,,! ,,prep>ation ,,m\nt+ ,,( ,,microscopic ,,objects4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,davies4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,& ,,all ,,booksell]s4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 pla92 #ds4 col\r$4 ,,half-,,h\rs ,,) ,,! ,,microscope4 ,a ,popul> ,guide to ! ,use ( ! ,microscope z a ,means ( ,amusem5t & ,in/ruction4 ,) ,draw+s ( #bej objects f ,nature1 by ,,tuff5 ,,we/4 ,by ,e4 ,,lanke/]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,cont5ts3 ,half an h\r on ! ,/ructure4 ,half an h\r 9 ! ,g>d54 ,half an h\r 9 ! ,c\ntry4 ,half an h\r at ! ,pondside4 ,half an h\r at ! ,seaside4 ,half an h\r ,indoors4 ,app5dix3 ! ,prep>ation & ,m\nt+ ( ,objects4 ,fcp4 #hvo41 #fs4 beautifully illu/rat$ by h&-pa9t+4 ,,ru/1 ,,smut1 ,,mildew1 ,,& ,,m\ld "u ! ,,microscope3 a ,pla9 & ,easy ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,microscopic ,fungi4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke4 ,col\r$ ,plates ( ov] #cjj ,figures4 ,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,piccadilly2 & all ,booksell]s4 ,,preface4 ,9 br++ ?is ,h&book be=e ! public1 ! ,au?or believes t he is supply+ a want :i* has be5 long felt4 ,mu* in=mation conc]n+ ! 8,prep>ation & ,m\nt+ ( ,microscopic ,objects0 has be5 already publi%$2 b mo/ly z supplem5t>y *apt]s only1 9 books writt5 pr(ess$ly ^u ! ,microscope4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t x 0 necess>y to consult a numb] ( works 9 ord] to obta9 any?+ l a complete k ( ! subject4 ,^! pages1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd to comprise all ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( m\nt+1 toge!r ) ! results ( ! ,au?or's exp]i5ce1 & t ( _m ( 8 fri5ds1 9 e dep>tm5t ( microscopic manipulation2 & z x is int5d$ to assi/ ! beg9n] z well z ! advanc$ /ud5t1 ! v rudim5ts ( ! art h n be5 omitt$4 ,z !re is a div]sity ( op9ion z to ! be/ mode ( proce$+ 9 c]ta9 cases1 num]\s quotations h be5 made4 ,:]ev] ?is has be5 done1 ! ,au?or believes t he has ackn[l$g$ ! s\rce f :i* he has tak5 ! in=mation2 & he "h t5d]s 8 s9c]e ?anks to ^? fri5ds :o s freely all[$ him to make use ( _! works4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 anyone f9d 8 own process 9 ^! pages unackn[l$g$1 ! au?or c only plead ov]sight1 & 8 regret t su* %\ld h be5 ! case4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface iii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,app>atus4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,& ,,m\nt ,,objects 8,,dry40 #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,9 ,,canada ,,balsam4 #ef ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pres]vative ,,liquids1 ,,etc41 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,:]e ,,cells ,,are ,,us$4 #hc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,sections ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,!m1 ,,) ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,dissection4 #if ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,injection4 #abb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4 #adj ,,index4 #aec ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,( ,,microscopic ,,objects4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,app>atus4 ,be=e ent]+ into ! subject ( ! sett+ ( ,objects = ! ,microscope1 ! /ud5t mu/ be conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( cleanl9ess 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to ! use ( t in/rum5t4 ,9 no bran* is ?is m app>5t ?an 9 ! prep>ation ( objects2 because a slide :i* w\ld be consid]$ p]fectly clean :5 view$ 9 ! ord9>y way is se5 to be f> o!rwise :5 magnifi$ "s hundr$s ( diamet]s2 & ^? con/ant enemies1 ! float+ p>ticles ( du/1 are ev]y:]e pres5t1 & x is only by unpleasant exp]i5ce t we fully le>n :at cleanl9ess is4 ,any object :i* is to be view$ "u ! microscope mu/1 ( c\rse1 be support$ 9 "s way--?is is n[ usually done by plac+ x ^u a glass slide1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! transp>5cy has a great advantage ov] o!r sub/ances4 ,^! 8slides0 are almo/ always made ( "o size1 viz41 ?ree in*es long by "o broad1 g5]ally hav+ ! edges gr\nd s z to remove all dang] ( scrat*+ or cutt+ any object ) :i* !y may come 9 contact4 ,! glass mu/ be v good1 else ! surface w always pres5t ! appe>ance ( uncleanl9ess & du/4 ,?is du/y look is v common among/ ! *eap] k9ds ( slides1 because !y are usually 8%eet0 glass2 b is seldom f\nd 9 ^? ( ! quality kn[n among/ deal]s by ! "n ( 8pat5t plate40 ,?is latt] is m exp5sive at fir/1 b 9 ! end !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! co/1 z s _m ( ! *eap] slides _c be us$ = delicate "w if ! m\nt$ object is to be se5 9 p]fection4 ,^! slides v>y consid]ably 9 ?ickness2 c>e %\ld1 !re=e1 be tak5 to sort !m1 s t ! m delicate objects ) :i* ! high] p[]s are to be us$ maybe m\nt$ ^u ! ?9ne/1 z ! light employ$ 9 ! illum9ation is !n less int]f]$ )4 ,to aid ! microscopi/ 9 ?is "w1 a metal circle may be procur$1 hav+ a numb] ( diff]5t siz$ op5+s on ! out] edge1 by :i* ! glass slides c be measur$4 ,^! op5+s are numb]$1 & ! slides may be sep>at$ accord+ to ^! numb]s2 s t :5 m\nt+ any object !re w be no ne$ ( a long se>* = t glass :i* is be/ suit$ to x4 ,:5 fre% f ! deal]'s h&s1 ^! slides are g5]ally cov]$ ) du/1 c41 :i* may be remov$ by well wa%+ 9 clean ra9-wat]2 b if ! impurity is ob/9ate1 a little wa%+ soda may be add$1 c>e be+ tak51 h[ev]1 t e trace ( ?is is remov$ by subsequ5t wat]s1 o!rwise ! cry/als w aft]w>ds =m ^u ! surface4 ,a clean l95 clo? %\ld be us$ to dry ! slides1 aft] :i* !y may be laid by = use4 ,imm$iately1 h[ev]1 be=e be+ us$ = ! reception ( objects by any ( ! foll[+ processes1 all du/ mu/ be remov$ by rubb+ ! surface ) clean wa%-lea!r or a piece ( cambric1 &1 if ne$ful1 brea?+ ^u x1 & !n us+ ! lea!r or cambric until p]fectly dry4 ,any small p>ticles left ^u ! surface may g5]ally be remov$ by bl[+ g5tly ^u x1 tak+ c>e to all[ no damp to rema94 ,we h be=e said1 t any object to be view$ 9 ! microscope mu/ h its support2 b if ?is object is to be pres]v$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is def5d$ f ! du/ & o!r impurities4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to use "s transp>5t cov]1 ! mo/ usual at "o "t be+ a plate ( mica1 on acc\nt ( its ?9ness2 ?is sub/ance is n[1 h[ev]1 nev] us$1 ?9 glass be+ sub/itut$1 :i* answ]s admirably4 ,sometimes x is requir$ to 8take up0 z little space z possible1 ow+ to ! %ortness ( focus ( ! object-glasses4 ,x c be procur$ ( any ?ickness1 f "o-fiftie? to "o-two-hundr$-&-fiftie? ( an in*4 ,on acc\nt ( its want ( /r5g? x is difficult to cut1 z x is v liable to 8fly0 f ! po9t ( ! diamond4 ,to ov]come ?is t5d5cy z mu* z possible1 x mu/ be laid ^u a ?ick] piece1 previ\sly made wet ) wat]1 :i* causes ! ?9 glass to adh]e m firmly1 & consequ5tly to be> ! pressure requir$ 9 cutt+ ! cov]s4 ,! process ( cutt+ be+ s difficult1 especially ) ! ?9n] k9ds1 little or no?+ is ga9$ by cutt+ ^? :i* c be got f ! deal]s1 z ! loss & breakage is necess>ily great] 9 ! h&s ( an amateur4 ,x is conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 to h on h& a few l>g] pieces1 f :i* unusual sizes may be cut :5 requir$4 ,if ! pieces requir$ are rectangul>1 no o!r app>atus w be requir$ save a diamond & a flat rule2 b if circles are want$1 a ma*9e = t purpose %\ld be us$ 7( :i* no description is necess>y "h74 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r contrivances :i* answ] tol]ably well4 ,"o me?od is1 to cut out f a ?ick piece ( c>dbo>d a circle r l>g] ?an ! size want$4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] recomm5ds metal r+s ) a piece ( wire sold]$ on ei!r side2 & ?is1 p]haps1 is ! be/1 z c>dbo>d is apt to become r\gh at ! edge :5 mu* us$4 ,a fri5d ( m9e uses ?9 brass plates ) circles ( v>i\s sizes 8turn$0 ?r\gh !m1 & a small rais$ h&le plac$ at "o end4 ,! diamond mu/ be pass$ r\nd ! inn] edge1 & s manag$ z to meet aga9 9 ! same l9e1 9 ord] t ! circle may be true1 aft] :i* !y may be readily dis5gag$4 ,! sizes usually kept 9 /ock by ! deal]s are "o-half1 five-eigh?s1 & ?ree-qu>t]s in* diamet]2 b o!r sizes may be _h to ord]4 ,= ! in=mation ( ! beg9n] x may be m5tion$ "h t ! price ( ! circles is a little m ?an ( ! squ>es2 b ?is is modifi$ 9 "s degree by ! circle be+ r light]4 ,if appe>ance1 h[ev]1 is c>$ = at all1 ! circles look mu* neat] ^u ! slides :5 n cov]$ ) ! ornam5tal pap]s2 b if ^! la/ are us$ 7z w %ortly be describ$7 ! squ>es are equally s]viceable4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 ! ?9 glass is made ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 & ! beg9n] w wi% to "k :i* to use4 ,= objects requir+ no high] p[] ?an ! "o-in* object-glass1 ! ?ick] k9ds s]ve well en\gh2 = ! half-in* ! m$ium ?ickness w be requir$2 :ile1 = high] p[]s1 ! ?9ne/ cov]s mu/ be us$4 ,! 8te/-objects0 = ! highe/ p[]s require to be br\ght s ne> to ! object-glass t !y admit ( ! v ?9ne/ cov]+ only1 & are usually m\nt$ betwixt glasses :i* a beg9n] w\ld n be able to use )\t frequ5t breakage2 b if ^! objects 7 m\nt$ ) ! common cov]s1 !y w\ld be really wor?less ) ! p[]s :i* !y require to %[ !m satisfactorily4 ,x may be desirable to "k h[ su* small diff]5ces z ^? betwixt ! v>i\s ?9 glass cov]s c be measur$4 ,= ?is purpose !re are two or ?ree sorts ( app>atus1 all1 h[ev]1 dep5d+ ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,! description ( "o1 !re=e1 w be suffici5t4 ,^u a small /& is a %ort metal lev] 7z x may be t]m$7 :i* returns by a spr+ to "o c]ta9 position1 :]e x is 9 contact ) a fix$ piece ( metal4 ,at ! o!r end ?is lev] is connect$ ) a 8f+]10 :i* moves r\nd a dial l t ( a wat*1 :]eupon are figures at fix$ di/ances4 ,:5 ! lev] is sep>at$ f ! metal :i* is /ation>y1 ! o!r end be+ connect$ ) ! 8f+]0 ( ! dial1 t 8f+]0 is mov$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! sep>ation4 ,! ?9 glass is1 !re=e1 ?ru/ betwixt ! end ( ! lev] & fix$ metal1 & ea* piece is measur$ by ! figures on ! dial 9 /at$ & accurate degrees4 ,?is k9d ( app>atus1 h[ev]1 is exp5sive1 & :5 n at our comm&1 ! ?9 glass may be plac$ edgewise 9 ! /age =ceps1 & measur$ v accurately ) ! micromet]4 ,cleanl9ess ) ! ?9 glass is1 p]haps1 m necess>y ?an ) ! slides1 especially :5 cov]+ objects :i* are to be us$ ) a high p[]2 b x is f> m difficult to atta91 on acc\nt ( ! liability to breakage4 ,! usual me?od ( clean+ ^! cov]s is z foll[s3--,two discs ( wood1 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 are procur$1 "o side ( ea* be+ p]fectly flat & cov]$ ) clean wa%-lea!r4 ,to ! o!r side ( ^! a small knob is firmly affix$ z a h&le1 or :]e practicable ! :ole may be made out ( a solid piece4 ,9 clean+ ?9 glass1 x %\ld be plac$ betwixt ! cov]$ sides ( ! discs1 & may !n be safely rubb$ ) a suffici5t pressure1 & s clean$ on bo? sides by ! lea!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! glass be greasy1 z is sometimes ! case1 x mu/ be fir/ wa%$ ) a /rong solution ( pota%1 infusion ( nut-galls1 or any ( ! commonly us$ grease-remov+ liquids2 & ) "s impurities wat]1 ) ! addition ( a few drops ( /rong acid1 w be f\nd v useful1 b ?is la/ is n (t5 requir$4 ,! above me?od ( clean+ ?9 glass %\ld always be us$ by beg9n]s2 b aft] "s exp]i5ce ! h& becomes s s5sitive t ! above app>atus is (t5 disp5s$ )1 & ! glasses1 h[ev] ?91 may be safely clean$ betwixt ! f+]s & ?umb ) a cambric h&k]*ief1 hav+ fir/ slightly damp$ ! ends ( ! f+]s employ$ to obta9 firm hold4 ,:5 ! dirt is v ob/9ate1 brea?+ ^u ! glass greatly facilitates its removal1 & ! s5se ( t\* becomes s delicate t ! breakage is inconsid]able2 b ?is me?od _c be recomm5d$ to novices1 z no?+ b "t sp5t 9 delicate manipulation c give ! s5sitiv5ess requir$4 ,x 0 be=e m5tion$ t ! ord9>y glass slides 7 sometimes wor?less1 especially = f9e objects1 f hav+ a r\gh surface1 :i* pres5t$ a du/y appe>ance "u ! microscope4 ,?is imp]fection exi/s 9 "s ?9 glass also1 & x is irrem$iable2 s t x is useless to attempt to cleanse x2 nev]!less1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to mi/ake dirty glass = ?is r\ghness1 le/ good glass be laid aside = a fault :i* does n really belong to x4 ,:5 any object :i* x is desir$ to m\nt is ( consid]able ?ickness1 or w n be> pressure1 x is evid5t t a wall mu/ be rais$ ar\nd x to support ! ?9 glass--?is is usually t]m$ a 8cell40 ,!re are v>i\s descriptions ( ^!1 accord+ to ! class ( objects !y are requir$ to protect2 & "h may be giv5 a description ( ^? :i* are mo/ g5]ally us$ 9 m\nt+ 8dry0 objects1 leav+ ^? requir$ = ! pres]vation ( liquids until we come to ! consid]ation ( t mode ( m\nt+4 ,_m h made use ( ! foll[+ slides4 ,two pieces ( h>d wood ( ! usual size 7#c 94 by #a 9471 n exce$+ "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 are tak51 & a hole is !n drill$ 9 ! middle ( "o ( ^! ( ! size requir$4 ,! two pieces are !n unit$ by glue or o!r cem5t1 & left "u pressure until ?or\ghly dry1 :5 ! cell is fit = use4 ,o!rs sub/itute c>dbo>d = ! l[] piece ( wood1 :i* is less t$i\s1 & is /rong en\gh = e purpose4 ,?is class ( 8cell0 is1 ( c\rse1 fitt$ = opaque objects only :]e no light is requir$ f bel[2 & z almo/ all su* are bett] se5 :5 on a d>k backgr\nd1 x is usual to fix a small piece ( black pap] at ! bottom ( ! cell ^u :i* to place !m4 ,= v small objects ! 8gra90 :i* all su* pap] has :5 magnifi$ detracts a little f ! m]it ( ?is backgr\nd2 & lately ,i h us$ a small piece ( ?9 glass cov]$ on ! back ) black v>ni%1 & plac$ ! object ^u ! smoo? unt\*$ side4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ ^! cells is z foll[s3--,two 8pun*es10 simil> to ^? us$ = cutt+ 8gun-wads10 are procur$1 ( su* sizes t ) ! small] may be cut out ! c5tre ( ! l>g]1 leav+ a r+ ^: side is n less ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* wide4 ,^! r+s may be readily made1 ! only difficulty be+ to keep ! sides p>allel2 b a little c>e w make ?is easy en\gh4 ,= ?is purpose close-gra9$ c>dbo>d may be conv5i5tly us$4 ,x mu/ h a well-glaz$ surface1 else ! v>ni% or cem5t us$ 9 affix+ ! ?9 glass cov] s9ks into ! sub/ance1 & ! adh]5ce is v imp]fect4 ,:5 ?is takes place x is easily rem$i$ by bru%+ ov] ! surface ( ! c>dbo>d a /rong solution ( gum or is+lass2 & ?is application1 p]haps1 closes also ! pores ( ! c>d1 & s s]ves a d\ble purpose4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! gum mu/ be p]fectly dri$ be=e ! r+ is us$4 ,= c>dbo>d1 gutta-p]*a has be5 sub/itut$1 b _c be recomm5d$1 z x always becomes brittle aft] a c]ta9 "t1 nev] adh]es to ! glass ) ! requir$ firmness1 & its %ape is alt]$ :5 work$ ) ev5 a little heat4 ,lea!r is (t5 us$1 & is v conv5i5t2 x %\ld be *os51 h[ev]1 ( a close texture1 & free f oil1 grease1 & all ^? sub/ances :i* are laid ^u x by ! 8dress]s40 ,r+s ( c>dbo>d1 c41 h be5 reject$ by p]sons ( great exp]i5ce1 because !y are ( su* a nature t dampness c p5etrate !m4 ,?is fault c be almo/1 if n totally1 remov$ by imm]s+ !m 9 "s /rong v>ni%1 su* z ! asphalt v>ni% h]e9aft] m5tion$2 b !y mu/ be left long en\gh :5 affix$ to ! glass slide to become p]fectly dry1 & ?is w require a mu* long] "t ?an at fir/ w\ld be suppos$4 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 be5 lately br\ght out :at is t]m$ ! ivory cell4 ,?is is a r+ ( ivory-l sub/ance1 :i* may be easily & firmly fix$ to ! glass slide by any ( ! commonly-us$ cem5ts1 & s =ms a beautiful cell = any dry objects4 ,!y are made ( diff]5t sizes1 & are n exp5sive4 ,sometimes slides are us$ :i* are made by tak+ a ?9 slip ( wood ( ! usual size 7#c 94 by #a 9471 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is cut a circul> hole l>ge en\gh to receive ! object4 ,a piece ( ?9 glass is fix$ und]nea? ! slide1 =m+ a cell = ! object1 :i* may !n be cov]$ & f9i%$ l an ord9>y slide4 ,?is has ! advantage ( s]v+ = transp>5t objects = :i* ! be=e-m5tion$ wood5 slides are unsuitable4 ,a slight modification ( ?is plan is (t5 us$ :]e ! ?ickness ( ! objects is inconsid]able1 especially ) "s ( ! ,diatomace1 (t5 t]m$ 8te/-objects40 ,! wood5 slide is cut ) ! c5tral op5+ z above1 & two pieces ( ?9 glass are laid ^u x1 betwixt :i* ! diatoms or o!r objects are plac$1 & kept 9 _! prop] position by a pap] cov]4 ,?is arrangem5t is a good "o1 insomu* z ! v small portion ( glass ?r\gh :i* ! light passes on its way to ! microscope f ! reflector causes ! refraction or int]f]5ce to be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ po9t4 ,a novice w\ld naturally ?9k ! appe>ance ( "s ( ! slides above m5tion$ v slov5ly & unf9i%$2 b !y are (t5 cov]$ ) ornam5tal pap]s1 :i* may be procur$ at almo/ e optician's1 at a co/ little m ?an nom9al1 & ( innum]able patt]ns & col\rs4 ,h[ to use ^! w be describ$ 9 ano!r place4 ,x is v probable t a beg9n] w\ld ask 8 fri5d :at k9d ( slides he w\ld advise him to use4 ,almo/ all ^? made ( wood are liable to w>p m or less1 ev5 :5 ! two pieces are sep>ate or ( diff]5t k9ds2 ^? ( c>dbo>d & wood are g5]ally free f ?is fault1 yet ! slides1 be+ opaque1 prev5t ! employm5t ( ! ,lieb]kuhn4 ,to "s ext5t glass slides1 :5 cov]$ ) ornam5tal pap]s1 are liable to ! same objection1 z ! light is p>tly h9d]$4 ,& sometimes ! dampness f ! pa/e1 or o!r sub/ance us$ to affix ! pap]s1 p5etrates to ! object1 & s spoils x1 ?\gh ?is may be r5d]$ less frequ5t by fir/ atta*+ ! ?9 glass to ! slide by "s h>d] cem5t4 ,mu* "t1 h[ev]1 is tak5 up by ! lab\r ( cov]+ ! slides1 :i* is a matt] ( consid]ation ) "s4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! co/ ( ! glass slides 0 =m]ly great2 b n[ !y are reasonable en\gh 9 ?is respect1 s t ?is objection is remov$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 well to use glass slides1 except :]e ! ?9 glasses are employ$ = te/s1 c41 z above4 ,:5 ! ?9 glass circles are plac$ ^u ! slides1 & ! edge is v>ni%$ ) black or col\r$ r+s1 ! appe>ance ( f9i% is p]fect4 ,! tr\ble is mu* less ?an ) mo/ ( ! o!r me?ods1 & ! illum9ation ( ! object v slightly int]f]$ )4 ,to v>ni% ! edges ( ^! cov]s1 make circles ( any liquid ^u ! glass slide1 & p]=m any o!r 8circul>0 "w m5tion$ h]eaft]1 ! little in/rum5t kn[n z 8,%adbolt's turntable0 is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,x is made z foll[s3--,at "o end ( a small piece ( h>d wood is fix$ an iron pivot ab\t "o-eigh? in* ?ick1 project+ half an in* f ! wood1 :i* s]ves z a c5tre ^u :i* a r\nd brass table ?ree in*es 9 diamet] revolves4 ,on ! surface ( ?is are two spr+s1 ab\t "o & a half in*es ap>t1 "u :i* ! slide is =c$ & s kept 9 position1 :il/ ! c5tral "p is left op5 to be work$ ^u4 ,! c5tre is m>k$1 & two circles half an in* & "o in* 9 diamet] are usually deeply engrav$ ^u ! table to s]ve z guides 9 plac+ ! slide1 t ! r+ may be drawn 9 ! "r position4 ,:5 ! slide is plac$ ^u ! 8table0 und]nea? ! spr+s1 a camel-hair p5cil is fill$ ) ! v>ni%1 or o!r m$ium us$1 & appli$ to ! surface ( ! glass2 ! table is !n made to revolve1 & a circle is consequ5tly produc$1 ! diamet] ( :i* x is easy to regulate4 ,_m objects = ! microscope may be s]i\sly injur$ by all[+ ! f+]s to t\* !m--_m m are s m9ute t !y _c be remov$ 9 ?is way at all1 & (t5 x is necess>y to take f a mass ( small gra9s1 z 9 s&1 "s p>ticul> p>ticle4 ,to accompli% ?is1 !re are two or ?ree contrivances recomm5d$3 "o by means ( split bri/les1 _m ( :i* w readily be f\nd 9 any %av+ bru% :5 x has be5 well us$4 ,! bri/les :5 press$ ^u any h>d surface op51 & :5 ! pressure is remov$ close aga9 ) a spr+2 b ! use ( ^! is limit$4 ,camel-hair p5cils are ( great s]vice = ?is & _m o!r purposes to ! microscopi/4 ,9 v f9e "w !y are sometimes requir$ s small t all ! hairs ) ! exception ( "o or two f9] po9t$ ones are remov$4 ,a few ( v>i\s sizes %\ld always be kept on h&4 ,equally necess>y are f9e po9t$ ne$les4 ,!y are v readily put up = use by ?ru/+ ! 8eye0 end into a common p5hold]1 s z to be firm4 ,! po9ts may be readily r5ew$1 :5 injur$1 on a common :et/one2 b :5 out ( use !y may be protect$ by be+ ?ru/ into a piece ( cork4 ,knives ( v>i\s k9ds are requir$ 9 "s bran*es ( microscopic "w1 b ^! w be describ$ :]e 8dissection10 c41 is treat$ at "s l5g?1 z also v>i\s =ms ( scissors4 ,9 ! mo/ simple objects1 h[ev]1 scissors ( ! usual k9d are necess>y4 ,two or ?ree sizes %\ld always be kept at h&1 %>p & 9 good ord]4 ,a set ( glass tubes1 kept 9 a case ( "s sort to prev5t breakage1 %\ld =m "p ( our 8fitt+s0 & be always clean$ imm$iately aft] use4 ,^! are g5]ally f six to t5 in*es long & f "o-eigh? to a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be /raight & equal 9 wid? at bo? ends2 "o %\ld be drawn out gradually to a f9e po9t2 ano!r %\ld be po9t$ z ! la/1 b be slightly curv$ at ! compress$ end1 9 ord] to rea* po9ts o!rwise unatta9able4 ,x is well to h ^! tubes ( v>i\s wid?s at ! po9ts1 z 9 "s wat]s ! f9] w\ld be inevitably /opp$4 ,= o!r purposes ! f9e ones are v useful1 especially 9 ! transf] ( 8pres]vative liquids0 :i* w come "u notice 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,=ceps are requir$ 9 almo/ all microscopic manipulations1 & consequ5tly are sc>cely ev] omitt$ f ! microscopic box1 ev5 ! mo/ meagrely furni%$2 b ( ^! !re are v>i\s modifications1 :i* = c]ta9 purposes are m conv5i5t ?an ! usual =m4 ,! ord9>y metal ones are employ$ = tak+ up small objects1 ?9 glass1 c42 b :5 slides are to be held ov] a lamp1 or 9 any position :]e ! f+]s _c conv5i5tly be us$1 a diff]5t in/rum5t mu/ be f\nd4 ,( ^! !re are _m k9ds2 b ,mr4 ,page's wood5 =ceps s]ve ! purpose v well4 ,two pieces ( ela/ic wood are /rongly b\nd toge!r at "o end1 s t !y may be easily op5$ at ! o!r1 clos+ aga9 by _! own ela/icity4 ,?r\gh ! fir/ ( ^! pieces is loosely pass$ a brass /ud1 resembl+ a small screw1 & fa/5$ 9 ! second1 & ?r\gh ! second a simil> /ud is tak5 & fix$ 9 ! fir/--s t on pressure ( ! /uds ! two /rips ( wood are op5$ to admit a slide or o!r object requir$ to be held 9 position4 ,! wood /rips are g5]ally us$ ?ree or f\r in*es long1 "o in* wide1 & ab\t "o-eigh? in* ?ick4 ,aga91 "s objects :5 plac$ ^u ! glass slide are ( su* an ela/ic nature t no cem5t w secure ! ?9 glass cov]+ until x becomes h>d4 ,?is difficulty may be ov]come by v>i\s me?ods4 ,! foll[+ are z good & simple z any4 ,take two pieces ( wood ab\t two in*es long1 ?ree-qu>t]s wide1 & "o-qu>t] ?ick2 & a small r\nd$ piece "o in* long & "o-qu>t] 9 diamet]2 place ?is latt] betwixt ! two l>g] pieces4 ,ov] "o end ( ! two comb9$ pass an india-rubb] b&4 ,?is w give a cont9ual pressure1 & may be op5$ by br++ ! two pieces toge!r at ! o!r end2 ! pressure may be readily made uni=m by p>+ ! po9ts at ! inn] sides1 & may be regulat$ by ! /r5g? ( ! india-rubb] b&4 ,^! b&s may be made *eaply1 & ( any p[]1 by procur+ a piece ( india-rubb] tub+ ( ! wid? requir$1 & cutt+ (f c]ta9 bread?s4 ,ano!r v simple me?od ( gett+ ?is pressure is m5tion$ 9 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y40 ,two pieces ( :alebone ( ! l5g? requir$ are ti$ toge!r firmly at ea* end4 ,x is evid5t t any object plac$ betwixt !m w be subject to cont9ual pressure4 ,! p[] ( ?is may be regulat$ by ! ?ickness & l5g? ( ! :alebone4 ,?is simple contrivance is v useful4 ,common wat*-glasses %\ld always be kept at h&4 ,!y are c]ta9ly ! *eape/1 & _! transp>5cy makes !m v conv5i5t res]voirs 9 :i* objects may be /eep$ 9 any liquid2 z x saves mu* tr\ble to exam9e cursorily "u ! microscope1 :5 ! air-bubbles are expell$ f insects1 c41 c4 ,!y are readily clean$1 & s]ve v well z cov]s1 :5 turn$ upside d[n1 to protect any objects f ! du/4 ,= ?is latt] purpose ,dr4 ,c>p5t] recomm5ds ! use ( a numb] ( bell-glasses1 especially :5 "o object mu/ be left = a "t 7:i* (t5 happ5s7 9 ord] t ano!r may be proce$$ )4 ,w9e glasses1 :5 ! 8legs0 are brok51 may ?us be r5d]$ v useful4 ,z heat is necess>y 9 m\nt+ _m objects1 a lamp w be requir$4 ,:]e gas is us$1 ! small lamp kn[n z 8,buns5's0 is ! mo/ conv5i5t & inexp5sive4 ,x gives great heat1 is free f smoke1 & is readily affix$ to ! common gas-burn] by a few feet ( india-rubb] tub+4 ,! light f ^! lamps is small1 b ?is is little or no drawback to _! use4 ,:]e gas is n available1 ! common _s-lamps may be us$1 :i* are v clean & answ] e purpose4 ,9 apply+ ! requir$ heat to ! slides1 cov]s1 c41 x is necess>y 9 _m cases to ensure uni=mity1 o!rwise !re is dang] ( ! glass be+ brok54 ,= ?is purpose a brass plate at lea/ ?ree in*es wide1 some:at long]1 & "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 mu/ be procur$4 ,x %\ld !n be affix$ to a /&1 s t x may be readily mov$ high] or l[]1 9 ord] t ! di/ance f ! lamp may be *ang$ at w1 & ?us ! degree ( heat m easily regulat$4 ,?is has also ! advantage ( enabl+ ! op]ator to all[ 8 slides1 c41 to cool m gradually1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 is absolutely necess>y1--z 9 fus+ "s ( ! salts1 c4 ,9 ord] to get rid ( air-bubbles1 :i* are frequ5tly disagreeable enemies to ! m\nt] ( objects1 an air-pump is (t5 v useful4 ,?is is made by cov]+ a circul> plate ( metal ) a bell-glass1 bo? ( :i* are gr\nd s f9ely at ! edges t greas+ ! place ( contact r5d]s x air-tight4 ,! pump is !n jo9$ to ! metal plate und]nea?1 & work$ ) a small h&le l a common syr+e4 ,by turn+ a small mill$ head ! air may be all[$ to re-ent] :5 x is requir$ to remove ! bell-glass & exam9e or p]=m any op]ation ^u ! object4 ,! mode ( us+ ?is in/rum5t w be describ$ h]eaft]1 b x may be "h /at$ t sub/itutes h be5 devis$ = ?is useful app>atus2 b z x is n[ to be obta9$ at a l[ co/1 x is h>dly wor? :ile to consid] !m4 ,mu* "t is1 9 _m in/ances1 c]ta9ly sav$ by its use1 z a v long imm]sion 9 ! liquids w\ld be requir$ to expel ! bubbles1 :]e ! air-pump w\ld remove !m 9 an h\r4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is :at may be t]m$ ,,cem5ts1 "s ( :i* are necess>y 9 e me?od ( m\nt+ objects = ! microscope4 ,( ^! w be giv5 ! composition :]e x is probable ! "y /ud5t c make use ( x2 b _m ( !m are s univ]sally kept z to be obta9able almo/ any:]e2 & :5 small quantities only are requir$1 economy suff]s m f home manufacture ?an f pay+ ! mak]'s pr(it4 ,among/ ^!1 ,,canada ,,balsam may1 p]haps1 be t]m$ ! mo/ necess>y1 z x is g5]ally us$ = ! pres]vation ( _m transp>5t objects4 ,x is a ?ick liquid res9 ( a light amb] col\r1 :i* on exposure to ! atmosph]e becomes dry & h>d ev5 to brittl5ess4 ,= ?is reason x is seldom us$ z a cem5t alone :]e ! surface ( contact is small1 z x w\ld be apt to be displac$ by any sudd5 %ock1 especially :5 old4 ,9 ! ord9>y me?od ( us+1 h[ev]1 x s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( pres]v+ ! object & fix+ ! ?9 glass cov]2 :il/ ! comp>atively l>ge space ^u :i* x lies less5s ! risk ( displacem5t4 ,by keep+1 ?is sub/ance becomes ?ick]2 b a v little w>m? w r5d] x liquid en\gh to use ev5 :5 to "s ext5t ?is *ange has tak5 place4 ,:5 heat$1 h[ev]1 = "s "t & all[$ to cool1 x becomes h>d5$ to any degree1 :i* may be readily regulat$ by ! l5g? ( "t x has be5 expos$1 & ! am\nt ( heat to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is prop]ty x is (t5 us$ ) *lor(orm3 ! balsam is expos$ to heat until1 on cool+1 x assumes a glassy appe>ance2 x is !n dissolv$ 9 pure *lor(orm until x becomes ( ! consi/5ce ( ?ick v>ni%4 ,?is liquid is v conv5i5t 9 "s cases2 z air-bubbles are mu* m easily got rid ( ?an :5 undilut$ ,canada balsam is us$4 ,x also dries readily1 z ! *lor(orm evaporates v quickly1 = :i* reason x mu/ be pres]v$ 9 a closely-/opp]$ bottle4 ,x has be5 said t ?is mixture becomes cl\dy ) long keep+1 b ,i h n f\nd x s 9 any cases :]e ,i h us$ x4 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 become s1 a little heat w readily dispel ! opacity4 ,! ord9>y balsam1 if expos$ mu* to ! air :il/ be+ us$1 becomes ?ick]1 z has be5 already /at$4 ,x may be r$uc$ to ! requir$ consi/5cy ) common turp5t9e1 b ,i h (t5 f\nd ?is 9 "s degree injuri\s to ! transp>5cy ( ! balsam1 & ! amalgamation ( ! two is by no means p]fect4 7,see also ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,! *eapness ( ! article r5d]s x no extravagance to use x always undilut$2 & :5 pres]v$ 9 a bottle ) a holl[ cov] fitt+ tightly ar\nd ! neck1 bo? surfaces be+ f9ely gr\nd1 x rema9s fit = use mu* long] ?an 9 ! ord9>y j>4 ,,asphaltum4--,?is sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 l9se$ oil1 turp5t9e1 or naph?a1 & is (t5 t]m$ 8,brunswick black40 ,x is easily work$1 b is n g5]ally deem$ a tru/wor?y cem5t1 z aft] a "t x is readily loos5$ f its gr\nd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v useful = "s purposes 7su* z 8f9i%+0 ! slides71 z x dries quickly4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 m5tion a modification ( ?is cem5t a little fur!r on4 ,,m>9e ,,glue4--,no cem5t is m useful or tru/wor?y = c]ta9 purposes ?an ?is4 ,x is made 9 v>i\s proportions2 b "o really good mixture is--equal p>ts ( india-rubb] & gum %ellac2 ^! are dissolv$ 9 m9]al naph?a ) heat4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* bett] to get x f ! opticians or o!rs :o keep x4 ,x requires heat 9 ! application1 z w be expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv42 b x is soluble 9 few1 if any1 liquids us$ by ! microscopi/1 & = t reason is s]viceable 9 ! manufacture ( cells1 c4 ,:]e two pieces ( glass are to be firmly cem5t$ toge!r1 x is almo/ always employ$2 & 9 all glass tr\ghs1 plates ) l$ges1 c41 ! beg9n] may f9d examples ( its use4 ,,gold ,,size4--,?is sub/ance may always be procur$ at any col\rman's %op4 ,! process ( its prep>ation is long & t$i\s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n necess>y to describe x "h4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says t x is v durable1 & may be us$ ) almo/ any pres]vative liquids1 z x is act$ ^u by v few ( !m1 turp5t9e be+ its only true solv5t4 ,if too ?91 x may be expos$ = a:ile to ! op5 air1 :i* by evaporation gradually ?ick5s x4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 n to r5d] x too ?ick1 z x w !n be useless4 ,a small quantity %\ld be kept on h&1 z x is mu* m adhesive :5 old4 ,,liquid ,,glue is ano!r ( ^! cem5ts1 :i* is made by dissolv+ gum %ellac 9 naph?a 9 su* quantity t x may be ( ! requir$ consi/5cy4 ,?is cem5t appe>s to me almo/ wor?less 9 ord9>y "w1 z its adh]5ce c nev] be reli$ ^u2 b x is s (t5 us$ & recomm5d$ t an enum]ation ( cem5ts might be deem$ incomplete )\t x4 ,ev5 :5 employ$ simply = v>ni%+ ! outside ( ! glass cov]s1 = appe>ance' sake alone1 x inv>iably *ips4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 oil is us$ z a pres]vative liquid1 x s]ves v well to atta* ! ?9 glass2 b :5 ?is is accompli%$1 ano!r v>ni% less liable to 8*ip0 mu/ always be laid ^u x4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iv47 ,,black ,,japan4--,?is is prep>$ f oil ( turp5t9e1 l9se$ oil1 amb]1 gum anime1 & asphalt4 ,x is tr\blesome to make1 & !re=e x is mu* bett] to procure x at ! %ops4 ,x is a really good cem5t1 & s]ves v well to make %all[ cells = liquids1 z w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! f9i%$ cell %\ld be expos$ = a %ort "t to ! heat ( :at is usually t]m$ a 8cool ov540 ,?is r5d]s x v durable1 & _m v c>eful manipulators make use ( x = _! prep>ations4 ,,electrical ,,cem5t4--,?is w be f\nd v good = "s purposes h]e9aft] describ$4 ,to make x1 melt toge!r-- #e p>ts ( res94 #a 0 beeswax4 #a 0 r$ o*re4,a ,a ,dr4 ,griffi?s says t ! addition ( #b p>ts ( ,canada balsam r5d]s ?is cem5t mu* m adhesive to ! glass4 ,x mu/ be us$ :il/ hot1 & z long z x reta9s ev5 slight w>m? c be readily m\ld$ into any =m4 ,x is (t5 employ$ 9 mak+ %all[ cells = liquids1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,,gum-,,wat] is an article :i* nobody %\ld ev] be )\t2 b labels1 or inde$ any sub/ance1 affix$ to glass ) common gum1 are s liable to leave x spontane\sly1 especially :5 kept v dry1 t ,i h lately add$ five or six drops ( glyc]9e to an ounce ( ! gum solution4 ,?is addition has r5d]$ x v tru/wor?y ev5 on glass1 & n[ ,i nev] use x )\t4 ,?is solution _c be kept long )\t und]go+ f]m5tation1 to prev5t :i* ! addition ( a small quantity ( any ess5tial oil 7z oil ( cloves1 c471 or "o-f\r? ( its volume ( alcohol1 may be made1 :i* w n int]f]e 9 any way ) its use4 ,!re is :at is sometimes t]m$ an extra adhesive gum-wat]1 :i* is made ) ! addition ( is+lass1 ?us3--,dissolve two dra*ms ( is+lass 9 f\r ounces ( di/ill$ v9eg>2 add z mu* gum arabic z w give x ! requir$ consi/5cy4 ,?is w keep v well1 b is apt to become ?9n]1 :5 a little m gum may be add$4 ,all ^!1 except "o or two1 are liquid1 & mu/ be kept 9 /opp]$ bottles1 or1 at lea/1 z free f ! action ( ! air z possible4 ,:5 any two sub/ances are to be unit$ firmly1 ,i h t]m$ ! m$ium employ$ 8a cem5t20 b (t5 ! appe>ance ( ! slides is ?\ght to be improv$ by draw+ a col\r$ r+ ^u !m1 ext5d+ p>tly on ! cov] & p>tly on ! slide1 hid+ ! junction ( ! two4 ,! m$ium us$ 9 ^! cases ,i t]m ,a ,,v>ni%1 & h]e9aft] m5tion "o or two4 ,( c\rse1 ! t5acity is n requir$ to be s p]fect z 9 ! cem5ts4 ,,seal+-,,wax ,,v>ni% is prep>$ by co>sely p[d]+ seal+ wax1 & add+ spirits ( w9e2 x is !n dige/$ at a g5tle heat to ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,?is is v frequ5tly us$ to 8f9i%0 ! slides1 z be=e m5tion$1 & c easily be made ( any col\r by employ+ diff]5t k9ds ( seal+-wax2 b is v liable to 8*ip0 & leave ! glass4 ,,black ,,v>ni% is readily prep>$ by add+ a small quantity ( lamp-black to gold-size & mix+ intimately4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] recomm5ds ?is z a good f9i%+ v>ni%1 dry+ quickly & be+ free f t brittl5ess :i* r5d]s "s ( ! o!rs almo/ wor?less2 b x %\ld n be us$ 9 ! fir/ process :5 m\nt+ objects 9 fluid4 ,among/ ^! diff]5t cem5ts & v>ni%es ,i work$ a long "t )\t com+ to any decision z to _! comp>ative qualities1 ?\gh mak+ innum]able exp]im5ts4 ,! h>d] k9ds 7 cont9ually crack+1 & ! s(t] possess$ b little adhesive p[]4 ,to f9d h>dness & adhesiv5ess unit$ 0 my object1 & ! foll[+ possesses ^! qualities 9 a great degree3-- ,india-rubb] dra*m4 ,asphaltum #d oz4 ,m9]al naph?a #aj 0 ,dissolve ! india-rubb] 9 ! naph?a1 !n add ! asphaltum--if necess>y heat mu/ be employ$4 ,?is is (t5 us$ by photograph]s z a black v>ni% = glass1 & nev] cracks1 :il/ x is v adhesive4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 h[ev]1 /ates t 8 exp]i5ce has n be5 fav\rable to x2 b ,i h us$ x 9 great quantities & h nev] f\nd x to leave ! glass 9 a s+le in/ance :5 us$ 9 ! above proportions4 ,! objections to x are1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k easily expla9$1 :5 x is kn[n t !re are _m k9ds ( pit*1 c41 f coal1 sold by ! "n ( asphaltum1 "s ( :i* are wor?less 9 mak+ a microscopic cem5t4 ,:5 us$ = ?is purpose1 ! asphaltum mu/ be g5u9e & ( ! be/ quality t c be b\ght4 ,! above mixture s]ves a d\ble purpose--to unite ! cell to ! slide1 & also z a 8f9i%+0 v>ni%4 ,b x is p]haps m conv5i5t to h two bottles ( ?is cem5t1 "o ( :i* is ?ick] ?an common v>ni%1 to use = unit+ ! cell1 c42 ! o!r liquid en\gh to fl[ readily1 :i* may be employ$ z a surface v>ni% 9 f9i%+ ! slides4 ,! bru%es or camel-hair p5cils %\ld always be clean$ aft] use2 b ) ! asphalt v>ni% above m5tion$ x is suffici5t to wipe (f z c>efully z possible ! sup]flu\s quantity :i* adh]es to ! p5cil1 z1 :5 aga9 made use (1 ! v>ni% w readily s(t5 x2 b1 ( c\rse1 x w be necess>y to keep sep>ate bru%es = c]ta9 purposes4 ,"h x may be obs]v$ t e object %\ld be labell$ ) "n & any o!r descriptive item z soon z m\nt$4 ,!re are _m little diff]5ces 9 ! me?ods ( do+ ?is4 ,"s write ) a diamond ^u ! slide itself2 b ?is has ! disadvantage ( be+ n s easily se54 ,= ?is reason a small piece ( pap] is usually affix$ to "o end ( ! slide1 on :i* is writt5 :at is requir$4 ,^! labels may be b\ght ( diff]5t col\rs & designs2 b ! mo/ simple are q z good1 & v readily procur$4 ,take a %eet ( ?9 writ+ pap] & bru% ov] "o side a /rong solution ( gum1 ) ! addition ( a few drops ( glyc]9e z above recomm5d$2 all[ ?is to dry1 & !n ) a common gun-pun* /amp out ! circles1 :i* may be affix$ to ! slides by simply damp+ ! gumm$ surface1 tak+ c>e to write ! requir$ "n1 c41 ^u x be=e damp+ x1 or else all[+ x to become p]fectly dry fir/4 ,!re is "o difficulty :i* a beg9n] (t5 exp]i5ces 9 sort+ & m\nt+ c]ta9 specim5s "u ! microscope1 viz41 ! inv]sion ( ! objects2 & x is (t5 /at$ to be almo/ impossible to "w )\t an erector4 ,b ?is difficulty soon vani%es1 ! "y /ud5t becom+ us$ to work+ :at at fir/ seems 9 contradiction to 8 sight4 ,let x be und]/ood1 t 9 giv+ ! description ( ^? articles :i* are usually e/eem$ necess>y 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( microscopic manipulation1 ,i d n mean to say t )\t _m ( ^! no "w ( any value c be done4 ,!re are1 z all w all[1 c]ta9 =ms ( app>atus :i* aid ! op]ator consid]ably2 b ! co/ may be too great = him4 ,a little ?\ght1 h[ev]1 w frequ5tly ov]come ?is difficulty1 by enabl+ him to make1 or get made1 = himself1 at a comp>atively light exp5se1 some?+ :i* w accompli% all he desires4 ,z an example ( ?is1 a fri5d ( m9e made :at he t]ms 8 8univ]sal /&10 to c>ry v>i\s cond5s]s1 c41 c41 9 ! foll[+ way3--,take a /eel or brass wire1 ?ree-sixte5?s or "o-qu>t] in* ?ick & six or eight in*es long2 8tap0 into a solid1 or make r\gh & fa/5 ) melt$ lead into a holl[1 ball4 7,! foot ( a cab9et or "w-box answ]s ! purpose v well47 ,9 ! c5tre ( a r\nd piece ( t\gh bo>d1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 make a hemisph]ical cavity to fit half ( ! ball1 & bore a hole ?r\gh f ! middle ( ?is cavity1 to all[ ! wire to pass4 ,take ano!r piece ( bo>d1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ei!r r\nd or squ>e1 & "o-&-a-half or two in*es ?ick1 make a simil> cavity 9 its c5tre to receive ! o!r half ( ! ball1 b only s deep z to all[ ! ball to fit tightly :5 ! two pieces ( bo>d are screw$ toge!r1 :i* la/ op]ation mu/ be done ) ?ree or f\r screws4 ,let ! hole = ! wire 9 ! upp] "p be made conical 7base upw>ds71 & s l>ge z only to prev5t ! ball f escap+ f its socket1 9 ord] t ! %aft may move ab\t z freely z possible4 ,turn a cavity1 or make holes1 9 ! bottom ( ! "u piece1 & fill ) lead to give weight & /ead9ess4 ,?is1 pa9t$ gre5 bronze & v>ni%$1 looks neat2 & by hav+ pieces ( gutta-p]*a tub+ to fit ! %aft1 a great v>iety ( app>atus may be atta*$ to x4 ,aga91 a 8cond5s]0 is (t5 requir$ = ! illum9ation ( opaque objects4 ,my +5i\s fri5d uses an 8engrav]'s bottle0 7price #f;d471 fills x ) wat]1 & susp5ds x betwixt ! light & ! object4 ,:]e ! light is v yell[1 he t9ts ! wat] ) indigo1 & s removes ! objectionable col\r4 ,i m]ely m5tion ^! z examples ( :at may be done by a little ?\ghtful contrivance1 & to remove ! idea t no?+ is ( mu* value save t :i* is ! "w ( pr(essional workm51 & consequ5tly exp5sive4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,& ,,m\nt ,,objects 8,,dry40 ,! t]m 8dry0 is us$ :5 ! object to be m\nt$ is n imm]s$ 9 any liquid or m$ium1 b pres]v$ 9 its natural /ate1 unless x requires clean+ & dry+4 ,i h be=e /at$ t ?or\gh cleanl9ess is necess>y 9 ! m\nt+ ( all microscopic objects4 ,i may "h add t almo/ e k9d ( sub/ance us$ by ! microscopi/ suff]s f c>eless h&l+4 ,_m leaves ) f9e hairs are robb$ ( half _! beauty1 or ! hairs1 p]haps1 =c$ into totally diff]5t %apes & gr\ps2 _m insects lose _! scales1 :i* con/itute _! *ief value to ! microscopi/2 ev5 ! glass itself di/9ctly %[s ! m>ks ( ! f+]s if left unclean$4 ,e object mu/ also be ?or\ghly dry1 o!rwise dampness w arise & become cond5s$ 9 small drops ^u ! inn] surface ( ! ?9 glass cov]4 ,?is defect is frequ5tly met ) 9 slides :i* h be5 m\nt$ quickly2 ! objects n be+ ?or\ghly dry :5 enclos$ 9 ! cell4 ,_m ( ! *eap slides are ?us r5d]$ wor?less4 ,ev5 ) e c>e x is n possible to get rid ( ?is annoyance occasionally4 ,= ! purpose ( m\nt+ opaque objects 8dry10 discs 7 at "o "t v commonly made use (4 ,^! are circul> pieces ( cork1 lea!r1 or o!r s(t sub/ance1 f "o-qu>t] to half in* 9 diamet]1 black5$ ) v>ni% or cov]$ ) black pap]1 on :i* ! object is fix$ by gum or "s o!r adhesive sub/ance4 ,!y are usually pi]c$ longitud9ally by a /rong p91 :i* s]ves = ! =ceps to lay hold ( :5 be+ plac$ "u ! microscope = exam9ation4 ,sometimes objects are affix$ to bo? sides ( ! disc1 :i* is readily turn$ :5 "u ! object-glass4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od ( m\nt+ is ! ease ) :i* ! disc may be mov$1 & s pres5t e "p ( ! object to ! eye save t by :i* x is fa/5$ to ! disc4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is (t5 made use ( :5 "s p>ticul> subject is und]go+ inve/igation1 z a numb] ( specim5s may be plac$ ^u ! discs ) v little lab\r1 display+ all ! p>ts4 ,b :]e exposure to ! atmosph]e or small p>ticles ( du/ w injure an object1 no advantage :i* ! discs may possess %\ld be consid]$1 & an ord9>y cov]$ cell %\ld be employ$4 ,small pill-boxes h be5 us$1 to ! bottom ( :i* a piece ( cork has be5 glu$ to af=d a gr\nd = ! p9 or o!r mode ( atta*m5t2 b ?is is liable to "s ( ! same faults z ! disc1 & x w\ld be unwise to use ^! = p]man5t objects4 ,messrs4 ,smi? & ,beck h lately inv5t$1 & are n[ mak+1 a beautiful small app>atus1 by means ( :i* ! disc support+ ! object c be work$ ) little or no tr\ble into any position t may prove mo/ conv5i5t1 :il/ a p]=at$ cyl9d] s]ves = ! reception ( ! discs :5 out ( use1 & fits into a case to protect !m f du/4 ,a pair ( =ceps is made = ! express purpose ( remov+ !m f ! case & plac+ !m 9 ! hold]4 ,all dry objects1 h[ev]1 :i* are to be pres]v$ %\ld be m\nt$ on glass slides 9 "o ( ! cells 7describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i47 be/ suit$ to !m4 ,:]e ! object is to be free f pressure1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! cell is deep en\gh to ensure ?is4 ,:5 ! dep? requir$ is b small1 x is (t5 suffici5t to omit ! c>d1 lea!r1 or o!r circles1 & ) ! 8turn-table0 be=e describ$1 by means ( a ?ick v>ni% & camel-hair p5cil1 to =m a r+ ( ! desir$ dep?2 b %\ld ! v>ni% n be ( suffici5t sub/ance to give su* 8walls0 at once1 ! fir/ application may be all[$ to dry1 & a second made ^u x4 ,a numb] ( ^! may be prep>$ at ! same "t1 & laid by = use4 ,:5 liquids are us$ 7see ,*apt] ,,iv471 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] recomm5ds gold-size z a good v>ni% = ! purpose1 & ?is may be us$ 9 8dry0 m\nt+s also4 ,i h us$ ! asphaltum & india-rubb] 7m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i471 & f\nd x to be ev]y?+ ,i c\ld wi%4 ,! cells1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ?or\ghly dry1 & :5 !y w be> ! heat !y %\ld be bak$ = an h\r at lea/ 9 a tol]ably cool ov51 by :i* treatm5t ! latt] becomes a fir/-rate m$ium4 ,all dry objects :i* w n be> pressure mu/ be firmly fa/5$ to ! slide1 o!rwise ! necess>y movem5ts v (t5 injure !m1 by de/roy+ ! f9e hairs1 c4 ,= ?is purpose ?9 v>ni%es are (t5 us$1 & w s]ve well en\gh = l>ge objects1 b _m small] ones are lo/ by adopt+ ?is plan1 z = a "t1 :i* may be deem$ long en\gh to h>d5 ! v>ni%1 !y exhibit no defect1 b 9 a :ile a 8wall0 ( ! pla/ic gum ga!rs ar\nd !m1 :i* refracts ! light1 & ?us leads ! /ud5t to false conclusions4 ,9 all f9] "w1 :]e x is necess>y to use any me?od ( fix+ !m to ! slide1 a solution ( common gum1 ) ! addition ( a few drops ( glyc]9e 7,*apt] ,i471 w be f\nd to s]ve ! purpose p]fectly4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>efully filt]$ ?r\gh blott+ pap]1 o!rwise ! m9ute p>ticles 9 ! solution int]f]e ) ! object1 giv+ ! slide a du/y appe>ance :5 "u ! microscope4 ,:5 m\nt+ an object 9 any ( ^! cells1 ! glass mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$1 :i* may be done ) a cambric h&k]*ief1 aft] ! wa%+ m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,if ! object be l>ge1 ! po9t ( a f9e camel-hair p5cil %\ld be dipp$ into ! gum solution1 & a m9ute quantity ( ! liquid deposit$ 9 ! cell :]e ! object is to be plac$1 b n to cov] a great] surface ?an ! object w totally hide f sight4 ,?is drop ( gum mu/ be all[$ to dry1 :i* w take a few m9utes4 ,brea! !n ^u x two or ?ree times1 hold+ ! slide n f> f ! m\?1 :i* w r5d] ! surface adhesive4 ,!n draw a camel-hair p5cil ?r\gh ! lips1 s z to moi/5 x slightly 7:5 any?+ small w adh]e to x q firmly en\gh71 t\* ! object & place x ^u ! gum 9 ! desir$ position4 ,?is mu/ be done imm$iately to ensure p]fect /ability1 o!rwise ! gum w become at lea/ p>tially dry & only reta9 ! object imp]fectly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! objects are s m9ute t x w\ld be impossible to deposit atoms ( gum small en\gh = ea* "o to cov]1 a diff]5t me?od ( proce$+ mu/ be adopt$4 ,9 ?is case a small portion ( ! same gum solution %\ld be plac$ ^u ! slide1 & by means ( any small in/rum5t--a long ne$le w s]ve ! purpose v well--spread ov] ! surface :i* w be requir$4 ,! quantity ?us ext5d$ w be v small1 b by brea?+ ^u x may be prev5t$ dry+ :il/ be+ disp]s$4 ,?is1 l ! =em5tion$1 %\ld be !n all[$ to dry2 & :il/ ! objects are be+ plac$ on ! prep>$ surface1 brea?+ ^u x z be=e w re/ore ! p[] ( adh]5ce4 ,:5 gum or o!r liquid cem5t has be5 us$ to fix ! objects to ! glass1 ! ?9 cov]s mu/ n be appli$ until ! slide has be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 & all fe> ( dampness aris+ f ! use ( ! solution done away )4 ,w>m? may be safely appli$ = ! purpose1 z objects fa/5$ by ?is me?od are seldom1 if ev]1 f\nd to be loos5$ by x4 ,z objects are met ) ( e ?ickness1 ! cells w be requir$ ( diff]5t dep?s4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 accommodat+ ourselves 9 ?is--! deep] cells may be readily cut out ( ?ick lea!r1 c>d1 or o!r sub/ance pref]r$ 7z m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i474 ,c>dbo>d is easily procur$ ( almo/ any ?ickness2 b sometimes x is conv5i5t to f9d a ?9n] sub/ance ev5 ?an ?is4 ,:5 ?9 glass is laid ^u a drop ( any liquid ^u a slide1 e "o mu/ h obs]v$ h[ readily ! liquid spreads betwixt ! two3 j s :5 any ?9 v>ni% is us$ to surr\nd an object ( little sub/ance1 excessive c>e is ne$$ le/ ! v>ni% %\ld ext5d betwixt ! cov] & slide1 & s r5d] x wor?less4 ,! slighte/ wall1 h[ev]1 prev5ts ?is f tak+ place1 s t a r+ ( common pap] may be us$1 & s]ve a d\ble purpose :]e ! objects require no deep] cell ?an ?is =ms4 ,_m objects1 h[ev]1 are ( su* t5uity--z ! leaves ( _m mosses1 "s ( ! ,diatomace1 scales ( insects1 c4--t no cell is requisite except+ t :i* is necess>ily =m$ by ! m$ium us$ to atta* ! ?9 glass cov] to ! slide2 & :]e ! slide is cov]$ by ! ornam5tal pap]s m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 & pressure does n injure ! object1 ev5 ?is is omitt$1 ! ?9 glass be+ kept 9 position by ! cov]2 b slides m\nt$ 9 ?is mann] are frequ5tly injur$ by dampness1 :i* soon cond5ses ^u ! inn] surfaces & int]f]es bo? ) ! object & ! cle>ness ( its appe>ance4 ,! ?9 glass1 !n1 is to be unit$ to ! slide1 s z to =m a p]fect protection f du/1 dampness1 or o!r injuri\s matt]1 & yet all[ a ?or\ghly di/9ct view ( ! object4 ,?is is to be done by apply+ to ! glass slide r\nd ! object "s adhesive sub/ance1 & ) ! =ceps plac+ ! ?9 glass cov] 7q dry & clean7 ^u x4 ,a g5tle pressure r\nd ! edge w !n ensure a p]fect adhesion1 & ) ord9>y c>e !re w be little or no dang] ( breakage4 ,= ?is purpose gold-size is frequ5tly us$4 ,! asphalt & india-rubb] v>ni% also w be f\nd bo? durable & s]viceable4 ,:atev] cem5t may be us$1 x is well to all[ x to become 9 "s measure 8fix$0 & dri$2 b :]e no cell or 8wall0 is ^u ! slide1 ?is is q necess>y1 o!rwise ! v>ni% w be almo/ c]ta9 to ext5d1 z be=e m5tion$1 & ru9 ! object4 ,x may be /at$ "h t gold-size diff]s greatly 9 its dry+ p[]s1 accord+ to its age1 mode ( prep>ation1 c4 7,*apt] ,,iv47 ,%\ld any object be enclos$ :i* requires to be kept flat dur+ ! dry+ ( ! cem5t1 x w be necess>y to use "s ( ! contrivances m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,:5 ! slide is ?us f> advanc$1 !re rema9s ! 8f9i%+0 only4 ,%\ld ! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 h no "t to complete 8 "w at once1 he may safely leave x at ?is /age until he has a numb] ( slides :i* he may f9i% at ! same "t4 ,!re are diff]5t me?ods ( do+ ?is1 "s ( :i* may be "h describ$4 ,if ornam5tal pap]s are pref]r$1 a small circle mu/ be cut out f ! c5tre a little less ?an ! ?9 glass :i* cov]s ! object4 ,ano!r piece ( col\r$ pap] is made ( ! same size1 & a simil> circle tak5 f its c5tre also1 or bo? may be cut at ! same "t4 ,! slide is !n cov]$ r\nd ! edges ) pap] ( any pla9 col\r1 s t x may ext5d ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ov] ! glass on e side4 ,! ornam5tal pap] is !n pa/$ on ! 8object0 surface ( ! glass1 s t ! circle %[s ! object z ne>ly 9 ! c5tre z possible1 & cov]s ! edges ( ! ?9 glass4 ,! o!r col\r$ pap] is !n affix$ und]nea? ) ! circle co9cid+ ) t above4 ,& "h ,i may obs]ve1 t :5 ?is me?od is us$ !re is no necessity = ! edges ( ! slide to be 8gr\nd10 z all dang] ( scrat*+1 c41 is done away ) by ! pap] cov]4 ,_m n[ use pap] cov]s1 ab\t "o & a half in*es long1 on ! upp] side ( ! slide only1 ) ! c5tre cut out z be=e1 ) no o!r purpose ?an t ( hid+ ! edge ( ! ?9 glass :]e x is unit$ to ! slide4 ,! me?od ( 8f9i%+10 h[ev]1 :i* is mo/ly us$ at ! pres5t "t1 is to lay a coat+ ( v>ni% ^u ! edge ( ! ?9 glass1 & ext5d x "s little way on ! slide4 ,:5 a black circle is requir$1 no?+ s]ves ! purpose bett] ?an ! gold-size & lamp-black1 or ! asphalt & india-rubb] v>ni%1 nei!r ( :i* is liable to *ip2 b :5 us$ = ?is1 ! latt] %\ld be r ?9n]1 z be=e advis$4 ,"s ( ^! v>ni%es are pref]r$ ( diff]5t col\rs1 :i* may be made by us+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( seal+-wax1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i42 b !y are always liable to ! defects !re m5tion$4 ,?is circle _c be made 9 any o!r way b by "o ( ^? contrivances :i* h n[ c5tr$ 9 ,%adbolt's turntable4 ,a v little practice w enable ! "y /ud5t to place 8 slide s t ! circle may be uni=m ) ! edge ( ! ?9 glass4 ,! slide is n[ complete1 except ! addition ( ! "n & any o!r p>ticul>s :i* may be desirable4 ,= ?is purpose "o ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 mu/ be employ$4 ,among/ ! v>i\s classes ( microscopic objects n[ receiv+ g5]al att5tion1 ! ,diatomace may be plac$ 9 a prom95t position4 ,!y af=d endless opportunities ( rese>*1 & "s v elaborate works h already be5 issu$ conc]n+ !m4 ,pr(essor ,smi?'s may be m5tion$ z "o conta9+1 p]haps1 ! be/ illu/rations4 ,! "y /ud5t may wi% to "k :at a diatom is4 ,! 8,micrographic ,diction>y0 gives ! foll[+ def9ition3--8,a family ( conf]void ,alg1 ( v peculi> "*1 consi/+ ( microscopic brittle organisms40 ,!y are n[ look$ ^u by almo/ all ( our sci5tific m5 z belong+ to ! vegetable k+dom1 ?\gh "s few /ill assign !m to ! animal4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably exce$+ly small1 s t ! unaid$ eye c p]ceive no?+ on a prep>$ slide ( ^! organisms b m9ute du/4 ,ea* sep>ate portion1 :i* is usually se5 :5 m\nt$1 is t]m$ a 8fru/ule10 or 8te/ule30 ?is consi/s ( two simil> p>ts1 compos$ ( silica1 betwe5 & sometimes ar\nd :i* is a mass ( viscid matt] call$ ! 8endo*rome40 ,!y are f\nd 9 almo/ e description ( wat]1 accord+ to ! v>iety3 "s pref] sea-wat]1 o!rs fre%1 & _m are se5 n[h]e b 9 t :i* is a mixture ( bo?1 z ! m\?s ( riv]s1 c4 ,dit*es1 ponds1 ci/]ns1 & inde$ almo/ e res]voir1 yield abundance ( ^! =ms4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to 8pres5t0 life2 b1 ow+ to ! almo/ inde/ructible nature ( _! silice\s cov]+1 !y are f\nd 9 a fossil /ate 9 c]ta9 e>?s 9 great abundance1 & are (t5 t]m$ 8fossil ,infusoria40 ,^u ^! fru/ules are g5]ally to be se5 l9es1 or 8m>k+s10 ( diff]5t degrees ( m9ut5ess1 ! delicacy ( :i* (t5 s]ves ! purpose ( te/+ ! def9+ p[] ( ! object-glasses4 ,"s ( ! fru/ules are triangul>1 o!rs circul>1 &1 inde$1 ( almo/ e conceivable %ape1 _m ( !m pres5t+ u ) exquisitely beautiful designs4 ,! m>k+s1 h[ev]1 are seldom se5 well1 if at all1 until ! fru/ules are prop]ly prep>$1 ! diff]5t me?ods ( accompli%+ :i* w be giv5 a little fur!r on4 ,! collection ( ! fre% diatoms is s closely connect$ ) _! pres]vation1 t a few notes may be giv5 ^u x be=e we pass on4 ,= ?is purpose a numb] ( small bottles mu/ be provid$1 :i* may be plac$ 9 a t9 box1 ) a sep>ate ap>tm5t = ea*1 s t all *ance ( breakage may be done away )4 ,! diatoms are g5]ally ( a light br[n col\r2 & :]e !y are obs]v$ 9 ! wat]1 ! bottle may be s plac$1 ) ! m\? clos$ by ! f+]1 t :5 ! f+] is )drawn ! wat] w ru% 91 c>ry+ ! diatoms also4 ,if !y are se5 ^u plants1 /ones1 or any o!r sub/ance1 !y may g5]ally be deta*$ & plac$ 9 ! bottle4 ,:5 !re is a gre5 cov]+ ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 a great quantity ( diatoms is usually f\nd among/ x2 z also ^u ! surface ( ! mud 9 ^? ponds :]e !y ab\nd4 ,9 ^! cases1 a broad flat spoon w be f\nd v useful1 & "o is n[ made ) a cov]+ ^u ! broad] portion ( x to protect ! enclos$ matt] f be+ s readily c>ri$ (f :il/ br++ x to ! surface aga94 ,:]e !re is any dep? ( wat]1 & ! spoon w n rea* ! surface ( ! mud1 ! bottle mu/ be unit$ to a long rod1 & be+ !n c>ri$ ?r\gh ! upp] portion ) ! m\? d[nw>ds1 no wat] w be receiv$ into x2 b on rea*+ ! spot requir$1 ! bottle-m\? may be turn$ up1 & ?us become fill$ ) :at is ne>e/4 ,f ! /oma*s ( common fi%--z ! cod1 sole1 haddock1 c4--_m specim5s ( ,diatomace may be obta9$1 b especially f ! crab1 oy/]1 mussel1 & o!r %ell-fi%4 ,pr(essor ,smi? /ates t f ^! curi\s receptacles he has tak5 "s ) :i* he has n else:]e met4 ,to remove !m f any ( ! small %ell-fi%1 x is necess>y to take ! fi% or /oma* f ! %ell1 & imm]se x 9 /rong hot acid 7nitric is ! be/7 until ! animal matt] is dissolv$1 :5 ! residue mu/ be wa%$ & treat$ z ! ord9>y ,diatomace h]e9aft] describ$4 ,_m diatoms are se5 be/ :5 m\nt$ 9 a dry /ate1 ! m9ute m>k+s becom+ mu* m indi/9ct if imm]s$ 9 liquid or balsam2 & = ?is reason ^? :i* are us$ z te/ objects are usually m\nt$ dry4 ,_m k9ds also are n[ prep>$ 9 ?is way1 z opaque objects to be exam9$ ) ! lieb]kuhn1 & are exquisitely beautiful4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are almo/ inv>iably m\nt$ 9 balsam2 b z ^! w be aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 & require ! same treatm5t to fit !m = ! slide1 x w n be out ( place to describe ! clean+ & prep>ation ( !m "h4 ,z be=e /at$1 !re is mu* matt] surr\nd+ !m :i* mu/ be got rid ( be=e ! 8silice\s cov]+0 c be %[n p]fectly4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we may fir/ wi% to become acqua9t$ 9 "s degree ) :at we h to d1 x is well to take a small piece ( talc1 & place a few ( ! diatoms ^u x4 ,?is may be held ov] ! flame ( ! _s-lamp until all ! surr\nd+ matt] is burnt away1 & a tol]able idea may be ?us obta9$ z to ! quality ( our treasure4 ,9 "s cases x is well to use ?is burn+ op]ation alone 9 m\nt+ specim5s ( diatoms1 :5 !y may be plac$ 9 _! natural /ate ^u ! ?9 glass1 burnt = a:ile ^u ! plat9um plate1 h]eaft] describ$1 & m\nt$ dry or 9 balsam4 ,9 ! prep>ation & clean+ ( ,diatomace1 !re is little satisfaction unless ^! op]ations h be5 successfully p]=m$1 z a v small portion ( =eign matt] s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! object4 ,! mode ( prep>+ !m v>ies ev5 among/ ! mo/ exp]i5c$4 ,x w be f\nd1 !re=e1 mo/ satisfactory to exam9e ! pr9cipal ( ^! sep>ately1 al?\gh x may be at ! risk ( "s little repetition4 ,! me?od :i* is ! mo/ frequ5tly made use ( is ! foll[+3--,place ! 8ga!r+0 conta9+ ! ,diatomace 9 a small glass or porcela9 vessel1 add /rong nitric acid1 &1 by ! aid ( ,buns5's burn] or _s-lamp1 boil = "s m9utes4 ,f "t to "t a drop ( ! mixture may be put ^u a slide1 & exam9$ "u ! microscope to see if all =eign matt] be got rid (4 ,:5 ! valves are clean1 ! vessel conta9+ !m mu/ be fill$ ) wat]1 & ! :ole left = an h\r or two1 s t all ! diatoms may settle p]fectly4 ,! liquid mu/ !n be p\r$ (f c>efully1 or dra9$ away by ! aid ( a syphon1 s t none ( ! diatoms are remov$ ) x4 ,inde$1 x is well to exam9e ! liquid dra9$ (f ea* "t ) ! microscope1 z ! f9] =ms are frequ5tly lo/ 9 ! wa%+s4 ,! vessel mu/ !n be refill$ ) pure wat]1 all[$ to settle1 & dra9$ z be=e4 ,?is wa%+ mu/ be repeat$ until a drop be+ plac$ ^u a slide & evaporat$ leaves no cry/als4 ,:5 x is desirable to pres]ve ! diatoms 9 ?is /ate be=e m\nt+ 7:i* process w be describ$ 9 ano!r place71 !y may be plac$ 9 a small phial ) a little di/ill$ wat]4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i* ! above me?od w n effect a p]fect cleans+1 z c]ta9 sub/ances ) :i* ! diatoms are frequ5tly mix$ are n soluble 9 nitric acid4 ,= ?is reason ! foll[+ me?od is resort$ to3--,take a quantity ( ! matt] conta9+ ! ,diatomace & wa% fir/ ) pure wat]1 to get rid ( all ! impurities possible4 ,all[ ?is to settle p]fectly & decant ! wat]4 ,add hydro*loric acid gradually1 & :5 all eff]vesc5ce has subsid$1 boil = "s m9utes by aid ( ! lamp4 ,:5 cool & ! p>ticles h subsid$1 decant ! hydro*loric & add nitric acid4 ,! boil+ mu/ !n be repeat$ until a drop ( ! liquid :5 plac$ "u ! microscope %[s ! valves or 8fru/ules0 clean4 ,aft] all[+ ! diatoms to settle1 ! acid mu/ be decant$1 & pure wat] sub/itut$4 ,! wa%+ mu/ be repeat$ z 9 ! =m] process until all ! rema9s ( cry/als or acid are remov$1 :5 ! specim5s may be pres]v$ 9 small phials z /at$ above4 ,su* are ! usual modes ( treat+ ! ,diatomace1 b !re are c]ta9 cases 9 :i* p>ticul> me?ods are requir$ to give any?+ l p]fect results4 ,p]sons ( great exp]i5ce comb9e a v>iety ( treatm5ts1 & ?us obta9 bett] & m uni=m specim5s4 ,p]haps x w be advantage\s to give ! "y /ud5t ! process adopt$ by "o ( ! mo/ successful prep>]s ( ^! objects2 b ,i w fir/ /ate ! diff]5t me?ods ( m\nt+ ! clean$ diatoms dry3 h[ to employ ,canada balsam & fluid 9 _! pres]vation w be else:]e describ$4 ,x 0 be=e /at$ t ! diatoms :5 cleans$ might be pres]v$ 9 small phials ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 requir$ = m\nt+1 %ake ! phial1 & ) a ?9 glass tube or rod take up a drop ( ! fluid & spread x ^u ! surface ( ! slide 9 ! desir$ position4 ,?is mu/ !n be all[$ to dry gradually1 or by ! aid ( ! lamp if necess>y1 )\t be+ %ak5 or int]f]$ )1 o!rwise uni=mity ( disp]sion w be prev5t$4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 a ?9 r+ ( "o ( ! adhesive v>ni%es--gold-size w be f\nd z good z any--may be drawn r\nd ! diatoms1 & all[$ to dry 9 a slight degree4 ,! slide & ?9 glass cov] %\ld !n be w>m$ & ! latt] g5tly press$ ^u ! r+ ( v>ni% until ! adhesion all r\nd is complete4 ,z "s ( ! diatoms require object-glasses ( extremely high p[]1 &1 consequ5tly1 %ort focus1 to %[ !m1 !y mu/ be z close to ! out] surface ( ! cov] z possible4 ,= ?is reason !y are sometimes plac$ ^u ! "u side ( ! ?9 glass1 z foll[s4 ,clean ! surfaces ( ! slide & cov]1 & ) ! rod or pipe place ! liquid conta9+ ! diatoms ^u ! ?9 glass1 & dry z be=e4 ,trace ! r+ to receive ! cov] ^u ! slide1 & :5 almo/ dry1 w>m bo? & proce$ z above4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! me?ods is employ$1 ! out] r+ ( col\r$ v>ni% may be appli$ z else:]e describ$ & ! slide f9i%$4 ,! diatoms are also sometimes m\nt$ betwixt two ?9 glasses1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 s t ! light by :i* !y are exam9$ may receive z little int]f]5ce z possible1 & t an a*romatic cond5s] may be br\ght into focus "u ! slide4 ,( ! v>i\s modes ( clean+ & m\nt+ ! ,diatomace1 ,i believe t ! foll[+ may be safely recomm5d$ z af=d+ results ( ! v be/ quality4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,ryl&s1 gave x to me z t :i* he pref]s1 & ,i c safely say t 8 num]\s slides are at lea/ equal to any ,i h ev] se54 ,i w give x j z ,i receiv$ x f him1 ?\gh !re may be "s little repetition ( :at has be5 said else:]e1 z he does n appropriate any "p ( x z 8 own4 ,he says3--,9 ?is bran* ( m\nt+1 g5]al rules alone c be laid d[n1 because ! ga!r+s may conta9 iron1 lime1 f9e silt1 or vegetable matt] "u conditions = special treatm5t1 & consequ5tly ! fir/ /ep %\ld be to exp]im5t on v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 ga!r+ diatoms mu* lab\r is sav$ by judgm5t & c>e2 h5ce x is desirable to get acqua9t$ ) !m 9 _! gr[+ condition1 s t :5 recognis$ ^u ! s&s or o!r spots !y may be c>efully remov$ by ! aid ( ! spoon or small t9 scoop be=e describ$4 ,:5 gr[+ ^u alg or o!r plants1 ! plants & diatoms toge!r may be c>ri$ home1 9 :i* case !y mu/ be simply dra9$ & n wa%$ or press$1 9 ord] t ! diatoms be n lo/4 ,z x is always desirable to exam9e ! ga!r+ on ! gr\nd1 a 8,gairdn]'s h& microscope0 ) p[]s f #hj to #bjj diamet]s w be f\nd v useful4 ,! be/ ga!r+s are ^? :i* repres5t "o species abundantly4 ,^? :i* are mix$ may be reject$1 unless !y are se5 to conta9 some?+ valuable or important1 z ! object %\ld be n s mu* to supply microscopical curiosities z to collect mat]ial :i* is available = ! /udy ( nature4 ,! ga!r+ :5 c>ri$ home %\ld always be c>efully exam9$ be=e any?+ is done ) x2 n only on acc\nt ( ! additional in=mation ?us acquir$1 b also because x (t5 happ5s t a specim5 %\ld be m\nt$ 9 fluid 7see ,*apt] ,,iv47 9 ! condition 9 :i* x is ga!r$1 z well z clean$ & m\nt$ 9 balsam 7,*apt] ,,iii47 & dry4 ,:]e ! ga!r+ is tak5 f s&1 ! :ole may be %ak5 up 9 wat] z a prelim9>y op]ation1 :5 mu* ( ! s& w be sep>at$ by its own weight4 ,! lime te/1 h[ev]1 %\ld be appli$1 viz4--a small portion ( hydro*loric acid1 & if !re be eff]vesc5ce x mu/ be dissolv$ out by ?is means4 ,f ,alg & o!r we$s diatoms may be deta*$ by agitat+ ! :ole toge!r 9 a weak solution ( nitric acid--ab\t "o ( pure acid to tw5ty or ?irty ( wat]1 z x mu/ be suffici5tly weak to free ! diatoms )\t de/roy+ ! matt] to :i* !y adh]e4 ,! diatoms may !n be sep>at$ by sift+ ?r\gh co>se musl91 :i* w reta9 ! ,alg1 c4 ,! process ( clean+ w v>y accord+ to circum/ances4 ,"s ga!r+s require to be boil$ only a few m9utes 9 nitric acid2 b ! m g5]al plan :]e !y are mix$ ) organic or o!r =eign matt]1 is to boil !m 9 pure sulphuric acid until !y cease to gr[ d>k] 9 col\r 7usually f a half to "o m9ute71 & !n to add1 drop by drop to avoid explosions1 a cold saturat$ solution ( *lorate ( pota% until ! col\r is dis*>g$1 or1 9 case ! col\r does n disappe>1 ! quantity ( ! solution us$ is at lea/ equal to t ( ! acid4 ,?is op]ation is be/ p]=m$ 9 a wide-m\!d ord9>y beak] glass1,b a te/-tube be+ too n>r[4 ,! mixture :il/ boil+ %\ld be p\r$ into ?irty times its bulk ( cold wat]1 & ! :ole all[$ to subside4 ,! fluid mu/ !n be c>efully decant$ & ! vessel re-suppli$ once or twice ) pure wat]1 s z to get rid ( all ! acid4 ,! ga!r+ may !n be transf]r$ to a small boil+ glass or te/-tube1 &--! wat] be+ c>efully decant$--boil$ 9 ! smalle/ available quantity ( nitric acid1 & wa%$ z be=e4 ,?is la/ process has be5 f\nd necess>y f ! frequ5t appe>ance ( m9ute cry/als1 :i* _c o!rwise be readily dispos$ ( )\t ! loss ( a consid]able proportion ( diatoms4 ,b ,^! glasses are r\nd1 ab\t six in*es high1 & usually conta9 ab\t eight ounces4 ,!y are r wid] at ! bottom1 tap]+ gradually to ! top1 & may be g5]ally procur$ at ! *emi/s1 c4 ,i may "h m5tion t ! wa%+ glasses us$ by ,mr4 ,ryl&s are /opp]$ conical bottles v>y+ 9 capacity f two ounces to "o qu>t2 ! conical =m be+ employ$ to prev5t ! adh]5ce ( any?+ to ! side2 !y are 8/opp]$0 to r5d] !m available 9 ! %ak+ process ab\t to be describ$4 ,! ga!r+1 fre$ f acid1 is n[ put into two in*es dep? ( wat]1 %ak5 vigor\sly = a m9ute or two1 & all[$ to subside = half an h\r1 aft] :i* ! turbid fluid mu/ be c>efully decant$4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be repeat$ until all ! matt] is remov$ :i* w n settle 9 half an h\r4 ,! fluid remov$ %\ld be exam9$ by a drop be+ put ^u a slide1 z 9 "s cases v light diatoms h be5 f\nd to come (f almo/ pure 9 "o or m ( ^! e>li] wa%+s4 ,! quantity ( wat] & "t ( subsid5ce giv5 may be tak5 g5]ally1 b may require to be modifi$ accord+ to circum/ances & ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator4 ,by ! repetition & v>iation ( ?is process--! %ak+ be+ ! mo/ important "p--! ga!r+1 if a pure "o1 w be suffici5tly clean4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x conta9s a v>iety ( species & =ms1 x may require to be divid$ into diff]5t d5sities4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x is be/ to divide ! ga!r+ z a prelim9>y op]ation1 :i* may be done by agitat+ x 9 a quantity ( wat] & decant+ :at does n readily subside4 ,! heavi] & ! light] portions are !n to be treat$ z two sep>ate boil+s4 ,b :5 ! cleans+ has be5 c>ri$ to ! above /age & ?is division is requir$1 ! plan mu/ be some:at z foll[s3--,! ga!r+ mu/ be %ak5 9 a te/-tube ) six in*es ( wat]1 & !n all[$ to subside until "o in* at ! top rema9s pure4 ,ab\t ?ree in*es are !n to be c>efully )drawn by a pipette1 :5 ! tube may be fill$ up & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,! ?ree l[] in*es also may !n be decant$ & exam9$4 ,! ga!r+ is ?us divid$ into ?ree portions1 viz4--t :i* 0 )drawn by ! pipette1 t :i* rema9$ float+ 9 ! l[] ?ree in*es ( wat] 9 ! tube1 & t :i* _h settl$ at ! bottom4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! w in=m ! op]ator h[ to obta9 t p>ticul> d5sity ( ga!r+ :i* he desires1 & h[ f> x is wor? :ile to ref9e ?is process ( elutriation2 = 9 cases ( necessity any "o1 or all ?ree1 ( ^! d5sities may be op]at$ ^u 9 ! same way to sep>ate a p>ticul> diatom4 ,z occasional aids1 x may be rem>k$1 t 9 "s cases liquor ammoni may be us$ 9 place ( wat]1 z x (t5 sep>ates f9e dirt1 :i* is n o!rwise easily got rid (4 ,"s fossil deposits require to be treat$ ) a boil+ solution ( c>bonate ( soda to dis9tegrate !m2 b ?is op]ation requires great c>e1 le/ ! alkali %\ld de/roy ! diatoms4 ,vegetable silicates also sometimes require to be remov$ by a solution ( c>bonate ( soda2 b z ! fru/ules ( ! diatoms !mselves are b vegetable silica1 ev5 m c>e is requir$ 9 ?is case4 ,x may be well to m5tion1 t "s diatoms are s imp]fectly silice\s t !y w n be> boil+ 9 acid at all4 ,"s ( ^! may be all[$ to /& 9 cold nitric acid "s "t1 :il/ o!rs ( a small] & m delicate "* %\ld1 :5 possible1 be treat$ ) di/ill$ wat] alone4 ,we w n[ consid] ! mode ( m\nt+ ! prep>$ diatoms1 :i*1 if us$ dry 7z describ$ 9 ?is *apt]71 %\ld be c>efully wa%$ two or ?ree times ) ! pure/ di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 ?is bran*1 z 9 e o!r1 ea* collector gives pref]5ce to t me?od 9 :i* he is an adept4 ,?us ! diatoms may be plac$ on ! "u side ( ! cov]1 to be z ne> to ! object-glass z possible1 or ^u ! slide itself2 & ea* plan has its advocates4 ,:i*soev] ( ^! is us$1 no?+ seems m simple to ! novice ?an a tol]ably equal disp]sion ( ! objects ^u ! slide or cov]2 b ?is is by no means s readily accompli%$1 consequ5tly ,i give ,mr4 ,ryl&s' me?od1 z 8 slides are p]fect 9 ?is respect also4 ,he always places ! diatoms ^u ! ?9 glass cov]4 ,x is n suffici5t1 z is frequ5tly ?\ght1 to take a drop ( liquid conta9+ ! cleans$ mat]ial & spread x ^u ! cov] or slide1 z )\t "s additional precaution t uni=m & regul> di/ribution ( ! specim5s is n obta9$ :i* is desirable4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is1 let a drop ( ! cleans$ ga!r+ be dilut$ suffici5tly = ! purpose--h[ mu* mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ea* case by exp]im5t--& let ! cov]s to be m\nt$ be clean$ & laid ^u ! brass plate4 7,see ,*apt] ,i47 ,by means ( a glass tube1 ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 /opp$ by ! wett$ f+] at ! upp] end1 take up z mu* ( ! dilut$ mat]ial z w =m a mod]ately convex drop ext5d+ ov] ! :ole cov]4 ,:5 all ! cov]s requir$ are ?us prep>$1 apply a lamp bel[ ! brass plate1 & raise ! temp]ature to a po9t j %ort ( boil+4 ,by ?is means ! cov]s w be dri$ 9 a few m9utes1 & ! specim5s equally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole area4 ,! spread ( ! fluid ^u ! cov]s is facilitat$ by brea?+ ^u !m2 &1 to insure uni=mity1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid %ak+ !m :il/ dry+4 ,! be/ plan is to m\nt at lea/ half a doz5 at once4 ,be=e m\nt+1 ,mr4 ,ryl&s always burns ! diatoms ^u ! glass at a dull r$ heat1 :e!r !y are us$ ) balsam or dry4 ,?is burn+1 he says1 is n only an additional clean+ process1 b x effectually fixes ! diatoms1 & prev5ts !m float+ out if m\nt$ ) balsam4 ,! ?9ne/ cov]s may be burnt )\t damage if !y are plac$ ^u a small piece ( plat9um foil ( ! size requir$1 :i* %\ld be ab\t "o-hundr$? ( an in* ?ick1 p]fectly flat1 & hav+ ?ree ( its edges slightly b5t ov]1 s z to prev5t its w>p+ ) ! heat4 ,! small flame ( a _s-lamp1 or1 :]e !re is gas1 a ,buns5's burn]1 may be employ$4 ,! cov] %\ld be %ad$ f direct daylight1 t ! action ( ! flame may be obs]v$ m p]fectly4 ,c>e mu/ !n be tak5 to raise ! temp]ature only to ! dull r$ heat be=e m5tion$4 ,! cov] w !n be 9 a fit /ate = m\nt+ z requir$4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 ano!r place t x is assum$ ! op]ator is n m\nt+ diatoms simply z microscopic objects1 b z in/ructive specim5s4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 suffici5t to take a s+le slide z all t is requir$1 b to h ! same diatom prep>$ 9 z _m ways z possible4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3-- #a4 ,m\nt$ crude 9 fluid 7see ,*apt] ,,iv474 #b4 ,burnt crude ^u ! cov]1 & m\nt$ dry or 9 balsam 7z be=e m5tion$74 #c4 ,m\nt$ dry or 9 balsam 7see ,*apt] ,,iii471 aft] ! cleans+ process already describ$4 ,i w "h give ,mr4 ,ryl&s' me?od ( m\nt+ !m dry1 ! fluid & balsam prep>ations be+ notic$ 9 _! respective *apt]s4 ,! slide ) ! r+ ( asphalt1 or black v>ni%1 %\ld h be5 prep>$ "s weeks previ\sly1 9 ord] to all[ x to dry ?or\ghly4 ,:5 requir$1 x mu/ be held ov] ! _s-lamp or ,buns5's burn] until ! r+ ( v>ni% is s(t5$4 ,! burnt cov]1 hav+ be5 heat$ at ! same "t1 mu/ !n be tak5 9 ! =ceps & press$ ^u ! s(t5$ v>ni% until x adh]es all r\nd4 ,:5 cold1 an out] r+ ( asphalt completes ! slide4 ,su* is ! me?od :i* my fri5d ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,ryl&s employs 9 ! prep>ation ( diatoms = ! microscope4 ,i h said en\gh conc]n+ 8 results4 ,x is to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t to "s ^! sev]al modes ( op]ation may appe> l5g?y & complicat$2 b if read c>efully1 & ! exp]im5ts tri$1 !y w be f\nd simple en\gh 9 practice1 & to occupy mu* less "t ?an an intelligible description w\ld lead ! novice to believe necess>y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ f]tile z well z ! mo/ curi\s magaz9es ( ,diatomace is guano4 ,! silice\s =ms conta9$ !re9 h be5 dev\r$ by sea-birds & pass$ ?r\gh ! /oma* un9jur$1 & aft] ly+ = ages may be clean$ & classifi$4 ,_m ( ^! are n else:]e met )1 s t ! /ud5t :o is desir\s to ent] into ! /udy ( ,diatomace mu/ be in/ruct$ z to ! be/ mode ( obta9+ !m f ?is s\rce4 ,! p>ticul>s to be obs]v$ s closely resemble ^? be=e m5tion$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ord9>y diatoms1 t x w be suffici5tly explicit to give ! outl9es ( ! process4 ,! guano mu/ be fir/ wa%$ 9 pure wat]1 all[$ to subside p]fectly1 & ! liquid !n p\r$ (f4 ,?is mu/ be repeat$ until ! top fluid is cle>1 & c>e tak5 n to decant ! liquid until p]fect subsid5ce has tak5 place4 ,! deposit mu/ !n be treat$ ) hydro*loric acid ) a g5tle heat = an h\r or two1 add+ a little fre% acid at int]vals z long z x excites any eff]vesc5ce ,aft] ?is nitric acid mu/ be sub/itut$ = ! hydro*loric1 & ! heat kept up to almo/ boil+-po9t = ano!r h\r at lea/1 add+ a little fre% acid z be=e4 ,:5 ?is ceases to act1 ! deposit mu/ be all[$ to settle p]fectly & ! acid p\r$ (f4 ,all traces ( ! acid mu/ n[ be wa%$ away ) pure wat]1 :5 ! rema9s w be ,diatomace1 ! s& conta9$ 9 ! guano1 & a few o!r =ms4 ,"s ( ^! may be m\nt$ dry1 z be=e m5tion$1 b ! great] portion %\ld be put up 9 ,canada balsam z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,su* is ! ord9>y me?od = ! treatm5t ( guano2 b ,mr4 ,ryl&s' mode ( proce$+ ) ord9>y ,diatomace 7be=e giv57 w be f\nd equally successful ) ^! deposits4 ,! fossil ,infusoria 7z !y 7 =m]ly call$7 are n[ t]m$ ,diatomace1 & are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w--8,b]muda e>?10 8,b]g-mehl0 f ,norway1 deposit f ,m\rne ,m\nta9 9 ,irel&1 c4 ,!y are f\nd 9 imm5se quantities1 & af=d ! microscopi/ innum]able objects4 ,! same treatm5t z t usually employ$ = ! ,diatomace mu/ be foll[$ ) ^! deposits1 b z !y are sometimes obta9$ 9 h>d masses1 dis9tegration is fir/ necess>y4 ,to effect ?is1 !y are usually boil$ = a %ort "t 9 dilut$ liquor potass1 :i* w soon cause ! mass to fall into a mud-l deposit4 ,wat] mu/ !n be imm$iately add$1 9 ord] t all fur!r action ( ! liquor potass may be /opp$1 o!rwise ! objects se>*$ = w be dissolv$4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y to und]/& :at sub/ance is be+ dealt )1 because "s deposits are mu* f9] & act$ ^u m readily ?an o!rs4 ,9 m\nt+ ^! objects1 "s are s delicate t !y are almo/ invisible :5 balsam is us$ ) !m2 !y are !re=e usually m\nt$ dry4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are mu* co>s]1 & may be m\nt$ 9 balsam l ! ,diatomace m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! common ,infusoria _c be m\nt$ dry ) any great success1 ?\gh a few may be plac$ ^u ! glass slide & all[$ to dry naturally1 :5 _! *>act]s w be v well %[n4 ,to obta9 any?+ l a natural appe>ance1 !y mu/ be put up 9 fluid z 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,next to ! ,diatomace1 no class ( microscopic objects has be5 m look$ into ( late ?an ! ,=am9if]a4 ,^! animals are almo/ all m>9e1 hav+ a jelly-l body enclos$ 9 "o or m *amb]s ( %ell g5]ally compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! %ells are made ) m9ute orifices1 ?r\gh :i* ! pseudopodia 7false feet7 are ext5d$ by :i* ! animal is enabl$ to lay hold ( any?+ & draw itself along4 ,f ! possession ( ^! orifices !y d]ive _! "n1 z =am5 means a door or op5+4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 e dep? ( sea hi!rto s\nd$1 ea* dep? be+ abundant 9 c]ta9 species2 ! l[e/ b$s conta9+ ! greate/ numb] ( specim5s1 ?\gh ) less v>iation ( k9ds4 ,9 *alk !y are f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 & may readily be %[n 7see ,*apt] ,,iii472 9 lime/one & o!r h>d /ones !y are abundant1 & "s m\nta9s are compos$ pr9cipally ( ^! %ells4 ,! me?ods ( obta9+ ,=am9if]a are v>i\s4 ,_m may be f\nd ^u seawe$s1 :i* %\ld always be exam9$ z soon z possible aft] ga!r+4 ,!y are f\nd 9 masses ^u "s coa/s :]e ! waves h c>ri$ & left !m2 b !y are to be f\nd ! mo/ abundantly 9 s& or mud dr$g$ f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 be cleans$ & sep>at$ f ! mass ( impurity ) :i* !y are usually mix$4 ,?is may be done 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! accompany+ matt]4 ,if s& alone1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! :ole mass mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$1 & !n /irr$ up 9 clean wat]4 ,! s& w soon subside by its own weight1 b ! *amb]s ( ! ,=am9if]a1 be+ fill$ ) air1 w float ^u ! surface1 & may be skimm$ (f4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o objection to ?is mode ( proce$+--"s ( ^! objects are s m9ute1 ! *amb]s conta9+ comp>atively s small a quantity ( air1 t !y s9k & are ca/ away ) ! refuse s&4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is pref]able to take ! tr\ble ( se>*+ c]ta9 s\nd+s "u ! microscope1 us+ ! camel-hair p5cil1 or "s o!r contrivance be=e m5tion$1 to extract ^? objects :i* are requir$4 ,to clean ! ,=am9if]a1 ,pr(essor ,williamson advises to transf] ! specim5s to an evaporat+ di% conta9+ a weak solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,?is mu/ be boil$ = 8"s mom5ts10 :5 ! organic matt] w be entirely dissolv$1 & ! calc>e\s %ells left free f impurity4 ,!y mu/ n[ be well wa%$ 9 wat]1 s t all alkal9e matt] may be entirely got rid (4 ,if ! specim5s are 9 mud1 we mu/ proce$ 9 a diff]5t way3--,/ir up ! :ole mass 9 wat]1 & all[ x to /& until ! heavi] portion has sunk to ! bottom2 ! wat] may !n be p\r$ (f & exam9$ to see if !re are any objects conta9$ 9 x4 ,?is process mu/ be repeat$ until ! wat] comes (f q cle>1 :5 7if ! se>* is = ,=am9if]a only7 ! solution ( cau/ic pota% may be us$ z be=e m5tion$4 ,h[ev] ! s\nd+s1 c41 are clean$1 x is necess>y to assort !m "u ! microscope ) ! camel-hair p5cil or o!r contrivance1 z x is impossible to obta9 !m fit = m\nt+ )\t und]go+ ?is process4 ,! sea s\nd+s tak5 by ord] ( ,gov]nm5t are drawn f ! bottom 9 a k9d ( app>atus +5i\sly made = ! purpose1 & ! s&1 mud1 c41 are br\ght up 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,common s\nd+s1 h[ev]1 are tak5 by l[]+ a heavy piece ( lead coat$ ) tall[1 :i* consequ5tly br+s up a small portion ( ! matt] f ! bottom4 ,mr4 ,george ,mosley1 ! late ,secret>y ( ! ,man*e/] ,microscopic ,society1 obta9$ numb]s ( ! 8scrap+s0 f ! s\nd+ leads4 ,to make any use ( ^! x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to free !m f all traces ( ! tall[4 ,mr4 ,danc] places ! s\nd+ 9 a bas9 & p\rs boil+ wat] ^u x1 :i* causes ! melt$ grease to rise to ! surface4 ,:5 cold1 ?is may be remov$1 & ! wat] c>efully decant$4 ,! op]ation may be repeat$ until no grease appe>s1 :5 ! wat] may be )drawn & liquor ammoni us$1 :i* w =m a soapy solution ) any rema9+ grease4 ,?is mu/ be treat$ ) hot wat] = ! f9al wa%+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 le/ ! f9] =ms be c>ri$ away 9 decant+ ! wa%+ liquid4 ,%\ld x be wi%$ to make c]ta9 z to ?is po9t1 ea* wa%+ %\ld be exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,9 "s cases ! process ( ,mr4 ,danc] w prove suffici5t4 ,mr4 ,dale1 h[ev]1 gives a me?od ( accompli%+ ! same result1 :i* is mu* m readily complet$2 & z ! results _c be f\nd fault )1 ,i w "h give x 9 full3--,x is n[ well kn[n t "o ( ! products obta9$ f ! naph?a ( coal-t> is a volatile1 oily sub/ance1 t]m$ b5zole 7or1 by ,fr5* *emi/s1 b5z9e71 ^: boil+-po9t1 :5 pure1 is ab\t #ahj ,fahr5heit1 :i* is a p]fect solv5t = fatty sub/ances4 ,9 a capsule1 previ\sly w>m$ on a s&-ba?1 ,mr4 ,dale mixes ) ! tall[ s\nd+s b5zole1 ^: boil+-po9t may be ab\t #bjj1 until suffici5tly dilut$ s z to run freely1 press+ ! lumps ) a glass rod until ?or\ghly m+l$2 ! solution & its cont5ts are !n p\r$ into a pap] filt]1 plac$ 9 a glass funnel2 ! capsule is aga9 wa%$ ) b5zole1 until ! :ole ( ! gritty p>ticles are remov$ into ! filt]4 ,a wa%+-bottle is !n suppli$ ) b5zole1 & ! cont5ts ( ! filt] wa%$ to ! bottom until t liquid passes (f pure1 :i* may be te/$ by plac+ a drop f ! po9t ( ! funnel on a w>m slip ( glass or bright plat9um1 :51 if pure1 ! b5zole w evaporate )\t residue or t>ni%2 if grease be pres5t1 ! wa%+s mu/ be cont9u$ until !y are free f x4 ,aft] r9s+ ?r\gh weak acid1 or alcohol1 = f9al purification1 ! calc>e\s =ms w be ready = m\nt+4 ,! filt] & its cont5ts may be left to dry spontane\sly1 :5 ! latt] c be exam9$ by ! microscope4 ,%\ld "t be an object1 rapid dry+ may be effect$ by any ( ! usual me?ods2 "o ( :i*1 recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,dale1 is to bl[ a /ream ( hot air ?r\gh a glass tube held 9 ! flame ( a ,buns5's burn]4 ,! l[] ! boil+-po9t ( ! b5zole1 ! m readily c ! specim5s be fre$ f x4 ,a common] quality may be us$1 b x is m difficult to dry aft]w>ds4 ,pure b5zole be+ co/ly1 ?is may appe> an exp5sive process2 b1 ) ! exception ( a trifl+ loss by evaporation1 ! :ole may be recov]$ by simple di/illation4 ,! mixture ( tall[ & b5zole be+ plac$ 9 a retort 9 a hot-wat]1 a /eam1 or a s& ba?1 ! b5zole w pass into ! receiv]1 & ! tall[ or o!r impurities w rema9 9 ! retort4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ! b5zole has di/ill$ ov]1 :i* is asc]ta9$ by its ceas+ to drop f ! cond5s]1 ! heat is )drawn & ! retort all[$ to cool be=e ! addition ( fre% mat]ial4 ,half a doz5 to a doz5 filt]s1 ea* ) its specim51 c be 9 process at ! same "t2 & ! di/illation ( ! recov]$ b5zole progresses z quickly z ! filtration1 :i* 0 practically prov$ on ! occasion nam$4 ,great caution 9 ! use ( b5zole is to be tak5 9 ! approa* ( lights to ! inflammable vap\r4 ,aft] ! ,=am9if]a & calc>e\s =ms h be5 remov$1 ! residue may be treat$ ) acids & levigation 9 ! usual mann]1 to obta9 silice\s =ms & discs1 if !re are any pres5t2 b to facilitate _! deposition1 & to avoid ! loss ( any m9ute atoms susp5d$ 9 ! wa%+s1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! use ( filtration4 ,! conical filt] is unsuitable1 z ! p>ticles w\ld spread ov] too great a surface ( pap]2 b glass tubes op5 at bo? ends 7su* z brok5 te/-tubes7 w be f\nd to answ]1 ! broad end cov]$ ) filt]+ pap]1 & ov] t a slip ( musl9 ti$ on ) a ?read to facilitate ! passage ( ! wat] & prev5t ! risk ( break+ ! pap]4 ,susp5d ! tube ov] a suitable vessel ?r\gh a hole cut 9 ?9 wood or c>dbo>d1 p\r 9 ! wa%+s :i* c be ?us filt]$ & !n dri$4 ,! clo? mu/ be c>efully remov$1 ! pap] cut r\nd ! edges ( ! tube1 & ! diatoms on ! pap] disc may be remov$ by a camel-hair p5cil or o!rwise1 ready = m\nt+4 ,?us _m objects may be pres]v$ :i* w\ld be ei!r wa%$ away or only be obta9$ by a m t$i\s process4 ,su* is ,mr4 ,dale's me?od ( clean+ ! s\nd+s f ! tall[1 & z x ?or\ghly accompli%es its end1 & is alike effective & n injuri\s to ,=am9if]a & diatoms1 x may be safely recomm5d$4 ,! weak solution ( cau/ic pota% be=e advis$ = ,=am9if]a1 mu/ n be us$ :]e x is desir$ to pres]ve ! diatoms1 z !y w\ld c]ta9ly be injur$1 or de/roy$ altoge!r1 if ?is ag5t 7 employ$4 ,9 fix+ ! ,=am9if]a ^u ! slide1 no bett] plan c be foll[$ ?an ! 8dry cells0 & gum recomm5d$ 9 ! e>ly p>ts ( ?is *apt]4 ,ow+ to _! ?ickness & composition1 mo/ ( !m are opaque objects only2 b !y are exquisitely beautiful1 & require no p>ticul> c>e1 except 9 all[+ ! cell1 c41 to be p]fectly dry1 :5 ! cov] is plac$ ^u x1 or ! damp w c]ta9ly become cond5s$ ^u ! inn] side1 & ! exam9ation s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,_m ( ! ,=am9if]a require cutt+ into sections if x is wi%$ to exam9e ! int]nal /ructure1 c41--8decalcify+0 is also desirable 9 "s cases2--bo? ( ^! processes w be f\nd describ$ at l5g? 9 ! *apt] on ,sections & ,dissection4 ,:5 m ?an "o specim5 ( "s p>ticul> %ell is obta9$1 x is bett] to place !m ^u ! slide 9 diff]5t positions1 s z to %[ z mu* ( ! /ructure z possible4 ,i w conclude ?is subject by quot+ a passage f ,t4 ,rym] ,jones3--8,x is1 !re=e1 by no means suffici5t to treat ^! %ells z ord9>y objects by simply lay+ !m on a glass slide1 s z to see !m only f "o or two po9ts ( view2 !y mu/ be c>efully exam9$ 9 e direction1 = su* is ! div]sity ( =m t no?+ %ort ( ?is w be at all satisfactory4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y %\ld be atta*$ to ! po9t ( a f9e ne$le1 s t !y may be turn$ 9 any direction1 & exam9$ by reflect$ light cond5s$ ^u !m by means ( a l5s or side reflector4 ,9 _m ( ! ?ick-%ell$ species x w be necess>y to gr9d !m d[n on a hone see ,*apt] ,v4 be=e ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! int]nal *amb]s is disc]nible2 & 9 ord] to inve/igate satisfactorily ! m9uti ( _! /ructure1 a v>iety ( sections1 made 9 v>i\s ways1 is indisp5sable40 ,plants af=d an almo/ inexhau/ible treasury = ! microscope1 & _m ( !m %[ _! beauties be/ :5 m\nt$ dry4 ,:5 any ( ^! also are to be m\nt$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are ?or\ghly dry1 o!rwise ! damp w c]ta9ly arise 9 ! cell1 & injure ! object2 & x may be "h m5tion$ t long aft] a leaf has e appe>ance ( dryness1 ! int]ior is /ill damp1 & no way c be recomm5d$ ( gett+ rid ( ?is by any quick] process ?an t effect$ by keep+ !m 9 a w>m room1 z _m leaves1 c41 are utt]ly spoil$ by us+ a hot iron or o!r contrivance4 ,! safe/ way is to press !m g5tly betwixt blott+-pap]1 :i* may be remov$ & dri$ at %ort int]vals2 & ?\gh ?is may appe> a t$i\s op]ation1 x is a safe "o4 ,on ! surface ( ! leaves1 hairs & scales ( v>i\s & v beautiful =ms are f\nd1 mo/ ( :i* display _! beauties be/ :5 remov$ f ! leaf1 & us$ ) ! pol>iz]4 ,^! w be notic$ 9 ano!r place2 b a portion ( ! leaf %\ld always be prep>$ 9 its natural =m1 to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! hair or scales ^u x2 :i* mu/ almo/ inv>iably be m\nt$ dry :5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,_m ( !m require v delicate h&l+4 ,! epid]mis1 or1 z x is by "s t]m$1 ! cuticle1 is ! out] sk9 :i* lies ^u ! surface ( ! leaves & o!r p>ts ( mo/ plants4 ,?is is compos$ ( cells closely connect$1 (t5 be>+ ! appe>ance ( a rude network4 ,9 _m plants1 by scrap+ up ! surface ( ! leaf1 a ?9 coat+ is deta*$1 :i* may be torn (f by tak+ hold ( x ) ! =ceps4 ,! piece may !n be wa%$ & float$ ^u a glass slide1 :]e1 on dry+1 x w be firmly fix$1 & may usually be m\nt$ dry4 ,among/ ! mo/ beautiful & easily prep>$ ( ^! may be m5tion$ ! petal ( ! g]anium1 ! cells ( :i* are well def9$ & among/ ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,closely connect$ ) ! leaves are ! ,,an!rs & ,,poll51 ( :i* a great numb] are beautiful & int]e/+ subjects = ! microscopi/4 ,! mall[ tribe w furni% "s exquisite objects1 be>+ ! appe>ance ( masses ( co/ly jewels4 ,^! are usually dri$ ) pressure1 b ! natural =m may be m accurately pres]v$ by all[+ !m to dry z !y are tak5 f ! fl[]1 ) no int]f]5ce except ?or\ghly protect+ !m f all du/4 ,sometimes ! an!r is divid$1 s t ! cell requir$ to receive !m may be ( z little dep? z possible4 ,! common mall[ is a beautiful object1 b ,i ?9k ! lavat]a is a bett]1 z x %[s ! poll5 *amb]s well1 :5 dri$ unpress$4 ,! poll5 is (t5 set alone1 & is well wor? ! tr\ble1 z x !n admits ( m close exam9ation4 ,(t5 x is conv5i5t to h ! an!r & poll5 z se5 9 nature on "o slide1 & ! poll5 alone ^u ano!r4 ,! =m] %\ld be tak5 f ! fl[]s be=e _! full developm5t is atta9$1 z if ov]gr[n !y lose mu* ( _! beauty4 ,"s poll5s are naturally s d>k t x is necess>y to m\nt !m 9 ,canada balsam or fluid1 z describ$ 9 o!r places2 b !y are bett] m\nt$ dry :5 !y are n too opaque4 ,"h1 too1 we may also m5tion ! ,,se$s ( _m plants z mo/ int]e/+1 & "s ( !m v beautiful1 objects1 requir+ = ! great] "p b a l[ p[] to %[ !m4 ,mo/ ( ^! are to be m\nt$ dry1 z opaque objects1 9 cells suit$ to !m1 b "s are be/ se5 9 balsam1 & w be m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,,corall9es1 _m ( :i* are f\nd on almo/ e coa/1 af=d "s v valuable objects = ! microscope4 ,!y mu/ be well wa%$ :5 fir/ procur$1 to get rid ( all ! salts 9 ! sea-wat]1 dri$ & m\nt$ 9 cells deep en\gh to protect !m f all dang] ( pressure1 z "s ( !m are exce$+ly fragile4 ,! :ite ivory appe>ance :i* "s ( !m pres5t is giv5 to !m by an ev5 cov]+ ( c>bonate ( lime2 & %\ld x be desir$ to exam9e ! /ructure ( ^! m closely1 x may be accompli%$ by keep+ !m = "s "t 9 v9eg> or dilute muriatic acid1 :i* w remove ! lime & all[ ( ! sub/ance be+ slic$ 9 ! same way z o!r ,alg4 78,micrographic ,diction>y10 p4 #ahc47 ,,! ,,scales ,,( ,,insects4--,! f9e du/ ^u ! w+s ( mo?s & butt]flies1 :i* is s readily remov$ :5 h&l$ c>elessly1 is :at is g5]ally call$ scales4 ,to ^! ! w+ owes ! magnific5t col\rs :i* s (t5 are se5 ^u x2 e p>ticle be+ :at may be t]m$ a di/9ct flat fea!r4 ,h[ ^! are plac$ 7some:at l tiles ^u a ro(7 may be easily se5 9 ! w+ ( any butt]fly1 a few be+ remov$ to aid ! inve/igation4 ,! =m ( !m is usually t ( ! 8battl$ore0 ) :i* ! common game is play$1 b ! h&le or base ( ! scale is (t5 %ort1 & ! broad "p v>ies 9 proportionate l5g? & bread? 9 diff]5t specim5s4 ,! m>k+s ^u ^! also v>y1 "s be+ mo/ly compos$ ( l9es runn+ f ! base to ! apex1 o!rs rem9d+ u ( network--bead-l spots only are se5 9 "s--inde$1 almo/ endless *anges are f\nd among/ !m4 ,^! scales are n conf9$ to butt]flies & mo?s1 nor inde$ to ! w+s ( insects4 ,! diff]5t gnats supply "s mo/ beautiful specim5s1 n only f ! w+s1 b also f ! proboscis1 c42 :il/ f /ill m m9ute insects1 z ! podura1 scales are tak5 :i* 7 at "o "t e/eem$ z a mo/ delicate te/4 ,! gorge\s col\rs :i* ! diamond beetles also %[ :5 "u ! microscope are produc$ by light reflect$ f m9ute scales ) :i* ! insects are cov]$4 ,9 m\nt+ ^! objects = ! microscope x is well to h ! "p ( ! insect f :i* ! scales are usually tak5 z a sep>ate slide1 s t ! natural arrangem5t ( !m may be se54 ,?is is easily accompli%$ ) ! w+s ( butt]flies1 gnats1 c42 z !y require no extraord9>y c>e4 ,9 m\nt+ ! scales !y may be plac$ ^u slides1 by pass+ ! w+s ov] ! surface1 or by g5tly scrap+ ! w+ ^u ! slide1 :5 !y mu/ be cov]$ ) ! ?9 glass4 ,( c\rse1 ! extreme t5uity ( ^! objects does away ) ! necessity ( any cell except+ t =m$ by ! gold-size or o!r cem5t us$ to atta* ! cov]4 ,! scales ( ! podura %\ld be plac$ ^u ! slide 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]4 ,?is insect is )\t w+s1 & is no long] ?an ! common flea4 ,x is (t5 f\nd among/ ! sawdu/ 9 w9e-cell>s1 cont9ually leap+ ab\t by ! aid ( its tail1 :i* is b5t und]nea? its body4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says3--8,podur may be obta9$ by spr9kl+ a little oatmeal on a piece ( black pap] ne> _! haunts2 & aft] leav+ x !re = a few h\rs1 remov+ x c>efully to a l>ge glaz$ bas91 s t1 :5 !y leap f ! pap] 7z !y w :5 br\ght to ! light71 !y may fall into ! bas91 & may ?us sep>ate !mselves f ! meal4 ,! be/ way ( obta9+ _! scales1 is to conf9e sev]al ( !m toge!r b5ea? a w9e glass inv]t$ ^u a piece ( f9e smoo? pap]2 = ! scales w become deta*$ by _! leaps aga9/ ! glass1 & w fall ^u ! pap]40 ,^! scales are remov$ to ! slide1 & m\nt$ z ^? f ! gnats1 c4 ,:5 ! podura has be5 caught )\t ! aid ( ! meal1 x may be plac$ ^u ! slide1 "u a te/-tube1 or by any o!r mode ( conf9em5t1 & ?us save ! tr\ble ( transf] f ! pap] be=e m5tion$4 ,ano!r me?od is to seize ! insect by ! leg ) ! =ceps & drag x across ! slide1 :5 a suffici5t quantity ( scales w probably be left ^u x4 ,^! scales are usually m\nt$ 8dry20 b ,hogg recomm5ds ! use ( ,canada balsam 7,*apt] ,,iii47 z r5d]+ _! /ructure m def9ite :5 illum9at$ ) ,w5ham's p>abolic reflector4 ,"s advise o!r me?ods1 :i* w be m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,z mo/ insects :5 undissect$ are m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam1 ! diff]5t modes ( treatm5t :i* !y require w be /at$ 9 ano!r place4 ,9 m\nt+ blood ( any k9d to %[ ! corpuscles1 or1 z !y are (t5 call$1 globules1 :i* are r\nd or oval discs1 x is b necess>y to cov] ! slide on ! spot requir$ ) a coat+ z ?9 z possible & all[ x to dry be=e cov]+ ) ! ?9 glass4 ,!re is a slight contraction 9 ! globules :5 dri$1 b n en\gh to injure !m = ! microscope4 ,! %ape ( ^! v>ies 9 diff]5t classes ( animals1 b ! size v>ies mu* m1 "s be+ _m times z l>ge z o!rs4--,"s ( ! l>v sk9s are beautiful objects2 b1 l _m sections ( animal & o!r fragile matt]1 are difficult to ext5d ^u ! slide4 ,?is difficulty is easily ov]come by float+ ! ?9 object 9 cle> wat]1 imm]s+ ! slide & :5 ! object is ev5ly spread g5tly lift+ x4 ,all[ x !n to dry by slightly rais+ "o end ( ! slide to aid ! dra9age1 & cov] ) ! ?9 glass z o!r objects4 ,! tails & f9s ( _m small fi% may be m\nt$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & are well wor? ! tr\ble4 ,a few objects :i* are be/ %[n by m\nt+ dry may be "h m5tion$ z a slight guide to ! beg9n]1 ?\gh "s ( !m h be5 be=e notic$2--_m ( ! ,=am9if]a z else:]e describ$4 ,"s cry/als are soluble 9 almo/ any fluid or balsam1 & %\ld be m\nt$ dry2 a few1 h[ev]1 deliquesce or effloresce1 :i* r5d]s !m wor?less z microscopic objects4 ,! w+s ( butt]flies & gnats1 z be=e notic$1 af=d _m specim5s :]e) to supply ! cab9et ( ! "y /ud5t4 ,a great v>iety also may be f\nd among/ ! f]ns2 inde$1 ^! alone w af=d ! /ud5t occupation = a long "t4 ,on ! "u-side ( ! leaves are ! res]voirs = ! 8spores10 :i* 9 _m in/ances some:at resemble gre5 velvet1 & are arrang$ 9 /ripes1 r\nd masses1 & o!r =ms4 ,! spores are usually cov]$ ) a ?9 sk9 t]m$ ! indusium1 :i* is curi\sly m>k$ 9 "s specim5s1 (t5 v l poll5-gra9s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! spores ) all _! accompanim5ts are arrang$1 _! *anges & developm5ts af=d almo/ endless subjects = /udy2 diff]5t f]ns pres5t+ u ) _m v>iations 9 ?is respect totally invisible )\t ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,! hym5ophyllums 7( :i* two only belong to ,engl&7 are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 & ! /ructure ( ! leaves :5 dri$ makes !m beautiful objects1 (t5 requir+ no balsam to aid _! transp>5cy4 ,portions ( ! fronds ( f]ns %\ld be m\nt$ z opaque objects1 aft] hav+ be5 dri$ betwe5 blott+ pap]1 :5 !y are n injur$ by pressure2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to ga!r !m at ! "r "t1 z !y d n %[ _! beauty be=e !y are ripe1 & if ov]-ripe ! arrangem5t ( ! spores1 c41 is alt]$4 ,! spores may be m\nt$ z sep>ate objects 9 ! same mann] z poll51 be=e-m5tion$1 & are exquisitely beautiful :5 view$ ) a tol]ably high p[]4 ,! numb] ( =eign f]ns n[ cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry has greatly wid5$ ! field = rese>* 9 ?is direction2 & x may also be m5tion$ t ! "u-sides ( _m are f\nd to be cov]$ ) 8scales0 ( v beautiful =ms4 ,a small piece ( ! frond ( "o ( ^! may be m\nt$ 9 its natural /ate1 b ! removal ( ! 8scales0 = exam9ation by pol>iz$ light w be describ$ 9 ano!r place4 ,! mosses also are q a little _w1 requir+ b a l[ p[] to %[ _! beauties4 ,! leaves are ( v>i\s =ms1 "s ( :i* resemble beautiful net-"w2 ! 8urns0 or res]voirs = ! spores1 h[ev]1 are p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ^! objects1 z also ( ! 8liv]worts0 :i* are closely alli$ to ! mosses4 ,^! 8urns0 are g5]ally cov]$ by lids1 :i* fall (f :5 ! fruit is ripe4 ,at ?is p]iod !y are well fitt$ = ! microscope4 ,! common screw-moss may be f\nd 9 great abundance1 & %[s ?is d5udation ( ! spores v p]fectly4 ,_m ( ^! may be easily dri$ )\t mu* injury1 b !y %\ld also be exam9$ 9 _! natural /ate4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n omit f 8 cab9et a leaf ( ! nettle & ! alli$ =eign species1 ! my/]y ( :i* ! microscope w make pla94 ,! hairs or /+s may also be remov$1 & view$ ) a high] p[] ?an :5 on ! leaf1 be+ s transp>5t z to require no balsam or o!r pres]vative4 ,!re are few m int]e/+ objects ?an ! raphides or plant-cry/als4 ,^! are f> f be+ r>e1 b 9 "s plants !y are v m9ute1 & consequ5tly require c>e 9 ! m\nt+1 z well z a high magnify+ p[] to r5d] !m visible2 9 o!rs !y are s l>ge t ab\t tw5ty-five ( !m plac$ po9t to po9t w\ld rea* "o in*4 ,"s ( ^! cry/als are long & comp>atively v ?91 :i* sugge/$ ! "n 7raphis1 a ne$le72 o!rs are />-l1 ) long & sl5d] rays2 :ile o!rs aga9 are ( a some:at simil> =m1 ea* ray be+ solid & %ort4 ,if ! /em ( rhub>b1 or almo/ any ( ! hyac9? tribe1 be bruis$1 s t ! 8juice0 may fl[ ^u ! slide1 9 all probability "s ( ^! cry/als w be f\nd 9 ! fluid4 ,to obta9 !m clean1 !y mu/ be fre$ f all vegetable matt] by mac]ation4 ,aft] ?is !y mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ & m\nt$ 8dry40 ,!y are also good pol>iz+ objects1 giv+ brilliant col\rs2 b :5 us$ = ?is purpose !y mu/ be m\nt$ z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a few plants :i* conta9 !m may be m5tion$ "h4 ,! ,cactace are v prolific2 ! or*ids1 g]aniums1 tulips1 & ! out] coat+ ( ! onion1 furni% ! m unusual =ms4 ,! ,fungi are g5]ally look$ ^u z a v difficult class ( objects to deal )1 b among/ !m "s ( ! mo/ available may be f\nd4 ,! =ms ( _m are v beautiful1 b are s m9ute z to require a high magnify+ p[] to %[ !m4 ,! m\ld :i* =ms on _m sub/ances is a fungus1 & 9 "s cases may be dri$ & pres]v$ 9 its natural /ate4 ,a fri5d ( m9e br\ght me a rose-bu% completely cov]$ ) a :ite blight4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be a fungus1 :i* requir$ a high magnify+ p[] to %[ x4 ,be+ a v int]e/+ object1 x 0 desirable to pres]ve x1 & ?is 0 p]fectly effect$ )\t injury to ! =m by simply dry+ ! leaf 9 a room usually occupi$4 ,among/ ! fungi are _m objects well wor? look+ =1 "o ( :i* is ! ,dia*a elegans4 ,?is1 ! only species1 says ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y10 is f\nd 9 ,engl& ^u ! liv+ leaves ( ! lily-(-!-valley1 c4 ,^! little plants gr[ 9 masses1 rem9d+ "o ( m\ld1 to a height ( a qu>t] ( an in*1 & ea* 8/em0 is cov]$ ) a %ea?1 9 %ape some:at l an elongat$ ?imble4 ,:5 ripe ! %ea? falls (f & reveals ! same %ap$ column1 made up ( beautifully f9e net-"w1 ) ! spores ly+ "h & !re4 ,?is dries well1 & is a good object = ! middle p[]s4 ,among/ ! fungi ! blights ( :eat & ( o!r articles ( food may be includ$4 ,_m ( !m may be m\nt$ 8dry20 o!rs1 h[ev]1 _c be well pres]v$ except 9 liquids1 & w be ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,among/ ! zoophytes & sea-mats1 commonly call$ 8sea-we$s10 may be f\nd _m v int]e/+ objects to be m\nt$ 8dry40 ,:5 ?is mode ( pres]vation is us$1 x is necess>y t all ! sea-salt be ?or\ghly wa%$ f !m4 ,z !y are1 h[ev]1 mo/ frequ5tly m\nt$ 9 balsam or liquid1 !y w be m fully notic$ 9 o!r places4 ,! scales ( fi%es are g5]ally m\nt$ 8dry0 :5 us$ z ord9>y objects2 b = pol>iz$ light1 balsam or liquid mu/ be us$1 z notic$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! v>iety & beauty ( ^! are q surpris+ to ! novice4 ,x is also v int]e/+ to procure ! sk9 ( ! fi% :5 possible1 & m\nt x on a sep>ate slide to %[ h[ ! scales are arrang$4 ,! sole is "o ( ! mo/ unusual =ms1 ! project+ end ( ea* scale be+ cov]$ ) sp9es1 :i* radiate f a common c5tre1 :ile ^? at ! extremity are c>ri$ out some:at resembl+ ! rays ( a />4 ,"o ( ! skates has a sp9e project+ f ! c5tre ( ea* scale1 :i* is a v curi\s opaque object1 especially :5 ! sk9 is m\nt$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! p]*1 roa*1 m9n[1 & o!rs ( ! common fi%es give ! /ud5t good objects = 8 cab9et1 & may be procur$ )\t difficulty4 ,insects :i* are v transp>5t1 or h ! 8metallic lu/re0 ) :i* any m$ium w\ld int]f]e1 are m\nt$ 8dry40 ,! diamond-beetle1 be=e m5tion$1 is a spl5did example ( ?is2 ! back is g5]ally us$1 b ! legs1 %[+ ! curi\s feet1 are v int]e/+ objects4 ,inde$1 among/ ! legs & feet ( insects !re is a wide field ( int]e/4 ,:5 !y are ( a 8horny0 nature1 x is be/ to dry !m 9 any =m pref]r$1 b to use no pressure2 :51 h[ev]1 !y are want$ flat1 s z to %[ ! feet1 c41 ext5d$1 !y mu/ be dri$ ) a g5tle pressure betwixt blott+-pap] if possible4 ,b ?is w be treat$ m fully 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! eyes ( insects are sometimes all[$ to dry 9 _! natural %ape1 & m\nt$ z opaque objects2 b g5]ally !y are us$ z transp>5cies 9 balsam or liquid1 s ! description ( ! treatm5t :i* !y require w be def]r$ to ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,hairs1 :5 n too d>k1 are sometimes transp>5t en\gh :5 m\nt$ dry1 b are usually m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,^! also w be m fully notic$ 9 ano!r place4 ,^! are a few ( ! objects :i* are (t5 m\nt$ dry1 b "s ( !m %\ld be %[n 9 balsam or liquid also1 & !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ way ( pres]v+ o!rs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is expla9$ by ! transp>5cy :i* ! balsam gives int]f]+ ) "o prop]ty ( ! object & yet develop+ ano!r :i* w\ld h rema9$ invisible if pres]v$ dry4 ,! only me?od ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty is to keep ! object m\nt$ 9 bo? ways1 :i* is comp>atively little tr\ble4 ,i may "h m5tion t _m pref] ! lieb]kuhn = ! illum9ation ( opaque objects2 & a good backgr\nd is ga9$ by putt+ ^u ! "u side ( ! slide1 imm$iately b5ea? ! object1 a spot ( black v>ni%1 :i* does n int]f]e mat]ially ) ! light4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,9 ,,canada ,,balsam4 ,! nature & use ( ?is sub/ance has be5 be=e spok5 (1 s ! me?od ( work+ ) x may be at once describ$4 ,p]fect dryness ( ! objects is1 if possible1 m necess>y 9 ?is mode ( m\nt+ ?an any o!r1 z dampness rema9+ 9 ! object w assur$ly cause a cl\d9ess to make its appe>ance 9 a %ort "t aft] x is fix$4 ,:]e pressure does n injure ! specim5s1 !y are mo/ successfully treat$ :5 fir/ dri$ betwixt ! leaves ( a book1 or 9 any o!r way :i* may prove mo/ conv5i5t1 z notic$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,be=e describ+ ! me?ods ( proce$+ ) any p>ticul> objects1 g5]al rules may be giv5 :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ord] to succe$ 9 ?is bran* ( m\nt+4 ,z ! object is to be ?or\ghly imm]s$ 9 ! balsam1 x is evid5t t :5 x has once be5 cov]$1 s x mu/ rema91 unless we aga9 free x by a process h]eaft] m5tion$1 :i* is v tr\blesome2 & on ?is acc\nt !re mu/ be no?+ :atev] 9 ! balsam except ! object4 ,! inexp]i5c$ may ?9k ?is an unnecess>y caution2 b ! greate/ difficulty he w meet ) is to get rid ( m9ute bubbles ( air1 p]haps invisible to ! nak$ eye1 :i* appe> l small globules :5 "u ! microscope1 & r5d] ! slide unsightly1 or ev5 wor?less4 ,t5 objects out ( elev5 conta9 air1 or at lea/ are full ( m9ute holes :i* are necess>ily fill$ ) x2 s t if !y %\ld be imm]s$ 9 any liquid ( ?ick consi/5cy1 ^! cells ( air w\ld be imprison$1 & become bubbles4 ,! air1 !n1 mu/ be got rid (1 & ?is is usually accompli%$ by soak+ = "s "t 9 turp5t9e1 ! p]iod requir$ diff]+ accord+ to ! nature ( ! object4 ,9 "s cases1 ! turp5t9e acts ^u ! col\r1 or ev5 removes x altoge!r1 s t x mu/ be wat*$ c>efully4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ?is is an advantage1 z :]e ! /ructure alone is want$1 ! removal ( ! col\r+ matt] r5d]s x m transp>5t4 ,!re are objects1 h[ev]1 :i* reta9 ! air ) su* t5acity t soak+ alone w n remove x4 ,if ^! w be> heat )\t be+ injur$1 !y may be boil$ 9 turp5t9e1 or ev5 9 balsam1 :5 ! air w be p>tly or totally expell$4 ,b :]e heat is objectionable1 !y mu/ be imm]s$ 9 ! turp5t9e1 & s submitt$ to ! action ( ! air-pump4 ,ev5 ) ?is aid1 sometimes days are requir$ to accompli% x p]fectly1 dur+ :i* "t ! air %\ld be exhau/$ at int]vals ( five or six h\rs1 if conv5i5t1 & ! objects turn$ ov] n[ & !n4 ,sometimes ! objects are s m9ute t x is impossible to submit !m to any soak+1 & 9 ?is case !y mu/ be laid ^u ! slide at once1 & ! turp5t9e appli$ to !m !re4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re are "s few :i* are mu* bett] m\nt$ 9 su* a way t ! balsam may ?or\ghly surr\nd1 & yet n p5etrate1 ! sub/ance m ?an necess>y4 ,sections ( tee? are among/ ^!1 :i* w be notic$ 9 ano!r place1 & "s insects 7see ,dr4 ,c>p5t]7 :5 requir$ to %[ ! 8ramifications ( ! tra*e40 ,hav+ fre$ ! object1 !n1 f ^! two enemies--dampness & air--we mu/ proce$ to m\nt x4 ,! slide mu/ fir/ be clean$2 !n on ! c5tre a quantity ( balsam mu/ be plac$ ) a bluntly-po9t$ glass rod1 accord+ to ! size ( ! object ab\t to be m\nt$4 ,to ?is a slight heat mu/ be appli$1 :i* w cause any bubbles to rise f ! surface ( ! slide1 s t !y may be readily remov$ ) a ne$le4 ,! object %\ld be fre$ f all air by /eep+ 9 turp5t9e1 z be=e describ$1 & !n f sup]flu\s liquid by a %ort dra9age1 & c>efully laid ^u1 or :]e x is practicable ?ru/ into1 ! balsam1 prep>$ on ! slide z above4 ,9 ! =m] case1 or :]e ! balsam has n totally cov]$ ! object1 a small quantity mu/ be tak51 w>m$1 & dropp$ ^u x1 & any bubbles remov$ by ! ne$le z be=e4 ,to cov] ?is1 ! ?9 glass mu/ be w>m$1 & beg9n+ at "o side1 all[$ to fall ^u ! balsam1 driv+ a small 8wave0 be=e x1 & ?us expell+ any bubbles :i* may rema94 ,?is is q z safely p]=m$ 7if n m s7 by mak+ a solution ( balsam 9 turp5t9e ( ! consi/5cy ( ?ick v>ni%4 ,! ?9 glass cov] may be slightly coat$ ) ?is1 & w !n be mu* less liable to imprison any air1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s :5 ! cov] is dry4 ,bubbles1 h[ev]1 w sometimes make _! appe>ance 9 spite ( all c>e2 b :5 ! object is comp>atively /rong1 !y may be remov$ by keep+ ! slide r w>m1 & work+ ! cov] a little1 s z to press !m to "o side1 :5 !y %\ld be imm$iately remov$ ) a ne$le po9t1 o!rwise !y are aga9 drawn "u4 ,:]e ! slide requires keep+ w>m = any l5g? ( "t1 a hot-wat] ba? is sometimes made use (1 :i* is simply a flat t91 or o!r metal case1 ) a m\? at ! side1 t :5 ! hot wat] is introduc$ x may be clos$ up1 & s reta9 its w>m? = a long "t4 ,9 work+1 ! slide is laid ^u x1 & s admits ( long] op]ations1 :5 requir$1 )\t gr[+ cold4 ,sometimes a _s-lamp is plac$ "u x to keep up an equal heat ?r\gh excessively long processes4 ,:]e ! "t requir$1 h[ev]1 is b %ort1 a ?ick brass plate is sometimes us$ 7see ,*apt] ,i471 :i* is heat$ to any degree t is requir$1 & ! slide plac$ ^u x4 ,"s objects1 :i* are s ?9 t !y are usually float$ ^u ! slide1 z be=e /at$1 require no /eep+ 9 turp5t9e or o!r liquid4 ,^! are be/ m\nt$ by cov]+ ) a little dilut$ balsam1 & aft] ?is has _h "t to p5etrate ! sub/ance1 ord9>y balsam is laid ^u x1 & ! slide f9i%$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,i h /at$ t ! balsam is usually appli$ to ! slide & objects ) a 8bluntly-po9t$ glass rod20 b = ! purpose ( draw+ ! balsam f ! bottle1 & convey+ x to ! desir$ place1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] uses a glass syr+e ) a free op5+4 ,^! are 8 in/ructions3--8,?is 7! syr+e7 is mo/ readily fill$ ) balsam1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by draw+ out ! pi/on1 & p\r+ 9 balsam previ\sly r5d]$ m liquid by g5tle w>m?2 & no?+ else is requir$ to enable ! op]ator at any "t to expel precisely ! am\nt ( balsam he may require1 ?an to w>m ! po9t ( ! syr+e1 if ! balsam %\ld h h>d5$ 9 x1 & to apply a v g5tle heat to ! syr+e g5]ally1 if ! pi/on %\ld n !n be readily press$ d[n4 ,:5 a numb] ( balsam objects are be+ m\nt$ at "o "t1 ! advantage ( ?is plan 9 reg>d to facility & cleanl9ess 7no sup]flu\s balsam be+ deposit$ on ! slide7 w make itself s5sibly felt40 ,:5 ! 8m\nt+0 is ?us f> accompli%$1 ! out] 8wall0 ( balsam may be r\ghly remov$ aft] a few h\rs h elaps$2 b great c>e is necess>y le/ ! cov] be mov$ or int]f]$ ) 9 any way4 ,9 ?is /ate x may be left = ! f9al cleans+ until ! balsam becomes h>d1 :i* takes place soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! degree ( w>m? x has be5 subject$ to4 ,a mantel-piece1 or "s place ab\t equal to x 9 temp]ature1 is ! be/ suit$ to ?is purpose2 & :5 ! requisite h>dness is atta9$1 x may be proce$$ ) z foll[s3--,) a po9t$ knife ! balsam mu/ be scrap$ away1 tak+ c>e t ! ?9 glass be n crack$ by ! po9t gett+ "u x4 ,if us$ c>efully1 ! knife w r5d] ! slide almo/ clean2 b any m9ute portions :i* /ill adh]e to ! glass mu/ be rubb$ ) l95 dipp$ 9 turp5t9e or _s4 ,if ! balsam is n v h>d1 ^! small fragm5ts are readily remov$ by fold+ a piece ( pap] tightly 9 a triangul> =m ) _m folds1 & damp+ ! po9t ) :i* ! glass is rubb$4 ,z ! pap] becomes worn ) ! friction1 ! balsam w be c>ri$ (f ) x4 ,9 "s cases ,i h f\nd ?is simple exp$i5t v useful4 ,sometimes ! object to be m\nt$ is ( su* a ?ickness z to require a cell4 ,= ?is purpose glass r+s are us$ 7z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv471 & fill$ ) balsam4 ,! be/ mode ( do+ ?is is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,ralph 9 ! ,microscopic ,j\rnal3--8,! "q 0 ask$ me :5 ,i 0 9 ,engl&1 if ,i knew h[ to fill a cell ) ,canada balsam & leave beh9d no air-bubbles8 ,i repli$ 9 ! negative2 b n[ ,i c /ate h[ to accompli% ?is4 ,fill ! cell ) cle> _s ( turp5t9e1 place ! specim5 9 x1 h ready "s balsam j fluid en\gh to fl[ out ( ! bottle :5 w>m$ by ! h&2 p\r ?is on ! object at "o end1 &1 gradually incl9+ ! slide1 all[ ! _s ( turp5t9e to fl[ out on ! opposite side ( ! cell till x is full ( balsam2 !n take up ! cov]1 & c>efully place ^u x a small /reak ( ,canada balsam f "o end to ! o!r4 ,?is1 if laid on ! cell ) "o edge fir/1 & !n gradually l[]$ until x lies flat1 w drive all ! air be=e x1 & prev5t any bubbles f be+ includ$ 9 ! cell4 ,x c be easily put on s neatly z to require no clean+ :5 dry4 ,if ! cov] is press$ d[n too rapidly1 ! balsam w fl[ ov] x1 & require to be clean$ (f :5 h>d5$1 = x _c be done safely :ile fluid at ! edges40 ,sometimes ) e c>e bubbles are enclos$ 9 ! balsam1 injur+ objects :i* are p]haps r>e & valuable4 ,! :ole slide mu/ !n be imm]s$ 9 turp5t9e until ! cov] is remov$ by ! solution ( ! balsam2 & ! object mu/ be cleans$ by a simil> /eep+4 ,x may !n be rem\nt$ z if new 9 ! mann] be=e describ$4 ,! balsam & *lor(orm describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 is ?us us$2 & :]e ! object is ?91 ! m\nt+ is v easily accompli%$4 ,:5 ! object is laid ^u ! slide ) a piece ( glass ^u x1 & ! balsam & *lor(orm plac$ at ! edge ( ! cov]1 ! mixture w gradually fl[ into ! space betwixt ! glasses until ! object is surr\nd$ by x1 & ! unoccupi$ portion fill$4 ,! *lor(orm w evaporate s quickly t ! out] edge w become h>d 9 a v %ort "t1 :5 x may be clean$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,sometimes ! balsam is dissolv$ 9 ! *lor(orm )\t be+ fir/ h>d5$2 b ?is is only to r5d] x m fluid1 & s give ! op]ator less *ance ( leav+ bubbles 9 ! f9i%$ slide1 z ! ?ick] ! m$ium is1 ! m difficult is x to get rid ( ^! intrud]s4 ,x has be5 be=e m5tion$ t "s h object$ to *lor(orm & balsam1 believ+ t x became cl\d$ aft] a c]ta9 "t4 ,p]haps ?is may be acc\nt$ = 9 "p by ! fact t almo/ all objects h a c]ta9 am\nt ( dampness 9 !m4 ,o!rs are kept 9 "s pres]vative liquid until ! "t ( m\nt+1 & ^! liquids g5]ally conta9 c]ta9 salts 7,*apt] ,,iv474 ,if ?is dampness1 z well z all traces ( ^! salts1 h[ev] small1 are n totally remov$--! =m] by dry+1 ! latt] by repeat$ wa%+s--! addition ( *lor(orm w r5d] ! balsam mu* m liable to ! cl\d9ess ?an :5 balsam alone 0 us$1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,?is mode ( employ+ ! balsam1 h[ev]1 w n be always applicable1 z *lor(orm acts ^u "s sub/ances :i* balsam alone does n4 ,"s salts are ev5 soluble 9 x1 ! cry/als disappe>+ aft] a few days or weeks1 :]eas 9 ! balsam alone !y are q p]man5t4 ,exp]i5ce is ! only guide 9 "s cases1 :il/ 9 o!rs a little =e?\ght w be all t is requir$4 ,! p>ticul> me?ods us$ = c]ta9 objects may be n[ ent]$ ^u4 ,_m ( ! ,diatomace & fossil ,infusoria1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 are m\nt$ dry1 & clean$ 9 ! way describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,o!rs are almo/ always plac$ 9 balsam1 except :]e !y are int5d$ to be us$ ) ! lieb]kuhn & d>k backgr\nd1 by :i* means "s ( !m are r5d]$ exquisitely beautiful4 ,! usual way ( m\nt+ !m 9 balsam is z foll[s3--,take a drop ( ! wat] conta9+ !m1 place x ^u ! slide1 & evaporate ov] ! lamp1 :il/ ) a ne$le !y may be disp]s$ ov] any space desir$4 ,:5 !y are ?or\ghly dry1 drop a little balsam on "o side1 & exclude ! bubbles4 ,! slide may !n be w>m$ to su* a degree t ! balsam1 by lift+ ! glass at "o end1 w be c>ri$ ov] ! specim5s1 :i* may !n be cov]$ ) ?9 glass1 made w>m z be=e describ$4 ,:]e ! objects are q dry1 & loose ^u ! glass1 x requires great c>e 9 plac+ ! cov] ^u !m1 o!rwise !y are =c$ to "o edge1 or altoge!r f "u x1 9 ! wave ( ! balsam4 ,= ?is reason1 ,pr(essor ,williamson adds a few drops ( gum-wat] to ! la/ wa%+1 :i* causes !m to adh]e suffici5tly to ! glass to prev5t any su* mi%ap4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,ryl&s' me?od diff]s 9 "s degree f ! above1 & is1 to use 8 own words1 z foll[s3--,?ick balsam is pref]able1 & ! burnt cov]s 7see ,*apt] ,,ii47 to be m\nt$ are laid 9 a conv5i5t position ) ! diatoms upw>ds4 ,! slides requir$ hav+ be5 c>efully clean$ & m>k$ on ! "u side ) a r+ ( ink1 by ! aid ( a turntable ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] to po9t out ! c5tre1 a drop ( b5zole is appli$ by a l>ge p9 to ! diatoms on ! cov]1 s z to exclude ! air f ! valves & fru/ules4 ,! slide is !n held ov] ! lamp1 & :5 w>m1 a suffici5tly l>ge drop ( balsam is put ^u x1 & heat$ until x beg9s to /eam4 ,if small bubbles appe>1 a puff ( brea? removes !m4 ,! slide be+ held slightly incl9$ f ! op]ator1 & ! drop ( balsam becom+ convex at its l[] edge1 ! cov] is br\ght 9 contact ) x at t po9t1 gradually laid d[n1 press$ ) ! =ceps1 & br\ght to its c5tral position4 ,:5 cool ! sup]flu\s balsam 7if any7 is remov$ ) a heat$ knife-blade1 ! slide clean$ ) a little turp5t9e1 & f9i%$ by wa%+ 9 a h&-bas9 ) soap & wat]4 ,9 ?is process !re is no delay if ! balsam be suffici5tly ?ick1 z ! slide may be clean$ (f almo/ be=e x is cold4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t f common *alk x is an easy matt] to obta9 int]e/+ specim5s ( ,=am9if]a4 ,scrape a small quantity ( *alk f ! mass & %ake x 9 wat]2 leave ?is a few m9utes1 p\r ! wat] away & add a fre% quantity1 %ake up z be=e1 & repeat two or ?ree times4 ,take a little ( ! residue1 & spread x ^u ! slide1 & :5 q dry add a little turp5t9e4 ,:5 view$ ) a p[] ( two hundr$ & fifty diamet]s ?is w g5]ally %[ ! organisms v well4 ,if x is desir$ to pres]ve ! slides1 !y may be !n m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,mr4 ,guyon1 9 8,recreative ,sci5ce10 obs]ves t ! accumulation ( ! p[d]1 by ! action ( ! ra9 or exposure to ! atmosph]ic action1 at ! foot or any projection ( ! *alk cliffs1 w af=d u bett] specim5s ?an t :i* is 8scrap$10 z ! organisms are less brok5 9 ! =m]4 ,:5 ! ,=am9if]a are ( a l>g] size1 ?\gh transp>5t en\gh to be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 ! air mu/ be fir/ expell$ f ! int]ior1 o!rwise ! objects w be altoge!r unsatisfactory4 ,to accompli% ?is !y mu/ be imm]s$ 9 turp5t9e & submitt$ to ! action ( ! air-pump4 ,s difficult is x to get rid ( ?is enemy t x is (t5 necess>y to employ ?ree or f\r exhau/ions1 leav+ !m = "s "t "u ea*4 ,:5 all air has giv5 place to ! turp5t9e1 !y mu/ be m\nt$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,( all objects :i* are commonly met )1 few are su* g5]al fav\rites z ! ,,polycy/91 & des]v$ly s4 ,_! =ms are mo/ beautiful1 & (t5 peculi>--/>s v>y+ 9 design1 o!rs closely resembl+ cr[ns2 ! ,a/romma ,ari/otelis l a cross1 & _m ^: %apes no words c\ld describe4 ,! great] "p1 p]haps1 ( ^? :i* are usually sold1 is f ! rocky p>ts ( ,b]muda2 b !y are also f\nd 9 ,sicily1 "s p>ts ( ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,!y are usually m\nt$ 9 balsam1 b are equally beautiful m\nt$ 8dry0 & us$ ) ! lieb]kuhn4 ,!y require z mu* c>e 9 clean+ z ! ,diatomace1 b ! process is a diff]5t "o4 ,sometimes ?is is effect$ by simply wa%+ until !y are fre$ f all extrane\s matt]1 b ?is is seldom z effectual z x %\ld be4 ,9 ! ,microscopic ,j\rnal ,mr4 ,furlong gives ! foll[+ me?od ( treatm5t z ! be/ he knew3-- ,procure-- ,a l>ge glass vessel ) #c or #d qu>ts ( wat]4 ,new t9 saucepan hold+ #a p9t4 #b ?9 precipitat+ glasses hold+ #aj oz4 ea*4 ,take #c oz4 ( dry 8,b>badoes e>?0 7lumps are be/71 & break into r small fragm5ts4 ,put #c or #d oz4 ( common wa%+ soda into ! t9 & half fill x ) wat]4 ,boil /rongly1 & hav+ ?r[n 9 ! e>?1 boil x = half an h\r4 ,p\r n9e-t5?s ( ?is into ! l>ge glass vessel1 & g5tly cru% ! rema9+ lumps ) a s(t bri/le bru%4 ,add soda & wat] z be=e1 & boil aga92 !n p\r (f ! liquid into ! l>ge vessel1 & repeat until no?+ ( value rema9s4 ,/ir ! l>ge vessel ) an ivory spatula1 let x /& = ?ree m9utes1 & p\r g5tly (f n9e-t5?s ( ! cont5ts1 :5 ! %ells w be left1 p>tially fre$ only1 l s&4 #b,,nd ,,process4--,put common wa%+ soda & wat] into ! t9 z be=e1 & hav+ plac$ ! %ells !re91 boil = an h\r4 ,transf] to ! l>ge vessel z be=e1 & aft] all[+ x to /& = "o m9ute p\r (f4 ,ea* wa%+ br+s (f a k9d ( 8flock10 :i* seems to be sk9s4 #c,,rd ,,process4--,put ! %ells 9 precipitat+ glass & dra9 (f ! wat] until n m ?an oz4 rema9s4 ,add half a teaspoonful ( bic>bonate ( soda1 dissolve1 & !n p\r 9 g5tly #a oz4 ( /rong sulphuric acid4 ,?is lib]ates ! 8flock10 c41 & leaves ! %ells beautifully transp>5t4 ,wa% well n[ ) wat] to get rid ( all salts & o!r soluble matt]4 ,"s ( ! l>ge %ells are de/roy$ by ?is me?od1 b none t are fit = microscopic use4 ,an oblique light %[s ^! objects be/4 ,^! are sometimes treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 :]e ! diatoms are spok5 (1 b _m =ms are liable to be injur$ by ?is sev]e process4 ,x has be5 be=e /at$ t "s ( ! zoophytes may be m\nt$ dry1 & o!rs exam9$ z opaque or transp>5t objects accord+ to _! sub/ance4 ,!y are v int]e/+ :5 exam9$ 9 ! tr\gh :il/ liv+1 b to pres]ve _m ( !m = future exam9ation !y mu/ be m\nt$ 9 "s pres]vative m$ium4 ,sometimes ?is may be "o ( ! liquids m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 b if possible !y %\ld be kept 9 balsam1 z !re is less dang] ( injury by accid5t to ?is k9d ( slide4 ,?is me?od ( m\nt+ pres5ts "s difficulties1 b ,i ?9k t all agree z to ! tru/wor?9ess ( ,dr4 ,gold+ ,bird's in=mation on ! subject1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,microscopic ,j\rnal4 ,( ?is1 space =bids me to give m ?an a cond5s$ acc\nt1 b ,i hope to omit no?+ ( mom5t to ! read] = :om ^! pages are writt54 ,aft] /at+ t !re are few :o are n famili> ) ^! exquisite =ms1 & h n regrett$ ! great loss ( beauty !y su/a9 9 dy+1 he in=ms u t f _! s ob/9ately reta9+ air 9 ! cells & tubes :5 dri$1 x is h>dly practicable to get rid ( x2 & !y also %rivel up v s]i\sly 9 ! process ( dry+4 ,! foll[+ plan1 h[ev]1 he has f\nd almo/ faultless 9 _! prep>ation4 ,to pres]ve !m ) ext5d$ t5tacles1 !y %\ld be plung$ 9 cold fre% wat]1 :i* kills !m s quickly t ^! are n (t5 retract$4 ,! specim5s %\ld be pres]v$ 9 _s until !re is leisure to prep>e !m2 if1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 dri$1 !y %\ld be soak$ 9 cold wat] = a day or two be=e be+ submitt$ to ! foll[+ processes3-- #a4 ,aft] select+ p]fect specim5s ( suitable size1 imm]se !m 9 wat] heat$ to ab\t #abj & place !m "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump4 ,sl[ly exhau/ ! air1 :5 bubbles w rise & ! wat] appe> to be 9 a /ate ( active ebullition4 ,aft] a few m9utes re-admit ! air & aga9 exhau/1 repeat+ ! process ?ree or f\r times4 ,?is w displace ! air f mo/1 if n all1 ( ! class4 #b4 ,remove ! specim5s & all[ !m to dra9 ^u blott+-pap] = a few seconds2 !n place !m 9 an e>!n vessel fitt$ ) a cov]1 & previ\sly heat$ to ab\t #bjj4 ,?is heat may be easily got by plac+ ! vessel = a %ort "t 9 boil+ wat]1 wip+ x imm$iately be=e use ) a ?ick clo?4 ,! specim5s are !n dropp$ into ?is1 cov]$ ) ! lid1 & imm$iately plac$ "u ! receiv] ( ! air-pump1 & ! air rapidly exhau/$4 ,by ?is means !y are dri$ completely1 & s quickly t ! cells h no "t to wr9kle4 #c4 ,9 an h\r or two remove !m f ! air-pump & drop !m into a vessel ( p]fectly transp>5t camph9e4 ,?is may be q cold :5 ! horny1 tubul> polypidoms1 z ^? ( ! ,s]tul>i1 are us$2 b %\ld be previ\sly heat$ to #ajj :5 ! calc>e\s1 cellul> ,polyzoa are ! objects to be pres]v$4 ,! vessel %\ld be cov]$ ) a wat*-glass & plac$ "u ! receiv]1 ! air be+ exhau/$ & re-admitt$ two or ?ree times4 #d4 ,! slide :i* is to receive ! specim5 %\ld be well clean$ & w>m$ s z to all[ ! balsam to fl[ freely ov] x4 ,?is mu/ be appli$ 9 good quantity1 & air-bubbles remov$ ) ! ne$le-po9t4 ,take ! polypidom f ! camph9e1 dra9 x a little1 & ) ! =ceps imm]se x fully 9 ! balsam4 ,! glass to be laid ^u x %\ld be w>m$ & its surface cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( balsam1 & !n l[]$ gradually ^u x1 :5 no bubbles %\ld be imprison$4 ,a n>r[ piece ( c>d-bo>d at ea* end ( ! object = ! cov] to re/ ^u1 prev5ts any dang] ( cru%+ ! specim54 ,?is mode ( m\nt+ polypidoms1 c41 seems to give almo/ ! complete beauty ( ! fre% specim5s4 ,!y are v beautiful objects :5 view$ ) common light1 b mu* m s :5 ! pol>iz] is us$ 79 ! mann] describ$ a little f>!r on74 ,to ! above in/ructions !re c be little to add2 b ,i may "h m5tion t "s "y /ud5ts may n be possess$ ( ! air-pump1 & on ?is acc\nt put aside all se>* = ^? specim5s :i* ne$ little look+ = at ! seaside4 ,_m ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y lose "s beauty by ! ord9>y mode ( dry+1 w by /eep+ = "s "t 9 turp5t9e n only be fre$ f ! air-bubbles1 b suff] s little contraction t !y are a wor?y addition to ! cab9et4 ,ano!r class ( objects is ! spicula met ) 9 sponges1 c4 ,^! are (t5 glass-l 9 appe>ance & ( v>i\s %apes2 _m are f\nd resembl+ ne$les 7:5ce _! "n72 "s f ! synapta are an*or-l1 :il/ o!rs are />-l & ( complex & almo/ indescribable comb9ations4 ,z "s ( ^! are compos$ ( silex & are consequ5tly n injur$ by ! use ( nitric acid1 ! animal sub/ance may be got rid ( by boil+ !m 9 x4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :i* are calc>e\s mu/ be treat$ ) a /rong solution ( pota% in/ead2 b :i*ev] way is us$1 ( c\rse !y mu/ aft]w>ds be fre$ f e trace ( residue by c>eful wa%+4 ,^! spicules may be (t5 f\nd among/ ! s& :i* g5]ally accumulates at ! bottom ( ! j>s 9 :i* sponges are kept by ^? :o deal 9 !m1 & mu/ be pick$ out ) a camel-hair p5cil4 ,! specim5s obta9$ by ?is means w seldom if ev] require any clean+ process1 z !y are q free f animal matt]1 c4 ,9 ! =m] *apt] 0 notic$ ^? insects or p>ts ( !m :i* are usually m\nt$ dry4 ,:5 !y are l>ge & too opaque to admit ( ! dry treatm5t1 !y mu/ be pres]v$ 9 ,canada balsam or fluid4 ,! fir/ ( ^! may n[ be consid]$4 ,x may be "h m5tion$1 t ) ^! objects mu* heat mu/ n be employ$1 z x w\ld 9 "s in/ances give rise to a cl\d9ess1 & almo/ inv>iably injure !m4 ,9 kill+ ! insect x is necess>y n to rub or break any "p ( x4 ,?is may be p]=m$ by plac+ x 9 a small box half fill$ ) fragm5ts ( fre% laurel leaves1 by imm]sion 9 turp5t9e or /rong _s1 z also 9 solutions ( v>i\s poison\s salts4 ,aft] :i* x may be pres]v$ = sometime 9 turp5t9e or o!r pres]vative liquid 7,*apt] ,,iv47 until requir$4 ,z an assi/ance to ! /ud5t1 ,i believe t ,i c d no bett] ?an give him ! plan pursu$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,hepwor?1 ^: specim5s are 9 e way satisfactory2 b :5 8 me?od is us$1 ! insects mu/ n h be5 plac$ 9 turp5t9e = pres]vation3-- 8,aft] de/roy+ ! insects 9 *lor(orm or sulphuric e!r 7me?ylat$ be+ *eap]71 wa% !m ?or\ghly 9 a wide-neck$ bottle1 half-fill$1 ) two or ?ree wat]s2 ! delicate ones requir+ great c>e4 ,!n imm]se !m 9 liquid pota% 7or ,br&i%'s solution1 :i* is /rong] ?an ! usual prep>ation71 & let !m rema9 a long] or %ort] "t accord+ to _! texture4 ,:5 ready to remove1 put "o by "o into a small sauc] ( cle> wat]1 & ) a camel-hair p5cil 9 ea* h& press !m flat to ! bottom1 hold+ ! head & ?orax ) ! left-h& bru%1 & apply pressure ) ! o!r f above1 d[nw>ds1 giv+ ! bru% a roll+ motion1 :i* g5]ally expels ! cont5ts ( ! abdom5 f ! ?orax4 ,a m9ute roll] ( pi? or cork might be us$ in/ead ( ! bru%4 ,9 l>g] objects1 use ! end ( ! f+] to flatt5 !m4 ,l>ge objects require m frequ5t wa%+1 z x is desirable to remove ! pota% ?or\ghly1 or cry/als are apt to =m aft] m\nt+4 ,hav+ plac$ !m on ! slides ) ?9 glass cov]s1 ti$ d[n ) ?read1,c dry & imm]se !m 9 rectifi$ spirits ( turp5t9e2 place ! vessel "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & keep x exhau/$ until ! turp5t9e has tak5 ! place ( ! air-bubbles3 !y are !n ready = ! application ( ! balsam4 ,l>g] objects may (t5 ) advantage be transf]r$ to a clean slide1 z dur+ ! dry+ !re is consid]able contraction1 & an outl9e (t5 rema9s beyond ! m>g9 %[+ ?is4 ,:5 closely cork$ !y may rema9 9 ! spirits two or ?ree mon?s4 ,z y take !m f ! bottle1 wipe z mu* turp5t9e (f z possible be=e remov+ ! ?read1 & :5 unti$ c>efully wipe aga91 plac+ ! f+] on "o end ( ! cov] :il/ y wipe ! o!r1 & vice v]s4 ,by ?is means y remove z mu* turp5t9e f "u ! cov] z is necess>y2 !n drop ! balsam1 ?9n$ ) *lor(orm 7see ,*apt] ,i471 ^u ! slide1 lett+ ! fluid t\* ! cov]1 :5 x w be tak5 9 betwe5 ! surfaces by capill>y attraction2 & aft] press+ ! cov] d[n x may be left to dry1 or y may hold ! slide ov] a _s-lamp = a few seconds be=e press+ d[n ! cov]4 ,if heat is n appli$1 !y are mu* long] 9 dry+ b are m transp>5t4 ,if made too hot ! boil+ dis>ranges ! objects1 & if c>ri$ too f> w leave only ! res9 ( ! balsam1 r5d]+ x s brittle t ! cov] is apt to fly (f by a fall or any j> produc+ suffici5t p]cussion4 ,nev] lift ! cov] up1 if possible1 dur+ ! op]ation1 z !re is dang] ( admitt+ air4 ,a few bubbles may appe> imm$iately aft] m\nt+1 b g5]ally subside aft] a few h\rs1 be+ only ! *lor(orm or turp5t9e 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 :i* becomes cond5s$40 ,c ,?is applies to ! m delicate ones1 :i* w n be> transf]r+ aft] be+ once spread out & dri$4 ,?is me?od ( prep>+ & m\nt+ insects ,i c /rongly recomm5d z giv+ fir/-rate results2 b :]e ! specim5s are small !y seldom ne$ ! soak+ 9 cau/ic pota% :i* l>g] ones mu/ h4 ,x is only necess>y to leave !m a:ile 9 turp5t9e1 especially :5 !y h be5 fir/ dri$ ) g5tle pressure betwe5 two glasses1 & !n m\nt ) balsam 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,among/ ! insect tribes !re is abundant employm5t1 especially = ! l[] p[]s ( ! microscope4 ,b if ! deep] wond]s & beauties ( ! animal economy are to be s\ght out & /udi$1 x is desirable t ! v>i\s p>ts %\ld be set sep>ately1 9 ord] t !y may receive a m undivid$ att5tion1 z well z to r5d] !m capable ( be+ dealt ) "u ! high] p[]s4 ,we w1 !re=e1 briefly consid] ! treatm5t :i* ! diff]5t portions require4 ,! eyes ( ! butt]flies1 & inde$ ( almo/ all insects1 af=d mat]ials = a /udy :i* is complete 9 itself4 ,:5 exam9$ ) a tol]ably high p[]1 in/ead ( f9d+ ea* eye ) an unbrok5 sph]ical surface1 x is se5 t _m are compos$ ( ?\s&s ( hexagonal divisions1 ea* be+ ! out] surface ( a sep>ate portion t]m$ ! ocellus4 ,9 o!rs ^! divisions are squ>e2 b 9 all !re is a lay] ( d>k pigm5t surr\nd+ _! l[] p>ts4 ,! ocelli may be p>tly remov$ f ! eye1 :i* w %[ h[ _! tap]+ =ms are arrang$4 ,b "h we h to consid] h[ to place !m 9 balsam = pres]vation4 ,! eye be+ remov$ f ! insect1 & ! d>k pigm5t remov$ by ! use ( a camel-hair p5cil1 mu/ be all[$ to rema9 9 turp5t9e at lea/ = "s days4 ,! turp5t9e %\ld !n be r5ew$ & ! eye well wa%$ 9 x j be=e x is to be m\nt$4 ,x may !n be set 9 balsam 9 ! same way z any o!r object2--b "h a difficulty is met )4 ,! eye be+ sph]ical ^u ! surface requir$1 mu/ necess>ily be 8fold$0 or brok5 9 attempt+ to flatt5 x4 ,?is difficulty may be (t5 ov]come by cutt+ a numb] ( slits r\nd ! edges2 b "s object to ?is mode ( treatm5t1 & :]e x is practicable x is mu* m satisfactory to m\nt "o 9 ! natural r\nd$ =m & ano!r flat4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( m\nt+ ! organ :ole1 f\r or five slides may be procur$ f ea* ( ! l>g] ones1 z ^? ( ! dragon-fly1 c4 ,! ant5n also are (t5 m\nt$ on sep>ate slides1 z be+ bett] suit$ = high] p[]s & m m9ute exam9ation ?an :5 connect$ ) ! insect4 ,^! two project+ organs1 issu+ f ! head1 are jo9t$1 & moveable at w4 ,!y diff] v mu* 9 =m among/ ! v>i\s species1 & are well wor? ! att5tion ( ! microscopi/4 ,!y are usually m\nt$ ) ! head atta*$1 & p]haps !y are m int]e/+ :5 ?us se54 ,"s few are v opaque1 to prep>e :i* ! foll[+ me?od has be5 advis$3-- ,blea* ! ant5n by soak+ 9 ! foll[+ solution = a day or two3-- ,hydro*loric acid1 #aj drops4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 dra*m4 ,wat]1 #a oz4 ,?is w r5d] !m transp>5t4 ,wa% well1 dry1 & m\nt 9 ,canada balsam4 ,in/ead ( ! above1 a weak solution ( *loride ( lime may be us$1 by :i* means ! n]ves w be well %[n4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 are r5d]$ transp>5t en\gh by simply soak+ 9 turp5t9e = a long] or %ort] "t4 ,:]e ! ant5n1 h[ev]1 are 8plumose10 or fea!r-l1 extreme c>e is requir$ 9 m\nt+1 ?\gh ! difficulty is n s great z "s seem to ?9k4 ,if !y are fir/ dri$ ) g5tle pressure1 & !n subject$ to ! action ( ! air-pump 9 a small quantity ( turp5t9e until ! air is ?or\ghly expell$1 !y c be easily f9i%$ ^u ! slide1 especially :5 balsam & *lor(orm are us$4 ,insects supply u ) ano!r s]ies ( beautiful objects1 viz41 ! feet4,d ,^! are sometimes simply dri$ & m\nt$ )\t any m$ium1 z be=e m5tion$2 b mo/ ( !m are r5d]$ mu* m fit = exam9ation by us+ balsam 9 _! pres]vation1 z x greatly increases _! transp>5cy4 ,! small] k9ds may be dri$ ) g5tle pressure betwixt blott+-pap]1 & !n imm]s$ = "s days 9 turp5t9e1 )\t requir+ ! treatm5t ) liquor potass4 ,?is imm]sion w r5d] !m beautifully transp>5t1 :5 !y may be m\nt$ 9 balsam 9 ! usual mann]4 ,d ,see ,mr4 ,hepwor?'s int]e/+ articles on ! fly's foot 9 ! second & ?ird volumes ( ! ,microscopic ,j\rnal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sometimes f\nd difficult to fix ! feet :5 exp&$1 9 :i* /ate ! int]e/ ( ! object is greatly increas$4 ,mr4 ,ralph recomm5ds ! foll[+ mode3--8,fir/ wa% ! feet1 :ile ! insect is yet alive1 ) spirits ( w9e2 !n hold+ x by a pair ( =ceps close to ! edge ( a clean piece ( glass1 ! insect w lay hold ( ! upp] surface by its foot1 !n sudd5ly drop ano!r small piece ( glass ov] x1 s z to reta9 ! foot exp&$1 & cut x (f ) a pair ( scissors1 tie up & soak to get rid ( air40 ,mr4 ,hepwor? says t he nev] f\nd any difficulty 9 exp&+ ! foot on a drop ( wat] or well-wett$ slide1 & lay+ a ?9 glass cov] ov] x1 ty+ ) ?read1 dry+1 & imm]s+ 9 turp5t9e4 ,! m\?1 also1 ) its organs1 is an int]e/+ object 9 _m insects4 ,t ( ! common fly is (t5 made use (1 & is comp>atively easy to prep>e4 ,by press+ ! head1 ! tongue 7z x is commonly t]m$7 w be =c$ to protrude1 :5 x mu/ be secur$ by ! same means z ! foot1 & may be subject$ to ! soak+ 9 turp5t9e1 & m\nt$ z usual4 ,! honey-bee is1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t 9 =mation1 & is well wor? ano!r slide2 inde$1 ev5 9 insects ( ! same class1 ! diff]5ces are _m & int]e/+4 ,ano!r wor?y object ( /udy is ! respiration ( insects1 :i* is effect$ by tra*e or holl[ tubes1 :i* g5]ally run ?r\gh ! body 9 "o or m l>ge trunks1 bran*+ out on e side4 ,^! t]m9ate at ! surface 9 op5+s1 :i* are t]m$ spiracles1 or brea?+ organs4 ,! tra*e (t5 pres5t ! appe>ance ( tubes con/ruct$ by a twi/$ ?read1 some:at resembl+ ! spiral fibres ( "s plants4 ,^! are v beautiful objects1 & are g5]ally m\nt$ 9 balsam1 = :i* reason !y are m5tion$ "h2 b z !y evid5tly belong to ! 8dissect+ portion10 !y w be fully treat$ ( 9 ano!r place4 ,among/ ! p>asitic insects a great v>iety ( microscopic subjects w be f\nd4 ,z ^! are usually small1 !y may be kill$ by imm]sion 9 spirits ( turp5t9e2 & if at all opaque1 may be all[$ to rema9 9 ! liquid until transp>5t en\gh1 & !n m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,! ac>ida1 or mites & ticks1 are well kn[n2 none1 p]haps1 bett] ?an ^? :i* are s (t5 f\nd ^u *eese4 ,fl\r1 sug>1 figs1 & o!r eatables1 are mu* infe/$ by !m2 :il/ ! diseases call$ ! it* 9 man1 & ! mange 9 animals1 are produc$ by creatures belong+ to ?is tribe4 ,^! animals are sometimes m\nt$ by simply /eep+ !m 9 turp5t9e1 & proce$+ z ) o!r insects4 ,! 8,micrographic ,diction>y0 gives ! foll[+ directions z to m\nt+ p>ts ( ^!3--8,! p>ts ( ! m\? & ! legs1 ^u :i* ! *>act]s are usually f\nd$1 may be be/ made out by cru%+ ! animals ^u a slide ) a ?9 glass cov]1 & wa%+ away ! exud+ sub/ance ) wat]2 sometimes hot solution ( pota% is requisite1 ) ! subsequ5t addition ( acetic acid1 & fur!r wa%+4 ,:5 aft]w>ds dri$ & imm]s$ 9 ,canada balsam1 ! v>i\s p>ts become beautifully di/9ct1 & may be p]man5tly pres]v$40 ,fea!rs ( diff]5t k9ds ( birds are usually m\nt$ 9 balsam :5 requir$ to %[ mu* ( ! /ructure4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ :5 ! fea!rs are small1 z !y !n %[ ! inn] sub/ance1 or pi?1 z x may be t]m$1 ) ! cells1 c4 ,! 8p9n10 or s(t bran*es ( ! fea!rs1 w be f\nd ( v>i\s con/ructions2 "s possess+ hooks along "o side1 :]eby !y fa/5 !mselves to _! neighb\rs2 o!rs bran*+ out1 ) /raight po9ts some:at resembl+ ! hairs f c]ta9 cat]pill>s4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! metallic-look+ gorge\s col\rs are all t is requir$ to be %[n1 & reflect$ light us$ 7z ) ! fea!rs ( ! humm+bird1 peacock1 c471 x is mu* bett] t !y %\ld be m\nt$ dry1 z 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! se$s & poll5 ( plants are mo/ frequ5tly m\nt$ dry1 z m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii42 b ! m transp>5t ( ! =m]1 & ! d>k] k9ds ( ! latt]1 are p]haps bett] se5 9 ,canada balsam4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul> to be obs]v$ 9 ! manipulation1 except t ! glass cov] mu/ be appli$ lightly1 o!rwise ! gra9s may be cru%$4 ,!re are "s objects :i* _c be %[n 9 a p]fect mann] :5 m\nt$ dry1 b :5 imm]s$ 9 balsam become s v transp>5t t !y are almo/ useless4 ,to avoid ?is1 x has be5 recomm5d$ to /a9 ! objects any col\r t may be conv5i5t1 & aft]w>ds m\nt 9 balsam 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,mo/ objects int5d$ = ! pol>iscope may be m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam2 b !re are "s exceptions to ?is4 ,_m ( ! salts are soluble 9 ?is m$ium1 or _! =ms s injur$ by x1 t glyc]9e or oil has to be us$ 7see ,*apt] ,,iv472 o!rs mu/ be left 9 ! dry =m1 z be=e m5tion$2 & "s few x is impossible to pres]ve un*ang$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,cry/als1 h[ev]1 are among/ ! mo/ beautiful & int]e/+ subjects = pol>isation2 & x is v probable t1 by ! aid ( ! pol>iscope1 new & valuable facts are yet to be made kn[n4 ,= "o :o f9ds pleasure 9 =m & col\r1 !re is a field "h :i* w only op5 wid] ^u him z he advances2 & in/ead ( be+ 9 anywise a m]ely me*anical occupation1 x requires deep & c>eful /udy4 ,! little "h said on ! subject w %[ ?is 9 "s degree4 ,) almo/ e salt ! me?od ( cry/allization mu/ be modifi$ to obta9 ! be/ =ms2 ,i may ev5 g fur!r ?an ?is1 & say t x is possible to *ange ^! =ms to su* a degree t ! eye c p]ceive no relation%ip to exi/ betwixt !m4 ,if a solution ( sulphate ( iron is made1 a small quantity spread ev5ly ^u a slide1 & !n suff]$ to dry :il/ 9 a flat position1 ! cry/als (t5 resemble ! fronds ( ! common f]n 9 %ape4 ,b if1 :il/ ! liquid is evaporat+1 x is kept 9 motion by /irr+ ) a ?9 glass rod1 ! cry/als =m sep>ately1 ea* rhombic prism hav+ its angles well def9$1 & giv+ beautiful col\rs ) ! pol>iz$ light4 ,aga91 pyro-gallic acid1 :5 all[$ to fl[ ev5ly ov] ! slide 9 a saturat$ solution1 cov]s ! surface 9 long 8ne$les10 :i* are ri*ly col\r$ by pol>iz$ light2 b if any small portion ( du/ or o!r matt] %\ld =m a nucleus ar\nd :i* ^! 8ne$les0 may ga!r1 ! beauty is wond]fully increas$4 ,a =m v closely resembl+ ! 8eye0 ( ! peacock's tail1 bo? 9 =m & col\r1 is !n produc$1 :i* to "o un9itiat$ 9 cry/allography be>s v little resemblance to ! orig9al cry/al4 ,f ^! simple facts x w be cle>ly se5 t 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t1 /udy & exp]i5ce are ne$ful to give ! be/ results4 ,to obta9 any?+ l uni=mity 9 ! =mation ( cry/als ^u ! glass slide1 e trace ( grease mu/ be remov$ by clean+ ) liquor potass or ammonia imm$iately be=e us+1 c>e also be+ tak5 t none ( ! ag5t is left ^u ! slide1 o!rwise x may int]rupt & *ange _! relative position1 & ev5 _! =m4 ,among/ ^? :i* are g5]ally e/eem$1 ! mo/ beautiful are ! cry/als ( oxalurate ( ammonia4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is salt f uric acid & ammonia is a r difficult process1 & w n on t acc\nt be describ$ "h2 b :5 possess$1 a small quantity ( a /rong solution 9 wat] mu/ be made1 & a little plac$ on ! slide1 & evaporat$ sl[ly4 ,"p ( ! salt w !n be deposit$ 9 circles ) ! ne$le-l cry/als ext5d+ f common c5tres4 ,!y %\ld !n be m\nt$ 9 pure ,canada balsam2 &1 :5 ! be/ col\rs are want$1 us$ ) ! sel5ite plate4 ,( ?is class ( cry/al salic9e is a univ]sal fav\rite1 & c be easily procur$ ( mo/ *emi/s4 ,! cry/als may be produc$ 9 two ways3--,a small portion ( ! salt mu/ be plac$ ^u ! slide1 & a /rong heat appli$ und]nea? until fusion ensues2 ! matt] %\ld !n be ev5ly & ?9ly spread ov] ! surface4 ,9 a %ort "t ! cry/als w =m1 & are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? procur$ by ! foll[+ process2 b ! unc]ta9ty is increas$ a little :5 fusion is us$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is desirable ) _m salts4 ,secondly1 make a saturat$ solution ( salic9e1 :i* 9 cold wat] is effect$ by add+ "o "p ( ! salt to eighte5 p>ts ( wat]4 ,lay a little ^u ! slide1 & all[ x to evaporate spontane\sly1 or ) ! aid ( g5tle heat4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally uni=m1 & ) ord9>y p[]s q l>ge en\gh to af=d a beautiful object4 ,! circul> %ape & gorge\s col\rs ( ?is cry/al h made x s great a fav\rite t !re are few cab9ets )\t x4 ,_m new =ms may be procur$ by unit+ two totally diff]5t salts 9 solution 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,?is is a field af=d+ new facts & beauties2 b requires "s *emical k & mu* p]sev]ance to obta9 v valuable results4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ,i h met ) has be5 compos$ ( sulphate ( copp] & sulphate ( magnesia4 ,! fl[]-l =ms & uni=mity ( cry/allization :5 successful make x well wor? a few failures at fir/2 & z ,i became acqua9t$ ) "s new facts 9 my frequ5t trials1 ,i w give ! prep>ation ( ! d\ble salt f ! beg9n+4 ,make a saturat$ solution ( ! two sulphates1 comb9$ 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts copp] to "o "p magnesia1 & !n add to ! solution "o-t5? ( pure wat]4 ,du/ or o!r impurities %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/1 & ! slide made free f all trace ( grease by clean+ imm$iately be=e use ) liquor potass or ammonia4 ,a drop ( ! solution %\ld !n be plac$ ^u ! slide1 & by a ?9 glass rod spread ev5ly ^u ! surface4 ,heat ?is :il/ 9 a horizontal position until ! salt rema9s z a visc\s transp>5t sub/ance1 :i* w n be effect$ until x is rais$ to a high degree4 ,! slide may n[ be all[$ to cool1 & :5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! fl[]-l cry/als w be p]ceiv$ =m+ "h & !re ^u ! plate4 ,:5 ^! are at any /age 9 :i* x is wi%$ to pres]ve !m1 a few seconds' exposure to ! fire1 z w>m z ! h& c com=tably be>1 w /op ! expansion1 :5 ! portion :i* we wi% to m\nt %\ld be cut (f f ! mass ( salt by simply scrat*+ ! film ar\nd1 & pure ,canada balsam ) ! ?9 glass us$4 ,brea?+ ^u ! film1 or all[+ ! slide to become cold & attract ! moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 w cause ! cry/allization to ext5d1 & sometimes greatly rob ! effect2 s x is necess>y to m\nt quickly :5 ! desir$ =ms are obta9$4 ,z ! cry/als are v unc]ta9 z to ! place ( _! =mation1 ,i may "h m5tion t !y may be got 9 any "p ( ! slide by pi]c+ ! film ) a ne$le-po9t2 b 9 "s degree ?is necess>ily int]f]es ) ! c5tre4 ,z ! cause ( ?is has no ne$ to be ent]$ into "h1 & has be5 else:]e discuss$1 ,i %all only give ! above directions1 & say t !re is a great field 9 ?is bran* ( /udy :i* ! microscope alone has op5$4 ,x w\ld be useless to ent] into p>ticul>s respect+ ! v>i\s salts & treatm5t !y require1 z a great diff]5ce is effect$ ev5 by ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,!re are "s cry/als1 also1 :i* are call$ =? 9 insulat$ portions1 %[+ no =mation ^u ! gr\nd2 b ev5 :5 m\nt$ 9 any pres]v+ fluid1 & un*ang$ = a ye>1 a new action seems to arise1 & a gr\ndwork is produc$ :i* be>s little resemblance to ! orig9al cry/al4 ,sometimes ?is new =mation adds to ! beauty ( ! slide2 9 o!r cases ! rev]se is ! result1 ! slide be+ r5d]$ almo/ wor?less4 ,?is action1 ,i believe1 frequ5tly arises f "s liquid be+ conta9$ 9 ! balsam or o!r m\nt+ m$ium us$2 & ?is is r5d]$ ! m probable by ! cry/allization be+ call$ =? 9 an h\r aft] ! balsam dilut$ ) *lor(orm is employ$1 :]eas no *ange w\ld h tak5 place = mon?s 7if at all7 _h pure balsam be5 us$4 ,sections ( "s ( ! salts are v int]e/+ objects1 b ! me?od ( procur+ ^! & _! nature w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! scales ( v>i\s fi% h be5 be=e m5tion$ z m\nt$ 8dry20 :51 h[ev]1 !y are requir$ = pol>is+ objects !y are g5]ally m\nt$ 9 balsam1 & "s few 9 liquid4 ,! =m] me?od w be consid]$ "h4 ,! eel af=ds a beautiful object = ?is purpose4 ,! scales are cov]$ by a ?9 8sk910 :i* may be slightly rais$ ) a knife & !n torn (f1 9 ! same mann] z ! cov]+ ( ! g]anium & o!r petals1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! requir$ portion may !n be remov$2 or if a piece ( sk9 c be procur$ z /ripp$ (f 9 cook+1 ! scales may be easily tak5 f ! inn] surface4 ,!y mu/ !n be wa%$ & ?or\ghly clean$4 ,aft] dry+1 soak = a day 9 turp5t9e1 & m\nt 9 ! ord9>y mann] ) balsam4 ,?is is a good pol>is+ object2 b ! int]e/1 & ,i ?9k ! beauty1 is increas$ by procur+ a piece ( eel's sk9 ) ! scales 9 sit1 wa%+ & dry+ "u pressure1 & m\nt+ 9 balsam z be=e4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! scales produces beautiful 8waves0 ( col\r1 :i* are q soo?+ to ! eye aft] exam9+ "s ( ! v gorge\s salts1 c4 ,!re are _m scales ( fi% :i* are good subjects = ! pol>iscope :5 m\nt$ 9 balsam2 b z !y require no p>ticul> treatm5t1 !y ne$ no m5tion by "n4 ,among hairs we f9d "s :i* are beautiful :5 m\nt$ 9 balsam & exam9$ by pol>iz$ light4 ,"s1 :5 want$ z common objects1 are always us$ dry1 z be=e m5tion$2 b if !y are int5d$ to be %[n z pol>iz+ objects1 !y mu/ be plac$ 9 "s m$ium4 ,! 8,micrographic ,diction>y0 m5tions a mode ( mak+ an int]e/+ object by plait+ two s]ies ( :ite horse-hairs at an angle1 m\nt+ 9 balsam1 & us+ ) ! pol>iscope4 ,all hairs1 h[ev]1 mu/ be /eep$ 9 turp5t9e = a %ort "t be=e m\nt+1 z !y w ?us be r5d]$ clean] & m transp>5t4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !re is no difficulty 9 m\nt+ !m4 ,_m ( ! 8tongues0 ( fre%-wat] & m>9e mollusca are deeply int]e/+ & mo/ beautiful objects :5 exam9$ by pol>iz$ light4 ,z ^! are usually m\nt$ 9 balsam1 ,i m5tion !m 9 ?is place2 b z !y mu/ be remov$ f ! animals by dissection1 p>ticul>s respect+ !m w n be ent]$ into until we come to ! "p 9 :i* t op]ation is describ$ 7,*apt] ,v474 ,! mann] ( prep>+ & m\nt+ _m ( ! ,polyzoa & ,zoophytes has be5 be=e describ$2 b any notice ( pol>iz+ objects w\ld be incomplete )\t "s allusion to !m4 ,a small piece ( ! ,flu/ra avicul>is1 well prep>$1 is beautiful :5 exam9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,no sel5ite is ne$$1 & yet ! col\rs are truly gorge\s4 ,x is (t5 met ) ^u %ells & zoophytes ( a l>ge size1 & w well repay ! tr\ble ( se>*+ =4 ,_m ( ! ,s]tul>id are v beautiful ) pol>iz$ light1 &1 inde$1 no ramble ^u ! seaside ne$ be fruitless 9 ?is direction4 ,! diff]5t />*es are q a /udy 9 !mselves1 & are peculi>ly connect$ ) pol>iz$ light4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! cellul> tissue ( almo/ e plant 9 small :ite gra9s :i* v>y consid]ably 9 size2 t f ! potato av]ages "o-?ree-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & t f arr[-root ab\t "o-six-hundr$?4 ,to procure />* f any plant1 ! texture mu/ fir/ be brok5 up or gr\nd co>sely2 ! mass ( matt] mu/ be !n well wa%$ 9 g5tly-fl[+ wat]1 &1 z all />* is totally insoluble 9 cold wat]1 ! gra9s are c>ri$ (f by ! curr5t & deposit$ :]e ?is is /ay$4 ,9 procur+ x f ! potato1 z well z _m o!r vegetables1 x is b necess>y to r$uce ! sub/ance to a co>se pulp by ! aid ( a cul9>y 8grat]20 ! pulp %\ld !n be well agitat$ 9 wat]1 & all[$ to re/ a %ort "t1 :5 ! />* w be f\nd at ! bottom1 its light] col\r r5d]+ x easily di/+ui%able f ! pulp4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be wa%$ ?r\gh two or ?ree wat]s to r5d] x p]fectly clean4 ,^! gra9s h no cry/all9e /ructure1 b pres5t a v peculi> appe>ance :5 exam9$ ) pol>iz$ light4 ,ea* gra9 %[s a d>k cross ^: l9es meet at ! po9t :]e x 0 atta*$ to ! plant1 call$ ! hilum4 ,r\nd ! gra91 also1 a s]ies ( l9es are se51 z ?\gh x 7 put toge!r 9 plates4 ,?is is m di/9ctly visible 9 "s k9ds ?an o!rs4 ,z to ! m\nt+ ( ^! />*es !re is little to be said4 ,if ! gra9s are laid ^u ! slide1 & z small a portion z possible ( ! balsam dilut$ ) turp5t9e1 z be=e m5tion$1 be appli$1 !y w cl+ to ! glass & all[ ! pure balsam to fl[ readily ov] !m )\t be+ s liable to imprison air-bubbles :5 ! ?9 glass is put ^u !m4 ,! raphides1 :i* 7 fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 :5 requir$ = use ) pol>iz$ light1 mu/ be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 & _m are f\nd :i* give beautiful col\rs4 ,!y require no peculi> treatm5t1 b mu/ be wa%$ q clean be=e putt+ up4 ,!re is "o class ( objects = ! pol>iscope :i* diff]s 9 prep>ation f any we h yet consid]$1 & af=ds v beautiful specim5s4 ,"s ( ! plants1 includ+ _m ( ! grasses & ! ,equisetace 7i4 e4 horsetails71 conta9 s l>ge a quantity ( silica1 t :5 ! vegetable & o!r p]i%able p>ts are remov$1 a skeleton ( wond]ful p]fection rema9s4 ,?is skeleton mu/ be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 ! me?od ( p]=m+ :i* w n[ be consid]$4 ,sometimes ! cuticle ( ! equisetum is remov$ f ! plant1 o!rs dry ! /em "u pressure1 :il/ ! grasses1 ( c\rse1 require no prep>ation4 ,! vegetable %\ld be imm]s$ 9 /rong nitric acid & boil$ = a %ort "t2 an eff]vesc5ce w g on z ! alkalies are be+ remov$1 & :5 ?is has ceas$ m acid %\ld be add$4 ,at ?is po9t ! modes ( treatm5t diff]2 "s remove ! object f ! acid & wa%1 & hav+ dri$1 burn x ^u ?9 glass until all appe>s :ite1 :5 x mu/ be c>efully m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to leave x 9 /rong acid until all ! sub/ance1 except ! requir$ portion1 is remov$2 b ?is w take a l5g? ( "t1 v>y+ accord+ to ! mass1 c41 ( ! plant4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ?is latt] me?od is us$1 ! skeleton mu/ be wa%$ f ! acid1 c41 be=e be+ m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,^! silice\s cuticles are readily f\nd4 ,! /raws ( mo/ ( ! c]eals1 :eat1 oat1 c42 ! husks1 also1 ( "s ( ^!2 _m canes2 ! equisetum1 z be=e describ$2 & "s ( ! grasses4 ,_m ( ^! are ev]y:]e procurable1 s t ! /ud5t c nev] want mat]ial = a spl5did object = ! pol>iscope4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ! scales 7or hairs7 :i* are (t5 f\nd ^u ! leaves ( plants 7 m5tion$ z beautiful objects :5 m\nt$ dry2 b "s ( ^! :5 deta*$ f ! leaf--:i* is easily done by g5tly scrap+ x1 :5 dri$1 ) a knife--pres5t brilliant />like & o!r =ms1 if m\nt$ 9 balsam & us$ ) ! pol>iscope4 ,!re is a little dang]1 :5 plac+ ! ?9 glass ^u ! balsam1 ( =c+ out ! scales 9 ! wave ( matt] :i* is always eject$2 ?is may be ov]come by apply+ to ! slide1 previ\sly to plac+ ! objects ^u x1 an extremely ?9 cov]+ ( ! balsam dilut$ ) turp5t9e z be=e m5tion$1 & ?us giv+ !m e *ance ( adh]5ce2 or by us+ ! balsam ) *lor(orm1 z be=e notic$4 ,^! scales are mu* m abundant ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$1 & daily new specim5s are discov]$2 s t ! /ud5t %\ld always be on ! look\t = !m 9 8 rese>*es 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,mo/ classes ( objects1 & ! treatm5t !y require :5 m\nt+ !m 9 balsam1 h n[ be5 consid]$4 ,! next *apt] w be devot$ to ! pres]vative liquids1 & ! be/ me?ods ( us+ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pres]vative ,,liquids1 ,,etc41 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,:]e ,,cells ,,are ,,us$4 ,!re are _m objects :i* w\ld lose all _! di/9ctive peculi>ities if all[$ to become dry1 especially ^? belong+ to ! fre%-wat] ,alg1 _m animal tissues1 & mo/ ( ! v delicate animal & vegetable sub/ances 9 :i* /ructure is to be %[n4 ,^! mu/ be pres]v$ by imm]sion 9 "s fluid2 b x is evid5t t ! fluid mu/ be suit$ to ! k9d ( matt] :i* x is int5d$ to pres]ve4 ,z x (t5 requires mu* /udy & tr\ble to obta9 microscopic objects ( ?is class1 x is well t _! pres]vation %\ld be r5d]$ z p]fect z possible2 & = ?is reason ! ,,cells1 or receptacles ( ! fluids1 %\ld be s clos$ t all possibility ( escape %\ld be prev5t$4 ,! accompli%m5t ( ?is is n s easy a matt] z x might appe> to ! inexp]i5c$4 ,be=e giv+ any directions z to ! manipulation requir$ 9 m\nt+ ! objects1 we mu/ consid] ! diff]5t liquids & cells :i* are requisite = _! pres]vation4 ,( ! =m] !re are a great numb]1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal may be m5tion$4 ,,di/ill$ ,,wat] is /rongly recomm5d$ by _m = ,diatomace & o!r ,protophytes4 ,x has be51 h[ev]1 /at$ t conf]void gr[?s (t5 di/urb ! cle>ness ( ! liquid1 & on ?is acc\nt v>i\s additions are made to x4 ,a lump ( camphor is (t5 left 9 ! bottle1 s t ! wat] may dissolve z mu* z possible4 ,"o gra9 ( bay-salt & "o ( alum are add$ to ea* ounce ( wat]2 or a drop or two ( creosote %ak5 up ) ! ounce ( wat]1 :i* %\ld be aft]w>ds filt]$4 ,^! additions are (t5 made2 p]haps ea* ( !m good = c]ta9 objects4 ,,glyc]9e4--,"s affirm ?is to be "o ( ! be/ pres]vative liquids1 especially = vegetable objects2 b o!rs ?9k t x is mu* bett] :5 dilut$ ) two p>ts ( camphor-wat]1 prep>$ z above4,e ,e ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says3--8,glyc]9e has a solv5t p[] = c>bonate ( lime1 & %\ld n be employ$ :5 ! object conta9s any calc>e\s /ructure4 ,9 ignorance ( ?is fact1 ! au?or 7,dr4 ,c47 employ$ glyc]9e to pres]ve a numb] ( rem>kably f9e specim5s ( ! p5tacr9oid l>va ( ! ,comatula1 ^: col\rs he 0 anxi\s to reta92 & 0 extremely vex$ to f9d1 :5 ab\t to m\nt !m1 t _! calc>e\s skeletons _h s entirely disappe>$1 t ! specim5s 7 completely ru9$40 ,,glyc]9e ,,& ,,gum4--,?is is also believ$ to be a v good liquid = vegetable tissues1 & is ?us prep>$3-- ,pure gum-arabic #a oz4 ,glyc]9e #a 0 ,wat] 7di/ill$7 #a 0 ,ars5i\s acid #a gra9s4 ,dissolve ! ars5i\s acid 9 ! cold wat]1 !n ! gum1 add ! glyc]9e1 & mix )\t bubbles4 ,,deane',s ,,comp\nd4--,?is is usually deem$ ab\t ! be/ m$ium = pres]v+ ,alg1 mosses1 c41 & is ?us prep>$3--,soak #a oz4 ( be/ gelat9e 9 #d oz4 ( wat] until ! gelat9e becomes s(t1 :5 #e oz4 ( honey heat$ to boil+-po9t are add$2 boil ! mixture1 & :5 x has cool$1 b n en\gh to become /iff1 add oz4 rectifi$ _s ) :i* #e or #f drops ( creosote h be5 well mix$1 & filt] ! :ole ?r\gh f9e flannel4 ,?is comp\nd :5 cold =ms a /iff jelly1 ! use ( :i* w be describ$ else:]e4 ,,glyc]9e ,,jelly4--,?is mixture closely resembles ! above1 b z ! composition diff]s a little x may be m5tion$ "h4 ,x is /rongly recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,lawrance 9 ! ,microscopic ,j\rnal1 :]e he /ates 8t ! beautiful gre5 ( "s mosses m\nt$ two ye>s ago1 is /ill z fre% z ! day !y 7 ga!r$20 & t ?is is ! only m$ium he kn[s :i* w pres]ve ! natural col\r ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,he takes a quantity ( ,nelson's gelat9e1 soaks x = two or ?ree h\rs 9 cold wat]1 p\rs (f ! sup]flu\s wat]1 & heats ! soak$ gelat9e until melt$4 ,to ea* fluid ounce ( ! gelat9e1 :il/ x is fluid b cool1 he adds a fluid dra*m ( ! :ite ( an egg4 ,he !n boils ?is until ! album5 coagulates & ! gelat9e is q cle>1 :5 x is to be filt]$ ?r\gh f9e flannel1 & to ea* ounce ( ! cl>ifi$ solution add #f dra*ms ( a mixture compos$ "o "p ( glyc]9e to two p>ts ( camphor-wat]4 ,,goadby',s ,,fluid4--,?is is mu* us$ 9 ! pres]vation ( animal objects2 & seldom1 if ev]1 acts ^u ! col\rs4 ,x is ?us prep>$--,bay salt1 #d oz42 alum1 #b oz42 corrosive-sublimate1 #d gra9s4 ,dissolve ^! 9 two qu>ts ( boil+ wat] & filt]4 ,= delicate prep>ations "s recomm5d t ?is mixture be r$uc$ by ! addition ( an equal quantity ( wat]2 b :]e !re is bone or %ell 9 ! object ! above acts injuri\sly ^u x1 9 :i* case ?is fluid may be us$3--,bay-salt #h oz41 corrosive sublimate #b gra9s1 wat] #a qu>t4 ,,?waites' ,,liquid4--,?is is recomm5d$ = ! pres]vation ( ,alg1 c41 z hav+ little or no action on ! col\r1 & is ?us prep>$3--,take "o "p ( rectifi$ _s1 add drops ( creosote en\gh to saturate x2 to ?is add sixte5 p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] & a little prep>$ *alk1 & filt]4 ,:5 filt]$1 mix ) an equal quantity ( camphor-wat] 7z be=e m5tion$71 & /ra9 ?r\gh f9e musl9 be=e us+4 ,,*loride ,,( ,,z9c ,,solution4--,9 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y0 ?is is /at$ to be 8p]haps ! be/ pres]vative kn[n = animal tissues40 ,p]sons ( great exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 h giv5 a v diff]5t op9ion2 b x is c]ta9ly v useful 9 _m cases :]e a small degree ( coagulat+ action is n injuri\s4 ,x is us$ ( /r5g?s v>y+ accord+ to ! s(tness ( ! p>ts to be pres]v$2 ! av]age be+ #bj gra9s ( ! fus$ *loride to #a oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,to keep ?is liquid a lump ( camphor may be left float+ 9 ! bottle4 ,i h he>d compla9ts t ?is mixture becomes turbid ) keep+1 b ,i ?9k ?is mu/ only be ! case :5 "s impurity has got into ! bottle4 ,,c>bolic ,,acid4--,?is sub/ance has n be5 kn[n long en\gh to w>rant any decid$ op9ion ^u its m]its4 ,a solution ( #a "p ( acid to #bj ( wat] has be5 recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its antiseptic prop]ties4 ,,ca/or ,,oil4--,?is is a v useful pres]vative = cry/als & o!r objects4 ,_m salts are q de/roy$ :5 ,canada balsam is us$ ) !m2 b v few are act$ ^u by ?is oil4 ,to use x1 x mu/ be dropp$ 9 a suffici5t quantity to cov] ! cry/al or object to be pres]v$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( oil4 ,x may be necess>y sometimes to spread x ) a ne$le or o!r in/rum5t4 ,! ?9 glass %\ld !n be c>efully plac$ ^u x1 s t all air may be exclud$2 & %\ld any oil be =c$ out1 ow+ to ! quantity us$ be+ too great1 x mu/ be remov$ ) blott+ pap]4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! ?9 glass cov] & ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! slide are z clean z possible1 a coat+ ( seal+-wax v>ni% or liquid glue mu/ be appli$ & all[$ to dry4 ,a second or ev5 a ?ird coat+ may be requir$1 b n be=e ! previ\s cov] is q dry4 ,^! v>ni%es1 h[ev]1 are v brittle1 & x is mu* saf]1 z a f9i%1 to use "o ( ! t\gh] cem5ts--gold-size1 = in/ance--:i* w r5d] x d\bly secure4 ,! above are ! pr9cipal liquids1 c41 us$ = pres]v+ objects 9 cells4 ,! diff]5t cells may be "h m5tion$2 & x is recomm5d$ t ^! %\ld always be kept "s "t be=e use 9 ord] t ! cem5t may become p]fectly dry2 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t no cem5t be us$ on :i* ! pres]vative liquid employ$ has any action :atev]4 ,,cem5t ,,cells4--,:]e ! object is n v ?ick1 ?is k9d ( cell is g5]ally us$4 ,!y are easily made ) ! turntable be=e describ$2 b :5 ! objects to be pres]v$ are v m9ute1 ^! cells ne$ n be mu* deep] ?an ! ord9>y circle ( cem5t on ! slide4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a comp>atively great dep? is requir$1 x is sometimes necess>y to make ! wall ( ! cell z deep z possible1 !n all[ x to dry & make ano!r addition4 ,( ^! cem5ts gold-size is "o ( ! mo/ tru/wor?y1 & may be readily us$ = ! %all[ cells4 ,! asphaltum & india-rubb]1 be=e notic$1 ,i h f\nd v durable :5 well bak$1 & exce$+ly pleasant to "w )4 ,x may be us$ ( su* a ?ickness z to give space = tol]ably l>ge objects4 ,black japan also is mu* us$4 ,_m cem5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* are recomm5d$ by "s writ]s1 are worse ?an useless1 ow+ to ! brittl5ess :i* r5d]s _! durability unc]ta91 z seal+-wax v>ni%1 liquid-glue1 c4 ,! /ud5t may feel himself at a loss 9 *oos+ ! cem5t :i* w give him ! safe/ cells1 _m ( !m becom+ p>tially or :olly dry 9 a ye> or two1 z /at$ 9 ano!r place4 ,i c only give him a few g5]al directions1 & he mu/ !n use 8 own judgm5t4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be lo/ lab\r to employ any cem5t ^u :i* ! pres]vative liquid has any action :atev]4 ,x is also a good rule to avoid ^? 9 ^: composition !re are any p>ticles :i* d n become a ?or\gh & intimate portion1 z ^! unr$uc$ fragm5ts w almo/ c]ta9ly1 soon] or lat]1 prep>e a road by :i* ! liquid w escape2 &1 la/ly1 :atev] cem5t he uses1 ! cells are always bett] :5 !y h be5 kept a %ort "t be=e use1 z already /at$4 ,,gutta-,,p]*a ,,r+s h be5 recomm5d$ by "s1 z af=d+ e facility = ! manufacture ( cells = liquids2 b !y _c be recomm5d$1 z1 aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 !y become s brittle z to af=d no safegu>d aga9/ ord9>y accid5ts4 ,(t5 ! cells mu/ necess>ily be ( a l>ge size1 & = ?is reason are made by tak+ f\r /rips ( glass ( ! ?ickness & dep? requir$1 & gr9d+ ! places :]e ^! are to meet ) em]y1 s z to =m a slightly r\gh5$ b flat edge4 ,! glass /rip mu/ also be gr\nd on ! side :]e x meets ! plate1 & ea* piece cem5t$ ) ! m>9e glue m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,on t "p ( ! glass to :i* ano!r piece is to be atta*$ %\ld be laid ?9 /rips ( ! glue2 bo? pieces mu/ !n be heat$ ^u a small brass table1 ) ! aid ( ! _s-lamp1 until ! /rips become melt$2 ! small piece is !n to be tak5 up & plac$ ^u ! spot to :i* x is to be atta*$1 & s on until ! cell is complet$4 ,x w be f\nd necess>y to spread ! glue ov] ! surface requir$ ) a ne$le or "s o!r in/rum5t1 s t an unbrok5 l9e may be pres5t$ to ! wall ( ! cell1 & no bubbles =m$4 ,too great a heat w 8burn0 ! m>9e-glue1 & r5d] x brittle2 c>e mu/ be !re=e tak5 to avoid ?is4 ,:5 %all[ cells are requir$1 ^? :i* are made by gr9d+ a concavity 9 ! middle ( an ord9>y slide w be f\nd v conv5i5t4 ,! concavities are cut bo? circul> & oblong2 & ! surface be+ flat1 ! cov] is easily fa/5$ ^u x4 ,^! are n[ *eap1 & are v safe z to leakage4 ,circul> cells ) a flat bottom us$ to be made by drill+ a hole ?r\gh glass ( ! requir$ ?ickness1 & fix+ ?is ^u an ord9>y slide ) m>9e-glue2 b ! dang] ( breakage & ! lab\r 7 s great t ?is me?od is seldom us$ n[1 &1 inde$1 ! r+s ab\t to be m5tion$ d away ) all necessity ( x4 ,,glass ,,r+s4--,:]e any dep? is requir$1 no me?od ( mak+ a cell = liquids is s conv5i5t z ! use ( glass r+s1 :i* are n[ easily & *eaply procurable4 ,!y are made ( almo/ e size & dep?1 &1 except 9 v extraord9>y cases1 ! necessity = build+ cells is completely done away )4 ,^! r+s h bo? edges left r\gh5$1 & consequ5tly adh]e v well to ! slide1 ?is adh]5ce be+ g5]ally accompli%$ by ! aid ( m>9e glue1 z be=e notic$ ) ! glass cells4 ,gold-size has be5 occasionally us$ = ?is purpose2 & ! adh]5ce1 ev5 ) liquid 9 ! cell1 ,i h always f\nd to be p]fect4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( requir+ no heat1 b ! gold-size mu/ be p]fectly dry1 & ! r+ mu/ h be5 fix$ ^u ! slide "s "t be=e use4 ,canada balsam has also be5 us$ = ! same purpose1 b _c be recomm5d$1 z :5 x is p]fectly dry x becomes s brittle z to be> no %ock to :i* ! slide may be ord9>ily expos$4 ,^! are ! cells :i* are mo/ly us$ 9 ?is bran* ( microscopic m\nt+4 ,! mode ( us+ !m1 & ! diff]5t treatm5t :i* c]ta9 objects require :5 int5d$ to be pres]v$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ liquids1 may n[ be inquir$ into4 ,i may m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ?is class ( objects is look$ ^u by _m ) great mi/ru/1 ow+ to ! dang] !re is ( bubbles aris+ 9 ! cells aft] ! m\nt+ has be5 complet$1 ev5 = ye>s4 ,i "k "s excell5t microscopi/s :o exclude all objects 9 cells & pres]vative liquids f _! cab9ets1 because !y say t ev5tually almo/ all become dry & wor?less2 & ?is is no matt] ( surprise1 = _m ( !m d really become s4 ,p]haps ?is is ow+ to ! slides be+ sold be=e !y c\ld possibly be ?or\ghly dry4 ,z to ! air-bubbles1 ,i %all h some?+ to say pres5tly4 ,we w n[ suppose ! cell employ$ is made by plac+ a glass r+ ^u ! slide ) m>9e glue or gold-size1 & is q dry4 ,ar\nd ! edge ( ! clean$ ?9 glass :i* is to cov] x1 ,i trace ) a camel-hair p5cil a r+ ( gold-size1 & also ar\nd ! edge ( ! cell to :i* x is to adh]e4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] objects to ?is1 z r5d]+ ! lat] applications ( ! gold-size liable to 8run 940 ,all dang] ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is completely done away ) by leav+ ! slide & cov] = a:ile until ! cem5t becomes p>tially 8fix$10 b /ill adhesive en\gh to p]=m its function 7,*apt] ,,ii474 ,) _m slides ?is is n accompli%$ 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ev5 if left two or ?ree days no injury :atev] ensues2 b ) o!r k9ds an h\r is too long to leave ! expos$ cem5t1 s t ! op]ator mu/ use 8 own discretion4 ,! liquid requir$ may be drawn up by ! m\? into ! po9t$ tube m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 & !n transf]r$ to ! cell4 ,9 ! v>i\s books ( in/ruction1 ! object is n[ to be plac$ 9 ! cell2 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k a great mi/ake1 z ano!r process is absolutely necess>y be=e we advance s f>4 ,! cell1 full ( liquid1 mu/ be plac$ "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & ! air )drawn4 ,almo/ imm$iately x w be p]ceiv$ t ! bottom & sides ( ! cell are cov]$ ) m9ute bubbles1 :i* are =m$ by ! air t is held 9 susp5sion by ! liquid4 ,! slide may n[ be remov$1 & ! bubbles may require ! aid ( a ne$le or o!r po9t to displace !m1 s ob/9ately d !y adh]e to ! surface ( ! glass4 ,?is process may be !n repeat$1 & "o cause1 at lea/1 ( ! appe>ance ( bubbles 9 cells ( liquid w be got rid (4 ,! object to be m\nt$ %\ld also be soak$ 9 "o or two *anges ( ! pres]vative liquid employ$1 &1 dur+ ! soak+1 be plac$ "u ! air-pump & exhau/$4 ,x may !n be transf]r$ to ! cell1 :i* w probably cause ! liquid to ov]fl[ a little4 ,! cov] ) ! gold size appli$ to ! edge mu/ !n be c>efully laid ^u ! cell1 & slightly press$ d[n1 s t all air-bubbles may be displac$4 ,! two portions ( gold-size w n[ be f\nd to adh]e :]ev] ! liquid does n rema91 al?\gh ! :ole r+ may h be5 previ\sly wet4 ,! out] edge ( ! ?9 glass & cell mu/ n[ be p]fectly dri$1 & a coat+ ( gold-size appli$4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 ! process mu/ be repeat$ until ! cem5t has body en\gh to protect ! cell f all dang] ( leakage4 ,:5 "s pres]vative liquids are us$1 a scum is frequ5tly f\nd ^u ! surface :5 plac$ 9 ! cell1 :i* mu/ be remov$ imm$iately be=e ! cov] is laid ^u x4 ,i believe ?is me?od to be p]fectly secure aga9/ leakage :5 c>efully p]=m$2 & "s ( my fri5ds h told me t _! exp]i5ce 7"s ye>s7 has be5 equally satisfactory4 ,9 us+ "s ( ! p>ticul> k9ds ( pres]vative liquids1 x w be f\nd necess>y to make slight *ange 9 ! manipulation4 ,?is w be be/ expla9$ by m5tion+ a few objects1 & ! treatm5t !y require4 ,= ! pres]vation ( ! ,mosses1 ,alg1 c41 ,deane's comp\nd is mu* us$1 & consid]$ "o ( ! be/ m$ia4 ,! specim5 to be m\nt$ %\ld be imm]s$ 9 ! comp\nd1 :i* mu/ be kept fluid by ! vessel conta9+ x be+ plac$ 9 hot wat]4 ,9 ?is /ate ! :ole %\ld be submitt$ to ! action ( ! air-pump1 z x is n an easy matt] to get rid ( ! bubbles :i* =m 9 & ar\nd ! objects4 ,! cell & slide mu/ be w>m$2 & heat w also be necess>y to r5d] ! gelat9e1 c41 fluid en\gh to fl[ f ! /ock-bottle4 ,! cell may !n be fill$ ) ! comp\nd1 & ! specim5 imm]s$ 9 x4 ,a ?9 glass cov] mu/ !n be w>m$1 or g5tly brea!d ^u1 & gradually l[]$ ^u ! cell1 tak+ c>e1 z ) all liquids1 t no bubbles are =m$ by ! op]ation4 ,! cov] may be fix$ by ! aid ( gold-size1 ,japan1 or any ( ! usual v>ni%es1 c>e be+ tak51 z be=e1 t all ! comp\nd is remov$ f ! p>ts to :i* ! v>ni% is int5d$ to adh]e4 ,! glyc]9e jelly ( ,mr4 ,lawrance1 be=e m5tion$1 requires almo/ a simil> treatm5t4 8,! objects to be m\nt$ 9 ?is m$ium %\ld be imm]s$ = "s "t 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( glyc]9e & dilute alcohol 7six ( wat] to "o ( alcohol74 ,! bottle ( glyc]9e jelly mu/ be plac$ 9 a cup ( hot wat] until liquefi$1 :5 x mu/ be us$ l ,canada balsam1 except t x requires less heat4 ,a r+ ( asphaltum v>ni% r\nd ! ?9 glass cov] completes ! m\nt+40 ,! ,infusoria 7see ,*apt] ,,iii47 are sometimes pres]v$ 9 liquid2 b pres5t _m difficulties to ! /ud5t4 ,diff]5t k9ds require diff]5t treatm5t1 & consequ5tly x is well1 :5 practicable1 to m\nt simil> objects 9 two or m liquids4 ,"s are be/ pres]v$ 9 a /rong solution ( *loride ( calcium1 o!rs 9 ,?waites' liquid1 :il/ a few keep _! col\r mo/ p]fectly :5 9 glyc]9e alone4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 are s v transp>5t t !y pres5t b fa9t objects = ord9>y obs]vance4 ,! ,desmidiace require some:at simil> treatm5t1 & may be m5tion$ "h4 ,! solution ( *loride ( calcium has be5 /rongly recomm5d$2 b no pres]vative liquid seems to be )\t "s action ^u !m4 ,bo? ( ! above classes ( objects %\ld be m\nt$ 9 %all[ cells1 s z to all[ z high a microscopic p[] z possible to be us$ ) !m4 ,_m ( ! ,,zoophytes :i* are obta9$ on our sea-coa/s are well pres]v$ by m\nt+ 9 cells1 9 ! mann] be=e m5tion$1 ) ,goadby's fluid1 or di/ill$ wat] ) "o ( ! additions notic$ among/ ! pres]vative liquids4 ,= exam9ation by pol>iz$ light1 h[ev]1 !y are usually m\nt$ 9 balsam 7see ,*apt] ,,iii471 :il/ ^? 9 cells pres5t a m natural appe>ance z to position1 c41 = common /udy4 ,z to ! use ( pres]vative liquids ) ! ,diatomace !re are v>i\s op9ions4 ,"s exp]i5c$ microscopi/s say t !re is little or no satisfaction 9 m\nt+ !m 9 ?is way4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 h[ev]1 expla9s ?is diff]5ce by 8 in/ructions z to :at me?od %\ld be us$ :5 c]ta9 ends are desir$4 ,he says3 8,if !y c be obta9$ q fre%1 & x be desir$ t !y %\ld exhibit z closely z possible ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! liv+ plants1 !y %\ld be put up 9 di/ill$ wat] )9 cem5t-cells2 b if !y are n ?us m\nt$ )9 a %ort "t aft] !y h be5 ga!r$1 ab\t a six? "p ( alcohol %\ld be add$ to ! wat]4 ,if x be desir$ to exhibit ! /ipitate =ms 9 _! natural p>asitism ^u o!r aquatic plants1 ! entire mass may be m\nt$ 9 ,deane's gelat9e 9 a deep] cell2 & su* a prep>ation is a v beautiful object = ! black-gr\nd illum9ation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m9ute /ructure ( ! silice\s envelopes is ! feature to be br\ght into view1 ! fre% diatoms mu/ be boil$ 9 nitric or hydro*loric acid0 7:i* process is fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii474 ,x is v conv5i5t to h _m ( ^! objects m\nt$ by two or m ( ! above me?ods2 & if !y are to be /udi$1 ?is is indisp5sable4 ,mr4 ,hepwor? once %[$ me ab\t "o hundr$ slides :i* he _h m\nt$ 9 v>i\s ways1 = no o!r purpose ?an ! /udy ( ! fly's foot4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,ryl&s1 successfully m\nts ! diatoms 9 ! /ate 9 :i* he f9ds !m1 & gave me ! foll[+ me?od z t :i* he always employs4 ,he says t he has _h no failures1 & hi!rto has f\nd 8 specim5s un*ang$4 ,take a %all[ r+ cell ( asphalt or black v>ni% 7:i* mu/ be at lea/ ?ree weeks old71 & on ! cell1 :il/ revolv+1 add a r+ ( b5zole & gold-size mix$ 9 equal proportions4 ,9 a m9ute or two pure di/ill$ wat] is put 9 ! cell until ! surface is slightly convex4 ,! object hav+ be5 already float$ on to ! cov] 7! vessel us$ = ?is purpose be+ an ord9>y indian-ink palette71 is n[ inv]t$ & laid c>efully ^u ! wat] 9 ! cell4 ,by ^! means ! object may be laid d[n )\t be+ remov$4 ,! sup]flu\s moi/ure mu/ n be eject$ by pressure1 b a wett$ camel-hair p5cil1 ! size made 9 an ord9>y quill1 be+ p>tially dri$ by draw+ ?r\gh ! lips1 mu/ be us$ repeat$ly to absorb x1 :i* ! p5cil w draw by capill>y attraction z x is v sl[ly turn$ r\nd4 ,:5 ! cov] comes 9 contact ) ! b5zole & gold-size r+1 !re is no long] any fe> ( ! object be+ remov$1 & a slight pressure ) ! end ( ! c$> /ick ( ! p5cil w r5d] ! adhesion complete1 & cem5t ! cov] closely & firmly to ! cell4 ,:5 dry1 an out] r+ ( asphalt makes ! m\nt+ neat & complete4 ,! ,fungi h be5 be=e m5tion$2 b x may be "h /at$ t "s few ( ! m9ute =ms are be/ pres]v$ 9 a v %all[ cell ( liquid4 ,= ?is purpose creosote-wat] may be advantage\sly us$4 ,! ant5n ( insects h be5 be=e notic$ z be+ v beautiful :5 m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,?is is readily accompli%$ :5 !y are l>ge2 b ^? ( ! mo/ m9ute insects are mu* m difficult to deal )1 & are less liable to injury :5 put up 9 fluid4 ,goadby's ,fluid s]ves ?is purpose v well2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! object mu/ be ?or\ghly /eep$ 9 ! liquid be=e x is m\nt$1 = a long] or %ort] "t accord+ to ! ?ickness4 ,! eggs ( insects af=d "s wor?y objects = ! microscope1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ ^? ( ! common cabbage butt]flies 7small & great71 ! mead[-br[n1 ! puss-mo?1 ! tortoise%ell butt]fly1 ! bug1 ! c[-dung fly1 c4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 %rivel up on becom+ dry1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be pres]v$ 9 "s ( ! fluids be=e m5tion$4 ,to accompli% ?is no p>ticul> directions are requir$2 b ! soak+ 9 ! liquid ab\t to be employ$1 c41 mu/ be att5d$ to z ) o!r objects4 ,glyc]9e may be advantage\sly us$ = ! pres]vation ( v>i\s insects4 ,^! %\ld fir/ be clean$ ) alcohol to get rid ( all extrane\s matt]1 & !n1 aft] soak+ 9 glyc]9e1 be m\nt$ ) x l o!r objects4 ,?is liquid may also be us$ = ! ,entomo/raca1 :i* (f] a wide field = /udy4 ,!y are to be f\nd abundantly 9 ponds ( /agnant wat]1 c4 ,"s insects1 su* z ,may-flies1 c41 are1 h[ev]1 (t5 pres]v$ by imm]sion 9 a solution ( "o "p ( *loride ( calcium 9 ?ree or f\r p>ts ( wat]2 b ?is has n be5 recomm5d$ among/ ! 8pres]vative liquids10 z ! col\r1 :i* is (t5 an attractive quality ( ?is class ( objects1 is !reby de/roy$4 ,we h n[ notic$ ! treatm5t :i* mu/ be appli$ to ^? objects :i* are to be pres]v$ 9 liquids & cells4 ,we may "h /ate t all slides ( ?is k9d %\ld be exam9$ at %ort int]vals1 z !y w be f\nd n[ & !n to require ano!r coat+ ( v>ni% r\nd ! edge ( ! ?9 glass cov] to prev5t all dang] ( leakage4 ,! use ( ! air-pump1 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7z be=e recomm5d$71 & ?is precaution z to ! v>ni%1 w r5d] ! slides less liable to leakage & air-bubbles1 :i* s v frequ5tly r5d] !m almo/ wor?less4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,sections ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,!m1 ,,) ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,dissection4 ,_m objects are almo/ wor?less to ! microscopi/ until ! extrane\s matt] is remov$ f !m2 & ?is is frequ5tly difficult 9 ! extreme to p]=m satisfactorily4 ,z an in/ance1 c]ta9 ,=am9if]a may be m5tion$ 9 :i* ! cells are plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 consequ5tly ! object mu/ be r$uc$ to a c]ta9 degree ( ?9ness be=e a s+le uni=m lay] ( ^! cells c be obta9$ to %[ some?+ ( ! int]nal arrangem5ts4 ,mo/ animal & vegetable =ms require an exam9ation ( ! sep>ate p>ts be=e mu* c be kn[n ab\t !m4 ,! mass mu/ be divid$ into sep>ate portions1 ea* "p int5d$ to be pres]v$ be+ clean$ f ! useless matt] ) :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,x w frequ5tly be f\nd necess>y to make ?9 sections1 :i* f a v t5d] sub/ance is no easy matt]2 & mu* pati5ce w be necess>y to atta9 any?+ l pr(ici5cy4 ,?is mak+ ( sections 0 n until v rec5tly ent]$ into by _m except ^? belong+ to ! m$ical pr(ession1 b ,i d n see :y ?is %\ld be s1 z mu* may be accompli%$ by a p]sev]+ & int]e/$ m9d :]e !re is "t = ent]+ into ! subject4 ,i w !re=e make an attempt to give "s in/ructions on ?is subject also4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! cutt+ ( sections f h>d sub/ances1 9 :i* ! ord9>y knife1 *isel1 c41 are ( no avail4 ,mo/ ( ^! require no p>ticul> c>e 9 m\nt+1 b are plac$ 9 balsam l ! o!r objects notic$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii43 :]e1 h[ev]1 any special treatm5t is necess>y x w be comm5t$ ^u z we proce$4 ,,%ells1 ,c4--,x is seldom1 if ev]1 necess>y to possess app>atus = ?is process except a small ?9 saw made ) a /eel blade1 = :i* a piece ( wat*-spr+ s]ves v well2 a f9e /one su* z is us$ = %>p5+ p5-knives2 & two smoo? lea!r /rops1 "o ( :i* is to be us$ ) putty-p[d] to poli% ! section aft] gr9d+1 & ! o!r dry1 to give ! f9al surface4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v conv5i5t to h ?ree or f\r files ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,! %ell1 if v ?ick1 may be divid$ by us+ ! wat*-spr+ saw2 & ?is section may !n ) ord9>y c>e be rubb$ d[n ) wat] on ! /one until "o side ( x is p]fectly flat4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ x mu/ be aga9 rubb$ ) putty-p[d] ^u ! /rop1 & f9ally ^u ! o!r /rop )\t ! p[d]4 ,?is surface w !n be f9i%$ & mu/ be firmly unit$ to ! slide 9 ! position x is int5d$ to occupy4 ,to d ?is a small quantity ( ,canada balsam may be dropp$ ^u ! middle ( ! slide & heat$ ov] ! lamp until on cool+ x becomes h>d2 b ?is mu/ be /opp$ be=e x is r5d]$ brittle4 ,^u ?is ! poli%$ surface mu/ be laid1 & suffici5t heat appli$ to all[ ! object to fall closely ^u ! slide1 :5 slight pressure may be us$ to =ce aside all bubbles1 c4 ,on cool+1 ! adh]5ce w be complete en\gh to all[ ! same gr9d+ & poli%+ ^u ! upp] surface :i* ! l[] receiv$4 ,:il/ und]go+ ?is1 ! section mu/ be exam9$ f "t to "t to asc]ta9 :e!r ! necess>y degree ( ?9ness has be5 rea*$4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! section %\ld be wa%$ ?or\ghly & dri$4 ,x mu/ !n be cov]$1 :i* is be/ done by us+ ! ord9>y ,canada balsam1 z recomm5d$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,sections ( "s exquisitely beautiful objects are cut ) mu* less tr\ble ?an ! above4 ,! ,orbitolite1 = in/ance1 may be prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,take ! object & by pressure ) ! f+] rub ! side ^u a flat & smoo? %>p5+ /one ) wat] until ! portion is rea*$ :i* x is wi%$ to %[4 ,! /r5g? ( ! object w easily all[ ?is to be accompli%$ ) ord9>y c>e4 ,?is side may !n be atta*$ to ! glass slide ) heat$ balsam1 z above describ$1 & ! object may !n be g5tly rubb$ d[n to ! degree ( ?9ness requir$ to %[ x to ! be/ advantage4 ,aft] remov+ all dis5gag$ matt] f ! object by wa%+ & ?or\ghly dry+1 x may be m\nt$ 9 balsam 9 ! usual mann]1 :5 x is equally beautiful z a transp>5t or opaque object4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t 9 _m in/ances :]e a smoo? /one is f\nd suffici5t = ! "w 7:i* is (t5 ! case :5 ! section is m\nt$ 9 balsam7 ! f9al process ( poli%+ advis$ above may be disp5s$ )1 z 9 ! ,orbitolite1 ,nummulite1 c41 c4 ,x is q necess>y t ! /ones on :i* ! objects are rubb$ be p]fectly flat1 o!rwise "o side mu/ be act$ ^u be=e ! o!r1 & x w be f\nd impossible to atta9 any?+ l uni=mity4 ,:]e x is n practicable to cut a section & ! object is v ?ick1 a co>se /one may be fir/ us$ to r$uce x & ! smoo!r aft]w>ds4 ,! consid]ation ( ! cutt+ ( sections f %ells w\ld sc>cely be deem$ complete )\t "s m5tion ( :at ,dr4 ,c>p5t] t]ms ! decalcify+ process4 ,muriatic acid is dilut$ ) tw5ty times its volume ( wat]1 & 9 ?is ! %ell is imm]s$4 ,aft] a p]iod1 diff]+ accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! %ell1 ! c>bonate ( lime w be dissolv$ away1 & a peculi> membrane left1 %[+ ! /ructure ( ! %ell v p]fectly4 ,?is may be m\nt$ dry1 9 balsam1 or sometimes 9 liquid1 accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ! object2 b no rule c be giv54 ,! discretion ( ! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 w enable him to *oose ! mo/ suitable me?od4 ,f "s %ells x is easy to divide ?9 plates1 or 8lam910 :i* require no?+ b m\nt+ 9 ,canada balsam to %[ ! texture v well4 ,9 work+1 h[ev]1 ) ^? :i* are 8pe>ly10 x w be f\nd t exp]i5ce & pati5ce are ne$$1 z !y are v brittle & peculi>ly h>d2 b a little practice w ov]come ^! difficulties4 ,among/ ! ,e*9od]mata1 :i* include ! />-fi%es1 sea-h$gehogs1 c41 !re are _m ^: out] surface is cov]$ ) 8sp9es10 or ?9 projections4 ,"s ( ^! are %>p & ?orn-l1 o!rs blunt1 long] or %ort]1 &1 inde$1 ( endless v>iety4 ,9 _m ( ^!1 :5 a section is made1 r+s are se5 :i* h a common c5tre1 ) radiat+ supports1 resembl+ sections ( "s ( ! woods4 ,^! are v beautiful objects1 & me?ods ( procur+ !m may n[ be consid]$4 ,x is ! be/ to cut z ?9 a section z c safely be got ) ! wat*-spr+ saw fir/1 :5 ! smoo? 8%>p5+ /one0 may be us$ to poli% "o side1 :i* is easily accompli%$ ) wat] only4 ,:5 ?is is effect$1 x mu/ be wa%$ clean1 & ?or\ghly dri$1 & !n may be unit$ to ! slide 9 ! same mann] z be=e recomm5d$ = ! ,orbitolite1 c4 ,if x is ev] necess>y to displace x on acc\nt ( inequalities1 bubbles1 or o!r rem$iable fault1 ?is may be done by w>m+ ! slide2 ?\gh too mu* heat mu/ be avoid$1 o!rwise fre% bubbles w c]ta9ly be produc$4 ,! cov]+ ) ?9 glass1 balsam1 c41 w pres5t no difficulty to ! /ud5t2 b he mu/ rememb] t ! transp>5cy is some:at increas$ by ?is la/ op]ation4 ,corals are (t5 treat$ 9 ?is way1 9 ord] to reveal _! /ructure4 ,except1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t has _h mu* practice1 he w (t5 f9d ?is a mo/ difficult task1 z _m ( !m are exce$+ly brittle4 ,he w f9d ! me?od be=e describ$ equally applicable "h1 & %\ld take bo? horizontal & v]tical sections4 ,,coal4--,?is sub/ance is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects to ! microscopi/4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ( a vegetable orig92 & ?\gh ?is is 9 _m cases ( su* m9ute sep>ate portions z to h lo/ all appe>ance ( vegetation1 yet x is v frequ5tly met ) 9 masses1 be>+ ! =m1 ev5 to ! m9ute m>k+s1 ( wood1 9 v>i\s directions4 ,to see ?is & prep>e x = microscopic rese>*1 a suitable piece ( coal mu/ be obta9$2 b 9 e case ! cutt+ & prep>ation ( ^! sections require great c>e & skill4 ,sometimes ! coal is fir/ made smoo? on "o side1 fa/5$ to ! glass1 r$uc$ to ! requisite degree ( ?9ness1 & f9i%$ 9 ! me?od be=e describ$4 ,?is mode ( treat+ x is sometimes1 h[ev]1 v tantaliz+1 z1 at ! la/ mom5t1 :5 ! section is ab\t ?9 en\gh1 x (t5 breaks up1 & s r5d]s ! tr\ble be/[$ ^u x fruitless4 ,! d>k col\r & opacity ( coal r5d] an extraord9>y ?9ness necess>y1 & s increase ! liability to ?is accid5t4 ,p]haps ! be/ me?od :i* c be pursu$ is t recomm5d$ 9 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y10 :i* is z foll[s3--8,! coal is mac]at$ = ab\t a week 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%2 at ! end ( t "t x is possible to cut tol]ably ?9 slices ) a razor4 ,^! slices are !n plac$ 9 a wat*-glass ) /rong nitric acid1 cov]$ & g5tly heat$2 !y soon turn br[ni%1 !n yell[1 :5 ! process mu/ be arre/$ by dropp+ ! :ole into a sauc] ( cold wat]1 else ! coal w\ld be dissolv$4 ,! slices ?us treat$ appe> ( a d>ki% amb] col\r1 v transp>5t1 & exhibit ! /ructure1 :5 exi/+1 mo/ cle>ly4 ,we h obta9$ longitud9al & transv]se sections ( conif]\s wood f v>i\s coals 9 ?is way4 ,! specim5s are be/ pres]v$ 9 glyc]9e 9 cells2 we f9d t _s r5d]s !m opaque1 & ev5 ,canada balsam has ! same defect4 ,s*ulz /ates t he has br\ght out ! cellulose reaction ) iod9e1 9 coal treat$ ) nitric acid & *lorate ( pota%40 ,cannel-coal is s close & firm 9 its /ructure z to be mu* us$ in/ead ( jet 9 ! manufacture ( ornam5ts3 x takes a beautiful poli%1 & consequ5tly pres5ts ! /ud5t ) none b ord9>y difficulties 9 gett+ sections ( x4 ,its =mation is some:at diff]5t f t ( coal1 sometimes %[+ ! transition v cle>ly4 ,9 fl9t !re are (t5 f\nd rema9s ( sponges1 %ells1 ,diatomace1 c42 b to %[ ^! well1 sections mu/ be cut & poli%$ by ! la! & :eel ( ! lapid>y1 :i* ! microscopic /ud5t seldom possesses4 ,?9 *ipp+s may1 h[ev]1 be made1 :i* :5 /eep$ 9 turp5t9e & m\nt$ 9 balsam1 w frequ5tly %[ ^! rema9s v well4 ,tee? are v int]e/+ objects to all microscopi/s1 m especially to ^? :o give mu* /udy to !m2 z ! class ( animal may v frequ5tly be kn[n f "o solit>y rema9+ too?4 ,to exam9e !m ?or\ghly1 x is necess>y to cut sections ( !m2 b ?is is r difficult to p]=m well1 & ne$s "s exp]i5ce4 ,"s in/ructions1 h[ev]1 w at lea/ less5 ^! difficulties1 & we w n[ endeav\r to give !m4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght t ,canada balsam injures ! f9] m>k+s ( ^! sections1 consequ5tly1 !y are almo/ inv>iably m\nt$ dry4 ,a ?9 piece is fir/ cut f ! too? ) ! saw ( wat*-spr+ be=e m5tion$1 if possible2 b %\ld ! sub/ance be too h>d = ?is1 ! :eel & la! mu/ be us$ ) diamond du/4 ,if ?is _c be procur$1 !re is no alt]native b to rub d[n ! :ole sub/ance z ?9 z practicable on "s co>se /one or file4 ,! surface w !n be r\gh2 b ?is may be mu* r$uc$ by rubb+ ^u a flat %>p5+ /one ) ! f+]1 or a small piece ( gutta-p]*a1 ^u ! object to keep x 9 contact4 ,! scrat*es may be mu* less5$ by ?is1 b n s ?or\ghly remov$ z microscopic exam9ation requires 9 dry sections4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be poli%$ ) ! putty-p[d] & dry /rop1 z recomm5d$ 9 ! work+ ( ! %ell-sections4 ,! o!r side ( ! section ( ! too? may !n be rubb$ d[n to ! requisite ?9ness1 & poli%$ 9 ! same mann]1 :5 ! du/ & o!r impurities mu/ be remov$ by wa%+1 aft] :i* ! section mu/ be c>efully dri$ & m\nt$4 ,"s ( ^! sections are equally int]e/+ z opaque or transp>5t objects4 ,! d5t9e ( ! tee? may be decalcifi$ by subm]sion ( ! section 9 dilute muriatic acid2 aft] dry+ & m\nt+ 9 ,canada balsam x pres5ts a new & int]e/+ appe>ance1 %[+ ! enamel fibres v beautifully :5 magnifi$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ diamet]s4 ,a fri5d tells me t aft] subm]sion ( ! :ole too? 9 ! acid he has be5 able to cut sections ) a razor4 ,,sections ,,( ,,bone4--,) ! aid ( ! microscope few fragm5t>y rema9s h prov$ s useful to ! geologi/ & /ud5ts ( ! fossil k+dom z ^!4 ,f a s+le specim5 _m ( our naturali/s c tell ) c]ta9ty to :at class ( animal x has once belong$4 ,to arrive at ?is po9t ( k mu* /udy is necess>y1 & sections ( v>i\s k9ds %\ld be cut 9 su* a mann] z w be/ exhibit ! peculi>ities ( =mation4 ,! me?ods ( accompli%+ ?is w n[ be consid]$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be fir/ m5tion$ t ! *ipp+s ( "s bones w be f\nd useful n[ & !n1 z be=e /at$ ) fl9t1 ?\gh ?is is by no means a satisfactory way ( proce$+4 ,sometimes ! bones may be procur$ naturally s ?9 t !y may be exam9$ )\t any cutt+2 & only require m\nt+ dry1 or 9 fluid1 z may be f\nd ! be/4 ,:5 comm5c+ op]ations we mu/ provide ! same app>atus z is ne$$ 9 cutt+ sections ( tee?1 be=e describ$4 ,a f9e saw1 l ^? us$ = cutt+ brass1 c42 two or ?ree flat files ( diff]5t degrees ( co>s5ess2 two flat 8%>p5+0 /ones2 & a lea!r /rop ) putty-p[d] = poli%+4 ,z ?9 a section z possible %\ld fir/ be cut f ! "p requir$ by ! aid ( ! f9e saw2 & x is bett] :5 9 ?is /ate to soak x = "s %ort "t 9 camph9e1 e!r1 or "s o!r _s to free x f all grease4 ,) ! aid ( a file we may n[ r$uce x almo/ to ! necess>y degree ( ?9ness1 & proce$ z be=e recomm5d$ ) tee?4 ,! 8%>p5+0 /one w remove all scrat*es & m>ks suffici5tly to all[ x to be exam9$ ) ! microscope to see if x is gr\nd ?9 en\gh2 & if x is to be m\nt$ dry we mu/ poli% x ) putty-p[d] & wat] ^u ! /rop to z high a degree z possible1 & hav+ wa%$ all rema9s ( poli%+ p[d]1 c41 f ! section we mu/ place x ^u ! slide & f9i% x z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,if ! bone is n suffici5tly h>d 9 its nature to be> ! above me?od ( h&l+ :il/ gr9d+ & poli%+--z "s are f> m brittle ?an o!rs--z ?9 a section z possible mu/ fir/ be cut ) ! saw1 & "o surface gr\nd & poli%$4 ,! piece mu/ !n be dri$ & unit$ to ! glass by heat$ balsam 9 ! same mann] z %ells1 c4 ,aft] :i* ! sup]abundance ( balsam mu/ be remov$ f ! glass2 !n rub d[n ^u ! /one & /rop z be=e4 ,:5 ! poli%+ is complet$ ! :ole slide mu/ be imm]s$ 9 *lor(orm1 e!r1 or "s o!r _s1 to release & cleanse ! section1 :5 x may be m\nt$ z ! "o above m5tion$4 ,"s h recomm5d$ a /rong solution ( is+lass to affix ! half-gr\nd tee? or bones to ! glass z caus+ !m to adh]e v firmly & requir+ no heat1 & also be+ readily deta*$ :5 f9i%$4 ,! reason :y ! sections ( bone are usually m\nt$ dry is t ! 8lacun10 bone cells1 & canaliculi 7resembl+ m9ute canals7 %[ _! =ms1 c41 v p]fectly 9 ?is /ate1 z !y are holl[ & conta9 air1 :]eas if !y become fill$ ) liquid or balsam--:i* does sometimes occur--!y become almo/ indi/+ui%able4 ,!re are "s d>k specim5s1 h[ev]1 :]e ! cells are already fill$ ) o!r matt]1 & x is well to m\nt ^! ) balsam & s ga9 a great] degree ( transp>5cy4 ,to ga9 a true k ( ! /ructure ( bone1 sections mu/ be cut z 9 wood1 bo? transv]sely & longitud9ally2 b ) fossil bones1 )\t ! lapid>y's :eel1 c41 x is a labori\s task1 & inde$ c seldom be prop]ly accompli%$4 ,9 ?is place1 also1 x may be m5tion$ t by submitt+ bone to ! action ( muriatic acid dilut$ t5 or fifte5 times ) wat]1 ! lime1 c41 is dissolv$ away & ! c>tilage is left1 :i* may be cut into sections3 9 cau/ic pota% ! animal matt] is got rid (4 ,bo? ( ^! prep>ations may be m\nt$ 9 fluid4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ ?9 sections ( bone may be also employ$ ) ! /ones ( fruit1 vegetable ivory & su* l sub/ances2 _m ( :i* %[ a mo/ int]e/+ arrangem5t ( cells1 especially :5 ! sections are transv]se4 ,mo/ ( ^! objects pres5t a diff]5t appe>ance :5 m\nt$ dry to t :i* !y be> :5 9 balsam1 ow+ to ! cells becom+ fill$2 & to arrive at a true k ( !m we mu/ h a specim5 m\nt$ 9 bo? ways4 ,to ^? :o /udy pol>iz$ light1 few objects are m beautiful ?an ! sections ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( horn4 ,we w briefly inquire into ! be/ me?od ( cutt+ ^!4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( horn1 ! fir/ ( :i* is h>d1 z ! /ag's1 & mu/ be cut 9 ! same mann] z bone4 ,! second is some:at s(t]1 z ! c['s4 ,! ?ird is ano!r & /ill s(t] =mation1 z ! 8horn0 7z x is t]m$7 ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,9 cutt+ sections ( ! two la/ we %\ld succe$ be/ by us+ ! ma*9e inv5t$ = ^! purposes :i* ,i %all %ortly describe :5 ! me?od ( cutt+ wood is consid]$4 ,to aid u 9 ?is :5 ! horn is h>d x mu/ be boil$ = a %ort "t 9 wat]1 :5 ! cutt+ w be m easily accompli%$4 ,! sections %\ld be bo? transv]se & longitud9al1 ^? ( ! =m] (t5 %[+ cells ) beautiful crosses1 ! col\rs ) ! sel5ite plate be+ truly spl5did4 ,( ?is class ! rh9oc]os horn is "o ( ! be/2 b ! buffalo also af=ds a v h&some object4 ,! c['s1 & inde$ almo/ e diff]5t k9d ( horn1 well des]ves ! tr\ble ( m\nt+4 ,:alebone1 :5 cut transv]sely1 /rongly resembles ^? ( ! ?ird & s(t] =mation4 ,all ^! are be/ se5 :5 m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y h be5 ?or\ghly dri$ aft] cutt+1 & !n /eep$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,an int]e/+ object may also be procur$ f :alebone by cutt+ long sections ( ! hairs ( :i* x is compos$4 ,d[n ! c5tre ( ea* hair we %all f9d a l9e ( cells divid$ f "o ano!r v di/9ctly4 ,& 7z recomm5d$ 9 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y07 if :alebone be mac]at$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a solution ( cau/ic pota% x w be s(t5$1 & by aft]w>ds dige/+ 9 wat]1 ! out] "p w be resolv$ into num]\s transp>5t cells1 :i* w %[ m pla9ly ! /ructure ( ?is curi\s sub/ance4 ,9 a =m] *apt]1 hairs 7 m5tion$1 _! _m & int]e/+ =ms1 & _! beauty :5 us$ ) pol>iz$ light4 ,! sections ( !m1 h[ev]1 are no less a matt] ( /udy1 z ?is mode ( treatm5t op5s to sight ! out] 8cas+10 & ! inn] sub/ance some:at resembl+ ! pi? ( plants4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to ent] into ! description ( ! diff]5t =ms met )2 b ! ways 9 :i* sections are to be procur$ may be glanc$ at4 ,if transv]se sections are requir$1 "s place a quantity ( hairs betwixt two flat pieces ( cork1 :i* by pressure hold !m firmly en\gh toge!r to all[ ! requir$ portions to be cut ) a razor4 ,o!rs take a bundle ( ! hairs & dip x into gum or glue1 :i* gives x :5 dry a solidity equal to wood4 ,sections ( ?is are !n cut ) ! ma*9e m5tion$ a little fur!r on1 & ^! may be m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,! human hair is easily procur$ 9 ! desir$ sections by %av+ z closely z possible a second "t & cleans+ f ! la!r1 c41 by c>efully wa%+4 ,mo/ hairs1 h[ev]1 %\ld be exam9$ bo? transv]sely & longitud9ally4 ,x is n difficult to procure ! latt]1 z we may g5]ally split !m ) ! aid ( a %>p razor4 ,9 a great numb] ( hairs !re is a quantity ( greasy matt] :i* mu/ be got rid ( by soak+ 9 e!r or "s o!r solv5t be=e m\nt+4 ,we may next consid] ! be/ me?od ( procur+ sections ( wood1 :i* mu/ be cut ( su* a degree ( ?9ness z to =m transp>5t objects1 & s display all ! secrets ( _! /ructure4 ,!re is no monotony 9 ?is /udy1 z ! =ms are s v>i\s1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! cells & woody fibre s diff]5t1 t ! microscopi/ may f9d endless amusem5t or /udy 9 x4 ,f a s+le section ! class ( trees to :i* x has belong$ may be kn[n1 (t5 ev5 :5 ! wood is fossil4 ,! app>atus be/ adapt$ = cutt+ ^! sections is made z foll[s3--,a flat piece ( h>d wood1 ab\t six in*es long1 f\r wide1 & "o ?ick1 is *os51 to :i* ano!r ( ! same size is firmly fix$1 s z to =m1 9 a side view1 ! lett] ,t4 ,on "o end ( ! upp] surface is fa/5$ a brass plate1 p]fectly flat1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a circul> op5+ is cut ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,co9cid+ ) ?is op5+ is a brass tube1 fix$ 9 ! "u side ( ! table 7if x may be t]m$ s74 ,?is tube is s cut at ! bottom z to take a f9e screw4 ,ano!r screw is also plac$ at ! same end ( ! 8table10 :i* works at "r angles to ?is1 s t any sub/ance 9 ! tube may be w$g$ firmly by work+ ?is la/ screw4 ,to use ?is in/rum5t1 ! piece ( wood or o!r object ( :i* a section is requir$ mu/ be plac$ 9 ! tube1 :51 by turn+ ! screw und]nea?1 ! wood is rais$ above ! brass plate m or less z wi%$1 & by us+ ! screw at ! end1 x is held firmly 9 ! same position4 ,) a flat *isel ! portion ( ! object :i* projects above ! surface ( ! brass plate may n[ be cut (f1 & by means ( ! bottom screw ano!r portion may be rais$ & treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,z to ! ?ickness ( :i* objects %\ld be cut1 no prop] directions c be giv51 z ?is diff]s s greatly t no?+ b exp]i5ce c be any guide4 ,! same ?ickness c be obta9$ by work+ ! screw und]nea? 9 uni=m degrees1 ! head be+ m>k$ = ?is purpose2 & :5 ! sub/ance to be cut is v mu* small] ?an ! hole 9 ! brass plate1 x may be w$g$ ) cork4 ,z ?is in/rum5t is peculi>ly adapt$ = cutt+ wood 7?\gh us$ = o!r sub/ances1 z be=e m5tion$71 ,i %all notice a few p>ticul>s conc]n+ ?is bran* ( sections4 ,x may "h be rem>k$1 t to obta9 any?+ l a true k ( ! nature ( wood1 x %\ld be cut & exam9$ 9 at lea/ two directions1 across & along4 ,! piece ( wood is (t5 plac$ 9 spirits = a day or two1 s t all res9\s matt] may be dissolv$ out ( x2 x mu/ !n be soak$ 9 wat] = ! same l5g? ( "t1 s z to s(t5 & r5d] x easy to cut4 ,sections are obta9$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 b (t5 curl to su* a degree z to make x necess>y to imm]se !m 9 wat]1 f :i* !y may be tak5 & dri$ "u slight pressure4 ,!y are (t5 m\nt$ dry1 & require no c>e beyond o!r objects1 z 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are be/ m\nt$ 9 balsam1 p>ticul>ly ! long sections :5 us$ = ! pol>iscope2 ^! mu/ be soak$ 9 turp5t9e1 & ! greate/ c>e tak5 t all air bubbles are got rid (4 ,o!rs are ?\ght to be mo/ useful :5 m\nt$ 9 %all[ cells ) "s ( ! pres]vative liquids m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4--weak _s & wat]1 *loride ( calcium solution ( ! /r5g? ( "o "p ( ! salt to ?ree p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 c4 ,! above 8section-cutt]0 may n be )9 ! rea* ( e /ud5t1 nor is x absolutely necess>y2 ?\gh :]e any great numb] ( specim5s is requir$ x is v useful1 & insures great] uni=mity 9 ! ?ickness4 ,_m employ a razor = ! purpose1 :i* mu/ always be kept %>p by frequ5t /ropp+4 ,sections ( leaves also may be procur$ by ! same means1 ?\gh1 z be=e m5tion$1 !y are sometimes easily divid$ by /ripp+ ! coat+s (f ) ! f+]s4 ,! cells :i* come to sight by cutt+ "s ( ! or*ide\s plants are mo/ int]e/+4 ,to cut ^! leaves !y may be laid ^u a flat piece ( cork1 ?us expos+ ! razor to no dang] ( injury by com+ 9 contact ) ! support4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! razor may also be us$ 9 cutt+ sections ( ! ru%1 ?an :i* a m beautiful object c sc>cely be f\nd :5 view$ transv]sely1 z x %[s ! /ellate arrangem5ts ( ! ducts to convey ! liquids to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant v cle>ly4 ,?is %\ld be m\nt$ dry4 ,9 ! same way sections ( ! leaf-/alks ( f]ns may also be cut1 "s ( :i*1 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] /ates1 %[ ! curi\s ducts v beautifully1 especially :5 cut r obliquely4 ,:5 sections ( ! s(t] sub/ances are requir$1 no in/rum5t c be comp>$ ) 8,val5t9's knife10 :i* consi/s ( two /eel blades ly+ p>allel ) "o ano!r & atta*$ at ! l[] end4 ,! di/ance ( sep>ation may be regulat$ at w by a small screw ne> ! h&le4 ,:51 !re=e1 a section is want$1 ! sub/ance mu/ be cut ?r\gh1 & betwixt ! blades a ?9 /rip w be f\nd1 :i* may be made ( any ?ickness1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( _! sep>ation4 ,by loos5+ ! screw ! blades may be ext5d$1 & ! section may be float$ out 9 wat] if ! damp w n injure x4 ,! knife cuts mu* bett] if dipp$ 9 wat] imm$iately be=e use & also :5 ! sub/ance to be op]at$ ^u is wet1 or ev5 "u wat] altoge!r2 b c>e mu/ be tak51 aft] use1 to clean ! blades ?or\ghly & oil !m be=e lay+ by1 if ! place is at all damp4 ,?is in/rum5t is mo/ useful 9 su* subjects z anatomical prep>ations :]e ! sections are requir$ to %[ ! position ( ! diff]5t vessels1 c42 b1 z be=e /at$1 is v valuable = all s(t sub/ances4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 x may be m5tion$1 t x is frequ5tly us$ 9 cutt+ sections ( sponges2 b z ^! are (t5 v full ( spicula1 c41 x is mu* bett] to press ! sponge flat until dry1 & !n cut (f ?9 %av+s ) a v %>p knife2 ^! %av+s w exp& :5 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,aft] ?is !y may be laid betwixt two flat surfaces & dri$1 :5 !y may be m\nt$ z o!r dry objects1 or1 :5 desirable1 9 balsam4 ,val5t9's knife is v mu* us$ 9 tak+ sections ( sk91 :i* are aft]w>ds treat$ ) pota% solution1 acids1 c41 to br+ out 9 ! be/ way ! diff]5t portions4 ,dr4 ,li/]'s mode1 h[ev]1 ( gett+ ^! is ?us giv5 9 ! ,microscopic ,j\rnal3--8,b ,i aft]w>ds f\nd t mu* bett] sections c\ld be obta9$ f dri$ specim5s4 ,a portion ( %av$ scalp be+ plac$ betwe5 two ?9 slips ( deal1 a piece ( /r+ is ti$ r\nd !m s z to ex]cise a slight degree ( compression2 ! prep>ation is n[ laid aside = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x is f\nd to be dri$ to an almo/ horny condition4 ,x !n adh]es firmly by its l[] surface to "o ( ! slips1 & ?us x c be held securely1 :ile extremely ?9 & equable sections are cut ) great facility 9 any plane t may be desir$4 ,^! sections1 :5 moi/5$ ) a drop ( wat] & treat$ ) acetic acid1 are z well suit$ = ! inve/igation ( ! muscul> tissue z if !y _h n be5 dri$40 ,!re are _m :o almo/ conf9e _! att5tion to pol>iz$ light & its beautiful effects4 ,su* w\ld n deem ^! ef=ts to aid ! /ud5t 9 cutt+ sections complete )\t "s notice ( ^? :i* are tak5 f v>i\s cry/als1 9 ord] to display t curi\s & beautiful ph5om5on1 ! r+s ) a cross4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! is some:at *ang$ by ! cry/al :i* af=ds ! section2 b nitrate ( pota% gives two sets ( r+s ) a cross1 ! long l9e ( :i* passes ?r\gh bo?1 ! %ort l9e divid+ x 9 ! middle4 ,! process ( cutt+ ^! sections is r difficult1 b a little c>e & p]sev]ance w conqu] all ?is4 ,! foll[+ is extract$ f ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana3--8,nitre cry/allizes 9 long six-sid$ prisms ^: section1 p]p5dicul> to _! sides1 is ! regul> hexagon4 ,!y are g5]ally v mu* int]rupt$ 9 _! /ructure2 b by turn+ ov] a consid]able quantity ( ! ord9>y saltpetre,f ( ! %ops specim5s are readily f\nd :i* h p]fectly transp>5t portions ( "s ext5t4 ,select+ "o ( ^!1 cut x ) a knife into a plate above a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 directly across ! axis ( ! prism1 & !n gr9d x d[n on a broad wet file till x is r$uc$ to ab\t "o qu>t] or a six? ( an in* ?ick1 smoo? ! surface on a wet piece ( em]i$ glass1 & poli% on a piece ( silk /ra9$ v tight ov] a /rip ( plate-glass1 & rubb$ ) a mixture ( tall[ & colco?> ( vitriol4 ,?is op]ation requires practice4 ,x _c be effect$ unless ! nitre be appli$ wet & rubb$ till q dry1 increas+ ! rapidity ( ! friction z ! moi/ure evaporates4 ,x mu/ be p]=m$ 9 gloves1 z ! vap\r f ! f+]s1 z well z ! slighte/ brea?1 dims ! poli%$ surface effectually4 ,) ^! precautions a p]fect vitre\s poli% is easily obta9$4 ,we may "h rem>k1 t h>dly any two salts c be poli%$ by ! same process4 ,?us1 ,ro*elle-salt mu/ be f9i%$ wet on ! silk1 & in/antly transf]r$ to s(t bibul\s l95 & rapidly rubb$ dry4 ,exp]i5ce alone c tea* ^! peculi>ities1 & x is necess>y to resort to contrivances 7sometimes v /range ones7 = ! purpose ( obta9+ good poli%$ sections ( s(t cry/als1 especially ( ^? easily soluble 9 wat]4 8,! nitre is ?us poli%$ on bo? its surfaces1 :i* %\ld be br\ght z ne> z possible to p>allelism40 ,f ,sometimes ! saltpetre ( ! %ops is nitrate ( soda1 & z ?is is slightly deliquesc5t1 x is well to be c]ta9 t we h ! nitrate ( pota%1 :i* is free f ?is defect4 ,"s sections ( ! naturally =m$ cry/als also %[ ! 8r+s0 v well1--z ,icel& ,sp>1 :i* gives a s+le r+ & cross2 b ! difficulty ( cutt+ & poli%+ !m is almo/ too great = ! amateur1 & mu/ be left to ! lapid>y4 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 may be se5 by us+ a plate ( ice un9t]rupt$ly =m$ ( ab\t "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,be=e conclud+ ^! rem>ks on sections1 ,i mu/ m5tion a few difficulties :i* may be met )1 & _! rem$ies4 ,! =emo/ ( ^! is ! s(tness ( "s objects1 :i* h n resi/ance en\gh 9 !mselves to be> cutt+ ev5 ) ! %>pe/ in/rum5ts4 ,?is may (t5 be remov$ by soak+ 9 a solution ( gum1 & !n dry+1 :i* w r5d] ! sub/ance firm en\gh to be cut1 :5 ! sections mu/ be /eep$ 9 wat]1 & ! gum ?us got rid (4 ,small se$s1 c41 may be plac$ 9 wax :5 w>m$1 & w be held firmly en\gh :5 x is aga9 cold to all[ ( !m be+ cut into sections1 c4 ,&1 la/ly1 :]e a sub/itute = a microscopi/'s h&-vice is requir$1 a cork :i* fits any tube l>ge en\gh may be tak5 & split1 ! object be+ !n plac$ betwe5 ! two p>ts1 & ! cork ?ru/ into ! tube1 a suffici5t degree ( firmness w be obta9$ to resi/ any necess>y cutt+1 c4 ,,dissection4--,z ,i /at$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]1 no writt5 in/ructions c enable any /ud5t to become an adept 9 ?is bran* )\t mu* exp]i5ce & no little /udy4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 describe ! necess>y app>atus1 & aft]w>ds m5tion ! mode ( treatm5t :i* c]ta9 objects require4 ,a diff]5t microscope is manufactur$ = ! purpose ( dissection1 mo/ fir/-rate mak]s hav+ _! own model4 ,! object-glasses ( _m ( ^! are simple1 & consequ5tly n exp5sive2 b "o ( ! great requisites is a /age l>ge en\gh to hold ! tr\gh1 9 :i* ! op]ation is (t5 p]=m$4 ,:]e ?is is ! case x w\ld sc>cely be wor? ! exp5se ( gett+ a dissect+ microscope if ! /ud5t 7 pursu+ no p>ticul> /udy1 b m]ely made use ( ! in/rum5t :5 an object to be op]at$ ^u turn$ up accid5tally4 ,! ord9>y =m is mu* improv$ = ?is purpose1 by hav+ two wood5 re/s plac$ at ! sides ( ! microscope1 ^u :i* ! h&s may be support$ :5 work+ ^u ! /age4 ,^! %\ld be weighty en\gh to be free f dang] ( mov+4 ,^! supports w also be f\nd to be a rem$y aga9/ mu* ( ! we>9ess :i* inevitably arises f hav+ to su/a9 ! h&s z well z "w ) !m4 ,! erector1 z ,i be=e obs]v$1 is necess>y to a "y /ud5t2 b ) a little practice he may "w v well )\t x4 ,we w n[ notice "s ( ! in/rum5ts :i* are mo/ useful 9 dissection4 ,two or ?ree diff]5t sizes ( ord9>y scissors %\ld be possess$1 b ! %apes mu/ be modifi$ 9 o!rs = _m purposes1 z ^? us$ by surgeons2 a pair ) ! cutt+ p>ts b5t 9 a horizontal direction1 & ano!r pair slightly curv$ 9 a p]p5dicul>2 s t p>ts ( ! sub/ance op]at$ ^u may be rea*$1 :i* x w\ld be impossible to t\* ) /raight scissors4 ,"o po9t ( ^! is sometimes blunt1 & ! o!r acute1 be+ ?us made v useful 9 op5+ tubul> =mations4 ,ano!r =m ( ^! is made1 :]e ! blades ( ! scissors are kept op5 by a spr+1 ! h&les be+ press$ toge!r by ! f+]s4 ,:]e x is desirable1 "o or bo? ( ^! h&les may be l5g!n$ to any degree by ! addition ( small pieces ( wood4 ,,! ,,knives :i* are mo/ useful are ^? ( ! smalle/ k9d :i* surgeons employ 9 v delicate op]ations4 ,^! are made ab\t ! l5g? ( an ord9>y p5-knife1 & are fix$ 9 r long flatti% h&les2 "s are curv$ inw>ds1 l ! blade ( a scy!1 o!rs backw>ds2 "s tap] to a po9t1 :il/ o!rs aga9 are broad & v mu* r\nd$4 ,complete boxes are n[ fitt$ up by ! cutl]s1 ( excell5t quality & surpris+ly *eap4 ,,ne$les4--,^! are v useful & %\ld be firmly fix$ 9 h&les z recomm5d$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,x is conv5i5t to h !m ( v>i\s l5g?s & ?icknesses4 ,if curv$ by heat+ & b5d+ to any requir$ %ape !y may be re-h>d5$ by putt+ !m :il/ hot into cold wat]4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] also makes edg$ in/rum5ts by rubb+ d[n ne$les ^u a hone4 ,!y are m pleasant to "w ) :5 %ort1 z ! spr+ !y h :il/ long robs !m ( mu* ( _! firmness4 ,a glass syr+e is also useful 9 _m op]ations1 s]v+ n only to cleanse ! objects b to add or )draw liquids f ! dissect+-tr\gh4 ,?is tr\gh w n[ be describ$1 z _m sub/ances are s *ang$ by becom+ dry t x is impossible to dissect !m unless !y are imm]s$ 9 wat] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,if ! object is opaque & mu/ be work$ by reflect$ light1 a small squ>e tr\gh may be made to ! requir$ size ( gutta-p]*a1 :i* sub/ance w n injure ! edge ( ! knives1 c42 b :]e transp>5cy is necess>y1 a piece ( ?9 plate-glass mu/ be tak51 & by ! aid ( m>9e glue 7z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv47 ! sides affix$ ( ! requir$ dep?4 ,z p9s1 c41 _c be us$ ) ! glass tr\ghs & ! sub/ance mu/ be kept ext5d$1 a ?9 %eet ( cork load$ ) lead 9 ord] to keep x "u wat] may be us$2 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 r5d]s ! bottom opaque4 ,:5 work+ ) _m ?9 sub/ances1 a plate ( glass ?ree or f\r in*es long & two wide w s]ve e purpose1 & be m pleasant to use ?an ! tr\gh4 ,a drop or two ( wat] w be z mu* liquid z is ne$$1 & ?is w lie v well ^u ! flat surface4 ,z ^! are ! pr9cipal app>atus & arrangem5ts :i* are requisite 9 dissection1 ! me?od ( proce$+ 9 a few cases may n[ be notic$4 ,,vegetables4--,! dissection ( vegetable matt] is mu* less complicat$ ?an t ( animal2 mac]ation 9 wat] be+ a great assi/ant1 & 9 _m cases remov+ all necessity = ! use ( ! knife4 ,?is mac]ation may be assi/$ by ne$les1 & portions ( ! matt] :i* are n requir$ may be remov$ by !m4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! spiral vessels :i* are f\nd 9 rhub>b are want$1 "s p>ts conta9+ ^! are *os5 & left 9 a small quantity ( wat] until ! mass becomes s(t1 & ?is is m quickly effect$ :5 ! wat] is n *ang$4 ,! mass mu/ be !n plac$ ^u a glass plate :5 practicable1 or 9 ! tr\gh :5 l>ge1 & ) ! aid ( two ne$les ! matt] may be remov$ f ! spiral vessels1 :i* are pla9ly se5 ) a comp>atively l[ p[]2 & by convey+ ^! to a clean slip ( glass1 repeat+ ! process1 & at la/ wa%+ well1 good specim5s may be procur$4 ,mo/ ( ^! %\ld be m\nt$ 9 "s ( ! pres]vative liquids 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 may be dri$ on ! slide1 imm]s$ 9 turp5t9e1 & !n m\nt$ 9 balsam2 b liquid is pref]able1 z x be/ pres]ves ! natural appe>ance4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( vegetables require a diff]5t treatm5t to sep>ate ^! spiral vessels4 ,asp>agus is compos$ ( v h>d vegetable matt]1 & "s h recomm5d$ ! /ems to be fir/ boil$1 :i* w s(t5 !m to su* a degree t !y may easily be sep>at$4 ,dilute acids are also occasionally us$ to effect ?is2 & 9 "s in/ances to obta9 ! raphides cau/ic pota% may be employ$2 b aft] any ( ^! ag5ts h be5 made use (1 ! objects mu/ be ?or\ghly cleans$ ) wat]1 else ! dissect+ in/rum5ts 7& p]haps ! cell7 w be injur$ by ! action ( ! rema9+ portion ( ! s(t5+ ag5t4 ,= ! dissection ( animal tissues x is necess>y t ! in/rum5ts be 9 ! be/ ord] z to %>pness1 c42 & z ! rules to be obs]v$ mu/ necess>ily be some:at alike 9 _m in/ances1 ! treatm5t requir$ by "s ( ! objects mo/ frequ5tly m\nt$ w n[ be describ$4 ,we may "h rem>k t c>tilage c be be/ exam9$ by tak+ sections1 :i* w %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! cells v p]fectly4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is pla9ly se5 9 ! m\se's e> )\t any section be+ necess>y4 ,glyc]9e1 ! pres]vative liquids be=e m5tion$1 & ,canada balsam are all us$ to m\nt x2 b p]haps ! fir/ nam$ may be pref]r$ 9 _m cases4 ,,muscle4--,?is is :at is commonly call$ ! 8fle%0 ( animals4 ,if a piece be laid ^u ! slide "u ! microscope1 bundles ( 8fibres0 w be p]ceiv$1 :i* ) ne$les & a little pati5ce may be sep>at$ into portions1 "s ( ^! be+ 8/riat$10 or m>k$ ) alt]nate spaces ( d>k & light4 ,"s ( ! non-/riat$ or smoo? class ( muscle1 su* z is f\nd 9 inte/9es1 may be prep>$ = ! microscope by imm]s+ = a day or two 9 nitric acid dilut$ ) ?ree or f\r p>ts ( wat]1 & !n sep>at+ ) ne$les & m\nt+ z soon z possible4 ,sometimes boil+ is resort$ to to facilitate ! sep>ation1 & occasions little or no alt]ation 9 ! mat]ial4 ,specim5s are (t5 tak5 f ! frog & ! pig1 z be+ among/ ! be/1 ,goadby's solution be+ g5]ally us$ 9 m\nt+ !m4 ,! muscle ( insects also %[s ! /ri v p]fectly4 ,,n]ve-,,tissue4--,?is is seldom m\nt$2 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] obs]ves1 8no me?od ( pres]v+ ! n]ve-tissue has be5 devis$ :i* makes x wor? :ile to m\nt prep>ations = ! sake ( display+ its m9ute *>act]s10 b we w m5tion a few p>ticul>s to be obs]v$ 9 its treatm5t4 ,! n]ve %\ld be tak5 f ! animal z soon z possible aft] dea?1 & laid ^u a glass slide1 ) a drop or two ( s]um if possible4 ,! ne$les may be us$ to clean x1 b extreme delicacy is necess>y4 ,x w be f\nd t ! n]ve is tubul> & fill$ ) a sub/ance :i* is readily eject$ by v slight pressure4 ,:5 ! n]ve is submitt$ to ! action ( acetic acid1 ! out] cov]+1 :i* is v ?91 is consid]ably contract$1 :il/ ! inn] tube is left project+2 & ?us is mo/ di/9ctly %[n ! nature ( ! arrangem5t4 ,mr4 ,lockh>t ,cl>ke1 :o has made great rese>*es into ! /ructure ( ! sp9al cord1 gives a "p ( 8 exp]i5ce z foll[s3--,he takes a p]fectly fre% sp9al cord & submits x to ! action ( /rong spirits ( w9e4 ,?is gives ! sub/ance su* a degree ( h>dness t ?9 sections may be readily cut f x1 :i* %\ld be plac$ ^u a glass 9 a liquid consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts ( _s & "o ( acetic acid1 :i* r5d]s !m v di/9ct4 ,to m\nt ^! sections1 !y mu/ n[ be /eep$ 9 pure _s = two h\rs & aft]w>ds 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 & la/ly mu/ be m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,,tra*e ,,( ,,insects1 ,c4--,! nature ( ^! 0 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 b ! me?od ( procur+ !m 0 n expla9$1 z ?is cle>ly belongs to 8dissection40 ,! l>g] tubes are readily sep>at$ by plac+ ! insect 9 wat]1 & fix+ z firmly z possible1 :5 ! body mu/ be op5$ & ! visc]a remov$4 ,! tra*e may !n be clean$ by ! aid ( a camel-hair p5cil1 & float$ ^u a glass1 :]e !y mu/ fir/ be all[$ to dry1 & !n be m\nt$ 9 balsam4 ,mr4 ,quekett gives ! foll[+ me?od ( remov+ ! tra*e f ! l>va ( an insect3--8,make a small op5+ 9 its body1 & !n place x 9 /rong acetic acid4 ,?is w s(t5 or decompose all ! visc]a1 & ! tra*e may !n be well wa%$ ) ! syr+e1 & remov$ f ! body ) ! greate/ facility1 by cutt+ away ! connections ( ! ma9 tubes ) ! spiracles by means ( f9e-po9t$ scissors4 ,9 ord] to get !m ^u ! slide1 x mu/ be put into ! fluid1 & ! tra*e float$ ^u x2 aft] :i* !y may be laid out 9 _! prop] position1 !n dri$ & m\nt$ 9 balsam40 ,if we wi% !m to be> _! natural appe>ance1 !y mu/ be m\nt$ 9 a cell ) ,goadby's fluid2 b ! /ructure is sometimes well %[n 9 specim5s m\nt$ dry4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 ^! tra*e t]m9ate on ! outside 9 op5+s t]m$ spiracles1 :i* are r\nd1 oblong1 & ( v>i\s %apes4 ,ov] ^! are g5]ally a quantity ( m9ute hairs1 =m+ a gu>d aga9/ ! entrance ( du/1 c4 ,! =ms ( ^! are seldom alike 9 two diff]5t k9ds ( insects1 s t !re is "h a wide field = ! /ud5t4 ,! dissection1 moreov]1 is v easy1 z !y may be cut f ! body ) a %>p knife or scissors1 & m\nt$ 9 balsam or fluid4 ,_m ( ! l>v af=d good specim5s1 z d also "s ( ! common ,coleopt]\s insects4 ,,tongues1 ,,or ,,palates1 ,,( ,,molluscs4--,( ! nature ( ^!1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] gives ! foll[+ description3--8,! organ :i* is commonly kn[n "u ?is designation is "o ( a v s+ul> nature2 & we %\ld be altoge!r wrong 9 conceiv+ ( x z hav+ any lik5ess to t on :i* our ord9>y ideas ( su* an organ are f\nd$4 ,=1 in/ead ( be+ a project+ body1 ly+ 9 ! cavity ( ! m\?1 x is a tube t passes backw>ds & d[nw>ds b5ea? ! m\?1 its high] end be+ clos$1 :il/ 9 front x op5s obliquely ^u ! floor ( ! m\?1 be+1 z x 71 slit up & spread out s z to =m a ne>ly flat surface4 ,on ! int]ior ( ! tube1 z well z on ! flat expansion ( x1 we f9d num]\s transv]se r[s ( m9ute tee?1 :i* are set ^u flatt5$ plates2 ea* pr9cipal too? sometimes hav+ a basal plate ( its own1 :il/ 9 o!r in/ances "o plate c>ries sev]al tee?40 ,^! palates1 or tongues1 diff] mu* among/ ! ,ga/]opods 9 =m & size1 "s ( !m be+ comp>atively ( an imm5se l5g?4 ,_m are among/ ! mo/ beautiful objects :5 exam9$ ) pol>iz$ light4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 be procur$ by dissection1 :i* is usually p]=m$ z foll[s3--,! animal is plac$ on ! cork 9 ! dissect+-tr\gh be=e m5tion$1 & ! head & =ep>t cut op51 spread out1 & firmly p9n$ d[n4 ,) ! aid ( f9e scissors or knife1 ! tongue mu/ be !n deta*$ f its fa/5+s1 & plac$ 9 wat] = a day or two1 :5 all =eign matt] may ) a little c>e be remov$4 ,9 :at way x %\ld be m\nt$ w dep5d on ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,if = exam9ation z an ord9>y object1 x may be laid ^u ! slide & all[$ to dry1 :i* arrangem5t w %[ ! tee? v well4 ,if we wi% to see x z x is naturally1 x mu/ be m\nt$ 9 a cell ) ,goadby's fluid2 b if x is want$ z a pol>iz+ object1 x mu/ be float$ ^u a slide1 all[$ to dry ?or\ghly1 & !n ,canada balsam add$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 ! /oma*1 also1 ( "s ( ^! molluscs tee? are f\nd1 :i* are v int]e/+ objects to exam9e1 & mu/ be dissect$ out 9 ! same mann] z ! 8tongues40 ,s9ce writ+ ! above4 ,dr4 ,alcock 7^: v beautiful specim5s prove him to be a great au?ority 9 ?is bran*7 has publi%$ "s ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! second volume ( ! ?ird s]ies ( 8,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]40 ,by 8 p]mission ,i make ! foll[+ extract3-- 8,?is closes my pres5t communication on ! tongues ( mollusca2 b z "s memb]s may possibly feel incl9$ to ent] ^u ! inquiry !mselves1 ,i ?9k x w n be amiss to add a few rem>ks on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be obta9$4 8,fir/1 z to ! k9ds be/ wor? ! tr\ble ( prep>ation4 ,:elks1 ,limpets1 & ,tro*uses %\ld be tak5 fir/4 ,l& & fre%-wat] snails c sc>cely be recomm5d$1 except z a special /udy1--_! tongues be+ r m difficult to f9d1 & ! tee? s small t !y require a high p[] to %[ !m prop]ly4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ,spallanzani's description ( ! anatomy ( ! head ( ! snail1 t ev5 he did n make out ?is "p1 al?\gh1 9 8 curi\s obs]vations on ! reproduction ( lo/ p>ts1 he mu/ h c>efully dissect$ m snails ?an any o!r man4 8,z to pres]v+ ! animals till want$1 !y %\ld simply be dropp$ alive into glyc]9e or alcohol4 ,glyc]9e is p]haps be/ :]e only ! tongues are want$2 b x leaves ! animals v s(t2 & z x does n h>d5 _! mucus at all1 !y are v slipp]y & difficult to "w ^u :5 s pres]v$4 8,!n z to ! app>atus requir$ = dissection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! "w is to be done "u wat]1 & a common sauc] is g5]ally ! mo/ conv5i5t vessel to use4 ,no k9d ( fa/5+ d[n or p9n+ out ( ! animal is ne$$2 &1 9 fact1 x is mu* bett] to h x q free1 t y may turn x ab\t any way y wi%4 ,! necess>y in/rum5ts are a ne$le-po9t1 a pair ( f9e-po9t$ scissors1 & small =ceps2 ! =ceps %\ld h _! po9ts slightly turn$ 9 t[>ds ea* o!r4 8,a ^w or two on ! l+ual app>atus g5]ally1 & on its special *>act]s 9 a few diff]5t animals1 w conclude :at ,i h to say4 8,! mode ( us+ ! tongue c be easily se5 9 any ( ! common wat]-snails1 :5 !y are crawl+ on ! glass sides ( an aqu>ium2 x may !n be obs]v$ t f betwe5 ! fle%y lips a ?ick mass is protrud$1 ) a motion =w>ds & upw>ds1 & aft]w>ds )drawn1 ^! movem5ts be+ almo/ cont9ually repeat$4 ,! action has ! appe>ance ( lick+2 b :5 ! light falls suitably on ! protrud$ /ructure1 x is se5 to be arm$ ) a numb] ( bright po9ts1 :i* are ! l+ual tee?1 s arrang$ z to give ! organ ! "* & action ( a rasp4 8,if y proce$ to dissection1 & op5 ! head ( "o ( ^! mollusca 7say1 = in/ance1 a common limpet71 y w f9d ! cavity ( ! m\? almo/ fill$ ) ! ?ick fle%y mass1 ! front ( :i* is protrud$ 9 ! act ( fe$+2 & on its upp] surface1 ext5d+ along ! middle l9e f back to front1 is se5 ! /rong membran\s b& ^u :i* ! tee? are set4 ,! mass itself consi/s ( a c>tilag9\s frame1 surr\nd$ by /rong muscles2 & ^! /ructures con/itute ! :ole ( ! active "p ( ! l+ual app>atus4444 8,b ! peculi>ity ( ! too!d membrane1 :i* makes its "n ( #8ribbon' s appropriate1 is1 t !re is always a consid]able l5g? ( x beh9d ! m\?1 p]fectly =m$1 & ready to come =w>d & supply ! place ( t at ! front1 :i* is cont9ually we>+ away by use4 8,9 ! limpet ?is res]ve-ribbon is ( great l5g?1 be+ ne>ly twice z long z ! body1 & ! :ole ( x is expos$ to view on simply remov+ ! foot ( ! animal2 no?+1 !n1 c be easi] ?an to extract ! tongue ( ! common limpet4 ,b1 un=tunately1 :at y f9d 9 "o k9d ( mollusc is n at all :at y f9d 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! ,acmz1 = in/ance1 :i* are v closely relat$ to ! limpets1 & h %ells :i* _c be di/+ui%$1 ! res]ve portion ( ! ribbon has to be dug out f ! sub/ance ( ! liv]1 9 :i* x is imb$d$1 t organ be+1 z x 71 /it*$ completely ?r\gh by a long loop ( x4444 ,x might be ?\ght a com=table reflection t1 at all ev5ts1 "o end ( ! ribbon c always be f\nd 9 ! m\?2 b 9 _m cases ?is is ab\t ! wor/ place to look = x4 ,p]haps x may appe> /range t 9 "s ( ! small] species1 ) a retractile trunk1 a beg9n] may v likely fail altoge!r 9 8 attempt to f9d ! m\?2 if1 h[ev]1 ! sk9 ( ! back is remov$1 comm5c+ j beh9d ! t5tacles1 !re w be v little difficulty 9 mak+ out ! trunk1 :i* ei!r conta9s ! :ole ( ! ribbon1 z 9 ! :elk1 or ! front "p ( x1 z 9 ,purpura & ,murex1 :]e a free coil is also se5 to hang f its h9d] extremity4444 ,9 ! p]iw9kles ! same plan ( proce$+1 by at once op5+ ! back ( ! animal1 is be/2 & on do+ s1 ! long ribbon1 coil$ up l a wat*-spr+1 _c fail to be f\nd4 8,9 ! ,tro*uses1 & inde$ 9 all ! ,scutibran*iata1 "o po9t ( ! scissors %\ld be introduc$ into ! m\? ( ! animal1 & an incision made directly backw>ds 9 ! middle l9e above to "s di/ance beh9d ! t5tacles2 ! tongue is !n imm$iately br\ght into view1 ly+ along ! floor ( ! m\?40 ,dr4 ,alcock's me?od ( dissection w be f\nd to diff] 9 "s degree f ! g5]al rules be=e giv52 & :5 ! tongue is dissect$ out he wa%es x = "o h\r 7%ak+ x n[ & !n7 9 a weak solution ( pota%4 ,aft] clean+ ?or\ghly 9 wat]1 x mu/ be m\nt$ by "o ( ! me?ods be=e m5tion$4 ,among/ insects1 especially ! gras%opp] tribe1 are f\nd _m :i* possess a gizz>d1 arm$ ) /rong tee?1 some:at simil> to ^? ( ! molluscs4 ,x requires great nicety ( manipulation to obta9 ^! = ! microscope2 b x w\ld be useless to attempt any description ( ! process "h1 z ! /rid5t c only be successful by exp]i5ce 9 dissect+ objects less difficult to manage1 & by us+ ! mo/ delicate in/rum5ts4 ,we h n[ consid]$ mo/ ( ^? objects :i* require any peculi> treatm5t 9 section-cutt+1 c42 b 9 no bran* ( microscopic manipulation is exp]i5ce m necess>y ?an 9 ?is4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,injection4 #a4 ,injection is ! fill+ ( ! art]ies1 ve9s1 or o!r vessels ( animals ) "s col\r$ sub/ance1 9 ord] t _! natural arrangem5t may be made visible4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a delicate op]ation1 & ne$s special app>atus1 :i* ,i w n[ attempt to describe4 #b4 ,syr+e4--,?is is usually made to conta9 ab\t two ounces4 ,on ea* side ( ! "p next to ! h&le is a r+1 s t ! f+] may be ?ru/ ?r\gh x1 & ! ?umb may "w ! pi/on z 9 an ord9>y syr+e4 ,! plug ( ! pi/on mu/ be 8pack$0 ) wa%-lea!r1 & fit s closely z to be p]fectly air-tight2 & if1 :5 x has be5 us$ a:ile1 x is f\nd t "s ( ! liquid escapes pa/ ! plug into ! back "p ( ! body1 x mu/ be repack$1 :i* op]ation w be be/ und]/ood by exam9+ ! "p4 ,^! syr+es are made ( v>i\s sizes1 b 9 ord9>y op]ations ! above w be all t is ne$$4 ,! nozzle is ab\t an in* long1 & poli%$ s accurately t !re is no escape :5 ! pipes are tightly plac$ ^u x dry4 #c4 ,! pipes are usually ab\t an in* long1 to ! end ( :i* are affix$ ?ick] tubes s z to fit ! nozzle1 z be=e m5tion$1 :il/ a %ort arm projects f ea* side ( ^!1 s t ! silk or ?read :i* is us$ to tie ?is art]y1 c41 ^u ! ?9 pipe may be c>ri$ r\nd ^! arms1 & all dang] ( slipp+ (f prev5t$4 ,! pipes are made ( diff]5t sizes1 f t :i* w admit only a v f9e ne$le 7& ?is w ne$ n[ & !n to be clean$1 or to be fre$ f any *ance ob/ruction71 to t :i* w take a l>ge p94 ,^! sizes mu/ always be at h&1 z ! vessels ( "s subjects are exce$+ly m9ute4 #d4 ,/opcock4--,?is is a %ort pipe l a small /raight tap1 :i* fits accurately ^u ! end ( ! syr+e l ! pipes1 & also takes ! pipes 9 ! same mann]4 ,! use ( ?is is absolutely necess>y :5 ! object is s l>ge t "o syr+e full ( liquid w n fill x4 ,if no prev5tive 7 us$1 "s "p ( ! liquid w\ld return :il/ ! syr+e 0 be+ repl5i%$1 b ! /opcock is !n turn$ z 9 an ord9>y tap1 & all dang] ( ?is effectually remov$4 #e4 ,curv$ ne$les4--,^! are easily made by heat+ common ne$les at ! end :]e ! eye is situat$1 & b5d+ !m ) a small pair ( 8pli]s0 into a segm5t ( a circle half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are1 p]haps1 m conv5i5t :5 ! b5t "p is ?r[n slightly back :]e x comm5ces4 ,! po9t$ end is !n ?ru/ into a common p5hold]1 & ! ne$le ne$s no re-temp]+1 z ! "w = :i* x is want$ is simply to convey ! ?read or silk "u any art]y or vessel :]e x w\ld be impossible to rea* ) ! unassi/$ f+]s4 #f4 ,a k9d ( =ceps1 commonly "k by ! "n ( 8bullnose =ceps10 w be con/antly requir$ dur+ ! process ( inject+4 ,^! are %ort1 usually v /rong1 b n heavy1 & close v tightly by _! own spr+1 :i* may be easily ov]come & s releas$ by ! pressure ( ! f+]s4 ,:5 any vessel has n be5 ti$ by ! op]ator1 & he f9ds ! inject$ fluid escap+1 "o ( ^! 8bulldogs0 may be tak5 up & clos$ ^u ! op5+4 ,?is w cause v little int]ruption1 & ! /oppage w be almo/ z effectual z if x 7 ti$4 #g4 ,:5 ! ord9>y mode ( injection is employ$1 x is necess>y t ! prep>ations be kept w>m dur+ ! "t !y are us$1 o!rwise ! gelat9e or size :i* !y conta9 becomes /iff1 & w n all[ ( be+ work$ by ! syr+e4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ procure small e>!nw>e or t9 pots ( ! size requir$1 :i* w diff] accord+ to ! k9d ( "w to be done2 & to ea* ( ^! a loose lid %\ld be adapt$ to protect x f du/1 c4 ,^! pots mu/ be all[$ to /& 9 a t9 ba? ( wat]1 "u :i* a lamp or gas flame may be plac$ to keep ! temp]ature suffici5tly high to insure ! p]fect fluidity ( ! mixture4 ,! t9 ba? is1 p]haps1 mo/ conv5i5t :5 made l a small %all[ ci/]n2 b "s close x on ! top to place ! pots ^u x1 & alt] ! %ape to _! own conv5i5ce4 #h4 ,we w n[ inquire into "s ( ! mat]ials :i* are ne$$ 9 ?is op]ation2 ! fir/ ( :i* is size4 ,?is sub/ance is (t5 us$ 9 ! =m ( glue1 b x mu/ be ( ! v be/ & mo/ transp>5t k9d4 ,to make ! liquid :i* is to receive ! col\rs = ! usual mode ( inject+1 take ( ?is glue sev5 ounces1 & p\r ^u x "o qu>t ( clean wat]2 all[ ?is to /& a few h\rs1 & !n boil g5tly until x is ?or\ghly dissolv$1 /irr+ ) a wood5 or glass rod dur+ ! process4 ,take all impurities f ! surface1 & /ra9 ?r\gh flannel or o!r f9e m$ium4 ,! wea!r affects ?is a little z to its /iffness :5 cold1 b ?is mu/ be c\nt]act$ by add+ a little m glue if f\nd too liquid4 #i4 ,in/ead ( glue1 gelat9e is g5]ally us$1 especially :5 ! "w to be accompli%$ is ( ! f9] k9d4 ,! proportions are v diff]5t 9 ?is case1 "o ounce ( gelat9e to ab\t f\rte5 ounces ( wat] be+ suffici5t4 ,?is1 l glue1 mu/ be soak$ a few h\rs 9 a small "p ( ! cold wat]1 ! rema9d] be+ boil$ & add$1 :5 x mu/ be /irr$ until dissolv$4 ,a good size may be made by boil+ clean /rips ( p>*m5t = a:ile1 & !n /ra9+ ! liquid :il/ hot ?r\gh flannel2 b :5 ! injections are to be transp>5t1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! size be z col\rless z possible4 ,= ?is purpose good gelat9e mu/ be employ$1 z ,nelson's or ,cox's3 "s p]sons ( exp]i5ce pref] ! latt]4 #aj4 ,col\rs4--,! size-solution above m5tion$ w ne$ "s col\r+ matt] to r5d] x visible :5 inject$ into ! vessels ( any animal1 & diff]5t col\rs are us$ :5 two or m k9ds ( vessels are s treat$1 9 ord] t ea* 8set0 may be easily di/+ui%$ by sight4 ,! proportion 9 :i* ^! col\rs are add$ to ! size-solution may be giv5 z foll[s3-- #aa4 ,=-- ,r$ #h p>ts ( size-solution 7by weight7 to #a "p ( v]milion4 ,yell[ #f 0 0 #a 0 *rome yell[4 ,:ite #e 0 0 #a 0 flake-:ite4 ,blue #c 0 0 #a 0 blue-smalt1 f9e4 ,black #ab 0 0 #a 0 lamp-black4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! col\rs is made use ( mu/ be levigat$ 9 a mort> ) ! addition ( a v small quantity ( wat] until e lump ( col\r or =eign matt] is r$uc$ to ! f9e/ /ate possible1 o!rwise 9 ! process ( inject+ x w mo/ likely be f\nd t "s ( ! small *annels h be5 clos$ & ! progress ( ! liquid /opp$4 ,:5 ?is f95ess ( p>ticles is atta9$1 w>m? suffici5t to r5d] ! size q fluid mu/ be us$1 & ! col\r add$ gradually1 /irr+ all ! "t ) a rod4 ,x may be "h m5tion$ t :]e "o col\r only is requir$1 v]milion is1 p]haps1 ! be/2 & blue is seldom us$ = opaque objects1 z x reflects v little m light ?an black4 #ab4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to fill ! capill>ies 7! m9ute vessels connect+ ! art]ies ) ! ve9s71 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y0 recomm5ds ! col\r+ matt] to be made by d\ble decomposition4 ,z a pr(ess$ h&book w\ld be1 p]haps1 deem$ incomplete )\t "s directions z to ! mode ( gett+ ^! col\rs1 ,i w "h make use ( ^? giv5 9 t "w4 ,= r$1 h[ev]1 v]milion1 z above /at$1 may be us$2 b x mu/ be c>efully exam9$ by reflect$ light to see :e!r x be free f all col\rless cry/als or n4 ,x mu/ fir/ be work$ 9 a mort>1 & !n ! :ole ?r[n into a quantity ( wat] & /irr$ ab\t2 aft] leav+ x n long] ?an a qu>t] ( a m9ute1 ! l>g] portions w settle to ! bottom1 & ! liquid be+ p\r$ (f w conta9 ! f9] p[d]4 ,?is may !n be dri$ sl[ly1 or add$ to ! size :il/ wet 9 ! mann] be=e advis$4 #ac4 ,yell[ injection4--,to prep>e ?is1 take-- ,acetate 7sug>7 ( lead #chj gra9s4 ,bi*romate ( pota% #aeb 0 ,size #h ounces4 ,dissolve ! lead salt 9 ! w>m size1 !n add ! bi*romate ( pota% f9ely p[d]$4 ,"s ( ! *romic acid rema9s free1 & is wa/$ 9 ?is solution1 s ! foll[+ is giv53-- ,acetate ( lead #aij gra9s4 ,*romate ( pota% 7neutral7 #ajj 0 ,size #d ounces4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has ! deepe/ col\r1 & is ! mo/ g5]ally us$4 #ad4 ,:ite injection4--,?is is a c>bonate ( lead3-- ,acetate ( lead #aij gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( pota% #hc 0 ,size #d ounces4 ,dissolve ! acetate ( lead 9 ! w>m size1 & filt] ?r\gh flannel2 dissolve ! c>bonate ( pota% 9 ! smalle/ quantity ( wat]1 & add to ! size3 #adc gra9s ( c>bonate ( soda may be sub/itut$ = ! c>bonate ( pota%4 #ae4 ,= blue injection1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 mu* us$ ) reflect$ light1 z be=e /at$1 take-- ,prussian blue #gc gra9s4 ,oxalic acid #gc 0 ,size #d ounces4 ,! oxalic acid is fir/ f9ely p[d]$ 9 a mort>1 ! ,prussian blue & a little wat] add$1 & ! :ole !n ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! size4 #af4 ,x may "h be repeat$1 t x is only :5 ! capill>ies are to be fill$ t !re is any ne$ to be at ! tr\ble to prep>e ! col\rs by ?is d\ble decomposition2 &1 inde$1 col\rs gr\nd s f9ely may be procur$ t ! above in/ructions w\ld h be5 omitt$1 _h x n be5 suppos$ t "s /ud5ts might f9d a d\ble pleasure 9 p]=m+ z mu* ( ! "w z possible by _! own unaid$ lab\rs4 #ag4 ,! process ( injection may n[ be consid]$2 b x is impossible = writt5 in/ructions to supply ! place ( exp]i5ce4 ,i w d my be/1 h[ev]1 to set ! novice at lea/ 9 ! "r way4 ,!re are two k9ds ( injection--"o :]e ! object & col\rs are opaque1 & consequ5tly fit = exam9ation by reflect$ light only2 ! o!r1 :]e ! vessels are fill$ ) transp>5t col\rs1 & mu/ be view$ by transmitt$ light4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is mo/ frequ5tly employ$1 s we w beg9 ) x4 ,9 ! object :i* is to be inject$ a vessel ( ! k9d :i* we wi% to be fill$ mu/ be f\nd2 an op5+ mu/ !n be made 9 x to all[ "o ( ! small pipes be=e m5tion$ to be ?ru/ "s di/ance )9 x4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ?read ! curv$ ne$le ) a piece ( silk ?read1 or v f9e /r+1 :i* "s op]ators rub well ) beeswax4 ,?is ?read mu/ n be too ?91 else !re is dang] ( cutt+ ! vessel4 ,! cord is !n c>ri$ "u ! ins]t$ pipe1 & ! vessel b\nd tightly ^u x1 ! ends be+ br\ght up r\nd ! transv]se arms1 & !re ti$2 s t all dang] ( accid5tally )draw+ ! pipe is obviat$4 ,c>e mu/ n[ be us$ 9 clos+ all ! vessels :i* communicate ) t :]e ! pipe is plac$ le/ ! inject+ fluid escape2 & ?is mu/ be done by tie+ !m ) silk4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 any ( ^! be left op5 by accid5t1 ! bullnose =ceps mu/ be made use (1 z be=e recomm5d$4 #ah4 ,! "p to be inject$ mu/ n[ be imm]s$ 9 w>m wat]1 n1 h[ev]1 above #ajj ,fahr5heit1 & be left until ! :ole is ?or\ghly w>m$4 ,:il/ ?is is be+ done1 ! col\r$ size mu/ be made ready by ! pot be+ plac$ 9 ! t9 ba? ( w>m wat]1 :i* mu/ be ( suffici5t temp]ature 7ab\t #aaj ,fahr5heit7 to keep x p]fectly liquid4 ,= ! same purpose1 ! syr+e is (t5 tightly cov]$ ) two or ?ree folds ( flannel2 &1 inde$1 !re is no "p ( ! process :i* requires m att5tion4 ,if ! sub/ance to be inject$ is too hot1 x is injur$2 :il/1 if any ( ! articles are too cold1 ! gelat9e1 or size1 loses a "p ( its fluidity1 & consequ5tly _c ent] ! m9ute p>ts4 ,:5 all is prep>$1 ! syr+e1 ) ! /opcock atta*$1 %\ld be w>m$1 & !n fill$ & empti$ ) ! inject+ fluid two or ?ree times1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! end ( ! syr+e be kept b5ea? any bubbles :i* =m ^u ! surface4 ,! syr+e may !n be fill$1 & closely atta*$ to ! pipe :i* is ti$ 9 ! vessel4 ,) a firm & /eady pressure ! pi/on mu/ be =c$ d[nw>ds1 :5 ! sub/ance w be p]ceiv$ to swell1 & ! col\r %[ itself 9 places :]e ! cov]+ is ?94 ,:5 ! syr+e is almo/ empti$ ( its cont5ts1 ! /opcock mu/ be turn$ to prev5t any escape ( ! injection f ! subject4 ,x mu/ !n be refill$1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ! process repeat$4 ,i say almo/ empti$1 because x is well n to =ce ! pi/on ( ! syr+e q to ! bottom1 le/ ! small quantity ( air :i* frequ5tly rema9s be driv5 into "s ( ! vessels1 & ! object be injur$ or q ru9$4 ,z ! injection is proce$$ )1 x w be f\nd t ! =ce requir$ gr[s great]1 yet c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use too mu*1 or ! vessels w bur/1 & r5d] all ! lab\r fruitless4 ,! movem5t ( ! pi/on mu/ be occasionally s sl[ z to be almo/ imp]ceptible1 & = ?is reason x is sometimes m>k$ ) l9es ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t4 #ai4 ,( c\rse1 dur+ ! :ole process ! inject+ fluid & subject mu/ be kept at a temp]ature high en\gh to all[ ! liquid to fl[ freely2 & ! escape ( a little ( x ne$ cause no fe>s to ! /ud5t1 z x is almo/ impossible to fill any subject )\t "s loss4 ,:5 ! inject$ object has receiv$ suffici5t fluid1 x %\ld h a plump appe>ance1 ow+ to all ! vessels be+ well fill$4 ,! vessel mu/ !n be ti$ up :]e ! pipe 0 ins]t$1 & ! :ole left 9 cold wat] two or ?ree h\rs1 aft] :i* "t x may be m\nt$2 b x may be well to notice a few ?+s :i* ! beg9n] ought to "k be=e ent]+ into t "p ( ! process2 & he may be "h in=m$ t x is n necess>y to m\nt ! objects imm$iately1 o!rwise x w\ld be impossible = "o p]son to make use ( half ( any l>ge subject1 z x w\ld be 9 a /ate ( decay long be=e ea* "p c\ld h be5 exam9$ & sep>at$4 ,l>ge pieces %\ld be !re=e imm]s$ 9 equal p>ts ( spirits ( w9e & wat]1 or glyc]9e1 :i* "s ?9k bett] /ill1 & ?us pres]v$ 9 bottles until "t c be giv5 to a clos] exam9ation4 #bj4 ,9 op]at+ ^u l>ge subjects1 entire animals1 c41 ! con/ant pressure requir$ by ! pi/on ( ! syr+e gr[s we>isome1 besides occupy+ bo? h&s1 :i* is sometimes inconv5i5t :5 work+ )\t assi/ance4 ,to obviate ?is1 ano!r way ( driv+ ! syr+e 0 publi%$ 9 ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y0 :i* ,i w quote "h3--8,we h !re=e contriv$ a v simple piece ( app>atus1 :i* any "o c prep>e = himself1 & :i* effects ! object by me*anical means4 ,x consi/s ( a rectangul> piece ( bo>d1 two feet long & t5 in*es wide1 to "o end ( :i* is fa/5$ an incl9$ piece ( wood 7equal 9 wid? to ! long bo>d1 & "o foot high74 ,! incl9$ portion is pi]c$ ) ?ree holes1 "o above ! o!r1 into ei!r ( :i* ! syr+e may be plac$--! upp]mo/ be+ us$ = ! l>g]1 ! l[]mo/ = ! small] syr+e2 & ^! holes are ( su* size z freely to admit ! syr+e cov]$ ) flannel1 b n to all[ ! r+s to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,! l[] "p ( ! syr+e is support$ ^u a semiannul> piece ( wood1 fa/5$ to ! upp] end ( an upright rod1 :i* slides 9 a holl[ cyl9d] fix$ at its base to a small rectangul> piece ( wood2 & by means ( a horizontal wood5 screw1 ! rod may be made to support ! syr+e at any height requir$4 ,! h&le ( ! syr+e is let into a groove 9 a /\t wood5 rod connect$ by means ( two catgut /r+s ) a small] rod1 to ! middle ( :i* is fa/5$ a /r+ play+ ov] a pulley1 & at ! end ( :i* is a hook = support+ weights1 ! catgut /r+s pass+ ?r\gh a longitud9al slit 9 ! incl9$ piece ( wood40 ,:5 9 use ! syr+e is fill$ ) inject+ fluid1 & pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! ?ree holes :i* is mo/ suitable4 ,! object be+ plac$ s t ! pipe & syr+e c be be/ jo9$1 ! rod & /r+s are set 9 ord]1 & a weight plac$ on ! hook4 ,! /opcock mu/ !n be op5$ gradually1 :5 ! op]ator w be able to judge :e!r ! weight is a prop] "o or n3 if ! pi/on is driv5 ) any spe$1 !re is dang] ( injur+ ! subject1 & less weight may be us$2 if1 h[ev]1 ! pi/on does n move1 m mu/ be add$4 #ba4 ,su* is ! me?od recomm5d$ by ! 8,micrographic ,diction>y10 & p]haps x is z good z any me*anical plan c\ld be2 b :]e ! op]ator is will+ to und]go ! lab\r ( p]=m+ all ?is ) ! h&1 he has a mu* bett] *ance ( succe$+1 because ! pressure c be regulat$ s accurately1 & *ang$ s quickly :5 requisite1 t no m]e ma*9e c compete ) x1 h[ev] well contriv$4 #bb4 ,:5 ! beg9n] attempts to inject a subject1 "o ( 8 difficulties is f9d+ ! vessel f :i* to comm5ce4 ,ano!r consi/s 9 di/+ui%+ ! art]ies f ! ve9s2 b ?is is p>tly remov$ by mak+ a longitud9al incision 9 ! vessel1 & ) a blunt ?ick ne$le prob+ a little di/ance into ! tube4 ,! art]y w be f\nd ?ick] 9 ! coat+ ?an ! ve91 & ! diff]5ce is easily p]ceiv$ by ?is mode ( te/+3 ! ve9 is also ( a blu] col\r ?an ! art]y4 ,i say above1 a 8longitud9al incision0 mu/ be made3 ! reason = ?is is1 ! art]y :5 cut across contracts consid]ably1 & is lo/ 9 ! adjo9+ sub/ance2 b :]e ! op5+ is made longitud9ally all dang] ( ?is contraction is obviat$4 #bc4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems ( vessels are (t5 inject$ ) v>i\s col\rs1 s t _! relative positions1 c41 may be %[n mo/ cle>ly4 ,9 "s specim5s1 ! ve9s are inject$ ) :ite1 & ! art]ies ) r$2 9 ! kidney1 ! ur9>y tubes are (t5 fill$ ) :ite1 & ! art]ies ) r$4 ,!n1 aga91 ! liv] af=ds tubes = ?ree or f\r col\rs4 ,b no writt5 in/ructions on ?is po9t c b5efit ! "y /ud5t1 & he mu/ be cont5t = a :ile to employ himself ) s+le col\rs until he has ga9$ ! me*anical skill & ! prim>y k :i* are necess>y be=e he c make any advance4 #bd4 ,we w n[ consid] ! be/ me?ods ( m\nt+ inject$ objects4 ,!y mu/ always be well wa%$ 9 wat] aft] !y h be5 kept 9 any pres]vative liquid1 us+ a camel-hair p5cil to clean ! surface if necess>y4 ,_m p>ts :5 inject$ are 9 masses1 su* z ! lungs1 liv]1 c41 ( animals1 & consequ5tly sections ( ^! mu/ be cut4 ,= ?is purpose ,val5t9e's knife is v conv5i5t1 z ! ?ickness c be regulat$ s easily2 b :]e ! injections are opaque1 !re is no ne$ to h ! sections v ?94 ,"s few ( ?is k9d und]go comp>atively little *ange 9 dry+1 s t ! section may be well wa%$ & float$ ^u ! glass slide 9 ! place desir$1 :]e x w dry p]fectly & adh]e to x4 ,x mu/ be !n moi/5$ ) turp5t9e & m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam l o!r objects4 ,no great heat %\ld be us$ ) ^! prep>ations1 z x is v liable to injure !m2 & "s ( ! col\rs seem to suff] a slight contraction :5 any great degree ( w>m? is appli$4 ,!re are _m objects1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be se5 9 ! mass to be und]/ood1 &1 inde$1 lose all _! =m & beauty 9 dry+1 su* z c]ta9 p>ts ( ! inte/9es1 c4 ,^! mu/ be m\nt$ 9 fluid1 ) ! precautions notic$ at l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 & = ?is purpose ei!r ,goadby's fluid1 ! *loride ( z9c solution1 or _s dilut$ ) t5 p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 may be employ$4 ,x is a good ?+1 :5 practicable1 to m\nt simil> objects on two sep>ate slides1 us+ diff]5t pres]vative liquids1 & tak+ ! precaution ( m>k+ ea* ) ! k9d ( liquid employ$4 ,?is n only s]ves z a guide to :at is be/ = c]ta9 subjects1 b if "o is injur$1 !re w probably be a good specim5 9 ! o!r4 #be4 ,x may be "h m5tion$ t _m are n[ m\nt+ sections ( inject$ sub/ances ) ! balsam & *lor(orm be=e m5tion$1 in/ead ( us+ balsam alone1 & consid] t ! lab\r is mu* less5$ !reby4 #bf4 ,a description ( t mode ( injection :i* is mo/ g5]ally employ$ has n[ be5 giv51 b ?is is n ! only me?od ( effect+ our object4 ,a mo/ +5i\s process 0 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,doy]s1 requir+ no artificial w>m?1 by :i* _m beautiful objects h be5 prep>$4 ,make a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 #ebd gra9s to a p9t ( wat]1 & ?r[ ?is into ! vessels to be inject$2 !n take #a1jjj gra9s ( acetate ( lead dissolv$ 9 half a p9t ( wat]1 & =ce ?is into ! same vessels4 ,a decomposition n[ takes place 9 ! vessels1 & ! yell[ *romate ( lead is =m$4 ,9 ?is decomposition1 h[ev]1 ! acetate ( pota% also is =m$ & z ?is salt has an injuri\s action ^u ! cells1 ,dr4 ,goadby recomm5ds nitrate ( lead to be us$1 :i* pres]ves r ?an de/roys !m4 ,he also advises ! addition ( two ounces ( gelat9e dissolv$ 9 eight ounces ( wat]1 to eight ounces ( ! saturat$ solution ( ea* salt2 b ) ?is addition ! hot-wat] ba? w\ld be requir$ to keep ! inject+ fluid liquid4 #bg4 ,_m ( ^! are be/ m\nt$ 9 balsam1 9 ! same mann] z ^? made 9 ! ord9>y way2 :il/ o!rs are be/ %[n :5 pres]v$ 9 liquids1 = :i* purpose ,goadby's fluid may be employ$4 #bh4 ,?is mode ( mak+ injections ) *romate ( lead is deem$ by _m ! be/1 especially :]e "o col\r only is employ$4 ,b x mu/ be all[$ t !re is a little m dang] ( failure :]e two sep>ate fluids are us$ = ! same vessels4 #bi4 ,we w n[ consid] ! be/ mann] ( mak+ transp>5t injections1 :i*1 = _m purposes1 possess an und\bt$ advantage ov] ! opaque ones4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are c]ta9 subjects to :i* no transp>5t injection c\ld be appli$1 z !y are too ?ick :5 9 _! natural /ate1 & cutt+ w\ld de/roy all t beauty :i* is %[n by ! diff]5t p>ts 9 _! relative adaptation4 ,= ^? objects1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be cut into sections to display _! wond]s1 or are naturally ?9--su* z "s ( ! f9] tissues1 liv]s1 kidneys1 c4--transp>5cy is a great acquisition1 & enables u to und]/& ! arrangem5t ( ! vessels m p]fectly4 ,aga91 ano!r advantage is ! simplicity ( ! process2 no hot wat] is ne$$ ) "s prep>ations1 ei!r = ! subject or ! inject+ fluid1 :i* runs into ! m9ute vessels ?or\ghly & easily1 :il/ ! co/ is small4 #cj4 ,= ?is k9d ( injection no col\r is s commonly made use ( z ,prussian blue4 ,x is n a good "o1 z 0 be=e /at$1 = any opaque object1 z ! light reflect$ f x appe>s almo/ black2 yet by transmitt$ light no col\r is m useful1 because its di/9ctness is equally great by artificial light & ord9>y daylight4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ?is1 z giv5 by ,dr4 ,beale1 is z foll[s3-- ,glyc]9e #a ounce4 ,wood naph?a1 or pyroacetic acid #a dra*m4 ,spirits ( w9e #a ounce4 ,f]rocyanide 7yell[ prussiate7 ( pota% #ab gra9s4 ,t9cture ( sesqui*loride ( iron #a dra*m4 ,wat] #d ounces4 ,dissolve ! f]rocyanide ( pota% 9 "o ounce ( ! wat]2 add ! t9cture ( sesqui*loride ( iron to ano!r ounce4 ,mix ^! solutions gradually toge!r1 %ak+ ! bottle well :i* conta9s !m--x is be/ to add ! iron to ! pota% solution4 ,:5 ?or\ghly mix$1 ^! solutions %\ld produce a d>k-blue mixture1 p]fectly free f any p]ceptible masses or flocculi4 ,next mix ! naph?a & spirits ( w9e1 & add ! glyc]9e & ! rema9+ two ounces ( wat]4 ,?is mu/ n[ be sl[ly mix$ ) ! blue liquid1 %ak+ ! :ole well 9 a l>ge bottle :il/ ! two come toge!r4 ,! t9cture ( sesqui*loride ( iron is recomm5d$1 because x c always be obta9$ ( a uni=m /r5g?4 #ca4 ,dr4 ,turnbull us$ a mixture slightly diff]5t f ! above1 :i* is made ) ! sulphate ( iron3-- ,purifi$ sulphate ( iron #aj gra9s4 ,f]rocyanide ( potassium #cb gra9s4 ,glyc]9e #a ounce4 ,pyroacetic acid #a dra*m4 ,alcohol #a ounce4 ,wat] #d ounces4 ,dissolve ! sulphate ( iron 9 "o ounce ( ! wat]1 gradually add ! f]rocyanide ( potassium dissolv$ 9 ano!r ounce1 & proce$ z above4 #cb4 ,dr4 ,beale also gives u ! foll[+ c>m9e injection to be employ$ 9 ! same way z ! blue4,g ,take-- ,c>m9e #e gra9s4 ,glyc]9e1 ) #h or #aj drops ( hydro*loric acid ounce4 ,glyc]9e 7pure7 #a ounce4 ,alcohol #b dra*ms4 ,wat] #f dra*ms4 ,mix ! c>m9e ) a few drops ( wat]1 & :5 well incorporat$ add ab\t five drops ( liquor ammoni4 ,to ?is d>k-r$ solution ab\t half an ounce ( ! glyc]9e is to be add$1 & ! :ole well %ak5 9 a bottle4 ,next1 v gradually p\r 9 ! acid glyc]9e1 frequ5tly %ak+ ! bottle dur+ admixture4 ,te/ ! mixture ) blue litmus-pap]1 & if n ( a v decid$ly acid reaction1 a few m drops ( acid may be add$ to ! rema9d] ( ! glyc]9e & mix$ z be=e4 ,la/ly1 mix ! alcohol & wat] v gradually1 %ak+ ! bottle ?or\ghly aft] add+ ea* successive portion till ! :ole is mix$4 ,?is fluid may be kept ready prep>$1 & injections made v rapidly ) x4 ,g ,:51 h[ev]1 x is desirable to cut v ?9 sections ( ! inject$ subject1 ! c>m9e is sometimes add$ to a solution ( f9e gelat9e--gelat9e "o "p to wat] eight p>ts4 ,b ! w>m wat] & mode ( proce$+ :i* are us$ ) ! size solutions be=e describ$ w be necess>y 9 ?is case also4 #cc4 ,! me?od ( mak+ injections ) ^! col\rs is ! same z ) ! gelat9e mixtures be=e describ$1 except t no heat is requir$1 & consequ5tly mo/ ( ! tr\ble remov$4 ,! bottle ( ! fluid mu/ be well %ak5 imm$iately be=e use2 & :5 ! object is inject$1 we mu/ all[ x to rema9 9 a cool place = a few h\rs be=e cutt+ x4 ,?9 sections ( ! subject may be cut ) ,val5t9e's knife1 z be=e describ$1 & are v beautiful transp>5t objects4 ,"s ( ! f9] tissues1 also1 are %[n mu* bett] by ?is mode ( injection ?an by ! opaque1 & are easily m\nt$ by wa%+ 9 clean wat] :5 fir/ sep>at$1 & float+ ^u a slide1 :]e !y mu/ be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,!y may !n be imm$iately m\nt$ 9 balsam1 or kept 9 ! dry /ate until x is conv5i5t to f9i% !m2 b 9 _m cases ?is keep+1 if too mu* prolong$1 w injure ! object4 ,if x is desir$ to transf] ! section to ano!r slide1 x w be necess>y to wet x ?or\ghly ) wat] by ! aid ( a camel-hair p5cil1 & !n g5tly /rip x (f ) ! =ceps4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to pres]ve inject$ subjects 9 8masses10 x mu/ be done by imm]sion 9 _s1 & ! sections may be cut at leisure4 ,mo/ ( ^! transp>5t objects may be m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam2 b "s recomm5d glyc]9e or glyc]9e jelly1 z all[+ ! use ( a high] p[] 9 _! exam9ation1 & pres]v+ !m 9 a m natural =m4 #cd4 ,a few subjects may be notic$ :i* are v beautiful :5 inject$1 & among/ ^! are ! eyes ( _m animals4 ,!y mu/ be inject$ by ! art]y 9 ! back "p1 & :5 ! blue transp>5t liquid is employ$1 no?+ c exce$ ! delicate beauty :i* "s ( ! membrane be>s4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be dissect$ ) c>e1 b well repays u = ! tr\ble4 ,wat]-newts & frogs are n difficult subjects1 & 9 _! sk9 & o!r p>ts are _m int]e/+ objects4 ,among/ ! common] animals--rats1 rabbits1 cats1 c4 c4--almo/ endless employm5t may be f\nd1 mak+ use ei!r ( portions or ! :ole animal at once4 ,! inte/9es ( _m ( ^! are v beautiful4 ,we mu/ divide !m ) a pair ( scissors along ! tube1 & cleanse !m f all ! matt]2 ! coat+ may !n be laid ^u a slide1 & any rema9+ impurity remov$ ) a camel-hair p5cil & wat]4 ,:5 dri$ x may be m\nt$ 9 balsam1 & hav+ be5 inject$ ) ! transp>5t blue1 its m9ute beauty is %[n mo/ p]fectly4 ,9 inject+ a %eep's foot1 :i* is a good object1 ! liquid %\ld be =c$ into x until a slight p>+ ( ! ho( %[s ! col\r 9 ! f9e *annels !re4 #ce4 ,:5 ! lungs ( small animals are inject$1 ! f9e/ fluid mu/ be us$1 z "s ( ! capill>ies are s small t x is n an easy matt] to fill !m prop]ly4 ,& be=e ent]+ ^u ^! subjects1 a c]ta9 pr(ici5cy 9 ! mode ( us+ ! syr+e1 c41 %\ld be obta9$ by practis+ ^u simpl] p>ts4 #cf4 ,no subjects are m difficult to inject ?an fi%1 ow+ to ! extreme s(tness ( _! tissues4 ,dr4 ,hogg recomm5ds ! tail ( ! fi% to be cut (f1 & ! pipe to be put into ! divid$ vessel :i* lies j b5ea? ! sp9al column2 by :i* me?od beautiful injections may be made4 ,! gills1 h[ev]1 are ! mo/ int]e/+ "p z microscopic objects4 #cg4 ,^! in/ructions may seem v imp]fect to ^? :o h _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 ?is bran*2 b !y w rememb] t _! own k 0 n ga9$ f any writt5 descriptions1 b 0 =c$ ^u !m by frequ5t failures1 "s ( :i* probably 7 v di%e>t5+4 ,z ,i be=e /at$1 x is v difficult 7if n impossible7 to accompli% mu* )\t "s k ( anatomy4 #ch4 ,i may "h m5tion t ! transp>5t injections s5t ov] f ! ,cont95t are beautifully execut$ by ,hyrtl ( ,vi5na 7:o /ates t ! inject$ fluid is compos$ ( gelat9e & c>m9e71 ,dr4 ,os*atz ( ,b]l91 ! ,microscopic ,in/itute ( ,wab]n1 ,s*aff] & ,co4 ( ,magdeburg1 & o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! w be> exam9+ ) a high p[]4 ,a fri5d in=ms me t he measur$ a vessel 9 a rat's tongue by ,hyrtl1 :i* 0 #a-gbjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & _h a cle> outl9e ) qu>t]-in* objective4 ,he has also made _m exp]im5ts ) ! same mat]ials1 b has z yet fail$ 9 produc+ p]fectly di/9ct outl9es1 !re be+ a t5d5cy ( ! col\r+ matt] 7mag5ta1 c>m9e4 c47 to diffuse itself ?r\gh ! coats ( ! vessels into ! surr\nd+ tissues1 al?\gh he has v>i$ ! pressure f "o half a p\nd to sixty p\nds4 ,he believes ! vessels are fir/ wa%$ out 7inject$ ) w>m wat] & pressure appli$71 !n "s fluid introduc$ :i* r5d]s ! art]ies imp]vi\s to ! col\r$ fluid aft]w>ds inject$4 #ci4 ,he f9ds t aft] wa%+ out ! vessels z above1 ! inject+ fluid is mu* m easily introduc$4 ,he has us$ a /rong solution ( gallic acid previ\sly to inject+ ) ! col\r+ matt] 79 "o exp]im5t only71 & ! result 0 satisfactory4 ,he puts ! qu]y1--,might n c>bolic acid h a simil> effect8 ,he has (t5 us$ x ) injections to pres]ve ! specim5s1 b n 9 suffici5t quantity to act 9 ! way indicat$ above4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,dale1 ,f4,c4,s41 & ,i h made num]\s exp]im5ts ) c>m9e injection1 & h at l5g? be5 fav\r$ ) :at we deem success4 ,"s ( ! vessels 9 a kitt5 lately inject$ d n exce$ #a-bjjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & pres5t a cle> outl9e ) "o-fif? objective4 ,!re is no extra-vasation1 nei!r does ! col\r+ matt] %[ any gra9 except :5 a v high p[] is employ$4 ,! foll[+ is our process3-- ,take #ahj gra9s be/ c>m9e4 fluid ounce ( ammonia1 comm]cial /r5g?1 viz41 #jib1 or #ae ammonia met]4 #c or #d ounces di/ill$ wat]4 ,put ^! into a small flask1 & all[ !m to dige/ )\t heat f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs1 or until ! c>m9e is dissolv$4 ,!n take a ,w9*e/] qu>t bottle1 & ) a diamond m>k ! spot to :i* sixte5 ounces ( wat] ext5d4 ,! col\r$ solution mu/ be filt]$ into ! bottle1 & to ?is pure wat] %\ld be add$ until ! :ole is equal to sixte5 ounces4 ,dissolve #fjj gra9s pota% alum 9 t5 fluid ounces ( wat]1 & add to ?is1 "u con/ant boil+1 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda until a slight p]man5t precipitate is produc$4 ,filt] & add wat] up to sixte5 ounces4 ,boil & add ! solution to ! cold ammoniacal solution ( c>m9e 9 ! ,w9*e/] qu>t1 & %ake vigor\sly = a few m9utes4 ,a drop ( ?is plac$ ^u :ite filt]+-pap] %\ld %[ no col\r$ r+4 ,if mu* col\r is 9 solution ! :ole mu/ be reject$1 because1 al?\gh x is possible to precipitate all ! col\r+ matt] by ! addition ( ammonia or alum1 x is n well to d s1 z ! physical condition ( ! precipitate is !reby alt]$4 ,suppos+ ! precipitation to be complete1 or v ne>ly s1 %ake vigor\sly = at lea/ half an h\r1 & all[ x to /& until q cold4 ,! %ak+ mu/ !n be r5ew$ = "s "t1 & ! bottle fill$ up ) pure wat]4 ,aft] all[+ ! precipitate to settle a day1 draw (f ! cle> sup]natant fluid ) a syphon4 ,repeat ! wa%+ until ! cle> liquid gives little or no precipitate ) *loride ( b>ium4 ,s mu* wat] mu/ be left ) ! col\r at la/ t x %all measure =ty fluid ounces4 ,= ! inject+ fluid take tw5ty-f\r ounces ( ! above col\r$ liquid1 & ?ree ounces ( good gelat9e4 ,all[ ^! to rema9 toge!r twelve h\rs1 & !n dissolve by ! heat ( a wat] ba?2 aft] :i* x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh f9e musl94 ,z ?is inject+ fluid conta9s gelat9e1 ! hot wat]1 & o!r contrivances m5tion$ 9 a =m] "p ( ! *apt]1 w be necess>y "h also1 b no peculi> treatm5t w be requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to all read]s t !re are v>i\s objects ( int]e/ to ! microscopi/ :i* _c be prop]ly plac$ among/ any ( ! =em5tion$ classes1 b mu/ n be omitt$ 9 su* a guide z ?is pr(esses to be4 ,( ^! may be m5tion$ ! circulation ( ! blood 9 v>i\s animals1 ! rot>y motion ( ! fluid 9 _m plants1 ! be/ means ( tak+ m9ute photographs1 c4 c4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! objects is ! circulation ( ! blood ?r\gh ! f9] vessels ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! animals made use ( = ^! purposes1 :i* p>ts1 x is evid5t1 mu/ be v transp>5t to af=d a p]fect view ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,! web ( ! frog's foot is v frequ5tly made use (1 b requires a c]ta9 arrangem5t1 :i* we w n[ describe4 ,a piece ( ?9 wood 7,dr4 ,c>p5t] recomm5ds cork7 is tak51 ab\t eight in*es long & ?ree wide2 ab\t an in* f "o end is cut a hole1 half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! body ( ! frog is !n plac$ 9 a wet bag1 or wrapp$ 9 wet calico1 :il/ ! h9d-foot projects2 ! :ole is !n laid ^u ! piece ( wood s t ! foot1 :i* is left free1 may be ext5d$ ov] ! hole4 ,! web mu/ !n be spread out1 & secur$ ei!r by ?reads to small p9s on ! wood1 or ! p9s mu/ be driv5 ?r\gh ! web into ! wood1 & s kept 9 position4 ,a few b&s ( tape mu/ be pass$ r\nd ! body1 ! leg1 & ! wood1 to prev5t any dis>rangem5t aris+ f ! animal />t+1 c4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! tape is n too tight1 else ! circulation w be v sl[ or altoge!r /opp$4 ,! wood mu/ n[ be fix$ ^u ! /age1 ) ! ap]ture "u ! object-glass3 ?is is sometimes done by simply b9d+ x1 or a spr+ is fix$ s z to accompli% ! same object )\t s mu* tr\ble4 ,) a half-in* p[] ! blood may n[ be se5 to fl[ v di/9ctly4 ,! frog may be us$ = h\rs if c>e is tak5 to prev5t ! web f becom+ dry1 by wett+ x ) a little wat] f "t to "t4 ,! piece ( wood or cork ^u :i* ! frog is laid is (t5 made to give place to ! 8frog-plates10 suppli$ by opticians4 ,^! are made ( brass1 some:at resembl+ ! piece ( wood above recomm5d$1 b ea* mak]'s patt]n diff]s accord+ to 8 own ta/e4 ,! tongue ( ! frog is also sometimes us$ = ! purpose ( %[+ ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! body is wrapp$ ) ! calico1 & made fa/ to ! plate z be=e1 only ! m\? ( ! frog is br\ght to ! op5+4 ,! tongue is !n g5tly drawn out ( ! m\? & p9n$ d[n ov] ! ap]ture1 :5 ! circulation w be well %[n4 ,b1 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] obs]ves1 ! cruelty ( ?is mode ( treatm5t is s repulsive t x is unju/ifiable4 ,tadpoles ( ! frog 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 are only obta9able 9 _! season7 are good subjects = %[+ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,!y are be/ suit$ = ! microscope :5 ab\t "o in* long4 ,! tadpoles ( ! newt & toad also are equally suitable4 ,!y may be plac$ 9 a v %all[ glass tr\gh ) a little wat]1 & a n>r[ b& ( l95 b\nd lightly r\nd 9 "s "p n requir$ = exam9ation1 to keep !m f mov+2 or !y may be laid ^u a glass plate ) a drop or two ( wat]1 & a ?9 glass cov]+ lightly b\nd ^u x4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 h[ev]1 places !m fir/ 9 cold wat]1 gradually add+ w>m until ! :ole becomes ab\t #ajj1 :5 ! tadpole becomes rigid1 :il/ ! circulation is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 f\nd ?is necess>y1 ! ?9 glass accompli%+ all t is desir$4 ,! tail is g5]ally ! mo/ transp>5t1 & %[s ! circulation be/2 b 9 "s ( ! newt l>v ! blood may be trac$ d[n to ! v extremities if !y are n too old4 ,mr4 ,:itney places ! tadpole ^u its back1 by :i* means ! he>t & o!r int]nal arrangem5ts may be se54 ,among/ fi%es also may be f\nd subjects = ! same purpose1 b !y seldom furni% z good examples z ^? be=e m5tion$1 because ! blood-vessels are n ne>ly s abundant1 z 9 ! foot ( ! frog1 c4 ,! /ickleback is1 h[ev]1 procurable almo/ 9 any place dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 & may be laid 9 a %all[ tr\gh1 loosely b\nd d[n z ! tadpole4 ,! tail may be cov]$ ) a piece ( ?9 glass to prev5t him curl+ x to ! object-glass4 ,! p[] ne$$ ) ?is w be ab\t ! same z ) ! o!r subjects--viz41 half to qu>t] in* object-glass4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to g to reptiles or fi%es = ?is curi\s sight1 z "s o!r animals s]ve v well4 ,9 ! w+s ( ! common bat may be f\nd a good subject4 ,^! mu/ be /ret*$ out on some?+ resembl+ ! frog-plate be=e describ$1 :5 ^? p>ts ne> to ! bones w %[ ! l>ge/ vessels v cle>ly4 ,! e> ( a "y m\se is an illu/ration ( ! same ph5om5on1 b x is v difficult to fix x 9 a good position1 z ^! animals are s v timid & re/less4 ,among/ insects also ! same law may be obs]v$1 by plac+ !m 9 ! 8cage10 or 8live-box10 s z to keep !m /ill1 b n to injure !m by too mu* pressure4 ,9 c]ta9 l>v ?is is p>ticul>ly well %[n1 z t ( ! day-fly & plum$ gnat2 b 9 "s ( ^! ! blood is almo/ col\rless4 ,9 ! w+s also ( _m insects ?is circulation is well se51 z 9 ^? ( ! common h\sefly2 b z ^! p>ts become dry 9 a few days1 ! subject %\ld n be m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs old4 ,some:at approximat+ to ! =em5tion$ ph5om5on1 is ! 8rotation0 ( fluid 9 ! cells1 or1 z x is usually t]m$1 ! circulation ( ! sap1 ( plants4 ,?is is %[n 9 c]ta9 vegetable gr[?s z a con/ant /ream ( ?ick fluid1 :]e9 small globules are se52 :i* /ream fl[s r\nd ! individual cells1 or up ! leaf1 turn+ at ! extremity1 & d[n aga9 by a diff]5t b p>allel *annel4 ,!re is little or no difficulty 9 %[+ ?is 9 _m plants2 b "s are1 ( c\rse1 bett] ?an o!rs1 & require a diff]5t treatm5t2 we w1 !re=e1 notice a few ( ^!4 ,p]haps ! be/ ( all is ! ,vallisn]ia spiralis1 :i* is an aquatic plant1 frequ5tly gr[n 91 b n really belong+ to1 ?is c\ntry4 ,z x some:at resembles grass1 ! leaf is n us$ 9 its natural /ate1 b a ?9 section cut l5g?wise ) a razor or o!r %>p in/rum5t--?is section1 h[ev]1 is mu* bett] :5 ! out] surface has be5 fir/ remov$4 ,x %\ld !n be laid ^u a slide ) a drop or two ( wat]1 & cov]$ ) a piece ( ?9 glass4 ,(t5 ! cutt+ ( ! section seems to be su* a %ock to ! leaf t no motion is visible = a:ile1 b 9 a %ort "t ! w>m? ( an ord9>y sitt+-room w revive x1 & ) a qu>t]-in* object-glass ! curr5ts w be r5d]$ beautifully di/9ct4 ,:]e ! 8/ream0 is unusually ob/9ate ! w>m? may be slightly increas$1 b too great heat de/roys ! movem5t altoge!r4 ,9 ! summ]1 any ( ! leaves %[ ?is 8circulation0 v well2 b 9 ! w9t]1 ! slightly yell[ ones are said to be ! be/4 ,! ,vallisn]ia requires to be cut 9 sections to %[ ?is 8circulation20 b !re are _m plants ( :i* x is b necess>y to take a fragm5t & lay x ^u a slide4 ,! ,ana*>is als9a/rum is "o ( ^!3 x gr[s 9 wat]1 hav+ ?ree leaves r\nd ! /em1 !n a b>e portion1 aga9 ano!r ?ree leaves1 & s on4 ,"o ( ^! leaves mu/ be pluck$ close to ! /em1 & laid ^u a slide ) a drop ( wat]4 ,?9 glass %\ld be plac$ ^u x1 & along ! mid-rib ( ! leaves ! 8circulation0 may be se5 mo/ beautifully :5 a good specim5 has be5 *os52 b x requires r m p[] ?an ! ,vallisn]ia4 ,?is plant is v common 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 a great numb] ( our ponds & /reams be+ lit]ally *ok$ up by x4 ,9 ! ,*>a vulg>is & two or ?ree ( ! ,nitell1 c41 ?is ph5om5on may also be se5 ) no prep>ation except pluck+ a "p f ! /em & lay+ x ^u a slide z ) ! ,ana*>is4 ,9 us+ ! ,frog-bit1 ! out] "p ( ! "y leaf-buds mu/ be tak5 to obta9 ! be/ specim5s = ?is purpose2 b a section ( ! /em w also %[ ! 8circulation10 ?\gh n s well4 ,! plants be=e m5tion$ are all aquatic1 b ! same movem5t ( ! globules has be5 obs]v$ 9 sev]al k9ds ( l& plants1 z 9 ! hairs ^u ! leaf-/alks ( ! common gr\ndsel2 b ^! d n %[ x s well1 nor are !y s easily manag$ z ! above4 ,_m microscopi/s :o are n =tunate en\gh to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! plants 7inde$ ! ,vallisn]ia is a =eign "o7 gr[ !m 9 j>s1 s a few rem>ks z to ! treatm5t !y require w n be out ( place4 ,! ,vallisn]ia requires a temp]ature n l[] ?an #ee or #fj1 & ev5 a high] degree ?an ?is r5d]s its gr[? quick]2 & no great *ange mu/ take place3 ! m equable ! temp]ature ! m heal?y w ! plant be4 ,a glass j> %\ld be tak51 hav+ an in* or two ( m\ld at ! bottom1 :i* mu/ be press$ d[n closely1 & ! plant mu/ be set 9 ?is4 ,wat] mu/ !n be g5tly p\r$ 91 s z n to di/urb ! m\ld4 ,z ?is plant fl\ri%es be/ :5 ! wat] is frequ5tly *ang$1 ,mr4 ,quekett recomm5ds t ! j> %\ld be occasionally plac$ "u a tap ( wat]1 & a v g5tle /ream all[$ to fall into x = sev]al h\rs1 by :i* means mu* ( ! conf]void gr[? w be got rid ( & ! plant invigorat$4 ,! ,ana*>is may be root$ 9 ! e>? l ! ,vallisn]ia1 b a small deta*$ piece may be ?r[n into ! j> ( wat] & !re left until want$4 ,= mon?s ! 8circulation0 w be well %[n by x1 & x w probably gr[ & increase4 ,x is also v heal?y 9 an 9-door aqu>ium4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! j>s 9 :i* any ( ! ,*>a are gr[n %\ld be mov$ ab\t z little z possible1 z ! long roots are v t5d]1 & w n be> agitation4 ,an object :i* is int]e/+ to ! microscopi/1 z well z ! unsci5tific obs]v]1 is ! gr[? ( se$s1 z x is (t5 errone\sly t]m$4 ,a %av+ ( ! outside ( ! se$ is tak5 & laid ^u ! glass slide2 a ?9 glass cov] is !n plac$ ^u x1 & a drop ( wat] appli$ to ! edge ( ?is4 ,! wat] w !n gradually fl[ "u ! glass & rea* ! section ( ! se$1 :5 ! transp>5t fibres w appe> to spr+ out & 8gr[0 = "s m9utes4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is produc$ by ! unfold+ ( a spiral =mation 9 ! cells1 &1 !re=e1 has really no simil>ity to ! true gr[?4 ,! se$s ( ! ,salvias1 ,collomias1 ,s5ecio1 ,ruellia1 c41 are well suit$ = ! display ( ?is curi\s sight4 ,to wat* ! developm5t ( ! spores ( f]ns1 & ! f]tilization & products1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] recomm5ds ! foll[+ mode ( proce$+3--8,let a frond ( a f]n1 ^: fructification is mature1 be laid ^u a piece ( f9e pap]1 ) its spore-be>+ surface d[nw>ds2 9 ! c\rse ( a day or two ?is pap] w be f\nd to be cov]$ ) a v f9e br[ni% du/1 :i* consi/s ( ! dis*>g$ spores4 ,?is mu/ be c>efully collect$1 & %\ld be spread ^u ! surface ( a smoo!d fragm5t ( por\s s&/one2 ! /one be+ plac$ 9 a sauc]1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) wat]1 & a glass #8tumbl]' be+ inv]t$ ov] x1 ! requisite supply ( moi/ure is insur$1 & ! spores w g]m9ate luxuriantly4 ,"s ( ! pro?allia soon advance beyond ! re/2 & at ! "t :5 ! advanc$ ones h long ceas$ to produce an!ridia1 & be> abundance ( ar*egonia1 ^? :i* h rema9$ beh9d 9 _! gr[? are beg9n+ to be cov]$ ) an!ridia4 ,if ! crop be n[ kept ) little moi/ure = sev]al weeks & !n sudd5ly wat]$1 a l>ge numb] ( an!ridia & ar*egonia simultane\sly op51 & 9 a few h\rs aft]w>ds ! surface ( ! l>g] pro?allia w be f\nd almo/ cov]$ ) mov+ an!rozoids4 ,su* pro?allia z exhibit fre%ly op5$ ar*egonia are n[ to be held by "o lobe betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 s t ! upp] surface ( ! pro?allium lies ^u ! ?umb2 & ! ?9ne/ possible sections are !n to be made ) a n>r[-blad$ knife p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface ( ! pro?allium4 ,( ^! sections1 :i* aft] mu* practice may be made no m ?an #a-ae? ( a l9e ( ?ickness1 "s w probably lay op5 ! canals ( ! ar*egonia1 & )9 ^!1 :5 exam9$ ) a p[] ( #bjj or #cjj diamet]s1 an!rozoids may be occasionally di/+ui%$40 ,ano!r int]e/+ object to ! "y microscopi/ is af=d$ by ! spores ( ! equiseta 7or horsetails1 z !y are (t5 call$74 ,^! may be obta9$ by %ak+ ! high] portion ( ! /ems :5 ! spores are ripe4 ,!y w !n fall l small du/1 & may be plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,! spores are !n se5 to consi/ ( a some:at he>t-%ap$ mass ) b&s r intricately curl$ ar\nd x4 ,z !y dry ^! b&s exp&1 & are se5 to be f\r l9es at "r angles1 ) ! ends clubb$1 z x may be call$4 ,if1 :il/ wat*+ !m1 ! spores are brea!d ^u1 ^! b&s imm$iately return to _! =m] /ate1 & are closely curl$ ar\nd ! spore2 b z !y gradually dry aga9 exp&4 ,?is exp]im5t may be repeat$ _m times1 & is a v int]e/+ "o4 ,! above are ! pr9cipal objects :i* c\ld n possibly be includ$ 9 any ( ! =m] *apt]s1 b w\ld h left a mo/ int]e/+ bran* unt\*$ _h x be5 neglect$4 ,!re is ano!r subject also :i* %\ld n be pass$ by--viz41 ! production ( m9ute pictures :i* s]ve z objects = microscopic exam9ation4 ,i may "h m5tion t z ?is manual is simply to enable ! "y /ud5t to prep>e & m\nt 8 objects1 ! photography ( magnifi$ objects has evid5tly no place "h4 ,few slides caus$ s mu* a/oni%m5t z ^! m9ute photographs :5 fir/ exhibit$2 small spots 7 se5 to conta9 l>ge pictures1 & a page ( pr9t$ matt] 0 compress$ into ! "o-hundr$? "p ( a squ>e in*4 ,x w\ld be impossible 9 ?is place to give ! inquir] any in/ruction 9 ! manipulation ( photography1 s x mu/ be assum$ t he already kn[s ?is4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! process p]=m$ by artificial light4 ,! collodion employ$ 9 photograph+ g5]ally %[s z mu* /ructure :5 magnifi$ z is f\nd 9 l95 ( mod]ate texture2 b ?is is n always ! case1 z "s samples be> mu* enl>gem5t )\t any ( ?is appe>ance4 ,x is evid5t t a /ructure s co>se w\ld make x entirely unfit = ^! m9ute pictures1 z all ! small m>k+s w\ld be de/roy$1 or s int]f]$ ) t no great enl>gem5t w\ld be practicable4 ,to obta9 almo/ /ructureless collodion is n an easy matt]1 & a clev] practition] 9 ?is bran* ( photography /ates t he kn[s ( no me?od to accompli% ?is ) c]ta9ty1 b he himself tries diff]5t samples until he falls ^u a suitable "o1 :i* he !n lays aside = ?is object4 ,a b5eficial effect is (t5 d]iv$ f keep+ ! collodion a:ile1 b ?is is n always ! case4 ,! slides %\ld be *os5 ( an equal ?ickness1 s t :5 focuss$ ^u "o no re-adju/m5t may be necess>y = ! o!rs4 ,! glass %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be free f any r\ghness1 scrat*es1 or o!r imp]fections1 & ( fir/-rate quality & col\r4 ,! microscope mu/ !n be plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 & ! eye-piece remov$1 ! /age hav+ a small clip ^u x to keep ! prep>$ plate 9 position4 ,! negative mu/ !n be support$ at a di/ance f ! end ( ! microscope tube f :i* ! eye-piece 0 )drawn4 ,?is di/ance w1 ( c\rse1 v>y accord+ to ! relative sizes ( ! negative & desir$ picture4 ,) a "o-in* object-glass1 :i* is a v conv5i5t focus1 x w h to be *ang$ usually betwixt "o & f\r feet4 ,! negative mu/ be light$ by an arg& gas-burn] or camph9e-lamp1 & ! rays r5d]$ z p>allel z possible by ! use ( a l>ge l5s plac$ betwixt ! light & ! negative4 ,x is n easy to arrange ! app>atus s z to get ! light uni=m2 b a little practice w soon d away ) ?is difficulty4 ,ord9>y gr\nd-glass is too co>sely gra9$ to focus ^u1 z ! magnify+ p[] us$ to exam9e ! m9ute reflection mu/ be consid]able4 ,"o ( ! slides mu/ !re=e be coat$ ) ! collodion1 submitt$ to ! silv]-ba?1 & aft] wa%+ ) wat] be all[$ to dry4 ,^u ?is may be focuss$ ! reflect$ image1 & its m9ut5ess exam9$ ) a p[]ful h&-magnifi]1 or ano!r microscope plac$ beh9d 9 a horizontal position4 ,:5 ! utmo/ %>pness ( def9ition is obta9$1 x is usually requir$ to remove ! plate a little di/ance f ! object-glass1 z object-glasses = ! microscope are slightly 8ov] correct$10 & ! *emical rays :i* accompli% ! photography are beyond ! visual ones4 ,! exact di/ance requir$ to give a picture to be> ! greate/ enl>gem5t _c be giv5 by rule2 b exp]im5ts mu/ be made at fir/1 & x w always be ! same ) ! object-glass :i* we h te/$4 ,! plate may n[ be prep>$ z 9 ord9>y photography1 & plac$ ^u ! /age :il/ ! light is %ad$4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! %ade is remov$ & ! process all[$ to g on1 usually = ?irty or =ty seconds2 b no c]ta9 rule c be giv5 z to ! requir$ "t1 on acc\nt ( v>i\s collodions1 lamps1 & p[]s be+ us$4 ,x may be "h m5tion$1 t x is well to contrive "s little frame to receive ! prep>$ plate1 z ! silv] ba? solution is liable to get ^u ! microscope /age & s1 to say ! lea/1 disfigure x4 ,:5 ! exposure has be5 cont9u$ suffici5tly long1 ! picture may be develop$ by any ( ! ord9>y me?ods1 b "s ( ! be/ productions h be5 br\ght out by ! aid ( pyrogallic & citric acid solution1 ) ! addition ( a little alcohol4 ,! 8fix+0 may be effect$ by a /rong solution ( hypo-sulphite ( soda1 & ! picture mu/ !n be v well wa%$ ) pure wat]4 ,:5 dry1 ! photograph mu/ be m\nt$ ) ,canada balsam1 9 ! same mann] z any ord9>y object2 b great heat mu/ n be us$1 or ! picture may be injur$4 ,:5 ord9>y daylight is employ$ = ?is purpose1 a d>k slide w be requir$ = ! prep>$ plate1 9 ! same way z = photograph+ l&scape1 c4 ,^! d>k slides are g5]ally made by ea* individual to suit 8 p>ticul> arrangem5ts ( negatives1 c42 b x may be "h recomm5d$ t ! op]ator %\ld always focus 9 ! same slide :i* he is ab\t to use1 z s small a diff]5ce 9 di/ance lies betwixt p]fection & failure4 ,= an ord9>y /ud5t1 p]haps ! above me?od is t :i* is ! mo/ readily us$1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ g5]ally available2 b almo/ e "o has a diff]5t arrangem5t ( microscope1 c41 by :i* he procures ^! m9ute pictures4 ,mr4 ,%adbolt 7"o ( our mo/ successful photograph]s7 gives ! foll[+ in/ructions3--8,hav+ remov$ ! upp] /age plate ( a l>ge comp\nd microscope1 ,i replace x ) "o ( wood1 suppli$ ) guide p9s ( silv] wire1 9 ord] to admit ( its support+ a slip ( glass coat$ ) collodion1 & excit$ 9 ! nitrate ( silv] ba? 9 ! usual way4 ,if ! ord9>y brass /age plate 7 left undi/urb$1 x is obvi\s t x & ! excit$ slip ( glass w\ld be mutually de/ructive4 8,! microscope is n[ to be plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 ! objective1 int5d$ to produce ! picture1 made to occupy ! place usually fill$ by ! a*romatic cond5s] on ! sub-/age ( ! microscope1 :ile ano!r objective is screw$ into ! l[] end ( ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* is us$ n only to focus )1 b also to make ! requisite all[ance = act9ic v>iation4 8,! negative int5d$ to be r$uc$ is !n arrang$ v]tically1 ) its c5tre 9 ! axis ( ! microscopic body1 at a di/ance ( f two to f\r feet f ! l[] object-glass1 & ) a conv5i5t scre5 ( c>d1 wood1 or ?ick pap]1 to cut (f any extrane\s light t w\ld o!rwise pass beyond ! limits ( ! picture4 8,a small camph9e-lamp is employ$ = ! purpose ( illum9at+ ! negative1 hav+ a good bull's-eye l5s z a cond5s]1 s arrang$ ) its flat side next ! lamp t ! refract$ rays %all j fill ! :ole ( a d\ble convex l5s ( ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 ! latt] be+ plac$ 9 su* a position z to refract ! rays ( light 9 a p>allel direction ^u ! negative4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! bull's-eye l5s ( ab\t two in*es & a half 9 diamet] appe>s z ! s\rce ( ! light in/ead ( ! small flame ( ! lamp4 8,by us+ a bat's-w+ gas-burn] ( a good size1 a s+le l5s1 in/ead ( ! two1 may be s plac$ z to give ! necess>y uni=mity ( illum9ation40 ,?is arrangem5t requires ! same c>e 9 work+ z t be=e m5tion$1 ! pictures be+ produc$1 develop$1 & fix$ by ! same treatm5t4 ,z be=e /at$1 almo/ e manipulator makes "s small *anges 9 ! me?od ( produc+ ^! m9ute pictures2 b ! rules giv51 ?\gh f> f new1 are suffici5t = all purposes2 & ,i may /ate ) tru?1 t ^? :i* ,i procur$ :5 ^! wond]s 7 q new1 are fully equal 9 e respect to ! be/ usually met ) at ! pres5t "t4 ,) ^! in/ructions ,i %all close my ,h&book1 z ,i believe t e bran* ( ,prep>ation & ,m\nt+ ( ,microscopic ,objects has be5 treat$ (4 ,n t ! beg9n] c expect t he has no?+ to d except read ?is to be able to m\nt ev]y?+2 b !re are difficulties f :i* he may be fre$ by in/ruction1 :5 o!rwise he w\ld h be5 compell$ to le>n by failure alone4 ,i may1 "h1 h[ev]1 repeat c]ta9 advice be=e giv51--t1 :5 practicable1 x is a good ?+ to m\nt ea* object by two or m diff]5t me?ods1 z v frequ5tly "o feature is be/ %[n dry1 ano!r 9 liquid1 & a ?ird 9 balsam4 ,secondly1 let ! m\nt+ be /udi$ ?or\ghly1 z no "p ( ! microscopic sci5ce is m wor?y ( ?\ght ?an ?is4 ,& la/ly1 let no failures prev5t y foll[+ up :at w assur$ly "o day become a s\rce ( great pleasure1 & r5d] y\r daily 8con/itutional walk10 :i* is (t5 dull 9 ! extreme1 v delightful1 z x w af=d y "s new wond] 9 e h$ge-r[4 ,,index4 ,air-bubbles1 #ef4 ,air-pump1 #ac2 use (1 #eg4 ,alcock1 ,dr41 on tongues ( ,mollusca1 #aah4 ,alg1 m\nt+ (1 #ia4 ,ana*>is als9a/rum1 rotation 91 #adc2 to cultivate1 #add4 ,animal tissues1 dissection (1 #aad4 ,ant5n ( insects1 #ga2 9 pres]vative liquid1 #id4 ,app>atus requir$ 9 m\nt+ objects1 i4 ,art]ies1 h[ to di/+ui%1 9 injection1 #aca4 ,asp>agus1 spiral vessels (1 #aad4 ,asphaltum1 #ae2 & india-rubb]1 z cem5t & v>ni%1 #ah4 ,bat1 circulation ( blood 9 w+s (1 #adb4 ,beale's1 ,dr41 ,prussian blue = inject+1 #acd2 c>m9e1 #ace4 ,bell-glasses1 use (1 #ab4 ,b]g-mehl1 #dj4 ,b]muda e>?1 #dj4 ,bi*romate ( lead1 injection )1 #acb4 ,bird1 ,dr4 ,gold+1 on prep>ation ( ,zoophytes1 #fe4 ,black-japan1 z a cem5t1 #af4 ,black v>ni%1 #ah4 ,blood1 z a microscopic object1 #ej2 circulation (1 #adj-adb4 ,bone1 sections (1 #ajb2 fossil1 #ajc4 ,brass plate = heat+ glasses1 c41 #ac4 ,cactace1 raphides (1 #eb4 ,camel-hair p5cils1 use (1 #aj4 ,canada balsam1 #ad2 ) *lor(orm1 #ad1 #fj1 #acb2 ) turp5t9e1 #ad2 air bubbles 91 #ef2 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s syr+e =1 #ei2 to fill cells )1 #fj2 m\nt+ ( objects 91 #ef4 ,c>bolic acid1 #hf4 ,c>m9e inject+ fluid1 ,dr4 ,beale's1 #ace3 ,dale ,davies'1 #ach4 ,c>tilage1 dissection (1 #aad4 ,ca/or oil1 z a pres]vative1 #hf4 ,cells = dry objects1 #f2 ) r+s ( c>dbo>d1 #g2 ) gutta-p]*a1 #g2 ) lea!r1 #g2 ) ivory1 #h2 ) ?9 glass1 #g2 ) v>ni%1 #bc1 #bf2 = balsam1 #fj2 = pres]vative liquids1 #hg-hi2 ,%adbolt's turntable useful 9 mak+1 #i4 ,cem5ts1 #ac-ag4 ,*alk1 =am9if]a f1 #fc4 ,*>a vulg>is1 rotation 91 #add4 ,*loride ( z9c1 solution (1 #he2 ( calcium1 solution (1 #ib4 ,*lor(orm1 use ( 7see ,canada balsam74 ,circulation ( blood1 #adj-adb2 ( sap 7see ,rotation74 ,cleanl9ess 9 microscopic "w1 #a4 ,coal1 sections (1 #ii4 ,collection ( diatoms1 #bi4 ,col\rs = injection1 #abe-abg4 ,cond5s]1 *eap1 to make1 #bj4 ,corals1 sections (1 #ii4 ,corall9es1 to m\nt1 #dh4 ,cov] ( objects1 to remove1 #fj4 ,cry/als1 m\nt+ (1 dry1 #ej2 to v>y =m (1 & m\nt 9 balsam1 #ge2 sections (1 #aji4 ,cuticle ( equisetum1 c41 #hj4 ,dale ,davies'1 c>m9e injection1 #ach4 ,deane's gelat9e1 #hd4 ,decalcify+ process = %ells1 #ih4 ,desmidiace1 9 pres]vative liquid1 #ib4 ,dia*a elegans1 #ec4 ,diamond beetle1 #ed4 ,diatomace1 nature (1 #bh2 collection (1 #bi2 9 /oma*s ( fi%1 #cj2 to prep>e & m\nt dry1 #cj-dj2 ,mr4 ,ryl&s on1 #cc2 9 guano1 #ci2 fossiliz$1 #dj2 m\nt+ 9 balsam1 #fa2 m\nt+ 9 pres]vative liquids1 #ib1 #ic4 ,discs us$ 9 m\nt+1 #bb2 support]1 ,smi? ,beck's1 #bc4 ,dissection1 #aaa2 microscope =1 #aaa2 in/rum5ts =1 #aab4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 z pres]vative liquid1 #hc4 ,doy]'s1 ,m41 me?od ( injection1 #acb4 ,dry objects1 to m\nt1 #bb4 ,e*9od]mata sp9es1 sections (1 #ii4 ,eel1 scales (1 #gh4 ,eggs ( insects1 #id4 ,ela/ic objects1 to keep flat ^u ! slide1 #aa4 ,electrical cem5t1 #af4 ,equisetace1 #hj2 spores (1 #adf4 ,erector1 n indisp5sable1 #ai4 ,eyes ( insects1 #gj1 #ed2 ( animals inject$1 #acf4 ,fea!rs1 #gc4 ,feet ( insects1 #ed1 #ga4 ,f]ns1 #ea2 developm5t ( spores (1 #ade4 ,fi%1 f9s & tails (1 #ej2 scales (1 #ec1 #gh2 injection (1 #acg2 circulation ( blood 91 #adb4 ,fl9t1 sections (1 #aja4 ,fluid1 m\nt+ objects 91 #hc4 ,flu/ra avicul>is1 #gi4 ,fly 7see ,insects74 ,foot ( %eep inject$1 #acf4 ,=am9if]a1 #da2 sep>ation (1 #da2 to clean1 #db2 to clean f tall[ s\nd+s1 #db2 to m\nt1 #de1 #fc2 f *alk1 #fc4 ,=ceps1 ord9>y & wood51 #aa2 bull-nos$1 = injection1 #abc4 ,fossil infusoria1 #dj4 ,frog1 inject$1 #acf2 to %[ circulation ( blood1 #adj4 ,frog-bit1 rotation 91 #add4 ,fruit-/ones1 sections (1 #ajd4 ,fungi1 #ec1 #id4 ,ga/ric tee? ( insects1 #abj2 ( molluscs1 #aag4 ,gelat9e = injection1 #abd2 pres]vative liquid1 #hd4 ,glass slides1 #a2 ?91 #c2 ?91 to cut1 #c2 ?91 to measure1 #d2 ?91 to clean1 #e2 cells1 to make1 #hh2 r+s = cells1 #hh2 tubes1 #aj4 ,glyc]9e1 #hd1 #id2 jelly1 #hd1 #ia4 ,goadby's fluid1 #he4 ,gold-size1 #ae4 ,grasses1 #hj4 ,gras%opp]1 gizz>d (1 #abj4 ,guano1 conta9+ ,diatomace1 #ci4 ,gum-wat]1 & modifications (1 #ag4 ,gutta-p]*a cells1 #g2 = liquids1 #hg4 ,hairs1 vegetable1 #df2 to m\nt dry1 #ed2 to m\nt z pol>iz+ objects1 #gi2 sections (1 #aje4 ,hepwor?1 ,mr41 on m\nt+ insects1 #fh4 ,horn1 sections (1 #ajd4 ,hot-wat] ba?1 use (1 #eh4 ,infusoria1 9 pres]vative liquid1 #ib2 fossil1 #dj4 ,injections1 vi41 #abb2 app>atus =1 #abb2 col\rs =1 #abe2 directions =1 #abg2 ) v>i\s col\rs1 #aca2 m\nt+ (1 #aca2 transp>5t1 #acc1 #ach4 ,insects1 scales (1 #dh2 to m\nt1 #di2 legs & feet (1 #ed1 #gb2 eyes (1 #ed1 #gj2 ,mr4 ,hepwor? on m\nt+1 #fh2 ant5n (1 #ga2 m\? (1 #gb2 tra*e & spiracles (1 #gb1 #aae2 p>asitic1 #gc2 9 pres]vative liquid1 #id2 eggs (1 #id2 gizz>d (1 #abj2 circulation ( blood 91 #adb4 ,inte/9es1 inject$1 #acf4 ,knives = dissect+1 #aab2 ,val5t9's1 #ajh4 ,labell+ ( objects1 #ai4 ,lamps1 = m\nt+1 #ab4 ,l>v1 sk9s (1 #ej4 ,leaves1 sections (1 #ajg2 scales (1 #df1 #ha4 ,liquid-glue1 #af4 ,lungs ( animals inject$1 #acg4 ,mall[1 poll5 (1 #dg4 ,m>9e glue1 #ae1 #hh4 ,microscope = dissection1 #aaa4 ,miscellane\s1 vii41 #adj4 ,mites1 #gc4 ,molluscs1 tongues (1 #aaf4 ,mosses1 #ea2 9 pres]vative fluids1 #ia4 ,m\ld 7see ,fungi74 ,m\nt+ objects1 app>atus =1 i42 dry1 ii41 #bb2 9 ,canada balsam1 iii41 #ef2 9 cells1 iv41 #hc4 ,m\se1 e> (1 #aad2 circulation ( blood 91 #adb4 ,m\? ( insects1 #gb4 ,muscle1 dissection (1 #aad4 ,ne$les1 h[ to m\nt1 #aj2 = dissection1 #aab2 curv$1 = injection1 #abc4 ,n]v\s tissue1 dissection (1 #aae4 ,nettle leaf1 #eb4 ,newts1 inject$1 #acf4 ,onion1 raphides (1 #eb4 ,orbitolite1 section (1 #ig4 ,oxalurate ( ammonia1 cry/als (1 #ge4 ,palates ( ,molluscs 7see tongues74 ,pap]s1 ornam5tal1 to cov] slides1 #h1 #bg4 ,photographs1 microscopic1 to produce1 #adg2 ,mr4 ,%adbolt on1 #adi4 ,pipes = inject+ syr+e1 #abb4 ,podura1 scales (1 #di4 ,pol>iscope1 objects =1 #gd-hb1 #ajd4 ,poll51 #dg1 #gd4 ,polycy/9a1 prep>ation & m\nt+ (1 #fc4 ,pres]vative liquids1 iv41 #hc2 cells suit$ =1 #hg-hi4 ,prussian blue = injection1 #acd4 ,raphides1 vegetable1 #eb1 #hj4 ,rh9oc]os1 horn (1 #ajd4 ,rhub>b1 spiral vessels (1 #aac4 ,r+s & cross ( cry/als1 #aji4 ,rotation ( fluid 9 cells ( plants1 #adc-ade4 ,ru%1 section (1 #ajh4 ,ryl&s1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g41 on ,diatomace1 #cc1 #ic4 ,salic9e1 cry/als (1 #gf4 ,saw ( wat*-spr+1 #ig4 ,scales ( fi%es1 #ec1 #gh2 ( leaves1 #df1 #ha2 ( insects1 #dh4 ,scissors1 #aj2 = dissection1 #aab4 ,sea-mats1 #ec4 ,sea-s\nd+s1 to cleanse1 #db4 ,seal+-wax v>ni%1 #ag4 ,sections1 #if2 ( %ells1 #ig2 ( orbitolite1 #ig2 ( sp9es ( ,e*9od]mata1 #ii2 ( corals1 #ii2 ( coal1 #ii2 ( fl9t1 #aja2 ( tee?1 #aja2 ( bone1 #ajb2 ( fruit-/ones1 #ajd2 ( horn1 #ajd2 ( :alebone1 #aje2 ( hairs1 #aje2 ( wood1 #ajf2 ( leaves1 #ajg2 ( sponges1 #ajh2 ( sk91 #aji2 ( cry/als1 #aji2 ( se$s1 #aaa4 ,se$s1 #dg1 #gd2 sections (1 #aaa2 gr[? (1 #ade4 ,%adbolt's turntable1 #i4 ,%ells1 sections (1 #ig2 decalcify+1 #ih2 lam9 (1 #ih4 ,silice\s cuticles1 #hj4 ,size = injection1 #abd4 ,sk9s ( l>v1 #ej2 sections (1 #aji2 sole1 #ed4 ,slides1 glass1 = m\nt+ objects1 #a2 glass1 to clean1 #b2 wood1 c41 #f2 mo/ useful1 #h2 to cov] & v>ni%1 #bg4 ,spicula1 f sponges1 c41 #fg4 ,sp9es ( ,e*9us1 #ii4 ,spiracles ( insects1 #gb1 #aaf4 ,spiral vessels ( vegetables1 #aac4 ,split bri/les1 use (1 #aj4 ,sponges1 sections (1 #ajh4 ,spores ( f]ns1 developm5t (1 #ade2 equisetum1 #adf4 ,/>*1 prep>ation & m\nt+ (1 #gi4 ,sulphate ( copp] & magnesia1 cry/als (1 #gf4 ,syr+e = ,canada balsam1 #ei2 = dissection1 #aac2 = injection1 #abb4 ,tadpole1 to %[ circulation ( blood (1 #ada4 ,tee?1 sections (1 #aja4 ,?9 glass1 to cut1 #c2 to measure ?ickness (1 #d2 to clean1 #e4 ,?waites' pres]vative liquid1 #he4 ,ticks1 #gc4 ,tissues1 animal & vegetable 7see ,dissection74 ,tongues or palates ( ,molluscs1 #aaf4 ,tra*e ( insects1 #gb1 #aae4 ,transf] ( objects1 #aj4 ,tr\gh = dissection1 #aac4 ,tubes1 glass1 #aj4 ,turnbull's1 ,dr41 ,prussian blue = injection1 #acd4 ,turp5t9e1 use (1 #eg4 ,univ]sal /&1 to make1 #bj4 ,val5t9's knife1 #ajh4 ,vallisn]ia spiralis1 rotation 91 #adc2 to cultivate1 #add4 ,v>ni%es1 #ag4 ,vegetable objects1 to m\nt dry1 #df2 to m\nt 9 jelly1 #ia2 dissection (1 #aac4 ,wat*-glasses1 #ab4 ,:alebone1 sections (1 #aje4 ,wood1 sections (1 #ajf4 ,zoophytes1 to m\nt dry1 #ec2 ,dr4 ,gold+ ,bird on m\nt+1 9 balsam1 #fe2 z pol>iz+ objects1 #gi4 ,,cox ,,& ,,wyman1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,great ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 0 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 add$ by ! ,transcrib]4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,roman num]al ref]5ces are to *apt]s1 n to pages4 ,page #ajf3 ,t indicates a boldface1 sans-s]if 8,t04