,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,! precise location ( footnote #bef is speculative s9ce x is n indicat$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,! ,sexes 9 ,sci5ce & ,hi/ory ,an ,inquiry into ! ,dogma ( ,woman's ,inf]iority to ,man ,by ,eliza ,burt ,gamble ,a revis$ edition ( 8,! ,evolution ( ,woman0 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #aiaf ,,copyright1 #ahic ,"u ! title ,! ,evolution ( ,woman1 by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,copyright1 #aiaf = ! revis$ edition1 by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,preface ,,to ,,new ,,edition ,?is volume is a revis$ edition ( ,! ,evolution ( ,woman publi%$ by ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons 9 #ahid4 ,9 ?is lat] "w mu* add$ evid5ce appe>s go+ to prove ! correctness ( ! !ory advanc$ 9 ! =m] "w4 ,9 x ! subject ( sex-developm5t has be5 br\ght d[n to ! pres5t "t & 9 ?is lat] inve/igation x is f\nd t ea* & e fact connect$ ) ! biological & sociological developm5t ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s is 9 /rict accord n only ) ! facts set =? 9 ,! ,evolution ( ,woman b ) ! conclusions !re9 arriv$ at4 ,9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ?is volume ! results ( ! sep>ate developm5t ( ! two div]g+ l9es ( sex dem>cation are set =?4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t pres5t conditions are ! legitimate outcome ( ! asc5d5cy ga9$ dur+ ! lat] ages ( human hi/ory by ! egoi/ic or de/ructive ag5cies ov] ! high] or con/ructive =ces develop$ 9 human nature4 ,e4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition ,aft] a some:at c>eful /udy ( writt5 hi/ory1 & aft] an inve/igation ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s ( all ! accessible facts relative to extant tribes repres5t+ ! v>i\s /ages ( human developm5t1 ,i _h rea*$ ! conclusion1 z e>ly z ! ye> #ahhb1 t ! female organism is 9 no wise inf]ior to t ( ! male4 ,= "s "t1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 unable to f9d any detail$ pro( t c\ld consi/5tly be employ$ to sub/antiate ! correctness ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe1 ) no special object 9 view o!r ?an a desire = in=mation1 ,i began a sy/ematiz$ inve/igation ( ! facts :i* at t "t _h be5 e/abli%$ by naturali/s relative to ! developm5t ( mank9d f l[] ord]s ( life4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! ye> #ahhf1 aft] a c>eful read+ ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 by ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ,i fir/ became impress$ ) ! belief t ! !ory ( evolution1 z enunciat$ by sci5ti/s1 furni%es mu* evid5ce go+ to %[ t ! female among all ! ord]s ( life1 man includ$1 repres5ts a high] /age ( developm5t ?an ! male4 ,al?\gh at ! "t indicat$1 ! belief t man has desc5d$ f l[] ord]s 9 ! scale ( be+ _h be5 accept$ by ! lead+ m9ds bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 = reasons :i* h n be5 expla9$1 sci5ti/s1 g5]ally1 seem$ incl9$ to ignore c]ta9 facts connect$ ) ?is !ory :i* t5d to prove ! sup]iority ( ! female organism4 ,sc>cely consid]+ at ! outset :e!r my task w\ld ev5tually take ! =m ( a magaz9e article1 or :e!r x w\ld be ext5d$ to ! dim5sions ( a book1 ,i set myself to "w to %[ t "s ( ! conclusions ( ! savants reg>d+ ! subject ( sex-developm5t are n 9 accord ) _! premises4 ,:ile writ+ ! fir/ "p ( ?is volume1 & :ile reason+ on ! facts e/abli%$ by sci5ti/s 9 connection ) ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made 9 ^! lat] ye>s relative to ! gr[? ( human society & ! developm5t ( human in/itutions1 x seem$ cle> to me t ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>? pres5ts an unbrok5 *a9 ( evid5ce go+ to prove ! importance ( ! female2 &1 s /ruck 0 ,i by ! mann] 9 :i* ! facts ( sci5ce & ^? ( hi/ory h>monize1 t ,i decid$ to embrace )9 my "w "s ( ! results ( my =m] rese>*4 ,i !re=e set ab\t ! task ( trac+1 9 a brief mann]1 ! gr[? ( ! prim>y *>act]s obs]v$ 9 ! two div]g+ sex-columns1 accord+ to ! facts & pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ! !ory ( natural developm5t4 ,x is n p]haps s+ul>1 dur+ an age dom9at$ by !ological dogmatism1 & 9 :i* no def9ite k relative to ! developm5t ( life on ! e>? _h be5 ga9$1 t man %\ld h reg>d$ himself z an inf9itely sup]ior be+4 ,nei!r is x rem>kable t woman1 :o 0 suppos$ to h appe>$ lat] on ! sc5e ( action ?an did h] male mate1 & :o ow$ h] exi/5ce to a surgical op]ation p]=m$ ^u him1 %\ld h be5 reg>d$ simply z an app5dage1 a creature br\ght =? 9 response to ! requirem5ts ( ! mascul9e nature4 ,! above doctr9es :5 enunciat$ by !ologians ne$ cause little surprise1 b ) ! dawn ( a sci5tific age x might h be5 expect$ t ! prejudices result+ f ^? doctr9es might disappe>4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to ! mo/ advanc$ sci5tific writ+s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 we f9d t ! prejudices :i* ?r\gh\t ?\s&s ( ye>s h be5 ga!r+ /r5g? are by no means eradicat$1 & any discussion ( ! sex "q is /ill r>e 9 :i* ! effects ( ^! prejudices may n be trac$4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,d>w91 not)/&+ 8 great bread? ( m5tal vision & ! important "w :i* he accompli%$ 9 ! direction ( orig9al inquiry1 :5ev] he _h occasion to t\* on ! m5tal capacities ( wom51 or m p>ticul>ly on ! relative capacities ( ! sexes1 manife/$ ! same _s :i* *>act]izes ! ef=ts ( an e>li] age2 & ?r\gh\t 8 entire inve/igation ( ! human species1 8 ability to ignore c]ta9 facts :i* he himself adduc$1 & :i* all along ! l9e ( developm5t t5d to prove ! sup]iority ( ! female1 is truly rem>kable4 ,we usually judge ( a man's fitness to assume ! rle ( an orig9al inve/igator 9 any bran* ( human k1 by not+ 8 p[]s ( obs]vation & g5]alization1 & by obs]v+ 8 capacity to p]ceive connections betwe5 closely relat$ facts2 also1 by trac+ ! v>i\s processes by :i* he arrives at 8 conclusions4 ,! ability1 h[ev]1 to collect facts1 & ! p[] to g5]alize & draw conclusions f !m1 avail little1 :5 br\ght into direct opposition to deeply root$ prejudices4 ,! indications are /rong t ! "t has at l5g? arriv$ :5 ! curr5t op9ions conc]n+ sex capacity & end[m5t dem& a revision1 & :5 no?+ %ort ( sci5tific d$uctions1 unta9t$ by ! prejudices & dogmatic assumptions ( ! pa/1 w be accept$4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! object ( ?is volume is to set =? ! pr9cipal data br\ght =w>d by naturali/s be>+ on ! subject ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! two l9es ( sexual dem>cation1 & by means ( ! facts obs]v$ by explor]s among peoples 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 to trace1 s f> z possible1 ! effect ( su* diff]5tiation ^u ! individual1 & ^u ! subsequ5t gr[? ( human society4 ,e4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition iii ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition v ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution ,,*apt] ,i4--,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,organism #c ,,ii4--,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,sex ,,diff]5ces #ad ,,iii4--,,male ,,organic ,,defects #ce ,,iv4--,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,s5se #fc ,v4--,,! ,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,male #gd ,,"p ,,ii ,,prehi/oric ,,society ,i4--,,me?od ,,( ,,inve/igation #ie ,,ii4--,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,sexes ,,among ,,e>ly ,,mank9d #ajd ,,iii4--,,! ,,g5s ,,wom5 ,,"u ,,g5tile ,,in/itutions #abc ,,iv4--,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m>riage #aei ,v4--,,! ,,"m-,,"r #bjc ,,vi4--,,!ories ,,to ,,expla9 ,,wife-,,capture #bae ,,"p ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,hi/oric ,,society ,i4--,,e>ly ,,hi/oric ,,society ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,! ,,g5s #bdc ,,ii4--,,wom5 ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,hi/oric ,,times #bfi ,,iii4--,,anci5t ,,sp>ta #bhe ,,iv4--,,a!nian ,,wom5 #cah ,v4--,,roman ,,law1 ,,roman ,,wom51 ,,& ,,*ri/ianity #cdg ,,vi4--,,! ,,r5aissance #cfg ,,vii4--,,conclusion #chj ,,index #djc ,! ,sexes 9 ,sci5ce & ,hi/ory ,,"p ,i ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution ,,*apt] ,i ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,organism ,sex is n only ! basic fact und]ly+ physical life b x is also ! fundam5tal pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! orig9 & developm5t ( religion4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 ! ,god-idea has ev] be51 male or female1 accord+ to ! relative importance ( ! two sex pr9ciples 9 human affairs4 ,sci5ti/s decl>e t !y are n[ able to trace ! developm5t ( ! two div]g+ l9es ( sex-dem>cation f ! "t ( _! sep>ation1 or f ! "t :5 ^! pr9ciples 7 conf9$ )9 "o & ! same individual4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! orig9 ( sex1 x becomes necess>y to recall1 briefly1 ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( life on ! e>? z set =? by ! savants4 ,z sci5ce deals only ) matt]1 a me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se is inevitable4 ,z sci5ce is :olly mat]iali/ic1 x is p]fectly consi/5t 9 its decl>ation t ! s5ses & ! intellect con/itute ! only means :]eby tru? may be discov]$4 ,mod]n philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* deals less ) matt] itself ?an ) ! causes :i* und]lie ! developm5t ( matt]1 affirms t a "* has be5 develop$ 9 human be+s :i* 9 its capacity to disc]n tru?1 f> transc5ds ! intellect4 ,t "* is intuition4 ,b z we are deal+ only ) sci5tific obs]vations1 philosophical speculations d n "h conc]n u4 ,! fundam5tal idea1 :i* mu/ necess>ily lie at ! bottom ( all natural !ories ( developm5t1 is t ( a gradual developm5t ( all 7ev5 ! mo/ p]fect7 organisms out ( a s+le1 or out ( a v few1 q simple1 & q imp]fect orig9al be+s1 :i* came into exi/5ce1 n by sup]natural creation1 b by spontane\s g5]ation4#a #a ,haeckel1 ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 #ahhd1 vol4 i41 p4 #ge4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution z elaborat$ by sci5ti/s1 ! hi/ory ( man beg9s ) small animat$ p>ticles1 or ,mon]a1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! primeval sea4 ,^! m>9e specks 7 album9\s comp\nds ( c>bon1 g5]at$ by ! sun's heat1 :i* made _! appe>ance z soon z ! mi/s :i* envelop$ ! e>? 7 suffici5tly cle>$ away to p]mit ! rays ( ! sun to p5etrate !m & rea* ! surface ( ! globe4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! pr9ciple ( life :i* ^! p>ticles conta9$1 or reg>d+ ! developm5t ( organic bodies f inorganic sub/ances1 ! m timid among naturali/s decl>e t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human k x is impossible to "k any?+1 :ile o!rs ( !m1 m bold1 or m confid5t ( ! lat5t p[]s ( ! human intellect1 aft] hav+ elaborat$ a natural or me*anical explanation = ! developm5t ( all organic =ms1 are n dispos$ to accept a sup]natural !ory = ! beg9n+ ( life4 ,= example1 s9ce organic /ructures repres5t ! developm5t ( matt] accord+ to laws gov]n+ ! *emical1 molecul>1 & physical =ces inh]5t 9 x1 x is believ$ t ! gulf sep>at+ organic & inorganic sub/ances is n s difficult to span z has hi!rto be5 suppos$4 ,among ^? :o hold ?is view may be rank$ ! celebrat$ naturali/1 ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,reg>d+ ! ph5om5a ( life ?is writ] obs]ves3 8,we c demon/rate ! inf9itely manifold & complicat$ physical & *emical prop]ties ( ! album9\s bodies to be ! real cause ( organic or vital ph5om5a40#b ,inde$1 9 :atev] mann] ! vital =ce )9 !m orig9at$1 naturali/s agree t f ^! p>ticles h be5 d]iv$ all ! =ms1 bo? animal & vegetable1 :i* h ev] exi/$ ^u ! e>?4 #b ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 vol4 i41 p4 #cca4 ,z speculations conc]n+ ! orig9 ( matt] lie )\t ! doma9 ( natural or sci5tific inquiry1 !y =m no "p ( ! inve/igations ( ! naturali/4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 matt] is et]nal1 & all t may be le>n$ conc]n+ x mu/ be glean$ by obs]v+ ! *anges1 *emical & molecul>1 ?r\gh :i* x is manife/$4 ,by ^? :o h obs]v$ ! laws :i* gov]n ! manifold *anges 9 matt]1 ! fact is decl>$ t ! v>i\s manife/ations 9 =m & sub/ance con/itute ! only creation ( :i* we may h any k2 &1 moreov]1 t ! g5esis ( exi/5ce is go+ on z actively 9 our "t z at any previ\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( matt]4 ,s f> z human k ext5ds1 no p>ticle ( matt] has ev] be5 creat$ & none ev] de/roy$4 ,?is cont9u\s process ( transmutation ( sub/ance & *ange ( =m1 9 o!r words ! ph5om5a designat$ ,life1 may h be5 9 op]ation dur+ all ! pa/1 & may cont9ue =ev]4 ,z all speculations conc]n+ ! orig9 ( matt] h be5 unavail+1 s all attempts to solve ! problem ( ! orig9 ( life h prov$ futile4 ,! exp]im5ts rec5tly c>ri$ on 9 ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 9 :i* by means ( *emical processes deta*$ organs f ! bodies ( animals h be5 made to p]=m _! normal functions1 are int]e/+ & in/ructive1 b ^! exp]im5ts furni% no clue to ! orig9 ( ! =ce :i* animates liv+ organic matt]4 ,:y ! nucleat$ cells :i* we call a he>t %\ld pulsate :il/ ^? :i* we call a liv] %\ld secrete bile1 nobody kn[s4 ,t all life on ! e>? has be5 d]iv$ f "o1 or at mo/ f a few orig9al =ms1 is said to be prov$ by ontog5y1 or ! hi/ory ( ! g]m1 :i* 9 its developm5t passes ?r\gh a numb] ( ! =ms :i* m>k ! asc5d+ scale ( life4 ,?r\gh ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy1 ! fact has be5 discov]$ t ! individuals compos+ ! v>i\s ord]s ( ! great v]tebrate s]ies are all m\ld$ 8on ! same g5]al plan02 t up to a c]ta9 /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! sev]al g]ms--= in/ance ^? ( ! man1 ! ape1 ! horse1 ! dog1 etc41--!y are n di/+ui%able ! "o f ! o!r1 & t x is only at a lat] /age ( developm5t t !y take on ! peculi>ities belong+ to _! own special k9d4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( =ms :i* appe> 9 ! animal & vegetable _w make x difficult to conceive ( ! idea t all h sprung f "o1 or at mo/ f a few orig9al types1 yet ! *a9 ( evid5ce 9 support ( ?is !ory seems q complete4 ,natural ,selection1 by :i* x is demon/rat$ t organiz$ matt] mu/ move =w>d simply ?r\gh ! *emical & physical =ces inh]5t 9 x1 furni%es a key to all ! ph5om5a ( life1 bo? animal & vegetable1 :i* h ev] appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,natural ,selection1 we are told1 dep5ds = its op]ation on ! int]action ( two processes or ag5cies1 namely1 ,inh]itance & ,adaptation4 ,?r\gh ,inh]itance g]ms receive f _! p>5ts a pla/ic =m :i*1 z all developm5t is a function ( ext]nal physical conditions1 is itself no?+ m ?an a 8manife/ation ( ! rema9s ( antec$5t physical impressions40 ,?is inh]it$ =m causes !m to g =w>d 9 a pr$e/9$ c\rse1 :ile ?r\gh ,adaptation !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to *ange t pr$e/9$ =m impos$ ^u !m by _! p>5ts to "o bett] suit$ to _! *ang+ physical conditions4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 organic /ructures v>y to meet ! requirem5ts ( *ang$ conditions2 or1 :5 exi/+ circum/ances are su* t !y are =c$ into new & unusual modes ( life1 !y bran* (f into diff]5t directions2 ?us new v>ieties are =m$1 or possibly new species4 ,su* portions ( a gr\p1 h[ev]1 z rema9 %elt]$ f conditions unsuit$ to _! pres5t l9e ( developm5t1 reta9 _! anci5t =ms4 ,?is *ange ( /ructure by :i* organisms or portions ( organic bodies are modifi$ s z to p]=m m complicat$ functions1 or ^? bett] suit$ to _! environm5t1 is d5om9at$ diff]5tiation2 h5ce ! degree ( diff]5tiation atta9$ by a /ructure det]m9es ! /age ( developm5t :i* x has rea*$4 ,b to return to our s+le-cell$ animal--! simple/ =m ( life on ! e>?4 ,except t by ! action ( ! surr\nd+ =ces its surface has become some:at h>d5$1 ?is little animal is ! same ?r\gh\t1 9 o!r words1 x is homog5e\s4 ,! h>d5+ ( ! out] portion con/itutes ! fir/ process ( diff]5tiation1 & !re=e ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ord] ( progress4 ,comp>+ ! simple/ =m ( life1 ! little c>bon-sac f\nd 9 ! sea1 ) ! g]m f :i* animals & plants are d]iv$1 ,haeckel says3 ,orig9ally e organic cell is only a s+le globule ( mucus1 l a ,mon]on1 b diff]+ f x 9 ! fact t ! homog5e\s album9\s sub/ance has sep>at$ itself into two diff]5t p>ts1 a firm] album9\s body1 ! cell-k]nel 7nucleus71 & an ext]nal1 s(t] album9\s body1 ! cell-sub/ance or body 7protoplasma74#c #c ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 #ahhd1 vol4 i41 p4 #ahg4 ,f its body1 :i*1 :5 at re/1 is ne>ly sph]ical1 x is almo/ con/antly ca/+ =? c]ta9 8f+]-l processes0 :i* are z quickly )drawn1 only to reappe> on "s o!r portion ( its surface4 ,! small p>ticles ( album9\s matt] ) :i* x comes 9 contact adh]e to x1 or are drawn into its semi-fluid body by displacem5t ( ! sev]al album9\s p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$1 & are !re dige/$1 be+ 8absorb$ by simple diffusion40 ,its only activity consi/s 9 supply+ itself ) n\ri%m5t1 & ev5 dur+ ?is process x is said to display a negative or passive quality r ?an real action4 ,! p>ticles absorb$ t are n assimilat$1 are expell$ ?r\gh ! surface ( ! body 9 ! same mann] z !y are tak5 into x4 ,at fir/1 we are told1 our animal is only a simple cell1 9 fact t x is n a p]fect cell1 = z yet ! cell-k]nel or nucleus has n be5 sep>at$ f ! cell-sub/ance or protoplasm4 ,:5 its limit ( size has be5 rea*$ x multiplies by self-division1 or by simply break+ into p>ts1 ea* "p p]=m+ ! same functions ( nutrition & propagation z its pr$ecessor4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 a p>5t cell bur/s1 ! newly develop$ cells no long] sep>ate f x1 b1 by coh]+ to x & to ea* o!r1 =m a clu/] ( nucleat$ cells1 :ile ar\nd ?is aggregation ( units is =m$ a wall4 ,/ill its food is absorb$4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 a m\? & preh5sile organs = seiz+ its food are develop$1 & ! divisions betwe5 ! cells are conv]t$ into *annels or pipes ?r\gh :i* n\ri%m5t is convey$ to e "p ( ! body4 ,9 process ( "t1 limbs = locomotion appe>1 toge!r ) bones = lev]s1 & muscles = mov+ !m4 ,f9ally1 a bra9 & a he>t are evolv$1 & al?\gh at fir/ ! he>t appe>s z only a simple pulsat+ vessel1 lat] ?is animal f9ds itself ! possessor ( a p]fect sy/em ( dige/ion1 circulation1 & excretion1 by :i* food1 aft] hav+ be5 *ang$ into blood & arat$ or purifi$ by processes c>ri$ on 9 ! sy/em1 is pump$ to e "p ( ! body4 ,) ! =mation ( diff]5t *emical comb9ations1 & ! developm5t1 ?r\gh increas+ specialization ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( tissues1 & f9ally ( ! v>i\s organs1 t intimate relation%ip obs]v$ betwe5 ! p>ts 9 homog5e\s & less diff]5tiat$ /ructures no long] exi/s2 h5ce1 9 response to ! dem& = communication betwe5 ! v>i\s organs1 numb]less ?reads or fibres beg9 to /ret* !mselves ?r\gh ! muscles1 & collect+ 9 knots or c5tres 9 ! bra9 & sp9e1 e/abli% in/antane\s communication betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts1 & convey s5sation & feel+ ?r\gh\t ! entire organism4 ,a division ( lab\r has n[ be5 e/abli%$1 & ea* organ1 be+ 9 work+ ord] & fa%ion$ = its own special use1 p]=ms its sep>ate functions indep5d5tly1 al?\gh its activity is co-ord9at$ ) t ( all o!r organs 9 ! /ructure4 ,?is f> 9 ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>? sex has n be5 develop$1 or1 m correctly /at$1 z ! two sexes h n be5 sep>at$1 our animal is /ill &rogyn\s or h]maphrodite--! reproductive functions be+ conf9$ 9 "o & ! same individual4 ,)9 ?is little primeval animal1 ! prog5itor ( ! human race1 lay n only all ! possibilities :i* h ?us f> be5 realiz$ by mank9d1 b )9 x 7 embodi$ also ! 8promise & pot5cy0 ( all t progress :i* is yet to come1 & ( :i* man himself1 9 8 pres5t undevelop$ /ate1 may h only a dim =e%ad[+4 ,f ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( life on ! e>? to t ( ! sep>ation ( ! sexes1 myriads ( c5turies may h int]v5$4 ,only :5 ?r\gh a division ( lab\r ^! elem5ts became deta*$1 & ! special functions ( ea* 7 confid$ to two di/9ct & sep>ate individuals1 did ! indep5d5t hi/ory ( ! female & male sexes beg94 ,no fact is m pat5t1 at ! pres5t "t1 ?an t sex con/itutes ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ?r\gh\t nature4 ,al?\gh x may n be said ( ! simple/ =ms ( life t sexual diff]5ce has be5 e/abli%$1 yet we are assur$ t among ! ciliat$ ,infusorians 8male & female nucle> elem5ts h be5 di/+ui%$40 ,?is primitive condition1 h[ev]1 is suppos$ to be r a /ate antec$5t to sex ?an a union ( sexes 9 "o organism4 ,among all ! high] ord]s ( life1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 ! sex elem5ts1 female & male1 are recogniz$ z ! two great factors 9 creation4 ,z1 among all ! animals 9 :i* !re has be5 a sep>ation ( sexes1 !re has be5 e/abli%$ a division ( lab\r1 ! consequ5t specialization ( organs & ! diff]5tiation ( p>ts =m ! true l9e ( dem>cation 9 ! m>* ( ! two div]g+ columns4 ,d\btless 9 ! future1 :5 our k ( ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>? has become m ext5d$1 x w be f\nd t x is only by trac+ ! processes ( diff]5tiation ?r\gh\t ! two entire l9es ( developm5t t we may hope to unravel all ! my/]ies b\nd up 9 ! problem ( sex1 or to und]/& ! fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 "* & con/itution caus$ by ?is e>ly division ( lab\r4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,sex ,,diff]5ces ,we h obs]v$ t1 accord+ to naturali/s1 ! e>lie/ =ms ( life :i* appe>$ on ! e>? 7 &rogyn\s or h]maphrodite1 t ! two elem5ts necess>y = reproduction 7 orig9ally conf9$ )9 "o & ! same individual )9 :i* 7 c>ri$ on all ! functions ( reproduction4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 a division ( lab\r arose1 & ^! two orig9al functions became deta*$1 aft] :i* "t ! reproductive processes 7 c>ri$ on only ?r\gh ! comm+l+ ( elem5ts prep>$ by1 or develop$ )91 two sep>ate & di/9ct individuals4 ,z ! belief is ent]ta9$ by our guides 9 ?is matt] t great] diff]5tiation1 or specialization ( p>ts1 d5otes high] organization1 x is believ$ t ! division ( lab\r by :i* ! g]m is prep>$ by "o individual & ! sp]m by ano!r individual1 z is ! case at ! pres5t "t ) all ! high] ord]s ( life1 con/itutes an important /ep 9 ! l9e ( progress4 ,"h ?is l9e ( argum5t ceases1 &1 until v rec5t times1 conc]n+ ! c\rse ( developm5t foll[$ by ea* sex little has be5 he>d4 ,?is sil5ce on a subject ( su* vital importance to ! /ud5t ( biology is n p]haps difficult to und]/&2 ! conclusion1 h[ev]1 is unavoidable t ! individual :i* mu/ n\ri% & protect ! g]m1 & by processes c>ri$ on )9 h] own body provide n\ri%m5t = ! "y dur+ its pr5atal exi/5ce1 & sometimes = ye>s aft] bir?1 mu/ h ! m highly specializ$ organism1 & mu/1 !re=e1 repres5t ! high] /age ( developm5t4 ,inde$1 x is admitt$ by sci5ti/s t ! advance f ! egg-lay]s to ! milk-giv]s indicates "o ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 ! entire l9e ( developm5t2 & yet ! peculi> specialization ( /ructure necess>y = its accompli%m5t 0 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on )9 ! female organism4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( sex 9 ! individual organism little seems to be kn[n2 z a result1 h[ev]1 ( obs]vations on ! developm5t ( ! reproductive organs 9 ! high] v]tebrates1 & especially 9 birds1 x is believ$ t !re exi/s a 8/rict p>allelism betwe5 ! individual & ! racial hi/ory10--t ! ?ree ma9 /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ick1 viz43 7#a7 g]mi-p>ity1 7#b7 h]maphroditism1 & 7#c7 diff]5tiat$ unisexuality1 correspond to ! ?ree great /eps ( hi/oric evolution4 ,by a c>eful inve/igation ( ! facts connect$ ) ! developm5t ( unisexual =ms1 we are enabl$ to discov] ! e>ly beg9n+s ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! two sexes ?r\gh\t _! entire c\rse4 ,we are told t ) animals :i* h _! sexes sep>ate1 9 addition to /rictly sexual diff]5ce ! male possesses c]ta9 organs ( s5se or locomotion1 ( :i* ! female is q de/itute1 or has !m m highly develop$1 9 ord] t he may readily f9d or rea* h]2 or aga9 ! male has special organs ( preh5sion = hold+ h] securely4 ,^! latt] organs1 ( inf9itely div]sifi$ k9ds1 graduate into ^? :i* are commonly rank$ z prim>y4#d #d ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #bjg4 ,! female1 on ! o!r h&1 9 addition to ^? sexual *>act]s :i* are /rictly prim>y1 has 8organs = ! n\ri%m5t or protection ( h] "y1 su* z ! mamm>y gl&s ( mammals1 & ! abdom9al sacks ( ! m>supials40 ,9 addition to ^! %e is frequ5tly provid$ ) organs = ! def5ce ( ! community2 = in/ance1 8! females ( mo/ bees are provid$ ) a special app>atus = collect+ & c>ry+ poll51 & _! ovipositor is modifi$ into a /+ = ! def5ce ( ! l>v & ! community40 ,we are assur$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 t _m simil> cases c\ld be giv54#e #e ,ibid41 p4 #bjh4 ,"h1 !n1 ) almo/ ! fir/ or prim>y /ep t[>d sexual diff]5tiation1 may be obs]v$ ! e/abli%m5t ( t peculi> bias :i* ^u inve/igation w be se5 to ext5d all along ! two l9es ( sexual dem>cation1 & :i* 7to anticipate ! conclusions ( our argum5t71 z soon z mank9d is rea*$1 appe>s 9 ! male z extreme egoism or selfi%ness1 & 9 ! female z altruism or c>e = o!r individuals outside ( self4 ,we are assur$1 h[ev]1 t x is n alone to ! reproductive organs & _! functions t we are to look = ! *ief diff]5ces 9 ! con/itution & "* ( ! sexes4 ,nei!r is x entirely to ,natural ,selection t we are to seek = ! causes :i* und]lie ! specialization peculi> to ! two div]g+ l9es ( sexual dem>cation2 9 addition to prim>y sexual div]g5ces1 !re are also 8second>y sexual *>act]s0 :i* are ( great importance to _! possessor4 ,inde$1 f ! prom95ce giv5 to ,sexual ,selection by ,mr4 ,d>w91 x w\ld seem t x play$ a "p 9 ! developm5t ( males q equal to t ( ,natural ,selection itself4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,natural ,selection & ,sexual ,selection is t1 :]eas1 9 ! =m]1 *>act]s are develop$ & pres]v$ :i* are ( use to ! individual 9 ov]com+ ! unfav\rable conditions ( environm5t1 by ! latt]1 only ^? *>act]s are acquir$ & pres]v$ :i* assi/ ! individual 9 ov]com+ ! ob/acles to reproduction2 or1 to use ,mr4 ,d>w9's own language3 ,sexual ,selection dep5ds on ! advantage :i* c]ta9 individuals h ov] o!rs ( ! same sex & species solely 9 respect ( reproduction4444 ,:]e ! males h acquir$ _! pres5t /ructure1 n f be+ bett] fitt$ to survive 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 b f hav+ ga9$ an advantage ov] o!r males1 & f hav+ transmitt$ ?is advantage to _! male (fspr+ alone1 sexual selection mu/ "h h come into action4444 ,a slight degree ( v>iability lead+ to "s advantage1 h[ev] slight1 9 reit]at$ deadly conte/s w\ld suffice = ! "w ( sexual selection2 & x is c]ta9 t second>y sexual *>act]s are em95tly v>iable4 ,j z man c give beauty1 accord+ to 8 /&>d ( ta/e1 to 8 male p\ltry1 or m /rictly c modify ! beauty orig9ally acquir$ by ! p>5t species1 c give to ! ,sebright bantam a new & elegant plumage1 an erect & peculi> c>riage--s x appe>s ! female birds 9 a /ate ( nature1 h by a long selection ( ! m attractive males1 add$ to _! beauty or o!r attractive qualities4#f #f ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 pp4 #bji-baa4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 x is ?r\gh a long selection by females ( ! m attractive males t ! pres5t /ructure ( ! latt] has be5 acquir$4 ,if1 9 a %ort "t1 a man c give elegant c>riage & beauty to 8 bantams1 accord+ to 8 /&>d ( beauty1 he c see no reason to d\bt t female birds1 by select+ dur+ ?\s&s ( g5]ations ! mo/ melodi\s or beautiful males1 accord+ to _! /&>d ( beauty1 might produce a m>k$ effect4 ,he says3 ,to sum up on ! means ?r\gh :i*1 z f> z we c judge1 sexual selection has l$ to ! developm5t ( second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! l>ge/ numb] ( vigor\s (fspr+ w be re>$ f ! pair+ ( ! /ronge/ & be/ arm$ males1 victori\s 9 conte/s ov] o!r males1 ) ! mo/ vigor\s & be/-n\ri%$ females1 :i* are ! fir/ to bre$ 9 ! spr+4 ,if su* females select ! m attractive1 & at ! same "t vigor\s males1 !y w re> a l>g] numb] ( (fspr+ ?an ! ret>d$ females1 :i* mu/ pair ) ! less vigor\s & less attractive males4444 ,! advantage ?us ga9$ by ! m vigor\s pairs 9 re>+ a l>g] numb] ( (fspr+ has app>5tly suffic$ to r5d] sexual selection effici5t4#g #g ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #bbj4 ,al?\gh ! belief is common among naturali/s t ! appe>ance ( second>y sexual *>act]s belong+ to males is greatly influ5c$ by female *oice1 a majority ( writ]s ^u ?is subject are n 9 sympa?y ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! v>iations4 ,x is believ$ by !m t ,sexual ,selection 8may acc\nt = ! p]fect+1 b n = ! orig91 ( ^! *>act]s40 ,x is useless1 h[ev]1 to rehe>se ! op9ions ( ! v>i\s writ]s :o h dealt ) ?is subject4 ,x is p]haps suffici5t to /ate t ! great beauty ( males has usually be5 accept$ z evid5ce ( _! sup]iority ov] ! females4 ,9 8 *apt]1 8,! ,male g5]ally m ,modifi$ ?an ! ,female10 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 8,appe>ances w\ld indicate t n ! male :i* is mo/ attractive to ! female is *os51 b ! "o :i* is lea/ di/a/eful40 ,he says t ! av]sion ( female birds = c]ta9 males r5d]s ! season ( c\rt%ip "o ( great anxiety & discomfiture1 n only to _m ( ! m poorly end[$ aspirants1 b to ^? also :i* are m magnific5tly attir$--t ! pair+ gr\nd becomes a field ( battle1 ^u :i*1 :ile p>ad+ _! *>ms to ! be/ advantage1 is sacrific$ mu* ( ! gorge\s plumage ( ! conte/ants4 ,on ! woo+ gr\nd are display$ = ! admiration & approval ( ! females1 all ! physical attractions ( ! males1 z well z ! m5tal *>act]s correlat$ ) !m1 namely1 c\rage1 & pugnacity or p]sev]ance4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ) ! exception ( vanity1 no o!r quality is 9 any consid]able degree manife/$ by male birds1 b to su* an ext5t has love ( display be5 develop$ 9 _m ( !m1 notably ! pea-f[l1 t1 89 ! abs5ce ( females ( 8 own species1 he w %[ (f 8 f9]y be=e p\ltry & ev5 pigs40 ,we are assur$ t ! high] we asc5d 9 ! animal k+dom ! m frequ5t & m viol5t become two desires 9 ! male3 8! desire ( appe>+ beautiful1 & t ( driv+ away rivals40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( developm5t1 because ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! female among ! l[] ord]s ( life to ! processes ( c\rt%ip1 x has be5 necess>y = ! male to exp5d mu* en]gy or vital =ce 9 se>*+ = h]--9 cont5d+ ) 8 rivals = possession ( h] p]son1 & 9 p]=m+ v>i\s acts to please h] & secure h] fav\rs4 ,:ile excessive eag]ness 9 c\rt%ip is ! "o all-absorb+ "* ( male fi%es1 birds1 & mammals1 we are assur$ t ) ! females1 pair+ is n only a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 b t c\rt%ip is actually di/a/eful to !m1 &1 !re=e1 t ! =m] mu/ resort to ! v>i\s means ref]r$ to 9 ord] to induce ! latt] to submit to _! advances4 ,we are in=m$ t ! female is sometimes *>m$ ?r\gh ! p[] ( song2 t at o!r times %e is captivat$ by ! div]sifi$ means :i* h be5 acquir$ by male insects & birds = produc+ v>i\s s\nds resembl+ ^? proce$+ f c]ta9 k9ds ( musical in/rum5ts2 & n unfrequ5tly %e is won by means ( antics or love dances p]=m$ on ! gr\nd or 9 ! air4 ,on ! pair+-gr\nd1 combs1 wattles1 elongat$ plumes1 top-knots1 & fancy-col\r$ fea!rs are p>ad$ = ! admiration & approval ( ! females4 ,l$ by ! all-absorb+ in/9ct ( desire1 ! males display _! *>ms ) elaborate c>e & to ! be/ effect2 & ?is is done 9 ! pres5ce ( ! females4444 ,to suppose t ! females d n appreciate ! beauty ( ! males1 is to admit t _! spl5did decorations1 & all _! pomp & display1 are useless2 & ?is is incr$ible4#h #h ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #dif4 ,topknots1 gaudy fea!rs1 elongat$ plumes among birds1 huge tusks1 horns1 etc41 among mammals1 ! mane ( ! lion1 & ! be>d ( man1 may be notic$ among ! _m *>act]s :i* h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection4 ,al?\gh ! imm5se tee?1 tusks1 horns1 & v>i\s o!r weapons or app5dages :i* ornam5t ! males ( _m species ( mammals1 h all be5 develop$ ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection = cont5d+ ) _! rivals = ! fav\rs ( ! females1 x is obs]v$ t ! 8mo/ pugnaci\s & be/ arm$ males seldom dep5d = success on _! ability to drive away or kill _! rivals10 b t _! special aim is to 8*>m ! female40 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes f a 8good obs]v]10 :o believes t ! battles ( male birds 8are all a %am1 p]=m$ to %[ !mselves to ! greate/ advantage be=e ! admir+ females :o assemble ar\nd40#i #i ,ibid41 p4 #cfg4 ,9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man is quot$ ! foll[+ f ,mr4 ,belt1 :o1 aft] describ+ ! beauty ( ! ,florisuga mellivora1 says3 ,i h se5 ! female sitt+ on a bran*1 & two males display+ _! *>ms 9 front ( h]4 ,"o w\ld %oot up l a rocket1 !n sudd5ly exp&+ ! sn[-:ite tail1 l an inv]t$ p>a*ute1 sl[ly desc5d 9 front ( h]1 turn+ r\nd gradually to %[ (f back & front4444 ,! exp&$ :ite tail cov]$ m space ?an all ! re/ ( ! bird1 & 0 evid5tly ! gr& feature 9 ! p]=mance4 ,:il/ "o male 0 desc5d+1 ! o!r w\ld %oot up & come sl[ly d[n exp&$4 ,! ent]ta9m5t w\ld end 9 a fight betwe5 ! two p]=m]s2 b :e!r ! mo/ beautiful or ! mo/ pugnaci\s 0 ! accept$ suitor1 ,i "k n4#aj #aj ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #ddc4 ,audubon1 :o sp5t a long life 9 obs]v+ birds1 has no d\bt t ! female delib]ately *ooses h] mate4 ,( ! woodpeck] he says ! h5 is foll[$ by half a doz5 suitors1 :o cont9ue p]=m+ /range antics 8until a m>k$ pref]5ce is %[n = "o40 ,( ! r$-w+$ />l+ x is said t %e is pursu$ by sev]al males 8until1 becom+ fatigu$1 %e alights1 receives _! addresses1 & soon makes a *oice40#aa ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes fur!r f ,audubon1 :o says t among ! ,virg9ia goat-suck]s1 no soon] has ! female 8made h] *oice ?an h] approv$ gives *ase to all intrud]s1 & drives !m beyond 8 dom9ions40 #aa ,ibid41 p4 #daf4 ,x is said t among mammals ! male dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u 8 /r5g? & c\rage to 8*>m ! female40 ,) ref]5ce to ! /ruggles betwe5 animals = ! possession ( ! females1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 ,?is fact is s notori\s t x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give in/ances4 ,h5ce ! females h ! opportunity ( select+ "o out ( sev]al males1 on ! supposition t _! m5tal capacity suffices = ! ex]tion ( a *oice4#ab #ab ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #bab4 ,we are assur$ t among ne>ly all ! l[] ord]s ( life ! female exhibits a m>k$ pref]5ce = c]ta9 individuals1 & t an equal degree ( repugnance is manife/$ t[>ds o!rs1 b t ! male1 ^: pr$om9ant "* is desire1 8is ready to pair ) any female40 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 8,! g5]al impression seems to be t ! male accepts any female40 ,he says x frequ5tly occurs t :ile two males are fight+ toge!r to w9 ! fav\rs ( a female1 %e goes away ) a ?ird = :om %e has a pref]5ce4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes f ,capta9 ,bryant1 :o says ( a c]ta9 species ( seals3 ,_m ( ! females on _! arrival at ! isl& :]e !y bre$1 appe> desir\s ( return+ to "s p>ticul> male1 & frequ5tly climb ! outly+ rock to ov]look ! rook]ies1 call+ out & li/5+ z if = a famili> voice4 ,!n *ang+ to ano!r place !y d ! same aga94#ac #ac ,ibid41 p4 #ebc4 ,little seems to be kn[n ( ! c\rt%ip ( animals 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,among dome/icat$ species1 h[ev]1 _m obs]vations h be5 made by bre$]s go+ to prove t ! female ex]ts a *oice 9 pair+4 ,conc]n+ dogs1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes f ,mr4 ,mayhew1 :o says3 8,! females are able to be/[ _! affections2 & t5d] recollections are z pot5t ov] !m z !y are kn[n to be 9 o!r cases :]e high] animals are conc]n$40 ,( ! affection ( female dogs = c]ta9 males ! same writ] says x 8becomes ( m ?an romantic endurance10 t !y manife/ a 8devotion :i* no "t c aft]w>ds subdue40 ,on conclud+ 8 *apt] on *oice 9 pair+ among quadrup$s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 ,x is improbable t ! unions ( quadrup$s 9 a /ate ( nature %\ld be left to m]e *ance4 ,x is mu* m probable t ! females are allur$ or excit$ by p>ticul> males1 :o possess c]ta9 *>act]s 9 a high] degree ?an o!r males4#ad #ad ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #ebe4 ,z ! female among birds selects h] p>tn]1 he ?9ks x w\ld be a /range anomaly if among quadrup$s1 :i* /& high] 9 ! scale & h high] m5tal p[]s1 %e did n also ex]t a *oice4#ae #ae ,x %\ld be not$1 9 pass+1 t1 accord+ to ?is reason+1 ! female ( ! human species w\ld also be likely to ex]cise h] w p[] 9 ! selection ( a mate4 ,evid5ces are inde$ at h& go+ to prove t until a comp>atively rec5t "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race wom5 controll$ ! sexual relation4 ,z w be %[n 9 ,"p ,,ii41 dur+ ! primitive ages ( human exi/5ce ! position ( woman 0 mu* high] ?an 0 t occupi$ by man4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ages1 & "u m natural conditions1 wom5 select$ _! mates1 & among ! human species1 z among ! l[] ord]s1 x became necess>y = ! male to please ! female if he w\ld w9 h] fav\rs2 h5ce1 ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection1 x is believ$1 0 acquir$ ! great] size ( man4 ,because ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! female to ! att5tions ( ! male1 9 ord] to c>ry on ! processes ( reproduction1 x 0 necess>y among ! l[] ord]s t ! male become eag] 9 8 pursuit ( h]1 & z a result ( ?is eag]ness excessive passion 0 develop$ 9 him4 ,z ! mo/ eag] w\ld be ! mo/ successful 9 propagat+1 !y w\ld leave ! greate/ numb] ( (fspr+ to inh]it _! *>act]s--namely1 9 males1 passion & pugnacity correlat$ ) ! physical qualities acquir$ ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection4 ,on ! subject ( ! acquirem5t ( second>y sexual *>act]s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 8,! great eag]ness ( ! males has ?us indirectly l$ to _! mu* m frequ5tly develop+ second>y sexual *>act]s40 ,inde$1 by all naturali/s1 ! fact is recogniz$ t ! appe>ance ( ^! *>act]s is closely connect$ ) ! reproductive function4 ,lat] exp]im5ts h confirm$ ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 conc]n+ ! intellig5ce ( ! female among ! l[] ord]s ( life4 ,among ^! exp]im5ts are ^? rec5tly made by ,pr(essor ,h>p]1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,biology1 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ,h>p] ann\nces t 9 all ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by him1 ! female animal %[$ a great] degree ( p]ception1 or intellig5ce1 ?an ! male4 ,he says3 8,9 all my exp]im5ts1 ,i f\nd t ! female display$ a rem>kable quickness 9 grasp+ ideas :i* ! male aft] num]\s sluggi% ef=ts f9ally accompli%$40 ,pr(essor ,h>p] decl>$ t ^! facts reg>d+ animals apply ) equal =ce to human be+s4 ,reg>d+ ! p[] ( ! female to appreciate ! beauty ( ! males1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 ,no d\bt ?is implies p[]s ( discrim9ation & ta/e on ! "p ( ! female :i* w at fir/ appe> extremely improbable2 b by ! facts to be adduc$ h]eaft]1 ,i hope to be able to %[ t ! females actually h ^! p[]s4#af #af ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #baa4 ,9 comm5t+ on ! fact t ! female ,argus pheasant appreciates ! exquisite %ad+ ( ! ball-&-socket ornam5ts1 & ! elegant patt]ns on ! w+-fea!rs ( ! male1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3 ,he :o ?9ks t ! male 0 creat$ z he n[ exi/s1 mu/ admit t ! great plumes :i* prev5t ! w+s f be+ us$ = flight1 & :i* are display$ at c\rt%ip & at no o!r "t1 9 a mann] q peculi> to ?is species1 7 giv5 to him z ornam5ts4 ,if s he mu/ likewise admit t ! female 0 creat$ & end[$ ) ! capacity = appreciat+ su* ornam5ts4 ,e "o :o admits ! pr9ciple ( evolution1 & yet feels great difficulty 9 believ+ ! high ta/e impli$ by ! beauty ( ! males1 & :i* g5]ally co9cides ) our own /&>d1 %\ld reflect t ! n]ve cells ( ! bra9 9 ! highe/ z 9 ! l[e/ memb]s ( ! v]tebrate s]ies are d]iv$ f ^? ( ! common prog5itor ( ?is great k+dom4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! rem>kable patt]ns display$ on ! male ,argus pheasant1 designs :i* h be5 develop$ ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 ,_m w decl>e t x is utt]ly incr$ible t a female bird %\ld be able to appreciate f9e %ad+ & exquisite patt]ns4 ,x is und\bt$ly a m>vell\s fact t %e %\ld possess ?is almo/ human degree ( ta/e4 ,he :o ?9ks t he c safely gauge ! discrim9ation & ta/e ( ! l[] animals may d5y t ! female ,argus pheasant c appreciate su* ref9$ beauty2 b he w !n be compell$ to admit t ! extraord9>y attitudes assum$ by ! male dur+ ! act ( c\rt%ip1 by :i* ! wond]ful beauty ( 8 plumage is fully display$1 are purposeless2 & ?is is a conclusion :i* ,i1 = "o1 w nev] admit4#ag #ag ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #djj4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! female bird we see develop$ 9 a rem>kable degree ! p[] ( discrim9ation1 ! ex]cise ( ta/e1 a s5se ( beauty1 & ! ability to *oose--qualities :i* ! facts br\ght =w>d by sci5ti/s %[ conclusively to h be5 acquir$ by ! female & by h] transmitt$ to h] (fspr+4 ,reg>d+ males1 outside ! in/9ct = self-pres]vation1 :i*1 by ! way1 is (t5 ov]%ad[$ by _! great sexual eag]ness1 no di/+ui%+ *>act]s h be5 acquir$ & transmitt$1 o!r ?an ^? :i* h be5 ! result ( passion1 namely1 pugnacity & p]sev]ance4 ,?is excessive eag]ness :i* prompts !m to p>ade _! *>ms :5ev] su* display is likely to aid !m 9 ! gratification ( _! desires is develop$ only 9 ! male l9e4 ,accord+ to ! law ( h]$ity1 ^? modifications ( ! male :i* h be5 ! result ( ,sexual ,selection appe> only 9 ! sex 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 ,x w be well = u to rememb] t accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( pang5esis1 sexes d n diff] mu* 9 con/itution be=e ! p[] ( reproduction is rea*$1 b t aft] ?is "t ! undevelop$ atoms or gemmules :i* are ca/ (f f ea* v>y+ "p 9 ! "o sex w\ld be mu* m likely to possess ! prop] aff9ities = unit+ ) ! tissues ( ! same sex1 & ?us becom+ develop$1 ?an ) ^? ( ! opposite sex4#ah #ah ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #bcb4 ,we are giv5 to und]/& t second>y sexual *>act]s are extremely v>iable1 also t v>iability d5otes l[ organization2 second>y sexual *>act]s indicate t ! v>i\s organs ( ! /ructure h n become specializ$ = ! p]=mance ( _! legitimate functions4 ,highly specializ$ =ms are n v>iable4 ,to sum up ! argum5t ?us f>3 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( ! sexes1 & ! consequ5t division ( lab\r1 !re h be5 e/abli%$ two div]g+ l9es ( developm5t4 ,:ile ! male pheasant has be5 inh]it+ f 8 male prog5itors fanta/ic ball-&-socket ornam5ts1 & huge w+s :i* are utt]ly useless = _! legitimate purpose1 ! female1 9 ! meantime1 has be5 receiv+ z h] inh]itance only ^? peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* t5d t[>d un9t]rupt$ developm5t4 ,)9 h] h be5 /or$ or cons]v$ all ! ga9 :i* has be5 effect$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection1 & z a result ( great] specialization ( p>ts1 !re h be5 develop$ c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 h] bra9 n]ve-cells1 by :i* %e is enabl$ to ex]cise functions requir+ a consid]able degree ( intellig5ce4 ,al?\gh ?is p[] ( *oice1 :i* we are giv5 to und]/& is ex]cis$ by ! female ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! v]tebrate k+dom 7evid5ces ( x hav+ be5 obs]v$ among creatures ev5 z l[ 9 ! organic scale z fi%es71 implies a degree ( intellig5ce f> 9 advance ( t manife/$ by males1 x is admitt$ t ! qualities :i* bespeak ?is sup]iority1 namely1 ! p[] to ex]cise ta/e & discrim9ation1 con/itute a 8law almo/ z g5]al z ! eag]ness ( ! male40#ai #ai ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #bbb4 ,we are assur$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 t 9 ! economy ( nature ^? ornam5ts ( ! male ,argus pheasant :i* s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to please ! female & secure h] fav\rs1 & :i* h be5 acquir$ at great exp5se ( vital =ce1 are ( ! 8highe/ importance to him10 & t 8 success 9 captivat+ ! female 8has m ?an comp5sat$ him = 8 greatly imp$$ p[] ( flight & 8 less5$ capacity = runn+40 ,yet x is pla9 t 8 comp5sation = ?is imm5se exp5diture ( vital =ce has n la9 9 ! direction ( high] specialization1 b t :ile by ! acquirem5t ( ^! *>act]s ! processes ( reproduction h d\btless be5 aid$1 ! injury to ! male con/itution has be5 deep & la/+4 ,^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself says3 ,! developm5t1 h[ev]1 ( c]ta9 /ructures--( ! horns1 = in/ance1 9 c]ta9 /ags--has be5 c>ri$ to a wond]ful extreme2 & 9 "s cases to an extreme :i*1 z f> z ! g5]al conditions ( life are conc]n$1 mu/ be slightly injuri\s to ! male4#bj #bj ,ibid41 p4 #bbg4 ,he ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t ,natural ,selection w det]m9e t su* *>act]s %all n be acquir$ by ! victori\s males if !y w\ld be highly injuri\s1 ei!r by exp5d+ too mu* ( _! vital p[]s or by expos+ !m to any great dang]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 z ^! *>act]s enable !m to leave a m num]\s prog5y1 _! advantages are 9 ! long run great] ?an ^? d]iv$ f m p]fect adaptation to _! conditions ( life4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ?is advantage1 al?\gh x enables !m to gratify _! desires1 & at ! same "t to p]petuate _! species1 does n imply high] developm5t = ! male organism4 ,we h be5 assur$ by our guides 9 ^! matt]s t 9 ! processes ( evolution !re is no cont9u\s or unbrok5 *a9 ( progress1 t gr[? or *ange does n necess>ily imply developm5t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 only z a /ructure becomes bett] fitt$ = its conditions1 & only z its organs become m highly specializ$ = ! p]=mance ( all ! duties involv$ 9 its environm5t1 may x be said to be 9 ! l9e ( progress4 ,if ?is be true1 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! fact t z second>y sexual *>act]s d n assi/ _! possessor 9 ov]com+ ! unfav\rable conditions ( 8 environm5t1 !y are n )9 ! l9e ( true developm5t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z _! gr[? requires a great exp5diture ( vital =ce1 &1 z is ! case among birds1 !y (t5 h9d] ! free use ( ! legs 9 runn+ & walk+1 & entirely de/roy ! use ( ! w+s = flight1 !y mu/ be detrim5tal to ! entire /ructure4 ,= ! reason t females h manag$ to d )\t !m1 ! plea t ! great tusks1 horns1 tee?1 etc41 ( mammals h be5 acquir$ = self-def5ce1 is sc>cely t5able4 ,on ! subject ( ! relative exp5diture ( vital =ce 9 ! two l9es ( sexual dem>cation1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 ,! female has to exp5d mu* organic matt] 9 ! =mation ( h] ova1 :]eas ! male exp5ds mu* =ce 9 fi]ce conte/s ) 8 rivals1 9 w&]+ ab\t 9 se>* ( ! female1 9 ex]t+ 8 voice1 p\r+ out odorif]\s secretions1 etc4444 ,9 mank9d1 & ev5 z l[ d[n 9 ! organic scale z 9 ! ,lepidopt]a1 ! temp]ature ( ! body is high] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female1 accompani$ 9 ! case ( man by a sl[] pulse4#ba ,yet he concludes3 8,on ! :ole ! exp5diture ( matt] & =ce by ! two sexes is probably ne>ly equal1 ?\gh effect$ 9 v diff]5t ways & at diff]5t rates40#ba #ba ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #bbd4 ,h[ev]1 z has be5 obs]v$1 ! =ce exp5d$ by ! male 9 fi]ce conte/s ) 8 rivals1 9 w&]+ ab\t 9 se>* ( ! female1 & 9 8 ex]tions to please h] :5 f\nd1 does n con/itute ! only outlay ( vitality to :i* he is subject$2 b 9 addition to all ?is1 !re /ill rema9s to be consid]$ t =ce :i* has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! acquirem5t ( *>act]s :i*1 s f> z 8 own developm5t is conc]n$1 are useless & worse ?an useless2 namely1 9 birds1 combs1 wattles1 elongat$ plumes1 great w+s1 etc41 & 9 mammals great horns1 tusks1 & tee?--app5dages :i* lie outside ! l9e ( true developm5t1 &1 z we h se51 are ( no avail except to aid 9 ! processes ( reproduction & to assi/ him 9 ! gratification ( 8 desires2 9 fact1 z ^! excresc5ces h9d] him 9 ! p]=mance ( ! ord9>y functions ( life1 !y may be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( actual h9drances to high] developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,male ,,organic ,,defects ,we h obs]v$ t ?r\gh ! great sexual ard\r develop$ at pub]ty )9 ! male ( ! l[] species1 numb]less v>iations ( /ructure h be5 acquir$1 *>act]s :i*1 z !y are ! result ( undevelop$ atoms ca/ (f f ! v>y+ p>ts 9 8 prog5itors1 d5ote l[ organization4 ,we h se5 also t ^! *>act]s require = _! gr[? an imm5se am\nt ( vital =ce1 :i*1 _h ! developm5t ( ! male be5 normal1 w\ld h be5 exp5d$ 9 p]fect+ ! organism1 or w\ld h be5 utiliz$ 9 fitt+ x to ov]come ! adv]se conditions ( 8 environm5t4 ,second>y sexual *>act]s1 be+ s f> z males are conc]n$1 :olly ! result ( eag]ness 9 c\rt%ip1 _c appe> be=e ! "t = reproduction arrives1 & z x is a law ( h]$ity t peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* are develop$ late 9 life1 :5 transmitt$ to (fspr+1 appe> only 9 ! sex 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 ^! v>iations ( /ructure are conf9$ to males4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory little diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! sexes until ! age ( reproduction arrives4 ,x is at ?is "t1 ! "t :5 ! second>y sexual *>act]s beg9 to ass]t !mselves1 t ! prepond]at+ sup]iority ( ! male beg9s to manife/ itself4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 v>iability d5otes l[ organization & %[s t ! v>i\s organs ( ! body h n become specializ$ to p]=m prop]ly _! legitimate functions1 x is to *>act]s correlat$ ) & dep5d5t ^u ^! v>y+ p>ts t ! male has ultimately become sup]ior to ! female4 ,if ^! *>act]s1 namely1 pugnacity1 p]sev]ance1 & c\rage h be5 su* important factors 9 e/abli%+ male sup]iority1 too mu* c>e may n be ex]cis$ 9 analyz+ !m & 9 trac+ _! orig9 & subsequ5t developm5t4 ,sexual ,selection resembles artificial selection save t ! female takes ! "p ( ! human bre$]4 ,%e repres5ts ! intellig5t factor or cause 9 ! op]ations involv$4 ,if ?is be true1 if x is ?r\gh h] w1 or ?r\gh "s ag5cy or t5d5cy lat5t 9 h] con/itution t ,sexual ,selection comes into play1 !n %e is ! prim>y cause ( ! v *>act]s ?r\gh :i* man's sup]iority ov] woman has be5 ga9$4 ,z a /ream may n rise high] ?an its s\rce1 or z ! creature may n surpass its creator 9 excell5ce1 x is difficult to und]/& ! processes by :i* man1 ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection1 has become sup]ior to woman4 ,he :o admits ! pr9ciple ( ,sexual ,selection w be l$ to ! rem>kable conclusion t ! n]v\s sy/em n only regulates mo/ ( ! exi/+ functions ( ! body1 b has indirectly influ5c$ ! progressive developm5t ( v>i\s bodily /ructures & c]ta9 m5tal qualities4 ,c\rage1 pugnacity1 p]sev]ance1 /r5g? & size ( body1 weapons ( all k9ds1 musical organs1 bo? vocal & in/rum5tal1 bright col\rs1 & ornam5tal app5dages h all be5 indirectly ga9$ by ! "o sex or ! o!r1 ?r\gh ! ex]tion ( *oice1 ! influ5ce ( love & jeal\sy1 & ! appreciation ( ! beautiful 9 s\nd1 col\r1 or =m2 & ^! p[]s ( ! m9d manife/ly dep5d on ! developm5t ( ! bra94#bb #bb ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #fag4 ,:ile ! female has be5 p]=m+ ! high] functions 9 ! processes ( reproduction1 ?r\gh h] =ce ( w1 or ?r\gh h] p[] ( *oice1 %e has also be5 ! direct+ & controll+ ag5cy 9 ! developm5t ( ^? *>act]s 9 ! male ?r\gh :i*1 :5 ! human species 0 rea*$1 he 0 enabl$ to atta9 a limit$ degree ( progress4 ,s9ce ! orig9 ( second>y sexual *>act]s is s cle>ly manife/1 p]haps x w be well = u at ?is po9t to exam9e also _! actual significance1 t we may be enabl$ to note ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! dogma ( male sup]iority re/s4 ,al?\gh ! gay col\r+ ( male birds & fi%es has usually be5 reg>d$ z an indication ( _! sup]iority ov] _! sombre-col\r$ mates1 lat] inve/igations are prov+ t ^! pigm5ts repres5t simply unspecializ$ mat]ial1 & an ef=t ( ! sy/em to ca/ out ! wa/e products :i* h accumulat$ z a result ( excessive ard\r 9 c\rt%ip4 ,! same is true ( combs1 wattles1 & o!r sk9 excresc5ces2 !y %[ a fev]i% condition ( ! sk9 9 ! ov]-excit$ males1 ^: temp]ature is usually mu* high] ?an is t ( females4 ,we are assur$ t ! sk9 eruptions ( male fi%es at ! spawn+ season 8seem m pa?ological ?an decorative40#bc ,9 ! processes ( reproduction1 ! undevelop$ atoms giv5 (f f ea* v>y+ "p are reproduc$ only 9 ! male l9e4 #bc ,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 #ahij1 p4 #bd4 ,! beautiful col\r+ ( male birds & fi%es1 & ! v>i\s app5dages acquir$ by males ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ord]s bel[ man1 & :i*1 s f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$1 s]ve no o!r useful purpose ?an to aid !m 9 secur+ ! fav\rs ( ! females1 h by ! latt] be5 turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! processes ( reproduction4 ,! female made ! male beautiful t %e might endure 8 c>esses4 ,f ! facts elaborat$ by our guides 9 ?is matt]1 x w\ld seem t ! female is ! prim>y unit ( creation1 & t ! male functions are simply supplem5tal or complem5t>y4 ,p>!nog5esis among _m ( ! l[] =ms ( life w\ld seem to fav\r ?is view4 ,we are giv5 to und]/& t "u conditions fav\r+ katabolism1 ! males among ,rotif]a we> !mselves out1 "u :i* conditions ! females become katabolic en\gh to d )\t !m4 ,among ! common ,rotif]a1 ! males are almo/ always v diff]5t f ! females1 & mu* small]4 ,sometimes !y seem to h dw9dl$ out ( exi/5ce altoge!r1 = only ! females are kn[n4 ,9 o!r cases1 ?\gh pres5t1 !y entirely fail to accompli% _! prop] function ( f]tilization1 &1 z p>!nog5esis obta9s1 are n only m9ute1 b useless4#bd #bd ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 #ahij1 p4 #bj4 ,s long z food is pl5tiful1 ! females cont9ue to raise p>!nog5etic (fspr+1 b ) ! adv5t ( h>d times1 :5 food is sc>ce or ( a poor quality1 ! p>!nog5etic s]ies is int]rupt$ by ! appe>ance ( males4 ,al?\gh1 unaid$ by ! male1 ! female ( c]ta9 species is able to reproduce1 he has nev] be5 able to propagate )\t h] co-op]ation4 ,conc]n+ ! conditions :i* und]lie ! production ( females & males we h ! foll[+ f ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 by ,g$des & ,?omson3 ,su* conditions z defici5t or abnormal food1 high temp]ature1 defici5t light1 moi/ure1 & ! l1 are obvi\sly su* z w\ld t5d to induce a prepond]ance ( wa/e ov] repair--a katabolic habit ( body1--& ^! conditions t5d to result 9 ! production ( males4 ,simil>ly1 ! oppos$ set ( factors1 su* z abundant & ri* nutrition1 abundant light & moi/ure1 fav\r con/ructive processes1 i4e41 make = an anabolic habit1 & ^! conditions result 9 ! production ( females4#be #be ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 p4 #ej4 ,among ! l[] ord]s ( animal life1 notably insects1 we are assur$ t an excess ( females d5otes an excess ( =mative =ce1 & t an excess ( males indicates a defici5cy on ! "p ( ! p>5ts4 ,9 ! case ( bees1 ! que51 :i* is ! highe/ developm5t1 is produc$ only "u ! be/ circum/ances ( nutrition1 :ile ! bir? ( ! drone1 :i* is ! l[e/ result ( propagation1 is prec$$ by extremely l[ conditions4 ,! work+ bee :i*1 be+ an imp]fect female1 may n be impregnat$1 w1 h[ev]1 give bir? to p>!nog5etic (fspr+1 su* (fspr+ always be+ male4 ,9 ! case ( ,aphides1 ! sex dep5ds on ! conditions ( nutrition4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s :ile food is pl5tiful & nutriti\s1 females are p>!nog5etically produc$1 b ) ! return ( autumn & ! att5dant sc>city ( food1 toge!r ) ! l[ temp]ature1 only males are br\ght =?4 ,9 seasons 9 :i* food is abundant1 ,cladoc]a & ,aphides lose ! p[] to copulate2 !y nev]!less multiply p>!nog5etically at a m>vell\s rate ( increase1 giv+ bir? to g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( p>!nog5etic females1 s long z ! environm5t rema9s fav\rable1 b giv+ bir?1 z soon z ! conditions ( life become less fav\rable1 to males & to females :i* require f]tilization4#bf #bf ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,brooks1 ,pop4 ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxvi41 p4 #cbg4 ,x is /at$ also t if cat]pill>s are %ut up & />v$ be=e ent]+ ! *rysalis /age1 ! butt]flies :i* make _! appe>ance are males1 :ile ! highly n\ri%$ cat]pill>s are sure to come out females4 ,9 ! case ( mo?s unnutriti\s food produces only males4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t :5 tadpoles are left to !mselves ! av]age numb] ( females is ab\t fifty-sev5 9 ! hundr$1 b t "u fav\rable conditions ! p]c5tage ( females is greatly increas$4 ,! foll[+ is ! result ( "o s]ies ( obs]vations by ,yung4 ,9 ! fir/ brood1 by fe$+ "o set ) beef1 ! p]c5tage ( females 0 rais$ f fifty-f\r to sev5ty-eight2 9 ! second1 ) fi%1 ! p]c5tage rose f sixty-"o to eighty-"o1 :i* 9 ! ?ird set1 :5 ! nutriti\s fle% ( frogs 0 suppli$1 only eight males 7 produc$ to n9ety-two females4#bg #bg ,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 #ahij1 p4 #db4 ,x is /at$ t al?\gh sc>city ( food is an important factor 9 det]m9+ ! appe>ance ( males1 temp]ature also plays an important "p 9 _! production4 ,kurg hav+ f\nd a few males 9 midsumm] 9 pools :i* 7 ne>ly dri$ up 0 induc$ to attempt _! artificial production4 ,s successful 0 he1 t 8he obta9$ ! males ( =ty species1 9 all ( :i* ! males _h previ\sly be5 unkn[n40 ,he prov$ t any unfav\rable *ange 9 ! wat] causes ! production ( males1 :i* appe> z x dries up1 z its *emical con/itution *anges1 :5 x acquires an unfav\rable temp]ature1 or1 9 g5]al1 :5 !re is a decrease 9 prosp]ity4 ,f :i* obs]vations & _m o!rs quot$ f ,dr+1 ,pr(essor ,brooks concludes t 8among animals & plants1 z well z 9 mank9d1 a fav\rable environm5t causes an excess ( female bir?s1 & an unfav\rable environm5t an excess ( male bir?s40#bh ,accord+ to ,rolph1 also1 ! p]c5tage ( females increases ) ! increase ( fav\rable conditions ( temp]ature & food4 #bh ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxvi41 p4 #cbh4 ,among insects ! males appe> fir/1 ?us %[+ t less "t is requir$ to develop !m f ! l>val /ate4 ,( ?is ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 8,?r\gh\t ! great class ( insects ! males almo/ always are ! fir/ to em]ge f ! pupal /ate1 s t !y g5]ally ab\nd = a "t be=e any female c be se540#bi #bi ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #bab4 ,rec5t obs]vations %[ t among ! human species nutrition plays a significant "p 9 det]m9+ sex4 ,/ati/ics prove t 9 t[ns & 9 well-to-d families !re is a prepond]ance ( girls1 :ile 9 ! c\ntry1 & among ! poor1 m boys are born2 also1 t imm$iately foll[+ epidemics1 w>s1 & fam9es1 !re is an excess ( male bir?s4 ,on exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ,saxony 8! ratio ( boy-bir?s rose & fell ) ! price ( food1 & t ! v>iation 0 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! c\ntry40#cj #cj ,w4 ,k4 ,brooks1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxvi41 p4 #cbf4 ,t ! female repres5ts a high] developm5t ?an ! male is prov$ ?r\gh\t all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( nature4 ,among plants1 /am9ate fl[]s op5 be=e pi/illate1 & are mu* m abundant1 & less diff]5tiat$ f ! leaves1 %[+ t !y are less develop$1 & t slight] ef=t1 a less exp5diture ( =ce1 is necess>y to =m ! male ?an ! female4 ,a male fl[] repres5ts an int]m$iate /age betwe5 a leaf & a p]fect1 or we might say1 a female fl[]1 & ! g]m :i* produces ! male w\ld1 9 a high] /age1 produce ! female4#ca ,9 ref]5ce to ! subject ( ! relative positions ( ! female & male fl[]s 9 ! ,s$ges1 ,mr4 ,meehan obs]ves3 #ca ,?omas ,meehan1 ,native ,fl[]s & ,f]ns1 vol4 i41 p4 #dg4 ,9 "s cases ! spike ( ! male fl[]s t]m9ates ! scape2 9 o!rs ! male fl[]s occupy ! l[] place2 9 o!rs1 aga9 !y h v>i\s places on ! same spike4 ,x w be g5]ally not$ t ?is is associat$ toge!r ) l9es ( nutrition1--^? evid5tly fav\r$ by comp>ative abundance su/a9+ ! female fl[]s4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,meehan adds3 ,& ?is is inde$ a natural consequ5ce1 =1 z vitality exi/s s mu* long] 9 ! female ?an ! male fl[]s1 :i* g5]ally die :5 ! poll5 has matur$1 x is ess5tial t !y %\ld h e advantage 9 ?is respect4#cb #cb ,native ,fl[]s & ,f]ns1 vol4 i41 p4 #ci4 ,! mo/ p]fect & vigor\s specim5s ( conif]\s trees are ( ! female k9d4 ,9 its highe/ & mo/ luxuriant /age ! l>* be>s only female blossoms1 b s soon z its vig\r is lo/ male fl[]s appe>1 aft] :i* dea? soon ensues4 ,9 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 by ,g$des & ,?omson1 is ! foll[+3 ,9 phraseology :i* w pres5tly become m intelligible & concrete1 ! males live at a loss1 are m katabolic1--disruptive *anges t5d+ to prepond]ate 9 ! sum ( *anges 9 _! liv+ matt] or protoplasm4 ,! females1 on ! o!r h&1 live at a pr(it1 are m anabolic1--con/ructive processes pr$om9at+ 9 _! life1 :5ce inde$ ! capacity ( be>+ (fspr+4#cc #cc ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 #ahij1 p4 #bf4 ,among ! l[] ord]s ( animals1 !re appe>s an excess ( males1 & among ! high] =ms ( life1 man includ$1 ! fact t ! male is ! result ( ! crud]1 less develop$ g]m1 has be5 cle>ly %[n1 n alone by ! facts br\ght =w>d by ,mr4 ,d>w91 b by ^? enunciat$ by all reliable writ]s on ?is subject4 ,z a result ( ! excessive eag]ness 9 males1 & ! consequ5t exp5diture ( vital =ce among ! l[] ord]s ( life to f9d ! female & secure h] fav\rs1 !y are g5]ally small] 9 size1 ) a high] body temp]ature & %ort] life4 ,among ! high] ord]s1 ! human species1 = in/ance1 al?\gh man is l>g] ?an woman1 he is /ill %ort] liv$1 has less endurance1 is m pr$ispos$ to organic diseases1 & is m giv5 to rev]sion to =m] types1 facts :i* %[ t 8 great] size is n ! result ( high] developm5t4 ,x is not$ t ! liability to assume *>act]s prop] to l[] ord]s belongs 9 a m>k$ degree to males ( all ! high] species--man includ$4 ,d\btless man's great] size 7a modification :i* has be5 acquir$ ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection7 has be5 ( consid]able value to him 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce to :i* he has be5 subject$1 b ! indications are already /rong t aft] a c]ta9 /age ( progress has be5 rea*$1 ev5 ?is modification ( /ructure w prove useless1 if n an actual h9drance to him4 ,on me*anical pr9ciples1 e increase ( size requires m ?an a correspond+ increase ( /r5g? & endurance to balance ! activities & c>ry on ! vital processes1 yet su* h be5 ! conditions ( man's developm5t1 t 8 excess ( /r5g? does n comp5sate = 8 great] size & weight1 :ile 8 p[]s ( endurance fall bel[ ^? ( wom54 ,al?\gh ! conditions ( ! pa/ h requir$ a va/ exp5diture ( physical en]gy1 ! activities ( ! future w make no su* dem&4 ,nature's =ces direct$ by ! human w & intellect are already less5+ ! necessity = an excessive outlay ( bodily /r5g?4 ,x may be truly said t electricity & ! innum]able me*anical devices n[ 9 use h well nigh supplant$ ! necessity = great physical ex]tion4 ,ev5 w>1 %\ld x be cont9u$1 :i* is n likely1 w be conduct$ )\t x4 ,de/ructive weapons bas$ ^u high-p[] explosives require little physical ef=t = _! manipulation4 ,! pugili/ repres5ts ! dep>t+ glory ( male physical /r5g?4 ,we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 t by a va/ numb] ( measurem5ts tak5 ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! human body 9 diff]5t races1 dur+ 8 ,nov>a ,exp$ition1 x 0 f\nd t ! m5 9 almo/ e case pres5t$ a great] range ( v>iations ?an wom51 &1 z ,mr4 ,wood has c>efully att5d$ to ! v>iations ( ! muscles ( man1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes f him t 8! greate/ numb] ( abnormalities 9 ea* subject is f\nd 9 males40 ,he adduces also ! te/imony ( sev]al o!rs :o h practically inve/igat$ ?is subject1 all ( :om agree 9 _! /atem5ts t v>iations 9 ! muscles are m frequ5t 9 males ?an 9 females4 ,^! v>iations usually consi/ 9 a rev]sion to l[] types--a rev]sion 9 :i* muscles prop] to l[] =ms ( life make _! appe>ance4 ,9 an exam9ation ( =ty male subjects1 !re 0 9 n9ete5 ( !m a rudim5t>y muscle f\nd :i* is designat$ z ! is*io-pubic1 & 9 ?ree o!rs ( ! =ty 0 obs]v$ a ligam5t :i* repres5ts ?is muscle2 b1 9 an exam9ation by ! same p]son ( ?irty female subjects1 9 only two ( !m 0 ?is muscle develop$ on bo? sides1 :il/ 9 ?ree o!rs ! rudim5t>y ligam5t 0 pres5t4 ,?us :ile we obs]ve t ab\t fifty-five p] c5t4 ( ! males exam9$ 7 possess$ ( muscles prop] to l[] ord]s1 9 only ab\t sev5te5 p] c5t4 ( ! females "u obs]vation did ?is rev]sion appe>4 ,9 a s+le male subject1 sev5 muscul> v>iations prop] to apes 7 indicat$4 ,numb]less cases might be cit$ 9 :i* rev]sions & abnormalities h be5 develop$ only 9 ! male l9e4 ,( ! porcup9e m5 ( ! ,lamb]t family :o liv$ 9 ,london la/ c5tury1 ,haeckel says3 ,edw>d ,lamb]t1 born 9 #agag1 0 rem>kable = a mo/ unusual & mon/r\s =mation ( ! sk94 ,8 :ole body 0 cov]$ ) a horny sub/ance1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 :i* rose 9 ! =m ( num]\s ?orn-%ap$ & scale-l processes1 m ?an an in* long4 ,?is mon/r\s =mation on ! out] sk91 or epid]mis1 0 transmitt$ by ,lamb]t to 8 sons & gr&sons1 b n to 8 gr&daught]s4#cd #cd ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 #ahhd1 vol4 i41 p4 #agh4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ^? :o h made a /udy ( ! v>i\s abnormalities 9 ! human organism1 ! e>s ( m5 pres5t a great] range ( v>iations ?an d ^? ( wom51 & ! cases 9 :i* sup]num]>y digits appe> 9 males are z two to "o1 comp>$ ) females pres5t+ ! same /ructural defect4 ,( "o hundr$ & fifty-two cases ( ?is k9d tabulat$ by ,burt ,wild]1 eighty-six 7 males & ?irty-n9e females1 ! sex ( ! rema9+ tw5ty-sev5 be+ unkn[n4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 wi%es u to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t 8wom5 w\ld m frequ5tly endeav\r to conceal a de=mity ( ?is k9d ?an m540 ,al?\gh x is q natural = wom5 to abhor abnormalities & de=mities1 x is to be d\bt$ if !y w\ld succe$ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t 9 conceal+ ! de=mity ( an organ :i*1 l ! h&1 is usually uncov]$1 & :i* 9 wak+ h\rs1 is 9 almo/ con/ant use4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s :i* di/+ui%es ! human animal f ! l[] ord]s is ! abs5ce ( a natural cov]+ = ! sk94 ,t mank9d h desc5d$ f hair-cov]$ prog5itors is ! inevitable conclusion ( all ^? :o accept ! !ory ( ! evolution ( species1 ! /raggl+ hairs :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! body ( man be+ ! rudim5ts ( a uni=m hairy coat :i* envelop$ 8 ance/ors4 ,we are in=m$ t a hairy cov]+ = ! body1 po9t$ e>s :i* 7 capable ( movem5t1 & a tail provid$ ) ! prop] muscles1 7 among ! und\bt$ *>act]s ( ! antec$5ts ( ! human race4 ,9 addition to ^!1 among ! males1 7 develop$ great can9e tee? :i* 7 us$ z weapons aga9/ _! rivals4 ,z ! lack ( a hairy coat = ! body con/itutes "o ( ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui%es man f ! l[] animals1 x w\ld seem t a k ( ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* ! two sexes became dive/$ ( _! natural cov]+ w\ld s]ve z a h9t to indicate _! relative /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 a pap] read "s ye>s ago at a meet+ ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute 9 ,london1 ,miss ,bird 7,mrs4 ,bi%op7 ! well-kn[n travell]1 gave a description ( ! ,a9os1 a race ( p f\nd *iefly 9 ! isl& ( ,yezo1 & :o1 x is ?\ght probable1 7 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,japan4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is p is1 t ! m5 are cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( black hair4 ,! wom51 we are told1 8are n hairy l ! m510 b 8h s(t br[n sk9s40 ,^u ?is subject ( hair9ess1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 ,z ! body ( woman is less hairy ?an t ( man1 & z ?is "* is common to all races1 we may conclude t x 0 our female semi-human ance/ors :o 7 fir/ dive/$ ( hair1 & t ?is occurr$ at an extremely remote p]iod be=e ! sev]al races _h div]g$ f a common /ock4 ,aft] our female ance/ors _h acquir$ ! new "*1 nudity1 !y mu/ h transmitt$ x to _! own sex1 & by cont9ually select+ _! mates f among ! lea/ hairy1 9 process ( "t males too w\ld become dive/$ ( _! animal cov]+4 ,:e!r or n our semi-human ance/ors 7 subject$ to ! scor*+ heat ( ! torrid zone1 nudity mu/ h be5 bett] suit$ to _! improv$ condition1 n :olly1 h[ev]1 because ( its great] beauty & com=t1 b because x 0 a condition bett] suit$ to cleanl9ess2 &1 z ! hairy coat _h become a useless app5dage1 or 0 n necess>y to _! *ang$ conditions1 x disappe>$ f ! bodies ( females1 :ile d\btless = ages x 0 reta9$ ^u ! bodies ( males4 ,t hair9ess d5otes a l[ /age ( developm5t1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 incauti\sly admits1 yet 9 deal+ ) ?is subject he is n dispos$ to c>ry 8 admission to its legitimate conclusion by treat+ its appe>ance on ! body ( man z a te/ 9 det]m9+ ! comp>ative developm5t ( ! female & male organisms4 ,idiots1 :o1 by ! way1 are m num]\s among males ?an among females1 are frequ5tly cov]$ ) hair1 & by ! acquirem5t ( o!r *>act]s m (t5 rev]t to l[] animal types4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 assures u t ar\nd sores ( long /&+ /iff hairs are liable to appe>1 ?us %[+ t hair on ! body is indicative ( undevelop$ tissues & l[ con/itutional conditions4 ,! same writ]1 h[ev]1 does n neglect to in=m u t ! loss ( man's hairy cov]+ 0 r an injury to him ?an o!rwise2 b :e!r or n ! dim9ution 9 ! quality ( preh5sion 9 8 toes1 ! loss ( 8 can9es1 & ! disappe>ance ( 8 tail h likewise prov$ detrim5tal to him1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 fails to /ate4 ,! fact t ?r\gh\t ! v]tebrate k+dom males possess rudim5ts ( ! v>i\s p>ts app]ta9+ to ! reproductive sy/em :i* prop]ly belong to females1 is reg>d$ z evid5ce t "s remote prog5itor ( ?is k+dom mu/ h be5 h]maphrodite1 or &rogyn\s1 especially z x has be5 asc]ta9$ t at a v e>ly embryonic p]iod bo? sexes possess true male & female gl&s4 ,z high 9 ! scale ( life z ! mammalian class1 males are said to possess rudim5ts ( a ut]us1 :ile at ! same "t mamm>y gl&s are pla9ly manife/2 :i* fact w\ld seem to %[ t 9 ! high /ate ( developm5t indicat$ by ?is great class1 male organs h n ?r\gh ! processes ( diff]5tiation become specializ$ = ! p]=mance ( _! legitimate functions4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! subject ( atavism ,mr4 ,d>w9 cites z a case ( rev]sion to a =m] type1 an in/ance 9 :i* a man 0 ! possessor ( two pairs ( mamm4 ,x is true t in/ances h be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* *>act]s peculi> to males h be5 develop$ 9 females4 ,?is ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 seldom appe>s among individuals ( ! high] ord]s1 & among ! l[] =ms ( life :]e x occurs1 x is always manife/$ "u l[ circum/ances ( nutrition or 9 cases ( old age1 disease1 or loss ( vitality4 ,in/ances are cit$ 9 :i* h5s1 aft] !y h become old or diseas$1 h tak5 on *>act]s peculi> to males4 ,9 all 8old-settl$0 c\ntries wom5 are 9 excess ( m51 & ?is is true1 not)/&+ ! fact t m boys are born ?an girls4 ,reg>d+ ! excess ( ! male ov] female bir?s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes f ,pr(essor ,faye1 :o says3 ,a /ill great] prepond]ance ( males w\ld be met )1 if dea? /ruck bo? sexes 9 equal proportion 9 ! womb & dur+ bir?4 ,b ! fact is1 t = e "o hundr$ /ill-born females1 we h 9 sev]al c\ntries f #acd4f to #add4i /ill-born males4#ce _/ ,/ati/ics %[ t dur+ ! fir/ f\r or five ye>s ( life1 m male *ildr5 die ?an female4 #ce ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahhg1 p4 #bdc4 ,al?\gh :5ev] ?r\gh\t ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man he has be5 pleas$ to deal ) ! subject ( /ructural v>iations1 he has giv5 u to und]/& t !y are injuri\s to ! con/itution1 & al?\gh he has %[n t _! appe>ance is mu* m frequ5t 9 m5 ?an 9 wom51 yet he does n seem to realize :i!r 8 admissions are lead+ him4 ,he has prov$ by seem+ly well-e/abli%$ facts t ! female organism is fre] f imp]fections ?an ! male1 & !re=e t x is less liable to d]angem5ts2 also1 t be+ m highly specializ$1 x is less susceptible to injury "u unfav\rable conditions2 yet1 9 attempt+ to expla9 ! reason :y s _m m male ?an female infants succumb to ! exig5cies ( bir?1 he expresses ! op9ion t ! size ( ! body & 8especially ( ! head0 be+ great] 9 males1 !y w\ld be 8m liable to be injur$ dur+ p>turition40 ,among ! reasons urg$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to acc\nt = ! excess ( wom5 ov] m5 9 all 8old-settl$0 c\ntries1 is t ( ! exposure ( gr[n m5 to v>i\s dang]s1 & _! t5d5cy to emigrate4 ,d\btless !re is m emigration among m5 ?an among wom51 /ill m5 d n usually emigrate to a wild]ness & r>ely to sp>sely settl$ c\ntries4 ,:5 m5 emigrate f "o civiliz$ c\ntry1 !y usually g to ano!r civiliz$ c\ntry2 yet 9 all old-settl$ c\ntries wom5 are 9 excess ( m54 ,:ile ! dang]s to :i* m5 are expos$ because ( _! great] physical activity h be5 _m1 & ! accid5ts liable to occur f _! h>d] /ruggle = exi/5ce m num]\s ?an ^? to :i* wom5 h be5 subject$1 /ill x w\ld seem t ! dang] to female life1 incid5t to ! artificial relations ( ! sexes "u our pres5t semi-civiliz$ conditions1 is m ?an an (fset = t to :i* m5 are liable4 ,! fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! diseases & physical disabilities ( wom51 at ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh dang]\s to heal? & life1 are n organic1 & w !re=e disappe> z soon z ?r\gh high] conditions !y are all[$ ! free expression ( _! own w 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! sexual relation4 ,z ! diseases peculi> to ! female con/itution are n caus$ by /ructural defects1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are due to ! ov]/imulation ( ! animal in/9cts 9 h] male mate1 or1 to ! disp>ity betwe5 h] /age ( developm5t & 81 !y h n mat]ially injur$ h] con/itution nor %ort5$ h] av]age duration ( life1 nei!r h !y less5$ h] capacity = improvem5t4 ,) ref]5ce to ! wom5 ( ,gre5l&1 ,cranz says t :ile !y rema9 ) _! p>5ts !y are well (f2 b f tw5ty ye>s ( age till dea?1 _! life is "o s]ies ( anxieties1 wret*$ness1 & toil1 yet1 9 spite ( all _! c>es1 toils1 & vexations ! wom5 commonly arrive at a great] age ?an ! m54#cf #cf ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 vol4 i41 p4 #aeb4 ,t ! imp]fections ( ! male organism are already beg9n+ to int]pose !mselves betwe5 man & _m ( ! occupations & activities ( advanc+ civilization1 is only too app>5t4 ,sight1 f> m ?an any o!r s5se1 is ! mo/ intellectual1 yet 9 ! developm5t ( ! visual organs x has be5 prov$ t m5 are especially defici5t4 ,dr4 ,&rew ,willson assures u t 8col\r-bl9dness is a condition :i* is c]ta9ly capable ( transmission to ! prog5y4 ,9 "o family ! males alone 7 affect$ ?r\gh sev5 g5]ations40 ,9 an exam9ation :i* 0 c>ri$ on "s ye>s ago "u ! sup]vision ( ,dr4 ,jeffries1 among ! pupils ( ! ,bo/on s*ools1 9 :i* 7 #ad1dfi boys & "y m51 & #ac1deh girls & "y wom51 x 0 f\nd t ab\t "o male 9 e tw5ty-five 0 col\r-bl9d1 :ile ! same defect among ! girls & "y wom5 0 extremely r>e1 only #j4jff p] c5t4 ( !m be+ ?us affect$4#cg #cg ,pop4 ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xix41 p4 #efg4 ,at a conv5tion held 9 ! city ( ,*icago = ! purpose ( organiz+ an association = educational re=m1 ! tea*] ( draw+ 9 ! ,/4 ,paul s*ools made a /atem5t t 8f\r p] c5t4 ( all male pupils 7 col\r-bl9d1 :ile only "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4 ( female pupils 7 s affect$40 ,no explanation 0 (f]$ = ?is /range fact2 inde$1 x 0 pron\nc$ a my/]y1 8ev5 oculi/s & surgeons hav+ giv5 x up z imp5etrable40 ,t defective vision is beg9n+ to int]f]e ) ! activities ( m51 is %[n by ! fact t 9 _m in/ances1 9 lat] times1 col\r te/s h be5 requir$ to det]m9e fitness ( applicants = positions 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( comm]cial ent]prise4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! subject ( visual defects 9 seam51 railroadm51 & o!r p]sons occupy+ positions ( responsibility 9 :i* unimpair$ vision is an important qualification4 ,9 response to a reque/ s5t by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t ?r\gh its m9i/] to ! ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 = /ati/ical & o!r in=mation on ! subject ( col\r-bl9dness1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,pugh1 ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhd1 s5t to ,william ,?omson1 ,m4,d41 surgical exp]t = ! same company1 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,total numb] exam9$ on l9es ea/ ( ,erie #be1aeh ,col\r-bl9d #dha ,defective vision #ffa ,( ?is report ,dr4 ,?omson says3 ,! app>5tly small p]c5tage ( col\r-bl9d 9 ?is table may be ascrib$ to ! non-application ( m5 :o knew _! defici5cy1 & to ! fact t m5 9 ! s]vice1 kn[+ _! defect1 w\ld leave ! road be=e exam9ation1 & ?us escape detection1 & be enabl$ to ga9 employm5t on o!r roads :]e no exam9ations are requir$4#ch #ch ,pop4 ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxxi41 p4 #gif4 ,9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! national gov]nm5t1 attempts h be5 made to gu>d aga9/ ! dang]s result+ f imp]fect sight4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( recruits1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 "s ye>s ago1 issu$ ord]s t bits ( col\r$ pa/ebo>d1 or 8te/ c>ds0 be us$ = det]m9+ ! p[] ( individuals to di/+ui% objects at a di/ance1 :ile wor/$s ( v>i\s hues 7 employ$ to asc]ta9 _! ability to di/+ui% col\r4 ,9 ! ,treasury & ,naval ,dep>tm5ts 7 ord]$ simil> exam9ations1 9 :i* ! p[] to di/+ui% col\r 0 a necess>y qualification 9 ! case ( all p]sons seek+ employm5t !re94 ,9 ! exam9ations ord]$ by navigation & railroad companies to protect !mselves & ! public aga9/ disa/] result+ f imp]fect vision 9 _! employees1 te/s h be5 made4 ,among ! requirem5ts impos$ by law1 apply+ to eng9e]s1 brakem51 & firem51 9 ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut1 are ! foll[+3 8,unob/ruct$ visual field1 normal visual acut5ess1 & fre$om f col\r-bl9dness40 ,if ,dr4 ,jeffries's inve/igation 9 ! ,bo/on public s*ools & ! report ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad are to s]ve z a crit]ion 9 judg+ ( ! ext5t to :i* impair$ vision is develop$ 9 m51 or if among !m "o 9 e tw5ty-five is defective 9 ! col\r s5se1 ! inf]5ce seems unavoidable t ! proportion ( !m unfitt$ = railroad & /eamboat s]vice1 = milit>y duty1 & = v>i\s important gov]nm5t positions1 mu/ be l>ge4 ,h5ce1 by ^! te/s alone may be obs]v$ some?+ ( ! ext5t to :i*1 "u ! high] conditions :i* are approa*+1 ! imp]fect developm5t 9 m5 ( ?is "o organ 7! eye7 may cripple _! en]gies & *eck ^? activities :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 are be/ suit$ to _! ta/es & incl9ations4 ,nor is ?is defective vision develop$ 9 m5 a peculi>ity :i* is conf9$ )9 ! limits ( our own c\ntry4 ,9 ,europe1 inve/igations analog\s to ^? in/itut$ 9 ,am]ica h be5 foll[$ by ! same or simil> results4 ,until a comp>atively rec5t "t ?is subject has receiv$ little or no att5tion1 = ! reason t ! processes ( civilization & ! v>i\s activities ( life h n1 hi!rto1 dem&$ a correct or highly develop$ col\r s5se2 b ) ! requirem5ts ( m highly civiliz$ conditions1 9 vocations dem&+ m div]sifi$ & complicat$ physical & m5tal activities1 x is pla9 t man1 because ( ?is organic imp]fection1 mu/ lab\r "u cont9u\s disadvantages4 ,!n add to defective vision 8 lack ( physical endurance1 8 liability to v>i\s organic affections caus$ by /ructural defects1 & 8 abnormal appetites :i* are con/antly dem&+ = _! gratification ! ?+s :i* are injuri\s to 8 m5tal & physical con/itution1 & we are enabl$ to judge1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! ob/acles aga9/ :i*1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! future man w f9d himself oblig$ to cont5d4 ,n only is man's s5se ( sight less p]fectly develop$ ?an is woman's1 b 8 s5se ( t\* is less acute4 ,! h&1 direct$ z x is by ! bra91 is ! mo/ completely diff]5tiat$ memb] ( ! human /ructure4 ,x may almo/ be said ( ! h&1 t x assi/s ! bra9 9 p]=m+ its functions4 ,! female h&1 h[ev]1 is capable ( delicate di/9ctions :i* ! male has no means ( det]m9+4 ,a dispat* f ,wa%+ton says ( ! wom5 ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t3 ,s sup]ior is _! skill 9 h&l+ pap] money t !y accompli% results t w\ld be utt]ly unatta9able )\t !m4 ,x has be5 f\nd by long exp]i5ce t a c\nt]feit may g ?r\gh half ! banks 9 ! c\ntry )\t be+ detect$1 until x comes back1 (t5 torn & mutilat$1 into ! h&s ( ! ,treasury wom54 ,!n x is c]ta9 ( detection4 ,!y %ut _! eyes & feel ( a note if !y suspect x4 ,if x feels wrong1 9 half a m9ute !y po9t out ! incongruities ( ! c\nt]feit4 ,al?\gh ?r\gh\t ! asc5d+ scale ( life1 ! female has be5 exp5d+ all h] en]gy 9 ! p]=mance ( h] legitimate functions--functions :i*1 z we h se51 are ( a high] ord] ?an ^? p]=m$ by ! male1 ?r\gh causes :i* w be discuss$ f>!r on 9 ^! pages1 )9 ! lat] c5turies ( human exi/5ce--%e has be5 tempor>ily ov]come by ! de/ructive =ces develop$ 9 ! opposite sex1 =ces :i* are )\t ! l9e ( true developm5t1 & :i* ?r\gh ov]/imulation & enc\ragem5t h ov]leap$ ! b\nds ( normal activity1 & h !re=e become disruptive & injuri\s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ five ?\s& ye>s1 woman's reproductive functions h be5 turn$ into means ( subsi/5ce1 & "u ! peculi> circum/ances ( h] environm5t1 h] 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 has involv$ physical processes f> m disa/r\s to life & heal? ?an are ^? to :i* man has be5 subject$4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> condition ( woman's environm5t1 !re has be5 develop$ )9 h] m delicate & s5sitive organism an al>m+ degree ( functional n]v\sness2 yet1 ) ! gradual broad5+ ( h] sph]e ( activity1 & ! great] ex]cise ( p]sonal rights1 ?is t5d5cy to n]v\s d]angem5t is gradually becom+ less5$4 ,t !re is res]ve =ce 9 woman suffici5t to ov]come ! evil results ( ! supremacy ( ! animal in/9cts dur+ ! la/ five ?\s& or six ?\s& ye>s ( human exi/5ce1 f pres5t indications seems m ?an likely4 ,comm5t+ on ! subject ( n]v\sness1 & ! degree 9 :i* x is manife/$ 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 & especially among civiliz$ wom51 ,dr4 ,be>d says3 ,wom51 ) all _! n]v\sness--&1 9 civiliz$ l&s1 wom5 are m n]v\s1 immeasurably1 ?an m51 & suff] m f g5]al & special n]v\s diseases--yet live q z long z m51 if n some:at long]2 _! great] n]v\sness & f> great] liability to functional diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em be+ comp5sat$ = by _! small] liability to acute & inflammatory disord]s1 & v>i\s organic n]v\s diseases1 likewise1 su* z ! g5]al p>alysis ( insanity4#ci #ci ,am]ican ,n]v\sness1 p4 #bjg4 ,accord+ to ,maudsley wom5 8seldom suff] f g5]al p>alysis40 ,?is disease is frequ5tly inh]it$1 & is sometimes ! result ( alcoholic & o!r excesses4#dj #dj ,maudsley1 ,physiology & ,pa?ology ( ! ,m9d1 p4 #cfj4 ,reg>d+ ! dang]s to :i* wom5 are expos$ by excessive & useless mat]nity1 ,dr4 ,be>d rem>ks3 ,! l>ge numb] ( cases ( lac]ation at *ildbir? & ! prolong$ & sometimes ev5 life-endur+ illness result+ f !m1 are good reasons = ! t]ror :i* ! processes ( p>turition inspires 9 ! m9ds ( ,am]ican wom5 today4 ,h[ev]1 t ! dang]s incid5t to p>turition1 & ! excessive n]v\sness :i* *>act]izes civiliz$ wom51 are n necess>y adjuncts ( civilization1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are a result ( ! un*eck$ disruptive =ces develop$ 9 man1 & ! consequ5t dra9 on ! vital en]gies ( woman1 w be se51 s soon z ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! high] faculties develop$ 9 & transmitt$ ?r\gh females1 ! l[] nature ( males has f9ally be5 br\ght )9 its legitimate b\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,s5se ,man is pre-em95tly a social animal4 ,he seeks companion%ip & dep5ds l>gely ^u 8 fell[s = security & happ9ess4 ,nor is ?is dep5d5ce ^u o!rs conf9$ to ! human species4 ,association1 or comb9ation ( int]e/s1 is manife/$ ?r\gh\t ! entire organic scale4 ,f ,mr4 ,d>w9's reason+ x is evid5t t he reg>ds association z ! basic pr9ciple und]ly+ progress4 ,he also ?9ks t comb9ation is impossible )\t sympa?y or a desire = ! welf>e ( o!rs outside ( self4 ,he is c]ta9 t associat$ animals h a feel+ ( affection = ! gr\p & t 8!y sympa?ize ) "o ano!r 9 times ( di/ress & dang]40#da #da ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #ajb4 ,?is writ] ?9ks t an animal l ! gorilla1 :i* possess+ great size & /r5g? is able to def5d itself aga9/ all its enemies1 w\ld n become social & !re=e w\ld be unable to advance4 ,& ?is too1 not)/&+ ! fact t su* an animal has already develop$ pugnacity1 c\rage1 & p]sev]ance1 ! *>act]s :i* are reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! rem>kable m5tal end[m5t ( man4 ,we h se5 t ! great] size ( ! male is ! result ( ,sexual ,selection & is !re=e a second>y sexual "*4 8,all ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( man are highly v>iable40#db ,9 deal+ ) ?is subject we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t v>iability d5otes l[ organization4 ,x %[s t ! organs ( ! body h n become specializ$ to p]=m _! legitimate functions4 #db ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahgg1 p4 #eei4 ,among monogam\s animals diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ! sexes is slight1 b among polygam\s species ! male is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! female1 ?is diff]5ce be+ correlat$ ) num]\s v>iations ( /ructure4 ,among e>ly races males 7 consid]ably 9 excess ( females s x 0 cu/om>y = ! =m] to fight desp]ately to w9 ! fav\r ( ! latt] 9 mu* ! same mann] z _! animal prog5itors _h f\ght to secure _! mates4 ,^! /ruggles 7 enact$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! females1 !y always *oos+ ! /ronge/ & be/ end[$ leav+ ! weak] & ugli] memb]s ( ! gr\p unmat$ & !re=e unable to propagate _! mis=tunes4 ,?is ex]cise ( *oice by ! female 9 pair+ is ! prim>y fact 9 ! hi/ory ( human progress4 ,! appall+ effects ( ! )drawal f wom5 ( ?is fundam5tal pr]ogative w be ref]r$ to lat] 9 ^! pages4 ,t pugnacity1 c\rage1 & p]sev]ance are ! result ( man's /rong sexual nature is %[n :]ev] ?is subject is t\*$ ^u 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,special att5tion is direct$ to ! fact t eunu*s are defici5t 9 ^! qualities4 ,t ! great] size & /r5g? ( ! male1 toge!r ) c\rage1 pugnacity1 & p]sev]ance1 h be5 ( great value to him 9 decid+ ! conte/s betwe5 rivals 9 c\rt%ip is q true4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ^! *>act]s are 9 no wise responsible = ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! high] faculties4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,d>w9's premises1 :5 c>ri$ to _! legitimate conclusions1 furni% suffici5t evid5ce to prove t ! social in/9cts & ! moral s5se h be5 develop$ q indep5d5tly ( ^! *>act]s4 ,accord+ to ! reason+ ( ! savants x is only ?r\gh t specialization ( organs :i* has result$ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! sex elem5ts1 & ! consequ5t division ( functions1 t ! social in/9cts h orig9at$1 & t x is to processes involv$ 9 su* specialization1 or diff]5tiation1 t ! high] faculties & ! moral s5se h aris54 ,x is inde$ pla9 f _! reason+ t matt]1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say ! =ce inh]5t 9 matt]1 _h to be rais$ to a c]ta9 dynamic ord] be=e ! peculi> quality ( bra9 & n]ve necess>y = ! developm5t ( ^! faculties c\ld be manife/$ ?r\gh x4 ,z !re are diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 s !re are diff]5t modes ( =ce1 9 ! univ]se2 & z we rise f ! common physical matt] 9 :i* physical laws hold sway up to *emical matt] & *emical =ces1 & f *emical matt] aga9 up to liv+ matt] & its modes ( =ce1 s d we rise 9 ! scale ( life f ! l[e/ k9d ( liv+ matt] ) its correspond+ =ce or en]gy1 ?r\gh diff]5t k9ds ( hi/ological elem5ts1 ) _! correspond+ en]gies or functions1 up to ! highe/ k9d ( liv+ matt] & correspond+ mode ( =ce ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 viz41 n]ve elem5t & n]ve =ce4 ,b1 :5 we h got to n]ve elem5t & n]ve =ce1 x behooves u n to re/ cont5t ) ! g5]al idea1 b to trace1 ) att5tive discrim9ation1 ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em ! diff]5t k9ds ( n]v\s cells1 & _! diff]5t manife/ations ( en]gy4 ,s also %all we obta9 ! gr\ndwork = a true conception ( ! relations ( m9d & ! n]v\s sy/em4#dc #dc ,maudsley1 ,physiology & ,pa?ology ( ! ,m9d1 p4 #fj4 ,we h se5 t ! n]v\s sy/em n only regulates mo/ ( ! exi/+ functions ( ! body1 b t x has indirectly influ5c$ ! developm5t ( v>i\s bodily /ructures & c]ta9 m5tal qualities1 & t ^! p[]s ( m9d dep5d on ! developm5t ( ! bra94 ,by our guides 9 ?is matt]1 we are assur$ t ! mo/ important diff]5ce obs]v$ betwe5 man & ! l[] animals is ! consci5ce2 h5ce1 if we w\ld und]/& h[ x has be5 possible = man to rise to 8 pres5t position1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! processes involv$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! social in/9cts1 ?r\gh :i* h orig9at$ consci5ce & a desire = ! welf>e ( o!rs outside ( self4 ,! importance ( ^! in/9cts 9 ! developm5t ( consci5ce is ?us set =? by ,mr4 ,d>w93 ,any animal :atev]1 end[$ ) well-m>k$ social in/9cts1 ! p>5tal & filial affections be+ "h includ$1 w\ld inevitably acquire a moral s5se or consci5ce1 z soon z its intellectual faculties _h become z well1 or ne>ly z well1 develop$ z 9 man4 ,sympa?y1 we are told1 is ! f\ndation-/one ( ! social in/9cts4 ,f facts :i* are ev]y:]e pres5t$ among ! =ms ( life bel[ man1 x is evid5t t sympa?y 0 develop$ at an e>ly /age ( animal life4 ,x is d\btless /rongly manife/$ 9 our ape-l prog5itors1 & x 0 probably ?is in/9ct :i* subsequ5tly l$ to a community ( int]e/ & ! coh]5ce ( ! tribe4 ,9 a consid]ation1 !re=e1 ( ?is "q ( sex developm5t & ! orig9 ( ! progressive pr9ciple1 if1 z we are assur$1 sympa?y con/itutes ! f\ndation-/one ( ! social in/9cts1 & if x is to ^! in/9cts t we are to look = ! orig9 ( ! moral s5se1 or consci5ce-- a faculty :i* con/itutes ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! human species & ! l[] ord]s ( life--! "q naturally arises3 ,9 :i* ( ! two div]g+ l9es ( sexual dem>cation has aris5 sympa?y1 or an int]e/ 9 ! well-be+ ( o!rs8 ,= an answ] to our "q we mu/ look c>efully to ! facts connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ! sexes )9 "o ( :i* h be5 acquir$ *>act]s t5d+ t[>d ! welf>e ( society1 or ( individuals outside ( self2 )9 ! o!r1 *>act]s look+ only t[>d selfi% gratification4 ,)9 ! =m]1 ! mat]nal in/9ct pr$om9ates2 )9 ! latt]1 passion4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits t 8p>5tal & filial affection lies at ! base ( ! social in/9cts10 & gives z 8 op9ion t ?is quality is ! result ( ,natural ,selection--t ^? individuals :i* be/[$ ^u _! (fspr+ ! greate/ c>e & att5tion1 w\ld survive & multiply at ! exp5se ( o!rs 9 :i* ?is in/9ct 0 less develop$4 ,!re=e1 9 pursu+ ! inquiry ( sex-function & sex-developm5t1 a "q ( consid]able significance is at ?is po9t sugge/$3 ,)9 :i* p>5t is obs]v$ ! great] t5d5cy to be/[ c>e & att5tion ^u (fspr+8 ,we are assur$ t 8! animal family is especially mat]nal40 ,s soon z a female bird has laid h] eggs1 %e is animat$ only by "o desire2 nei!r ! promise ( abundant food nor ! fe> ( bullets is able to div]t h] purpose4 ,al?\gh ! males among ! m highly develop$ birds assi/ 9 re>+ ! family1 among/ v>i\s species x is only ! female :i* c>es = ! "y4 ,! male duck has no int]e/ 9 8 prog5y1 nei!r has ! male eid]4 ,( ! male turkeys ,mr4 ,let\rneau says t !y d mu* worse3 !y (t5 dev\r ! eggs ( _! females1 & ?us oblige ! latt] to hide !m4 ,female turkeys jo9 ea* o!r ) _! "y ones = great] security1 & ?us =m troops ( f sixty to eighty individuals1 l$ by ! mo!rs1 & c>efully avoid+ ! old males1 :o ru% on ! "y ones & kill !m by viol5t bl[s on ! head ) _! beaks4#dd #dd ,! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 p4 #bi4 ,! males ( v>i\s o!r species1 jeal\s ( ! att5tions ( ! mo!rs dur+ ! "t t _! ef=ts are direct$ t[>d ! ma9t5ance ( _! brood1 (t5 kill _! "y4 ,reg>d+ ! subject ( pat]nal c>e1 ,mr4 ,let\rneau obs]ves3 8,x is important to notice t among/ birds1 ! fa!rs devoid ( affection g5]ally belong to ! less intellig5t1 & are mo/ (t5 polygam\s40 ,by obs]v+ ! habits ( cuckoos ! fact has be5 asc]ta9$ t among !m ! mat]nal in/9ct is almo/ entirely lack+4 ,( ! cuckoo x has be5 rem>k$ t x is a 8discont5t$1 ill-condition$1 passionate1 9 %ort1 decid$ly unamiable bird40 ,its note is typical ( its habits & "*4 ,! same abruptness1 insatiability1 eag]ness1 ! same rage1 are noticeable 9 its :ole conduct4 ,! cuckoos are notori\sly unsociable1 ev5 9 migration individuali/ic4 ,!y jeal\sly gu>d _! t]ritorial 8pres]ves10 & v]ify 9 _m ways ! old my? t !y are sp>r[-hawks 9 disguise4 ,! p>asitic habit is consonant ) _! g5]al "*4 ,! species consi/ pr$om9antly ( males4 ,! prepond]ance is probably ab\t five to "o2 ?\gh "o obs]v] makes x five times great]4 ,9 s male a species1 x is n surpris+ to f9d deg5]ate mat]nal in/9cts4#de #de ,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 p4 #bgf4 ,reg>d+ spid]s & ! great] numb] ( insects1 we are told t ! males entirely neglect _! "y2 x is 9 ! female t ! c>e = (fspr+ fir/ awak5s4 ,& ?is is natural1 = ! eggs h be5 =m$ 9 h] body2 %e has laid !m1 & has be5 consci\s ( !m2 !y =m1 9 a way1 an integral "p ( h] individuality4444 ,) insects mat]nal =e?\ght sometimes am\nts to a sort ( div9+ presci5ce :i* ! doctr9e ( evolution alone c expla94#df #df ,let\rneau1 ,! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 p4 #bb4 ,among ! males ( mammals bel[ man ! love ( (fspr+ seems to be almo/ entirely want+4 ,we mu/ "h rem>k1 t :atev] ! =m ( sexual association among mammals1 ! male has always mu* less affection = 8 "y ?an ! female4 ,ev5 9 monogam\s species1 :5 ! male keeps ) ! female1 he does s m z *ief ?an z fa!r4 ,at times he is incl9$ to commit infanticide & to de/roy ! (fspr+1 :i*1 by absorb+ all ! att5tion ( 8 female1 ?w>t 8 am\rs4 ,?us1 among ! l>ge fel9es1 ! "m is oblig$ to hide h] "y ones f ! male dur+ ! fir/ few days aft] bir?1 to prev5t 8 dev\r+ !m4#dg #dg ,! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 p4 #cd4 ,! fact is obvi\s t among ! ord]s ( life bel[ man b little pat]nal affection has be5 develop$1 & ) a m ext5d$ k ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! human race comes ! assurance t "u e>li] conditions ( society1 & 9 fact1 until a comp>atively rec5t "t1 little notice 0 tak5 ( ! pat]nal relation--t k9%ip & all ! rights ( succession 7 reckon$ ?r\gh ! "m4 ,9 o!r words1 mo!rhood 0 ! prim>y bond by :i* society 0 b\nd toge!r4 ,al?\gh "u high] conditions ( civiliz$ life1 males h at l5g? come to manife/ mu* int]e/ 9 ! well-be+ ( _! (fspr+1 yet t pat]nal affection is n a prim>y in/9ct is %[n by ! fact t su* int]e/1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 ext5ds only to ^? individuals born 9 w$lock4 ,m5 are solicit\s only = ! welf>e ( ^? :o are to succe$ to _! names & =tunes2 h5ce1 al?\gh 9 lat] times ! pat]nal in/9ct has be5 consid]ably re-en=c$1 x is pla9 t ! int]e/ ( fa!rs = _! (fspr+ has 9 ! pa/ be5 l>gely ! result ( cu/om1 association1 pride1 desire = self-p]petuation or duplication1 or "s o!r =m ( self-aggr&izem5t4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 8,! feel+ ( pleasure f society is probably an ext5sion ( ! p>5tal or filial affections1 s9ce ! social in/9ct seems to be develop$ by ! "y rema9+ = a long "t ) _! p>5ts40#dh ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n admit x1 f 8 reason+ x is pla9 t ! mat]nal in/9ct is ! root :5ce sympa?y has sprung1 & t x is ! s\rce :5ce ! cohesive quality 9 ! tribe orig9at$4 ,reg>d+ ! importance ( association or comb9ation 9 e>ly gr\ps ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 #dh ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #aje4 ,:5 two tribes ( primeval man1 liv+ 9 ! same c\ntry1 came into competition1 if 7o!r circum/ances be+ equal7 ! "o tribe includ$ a great numb] ( c\rage\s1 sympa!tic1 & fai?ful memb]s1 :o 7 always ready to w>n ea* o!r ( dang]1 to aid & def5d ea* o!r1 ?is tribe w\ld succe$ bett] & conqu] ! o!r4444 ,selfi% & cont5ti\s p w n coh]e1 & )\t coh]5ce no?+ c be effect$4 ,a tribe ri* 9 ! above qualities w\ld spread & be victori\s ov] o!r tribes4444 ,?us ! social & moral qualities w\ld t5d sl[ly to advance & be diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4#di #di ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #acj4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x has be5 prov$ by sci5ti/s t )\t an association ( int]e/s & ! coh]5ce ( ! tribe ! social in/9cts mu/ h rema9$ weak1 & s9ce x has be5 %[n by !m t )\t conc]t$ action ! high] faculties1 includ+ ! moral s5se1 c\ld n h be5 develop$2 & s9ce1 fur!rmore1 ! influ5ces :i* h l$ to ?is developm5t are ^? gr[+ out ( ! mat]nal in/9cts1 may we n conclude t all ( ^? qualities :i* make man pre-em95tly a social animal--8 love ( society1 8 desire = ! good-w ( 8 k9d1 8 p]ception ( "r & wrong1 &1 f9ally1 t sympa?y :i* at la/ gradually ext5d+ beyond ! limits ( race & c\ntry proclaims ! bro!rhood ( man & ! unity ( life on ! e>?--all ^! *>act]i/ics1 are b an ext5sion ( mat]nal affection1 an outgr[? ( t e>ly bond betwe5 "m & *ild1 :i*1 :ile affect+ ! entire l9e ( developm5t1 /ill rema9s un*ang$ & un*angeable4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,male ,an unprejudic$ review ( ! facts relative to ! diff]5tiation ( ! two sexes1 z set =? by naturali/s1 reveals n only ! prim>y pr9ciples involv$ 9 human progress1 b %[s also ! s\rce :5ce ^! pr9ciples orig9at$4 ,^! facts s]ve also to expla9 t 8m5tal sup]iority0 ( man ov] woman obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!rs 9 ! pres5t /age ( human gr[?4 ,not)/&+ ! sup]ior degree ( developm5t :i*1 accord+ to ! facts elaborat$ by sci5ti/s1 mu/ belong to ! female 9 all ! ord]s ( life bel[ mank9d1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld h u believe t s soon z ! human species appe>$ on ! e>? ! processes :i* = untold ages _h be5 9 op]ation 7 rev]s$1 & t ?r\gh c\rage & p]sev]ance1 or pati5ce1 qualities :i* 7 ! result ( extreme selfi%ness1 or :i* 7 acquir$ :ile 9 pursuit ( animal gratification1 man f9ally became sup]ior to woman4 ,! foll[+ furni%es an example ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's reason+ ^u ?is subject4 ,he says3 ,! *ief di/9ction 9 ! intellectual p[]s ( ! two sexes is %[n by man's atta9+ to a high] em95ce1 9 :atev] he takes up1 ?an c woman--:e!r requir+ deep ?\ght1 reason1 or imag9ation1 or m]ely ! use ( ! s5ses & ! h&s4 ,if two li/s 7 made ( ! mo/ em95t m5 & wom5 9 poetry1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 music 7inclusive bo? ( composition & p]=mance71 hi/ory1 & philosophy1 ) half-a-doz5 names "u ea* subject1 ! two li/s w\ld n be> comp>ison4444 ,n[1 :5 two m5 are put into competition1 or a man ) a woman1 bo? possess$ ( e m5tal quality 9 equal p]fection1 save t "o has high] en]gy1 p]sev]ance1 & c\rage1 ! latt] w g5]ally become m em95t 9 e pursuit1 & w ga9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,he may be said to possess g5ius--= g5ius has be5 decl>$ by a great au?ority to be pati5ce2 & pati5ce1 9 ?is s5se1 means unfl9*+1 undaunt$ p]sev]ance4#ej #ej ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #efd4 ,d\btless1 = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ 8 position1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes ! foll[+ f ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 8,! ?+s 9 :i* man mo/ excels woman are ^? :i* require mo/ plodd+ & long hamm]+ at s+le ?\ghts40 ,& 9 summ+ up ! processes by :i* man has f9ally ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] woman he concludes3 ,?us man has ultimately become sup]ior to woman4 ,x is1 inde$1 =tunate t ! law ( ! equal transmission ( *>act]s to bo? sexes prevails ) mammals2 o!rwise x is probable t man w\ld h become z sup]ior 9 m5tal end[m5t to woman1 z ! peacock is 9 ornam5tal plumage to ! peah54#ea #ea ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #efe4 ,not)/&+ ?is conclusion ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 view ( ! facts elaborat$ by himself1 we _c help ?9k+ t x is inde$ =tunate t ! law ( ! equal transmission ( *>act]s to bo? sexes prevails ) mammals1 o!rwise x is probable t man w\ld nev] h _h any high] ambition ?an ! gratification ( 8 animal in/9cts1 & w\ld nev] h ris5 above ^? conditions 9 :i* he /ruggl$ desp]ately = ! possession ( ! female4 ,all ! facts :i* h be5 obs]v$ relative to ! acquirem5t ( ! social in/9cts & ! moral s5se prove !m to h orig9at$ 9 ! female con/itution1 & z progress is n possible )\t ^! *>act]s1 x is n difficult to det]m9e )9 :i* ( ! sexes ! progressive pr9ciple fir/ arose4 ,ev5 c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 & en]gy1 *>act]s :i* are d5om9at$ z ?or\ghly mascul9e1 s9ce !y are ! result ( ,sexual ,selection1 h be5 & /ill are l>gely dep5d5t on ! w or *oice ( ! female4 ,9 8 zeal to prove ! sup]iority ( man ov] woman1 & :ile emphasiz+ en]gy1 p]sev]ance1 & c\rage z factors 9 developm5t1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to h ov]look$ ! importance ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s belong+ to ! female organism1 viz41 p]ception & intuition1 comb9$ ) great] p[]s ( endurance1 ! fir/ two ( :i*1 "u ! l[ conditions occasion$ by ! supremacy ( ! animal in/9cts1 h ?us f> _h little opportunity to manife/ !mselves4 ,a fair] /atem5t relative to ! capacities ( ! two sexes & _! ability to succe$ might h be5 set =? z foll[s3 ,:5 a man & a woman are put 9 competition1 bo? possess$ ( e m5tal quality 9 equal p]fection1 save t "o has high] en]gy1 m pati5ce1 & a some:at great] degree ( physical c\rage1 :ile ! o!r has sup]ior p[]s ( intuition1 f9] & m rapid p]ceptions1 & a great] degree ( endurance 7! result ( an organism fre] f imp]fections71 ! *ances ( ! latt] = ga9+ ! asc5d5cy w d\btless be equal to ^? ( ! =m] z soon z ! animal conditions ( life are outgr[n1 & ! *>act]s peculi> to ! female con/itution are all[$ expression4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's quotation f ,j4 ,/u>t ,mill1 t ! ?+s 9 :i* man excels woman are ^? :i* require mo/ plodd+ & long hamm]+ at s+le ?\ghts1 is evid5tly true1 & corresponds ) ! fundam5tal premises 9 ! !ory ( developm5t z set =? by all naturali/s4 ,! female organism is n a plodd+ ma*9e1 nei!r is ! telephone nor ! telegraph1 yet ^! latt] devices accompli% ! "w =m]ly done by ! /agecoa* mu* m rapidly1 & 9 a mann] bett] suit$ to civiliz$ conditions4 ,s soon z wom5 are fre$ f ! unnatural re/rictions plac$ ^u !m ?r\gh ! tempor>y pr$om9ance ( ! animal in/9cts 9 man1 _! great] p[]s ( endurance1 toge!r ) a ke5] insight & an organism comp>atively free f imp]fections1 w d\btless give !m a decid$ advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:ile pati5ce is d\btless a virtue1 & :ile dur+ ! pa/ ages ( human exp]i5ce x has be5 ( incalculable value to man1 x w n1 "u high] conditions1 be requir$ 9 compet+ = ! prizes ( life4 ,woman's rapid p]ceptions1 & h] intuitions :i* 9 _m in/ances am\nt almo/ to second sight1 indicate undevelop$ g5ius1 & p>take l>gely ( ! nature ( d$uctive reason+2 x is reasonable to suppose !re=e t z soon z %e is free1 & has = a few g5]ations enjoy$ ! advantages ( m natural me?ods ( education & tra9+1 & ^? bett] suit$ to ! female con/itution1 %e w be able to trace ! v>i\s processes ( induction by :i* %e rea*es h] conclusions4 ,%e w !n be able to reason inductively up to h] d$uctive conceptions4 ,! wor?lessness ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's comp>ison betwe5 m5 & wom5 9 p]=m+ ! v>i\s activities ( life is already cle>ly app>5t4 ,al?\gh less ?an half a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 0 writt5 wom5 are already successfully compet+ ) m5 9 ne>ly all ! walks ( life bo? high & l[1 & ?is too not)/&+ ! fact t ^! occupations h h]et(ore be5 reg>d$ z belong+ exclusively to m54 ,we h se5 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions music z a vocation 9 :i* man's sup]iority ov] woman is manife/$1 yet already 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is n "o male musician :o w\ld be will+ to mat* 8 skill aga9/ t ( any "o ( ! f\r be/ woman p]=m]s4 ,x is a well und]/ood fact t nei!r individuals nor classes :i* ^u e h& h be5 ?w>t$ & re/ra9$1 ei!r by unju/ & oppressive laws1 or by ! tyranny ( cu/om1 prejudice1 or physical =ce1 h ev] made any consid]able progress 9 ! actual acquirem5t ( k or 9 ! arts ( life4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's capacity = collect+ & =mulat+ facts seems n to h mat]ially aid$ him 9 disc]n+ ! close connection exi/+ at ?is /age ( human progress betwe5 ! mascul9iz$ conditions ( human society & ! necess>y opportunities to succe$ 9 ! high] walks ( life2 9 fact1 he seems to h =gott5 t all ! av5ues to success h = ?\s&s ( ye>s be5 controll$ & :olly manipulat$ by m51 :ile ! activities ( wom5 h be5 di/ort$ & repress$ 9 ord] t ! 8necessities0 ( ! male nature might be provid$ =4 ,besides1 x seems nev] to h occurr$ to him t z man has /ill n outgr[n ! animal 9 8 nature1 & z ! intellectual & moral age is only j beg9n+ to dawn1 ! "t is n yet ripe = ! direct expression ( ! m ref9$ in/9cts & ideas peculi> to ! female organism1 &1 z ?us f>1 only t advancem5t has be5 made :i* is compatible ) ! supremacy ( ! l[] in/9cts1 woman's "t has n yet come4 ,al?\gh wom5 are /ill 9 possession ( _! natural inh]itance1 a f9] & m complex organism comp>atively free f imp]fections1 & al?\gh1 z a result ( ?is inh]itance1 _! intuitions are /ill quick]1 _! p]ceptions ke5]1 & _! endurance great]1 ! dra9 on _! physical en]gies1 caus$ by ! abnormal developm5t ( ! reproductive en]gies 9 ! opposite sex1 has1 dur+ ! ages ( man's dom9ion ov] h]1 be5 suffici5t to preclude ! idea ( success 9 compet+ ) m5 = ! prizes ( life4 ,al?\gh an era ( progress has begun1 ages w d\btless be requir$ to eradicate abuses :i* are ! result ( con/itutional defects1 & especially s z ! prejudices & feel+s ( mank9d are = ! mo/ "p 9 h>mony ) su* abuses4 ,if we exam9e ! subject ( female app>el1 at ! pres5t "t1 we %all obs]ve h[ difficult x is to uproot long-e/abli%$ prejudices :i* are deeply root$ 9 s5suality & sup]/ition2 & ?is is true not)/&+ ! fact t su* prejudices may involve ! com=t & ev5 ! heal? ( half ! p1 & s]i\sly affect ! welf>e ( unborn g5]ations4 ,an exam9ation ( ! influ5ces :i* h det]m9$ ! c\rse ( mod]n fa%ions 9 woman's clo?+ w %[ ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation4 ,( all ! s5ses :i* h be5 develop$1 t ( sight is und\bt$ly ! mo/ ref9$1 & :5 9 ! human species x is cultivat$ to a degree :i* enables its possessor to appreciate ! beautiful 9 ,nature & 9 ,art1 we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 designat+ x z ! intellectual s5se4 ,9 po9t ( ref9em5t1 ! s5se ( he>+ comes next 9 ord]1 yet among creatures z l[ 9 ! scale ( be+ z birds1 we f9d t females n only appreciate ! beautiful1 b t !y are *>m$ by pleas+ & h>moni\s s\nds1 & t if males w\ld w9 _! fav\r x mu/ be accompli%$ by appeals ?r\gh ^! s5ses to ! high] qualities develop$ )9 !m4 ,al?\gh ! female ( ! human species1 l ! female among ! l[] ord]s ( life1 is capable ( appreciat+ f9e col\r+1 & to a consid]able ext5t ! beautiful 9 =m1 ! /yle ( dress adopt$ by wom5 is n an expression ( _! natural ideas ( ta/e & h>mony4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is to ,sexual ,selection t we mu/ look = an explanation ( ! incongruities & absurdities pres5t$ by ! s-call$ female fa%ions ( ! pa/ & pres5t4 ,! processes ( ,sexual ,selection1 :i*1 s long z ! female 0 ! controll+ ag5cy 9 c\rt%ip1 work$ on ! male1 h 9 ^! lat] ages be5 rev]s$4 ,= ! reason t ! female ( ! human species has s long be5 "u subjection to ! male1 ! /yles ( female dress & adornm5t :i* h be5 adopt$1 & :i* are /ill 9 vogue1 are l>gely ! result ( mascul9e ta/e4 ,woman's bus9ess 9 life has be5 to m>ry1 or1 at lea/1 x has be5 necess>y = h]1 9 ord] to ga9 h] support1 to w9 ! fav\r ( ! opposite sex4 ,%e mu/1 !re=e1 by h] *>ms1 captivate ! male4 ,) ! progress ( civilization & s9ce wom5 z economic & sexual slaves h become dep5d5t ^u m5 = _! support1 no male bip$ has be5 too /upid1 too ugly1 or too vici\s to take to himself a mate & p]petuate 8 imp]fections4 ,?is un*eck$ fre$om ( ! male to multiply 8 defects is responsible = pres5t conditions4 ,z = ?\s&s ( ye>s wom5 h be5 dep5d5t on m5 n only = food & clo?+ b = ! luxuries ( life z well1 x is n s+ul> t 9 ! /ruggle = life to :i* !y h be5 subject$ !y %\ld h adopt$ ! /yles ( dress :i* w\ld be likely to secure to !m ! greate/ am\nt ( success4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! pres5t ideas ( becom+ness or propriety 9 woman's app>el are ! result ( ages ( s5suality & s]vitude1 x is n rem>kable t !y are difficult to uproot1 & especially s z _m ( ! mo/ p]nici\s & heal?-de/roy+ /yles involve que/ions ( female decorum z und]/ood by a s5sualiz$ age4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls att5tion to ! fact t wom5 8all ov] ! _w0 adorn !mselves ) ! gay fea!rs ( male birds4 ,s9ce ! beautiful plumage ( male birds has be5 produc$ accord+ to female /&>ds ( ta/e1 & s9ce x is :olly ! result ( innate female ideas ( h>mony 9 col\r & design1 x is n p]haps rem>kable t wom51 recogniz+ ! orig9al female /&>ds ( beauty1 %\ld desire to utilize ^? effects :i* h be5 obta9$ at s great an exp5diture ( vital =ce to ! opposite sex1 especially z m5 are pleas$ ) su* display1 &1 z "u pres5t conditions ( male supremacy1 ! female ( ! human species is oblig$ to captivate ! male 9 ord] to secure h] support4 ,ev] s9ce ! dom9ion ( man ov] woman began a /rict c5sor%ip ov] h] dress has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,al?\gh 9 v rec5t times wom5 are beg9n+ to ex]cise a slight degree ( indep5d5ce 9 ! matt] ( clo!s1 /ill1 because ( exi/+ prejudices & cu/oms !y h n yet be5 able to adopt a /yle ( dress :i* admits ( ! free & unre/rict$ use ( ! body & limbs4 ,x is believ$ t woman1 ! natural tempt] ( man1 if left to h] own s9ful devices1 w\ld aga9 z ( old attempt to de/roy t inh]5t purity ( he>t & cleanl9ess ( life :i* *>act]ize ! male con/itution4 ,woman's ankles & ?roat seem to be ! mo/ =midable foes aga9/ :i* innoc5t man has to cont5d1 s ! concealm5t ( ^! (f5d+ memb]s is deem$ absolutely necess>y = 8 protection & safety4 ,ecclesia/ics1 a class ^: duty x has ev] be5 to regulate & control ! movem5ts ( wom51 seem to ?9k t ! ankles & ?roats ( wom5 7 int5d$ n = ! use & conv5i5ce ( _! possessors b z sn>es to entrap holy m54 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! pres5t fa%ions = female app>el h a deep] significance ?an we h be5 9 ! habit ( ascrib+ to !m4 ,we are /ill liv+ "u conditions peculi> to a s5sual age1 & h n yet outgr[n ! requirem5ts :i* condemn wom5 to a /yle ( dress :i* h9d]s ! free movem5ts ( ! body & :i* *ecks all ! activities ( life4 ,9 "o way ! woman ( ! pres5t "t may be said to resemble ! male ,argus pheasant1 ^: decorations1 al?\gh !y s]ve to please 8 mate1 greatly h9d] 8 p[] ( motion & ! free use ( 8 body & limbs4 ,:5 we consid] t app>el is b "o1 & a m9or "o1 ( ! /rictures "u :i* wom5 h lab\r$ dur+ ! lat] era ( human exi/5ce & :5 we consid] all ! ignoble & degrad+ uses to :i* womanhood has be5 subject$1 ! wond] is n t wom5 h fail$ 9 ! pa/ to di/+ui% !mselves 9 ! v>i\s fields ( intellectual lab\r 9 :i* m5 h a*iev$ a limit$ degree ( success1 b t !y h _h suffici5t en]gy & c\rage left to enable !m ev5 to attempt any?+ s f> outside ! b\nd>y ( _! prescrib$ 8sph]e10 or t !y h be5 able to transmit to _! male (fspr+ ^? p[]s ?r\gh :i* !y h ga9$ _! pres5t /age ( progress4 ,) reg>d to ,mr4 ,d>w9's comp>ison ( ! intellectual p[]s ( ! two sexes1 & 8 ass]tion t man atta9s to a high] em95ce 9 :atev] he takes up ?an woman--t1 = in/ance1 he surpasses h] 9 ! production ( poetry1 music1 philosophy1 etc41 ! facts at h& sugge/ t if )9 mank9d no high] motives & ta/es _h be5 develop$ ?an ^? d]iv$ f selfi%ness & passion1 !re w\ld nev] h aris5 a desire = poetry1 music1 philosophy1 or sci5ce1 or1 9 fact1 = any ( ! a*ievem5ts :i* h be5 ! result ( ! m exalt$ activities ( ! human intellect4 ,h[ev]1 because ( ! subjection ( ! high] faculties develop$ 9 mank9d1 ! poetry1 music1 & pa9t+ ( ! pa/ betray _! s5su\s orig9 & pla9ly reveal ! /age ( advancem5t :i* has be5 rea*$1 :ile hi/ory1 philosophy1 & ev5 sci5ce1 judg+ f ,mr4 ,d>w9's me?ods1 h n yet :olly em]g$ f ! murky atmosph]e ( a s5su\s age4 ,x w be well = u to rememb] t ! doctr9e ( ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ does n imply t ! be/ end[$1 physically or o!rwise1 h always succe$$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,by ! t]m ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ we are to und]/& a natural law by means ( :i* ^? be/ able to ov]come ! unfav\rable conditions ( _! environm5t survive & are able to propagate _! successful qualities4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t nei!r ! gr[? ( ! individual nor t ( society has proce$$ 9 an unbrok5 or un9t]rupt$ l9e2 on ! contr>y1 dur+ a c]ta9 portion ( human exi/5ce on ! e>?1 ! =ces :i* t5d t[>d deg5]ation h be5 /rong] ?an ^: :i* lie along ! l9e ( true developm5t4 ,we are assur$ t ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction & de/ruction are mutually employ$ 9 ! reproductive processes1 t cont9u\s dea? means cont9u\s life1--! katabolic or disruptive t5d5cies ( ! male be+ necess>y to ! anabolic or con/ructive habits ( ! female4 ,z x is 9 reproduction1 s has x be5 ?r\gh ! entire c\rse ( developm5t4 ,side by side1 all along ! l9e1 ^! two t5d5cies h be5 9 op]ation2 ! gr9d+1 r5d+1 & dev\r+ processes :i* we d5om9ate ,natural ,selection1 alongside ^? :i* unite1 assimilate1 & protect4 ,z a result ( ! sep>ation ( ! sexes !re h be5 develop$ on ! "o side extreme egoism1 or ! desire = selfi% gratification2 on ! o!r1 altruism1 or a desire = ! welf>e ( o!rs outside ( self4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! lat] ages ( human exi/5ce1 s9ce ! egoi/ic pr9ciples h ga9$ ! asc5d5cy1 may be obs]v$ ! unequal /ruggle = lib]ty & ju/ice1 aga9/ tyranny1 & ! oppressors ( ! masses ( ! human race4 ,f pres5t appe>ances x w\ld seem1 t ! disruptive or dev\r+ =ces h always be5 9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,! philosophy ( hi/ory h[ev]1 tea*es ! contr>y4 ,) a broad] view ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human race1 & ! unexpect$ light :i* )9 ! la/ few ye>s has be5 ?r[n ^u prehi/oric society & ! gr&eur ( pa/ a*ievem5t1 a close /ud5t ( ! pa/ is able to disc]n a fa9t glimm]+ ( a m natural age ( human exi/5ce1 & is able to obs]ve 9 ! pres5t int5se /ruggles = fre$om & equality1 an attempt to return to ! e>li] & m natural pr9ciples ( ju/ice & lib]ty1 & s to advance to a /age ( society 9 :i* selfi%ness1 s5suality1 & sup]/ition no long] reign supreme4 ,! /atus ( wom5 always furni%es an index to ! true condition ( society1 "o or two sup]ficial writ]s to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,= ?is ph5om5on !re is a sci5tific reason1 namely3 society advances j 9 proportion z wom5 are able to convey to _! (fspr+ ! progressive t5d5cies transmissible only ?r\gh ! female organism4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t mank9d w nev] advance to a high] plane ( ?9k+ & liv+ until ! re/rictions ^u ! lib]ties ( wom5 h be5 entirely remov$1 & until )9 e dep>tm5t ( human activity1 _! natural in/9cts1 & ! me?ods ( ?\ght peculi> to !m be all[$ free expression4 ,! foll[+ is f ,mr4 ,buckle's lecture on 8,! ,influ5ce ( ,wom5 on ! ,progress ( ,k03 ,i believe & ,i hope be=e we sep>ate to conv9ce y1 t s f> f wom5 ex]cis+ little or no influ5ce ov] ! progress ( k1 !y are capable ( ex]cis+1 & h actually ex]cis$ an enorm\s influ5ce2 t ?is influ5ce1 is1 9 fact1 s great t x is h>dly possible to assign limits to x2 & t great z x is1 x may ) advantage be /ill fur!r increas$4 ,i hope1 moreov]1 to conv9ce y t ?is influ5ce has be5 exhibit$ n m]ely f "t to "t 9 r>e1 sudd51 & transitory ebullitions1 b t x acts by virtue ( c]ta9 laws inh]5t 9 human nature2 & t1 al?\gh x works z an und]curr5t bel[ ! surface1 & is !re=e invisible to ha/y obs]v]s1 x has already produc$ ! mo/ important results1 & has affect$ ! %ape1 ! "*1 & ! am\nt ( our k4 ,?r\gh ! processes involv$ 9 ! diff]5tiation ( sex & ! consequ5t division ( functions1 x has be5 possible dur+ ! pa/ six ?\s& or sev5 ?\s& ye>s 7a m]e ti! ( ! "t sp5t by mank9d ^u ! e>?7 = wom5 to become enslav$1 or subject$ to ! l[] impulses ( ! male nature4 ,?r\gh ! capture ( wom5 = wives1 ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( w>f>e1 ! individual own]%ip ( l&1 & ! v>i\s *anges incid5t to a c]ta9 /age ( human exi/5ce1 ! f9] s5sibilities :i* *>act]ize wom5 h be5 ov]%ad[$1 & ! high] =ces :i* orig9at$ )9 !m & :i* are transmitt$ 9 ! female l9e1 h be5 tempor>ily subdu$ by ! great sexual ard\r inh]5t 9 ! opposite sex2 x is n1 !re=e1 s+ul> t ! degree ( progress atta9$ %\ld appe> to be :olly ! result ( male activity & acum54 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! degradation to :i* wom5 9 ! position assign$ !m by physical =ce h be5 oblig$ to submit1 _! capacity = improvem5t has suff]$ less f ! influ5ces & circum/ances ( _! environm5t ?an has t ( m54 ,z ! high] faculties are transmitt$ ?r\gh wom5 equally to bo? sexes1 9 ! impov]i%m5t ( _! inh]itance on ! female side1 m5 h suff]$ equally ) wom51 :ile1 ?r\gh _! male prog5itors1 !y h inh]it$ appetites & habits 7! result ( a rud] & less develop$ /ructure7 :i* weak5 & degrade ! entire con/itution4 ,d\btless1 s soon z wom5 h ga9$ suffici5t /r5g? to enable !m to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce1 & aft] ! high] faculties r ?an ! animal prop5sities rule supreme1 m51 ?r\gh ! imp]fections 9 _! organism1 & ! appetites acquir$ ?r\gh ^! imp]fections1 w1 = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 f9d !mselves weight$ 9 ! /ruggle = supremacy1 & ?is1 too1 by ! v *>act]s :i* "u l[] conditions are n[ believ$ to h det]m9$ _! success4 ,x is n unlikely1 h[ev]1 t ?r\gh ,sexual ,selection ! *>act]s or qualities unfav\rable to ! high] developm5t ( man w 9 "t be elim9at$4 ,! "m is ! natural gu>dian & protector ( (fspr+2 !re=e1 s soon z wom5 are free !y w d\btless select = husb&s only ^? m5 :o1 by _! m5tal1 moral1 & physical end[m5ts are fitt$ to become ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr54 ,only ^? wom5 w become mo!rs :o hope to secure to _! (fspr+ immunity f ! giant evils ) :i* society is afflict$4 ,9 ?is way1 & ?is way only1 may ^! evils be eradicat$4 ,"u pur] conditions ( life1 :5 by ! high] p[]s develop$ 9 ! race ! animal prop5sities h become some:at subdu$ by man1 we may reasonably hope t ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce10 :i* is /ill s rel5tlessly wag$1 w cease1 t man w no long] /ruggle ) man = place or p[]1 & t ! b\nties ( e>? w no long] be ho>d$ by ! few1 :ile ! _m are suff]+ = ! necessities ( life2 = are we n all memb]s ( "o family1 & dep5d5t = all t we h on ! same b5efic5t p>5t--,nature8 ,al?\gh ! two pr9ciples1 ! con/ructive & de/ructive1 are closely alli$1 ! high] faculties h be5 acquir$ only ?r\gh ! =m]--! highe/ degree ( progress is possible only ?r\gh union or co-op]ation1 or1 ?r\gh ! unit+ & b9d+ =ce1 mat]nal love f :i* has be5 develop$1 fir/1 sympa?y among relat$ gr\ps1 & lat] an int]e/ :i* is capable ( ext5d+ itself n only to all memb]s ( ! human race1 b to e s5ti5t creature4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 little wond] t = ?\s&s ( ye>s ( human exi/5ce1 ! female pr9ciple 0 wor%ipp$ ov] ! entire habitable globe z ! s\rce ( all light & life--! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,we are only on ! ?re%old ( civilization4 ,mank9d may z yet h no j conception ( _! possibilities1 b s soon z1 ?r\gh ! ag5cies n[ 9 op]ation = ! advancem5t ( ! race1 ! 8necessities0 ( ! male nature no long] dem& & secure ! subjection ( wom5 & ! consequ5t dra9 on ! v f\nta9 :5ce spr+ ! high] faculties1 a great & unexpect$ impetus w be giv5 to progress4 ,! fact t a majority ( wom5 h n yet ga9$ t fre$om ( action necess>y to ! absolute control ( _! own p]sons1 nor acquir$ a suffici5t degree ( indep5d5ce to enable !m to adopt a c\rse ( action 9 _! daily life :i* !y "k to be "r1 %[s ! ext5t to :i* selfi%ness1 tw9 bro!r to s5suality1 has cl\d$ ! consci5ce & w>p$ ! judgm5t 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to human ju/ice4 ,s closely has wom5's environm5t be5 gu>d$ t 9 addition to all ! re/rictions plac$ ^u _! lib]ties1 a majority ( !m are /ill dep5d5t = food & clo?+ on pleas+ ! m51 :o /ill hold ! purse-/r+s4 ,yet ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! apo/le ( orig9al sci5tific inve/igation1 concludes3 8,if m5 are capable ( decid$ prom95ce ov] wom5 9 _m subjects1 ! av]age m5tal p[]s 9 m5 mu/ be above ^? ( wom540 ,,"p ,,ii ,prehi/oric ,society ,,*apt] ,i ,,me?od ,,( ,,inve/igation ,if ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! human race1 or m p>ticul>ly t ( ! two div]g+ l9es ( sex dem>cation z set =? 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s be correct1 x is pla9 t by x a new f\ndation is laid = ! /udy ( mank9d4 ,if1 contr>y to ! g5]ally accept$ idea1 )9 ! female organism h be5 develop$ ^? elem5ts :i* =m ! basis ( human progress1 or1 if ! high] faculties are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! "m1 h5ce=? all exam9ations into primitive conditions & all rese>* into ! causes :i* und]lie exi/+ in/itutions mu/ be c>ri$ on ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> fact4 ,only ?r\gh a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples or =ces :i* gov]n human developm5t1 & a j appreciation ( ! s\rce :5ce ^! pr9ciples h sprung1 may we hope to ga9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! race1 or to p]ceive ! true c\rse to be pursu$ t[>d fur!r developm5t4 ,?r\gh ! inve/igation ( facts reveal$ 9 ! records ( ,geology1 & ?r\gh ! /udy ( comp>ative ,embryology & ,anatomy1 or ?r\gh an und]/&+ ( ,zology & ,an?ropology1 man has well-nigh solv$ ! problem ( 8 orig91 or has almo/ prov$ 8 connection ) & developm5t f ! l[] ord]s ( life1 b ( ! c\ntless ages :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! era ( our ape-l prog5itors & ! dawn ( organiz$ society1 little may be kn[n )\t a correct k ( ! inh]itance receiv$ by mank9d f creatures l[] 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,only by a c>eful /udy ( ! con/itutional bias acquir$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l9e ( developm5t1 are we enabl$ to note ! motives or =ces by :i* primitive society 0 controll$1 or to =m a j conclusion relative to ! e>ly conditions ( human society & its subsequ5t progress4 ,?r\gh ! att5tion :i* 9 ^! lat] ye>s has be5 direct$ t[>d surviv+ tribes 9 ! s-call$ middle & lat] /ages ( savag]y1 & 9 ! ?ree successive p]iods ( b>b>ism1 h d\btless be5 reveal$ _m ( ! processes by :i* mank9d h rea*$ _! pres5t condition4 ,mu* ( ! in=mation1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 obta9$ by ^! inquiries /ill lacks t accuracy 9 detail dem&$ by exact sci5ce2 b1 s soon z ! array ( facts :i* ! la/ half-c5tury has br\ght to be> ^u ?is subject %all h be5 correctly int]pret$1 logically arrang$1 intellig5tly classifi$1 & )\t prejudice br\ght into l9e ) ! tru?s involv$ 9 ! !ory ( natural developm5t1 !re w d\btless be approximat$ a sy/em ( tru? :i* w furni% a safe & tru/wor?y f\ndation = a m ?or\gh rese>* into ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,al?\gh ! facts relative to exi/+ undevelop$ races1 :i* h be5 laid be=e ! read+ public ?r\gh ! pati5ce & indu/ry ( inve/igators 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( inquiry1 h be5 ( incalculable value z furni%+ a f\ndation = a correct und]/&+ ( ! orig9 ( ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 c]emonies1 gov]nm5ts1 languages1 & sy/ems ( consangu9ity & aff9ity ( a primitive race1 & al?\gh )\t ^! ef=ts little k ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d c\ld be obta9$1 yet1 z a majority ( ! !ories built ^u ^! obs]vations h be5 bas$ on long-e/abli%$ prejudices relative to ! e>lie/ conditions surr\nd+ human society & ! =ces by :i* x 0 controll$1 _m false conclusions h be5 ! inevitable result4 ,we h se5 t ow+ to ! asc5d5cy :i* ! mascul9e elem5t 9 human society ga9$ dur+ ! p]iod designat$ z ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 ! popul> ideas evolv$ s9ce t "t conc]n+ ! orig9 & developm5t ( gov]nm5t1 social usages1 religion1 & law1 h be5 9 accordance ) ! !n e/abli%$ assumption t )9 ! male organism lies n only ! active1 aggressive elem5t1 b ! progressive pr9ciple z well4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 s+ul> t at ! pres5t "t all ! l9es ( inve/igation :i* are be+ direct$ t[>d man 9 a primitive /ate1 or :i* are be+ conduct$ = ! av[$ purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! successive /eps by :i* our social1 civil1 & religi\s in/itutions h be5 re>$1 %\ld cont9ue to be c>ri$ on "u ! a priori assumption t ! male organism is by nature sup]ior to t ( ! female4 ,z 9 all ! !ories relative to ! developm5t ( species ! male is ! pr9cipal factor1 s 9 ! !ories br\ght =w>d to expla9 ! developm5t ( human in/itutions ! female has play$ only an insignificant "p2 b1 z all lat] facts be>+ ^u ?is subject furni% indisputable evid5ce ( ! e>ly importance ( ! female elem5t1 n only among ! l[] ord]s ( life b "u e>li] human conditions z well1 we may reasonably expect f ^! data ! e/abli%m5t1 9 ! n di/ant future1 ( a complete *a9 ( evid5ce 9 support ( a m rational & consi/5t !ory ( developm5t ?an has yet be5 put =?1 n only ( ! orig9 ( ! high] faculties1 b ( ! organization ( human society & ! gr[? ( its v>i\s in/itutions4 ,z1 hi!rto1 all ! !ories advanc$ relative to ! evolution ( ! human race & ! e/abli%m5t ( society on a political & t]ritorial basis h be5 f\nd$ on preconceiv$ notions ( ! sup]iority ( ! *>act]s peculi> to ! male1 x is believ$1 or at lea/ assum$1 t ! asc5d5cy ga9$ by man ov] woman dur+ ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism con/itutes a regul>1 ord]ly1 & necess>y /ep 9 ! direct l9e ( progress2 &1 z "u mascul9e supremacy1 a c]ta9 degree ( advancem5t has be5 possible1 x is assum$ t ! nobl] animal1 man1 hav+ ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] ! weak] animal1 woman1 8 progress 9 ! future is to increase 9 a sort ( geometrical ratio1 :ile %e1 /ill b\nd by physical disabilities & weight$ by ! baneful effects ( pa/ limitations & re/rictions1 mu/ cont9ue f> 9 ! re> ( h] bett] end[$ & m ?or\ghly equipp$ male mate4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is conception ( ! facts ( biology1 woman is n left )\t a crumb ( com=t2 =1 9 ! =lorn & helpless condition to :i* x condemns h]1 %e is giv5 to und]/& t if = _m successive g5]ations girls be con/antly tra9$ 9 mascul9e me?ods1 !y may ev5tually be able to admire1 & possibly 9 a measure to compreh5d1 "s ( ! less /up5d\s m5tal a*ievem5ts ( _! bro!rs2 b1 accord+ to ! savants1 any attempt on ! "p ( wom5 to compete ) m5 9 ! high] walks ( life mu/ result 9 increas$ physical weakness1 9 ! imm$iate deg5]ation ( ! female sex1 & 9 disa/] & ru9 to ! entire race4 ,:5 we rememb] t inve/igations into ! conditions surr\nd+ primitive society h = ! mo/ "p be5 conduct$ "u ! influ5ce ( prejudices simil> to ^? :i* h prompt$ ! above assumptions1 x is n s+ul> t 9 a majority ( cases 9 :i* ! e>ly /atus ( wom5 has be5 discuss$1 & 9 :i* ! organization ( society1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 ! orig9 ( ! in/itution ( m>riage1 ! monogamic family1 & ! gr[? ( ! god-idea1 h be5 ! topics "u discussion1 ! conclusions arriv$ at h be5 n :olly w>rant$ by ! facts at h&4 ,9 an inve/igation ( ! subject ( human developm5t1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t all ! pr9cipal exi/+ in/itutions h sprung f g]ms ( ?\ght :i* orig9at$ "u primitive conditions ( ! race4 ,gov]nm5t1 language1 m>riage1 ! mod]n family1 & our pres5t sy/em ( ! accumulation & di/ribution ( weal?1 h all be5 evolv$ f ! necessities ( e>ly human exi/5ce1 or f primitive ideas conceiv$ accord+ to ! peculi> bias :i* _h be5 giv5 to ! female & male organisms prior to ! appe>ance ( mank9d ^u ! e>?1 & :i* h s9ce be5 develop$ 9 accordance ) ! laws :i* gov]n human gr[?4 ,) _! reason+ faculties /ill undevelop$1 &1 accord+ to our guides1 :olly de/itute ( a moral s5se1 human be+s at ! outset ( _! c>e] c\ld h _h no guid+ pr9ciple o!r ?an ^? in/9cts :i* !y inh]it$ f _! mute prog5itors4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] fully to und]/& ! /atus ( ! human race z x em]g$ f its animal conditions1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! nature ( ! inh]itance :i* x _h receiv$ dur+ its passage f a =mless lump ( c>bon1 or an inf9itesimal jelly dot 9 ! primeval sea1 to a creature end[$ ) sympa?y1 affection1 c\rage1 & p]sev]ance4 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t passion1 ! all-absorb+ quality develop$ 9 males belong+ to ! ord]s l[] 9 ! scale ( be+1 mu/ h be5 convey$ )\t dim9ution or mat]ial *ange to man4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t ^? qualities 9 ! female :i* _h be5 develop$ = ! protection ( ! g]m1 & by :i* %e 0 enabl$ to hold 9 *eck ! abnormally develop$ appetites ( ! male1 7 /ill 9 op]ation4 ,t ,nature disda9s arbitr>y rules1 & t %e pays little he$ to ! proprieties e/abli%$ by man1 are facts ev]y:]e to be obs]v$ among ! l[] ord]s ( life4 ,%e nev]!less jeal\sly gu>ds ! g]m & ! "y ( ! species4 ,! "m is ! natural gu>dian ( pr5atal & infant life1 & z su*1 "u natural conditions1 is usually able to control ! sexual relation4 ,fail+ to note ! fact t among ! ord]s ( life bel[ mank9d ! female *ooses h] mate1 & fail+ also to obs]ve t ?r\gh ! natural adju/m5t ( ! sexual relations 8 in/9cts are *eck$ by h] w1 ne>ly if n all ! writ]s ^u ?is subject h decl>$ t wom5 & m5 at ! outset ( ! human c>e] liv$ 9 a /ate ( 8lawlessness0 or 8promiscuity10 simil> no d\bt to t :i* at ! pres5t "t w\ld prevail 9 a community 9 :i* wom5 7 utt]ly devoid ( influ5ce1 & 9 :i* !re 7 no laws regulat+ ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes4 ,by ! mo/ tru/wor?y writ]s on ! subject ( ! primitive conditions ( ! human race1 x is believ$ t ! mo/ ar*aic organization ( society 0 t f\nd$ on ! basis ( sex1 b1 z 9 ! infancy ( ! race1 prior to ! inauguration ( ! sy/em bas$ on sex1 & dur+ ! long ages :i* 7 sp5t m]ely 9 ga9+ a subsi/5ce1 no organiz$ =m ( society exi/$1 x is held t ! ord] :i* is obs]v$ among creatures l[] 9 ! scale ( life 0 susp5d$1 & t ! univ]sal law :i* _h hi!rto regulat$ ! relations ( ! sexes1 & :i* ?r\gh\t ! ages ( life on ! e>? _h held 9 *eck ! l[] in/9cts ( ! male1 became imm$iately inop]ative4 ,"h ! common gr\nd ( belief ceases1 & ea* writ] bran*es (f ^u 8 own peculi> l9e ( argum5t1 appropriat+ & arrang+ ! facts obs]v$ by explor]s & inve/igators 9 ! v>i\s l9es ( inquiry accord+ to 8 own preconceiv$ notions1 or z be/ suits ! p>ticul> s*eme ( developm5t :i* he essays to e/abli%4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! attempt w be made to %[ t ! facts :i* 9 ^! lat] ye>s h be5 br\ght to light conc]n+ ! developm5t ( ! human race are 9 /rict accord ) ! facts z enunciat$ by sci5ti/s relative to ! developm5t ( ! ord]s ( life bel[ man1 & t toge!r !y =m a connect$ *a9 ( evid5ce go+ to prove n only t ! high] faculties _h _! orig9 9 ! female b t ! progressive pr9ciple has also be5 confid$ to h]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,sexes ,,among ,,e>ly ,,mank9d ,we h se5 t an inve/igation ( ! in/9cts & habits ( creatures l[] 9 ! scale is necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! relations :i* mu/ h exi/$ betwe5 ! sexes among primitive races4 ,among birds & mammals1 ! great] diff]5tiation ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ! high] pit* ( ! :ole life is associat$ ) ! developm5t ( :at p$antry alone c refuse to call love4 ,n only is !re (t5 p>tn]%ip1 co-op]ation1 & evid5t affection beyond ! limits ( ! bre$+ p]iod1 b !re are abundant illu/rations ( a high /&>d ( morality1 ( all ! famili> sexual crimes ( mank9d1 & e %ade ( flirtation1 c\rt%ip1 jeal\sy1 & ! l4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 ! two highe/ classes ( animals at lea/1 ! physical sympa?ies ( sexuality h be5 enhanc$ by ! emotional1 if n also intellectual1 sympa?ies ( love4#eb #eb ,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 p4 #bff4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t among ! ord]s ( life bel[ mank9d1 except among polygam\s species1 ! female *ooses ! individual :i* is be/ end[$--! "o ^: beauty appeals to h] /hetic ta/e1 or :i* ?r\gh 8 /rong] developm5t is be/ fitt$ to assi/ h] 9 ! (fice ( reproduction4 ,among ! m intellig5t species ( birds1 g5u9e affection has be5 obs]v$1 /rict monogamy & life-long unions hav+ be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 mat$ pairs4 ,among o!rs1 al?\gh ! conjugal bond is n life-la/+1 s long z ! "m-bird is c>+ = h] brood1 con/ancy to "o ano!r is ! undeviat+ rule4 ,we are assur$ t ) ! female ,ill9ois p>rot1 8wid[hood & dea? are synonym\s10 & t 8:5 a :eate> dies1 8 companion survives him sc>cely a mon?40#ec #ec ,let\rneau1 ,! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 p4 #bg4 ,all eagles are monogam\s4 ,gold5 eagles live 9 c\ples & rema9 atta*$ to "o ano!r = a hundr$ or m ye>s1 )\t ev5 *ang+ _! domicile4#ed ,! conjugal unions ( bald-head$ eagles1 al?\gh !y are "u no 8legal re/rictions10 la/ until ! dea? ( "o ( ! p>tn]s4 ,among birds1 al?\gh incubation re/s ) ! "m1 ! fa!r usually assi/s 8 companion4 ,he n only takes h] place if %e desires to leave ! ne/ = a mom5t1 b also provides h] ) food4#ee ,s p]fect is ! bird family life t ,brehm decl>es t 8real g5u9e m>riage c only be f\nd among birds40#ef ,^u ?is subject we are in=m$ t 8examples ( w&]+ fancy are = ! mo/ "p r>e among ! birds1 ! majority ( :om are monogam\s1 & ev5 sup]ior to mo/ m5 9 ! matt] ( conjugal fidelity40#eg #ed ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 p4 #bfb4 #ee ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #aa4 #ef ,brehm1 ,bird-,life4 #eg ,let\rneau1 ,! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 p4 #bg4 ,conc]n+ mammals1 x is obs]v$ t al?\gh polygamy is frequ5t 8x is f> f be+ ! conjugal regime univ]sally adopt$2 monogamy is common1 & is sometimes accompani$ by s mu* devotion t x w\ld s]ve z an example to human monogami/s40#eh ,be>s1 weasels1 :ales1 & _m o!r animals *oose _! mates & g 9 pairs4 ,sev]al k9ds ( monkeys are /rictly monogam\s4#ei ,*impanzees are sometimes polygam\s & sometimes monogam\s4 ,x is /at$ :at :5 a /rong male has succe$$ 9 driv+ away ! o!r males ( ! gr\p1 ! females1 al?\gh 9 a position to subjugate him1 are nev]!less k9d & ev5 t5d] t[>d him4 ,!y are d\btless too mu* occupi$ ) _! legitimate functions to rebel1 b s soon z ! "y ( ! horde are gr[n1 ! usurp] is driv5 f _! mid/4 ,a little obs]vation w %[ u t ev5 among polygam\s species1 x is affection r ?an /r5g? :i* keeps ! memb]s ( a gr\p toge!r4 ,al?\gh among mo/ ( ! l[] ord]s ! female ex]cises a *oice 9 ! selection ( h] mate1 /ill among animals ( polygam\s habits ! female is said to manife/ g5u9e affection = ! fa!r ( h] (fspr+4 #eh ,ibid41 p4 #ce4 #ei ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #eij4 ,! polygamic regime ( animals is f> f ext+ui%+ affectionate s5tim5ts 9 ! females t[>ds _! husb& & ma/]4 ,! females ( ! guanaco lamas1 = example1 are v fai?ful to _! male4 ,if ! latt] happ5s to be w\nd$ or kill$1 in/ead ( runn+ away1 !y ha/5 to 8 side1 bleat+ & (f]+ !mselves to ! %ots ( ! hunt] 9 ord] to %ield him1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 if a female is kill$1 ! male makes (f ) all 8 troop2 he only ?9ks ( himself4#fj #fj ,let\rneau1 ,! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 p4 #cb4 ,al?\gh among animals a /ray male w sometimes drive away or kill all ! o!r males ( ! gr\p1 & himself become ! common mate ( all ! females1 !y peaceably accept+ ! situation1 s f> z ,i c f9d1 female insects1 birds1 & mammals1 al?\gh !y g5]ally control ! sexual relation1 h nev] be5 giv5 to poly&ry2 ! reason = ?is c be expla9$ only ?r\gh a c>eful analysis ( ! fundam5tal bias ( ! female con/itution4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t al?\gh among ! ord]s ( life bel[ mank9d ! male is ready to pair ) any female1 %e1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 free to *oose1 c be induc$ to accept ! att5tions only ( ! "o :i* by 8 c\rage1 brav]y1 or p]sonal beauty has won h] fav\rs4 ,we h not$ ! fact t 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! human race ?is *oice 0 ex]cis$ by wom51 b we h no reason to believe t any?+ resembl+ 8promiscuity0 ev] prevail$ among primitive races4 ,x is true t "u e>li] conditions ! in/itution ( m>riage z x exi/s at ! pres5t "t _h n appe>$2 yet ! law :i* _h be5 impress$ on ! high] organism ( ! female1 until ov]come by males ?r\gh means :i* w be treat$ ( lat] 9 ^! pages1 _h suffic$ to keep ! animal in/9cts "u subjection1 or at lea/ on a level ) ^? ( ! l[] species :i* /ructurally _h be5 left beh9d4 ,f facts to be ga!r$1 n alone f among ! l[] ord]s1 b f obs]vations among human be+s z well1 x w\ld seem t any degree ( affection = m ?an "o individual at ! same "t is contr>y to ! female nature4 ,a female insect1 or bird1 :i* feels a pref]5ce = a p>ticul> mate w pair ) no o!r1 h5ce1 among ord]s :]e ! female in/9cts control ! relations betwe5 ! sexes1 8lawlessness0 or promiscuity w\ld n prevail4 ,a little obs]vation & reflection1 ,i ?9k1 w %[ u t ! affection ( ! female is a "* diff]+ widely f ! sex in/9ct ( ! male--t1 :ile selfi%ness con/itutes ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ! latt]1 ! =m] involves n only c>e = ! "y & ! unity ( ! gr\p1 b1 :5 human conditions are rea*$1 x involves also c\ntry1 civilization1 & ! ultimate bro!rhood ( mank9d4 ,if we be> 9 m9d ! conditions surr\nd+ ! ord]s ( life f :i* ! human race has sprung1 & if we rememb] ! nature ( ! *>act]s inh]it$ by mank9d f ^! ord]s1 toge!r ) ! important fact t ! l[] in/9cts among !m 7 "u subjection to ! high] faculties1 we %all be enabl$ to see t ! m degrad$ ( ! extant savage tribes _c repres5t ! primitive race z x em]g$ f ! animal type4 ,mr4 ,tylor mu/ h be5 m9dful ( ! altrui/ic "* ( e>ly races :5 he rem>k$3 8,)\t "s control beyond ! m]e "r ( ! /rong]1 ! tribe w\ld break up 9 a week1 :]eas 9 fact savage tribes la/ on = ages40#fa #fa ,an?ropology1 p4 #dje4 ,conc]n+ ! relations ( ! sexes "u unorganiz$ society no?+ may be kn[n f actual obs]vation1 z1 at ! pres5t "t1 no tribe or race is to be f\nd "u absolutely primitive conditions4 ,p]haps f no extant p is !re s little in=mation 9 ref]5ce to ! e>lie/ human /ate to be glean$ z f ! l[e/ exi/+ races4 ,among _m ( ^! tribes ! rules :i* x has be5 necess>y to e/abli% = ! regulation ( ! relations betwe5 ! sexes are rigor\sly en=c$1 :ile among o!rs a laxity prevails :i* w\ld seem to indicate an almo/ total lack ( ^? high] in/9cts :i* are obs]v$ among ne>ly all ! l[] ord]s ( be+s4 ,! foll[+ fact1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ^! races1 has be5 obs]v$3 ! m primitive !y are1 or ! less !y h come 9 contact ) civilization1 ! m /rictly d !y obs]ve ! rules :i* h be5 e/abli%$ = ! gov]nance ( ! sexual relation4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,p>kyns says3 ,i don't believe t !re exi/s a nation1 h[ev] high 9 ! scale ( civilization1 t c pick a hole 9 ! "* ( ! l[e/1 )\t be+ 9 dang] ( f9d+ "o ne>ly1 if n q1 z big 9 its own4 ,! vices ( ! savage are1 l 8 p]son1 v mu* expos$ to view4 ,our own nak$ness is n less unseemly ?an 81 b is c>efully conceal$ "u ! conv5i5t cloak :i* we call 8civilization10 b :i* ,i fe> he1 9 8 ignorance1 poor fell[1 might1 on "s occasions1 be l$ to look ^u z hypocrisy4#fb #fb ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aeb4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s :]e ,columbus l&$1 liv$ tribes :i* are repres5t$ z hav+ be5 8! mo/ g5tle & b5evol5t ( ! human race40 ,reg>d+ ^! ,mr4 ,tylor rem>ks3 ,s*omburgk1 ! travell]1 :o knew ! w>like ,c>ibs well 9 _! home life1 draws a p>adise-l picture ( _! ways1 :]e !y h n be5 corrupt$ by ! vices ( ! :ite m52 he saw among !m peace & *e]fulness & simple family affection1 unv>ni%$ fri5d%ip1 & gratitude n less true = n be+ spok5 9 s\nd+ words2 ! civiliz$ _w1 he says1 has n to tea* !m morality1 =1 ?\gh !y d n talk ab\t x1 !y live 9 x4#fc #fc ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #djf4 ,! m5 :o ) ,capta9 ,cook fir/ visit$ ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s report$ ! natives z mode/ & *a/e 9 _! habits2 b1 lat]1 aft] com+ 9 contact ) ! influ5ces ( civilization1 mode/y & *a/ity among !m 7 virtues almo/ entirely unkn[n4 ,! same is true ( ! p ( ,patagonia4 ,b>r[ says ( ! ,kaffir woman t %e is 8*a/e & extremely mode/10 & we are told t among ?is p bani%m5t is ! p5alty = incont95ce = bo? wom5 & m54 ,( ! reports :i* f "t to "t come f ! aborig9es ( c]ta9 portions ( ,au/ralia relative to ! lewdness ( ! wom51 ,mr4 ,br\gh ,smy? says t !y are irreconcilable ) ! sev]e p5alties impos$ = un*a/ity 9 =m] times among/ ! natives ( ,victoria4#fd ,?is writ] is ( ! op9ion t ! lewd practices report$ are mod]n1 & t !y are ! result ( communication ) ! poor :ites4 ,we are assur$ t ! wom5 ( ,nubia are virtu\s1 t public wom5 are n tol]at$ 9 ! c\ntry4#fe ,also t 9 ,fiji adult]y is "o ( ! crimes g5]ally puni%$ ) dea?4#ff #fd ,quot$ by ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #fa4 #fe ,burckh>dt's ,travels 9 ,nubia1 p4 #adf4 #ff ,seeman1 ,a ,mission to ,viti1 p4 #aia4 ,m>sd5 obs]ves t 9 ,sumatra 8! old wom5 are v att5tive to ! conduct ( ! girls1 & ! male relations are highly jeal\s ( any insults t may be %[n !m40#fg ,! same writ] says t pro/itution = hire is unkn[n 9 ! c\ntry2 adult]y is puni%able by f9e1 b ! crime is r>e4 ,reg>d+ ! conduct ( m5 t[>d wom5 he rem>ks3 8,!y pres]ve a degree ( delicacy & respect t[>d ! sex :i* might ju/ify _! retort+ on _m ( ! poli%$ nations ( antiquity ! epi!t ( b>b>ism40#fh #fg ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #bcj4 #fh ,ibid41 p4 #bbf4 ,crantz says t among ! ,gre5l&]s s+le p]sons h r>ely any connection4#fi ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,/4 ,boniface1 ! puni%m5t = un*a/ity among ! e>ly ,g]mans 0 dea? to ! man1 :ile ! woman 0 driv5 nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets4#gj #fi ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 vol4 i41 p4 #ade4 #gj ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,boniface to ,e!lbald4 ,among ! ,c5tral ,asian ,turks we are assur$ t a fall5 girl is unkn[n4 ,mr4 ,we/]m>ck1 quot+ f ,klemm1 /ates t al?\gh among ! ,kalmucks & gypsies ! girls take pride 9 hav+ gallant affairs1 !y are 8di%on\r$ if !y h *ildr5 previ\s to m>riage40 ,! same writ] quotes also f ,w9wood ,reade1 :o says t among ! ,equatorial ,africans 8a girl :o disgraces h] family by wantonness is bani%$ f h] clan2 &1 9 cases ( s$uction1 ! man is sev]ely flogg$40#ga #ga ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #fb4 ,mr4 ,we/]m>ck adduces mu* te/imony go+ to %[ t ! 8lawlessness0 ( l[] races is due n to inh]5t vici\s t5d5cies1 b to ! evil associations ( civiliz$ peoples4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t ! lic5ti\sness among _m ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s owes its orig9 to ! int]c\rse ( ! natives ) ,europeans2 & ( ! tribes :o once inhabit$ ! ,adelaide ,pla9s1 quot+ f ,mr4 ,edw>d ,/eph5s :o w5t to ,au/ralia half a c5tury ago1 he says3 ,^? :o speak ( ! natives z a naturally degrad$ race1 ei!r d n speak f exp]i5ce1 or !y judge !m by :at !y h become :5 ! abuse ( intoxicants & contact ) ! mo/ wick$ ( ! :ite race h begun _! deadly "w4 ,z a rule1 to :i* !re are no exceptions1 if a tribe ( blacks is f\nd away f ! :ite settlem5t1 ! m vici\s ( ! :ite m5 are mo/ anxi\s to make ! acqua9tance ( ! natives1 & t1 too1 solely = purposes ( immorality4444 ,i saw ! natives & 0 mu* ) !m be=e ^? deadly immoralities 7 well kn[n 444 & ,i say x fe>lessly1 t ne>ly all _! evils !y ow$ to ! :ite man's immorality & to ! :ite man's dr9k4#gb #gb ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #fh4 ,we are in=m$ t :]ev] c]ta9 vices prevail among ! l[] races 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 or ,asia1 !y h be5 c>ri$ to !m by ! :ites4 ,7 x necess>y to d s1 scores ( examples c\ld be adduc$ go+ to %[ t among primitive tribes1 until corrupt$ by our lat] civilization1 *a/ity is ! univ]sal rule4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! writ]s :o h dealt ) ?is subject h disc\rs$ freely on ! laxity ( ! conjugal bond among s-call$ primitive tribes1 & ! lawlessness :i* *>act]izes l[] races 9 _! sexual relations1 !y h fail$ to acc\nt satisfactorily = "s ( ! cu/oms & usages :i* appe> connect$ ) _m ( ! e>ly =ms ( m>riage1--=ms :i* w\ld seem to indicate a degree ( mode/ res]ve on ! "p ( ^! peoples :i* fail to comport ) ! popul> !ory conc]n+ _! lawlessness & innate indec5cy4 ,we h se5 t al?\gh among ! ord]s ( life bel[ mank9d !re are no arbitr>y laws gov]n+ ! relations ( ! sexes1 !re nev]!less exi/s a sy/em ( natural m>riage :i* 9 no wise resembles promiscuity4 ,n[ x 0 "u ?is natural sy/em controll$ by ! high] in/9cts develop$ )9 ! female organism1 t ! extreme 8lawlessness0 indicat$ by ! savants prevail$--lawlessness seem+ to d5ote t /ate ( female indep5d5ce 9 :i* wom5 7 p]sonally free1 or 9 :i* !y 7 n held 9 actual bondage z captive wives4 ,9 ! reason+ ( _m ( our guides 9 ?is matt] x is impli$1 if n actually ass]t$1 t ! fre$om ( wom5 :i* is n[ kn[n to h prevail$ 9 e>li] times d5otes a /ate ( laxity 9 morals1 a condition ( society directly contr>y to ! facts :i* !y !mselves h record$ relative to exi/+ tribes "u less advanc$ conditions ( life1 & :i* w\ld seem to argue = ^! peoples a s5se ( dec5cy :i* among ! masses 9 civiliz$ c\ntries is almo/ entirely want+4 ,at ! dawn ( human exi/5ce1 _h no high] in/9cts be5 develop$ ?an passion1 or ! desire = selfi% gratification1 :5ce c\ld h aris5 ?is res]ve1 & ^! ideas ( *a/ity & mode/y :i* are obs]v$ among _m ( ! less develop$ peoples1 notably ^? :i* h n come 9 contact ) ! high] races8 ,^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,tylor rem>ks3 8,yet ev5 among ! rude/ clans ( m51 unless deprav$ by vice or mis]y & fall+ to pieces1 a /&>d ( family morals is kn[n & liv$ by40#gc #gc ,an?ropology1 *ap1 xvi41 p4 #dje4 ,obs]v+ ! habits ( ! l[] animals1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 _c believe t promiscu\s int]c\rse prevail$ among ! e>ly races ( mank9d4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod1 be=e man atta9$ to 8 pres5t rank 9 ! scale1 _m ( 8 conditions w\ld be diff]5t f :at n[ obta9s among/ savages4 ,judg+ f ! analogy ( ! l[] animals he w\ld !n ei!r live ) a s+le female1 or be a polygami/4#gd #gd ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #eid4 ,we h mu* evid5ce go+ to prove t ! m>riage contracts among ! l[] races are well kept4 ,accord+ to ,cook1 9 ,tahiti1 al?\gh no?+ m is necess>y = ! consummation ( a valid m>riage ?an an agreem5t betwe5 ! p>ties1 ^! contracts are usually well kept4 ,9 case ( ! disaffection ( ei!r p>ty1 a divorce is easily obta9$4 ,we are assur$1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ! ,tahiti wom5 h ! undisput$ "r to dissolve ! m>riage contract at w1 !y are nev]!less 8z fai?ful to _! husb&s z 9 any "p ( ! _w40 ,! ,v$dahs1 :o are rank$ among ! mo/ primitive races1 are a /rictly monogam\s p4#ge ,( ! extreme mode/y ( m>ri$ pairs among _m ( ! l[] races we h mu* pro(4 ,among ! ,fijians1 husb&s & wives d n usually sp5d ! night toge!r1 except z x 7 by /eal?1 & x is said to be contr>y to _! ideas ( delicacy t !y %\ld sleep "u ! same ro(4#gf ,:olly f a s5se ( res]ve or mode/y1 ! ,arab wife rema9s = mon?s1 possibly = a :ole ye>1 ) h] "m be=e tak+ up h] abode 9 h] husb&'s t5t4 ,! extreme delicacy ( ! cu/oms regulat+ ! behavi\r ( m>ri$ pairs 9 anci5t ,sp>ta are well und]/ood4 ,accord+ to ,x5ophon & ,/rabo1 x 0 ! cu/om1 n only among ! ,sp>tans b among ! ,cretans also1 = m>ri$ pairs to meet cl&e/9ely4 ,! same cu/om prevail$ 9 anci5t ,lycia4 ,lafitau says t among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! husb& visits 8 wife only by /eal?4#gg #ge ,ibid41 p4 #eia4 #gf ,seeman1 ,a ,mission to ,viti1 p4 #aia4 #gg ,quot$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #hb4 ,x is /at$ by tru/wor?y au?orities t among v>i\s tribes1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ge/ation & lactation1 ! p]son ( ! wife is sacr$2 t ! rule ( *a/ity1 or cont95ce1 betwe5 m>ri$ pairs1 dur+ ?is season1 is absolutely inviolate4 ,9 ,fiji1 wom5 furni% natural n\ri%m5t to _! *ildr5 = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t _! p]sons are respect$4 ,! relatives ( ! wom5 take x z a public insult if any *ild %\ld be born be=e ! cu/om>y ?ree or f\r ye>s h elaps$1 & !y consid] !mselves 9 duty b\nd to av5ge x 9 an equally public mann]4 ,mr4 ,seeman says3 ,i he>d ( a :ite man1 :o1 be+ ask$ h[ _m bro!rs & si/]s he _h1 frankly repli$1 8t540 8,b t c\ld n be10 0 ! rejo9d] ( ! natives1 8"o "m c\ld sc>cely h s _m *ildr540 ,:5 told t ^! *ildr5 7 born at annual int]vals1 & t su* occurr5ces 7 common 9 ,europe1 !y 7 v mu* %ock$1 & ?\ght x expla9$ suffici5tly :y s _m :ite p 7 8m]e %rimps40 ,aft] *ildbir?1 among ! ,fijians1 husb& & wife sep>ate & live ap>t = ?ree & ev5 f\r ye>s1 8s t no o!r baby may int]f]e ) ! "t consid]$ necess>y = suckl+ ! *ildr51 9 ord] to make !m /rong & heal?y40#gh #gh ,seeman1 ,a ,mission to ,viti1 p4 #aia4 ,?r\gh su* wise regulations z ^!1 gov]n+ ! sexual relations1 ! dra9 on ! vital =ces obs]v$ among ! wom5 ( civiliz$ c\ntries is avoid$1 & x 0 d\btless to ^! rules & o!rs ( a simil> "* t wom51 ?r\gh\t untold ages ( human exi/5ce1 7 enabl$ to ma9ta9 a position ( indep5d5ce & supremacy4 ,we are in=m$ t among ! ,fijians ! bir? ( a *ild is cause = a p]fect jubilee2 t p>5tal & filial affection is among ! manife/ virtues ( ?is p4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! tru?fulness & hone/y ( ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 ,mr4 ,wallace says t 89 sev]al matt]s ( morality !y rank above mo/ unciviliz$1 & ev5 above _m civiliz$1 nations4 ,!y are temp]ate 9 food & dr9k1 & ! gross s5suality ( ! ,*9ese & ,malays is unkn[n among !m40#gi ,al?\gh ! usual *ecks to population are abs5t among ! ,dyaks--namely1 />vation1 disease1 w>1 infanticide1 & vice1--/ill ! wom5 9 ! ,dyak tribe r>ely _h m ?an ?ree or f\r *ildr54 ,9 a village 9 :i* !re 7 "o hundr$ & fifty families1 9 only "o ( !m 7 !re six *ildr51 & only six ) five *ildr54 #gi ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 :atev] direction we turn1 evid5ces are abundant go+ to prove t "u simpl] & m natural conditions1 & be=e corrupt$ by our lat] civilization1 mank9d 7 gov]n$ l>gely by ! in/9cts develop$ )9 ! female con/itution1 & t long aft] h] supremacy ov] ! male 0 lo/1 ! effects ( ^! pur] conditions 7 manife/ 9 ! cu/oms1 =ms1 & usages ( ! p4 ,f ! evid5ce at h& x seems m ?an likely t _m ( ! extant tribes h at "s remote p]iod be5 civiliz$1 & t ?r\gh "s natural cata/rophe1 ! unfav\rable conditions ( climate & soil1 or "s o!r equally disadvantage\s cause1 !y h aga9 sunk to a l[ plane ( exi/5ce f :i* !y h be5 unable to rise4 ,f available facts "o is almo/ l$ to believe t at a p]iod 9 ! remote pa/1 & :ile liv+ "u pur] conditions1 a high /age ( civilization 0 rea*$1 a civilization :i* 9 _m respects 0 equal if n sup]ior to t ( ! pres5t4 ,be ?is z x may1 :5ev] ! environm5t ( a p is su* t aft] hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 /age x is unable to advance1 x does n rema9 /ation>y1 b on ! contr>y foll[s a l9e ( retrogression2 or1 :5ev] ! conditions ( a race or tribe are su* t ! high] faculties :i* t5d t[>ds progress lie dormant1 ! l[] =ces :i* incl9e t[>d retrogression & :i* are peculi>ly active 9 l[ organisms /ill cont9ue 9 op]ation4 ,al?\gh ! social arrangem5t ( ! native ,au/ralians seems to be f\nd$ on classes bas$ on sex--! e>lie/ =m ( society--/ill we f9d !m practis+ polygamy & monogamy side by side1 at ! same "t secur+ _! wives by capture 9 exactly ! same fa%ion z did ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t al?\gh ?is p h n be5 able to advance 9 ! arts ( life1 z f> z ! relations ( ! sexes are conc]n$ !y h tak5 ab\t ! same c\rse z h all ! o!r tribes & races 9 :i* ! supremacy ( ! male has be5 ga9$4 ,= unkn[n reasons1 dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! develop+ ag5cies h be5 quiesc5t1 h5ce no *eck to ! animal in/9cts has be5 int]pos$2 ! ,au/ralians h !re=e dep>t$ widely f ! conditions :i* surr\nd$ e>ly human society--conditions "u :i* ! mat]nal in/9cts develop$ 9 ! l[] ord]s ( life 7 /ill suffici5tly /rong to gu>d ! con/ructive processes & to cont9ue ! *a9 ( un9t]rupt$ progress4 ,z among ! l[e/ exi/+ tribes--peoples :i* dur+ c\ntless ages h be5 unable to advance--only ! rud] elem5ts 9 ! human composition h be5 develop$1 x is pla9 t f ^! tribes little if any in=mation conc]n+ an e>li] or m natural age1 :5 ! animal in/9cts 7 controll$ by ! high] *>act]s develop$ 9 human nature1 may be obta9$2 b f ^? peoples )9 ! sev]al successive /ages ( developm5t ^: environm5t has be5 su* z to admit ( "s degree ( improvem5t 9 ! arts ( life1 & 9 :om !re=e ! high] *>act]s develop$ 9 _! mute prog5itors h n be5 9 a /ate ( retrogression1 may be obta9$ a clue to _m ( ! processes by :i* our pres5t social fabric has be5 rais$4 ,among su* peoples w be reta9$ c]ta9 symbols1 habits1 & traditions repres5t+ =m] modes ( life1 f :i* may be recon/ruct$ mu* ( ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! race4 ,= in/ance1 by means ( ! symbol ( wife-capture1 a =m ( m>riage :i* is univ]sal among tribes 9 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 has be5 furni%$ mu* tru/wor?y in=mation relative to ! in/itution ( m>riage & ! developm5t ( ! mod]n family4 ,x matt]s n t ! orig9 ( ^! symbols is s remote t _! true significance is lo/ by ! peoples :o practise !m1 !y nev]!less repeat ) un]r+ fidelity ! pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! race & reveal ! orig9 ( lat] in/itutions4 ,z ! v>i\s tribes & races ( mank9d h probably sprung f a common prog5itor1 & z ! 8n]ve cells 9 ! bra9 ( all classes & ord]s h _h ! same orig910 _! developm5t1 al?\gh n id5tical z to "t & mann] ( detail1 has be5 simil> 9 outl9e & 9 g5]al results2 s x is ?\ght t a correct k ( ! developm5t ( any tribe or race f savag]y to civilization mu/ necess>ily involve ! g5]al hi/ory ( all ! tribes & races ( mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,g5s--,,wom5 ,,"u ,,g5tile ,,in/itutions ,! e>lie/ =m ( organiz$ society 0 t into classes f\nd$ on ! basis ( sex1#hj "u :i* ! "r ( individuals to int]m>ry 0 re/rict$ to "o-f\r? ( ! gr\p4 ,?is division ( ! e>ly race1 & ! regulations prohibit+ conjugal relations ) ?ree-f\r?s ! memb]s ( ! relat$ community1 is ?\ght to repres5t ! fir/ co]cive abridgm5t or =mal re/riction ( ! !n exi/+ conjugal rights1 & 0 inaugurat$ = ! purpose ( av]t+ ! evil effects aris+ f int]c\rse betwe5 ne> relations4 ,( ?is e>ly =m ( society1 h[ev]1 & ( ! ages dur+ :i* no organiz$ =m exi/$1 little may be kn[n except t :i* is sugge/$ by ! in/9cts & habits ( ! highe/ animals1 & t :i* may be inf]r$ f an inve/igation ( ! next high] organization1 t into g5tes on ! basis ( k94 ,al?\gh untold ages int]v5$ betwe5 ! anci5t division ( society into classes f\nd$ on ! basis ( sex1 & ! high] & m important organization into g5tes on ! basis ( k91 ?is la/-nam$ plan = ! fur!r developm5t ( mank9d became univ]sal at a comp>atively e>ly /age ( human hi/ory4 #hj ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #eb4 ,by an inve/igation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! g5s1 we %all be enabl$ to obs]ve ! simil>ity exi/+ betwe5 ! in/9cts :i* gov]n$ e>ly human action & ^? :i* controll$ ! highe/ ord]s ( life bel[ mank9d4 ,all facts be>+ on ! primitive conditions ( ! human race1 :i* 9 ^! lat] times h be5 br\ght to light ?r\gh ! inve/igations direct$ t[>d peoples 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 only s]ve to emphasize ! importance ( ! altrui/ic pr9ciple 9 ! =mation ( organiz$ society & 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( human in/itutions4 ,al?\gh ! g5s is ! e>lie/ =m ( organiz$ society ( :i* we h any accurate k1 /ill z )9 x 7 ency/$ ! g]ms ( all ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & equality :i* our bett] human nature is beg9n+ aga9 to recognize1 & :i* mu/ *>act]ize a high] /age ( progress1 a k ( its und]ly+ pr9ciples is necess>y to a correct und]/&+1 n only ( ! pa/ developm5t ( ! race & all ! exi/+ human in/itutions1 b ( ! c\rse to be pursu$ t[>d ! future advancem5t ( mank9d4 ,( ! g5s1 ,mr4 ,morgan says3 ,! g5tile organization op5s to u "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ widely preval5t in/itutions ( mank9d4 ,x furni%$ ! ne>ly univ]sal plan ( gov]nm5t ( anci5t society1 ,asiatic1 ,european1 ,african1 ,am]ican1 & ,au/ralian4 ,x 0 ! in/rum5tality by means ( :i* society 0 organiz$ & held toge!r4 ,comm5c+ 9 savag]y1 & cont9u+ ?r\gh ! ?ree sub-p]iods ( b>b>ism1 x rema9$ until ! e/abli%m5t ( political society1 :i* did n occur until aft] civilization _h comm5c$4 ,! ,grecian g5s1 phratry1 & tribe1 ! ,roman g5s1 curia1 & tribe f9d _! analogues 9 ! g5s1 phratry1 & tribe ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,iri% sept1 ! ,scotti% clan1 ! phr>a ( ! ,albanians1 & ! ,sanskrit ganas1 )\t ext5d+ ! comp>ison fur!r are ! same z ! ,am]ican-,indian g5s1 :i* has usually be5 call$ a clan4 ,z f> z our k ext5ds1 ?is organization runs ?r\gh ! entire anci5t _w ^u all ! cont95ts1 & x 0 br\ght d[n to ! hi/orical p]iod by su* tribes z atta9$ to civilization4444 ,g5tile society :]ev] f\nd is ! same 9 /ructural organization & 9 pr9ciples ( action2 b *ang+ f l[] to high] =ms ) ! progressive advancem5t ( ! p4 ,^! *anges give ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! same orig9al conceptions4#ha #ha ,anci5t ,society1 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 ,e>ly society1 z obs]v$ "u g5tile in/itutions1 0 e/abli%$ on purely p]sonal & social relations1 or1 on ! basis ( ! relations ( ! individual to ! re/ ( ! community1 a community 9 :i* ea* memb] c\ld trace h] or 8 orig9 back to ! head ( ! g5s :o 0 a woman4 ,"u g5tile in/itutions1 or until ! latt] /age ( b>b>ism 0 rea*$1 ea* individual1 female & male1 con/itut$ a unit 9 an aggregation or community ^: int]e/s 7 id5tical1 & z su*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 0 held responsible = ! safety & g5]al welf>e ( e memb] compos+ ! gr\p4 ,extreme egoism1 z x is ! outgr[? ( a lat] age1 0 unkn[n2 & sympa?y1 ! *ief promot] ( ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 a spr\t f ! well-e/abli%$ root1 mat]nal affection1 0 ! pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic ( ^! primitive gr\ps & ! bond :i* held society toge!r4 ,al?\gh ! mann] ( reckon+ desc5t _h be5 *ang$ f ! female to ! male l9e1 ! purely social organization ( ! g5s1 on ! basis ( k91 01 z has be5 obs]v$1 9 op]ation at ! beg9n+ ( our pres5t civilization1 at :i* "t political society sup]v5$1 & individuals 7 no long] recogniz$ ?r\gh _! relations to a g5s or tribe1 b ?r\gh _! relations to ! /ate1 c\nty1 t[n%ip1 or deme1 to :i* in/itutions !y mu/ h5ce=w>d look = protection & = ! r$ress ( injuries done ei!r to p]son or prop]ty4 ,al?\gh1 until a comp>atively rec5t "t1 ! writ]s :o h dealt ) ! subject ( primitive society h be5 ( ! op9ion t ! tribe con/itut$ ! e>lie/ organization ( society1 & t ! g5s & ! family foll[$1 lat] inve/igations %[ conclusively t ! g5s1 next to ! remote & obscure division into classes1 repres5ts ! olde/ & mo/ widely spread =m ( organiz$ society1 & t x 0 ?r\gh segm5tation or division ( ?is ar*aic gr\p t ! tribe 0 =m$4 ,! natural way 9 :i* a tribe is =m$ is f a family or gr\p1 :i* 9 "t increases & divides into _m h\seholds1 /ill recogniz+ "o ano!r z k9dr$1 & ?is k9%ip is s ?or\ghly felt to be ! tie ( ! :ole tribe1 t ev5 :5 !re has be5 a mixture ( tribes1 a common ance/or is (t5 inv5t$ to make an imag9>y bond ( union4#hb #hb ,tylor1 ,an?ropology1 p4 #dje4 ,! g5s1 until a comp>atively rec5t "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 0 compos$ ( a female ance/or1 all h] *ildr5 & all ! *ildr5 ( h] daught]s1 b n ( h] sons4 ,! sons' *ildr5 & _! desc5dants belong$ to ! g5s ( _! respective mo!rs4 ,! family1 z x appe>s at ! pres5t "t1 0 unkn[n4 ,! g5s 0 f\nd$ on ?or\ghly democratic pr9ciples1 ea* individual compos+ ! gr\p1 bo? female & male1 hav+ a voice 9 ! regulation & managem5t ( all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! g5]al gov]nm5t ( ! community4 ,any injury done to a g5tilis 0 a wrong committ$ aga9/ ! entire g5s ( :i* %e or he 0 a memb]1 h5ce to h] or 8 k9sm5 ea* individual look$ = protection & = r$ress ( p]sonal wrongs4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( tribal life is unity ( blood4 ,al?\gh ! e>ly gr\ps1 "u ! sy/em ( female desc5t1 7 unit$ by ! actual bond ( k9%ip z trac$ ?r\gh mo!rs1 lat]1 :5 desc5t came to be trac$ ?r\gh fa!rs1 k9%ip 0 to a consid]able ext5t feign$4 ,k9%ip1 "u ! sy/em ( male desc5t1 meant n t ! blood ( ! great fa!r actually fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 b t "u a pret5ce ( unity ( blood1 !y 7 b\nd toge!r by common duties & responsibilities f :i* no "o ( !m c\ld escape4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! compact1 e memb] mu/ /& by h] or 8 own clan4 ,9 fact1 9 all _! movem5ts1 !y mu/ act z "o individual2 _! int]e/s 7 id5tical & ! qu>rel ( any memb] ( ! gr\p became ! qu>rel ( all c\nt$ )9 ! bond ( k9%ip4 ,if homicide 7 committ$1 !y judg$ & puni%$ ! culprit1 b if "o ( _! numb] 0 sla9 by an outsid]1 ! law ( blood-feud1 :i* dem&$ blood 9 return1 0 imm$iately put into execution4 ,( ! g5s ,mr4 ,morgan says3 ,)9 its memb]%ip ! bond ( k9 0 a p[]ful elem5t = mutual support4 ,to wrong a p]son 0 to wrong 8 g5s2 & to support a p]son 0 to /& beh9d him ) ! entire array ( ?is g5tile k9dr$4#hc #hc ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #gf4 ,al?\gh 9 ! lat] ages ( g5tile gov]nm5t1 all ! memb]s ( a gr\p 7 n necess>ily b\nd by blood1 f ! nature ( ! rights conf]r$1 & ! obligations impos$1 ! bond unit+ !m 0 d\btless /rong] ?an t :i* n[ unites m]e k9dr$4 ,( ?is tie unit+ e>ly gr\ps ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] says3 ,all ! memb]s ( a totem clan reg>d ea* o!r z k9sm5 or bro!rs & si/]s1 & are b\nd to help & protect ea* o!r4 ,! totem bond is /rong] ?an ! bond ( blood or family 9 ! mod]n s5se4#hd #hd ,totemism1 p4 #eg4 ,z ,arabia1 at ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 0 /ill "u g5tile organization1 !re is p]haps at ! pres5t day no c\ntry :i* af=ds a bett] opportunity = ! /udy ( sev]al ( ! successive /ages ( human developm5t4 ,at ! "t indicat$1 ! entire ,arabian p59sula 0 compos$ ( a multitude ( gr\ps v>y+ 9 civilization1 :i* 7 b\nd toge!r by common privileges1 obligations1 & responsibilities & by a real or pret5d$ bond ( k9%ip trac$ ?r\gh males4 ,9 e>ly ,arabia a gr\p b\nd toge!r by a real or feign$ unity ( blood 0 ! type or unit ( society4 ,sometimes a conf$]ation ( ^! small] gr\ps 0 =m$1 b s /rong 0 ! bond betwe5 ! m closely relat$ gr\ps t !y soon broke up into _! orig9al units4 ,! g5ealogi/s ass]t t ^! gr\ps :i* 7 patri>*al tribes f\nd$ on male desc5t are subdivisions ( an orig9al /ock4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,prophet ! ,arabians claim$ to trace _! desc5t f two bro!rs ! sons ( ,wil4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? in=ms u1 h[ev]1 t ! "n ( "o ( ^! 8bro!rs0 is a fem99e appellation & t x is ! designation ( a tribe & n ( a p]son4 ,he says3 8,! g5d] %[s t ! tribal "n exi/$ be=e ! my?ical ance/or 0 inv5t$10 & adds3 8,! old] facts d[n to ! "t ( ,al-,f>azdac p]sonify ,taghlib z ! daught] n ! son ( ,wil4 ,x is n unlikely t ! my?ical leg5d ( ,taghlib & ,bakr orig9at$ at a "t :5 ! female pr9ciple 9 human affairs & 9 ! ,deity 0 beg9n+ to give place to ! male40#he #he ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #ad4 ,)9 ! traditions ( ! olde/ races ( :i* we h any acc\nt1 are evid5ces ( a desp]ate /ruggle betwe5 two races or betwe5 ! foll[]s ( two oppos+ pr9ciples4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,arabia 8^! two races ma9ta9$ _! ance/ral traditions ( bitt] & p]si/5t feud40 ,al?\gh 9 ,arabia1 9 ! "t ( ! ,prophet1 desc5t 0 trac$ 9 ! male l9e1 ! evid5ce is almo/ unlimit$1 go+ to %[ t x 0 n always s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t at an e>li] age1 relation%ips 7 reckon$ ?r\gh wom51 mo!rs be+ ! recogniz$ heads ( families & tribal gr\ps4 ,9 8 "w on ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi? says3 ,if a k9%ip tribe d]ives its orig9 f a great fa!r1 we may argue ) confid5ce t x _h ! rule t *ildr5 7 ( _! fa!r's tribe & k92 :ile on ! o!r h& if we f9d1 9 a nation organiz$ on ! pr9ciple ( unity ( tribal blood1 tribes :i* trace _! orig9 to a great "m in/ead ( a great fa!r1 we c feel sure t at "s "t ! tribe foll[$ ! rule t ! *ildr5 belong to ! "m & are ( h] k94 ,n[ among ! ,arabs ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( tribal blood is univ]sal1 z appe>s f ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! blood-feud4 ,& yet among ! ,arab tribes we f9d no small numb] t ref] _! orig9 to a female eponym4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 _m p>ts ( ,arabia k9%ip 0 once reckon$ n 9 ! male b 9 ! female l9e4 ,9 reply to ! sugge/ion t ! sev]al families ( polygam\s fa!rs might be designat$ by ! names ( _! sev]al mo!rs1 ,pr(essor ,smi? obs]ves3 ,! po9t be=e u1 h[ev]1 is n ! use ( ! "m's "n by individuals = purposes ( di/9ction1 b ! exi/5ce ( k9dr$ gr\ps ^: memb]s conceive t ! tie ( blood :i* unites !m into a tribe is d]iv$ f & limit$ by desc5t f a common ance/ress4 ,t ! exi/5ce ( su* a gr\p proves k9%ip ?r\gh wom5 to h be5 once ! rule is z c]ta9 z t ! exi/5ce ( patronymic gr\ps is evid5ce ( male k9%ip4 ,9 mo/ cases ( ! k9d ! female eponym is my?ical1 no d\bt1 & ! belief 9 h] exi/5ce is a m]e inf]5ce f ! rule ( female k9%ip )9 ! tribe1 j z my?ical male ance/ors are inf]r$ f a rule ( male k9%ip4 ,b ev5 if we suppose ! ance/ress to be hi/orical1 ! argum5t is mu* ! same1 = :]e ! bond ( mat]nity is s /rong t x b9ds toge!r ! *ildr5 ( ! same "m z a di/9ct k9dr$ gr\p aga9/ ! o!r *ildr5 ( _! fa!r1 !re also we may be sure t ! *ildr5 ( "o "m by diff]5t fa!rs w hold toge!r & n foll[ _! fa!r4 ,& ?is is ! pr9ciple ( female k9%ip4#hf #hf ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,x is /at$ t ! designation ( tribal unity by a fem99e appellation 8is n an arbitr>y fiction ( lat] facts10 b t x is 8"o ( ! old /&+ figures ( ,semitic spee*40 ,9 ,hebrew1 em1 :i* means "m1 means also /ock1 race1 or community4 ,! "n = a tribal gr\p 9 ,arabia 0 hayy1 a t]m :i* indicates life4 ,x is obs]v$ t 9 ,hebrew & ,arabic hayy is us$ 9 ! same s5se4 8,hawwa is simply a phonetic v>iation ( hayy ) a fem99e t]m9ation10 & 8,eve1 or ,hawwa1 is s call$ because %e is ! "m ( all liv+1 or1 m lit]ally1 ( e hayy40 ,we are giv5 to und]/& t1 orig9ally1 !re 0 no rule ( reckon+ k9%ip 9 ,arabia except by ! female l9e1 & t ! *ange 9 desc5t f ! female to ! male l9e affect$ society to its v roots4 ,!re seems to be little1 if any1 d\bt t a sy/em ( reckon+ desc5t ?r\gh wom5 once prevail$ ?r\gh\t all ! tribes & races ( mank9d4 ,9 ,greece1 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 traces ( ?is e>ly cu/om are to be obs]v$1 &1 inde$1 at ! pres5t "t1 among _m peoples1 evid5ces ( x are /ill extant4 ,! fact t ?r\gh\t an e>li] age ( human exi/5ce desc5t & all ! rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh wom51 is at ! pres5t "t s well e/abli%$ z to require no detail$ pro(s to sub/antiate x4 ,not+ ?is cu/om among e>ly races1 & obs]v+ also ! natural conclusions to be drawn f su* a /ate ( society1 a few writ]s :o h dealt ) ! subject ( primitive races h tak5 mu* pa9s to %[ t x does n naturally foll[ t "u ^! usages ! influ5ce ( wom5 0 supreme2 & _! !ories to expla9 ?is 7to !m7 no d\bt s+ul> ph5om5on %[ ! ext5t to :i* prejudice & long-e/abli%$ habits ( ?\ght h influ5c$ _! inve/igations4 ,on ?is subject ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake rem>ks3 ,!re is /rong reason = believ+ t ! practice ( trac+ k9%ip 9 ! female l9e 0 v widely obs]v$ f a v e>ly p]iod1 b ?is is v diff]5t f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! supremacy ( wom54 ,:]e ?is 0 f\nd x 0 due to ! developm5t ( ! g5tile in/itution & ! female k9%ip :i* accompani$ x1 on :i*1 inde$1 t in/itution 0 f\nd$4#hg #hg ,m>riage & ,k9%ip1 p4 #af4 ,if1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! e>li] ages ( human exi/5ce a sy/em ( k9%ip ?r\gh wom5 _h be5 e/abli%$ :i* 0 able to produce ! g5tile in/itution1 or1 if ?is in/itution1 :i* 0 8f\nd$0 on female k9%ip & dep5d5t ^u x1 0 able ?r\gh untold ages to direct all ! processes ( evolution1 ev5 ?\gh no o!r evid5ce 7 at h& to prove x1 !n wom5's influ5ce mu/ h be5 well-nigh supreme4 ,s deeply intr5*$ has become ! idea ( woman's subjection t x is impossible = _m male writ]s to contemplate a /ate ( society 9 :i* wom5 are n dom9at$ & controll$ by m54 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s !ory to expla9 ! univ]sal sy/em ( k9%ip trac$ ?r\gh woman involves ! same idea ( woman's subs]vi5cy to man1 especially 9 ! sexual relation1 & is an illu/ration ( ! reason+ usually employ$ 9 deal+ ) ?is subject4 ,al?\gh 8! v l[e/ races n[ exi/+1 ,fuegians1 ,au/ralians1 & ,&amanese1 %[ u t1 h[ev] in=mally !y h orig9at$1 sexual relations ( a m or less endur+ k9d exi/10 he is c]ta9 t among ! e>lie/ races a /ate ( 8lawlessness0 mu/ h prevail$ & t 8promiscuity0 mu/ h be5 ! rule among !m2 & ?is too not)/&+ ! fact t among ! l[] ord]s ( life f :i* man has desc5d$1 & among ! e>lie/ races ( mank9d ! female *ooses h] mate & refuses to pair ) any individual except ! "o ( h] *oice4 ,to acc\nt = ! univ]sal sy/em ( reckon+ desc5t ?r\gh ! female1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says t z ! connection betwe5 "m & *ild is m 8obvi\s0 ?an t exi/+ betwe5 ! fa!r & 8 (fspr+ ! cu/om arose ( reckon+ desc5t ?r\gh females4#hh ,! fact is obs]v$ t mat]nal affection )\t :i* organiz$ society w\ld h be5 impossible1 & :i* alone c expla9 ! sy/em ( k9%ip trac$ ?r\gh wom51 is entirely ignor$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 #hh ,sociology vol4 i41 p4 #ffe4 ,not+ ! reason+ employ$ by _m writ]s to prove t 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( human exi/5ce1 ! mat]nal bond 0 ignor$1 & t ! *ild 0 acc\nt$ z be+ relat$ only to ! gr\p1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 ,b x seems almo/ incr$ible t ! relation%ip ( ! *ild to its "m %\ld ev] be completely ignor$1 especially z ! wom5 9 mo/ savage tribes nurse _! infants = a long "t1 & z ! l9es ( desc5t are trac$ ?r\gh ! "m alone1 to ! exclusion ( ! fa!r4#hi #hi ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #ehh4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t "u ar*aic usages n only did mo!rs nurse _! infants two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r ye>s1 b t mat]nity 0 ! bond :i* held toge!r relat$ gr\ps & ! s\rce :5ce proce$$ all prop]ty rights & tribal hon\rs2 also1 t "u ! sy/em ( female k9%ip1 male p>5tage 0 kn[n b habitually disreg>d$4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] c see no reason = conclud+ t 9 ! mo/ primitive gr\ps !re 7 no 8individual possessions ( wom5 by m540#ij #ij ,sociology1 vol4 i41 p4 #ffe4 ,! late ,sir ,a4 ,smi?1 :o _h travell$ widely 9 ,s\? ,africa & 0 acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( savages !re & else:]e1 express$ ! /ronge/ op9ion t 8no race exi/s 9 :i* woman is consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( ! community40#ia ,! reason+ employ$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] to disprove ! e>ly supremacy ( wom5 seems sc>cely to ju/ify 8 l(ty pret5sions to intellectual greatness4 #ia ,quot$ by ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #ehh4 ,9 a /ate ( society 9 :i* wom5 7 ! recogniz$ heads ( families & eponym\s gr\ps :]e *ildr5 took ! "m's "n1 & 9 :i* all rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh !m1 x is reasonable to suppose t female influ5ce 0 9 ! asc5d5cy ov] t ( ! male1 & especially s z primitive human be+s 7 l>gely controll$ by in/9cts inh]it$ f ! ord]s ( life 9 :i* ! female *ooses h] mate & controls ! sex-functions4 ,a k ( ! cu/oms & tribal usages ( ! ,iroquois ,indians ?r[s mu* light on ! e>ly position ( wom54 ,:5 ?is tribe fir/ came "u ! obs]vation ( ,europeans x 0 9 ! fir/ /age ( b>b>ism1 & z ! mann] & ord] ( developm5t ( ! v>i\s races ( mank9d are said to be sub/antially ! same1 & z _m ( ! facts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ?is truly int]e/+ p ?r\gh ne>ly ?ree e?nical p]iods are accessible1 x is ?\ght t by x1 z well z by ! ,arabians1 is af=d$ an excell5t opportunity = ! /udy ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( mank9d dur+ ^! p]iods4 ,to ,mr4 ,morgan we are indebt$ = ! results ( a ?or\gh rese>* into ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 & laws ( ?is p4 ,?r\gh a k ( ! rights1 privileges1 & obligations :i* 7 conf]r$ & impos$ on ! memb]s ( ! ,iroquois g5s :ile 9 ! second /ate ( b>b>ism1 we are enabl$ to p]ceive ! pr9ciples ( true democracy ^u :i* g5tile in/itutions are bas$2 & ?is is important1 = ! reason t lat] 9 ?is "w ,i int5d to trace ! decl9e ( ^? pr9ciples ( lib]ty & equality e/abli%$ "u female influ5ce & to %[ ! reasons = ! subsequ5t rise ( mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & slav]y4 ,! rights1 privileges1 & obligations ( ! ,iroquois tribe ( ,indians1 z enunciat$ by ,mr4 ,morgan1 are z foll[s3 ,! "r ( elect+ its sa*em & *iefs4 ,! "r ( depos+ its sa*em & *iefs4 ,! obligation n to m>ry 9 ! g5s4 ,mutual rights ( inh]itance ( ! prop]ty ( deceas$ memb]s4 ,reciprocal obligations ( help1 def5ce1 & r$ress ( injuries4 ,! "r ( be/[+ names ^u its memb]s4 ,! "r ( adopt+ /rang]s into ! g5s4 ,common religi\s rites4 ,a common burial place4 ,a c\ncil ( ! g5s4#ib #ib ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #ga4 ,z ?is writ] truly rem>ks3 8,^! functions & attributes gave vitality z well z individuality to ! organization1 & protect$ ! p]sonal rights ( its memb]s40 ,eligibility to ! (fice ( *ief 0 bas$ on p]sonal m]it1 & cont9uance 9 (fice dep5d$ on ! ackn[l$g$ fitness ( ! individual occupy+ x4 ,! qualifications requir$ = ?is (fice 7 p]sonal brav]y1 ability to lead1 & eloqu5ce 9 c\ncil4 ,! *ief ex]cis$ no k+ly au?ority ov] ! tribe by :i* he 0 appo9t$2 on ! contr>y1 8 p]sonality 0 respect$ & 8 c\nsels he$$1 n because ( 8 (ficial pr]ogatives1 b on acc\nt ( ! qualities by :i* 8 "* 0 dignifi$2 !re=e s soon z he prov$ himself unwor?y ( ! tru/ confid$ to him he 0 depos$ by ! same ag5cy :i* _h elect$ him4 ,h5ce may be obs]v$ ! truly democratic "* ( ! g5s4 ,conc]n+ ! position occupi$ by wom51 & ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]t$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! clan1 ,a%ur ,wright1 :o 0 = _m ye>s mission>y to ! ,s5ecas1 9 #ahgc1 wrote to ,mr4 ,morgan ! foll[+3 ,z to _! family sy/em :5 occupy+ ! old long h\ses1 x is probable t "s "o clan pr$om9at$1 ! wom5 tak+ 9 husb&s1 h[ev]1 f ! o!r clans2 & sometimes1 = a novelty1 "s ( _! sons br++ 9 _! "y wives until !y felt brave en\gh to leave _! mo!rs4 ,usually ! female portion rul$ ! h\se1 & 7 d\btless clanni% en\gh ab\t x4 ,! /ores 7 9 common2 b woe to ! luckless husb& or lov] :o 0 too %iftless to d 8 %>e ( ! provid+4 ,no matt] h[ _m *ildr5 or :atev] goods he might h 9 ! h\se1 he might at any "t be ord]$ to pick up 8 blanket & budge2 & aft] su* ord]s x w\ld n be heal?ful = him to attempt to disobey4 ,! h\se w\ld be too hot = him2 &1 unless sav$ by int]cession ( "s aunt or gr&mo!r1 he mu/ retreat to 8 own clan2 or1 z 0 (t5 done1 g & />t a new matrimonial alliance 9 "s o!r4 ,! wom5 7 ! great p[] among ! clans1 z ev]y:]e else4 ,!y did n hesitate1 :5 occasion requir$1 8to knock (f ! horns10 z x 0 te*nically call$1 f ! head ( a *ief1 & s5d him back to ! ranks ( ! w>riors4 ,! orig9al nom9ation ( ! *iefs also always re/$ ) !m4#ic #ic ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #dee4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,/atus ( b>b>ism we f9d int]m>riage )9 ! g5s prohibit$1 & ! obligation n to m>ry ^? acc\nt$ z k9 z /rong z a religi\s duty4 ,al?\gh dur+ ! latt] ages ( savag]y ! idea ( prop]ty 0 slightly develop$1 x is ?\ght t x lay nasc5t until ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ p]iod ( b>b>ism4 ,inde$1 until ! fir/ /age ( b>b>ism 0 rea*$1 ! idea ( p]sonal possession _h ga9$ only a slight foo?old 9 ! m5tal con/itution ( mank9d4 ,egoism1 selfi%ness1 or ! desire to bett] "o's individual condition at ! exp5se ( ! re/ ( ! g5s 0 unkn[n4 ,all l&s 7 controll$ by ! gr\p1 & z ! prop]ty ( e>ly society consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( p]sonal effects & propriet>y rights 9 communal h\ses & g>d5s1 "o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes = diss5sions 9 m advanc$ /ages ( society 0 avoid$4 ,"u primitive conditions1 qu>rels aris+ ov] disput$ own]%ip )9 ! g5s 7 unkn[n1 & lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity1 ! c>d9al virtues & pr9ciples ( e>ly society 7 able to fl\ri% undi/urb$ by ! z yet unhe>d ( vices inh]5t 9 ! excessive desire = prop]ty4 ,9 ref]5ce to "s ( ! small unciviliz$ communities :i* he visit$1 ,mr4 ,wallace says t ea* man respects ! rights ( 8 fell[1 & any infraction ( ^! rights r>ely or nev] takes place4 ,9 su* a community all are ne>ly equal4 ,!re are none ( ^? wide di/9ctions ( education & ignorance1 weal? & pov]ty1 ma/] & s]vant1 :i* are ! product ( our civilization2 !re is none ( t widespread division ( lab\r1 :i*1 :ile x increases weal?1 produces also conflict+ int]e/s2 !re is n t sev]e competition & /ruggle = exi/5ce or = weal? :i* ! d5se population ( civiliz$ c\ntries inevitably creates4#id #id ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,"u ! ar*aic rule ( ! g5s1 at ! dea? ( a male1 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le1 8 possessions desc5d$ to 8 si/]'s *ildr52 :ile at ! dea? ( a female1 h] prop]ty1 includ+ h] p]sonal effects1 0 di/ribut$ among h] si/]s & h] *ildr5 & ! *ildr5 ( h] daught]s1 b ! *ildr5 ( h] sons 7 n includ$ among h] heirs4 ,! sons' *ildr5 belong$ to ! g5tes ( _! respective mo!rs1 & z desc5t & all ! relation%ips to :i* rights ( succession 7 atta*$ 7 trac$ only 9 ! female l9e1 & z prop]ty until ! middle ( ! ,second ,/atus ( b>b>ism 0 /rictly conf9$ to ! g5s 9 :i* x orig9at$1 *ildr5 c\ld receive no?+ f _! fa!rs4 ,wives & husb&s1 z !y belong$ to sep>ate g5tes1 receiv$ no?+ f "o ano!r4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 tribal hon\rs 7 conf9$ )9 c]ta9 families or gr\ps1 z desc5t & prop]ty rights 7 all trac$ 9 ! female l9e1 ea* male 0 dep5d5t ^u 8 female blood relations1 n only = 8 common inh]it$ privileges 9 ! g5s1 b = any civil or milit>y di/9ction to :i* he might atta94 ,:]e female k9%ip prevails1 a ,rajah's son may become a hodman1 tak+ ! /ate ( 8 "m--:ile ! son ( ! ,rajah's si/] m\nts ! ?rone4#ie #ie ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #ajc4 ,among ! ,roc* tribe1 a p among :i* desc5t is trac$ 9 ! female l9e1 a man goes on m>riage to live ) 8 wife & h] "m1 ( ^: family he is a subord9ate memb]4#if #if ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake1 ,m>riage & ,k9%ip1 p4 #cjf4 ,a ,roc* man goes1 on 8 m>riage1 l ! be5a husb& ( ,ceylon1 to live ) 8 wife & h] "m2 on 8 m>riage1 all 8 prop]ty is made ov] to 8 wife1 & on h] dea? h] heirs are h] daught]s4#ig #ig ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #ajc4 ,= ! same reason t wives & husb&s 7 deb>r$ f %>+ 9 ea* o!r's prop]ty1 _! bodies1 or m prop]ly speak+1 _! bones1 7 sep>at$ at dea?1 z 7 also ! bones ( fa!r & *ild4 ,! bones ( ! *ildr5 always re/$ beside ^? ( ! "m4 ,x 0 impi\s to mix ! bones ( unrelat$ p]sons4 ,to su* an ext5t 0 ! ,mo!rright recogniz$ "u ar*aic usages t ! *ild belong$ exclusively to ! "m & h] relations1 ! fa!r hav+ no recogniz$ propriet>y "r to 8 (fspr+4 ,inde$1 s lightly 0 ! pat]nal relation reg>d$ t ! fa!r 0 suppos$ to h little if any int]e/ 9 8 own *ildr54 ,al?\gh ! bond betwe5 a man & 8 (fspr+ 0 weak1 t[>d 8 si/]'s *ildr51 z !y belong$ to ! same g5s ) himself1 a consid]able degree ( manly int]e/ 0 manife/$2 inde$1 x has be5 /at$ t ab\t ! same solicitude 0 ev9c$ by him = _! welf>e1 z 0 %[n at a lat] "t by fa!rs = ! memb]s ( _! own h\sehold4 ,obs]v+ ! c>e manife/$ = a si/]'s *ildr5 among v>i\s tribes1 c]ta9 writ]s h decl>$ t ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 a *ild & its "m's bro!r is m important ?an any o!r--t ! bro!r is practically ! head ( 8 si/]'s family4 ,h[ev]1 if we be> 9 m9d ! relative positions ( ! sexes 9 primitive gr\ps1 t wom5 controll$ _! homes1 & t all ! rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh !m1 we %all d\btless be l$ to ! conclusion t mo!rs !mselves 7 ! real heads ( _! own families1 & t al?\gh !y may h delegat$ to _! bro!rs1 :o until m>riage 7 p]mitt$ to reside ) !m1 c]ta9 manly (fices1 !y nev]!less res]v$ to !mselves ! exclusive "r to ! control & managem5t ( _! own h\seholds4 ,z ! l& belong$ to ! g5s1 & z ! g5tes 7 controll$ by wom51 mo!rs 7 absolutely indep5d5t4 ,ea* *ild receiv$ a "n soon aft] bir?1 b at ! age ( sixte5 or eighte5 ?is "n 0 disc>d$ & ano!r adopt$4 ,special rights 7 ?us conf]r$ & specifi$ obligations 7 impos$4 ,on receipt ( ?is "n1 ! incumb5t took ^u himself all ! duties & responsibilities devolv+ ^u a memb] ( ! gr\p & by x 0 entitl$ to all its rights & privileges4 ,! greate/ precautions 7 tak5 ) respect to ! adoption ( names4 ,! (fice ( nam+ ! diff]5t memb]s belong$ to ! female relations & ! *iefs4 ,we are in=m$ t ! "m might1 if %e *ose1 transf] h] *ild to ano!r g5s4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by simply giv+ x ! "n ( ! g5s 9 :i* %e desir$ its adoption4 ,x is claim$ t among ! ,%awnees & ,delaw>es ! "m claim$ ! "r to transf] h] *ild to ano!r g5s ?an h] own4#ih ,x w\ld seem f ?is1 t among c]ta9 tribes1 ! "m1 if %e desires1 may transf] h] *ild to ! g5s ( its fa!r4 ,x is obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! transf]5ce ( a *ild f its "m's g5s is a 8wide dep>ture f ar*aic usages1 & exceptional 9 practice40 #ih ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #gi4 ,x has be5 %[n t "u e>ly usages weal? 0 nev] transf]r$ f ! g5s 9 :i* x orig9at$2 b lat]1 :5 prop]ty began to be claim$ by individuals1 & weal? 0 amass$ 9 ! h&s ( males1 x is n unlikely t mo!rs1 consid]+ only ! future welf>e ( _! *ildr51 9 case ! fa!r 0 ri* & p[]ful1 w\ld occasionally take advantage ( _! e/abli%$ privileges to remove _! *ildr5 to 8 g5s1 9 ord] t !y might %>e 9 8 possessions4 ,some?+ ( ! humanity practis$ 9 e>ly gr\ps may be obs]v$ 9 ! cu/om ( adoption1 :i*1 at a c]ta9 /age 9 _! developm5t1 prevail$ among !m4 ,9 ! e>li] ages ( g5tile in/itutions1 wom5 & *ildr5 tak5 prison]s 9 w>1 7 usually adopt$ into "s g5s4 ,adoption n only conf]r$ g5tile rights1 b also ! nationality ( ! tribe4 ,a p]son adopt$ into a g5s 0 treat$ ev] aft]w>ds z ?\gh born )9 ! gr\p4 8,slav]y :i* 9 ! ,upp] ,/atus ( b>b>ism became ! fate ( ! captive1 0 unkn[n among tribes 9 ! ,l[] ,/atus 9 ! aborig9al p]iod40#ii #ii ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #hj4 ,accord+ to ,m>9]3 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s = wom5 to be :at !y call mo!rs to *ildr5 or gr[n-up "y p]sons :o are n _! own1 = ! purpose ( provid+ !m1 or see+ t !y are provid$1 ) all ! conv5i5ces ( life4#ajj #ajj ,quot$ by ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #if4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,wood1 among ! ,kaffirs1 al?\gh ! m5 inh]it ! prop]ty1 _! influ5ces be+ 9 ! asc5d5cy1 e woman has someone :o acts z h] fa!r :e!r h] own fa!r be liv+ or n4 ,kaffir law provides = ! protection ( all wom51 & s long z a male relation lives a girl has a protector4 ,x goes ev5 f>!r ?an ?is1 & protects wom5 :o h be5 b]eft ( all _! male relations4 ,= su* z ^! provision is made = _! adoption into o!r gr\ps1 9 :i* case1 al?\gh !y are receiv$ z dep5d5ts1 !y are protect$ z daught]s4#aja #aja ,unciviliz$ ,races ( ! ,_w1 vol4 i41 p4 #gh4 ,?is practice ( adoption is obs]v$ among v>i\s peoples4 ,among c]ta9 tribes 9 :i* desc5t is trac$ ?r\gh wom51 a woman (f]s h] brea/ to ! p]son %e is adopt+1 ?is be+ ! /ronge/ symbol ( ! unity ( blood4 ,?us may be not$ ! fact t ! fundam5tal idea1 or pr9ciple1 ( tribal life is mat]nity1 or ! mat]nal in/9ct--t ! unit+ =ce :i* b9ds a *ild to its "m is ! "o :i* is suppos$ to unite ! v>i\s memb]s ( a primitive gr\p4 ,s /rongly has ! mat]nal in/9ct z a b9d+ pr9ciple tak5 root1 t among c]ta9 peoples ev5 :]e ! mann] ( reckon+ desc5t & ! rights ( succession h be5 *ang$ f ! female to ! male l9e1 :5ev] an individual wi%es to be adopt$ into a g5s he takes ! h& ( ! lead] ( ! gr\p & suck+ "o ( 8 f+]s1 decl>es himself to be 8 *ild by adoption2 h5ce=? ! new fa!r is b\nd to assi/ him z f> z he c4#ajb ,adoption 8by ! imitation ( nature0 0 practis$ by ! ,romans d[n to ! "t ( ,augu/us4 #ajb ,p>kyns1 ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 vol4 i41 p4 #agd4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t "u ! matri>*al sy/em ! "m 0 ! only recogniz$ p>5t1 h5ce1 :5 ! fa!r began to assume ! rights & pr]ogatives :i* _h hi!rto belong$ only to h]1 9 ord] to make valid 8 claim1 x 0 ?\ght prop] = him to g ?r\gh v>i\s ( ! prelim9>ies att5dant on *ildbir?4 ,( all ! =ms practis$ among l[] races !re is none1 p]haps1 :i* is m s+ul> ?an is t ( putt+ ! fa!r in/ead ( ! "m to b$ 9 ! ev5t ( ! bir? ( a *ild4 ,conc]n+ ?is cu/om1 ,mr4 ,tylor quotes f ,klemm ! foll[+3 ,among ! ,arawaks ( ,sur9am1 = "s "t aft] ! bir? ( 8 *ild ! fa!r mu/ fell no tree1 fire no gun1 hunt no l>ge game2 he may /ay ne> home1 %oot little birds ) a b[ & arr[1 & angle = little fi%2 b 8 "t hang+ heavy on 8 h&s1 ! mo/ com=table ?+ he c d is to l\nge 9 8 hammock4#ajc #ajc ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #bif4 ,mr4 ,tylor quotes also f ! ,jesuit mission>y1 ,dobrizh(f]1 :o gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,abipones3 ,no soon] d y he> t ! wife has borne a *ild1 ?an y w see ! ,abipone husb& ly+ 9 b$1 huddl$ up ) mats & sk9s1 le/ "s rud] brea? ( air %\ld t\* him1 fa/+1 kept 9 private1 & = a numb] ( days ab/a9+ religi\sly f c]ta9 vi&s2 y w\ld swe> x 0 he :o _h _h ! *ild4 ,! cu/om ( putt+ ! fa!r to b$ :5 a *ild is born is call$ la c\vade1 & traces ( x are yet to be f\nd 9 ,france4 ,x is also practis$ among ! ,basques1 & accord+ to ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake1 0 anci5tly obs]v$ 9 ,corsica1 among ! ,ib]ians ( ,spa91 & 9 ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,x is /ill practis$ 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 9 ,yunnan1 9 ,borneo1 9 ,kam*atka1 & 9 ,gre5l&4 ,x is said also to be 9 use among ! v>i\s tribes 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4#ajd ,! p]si/5cy ( ?is practice %[s ! importance =m]ly atta*$ to ! mat]nal functions1 &1 z has be5 sugge/$1 0 d\btless inaugurat$ at a "t :5 desc5t 0 be+ *ang$ f ! female to ! male l9e4 #ajd ,m>riage & ,k9%ip1 p4 #bfb4 ,x 0 p]haps 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,/atus ( b>b>ism t desc5t & ! rights ( succession began to be trac$ ?r\gh males4 ,:51 ?r\gh causes :i* w be notic$ lat] 9 ?is "w1 prop]ty began to accumulate 9 ! h&s ( m51 *ildr5 became ! recogniz$ heirs ( _! fa!rs & ! f\ndation = ! pres5t =m ( ! family 0 laid4 ,h[ev]1 long aft] desc5t began to be reckon$ ?r\gh males1 absolute pat]nity 0 n necess>y to fa!rhood4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ages ( male supremacy1 fa!rhood1 l bro!rhood1 0 a loose t]m & signifi$ simply ! head ( a h\se1 or ! 8"l0 or own] ( ! "m4 ,x matt]$ little :e!r a man _h previ\sly l5t 8 wife to a fri5d1 or :e!r he _h %>$ h] fav\rs ) sev]al bro!rs1 all ! *ildr5 8born on 8 b$0 belong$ to him & 7 ( 8 family4 ,lat] 9 ^! pages w be obs]v$ ! fact t ! *ange 9 reckon+ desc5t1 :i* occurr$ at a comp>atively late p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 is directly connect$ ) ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,s long z l& 0 held 9 common by ! memb]s ( ! g5s1 & s long z wom5 7 able to manage ! means ( support1 _! indep5d5ce 0 secure1 & !y 7 able to ex]cise absolute control ov] _! own p]sons1 _! homes1 & _! (fspr+4 ,"u ^! conditions m5 7 oblig$ to please ! wom5 if !y w\ld w9 _! fav\rs4 ,f facts :i* h be5 demon/rat$ by v>i\s writ]s on ! subject ( ! e>ly conditions ( ! human race1 x is m ?an probable t wom5 7 ! orig9al till]s ( ! soil1 & t1 dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( b>b>ism1 :ile ! hunt]s & w>riors 7 engag$ 9 w> & ! *ase1 occupations be/ suit$ to _! ta/e1 wom5 fir/ discov]$ ! art ( produc+ f>9ace\s food ?r\gh cultivation1 & ?r\gh ?is discov]y a hi!rto exclusive diet ( fi% & game 0 *ang$ = a subsi/5ce 9 "p vegetable4 ,x is conjectur$ also t ! fir/ dome/ication ( animals 0 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh a probable 8freak ( fancy40 ,t individuals among ^! animals 7 fir/ caught by hunt]s1 convey$ by !m to _! homes1 & !re tam$ ?r\gh ! t5d]ness & sympa?y ( wom51 is consid]$ m ?an likely4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 no actual facts ^u :i* to base su* a conclusion4 ,! increase ( subsi/5ce ?r\gh horticulture & ! dome/ication ( animals m>ks an important era 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,by ?is means ! human race 0 enabl$ to spread itself ov] di/ant areas1 & ?r\gh ! improv$ condition ( nutrition alone1 by :i* ! physical conditions 7 improv$ & ! m5tal en]gies /r5g!n$1 ! arts ( life 7 multipli$ & ! c\rse ( human activities direct$ into high] & m important *annels4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh ! num]\s b5efits d]iv$ f ! "o s\rce ( increas$ & improv$ subsi/5ce1 ! entire mode ( life 0 *ang$ or mat]ially modifi$4 ,! religi\s idea1 :i* subsequ5tly compreh5d$ a complicat$ sy/em ( my?ology bas$ on phallic wor%ip1 at ?is e>ly age1 consi/$ simply ( a recognition ( ! b\nties ( e>?4 ,! pr9cipal (fice connect$ ) ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! ,iroquois tribe ( ,indians1 at ! /age ( developm5t 9 :i* x 0 fir/ kn[n to ,europeans1 seems to h be5 8,keep] ( ! ,fai?10 a position occupi$ alike by bo? sexes4 ,! ,keep]s ( ! ,fai? 7 *os5 by ! wise memb]s ( ! gr\p2 !y 7 c5sors ( ! p1 ) p[] to report ! evil de$s ( p]sons to ! c\ncil4 8,) no (ficial head1 & none ( ! m>ks ( a prie/hood1 _! functions 7 equal40#aje ,= ! mo/ "p1 _! religi\s s]vices consi/$ ( fe/ivals held at /at$ seasons to celebrate ! return ( ! b\nties ( ,nature4 ,a notable fact 9 connection ) ?is subject is1 t dur+ ! e>li] ages ( b>b>ism ! religi\s idea 0 ?or\ghly mono!i/ic1 & idolatry 0 unkn[n1 religi\s wor%ip1 = ! mo/ "p1 consi/+ ( a c]emony ( ?anksgiv+1 ) invocations to ! ,great ,"m-,nature to cont9ue to !m ! bless+s ( life4 ,z altruism wan$ & egoism advanc$1 h[ev]1 sup]naturalism1 or a belief 9 unse5 =ces1 became m & m pron\nc$1 until1 9 ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 :5 ! supremacy ( man _h become complete1 ! g5s became m]ely ! 8c5tre ( religi\s influ5ce & ! s\rce ( religi\s developm5t40 #aje ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #hb4 ,! e>li] gov]nm5tal functions 7 adm9i/]$ ?r\gh a c\ncil ( *iefs elect$ by ! g5tes4 ,! ?or\ghly democratic "* ( ! g5s may be obs]v$ 9 ! fact t any memb]1 female or male1 :o desir$ to communicate ) ! c\ncil on matt]s ( public int]e/1 might express h] or 8 op9ion ei!r 9 p]son or ?r\gh an orator ( h] or 8 own selection4#ajf ,h5ce1 we obs]ve t gov]nm5t orig9at$ 9 ! g5s1 :i* 0 a pure democracy4 #ajf ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #aag4 ,reg>d+ ! c\ncil ( ! g5s1 ,mr4 ,morgan rem>ks3 ,x 0 a democratic assembly because e adult male & female memb] _h a voice ^u all que/ions br\ght be=e x4 ,x elect$ & depos$ its sa*em & *iefs1 x elect$ ,keep]s ( ! ,fai?1 x condon$ or av5g$ ! murd] ( a g5tilis1 & x adopt$ p]sons into ! g5s4 ,x 0 ! g]m ( ! high] c\ncil ( ! tribe1 & ( t /ill high] ( ! conf$]acy1 ea* ( :i* 0 compos$ exclusively ( *iefs z repres5tatives ( ! g5tes4444 ,all ! memb]s ( an ,iroquois g5s 7 p]sonally free1 & !y 7 b\nd to def5d ea* o!r's fre$om2 !y 7 equal 9 privileges & 9 p]sonal rights1 ! sa*em & *iefs claim+ no sup]iority2 & !y 7 a bro!rhood b\nd toge!r by ! ties ( k94 ,lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity1 ?\gh nev] =mulat$1 7 c>d9al pr9ciples ( ! g5s4 ,^! facts are mat]ial because ! g5s 0 ! unit ( a social & gov]nm5tal sy/em1 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ,indian society 0 organiz$4444 ,at ! epo* ( ,european discov]y ! ,am]ican ,indian tribes g5]ally 7 organiz$ 9 g5tes ) desc5t 9 ! female l9e4 ,! g5s 0 ! basis ( ! phratry1 ( ! tribe1 & ( ! conf$]acy ( tribes4#ajg #ajg ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #he4 ,f ! =ego+ x w\ld seem t ! g5s--! e>lie/ organization ( society ( :i* we h any accurate k--0 f\nd$ on ! 8"m-"r0 or on ! supremacy ( wom54 ,we are assur$ t ! g5tile organization is n conf9$ to ! ,lat91 ,grecian1 & ,sanskrit-speak+ tribes1 b t x has be5 f\nd 89 o!r bran*es ( ! ,aryan family ( nations1 9 ! ,semitic1 ,uralian1 & ,turanian families1 among ! tribes ( ,africa & ,au/ralia1 & ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es40#ajh #ajh ,ibid41 p4 #fd4 ,a tribe 0 compos$ ( sev]al g5tes1 ! *iefs ( :i* =m$ ! c\ncil4 ,?is c\ncil 0 inve/$ ) ! p[] to decl>e w> & to regulate t]ms ( peace1 to receive embassies & make alliances2 x 0 9 fact au?oriz$ to p]=m all ! gov]nm5tal functions ( ! tribe4 ,! duties p]=m$ by ! c\ncil ( *iefs may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ attempt at repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,9 process ( "t1 z ! affairs ( ! tribe became m complicat$1 a ne$ arose = a recogniz$ head1 "o :o :5 ! c\ncil 0 n 9 session c\ld lead 9 ! adju/m5t ( matt]s p]ta9+ to ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! gr\p4 ,9 response to ?is dem&1 "o ( ! sa*ems 0 inve/$ ) a slight degree ( au?ority ov] ! o!r *iefs4 ,h5ce arose ! milit>y *iefta9 ( ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism4 ,t ! p[]s delegat$ to ! incumb5t ( ?is (fice diff]$ widely f ^? ( a mod]n mon>*1 is %[n 9 ! fact t z he _h be5 elect$ by ! memb]s ( ! gr\p he c\ld by !m be depos$4 ,we h se5 t ! p[]s ex]cis$ by sa*em & *ief 7 alike transmitt$ ?r\gh wom54 ,! "m is ! natural gu>dian ( ! family2 s soon !re=e z ! actions ( ! lead]s ( ! gr\p 7 n 9 accord ) ^? pr9ciples ( equality & ju/ice :i* _h *>act]iz$ society s9ce its organization1 !y 7 depos$1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,s5ecas describ$ by ,a%ur ,wright1 !y _h _! 8horns knock$ (f0 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( wom54 ,at ! head ( ! family1 or g5s1 produc+ & controll+ ! pr9cipal means ( subsi/5ce1 & =m+ ! l9e ( desc5t & inh]itance1 wom51 until ! clos+ ages ( ! ,middle ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 7 )\t d\bt ! lead+ spirits1 & ?us f> ! progress ( mank9d _h be5 9 /rict accord ) ^? pr9ciples :i* s9ce ! sep>ation ( ! sexes _h gov]n$ developm5t4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! simple =m ( gov]nm5t :i* has be5 describ$ 0 f\nd inadequate to meet ! dem&s aris+ f ! m complicat$ requirem5ts ( increas+ numb]s & ! g5]al gr[? ( society2 !re=e1 dur+ ! op5+ ages ( ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 a =m ( gov]nm5t 0 evolv$ :i* 0 bett] suit$ to _! *ang$ conditions4 ,:5 ! idea ( a coalesc5ce ( tribes1 or ( a comb9ation ( =ces = common def5ce _h tak5 root1 & :5 "u su* conf$]ation ! c\ncil ( *iefs _h become co-ord9at$ ) a milit>y lead] = ! g5]al managem5t & def5ce ( ! community1 x 0 ?\ght t an important /ep _h be5 tak5 9 progressive gov]nm5tal functions4 ,yet1 along ) ! high] developm5t ( ! gov]nm5tal idea is to be obs]v$ also a gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d ! usurpation ( p[]4 ,sc>cely 0 ! (fice ( milit>y *iefta9 creat$1 ?an we f9d ! p inaugurat+ measures ) :i* to protect !mselves aga9/ encroa*m5ts ^u _! lib]ties1 & devis+ means :]eby !y might be enabl$ to *eck ! p]sonal ambition ( _! lead]s4 ,! extreme egoism develop$ )9 ! male con/itution 0 already manife/+ itself 9 ! excessive gre$ = ga91 & 9 ! inord9ate ?ir/ = milit>y glory2 h5ce1 z a safegu>d aga9/ usurpation1 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 we f9d ! tribe elect+ two milit>y *iefta9s in/ead ( "o1 two lead]s inve/$ ) equal p[]s & responsibilities & subject$ to ! same re/rictions & limitations 9 ! ex]cise ( au?ority4 ,! ,sp>tan gov]nm5t ^u its fir/ appe>ance 9 hi/ory is *>act]iz$ by ! exi/5ce ( two w>-*iefta9s1 :o1 by hi/orians ( lat] ages1 h be5 designat$ z k+s2 a clos] inve/igation1 h[ev]1 ( ! functions p]=m$ by !m %[s t !y 7 lack+ 9 ne>ly all ! pr]ogatives :i* *>act]ize a mod]n sov]eign4 ,s jeal\sly _h ! rights ( ! p be5 gu>d$ t ! basileus or w>-*ief ( ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 :o is said to repres5t ! g]m ( our pres5t k+1 emp]or1 & presid5t1 _h n succe$$ 9 draw+ to himself ! p[]s ex]cis$ by a mon>* ( mod]n times4 ,! selection ( a milit>y lead]1 dur+ ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 d\btless repres5ts ! fir/ diff]5tiation ( ! civil f ! milit>y functions ( gov]nm5t1 & indicates a virtual ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fact t society _h outgr[n ! prim>y & m simple =m ( gov]nm5t adm9i/]$ by ! c\ncil ( *iefs4 ,! ?ird /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea ( gov]nm5t 0 repres5t$ by a c\ncil ( *iefs1 a milit>y comm&]1 & an assembly ( ! p4 ,9 ?is fur!r gr[? ( ! adm9i/rative functions may be discov]$ ! same solicitude = individual lib]ty & ! rights ( ! community :i* _h *>act]iz$ ! =m] /age ( developm5t1 & also ! fact t /ill great] precautions 7 deem$ necess>y to insure ! p aga9/ tyranny & ! usurpation ( _! e/abli%$ rights4 ,! c\ncil ( *iefs1 al?\gh repres5t+ a pure democracy1 & co-ord9at$ ) two milit>y *iefta9s1 betwe5 :om 0 an equal division ( p[] & responsibility1 0 f\nd to be an insuffici5t safegu>d aga9/ despotism2 h5ce ! measures devis$ = ! managem5t ( ! conf$]acy mu/ h5ce=? be subject$ to an ,assembly ( ! ,p1 :i*1 al?\gh ( itself unable to orig9ate or prop\nd any plan ( gov]nm5t1 0 inve/$ ) ! p[] to accept or reject any measures (f]$ = adoption by ! c\ncil4 ,! g5s 0 able to c>ry mank9d ?r\gh to ! op5+ ages ( civilization1 at :i* "t ! c\ncil ( *iefs 0 trans=m$ into a s5ate1 & ! ,assembly ( ! ,p assum$ ! =m ( ! popul> assembly1 f :i* h be5 d]iv$ our pres5t ,congress & ! two h\ses ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t4 ,by a c>eful /udy ( ! gr[? ( gov]nm5t1 x is disc]n$ t lib]ty1 frat]nity1 & equality 7 ! orig9al & natural inh]itance ( ! human family1 & t tyranny1 inju/ice1 & oppression are excresc5ces :i* subsequ5tly fa/5$ !mselves ^u human in/itutions ?r\gh ! gradual rise ( ! egoi/ic pr9ciple develop$ 9 human nature4 ,we h se5 t until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 ! g5s con/itut$ a sov]eign p[] 9 ! tribe2 wom5 controll$ ! g5s1 & sa*em & *ief 7 alike inve/$ ) ! au?ority necess>y = lead]%ip because !y c\ld trace _! desc5t to "s female ance/or :o 0 ! ackn[l$g$ head ( ! p1 & ^: influ5ce & patronage mu/ h ext5d$ ov] all ! individuals includ$ )9 ! recogniz$ bond ( k9%ip4 ,) ! depos+ p[] 9 ! h&s ( wom51 & ) ! precautions :i* 7 tak5 by !m aga9/ inju/ice or usurpation ( rights1 x is pla9 t unless "s unusual or unprec$5t$ circum/ances _h come into play1 !y nev] c\ld h lo/ t supremacy :i*1 z ! natural result ( _! developm5t1 _h be5 ma9ta9$ by females s9ce ! sep>ation ( ! sexes4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m>riage ,i w be ma/] ( :at is m9e own2 ,%e is my goods1 my *attels2 %e's my h\se1 ,my h\sehold /uff1 my field1 my b>n1 ,my horse1 my ox1 my ass1 my ev]y?+4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew4 ,x is an obvi\s fact t s f> z h] sex relations are conc]n$ ! position ( civiliz$ woman is l[] ?an t ( ! female animal4 ,! "q :i* pres5ts itself at ?is /age ( our inquiry is3 ,:at 7 ! causes :i* l$ to ! ov]?r[ ( female supremacy or :at 7 ! processes by :i* man ga9$ ! undisput$ "r to ! control ( woman's p]son8 ,by contra/+ ! indu/rial position ( wom5 "u g5tile in/itutions ) t ( lat] times1 aft] !y _h become ! sexual slaves ( m51 x w be se5 t ! "q ( economics is deeply involv$ 9 ?is *ange4 ,al?\gh ! e>ly indep5d5ce ( wom5 is n[ recogniz$1 ! fact ( _! indu/rial supremacy is = ! mo/ "p ignor$4 ,inde$ ! "p p]=m$ by woman 9 orig9at+ & develop+ human indu/ries is seldom ref]r$ to by ^? deal+ ) ?is subject4 ,z ! activities be/ suit$ to ! ta/es ( primitive man 7 conf9$ to w> & ! *ase1 ^? occupations & pursuits :i* 7 necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! gr\p 7 c>ri$ on by wom54 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,fa!rs 7 n reg>d$ z be+ relat$ to _! (fspr+4 ,! "m 0 ! only recogniz$ p>5t4 ,z ! l& 0 held 9 common1 wom5 7 economically free4 ,!y 7 absolutely indep5d5t ( m5 = _! support4 ,"u ^! conditions ! importance ( wom5's position may be easily p]ceiv$4 ,n only did wom5 e/abli% ! fir/ indu/ries1 b !y inv5t$ & con/ruct$ ! tools & implem5ts by :i* ^! indu/ries 7 c>ri$ on4 ,wom5 7 ! fir/ till]s ( ! soil4 ,x 0 !y :o conceiv$ ! idea ( pres]v+ se$s :]eby f>9ace\s food might be produc$4 ,corn 0 n only rais$ by !m b by !m x 0 gr\nd & fur!r prep>$ = use4 ,!y built clay gran>ies 9 :i* to /ore _! food products & tam$ ! cat to protect !m4 ,implem5ts = till+ ! soil1 & devices = gr9d+ ! gra9 7 inv5t$ by wom54 ,!y 7 ! fir/ ar*itects & ! fir/ build]s4 ,!y fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ clo? ) :i* to protect ! body4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ sp9n]s & ! fir/ weav]s4 ,!y inv5t$ ! fir/ sp9dles & ! fir/ looms4 ,_! attempts at decoration 7 ! beg9n+ ( art4 ,z ^! pione]s 9 indu/ry 7 )\t means ( transportation o!r ?an _! backs1 "s ( ! difficulties :i* !y enc\nt]$ may be readily p]ceiv$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t = primitive wom5 !re 0 no accumulat$ /ore ( k & no previ\s race-exp]i5ces2 nei!r 7 !re any e/abli%$ rules or prec$5ts to guide !m4 ,all me?ods & utilities _h to be work$ out by woman's unaid$ bra94 ,:5 ! conditions "u :i* ^! pione]s 9 indu/ry lab\r$ are consid]$1 & :5 "o reflects on ! ob/acles :i* mu/ h pres5t$ !mselves at e /ep along _! untri$ pa?way1 x w\ld almo/ seem t _! e>ly a*ievem5ts 7 q z rem>kable z are ^? :i* h s9ce be5 accompli%$ by m54 ,! fact is obs]v$ t woman assum$ ! rle ( protector & provid]1 n z is commonly ass]t$ because %e 0 compell$ by man to become a bea/ ( burd51 b because %e 0 ! recogniz$ gu>dian n only ( infant life b ( ! public welf>e4 ,lat]1 aft] ! primitive gr\ps began to coalesce to =m ! tribe1 aft] wife-capture became preval5t & m5 !reby secur$ ! "r to ! control & own]%ip ( individual wom51 a "r :i* !y /ill claim1 !n & n till !n did wom5 become bea/s ( burd54 ,!n & n till !n did man ga9 ! "r to ! control ( woman's p]son4 ,x is n[ kn[n t wife-capture is ! orig9 ( our pres5t =m ( m>riage1 & t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! family ) man at its head re/s on ! same basis4 ,x is also kn[n t ?r\gh =cible m>riage & ! economic conditions :i* x entail$1 woman became a dep5d5t1 a m]e app5dage to h] male mate4 ,! dom9ion ( man & ! assum$ inf]iority ( woman are ! direct results ( ! au?ority :i* he 0 able to ex]cise ov] h] 9 ! m>ital relation4 ,we h se5 t prior to ! decl9e ( female influ5ce wom5 tak5 prison]s 9 w> 7 n reg>d$ z ! legitimate prop]ty ( _! captors4 ,on ! contr>y1 female captives 7 adopt$ into ! g5s & inve/$ ) ! same /atus ( p]sonal indep5d5ce enjoy$ by ! orig9al memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 female prison]s began to be reg>d$ z ! special booty ( _! captors1 & z belong+ exclusively to !m2 & al?\gh 9 primitive times m>riage outside ! limits ( relat$ gr\ps 0 prohibit$1 ow+ to ! e/eem 9 :i* milit>y *iefta9s came to be held1 ?is claim 0 at l5g? all[$ !m4 ,any c\rage\s "y w>rior1 consci\s ( 8 popul>ity1 might ga!r ab\t him a b& ( 8 clansm5 & m>* aga9/ a neighb\r+ tribe1 ! wom5 tak5 prison]s dur+ su* exp$itions be+ ! special prizes ( _! captors4 ,^! prison]s 7 entitl$ to none ( ! privileges ( ! community into :i* !y 7 tak52 & z ! ho/ility felt t[>d unrelat$ tribes _h become s /rong z to be %>$ by wom51 ! captive woman c\ld no long] look = pity ev5 f h] own sex4 ,f ?is "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race may be trac$ ! decl9e ( woman's p[] & ! subjection ( ! natural female impulses4 ,z1 at ?is /age1 )9 ! limits ( _! own tribe1 wom5 held ! balance ( p[] 9 _! own h&s1 & z !y /ill ex]cis$ unqualifi$ control ov] _! own p]sons1 ! ackn[l$g$ own]%ip ( "o woman1 :o1 be+ a 8/rang]10 0 )\t p[] or influ5ce1 w\ld be an object mu* to be desir$1 & "o = :i* a w>rior w\ld n hesitate to brave ! dang]s ( a ho/ile camp4 ,h5ce1 female captives 7 9 dem&1 & ! wom5 ( w>r+ tribes 7 s\ght aft] s+ly & 9 gr\ps4 ,9 process ( "t w>s = wives became g5]al & "u ! new regime wom5 _h ! fe> ( captivity con/antly be=e _! view z a condition m to be dread$ ?an dea?4 ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata ( ,india x is /at$ t =m]ly 8wom5 7 unconf9$ & rov$ ab\t at _! pleasure1 indep5d5t40 ,f9ally1 m>riage 0 in/itut$ & a woman 0 b\nd to a man = life4 ,"o ( ! eight =ms ( legaliz$ m>riage 9 ! code ( ,manu 0 t ( capture de facto & 0 call$ ,rac%asa4 ,?is p>ticul> =m ( conjugal union 0 practis$ exclusively by ! milit>y classes1 among :i*1 ! wom5 tak5 9 battle 7 ! ackn[l$g$ booty ( _! captors4 ,a def9ition ( ?is k9d ( m>riage is z foll[s3 8,! seizure ( a maid5 by =ce f h] h\se :ile %e weeps & calls = assi/ance1 aft] h] k9sm5 & fri5ds h be5 sla9 9 battle or w\nd$1 & _! h\ses brok5 op51 is ! m>riage call$ ,rac%asa40 ,capture z ! prescrib$ =m ( m>riage = w>riors may be trac$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s & among v>i\s peoples4 ,( ! ?ree legaliz$ =ms ( m>ital union 9 ,rome1 t by capture 0 ! "o 9 use among ! plebeians1 ! patricians at ! same "t practis+ ,conf>reatio & ,usus4 ,9 ,arabia1 z late z ,mohamm$'s "t1 ! c>ry+ (f ( wom5 0 recogniz$ z a legal =m ( m>riage4#aji #aji ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #gc4 ,t capture con/itut$ a legal =m ( m>riage among ! ,israelites1 or t wom5 tak5 captives 9 w> 7 appropriat$ z sexual slaves1 is %[n by _! religi\s hi/ory1 9 :i* ! in/ructions giv5 to ! ,"l's *os5 p aft] !y _h tak5 a city 0 to 8smite e male !re( ) ! edge ( ! sword3 ,b ! wom51 & ! little ones1 & ! cattle1 & all t is 9 ! city0 !y 7 to take unto !mselves4 ,?is1 x w be notic$1 is to be done 8unto ! cities :i* are v f> (f10 & :i* 8are n ( ! cities ( ^! nations40#aaj #aaj ,deut]onomy1 *ap4 xx41 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,:5 ! ,israelites #ab1jjj /rong m>*$ aga9/ ! ,midianites1 !y 7 comm&$ by ,moses to slay all ! males1 adults & *ildr51 & all ! wom5 except ! virg9s4 ,^! virg9s ( :om !re 7 #cb1jjj 7 to be sp>$ & utiliz$ z wives by ! victori\s ,israelites4 ,! fact w be not$ t ^! wom5 _h be5 tak5 f _! own p1 h5ce !y 7 :olly )\t influ5ce or p[]4 ,!y 7 dep5d5ts & !re=e subject to ! w ( _! ma/]s4 ,!y 7 sexual slaves or wives4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! tribes ( ! ,amazon & ! ,or9oco1 9 ,h9du/an & ,afghani/an1 m>riage by actual capture is /ill practis$1 & _m ( ! details connect$ ) ! modus op]&i h be5 giv5 by v>i\s writ]s4 ,! foll[+ f ,sir ,george ,gray1 relative to ?is =m ( m>riage z x exi/s at ! pres5t "t among "s ( ! native ,au/ralian tribes1 is quot$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan4 ,al?\gh a woman give no enc\ragem5t to h] admir]s1 _m plots are laid to c>ry h] (f1 & 9 ! enc\nt]s :i* result f ^!1 %e is almo/ c]ta9 to receive "s viol5t injury1 = ea* ( ! combatants ord]s h] to foll[ him1 & 9 ! ev5t ( h] refus+1 ?r[s a spe> at h]4 ,! e>ly life ( a "y woman at all celebrat$ = beauty is g5]ally "o cont9u$ s]ies ( captivity to diff]5t ma/]s1 ( gha/ly w\nds1 ( w&]+s 9 /range families1 ( rapid flights1 ( bad treatm5t f o!r females1 among/ :om %e is br\ght a /rang] by h] captor2 & r>ely d y see a =m ( unusual grace & elegance1 b x is m>k$ & sc>r$ by ! furr[s ( old w\nds2 & _m a female ?us w&]s sev]al hundr$ miles f ! home ( h] infancy1 be+ c>ri$ (f successively to di/ant & m di/ant po9ts4#aaa #aaa ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #dj4 ,9 an acc\nt describ+ ! se>* = wives by ! natives ( ,sydney1 ,coll9s says3 ,! poor wret* is /ol5 ^u 9 ! abs5ce ( h] protectors4 ,be+ fir/ /upefi$ ) bl[s1 inflict$ ) clubs or wood5 swords1 on ! head1 back1 & %\ld]s1 e "o ( :i* is foll[$ by a /ream ( blood1 %e is !n dragg$ ?r\gh ! woods by "o arm1 ) a p]sev]ance & viol5ce t x might be suppos$ w\ld displace x f its socket4 ,?is outrage is n res5t$ by ! relations ( ! female1 :o only retaliate by a simil> outrage :5 !y f9d an opportunity4 ,?is is s con/antly ! practice among !m t ev5 ! *ildr5 make x a play game1 or ex]cise4#aab #aab ,quot$ by ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #ajh4 ,by v>i\s travell]s & explor]s1 ! fact has be5 obs]v$ t c]ta9 symbols repres5t+ =ce 9 _! m>riage c]emonies are 9 use among ne>ly if n all extant tribes :i* h rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( gr[?4 ,to su* an ext5t1 9 an e>li] age1 has ! =cible c>ry+-(f ( wom5 prevail$1 t among mo/ ( ^! tribes a valid m>riage may n be consummat$ )\t ! appe>ance ( =ce 9 ! nuptial c]emonies4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! symbols1 we h ! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,mc,lennan3 ,meantime1 we obs]ve t1 :5ev] we discov] symbolical =ms1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t 9 ! pa/ life ( ! p employ+ !m1 !re 7 correspond+ realities2 & if1 among ! primitive races :i* we exam9e1 we f9d su* realities z might naturally pass into su* =ms on an advance tak+ place 9 civility1 !n we may safely conclude 7keep+ )9 ! conditions ( a s\nd inf]5ce7 t :at ^! n[ are1 ^? employ+ ! symbols once 74#aac #aac ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #e4 ,among primitive tribes1 ! area controll$ by ea* 0 small1 !re=e vigilance 9 ma9ta9+ _! possessions 0 "o ( _! *ief duties1 & ho/ility to surr\nd+ tribes a natural condition4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 :5 fri5dly relations began to be e/abli%$ ) hi!rto ho/ile tribes1 !y are f\nd ent]+ into negotiations to furni% ea* o!r ) wives4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t m>riage by sale or contract 0 in/itut$1 an arrangem5t by :i* ! eld] m5 9 ! tribe c\ld be accommodat$ ) =eign wives1 at ! same "t t _! own daught]s & si/]s became to !m a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,9 ,ug&a _m m5 obta9 wives by ex*ang+ daught]s & si/]s ) ea* o!r4 ,( ?is practice ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake says3 ,?is is n an unusual mode ( proce$+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! p]petuation ( ! monopoly ( wom5 enjoy$ to a great ext5t by ! old] m5 ( ! tribe among ! ,au/ralians is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 enc\rag$ by ^? hav+ si/]s or daught]s to ex*ange ) ea* o!r = wives4#aad #aad ,m>riage & ,k9%ip1 p4 #bjg4 ,n unfrequ5tly actual capture is practis$ side by side ) fiction--viol5t seizure be+ 9 active op]ation among ! same tribes at ! same "t ) ! symbol1 ! frequ5cy ( actual viol5ce dep5d+ p>tly on ! ext5t to :i* ho/ility prevails betwe5 ! tribes1 & p>tly on ! degree ( 8uni=mity e/abli%$ by usage 9 ! prices paid = wives40 ,among c]ta9 tribes1 :5 a dispute arises conc]n+ ! price to be paid = a bride1 if ! man is able to seize ! woman & c>ry h] (f to 8 t5t1 ! law recognizes h] z 8 wife & no?+ is left = ! relations to d 9 ! matt] b to accept 8 t]ms z to ! price4 ,! peoples among :i* actual capture is at pres5t practis$1 & ^? among :i* wives are procur$ by sale or contract1 repres5t two diff]5t /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! in/itution ( m>riage1 & x is ow+ to ?is fact t ! symbols us$ among ! latt] may be trac$ to ! realities 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 ,( ! ,b$\9s ( ,mt4 ,s9ai1 ,burckh>dt says t m>riage is a matt] ( sale & pur*ase1 9 :i* ! incl9ation ( ! girl is disreg>d$4 ,! "y maid comes home 9 ! ev5+ ) ! cattle4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! camp %e is met by ! future sp\se & a c\ple ( 8 "y fri5ds1 & c>ri$ (f by =ce to h] fa!r's t5t4 ,if %e ent]ta9s any suspicion ( _! designs %e def5ds h]self ) /ones1 & (t5 inflicts w\nds on ! "y m51 ev5 ?\gh %e does n dislike ! lov]1 =1 accord+ to cu/om1 ! m %e /ruggles1 bites1 kicks1 cries1 & %rieks1 ! m %e is applaud$ ev] aft] by h] own companions4#aae #aae ,quot$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,wood1 ,! ,w$d+ ,day1 etc41 p4 #fj4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,mezeyne ,arabs ! same writ] obs]ves t a simil> cu/om prevail$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,s9ai ,p59sula1 b n among ! o!r tribes ( t prov9ce4 ,a girl hav+ be5 wrapp$ 9 ! ,abba at night1 is p]mitt$ to escape f h] t5t1 & fly into ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,! bridegroom goes 9 se>* ( h] next day1 & rema9s (t5 _m days be=e he c f9d h] out1 :ile h] female fri5ds are appris$ ( h] hid+-place1 & furni% h] ) provisions4 ,if ! husb& f9ds h] at la/ 7:i* is soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! impression t he has made ^u ! girl's he>t71 he is b\nd to consummate ! m>riage 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 & to pass ! night ) h] 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! next morn+ ! bride goes home to h] t5t1 t %e may h "s food2 b aga9 runs away 9 ! ev5+ & repeats ^! flights sev]al times1 till %e f9ally returns to h] t5t4 ,%e does n g to live 9 h] husb&'s t5t until %e is f> advanc$ 9 pregnancy2 if %e does n become pregnant1 %e may n jo9 h] husb& till a full ye> f ! w$d+-day4#aaf #aaf ,quot$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,wood1 ,! ,w$d+ ,day1 etc41 p4 #fj4 ,cranz says t 9 ,gre5l& 8"s females1 :5 a husb& is propos$ to !m w fall into a swoon1 elope to a des]t place1 or cut (f _! hair4444 ,9 ! latt] case !y are seldom tr\bl$ ) fur!r addresses40 ,! refractory bride is dragg$ =cibly into h] suitor's h\se1 :]e %e sits = sev]al days disconsolate1 ) di%evell$ hair1 & refuses n\ri%m5t4 ,:5 fri5dly exhortations are unavail+1 %e is compell$ by =ce & ev5 ) bl[s to receive h] husb&4 ,%\ld %e elope1 %e is br\ght back & treat$ m h>%ly ?an be=e4#aag #aag ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l&1 vol4 i41 p4 #adf4 ,:]ev] fri5dly relations h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! tribe ( ! wife & t ( ! husb&1 he pays a price to h] relatives = ! privilege ( remov+ h] to 8 camp4 ,?is pur*ase price1 toge!r ) ! simulat$ hatr$ ( ! woman's fri5ds1 signifies a sacrifice on ! "p ( ! wife & h] family4 ,9 ,nubia :5 a man m>ries he pres5ts 8 wife ) a w$d+-dress1 & gives h] also a pl$ge = ?ree or f\r hundr$ pia/res1 half ( :i* sum is paid h] 9 case ( a divorce4 ,divorces1 h[ev]1 are v r>e4#aah #aah ,burckh>dt1 ,travels 9 ,nubia1 p4 #cd4 ,among ! ,circassians1 aft] ! prelim9>ies h be5 settl$ by ! p>5ts1 ! lov] meets 8 bride-elect by night 9 "s seclud$ spot1 & ) ! assi/ance ( two or ?ree ( 8 be/ fri5ds seizes h] & c>ries h] away4 ,sometimes ! pret5d$ capture takes place 9 ! mid/ ( a noisy fea/4 ,! woman is usually conduct$ into ! pres5ce ( a mutual fri5d1 :]e1 on ! foll[+ day1 h] fri5ds1 simulat+ ang]1 seek h] & dem& a reason = h] abduction4 ,al?\gh ! affair is usually settl$ at once by ! bridegroom pay+ ! accu/om$ price = 8 bride1 cu/om requires t !re %all be /ill fur!r manife/ations ( ang] on ! "p ( h] fri5ds2 s1 on ! foll[+ day1 all ! relatives ( ! bride1 arm$ ) /icks1 proce$ to ! place :]e ! bride is 9 wait+1 !re to meet ! bridegroom & 8 fri5ds :o h come to c>ry (f ! bride4 ,a %am fight ensues1 9 :i* ! bridegroom & 8 p>ty are always victori\s4 ,among c]ta9 ( ! ,arabian tribes ! bridegroom mu/ =ce 8 bride to ent] 8 t5t1 & 9 ,france1 z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a simil> cu/om prevail$4 ,9 describ+ a w$d+ dance 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,p>kyns obs]ves3 ,?is dance is p]=m$ by m5 arm$ ) %ields & lances1 :o ) b\nds1 fe9ts1 & spr+s attack o!rs arm$ ) guns1 s z to approa* !m1 & at ! same "t avoid _! fire1 :ile ! gunn]s make simil> demon/rations1 & at la/ fire (f _! guns ei!r 9 ! air or into ! e>?1 & !n1 draw+ _! swords1 fl\ri% !m ab\t z a f9i%4 ,f9ally ! bridegroom fires (f a gun & imm$iately ru%es across to :]e ! bride & h] female relations are /ation$4#aai #aai ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 vol4 ii41 p4 #di4 ,tylor in=ms u t a ,sc&9avian w>rior g5]ally s\ght to ga9 8 bride by =ce1 t he conceiv$ x b5ea? 8 dignity to w9 h] by pacific means4 ,t ! affair might appe> m h]oic1 he wait$ until ! object ( 8 *oice 0 ab\t to w$ ano!r1 & 0 actually on h] way to ! nuptial c]emony1 :5 ) 8 fri5ds he w\ld surprise ! w$d+ cortege1 seize ! bride1 & c>ry h] (f4 ,x has be5 said ( ,sc&9avian m>riages t !y 7 matt]s ( deep anxiety to ! fri5ds bo? ( ! bride & groom1 :o1 until ! w$d+ 0 ov]1 rema9$ at home 9 susp5se fe>+ an attack ( ! k9d already m5tion$4 ,x 0 cu/om>y = a p>ty ( "y m5 to /ation !mselves at ! *ur* door1 &1 z soon z ! c]emony 0 complet$1 to c>ry ! news to ! homes ( ! w$d$ pair4 8,)9 a few g5]ations ! same old practice 0 kept up 9 ,wales1 :]e ! bridegroom & 8 fri5ds1 m\nt$ & arm$ z = w>1 c>ri$ (f ! bride10 & 9 ,irel& !y us$ ev5 to hurl spe>s at ! bride's p1 ?\gh at su* a di/ance t no "o 0 hurt4#abj #abj ,an?ropology1 p4 #djd4 ,9 ! ,amazon valley ! bride is always c>ri$ away by viol5ce4 ,among ! ,zulus1 al?\gh a pur*ase price is paid = a woman1 cu/om requires t a wife1 aft] hav+ be5 captur$1 %all make ?ree attempts to return to h] own home4 ,( ! m>riage cu/oms 9 anci5t ,sp>ta1 ,plut>* says3 8,9 _! m>riages ! bridegroom c>ri$ (f ! bride by viol5ce40#aba ,9 ,rome we h ! famili> example ( ! ,sab9e wom51 :o 7 captur$ or c>ri$ (f by =ce4 #aba ,lycurgus4 ,a notable fact 9 connection ) ! subject ( capture is1 t ! "m ( ! bride1 or1 9 case ! "m is dead1 ! ne>e/ female relative1 is ! individual :o assumes ! "p ( ! pr9cipal def5d] 9 ?is c]emony4 ,%e x is :o attempts to rescue ! bride1 & :o m ?an any o!r m\rns ! fate ( ! captur$ wife4 ,among primitive peoples1 ) ! exception ( ! symbol ( wife-capture 9 m>riage c]emonies1 !re is p]haps none m significant ?an t typify+ ! hatr$ ( ! "m = ! captor ( h] daught]4 ,cu/oms indicat+ e/rangem5t or1 actual av]sion to sons-9-law1 usually1 if n always1 accompany m>riage by capture4 ,! fact t ! *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ! sexes1 z indicat$ by ! sadica & ba'al =ms ( m>riage 9 ,arabia1 0 n easily or spe$ily accompli%$1 is app>5t n only 9 ! symbols ( wife-capture ev]y:]e practis$ among peoples 9 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 b is /rongly sugge/$ also by ! av]sion f\nd to exi/ among ^! same peoples betwe5 mo!rs-9-law & sons-9-law1 :e!r appe>+ z a reality or z a symbol4 ,among ! ,arawaks ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 x is unlawful = ! son-9-law to look ^u ! face ( 8 "m-9-law4 ,if !y live 9 ! same h\se a p>tition sep>ates !m1 & if by *ance !y mu/ ent] ! same boat1 %e mu/ prec$e him s z to keep h] back t[>d him4 ,among ! ,c>ibs1 all ! wom5 talk ) :om !y w1 b ! husb& d>e n conv]se ) 8 wife's relations except on extraord9>y occasions4#abb ,mr4 ,tylor ref]s to ! fact t #abb ,quot$ by ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #bij4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,floridian exp$ition ( ,alv> ,nuez1 commonly kn[n z ,cabeca de ,vaca1 or ,c['s ,head1 x is m5tion$ t ! p>5ts-9-law did n ent] ! son-9-law's h\se1 nor he !irs1 nor 8 bro!r-9-law's1 & if !y met by *ance1 !y w5t a buck%ot out ( _! way1 ) _! heads d[n & eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd1 = !y held x a bad ?+ to see or speak to "o ano!r4 ,x is obs]v$ by ,ri*>dson1 an au?or quot$ by ,tylor1 t among ! ,crees1 :ile an ,indian lives ) 8 wife's family1 8 "m-9-law mu/ n speak to or look at him4 ,9 "s portions ( ,au/ralia1 8! "m-9-law does n all[ ! son-9-law to see h]1 b hides h]self if he is ne>1 & if %e has to pass him makes a circuit1 keep+ c>efully conceal$ )9 h] cloak40 ,among "s ( ! tribes 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 f ! mom5t a m>riage is contract$1 ! lov] may n behold ! p>5ts ( 8 future bride4 ,:5 a "y man wi%es to m>ry a girl1 he dispat*es a mess5g] to negotiate ) h] p>5ts reg>d+ ! pres5ts requir$ & ! numb] ( ox5 dem&$4 ,?is be+ arrang$1 he may n aga9 look ^u ! fa!r & "m ( 8 int5d$ wife2 8he takes ! greate/ c>e to avoid !m1 & if by *ance !y p]ceive him !y cov] _! faces z if all ties ( fri5d%ip 7 brok540 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 t ?is indiff]5ce is only feign$1 t !y feel ! same fri5d%ip z be=e1 & 9 conv]sation extol "o ano!r's m]it4 ,mr4 ,caillie says t ?is cu/om ext5ds beyond ! relations2 if ! lov] is ( a diff]5t camp1 he mu/ avoid all ! inhabitants ( ! lady's camp1 except a few intimate fri5ds :o are p]mitt$ to assi/ him 9 8 love-mak+4 ,a little t5t is set up = him 9 ! neighb\rhood1 "u :i* he is to rema9 dur+ ! day4 ,if he has occasion to cross ! camp he mu/ cov] 8 face4 ,he may n see ! face ( 8 int5d$ ?r\gh\t ! day1 b at nightfall he may creep sil5tly to h] t5t & rema9 ) h] until ! dawn4 ,^! cl&e/9e visits are cont9u$ = a mon? or two :5 ! m>riage is solemniz$4 ,at ! w$d+ fe/ival ! wom5 collect r\nd ! bride s++ h] praises & extoll+ h] virtues4#abc #abc ,travels ?r\gh ,c5tral ,africa1 vol4 i41 p4 #id4 ,gub]natis is au?ority = ! /atem5t t1 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy ! bride is compell$ to g ?r\gh ! process ( weep+ on h] w$d+-day1 also = ! fact t "o ( ! m>riage cu/oms preval5t 9 ,s>d9ia is id5tical ) t :i* appe>$ among ! plebeians at ,rome1 namely1 ! pret5ce ( te>+ ! bride f ! arms ( h] "m4#abd #abd ,see ,mc,lennan's ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #ahi4 ,f ! facts :i* h be5 obta9$ relative to ! practice ( wife-capture1 x is only natural to suppose t ! "m ( ! captur$ wife w\ld be h] *ief ally & def5d]2 t su* has be5 ! case seems to be cle>ly %[n by ! symbols ( di/ru/ & av]sion ev]y:]e manife/$ betwe5 mo!rs-9-law & sons-9-law among ! v>i\s exi/+ unciviliz$ races4 ,! practice ( wife-capture exi/s ei!r z a reality or z a symbol ent]+ into ! m>riage c]emonies among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ! ,indians ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 9 ,arabia1 9 ! hill tracts ( ,india1 among ! ,fuegians1 & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & :]ev] ?is sy/em is f\nd ! symbol ( hatr$ betwe5 "m-9-law & son-9-law also prevails4 ,! simulat$ ang] & %am viol5ce connect$ ) m>riage c]emonies among fri5dly peoples1 :i* are s f> remov$ f a "t :5 actual capture 0 practis$ z to be ignorant ( ! true significance ( ^! symbols1 %[ ! ext5t to :i* m>riage is bas$ on ! idea ( =ce on ! "o side & unwill+ submission on ! o!r4 ,z ! num]\s ,arabian clans 9 ! "t ( ,mohamm$ repres5t$ ! v>y+ /ages ( advancem5t f ! second p]iod ( b>b>ism to civilization1 ! con/itution ( ,arab society at t "t af=ds an excell5t opportunity = obs]v+ ! gr[? ( ! in/itution ( m>riage1 & ! v>i\s processes by :i* ! =m] supremacy ( wom5 0 ov]?r[n4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( w> at ! "t ( ! ,prophet is said to h be5 ! capture ( wom5 = wives1 a practice :i* 0 recogniz$ z lawful4 ,"u ,islam ! cu/om ( =cibly c>ry+ (f wom5 = wives 0 univ]sal & 0 c>ri$ on side by side ) ! sy/em ( m>riage by contract or sale4 ,! position ( ! captur$ woman1 h[ev]1 diff]$ some:at f t ( ! pur*as$ wife4 ,! =m]1 hav+ be5 =cibly c>ri$ away f h] home1 lo/ ! protection ( h] fri5ds1 :ile ! pur*as$ wife1 al?\gh %e rel9qui%$ ! au?ority :i* _h =m]ly be5 ex]cis$ by wom5 )9 ! g5s1 & al?\gh %e surr5d]$ h] p]son to h] 8"l10 did n =feit h] "r to ! protection ( h] own family 9 case ( abuse4 ,al?\gh 9 ,arabia1 "u ! =m ( m>riage by sale or contract1 ! wife lo/ ! "r to ! control ( prop]ty belong+ to h] own g5s1 %e did n1 z 9 ,rome1 =feit h] claim to ! protection ( h] k9dr$4 ,if %e receiv$ ill treatm5t )9 ! home ( h] husb&1 h] relatives1 :o 7 /ill h] natural protectors1 7 b\nd to r$ress h] wrongs4 ,9 ,rome1 on ! contr>y1 "u a sy/em repres5t+ a lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( m>riage1 ! wife 0 adopt$ into ! /ock ( h] husb& ^: rights ov] h] p]son 7 supreme1 at ! same "t t h] k9dr$ r5\nc$ ! "r to int]f]e 9 h] behalf4 ,x is to ! fact1 t 9 e>ly ,arabia ! wife nev] rel9qui%$ h] hold ^u h] own relations1 t we are to look = an explanation ( ! high social position ( ,arabian wom54 ,we are assur$ t x is 8an old ,arab s5tim5t1 & n ,moslem10 t wom5 are entitl$ to ! highe/ respect1 & t z mo!rs ( ! tribe !y 8are its mo/ sacr$ tru/40 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,r4 ,smi? 9 ,mohamm$'s "t1 9 addition to ! two =ms ( m>riage m5tion$1 namely1 t by capture & t by sale or contract1 !re exi/$ also a m anci5t =m kn[n z ! sadica--a =m ( conjugal union :i* 0 a remnant ( ! matri>*al sy/em4 ,by obs]v+ ! facts connect$ ) ?is la/-nam$ in/itution1 we %all be enabl$ to und]/& some?+ ( ! position occupi$ by wom5 dur+ ! e>li] ages ( human exi/5ce be=e wife-capture became preval5t4 ,among c]ta9 tribes j prior to ,islam1 ^u ! ev5t ( m>riage1 ! man pres5t$ ! woman ) a sum ( money1 :i* (f]+ 0 simply an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fav\r :i* %e 0 conf]r+ ^u him4 ,! husb& w5t to live ) ! wife 9 h] t5t1 & z ! contract 0 = no specifi$ l5g? ( "t1 he 0 at lib]ty to g :5ev] he tir$ ( ! conditions impos$ on him by 8 wife & h] relations4 ,any *ildr51 h[ev]1 t 7 born z a result ( ?is union belong$ to ! "m & became memb]s ( h] hayy4 ,if %e desir$ him to g1 %e simply turn$ ! t5t ar\nd1 8s t if ! door _h fac$ ea/ x n[ fac$ we/1 & :5 ! man saw ?is he knew t he 0 dismiss$ & did n ent]40 ,9 relation to ^! m>riage cu/oms ,pr(essor ,smi? says3 8,"h1 !re=e1 we h ! pro( ( a well-e/abli%$ cu/om ( t k9d ( m>riage :i* naturally goes ) female k9%ip 9 ! g5]ation imm$iately be=e ,islam40 ,( ?is k9d ( m>riage ! same writ] obs]ves3 ,! mot m>riage 0 a purely p]sonal contract1 f\nd$ on cons5t betwe5 a man & a woman1 )\t any int]v5tion on ! "p ( ! woman's k94444 ,n[ ! fact t !re 0 no contract ) ! woman's k9--su* z 0 necess>y :5 ! wife left h] own p & came "u ! au?ority ( h] husb&--& t1 inde$1 h] k9 might "k no?+ ab\t x1 c h only "o explanation3 9 mot m>riage ! woman did n leave h] home1 h] p gave up no rights :i* !y _h ov] h]1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! m>riage did n belong to ! husb&4 ,mot m>riage1 9 %ort1 is simply ! la/ rema9s ( t type ( m>riage :i* corresponds to a law ( "m-k9%ip1 & ,islam condemns x1 & makes x 8! si/] ( h>lotry10 because x does n give ! husb& a legitimate (fspr+1 i4 e41 an (fspr+ t is reckon$ to 8 own tribe & has rights ( inh]itance )9 x4#abe #abe ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 p4 #fi4 ,be=e ! sep>ation ( ! ,hebrews & ,aramans1 ! wife rema9$ )9 h] own t5t :]e %e receiv$ h] husb&1 ! *ildr5 ( su* unions tak+ h] "n & becom+ h] heirs4 ,?is k9d ( conjugal union is kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 _m portions ( ! _w4 ,9 ,ceylon x is designat$ z ! be5a m>riage4 ,9 anci5t ,arabia1 n only did wom5 control _! own homes1 b !y own$ flocks & h]ds1 & 7 absolutely indep5d5t ( male relations4 ,z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury ( our era1 al?\gh ! wom5 ( c]ta9 ,arabian tribes 7 will+ to m>ry /rang]s1 !y nev] foll[$ !m to _! homes4 ,among ! ,b$\9s x is a r>e ?+ = a woman at m>riage to leave h] home & k9dr$4 ,:5 a woman m>ries a man he settles among h] k9sm51 &1 z %e pres5ts him ) a spe> & a t5t by way ( d[ry1 x w\ld seem t he is expect$ to jo9 h] relations & assi/ 9 ! common def5ce4 ,! m>ks ( au?ority "u g5tile rule are ! possession ( a t5t & a lance2 yet we f9d t ^! are ! objects :i*1 "u matri>*al usages1 ! wife t5d]s h] husb& :5 he ent]s h] family2 ! fir/ d\btless z a symbol ( h] protection1 ! second z indicat+ h] au?ority & ! s]vices :i* he is expect$ to r5d] h] & h] p4 ,until a late p]iod 9 ,rome x 0 ! cu/om1 dur+ ! solemnities ( m>riage1 to pass a lance ov] ! head ( ! wife 9 tok5 ( ! p[] :i* ! husb& 0 ab\t to ga9 ov] h]4#abf #abf ,ortolan1 ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #hj4 ,"u ! two types ( m>riage--namely1 mot & ba'al--! positions ( wom5 7 s diametrically oppos$ t bo? c\ld n cont9ue1 h5ce :5 "u ! pressure br\ght to be> ^u !m1 wom5 began to accept ! ba'al =m ( m>riage )9 _! own hayy1 mot unions 7 doom$4 ,( ! m anci5t =m ( m>riage 9 ,arabia1 "u :i* ! woman *ooses h] mate1 evid5ces ( :i* are /ill extant 9 t c\ntry1 & t by capture "u :i* %e becomes ! slave ( h] "l1 ,pr(essor ,smi? says3 ,!re is !n abundant evid5ce t ! anci5t ,arabs practis$ m>riage by capture4 ,& we see t ! type ( m>riage s con/itut$ is altoge!r diff]5t f ^? unions ( :i* ! mot is a survival1 & k9%ip ?r\gh wom5 ! necess>y accompanim5t4 ,9 ! "o case ! woman *ooses & dismisses h] husb& at w1 9 ! o!r %e has lo/ ! "r to dispose ( h] p]son & s ! "r ( divorce lies only ) ! husb&2 9 ! "o case ! woman receives ! husb& 9 h] own t5t1 among h] own p1 9 ! o!r %e is br\ght home to 8 t5t & p2 9 ! "o case ! *ildr5 are br\ght up "u ! protection ( ! "m's k9 & are ( h] blood1 9 ! o!r !y rema9 ) ! fa!r's k9dr$ & are ( 8 blood4 ,all lat] ,arabic m>riages "u ! sy/em ( male k9%ip1 :e!r con/itut$ by capture or by contract1 belong to ! same type2 9 all cases1 z we %all pres5tly see 9 detail1 ! wife :o foll[s h] husb& & be>s *ildr5 :o are ( 8 blood has lo/ ! "r freely to dispose ( h] p]son2 ! husb& has au?ority ov] h] & he alone has ! "r ( divorce4 ,accord+ly ! husb&1 9 ?is k9d ( m>riage1 is call$ n 9 ,arabia only1 b also among ! ,hebrews & ,aramans1 ! woman's 8"l0 or 8own]10 & :]ev] ?is "n = husb& is f\nd we may be sure t m>riage is ( ! second type1 ) male k9%ip1 & ! wife b\nd to ! husb& & foll[+ him to 8 home4#abg #abg ,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 p4 #ge4 ,not)/&+ ! humane enactm5ts ( ,mohamm$ 9 ! int]e/ ( wom51 _! position /eadily decl9$1 su* enactm5ts hav+ be5 ov]balanc$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( m>riages ( dom9ion1 by ! gr[+ idea t sadica or mot m>riages 7 n respectable1 & t wom5 c\ld n dep5d ^u _! relations to take _! "p aga9/ _! husb&s4 ,! hi/ory ( religion %[s t its gr[? has always foll[$ ! same c\rse z h ! ideas conc]n+ ! relative importance ( ! sexes4 ,! god-idea & ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( religion are always f\nd to be 9 h>mony ) ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples & ideas relative to sex dom9ation & sup]iority4 ,! religion ( ,mohamm$ 0 ess5tially mascul9e1 all its pr9ciples be+ 9 /rict accord ) male supremacy2 x is n1 !re=e1 s+ul> t :5 ! weight ( religion 0 add$ to ! already gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d ba'al m>riages t sadica m>riages 7 doom$4 ,9 ,arabia1 z else:]e1 ! duties ( ! pur*as$ wife 7 specific4 ,! pres5t :i* "u ! old] =m ( m>riage _h be5 giv5 to ! bride z a love-tok51 or z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! husb&'s devotion to h]1 subsequ5tly took ! =m ( a pur*ase price1 & 0 claim$ by h] fa!r & bro!rs z a comp5sation = ! loss su/a9$ by ! gr\p ?r\gh ! removal ( h] (fspr+1 ^: s]vices belong$ to _! "m's p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! husb& paid a price to ! wife's relations = ! "r to raise *ildr5 by h] :i* %\ld belong exclusively to 8 k9--*ildr5 :i* %\ld %e rema9 )9 h] own home w\ld belong to h] k9dr$4 ,! wife 0 !re=e remov$ to ! husb&'s hayy1 :]e1 s f> z ! sexual relation 0 conc]n$1 8 rights ov] h] 7 supreme4 ,we h obs]v$ t :]ev] ! possessions ( ! g5s cont9u$ to be ! prop]ty ( all its memb]s1 & 7 controll$ by wom51 ! man at m>riage w5t to live ) ! woman2 s soon1 h[ev]1 z m5 began to claim ! soil1 & prop]ty began to accumulate 9 _! h&s1 ! wife w5t to reside ) h] husb& & 8 family z a dep5d5t4 ,among v>i\s tribes1 ! =m ( m>riage 9 use dep5ds on ! means ( ! contract+ p>ties2 if ! man is able to pay to ! woman's fa!r or bro!rs ! full price *>g$ = h]1 %e goes to him z 8 slave--%e is 8 prop]ty z mu* z is 8 dog or 8 gun2 if1 h[ev]1 he is unable to pay ! am\nt *>g$1 he goes to live ) h] & h] family1 & becomes _! slave4 ,9 ,japan1 among ! high] classes1 ^u ! m>riage ( ! elde/ son1 8 bride accompanies him to 8 pat]nal home2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! elde/ daught] m>ries1 h] husb& takes up 8 abode ) h] p>5ts4 ,elde/ daught]s always reta9 _! own names1 :i* _! husb&s are oblig$ to assume4 ,z ! wife ( an elde/ son becomes a memb] ( h] husb&'s family1 & ! husb& ( an elde/ daught] jo9s ! family ( 8 wife & assumes h] "n1 ! elde/ son ( a family may n m>ry ! elde/ daught] ( ano!r family4 ,reg>d+ ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 if ! husb&'s family provides ! h\se1 ! wife takes 8 "n1 :ile if ! bride's family furni%es ! home ! bridegroom assumes ! "n ( ! wife4#abh #abh ,quot$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,wake f ,morgan's ,sy/em1 etc41 p4 #dbh4 ,9 ! m>riage cu/oms ( v>i\s nations1 & 9 _! ideas relative to ! own]%ip & control ( ! home1 may be obs]v$ some?+ m ?an a h9t ( ! pr9cipal causes und]ly+ ! decl9e ( female p[]4 ,:]ev] wom5 rema9 )9 _! own homes1 or ) _! own relations1 !y are mi/resses ( ! situation2 b :5 !y foll[ ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr5 to _! homes1 !y become dep5d5ts & :olly subject to ! w & pleasure ( _! husb&s4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t "u a sy/em ( m>riage by sale or contract1 al?\gh a woman might ex]cise little influ5ce 9 ! home ( h] husb&1 s long z h] relations /ood ready to def5d h] %e w\ld enjoy an immunity f abuse4 ,! fact t a woman c c\nt ^u h] relations = protection aga9/ h] husb&1 %[s pla9ly t 9 a c]ta9 /age ( m>riage by contract or sale1 wom5 are n ! abject slaves :i* !y h be5 repres5t$ to be4 ,al?\gh 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s a man may seize a woman & take h] to 8 home1 %e does n rema9 ) him unless agreeable to h] incl9ations4#abi #abi ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #eih4 ,among/ ! ,abipones1 a man1 on *oos+ a wife b>ga9s ) h] p>5ts ab\t ! price4 ,b x frequ5tly happ5s t ! girl resc9ds :at has be5 agre$ ^u betwe5 ! p>5ts & ! bridegroom1 ob/9ately reject+ ! v m5tion ( m>riage4#acj #acj ,ibid41 p4 #eih4 ,among ! ,*>ruas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 divorce is q optional4 ,9 ,sumatra1 if a man c>ries (f a virg9 aga9/ h] w1 he incurs a heavy f9e1 or if a man c>ries (f a woman "u pret5ce ( m>riage1 8he mu/ lodge h] imm$iately ) "s reputable family40#aca #aca ,m>sd51 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 p4 #aic4 ,al?\gh 9 ! e>li] ages ( m>riage by sale or contract1 daught]s 7 reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( _! fa!rs1 /ill t /age _h n be5 rea*$ at :i* wom5 7 acc\nt$ simply z sexual slaves4 ,! ,arabs practis$ m>riage by sale or contract1 yet !y jeal\sly wat*$ ov] _! wom51--!y 8def5d$ !m ) _! lives & eag]ly r$eem$ !m :5 !y 7 tak5 captive40 ,!y ?\ght x bett] to bury _! daught]s ?an to give !m 9 m>riage to unwor?y husb&s4#acb ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,kaffir wom5 are v t5aci\s ab\t _! relations1 probably1 x is ?\ght1 = ! reason t husb&s are m respectful t[>d wives :o h fri5ds ne> !m1 ?an !y are to ^? :o h no relations at h& to take _! "p4#acc ,usually among ! ,kaffirs1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,%oot]1 al?\gh a man pays a price to ! p>5ts ( ! woman :om he wi%es to m>ry1 ! affair is by no means settl$2 on ! contr>y1 he mu/ und]go ! close/ scrut9y by h] be=e %e w cons5t to accept him4 ,bidd+ him /&1 %e surveys fir/ "o side ( him1 !n ! o!r1 ! relations 9 ! meantime /&+ ab\t await+ h] decision4 ,^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,wood rem>ks3 8,?is amus+ c]emony has two mean+s3 ! fir/ t ! contract ( m>riage is a volunt>y act on bo? sides2 & ! second1 t ! int5d+ bridegroom has z yet no au?ority ov] h]40#acd #acb ,pr(essor ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 p4 #gi4 #acc ,unciviliz$ ,races1 etc41 p4 #gh4 #acd ,ibid41 p4 #gi4 ,al?\gh "u ! sy/em ( m>riage by sale or contract a woman has a voice 9 ! selection ( h] husb&1 & al?\gh %e c c\nt on h] k9sm5 to protect h] aga9/ abuse1 /ill1 practically1 ! contract br+s ! wife "u ! same condition z a captur$ wife2 %e foll[s h] husb& to 8 home1 :]e1 z a dep5d5t1 he ex]cises control ov] h] p]son & h] *ildr54 ,9 ,arabia prior to ! "t ( ! ,prophet ! wife c\ld claim ! protection ( h] k9dr$ aga9/ h] husb&1 yet ! pr9ciple und]ly+ m>riage by contract & t by capture 0 ! same1 except t "u ! =m] ! husb& paid a price = ! woman's sexual subjection1 :ile "u ! latt]1 n only 9 sexual matt]s1 b 9 all o!rs z well1 he 0 h] 8"l0 & ma/]4 ,! ,prophet says3 8,i *>ge y ) y\r wom51 = !y are ) y z captives 7awn740 ,pr(essor ,smi? in=ms u t accord+ to ! lexicons awn is actually us$ 9 ! same s5se z m>ri$ wom5 g5]ally4#ace ,= long ages aft] ba'al m>riages _h be5 e/abli%$1 s degrad+ 0 ! (fice ( wife t wom5 ( rank 7 consid]$ too great to m>ry4 #ace ,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 p4 #gg4 ,aft] relat+ "s int]e/+ acc\nts ( c]ta9 practices 9 common ) ! cu/om ( capture among ! ,brazilian tribes1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock says3 ,?is view also ?r[s "s light on ! rem>kable subord9ation ( ! wife to ! husb&1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( m>riage1 & s curi\sly inconsi/5t ) all our av[$ ideas2 moreov] x t5ds to expla9 ^? curi\s cases 9 :i* ,hetair 7 held 9 great] e/imation ?an ^? wom5 :o 71 z we %\ld consid]1 prop]ly & respectably m>ri$ to a s+le husb&4 ,! =m] 7 orig9ally fell[-c\ntrywom5 & relations2 ! latt] captives & slaves4#acf #acf ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #abg4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! egoi/ic pr9ciple1 or :5 selfi%ness & ! love ( ga9 became ! rule ( action1 ! protection ( h] k9dr$1 :i* 9 an e>li] age a woman c\ld c\nt on aga9/ h] husb&1 0 )drawn1 & daught]s came to be look$ ^u z a legitimate s\rce ( ga9 to _! families4 ,on ?is subject ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake rem>ks3 ,wom5 by m>riage became slaves1 & x 0 ! univ]sal practice = a man :o p>t$ ) 8 daught] to be a slave to require a valuable consid]ation = h]4 ,moreov]1 z a man c pur*ase z _m slaves z he likes1 s he c take z _m wives z he pleases4#acg #acg ,c4 ,/anil& ,wake1 ,m>riage & ,k9%ip1 p4 #aii4 ,?us arose polygamy4 ,9 ,rome1 9 ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism & ! op5+ ages ( civilization1 woman1 at m>riage1 =feit$ all ! privileges belong+ to h] z a memb] ( h] own family1 :ile )9 t ( h] husb& no comp5satory advantages 7 grant$ h]4 ,ev5 a propriet>y "r 9 h] own *ildr5 0 d5i$ h]1 & f a legal po9t ( view ! wife became ! daught] ( h] husb&1 & n unfrequ5tly ! w>d ( h] own son4 ,aft] ! p[] ga9$ by man ov] woman dur+ ! latt] ages ( b>b>ism _h rea*$ its height1 ! family 0 bas$ n on ! m>riage ( a woman & a man1 b ^u ! p[] ( a man ov] a woman & h] (fspr+1 or ^u ! absolute au?ority ( ! male p>5t4 ,9 ,rome a man's wife & *ildr5 7 memb]s ( 8 family n because !y 7 relat$ to him b because !y 7 subject to 8 control4 ,at ?is /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! family1 ! fa!r _h ! p[] ( 8uncontroll$ corporal *a/isem5t0 & ( life & dea? ov] 8 *ildr54#ach ,if x 0 8 w to d s1 he c\ld ev5 sell !m4 ,inde$1 a son's fre$om f pat]nal tyranny c\ld be ga9$ only by ! actual sale ( 8 p]son by 8 fa!r4 ,relat+ to ! control ex]cis$ by ! fa!r ov] 8 *ildr51 x is obs]v$ t he _h ! "r 8dur+ _! :ole life to imprison1 sc\rge1 keep to ru/ic lab\r 9 *a9s1 to sell or slay1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be 9 ! enjoym5t ( high /ate (fices40#aci ,if a fa!r grant$ fre$om to 8 son1 t son 0 no long] a memb] ( 8 family4 #ach ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #acc4 #aci ,ortolan1 ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #ajg4 ,t1 ) ! exception ( =ce1 !re is no quality 9 ! male con/itution capable ( b9d+ toge!r ! v>i\s individuals born ( ! same fa!r1 is app>5t f ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,mr4 ,p>kyns1 ref]r+ to ! "* ( ! ,abyss9ians1 obs]ves t ! wor/ po9t 9 ! con/itution ( _! society is ! want ( affection among relations1 8ev5 ?\gh !y be *ildr5 ( "o fa!r40 ,he says t ! animosities :i* keep ! tribes 9 a con/ant /ate ( w>f>e d n exi/ among ! (fspr+ ( ! same "m & fa!r1 b1 z ! *ildr5 ( polygam\s fa!rs are m num]\s ?an own bre?r51 frat]nal affection is a r>e ?+4#adj ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! family gr\p "u ar*aic usages at a "t :5 woman's influ5ce 0 9 ! asc5d5cy1 & ! ,roman family "u ! old] ,roman law1 w s]ve to %[ ! wide diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! altrui/ic & egoi/ic pr9ciples z controll+ ag5cies 9 ! home & 9 society4 #adj ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 p4 #aef4 ,a significant fact 9 connection ) ?is subject is "h sugge/$1 t1 al?\gh = untold ages wom5 7 lead]s ( ! g5s1 s long z _! w 0 supreme1 no human "r 0 ev] invad$1 & no legitimate manly pr]ogative usurp$2 b1 on ! contr>y1 all 7 equal1 & ! pr9ciples ( a pure democracy 7 firmly gr\nd$4 ,lib]ty & ju/ice _h n at t "t be5 ?rottl$ by ! extreme selfi%ness inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,al?\gh ! processes by :i* wom5 at a c]ta9 /age ( human developm5t lo/ _! indep5d5ce 7 gradual1 !y are by no means difficult to trace4 ,! hi/ory ( human m>riage z ga!r$ f ! v>i\s tribes & races 9 ! sev]al /ages ( gr[? %[s ! prim>y idea ( ! (fice ( wife to h be5 t ( sexual slav]y1 & discloses ! fact t x 0 ! desire = =eign wom5 :o1 %orn ( _! natural indep5d5ce1 c\ld be controll$1 :i* caus$ ! ov]?r[ ( female supremacy4 ,z dur+ ! e>li] ages ( human exi/5ce ! wom5 ( ! gr\p 7 absolutely indep5d5t ( m5 = ! means ( support1 !y 7 able to s control _! own movem5ts4 ,only =eign wom5--captives /ol5 f _! homes & fri5ds--tak5 s+ly or 9 gr\ps c\ld be subjugat$ or br\ght into ! wifely relation4 ,inde$1 until ! sy/ematic practice ( captur+ wom5 f ho/ile tribes = sexual purposes _h be5 inaugurat$1 & ! subsequ5t ag5cy ( repression--namely1 own]%ip ( ! soil by males1 _h foll[$ z a natural consequ5ce1 ! usurpation by man ( ! natural rights & privileges ( woman 0 impossible4 ,! male memb]s ( ! gr\p _h n at t "t ! p[] to sell _! si/]s & o!r female relations1 b1 on ! contr>y1 def5d$ !m manfully aga9/ ! assaults ( ho/ile tribes4 ,! =eign captor1 ! wife-cat*]1 0 an enemy :o 0 bo? fe>$ & hat$1 & ^u him 7 %[]$ ! mal$ictions ( ! entire gr\p ^u :i* ! assault _h be5 made4 ,9 retaliation = 8 (f5ce1 ! m5 :o _h be5 b]eft ( a si/] mu/ 9 _! turn commit a l depr$ation2 ?us1 ?r\gh ! removal ( wom51 ! m5 ( e>ly gr\ps gradually ga9$ control ( ! common possessions at ! same "t t !y 7 be+ suppli$ ) =eign wives ov] :om !y ex]cis$ absolute control4 ,9 process ( "t1 :5 weal? began to accumulate 9 ! h&s ( m51 & :5 fri5dly relations began to be e/abli%$ betwe5 neighb\r+ tribes1 =eign wives1 )\t influ5ce1 7 receiv$ 9 ex*ange = ! free-born wom5 ( a man's own clan2 h5ce=w>d a resort to capture 0 unnecess>y4 ,di/ant tribes1 h[ev]1 7 /ill liable to attack4 ,w>s 7 wag$ aga9/ ! m51 :o 7 sometimes sla91 sometimes tak5 prison]s1 ! invad]s tak+ possession ( ! l&s & compell+ ! wom5 to accept ! position ( wife to !m4 ,f9ally1 negotiations 7 ent]$ into :]eby wom5 7 uni=mly tak5 f _! homes to become wives 9 ali5 gr\ps4 ,lat]1 ! ba'al =m ( m>riage came to prevail )9 ! tribe4 ,pr(essor ,smi?1 quot+ f ! advice giv5 by an ,arab to 8 son1 says3 8,d n m>ry 9 y\r own hayy1 = t leads to ugly family qu>rels10 to :i* he adds1 !re 0 a real inconsi/5cy 9 ! position ( a woman :o 0 at once h] husb&'s free k9swoman & 8 pur*as$ wife4 ,x 0 bett] to h a wife :o _h no claims ( k9 & no bre?r5 ne> to take h] "p4#ada #ada ,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 p4 #aje4 ,"u e>li] conditions ( ! human race wom5 z be>]s & protectors ( ! "y 7 reg>d$ z ! natural l&-own]s2 h5ce1 !y did n leave _! own homes to foll[ ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr54 ,! woman :o left h] own relations = ! hayy ( h] husb& c\ld no long] ex]cise control ov] ! possessions ( h] own g5s1 nei!r c\ld %e at a lat] p]iod inh]it prop]ty f h] k9dr$ = ! reason t h] int]e/s 7 id5tical ) ^? ( h] *ildr5 & h] *ildr5 belong$ to ano!r clan4 ,z prop]ty c\ld n be transf]r$ f ! gr\p 9 :i* x orig9at$1 %e 0 dis9h]it$4 ,?r\gh m>riage wom5 gave up _! natural "r to ! soil1 & consequ5tly to indep5d5ce4 ,a k ( ! facts connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ! in/itution ( m>riage1 reveals ! fact t wom5 lo/ _! influ5ce & p[]1 n because ( _! weakness1 b because !y 7 =eign]s & dep5d5ts 9 ! homes ( _! husb&s4 ,! /atem5t 0 made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t ! orig9 ( m>riage & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! family ) man at its head involve ! subject ( economies4 ,:5 prop]ty began to accumulate 9 ! h&s ( m51 :5 wom5 7 =c$ to rel9qui% _! "r to ! soil & ?us to become dep5d5t on m5 = _! support1 _! slav]y 0 inevitable4 ,lat]1 :5 ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( ! situation1 woman w5t )\t prote/ to ! home ( h] ma/]1 !re to become a p5sion] ^u 8 b\nty1 h] slav]y 0 complete4 ,9 process ( "t1 wom5 b\nd to =eign tribes by ! *ildr5 :i* !y _h borne1 began to accommodate !mselves to ! situation1 & ev5 to claim an int]e/ 9 ! home ( _! adoption1 :]eupon fri5dly relations began to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! tribe ( ! "m & t ( ! fa!r4 ,h5ce may be obs]v$ ! fact t ! mat]nal in/9ct 0 ! ag5cy by :i* ! b>ri]s betwe5 unrelat$ gr\ps 7 gradually brok5 d[n1 & by :i* a _s ( fri5dl9ess 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 hi!rto ho/ile tribes4 ,z ! coh]5ce ( ! gr\p & ! comb9ation ( ! g5tes to =m ! tribe _h be5 possible only by means ( ?is in/9ct1 s ! conf$]acy ( tribes to =m ! nation 0 accompli%$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! *ange f female supremacy to male dom9ion is among ! mo/ important ( ! evolution>y processes4 ,f ! facts und]ly+ ! developm5t ( human society1 & especially ^? und]ly+ ! two div]g+ l9es ( sex-dem>cation1 x is evid5t t evolution does n proce$ 9 an undeviat+ l9e t[>d progress4 ,x is p]ceiv$1 t seem+ retrogressions always involve a ga9--a ga9 :i* c\ld h be5 accompli%$ 9 no o!r way4 ,among ! b5efits d]iv$ f ?is *ange 9 ! positions ( ! sexes 0 ! developm5t ( altruism 9 man4 ,:5 fa!rs began to take an int]e/ 9 _! own (fspr+1 to c>e = !m & to become responsible = _! welf>e1 an important /ep _h be5 tak5 t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciple ( bro!rhood among mank9d4 ,! evolution>y processes indicate a con/ant t5d5cy t[>d ! solid>ity ( ! race1 !y may be said to repres5t a resi/less =ce ev] draw+ ! human family toge!r 9 a clos] bond ( union & sympa?y4 ,"u female supremacy1 comb9ation1 or association ( int]e/s1 0 conf9$ to ! g5s4 ,! ext5sion ( ^! int]e/s :i* result$ f ! new ord] 0 necess>y be=e humanity c\ld proce$ on its onw>d c\rse4 ,^! *anges c\ld n h tak5 place "u ! e>ly sy/em bas$ on ! supremacy ( wom54 ,! facts br\ght out by sci5ti/s go+ to prove t ! progressive pr9ciple is confid$ to ! female are acc5tuat$ by ^? connect$ ) ! orig9 & subsequ5t developm5t ( m>riage & ! family4 ,t )9 ! female lie ! elem5ts ( progress is cle>ly indicat$1 n only 9 ! position :i* ! female occupi$ among ! ord]s ( life l[] 9 ! scale ( be+1 & dur+ ! e>li] ages ( human hi/ory1 b also by h] c>e] z ! slave ( man4 ,simply by means ( ! *>act]s develop$ )9 ! female con/itution1 )\t mat]ial res\rces1 & depriv$ ( recogniz$ influ5ce1 wom5 h be5 able to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to dignify ! family & ! home4 ,x is m ?an likely t 9 ! n di/ant future1 ev5 ! in/itution ( m>riage1 ?r\gh :i* wom5 h be5 degrad$1 w become s purifi$ & elevat$ t its results1 in/ead ( be+ a m5ace to high] conditions w con/itute a cont9u\s s\rce ( progress & a promise ( /ill high] a*ievem5t4 ,be=e ?is may be accompli%$1 mo!rs mu/ be absolutely free & :olly indep5d5t ( ! opposite sex = ! means ( support4 ,m>riage mu/ be a co p>tn]%ip 9 :i* nei!r sex has ! "r to control ! o!r4 ,al?\gh our pres5t sy/em ( m>riage took its rise 9 ! practice ( =c+ wom5 into ! m>ital relation1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x 0 n inaugurat$ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ monogamy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! privileges ( ! captor rema9$ ! same )9 8 tribe z be=e ! =eign woman 0 /ol54 ,! !ft 0 committ$ = no o!r purpose ?an to augm5t ! hi!rto re/rict$ range ( sexual lib]ties1 & to give to ! fa!r absolute dom9ion ov] ! individuals born 9 8 h\se4 ,! sy/em ( m>riage 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t has nev] re/rict$ m5 to ! possession ( a s+le woman4 ,monogamy1 z e/abli%$ "u male supremacy1 means "o husb& = "o woman1 :ile a man may h z _m wom5 z he is able or will+ to support4 ,z wom5 are /ill dep5d5t ^u m5 = ! necessities ( life1 ! supply ( ! =m] is regulat$ by ! dem&s ( ! latt]4 ,m>riage /ill reta9s its orig9al mean+ & significance1 namely1 ! own]%ip & control ( wom54 ,) ! exception ( physical =ce all ! c]emonies1 cu/oms1 ideas1 & usages ( primitive m>riage h be5 pres]v$4 ,:5 a woman m>ries %e is 8giv50 to h] husb& by h] fa!r or "s o!r male relative4 ,%e promises to obey h] ma/] & accepts a r+ z a badge ( h] dep5d5ce ^u him4 ,%e rel9qui%es h] own "n & family1 accept+ z h] own ! "n & family ( h] husb&4 ,%e foll[s him to 8 home :]e1 z %e is support$ by 8 b\nty1 %e is subject to 8 w & pleasure4 ,until wom5 are economically free !y w rema9 sexual slaves4 ,( all ! =ms ( human slav]y :i* h ev] be5 devis$ !re has probably nev] be5 "o s degrad+ z is t :i* has be5 practic$ )9 ! m>ital relation1 nor "o 9 :i* ! extrication ( ! enslav$ has be5 a matt] ( su* utt] hopelessness4 ,! pres5t /ruggle ( wom5 = fre$om %[s h[ deeply root$ is ! in/9ct :i* dem&s _! subjection4 ,! desc5t ( woman has encompass$ ! l[e/ dep?s ( human degradation1 b ! end ( ! long & we>y road :i* %e has trav]s$ is ne>ly rea*$4 ,already ! evolution>y processes :i* are to release h] f bondage are 9 op]ation4 ,f available facts relative to ! developm5t ( e>ly mank9d1 x is c]ta9 t x mu/ h requir$ c5turies ^u c5turies ( "t to subjugate wom5 & br+ !m into h>moni\s relations ) m5 :ile occupy+ a position ( sexual slav]y2 fir/1 physical =ce1 second1 dep5d5ce1 & ?ird ! sub/itution ( mascul9e op9ions = ! in/9cts & ideas :i* are peculi> to ! female con/itution4 ,?is accompli%$ ! processes 7 begun :i* 7 to rivet ! *a9s by :i* !y 7 b\nd & by means ( :i* wom5 !mselves 9 _! weak5$ condition 7 to acquiesce 9 _! own degradation4 ,religion 0 ! means employ$4 ,apollo1 accord+ to ,greek my?ology1 issu$ an edict decl>+ t man is sup]ior to woman & mu/ rule1 & ,a!ne h]self f9ally accept$ ! edict4 ,?r\gh religion1 wom5 came to reg>d !mselves simply z app5dages to m51 z tools or in/rum5ts = _! pleasure & gratification1 & z possess+ no inh]5t "r ei!r to lib]ty or happ9ess4 ,religion has its root 9 sex4 ,z we h already se5 ! creative =ce has ev] be5 reg>d$ z mascul9e or fem99e accord+ to ! relative importance ( ! two sexes 9 human society & 9 ! reproductive processes4 ,s long z woman's influ5ce & p[] 7 9 ! asc5d5cy ! "m 0 ! only recogniz$ p>5t4 ,%e 0 ! creator ( (fspr+4 ,lat]1 ! ab/ract idea ( female reproductive p[] 0 manife/$ 9 ! female deities4 ,x requir$ ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ye>s to subdue wom54 ,x also requir$ mill5niums to de?rone ! female deities4 ,:51 ) ! rise ( male p[]1 man began to assume ! rle ( p>5t1 he assum$ also all ! functions :i* _h =m]ly belong$ to woman4 ,z has be5 not$ 9 ano!r portion ( ?is "w he ev5 w5t to b$ :5 a *ild 0 born4 ,) ?is *ange 9 ! physical relations ( ! sexes1 ! creative pr9ciple soon began to assume a mascul9e aspect4 ,male deities began to appe> associat$ ) ! goddesses4 ,9 process ( "t1 z male p[] increas$1 ! god-idea became :olly mascul9e4 ,! ,jewi% god is a p]sonifi$ idea ( male p[] & reproductive en]gy4 ,?is subject w be ref]r$ to lat] 9 ^! pages4 ,?us ! anci5t plan ( gov]nm5t :i* 0 ! outgr[? ( ! free mat]nal in/9ct1 & :i* _h guid$ humanity on its c\rse = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 f9ally succumb$ to a sy/em bas$ on physical =ce4 ,:5 we rememb] ! conditions surr\nd+ e>ly society we may well believe t civilization 0 ga9$1 n because ( ! fact t male p[] succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! asc5d5cy ov] female influ5ce1 b 9 spite ( x4 ,giv5 a comb9ation ( circum/ances involv+ ! supremacy ( ! l[] in/9cts 9 mank9d1 & ! individual own]%ip ( l&1 ! subjection ( wom51 mon>*y1 & slav]y1 ) all _! att5dant evils1 namely1 pov]ty1 disease1 crime1 & mis]y 7 sure to foll[4 ,:5 we consid] ! fundam5tal bias ( ! two div]g+ l9es ( sexual dem>cation1 x is n p]haps s+ul> t ! /rong sexual nature :i* has prompt$ males to vigor\s physical action %\ld = a "t h ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] ! high] qualities peculi> to females2 yet ! mat]ial progress a*iev$ "u ! inspiration & direction ( ag5cies l ?is w n1 9 a m enlight5$ /age ( exi/5ce1 be reg>d$ z embody+ ! results ( ! be/ ef=ts ( human activity1 or z repres5t+ ! highe/ capabilities ( ! race4 ,probably no "o w d5y t ! accumulation ( weal? by individuals1 & ! subsequ5t *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ! sexes1 7 necess>y /eps t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( society on a political or t]ritorial basis1 or t[>d ! break+ up ( k9dr$ gr\ps & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! idea ( ! unity ( ! entire human family4 ,nei!r w ! proposition be contradict$ t ! evils att5d+ ^! *anges namely1 mon>*y1 slav]y1 & ! inord9ate love ( ga9 h be5 unavoidable adjuncts to ! developm5t ( ! race2 yet1 :o w d\bt t "u high] conditions1 z ! animal rec$es 9 ! di/ance1 ^! blots on ! records ( human hi/ory w be reg>d$ n z regul> /eps 9 ! advancem5t ( mank9d1 b z by-pa?s :i*1 ow+ to ! peculi> bias :i* _h be5 giv5 to ! male organism among ! l[] =ms ( life1 ! human race has be5 oblig$ to take 9 ord] to rea* civilization8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,"m-,,"r ,among ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! writ]s :o h dealt ) ! subject ( primitive society are ,h]r ,ba*(51 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 & ,mr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan4 ,9 #ahfa1 ! fir/-nam$ ( ^! writ]s1 a ,swiss juri/1 publi%$ an ext5sive "w on ! e>ly condition ( society1 entitl$ ,das ,mutt]-re*t 7,! ,mo!rright71 9 :i* 0 fir/ giv5 to ! _w ! fact t prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( k9%ip ?r\gh males1 !re ev]y:]e exi/$ a sy/em bas$ on female supremacy1 "u :i* desc5t 0 reckon$ ?r\gh wom54 ,ba*(5 0 fir/ l$ to a belief 9 a =m] /ate ( society 9 :i* wom5 7 ! recogniz$ lead]s ?r\gh ! evid5ce :i* ev]y:]e und]lies ! traditions & my?ologies ( extant nations4 ,^u inve/igation he f\nd indisputable evid5ce go+ to prove t e family ( ! human race _h und]gone ! same processes ( developm5t or gr[?1 & t among all peoples female influ5ce 0 once supreme4 ,accord+ to ,ba*(5's !ory1 z !re 7 at ?is e>ly /age ( human exi/5ce no 8laws0 regulat+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes1 human be+s liv$ 9 a /ate ( lawlessness1 or hetairism4 ,recogniz+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! reproductive in/9ct z manife/$ 9 ! two sexes1 he says t becom+ disgu/$ ) _! mann] ( liv+ wom5 rebell$1 & ris+ 9 arms1 conqu]$ _! male p]secutors by %e] sup]iority 9 milit>y skill2 & t aft] !y _h ov]?r[n ! degrad+ practices ( communal or lawless m>riage1 !y e/abli%$ monogamy 9 its /ead1 "u :i* sy/em woman became ! recogniz$ head ( ! family4 ,*ildr51 al?\gh !y _h hi!rto succe$$ to ! fa!r's "n1 7 n[ call$ aft] ! "m1 & all rights ( inh]itance 7 !reaft] e/abli%$ 9 ! female l9e4 ,n only did wom5 take ^u !mselves ! ex]cise ( dome/ic au?ority & control1 b1 act+ "u a /rong religi\s impulse1 !y seiz$ ! re9s ( popul> gov]nm5t & complet$ _! title to absolute dom9ion by wield+ ! political sceptre z well1 ?us decl>+ !mselves unconditional ma/]s ( ! situation4 ,at ?is juncture 9 human affairs1 ! belief began to be ent]ta9$ t mo!rhood 0 div9e :ile ! pat]nal (fice 0 reg>d$ only 9 ! light ( a human relation4 ,?us1 ?r\gh religion1 wom5 7 rais$ f a /ate ( hetairism1 or sexual slav]y1 to a position ( indep5d5ce & self-respect4 ,b t :i* 0 ga9$ ?r\gh a sup]natural impulse !y 7 de/9$ subsequ5tly to lose ?r\gh ! same s\rce2 =1 :5 9 ,greece1 ! doctr9e 0 promulgat$ t ! _s ( ! *ild is d]iv$ f its fa!r1 pat]nity at once assum$ a div9e "*1 &1 z "u ! new ord]1 ! functions ( ! "m 7 only to clo! ! _s1 or simply to act z 8nurse0 to ! heav5-born production ( ! fa!r1 wom5 lo/ _! supremacy1 & "u ! new rgime1 mat]nity & womanhood aga9 trail$ 9 ! du/4 ,accord+ to ,ba*(51 h[ev]1 ! cause ( mo!rs did n at once cease to be ! subject ( cont5tion & conflict1 b ev] & anon fre% battles & r5ew$ /ruggles proclaim$ ! discont5t & uneas9ess ( wom5 & h]ald$ ! fact t ! conte/ = supremacy _h n yet end$4 ,b1 9 process ( "t1 z resi/ance prov$ ineffectual1 mo!rs !mselves gradually succumb$ to ! new idea ( ! div9e "* ( ! fa!r1 &1 )\t fur!r murmur+ or compla9t1 accept$ gracefully ! position ( nurse to 8 *ildr54 ,! fa!r n[ became ! recogniz$ head ( ! family1 & m5 at once seiz$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4 ,desc5t 0 h5ce=? trac$ 9 ! male l9e1 & *ildr5 took ! fa!r's in/ead ( ! "m's "n2 9 fact all relation%ips to :i* rights ( succession 7 atta*$ 7 !reaft] trac$ ?r\gh fa!rs only4 ,! complete & f9al triumph ( males hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by ! all-p[]ful au?ority ( ,roman jurisprud5ce1 ! conflict betwe5 ! sexes 0 end$ =ev]4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,ba*(51 0 ! supremacy ( wom5 ga9$ & lo/4 ,?r\gh a pr(\nd /udy ( ! traditions1 leg5ds1 symbols1 & my?ologies ( antiquity1 ?is writ] 0 enabl$ to discov] ! fact t at an e>li] age 9 human hi/ory wom5 7 ! recogniz$ lead]s ( mank9d2 t _! influ5ce & au?ority 7 supreme ov] bo? ! family & ! community1 & t all relation%ips to :i* rights ( succession 7 atta*$ 7 trac$ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 attempt+ to acc\nt = ?is e>ly p]iod ( gynecocracy 7! exi/5ce ( :i* to ,ba*(5's m9d no d\bt pres5t$ a s+ul> & intricate problem7 x fir/ became necess>y to set =? a !ory conc]n+ a =m] condition ( society out ( :i* su* a /ate c\ld h be5 evolv$4 ,b z at ! "t ,das ,mutt]-re*t made its appe>ance1 ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! human species f pre-exi/+ ord]s _h n be5 adopt$ by sci5ti/s1 & z _m ( ! v>i\s means at pres5t employ$ = obta9+ a k ( primitive races _h n be5 br\ght into requisition1 ev5 ! va/ le>n+ ( ,ba*(5 did n suffice to furni% a satisfactory solution ( ! problem4 ,we h se5 t 9 addition to ! discov]y t at an e>ly age 9 human exp]i5ce female influ5ce 0 supreme1 he _h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! natural in/9cts ( wom5 diff] f ^? ( m52 yet1 not)/&+ ?is1 s accu/om$ _h he become to ! pr$om9ance ( ! mascul9e in/9cts 9 e bran* ( human activity z to be unable to conceive ( a /ate ( society 9 :i* ! *>act]s belong+ to females c\ld h controll$ ! sexual relations4 ,evid5tly he 0 unable to connect ^! two facts1 or to p]ceive t t t5d5cy or quality requir$ = ! protection ( ! g]m & ! species1 & :i* s e>ly *>act]iz$ ! female sex1 _h con/itut$ ! mo/ primitive influ5ce by :i* ! human race _h be5 gov]n$4 ,z 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( human exi/5ce no arbitr>y laws regulat+ m>riage & ! relations ( ! sexes _h be5 9 op]ation1 he c\ld disc]n no condition "u :i* society c\ld h exi/$ o!r ?an t ( 8lawlessness0 or 8hetairism0--a condition "u :i* wom5 7 slaves1 & m5 rul$ supreme4 ,z ,h]r ,ba*(5 0 d\btless unaw>e ( ! fact t ! human animal is a desc5dant f creatures l[] 9 ! scale ( life1 ! idea ( connect+ 8 hi/ory ) !irs _h probably by him nev] be5 ?\ght (2 !re=e1 judg+ primitive society1 n by ! in/9cts & ! natural laws gov]n+ !m :i* mank9d _h inh]it$ f _! prog5itors1 b1 on ! contr>y1 measur+ !m by ! /&>ds ( lat] ages :5 ! gross] or disruptive elem5ts _h ga9$ dom9ion ov] ! f9] or con/ructive qualities 9 human nature1 he 0 unable to disc]n any way 9 :i* ! conditions ( female supremacy ev]y:]e indicat$ 9 ! traditions & my?ologies ( antiquity c\ld h orig9at$1 except 9 an upris+ ( wom51 & a resort to arms = ! protection ( _! womanly dignity4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! milit>y exploits ( ! wom5 ( ,lycia1 &1 9 fact1 ( v>i\s portions ( ,africa & ,asia1 at a comp>atively late /age 9 human hi/ory1 ,ba*(5 says t ! importance ( ,amazonianism z oppos$ to ,hetairism = ! elevation ( ! fem99e sex1 & ?r\gh !m ( mank9d1 _c be d\bt$4 ,!re seems to be consid]able evid5ce go+ to prove t !re h be5 times 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! race 9 :i* wom5 7 brave 9 w> & valiant 9 def5d+ _! rights4 ,inde$1 ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! /ruggles ( ! ,amazons 9 ma9ta9+ _! indep5d5ce aga9/ surr\nd+ nations--notably1 ! ,greeks--are tol]ably well au!nticat$4#adb #adb ,conc]n+ "o ( ! enc\nt]s ( ?is w>like p1 ! foll[+ has be5 rec\nt$ by ,plut>* 7,!seus73 8,& x appe>s to h be5 no slight or womani% ent]prise2 = !y c\ld n h encamp$ 9 ! t[n1 or jo9$ battle on ! gr\nd ab\t ! ,pynx & ! ,museum1 or fall5 9 s intrepid a mann] ^u ! city ( ,a!ns1 unless !y _h fir/ r$uc$ ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to believe 7?\gh ,hellanicus has relat$ x7 t !y cross$ ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus ^u ! ice2 b t !y encamp$ almo/ 9 ! he>t ( ! city is confirm$ by ! names ( places1 & by ! tombs ( ^? t fell40 ,al?\gh ! fact seems to be well sub/antiat$ t 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! e>?1 & at v>i\s p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 wom5 h ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce & protect$ _! int]e/s by =ce ( arms1 x seems q z c]ta9 t actual w>f>e c>ri$ on by !m has be5 conf9$ to peoples among :i* male supremacy _h b rec5tly be5 ga9$1 & among :i* a resort to arms repres5t$ ! la/ act ( desp]ation to :i* !y 7 driv5 to ma9ta9 _! dignity & hon\r4 ,we h reason to believe1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ^! cases h be5 exceptional2 at lea/1 f ! facts at h&1 we h no reason = ?9k+ t at any /age 9 ! hi/ory ( wom5's c>e]1 arm$ resi/ance to mascul9e au?ority has be5 uni=m or protract$ among !m4 ,accord+ to sci5ti/s1 among ! l[] ord]s ( life1 males are consid]ably 9 ! excess ( females1 & among less develop$ races m5 are m num]\s ?an wom54 ,x has be5 %[n 9 a =m] portion ( ?is "w t ! advancem5t ( civilization is *>act]iz$ by a correspond+ increase 9 ! numb] ( wom5 among ! adult population2 h5ce _! evid5t lack ( numb]s among primitive peoples1 to say no?+ ( _! probable av]sion to w> & blood%$1 w\ld at once preclude ! idea t _! dom9ion 0 a*iev$ ?r\gh arm$ resi/ance to a foe s sup]ior 9 numb]s & 9 fight+ qualities4 ,by a natural law gov]n+ propagation-- a law :i* det]m9es ! num]ical proportion ( ! sexes1 & :i* creates an excess 9 ! numb] ( t sex be/ suit$ to its environm5t1 primitive wom51 _h !y reli$ on physical =ce1 w\ld h _h little *ance to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,9 a =m] portion ( ?is "w x has be5 obs]v$ t x 0 nei!r to lack ( numb]s nor to _! want ( physical =ce t wom5 7 dive/$ ( _! p[]2 t x 0 n ?r\gh _! weakness1 b ?r\gh ! peculi> c\rse :i* ! developm5t or gr[? ( males _h tak51 t "u c]ta9 conditions wom5 became enslav$4 ,n m]ely f ! facts laid d[n by naturali/s reg>d+ ! peculi> developm5t ( ! male1 b f lat] rese>*es into ! conditions & causes :i* h influ5c$ progress1 x is pla9 t no re/rictions on ! range ( sexual lib]ties c\ld h orig9at$ 9 males4 ,h5ce ! dem& = a m ref9$ /ate ( society mu/ h begun ) females4 ,?is fact seems to h be5 p]ceiv$ by ,ba*(51 b1 z accord+ to 8 reason+1 at an e>ly p]iod ( human exi/5ce1 wom5 7 slaves1 ex]cis+ none ( ! p[]s necess>y to p]sonal control1 x is difficult to conceive ( any mann] 9 :i* x 0 possible = !m to rise to ! social position & moral dignity ascrib$ to !m 9 ,das ,mutt]-re*t4 ,accord+ to ! !ory set =? by ?is writ]1 h[ev]1 religion 0 ! cause ( ! important *ange :i* at ?is "t took place 9 ! positions ( ! sexes4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to him1 ! religion :i* prevail$ dur+ ! ages ( 8lawlessness0 0 ( a l[ 8telluric *?onic0 type1 x 0 nev]!less ! cause1 or at lea/ "o ( ! causes :i* l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( promiscuity & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! monogamic family4 ,x w d\btless be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is age ( lawlessness or hetairism :i* ,ba*(5 has describ$1 repres5ts a v e>ly /age ( human exi/5ce1 9 :i*1 accord+ to 8 reason+1 ! bas] in/9cts rul$ supreme2 nev]!less1 )9 x1 he w\ld h u believe t a religi\s sy/em _h be5 evolv$ capable ( lift+ wom5 f a /ate ( degradation to :i* !y _h be5 consign$ by nature1 or at lea/ to :i* !y _h always be5 committ$1 to a position ( influ5ce & womanly dignity 9 :i* !y 7 able to assume supreme control ov] ! =ces by :i* !y _h be5 enslav$4 ,) sexual desire z ! controll+ influ5ce 9 human affairs1 & ) wom5 9 bondage to ?is p[]1 x is difficult to conceive ( any mann] 9 :i* su* a religion c\ld h aris54 ,z all religi\s sy/ems are believ$ to repres5t gr[?s1 & to indicate a result ( ! degree ( progress atta9$1 x is evid5t t _h a religion appe>$ at ?is e>ly age :i* 0 capable ( elevat+ wom5 f a condition ( degradation1 z indicat$ by ! e>ly /ate describ$ by ,ba*(5 x c\ld n h be5 ! result ( natural developm5t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ h proce$$ directly f a div9e s\rce2 9 :i* ev5t x w\ld d\btless h rema9$ ^u ! e>? /ill fur!r to aid developm5t & bless ! race4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! outcome ( ?is rem>kable b premature religion2 = x is ass]t$ by ?is writ] t :at wom5 ga9$ by religion !y aft]w>d lo/ ?r\gh ! same s\rce--t 9 ,greece1 ! loss fir/ came ?r\gh ! oracle ( ,apollo1 :i* decl>$ ! fa!r to be ! real p>5t ( ! *ild4 ,ba*(5 assures u1 also1 t ?r\gh ! ,bac*analian excesses :i* foll[$ ! dom9ion ( males 9 ,greece1 hetairism 0 aga9 re/or$1 & ?r\gh ?is means gynecocracy reappe>$4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t al?\gh "u ! e>lie/ /age ( hetairism wom5 7 )\t p[] & :olly "u ! control ( m51 ) ! return1 at a lat] age1 ( a l /ate ( society1 ! basis 0 at once laid = female supremacy4 ,x is evid5t t ,h]r ,ba*(5's confusion arises f a misconception ( ! e>ly importance ( wom54 ,al?\gh p]haps m ?an any o!r writ] ^u ?is subject he has be5 able to recognize ! true bias ( ! female con/itution1 yet1 z he has mi/ak5 ! relative positions ( wom5 & m5 at ! outset ( ! human c>e]1 & z he has be5 unable to p]ceive ! previ\sly develop$ influ5ces :i* gov]n$ ^! relations1 he has fail$ to furni% a satisfactory solution ( ! problem ( ! e>ly supremacy ( wom51 :i* f ! evid5ce adduc$1 n only by ! traditions & my?ologies ( pa/ ages1 b by lat] developm5ts 9 e?nology1 may n be d\bt$4 ,prior to ! appe>ance ( mank9d on ! e>?1 _h !re be5 develop$ )9 ! female no high] elem5t ?an t :i* *>act]iz$ ! male1 & _h %e appe>$ on ! sc5e ( human action z ! will+ & natural tool ( h] less-develop$ male mate1 x is pla9 t %e w\ld h be5 unable to elevate h]self to ! position ( dignity :i* ,ba*(5 assigns h]1 & :i*1 until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod 9 ! human c>e]1 %e _h occupi$4 ,z among ! ord]s ( creation bel[ mank9d ! /ructural organism ( ! male has be5 mat]ially *ang$ ?r\gh 8 ef=ts to please ! female & secure h] fav\rs1 x is evid5t t "u e>li] & m natural conditions ( human life1 ! appetites develop$ )9 him 7 /ill l>gely controll$ by h] w4 ,f logical conclusions to be drawn f ! hypo!ses ( naturali/s1 x is n likely t at ! outset ( human life ^? re/rictions on ! nature ( ! male impos$ by ! female ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom 7 sudd5ly )drawn1 or t ! de/ructive elem5ts :i* all along ! l9e ( progress _h be5 9 abeyance to ! high] p[]s develop$ 9 organiz$ matt]1 7 imm$iately & )\t good cause put 9 absolute comm& ov] ! con/ructive =ces ( life4 ,) a bett] k ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 comes ! assurance t su* 0 n ! case1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t = ?\s&s ( ye>s wom5 7 ! rul+ spirits 9 human society2 t ! cohesive quality--sympa?y1 :i* is ! result ( ! mat]nal in/9ct1 & :i* cons]ves ! highe/ int]e/s ( (fspr+1 0 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple :i* gov]n$ human gr\ps--9 fact1 t x 0 ! pr9ciple :i* made organization possible & progress atta9able4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,!ories ,,to ,,expla9 ,,wife-,,capture ,! preval5ce ( wife-capture & ! ext5t to :i* ! symbol ( =ce 9 m>riage c]emonies appe>s among tribes & races 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 h giv5 rise to num]\s speculations & !ories relative to ! orig9 ( ^! 8s+ul> ph5om5a40 ,notable among ! works deal+ ) ?is subject are ,primitive ,m>riage1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 & ! ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 bo? ( :i* works foll[$ closely ! publication ( ,das ,mutt]-re*t by ,h]r ,ba*(54 ,z at ! "t ^! works 7 publi%$ ! fact ( man's desc5t f ! l[] ord]s ( life _h n be5 e/abli%$1 & z no?+ 0 !n kn[n ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( organiz$ society x is n rem>kable t !ories conc]n+ ! e>ly relations ( ! sexes %\ld prove wor?less except p]haps to %[ ! ext5t to :i* e/abli%$ prejudices may w>p ! judgm5t & dw>f ! intellectual faculties ev5 ( ^? :o are hone/ly seek+ aft] tru?4 ,! av[$ object ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's volume 0 to trace ! orig9 ( wife-capture :i* is f\nd to exi/ ei!r z a legal symbol 9 m>riage c]emonies1 or z a /]n reality among peoples :i* h n yet rea*$ civiliz$ conditions4 ,?is writ] decl>es3 8,9 ! :ole range ( legal symbolism !re is no symbol m rem>kable ?an t ( capture 9 m>riage c]emonies40 ,aft] sett+ =? num]\s examples to prove ! preval5ce ( wife-capture among unciviliz$ tribes & races1 & aft] d5\nc+ z absurd ! !ories relative to ! symbol ( =ce ent]+ into ! m>riage c]emonies 9 ,sp>ta & 9 ,rome1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan obs]ves3 ,! "q n[ arises1 :at is ! mean+ & :at ! orig9 ( a c]emony s widely spread t already on ! ?re%old ( our inquiry ! read] mu/ be prep>$ to f9d x connect$ ) "s univ]sal t5d5cy ( mank9d8 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's answ] to 8 own qu]y is z foll[s3 ,we believe ! re/riction on m>riage to be connect$ ) ! practice 9 e>ly times ( female infanticide :i* r5d]+ wom5 sc>ce l$ at once to poly&ry )9 ! tribe & ! capture ( wom5 f )\t4 ,9 ano!r portion ( ?is "w x has be5 %[n t al?\gh m>riage 0 re/rict$ )9 ! g5s1 ! e>lie/ =m ( organiz$ society1 ?is re/riction did n ext5d to ! tribe4 ,m>riage 0 =bidd5 among closely relat$ gr\ps4 ,! g5tes coalesc$ to =m ! tribe4 ,al?\gh a man might n m>ry )9 8 own g5s1 he 0 n =bidd5 to m>ry )9 ! tribe4 ,9 ,mr4 ,morgan's "w on ,primitive ,society1 publi%$ 9 #ahga1 are to be f\nd ! sy/ems ( consangu9ity & aff9ity ( #aci tribes & races repres5t+1 num]ically1 f\r-fif?s ( ! entire human family4 ,^! sy/ems %[ conclusively t ! re/rictions on m>riage obs]v$ 9 ! g5s did n ext5d to ! tribe4 ,! au?or ( ,primitive ,m>riage has evid5tly mi/ak5 a rule ( ! g5s = a b9d+ tribal decree4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's !ory relative to female infanticide is f\nd to be equally fallaci\s4 ,not+ ! num]ical diff]5ce 9 ! two sexes among l[] races1 he says t z subsi/5ce 0 sc>ce1 & z w> 0 ! natural & con/ant condition ( primitive gr\ps1 only ^? ( _! memb]s w\ld be sp>$ :o c\ld contribute to ! def5ce ( ! tribe1 or :o w\ld be able to aid 9 ! supply ( subsi/5ce4 ,males 7 possess$ ( /r5g?1 !y 7 by organization & incl9ation adapt$ to w> & ! *ase1 & c\ld !re=e be dep5d$ ^u to assi/ 9 def5d+ ! tribe aga9/ ! assaults ( its enemies & 9 secur+ ! necess>y food = its requirem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wom5 be+ wor?less 9 w> & 9 ! *ase 7 reg>d$ z useless app5dages1 & z !y con/itut$ a s\rce ( weakness to ! tribe1 l>ge numb]s ( !m 7 de/roy$ at bir?4 ,?r\gh ?is practice ! balance ( ! sexes 0 greatly di/urb$1 & wives c\ld be obta9$ only by means ( /eal? or a resort to =ce4 ,?us 9 process ( "t1 ! /eal+ ( wom5 became a legitimate practice1 & ea* w>rior dep5d$ on 8 skill 9 ?is p>ticul> direction to provide himself ) a wife4 ,f9ally ! *ildr5 ( ^! ali5 wom5 began to int]m>ry & ?us ! necessity = wife-capture no long] exi/$1 & ! practice ( /eal+ wom5 = wives 0 sup]s$$ by a sy/em ?r\gh :i* wives f o!r tribes 7 habitually obta9$ ei!r by gift or sale4 ,!reaft] ! symbol ( wife-capture 0 reta9$ 9 m>riage c]emonies4 ,) a bett] und]/&+ ( peoples 9 a less develop$ /ate ( society1 x is f\nd t infanticide has be5 less preval5t among !m ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$2 t :5 ?r\gh sc>city ( food x has be5 practis$ x has n be5 conf9$ to females1 nei!r has x be5 c>ri$ on by tribes 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( b>b>ism4 ,reg>d+ ?is cu/om 9 ,arabia1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi? says t our au?orities 8seem to repres5t ! practice ( infanticide z hav+ tak5 a new developm5t n v long be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$40 ,?is writ] decl>es t ! *ief motive = infanticide 0 8sc>city ( food :i* mu/ always h be5 felt 9 ! des]t40 ,mu* has be5 writt5 9 ! attempt to expla9 ! practice ( infanticide :i* to "s ext5t seems to h prevail$ dur+ a c]ta9 /age ( human developm5t2 b ) ! exception ( ^? cases 9 :i* *ildr5 ( bo? sexes 7 sla9 because ( sc>city ( food1 ! "o cause1 namely1 ! dread ( capture1 is suffici5t to expla9 ?is unnatural practice4 ,al?\gh to a consid]able ext5t1 m5 _h come to dep5d on =eign tribes = _! wives1 !y nev]!less f\nd little pleasure 9 furni%+ _! quota ( wom5 9 return1 & z mo!rs d\btless pref]r$ ! dea? ( _! female *ildr5 to ! degradation & suff]+ :i* 0 inevitable 9 case ( capture1 female infanticide no d\bt seem$ ! wise/ & 9 fact ! only exp$i5t4 ,! blood-tie ( anci5t society :i* b\nd toge!r all ^? born ( ! wom5 ( ! gr\p irrespective ( _! fa!rs1 mu/ h emphasiz$ ! influ5ce ( mo!rs 9 ! matt] ( infanticide4 ,x is n reasonable to suppose t ! law ( sympa?y :i* _h unit$ ! memb]s ( a clan by a bond /rong] ?an t :i* b9ds toge!r ! memb]s ( a mod]n family 0 rev]s$ )\t "s deep] cause ?an has ?us f> be5 assign$ = x4 ,x is inde$ difficult to believe1 9 opposition to all ! facts be=e u1 t a practice :i* involv$ ! de/ruction ( ! female memb]s ( ! gr\p w\ld h ga9$ ! sanction ( ! tribe to su* an ext5t t x w\ld h become an e/abli%$ rule among !m4 ,reg>d+ ! de/ruction ( female infants among e>ly races1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks3 ,!y w\ld n at t p]iod h lo/ "o ( ! /ronge/ ( all in/9cts common to all l[] animals1 namely ! love ( _! "y (fspr+1 & consequ5tly !y w\ld n h practis$ female infanticide4#adc #adc ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #eid4 ,ano!r reason :y female infanticide c\ld n h prevail$ to any consid]able ext5t is se5 9 ! fact t any dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( females1 w\ld h involv$ a sc>city ( w>riors1 ?us weak5+ _! means ( def5ce4 ,f available facts x is q evid5t t ! practice ( female infanticide ?r[s no light on wife-capture4 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan decl>es t wom5 among rude tribes are usually deprav$ & inur$ to sc5es ( depravity f _! e>lie/ infancy2 h5ce :5 prop]ty began to amass 9 ! h&s ( m51 9 ord] to assure pat]nity1 x became necess>y1 t wom5 be br\ght "u subjection4 ,z ! female1 :5 free1 is unwill+ to pair ) individuals = :om %e feels no affection1 & z "u e>li] conditions ( human society wom5 *ose _! mates1 & s long z !y rema9$ toge!r 7 true to !m1 x is reasonable to suppose t pat]nity 0 kn[n1 or at lea/ t x might h be5 readily det]m9$4 ,mr4 ,morgan in=ms u t ! 8,turanian1 ,gan[nian1 & ,malayan sy/ems ( consangu9ity %[ conclusively t k9%ip ?r\gh males 0 recogniz$ z con/antly z k9%ip ?r\gh females10 t a man _h bro!rs & si/]s1 gr&fa!rs & gr&mo!rs trac$ ?r\gh males z well z ?r\gh females4 ,al?\gh "u g5tile in/itutions desc5t & all rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh mo!rs1 k9%ip ?r\gh fa!rs 0 easily asc]ta9$4 ,h5ce x is pla9 t ,mr4 ,mc,lennan's assumption t wom5 7 enslav$ 9 ord] to assure pat]nity1 t !y became subject to ! dom9ion & control ( m5 s t fa!rs might n be compell$ to support *ildr5 n _! own1 is n support$ by ! evid5ce at h&4 ,t x 0 ?r\gh capture1 ! =cible c>ry+ away ( wom5 at fir/ s+ly & lat] 9 gr\ps to =eign tribes1 9 :i* z ali5s & dep5d5ts !y 7 %orn ( _! "r to ! soil1 t males 7 fir/ enabl$ to arrogate to !mselves ! individual "r to prop]ty is a fact :i* has be5 ov]look$ by ,mr4 ,mc,lennan4 ,f ! facts at h& relative to ! e>lie/ social regulation ( mank9d1 t into classes on ! basis ( sex1 x is evid5t t x 0 inaugurat$ = no o!r purpose ?an ! re/riction ( ! m>ital relation--a re/riction to prev5t ! pair+ ( ne> relations4 ,yet ,mr4 ,mc,lennan w\ld h u believe t 8! law compell+ m>riage outside ! recogniz$ limit ( ne> relation%ip orig9at$ 9 no innate or prim>y feel+ aga9/ m>riage ) k9sfolk40 ,! repugnance ( females among ! l[] ord]s ( life to pair+ ) ^? individuals :i* 7 di/a/eful to !m1 or = :i* !y felt no g5u9e affection1 has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ^! pages4 ,at ! e>lie/ dawn ( human life !re probably exi/$ )9 woman a naturally acquir$ av]sion to pair+ ) ne> relations1 yet d\btless _m ages elaps$ be=e an idea ( k9%ip suffici5tly def9ite to be incorporat$ into an arbitr>y law = ! gov]nm5t ( ! gr\p 0 =mulat$2 b 9 due c\rse ( "t1 ) ! fur!r developm5t ( ! high] *>act]s1 ! idea ( relation%ip began to take %ape1 :]eupon 0 inaugurat$ a movem5t :i* d\btless repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ important /eps ev] tak5 t[>d human advancem5t4 ,z ! female among all ! ord]s ( life1 :5 free1 is unwill+ to pair ) individuals = :i* %e feels no affection1 & z ! sex-in/9ct has ev] be5 re/rict$ or held 9 abeyance by h]1 & z accord+ to ! savants1 x 0 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( wom5 t f "t to "t dur+ ! e>li] ages ( human exi/5ce ! range ( conjugal rights 0 abridg$1 x is reasonable to suppose t x 0 woman :o fir/ object$ to ! pair+ ) ne> relations4 ,! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan t ! wom5 ( primitive races 7 deprav$1 t !y 7 inur$ to sc5es ( depravity f _! e>lie/ infancy is n borne out by facts4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ano!r portion ( ?is "w t ! mo/ tru/wor?y writ]s1 ^? :o h p]sonally inve/igat$ tribes & races 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 agree t *a/ity 0 an unv>y+ rule among !m1 t be=e !y 7 corrupt$ by civilization1 a condition ( morals exi/$ n[h]e to be f\nd among ! s-call$ high] races4 ,aft] ref]r+ to a /ate ( advanc$ social exi/5ce 9 :i* e p]son kn[+ :at is "r w\ld feel an irresi/ible impulse t[>d "r-liv+1 ,mr4 ,wallace rem>ks t among peoples l[ 9 ! scale ( developm5t 8we f9d "s approa*es to su* a p]fect social /ate40 ,he obs]ves3 8,x is n too mu* to say t ! mass ( our population h n at all advanc$ beyond ! savage code ( morals1 & h 9 _m cases sunk bel[ x40 ,mo/ ( ! reports :i* come to u reg>d+ ! immorality ( l[] races are br\ght by mission>ies1 :o1 al?\gh unacqua9t$ ) ! language1 cu/oms1 & habits ( ?\ght ( ! peoples ^: c\ntries !y visit1 nev]!less feel call$ ^u to furni% l5g?y reports ( ^? b5ight$ races :i* are 8utt]ly de/itute ( ,*ri/ian tra9+40 ,z ! re/rictions on m>riage among e>ly peoples 7 limit$ to closely relat$ gr\ps1 x is evid5t t ! capture ( wives 0 n c>ri$ on because ( any e/abli%$ law ( exogamy1 nei!r 0 x practis$ because ( ! sc>city ( wom5 result+ f female infanticide nor because ( a desire = recogniz$ pat]nity4 ,wife-capture arose f a dem& = =eign wom51 ali5s1 :o1 torn f _! homes & depriv$ ( ! protection ( _! own k9sfolk1 _h no alt]native b sexual slav]y4 ,^! wom5 7 mu* m desirable ?an ! free-born wom5 ( a man's own tribe4 ,aft] hav+ creat$ a false & :olly unw>rantable hypo!sis1 an hypo!sis 9 :i* exogamy & endogamy1 two pr9ciples :i* z appli$ to tribes nev] exi/$1 play a conspicu\s "p1 ,mr4 ,mc,lennan has ?ru/ ne>ly all ! facts :i* he has obs]v$ relative to primitive society into false positions & =c$ !m to d duty 9 bol/]+ up 8 ?or\ghly imag9ative !ory to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( wife-capture4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to say t ! :ole subject1 s f> z 8 contribution is conc]n$1 is z mu* a my/]y z be=e he attempt$ a solution ( ! problem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 l ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 assumes t ! e>lie/ organization ( society 0 t ( ! tribe1 & t a man 0 fir/ reg>d$ z belong+ only to a gr\p4 ,subsequ5tly1 z ! mat]nal bond is /rong] ?an t :i* unites a fa!r to 8 (fspr+1 k9%ip ) 8 "m & h] relations 0 e/abli%$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t he 0 acc\nt$ z a desc5dant ( 8 fa!r only1 & la/ly he became equally relat$ to bo? p>5ts4 ,num]\s illu/rations are cit$ by ?is writ]1 go+ to %[ t among c]ta9 peoples desc5t is /ill reckon$ 9 ! female l9e1 & t all ! rights ( succession1 bo? z reg>ds prop]ty & tribal hon\rs1 are trac$ ?r\gh wom54 ,9 8 ,orig9 ( ,civilization ! fact is not$ t 9 ,gu9ea1 :5 a weal?y man dies1 8 prop]ty passes by inh]itance1 n to 8 sons1 b to ! *ildr5 ( 8 si/]4 ,he quotes also f ,p9k]ton's ,voyages to %[ t ! t[n ( ,loango is gov]n$ by f\r *iefs :o are sons ( ! k+'s si/]s1 & f ,caillie :o obs]ves t 9 ,c5tral ,africa ! sov]eignty rema9s always 9 ! same family1 b t ! son nev] succe$s to 8 fa!r's position4 ,^! & num]\s o!r in/ances1 simil> 9 "*1 are cit$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 go+ to prove t a sy/em ( desc5t & inh]itance ?r\gh wom5 0 once g5]al ?r\gh\t ! races ( mank9d4 ,) ,h]r ,ba*(5 & ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock is ( ! op9ion t ! e>lie/ conjugal unions ( ! human race 7 communal4 ,communal m>riage 0 f\nd$ on ! supremacy ( males1 or1 0 bas$ on ! undisput$ "r ( m5 to ! control ( wom54 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 communal m>riage 0 succe$$ by individual m>riage ?r\gh capture4 ,al?\gh ,lubbock co9cides ) ,mc,lennan 9 ! belief t "u c]ta9 circum/ances infanticide has be5 practis$ by ! l[] races1 he does n agree ) him z to ! ext5t to :i* x has prevail$ among !m2 nei!r is he ( ! op9ion t x 0 conf9$ to ! female sex4 ,on ! contr>y1 he cites tru/wor?y au?ority to prove t boys 7 z frequ5tly dispos$ ( z 7 girls4 ,al?\gh ) ,mc,lennan1 ,lubbock recognizes ! preval5ce ( wife-capture & ! pr9ciple ( exogamy1 yet1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ! =m]1 m>riage by capture arose f exogamy1 :ile1 accord+ to ! latt]1 exogamy arose f m>riage by capture4 ,lubbock acc\nts = wife-capture by ! foll[+ !ory3 ,z "u ! communal sy/em1 wom5 ( ! tribe 7 ! 8common prop]ty0 ( ! m5 ( ! gr\p1 no individual male among !m w\ld h attempt$ to appropriate "o ( ^! wom5 to himself1 = ! reason t su* appropriation w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z an infr+em5t on ! rights ( ! rema9+ males 9 ! community4 ,a w>rior1 h[ev]1 ^u captur+ a woman f a ho/ile p1 might claim h] z 8 rightful possession1 & hold h] z aga9/ all ! o!r memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,s9ce ! wom5 ( ! gr\p 7 s emphatically ! common prop]ty ( ! m51 ! exclusive "r to "o ( !m 9 progressive tribes :i* _h rea*$ a /ate ( fri5dl9ess w\ld involve a symbol ( capture to make valid su* a claim4 ,?is symbol1 accord+ to ,lubbock1 has no ref]5ce to ^? f :om ! woman has be5 /ol51 b is int5d$ to b> ! rights ( o!r memb]s ( ! tribe into :i* %e is br\ght4 ,he ?9ks t 8! exclusive possession ( a wife c\ld only be legally acquir$ by a tempor>y recognition ( ! pre-exi/+ communal rights10 & cites ! acc\nt giv5 by ,h]odotus ( ! cu/om exi/+ 9 ,babylonia1 :]e e woman once dur+ h] lifetime mu/ pres5t h]self at ! temple1 !re to accept ! proposals ( ! fir/ man :o reque/s h] to foll[ him4 ,al?\gh ,lubbock decl>es t ! symbol ( viol5ce 9 m>riage c]emonies 8c only be expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t ! capture ( wives 0 once a /]n reality10 he claims n to believe t ! e>ly conditions "u :i* m5 7 compell$ to capture _! wives by viol5ce1 or d )\t !m1 7 9 any degree ! result ( fem99e w 9 ! matt]4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! fallaci\s !ory ( ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 t ! capture ( wom5 = wives arose f ! practice ( female infanticide1 :i*1 by produc+ a sc>city ( wom51 creat$ a necessity = m>riage )\t ! limits ( ! tribe1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 al?\gh seem+ly unable to recognize ! actual =ce :i* 0 9 op]ation to prev5t ! 8appropriation0 ( wom5 by m51 has nev]!less %[n himself able to p]ceive ! reason :y =eign wom5 7 captur$1 & :at ! t5d5cy 9 males 0 :i* dem&$ _! pres5ce4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! fact t no male c\ld appropriate to himself a female belong+ to ! tribe1 he says3 ,wom5 tak5 9 w> 71 on ! contr>y1 9 a diff]5t position4 ,! tribe1 z a tribe1 _h no "r to !m1 & m5 surely w\ld res]ve to !mselves exclusively _! own prizes4 ,^! captives !n w\ld naturally become wives 9 our own s5se ( ! t]m4 ,=eign wom5 w\ld become dep5d5ts1 _! captors hav+ ! undisput$ "r to ! control ( _! p]sons4 ,at ! outset1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock f9ds himself confront$ ) ! fact t a sy/em ( reckon+ desc5t ?r\gh wom5 once prevail$ ov] ! habitable globe4 ,accord+ to 8 own reason+1 ?is sy/em presupposes a condition ( society "u :i* prop]ty rights & all rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh wom51 /ill we f9d him (f]+ ! foll[+ belief conc]n+ ! matt]4 8,i believe1 h[ev]1 t communities 9 :i* wom5 h ex]cis$ ! supreme p[] are r>e & exceptional1 if1 inde$1 !y ev] exi/$ at all40 ,7 we n already acqua9t$ ) ! prejudices ( mo/ ( ! writ]s :o h ?us f> dealt ) ?is subject1 9 view ( ! facts ev]y:]e repres5t$ go+ to prove t a sy/em ( gynecocracy once prevail$ ov] ! entire e>?1 ?is 8belief0 ( ,mr4 ,lubbock w\ld be truly rem>kable1 especially :5 we le>n ! reason giv5 by him = 8 conclusion4 ,he says3 ,we d n f9d 9 hi/ory1 z a matt] ( fact1 t wom5 d ass]t _! rights1 & savage wom5 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be peculi>ly unlikely to uphold _! dignity 9 ! mann] suppos$4#add #add ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #ii4 ,x is q true t x is n obs]v$ 89 hi/ory0 t wom5 ass]t _! rights4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t prior to ! hi/oric age1 ?r\gh capture & ! individual own]%ip ( l&1 wom5 _h become dep5d5t ^u m5 & :olly subject to _! control4 ,aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( subjection to male influ5ce1 ! movem5ts ( wom51 :o are /ill dep5d5t ^u m51 furni% little satisfactory in=mation reg>d+ ! "* ( free wom5 at a "t be=e !y _h succumb$ to ! exig5cies ( brute =ce1 & ! unbridl$ appetites ( _! male ma/]s4 ,slaves seldom ass]t _! rights1 or1 if !y d1 ( :at avail is x8 ,7 we 9 possession ( no o!r facts 9 support ( ! !ory ( an e>ly age ( female supremacy ?an t all relation%ips to :i* rights ( succession 7 atta*$ 7 =m]ly trac$ ?r\gh wom51 ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r w\ld be suffici5t to prove x true1 b ?is mann] ( reckon+ desc5t repres5ts only "o ( ! _m indications ( su* an age :i* ,lubbock himself has be5 con/ra9$ to record2 yet1 because--dur+ ! hi/oric age--an age ?r\gh\t :i* ! mascul9e elem5t has rul$ supreme1 wom5 h n ass]t$ _! rights1 ?is writ] feels incl9$ to ignore all ! evid5ce be>+ ^u ! subject1 at ! same "t decl>+ t wom5 c\ld n h 8upheld _! dignity 9 ! mann] suppos$02 t ! female1 on ga9+ human conditions1 c\ld n h ex]cis$ ! in/9cts inh]it$ by h] f h] dumb prog5itors4 ,if ! females among insects1 birds1 & _m species ( mammals are able to control ! relations betwe5 !mselves & _! male mates1 :y %\ld x n be inf]r$ t ! female ( ! human species w\ld /ill be able to uphold ! natural dignity ( ! female sex8 ,z an argum5t 9 support ( 8 !ory t ! influ5ce ( wom5 0 nev] supreme1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock alludes to ! position ( ,au/ralian wom5 z be+ "o ( 8complete subjection10 & z ! native ,au/ralians repres5t p]haps ! l[e/ exi/+ /age ( human society1 he d\btless ?9ks 8 argum5t unassailable4 ,h[ev]1 t ! position ( ,au/ralian wom5 _c be tak5 z a reliable guide 9 e/imat+ primitive womanhood is %[n by ! writ]'s own reason+ :5 he says3 ,x mu/ n be assum$1 h[ev]1 t ! condition ( primitive man is correctly repres5t$ by ev5 ! l[e/ ( exi/+ races4 ,! v fact t ! latt] h rema9$ /ation>y1 t _! mann]s1 habits1 & mode ( life h cont9u$ almo/ unalt]$ = g5]ations1 has creat$ a /rict1 & (t5 complicat$1 sy/em ( cu/oms1 f :i* ! =m] 0 necess>ily free1 b :i* has 9 "s cases gradually acquir$ ev5 m ?an ! =ce ( law4#ade #ade ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #b4 ,yet we f9d him comp>+ primitive wom5 ) ?is race :i* = ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ye>s1 because ( its environm5t1 or ?r\gh "s cause :i* is n und]/ood1 has be5 unable to advance4 ,:ile ?is writ] p]ceives cle>ly t =eign wom5 7 mu* m desirable = wives ?an ^? belong+ to a man's own tribe1 he has n be5 able to discov] ! reason :y ?is 0 s1 b1 cont9u+ to babble ab\t ! 8rights0 ( ! m5 ( ! gr\p1 ov]looks ! fact t native-born wom5 7 free1 & z only ^? wom5 :o _h fir/ be5 torn f _! fri5ds & %orn ( _! indep5d5ce c\ld at ?is /age ( human exi/5ce be =c$ into ! position ( wife1 x became necess>y to secure !m by viol5ce f surr\nd+ tribes4 ,he is n bl9d to ! fact t x 0 a desire to ext5d ! limit ( conjugal lib]ties on ! "p ( males :i* prompt$ wife-capture2 yet he w\ld h u believe t al?\gh wom5 7 absolutely indep5d5t ( m51 & al?\gh !y 7 ! recogniz$ heads ( families1 & ! s\rce :5ce orig9at$ all ! privileges ( ! g5s1 x 0 9 no degree ow+ to _! influ5ce t ! conjugal lib]ties ( males 7 re/rict$ )9 ! tribe1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is re/riction 0 en=c$ out ( reg>d = ! 8propriet>y rights0 ( ! m5 ( ! gr\p4 ,he says3 8,we mu/ rememb] t "u ! communal sy/em ! wom5 ( ! tribe 7 all common prop]ty4 ,no "o c\ld appropriate "o ( !m to himself )\t infr++ on ! g5]al rights ( ! tribe40 ,z well might we say ( ! female bird = ^: fav\rs ! male fights until ov]come by exhau/ion & loss ( blood1 t %e belongs to him1 or t he may appropriate h]1 z to say t ! m5 ( e>ly gr\ps c\ld 8appropriate0 wom54 ,f all ! facts relative to ! condition ( e>ly society1 x is pla9 t if ei!r sex c\ld ) propriety be designat$ z prop]ty x mu/ h be5 ! male4 ,x is evid5t t wom5 7 /ol5 f di/ant tribes = ! express purpose ( sexual slav]y1 a position to :i* free1 native-born wom5 c\ld n be dragg$2 !re=e1 :5 ,lubbock assures u t ^! =eign wom5 naturally 8became wives 9 our own s5se ( ! t]m10 we may be sure t he is nei!r unm9dful ( ! orig9 ( our pres5t social sy/em1 nor ( ! true significance atta*$ to ! position ( wife4 ,inde$1 he in=ms u t ! 8orig9 ( m>riage 0 indep5d5t ( all sacr$ & social conditions10 & proves ! same by actually produc+ ! evid5ce4 ,he has no hesitancy 9 decl>+ t m>riage is a mascul9e in/itution1 e/abli%$ 9 ! int]e/ 7or suppos$ int]e/7 ( males2 t x 0 8f\nd$ n on ! rights ( ! woman1 b ( ! man10 & t !re 0 n on ! woman's "p ev5 ! semblance ( cons5t4 ,9 fact he decl>es t he reg>ds x z an illu/ration ( ! good old plan t 8he %\ld take :o has ! p[]1 & he %\ld keep :o c40 ,he says also t x _h no?+ to d ) mutual affection or sympa?y1 t x 0 invalidat$ by no appe>ance ( cons5t1 & t x 0 symboliz$ n by any demon/ration ( w>m affection on ! "o side & t5d] devotion on ! o!r1 b by brutal viol5ce & unwill+ submission4 ,to prove t ! connection betwe5 =ce & m>riage is deeply root$1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 l ,mr4 ,mc,lennan1 has furni%$ num]\s examples ( peoples among :om m>riage by actual capture /ill prevails1 z well z _m among :i* ! sy/em has pass$ into a m]e symbol4 ,he is q c]ta9 t ! complete subjection ( ! woman 9 m>riage furni%es an explanation to ^? examples 9 b>b>\s life 9 :i* wom5 are look$ ^u z be+ too great to m>ry--& cites ! case ( ,sebituane1 *ief ( ! ,be*uanas1 :o told 8 daught]1 ,mamo*isne1 t all ! m5 7 at h] disposal--8%e might take any "o1 b ought to keep none40 ,?is in/ance1 toge!r ) numb]less o!rs :i* might be cit$1 proves t long aft] ! practice ( appropriat+ solit>y wom5 = sexual purposes _h become g5]al1 ! position ( wife 0 consid]$ too degrad+ to be occupi$ by wom5 ( rank4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ,lubbock's idea conc]n+ ! 8rights0 ( ! males ( ! gr\p4 ,we h se5 t x is 8 op9ion t ! exclusive possession ( a woman c\ld only be legally acquir$ by a tempor>y recognition ( ! pre-exi/+ communal rights1 & t ! acc\nt 9 ,h]odotus ( ! debasem5t ( ,babylonian wom5 0 cit$ by him z evid5ce to prove 8 position4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to =get t ?is cu/om1 :i* 0 practis$ 9 v>i\s nations1 is a religi\s rite1 & 0 inaugurat$ at a "t :5 ! adoration ( ! sun1 z ! s\rce ( all life & light1 _h deg5]at$ into ! mo/ degrad+ phallic wor%ip4 ,to ^? :o h giv5 att5tion to ! gr[? ( ! god-idea1 ! suppos$ cases ( 8expiation = m>riage10 cit$ by ,lubbock1 are to be expla9$ by ! peculi> practices inaugurat$ "u fire & passion wor%ip at a "t long subsequ5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( ba'al m>riages4 ,9 8 *apt] on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,m>riage by ,capture10 ?is writ] says3 ,t m>riage by capture has n aris5 f female mode/y1 is1 ,i ?9k1 evid5t1 n only because we h no reason to suppose t su* a feel+ prevails especially among ! l[] races ( man2 b also1 fir/ly1 because x _c expla9 ! mock resi/ance ( ! relatives2 &1 secondly1 because ! v "q to be solv$ is :y x became s g5]ally ! cu/om to w9 ! female n by p]suasion b by =ce4#adf #adf ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 p4 #ajf4 ,t female mode/y may n acc\nt = m>riage by capture w sc>cely be disput$2 x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t disgu/1 or av]sion1 on ! "p ( wom51 may1 9 a measure1 s]ve to expla9 x4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock %\ld be> 9 m9d t 8*oice0 9 ! matt] ( pair+ 0 an e>ly pr]ogative ( ! female2 t true affection1 a "* diff]+ widely f ! sex in/9ct develop$ 9 ! male 0 necess>y be=e %e c\ld be induc$ to accept ! att5tions ( ! male4 ,:ile ! wom5 among primitive peoples abhorr$ /rang]s or =eign]s1 x may sc>cely be said ( !m t !y 7 too mode/ to accept !m z suitors4 ,evid5tly1 mode/y is n ! t]m to be employ$ 9 ?is connection4 ,9 seek+ a reason to expla9 :y =ce r ?an p]suasion 0 us$ 9 ! consummation ( e>ly m>riages1 we h to rememb] ! wide diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! position ( free wom5 & t ( ^? :o 7 oblig$ to accept ! ba'al =m ( m>riage4 ,if1 z we h reason to believe1 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! second or ,middle ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! fa!r ( h] *ildr5 to 8 h\se z 8 slave1 a woman rema9$ 9 a home own$1 or at lea/ controll$ jo9tly by h]self1 h] "m1 h] si/]s1 & h] daught]s1 x is pla9 t a /ate ( female indep5d5ce exi/$ :i* 0 incompatible ) female subjection4 ,add to ?is ! fact t a woman's *ildr5 belong$ exclusively to h]self1 or to h] family1 & t all h]$it>y hon\rs & rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh females1 & we h a set ( circum/ances :i* w\ld seem suffici5t to expla9 :y =ce 0 necess>y to br+ wom5 into ! m>ital relation4 ,t ! capture ( wom5 = wives arose because ! indep5d5ce ( free wom5 0 a b> to ! gratification ( ! l[] in/9cts 9 man1 c1 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! facts at h&1 sc>cely be d\bt$2 & t wom5 submitt$ to ! position ( wife only :5 oblig$ to d s1 or :5 depriv$ ( lib]ty & dragg$ f home & fri5ds1 is only too app>5t4 ,:ile mode/y z a cause = capture may n acc\nt = ! resi/ance ( ! relations1 ! sacrifice ( a daught] may s]ve to expla9 ev5 ?is knotty po9t4 ,if ! capture ( a free & indep5d5t girl f h] "m by a b& ( m>aud]s f a ho/ile tribe = purposes ( ! mo/ degrad+ slav]y1 _c acc\nt = ! resi/ance ( ! "m-9-law1 among mo/ ( ! s-call$ l[] races1 !n inde$ x is difficult to conjecture any provocation or any set ( circum/ances :i* c acc\nt = x4 ,?is writ]'s ass]tion t x is 8contr>y to all exp]i5ce t female delicacy dim9i%es ) civilization10 proves conclusively t he reg>ds ! slight degree ( res]ve :i* he is pleas$ to accr$it to wom5 9 mod]n times1 z a result ( civilization--a civilization1 too1 :i* he evid5tly consid]s z :olly ! result ( mascul9e a*ievem5t2 9 o!r words1 he d\btless ?9ks t ! degree ( self-respect obs]v$ among wom5 at ! pres5t "t is ! result n ( ! innate t5d5cies 9 ! female con/itution1 b ( mascul9e tuition & tra9+1 an assumption :i*1 :5 view$ by ! light :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 ?r[n ^u ! developm5t ( ! two div]g+ sex columns1 is z absurd z x is arrogant & false4 ,"s "t w d\btless elapse be=e ,sir ,john ,lubbock & ! class ( writ]s :i* he repres5ts w be will+ to admit t civilization has be5 possible only because ( ! *ecks to ! animal nature ( ! male1 :i* are ! natural result ( ! mat]nal in/9ct4 ,) a sy/em1 h[ev]1 "u :i* = six ?\s& ye>s e womanly in/9ct has be5 smo!r$1 & "u :i* female activity has be5 utiliz$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! /rong sex in/9ct develop$ 9 males1 ! outw>d expression ( female delicacy has d\btless dim9i%$2 &1 9 _! weak5$ m5tal & physical condition1 wom51 dep5d5t n only = all ! luxuries b ! necessities ( life z well1 ^u pleas+ ! m51 h d\btless giv5 !m1 bl9d$ z !y h become by ! conditions ( _! own peculi> developm5t1 "s reason = believ+ t )9 ! female z )9 ! male1 passion has be5 ! rul+ *>act]i/ic4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 z well z o!r writ]s :o h dealt ) ?is subject1 %\ld be> 9 m9d ! fact t female delicacy is a subject :i* c be satisfactorily discuss$ only 9 relation to free & indep5d5t wom52 h5ce ! degree ( its manife/ation at any "t dur+ ! pa/ six ?\s& ye>s may be> little te/imony conc]n+ ! natural t5d5cies ( wom51 or ! condition ( society "u a sy/em :]e female influ5ce 0 9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,to ^? individuals ^: m9ds are n cl\d$ by prejudice1 ! fact w d\btless be app>5t1 t ! valuable in=mation :i* has be5 pres5t$ by ?ree ( ! =emo/ writ]s on ! subject ( ! e>ly relations ( ! sexes & ! orig9 ( m>riage1 in/ead ( s]v+ z evid5ce to sub/antiate ! fallaci\s !ories :i* !y h prop\nd$1 is f\nd to lie 9 a direct l9e ) ! facts & pr9ciples :i* h be5 put =w>d by sci5ti/s 9 ! !ory ( natural developm5t4 ,a review ( ! !ories set =? by ^! ?ree writ]s %[s t ab\t ! only po9t on :i* !y agree is ! lawlessness1 or promiscuity1 ( e>ly races4 ,z !y h all />t$ out ) a false premise1 x is n s+ul> t none ( !m has succe$$ 9 sett+ =? a consi/5t & reasonable hypo!sis to acc\nt ei!r = ! symbol ( wife-capture1 or = ! e>ly supremacy ( wom54 ,,"p ,,iii ,e>ly ,hi/oric ,society ,,*apt] ,i ,,e>ly ,,hi/oric ,,society ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,! ,,g5s ,! result ( rec5t rese>* into ! e>ly organization ( society1 ! gr[? ( ! gov]nm5tal idea1 & ! developm5t ( ! family1 among tribes 9 ! asc5d+ scale1 s]ve to ?r[ new & unexpect$ light ^u ! cu/oms1 ideas1 in/itutions1 & leg5ds ( e>ly hi/oric peoples4 ,^u inve/igation x is obs]v$ t ! con/ruction ( ,greek & ,roman society corresponds exactly ) t ( exi/+ tribes occupy+ a l[] plane 9 ! scale ( developm5t1 & t all ! in/itutions ( ^! nations1 al?\gh 9 a high] /ate ( advancem5t1 involve ! same orig9al pr9ciples & ideas4 ,t ! ,greek & ,roman tribes be=e rea*+ civilization _h pass$ ?r\gh exactly ! same processes ( developm5t z h be5 witness$ 9 ! asc5d+ scale among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! ,arabians1 & all o!r extant peoples1 is %[n n alone by ! mann] 9 :i* e>ly society 0 organiz$ & held toge!r1 b by ! simil>ity obs]v$ 9 _! my?s1 leg5ds1 traditions1 in/itutions1 & social usages4 ,:e!r or n a m advanc$ /age ( civilization _h be5 atta9$ by ! prog5itors ( ! ,greeks & ,romans is a "q t does n "h conc]n u2 =1 if at any "t prior to ! appe>ance ( ^! peoples 9 hi/ory1 a high] plane ( life _h be5 rea*$1 x is reasonable to suppose t su* a /ate 0 ga9$ "u g5tile =ms ( society1 especially z _! v>i\s in/itutions at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod repres5t !m z /ill to a consid]able ext5t gov]n$ by ! ideas peculi> to ! g5s4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic acc\nts :i* we h ( ! ,greeks repres5t !m z compos$ ( ! ,doric tribes1 :o 7 ,hell5es1 & ! ,ionians1 :o 7 ( ,pelasgic orig94 ,! ,dorians 7 a cons]vative p1 exclusive 9 _! ta/es & intol]ant ( innovations1 :ile ! ,ionians1 :o occupi$ ! seacoa/s & ! adjac5t isl&s1 7 re/less1 fond ( novelty1 & n av]se to int]c\rse ) surr\nd+ nations4 ,( ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,rome1 x is obs]v$ t !y consi/$ ( w&]+ tribes1 b&s ( outlaws1 & refugees f v>i\s c\ntries4 ,conc]n+ ! true orig9 ( ^! peoples1 h[ev]1 & ( ! hi/ory ( _! e>lie/ settlem5ts1 !y !mselves 7 evid5tly ignorant1 & ! fragm5t>y acc\nts ( !m :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u1 :5 view$ indep5d5tly ( ! light reflect$ ^u !m by rec5t inve/igation1 furni% b a dim picture 9 ! outl9e ( :i* ! mo/ prom95t figures appe> only z indi/9ct %ad[s or z objects )\t def9ite %ape4 ,x is true !re 0 no lack ( my?s & traditions :i* _h come d[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans z g5u9e hi/ory1 & :i* 7 d\btless reg>d$ by !m z tru/wor?y acc\nts ( _! ance/ors4 ,!seus :o unit$ ! ,attic tribes1 & ,romulus :o f\nd$ ,rome1 7 h]oes 9 :om ! div9e & human 7 s nicely adju/$ & s ev5ly balanc$ t ! hi/ory ( _! e>?ly c>e] pres5ts no %ade ( error ei!r 9 public or 9 private life4 ,inde$1 bo? _h sprung f immortal s\rces1 & _! exploits 7 su* z might be expect$ f ! my?ical h]oes ( a =gott5 age4 ,al?\gh ,greek society :5 x fir/ came "u our obs]vation 0 "u g5tile organization1 ! g5s _h pass$ out ( its ar*aic /age4 ,?is anci5t in/itution1 :i* _h c>ri$ humanity ?r\gh to civilization1 0 gradually los+ its vitality2 x _h lo/ its effici5cy z a gov]n+ ag5cy1 & 0 ab\t to give place to political in/itutions4 ,) ! facts at pres5t accessible reg>d+ peoples 9 ! l[] & middle /ages ( b>b>ism1 ! v>i\s /eps 9 ! gr[? ( gov]nm5t z adm9i/]$ 9 ! upp] or latt] /age ( b>b>ism are cle>ly obs]v$2 also by close att5tion to ! conditions surr\nd+ extant peoples 9 ! latt] /age ( b>b>ism & ! op5+ ages ( civilization1 ! processes involv$ 9 ! transf] ( society f g5tile to political in/itutions are easily trac$1 toge!r ) ! pr9cipal ideas & motives und]ly+ ! gr[? ( all ! in/itutions belong+ to e>ly hi/oric nations4 ,until civilization 0 rea*$ ! g5s con/itut$ ! unit ( organiz$ society4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 until a comp>atively rec5t "t1 seems to h be5 ov]look$4 ,)\t attempt+ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! g5s & phratry z !y exi/$ 9 ,greece1 ,mr4 ,grote obs]ves3 8,! legislator f9ds !m pre-exi/+1 & adapts or modifies !m to answ] "s national s*eme40 ,unacqua9t$ z ?is writ] evid5tly 0 ) ! con/ruction ( primitive society1 he fail$ to obs]ve t orig9ally1 9 ,greece1 all ! p[]s ( ! legislator himself 7 d]iv$ f & circumscrib$ by ! g5s4 ,inde$1 t ?is organization ^u :i* ! sup]/ructure ( ,grecian society re/$ 0 ! orig9al s\rce :5ce proce$$ all social privileges & all milit>y rights & obligations1 is a condition :i* until a comp>atively rec5t "t has be5 ov]look$4 ,:ile discuss+ ! relations ( ! family to ! g5s1 ! g5s to ! phratry1 & ! phratry to ! tribe1 ,mr4 ,grote says3 8,! basis ( ! :ole 0 ! h\se1 he>?1 or family--a numb] ( :i*1 great] or less1 compos$ ! g5s1 or g5os40#adg #adg ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 iii41 p4 #ed4 ,mr4 ,morgan has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! family c\ld n h con/itut$ ! basis ( ! g5s1 = ! reason t ! heads ( families belong$ to sep>ate g5tes4 ,we are assur$ t ! g5s is mu* old] ?an ! monogamic family1 & !re=e t ! latt] c\ld n h =m$ ! basis ( ! g5tile organization2 b ev5 _h ! family prec$$ ! g5s 9 ord] ( developm5t1 z its memb]s belong$ to diff]5t g5tes x c\ld n h con/itut$ ! unit ( ! social s]ies4 ,9 ord] to ga9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! processes & pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! e>ly ,grecian =m ( gov]nm5t1 x fir/ becomes necess>y briefly to review ! v>i\s /eps 9 ! gr[? ( ! gov]nm5tal functions ?r\gh two e?nical p]iods4 ,! tribe is a community ( relat$ individuals possess$ ( equal rights & privileges1 & b\nd by equal duties & responsibilities4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 ! ,l[] ,/atus ( b>b>ism ! gov]nm5t consi/$ ( only "o p[]--a c\ncil ( *iefs elect$ by ! p4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,/atus ( b>b>ism two p[]s appe>1--! civil & milit>y functions h become sep>at$1 ! duties ( a milit>y comm&] be+ co-ord9at$ ) ^? ( a c\ncil ( *iefs4 ,! milit>y comm&]1 h[ev]1 has n succe$$ 9 draw+ to himself ! p[]s ( a rul] or k+4 ,9 ! ,second ,/atus ( b>b>ism tribes h n begun to conf$]ate4 ,a s+le tribe1 its memb]s b\nd toge!r by ! tie ( k9%ip & unit$ by common rights & responsibilities1 own+ _! l&s 9 common1 & ea* contribut+ 8 %>e t[>d ! common def5ce1 s long z x 0 able to ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce1 _h little ne$ = an elaborate =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,z yet no /rifes eng5d]$ by envy & extreme selfi%ness _h aris5 to di/urb ! simplicity ( _! lives1 or to *eck ! developm5t ( ^? e>ly pr9ciples ( lib]ty & frat]nity :i* 7 ! natural inh]itance ( ! g5s4 ,a c\ncil ( *iefs elect$ by ! g5tes & receiv+ all its p[]s f ! p _h ?us f> p]=m$ all ! duties ( gov]nm5t4 ,aft] ! ,upp] ,/atus ( b>b>ism is rea*$ we f9d conf$]at$ tribes dwell+ toge!r 9 wall$ cities surr\nd$ by embankm5ts1 & a /ate ( affairs exi/+ :i* call$ = a fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 & a r$i/ribution ( ! p[]s & responsibilities ( ! p4 ,9 process ( "t1 ) ! accumulation ( prop]ty 9 masses 9 ! h&s ( ! few1 & ! consequ5t rise ( an ari/ocracy1 a gov]nm5t f\nd$ on weal?1 or on a t]ritorial basis1 r ?an on ! p]sonal relations ( an individual to 8 g5s1 0 dem&$2 &1 f9ally1 ^? pr9ciples1 rights1 & privileges :i* con/itute a pure democracy1 & :i* _h always =m$ ! basis ( g5tile in/itutions 7 gradually ignor$2 t p]sonal influ5ce :i* 0 orig9ally ex]cis$ by ea* & e g5tilis be+ transf]r$ to a privileg$ class--a class :i* controll$ ! weal?1 & at ! head ( :i* 0 ! milit>y comm&] or basileus4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ,grecian society z x fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory4 ,a comp>ison in/itut$ by ,mr4 ,morgan betwe5 ! ,iroquois g5s & t ( ! ,greeks %[s ! =m] at ! "t :5 x fir/ came "u ,european obs]vation to h be5 9 ! ar*aic /age1 ) desc5t & all ! rights ( succession trac$ 9 ! female l9e2 :ile ! latt]1 at ! "t designat$ z ! h]oic age1 _h n only *ang$ ! mann] ( reckon+ desc5t f ! female to ! male l9e1 b 0 evid5tly ab\t to give place to political society :i*1 in/ead ( be+ f\nd$ on k9%ip1 0 bas$ on prop]ty & t]ritory1 or ^u a man's relations to ! t[n%ip or deme 9 :i* he resid$4 ,:ile ! ,iroquois tribe ( ,indians repres5ts ! g5s 9 its orig9al vitality1 ! ,greeks appe> to h rea*$ a /age at :i* ! ar*aic =m ( gov]nm5t in/itut$ on ! basis ( k9 0 f\nd inadequate to meet _! necessities2 h5ce ! confusion aris+ f disput$ au?ority1 at ! almo/ int]m9able /ruggle betwe5 ! v>i\s classes :i* _h aris51 & ! evid5t disaffection & unre/ manife/ among ! entire ,grecian p dur+ ! ages int]v5+ betwe5 ,codrus1 ne>ly elev5 hundr$ ye>s ,b4,c41 & ,cli/h5es1 five hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,t degree ( jeal\sy ) :i* individual lib]ty 0 gu>d$ dur+ ! e>li] ages ( hi/oric ,greece1 t ?ir/ = fre$om1 & t re/lessness "u tyranny :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,grecian p ?r\gh\t _! entire c>e]1 are expla9$ by ! fact t prior to ! age ( ,cli/h5es !y 7 "u g5tile in/itutions1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( :i* 7 lib]ty1 equality1 & ju/ice4 ,f all ! facts :i* may be ga!r$ be>+ ^u ?is subject1 x is evid5t t al?\gh at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod ! ,greeks _h lo/ mu* ( t indep5d5ce :i* belong$ to an e>li] /age ( human developm5t1 _! in/itutions /ill p>took ( ! "* ( a democracy4 ,( ! simil>ity ( ! cu/oms & in/itutions ( e>ly hi/oric ,greece & ^? ( a m primitive age we h ample evid5ce4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 z among ! ,iroquois tribe ( ,indians1 8prop]ty 0 ve/$ absolutely 9 ! clan1 & c\ld n be will$ away f x40#adh ,n only did ! memb]s ( a clan hold _! prop]ty 9 common1 b !y 7 oblig$ to help1 def5d1 support1 & ev5 av5ge ^? ( _! numb] :o requir$ _! assi/ance4 ,"y females b]eft ( ne> relations 7 ei!r furni%$ ) husb&s or provid$ ) suitable portions4 ,desc5t mu/ /ill h be5 reckon$ 9 ! female l9e1 = =eign]s admitt$ to citiz5%ip 7 n memb]s ( any clan1 nei!r 7 _! desc5dants1 unless born ( wom5 :o 7 citiz5s4 ,citiz5s 7 enroll$ 9 ! clan & phratry ( _! mo!rs4#adi #adh ,george ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay ii4 #adi ,ibid4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 are to be not$ a few important *anges4 ,! complications :i* _h aris5 z a result ( ! individual own]%ip ( prop]ty1 ! *ange 9 ! reckon+ ( desc5t f ! female to ! male l9e :i* foll[$1 & ! gr[? ( ! ari/ocratic elem5t1 _h produc$ a correspond+ *ange 9 ! control & managem5t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,solicitude = ! common weal1 al?\gh /ill felt by ! great mass ( ! p1 _h among ! rul]s giv5 place to extreme egoism1 & t association & comb9ation ( int]e/s1 :i* s9ce ! dawn ( organiz$ society _h *>act]iz$ ! g5s1 0 rapidly giv+ way be=e ! love ( dom9ion1 ! ?ir/ = p[]1 & ! gre$ ( ga9--*>act]s :i* 9 process ( "t came to repres5t ! ma9spr+ ( human action4 ,) ! *anges :i* took place 9 ! conditions ( ! p1 x is se5 t ! adm9i/rative functions became /ill fur!r diff]5tiat$4 ,co-ord9ate ) ! ,greek basileus or w>-*ief are to be obs]v$ n only a c\ncil ( *iefs :o 7 ! heads ( ! g5tes1 b also an assembly ( ! p1 ^! ?ree gov]nm5tal functions correspond+ 9 a g5]al way to our ,presid5t1 ,s5ate1 & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! ,ecclesia or g5]al assembly at ,sp>ta 0 orig9ally compos$ ( all ! free males :o dwelt )9 ! city4 ,al?\gh ?is body orig9at$ no measures1 x 0 inve/$ ) au?ority to adopt or reject any propos$ legislation or plan ( action devis$ by ! *iefs4 8,all *anges 9 ! con/itution or laws1 & all matt]s ( great public import1 z que/ions ( peace or w>1 ( alliances1 & ! l1 _h to be br\ght be=e x = decision40#aej ,?us may be obs]v$ ! precautions :i* dur+ ! latt] /ages ( b>b>ism _h be5 tak5 to gu>d ! rights ( ! p1 & to insure !m aga9/ individual & class usurpation4 #aej ,george ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay i4 ,curtius assures u t ! ,dorian p did n feel z if !y 7 plac$ 9 a =eign /ate1 b !y 7 ! citiz5s ( _! own--n m]ely ! objects ( legislation1 b also p>ticipants 9 x1 = !y only obey$ su* /atutes z !y !mselves _h agre$ to4#aea #aea ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 book ii41 *ap4 i4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,grote w\ld h u believe t ! assembly ( ! p 0 simply a 8li/5+ agora10#aeb x is pla9 t x 0 orig9ally inve/$ ) suffici5t p[] to protect ! p aga9/ despotism4 ,9 ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! adm9i/rative functions ! p[]s ( ! subord9ate (fic]s are all drawn f ! sum ( ! p[]s inve/$ 9 ! ?ree pr9cipal bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! ill-def9$ duties ( ea* giv+ rise to ^? unabat$ diss5sions & fi]ce & unrel5t+ /rifes :i* 9 c\rse ( "t became su* a fruitful s\rce ( deva/ation & blood%$4 #aeb ,vol4 ii41 p4 #cdh4 ,f :at is kn[n at ! pres5t "t reg>d+ ,greek society prior to ! age ( ,!seus1 x is n at all likely t x 0 organiz$ on mon>*ial pr9ciples1 or t any =m ( gov]nm5t prevail$ 9 ,greece o!r ?an t ( a milit>y democracy4 ,x is true t by mo/ ( ! writ]s :o h dealt ) ! subject ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! e>ly ,greeks1 ! basileus has be5 designat$ z k+1 & t he has be5 inve/$ by !m ) all ! insignia ( a mod]n mon>*4 ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 ) a bett] und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ e>ly society1 ?is view ( ! matt] is se5 to be false4 ,mr4 ,morgan1 a writ] :o z we h se5 has giv5 mu* att5tion to ! con/itution ( g5tile society1 in=ms u t 9 ! ,l[] & also 9 ! ,middle ,/atus ( b>b>ism ! (fice ( *ief 0 elective or dur+ good behavi\r1 8= ?is limitation foll[s f ! "r ( ! g5s to depose f (fice40#aec #aec ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #bfb4 ,:5 desc5t 0 9 ! female l9e ?is (fice desc5d$ ei!r to a bro!r ( ! deceas$ *ief or to a si/]'s son1 b lat]1 :5 desc5t began to be trac$ 9 ! male l9e1 ! elde/ son 0 usually elect$ to succe$ 8 fa!r4 ,^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,morgan says fur!r3 ,x _c be claim$1 on satisfactory pro(1 t ! olde/ son ( ! basileus took ! (fice1 ^u ! demise ( 8 fa!r1 by absolute h]$it>y "r4444 ,! fact t ! olde/1 or "o ( ! sons1 usually succe$$1 :i* is admitt$1 does n e/abli% ! fact 9 "q2 because by usage he 0 9 ! probable l9e ( succession by a free election f a con/itu5cy4 ,! presumption on ! face ( ,grecian in/itutions is aga9/ succession to ! (fice ( basileus by h]$it>y "r2 & 9 fav\r ei!r ( a free election1 or ( a confirmation ( ! (fice by ! p ?r\gh _! recogniz$ organization1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,roman rex4 ,) ! (fice ( basileus transmitt$ 9 ! mann] la/ nam$1 ! gov]nm5t w\ld rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! p4 ,because )\t an election or confirmation he c\ld n assume ! (fice2 & because1 fur!r1 ! p[] to elect or confirm implies ! res]v$ "r to depose4#aed #aed ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #bfb4 ,!re is no lack ( evid5ce at ! pres5t "t go+ to prove t all ^! e>ly tribes 7 orig9ally organiz$ on ?or\ghly democratic pr9ciples1 & t !re nev] 0 any dignity conf]r$ on ! lead] ( ! e>ly ,grecian ho/s answ]+ to ! pres5t def9ition ( k+2 also t prior to ! "t ( ,romulus1 no *iefta9 ( ! ,lat9 tribes 0 ev] inve/$ ) suffici5t au?ority to h con/itut$ him an imp]ial rul]4 ,! t]m basileus1 z appli$ to a lead] ( a milit>y democracy 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,grecian hi/ory1 d\btless implies simply ! w>-*ief ( ! primitive tribe1 an (fic] *os5 f among ! *iefs ( ! g5tes z a lead] ( ! ho/s 9 battle1 b z claim+ no civil functions1 & z possess+ no au?ority outside ! (fice ( milit>y *iefta94 ,! ,hom]ic writ+s1 :i* conta9 ! e>lie/ direct in=mation :i* we h ( ! ,greeks1 & 9 :i* are d\btless mirror$ =? a tol]ably correct picture ( ! cu/oms1 in/itutions1 & mann]s ( ?is p1 :5 read by ! light ( m rec5tly develop$ facts relative to ! e>ly con/itution ( society1 are inve/$ ) new int]e/1 & a fre% *>m & a new significance are add$ to e detail connect$ ) ! n>rative4 ,z to ! ext5t ( au?ority atta*$ to ! (fice ( milit>y lead] among ! ,greeks1 ,hom] has giv5 u a fair illu/ration 9 ! p]son ( ,agamemnon--8%eph]d ( ! p40 ,t ! position ( ?is *iefta9 diff]s widely f t occupi$ by ! k+ ( succe$+ ages is app>5t4 ,at ! outset we f9d ! injur$ ,a*illes1 aft] he has taunt$ ! *iefta9 ) be+ ! 8gre$ie/ ( m510 address+ him 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,ha1 ?\ mail$ 9 impud5ce ,& b5t on lucre6 ,:o ( all ! ,greeks ,c will+ly obey !e1 on ! m>*1 ,or bravely battl+ ) ! enemy6#aee #aee ,! ,iliad1 book i41 ,bryant's translation4 ,!n ,pelides takes up ! /ra9 & ) opprobri\s words ?us addresses ! son ( ,atreus3 ,w9e-bibb] ) ! =ehead ( a dog ,& a de]'s he>t4 ,?\ nev] yet ha/ d>$ ,to arm ?yself = battle ) ! re/1 ,nor jo9 ! o!r *iefs prep>$ to lie ,9 ambu%1--su* ?y crav5 fe> ( dea?4 ,bett] x suits !e1 mid/ ! mighty ho/ ,( ,greeks1 to rob "s w>rior ( 8 prize ,:o d>es )/& !e4#aef #aef ,! ,iliad1 book i41 ,bryant's translation4 ,ev5 ! brawl] ,!rsites1 ,squ9t-ey$1 ) "o lame foot1 & on 8 back ,a lump1 & %\ld]s curv+ t[>ds ! *e/1 d>es to insult ?is *ief--?is k+ z he is repres5t$ by mo/ mod]n writ]s1 & to 8 face taunt him ) 8 inju/ice t[>ds ,a*illes4 ,to ,agamemnon he says3 ,( :at do/ ?\ compla92 :at w\ld/ ?\ m1 ,atrides8 ,9 ?y t5ts are heaps ( gold2 ,?y t5ts are full ( *os5 damsels1 giv5 ,to !e be=e all o!rs1 by ! ,greeks1 ,:5e'er we take a city4 ,do/ ?\ yet ,hank] = gold1 br\ght by "s ,trojan knight1 ,a ransom = 8 son1 :om ,i %all lead-- ,i1 or "s o!r ,greek--a captive b\nd8 ,or do/ ?\ wi%1 = ?y m idle h\rs1 ,"s maid51 :om ?\ may/ deta9 ap>t8 ,ill x beseems a pr9ce l !e to lead ,! sons ( ,greece1 = su* a cause z ?is1 ,into new p]ils4 ,o ye c[>d race6 ,ye abject ,greekl+s1 ,greeks no long]1 ha/e ,homew>d ) all ! fleet1 & let u leave ,?is man at ,troy to w9 8 trophies "h1 ,t he may le>n :e!r ! aid we give ,avails him aught or n1 s9ce he insults ,a*illes1 a f> brav] man ?an he4#aeg #aeg ,book ii4 ,x is true ,ulysses smote ,!rsites z he upbraid$ him = ?is insult to ,agamemnon4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! *a/isem5t 0 ( a private nature4 ,x seems n to h be5 a crime op5ly to b]ate _! *ief4 ,inde$ ! position ( 8%eph]d ( ! p0 0 n "o ( su* dignity t any w>rior among ! ho/s might n ) impunity freely speak 8 m9d conc]n+ him1 or to 8 face confront him ) improp] behavi\r4 ,:5 ,agamemnon comp>$ unfav\rably ! val\r ( ,diom$ ) t ( 8 fa!r1 ,tydeus1 ,/h5elus1 ! hon\r$ son ( ,capaneus1 hesitat$ n to rem9d ! *ief ( 8 folly1 & to 8 face upbraid him4 8,atrides1 speak n falsely :5 ?\ kn[e/ ! tru? s well40#aeh #aeh ,book iv4 ,reg>d+ ! (fice ( k+1 ,mr4 ,morgan says3 ,mod]n writ]s1 almo/ )\t exception1 translate basileus by ! t]m k+1 & basileia by ! t]m k+dom1 )\t qualification1 & z exact equival5ts4 ,i wi% to call att5tion to ?is (fice ( basileus1 z x exi/$ 9 ! ,grecian tribes1 & to "q ! correctness ( ?is int]pretation4 ,!re is no simil>ity :atev] betwe5 ! basileia ( ! anci5t ,a!nians & ! mod]n k+dom or mon>*y4444 ,con/itutional mon>*y is a mod]n developm5t1 & ess5tially diff]5t f ! basileia ( ! ,greeks4 ,! basileia 0 nei!r an absolute nor a con/itutional mon>*y2 nei!r 0 x a tyranny nor a despotism4 ,! "q !n is1 :at 0 x8 ,mr4 ,morgan's answ] to ! "q is z foll[s3 ,! primitive ,grecian gov]nm5t 0 ess5tially democratical1 repos+ on g5tes1 phratries1 & tribes organiz$ z self-gov]n+ bodies1 & on ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity4 ,?is writ] says fur!r3 ,our views ^u ,grecian & ,roman que/ions h be5 m\ld$ by writ]s accu/om$ to mon>*ical gov]nm5t & privileg$ classes1 :o 7 p]haps glad to appeal to ! e>lie/ kn[n gov]nm5ts ( ! ,grecian tribes = a sanction ( ?is =m ( gov]nm5t1 z at once natural1 ess5tial1 & primitive4#aei #aei ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #bdg4 ,we h not$ ! precautions :i* dur+ ! second & latt] p]iods ( b>b>ism 7 necess>y to keep 9 *eck ! increas+ ?ir/ = p[]1 & x may n be d\bt$ t ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! ari/ocratic t5d5cy dur+ ! latt] ages ( ! exi/5ce ( ! g5s1 ! (fice ( basileus gave to its incumb5t a degree ( di/9ction closely alli$ to t ( k+4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ^u ! dea? ( ,codrus1 s necess>y _h x become to *eck ! cont9ually increas+ p[] ( ! milit>y *iefta9s t ! (fice 0 aboli%$ & ! ar*on%ip e/abli%$ 9 its place2 b z an election or confirmation 0 necess>y be=e ! duties ( ei!r (fice c\ld be ent]$ ^u1 x is pla9 t at ! p]iod ref]r$ to a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t /ill prevail$4 ,n[ ar*on is ! t]m :i* _h be5 appli$ to ! *ief ( ! e>ly g5tes at a "t :5 frat]nity1 lib]ty1 & equality 7 ! c>d9al virtues ( society2 & ! abolition ( ! (fice ( basileus1 to :i* _h become atta*$ a consid]able degree ( p[]1 0 d\btless an attempt on ! "p ( ! p to return to ! simpl] & pur] me?ods ( gov]nm5t :i* _h =m]ly prevail$2 b ! in/itution kn[n z ! ,agora1 ,ecclesia1 or ,appella1 :i* _h prov$ ! great bulw>k ( safety to e>ly democratic in/itutions1 _h1 ?r\gh ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ari/ocratic elem5t1 become gradually weak5$1 h5ce ! nobles 7 9 a position to draw to !mselves n only mu* ( ! p[] orig9ally ex]cis$ by ! milit>y comm&]1 b t also :i* _h =m]ly belong$ to ! assembly ( ! p4 ,we h obs]v$ t n only among ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age1 b among ! tribes & nations :i* prec$$ !m1 z f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ z ! close ( ! second /age ( b>b>ism1 !re _h always be5 an assembly ( ! p ^: duty x 0 to gu>d ! rights ( ! tribe1 to protect x aga9/ usurpation1 & to keep d[n ! ris+ t5d5cy t[>d imp]ialism4 ,( ?is in/itution1 ,mr4 ,rawl9son says3 8,?us at ,a!ns1 z else:]e1 9 ! h]oic times1 !re 0 und\bt$ly ! idea ( a public assembly consi/+ ( all freem540#afj #afj ,george ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay ii4 ,!seus1 basileus1 or milit>y *iefta9 ( ! ,a!nian tribes1 a p]sonage :o belongs to ! leg5d>y p]iod1 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ! insuffici5cy ( g5tile in/itutions to meet ! ne$s ( ! p4 ,al?\gh ! prim>y idea involv$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( political society 0 ! transf]5ce ( ! orig9al gov]nm5tal functions f ! g5s to a t]ritorial limit1 s deeply _h ! in/9cts1 ideas1 & associations connect$ ) ! p]sonal gov]nm5t ( ! g5s tak5 root t sev]al c5turies 7 requir$ to accompli% ! *ange4 ,to e/abli% ! deme or t[n%ip1 9 :i*1 irrespective ( k9%ip or p]sonal ties1 all its inhabitants 7except slaves7 %\ld be enroll$ z citiz5s1 ) rights1 privileges1 & duties adju/$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( prop]ty own$ by ea*1 & :i* %\ld be a unit ( ! l>g] & m important in/itution--! ,/ate1--0 an und]tak+ ! ma/]y ( :i* al?\gh seem+ly simple1 nev]!less involv$ intricacies & ob/acles ( su* magnitude z to baffle all attempts ( ! ,greeks f ! "t ( ,!seus to t ( ,cli/h5es1 at :i* "t political society 0 e/abli%$1 & ! g5s1 %orn ( its utility & p[]1 rema9$ only z ! embodim5t ( c]ta9 social ideas1 or surviv$ z a religi\s c5tre1 ov] :i* _! eponym\s ance/or1 z h]o or god1 /ill presid$4 ,! age ( ,!seus c\ld n h be5 lat] ?an #ajej ,b4,c41 & ! f9al ov]?r[ ( g5tile gov]nm5t did n1 z we h se51 occur until ! age ( ,cli/h5es1 five hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,?r\gh\t ! int]v5+ "t betwe5 ,!seus & ,cli/h5es little real advancem5t is not$ among ! ,greeks2 none1 p]haps1 except t connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ! idea ( gov]nm5t z indicat$ by ! *ange f g5tile to political in/itutions1 & ev5 ?is gr[?1 :5 we obs]ve t ne>ly five c5turies & a half 7 requir$ to e/abli% x1 or to sub/itute ! deme or t[n%ip 9 ! place ( ! g5s z ! unit 9 ! gov]nm5tal s]ies1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( rem>kable g5ius1 or z indicat+ a notable degree ( +5uity4 ,9 ! transf]5ce ( society1 h[ev]1 f g5tile to political in/itutions may be obs]v$ a progressive pr9ciple1 inasmu* z by x ! limits ( ! g5s & tribe 7 gradually brok5 d[n or oblit]at$1 & ! enl>g$ conception ( ! /ate e/abli%$ 9 _! /ead4 ,aft] ! age ( ,cli/h5es an isolat$ community b\nd toge!r by k9%ip1 & ) int]e/s ext5d+ no fur!r ?an ! tribe ( :i* x 0 a "p1 no long] con/itut$ ! fundam5tal basis ^u :i* ! sup]/ructure ( society 0 to re/2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! deme or t[n%ip1 ) all its free inhabitants1 ( :atsoev] tribe or g5s1 0 to become ! recogniz$ unit 9 organiz$ society4 ,prior to ! age ( ,!seus1 ,attica 0 divid$ into petty /ates1 ea* ) a c\ncil-h\se ( its own4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,?ucydides1 f ! "t ( ,cecrops to ,!seus ! population ( ,a!ns _h always inhabit$ indep5d5t cities1 ) _! own guild-halls & magi/rates2 & at su* times z !y 7 n 9 fe> ( any dang] !y did n meet ) ! k+ to consult ) him1 b !mselves sev]ally conduct$ _! own gov]nm5t1 & took _! own c\nsel4#afa #afa ,?ucydides1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,! basileus or w>-*ief ex]cis$ no civil functions1#afb & 8 s]vices 7 nev] call$ into requisition except 9 times ( dang]4 #afb ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #bej4 ,!seus ^u receiv+ ! (fice ( milit>y *iefta9 8p]suad$0 ! p 9 ! adjac5t c\ntry to remove to ! city4#afc ,accord+ to ,plut>* he 8settl$ all ! inhabitants ( ,attica 9 ,a!ns & made !m "o p 9 "o city40#afd ,he p]suad$ !m to aboli% _! indep5d5t city gov]nm5ts & to e/abli% 9 _! /ead1 at ,a!ns1 a c\ncil-h\se :i* w\ld be common to all4 ,?us1 "u 8 direction1 ! ,attic peoples coalesc$1 or 7 unit$ "u "o gov]nm5t4 ,!seus1 we are told1 divid$ ! p into ?ree classes1 irrespective ( g5tes1 on ! basis ( prop]ty & social position4 ,! *iefs ( ! sev]al g5tes ) _! families1 & ! citiz5s :o ?r\gh _! great weal? _h become influ5tial1 con/itut$ ! fir/ class2 ! second class 7 ! husb&m51 & ! ?ird ! me*anics4 ,all ! pr9cipal (fices bo? ( ! gov]nm5t & ! prie/hood 7 9 ! h&s ( ! nobles or ! money$ & ari/ocratic classes4 ,?ucydides ref]s to ! fact t 8:5 ,greece 0 becom+ m p[]ful1 & acquir+ possessions ( money /ill m ?an be=e1 tyrannies 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! cities40#afe #afc ,?ucydides1 book ii41 #ad4 #afd ,!seus4 #afe ,book i41 #ac4 ,^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,rawl9son says3 ,all important political privilege is engross$ by ! ,eupatrids1 :o consi/ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( 8clans0 claim+ a special nobility1 b n belong+ to any s+le tribe1 or di/+ui%able f ! ignoble clans1 o!rwise ?an by ! possession ( sup]ior rank & ri*es4 ,! re/ ( ! citiz5s con/itute an unprivileg$ class1 p]sonally free1 b ) no atom ( political p[]1 & are r\ghly divid$1 accord+ to _! occupation1 into yeoman-f>m]s & artisans4 ,! union ( ! ,eupatrids 9 ! same tribes & phratries ) ! ,geomori & ,demiurgi1 seems to %[ t ! ari/ocracy ( ,a!ns 0 n orig9al1 l t ( ,rome1 b grew out ( an e>li] & m democratical condition ( ?+s--su*1 9 fact1 z we f9d depict$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4444 ,?us at ,a!ns1 z else:]e1 9 ! h]oic times1 !re 0 und\bt$ly ! idea ( a public assembly1 consi/+ ( all free-m52 b ?is in/itution seems entirely to h disappe>$ dur+ ! c5turies :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ,codrus & ,solon4#aff #aff ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay ii4 ,dur+ ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,codrus1 no?+ ( great importance is obs]v$ conc]n+ ! gr[? ( ,grecian in/itutions4 ,d\btless _! developm5t 0 *>act]iz$ only by ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ari/ocracy & ! /imulation ( ^? egoi/ic pr9ciples :i* are ess5tial 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an olig>*y4 ,t 9 c\rse ( "t ! p[] atta*$ to ! (fice ( ar*on also became a m5ace to ! p's lib]ties is %[n 9 ! fact t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! sev5? ,olympiad1 ,b4,c41 #geb1 ! life ar*on%ip 0 br\ght to a close & ! t]m ( (fice r$uc$ to t5 ye>s4 ,al?\gh ! (fice 0 /ill limit$ to ! family ( ,codrus1 ! incumb5t became am5able to ! eld]s or *iefs = 8 acts4 ,h[ev]1 t ?is movem5t 0 n :olly 9 ! int]e/ ( ! masses ( ! p is %[n 9 ! fact t dur+ ! foll[+ ?irty ye>s ! ,eupatrids1 or memb]s ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 _h drawn to !mselves all ! p[] belong+ to ! ar*on%ip4 ,x is obs]v$ t dur+ ! reign ( ! f\r? dec5nial ar*on1 a pretext hav+ be5 f\nd to depose him1 ! reign+ family or g5s 0 decl>$ z hav+ =feit$ its "r to rule & ! (fice 0 ?r[n op5 to all ,eupatrids4 ,n9e ar*ons f among ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 ) all ! p[]s =m]ly belong+ to ! supreme ar*on1 convey$ to !m1 7 *os5 z a gov]n+ bo>d1#afg & 7 to cont9ue 9 (fice = "o ye>4 ,select$ by & f among ! ,eupatrids1 _! legislation 0 :olly 9 ! int]e/ ( ! weal?y & privileg$ classes4 #afg ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay ii4 ,f #fhd ,b4,c4 to #fbd ,b4,c41 ! ari/ocratic p>ty ex]cis$ unlimit$ control ov] ! ,a!nian /ate1 & dur+ ! entire sixty ye>s us$ _! great p[] to cru% out ev5 a semblance ( free in/itutions4 ,! ?ir/ = p[] among !m 0 equall$ only by _! gre$ = ga92 h5ce :ile wield+ ! =m]1 !y gratifi$ _! cupidity by ga!r+ into _! own c(f]s almo/ ! entire weal? ( ! nation4 ,) ! ma*9]y ( legislation turn$ aga9/ !m1 ! middle & l[] classes 7 soon robb$ ev5 ( _! means ( support4 ,mo/ ( ! l& 0 mortgag$1 & ! p]sons ( ! own]s held by ! ,eupatrids = debt4 ,m5 sold _! *ildr5 & _! si/]s to satisfy ! dem&s ( cr$itors1#afh & su* 0 ! inequality exi/+ betwe5 v>i\s classes t diss5sions arose on e h&1 & a g5]al /ate ( confusion1 disord]1 & discont5t prevail$4 ,?us may be obs]v$ "s ( ! processes by :i* ! e>ly pr9ciples ( frat]nity1 lib]ty1 & ju/ice 7 ov]?r[n4 #afh ,ibid4 ,at l5g? ! suff]+s ( ! p caus$ by ! inju/ice & rapacity ( _! rul]s became unbe>able1 & by means ( v>i\s signs ( discont5t1 notably t ( a popul> dem& = writt5 laws1 x became evid5t t a crisis _h be5 rea*$4 ,! ,eupatrids1 pret5d+ to he$ ! popul> dem&1 elect$ ,draco1 "o ( _! numb]1 to ! (fice ( ar*on1 ) ! und]/&+ t a code ( writt5 laws def9+ ! rights ( ! sev]al classes be prep>$4 ,z ! ,greeks ( ! ,draconian & ,solonic age 7 b a few c5turies remov$ f a "t :5 individual lib]ty & equality _h con/itut$ ! c>d9al pr9ciples ^u :i* society 0 f\nd$1 we may believe t t _s ( p]sonal indep5d5ce & self-respect :i* _h be5 inh]it$ f g5tile in/itutions1 al?\gh x _h p]haps slumb]$1 _h nev] be5 cru%$2 !re=e1 a condition ( subjection or slav]y1 al?\gh = a "t endur$1 c\ld n be will+ly accept$ z a settl$ fact4 ,z ! laws prep>$ by ,draco t5d$ only to aggravate ! abuses ( :i* ! p compla9$1 x is q evid5t t no re=m 0 int5d$2 ! ,eupatrids1 h[ev]1 _h mi/ak5 ! temp] ( ! p1 & ! fact soon became manife/1 ev5 to ! memb]s ( ! gov]n+ classes !mselves1 t c]ta9 concessions mu/ be made to ! popul> dem& = ju/ice4 ,an idea ( ! rapacity1 gre$1 di%one/y1 & cupidity :i* prevail$ at ?is /age ( ,greek life may be obta9$ f ! writ+s ( ,!ognis1 a poet ( ,grecian ,mega1 :o liv$ ab\t five hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s ,b4,c4 ,among 8 ,maxims appe> ! foll[+3 ,n[ at l5g? a s5se ( %ame ha? p]i%$ among mank9d1 b %amelessness reigns ov] ! e>?4 ,ev]yone hon\rs a ri* man b di%on\rs a poor3 ,& 9 all m5 !re is ! same m9d4444 ,no "o ( ! pres5t race ( m5 do? ! sun look d[n ^u1 be+ entirely good & mod]ate4444 ,:5 ,i am fl\ri%+1 fri5ds are _m2 b %\ld any calamity h *anc$ ^u me1 few reta9 a fai?ful _s4 ,= ! multitude ( m5 !re is ?is virtue only1 namely1 to be ri*3 ,b ( ! re/1 ,i wot1 !re is no use4 ,! fact is obvi\s t already 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks ! love ( prop]ty & ! rise ( ! ari/ocratic _s _h ga9$ su* a foo?old t a democracy 0 no long] desir$ by ! m influ5tial citiz5s1 & t x 0 ! money$ classes & ! ari/ocratic p>ty :o 7 gr[+ re/less "u in/itutions :i* ackn[l$g$ ! equality ( all free-born citiz5s4 ,d\btless ! p[] :i* _h be5 hi!rto ex]cis$ by ! g5tes _h already be5 drawn to ! money$ classes2 /ill1 ?is attempt to organize society into classes on ! basis ( prop]ty & /ation 0 p]haps ! fir/ regulat$ movem5t op5ly to curtail ! hi!rto recogniz$ p[] ( ! individual memb]s ( ! g5s1 & d\btless con/itut$ ! fir/ =mulat$ /ep t[>ds ! subsequ5t removal ( ?is anci5t in/itution f its orig9al position z ! unit 9 ! gov]nm5tal s]ies4 ,f accessible facts to be ga!r$ relative to e>ly ,greek society1 x is pla9 t individual lib]ty p]i%$ ) ! g5s1 & t mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & slav]y 7 ! natural results ( ! decl9e ( ! altrui/ic pr9ciples ^u :i* e>ly society 0 f\nd$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,hi/oric ,,times ,z x is claim$ t ! hi/ory ( ! natural gr[? ( society is repres5t$ by ! extant tribes 9 ! v>y+ /ages ( advancem5t f savag]y to civilization1 & z ^u our fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ,greeks we f9d !m j em]g+ f b>b>ism & prep>+ to ent] ^u a civiliz$ c>e]1 we may naturally expect to f9d 9 _! v>i\s traditions1 cu/oms1 =ms ( m>riage1 etc41 "s h9t ( t influ5ce :i*1 b little m ?an "o e?nical p]iod be=e1 _h be5 ex]cis$ by wom51 & "s clue to ! processes involv$ 9 ! *ange f female to male supremacy4 ,f ! facts :i* are gradually com+ to light conc]n+ society 9 ! e>ly hi/oric p]iod1 x is obs]v$ t ! extant my?oses & traditions ( ! anci5ts conta9 a mixture ( hi/ory1 my?ology1 & a/rology4 ,until a comp>atively rec5t "t no attempt has be5 made to sep>ate ! =m] f ! latt] two4 ,h]odotus op5s 8 acc\nt ( ! ,greeks ) a /ory ( ! capture ( wom54 ,! ,phnicians1 ! great m>itime p ( t "t1 _h s5t %ips load$ ) m]*&ise to ,argos4 ,:5 ne>ly all 0 dispos$ ( !re came d[n to ! bea* sev]al wom5 among :om 0 ,io1 *ild ( ,ian*us ! k+4 ,z ! wom5 7 /&+ by ! /]n ( ! %ip att5d+ to _! pur*ases1 ! =eign sailors ru%$ ^u !m & attempt$ to c>ry !m (f4 ,! mo/ ( !m made _! escape1 b a numb] 7 tak5 away & ,io among/ !m4#afi #afi ,rawl9son1 book i41 #a4 ,d\btless b5ea? ?is my? is conceal$ a religi\s doctr9e :i* _h an hi/orical basis4 ,! orig9al v]sion ( ! leg5d 0 t ,io :o 0 c>ri$ to ,egypt by a god became ! "m ( a race ( h]o-k+s2 b :5 ! true significance ( ! e>ly physiological1 religi\s my? 0 =gott51 ?is "o ( ,io1 too1 aft] hav+ become mutilat$ & di/ort$ to suit a m deg5]ate "t1 0 accept$ 9 a purely lit]al s5se & made to d duty z actual hi/ory4 ,foll[+ ?is n>rative 9 ! hi/ory ( ,h]odotus is ! /ory ( ,europa :o 0 c>ri$ away by ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! next g5]ation 0 enact$ ! seizure ( ,hel5 by ,p>is1 son ( ,priam1 a de$ :i*1 :e!r committ$ = rev5ge or lu/1 is suppos$ to h con/itut$ ! sole cause ( ! ,trojan ,w>--a /ruggle :i* cont9u$ = n9e ye>s4 ,hel5 _h previ\sly1 & :ile b a *ild1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 be5 c>ri$ (f by ,!seus1 f\nd] ( ,a!ns1 & borne away to ,egypt4 ,inde$ x w\ld seem f ! acc\nts ( ?is h]o t 8 exploits 7 in/igat$ = ! mo/ "p by a desire to possess himself ( wom54 ,ev5 lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks we f9d t ,pausanius1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 ^u ! defeat ( ! b>b>ians1 receiv$ z 8 %>e ( ! booty1 t5 specim5s ( ! foll[+ articles3 8wom51 horses1 tal5ts1 & camels40 ,! famili> /ory ( ! seizure ( ! ,sab9e wom5 by ! ,romans is reg>d$ z a probable my? or z a d\btful fact2 yet1 :5 we rememb] t n f> di/ant 9 ! pa/1 capture con/itut$ ! only =m ( m>riage1 ! acts ( viol5ce committ$ on wom5 are inve/$ ) a fre% int]e/1 = by !m we are enabl$ to trace ! id5tity ( ! processes ( developm5t betwe5 hi/oric nations & ! tribes occupy+ a l[] position 9 ! scale ( advancem5t4 ,al?\gh ,hom] traces g5ealogies ?r\gh fa!rs1 ! fact w d\btless be obs]v$ t two g5]ations g5]ally suffice to c>ry m5 back to an unkn[n or div9e prog5itor4 ,inde$ _m ( ! ,greeks ( ,hom]'s "t sprang directly f gods4 ,tlepolemus 0 ( ! /ock ( ,h]cules4 ,priam & 8 sons 7 desc5dants ( ,zeus1 & _m ( ! noble/ ,greeks d]iv$ _! orig9 f ,m>s4 ,hel5 also 0 ! desc5dant ( ,zeus4 ,a tradition f ,v>ro 9 ref]5ce to ! decl9e ( woman's p[] 9 ,a!ns is z foll[s3 ,9 ! age ( ,cecrops two wond]s sprang f ! e>? at ! same "t1 "o ( :i* 0 ! olive tree1 ! o!r wat]4 ,! k+ 9 t]ror dispat*$ a mess5g] to ,delphi to asc]ta9 :at he 0 to d 9 ! matt]4 ,! oracle 9 response answ]$ t ! olive tree signifi$ ,m9]va 7,a!ne71 & ! wat] ,neptune 7,poseidon72 & t x 0 optional ) ! ,burgesses aft] :i* ( ! two !y w\ld "n _! t[n4 ,cecrops conv5$ an assembly ( ! ,burgesses1 bo? m5 & wom51 = x 0 cu/om>y !n = ! wom5 to take "p 9 ! public c\nsels4 ,! m5 vot$ = ,poseidon1 ! wom5 = ,a!ne1 & z !re 7 m wom5 ?an m5 by "o1 ,a!ne conqu]$4 ,!reupon ,poseidon became enrag$1 & imm$iately ! sea fl[$ ov] all ! l& ( ,a!ns4 ,to appease ! god ! ,burgesses 7 compell$ to impose a ?ree-fold puni%m5t ^u _! wives3 ,!y 7 to lose _! votes2 ! *ildr5 7 to receive no m ! "m's "n2 & !y !mselves 7 no long] to be call$ ,a!nians aft] ! goddess4 ,we are assur$ t prior to ! /ruggle betwe5 ,a!ne & ,poseidon = ! ma/]y 9 ,a!ns1 *ildr5 9 ,attica & ,lycia 7 nam$ aft] _! mo!rs1 & t ! p z a body 7 call$ aft] ! goddess4 ,=m]ly ! wom5 7 actual ,burgesses b aft] ! decision t ! (fice ( fa!r 9 ! processes ( reproduction is sup]ior to t ( ! "m ! wom5 lo/ _! position z ,burgesses & became only ! wives ( ,burgh]s4 ,x is ! vote ( ,a!ne h]self :i* decides t ! *ild is ! production ( ! fa!r4 ,! anci5t ,attic traditions are full ( ref]5ces to female supremacy4 ,inde$1 ,h]r ,ba*(5 is c]ta9 t he has f\nd pro( ( female desc5t & supremacy n only among ! e>ly ,greek tribes b 9 e bran* ( ! ,indo-,g]manic family4 ,! ,grecian tribes 7 nam$ aft] wom51 z 7 also ! anci5t cities ( ,greece4 ,! f\nd]s ( ^! cities & ! eponym\s lead]s ( ! v>i\s peoples 7 wom5 :o _h be5 8c>ri$ (f by gods40 ,s>p$on & ,m9os :o qu>rell$ ov] ! gov]nm5t ( ,lycia 7 ! sons ( ,europa#agj :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f f ,tyre on ! ,phnician coa/4 ,!be1 ! eponym\s lead] ( ! ,!bans1 & ,eg9a1 ! f\nd] ( ,eg9a1 7 si/]s4 ,!re=e :5 ! oracle comm&$ ! ,!bans to seek succ\r f _! ne>e/ ( k91 !y appli$ to ! ,eg9etans1 !reby prov+ t at t "t relation%ips 7 /ill trac$ ?r\gh wom54 #agj ,h]odotus1 book i41 #agc4 ,! ,greek tradition ( ! ,scy?ian nation is z foll[s3 ,z ,h]cules 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry he came to a di/rict call$ ! ,woodl&4 ,:ile he slept1 ! m>es :i* he _h loos$ f 8 *>iot w&]$ away1 & :ile 9 que/ ( !m he came to a cave 9 :i* dwelt a be+ ) ! head ( a woman & ! body ( a s]p5t1 probably a goddess repres5t+ ! two creative pr9ciples ?r\gh\t nature4 ,^u be+ ask$ by ,h]cules if %e _h se5 8 m>es1 %e repli$1 8yes10 b t unless he w\ld rema9 ) h] %e w\ld n yield !m to him1 :]eupon he cons5t$ to d h] bidd+4 ,lat]1 z %e que/ion$ him z to 8 wi%es conc]n+ ! ?ree sons :i* %e _h borne him1 %e said3 8,w\ld/ ?\ wi% t ,i %\ld settle !m "h 9 ?is l& :]e( ,i am mi/ress1 or %all ,i s5d !m to !e80 ,h]cules plac$ 9 h] h& a b[ ) in/ruction t ! son :i* :5 gr[n to manhood %\ld b5d x 9 a c]ta9 way %\ld rema9 z k+ ( ! l&4 ,scy!s1 ! y\nge/ son ( ! goddess1 0 ! successful competitor4 ,f ?is "t gods1 n goddesses1 are 9 ! possession ( ! c\ntry4#aga ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,lybia 7,africa7 are nam$ aft] wom51 & 9 ne>ly all ! e>lie/ traditions1 a woman1 ei!r div9e or human1 appe>s z ! eponym\s lead] ( ! p4 #aga ,h]odotus1 book v41 #hj4 ,! tradition respect+ ! daught]s ( ,danas flee+ f _! native l& to avoid ! hateful c>esses ( ! sons ( ,egyptus1 d\btless ref]s to a "t :5 relation%ips 7 beg9n+ to be trac$ ?r\gh males1 & :5 "u ! ba'al =m ( m>riage !y 7 beg9n+ to claim ! "r to control ! wom5 ( _! own gr\p4 ,egyptus & ,danas 7 bro!rs1 ! =m] ( :om _h fifty sons1 ! latt] fifty daught]s4 ,^u ! sons ( ,egyptus dem&+ t _! c\s9s unite ) !m 9 m>riage1 ! wom5 imm$iately fl$ by sea to ,argos & plac$ !mselves "u ! protection ( ,pelasgus4 ,al?\gh hotly pursu$ by _! torm5tors1 !y rea*$ ,argos 9 safety2 ! foll[+ is _! supplication z set =? by s*ylus3 ,on ?is moi/ %ore1 drive !m into ! deep1 ,) all _! fly+ /ream]s & quick o>s1 ,!re let !m meet ! :irlw9d's boi/]\s rage1 ,?und'r+s & lightn+s1 & ! furi\s bla/s ,t h>r[ up ! wild tempe/u\s waves1 ,& p]i% 9 ! /orm1 ere !y asc5d ,our k9dr$ b$1 & seize aga9/ our w ,:at nature & ! laws ( blood d5y4#agb #agb ,! ,supplicants4 ,aft] hav+ rea*$ ,argos & aft] hav+ bes\ght ,pelasgus to esp\se _! cause1 he says3 ,if by y\r c\ntry's laws ,egyptus' sons1 ,z next ( blood1 ass]t a "r 9 y1 ,:o %\ld oppose !m8 ,x behooves !e !n ,by y\r own laws to prove su* claim unju/4 ,to :i* !y make answ]3 ,ah6 nev] may ,i be p]=ce a ?rall ,to man4 ,by heav5-direct$ flight ,i break ,! wayw>d plan ( ^! dete/$ nuptials4 ,arm ju/ice on ?y side1 & ) h] aid1 ,judge ) :at sanctity ! gods dem&4 ,! reply ( ,pelasgus is z foll[s3 ,no easy prov9ce3 ,make n me y\r judge1 ,great ?\gh my p[]1 x is n m9e to act1 ,i told !e s1 )\t my p's voice ,ass5t+4 ,x is pla9 t ^! l9es ref] to a "t :5 woman 0 n 8a ?rall to man40 ,x relates also to a "t :5 ! basileus or *ief c\ld n act )\t ! cons5t ( 8 p4 ,t 9 ! e>lie/ traditions & acc\nts ( ! ,greeks1 wom5 occupy a mu* m exalt$ position ?an !y d f\r or five c5turies lat]1 is a fact :i* c be expla9$ only by ! tru?s :i* h be5 set =? 9 ! =ego+ pages2 namely1 ! capture ( wom5 = wives1 at fir/ s+ly & f9ally 9 gr\ps4 ,we h se5 t dur+ ! p]iod designat$ z ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism1 w>s 7 frequ5tly und]tak5 ^u no o!r pretext ?an t ( secur+ wom5 = wives4 ,cities 7 attack$ & de/roy$1 ! m5 murd]$1 & ! wom5 c>ri$ away captives4 ,prop]ty bo? l&$ & p]sonal 0 seiz$ & held by ! conqu]ors1 & z ^! captur$ wom5 7 /rang]s1 ali5s1 & dep5d5ts 9 ! c\ntries to :i* !y 7 tak51 !y became simply sexual slaves1 or wives1 & 9 process ( "t sank to ! position 9 :i* we f9d !m "u ,solon1 ! lawgiv] ( ,a!ns4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! s5tim5ts ent]ta9$ t[>d wom5 dur+ ,hom]'s "t & ^? :i* _h come to prevail among ! ,greeks 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 may be obs]v$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es f s*ylus1 & also 9 a quotation f ,! ,iliad1 :i* foll[s4 ,at ! siege ( ,!bes1 :5 ! wom51 fe>+ captivity m ?an dea?1 appe>$ be=e ! sacr$ images to pray = protection1 ,etiocles ! *ief1 trembl+ ) fe>1 & himself pray+ l\dly to ,jove1 to ,e>?1 & 8all ! gu>dian gods10 be+ displeas$ ) ! attitude ( ! female supplicants1 & d\btless eag] to ex]cise 8 au?ority ov] wom5 ?us displays 8 contempt = !m3 ,x is n to be borne1 ye wayw>d race2 ,is ?is y\r be/1 is ?is ! aid y l5d ,! ,/ate1 ! =titude ) :i* y /eel ,! s\ls ( ! besieg$1 ?us fall+ d[n ,be=e ^! images to wail1 & %riek ,) lam5tations l\d8 ,wisdom abhors y4 ,nor 9 mis=tune1 nor 9 de> success1 ,be woman my associate4 ,if h] p[] ,be>s sway1 h] insol5ce exce$s all b\nds1 ,b if %e fe>s1 woe to t h\se & city4 ,& n[1 by hold+ c\nsel ) weak fe>1 ,y magnify ! foe1 & turn our m5 ,to flight3 ?us are we ru9$ by ourselves4 ,?is ev] w arise f suff]+ wom5 ,to int]mix ) m54 ,b m>k me well1 ,:oe'er h5ce=? d>es disobey my ord]s1 ,be x man or woman1 old or "y1 ,v5geance %all bur/ ^u him1 ! decree ,/&s irrev]sible1 & he %all die4 ,w> is no female prov9ce1 b ! sc5e ,= m53 h5ce home2 nor spread y\r mis*iefs "h1 ,he> y1 or n8 ,or speak ,i to ! deaf8#agc #agc ,! ,sev5 ,*iefs aga9/ ,!bes4 ,f ?is sc5e pictur$ by s*ylus five c5turies & a qu>t] ,b4,c41 let u return to ! siege ( ,troy1 ?ree c5turies e>li]1 & li/5 to ,hom]4 ,dur+ ! ?icke/ ( ! fight ,hel5us1 approa*+ ,eneas & ,hector1 8 bro!r1 ?us addresses ! latt]3 ,b1 ,hector1 ?\ dep>t ,to ,troy & seek ! "m ( u bo? ,& bid h] call ! hon\r$ ,trojan dames1 t at ! fane ( ,pallas !y may supplicate = m]cy 9 behalf ( ! wives & little ones ( ! def5d]s ( ,troy4 ,:]eupon ! noble ,hector calls al\d3 ,o valiant sons ( ,troy1 & ye allies ,summon$ f f>6 ,be m51 my fri5ds2 call back ,y\r wont$ val\r1 :ile ,i g to ,troy ,to ask ! ag$ m51 our c\nselors1 ,& all our wives1 to come be=e ! gods ,& pray & (f] sacrifice4#agd #agd ,! ,iliad1 book vi41 ,bryant's translation4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! g5]ally conc$$ fact t 9 ,europe ! spread ( civilization has be5 comm5surate ) ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by wom51 ,mr4 ,buckle expresses himself z be+ unable to acc\nt = ! seem+ inconsi/5cies :i* are pres5t$ by a comp>ison ( ! position occupi$ 9 ,greece by ! wom5 ( ,hom]'s "t1 & t z pictur$ by ! laws1 usages1 & social cu/oms 9 ! age ( ,plato & 8 contempor>ies4 ,al?\gh ! ,greeks dur+ ! ages :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ,hom] & ,plato _h made _m notable improvem5ts 9 ! arts ( life1 & 9 v>i\s bran*es ( speculative & practical k1 wom5 _h evid5tly lo/ gr\nd1 8_! influ5ce be+ less ?an x 0 9 ! e>li] & m b>b>\s p]iod depict$ by ,hom]40#age #age ,! ,influ5ce ( ,wom5 on ! ,progress ( ,k4 ,! fact w d\btless be borne 9 m9d t at ! "t ,mr4 ,buckle p5n$ ^! words comp>atively little conc]n+ ! con/ruction or organization ( primitive society 0 kn[n4 ,t "o e?nical p]iod & a half prior to ! e>lie/ age ( ! hi/oric ,greeks1 woman's influ5ce 0 supreme 9 ! family & 9 ! g5s1 t desc5t 0 reckon$ 9 ! female l9e1 & t all rights ( succession 7 trac$ ?r\gh mo!rs1 are facts ) :i* ?is writ] 0 evid5tly unacqua9t$2 h5ce1 we are n surpris$ t 9 contemplat+ a social ph5om5on l t pres5t$ by ! dim9ution ( woman's influ5ce dur+ ! ages betwe5 ,hom] & ,plato1 he %\ld h be5 at a loss to acc\nt = x1 & t he %\ld h decl>$ t ! 8causes ( ^! inconsi/5cies w\ld =m a curi\s subject = inve/igation40 ,mr4 ,lecky1 also1 9 ref]r+ to ! same subject1 says3 ,a broad l9e mu/1 h[ev]1 be drawn betwe5 ! leg5d>y or poetical p]iod1 z reflect$ 9 ,hom] & p]petuat$ 9 ! trag$ians1 & ! lat] hi/orical p]iod4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 & to "s writ]s "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+1 facts 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,greece1 t 9 ! =m] & rud] p]iod wom5 _h und\bt$ly ! highe/ place1 & _! type exhibit$ ! highe/ p]fection4#agf #agf ,european ,morals1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bie4 ,( m>riage 9 ! leg5d>y p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory1 ,mr4 ,grote says3 ,we f9d ! wife occupy+ a /ation ( great dignity & influ5ce1 ?\gh x 0 ! practice = ! husb& to pur*ase h] by valuable pres5ts to h] p>5ts4444 ,%e ev5 seems to live less seclud$ & to enjoy a wid] sph]e ( action ?an 0 allott$ to h] 9 hi/orical ,greece4444 ,a l>ge portion ( ! romantic int]e/ :i* ,grecian leg5d inspires is d]iv$ f ! wom54#agg #agg ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hc4 ,f ! facts :i* h be5 br\ght to light 9 relation to ! position occupi$ by wom5 9 ! age 9 :i* ,hom] wrote1 x may be obs]v$ t mu* ( ! seem+ inconsi/5cy notic$ by ,mr4 ,buckle1 ,mr4 ,lecky1 ,mr4 ,grote1 & o!rs1 betwe5 ! picture ( ,greek life z x appe>$ at ?is "t1 & t notic$ six or sev5 c5turies lat] 9 ! age ( ,plato1 may be easily expla9$4 ,! triumph ( ! male ov] ! female 9 human society z exemplifi$ among/ ! e>lie/ ,greeks1 0 ( su* a rec5t date t ! influ5ce ( wom5 0 n :olly ext9ct1 & ! def]5ce due !m _h n entirely giv5 place to t l(ty contempt & bit+ scorn :i* *>act]iz$ ! treatm5t ( wom5 by ,greek m5 at a lat] /age ( _! c>e]4 ,al?\gh lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is p1 mo!rs 7 n reg>d$ z relat$ to _! own *ildr51 & al?\gh 9 ! age ( ,hom] relation%ips _h begun to be reckon$ ?r\gh fa!rs1 9 _m places ?is writ] reveals to u ! fact t ! bond betwe5 "m & *ild 0 /rong] ?an t betwe5 fa!r & *ild1 or t ! tie betwe5 si/]s & bro!rs ( ! same "m 0 clos] ?an t betwe5 ! *ildr5 ( ! same fa!r4 ,9 ,apollo's address be=e ! assembl$ gods1 9 :i* he advocates ! ransom+ ( ! body ( ,hector by ,priam & 8 sons1 ,hom] puts ! foll[+ words into ! m\? ( ! oracle3 ,a man may lose 8 be/-lov$ fri5d1 a son1 ,or 8 own "m's son1 a bro!r de>4#agh #agh ,! ,iliad1 book xxiv41 ,d]by's translation4 ,num]\s illu/rations might be drawn f ,! ,iliad z pro( ( ! fact t ! tie betwe5 "m & *ild 0 /ill reg>d$ z m b9d+ ?an t betwe5 fa!r & *ild4 ,hom] d\btless repres5ts an age 9 :i* ! mann] ( reckon+ desc5t 0 9 dispute1 c]ta9 tribes ackn[l$g+ only ! tie betwe5 *ildr5 born ( ! same "m1 o!rs only ! bond betwe5 ^? ( ! same fa!r1 :ile /ill o!rs ackn[l$ge bo?1 ?\gh ) a pref]5ce = ei!r "o or ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus ! idea ( male desc5t is put =? z a new doctr9e4 ,ore/es1 :o has murd]$ 8 "m1 ,clytemne/ra1 asks3 8,d y call me relat$ to my "m80 ,al?\gh reproa*es & imprecations are heap$ ^u him = 8 inhumanity1 x is f\nd t ! new doctr9e 9 :i* ! fa!r is repres5t$ z ! only real p>5t1 has _m adh]5ts--t ! gods h concurr$ 9 x1 ,a!ne h]self hav+ succumb$ to ! new fai?4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 :o is acqua9t$ ) ! rec5tly develop$ facts relative to human gr[?1 c c>efully read ,! ,iliad )\t obs]v+ ! simil>ity exi/+ betwe5 ! position occupi$ by ! wom5 ( ,greece 9 ,hom]'s "t1 & t ( ! wom5 among ! tribes & races 9 a some:at l[] /age ( developm5t4 ,on bo>d ! 8roomy %ips0 ( ! ,greeks1 ! prizes p>cell$ out to ! *iefs 7 wom54 ,we obs]ve t ev5 ! daught]s ( influ5tial & weal?y prie/s1 l ! oracle ( ,apollo1 might be 8c>ri$ (f0--an act = :i* !re 0 absolutely no r$ress except p]haps an appeal to ! gods4 ,briseis also 0 a captur$ prize assign$ to ,a*illes by ! ,greek w>riors4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t wives 7 /ill captur$1 we frequ5tly f9d wom5 possess$ ( bo? weal? & influ5ce4 ,hel51 al?\gh ! wife ( ,m5eluas1 _h va/ treasure :i* %e 0 able to take away ) h] :5 %e 0 c>ri$ (f by ,p>is--treasure ov] :i* nei!r ( h] husb&s seems to h _h any control4 ,lao?o1 ! ag$ wife ( ,priam1 _h gold & brass ( h] own ) :i* to ransom h] sons1#agi & ,&roma*e1 ! wife ( ,hector1 :o came to ,ilium f 8among ! woody slopes ( ,placos10 br\ght ) h] n only weal? b suffici5t influ5ce to secure = h] ! respect ( ! k+'s h\sehold4#ahj #agi ,! ,iliad1 book xxii4 #ahj ,ibid41 book vi4 ,we h se5 t 9 an e>li] age1 at a "t :5 wom5 7 free1 wives _h to be captur$ f =eign tribes2 b lat]1 aft] ! ba'al =m ( m>riage _h become e/abli%$1 wives 7 = ! mo/ "p select$ f ! ranks ( native-born wom51 :ile =eign wom5 7 usually utiliz$ z concub9es4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 =eign wom5 sometimes became ! w$d$ wives ( _! captors1 b unless !y possess$ great weal?1 or unless !y 7 ! daught]s ( k+s1 !y 7 unable to comm& t degree ( consid]ation due to ^? :o 7 native-born4 ,! practice1 dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,greeks1 ( secur+ =eign wom5 = concub9es is d\btless ! s\rce :5ce sprang ! cu/om among ! ,a!nians ( lat] times1 ( import+ all classes ( 8kept wom50 f o!r c\ntries1 ,a!nian wom5 only be+ res]v$ = wives4 ,dur+ ! latt] /age ( b>b>ism a m>k$ *ange 9 ! gov]nm5t & 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples regulat+ human conduct _h tak5 place4 ,a review ( ! facts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,greek society dur+ ! ages betwe5 ,hom] & ,solon %[s t coeval ) ! decl9e ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( ! g5s1 namely1 ju/ice1 equality1 & frat]nity1 !re _h be5 also a correspond+ *ange 9 ! relations ( ! sexes2 t dur+ ! "t 9 :i* egoism or selfi%ness _h ga9$ ! asc5dancy ov] ! e>ly altrui/ic pr9ciples develop$ 9 human society1 woman's influ5ce _h /eadily decl9$4#aha #aha ,a simil> *ange _h tak5 place 9 ! god-idea4 ,jove 0 no long] ! 8t]rible virg90 :o 8brea!s out on crime1 mis]y1 & dea?10 b1 on ! contr>y1 _h come to repres5t a male god :o _h giv5 bir? to ,m9]va4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,anci5t ,,sp>ta ,al?\gh 9 ! writ+s commonly ascrib$ to ,hom] is to be obs]v$ a fairly correct picture ( _m phases ( ,greek life1 ! e>lie/ au!ntic hi/orical acc\nts :i* we h ( ?is p are p]haps ^? ( ,ari/otle & ,plut>*4 ,9 ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! ,lac$monians by ! la/ nam$ ( ^! writ]s1 ! fact is %[n t male influ5ce among ! ,sp>tans ( ! "t ( ,lycurgus _h n rea*$ t /ate ( int5se & ov]%ad[+ dom9ation 9 :i* we f9d ! ,a!nians ( ! ,solonic p]iod subm]g$4 ,! e>ly ,dorians 7 ev] ready to uphold ! anci5t cu/oms z oppos$ to innovations4 ,9 ! managem5t ( public affairs !y tru/$ to ! ties ( relation%ip r ?an to political organization bas$ on prop]ty4 ,! policy ( ! ,a!nians1 on ! contr>y1 z enunciat$ by ,p]icles1 0 t 8x is n ! c\ntry & ! p1 b movable & p]sonal prop]ty1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* make /ates great & p[]ful40 ,! "o policy 0 ess5tially ,doric1 ! o!r ,ionic4#ahb #ahb ,mll]1 ,hi/ory & ,antiquity ( ! ,doric ,race1 book i41 #i1 #ac4 ,! exact "t at :i* ,lycurgus occupi$ ! position ( lawgiv] to ! ,sp>tans is n kn[n1 b x is claim$ by ,x5ophon t he liv$ %ortly aft] ! age ( ,hom]4 ,if ! acc\nts ( ! ,lac$monians :i* h come d[n to u 9 connection ) ! "n ( ?is legislator belong to t e>ly age1 if sc>cely "o e?nical p]iod _h elaps$ s9ce woman's influ5ce 0 supreme 9 ! home & 9 ! gr\p1 we w\ld naturally expect to f9d 9 _! cu/oms1 usages1 & regulations = ! managem5t ( society1 c]ta9 traces ( a =m] /ate ( female indep5d5ce1 & a h9t1 at lea/1 ( ^? pr9ciples ( lib]ty & equality 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! commonweal? :i* 7 ! result ( female influ5ce2 especially w\ld ?is be true z we are in=m$ t ! ,sp>tans 7 a cons]vative p1 cl++ to ! prejudices ( m anci5t times4 ,a glance at ,sp>tan in/itutions at ! "t indicat$1 furni%es ample pro( ( ! fact t ! ,lac$monians 7 /ill to a consid]able ext5t liv+ "u conditions :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ "u ! ar*aic rule ( ! g5s4 ,! ,sp>tan s5ate z recon/ruct$ by ,lycurgus 0 compos$ ( ?irty memb]s includ+ ! two k+s or milit>y lead]s4#ahc ,^! *iefs 7 ! heads ( ! sev]al g5tes4 ,! ,ecclesia1 or assembly ( ! p1 8conta9$ orig9ally all ! free males :o dwelt )9 ! city 7 ( a legal age40#ahd ,h5ce may be obs]v$ ! fact t ! con/itution ( ! /ate 0 ! same z t 9 ! ,upp] ,/atus ( b>b>ism2 yet ! spectacle ( a d\ble mon>*y 7not)/&+ ! fact t x has be5 designat$ z a k9d ( irresponsible g5]al%ip7#ahe %[s t ! p[] atta*$ to ! (fice ( basileus _h become a m5ace to ! lib]ties ( ! p2 h5ce ?is equal division ( responsibility & au?ority4 #ahc ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cde4 #ahd ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay i4 #ahe ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 book iii41 ,j[ett's translation4 ,! ,sp>tan m5 7 w>riors :o _h subjugat$ ! c\ntry1 mak+ s]fs ( ! orig9al inhabitants4 ,9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus ^! g5tlem5 soldi]s con/itut$ an ari/ocratic class :o sp5t _! lives 9 ! p]=mance ( public duties1 leav+ ! cultivation ( ! soil to ! s]fs4 ,helots1 ! "n giv5 to ! s]fs1 signifies 8captives40 ,!y 7 ! slave population ( ,laconia4#ahf ,! manufactur]s & tradespeople ( ! t[ns & c\ntry di/ricts ar\nd ,sp>ta 7 free1 b _h be5 depriv$ ( _! political rights4 ,x is evid5t f ^! facts t al?\gh ! con/itution ( ! /ate _h n be5 *ang$1 ! division ( ! p into classes1 a division :i* s9ce ! latt] "p ( ! ,second ,/atus ( b>b>ism _h be5 ?reat5$1 _h ?r\gh spoliation & conque/ already tak5 place4 ,add to ?is ! fact t prop]ty _h pass$ into ! h&s ( private individuals1 & we %all obs]ve t ! conditions _h already become fav\rable = ! developm5t ( t ?ir/ = weal? & p[] :i* *>act]izes mon>*ial in/itutions4 #ahf ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay i4 ,if we c>efully note ! e>ly condition ( ,sp>tan society1 & /udi\sly obs]ve ! processes involv$ 9 ! gr[? ( human in/itutions1 we %all be enabl$ to p]ceive ! nature ( ! 8load0 "u :i* ! ,sp>tans 8groan$0 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus4 ,! fact has be5 not$ t1 ?r\gh\t an entire e?nical p]iod1 human +5uity _h be5 tax$ to ! utmo/ to subdue or keep 9 *eck ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d usurpation & tyranny1 & ! spectacle ( a d\ble mon>*y1 or ( two milit>y *iefta9s z !y appe>$ 9 anci5t ,sp>ta1 indicates an attempt on ! "p ( ! p to divide ! p[] :i* _h become atta*$ to ?is (fice1 & :i* 0 d\btless already m5ac+ ! popul> rights4 ,9 addition to ! turmoil & /rife eng5d]$ by ! ?ir/ = p[] 7 ! turbul5ce & frequ5t insurrections ( ! s]fs1 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 _h previ\sly be5 free1 & :o 7 !re=e re/less & impati5t "u ! tyranny ( _! ,sp>tan ma/]s4 ,al?\gh weal? _h greatly increas$ 9 ,sp>ta dur+ ! ages imm$iately prec$+ ! ,lycurgan sy/em1 yet t ! disord]s :i* prevail$ 7 9 no wise attributable to luxury & en]vation is %[n 9 ! fact z giv5 by ,ari/otle1 t ! m5 dur+ _! frequ5t campaigns _h become inur$ to ! rig\rs & h>d%ips ( a soldi]'s life4 ,he says3 ,=1 dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,lac$mons1 fir/ aga9/ ! ,argives1 & aft]w>ds aga9/ ! ,arcadians & ,mess5ians1 ! m5 7 long away f home1 & on ! return ( peace1 !y gave !mselves into ! legislator's h&s1 already prep>$ by ! discipl9e ( a soldi]'s life 79 :i* !re 7 _m elem5ts ( virtue71 to receive 8 enactm5ts4#ahg #ahg ,politics1 book ii4 ,x is inde$ pla9 t ! /ate ( disord] :i* prevail$ at ,sp>ta 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus c be acc\nt$ = 9 no o!r way ?an t ! p 7 no long] able to keep 9 *eck ! con/antly increas+ egoism & selfi%ness develop$ )9 ! gov]n+ classes4 ,! ext5t to :i* all wise regulations are attribut$ to ! gov]n+ head is pla9ly app>5t 9 ! view tak5 ( ! managem5t ( ,sp>ta :i* ,h]odotus & ,plut>* ascribe to ,lycurgus1 b :i* 9 ! v nature ( ! case mu/ h orig9at$ f o!r s\rces4 ,x is 9 no wise probable t ,lycurgus in/itut$ any su* radical *anges 9 ! con/itution ( ! /ate z h be5 ascrib$ to him by ! above writ]s1 =1 z we h se51 prior to 8 appe>ance z lawgiv] ! gov]nm5t 0 adm9i/]$ by a milit>y *iefta9 or basileus1 a s5ate1 & an assembly ( ! p4 ,9 ord] to /r5g!n _! au?ority1 ! k+s _h made common cause ) ! assembly ( ! p1 & ?r\gh ?is means _h drawn to !mselves ne>ly all ! p[]s orig9ally ve/$ 9 t body2 :ile ! s5ate1 de/itute ( support1 _h gradually yield$ up its functions to !m4 ,be=e accept+ ! /atem5ts ( ^! writ]s1 attribut+ to ,lycurgus t almo/ unp>allel$ degree ( g5ius by means ( :i* 0 orig9at$ an entirely new set ( in/itutions1 all ! accessible facts relative to ^! in/itutions %\ld )\t prejudice be closely scrut9iz$1 especially z !y involve pr9ciples & actions :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 =c$ ^u a p ?r\gh an arbitr>y /ret* ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( a s+le individual4 ,d\btless ! pr9cipal *anges 9 ! gov]nm5t inaugurat$ by ,lycurgus 71 fir/1 ! importance :i* he caus$ to be atta*$ to ! assembly ( ! p1 & second1 ! re/oration ( ! s5ate4 ,by /r5g!n+ ?is body1 :i* 0 orig9ally compos$ ( ! heads ( ! g5tes1 ! g5tile organization 0 9 a measure re/or$ to its orig9al dignity4 ,! extreme anxiety felt 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus le/ ! p's rights be invad$1 is %[n 9 ! fact t ! ?ree adm9i/rative functions ( ! gov]nm5t 7 supplem5t$ by five ephors *os5 annually z ag5ts ( ! p1 ^: *ief pr]ogative x 0 to scrut9ize ! acts ( ! *ief magi/rate & o!r gu>dians ( ! commonweal?4 ,al?\gh ! (fice ( ! ephors is mu* old] ?an ! ,lycurgan legislation1#ahh x _h previ\sly be5 aboli%$1 or _h sunk into disuse4 ,! ephors ( ,lycurgus 7 8probably appo9t$ = ! special purpose ( wat*+ ov] ! ,lycurgan discipl9e1 & puni%+ ^? :o neglect$ x40#ahi #ahh ,curtius1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 book ii41 *ap4 i4 #ahi ,rawl9son1 book v41 essay i4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ?r\gh ! gre$ = ga9 & ! inord9ate ?ir/ = p[]1 ! ephors 9 _! turn _h drawn to !mselves ! great] %>e ( ! p[]s belong+ to ! /ate1 ! milit>y comm&]1 or s-call$ k+1 became responsible to !m = 8 conduct ev5 :ile direct+ ! army 9 ! field4 ,he receiv$ 8 ord]s f !m1 & al?\gh 9 cases ( em]g5cy he 0 au?oriz$ to ex]cise ! p[] ( life & dea?1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 !y c\ld accuse ! k+ & compel him to def5d 8 acts or suff] ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,by a gradual process ( usurpation ! ephors _h1 8by ! "t ( ,?ucydides1 completely sup]s$$ ! k+ z ! directors ( affairs at ,sp>ta40 ,! fact has be5 obs]v$ t ! au?ority ( ! s5ate1 a body :i* 9 e>li] times _h be5 compos$ ( ! heads ( ! g5ets1 :o 7 elect$ by all ! p1 & :o held _! (fice only dur+ good behavi\r1 _h1 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus1 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! mon>*ial & ari/ocratic p>ty become weak5$2 & t1 z ! k+s _h drawn to !mselves ! p[]s =m]ly belong+ to ! popul> assembly1 ! p 7 no long] repres5t$1 b _h be5 oblig$ to surr5d] _! indep5d5ce to ! au?ority ( ! milit>y lead]s4 ,x is altoge!r likely1 !re=e1 t ! load "u :i* ! ,sp>tans are said to h groan$1 & f :i* ,lycurgus is suppos$ to h releas$ !m1 0 ! undue assumption ( p[] by ! basileus & ! ari/ocratic p>ty2 & t ! *ief s]vice :i* he l5t to ! /ate 0 ! sanction :i* he gave to ^? pr9ciples ( equality & lib]ty :i* _h be5 recogniz$ & practis$ at a "t :5 ! g5s z ! unit ( human society 0 /ill 9 its orig9al vitality & /r5g?1 & :5 woman's influ5ce 0 !re=e 9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,mo/ mod]n writ]s agree 9 ! op9ion t ,lycurgus in/itut$ no fundam5tal *anges 9 ! con/itution ( ! /ate2 inde$ all ! accessible facts relative to ?is subject g to prove t ! attempt at legislative re=m 9 ! "t ( ?is lawgiv] did n beg9 ) him2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t all along ! l9e ( developm5t1 = an entire e?nical p]iod1 !re _h be5 a /ruggle betwe5 ! p on ! "o h& & ! con/antly increas+ p[] ex]cis$ by _! rul]s on ! o!r4 ,conc]n+ ! measures in/itut$ by ,lycurgus1 & ! way 9 :i* ! political p[] 0 di/ribut$ by him1 we are assur$ t x 0 accord+ to a ,rhetra ( ?is legislator giv5 "u ! direction ( ! ,py?ian ,apollo3 ,build a temple to ,jupit] ,hellanius & ,m9]va ,hellania2 divide ! tribes1 & in/itute ?irty obas2 appo9t a c\ncil1 ) its pr9ces2 conv5e ! assembly betwe5 ,babyca & ,cnacion2 propose ?is1 & !n dep>t2 & let !re be a "r ( decision & p[] to ! p4#aij #aij ,mll]1 ,hi/ory & ,antiquity ( ! ,doric ,race1 book iii41 *ap4 v4 ,by ?is decree ! assembly 0 inve/$ ) au?ority to reject or accept any propos$ measures ( ! c\ncil & pr9ces4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ! *iefs & ! milit>y lead]s w\ld draw to !mselves a portion ( ! p[] :i* _h be5 delegat$ to ! p1 we f9d subjo9$ to ! orig9al docum5t ( ! prie/ess ! foll[+ clause3 8,b if ! p %\ld foll[ a crook$ op9ion1 ! eld]s & ! pr9ces %all diss5t40 ,or1 accord+ to ,plut>*3 8,if ! p attempt to corrupt any law1 ! s5ate & *iefs %all retire10 mean+ t 8!y %all dissolve ! assembly & annul ! alt]ations40#aia #aia ,lycurgus4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,plut>*1 :5 ,lycurgus ent]$ ^u ! duties ( lawgiv] he w5t to ,crete1 & :ile !re exam9$ ! laws ( t p2 ^? ( !m :i* he consid]$ wise & suit$ to ! ne$s ( a commonweal? & :i* 7 bas$ on pr9ciples involv+ ! highe/ int]e/s ( ! p1 he incorporat$ into 8 sy/em4 ,n[ ! ,cretans 7 a bran* ( ! ,doric /ock1#aib & z among !m desc5t & rights ( succession 7 /ill trac$ ?r\gh wom51 x w\ld seem t !y _h pres]v$ mu* ( t simplicity ( mann] :i* *>act]izes primitive society4 ,^u 8 return f ,crete ,lycurgus made an equal division ( ! l&1 & z he c\ld n induce ! p to surr5d] _! treasures1 he prohibit$ ! use ( gold & silv] curr5cy & sub/itut$ iron 9 its place4 ,to a great quantity & weight ( ?is metal he assign$ a slight value1 s t to lay up a small am\nt ( weal? a :ole room 0 requir$1 & = ! removal ( a mod]ate sum ( money a yoke ( ox5 mu/ be employ$4 ,:5 ?is became curr5t _m k9ds ( inju/ice ceas$ 9 ,lac$monia4 8,:o w\ld /eal or take a bribe1 :o w\ld defraud or rob1 :5 he c\ld n conceal ! booty1 :5 he c\ld nei!r be dignifi$ by ! possession ( x1 nor if cut 9 pieces be s]v$ by its use80#aic ,!re is little evid5ce 9 support ( ! /atem5t ( ,plut>* t ,lycurgus attempt$ to e/abli% a community ( goods among ! ,sp>tans4 ,al?\gh he caus$ ! l&$ possessions :i* _h be5 p>cell$ out to individuals to be return$ to ! /ate1 too mu* int]e/ _h already become atta*$ to p]sonal possessions to h made a division ( ?is k9d ( weal? possible4 #aib ,ari/otle's ,politics1 book ii4 #aic ,plut>*'s ,lycurgus4 ,a legislator may n enact laws ) ! expectation ( see+ !m en=c$ :i* are n 9 accord ) ! temp] ( ! p1 & ! degree ( success :i* att5d$ ! legislation ascrib$ to ,lycurgus proves t ! great mass ( ! p 7 9 sympa?y ) _m ( ! measures :i* he propos$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ,sp>ta4 ,x is pla9 t ! object ( ! p]son or p]sons1 :om hi/ory has nam$ ,lycurgus1 0 a return to ! simpl] mann]s & pur] cu/oms ( a m primitive age1 :i* ! gr[? ( ! ari/ocratic _s & ! accumulation ( weal? 9 masses 9 ! h&s ( ! few ?reat5$ entirely to subv]t2 &1 z a community ( goods 0 at ?is "t impossible1 he1 or !y1 s\ght to level ! di/9ctions betwe5 ri* & poor by exalt+ virtue & moral excell5ce above ! m]e possession ( weal? & h]$it>y titles4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s writ]s t al?\gh ,lycurgus did n inaugurate a new set ( in/itutions1 nor mat]ially *ange ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 ! great s]vice :i* he r5d]$ to ! ,sp>tans 0 ! rem>kable sy/em ( discipl9e :i* he is suppos$ to h inaugurat$4 ,( ?is ,mr4 ,rawl9son says3 8,x mu/ always rema9 "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ facts 9 hi/ory1 t su* a sy/em 0 successfully impos$ ^u a /ate :i* _h gr[n up )\t x40#aid ,( ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! /ate _h n gr[n up )\t x !re is ample evid5ce4 ,on ?is subject ,curtius rem>ks3 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,sp>tan discipl9e 9 _m respects corresponds to ! primitive cu/oms ( ! ,dorians1 & t by con/ant practice1 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 x grew into ! second nature ( ! memb]s ( ! community4#aie #aid ,book i41 essay i4 #aie ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 book ii41 *ap4 i4 ,f ! facts at h& x is q evid5t t ,lycurgus did n orig9ate t sy/em ( discipl9e ?r\gh :i* x is claim$ ,sp>tan greatness 0 a*iev$4 ,! fact has be5 not$ t :5 he ent]$ ^u ! duties ( lawgiv] he sail$ = ,crete1 &1 8hav+ be5 /ruck ) admiration ( "s ( _! laws10 he resolv$ to make use ( !m 9 ,sp>ta4#aif ,z ! discipl9e ( ,lycurgus con/itutes ! pr9cipal feature ( ! gov]nm5t ascrib$ to him1 & z 8 models 7 = ! mo/ "p drawn f ! ,cretans1 x is only reasonable to suppose t ?is rem>kable sy/em 0 itself1 9 "p at lea/1 copi$ f !m4 ,x appe>s t among ! ,cretans1 z among all peoples among :om female influ5ce is 9 ! asc5d5cy1 ! *ildr5 belong$ to ! "m1 & t wom5 own$1 or at lea/ controll$1 _! own h\seholds2 !y did n1 !re=e1 foll[ ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr5 to _! homes4 ,9 ,crete1 8! "y ,dorians 7 left 9 ! h\ses ( _! mo!rs till !y grew up into y\?s40#aig ,z ,cretan mo!rs _h *>ge ( _! sons until !y 7 gr[n up1 x is n unlikely t ! discipl9e :i* ,lycurgus attempt$ to copy 0 a sy/em inaugurat$ "u matri>*al usages1 b :i* 9 ,sp>ta 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus may h become some:at relax$4 ,h[ev]1 t ! primitive discipl9e ( ! ,dorian p 0 n ext9ct among ! ,sp>tans ( ?is "t is obs]v$ 9 ! w>like "* ( ! males1 & 9 ! express te/imony ( ,ari/otle t ,sp>tan m5 _h become inur$ to h>d%ips by means ( _! frequ5t campaigns4 ,to re/ore1 or r to int5sify ?is discipl9e1 seems to h be5 ! object ( ,lycurgus2 yet t he lack$ greatly 9 judgm5t is %[n by ! measures :i* he put into execution4 ,we are in=m$ t #aif ,plut>*'s ,lycurgus4 #aig ,curtius1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 book ii41 *ap4 i4 ,sp>tan boys 7 z e>ly z _! eigh? ye> tak5 into public tra9+1 & assign$ _! places 9 _! respective divisions1 :]e !y _h to g ?r\gh all ! ex]cises introductory to milit>y s]vice1 & accu/om _! bodies to endurance & ex]cise1 9 exact ob$i5ce to ! =ms acquir$ by ! /ate ?r\gh its (fic]s4#aih #aih ,ibid4 ,?is int]f]5ce ) ! natural developm5t ( ! ,sp>tan y\? 0 n )\t its effect ^u 8 "*2 & especially s z ! policy adopt$ 0 su* z to n>r[ 8 m5tal horizon1 & conf9e 8 ideas )9 ! scope ( ,sp>tan possibilities4 ,f all ! evid5ce to be ga!r$ ab\t ! individual :om hi/orians call ,lycurgus1 x w\ld appe> t he 0 a fanatic1 :o1 d\btless feel+ deeply ! disord]s :i* _h fa/5$ !mselves ^u society1 attempt$ to manage n only ! affairs ( ! /ate1 b to impose 8 au?ority also ^u individual conduct4 ,( ! position occupi$ by wom5 at ! "t :5 ,lycurgus is said to h be5 lawgiv] at ,sp>ta1 !re seems to be mu* evid5ce go+ to %[ t !y 7 9 ! possession ( a rem>kable degree ( lib]ty1 & t !y 7 possess$ ( great p[] & influ5ce4 ,we h se5 t :ile ! m5 ( ,sp>ta 7 away f _! homes engag$ 9 w>f>e1 ! c\ntry _h become weal?y & prosp]\s4 ,n only 0 ! l& controll$ by wom51 b ne>ly two-fif?s ( x 0 !irs by actual possession4#aii ,!re=e1 :5 ,ari/otle in=ms u t :5 ,lycurgus 8want$ to br+ ! wom5 "u 8 laws1 !y resi/$1 & he gave up ! attempt10#bjj we are by no means surpris$4 ,inde$1 ,ari/otle himself says t ?is lic5se ( ! ,lac$monian wom5 exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & 0 only :at might be expect$4#bja ,x is altoge!r likely t 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus1 ,sp>tan wom5 _h n be5 br\ght "u subjection to male au?ority4 #aii ,politics1 vol4 ii41 p4 #i4 #bjj ,ibid4 #bja ,ibid4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nts giv5 by ,ari/otle & ,plut>*1 "u regulations made by ,lycurgus1 ! m5 d9$ on ! pla9e/ f>e at ! public table1 or mess1 :ile ! wom5 rema9$ )9 _! own homes4 ,t a consid]able degree ( success cr[n$ ?is legislator's ef=ts to control ! conduct & private life ( m51 f ! facts at h& may n be d\bt$2 among ! wom51 h[ev]1 ! case seems to h be5 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,( ! ,sp>tans1 ,ari/otle says3 8,9 ! days ( _! greatness _m ?+s 7 manag$ by _! wom54 ,b :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r wom5 rule1 or ! rul]s are rul$ by wom540#bjb ,because1 h[ev]1 ! ,sp>tan wom5 pref]r$ to rema9 )9 _! own homes1 & refus$ to all[ _! private affairs to be controll$ by ,lycurgus1 ,ari/otle accuses !m 8( intemp]ance & luxury40 ,he says3 #bjb ,politics4 ,= a husb& & a wife1 be+ ea* a "p ( e family1 ! /ate may be consid]$ z ab\t equally divid$ into m5 & wom52 &1 !re=e1 9 ^? /ates 9 :i* ! condition ( ! wom5 is bad1 half ! city may be reg>d$ z hav+ no laws4 ,& ?is is :at has actually happ5$ at ,sp>ta1 ! legislator want$ to make ! :ole /ate temp]ate1 & he has c>ri$ out 8 int5tions 9 ! case ( ! m51 b he has neglect$ ! wom51 :o live 9 e sort ( intemp]ance & luxury4#bjc #bjc ,ibid4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 f ! ,sp>tan wom5 refus+ to concur 9 ^? movem5ts :i* 7 9 op]ation to make ! :ole /ate h>dy & temp]ate1 we h ample evid5ce go+ to prove t x 0 wom5 !mselves :o 9 =m] times _h enc\rag$ ! heal?ful & mod]ate ex]cise ( body & limb among ! y\? ( bo? sexes4 ,inde$1 f natural inf]5ces to be drawn f ! facts at h&1 x is probable t ^! ex]cises :i* _h orig9at$ among ! primitive ,dorians1 :ile "u ! matri>*al sy/em1 _h n only be5 enc\rag$1 b practis$1 by wom5 :ile _! husb&s & fa!rs 7 abs5t on _! campaigns4 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 wom5 refus$ to unite 9 ^? movem5ts 9 op]ation 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus = ! /r5g!n+ & g5]al improvem5t ( ! y\?4 ,plut>*1 on ! contr>y1 ascribes all ! physical /r5g? & vig\r ( m9d possess$ by ,sp>tan wom5 to ! wise regulations ( ,lycurgus2 &1 not)/&+ ! fact t1 accord+ to 8 own te/imony1 !y 7 possess$ ( great lib]ty & p[]1 he imputes to ?is legislator ! inauguration ( all ^? practices = ! promotion ( p]fect fre$om among wom5 :i* 7 s salut>y 9 produc+ or cont9u+ a heal?ful /ate ( public morals4 ,x is pla9 t ! position occupi$ by ,sp>tan wom5 pres5t$ difficulties to ! m9ds ( ,ari/otle & ,plut>* :i* !y 7 :olly unable to expla94 ,) reg>d to ! supposition ( ,plut>* t ! ex]cises p]=m$ by ! "y wom5 ( ,sp>ta :ile 9 a nude or semi-nude condition 7 inaugurat$ by ,lycurgus1 x is too unreasonable = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,x is to be d\bt$ if !re has ev] exi/$1 ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 a legislator1 :o1 unaid$ & alone1 & simply ?r\gh a /ret* ( arbitr>y p[]1 has be5 able to regulate ! dress1 amusem5ts1 bodily ex]cise1 & g5]al movem5ts ( wom5 9 possession ( a reasonable degree ( p]sonal fre$om & lib]ty ( action4 ,respect+ ! wise regulations in/itut$ by ,lycurgus = ! managem5t ( wom51 ,plut>* says3 ,9 ord] to take away ! excessive t5d]ness & delicacy ( ! sex1 ! consequ5ce ( a recluse life1 he accu/om$ ! virg9s occasionally to be se5 nak$ z well z ! "y m51 & to dance & s+ 9 _! pres5ce on c]ta9 fe/ivals4#bjd #bjd ,lycurgus4 ,p]haps ?r\gh\t ! entire n>rative ( ,plut>* conc]n+ ,lycurgus & 8 laws1 !re is no?+ s absolutely devoid ( reason z ?is4 ,if1 z he assures u1 wom5 7 possess$ ( t excessive t5d]ness & delicacy :i* are ! result ( a recluse life2 & if1 z he supposes1 !y _h hi!rto be5 tra9$ accord+ to mascul9e ideas ( female mode/y & decorum1 x is greatly to be d\bt$ if ! laws ( ,lycurgus1 or ev5 ! lightn+s ( ,zeus c\ld h driv5 ^! virg9s into ! pres5ce ( ! opposite sex "u ! conditions nam$4 ,d\btless ! ,sp>tan p _h n at ?is /age ( _! c>e] dep>t$ s f> f ! cu/oms ( a gynecocracy t wom5 7 unable to ex]cise absolute control ov] _! p]sons4 ,be+ free f ! dom9ation ( ! opposite sex1 all ^? ex]cises & habits ( body 9 use to increase _! own vig\r & t ( ! entire race _h d\btless be5 in/igat$ by wom51 or at lea/ _h be5 in/itut$ at a "t :5 female influ5ce 0 9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,conc]n+ ! position occupi$ by ! wom5 ( ,sp>ta1 ,plut>* says !y _h assum$ to !mselves great lib]ty & p[] 8on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t exp$itions ( _! husb&s1 dur+ :i* !y 7 left sole mi/resses at home1 & s ga9$ an undue def]5ce & improp] titles40#bje #bje ,lycurgus4 ,x is evid5t t ?is writ] 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! fact t at a "t n f> di/ant 9 ! pa/ f ! age ( ,lycurgus1 ! influ5ce ( wom5 9 ! family & 9 ! g5s _h be5 supreme2 h5ce1 l o!rs :o h attempt$ to deal ) ! subject ( primitive peoples1 he 0 unable to conceive ( a condition ( society 9 :i* wom5's natural in/9cts play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 regulat+ ! social cu/oms & 9 =mulat+ ! laws by :i* !y 7 gov]n$4 ,! extreme mode/y & s5sitiv5ess :i* are obs]v$ z a *>act]i/ic ( bo? sexes 9 ! m>riage relation1 & ! res]ve ( ! y\?s at fe/ivals 9 :i* "y wom5 are report$ to h appe>$ nak$1 may n be ascrib$ to ! laws ( ,lycurgus1 b on ! o!r h& appe> z direct results ( ^? *ecks ^u ! animal in/9cts 9 ! male :i* ! =m] /r5g? & indep5d5ce ( wom5 _h impos$4#bjf #bjf ,z to ! ex]cises ( ! virg9s1 & _! appe>+ nak$1 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]1 9 8 ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,doric ,race obs]ves3 8,! female sex und]w5t 9 ?is respect ! same education z ! male1 ?\gh 7z has be5 above rem>k$7 only ! virg9s4 ,!y _h _! own gymnasia1 & ex]cis$ !mselves1 ei!r nak$ or lightly clad1 9 runn+1 wre/l+1 or ?r[+ ! quoit or spe>4 ,x is highly improbable t y\?s or m5 7 all[$ to look on1 s9ce 9 ! gymnasia ( ,lac$mon no idle by/&]s 7 p]mitt$2 e p]son 0 oblig$ ei!r to jo9 ! re/1 or )draw40--,book iv41 *4 v4-viii4 ,at a lat] age1 = in/ance t ( ,plut>*1 ! spectacle ( "y maid5s appe>+ on occasions ( public fe/ivity 9 a s+le g>m5t1 loose1 & rea*+ a little bel[ ! knee1 w\ld h be5 associat$ ) ideas ( disgrace & %ame2 b1 "u a condition ( society 9 :i* ! animal in/9cts _h n :olly ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] ! high] faculties1 or 9 :i* ! *>act]s peculi> to wom5 _h n be5 ov]%ad[$ or subdu$ by ! gross] elem5ts develop$ 9 human nature1 su* a proce$+ might n1 z we h se51 be inconsi/5t ) ! pure/ motives & ! highe/ aims4 ,some?+ ( ! ext5t to :i* ! influ5ce ( wom5 0 ex]t$ to /imulate brav]y & c\rage 9 ! opposite sex is %[n 9 ! description by ,plut>* ( ! fe/ivals 9 :i* ! "y p appe>$ be=e ea* o!r 9 a semi-nude /ate to practise ! popul> games ( /r5g? & skill4 ,conc]n+ ^! fe/ivals ?is writ] rem>ks t ! "y wom5 engag$ 9 little raill]y ^u ^? :o lack$ skill1 or :o _h n done _! be/1 :ile 8on su* z des]v$ !m !y sang encomiums1 ?us excit+ 9 ! "y m5 a useful emulation & love ( glory40 ,plut>* obs]ves also t 8^? :o 7 prais$ = _! brav]y & celebrat$ among ! virg9s w5t away p]fectly happy1 :ile _! satirical glances 7 no less cutt+ ?an s]i\s admonitions40#bjg #bjg ,lycurgus4 ,^! facts indicate some?+ ( ! ext5t to :i* female influ5ce /ill surviv$ 9 anci5t ,sp>ta1 & reveal pla9ly ! fact t al?\gh 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus ! co>s] in/9cts develop$ 9 human nature _h made consid]able headway1 !y _h n totally eclips$ ! f9] *>act]s peculi> to wom51 z 0 ! case at a lat] p]iod ( ,grecian hi/ory--m p>ticul>ly among ! ,a!nians4 8,z = ! virg9s appe>+ nak$10 ,plut>* himself assures u1 !re 0 no?+ disgraceful 9 x1 because ev]y?+ 0 conduct$ ) mode/y1 & )\t "o indec5t ^w or action4 ,nay1 x caus$ a simplicity ( mann] & an emulation = ! be/ habit ( body2 _! ideas too 7 naturally enl>g$ :ile !y 7 n exclud$ f _! %>e ( brav]y & hon\r4 ,reg>d+ ! comm+l+ ( ! sexes among ! ,sp>tans1 ,mr4 ,grote says3 ,:5 we read ! re/rictions :i* ,sp>tan cu/om impos$ ^u ! int]c\rse ev5 betwe5 m>ri$ p]sons1 we %all conclude )\t hesitation t ! public int]mixture ( ! sexes l$ to no su* lib]ties betwe5 p]sons n m>ri$1 z might be likely to arise f x "u o!r circum/ances4#bjh #bjh ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ii41 p4 #che4 ,x 0 a ,dorian :o fir/ ?rew aside 8 heavy girdle dur+ ! ,olympian conte/s & ran nak$ to ! goal4 ,9 an allusion to ?is incid5t1 & also to ! cu/om ( ,sp>tan virg9s appe>+ 9 a semi-nude /ate 9 ! pres5ce ( ! opposite sex dur+ ! p]=mance ( _! gymna/ic feats1 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll] says t a display ( ! nak$ =m :5 all cov]+ 0 unnecess>y & inconv5i5t 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! "* & temp] ( ! ,dorians4#bji #bji ,hi/ory & ,antiquity ( ! ,doric ,race1 book iv41 *4 ii41 p4 #a4 ,conc]n+ ! /yle ( dress adopt$ by ! ,doric virg9s1 x is said to h consi/$ ( a loose wooll5 g>m5t call$ a himation4 ,x 0 )\t sleeves & 0 fa/5$ ov] ! %\ld]s ) l>ge clasps4 ,! himation 0 completely jo9$ only on "o side1 ! o!r side be+ left loose & fa/5$ ) a buckle or clasp4 ,d\btless ?is adju/m5t ( ! g[n 0 to enable ! we>] to op5 x & ?r[ x back1 !reby secur+ great] fre$om to ! limbs :ile runn+ & wre/l+4 ,?is simple g>m5t rea*$ only to ! calf ( ! leg1 & 0 worn sometimes ) a girdle1 sometimes )\t4 ,! pure /ate ( morals 9 ,sp>ta furni%es an explanation ( t peculi> /yle ( dress among wom5 :i* has elicit$ s mu* comm5t among lat] writ]s1 & :i* has /amp$ ! ,sp>tan wom5 z creatures especially 8devoid ( mode/y40 ,true mode/y 0 evid5tly "o ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is p among bo? sexes1 b ! simulation ( x1 :i*1 by ! way1 is usually practis$ j 9 proportion z ! l[] prop5sities h ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] ! high] faculties1 0 d\btless abs5t 9 ,sp>tan society4#baj #baj ,we h ! au?ority ( ,tacitus respect+ ! cu/oms1 "*1 & /yle ( dress ( ! anci5t ,g]mans4 ,among ?is p1 z is well kn[n1 ! influ5ce ( wom5 0 9 ! asc5d5cy ov] t ( m51 & ! /ate ( public morals 0 exactly t :i* might be expect$4 ,respect+ ! dress ( wom51 ?is writ] says !y 8d n l5g!n _! upp] g>m5t into sleeves b leave expos$ ! :ole arm1 & "p ( ! brea/0 7,g]mania1 *ap4 xvii474 ,x is obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t *a/ity 0 ! *>act]i/ic virtue ( ?is p among bo? sexes4 ,! m>riage bond 0 /rict & sev]e1 & we are in=m$ t among ! ,saxons ! wom5 !mselves inflict$ ! p5alty = adult]y4 ,f an epi/le ( ,/4 ,boniface1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 to ,e!lbald1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 we h ! foll[+3 8,9 anci5t ,saxony 7n[ ,we/phalia71 if a virg9 pollute h] fa!r's h\se1 or a m>ri$ woman prove false to h] v[s1 sometimes %e is =c$ to put an end to h] own life by ! halt]1 & ov] ! a%es ( h] burn$ body h] s$uc] is hang$40 ,an illu/ration ( ! /ate ( public morals 9 anci5t ,sp>ta may be obs]v$ 9 ! foll[+ dialogue4 ,a /rang] once ask$ a ,sp>tan :at p5alty _! law atta*$ to adult]y4 ,! reply 03 8,my fri5d1 !re are no adult]]s 9 our c\ntry40 ,^u be+ fur!r int]rogat$1 8,b :at if !re %\ld be "o80 ! ,sp>tan repli$3 8,:y !n1 he mu/ =feit a bull s l>ge t he might dr9k ( ! ,eurotus f ! top ( ,m\nt ,taygetus40 ,:5 ! /rang] ask$3 8,h[ c su* a bull be f\nd80 ! man answ]$ ) a smile1 8,h[ c an adult]] be f\nd 9 ,sp>ta80#baa #baa ,plut>*'s ,lycurgus4 ,comm5t+ on ! relative position ( ,doric & ,a!nian wom51 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll] says3 ,! dome/ic relation ( ! wife to h] husb& among ! ,dorians 0 9 g5]al ! same z t ( ! anci5t we/]n nation1 describ$ by ,hom] z univ]sal among ! ,greeks1 & :i* exi/$ at ,rome till a late p]iod2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! peculi>ities ( ! cu/om 7 pres]v$ by ! ,dorians m /rictly ?an else:]e4 ,among/ ! ,dorians ( ,sp>ta1 ! wife 0 hon\r$ by h] husb& ) ! title ( mi/ress 7a gallantry belong+ to ! nor? ( ,greece1 & also practis$ by ! ,!ssalians71 :i* 0 us$ nei!r ironically nor unmean+ly4 ,nay1 s /range did ! importance :i* ! ,lac$monian wom5 enjoy1 & ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]cis$ z ! manag]s ( _! h\sehold1 & mo!rs ( families1 appe> to ! ,greeks1 at a "t :5 ! preval5ce ( ,a!nian mann]s prev5t$ a due consid]ation = national cu/oms1 t ,ari/otle suppos$ ,lycurgus to h attempt$1 b )\t success1 to regulate ! lives ( wom5 z he _h regulat$ t ( ! m52 & ! ,sp>tans 7 frequ5tly c5sur$ = submitt+ to ! yoke ( _! wives4 ,x has be5 truly said t n[h]e else 9 ,greece d we f9d traces ( t p[] ex]cis$ by wom5 ov] _! sons :5 arriv$ at manhood obs]v$ among ,sp>tan mo!rs4 ,:5 a woman ( ano!r c\ntry said to ,gorgo1 ! wife ( ,leonidas1 8,y ( ,lac$mon are ! only wom5 9 ! _w t rule ! m510 %e repli$1 8,we are ! only wom5 t br+ =? m540#bab #bab ,plut>*'s ,lycurgus4 ,) our pres5t k respect+ ! influ5ce & indep5d5ce ( ! ,sp>tan wom51 x is folly = c]ta9 writ]s to ass]t t m>ri$ wom5 7 conf9$ )9 ! h\se & t only virg9s appe>$ 9 public4 ,!re is "s evid5ce go+ to prove t at ,crete1 at ,sp>ta1 & at ,olympia1 wom5 7 n only spectators at ! ,olympian games1 b t !y engag$ p]sonally 9 ! *>iot conte/s4 ,accord+ to an inscription 9 ,della ,cella1 x is %[n t wom5 presid$ ov] ! public gymna/ic ex]cises 9 t t[n4 ,"o v important fact go+ to %[ :5ce proce$$ ! re=ms ( ,lycurgus is t ! m&ates ( ! oracle 7 supreme4 ,! oracles controll$ ! rul]s1 b wom5 always controll$ or int]pret$ ! oracles4 ,! celebrat$ ,rhetra ( ,lycurgus1 9 :i* unlimit$ au?ority is giv5 to ! p to reject or adopt ! proposals ( ! k+1 0 giv5 accord+ to ! direction ( ! ,py?ian ,apollo1 ^: m&ates 7 int]pret$ by wom54 ,9 an e>li] age ! *iefs ( ! g5tes 7 elect$ by all ! p1 & !y held _! (fice by virtue ( _! relation%ip to ! lead] ( ! g5s1 :o 0 a woman4 ,t ! hon\r due to wom5 0 /ill recogniz$ 9 ,sp>ta is %[n 9 ! foll[+ f ,plut>* 9 relation to ! election ( s5ators4 ,! p]son :o _h receiv$ ! l\de/ acclamations 0 decl>$ duly elect$1 :]eupon he 0 cr[n$ ) a g>l&1 & a numb] ( "y m5 foll[$ him ab\t to extol 8 virtues4 ,! wom5 sang 8 praises & bless$ 8 life & conduct4 ,two portions 7 set be=e him1 "o ( :i* he c>ri$ to ! gates ( ! public hall1 :]e ! wom5 7 9 wait+ to receive him4 ,to ! "o = :om he _h ! greate/ e/eem he pres5t$ ! portion1 say+3 8,t :i* ,i receiv$ z a m>k ( hon\r ,i give to y40 ,! woman ?us hon\r$ 80 conduct$ home ) great applause by ! re/ ( ! wom540#bac #bac ,plut>*'s ,lycurgus4 ,sp>tan m5 7 =bidd5 to m>ry =eign wom51 h5ce1 contr>y to ! cu/oms ( surr\nd+ nations at ?is e>ly p]iod1 wives z well z husb&s 7 native-born4 ,all 7 ,sp>tans1 :i* fact probably acc\nts 9 a measure = ! exalt$ position occupi$ by wom54 ,bo? 9 ,sp>ta & 9 ,crete ! =m ( m>riage 0 by capture2 ?us1 al?\gh 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus ! ,sp>tan m5 & wom5 bo? belong$ to ! same /ock1 x is pla9 t orig9ally !y 7 ( diff]5t tribes4 ,( capture z practis$ 9 ,sp>ta1 ,mll] says t x 0 cle>ly an anci5t national cu/om1 f\nd$ on ! idea t 8! "y woman c\ld n surr5d] h] fre$om & virg9 purity1 unless compell$ by ! viol5ce ( ! /rong] sex40#bad ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 aft] ! arrangem5ts = ! w$d+ _h be5 complet$1 ! bridegroom ru%$ 91 seiz$ ! bride f among h] assembl$ fri5ds1 & bore h] away4 #bad ,hi/ory & ,antiquity ( ! ,doric ,race1 book iv41 *ap4 iv4 ,! ,dorian /ock alone seems to h pres]v$ ! anci5t cu/oms1 & among ^! peoples1 :]ev] !y are f\nd1 woman's influ5ce is 9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus & ,ari/otle1 ! ,sp>tans1 ! ,cretans1 & ! ,lycians 7 relat$4 ,! p ( ,crete /ill pres]v$ _! anci5t usages1 h5ce may be obs]v$ ! reason :y ,lycurgus visit$ t c\ntry 9 que/ ( in=mation be=e enunciat+ ! laws :i* 7 to re/ore ord] among ! ,sp>tans4 ,9 ,lycia1 z 9 ,crete1 woman's influ5ce mu/ /ill h be5 consid]able4 ,( ! ,lycians ,h]odotus says3 ,_! cu/oms are p>tly ,cretan1 p>tly ,c>ian4444 ,!y take ! "m's & n ! fa!r's "n4 ,ask a ,lycian :o he is1 & he answ]s by giv+ 8 own "n1 t ( 8 "m1 & s on 9 ! female l9e4 ,moreov]1 if a free woman m>ry a man :o is a slave1 _! *ildr5 are full citiz5s2 b if a free man m>ry a =eign woman1 or live ) a concub9e1 ev5 ?\gh he be ! fir/ p]son 9 ! /ate1 ! *ildr5 =feit all ! rights ( citiz5%ip4#bae #bae ,book i4 ,on ! mann] ( reckon+ desc5t ?r\gh wom5 :i* prevail$ 9 ,lycia1 ,curtius rem>ks t ! usage ext5ds f> beyond ! t]ritory comm&$ by ! ,lycian nationality4 ,x is /ill extant 9 ,india2 x 0 practis$ 9 anci5t ,egypt1 among ! ,etruscans1 & among ! ,cretans1 :o 7 closely relat$ to ! ,lycians4 ,?is writ] obs]ves t if ,h]odotus reg>ds ! usage 9 "q z ?or\ghly peculi> to ! ,lycians1 x mu/ h ma9ta9$ itself longe/ among !m ( all ! nations relat$ to ! ,greeks1 z is also prov$ by ! ,lycian inscriptions4#baf #baf ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 book i41 ,w>d's translation4 ,z ! ,sab9es :o unit$ ) ! ,romans 9 f\nd+ ,rome claim$ relation%ip ) ! ,dorians1 we may reasonably expect to f9d among !m some:at ( t womanly influ5ce :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,sp>tans1 & "s h9t among _! cu/oms ( an e>li] age ( female indep5d5ce4 ,al?\gh ! ,sab9e wom5 did n 8volunt>ily0 assume ! position ( wives to ! ,romans b 7 captur$ by !m1 :5 ! two nations unit$1 ! ,sab9es 7 reg>d$ r 9 ! light ( conf]r+ hon\r ^u ,rome ?an z detract+ f its dignity4 ,( ! e>ly ,romans1 ,ortolan says3 ,! connubium1 or "r ( m>riage1 did n exi/ betwe5 males & females ( diff]5t cities unless by special agreem5t betwe5 ^? cities4 ,?us x 0 t ! primitive ,romans1 accord+ to tradition1 7 compell$ to resort to ambuscade & =ce 9 ord] to c>ry (f _! fir/ wives4#bag #bag ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #gi4 ,! ,roman family1 l ! ,roman /ate1 began ) slav]y4 ,( ! ,romans x has be5 said t !y acquir$ _! t]ritory1 _! prop]ty1 & ev5 _! wives by ! lance4 ,) !m ! lance became ! symbol ( prop]ty1 & ev5 _h a place 9 _! judicial proc$ure4 ,_! slaves 7 booty1 _! wives 7 booty1 & _! *ildr51 begott5 ( !m1 ! fruit ( _! possessions4#bah #bah ,ortolan's ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,law1 p4 #db4 ,! "r ( fa!rs1 "u ,romulus1 to sell _! sons1 ^u ! accession ( ,numa ! ,sab9e rul]1 to ! (fice ( lawgiv]1 0 )drawn1 & ! reason giv5 = x 0 consid]ation = wom54 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,numa 8reckon$ x a great h>d%ip1 t a woman %\ld m>ry a man z free1 & !n live ) him z a slave40#bai #bai ,numa & ,lycurgus comp>$4 ,9 ! life ( ,numa by ,plut>* we h a h9t ( a =m] age ( univ]sal fre$om4 ,x 0 "o ( ?is rul]'s in/itutions1 t once a ye> ! slaves %\ld be ent]ta9$ along ) _! ma/]s at a public fea/1 !re to enjoy ! fruits 8:i* !y _h help$ to produce40 ,! same writ] assures u t "s are ( ! op9ion t ?is is a remnant ( t equality :i* 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! times ( ,saturn1 :5 !re 0 nei!r ma/] nor slave1 b all 7 ^u ! same foot+4 ,plut>* quotes f ,macrobius1 :o says t ?is fea/ 0 celebrat$ 9 ,italy long be=e ! build+ ( ,rome4 ,f all ! facts to be ga!r$ relative to ! relations ( ! sexes 9 ! age ( ,numa1 x is pla9 t t fre$om ( action ex]cis$ by wom5 9 a =m] age among ! ,dorians1 0 rapidly decl9+1 & t ! e>ly indep5d5ce :i* has *>act]iz$ ! ,sab9e wom5 0 beg9n+ to br+ ^u !m ! condemnation ( _! ,roman lords4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! fact t x soon became ,numa's ardu\s task to in/itute c]ta9 re/rictions on _! =m] lib]ties4 ,9 a comp>ison betwe5 ,lycurgus & ,numa1 ,plut>*1 9 ref]r+ to ?is subject1 obs]ves3 ,numa's /rictures z to virg9s t5d$ to =m !m to t mode/y :i* is ! ornam5t ( _! sex2 b ! great lib]ty :i* ,lycurgus gave !m1 br\ght ^u !m ! c5sure ( ! poets1 p>ticul>ly ,ibycus4 ,! grossness :i* _h be5 develop$ dur+ ! f\r or five hundr$ ye>s foll[+ ! age ( ,lycurgus1 & ! jeal\sy ) :i* ! movem5ts ( wom5 _h come to be reg>d$1 are illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /anza f ,euripides3 ,^! quit _! homes1 ambiti\s to display1 ,amid/ ! y\?s1 _! vig\r 9 ! race1 ,or feats ( wre/l+1 :il/ _! airy robe ,flies back & leaves _! limbs uncov]$4#bbj #bbj ,quot$ by ,plut>*4 ,x is evid5t t n only 9 private life1 b 9 _! desire = public activity also1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,sab9e wom5 fail$ to comport ) ! ideas already 9 vogue among _! ,roman husb&s reg>d+ ! 8prop] sph]e0 ( wom54 ,consequ5tly _! behavi\r 0 ?\ght to be too bold & too mascul9e1 9 p>ticul> to _! husb&s2 = !y consid]$ !mselves z absolute mi/resses 9 _! h\ses2 nay1 !y want$ a %>e 9 affairs ( /ate1 & deliv]$ _! s5tim5ts ) great fre$om conc]n+ ! mo/ weighty matt]s4#bba #bba ,numa & ,lycurgus comp>$4 ,a woman ev5 appe>$ 9 ! ,=um to plead h] own cause1 :]eupon ! grave s5ators ord]$ t ! oracles be consult$ t ! true import ( ! s+ul> ph5om5on might be reveal$4#bbb #bbb ,ibid4 ,plut>*1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 aft] hav+ rec\nt$ ^! misdemean\rs1 assures u t 8:at is record$ ( a few infam\s wom5 is a pro( ( ! ob$i5ce & meekness ( ,roman matrons 9 g5]al40#bbc #bbc ,ibid4 ,d\btless1 9 ,plut>*'s "t1 ,roman wom5 _h lo/ mu* ( t influ5ce :i* *>act]iz$ ! female sex 9 an e>li] age2 x is n1 !re=e rem>kable t by ?is writ] ! ,sab9e wom5 %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z too =w>d & z altoge!r infam\s4 ,t _! conduct 0 n all t c\ld be desir$ by ! outlaws & b&its :o f\nd$ ,rome1 & :o _h /ol5 !m = wives1 is evid5t2 & ! regulations ( _! rul]s respect+ !m %[ pla9ly t mu* judici\s tra9+ & a va/ am\nt ( repression 7 requir$ be=e !y 7 fitt$ = ! peculi> duties devolv+ ^u !m z sexual slaves4 ,we are told by ,plut>* t ! regulations e/abli%$ by ,lycurgus1 in/ead ( enc\rag+ t lic5ti\sness ( ! wom5 :i* prevail$ at a lat] p]iod1 op]at$ to r5d] adult]y unkn[n among/ !m2 yet ?is writ] =gets to m5tion ! fact t 9 ,sp>ta1 9 ! "t ( ?is rul]1 !re 0 no dem& = pro/itution by a class :o held all ! weal? & p[]1 & :o 7 !re=e 9 a position to regulate ?is matt] to suit _! own ta/es & incl9ations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! female sex 0 free1 n only 9 ! matt] ( sexual relations1 b 9 ! ex]cise ( all _! natural t5d5cies1 & 9 ! direction ( all _! movem5ts4 ,! idea ( sex1 :i* among lat] & m ?or\ghly s5sualiz$ nations became fir/ & =emo/1 among ! ,dorians1 s f> z equal rights1 obligations1 & duties 7 conc]n$1 0 ignor$ or left to nature to regulate4 ,plut>*1 l mo/ writ]s :o h dealt ) ! relations ( ! sexes1 fails to obs]ve ! fact t j to ! ext5t 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d to :i* wom5 h be5 free & indep5d5t1 lic5ti\sness has disappe>$1 & t j 9 proportion z ! influ5ce ( wom5 has decl9$1 9 j su* proportion h %ame1 pr(ligacy1 disease1 & infamy prevail$4 ,to produce a /ate ( society 9 :i* ! animal in/9cts rul$ supreme1 & 9 :i* passion 0 ! recogniz$ god1 wom5 _h fir/ to become physically dep5d5t & m5tally enslav$4 ,= s long a "t h wom5 be5 judg$ by mascul9e /&>ds1 x is n p]haps rem>kable t male writ]s ( ^! lat] times c disc]n 9 ! simplicity & *a/ity exi/+ among ! ,dorians1 9 ! age ( ,lycurgus1 no evid5ce ( a =m] era ( female indep5d5ce4 ,nei!r is x s+ul>1 z = s _m ages wom5 h be5 subject to ! pleasure & control ( ! opposite sex1 t we %\ld be repeat$ly told by writ]s :o h dealt ) ! usages ( ! ,sp>tans1 t _! wom5 7 8p]mitt$0 to d ?is1 & 8all[$0 to d t1 al?\gh ! facts 9 ! case prove t 9 all _! movem5ts !y 7 guid$ by _! own wills1 ex]cis$ ei!r directly1 or ?r\gh ! oracles ( ! gods4 ,:5 ! cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,dorians are view$ )\t prejudice1 ! fact w d\btless be obs]v$ t !y orig9at$ n 9 a deprav$ & lic5ti\s /ate ( society1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !y 7 ! direct result ( t fre$om ( action :i* *>act]izes purity ( life & a high /&>d ( ?\ght & action4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,a!nian ,,wom5 ,accord+ to ,wil=d1 ! ,greeks 7 ! desc5dants ( ! ,yavanas ( ,india4 ,?is writ] obs]ves t ! ,p&its insi/ t ! words ,yavana & ,yoni are d]iv$ f ! same root1 ,yu1 & t :5 ! ,ionians emigrat$ !y adopt$ ?is "n to di/+ui% !mselves z ador]s ( ! female1 9 opposition to a /rong sect ( male wor%ipp]s :i* _h be5 driv5 f ! "m c\ntry4#bbd ,"u ! con/antly increas+ importance ( ! male1 h[ev]1 bo? 9 human affairs & 9 ! god-idea1 !y subsequ5tly became a%am$ ( _! religi\s title & s\ght to ab&on x4 ,( ! av]sion felt 9 ,greece = ?is "n ,h]odotus says3 #bbd ,see ,h>grave ,j5n+s1 ,phallicism4 ,! ,a!nians & mo/ ( ! ,ionic /ates ov] ! _w w5t s f> 9 _! dislike ( ! "n z actually to lay x aside2 & ev5 at ! pres5t day ! great] numb] ( !m seems to me to be a%am$ ( x4#bbe #bbe ,book i4 ,:5ev] 9 e>ly hi/oric times a c\ntry 0 subjugat$1 ! conqu]ors ei!r murd]$ or enslav$ ! m51 & utiliz$ ! wom5 = wives1 or sexual slaves4 ,! ,ionians :o1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 sail$ f ,attica1 )\t wom51 took = wives native ,c>ians ^: fa!rs !y _h sla92 h5ce ^! captives made a law1 :i* !y b\nd !mselves by an oa? to obs]ve1 & :i* !y h&$ d[n to _! daught]s aft] !m1 t 8none %\ld ev] sit at meat ) h] husb&1 or call him by 8 "n2 because ! invad]s slew _! fa!rs1 _! husb&s1 & _! sons1 & !n =c$ !m to become _! wives40#bbf ,! t]ms ( ! oa?s sworn by !m at ! "t ( ! capture seem1 subsequ5tly1 to h be5 en=c$ by _! imp]i\s ma/]s4 #bbf ,book i4 ,z ^! wom5 7 =eign]s !y 7 entitl$ to little or no respect f _! captors4 ,h[ev]1 z !y 7 to become ! mo!rs ( ,greek citiz5s1 !y mu/ necess>ily be 8protect$10 or1 9 o!r words1 !y mu/ be kept 9 seclusion4 ,9 ! "t ( ,solon1 rape committ$ on a free-born woman 0 puni%able by f9e4#bbg #bbg ,plut>*1 ,solon4 ,f t /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek tribes1 at :i* ?r\gh capture & appropriation ( ! soil by individuals wom5 began to lose t influ5ce :i* !y _h ex]cis$ "u matri>*al usages1 to ! "t ( ,solon1 ! lawgiv] ( ,a!ns1 :5 !y _h f9ally desc5d$ to ! l[e/ level ( mis]y & sexual degradation1 may be obs]v$ a correspond+ t5d5cy gradually develop+ itself among ! p t[>ds selfi%ness1 usurpation ( p[]1 & ! slav]y ( ! masses4 ,9 ! age ( ,solon ! limit ( human wret*$ness seems to h be5 rea*$1 & z ! human race is nev] at a /&/ill1 x mu/ at ?is "t h ei!r become ext9ct1 or h begun gradually to lift itself f ! condition ( disgrace & ru9 into :i* x _h fall54 ,! "* ( ,solon1 z ga!r$ f ! facts at h& reg>d+ him1 reflects 9 a measure ! true condition ( society at t "t4 ,al?\gh va9 & morally weak1 he 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se humane2 8 humanity1 h[ev]1 ext5d$ only to ^? ( 8 own sex4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! wom5 ( ,a!ns 7 import$ =eign]s1 & 7 !re=e s degrad$ t !y _h no rights :i* any "o1 ev5 a lawgiv]1 0 b\nd to protect4 ,aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! ar*on%ip1 ,solon's fir/ act 0 to cancel ! debts aga9/ ! l&s & p]sons ( ! ,a!nians1 & to e/abli% a law t 9 future no man %\ld accept ! body ( 8 debtor = security4#bbh ,_m :o _h be5 previ\sly bani%$ or driv5 out ( ! c\ntry = debt1 & _h rema9$ s long f _! native l& z to =get _! ,attic dialect1 7 recall$ z freem51 :ile o!rs1 :o at home _h suff]$ slav]y1 7 releas$ & giv5 _! fre$om4 #bbh ,plut>*1 ,solon4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 9 no position 9 life w a va91 morally weak man display to bett] advantage ! defects 9 8 "* ?an 9 8 attempts to legislate = wom52 & "u no circum/ances w 8 true inw>dness ( purpose /& m truly reveal$ ?an 9 8 ef=ts to 8regulate0 ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,a brief notice ( ,solon's laws conc]n+ wom5 proves him to h be5 no exception to ! g5]ally obs]v$ rule4 ,x is record$ ( him t 9 8 extreme solicitude le/ _! movem5ts %\ld n comport ) 8 ideas ( female propriety & decorum1 he regulat$ _! j\rney+s1 & laid d[n rules respect+ _! m\rn+s1 sacrifices1 & ! numb] ( g[ns :i* !y 7 to take ) !m :5 !y w5t out ( t[n4 ,! provision = _! j\rney & ev5 ! size ( ! basket 9 :i* x 0 to be convey$ 7 subjects n unwor?y ! att5tion ( ! great ,a!nian lawgiv]4 ,wom5's mode ( travel by night 0 also prescrib$ z 0 also _! conduct at fun]als & v>i\s places ( amusem5t4 ,9 fact all _! actions 7 subject$ to t m$dlesome espionage & control :i* *>act]ize a weak & s5su\s age4 ,inde$1 we h some?+ m ?an a h9t ( ! degrad$ position occupi$ by wom51 9 ! fact t a man might n be all[$ to sell a daught] or a si/] 8unless %e 7 tak5 9 an act ( di%on\r be=e m>riage10 9 :i* case h] accus] might sell h] p]son = individual ga92 & ?is1 too1 not)/&+ ! fact t he1 z well z ne>ly e o!r man 9 ,a!ns1 0 /eep$ 9 infamy4 ,! measure adopt$ by ,solon = ! regulation ( pro/itution1 & 8 division ( wom5 into classes = ! conv5i5ce ( all conditions ( m51 indicate cle>ly ! disgrace & %amelessness :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,a!nians at ?is /age ( _! c>e]1 & depict ) un]r+ fidelity ! dep? ( horror into :i* womanhood _h be5 dragg$4 ,! condition ( public morals dur+ ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s foll[+ ! age ( ,solon is pla9ly indicat$ n only 9 ! laws b 9 ! my?ologies ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,pro/itution 0 enjo9$ by religion & :5 ,draco1 sudd5ly %ock$ by ! deg5]acy ( 8 "t1 affix$ ! p5alty ( dea? to rape1 s$uction1 & adult]y1 x has be5 said t by ! p]=mance ( ! prescrib$ religi\s rites )9 ! temple1 ! 8rig\r ( 8 edicts 0 consid]ably s(t5$40 ,! re/ra9t impos$ ^u ! ,a!nians by ! ,draconian regulations 01 h[ev]1 ( %ort duration2 = :5 ,solon1 ! successor ( ,draco1 assum$ ! position ( ar*on1 he at once legally e/abli%$ a suffici5t numb] ( h\ses ( pro/itution at ,a!ns to supply ! dem&1 fill+ !m ) female slaves :o _h be5 tak5 captives 9 w>1 or :o _h be5 o!rwise provid$ by ! munific5ce ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b y did well = e man1 ,o ,solon2 ,= !y d say y 7 ! fir/ to see ,! ju/ice ( a public-spirit$ measure1 ,! ,savi\r ( ! ,/ate4#bbi #bbi ,philemon4 ,quot$ by ,a!nu1 book xiii4 ,by ?is "t1 s degrad$ _h womanhood become1 t ! traffic 9 female captives = sexual purposes 0 reg>d$ z a legitimate bus9ess1 & ! rev5ue accru+ f _! s]vices 0 consid]$ a lawful s\rce ( ga9 to ! /ate1 its use be+ devot$ to ! re>+ ( temples & to ! c>ry+ out ( ! v>i\s projects connect$ ) religi\s wor%ip4 ,t ! ,a!nians ( ?is p]iod 7 :olly giv5 ov] to luxury & lic5ti\sness is %[n by ! fact t at _! bac*analian fea/s1 ! troops ( wom5 :o 7 9 att5dance & :o _h be5 provid$ = ! occasion by ! g5]osity ( ! /ate1 p]=m$ all _! duties "u direct & explicit in/ruction ( ! gov]nm5t 8to disobey no ord] ( a gue/02 = :i* wise regulations ,solon receiv$ ! praise & comm5dation ( ,a!nian m54 ,9 a =m] portion ( ?is "w ! fact has be5 not$ t until well into ! ,latt] ,/atus ( b>b>ism all wom5 7 protect$2 t among ! ,kaffirs1 ! ,fiji ,isl&]s1 & v>i\s o!r peoples occupy+ a l[] /age 9 ! ord] ( gr[?1 wom51 al?\gh dive/$ ( _! =m] influ5ce1 are /ill jeal\sly gu>d$ by ! g5s to :i* !y belong2 & t :5 maid5s are b]eft ( home & ne> relatives1 !y are adopt$ into "s o!r g5s )9 ! tribe :]e !y are inve/$ ) ! same rights z are its own memb]s4 ,!re=e :5 contemplat+ ! social condition ( ! ,a!nians five or six hundr$ ye>s ,b4,c41 we are naturally l$ to inquire3 ,:at 7 ! causes :i* dur+ "o e?nical p]iod _h produc$ s m>k$ a *ange 9 ! position ( ! female sex8 ,= an answ] to our "q we mu/ recall ! facts set =? 9 ?is volume relative to ! capture ( wives1 toge!r ) ! feel+ ( hatr$ ent]ta9$ by e>ly society = ali5 wom54 ,9 ! "t ( ,p]icles1 an age :5 ,a!ns 0 at ! height ( its prosp]ity1 ! wom5 ( ! city 7 divid$ into five classes z reg>d$ _! duties & uses4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consi/$ ( wives1 :o1 = ! mo/ "p1 7 kept 9 seclusion & all[$ to exi/ solely = ! purpose ( propagat+ ,greek citiz5s4 ,^! wom5 7 )\t influ5ce1 possess+ no rights or privileges beyond ! w ( _! 8lords02 :ile to su* an ext5t 7 !y consid]$ m]ely 9 ! light ( h\sehold furniture t !y 7 n p]mitt$ to appe> 9 public1 nor to sit at table ) _! ma/]s4 ,! foll[+ dialogue betwe5 ,socrates & ,is*oma*us1 a man :o _h manag$ 8 h\sehold 9 su* a mann] z to be 8po9t$ out z a model = all ,a!ns10 p]haps s]ves z a correct picture ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 husb& & wife 9 ! ,p]iclean age4 8,i %\ld l to "k ?is p>ticul> f y10 said ,socrates1 8:e!r y y\rself educat$ y\r wife s z to make h] :at %e ought to be1 or :e!r y receiv$ h] f h] p>5ts ) a k ( h] duties80--8,& h[ c\ld ,i h receiv$ h] s educat$1 ,socrates1 :5 %e came to me n fifte5 ye>s old1 & _h liv$ up to t "t "u ! /ricte/ surveillance t %e might see z little z possible1 & he> z little z possible1 & inquire z little z possible80 ,( ! five classes to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 wives only 7 native-born1 & z ?is p>ticul> class _h specific duties to p]=m1 sev]e p5alties 7 atta*$ to ! crimes ( s$uction & rape :5 committ$ ^u ,a!nian wom54 ,! rema9+ f\r classes 7 arrang$ accord+ to ! dignity ( _! associates1 ! highe/ 9 rank & repute be+ ! hetairai1 ! memb]s ( :i* compris$ ! only free wom5 9 ,a!ns4 ,!mselves philosoph]s & /ateswom51 _! associates among males 7 ( ! same rank or /ation4 ,!y con/itut$ a highly intellectual class1 & z su* 7 able to control n only _! own movem5ts1 b to ex]cise a rem>kable influ5ce ^u lit]ature1 art1 & ! affairs ( /ate4 ,because ( ! important position occupi$ by ^! wom51 !y w be ref]r$ to lat] 9 ?is "w4 ,! next 9 rank 7 ! auletrides1 or flute-play]s4 ,_m ( ! mo/ fa%ionable ( ^! 7 slaves :o _h be5 br\ght to ,greece by speculators4 ,we are in=m$ t female musicians 7 a usual accompanim5t to an ,a!nian banquet1 & t flute-play+ became an ess5tial feature 9 ! wor%ip ( sev]al ( _! deities2 h5ce1 ! s]vices ( ?is p>ticul> class 7 9 dem&1 n only to height5 ! enjoym5t ( social int]c\rse1 b to /imulate & enc\rage religi\s en?usiasm4 ,at public ga!r+s1 aft] ! d9n] 0 ov]1 & :ile ! w9e 0 fl[+ freely1 ^! wom5 made _! appe>ance 9 a semi-nude condition1 danc+ & keep+ "t to ! music by ! graceful motion ( _! beautifully m\ld$ figures4 ,:ile ! en?usiasm 0 at its height !y 7 sold to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,fi/ fights1 or h&-to-h& enc\nt]s = ! possession ( ^! female flute-play]s1 7 n uncommon occurr5ces 9 ! be/ society 9 ,a!ns4#bcj #bcj ,a!nu1 book xiii41 ,^! sc5es 7 p]=m$ "u ! sanction ( religion & law2 !y !re=e s]ve to reveal ! true inw>dness ( ! ,greek "* at ?is /age ( developm5t4 ,x is report$ t ! f9e/ h\ses 9 ,alex&ria 7 inscrib$ ) ! names ( fam\s ,greek auletrides4 ,( all ! flute-play]s ( ,greece1 ,lamia is said to h be5 ! mo/ successful4 ,= fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s %e 0 ! delight ( ! entire city ( ,alex&ria & ( ,k+ ,ptolemy4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! city 0 tak5 by ,demetrius ( ,mac$on1 ,lamia 0 tak5 also4 ,:5 %e dem&$ t an imm5se tax be levi$ on ! city ( ,a!ns = h] b5efit1 x is record$ t al?\gh ! p murmur$ at ! am\nt1 !y nev]!less f\nd x to _! int]e/ to deify h] & erect a temple 9 h] hon\r4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,plut>*1 ,lamia rais$ money on h] own au?ority to provide an ent]ta9m5t = ! k+4#bca #bca ,demetrius4 ,! f\r? class consi/$ ( concub9es1 or pur*as$ slaves :o 7 9 ! s]vice ( ,a!nian g5tlem5 7874 ,?is app5dage to ! ,greek family 0 a memb] ( ! h\sehold ( h] ma/] :]e %e 0 kept ) ! full k ( ! wife1 ! latt] occupy+ a position little if any sup]ior to t ( h] rival4 ,inde$1 z ! pur*as$ slave c\ld be dispos$ ( :5ev] ! fancy or caprice ( h] ma/] s dictat$1 & ano!r in/all$ 9 h] place1 x is reasonable to suppose t s long z %e did rema91 %e 0 ! object ( q z mu* att5tion z 0 ! wife4 ,! l[e/ class1 or ^? :o 7 all[$ ! lea/ fre$om ( action1 7 ^? kn[n z ! dict]iades4 ,!y 7 compell$ to reside at a designat$ place1 & 7 =bidd5 to be se5 ^u ! /reets by day4 ,no?+ ( a p]sonal nature 0 all[$ to int]f]e ) ! duties :i* 7 impos$ ^u !m by _! imp]i\s ma/]s4 ,_! only duty 0 to obey4 ,by ?is "t we are prep>$ to appreciate1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! moral aspect ( ,greek society dur+ ! ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 ! age ( ,solon & t ( ,p]icles1 a p]iod ( ab\t a c5tury & a half4 ,t all wom51 wives & concub9es1 native-born & =eign1 _h be5 dragg$ to ! l[e/ dep?s ( disgrace & %ame & t !y 7 classifi$ & arrang$ to meet ! dem&s ( ^? :o ?r\gh ! un*eck$ t5d5cies inh]5t 9 ! male nature _h rea*$ ! l[e/ level ( infamy to :i* x is possible = liv+ creatures to desc5d1 are facts :i* are only too pla9ly %[n by ^? ^: duty x has be5 to record ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks4 ,al?\gh "u ,draco1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,solon1 ! political degradation ( ! citiz5s ( ,greece may be said to h rea*$ its height1 & al?\gh ! upris+ ( ! masses aga9/ ! usurpation ( p[] by ! few m>ks an era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks1 x 0 n until ! dawn ( ! ,p]iclean age t wom5 _h ga9$ suffici5t fre$om to enable !m to ex]cise any direct influ5ce on ?\ght1 or on ! pr9ciples und]ly+ human conduct4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t = five or six c5turies ! inf]iority ( wom5 _h be5 sy/ematically & religi\sly taught4 ,ev] s9ce ! rule ( ,cecrops1 at :i* "t d\btless ! mann] ( reckon+ desc5t began to be *ang$ f ! female to ! male l9e1 woman's influ5ce 9 ,a!ns _h gradually decl9$4 ,! religio-physiological doctr9e t 9 ! (fice ( reproduction ! "m plays only an insignificant "p _h n only be5 proclaim$ by ,apollo b _h be5 sanction$ also by ,a!ne4 ,x is record$ ( ,cecrops t 8he in/itut$ m>riage & e/abli%$ a new religion40 ,j "h may be obs]v$ ! key to ! gradually decl9+ position ( ! female elem5t 9 ! deity1 & to ! f9ally accept$ dogma t ! female is inf]ior to ! male4 ,?r\gh ! private own]%ip ( l& & ! consequ5t dep5d5cy ( wom5 ^u m51 ! way _h be5 pav$ = ?is assumption--an assumption :i* _h ! effect to create 9 ,ionian m5 ! supreme & l(ty contempt = wom5 :i* is obs]v$ ?r\gh\t _! lit]ature & laws4 ,f ! age ( ,solon to t ( ,p]icles1 ! ov]:elm+ degree ( sup]iority assum$ by ,a!nian m5 ov] wom5 _h uproot$ 9 ! =m] e ve/ige ( re/ra9t1 at ! same "t t x _h depriv$ !m ( ! la/ trace ( t respect = womanhood :i* "u e>li] & m natural conditions _h be5 ent]ta9$4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$ t wom5 took little or no "p 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ,greece2 t dur+ ! mo/ rapid progress ( ,greek m51 !re 0 no correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! position occupi$ by ,greek wom54 ,f :at is record$ relative to ,a!nian wom5 f ! "t ( ,cecrops to t ( ,solon1 "o w\ld sc>cely expect to f9d !m compet+ ) m5 = ! prizes ( life4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 t a consid]able numb] ( !m did ass]t _! indep5d5ce1 & t1 defy+ ! cu/oms & traditions by :i* !y 7 b\nd1 did prove !mselves ! equals ( m51 may n be d\bt$4 ,!re probably has nev] be5 a "t s9ce ! dom9ion ( man began :5 ! m s5sitive & bett] end[$ among wom5 h n secretly rebell$ aga9/ ! tyranny ex]cis$ ov] !m1 &1 ?r\gh\t ! ages1 :5ev] an opportunity has be5 (f]$1 l>ge numb]s ( ^! wom51 h nev] fail$ to make kn[n _! discont5t4 ,greek wom5 7 no exception to ?is rule4 ,_! fir/ /ep t[>d lib]ty 0 to free !mselves f ! gall+ *a9 impos$ ^u !m by m>riage1 a position 9 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 wives 7 simply h\sehold slaves1 tools ( _! imp]i\s & deg5]ate ma/]s4 ,greek wom51 9 ! ,p]iclean age1 simply assum$ ! control ( _! p]sons & by s do+ provok$ ! mal$ictions ( future ages1 ages 9 :i* s5sualism /ill reign$ supreme4 ,= reasons :i* h already be5 expla9$1 ! =emo/ wom5 9 ,greece1 & 9 fact all wom5 :o dur+ ! ,p]iclean age 7 engag$ 9 art1 lit]ature1 philosophy1 & /atesman%ip1 belong$ to ! class kn[n z ! hetairai1 a t]m :i*1 ?r\gh ! excessive gr[? or s5suality & sup]/ition1 subsequ5tly became a t]m ( reproa*4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! importance ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ^! wom5 to society1 su* s]vices w\ld h be5 ignor$1 or1 if n altoge!r ignor$1 w\ld h be5 reflect$ ^u1 or appropriat$ by1 ! opposite sex4 ,to say t ! hetairai 7 free is equal to say+ t !y h be5 misund]/ood1 h5ce ! calumnies :i* = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s h be5 heap$ ^u !m4 ,t ! hetairai ( ,greece 9 ! ,p]iclean age includ$ a class ( wom5 :o 7 ! intellectual compe]s ( ! able/ /atesm5 & philosoph]s is a fact :i* may n by ^? :o h paid close att5tion to ?is subject be d5i$4 ,t !y taught rhetoric & elocution1 t !y lectur$ publicly & e/abli%$ s*ools ( philosophy at ! same "t t !y wield$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! /ate & on ! drift ( curr5t ?\ght are facts :i* m$ival s*ola/icism has n be5 able to conceal4 ,i ?9k "o may n inve/igate ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy :i* arose dur+ ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41 )\t not+ ! peculi>ly altrui/ic pr9ciples involv$ 9 !m1 & ?is1 too1 not)/&+ ! fact t1 hi!rto1 extreme selfi%ness or egoism _h con/itut$ ! prevail+ "* obs]v$ 9 ,a!nian society4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,cyr5aics1 ! virtu\s man is n necess>ily he :o is 9 ! possession ( pleasure b he :o is able to proce$ rightly 9 que/ ( pleasure4 8,virtue is ! only possible & sane way to happ9ess40 ,! mo/ em95t memb]s ( ! ,cyr5aics 7 ,arete ! daught] ( ,ari/ippus & h] son ,ari/ippus ! y\ng]1 surnam$ ! "m-taught4#bcb ,! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,cyr5es seems to h be5 t "r-liv+ or virtue con/itutes ! only good4 8,! ess5ce ( virtue lies 9 self-control4 ,enjoym5t s\ght z an end is evil40 #bcb ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 vol4 i41 p4 #ie4 ,we are in=m$ by ,ueb]weg t !re exi/s an e>ly monograph on ,arete by ,j4 ,c4 ,eck 7,leipzig1 #aggf74 8,virtue is capable ( be+ taught1 & :5 once acquir$ _c be lo/4 ,:at is good is hon\rable1 & :at is bad is disgraceful40 ,on exam9ation x is f\nd t "o ( ! mo/ em95t memb]s ( ?is s*ool is ,hipp>*ia4 ,t %e is n a m]e li/5]1 imbib+ ! ideas ( o!rs1 is %[n 9 ! fact t %e lectur$ publicly & argu$ /rongly be=e ! philosoph]s ( ,a!ns4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,cynic s*ool ( philosophy is said to h be5 ,anti/h5es1 ! son ( a ,?racian "m4 ,"o ( ! say+s ( ?is philosoph] is1 t 8virtue is ! same 9 a man z 9 a woman40#bcc #bcc ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,life ( ,hipp>*ia4 ,t ! "q ( ! position ( wom5 0 a !me = discussion 9 ! age "u consid]ation is %[n 9 a 8sophism0 propos$ by ,hipp>*ia to ,!odorus4 ,once :5 %e w5t to sup ) ,lysima*us1 %e said to ,!odorus3 8,:at ,!odorus c\ld n be call$ wrong = do+1 t same ?+ ,hipp>*ia ought n to be call$ wrong = do+40#bcd #bcd ,diog5es ,lartius1 ,life ( ,hipp>*ia1 iii4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation ! fact t ,hipp>*ia 0 intimately associat$ ) ,crates1 a man = :om %e ent]ta9$ ! t5d]e/ affection1 & :5 we rememb] t !y 7 bo? engag$ 9 tea*+ a philosophy :i* 8recogniz$ virtue z ! supreme end ( life10 ! conv]sation at ! h\se ( ,lysima*us betwe5 ,hipp>*ia & ,!odorus1 z set =? by ,diog5es ,lartius w be se5 to admit ( a diff]5t int]pretation ?an t :i* commonly prevails4 ,( ! ,epicureans x has be5 obs]v$ t !y 7 a sort ( ,py?agorean bro!rhood1 consi/+ ( bo? m5 & wom54 ,! sc&al\s tongue ( antiquity 0 nev] m virul5t ?an x 0 9 ! case ( ,epicurus1 b1 z f> z we c judge1 ! life ( ! ,g>d5 jo9$ to urbanity & ref9em5t a simplicity :i* w\ld h done no discr$it to a ,/oic2 inde$1 ! ,/oic ,s5eca cont9ually ref]s to ,epicurus n less z a model = conduct1 ?an z a ma/] ( s5t5ti\s wisdom4 ,among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ?is s*ool 7 ,!mi/ia1 to :om ,cic]o ref]s 9 8 spee* aga9/ ,pisa z a 8sort ( female ,solon10 & ,leontium1 :o v5tur$ to attack ,!ophra/us 9 an essay *>act]iz$1 z we are assur$1 by mu* elegance ( /yle4#bce #bce ,mayor1 ,anci5t ,philosophy1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb4 ,no s*ool ( philosophy arose 9 ,a!ns ) :i* !re 0 n closely connect$ ! "n ( "o or ano!r ( ! illu/ri\s wom5 ( ! "t4 ,z5o1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 0 ! pupil ( ,crates1 ! companion ( ,hipp>*ia4 ,aspasia 0 ! 8clev] preceptress ( ,socrates10#bcf ! sage :o sat = ! portrait ( ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,accord+ to ! ,/oic philosophy1 ! supreme end ( life is virtue1 i4 e41 8a life con=m$ to nature40 ,! degree ( self-re/ra9t taught by ,socrates is %[n 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 #bcf ,a!nu4 ,is x n ! duty ( e man to consid] t temp]ance is ! f\ndation ( e virtue1 & to e/abli% ! obs]vance ( x 9 8 m9d be=e all ?+s8 ,= :o1 )\t x1 c ei!r le>n any?+ good1 or suffici5tly practice x8 ,:o1 t is a slave to pleasure1 is n 9 an ill condition bo? z to 8 body & 8 m9d8 ,x appe>s to me1 by ,juno1 t a free man ought to pray t he may nev] meet ) a slave ( su* a "*1 & t he :o is a slave to pleasure %\ld pray to ! gods t he may f9d well-dispos$ ma/]s2 = by su* means only c a man ( t sort be sav$4#bcg #bcg ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia ( ,socrates4 ,:5 ! able/ /atesm5 & ! fir/ philosoph]s ( ,greece unit$ 9 s\nd+ ! praises ( ,alcibiades1 ! g5ius ( ,aspasia comm&$ equal recognition4 ,n only did ,socrates & ,p]icles receive in/ruction & inspiration f ?is gift$ woman1 b we are assur$ t %e lectur$ publicly & t h] 8acqua9tances took _! wives ) !m to he> h] disc\rse40#bch ,inde$ 8,p]icles ?rew all ,greece into confusion on acc\nt ( ,aspasia1 n ! "y "o1 b t "o :o associat$ ) ! wise ,socrates40#bci #bch ,plut>*1 ,p]icles4 #bci ,a!nu1 book xiii4 ,x is n to be imag9$ t ,aspasia excell$ 9 light & amor\s disc\rses4 ,h] disc\rses1 on ! contr>y1 7 n m brilliant ?an solid4 ,x 0 believ$ by ! mo/ intellig5t ,a!nians1 & among/ !m ,socrates himself1 t %e compos$ ! celebrat$ fun]al oration pron\nc$ by ,p]icles 9 hon\r ( ^? t 7 sla9 9 ! ,samian ,w>4#bdj #bdj ,plut>*1 ,p]icles4 ,x is record$ ( h] t _m ,a!nians resort$ to h] lecture-room on acc\nt ( h] skill 9 ! art ( speak+4 ,n only did %e tea* rhetoric1 philosophy1 & ! prop] relations ( ! sexes1 b s r5[n$ 0 %e = /atesman%ip t ,p]icles is said to h surr5d]$ to h] ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns !n at ! height ( its glory & r5[n4 ,on ?is subject ,plut>* rem>ks3 8,"s1 inde$1 say t ,p]icles made 8 c\rt to ,aspasia only on acc\nt ( h] wisdom & political abilities40 ,x has be5 said t ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,samians 0 m]ely to gratify ,aspasia4 ,! ,milesians & ,samians :o _h be5 at w> 7 ord]$ to lay d[n _! arms4 ,:5 !y refus$ to obey1 ,p]icles1 9 company ) ,aspasia1 sail$ ) a fleet to ,samos & aboli%$ ! olig>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,al?\gh he 0 (f]$ l>ge sums ( money1 he 8treat$ ! ,samians 9 ! mann] he _h resolv$ on2 & hav+ e/abli%$ a popul> gov]nm5t 9 ! isl&1 he return$ to ,a!ns40#bda #bda ,plut>*1 ,p]icles4 ,plut>*1 quot+ f s*9es1 says t ,lysicles1 :o 0 8( a mean1 ung5]\s disposition1 by 8 int]c\rse ) ,aspasia aft] ! dea? ( ,p]icles1 became ! mo/ consid]able man 9 ,a!ns40#bdb ,not)/&+ ! sc&al\s reports :i* h come d[n to u ( ?is woman's "*1 9 view ( ! facts :i* x has be5 impossible = sex-prejudice to conceal1 we are con/ra9$ to ask3 8,:at mann] ( woman 0 ?is :o 0 able to control /atesm51 imp>t in/ruction to _w-r5[n$ philosoph]s1 & leave a "n :i* ev5 bigotry1 envy1 & malice may n efface f ! hi/ory ( human ev5ts80 #bdb ,ibid4 ,9 seek+ = an explanation ( ! exalt$ "* ( ,aspasia1 we h some?+ m ?an a h9t 9 ! fact t %e is report$ to h 8trod 9 ! /eps ( ,?>gelia10 a woman :o by h] exce$+ brilliancy _h ga9$ ! sov]eignty ( ,!ssaly4 ,inde$1 we h f\nd a key to ! entire situation :5 we le>n t ?is ,?>gelia1 9 ^: /eps ,aspasia trod1 80 desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,ionians10#bdc a p :o1 orig9ally wor%ipp$ ! female pr9ciple1 & :o /ill pres]v$ ! cu/oms peculi> to ! matri>*al sy/em1 "u :i* x w be rememb]$ wom51 z ali5s1 did n foll[ ! fa!rs ( _! *ildr5 to _! homes4 ,s soon z ^! facts are und]/ood1 we are n 9 ! lea/ surpris$ to le>n t ,aspasia disc\nt5anc$ ! in/itution ( m>riage z x exi/$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,nei!r is x rem>kable1 :5 we rememb] t ! und]ly+ pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! philosophy :i* %e taught 7 ju/ice & equity1 t %e %\ld be f\nd us+ h] great influ5ce1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,milesians & ,samians1 9 sub/itut+ democracies 9 ! place ( olig>*ies2 nor t1 9 an age :5 wom5 _h come to be reg>d$ simply z ! tools & slaves ( m51 %e %\ld be f\nd tea*+ ! dignity ( womanhood to h] own sex1 & ! pr9ciples ( equality to males4 #bdc ,plut>*1 ,p]icles4 ,accord+ to ,x5ophon1 ,aspasia's ef=ts 7 to a great ext5t direct$ to ! duties ( husb&s & wives2 inde$1 h] =emo/ object seems to h be5 to educate ,a!nian wom54 ,dur+ ! ,p]iclean age ! position ( wom5 0 "o ( ! lead+ topics discuss$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,socrates says to 8 companions t he has be5 ( ! op9ion 8( a long "t t ! female sex are no?+ inf]ior to ours1 except+ only 9 /r5g? ( body or p]haps /ead9ess ( judgm5t40#bdd ,! co>se picture pa9t$ by ,ari/ophanes1 ( wom5 ) be>ds go+ 9 male attire to ! agora1 8to seize ! adm9i/ration ( ! /ate s z to d ! /ate "s good10#bde al?\gh a vulg> attempt to ridicule ! female philosoph]s ( ,a!ns1 furni%es some?+ m ?an a h9t ( ! fact t ! ideas subsequ5tly set =? 9 ,plato's ,republic _h be5 op5ly discuss$ by ! philosoph]s ( ! ,p]iclean age4 #bdd ,x5ophon1 ,banquet4 #bde ,ecclesiazus4 ,t ! ^w hetairai 0 orig9ally employ$ 9 no mean or compromis+ s5se is pla91 s9ce ,sappho uses x 9 ! s5se ( 8female companion 77 ( ! same rank & ! same int]e/s40 ,we are assur$ t ^! wom5 7 able to pres]ve a fri5d%ip 8free f trick]y40 ,( !m ev5 8,cynulcus does n v5ture to speak ill40#bdf ,!y 8( all wom5 are ! only ones :o h d]iv$ _! "n f fri5d%ip or f t goddess :o is nam$ by ! ,a!nians ,v5us ,hetra40#bdg #bdf ,a!nu1 xiii4 #bdg ,ibid4 8,accord+ly1 ev5 to ?is day10 obs]ves ,a!nu1 8free-born wom5 & maid5s call _! associates & fri5ds _! 2 z ,sappho does :]e %e says3 ,& n[ ) tuneful voice ,i'll s+ ,^! pleas+ songs to my companions4 ,& 9 ano!r place %e says3 ,niobe & ,latona 7 ( old ,affectionate companions to ea* o!r40#bdh #bdh ,a!nu1 xiii4 ,t m$ival s*ola/icism has n be5 able :olly to obscure ! greatness ( ! ,greek hetairai is %[n by ! decl>ation ( a r5[n$ writ] ( mod]n times :o says3 8,( all ! poets :o h appe>$ on ! e>? ,sappho 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/40 ,not)/&+ ! asp]sions :i* h be5 ca/ ^u ! "n & fame ( ! hetairai ( ,greece1 x is d\btful if ! intellig5t wom5 ( ! pres5t age :o c>efully exam9e ! %r$s & remnants conc]n+ !m :i* h )/ood ! envy ( m$iocrity1 & ! bigotry ( s*ola/icism1 w be br\ght to believe t ! excesses :i* are =eign to ! female nature1 & :i* belong to rud] & less highly develop$ /ructures1 7 practis$ by ^! gift$ wom54 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! hetairai 7 free1 & !re=e t !y 7 able to direct _! movem5ts accord+ to ! natural *>act]s develop$ )9 ! female1--*>act]s :i* x w be rememb]$ are correlat$ ) ! mat]nal in/9ct4 ,! lic5ti\sness1 n only ( ,greek & ,roman wom51 b ( ^? 9 c]ta9 portions ( ,asia z well1 has be5 ! fav\rite !me ( _m writ]s ( pa/ ages2 m especially has ! lewdness ( ,lydian & ,babylonian wom5 be5 not$ & comm5t$ ^u4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! annual sale ( wom5 9 ,babylonia1 ,h]odotus says t ! p h lately hit ^u a v diff]5t plan to save _! maid5s f viol5ce1 & prev5t _! be+ torn f !m & c>ri$ to di/ant cities1 :i* is to br+ up _! daught]s to be c\rtesans4 ,?is is n[ done by all ! poor] ( ! common p1 :o s9ce ! conque/ h be5 maltreat$ by _! lords1 & h _h ru9 br\ght ^u _! families4#bdi #bdi ,book i4 ,x is record$ t ! v>i\s classes ( 8kept wom50 9 ,greece 7 =eign]s1 t !y 7 ei!r b\ght or captur$ f surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,lydians & ,babylonians1 !y 7 d\btless c>ri$ f _! homes at a t5d] age aft] hav+ be5 re>$ to _! pr(ession4 ,_m ( ! maid5s ?us tak5 to ,greece subsequ5tly became philosoph]s1 /atesm51 & s*ol>s1 :]eupon !y ab&on$ _! =m] call+4 ,lysias m5tions ! fact t ,philyra gave up h] =m] c\rse :5 %e 0 /ill q "y1 8& s did ,scione1 & ,hippaphesis1 & ,!oclea1 & ,psama!1 & ,lagisca1 & ,an!a40#bej #bej ,a!nu1 book xiii4 ,z special m5tion is made ( a woman :o 8did n cease to live a pro/itute :5 %e began to le>n philosophy10#bea we may reasonably inf] t x 0 usual = ^! wom5 to ab&on ! call+ to :i* !y _h be5 born & br$1 s soon z f su* tea*]s z ,aspasia & ,hipp>*ia !y began to imbibe pr9ciples ( self-respect & womanly indep5d5ce4 #bea ,ibid41 book xiii4 ,f ! position occupi$ by ! hetairai x is evid5t t by ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 !y 7 reg>d$ ) t respect :i* is ev] due to cultur$ womanhood2 inde$1 f ! evid5ce at h& we may believe t !y 7 ! mo/ highly hon\r$ citiz5s 9 ,a!ns4 ,all wom5 9 ,greece :o pro/itut$ !mselves 7 =bidd5 to take sacr$ names2 yet ( ,nemeas1 ,a!nu says3 8,& we may wond] h[ x 0 t ! ,a!nians p]mitt$ a c\rtesan to h su* a "n1 :i* 0 t ( a mo/ hon\rable & solemn fe/ival40#beb #beb ,ibid41 book xiii4 ,( ,glyc]a x is relat$ t ,h>palus issu$ an edict t no "o %\ld pres5t him ) a cr[n1 unless ! donor at ! same "t pres5t$ "o to h]4 ,he erect$ a /atue to h] & p]mitt$ h] to dwell 9 ! palace ( ,t>sus :]e he all[$ h] 8to receive adoration f ! p02 he p]mitt$ h] also to be> ! title ( ,que51 & 8to be complim5t$ ) o!r pres5ts :i* are only fit = y\r own "m & y\r own wife40#bec #bec ,a!nu1 book xiii4 ,timo!us1 :o 0 a g5]al ( v high repute 9 ! ,a!nian army1 0 ! son ( a c\rtesan2 we are in=m$1 h[ev]1 t %e 0 8a c\rtesan ( v excell5t "*40#bed ,! great ,!mi/ocles is said to h be5 ! son ( ,abrotonum1 a 8c\rtesan40 #bed ,ibid41 book xiii4 ,x is record$ t 9 response to an ord] issu$ by ! p1 ,praxiteles made a solid gold /atue ( "o ( ! hetairai1 :i* 0 consecrat$ 9 ! temple ( ,delphi4 ,c]ta9ly ! dea?less models ( ,greek art =m$ by ,praxiteles & ,phidias are n repres5tations ( co>se & s5sualiz$ womanhood4 ,t ^! wom5 7 a p[] 9 ,a!ns dur+ ! ,p]iclean age may n1 9 view ( ! facts record$ 9 relation to !m1 be disput$4 ,( !m x has be5 said3 ,none b !y c\ld ga!r r\nd !m ( an ev5+ ! *oice/ spirits ( ! day1 & elicit1 9 ! fre$om ( unre/ra9$ int]c\rse1 wit & wisdom1 fla%+ fancy & burn+ eloqu5ce4 ,:at wond] t ! hetairai %\ld h fill$ s prom95t a "p 9 ,greek society6 ,& h[ small a comp5sation to virtu\s wom5 to "k _! rivals c\ld n /& at ! alt> :5 sacrifice 0 (f]$1 c\ld n give bir? to a citiz54 ,9 ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ! exalt$ position occupi$ by ! ,greek hetairai ! au?or1 l mo/ writ]s ^u ! subject ( ! sexual relations1 measures virtue n by its anti!sis to vice1 b by ! e/abli%$ mascul9e /&>ds :i* h be5 set up = wom5 to con=m to4 ,a ,greek wife's life may h be5 "o cont9u\s sc5e ( subjection to ! l[e/ appetites ( a ma/] = :om %e may h _h n ! lea/ degree ( respect or affection1 & :o reg>d$ h] only 9 ! light ( an in/rum5t = 8 conv5i5ce & pleasure2 /ill su* an "o w\ld d\btless be acc\nt$ z a 8virtu\s0 woman 9 contradi/9ction to "o ( ! hetairai ^: position enabl$ h] to control h] own p]son & :o 0 able to ex]cise h] own w-p[] 9 protect+ x aga9/ ! excesses ( ,greek m54 ,x is evid5t t ?is class ( wom5 m ?an any o!r 9 ,greece 0 able to direct its movem5ts & manage its activities1 &1 !re=e1 if we be> 9 m9d ! *>act]s correlat$ 9 ! female con/itution ) ! mat]nal in/9ct1 we may be assur$ t among ! entire population ( ,a!ns1 ! lives ( ^! wom5 7 ! mo/ pure & ! lea/ addict$ to excesses4 ,aspasia1 ! philosoph] & /atesman2 ,hipp>*ia1 practical pr(essor ( ,cynic philosophy & "o ( ! mo/ volum9\s & e/eem$ writ]s ( h] "t2 ,?>gelia1 ! ,milesian1 :om ,x]xes employ$ at ! c\rt ( ,!ssaly1 & _m o!rs sc>cely less r5[n$1 prove t ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( t p]sonal fre$om enjoy$ by ! hetairai1 wom5 _h at l5g? ris5 to t position 9 :i* !y 7 able to ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce1 n only on ! affairs ( /ate1 b ^u ! intellectual developm5t ( ! ,a!nians & ! entire _w4 ,to say t ^! wom5 h be5 writt5 ab\t 9 an age 9 :i* male p[] & male influ5ce h be5 9 ! asc5d5cy1 is to say t !y h be5 misund]/ood & _! movem5ts mis9t]pret$4 ,because ( ! ef=ts put =? by s*ola/ics = two ?\s& ye>s to belittle or annul ! importance ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! hetairai1 !y w d\btless = "s "t cont9ue to be judg$ n by _! intellectual vig\r nor by :at !y accompli%$1 b by ! social position into :i*1 ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( mascul9e dom9ation1 !y _h be5 jo/l$4 ,! fact has be5 obs]v$ t less ?an two c5turies prior to ! age ( ,aspasia & ,socrates1 ,solon _h giv5 to ! call+ ( pro/itution ! sanction ( religion & law2 t he _h pur*as$ a suffici5t numb] ( "y slaves f surr\nd+ c\ntries to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! m5 ( ,greece2 & t he _h made ! call+ ( ^! girls a s\rce ( public rev5ue = :i* s]vices he _h receiv$ ! title ( 8,savi\r ( ! ,/ate40 ,we w\ld sc>cely expect1 !re=e1 to f9d *a/ity among ! prom95t virtues ( ! ,p]iclean age4 ,i wi% to emphasize ! fact t by ! conditions ( society at t "t1 ! class designat$ z hetairai1 al?\gh !y 7 9 a c]ta9 s5se free1 7 practically prev5t$1 no matt] :at may h be5 _! natural incl9ations or aspirations1 f ris+ to a high] plane ( moral action1 & fur!rmore t ! exi/+ conditions 7 :olly ! result ( ! supremacy ga9$ by ! l[] prop5sities ov] ! high] =ces develop$ 9 human nature4 ,_h ^! gift$ wom5 accept$ ! position ( wife1 ignorance & seclusion w\ld h be5 _! portion1 :ile _! sexual degradation w\ld h be5 none ! less complete or p]fect2 inde$ x w\ld h be5 all ! m intol]able1 = ! reason t ! degradation ( _! p]sons1 :i* 9 ! position ( hetairai 0 su$ = z a privilege1 9 ! position ( wife w\ld h be5 claim$ z a "r4 ,by mo/ writ]s ^u ?is subject ! fact seems to h be5 ov]look$1 or1 if obs]v$1 has n be5 ackn[l$g$1 t lic5ti\sness among wom5 dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod ( ,greek life1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt51 0 gov]n$ :olly by ! dem&s ( _! ma/]s2 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( mank9d s9ce ! asc5d5cy ( ! male ov] ! female has be5 ga9$1 ! class :i* has controll$ ! means ( support1 & )9 :i* has resid$ all ! p[] to direct ! activities ( wom51 has ev] regulat$ ! supply ( victims to be (f]$ ^u ! alt> ( lu/2 & 9 all ^! regulations may be obs]v$ su* an adju/m5t ( wom5's 8duties0 to ! 8necessities0 ( ! male nature1 t no alt]native has be5 left !m b submission4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,roman ,,law1 ,,roman ,,wom51 ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,! f>-rea*+ results ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy :i* rose 9 ,greece dur+ ! ,p]iclean age w be not$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,t ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is philosophy may n h be5 =mulat$ by ! hetairai ( ,a!ns is d\btless true1 yet t ! inception & developm5t ( ^! pr9ciples 7 l>gely due to ! fre$om ( ^! gift$ wom5 seems probable1 especially :5 we rememb] ! conditions "u :i* ?is philosophy arose4 ,a glance at ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! ,/oic philosophy w %[ its ?or\ghly altrui/ic "*4 ,! sum ( its t5ets 0 to 8live accord+ to nature's laws10 to subord9ate "o's self to ! welf>e ( "o's family1 "o's c\ntry1 & ! entire race1 & to 8rise above ! gross indulg5ces & pleasures ( ! vulg>0 to high] laws ( ?\ght & action2 x taught t to be j1 & to live accord+ to ! dictates ( reason r ?an to be gov]n$ by ! prompt+s ( bl9d passion & ! desire ( ! appetites1 %\ld be n only ! duty b ! highe/ pleasure ( mank9d4 ,possibly "s ( ! m9or precepts ( ! ,/oic philosophy 7 absurd2 no d\bt 9 _! desire = re=m1 its f\nd]s set up a canon ( conduct :i* 0 sev]e & impracticable2 b its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ! subjection ( ! animal 9 man to ! reason+ faculties1 z appli$ to future ,roman law1 ,roman civilization1 & ,roman "*1 s]v$ to produce specim5s ( manhood :i* ! wom5 ( all subsequ5t ages %\ld delight to hon\r4 ,s long z virtue is applaud$ & moral greatness is exalt$1 ! enactm5ts ( ! ,roman jurisconsults 9 ! int]e/ ( wom51 prior to1 & dur+ ! "t ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s1 w /& =? ?r\gh\t ! ages z ! "o s+le movem5t1 dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 t[>d ! removal ( ! legal disabilities ( wom54 ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,/oic philosophy took root & fl\ri%$ dur+ an age ( unp>allel$ pr(ligacy :i* 0 /imulat$ & enc\rag$ by ! example ( ! mo/ opul5t & luxuri\s p]sonages among ! ,greeks1 & at a "t :5 lic5ti\sness _h = c5turies be5 sanction$ by religion & upheld by laws made by ! m5 ( ,greece1 x is q evid5t t "s pot5t influ5ce1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 unfelt1 _h be5 9 op]ation to produce x4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! influ5ce :i* ! ,/oic philosophy ex]t$ on civilization1 & especially on ! legal position ( wom51 we mu/ fir/ und]/& its effect ^u ,roman law4 ,an inquiry into ! *anges :i* _h be5 wr\ght 9 ,roman jurisprud5ce at ! "t ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s1 by engraft+ ^u x ! und]ly+ pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! ,/oic philosophy1 discloses ! fact t ! emancipation ( wom5 _h be5 practically accompli%$ 9 ,rome4 ,p]haps !re is no subject :i* at ! pres5t "t possesses great] int]e/ = inquir+ wom5 ?an t conc]n+ ! /atus ( _! sex "u ! old] ,roman law2 =1 by an und]/&+ ( woman's legal /atus1 z fix$ "u ?is in/itution at a "t :5 man _h ga9$ ! summit ( 8 p[] ov] h]1 is furni%$ a key :]eby may be unlock$ _m ( ! my/]ies surr\nd+ ! /ill extant social & legal disabilities ( wom54 ,! ?or\ghly egoi/ic "* ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! old] ,roman law has be5 notic$ 9 a =m] portion ( ?is "w4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,rome ! fa!r1 :o 0 ! sole repres5tative ( ! family1 _h drawn to himself n only all ! au?ority ov] ! *ild :i* "u ! e>li] g5tile organization ( society _h be5 ackn[l$g$ z belong+ exclusively to ! "m1 b1 ignor+ individual lib]ty1 & all ! pr9ciples ( p]sonal fre$om :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ "u ! matri>*al sy/em1 _h proclaim$ himself absolute sov]eign ov] all )9 ! agnatic bond4 ,! div9e oracle ( ,apollo1 :i* _h enunciat$ ! doctr9e t ! s\l ( ! *ild is d]iv$ f ! fa!r1 _h at ! same "t decl>$ t ! "m has to d only ) furni%+ ! body4 ,?us ! fa!r1 z ,creator1 became ! h\sehold god2 8 au?ority1 z we h se51 be+ supreme ev5 to ! ex]cise ( ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] its memb]s4 ,"u anci5t law1 ! fa!r1 z head ( ! h\sehold1 really con/itut$ ! family1 ! rema9+ memb]s be+ m]ely ciph]s :i*1 f ! peculi> position 9 :i* !y 7 plac$1 7 )\t significance except z vassals "u ! /ricte/ tutelage ( _! ma/]4 ,"u ?is augu/ sy/em ( fa!r-wor%ip1 males z well z females _h become enslav$4 ,! bondage ( m51 h[ev]1 diff]$ some:at f ! 8p]petual tutelage ( wom510 9 ! fact t !y !mselves 9 "t might become heads ( families1 & 9 t imp]ial position to assume ! same au?ority & dom9ion ov] o!rs z _h be5 ex]cis$ ov] !m4 ,wom51 h[ev]1 c\ld nev] become heads ( families1 & !re=e c\ld nev] hope to be free4 ,s long z !y rema9$ s+le !y 7 "u ! tutelage ( _! blood-relations1 or 7 subject to ! au?ority ( "s individual :om ! fa!r1 be=e 8 dea?1 might *oose to appo9t ov] !m z gu>dian4 ,?us arose ! law kn[n z ! ,p]petual ,tutelage ( ,wom54 ,^u ?is subject ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e says3 ,anci5t law subord9ates ! woman to h] blood-relations1 :ile a prime ph5om5on ( mod]n jurisprud5ce has be5 h] subord9ation to h] husb&4 ,! hi/ory ( ! *ange is rem>kable4 ,x beg9s f> back 9 ! annals ( ,rome4 ,anci5tly1 !re 7 ?ree modes 9 :i* m>riage might be contract$ accord+ to ,roman usage1 "o involv+ a religi\s solemnity1 ! o!r two ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 secul> =malities4 ,by ! religi\s m>riage ( ,conf>reation2 by ! high] =m ( civil m>riage1 :i* 0 call$ ,coemption2 & by ! l[] =m1 :i* 0 t]m$ ,usus1 ! husb& acquir$ a numb] ( rights ov] ! p]son & prop]ty ( 8 wife1 :i* 7 on ! :ole 9 excess ( su* z are conf]r$ on him 9 any sy/em ( mod]n jurisprud5ce4 ,b 9 :at capacity did he acquire !m8 ,n z ,husb&1 b z ,fa!r4 ,by ! ,conf>reation1 ,coemption1 & ,usus1 ! woman pass$ 9 manum viri--t is1 9 law %e became ! ,daught] ( h] husb&4 ,%e 0 includ$ 9 8 ,patria ,pote/as4 ,%e incurr$ all ! liabilities spr++ out ( x :ile x subsi/$1 & surviv+ x :5 x _h expir$4 ,all h] prop]ty became absolutely 8 & %e 0 reta9$ 9 tutelage aft] 8 dea? to ! gu>dian :om he _h appo9t$ by w4#bee #bee ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #adi4 ,on ?is subject ( male supremacy 9 ! family ,mr4 ,ma9e rem>ks3 ,! f\ndation ( ,agnation is n ! m>riage ( ,fa!r & ,"m1 b ! au?ority ( ! ,fa!r4 ,all p]sons are ,agnatically b\nd toge!r :o are "u ! same ,pat]nal ,p[]1 or :o h be5 "u x1 or :o might h be5 "u x if _! l9eal ance/or _h liv$ long en\gh to ex]cise 8 empire4#bef #bef ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #add4 ,"u ?is bond w\ld be unit$ all ! *ildr5 belong+ to ! head ( ! h\sehold & all ! desc5dants ( ! sons1 b n ( ! daught]s2 ! daught]s' *ildr5 "u ?is mann] ( reckon+ desc5t belong$ to ! families ( _! respective fa!rs4 ,al?\gh "u ?is sy/em a man might adopt a /rang] into 8 family1 & inve/ him ) all ! rights & privileges app]ta9+ !reunto1 no desc5dant ( a daught] c\ld claim any ( ! rights ( agnation4 ,"u ,h9du law1 :i* is saturat$ ) ! primitive notions ( family dep5d5cy1 9 ! g5ealogies1 ! names ( wom5 are omitt$ altoge!r4 ,we are assur$ by ,mr4 ,ma9e t ! exclusion ( wom5 f gov]nm5tal functions c]ta9ly _h its orig9 9 agnation4 ,?us x is se5 t pat]nity _h come to involve ! idea ( a supreme rul] or pot5tate1 & t ! ov]%ad[+ pr$om9ance ( ! male ov] ! female _h pav$ ! way to ! future wor%ip ( "o all-p[]ful male deity4 ,we h se5 t ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! ,/oic philosophy 7 ju/ice1 equality1 & ! subjection ( ! appetites to ! dictates ( reason & consci5ce4 ,s soon z ,greece 0 subjugat$ by ,rome1 ! able/ ( ! ,romans esp\s$ ! pr9ciples embodi$ 9 ?is philosophy1 & notably among ^? :o became int]e/$ 9 its t5ets 7 ! ,roman lawy]s1 :o began imm$iately to recon/ruct ! civil law ^u ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ?is sy/em4 ,t x is only ?r\gh a return to ! ar*aic & natural pr9ciples ( ju/ice & "r liv+1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( :i* at once e/abli%es ! prop] relations ( ! sexes1 t wom5 may ev] hope to be free1 is pla9 to all ^? :o h giv5 att5tion to ?is subject4 ,?is fact 0 evid5tly obs]v$ by ! ,roman lawy]s :o1 ?r\gh ! p]si/5cy ) :i* only ^? lab\r :o are engag$ 9 e/abli%+ a pr9ciple1 _h s f> succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ! prejudice aga9/ sex z to h e/abli%$ a legal code :]e9 0 practically recogniz$ ! equality ( wom5 ) m54 ,d\btless ! ,romans 7 z t5aci\s ( _! anci5t cu/oms1 prejudices1 & long-e/abli%$ privileges z h be5 ! p ( any o!r c\ntry2 h5ce we may p]haps =m a fa9t idea ( ! ob/acles :i* pres5t$ !mselves1 & ( ! devices :i* mu/ h be5 resort$ to by ,roman juri/s 9 an endeav\r to remove ! exi/+ legal re/rictions ^u ! lib]ties ( wom54 ,mr4 ,ma9e in=ms u t ,gaius1 a celebrat$ juri/ :o liv$ 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s1 devot$ an entire volume to descriptions ( ! +5i\s exp$i5ts devis$ by ,roman lawy]s to evade ! lett] ( ! anci5t law1 & t x 0 ?r\gh ?is s\rce t ! fact f9ally became kn[n t 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s ! legal disabilities ( wom5 _h be5 practically annull$4 ,f ! facts at h& x is obs]v$ t ! object ( ! ,roman lawy]s 0 to frame an edictal jurisprud5ce :i* %\ld sup]s$e ! old] law1 or :i* 9 effect %\ld annul its p[]4 ,we are in=m$ t ! prtor 0 n only ! *ief equity judge1 b t he 0 also ! common-law magi/rate4 ,s soon1 !re=e1 z ! edict _h pass$ ?r\gh ! necess>y =malities enabl+ x to become a law1 ! prtor's c\rt began to apply x 9 place1 or by ! side ( ! civil law1 8:i* 0 directly or indirectly repeal$ )\t any express enactm5t ( legislation40 ,9 ref]5ce to ! legal /atus ( wom5 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s1 ,h5ry ,ma9e obs]ves3 8,l$ by _! !ory ( natural law1 ! jurisconsults _h at ?is "t assum$ ! equality ( ! sexes z a pr9ciple ( _! code ( equity40#beg #beg ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #adi4 ,al?\gh ! se$1 s[n 9 ,greece dur+ ! ,p]iclean age :5 convey$ to ,rome1 produc$ a gold5 h>ve/1 ! fact w d\btless be rememb]$ t ! ,roman lawy]s _h b j complet$ _! "w ( e/abli%+ ! legal equality ( ! sexes :5 ! ag5cies :i* = ye>s _h be5 at "w to de/roy ! ,empire culm9at$2 & f9ally1 :5 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! p]son ( ,con/ant9e asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ! results ( f\r c5turies ( civilization 7 de/roy$1 or = m ?an sixte5 hundr$ ye>s 7 practically annull$4 ,reg>d+ ! *anges :i* _h be5 wr\ght 9 ! legal /atus ( wom5 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s1 we are in=m$ t :]eas "u ! old] ,roman law a woman at m>riage came "u ! ,patria ,pote/as ( h] husb&1 "u ! lat] law1 z influ5c$ by ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! ,/oic philosophy1 %e rema9$ z a memb] ( h] own family1 or 0 plac$ "u ! protection ( a gu>dian appo9t$ by h] p>5ts1 ^: jurisdiction ov] h]1 al?\gh sup]ior to t ( h] husb&1 0 n su* z to int]f]e ) h] p]sonal lib]ty2 ?us1 ! same z "u matri>*al usages1 ! situation ( ! ,roman woman1 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le1 0 "o ( great influ5ce4 ,( ?is fre$om ex]cis$ by wom5 9 ! "t ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s1 ,mr4 ,ma9e rem>ks3 ,b ,*ri/ianity t5d$ some:at f ! v fir/ to n>r[ ?is rem>kable lib]ty4444 ,! late/ ,roman ,law1 s f> z x is t\*$ by ! ,con/itutions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors1 be>s "s m>ks ( a reaction aga9/ ! lib]al doctr9es ( ! great ,anton9e jurisconsults4 ,& ! preval5t /ate ( religi\s s5tim5t may expla9 :y x is t mod]n jurisprud5ce1 =g$ 9 ! furnace ( b>b>ian conque/1 & =m$ by ! fusion ( ,roman jurisprud5ce ) patri>*al usage1 has absorb$1 among its rudim5ts1 mu* m ?an usual ( ^? rules conc]n+ ! position ( wom5 :i* belong peculi>ly to an imp]fect civilization4#beh #beh ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aej4 ,conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( ecclesia/icism on t portion ( ,roman jurisprud5ce relat+ p>ticul>ly to wom51 ,mr4 ,lecky obs]ves3 ,:]ev] ! canon law has be5 ! basis ( legislation1 we f9d laws ( succession sacrific+ ! int]e/s ( daught]s & ( wives1 & a /ate ( public op9ion :i* has be5 =mulat$ & regulat$ by ^! laws4 ,by means ( a =mulat$ ecclesia/ical jurisprud5ce ! complete inf]iority ( ! sex 0 ma9ta9$1 & t g5]\s public op9ion1 :i* 9 ,rome _h frequ5tly rebell$ aga9/ ! inju/ice done to girls 9 depriv+ !m ( ! great] portion ( ! inh]itance ( _! fa!rs1 totally disappe>$4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,roman law ) ! canon or ecclesia/ical code1 ! same writ] says t ! pagan laws dur+ ! ,empire 7 con/antly repeal+ ! old disabilities ( wom52 b t x 0 ! aim ( ! canon law to sub/itute enactm5ts :i* %\ld entail on ! female sex ! greate/ p]sonal re/rictions & ! mo/ /r+5t subord9ation4#bei #bei ,european ,morals1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ceh4 ,^? :o h paid att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,common ,law1 :i* =ms ! basis ( our pres5t sy/em ( jurisprud5ce1 & :o h not$ ! "p play$ by ecclesia/icism 9 fix+ ! /atus ( wom5 !re91 w n be surpris$ at ! attitude :i* ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has assum$ t[>d wom54 ,ref]r+ to ! ,common ,law1 an able writ] has said3 ,?is imp]i%able specim5 ( human sagacity is1 /range to say1 s grossly unju/ t[>d wom5 t a great writ] ^u t code has well obs]v$ t 9 x wom5 are reg>d$ n z p]sons b z ?+s2 s completely 7 !y /ripp$ ( all _! rights1 & held 9 subjection to _! pr\d & imp]i\s ma/]s4#bfj #bfj ,buckle's ,essays4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t 9 no "o p>ticul> does ! canon law dep>t s widely f ! _s ( secul> jurisprud5ce z 9 ! view x takes ( ! relations creat$ by m>riage4 ,al?\gh ! leav5 ( civilization pres]v$ f ,roman in/itutions 0 ! codifi$ jurisprud5ce ( ,ju/9ian1 z ! *apt] ( law relat+ to wom5 0 read by ! light ( canon law1 ! altrui/ic pr9ciples :i* _h *>act]iz$ ! lat] ,roman code soon became ext9ct4 ,^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,ma9e rem>ks3 ,?is 0 9 "p inevitable s9ce no society :i* pres]ves any t9cture ( ,*ri/ian in/itutions is likely to re/ore to m>ri$ wom5 ! p]sonal lib]ty conf]r$ on !m by ! middle ,roman law4 ,& ?is is d\btless true = ! reason t ! entire ,*ri/ian sup]/ructure re/s on ! dogma ( female weakness & female depravity4 ,! doctr9e ( ,orig9al ,s91 :i* dep5ds entirely on ! /ory ( ! fruit-tree ( ,g5esis be+ tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 _h by canoni/s be5 accept$4 ,on h] fir/ appe>ance ^u ! sc5e ( action1 woman is lab\r+ "u a curse pron\nc$ ^u h] by an all-p[]ful male ,god = ! mis*ief %e _h wr\ght on innoc5t man2 x is only reasonable1 !re=e1 t human law %\ld unite ) ! div9e decree 9 e/abli%+ h] complete & f9al degradation2 h5ce1 ! return to ! anci5t ,h9du law & ! old] ,roman code = models ( legislation conc]n+ h]4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,ma9e rem>ks3 ,i d n "k h[ ! op]ation & nature ( ! anci5t ,patria ,pote/as c be br\ght s vividly be=e ! m9d z by reflect+ on ! pr]ogatives atta*$ to ! husb& by ! pure ,engli% ,common ,law1 & by recall+ ! rigor\s consi/5cy ) :i* ! view ( a complete legal subjection on ! "p ( ! wife is c>ri$ by x1 :]e x is unt\*$ by equity or /atutes1 ?r\gh e dep>tm5t ( rights1 duties1 & rem$ies4#bfa #bfa ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aed4 ,,note4--,z ! position ( wom5 among ! e>ly ,g]man hordes 0 "o ( great dignity & respect1 x may sc>cely be argu$ t ! s5tim5ts embodi$ 9 ! ,engli% ,common ,law relative to wives 7 9 any degree ! result ( innate ,teutonic prejudice aga9/ ! female sex4 _/ ,not)/&+ ! ef=ts :i* = sev]al c5turies 7 put =? 9 ,rome to secure to wom5 t indep5d5ce :i* "u ! e>li] ,roman law _h be5 d5i$ !m1 9 ! code ( ,ju/9ian1 :i* 0 compil$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury1 no ^w respect+ ! rem>kable degree ( lib]ty :i* "u ! lat] ,roman law 0 accord$ to wom5 appe>s2 & b = ! discov]y ( ! manuscript ( ,gaius1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 we w\ld nev] h become acqua9t$ ) ! *anges :i* _h be5 wr\ght 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( ,roman jurisprud5ce4 ,9 ! ,ju/9ian code1 in/ead ( ! humane edicts ( ! lat]1 or middle ,roman law1 appe>$ ! ,canon or ecclesia/ical law1 by means ( :i* wom5 7 condemn$ to a /ate ( s]vitude ev5 m degrad+ ?an t :i* _h be5 impos$ on !m by ! old] law4 ,_h m$ival s*ola/icism succe$$ 9 conceal+ f ! _w ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! manuscript ( ,gaius1 /ill !re w\ld h rema9$ suffici5t evid5ce left to prove t 9 ! second c5tury ( ! pres5t era woman's fre$om _h be5 practically won4 ,t wom5 !mselves 7 claim+ absolute legal equality ) m5 may n be d\bt$4 ,honoria1 a ,roman matron1 fir/ enunciat$ ! pr9ciple3 ,taxation )\t repres5tation is tyranny4#bfb ,cato's celebrat$ oration 9 :i* he passionately exclaims3 ,if y all[ y\r wom5 to be y\r equals h[ long w x be be=e !y become y\r sup]iors8#bfc %[s t a c]ta9 type ( m5 7 becom+ al>m$ ov] ! gr[+ indep5d5ce ( wom54 #bfb ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,appian1 ,london1 #aiac4 #bfc ,! ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,titus ,livius1 p4 #agb4 ,! free+ ( wom5 f ! bondage entail$ on !m by ! old] ,roman law1 an a*ievem5t :i* _h requir$ m ?an ?ree c5turies to accompli%1 0 a triumph = civilization unp>allel$ dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,t ?is triumph ov] tyranny 0 ( %ort duration is %[n 9 ! sequel to ?is movem5t4 ,t ! com+ ( ,jesus at a "t :5 ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & equality 7 becom+ ! recogniz$ rule ( life among ! bett] class ( ,romans is n surpris+4 ,no "o may /udy ,greek philosophy )\t not+ ! simil>ity betwe5 x & ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,ju/ice1 self-re/ra9t1 & reg>d = ! rights & feel+s ( o!rs1 pr9ciples :i* :5 appli$ to ,roman law _h lib]at$ wom5 f ! tyranny ( ! pa/1 7 also ! pr9ciples taught by ,jesus4 ,x seems to h be5 ! mission ( ! latt] to convey ^! l(ty doctr9es to ! multitude4 ,d unto o!rs z y w\ld h o!rs d unto y 0 n h[ev] und]/ood by ! masses :o knew no o!r rule ( life ?an t ( selfi%ness & ungov]n$ lu/4 ,h5ce 9 process ( "t ! new movem5t came to h no o!r effect ?an to add to ! already e/abli%$ evils ano!r q z contemptible1 namely--hypocrisy4 ,among ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians !ological disputes 7 unkn[n4 ,orig9al s9 & ! doctr9e ( a vic>i\s atonem5t :]eby a man is 8sav$0 n f s9 b f ! p5alty = s9 7 unhe>d (4 ,to spread ! simple pr9ciples enunciat$ by ,jesus & by s do+ to k9dle into life ! div9e sp>k 9 man1 seem to h con/itut$ ! object & aim ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians4 ,! activities necess>y = ! propagation ( ^! pr9ciples 7 %>$ alike by bo? sexes4 ,wom5 exhort$1 prophesi$1 & pray$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,!y baptiz$ _! own sex4 ,"o ( !m wrote a gospel :i*1 s long z woman's influ5ce cont9u$1 0 9 use among ! ,*ri/ians4 ,su* 7 ! conditions :5 ,paul1 a ,jew :o _h esp\s$ ! new religion1 fir/ appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,an extant leg5d describes ?is man z small 9 /ature & ( ignoble be>+4 ,accord+ to ?is leg5d ,paul 0 bald-head$ & b[-legg$4 ,z to 8 intellectual ability we h ! foll[+ ,cor9?ians x41 #aj3 8,= 8 lett]s !y 7 weighty & /rong b 8 spee* is ( no acc\nt40 ,x is else:]e record$ ( him t 88 spee* 0 contemptible40 ,f :at is kn[n ( ?is man ,paul x is evid5t t he 0 dom9e]+1 self-suffici5t1 & aggressive4 ,he qu>rell$ ) ,pet] & 0 intol]ant ( ! ideas ( 8 associates4 ,8 =ceful "*1 8 untir+ en]gy1 8 zeal = ! cause :i* he _h esp\s$ & above all 8 capacity = organization soon ga9$ = him ! lead]%ip ( ! new movem5t4 ,n[h]e is x record$ t dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ,paul's ,*ri/ian c>e] he attempt$ to disc\rage1 or curtail1 ! activities ( wom54 ,on ! contr>y he ref]s to !m z co-work]s1 ackn[l$ges !m z prophets1 & praises _! m9i/rations4 ,9 8 writ+s1 ! "n ( ,priscilla occurs _m times4 ,phbe1 ,claudia1 ,julia & o!rs are reg>d$ z wor?y ( m5tion by him4 ,z 8 influ5ce & p[] increas$1 h[ev]1 8 egoism began to ass]t itself4 ,x is evid5t t ,paul's /rong mascul9e nature c\ld no long] tol]ate a religion :i* might ) "s degree ( consi/5cy be reg>d$ z a fem99e movem5t4 ,! old doctr9e enunciat$ by ,apollo dur+ ! reign ( ,cecrops namely t man is a div9e emanation :ile woman is only human mu/ be reviv$4 ,! foll[+ f ,paul's writ+s %[s t 8 aim 0 to cru% ! influ5ce & p[] ex]cis$ by wom51 & ! means employ$ 0 to subject !m to ! dom9ion ( _! husb&s4 ,! head ( e man is ,*ri/2 & ! head ( e woman is ! man & ! head ( ,*ri/ is ,god4 ,= ! man is n ( ! woman b ! woman ( ! man4 ,nei!r 0 ! man creat$ = ! woman b ! woman = ! man4 ,let y\r wom5 keep sil5ce 9 ! *ur*es1 = x is n p]mitt$ unto !m to speak b !y are comm&$ to be "u ob$i5ce4 ,& if !y w\ld le>n any?+ let !m ask _! husb&s at home4 ,t wom5 7 no long] to be ! equals & companions ( _! husb&s b t !y 7 to become sexual slaves is indicat$ by ! comm&1 8,wives subject y\rselves unto y\r husb&s40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! comm&s ( ,paul 7 n1 z has be5 frequ5tly ass]t$1 deliv]$ to & ab\t weak1 ignorant wom5 devoid ( influ5ce1 b 7 direct$ aga9/ ^? ^: position ( equality 9 ! new religion _h n be=e be5 que/ion$1 & ^: legal disabilities _h at t "t be5 well-nigh remov$4 ,be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury1 ! simple1 e?ical tea*+s ( ,jesus 7 =gott54 ,*ri/ianity _h disappe>$ & ,paulism _h tak5 its place4 ,a c5tury lat]1 aft] ! ,empire _h come "u ! control ( s-call$ ,*ri/ian rule1 woman's influ5ce1 z we h already se51 entirely disappe>$4 ,all t _h be5 ga9$ by means ( ! middle ,roman law _h be5 annull$ by ! decrees ( ! ,canon law4 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 0 an attempt to re-e/abli% t =m ( ,paganism :i* _h prevail$ prior to ! rise ( ,greek philosophy4 ,?is old] religion1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ,sun wor%ip1 or 9 ! wor%ip ( ! two fecundat+ pr9ciples ?r\gh\t nature1 _h z e>ly z ! ,p]iclean age ceas$ to claim ! att5tion ( ! educat$ classes among ! ,greeks4 s*ylus b>ely escap$ be+ /on$ to dea? = h]esy1 & z is well kn[n1 ,socrates ! f\nd] ( ! ,/oic philosophy 0 =c$ to dr9k ( ! fatal cup because ( 8 unbelief 9 ! prevail+ sup]/itions4 ,n to de/roy ,paganism itself b to ext]m9ate ! la/ ve/ige ( ,greek philosophy 0 ! task :i* ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ians _h set !mselves to p]=m4 ,jesus n[ became ! new ,sol> ,deity & all ! =ms obs]v$ "u ! old] ,paganism 7 n[ atta*$ to 8 wor%ip4 ,he 0 born at ! w9t] sol/ice1 or at ! "t :5 ! sun _h rea*$ its z5i? & 0 ab\t to return4 ,he di$ & 0 buri$1 b at ! v]nal equ9ox1 ,ea/]1 ! "t at :i* all nature is reviv$--he arose f ! dead & became ! ,savi\r ( mank9d4 ,! entire ,*ri/ian cal5d> is copi$ f ! anci5t ,pagan wor%ip4 ,a m$al 0 /ruck on :i* appe>$ ! figure ( a man on a cross1 on ! obv]se side ( :i* 0 ! repres5tation ( a blaz+ sun4 ,*ri/ 0 ! new ,sun ( ,righte\sness1 ! giv] & pres]v] ( life4 ,e page 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,paul9e religion reveals its mascul9e orig94 ,! ,deities wor%ipp$ are a ,fa!r & a ,son4 ,all ! angels & ar*angels are m54 ,all extant ,gospels & ,epi/les h be5 writt5 & exp\nd$ by m54 ,x is true t 9 response to a popul> dem& 9 ! fif? c5tury = a recognition ( ! female pr9ciple1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 an anci5t ,deity1 reappe>$4 ,! lat5ess ( h] com+1 h[ev]1 %[s t %e 0 an aft]?\ght4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 true to ! anci5t doctr9e :i* 0 reviv$ by ,paul relative to ! div9ity ( man & ! mat]ial nature ( woman1 ! ,"m ( ,jesus 0 human :ile ! ,fa!r & ! ,son 7 div9e4 ,%e 0 matt]4 ,!y 7 _s4 ,among ! discussions ( ! e>ly ,paul9e 8,fa!rs0 none 0 m important ?an ^!4 ,ought wom5 to be all[$ to le>n ! alphabet8 ,& has woman a s\l8 ,x is record$ t a few ( ^! pi\s lead]s ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t because ( ! great p[] & goodness ( ! ,almighty 8wom5 may possibly be p]mitt$ to rise z m5 at ! resurrection40 ,z we h se51 to de/roy ,greek philosophy 0 ! slogan ( ! new movem5t4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,alex&rian libr>y by a fanatical mob l$ by ,ar*bi%op ,!ophilus is an example ( ! fury ) :i* all in/itutions n directly connect$ ) ! new religion 7 attack$4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is libr>y conta9$ ! accumulat$ k ( a highly civiliz$ p1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,among ! priceless treasures /or$ 9 ?is libr>y 7 ! records ( a/ronomical obs]vations sci5tifically regi/]$ dur+ a p]iod ( n less ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,! lectures deliv]$ by ,hypatia 9 ,alex&ria dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury 7 ! la/ attempt made to /em ! tide ( fanaticism :i* 0 de/9$ to sweep ov] a l>ge portion ( ! habitable globe4 ,! fate ( ,hypatia :o 0 f\lly murd]$ by a mob l$ by ,/4 ,cyril 0 a =eca/ ( ! fate :i* await$ any & all :o %\ld h5ce=? d>e to ?9k or act indep5d5tly ( ! new religion4 ,:5 ,greek philosophy 0 no long] taught1 ! pr9ciples ( equality & lib]ty :i* _h be5 incorporat$ into ! middle ,roman law 7 annull$ or practically =gott52 & :5 ! doctr9e ( woman's inf]iority & total depravity became cry/alliz$ n only 9 religion b 9 law & 9 all ! cu/oms ( ! "t1 wom5 sank to a degree ( degradation nev] be=e witness$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,r5aissance ,if ! !ory t ! high] faculties & ! moral s5se orig9at$ 9 ! female & t ^! qualities are by h] transmitt$ to (fspr+1 !n ! conditions exi/+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury are easily expla9$2 or if1 z is cle>ly prov$ by ! facts br\ght out by sci5ti/s1 woman repres5ts ! con/ructive & comb9+ elem5t 9 human society )\t :i* organiz$ society w\ld h be5 impossible1 ! deg5]acy obs]v$ aft] ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s dur+ :i* "t wom5 7 :olly )\t influ5ce & p[] is exactly :at might be expect$4 ,inde$ x is n s+ul> t ) ! dis9tegrat+ or de/ructive =ces 9 comm& ov] ! cons]v+ or con/ructive elem5ts t w> & religion %\ld h become ! bus9ess ( ! _w & t a /ate ( society %\ld h prevail$ :i* 0 9 /rict accord ) ^! conditions4 ,h[ev]1 t ! con/ructive elem5t 0 n dead is %[n by ! m5tal & moral unre/ :i* began to manife/ itself 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,wom5 began to le>n ! alphabet & 9 a weak way to dem& concessions hi!rto d5i$ !m4 ,_m m5 ( g5ius :o l ! jurisconsults ( ,rome _h n be5 subm]g$ by ! deg5]acy ( _! "t defi$ _! p]secutors & secretly promulgat$ ! sci5tific !ories :i* 7 to revolutionize human ?\ght4 ,! dem& = fre$om ( consci5ce & = ! release ( ! intellect & reason f ! dom9ation ( bigotry & sup]/ition con/itut$ "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>d re=m4 ,galileo1 ,bruno1 ,cop]nicus1 & ,h>vey are notable examples ( ! revolt aga9/ ! intellectual tyranny :i* prevail$4 ,x is n a little s+ul> t at ?is "t ! ?rone ( ,engl& 0 occupi$ by a woman & t h] reign %\ld h be5 ! mo/ brilliant t t c\ntry has ev] enjoy$4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 said t ! success ( ,elizabe?'s reign 0 due n to h] greatness b to t ( ! /atesm5 :om %e call$ ab\t h]4 ,b ev5 7 ?is true1 :i* x is n1 x w\ld n detract f h] greatness4 ,! innate qualities develop$ )9 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 namely g5ius & intuition1 c alone expla9 ! brilliancy ( h] reign4 ,x is to be d\bt$ if ! progressive pr9ciple has ev] be5 :olly dead4 ,t ev5 dur+ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages ! con/ructive elem5t 0 /ill alive 9 ,europe is %[n 9 ! fact t z e>ly z ! ye> #abae ! idea ( individual human lib]ty _h already be5 =mulat$4 ,9 ! ,magna ,*>ta wre/$ f ,k+ ,john at ,runnym$e appe>s ! foll[+3 ,no freeman %all be tak5 or imprison$ or dispossess$ or outlaw$ or bani%$1 or 9 any way de/roy$1 nor w we g ^u him or ^u him s5d except by ! legal judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 or by ! law ( ! l&4 ,to no "o w we sell2 to no "o w we d5y or delay "r or ju/ice4 ,al?\gh a few attempts 7 made dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury to bett] ! conditions ( ! masses ( ! p1 z all ! in/itutions = ! p]petuation ( ! slav]y ( ! masses 7 firmly e/abli%$1 little 0 accompli%$ 9 ?is direction4 ,t re=ms move sl[ly is %[n 9 ! fact t z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! great] portion ( ! human race 0 9 a /ate ( bondage4 ,slav]y exi/$ 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,9 ,russia1 9 #ahee1 !re 7 =ty-eight millions ( s]fs1 & 9 ,au/ria & ,prussia ! peasantry 7 ne>ly all slaves4 ,9 ,hung>y n9e millions ( human be+s belong$ to a subject class4 ,al?\gh no slaves 7 own$ 9 ,engl&1 slav]y /ill exi/$ 9 h] colonies4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! :ip 0 freely us$1 & prior to ! ye> #ahbj no voice _h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! flogg+ ( wom5 on ! plantations4 ,9 ,scotl&1 d[n to ! la/ ye> ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 colli]s & salt]s 7 slaves & b\nd to _! s]vice = life1 be+ b\ght & sold ) ! works at :i* !y lab\r$4 ,al?\gh ,am]ica _h put d[n ! slave-trade1 %e /ill own$ slaves1 & cont9u$ to traffic 9 !m until ! ye> #ahfc4 ,! hi/ory ( legislation dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod %[s t x has ev] be5 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ri* aga9/ ! poor1 ! /rong aga9/ ! weak4 ,9 ,france1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 lib]ty 0 ext9ct4 8,! ri* man c\ld pur*ase = money ! p[] to de/roy ^? :om he hat$40#bfd #bfd ,rob]t ,mack5zie1 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #i4 ,! lawmak]s ( ! age :i* we are consid]+ 7 g5tlem5 l&[n]s1 & z su* 7 able to ex]cise _! cupidity 9 a degree :i* preclud$ all idea ( ju/ice to ! poor] classes4 ,! abuses ( gov]nm5t1 ! corn-laws1 ! enorm\s tax on salt & on ! v>i\s necessities ( life1 %[ some:at ( ! ext5t to :i* ! poor 7 sy/ematically robb$ by ! ri*4 ,! law pass$ 9 #acej1 at ,bannockburn1 regulat+ ! movem5ts ( ! ,briti% work+m51 & :i* prohibit$ comb9ations among !m1 0 9 =ce until #ahbd4 ,! evid5t object ( ?is law 0 to repress ! lab\r] & deprive him ( 8 j e>n+s4 ,al?\gh ?is enactm5t 0 kn[n to be oppressive1 ! work+-classes 7 n possess$ ( suffici5t influ5ce to cause its repeal4 ,9 ,engl&1 wom5 ) _! *ildr5 work$ 9 coal pits1 & 9 ! d>kness1 on h&s & feet1 dragg$ ab\t wagons fa/5$ to _! wai/s by *a9s4 ,( ?is ,mr4 ,mack5zie says3 ,*ildr5 ( six 7 habitually employ$4 ,_! h\rs ( lab\r 7 f\rte5 to sixte5 daily4 ,! horrors among :i* !y liv$ induc$ disease & e>ly dea?4 ,law did n seem to rea* to ! dep?s ( a coal-pit1 & ! hapless *ildr5 7 (t5 mutilat$ & occasionally kill$ ) p]fect impunity by ! brutaliz$ m9]s among :om !y lab\r$4 ,!re 0 no ma*9]y to drag ! coals to ! surface1 & wom5 climb$ long wood5 /airs ) baskets ( coal ^u _! backs4 ,9 ! factories1 also1 z late z #ahcb *ildr5 ( six ye>s ( age work$ f ?irte5 to fifte5 h\rs daily4 ,if !y fell asleep !y 7 flogg$4 ,sometimes ?r\gh exhau/ion !y fell ^u ! ma*9]y & 7 injur$--possibly cru%$1--an occurr5ce :i* caus$ little conc]n to any except ! mo!rs1 :o _h le>n$ to be> _! pangs 9 sil5ce4 ,^! *ildr51 :o 7 /unt$ 9 size & dispos$ to v>i\s acute diseases1 7 also scr(ul\s & consumptive4 ,9 #ahcb ! recruit+ surgeon c\ld f9d no m5 to suit 8 purpose 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,?r\gh\t ,europe1 ! prevail+ idea conc]n+ ! managem5t ( crim9als seems to h be5 v5geance4 ,"o w\ld sc>cely believe1 except on tru/wor?y au?ority1 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,engli% crim9al law recogniz$ #bbc capital (f5ces4 ,inde$1 s /rong 0 ! feel+ 9 fav\r ( sev]ity t ,edmund ,burke said he c\ld obta9 ! ass5t ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons to any law impos+ ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,if "o %ot a rabbit he 0 hang$2 if he injur$ ,we/m9/] ,bridge he 0 hang$2 if he appe>$ disguis$ on a public road he 0 hang$1 & s on4 ,! hang+ ( small gr\ps 0 a common occurr5ce--*ildr5 ( t5 ye>s be+ sometimes among ! condemn$4#bfe #bfe ,rob]t ,mack5zie1 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #gg4 ,a visit to ! ,five-,sid$ ,t[] 9 ,nuremb]g1 9 :i* are /ill pres]v$ v>i\s in/rum5ts ( human torture1 w give an idea ( ! extreme cruelty practis$ ^u political (f5d]s & h]etics a c5tury ago4 ,! 8,holy ,alliance0 ( ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia1 :i* 0 =m$ o/5sibly to insure peace & e/abli% ju/ice1 b :i* 9 reality 0 ent]$ into to suppress free spee*1 *eck ! gr[+ lib]ties ( ! p1 & /r5g!n ! belief 9 ! 8div9e "r ( k+s10 %[s ! ob/acles :i* _h to be ov]come be=e any pr9ciple ( ju/ice & humanity c\ld take root4 ,! hi/ory ( indu/rial & economic conditions s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury is l>gely ! hi/ory ( ! common p4 ,! *ange f ! ,feudal sy/em to t ( ! wage-e>n+ rgime may n1 z f> z ! work+ class is conc]n$1 be reg>d$ z an unmix$ bless+4 ,"u ,feudalism ! 8"l ( ! soil0 0 responsible = ! ma9t5ance & well-be+ ( 8 vassals1 :ile "u ! wage sy/em ! 8capta9s ( indu/ry0 assume no su* responsibility4 ,if ! lab\r] *ooses to accept ! t]ms (f]$ well & good1 if he refuses he may />ve2 x is a matt] ( no conc]n to ! employ]1 =1 are !re n pl5ty ( lab\r]s :o /& ready to take 8 place8 ,t ! lab\r] 0 no less a slave "u ! wage-e>n+ sy/em ?an he _h be5 "u ,feudalism is %[n 9 ! fact t "u ! fir/ nam$ z well z "u ! latt] he _h n ! "r ( free contract4 ,he mu/ take :at 0 (f]$ him or />ve4 ,z is well kn[n ! repression ( ! m5tal activities & ! l[ physical condition :i* = m ?an ?irte5 c5turies _h prevail$1 prev5t$ ! se$ s[n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury f tak+ root among ! masses ( ! p4 ,_! in/9cts 7 ^? ( ! slave & two c5turies 7 requir$ to wak5 !m f _! le?>gy4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ev5 among ! class m5tion$ ! con/ructive =ces began to ass]t !mselves4 ,free ?\ght & to a c]ta9 ext5t free spee* 7 e/abli%$4 ,) ! fur!r developm5t ( lib]al ideas a belief 9 ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s & 9 ! pr9ciples und]ly+ mon>*ial in/itutions became some:at weak5$4 ,a few attempts 7 ev5 made to e/abli% republics4 ,because ( ! glimm]+ light ( sci5tific tru? put =? 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ecclesia/ical au?ority 0 no long] supreme4 ,al?\gh _m important /eps _h be5 tak5 to free m5 f ! ?raldom ( ! pa/1 s firmly _h ! idea ( woman's inf]iority be5 e/abli%$ t no ?\ght ( includ+ h] 9 ! new rgime 0 ev] ent]ta9$4 ,ju/ice1 equality1 & lib]ty are subjects ^u :i* man descants l\dly & long4 ,he talks glibly ( 8 free in/itutions & ev5 designates a numb] ( 8 "o-sid$ gov]nm5ts z republics1 & ?is too not)/&+ ! fact t wom5 are /ill d5i$ repres5tation 9 ! gov]nm5ts to :i* !y owe allegiance1 & t a l>ge proportion ( m5 are /ill )9 ! grasp ( economic slav]y2 all ( :i* %[s ! ext5t to :i* ! moral s5se & ! judgm5t h be5 dw>f$ by prejudice & selfi%ness4 ,democracy is /ill a mean+less t]m--an ideal yet to be realiz$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury su* 7 ! conditions surr\nd+ wom5 t an attempt on _! "p to extricate !mselves f _! legal & social bondage w\ld h prov$ utt]ly futile4 ,at t "t wom5 _h practically no legal rights2 ev5 ! "r to control _! own bodies 0 d5i$ !m4 ,z woman 0 dep5d5t ^u man = support h] sex-functions 7 controll$ by him & ! *ildr5 :i* %e bore belong$ exclusively to him4 ,he con/itut$ ! family--wife & *ildr5 did n c\nt4 ,to a consid]able ext5t ^! conditions /ill prevail4 ,mascul9e law1 mascul9e religion1 & mascul9e ideas conc]n+ ! duties & uses ( ! female sex _h made ( woman a nondescript--a creature nei!r male nor female4 ,h] m5tal con/itution _h become atrophi$1 ! dilut$ reflections ( m5's op9ions hav+ be5 sub/itut$ = ! natural fem99e in/9cts & ideas4 ,among ! great mass ( wom5 ! orig9al fem99e type _h disappe>$4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 wom5 began sl[ly to awak5 f ! hide\s nightm>e :i* ?reat5$ to de/roy ! la/ rema9+ ve/ige ( ! in/9cts & ideas peculi> to ! female con/itution4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "s ( ! educational advantages enjoy$ by m5 began to be appropriat$ by wom54 ,?us began ! unre/ :i* n[ ext5ds ov] ! entire e>?4 ,ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago a movem5t 0 />t$ by wom5 to secure = !mselves ! "r to self-gov]nm5t4 ,imm$iately all ! prejudice :i* *>act]izes a sex-ari/ocracy 0 ar\s$4 ,ridicule1 calumny1 & ev5 p]sonal abuse 7 direct$ aga9/ all ^? :o 7 intellig5t en\gh or fe>less en\gh to /em ! tide ( popul> indignation4 ,= =ty ye>s1 little or no progress 0 made t[>d secur+ ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t = wom54 ,z late z #ahgj a woman :o op5ly av[$ h]self a suffragi/ 0 reg>d$ n only z 8bold & unwomanly0 b z a dang]\s p]son4 ,! mo/ /r5u\s opposition to ! movem5t came f ! cl]gy & ! flocks ov] :i* !y presid$4 ,:5ev] *ur* wom5 7 ask$ to consid] ! "q ( ! equality ( ! sexes _! unv>y+ reply 03 8,my bible =bids x40 ,n[ t ! hi/ory ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity is bett] und]/ood its attitude t[>d ! fre$om ( wom5 ne$s no fur!r explanation4 ,:5 ! !n exi/+ m5tal conditions are recall$ & especially :5 ! religi\s prejudices ( ! "t are consid]$ ! attitude manife/$ t[>d ! propos$ enfran*isem5t ( wom5 is n p]haps rem>kable4 ,al?\gh =ty ye>s ago biological sci5ce 0 9 its infancy en\gh facts _h at t "t be5 discov]$ cle>ly to indicate ! position :i* ,nature int5d$ woman to occupy4 ,by ! sci5ti/s ( t "t1 h[ev]1 ! logical & unavoidable inf]5ces to be drawn f ^! facts 7 :olly ignor$4 ,dur+ ! ages ( man's undisput$ supremacy s deeply root$ _h ! idea ( woman's inf]iority become t ^! newly discov]$ facts conc]n+ h] developm5t c\ld n be accept$--! old prejudices c\ld n at once be uproot$4 ,we h already obs]v$ t :5ev] & :]ev] ,mr4 ,d>w9 & o!r sci5ti/s ( 8 "t felt call$ ^u to comp>e ! relative importance ( m5 & wom5 su* comp>ison has inv>iably be5 to ! disadvantage ( ! latt] & ?is too not)/&+ ! fact t ! evid5ce :i* !y !mselves h elaborat$ w>rants no su* conclusions4 ,=ty ye>s ago ! doctr9e t woman has no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 b t %e is simply an app5dage to man1 0 ev]y:]e accept$ & taught n only by ecclesia/ics b by sci5ti/s z well4 ,woman 0 only a 8rib0 tak5 f ! side ( man4 ,none ( ! doctr9es elaborat$ = ! guidance ( wom5 0 s explicit z ^? relat+ to ! duties ( wives4 ,! cause = ?is is obvi\s4 ,e>li] 9 ?is "w ! fact has be5 not$ t our pres5t =m ( m>riage orig9at$ 9 =ce--t no o!r pr9ciple 0 involv$ 9 x ?an co]cion on ! "o side & unwill+ submission on ! o!r4 ,s long z ! orig9al idea und]ly+ m>riage is reta9$1 or s long z woman is recogniz$ z ! prop]ty ( h] husb& & subject to 8 control1 no matt] :at may be a*iev$ by individual wom51 ! belief 9 ! inf]iority ( wom5 z a class w cont9ue4 ,9 o!r words s long z wom5 rema9 economic slaves dep5d5t ^u _! husb& = support s long w _! /atus rema9 un*ang$4 8,%e is my goods1 my *attels1 my h\sehold /uff40 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t "t m ?an n9e millions ( wom5 engag$ 9 e>n+ _! own livelihood4 ,_m ( ^! wom5 h families dep5d5t ^u !m = support4 ,! disadvantages "u :i* !y lab\r are realiz$ :5 we rememb] t _! competitors are _! political & economic sup]iors & are !re=e able to a consid]able ext5t to dictate ! conditions "u :i* ^! wom5 "w2 yet not)/&+ ^! unfav\rable conditions ?is *ange 9 woman's environm5t repres5ts an important /ep 9 ! evolution>y processes4 ,by x wom5 are le>n+ t only ?r\gh indep5d5ce is self-respect possible4 ,we h already se5 t :5ev] dur+ ! hi/oric p]iod1 wom5 h _h an opportunity to rise !y h nev] fail$ to rebel aga9/ ! conditions impos$ ^u !m4 ,! wom5 ( ,a!ns dur+ ! ,p]iclean age1 ! ,sp>tan wom5 "u ,lycurgus1 & ! wom5 ( ,rome dur+ ! "t ( ! ,anton9e ,cs>s are notable examples ( ?is fact4 ,ev5 ! ,*9ese wom5 are claim+ ! "r to gov]n !mselves4 ,9 ^! lat] ye>s !y are unb9d+ _! feet & 9 o!r ways are defy+ ! =ces :i* 9 ! pa/ h prev5t$ !m f ass]t+ _! indep5d5ce4 ,! v>i\s examples ( revolt among wom5 h hi!rto be5 c>ri$ on by s+le nations or by c\ntries widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 ! wom5 ( ! entire _w h ris5 to dem& ! fre$om ( _! sex4 ,h[ev] mu* ^? :o fav\r ! subjection ( wom5 may deplore ?is movem5t ev5 ! mo/ /upid among !m w surely n fail to recognize its importance4 ,! hi/ory ( human society dur+ ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s has = ! mo/ "p be5 a /ruggle betwe5 ! con/ructive elem5ts develop$ 9 human society & ! de/ructive or dis9tegrat+ =ces :i* are ! result ( ! un*eck$ egoism or selfi%ness develop$ 9 man dur+ ! ages 9 :i* woman has be5 subject to 8 w4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conclusion ,sci5tific inve/igation has prov$ ! great age ( ! e>? & ! enorm\s l5g? ( "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( human be+s ^u its surface4 ,conc]n+ ! c>e] ( man dur+ ! c\ntless millions ( ye>s :i* foll[$ 8 adv5t ^u ! e>?1 little is kn[n d[n to a comp>atively rec5t "t--a "t commonly designat$ z ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,:5 consid]+ ! pa/ "o is incl9$ to ask ! "q3 8,does ! hi/ory ( mank9d repres5t an unbrok5 l9e ( progress1 or1 on ! contr>y1 does x reflect a s]ies ( alt]nat+ p]iods ( developm5t & decay80 ,we h obs]v$ t 9 rec5t times ?r\gh ! /udy ( tribes & races 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t mu* has be5 le>n$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( organiz$ society & ! developm5t ( human in/itutions4 ,we h also se5 t ?r\gh ! leg5ds1 traditions1 & my?s ( ! e>lie/ hi/oric peoples mu* reliable in=mation has be5 ga9$ reg>d+ ! conditions :i* prevail$ at a /ill e>li] p]iod ( human exi/5ce4 ,not)/&+ ! pro(s :i* 9 rec5t times h be5 obta9$ relative to ! law ( p]iodicity :i* has ?us f> regulat$ human progress ! idea prevails t 9 our own "t m5tal activity has rea*$ a /age nev] be=e witness$4 ,x is assum$ t ?r\gh\t ! entire hi/ory ( mank9d mat]ial & intellectual developm5t has nev] atta9$ to su* colossal proportions4 ,x is evid5t t our egoism has obscur$ our normal vision4 ,we lack p]spective4 ,!re is no evid5ce to prove t ! pres5t bra9 capacity ( human be+s exce$s t ( ! e>lie/ ages ( human hi/ory1 nei!r is !re any pro( t ! moral s5se has be5 9 ! lea/ re9=c$4 ,! l(ty moral & spiritual precepts :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads h nev] be5 surpass$--possibly nev] equall$4 ,we are heirs ( all ! ages4 ,! accumulat$ k ( ! pa/ is responsible = pres5t a*ievem5ts4 ,^? :o h made a /udy ( tribes & races 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t f9d mu* evid5ce go+ to prove t extant savage tribes d n repres5t man z he fir/ em]g$ f ! animal type1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !y are ! deg5]ate desc5dants ( an ext9ct civiliz$ race diff]+ little f our own4 ,if ?is be true1 if human developm5t :i* ?us f> seems to h be5 :olly mat]ial conta9 )9 itself ! se$s ( its own de/ruction1 w\ld x n be wise = ! pres5t g5]ation to exam9e exi/+ conditions 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if we too h n already ent]$ ^u ! pa? ( deg5]acy or decay8 ,possibly ?is w be reg>d$ z a pessimi/ic sugge/ion1 b z has already be5 obs]v$1 a comp>ison betwe5 ! conditions exi/+ 9 prehi/oric times & ^? :i* prevail "u ! pres5t s-call$ civiliz$ rgime fully ju/ifies ?is sugge/ion4 ,^? p]sons :o h acqua9t$ !mselves ) ! available facts und]ly+ ! gr[? ( organiz$ society & ! developm5t ( exi/+ in/itutions1 & :o h co-ord9at$ ^! facts ) ! pres5t situation are able to trace n only ! gr[? ( ! de/ructive pr9ciple 9 human affairs b are able to =eca/ ) a consid]able degree ( accuracy ! results :i* mu/ inevitably foll[4 ,)\t a k ( ! pa/ x is impossible to und]/& or int]pret ! pres5t4 ,we are liv+ 9 a rem>kable age4 ,x is to be d\bt$ if ?r\gh\t ! entire hi/oric p]iod !re has be5 a "t :5 pass+ ev5ts mov$ s swiftly or :5 !y assum$ ! magnitude ( ^? n[ tak+ place4 ,causes :i* 7 set up dur+ prehi/oric times h rea*$ a climax4 ,! inevitable results f ^? causes are ^u u4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! pa/ & ! pres5t x becomes necess>y briefly to recall "s ( ! already record$ facts relative to exi/+ conditions "u e>ly organiz$ society4 ,:5 human be+s liv$ clos] to nature & be=e ! natural *ecks to ! l[] or dis9tegrat+ =ces _h be5 )drawn1 ! basic pr9ciples und]ly+ human action 7 equality & lib]ty4 ,no memb] ( a communal gr\p c\ld claim any "r or privilege n enjoy$ by all4 ,!re 0 no pov]ty & no crime4 ,disease z we "k x 0 unkn[n4 ,z ! l&s 7 held 9 common1 wom5 7 absolutely free & indep5d5t4 ,!y *ose _! mates & 7 responsible = ! well-be+ ( _! (fspr+4 ,z wom5 controll$ ! sexual relation & !mselves regulat$ pr5atal conditions1 ! *ildr5 inh]it$ /rong bodies & heal?y m9ds4 ,diss5sions ov] prop]ty did n occur1 & jeal\sy & a desire = p]sonal aggr&izem5t _h n be5 develop$4 ,! religi\s wor%ip ( primitive p consi/$ = ! mo/ "p 9 invocations to ! ,great ,"m1 ! fructify+ pr9ciple ?r\gh\t nature1 f :om 7 d]iv$ all e>?ly b5efits4 ,lat] ! ,great ,"m came to be wor%ipp$ "u v>i\s appellations1 namely1 ,cybele1 or ,a/>te1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,a!ne 9 ,greece1 ,m9]va 9 ,rome1 & ,isis or ,nei? 9 ,egypt4 ,f9ally1 z is well kn[n1 ^! goddesses 7 de?ron$ by an all-p[]ful male ,god1 an an?ropomorphic deity ^: *ief attribute 0 virile might4 ,?is *ange 9 ! god-idea 0 co9cid5t )1 & dep5d5t ^u1 a correspond+ *ange 9 ! relations ( ! sexes :i* took place at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 human hi/ory4 ,! god-idea is n[ & ev] has be5 9 /rict accord ) ! exi/+ conceptions conc]n+ ! relative importance ( ! sex-functions 9 human be+s4 ,dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s ( life on 8e>?0 ! "m 0 ! only recogniz$ p>5t4 ,z ! giv] ( life & ! protector ( (fspr+ %e 0 reg>d$ z ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! race4 ,%e repres5t$ ! con/ructive elem5t 9 human society4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 man began to conte/ ! supremacy ( woman1 h] hi!rto unque/ion$ pr]ogatives began to be claim$ by him4 ,x 0 at ?is juncture 9 human affairs t ! cont5tion arose ov] ! relative importance ( ! sexes 9 ! processes ( reproduction4 ,n only 9 ! traditions & leg5ds ( e>ly hi/oric peoples b 9 _! hi/ories z well !re is mu* evid5ce giv5 to prove t ?is cont5tion 0 z fi]ce z t :i* at ! pres5t "t is go+ on betwe5 ! sexes4 ,z a result ( ?is cont5tion bo? female & male gods 7 wor%ipp$4 ,^? :o recogniz$ ! "m z ! giv] ( life cont9u$ to wor%ip ! female pr9ciple1 :ile ^? :o accept$ ! new doctr9e enunciat$ by ,apollo1 namely1 t ! s\l ( ! *ild is d]iv$ f ! fa!r & ! "m is only a nurse to 8 heav5-born (fspr+1 accept$ ! new religion4 ,:5 ! dom9ion ( man ov] woman 0 complete ! female pr9ciple ?r\gh\t nature & 9 ! god-idea 0 practically unrecogniz$ or :olly ignor$4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/oric p]iod male p[] has be5 supreme n only on ! e>? b also 9 heav54 ,classical hi/ory is n want+ 9 ref]5ces to ?is *ange 9 ! relations ( ! sexes & 9 ! god-idea :i* took place at a c]ta9 /age ( human developm5t4 ,we are in=m$ t 9 ,greece1 probably ab\t #aajj ye>s ,b4,c41 ,cecrops 8in/itut$ m>riage & e/abli%$ a new religion40 ,! new religion in/itut$ by ,cecrops 0 ! doctr9e t ! fa!r is ! only p>5t1 t ! s\l ( ! *ild is d]iv$ f him1 & t ! "m p]=ms simply ! (fice ( nurse to 8 (fspr+4 ,woman 0 no long] ! creator or giv] ( life4 ,%e 0 matt] :ile man1 :o 0 h5ce=? to be h] "l & ma/]1 0 _s4 ,m>riage z in/itut$ by ,cecrops 0 ! natural & inevitable outcome ( ! new religion4 ,x 0 ! fir/ attempt ( ! ,greek tribes to legalize & control ! sex-functions ( wom54 ,! deep] "o delves into ! my/]ies ( ! pa/ ! m app>5t does x become t ! sexual degradation ( wom5 is deeply root$ 9 religion4 ,= untold ages e>ly organiz$ society proce$$ along ! l9e ( un9t]rupt$ evolution>y progress4 ,al?\gh humanity 0 trav]s+ an unkn[n pa? ! arts ( life /eadily increas$4 ,! production ( f>9ace\s food by means ( :i* an exclusive meat diet 0 avoid$ 0 an a*ievem5t ( ! utmo/ importance to ! race4 ,! idea ( gov]nm5t :i* at fir/ includ$ only ! memb]s ( relat$ gr\ps 0 ext5d$ to ! tribe & ev5 to ! nation4 ,equality1 fre$om1 & ju/ice con/itut$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( e>ly organiz$ society4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh causes :i* h already be5 set =? 9 ^! pages1 ?is sy/em gradually gave place to a regime f\nd$ on selfi%ness1 or egoism4 ,at ?is "t 9 human affairs relat$ gr\ps c\ld no long] def5d !mselves aga9/ ! aggressions ( p[]ful ho/ile foes2 jeal\sies arose & ali5 tribes began to make w> ^u "o ano!r1 ! /rong] appropriat+ ! l&s ( ! weak] & mak+ slaves ( ! p4 ,! wom5 ( ! subjugat$ gr\ps became ! sexual slaves ( ! conqu]ors4 ,z native wom5 7 free1 =eign wom5 :o c\ld be controll$ 7 greatly 9 dem&4 ,!re=e frequ5t attacks 7 made on =eign gr\ps = ! sole purpose ( 8c>ry+ (f0 ! wom54 ,! l&s :i* _h be5 held 9 common by all ! memb]s ( ! tribe 7 n[ p>cell$ out among individual *iefta9s4 ,! pre/ige giv5 to ^! 8lords ( ! soil10 & ! advantage ga9$ by !m ?r\gh ! control ( ! natural res\rces & ! means ( subsi/5ce1 soon gave rise to a privileg$ class--a class :i* 9 process ( "t became ma/]s ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,:5 w>s = conque/ & spoliation became g5]al & :5 ! communal sy/em "u :i* ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty & equality _h be5 e/abli%$ gave place to a sy/em f\nd$ on =ce ! entire habitable globe became a battle-gr\nd ^u :i* ea* & e individual /ruggl$ fi]cely ) e o!r individual n only = place & p[]1 b = ! means ( subsi/5ce z well4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples ( democracy e/abli%$ "u g5tile in/itutions gave place to a sy/em ( gov]nm5tal control "u :i* only ! rights ( ! few 7 recogniz$1 & :5 ! un*eck$ disruptive =ces _h ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] ! con/ructive elem5ts develop$ 9 human nature1 ! deg5]acy ( ! race began4 ,x is n difficult to trace ! /eps by :i* ?is deg5]acy has be5 accompli%$4 ,al?\gh we ( ! pres5t boa/ ( our mat]ial a*ievem5ts1 & al?\gh we arrogate to ourselves a mo/ rem>kable degree ( intellig5ce1 enlight5m5t1 & ev5 culture1 x is evid5t t we h n ris5 above a plane ( ! grosse/ mat]ialism1 & t 9 ! truly human qualities1 ^? :i* di/+ui% man f ! animal1 we are sadly defici5t4 ,t 9 ^! lat] days ! moral s5se has become atrophi$ is %[n 9 ! fact t our pres5t too? & claw sy/em1 "u :i* ea* individual mu/ array himself aga9/ e o!r individual 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 is reg>d$ z a practical exemplification ( ! pr9ciple ( ! 8,survival ( ! ,fitte/40 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 n ^? :o are be/ end[$1 physically1 m5tally1 & morally are ! fitte/ to survive1 b on ! contr>y ^? :o are be/ able to appropriate to !mselves ! opportunities & advantages :i* belong to o!rs4 ,9 o!r words x is claim$ t by ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ is meant ! survival ( ^? :o because ( _! mat]ial advantages are able to exploit _! fell[m54 ,a few ( ! processes involv$ 9 ! control ( ! _m by ! few h already be5 m5tion$4 ,to ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( ! privileg$ class & to /r5g!n _! hold on ! lib]ties ( ! p1 ,mon>*y1 ,ari/ocracy1 & ,ecclesia/icism 7 e/abli%$ & ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s proclaim$4 ,intr5*$ beh9d ^! mighty bulw>ks ! position ( ! usurp]s has be5 impregnable4 ,?r\gh en=c$ ignorance & sup]/ition ! 8common p0 came to reg>d _! situation n only z natural & unavoidable b z repres5t+ ! w ( ! ,almighty4 ,if !y 7 fai?ful to _! ma/]s 9 ?is _w1 9 ! _w to come !y w\ld be furni%$ ) free transport to ,fields ,elysian4 ,/range to relate ?is belief /ill prevails4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! pr9ciple ( human fre$om is /ill /ruggl+ = recognition1 b ! great mass ( human be+s1 al?\gh boa/+ ( _! civilization & enlight5m5t1 cont9ue to uphold ! pr9ciple t ! few %\ld rule ! _m4 ,!y reg>d _! rul]s z sup]ior be+s ^: au?ority may n be que/ion$4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h be=e u ! dismal spectacle ( half a doz5 h]$it>y mon>*s :o ) _! satellites claim ! "r to rule ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ,europe & a l>ge portion ( ,asia4 ,tw5ty-five millions ( m5 are n[ engag$ 9 a deadly conflict to fur!r ! comm]cial & t]ritorial int]e/s ( _! ma/]s4 ,:5 we comp>e pres5t conditions ) ^? :i* exi/$ "u e>ly organiz$ society at a "t :5 e individual memb] ( a gr\p 0 equal 9 responsibility & p[] ) e o!r memb] ( ! same gr\p we are enabl$ to p]ceive ! pa? :i* mank9d has tak5 on its onw>d c\rse4 ,:5 "o reflects on ! peculi> tr5d ( human developm5t "o may feel no surprise ov] ! fact t at ?is juncture 9 human affairs !re %\ld arise a rul] 9 :om ! desire = _w-dom9ion is cle>ly app>5t4 ,t su* a pot5tate has already appe>$ is %[n 9 ! foll[+ f ,emp]or ,william ,,ii4 ( ,g]many4 8,on me z ,g]many's ,emp]or ! _s ( ,god has desc5d$4 ,i am ,8 weapon1 ,8 sword1 8 viceg]5t4 ,woe unto ! disob$i5t4 ,dea? to ! unbeliev]40 ,"h x is obs]v$ t ?is rul] aspires n only to e>?ly dom9ion b also to div9e recognition4 ,to /rangle ! gr[+ pr9ciples ( lib]ty & to e/abli% a sy/em f\nd$ on =ce "u :i* ! individual 0 to become only an in/rum5t to d ! bidd+ ( 8 "l & ma/] 0 d\btless ! orig9al object ( ^? :o in/igat$ ! pres5t w>4 ,dur+ ! ages s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! au?ority ( ! few ov] ! _m1 ! latt] until a comp>atively rec5t "t h (f]$ little resi/ance to ! tyranny ex]cis$ ov] !m4 ,m5tally dw>f$ ! prolet>iat h n yet rea*$ ! degree ( intellig5ce necess>y = a comb9ation ( int]e/s4 ,!y h !re=e rema9$ l dumb driv5 cattle subject only to ! w ( _! ma/]s4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( a few lead]s :o _h begun to realize ! situation1 a c]ta9 degree ( unre/ began to manife/ itself among !m1 & =ty ye>s lat] ! prolet>iat succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ an int]national organization o/5sibly = _! own b5efit z oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ! rul+ class4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 lack$ solid>ity4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( _! sex t[>d sep>at5ess or dis9tegration 0 n easily ov]come4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! case ( ! pres5t ,european conflict4 ,:5 ! w> broke out in/ead ( /&+ toge!r !y at once ha/5$ to obey ! m&ates ( _! respective rul]s1 & ) no high] idea ?an patriotism or nationality !y at once began _! brutal assault ^u "o ano!r4 ,x 0 evid5t f ! beg9n+ t ! ,g]man sociali/s1 !y :o _h be5 ! mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! int]national movem5t1 7 fir/1 la/1 & all ! "t ,g]mans & t aft] all !y 7 actuat$ only by "o desire1 namely1 national aggr&izem5t4 ,s lack+ are m5 9 ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity1 & s deeply root$ )9 !m is ! idea ( sep>at5ess1 t x is to be d\bt$ if1 )\t ! aid ( woman1 !y w ev] be able to free !mselves f ! tyranny ( ! pa/4 ,9 v rec5t times a foe has aris5 :i* ?reat5s to be a great] m5ace to ! lib]ties ( ! masses ( ! p ?an 7 ! foes by :i* !y 7 orig9ally enslav$4 ,i ref] to ! money p[]1 or plutocracy4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 ?r\gh ! application ( sci5tific me?ods to indu/ry1 & ?r\gh me*anical inv5tions by means ( :i* ! p[] & effici5cy ( lab\r h be5 greatly increas$1 ! accumulation ( weal? has rea*$ a po9t nev] be=e witness$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 yet /range to relate1 along ) ?is enorm\s increase 9 weal? !re has be5 a correspond+ increase 9 pov]ty & crime4 ,?is imm5se weal? has n be5 %>$ by ^? :o produc$ x b has gone into ! pockets ( ^? :o exploit lab\r = pr(its4 ,along ) ?is enorm\s increase 9 weal? is obs]v$ a g5]al l[]+ ( /&>ds bo? 9 private & public life4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry alone t5 millions ( p :o are depriv$ ( ! necess>y food1 clo?+1 & %elt] to insure a heal?ful exi/5ce4 ,9 ! public s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city x is report$ t six hundr$ ?\s& *ildr5 are victims ( malnutrition4 ,9 w9t] ?\s&s ( hungry m5 & wom5 g up & d[n ! /reets ( our l>ge cities begg+ = an opportunity to e>n a liv+4 ,our jails & prisons are fill$ to ov]fl[+4 ,our alm%\ses & insane asylums are insuffici5t to meet ! dem&s4 ,imbecility & o!r =ms ( m5tal deg5]acy are increas+ at an al>m+ rate4 ,epilepsy & o!r cong5ital diseases prevail among all classes & conditions ( ! p4 ,five-six?s ( ! *ildr5 born are diseas$ at bir?4 ,! basic pr9ciple und]ly+ our pres5t economic sy/em is pr(its4 ,to secure l>ge pr(its lab\r mu/ be *eap & pl5tiful1 & t lab\r may be *eap & pl5tiful an enorm\s population mu/ be produc$4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is enorm\s population wom5 mu/ be enslav$4 ,al?\gh exi/+ conditions are su* z to make life a curse in/ead ( a bless+1 ! cry = 8babies1 m babies0 is he>d on e h&1 & ?is not)/&+ ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( ! *ildr5 born die be=e ! age ( five because ?is environm5t is unfav\rable to life4 ,! clam\r = an ev] increas+ bir?-rate nev] ceases4 ,x is believ$ t ,provid5ce alone is responsible = human ills4 ,pov]ty & disease are accept$ z natural & unavoidable evils4 ,! fe>s express$ le/ ! human race fail to p]petuate itself w\ld be pa!tic 7 ! reason = ^! fe>s less obvi\s4 ,:5 we reflect t ! lab\r m>ket mu/ be con/antly suppli$ ) *eap lab\r1 & t millions ( soldi]s mu/ be produc$ to protect ! comm]cial & t]ritorial int]e/s ( ! rul+ class ! true inw>dness ( ?is insatiate cry = con/antly increas+ numb]s is reveal$4 ,ecclesia/icism1 ! fai?ful ally ( ,plutocracy1 m9dful ( ! fact t its /r5g? lies 9 an excess ( numb]s1 has ev] jeal\sly gu>d$ ! injunction to increase & multiply4 ,no doctr9e ( ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian *ur* has be5 s fondly *]i%$ & s fai?fully pres]v$ z has t ( ! subjection ( wom54 ,woman's glorification "u ! ,*ri/ian sy/em has be5 exactly comm5surate ) h] ob$i5ce to man4 ,no (f]+ f h] to ! ,almighty is s acceptable z unre/ra9$ reproductive en]gy4 ,! report ( a decl9+ bir?-rate 9 any c\ntry ( ! globe is a signal = in/ant al>m1 b al?\gh publici/s & politicians h attempt$ to control ! bir?-rate n only by ?reats & promises b by legal enactm5ts regulat+ m>riage1 /ill x is obs]v$ t 9 all c\ntries ( ,europe1 ) ! exception ( ,irel&1 ,bulg>ia1 & ,r\mania1 ! bir?-rate dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s has /eadily decl9$4 ,al?\gh numb]less causes h be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 & al?\gh v>i\s rem$ies h be5 propos$ to less5 ?is 8evil10 ! actual cause und]ly+ ! decl9+ bir?-rate ( our "t rema9s unrecogniz$4 ,politicians1 publici/s1 & ecclesia/ics all refuse to ackn[l$ge ! obvi\s fact t ! increas+ economic indep5d5ce ( wom5 is alone responsible = ?is ph5om5on4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s m>k$ progress is obs]v$ 9 ! social & economic conditions ( wom51 /ill ! sexual position ( ! great mass ( wom5 has /eadily decl9$4 ,! fact t s f> z h] sex relations are conc]n$ civiliz$ woman occupies a l[] position ?an t occupi$ by ! female animal has already be5 not$ 9 ^! pages4 ,! traffic 9 wom5 is c>ri$ on 9 e c\ntry on ! e>?4 ,! exi/+ sexual conditions are ! direct result ( ! ov]/imulation ( ! disruptive *>act]s inh]it$ by man f 8 male prog5itors among ! l[] ord]s ( life1 *>act]s :i* among animals h be5 *eck$ by ! con/ructive =ces develop$ 9 ! female4 ,our sexual conditions & our pres5t economic & indu/rial situation l\dly proclaim ! deg5]acy ( our "t4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples ( equality & lib]ty1 :i* 7 e/abli%$ by e>ly organiz$ society1 gave place to a sy/em f\nd$ on =ce & ! control ( ! _m by ! few1 & :5 ?r\gh ! subjection ( wom5 ! natural *ecks to ! disruptive t5d5cies develop$ 9 ! male 7 )drawn1 ! conditions n[ exi/+ 9 s-call$ civiliz$ society 7 =e%ad[$4 ,a crisis has be5 rea*$ 9 human affairs4 ,! old regime has run its c\rse & is ab\t to disappe>4 ,a new era is ab\t to dawn on ! human race4 ,! w> :i* is n[ deva/at+ ,europe1 & :i* w d\btless spread ov] ! entire e>?1 is ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 ,! effects ( ! causes :i* 7 set up 9 prehi/oric times h rea*$ _! full measure ( developm5t & c no m be po/pon$ or av]t$ ?an c ! ?und]bolt :i* foll[s an electrical explosion4 ,a ?or\ghly mat]ial civilization f\nd$ on selfi%ness & s5suality mu/ be de/roy$ root & bran* be=e ! high] planes ( activity = :i* humanity is de/9$ may be rea*$4 ,! pres5t conflict !re=e %\ld n be reg>d$ simply z a horrible calamity b z a necess>y prelim9>y to ^! high] conditions4 ,if ! bir? ( ! new regime c come only ?r\gh blood & te>s1 if only ?r\gh ! ?roes ( w> is deliv]ance possible1 !n x is n only unwise b useless to bewail ! pres5t crisis4 ,?r\gh ! cleans+ process involv$ 9 ! pres5t revolution1 humanity w d\btless return to ! legitimate pa? ( evolution>y developm5t4 ,ei!r lib]ty & ju/ice1 ! c>d9al pr9ciples und]ly+ e>ly organiz$ society w be re-e/abli%$ or ! processes ( disruption w complete ! "w ( deg5]ation n[ s well "u way4 ,9 ! trans=mation :i* is to take place x is n likely t a ve/ige ( ! in/itutions :i* h produc$ ! pres5t regime w rema94 ,! conflict n[ go+ on betwe5 ! high] & l[] =ces develop$ 9 human life repres5ts ! /ruggle ( ,omnipot5t ,life = high] expression 9 matt]4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ?is "w t dur+ ! developm5t ( life on ! e>? two =ces h be5 /eadily at "w1 ! "o a cons]v+1 cohesive elem5t1 ! o!r a disruptive1 dis9tegrat+ en]gy4 ,! "o t5ds t[>d comb9ation or solid>ity1 ! o!r t[>d sep>at5ess or individual suffici5cy4 ,! "o is con/ructive1 ! o!r de/ructive4 ,_h ! con/ructive processes 9 human society be5 all[$ _! legitimate expression ! sc5es n[ be+ enact$ 9 ,europe w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! pr9cipal =ce :i* has be5 employ$ 9 ! developm5t ( our pres5t civilization has be5 male en]gy4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is enorm\s =ce has be5 necess>y to subdue ! e>? & make ( x a suitable habitation = civiliz$ humanity4 ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 ! discov]y ( hi!rto unkn[n =ces 9 nature1 ! application ( sci5tific me?ods to indu/ry1 & ! inv5tion ( me*anical devices = ! less5+ ( human toil h done away ) ! necessity = an excess ( human brawn4 ,9 o!r words ! excessive male en]gy :i* has 9 ! pa/ be5 requir$ = ! developm5t ( our pres5t civilization has become n only useless b an actual h9drance to fur!r progress4 ,z ?is enorm\s p[] is no long] ne$$ = useful purposes x has be5 turn$ into *annels ( wantonness & de/ruction4 ,x has become disruptive & dang]\s to a degree :i* may be appreciat$ :5 we reflect on ! pres5t conditions n only 9 ,europe1 b ov] ! entire e>?4 ,among ! cleans+ processes involv$ 9 ! pres5t crisis is ! elim9ation ( a consid]able numb] ( ! useless elem5ts describ$ above--elem5ts :i* be+ no long] necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! common good h become a m5ace to society4 ,accord+ to our n>r[ human conceptions by :i* pass+ ev5ts are reg>d$ only 9 relation to _! pres5t effects1 ! elim9at+ processes n[ go+ on are cruel & inhuman4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 pays little he$ to human suff]+1 b al?\gh %e ignores human mis]y %e w nev]!less dem& an exact acc\nt+ = ! de$s ( selfi%ness & ignorance :i* are responsible = ! pres5t disord]4 ,%e w inaugurate no s*eme ( salvation2 no 8,vic>i\s ,atonem5t0 w be provid$ to save mank9d f ! consequ5ces ( _! own folly4 ,! /ruggle n[ go+ on 9 ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! globe m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! elim9at+ process4 ,! useless elem5ts 9 human society are we>+ !mselves out1 de/roy+ !mselves by _! own ra%ness & folly4 ,impell$ by a desire :i* !y d n und]/& & :i* !y are unable to resi/1 ^! victims ( a decay+ civilization ru% madly on to de/ruction4 ,^? m5 :o volunt>ily seek w> repres5t a dissatisfi$ or discont5t$ class4 ,true to ! primitive in/9cts ( ! race !y crave ! peculi> excitem5t :i* w> br+s4 ,x is n unlikely t _m ( !m und]/& in/9ctively t some?+ is wrong ) ! pres5t regime1 b !y seem n to be able to analyse ! situation4 ,d\btless v _m ( ^? engag$ 9 ! pres5t ,european /ruggle are actuat$ by patriotism4 ,!y want to ma9ta9 ! exi/+ t]ritorial b\nd>ies presid$ ov] by _! respective rul]s4 ,!y desire also to reta9 ! in/itutions1 social1 political1 economic1 & religi\s :i* h gr[n up "u a sy/em :]e ! few control ! _m4 ,evid5tly ! idea ( human lib]ty has n yet dawn$ ^u !m4 ,if univ]sal fre$om awaits ! bir? ( ! new regime1 :i* is be+ h]ald$ by ! pres5t upheaval1 !n x is pla9 t ! m5 9 ! tr5*es are q unm9dful ( ! significance ( ! conflict 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,! bellig]5t c\ntries ( ,europe may cons5t to a truce & !re may be a lull 9 ! univ]sal unre/1 b !re w be no g5u9e peace until ! pr9ciple ( human lib]ty has be5 e/abli%$ on a firm & la/+ basis4 ,t ! removal ( ^! sup]flu\s m5 f _! usual vocations w n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! useful indu/ries ( ,europe is %[n 9 ! fact t al?\gh #be1jjj1jjj ( !m h be5 call$ to ! w> _! )drawal f ! indu/rial field has n greatly di/urb$ ! indu/rial situation1 & ?is too not)/&+ ! fact t _m new occupations h be5 creat$ by ! w>4 ,! "w =m]ly done by ^! m5 has be5 l>gely tak5 up by wom54 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t "u ! new conditions :i* are approa*+1 ! con/ructive elem5t develop$ 9 human society is aga9 to assume comm& ov] ! de/ructive =ces :i* h be5 9 control s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,z ?is elem5t has be5 confid$ to wom5 & z x is by !m transmitt$ to (fspr+1 x is n difficult to =eca/ ! position :i* ! wom5 ( ! future w occupy4 ,! in/itution ( m>riage z x n[ exi/s w disappe>4 ,only ! mo/ robu/ among wom5 w propagate ! race4 ,^! wom51 z did ! wom5 "u e>ly organiz$ society1 w *oose _! mates4 ,!y w ex]cise absolute control ov] ! sex-functions4 ,?us w be avoid$ ! t]rible consequ5ces :i* h result$ f ! pres5t =m ( m>riage4 ,! num]ical prepond]ance ( wom5 ov] m5 "u ! new regime is probable4 ,nor w ! deva/at+ processes ( w> be :olly responsible = ?is condition4 ,sci5ce in=ms u t n only among ! l[] ord]s ( life b among human be+s z well1 c]ta9 conditions ( nutrition produce m females ?an males4 ,! m nutriti\s & :olesome ! food ! great] ! excess ( females ov] males4 ,"u high] conditions1 :5 ! laws ( heal? & life are bett] und]/ood & especially :5 ! subject ( prop] nutrition has receiv$ ! att5tion :i* its importance des]ves1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t ! excess ( female bir?s ov] ^? ( males w be consid]able4 ,al?\gh !re h d\btless be5 long lapses ( "t dur+ :i* ! human race has seem$ to g backw>d1 x is believ$ t ! tr5d ( humanity is n[ & ev] has be5 upw>d4 ,if1 z is believ$1 human ev5ts move 9 cycles1 if ! civilizations :i* h ris5 9 ! pa/ repres5t a spiral1 ea* ( ^! civilizations rea*+ a high] /age ( developm5t ?an its pr$ecessor1 !n x may be inf]r$ t ! era :i* is n[ dawn+ w surpass 9 gr&eur any?+ :i* ! _w has ev] witness$4 ,if1 z _m p]sons believe1 a /age ( developm5t has be5 rea*$ 9 :i* human be+s are to be end[$ ) a six? s5se1 if ! intuitive faculties :i* are closely alli$ to ! con/ructive elem5t & :i* m>k a /ill great] di/9ction betwe5 man & ! animal are to come into play x may be assum$ t ! m5tal & spiritual faculties w rea* a /age ( developm5t sc>cely dream$ ( 9 our own "t4 ,humanity w h come into its own1 ! animal 9 man w h be5 left beh9d4 ,! co-ord9ation ( sci5ce & hi/ory n only illum9es ! pa/ & expla9s ! pres5t1 b ! inevitable results ( ! natural sequ5ce ( ev5ts po9t un]r+ly to ! conditions :i* mu/ prevail 9 ! future4 ,! philosophy ( hi/ory proves to ! e>ne/ seek] aft] tru? t ! door ( ! future is n :olly clos$4 ,,index ,a ,abipones1 _! cu/oms1 #adh2 indep5d5ce ( wom5 among1 #ahf ,abrotonum1 #cdb ,adoption1 among e>ly races1 #add1 #ade1 #cbd2 symbol (1 #adf1 #adg ,affection 9 primitive gr\ps1 #abf ,agamemnon1 #bef ,agnation1 #cea ,a9os1 #di ,altruism1 its developm5t 9 ! female1 #ag1 #fg1 #hf2 its developm5t 9 society1 #abd1 #adj ,amazonianism1 #bjh ,&roma*e1 #bhc ,arabia1 organization ( society 91 #abi1 #agg2 m>riage 91 #agi1 #aha1 #ahb ,arawaks1 _! cu/oms1 #adg1 #agd ,ar*on%ip1 #bei2 its close1 #bfd ,areta1 #ccb ,ari/ocracy1 its gr[? among ! ,greeks1 #bea1 #bfe-bfg ,ari/ophanes1 8 picture ( female philosoph]s1 #cch ,aspasia1 preceptress ( ,socrates1 #ccd2 h] g5ius1 h] tea*+s1 #ccg-cch ,assembly ( ! p1 #aef2 developm5t ( !1 #bea2 its duties1 #bei2 its disappe>ance 9 ,greece1 #bfd2 its p[]s among ! ,sp>tans1 #bic ,atavism1 #eb ,a!ne1 h] decision conc]n+ pat]nity1 #bgb ,a!nian m51 _! policy1 #bhe2 a%am$ ( _! "n1 #cah2 _! wives ,c>ians1 #cai2 _! moral degradation1 #cbc-cbf ,a!nian wom51 import$ =eign]s1 #cai2 _! degradation1 #cbc2 _! division into classes #cbd2 decl9e ( influ5ce among1 #cbi2 _! reput$ lic5ti\sness1 #cci ,auletrides1 #cbe ,au/ralians1 #bcj ,b ,babylonian wom51 #bcd1 #cdj ,basileus1 g]m ( pres5t k+1 #aef2 does n correspond to mod]n mon>*1 #aef1 #bee1 #beg2 elect$ by a con/itu5cy1 #bec2 abolition ( ! (fice (1 #bei ,birds1 _! c\rt%ips1 #bj-ba2 av]sion ( females = c]ta9 males among1 #bj2 ! female among1 *ooses h] mate1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 #ajh2 ef=ts ( ! male to please ! female among1 #ba2 eag]ness ( ! male among1 #ba1 #bf1 #cj2 p[]s ( ! female among1 #bg2 inh]itance ( ! female among1 #bi2 inh]itance ( ! male among1 #bi2 con/ancy ( ! female among1 #ajh ,burgesses1 #bgb ,c ,captives1 n enslav$ 9 e>ly gr\ps1 #ade2 z sexual slaves1 #afc1 #bgf ,cecrops1 #bfb1 #bgb1 #cbi1 #cfb ,*a/ity ( e>ly races1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aad1 #cjf ,cli/h5es1 #bdi1 #bfa ,codrus1 #bdi1 #bei1 #bfd ,col\r-bl9dness1 #ee ,common law1 !1 woman's position "u1 #ceg ,communal m>riage1 #bbe ,concub9es1 #cbg ,c\vade1 la1 its ext5t1 #adh ,crates1 #ccd ,cuckoos1 "* (1 #fi ,cynic philosophy1 !1 its pr9ciples1 #ccb ,d ,danas1 daught]s (1 #bgd ,deme1 e/abli%m5t (1 #bdi1 #bfj ,democracy1 ( e>ly races1 #abg2 ( ! e>ly ,greeks1 #bej-bea2 decay (1 #bfd-bfe1 #bfg2 9 anci5t ,italy1 #cac ,desc5t1 trac$ ?r\gh m51 #abh1 #ace1 #bha2 9 ,arabia1 #aca2 9 ,greece1 #acc ,desc5t1 trac$ ?r\gh wom51 #ada1 #adb1 #aeg1 #bbb2 its univ]sality1 #bbh1 #caa2 among ! ,iroquois ,indians1 #bdi2 law (1 #bec2 9 ,lycia1 #caj ,desires1 prim>y1 ( ! male1 #bj ,dict]iades1 #cbg ,diff]5tiation1 #h1 #aj1 #af1 #fe ,diseases ( wom51 #fa2 n con/itutional1 #ed ,dorians1 _! cons]vatism1 #bhe ,draco1 #bff2 8 laws1 #cbb ,e ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 #cfa ,ecclesia1 #bea ,ecclesia/icism1 its effect on ! position ( wom51 #cef-ceg ,egoism1 its developm5t 9 males1 #ag1 #hf2 n pron\nc$ among e>lie/ races1 #abe1 #adj2 its developm5t 9 lat] ages1 #aee ,engl& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #cgj ,epicureans1 #ccc ,eupatrids1 _! cupidity1 #bfd ,evolution1 individual & hi/oric1 #ae ,f ,family1 !1 n ! basis ( ! g5s1 #bdf ,female1 conditions :i* produce !1 #ci ,fijians1 _! cu/oms1 #aaf-aag2 p>5tal affection among1 #aah ,=eign wom51 z wives1 #ahh1 #aib1 #bai2 z concub9es1 #bhc1 #cbg1 #cdh ,france1 m>riage cu/oms 91 #agb2 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #cgj ,g ,gaius1 #cec ,g5ealogies trac$ ?r\gh fa!rs1 #bga ,g5tile organization1 !1 univ]sality (1 #abd2 pr9ciples e/abli%$ by1 #abd2 democratic "* (1 #abg1 #ach1 #aci1 #aeb2 unity (1 #abh2 gov]nm5t "u1 #acg1 #aeb1 #aef1 #bdg2 prop]ty belong+ to1 #adj2 altrui/ic "* (1 #adj1 #aeg2 9 ,greece1 #bde2 its decay1 #bfj2 its f9al ov]?r[1 #bfa2 9 ,a!ns1 #bfb ,glyc]a1 #cda ,gov]nm5t1 developm5t (1 #bdh ,greek society1 its con/ruction1 #bdc1 #bde ,h ,hairy cov]+ = ! body1 #di-ea ,h&1 ! female1 #ei ,h]cules1 tradition (1 #bgc ,hetairai1 a t]m ( reproa*1 #cbi2 _! r5[n1 #ccj2 orig9 ( ! ^w1 #cch2 hon\r$ citiz5s1 #cda2 judg$ by mascul9e /&>ds1 #cdd ,h9du law1 #ceb ,i ,infanticide1 ,mc,lennan's !ory (1 #bag2 n practis$ by e>ly races1 #bbj2 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock's !ory (1 #bbf-bbg ,insects1 nutrition det]m9es sex1 #dj2 males appe> fir/1 #db ,iroquois ,indians1 #acg ,j ,ju/9ian ,code1 #ceg1 #cei ,l ,lamia1 #cbf ,lance1 symbol ( prop]ty1 #aha1 #cab ,leontium1 #ccd ,life1 orig9 (1 #d2 e>lie/ =ms h]maphrodite1 #aa1 #ae ,lydian wom51 #cdj ,lysicles1 #ccf ,m ,magna ,*>ta1 #cfi ,man1 %ort]-liv$ ?an woman1 #de1 #ec2 imp]fections 9 ! organization (1 #ee-ei2 sup]ior to woman1 ,d>w9's !ory1 #ge2 assumes ! duties ( mat]nity1 #adg2 sup]ior to woman accord+ to edict ( ,apollo1 #aii ,m>riage1 orig9 (1 #afa2 9 ,india1 #afc2 ,rac%asa1 #afc2 9 ,arabia1 #afd1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahb2 by ,conf>reatio & ,usus1 #afd1 #cea2 among ! ,israelites1 #afe2 9 ,afghani/an1 #afe2 9 ,gre5l&1 #agj2 9 ,nubia1 #aga2 9 ,sp>ta1 #agc2 sadica1 #agi2 be5a1 #ahj2 mot1 #aha2 ba'al1 #aha1 #ahh1 #aic2 laws ( ,mohamm$1 #ahc1 #ahh2 9 ,japan1 #ahe2 9 ,rome1 #ahi2 ( ! future1 #cii2 rise ( ! pres5t sy/em (1 #aig2 c]emonies among ! ,sp>tans1 #caj ,matt]1 cons]vation (1 #f ,"m-9-law1 !1 h] av]sion to sons-9-law1 #agd1 #bcf ,n ,names1 adoption (1 #add ,nemeas1 #cda ,o ,ontog5y1 #g ,oracles ( ! ,greeks controll$ by wom51 #cji ,organization ( society1 #abc ,p ,pang5esis1 #bi ,p>!nog5esis1 #ch1 #dj ,pat]nal affection1 abs5ce (1 among l[] ord]s1 #fi1 #ga2 n a prim>y "*1 #ga2 abs5ce (1 among l[] races1 #adi2 abs5ce (1 among ! ,romans1 #ahi1 #aia ,p]icles1 #cce ,p]petual tutelage ( wom51 #cej ,political society1 e/abli%m5t (1 #bdi1 #bfj-bfa ,poly&ry1 n practis$ among l[] ord]s1 #ajg ,polygamy1 rise (1 #ajf1 #ahi ,pov]ty ( ! masses 9 ,greece1 #bff ,primitive races1 promiscuity among1 #ajg1 #aae1 #baa2 *a/ity (1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aaf1 #cjf1 #cjg2 morality (1 #aab1 #aae1 #aah2 humanity (1 #ade ,prop]ty1 control (1 #adj1 #bba2 inh]itance (1 #ada2 9 e>ly ,greece1 #bej ,protection ( wom5 9 e>ly gr\ps1 #aab1 #aag1 #adf1 #agh1 #ahf ,q ,quadrup$s1 con/ancy ( ! female among1 #bd-be1 #ajf-ajg2 unions (1 n left to *ance1 #be ,r ,religion ( ,mohamm$1 #ahc ,religi\s idea1 #aej1 #baa ,rev]sion1 #dh1 #eb ,rights ( ,roman fa!rs1 #aia1 #cac ,roman family1 !1 #cab1 #cdi1 #ceb ,roman lawy]s1 #ceb-cec ,roman society1 its con/itution1 #bdc ,roman wom51 #agh1 #ahi1 #cad ,rotif]a1 #ch ,s ,sab9e wom51 capture (1 #cab ,/4 ,paul1 #cfa ,selection1 natural1 #g ,selection1 sexual1 ,d>w9's !ory (1 #ah2 comp>$ ) artificial selection1 #cf2 processes (1 rev]s$1 #hb2 l[] *>act]s elim9at$ ?r\gh1 #ij ,sexes1 orig9 (1 #aa1 #ad-ae2 num]ical proportion (1 #ci1 #dc1 #eb ,slav]y1 #ade2 its ext5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 #cfi ,socialism1 #cij ,socrates1 #ccd-cce ,solon1 8 legislation1 #cbj-cba2 8 "*1 #cbj1 #cbb ,sp>tan wom51 _! p[]1 #bih1 #cjh2 !y controll$ ! l&1 #bih2 !y resi/$ ! laws ( ,lycurgus1 #bii2 !y orig9at$ ! ex]cises ( ! y\?1 #cjj1 #cjb2 _! dress1 #cjc1 #cje2 _! influ5ce1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #caj1 #cfa ,sp>tans1 _! gov]nm5t1 #aef2 democratic "* ( _! in/itutions1 #beb-bec2 _! s5ate1 #bhf2 _! morality1 #cjb1 #cjd2 adult]y unkn[n among !m1 #cjg1 #caf2 election ( s5ators among !1 #cji1 #caj ,/oic philosophy1 !1 its pr9ciples1 #ccd1 #cdg-cdh2 its effect on ,roman law1 #cdh ,/ruggles = mates1 #bb-bc1 #fd ,survival ( ! fitte/1 #chh ,symbols 9 m>riage c]emonies1 among ! ,circassians1 #aga2 9 ,abyss9ia1 #agb2 9 ,arabia1 #agb2 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,wales1 & ,irel&1 #agc2 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 #age2 9 ,italy1 #agf2 z expla9$ by ,mc,lennan1 #baf ,sympa?y1 developm5t (1 #fg ,t ,?>gelia1 #ccg ,!mi/ia1 #ccd ,!mi/ocles1 #cdb ,!seus1 #bfj1 #bga2 unit$ ! ,attic tribes1 #bfb ,timo!us1 #cdb ,tribe1 !1 its =mation1 #abf1 #aec2 gr[? ( ! gov]nm5tal idea )91 #bdg ,tribes nam$ aft] wom51 #bgc ,tyrannies e/abli%$ among ! ,greeks1 #bfc ,u ,union ( tribes 9 ,a!ns1 #bfb ,unisexual =ms1 developm5t (1 #ae ,v ,v>iability d5otes l[ organization1 #cf ,v>iations 9 ! human body1 #dg-dh ,vital =ce1 exp5diture (1 #cb ,w ,wife-capture1 among ! ,israelites1 #afd2 among ! ,arabians1 #agg2 its ext5t1 #agg2 ,mc,lennan's !ory to acc\nt =1 #bae2 ,lubbock's !ory (1 #bbd-bbg2 among ! ,sp>tans1 #caj ,wom51 9 excess ( m51 #eb2 ( ,gre5l&1 #ed2 _! intuitions1 #gh2 _! app>el1 #hj2 ( ,au/ralia1 #aaa2 among ! ,kaffirs1 #aaa1 #adf1 #ahg2 ( e>ly ,g]man tribes1 #aab2 ( ,nubia1 #aaa2 ( ,sumatra1 #aab2 ( ,tahiti1 #aaf2 among ! ,fijians1 #aag1 #ahf2 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 #aci2 head ( ! family1 #aci1 #add1 #aed2 ( ,arabia1 #agh-agi1 #ahh2 ( ,rome1 #agh1 #aij2 9 ,japan1 #ahe2 among ! ,abipones1 #ahf2 among ! ,greeks1 #bgb1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhc2 "u ! anci5t ,roman law1 #cej2 "u ! middle ,roman law1 #ceb-ced ,y ,yavanas1 #cah ,z ,z5o1 #ccd ,zulus1 m>riage cu/oms among1 #agc