1 tree-wor%ip among !1 ii4 #aa   
,ovambo1 !1 i4 #fc1 #bji1 ii4 #df       
,ovid1 ii4 #agf1 #agg1 #aia2     on     
,nemi1 i4 #d1 #ag       ,pacific1 human 
gods 9 !1 i4 #chf sqq4     ,pad/[1 cu/om
 ( ! ,hobby ,horse at1 ii4 #fh          
,pages1 m$ic9e-m51 i4 #ceh              
,pa9t-h\se1 !1 ii4 #aaa     ,pa9t+s1    
prehi/oric1 ( animals 9 caves1 i4 #hg n4
 #a     ,pais1 ,e41 i4 #bc n4           
,pales1 ii4 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cdh
     ,pallades1 female consorts (       

,ammon1 ii4 #ace     ,palladius1 ii4    
#cad     ,pall5e1 daught] ( ,si?on1 ii4 
#cjg     ,palm-tree1 c]emony ( tapp+ x =
 w9e1 ii4 #ajj sq4     ,see also        
,date-palm     ,panam>a 9 ,c>ia1 i4 #bi 
,pap>uda1 i4 #bgc     ,p>asitic plants1 
sup]/itions z to1 ii4 #bej1 #bea sq4    
,p>ilia1 !1 ii4 #abc1 #bbi1 #bgc2     a 
%eph]ds' fe/ival1 #cbe sqq4             
,p>janya1 ! anci5t ,h9doo god ( ?und] & 
ra91 i4 #bgj1 ii4 #cfh      sq4         
,p>k9son1 ,r41 i4 #age     ,p>ricide1   
,roman puni%m5t (1 ii4 #aaj n4 #b       
,p>sees1 !1 ii4 #bda     ,p>!niai1 i4   
#cf n4 #b     ,p>!nos z appli$ to       
,artemis1 i4 #cf     ,p>?ian mon>*s     
bro!rs ( ! ,sun1 i4 #dag sq4            
,p>tridge1 ,c41 ii4 #cid n4 #b          
,pat>a1 ,apollo at1 ii4 #ace            
,pat]nity1 unc]ta9ty (1 a gr\nd = a     
!ological di/9ction1 ii4      #ace2     
( k+s a matt] ( indiff]5ce "u female    
k9%ip1 #bgd sqq41        #bhb           
,patri>*al family at ,rome1 ii4 #bhc    
,paulicians1 !1 i4 #djg     ,payaguas1  

!1 i4 #ccj     ,payne1 ,e4 ,j41 i4 #dae 
n4 #b     ,pe>-tree z protector (       
cattle1 ii4 #ee     ,peat-bogs (        
,europe1 ii4 #cej sqq4     ,pek+        
,gazette1 i4 #cee     ,peleus1 ii4 #bgh 
,pelew ,isl&s1 human gods 91 i4 #chi    
,pelopidae1 !1 ii4 #bgi     ,pelops1 ii4
 #bgi     ---- & ,hippodamia1 ii4 #bii  
sq4     ,p5ates1 !1 ii4 #bje sq4        
,p5nefa!r ,riv] 9 ,que5sl&1 i4 #ii1 #ajj
     ,peoples said to be ignorant ( !   
art ( k9dl+ fire1 ii4 #bec sqq4         
,pep]uga1 i4 #bgd     ,pepys1 ,s41 i4   
#cfi1 ii4 #eb1 #ccc     ,p]grubius1 a   
,li?uanian god ( ! spr+1 ii4 #cdg sq4   
,p]iphas1 k+ ( ,a!ns1 ii4 #agg          
,p]kunas or ,p]kuns1 ! ,li?uanian god ( 
?und] & lightn+1 ii4      #cfe sqq42    
d]ivation ( 8 "n1 #cfg n4 #c            
,p]p]ia1 i4 #bgc     ,p]petual fires1   
orig9 (1 ii4 #bec sqq42     associat$ ) 
royal dignity1 ii4 #bfa sqq4     ,p]seus
 & ,&rom$a1 ii4 #afc     ,p]u1 ,indians 
(1 i4 #bfe1 ii4 #adf2     ! ,incas (1   
#bdc sq4     ,p]un1 ! ?und]-god ( !     

,slavs1 ii4 #cfe     ,p]uvian ,indians1 
i4 #ef     ---- ,ve/als1 ii4 #bdc sqq4  
,pess9us1 i4 #dg     ,pet] ( ,dusburg1  
ii4 #cff n4 #b     ,pha$ra &            
,hippolytus1 i4 #be     ,ph5eus1 lake (1
 ii4 #h     ,phigalia1 i4 #ca           
,philo/ratus1 i4 #afg                   
,phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 sup]/itions z  
to !1 ii4 #aed sq4     ,picts1 female   
desc5t ( k+%ip among !1 ii4 #bhj sq41   
#bhf     ,pi]s1 ,sir ,h5ry1 ii4 #ei     
,pig1 blood (1 drunk z a means (        
inspiration1 i4 #chb2     9 purificatory
 rites1 ii4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji2           
expiatory sacrifice (1 #abb     ,pigeon 
us$ 9 a love-*>m1 ii4 #cde sq4          
,pile-villages 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 ii4  
#h2     ( ,europe1 #ceb sq4             
,pipal-tree 7ficus religiosa71 ii4 #dc  
,pipiles1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ii4 #ih 
,pity ( ra9-gods1 appeal to1 i4 #cjb sq4
     ,plac5ta 7aft]bir?7 & navel-/r+1   
contagi\s magic (1 i4 #ahb-bja          
,planta9-trees1 navel-/r+s ( ,bag&a     
buri$ at foot (1 i4 #aie     ,plants1   

homoeopa?ic magic to make plants gr[1 i4
 #acf sqq42     influ5c$ homoeopa?ically
 by a p]son's act or /ate1 #aci sqq42   
influ5ce p]sons homoeopa?ically1 #add   
sqq42     sexes (1 ii4 #bd2     m>riage 
(1 #bf sqq4     ,plataea1 fe/ival ( !   
,da$ala at1 ii4 #adj sq4     ,plato1 i4 
#de1 #ajd     ,plebeians1 ! ,roman k+s1 
ii4 #bhi     ,pleiades1 ris+ ( !1 i4 #cb
     ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 i4 #di2     on      
sacr$ness ( woods1 ii4 #abc2     !      
,y\ng]1 i4 #f     ,pl\gh+ by wom5 z a   
ra9-*>m1 i4 #bhb sq4     ,plov] 9       
connexion ) ra91 i4 #bei1 #bfa          
,plut>*1 i4 #bh1 #hj1 ii4 #agb1 #aif1   
#cbj n4 #c1 #cbe n4 #c2     on ,numa &  
,eg]ia1 i4 #ah     ,pole-/>1 homoeopa?ic
 magic ( !1 i4 #aff     ,political      
evolution f democracy to despotism1 i4  
#dba     ,polybius1 ii4 #ced            
,polydorus1 ii4 #ca     ,popl>1 ! :ite1 
at ,olympia1 a sub/itute = ! oak1 ii4   
#bbj     ,porphyry1 i4 #cij1 ii4 #ab    
,porta ,cap5a at ,rome1 i4 #ah          
,porta ,qu]quetulana1 ii4 #ahe n4 #c    

,poso 9 ,celebes1 i4 #cgi1 ii4 #bi      
,potrimpo1 old ,prussian god1 ii4 #bdh  
,pott]y1 primitive1 employ$ 9 ,roman    
ritual1 ii4 #bjb sqq42     sup]/itions z
 to ! mak+ (1 #bjd sq4     ,praman?a1   
ii4 #bdi     ,pray]s = ra91 ii4 #cei1   
#cfb2     to ,?und]1 #cfg sq42     to an
 oak1 #cgb     ,precautions aga9/       
wit*es1 ii4 #eb sqq4     ,preci\s /ones1
 homoeopa?ic magic (1 i4 #afd sq4       
,pregnancy1 c]emony 9 sev5? mon? (1 i4  
#gb sq4     ,pregnant c[s sacrific$ to !
 ,e>? goddess1 ii4 #bbi2     victims    
sacrific$ to ensure f]tility1 i4 #ada2  
wom5 employ$ to f]tilise crops &        
fruit-trees1 i4 #adj sq4     ,pret5d]s  
to div9ity among ,*ri/ians1 i4 #djg sqq4
     ,prie/ dr5*$ ) wat] z a ra9-*>m1   
ii4 #gg2     roll$ on fields z f]tility 
*>m1 #ajc2     ( ,diana at ,nemi1 i4 #h 
sqq4       ---- ( ,nemi1 i4 #h sqq41    
#dj1 #da1 ii4 #cgf1 #chf1 #chg4     ,see
 also ,k+ ( ! ,wood     ,prie/esses1    
inspir$1 i4 #cgi sq41 #cha sq4          
,prie/ly k+s1 i4 #dd sqq4     ,prie/s1  

magical p[]s attribut$ to prie/s by     
,fr5* peasants1 i4      #bca-bcc2       
inspir$1 #cgg sqq4     ,pr9cesses m>ri$ 
to =eign]s or m5 ( l[ bir?1 ii4 #bgd    
sqq4     ,private magic1 i4 #bad sq4    
,procopius1 ii4 #cfe     ,procreative   
virtue attribut$ to fire1 ii4 #bcc      
,proculus ,julius1 ii4 #ahb             
,progress1 intellectual1 dep5d5t on     
economic progress1 i4 #bah2     social1 
#dba     ,proma?ion's ,hi/ory ( ,italy1 
ii4 #aif1 #aig     ,prome!us1 ii4 #bfj  
,prophetic p[]s conf]r$ by c]ta9 spr+s1 
ii4 #agb     ,prophets1 ! ,hebrew1 _!   
e?ical religion1 i4 #bbc                
,propitiation ess5tial to religion1 i4  
#bbb     ,pro/itution be=e m>riage1     
practice (1 ii4 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bhg        
,pro!ro1 ,g4 ,w41 ii4 #ga n4 #a         
,prov5ce1 magical p[]s attribut$ to     
prie/s 91 i4 #bcb     ,prpats1 i4 #bgd  
,prunus ,padus1 ,l41 ii4 #cdd           
,prussians1 ! old1 _! wor%ip ( trees1   
ii4 #dc     ,prytaneum1 fire 9 !1 ii4   
#bfj     ,psylli1 !1 i4 #cca     ,public

 magic1 i4 #bae     ,purification by    
fire1 ii4 #cbg1 #cbi     ,purificatory  
rites = sexual crimes1 ii4 #ajg sqq41   
#aae1 #aaf     ,pururavas & ,urvasi1 ii4
 #bej     ,py?agoras1 maxims (1 i4 #baa1
 #bac sq4     ,py?ai/s at ,a!ns1 i4 #cc 
,py?on1 sacr$1 ii4 #aej       ,quack1 !1
 ii4 #ha     ,qu>tz-cry/als us$ 9       
ra9-mak+1 i4 #bed1 #bee1 #cjd     ,que5 
( ,egypt m>ri$ to ! god ,ammon1 ii4 #aca
 sqq42     ( ,a!ns m>ri$ to ,dionysus1  
#acf sq42     ( ,may1 ii4 #hd1 #hg sq42 
,*>lotte ,isl&s1 i4 #gj2     si/] 9     
,ug&a1 lic5ce accord$ to ! ii4 #bge sq4 
,que5sl&1 ra9-mak+ 91 i4 #bed sq4       
,qu]quetulani1 ,m5 ( ! ,oak1 ii4 #ahh   
,quir9al hill1 !1 ii4 #ahb1 #ahe        
,quir9us1 ii4 #ahb1 #ahe1 #aic n4 #a    
,quiteve1 !1 i4 #cib     ,quiv]+ ( !    
body 9 a ra9-*>m1 i4 #bfj1 #cfa         
,ra1 ! ,egyptian sun-god1 i4 #dah1 #dai 
,race1 ! ,k+'s1 ii4 #hd2     succession 
to k+dom det]m9$ by a1 #bii sqq42     = 
a bride1 #cja sqq4     ,races at        
,:itsuntide1 ii4 #fi1 #hd     ,raccoons 

9 ra9-*>m1 i4 #bhh     ,ra91 extraction 
( tee? 9 connexion )1 i4 #ih sq42     ! 
magical control (1 #bdg sqq42     made  
by homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 #bdg 
sqq42     ,"m ( !1 #bgf2     suppos$ to 
fall only z a result ( magic1 #cec2     
excessive1 suppos$ to be an effect (    
sexual crime1 ii4 #ajh1 #aac2     ,zeus 
z ! god (1 #cei sq4     ,ra9-bird1 i4   
#bhg     8,ra9-bu%10 ii4 #df     ----   
-*>m by pl\gh+1 i4 #bhb sq4     ----    
,c\ntry1 i4 #bei     ---- -doctor1 i4   
#bga     ---- -god z dragon1 i4 #big    
---- -gods compell$ to give ra9 by      
?reats & viol5ce1 i4 #bif sqq42         
appeal to ! pity ( !1 #cjb sq4     ,ra9 
,k+1 i4 #bge1 ii4 #b     ---- -mak]     
among ! ,arunta1 co/ume ( !1 i4 #bfj2   
assimilates himself to wat]1 #bfi sqq4  
---- mak]s1 _! importance 9 savage      
communities1 i4 #bdg2     9 ,africa1 _! 
rise to political p[]1 #cdb sqq41 #ceb2 
on ! ,upp] ,nile1 #cde sqq42            
unsuccessful1 puni%$ or kill$1 #cde1    
#ceb sqq4     ---- -mak+ by means ( !   

dead1 i4 #bhd sqq42     by means (      
animals1 #bhg sqq42     by means (      
/ones1 #cjd sqq4     8,ra9-/ick10 i4    
#bed     8,ra9-/ones10 i4 #bed1 #cje1   
#cde1 #cdf     ---- -temple1 i4 #bej    
---- totem1 i4 #beh     ,ra9b[ 9        
ra9-*>m1 picture (1 i4 #beh     ,rajahs 
among ! ,malays1 sup]natural p[]s       
attribut$ to1 i4 #cfa     ,ramsay1 ,sir 
,w4 ,m41 i4 #cf n4 #b     ,rats & mice1 
tee? (1 9 magic1 i4 #agh sqq4     ,rav5 
9 w9d-*>m1 i4 #cbj     ,rav5's eggs 9   
magic1 i4 #aed     ,ray1 ,s4 ,h41 ii4   
#bjh n4 #c     ,r$ col\r 9 magic1 i4    
#gi1 #ha1 #hc     ---- ,k>5s ( ,burma1  
ii4 #fi     ---- wooll5 ?reads1 a *>m   
aga9/ wit*craft1 ii4 #ccf     ,r$d5+ !  
faces ( gods1 cu/om (1 ii4 #age sq4     
,regalia ( ,malay k+s1 i4 #cfb sq42     
sup]natural p[]s (1 #cih     ,regia1 !  
k+'s palace at ,rome1 ii4 #bja          
,regifugium at ,rome1 ii4 #bij2         
p]haps a relic ( a conte/ = ! k+dom1    
#cjh sqq4     ,regillus1 battle ( ,lake1
 i4 #ej     ,re9a*1 ,salomon1 i4 #bg n4 

#f1 #hg n4 #a1 ii4 #bcb n4 #b1 #bda n4  
#a     ,re9c>nation1 belief ( !         
aborig9al ,au/ralians 91 i4 #if1 #ii    
sq42     c]ta9 fun]al rites p]haps      
int5d$ to ensure1 #aja sqq4             
,religion def9$1 i4 #bbb2     two       
elem5ts (1 a !oretical & a practical1   
#bbb sq42     oppos$ 9 pr9ciple to      
sci5ce1 #bbd2     transition f magic to1
 #bcg sqq41 ii4 #cgf sq4     ---- &     
magic1 i4 #bbj-bdc1 #bej1 #bhe1 #bhf1   
#cdg2     ,hegel on1 #dbc sqq4          
,religi\s dramas sometimes orig9ate 9   
magical rites1 ii4 #adb sq4             
,remulus1 ii4 #ahj     ,r5an1 ,e41 i4   
#bcf n4 #a     ,r5\f1 ,sir ,p4 le ,p41  
i4 #dah     ,rex ,nemor5sis1 i4 #aa     
,rhetra1 i4 #chc     ,rheumatism caus$  
by magic1 i4 #bjg sq41 #bac             
,rhodians wor%ip ! sun1 i4 #cae         
,rhys1 ,sir ,john1 i4 #ag n4 #b1 ii4    
#cfc n4 #d     ,ribald songs 9 ra9-*>m1 
i4 #bfg     ,rice1 *>m to make rice gr[1
 i4 #adj2     9 bloom treat$ l pregnant 
woman1 ii4 #bh sq42     *a/ity at s[+1  

#ajf     ,ridgeway1 ,pr(essor ,w41 ii4  
#ajc     ,rig ,v$a1 i4 #bid2     quot$1 
ii4 #cfh sq4     8,r++ out ! grass10 ii4
 #cdd     ,riv]s z lov]s ( wom5 9 ,greek
 my?ology1 ii4 #afa sq4     ,riv]s1 ,dr4
 ,w4 ,h4 ,r41 i4 #bcj n41 #djc n4 #a1   
#dba n4 #a     ,rivos1 h>ve/-god (      
,celts 9 ,gaul1 i4 #ag     ,rivros1 a   
,celtic mon?1 i4 #ag n4 #b              
,rob]tson1 ,sir ,george ,scott1 i4 #acc 
,rock-cry/als 9 ra9-*>ms1 i4 #cde       
,rogations1 ,monday (1 ii4 #aff         
,roll+ on ! fields z a f]tility *>m1 ii4
 #ajc2     at h>ve/1 ii4 #ajd     ----  
cakes on ! gr\nd = om5s1 ii4 #cch       
,roman fire-cu/oms comp>$ to ^? ( !     
,h]]o1 ii4 #bbg sqq4     ---- k+s z     
deities 9 a ,sacr$ ,m>riage1 ii4 #agb   
sq41 #aib1 #aic      sq42     z         
p]sonifications ( ,jupit]1 #bff sq42    
li/ (1 #bfi sq42     rule ( succession  
among1 #bgj sq42     plebeians1 n       
patricians1 #bhi2     h[ nom9at$1 #bie  
sq42     _! my/]i\s or viol5t ends1 #cab
 sqq42     _! obscure bir?1 #cab sq4    

---- k+%ip1 desc5t (1 9 ! female l9e1   
ii4 #bgj sq42     abolition ( !1 #bhi   
sqq42     a religi\s (fice1 #bhi        
---- puni%m5t ( p>ricide1 #aaj n4 #b    
,rome1 ! k+s (1 ii4 #aga sqq42     oak  
woods on ! site ( anci5t1 #ahd sqq4     
,romove1 ,rom[1 or ,rom[o1 ii4 #cff n4  
#b     ,romulus1 fig-tree (1 ii4 #aj1   
#cah2     leg5d ( 8 bir? f ! fire1 #aif2
     hut (1 #bjj2     dea? (1 #aha sq41 
#cac     ,ros*]1 ,w4 ,h41 ii4 #acg n4   
#a1 #chc n4 #c     ,roscoe1 ,rev4 ,j41  
ii4 #bgf n4 #b1 #cah n4 #a1 #cbb n4 #b  
,rose1 ! ,little ,may1 ii4 #gd          
,ro/[ski1 ,s41 ii4 #cff n4 #b4     ,r\51
 ,/4 ,roma9 at1 ii4 #afd sqq4           
,r\mania1 ra9-mak+ c]emonies 91 i4 #bgc 
sq4     ,r\nd huts ( ! anci5t ,lat9s1   
ii4 #bjj sqq4     ,r\se1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4   
,d41 i4 #ae n4 #c1 ii4 #hb     ,r[an or 
m\nta9-a% us$ z a *>m1 ii4 #cca     ----
 tree1 a protection aga9/ wit*es1 ii4   
#ec1 #ed     ,royalty cons]vative ( old 
cu/oms1 ii4 #bhh     ,rukm9i1 wife (    
,kri%na1 ii4 #bf     ,runaway slave1 *>m

 to br+ back a1 i4 #cag     ,runes1 !   
magic1 i4 #bda     ,russia1 ,/4         
,george's ,day 91 ii4 #ccb sqq4         
,russian celebration ( ,:itsuntide1 ii4 
#fd1 #ic     ---- sect ( ! ,*ri/s1 i4   
#djg sq4       ,sacr$ bea/s 9 ,egypt1 i4
 #bi sq4     ---- groves 9 anci5t       
,greece & ,rome1 ii4 #aba sqq4     ---- 
,m>riage1 !1 ii4 #abj sqq4     ---- m51 
i4 #chf     ---- /icks repres5t+        
ance/ors1 ii4 #bbb sqq4     ---- wom51  
i4 #cia     ,sacrifices (f]$ to regalia1
 i4 #cfc1 #cfe2     to trees1 #cff      
,sacrificial ,k+ at ,rome1 i4 #dd       
,/4 ,an?ony's fire treat$ by homoeopa?ic
 magic1 i4 #ha sq4     ---- ,bride 9 !  
,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #id     ----    
,bridget1 ii4 #id sq41 #bdb4     ,see   
,/4 ,brigit       ---- ,brigit1 holy    
fire & nuns (1 at ,kild>e1 ii4 #bdj sqq4
     ---- ,columba1 i4 #djg1 ii4 #bdb   
sq4     ---- ,dasius1 ii4 #caj n4 #a    
---- ,eany's ,well1 ii4 #afa     ----   
,fillan1 well (1 ii4 #afa     ----      
,francis ( ,paola1 i4 #cjj     ----     

,george & ! ,dragon1 ii4 #afc sq42     &
 ! ,p>ilia1 #cbd sqq42     patron sa9t (
 cattle1 horses1 & wolves1 #ccj1 #ccf1  
#ccg1 #cch2     *apel (1 #ccg2     z a  
_s ( trees or vegetation1 #cdc sq42     
z giv] ( (fspr+ to wom51 #cdd sqq42     
9 relation to s]p5ts1 #cdd n4 #d2     9 
,syria1 #cdf     ---- ,george's ,day    
7#bcrd ,april71 ii4 #ef1 #ge1 #gi1 #ajc1
 #afd n4 #a1 #ccj      sqq42     eve (1 
a "t :5 wit*es /eal milk f ! c[s1 #ccd  
sqq4     ---- ,g]vais1 spr+ (1 i4 #cjg  
---- ,hippolytus1 i4 #ba     ----       
,james1 i4 #bff2     quot$1 #bbc1 #bbd  
,/4 ,john1 ,eve (1 9 ,sw$51 ii4 #fe2    
,swee!>ts (1 #ib     ---- ,john !       
,bapti/1 day (1 i4 #cgg2     8 ,midsumm]
 fe/ival1 ii4 #bgc     ---- ,leonh>d1 i4
 #g sq4     ---- ,m>y1 ,wells (1 ii4    
#afa2     9 ,araceli1 #ahd     ----     
,ou51 ii4 #afe1 #afh     ---- ,paul1 i4 
#djg     ---- ,pet]1 z giv] ( ra91 i4   
#cjg     ---- ,pet]'s ,day 7#bi? ,june71
 ii4 #ada     ---- ,roma9 & ! dragon (  
,r\51 ii4 #afd sqq42     ! %r9e 7fi]te7 

(1 #afg1 #afh1 #agj n4 #a     ----      
,scaire1 ,mass (1 i4 #bcb sq4           
,sa9ts1 viol5ce done to images ( sa9ts 9
 ,sicily to procure ra91 i4      #cjj2  
images ( sa9ts dipp$ 9 wat] z a ra9-*>m1
 #cjg sq4     ,sakai1 !1 i4 #cfj        
,sakkalava1 !1 i4 #cig     akv> song1 i4
 #bfi sq4     ,sl trees1 ii4 #da2     & 
fl[]s1 #gf sq4     ,salagrama1 fossil   
ammonite1 ii4 #bf1 #bg n4 #b     ,salic 
law1 re-m>riage ( wid[ "u1 ii4 #bhe     
,salmon1 tw9s ?\ght to be1 i4 #bfc      
,salmoneus1 ,k+ ( ,elis1 i4 #caj1 ii4   
#agg1 #aha     ,salt1 ab/95ce f1 i4     
#abd1 #bff1 ii4 #ih1 #aje1 #adi2     z a
 *>m1 #cca     ,samagitians1 !1 ii4     
#abe2     _! sacr$ groves1 #dc     ,sami
 wood 7,prosopis spicig]a71 ii4 #bdh1   
#bdi1 #bej n4     ,samnites1 m>riage    
cu/om ( !1 ii4 #cje     ,samoa1 gods (1 
9 animal & human =m1 i4 #chi     ,s&wi* 
,isl&s1 ,k+ (1 i4 #cgg4     ,see also   
,hawaii     ,santiago1 ! horse (1 i4    
#bfg     ,s>ah & ,abraham1 ii4 #aad     
,s>d9ia1 ,midsumm] cu/oms 91 ii4 #ib    

,satapa?a-,brhmana1 i4 #chj     ,saturn 
p]sonifi$ at ! ,saturnalia1 ii4 #caj sq4
     ---- & ,jupit]1 ii4 #cbc           
,saturnalia1 ii4 #bgb2     z a f]tility 
rite1 #ii2     h[ celebrat$ by ,roman   
soldi]s on ! ,danube1 #caj2     ,saturn 
p]sonifi$ at !1 #caj sq42     ,k+ ( !1  
#caa2     ! fe/ival ( s[+1 #caa sq4     
,savile1 ,"l1 8 excavations at ,nemi1 i4
 #c n4 #b     ,saxo ,grammaticus1 i4    
#afj1 ii4 #bhj     ,saxons1 m>riage ) a 
/epmo!r among !1 ii4 #bhc2     (        
,transylvania1 #ccg     ,scaloi1 i4 #bgd
     ,scam&]1 ! riv]1 suppos$ to take ! 
virg9ity ( brides1 ii4 #afb             
,sc&9avia1 female desc5t ( ! k+%ip 91   
ii4 #bgi sq4     ,sceptre ( ,agamemnon1 
i4 #cfe     ,s*9z1 ,dr4 ,h41 ii4 #bac n4
 #b1 #bah     ,scotl&1 magical images 91
 i4 #fh-gj     ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 i4  
#cbf     ,scrat*+ ! p]son ) ! f+]s      
=bidd51 i4 #bed     ,scr(ula1 k+s ?\ght 
to heal scr(ula by _! t\*1 i4 #cfh sqq4 
,scy?ian k+s1 _! regalia1 i4 #cfe       
,scy?ians put _! k+s 9 bonds1 i4 #ced   

,sea1 virg9s m>ri$ to ! j9nee ( !1 ii4  
#aec sq42     phosphoresc5ce ( !1 #aed  
sq4     ,seasons1 ,a!nian sacrifices to 
!1 i4 #caj     ,secret societies1 i4    
#cdj     ,semiramis1 ii4 #bge     ,s5a1 
isl& (1 ii4 #bda n4 #a     ,s5eca1 on   
sacr$ groves1 ii4 #abc     ,s]p5t1 dri$1
 9 c]emony = /opp+ ra91 i4 #bie sq42    
or dragon ( wat]1 #aee sqq4     ,s]p5ts 
9 relation to ,/4 ,george1 ii4 #cdd n4  
#d     ,s]via1 ra9-mak+ c]emony 91 i4   
#bgc     ,s]vius on ,virbius1 i4 #bj    
sq41 #dj     ---- ,tullius1 laws (1 ii4 
#aae1 #abi2     & ,=tuna1 #aic n4 #a1   
#bgb2     leg5d ( 8 bir? f ! fire1 #aie 
sq42     8 dea?1 #cbj sq4     ,sew+     
=bidd51 i4 #aba1 #abh     ,sexes1       
influ5ce ( !1 on vegetation1 ii4 #ig    
sqq42     ( plants1 #bd     ,sexual     
communism1 tradition (1 ii4 #bhd        
---- crime1 blight+ effects attribut$   
to1 ii4 #ajg sqq4     ---- int]c\rse    
practis$ to make ! crops & fruits gr[1  
ii4 #ih      sqq4     ---- orgies z a   
f]tility *>m1 ii4 #ih sqq4     ,%ak+ (  

victim z sign ( its acceptance1 i4 #chd 
sq4     ,%ans ( ,burma1 i4 #abh         
,%eaf ( oats made up to repres5t ,/4    
,bride or ,bridget1 ii4 #id sq42     !  
la/1 #id n4 #b     ,%eep1 black1        
sacrific$ = ra91 i4 #bij     ---- driv5 
?r\gh fire1 ii4 #cbg     ,%eph]d's      
pray]1 ii4 #cbg sq4     ,%eph]ds'       
fe/ival1 anci5t ,italian1 ii4 #cbf sqq4 
,%etl&1 wit*es 91 i4 #cbf     ,%rew-m\se
 9 magic1 i4 #hc     ,%uswap ,indians1  
i4 #bfe     ,siam1 ,k+ (1 ii4 #bfb2     
div9ity (1 i4 #dja     ,sibyl1 !1 & !   
,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aa     ,sicily1       
attempts to compel ! sa9ts to give ra9  
91 i4 #bii sq4     ,sick p pass$ ?r\gh a
 hole 9 an oak1 ii4 #cga     ,sickness1 
homoeopa?ic magic = ! cure (1 i4 #gh    
sqq4     ,silesia1 ,:itsuntide cu/oms 91
 ii4 #hi     ,silk-cotton trees rev]5c$1
 ii4 #ad sq4     ,silvanus1 =e/ god1 ii4
 #aba1 #abd     ,silv] popl> a *>m aga9/
 wit*craft1 ii4 #ccf     ,silvii1 !     
family "n ( ! k+s ( ,alba1 ii4 #agh     
sqq41 #aib     ,silvius1 fir/ k+ (      

,alba1 ii4 #agi     ,simil>ity 9 magic1 
law (1 i4 #eb1 #ec     ,simplification1 
dang] ( excessive simplification 9      
sci5ce1 i4 #ccb      sq4     ,s+]1 !    
be/1 *os5 *ief1 ii4 #bih sq4     ,s9s1  
confession (1 i4 #bff     ,s9uessa1     
wat]s (1 ii4 #afa     ,si/]'s *ildr5    
pref]r$ to man's own *ildr51 m>k (      
"m-k91      ii4 #bhe     ,si/]s ( k+1   
lic5ce accord$ to1 ii4 #bgd sqq4        
,siva1 i4 #djd1 ii4 #gg1 #gh     ,skeat1
 ,w4 ,w41 i4 #cfj sq4     ,skeleton 9   
ra9-*>m1 i4 #bhd     ,sk5e1 ,w4 ,f41 ii4
 #bhf n4 #b     ,skoptsy1 !1 a ,russian 
sect1 ii4 #ade n4 #b     ,skulls1       
ance/ral1 us$ 9 magical c]emonies1 i4   
#afc2     9 ra9-*>m1 #bhe     ,sky1 tw9s
 call$ ! *ildr5 ( !1 i4 #bfg1 #bfh2     
,aryan god ( !1 ii4 #cgd sq4     ,slave1
 *>m to br+ back a runaway1 i4 #aeb1    
#cag     ---- prie/s at ,nemi1 i4 #aa   
,slaves1 lic5ce grant$ to1 at           
,saturnalia1 ii4 #cab2     female1      
lic5ce accord$ to1 at ! ,nonae          
,caprot9ae1 #cac sq4     ,slavs1        

tree-wor%ip among ! hea!n1 ii4 #i2     !
 ?und]-god ,p]un1 ( !1 #cfe     ,sleep1 
*>ms employ$ by burgl>s to cause1 i4    
#adh sq4     8,sleep ( w>10 ii4 #adg    
,smi?1 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 i4 #cja n4 #b     
,smi?s sacr$1 i4 #cdi     ,smoke made z 
a ra9-*>m1 i4 #bdi2     ( c$> inhal$ z  
means ( inspiration1 #chc sq42     z a  
*>m aga9/ wit*craft1 ii4 #ccj           
,snake-bites1 *>ms aga9/1 i4 #aeb sq4   
---- sk9 a *>m aga9/ wit*craft1 ii4 #cce
     ,snakes1 human wives (1 ii4 #adi1  
#aej     8,sob]0 sacrifices1 i4 #caa n4 
#a     ,social progress1 i4 #dbj        
,sodza1 a lightn+ goddess1 ii4 #cgj     
,s(ala1 ,k+ (1 i4 #cib     ,sogamozo1 ! 
pontiff (1 i4 #daf     ,sogble1 a       
lightn+ god1 ii4 #cgj     ,sol> my?     
!ory1 i4 #ccc     ,som]ville1 ,pr(essor 
,w41 ii4 #cbh n4 #d     ,sophocles1 ii4 
#aae1 #afa     ,sorc]]s4 ,see           
,magicians1 ,m$ic9e-m5     ,sorc]y4 ,see
 ,magic     ,sorr[s1 ,ma/] (1 i4 #bhj   
,s\l1 ext]nal1 9 aft]bir? 7plac5ta7 or  
navel-/r+1 i4 #bjj sq4     ,s\ls ascrib$

 to trees1 ii4 #ab sqq42     ( ance/ors 
suppos$ to be 9 fire on ! he>?1 #bcb    
,s[+1 curses at1 i4 #bha2               
homoeopa?ic magic at1 #acf sqq42        
sexual int]c\rse be=e1 ii4 #ih2         
cont95ce at1 #aje1 #ajf2     9 ,italy & 
,sicily1 "t (1 #caa n4 #e     ,sp>ks (  
fire suppos$ to impregnate wom51 ii4    
#aig1 #bca     ,sp>ta1 ! two k+s (1 i4  
#df sq42     _! relation to ,ca/or &    
,pollux1 #dh-ej     ,sp>tan sacrifice ( 
horses to ! sun1 i4 #cae sq4     ,sp5c] 
& ,gill51 i4 #hi1 #ajg n4 #d     ,spie?1
 ,j41 i4 #cig     ,sp9n+ =bidd51 i4 #aac
 sq4     ,_s1 ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free1 i4 #djh
     ,spiritual husb&s1 ii4 #caf sq4    
,spittle1 div9ation by1 i4 #ii2     us$ 
9 magic1 #eg     ,spr+1 oracul> at      
,dodona1 ii4 #agb     ,spr+s tr\bl$ to  
procure ra91 i4 #cja2     :i* conf]     
prophetic p[]s1 ii4 #agb     ,squirt+   
wat] z a ra9-*>m1 i4 #bdi sq41 #bgg sq4 
,/>1 fall+1 9 magic1 i4 #hd             
,/epmo!r1 m>riage ) a1 among ! ,saxons1 
ii4 #bhc     ,/ew>t1 ,c4 ,s41 i4 #chg n4

 #a     ,/icks1 sacr$1 repres5t+        
ance/ors1 ii4 #bbb sqq4     ,/one1 hol$1
 9 magic1 i4 #cac     ---- curlew 9     
magic1 i4 #hj     ---- ?r[+ z a f]tility
 *>m1 i4 #ci     ,/ones ti$ to trees to 
make !m be> fruit1 i4 #adj2     oa?s ^u1
 #afj sq42     homoeopa?ic magic (1 #afj
 sqq42     employ$ to make fruits &     
crops gr[1 #afb sqq42     preci\s1      
homoeopa?ic magic (1 #afd sq42     !    
,day (1 #bgi2     ra9-mak+ by means (1  
#cjd sqq42     9 *>ms to make ! sun %9e1
 #cab1 #cac1 #cad2     put 9 trees to   
prev5t sun f sett+1 #cah2     9 w9d     
*>ms1 #cai1 #cbb sq4     ,/or]oom       
7p5us71 sacr$1 ii4 #bje sq4     ,/rabo1 
ii4 #cje     ,/ubbes1 ,p41 ii4 #ff      
,sub9cision1 use ( blood %$ at1 i4 #ib1 
#id sq4     ,succession to ! *iefta9%ip 
or k+%ip alt]nat+ betwe5 sev]al         
families1 ii4 #bib sqq4     ---- to !   
k+dom1 9 anci5t ,latium1 ii4 #bff sqq42 
det]m9$ by a race1 #bii sqq42           
det]m9$ by mortal combat1 ii4 #cbb      
,sulka1 !1 ( ,new ,brita91 ii4 #adh     

,sumatra1 i4 #eh1 #ga     ,summ]1 br++ 9
 !1 ii4 #gd     ,sun1 homoeopa?ic magic 
( sett+1 i4 #afe sq42     suppos$ to s5d
 new tee?1 #aha2     magical control (  
!1 #caa sqq42     *>ms to cause ! sun to
 %9e1 #caa sqq42     eclipse (1         
c]emonies at #caa1 #cab2     human      
sacrifices to ! #cad sq42     *ief deity
 ( ! ,rhodians1 #cae2     suppos$ to    
drive 9 *>iot1 #cae2     caught by net  
or /r+1 #caf2     *>ms to prev5t ! sun f
 go+ d[n1 #caf sqq42     ! fa!r ( !     
,incas1 #dae2     ,p>?ian mon>*s !      
bro!rs ( !1 #dag sq42     sanctu>y ( !1 
ii4 #ajg2     high prie/ ( !1 #adf sq42 
m>riage ( a woman to !1 #adf sq42       
wor%ipp$ by ! ,blackfoot ,indians1 #adf2
     r\nd temple ( !1 #adg2     temple (
 ! ,sun at ,cuzco1 #bdc2     virg9s ( ! 
,sun 9 ,p]u1 #bdc sqq42     ! ,great1   
title ( *ief1 #bfb1 #bfc     ---- &     
,e>?1 m>riage ( !1 ii4 #ih sq41 #adh    
---- -god1 no w9e (f]$ to !1 i4 #caa    
---- -god ,ra 9 ,egypt1 i4 #dah1 #dai   
---- goddess1 i4 #dag     ,sup]/itions z

 to ! mak+ ( pott]y1 ii4 #bjd sq4       
,svayamv>a1 ii4 #cjf     ,swami         
,bhask>an&aji ,s>aswati1 i4 #djd        
,swe>+ on /ones1 i4 #afj sq4     ,sw$51 
midsumm] cu/oms 91 ii4 #fe2     ,frey & 
8 prie/ess 91 #adc sq42     cu/oms      
obs]v$ 91 at turn+ out ! cattle to graze
 = ! fir/        "t 9 spr+1 #cda sq4    
,sw$es sacrifice _! k+s1 i4 #cff sq4    
,swee!>ts ( ,/4 ,john1 ii4 #ib          
,sw9e1 h]ds (1 9 anci5t ,italy1 ii4 #ced
     ,sycamores wor%ipp$1 ii4 #ae2      
sacr$ among ! ,gallas1 #cd     ,sylvii  
or ,woods1 ! k+s ( ,alba1 ii4 #cgi      
,sympa!tic ,magic1 i4 #ea sqq42     its 
two bran*es1 #ed2     examples (1 #ee   
sqq4     ,see also ,magic     ,syria1   
,/4 ,george 91 ii4 #cdf       ,ta>a1 !  
?und]-god ( ! ,e/honians1 ii4 #cfg      
,taboo1 a negative magic1 i4 #aaa sqq4  
,taboos1 homoeopa?ic1 i4 #aaf2          
contagi\s1 #aag2     on food1 #aag sqq42
     laid on ! p>5ts ( tw9s1 #bfb1 #bfc 
sq41 #bff2     obs]v$ aft] h\se-build+1 
ii4 #dj     ,tacitus1 ii4 #bhe          

,tagales1 !1 ii4 #cf     ,tahiti1 k+s (1
 deifi$1 i4 #chh     8,tail-money10 ii4 
#cca     ,tli1 ty+ !1 ii4 #eg n4 #d     
,tam>9ds1 sacr$1 ii4 #db1 #dd           
,tammuz or ,adonis1 ii4 #cdf     ,tana1 
p[] ( ! disease-mak]s 91 i4 #cda        
,tanaquil1 ! ,que51 ii4 #aie            
,taoism1 religi\s head (1 i4 #dac sqq4  
,tapio1 woodl& god1 ii4 #abd            
,t>ahum>es ( ,mexico1 i4 #bdi     ,t>qu9
 ! ,eld]1 ii4 #aie     ---- ! ,pr\d1 8  
attempt to %ift ! l9e ( desc5t ( !      
k+%ip1      ii4 #bia sq4                
,tasmanians1 !1 ii4 #beg     ,tatius1   
dea? (1 ii4 #cbj     ,tauric ,diana1 i4 
#aj sq41 #bd     ,taylor1 ,isaac1 ii4   
#ahi n4 #c     ,tee?1 c]emony ( knock+  
out tee? at initiation1 i4 #ig sqq42    
extraction ( tee? 9 connexion ) ra91 #ih
 sq42     *>ms to /r5g!n1 #aec1 #aeg2   
contagi\s magic (1 #agf-ahb2     ( rats 
& mice 9 magic1 #agh sqq4     ,telamon1 
ii4 #bgh     ,tel*9es1 !1 ( ,rhodes1 i4 
#caj     ,telepa?y1 magical1 i4 #aai    
sqq42     9 hunt+ & fi%+1 #abj sqq42    

9 w>1 #abf sqq42     9 voyages1 #abf    
,t]tullian1 i4 #djg2     on ! ,etruscan 
cr[n1 ii4 #age n4 #a     ,teuc]1 ii4    
#bgh     ,teutonic k+s1 i4 #dg2         
?und] god1 ii4 #cfd     ,?>gelion1      
,greek h>ve/ mon?1 i4 #cb     ,!bes1 !  
,egyptian1 ii4 #acj1 #acd2     high     
prie/s ( ,ammon at1 #acd     ,!ocritus1 
wit* 91 i4 #bjf     ,!ogamy1 div9e      
m>riage1 ii4 #aba     ,!ophra/us1 on !  
woods ( ,latium1 ii4 #ahh     ,!opompus1
 ii4 #bhg     ,!vet1 ,f4 ,a41 i4 #ceh   
,?ieves' c&les1 i4 #adh1 #adi     ,?+s1 
homoeopa?ic magic ( inanimate1 i4 #aeg  
sqq4     ,?i/les1 a *>m aga9/ wit*craft1
 ii4 #cci1 #cdj     ,?ompson ,indians1  
i4 #gj1 #acb2     ! fire-drill ( !1 ii4 
#bjh     ,?or1 ! ,norse ?und] god1 ii4  
#cfd     ,?orn-bu%es z *>ms aga9/       
wit*es1 ii4 #cch     ,?o?1 ,egyptian    
god1 ii4 #aca     ,?reat5+ ! ?und] god1 
ii4 #ahc n4 #b     ,?rice born1 said (  
,brahmans1 i4 #cha     ,?rones1 sanctity
 (1 i4 #cfe     ,?und]1 imitation (1 i4 
#bdh2     k+s expect$ to make1 ii4 #ahj 

sqq42     ?\ght to be ! roll ( ! drums (
 ! dead1 #ahc2     ra91 sky1 & oak1 god 
( !1 #cdi sq42     ,e/honian pray] to1  
#cfg sq4     ---- & oak1 ! ,aryan god ( 
!1 ii4 #cef sqq4     ,?und]-bird1 i4    
#cji     ---- god1 ?reat5+ !1 ii4 #ahc  
n4 #b2     conceiv$ z a deity (         
f]tility1 #cfh sqq4     ,?und]bolt (    
,indra1 i4 #bfi     ---- ,zeus1 ii4 #cfa
     ,?und]bolts1 k+s kill$ by1 ii4     
#aha2     fl9t implem5ts reg>d$ z1 #cgd 
,?und]/orms1 disappe>ance ( ,roman k+s  
91 ii4 #aha sqq4     ,?ur/on1 ,e41 i4   
#ef n4 #c     ,?yiads1 !1 i4 #df        
,tibet1 ! ,gr& ,lamas (1 i4 #daa sq4    
,tides1 homoeopa?ic magic ( !1 i4 #aff  
sqq4     ,tiele1 ,c4 ,p41 i4 #dai sq4   
,tifata1 ,m\nt1 ii4 #chj     ,timb]1    
homoeopa?ic magic ( h\se timb]1 i4 #adf2
     ( h\ses1 tree-spirits propitiat$ 91
 ii4 #ci sq4     ,timor1 telepa?y (     
high-prie/ (1 9 w>1 i4 #abh sq4         
,t9neh ,indians1 !1 i4 #ceg     ,toad 9 
*>m aga9/ /orms1 i4 #cbe     ,to>ipi or 
,motumotu1 !1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 i4 #abe1   

#ccg     ,toboongkoos1 !1 ii4 #ce       
,todas1 !1 i4 #ef2     div9e milkm5 ( !1
 #djb sq42     magic & m$ic9e among !1  
#dba n4 #a     ,togol&1 i4 #bfe         
,tomori1 !1 ( ,celebes1 ii4 #bi1 #ce1   
#aaj     ,tonga1 *iefs (1 believ$ to    
heal scr(ula1 i4 #cga     ,tonqu91 k+s  
(1 responsible = dr\ght & de>?1 i4 #cee 
,tpp51 ,m41 ii4 #cfe n4 #e              
,toradjas1 !1 i4 #aji1 #aad1 #abi1 #aei 
,torres ,/raits1 i4 #ei     ,tortoise1  
magic (1 i4 #aea1 #agj     ,totem1      
confusion betwe5 a man & 8 totem1 i4    
#ajg sq4     ,totemism 9 ,c5tral        
,au/ralia n a religion1 i4 #ajg sq4     
,totems 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 magical    
c]emonies = ! multiplication      (1 i4 
#he sqq42     cu/om ( eat+ !1 #ajg      
,t\*-me-n 7,impati5s sp471 ii4 #gg      
,t\*+ = ! ,k+'s ,evil 7scr(ula71 i4 #cfh
 sqq4     ,transmigrations ( human      
deities1 i4 #daj sqq4     ,tree1 life ( 
*ild connect$ )1 i4 #ahd2     t has be5 
/ruck by lightn+1 #cai2     culprits ti$
 to sacr$1 ii4 #aab sq42     fire k9dl$ 

f ance/ral1 #bba2     _s repres5t$      
simultane\sly 9 vegetable & human =m1   
ii4 #gc        sqq4     ---- -spirits1  
ii4 #g sqq42     9 h\se-timb]           
propitiat$1 #ci sq42     b5efic5t p[]s  
(1 #de sqq42     give ra9 & sun%9e1 #de 
sq42     make crops gr[1 #dg sqq42      
make cattle & wom5 fruitful1 #ej sqq41  
#ee sqq42     9 human =m or embodi$ 9   
liv+ p1 #ga sqq4     ,tree-wor%ip among 
! ,european families ( ! ,aryan /ock1   
ii4 #i      sqq42     9 mod]n ,europe1  
relics (1 #ei sqq4     ,trees1 m>riage  
to1 i4 #dj sq41 ii4 #eg2     extract$   
tee? plac$ 91 i4 #ih2     burial 91     
#ajb2     navel-/r+s plac$ 91 #ahb1     
#ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf2     aft]bir? 7plac5ta7
 plac$ 91 #ahb1 #ahg1 #aij1 #aia1 #aid1 
#aii2     wor%ip (1 ii4 #g sqq42        
reg>d$ z animate1 #ab sqq42             
sacrifices to1 #ae1 #af sq41 #cd1 #dd1  
#df1 #dg2     s5sitive1 #ah2            
apologies (f]$ to trees = cutt+ !m d[n1 
#ah sq41 #cf sq42     ble$+1 #ah1 #bj1  
#cc2     ?reat5$ to make !m be> fruit1  

#bj sqq42     m>ri$ to ea* o!r1 #bd     
sqq42     animat$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead1   
#bi sqq42     plant$ on graves1 #ca2    
z ! abode ( spirits1 #cc sqq42          
c]emonies at cutt+ d[n1 #cd sqq42       
dr5*$ ) wat] z a ra9-*>m1 #dg2     grant
 wom5 an easy deliv]y1 #eg sq4     ---- 
& plants1 attempts to deceive ! spirits 
(1 ii4 #bb sqq4     ---- sacr$1 ii4 #dj 
sqq42     sme>$ ) blood1 #cfg           
,tr9ity1 ! ,h9doo1 i4 #bbe1 #djd2     ! 
,norse1 ii4 #cfd     ,triumph1 ! ,roman1
 ii4 #agd     ,troez51 sanctu>y (       
,hippolytus at1 i4 #bd sq4     ,troy1   
sanctu>y ( ,a!na at1 ii4 #bhd     8,true
 ,man1 !10 i4 #dac     ,trumpets1 sacr$1
 ii4 #bd     ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ,gold
 ,coa/1 i4 #acb     ,tullius ,ho/ilius1 
kill$ by lightn+1 ii4 #aha1 #cbj        
,tumleo1 i4 #bac     ,turn]1 ,dr4       
,george1 i4 #cda     ,turn]'s picture ( 
8,! ,gold5 ,b\gh10 i4 #a     ,turn+ or  
:irl+ r\nd1 cu/om (1 obs]v$ by mumm]s1  
i4 #bgc1 #bge1      ii4 #gd1 #hj1 #ha1  
#hg     8,tw910 "n appli$ by ! ,bag&a to

 ! navel-/r+1 i4 #aie1 #aif     ,tw9s1  
i4 #ade2     9 w>1 #di n4 #c2     taboos
 laid on p>5ts (1 #bfb1 #bfc sq42       
suppos$ to possess magical p[]s1        
especially ov] ! wea!r &        ra91    
#bfb-bfi2     suppos$ to be salmon1     
#bfc2     ?\ght to be relat$ to         
grizzly-be>s1 #bfd sq42     ?\ght to be 
relat$ to apes1 #bfe2     ?\ght to be ! 
sons ( lightn+1 #bff2     call$ ! *ildr5
 ( ! sky1 #bfg1 #bfh2     wat] p\r$ on  
graves ( tw9s z a ra9-*>m1 #bfh2        
cu/oms ( ! ,bag&a 9 reg>d to1 ii4 #ajb  
sq4     ,two-head$ bu/ at ,nemi1        
portrait ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood1 i4 #da sq4  
,tydeus1 ii4 #bgh     ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41  
i4 #ec n4 #a1 ii4 #bjh1 #bdd n4 #a1 #cgd
 n4 #b2     on f]tilisation ( date-palm1
 #be n4     ,tynd>ids 7,ca/or &         
,pollux71 i4 #di       ,ug&a1 ,que5     
,d[ag] & ,que5 ,si/] 91 ii4 #bge sq4    
,ulysses & ,aeolus1 i4 #cbf2     &      
,p5elope1 ii4 #cjj     ,umbrians1 ordeal
 ( battle among !1 ii4 #cba     ,uncle1 
mat]nal1 pref]r$ to fa!r1 m>k ( "m-k91  

ii4 #bhe     ,upsala1 sacr$ grove at1   
ii4 #i2     temple ( ,frey at1 #add2    
great temple & fe/ival at1 #cfd sq4     
,urns1 fun]eal1 9 %ape ( huts1 ii4 #bja 
sq4     ,urvasi & ,pururavas1 ii4 #bej  
,vallabha*>yas1 !1 ,h9doo sect1 ii4 #afj
     ,v>ro1 ii4 #ahe1 #bjj1 #cbf1 #cha  
,vatican hill1 !1 ii4 #ahf     ,vaughan 
,/ev5s1 ,h41 ii4 #bcf n4 #a             
,vegetation1 influ5ce ( ! sexes on1 ii4 
#ig sqq42     _s (1 repres5t$ by a k+ or
 que51 ii4 #hd1 #hg1 #hh2     newly     
awak5$ 9 spr+1 ii4 #gj2     br\ght to   
h\ses1 #gd2     repres5t$ by mumm]s     
dress$ 9 leaves1 bran*es1 & fl[]s1 #gd  
sqq41 #gh sqq42     repres5t$ by a tree 
& a liv+ man1 #gf2     repres5t$ 9      
duplicate by a girl & an effigy1 #gh2   
m5 & wom5 masqu]ad+ z1 #abj             
,vejovis1 ! ,little ,jupit]1 ii4 #agi   
,vel$a1 deifi$ woman1 i4 #cia           
,v5eti1 !1 ii4 #cec2     bre$]s (       
horses1 i4 #bg     ,v5triloquism a basis
 ( political p[]1 i4 #cdg     ,v5us     
7,aphrodite7 & ,adonis1 i4 #ba1 #be1    

#dj1 #da     ,v]rall1 ,a4 ,w41 ii4 #be  
n4 #b     ,ve/a1 h] sacr$ fires 9       
,latium1 i4 #ac sq42     at ,rome1 !    
grove (1 ii4 #ahe2     call$ ,"m1 n     
,virg91 #aih2     r\nd temple (1 #bjj   
sq42     z ,"m1 #bbg sqq42     a goddess
 ( fecundity1 #bbi sq42     h] fire at  
,rome f$ ) oak wood1 ii4 #ahf     ,ve/al
 fire at ,rome a successor ( ! fire on !
 k+'s he>?1 ii4      #bjj sqq42         
k9dl$ by ! friction ( wood1 #bjg2     at
 ,nemi1 #cgh sq41 #chj2     ,virg9s 9   
,latium1 i4 #ac sq42     become mo!rs by
 ! fire1 ii4 #aif sq42     reg>d$ z     
wives ( ! fire-god1 #aih1 #aii1 #bbi2   
among ! ,bag&a1 #bdf     ,ve/als1 h\se (
 !1 ii4 #bja2     ( ! ,h]]o1 #bac1 #bad2
     cu/om ( bury+ alive unfai?ful      
,ve/als1 #bbh2     adore ! male organ1  
#bbi2     rites p]=m$ by !m = ! f]tility
 ( ! e>? & !        fecundity ( cattle1 
#bbi1 #cbf2     ,african1 #aej2     at  
,rome ! wives or daught]s ( ! k+s1 #bbh2
     ,celtic1 #bda n4 #a2     ,p]uvian1 
#bdc sqq42     9 ,yucatan1 #bde sq4     

,victims give signs ( inspiration by    
%ak+ !mselves1 i4 #chd sq4              
,victoria1 ! late ,que51 wor%ipp$ 9     
,orissa1 i4 #djd     ,victoria ,nyanza1 
god ( !1 ii4 #aej     ,viehe1 ,rev4 ,g41
 ii4 #bac n4 #b1 #bbc sq4     ,v9es     
bless$ on ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 7#ae?
 ,augu/71 i4 #ad      sq4     ,viol5t   
dea?s ( ! ,roman k+s1 ii4 #cac sqq4     
,viraco*a1 i4 #ef     ,virbius1 ! slope 
(1 i4 #d n4 #e1 ii4 #cba2     ! mate (  
,diana at ,nemi1 i4 #ai-ba1 #dj sq41 ii4
 #abi2     etymology ( ! "n1 #cgi n4 #e 
,virgil1 ii4 #ahd1 #ahf1 #cgi2     an   
antiqu>y z well z a poet1 #agh          
,virg91 ! ,assumption ( !1 9 relation to
 ,diana1 i4 #ad-af2     fe/ival ( !1 9 !
 ,arm5ian ,*ur*1 #af2     ,m>y (        
,kevla>1 i4 #gg2     prie/esses 9 ,p]u1 
,mexico1 & ,yucatan1 ii4 #bdc sqq4      
,virg9ity (f]$ to riv]s1 ii4 #afb       
,virility1 hi]ophant at ,eleusis        
tempor>ily depriv$ ( 81 ii4 #acj2       
sacrifice (1 to a goddess1 #add sq4     
,vi%nu1 ii4 #bf     ,vitellius at ,nemi1

 i4 #e     ,vitup]ation ?\ght to cause  
ra91 i4 #bgh     ,votive (f]+s at ,nemi1
 i4 #d1 #f1 #ab1 #ai1 #bc     ,voyages1 
telepa?y 91 i4 #abf     ,vulcan1 fa!r ( 
,caeculus1 ii4 #aig     ,vulture1 magic 
(1 i4 #aea       ,wagogo1 !1 i4 #abc    
,wagtail1 ! yell[1 9 magic1 i4 #gi      
,walb]1 !1 ii4 #ge     ,waldem>1 ,i41   
,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 i4 #cfg     ,wallace1 ,sir
 ,d4 ,mack5zie1 i4 #djg sq4     ,walos1 
!1 ( ,s5egal1 i4 #cgj     ,walpurgis    
,night1 ii4 #eb1 #ed1 #ee1 #abg         
,walton1 ,izaak1 i4 #cbf n4 #b     ,w>1 
telepa?y 91 i4 #abf sqq4     8,w>1 !    
sleep (10 ii4 #adg     ,w>d1 ,pr(essor  
,h4 ,m>%all1 ii4 #beb1 #cae n4 #a       
,w>d1 ,pr(essor ,james1 i4 #dbc         
,w>ramunga1 !1 i4 #ic1 #ie1 #ii         
,wasps 9 magic1 i4 #aeb     ,wat]       
spr9kl$ z ra9-*>m1 i4 #bdh sqq42        
s]p5t or dragon (1 ii4 #aee sqq4        
---- & ,fire1 k+s (1 ii4 #c sqq4        
---- -lilies1 *>ms to make wat]-lilies  
gr[1 i4 #ie1 #ig1 #ih     ---- nymphs1  
f]tilis+ virtue (1 ii4 #afb     ----    

-spirits1 propitiation (1 ii4 #gf2      
sacrifices to1 #aee sqq42     z b5efic5t
 be+s1 #aei2     be/[ (fspr+ on wom51   
#aei sqq4     ---- totem1 i4 #bei       
,wat]falls1 spirits (1 ii4 #aef1 #aeg   
,wax melt$ 9 magic1 i4 #gg     ,weal?   
acquir$ by magicians1 i4 #cdg1 #cdh1    
#cea1 #ceb     ,weapon & w\nd1 contagi\s
 magic (1 i4 #bja sqq4     ,weav+ & tw9+
 ?read =bidd51 i4 #aca     ,wellhaus51  
,j41 i4 #cjc     ,wells cleans$ z       
ra9-*>m1 i4 #bfg2     m>ri$ to ! holy   
basil1 ii4 #bf sq42     be/[ (fspr+ on  
wom51 #afj sq4     ,w5ds1 _! sup]/ition 
z to oaks1 ii4 #ee     ,w]n]1 ,miss ,a41
 ii4 #cag n4 #a     ,w]nicke1 quot$1 i4 
#ce sq4     ,wett+ p ) wat] z a ra9-*>m1
 i4 #bej1 #bea1 #bfi sq41 #bgb1         
#bgc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgg sq41 ii4 #gg     
,:ale-fi%+1 telepa?y 91 i4 #aba         
,:irl+ or turn+ r\nd1 cu/om (1 obs]v$ by
 mumm]s1 i4 #bgc1 #bge1      ii4 #gd1   
#hj1 #ha1 #hg     ,:irlw9d1 attack+ !1  
i4 #cbi sqq4     ,:ite bulls sacrific$1 
ii4 #ahh sq4     ---- horses1 sacr$1 ii4

 #agd n4 #b     ---- popl>1 !1 at       
,olympia1 ii4 #bbj     ---- ?orn1 a *>m 
aga9/ wit*es1 ii4 #aia     ---- victims 
sacrific$ = sun%9e1 i4 #bia1 #bib       
,:itekirk1 ii4 #afa     ,:it-,monday1 ! 
k+'s game on1 ii4 #hi1 #ajc             
,:itsun-bride 9 ,d5m>k1 ii4 #ia sq4     
,:itsunday cu/oms 9 ,russia1 ii4 #fd1   
#ic2     races1 ii4 #fi1 #hd2     conte/
 = ! k+%ip at1 #hi2     cu/om ( roll+ on
 ! fields at1 #ajc2     cu/oms 9 ,holl&1
 #ajd     ---- ,bride1 !1 ii4 #hi1 #if  
---- ,basket1 !1 ii4 #hc     ---- ,fl[]1
 ii4 #hj     ---- ,k+1 ii4 #hd1 #hi1 #ij
     ---- -l\t1 !1 ii4 #ha     ----     
,man1 ! ,little1 ii4 #ha     ---- ,que51
 ii4 #hg1 #ij     ,wid[1 re-m>riage (1 9
 ,salic law1 ii4 #bhe sq4     ,wi$emann1
 ,a41 i4 #bcj sq4     ,wiglet & ,f5g1   
ii4 #bha1 #bhc     ,wilhelm9a1 a        
,bohemian woman1 wor%ipp$1 i4 #dji      
,wilk9son1 ,r4 ,j41 ii4 #chc n4 #a      
,william ! ,?ird1 i4 #cfi     ,will[    
tree on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ii4 #gf     
,w9d1 magical control ( !1 i4 #cai sqq42

     *>ms to make ! w9d drop1 #cbj2     
fight+ & kill+ ! _s ( !1 #cbg sqq4      
---- clan1 i4 #cbj     ---- ( ! ,cross1 
i4 #cbe     ---- doctor1 i4 #cba        
,w9ds ti$ up 9 knots1 i4 #cbf     ,w9e n
 (f]$ to ! sun-god1 i4 #caa             
,wiradjuri tribe1 i4 #cce     ,wiss[a1  
,pr(essor ,g41 i4 #bb n4 #e1 #bc n41 ii4
 #chb n4 #a     ,wit*es rais+ ! w9d1 i4 
#cbb1 #cbf2     buri$ "u trees1 ii4 #cb2
     /eal milk on ,may ,day or          
,walpurgis ,night1 #eb sqq42     /eal   
milk on ,midsumm] ,eve1 #abg2     /eal  
milk on ,eve ( ,/4 ,george1 #ccd sqq42  
precautions aga9/1 #eb sqq42     z cats 
& dogs1 #ccd1 #cce     ,wit*es' sabba?  
on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,george1 ii4 #cce1 #cch 
,wit*etty grubs1 c]emony = !            
multiplication (1 i4 #he     8,wives (  
,m>duk10 ii4 #acj     ,wiz>ds :o raise  
w9ds1 i4 #cbc sqq42     ,f9ni%1 #cbe    
,wolves 9 relation to horses1 i4 #bg2   
fe>$ by %eph]ds1 ii4 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj   
sq41 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cda     ,wom51  
fruitful1 suppos$ to f]tilise crops &   

fruit-trees1 i4 #adj      sq42          
employ$ to s[ ! fields1 #ada sq42       
pl\gh+ z a ra9-*>m1 #bhb sq42           
wor%ipp$ by ! anci5t ,g]mans1 #cia2     
m>ri$ to gods1 ii4 #abi sqq41 #adc sq41 
#adf sq41 #adi sqq42     f]tilis$ by    
wat]-spirits1 #aei sqq42     impregnat$ 
by fire1 #aie sqq41 #bcj sq42     alone 
all[$ to make pott]y1 #bjd sq4     ---- 
b>r51 ?\ght to /]ilise g>d5s1 i4 #adb2  
f]tilis$ by trees1 ii4 #caf sqq4        
,wood1 fire k9dl$ by ! friction (1 ii4  
#bjg sqq41 #bce sqq41 #bdc1      #bdh   
sqq41 #beh sq41 #bfb1 #bfc1 #ccf1 #cff1 
#cgb       ,wood1 ! ,k+ ( !1 i4 #a sqq42
     ,"l ( !1 ii4 #cf     ,woods1       
species (1 us$ 9 mak+ fire by friction1 
ii4 #bdh-beb     ,wordswor?1 ,w41 i4    
#ajd     ,wor%ip ( trees1 ii4 #g sqq42  
( ! oak1 #cdi sqq4     ,wotyaks1 !1 ii4 
#dc1 #ade1 #adf     ,w\nd & weapon1     
contagi\s magic (1 i4 #bja sqq4         
,wyse1 ,miss ,a41 ii4 #hh n4 #a         
,wyse1 ,william1 i4 #aja n4 #b1 #aje n4 
#e1 ii4 #cef n4 #c       ,yakuts1 !1 i4 

#cai     ,yam v9es1 cont95ce at tra9+1  
ii4 #aje sq4     ,yegory or ,yury 7,/4  
,george71 ii4 #ccb1 #ccc     ,yell[     
birds 9 magic1 i4 #gi sq4     ---- col\r
 9 magic1 i4 #gi sqq4     ---- ,riv]1   
girls m>ri$ to !1 ii4 #aeb     ,yngl+>  
family1 ii4 #bgi     ,yorubas1 !1 i4    
#cfd2     *iefta9%ip among !1 ii4 #bic  
sq42     rule ( succession to !         
*iefta9%ip among !1 #bic sq4            
,yucatan1 ,ve/als 91 ii4 #bde sq4       
,yurac>es1 !1 ( ,bolivia1 ii4 #bjd      
,zela1 i4 #dg     ,zeus1 ,greek k+s     
call$1 ii4 #agg1 #cfa2     z god ( !    
oak1 ! ra91 ! ?und]1 & ! sky1 #ceh sqq42
     surnam$ ,lightn+1 #cfa2     surnam$
 ,?und]bolt1 #cfa2     z sky-god1 #cgd  
---- & ,demet]1 _! m>riage at ,eleusis1 
ii4 #ach sq4     ---- & ,dione1 at      
,dodona1 ii4 #ahi     ---- & ,h]a1 sacr$
 m>riage (1 ii4 #adj sq41 #adb sq4      
---- at ,dodona1 ii4 #agg2     prie/s (1
 #bdh     ---- at ,panam>a 9 ,c>ia1 i4  
#bh     ---- ,dictaean1 ii4 #abb        
---- ,lightn+1 i4 #cc     ---- ,lycaeus1

 i4 #cji     ---- ,panhell5ian1 ii4 #cei
     ---- ,ra9y1 ii4 #cgf     ----      
,%[]y1 ii4 #cfj     ---- ! ,desc5d]1 ii4
 #cfa     ,zimm]1 ,h41 ii4 #bhf n4 #b   
,zulus1 foods taboo$ among !1 i4 #aah   
sq4    ,,! ,,end    ,pr9t$ by ,r4  ,r4  
,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4            
,works by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]1         
,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4      ,,! ,,gold5    
,,b\gh    ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,magic ,,&     
,,religion    ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ &  
enl>g$4 #hvo4    ,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,magic    
,,art ,,& ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,k+s4 #d?
 ,impression4 ,two  volumes4 #bjs4 net4 
,,ii4 ,,taboo ,,& ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,!   
,,s\l4 #crd ,impression4 ,"o volume4    
#ajs4  net4    ,,iii4 ,,! ,,dy+ ,,god4  
#crd ,impression4 ,"o volume4 #ajs4 net4
    ,,iv4 ,,adonis1 ,,attis1 ,,osiris4  
#crd ,impression4 ,two volumes4 #bjs4   
net4    ,v4 ,,spirits ,,( ,,! ,,corn ,,&
 ,,( ,,! ,,wild4 #bnd ,impression4 ,two 
volumes4  #bjs4 net4    ,,vi4 ,,!       
,,scapegoat4 ,"o volume4 #ajs4 net4     
,,vii4 ,,bald] ,,! ,,beautiful3 ,,!     

,,fire-,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,europe ,,& ,,!  
,,doctr9e  ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,s\l4 #bnd
 ,impression4 ,two volumes4 #bjs4 net4  
,vol4 ,,xii4 ,,bibliography ,,& ,,g5]al 
,,index4 #bjs4 net4    ,,times4--8,!    
v]dict ( po/]ity w probably be t ,!     
,gold5  ,b\gh influ5c$ ! attitude ( !   
human m9d t[>ds sup]natural  beliefs &  
symbolical rituals m pr(\ndly ?an any   
o!r books  publi%$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury   
except ^? ( ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t  ,sp5c]40    
,,totemism ,,& ,,exogamy4 ,a ,treatise  
on ,c]ta9 ,e>ly ,=ms (      ,sup]/ition 
& ,society4 ,) ,maps4 ,f\r vols4 #hvo4  
#ejs4 net4    ,,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,crawley 9 
,,nature4--8,t portion ( ! book :i* is  
conc]n$ ) totemism 7if we may express   
our own belief at ! risk (  (f5d+ ,pr(4 
,fraz]'s *>act]i/ic mode/y7 is actually 
#8,!  ,complete ,hi/ory ( ,totemism1 its
 ,practice & its ,!ory1 its ,orig9  &   
its ,end4'444 ,ne>ly two ?\s& pages are 
occupi$ ) an  e?nographical survey (    
totemism1 an invaluable compilation4 ,! 
maps1  includ+ t ( ! di/ribution (      

totemic peoples1 are a new &  useful    
feature40          ,,lectures ,,on ,,!  
,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,k+%ip4 #hvo4  
#hs4 #f;d4 net4    ,,a!n,,um4--8,x is ! 
effect ( a good book n only to tea*1 b  
also  to /imulate & to sugge/1 & we ?9k 
?is ! be/ & highe/  quality1 & "o t w   
recomm5d ^! lectures to all intellig5t  
read]s1 z well z to ! le>n$40           
,,psy*e',s ,,task1 ,a ,disc\rse conc]n+ 
! ,influ5ce (      ,sup]/ition on !     
,gr[? ( ,in/itutions4 ,second ,edition1 
revis$      & enl>g$4 ,to :i* is add$   
8,! ,scope ( ,social ,an?ropology40     
#hvo4 #es4 net4    ,,outlook4--8,:e!r we
 disagree or agree ) ,dr4 ,fraz]'s g5]al
  conclusions1 he has provid$ u ) a     
v]itable /oreh\se (  correlat$ facts1 = 
:i*1 & = ! le>n+ t has gone to _!       
collection1 & = ! intellectual          
brilliance t has gone to _!  arrangem5t1
 we c nev] be suffici5tly grateful40    
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4
          ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality
 ,,& ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,vol4 

,i4 ,!      ,belief among ! ,aborig9es (
 ,au/ralia1 ! ,torres ,/raits           
,isl&s1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,melanesia4 ,!   
,gif=d ,lectures1 ,/4      ,&rews1      
#aiaa-aiab4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4    ,,mr4   
,,edw>d ,,clodd 9 ! ,,daily             
,,*ronicle4--8#8,if a man die1 %all he  
live  aga98' is a "q ask$ *iliads be=e  
,job put x1 & !  g5]ations ( mank9d     
repeat x4 ,9 ?is pr(\ndly int]e/+       
volume1  ,pr(essor ,fraz]1 out ( !      
treasury ( 8 k1 & )  consummate art (   
attractive pres5tm5t1 gives ! answ]s    
devis$ by  ! ,l[] ,races40              
,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4  
#hvo4    ,9 ,prep>ation4                
,,pausanias',s ,,description ,,(        
,,greece4 ,translat$ ) a ,comm5t>y1     
,illu/rations1 & ,maps4 ,second         
,edition4 ,six vols4 #hvo4 #abfs4 net4  
,,a!n,,um4--8,all ^! writ+s 9 _m        
languages ,mr4 ,fraz] has read  & dige/$
 ) extraord9>y c>e1 s t 8 book w be =   
ye>s  ! book ( ref]5ce on su* matt]s1 n 
only 9 ,engl&1 b 9  ,france & ,g]many4  

,x is a p]fect !saurus ( ,greek         
topography1  ar*ology1 & art40          
,,/udies ,,9 ,,greek ,,sc5]y1 ,,leg5d   
,,& ,,hi/ory4 ,select$ f 8              
,comm5t>y on ,pausanias by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 
,,fraz]4 ,globe #hvo4 #es4 net4         
,ev]sley ,s]ies4    ,,gu>dian4--8,"h we 
h mat]ial :i* e "o :o has visit$        
,greece1 or purposes to visit x1 mo/    
c]ta9ly %\ld read &  enjoy4444 ,we _c   
imag9e a m excell5t book = ! educat$    
visitor to ,greece40          ,,lett]s  
,,( ,,william ,,c[p]4 ,*os5 & ,edit$1 ) 
a ,memoir & a      few ,notes1 by ,sir  
,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]4 ,two vols4 ,globe #hvo4
 #ajs4 net4    ,ev]sley ,s]ies4    ,,mr4
 ,,clem5t ,,%ort] 9 ! ,,daily           
,,*ronicle4--8,! introductory ,memoir1  
( "s eighty pages 9 l5g?1 is a valuable 
addition to ! _m  appraisem5ts ( ,c[p] t
 ^! lat] ye>s h se54444 ,dr4 ,fraz]  has
 giv5 u two volumes t are an unqualifi$ 
joy40          ,,essays ,,( ,,joseph    
,,addison4 ,*os5 & ,edit$1 ) a ,preface 
& a      few ,notes1 by ,sir ,j4 ,g4    

,,fraz]4 ,two vols4 ,globe #hvo4 #ajs4  
net4    ,ev]sley ,s]ies4                
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4
            ,transcrib]'s ,notes3       
,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly 
correct$4       ,typographical errors 7 
sil5tly correct$4       ,inconsi/5t     
spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only
        :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is  
book4       ,text t 0 9 italics is      
enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74        
,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! *apt]s 
9 :i* !y are        ref]5c$4            
,sid5otes are plac$ 9 ! text :]e1 9 !   
orig9al book1 !y        7 9          !  
left m>g9 ne> ! text4