,,galileo ,,galilei4 99 99 99 99 99 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,clo?1 #cbs4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,france4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,m>k ,,pattison4 ,) ,n9ete5 ,/eel ,engrav+s4 99 99 99 99 99 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bds4 ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy4 ,by ,,jacob ,,burckh>dt4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation by ,s4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,middlemore4 8,! :ole ( ! fir/ "p ( ,dr ,burckh>dt's "w deals ) :at may be call$ ! ,political ,prep>ation = ! ,r5aissance4 ,x is impossible "h to d m ?an express a high op9ion ( ! compact way 9 :i* ! facts are put be=e ! read]4444 ,! second volume ( ,dr4 ,burckh>dt's "w is1 we ?9k1 m full & complete 9 itself1 m ri* 9 orig9al ?\ght1 ?an ! fir/4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! causes :i* prev5t$ ! rise ( a great ,italian drama is v cle> & satisfy+40--,saturday ,review4 ,,london3 ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul ,,co41 #a1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e4 ,,galileo ,,galilei ,,& ,,! ,,roman ,,curia4 ,,f ,,au!ntic ,,s\rces4 ,,by ,,k>l ,,von ,,gebl]4 ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,! ,,sanction ,,( ,,! ,,au?or1 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,george ,,/urge4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul ,,co41 #a1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e4 #ahgi4 ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,translator4 ,,madam1-- ,x is ! desire ( e au?or1 e prosecutor ( rese>*1 t ! products ( 8 lab\rs1 ! results ( 8 /udies1 %\ld be widely circulat$4 ,?is desire arises1 especially 9 ! case ( "o :o has devot$ himself to rese>*1 n only f a c]ta9 egotism :i* cl+s to u all1 b f ! wi% t ! labori\s rese>*es ( ye>s1 (t5 believ$ to refute old & g5]ally-receiv$ errors1 %\ld become ! common prop]ty ( z _m z possible4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t "w is no exception to ^! g5]al rules2 & x !re=e gives him great pleasure1 & fills him ) gratitude1 t y1 ,madam1 %\ld h tak5 ! tr\ble to translate ! small results ( 8 /udies into ! language ( ,newton1 & ?us h r5d]$ !m m accessible to ! ,engli% nation4 ,b little m ?an two ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! book fir/ appe>$ 9 ,g]many1 b ?is p]iod has be5 a mo/ important "o = rese>*es into ! lit]ature relat+ to ,galileo4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfi ,pr(essor ,dom5ico ,b]ti obta9$ p]mission to inspect & turn to acc\nt ! ,acts ( ,galileo's ,trial c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican1 & 9 #ahgf he publi%$ a portion ( ^! important docum5ts1 :i* ess5tially t5d$ to complete ! v p>tial publication ( !m by ,h5ri de ,l',ep9ois1 9 #ahfg4 ,9 #ahgg ,m4 de ,l',ep9ois & ! pres5t writ] 7 p]mitt$ to resuscitate ! fam\s volume1 :i* aga9 lay buri$ among ! secret papal ar*ives2 t is1 to inspect x at leisure & to publi% ! cont5ts 9 full4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n only ( ! greate/ importance to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,vatican ,,ms4 z a :ole1 & by an exact publication ( x to make x ! common prop]ty ( hi/orical rese>*2 x 0 at lea/ ( equal mom5t to make a mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! mat]ial =m & ext]nal appe>ance ( ! ,acts4 ,= ! ?reefold sy/em ( pag+ _h l$ "s hi/orians to make ! bolde/ conjectures1 & respect+ "o docum5t 9 p>ticul>1--! fam\s note ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1--!re 0 an app>5tly well-f\nd$ suspicion t !re _h be5 a lat] falsification ( ! pap]s4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 ! k ga9$ ( ! entire cont5ts ( ! ,vatican ,,ms41 = ! purpose ( my own publication ( x1#a only confirm$1 9 _m respects1 my previ\s op9ions on ! memorable trial2 on ! o!r h&1 a m9ute & repeat$ exam9ation ( ! mat]ial evid5ce af=d$ by ! suspici\s docum5t1 :i*1 up to t "t1 _h be5 consid]$ by myself & _m o!r au?ors to be a =g]y ( a lat] date1 conv9c$ me1 contr>y to all expectation1 t x indisputably orig9at$ 9 #afaf4 ,?is newly acquir$ exp]i5ce1 & ! appe>ance ( _m valuable critical writ+s on ! trial ( ,galileo s9ce ! ye> #ahgf1 r5d]$ !re=e a p>tial revision & correction ( ! ,g]man edition ( ?is "w1 = ! ,engli% & an ,italian translation1 absolutely necess>y4 ,all ! ne$ful em5dations h accord+ly be5 made1 ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! lit]ature relat+ to ! subject publi%$ betwe5 ! spr+ ( #ahgf & ! spr+ ( #ahgh4 ,i h also consult$ sev]al old] works :i* _h escap$ my att5tion :5 ! book 0 fir/ writt54 ,may ! "w !n1 9 its to "s ext5t new =m1 make its way 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & meet ) z fri5dly a reception !re z ! ,g]man edition has met ) 9 ,au/ria & ,g]many4 ,to y1 ,madam1 ,i (f] my w>m ?anks = ! c>e ) :i* y h execut$ ! difficult & labori\s task ( translation4 ,accept1 ,madam1 ! assurance ( my s9c]e e/eem4 ,,k>l ,,von ,,gebl]4#b ,,m]an1 #a/ ,april1 #ahgh4 ,,note ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 ,! ,vatican ,manuscript allud$ to 9 ! =ego+ lett]1 & con/antly ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 0 publi%$ by ! au?or 9 ! autumn ( #ahgg1 "u ! title ( 8,die ,act5 des ,gallileis*5 ,processes1 na* d] ,vaticanis*5 ,h&s*rift1 von ,k>l von ,gebl]40 ,cotta1 ,/uttg>d4 ,?is1 ) "s introductory *apt]s1 0 int5d$ to sup]s$e ! ,app5dix to ! orig9al "w1 & to =m a second volume1 :5 a new ,g]man edition %\ld be call$ =4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 appe> to me t any purpose w\ld be s]v$ by repr9t+ all ! ,lat9 & ,italian docum5ts ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 9 ?is c\ntry1 z /ud5ts :o wi% to consult !m c easily procure !m z publi%$ 9 ! orig9al languages 9 ,g]many1 & ,i hope = a wid] circle ( read]s ?an t compos$ exclusively ( /ud5ts4 ,i !re=e propos$ to ,h]r von ,gebl] to give ! ,hi/ory1 ,description1 & ,e/imate ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms41 etc41 9 an ,app5dix1 toge!r ) a few ( ! m important docum5ts2 to ?is1 ) "s sugge/ions1 z = in/ance1 t "s ( ! %ort] docum5ts %\ld be giv5 z notes to ! text1 he fully agre$1 ) ! rem>k t ,i mu/ "k be/ :at w\ld suit my c\ntrym54 ,! ,app5dix1 !re=e1 diff]s some:at bo? f ! orig9al ,app5dix & f ! introductory portions ( ! new volume1 = ^! also 7 revis$ = ! ,translation4 ,! translations f ,lat9 & ,italian docum5ts h be5 made f ! orig9als by a compet5t s*ol>1 & all ! m important lett]s & extracts f lett]s ( ,galileo h be5 comp>$ ) ! ,italian4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 head+s to & titles ( ! *apt]s1 & ,index1 none ( :i* exi/ 9 ! orig9al1 h be5 add$ by myself4 ,,jane ,,/urge4 ,,syd5ham1 ,novemb]1 #ahgh4 ,,biographical ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,abridg$ ,,f ,,! 8,,augsburg] ,,allgeme9e ,,zeitung0 ,,( #f,,? ,,decemb]1 #ahgh4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w di$ at ,gratz on ! #g? ( ,septemb]1 #ahgh4 ,9 devot+ a few l9es to 8 memory we h n a long & di/+ui%$ c>e] to describe1 = a brief span ( life 0 all t 0 grant$ him1 b to ! la/ mom5t he s\ght to turn x to ! be/ acc\nt4 ,! pres5t "w has enjoy$ a wide circulation 9 ,g]many1 b few ( its read]s c\ld h kn[n any?+ ( ! au?or b 8 "n4 ,! protract$ /udies :i* =m ! basis ( x1 ! skilful h&l+ ( docum5t>y mat]ial :i* seem$ to betray ! practis$ hi/orian1 mu/ h sugge/$ a man ( ripe ye>s1 ^: life _h be5 pass$ 9 /udy1 z ! au?or2 no "o c]ta9ly w\ld h s\ght him among ! "y (fic]s ( a cavalry regim5t1 ^: ta/es g5]ally lie 9 any direction r ?an t ( hi/orical rese>*4 ,k>l von ,gebl] 0 ! son ( ,field-m>%al ,wilhelm von ,gebl]1 & 0 born at ,vi5na 9 #ahej4 ,al?\gh e>ly de/9$ = ! milit>y c>e]1 he laid ! f\ndations ( a sup]ior education 9 ! gramm> s*ools4 ,hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! gymnasium1 9 #ahfi he jo9$ ! #g? regim5t ( ! l9e z a private1 & be=e long atta9$ ! rank ( lieut5ant 9 ! #d? regim5t ( ,dragoons4 ,be+ an excell5t draftsman & skill$ 9 milit>y survey+1 he 0 (t5 employ$ on ! g5]al's /aff 9 draw+ maps4 ,9 addition to 8 ext5sive k ( milit>y affairs1 he _h _m ( ! accompli%m5ts befitt+ 8 call+2 he 0 an excell5t %ot & a bold rid]4 ,b ! duties ( a cavalry (fic] 7 soon too limit$ = 8 active m9d & intellectual ta/es1 & he s\ght also to w9 8 spurs on ! fields ( lit]ature4 ,he occupi$ 8 leisure 9 translat+ ! "w ( a ,fr5* /aff (fic]1 8,success 9 ,w>10 to :i* he made "s additions4 ,he also publi%$ 8,! ,true ,portrait ( a ,royal ,h]o ( ! #ah? ,c5tury10 9 a newspap]2 & f9ally1 8,hi/oric ,say+s40 ,a night ride1 und]tak5 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 (ficial duties1 f :i* he return$ at daybreak to ex]cise at ! rid+ s*ool1 br\ght on sev]e hemorrhage & inflammation ( ! lungs4 ,! two physicians :o att5d$ him gave him up2 9 a consultation at 8 b$side1 prud5tly held 9 ,lat91 !y gave him tw5ty-f\r h\rs to live4 ,"o ( !m hav+ tak5 leave1 ! o!r return$ to ! pati5t1 :o1 ) quiet hum\r1 greet$ him ) ! classic words1 8,morituri te salutant60 ,! wor?y doctor f\nd1 to 8 horror1 t ! pati5t _h und]/ood all t _h pass$1 & _h no easy task to p]suade him t 8 case 0 n s bad aft] all4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( "s local circum/ances1 already ord]$ ! c(f94 ,gebl]'s con/itution surm\nt$ ! dang]2 by ! spr+ he 0 able to jo9 8 p>5ts at ,gratz4 ,b 8 heal? _h su/a9$ s sev]e a %ock t he 0 compell$ to ab&on ! milit>y c>e]4 ,8 p>5ts remov$ to ,gries1 ne> ,botz51 = ! sake ( a mild] climate on 8 acc\nt4 ,"h he reviv$ wond]fully2 he seem$ to h tak5 a new lease ( life1 & devot$ himself altoge!r to lit]>y pursuits4 ,! critical /udies be=e m5tion$ ( ! assum$ hi/oric say+s ( great m51 & among !m ( ,galileo's fam\s dictum1 8,e pur si muove10 br\ght him into clos] acqua9tance ) ?is h]o ( sci5ce4 ,he accumulat$ s l>ge a mat]ial = a biographical sket* ( ! great ,italian1 t ! limits ( an essay seem$ too n>r[1 & he resolv$ to und]take a m compreh5sive "w on ! subject1 :i* he ?\ght w\ld fill up a gap 9 ,g]man lit]ature4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahge ! "w1 :i* _h occupi$ him f\r ye>s1 0 complet$4 ,x 0 n a little gratify+ to ! "y au?or t "o ( ! fir/ publi%]s 9 ,g]many1 ,cotta1 ( ,/uttg>d1 und]took ! publication on v fav\rable t]ms1 & br\ght x out 9 #ahgf4 ,x met ) great approval1 & br\ght him into association ) _m em95t lit]>y m5 9 ,italy & ,g]many4 ,galileo's own c\ntry 0 =emo/ 9 recognition ( 8 s]vices4 ,! academies ( ,padua & ,pisa1 & ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei s5t him special ackn[l$gm5ts1 & ,k+ ,victor ,emmanuel rew>d$ him ) ! ord] ( ! ,cr[n ( ,italy4 ,be=e ?is "w 0 f9i%$ he _h remov$ ) 8 fa!r1 hav+ 9 ! mean:ile lo/ 8 "m1 to ,m]an1 & dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 resid5ce !re 8 heal? improv$ s mu* t he 0 able to take "p 9 social life1 & to enl>ge ! sph]e ( 8 lab\rs & influ5ce4 ,society 9 ?is little t[n ow$ mu* 9 _m ways to ! intellectual & amiable "y (fic]4 ,:5ev] a good & noble cause requir$ support1 8 co-op]ation might be reckon$ on4 ,9 common ) _m o!r lov]s ( art & antiquity1 he took a lively int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation & re/oration ( ! ,maultas*-,burg1 :i* promises to be "o ( ! *ief sights ( ,m]an4 ,unhappily he did n live to see ! completion ( ! "w4 ,) increase ( heal? 8 ze/ = "w increas$ also1 & he address$ himself to a great hi/orical task4 ,! subject he select$ 0 ! ,maid ( ,orleans4 ,! prelim9>y /udies 7 difficult 9 a place de/itute ( all aids to le>n+4 ,8 rese>*es 7 n conf9$ to ! collection ( all ! pr9t$ mat]ial2 9 #ahgf he _h plann$ to se>* out ! docum5t>y s\rces :]ev] !y 7 to be f\nd1 b be=e ?is he made close /udies 9 ! field ( psy*ology & m5tal pa?ology4 ,! "w ( ,ruf on ! subject1 ! le>n$ *apla9 ( a lunatic asylum1 attract$ 8 att5tion1 & he ent]$ into communication ) ! au?or4 ,ruf's great exp]i5ce & philosophical acquirem5ts 7 ( great s]vice to ,gebl] 9 8 prelim9>y /udies on ,joan ( ,arc4 ,b ! project 0 n to be c>ri$ out4 ,j z he 0 ab\t to write ! second *apt]1 an essay ( ,b]ti's at ,rome occasion$ him to ent] on fre% /udies on ,galileo4 ,dom5ico ,b]ti1 :o _h exam9$ ! orig9al ,acts ( ,galileo's trial1 ?\gh1 z 8 "w %[s1 v sup]ficially1 spoke contemptu\sly ( ! ,g]man savans1 comp>+ !m ) bl9d m5 judg+ ( col\rs1 z none ( !m _h se5 ! orig9al ,acts 9 ! ,vatican4 ,?is _h special ref]5ce to ! docum5t ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 :i* ! ,g]man writ]s on ! subject1 & ,gebl] among !m1 decl>$ to be a =g]y4 ,be+ a man ( ! /ricte/ love ( tru?1 ?is reproa* induc$ him1 9 spite ( 8 heal?1 :i* _h aga9 fail$1 9 ,may1 #ahgg1 to g to ,rome1 :]e he obta9$ access to ! ,vatican4 ,= t5 weeks1 9 spite ( ! oppressive heat1 he daily sp5t f\rte5 h\rs 9 ! ,papal ,ar*ives1 /udy+ & copy+ ) diplomatic precision ! orig9al ,acts ( ,galileo's trial4 ,z ! result ( 8 lab\rs1 he felt con/ra9$ to decl>e ! docum5t 9 "q to be g5u9e4 ,actuat$ only by ! desire t tru? %\ld prevail1 9 ! second "p ( 8 "w1 writt5 at ,rome1 he )\t hesitation )drew ! op9ion he _h previ\sly advocat$ z an error4 ,8 fir/ "w _h made a flatt]+ commotion 9 ! lit]>y _w1 b ! additional publication call$ =? a /ill m animat$ discussion ( ! :ole "q1 :i* ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal w n h =gott54 ,gebl] took "p 9 x himself1 &1 !n suff]+ f illness1 wrote 8 reply f a sick b$4 ,8 soj\rn 9 ,rome _h sadly pull$ him d[n4 ,on 8 return home1 9 ,july1 #ahgg1 he _h lo/ 8 voice & 0 greatly r$uc$4 ,b 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> he once m r\s$ himself = a j\rney to ,italy4 ,! object ( ! previ\s "o 0 to foll[ 8 h]o 9 yell[ & fad$ hi/oric pap]s1 b ?is "t ! task he _h set himself 0 to pursue ! tracks ( ,galileo 9 all ! cities & places 9 any way connect$ ) 8 memory4 ,! result ( ^! travels 0 an article 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,no4 #g1 #ahgh1 8,on ! ,tracks ( ,galileo40 ,9 ?is pap] ,gebl] aga9 dispels "s cl\ds 9 :i* ,galileo's previ\s biograph]s _h envelop$ him4 ,we 9 ^! less romantic days are q will+ to disp5se ) ! %udd] at ! /ories ( ! dungeon1 etc41 & are glad to "k t ,galileo 0 p]mitt$ to enjoy a degree ( com=t dur+ 8 det5tion n (t5 grant$ to ^? :o come into collision ) ! _w4 8,on ! ,tracks ( ,galileo0 0 ,gebl]'s la/ lit]>y "w4 ,8 /r5g? ( w & m5tal p[]s at l5g? succumb$ to 8 incurable malady4 ,! m9]al wat]s ( ,glei*5b]g1 :i* he _h be5 recomm5d$ to try1 did him m h>m ?an good4 ,he wrote !nce to a fri5d1 8,i am 9 a pitiable condition1 & h giv5 up all hope ( improvem5t40 ,un=tunately he 0 "r4 ,he _h ov]task$ 8 /r5g?4 ,8 zeal = sci5ce _h ha/5$ 8 end1 & he may well be call$ "o ( h] victims4 ,8 la/ days 7 sp5t at ,gratz1 :]e 8 boyhood _h be5 pass$1 & he re/s beside 8 only bro!r4 ,bo? 7 ! pride & joy ( _! fa!r1 n[ left alone4 ,9 appe>ance ,k>l von ,gebl] 0 di/+ui%$ & attractive look+4 ,no "o c\ld escape ! *>m ( ! fre%ness & orig9ality ( 8 m9d1 9 spite ( con/ant ill heal?4 ,! ref9$ "y /ud5t1 ) ! mann]s ( a man ( ! _w1 0 a ph5om5on to 8 fell[-work]s 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,we h he>d "s ( !m say t !y c\ld n und]/& h[ ,gebl] c\ld h acquir$ ! hi/orian's craft1 ! te*nical art ( prosecut+ rese>*1 )\t hav+ _h any special critical s*ool+4 ,! writ] ( ^! l9es w nev] =get ! h\rs sp5t ) ?is amiable &1 9 spite ( 8 success1 truly mode/ "y man 9 8 snug /udy4 ,! walls l9$ ) books1 or adorn$ ) weapons1 betray$ at a glance ! "* & ta/es ( ! occupant1 :ile a p5dulum clock dat+ f ! "t ( ,galileo recall$ 8 "w on ! fir/ obs]v] ( ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum to m9d4 ,he always lik$ to w9d up ! v5]able timepiece himself1 & took a pleasure 9 its sonor\s tones4 ,:5 ,i once m ent]$ ! /udy aft] 8 dea?1 ! clock _h run d[n1 ! p5dulum _h ceas$ to vibrate1 x told ! h\r no m4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,g]man ,,edition4 ,:ile ,italy & ,france possess an ample lit]ature relat+ to ,galileo1 8 (t-discuss$ fate & memorable a*ievem5ts1 v little has be5 writt5 9 ,g]many on ?is h]o ( sci5ce2 & x w\ld almo/ seem z if ,cop]nicus & ,kepl] _h ca/ ! f\nd] ( me*anical physics into ! %ade4 ,g]man lit]ature does n possess "o exhau/ive "w on ,galileo4 ,?is is a great want1 & to supply x w\ld be a magnific5t & ?ankwor?y ent]prise4 ,x c\ld only1 h[ev]1 be c>ri$ out by a compreh5sive biography ( ! fam\s a/ronom]1 :i*1 toge!r ) a complete n>rative ( 8 life1 %\ld comprise a detail$ description & e/imate ( 8 writ+s1 inv5tions1 & discov]ies4 ,we d n feel ourselves ei!r call$ ^u or compet5t to und]take s difficult a task4 ,our desire has be5 m]ely to fill up a portion ( ! gap 9 ,g]man lit]ature by ?is contribution to ! ,life ( ,galileo1 ) a hope t x may be an inc5tive to "s man ( le>n+1 ^: /udies qualify him = ! task1 to give our nation a complete description ( ! life & works ( ?is great pione] ( ! ideas ( ,cop]nicus4 ,we h also set ourselves ano!r task2 namely1 to ?r[ z mu* light z possible1 by means ( au!ntic docum5ts1 on ! attitude ,galileo assum$ t[>ds ! ,roman curia1 & ! hi/ory ( ! p]secutions :i* result$ f x4 ,to ?is end1 h[ev]1 x appe>$ absolutely necess>y to give1 at any rate 9 broad outl9e1 a sket* ( 8 aims & a*ievem5ts z a :ole4 ,= 8 conflict ) ! ecclesia/ical p[] 0 b ! inevitable consequ5ce ( 8 subv]sive telescopic discov]ies & sci5tific re=ms4 ,x 0 necess>y to make ! intimate connection betwe5 ^! causes & _! hi/orical results p]fectly intelligible4 ,9 ! n>ration ( hi/orical ev5ts we h reli$1 z f> z possible1 ^u au!ntic s\rces only4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,galileo's correspond5ce1 & ! correspond5ce relat+ to him betwe5 ?ird p]sons4 7,albri's 8,op]e di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,vols4 ii41 iii41 vi41 vii41 viii41 ix41 x41 xv41 & ,suppl41 9 all #a1efd lett]s47 #b4 ,! con/ant reports ( ,niccol9i1 ! ,tuscan ambassador at ,rome1 to 8 ,gov]nm5t at ,flor5ce1 dur+ & aft] ,galileo's trial4 7,?irty-"o despat*es1 f ,augu/ #ae?1 #afcb1 to ,decemb] #crd1 #afcc47 #c4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,trial1 f ! ,,ms4 orig9als 9 ! ,vatican4 #d4 ,! collection ( docum5ts publi%$1 9 #ahgj1 by ,pr(essor ,silve/ro ,gh]>di4 ,?irty-two extracts f ! orig9al protocols ( ! sitt+s & decrees ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice4#c #e4 ,"s important docum5ts publi%$ by ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,riccioli1 9 8 8,almage/um novum1 ,bononi1 #afea40d ,we h also be5 c>eful to acqua9t ourselves ) ! num]\s ,fr5* & ,italian ,lives ( ,galileo1 f ! olde/1 t ( 8 contempor>y1 ,gh]>d9i1 to ! mo/ rec5t & complete1 t ( ,h5ri ,m>t91 #ahfi2 :5 admissible1 we h cauti\sly us$ !m1 con/antly comp>+ !m ) au!ntic s\rces4 ,z ! "p ( ! /ory ( ,galileo ( :i* we h treat$ is t :i* has be5 mo/ frequ5tly discuss$ 9 lit]ature1 & f ! mo/ widely diff]+ po9ts ( view1 x c\ld n fail to be ( great int]e/ to u to collect & exam9e1 z f> z x lay 9 our p[]1 ! views1 op9ions1 & criticisms to be f\nd 9 v>i\s treatises on ! subject4 ,we (f] our w>m ?anks to all ! possessors ( private1 & cu/odians ( public libr>ies1 :o h mo/ lib]ally & oblig+ly aid$ u 9 our project4 ,"o m rem>k rema9s to be made4 ,p>ty int]e/s & passions h1 to a great ext5t1 & ) b few exceptions1 guid$ ! p5s ( ^? :o h writt5 on ?is *apt] ( ,galileo's life4 ,! "o side has laud$ him z an admirable m>tyr ( sci5ce1 & ascrib$ m cruelty to ! ,inquisition ?an x really inflict$ on him2 ! o!r has ?\ght prop] to ent] ! li/s z def5d] ( ! ,inquisition1 & to wa% x :ite at ,galileo's exp5se4 ,hi/orical tru? contradicts bo?4 ,:atev] may be ! judgm5t pass$ on ! pres5t "w1 to "o ackn[l$gm5t we ?9k we may1 ) a good consci5ce1 lay claim3 t1 /&+ 9 ! s]vice ( tru? alone1 we h anxi\sly endeav\r$ to pursue none o!r ?an h] sublime int]e/s4 ,,k>l ,,von ,,gebl]4 ,,m]an1 ,novemb]1 #ahge4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,"p ,i4 ,,galileo',s ,,e>ly ,,ye>s1 ,,8 ,,important ,,discov]ies1 ,,& ,,fir/ ,,conflict ,,) ,,! ,,roman ,,curia4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,& ,,fir/ ,,discov]ies4 ,bir? at ,pisa4--,p>5tage4--,8 ,fa!r's ,writ+s on ,music4--,galileo de/9$ to be a ,clo? ,m]*ant4--,goes to ! ,conv5t ( ,vallombrosa4--,beg9s to /udy ,m$ic9e4--,goes to ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4--,discov]y ( ! ,syn*ronism ( ! ,p5dulum4--,/ol5 ,lessons 9 ,ma!matics4--,8 ,hydro/atic ,scales4--,pr(essor%ip at ,pisa4--,poor ,pay4--,! ,laws ( ,motion4--,john de' ,m$ici4--,leaves ,pisa4--,pr(essor%ip at ,padua4--,writes v>i\s ,treatises4--,! ,!rmoscope4--,lett] to ,kepl]4--,! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--8,de ,revolutionibus orbium ,cle/ium0 #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,telescope ,,& ,,its ,,revelations4 ,t]m ( ,pr(essor%ip at ,padua r5ew$4--,a/ronomy4--,a ,new ,/>4--,! ,telescope4--,galileo n ! ,inv5tor4--,visit to ,v5ice to exhibit x4--,telescopic ,discov]ies4--,jupit]'s ,moons4--,reque/ ( ,h5ry ,,iv4--8,sid]eus ,nuncius40--,! ,/orm x rais$4--,mag9i's attack on ,galileo4--,! ,r+ ( ,saturn4--,an ,anagram4--,opposition ( ! ,ari/otelian ,s*ool4--,lett] to ,kepl] #af ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,removal ,,to ,,flor5ce4 ,galileo's ,fame & ,pupils4--,wi%es to be fre$ f ,academic ,duties4--,project$ ,works4--,call to ,c\rt ( ,tuscany4--,?is *ange ! s\rce ( 8 ,mis=tunes4--,lett] f ,sagr$o4--,phases ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4--,! ,sol> ,spots4--,visit to ,rome4--,triumphant ,reception4--,lett] f ,c>d9al del ,monte to ,cosmo ,,ii4--,! ,inquisition4--,introduction ( ,!ology into ! ,sci5tific ,controv]sy4--8,dianoja ,a/ronomica40--,intrigues at ,flor5ce #bg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,!ology4 ,treatise on ,float+ ,bodies4--,controv]sy ) ,s*e9] ab\t ! ,sol> ,spots4--,fav\rable reception ( ,galileo's ,"w on ! subject at ,rome4--,discussion ) ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e4--,! ,bible br\ght into ! controv]sy4--,ill-fat$ ,lett] to ,ca/elli4--,cacc9i's ,s]mon aga9/ ,galileo4--,lor9i d5\nces ! ,lett] to ! ,holy ,(fice4--,ar*bi%op ,bonciani's attempts to get ! orig9al ,lett]4--8,op9ion0 ( ! ,inquisition on x4--,cacc9i summon$ to give evid5ce4--,absurd accusations4--,te/imony ( ,xim5es & ,attavanti 9 ,galileo's fav\r #db ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hopes ,,& ,,fe>s4 ,galileo's ,fe>s4--,allay$ by lett]s f ,rome4--,fosc>9i's ,"w4--,bl9dness ( ,galileo's ,fri5ds4--,8 ,apology to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e4--,effect produc$ by x4--,visit to ,rome4--,errone\s op9ion t he 0 cit$ to appe>4--,cacc9i begs p>don4--,galileo def5ds ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em at ,rome4--,8 mi/ake 9 s do+ #ei ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,inquisition ,,& ,,! ,,cop]nican ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,! ,,assum$ ,,prohibition ,,to ,,galileo4 ,adv]se 8,op9ion0 ( ! ,inquisition on ,galileo's ,propositions4--,admonition by ,bell>m9e1 & assum$ ,absolute ,prohibition to treat ( ! ,cop]nican ,doctr9es4--,discrepancy betwe5 ,notes ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y4--,m>9i's ,docum5ts4--,ep9ois's ,"w on ,galileo4--,wohlwill fir/ d\bts ! ,absolute ,prohibition4--,d\bts confirm$ by ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts4--,decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 on ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,attitude ( ! ,*ur*4--,0 ! ,absolute ,prohibition ev] issu$ to ,galileo8--,te/imony ( ,bell>m9e 9 8 fav\r4--,conclusions #gf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,evil ,,report ,,& ,,good ,,report4 ,galileo /ill l+]s at ,rome4--,guicc>d9i tries to effect 8 ,recall4--,errone\s idea t he 0 try+ to get ! ,decree repeal$4--,intrigues aga9/ him4--,audi5ce ( ,pope ,paul ,v4--,8 fri5dly assurances4--,8 ,"*4--,galileo's return to ,flor5ce #ia ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,on ,,comets4 ,/udi\s ,seclusion4--,wait+ = ! ,correction ( ! ,"w ( ,cop]nicus4--,treatise on ,tides4--,s5ds x to ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria4--,! ,lett] :i* accompani$ x4--,! ?ree ,comets ( #afah4--;,galileo's ,op9ion ( ,comets4--,grassi's ,lecture on !m4--,guiducci's ,treatise on !m1 inspir$ by ,galileo4--,grassi's 8,a/ronomical & ,philosophical ,scales40--,galileo's ,reply4--,paul ,v4--,8 ,dea?4--,dea? ( ,cosmo ,,ii4--,gregory ,,xv4--8,il ,saggiatore0 f9i%$4--,ricc>di's 8,op9ion0 on x4--,dea? ( ,gregory ,,xv4--,urban ,,viii4 #ih ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,maffeo ,,b>b]9i ,,z ,,urban ,,viii4 ,8 ,"*4--,ta/e = ,lett]s4--,fri5d%ip = ,galileo :5 ,c>d9al4--,lett]s to him4--,v]ses 9 8 hon\r4--,publication ( 8,il ,saggiatore0 ) ,d$ication to ! ,pope4--,"* ( ! ,"w4--,! ,pope's approval ( x4--,inconsi/5cy ) ! assum$ ,prohibition #ajh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,papal ,,fav\r4 ,galileo goes to ,rome to congratulate ,urban ,,viii4 on 8 ,accession4--,fav\rable reception4--,sci5tific discussions ) ! ,pope4--,urban refuses to ,revoke ! ,decree ( #e? ,m>*4--,nicolo ,ricc>di4--,! ,microscope4--,galileo n ! ,inv5tor4--,urban's fav\rs to ,galileo on leav+ ,rome4--,galileo's reply to ,+oli4--,sangu9e hopes4--,grassi's hypocrisy4--,sp9ola's h>angue aga9/ ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,lo?>io ,s>si's reply to 8,il ,saggiatore40--,galileo writes 8 8,dialogues0 #aad ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,publication ,,( ,,! 8,,dialogues ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,pr9cipal ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,! ,,_w10 ,,& ,,trial ,,& ,,condemnation ,,( ,,galileo4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! 8,,dialogues0 ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems4 ,orig9 ( ! 8,dialogues40--,_! popul> /yle4--,significance ( ! "n ,simplicius4--,hypo!tical treatm5t ( ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,attitude ( ,rome t[>ds ,sci5ce4--,?omas ,campanella4--,urban ,,viii4's duplicity4--,galileo takes 8 ,,ms4 to ,rome4--,ricc>di's corrections4--,he gives ! ,imprimatur on c]ta9 conditions4--,galileo returns to ,flor5ce to complete ! ,"w #abg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,imprimatur ,,= ,,! 8,,dialogues40 ,dea? ( ,pr9ce ,cesi4--,dissolution ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei4--,galileo advis$ to pr9t at ,flor5ce4--,difficulties & delays4--,8 impati5ce4--,au?or%ip ( ! ,introduction4--,! ,imprimatur grant$ = ,flor5ce4--,absurd accusation f ! /yle ( ! ,type ( ! ,introduction #ach ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! 8,,dialogues0 ,,& ,,! ,,jesuits4 ,publication ( ! 8,dialogues40--,applause ( ,galileo's fri5ds & ! le>n$ _w4--,! ho/ile p>ty4--,! ,jesuits z lead]s ( le>n+4--,depriv$ ( _! monopoly by ,galileo4--,!y become 8 bitt] foes4--,hav+ ! ,imprimatur = ,rome & ,flor5ce1 ,galileo ?\ght himself d\bly safe4--,! ?ree dolph9s4--,s*e9]4--,did 8,simplicius0 p]sonate ! ,pope8--,conclusive argum5ts aga9/ x4--,effect ( ! accusation4--,urban's motives 9 in/itut+ ! ,trial #aea ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,absolute ,,prohibition ,,( #afaf4 ,symptoms ( ! com+ ,/orm4--,! ,special ,commission4--,p>ade ( =be>ance4--,! ,gr& ,duke int]c$es = ,galileo4--,provisional ,prohibition ( ! 8,dialogues40--,niccol9i's ,int]view ) ! ,pope & unfav\rable reception4--,report ( x to ,cioli4--,magalotti's ,lett]s4--,real object ( ! ,special ,commission to f9d a pretext = ! ,trial4--,its discov]y 9 ! assum$ ,prohibition ( #afaf4--,report ( ! ,commission1 & *>ges aga9/ ,galileo #afc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,summons ,,to ,,rome4 ,niccol9i's attempt to av]t ! ,trial4--,! ,pope's ,p>able4--,! ,m&ate summon+ ,galileo to ,rome4--,8 grief & con/]nation4--,8 ,lett] to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i4--,r5ew$ ord] to come to ,rome4--,niccol9i's fruitless ef=ts to save him4--,m$ical ,c]tificate t he 0 unfit to travel4--,ca/elli's hopeful view ( ! case4--,?reat to br+ him to ,rome z a ,prison]4--,! ,gr& ,duke advises him to g4--,8 p[]lessness to protect 8 s]vant4--,galileo's mi/ake 9 leav+ ,v5ice4--,lett] to ,elia ,diodati #age ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,galileo',s ,,arrival ,,at ,,rome4 ,galileo rea*es ,rome 9 ,febru>y1 #afcb4--;,goes to ! ,tuscan ,embassy4--,no notice at fir/ tak5 ( 8 com+4--,visits ( ,s]ri/ori4--,galileo's hopefulness4--,8 ,lett] to ,boc*9]i4--,niccol9i's audi5ce ( ! ,pope4--,ef=ts ( ! ,gr& ,duke & ,niccol9i on ,galileo's behalf4--,notice t he mu/ appe> be=e ! ,holy ,(fice4--,8 dejection at ! news4--,niccol9i's advice n to def5d himself #aia ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,trial ,,be=e ,,! ,,inquisition4 ,! fir/ he>+4--,galileo's submissive attitude4--,! ev5ts ( ,febru>y1 #afaf4--;,galileo d5ies k ( a special ,prohibition4--,produces ,bell>m9e's c]tificate4--,ei!r ! ,prohibition 0 n issu$1 or ,galileo's ignorance 0 feign$4--,8 conduct s9ce #afaf agrees ) its non-issue4--,! ,inquisitor assumes t x 0 issu$4--8,op9ions0 ( ,oregius1 ,in*(] & ,pasqualigus4--,galileo has ,ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,holy ,(fice assign$ to him4--,falls ill4--,lett] to ,g]i ,boc*9]i4--,*ange ( tone at second he>+ hi!rto an enigma4--,n[ expla9$ by lett] f ,fir5zuola to ,c>d9al ,fr4 ,b>b]9i4--,galileo's ,confession4--,8 ,weakness & ,subs]vi5cy #bja ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,trial ,,cont9u$4 ,galileo all[$ to return to ! ,embassy4--,8 hopefulness4--,?ird he>+4--,h&s 9 8 ,def5ce4--,agreem5t ( x ) previ\s ev5ts4--,confid5t hopes ( 8 fri5ds4--,niccol9i's fe>s4--,decision to exam9e ,galileo "u ?reat ( ,torture4--,niccol9i's audi5ce ( ! ,pope4--,in=m$ t ! ,trial 0 ov]1 t ,galileo w\ld soon be ,s5t5c$1 & w\ld be ,imprison$4--,f9al ,exam9ation4--,s5t back to 8locum suum40--,no evid5ce t he suff]$ ,torture1 or 0 plac$ 9 a prison cell #bag ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,recantation4 ,! ,s5t5ce 9 full4--,analysis ( x4--,! ,cop]nican ,sy/em _h n be5 pron\nc$ h]etical by 8,infallible0 au?ority4--,! special ,prohibition assum$ z fact4--,! ,s5t5ce illegal accord+ to ! ,canon ,law4--,! ,holy ,(fice exce$$ its p[]s 9 call+ ^u ,galileo to recant4--,! ,s5t5ce n unanim\s4--,?is escap$ notice = two hundr$ & ?irty-"o ,ye>s4--,! ,recantation4--,futile attempts to %[ t ,galileo _h really alt]$ 8 op9ion4--,aft] ! ,s5t5ce1 ,imprisonm5t ex*ang$ = ,bani%m5t to ,tr9ita de' ,monti4--,petition = leave to g to ,flor5ce4--,all[$ to g to ,si5a #bcj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,curr5t ,,my?s4 ,popul> ,/ory ( ,galileo's ,fate4--,8 ,eyes put out4--8,e pur si ,muove40--,! ,hair ,%irt4--,imprisonm5t4--,galileo only deta9$ tw5ty-two ,days at ! ,holy ,(fice4--,torture4--,refut$ 9 #ah? ,c5tury4--,torture bas$ on ! words 8exam5 rigorosum40--,?is %[n to be unt5able4--,ass]tion t ! ,acts h be5 falsifi$ refut$4--,false ,imputation on ,niccol9i4--,conclusive ,evid5ce aga9/ ,torture4--,galileo n truly a 8,m>tyr ( ,sci5ce0 #bdi ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,galileo',s ,,la/ ,,ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,galileo ,,at ,,si5a ,,& ,,arcetri4 ,arrival at ,si5a4--,reque/ to ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany to ask = 8 release4--,po/pon$ on ! advice ( ,niccol9i4--,endeav\rs at ,rome to /ifle ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,s5t5ce & ,recantation s5t to all ! ,inquisitors ( ,italy4--,lett] to ! ,inquisitor ( ,v5ice4--,m&ate aga9/ ! publication ( any new ,"w ( ,galileo's1 or new ,edition4--,curi\s ,argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! old ,sy/em4--,niccol9i asks = ,galileo's release4--,refusal1 b p]mission giv5 to g to ,arcetri4--,anonym\s accusations4--,dea? ( 8 ,daught]4--,reque/ = p]mission to g to ,flor5ce4--,h>% refusal & ?reat4--,lett] to ,diodati4--,aga9 at "w4--,int]v5tion ( ! ,c\nt de ,noailles on ,galileo's behalf4--,pr$iction t he w be comp>$ to ,socrates4--,lett] to ,peiresc4--,publication ( ,galileo's ,works 9 ,holl&4--,cont9u$ ef=ts ( ,noailles4--,urban's fair spee*es #bfg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,fail+ ,,heal? ,,& ,,loss ,,( ,,sight4 ,galileo's ,lab\rs at ,arcetri4--,completion ( ! 8,dialoghi delle nuove ,sci5ze40--,s5ds x to ! ,elzevirs at ,leyd54--,me?od ( tak+ ,longitudes at ,sea4--,decl9$ by ,spa9 & (f]$ to ,holl&4--,discov]y ( ! ,libration & ,titubation ( ! ,moon4--,visit f ,milton4--,becomes bl9d4--,lett] to ,diodati4--,on a h9t f ,ca/elli1 petitions = 8 ,lib]ty4--,! ,inquisitor to visit him & report to ,rome4--,p]mitt$ to live at ,flor5ce "u re/rictions4--,! ,/ates-,g5]al appo9t a ,delegate to see him on ! ,longitude "q4--,! ,inquisitor s5ds ^w ( x to ,rome4--,galileo n to receive a ,h]etic4--,pres5ts f ! ,/ates-,g5]al refus$ f fe> ( ,rome4--,lett] to ,diodati4--,galileo suppos$ to be ne> 8 end4--,reque/ t ,ca/elli might come to him4--,p]mitt$ "u re/rictions4--,! new 8,dialoghi0 appe> at ,leyd51 #afch4--,!y f\nd$ ,me*anical ,physics4--,attract mu* notice4--,improvem5t ( heal?4--,9 #afci goes to ,arcetri aga91 probably n volunt>ily #bhd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,& ,,dea?4 ,refusal ( "s ,fav\r ask$ by ,galileo4--,8 pi\s ,resignation4--,cont9ues 8 sci5tific ,rese>*es4--,8 pupil ,viviani4--,failure ( attempt to r5ew ,negotiations ab\t ,longitudes4--,reply to ,liceti & ,correspond5ce ) him4--,la/ discussion ( ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em 9 reply to ,r9ucc9i4--,sket* ( its cont5ts4--,p5dulum ,clocks4--,priority ( ! discov]y belongs to ,galileo4--,visit f ,ca/elli4--,torricelli jo9s ,viviani4--,sci5tific disc\rse on 8 ,dea?b$4--,dea?1 #h? ,jan41 #afdb4--,proposal to d5y him ,*ri/ian ,burial4--,monum5t object$ to by ,urban ,,viii4--,f]d9& ,,ii4 fe>s to (f5d him4--,buri$ quietly4--,no ,inscription till ?irty-two ye>s lat]4--,fir/ ,public ,monum5t erect$ by ,viviani 9 #afic4--,viviani directs 8 heirs to erect "o 9 ,santa ,croce4--,erect$ 9 #agch4--,rome unable to put d[n ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,9 #ageg ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 p]mits ! clause 9 ,decree =bidd+ books :i* tea* ! new ,sy/em to be expung$4--,9 #ahbj p]mission giv5 to treat ( x z true4--,galileo's "w & o!rs n expung$ f ! ,index till #ahce #bii ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,,manuscript #cai ,,ii4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,,manuscript #ccj ,,iii4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,,manuscript #ccd ,,iv4 ,,gh]>di',s ,,collection ,,( ,,docum5ts #cda ,v4 ,,decree ,,( #e,,? ,,m>*1 #afaf #cde ,,vi4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,recantation #cdg ,,works ,,consult$4#e ,,alb,,ri 7,eug5io73 8,le op]e di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,prima edizione completa condotta sugli aut5tici manoscritti ,palat9i4 ,fir5ze1 #ahdb-ahef4 998,sul ,processo di ,galileo4 ,due ,lett]e 9 rispo/a al giornale ,s'op9ione40 ,fir5ze1 #ahfd4 ,,anonym3 8,d] heilige ,/uhl geg5 ,galileo ,galilei und das a/ronomis*e ,sy/em des ,cop]nicus40 ,hi/oris*-politis*e ,bltt] fr das ka?olis*e ,deuts*l&2 h]ausgegeb5 von ,g4 ,phillips und ,g4 ,grres4 ,sieb5t] ,b&4 ,mn*51 #ahda4 8,galileo ,galilei4 ,se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,b$eutung fr die ,entwickelung d] ,naturwiss5s*aft40 ,die ,=ts*ritte d] ,naturwiss5s*aft 9 biographis*5 ,bild]n4 ,drittes ,heft4 ,b]l91 #ahef4 8,galileo ,galilei40 ,die ,gr5zbot54 ,,xxiv4 ,jahrgang4 ,i4 ,seme/]4 ,nr4 #bd4 #ahfe4 99,,ardu9i 7,c>lo73 8,la ,primog5ita di ,galileo ,galilei rivelata dalle sue lett]e40 ,flor5ce1 #ahfd4 ,,b>bi] 7,anto9e ,alex&re73 8,exam5 critique et complm5t des dictionnaires hi/oriques les plus rp&us40 ,p>is1 #ahbj4 ,article ,galile4 99,,b]ti 7,pr(4 ,dom5ico73 8,la v5uta di ,galileo ,galilei a ,padova4 ,/udii4 ,atti del ,reale ,i/ituto ,v5eto di sci5ze1 lett]e ed arti1 dal ,novembre #ahgj all' ottobre #ahga40 ,tomo decimose/o1 s]ia t]za1 disp5sa qu9ta1 ottava1 nono e decima4 ,v5ezia1 #ahgj1 #ahga4 998,cop]nico e le vic5de del ,si/ema ,cop]nicano 9 ,italia nella seconda met del secolo ,,xvi4 e nella prima del secolo ,,xvii40 ,roma1 #ahgf4 8,il ,processo orig9ale di ,galileo ,galilei1 pubblicato p] la prima volta40 ,roma1 #ahgf4 8,la ,critica mod]na e il ,processo contro ,galileo ,galilei40 7,nuova ,antologia1 ,g5najo1 #ahgg ,fir5ze47 ,,b\ix 7,l',abb73 8,la condamnation de ,galile4 ,lapsus des criva9s1 qui l'oppos5t la doctr9e de l'infaillibilit du ,pape40--,revue des ,sci5ces ecclsia/iques4 ,arras-,p>is1 fvri] et m>s1 #ahff4 ,,cantor 7,pr(essor ,dr4 ,moritz73 8,galileo ,galilei40 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik4 #i4 ,jahrgang4 #c4 ,heft4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 8,rec5sion5 b] die #ahgj ers*i555 ,s*rift5 ,wohlwill's und ,gh]>di's b] d5 ,galilei's*5 ,process40 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik4 #af4 ,jahrgang4 #a4 ,heft4 #ahga4 ,,casp> 7,dr4 ,r473 8,galileo ,galilei4 ,zusamm5/ellung d] ,=s*ung5 und ,entdeckung5 ,galilei's auf dem ,gebiete d] ,naturwiss5s*aft1 als ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,physik40 ,/uttg>t1 #ahed4 ,,*asles 7,pr(4 ,phil>te73 8,galileo ,galilei1 sa vie1 son procs et ses contempora9s d'aprs les docum5ts orig9aux40 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 99,,combes 7,l\is73 8,galile et ,l',inquisition ,roma9e40 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,,delambre 7,jean ,bapti/e ,joseph73 8,hi/oire de l'a/ronomie anci5ne40 ,p>is1 #ahba4 ,,eck]t 7,pr(essor ,dr473 8,galileo ,galilei1 dess5 ,leb5 und ,v]di5/e um die ,wiss5s*aft540 ,als ,e9ladung zur ,promotionsfei] des ,pdagogiums4 ,basel1 #aheh4 ,,ep9ois 7,h5ri de ,l'73 8,galile1 son procs1 sa condamnation d'aprs des docum5ts 9dits40 ,extrait de la ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 998,les ,pices du ,procs de ,galile1 prcdes d'un avant-propos40 ,rome1 ,p>is1 #ahgg v4 ,palm socit ,gnrale de ,librairie ,ca?olique4 998,la ,"q de ,galile1 les faits et leurs consqu5ces40 ,p>is ,palm1 #ahgh4 ,,figui] 7,l\is73 8,galile40 ,vies des savants illu/res du dix-septime sicle4 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,,fri$le9 7,rector73 8,zum ,inquisitionsprocess des ,galileo ,galilei40 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik4 #ag4 ,jahrgang4 #c4 ,heft4 #ahgb4 ,,gh]>di 7,pr(4 ,silve/ro73 8,il ,processo ,galileo riv$uto sopra docum5ti di nuova fonte40 ,rivi/a ,europea4 ,anno #a4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgj4f 8,sulla ,diss]tazione del dott4 ,emilio ,wohlwill4 ,il processo di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,e/ratto della ,rivi/a ,europea4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb4 99,,gilb]t 7,pr(4 ,ph473 8,le ,procs de ,galile d'aprs les ,docum5ts contempora9s40 ,extrait de la ,revue ,ca?olique tomes ,i41 ,,ii4 ,l\va9s1 #ahfi4 ,,govi 7,gilb]to73 8,intorno a c]ti manuscritti apocrifi di ,galileo40 ,tor9o1 #ahfi4 ,e/r4 dagli ,atti della ,accadmia delle ,sci5ze di ,tor9o ,vol4 ,v4 ,adunanza del #ba ,nov4 #ahfi4 8,intorno a tre lett]e di ,galileo ,galilei tratte dall' ar*ivio dei ,gonzaga40 ,bollett9o di bibliografia e di /oria delle sci5ze matemati*e e fisi*e pubblicato da ,b4 ,boncompagni4 ,tomo ,,iii4 ,roma1 #ahgj4 ,,govi 7,gilb]to73 8,il ,s4 ,(fizio1 ,cop]nico e ,galileo a proposito di un opuscolo po/umo del ,p4 ,olivi]i sullo /esso argom5to40 ,tor9o1 #ahgb4 99,,gris> 7,pr(4 ,h4 ,s4 ,j473 8,d] ,galilei's*e ,process auf d] neue/5 ,act5publication5 hi/oris* und juri/is* geprft40 ,zeits*rift fr ,ka?4 ,!ol4 ,,ii4 ,jahrgang1 pp4 #fe-abh4 ,innsbruck4 ,,jagemann3 8,ges*i*te des ,leb5s und d] ,s*rift5 des ,galileo ,galilei40 ,neue ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #aghg4 ,,libri3 8,galileo ,galilei1 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,w]ke40 ,aus dem ,franzsis*5 mit ,anm]kung5 von ,f4 ,w4 ,c>ov4 ,sieg5 und ,wiesbad51 #ahdb4 ,,m>9i 7,mgr4 ,m>9o73 8,galileo e l'inquisizione40 ,memorie /orico-criti*e4 ,roma1 #ahej4 ,,m>t9 7,h5ri ,?473 8,galile1 les droits de la sci5ce et la m?ode des sci5ces physiques40 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,,nelli 7,gio4 ,bati/a ,clem5te de73 8,vita e comm]cio lett]>io di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,losanna 7,fir5ze71 #agic4 ,,olivi]i 7,p4 ,maurizio-,b5$etto ,ex4 g5]ale dei dom5icani e ,commiss>io della ,s4 ,rom4 ed ,univ]4 ,inquisizione73 8,di ,cop]nico e di ,galileo scritto po/umo ora p] la prima volta messo 9 luce sull' autografo p] cura d'un religioso dello /esso i/ituto40 ,bologna1 #ahgb4 ,,p>*appe 7,dr4 ,max73 8,galile1 sa vie1 ses dc\v]tes et ses travaux40 ,p>is1 #ahff4 99,,pi]alisi 7,sante1 ,sac]dote e ,bibliotec>io della ,b>b]9iana73 8,urbano ,,viii4 e ,galileo ,galilei3 ,memorie ,/ori*e40 ,roma1 #ahge4 ,tipografia poliglotta della ,l4 ,p4 di ,propag&a ,fide4 998,correzioni al libro ,urbano ,,viii4 ,galileo ,galilei propo/e dall' autore ,sante ,pi]alisi con oss]vazione sopra il processo orig9ale di ,galileo ,galilei pubblicato da ,dom5ico ,b]ti40 ,settembre1 #ahgf4 ,,reitl+] 7,pr(4 ,edmund73 8,galileo ,galilei40 ,freie ,blicke4 ,populrwiss5s*aftli*e ,aufstze4 ,b]l91 #ahge4 ,,reumont 7,alfr$ von73 8,galilei und ,rom40 ,beitrge zur itali5is*5 ,ges*i*te4 #a ,bd4 ,b]l91 #ahec4 ,,reus* 7,pr(essor ,dr4 ,f4 ,h473 8,d] ,galilei's*e ,procesz40 ,e9 ,vortrag4 ,hi/oris*e ,zeits*rift2 h]ausgegeb5 von ,pr(4 ,he9ri* von ,sybel4 #ag4 ,jahrgang4 #ahge4 #c4 ,heft4 ,,rezzi 7,m4 ,dom5ica73 8,sulla inv5zione del microscopio1 giuntavi una notizia delle ,consid]azioni al ,tasso attribuite a ,galileo ,galilei40 ,roma1 #aheb4 99,,ricc>di 7,pr(4 ,cav4 ,pietro73 8,di alcune rec5ti memorie sul processo e sulla condanna del ,galilei4 ,nota e ,docum5ti aggiunti alla bibliografia ,galileiana40 ,mod5a1 #ahgc4 ,,riccioli 7,p4 ,jo4 ,bapt473 8,almage/um novum40 ,bonioniae1 #afea4 ,,ros9i 7,m4 ,giovanni73 8,p] l'inaugurazione sol5ne della /atua di ,galileo40 ,orazione4 ,pisa1 #ahci 7#b ,oct74 ,,rossi 7,pr(4 ,giuseppe73 8,del ,metodo ,galileiano40 ,bologna1 #ahgg4 99,,sc>tazz9i 7,dr4 ,t4 ,a473 8,d] ,process des ,galileo ,galilei40 ,uns]e ,zeit4 ,jahrgang #ac4 ,heft #g & #ah4 998,il processo di ,galileo ,galilei e la mod]na critica t$esca40 ,revi/a ,europea1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,"p ,v41 ,vol4 ,v4 ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii41 #a & #af ,jan4 #ahgh4 99,,s*neemann 7,p4 ,s4 ,j473 8,galileo ,galilei und d] ,rmis*e ,/uhl40 ,/imm5 aus ,m>ia ,laa*4 ,ka?4 ,bltt]n4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,april1 #ahgh4 ,,snell 7,dr4 ,c>l73 8,ueb] ,galilei als ,begrnd] d] me*anis*5 ,physik und b] die ,me?ode d]selb540 ,j5a1 #ahfd4 ,,t>gioni ,,tozzetti3 8,notizie degli aggr&im5ti delle sci5ze fisi*e 9 ,toscana40 ,fir5ze1 #aghj4 7,conta9s 9 ,vol4 ii43 8,vita di ,galileo scritta da ,nic4 ,gh]>d9i407 ,,v5turi 7,cav4 ,giambatti/a73 8,memorie e lett]e in$ite f9ora o disp]se di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,mod5a1 #ahah-ahba4 ,,viviani3 8,raconto i/orico della vita di ,galileo ,galilei40 7,en?alt5 im ,,xv4 ,b&e d] ,op]e di ,galileo ,galilei4 ,prima edizione completa4 ,fir5ze1 #ahef47 ,,vos5 7,dr4 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann73 8,galileo ,galilei und die ,rmis*e ,b]ur!ilung des ,cop]nicanis*5 ,sy/ems40 ,bros*r5v]e9 ,nr4 #e4 ,frankfurt am ,m4 #ahfe4 ,,wohlwill 7,dr4 ,emil73 8,d] ,inquisitionsprocess des ,galileo ,galilei4 ,e9e ,prfung se9] re*tli*5 ,grundlage na* d5 ,act5 d] ,rmis*5 ,inquisition40 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 998,i/ ,galilei gefolt]t word58 ,e9e kritis*e ,/udie40 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 8,zum ,inquisitionsprocesz des ,galileo ,galilei40 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik4 #ag4 ,jahrgang4 #b4 ,heft4 #ahgb4 99,,wolynski 7,dott4 ,arturio73 8,lett]e in$ite a ,galileo ,galilei40 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb4 998,relazione di ,galileo ,galilei colla ,polonia espo/e secondo i docum5ti p] la maggior p>te non pubblicati40 ,fir5ze1 #ahgc4 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana e ,galileo ,galilei40 ,fir5ze1 #ahgd4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,galileo',s ,,e>ly ,,ye>s1 ,,8 ,,important ,,discov]ies1 ,,& ,,fir/ ,,conflict ,,) ,,! ,,roman ,,curia4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,& ,,fir/ ,,discov]ies4 ,bir? at ,pisa4--,p>5tage4--,8 ,fa!r's ,writ+s on ,music4--,galileo de/9$ to be a ,clo? ,m]*ant4--,goes to ! ,conv5t ( ,vallombrosa4--,beg9s to /udy ,m$ic9e4--,goes to ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4--,discov]y ( ! ,iso*ronism ( ! ,p5dulum4--,/ol5 ,lessons 9 ,ma!matics4--,8 ,hydro/atic ,scales4--,pr(essor%ip at ,pisa4--,poor ,pay4--,! ,laws ( ,motion4--,john de' ,m$ici4--,leaves ,pisa4--,pr(essor%ip at ,padua4--,writes v>i\s ,treatises4--,! ,!rmoscope4--,lett] to ,kepl]4--,! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium40 ,! same memorable day is m>k$ by ! sett+ ( "o ( ! mo/ brilliant />s 9 ! firmam5t ( art & ! ris+ ( ano!r 9 ! sph]e ( sci5ce1 :i* 0 to enlight5 ! _w ) beams ( equal spl5d\r4 ,on ! #ah? ,febru>y1 #aefd1 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>otti clos$ 8 eyes at ,rome1 & ,galileo ,galilei fir/ saw ! light at ,pisa4 ,he 0 ! son ( ! ,flor5t9e nobleman1 ,v9c5zo ,galilei1 & ( ,julia1 "o ( ! anci5t family ( ! ,ammanati ( ,pescia1 & 0 born 9 w$lock1 z ! docum5ts ( ! *ur* cle>ly atte/4#g ,8 e>lie/ ye>s 7 sp5t at ,pisa1 b 8 p>5ts soon return$ to ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 _! settl$ home4 ,"h he receiv$ 8 e>ly education4 ,8 fa!r _h di/+ui%$ himself by 8 writ+s on ! !ory ( music1 p>ticul>ly ! ma!matical "p ( x4#h ,!y 7 n m]ely above m$iocrity1 b aim$ at innovation1 & if !y did n a*ieve re=m1 x 0 to be attribut$ to ! cons]vative _s !n reign+ 9 ,italy1 :i* ass]t$ itself 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 & especially 9 ! sph]es ( art & sci5ce4 ,galileo's fa!r _h no prop]ty4 ,8 income 0 b scanty1 & ! fates _h end[$ him ) a num]\s family in/ead ( ) =tune4#i ,"u ^! unt[>d circum/ances he at fir/ de/9$ ! little ,galileo1 z is relat$ by ,gh]>d9i1 8 e>lie/ biograph]1 to a c>e] by no means di/+ui%$1 ?\gh advantage\s 9 a mat]ial po9t ( view1 & "o t conf]r$ mu* ( _! weal? on ! ,flor5t9es1 s t x 0 held 9 high e/eem--he 0 to be a clo? deal]4 ,b ! "y noble fir/ receiv$ ! education befitt+ 8 /ation1 t is1 a v m$iocre tea*] in/ruct$ him 9 ! ,humanities4#aj ,=tunately = ! clev] "y s*ol>1 he 0 h&$ ov] to ! pi\s bre?r5 ( ! conv5t ( ,vallombrosa = fur!r education4 ,"h he at once made rapid progress4 ,he acquir$ great facility 9 ! classics4 ,8 ?or\gh /udy ( ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity 0 ( ! greate/ advantage to him4 ,he d\btless !reby laid ! f\ndation ( ! admirable /yle to :i* he aft]w>ds1 9 "s measure1 ow$ 8 brilliant successes4 ,galileo _h a great v>iety ( tal5t4 ,besides ard5t pursuit ( ! solid bran*es ( le>n+1 he _h consid]able skill 9 draw+ & music1 9 :i* he aft]w>ds atta9$ s mu* p]fection t 8 judgm5t 0 highly e/eem$1 ev5 by great arti/s4#aa ,he play$ ! lute himself ) ! skill ( a ma/]4 ,he also highly appreciat$ poetry4 ,8 lat] essays on ,dante1 ,orl&o ,furioso1 & ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 z well z ! fragm5t ( a play1 be> witness to 8 lively int]e/ 9 belles lettres4 ,b f 8 e>lie/ y\? he %[$ ! greate/ pref]5ce = me*anics4 ,he made little ma*9es ) an +5uity & skill :i* ev9c$ a really unusual tal5t = su* ?+s4#ab ,) ^! abilities 8 fa!r mu/ soon h arriv$ at ! conclusion t 8 son 0 born = some?+ bett] ?an = di/ribut+ wool among ! p1 & resolv$ to devote him to sci5ce2 only x 0 necess>y t ! bran* ( x to :i* he turn$ 8 att5tion %\ld (f] a prospect ( pr(it4 ,m$ic9e 0 decid$ on z ! mo/ likely to be lucrative1 al?\gh x may n seem ! "o mo/ suit$ to 8 abilities4 ,on #e? ,novemb]1 #aeha1 ,galileo1 !n j sev5te51 ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4#ac ,ev5 "h ! "y m$ical /ud5t's indep5d5t ideas & aims made way = !mselves4 ,at t "t any orig9al ideas & philosophical views n d]iv$ f ! dogmas ( ,ari/otle 7 unhe>d (4 ,all ! !ories ( natural sci5ce & philosophy _h hi!rto be5 ref]r$ to !ology4 ,x _h be5 held to be ! ,alpha & ,omega ( all human k4 ,b n[ ! p]iod 0 f> advanc$ 9 :i* x 0 felt to be necess>y to ca/ (f ! n>r[ g>m5ts fa%ion$ by religion1 ?\gh at fir/ ! w to d s exce$$ ! p[]4 ,a /ir & f]m5t agitat$ m5's m9ds4 ,a p]iod ( /orm & /ress _h begun = ! /udy ( nature & ! philosophical speculation s closely connect$ ) x4 ,m5 did n z yet possess en]gy & ability = direct advance1 s !y turn$ ) real fanaticism to anci5t le>n+1 :i*1 be+ indep5d5t1 & n bas$ on religi\s notions1 af=d$ !m satisfaction4 ,"u ^! circum/ances recurr5ce to ! pa/ 0 real progress4 ,unconditional surr5d] to ! ideas ( o!rs1 entire adoption ( op9ions1 "s ( :i* 7 n too well v]ifi$1 might suit m$iocrity1 b x c\ld n suffice = ! p[]ful m9d ( ,galileo1 :o 0 /riv+ to f9d out ! tru? = himself4 ,! g5ius ( ! "y /ud5t rebell$ fi]cely aga9/ rigid adh]5ce to an antiquat$ /&po9t4 ,to ! horror ( ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle1 :o 7 q tak5 aback at su* unhe>d-( audacity1 he resolutely attack$ 9 public disputations _m oracul> dicta ( _! great ma/] hi!rto unque/ion$1 & ?is ev5 !n made him _m enemies1 & acquir$ = him ! epi!t ( 8! ,wrangl]40#ad ,two circum/ances occur dur+ ,galileo's /ud5t ye>s1 :i*1 9 _! ma9 features1 are n )\t hi/orical f\ndation1 al?\gh 9 detail !y be> an anecdotal impress4 ,"o1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,galileo's obs]vant eye1 %[s u ! /ud5t ( n9ete5 dev\tly pray+ 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa2 b he seems to h soon we>i$ ( ?is occupation1 = he dreamily fix$ 8 eye on ! ,mae/ro ,poss5ti's beautiful lamp1 hang+ f an ar*1 :i*1 9 ord] to light x m readily1 _h be5 mov$ out ( its v]tical position & !n left to itself4 ,! oscillations 7 at fir/ consid]able1 became gradually less & less1 b not)/&+ ! v>y+ di/ances1 !y 7 all p]=m$ 9 ! same "t1 z ! "y m$ical /ud5t discov]$ to a nicety by feel+ 8 pulse4 ,! iso*ronism ( ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum 0 discov]$6#ae ,! o!r /ory ref]s to ,galileo's fir/ ma!matical /udies4 ,gh]>d9i relates t he 0 sc>cely acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts ( ma!matics up to 8 tw5tie? ye>1 :i*1 by ! by1 seems almo/ incr$ible4 ,b :ile he 0 dilig5tly /udy+ m$ic9e at ,pisa1 ! c\rt ( ,tuscany came !re = "s mon?s4 ,among ! suite 0 ,o/ilio ,ricci1 gov]nor ( ! pages1 a di/+ui%$ ma!matician & an old fri5d ( ! ,galilei family2 ,galileo1 !re=e1 (t5 visit$ him4 ,"o morn+ :5 he 0 !re1 ,ricci 0 tea*+ ! pages4 ,galileo /ood %yly at ! door ( ! s*oolroom1 li/5+ att5tively to ! lesson2 8 int]e/ grew great] & great]2 he foll[$ ! demon/ration ( ! ma!matical propositions ) bat$ brea?4 ,/rongly attract$ by ! sci5ce almo/ unkn[n to him be=e1 z well z by ,ricci's me?od ( in/ruction1 he (t5 return$1 b always unobs]v$1 &1 ,euclid 9 h&1 drank deeply1 f 8 uncom=table concealm5t1 ( ! /reams ( fre% k4 ,ma!matics also occupi$ ! great] "p ( 8 "t 9 ! solitude ( 8 /udy4 ,b all ?is did n satisfy 8 ?ir/ = k4 ,he long$ to be himself taught by ,ricci4 ,at la/ he took c\rage1 &1 hesitat+ly confess+ 8 s9s ( curiosity to ! a/oni%$ tutor1 he bes\ght him to unveil to him ! fur!r my/]ies ( ma!matics1 to :i* ,ricci at once cons5t$4 ,:5 ,galileo's fa!r le>nt t 8 son 0 devot+ himself to ,euclid at ! exp5se ( ,hippocrates & ,gal51 he did 8 utmo/ to div]t him f ?is new1 & z x seem$ to him1 unpr(itable /udy4 ,! sci5ce ( ma!matics 0 n !n held 9 mu* e/eem1 z x l$ to no?+ practical4 ,its use1 z appli$ to ! laws ( nature1 _h sc>cely begun to be recognis$4 ,b ! _w-wide mission = :i* ,galileo's g5ius de/9$ him _h be5 too imp]i\sly m>k$ out by fate = him to be held back by ! m]e w ( any man4 ,old ,v9c5zo _h to le>n ! unconqu]able p[] ( g5ius 9 "y ,galileo1 & to submit to x4 ,! son pursu$ ! /udies m>k$ out = him by nature m zeal\sly ?an ev]1 & at l5g? obta9$ leave f 8 fa!r to bid adieu to m$ic9e & to devote himself exclusively to ma!matics & physics4#af ,! unexpect$ successes won by ! "y philosoph] 9 a v %ort "t 9 ! realm ( sci5ce1 soon %[$ t 8 c\rse _h n[ be5 turn$ into ! prop] *annel4 ,galileo's fa!r1 :o1 almo/ cru%$ ) ! burd5 ( 8 family1 c\ld ) difficulty be> ! exp5se ( 8 son's resid5ce at ! ,univ]sity1 turn$ 9 8 p]plexity to ! b5efic5ce ( ! reign+ ,gr& ,duke1 ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici1 ) ! reque/ t1 9 consid]ation ( ! di/+ui%$ tal5ts & sci5tific atta9m5ts ( ,galileo1 he w\ld grant him "o ( ! =ty free places f\nd$ = poor /ud5ts at ! ,univ]sity4 ,b ev5 !n !re 7 _m :o 7 envi\s ( ,galileo 9 consequ5ce ( 8 unusual abilities & 8 rejection ( ! traditional au?ority ( ,ari/otle4 ,!y succe$$ 9 induc+ ! ,gr& ,duke to refuse poor ,v9c5zo's petition1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! "y /ud5t _h to leave ! ,univ]sity1 aft] f\r ye>s' resid5ce1 )\t tak+ ! doctor's degree4#ag ,9 spite ( ^! disappo9tm5ts1 ,galileo 0 n det]r$1 on 8 return home1 f cont9u+ 8 indep5d5t rese>*es into natural ph5om5a4 ,! mo/ important inv5tion ( ^? times1 to :i* he 0 l$ by ! works ( ,ar*im$es1 too little reg>d$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 0 8 hydro/atic scales1 ab\t ! con/ruction & use ( :i* he wrote a treatise1 call$ 8,la ,bilancetta40 ,?is1 ?\gh aft]w>ds circulat$ 9 manuscript copies among 8 foll[]s & pupils1 0 n pr9t$ until aft] 8 dea?1 9 #afee4 ,galileo n[ began to be ev]y:]e spok5 ( 9 ,italy4 ,! discov]y ( ! movem5t ( ! p5dulum z a measurem5t ( "t1 ! importance ( :i* 0 increas+ly recognis$1 comb9$ ) 8 novel & intellectual treatm5t ( physics1 by :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 submitt$1 z f> z possible1 to direct pro( in/ead ( to ! a priori reason+ ( ! ,ari/otelians1 excit$ mu* att5tion 9 all sci5tific circles4 ,di/+ui%$ m5 ( le>n+1 l ,clavius at ,rome1 ) :om he _h become acqua9t$ on 8 fir/ visit !re 9 #aehg1ah ,mi*ael ,coignet at ,antw]p1 ,riccoboni1 ! ,m>quis ,guidubaldo del ,monte1 etc41 ent]$ into correspond5ce ) him4#ai ,int]c\rse ) ! latt]1 a di/+ui%$ ma!matician1 :o took ! w>me/ int]e/ 9 ,galileo's fate1 became ( ! utmo/ importance to him4 ,x 0 n m]ely t to 8 enc\ragem5t he ow$ ! orig9 ( 8 excell5t treatise on ! doctr9e ( c5tres ( gravity1 :i* mat]ially contribut$ to e/abli% 8 fame1 & ev5 ga9$ = him f ,del ,monte ! "n ( an 8,ar*im$es ( 8 "t10 b he fir/ help$ him to secure a settl$ & hon\rable position 9 life4 ,by 8 opportune recomm5dation 9 #aehi1 ! pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 j become vacant1 0 conf]r$ on ,galileo1 ) an income ( sixty scudi4#bj ,x is indicative ( ! /&+ ( ! sci5ces 9 ^? days t1 :ile ! pr(essor ( m$ic9e _h a sal>y ( two ?\s& scudi1 ! pr(essor ( ma!matics _h n q ?irty kreuz]s#ba a day4 ,ev5 = ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 v poor pay4 ,moreov]1 9 accordance ) ! usage at ! ,italian ,univ]sities1 he 0 only in/all$ = ?ree ye>s2 b 9 ,galileo's ne$y circum/ances1 ev5 ?is little help 0 v desirable1 & 8 (fice enabl$ him to e>n a consid]able additional income by giv+ private lessons4 ,dur+ ! "t ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ,pisa he made 8 gr& rese>*es into ! laws ( gravitation1 n[ kn[n "u ! "n ( 8,galileo's ,laws10 & wrote z ! result ( !m 8 great treatise 8,de ,motu ,gravium40 ,x !n _h b a limit$ circulation 9 copies1 & did n appe> 9 pr9t until two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 9 ,albri's 8,op]e complete di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,ari/otle1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e1 _h rais$ ! /atem5t to ! rank ( a proposition1 t ! rate at :i* a body falls dep5ds on its weight4 ,up to ,galileo's "t ?is doctr9e _h be5 g5]ally accept$ z true1 on ! m]e ^w ( ! old h]o ( sci5ce1 al?\gh individual physici/s1 l ,v>*i 9 #aedd1 & ,b5$etti 9 #aefc1 _h disput$ x1 ma9ta9+ t bodies ( simil> d5sity & diff]5t weight fall f ! same height 9 an equal space ( "t4 ,!y s\ght to prove ! correctness ( ?is /atem5t by ! mo/ acute reason+1 b ! idea ( exp]im5t did n occur to any "o4 ,galileo1 well aw>e t ! t\*/one ( exp]im5t w\ld discov] ! vuln]able spot 9 ,ari/otelian infallibility1 climb$ ! lean+ t[] ( ,pisa1 9 ord] !nce to prove by exp]im5t1 to ! discomfiture ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 ! tru? ( ! axiom t ! velocity ) :i* a body falls does n dep5d on its weight b on its d5sity4#bb ,x might h be5 ?\ght t 8 oppon5ts w\ld /rike sail aft] ?is decisive argum5t4 ,ari/otle1 ! ma/]1 w\ld c]ta9ly h yield$ to x--b 8 disciples _h atta9$ no su* humility4 ,!y foll[$ ! bold exp]im5ts ( ! "y pr(essor ) eyes askance & mis]able sophi/ries1 &1 be+ unable to meet him ) 8 own weapons ( sci5tific rese>*1 !y eag]ly s\ght an opportunity ( %[+ ! impi\s & dang]\s innovator ! door ( ! aula4 ,an un=ese5 circum/ance came all at once to _! aid 9 ^! designs4 ,an illegitimate son ( ! half-bro!r ( ! reign+ ,gr& ,duke1--! relation%ip 0 some:at f>fet*$1 b none ! less om9\s = ,galileo--,john de' ,m$ici1 took an innoc5t pleasure 9 inv5t+ ma*9es1 & consid]$ himself a v skilful artific]4 ,?is +5i\s semi-pr9ce _h con/ruct$ a mon/] ma*9e = clean+ ! h>b\r ( ,leghorn1 & propos$ t x %\ld be br\ght into use4 ,b ,galileo1 :o _h be5 commission$ to exam9e ! m>vel1 decl>$ x to be useless1 &1 un=tunately1 exp]im5t fully confirm$ ! v]dict4 ,om9\s head-%ak+s 7 se5 among ! suite ( ! deeply mortifi$ inv5tor4 ,!y ent]$ into alliance ) ! ,p]ipatetic philosoph]s aga9/ _! common enemy4 ,!re 7 cabals at c\rt4 ,galileo1 p]ceiv+ t 8 position at ,pisa 0 unt5able1 volunt>ily resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip be=e ! ?ree ye>s _h expir$1 & migrat$ = ! second "t home to ,flor5ce4#bc ,8 situation 0 n[ worse ?an be=e1 = ab\t ?is "t1 #bnd ,july1 #aeia1 8 fa!r di$ aft] a %ort illness1 leav+ 8 family 9 v n>r[ circum/ances4 ,9 ?is di/ress ! ,m>quis del ,monte aga9 appe>$ z a fri5d 9 ne$4 ,?anks to 8 w>m recomm5dation to ! ,s5ate ( ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 9 ! autumn ( #aeib ! pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 :i* _h become vacant1 0 be/[$ on ,galileo = six ye>s4#bd ,on #g? ,decemb]1 #aeib1 he ent]$ on 8 (fice ) a brilliant op5+ address1 :i* won ! greate/ admiration1 n only = its pr(\nd sci5tific k1 b = its entranc+ eloqu5ce4#be ,8 lectures soon acquir$ fur!r fame1 & ! numb] ( 8 admir]s & ! audi5ce :o eag]ly li/5$ to 81 9 _m respects1 novel demon/rations1 daily increas$4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,padua1 ,galileo display$ an extraord9>y & v]satile activity4 ,he con/ruct$ v>i\s ma*9es = ! s]vice ( ! republic1 & wrote a numb] ( excell5t treatises1 int5d$ *iefly = 8 pupils4#bf ,among ! l>g] works may be m5tion$ 8 writ+s on ! laws ( motion1 on =tification1 gnomonics 7! mak+ ( sun-dials71 me*anics1 & on ! cele/ial globe1 :i* atta9$ a wide circulation ev5 9 copies1 & 7 "s ( !m pr9t$ long aft]w>ds--! "o on =tification n until ! pres5t c5tury2#bg o!rs1 includ+ ! "o on gnomonics1 are un=tunately lo/4 ,on ! wide field ( inv5tions two may be specially m5tion$1 "o ( :i* 0 n fully develop$ until mu* lat]4 ,! fir/ 0 8 proportional circle1 :i*1 ?\gh x _h no special importance z illu/rative ( any pr9ciple1 _h a wide circulation f its v>i\s practical uses4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 9 #afjf1 ,galileo publi%$ an excell5t didactic "w on ?is subject1 d$icat$ to ,cosmo de' ,m$ici1 & 9 #afjg a polemical "o aga9/ ,bal?as> ,capra1 ( ,milan1 :o1 9 a treatise publi%$ 9 #afjg1 :i* 0 no?+ b a plagi>ism ( ,galileo's "w disfigur$ by blund]s1 gave himself out z ! inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t4 ,galileo's reply1 9 :i* he fir/ exhibit$ ! polemical dext]ity aft]w>ds s mu* dread$1 excit$ great att5tion ev5 9 lay circles f its ma/]ly satire4#bh ,! o!r inv5tion 0 a contrivance by :i* heat c\ld be m exactly indicat$4 ,ov] zeal\s biograph]s h !re=e ha/5$ to claim = _! h]o ! inv5tion ( ! !rmomet]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n correct1 z ! in/rum5t1 :i* 0 n int5d$ to measure ! temp]ature1 c\ld n be logically call$ a !rmomet]1 b a !rmoscope1 heat indicator4 ,und\bt$ly x prep>$ ! way by :i* improv]s ( ! !rmoscope arriv$ at ! !rmomet]4#bi ,be=e proce$+ fur!r ) ,galileo's rese>*es & discov]ies1 s f> z !y fall )9 our prov9ce1 x seems important to acqua9t ourselves ) 8 views ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,f a lett] ( 8 to ,mazzoni1 ( #cj? ,may1 #aeig1cj x is cle> t he consid]$ ! op9ions ( ,py?agoras & ,cop]nicus on ! position & motion ( ! e>? to be f> m correct ?an ^? ( ,ari/otle & ,ptolemy4 ,9 ano!r lett] ( #d? ,augu/ ( ! same ye> to ,kepl]1 he ?anks him = 8 "w1 :i* he _h s5t him1 on ! ,my/]ies ( ! ,univ]se1#ca & writes z foll[s ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em3-- 8,i c\nt myself happy1 9 ! se>* aft] tru?1 to h s great an ally z y\rself1 & "o :o is s great a fri5d ( ! tru? itself4 ,x is really pitiful t !re are s few :o seek tru?1 & :o d n pursue a p]v]se me?od ( philosophis+4 ,b ?is is n ! place to m\rn ov] ! mis]ies ( our times1 b to congratulate y on y\r spl5did discov]ies 9 confirmation ( tru?4 ,i %all read y\r book to ! end1 sure ( f9d+ mu* t is excell5t 9 x4 ,i %all d s ) ! m pleasure1 because ,i h be5 = _m ye>s an adh]5t ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & x expla9s to me ! causes ( _m ( ! appe>ances ( nature :i* are q un9telligible on ! commonly accept$ hypo!sis4 ,i h collect$ _m argum5ts = ! purpose ( refut+ ! latt]2 b ,i d n v5ture to br+ !m to ! light ( publicity1 = fe> ( %>+ ! fate ( our ma/]1 ,cop]nicus1 :o1 al?\gh he has e>n$ immortal fame ) "s1 yet ) v _m 7s great is ! numb] ( fools7 has become an object ( ridicule & scorn4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly v5ture to publi% my speculations if !re 7 m p l y4 ,b ?is n be+ ! case1 ,i refra9 f su* an und]tak+40#cb ,9 an answ] f ,grtz1 ( #ac? ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 ,kepl] urg5tly begs him to publi% 8 rese>*es into ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 advis+ him to br+ !m out 9 ,g]many if he does n receive p]mission to d s 9 ,italy4#cc ,9 spite ( ?is press+ reque/ ( 8 em95t fri5d1 h[ev]1 ,galileo 0 n to be induc$ to br+ 8 convictions to ! light yet1 a hesitation :i* may n appe> v comm5dable4 ,b if we consid] ! exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce1 :i* condemn$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em z an unhe>d ( & fanta/ic hypo!sis1 & ! religi\s incubus :i* weigh$ d[n all k ( nature irrespective ( religi\s belief1 & if1 besides all ?is1 we rememb] ! entire revolution 9 ! sph]e bo? ( religion & sci5ce involv$ 9 ! reception ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 we %all be m ready to admit t ,galileo _h good reason to be cauti\s4 ,! ,cop]nican cause c\ld n be s]v$ by m]e p>tisan%ip1 b only by indep5d5t fre% rese>*es to prove its correctness1 inde$ its irrefragability4 ,no?+ b ! fulfilm5t ( ^! conditions =m$ a ju/ification1 ei!r 9 a sci5tific or moral po9t ( view1 = tak+ "p 9 ov]turn+ ! previ\s views ( ! univ]se4 ,be=e ! p[]ful m9d ( ,cop]nicus v5tur$ to "q x1 our e>? 0 held to be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & ab\t x all ! re/ ( ! heav5ly bodies revolv$4 ,!re 0 b "o 8_w10 & t 0 our e>?2 ! :ole firmam5t1 inf9ity1 0 ! fitt+ frame to ! picture1 ^u :i* man1 z ! mo/ p]fect be+1 held a position :i* 0 truly sublime4 ,x 0 an elevat+ ?\ght t y 7 on ! c5tre1 ! only fix$ po9t amid/ c\ntless revolv+ orbs6 ,! n>rations 9 ! ,bible1 & ! "* ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z a :ole1 fitt$ ?is conception exce$+ly well2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 7 made to fit x4 ,! creation ( man1 8 fall1 ! flood1 & our second v5]able ance/or1 ,noah1 ) 8 ark 9 :i* ! cont9uation ( races 0 provid$ =1 ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! "w ( r$emption2--all ?is c\ld only lay claim to univ]sal importance s long z ! e>? 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ! only _w4 ,!n all at once a le>n$ man makes ! annihilat+ ass]tion t our _w 0 n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b revolv$ itself1 0 b an insignificant "p ( ! va/1 immeasurable sy/em ( worlds4 ,:at _h become ( ! fav\r$ /atus ( ! e>?8 ,& ?is indef9ite numb] ( bodies1 equally fav\r$ by nature1 7 !y also ! abodes ( m58 ,! b>e possibility ( a numb] ( inhabit$ worlds c\ld b imp]il ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,! sy/em ( ! great ,cop]nicus1 h[ev]1 ?anks to ! anonym\s preface to 8 fam\s "w1 8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium10 _h n1 up to ?is "t1 assum$ to be a correct !ory1 b only a hypo!sis1 :i* ne$ n be consid]$ ev5 probable1 z x 0 only int5d$ to facilitate a/ronomical calculations4 ,we "k n[ t ?is 0 a gigantic mi/ake1 t ! immortal a/ronom] _h aim$ at rectify+ ! ,ptolemaic confusion1 & 0 fully conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( 8 sy/em2 we "k t ?is unpr9cipl$ ,introduction is by no means to be attribut$ to ,cop]nicus1 b to ,&reas ,osi&]1 :o took "p 9 publi%+ ?is book1 :i* =m$ s great an epo* 9 sci5ce1 & ^: anxi\s s\l !reby desir$ to appease ! anticipat$ wra? ( ! !ologians & philosoph]s4 ,& we "k fur!r t ! f\nd] ( our pres5t sy/em ( ! univ]se1 al?\gh he h&l$ ! fir/ f9i%$ copy ( 8 imp]i%able "w :5 he 0 dy+1 0 unable to look into x1 be+ already /ruck by p>alysis1 & ?us nev] knew ( ,osi&]'s weak-m9d$ ,introduction1 :i* _h prud5tly n be5 submitt$ to him4#cd ,a few days aft] receiv+ a copy ( ! great "w ( 8 g5ius1 ,cop]nicus di$1 on #bd? ,may1 #aedc2 & 8 sy/em1 = :i* he _h be5 lab\r+ & /riv+ all 8 life1 01 9 consequ5ce ( ,osi&]'s sacrilegi\s act1 r$uc$ to a simple hypo!sis int5d$ to simplify a/ronomical calculations6 ,z su* x did n 9 ! lea/ endang] ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 to :om ,cop]nicus _h d$icat$ 8 "w1 receiv$ x 8) pleasure40 ,9 #aeff a second edition appe>$ at ,basle1 & /ill x did n excite any opposition f ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 n till #afaf1 :5 x _h met ) wide acceptance among ! le>n$1 :5 its correctness _h be5 confirm$ by fre% facts1 & x _h begun to be look$ ^u z true1 t ! ,roman curia felt mov$ to condemn ! "w ( ,cop]nicus until x _h be5 correct$ 7donec corrigantur74 ,hav+ ?us rapidly glanc$ at ! opposition betwe5 ! ,cop]nican sy/em & ! ,ptolemaic1 :i* =ms ! prelude to ,galileo's subsequ5t relations ) ,rome1 we are at lib]ty to fulfil ! task we h set ourselves1 namely1 to portray 8,galileo & ! ,roman ,curia40 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,telescope ,,& ,,its ,,revelations4 ,t]m ( ,pr(essor%ip at ,padua r5ew$4--,a/ronomy4--,a ,new ,/>4--,! ,telescope4--,galileo n ! ,inv5tor4--,visit to ,v5ice to exhibit x4--,telescopic ,discov]ies4--,jupit]'s ,moons4--,reque/ ( ,h5ry ,,iv4--8,sid]eus ,nuncius40--,! ,/orm x rais$4--,mag9i's attack on ,galileo4--,! ,r+ ( ,saturn4--,an ,anagram4--,opposition ( ! ,ari/otelian ,s*ool4--,lett] to ,kepl]4 ,! fir/ six ye>s ( ,galileo's pr(essor%ip at ,padua _h pass$ away1 b ! s5ate 7 eag] to reta9 s bright a light = _! ,univ]sity1 & prolong$ ! appo9tm5t ( ! pr(essor1 ^: r5[n 0 n[ great1 = ano!r six ye>s1 ) a consid]able increase ( sal>y4#ce ,z we h se51 he _h = a long "t r5\nc$ ! prevail+ views ab\t ! univ]se2 b up to ?is "t he _h discuss$ only physical ma!matical que/ions ) ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 ! subject ( a/ronomy _h n be5 moot$4 ,b ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a new /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,s]p5t>ius1 9 ,octob]1 #afjd1 :i*1 aft] exhibit+ v>i\s col\rs = a ye> & a half1 z sudd5ly disappe>$1 induc$ him op5ly to attack "o ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es hi!rto held mo/ sacr$1 t ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! heav5s4 ,galileo demon/rat$1 9 ?ree lectures to a num]\s audi5ce1 t ?is /> 0 nei!r a m]e meteor1 nor yet a heav5ly body :i* _h be=e exi/$ b _h only n[ be5 obs]v$1 b a body :i* _h rec5tly appe>$ & _h aga9 vani%$4#cf ,! subject1 ?\gh n imm$iately connect$ ) ! ,cop]nican "q1 0 an important /ep tak5 on ! dang]\s & r>ely trodd5 pa? ( k ( nature1 un9flu5c$ by dogmatism or petrifi$ pr(essorial wisdom4 ,?is inviolability ( ! vault ( heav5 0 also condition$ by ! prevail+ views ( ! univ]se4 ,:at wond] !n t mo/ ( ! pr(essors :o _h gr[n grey 9 ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e 7,cremonio = in/ance1 ,coressio1 ,lodovico delle ,colombo1 & ,bal?as> ,capra7 7 inc5s$ at ^! op9ions ( ,galileo1 s oppos$ to all _! sci5tific prepossessions1 & vehem5tly controv]t$ !m4 ,! sp>k1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 to set fire to ! abundant inflammable mat]ial1 & to turn ! sci5tific & religi\s _w1 9 :i* d\bt _h be=e be5 glimm]+1 into a v]itable volcano1 ! sp>k :i* k9dl$ ,galileo's g5ius & made him = a long "t ! c5tre ( t p]iod ( /orm & /ress1 0 ! discov]y ( ! telescope4 ,we w n claim = ,galileo1 z _m ( 8 biograph]s h errone\sly done1 priority 9 ! con/ruction ( ! telescope4 ,we rely f> m on ,galileo's own /atem5ts ?an on ^? ( 8 eulogi/s1 :o aim at effect4 ,galileo relates ) p]fect simplicity at ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius10 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #afaj1 t he _h he>d ab\t t5 mon?s ago t an in/rum5t _h be5 made by a ,dut*man1 by means ( :i* di/ant objects 7 br\ght ne>] & c\ld be se5 v pla9ly4 ,! confirmation ( ! report by "o ( 8 =m] pupils1 a ,fr5* nobleman1 ,jean ,badov]e ( ,p>is1 _h induc$ him to reflect ^u ! means by :i* su* an effect c\ld be produc$4 ,by ! laws ( refraction he soon atta9$ 8 end4 ,) two glasses fix$ at ! ends ( a lead5 tube1 bo? hav+ "o side flat & ! o!r side ( ! "o be+ concave & ( ! o!r convex1 8 primitive telescope1 :i* made objects appe> ?ree times ne>] & n9e times l>g]1 0 con/ruct$4 ,b n[1 hav+ 8sp>$ nei!r exp5se nor lab\r10 he _h got s f> z to con/ruct an in/rum5t :i* magnifi$ an object ne>ly a ?\s& times1 & br\ght x m ?an ?irty times ne>]4#cg ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 x is cle> f ?is t ! fir/ idea ( ! telescope does n belong to ,galileo1 x is equally cle> t he f\nd out h[ to con/ruct x f 8 own reflection & exp]im5ts4 ,und\bt$ly also ! m]it ( hav+ made great improvem5ts 9 x belongs to him1 :i* is %[n by ! fact t at t "t1 & long aft]w>ds1 8 telescopes 7 ! mo/ s\ght aft]1 & t he receiv$ num]\s ord]s = !m f le>n$ m51 pr9ces & gov]nm5ts 9 di/ant l&s1 ,holl&1 ! bir?place ( ! telescope1 n except$4#ch ,b ! idea :i* fir/ gave to ! in/rum5t its sci5tific importance1 ! application ( x to a/ronomical obs]vations1 belongs n to ! orig9al inv5tor b to ! g5ius ( ,galileo4 ,?is alone w\ld h made 8 "n immortal4#ci ,a few days aft] he _h con/ruct$ 8 in/rum5t1 imp]fect z x d\btless 01 he ha/5$ ) x to ,v5ice1 hav+ receiv$ an invitation1 to exhibit x to ! doge & s5ate1 = he at once recognis$ its importance1 if n to ! full ext5t4 ,we w n[ let ,galileo speak = himself 9 a lett] :i* he wrote f ,v5ice to 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,b5$etto ,l&ucci3-- 8,y mu/ "k !n t ab\t two mon?s ago a report 0 spread "h t 9 ,fl&]s a spy-glass _h be5 pres5t$ to ,pr9ce ,maurice1 s +5i\sly con/ruct$ t x made ! mo/ di/ant objects appe> q ne>1 s t a man c\ld be se5 q pla9ly at a di/ance ( two miglia4 ,?is result seem$ to me s extraord9>y t x set me ?9k+2 & z x appe>$ to me t x dep5d$ ^u ! !ory ( p]spective1 ,i reflect$ on ! mann] ( con/ruct+ x1 9 :i* ,i 0 at l5g? s entirely successful t ,i made a spy-glass :i* f> surpasses ! report ( ! ,fl&]s "o4 ,z ! news _h rea*$ ,v5ice t ,i _h made su* an in/rum5t1 six days ago ,i 0 summon$ be=e _! highnesses ! signoria1 & exhibit$ x to !m1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! :ole s5ate4 ,_m noblem5 & s5ators1 al?\gh ( a great age1 m\nt$ ! /eps ( ! highe/ *ur* t[]s at ,v5ice1 9 ord] to see sails & %ipp+ t 7 s f> (f t x 0 two h\rs be=e !y 7 se5 /e]+ full sail into ! h>b\r )\t my spy-glass1 = ! effect ( my in/rum5t is su* t x makes an object fifty miglia (f appe> z l>ge & ne> z if x 7 only five40#dj ,galileo fur!r relates 9 ! same lett] t he _h pres5t$ "o ( 8 in/rum5ts to ! s5ate1 9 return = :i* 8 pr(essor%ip at ,padua _h be5 conf]r$ on him = life1 ) an increase ( sal>y to "o ?\s& flor9s4#da ,on 8 return to ,padua he became eag]ly engross$ 9 telescopic obs]vation ( ! heav5s4 ,! a/oni%+ & sublime discov]ies :i* 7 disclos$ to him mu/ 9 any case h possess$ ! deepe/ int]e/ = ! philosoph] :o 0 cont9ually seek+ to solve nature's problems1 & 7 all ! m s1 s9ce !y contribut$ mat]ially to confirm ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,8 obs]vations 7 fir/ direct$ to ! moon1 & he discov]$ t its surface 0 m\nta9\s1 :i* %[$ at all ev5ts t ! e>?'s satellite 0 some?+ l ! e>? itself1 & !re=e by no means re/or$ x to ! ari/ocratic position 9 ! univ]se f :i* x _h be5 displac$ by ,cop]nicus4 ,! milky way1 z se5 ?r\gh ! telescope1 reveal$ an imm5se numb] ( small />s4 ,9 ,orion1 in/ead ( ! sev5 heav5ly bodies already kn[n1 five hundr$ new />s 7 se52 ! numb] ( ! ,pleiades1 :i* _h be5 fix$ at sev51 rose to ?irty-six2 ! planets %[$ !mselves z disks1 :ile ! fix$ />s appe>$ z be=e1 z m]e bright specks 9 ! firmam5t4 ,b ! indefatigable obs]v]'s f> mo/ important discov]y1 9 its be>+ on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 0 t ( ! moons ( ,jupit]1 9 ,janu>y #afaj4 ,z !y exhibit$ motions precisely simil> to ^? :i* ,cop]nicus _h assum$ = ! :ole sol> sy/em1 !y /rongly =tifi$ 8 !ory4 ,x 0 plac$ beyond all d\bt t our planet 0 n ! c5tre ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 s9ce ,jupit]'s moons revolv$ r\nd him4 ,! latt] 0 br\ght1 s to speak1 by ! discov]y ( 8 att5dants1 into relations ) ! e>? :i*1 consid]+ ! prevail+ views1 7 humiliat+ en\gh1 & ! m s s9ce ,jupit] _h f\r satellites :ile ! e>? _h only "o4 ,!re rema9$1 h[ev]1 ! consol+ assurance t he & !y revolv$ r\nd our abode6 ,9 hon\r ( ! reign+ h\se ( 8 native c\ntry1 & z an ackn[l$gm5t ( fav\rs receiv$ f x 7= s9ce ! accession ( ,cosmo ,,ii4#db ,galileo _h be5 9 high fav\r71 he call$ ,jupit]'s moons 8,m$icean />s40 ,! urg5t solicitude ( ! ,fr5* c\rt to ga91 by ,galileo's aid1 a p]man5t place on ! *>t ( ! heav5s1 is v amus+4 ,?us1 on #bj? ,april1 #afaj1 he receiv$ a press+ reque/1 89 case he discov]$ any o!r f9e />1 to call x aft] ! great /> ( ,france1 ,h5ry ,,iv41 !n reign+1 ! mo/ brilliant 9 ! :ole univ]se1 & to give x 8 prop] "n ( ,h5ry r ?an t ( ! family "n ( ,b\rbon40 ,galileo communicat$ ?is flatt]+ reque/1 z he seems to h consid]$ x1 ) mu* satisfaction to ! secret>y ( ! ,tuscan c\rt1 ,v9c5zo ,giugni1 9 a lett] f ,padua1 on #be? ,june1 #afaj1dc z an evid5ce ( ! great importance atta*$ to 8 telescopic discov]ies4 ,he add$ t he did n expect to f9d any m planets1 z he _h already made _m v close obs]vations4 ,galileo publi%$ by degrees all ! discov]ies he _h made at ,padua1 ( :i* we h only notic$ ! mo/ important1 9 ! "w be=e m5tion$1 ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius02 x 0 d$icat$ to ! ,gr& ,duke1 ,cosmo ,,ii41 & ! fir/ edition appe>$ at ,v5ice1 9 ,m>*1 #afaj4 ,al?\gh ! unexpect$ discov]ies :i* ,galileo _h made ) 8 telescope _h confirm$ 8 op9ion t ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus 0 ! only "o consi/5t ) ! facts ( nature1 _h inde$ made x 8 absolute conviction1 he _h n yet v5tur$ to def5d x 9 8 works4 ,he cont5t$ himself ) /at+ b>e facts1 )\t %[+ _! relation to ! ideas ( ,cop]nicus1 leav+ ?is to ! le>n+ & insight ( ! read]4 ,moreov]1 ! logical inf]5ces f ,jupit]'s moons mu/ surely />e e ?\ghtful man 9 ! face1 & s inde$ !y did 9 a way v unwelcome to ! sci5tific cons]vatives4 ,! /orm rais$ by ,galileo's late/ ann\ncem5ts 0 trem5d\s4 ,p he>d ) amazem5t ! extraord9>y ?+s :i* ! new inv5tion _h br\ght to light1 & paid a j tribute ( admiration to ! man to ^: lab\rs x 0 due4 ,b ^! discov]ies 7 s directly oppos$ to ! traditional natural philosophy1 /ill reg>d$ z ! highe/ wisdom1 t ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius0 _h met ) _m oppon5ts4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be borne 9 m9d t at ! "t ( its fir/ publication v few ( ! le>n$ 7 9 a position to conv9ce !mselves ) _! own eyes ( ! correctness ( ! appe>ances se5 ) ! telescope1 simply because !y _h n ! in/rum5t at h&4 ,f ?is cause1 ev5 ,kepl] did n see ! satellites ( ,jupit] till #cj? ,augu/1 #afaj4 ,b m5 s free f jeal\sy & prejudice z ,kepl] 7:o1 on read+ ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius10 at once recognis$ ! tru? ( ! discov]ies1 & said ) en?usiasm t 8,galileo _h 9 ?is book giv5 evid5ce ( ! div9ity ( 8 g5ius0#dd71 h at all times be5 r>e4 ,at fir/1 !re=e1 ! majority ( ! le>n$ _w %ook _! heads incr$ul\sly ab\t ! ph5om5a ann\nc$ by ! 8,nuncius10 especially 9 ,italy1 :]e envy l5t its aid to br+ an arm$ opposition into ! field4 ,little did x at fir/ avail t ,kepl]1 r5[n$ z ! fir/ a/ronom] 9 ,g]many1 0 on ! side ( ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius02 = 9 ,may ( ! same ye> he _h a repr9t ( ! "w issu$ at ,prague1 ) an introduction 9 :i* he express$ 8 entire conviction ( ! tru? ( ! telescopic discov]ies made kn[n by x1 & answ]$ all objections4#de ,9 va94 ,^! new discov]ies 7 too revolution>y to be believ$4 ,ev5 upright & e/imable sci5tific m51 l ,wels] 9 ,augsburg1 & ,clavius at ,rome1 did n give cr$it to ,galileo's /atem5ts until !y le>nt bett] by _! own obs]vations4 ,! latt]1 :o 0 ! fir/ ma!matician 9 ,rome 9 8 day1 ev5 said 8he laugh$ at ! pret5d$ satellites ( ,jupit]2 y mu/ con/ruct a telescope :i* w\ld fir/ make !m & !n %[ !m40 ,let ,galileo hold 8 own op9ions1 & he 7,clavius7 w\ld hold 84#df ,b ! lead] ( an unwor?y agitation 9 ,italy aga9/ ,galileo 0 a man :o assum$ ?is attitude f v diff]5t motives f ! sacr$ s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,?is 0 ! well-kn[n ,pr(essor ,mag9i1 a/ronom] at ! univ]sity ( ,bologna1 :o1 next to ,galileo1 enjoy$ ! highe/ reputation = le>n+ 9 ,italy4 ,he c\ld n brook t 8 fam\s c\ntryman %\ld all at once obta9 ! highe/ fame ) sev5-league boots1 leav+ a pigmy l himself f> beh9d1 by means ( ! discov]ies made kn[n 9 8 8,sid]eus ,nuncius40 ,he mu/ n only be refut$1 ! refutation mu/ be circulat$ z widely z possible4 ,b ! mo/ repulsive feature 9 ,mag9i's conduct t[>ds ,galileo is 8 d\ble-fac$ness4 ,he nev] op5ly v5tur$ ) any "w into ! ar5a himself1 b incit$ o!rs all ! m f beh9d concealm5t4#dg ,ev5 if we d n1 ) ,m>t9 ,hasdal & ,alex&] ,s]t9i1 accuse him ( be+ exactly ! in/igator ( ! fam\s libel 8,p]egr9atio contra ,nuncium ,sid]eum10 publi%$ by 8 assi/ant1 ,m>t9 ,horky1 aga9/ ,galileo 9 #afaj1 :i* excit$ ! indignation ( all ! "r-m9d$ le>n$ _w1 we _c acquit him ( complicity ) him1 & ( hav+ _h a h&1 m or less1 9 t pamphlet4 ,! suspicion is /rongly confirm$ by ! o/5tation ) :i* ,mag9i1 :5 told ( ! publication ( ! 8,p]egr9atio10 drove ! au?or1 ) disgu/ & ridicule1 out ( 8 h\se1 & took occasion to ass]t on all h&s t he _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! %ameful act ( 8 famulus1 an ass]tion 9 /range contradiction ) ! excuse aft]w>ds made by ,horky to ,kepl]4#dh ,by ,kepl]'s advice ,galileo did n d him ! hon\r ( answ]+4 ,! task 0 und]tak5 by ,w$d]burn1 a ,scot*man1 =m]ly a pupil ( ,galileo's1 & ,antonio ,r(f5i1 pr(essor ( philosophy at ! univ]sity ( ,bologna2 ! =m] at ,padua dur+ ! same ye>1 ! latt] at ,bologna 9 #afaa4di ,mean:ile1 9 ,july1 #afaj1 ,galileo _h obs]v$ a new appe>ance 9 ! heav5s by means ( 8 telescope1 ! r+ ( ,saturn4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5t1 x did n appe> l a r+1 b ,saturn look$ l a triple />4 ,galileo1 :o on ! "o h& did n wi% to make ! new discov]y public until he _h suffici5tly obs]v$ x1 yet fe>$ on ! o!r t "s "o might claim priority1 at once communicat$ x 9 a lett] f ,padua1 #cj? ,july1 #afaj1ej to 8 influ5tial fri5d ,belis>io ,v9ta1 *ief secret>y ( /ate to ,cosmo ,,ii41 b urg5tly begg$ him to keep x a secret4 ,b ev5 ?is did n seem suffici5t to secure 8 "r to ! fir/ obs]vation ( ,saturn1 s he ann\nc$ x to 8 fri5ds 9 ! foll[+ absurd anagram3-- ,,smajsmrmjlmepoetalevnjpvn5vgttavjras4 ,kepl] puzzl$ = a long "t ov] ?is enigma1 & at la/ only made out ! b>b>ic l9e1 8,salve umbi/9eum gem9atum ,m>tia proles10 :i* he incorrectly appli$ to ! planet ,m>s4 ,at l5g?1 aft] repeat$ reque/s1 & aft] ,julian de' ,m$ici1 ,tuscan ambassador at ! ,imp]ial c\rt1 _h be5 *>g$ by ! ,emp]or to ask = a solution1 he compli$ ) ! illu/ri\s wi%1 & 9 a lett] to ,julian ( #ac? ,novemb]1 #afaj1ea gave ! foll[+ />tl+ explanation3-- ,altissimum ,planetam t]gem9um obs]vavi4 ,! le>n$ & semi-le>n$ _w ( ,italy _h n yet _h "t to become reconcil$ to ! surpris+ discov]ies ann\nc$ 9 ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius0 ( ,m>* 9 ! same ye>1 :5 ! ass]t$ triple nature ( ,saturn contrav5$ ! prevail+ idea t !re 0 no?+ new to be discov]$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,! recognition ( ,galileo's telescopic discov]ies made way v sl[ly4 ,f ! fir/ he sp>$ no pa9s 9 popul>is+ !m4 ,he did ?is repeat$ly 9 public lectures1 & ) s mu* success t he c\ld write to ,v9ta3 8ev5 ! mo/ exalt$ p]sonages1 :o h be5 mo/ vehem5t 9 attack+ my doctr9es1 at l5g? gave up ! game = lo/1 & ackn[l$g$1 coram populo1 t !y 7 n only conv9c$ b ready to def5d !m aga9/ ^? philosoph]s & ma!maticians :o v5tur$ to attack !m40#eb ,b x 0 only at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua t ,galileo c\ld report su* rapid progress2 & until ! ,mag9is1 ,clavios1 & o!rs 7 conv9c$ by _! own eyes1 & confirm$ to _! own p>ty ! tru? ( ,galileo's disclosures1 he _h to su/a9 a h>d /ruggle ) incr$ulity1 malice1 & p]ipatetic fanaticism4 ,"s rabid ,ari/otelians w5t s f> z to say t ,galileo's telescope 0 s con/ruct$ z to %[ ?+s t did n exi/6 ,nor did x m5d ! matt] mu* :5 he (f]$ #aj1jjj scudi to any "o :o %\ld con/ruct s cunn+ an in/rum5t4#ec ,o!rs resolutely refus$ ev5 to look ?r\gh ! telescope1 giv+ x z _! firm conviction t !y w\ld n be able to see appe>ances :i* ,ari/otle _h n said a ^w ab\t 9 all 8 books6 ,! answ] t ,ari/otle 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! telescope1 & c\ld n h kn[n any?+ ( telescopic appe>ances1 reb\nd$ )\t effect f ! petrifi$ infallibility ( ,ari/otelian wisdom4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ^! %ort-sight$ cons]vatives only numb]$ a few w\ld-be savans ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool2 on ! contr>y1 celebrities l ,ces>e ,cremon9o da ,c5to1 & ,julius ,libri1 d5i$ ,galileo's discov]ies a priori4#ed ,:5 ,libri di$ 9 ,decemb]1 #afaj1 )\t hav+ be5 will+ to look ?r\gh a telescope1 & prote/+ aga9/ ,galileo's 8absurdities10 ,galileo wrote 9 a lett] ( #ag? ,decemb] t ?is rigid oppon5t ( 8 8absurdities10 z he 0 nev] will+ to look at !m f e>?1 might p]haps see !m on 8 way to heav56#ee ,"s passages f a lett] ( ,galileo's to ,kepl]1 ( #ai? ,augu/1 #afaj1 w be/ %[ h[ "s ( ^! m5 ( sci5ce turn$ away ) a righte\s awe f ! inconv5i5t recognition ( ! tru?4 ,galileo writes among o!r ?+s3-- 8,y are ! fir/ & almo/ ! only p]son :o1 ev5 aft] b a cursory inve/igation1 has1 su* is y\r op5ness ( m9d & l(ty g5ius1 giv5 entire cr$it to my /atem5ts4444 ,we w n tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! abuse ( ! multitude1 = aga9/ ,jupit] ev5 giants1 to say no?+ ( pigmies1 fight 9 va94 ,let ,jupit] /& 9 ! heav5s1 & let ! sycophants b>k at him z !y w4444 ,9 ,pisa1 ,flor5ce1 ,bologna1 ,v5ice1 & ,padua _m h se5 ! planets2 b all are sil5t on ! subject & undecid$1 = ! great] numb] recognise nei!r ,jupit] nor ,m>s & sc>cely ! moon z planets4 ,at ,v5ice "o man spoke aga9/ me1 boa/+ t he knew = c]ta9 t my satellites ( ,jupit]1 :i* he _h sev]al times obs]v$1 7 n planets because !y 7 always to be se5 ) ,jupit]1 & ei!r all or "s ( !m1 n[ foll[$ & n[ prec$$ him4 ,:at is to be done8 ,%all we side ) ,democritus or ,h]aclitus8 ,i ?9k1 my ,kepl]1 we w laugh at ! extraord9>y /upidity ( ! multitude4 ,:at d y say to ! lead+ philosoph]s ( ! faculty "h1 to :om ,i h (f]$ a ?\s& times ( my own accord to %[ my /udies1 b :o ) ! lazy ob/9acy ( a s]p5t :o has eat5 8 fill h nev] cons5t$ to look at planets1 nor moon1 nor telescope8 ,v]ily1 j z s]p5ts close _! e>s1 s d ^! m5 close _! eyes to ! light ( tru?4 ,^! are great matt]s2 yet !y d n occasion me any surprise4 ,p ( ?is sort ?9k t philosophy is a k9d ( book l ! neid or ! ,odyssey1 & t ! tru? is to be s\ght1 n 9 ! univ]se1 n 9 nature1 b 7,i use _! own words7 by comp>+ texts6 ,h[ y w\ld laugh if y he>d :at ?+s ! fir/ philosoph] ( ! faculty at ,pisa br\ght aga9/ me 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 = he tri$1 n[ ) logical argum5ts1 n[ ) magical adjurations1 to te> d[n & argue ! new planets out ( heav540#ef ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,removal ,,to ,,flor5ce4 ,galileo's ,fame & ,pupils4--,wi%es to be fre$ f ,academic ,duties4--,project$ ,works4--,call to ,c\rt ( ,tuscany4--,?is *ange ! s\rce ( 8 ,mis=tunes4--,lett] f ,sagr$o4--,phases ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4--,! ,sol> ,spots4--,visit to ,rome4--,triumphant ,reception4--,lett] f ,c>d9al del ,monte to ,cosmo ,,ii4--,! ,inquisition4--,introduction ( ,!ology into ! ,sci5tific ,controv]sy4--8,dianoja ,a/ronomica40--,intrigues at ,flor5ce4 ,galileo's fame1 especially ?r\gh 8 telescopic discov]ies1 & p>tly also ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( 8 noisy oppon5ts1 _h long ext5d$ beyond ! n>r[ b\nds ( ,italy1 & ! eyes ( all c5tral ,europe 7 direct$ to ! great a/ronom]4 ,numb]s ( pupils flock$ to him f all c\ntries1 s t no lecture room 9 ,padua 0 l>ge en\gh to hold !m4 ,!re 7 "s di/+ui%$ p]sonages among !m1 su* z ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 ! ,l&grave ,philip ( ,hesse1 ! pr9ces ( ,alsace1 ,mantua1 etc41 :o mo/ly came to att5d ! lectures ( ! v]satile ma/] on =tification4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ano!r fable ( ov] zeal\s biograph]s to /ate t ev5 ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ! h]o ( ! ?irty ye>s' w>1 w5t to s*ool = "s mon?s to ,galileo4#eg ,?is close occupation1 ) lectures & private lessons ( all k9ds1 took him too mu* away f 8 own /udies1 & aft] tw5ty ye>s' pr(essor%ip ,galileo long$ = a po/ 9 :i* he c\ld prosecute 8 own rese>*es1 & devote himself to ! completion ( 8 works1 free f academic duties4 ,a lett] f ,padua1 ev5 9 ! spr+ ( #afji1eh %[s 8 long+ = ?is sal>i$ leisure4 ,b he is aw>e t ! republic c nev] (f] him su* a po/1 8= x w\ld n be suitable to receive a sal>y f a free /ate1 h[ev] g5]\s & magnanim\s1 )\t s]v+ ! public = x2 because if y d]ive b5efit f ! public1 y h ! public to please1 & n a m]e private p]son40 ,he also m5tions t he c only hope = su* a fav\r f "s absolute sov]eign2 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t he wi%es = an income )\t do+ any?+ = x2 he 0 9 possession ( v>i\s inv5tions1 0 almo/ daily mak+ new ones1 & %\ld make m if he _h ! necess>y leisure4 ,galileo adds t x has always be5 8 int5tion 8to (f] !m to 8 own sov]eign & natural "l be=e any o!r1 t he may dispose ( !m & ! inv5tor accord+ to 8 pleasure2 & if x seem$ good to 8 s]5e highness to accept x1 to pres5t him n only ) ! jewel b ) ! casket also40 ,?is fir/ attempt ( ,galileo's1 h[ev]1 to ga9 a foot+ at ! c\rt ( ,tuscany seems to h be5 unsuccessful4 ,at any rate 9 ! extant correspond5ce ( ?is p]iod !re is n a ^w m on ! subject2 & a few mon?s lat]1 aft] ! con/ruction ( ! telescope1 he ?ankfully accept$ ! *air ( ma!matics at ,padua (f]$ to him = life by ! republic4 ,b ?is inv5tion & ! consequ5t discov]ies _h mean:ile acquir$ su* va/ importance1 & _h1 z we h se51 rais$ su* a /orm 9 ! :ole educat$ _w1 t x n[ appe>$ v desirable to ! c\rt ( ,tuscany to atta* to itself = ev] ! man on :om ! eyes ( sci5tific ,europe 7 fix$4 ,! fir/ /eps t[>ds ?is end 7 tak5 :5 ,galileo w5t to ,flor5ce 9 ! ,ea/] recess ( #afaj to %[ 8 telescopic discov]ies to ,cosmo ,,ii41 especially ! />s :i* bore ! "n ( ! reign+ h\se4 ,we aft]w>ds f9d ,galileo ent]+ eag]ly into ! negotiations :i* foll[$4 ,9 ! lett] to ,v9ta be=e m5tion$1 ( ,may #g?1 #afaj1 he presses = a decision1 =1 he says1 obs]v+ t day aft] day goes by1 he 0 det]m9$ to set a def9ite purpose be=e him 9 ! ord]+ ( ! life t may be left to him1 & to devote all 8 p[]s to p]fect ! fruits ( 8 previ\s ef=ts & /udies1 f :i* he might look = "s fame4 ,he !n m5tions ! conditions on :i* he at pres5t s]ves ! republic1 p]haps 9 ord] t !y might be guid$ by x at ,flor5ce2 b :at he lays mo/ /ress on is t x is ( ! utmo/ mom5t to him t leisure %\ld be assur$ him = ! completion ( 8 lab\rs1 by 8 be+ fre$ f ! obligation to give public lectures2 b x w always conf] on him ! highe/ hon\r to give lectures to 8 sov]eign1 to :om also he w d$icate all 8 writ+s4 ,! same lett] is also ( ! highe/ int]e/ z giv+ u an insight into ! sci5tific projects he 0 !n *]i%+4 ,he communicates to ! ,tuscan secret>y ( /ate ! works ! completion ( :i* lies s ne> 8 he>t4 ,he says3-- 8,! works :i* ,i h to f9i% are *iefly two books de sy/emate1 seu con/itutione univ]si1 a va/ project full ( philosophy1 a/ronomy1 & geometry2 ?ree books de motu locali1 an entirely new sci5ce1 = no o!r inquir]1 anci5t or mod]n1 has discov]$ any ( ! wond]ful ph5om5a :i* ,i %[ to be pres5t 9 natural & induc$ motion2 ,i may !re=e ) p]fect ju/ice call x a new sci5ce discov]$ by me f its fir/ pr9ciples2 ?ree books on me*anics1 two relat+ to ! demon/ration ( ! pr9ciples & fundam5tal propositions1 "o conta9+ ! problems2 al?\gh o!rs h treat$ ( ! same subject1 :at has be5 hi!rto writt5 ^u x is nei!r z to ext5t nor 9 o!r respects a f\r? "p ( :at ,i am writ+4 ,i h also v>i\s small] works 9 view on matt]s connect$ ) nature1 su* z de sono et voce1 de visu et coloribus1 de m>is /u1 de compositione cont9ui1 de animalium motibus1 & o!rs4 ,i am also ?9k+ ( writ+ "s books = ! soldi]1 n only to cultivate 8 m9d1 b to tea* him by select in/ruction all ^? ?+s connect$ ) ma!matics :i* x w\ld be an advantage to him to "k1 z1 = in/ance1 ca/rametation1 milit>y tactics1 =tification1 sieges1 survey+1 e/imate ( di/ances1 artill]y1 ! use ( v>i\s in/rum5ts1 etc40#ei ,we reg>d ) a/oni%m5t ! wond]ful v]satility :i* we f9d display$ 9 ,galileo's works4 ,& among/ !m are n only all ! l>g] ones ann\nc$ 9 ! above lett]2 8 important telescopic discov]ies & 8 ceaselessly active m9d l$ him f> to surpass ! b\nds he _h set himself1 = he 0 ! fir/ to infuse consci\s life into ! slumb]+ idea ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,?is memorable lett] ( ,galileo's soon br\ght ! c\rt ( ,tuscany to a decision4 ,f\rte5 days lat]1 #bbnd ,may1 ,v9ta wrote to him1 z a prelim9>y1 t ! ,gr& ,duke seem$ well dispos$ to recall him to 8 native c\ntry & to grant all 8 wi%es4#fj ,he promis$ to in=m ,galileo z soon z x 0 all settl$4 ,on #e? ,june he wrote t ,cosmo ,,ii4 0 will+ to nom9ate him z fir/ philosoph] & ma!matician ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 ) an annual /ip5d ( #ajjj ,flor5t9e scudi1 )\t any obligation to live at ,pisa or to give lectures4 ,v9ta reque/$ ,galileo to let him "k :e!r he agre$ to ^! conditions1 9 ord] t he might h ! necess>y application drawn up 9 ,galileo's "n1 z well z ! decree & rescript2 ! "t ( _! publication %all be left to ,galileo1 & mean:ile all %all be kept secret4#fa ,galileo wi%$ p>ticul>ly t no?+ %\ld be kn[n at ,v5ice ( ^! negotiations1 :i* did n place 8 gratitude to ! republic :i* _h %[n him s mu* fav\r 9 ! be/ light1 until all 0 decid$ & !re=e irrevocable4 ,hav+ decl>$ himself entirely satisfi$ ) ! propos$ conditions1 9 a lett] to ! secret>y ( /ate1 ! only alt]ation be+ t he %\ld l n only to be fir/ ma!matician at ,pisa1 b also fir/ ma!matician & philosoph] to ! ,gr& ,duke himself1#fb ! decree summon+ him to ! c\rt ( ,tuscany 9 ?is tw(old capacity 0 issu$ on #ab? ,july1 #afaj4 ,not)/&+ all ! great advantages :i* ?is new po/ secur$ to him1 x 0 a v bad ex*ange = ,galileo f ! free republican soil to ! d\btful protection ( a pr9cely h\se :i*1 al?\gh v well dispos$ t[>ds him1 c\ld nev] (f] s decid$ an opposition to ! ,roman curia z ! republic ( ,v5ice4 ,x 0 inde$ ! fir/ /ep :i* precipitat$ ,galileo's fate4#fc ,9 ! ,v5etian republic full lib]ty ( doctr9e 0 really enjoy$1 9 religi\s ,tuscany x 0 only nom9al4 ,9 ,v5ice politics & sci5ce 7 secure f ,jesuitical intrigues2 = :5 ,pope ,paul ,v4 ?\ght prop] to place ! contumaci\s republic "u an int]dict 9 ,april1 #afjf1 ! ,jesuit fa!rs _h be5 compell$ to quit ! soil ( ,v5ice 8= ev]40#fd ,9 ,tuscany1 on ! contr>y1 :]e !y felt q at home1 _! influ5ce weigh$ heavily on ev]y?+ affect+ _! own int]e/s1 & especially !re=e on politics & sci5ce4 ,_h ,galileo nev] left ! pure1 :olesome air ( ! free city = ! /ifl+ ,romi% atmosph]e ( a c\rt1 he w\ld h escap$ ! subsequ5t p]secutions ( ,rome2 = ! republic :i*1 n long be=e1 _h be5 undaunt$ by ! papal excommunication ( _! doge & s5ate1 w\ld assur$ly nev] h giv5 up "o ( its univ]sity pr(essors to ! v5geance ( ! ,inquisition4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 #afaj1 ,galileo1 to ! no small displeasure ( ! ,paduans1 left _! univ]sity1 at :i* eighte5 ye>s be=e he _h f\nd will+ reception & support :5 8 long] t>riance at ,pisa _h become impossible2 des]t$ 8 noble fri5ds1 ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi1 ,francesco ,sagr$o1 & o!rs2 & proce$$ to ! capital ( ! c\rt ( ,tuscany on ! lovely banks ( ! ,arno1 :]e at fir/1 x is true1 mu* hon\r 0 done him1 b :]e aft]w>ds envy1 jeal\sy1 n>r[ness1 ill w1 & fanaticism comb9$ toge!r to 8 de/ruction4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ devot$ fri5ds1 ,francesco ,sagr$o1 =esaw x4 ,:5 ,galileo left ,v5ice he 0 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! s]vice ( ! republic1 & did n return till ! spr+ ( #afaa1 :5 he wrote a rem>kable lett] to 8 fri5d at ,flor5ce4 ,aft] hav+ he>tily express$ 8 regret at n f9d+ ,galileo on 8 return home1 he /ates 8 d\bts ab\t ! /ep 8 fri5d _h tak54 ,he asks1 among o!r ?+s1 8:]e w he f9d ! same lib]ty z 9 ! ,v5etian t]ritory8 ,& not)/&+ all ! g5]\s qualities ( ! "y rul]1 :i* p]mitt$ ! hope t ,galileo's m]its w be ju/ly valu$1 :o c promise ) any confid5ce t1 if n ru9$1 he may n be p]secut$ & disquiet$ on ! surg+ bill[s ( c\rt life1 by ! rag+ /orms ( envy80 ,x is evid5t f ano!r passage 9 ! lett] t ,galileo's behavi\r _h made a bad impression at ,v5ice1 :]e !y _h n long be=e rais$ 8 sal>y to a ?\s& flor9s1 & conf]r$ 8 pr(essor%ip on him = life2 t[>ds ! end ( ! lett] ,sagr$o lets fall ! om9\s words t he 80 conv9c$ t z ,galileo c\ld n rega9 :at he _h lo/1 he w\ld take good c>e to hold fa/ :at he _h ga9$40#fe ,only a mon? aft] ,galileo's arrival at ,flor5ce he made a fre% discov]y 9 a/ronomy :i* ev5tually contribut$ to confirm ! ,cop]nican !ory1 namely1 ! v>y+ cresc5t =m ( ! planet ,v5us4 ,) ?is ! important objection to ! new sy/em seem$ to be remov$1 t ,v5us & ,m]cury did n exhibit ! same phases ( light z ! moon1 :i* mu/ be ! case if ! e>? mov$1 = !y w\ld v>y ) h] position 9 ! univ]se4 ,galileo communicat$ ?is appe>ance1 :i* entail$ conclusions s important1 & :i* he !re=e wi%$ to inve/igate m ?or\ghly be=e mak+ x kn[n1 to 8 fri5d & correspond5t ,julian de' ,m$ici at ,prague1 9 an alphabetical enigma1 z 9 ! case ( ! s+ul> appe>ance ( ,saturn4 ,x 0 z foll[s3 8,hc immatura a me jam fru/ra leguntur o y40#ff ,hav+ fully conv9c$ himself by ne>ly ?ree mon?s' obs]vations t ,v5us & ,m>s exhibit$ phases simil> to ^? ( ! moon1 he made x kn[n 9 two lett]s ( #cj? ,decemb]#fg to ,fa!r ,clavius1 at ,rome1 & to 8 =m] di/+ui%$ pupil ,b5$etto ,ca/elli1 abbot ( ! congregation ( ,monte ,cass9o1 9 ,brescia2 & 9 a lett] ( #a/ ,janu>y1 #afaa1 he s5t ! foll[+ solution ( ! anagram to ,julian de' ,m$ici3-- 8,cyn?i figuras mulatur mat] amorum40 ,9 ?is lett] he draws ! important conclusions1 fir/ t none ( ! planets %9e by _! own light1 & secondly 8t necess>ily ,v5us & ,m]cury revolve r\nd ! sun2 a circum/ance :i* 0 surmis$ ( ! o!r planets by ,py?agoras1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & _! foll[]s1 b :i* c\ld n be prov$ by ocul> demon/ration1 z x c\ld n[ 9 ! case ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,kepl] & ! o!r ,cop]nicans may n[ be pr\d to h judg$ & philosophis$ correctly1 & x may well excite disgu/ t !y 7 reg>d$ by ! g5]ality ( m5 ( book le>n+ z hav+ little und]/&+ & z n mu* bett] ?an fools40#fh ,at ?is "t ,galileo 0 also eag]ly occupi$ ) a ph5om5on :i* 0 to be a fur!r confirmation ( ! ,cop]nican view ( ! univ]se1 ! spots on ! sun4 ,by att5tively obs]v+ _! motions on ! sun's disk he aft]w>ds discov]$ ! sun's motion on its own axis1 a fatal bl[ to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,al?\gh to sci5ce x may be q indiff]5t :e!r ,galileo1 or ,fabricius1 or ! ,jesuit fa!r ,s*e9] fir/ espi$ ! spots on ! sun 7= !y all lay claim to ! discov]y71 = u x has its importance1 because ! bitt] cont5tion betwe5 ,galileo & ,s*e9] on ! subject mat]ially contribut$ to set ! /one roll+ :i*1 9 its fall1 0 no less disa/r\s to ! moral greatness ( ,galileo ?an to ! erudition ( ,rome4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! int5se int]e/ excit$ by ,galileo's 8epo*-mak+0 discov]ies1 ! ,roman curia1 :i* /ill held x to be "o ( its mo/ important duties to gu>d mank9d z mu* z possible f precoci\s k1 0 ( c\rse eag] to le>n m ab\t !m1 & above all1 ( ! conclusions :i* ! discov]] drew f !m4 ,x mu/ also h appe>$ ( great importance to ,galileo to acqua9t ! ,roman savans & dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* ) 8 sci5tific a*ievem5ts1 = ! au?ority & influ5ce !n ex]cis$ by !m ov] ! free progress ( sci5ce made _! op9ions ( ! utmo/ mom5t to him4 ,!y mu/1 if possible1 be fir/ made to see ! premises ) _! own eyes1 t !y might aft]w>ds be able to compreh5d & ass5t to ! conclusions4 ,galileo cle>ly saw ?is1 z appe>s f a lett] ( #ae? ,janu>y1 #afaa1 to ,v9ta#fi 7:o 0 !n ) ! c\rt at ,pisa71 9 :i* he urg5tly begs p]mission = a visit to ! papal resid5ce4 ,! reque/ 0 n only imm$iately grant$1 b ! c\rt plac$ a litt] at 8 disposal1 und]took to defray all 8 exp5ses1 & direct$ ! ,tuscan ambassador at ,rome to prep>e qu>t]s = him at ! embassy & to ent]ta9 him dur+ ! :ole ( 8 /ay4#gj ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,galileo 0 attack$ by an illness :i* delay$ 8 j\rney = ne>ly two mon?s4 ,on #bbnd ,m>* he receiv$ a cordial lett] ( introduction#ga f ,mi*el ,angelo ! y\ng] to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 aft]w>ds ,urban ,,viii41 & on ! next day he set out provid$ ) 8 mo/ conv9c+ argum5ts1 namely sev]al excell5t telescopes4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) ! greate/ hon\r4 ,8 triumphs 7 really extraord9>y1 s great t !y 7 sure to secure = him num]\s p]sonal enemies 9 addition to ! oppon5ts ( 8 doctr9es4 ,he exhibit$ ! (t discuss$ appe>ances to c>d9als & le>n$ m5 ?r\gh ! telescope1 &1 :5ev] he c\ld1 dispell$ _! d\bts by ! incontrov]tible evid5ce ( _! own eyes4 ,p c\ld n refuse to believe ?is1 & ,galileo's success 9 ! papal city 0 complete4 ,( /ill great] importance1 h[ev]1 0 ! op9ion giv5 on #bd? ,april by f\r sci5tific au?orities ( ! ,roman ,college1 on ! "* 8( ! new a/ronomical discov]ies ( an excell5t a/ronom]10 at ! reque/ ( ,c>d9al ,rob]t ,bell>m9e4 ,?is commission1 consi/+ ( ! le>n$ fa!rs ,clavius1 ,griemb]g]1 ,malcotio1 & ,lembo1 confirm$ :at !y _h long d5i$ & ridicul$1 conv9c$ by ! evid5ce ( _! own s5ses ( ! tru? ( ! facts ma9ta9$ by ,galileo4#gb ,by ?is op9ion ( ! papal exp]ts 8 discov]ies receiv$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! sanction ( ! ,*ur*1 & became ackn[l$g$ tru?s4 ,! c>e ) :i* ! m5tion ( ,galileo's "n is avoid$ bo? 9 ! reque/ & ! op9ion is rem>kable4 ,att5tions ( all sorts 7 heap$ ^u ! a/ronom]4 ,pope ,paul ,v4 grant$ him a long audi5ce & graci\sly assur$ him ( 8 unalt]able good w1 :i* h[ev] did n rema9 q unalt]$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* te/ifi$ _! admiration2 ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei 7( ! ,lynxes71 f\nd$ six ye>s be=e by ,pr9ce ,cesi1 made ! r5[n$ gue/ a memb]2 :5 he took 8 dep>ture at ! beg9n+ ( ,june he left beh9d him 9 ! metropolis ( ca?olicism z _m s9c]e fri5ds & admir]s z envi\s foes1 ! fate ( all really great m54 ,a lett] f ,c>d9al del ,monte ( #ca/ ,may1 #afaa1 to ,cosmo ,,ii41 be/ %[s h[ successful ,galileo's visit to ,rome 04 ,he writes ) real en?usiasm3-- 8,galileo has dur+ 8 /ay at ,rome giv5 great satisfaction1 & ,i ?9k he mu/ h felt x no less himself1 = he _h ! opportunity ( %[+ 8 discov]ies s well t to all clev] & le>n$ m5 9 ?is city !y seem$ no less true & well f\nd$ ?an a/oni%+4 ,7 we /ill liv+ "u ! anci5t republic ( ,rome1 ,i v]ily believe !re w\ld h be5 a column on ! ,capitol erect$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,x appe>$ to me to be my duty to accompany 8 return ) ?is lett]1 & to be> witness to y\r ,highness ( ! above1 z ,i feel assur$ t x w be agreeable to y1 s9ce y\r ,highness ent]ta9s su* graci\s good w t[>ds y\r subjects1 & to di/+ui%$ m5 l ,galileo40#gc ,b ! wat*ful ,inquisition _h already direct$ its att5tion to ! man :o _h made su* port5t\s discov]ies 9 ! heav5s4 ,h[ f> ?is _h gone we un=tunately d n exactly "k4 ,! only well au!nticat$ indication we possess is ! foll[+ notice 9 ! protocols ( ! sitt+s ( ! ,holy ,congregation3 8,f]ia iii4 die1 #ag ,maii1 #afaa4 ,videatur an 9 ,processu ,doctoris ,cs>is ,cremon9i sit nom9atus ,galilaeus ,philosophi ac ,ma!matic ,pr(essor40#gd ,?is is ! fir/ "t t ! "n ( ,galileo occurs 9 ! pap]s ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! applause :i* greet$ him 9 ! et]nal city4 ,:e!r1 & 9 :at way1 ?is (ficial qu]y 0 answ]$ is n to be f\nd 9 ! docum5ts ( ! ,inquisition4 ,b x looks om9\s t !re %\ld be an inquiry ab\t a connection betwe5 ,galileo & ,cremon9i :o 0 und]go+ a trial4 ,! causes & c\rse ( ! trial ( ,cremon9i by ! ,inquisition are n yet kn[n4 ,all t is kn[n is t he 0 ,pr(essor ( ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua2 & x appe>s f ! lett]s ( ,sagr$o to ,galileo1 t 8 lectures & writ+s _h giv5 rise to suspicions ( a!ism4 ,= ! re/1 ,cremon9i 0 all 8 life "o ( ,galileo's mo/ decid$ enemies4 ,! v triumphs ( ,galileo & 8 telescopic discov]ies 7 ! causes1 to a great ext5t1 ( ^? ceaseless & rel5tless p]secutions :i* 7 to re/rict 8 lab\rs & embitt] 8 life4 ,! ,ari/otelians p]ceiv$ ) rage & t]ror ! revolution>y discov]ies ( ?is dang]\s innovator 7 surely1 if sl[ly1 ga9+ gr\nd4 ,e "o ( !m1 ) its inevitable logical consequ5ces1 pull$ d[n "s important /one 9 ! arti/ic /ructure ( _! views ( nature2 & unless "s measures 7 tak5 to arre/ ! demolition1 x 0 cle> t ! v5]able edifice mu/ fall & bury ! inmates b5ea? ! ru9s4 ,?is mu/ be av]t$ at any price1 ev5 at ! price ( k ( ! acts ( nature4 ,if ,galileo's re=m$ physics (f]$ no po9t ( attack1 8 a/ronomy did2 n inde$ 9 ! hon\rable conte/ ( sci5tific discussion1 b by br++ !ology into ! field aga9/ sci5ce4 ,galileo _h nev] op5ly proclaim$ 8 adoption ( ! e>?'s d\ble motion1 b ! demon/ration ( 8 telescopic obs]vations alone suffic$ to make x "o ( ! burn+ que/ions ( ! day4 ,:at 7 ! phases ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 ! motions ( ! sol> spots1 & above all ,jupit] & 8 moons1 ?is little _w )9 our l>ge "o1 z ,galileo aft]w>ds call$ x himself1#ge b tell+ pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican !ory8 ,! "q ( ! two sy/ems _h be5 hi!rto an exclusively sci5tific "o4 ,h[ else c\ld ! fam\s philosoph] & a/ronom] ,ni*olas ( ,casa1 :o taught ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 h ga9$ a c>d9al's hat8 ,h[ c\ld ! ,g]man1 ,widman/adt1 h expla9$ 8 !ory1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciples1 to ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 9 #aecc8 ,h[ c\ld le>n$ m5 l ,celio ,calgan9i1 ,wurteis1 & o!rs1 h giv5 public lectures on ! subject 9 ,italy 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury8 ,nei!r ,casa1 h[ev]1 nor ,widman/adt1 ,calgan9i1 ,wurteis1 nor ev5 ,cop]nicus1 _h v5tur$ op5ly to decl>e w> ) ! s*ool ( ,ari/otle1 nor to ov]?r[ by ! cru%+ evid5ce ( exp]im5t ! dogmas ( natural sci5ce bas$ ^u philosophy & a priori argum5ts alone4 ,^! le>n$ m5 _h be5 tol]at$ because !y f\ght ) ! same weapons z ! foll[]s ( ,ptolemy1 logic & philosophy4 ,!y did n possess ! p[]ful lev] ( direct evid5ce1 because !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! telescope4 ,b ,galileo1 ) 8 fatal sy/em ( demon/ration by obs]vation ( nature1 0 f> too dang]\s a foe4 ,p]ipateticism 0 no mat* = ! home ?ru/s ( argum5ts obvi\s to ! s5ses1 & its def5d]s 7 well aw>e t if !y w\ld n yield _! position !y mu/ call 9 "s o!r ally ?an m]e sci5ce4 ,& !y adopt$ ! means be/ adapt$ = putt+ a tempor>y drag on ! :eels ( tru?1 & = ru9+ ,galileo2 9 ord] to prop up ! fail+ au?ority ( ,ari/otle !y call$ 9 ! inviolable au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture6 ,?is dragg+ ( ! ,bible into :at _h previ\sly be5 a purely sci5tific controv]sy1 a proce$+ :i* prov$ s fatal to ,galileo1 mu/ n h[ev]1 z has be5 done by sev]al au?ors1 be attribut$ solely to p>ty consid]ations or ev5 p]sonal motives4 ,?is is absolutely false4 ,greatly z ^! factors 7 conc]n$ 9 x1 x mu/ be admitt$ t at fir/ !y 7 only incid5tally mix$ up ) x4 ,! multitude ( ! le>n$1 :o /ill adh]$ entirely to ! old sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & reg>d$ ! !ories ( ,cop]nicus 7n yet bas$ on ocul> demon/ration7 z m]e fantasies1 7 really agha/ at ! telescopic discov]ies ( ,galileo :i* ?reat5$ to ov]turn all _! previ\s beliefs4 ,! le>n$1 & /ill m ! semi-le>n$1 _w ( ,italy felt ! gr\nd tremble b5ea? _! feet2 & x seem$ to !m z if ! f\ndations ( all physics1 ma!matics1 philosophy1 & religion1 71 ) ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 :i* _h reign$ = two ?\s& ye>s1 be+ borne to ! grave4 ,?is did n pres5t itself to !m z progress b z sacrilege4 ,a "y fanatic1 ! monk ,sizy 7! same :o sev5 ye>s lat] 0 brok5 on ! :eel = political crimes at ,p>is71 0 ! fir/ to transf] :at _h be5 a purely sci5tific discussion to ! slipp]y ar5a ( !ology4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #afaa he publi%$ at ,v5ice a "w call$ 8,dianoja ,a/ronomica0#gf 9 answ] to ! 8,sid]eus ,nuncius10 9 :i* he ass]t$ t ! exi/5ce ( ! moons ( ,jupit] 0 incompatible ) ! doctr9es ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,he appropriately d$icat$ 8 book to t semi-pr9ce ( ! blood1 ,john de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 kn[n to be ! mortal enemy ( ,galileo4 ,! au?or1 z we le>n f 8 own "w1 0 "o ( ^? contemptible m5 :o c>efully ab/a9$ f ev5 look+ ?r\gh a telescope1 al?\gh firmly conv9c$ t ! wond]s ann\nc$ by ,galileo 7 n to be se54 ,galileo did n v\*safe to def5d himself f ?is monki% attack any m ?an f ,horky's libel ! ye> be=e4 ,he cont5t$ himself ) writ+ on ! back ( ! title page ( ! copy /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,flor5ce ! foll[+ l9es f ,ario/o3-- 8,soggiunse il duca3 ,non s>ebbe one/o ,*e io volessi la battaglia torre1 ,di quel *e m' (f]isco manife/o1 ,qu&o ti piaccia1 innanci agli oc*i torre40#gg ,b ,galileo's envi\s foes at once consort$ ) !1 at all ev5ts1 hon\rable fanatics ( ! old s*ool1 & eag]ly seiz$ ! opportunity ( pursu+ _! mis]able designs 8to ! glory ( ,god & imp]ill$ religion40 ,x 0 9 ,flor5ce itself1 9 ! palace ( ! ,tuscan ,ar*bi%op ,m>zim$ici1 :o _h once /udi$ "u ,galileo at ,pisa1 t secret consultations 7 held1 presid$ ov] by ?is prelate1 h[ ! inconv5i5t philosoph] & 8 revolution>y sy/em might be/ be ru9$4 ,!y ev5 !n w5t s f> z to reque/ a prea*] to hurl at ,galileo f ! pulpit ! accusation1 m dang]\s ?an any o!r 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 t he 0 attack+ ! ,bible ) 8 doctr9es4 ,b = ?is "t ^! pi\s g5tlem5 _h gone to ! wrong man1 = ! prie/1 see+ ?r\gh ! f\l purpose ( ! commission1 decl9$ x4 ,galileo _h n ! slighte/ k ( ! secret conspiracy :i* 0 plott+ aga9/ him1 & 0 fir/ r\s$ f ! security into :i* he _h be5 lull$ by ! brilliant success ( 8 visit to ,rome by a lett] f 8 fri5d !re1 ,cigoli ! pa9t]1 ( #af? ,decemb]1 #afaa4gh ,b he did n at fir/ atta* to ^! communications ! importance !y des]v$1 & x 0 n until sev]al mon?s aft]w>ds t he address$ himself to ,c>d9al ,conti1 :o 0 v fri5dly to him1 to ask h[ f> ! ,holy ,scriptures did really fav\r ! ,ari/otelian views ( ! univ]se1 & :e!r ! ,cop]nican sy/em contradict$ !m4 ,conti answ]$ him 9 a lett] ( #g? ,july1 #afab1gi t ! /atem5ts ( ,holy ,scripture 7 r aga9/ ! ,ari/otelian pr9ciple ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! heav5s ?an 9 fav\r ( x1 = all ! fa!rs _h held ! contr>y op9ion4 ,b ! case 0 diff]5t ) ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun1 z held by ! ,py?agoreans1 ,cop]nicus & o!rs4 ,?is c]ta9ly did n seem to agree ) ,holy ,scripture1 unless x 0 assum$ t x m]ely adopt$ ! cu/om>y mode ( expression4 ,b1 add$ ! c>d9al1 t 0 a me?od ( int]pretation to be employ$ only 9 case ( ! greate/ necessity4 ,diego di ,zuiga _h inde$ expla9$ 9 ?is way1 con=mably ) ! ,cop]nican op9ions1 ! passage 9 :i* ,jo%ua comm&$ ! sun to /& /ill2 b ! explanation 0 n g5]ally admitt$4 ,fa!r ,lor9i also1 pr(essor ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory at ,flor5ce1 aft]w>ds a r+lead] ( ! base intrigues aga9/ ,galileo & an in=mant aga9/ him1 wrote to him #e? ,novemb]1 #afab1hj to d5y a report t he _h publicly prea*$ aga9/ ,galileo4 ,he only confess$ to hav+ giv5 x z 8 op9ion1 9 a conv]sation ab\t ! two sy/ems1 t ! ,view ( ?is ,ip]nic1 or :atev] 8 "n might be1 appe>$ to be contr>y to ,holy ,scripture4 ,galileo wrote 9 a lett] ( #e? ,janu>y1 #afac1ha to ,pr9ce ,cesi3 8,! good man is s well acqua9t$ ) ! au?or ( ^! doctr9es t he calls him ,ip]nic4 ,y c see h[ & by :om poor philosophy suff]s40 ,x appe>s also f ! same lett] t ,galileo 0 n[ well aw>e ( ! intrigues be+ c>ri$ on aga9/ him 9 ,flor5ce1 = he says among o!r ?+s3 8,i ?ank y & all my de> fri5ds v mu* = y\r anxiety = my protection aga9/ ! malice :i* is con/antly seek+ to pick qu>rels ev5 "h1 & ! m s s9ce ! enemy is s ne> at h&2 b z !y are b few 9 numb]1 & _! #8league1' z !y call x among !mselves1 is b ( limit$ ext5t1 ,i laugh at x40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,!ology4 ,treatise on ,float+ ,bodies4--,controv]sy ) ,s*e9] ab\t ! ,sol> ,spots4--,fav\rable reception ( ,galileo's "w on ! subject at ,rome4--,discussion ) ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e4--,! ,bible br\ght into ! controv]sy4--,ill-fat$ ,lett] to ,ca/elli4--,cacc9i's ,s]mon aga9/ ,galileo4--,lor9i d5\nces ! ,lett] to ! ,holy ,(fice4--,ar*bi%op ,bonciani's attempts to get ! orig9al ,lett]4--8,op9ion0 ( ! ,inquisition on x4--,cacc9i summon$ to give evid5ce4--,absurd accusations4--,te/imony ( ,xim5es & ,attavanti 9 ,galileo's fav\r4 ,:ile ! /orm :i* 0 to bur/ ov] ,galileo's head 0 ?us sl[ly ga!r+1 he 0 mak+ important progress 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( physics & me*anics4 ,8 treatise on ! motion ( float+ bodies l$ to v important results4#hb ,9 x he aga9 took ! field aga9/ ! ,p]ipatetic philosoph]s1 & refut$ ! ass]tion ( ,ari/otle t ! float+ or p>tial imm]sion ( bodies 9 wat] dep5d$ *iefly on _! =m1 = by 8 approv$ me?od ( /udy+ ! op5 book ( nature he cle>ly %[$ ! error ( t op9ion4 ,9 ?is "w ,galileo laid ! f\ndations ( hydro/atics z mo/ly held to ?is day4 ,! old s*ool rose up once m to refute him1 z a matt] ( c\rse2 b _! polemics cut a pitiful figure1 = ! *ampions ( antiquat$ wisdom _h 9 _! impot5ce mo/ly to cont5t !mselves ) wret*$ sophisms z oppos$ to ,galileo's h>d facts1 & z a la/ resort to insi/ on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle4 ,! combatants :o took ! field ) v>i\s writ+s to def5d ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool aga9/ ^! fre% attacks ( ,galileo 7 ! pr(essors ,giorgio ,corressio1 ,tommaso ,palm]9i1 ,lodovico delle ,colombo1 9 #afab1 & 9 #afac ,v9c5zo di ,grazia4 ,corressio 0 answ]$ by ,b5$etto ,ca/elli2 b ! "w1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ,,ms4 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,flor5ce1 0 n publi%$1 out ( pity = 8 oppon5t :o1 9 ! meantime1 _h be5 ov]tak5 by sev]e mis=tune4 ,al?\gh pr(ess+ to be a ,roman ,ca?olic1 he 0 discov]$ to belong to ! ,greek ,non-,uniat *ur*1 :i* entail$ ! loss ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4 ,galileo int5d$ himself to answ] ,palm]9i1 b :ile he 0 do+ s ,palm]9i di$1 & n wi%+ to fight a dead man1 he laid 8 reply aside4 ,! lame objections ( ! o!r two receiv$ a brilliant refutation 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #afae by ,ca/elli4 ,f ! orig9al ,,ms41 h[ev]1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,flor5ce1 :i* is mo/ly 9 ,galileo's h&writ+1 x is evid5t t he 0 ! real au?or4#hc ,dur+ ! same ye> 9 :i* he _h s al>m$ ! ,p]ipatetics by ! treatise on float+ bodies1 he 0 mu* occupi$ ) ! controv]sy ) ! ,jesuit fa!r1 ,s*e9]1 be=e m5tion$1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,+ol/adt1 ab\t ! sol> spots & ! priority ( _! discov]y4 ,9 ?ree lett]s to ,wels] ( ,augsburg 7publi%$ !re 9 #afab7 he _h claim$ = himself1 "u ! pseudonym ( 8,apelles10 ! e>lie/ obs]vation ( ^! appe>ances1 & expla9$ !m con=mably to ! traditional op9ions4 ,he prop\nd$ ! +5i\s idea t ^! spots 7 a multitude ( little planets1 pass+ ov] ! sun's disk z !y revolv$ r\nd ! e>?4 ,by ?is clev] explanation he secur$ ! applause ( all ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 & proclaim$ himself ! decid$ foe ( ,galileo4 ,*all5g$ to d s by ,wels]1 ,galileo repli$ 9 ?ree lett]s address$ to him1 9 :i* 8,apelles0 came (f b poorly4#hd ,galileo conv9c+ly refut$ 8 oppon5t's explanation ( ! spots1 & brilliantly def5d$ 8 own "r to ! priority ( _! discov]y by appeal+ to witnesses to :om he _h made x kn[n 9 #afaj4 ,^! lett]s1 toge!r ) ,s*e9]'s1 7 publi%$ 9 ,m>*1 #afac1 "u ! title 8,hi/ory & ,explanation ( ! ,sol> ,spots10#he ) a f9e portrait ( ,galileo1 & a d$ication to 8 illu/ri\s fri5d ,salviati1 ( ! 8,accadmia dei ,l9cei40 ,! publication ( ?is "w 0 ( especial significance1 because x 0 ! fir/ 9 :i* ,galileo decid$ly takes ! side ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,?is acc\nts = ! extraord9>y s5sation made by ^! essays4 ,! controv]sy on ! two sy/ems came m & m to ! front4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ all ?is1 no !ological scruples seem at fir/ to h be5 felt at ,rome1 ev5 9 ! highe/ ecclesia/ical circles4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d ! c>d9als ,maffeo ,b>b]9i#hf 7aft]w>ds ,pope ,urban ,,viii471 & ,f$]igo ,borromeo1#hg ?ank+ ,galileo 9 ! mo/ fri5dly t]ms = s5d+ !m 8 "w1 & express+ _! s9c]e admiration = ! rese>*es describ$ 9 x4 ,& ,batti/a ,aguc*ia1 !n "o ( ! fir/ (ficials at ! c\rt ( ,rome1 & aft]w>ds secret>y ( ,pope ,gregory ,,xv41 9 a simil> lett] ( ?anks1#hh n only fully endors$ ^! op9ions1 b express$ 8 firm belief t !y w\ld 9 "t be univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 al?\gh n[ !y _h _m oppon5ts1 p>tly f _! novelty & rem>kable "*1 & p>tly f ! envy & ob/9acy ( ^? :o _h f ! fir/ ma9ta9$ ! contr>y view4 ,! sci5tific circles ( ! univ]sity t[n ( ,pisa 7 f> less fri5dly to ! ,cop]nican ideas ?an ! high] ecclesia/ics at ! papal resid5ce4 ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 :o 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> 0 call$ to ! *air ( ma!matics at ?is univ]sity1 reports 9 a lett] ( #f? ,novemb]1#hi 9 :i* he tells ,galileo :at reception he _h met ) f ! heads ( ! college1 t ! prov$itor ( ! univ]sity1 ,mgr4 d',elci1 _h expressly =bidd5 him at 8 fir/ int]view to treat 9 8 lectures ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 or ev5 to take occasion 9 any digression to m5tion x z probable6 ,an accid5tal circum/ance1 h[ev]1 0 ! imm$iate cause ( turn+ ! controv]sy into ! *annel :i* prov$ s fatal to ,galileo4 ,"o day 9 ,decemb]1 #afac1 ,ca/elli & sev]al o!r le>n$ m5 7 gue/s at ! ,gr& ,duke's table at ,pisa1 :]e ! c\rt 0 !n /ay+4 ,! conv]sation turn$ *iefly on ! rem>kable ph5om5a ( ! ,m$icean />s1 ^: v]itable exi/5ce 9 ! heav5s ,boscaglia1 pr(essor ( physics at ! univ]sity1 0 con/ra9$ ) a heavy he>t to confirm1 9 answ] to a "q ( ! ,gr& ,duke's "m1 ,*ri/9e4 ,ca/elli eag]ly seiz$ ! opportunity ( applaud+ ,galileo's spl5did discov]y4 ,boscaglia1 a ,p]ipatetic ( ! pure/ wat]1 c\ld n ma/] 8 displeasure1 & :isp]$ mean:ile to ! ,gr& ,ducal "m t all ,galileo's telescopic discov]ies 7 9 accord ) ! tru?1 only ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? seem$ incr$ible1 nay impossible1 z ! ,holy ,scriptures 7 cle>ly oppos$ to x4 ,! repa/ 0 !n ov]1 & ,ca/elli took leave2 b he _h sc>cely left ! palace :5 he saw ,*ri/9e's port] ha/5+ aft] him & call+ him back4 ,he obey$1 & f\nd ! :ole company /ill assembl$ 9 ! ,gr& ,duke's ap>tm5ts4 ,*ri/9e n[ began1 aft] a few introductory rem>ks1 to attack ! ,cop]nican doctr9es1 appeal+ to ,holy ,scripture4 ,ca/elli at fir/ made "s humble attempts to avoid br++ ! ,bible into ! controv]sy2 b z ?is 0 ( no avail he resolutely took ! !ological /&po9t1 & def5d$ ! mod]n views ( ! univ]se s impressively & conv9c+ly t ne>ly all pres5t1 ev5 ! ,gr& ,duke & 8 consort1 took 8 side1 & ! ,du*ess d[ag] alone made any opposition4 ,boscaglia1 h[ev]1 :o _h be5 ! cause ( ! un$ify+ sc5e1 took no "p :atev] 9 ! discussion4 ,ca/elli ha/5$ to apprise ,galileo ( ?is incid5t1 b rem>k$ expressly 9 8 /rik+ lett] t x appe>$ to him t ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e _h m]ely p]si/$ 9 opposition1 9 ord] to he> 8 replies4#ij ,?is !n 0 ! provocation to t fam\s lett] ( ,galileo's to 8 fri5d & pupil ,ca/elli1 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t !ological digressions occur1 & :i* !re=e1 al?\gh by no means int5d$ = publication1 0 to be eag]ly turn$ to acc\nt by 8 oppon5ts1 & to =m ! gr\ndwork ( ! subsequ5t trial4 ,f :at has be5 relat$ x w be se5 t ! reproa* (t5 br\ght aga9/ ,galileo t x 0 he :o fir/ introduc$ ! !ological "q into ! sci5tific controv]sy ab\t ! two sy/ems is entirely unw>rant$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! explanations to ,ca/elli1 ( #ba/ ,decemb]1 be> tell+ te/imony to ! indignation :i* ,galileo felt 9 see+ ! ,scriptures involv$ 9 a purely sci5tific discussion1 & t ! "r ( decid+ ! "q %\ld ev5 be accord$ to !m4 ,he %>ply def9es ! relation 9 :i* ! ,bible /&s to natural sci5ce1 m>k+ ! limits :i* x c only pass at ! exp5se ( ! heal?y und]/&+ ( mank9d4 ,z a good ,ca?olic he fully admits t ! ,scriptures _c lie or err1 b ?9ks t ?is does n hold good ( all _! expositors4 ,!y w involve !mselves 9 sad contradictions1 nay1 ev5 9 h]esies & blasphemy1 if !y always int]pret ! ,bible 9 an absolutely lit]al s5se4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !y mu/ attribute to ,god h&s1 feet1 & e>s1 human feel+s su* z ang]1 rep5tance1 hatr$1 & make ,him capable ( =getfulness & ignorance ( ! future4 8,z !re=e10 cont9ues ,galileo1 8! ,holy ,scriptures 9 _m places n only admit b actually require a diff]5t explanation f :at seems to be ! lit]al "o1 x seems to me t !y ought to be res]v$ = ! la/ place 9 ma!matical discussions4 ,= !y1 l nature1 owe _! orig9 to ! ,div9e ,^w2 ! =m] z inspir$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 ! latt] z ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e comm&s2 x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ,holy ,scripture1 9 ord] to accommodate itself to ! und]/&+ ( ! majority1 to say _m ?+s :i* app>5tly diff] f ! precise mean+4 ,nature1 on ! contr>y1 is inexorable & un*angeable1 & c>es n :e!r h] hidd5 causes & modes ( work+ are intelligible to ! human und]/&+ or n1 & nev] deviates on t acc\nt f h] prescrib$ laws4 ,x appe>s to me !re=e t no effect ( nature1 :i* exp]i5ce places be=e our eyes1 or is ! necess>y conclusion d]iv$ f evid5ce1 %\ld be r5d]$ d\btful by passages ( ,scripture :i* conta9 ?\s&s ( words admitt+ ( v>i\s int]pretations1 = e s5t5ce ( ,scripture is n b\nd by su* rigid laws z is e effect ( nature40 ,galileo goes on to ask3 if ! ,bible1 9 ord] to make itself intelligible to un$ucat$ p]sons1 has n refra9$ f plac+ ev5 its ma9 doctr9es 9 a di/ort$ light1 by attribut+ qualities to ,god :i* are unlike ,8 "* & ev5 oppos$ to x1 :o w ma9ta9 t 9 speak+ incid5tally ( ! e>? or ! sun x pr(esses to clo! its real mean+ 9 words lit]ally true8 ,proce$+ on ! pr9ciple t ! ,bible & nature are bo? irrefragable tru?s1 ,galileo goes on to draw ! foll[+ conclusions4 8,s9ce two tru?s c obvi\sly nev] contradict ea* o!r1 x is ! "p ( wise int]pret]s ( ,holy ,scripture to take ! pa9s to f9d out ! real mean+ ( its /atem5ts1 9 accordance ) ! conclusions reg>d+ nature :i* are q c]ta91 ei!r f ! cle> evid5ce ( s5se or f necess>y demon/ration4 ,z !re=e ! ,bible1 al?\gh dictat$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 admits1 f ! reasons giv5 above1 9 _m passages ( an int]pretation o!r ?an ! lit]al "o2 & z1 moreov]1 we _c ma9ta9 ) c]ta9ty t all int]pret]s are inspir$ by ,god1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be ! "p ( wisdom n to all[ any "o to apply passages ( ,scripture 9 su* a way z to =ce !m to support1 z true1 conclusions conc]n+ nature ! contr>y ( :i* may aft]w>ds be reveal$ by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses or by necess>y demon/ration4 ,:o w set b\nds to man's und]/&+8 ,:o c assure u t ev]y?+ t c be kn[n 9 ! _w is kn[n already8 ,x w\ld !re=e p]haps be be/ n to add1 )\t necessity1 to ! articles ( fai? :i* ref] to salvation & ! def5ce ( holy religion1 & :i* are s /rong t !y are 9 no dang] ( hav+ at any "t cog5t reasons br\ght aga9/ !m1 especially :5 ! desire to add to !m proce$s f p]sons :o1 al?\gh q enlight5$ :5 !y speak "u ,div9e guidance1 are obvi\sly de/itute ( ^? faculties :i* are ne$$1 ,i w n say = ! refutation1 b ev5 = ! und]/&+ ( ! demon/rations by :i* ! high] sci5ces en=ce _! conclusions4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture is int5d$ to conv9ce m5 ( ^? tru?s :i* are necess>y = _! salvation1 & :i* be+ f> above man's und]/&+ _c be made cr$ible by any le>n+1 or any o!r means ?an revelation by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b t ! same ,god :o has end[$ u ) s5ses1 reason1 & und]/&+1 does n p]mit u to use !m1 & desires to acqua9t u 9 any o!r way ) su* k z we are 9 a position to acquire = ourselves by means ( ^? faculties1 t x seems to me ,i am n b\nd to believe1 especially conc]n+ ^? sci5ces ab\t :i* ! ,holy ,scriptures conta9 only small fragm5ts & v>y+ conclusions2 & ?is is precisely ! case ) a/ronomy1 ( :i* !re is s little t ! planets are n ev5 all enum]at$40 ,hav+ emphatically decl>$ t ?us dragg+ ! ,bible into a sci5tific controv]sy 0 only a subt]fuge ( 8 oppon5ts1 :o1 feel+ t !y c\ld n successfully fight him on 8 own gr\nd1 _h entr5*$ !mselves beh9d an unassailable bulw>k1 ,galileo proce$s to discuss ! well kn[n passage 9 ,jo%ua :i* ! ,ari/otelians 7 fond ( adduc+ to demon/rate ! contradictions betwe5 ! mod]n views & ,holy ,scripture4 ,8 object is to beat 8 adv]s>ies ) _! own weapons1 by %[+ t if ?is passage is tak5 lit]ally1 & ,god really arre/$ ! sun 9 8 c\rse 9 answ] to ,jo%ua's pray]1 & ?us prolong$ ! day1 x makes ! incorrectness1 nay ! impossibility1 ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em q cle>1 :ile ! ,cop]nican agrees ) x v well4 ,accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic ideas1 ,galileo goes on1 ! sun has two motions1 ! annual "o f we/ to ea/1 & ! daily "o f ea/ to we/4 ,be+ diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 !y _c bo? be ! sun's own motions4 ,! annual motion is ! "o :i* belongs to x2 ! o!r orig9ates 9 ! primum mobile1 :i* c>ries ! sun r\nd ! e>? 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs & occasions day & night4 ,if !re=e ,god desir$ to prolong ! day 7suppos+ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em to be ! "r "o7 ,he mu/ h comm&$1 n ! sun b ! primum mobile1 to /& /ill4 ,n[1 z x is /at$ 9 ! ,bible t ,god arre/$ ! sun 9 its c\rse1 ei!r ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies mu/ be diff]5t f :at ,ptolemy ma9ta9$ !m to be1 or ! lit]al mean+ mu/ be dep>t$ f1 & we mu/ conclude t ! ,holy ,scriptures1 9 /at+ t ,god comm&$ ! sun to /& /ill1 meant ! primum mobile1 b1 accommodat+ !mselves to ! compreh5sion ( ^? :o are sc>cely able to und]/& ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 said j ! opposite ( :at !y w\ld h said to sci5tifically educat$ p4 ,galileo also says t x 0 highly improbable t ,god %\ld h comm&$ ! sun alone to /& /ill1 & h all[$ ! o!r />s to pursue _! c\rse1 z all nature w\ld h be5 d]ang$ by x )\t any occasion1 & 8 belief 0 t ,god _h enjo9$ a tempor>y re/ on ! :ole sy/em ( ! univ]se1 at ! expiration ( :i* all ! heav5ly bodies1 undi/urb$ 9 _! mutual relations1 c\ld h begun to revolve aga9 9 p]fect ord]3 d\btless 8 inmo/ conviction1 al?\gh to u x s\nds l irony4 ,at ! close ( ?is long lett] he expla9s h[ ! lit]al s5se ( ! passage accords ) ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,by 8 discov]y ( ! sol> spots ! revolution ( ! sun on its axis is demon/rat$2 moreov] x is also v probable t ! sun is ! *ief in/rum5t ( nature1 ! he>t ( ! univ]se s to speak1 & n only1 z is kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 is ! s\rce ( light to ! planets revolv+ r\nd x1 b also l5ds !m _! motion4 ,if1 fur!r1 we accept ) ,cop]nicus a revolution ( ! e>?1 at any rate a diurnal motion on its own axis1 x w\ld c]ta9ly suffice m]ely to /op ! sun 9 8 c\rse1 9 ord] to br+ ! :ole sy/em to a /&/ill1 & ?us to prolong ! day )\t disord]+ nature4#ia ,ca/elli saw no?+ om9\s 9 ?is exhau/ive reply to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e's objections1 & took c>e to give x a wide circulation by means ( num]\s copies4 ,galileo's enemies1 h[ev]1 eag]ly grasp$ ! dang]\s weapon ?us guilelessly plac$ 9 _! h&s by 8 fri5d4 ,!y +5i\sly gave a mean+ to ! epi/le :i* exactly adapt$ x to _! purpose4 ,!y turn$ ,galileo's emphatic op9ion t ! ,scriptures _h no bus9ess 9 a sci5tific controv]sy into ! reproa* t he assail$ ! univ]sal au?ority ( ! ,bible2 by mak+ ,jo%ua's miracle ! subject ( 8 disquisitions he laid himself op5 to ! cutt+ rem>k t ! /atem5ts ( ,holy ,scripture mu/ be protect$ f ! arbitr>y int]pretations ( pr(ane laym54 ,gh]>d9i1 ! wor?y bi%op ( ,fiesole1 :o 0 app>5tly entirely unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ,cop]nicus1 0 s enrag$ ab\t ! sy/em t ,galileo _h def5d$ t he publicly insult$ him1 & ?reat5$ to br+ ! matt] be=e ! ,gr& ,duke4 ,he c\ld only be pacifi$ by be+ in=m$ t ! f\nd] ( t sy/em 0 n any man !n liv+ 9 ,tuscany1 b a ,g]man :o _h di$ sev5ty ye>s be=e1 & t 8 "w _h be5 d$icat$ to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 & _h be5 graci\sly accept$ by him4 ,mean:ile1 ! league =m$ 9 ,flor5ce aga9/ ,galileo _h f\nd 9 ,fa!r ,cacc9i1 a ,dom9ican monk1 ! "r tool = sett+ on foot ! long-desir$ sc&al4 ,he _h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 misuse ( ! pulpit1 = he _h be=e ?is got up a sc5e 9 *ur* at ,bologna4 ,& z ! fav\rable mom5t = action _h n[ arriv$1 ,cacc9i appe>$ z ,galileo's fir/ public accus] by ?und]+ out a fi]ce s]mon aga9/ ! a/ronom] & 8 sy/em on ! f\r? ,sunday aft] ,adv5t1 #afad1 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 at ,flor5ce4 ,he %[$ 8 wit by select+ z ! two texts = 8 philippic ! t5? *apt] ( ,jo%ua & ! fir/ *apt] ( ,acts4 ,he began ) ! words3 ,viri ,galili quid /atis aspici5tes 9 clum3 8,ye m5 ( ,galilee1 :y /& ye gaz+ up into heav580 ,a/ronomy 0 ?us happily introduc$ into ! pulpit4 ,! furi\s prea*] ass]t$ t ! doctr9e taught by ,galileo 9 ,flor5ce1 ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun1 0 q irreconcilable ) ! ,ca?olic religion1 s9ce x gl>+ly contradict$ sev]al /atem5ts 9 ,holy ,scripture1 ! lit]al mean+ ( :i*1 z adopt$ by ! fa!rs1 0 oppos$ to x4 ,&1 z he fur!r ass]t$ t no "o 0 p]mitt$ to int]pret ! ,bible 9 any o!r s5se ?an t adopt$ by ! fa!rs1 he z good z d5\nc$ ! doctr9e z h]etical4 ,! s]mon end$ ) a co>se attack on ma!maticians 9 g5]al1 ^: sci5ce he call$ an inv5tion ( ! devil2 & ) a wi% t !y %\ld be bani%$ f all ,*ri/ian /ates1 s9ce all h]esies proce$$ f !m4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ! affair caus$ a great s5sation4 ,fa!r ,luigi ,m>affi1 a ,dom9ican monk di/+ui%$ = 8 le>n+1 :o 0 all 8 life an admir] ( ,galileo1 told him 9 a lett] ( #aj? ,janu>y1 #afae1ib h[ he>tily he regrett$ ?is mis]able exhibition4 ,he said1 among o!r ?+s3 8,i h be5 extremely annoy$ at ! sc&al :i* has tak5 place1 & ! m s because ! au?or ( x is a bro!r ( my ord]2 =1 un=tunately1 ,i h to answ] = all ! /upidities 7tutte le be/ialit7 :i* ?irty or =ty ?\s& bro!rs may & d actually commit40 ,?is s5t5ce has caus$ all ,galileo's biograph]s :o m5tion ?is lett]1 ) ! exception ( ,nelli1#ic to conclude t ,m>affi 0 ! g5]al ( ! ord] ( ,dom9icans2 yet a glance at ! ,scriptores ,ord9is ,prdicatorum1 etc41 edit$ by ! ,fa!rs ,quetif & ,e*>d1 w\ld h %[n !m t f #afab to #afbi ,fa!r ,s]aph9 ,secco1 ( ,pavia1 0 g5]al1 & 0 succe$$ by ,ni*olas ,ridolfi4#id ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,fa!r ,m>affi bore ! title ( a prea*] ( ! ,dom9ican ord]1 :i* fully expla9s 8 lett] to ,galileo4#ie ,galileo ?\ght ( compla9+ to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ! insult :i* _h be5 (f]$ him1 & ( dem&+ satisfaction4 ,b ,pr9ce ,cesi1 :om he consult$ ab\t x1 /rongly advis$ him1 if any /eps 7 tak5 aga9/ ,cacc9i1 to keep himself entirely out ( ! affair & to avoid all m5tion ( ! ,cop]nican !ory2 = ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 ! fir/ au?ority ( ! sacr$ college1 _h told him 7,cesi7 t he held ! op9ion to be h]etical1 & t ! pr9ciple ( ! e>?'s d\ble motion 0 und\bt$ly contr>y to ,holy ,scripture4 ,9 ?is complicat$ /ate ( affairs ! pr9ce recomm5d$ t sev]al ma!maticians %\ld compla9 ( ! public insults to ! sci5ce ( ma!matics & its disciples4 ,b he gave ano!r express w>n+ to leave ! ,cop]nican sy/em entirely alone1 or !y might take occasion at ,rome to consult :e!r ! fur!r spread ( ?is op9ion 0 to be p]mitt$ or condemn$4 ,cesi add$ t 9 t case x w\ld v likely be condemn$1 z ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool 0 9 ! majority !re1 & its oppon5ts 7 g5]ally hat$2 besides1 x 0 v easy to prohibit & susp5d4#if ,al?\gh ,galileo took ?is h9t1 & ! affair ( ,cacc9i 0 prud5tly all[$ to drop1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! fir/ impetus to all ! lat] p]secutions ( ,galileo4 ,! que/ionable m]it ( hav+ br\ght ,galileo's affairs be=e ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition belongs to ,fa!r ,lor9i1 a fri5d ( ,cacc9i1 & bro!r ( ! same ord]4 ,galileo's fatal lett] to ,ca/elli _h fall5 into 8 h&s2 & :51 lat] on1 ?anks to ,cacc9i's zeal1 a great f]m5t began ab\t x 9 monki% circles at ,flor5ce1 ,lor9i 0 mov$ to s5d a d5unciation ( ! lett] & a copy ( x secretly to ! ,holy ,(fice at ,rome4 ,! :ole /atem5t1 :i* 0 address$ to ,c>d9al ,mell9i1 ,presid5t ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 is c\*$ 9 a mo/ artful & mis]able /yle4 ,! d5unciator1 too c[>dly & too cunn+ to m5tion ,galileo by "n 7= he /ill _h p[]ful fri5ds ev5 among ! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*71 only speaks ( ! 8,galilei/s0 9 g5]al1 8:o ma9ta91 agreeably to ! doctr9e ( ,cop]nicus1 t ! e>? moves & ! heav5s /& /ill40 ,he ev5 ascribes ! enclos$ lett] to ,cop]nicus1 9 ord] to leave ! hon\r$ philosoph] q out ( ! "q4 ,lor9i goes on to say3 8all ! fa!rs ( ?is 78 own7 dev\t conv5t ( ,/4 ,m>k f9d _m passages 9 ?is lett] :i* are suspici\s1 or presumptu\s1 z :5 x says t _m expressions ( ,holy ,scripture are indef9ite2 t 9 discussions ab\t natural ph5om5a ! l[e/ place mu/ be assign$ to !m2 t ! comm5tators h (t5 be5 mi/ak5 9 _! int]pretations2 t ! ,holy ,scriptures %\ld n be mix$ up ) any?+ b matt]s ( religion2 t 9 nature philosophical & a/ronomical evid5ce is ( m value ?an holy & ,div9e 7:i* passages y\r rev]5ce#ig w f9d und]l9$ by me 9 ! said lett]1 ( :i* ,i s5d an exact copy72 &1 f9ally1 t :5 ,jo%ua comm&$ ! sun to /& /ill1 we mu/ only und]/& t ! comm& 0 address$ to ! primum mobile1 z ?is itself is ! sun40 ,9 ^! /atem5ts ,lor9i p]ceives great p]il = ! ,*ur*2 he is indignant 8t !y 7! ,galilei/s7 %\ld expla9 ! ,holy ,scriptures aft] _! own fa%ion1 & diff]5tly f ! usual int]pretation ( ! fa!rs1 & %\ld def5d an op9ion :i* ! ,holy ,scriptures appe> to be entirely oppos$ to4444 ,!y tread ! entire philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 ( :i* s*ola/ic philosophy has made s mu* use1 "u foot10 he exclaims3 89 %ort1 to %[ h[ clev] !y are1 !y 7! ,galilei/s7 say a ?\s& %ameless ?+s & scatt] !m abroad 9 our city1 :i* holds fa/ to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 bo? f its own good _s & ! wat*fulness ( our augu/ rul]s40 ,he feels mov$ to in=m ! c>d9al ( all ?is1 t he may keep an eye on x1 & t if any rem$y seems call$ = he may take ! necess>y measures4 ,aft] ?is om9\s h9t he hypocritically adds3 8,i1 :o hold t all ^? :o call !mselves ,galilei/s are ord]ly m5 & good ,*ri/ians1 b a little ov] wise & self conceit$ 9 _! op9ions1 decl>e t ,i am actuat$ by no?+ 9 ?is bus9ess b zeal = ! sacr$ cause40 ,aft] ?is assurance he begs t ?is lett] ( 81 78,i d n say ! enclos$ lett]107 he ha/5s to add 9 a p>5!sis1 8may be kept secret & consid]$ m]ely a fri5dly ex*ange ( op9ion betwe5 s]vant & ma/]10 & n z a legal deposition4#ih ,9 conclusion1 he expressly m5tions ! celebrat$ s]mon ( ,cacc9i1 probably 9 ord] t he might be call$ z a witness aga9/ ,galileo1 an object :i*1 z we %all see1 0 atta9$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is d5unciation ! ,holy ,(fice felt itself call$ ^u at once to in/itute a secret inquiry ab\t ! a/ronom]4 ,z ,lor9i _h only be5 able to %[ a copy ( ,galileo's lett] to ,ca/elli 9 confirmation ( 8 accusations1 x appe>$ to ! ,inquisition to be ( great importance to obta9 possession ( ! orig9al1 writt5 & sign$ by ,galileo4 ,to atta9 ?is end ! wor?y g5tlem5 act$ on ! pr9ciple t 8! end sanctifies ! means40 ,c>d9al ,mell9i1 "u date ( #bf? ,febru>y1 ord]$ ! secret>y ( ! ,holy ,congregation to write to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa & ! ,inquisitor !re1 t !y 7 to procure t docum5t 89 a skilful mann]40 ,on ! v next day ! ord] 0 despat*$4#ii ,x happ5$ t a few days lat] ,ca/elli1 :o _h return$ f a %ort /ay at ,flor5ce to ,pisa1 paid a visit to ! ar*bi%op1 ,francesco ,bonciani4 ,he seiz$ ! opportunity ( execut+ 8 commission4 ,) ?is end 9 view he began by adjur+ ! fa!r1 :o 0 q tak5 aback by su* an exhortation1 to give up c]ta9 extravagant op9ions1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! revolution ( ! e>?1 add+ t x w\ld be to 8 salvation1 :ile to hold !m w\ld be to 8 ru91 = ^? op9ions 7to say no?+ ( _! folly7 7 dang]\s1 repulsive1 & mis*iev\s1 = !y 7 directly oppos$ to ,holy ,scripture4 ,! philosophical argum5ts ) :i* ! ar*bi%op tri$ to conv]t ,ca/elli to or?odox a/ronomy rose to a climax 9 ! pr(\nd rem>k t z all ?+s 7creatura7 _h be5 creat$ = ! use & b5efit ( man1 x 0 obvi\s t ! e>? c\ld n move l a />4#ajj ,aft] giv+ ?is affectionate c\nsel to ,ca/elli he (f]$ ! same = ,galileo1 & decl>$ himself ready to demon/rate to all ! _w ! folly ( t op9ion4 ,b1 9 ord] to d x successfully1 he mu/ fir/ acqua9t himself ?or\ghly ) ,galileo's argum5ts2 &1 !re=e 7& n[ comes ! gi/ ( ! matt]7 he urg5tly begs ,ca/elli to let him see ,galileo's apologetic lett]4 ,=tunately x 0 no long] 9 ,ca/elli's possession1 = he _h return$ x to ! au?or4 ,= n only did he n 9 ! lea/ p]ceive ! trap t 0 laid = him1 b 0 s innoc5t z to in=m ,galileo ( ! reque/ & w>mly to second x4#aja ,b ,galileo _h suspicions1 & delay$ to reply4 ,! ar*bi%op 0 annoy$1 & report$ 9 two lett]s to ,rome1 ( #h? & #bh? ( ,m>*1#ajb t ,ca/elli 0 conv9c$ t he only want$ to see ! lett] out ( curiosity1 & z ! common fri5d ( bo? _h writt5 to ,galileo2 /ill ,galileo _h n s5t x4 ,bonciani !re=e asks 8:e!r he %all be m op5 ) ,ca/elli80 ,b ?is "t cunn+ did n atta9 its end2 at ! repeat$ urg5cy ( ,ca/elli1#ajc ,galileo at la/ s5t him a m]e copy )\t signature1 & ) ! express res]vation t he 0 n to let x g out ( 8 h&s4 ,f a lett] ( ,ca/elli's#ajd to ,galileo we le>n t 9 ob$i5ce to ?is injunction ,ca/elli read x to ! ar*bi%op 9 pres5ce ( sev]al canons1 & t he diplomatically conceal$ 8 annoyance at ! failure ( 8 intrigue1 & put a good face on x1 = ,ca/elli adds ) great satisfaction t ! ar*bi%op _h highly prais$ ,galileo's demon/rations1 & laud$ to ! ecclesia/ics pres5t ! mode/y & rev]5ce = ,holy ,scripture !re9 display$4 ,s ,c>d9al ,mell9i _h to cont5t himself ) a copy ( ,galileo's crim9at$ epi/le1 to lay be=e ! consultor ( ! ,holy ,(fice = 8 op9ion4 ,he pron\nc$ t "s words & phrases occurr$ 9 ! docum5t t 7 unsuitable2 b1 al?\gh at fir/ sight !y look$ ill1 !y 7 capable ( be+ tak5 9 a good s5se1 & 7 n ( t nature t !y c\ld be said to deviate f ,ca?olic doctr9e4#aje ,mean:ile a papal m&ate _h be5 issu$1 "u date ( #ai? ,m>*1 to summon ,cacc9i z a witness1 z be+ specially well in=m$ ab\t ,galileo's errors4#ajf ,he appe>$ be=e ! holy tribunal ! v next day1 & eloqu5tly p\r$ =? 8 accusations2 b1 al?\gh ^u oa?1 he did n adh]e v /rictly to tru?4 ,= n only did he d5\nce ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus z quasi h]etical1 be+ oppos$ to all s*ola/ic !ology & to ! cu/om>y int]pretation ( _m passages ( ,scripture1 & ass]t t ^! doctr9es 7 to be f\nd bo? 9 ! lett] to ,ca/elli & 9 ! purely sci5tific treatise on ! sol> spots1 b add$ ! f> m s]i\s *>ge t he _h he>d t ,galileo ma9ta9$ ! ?ree foll[+ propositions3 8,god is n a self exi/5t be+1 b an accid5t2 ,god is s5ti5t because ! ,div9e s5tim5ts reside 9 ,him2 ! miracles said to be p]=m$ by ! sa9ts are n real miracles40 ,he fur!r says t ,galileo is at any rate 8suspici\s 9 religi\s matt]s10 because he belongs to 8a c]ta9 ,accadmia dei ,l9cei10 & corresponds ) ! godless ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi at ,v5ice1 & ) _m dissolute ,g]mans4 ,m absurd d$uctions f real facts c h>dly be conceiv$4 ,to make a hotb$ ( h]esy out ( an academy f\nd$ by ,pr9ce ,cesi1 a man ( kn[n piety1 & to place ,galileo's religion 9 d\bt on acc\nt ( 8 sci5tific correspond5ce ) magnates ( sci5ce l ,s>pi1 ,wels]1 ,kepl]1 etc41 0 almo/ l madness4#ajg ,9 confirmation ( 8 damag+ /atem5ts ,cacc9i appeal$ to ! te/imony ( a ,dom9ican1 ,f]d9& ,xim5es1 & a "y nobleman1 ,attavanti4 ,bo? ( !m 7 aft]w>ds call$ 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,x !n came out t ,cacc9i 0 n only an eavesdropp] b a bad li/5]4 ,attavanti1 :o moreov] 0 f> m a disciple ( ! ,dom9icans ?an ( ,galileo1 _h once _h a discussion ) ,xim5es1 9 _! conv5t ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ab\t ! proposition conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ,godhead1 b x orig9at$ entirely 9 s*ola/icism & _h no?+ to d ) ,galileo4 ,cacc9i1 li/5+ beh9d a p>tition1 caught some?+ ( ! conv]sation2 &1 ?9k+ t ,attavanti 0 a well in/ruct$ foll[] ( ,galileo1 & 0 m]ely repeat+ :at he _h taught him1 expla9$ ! fragm5ts ( ! disputation 9 8 own fa%ion1 & =m$ !m into ^! /upid accusations4 ,x also appe>$ f ! evid5ce ( ,xim5es & ,attavanti t nei!r ( !m knew ( any?+ suspici\s ab\t ,galileo1 except t he prop\nd$ ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?4#ajh ,aft] ! fav\rable te/imony ( ,xim5es & ,attavanti ! evid5ce ( ,cacc9i 0 only s f> ( importance t x gave rise to an inquiry into ! 8,hi/ory & ,explanation ( ! ,sol> ,spots40#aji ,?is1 & ! (t discuss$ lett] to ,fa!r ,ca/elli !n1 7 ! gr\nds ^u :i* ,galileo's enemies bas$ ! accusation ( philosophical & !ological error4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hopes ,,& ,,fe>s4 ,galileo's ,fe>s4--,allay$ by lett]s f ,rome4--,fosc>9i's "w4--,bl9dness ( ,galileo's ,fri5ds4--,8 ,apology to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e4--,effect produc$ by x4--,visit to ,rome4--,errone\s op9ion t he 0 cit$ to appe>4--,cacc9i begs p>don4--,galileo def5ds ! ,cop]nican sy/em at ,rome4--,8 mi/ake 9 s do+4 ,galileo knew no m ?an ! re/ ( ! _w ( ! secret proce$+s ( ! ,inquisition aga9/ him & 8 sy/em4 ,he _h only discov]$ t "s ,dom9ican monks want$ to make use ( 8 lett] to ,ca/elli to effect ! condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9es1 & t !y 7 spread+ all sorts ( calumnies aga9/ him bas$ ^u x4 ,fe>+ t ! copy ( x on :i* !y reli$ might h be5 tamp]$ )1 he s5t a correct copy on #af? ,febru>y1 #afae1 to 8 s9c]e fri5d ,mgr4 ,d9i at ,rome1 ) a reque/ t he w\ld =w>d x to ! ma!matician1 ,fa!r ,griemb]g]1 & p]haps ev5 to ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e4 ,galileo obs]v$ 9 ! accompany+ lett] t he _h writt5 ! "o to ,ca/elli 8curr5te calamo10 t s9ce !n he _h made _m rese>*es into ! subject !re9 discuss$1 & ann\nc$ ! spe$y completion ( a l>g] "w1 9 :i* he %\ld c>ry out 8 reason+ f> m 9 detail2 z soon z x 0 f9i%$ he w\ld s5d x to ,mgr4 ,d9i4 7,?is 0 8 great ,apology to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e47 ,9 conclusion1 he bitt]ly compla9s t 8 enemies 7 daily increas+ 9 numb]1 &1 9 ord] to injure him ! m1 7 spread+ ! /range report among ! p t he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! sy/em ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 :i* gave rise to incid5ts l t ) ,bi%op ,gh]>d9i4#aaj ,! philosoph]1 :o x is evid5t 0 a good deal discomfit$1 receiv$ 9 reply consolatory assurances f ,mgr4 ,d9i & o!rs ( 8 ecclesia/ical fri5ds4 ,b !y e>ne/ly advis$ him to treat ! subject ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em purely f ! ma!matical1 physical po9t ( view1 & c>efully to avoid religi\s discussion4 ,?is h9t came r late 9 ! day1 & c\ld n n[ be ( mu* use to ,galileo1 :5 8 doctr9es 7 already attack$ z h]etical1 al?\gh secretly at t "t1 & ! accusation 0 bas$ on ! purely sci5tific "w on ! sol> spots4 ,w> _h be5 decl>$ ) ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 ! "n ( ! ,bible4 ,galileo's lett]s to ,mgr4 ,d9i ( #af? ,febru>y & #bh? ,m>*1#aaa pla9ly %[ h[ unwill+ly he _h be5 driv5 into ! !ological field by 8 oppon5ts4 ,aft] he _h 9 ! second lett] decid$ly reject$ ,d9i's sugge/ion t he %\ld treat ! ,cop]nican sy/em m]ely z a hypo!sis1 he add$ t x _h be5 8 e>ne/ desire to keep /rictly to 8 "p z a man ( sci5ce1 & n to be compell$ to def5d 8 a/ronomical sy/em aga9/ religi\s scruples4 ,he entirely agrees ) ^? :o say t ! task ( br++ natural sci5ce into agreem5t ) ,holy ,scripture %\ld be left to !ologians1 & %[s t he has be5 compell$ to def5d himself on ?is dang]\s gr\nd4 ,he says besides t 8 lett] to ,ca/elli 0 n orig9ally int5d$ to g any f>!r1 & regrets t ,ca/elli _h _h copies made ( x )\t 8 k4 ,x is a notewor?y circum/ance t at ! v "t :5 ! secret d5unciation _h be5 laid be=e ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition at ,rome1 all ! lett]s & reports :i* ,galileo receiv$ f ,rome1 ev5 f tru/wor?y fri5ds1 ,mgrs4 ,d9i1 ,ciampoli1 & ,pr9ce ,cesi1 7 calculat$ to allay 8 anxi\s fe>s4 ,none ( ^? p]sons1 al?\gh 9 influ5tial positions1 & likely x w\ld seem to h be5 bett] in=m$1 knew1 z appe>s f _! correspond5ce ) ,galileo1 any?+ ( ! proce$+s :i* 7 be+ in/itut$ at ,rome aga9/ him & ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,! ,inquisition knew well en\gh h[ to keep its secrets4 ,on #bh? ,febru>y#aab ,mgr4 ,ciampoli writes confid5tly to ,galileo t1 not)/&+ all ! inquiries he _h made1 he c\ld le>n no?+ ( any measures aga9/ him or ! new doctr9es2 he sets d[n ! :ole rum\r to ! incauti\s talk ( "s hot-head$ fell[4 ,on #g? ,m>*#aac ,d9i tells ,galileo t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e _h said 8he did n ?9k t ! "w ( ,cop]nicus w\ld be prohibit$1 & ! wor/ t w\ld happ5 w\ld be t "s addition w\ld be made to x1 /at+ t ?is !ory 0 only accept$ to expla9 ph5om5a1#aad or "s su* phrase1 & ) ?is res]vation ,galileo w\ld be able to discuss ! subject :5ev] he _h occasion40 ,"u ! same date ,pr9ce ,cesi tells ,galileo t a "w _h j be5 publi%$ by a ,dom9ican monk1 :i* brilliantly def5d$ ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus & made x agree ) ,holy ,scripture4 ,he adds t ! "w c\ld n h appe>$ m opportunely4#aae ,b :at seems ! mo/ /range are ! express & repeat$ assurances ( ! c>d9als ,b>b]9i1 ,del ,monte1 & ,bell>m9e1 to ,galileo1 ?r\gh ,d9i & ,ciampoli1 t s long z he did n g beyond ! prov9ce ( physics & ma!matics1 nor ent] into any !ological int]pretations ( ,scripture1 he _h no?+ to fe>4#aaf ,h[ c\ld ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 :o _h n long be=e expressly /at$ to ,pr9ce ,cesi t ! new sy/em 0 n compatible ) ! doctr9es ( ,holy ,scripture1 & :o1 z a memb] ( ! ,inquisition1 mu/ h be5 aw>e ( ! transactions :i* _h be5 go+ on ab\t ,galileo s9ce #e? ,febru>y1 give ^! assurances s directly oppos$ to ! tru?8 ,& yet ^! ?ree prelates aft]w>ds gave _m pro(s ( good w t[>ds ,galileo4 ,h[ !n is _! ambigu\s conduct to be expla9$8 ,x 0 simply t !y 7 fri5dly to ,galileo1 b n to 8 doctr9es4 ,!y c]ta9ly desir$ to %ield 8 p]son1 & aft]w>ds hone/ly endeav\r$ to d s ev5 "u mo/ difficult circum/ances2 b ! sy/em he def5d$1 :i* endang]$ ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*1 mu/ be suppress$ at all haz>ds4 ,9 ord] to ?is end x appe>$ advisable to keep x a secret f ,galileo t ! /atem5t ( ,cop]nicus t ! e>? mov$ 0 assail$ f ! !ological /&po9t1 until ! ,holy ,(fice _h issu$ ! int]dict aga9/ its circulation & def5ce4 ,x 0 ?us t !y prud5tly r\nd$ ! rocks :i* ! dread$ dialectics ( ! clev] ,tuscan _h expos$ to view4 ,& ! ne>] ! p]iod 0 draw+ :5 ! v]dict ( ! ,*ur* 0 to be pron\nc$ on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & ! m eag]ly ! secret inquiries ab\t ,galileo 7 be+ prosecut$1 ! m confid5t became ! tone ( ! lett]s ( 8 fri5ds f ! v city :]e ?is om9\s web 0 be+ wov54 ,x seems z if all ,galileo's tru/y adh]5ts _h be5 /ruck ) bl9dness1 = we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ ! s9c]ity ( a ,d9i1 a ,ciampoli1 & a ,cesi1 m5 :o aft]w>ds prov$ by _! actions _! true fri5d%ip = ! great a/ronom]4 ,on #bj? ,m>* ! evid5ce ( ,cacc9i 0 tak51 & on ! #ba/ ,ciampoli communicates to ,galileo ! consol+ obs]vations ( ! c>d9als ,del ,monte & ,bell>m9e m5tion$ above4 ,ciampoli also adds to ^! com=t+ assurances by tell+ him t ,fosc>9i's "w 0 no d\bt 9 great dang] ( be+ prohibit$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice to take place next mon?1 b only because x m$dl$ ) matt]s conc]n+ ,holy ,scripture4 ,he goes on to say ) real satisfaction t he c only confirm 8 previ\s in=mation1 & t all ?is noise orig9at$ ) f\r or five p]sons :o are ho/ile to ,galileo2 he & ,d9i _h tak5 all possible pa9s to f9d out ?is assum$ agitation1 b _h discov]$ absolutely no?+4 ,he repeats ?is mo/ decid$ly 9 a lett] ( a week lat]2#aag & 9 ano!r ( #af? ,may#aah he _c at all und]/& :at has s disconc]t$ ,galileo1 & adds t x 0 no long] d\btful t ! ,cop]nican doctr9e w\ld n be prohibit$1 & expresses 8 conviction t x w\ld be a great satisfaction to e "o if ,galileo w\ld come to ,rome = a "t1 & ! m s because he _h he>d t _m ( ! ,jesuits 7 secretly ( ,galileo's op9ion1 & 7 only keep+ quiet = ! pres5t4 ,a private note enclos$ 9 a lett] f ,pr9ce ,cesi to ,galileo1 ( ,june #bj?1 is equally sangu9e4 ,he tells him t ,fosc>9i's "w1 ( :i* a new & enl>g$ edition is to appe> imm$iately1 has _h great success at ,rome1 & t ! oppon5ts ( ,galileo & ( ! new sy/em are mu* ca/ d[n ab\t x2 he adds t nei!r ! au?or ( t treatise nor ! doctr9es 9 "q are 9 any dang]1 if only a little prud5ce is ex]cis$4 ,cesi ev5 ?9ks t ! new edition1 9 :i* ! au?or refutes all ! objections to 8 "w1 w satisfy ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 conv9ce oppon5ts1 & put an end to ! :ole bus9ess4 8,!n10 cont9ues ! pr9ce confid5tly1 8:5 e difficulty is remov$ & attack r5d]$ impossible1 ! doctr9e w be s fully p]mitt$ & recognis$1 t ev]ybody :o wi%es to ma9ta9 x w be at lib]ty to d s1 z 9 all o!r purely physical & ma!matical que/ions40#aai ,?is is ! la/ lett] we h f ,galileo's fri5ds ( ?is p]iod4 ,f ?is date to ! "t ( 8 /ay 9 ,rome1 9 #afaf1 !re are no lett]s to him extant4 ,?is is ! m to be regrett$1 z ! gap occurs at a v int]e/+ juncture4 ,p]haps aft] ! ,cop]nican doctr9es 7 condemn$ ,galileo may h de/roy$ ?is correspond5ce out ( reg>d = 8 fri5ds1 = x may h conta9$ allusions to v delicate matt]s4 ,mean:ile1 aft] hav+ be5 repeat$ly urg$ to x by ,mgr4 ,d9i1#abj he _h complet$ 8 great apologetic treatise1 9 ! =m ( a lett] to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,d[ag]1 ,*ri/9e4 ,z x accurately def9es ! /&po9t :i* ,galileo desir$ to take z a natural philosoph] & s9c]e ,ca?olic1 ) respect to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 x seems necess>y to give a sket* ( its cont5ts4 ,galileo beg9s ) ! motive ( 8 ,apology4 ,sev]al ye>s ago he _h made _m discov]ies 9 ! heav5s1 ! novelty ( :i*1 & ! va/ consequ5ces !y involve1 :i* are oppos$ to _m ( ! pr9ciples ( ! mod]n ,ari/otelian s*ool1 h inc5s$ no small numb] ( pr(essors aga9/ him1 z if he _h plac$ ^! ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s ) 8 own h&s 9 ord] to ov]turn nature & sci5ce4 ,plac+ a great] value on _! own op9ions ?an on tru?1 ^! m5 _h tak5 ^u !mselves to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ^! discov]ies1 :]eas if !y _h only cons5t$ to obs]ve !m1 !y w\ld h be5 conv9c$4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y assail$ ! new discov]ies ) empty argum5ts1 & wor/ mi/ake ( all1 int]wove !m ) passages ( ,scripture :i* !y did n und]/&4 ,b :5 ! majority ( ! sci5tific _w 0 conv9c$ ) its own eyes1 s t x 0 impossible any long] to d\bt ! tru? ( ^! ph5om5a1 _! oppon5ts tri$ to consign !m to oblivion by ob/9ate sil5ce2 & :5 t did n avail !y took ano!r c\rse4 ,galileo says t he %\ld pay no m he$ to ^! attacks ?an to =m] ones1 at :i*1 confid5t ( ! f9al result1 he _h always laugh$1 b !y seek to ca/ an asp]sion on him :i* he dreads m ?an dea?4 ,8 oppon5ts1 kn[+ t he fav\r$ ! op9ion ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 & !reby attack$ ! ,ptolemaic & ,ari/otelian pr9ciples1 & p]ceiv+ s9ce ! univ]sal recognition ( 8 obs]vations t !y c\ld nev] combat him successfully on ! field ( natural philosophy1 are try+ n[ to make a %ield = _! false /atem5ts out ( a fictiti\s piety & ! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,!y h !re=e fir/ tri$ to spread ! op9ion t ! views he def5ds are oppos$ to ! ,bible1 & !re=e h]etical & wor?y ( condemnation4 ,!y !n easily f\nd "s "o to d5\nce !m f ! pulpit1 & he hurl$ 8 ana!mas n only at ! ,cop]nican doctr9es1 b aga9/ ma!maticians 9 g5]al4 ,!y also gave out t ! mod]n views ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se w\ld %ortly be pron\nc$ h]etical by ! highe/ au?orities4 ,galileo !n po9ts out t ,cop]nicus1 ! orig9ator ( ^! doctr9es1 0 n only a good ,ca?olic1 b a prie/ highly e/eem$ by ! ,roman curia1 bo? = 8 le>n+ & piety4 ,he _h d$icat$ 8 fam\s "w3 8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium10 to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 & no "o _h felt any scruples ab\t 8 doctr9es1 al?\gh "s ill-dispos$ p]sons want to h ! book pron\nc$ h]etical1 )\t ev] hav+ read1 to say no?+ ( /udi$ x4 ,z an adh]5t ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 ,galileo n[ feels compell$1 9 ord] to ju/ify himself1 to discuss 9 detail ^! argum5ts f ,scripture br\ght =w>d by 8 oppon5ts1 & he hopes to prove t he is animat$ by a great] zeal = true religion ?an 8 adv]s>ies2 = he by no means dem&s t ! book %\ld n be condemn$1 b t x %\ld n be condemn$ )\t be+ und]/ood or ev5 look$ at4 ,be=e proce$+ to discuss ^! argum5ts1 he prote/s t he w n only always be ready publicly to rectify ! errors he may f ignorance h fall5 into on religi\s matt]s 9 ?is treatise1 b t x 0 n 9 ! lea/ 8 int5tion to ent] into dispute ) any "o on su* subjects2 x is r 8 desire1 by ^! rem>ks1 to incite o!rs to delib]ations useful to ! ,*ur*4 ,z to ! decision ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 we mu/ b[ to ! op9ions ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 & %\ld x be adv]se to him1 let 8 "w be torn up & burnt1 = he _h nei!r wi% nor int5tion to promote results t 7 n ca?olic & pi\s4 ,aft] ?is long & cauti\s introduction1 ,galileo comes to ! matt] itself1--! discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( exegesis ( ,scripture ) respect to natural sci5ce4 ,he employs ! same argum5ts z 9 8 lett] to ,ca/elli1 only m 9 detail1 & cites sev]al passages f ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 support ( 8 views1 z to h[ f> que/ions ( natural philosophy %\ld be left to ! und]/&+ & to sci5ce4 ,he also quotes a say+ ( ,c>d9al ,b>onius3 8,! ,holy ,_s int5d$ to tea* u h[ to g to heav51 & n h[ ! heav5s g40 ,galileo !n illu/rates by examples h[ d]ogatory x w be to ! dignity ( ,holy ,scripture if e unau?oris$ scribbl] is p]mitt$ to adduce passages f x 9 support ( 8 views1 :i* he (t5 does n int]pret rightly2 & exp]i5ce %[s ! futility ( ?is me?od ( pro(4 ,he !n turns to ! claim ( !ologians to en=ce ^u o!rs 9 sci5tific discussions op9ions :i* !y hold to agree ) passages ( ,scripture1 :ile ma9ta9+ t !y are n b\nd to expla9 ! sci5tific ph5om5a :i* are oppos$ to _! decisions4 ,9 support ( ?is !y affirm t !ology is ! que5 ( all ! sci5ces1 & ne$ n condesc5d to accommodate h]self to ! tea*+s ( o!r sci5ces f> b5ea? h]3 !y mu/ submit to h] z _! sov]eign1 & modify _! conclusions accord+ly4 ,?is leads ,galileo to "s consid]ations :i* he w "h set =?1 t he may le>n ! op9ions ( o!rs m exp]t on su* que/ions ?an he is1 & to ^: decisions he is always ready to b[4 ,he is 9 d\bt :e!r "s ambiguity has n crept 9 = want ( m precision 9 def9+ :y !ology is entitl$ to be call$ a que54 ,x mu/ ei!r be because all t is taught by o!r sci5ces is compris$ 9 & expla9$ by !ology1 only 9 a high] s5se2 or because !ology treats ( a subject :i* f> surpasses 9 importance all ! subjects ( :i* pr(ane sci5ce treats4 ,b ev5 ! !ologians !mselves w h>dly ma9ta9 t ! title belongs to !ology 9 ! fir/ s5se2 = no "o c say t geometry1 a/ronomy1 music1 & m$ic9e1 are bett] treat$ ( 9 ,scripture ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ,ar*im$es1 ,ptolemy1 ,boccius1 & ,gal54 ,x appe>s !n t ! royal pr]ogative ( !ology mu/ be d]iv$ f "s o!r s\rce4 ,galileo "h rem>ks3-- 8,if !n !ology occupies h]self solely ) ! highe/ problems1 ma9ta9s h] ?rone by reason ( ! supreme au?ority conf]r$ on h]1 & does n condesc5d to ! l[] sci5ces z n affect+ salvation1 ! pr(essors ( !ology %\ld n assume au?ority on subjects :i* !y h n /udi$4 ,= ?is is j z if an absolute rul] %\ld dem&1 )\t be+ a physician or an ar*itect1 t p %\ld treat !mselves1 or erect build+s1 accord+ to 8 directions1 to ! great p]il ( poor sick p & obvi\s ru9 ( ! edifices40 ,galileo !n demon/rates ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 doctr9al & exact sci5ces1 & says t 9 ! latt] op9ions _c be *ang$ to ord]4 ,support$ by ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 he ma9ta9s t op9ions on natural sci5ce :i* h be5 prov$ to co9cide ) actual facts _c be set aside by passages ( ,scripture1 b ^! mu/ be expla9$ s z n to contradict ! indisputable results ( obs]vation4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o desire to condemn an op9ion 9 physics mu/ fir/ %[ t x is incorrect4 ,b x mu/ be made ! subject ( close inve/igation1 & !n a diff]5t result w (t5 be obta9$ f ! "o desir$4 ,_m le>n$ m5 :o int5d$ to refute ! ,cop]nican !ory h be5 *ang$1 by exam9ation1 f oppon5ts to en?usia/ic def5d]s ( x4 ,9 ord] to bani% x f ! _w1 z _m desir$1 x w\ld n be en\gh to %ut ! m\? ( any "o individual1 x w\ld be necess>y to prohibit n only ! writ+s ( ,cop]nicus & 8 foll[]s1 b a/ronomy altoge!r4 ,b to suppress 8 "w n[1 :5 new discov]ies are daily confirm+ 8 !ory1 aft] x has be5 quietly submitt$ to = s _m ye>s1 appe>s to ,galileo l opposition to tru? itself2 & to p]mit ! book & condemn ! doctr9e w\ld be /ill m p]nici\s to ! s\ls ( m51 = x w\ld all[ !m ! opportunity ( conv9c+ !mselves ( ! tru? ( an op9ion :i* x 0 a s9 to believe4 ,to =bid a/ronomy altoge!r w\ld be l reject+ hundr$s ( passages ( ,scripture :i* tea* u h[ ! glory ( ,god is reveal$ 9 all ,8 works1 :i* are be/ to be /udi$ 9 ! op5 book ( nature4 ,galileo !n applies ^! g5]al pr9ciples to ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,accord+ to _m1 x ought to be pron\nc$ errone\s because x is oppos$ to ! app>5t mean+ ( _m passages 9 ! ,bible1 :ile ! opposite op9ion is to be believ$ de fide4 ,he %>ply def9es two k9ds ( sci5tific que/ions3 ^? on :i* all man's rese>*es c only lead to probability & conjecture1 z = in/ance1 :e!r ! />s are inhabit$ or n2 & ^? on :i*1 by exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & inevitable d$uction1 we ei!r h atta9$ c]ta9ty or may safely reckon on do+ s1--z :e!r ! e>? or ! heav5s move4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ,galileo is decid$ly ( op9ion t x behoves u to be guid$ by ! lit]al s5se ( ,scripture2 9 ! second1 he repeats :at he has said be=e1 t two tru?s c nev] contradict ea* o!r4 ,! ,bible speaks ( ! sun z mov+ & ( ! e>? z /&+ /ill to accommodate itself to ! und]/&+ ( ! p1 & n to confuse !m1 o!rwise !y might refuse to believe ! dogmas :i* are absolutely de fide4 ,= ! same reason ! fa!rs h spok5 ab\t ?+s n app]ta9+ to salvation1 m 9 accordance ) usage ?an actual facts1 & he confirms ?is by quotations f ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,?omas4 ,ev5 ! g5]al agreem5t ( ! fa!rs 9 ! int]pretation ( any passage ( ,scripture ( sci5tific import %\ld1 9 ,galileo's op9ion1 only conf] au?ority on x :5 ! "q has be5 discuss$ by _m fa!rs ) k ( bo? sides4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! "q ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 = x _h n come up at all at t "t1 & x c\ld n occur to ! holy fa!rs to dispute x1 = ! curr5t op9ion 0 9 entire agreem5t ) ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 n en\gh to say t ! fa!rs _h all believ$ t ! e>? /ood /ill1 & t !re=e x 0 to be held de fide1 = x 0 v possible t !y nev] inve/igat$ x1 & only held x z g5]ally curr5t4 ,if !y _h done s & f\nd x des]v+ ( condemnation1 !y w\ld h said s1 b x _h nev] be5 discov]$ t !y _h4 ,! writ+s ( ,diego di ,zuiga %[1 on ! contr>y1 t :5 "s !ologians began to consid] ! ,cop]nican !ory1 !y did n f9d x errone\s or contr>y to ,scripture4 ,moreov]1 no argum5t c\ld be drawn f an unanim\s op9ion ( ! fa!rs1 = "s ( !m spoke ( ! sun z /ation>y1 o!rs ( ! primum mobile4 ,galileo decl>es himself ready to sign an op9ion ( wise & well in=m$ !ologians on ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,s9ce no inve/igation ( x 0 in/itut$ by ! anci5t fa!rs1 x might be done n[ by !ologians fitt$ = x1 :o1 aft] !y _h c>efully exam9$ all ! sci5tific argum5ts = & aga9/1 w\ld e/abli% on a firm foot+ :at 0 dictat$ to !m by ,div9e inspiration4 ,he once m lays great /ress on ! ne$ ( fir/ conv9c+ "o's self ( ! actual facts ( nature "u ! guidance ( sci5ce1 & !n proce$+ to int]pret texts ( ,scripture4 ,he is indignant ) ^? :o1 f malice or bl9d$ by p>ty int]e/1 say t ! ,*ur* %\ld draw ! sword )\t delay1 s9ce %e possesses ! p[]4 ,z if x 0 always desirable to d :atev] 0 9 our p[]6 ,he %[s t ! fa!rs 7 n ( t op9ion1 b agre$ ) him1 & exclaims to ^! wrangl]s3 8,try fir/ to refute ! argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus & 8 foll[]s1 & leave ! task ( condemn+ !m to ^? to :om x belongs2 b d n hope to f9d among ! fa!rs1 :o 7 z discreet z !y 7 f>-see+1 or 9 ! wisdom ( ,him :o _c err1 ^? ha/y conclusions to :i* y are l$ by p]sonal int]e/s & passions4 ,x is d\btless true t conc]n+ ^! & simil> /atem5ts :i* are n /rictly de fide1 8 ,hol9ess ! ,pope has absolute au?ority to approve or condemn2 b x is n 9 ! p[] ( any human be+ to make !m true or false1 or o!r ?an !y de facto are40 ,?is l5g?y treatise concludes ) a disquisition on ! passage 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua1 :i* he treats 9 ! same way z 9 ! lett] to ,ca/elli4 ,not)/&+ all ! c>e ,galileo ex]cis$ 9 ?is apology#aba n to give any h&le to 8 enemies1 x conta9$ f> too _m lib]al & m]ely human pr9ciples n to d ! au?or m h>m ?an good 9 ! eyes ( ! or?odox p>ty1 bo? on religi\s & sci5tific que/ions4 ,8 oppon5ts saw ?is pla9ly en\gh1 & agitat$ aga9/ him all ! m vehem5tly at ,rome4 ,om9\s reports rea*$ ! a/ronom]1 :o 0 anxi\s en\gh be=e2 b he c\ld n any h[ le>n any?+ def9ite ab\t ^! attacks1 only s mu* ek$ out1 t some?+ 0 brew+ aga9/ him1 & t x 0 int5d$ to int]dict ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,galileo ?\ght he c\ld be/ meet ^! intrigues by 8 p]sonal appe>ance at ,rome2 he want$ to le>n :at ! accusations aga9/ him 71 & to %[ t !re 0 no?+ 9 !m2 he desir$ en]getically to def5d ! new sy/em1 to aid tru? 9 ass]t+ h] rights4 ,s1 e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 #afae1 provid$ ) cordial lett]s ( introduction f ! ,gr& ,duke1 he set out = ,rome4#abb ,"s old] au?ors1 & rec5tly ,h5ri ,m>t91#abc h repeat$ z a fact ! report circulat$ at ! "t by ,galileo's enemies1#abd t ?is visit to ,rome 0 by no means s volunt>y z he ?\ght fit to give out4 ,m>t9 appeals 9 support ( ?is view to a lett] ( ,mgr4 ,qu]5ghi to ,c>d9al ,alex&] d',e/e1 ( #a/ ,janu>y1 #afaf1abe 9 :i* he says t ! philosoph] _h be5 cit$ to appe> at ,rome1 t he might expla9 h[ he made 8 doctr9es1 :i* entirely contradict ,holy ,scripture1 agree ) x4 ,m>t9 also /ates t ! ,tuscan ambassador at ,rome1 9 a despat* ( #aa? ,septemb]1 #afcb1 ann\nc$ t a docum5t _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! books ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 :i* %[$ t ,galileo _h be5 summon$ to ,rome 9 #afaf2 & f9ally1 ?is o!rwise excell5t biograph] ( ,galileo adds "s gr\nds ( probability :i*1 h[ev]1 are n conclusive4 ,besides1 ^! argum5ts1 9 ! face ( o!r facts1 are n valid4 ,ev5 if ,galileo's contempor>y lett]s f ,rome1 9 :i* he repeat$ly expresses 8 satisfaction t he _h come !re1#abf are n reli$ ^u1 & are reg>d$ m]ely z a consi/5t c>ry+ out ( ! fiction1 8 /atem5t on 8 trial ( #ab? ,april1 #afcc1 be>s cle> witness t ,m>t9 is 9 error4 ,be+ ask$ if he came at t "t to ,rome ( 8 own accord1 or 9 consequ5ce ( a summons1 he answ]$3 8,9 ! ye> #afaf ,i came to ,rome ( my own accord1 )\t be+ summon$40#abg ,x 0 impossible t he %\ld !n h p]si/$ 9 ! assum$ fiction1 = he c\ld n h d5i$ be=e ! ,inquisition a summons issu$ by itself sev5te5 ye>s be=e1 s9ce x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ent]$ 9 _! regi/]s4#abh ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ! ,tuscan ambassador m5tion$ above1 su* a docum5t _h be5 discov]$ "o ye> previ\sly 9 ! protocols ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,b 9 ! face ( ! "q put at ! exam9ation ?is does n seem v cr$ible4 ,moreov]1 9 none ( ! docum5ts n[ op5 to hi/orical rese>* relat+ to ! transactions ( #afaf1 is !re any su* record to be f\nd1 nor any?+ to indicate t ?is visit ( ,galileo's to ,rome did n orig9ate ) himself4 ,nei!r does ! flatt]+ reception he met ) at all agree ) ! assum$ secret summons4 ,nev]!less1 8 correspond5ce ) ,pic*5a1 successor 9 (fice to ,v9ta1 ?\gh v cauti\s1 %[s t not)/&+ ! com=t+ assurances he _h receiv$ f 8 fri5ds at ,rome1 he f\nd t a zeal\s agitation 0 go+ on1 n only aga9/ ! doctr9es he advocat$1 b aga9/ himself4#abi ,9 ano!r lett] ( #h? ,janu>y1 #afaf1 he says he sees e day :at a good idea x 0 to come "h1 = he _h f\nd s _m sn>es laid = him t x w\ld h be5 q impossible n to be caught by "o or o!r ( !m1 & he w\ld n h be5 able to extricate himself = a long "t1 p]haps nev]1 or only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,he is confid5t t he %all n[ v soon de/roy ! traps ( 8 enemies1 & be able to ju/ify himself 9 a way t w br+ all _! unwor?y calumnies to light4 ,!y h spread ! false report t he 0 9 disgrace at ! gr& ducal c\rt 9 consequ5ce ( ! enormity ( 8 (f5ce1 & t ! proce$+s aga9/ him _h ! ,gr& ,duke's entire approval4 ,n[1 z ! cordial introductions giv5 him by ,cosmo ,,ii4 prov$ precisely ! contr>y1 ! ass]tions ( 8 enemies w\ld lose all cr$it1 & he w\ld be believ$ all ! m1 s t he %\ld be able to ju/ify himself completely4#acj ,judg+1 h[ev]1 f a lett] writt5 f\rte5 days lat] to ! ,tuscan ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,galileo _h n f\nd x s easy to def5d himself z he anticipat$4 ,inde$ x seems to h be5 a v complicat$ bus9ess4 ,a passage f ! lett] above m5tion$ w give an idea ( x3-- 8,my bus9ess is f> m difficult1 & takes mu* long] ow+ to outw>d circum/ances1 ?an ! nature ( x w\ld require2 because ,i _c communicate directly ) ^? p]sons ) :om ,i h to negotiate1 p>tly to avoid do+ injury to any ( my fri5ds1 p>tly because !y _c communicate any?+ to me )\t runn+ ! risk ( grave c5sure4 ,& s ,i am compell$1 ) mu* pa9s & caution1 to seek out ?ird p]sons1 :o1 )\t ev5 kn[+ my object1 may s]ve z m$iators ) ! pr9cipals1 s t ,i may h ! opportunity ( sett+ =?1 incid5tally z x 71 & at _! reque/1 ! p>ticul>s ( my int]e/s4 ,i h also to set d[n "s po9ts 9 writ+1 & to cause t !y %\ld come privately into ! h&s ( ^? :om ,i wi% %\ld see !m2 = ,i f9d 9 _m qu>t]s t p are m ready to yield to dead writ+ ?an to liv+ spee*1 = ! =m] p]mits !m to agree or diss5t )\t blu%+1 & !n f9ally to yield to ! argum5ts us$--= 9 su* discussions we h no witnesses b ourselves1 :]eas p d n s readily *ange _! op9ions if x has to be done publicly40#aca ,galileo at l5g? succe$$ by 8 /r5u\s ef=ts 9 free+ himself f all false accusations & 9 refut+ ! sl&]s ( ,cacc9i4 ,8 affairs took s fav\rable a turn t ! monk f\nd x advisable to pay an obsequi\s visit ( sev]al h\rs to ,galileo1 humbly begg$ p>don = 8 previ\s conduct1 (f]$ any satisfaction 9 8 p[]1 & assur$ ,galileo t ! agitation go+ on 0 n 9 any way to be laid at 8 door4#acb ,b he c\ld n refra9 f try+ to prove t ! ,cop]nican doctr9es 7 errone\s1 9 :i* h[ev] he _h no m success ?an 9 conv9c+ ,galileo ( 8 s9c]ity1 = he wrote to ,pic*5a t he _h f\nd 9 ,cacc9i 8great ignorance & a m9d full ( v5om40#acc ,b ,galileo _h only p]=m$ half 8 task by ! happy adju/m5t ( ! difficulties affect+ himself2 ! m important & gr&] "p ( x1 ! pres]vation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em f ! int]dict ( ! ,*ur*1 _h yet to be accompli%$4 ,8 lett] ( #f? ,febru>y to ,pic*5a tells him ( ! fav\rable turn 9 8 own affairs1 z well z ( ! noble purposes by :i* he 0 animat$4 ,he writes3-- 8,my bus9ess1 s f> z x conc]ns myself1 is complet$2 all ! exalt$ p]sonages :o h be5 conduct+ x h told me s pla9ly1 & 9 a mo/ oblig+ mann]1 & h assur$ me t p are fully conv9c$ ( my uprightness & hon\r1 & ( ! devili% malice & inju/ice ( my p]secutors4 ,z f> z ?is po9t is conc]n$1 !re=e1 ,i might return home )\t delay1 b !re is a "q conc]n+ my own cause :i* does n conc]n myself alone1 b all ^? :o1 dur+ ! la/ eighty ye>s1 h advocat$ 9 pr9t$ works or private lett]s1 9 public lectures or private conv]sations1 a c]ta9 op9ion1 n unkn[n to y\r ,grace1 on :i* !y are n[ propos+ to pron\nce judgm5t4 ,9 ! conviction t my assi/ance may be ( use 9 ! inve/igation ( ! matt]1 z f> z a k ( ^? tru?s is conc]n$ :i* are prov$ by ! sci5ce to :i* ,i h devot$ myself1 ,i nei!r c nor ought to neglect to r5d] ?is assi/ance1 :ile ,i %all !reby foll[ ! dictates ( my consci5ce & ,*ri/ian zeal40#acd ,?is 0 magnanim\s1 & ,galileo 0 entitl$1 z few o!rs 71 to appe> z ! advocate ( sci5ce4 ,b un=tunately 8 w>m & p]haps too solicit\s ef=ts = ! ,cop]nican cause _h a result precisely opposite to ! "o he int5d$4 ,he 0 /ill "u ! great delusion t ! ,roman curia mu/ above all ?+s be conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9es4 ,he !re=e s\ght out scepticism on ! subject ev]y:]e 9 ! et]nal city1 combat$ x eag]ly & app>5tly ) signal success4 ,9 _m ( ! fir/ h\ses 9 ,rome1 su* z ! ,ces>9i's1 ,ghisli]i's1 & o!rs1 he unfold$ be=e num]\s audi5ces 8 views ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! univ]se4 ,he always began ^! disc\rses by c>efully enum]at+ all ! argum5ts = ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 & !n prov$ t !y 7 unt5able by ! tell+ argum5ts ) :i* 8 own obs]vations _h s abundantly suppli$ him2 & z he n seldom add$ ! bit+ s>casm ( 8 wit to s]i\s demon/ration1 ?us br++ ! laugh on 8 side1 he prep>$ signal defeats = ! or?odox views ( nature4#ace ,b by ?is me?od he obvi\sly took a false /&po9t4 ,he w\ld n see t ! ,romani/s c>$ f> m = ! au?ority ( ,scripture ?an = ! recognition ( ! laws ( nature2 t 8 sy/em1 runn+ c\nt] to or?odox int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 0 oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& z 8 tactics 7 f\nd$ ^u a purely human way ( look+ at ?+s1 & he errone\sly imag9$ t ! true sy/em ( ! univ]se w\ld be ( great] importance1 ev5 to ! s]vants ( ! ,*ur*1 ?an h] own my/]ies1 x 0 b a natural consequ5ce ( ^! false premises t1 in/ead ( atta9+ 8 end1 he only wid5$ 8 di/ance f x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,inquisition ,,& ,,! ,,cop]nican ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,! ,,assum$ ,,prohibition ,,to ,,galileo4 ,adv]se ,op9ion ( ! ,inquisition on ,galileo's ,propositions4--,admonition by ,bell>m9e1 & assum$ ,absolute ,prohibition to treat ( ! ,cop]nican ,doctr9es4--,discrepancy betwe5 ,notes ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y4--,m>9i's docum5ts4--,ep9ois's ,"w on ,galileo4--,wohlwill fir/ d\bts ! ,absolute ,prohibition4--,d\bts confirm$ by ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts4--,decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 on ! ,cop]nican sy/em4--,attitude ( ! ,*ur*4--,0 ! ,absolute ,prohibition ev] issu$ to ,galileo8--,te/imony ( ,bell>m9e 9 8 fav\r4--,conclusions4 ,! ,inquisition1 p]haps /ill inc5s$ by ,galileo's active propag&ism1 ev5 among ! le>n$ _w ( ,rome1 & by 8 brilliant def5ce ( ! new sy/em1 n[ ha/5$ to br+ to a conclusion ! transactions :i* _h be5 go+ on = a consid]able "t aga9/ x4 ,a decree ( #ai? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 summon$ ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7!y 7 n judges exactly1 b _h to give _! op9ion z exp]ts7 & requir$ !m to give _! op9ion on ! two foll[+ propositions 9 ,galileo's "w on ! sol> spots3-- ,i4 ,! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & immovable f its place4 ,,ii4 ,! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & is n immovable1 b moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion4#acf ,9 accordance ) ! papal decree1 ^! !ologians met f\r days aft]w>ds1 at #i a4m4 on #bcrd ,febru>y1 & publi%$ ! result ( _! delib]ations ! next day1 z foll[s3-- ,! fir/ proposition 0 unanim\sly decl>$ to be false & absurd philosophically1 & =mally h]etical1 inasmu* z x expressly contradicts ! doctr9es ( ,holy ,scripture 9 _m passages1 bo? if tak5 9 _! lit]al mean+ & accord+ to ! g5]al int]pretation & conceptions ( ! holy ,fa!rs & le>n$ !ologians4 ,! second proposition 0 decl>$ unanim\sly 8to des]ve ! l c5sure 9 philosophy1 & z reg>ds !ological tru?1 to be at lea/ errone\s 9 ! fai?40#acg ,! ,vatican ,,ms4 reports ! fur!r /eps tak5 aga9/ ,galileo z ! *ief advocate ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 z foll[s3-- 8,?ursday1 #be? ,febru>y1 #afaf4 ,! ,"l ,c>d9al ,mell9i notifi$ to ! ,rev]5d ,fa!rs ! ,assessors & ! ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 t ! c5sure pass$ by ! !ologians ^u ! propositions ( ,galileo--to ! effect p>ticul>ly t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & immovable f its place1 & t ! e>? moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion--_h be5 report$2 & ,8 ,hol9ess has direct$ ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e to summon be=e him ! said ,galileo1 & admoni% him to ab&on ! said op9ion2 & 9 case ( 8 refusal to obey1 t ! ,commiss>y is to intimate to him1 be=e a not>y & witnesses1 a comm& to ab/a9 altoge!r f tea*+ or def5d+ ?is op9ion & doctr9e1 & ev5 f discuss+ x2 & if he d n acquiesce !re91 t he is to be imprison$40#ach ,?is is foll[$ 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 by a record int5d$ to look l an (ficial report on ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s orda9$ above4 ,e unbiass$ read] w expect to f9d 9 x ei!r t ,galileo refus$ to obey ! admonitions ( ! c>d9al1 & t ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition !n issu$ ! o!r /rict injunction1 or t ,galileo imm$iately submitt$1 9 :i* case ! (ficial ( ! ,inquisition w\ld n h _h to int]f]e4 ,in/ead ( ?is we f9d ! foll[+ docum5t1 c\*$ half 9 a n>rative tone1 half l ! report ( a not>y3-- 8,friday1 ! #bf?4--,at ! ,palace1 ! usual resid5ce ( ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 ! said ,galileo hav+ be5 summon$ & br\ght be=e ! said ,"l ,c>d9al1 01 9 pres5ce ( ! ,mo/ ,revd4 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,segnezzio1 ( ! ord] ( prea*]s1 ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 by ! said ,c>d9al w>n$ ( ! error ( ! a=esaid op9ion1 & admoni%$ to ab&on x2 & imm$iately !reaft]1 be=e me & be=e witnesses1 ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e be+ /ill pres5t1 ! said ,galileo 0 by ! said ,commiss>y comm&$ & enjo9$1 9 ! "n ( ,8 ,hol9ess ! ,pope1 & ! :ole ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 to rel9qui% altoge!r ! said op9ion t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & immovable1 & t ! e>? moves2 nor h5ce=? to hold1 tea*1 or def5d x 9 any way :atsoev]1 v]bally or 9 writ+2 o!rwise proce$+s w\ld be tak5 aga9/ him 9 ! ,holy ,(fice2 :i* injunction ! said ,galileo acquiesc$ 9 & promis$ to obey4 ,done at ,rome1 9 ! place a=esaid1 9 pres5ce ( ,bad9o ,nores1 ( ,nicosia1 9 ! k+dom ( ,cyprus1 & ,augu/9o ,mong>do1 f a place 9 ! ,abbacy ( ,rottz1 9 ! diocese ( ,politianeti1 inmates ( ! said ,c>d9al's h\se1 witnesses40#aci ,! discrepancy betwe5 ?is record & t ( #be? ,febru>y is obvi\s3 t says t ! ,pope _h ord]$ t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e %\ld admoni% ,galileo to r5\nce ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus1 & only 9 case he %\ld refuse1 0 ! ,commiss>y to issue ! ord] to him to ab/a9 f tea*+1 def5d+1 or discuss+ ^? op9ions4 ,"h 9 ! report ( ! #bf? we read1 t 8imm$iately aft]0 ! admonition ( ! c>d9al1 ! ,commiss>y issu$ ?is /r+5t ord]1 & ) ! significant modification1 8nor to hold1 tea*1 or def5d x 9 any way :atsoev]40 ,9 ?is report ( ! proce$+s x is n expressly /at$ :e!r ,galileo at fir/ refus$ or n1 b1 accord+ to ! word+ ( ! report1 x is almo/ impossible t he c\ld h done s1 s9ce x repres5ts t ! ,c>d9al's admonition 0 foll[$ imm$iately by ! absolute prohibition f ! ,commiss>y4 ,b su* a mode ( proc$ure 0 by no means 9 accordance ) ! papal ord9ance1 & w\ld r h be5 an arbitr>y deviation f x4 ,until )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 9 all ! works1 great or small1 :i* treat ( ,galileo's trial1 we f9d ?is absolute prohibition :i* he 0 said to h receiv$ relat$ z an e/abli%$ hi/orical fact4 ,x 0 ! sole legal gr\nd on :i* ! indictm5t 0 bas$ aga9/ ,galileo sixte5 ye>s lat]1 & he 0 condemn$ & s5t5c$ by 8 judges by an o/5tati\s appeal to x4 ,up to #ahej n a s+le docum5t _h be5 se5 by any ( ! au?ors :o wrote s confid5tly ( ! /r+5t prohibition ( #afaf1 :i* confirm$ its hi/orical tru?4 ,& yet x c\ld b exi/ among ! inaccessible ar*ives relat+ to ! trial ( ,galileo1 s9ce ! ,inquisitors reli$ ^u x 9 #afcc1 & x 0 ! pole & axis ( ! fam\s trial4 ,& :at ! _w _h accept$ 9 good fai? on ! some:at d\btful v]acity ( ! ,inquisition 0 at l5g?1 app>5tly confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ,mgr4 ,m>9o ,m>9i1 prefect ( ! ,vatican ,ar*ives4 ,9 t ye> he publi%$ at ,rome a book entitl$1 8,galileo e l',inquisizione1 ,memorie /orico-criti*e10 :i*1 z ! au?or /at$1 0 f\nd$ ^u ! orig9al docum5ts ( ! trial4 ,x actually conta9$ _m 8extracts0 f ! orig9al protocols2 & f\nd$ ^u docum5t>y mat]ials accessible only to ! au?or1 x 0 encircl$ ) ! conv5i5t halo ( inviolability4 ,& = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s no s]i\s objection 0 rais$ to x4 ,_m hi/orians did %ake _! heads & say t ! "w ( ! "r rev]5d g5tleman 0 z mu* l a glorification ( ! ,inquisition z "o egg to ano!r1 & "s 7 n mu* impress$ by ! au?or's high-fl[n ass]tion t 8! entire publication ( ! docum5ts w\ld only r$\nd to ! glory ( ! ,inquisition10#adj b drily rem>k$ t x 0 really a great pity t ,mgr4 ,m>9i _h all[$ s spl5did an opportunity to slip ( p]=m+ a great s]vice alike to hi/ory & ! ,*ur*1 :ile ! fragm5ts produc$ 7 ( little value to ei!r "o or ! o!r4 ,none ( ?is s]v$ to refute a s+le s5t5ce ( ! apology 9 "q4 ,x became1 on ! contr>y1 not)/&+ its obvi\s p>tizan%ip1 ! *ief s\rce = subsequ5t n>ratives ( ! trial4 ,& x c\ld n fail to be s2 = ev5 tak+ ?is p>tizan%ip into acc\nt1 h[ c\ld ! dates giv5 be d\bt$8 ,c\ld any "o suspect a misrepres5tation ( ! :ole subject8 ,did suspicions ( an arbitr>y use & di/ortion ( ! docum5ts at ! au?or's comm& seem ju/ifi$8 ,assur$ly n4 ,besides1 ! papal ar*ivi/ appeal$ ) app>5t scrupul\s exactness to ! ,roman ,,ms4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! light ?r[n by ,m>9i on ! trial ( ,galileo seem$ to be "o-sid$1 ! correctness ( 8 facts 9 g5]al admitt$ ( no d\bt4 ,among ^! ! special prohibition ( #afaf play$ a conspicu\s "p4 ,x is laid be=e ! read] z beyond all "q1 & fully confirm$ by docum5ts4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 prud5tly refra9$ f publi%+ ^! 8docum5ts0 v]batim1--! reports ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 !m w\ld !n h come to light4 ,t 0 to be avoid$1 & s ,m>9i1 by ! approv$ me?od ( reject+ all t did n suit 8 purpose1 concoct$ f ! two reports a /ory ( ! assum$ prohibition to ,galileo s precise z to leave no?+ to be desir$4#ada ,9 #ahfg ,h5ri de ,l',ep9ois surpris$ ! le>n$ _w ) 8 "w1 8,galile1 son ,procs1 sa ,condemnation d'aprs des ,docum5ts 9dits40 ,he reproduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 full ! mo/ important docum5ts :i* _h be5 at ,m>9i's comm&4 ,x n[ came to light h[ unju/ifiably he _h us$ !m4 ,ep9ois pr9t$ ! important reports ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y v]batim4 ,b ! /ory ( ! prohibition ( #afaf _h s firmly root$ itself 9 hi/ory1 t nei!r ,ep9ois himself nor ! next ,fr5* hi/orian1 ,h5ri ,m>t91 :o publi%$ a compreh5sive "w on ,galileo bas$ on ! publi%$ docum5ts1 ?\ght ( di/urb+ x4 ,x 0 n until #ahgj t d\bts began to be ent]ta9$1 9 ,g]many & ,galileo's own c\ntry1 simultane\sly & indep5d5tly1 ( ! au!nticity ( ! prohibition ( #afaf4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 ,emil ,wohlwill :o fir/ %ook ?is belief aft] c>eful & unbiass$ inve/igation ( ! ,roman ,,ms4 publi%$ by ,ep9ois1 by 8 excell5t treatise3 8,d] ,inquisitions ,process des ,galileo ,galilei4 ,e9e ,prfung se9] re*tli*5 ,grundlage na* d5 ,act5 d] ,rmis*5 ,inquisition40 7,! ,trial ( ,galileo ,galilei4 ,an ,exam9ation into its ,legal ,f\ndation by ! ,acts ( ! ,roman ,inquisition47 ,& j :5 ,g]man le>n+ 0 seek+ to prove by ke5 critical discussion ! unt5abl5ess ( ! usual n>rative1 ! docum5t 0 publi%$ 9 ,italy :i* rais$ ,wohlwill's conjectures to c]ta9ty4 ,up to #ahgj ! conclusion t ,galileo did n = a mom5t resi/ ! c>d9al's admonition1 b submitt$ at once1 c\ld only be drawn1 z x 0 drawn by ,wohlwill1 p>tly f ! word+ ( ! report ( ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 p>tly f ,galileo's s9c]e ,ca?olic s5tim5ts1 = he 0 to ! end1 f conviction1 a true son ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h[ev] mu* !re might be to ju/ify ! conclusion1 !re=e1 x 0 f\nd$ only on probability1 0 confirm$ by no docum5ts1 & 0 !re=e op5 to assault4 ,x 0 attack$ by ,fri$le9 9 a review ( ,wohlwill's bro*ure4#adb ,b :5 ,fri$le9 0 try+ to prove t ,galileo mu/ h resi/$ ! c>d9al's admonitions1 & only submitt$ to ! p]emptory ?reats ( ! (ficial ( ! ,inquisition1 ! docum5t _h be5 already publi%$ 9 ,italy :i* plac$ ! "q beyond d\bt4 ,?is is an extract ( ! protocol ( ! sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( #crd ,m>*1 #afaf1 & =ms "p ( ! collection ( docum5ts publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,silve/ro ,gh]>di 9 ! ,rivi/a ,europea1 #ahgj4 ,x is z foll[s3-- 8#crd ,m>*1 #afaf4 8,! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e hav+ report$ t ,galileo ,galilei1 ma!matician1 _h 9 t]ms ( ! ord] ( ! ,holy ,congregation be5 admoni%$ to ab&on 7des]5dam7 diss]5dam 7discuss7 0 ! ^w orig9ally writt5 ! op9ion he has hi!rto held1 t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! sph]es & immovable1 & t ! e>? moves1 & _h acquiesc$ !re92 & ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index hav+ be5 pres5t$1 prohibit+ & susp5d+ respectively ! writ+s ( ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus 7,de ,revolutionibus orbium cle/ium44447 ( ,diego di ,zuiga on ,job1 & ( ,paolo ,antonio ,fosc>9i1 ,c>melite ,fri>--,8 ,hol9ess ord]$ ?is edict ( prohibition & susp5sion respectively1 to be publi%$ by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace40#adc ,?is docum5t1 z ,gh]>di ju/ly p]ceiv$1 is ( f> great] importance ?an m]ely = ! evid5ce x af=ds t ,galileo at once submitt$ to ! ,c>d9al's admonition2 x p]mits ! conclusion1 almo/ to a c]ta9ty1 t a proce$+ l t describ$ 9 ! note ( #bf? ,febru>y nev] took place4 ,x is cle> f ! above t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e 0 giv+ a report ( ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y at a private sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice "u ! p]sonal presid5cy ( ! ,pope4 ,8 report agrees precisely ) ! papal ord9ance ( #be? ,febru>y3 he _h admoni%$ ,galileo to give up ! ,cop]nican doctr9es1 & he _h cons5t$4 ,?is 0 to all appe>ance ! end ( ! bus9ess4 ,! c>d9al does n say a ^w ab\t ! /r+5t proce$+s said to h tak5 place 9 8 pres5ce be=e not>y & witnesses4 ,& yet ?is "p ( x w\ld h be5 ( f> great] importance ?an ! fir/4 ,x may p]haps be said t x 0 n ! c>d9al's bus9ess to report ! do+s ( ! ,commiss>y ( ! ,inquisition4 ,b ! objection is n valid2 = 9 ! fir/ place ! conditions did n exi/ :i* w\ld h ju/ifi$ ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,commiss>y1 & 9 ! second1 8 report w\ld c]ta9ly also h be5 giv5 at ! sitt+ :]e ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y 7 report$4 ,b 9 ! note ( #crd ,m>* !re is n a trace ( ! report ( ,bro!r ,mi*ael ,angelo ,segnitius de ,lauda4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s incr$ible t no communication %\ld be made to ! ,congregation ab\t ! mo/ important "p ( ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y1 & t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e %\ld n h made ! slighte/ ref]5ce to x 9 8 report1 t ?is docum5t ( #crd ,m>*1 #afaf1 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,gh]>di1 w\ld be suffici5t ( itself to ju/ify ! suspicion t ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s on #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 0 n at all t report$ 9 ! note relat+ to x 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms41 b 0 9 accordance ) ! papal ord9ance ( #be? ,febru>y1 & end$ ) ! c>d9al's admonition4 ,let u see n[ :e!r ! ensu+ hi/orical ev5ts agree bett] ) ?is suspici\s note4 ,two days aft] ! sitt+ ( #crd ,m>*1 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ,paul ,v41 ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index on writ+s & books treat+ ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 publi%$4 ,x ran z foll[s3-- 8,& :]eas x has also come to ! k ( ! said ,congregation1 t ! ,py?agorean doctr9e--:i* is false & altoge!r oppos$ to ,holy ,scripture--( ! motion ( ! e>?1 & ! quiesc5ce ( ! sun1 :i* is also taught by ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus 9 ,de ,revolutionibus orbium ,cle/ium1 & by ,diego di ,zuiga 9 78 book on7 ,job1 is n[ be+ spread abroad & accept$ by _m--z may be se5 f a c]ta9 lett] ( a ,c>melite ,fa!r1 entitl$1 ,lett] ( ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,paolo ,antonio ,fosc>9i1 ,c>melite1 on ! op9ion ( ! ,py?agoreans & ( ,cop]nicus conc]n+ ! motion ( ! e>?1 & ! /ability ( ! sun1 & ! new ,py?agorean sy/em ( ! _w1 at ,naples1 pr9t$ by ,lazz>o ,scorriggio1 #afae3 :]e9 ! said fa!r attempts to %[ t ! a=esaid doctr9e ( ! quiesc5ce ( ! sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & ( ! e>?'s motion1 is consonant ) tru? & is n oppos$ to ,holy ,scripture4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t ?is op9ion may n ins9uate itself any fur!r to ! prejudice ( ,ca?olic tru?1 ! ,holy ,congregation has decre$ t ! said ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus1 ,de ,revolutionibus orbium1 & ,diego di ,zuiga1 on ,job1 be susp5d$ until !y be correct$2 b t ! book ( ! ,c>melite ,fa!r1 ,paolo ,antonio ,fosc>9i1 be altoge!r prohibit$ & condemn$1 & t all o!r works likewise1 9 :i* ! same is taught1 be prohibit$1 z by ?is pres5t decree x prohibits1 condemns1 & susp5ds !m all respectively4 ,9 witness :]e( ! pres5t decree has be5 sign$ & seal$ ) ! h&s & ) ! seal ( ! mo/ em95t & ,rev]5d ,"l ,c>d9al ( ,/4 ,cecilia1 ,bi%op ( ,albano1 on ! #e? day ( ,m>*1 #afaf40add ,9 ?is decree1 z is /rik+ly po9t$ out by ,emil ,wohlwill1 a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 two classes ( writ+s3 ^? :i* advocate ! positive tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em--:i* are absolutely int]dict$ & condemn$2 & ^? to :i*1 by "s modifications1 a hypo!tical "* c be giv5--^! are to be susp5d$ until ! ne$ful corrections h be5 made4 ,?is indicat$ ! precise attitude :i* ! ,*ur* ?\ght to take ) reg>d to ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,z a m]e work+ hypo!sis x 0 n dang]\s to ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion2 b z irrefragable tru? x %ook its v f\ndations4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 det]m9$ at ,rome t x %\ld n make way z tru?--x 0 to be taboo$1 bani%$1 & if possible /ifl$2 b z a ma!matical hypo!sis1 ! use ( :i* 0 obvi\s ev5 to ! ,romi% savans1 x might be all[$ to /&4 ,! c>d9al's admonition & ! decree are 9 logical agreem5t ) ?is int5tion4 ,galileo 0 to 8r5\nce0 ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus1 t is he 0 n to ma9ta9 !m z e/abli%$ fact2 z a hypo!sis1 l ! re/ ( ! _w he might reta9 !m4 ,b accord+ to ! docum5t ( #bf? ,febru>y1 entire sil5ce 0 enjo9$ ^u ,galileo ^u ! subject ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 = 9 ! injunction nei!r to hold1 tea*1 or def5d x 9 any way 7quovis modo71 ! hypo!tical treatm5t 0 obvi\sly includ$4 ,p]haps x may be said t !y want$ to get rid ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & !re=e mo/ dang]\s def5d] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :o by 8 telescopic discov]ies _h made ! controv]sy a burn+ "q ( ! day4 ,b ?is conjecture does n /& ! te/ ( close inve/igation1 = ,galileo's "w on ! sol> spots1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! sun's be+ /ation>y1 0 n plac$ ^u ! index ( =bidd5 or suspici\s books4 ,& 9 all ! proce$+s ( ! curia aga9/ him at t p]iod1 ! fri5dly feel+ = him p]sonally1 ( p[]ful patrons 9 ! ,*ur*1 is obvi\s1 & x makes any specially rigor\s action aga9/ him v improbable4 ,we h also o!r indications t ?is categoric prohibition to ,galileo _h n !n be51 de facto1 issu$4 ,8 lett]s ( ?is epo* af=d ! /ronge/ evid5ce4 ,we _c expect to f9d 9 !m precise in=mation ab\t ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y1 z x 0 contr>y to ! rules ( ! ,inquisition to make public its secret ord]s1 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties2 b !y conta9 no trace ( ! deep depression :i* w\ld h be5 caus$ by ! /r+5t ord]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice aga9/ him p]sonally4 ,on ! contr>y1 he writes on ! #f? ,m>* 7! day foll[+ ! issue ( ! decree7 to ,pic*5a3 8,i did n write to y1 mo/ rev]$ sir1 by ! la/ po/1 because !re 0 no?+ new to report2 z !y 7 ab\t to come to a decision ab\t t affair :i* ,i h m5tion$ to y z a purely public "o1 n affect+ my p]sonal int]e/s1 or only s f> z my enemies v inopportunely want to implicate me 9 x40 ,he goes on to say t he alludes to ! delib]ations ( ! ,holy ,(fice ab\t ! book & op9ions ( ,cop]nicus2 & m5tions ) evid5t satisfaction1 t ! purpose ( ,cacc9i & 8 p>ty to h t doctr9e d5\nc$ z h]etical & contr>y to ! fai? _h n be5 atta9$1 = ! ,holy ,(fice _h simply /at$ t x did n agree ) ,holy ,scripture1 & !re=e only prohibit$ ! books :i* ma9ta9$1 ex pr(esso1 t ! ,cop]nican doctr9e 0 n contr>y to ! ,bible4 ,galileo !n tells him m p>ticul>ly :at ! decree conta9$1 & t ! correction ( ! works ( ,cop]nicus & ,zuiga 0 entru/$ to ,c>d9al ,gaetaori4 ,he emphatically /ates t ! alt]ations w be conf9$ to su* passages z aim to prove ! agreem5t ( ! mod]n sy/em ) ,scripture1 & 8"h & !re a ^w1 z :5 ,cop]nicus calls ! e>? a />40 ,he adds3 8,i h1 z w be se5 f ! nature ( ! case1 no int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 & %\ld n1 z ,i said be=e1 h tr\bl$ myself ab\t x1 _h n my enemies drawn me into x40 ,he means by ?is t ! prohibition to try & make ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion squ>e ) ,scripture 0 indiff]5t to him2 he w\ld nev] h conc]n$ himself ) !ology if he _h n be5 driv5 to x4 ,he !n goes on3 8,x may be se5 f my writ+s 9 :at _s ,i h always act$1 & ,i %all cont9ue to act1 s z to %ut ! m\? ( malice1 & to %[ t my conduct 9 ?is bus9ess has be5 su* t a sa9t c\ld n h %[n m rev]5ce = ! ,*ur* nor great] zeal40#ade ,9 ! next lett] to ,pic*5a1 six days lat]1 ,galileo repeats :at he has said ab\t ! correction ( ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 & says emphatically t x is cle> t no fur!r re/rictions w be impos$4 ,f a reply f ,galileo's fai?ful fri5d1 ,sagr$o1 to lett]s un=tunately n extant1 x is evid5t t he _h by no means express$ himself z ca/ d[n by ! issue ( ! affair4 ,sagr$o writes 9 ! be/ ( spirits3 8,n[ t ,i h le>nt f y\r valu$ lett]s ! p>ticul>s ( ! spiteful1 devili% attacks on & accusations aga9/ y1 & ! issue ( !m1 :i* entirely fru/rates ! purposes ( y\r ignorant & malici\s foes1 ,i1 & all ! fri5ds to :om ,i h communicat$ y\r lett]s & messages1 are q set at re/40#adf ,x is cle>1 !n1 f ,galileo's correspond5ce1 t he took ! decree ( ! ,inquisition pretty coolly1 & speaks ) satisfaction ( ! trifl+ alt]ations to be made 9 ,cop]nicus's "w4 ,h[ c\ld ! man1 :o 0 =bidd5 to 8hold1 tea*1 or def5d0 ! repudiat$ doctr9e 89 any way10 write 9 ?is /yle8 ,a docum5t issu$ by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e himself1 relat+ to ^! transactions1 is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! ass]tion t no su* prohibition _h ev] be5 issu$ to ,galileo4 ,aft] ! publication ( ! decree ( #e? ,m>* he rema9$ ?ree mon?s at ,rome4 ,8 enemies took advantage ( ?is to spread a false report t he _h be5 oblig$ =mally to recant1 & absolutely to abjure 8 op9ion4 ,galileo seems to h be5 indignant at ?is2 he pacifi$ 8 adh]5ts :o s5t anxi\s inquiries to _! ma/]1 & compla9$ bitt]ly ( ! unscrupul\sness ( 8 enemies1 = :om no means ( injur+ him 7 too bad4 ,b 9 ord] to confute ^! calumnies & gu>d himself aga9/ !m 9 future1 be=e leav+ ,rome he begg$ a c]tificate f ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e to prove ! falsity ( ?is p]fidi\s fiction4 ,?is dignit>y cons5t$1 & wrote ! foll[+ decl>ation3-- 8,we1 ,rob]t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 hav+ he>d t x is calumni\sly report$ t ,signor ,galileo ,galilei has 9 our h& abjur$1 & has also be5 puni%$ ) salut>y p5ance1 & be+ reque/$ to /ate ! tru? z to ?is1 decl>e1 t ! said ,signor ,galileo has n abjur$1 ei!r 9 our h&1 or ! h& ( any o!r p]son "h 9 ,rome1 or any:]e else1 s f> z we "k1 any op9ion or doctr9e held by him1 nei!r has any salut>y p5ance be5 impos$ ^u him2 b only ! decl>ation made by ! ,holy ,fa!r & publi%$ by ! sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,index1 has be5 intimat$ to him1 :]e9 x is set =? t ! doctr9e attribut$ to ,cop]nicus1 t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 & t ! sun is /ation>y 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & does n move f ea/ to we/1 is contr>y to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & !re=e _c be def5d$ or held4 ,9 witness :]e( we h writt5 & subscrib$ ^! pres5ts ) our h& ?is #bf? day ( ,may1 #afaf40adg ,wohlwill has cle>ly %[n ! discrepancies betwe5 ?is docum5t & t ( #bf? ,febru>y2 he has po9t$ out t ev5 if1 z ,m>t9 ?9ks1 8! secrets ( ! ,inquisition _h to be kept at any price1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( tru?10#adh x w\ld n h put =? s d[nright a lie 9 optima =ma z ! c>d9al's te/imony conta9$1 if ! assum$ prohibition _h really be5 giv5 to ,galileo by ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition4 ,?is prohibition might easily h be5 pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 :ile ! calumni\s reports might h be5 refut$4 ,b ! c>d9al 0 n cont5t ) t1 & /at$ expressly t ,galileo _h 8only0 be5 p]sonally in=m$ ( ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,:ile ?is atte/ation ( ,bell>m9e's gl>+ly contradicts ! second "p ( ! note ( #bf? ,febru>y1 x n only entirely accords ) ! papal ord9ance ( ! #be?1 b also ) ,bell>m9e's report ( ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y 9 ! private sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( #crd ,m>*4 ,?is proves t ! c>d9al c]tifi$ no?+ m nor less ?an :at _h actually tak5 place4 ,x leads !re=e to ! foll[+ conclusions3-- #a4 ,galileo did n receive any prohibition1 except ! c>d9al's admonition n to def5d nor hold ! ,cop]nican doctr9e4 #b4 ,entire sil5ce on ! subject 0 !re=e n enjo9$ ^u him4 #c4 ,! second "p ( ! note 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 is !re=e untrue4 ,^! ?ree facts are indisputable1 & ! subsequ5t c\rse ( hi/orical ev5ts w confirm !m /ep by /ep1 :ile x c by no means be made to tally ) ! assum$ /rict injunction ( ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al4 ,next h[ev]1 ! "q imm$iately arises1 ,?r\gh ^: means did ! falsehood get into ! acts ( ! trial1 & 0 x bona or mala fide8 ,hi/orical rese>* c only p>tially answ] ?is "q4 ,all ^! notifications 7 ent]$ by a not>y ( ! ,inquisition1 & probably t ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 also4 ,did he1 p]haps m]ely f (fici\s zeal1 ent] a note ( an (ficial proce$+ z hav+ actually tak5 place1 :i* und\bt$ly 0 to h tak5 place "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 b 9 _! abs5ce did n occur1 or ev5 7 n to be p]mitt$ at all 9 consequ5ce ( papal in/ructions8 ,or 0 ! not>y simply ! tool ( a p[] :i* _h long be5 inimical to ,galileo1 & :i*1 inc5s$ at ! failure = ! "t ( its s*emes aga9/ him1 s\ght to =ge secret fett]s = future use by ! entry ( ! fictiti\s note8 ,we h no c]ta9 k ( ! motives & influ5ces :i* gave rise to ! falsification2 z h[ev] we c sc>cely believe 9 ! (fici\s zeal (1 or indep5d5t falsification by1 ! not>y himself1 ! conjecture ga9s 9 probability t we are conc]n$ ) a ly+1 p]fidi\s trick ( ,galileo's enemies1#adi :i*1 z we %all see lat] on1 signally fulfill$ its purpose4 ,wohlwill1 ,gh]>di1 ,cantor1 & we ourselves h long be5 ( op9ion t ?is note orig9at$1 n 9 #afaf1 b 9 #afcb1 9 ord] to legalise ! trial ( ,galileo4 ,b aft] hav+ repeat$ly & v c>efully exam9$ ! orig9al acts ( ! trial1 pres]v$ among ! papal secret ar*ives1 we 7 compell$ to ackn[l$ge t ! mat]ial nature ( ! docum5t entirely excludes ! suspicion ( a subsequ5t falsification4#aej ,! note 0 n falsifi$ 9 #afcb2 no1 9 #afaf probably1 ) subtle & p]fidi\s calculation1 a lie 0 ent]$ :i* 0 to h ! mo/ mom5t\s consequ5ces to ! great a/ronom]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,evil ,,report ,,& ,,good ,,report4 ,galileo /ill l+]s at ,rome4--,guicc>d9i tries to effect 8 recall4--,errone\s idea t he 0 try+ to get ! ,decree repeal$4--,intrigues aga9/ him4--,audi5ce ( ,pope ,paul ,v4--,8 fri5dly assurances4--,8 ,"*4--,galileo's return to ,flor5ce4 ,galileo _h humbly submitt$1 _h witness$ ! issue ( ! decree ( #e? ,m>* by ! augu/ c\ncil2 he knew t ! only correct doctr9e ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se _h be5 r$uc$ to ! %ad[ ( a hypo!sis1 & yet he c\ld n make up 8 m9d to leave ! capital ( ! hi]>*y :]e su* a slap 9 ! face _h be5 giv5 to sci5ce4 ,! /ory told 9 mo/ works on ,galileo1 t ?\gh he _h submitt$ to ! ,holy ,(fice he aft]w>ds us$ 8 utmo/ endeav\rs to effect a rev]sal ( ! decree1 is ano!r ( ! firmly root$ & ineffaceable mi/akes ( hi/ory4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,tuscan ambassador1 ,guicc>d9i1 to ! ,gr& ,duke4#aea ,?is diplomati/1 :o 0 no great fri5d ( ,galileo's1 f\nd himself 9 an awkw>d position2 he _h be51 on ! "o h&1 enjo9$ by 8 sov]eign to support ,galileo z f> z x lay 9 8 p[]1 :ile on ! o!r he knew t ! influ5tial female memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici 7 v anxi\s to ma9ta9 ! good relations ( ,tuscany ) ! ,holy ,see2 & he tri$ to extricate himself f ?is dilemma by urg5tly seek+ to effect ! recall ( ! inconv5i5t gue/ to ,flor5ce4 ,?is object runs ?r\gh all ! ambassador's despat*es to ,cosmo ,,ii4 ,he c\ld n depict 9 col\rs too gl>+ ! passion1 fanaticism1 & p]t9acity ) :i*1 9 spite ( all advice to ! contr>y1 ,galileo def5d$ ! ,cop]nican cause at ,rome1 ?\gh he 0 !reby do+ x m h>m ?an good4 ,! long report ( ,guicc>d9i to ! ,gr& ,duke1 ( #d? ,m>*1 #afaf1aeb held to be au!ntic by mo/ ( ,galileo's biograph]s1 is c\*$ 9 ?is tone4 ,among o!r ?+s a dramatic sc5e is n>rat$ :i* 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,c>d9al ,ors9i1 "o ( ,galileo's w>me/ fri5ds1 to :om ! ,gr& ,duke _h s5t an autograph lett] ( introduction1 _h spok5 to ! ,pope 9 fav\r ( ,galileo 9 ! consi/ory ( #bnd ,m>*4 ,! ,pope repli$ t x w\ld be well if he w\ld p]suade ,galileo to give up ?is op9ion4 ,ors9i !n tri$ to urge ! ,pope fur!r1 b he cut him %ort1 say+ t he _h h&$ ov] ! :ole affair to ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,no soon] _h ,ors9i retir$ ?an ,bell>m9e1 ! celebrat$ ,jesuit !ologian1 0 summon$ to ! ,pope1 & 9 ! conv]sation t ensu$ x 0 det]m9$ t ?is op9ion ( ,galileo's 0 errone\s & h]etical4 ,guicc>d9i mu/ h be5 greatly mis9=m$ to s5d reports s incorrect to 8 c\rt4 ,z we h se51 on #ai? ,febru>y ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7 summon$ to pron\nce an op9ion on ! ,cop]nican doctr9es1 & z ! result ,galileo 0 summon$ sev5 days lat] to appe> be=e ,bell>m9e1 :o in=m$ him ( ! decree1 & admoni%$ him to r5\nce ! prohibit$ doctr9e4 ,b all ?is seems to h escap$ ! acut5ess ( ! ,tuscan ambassador4 ,he supposes t ! cata/rophe _h be5 br\ght ab\t by a fit ( papal ang]6 ,on #d? ,m>* he only kn[s :at 0 kn[n ! next day to all ! _w--by ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index--t ! writ+s ( ,cop]nicus & o!r au?ors on ! subject ( ! d\ble motion 7 to be p>tly condemn$1 p>tly correct$1 & p>tly prohibit$4 ,guicc>d9i 9 ?is despat* repres5t$1 on ! "o h&1 ! difficulties into :i* ! imprud5t a/ronom] 8might0 br+ himself by 8 vehem5ce1 & on ! o!r ! emb>rassm5t 9 :i* ^? :o took 8 "p w\ld be plac$2 he rem9d$ ! ,gr& ,duke ( ! attitude :i* 8 h\se _h at all times assum$ 9 ! pa/ t[>ds su* attacks on ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 & ( ! s]vices x _h r5d]$ to ! ,inquisition1 add+ t he 8c\ld n approve t we %\ld expose ourselves to su* annoyances & dang]s )\t v good reason1 & a diff]5t prospect f t ( great damage40 ,! mo/ pot5t argum5t1 h[ev]1 :i* he sav$ = ! close ( 8 long epi/le ( #d? ,m>*1 z ! climax1 0 ! endeav\r to inspire ,cosmo ,,ii4 ) ! fe> t 8 bro!r1 ,c>d9al ,c>lo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 j com+ to ,rome1 w\ld compromise himself by 8 relations ) ,galileo4 ,f ,galileo's correspond5ce ) ,pic*5a1 we le>n 9 contradiction to ?is despat* :at x 0 t induc$ him to l+] at ,rome aft] ! issue ( ! decree ( #e? ,m>*4 ,he did n wi% to return to ,flor5ce "u ! impressions produc$ by ! al>m+ reports ( ,guicc>d9i & ! rum\rs spread by _m ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,x is evid5t t he 0 aw>e ( :at 0 said ( him f a passage 9 a lett] to ,pic*5a ( #f? ,m>*4 ,aft] express+ a fe> t somebody n fri5dly to him might repres5t 8 affairs to ! ,tuscan ,secret>y ( ,/ate & o!rs 9 a false light1 he entreats ,pic*5a to ma9ta91 until 8 return1 ! good op9ion ( him :i* 8 s9c]ity des]ves4 ,he is conv9c$ t ! arrival ( ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici w relieve him f ! ne$ ( utt]+ "o ^w ( self-ju/ification1 z he w he> at once :at an excell5t reputation he enjoy$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,rome4 ,he !n goes on1 z if directly refut+ ,guicc>d9i's accusations3-- 8,!n y\r ,grace w le>n1 above all1 ) :at composure & mod]ation ,i h conduct$ myself1 & :at reg>d ,i h _h = ! hon\r & good repute ( ^? :o h eag]ly tri$ to injure m9e & c]ta9ly y\r ,grace w be surpris$4 ,i say ?is to y1 mo/ hon\r$ sir1 9 case any false accusations ( ! k9d %\ld rea* y\r e>s f any qu>t]2 & ,i hope t cr$it w be giv5 to a p>ty n adv]se to me1 s t a m j und]/&+ may be arriv$ at40 ,mean:ile ,galileo's position became m fav\rable1 because ! ,pope receiv$ ! submissive philosoph] v graci\sly on #aa? ,m>*1 & gave him an audi5ce :i* la/$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,he seiz$ ! opportunity ( speak+ to ,paul ,v4 ( ! intrigues ( 8 enemies1 & ( "s ( ! false accusations aga9/ him2 to :i* ! ,pope repli$ t he 0 well aw>e ( ! rectitude & s9c]ity ( 8 s5tim5ts4 ,& :5 ,galileo1 9 conclusion1 express$ 8 fe>s ( ! p]petual p]secutions ( rel5tless malice1 ! ,pope consol$ him by say+ t he ne$ n fe>1 = he 0 held 9 s mu* e/eem by himself & ! :ole ,congregation1 t !y w\ld n li/5 to ^! calumnies1 & z long z he occupi$ ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,galileo might feel himself safe f all dang]4 ,paul ,v4 also repeat$ly express$ 8 read9ess to %[ 8 fav\r by 8 actions4 ,galileo ha/5$ on ! v next day to make kn[n ! fav\rable result ( ?is audi5ce to ,pic*5a1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 9 a long lett]4#aec ,! effect ( x1 h[ev]1 0 q diff]5t f :at he probably expect$4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,tuscany1 :i* _h be5 n a little disquiet$ by ,guicc>d9i's al>m+ despat*1 ?\ght x a good opportunity to press ^u ,galileo1 n[ t 8 fame 0 s brilliantly re-e/abli%$1 to leave ,rome & return to ,flor5ce4 ,?is 0 ! t5or ( ,pic*5a's reply ( #bj? ,m>*4#aed ,_! highnesses1 evid5tly /ill "u ! impression ( ,guicc>d9i's lett]1 implor$ ,galileo to be quiet1 & no long] to discuss ?is dang]\s subject1 b to return4 ,enc\rag$ by ! ,pope's fri5dly words1 h[ev]1 ,galileo %[$ no disposition to take ^! pla9 h9ts1 & we le>n f 8 fur!r correspond5ce t 8 t>riance at ,rome 0 fully approv$ by ! ,tuscan ,c\rt4 ,?us we read 9 a lett] ( #bf? ,m>*3 8,z to my return1 unless 8 ,highness wi%es x o!rwise1 ,i %all1 9 accordance ) y\r comm&s1 await ! arrival ( 8 ,rev]5ce ! ,c>d9al40 ,& fur!r on3 8,aft] ! arrival ( ! ,c>d9al ,i %all /ay "h z long z 8 ,highness or ! ,c>d9al pleases40#aee ,to ! great annoyance ( ,guicc>d9i1 ,galileo rema9$ ?ree mon?s long] at ,rome--b5ea? ^? skies :i*1 accord+ to ! ambassador1 mu/ prove dang]\s to him 9 consequ5ce ( 8 vehem5t temp]am5t1 8especially at a "t :5 ! rul] ( ! et]nal city hates sci5ce & polite s*ol>s1 & _c endure ^! innovations & subtleties40 ,?is portrait ( ,paul ,v4 0 und\bt$ly a correct "o4 ,he c>$ v little = le>n+1 & display$ a h>% & sometimes savage "*2 :ile ! inviolability ( ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 ecclesia/ical privileges1 & bl9d ob$i5ce to ! fai?1 7 supreme 9 8 eyes4 ,we w j rem9d our read]s t x 0 ,paul ,v4 :o1 j aft] 8 elevation to ! papacy1 _h a poor wret*1 nam$ ,picc9>di1 behead$1 because1 = 8 private amusem5t1 he _h writt5 a biography ( ,clem5t ,,viii41 9 :i* he 0 n v aptly comp>$ ) ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius1 al?\gh ! "w 0 n int5d$ = publication1--a s5t5ce :i* occasion$ great con/]nation4 ,at a "t1 !re=e1 :5 ! ti>a 0 worn by a man ( ?is "*1 ! atmosph]e ( ,rome might c]ta9ly h be5 dang]\s to an ard5t explor] 9 ! fields ( natural sci5ce4 ,b z ,galileo did n suff] any sort ( papal p]secution dur+ 8 /ay !re1 x is obvi\s t ! "* drawn ( him by ,guicc>d9i 0 v mu* exagg]at$4 ,?is also refutes ! con/antly reit]at$ fable t ,galileo 0 eag]ly try+ to get ! decree ( #e? ,m>* repeal$4 ,! vehem5t agitation imput$ to him by ! ambassador1 & ?is bold attempt1 w\ld h be5 spe$ily foll[$ by p5alties4 ,b hi/ory kn[s no?+ at ?is p]iod ( misund]/&+s betwe5 ,galileo & ! ,*ur*2 inde$ we possess a docum5t :i* entirely contradicts ! reports ( ,guicc>d9i4 ,?is is a lett] f ,c>d9al del ,monte to ! ,gr& ,duke at ! "t ( ,galileo's dep>ture f ,rome1 writt5 expressly 8to be> witness t he 0 leav+ ) ! be/ reputation & ! approval ( all :o h _h transactions ) him2 = x has be5 made manife/ h[ unju/ ! calumnies ( 8 enemies h be540 ,! c>d9al adds1 8t hav+ conv]s$ mu* ) ,galileo1 & be+ intimate ) ^? :o 7 cognisant ( all t _h tak5 place1 he c\ld assure 8 ,highness t !re 0 n ! lea/ imputation atta*+ to ! philosoph]40#aef ,b to return to ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! ,tuscan ambassador cont9u$ to s5d disquiet+ lett]s to ! ,gr& ,duke ab\t ,galileo 9 ord] t he might be recall$4 ,he wrote 9 a despat* ( #ac? ,may3 8 444 ,galileo seems dispos$ to emulate ! monks 9 ob/9acy1 & to cont5d ) p]sonages :o _c be attack$ )\t ru9+ y\rself2 we %all soon he> at ,flor5ce t he has madly tumbl$ into "s abyss or o!r40#aeg ,cosmo ,,ii41 n a little al>m$ by ^! gloomy progno/ications ( 8 ambassador1 & really 9 c>e = ! rev]$ philosoph]1 at l5g? issu$ ! ord] = 8 long-desir$ return4 ,pic*5a !n wrote ! foll[+ dra/ic lett] to ,galileo1 on #bcrd ,may3-- 8,y h _h en\gh ( monki% p]secutions1 & "k n[ :at ! flav\r ( !m is4 ,8 ,highness fe>s t y\r long] t>riance at ,rome might involve y 9 difficulties1 & w\ld !re=e be glad if1 z y h s f> come hon\rably out ( ! affair1 y w\ld n tease ! sleep+ dog any m1 & w\ld return "h z soon z possible4 ,= !re are rum\rs fly+ ab\t :i* we d n l1 & ! monks are all p[]ful4 ,i1 y\r s]vant1 w\ld n fail to w>n y1 & to in=m y1 z 9 duty b\nd1 ( ! wi%es ( our rul]1 :]e) ,i kiss y\r h&40#aeh ,galileo compli$ )\t delay ) ,cosmo's wi%es1 & set out on 8 homew>d j\rney on ! #d? ( ! foll[+ mon?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,on ,,comets4 ,/udi\s ,seclusion4--,wait+ = ! ,correction ( ! ,"w ( ,cop]nicus4--,treatise on ,tides4--,s5ds x to ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria4--,! ,lett] :i* accompani$ x4--,! ?ree ,comets ( #afah4--;,galileo's ,op9ion ( ,comets4--,grassi's ,lecture on !m4--,guiducci's ,treatise on !m inspir$ by ,galileo4--,grassi's 8,a/ronomical & ,philosophical ,scales40--,galileo's ,reply4--,paul ,v4--,8 ,dea?4--,dea? ( ,cosmo ,,ii4--,gregory ,,xv4--8,il ,saggiatore0 f9i%$4--,ricc>di's 8,op9ion0 on x4--,dea? ( ,gregory ,,xv4--,urban ,,viii4 ,sev5 ye>s pass$ by1 dur+ :i* ,galileo liv$ a seclud$ & /udi\s life 9 ! ,villa ,segni1 at ,bellosgu>do1 ne> ,flor5ce1 )\t publi%+ any new "w4 ,h[ c\ld he d s8 ,! acceptance & fur!r application ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 ! ma9spr+ ( all 8 sci5tific pursuits1 ( :i*1 multif>i\s z !y 71 ! pr9ciple ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? 0 bo? f\ndation & key/one4 ,! g5]al p]mission to employ ! !ory z a work+ hypo!sis 0 ( little s]vice to him4 ,! l(ty /ructure ( correct k ( our univ]se c\ld n be rais$ on a p$e/al ( s&2 x requir$ ! imp]i%able m>ble ( tru?4 ,galileo 0 compell$ to )hold ! results ( 8 rese>*es until1 p]*ance1 "s alt]$ /ate ( ?+s %\ld *ange ! m9d ( ! papal c\rt1 at pres5t s inimical to ! ,cop]nican cause4 ,! publication ( any rese>*es 9 accordance ) ! ,cop]nican sy/em appe>$ especially dang]\s1 until ! promis$ corrections _h be5 made 9 ! fam\s "w ( ! ,canon ( ,frau5burg1 :i* _h be5 tempor>ily plac$ on ! ,index4 ,^! corrections w\ld give m precise in=mation z to h[ !y wi%$ ! new doctr9e h&l$ at ,rome1 :at limits _h be5 set by ecclesia/ical despotism to rese>*es into nature4 ,galileo wat*$ ) great anxiety ! lab\rs ( ! papal c5sors1 & tri$ to ha/5 !m ?r\gh 8 fri5d ,pr9ce ,cesi4#aei ,?is eag] int]e/ 9 ! e>lie/ possible publication ( ! corrections is ano!r ?+ :i* does n accord ) ! assum$ /r+5t prohibition ( ,febru>y #bf?4 ,:at diff]5ce w\ld x h made to ,galileo :e!r any facilities 7 (f]$ = ! discussion ( ! ,cop]nican !ory or n1 if absolute sil5ce on ! subject _h be5 enjo9$ on him8 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 :5 he c\ld n v5ture to h ! results ( 8 v>i\s rese>*es publi%$1 he 0 c>eful to make !m kn[n to "s fri5ds ( sci5ce by means ( long lett]s1 num]\s copies ( :i* 7 !n circulat$ 9 ,europe4 ,v few ( !m1 un=tunately1 h come d[n to u1 b !re is "o ( !m t des]ves special notice4 ,x indicates precisely ,galileo's position3 on ! "o h& he feels con/ra9$ to make way = ! recognition ( ! tru?2 b on ! o!r1 z a good ,ca?olic1 & f reg>d to 8 p]sonal safety1 he does n wi% to cla% ) ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,?is lett]1 too1 adds weight to ! conclusion t !re 0 no prohibition enjo9+ absolute sil5ce on ! ,cop]nican !ory on ,galileo4 ,dur+ 8 la/ /ay at ,rome1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,c>d9al ,ors9i1 he _h writt5 a treatise on ! tides 9 ! =m ( a lett] to t dignit>y1 dat$ ,janu>y #h?1#afj 9 :i* he express$ 8 firm conviction1 errone\sly z we n[ "k1 t ?is ph5om5on c\ld only be expla9$ on ! !ory ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?4 ,he repres5t$ x z an important confirmation ( ! tru? ( x4 ,9 ,may1 #afah1 he s5t a copy ( ?is treatise to ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria1 :o 0 fri5dly to him1 & 0 a bro!r ( ! ,gr& ,du*ess4 ,b z s9ce x 0 writt5 ! decree ( ,m>* #e? _h be5 issu$1 :i* only p]mitt$ discussion ( ! subject z a hypo!sis1 ,galileo ?\ght x advisable to add a sort ( accompanim5t to 8 treatise1 9 :i* he took ! utmo/ pa9s to comply ) ! conditions impos$ by ! ,*ur* on h] dutiful & or?odox son4 ,he wrote3-- 8,) ?is ,i s5d a treatise on ! causes ( ! tides1 :i* ,i wrote r m ?an two ye>s ago at ! sugge/ion ( 8 ,em95ce ,c>d9al ,ors9i1 at ,rome1 at ! "t :5 ! !ologians 7 ?9k+ ( prohibit+ ,cop]nicus's book & ! doctr9e en\nc$ !re9 ( ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i* ,i !n held to be true1 until x pleas$ ^? g5tlem5 to prohibit ! "w1 & to decl>e t op9ion to be false & contr>y to ,scripture4 ,n[1 kn[+ z ,i d1 t x behoves u to obey ! decisions ( ! au?orities1 & to believe !m1 s9ce !y are guid$ by a high] insight ?an any to :i* my humble m9d c ( itself atta91 ,i consid] ?is treatise :i* ,i s5d y m]ely to be a poetical conceit1 or a dream1 & desire t y\r ,highness may take x z su*1 inasmu* z x is bas$ on ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 & inde$ conta9s "o ( ! argum5ts :i* ,i h adduc$ 9 confirmation ( x4 ,b ev5 poets sometimes atta* a value to "o or o!r ( _! fantasies1 & ,i likewise atta* "s value to ?is fancy ( m9e4 ,n[1 hav+ writt5 ! treatise1 & hav+ %[n x to ! ,c>d9al above-m5tion$1 & a few o!rs1 ,i h also let a few exalt$ p]sonages h copies1 9 ord] t 9 case any "o n belong+ to our ,*ur* %\ld try to appropriate my curi\s fancy1 z has happ5$ to me ) _m ( my discov]ies1 ^! p]sonages1 be+ above all suspicion1 may be able to be> witness t x 0 ,i :o fir/ dream$ ( ?is *im]a4 ,:at ,i n[ s5d is b a fugitive p]=mance2 x 0 writt5 9 ha/e1 & 9 ! expectation t ! "w ( ,cop]nicus w\ld n be condemn$ z errone\s eighty ye>s aft] its publication4 ,i _h int5d$ at my conv5i5ce1 & 9 ! quiet1 to h gone m p>ticul>ly into ?is subject1 to h add$ m pro(s1 to h arrang$ ! :ole anew1 & to h put x into a bett] =m4 ,b a voice f heav5 has ar\s$ me1 & dissolv$ all my confus$ & tangl$ fantasies 9 mi/4 ,may !re=e y\r ,highness graci\sly accept x1 ill arrang$ z x is4 ,& if ,div9e love ev] grants t ,i may be 9 a position to ex]t myself a little1 y\r ,highness may expect some?+ m solid & real f me40#afa ,on read+ su* passages "o really does n "k :i* to be ! mo/ indignant at1--! iron rule by :i* a privileg$ ca/e repress$ ! progress ( sci5ce 9 ! "n ( religion1 or ! s]vility ( "o ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ( all times 9 n scorn+ an unwor?y subt]fuge 9 ord] to dissem9ate a gra9 ( suppos$ tru? 9 ! _w )\t incurr+ p]sonal dang]4 ,b 9 spite ( all precautions1 9 spite ( 8*im]as10 8fictions10 8fantasies10 & ev5 8! voice f heav510 ! circulation ( ?is treatise1 bas$ ^u ! !ory ( ! d\ble motion1 w\ld h be5 an infr+em5t ( ! assum$ absolute prohibition to ,galileo1 :ile1 ?anks to ! +5i\s accompanim5t1 x 9 no way cla%$ ) ! decree ( #e? ,m>*4 ,galileo's conduct %[s pla9ly en\gh t he humbly submitt$ to ! ecclesia/ical ord9ance1 b !re is n a trace ( ! prohibition to discuss ! doctr9e 89 any way40 ,little1 h[ev]1 z ,galileo desir$ to engage1 ?us hamp]$1 9 any p]il\s controv]sies1 ! next "t x 0 nature h]self :o entic$ him into ! field 9 :i* 8 g5ius & 8 polemical +5uity acquir$ = him bo? spl5did triumphs & bitt] foes4 ,9 ,augu/1 #afah1 ?ree comets appe>$ 9 ! heav5s1 & ! brilliant "o 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,scorpion /rongly attract$ ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s4 ,al?\gh x 0 visible until ,janu>y1 #afai1 ,galileo _h v little opportunity ( obs]v+ x1 z he 0 conf9$ to 8 b$ by a sev]e & t$i\s illness4#afb ,b he communicat$ 8 views on comets to sev]al ( 8 fri5ds1 & among o!rs to ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria1 :o _h come to see ! sick philosoph]4#afc ,he did n consid] !m to be real heav5ly bodies1 b m]ely atmosph]ic appe>ances1 columns ( vap\r :i* rise f e>? to ! skies1 to a v consid]able height1 f> beyond ! moon1 & become tempor>ily visible to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 9 ! well-kn[n =m ( a comet1 by ! refraction ( ! sun's rays4 ,z he judg$ comets to be )\t sub/ance1 & plac$ !m on a p> ) mock suns & ! aurora borealis1 he conclud$ t !y c\ld h no p>allax det]m9ations4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #afai1 a ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,grassi1 deliv]$ a lecture on ! ?ree comets 9 ! ,roman ,college1 9 :i* he gave out t su* ph5om5a 7 n m]e appe>ances1 b real heav5ly bodies2 copies ( ?is lecture 7 widely circulat$1 & ,galileo 0 /rongly urg$ by 8 adh]5ts to publi% 8 op9ion4 ,he 0 prud5t en\gh to evade = ! "t a fre% controv]sy1 :i*1 9 ! exi/+ critical /ate ( affairs1 might br+ him into dang]1 & app>5tly took no "p 9 ! sci5tific feud :i* 0 brew+4 ,b he induc$ 8 le>n$ fri5d & pupil1 ,m>io ,guiducci1 consul ( ! ,academy at ,flor5ce1 to publi% a treatise on comets4 ,num]\s alt]ations & additions1 h[ev]1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 9 ! ,palat9a ,libr>y at ,flor5ce1 atte/ t he _h a direct %>e 9 ! editor%ip4#afd ,! op9ions hi!rto held by philosoph]s & a/ronom]s on ?is subject 7 discuss$1 & ! au?or's own--t is ,galileo's--exp\nd$4 ,grassi's views 7 %>ply criticis$1 & he 0 reproa*fully ask$ :y he _h pass$ ov] ,galileo's rec5t a/ronomical discov]ies 9 sil5ce4 ,grassi1 :o recognis$ ! real orig9ator ( ! "w1 9 ! reply :i* he issu$ a few mon?s lat] entirely ignor$ ! pupil1 t he might ! m vigor\sly attack ! ma/]4 ,"u ! pseudonym ( ,lo?>io ,s>si ,sig5sano1 he publi%$ a pamphlet aga9/ ,galileo1 entitl$1 8,! ,a/ronomical & ,philosophical ,scales40#afe ,x is writt5 ) cau/ic bitt]ness1 & is a model ( ,jesuitical malice & cunn+4 ,! comet "q 0 = ! "t a second>y matt] ) ,grassi1 & he beg9s ) a p]sonal attack on ,galileo1 by disput+ ! priority ( sev]al ( 8 mo/ important discov]ies & inv5tions1 & reproa*+ him1 ) pi\s indignation1 ) ob/9ate adh]5ce to a doctr9e condemn$ by !ologians4 ,up to ?is po9t he is only angry & spiteful1 b z he goes on he becomes cunn+4 ,he sets up = a w>m def5d] ( ! ,p]ipatetic physics1 & attacks ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & its advocate ,galileo1 to compel him ei!r to ignom9i\s sil5ce or dang]\s demon/rations4 ,"u pretext ( meet+ ,guiducci's reproa* t he 7,grassi7 _h tak5 ,ty*o z 8 au?ority1 he asks :e!r x w\ld h be5 bett] to foll[ ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 :i* _h be5 convict$ ( error1 or t ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* e ,god-fe>+ man mu/ abhor1 & 8 hypo!sis1 :i* _h j be5 condemn$8 ,9 discuss+ ! causes ( ! movem5ts ( comets1 x seem$ to him t ! argum5ts 7 ins9uat$ on :i* ! =bidd5 doctr9es 7 bas$4 8,away60 he exclaims 9 righte\s indignation1 8) all su* words s (f5sive to tru? & to e pi\s e>6 ,!y 7 prud5t en\gh c]ta9ly sc>cely to speak ( !m ) bat$ brea?1 & n to blazon x abroad t ,galileo's op9ion 0 f\nd$ ^u ?is p]nici\s pr9ciple40 ,?us attack$1 ,galileo prep>$ to def5d himself4 ,! greate/ caution 0 necess>y1 = ,grassi 0 back$ by ! p[]ful p>ty ( ! ,jesuits1 :o made a great boa/ ( ?is "w4#aff ,! lett]s ( ?is p]iod f ,pr9ce ,cesi & ,galileo's ecclesia/ical fri5ds at ,rome %[ t !y 7 v anxi\s t he %\ld n make ! influ5tial ord] ( ,jesuits 8 enemies by a direct collision ) !m4 ,b z !y saw ! absolute necessity ( a reply1 !y gave him all sorts ( good advice1 h[ to p>ry ! attack )\t incurr+ _! hatr$4 ,!y 7 ( op9ion t he %\ld n hon\r an adv]s>y conceal$ beh9d a pseudonym ) a reply writt5 by himself1 b %\ld depute ! task to a pupil1 or1 if he int5d$ to conduct 8 def5ce 9 p]son1 clo! 8 reply 9 ! =m ( a lett] in/ead ( a treatise1 n address$ to ,s>si himself1 b to "o ( 8 own p>ty4#afg ,he decid$ = ! latt]2 & adopt+ a h9t f ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1#afh he address$ ! reply to ,mgr4 ,ces>9i1 "o ( 8 mo/ devot$ fri5ds & dauntless def5d]s4 ,b ! completion ( ?is aft]w>ds fam\s rejo9d] 0 delay$ = two ye>s1 & its publication1 :i*1 accord+ to cu/om ) all works by memb]s ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei1 0 und]tak5 by ! ,society1 0 delay$ fully ano!r ye> ow+ to ! scruples ( ,pr9ce ,cesi & o!r 8lynxes40 ,galileo's procra/9ation is to be expla9$ p>tly by 8 cont9u$ ill heal?1 b m s by ! position ( affairs at ,rome z well z 9 ,tuscany1 :i* 0 by no means enc\rag+ = a conte/ ) a ,jesuit4 ,! imp]i\s ,paul ,v4 0 /ill ! reign+ ,pope1 & 8 good w t[>ds ,galileo w\ld c]ta9ly only h la/$ s long z he 0 entirely submissive4 ,8 dialectic reply1 :i* 0 p]vad$ by cutt+ irony aim$ at a fa!r ( ! ord] ( ,jesuits1 ev5 sometimes mak+ him appe> ridicul\s1 c\ld n h be5 mu* to ! ta/e ( a ,pope to :om ! inviolability ( ! ,*ur* & h] m9i/]s 0 all 9 all4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is pontiff t1 z appe>s f ! negotiations ) ,james ,i41 he s]i\sly claim$ ! "r ( depos+ k+s1 & call$ e attempt to make him rel9qui% ?is claim 8a h]etical proce$+10 & pron\nc$ ! writ+s ( "s ,v5etian ecclesia/ics :o disput$ x1 to be worse ?an ,calv9i/ic4 ,j z ?is /]n pontiff 0 ga!r$ to 8 fa!rs 7#af? ,janu>y1 #afba71 9 consequ5ce ( an attack ( apoplexy on ! occasion ( ! celebration ( ! victory on ! ,weiss5b]g1 & ! good-natur$ & infirm old man1 ,gregory ,,xv41 asc5d$ ! papal *air1 ,galileo su/a9$ a bl[ :i* 0 mo/ disa/r\s to him4 ,?is 0 ! dea?1 on #bh? ,febru>y1 #afba1 ( 8 k9d protector & patron1 ,cosmo ,,ii4 ,! protection ( an en]getic pr9ce :o s9c]ely respect$ him1 :i* he _h hi!rto enjoy$1 0 replac$ by ! unc]ta9 fav\r ( a fem99e gov]nm5t1 z ! wid[$ ,gr& ,du*ess1 ^: t5d5cies 7 ?or\ghly ,romi%1 assum$ ! reg5cy = ,f]d9& ,,ii41 :o 0 /ill 9 8 m9ority4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,galileo 0 b little incl9$ to br+ out 8 reply2 & p]haps ! "t :5 !y 7 f\nd+ ! ,propag&a at ,rome1 & enroll+ ,loyola & ,xavi] among ! sa9ts1 did n seem v opportune4 ,f ! new ,pope p]sonally !re 0 no?+ to fe>4 ,! phlegmatic little man1 :o 0 s b[$ d[n by age & sickness t ^? ab\t him (t5 fe>$ to lay complicat$ bus9ess matt]s be=e him1 le/ he %\ld entirely break d[n1 0 c]ta9ly n likely to inspire awe2 besides1 ,gregory _h express$ himself to ,ciampoli v fav\rably ( ,galileo4#afi ,b ! ,pope's infirmities made x all ! m necess>y to proce$ ) caution2 = !y all[$ ! ,romi% adm9i/ration to ex]cise full sway4 ,& ! man :o guid$ x ) almo/ sov]eign au?ority 0 ! ,pope's nephew1 ,c>d9al ,lodovico ,lodovisi1 a =m] pupil & !re=e zeal\s fri5d ( ! ,jesuits4 ,nev]!less ,galileo's adh]5ts1 & especially 8 cl]ical fri5ds at ,rome1 consid]$ x absolutely necess>y to publi% 8 reply z soon z possible1 ) ! precautions be=e m5tion$1 because 8 oppon5ts con/ru$ 8 sil5ce into a triumph = ,grassi & ! ,ari/otelian s*ool4#agj ,pr9ce ,cesi1 ,mgrs4 ,ces>9i & ,ciampoli--! latt] ( :om mean:ile _h become ,secret>y ( ! ,papal ,briefs to ,gregory ,,xv41 a po/ :i* he also held "u 8 successor1 ,urban ,,viii41 until he fell into disgrace ab\t ,galileo--urg$ him repeat$ly to f9i% 8 reply4#aga ,francesco ,/elluti1 a memb] ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei1 a le>n$ fri5d ( ,galileo's1 did inde$ at ?is "t 7,june1 #afbb7 br+ out a "w aga9/ 8,lo?>io ,s>si10 b he only def5d$ ,guiducci1 & /udi\sly avoid$ t\*+ on ! reproa*es ca/ on ,galileo1 9 ord] n to anticipate him4#agb ,at l5g?1 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 ,galileo s5t ! ,,ms4 ( 8 celebrat$ "w1 8,il ,saggiatore0 7,! ,assay]71 to ,mgr4 ,ces>9i1 at ,rome4#agc ,= five mon?s x pass$ f h& to h& among ! memb]s ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei1 :o c>efully criticis$ x1 & ) ,galileo's cons5t1 alt]$ ! passages :i* might possibly h be5 tak5 advantage ( by 8 enemies to r5ew _! intrigues aga9/ him4 ,! ,jesuits mean:ile _h got w9d ( ! completion ( ! reply1 & did _! utmo/ to get hold ( "o ( ! num]\s copies ( ! ,,ms42 b ,ces>9i1 ,cesi1 ,ciampoli1 & ! o!r 8,lynxes10 took good c>e ( !m1 well kn[+ t if ! ,jesuits once made acqua9tance ) ?is cru%+ reply1 !y w\ld use e endeav\r to prev5t its receiv+ ! imprimatur4#agd ,?is 0 grant$ on #bnd ,febru>y1 #afbc1 by ! supreme au?orities ( ! c5sor%ip1 n only )\t hesitation1 b !y spoke ( ! "w 9 v fav\rable & flatt]+ t]ms4 ,! op9ion--:i* 0 drawn up by ,fa!r ,nicolo ,ricc>di1 a =m] pupil ( ,galileo's1 :o w (t5 be m5tion$ 9 ! sequel1 !n exam9]1 & aft]w>ds ev5 ,magi/] ,sacrii ,palatii--0 z foll[s3-- 8,by comm& ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace ,i h read ! "w1 #8,il ,saggiatore1' & n only h ,i detect$ no?+ 9 x :i* is contr>y to good morals1 or deviates f ! div9e tru? ( our religion1 b ,i h f\nd 9 x su* beautiful & manifold obs]vations on natural philosophy1 t ,i ?9k our age w n h to boa/ m]ely ( hav+ be5 ! inh]itor ( ! lab\rs ( e>li] philosoph]s1 b also ( hav+ be5 ! discov]] ( _m secrets ( nature :i* !y 7 n able to p5etrate1 ?anks to ! subtle & solid rese>*es ( ! au?or1 ^: contempor>y ,i ?9k myself happy to be1 = n[ ! gold ( tru? is no long] weigh$ :olesale & ) ! /eely>d1 b ) ! delicate scales us$ = gold40#age ,! comm5cem5t ( ! pr9t+ 0 aga9 delay$ till ! beg9n+ ( ,may1#agf & !n proce$$ b sl[ly1 = x 0 n until #bg? ,may t ,ciampoli s5t ! fir/ two %eets ( ! 8,saggiatore0 to ! au?or1 9 ord] to prove to him ! fals5ess ( a report :i* _h mean:ile ga9$ curr5cy1 t ! pr9t+ ( ! "w _h be5 prohibit$4#agg ,an ev5t !n took place :i* seem$ likely to produce a great *ange 9 ,galileo's relations ) ,rome2 inde$ 9 ! :ole attitude ( ecclesia/ical au?ority t[>ds ! free progress ( sci5ce4 ,at all ev5ts1 z we %all see1 ,galileo flatt]$ himself ) ?is hope1 & n )\t "s ju/ification4 ,on #h? ,july1 #afbc1 ,gregory ,,xv4 succumb$ to age & infirmity 9 ! second ye> ( 8 pontificate4 ,! man :o at ! age ( fifty-five 0 n[ elevat$ to ! papacy1 n only did n 9 ! lea/ resemble 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 b 8 t5d5cies 7 9 /rik+ contra/ to !irs4 ,he 0 previ\sly ,c>d9al ,maffeo ,b>b]9i1 & n[ asc5d$ ! papal ?rone z ,urban ,,viii4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,maffeo ,,b>b]9i ,,z ,,urban ,,viii4 ,8 ,"*4--,ta/e = ,lett]s4--,fri5d%ip = ,galileo :5 ,c>d9al4--,lett]s to him4--,v]ses 9 8 hon\r4--,publication ( 8,il ,saggiatore10 ) ,d$ication to ! ,pope4--,"* ( ! ,"w4--,! ,pope's approval ( x4--,inconsi/5cy ) ! assum$ ,prohibition4 ,sc>cely any ,pope has left to po/]ity s accurate a del9eation ( 8 "* & aims 9 8 own tr5*ant utt]ances z ,urban ,,viii4 ,:5 %[n ! m>ble monum5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors1 he pr\dly obs]v$ t he 8w\ld erect iron ones to himself40 ,& ! =tress ( ,ca/elfranco on ! ,bolognese fronti] 7call$1 9 hon\r ( 8 ,hol9ess1 ,=t ,urb9o71 ! new brea/works ( ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 ! ,vatican ,libr>y turn$ into an ars5al1 ! new manufactory ( arms at ,tivoli1 & f9ally ! co/ly h>b\r ( ,civita ,vec*ia1 are s _m sil5t te/imonies to ! *]i%$ desire ( ?is pontiff to trans=m ! et]nal city into an inviolable symbol 9 /one ( ! temporal p[] ( ! ,pope1 & to accr$it himself z a true m$ival viceg]5t ( ,*ri/ ) ! two-edg$ sword ( ! _w4 ,8 a?letic physique & iron en]gy 7 ev] ! vigor\s executors ( 8 ideas4 ,9 8 self-suffici5cy he disda9$ to take c\nsel ) ! ,sacr$ ,college1 say+ t he 8knew bett] ?an all ! c>d9als put toge!r10 & boldly set himself above all anci5t con/itutions1 alleg+ ! unhe>d ( reason t 8! s5t5ce ( a liv+ ,pope 0 wor? m ?an all ! decrees ( a hundr$ dead ones40 ,& f9ally1 to leave 8 flock1 ! ,*ri/ian peoples1 9 no mann] ( d\bt ab\t 8 pa/oral humility1 he revok$ ! resolve ( ! ,romans nev] aga9 to erect a monum5t to a ,pope 9 8 lifetime1 say+1 8su* a resolution c\ld n apply to a ,pope l himself40 ,! desire = unlimit$ temporal p[] rises l a column out ( ! life ( ,urban ,,viii4 ,/ill x is n de/itute ( ! embelli%m5ts ( art1 poetry1 & love ( le>n+4 ,x is no fiction t ?is imp]i\s pontiff f\nd pleasure 9 turn+ passages ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts into ,horatian metre1 & ! song ( ,simeon into two sapphic /rophes6 ,8 num]\s & (t5 cordial lett]s to ,galileo be> witness also ( 8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce & its advocates2 b if ^! sci5tific or poetic ta/es cla%$ = a mom5t ) ! papal supremacy1 ! patron ( art & sci5ce _h to give place at once to ! ecclesia/ical rul]1 :o %unn$ no means1 secret or av[$1 ( mak+ e o!r int]e/ subs]vi5t to 8 assumption ( temporal & spiritual dom9ion4 ,x is simply a psy*ological consequ5ce ( ^! traits ( "*1 t arbitr>y caprice1 ! tw9 bro!r ( despotic p[]1 (t5 play$ an intol]able "p 9 8 treatm5t ( ^? :o came 9 contact ) him4#agh ,?is !n 0 ! "* ( ! new head ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 on :om ,galileo plac$ great hopes = ! progress ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & ! tol]ation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh !y 7 to result 9 bitt] disappo9tm5t4 ,yet to all appe>ance he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 hail+ ?is election1 = n only 0 ,urban ,,viii4 a refre%+ contra/ to 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 :o c>$ little = art or sci5ce1 b z ,c>d9al ,maffeo ,b>b]9i1 he _h = ye>s %[n ! w>me/ fri5d%ip = & int]e/ 9 ,galileo4 ,_m lett]s f ?is dignit>y to ,galileo :i* h come d[n to u be> witness to ?is4#agi ,?us he wrote to him f ,bologna on #e? ,june1 #afab3 8,i h receiv$ y\r treatise on v>i\s sci5tific que/ions1 :i* h be5 rais$ dur+ my /ay "h1 & %all read !m ) great pleasure1 bo? to confirm myself 9 my op9ion1 :i* agrees ) y\rs1 &1 ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 to enjoy ! fruits ( y\r r>e intellect40#ahj ,! words1 89 ord] to confirm10 etc41 h l$ "s n v c>eful writ]s to conclude t1 at all ev5ts :5 c>d9al1 ,urban ,,viii4 0 a foll[] ( ,cop]nicus4 ,b ?is is q beside ! m>k4 ,= ! "w 9 "q 0 ! "o on float+ bodies1 ) :i*1 ?\gh ! ,p]ipatetics got ! wor/ ( x1 nei!r ,ptolemy or ,cop]nicus _h any?+ to d4 ,a little m att5tion w\ld h sav$ ,phil>ete ,*asles & o!rs f su* errone\s /atem5ts4 ,ano!r lett] to ,galileo f ! c>d9al1 #bj? ,april1 #afac1 aft] ! publication ( 8 "w on ! sol> spots1 %[s ! int]e/ he took 9 ! a/ronom] & 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,he writes3-- 8,y\r pr9t$ lett]s to ,wels] h rea*$ me1 & are v welcome4 ,i %all n fail to read !m ) pleasure1 aga9 & aga91 :i* !y des]ve4 ,?is is n a book :i* w be all[$ to /& idly among ! re/2 x is ! only "o :i* c induce me to )draw = a few h\rs f my (ficial duties to devote myself to its p]usal1 & to ! obs]vation ( ! planets ( :i* x treats1 if ! telescopes we h "h are fit = x4 ,mean:ile ,i ?ank y v mu* = y\r remembrance ( me1 & beg y n to =get ! high op9ion :i* ,i ent]ta9 = a m9d s extraord9>ily gift$ z y\rs40#aha ,b ! c>d9al _h n conf9$ himself to ^! assurances ( e/eem & fri5d%ip 9 8 lett]s1 b _h prov$ !m by 8 actions 9 #afae & #afaf1 by hone/ly assi/+ to adju/ ,galileo's p]sonal affairs :5 br\ght be=e ! ,inquisition4 ,& ,maffeo ,b>b]9i attribut$ ! success !n a*iev$ 9 no small degree to 8 own influ5ce1 & us$ ev5 to relate ) satisfaction :5 ,pope1 t he _h at t "t assi/$ ,galileo out ( 8 difficulties4 ,b "h we mu/ rem9d ^? au?ors :o repres5t ,b>b]9i1 :5 c>d9al1 z a ,cop]nican1 9 ord] to pa9t 8 subsequ5t attitude z ,pope 9 d>k] hues ?an hi/ory w>rants1 t al?\gh 9 #afae & #afaf he ex]t$ himself = ,galileo p]sonally1 he 9 no way s\ght to av]t ! condemnation ( ! sy/em4 ,9 #afbj1 h[ev]1 ,b>b]9i gave ,galileo a really en?usia/ic pro( ( 8 e/eem4 ,he celebrat$ 8 discov]ies 9 "s elegant & spirit$ v]ses1 9 :i* a/ronomy 0 alli$ ) morality1 & he s5t !m to ,galileo1 "u date ( #bh? ,augu/1 ) ! foll[+ lett]3-- 8,! e/eem :i* ,i always ent]ta9 = y\rself & y\r great m]its has giv5 occasion to ! enclos$ v]ses4 ,if n wor?y ( y1 !y w s]ve at any rate z a pro( ( my affection1 :ile ,i purpose to add lu/re to my poetry by y\r r5[n$ "n4 ,)\t wa/+ words1 !n1 9 fur!r apologies1 :i* ,i leave to ! confid5ce :i* ,i place 9 y1 ,i beg y to receive ) fav\r ?is insignificant pro( ( my great affection40#ahb ,:5 ?is dignit>y1 :o 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a fri5d & protector ( sci5ce1 _h asc5d$ ! papal *air1 ! 8,accadmia dei ,l9cei0 ha/5$ to d$icate 8,il ,saggiatore0 to 8 ,hol9ess1 9 ord] to spoil ! sport ( ! au?or's enemies be=eh&4 ,to ! annoyance ( ,galileo's oppon5ts & delight ( 8 fri5ds1 by ! end ( ,octob]1 #afbc1 8,il ,saggiatore0 appe>$4 ,?is "w is a ma/]piece ( +5uity2 = ! au?or n only dext]\sly avoids fall+ into ! sn>es laid = him by ,fa!r ,grassi1 b prep>es signal defeats = him4 ,galileo takes 8 attack on him1 8,! ,a/ronomical & ,philosophical ,scales10 p>agraph by p>agraph1 ?r[s light on ea*1 & disputes or confutes x4 ,& x is done 9 s sp>kl+ & spirit$ a /yle1 & ! reason+1 p]vad$ by cutt+ s>casm1 is s conclusive1 t 8,il ,saggiatore0 c]ta9ly des]ves to be call$ a model ( dialectic skill4 ,our limits preclude go+ fur!r into its sci5tific cont5ts4 ,= our purpose x w suffice to say t ,galileo took occasion 9 x to la% _m errors 9 ,grassi's "w unm]cifully1 & !reby incurr$ ! et]nal hatr$ ( ! all p[]ful ,jesuit p>ty4 ,?us x 0 to a great ext5t ! purely sci5tific 8,saggiatore0 :i* subsequ5tly conjur$ up ! tragic elem5t 9 ,galileo's fate4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t 9 ! "w is ! way 9 :i* ,galileo replies to ,grassi's int]pellations ab\t ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,admirable z is ! +5uity ) :i* he p]=ms ?is tickli% task1 "o _c sympa?ise ) ! d5ial ( 8 inmo/ convictions4 ,he p>ries ! provocations ( 8 adv]s>y by demon/rat+ t ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican doctr9es _h no?+ to d ) ! controv]sy ab\t comets1 & t ?is "q 0 only rais$ by 8,s>si0 9 ord] to attack him 7,galileo74 ,he adds ! ambigu\s rem>k3 8,z to ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis1 ,i am fully conv9c$ t if we ,ca?olics _h n to ?ank ! highe/ wisdom = hav+ correct$ our mi/ake & enlight5$ our bl9dness1 we %\ld nev] h be5 indebt$ = su* a b5efit to ! argum5ts & exp]i5ces ( ,ty*o40#ahc ,he !n %[s t ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 8:i*1 z a pi\s ,ca?olic1 he consid]s entirely errone\s & completely d5ies10 p]fectly agrees ) ! telescopic discov]ies1 :i* _c be made to agree at all ) ! o!r sy/ems4 ,b s9ce1 9 spite ( all ?is caution1 a def5ce ( ! new sy/em might h be5 detect$ 9 ^! /atem5ts1 ,galileo ha/5s to ! conciliatory conclusion1 t s9ce ! ,cop]nican !ory is condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! ,ptolemaic no long] t5able 9 ! face ( sci5tific rese>*1 :ile t ( ,ty*o is inadequate1 "s o!r mu/ be s\ght =4 ,not)/&+ all ?is f5c+1 h[ev]1 no "o c fail to see 9 8,il ,saggiatore0 an und]h& def5ce ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 z is evid5t f ! passages quot$4 ,su* a vague discussion ( x z ?is1 h[ev]1 did n compromise ,galileo accord+ to ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf2 b 8,il ,saggiatore0 w\ld h directly contrav5$ ! assum$ absolute injunction to sil5ce on t sy/em ( #bf? ,febru>y1 & ,galileo w\ld c]ta9ly n h v5tur$ to write 9 ?is /yle if ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,holy ,(fice _h1 9 #afaf1 solemnly =bidd5 him to discuss ! said doctr9e 9 any way :atev] 7quovis modo74 ,?is is ano!r pro( t ?is fam\s prohibition 0 n issu$ to ,galileo 9 ! =m 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! ar*ives ( #bf? ,febru>y4 8,il ,saggiatore0 01 inde$1 d5\nc$ to ! ,inquisition 9 #afbe1 by ,galileo's oppon5ts1 z conta9+ a conceal$ endorsem5t ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & a motion 0 made 9 ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice to prohibit x1 or at any rate to h x correct$2 b x 0 n c>ri$1 & ! p>ty only prep>$ a defeat = !mselves4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! d5unciation1 a c>d9al 0 *>g$ to inve/igate ! matt]1 & to report ^u x4 ,he select$ ,fa!r ,guev>a1 ,g5]al ( ! ,!at9es1 to assi/ him1 :o1 aft] c>eful exam9ation ( ! "w 9 "q1 spoke 9 high praise ( x1 recomm5d$ x mo/ w>mly to ! c>d9al1 & ev5 gave him a writt5 /atem5t1 9 :i* he expla9$ t ! op9ion ( ! e>?'s motion1 ev5 if x _h be5 ma9ta9$1 w\ld n h appe>$ to him a reason = condemn+ x4#ahd ,ev5 ,urban ,,viii41 :o1 we mu/ suppose1 0 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! proce$+s ( #afaf1 does n appe> to h _h any scruples ab\t 8,il ,saggiatore10 = he _h x read al\d to him at table1 imm$iately aft] its publication1#ahe &1 z ,galileo 0 assur$1 enjoy$ x highly4#ahf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,papal ,,fav\r4 ,galileo goes to ,rome to congratulate ,urban ,,viii4 on 8 ,accession4--,fav\rable ,reception4--,sci5tific discussions ) ! ,pope4--,urban refuses to ,revoke ! ,decree ( #e? ,m>*4--,nicolo ,ricc>di4--,! ,microscope4--,galileo n ! ,inv5tor4--,urban's fav\rs to ,galileo on leav+ ,rome4--,galileo's reply to ,+oli4--,sangu9e hopes4--,grassi's hypocrisy4--,sp9ola's h>angue aga9/ ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,lo?>io ,s>si's reply to 8,il ,saggiatore40--,galileo writes 8 8,dialogues40 ,on ! accession ( ,urban ,,viii4 ,galileo =m$ a project ( (f]+ 8 congratulations to ! new ,pope at ,rome1 & ( us+ all 8 p]sonal influ5ce on ! occasion to obta9 tol]ation = ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 n[ no long] oppos$ by ! weighty influ5ce ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 = he _h di$ two ye>s be=e4 ,b he fir/ consult$ 8 fri5ds at ,rome1 :e!r he w\ld be well receiv$1 & especially by 8 ,hol9ess4 ,he wrote among o!r ?+s to ,pr9ce ,cesi1 on #i? ,octob]1 #afbc3 8,i h 9 my head plans ( no small importance = ! le>n$ _w1 & p]haps c nev] hope = s wond]ful a comb9ation ( circum/ances to ensure _! success1 at lea/ s f> z ,i am able to conduce to x40#ahg ,cesi1 :o well und]/ood ,galileo's mode ( speak+1 confirm$ him 9 8 int5tions 9 8 answ] ( #ba/ ,octob]1 & urg$ him to c>ry out 8 project spe$ily4 8,x is necess>y = y to come1 & y w be v welcome to 8 ,hol9ess10 wrote ! ,pr9ce4#ahh ,?omas ,r9ucc9i1 bro!r ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,f]mo1 ( :om ,galileo made ! same inquiries1 repli$ z commission$ by ! new ,pope's nephew1 ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i1 t ,urban ,,viii4 w\ld always be pleas$ to receive him1 & told him t he _h _h a long audi5ce ( ! ,pope himself ?ree days ago1 ( :i* he report$ to ,galileo3-- 8,i swe> to y t no?+ pleas$ 8 ,hol9ess s mu* z ! m5tion ( y\r "n4 ,aft] ,i _h be5 speak+ ( y = "s "t1 ,i told him t y1 e/eem$ sir1 _h an ard5t desire to come & kiss 8 toe1 if 8 ,hol9ess w\ld p]mit x1 to :i* ! ,pope repli$ t x w\ld give him great pleasure1 if x 7 n inconv5i5t to y1 & if ! j\rney w\ld n be injuri\s to y\r heal?2 = great m5 l y mu/ sp>e !mselves1 t !y may live z long z possible40#ahi ,galileo n[ resolv$ to g to ,rome z soon z he c\ld1 b 8 unc]ta9 heal? & ! unprec$5t$ly bad wea!r1 :i* _h laid :ole tracts ( l& "u wat]1 delay$ 8 dep>ture4 ,8 fri5ds at ,rome wrote mean:ile aga9 & aga91 enc\rag+ him to set out1 = ! ,pope1 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 & all 8 exalt$ patrons & num]\s adh]5ts 7 long+ = 8 pres5ce2#aij & ,mgr4 ,ciampoli assur$ him t he 8w\ld f9d t 8 ,hol9ess _h a special p]sonal affection = him40#aia ,at l5g?1 on ! #a/ ,april1 ,galileo 0 able to set out1 al?\gh ! /ate ( 8 heal? 0 /ill su* t he c\ld only p]=m ! j\rney 9 a litt]4 ,he rea*$ ,aquasp>ta on #h? ,april1 sp5t a =tnight ) ,pr9ce ,cesi 9 8 f9e place !re1 & discuss$ ! affairs :i* lay s ne> 8 he>t ) 8 le>n$ & influ5tial fri5d4 ,he did n arrive 9 ,rome till t[>ds ! end ( ,april4 ,! long-expect$ gue/ w\ld h be5 sure ( a di/+ui%$ reception1 ev5 )\t ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e's lett]#aib ( recomm5dation to h] son1 ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici4 ,e "o 0 aw>e ( ! fav\r :i* ! new ,pope ent]ta9$ = ! great a/ronom]4 ,8 old adh]5ts1 !re=e1 receiv$ him ) great] delight ?an ev]2 & 8 enemies1 = ! "t1 only v5tur$ to cl5* _! fi/s beh9d 8 back4 ,8 lett]s ( ?is p]iod express ! great satisfaction :i* ?is flatt]+ reception af=d$ him4#aic ,! prospect did n inde$ look q s fav\rable = 8 cause4 ,)9 six weeks he _h _h six long audi5ces ( ,urban ,,viii41 _h be5 mo/ affably receiv$ by him1 & _h f\nd opportunity to lay be=e him all 8 argum5ts 9 def5ce ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em2#aid b he w\ld n be conv9c$1 & 9 "o ( ^! discussions tri$ to turn ! tables1 & to conv9ce ! advocate ( ! mod]n sy/em ( its incorrectness1 9 :i* he met ) no success4 ,& n only did ,urban1 9 spite ( 8 e/eem = ,galileo1 turn a deaf e> to 8 argum5ts1 b he w\ld n grant 8 petition = tol]ation ( ! new doctr9e2 on ?is po9t he 0 q inexorable4 ,9 va9 did ,galileo obta9 ! support ( sev]al ( ! c>d9als :o 7 fri5dly to him1 to ga9 p]mission f ! supreme rul] ( ,*ri/5dom to tea* ! ,cop]nican sy/em z true4 ,! ,pope said to ,c>d9al ,hoh5zoll]n1 :o1 at ,galileo's reque/1 w>mly took up ! "q1 & _h obs]v$ 9 a conv]sation on x ) ,urban1 t great caution 0 requir$ 9 deal+ ) x1 8t ! ,*ur* nei!r _h condemn$ nor ev] w\ld condemn ! doctr9e z h]etical1 b only z ra%40#aie ,?is language 01 z ,h5ri ,m>t9 ju/ly obs]ves1#aif m ?an want+ 9 precision2 = 9 ! fir/ place ! ,*ur* _h nev] condemn$ x at all1 ei!r z 8h]etical0 or 8ra%10 = ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice nev] mean ! 8,*ur*02 & 9 ! second place1 ?is commission _h1 9 #afaf1 n condemn$ ?is op9ion z 8ra%10 b 8fooli% & absurd philosophically1 & =mally h]etical10 & ?is )\t ! papal confirmation1 s t no condemnation by ! ,*ur* c\ld be said to exi/4 ,galileo1 f9d+ t ,urban1 ) all 8 fri5dly feel+ t[>ds him p]sonally1 w\ld nev] be p]suad$ to revoke ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 resolv$ to return home aft] a /ay ( six weeks at ,rome4 ,!re 0 little to be ga9$ by rema9+ long]4 ,z soon z ! attitude :i* ,urban int5d$ to assume t[>ds ! prohibit$ doctr9e became evid5t1 ,galileo's cl]ical adh]5ts z f> z possible avoid$ express+ !mselves on ! subject1 & ! mod]ate p>ty among ! ,romani/s m]ely advis$ him to take c>e t 8 sci5tific speculations did n contradict ,holy ,scripture4 ,fa!r ,nicolo ,ricc>di1 :o 0 mu* atta*$ to ,galileo & took a great int]e/ 9 8 subsequ5t trial1 0 v +5i\s 9 ma9ta9+ a safe neutrality betwe5 ! two sy/ems4 ,?is good man1 to :om f 8 eloqu5ce1 or z o!rs said because he 0 s fat1 ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 _h giv5 ! nickname ( 8,il ,padre ,mo/ro10 prud5tly agre$ nei!r ) ! ,ptolemaic nor ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 b cont5t$ himself ) a view z peculi> z x 0 conv5i5t4 ,he saw no difficulty 9 ! />s be+ mov$1 z we see !m to be mov$ 9 ! vault ( heav51 by angels1 a proce$+ :i* dem&$ no?+ on our "p b wond] & admiration4#aig ,mean:ile ,galileo's /ay at ,rome _h be5 ( ess5tial s]vice to sci5ce1 al?\gh 9 q a diff]5t way f t :i* he int5d$ on 8 arrival4 ,9 #afbb a c]ta9 ,jacob ,kuppl]1 f ,cologne1 came to ,rome ) a microscope made by a relative ( 81 a ,dut*man ( ! "n ( ,drebbel1 9 ord] to lay ! new discov]y1 ( :i* ,drebbel claim$ to be ! inv5tor1#aih be=e ! papal gov]nm5t4 ,kuppl]1 h[ev]1 di$ be=e he _h an opportunity ( exhibit+ 8 in/rum5t to ! c\rt4 ,soon aft]w>ds _m o!r microscopes 7 s5t to ,rome1 :]e1 h[ev]1 no "o knew h[ to use ! complicat$ in/rum5t4 ,galileo n only at once p]ceiv$ its use1 b greatly improv$ x4#aii ,he aft]w>ds s5t _m ( ^! improv$ in/rum5ts to 8 fri5ds1 & be=e long 8 microscopes 7 9 z great reque/ z 8 telescopes4#bjj ,9 ord] to rectify a mi/ake t has be5 (t5 repeat$1 t ,galileo 0 ! inv5tor ( ?is in/rum5t ( su* va/ importance to sci5ce1 we m5tion "h t he nev] claim$ ?is m]it himself2 x 0 8 eulogi/1 ,viviani1 :o fir/ claim$ x = him1 & 8 ?\ghtless foll[]s h repeat$ x4 ,galileo _h inde$1 z he m5tions 9 8 8,il ,saggiatore10 discov]$ a me?od ( us+ ! telescope to magnify objects z e>ly z #afaj1 b x requir$ an ov]-zeal\s biograph] to claim ,galileo z ! inv5tor ( ! microscope f ?is4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 he :o1 9 #afbd1 br\ght ! microscope to a degree ( p]fection on :i* = a long "t no advance 0 made4 ,urban ,,viii4 heap$ fav\rs ( all sorts on ,galileo be=e 8 dep>ture4 ,he promis$ him a p5sion = 8 son1#bja ?ree days aft]w>ds he s5t him a spl5did picture1 !n aga9 two m$als--"o ( silv]1 ! o!r ( gold1 & q a numb] ( ,agnus ,dei#bjb2 poor consolation1 x is true1 = ! disappo9tm5t ( ! great expectations ) :i* he came to ,rome4 ,h[ev]1 he did n return to ,flor5ce entirely )\t hope4 ,al?\gh !re c\ld be no long] any expectation ( a public revocation ( ! fam\s decree1 he 0 fa9 to believe t x w\ld n be rigidly kept to1 & ?\ght t1 support$ by 8 papal patron1 he %\ld be able +5i\sly to circumv5t x4 ,he 0 f> f ?9k+ t ! fett]s plac$ by ! ecclesia/ical p[] on ! free c\rse ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e 7 remov$1 b he 0 ( op9ion t !y 7 consid]ably loos5$4 ,& ensu+ ev5ts1 z well z all ! news :i* ,galileo receiv$ f 8 fri5ds at ,rome1 7 calculat$ to confirm ! idea4 ,! ,pope1 wi%+ to give a /rong (ficial pro( ( 8 fav\r1 _h himself address$ a lett] to ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 9 :i*1 to ! no small *agr9 ( ,galileo's enemies1 he _h n only done full ju/ice to 8 s]vices to sci5ce1 b _h laid special /ress on 8 religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,9 ?is lett] ( #g? ,june1 #afbd1 ,urban fir/ m5tion$ ,galileo's great discov]ies1 8! fame ( :i* w %9e on e>? s long z ,jupit] & 8 satellites %9e 9 heav540 ,& aft] decl>+ t he felt a true fa!rly affection = s great a man1 8 ,hol9ess cont9u$3-- 8,we h obs]v$ 9 him n only ! lit]>y di/9ction1 b also ! love ( religion & all ! good qualities wor?y ( ! papal fav\r4 ,:5 he came to congratulate u on our accession1 we embrac$ him affectionately1 & li/5$ ) pleasure to 8 le>n$ demon/rations :i* add fre% r5[n to ,flor5t9e eloqu5ce4 ,we desire t he %\ld n return to 8 native c\ntry )\t hav+ receiv$ by our g5]osity manifold pro(s ( our papal fav\r4444 ,& t y may fully und]/& to :at ext5t he is de> to u1 we wi% to give ?is brilliant te/imony to 8 virtues & piety4 ,we are anxi\s to assure y t we %all ?ank y = all ! k9dness t y c %[ him1 by imitat+ or ev5 surpass+ our fa!rly g5]osity40#bjc ,) 8 hopes rais$ /ill high] by ^! unusually graci\s words ( 8 papal patron1 ,galileo v5tur$1 soon aft] 8 return f ,rome1 to reply to a refutation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :i* 9 #afaf _h be5 address$ to him z its mo/ di/+ui%$ advocate 9 ! !n fav\rite =m ( a public lett]1 by a c]ta9 ,+oli1 !n a lawy] at ,rav5na1 & aft]w>ds secret>y ( ! ,propag&a at ,rome4 ,+oli1 ?\gh an adh]5t ( ! old sy/em1 0 at ! same "t a s9c]e admir] ( ,galileo1 s t 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! !ory ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? 7 *>act]is$ by great objectivity4 ,aft] ! ev5ts ( #afaf1 ,galileo _h wisely refra9$ f answ]+ x2 9 #afah1 h[ev]1 x _h be5 done by ano!r corypheus ( sci5ce1 ,kepl]1 9 8 8,extracts f ! ,a/ronomy ( ,cop]nicus10#bjd 9 :i* he valiantly combat$ ,+oli's objections4 ,b ! latt] did n consid] himself beat51 & repli$ 9 a lett] address$ to a *amb]la9 ( ,paul ,v4 ,n[1 aft] ! lapse ( eight ye>s1 ,galileo ?\ght t1 protect$ by ! fav\r ( ,urban ,,viii41 he might v5ture on a reply to ,+oli4 ,b he aga9 took c>e 9 writ+ x n to come into collision ) ! decree ( #e? ,m>*4 ,) ! assum$ imp]i\s prohibition ( ,febru>y1 #afaf1 ?is /ep ( ,galileo's c be no m made to agree ?an 8 s5d+ 8 treatise on ! tides to ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria1 #afah1 or ! publication ( 8,il ,saggiatore40 ,galileo und]takes1 9 ! reply to ,+oli1 to def5d ! ,cop]nican doctr9e "u a d\ble pretext4 ,on ! "o h&1 he says he wi%es to %[ t1 z he _h giv5 curr5cy to ! new sy/em ( ! univ]se be=e x 0 condemn$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 he _h n be5 ! def5d] ( an improbable or unreasonable idea2 on ! o!r h&1 he wi%es to prove to ! ,prote/ant ,cop]nicans 9 ,g]many1 t 9 ,ca?olic ,italy ! views ( _! great c\ntryman _h n be5 reject$ f ignorance ( _! great probability1 8b f rev]5ce = ,holy ,scripture1 z well z zeal = religion & our holy fai?40 ,aft] ?is +5i\s introduction1 & an assurance t he _h no int5tion :atev] ( repres5t+ ! =bidd5 doctr9e z true1 he proce$s ) equal polit5ess & vig\r to refute all ,+oli's objections4#bje ,9 spite ( ?is diplomatic introduction1 h[ev]1 8 fri5ds at ,rome1 well aw>e ( ! malice ( 8 enemies1 & hav+ _h b a few mon?s be=e to def5d 8,il ,saggiatore10 urg5tly dissuad$ him f hav+ ?is r w>m def5ce ( a =bidd5 doctr9e pr9t$4#bjf ,he gave he$ to _! w>n+s1 & s ?is reply 0 only circulat$ 9 num]\s copies among ! le>n$ _w 9 ,italy4 ,mean:ile ! reports :i* ,galileo 0 con/antly receiv+ f 8 fri5ds at ,rome t5d$ to increase 8 confid5ce 9 ! fav\rable influ5ce :i* ,urban's p]sonal lik+ = him1 & 8 ta/e = art & sci5ce1 7 likely to ex]cise on tol]ance ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,?us 8 devot$ adh]5t ,guiducci1 9 sev]al lett]s ( #f?1 #ac? & #bd? ,septemb]1 #afbd1bjg told him1 t ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,jesuit fa!r1 ,t>qu9io ,galuzzi1 he _h _h sev]al int]views ) ,galileo's =m] bitt] adv]s>y1 ,fa!r ,grassi1 :o _h said t ,galileo's !ory t ! ph5om5a ( ! tides 7 to be attribut$ to ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? 80 v +5i\s10 & t :5 ! tru? ( ^! op9ions 0 unansw]ably e/abli%$1 ! !ologians w\ld be/ir !mselves to alt] ! int]pretation ( ^? passages ( ,scripture :i* ref] to ! e>? z be+ /ation>y6 ,! guileless ,guiducci add$ confid5tially1 q tak5 ) ?is ,jesuit's amiability1 t he _h n notic$ any great av]sion to ! new sy/em 9 ,grassi1 inde$ he did n despair ( e/rang+ 8,lo?>io ,s>si0 f ,ptolemy4 ,two mon?s lat]1 h[ev]1 ! same correspond5t told ,galileo t a viol5t h>angue _h be5 deliv]$ 9 ! ,jesuit ,college at ,rome aga9/ ! adh]5ts ( ! new doctr9e1 by ,fa!r ,sp9ola1 & "s "t aft]w>ds he s5t him a copy ( x2#bjh b z x attack$ all ^? :o did n pr(ess to be foll[]s ( an antiquat$ ,p]ipateticism1 x made b little impression on ,galileo1 & t little 0 entirely effac$ :5 ,mgr4 ,ciampoli wrote to him1 on #bh? ,decemb]1 #afbe1 t he _h acqua9t$ ! ,pope ) sev]al passages ( 8 reply to ,+oli1 & t he _h highly approv$ !m4#bji ,be=e long ,guiducci f\nd out h[ bitt]ly he _h be5 deceiv$ 9 ,grassi1 & :at a mis]able game he _h be5 play+ ) him z ,galileo's fri5d4 ,! memory ( ! fav\rs by :i* ! ,pope _h di/+ui%$ ! great ,tuscan :5 at ,rome _h sc>cely di$ away :5 ,grassi ?rew aside ! mask1 & 8,lo?>io ,s>si0 exhibit$ himself 9 a new & revis$ edition1 fulm9at+ rage & v5om aga9/ ,galileo & 8 sy/em4 ,not)/&+ ! hypocritical mod]ation exhibit$ to ,guiducci1 he _h n =gott5 ! mortify+ defeat :i* 8,il ,saggiatore0 _h subject$ him to1 &1 ?\gh circum/ances _h prev5t$ him f def5d+ himself at once1 he _h by no means giv5 up ! int5tion ( do+ s4 ,two ye>s hav+ elaps$ s9ce ,galileo's visit to ,rome1 ,grassi ?\ght he might v5ture1 "u pretext ( a reply to 8,il ,saggiatore10 to publi% a new attack on its au?or4 ,x 0 entitl$1 9 bad ,lat93 8,ratio pond]um ,libr et ,simbell1 etc4 ,autore ,lo?>io ,s>si ,sig5sano40 ,x conta9$ _m p]sonal accusations aga9/ ,galileo1 & ! "w altoge!r 0 *>act]iz$ by a bl9d hatr$1 :i* repeat$ly l$ ! au?or into v fooli% /atem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ,grassi tri$ incid5tally to prove by v +5i\s argum5ts t ,galileo's physics w\ld lead to ! d5ial ( ! real pres5ce 9 ! ,"l's ,supp]6#baj ,b ! enrag$ ,jesuit w5t /ill fur!r1 & gave 8 read]s pretty pla9ly to und]/& t s9ce ,galileo agre$ on _m que/ions ( physics ) ,epicurus1 ,telesius1 & ,c>danus1 he mu/ also approve _! godlessness1 :i* /range ass]tion1 h[ev]1 he did n v5ture to su/a9 by any evid5ce4 ,to ,galileo x seem$ an enc\rag+ sign ( ! times t x 0 consid]$ desirable to seek a publi%] = ^! accusations f a memb] ( ! ,roman ,college away f ! papal resid5ce4 ,grassi's effusions came out at ,p>is 9 #afbf1 & at ,naples 9 #afbg4 ,! v unfav\rable reception ( ! "w at ,rome1 except among a few pettifogg+ enemies ( ,galileo1 also t5d$ to confirm him 9 8 un=tunately mi/ak5 op9ion t ,rome1 "u ! pontificate ( ,urban ,,viii41 w\ld h little or no?+ to object to 9 ! ri* h>ve/ promis$ by ! rese>*es ( ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]1 z well z by 8 own discov]ies 9 ! field ( sci5ce4 ,he ?\ght he c\ld reckon on papal tol]ance1 if only ! def5ce ( ! new sy/em 7 s circumspectly h&l$ z n to cla% ) ! (t-m5tion$ decree ( ! ,congregation4 ,on ?is assumption he _h resolv$1 imm$iately aft] 8 return f ,rome1 to c>ry out ! great "w :i* he _h long project$1 & :i*1 f ! va/ sci5tific k x display$1 comb9$ ) a brilliant /yle1 0 to meet ) great] success & fav\r ?an _h ev] be5 atta9$ by any sci5tific "w4 ,?is 0 8 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,pr9cipal ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w40 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,publication ,,( ,,! 8,,dialogues ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,pr9cipal ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,! ,,_w10 ,,& ,,trial ,,& ,,condemnation ,,( ,,galileo4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! 8,,dialogues0 ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems4 ,orig9 ( ! 8,dialogues40--,_! ,popul> ,/yle4--,significance ( ! "n ,simplicius4--,hypo!tical treatm5t ( ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,attitude ( ,rome t[>ds ,sci5ce4--,?omas ,campanella4--,urban ,,viii4's ,duplicity4--,galileo takes 8 ,,ms4 to ,rome4--,ricc>di's ,corrections--,he gives ! ,imprimatur on c]ta9 ,conditions4--,galileo returns to ,flor5ce to complete ! ,"w4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! v "w :i* 0 de/9$ to be "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful lev]s 9 obta9+ g5]al recognition = ! true ord] ( ! univ]se orig9at$ 9 :at we n[ "k to be an errone\s idea4 ,! fam\s book1 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,pr9cipal ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican10#baa arose out ( ! treatise on ! tides :i* ,galileo wrote at ,rome1 9 #afaf1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,c>d9al ,ors9i4#bab ,! important influ5ce ( ^! 8,dialogues10 bo? on sci5ce & ! subsequ5t fate ( ! au?or1 obliges u to discuss !m m p>ticul>ly4 ,! book conta9s a great deal m ?an is promis$ by ! title2 = ! au?or includ$ 9 x1 9 connection ) ! discussion ( ! two sy/ems1 ne>ly all ! results ( 8 rese>*es & discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 ext5d+ ov] ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,he also endeav\r$ to write 9 a /yle :i* %\ld be adapt$ n = ! le>n$ _w alone1 b :i* w\ld be bo? intelligible & attractive to e educat$ p]son2 & 9 ?is he atta9$ complete success1 = he wi%$ by means ( ?is book to ext5d z widely z possible a k ( ! true ord] ( nature4 ,! =m ( ! "w 0 mo/ happily *os54 ,! results ( ! rese>*es ( a lifetime 7 n giv5 to ! read] 9 a "w r$ol5t ( ! p$antry ( ! pr(essor's *air1 9 :i* sci5tific demon/rations drag on ) we>isome monotony1 b 9 ! lively =m ( dialogue1 :i* admitt$ ( digressions & gave ! au?or scope = display+ 8 s$uctive eloqu5ce1 8 r>e skill 9 dialectics & bit+ s>casm--9 %ort1 = 8 peculi>ly brilliant /yle4 ,! dialogue is c>ri$ on by ?ree int]locutors1 two ( :om adduce ! sci5tific reasons = ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 :ile ! ?ird hone/ly tries to def5d ! op9ions ( ! ,ari/otelian s*ool ) all ! sci5tific means at 8 disposal1 & z ^! did n suffice1 ) ! arts ( sophi/ry also4 ,if he has b little success1 ! fault lies ) ! cause he advocates4 ,galileo gave to ! def5d]s ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em ! names ( 8 two fam\s pupils & fri5ds1 nei!r ( !m !n liv+1 ,filipo ,salviati1 ( ,flor5ce1 & ,giovan ,francesco ,sagr$o1 s5ator ( ,v5ice1 !reby erect+ a bett] monum5t to !m ?an he c\ld h done 9 m>ble4 ,salviati is ! special advocate ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,sagr$o takes ! "p ( an educat$ layman1 intellig5t1 imp>tial1 & desir\s to le>n4 ,! advocate ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 0 call$ briefly ,simplicius1 a pseudonym ov] :i* ! le>n$ h (t5 puzzl$ _! heads4 ,did he give ?is "n ( simpleton satirically to ! *ampion ( ! anci5t sy/em1 or 0 x m]ely an allusion to ,simplicius1 ! comm5tator ( ,ari/otle1 z ,galileo /at$ 9 8 8,avviso al lettore80 ,! selection ( ?is "n is *>act]i/ic ( ! ambigu\s attitude :i* ! au?or ma9ta9s 9 8 8,dialogues40 ,! s>ca/ic ve9 is obvi\s ?r\gh\t1 b is +5i\sly conceal$ beh9d a mask int5d$ to inspire confid5ce4 ,salviati conducts ! argum5ts = ! ,cop]nican !ory ) su* conv9c+ =ce & cle>ness1 & annihilates s completely all ! objections ( ! un=tunate ,simplicius1 t no unbiass$ read] c fail to p]ceive ! sci5tific sup]iority ( ! mod]n !ory to ! old4 ,& z ,galileo consci5ti\sly puts 9 ! m\? ( ! ,p]ipatetic philosoph] e possible argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,ari/otelian cause1 z well z ! objections to ! o!r side1 ! total defeat ( its advocate is a victory all ! m brilliant = ! immortal ,canon ( ,frau5burg4 ,! condition t ! ,cop]nican doctr9e is only to be employ$ z a hypo!sis is o/5sibly fully compli$ )4 ,if ,salviati or ,sagr$o demon/rate to ,simplicius ! unt5abl5ess ( "s ,ptolemaic axiom1 or add an important /one to ! ,cop]nican /ructure1 ,galileo ha/5s to int]polate "s rem>k to weak5 ! impression4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t ! agreem5t ( ?is 8hypo!sis0 ) all ! ph5om5a ( nature is z cle> z daylight2 & :51 = in/ance1 x is said t ! f9al decision 9 ! pres5t controv]sy re/s nei!r ) ma!matics & physics1 nor ) philosophy & logic1 b solely ) a 8high] insight10 or :5 ,salviati repeat$ly ass]ts t he does n 9 ! lea/ wi% to ma9ta9 ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e1 b applies ! ^w 8possibly0 to x1 or speaks ( x z a 8fantasia0 or 8vanissima *im]a10 ! read] _c fail to p]ceive t ^! prud5t res]vations1 :i* always occur at critical passages1 are made ) ! sole purpose ( r5d]+ ! publication ( ! "w possible4 ,! preface & conclusion h no logical agreem5t ) ! cont5ts ( ! 8,dialogues10 & owe _! orig9 to ! same motive4 ,9 ! preface ! ecclesia/ical prohibition ( #afaf to tea* t ! e>? moves1 is actually call$ a 8salut>y edict0 7un salutif]o editto76 ,! read] le>ns fur!r1 to 8 no small a/oni%m5t1 t ! purpose ( ?is compreh5sive "w is to refute ! :olly unf\nd$ op9ion :i* has ga9$ mu* cr$it abroad1 t ?is adv]se judgm5t ( ,rome 0 n ! result ( mature delib]ation1 b m]ely ( ! ha/y impulse ( judges :o 7 n qualifi$ to decide on ^! que/ions ( natural sci5ce4 ,galileo ass]ts t 8 zeal did n p]mit him to keep sil5ce 9 face ( ^? audaci\s accusations1 & t be+ 9 possession ( all ! circum/ances connect$ ) t prud5t decision1 he felt con/ra9$ to be> witness to ! tru? be=e all ! _w4 ,9 br++ =w>d "h all 8 speculations on ! ,cop]nican doctr9e1 he wi%$ to %[ t at ,rome1 :]e he _h tak5 "p 9 ! consultations1 !y _h be5 fully aw>e ( all ! argum5ts :i* c\ld be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! new doctr9e4#bac ,on ! orig9 ( ?is s+ul> introduction1 a po9t on :i* div]g5t & (t5 unw>rant$ op9ions prevail1 we %all ent] 9 detail 9 its "r place4 ,! conclusion ( ! "w1 :i* is divid$ into f\r 8days10 agrees no bett] ) ! re/ ( ! cont5ts ?an ! preface4 ,al?\gh ! ,cop]nicans ev]y:]e ga9 ! day1 ,galileo takes c>e1 = v good reasons1 n to draw any conclusions f x on ! f\r? day4 ,! discussion ends app>5tly )\t com+ to any result4 ,salviati disclaims any wi% to =ce an op9ion on any "o :i* seem$ to him a 8*im]a0 or a 8p>adox40 ,address+ himself to ,sagr$o1 he rem>ks t ,sagr$o _h (t5 agre$ ) ! op9ions he _h express$1 b he ?9ks t ?is 0 (t5 m f _! orig9ality ?an _! conclusiv5ess4 ,hav+ !re=e ?ank$ him = 8 8polite indulg5ce10 he apologises to ,simplicius = ! eag]ness ( 8 language1 & assures him t he _h no int5tion ( (f5d+ him1 b r ( induc+ him to communicate 8 sublime ideas 7671 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be in/ructive to himself4 ,9 conclusion1 !y agree to meet aga9 = a f9al discussion4#bad ,did ,galileo really int5d to add a fif? day8 ,m>t9 ?9ks x probable1 8=10 he says1 8,galileo might at t p]iod /ill h hop$ t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities w\ld tol]ate ! new sy/em dur+ 8 lifetime1 especially %\ld "s new discov]y1 z1 = in/ance t ( a small annual p>allax ( ! fix$ />s1 af=d c]ta9 pro( 9 fav\r ( 8 sy/em4 ,9 t case ,galileo w\ld h be5 at la/ all[$ to express 8 op9ions )\t res]ve40#bae ,we ?9k x v possible1 inde$ probable1 t ,galileo did int5d to add a fif? day at a fav\rable opportunity1 9 :i* he w\ld h giv5 ! result ( ! previ\s discussions2 b he c]ta9ly 0 n wait+ = 8"s new discov]y40 ,x 0 8 firm conviction t none 0 want$1 s9ce 8 telescopic obs]vations amply prov$ ! tru? ( 8 !ory2 nei!r w\ld ! mo/ conv9c+ discov]y h enabl$ him to express 8 views )\t res]ve1 = !y _h by no means be5 condemn$ by ! cl]gy f want ( pro(1 b z 8fooli% & absurd philosophically & =mally h]etical40 ,we are q aw>e t c]ta9 writ]s :o h assum$ ! task ( def5d+ ! action ( ! curia aga9/ ,galileo1 ma9ta9 t ! ecclesia/ical p>ty object$ to ! new sy/em because its accordance ) ! ph5om5a ( nature _h n be5 suffici5tly prov$4#baf ,b ev5 7 ?is grant$1 9 view ( ! opposition rais$ on sci5tific gr\nds & ! root$ atta*m5t to old op9ions1 e unbiass$ p]son mu/ demur to ! assumption t 9 ! attitude ( ,rome t[>ds ! ,cop]nican "q ! int]e/s ( sci5ce _h any influ5ce :atev]4 ,x c\ld n be an advantage to sci5ce to trammel free discussion4 ,! subsequ5t h>% proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo1 :5 sev5ty ye>s ( age1 ! ho/ile & p]emptory attitude :i* ,rome ma9ta9$ t[>ds him until 8 dea?1 z well z t[>ds ! new sy/em & all discussion ( x1 be> ample te/imony1 9 our op9ion1 t ! cl]gy _h ! int]e/s ( sci5ce v little at he>t1 & t _! sole desire 0 to ma9ta9 ! f\ndation-/one 9 its place on :i* ! +5i\s /ructure ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ca?olic philosophy 0 rais$2 namely1 ! doctr9e t "m e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #afbi1 ,galileo _h complet$ 8 ill-fat$ "w on ! two sy/ems1 except ! introduction & a few f9i%+ /rokes4 ,he ann\nc$ ?is to 8 fri5ds 9 sundry lett]s1#bag & told ,pr9ce ,cesi 9 two lett]s ( #bd? ,decemb]1 #afbi1 & #ac? ,janu>y1 #afcj1 t he int5d$ com+ to ,rome to see to ! pr9t+ ( ! 8,dialogues40#bah ,! pr9ce 9 8 reply express$ entire approval ( ! project1 & enc\rag$ ,galileo to set out = ,rome v soon1 8:]e he w\ld h no fur!r tr\ble ab\t ! pro(s ?an to give su* ord]s z he pleas$40#bai ,altoge!r ! position ( affairs seem$ rem>kably fav\rable = ! publication ( ! 8,dialogues40 ,galileo's devot$ adh]5t1 ,ca/elli1 _h be5 summon$ to ,rome 9 #afbd by ,urban ,,viii41 & enjoy$ great consid]ation ) ! p[]ful family ( ,b>b]9i1 to ^: y\nge/ scion1 ,taddeo1 he gave in/ruction 9 ma!matics4 ,?is long-tri$ fri5d in=m$ ,galileo 9 a lett] ( #f? ,febru>y1#bbj t ,fa!r ,ricc>di1 :o mean:ile _h be5 rais$ to ! (fice ( *ief c5sor ( ! press 7,magi/] ,sacri ,palatii7 _h promis$ 8 ready assi/ance 9 ,galileo's affairs4 ,ca/elli also express$ 8 conviction t1 z f> z ,ricc>di 0 conc]n$1 he w\ld f9d no difficulty4 ,ano!r piece ( in=mation 9 ! same lett]1 h[ev]1 0 n q s satisfactory2 ! p]sonage second 9 importance at ! papal c\rt1 ,urban's bro!r1 ,c>d9al ,antonio ,b>b]9i1 _h1 :5 ,ca/elli told him ( ! completion ( ! 8,dialogues10 said no?+ p>ticul> aga9/ ! !ory itself1 s f> z x 0 treat$ z a hypo!sis1 b _h made ! j rem>k t ! e>?1 if x revolv$ r\nd ! sun1 mu/ be a />1 an idea 8:i* 0 too f> oppos$ to !ological tru?40 ,ca/elli appeas$ ! c>d9al by assur+ him t ,galileo _h weighty argum5ts aga9/ ?is1 & x is *>act]i/ic ( ! prevail+ confusion ( ideas on a/ronomical subjects1 t ,b>b]9i ?\ght ?is possible1 & t ,ca/elli wrote to ,galileo t he w\ld n f9d x h>d to /e] cle> ( ?is rock4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! trammels plac$ by religion on ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,a second lett] ( ,ca/elli's to ,galileo ( #af? ,m>*1 #afcj1 conta9s f> m important & enc\rag+ intellig5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,?omas ,campanella#bba _h told ! ,pope at an audi5ce1 t a %ort "t be=e he _h tri$ to conv]t "s ,g]man nobles to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 t he _h f\nd !m fav\rably dispos$1 b :5 !y he>d ( ! prohibition ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 !y 7 s indignant t he c\ld d no?+ m ) !m4 ,to ?is ,urban repli$3 8,x nev] 0 our int5tion2 & if x _h dep5d$ ^u u1 t decree w\ld n h be5 pass$40#bbb ,^! pregnant words1 coolly utt]$ by ,urban1 :5 repeat$ to ,galileo 7 well calculat$ to mislead him into infr++ ! decree1 9 ! _s if n 9 ! lett]4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 at lea/ z incorrect z ! reply report$ on ! same subject to ,c>d9al ,hoh5zoll]n 9 #afbd4 ,urban entirely =got t he _h n int]c$$ 9 any way 9 #afaf = ! a/ronomical sy/em ?reat5$ ) condemnation4 ,& 8 conduct %[$ t he mu/ h be5 a p>ty to x4 ,we ne$ only call to m9d h[ inexorable he _h be5 on ! "q 9 #afbd to ,galileo himself1 & h[ /]nly he aft]w>ds all[$ proce$+s to be tak5 aga9/ him4 ,urban c\ld only h act$ 9 ?is way because he 0 conv9c$ ( ! dang] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em to ! ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,& he 0 f> too %rewd n to p]ceive h[ ! mod]n views ?reat5$ a religion bas$ ^u anci5t a/ronomy4 ,8 rem>k to ,campanella1 !re=e1 0 no?+ b smoo? words1 & ?is is fully confirm$ by subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,b !y c\ld n fail to inspire ,galileo ) confid5ce t "u ,urban ,,viii4 an +5i\s circumv5tion ( ! decree w\ld give no (f5ce at ! ,vatican4 ,besides ?is1 ,ca/elli report$ 9 ! same lett] t ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 :o 0 also well in=m$1 0 firmly conv9c$ t ,galileo's p]sonal appe>ance at ,rome w\ld imm$iately remove any difficulty t might occur ab\t publi%+ ! 8,dialogues40#bbc ,ano!r lett] f ,ca/elli ( #f? ,april urg$ him to set out = ! papal resid5ce1 :]e1 to quote ! words ( ,ciampoli1 8!y 7 long+ = him m ?an = a lady love40#bbd ,full ( hope f ^! promis+ reports1 on #crd ,may ,galileo arriv$ at ,rome ) ! ,,ms4 ( 8 8,dialogues40 ,& ev5ts dur+ 8 two mon?s' /ay seem$ to realise 8 expectations4 ,soon aft] 8 arrival he _h a long audi5ce ( ,urban ,,viii41 & wrote on #ah? ,may 9 high spirits to ,flor5ce3--8,8 ,hol9ess has begun to treat my affairs 9 a way t p]mits me to hope = a fav\rable result40#bbe ,ricc>di also met ,galileo1 z 0 to be expect$ f ,ca/elli's lett]s1 9 ! mo/ oblig+ way4 ,galileo %[$ him 8 "w ) ! express reque/ t he w\ld exam9e x closely4 ,! papal c5sor1 h[ev]1 c\ld n b p]ceive1 ) all 8 p]sonal reg>d = ,galileo1 t 9 8 8,dialogues0 he _h by no means always kept1 de facto1 )9 ! limits ( hypo!tical treatm5t ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & 9 "s p>ts _h f> exce$$ !m4 ,he decid$1 !re=e1 bo? z 8 (ficial duty & 9 ! int]e/ ( ,galileo himself1 to h ! book alt]$ to ! hypo!tical /&po9t4 ,_m corrections 7 to be made1 & bo? preface & conclusion 7 to be alt]$ s z to agree ) !m4 ,ricc>di intru/$ ! fir/ task to 8 (ficial assi/ant1 ,fa!r ,rafael ,visconti1 :o seem$ well qualifi$ = x 9 8 capacity ( pr(essor ( ma!matics4 ,he execut$ x ) equal prud5ce & +5uity1 improv$ _m passages1 & f9ally approv$ ! "w ?us revis$4 ,! middle ( ,june _h mean:ile arriv$1 & ,galileo 0 anxi\s to leave ,rome on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,b ,ricc>di wi%$ to look ?r\gh ! 8,dialogues0 once m aft] !y _h be5 revis$ by ,visconti1 be=e giv+ !m 8 imprimatur4 ,galileo repres5t$ t ?is second revision 0 n cu/om>y1 & succe$$ 9 induc+ ,ricc>di to grant p]mission = ! pr9t+ = ,rome4#bbf ,on ! o!r h&1 ,galileo und]took to fa%ion ! beg9n+ & end ( ! "w 9 accordance ) a plan ( ! supreme au?orities ( ! c5sor%ip4 ,!re 7 also /ill a few passages to be p]sonally discuss$ ) ! au?or2 & z he 0 unable to /ay long] at ,rome )\t dang] to 8 heal?1 :i* 0 already beg9n+ to suff]1 x 0 agre$ t he %\ld return 9 ! autumn1 & mean:ile#bbg he w\ld prep>e ! index & ! d$ication to ! ,gr& ,duke1 & revise ! preface & conclusion4 ,! ma9 condition1 h[ev]1 "u :i* ,ricc>di gave ! book 8 imprimatur1 0 t aft] its f9al completion x %\ld be submitt$ to him2 & 9 ord] to avoid loss ( "t1 he engag$ to look x ?r\gh %eet by %eet1 & to s5d ea* at once to press aft] inspection4 ,z 0 usual 9 ! case ( memb]s ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei1 ! "w 0 to be publi%$ 9 ! "n ( ?is society1 & ! presid5t1 ,pr9ce ,cesi1 0 to see x ?r\gh ! press4 ,s at ! end ( ,june#bbh ,galileo return$ to ,flor5ce ) 8 ,,ms4 & ! ecclesia/ical imprimatur1 :i* 0 grant$ bona fide = ,rome )\t res]ve4 ,!re 7 inde$ sundry conditions atta*$ to x1 to be arrang$ privately2 b !y seem$ to pres5t s little difficulty1 t a few days aft] he left on #bi? ,june1 ,niccol9i report$ to ,cioli t ,signor ,galileo left la/ ,w$nesday1 p]fectly satisfi$1 & ) 8 affairs q settl$4#bbi ,b ev5ts 7 n[ at h& :i* long def]r$ ,galileo's ard5t desire to see ! results ( 8 unwe>i$ rese>*es & lab\rs spe$ily giv5 to ! _w1 & :i* involv$ complications aft]w>ds tak5 advantage ( by 8 enemies to effect ! ru9 ( _! great oppon5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,imprimatur ,,= ,,! 8,,dialogues40 ,dea? ( ,pr9ce ,cesi4--,dissolution ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei4--,galileo advis$ to pr9t at ,flor5ce4--,difficulties & ,delays4--,8 ,impati5ce4--,au?or%ip ( ! ,introduction4--,! ,imprimatur grant$ = ,flor5ce4--,absurd ,accusation f ! /yle ( ! ,type ( ! ,introduction4 ,six weeks _h sc>cely elaps$ aft] ,galileo's return f ,rome1 :5 he receiv$ f 8 fri5d ,francesco ,/elluti ! />tl+ intellig5ce ( ! dea? ( 8 influ5tial patron1 ,pr9ce ,cesi1 :o _h be5 snat*$ away on #a/ ,augu/ by an attack ( fev]1 aft] a few days' illness4#bcj ,?is 0 a great bl[ to ,galileo4 ,x 0 n only t he lo/ 9 ! pr9ce an adh]5t1 z influ5tial z he 0 devot$1 b 8 dea? j !n 0 ( ! greate/ mom5t on acc\nt ( ! 8,dialogues40 ,!re 01 p]haps1 no "o s well qualifi$ to =w>d _! publication z ,cesi1 :o1 z presid5t ( ! ,accadmia dei ,l9cei1 seem$ j ! man = x4 ,! ,academy1 depriv$ ( its /ronge/ support1 0 gradually dissolv$1 aft] ! h& 0 want+ :i* knew h[ to weave its multitud9\s ?reads into a firm & solid fabric4 ,only ! ?ird week aft] ! pr9ce's dea?1 ,galileo felt ! fir/ effects ( 8 heavy loss4 ,9 a lett] ( #bd? ,augu/1 ,ca/elli urg5tly advis$ him 8= _m mo/ weighty reasons :i* he did n wi% j !n to commit to pap]1 to h ! "w pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 & z soon z possible40#bca ,ca/elli add$ t he _h inquir$ ( ,fa!r ,visconti :e!r ?is w\ld pres5t any difficulties1 to :i* he _h repli$ t !re 0 no?+ to prev5t1 & he 7,visconti7 desir$ above all ?+s t ! "w %\ld see ! light4 ,galileo 0 ! m ready to fall 9 ) ?is proposition because ! plague1 :i* _h made fe>ful ravages 9 ,nor? ,italy1 _h n[ made its appe>ance 9 ,tuscany1 & ! precaution>y measures tak5 by ! neighb\r+ ,/ates made all int]c\rse ) !m1 & especially ) ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 v t$i\s & (t5 impossible4 ,galileo !re=e at once took ! ne$ful /eps = publi%+ 8 book at ,flor5ce4 ,he appli$ to ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al ( ! city1 to ! ,vic>-,g5]al1 & to ! political au?orities = p]mission1 & x 0 grant$ )\t hesitation on #aa? ,septemb]1 #afcj4bcb ,galileo next address$ himself to ,ricc>di2 repres5t$ to him ! great ob/acles to publi%+ ! "w at ,rome1 & !re=e ask$ p]mission to publi% x at ,flor5ce4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( tr\bles4 ,! *ief ( ! ,roman c5sor%ip at fir/ r\ndly refus$1 & :5 ,galileo urg$ 8 reque/ aga91 he in=m$ him ?r\gh ! ,tuscan ambassador at ! papal c\rt1 ,francesco ,niccol9i1 t ! "w mu/ be s5t 9 = f9al revision z agre$ ^u1 )\t :i* he %\ld nev] h cons5t$ to ! publication4 ,ca/elli also wrote to ,galileo on #ba/ ,septemb]1#bcc z commission$ by ,ricc>di1 t z 8 com+ himself to ,rome1 z orig9ally agre$ ^u1 0 r5d]$ impossible by ! outbreak ( ! plague1 he _h bett] s5d ! manuscript to ,ricc>di1 9 ord] t he & ,mgr4 ,ciampoli might make ! f9al corrections4 ,ca/elli said fur!r t ,ricc>di 0 /ill v fav\rably dispos$ to ,galileo1 & t :5 8 "w _h und]gone ?is c5sor%ip1 he c\ld s5d x to press 9 ,flor5ce z well z any:]e else4 ,aft] ?is ,galileo made inquiries :e!r1 "u pres5t circum/ances1 a l>ge packet ( ,,mss4 c\ld be s5t safely ov] ! bord]4 ,b he 0 ev]y:]e met ) a negative1 & ! rem>k t m]e lett]s sc>cely pass$4 ,9 va9 he appli$ to ! po/ma/]1 9 va9 he appeal$ to ! ,gr& ,ducal secret>y ( /ate1 ,bali ,cioli1 = help2 no means c\ld be devis$1 "u ! /rict close ( ! fronti]s1 :]eby ! bulky "w c\ld be transmitt$ to ,rome ) any prospect ( safety4 ,greatly disconc]t$1 ,galileo repres5t$ ?is /ate ( ?+s to ,ricc>di1 & (f]$ to s5d1 at any rate1 ! preface & conclusion ( ! 8,dialogues10 t ! ecclesia/ical au?orities might alt] ^! important p>ts ( ! "w z seem$ good to !m1 & said t he 0 will+ to designate ! ,cop]nican views m5tion$ 9 ! book z m]e *im]as1 p>alogisms1 dreams1 & fantasies1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 0 aft]w>ds actually done4 ,z to ! f9al revision1 ,galileo propos$ t ,ricc>di %\ld entru/ x to "s "o at ,flor5ce4 ,exce$+ly annoy$ by all ^! ob/acles to an e>ly publication ( 8 8,dialogues10 ,galileo at ! same "t ask$ ! ,tuscan ambassador1 ,niccol9i1 & 8 wife1 :o 7 well dispos$ t[>ds him1 to try & induce ,ricc>di1 :om he _h (t5 se5 at _! h\se1 to accept ?is proposal4 ,& :at fri5ds & colleagues ( ! *ief c5sor & o!r em95t m5 _h fail$ 91 0 accompli%$ by ! delicate m$iation ( a lady4 ,on #ai? ,octob]1 #afcj1 ,cat]9a ,niccol9i wrote to ,galileo1 t ! ,padre ,mae/ro1 :o 0 he>tily devot$ to him1 w\ld oblig+ly excuse him f s5d+ ! :ole "w2 let him s5d ! introduction & conclusion1 b on condition t ! :ole ,,ms4 %\ld be revis$ be=e publication by "s compet5t p]son at ,flor5ce1 & by a !ologian emp[]$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 :o mu/ belong to ! ,b5$ict9e ord]4 ,fa!r ,ricc>di propos$ ,fa!r ,clem5t = ! task4 ,! ambassador's wife add$1 h[ev]1 commission$ by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace1 t if ?is *oice 7 n agreeable to ,galileo1 he might himself propose a suitable p]son1 :o w\ld be emp[]$ to act4#bcd ,&1 9 fact1 ,fa!r ,clem5t 0 n to ,galileo's ta/e1 & he propos$ ,fa!r ,hyac9! ,/ephani1 c\nsellor to ! ,holy ,inquisition at ,flor5ce1 :o 0 approv$ by ,ricc>di4 ,?is ecclesia/ic revis$ ! "w v ?or\ghly1 &--s at lea/ ,galileo reports#bce--0 mov$ to te>s at _m passages by ! humility & rev]5t ob$i5ce :i* ! au?or _h display$4 ,hav+ made "s insignificant corrections1 sugge/$ by extra caution1 he gave ! 8,dialogues0 8 approval1 & decl>$ t ! fam\s au?or %\ld be begg$ to publi% !m r ?an h ob/acles plac$ 9 8 way4 ,ricc>di1 not)/&+ 8 fri5d%ip = ,galileo1 seems to h be5 ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,! preface & conclusion _h be5 s5t1 b he _h all[$ weeks & mon?s to pass )\t lett+ ,galileo he> any?+ ( !m1 to say no?+ ( s5d+ !m back4 ,ca/elli once wrote to ,galileo t he _h met ,ricc>di1 & t he _h told him t ^! portions 7 n[ q 9 ord]1 & t he w\ld s5d !m to ,galileo imm$iately2 b mon?s aga9 w5t by )\t 8 fulfill+ 8 promise4 ,galileo 0 9 despair1 & on #g? ,m>*1 #afca1 address$ a long lett] to ,bali ,cioli1 9 :i* he fir/ relat$ ! c\rse ( ! negotiations respect+ ! 8,dialogues0#bcf 9 detail1 & !n ask$ = ! p[]ful int]v5tion ( 8 ,highness ! ,gr& ,duke1 at ,rome1 to br+ ! bus9ess to a conclusion1 s t he 7,galileo7 might enjoy :ile he liv$ ^! fruits ( ! lab\rs ( ov] fifty ye>s4 ,little did ,galileo =esee :at dire results ^! 8fruits0 7 to br+4 ,on #h? ,m>* 8 reque/ 0 grant$1 & he 0 in=m$ t ,niccol9i1 at ,rome1 w\ld be commission$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,gr& ,duke to ha/5 z mu* z possible ! t]m9ation ( ! negotiations ) ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace4#bcg ,galileo 0 all ! m pleas$ ) ! success ( ?is attempt1 because mean:ile1 we>y ( ! long delays1 he _h begun to h 8 8,dialogues0 pr9t$4 ,?is is confirm$ by a lett] f him ( #bj? ,m>* to 8 le>n$ fri5d1 ,ces>e ,m>sili1 9 :i* he says t six %eets ( 8 "w1 :i* w\ld consi/ ( fifty or m1 7 f9i%$4#bch ,we may "h rem>k t ?is proce$+ ( ,galileo's has be5 ! subject ( sev]e & unju/ifiable blame on ! "p ( "s au?ors actuat$ by p>ty _s4 ,x seems ! less call$ =1 s9ce ,galileo made no secret ( ! pr9t+ hav+ be5 begun1 & he 0 n reproa*$ = x at ! subsequ5t trial be=e ! ,inquisition4 ,he q suppos$ t aft] ,fa!r ,/ephani _h inspect$ & sanction$ ! "w1 all ! conditions 7 fulfill$4 ,he !re=e consid]$ ,ricc>di's cons5t to ! publication 9 ,flor5ce z c]ta94 ,x nev] occurr$ to him t aft] all ?is he w\ld raise new difficulties4 ,a report ( ,niccol9i's ( #ai? ,april to ,cioli#bci confirm$ him 9 ?is supposition1 & rejoic$ 8 he>t1 z !re seem$ to be an imm$iate prospect ( an end to ^! tiresome negotiations4 ,niccol9i wrote t he & 8 wife _h a little :ile be=e _h a long conv]sation ) ,fa!r ,ricc>di ab\t ,galileo's affairs1 :i* _h result$ 9 8 promis+ to grant p]mission = ! publication1 b ) ! addition ( a decl>ation1 = 8 own protection1 :i* he 0 to =w>d to ,niccol9i 9 a few days4 ,on ! #bh? ,niccol9i receiv$ x1 b in/ead ( its conta9+ ! promis$ imprimatur1 x requir$ new clauses & impos$ fre% conditions on ! publication4 ,! *ief c5sor inde$ ackn[l$g$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lett]1 t he _h giv5 ! imprimatur to ! "w1 b /at$ t x 0 only ) ! res]vation t ! au?or %\ld make "s alt]ations z agre$ ^u1 & s5d 8 book to ,rome to be publi%$1 :]e ) ! help ( ,mgr4 ,ciampoli all difficulties w\ld h be5 ov]come4 8,fa!r ,/ephani10 cont9ues ,ricc>di1 8has no d\bt subject$ ! book to a consci5ti\s revision2 b z he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! ,pope's views1 he _h no p[] to give any approval :i* w\ld enable me to sanction ! pr9t+ )\t incurr+ ! dang] bo? to him & myself t unpleasantnesses might arise1 if ?+s 7 /ill f\nd contr>y to ! proscriptions40 ,ricc>di !n ass]ts t he _h no great] desire ?an to s]ve ! ,gr& ,duke1 b he consid]s t x mu/ be done s z to prev5t any dang] to 8 ,highness's reputation4 ,& ?is w\ld n be ! case if he gave 8 imprimatur1 z x 0 n 8 prov9ce to give x = ,flor5ce1#bdj :ile x w\ld be secur$ by 8 assur+ himself t ev]y?+ 0 9 accordance ) ! comm&s ( 8 ,hol9ess4 8,:5 ,i h inspect$ ! beg9n+ & end ( ! "w10 he cont9u$1 8,i %all easily discov] :at ,i want to "k1 & w !n give a c]tificate t ,i h approv$ ! :ole "w40 ,?is s5t5ce is1 to say ! lea/1 v obscure4 ,ricc>di _h _h ^! two portions ( ! "w 9 8 possession = mon?s1 & c\ld long be=e h discov]$ f !m :at he want$ to "k4 ,or _h he n condesc5d$ to look at !m8 ,?is seems sc>cely cr$ible1 & is 9 direct opposition to :at he said to ,ca/elli mon?s be=e4 ,b a desire to sp9 ! matt] out is evid5t en\gh f ?is obscure s5t5ce z well z ! re/ ( ! lett]4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace !n propos$1 if x 7 /ill impossible to =w>d ! "w1 to s5d ! ord9ances ( 8 ,hol9ess to ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 9 ord] t he1 aft] assur+ himself t !y _h be5 compli$ )1 might give ! imprimatur4 ,:5 ,niccol9i express$ 8 suspicions t ^! delays _h be5 caus$ by "s intrigues ( ,galileo's enemies1 ,ricc>di assur$ him t no "o b fri5ds ( ! fam\s a/ronom] _h spok5 to him on ! subject1 & t !re really _h be5 no cabal ( any sort4#bda ,:5 ,galileo receiv$ ! news ( ?is lett]1 :i*1 contr>y to all 8 expectations1 once m remov$ all hope ( an end ( ^! transactions into ! f> future1 he c\ld n repress 8 ill hum\r4 ,?is is pla9 en\gh f a lett] to ,cioli ( #crd ,may4 ,he beg9s ) ! t>t rem>k3 8,i h read :at ! ,fa!r ,ma/] ( ! ,palace has writt5 ab\t ! publication ( ! #8,dialogues1' & p]ceive1 to my great vexation1 t aft] keep+ me = ne>ly a ye> )\t com+ to any conclusion1 he means to pursue ! same c\rse ) 8 ,hol9ess1 namely1 to delay & sp9 out ev]y?+ ) empty words1 :i* x is n easy to put up )40 ,he !n bitt]ly compla9s t ?is lett] ( ,ricc>di's1 in/ead ( ! promis$ imprimatur1 conta9s no?+ b fre% delays on ! pretext ( conditions ) :i* he _h compli$ sev]al mon?s be=e1 & 9 su* a way z to prove to 8 ,hol9ess & all :o 7 will+ to be conv9c$ t he _h done s4 8,& s9ce ,i p]ceive10 he cont9ues bitt]ly1 8t my affairs are afloat on a va/ & b\ndless ocean1 :ile ! publication ( my book is ( ! utmo/ importance to me1 z ,i wi% to see ! fruits ( my lab\rs secur$1 ,i h be5 consid]+ v>i\s ways by :i* x might be accompli%$2 b ! au?orization ( 8 ,hol9ess is indisp5sable = all40 ,galileo !n says t 9 ord] to come to "s result x might be ( ! highe/ importance "s day1 & t z soon z possible1 to be summon$ to appe> be=e 8 ,highness1 ) ! ,inquisitor & ,fa!r ,/ephani4 ,he w\ld l to %[ !m ! "w ) all ! corrections f ! h&s ( ,fa!rs ,ricc>di1 ,visconti1 & ,/ephani1 9 ord] t1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y might see h[ trivial ! alt]ations 71 & 9 ! second1 h[ submissively & rev]5tly he _h designat$ all ! evid5ce & argum5ts :i* appe>$ to confirm an op9ion n approv$ by ! au?orities1 z dreams1 *im]as1 & nullities4 ,he concludes by say+3 8,^? pres5t w !n p]ceive h[ true & j my doctr9es are1 & t ,i h nev] ent]ta9$ o!r views or op9ions ?an ^? held by ! mo/ v5]able & holy fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*40#bdb ,! ,gr& ,duke1 ,f]d9& ,,ii41 h[ev]1 ) all 8 good w t[>ds 8 *ief ma!matician1 0 by no means incl9$ to int]f]e p]sonally 9 ! matt]4 ,he 0 desir\s to use all ! influ5ce he possess$ to br+ ab\t a decision at ,rome1 b x no m occurr$ to him n[ to ex]cise 8 rights z sov]eign rul]1 ?an x did aft]w>ds :5 he gave up ! infirm philosoph]1 at ne>ly sev5ty ye>s ( age1 to ! ,roman tribunal4 ,galileo's sugge/ion1 !re=e1 t ! ,gr& ,duke %\ld1 to "s ext5t1 take ! initiative 0 by no means acceptable1 & 0 n foll[$4 ,! summons to ! ,inquisitor & ,fa!r ,/ephani to appe> ) ,galileo be=e ! ,gr& ,duke nev] came2 ,niccol9i1 h[ev]1 made fre% ef=ts to br+ ab\t a solution ( ! "q at ,rome4 ,he w5t to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace & /rongly repres5t$ to him t ?r\gh ! d$ication ! ,gr& ,duke himself 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 ! publication ( ?is "w1 at ! head ( :i* 8 exalt$ "n 0 plac$4#bdc ,galileo f9ally succe$$1 on #bd? ,may1 9 induc+ ,ricc>di to address a lett] to ,fra ,clem5te ,egidio1 ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 9 :i* he left x entirely to him1 aft] exam9+ ! "w1 to grant p]mission = ! publication or n4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace aga9 expressly m5tion$ 9 ?is lett] t he _h giv5 ! au?orization to pr9t1 b ) ! res]vation t ! necess>y alt]ations %\ld be made1 & t aft] fur!r revision x %\ld g to press 9 ,rome1 :i* conditions1 h[ev]1 _h n be5 able to be fulfill$ ow+ to ! plague4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! lett] = u are ! h9ts :i* ,ricc>di gives ! ,inquisitor1 9 ! c\rse ( x1 z to ! ,pope's views on ! subject1 :i* are to guide him 9 sanction+ ! "w4 ,title z well z cont5ts are only to relate to ! ma!matical aspects ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & s t 8! absolute tru? ( ?is view is nev] conc$$1 b made to appe> z m]e hypo!sis1 & )\t ref]5ce to ,scripture40#bdd 8,x mu/ also be expla9$10 cont9u$ ,ricc>di1 8t ?is "w is only writt5 to %[ t all ! argum5ts :i* c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is view 7 well kn[n2 t !re=e ! s5t5ce ( #afaf 0 n to be attribut$ to ignorance at ,rome1 & ! beg9n+ & end ( ! book mu/ agree ) ?is /atem5t1 :i* portions1 prop]ly arrang$1 ,i w s5d f "h4 ,by obs]vance ( ^! precautions ! "w w meet ) no ob/acles at ,rome1 & y\r rev]5ce w be able to gratify ! au?or1 z well z to s]ve 8 ,highness1 :o has %[n s w>m an int]e/ 9 ! matt]40#bde ,! ,inquisitor repli$ on #ca/ ,may t he w\ld act 9 accordance ) ! receiv$ in/ructions4 ,he says fur!r t he _h giv5 ! ,,ms4 to ,/ephani1 z a v em95t man & c\nsellor ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 to be revis$ aga91 & ?is "t 9 accordance ) ! papal in/ructions2 also t ,galileo cons5t$ mo/ will+ly to all ! corrections4#bdf ,b x w\ld almo/ appe> z if ,ricc>di _h aga9 rep5t$ ( ! /eps he _h tak5 = ! f9al settlem5t ( ! bus9ess1 = weeks & mon?s pass$ be=e ,fra ,clem5te ,egidio receiv$ ! preface & conclusion4 ,n till ,niccol9i1 at ,galileo's reque/1 _h repeat$ly urg$ him to s5d !m1 c\ld he be induc$ to d s1 aft] a fur!r delay ( two mon?s1 & !n1 z ! ambassador graphically describes ! situation1 n 8till =mally pull$ by ! hair40#bdg ,9 ! lett] ( #ai? ,july1 #afca1 :i* accompani$ !m1 ,ricc>di emp[]$ ! au?or to alt] ! /yle ( ! revis$ introduction z he pleas$1 & to ornam5t x rhetorically1 b s t ! s5se %\ld rema9 ! same4 ,z to ! conclusion1 he made ! vague rem>k t x mu/ be bas$ ^u ! same argum5t z ! beg9n+4#bdh ,?is seems to be ! place to ent] into ! (t discuss$ "q ( ! real au?or%ip ( ?is rem>kable introduction4 ,"s1 :o rely ^u ! lett] ( ,ricc>di's above quot$1 attribute x to him2 o!rs ev5 ma9ta9 t x owes its orig9 to ,urban ,,viii4 himself2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "s are ( op9ion t ,galileo _h ! *ief %>e 9 x1 ?\gh assur$ly only because he consid]$ t x w\ld secure 8 object--p]mission to publi% ! 8,dialogues40 ,all ^! op9ions conta9 "s tru?1 contradictory z !y seem2 ! tru? lies betwe5 !m4 ,aft] c>eful exam9ation ( ! docum5ts relat+ to ! subject1 ! hi/orical facts appe> to be z foll[s3-- ,:5 ,galileo 0 at ,rome 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! summ] ( #afcj1 9 ord] to submit 8 8,dialogues0 to ! ,roman c5sor%ip1 an introduction 0 sket*$ = him1 :i* he 0 to complete at ,flor5ce1 & on 8 int5d$ return to ,rome 9 ! autumn to lay x & ! :ole manuscript be=e ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace = f9al revision4#bdi ,f ! good und]/&+ :i* !n exi/$ betwe5 ,ricc>di1 ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 & ,galileo1 & f ! cont5ts ( ! introduction1 we may conclude ) c]ta9ty t ! sket* 0 made ) ,galileo's concurr5ce1 or ev5 t ! ma9 idea ( x 0 8 own4 ,= on close exam9ation we f9d t ! idea on :i* ! :ole introduction turns--namely1 t x 0 by no means ignorance ( ! sci5tific argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em :i* l$ to ! v]dict ( #afaf--;is precisely ! same z t /at$ by ,galileo 9 8 reply to ,+oli 9 #afbd4bej ,z we are aw>e1 s9ce ! plague prev5t$ ,galileo f return+ to ,flor5ce or s5d+ ! :ole ,,ms41 he s5t ! introduction & conclusion to ! *ief c5sor1 :o kept !m = mon?s1 & did n return !m to ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce till #ai? ,july4 ,f ,ricc>di's lett] we le>n two facts3 fir/ly1 t he _h only conc]n$ himself ) ! introduction1 leav+ ! conclusion to ! au?or ) ! vague rem>k we h quot$2 & secondly1 t ,galileo's preface mu/ h und]gone consid]able alt]ations by ! *ief c5sor1 z he gave him leave to alt] ! /yle b n ! s5se4 ,!re c be no m d\bt t ! ,pope _h "s h& 9 ! f9al composition ( ! preface ?an t x 0 n p5n$ by himself4 ,ricc>di appeals 9 bo? 8 ex (ficio lett]s to ! ,inquisitor ( #bd? ,may & #ai? ,july1 to ! 8views0 & comm&s ( 8 ,hol9ess2 & :5 ! great /orm aft]w>ds bur/1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace l\dly ass]t$ t 9 ,galileo's affairs he _h always & 9 ev]y?+ act$ 9 conc]t ) ! papal secret>y1 ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 & ! latt] appeal$ decid$ly to special comm&s ( ,urban's4#bea ,ricc>di & ,ciampoli inde$ paid = ?is indiscretion ) ! loss ( _! po/s1 b ,cantor has aptly rem>k$ on ! subject t1 8evid5ce ( ! falsity ( a /atem5t 0 nev] yet af=d$ by ! fact ( ! witnesses be+ compell$ to sil5ce or suff]+ puni%m5t40#beb ,) ! arrival at la/ ( ! preface & conclusion1 all ! ob/acles :i* _h ?reat5$ ! cont9uation ( ! pr9t+ ( ! 8,dialogues0 7 remov$4 ,/ephani1 :o 0 *>g$ by ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce to und]take ! f9al c5sor%ip1 0 n ! man to place difficulties 9 ! way ( ! appe>ance ( ! book4 ,he took great c>e1 h[ev]1 t ! ,pope's comm&s z to ! treatm5t ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9es %\ld1 z f> z ! lett] w5t1 be /rictly obey$4 ,! 8,dialogues10 f beg9n+ to end1 7 oppos$ to ! _s bo? ( ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 & ! papal ord9ances1 & !re 0 great naivet 9 ! idea t ! f9e-spun preface & ! v>i\s little diplomatic arts :i* ,galileo employ$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w c\ld disguise its real mean+ f ! le>n$ _w4 ,b t 0 n ,/ephani's affair2 = ! ,,ms4 z a :ole _h be5 sanction$ by ,fa!r ,visconti & _h receiv$ ! imprimatur = ,rome f ! au?orities ( ! c5sor%ip4 ,! delay ab\t ! preface1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ricc>di's ord]s1 0 to be pr9t$ be=e ! book1 _h two results out ( :i* ,galileo's enemies aft]w>ds tri$ to make capital = _! intrigues1 & :i* mu/ !re=e f9d m5tion "h4 ,! pr9t+ _h be5 long 9 h& & 0 proce$+ :5 ! preface arriv$4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to pr9t x on a sep>ate %eet1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ricc>di's ord]s1 0 plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,= te*nical reasons1 also1 x 0 pr9t$ 9 diff]5t type f ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,f ^! two insignificant circum/ances1 ,galileo 0 aft]w>ds reproa*$ ) hav+ by ! outw>d =m de/roy$ ! inn] connection betwe5 ! introduction & ! book2 & ) hav+ ?us1 to "s ext5t1 int5d$ to indicate t x _h no?+ to d ) ! 8,dialogues40#bec ,?is 0 at ! "t :5 "o p>ty 0 sett+ e lev] 9 motion to f9d cause = accusation aga9/ ,galileo4 ,! book itself1 :i* appe>$ ) ! d\ble imprimatur ( ! ecclesia/ical c5sor%ip ( ,rome & ,flor5ce1 af=d$ no legal gr\nd = x4 ,we w n1 h[ev]1 anticipate ! hi/orical c\rse ( ^! memorable ev5ts1 b w c>efully foll[ !m /ep by /ep4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! 8,,dialogues0 ,,& ,,! ,,jesuits4 ,publication ( ! 8,dialogues40--,applause ( ,galileo's ,fri5ds & ! ,le>n$ ,_w4--,! ho/ile ,p>ty4--,! ,jesuits z ,lead]s ( ,le>n+4--,depriv$ ( _! ,monopoly by ,galileo4--,!y become 8 bitt] ,foes4--,hav+ ! ,imprimatur = ,rome & ,flor5ce1 ,galileo ?\ght himself d\bly safe4--,! ,?ree ,dolph9s4--,s*e9]4--,did 8,simplicius0 p]sonate ! ,pope8--,conclusive ,argum5ts aga9/ x4--,effect ( ! ,accusation4--,urban's ,motives 9 in/itut+ ! ,trial4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 #afcb1 ! pr9t+ ( ! 8,dialogues0 0 s f> advanc$1 t on ! #crd ,galileo _h ! satisfaction ( tell+ 8 fri5d1 ,ces>e ,m>sili1 at ,bologna1 t ! "w w\ld be complet$ 9 t5 or twelve days4#bed ,x did n1 h[ev]1 appe> till ,febru>y4 ,on ! tw5ty-second ( t mon? ,galileo pres5t$ 8 book to ! ,gr& ,duke1 to :om x 0 d$icat$1 & to ! o!r memb]s ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici4#bee ,on ! tw5ty-?ird he s5t at fir/ ?irty-two copies to ,ces>e ,m>sili4#bef ,he _h a l>ge numb] ( copies h&somely b\nd = 8 p[]ful fri5ds & patrons at ,rome1 b !y c\ld n be despat*$ imm$iately1 s9ce1 ow+ to ! cont9u$ preval5ce ( ! plague1 !y w\ld h _h to be purifi$ 9 ! qu>ant9e h\ses1 :i* might h injur$ !m4 ,x 0 n till ,may t two unb\nd copies rea*$ ! papal resid5ce 9 a r\ndab\t way4#beg ,"o ( ^! came into ! h&s ( ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i1 :o l5t x to ,fa!r ,ca/elli4 ,9 a lett] to ,galileo ( #bf? ,septemb]1 #afca1beh he _h v[$ t1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! 8,dialogues10 he w\ld read no o!r book b t & ! ,brevi>y2 & 9 a lett] ( #bi? ,may1#bei he n[ express$ to ! au?or 8 admiration ( 8 "w1 :i* surpass$ all 8 expectations4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ,c\nt ,filippo ,magalotti1 :o 0 on v fri5dly t]ms ) ,galileo1 & f 8 relation%ip to ! ,b>b]9is1 0 an influ5tial p]sonage1 import$ eight copies f ,flor5ce1 &1 z *>g$ by ! au?or1 pres5t$ "o copy ea* to ,c>d9al ,antonio ,b>b]9i1 to ! ,tuscan ambassador ,niccol9i1 ,fa!r ,ricc>di1 ,mgr4 ,s]ri/ori1 c\nsellor ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & ! ,jesuit ,fa!r ,leon ,santi4#bfj ,:ile ^! few copies 7 be+ eag]ly dev\r$ by impati5t read]s at ,rome1 & pass$ rapidly f h& to h&1 ! book _h be5 circulat+ 9 ! re/ ( ,italy 9 spite ( ! difficulties ( communication4 ,! applause :i* ?is fam\s "w call$ =? f all m5 ( indep5d5t m9ds 0 unexampl$1 & 0 only equall$ by ! bitt]ness & con/]nation x excit$ among ! sci5tific cons]vatives4 ,! le>n$ _w ( ,italy 0 divid$ into two ho/ile camps3 t ( ,ptolemy on ! "o side1 t ( ,cop]nicus-,galileo on ! o!r4 ,9 ! "o 7 to be f\nd progress1 recognition ( tru?1 free indep5d5t ?\ght & rese>*2 9 ! o!r bl9d wor%ip ( au?ority & rigid adh]5ce to ! old s*ool4 ,& ! latt] p>ty 0 f> ! mo/ num]\s2 x 0 also re9=c$ by ^?1 ( :om !re 7 a consid]able numb]1 :o oppos$ ! great re=m] ( sci5ce f int]e/$ motives4 ,besides ?is1 ! academic corporations 7 n fav\rable to him1 because he s dang]\sly revolutionis$ ! mod]n me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! univ]sity ( 8 native city seem$ especially adv]se to him4 ,x _h c>ri$ its animosity s f> a few ye>s be=e z to try to deprive him ( ! income :i* he enjoy$ z its fir/ ma!matician by ! ,gr& ,ducal decree ( #ab? ,july1 #afbj1 ?\gh1 ?anks to ! en]getic remon/rances ( "s influ5tial patrons1 ! attempt 0 n successful4#bfa ,9 addition to all ?is !re is ano!r consid]ation1 :i* play$ a mu* l>g] "p 9 ! sad /ory ( ,galileo's trial ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! cl]gy1 & especially ! ,jesuits1 _h hi!rto _h a monopoly ( sci5ce4 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ assidu\sly x _h be5 cultivat$ 9 anci5t times 9 ! cells & s*ools ( ! conv5ts1 & t ! ecclesia/ical ord]s 7 ! gu>dians & dissem9ators ( le>n+1 :ile among bo? populace & nobles ignorance fl\ri%$ l a we$4 ,:5 by ! natural law ( progress ! nations ( ,europe em]g$ f ! simplicity ( *ildhood into ! /orm & /ress p]iod ( y\?2 :5 inv5tions1--especially pr9t+1--& above all ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 began to spread k & culture among ! masses1 x 0 once m ! s]vants ( ,rome :o1 ju/ly e/imat+ ! _s ( ! age1 plac$ !mselves1 s to speak1 9 ! van ( ! intellectual movem5t1 t !y might guide its c\rse4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce t ! ,*ur* 0 9 exclusive possession ( ! highe/ m5tal p[]s is af=d$ by ! ,re=mation2 = ! fir/ /irr+s ( d\bt1 ( critical1 philosophical speculation1 arose 9 ! bosoms ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy4 ,all ! re=m]s1 f ,abel>d & ,arnold ( ,brescia1 to ,huss & ,lu!r1 sprang1 )\t exception1 f among !m4 ,j at ! juncture :5 ! split into two cre$s ?reat5$ to divide ! jo9ts & m>r[ ( ! supreme p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 ! man appe>$ :o mo/ effectually contribut$ to re/ore x by f\nd+ a new ecclesia/ical ord]1 ) a v peculi> organisation4 ,?is 0 ,ignatius ,loyola4 ,& if we seek = ! explanation ( ! pr(\nd influ5ce ga9$ by ?is corporation 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & e grade ( society1 we %all f9d x 9 f\r factors3 ! highe/ en?usiasm = ! common cause2 will+ ob$i5ce to ! c5tral au?ority--! g5]al = ! "t be+2 utt] unscrupul\sness z to means2 & ! supremacy :i* k always conf]s4 ,f> f occupy+ !mselves1 l ! ,prote/ant cl]gy1 exclusively ) !ology1 !re 0 no bran* ( k t 0 n cultivat$ by ^! *ampions ( ! ,*ur*2 inde$ !y /ood = a c5tury at ! summit ( le>n+4#bfb ,& n[1 9 ! mo/ rec5t epo* ( t /igmatis$ c5tury1 ,galileo ! layman /eps =? ^u ! ar5a ( ! sci5ce ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & tea*es ! a/oni%$ _w tru?s be=e :i* ! :ole edifice ( s*ola/ic sophi/ry mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,jesuit monopoly ( ! education ( y\? & ( tea*+ altoge!r1 became day by day m insecure1 & ! influ5ce ( ! society 0 ?reat5$ 9 proportion4 ,0 x to be wond]$ at t ! pi\s fa!rs /ra9$ e n]ve 9 ?is f9al conflict = ma/]y1 & 9 ! attempt to prev5t _! _w-wide mission ( educat+ ! p f be+ torn f _! h&s8 ,?is expla9s :y ! re=m]s ( sci5ce appe>$ j z dang]\s to !m z ^? ( religion2 & !y resi/$ ! =m]1 z !y _h done ! latt]1 ) all ! res\rces at _! comm&4 ,galileo1 z "o ( ! mo/ advanc$ pione]s ( sci5ce1 0 9 ! highe/ degree inconv5i5t to ! ,jesuits2 memb]s ( _! ord] _h also repeat$ly measur$ lances ) ! great man 9 sci5tific discussion--,fa!rs ,grassi & ,s*e9]1 = in/ance--) v un=tunate results1 by no means calculat$ to make ! ,society ( ,jesus m fav\rable to him4 ,b n[ t 8 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w0 _h appe>$1 :i*1 z e intellig5t man mu/ p]ceive1 annihilat$ ) its ov]:elm+ mass ( evid5ce ! doctr9es ( ! old s*ool1 & rais$ ! mod]n sy/em ^u its ru9s1 ! ,jesuits set e lev] 9 motion1 fir/ to suppress ?is revolution>y book1 & !n to compass ! ru9 ( ! au?or4 ,ricc>di himself rem>k$ to ,c\nt ,magalotti at t "t3 8,! ,jesuits w p]secute ,galileo ) ! utmo/ bitt]ness40#bfc ,besides1 !y f\nd welcome allies 9 ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! re/ ( ! cl]gy4 ,) !m ! !ological consid]ations we h m5tion$ =m$ ! motive4 ,& ! l\d] ! applause ) :i* ! indep5d5t sci5tific _w greet$ ,galileo's late/ rem>kable "w1 ! fi]c] burnt ! flame ( ecclesia/ical hate4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! full significance ( ! 8,dialogues0 _h n be5 appreh5d$ by any ( ! c5sors to :om !y _h be5 submitt$4 ,?is is obvi\s f ! fact t !y s]i\sly ?\ght t ! diplomatic preface1 & a few phrases 9 ! "w itself1 w\ld suffice to make x appe> innocu\s4 ,! commotion made by ! book 9 ! sci5tific & !ological _w conv9c$ !m ( _! mi/ake4 ,mean:ile1 ,galileo 9 ,flor5ce gave himself up to unmix$ delight at ! brilliant success ( 8 8,dialogues40 ,8 le>n$ fri5ds & foll[]s1 su* z ,fra ,bonav5tura ,cavali]i1 ,giovan ,bati/a ,baliani1 ,ca/elli1 ,fra ,fulg5zio ,micanzio1 ,alfonzo ,anton9i1 ,campanella1 & _m o!rs1 express$ to him 9 repeat$ lett]s1 & (t5 ) g5u9e en?usiasm1 _! admiration ( 8 spl5did "w1#bfd n "o ( !m _h any =ebod+ t x 0 to br+ its grey-head$ au?or be=e ! b> ( ! ,inquisition2 & ,galileo himself lea/ ( all4 ,he expect$ viol5t opposition f 8 sci5tific oppon5ts1 & 0 prep>$ to engage 9 ! conte/1 b he consid]$ himself q secure f ecclesia/ical p]secution4 ,_h n influ5tial p]sonages at ,rome1 ,cesi1 ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 ,ces>9i1 & ,ca/elli1 be5 urg+ him = ye>s to f9i% 8 "w1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* !y well knew8#bfe ,& :5 x 0 at la/ complete1 x 0 ^! same fri5ds1 z well mean+ z !y 7 influ5tial1 :o _h done _! be/ to =w>d ! publication4 ,besides1 ! book _h appe>$ n only ) ! imprimatur & "u ! protection ( ! ,inquisition at ,flor5ce1 z prescrib$1 & ) ! p]mission ( ! political au?orities ( ! city1 b ,galileo c\ld %[ also ! imprimatur ( ! ,pat] ,magi/] ,sacri ,palatii1 :i* 0 n at all usual ) works n pr9t$ at ,rome4#bff ,he consid]$ ?is a d\ble security2 ,jesuitism1 on ! contr>y1 contriv$ aft]w>ds to =ge an indictm5t out ( ?is unusual circum/ance4 ,n a ^w _h appe>$ 9 pr9t )\t hav+ be5 read by ! organs ( papal scrut9y & hav+ receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,*ur*4 ,might n ! au?or well look =w>d to ! publication ( 8 "w ) p]fect tranquillity1 & feel himself secure f any collision ) ! ecclesia/ical au?orities8 ,und\bt$ly1 if he _h n made ! solemn promise sixte5 ye>s be=e1 8entirely to r5\nce ! op9ion t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & is /ation>y1 & t ! e>? on ! contr>y moves1 & nei!r to hold ! same1 nor 9 any way to tea* or def5d x 9 speak+ or writ+40 ,galileo's proce$+s at ?is "t1 z be=e & aft]1 prove t he 0 totally unaw>e ( ?is assum$ prohibition2 anyh[1 he pays n ! slighte/ att5tion to x4 ,he s5ds copies ( 8 "w to ! mo/ em95t p]sons at ,rome2 is delight$ at its imm5se success2 arms himself = def5ce aga9/ ! indignant ,ari/otelians1 b nev] ?9ks ( a conflict ) ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 :i*1 s9c]e ,ca?olic z he 01 w\ld h giv5 him great pa9 ap>t f consequ5ces4 ,ev5 9 ,june & ,july !re 7 "s ill-dispos$ p]sons1 to ! great annoyance ( ,ricc>di1 zeal\sly try+ to discov] some?+ 9 ! book :i* c\ld be =mulat$ into an accusation aga9/ ! au?or4 ,! title page 0 adorn$ ) a draw+ ( ?ree dolph9s1 "o ) ! tail ( ano!r 9 its m\?1 ) an insignificant motto above x4#bfg ,?is illu/ration 0 impugn$ because x _h n be5 submitt$ to ecclesia/ical approbation1 & !y expatiat$ ) m malice ?an wit ^u ! mean+ ( ! my/]i\s device4 ,x 0 a great relief to ,ricc>di's m9d :5 x 0 po9t$ out by ,c\nt ,magalotti t ! same illu/ration appe>$ on almo/ all ! works :i* issu$ f ! press ( ,l&9i at ,flor5ce1 :]e ! 8,dialogues0 _h be5 pr9t$4 ,?is bait1 !n1 _h n tak51 & ,galileo's foes1 wor?y memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,jesus1 _h to f9d "s o!r mode ( ensn>+ him4 ,!y n[ br\ght aga9/ him ! tw(old reproa*1 t ! preface 0 pr9t$ 9 diff]5t type f ! re/ ( ! book1 :i* 0 true2 & t sev]al weighty argum5ts :i* ! ,pope _h br\ght aga9/ ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 conv]sation ) ,galileo1 ?\gh !y might p]haps h be5 adduc$ 9 ! ,,ms41 7 n 9 ! pr9t$ book2 ?is 0 a lie4#bfh ,! tru? h[ev] at once came to light1 = ^! 8weighty argum5ts0 7 r$uc$ to "o1 :i* 0 br\ght =w>d at ! conclusion ( ! 8,dialogues40 ,b ,jesuitism1 z we %all soon see1 drew v s+ul> conclusions f ! v natural circum/ance t x 0 m5tion$ by ,simplicius1 ! def5d] ( ,ptolemy4 ,! bre?r5 ( ,fa!r ,grassi & ,fa!r ,s*e9]1#bfi--! latt] ( :om _h be5 = a few mon?s at ,rome1 & 0 greatly inc5s$ at ! 8,dialogues10--well knew h[ to lay hold ( ! ,pope by 8 mo/ vuln]able po9ts1 8 p]sonal vanity & b\ndless ambition1 :i* made him feel e contradiction l an attack on 8 au?ority4 ,!y 7 assidu\s 9 confirm+ ,urban 9 8 op9ion t ! ,cop]nican doctr9e endang]$ ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ca?olic fai? 9 ! highe/ degree1 & n[ repres5t$ t ! publication ( ! 8,dialogues0 0 an incalculable injury to ! ,*ur*4 ,besides ?is1 !y p]suad$ ! ,pope t 9 8 late/ "w ,galileo _h aga91 ?\gh ?is "t "u concealm5t1 ent]$ into !ological int]pretations ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,!y ?us /igmatis$ him z a rebel aga9/ ! papal decrees1 :o _h only obta9$ ! lic5ce f ,ricc>di by cunn+ devices1--a misrepres5tation ( ! facts :i*1 h[ev]1 did n fail ( its effect on ,urban4 ,?is is conclusively prov$ by ! despat*es ( ,niccol9i to ,cioli ( #e? & #aa? ,septemb]1 #afcb1 ( :i* we %all h to speak m p>ticul>ly4#bgj ,! cr[n+ po9t ( ! intrigues ( ,galileo's foes 01 h[ev]1 ! cunn+ ass]tion t by ,simplicius no o!r 0 int5d$ ?an ,urban ,,viii4 himself2 & !y actually made him believe x4 ,"o w\ld sc>cely h ?\ght ?is possible ) ?is %rewd ,pope1 :o 0 s well-dispos$ t[>ds ,galileo2 b x is beyond all "q t x 0 s1 & x put him 9 a b\ndless rage4 ,x is decid$ly indicat$ by 8 attitude t[>ds ,galileo at ! trial1 especially at ! beg9n+ ( x4 ,at t "t x put him 9 su* ill hum\r to be spok5 to ab\t ,galileo1 t all :o int]e/$ !mselves = him agre$ t x 0 bett] n to conf] ) ,urban himself1 b ) ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i or ! m9i/]s4#bga ,! repeat$ attempts also made by ,galileo & 8 fri5ds1 ev5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 to conv9ce ,urban t x _h nev] ent]$ 8 head to insult him1 & t x 0 a cunn+ sl&]1 prove t = a long "t ! ,pope _h tak5 ,simplicius = 8 c\nt]feit4 ,z ?is manife/ falsehood is reviv$ by c]ta9 writ]s1 ev5 at ?is "t ( day1 z hav+ be5 ,galileo's real int5tion1 x seems necess>y to ?r[ a little m light on x4 ,! tell+ rem>ks :i* ,albri makes on ! subject might well suffice to %[ ! absurdity ( ! imputation4 ,he says t 9 ! fir/ place ! atta*m5t & devotion always %[n by ,galileo t[>ds ,urban1 to ! s9c]ity ( :i* num]\s lett]s be> witness1 exclude all idea ( s p]fidi\s an act2 & 9 ! second1 t x 0 ,galileo's own int]e/ to reta9 ! goodwill ( 8 p[]ful patron1 & n frivol\sly to fritt] x away4#bgb ,b we pass f ?is argum5t ad absurdum to "o ad concretum4 ,simplicius is said to be ,urban ,,viii4 ,b n appropriately1 = he 0 no su* head/rong ,p]ipatetic z is repres5t$ by ,simplicius2 _h he be5 s1 x 0 impossible t 9 #afbd he %\ld h enjoy$ hav+ 8,il ,saggiatore0 read to him at table1 t cutt+ satire on ! ,ari/otelian wisdom 9 g5]al1 & ! wisdom ( ,fa!r ,grassi 9 p>ticul>2 & t 9 ! next ye> he %\ld h be5 s mu* pleas$ ) ,galileo's reply to ,+oli4 ,galileo's enemies f\nd$ _! ass]tion on ! circum/ance t at ! end ( ! "w ,simplicius employs an argum5t :i* ! ,pope himself _h br\ght =w>d 9 repeat$ conv]sations 9 #afbd ) ,galileo1 & on ! weight ( :i* he plum$ himself n a little4#bgc ,x consi/$ ( ! reflection1 und\bt$ly m dev\t ?an sci5tific1 t ,god is all-p[]ful1 s t all ?+s are possible to ,him1 & t !re=e ! tides c\ld n be adduc$ z a necess>y pro( ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? )\t limit+ ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,?is pi\s objection is receiv$ by bo? ,salviati & ,sagr$o ) ! utmo/ rev]5ce4 ,! =m] calls x heav5ly & truly admirable1 & ! latt] ?9ks t x =ms a fitt+ conclusion to ! discussion1 :i* op9ion is act$ ^u4#bgd ,! ,pope's argum5t is ?us by no means made to appe> ridicul\s1 b q ! contr>y4 ,z to ! ma9 po9t1 ,simplicius says expressly t 8he _h ?is argum5t f a v em95t & le>n$ p]sonage40 ,if ?is means ,urban ,,viii41 x is pla9 t ,simplicius _c be ,urban ,,viii4 ,q4,e4,d4#bge ,9 writ+ 8 8,dialogues10 ,galileo f\nd himself 9 a difficult position4 ,z he br\ght =w>d all ! argum5ts ( ! disciples ( ,ptolemy aga9/ ! new sy/em1 ! va9 pontiff w\ld h be5 sorely (f5d$ if he _h n introduc$ 84 ,b :o %\ld m5tion x1 if n ,simplicius8 ,galileo might ?9k t ,urban w\ld n p]haps l to see 8 argum5t treat$ z ! orig9al sugge/ion ( ,simplicius1 :o did n appe> 9 a brilliant light1 & devis$ ! exp$i5t ( mak+ him quote x1 z t ( 8a v em95t & le>n$ p]sonage10 :]eby he w\ld imag9e t he _h /e]$ cle> ( e ob/acle4 ,b !re 0 no security aga9/ calumny4 ,h[ little idea ,galileo c\ld h _h ( mak+ ,urban ridicul\s "u ! guise ( ,simplicius appe>s also f ! fact t 9 #afcf1 :5 seek+ full p>don f ! ,pope1 & :5 he w\ld be mo/ anxi\s n to irritate him1 he _h j complet$ 8 fam\s "w1 8,dialogues on ! ,mod]n ,sci5ces10 9 :i* ,simplicius aga9 plays ! "p ( def5d] ( ! anci5t pr9ciples2 & t he publi%$ x 9 #afch1 j :51 9 view ( ! unfav\rable answ] ( #afcf1 he 0 begg+ at lea/ = ! fav\r ( be+ nurs$ at ,flor5ce4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is suspicion mat]ially contribut$ to injure ,galileo's cause4 ,pi]alisi1 inde$1 makes an ass]tion z novel z x is unt5able1 t ?is bold sl&] 0 fir/ he>d ( 9 #afce1 & !re=e n until aft] ! fam\s trial2 & 9 8 book1 8,urban ,,viii4 & ,gal4 ,galilei10#bgf he devotes a *apt] ( =ty-six pages to prove ?is late/ novelty4 ,b all 8 argum5ts are upset by ! foll[+ passage by ,galileo 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,micanzio on #bf? ,july1 #afcf3-- 8,i he> f ,rome t 8 ,em95ce ,c>d9al ,antonio ,b>b]9i & ! ,fr5* ambassador h se5 8 ,hol9ess & tri$ to conv9ce him t ,i nev] _h ! lea/ idea ( p]petrat+ s sacrilegi\s an act z to make game ( 8 ,hol9ess1 z my malici\s foes h p]suad$ him1 & :i* 0 ! prim>y cause ( all my tr\bles40#bgg ,pi]alisi is acqua9t$ ) ^! words1 & seeks to weak5 _! indisputable =ce z evid5ce 9 a l5g?y disquisition2 b an imp>tial critic only sees 9 ?is ! apologi/ ( ,urban ,,viii41 :o desires1 at all haz>ds1 to %ield him f ! suspicion ( hav+ be5 actuat$ 9 ! matt] ( ,galileo's trial by p]sonal motives1 :i* w always be recognis$ 9 hi/ory z a fact1 ?\gh x is also an exagg]ation ( "s hi/orians to ma9ta9 t x 0 ! actual />t+-po9t ( ! :ole process1 ,urban hav+ wi%$ to rev5ge himself = ?is assum$ p]sonal insult4#bgh ,no1 x _h its effect1 b 0 n ! *ief motive4 ,! ,jesuits _h inspir$ ! ,pope ) ! op9ion t ! 8,dialogues0 7 em95tly dang]\s to ! ,*ur*1 m dang]\s & abhorr5t ev5 ?an ! writ+s ( ,lu!r & ,calv91#bgi & he 0 highly inc5s$ at ! repres5tation t ,galileo _h %amefully outwitt$ ,fa!r ,ricc>di1 ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 & ev5 8 ,hol9ess himself1 9 obta9+ ! lic5ce4 ,(f5d$ maje/y1 ! det]m9ation to gu>d ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* & ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 indignation at ,galileo's assum$ cunn+1 & annoyance at hav+ be5 dup$ by x1--^! 7 ! motives :i* impell$ ,urban ,,viii4 to ! de$ call$ ! in/itution ( ! trial ( ! ,inquisition aga9/ ,galileo4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,absolute ,,prohibition ,,( #afaf4 ,symptoms ( ! ,com+ ,/orm4--,! ,special ,commission4--,p>ade ( ,=be>ance4--,! ,gr& ,duke int]c$es = ,galileo4--,provisional ,prohibition ( ! 8,dialogues40--,niccol9i's ,int]view ) ! ,pope & unfav\rable ,reception4--,report ( x to ,cioli4--,magalotti's ,lett]s4--,real ,object ( ! ,special ,commission to f9d a ,pretext = ! ,trial4--,its ,discov]y 9 ! ,assum$ ,prohibition ( #afaf4--,report ( ! ,commission & ,*>ges aga9/ ,galileo4 ,z we h se51 ev5 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july a f]m5t _h already begun 9 c]ta9 circles at ,rome ab\t ! 8,dialogues40 ,compla9ts & accusations 7 rife1 ! ,pope 0 artfully work$ ^u--^! 7 ! fir/ port5ts ( ! heavy /orm :i* 0 to break ov] ,galileo's head4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace w5t ab\t ,rome 9 great fe> = himself z well z = ,galileo1 & told 8 tr\bles to ,c\nt ,magalotti4#bhj ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 ,ricc>di begg$ him to deliv] up ! eight copies ( ! 8,dialogues0 :i* ,magalotti _h br\ght to ,rome1 ) ! assurance t he w\ld return !m 9 t5 days at ! late/4 ,x 0 n 9 ,magalotti's p[] to grant ?is reque/1 ! books hav+1 z we "k1 long ago pass$ into o!r h&s4#bha ,a few days lat] ! fir/ ?und]clap broke ov] ,galileo4 ,8 publi%]1 ,l&9i1 at ,flor5ce receiv$ in/ructions1 ?\gh = ! "t !y 7 only provisional1 =bidd+ ! fur!r sale ( ! 8,dialogues40 ,! succe$+ sc5es ( ! melan*oly drama quickly foll[$4 ,a special commission 0 in/itut$ at ,rome by ord] ( ! ,pope to inve/igate ! :ole affair4 ,urban aft]w>ds repeat$ly /at$ ) great emphasis to ,niccol9i1 t x 0 out ( reg>d = ! ,gr& ,duke1 z well z = ,galileo1 t ! v unusual measure 0 tak5 ( n ref]r+ 8 cause directly to ! ,holy ,(fice1 b to a sep>ate congregation4#bhb ,x is altoge!r a *>act]i/ic trait 9 all ! proce$+s ( ! ,roman curia aga9/ ,galileo1 t !re 0 a p>ade ( great consid]ation = & =be>ance t[>ds him al?\gh /rictly )9 ! limits ( _! real int5tions4 ,ev5 ! fav\r o/5sibly %[n to him ( ref]r+ 8 cause to a prelim9>y commission1 compos$ ( !ologians & ma!maticians1 0 n s great 9 reality z x 0 trumpet$ to be at ! ,vatican4 ,x 0 compos$ ( p]sons by no means fav\rable to him1 & all ! endeav\rs ( ,niccol9i & o!r p[]ful fri5ds ( ,galileo to h influ5tial p]sons :o 7 fri5dly to him put on ! commission1 su* z ,fa!rs ,ca/elli & ,campanella1 7 fru/rat$ by ! ,pope4 ,x occasion$ a dang]\s ?reat to be held ov] ! undaunt$ ,campanella1 :o en]getically ex]t$ himself 9 ! matt]4#bhc ,mean:ile disquiet+ rum\rs _h rea*$ ,flor5ce1 & ,galileo recognis$ ) t]ror 8 dang]\s position1 ?\gh n to its full ext5t2 ?is p]haps 0 z yet =ese5 by no "o4 ,he appeal$ 9 full confid5ce to 8 fri5dly "y sov]eign = protection1 & f\nd a will+ e>4 ,on ! #bd? ,augu/ a note on ?is bus9ess 0 s5t to ,niccol9i1 by ord] ( ! ,gr& ,duke4 ,x is cle> t ,f]d9&'s ef=ts to assi/ ,galileo 7 s9c]e f ! circum/ance t1 al?\gh ! lett] 0 writt5 9 ,cioli's "n1 ,galileo 0 ! au?or ( x1 z appe>s f ! orig9al draft 9 8 h&writ+ 9 ! ,palat9a ,libr>y at ,flor5ce4 ,! ,gr& ,duke 9 ?is lett] expresses 8 surprise t a book :i* _h be5 laid be=e ! supreme au?orities at ,rome by ! au?or 9 p]son1 _h be5 c>efully read !re aga9 & aga91 z well z aft]w>ds at ,flor5ce1 & at ! au?or's reque/ _h be5 alt]$ z seem$ good to ! au?orities1 & _h f9ally receiv$ ! imprimatur bo? !re & "h1 %\ld n[ aft] two ye>s be consid]$ suspici\s & be prohibit$4 ,! a/oni%m5t ( 8 ,highness 0 ! great]1 because he knew t nei!r ( ! ma9 op9ions treat$ ( 7 positively confirm$1 b only ! reasons = & aga9/ br\ght toge!r2 & ?is 0 done1 z 8 ,highness knew = c]ta91 = ! b5efit ( ! ,holy ,*ur* itself1 9 ord] t on subjects :i* 9 _! nature are difficult to und]/&1 ^? ) :om ! decision re/s may see1 ) less exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble1 on :i* side ! tru? lies1 & br+ x into agreem5t ) ,holy ,scripture4 ,! ,gr& ,duke 0 ( op9ion t ?is opposition mu/ be direct$ r aga9/ ! p]son ( ! au?or ?an aga9/ 8 book1 or ?is or t op9ion1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to conv9ce himself ( ! m]its or misdemean\rs ( 8 s]vant1 8 ,highness desires t t :i* is grant$ 9 all disputes & be=e all tribunals %\ld be p]mitt$ to him1--to def5d himself aga9/ 8 accus]s4 ,! ,gr& ,duke !re=e urges t ! accusations br\ght aga9/ ! "w1 :i* h caus$ x to be prohibit$1 may be s5t "h = ! au?or1 :o /&s firmly on 8 innoc5ce1 to see !m4 ,he is s conv9c$ t all ?is orig9ates 9 ! calumnies ( envi\s & malici\s p]secutors1 t he has (f]$ 8 sov]eign to leave ! c\ntry & r5\nce 8 fav\r unless he c palpably prove h[ pi\s & s9c]e 8 s5tim5ts on ^! subjects h always be5 & /ill are4 ,! lett] concludes ) ! commission1 by ! ,gr& ,duke's ord]s1 to take ! necess>y /eps t[>ds ! fulfilm5t ( 8 mo/ reasonable reque/4#bhd ,on ! same day on :i* ?is despat* w5t (f1 a m&ate 0 issu$ f ,rome1 :i* n only confirm$ ! provisional prohibition ( ! 8,dialogues10 b reque/$ ,l&9i to s5d all ! copies 9 /ock to ,rome4 ,he repli$ t all ! copies _h be5 deliv]$ to ! pur*as]s4 ,niccol9i on receipt ( ! ,gr& ,duke's ord] ha/5$ to c>ry x out1 b met ) m bitt] & ob/9ate opposition ?an ei!r he or ! ,tuscan c\rt _h expect$4 ,on #d? ,septemb]1 :5 ! ambassador 0 ab\t to execute 8 mission at ! ,vatican1 ! ,pope met him bluntly ) ! words3 8,y\r ,galileo has v5tur$ to m$dle ) ?+s t he ought n1 & ) ! mo/ important & dang]\s subjects :i* c be /irr$ up 9 ^! days40 ,niccol9i rem>k$ t ! philosoph] _h n publi%$ 8 "w )\t ! approval ( ! ,*ur*1 to :i* ! ,pope angrily rejo9$ t ,galileo & ,ciampoli _h deceiv$ him1 especially ,ciampoli1 :o _h d>$ to tell him t ,galileo w\ld be entirely guid$ by ! papal comm&s1 & t x 0 all "r2 he _h n ei!r se5 or read ! "w1 & ?is 0 all he _h kn[n ab\t x4 ,8 ,hol9ess !n made bitt] compla9ts aga9/ ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace1 add+1 h[ev]1 t he _h be5 deceiv$ himself1 = he _h be5 entic$ by fair spee*es to approve ! book1 & by m fair spee*es to all[ x to be pr9t$ at ,flor5ce1 )\t at all comply+ ) ! =m prescrib$ by ! ,inquisitor1 & ) ! "n ( ! ,roman c5sor ( ! press1 :o _h no?+ :atev] to d ) works :i* did n appe> at ,rome4 ,niccol9i !n v5tur$ to say1 t he knew t a special congregation 0 appo9t$ to try ?is affair1 & z x might happ5 7z 0 ! case7 t !re might be p]sons on x unfav\rable to ,galileo1 he humbly petition$ t ,galileo might h an opportunity ( ju/ify+ himself4 ,urban answ]$ curtly3 8,9 ^! affairs ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 no?+ is ev] done b to pron\nce judgm5t1 & !n summon to recant40 8,does x n !n appe> to y\r ,hol9ess10 answ]$ ! ambassador1 8t ,galileo %\ld be in=m$ be=eh& ( ! objections to1 scruples & criticisms respect+ 8 book1 & ( ! po9ts to :i* ! ,holy ,(fice takes exception80 8,! ,holy ,(fice10 repli$ ! ,pope1 angrily1 8z ,i told y be=e1 does n proce$ 9 t way1 & does n take t c\rse1 nor does x ev] give su* in=mation be=eh&3 x is n ! cu/om4 ,besides1 ,galileo kn[s well en\gh :at ! objections are1 if he only *ooses to "k1 because we h talk$ to him ab\t x1 & he has he>d !m all f ourself40 ,niccol9i n[ urg$ t ! "w 0 d$icat$ to ! ,gr& ,duke1 & writt5 by "o ( 8 mo/ em95t s]vants2 he hop$1 !re=e1 t ,galileo w\ld be treat$ ) indulg5ce4 ,urban repli$ t he _h ev5 prohibit$ books d$icat$ to himself1 & t 9 matt]s :]e x 0 a "q ( endang]+ religion1 ! ,gr& ,duke also 0 b\nd1 z a ,*ri/ian pr9ce1 to co-op]ate 9 en=c+ p5alties4 ,niccol9i _h !re=e bett] write pla9ly to 8 ,highness t he 7! ,pope7 w>n$ him n to m$dle ) ?+s :i* he c\ld n come out ( ) hon\r4 ,! undaunt$ ambassador n[ express$ 8 conviction t 8 ,hol9ess w\ld n all[ !m to g s f> z entirely to prohibit ! book1 :i* _h receiv$ sanction1 )\t at lea/ he>+ ,galileo4 ,b ,urban repli$1 t ?is 0 ! lea/ t c\ld happ5 to him1 & he _h bett] take c>e t he 0 n summon$ be=e ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,! ,pope !n assur$ ,niccol9i t ! prelim9>y commission 0 compos$ ( !ologians & m5 well v]s$ 9 sci5ce1 all grave & pi\s m51 :o w\ld weigh e p>ticul>1 ^w = ^w1 = x 0 a "q ( ! mo/ godless bus9ess :i* c\ld ev] be discuss$4 ,he also *>g$ ! ambassador to tell 8 sov]eign t ! doctr9e 0 9 ! highe/ degree s9ful2 ev]y?+ w\ld be maturely consid]$2 8 ,highness _h bett] n int]f]e1 & mu/ be on 8 gu>d4 ,9 conclusion1 ! ,pope n only impos$ ! /ricte/ secrecy on ,niccol9i z to :at he _h be5 told1 b desir$ t ! ,gr& ,duke also %\ld be *>g$ to keep ! secret1 add+ t he 8_h act$ ) great consid]ation = ,galileo1 by hav+ impress$ ^u him :at he knew be=e1 & by n ref]r+ 8 affairs1 z he ought to h done1 to ! ,holy ,(fice1 b to a specially-appo9t$ congregation40 ,urban add$ ! bitt] rem>k t 8 behavi\r t[>ds ,galileo _h be5 f> bett] ?an ,galileo's t[>ds him1 = he _h deceiv$ him4 ,9 ! n>ration ( ! :ole ( ?is int]e/+ conv]sation betwe5 ! ,pope & ! ,tuscan ambassador1 we h giv5 an almo/ lit]al translation ( ! ,italian orig9al ( ,niccol9i's report ( x to ,cioli1 ( #e? ,septemb]1 #afcb4bhe ,urban's la/ angry expression caus$ ,niccol9i to rem>k 9 8 despat* t he f\nd 8ill w "h too2 & z = ! ,pope1 he c\ld n be m aga9/ poor ,galileo ?an he 040 ,he !n said t he _h communicat$ ,cioli's lett] ( #bd? ,augu/ to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace1 & t ,ricc>di ?\ght !y w\ld h>dly condemn ! 8,dialogues0 altoge!r1 b only alt] "s passages :i* really 7 objectionable4 ,he _h also (f]$1 z f> z he c\ld d s )\t incurr+ c5sure or transgress+ rules1 to in=m ! ambassador at once ( :at 0 go+ to be done1 add+ h[ev]1 t he mu/ be cauti\s1 = he _h already felt ! la% 9 ?is matt]4 ,he !n compla9$ t !y _h n act$ 9 accordance ) 8 lett] to ! ,inquisitor1 t ! introduction 0 pr9t$ 9 diff]5t type f ! re/ ( ! "w1 & t ! conclusion did n agree ) ! introduction4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! despat*1 ,niccol9i says t 8x w be bett] to act )\t any temp] 9 ?is bus9ess1 & r to negotiate ) ! m9i/]s & ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i ?an ) ! ,pope himself1 because he ob/9ately p]si/s t x is a hopeless case1 & if y dispute x1 or ?reat5 any?+1 or are defiant1 8 ,hol9ess lets fall h>d words & has no respect = anybody40 ,! conclusion ( ,cioli's reply ( #ai? ,septemb] to ?is om9\s despat* ( ,niccol9i's gives u an insight into ! attitude :i* ! ,tuscan ,gov]nm5t1 ev5 at t "t1 desir$ to assume t[>ds ! papal *air 9 ?is un=tunate bus9ess4 ,cioli writes3-- 8,8 ,highness has he>d ! lett]s ( y\r excell5cy ( ! #d? & #e?1 & by ?is affair ( ,signor ,m>iano & t ( ,signor ,galileo he 0 plac$ 9 s mu* difficulty t ,i d n "k h[ x w be4 ,i "k well t 8 ,hol9ess w nev] h to blame ! m9i/]s = giv+ bad advice40#bhf ,two lett]s f ,c\nt ,magalotti1#bhg :o 0 usually well in=m$1 arriv$ almo/ at ! same "t z ?is despat*4 ,bo? be> ! date ( #d? ,septemb]2 "o is to ,m>io ,guiducci1 ! o!r to ,galileo1 :o 9 a lett] ( #bcrd ,augu/1 :i* is lo/1 _h express$ 8 anxiety to ,magalotti le/ 8 "w %\ld be pron\nc$ suspici\s1 & ! ,cop]nican doctr9e condemn$ z h]etical by ! au?orities4 ,magalotti's news 01 on ! :ole1 reassur+4 ,accord+ to ! op9ions ( p]sons :o are g5]ally pres5t at ! sitt+s ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 he ?\ght he c\ld assure ,galileo t x w\ld nev] g s f> z = ! ,cop]nican sy/em to be condemn$ by ! supreme au?ority4#bhh ,he ?\ght1 ) ,ricc>di1 t !y w\ld n entirely prohibit ! 8,dialogues10 b only correct !m1 s z to su/a9 ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf4 ,he also urg5tly advis$1 l ,niccol9i1 t !y %\ld arm !mselves ) ! utmo/ pati5ce1 & r conf] ) ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i ?an ) ,urban1 8= reasons :i* x is n necess>y to discuss "h40 ,nei!r ,galileo himself1 nor ,magalotti1 nor 8 o!r fri5ds1 ev] ?\ght ( any p]sonal dang] to him2 ,niccol9i & ! ,gr& ,duke might p]haps h be5 m %>p-sight$1 b !y 7 b\nd to sil5ce4 ,! ?reads1 h[ev]1 ( ?is great intrigue c only be dis5tangl$ by ! lat] hi/orian1 :o has wat*$ ! progress ( ! :ole melan*oly drama4 ,two facts are p]fectly obvi\s to ! att5tive obs]v]3 ! fir/1 t at ,rome1 ) ! ,pope at _! head1 !y 7 det]m9$ to br+ ,galileo to trial be=e ! ,inquisition2 & ! second1 t !y did n yet cle>ly see h[ x 0 to be done ) "s %ad[ ( ju/ice4 ,to f9d ?is out 0 ! real purpose ( ! appo9tm5t ( ! special congregation1 :i* ,urban _h boa/$ ( z a signal act ( =be>ance t[>ds ,galileo4 ,all ! objections to ! book 7 subjects r = accusation aga9/ ! c5sors :o _h sanction$ x ?an aga9/ ! au?or1 :o _h submitt$ x to !m1 alt]$ x1 & aga9 submitt$ ! alt]ations4 ,! responsibility = ! publication really re/$ n ) ! au?or1 b ) ^? :o _h sanction$ x4 ,! ,pope's accusation1 h[ev]1 t ,galileo _h coax$ !m to give ! p]mission by fair spee*es1 0 too indef9ite to in/itute a trial ^u1 & nei!r did ! irregul> quotation ( ! imprimatur ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace1 nor ! typographical diff]5ce betwe5 ! preface & ! re/ ( ! book (f] suffici5t gr\nd = a legal prosecution4 ,9 ?is difficult case1 !re=e1 x requir$ all ! ,romi% craft & legal sophi/ry at comm&1 to f9d a pretext = br++ ,galileo to trial be=e ! ,inquisition1 :i* %\ld1 at any rate accord+ to ,romi% pr9ciples1 ju/ify x 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,! prelim9>y commission appo9t$ by ,urban ,,viii4 0 to p]=m ?is by no means easy task 9 brilliant /yle4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly v mu* light5$ by a discov]y 9 ! acts ( ! trial ( ,galileo 9 #afaf1 :i* 0 evid5tly a surprise to !m--! note ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf4 ,:at va/ importance !y at once ?\ght fit to assign to ?is annotation )\t signature1 we le>n f a despat* ( ,niccol9i's to ,cioli1 ( #aa? ,septemb]4#bhi ,niccol9i ref]s 9 x to a rec5t int]view ) ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace4 ,he _h aga9 /rongly advis$ t no?+ be done 9 a hurry1 & t "t mu/ be ga9$1 = ! ,pope 0 firmly conv9c$ t religion 0 really imp]ill$1 = ! "w did n treat ( ma!matics1 b ( ,holy ,scripture1 religion1 & fai?1 & ! ord]s respect+ ! pr9t+ ( ! "w _h n be5 compli$ )1 = ! op9ion ( ! au?or 0 n m]ely indicat$1 b express$ 9 _m places 9 ! mo/ decid$ & unsuitable mann]4 ,aft] ,ricc>di _h assur$ ! ambassador t all ef=ts to get ,campanella & ,ca/elli put on ! prelim9>y commission _h fail$1 b t he 7,ricc>di7 w\ld d 8 be/ to def5d ,galileo1 bo? f fri5d%ip = him1 & to s]ve 8 ,highness1 & because he _h giv5 ! p]mission to pr9t1 he confid$ to ,niccol9i1 "u seal ( pr(\nd secrecy1 z ( ! highe/ importance1 8t x _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! books ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 t sixte5 ye>s ago1 x hav+ be5 he>d t ,galileo ent]ta9$ t op9ion1 & dissem9at$ x 9 ,flor5ce1 he 0 summon$ to ,rome1 & =bidd5 by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 9 ! "n ( ! ,pope & ! ,holy ,(fice1 to hold t op9ion1 & ?is alone is en\gh to ru9 him entirely40#bij ,?is communication ( ,ricc>di's conta9s an obvi\s mis-/atem5t1 namely1 t any docum5t _h be5 f\nd %[+ t ,galileo _h be5 summon$ to ,rome 9 #afaf4 ,z we h se51#bia all ! hi/orical docum5ts %[ t he 0 n summon$1 b t 8 visit 0 entirely volunt>y4 ,?is v]bal /atem5t ( ,ricc>di's1 unsupport$ by any docum5t1 is ( no value z evid5ce1 comp>$ ) ! lett]s ( ,galileo ( t p]iod1 & 8 depositions aft]w>ds be=e 8 judges1 :o 7 accurately in=m$ ( all ! previ\s proce$+s4 ,! second "p ( 8 communication to ,niccol9i is also f> f precise4 ,he does inde$ say t ,galileo1 9 #afaf1 _h 9 ! "n ( ! ,pope & ! ,holy ,congregation be5 =bidd5 7prohibito71 8il pot] t5]e que/o op9ione10 b accord+ to ! fa!r's acc\nt ?is prohibition 0 communicat$ to him by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e4 ,ricc>di is evid5tly n precisely in/ruct$1 & does n "k t1 accord+ to ! notification ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 ,galileo receiv$ an absolute prohibition be=e not>y & witnesses4 ,we %all see ! "p ?is 8docum5t0 0 de/9$ to play 9 ! proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo4 ,! prelim9>y commission _h j !n1 aft] ab\t a mon?'s session1 complet$ its lab\rs1 & submitt$ to ! ,pope a long memorial on ! ,galileo affair4 ,! docum5t beg9s ) a concise /atem5t ( ! c\rse ( ! negotiations ab\t ! publication ( ! 8,dialogues10 & !n ! ?ree foll[+ indictm5ts 7 br\ght aga9/ ! au?or3-- 7#a7 ,galileo has transgress$ ord]s 9 deviat+ f ! hypo!tical treatm5t by decid$ly ma9ta9+ t ! e>? moves & ! sun is /ation>y4 7#b7 ,he has errone\sly ascrib$ ! ph5om5a ( ! tides to ! /ability ( ! sun & ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i* d n exi/2 7#c7 & he has fur!r be5 deceitfully sil5t ab\t ! comm& laid ^u him by ! ,holy ,(fice1 9 ! ye> #afaf1 :i* 0 z foll[s3 8,to rel9qui% altoge!r ! said op9ion t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & immovable1 & t ! e>? moves2 nor h5ce=? to hold1 tea*1 or def5d x 9 any way :atsoev]1 v]bally or 9 writ+1 o!rwise proce$+s w\ld be tak5 aga9/ him by ! ,holy ,(fice1 :i* injunction ! said ,galileo acquiesc$ 9 & promis$ to obey40 ,!n foll[s ! rem>k3 8,x mu/ n[ be consid]$ :at proce$+s are to be tak51 bo? aga9/ ! p]son ( ! au?or & aga9/ ! pr9t$ book40 ,yet ! nature ( ^! proce$+s is n 9 any way discuss$ 9 ! docum5t1 b x n[ ref]s m 9 detail 9 five c\nts to ! hi/orical ev5ts1 f ! "t :5 ! 8,dialogues0 7 submitt$ 9 ,rome 9 #afcj1 to ! publication 9 ,flor5ce 9 #afcb4 ,a six? c\nt consid]s t ! foll[+ po9ts 9 ! 8,dialogues0 !mselves mu/ be laid to ! au?or's acc\nt3-- 8#a4 ,t )\t ord]s & )\t mak+ any communication ab\t x1 he put ! imprimatur ( ,rome on ! title page4 8#b4 ,t he _h pr9t$ ! preface 9 diff]5t type1 & r5d]$ x useless by its sep>ation f ! re/ ( ! "w2 fur!r1 t he _h put ! sav+ clause at ! end 9 ! m\? ( a simpleton1 & 9 a place :]e x is h>d to f9d2 t x is b coolly receiv$ by ! o!r int]locutor1 s t x is only cursorily t\*$ ^u1 & n fully discuss$4 8#c4 ,t he _h v (t5 9 ! "w deviat$ f ! hypo!sis1 ei!r by absolutely ass]t+ t ! e>? moves1 & t ! sun is /ation>y1 or by repres5t+ ! argum5ts ^u :i* ^! views re/ z conv9c+ & necess>ily true1 or by mak+ ! contr>y appe> impossible4 8#d4 ,t he _h treat$ ! subject z undecid$1 & z if he 7 wait+ =1 ?\gh he does n expect1 explanation4 8#e4 ,t he contemns au?ors :o are ( a contr>y op9ion1 & ^? :om ,holy ,*ur* *iefly employs4 8#f4 ,t he p]nici\sly ass]ts & sets =? t1 9 ! appreh5sion ( geometrical matt]s1 !re is "s equality betwe5 ! ,div9e & human m9d4 8#g4 ,t he _h repres5t$ x to be an argum5t = ! tru? t ,ptolemaics g ov] to ! ,cop]nicans1 b n vice v]sa4 8#h4 ,t he _h errone\sly ascrib$ ! tides 9 ! ocean to ! /ability ( ! sun & ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i* d n exi/40 ,! special commission1 h[ev]1 by no means draws ! conclusion f all ^! errors & fail+s1 t ! 8,dialogues0 %\ld be prohibit$1 b says3 8,all ^! ?+s c\ld be correct$1 if x 0 ?\ght t ! book to :i* su* fav\r %\ld be %[n 7 ( any value40 ,imm$iately aft] ?is foll[s ! sev5? po9t1 say+ t 8! au?or _h transgress$ ! m&ate ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( #afaf1 #8t he %\ld rel9qui% ! said op9ion1' etc4--d[n to1 #8& promis$ to obey4'0#bib ,h]e) ! memorial ( ! prelim9>y commission concludes4 ,x draws no conclusions f ! facts adduc$1 b leaves t to 8 ,hol9ess ! ,pope4 ,! la/ c\nt confirms ,galileo's *ief (f5ce3 he is guilty ( hav+ disobey$ a special m&ate ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 has brok5 a solemn promise made be=e a not>y & witnesses4 ,su* a crime1 accord+ to inquisitorial usage1 dem&$ sev]e puni%m5t4 ,! p]fidy ( #afaf _h signally triumph$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,summons ,,to ,,rome4 ,niccol9i's ,attempt to av]t ! ,trial4--,! ,pope's ,p>able4--,! ,m&ate summon+ ,galileo to ,rome4--,8 ,grief & ,con/]nation4--,8 ,lett] to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i4--,r5ew$ ,ord] to come to ,rome4--,niccol9i's fruitless ,ef=ts to save him4--,m$ical ,c]tificate t he 0 unfit to ,travel4--,ca/elli's hopeful ,view ( ! ,case4--,?reat to br+ him to ,rome z a ,prison]4--,! ,gr& ,duke advises him to g4--,8 ,p[]lessness to protect 8 ,s]vant4--,galileo's ,mi/ake 9 leav+ ,v5ice4--,lett] to ,elia ,diodati4 ,only a few days lat]1 on #ae? ,septemb]1 ! ,pope in=m$ ! ,tuscan ambassador ?r\gh "o ( 8 secret>ies1 ,pietro ,b5essi1 t he 7,urban7 h]eby notifi$ to him1 out ( e/eem = 8 ,highness ! ,gr& ,duke1 t he c\ld d no less ?an h& ,galileo's affairs ov] to ! ,inquisition4 ,at ! same "t ! /ricte/ secrecy z to ?is in=mation 0 enjo9$ bo? on ! ,gr& ,duke & ,niccol9i1 ) a ?reat t o!rwise !y w\ld be proce$$ aga9/ accord+ to ! /atutes ( ! ,holy ,(fice4#bic ,niccol9i 0 a/\nd$ by ?is news1 & ha/5$1 two days aft]w>ds1 to ! ,pope1 to make a f9al attempt to av]t ! dang] ( a trial be=e ! ,inquisition = ,galileo4 ,b 8 urg5t ?\gh respectful solicitations met ) no response4 ,urban inde$ said t 8,signor ,galileo 0 /ill 8 fri5d1--b t op9ion _h be5 condemn$ sixte5 ye>s be=e40 ,he !n expatiat$1 z he _h s (t5 done be=e1 on ! dang] ( ! doctr9e1 & end$ by say+ t ,galileo's book 0 9 ! highe/ degree p]nici\s4 ,:5 ,niccol9i rem>k$ t he ?\ght ! 8,dialogues0 might be alt]$ to ! prescrib$ =m1 in/ead ( be+ prohibit$ altoge!r1 ! ,pope answ]$ affably by tell+ him a p>able ab\t ,c>d9al ,alciato4 ,a manuscript 0 submitt$ to him ) ! reque/ t1 9 ord] n to spoil ! fair copy1 he w\ld m>k ! places requir+ alt]ation ) a little wax4 ,! c>d9al return$ x )\t any m>ks at all4 ,! au?or ?ank$ him1 & express$ 8 satisfaction t he _h n f\nd any?+ to f9d fault )1 z !re 0 n a s+le m>k2 b ! c>d9al repli$ t he _h n us$ any wax1 = if he _h1 he mu/ h gone to a wax *&l]'s1 & dipp$ ! :ole "w into melt$ wax 9 ord] to am5d x ?or\ghly4#bid ,?us _h ,c>d9al ,alciato enlight5$ ! un=tunate au?or 9 8 day1 & ,urban enlight5$ ,niccol9i by quot+ ! /ory1 to :i* he c\ld only reply ) a =c$ smile1 t nev]!less he 8hop$ 8 ,hol9ess w\ld all[ !m to treat ,galileo's "w z indulg5tly z possible40 ,niccol9i's ef=ts _h be5 9 va91 & measures 7 laid ) almo/ brea?less ha/e to deliv] ,galileo up to ! ,inquisition4 ,?is 0 f9ally effect$ 9 ! sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( #bcrd ,septemb]1 #afcb1 :5 x 0 pron\nc$ t he _h transgress$ ! prohibition ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 & conceal$ x :5 he obta9$ ! imprimatur4 ,9 a docum5t ( ! ,vatican ,manuscript we h ! papal m&ate :i* foll[$ ?is s5t5ce4 ,x runs z foll[s3-- 8#bcrd ,septemb]1 #afcb4 ,8 ,hol9ess *>ges ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce to in=m ,galileo1 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 t he is to appe> z soon z possible 9 ! c\rse ( ! mon? ( ,octob]1 at ,rome be=e ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,he mu/ also obta9 a promise f ,galileo to obey ?is ord]1 :i* ! ,inquisitor is to give him 9 ! pres5ce ( a not>y & witnesses1 b 9 su* a way t ,galileo may "k no?+ ab\t !m1 s t if he refuse & d n promise to obey1 !y may1 if necess>y1 be> witness to x40#bie ,on #a/ ,octob] ! ,inquisitor c>ri$ out ?is ord]1 :i* ,galileo _h to c]tify by ! foll[+ atte/ation3-- #a/ ,octob]1 #afcb1 at ,flor5ce4 8,i1 ,galileo ,galilei1 c]tify t on ! day indicat$ ! ord] has be5 deliv]$ to me by ! hon\rable ,fa!r ,inquisitor ( ?is city1 by comm& ( ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice at ,rome1 to g to ,rome 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t mon?1 ,octob]1 & to pres5t myself be=e ! ,fa!r ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 :o w in=m me :at ,i h to d4 ,i w will+ly obey ! ord] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is mon? ,octob]4 ,& 9 te/imony !reto ,i h writt5 ^! pres5ts40 8,i1 ,galileo ,galilei wrote manu propria40#bif ,?is m&ate to pres5t himself be=e ! ,inquisition q ov]:elm$ ,galileo1 z is evid5t f 8 correspond5ce ( t p]iod4 ,he 0 totally unprep>$ = x4 ,sc>cely recov]$ f a sev]e compla9t 9 ! eyes1 :i* _h la/$ sev]al mon?s & _h prev5t$ him f us+ !m1 o!rwise suff]+ 9 heal?1 & at an advanc$ age1 he 0 n[ to g to ,rome 9 ! mid/ ( ! plague1 :i* _h brok5 out aga9 ) increas$ virul5ce1 & entail$ /rict qu>ant9e regulations1 9 ord] to give acc\nt ( himself be=e ! dread tribunal4 ,no wond] t x dismay$ him1 & 9 spite ( 8 promise 8will+ly to obey ! ord] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is mon?1 ,octob]10 we f9d him mak+ e ef=t to get out ( x4 ,on #f? ,octob] he wrote 9 ! greate/ excitem5t to ,cioli1 :o 0 j !n ) ! ,gr& ,duke at ,si5a1 t he 0 9 ! greate/ con/]nation at ?is summons to appe> be=e ! ,inquisition at ,rome1 & z he 0 well aw>e ( ! importance ( ! matt]1 he w\ld come to ,si5a to lay 8 s*emes & plans be=e 8 ,highness1 = he _h m ?an "o 9 8 head1 & to consult him ab\t ! /eps to be tak54#big ,?is j\rney1 h[ev]1 0 n und]tak51 z ! c\rt soon return$ to ,flor5ce4 ,galileo's deep depression is mo/ evid5t f a long lett] ( #ac? ,octob] address$ to a c>d9al ( ! ,b>b]9i family1#bih :i* 0 to rea* him ?r\gh ,niccol9i4 ,galileo rem>ks fir/ t he & 8 fri5ds _h =ese5 t 8 8,dialogues0 w\ld f9d oppon5ts1 b he _h nev] imag9$ t ! envi\s malice ( "s p]sons w\ld g s f> z to p]suade ! au?orities t !y 7 n wor?y to see ! light4 ,he goes on to say t ! summons be=e ! ,inquisition at ,rome _h caus$ him ! deepe/ grief1 = he fe>$ t su* a proce$+1 usual only 9 ! case ( s]i\s del9qu5ts1 w\ld turn ! fruits ( all 8 /udies & lab\rs dur+ _m ye>s1 :i* _h l5t no little repute to 8 "n ) ! le>n$ all ov] ! _w1 into asp]sions on 8 fair fame4 8,?is vexes me s mu*10 cont9ues ,galileo1 8t x makes me curse ! "t devot$ to ^! /udies 9 :i* ,i /rove & hop$ to deviate some:at f ! beat5 track g5]ally pursu$ by le>n$ m54 ,i n only rep5t hav+ giv5 ! _w a portion ( my writ+s1 b feel incl9$ to suppress ^? /ill 9 h&1 & to give !m to ! flames1 & ?us satisfy ! long+ desire ( my enemies to :om my ideas are s inconv5i5t40 ,aft] ?is desp]ate cry f 8 oppress$ s\l1 he expresses 8 conviction t1 burd5$ ) sev5ty ye>s & _m bodily suff]+s1 increas$ by con/ant sleeplessness1 he %all n rea* ! end ( ?is t$i\s j\rney--made m ardu\s by unusual difficulties--alive4 ,impell$ by ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation common to all m51 he v5tures to ask ! good (fices ( ! c>d9al4 ,he begs him to repres5t 8 pitiable condition to ! wise fa!rs 9 ,rome1 n to release him f giv+ acc\nt ( himself1 :i* he is mo/ anxi\s to d1 z he is sure t x w only t5d to 8 advantage1 b only t x may be made easi] = him to obey4 ,!re are two ways ( do+ ?is4 ,"o is = him to write a m9ute & consci5ti\s v9dication ( all t he has said1 writt51 or done s9ce ! day :5 ! conflict began on ,cop]nicus's book & 8 new sy/em4 ,he is c]ta9 t 8 s9c]ity & 8 pure1 zeal\s1 & dev\t atta*m5t to ! holy ,*ur* & its supreme head1 w\ld be s obvi\s f ?is /atem5t1 t e "o1 if he 7 free f passion & p>ty malice1 mu/ confess t he _h behav$ s pi\sly & l a good ,ca?olic1 t n ev5 any ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* to :om ! epi!t holy is appli$1 c\ld h %[n m piety4 ,he ass]ts & w indisputably prove1 by all ! works he has writt5 on ?is subject1 t he has only ent]$ into ! controv]sy out ( zeal = ! holy ,*ur*1 ) ! int5tion ( imp>t+ to h] s]vants t k :i* "o or o!r ( !m might wi% to possess1 & :i* he _h acquir$ by long /udy1 z x treat$ ( subjects difficult to und]/& & diff]5t f ! le>n+ g5]ally cultivat$4 ,he w also %[ h[ _m op9ions conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 an enc\ragem5t to him1 & h[ he 0 8f9ally confirm$ 9 8 int5tion by he>+ a %ort b holy & admirable address1 :i* came unexpect$ly1 l an e*o ( ! ,holy ,_s1 f ! lips ( a p]sonage em95t 9 le>n+ & rev]$ = 8 sanctity ( life40 ,b = ! pres5t he w n give ?is admirable say+1 nor ! speak]'s "n1 z x does n seem prud5t or suitable to involve any "o 9 ! pres5t affair :i* conc]ns him p]sonally alone4#bii ,hav+ 9 a t\*+ mann] begg$ t :at he %\ld write may be read1 & decl>$ t %\ld 8 v9dication n give satisfaction on all po9ts he w reply 9 detail to objections1 he proce$s to ! second means ( av]t+ ! j\rney to ,rome4 ,he only wi%es t 8 adv]s>ies w\ld be z ready to commit to pap] :at !y h p]haps v]bally & ad aures said aga9/ him1 z he 0 to def5d himself 9 writ+4 ,if !y w n accept 8 writt5 v9dication1 & /ill insi/ ^u a v]bal "o1 !re 0 an ,inquisitor1 ,nuncius1 ar*bi%op1 & o!r high (ficials ( ! ,*ur* at ,flor5ce1 ^: summons he 0 q ready to obey4 ,he says3--8,x appe>s to me t ?+s ( mu* great] importance are decid$ by ?is tribunal4 ,& x is n likely t "u ! ke5 & wat*ful eyes ( ^? :o exam9$ my book ) full lib]ty to omit1 to add1 & to alt] z seem$ good to !m1 errors s weighty c\ld escape t ! au?orities ( ?is city %\ld be incompet5t to correct or puni% !m40 ,?is passage aga9 cle>ly indicates t ,galileo knew no?+ :atev] ( ! prohibition ( #afaf2 t he _h no idea ( hav+ brok5 8 ^w to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,8 only ?\ght is ( a revision ( 8 "w z ! result ( a conviction t x conta9$ errors4#cjj ,! lett] to ! c>d9al concludes ) ! foll[+ assurance3--8,if nei!r my great age1 nor my _m bodily infirmities1 nor ! deep conc]n ,i feel1 nor ! we>isom5ess ( a j\rney "u ! pres5t mo/ unfav\rable circum/ances1 are consid]$ suffici5t reasons1 by ?is high & sacr$ tribunal1 = grant+ a disp5sation1 or at lea/ a delay1 ,i w und]take ! j\rney1 e/eem+ ob$i5ce m ?an life40#cja ,niccol9i c\ld n deliv] ?is lett] to ! c>d9al imm$iately1 z he 0 j !n abs5t f ,rome4 ,he receiv$ h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 an urg5t petition f ano!r qu>t]4 ,mi*ael ,angelo ! y\ng] wrote to ?is dignit>y1 ) :om he 0 on fri5dly t]ms1 & entreat$ him1 out ( consid]ation = ! philosoph]'s age & infirmities1 to use 8 p[]ful influ5ce to get 8 affairs settl$ at ,flor5ce4#cjb ,b !re 0 a long delay be=e ,galileo's lett] 0 deliv]$ to ! c>d9al4 ,! ambassador wi%$ fir/ to consult ,ca/elli1 :om ! ,gr& ,duke _h appo9t$ z 8 c\nsel 9 ,galileo's affairs1 :e!r x 0 to be deliv]$4 ,niccol9i _h d\bts ab\t ^! explanations1 & express$ !m bo? 9 a lett] to ,galileo ( #bcrd ,octob]1#cjc & 9 a despat* to ,cioli ( ! #bd?4#cjd ,9 ! =m] ,niccol9i says t he ?9ks ,galileo's lett] is m calculat$ to inc5se !m aga9/ him ?an to pacify !m1 & ! m he ass]t$ t he c\ld def5d 8 "w ! m x w\ld be ?\ght t x ought to be condemn$4 ,he ?9ks t a delay w be grant$ to ! accus$ ( 8 j\rney to ,rome1 b t he w n be releas$ f x on any consid]ation4 ,niccol9i gave him ! foll[+ fri5dly h9t z to ! attitude he %\ld ma9ta93 8,x appe>s desirable n to ent] into any def5ce ( ?+s :i* ! ,congregation d n approve1 b to submit & to recant :at ! c>d9als may desire2 = to speak z a ,*ri/ian1 "o mu/ n ma9ta9 any?+1 b :at !y1 z ! highe/ tribunal1 t _c err1 please40#cje ,by su* conduct ! ambassador hopes = an easi] solution ( ! "q2 n1 h[ev]1 )\t its com+ to an actual trial1 & ,galileo may ev5 be some:at re/rict$ 9 8 p]sonal lib]ty4 ,he has great d\bts ab\t ! passage ref]r+ to an 8admirable address1 :i* came unexpect$ly l an e*o ( ! ,holy ,_s f ! lips ( a p]sonage em95t 9 le>n+ & rev]$ = 8 sanctity ( life10 z he ?9ks t if ! lett] is h&$ to ! c>d9al1 he w h& x to ! ,congregation1 & ! c>d9als may reque/ to be in=m$ :o ?is p]sonage is4 ,at all ev5ts he w\ld l fir/ to consult ,ca/elli1 :o 0 n j !n at ,rome4 ,! result ( ! consultation 01 h[ev]1 to deliv] ! lett] to ,b>b]9i4 ,niccol9i report$ to ,galileo on #f? ,novemb]1#cjf t he _h receiv$ x 9 a v fri5dly _s1 & 0 altoge!r v k9dly dispos$ t[>ds him4 ,! ambassador does n d\bt t a delay w at any rate be grant$1 t ,galileo may make ! j\rney to ,rome ) less inconv5i5ce4#cjg ,we le>n f a docum5t 9 ,gh]>di's ar*ives1 t ,galileo's petitions 7 discuss$ at a sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice held on #aa? ,novemb]1 9 pres5ce ( ! ,pope1 b t he w\ld n grant !m1 & decre$ t ,galileo mu/ obey1 & ord]$ t ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce %\ld be writt5 to t he might compel ,galileo to come to ,rome4#cjh ,niccol9i1 mean:ile1 0 unwe>i$ 9 try+ to get ,galileo's proposals accept$4 ,he w5t to ,c>d9al ,g9etti1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! ,congregation & 9 high fav\r ) ! ,pope1 & to ,mgr4 ,boccabella1 assessor ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & repres5t$ to bo? ,galileo's great age1 8 fail+ heal?1 & ! p]il to 8 life ( a j\rney ?r\gh qu>ant9e & plague4 ,b z bo? prelates1 on :om z memb]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice /rict secrecy 0 impos$1 8only he>d :at he _h to say1 & answ]$ no?+10 ,niccol9i w5t to ! ,pope himself1 to make "o m attempt4 ,hav+ z he ?\ght put ! imp]i\s pontiff into ! be/ ( hum\rs1 by assur+ him t ! un=tunate savant 0 ready to r5d] prompt ob$i5ce to e comm&1 he laid all ! circum/ances be=e him1 & us$ all 8 eloqu5ce to awak5 pity = ! infirm old man4 ,b 9 va94 ,niccol9i ask$ at la/ :e!r 8 ,hol9ess _h n se5 ,galileo's lett] to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i2 & he said he _h1 b 9 spite ( all t ! j\rney to ,rome c\ld n be disp5s$ )4 8,y\r ,hol9ess incurs ! dang]10 repli$ ,niccol9i1 8consid]+ ,galileo's great age1 ( 8 be+ tri$ nei!r 9 ,rome nor ,flor5ce2 = ,i assure y\r ,hol9ess t he may die on ! way "u all ^! difficulties comb9$ ) s mu* anxiety40 8,he c come v sl[ly 7pian piano7 9 a litt]1 ) e com=t1 b he really mu/ be tri$ "h 9 p]son4 ,may ,god =give him = hav+ be5 s delud$ z to involve himself 9 ^! difficulties1 f :i* we _h reliev$ him :5 we 7 c>d9al40 ,?is 0 ! ,pope's /]n reply to ! ambassador's urg5t repres5tations4 ,& :5 he rem>k$ t x 0 ! sanction giv5 to ! book "h :i* _h occasion$ all ?is1 because f ! signature1 & ! ord]s giv5 to ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 !y felt q secure1 & _h proce$$ )\t scruple1 ,urban broke out into viol5t compla9ts ab\t ! conduct ( ,fa!r ,ricc>di & ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 & repeat$ t x 0 a "q ( a mo/ p]nici\s doctr9e4#cji ,niccol9i1 see+ t 8 ef=ts 7 9 va9 retir$1 b only to ha/5 to ,c>d9al ,antonio ,b>b]9i1 & to entreat him to take up ! cause ( ?is p]secut$ man4 ,b ! c>d9al made ! p]t95t excuse t he c\ld n act aga9/ ! ,pope's w1 b he w\ld procure all possible relaxation ( ! /rict qu>ant9e regulations = ,galileo4 ,niccol9i c\ld n ev5 obta9 any def9ite promise ( delay2 &1 mu* discomfit$ & ) pr(\nd sorr[1 he communicat$ ! results ( 8 s9c]e & unwe>i$ endeav\rs 9 a lett] to ,galileo ( #ac? ,novemb]1 #afcb1 & a despat* to ,cioli ( ! same date4#caj ,a few days aft] ! receipt ( ?is bad news1 on #ai? ,novemb]1 ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce = ! second "t1 9 accordance ) ! papal m&ate ( #aa? ,novemb]4 ,he s5t ! foll[+ report ( x on #bj? ,novemb]1 to ,rome3-- 8,i h aga9 summon$ ,galileo ,galilei1 :o said t he 0 p]fectly will+ to g to ,rome1 & only hesitat$ on acc\nt ( 8 advanc$ age1 8 evid5t ill heal?1 ! circum/ance t he 0 "u m$ical treatm5t1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,i !n *>g$ him to comply ) ! ord] to g to ,rome1 & 9 pres5ce ( a not>y & two witnesses gave him a respite ( "o mon?4 ,he aga9 appe>$ q will+1 b ,i d n "k :e!r he w g4 ,i told him :at ,i _h receiv$40#caa ,on #i? ,decemb] ! papal ord]s 7 issu$ to ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 z soon z ! mon? _h elaps$1 to compel ,galileo to set out = ,rome4#cab ,niccol9i wrote to ,cioli on ! #aa?#cac & to ,galileo on ! #ab?#cad ,decemb]1 t he _h aga9 tri$ to procure a long] respite1 b _h f\nd x impossible4 ,he moreov] /rongly advis$ ,galileo to set out z soon z possible1 & /ay = at lea/ tw5ty days' qu>ant9e some:]e )9 ! t]ritory ( ,si5a1 z ?is prompt ob$i5ce w\ld be greatly to 8 advantage at ,rome4 ,b ! "t appo9t$ _h ne>ly elaps$1 & ,galileo made no prep>ations = />t+4 ,%ortly be=e x t]m9at$1 9 accordance ) 8 in/ructions1 ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce s5t 8 vic> to him4 ,on #ah? ,decemb] ! ,inquisitor s5t ! foll[+ report to ,rome3-- 8,my vic> f\nd ,galileo ,galilei 9 b$4 ,he told him he 0 q will+ to come1 b 9 ^! times he _h no he>t = x2 besides1 j n[1 ow+ to hav+ be5 attack$ by sudd5 illness1 he 0 n 9 a condition to set out4 ,he has s5t me ! enclos$ m$ical c]tificate4 ,s t ,i h n fail$ to d my duty40#cae ,! m$ical c]tificate1 dat$ #ag? ,decemb]1 gives a cle> idea ( ! physical condition ( ?is mu*-tri$ man1 & we !re=e give x 9 full4 ,x is sign$ by ! doctors ,vettorio de ,rossi1 ,giovanni ,ronconi1 & ,pietro ,c]vi]i1 & is z foll[s3-- 8,we1 ! und]sign$ physicians1 c]tify t we h exam9$ ,signor ,galileo ,galilei1 & f9d t 8 pulse int]mits e ?ree or f\r beats1 f :i* we conclude t 8 vital p[]s are affect$1 & at 8 great age mu* weak5$4 ,to ! above are to be ascrib$ frequ5t attacks ( gidd9ess1 hypo*ondriacal melan*oly1 weakness ( ! /oma*1 sleeplessness1 & fly+ pa9s ab\t ! body1 to :i* o!rs also c te/ify4 ,we h also obs]v$ a s]i\s h]nia ) rupture ( ! p]itoneum4 ,all ^! symptoms are wor?y ( notice1 z "u ! lea/ aggravation !y might evid5tly become dang]\s to life40#caf ,b mu* importance does n seem to h be5 atta*$ to ?is c]tificate at ,rome2 & 9 a despat* ( #bf? ,decemb]1 ,niccol9i express$ 8 fe>s to ,cioli le/ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities at ,flor5ce %\ld receive extreme ord]s4#cag ,ca/elli also1 9 a lett] ( #be? ,decemb]1 urg$ 8 old ma/] to set out4#cah ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 all 8 lett]s ( ?is p]iod1 he %[s t he _h no idea ( ! real mom5t to ,galileo ( ! proce$+s go+ on at ,rome1 & he 0 altoge!r ill in=m$ ab\t ! c\rse ?+s 7 tak+4#cai ,probably great res]ve 0 ma9ta9$ t[>ds ?is fai?ful adh]5t ( ,galileo1 :o 0 also to be 8 advocate4 ,ca/elli always consol$ him ) ! assurance t1 to ! be/ ( 8 belief1 ! f9al decision ( ! holy tribunal w\ld nev] be aga9/ him4#cbj ,ev5 9 8 lett] ( #be? ,decemb]1 ,ca/elli says t he only consid]s x necess>y = ,galileo to set out = ,rome1 because he ent]ta9$ a s+ul> notion t ,galileo's cunn+ p]secutors desir$ no?+ m ?an t he %\ld n come to ,rome1 9 ord] t !y might decry him z an ob/9ate rebel2 = he _h n committ$ any crime aga9/ ! ,holy ,(fice6 ,x is pla9 t ! wor?y ,fa!r ,ca/elli 0 n v %>p-sight$1 z he _h abundantly prov$ be=e by giv+ up ! orig9al ( ! celebrat$ lett] ( ,galileo's to him ( #ba/ ,decemb]1 #afac4 ,on #cj? ,decemb]1 ! fe>s m5tion$ by ,niccol9i 9 8 despat* ( #bf? ,decemb] 7 realis$4 ,on t day a papal m&ate 0 issu$ to ! ,inquisitor ( ,flor5ce1 :i* said t nei!r 8 ,hol9ess nor ! ,holy ,congregation c\ld or w\ld tol]ate su* evasions2 x mu/ !re=e be prov$ :e!r ,galileo's /ate 0 really su* t he c\ld n come to ,rome )\t dang] to 8 life4 ,8 ,hol9ess & ! ,holy ,congregation w\ld !re=e s5d a commission]1 ) a physician1 to ,flor5ce1 :o w\ld visit ,galileo & make a true & tru/wor?y report on 8 condition1 & if he 7 9 a /ate to travel1 br+ him a prison] 9 irons to ,rome 7c>c]atum et ligatum cum f]ris74 ,if1 out ( consid]ation = 8 heal?1 or o!r dang] to life1 8 com+ mu/ be po/pon$1 z soon z he _h recov]$ & ! dang] 0 ov]1 he 0 to be br\ght a prison] 9 irons to ,rome4 ,! docum5t conclud$ ) ! rem>k t ! papal commission] & ! physician w\ld travel at ,galileo's exp5se1 because he _h n obey$ ! comm& to appe> at ,rome :5 8 condition w\ld h p]mitt$ x4#cba ,to av]t ^! extreme measures f be+ actually c>ri$ out1 ! ,gr& ,duke told ,cioli to write to ,galileo on #aa? ,janu>y1 #afcc1 t he 7,f]d9&7 took a s9c]e int]e/ 9 ! affair1 & regrett$ t he 0 unable to sp>e him ! j\rney1 b x 0 at la/ necess>y t he %\ld obey ! supreme au?orities4 ,9 ord] t he might p]=m ! j\rney m com=tably1 he w\ld place "o ( ! gr& ducal litt]s & a tru/wor?y guide at 8 disposal1 & w\ld also p]mit him to /ay at ! h\se ( ! ambassador1 ,niccol9i1 suppos+ t he w\ld1 )9 a mon?1 be releas$ f ,rome4#cbb ,! pitiful impot5ce ( an ,italian rul] ( t day 9 face ( ! ,roman hi]>*y is obvi\s 9 ?is lett]4 ,8 sov]eign does n d>e to protect ! philosoph]--! greate/ ( :om ,italy c boa/--f papal p]secution1 b 0 oblig$ to give him up to ! dread$ ,inquisition4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! "y ,f]d9&1 !n only tw5ty-two1 because he _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! /ricte/ ,romi% fa%ion by ! two ,gr& ,du*esses & ,cioli1 act$ o!rwise ?an any o!r ,italian rul] w\ld h done 9 ! l situation4 ,n "o ( !m w\ld h _h c\rage1 nor h be5 indep5d5t en\gh ( ,rome1 to put an en]getic veto on a papal m&ate l ?is4 ,! ,v5etian ,republic1 9 :i* x _h be5 e/abli%$ z an axiom by ,paolo ,s>pi t 8! p[] ( rul]s is d]iv$ imm$iately f ,god1 & spiritual z well z temporal ?+s are subject to x10 0 ! only ,/ate ( ,italy :i* w\ld h ass]t$ its sov]eignty & w\ld nev] h deliv]$ up "o ( its (ficials to ! ,roman w4 ,galileo n[ suff]$ a bitt] p5alty = 8 =m] ?ankless conduct to ! ,free ,/ate4 ,! gr& ducal ord]s _h to be unconditionally obey$2 & z any fur!r delay might entail ! wor/ consequ5ces1 ,galileo fix$ #bj? ,janu>y = 8 dep>ture4#cbc ,be=e sett+ out1 h[ev]1 on ! #ae? ( ! mon?1 he address$ a long lett] to ! celebrat$ juri/ & advocate 9 ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 ,elia ,diodati 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ,johannes ,diodati1 ! translator ( ! ,bible71 :o correspond$ ) ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! "t1 & took a lively int]e/ 9 ,galileo's /udies & fate4 ,"s p>ts ( ?is lett] %[ h[ well ?is /rictly !i/ic1 or m prop]ly1 ,roman ,ca?olic savant1 knew h[ to br+ ! mod]n a/ronomy into agreem5t ) ,*ri/ian philosophy & ! ,bible1 & ?is f real conviction1 = ?is lett] to 8 fri5d at ,p>is 0 q private4 ,f ?is we may conclude t ev5 8 celebrat$ demon/rations to ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 ( #ba/ ,decemb]1 #afac1 & ! /ill m elaborate ones to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e1 #afae1 7 ! result ( hone/ conviction1 & 7 n1 z 8 enemies ma9ta9$1 m]e dialectic f5c+1 int5d$ to br+ ,scripture & ! ,cop]nican !ory into agreem5t4 ,we give ^! int]e/+ passages ( ! lett] z well z ^? :i* ref] to ,galileo's unhappy situation3-- 8,i am sorry t ! two books ( ,mor9#cbd & ,fromond#cbe did n rea* me till six mon?s aft] ! publication ( my #8,dialogues1' because o!rwise ,i %\ld h _h an opportunity ( say+ mu* 9 praise ( bo?1 & ( giv+ "s consid]ation to a few p>ticul> po9ts1 especially to "o 9 ,mor9 & to ano!r 9 ,fromond4 ,i am q a/oni%$ t ,mor9 %\ld atta* s great a value to a/rology1 & t he %\ld pret5d to be able1 ) 8 conjectures 7:i* seem to me v unc]ta97 to e/abli% its tru?4 ,x w really be a wond]ful ?+1 if1 z he promises1 he raises a/rology by 8 acut5ess to ! fir/ rank among human sci5ces1 & ,i await su* a />tl+ novelty ) great curiosity4 ,z to ,fromond1 :o proves himself to be a man ( mu* m9d1 ,i c\ld h wi%$ n to see him fall into1 9 my op9ion1 a grave ?\gh wide-spread error2 namely1 9 ord] to refute ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus1 he fir/ hurls scornful je/s at 8 foll[]s1 & !n 7:i* seems to me /ill m unsuitable71 =tifies himself by ! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture1 & at l5g? goes s f> z to call ^? views on ^! gr\nds no?+ less ?an h]etical4 ,t su* a proce$+ is n praisewor?y seems to me to admit ( v easy pro(4 ,= if ,i 7 to ask ,fromond1 :o made ! sun1 ! moon1 ! e>?1 & ! />s1 & orda9$ _! ord] & motions1 ,i believe he w\ld answ]1 !y are ! creations ( ,god4 ,if ask$ :o inspir$ ,holy ,scripture1 ,i "k he w\ld answ]1 ! ,holy ,_s1 :i* means ,god likewise4 ,! _w is !re=e ! "w & ! ,scriptures are ! ^w ( ! same ,god4 ,if ask$ fur!r1 :e!r ! ,holy ,_s nev] uses words :i* appe> to be contr>y to ?+s z !y really are1 & are only s us$ to accommodate !m to ! und]/&+s ( rude1 uncultivat$ p1 ,i am conv9c$ t he w\ld reply1 9 agreem5t ) ! holy fa!rs1 t su* is ! usage ( ,scripture1 :i*1 9 a hundr$ passages1 says ?+s = ! above reason1 t if tak5 lit]ally1 are n only h]esies1 b blasphemies1 s9ce !y impute to ,god1 ang]1 rep5tance1 =getfulness1 etc4 ,b if ,i 7 to ask ,fromond1 :e!r ,god1 9 ord] to accommodate ,himself to ! und]/&+ ( ! multitude1 ev] alt]s ,8 creations1 or :e!r nature1 :i* is ,god's h&maid1 & is n *angeable at man's desire1 has n always obs]v$1 & does n /ill ma9ta91 h] usual c\rse 9 respect to motion1 =m1 & relative positions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! univ]se--,i am c]ta9 t he w\ld answ]1 ! moon has always be5 sph]ical1 al?\gh = a long p]iod ! p ?\ght %e 0 flat2 he w\ld say1 9 f9e1 t no?+ ev] *anges 9 nature to accommodate itself to ! compreh5sion or notions ( m54 ,b if x be s1 :y1 9 our se>* = k ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! univ]se1 %\ld we beg9 r ) ! words ?an ) ! works ( ,god8 ,is ! "w less noble or less excell5t ?an ! ^w8 ,if ,fromond1 or any "o else1 _h settl$ t ! op9ion t ! e>? moves is a h]esy1 & if aft]w>ds1 demon/ration1 obs]vation1 & necess>y concat5ation %\ld prove t x does move1 into :at emb>rassm5t he w\ld h br\ght himself & ! holy ,*ur*4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! works are indisputably prov$ to v>y f ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words1 & we give ! ,scriptures ! second place1 no detrim5t to ,scripture results f ?is4 ,s9ce1 9 ord] to accommodate !mselves !y (t5 ascribe1 ev5 to ,god ,himself1 entirely false conditions1 :y %\ld we suppose t 9 speak+ ( ! e>? or ! sun !y %\ld keep to su* /rict laws1 z n to attribute conditions to ^! creations1 out ( reg>d = ! ignorance ( ! masses1 :i* are oppos$ to fact8 ,if x be true t ! e>? moves & ! sun /&s /ill1 x is no detrim5t to ,holy ,scripture1 s9ce x speaks ( ?+s z !y appe> to ! p4 8,_m ye>s ago1 :5 ! /ir ab\t ,cop]nicus 0 beg9n+1 ,i wrote a lett]#cbf ( "s l5g?1 9 :i*1 support$ by ! au?orities ( num]\s fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ,i %[$ :at an abuse x 0 to appeal s mu* to ,holy ,scripture 9 que/ions ( natural sci5ce1 & ,i propos$ t 9 future x %\ld n be br\ght into !m4 ,z soon z ,i am 9 less tr\ble1 ,i w s5d y a copy4 ,i say1 9 less tr\ble1 because ,i am j n[ go+ to ,rome1 :i!r ,i h be5 summon$ by ! ,holy ,(fice1 :i* has already prohibit$ ! circulation ( my #8,dialogues4' ,i he> f well-in=m$ p>ties t ! ,jesuit fa!rs h ins9uat$ 9 ! highe/ qu>t]s t my book is m execrable & injuri\s to ! ,*ur* ?an ! writ+s ( ,lu!r & ,calv94 ,& all ?is al?\gh1 9 ord] to obta9 ! imprimatur1 ,i w5t 9 p]son to ,rome1 & submitt$ ! manuscript to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace1 :o look$ ?r\gh x mo/ c>efully1 alt]+1 add+1 & omitt+1 & ev5 aft] he _h giv5 x ! imprimatur1 ord]$ t x %\ld be exam9$ aga9 at ,flor5ce4 ,! revis] "h1 f9d+ no?+ else to alt]1 9 ord] to %[ t he _h gone ?r\gh x c>efully1 cont5t$ himself ) sub/itut+ "s words = o!rs1 z1 = in/ance1 9 sev]al places1 #8,univ]sum' = #8,nature1' #8quality' = #8attribute1' #8sublime _s' = #8div9e _s1' excus+ himself to me = x by say+ t he =esaw t ,i %\ld h to d ) fi]ce foes & bitt] p]secutors1 z has inde$ come to pass40#cbg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,galileo',s ,,arrival ,,at ,,rome4 ,galileo rea*es ,rome 9 ,febru>y1 #afcb4--;,goes to ! ,tuscan ,embassy4--,no ,notice at fir/ tak5 ( 8 ,com+4--,visits ( ,s]ri/ori4--,galileo's ,hopefulness4--,8 ,lett] to ,boc*9]i4--,niccol9i's ,audi5ce ( ! ,pope4--,ef=ts ( ! ,gr& ,duke & ,niccol9i on ,galileo's behalf4--,notice t he mu/ appe> be=e ! ,holy ,(fice4--,8 ,dejection at ! ,news4--,niccol9i's ,advice n to def5d himself4 ,on #bj? ,janu>y ?is palsi$ old man set out1 borne 9 a litt]1 on 8 ardu\s j\rney to ,rome4#cbh ,ne> ,ponte a ,c5t9o1 on ! fronti]s ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 9 ! unheal?y flats ( ! vale ( ,paglia1 he _h to submit to a long qu>ant9e1 :i*1 9 spite ( ,niccol9i's repeat$ ef=ts1 _h only be5 %ort5$ two days4#cbi ,he c\ld n resume 8 j\rney = tw5ty days1 b arriv$ at l5g?1 on #ac? ,febru>y1 at ,rome1 9 good pres]vation1 & alight$ at ! hotel ( ! ,tuscan ,embassy1 :]e he 0 mo/ k9dly receiv$ by ,niccol9i4 ,on ! next day ,niccol9i in=m$ ,cioli t 8,signor ,galilei arriv$ ye/]day ev5+ 9 good heal? at ?is h\se40 ,he m5tion$ fur!r t ,galileo _h already call$ on ,mgr4 ,boccabella1 n z an (ficial p]sonage1 z he _h resign$ 8 (fice ( assessor to ! ,holy ,(fice a =tnight ago1 b z a fri5d :o %[$ great int]e/ 9 8 fate1 & to take 8 advice z to ! conduct to be obs]v$4 ,galileo _h already introduc$ himself to ! new assessor4 ,niccol9i conclud$ 8 despat* by say+ t to-morr[1 9 ! c\rse ( ! =5oon1 he w\ld introduce ,galileo to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 & ask him = 8 k9d m$iation ) 8 ,hol9ess1 & beg him1 9 consid]ation ( ,galileo's age1 8 reputation1 & 8 ready ob$i5ce1 to all[ him to rema9 at ! hotel ( ! embassy1 & n to be tak5 to ! ,holy ,(fice4#ccj ,?is reque/ 0 tacitly grant$ = ! "t be+1 & aft]w>ds (ficially confirm$4 ,to ,galileo's great surprise1 no notice 0 tak5 ( 8 pres5ce at ,rome = "s "t4 ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i gave him a fri5dly h9t1 n at all ex (ficio1 t he _h bett] keep v retir$ 9 ! ambassador's h\se1 n receive any "o1 nor be se5 out ( doors1 z any o!r conduct might v likely be to 8 disadvantage4#cca ,( c\rse ! savant1 anxi\s z he 01 scrupul\sly obey$ ! admonition1 & await$ ! ev5t 9 quiet retirem5t1 ?\gh ) great impati5ce4 ,n ! smalle/ in/ruction 0 issu$ by ! ,holy ,(fice2 to all appe>ance x did n 9 ! lea/ conc]n itself ab\t ! arrival ( ! accus$ :i* x _h urg$ s /r5u\sly4 ,b x 0 appe>ance only4 ,= only two days aft] he came1 ,mgr4 ,s]ri/ori1 c\nsellor to ! ,holy ,(fice 7! same to :om a ye> be=e ,c\nt ,magalotti _h1 by ,galileo's wi%1 pres5t$ "o ( ! eight copies ( ! 8,dialogues0 br\ght to ,rome71 call$ sev]al times on ,galileo1 b always said expressly t 8 visits 7 entirely ( a private "* & orig9at$ ) himself4 ,b z he always discuss$ ,galileo's cause v p>ticul>ly1 !re is good reason to ?9k t he 0 act+ "u ord]s f ! ,holy ,(fice1 :o want$ to discov] ! pres5t s5tim5ts & def5sive argum5ts ( ! dread$ dialectician1 t !y might act accord+ly at ! trial1--a measure entirely 9 accordance ) ! traditional practice ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,niccol9i put ?is con/ruction on ! ,monsignore's visits1#ccb b n s ,galileo4 ,= al?\gh he p]ceiv$ t 9 all probability !y 7 8approv$ or sugge/$ by ! ,holy ,congregation10 he 0 f> f ?9k+ any evil1 & 0 delight$ t ?is (fic] ( ! ,inquisition1 8 8old fri5d & patron10 %\ld 8clev]ly give him an opportunity ( say+ some?+ by way ( express+ & confirm+ 8 s9c]e devot$ness to ! holy ,*ur* & h] m9i/]s10 & t he app>5tly li/5$ to x all ) great approval4#ccc ,he ?9ks ?is c\rse pursu$ by ! ,inquisition 8may be tak5 to indicate ! beg9n+ ( mild & k9dly treatm5t1 v diff]5t f ! ?reat5$ cords1 *a9s1 & dungeons20#ccd inde$1 :ile he assumes t ^! conf]5ces are held at ! in/igation ( ! au?orities1 8& = ! purpose ( ga9+ "s g5]al in=mation10 he ?ankfully ackn[l$ges 8t 9 ?is case !y c\ld n proce$ 9 any way m fav\rable to him or less likely to make a s5sation40#cce ,h[ev]1 9 ! sequel he 0 to discov] soon en\gh1 t !y c>$ no?+ :atev] ab\t mak+ a s5sation at ,rome1 & t ev5 9 ?is respect !y did n sp>e him 9 ! lea/4 ,at ?is p]iod1 z 8 lett]s %[1 ,galileo 0 v hopeful4 ,on #ai? ,febru>y he wrote to ,cioli1 t to all appe>ance ! ?reat5$ /orm _h pass$1 s t he did n all[ 8 c\rage to s9k z if %ipwreck 7 inevitable1 & !re 7 no hope ( rea*+ ! hav52 & ! m s z1 ob$i5t to 8 in/ructor1 9 ! mid/ ( /ormy bill[s he-- 8,0 tak+ 8 c\rse ) mode/ sail set40#ccf ,?is in/ructor 0 ,niccol9i1 :o /rongly advis$ ,galileo 8to be always ready to obey & to submit to :atev] 0 ord]$1 = ?is 0 ! only way to allay ! irritation ( "o :o 0 s inc5s$1 & :o treat$ ?is affair z a p]sonal "o40#ccg ,x is cle> t by ?is p]sonal p]secutor no o!r ?an ,urban ,,viii4 c be int5d$4 ,! same *e]ful confid5ce is express$ 9 a lett] ( ,galileo's ( #be? ,febru>y to ,g]i ,boc*9]i4 ,"o passage 9 x des]ves special att5tion4 ,x is z foll[s3-- 8,we0 7,niccol9i & ,galileo7 8he> at la/ t ! _m & s]i\s accusations are r$uc$ to "o1 & t ! re/ h be5 all[$ to drop4 ,( ?is "o ,i %all h no difficulty 9 gett+ rid :5 ! gr\nds ( my def5ce h be5 he>d1 :i* are mean:ile be+ gradually br\ght1 9 ! be/ way t circum/ances all[1 to ! k ( "s ( ! high] (ficials1 = ^! are n at lib]ty to li/5 freely to int]cession1 & /ill less to op5 _! lips 9 reply4 ,s t 9 ! end a fav\rable issue may be hop$ =40#cch ,a despat* ( ,niccol9i's to ,cioli ( two days lat] expla9s ! nature ( ?is *ief accusation3-- 8,al?\gh ,i am unable to say precisely :at /age ,galileo's affair has rea*$1 or :at may happ5 next1 z f> z ,i c le>n ! ma9 difficulty consi/s 9 ?is--t ^! g5tlem5 ma9ta9 t 9 #afaf he 0 ord]$ nei!r to discuss ! "q nor to conv]se ab\t x4 ,he says1 on ! contr>y1 t ^? 7 n ! t]ms ( ! injunction1 :i* 7 t t doctr9e 0 n to be held nor def5d$4 ,he consid]s t he has ! means ( ju/ify+ himself1 because x does n at all appe> f 8 book t he does hold or def5d ! doctr9e1 nor t he reg>ds x z a settl$ "q1 z he m]ely adduces ! reasons h9c h9de4 ,! o!r po9ts appe> to be ( less importance & easi] to get ov]40#cci ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree significant t ,galileo--z is evid5t f ,niccol9i's report above--f ! fir/ decid$ly d5ies ev] hav+ receiv$ an injunction n to discuss ! ,cop]nican !ory 9 any way2 all t he kn[s is t x is n to be held nor def5d$2 t is1 all t he kn[s fully agrees ) ! note ( #be? ,febru>y1 #afaf2 & ) ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf4 ,accord+ly he does n consid] t he has gone beyond ! ord]s ( ! au?orities1 & ?9ks t he c prove x ev5 f ! book itself4 ,on #bg? ,febru>y ! ,tuscan ambassador _h a long audi5ce ( ! ,pope1 (ficially ann\nc$ ,galileo's arrival at ,rome1 & express$ ! hope t z he _h %[n 8 read9ess to submit to ! papal judgm5t & ! enlight5$ op9ion ( ! ,congregation1 ! ,pope w\ld n[ be conv9c$ ( 8 dev\t rev]5ce = spiritual ?+s1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! ,pope f\nd x conv5i5t n to take any notice ( ?is indirect "q1 & repli$ t he _h %[n ,galileo a special & unusual fav\r 9 all[+ him to /ay at ,niccol9i's h\se in/ead ( 9 ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 & he _h only done s because he 0 a di/+ui%$ (ficial ( ! ,gr& ,duke's1 & x 0 out ( respect = 8 ,highness t he _h grant$ ?is exceptional fav\r to 8 subject4 ,9 ord] to enhance its value1 ,urban also told ! ambassador t ev5 a noble ( ! h\se ( ,gonzaga1 a relative ( ,f]d9&'s1 _h n only be5 plac$ 9 a litt] & br\ght "u escort to ,rome by comm& ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 b _h be5 tak5 at once to ! ,ca/le & kept !re = a long "t1 until ! trial 0 end$4 ,niccol9i ha/5$ to ackn[l$ge ! greatness ( ! fav\r1 express$ 8 w>me/ ?anks = x1 & v5tur$ to plead t 9 consid]ation ( ,galileo's age & infirm heal? ! ,pope w\ld ord] t ! trial %\ld come on soon1 s t he might return home z soon z possible4 ,urban repli$ t ! proce$+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7 g5]ally r t$i\s1 & he really did n "k :e!r s spe$y a t]m9ation c\ld be look$ =1 z !y 7 /ill engag$ ) ! prelim9>ies ( ! trial4 ,urban _h by ?is "t become w>m1 & w5t (f into compla9ts ( ,ciampoli & ! re/ ( 8 evil c\nsellors2 he also rem>k$ t al?\gh ,galileo _h expressly /at$ 9 8 8,dialogues0 t he w\ld only discuss ! "q ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? hypo!tically1 he _h1 9 adduc+ ! argum5ts = x1 spok5 ( x z settl$1 & z if he agre$ ) x4 ,9 conclusion ! ,pope said3 ,moreov]1 ,galileo _h act$ contr>y to ! injunction giv5 him 9 #afaf by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,congregation4 ,niccol9i m5tion$ 9 def5ce ( ,galileo all t he _h told him ab\t ?is accusation1 b ! ,pope adh]$ ob/9ately to 8 op9ion4 ,! ambassador came away f ?is audi5ce ) ! scant consolation t1 at all ev5ts1 ,urban's p]sonal embitt]m5t aga9/ ,galileo 0 a little appeas$4#cdj ,we may rem>k "h t :at ! ,pope said ab\t ! proce$+ ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 is j z inaccurate z ,ricc>di's communication to ,niccol9i 0 at t "t4#cda ,bo? ,niccol9i & ! ,gr& ,duke 7 unwe>i$ 9 _! good (fices = ,galileo4 ,! =m] urg5tly comm5d$ 8 case to ,c>d9al ,antonio ,b>b]9i1 s5r41 :o said he 0 exce$+ly well dispos$ to ,galileo1 & reg>d$ him z a v em95t man2 b add$ t x 0 a dang]\s "q1 :i* might easily introduce "s fanta/ic religi\s doctr9es into ! _w1 & especially at ,flor5ce1 :]e m5's wits 7 s subtle & ov] curi\s4#cdb ,! ,gr& ,duke1 at ,galileo's reque/1 s5t lett]s ( introduction to ! ,c>d9als ,scaglia & ,b5tivoglio 7! well-kn[n /atesman & hi/orian71 :o1 z ,niccol9i _h le>nt1 7 memb]s ( ! ,congregation4#cdc ,f]d9& also ?ank$ ! ,pope1 9 an (ficial lett] ?r\gh ,cioli to ,niccol9i1 = ! fav\r ( all[+ ,galileo to /ay at ! embassy1 end+ ) a reque/ t ! bus9ess might be conclud$ z soon z possible4#cdd ,:5 ,niccol9i deliv]$ ?is message to ,urban on #ac? ,m>*1 he told him t x w\ld be absolutely necess>y to summon ,galileo to ! ,holy ,(fice z soon z ! trial came on1 because x 0 ! usage & x c\ld n be dep>t$ f4 ,niccol9i aga9 urg$ ,galileo's heal?1 8 age1 & will+ness to submit to any p5alties2 b ,urban repli$1 8,x w\ld n d to act o!rwise4 ,may ,god =give ,galileo = hav+ intrud$ into ^! matt]s conc]n+ new doctr9es & ,holy ,scripture1 :5 x is be/ to keep to univ]sally recognis$ op9ions4 ,may ,god help ,ciampoli1 also1 ab\t ^! new notions1 z he seem$ to h a lean+ t[>ds !m1 & to be incl9$ to ! mod]n philosophy40 ,! ,pope !n express$ 8 regret at hav+ to 8subject ,galileo1 :o _h be5 8 fri5d1 ) :om he _h (t5 held confid5tial int]c\rse1 & eat5 at ! same table1 to ^! annoyances2 b x 0 9 ! int]e/s ( religion & fai?40 ,niccol9i rem>k$1 t :5 ,galileo 0 he>d he w\ld be able1 )\t difficulty1 to give satisfactory explanations ( ev]y?+2 to :i* ,urban repli$3 8,he w\ld be he>d :5 ! "t came2 b !re 0 "o argum5t :i* _h nev] be5 answ]$1 namely1 t ,god 0 omnipot5t1 & !re=e ev]y?+ 0 possible to ,him2 b if s1 :y %\ld we impose any necessity ^u ,him80 ,?is 01 z we "k1 ! argum5t br\ght =w>d by ,urban 9 8 intimate conv]sation ) ,galileo 9 #afbd1 & :i* at ! end ( ! 8,dialogues0 he _h put into ! m\? ( ,simplicius z orig9at+ 8) a v exalt$ & le>n$ p]sonage40 ,niccol9i prud5tly repli$ t he did n und]/& ^! matt]s1 b he _h he>d x said ( ,galileo t he did n hold ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s d\ble motion z true1 b said t x c\ld n be d5i$ t z ,god c\ld h creat$ ! _w 9 a ?\s& ways1 ,he c\ld h creat$ x 9 ?is way4 ,urban repli$ ) "s irritation3 8,x is n = man to impose necessity ^u ,god40 ,niccol9i1 :o saw t ! ,pope 0 gett+ angry1 tri$ to pacify him by say+ t ,galileo 0 "h on purpose to obey & to recant ev]y?+ :i* c\ld be injuri\s to religion4 ,he !n adroitly turn$ ! subject1 & return$ to ! reque/ t 8 ,hol9ess w\ld h compassion on ,galileo1 & all[ him to rema9 at ! embassy4 ,urban m]ely repli$ t he w\ld h special ap>tm5ts assign$ to ,galileo1 ! be/ & mo/ com=table 9 ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,) ?is ,niccol9i _h to be cont5t4 ,9 conclud+ ! despat* ( #ac? ,m>* to ,cioli1 9 :i* he report$ ?is int]view1 he says3--#cde 8,:5 ,i return$ home ,i told ,galileo 9 "p ! conv]sation ) 8 ,hol9ess1 b n = ! pres5t1 t x 0 int5d$ to summon him to ! ,holy ,(fice1 because ,i am conv9c$ t ?is news w\ld cause him ! deepe/ conc]n1 & he w\ld be 9 ! greate/ anxiety till ! "t came4 ,i h ?\ght all ! m t x 0 be/ to act ?us1 z no fur!r p>ticul>s are z yet kn[n ab\t 8 citation2 = ! ,pope told me 9 ref]5ce to ! spe$y settlem5t ( ! bus9ess1 t he did n "k :at hope !re 0 ( x1 b t all t 0 possible w\ld be done40 ,mean:ile1 ,f]d9& ,,ii41 9 spite ( ! increas+ly unpromis+ aspect ( affairs1 cont9u$ indefatigably to su/a9 8 ambassador's ef=ts4 ,! latt] & ,galileo1 9 two lett]s ( #ai? ,m>*1#cdf ask$ ! ,gr& ,duke to s5d lett]s ( recomm5dation to ! eight o!r c>d9als :o compos$ ! ,holy ,congregation1 l ^? he _h s5t to _! em95ces ,b5tivoglio & ,scaglia1 le/ !y %\ld feel !mselves slight$1 & ! ,gr& ,duke readily grant$ ! reque/4#cdg ,! prelates1 h[ev]1 receiv$ ^! lett]s ) mix$ feel+s1 & excus$ !mselves f answ]+ !m1 z x 0 =bidd5 !m 9 _! capacity z memb]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 "s ev5 hesitat$ to receive ! lett]s at all1 & x 0 n till ,niccol9i po9t$ out t ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i & o!rs _h receiv$ !m1 t !y cons5t$ to d s4#cdh ,^! lett]s _h evid5tly produc$ ! happie/ effect ) ! ,c>d9als ,scaglia & ,b5tivoglio4 ,!y unit$1 z ,niccol9i report$ on ! #ai? to ,cioli1 9 protect+ ,galileo4 ,scaglia ev5 read ! celebrat$ 8,dialogues10 &1 :i* 0 m to ! purpose1 t he might1 ) ! help ( ,ca/elli1#cdi :o 0 be/ qualifi$ to d x1 expla9 ! (f5d+ passages 9 a conciliatory _s4 ,all ?is "t ,galileo1 z is evid5t f 8 lett]s1 0 ent]ta9+ ! mo/ confid5t hopes ( ! fav\rable issue ( 8 cause1 & ! f9al triumph ( tru? ov] falsehood4#cej ,nei!r he nor 8 indefatigable fri5ds1 ,niccol9i & ,ca/elli1 c\ld1 x is true1 le>n any?+ def9ite ab\t ! actual /ate ( ! trial4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,congregation1 :o alone c\ld h giv5 any in=mation1 kept ! secrets ( ! ,inquisition v close1 z inde$ !y 7 b\nd to d "u ! heavie/ p5alties4 ,! mon? ( ,m>* pass$ by be=e ! ,holy ,tribunal op5$ any direct (ficial int]c\rse ) ,galileo4 ,april 0 n[ come1 & ) x ! /orm :i* _h be5 s long ga!r+ bur/ ov] 8 head4 ,on ! #g?1 ,niccol9i w5t to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i by 8 desire1 & 0 in=m$ on behalf ( ! ,pope & ! ,congregation1 t1 9 ord] to decide ,galileo's cause1 !y c\ld n avoid cit+ him to appe> be=e ! ,holy ,(fice1 & z x 0 n kn[n :e!r x c\ld be all settl$ 9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs1 p]haps x w\ld be necess>y to deta9 him !re4 ,b>b]9i cont9u$ t 8out ( respect = ! h\se 9 :i* ,galileo _h be5 /ay+1 & = ,niccol9i z gr& ducal ambassador1 & 9 consid]ation ( ! good und]/&+ :i* _h always exi/$ betwe5 8 ,highness & ! papal *air1 especially 9 matt]s relat+ to ! ,inquisition1 !y _h n fail$ to in=m him 7,niccol9i7 ( ?is be=eh&1 n to be want+ 9 respect = a pr9ce s zeal\s = religion40 ,aft] ,niccol9i _h w>mly ?ank$ ! c>d9al = ! att5tion %[n by ! ,pope & ! ,congregation to ! ,gr& ,duke1 & to himself z 8 ambassador1 he plead$ ,galileo's age & heal?1--he _h aga9 be5 suff]+ sev]ely f a fre% attack ( ! g\t1--& f9ally ! deep grief he w\ld feel1 & e>ne/ly begg$ t 8 em95ce w\ld consid] :e!r x w\ld n be possible to p]mit him to return e ev5+ to sleep at ! embassy4 ,z to secrecy1 ! /ricte/ sil5ce might be enjo9$ on him "u ?reat ( ! sev]e/ p5alties4 ,b ! prelate 0 n ( op9ion t su* a p]mission 0 to be expect$2 he pr(f]$1 h[ev]1 e com=t = ,galileo t c\ld be desir$1 & said t he w\ld nei!r1 z 0 cu/om>y ) accus$ p]sons1 be treat$ z a prison]1 nor be plac$ 9 a secret prison2 he w\ld h good rooms1 & p]haps ev5 ! doors w\ld n be lock$4 ,niccol9i report$ ?is notification to ,cioli on #i? ,april1#cea & add$ ! foll[+ int]e/+ in=mation3-- 8,?is morn+ ,i also conv]s$ ) 8 ,hol9ess on ! subject1 aft] hav+ express$ my ?anks = ! communication made to me2 ! ,pope aga9 gave v5t to 8 displeasure t ,galileo %\ld h discuss$ ?is subject1 :i* appe>s to him to be v s]i\s1 & ( great mom5t to religion4 ,signor ,galileo ?9ks1 nev]!less1 t he c def5d 8 /atem5ts on good gr\nds2 b ,i h w>n$ him to refra9 f do+ s1 9 ord] n to prolong ! proce$+s1 & to submit to :at %all be prescrib$ to him to believe respect+ ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,he has fall5 into ! deepe/ dejection1 & s9ce ye/]day has sunk s l[ t ,i am 9 great conc]n = 8 life40 ,f ?is1 !n1 we le>n t up to #h? ,april ,galileo 0 /ill int5d+ to def5d 8 op9ions be=e ! ,holy ,tribunal2 & t x 0 only on ! urg5t expo/ulation ( ! ambassador1 :om he knew to be 8 s9c]e fri5d1 t he gave up all idea ( opposition1 & resolv$ ^u entire & passive submission4 ,h[ h>d x 0 = him to yield is evid5t f ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ,niccol9i's despat*4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,trial ,,be=e ,,! ,,inquisition4 ,! ,fir/ ,he>+4--,galileo's submissive ,attitude4--,! ,ev5ts ( ,febru>y1 #afaf4--;,galileo d5ies ,k ( a ,special ,prohibition4--,produces ,bell>m9e's ,c]tificate4--,ei!r ! ,prohibition 0 n issu$1 or ,galileo's ,ignorance 0 feign$4--,8 ,conduct s9ce #afaf agrees ) its non-issue4--,! ,inquisitor assumes t x 0 issu$4--,op9ions ( ,oregius1 ,in*(]1 & ,pasqualigus4--,galileo has ,ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,holy ,(fice assign$ to him4--,falls ill4--,lett] to ,g]i ,boc*9]i4--,*ange ( ,tone at second ,he>+ hi!rto an ,enigma4--,n[ expla9$ by ,lett] f ,fir5zuola to ,c>d9al ,fr4 ,b>b]9i4--,galileo's ,confession4--,8 ,weakness & ,subs]vi5cy4 ,on #ab? ,april ,galileo appe>$ 9 great di/ress ( m9d1 = 8 fir/ he>+ 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,inquisition1 be=e ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,fa!r ,v9c5zo ,maccolani da ,fir5zuola1 & ! fiscal attorney ( ! ,holy ,tribunal1 ,fa!r ,c>lo ,s9c]o4 ,9 all 8 answ]s to ! ,inquisitor1 he is actuat$ by "o idea--t ( %ort5+ ! proce$+s & av]t+ a sev]e s5t5ce by submissive acquiesc5ce4 ,?is resign$ attitude mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 ord] to =m a correct judgm5t ( 8 depositions be=e ! dread tribunal4#ceb ,accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,inquisition1 an oa? is adm9i/]$ to ! accus$ t he w speak ! tru?1 & he is !n ask$ :e!r he kn[s or conjectures ! reason ( 8 citation4 ,galileo repli$ t he suppos$ he _h be5 summon$ to give an acc\nt ( 8 la/ book4 ,he 0 !n ask$ :e!r he ackn[l$g$ ! "w %[n him1 8,dialogo di ,galileo ,galilei1 ,l9ceo10 :i* treats ( ! two sy/ems ( ! _w1 z entirely 8 own2 to :i* he repli$ aft] a close exam9ation ( ! copy1 t he ackn[l$g$ all t x conta9$ to h be5 writt5 by himself4 ,!y !n pass$ to ! ev5ts ( #afaf4 ,! ,inquisitor wi%es to "k :e!r ,galileo 0 at t "t 9 ,rome1 & = :at reason4 ,he depos$ t he c]ta9ly came to ,rome 9 t ye>1 & because he _h he>d t scruples 7 ent]ta9$ ab\t ! ,cop]nican op9ions1 & he wi%$ to "k :at op9ion x 0 prop] to hold 9 ?is matt]1 9 ord] to be sure ( n hold+ any b holy & ,ca?olic views4 ,?is deposition seems to be a misrepres5tation ( ! real /ate ( ! case2 = we "k t he w5t to ,rome ) a tw(old purpose 9 #afaf3 on ! "o h&1 to fru/rate ! intrigues ( 8 enemies1 ,fa!rs ,lor9i1 ,cacc9i1 & _! coadjutors2 & on ! o!r1 to av]t ! ?reat5$ prohibition ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9es by 8 sci5tific demon/rations4 ,! motive ( 8 j\rney to ,rome is n 9 any way alt]$ by ! fact t he did n succe$ 9 8 object1 & t he !n submitt$ to ! admonition ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e ( #bf? ,febru>y1 & to ! decree ( #e? ,m>*4 ,! ,inquisitor ask$ :e!r he came at t "t to ,rome ( 8 own accord1 or 9 consequ5ce ( a summons4 8,9 ! ye> #afaf ,i came ( my own accord to ,rome1 )\t be+ summon$10 0 ! decid$ answ]4 ,! conf]5ces 7 !n spok5 (1 :i* ,galileo _h at t "t ) sev]al c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,he expla9$ t ^! conf]5ces took place by desire ( ^? prelates1 9 ord] t he might in/ruct !m ab\t ,cop]nicus's book1 :i* 0 difficult = laym5 to und]/&1 z !y specially desir$ to acqua9t !mselves ) ! sy/em ( ! univ]se accord+ to ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis4 ,! ,inquisitor !n ask$ :at conclusion 0 arriv$ at on ! subject4 ,galileo3 8,respect+ ! controv]sy :i* _h aris5 on ! a=esaid op9ion t ! sun is /ation>y1 & ! e>? moves1 x 0 decid$ by ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index1 t su* an op9ion1 consid]$ z an e/abli%$ fact1 contradict$ ,holy ,scripture1 & 0 only admissible z a conjecture 7ex suppositione71 z x 0 held by ,cop]nicus40#cec ,inquisitor3 8,0 ?is decision !n communicat$ to y1 & by :om80 ,galileo3 8,?is decision ( ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index 0 made kn[n to me by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e40 ,inquisitor3 8,y mu/ /ate :at 8 ,em95ce ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e told y ab\t ! a=esaid decision1 & :e!r he said any?+ else on ! subject1 & :at80 ,galileo3 8,signor ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e signifi$ to me t ! a=esaid op9ion ( ,cop]nicus might be held z a conjecture1 z x _h be5 held by ,cop]nicus1 & 8 em95ce 0 aw>e t1 l ,cop]nicus1 ,i only held t op9ion z a conjecture1 :i* is evid5t f an answ] ( ! same ,signor ,c>d9al to a lett] ( ,fa!r ,paolo ,antonio ,fosc>9i1 prov9cial ( ! ,c>melites1 ( :i* ,i h a copy1 & 9 :i* ^! words occur3 #8,x appe>s to me t y\r rev]5ce & ,signor ,galileo act wisely 9 cont5t+ y\rselves ) speak+ ex suppositione1 & n ) c]ta9ty4' ,?is lett] ( ! c>d9al's is dat$ #ab? ,april1 #afae4ced ,x means1 9 o!r words1 t t op9ion1 tak5 absolutely1 mu/ n be ei!r held or def5d$40 ,galileo 0 n[ reque/$ to /ate :at 0 decre$ 9 ,febru>y1 #afaf1 & communicat$ to him4 ,galileo3 8,9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #afaf1 ,signor ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e told me t z ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus1 if adopt$ absolutely1 0 contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 x mu/ nei!r be held nor def5d$1 b t x might be held hypo!tically1 & writt5 ab\t 9 ?is s5se4 ,9 accordance ) ?is ,i possess a c]tificate ( ! said ,signor ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 giv5 on #bf? ,may1 #afaf1 9 :i* he says t ! ,cop]nican op9ion may nei!r be held nor def5d$1 z x is oppos$ to ,holy ,scripture1 ( :i* c]tificate ,i h]e) submit a copy40#cee ,inquisitor3 8,:5 ! above communication 0 made to y1 7 any o!r p]sons pres5t1 & :o80 ,galileo3 8,:5 ,signor ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e made kn[n to me :at ,i h report$ ab\t ! ,cop]nican views1 "s ,dom9ican fa!rs 7 pres5t1 b ,i did n "k !m1 & h nev] se5 !m s9ce40 ,inquisitor3 8,0 any o!r comm& communicat$ to y on ?is subject1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? fa!rs1 by !m or any "o else1 & :at80 ,galileo3 8,i rememb] t ! transaction took place z foll[s3 ,signor ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e s5t = me "o morn+1 & told me c]ta9 p>ticul>s :i* ,i 0 to br+ to ! e>s ( 8 ,hol9ess be=e ,i communicat$ !m to o!rs4#cef ,b ! end ( x 0 t he told me t ! ,cop]nican op9ion1 be+ contradictory to ,holy ,scripture1 mu/ n be held nor def5d$4 ,x has escap$ my memory :e!r ^? ,dom9ican fa!rs 7 pres5t be=e1 or :e!r !y came aft]w>ds2 nei!r d ,i rememb] :e!r !y 7 pres5t :5 ! ,signor ,c>d9al told me ! said op9ion 0 n to be held4 ,x may be t a comm& 0 issu$ to me t ,i %\ld n hold nor def5d ! op9ion 9 "q1 b ,i d n rememb] x1 = x is sev]al ye>s ago40 ,inquisitor3 8,if :at 0 !n said & enjo9$ ^u y z a comm& 7 read al\d to y1 w\ld y rememb] x80 ,galileo3 8,i d n rememb] t any?+ else 0 said or enjo9$ ^u me1 nor d ,i "k t ,i %\ld rememb] :at 0 said to me1 ev5 if x 7 read to me4 ,i say freely :at ,i d rememb]1 because ,i d n ?9k t ,i h 9 any way disobey$ ! injunction1 t is1 h n by any means held nor def5d$ ! said op9ion t ! e>? moves & ! sun is /ation>y40 ,! ,inquisitor n[ tells ,galileo t ! comm& :i* 0 issu$ to him be=e witnesses conta9$3 8t he mu/ nei!r hold1 def5d1 nor tea* t op9ion 9 any way :atsoev]40#ceg ,w he please to say :e!r he rememb]s 9 :at way & by :om ?is 0 intimat$ to him4 ,galileo3 8,i d n rememb] t ! comm& 0 intimat$ to me by anybody b by ! c>d9al v]bally2 & ,i rememb] t ! comm& 01 n to hold nor def5d4 ,x may be t1 #8& n to tea*' 0 also !re4 ,i d n rememb] x1 nei!r ! def9ition #89 any way :atsoev]' 7quovis modo71 b x may be t x 02 = ,i ?\ght no m ab\t x1 nor took any pa9s to impress ! words on my memory1 z a few mon?s lat] ,i receiv$ ! c]tificate n[ produc$1 ( ! said ,signor ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 ( #bf? ,may1 9 :i* ! injunction giv5 me1 n to hold nor def5d t op9ion1 is expressly to be f\nd4 ,! two o!r def9itions ( ! said injunction :i* h j be5 made kn[n to me1 namely1 n to tea*1 & 9 any way1 ,i h n reta9$ 9 my memory1 ,i suppose1 because !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! said c]tificate1 on :i* ,i rely1 & :i* ,i h kept z a rem9d]40 ,galileo ?us repeats = ! fif? "t t he is only aw>e ( ! injunction :i* agrees ) ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf4 ,he c likewise only rememb] t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e told him ( ! decree ( ! ,holy ,congregation2 t a comm& 0 issu$ to him1 z ! ,inquisitor ass]ts1 he is n aw>e2 b true to 8 resolve to make no direct contradiction1 he says3 8,x may be1 b ,i d n rememb] x40 ,b ! ,inquisitor treats ! issue ( ! 8comm&0 z an e/abli%$ fact2 & ,galileo1 to :om x may h appe>$ some:at indiff]5t :e!r he 0 m]ely in=m$ ( ! decree ( ! ,congregation1 or :e!r a comm& 9 con=mity ) x 0 issu$ to him be=e witnesses1 submissively adopts ?is assumption ( ! ,inquisitor4 ,he !n in=ms ,galileo 8t ?is comm& issu$ to him be=e witnesses conta9$ t he mu/ n 9 any way hold1 def5d1 nor tea* t op9ion40 ,galileo1 to :om ! two additions1 89 any way :atev]0 & 8nor tea*10 s\nd new1 entr5*es himself beh9d 8 /]eotyp$ answ]1 8,i d n rememb] x40 ,!n he appeals to ! c]tificate giv5 him by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e on #bf? ,may1 #afaf1 :i* does n m5tion ei!r ( ^! two def9itions4 ,to ! repeat$ qu]y :o intimat$ ! comm& to him1 he inv>iably replies3 8,c>d9al ,bell>m9e40 ,he obvi\sly supposes t ! ,inquisitor reg>ds ! c>d9al's communication z ! comm&4 ,galileo's depositions d n conta9 a ^w f :i* x c be inf]r$ t 7z ! docum5t ( #bf? ,febru>y reports71 aft] ! c>d9al's communication1 any fur!r in/ruction 0 giv5 him by ! ,fa!r ,commiss>y ( ! ,inquisition 9 ! "n ( ! ,pope & ! ,holy ,congregation1 "u ?reat ( a trial be=e ! ,inquisition4 ,b x is incr$ible t ?is mo/ important proce$+ %\ld h entirely escap$ ,galileo's memory4 ,!re are b two alt]natives3 ei!r x did n take place1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,galileo _c rememb] x2 or 8 ignorance is feign$4 ,galileo's attitude be=e ! ,inquisition is su* t ! latt] supposition does n seem altoge!r unju/ifiable2 b we mu/ assume ) ,wohlwill1 :o has analys$ ! trial ) great judicial acum51 & :om we h foll[$ on _m po9ts discuss$ above1 t ,galileo w\ld only h avail$ himself ( su* a lie & misrepres5tation1 if x w\ld h help$ him be=e ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition4 ,b ! advantage ( d5y+ any actual proce$+ ( #bf? ,febru>y is by no means evid5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,galileo mu/ h se5--suppos+ him to make false depositions--f ! ,inquisitor's que/ions t he _h ! protocol ( #bf? ,febru>y be=e him4 ,( :at avail !n c\ld a fiction be 9 face ( ?is docum5t8 ,( none :atev]4 ,x w\ld r injure 8 cause by /amp+ him z a li>4 ,wohlwill has po9t$ out t x w\ld h be5 a ma/]piece ( cunn+ to play out ! com$y ( assum$ ignorance f beg9n+ to end ( ! trial 9 s consi/5t a mann]1 nev] contradict+ himself1 z appe>s f ,galileo's depositions4 ,8 simple/ replies w\ld !n h =m$ p>ts ( a complex tissue ( falsehood1 & x w\ld be a/oni%+ t ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! trial he %\ld nev] = a mom5t deviate f 8 difficult "p4 ,:ile ! complexity ( su* a mode ( def5ce r5d]s ! assumption ( ,galileo's d5ial1 to say ! lea/1 improbable1 !re are o!r m weighty argum5ts to %[ t he /ates be=e 8 judges all t he kn[s ab\t ! proce$+s 9 #afaf4 ,^! argum5ts consi/ ( all ,galileo's /atem5ts & actions ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 dur+ ! sev5te5 ye>s f #afaf-afcb1 & !y =m ! /ronge/ evid5ce = ! cr$ibility ( 8 depositions4 ,we recur fir/1 simply to ! lett]s ( ! "t ( ! fir/ trial1 9 :i* !re is n only no trace ( ! assum$ absolute prohibition1 b ,galileo op5ly expresses 8 satisfaction t 8 enemies h n succe$$ 9 obta9+ an entire prohibition ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & he aga9 & aga9 m5tions t ! hypo!tical discussion ( x /ill rema9s op54 ,& ! attitude ma9ta9$ by him dur+ ! sev5te5 ye>s t[>ds ! new sy/em is 9 entire con=mity ) ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 :i* 0 9 =ce = ev]ybody1 b n ) ! categorical prohibition ( ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,?is is %[n by 8 eag]ness to get 8 "w on ,cop]nicus publi%$ 9 ! v ye> #afaf2 by 8 s5d+ ! treatise on ! tides to ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ( ,au/ria1 9 #afah2 by ! discussion ( ! ,cop]nican !ory 9 8 8,il ,saggiatore10 9 #afbc2 by 8 ef=ts 9 #afbd to get ! clause ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 aboli%$ by ! new1 &1 z he ?\ght1 m tol]ant ,pope 7!re is no trace t he tri$ to get any special prohibition to himself revok$72 by 8 reply to ,+oli ( ! same date1 :i* treat$ exclusively ( ! m>k$ def5ce ( ! ,cop]nican !ory2 & f9ally1 by ! writ+ ( ! fam\s 8,dialogues0 !mselves1 9 :i* he made e endeav\r n to come into collision ) ! publi%$ decree ( #afaf1 :ile ! v au?or%ip ( ! "w w\ld h infr+$ an absolute comm& to sil5ce on ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,we n[ g back to ! fir/ he>+ ( ,galileo4 ,al?\gh 8 /atem5ts1 9 spite ( 8 submissiv5ess1 obvi\sly contradict ! ass]tion ( ! ,inquisitor1 t he _h1 9 #afaf1 receiv$ an injunction n to hold1 tea*1 or def5d ! ,cop]nican op9ions 9 any way1 ! ,inquisitor does n take ! lea/ pa9s to solve ! enigma4 ,ev]y?+ is also omitt$ on ! "p ( ! judges :i* might h cle>$ up ! po9t2 = example1 to summon ! witnesses1 ^: names are on ! note ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 & confront !m ) ! accus$4 ,& z no attempt is made to acc\nt = 8 ignorance ( ! prohibition1 & x is simply tak5 = grant$1 x mu/ be all[$ t ,galileo's judges1 to say ! lea/1 7 guilty ( a great brea* ( judicial ord]1 9 us+1 )\t any close exam9ation1 a pap] z a valid docum5t on ! trial1 :i* 0 de/itute ( ne>ly all ! *>act]i/ics ( "o1 namely1 ! signatures ( ! accus$1 ( ! not>y & witnesses1 & 9 spite ( ?ree contradictory depositions ( ! accus$4 ,no special argum5ts are ne$$ to prove t ?is brea* ( ord] did n proce$ f m]e c>elessness4 ,& s1 imm$iately aft] ! accus$ has decl>$ t he does n rememb] any comm& b t intimat$ to him by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 we f9d ! ,inquisitor ask+ him3 ,:e!r1 aft] ! a=esaid comm& 0 issu$ to him1 he _h receiv$ any p]mission to write ! book :i* he _h ackn[l$g$ to be 81 & :i* he aft]w>ds _h pr9t$8 ,galileo3 8,aft] receiv+ ! comm& a=esaid1 ,i did n ask p]mission to write ! book ackn[l$g$ by me to be m9e1 because ,i did n consid] t 9 writ+ x ,i 0 act+ contr>y to1 f> less disobey+1 ! comm& n to hold1 def5d1 or to tea* ! said op9ion40 ,! ,inquisitor n[ asks to be in=m$ :e!r1 f :om1 & 9 :at way1 ,galileo _h receiv$ p]mission to pr9t ! 8,dialogues40 ,galileo briefly relates ! :ole c\rse ( ! negotiations :i* prec$$ ! pr9t+4 ,z 8 n>rative agrees entirely ) :at we "k1 x is n reproduc$ "h4 ,! ,inquisitor !n asks3 ,:e!r1 :5 ask+ p]mission to pr9t 8 book1 he _h told ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace ab\t ! comm& a=esaid1 :i* _h be5 issu$ to him by ord] ( ! ,holy ,congregation8 ,galileo3 8,i did n say any?+ ab\t t comm& to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace :5 ,i ask$ = ! imprimatur = ! book1 = ,i did n ?9k x necess>y to say any?+1 because ,i _h no scruples ab\t x2 = ,i h nei!r ma9ta9$ nor def5d$ ! op9ion t ! e>? moves & ! sun is /ation>y 9 t book1 b h r demon/rat$ ! opposite ( ! ,cop]nican op9ion1 & %[n t ! argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus are weak & n conclusive40 ,) ?is deposition1 ! la/ "p ( :i* is q incorrect1 ! fir/ he>+ clos$4 ,sil5ce hav+ be5 impos$ on ,galileo on oa? on subjects connect$ ) 8 trial1 he 0 tak5 to an ap>tm5t 9 ! private resid5ce ( ! fiscal ( ! ,holy ,(fice 9 ! build+s ( ?is tribunal4 ,"h he enjoy$ 7z appe>s f 8 own lett]s & ,niccol9i's reports7 k9d & consid]ate treatm5t4 ,on #af? ,april he wrote to ,g]i ,boc*9]i3-- 8,contr>y to cu/om1 ?ree l>ge & com=table rooms h be5 assign$ to me1 "p ( ! resid5ce ( ! fiscal ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ) free p]mission to walk ab\t 9 ! spaci\s ap>tm5ts4 ,my heal? is good1 = :i*1 next to ,god1 ,i h to ?ank ! great c>e ( ! ambassador & 8 wife1 :o h a wat*ful eye = all com=ts1 & f> m ?an ,i require40#ceh ,illu/ration ,niccol9i _h be5 p]mitt$ to bo>d ,galileo1 & 8 s]vants took ! meals to 8 rooms1 s t ,galileo c\ld keep 8 own s]vant ab\t him1 & he 0 ev5 all[$ to sleep 9 ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice4#cei ,no ob/acle 0 plac$ 9 ! way ( free correspond5ce betwe5 ,galileo & ,niccol9i4 ,! =m] wrote to 8 exalt$ fri5d & patron daily1 & he repli$1 op5ly express+ 8 op9ions1 )\t excit+ any obs]vation4#cfj ,:ile1 !re=e1 z f> z 8 mat]ial situation 0 conc]n$1 no?+ b fav\rs unhe>d ( 9 ! annals ( ! ,inquisition 7 %[n him1 no?+ 0 left undone to f9d ! be/ me?od ( effect+ 8 moral ru94 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 :5 ! actual trial 0 to come on1 8 fai?ful fri5d & advocate1 ,fa!r ,ca/elli1 :o 0 z well v]s$ 9 !ology z he 0 9 ma!matics1 0 s5t away f ,rome & n recall$ until ,galileo1 :o _h be5 mean:ile condemn$1 _h left ! city4#cfa ,?ree days aft] ! fir/ exam9ation ! ?ree c\nsellors ( ! ,inquisition1 ,augu/9e ,oregius1 ,mel*ior ,in*(]1 & ,za*>ias ,pasqualigus deliv]$ _! op9ions ab\t ! trial ( ,galileo4 ,oregius decl>$ t 89 ! book sup]scrib$ #8,dialogues ( ,galileo ,galilei1' ! doctr9e :i* tea*es t ! e>? moves & t ! sun is /ation>y is ma9ta9$ & def5d$40 ,in*(]'s /atem5ts 7he drew up two7 decl>$ t 8,galileo _h n only taught & def5d$ t view1 b r5d]$ x v suspici\s t he 0 incl9$ to x1 & ev5 held x to ?is day40 ,bo? ^! atte/ations 7 support$ by a memorial1 9 :i* ! op9ions giv5 7 f\nd$ on passages quot$ f ! 8,dialogues40#cfb ,! fir/ s\ght to prove t ,galileo 9 8 book _h treat$ ! /ability ( ! sun & its c5tral position 9 ! univ]se1 n z a hypo!sis1 b 9 a def9ite mann]2 ! second1 t 9 x ,galileo _h taught1 def5d$1 & held ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun4 ,za*>ias ,pasqualigus gave 9 ?ree op9ions4 ,9 ! fir/ he expresses 8 view t ,galileo1 by ! publication ( 8 8,dialogues10 _h infr+$ ! ord] giv5 him by ! ,holy ,(fice n 9 any way to hold ! ,cop]nican ,op9ion1 nor to tea* nor def5d x 9 writ+ or speak+1 9 respect to tea*+ & def5d+1 & x 0 v suspici\s t he held x4 ,9 8 second op9ion1 ,pasqualigus argues1 by quot+ passages f ! 8,dialogues10#cfc t al?\gh 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! book ,galileo _h /at$ t he %\ld treat ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion only z a hypo!sis1 he _h 9 ! c\rse ( x dep>t$ f hypo!tical language1 & s\ght to prove x by decisive argum5ts4 ,f9ally1 9 8 ?ird op9ion1 ,pasqualigus recurs to ! special prohibition ( #afaf1 & argues at l5g? t ,galileo has ov]/epp$ x bo? z reg>ds tea*+ & def5d+1 & is v /rongly op5 to ! suspicion ( hold+ x4#cfd ,by ^! decl>ations ,galileo's cause 0 z good z decid$4 ,8 transgression ( ! comm& ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! special prohibition ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 0 prov$ beyond a d\bt4 ,( 8 guilt !re c\ld be no "q--nei!r c\ld !re be any ( ! p5alty4 ,! prolong$ deprivation ( ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 :i* _h be5 s ess5tial to ! old man's heal?1#cfe comb9$ ) great m5tal agitation1 at l5g? ?rew him on a sick b$4 ,he wrote on #bcrd ,april to ,g]i ,boc*9]i3-- 8,i am writ+ 9 b$1 to :i* ,i h be5 conf9$ = sixte5 h\rs ) sev]e pa9s 9 my lo9s1 :i*1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 w la/ z mu* long]4 ,a little :ile ago ,i _h a visit f ! commiss>y & ! fiscal :o conduct ! inquiry4 ,!y h promis$ & intimat$ x z _! settl$ int5tion to set me at lib]ty z soon z ,i am able to get up aga91 enc\rag+ me repeat$ly to keep up my spirits4 ,i place m confid5ce 9 ^! promises ?an 9 ! hopes held out to me be=e1 :i*1 z exp]i5ce has %[n1 7 f\nd$ r ^u surmises ?an real k4 ,i h always hop$ t my innoc5ce & uprightness w\ld be br\ght to light1 & ,i n[ hope x m ?an ev]4 ,i am gett+ tir$ ( writ+1 & w conclude40#cff ,! second exam9ation ( ,galileo took place on #cj? ,april4 ,x has hi!rto a/\nd$ all ^? :o h /udi$ ?is fam\s trial2 = :ile at ! close ( 8 fir/ depositions1 ,galileo decid$ly d5i$ hav+ def5d$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 8 8,dialogues10 & ev5 ass]t$ t he _h done j ! contr>y1 at ! second he>+1 almo/ )\t wait+ = ! ,inquisitor's que/ions1 he makes a humble decl>ation1 :i*1 r\ndab\t z x is1 conta9s a p5it5t confession t he _h def5d$ x 9 8 book4 ,! cause ( ?is *ange 9 ,galileo is expla9$ by a mo/ int]e/+ lett] f ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition1 ,fa!r ,v9c5zo ,maccolani da ,fir5zuola1 :o 0 at t "t ) ! ,pope 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,g&olfo1 to ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i4 ,?is lett] ( #bh? ,april1 #afcc1 fir/ publi%$ 9 full by ,pi]alisi1 ! le>n$ libr>ian ( ! ,b>b]iana at ,rome1 :om we h s (t5 quot$1 is z foll[s3#cfg-- 8,9 compliance ) ! comm&s ( 8 ,hol9ess1 ,i ye/]day in=m$ ! mo/ em95t ,lords ( ! ,holy ,congregation ( ,galileo's cause1 ! position ( :i* ,i briefly report$4 ,_! ,em95ces approv$ ( :at has be5 done ?us f>1 & took into consid]ation1 on ! o!r h&1 v>i\s difficulties ) reg>d to ! mann] ( pursu+ ! case1 & ( br++ x to an end4 ,m especially z ,galileo has 9 8 exam9ation d5i$ :at is pla9ly evid5t f ! book writt5 by him2 s9ce 9 consequ5ce ( ?is d5ial !re w\ld result ! necessity = great] rig\r ( proc$ure & less reg>d to ! o!r consid]ations belong+ to ?is bus9ess4 ,f9ally ,i sugge/$ a c\rse1 namely1 t ! ,holy ,congregation %\ld grant me p]mission to treat extra-judicially ) ,galileo1 9 ord] to r5d] him s5sible ( 8 error1 & br+ him1 if he recognises x1 to a confession ( ! same4 ,?is proposal appe>$ at fir/ sight too bold1 n mu* hope be+ ent]ta9$ ( accompli%+ ?is object by m]ely adopt+ ! me?od ( argum5t ) him2 b ^u my indicat+ ! gr\nds ^u :i* ,i _h made ! sugge/ion1 p]mission 0 grant$ me4 ,t no "t might be lo/1 ,i ent]$ into disc\rse ) ,galileo ye/]day aft]noon1 & aft] _m argum5ts & rejo9d]s _h pass$ betwe5 u1 by ,god's grace ,i atta9$ my object1 = ,i br\ght him to a full s5se ( 8 error1 s t he cle>ly recognis$ t he _h err$1 & _h gone too f> 9 8 book4 ,& to all ?is he gave expression 9 words ( mu* feel+1 l "o :o exp]i5c$ great consolation 9 ! recognition ( 8 error1 & he 0 also will+ to confess x judicially4 ,he reque/$1 h[ev]1 a little "t 9 ord] to consid] ! =m 9 :i* he might mo/ fitt+ly make ! confession1 :i*1 z f> z its sub/ance is conc]n$1 w1 ,i hope1 foll[ 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,i h ?\ght x my duty at once to acqua9t y\r ,em95ce ) ?is matt]1 hav+ communicat$ x to no "o else2 = ,i tru/ t 8 ,hol9ess & y\r ,em95ce w be satisfi$ t 9 ?is way ! affair is be+ br\ght to su* a po9t t x may soon be settl$ )\t difficulty4 ,! c\rt w ma9ta9 its reputation3 x w be possible to deal l5i5tly ) ! culprit2 & :atev] ! decision arriv$ at1 he w recognise ! fav\r %[n him1 ) all ! o!r consequ5ces ( satisfaction h]e9 desir$4 ,to-day ,i ?9k ( exam9+ him 9 ord] to obta9 ! said confession2 & hav+1 z ,i hope1 receiv$ x1 x w only rema9 to me fur!r to "q him ) reg>d to 8 int5tion1 & to impose ! prohibitions ^u him2 & t done1 he might h ! h\se#cfh assign$ to him z a prison1 z h9t$ to me by y\r ,em95ce1 to :om ,i (f] my mo/ humble rev]5ce4 ,rome1 #bh? ,april1 #afcc4 ,y\r ,em95ce's humble & mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,fra ,,v9c ,,da ,,fir5zuola40 ,! second he>+ did n take place on ! #bh?1 z ,fir5zuola propos$1 b n till ! #cj?1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ,galileo's indisposition4 ,he _h aga9 to take an oa? t he w\ld speak ! tru?1 aft] :i* he 0 reque/$ to /ate :at he _h to say4 ,he !n began ! foll[+ melan*oly confession3-- 8,9 ! c\rse ( "s days' cont9u\s & att5tive reflection on ! int]rogations put to me on ! #af? ( ! pres5t mon?1 & 9 p>ticul> z to :e!r1 sixte5 ye>s ago1 an injunction 0 intimat$ to me by ord] ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 =bidd+ me to hold1 def5d1 or tea* #89 any mann]1' ! op9ion t _h j be5 condemn$1--( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun1--x occurr$ to me to re-p]use my pr9t$ dialogue1 :i* = ?ree ye>s ,i _h n se51 9 ord] c>efully to note :e!r1 contr>y to my mo/ s9c]e int5tion1 !re _h1 by inadv]t5ce1 fall5 f my p5 any?+ f :i* a read] or ! au?orities might inf] n only "s ta9t ( disob$i5ce on my "p1 b also o!r p>ticul>s :i* might induce ! belief t ,i _h contrav5$ ! ord]s ( ! ,holy ,*ur*4 ,& be+1 by ! k9d p]mission ( ! au?orities1 at lib]ty to s5d ab\t my s]vant1 ,i succe$$ 9 procur+ a copy ( my book1 & hav+ procur$ x ,i appli$ myself ) ! utmo/ dilig5ce to its p]usal1 & to a mo/ m9ute consid]ation !re(4 ,& z1 ow+ to my n hav+ se5 x = s long1 x pres5t$ itself to me1 z x 71 l a new writ+ & by ano!r au?or1 ,i freely confess t 9 sev]al places x seem$ to me set =? 9 su* a =m t a read] ignorant ( my real purpose might h _h reason to suppose t ! argum5ts adduc$ on ! false side1 & :i* x 0 my int5tion to confute1 7 s express$ z to be calculat$ r to compel conviction by _! cog5cy ?an to be easy ( solution4 ,two argum5ts !re are 9 p>ticul>--! "o tak5 f ! sol> spots1 ! o!r f ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide--:i* 9 tru? come to ! e> ( ! read] ) f> great] %[ ( =ce & p[] ?an ought to h be5 imp>t$ to !m by "o :o reg>d$ !m z inconclusive1 & :o int5d$ to refute !m1 z inde$ ,i truly & s9c]ely held & d hold !m to be inconclusive & admitt+ ( refutation4 ,&1 z excuse to myself = hav+ fall5 into an error s =eign to my int5tion1 n cont5t+ myself entirely ) say+ t :5 a man recites ! argum5ts ( ! opposite side ) ! object ( refut+ !m1 he %\ld1 especially if writ+ 9 ! =m ( dialogue1 /ate ^! 9 _! /ricte/ =m1 & %\ld n cloak !m to ! disadvantage ( 8 oppon5t1--n cont5t+ myself1 ,i say1 ) ?is excuse1--,i resort$ to t ( ! natural complac5cy :i* e man feels ) reg>d to 8 own subtleties & 9 %[+ himself m skilful ?an ! g5]ality ( m51 9 devis+1 ev5 9 fav\r ( false propositions1 +5i\s & plausible argum5ts4 ,) all ?is1 al?\gh ) ,cic]o #8avidior sim gloriae quam satis e/1' if ,i _h n[ to set =? ! same reason+s1 )\t d\bt ,i %\ld s weak5 !m t !y %\ld n be able to make an app>5t %[ ( t =ce ( :i* !y are really & ess5tially devoid4 ,my error1 !n1 has be5--& ,i confess x--"o ( va+lori\s ambition1 & ( pure ignorance & inadv]t5ce4 ,?is is :at x occurs to me to say ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul>1 & :i* sugge/$ itself to me dur+ ! re-p]usal ( my book40#cfi ,aft] mak+ ?is humiliat+ decl>ation1 ,galileo 0 all[$ imm$iately1 to )draw4 ,no que/ions 7 put to him ?is "t4 ,b he mu/ h ?\ght t he ought to g /ill fur!r 9 ! d5ial ( 8 inmo/ convictions1 fur!r ev5 ?an ,fa!r ,fir5zuola _h desir$ 9 8 extra-judicial int]view1 fur!r ?an ! ,inquisition itself requir$4 ,he did n consid] ! p5it5t ackn[l$gm5t ( ! 8error0 into :i* he _h fall5 9 writ+ 8 8,dialogues0 suffici5t4 ,! ,inquisition 0 to be conciliat$ by ! good resolution publicly to correct x4 ,he !re=e return$ at once to ! c\rt :]e ! sacr$ tribunal 0 /ill sitt+1 & made ! foll[+ undignifi$ proposition3-- 8,& 9 confirmation ( my ass]tion t ,i h n held & d n hold z true ! op9ion :i* has be5 condemn$1 ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun1--if !re %all be grant$ to me1 z ,i desire1 means & "t to make a cle>] demon/ration !re(1 ,i am ready to d s3 & !re is a mo/ fav\rable opportunity = ?is1 see+ t 9 ! "w already publi%$1 ! int]locutors agree to meet aga9 aft] a c]ta9 "t to discuss sev]al di/9ct problems ( nature1 connect$ ) ! matt] disc\rs$ ( at _! meet+s4 ,z ?is af=ds me an opportunity ( add+ "o or two o!r #8days1' ,i promise to resume ! argum5ts already adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! said op9ion1 :i* is false & has be5 condemn$1 & to confute !m 9 su* mo/ effectual me?od z by ! bless+ ( ,god may be suppli$ to me4 ,i pray1 !re=e1 ?is sacr$ tribunal to aid me 9 ?is good resolution1 & to enable me to put x 9 effect40#cgj ,x is h>d to pass an adv]se judgm5t on su* a h]o ( sci5ce2 & yet ! man :o repeat$ly d5ies be=e 8 judges ! sci5tific convictions = :i* he _h /riv5 & lab\r$ = half a c5tury1 :o ev5 proposes 9 a cont9uation ( 8 monum5tal "w on ! two *ief sy/ems ( ! _w to annihilate all ! argum5ts !re9 adduc$ = ! recognition ( ! only true sy/em1 c nev] be absolv$ by ! hi/orical critic f ! *>ge ( weakness & ins9c]e obsequi\sness4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! c5tury ! op5+ ( :i* _h be5 om9\sly m>k$ by ! fun]al pile ( ,giordano ,bruno1 & b eight ye>s be=e1 ! corpse ( ,m>c',antonio de ,dom9is1--! fam\s ,ar*bi%op ( ,spalato1 :o _h di$ sudd5ly 9 ! prisons ( ! ,engelsburg dur+ 8 trial be=e ! ,inquisition1--_h1 aft] ! s5t5ce ( ! ,holy ,tribunal1 be5 tak5 f its re/+ place & publicly burnt 9 ,rome1 toge!r ) 8 h]etical writ+s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,trial ,,cont9u$4 ,galileo all[$ to return to ! ,embassy4--,8 ,hopefulness4--,?ird ,he>+4--,h&s 9 8 ,def5ce4--,agreem5t ( x ) previ\s ,ev5ts4--,confid5t ,hopes ( 8 ,fri5ds4--,niccol9i's ,fe>s4--,decision to exam9e ,galileo "u ?reat ( ,torture4--,niccol9i's ,audi5ce ( ! ,pope4--,in=m$ t ! ,trial 0 ov]1 t ,galileo w\ld soon be s5t5c$1 & w\ld be imprison$4--,f9al ,exam9ation4--,s5t back to 8locum suum40--,no ,evid5ce t he suff]$ ,torture or 0 plac$ 9 a ,prison ,cell4 ,on ! day on :i* ! second he>+ _h tak5 place1 at ,fir5zuola's sugge/ion to ! ,pope1 ,galileo 0 p]mitt$1 9 consid]ation ( 8 age & infirmities1 to return to ! hotel ( ! ,tuscan ambassador1 on oa? n to leave x1 n to hold any int]c\rse ) any "o b ! inmates ( ! h\se1 to pres5t himself be=e ! ,holy ,(fice :5ev] summon$1 & to ma9ta9 ! /ricte/ sil5ce ab\t ! c\rse ( ! trial4#cga ,on ! v next day ,niccol9i wrote to ,cioli ) great satisfaction3 8,signor ,galileo 0 ye/]day s5t back to my h\se :5 ,i 0 n at all expect+ him1 & al?\gh ! trial is n yet end$40#cgb ,! ,tuscan ,secret>y ( ,/ate repli$ on #d? ,may1 ) ! curt obs]vation3 8,8 ,highness 0 mu* pleas$ at ! lib]ation ( ,signor ,galileo10 & imm$iately adds ! ill-hum\r$ & unwor?y rem>k3 8,x appe>s to me t ,i mu/ rem9d y\r ,excell5cy t :5 ,i wrote to y to ent]ta9 ,signor ,galileo at ! embassy1 ! "t specifi$ 0 "o mon?1 & ! exp5ses ( ! rema9+ "t mu/ fall ^u himself40#cgc ,niccol9i repli$ ) ill-conceal$ indignation3 8,x w\ld n become me to speak ( ?is subject to ,galileo :ile he is my gue/2 ,i w\ld r be> ! exp5se myself1 :i* only comes to f\rte5 or fifte5 scudi a mon?1 ev]y?+ includ$2 s t if ,galileo %\ld rema9 "h ! :ole summ]1 t is six mon?s1 ! outlay = him & 8 s]vant w\ld am\nt to ab\t f n9ety to a hundr$ scudi40#cgd ,galileo1 :o _h no idea t 8 g5]\s protector1 ,niccol9i1 _h ev5 _h to g into unpleasant que/ions ab\t 8 support1 0 ent]ta9+ ! mo/ confid5t hopes ( a successful & spe$y t]m9ation ( 8 trial4 ,al?\gh 8 lett]s ( ?is p]iod are un=tunately n extant1#cge we see f ! answ]s ( 8 correspond5ts :at sangu9e acc\nts he s5t !m4 ,g]i ,boc*9]i wrote on #ab? ,may3 8,i h = a long "t _h no su* consolatory news z t :i* y\r lett] ( ! #g? br\ght me4 ,x gives me well-f\nd$ hopes t ! calumnies & sn>es ( y\r enemies w be 9 va92 & 9 ! end1 ! annoyances involv$ 9 ! def5ce1 ma9t5ance1 & p]haps ev5 increase1 ( y\r reputation1 c be will+ly borne1 z y und\bt$ly h borne !m1 s9ce y h ga9$ f> m ?an y h lo/ by ! calamity t has fall5 ^u y6 ,my pleasure is /ill m enhanc$ by ! news t y expect to be able to report ! end ( ! affair 9 ! next lett]40#cgf ,b _m a po/ day 0 to pass ov]1 _m a lett] f ,galileo to be receiv$1 be=e 8 trial 0 to come to ! conclusion he s little anticipat$4 ,on #aj? ,may he 0 summon$ = ! ?ird "t be=e ! ,holy ,tribunal1 :]e ,fa!r ,fir5zuola1 ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition1 in=m$ him t eight days 7 all[$ him 9 :i* to write a def5ce if he wi%$ to submit "o4 ,b ,galileo h&$ x 9 at once1#cgg f :i* we may conclude t he _h be5 in=m$ ( ?is proce$+ be=eh&4 ,x 0 z foll[s3-- 8,:5 ask$ if ,i _h signifi$ to ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace1 ! injunction privately laid ^u me1 ab\t sixte5 ye>s ago1 by ord] ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 n to hold1 def5d1 or #89 any way' tea* ! doctr9e ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun1 ,i answ]$ t ,i _h n done s4 ,& n be+ que/ion$ z to ! reason :y ,i _h n intimat$ x1 ,i _h no opportunity to add any?+ fur!r4 ,x n[ appe>s to me necess>y to /ate ! reason1 9 ord] to demon/rate ! purity ( my int5tion1 ev] =eign to ! employm5t ( simulation or deceit 9 any op]ation ,i engage 94 ,i say1 !n1 t z at t "t reports 7 spread abroad by evil-dispos$ p]sons1 to ! effect t ,i _h be5 summon$ by ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e to abjure c]ta9 ( my op9ions & doctr9es1 & t ,i _h cons5t$ to abjure !m1 & also to submit to puni%m5t = !m1 ,i 0 ?us con/ra9$ to apply to 8 ,em95ce1 & to solicit him to furni% me ) an atte/ation1 expla9+ ! cause = :i* ,i _h be5 summon$ be=e him2 :i* atte/ation ,i obta9$1 9 8 own h&writ+1 & x is ! same t ,i n[ produce ) ! pres5t docum5t4#cgh ,f ?is x cle>ly appe>s t x 0 m]ely ann\nc$ to me t ! doctr9e attribut$ to ,cop]nicus ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun mu/ n be held or def5d$1 & 444 ,"h ! ,,ms4 is defac$ beyond ?is g5]al ann\ncem5t affect+ e "o1 any o!r injunction 9 p>ticul> 0 intimat$ to me1 no trace !re( appe>s !re4 ,hav+1 !n1 z a rem9d]1 ?is au!ntic atte/ation 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! v p]son :o intimat$ ! comm& to me1 ,i made no fur!r application ( ?\ght or memory ) reg>d to ! words employ$ 9 ann\nc+ to me ! said ord] n to hold or def5d ! doctr9e 9 "q2 s t ! two articles ( ! ord]--9 addition to ! injunction n to #8hold' or #8def5d' x--to wit1 ! words #8nor to tea* x' #89 any way :atsoev]'--:i* ,i he> are conta9$ 9 ! ord] intimat$ to me1 & regi/]$--/ruck me z q novel & z if ,i _h n he>d !m be=e2 & ,i d n ?9k ,i ought to be disbeliev$ :5 ,i urge t 9 ! c\rse ( f\rte5 or sixte5 ye>s ,i _h lo/ all recollection ( !m1 especially z ,i _h no ne$ to give any p>ticul> ?\ght to !m1 hav+ 9 my possession s au!ntic a rem9d] 9 writ+4 ,n[1 if ! said two articles be left out1 & ^? two only be reta9$ :i* are not$ 9 ! accompany+ atte/ation1 !re is no d\bt t ! injunction conta9$ 9 ! latt] is ! same comm& z t conta9$ 9 ! decree ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,:5ce x appe>s to me t ,i h a reasonable excuse = n hav+ notifi$ to ! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace ! comm& privately impos$ ^u me1 x be+ ! same z t ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,see+ also1 t my book 0 n subject to a /rict] c5sor%ip ?an t made b9d+ by ! decree ( ! ,index1 x w1 x appe>s to me1 be suffici5tly pla9 t ,i adopt$ ! sure/ & mo/ becom+ me?od ( hav+ x gu>ante$ & purg$ ( all %ad[ ( ta9t1 inasmu* z ,i h&$ x to ! supreme ,inquisitor at ! v "t :5 _m books deal+ ) ! same matt]s 7 be+ prohibit$ solely 9 virtue ( ! said decree4 ,aft] :at ,i h n[ /at$1 ,i w\ld confid5tly hope t ! idea ( my hav+ kn[+ly & delib]ately violat$ ! comm& impos$ ^u me1 w h5ce=? be entirely bani%$ f ! m9ds ( my mo/ em95t & wise judges2 s t ^? faults :i* are se5 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t my book h n be5 artfully introduc$ ) any conceal$ or o!r ?an s9c]e int5tion1 b h only inadv]t5tly fall5 f my p51 ow+ to a va+lori\s ambition & complac5cy 9 desir+ to appe> m subtle ?an ! g5]ality ( popul> writ]s1 z inde$ 9 ano!r 444 ,,ms4 defac$ deposition ,i h confess$3 :i* fault ,i %all be ready to correct by writ+ :5ev] ,i may be comm&$ or p]mitt$ by y\r ,em95ces4 ,la/ly1 x rema9s = me to pray y to take into consid]ation my pitiable /ate ( bodily indisposition1 to :i*1 at ! age ( sev5ty ye>s1 ,i h be5 r$uc$ by t5 mon?s ( con/ant m5tal anxiety & ! fatigue ( a long & toilsome j\rney at ! mo/ inclem5t season--toge!r ) ! loss ( ! great] "p ( ! ye>s ( :i*1 f my previ\s condition ( heal?1 ,i _h ! prospect4 ,i am p]suad$ & enc\rag$ to d s by ! clem5cy & goodness ( ! mo/ em95t lords1 my judges2 ) ! hope t !y may be pleas$1 9 answ] to my pray]1 to remit :at may appe> to _! entire ju/ice 444 to su* suff]+s z adequate puni%m5t--out ( consid]ation = my decl9+ age1 :i* too1 ,i humbly comm5d to !m4 ,& ,i w\ld equally comm5d to _! consid]ation my hon\r & reputation1 aga9/ ! calumnies ( ill-wi%]s1 ^: p]si/5ce 9 detract+ f my good "n may be inf]r$ f ! necessity :i* con/ra9$ me to procure f ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e ! atte/ation :i* accompanies ?is40#cgi ,?is t\*+ appeal to ! m]cy ( ! judges ( ! ,holy ,(fice c sc>cely be read )\t feel+s ( ! pr(\nde/ pity = ! unhappy old man1 :o1 9 ! ev5+ ( 8 days1 felt compell$ by dread ( ! /ake to d5y 8 sci5tific convictions4 ,9 look+ at ! def5ce 9 a judicial light1 9 spite ( mi/ru/ 9 ! tru?fulness ( ! accus$1 = :i* !re is "s ju/ification1 x mu/ be all[$ t 8 /atem5ts ab\t ! proce$+s ( sixte5 ye>s be=e1 agree entirely ) all 8 lett]s & actions f #afaf to #afcb4 ,9 view ( ?is /ate ( ! case1 ,galileo's rem>k 9 8 def5ce t 8he _h receiv$ t c]tificate f ! v p]son :o _h intimat$ ! comm& to him10 possesses increas$ significance4 ,8 :ole def5ce is int5d$ to conv9ce ! judges t ! two p>ticul>s 8n to tea*0 & 89 any way0 7 unkn[n to him up to ! day ( 8 fir/ he>+1 or1 z he says1 to avoid direct contradiction1 8he _h lo/ all recollection ( !m40 ,he obvi\sly ?9ks t ! gravity ( ! indictm5t lies 9 ^! words4 ,b he seems to be absolutely ignorant ( _! hav+ be5 issu$ to him aft] ! previ\s admonition ( ! ,c>d9al1 by ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition1 ) ! ?reat t 8o!rwise !y w\ld proce$ aga9/ him 9 ! ,holy ,(fice10 inde$1 by ! above rem>k he decid$ly contradicts x4 ,apologi/s ( ! ,inquisition at any price1 ( ! /amp ( ,mgr4 ,m>9i1 d n fail to adopt ! only means left to !m1 & call ,galileo's def5ce 8*ildi% evasions unwor?y ( s great a man1 :i* are sure signs ( guilt40#chj ,we are ( op9ion1 on ! contr>y1 t ! confid5t hopes ( a fav\rable issue ( 8 trial1 by :i*1 z appe>s f ! replies ( 8 correspond5ts & ,niccol9i's despat*es1 ,galileo 0 animat$ up to ! la/ mom5t1 by no means comport ) consci\sness ( guilt4 ,aft] 8 def5ce _h be5 receiv$1 & ! same obligations impos$ on him on oa? z aft] ! second he>+1 he 0 all[$ to return to ! embassy4 ,! ne>] ! "t approa*$ :5 ! old man's illusions 7 to be dispell$1 ! m sangu9e 0 ! intellig5ce he s5t to 8 fri5ds4 ,he rem9ds "o ( a consumptive pati5t1 full ( hope :5 9 ! la/ /age ( 8 disord]4 ,galileo receives 9 reply to 8 lett]s ! congratulations ( 8 fri5ds on !1 z !y suppose1 d\btless fav\rable issue ( 8 trial4 ,c>d9al ,capponi writes on #ba/ ,may1 t he _h nev] expect$ any?+ else4#cha ,boc*9]i1 ,guiducci1 ,aggu9ti1 ,c9i1 & o!rs he>tily express _! satisfaction2#chb ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,si5a1 ,ascanio ,piccolom9i1 ,galileo's devot$ fri5d1 invites him1 9 expectation ( 8 spe$y dismissal f ,rome1 to come & see him at ,si5a1 t he may await ! ext9ction ( ! plague at ,flor5ce4#chc ,galileo accepts ! fri5dly invitation1 & in=ms ,boc*9]i t he int5ds to g to ,si5a imm$iately aft] ! end ( ! trial4#chd ,ar*bi%op ,piccolom9i ev5 (f]s 8 impati5tly expect$ gue/ a litt] = ! j\rney4#che ,a fav\r grant$ to ,galileo j at ! la/1 on ! urg5t solicitation ( ,niccol9i1 & q unhe>d ( 9 ! annals ( ! ,inquisition1 might h increas$ ^! confid5t hopes4 ,he 0 p]mitt$ to take ! air = ! sake ( 8 heal? 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,ca/le ( ,g&olfo1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 always convey$ 9 a half-clos$ c>riage1 z he 0 n to be se5 9 ! /reets4#chf ,niccol9i1 h[ev]1 did n %>e ! hopes ( 8 fam\s gue/1 & = v good reasons4 ,he _h _h an audi5ce1 on #ba/ ,may1 ( ! ,pope & ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 :o _h told him 9 answ] to 8 inquiries :5 ! trial might be expect$ to end1 t x w\ld probably be conclud$ 9 ! congregation to take place 9 ab\t a =tnight4 ,aft] report+ ?is 9 8 despat* to ,cioli ( #bbnd ,may1 ,niccol9i cont9ues3 8,i v mu* fe> t ! book w be prohibit$1 unless x is av]t$ by ,galileo's be+ *>g$1 z ,i propos$1 to write an apology4 ,"s #8salut>y p5ance' w also be impos$ ^u him1 z !y ma9ta9 t he has transgress$ ! comm& communicat$ to him by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e 9 #afaf4 ,i h n yet told him all ?is1 because ,i want to prep>e him = x by degrees1 9 ord] n to di/ress him4 ,x w also be advisable to obs]ve sil5ce ab\t ?is 9 ,flor5ce1 t he may n he> x f 8 fri5ds !re2 & ! m s1 z x may turn out o!rwise40#chg ,x 0 inde$ 8to turn out o!rwise10 b 9 a way t ev5 ,niccol9i did n 9 ! lea/ suspect4 ,a mom5t>y lull n[ took place 9 ,galileo's trial--! prep>ation = ! great cata/rophe t 0 to take all ! _w by surprise4 ,sultry sil5ce reign$ = f\r weeks4 ,no "o1 n ev5 ,niccol9i1 c\ld le>n any?+ ab\t ! progress ( ! affair2 ! ?und]bolt _h already fall5 :i* 0 to cru% ! accus$ be=e x 0 kn[n to anyone beyond ! ,holy ,congregation4 ,8 fate _h be5 seal$ 9 a private meet+ ( x presid$ ov] by ! ,pope4 ,un=tunately we h no writt5 notes ( ! proce$+s ( ?is highly int]e/+ sitt+4 ,f two docum5ts1 :i* agree entirely 9 ess5tials1 we simply "k :at ! decrees 7 :i* m9utely prescrib$ ! f9al proce$+s to be tak5 aga9/ ,galileo4 ,"o ( ^! docum5ts is d]iv$ f ! ,vatican collection ( ! acts ( ,galileo's trial2 ! o!r is reproduc$ 9 ,gh]>di's collection ( docum5ts1 & belongs to ! ,,ms4 orig9als ( ! decrees drawn up 9 ! sitt+s ( ! ,holy ,congregation 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,inquisition4 ,x is decre$ 9 bo? docum5ts#chh :i* agree almo/ v]batim3 ,to try ,galileo z to 8 int5tion1 & "u ?reat ( torture2 if he kept firm1 he 0 to be call$ ^u to recant be=e a pl5>y assembly ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 condemn$ to imprisonm5t accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! ,holy ,congregation1 & ord]$ 9 future n to discuss1 ei!r 9 writ+ or speak+1 ! op9ion t ! e>? moves & ! sun is /ation>y1 nor yet ! contr>y op9ion1 "u pa9 ( fur!r puni%m5t = contumacy2 fur!r1 ! "w1 8,dialogo di ,galileo ,galilei1 ,l9ceo10 0 to be prohibit$4 ,& 9 ord] to make ?is kn[n ev]y:]e1 copies ( ! s5t5ce 7 to be s5t to all papal envoys1 & all inquisitors into h]etical crimes1 & specially to ! ,inquisitor ( ,flor5ce1 :o 0 to proclaim x 9 a full conclave ( ! ,congregation1 & read x publicly to a majority ( ! pr(essors ( ma!matics summon$ = ! purpose4 ,x is notewor?y t x 0 expressly decre$ t ,galileo 0 to be enjo9$1 8nor yet to discuss ! contr>y op9ion10 ! ,ptolemaic4 ,!y obvi\sly accr$it$ ! clev] dialectician ) ! skill1 "u pretext ( def5d+ ! old sy/em1 ( demon/rat+ exactly ! contr>y4 ,x !re=e seem$ mo/ prud5t to impose absolute sil5ce on him on ?is delicate subject4 ,two days aft] ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s _h be5 secretly det]m9$ on1 ! ,pope gave audi5ce to ,niccol9i1 :o once m came to beg = a spe$y t]m9ation ( ! trial4 ,urban ,,viii4 said t x _h already be5 t]m9at$1 & t )9 ! next few days ,galileo w\ld be summon$ be=e ! ,holy ,(fice to he> 8 s5t5ce4 ,! ambassador1 :o 0 t]rifi$ at ?is unexpect$ intellig5ce1 ha/5$ to implore 8 ,hol9ess1 out ( respect = 8 ,highness ! ,gr& ,duke1 to mollify ! sev]ity :i* ! ,holy ,congregation might p]haps h ?\ght x necess>y to ex]cise2 & add$ oblig+ly t ! great complaisance %[n to ! ,gr& ,duke 9 ! matt] ( ,galileo 0 fully appreciat$1 & t ! ,gr& ,duke 0 only await+ ! end ( ! bus9ess to express 8 gratitude 9 p]son4 ,! ,pope repli$1 ) equal suavity1 t 8 ,highness ne$ n take ?is tr\ble1 z he _h readily grant$ e amelioration to ,galileo out ( affection = him2 b z to 8 cause1 !y c\ld d no less ?an prohibit t op9ion1 because x 0 errone\s & contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 dictat$ ex ore ,dei2 z to 8 p]son1 he w\ld1 accord+ to usage1 be imprison$ = a "t1 because he _h transgress$ ! m&ate issu$ to him 9 #afaf4 8,h[ev]10 add$ ,urban1 8aft] ! publication ( ! s5t5ce we w see y aga91 & we w consult toge!r s t he may suff] z little di/ress z possible1 s9ce x _c be let pass )\t "s demon/ration aga9/ 8 p]son40 ,9 reply to ,niccol9i's r5ew$ urg5t entreaties t 8 ,hol9ess w\ld ext5d 8 accu/om$ m]cy to ! pitiable old man ( sev5ty1 ! ,pope said t 8he w\ld at any rate be s5t = a "t to "s mona/]y1 z = in/ance1 ,/4 ,croce2 = he really did n "k precisely :at ! ,holy ,congregation might decree 78671 b x 0 unanim\s & nem9e discrepante 9 int5d+ to impose a p5ance on ,galileo40 ,! v same day ! ambassador s5t a detail$ despat* ab\t ?is audi5ce to ,cioli1#chi & rem>k$ at ! end t he _h simply in=m$ ,galileo ( ! approa*+ end ( ! trial1 & ( ! prohibition ( 8 book1 b _h said no?+ ab\t ! p]sonal puni%m5t1 9 ord] n to tr\ble him too mu* at once2 ! ,pope _h also enjo9$ ?is1 t ,galileo might n di/ress himself yet1 & 8because p]haps 9 ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s ?+s might take a bett] turn40 ,galileo's trial n[ proce$$ /rictly accord+ to ! programme settl$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice "u ! papal presid5cy4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,monday1 #bj? ,june1 ,galileo receiv$ a summons f ! ,holy ,(fice to appe> ! next day4#cij ,9 ?is f9al he>+ ! accus$ 0 to be que/ion$1 "u ?reat ( torture1 ab\t 8 int5tion1 t is1 z to 8 real conviction conc]n+ ! two sy/ems4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ba/ ,galileo appe>$ be=e 8 judges4 ,aft] he _h tak5 ! usual oa?1 & _h answ]$ 9 ! negative ! qu]y :e!r he _h any /atem5t to make1 ! exam9] began z foll[s3-- ,int]rogat$ :e!r he holds or has held1 & h[ long ago1 t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion2 ,he answ]$3 8,a long "t ago1 i4e41 be=e ! decision ( ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index1 & be=e ! injunction 0 intimat$ to me1 ,i 0 indiff]5t1 & reg>d$ bo? op9ions1 namely1 t ( ,ptolemy & t ( ,cop]nicus1 z op5 to discussion1 inasmu* z ei!r "o or ! o!r might be true 9 nature2 b aft] ! said decision1 assur$ ( ! wisdom ( ! au?orities1 ,i ceas$ to h any d\bt2 & ,i held1 z ,i /ill hold1 z mo/ true & indisputable1 ! op9ion ( ,ptolemy1 t is to say1 ! /ability ( ! e>? & ! motion ( ! sun40 ,be+ told t f ! mann] & connection 9 :i* ! said op9ion is discuss$ 9 ! book pr9t$ by him subsequ5tly to ! "t m5tion$--nay1 f ! v fact ( 8 hav+ writt5 & pr9t$ ! said book1 he is presum$ to h held ?is op9ion aft] ! "t specifi$2 & be+ call$ ^u to /ate ! tru? z to :e!r he holds or has held ! same2 ,he answ]$3 8,z reg>ds ! writ+ ( ! publi%$ dialogue1 my motive 9 s do+ 0 n because ,i held ! ,cop]nican doctr9e to be true1 b simply ?9k+ to conf] a common b5efit1 ,i h set =? ! pro(s f nature & a/ronomy :i* may be adduc$ on ei!r side2 my object be+ to make x cle> t nei!r ! "o set ( argum5ts nor ! o!r has ! =ce ( conclusive demon/ration 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion or ( t2 & t !re=e1 9 ord] to proce$ ) c]ta9ty we mu/ h rec\rse to ! decisions ( high] tea*+1 z may be cle>ly se5 f a l>ge numb] ( passages 9 ! dialogue 9 "q4 ,i affirm1 !re=e1 on my consci5ce1 t ,i d n n[ hold ! condemn$ op9ion1 & h n held x s9ce ! decision ( ! au?orities40 ,be+ told t f ! book itself & f ! argum5ts adduc$ on ! affirmative side1--namely1 t ! e>? moves & t ! sun is immovable1--x is presum$1 z a=esaid1 t he holds ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus1 or at lea/ t he held x at t "t2 & t !re=e1 unless he make up 8 m9d to confess ! tru?1 rec\rse w be _h aga9/ him to ! appropriate rem$ies ( ! law2 ,he answ]$3 8,i d n hold1 & h n held ?is op9ion ( ,cop]nicus s9ce ! comm& 0 intimat$ to me t ,i mu/ ab&on x2 = ! re/1 ,i am "h 9 y\r h&s1--d ) me :at y please40 ,be+ once m bidd5 to speak ! tru?1 o!rwise rec\rse w be _h to torture1 ! t]rifi$ old man answ]$ ) ! resignation ( despair3 8,i am "h to obey1 & ,i h n held ?is op9ion s9ce ! decision 0 pron\nc$1 z ,i h /at$40 ,9 ! protocol ( ! trial ! conclud+ s5t5ce foll[s imm$iately aft] ?is la/ answ] ( ,galileo's3 8,& z no?+ fur!r c\ld be done 9 execution ( ! decree 7( #af? ,june71 8 signature 0 obta9$ to 8 deposition1 & he 0 s5t back to 8 place40#cia ,!re is n 9 ?is docum5t1 nor 9 any o!r extant1 ! slighte/ trace t torture 0 actually appli$ to ,galileo1 z has long & ev5 rec5tly be5 fabl$4 ,s9ce ! publication ( x by ,ep9ois has acqua9t$ u ) ! decree ( #af? ,june1 none su* c be expect$ ev] to be f\nd4 ,9 t decree ! c\rse ( ! f9al legal proce$+s 0 precisely indicat$4 ,b x 0 only ! ?reat ( torture t 0 prescrib$1 aft] :i* recantation & s5t5ce ( imprisonm5t 7 to foll[4 ,! execution ( ?is ?reat1 !n1 w\ld h be5 a gross1 & "u ! circum/ances1 incr$ible violation ( ! decrees ( ! ,holy ,(fice itself4 ,moreov]1 ! assum$ torture ( ,galileo is oppos$1 z we %all see by & by1 to v>i\s hi/orical facts4 ,:5 ! :ole c\rse ( ! trial is unroll$ be=e our eyes1 we %all g m deeply into ! region ( fable & malici\s fabrication4 ,b z we pursue ! pa? ( hi/ory1 we come ^u an error :i* ,mgr4 ,m>9i's peculi> mode ( int]pretation has giv5 rise to4 ,he takes ! conclud+ words ( ! protocol ( ! trial ( #ba/ ,june1 8remissus fuit ad locum suum10 to mean t ,galileo 0 s5t back to ! ,tuscan embassy4#cib ,n[1 x is indisputable1 f a despat* ( ,niccol9i's to ,cioli ( #bf? ,june1 #afcc1 t aft] ! he>+ ( ! #ba/ ,june1 ! accus$ 0 deta9$ 9 ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & did n leave !m till ! #bd?4#cic ,we h no in=mation :atev] z to ! treatm5t he met ) ?is "t 9 ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,0 he put into ! ap>tm5ts he _h occupi$ be=e1 or 0 he conf9$ 9 a prison]'s cell8 ,f ! consid]ate treatm5t 9 outw>d ?+s :i* ,galileo met ) dur+ 8 trial at ,rome1 x may p]haps be conclud$ t he nev] 0 ?r[n into ! dungeons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,recantation4 ,! ,s5t5ce 9 full4--,analysis ( x4--,! ,cop]nican ,sy/em _h n be5 pron\nc$ h]etical by 8,infallible0 ,au?ority4--,! ,special ,prohibition assum$ z ,fact4--,! ,s5t5ce illegal accord+ to ! ,canon ,law4--,! ,holy ,(fice exce$$ its p[]s 9 call+ ^u ,galileo to recant4--,! ,s5t5ce n unanim\s4--,?is escap$ notice = two hundr$ & ?irty-"o ,ye>s4--,! ,recantation4--,futile attempts to %[ t ,galileo _h really alt]$ 8 ,op9ion4--,aft] ! ,s5t5ce1 ,imprisonm5t ex*ang$ = ,bani%m5t to ,tr9ita de' ,monti4--,petition = leave to g to ,flor5ce4--,all[$ to g to ,si5a4 ,on ,w$nesday1 #bbnd ,june1 #afcc1 9 ! =5oon1 ,galileo 0 conduct$ to ! l>ge hall us$ = melan*oly proce$+s ( ?is k9d1 9 ! ,dom9ican ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,m>ia sopra la ,m9]va1 :]e1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 judges & a l>ge assemblage ( c>d9als & prelates ( ! ,holy ,congregation1 ! foll[+ s5t5ce 0 read to him3-- ,,we1 ,gasp>o del titolo di ,s4 ,croce 9 ,gi]usalemme ,borgia2 ,fra ,felice ,c5t9o del titolo di ,s4 ,ana/asia1 detto d',ascoli2 ,guido del titolo di ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo ,b5tivoglio2 ,fra ,desid]io ,scaglia del titolo di ,s4 ,c>lo detto di ,cremona2 ,fra ,antonio ,b>b]9o detto di ,s4 ,on(rio2 ,laudivio ,zac*ia del titolo di ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9cola detto di ,s4 ,si/o2 ,b]l+]o del titolo di ,s4 ,ago/9o1 ,gessi2 ,fabricio del titolo di ,s4 ,lor5zo 9 pane e p]na1 ,v]ospi1 *iamato ,prete2 ,francesco di ,s4 ,lor5zo 9 ,damaso ,b>b]9o1 e ,m>tio di ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova ,g9etti ,diaconi2 by ! grace ( ,god1 c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,roman ,*ur*1 ,inquisitors ,g5]al1 by ! ,holy ,apo/olic see specially deput$1 aga9/ h]etical depravity ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,republic4 ,:]eas y1 ,galileo1 son ( ! late ,v9c5zo ,galilei1 ,flor5t9e1 ag$ sev5ty ye>s1 7 9 ! ye> #afae d5\nc$ to ?is ,holy ,(fice = hold+ z true ! false doctr9e taught by _m1 t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & immovable1 & t ! e>? moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion2 = hav+ disciples to :om y taught ! same doctr9e2 = hold+ correspond5ce ) c]ta9 ma!maticians ( ,g]many conc]n+ ! same2 = hav+ pr9t$ c]ta9 lett]s1 entitl$ 8,on ! ,sol> ,spots10 :]e9 y develop$ ! same doctr9e z true2 & = reply+ to ! objections f ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* f "t to "t 7 urg$ aga9/ x1 by gloss+ ! said ,scriptures accord+ to y\r own mean+3 & :]eas !re 0 !reupon produc$ ! copy ( a docum5t 9 ! =m ( a lett]1 purport+ to be writt5 by y to "o =m]ly y\r disciple1 & 9 ?is div]s propositions are set =?1#cid foll[+ ! hypo!sis ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* are contr>y to ! true s5se & au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture3 ,?is ,holy ,tribunal be+ !re=e desir\s ( proce$+ aga9/ ! disord] & mis*ief !nce result+1 :i* w5t on increas+ to ! prejudice ( ! ,holy ,fai?1 by comm& ( 8 ,hol9ess & ( ! mo/ em95t ,lords ,c>d9als ( ?is supreme & univ]sal ,inquisition1 ! two propositions ( ! /ability ( ! sun & ! motion ( ! e>? 7 by ! !ological 8,qualifi]s0 qualifi$ z foll[s3 ,! proposition t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & does n move f its place is absurd & false philosophically & =mally h]etical1 because x is expressly contr>y to ! ,holy ,scripture4 ,! proposition t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w & immovable1 b t x moves1 & also ) a diurnal motion1 is equally absurd & false philosophically1 & !ologically consid]$1 at lea/ errone\s 9 fai?4 ,b :]eas x 0 desir$ at t "t to deal l5i5tly ) y1 x 0 decre$ at ! ,holy ,congregation held be=e 8 ,hol9ess on ! #be? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 t 8 ,em95ce ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e %\ld ord] y to ab&on altoge!r ! said false doctr9e1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( y\r refusal1 t an injunction %\ld be impos$ ^u y by ! ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 to give up ! said doctr9e1 & n to tea* x to o!rs1 nor to def5d x1 nor ev5 discuss x2 & fail+ y\r acquiesc5ce 9 ?is injunction1 t y %\ld be imprison$4 ,& 9 execution ( ?is decree1 on ! foll[+ day1 at ! ,palace1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ,em95ce1 ! said ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 aft] be+ g5tly admoni%$ by ! said ,"l ,c>d9al1 ! comm& 0 intimat$ to y by ! ,fa!r ,commiss>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice = ! "t be=e a not>y & witnesses1 t y 7 altoge!r to ab&on ! said false op9ion1 & n 9 future to def5d or tea* x 9 any way :atsoev]1 nei!r v]bally nor 9 writ+2 & ^u y\r promis+ to obey y 7 dismiss$4 ,& 9 ord] t a doctr9e s p]nici\s might be :olly root$ out & n ins9uate itself fur!r to ! grave prejudice ( ,ca?olic tru?1 a decree 0 issu$ by ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index1 prohibit+ ! books :i* treat ( ?is doctr9e1 & decl>+ ! doctr9e itself to be false & :olly contr>y to sacr$ & div9e ,scripture4 ,& :]eas a book appe>$ "h rec5tly1 pr9t$ la/ ye> at ,flor5ce1 ! title ( :i* %[s t y 7 ! au?or1 ?is title be+3 8,dialogue ( ,galileo ,galilei on ! ,two ,pr9cipal ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 ! ,ptolemaic & ! ,cop]nican02 & :]eas ! ,holy ,congregation 0 aft]w>ds in=m$ t ?r\gh ! publication ( ! said book1 ! false op9ion ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun 0 daily ga9+ gr\nd2 ! said book 0 tak5 into c>eful consid]ation1 & 9 x !re 0 discov]$ a pat5t violation ( ! a=esaid injunction t _h be5 impos$ ^u y1 = 9 ?is book y h def5d$ ! said op9ion previ\sly condemn$ & to y\r face decl>$ to be s1 al?\gh 9 ! said book y /rive by v>i\s devices to produce ! impression t y leave x undecid$1 & 9 express t]ms z probable3 :i* h[ev] is a mo/ griev\s error1 z an op9ion c 9 no wise be probable :i* has be5 decl>$ & def9$ to be contr>y to ,div9e ,scripture3 ,!re=e by our ord] y 7 cit$ be=e ?is ,holy ,(fice1 :]e1 be+ exam9$ ^u y\r oa?1 y ackn[l$g$ ! book to be writt5 & publi%$ by y4 ,y confess$ t y began to write ! said book ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 aft] ! comm& _h be5 impos$ ^u y z above2 t y reque/$ lic5ce to pr9t x1 )\t h[ev] intimat+ to ^? :o grant$ y ?is lic5ce t y _h be5 comm&$ n to hold1 def5d1 or tea* 9 any way :atev] ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,y likewise confess$ t ! writ+ ( ! said book is 9 v>i\s places drawn up 9 su* a =m t ! read] might fancy t ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d on ! false side are r calculat$ by _! cog5cy to compel conviction ?an to be easy ( refutation2 excus+ y\rself = hav+ fall5 into an error1 z y alleg$1 s =eign to y\r int5tion1 by ! fact t y _h writt5 9 dialogue1 & by ! natural complac5cy t e man feels 9 reg>d to 8 own subtleties1 & 9 %[+ himself m clev] ?an ! g5]ality ( m51 9 devis+1 ev5 on behalf ( false propositions1 +5i\s & plausible argum5ts4 ,& a suitable t]m hav+ be5 assign$ to y to prep>e y\r def5ce1 y produc$ a c]tificate 9 ! h&writ+ ( 8 ,em95ce ! ,"l ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 procur$ by y1 z y ass]t$1 9 ord] to def5d y\rself aga9/ ! calumnies ( y\r enemies1 :o gave out t y _h abjur$ & _h be5 puni%$ by ! ,holy ,(fice2 9 :i* c]tificate x is decl>$ t y _h n abjur$ & _h n be5 puni%$1 b m]ely t ! decl>ation made by 8 ,hol9ess & publi%$ by ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index1 _h be5 ann\nc$ to y1 :]e9 x is decl>$ t ! doctr9e ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun is contr>y to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & !re=e _c be def5d$ or held4 ,& z 9 ?is c]tificate !re is no m5tion ( ! two articles ( ! injunction1 namely1 ! ord] n 8to tea*0 & 89 any way10 y repres5t$ t we ought to believe t 9 ! c\rse ( f\rte5 or sixte5 ye>s y _h lo/ all memory ( !m2 & t ?is 0 :y y said no?+ ( ! injunction :5 y reque/$ p]mission to pr9t y\r book4 ,& all ?is y urg$ n by way ( excuse = y\r error1 b t x might be set d[n to a va+lori\s ambition r ?an to malice4 ,b ?is c]tificate produc$ by y 9 y\r def5ce has only aggravat$ y\r del9qu5cy1 s9ce al?\gh x is !re /at$ t ! said op9ion is contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 y h nev]!less d>$ to discuss & def5d x & to argue its probability2 nor does ! lic5ce artfully & cunn+ly extort$ by y avail y any?+1 s9ce y did n notify ! comm& impos$ ^u y4 ,& :]eas x appe>$ to u t y _h n /at$ ! full tru? ) reg>d to y\r int5tion1 we ?\ght x necess>y to subject y to a rigor\s exam9ation1 at :i* 7)\t prejudice1 h[ev]1 to ! matt]s confess$ by y1 & set =? z above1 ) reg>d to y\r said int5tion7 y answ]$ l a good ,ca?olic4 ,!re=e1 hav+ se5 & maturely consid]$ ! m]its ( ?is y\r cause1 toge!r ) y\r confessions & excuses above m5tion$1 & all t ought ju/ly to be se5 & consid]$1 we h arriv$ at ! und]writt5 f9al s5t5ce aga9/ y3-- ,invok+1 !re=e1 ! mo/ holy "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ( ,8 mo/ glori\s ,"m1 & ev] ,virg9 ,m>y1 by ?is our f9al s5t5ce1 :i* sitt+ 9 judgm5t1 ) ! c\nsel & advice ( ! ,rev]5d ,ma/]s ( sacr$ !ology & ,doctors ( bo? ,laws1 our assessors1 we deliv] 9 ^! writ+s1 9 ! cause & causes pres5tly be=e u betwe5 ! magnific5t ,c>lo ,s9c]i1 ,doctor ( bo? ,laws1 ,proctor ,fiscal ( ?is ,holy ,(fice1 ( ! "o "p1 & y ,galileo ,galilei1 ! def5dant1 "h pres5t1 tri$ & confess$ z above1 ( ! o!r "p1--we say1 pron\nce1 s5t5ce1 decl>e1 t y1 ! said ,galileo1 by reason ( ! matt]s adduc$ 9 process1 & by y confess$ z above1 h r5d]$ y\rself 9 ! judgm5t ( ?is ,holy ,(fice vehem5tly suspect$ ( h]esy1 namely1 ( hav+ believ$ & held ! doctr9e--:i* is false & contr>y to ! sacr$ & div9e ,scriptures--t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & does n move f ea/ to we/1 & t ! e>? moves & is n ! c5tre ( ! _w2 & t an op9ion may be held & def5d$ z probable aft] x has be5 decl>$ & def9$ to be contr>y to ,holy ,scripture2 & t consequ5tly y h incurr$ all ! c5sures & p5alties impos$ & promulgat$ 9 ! sacr$ canons & o!r con/itutions1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 aga9/ su* del9qu5ts4 ,f :i* we are cont5t t y be absolv$1 provid$ t fir/1 ) a s9c]e he>t1 & unfeign$ fai?1 y abjure1 curse1 & dete/ ! a=esaid errors & h]esies1 & e o!r error & h]esy contr>y to ! ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,roman ,*ur* 9 ! =m to be prescrib$ by u4 ,& 9 ord] t ?is y\r grave & p]nici\s error & transgression may n rema9 altoge!r unpuni%$1 & t y may be m cauti\s = ! future1 & an example to o!rs1 t !y may ab/a9 f simil> del9qu5cies--we orda9 t ! book ( ! 8,dialogues ( ,galileo ,galilei0 be prohibit$ by public edict4 ,we condemn y to ! =mal prison ( ?is ,holy ,(fice dur+ our pleasure1 & by way ( salut>y p5ance1 we enjo9 t = ?ree ye>s to come y repeat once a week ! sev5 p5it5tial ,psalms4 ,res]v+ to ourselves full lib]ty to mod]ate1 commute1 or take (f1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! a=esaid p5alties & p5ance4 ,& s we say1 pron\nce1 s5t5ce1 decl>e1 orda91 condemn & res]ve1 9 ?is & any o!r bett] way & =m :i* we c & may lawfully employ4 ,s we ! und]sign$ ,c>d9als pron\nce4 ,f4 ,c>d9alis de ,asculo4 ,g4 ,c>d9alis ,b5tiuolus4 ,fr4 ,c>d9alis de ,cremona4 ,fr4 ,antonius ,c>d9alis ,s4 ,honuphrij4 ,b4 ,c>d9alis ,gypsius4 ,fr4 ,c>d9alis ,v]ospius4 ,m4 ,c>d9alis ,g9ettus4#cie ,be=e proce$+ to n>rate ! consequ5ces ( ?is s5t5ce to ! culprit 7namely1 8 recantation & puni%m5t71 ?is seems to be ! place to subject ?is memorable docum5t to a critical review1 to %[ h[ f> ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ on ,galileo _h a legal basis1 ev5 on ,romi% pr9ciples4 ,to ?is end x w be necess>y to foll[ ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ces /ep by /ep1 = only 9 ?is way c a correct op9ion be =m$ ( ! accordance ( ?is cunn+ly devis$ /ructure ) ! actual /ate ( ?+s4 ,! s5t5ce beg9s ) a cond5s$ hi/orical review ( ! transactions ( #afae1 obvi\sly bas$ on ! d5unciations ( ,lor9i1 & ! evid5ce ( ,cacc9i ( #bj? ,m>*1 #afae4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds foll[s ! well-kn[n op9ion ( ! !ological ,qualifi]s on ! pr9ciples ( ,cop]nicus4 ,?is is pla9ly to ju/ify ! measures tak5 9 consequ5ce by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities aga9/ 8 doctr9e & its mo/ di/+ui%$ advocate4 ,= imm$iately aft] foll[s1 fir/ a recapitulation ( ! report regi/]$ 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ( ! ev5ts ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 & !n ! decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 8by :i* ^? books 7 prohibit$ :i* treat ( ! a=esaid doctr9e1 & ! same 0 decl>$ to be false & entirely contr>y to ,holy & ,div9e ,scripture40 ,! s5t5ce !n comes to ! occasion ( ! trial ( ,galileo1 namely1 8 8,dialogues10--& /ates3 fir/ly1 t by ?is book he _h transgress$ ! special prohibition ( #afaf2cif secondly1 t 8 /atem5t !re91 :i* is almo/ incr$ible1 t he _h left ! ,cop]nican view undecid$ & z only probable1 is a 8gross error10 s9ce a doctr9e _c 9 any way be probable 7probalis7 :i* has already be5 f\nd & decl>$ to be 8contr>y to ,holy ,scripture40 ,! fir/ po9t1 f ! /&po9t ( ! ,inquisition1 :i* treat$ ! note ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 z an au!ntic docum5t1 is c]ta9ly correct2 ! second1 ev5 accord+ to ! maxims ( ,rome1 is n to ! purpose4 ,accord+ to ^! maxims a proposition c only be made into a dogma by 8infallible0 au?ority1 namely1 by ! ,pope speak+ ex ca!dra1 or by an cum5ical ,c\ncil2 & on ! o!r h&1 x is only by ! same me?od t an obligation c be laid ^u ! fai?ful to consid] an op9ion h]etical4 ,b a decree ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index does n entail ! obligation2 =1 al?\gh by virtue ( ! au?ority conf]r$ on x1 x c en=ce ob$i5ce & inflict puni%m5t1 its decrees are n 8infallible40 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 be made s1 accord+ to ecclesia/ical views1 ei!r by ! subsequ5t express confirmation ( ! ,pope by a brief 9 8 "n1 z supreme head ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 or by ! decree ( ! ,congregation be+ orig9ally provid$ ) ! clause3 8,sanctissimus confirmavit et public>i m&avit40 ,b ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 is nei!r confirm$ by a subsequ5t brief1 nor does x conta9 t special =mula2 &1 !re=e1 9 spite ( ?is decree1 :i* decl>$ ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus to be 8false & contr>y to ,holy & ,div9e ,scripture10 x might /ill be consid]$ z undecid$1 & ev5 probable1 because ! decree might be fallible1 & did n entail ! obligation to adopt its s5t5ce z an article ( fai?4#cig ,?is mu/ also h be5 ! view ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ! c5sor%ip1 :o _h giv5 ,galileo's book ! imprimatur1 & !reby1 z ,h4 ,m>t9 ju/ly rem>ks1#cih reliev$ ! au?or ( responsibility1 n 9 any?+ relat+ to ! assum$ special prohibition1 b conc]n+ ! accordance ( ! "w ) ! publi%$ decree4 ,po9t #b1 !re=e1 seems z unju/ifiable z x is unt5able4 ,! s5t5ce n[ gives a brief rsum ( ! confessions made by ,galileo dur+ ! exam9ation1 :i* are employ$ to confirm 8 guilt4 ,! tw(old reproa* is urg$ aga9/ him1 z ( special weight1 t he began to write 8 8,dialogues0 aft] ! issue ( ! assum$ prohibition1 & t he said no?+ ab\t x 9 obta9+ ! imprimatur ( ! c5sors2 ?us ! special prohibition 0 treat$ z an e/abli%$ fact--on ! "o h&1 8 disob$i5ce to an injunction ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 0 prov$1 & on ! o!r1 ! imprimatur 0 obta9$ on false pret5ces1 & 0 null & void4 ,aft] a r weak recapitulation ( ! decl>ation s un$ify+ to po/]ity1 made by ,galileo at 8 second he>+1 ! s5t5ce proce$s to ! discussion ( an au!ntic docum5t :i* =m$ ! *ief def5ce ( ! accus$3 ! c]tificate giv5 him 9 #afaf by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e4 ,! au?ors ( ! s5t5ce _h at ?is po9t a delicate & difficult task to p]=m4 ,! object 0 to uphold ! inviolability ( ! 8note0 ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf--?is ma9 support ( ! :ole indictm5t--& by no means to make ?is atte/ation appe> at v>iance ) ! actual circum/ances1 or x w\ld h become an important argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! accus$4 ,nay1 to avoid ?is rock1 mat]ial = ! accusation _h to be f\nd 9 ! words ( ! c]tificate itself4 ,& ?us we f9d ?is docum5t1 :i*1 z ,wohlwill p]t95tly rem>ks1#cii by ! words 8b only0 directly d5ies ! assum$ /r+5t prohibition ( #afaf1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 ?anks to ! sophi/ry ( ! ,roman lawy]s1 =m+ a weighty argum5t 9 ! s5t5ce = ! ,inquisitors3 8,b ?is c]tificate10 x says1 8produc$ by y 9 y\r def5ce1 has only aggravat$ y\r del9qu5cy2 s9ce al?\gh x is !re /at$ t ! said op9ion is contr>y to ,holy ,scripture1 y h nev]!less d>$ to discuss & def5d x1 & to argue its probability40 ,b z "h !y aga9 _h to ref] to ! protect+ imprimatur ( ! ecclesia/ical c5sors1 !y ha/5 to add3 8nor does ! lic5ce1 artfully & cunn+ly extort$ by y1 avail y any?+1 s9ce y did n notify ! comm& impos$ ^u y40 ,"o _c help draw+ ! conclusion1 t if ! atte/ation ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e is accept$ z true1 8! comm& impos$0 did n exi/1 & ( c\rse c\ld n be communicat$ by ,galileo to ! c5sors4 ,9 ! clause ( ! s5t5ce ref]r+ to ! atte/ation1 a passage is dext]\sly int]wov51 :i* ascribes ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 to ! ,pope2 :ile1 z we "k1 x belongs (ficially to ! ,congregation alone4 ,! words are ^!3 8,b m]ely t ! decl>ation made by 8 ,hol9ess 7fatta da no/ro ,signore71 & publi%$ by ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index1 _h be5 ann\nc$ to y40 ,und\bt$ly ,pope ,paul ,v4 wi%$ ! decree made & privately in/igat$ x1 z ,urban ,,viii4 did ! s5t5ce aga9/ ,galileo2 & 9 ?is s5se ! =m] may be attribut$ to ! "o & ! latt] to ! o!r1 & ! condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican !ory to bo?4 ,b 9 ?is !y act$ z private p]sons1 & z su* !y 7 n 7nor w\ld !y n[ be71 accord+ to !ological rules1 8infallible40 ,! conditions :i* w\ld h made ! decree ( ! ,congregation1 or ! s5t5ce aga9/ ,galileo1 ( dogmatic importance1 71 z we h se51 :olly want+4 ,bo? ,popes _h be5 too cauti\s to endang] ?is highe/ privilege ( ! papacy by involv+ _! infallible au?ority 9 ! decision ( a sci5tific controv]sy2 !y !re=e refra9$ f conf]r+ _! sanction1 z heads ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 on ! measures tak51 at _! in/igation1 by ! ,congregation 8to suppress ! doctr9e ( ! revolution ( ! e>?40 ,?anks to ?is sagaci\s =esight1 ,roman ,ca?olic po/]ity c say to ?is day1 t ,paul ,v4 & ,urban ,,viii4 7 9 error 8z m50 ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 b n 8z ,popes40 ,= u !re rema9s ! s+ul> d$uction1 t ! s5t5ce on ,galileo re/s aga9 & aga91 ev5 on ! pr9ciples ( ! ecclesia/ical c\rt itself1 on an illegal f\ndation4 ,aft] a brief m5tion ( ! rigid exam9ation ( #ba/ ,june1 ! s5t5ce comes to =mulate ! judgm5t m p>ticul>ly4 ,accord+ to ?is ,galileo is1 7#a7 89 ! judgm5t ( ?is ,holy ,(fice1 vehem5tly suspect$ ( h]esy1 namely1 ( hav+ believ$ & held ! doctr9e :i* is false & contr>y to ! ,sacr$ & ,div9e ,scriptures 444 & t an op9ion may be held & def5d$ z probable aft] x has be5 decl>$ & def9$ to be contr>y to ,holy ,scripture20 7#b7 & t consequ5tly he has incurr$ all ! c5sures & p5alties impos$ 9 ! sacr$ canons aga9/ su* del9qu5ts4 8,f :i* we are cont5t t y be absolv$1 provid$ t fir/ y abjure1 curse1 & dete/ ! a=esaid errors & h]esies 9 ! =m to be suppli$ by u40 ,po9t #a1 accord+ to ,romi% regulations ab\t mak+ an op9ion an article ( fai?1 9 its relation to h]esy appe>s to be illegal & incorrect4 ,galileo _h n laid himself op5 to suspicion ( h]esy because he _h incl9$ to a doctr9e discov]$ to be contr>y to ,scripture by ! fallible ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,po9t #b mu/ also1 !re=e1 be illegal1 :i* says t ,galileo _h 8consequ5tly0 incurr$ all ! c5sures & p5alties adjudg$ to su* crim9als by ! canon law4 ,galileo c\ld nev] h be5 legally condemn$ on suspicion ( h]esy f 8 8,dialogues40 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because nei!r he nor any o!r ,ca?olic 0 b\nd by ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 to reg>d ! confirmation ( ! old sy/em or ! rejection ( ! new z an article ( fai?2 9 ! second place1 because ! imprimatur ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities reliev$ him f all responsibility4 ,b he c\ld be condemn$ = disob$i5ce to ! assum$ special prohibition ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ?is =ms ! only legal basis ( ! indictm5t & condemnation4 ,h[ f> ?is prohibition is hi/orically cr$ible1 we ?9k we h suffici5tly demon/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( our "w4 ,& :5 we consid] ! p5alties :i* foll[ f ?is s5t5ce1 bas$ p>tly ^u incorrect1 & p>tly ^u false accusations1 we f9d t ! ,inquisition1 by compell+ ,galileo to recant ) a ?reat ( o!r & sev]] p5alties1 f> exce$$ its p[]s4 ,! ,holy ,tribunal 0 emp[]$ to puni% ! 8disob$i5ce0 ( ! philosoph] ) imprisonm5t & ecclesia/ical p5ances1 & to =bid him to discuss ! op9ion 9 writ+ or speak+1 b x _h no au?ority to extort f ,galileo1 or any "o else1 su* a confession on an op9ion :i* _h n be5 def9$ by 8infallible0 au?ority4 ,?is is op5ly admitt$ ev5 by high !ological au?ority3 8,9 fact an excess ( au?ority & an inju/ice did take place20 8b10 ! rev]5d g5tleman ha/5s to add1 8c]ta9ly n f malice1 b f a mi/ake10#djj--;a l5i5t op9ion :i* we are unable to %>e4 ,:e!r any scruples 7 express$1 or any diss5ti5t voices he>d 9 ?is ecclesia/ical c\rt ab\t ! manifold illegalities 9 ! proce$+s aga9/ ! fam\s accus$1 we d n "k1 no notes hav+ come d[n to u ( ! private discussions & transactions ( ! ,holy ,tribunal4 ,b !re is "o fact :i* leads u to conclude t all ! judges did n cons5t to ?is proc$ure1 & t ! s5t5ce 0 n unanim\s3 at ! head ( ! s5t5ce t5 ,c>d9als are enum]at$ z judges1 b ! docum5t is sign$ by sev5 only1 & besides ?is !re is ! express rem>k3 8,s we1 ! und]sign$ c>d9als1 pron\nce06 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 two hundr$ & ?irty-"o ye>s pass$ by1 dur+ :i* mu* t is valuable 0 writt5 ab\t ,galileo1 & a great deal m t 0 fabul\s1 be=e ?is significant circum/ance 0 notic$ by any au?or4 ,! m]it ( hav+ fir/ call$ att5tion to x belongs to ,pr(essor ,moritz ,cantor1 9 #ahfd4dja ,! ?ree c>d9als :o did n sign 71 ,casp> ,borgia1 ,laudivio ,zac*ia1 & ,francesco ,b>b]9i1 ! ,pope's nephew1 :om we h repeat$ly f\nd to be a w>m patron & protector ( ,galileo4 ,pr(essor ,b]ti (f]s z an explanation ( ! abs5ce ( ! ?ree signatures1 t ! ,congregation 9 ! "n ( :i* ! s5t5ce 0 pass$ consi/$ ( t5 memb]s1 b t at ! la/ sitt+ sev5 only 7 pres5t1 s t sev5 only c\ld sign1 & adds1 z x appe>s to u unw>rantably1 8t x by no means foll[s t ! ?ree abs5tees 7 ( a contr>y op9ion40#djb ,pi]alisi does n f9d ! matt] s simple1 & devotes sev5 l>ge pages to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( ! ?ree prelates f ! ,congregation4 8,c>d9al ,borgia10 he says1 80 on v bad t]ms ) ,urban ,,viii41 because he _h address$ ! ,pope 9 a l\d voice 9 a consi/ory1 & ! ,pope _h imp]i\sly told him to be quiet & to g away40#djc ,b x has be5 prov$ t ev5 aft] ?is sc5e ! c>d9al appe>$ at ! consi/ories up to #ab? ,febru>y1 #afce1 al?\gh !re 7 compla9ts t he took walks 9 ,rome in/ead ( att5d+ ! sitt+s ( ! ,propag&a & ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,b x is n likely t ?is c>d9al1 ^: "n /&s at ! head ( ! s5t5ce1 w\ld h abs5t$ himself f ! f9al sitt+ )\t "s good reason4 ,pi]alisi ?9ks t he 0 m fri5dly to ,galileo ?an ! o!r c>d9als1 an op9ion = :i* !re is no evid5ce & :i* proves no?+4 ,ev5 ,pi]alisi confesses t he c f9d no reason = ! abs5ce ( ,c>d9al ,zac*ia1 b assigns ! foll[+ motive = t ( ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i3 8,he probably wi%$ to uphold ! "r enjoy$ by ! c>d9al nephews1 & aft]w>ds by ! secret>ies ( /ate1 ( sometimes ab/a9+ f vot+ 9 ord] to res]ve to !mselves great] fre$om 9 ! treatm5t ( public1 private1 & political affairs40 ,! insuffici5cy ( ?is explanation is too obvi\s to ne$ comm5t4 ,pi]alisi himself comes to ! conclusion t ^! dignit>ies did n wi% to app5d _! signatures to ! fam\s s5t5ce1 :i* is mu* ! same ?+ z ! conjecture t !y did n agree to x4 ,9 accordance ) ?is s5t5ce1 c]ta9ly n pass$ unanim\sly by ! memb]s ( ! ,holy ,tribunal1 :i* =ms "o ( ! f\le/ blots 9 ! melan*oly annals ( ! ,inquisition1 ,galileo 0 compell$ imm$iately aft] he>+ x to make ! foll[+ degrad+ recantation1 humbly kneel+1 be=e ! :ole assembly3-- 8,i1 ,galileo ,galilei1 son ( ! late ,v9c5zo ,galilei1 ,flor5t9e1 ag$ sev5ty ye>s1 arraign$ p]sonally be=e ?is tribunal1 & kneel+ be=e y1 mo/ ,em95t & ,rev]5d ,"l ,c>d9als1 ,inquisitors g5]al aga9/ h]etical depravity ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,republic1 hav+ be=e my eyes & t\*+ ) my h&s1 ! holy ,gospels swe> t ,i h always believ$1 d n[ believe1 & by ,god's help w = ! future believe1 all t is held1 prea*$1 & taught by ! ,holy ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,roman ,*ur*4 ,b :]eas--aft] an injunction _h be5 judicially intimat$ to me by ?is ,holy ,(fice1 to ! effect t ,i mu/ altoge!r ab&on ! false op9ion t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & immovable1 & t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & moves1 & t ,i mu/ n hold1 def5d1 or tea* 9 any way :atsoev]1 v]bally or 9 writ+1 ! said doctr9e1 & aft] x _h be5 notifi$ to me t ! said doctr9e 0 contr>y to ,holy ,scripture--,i wrote & pr9t$ a book 9 :i* ,i discuss ?is doctr9e already condemn$1 & adduce argum5ts ( great cog5cy 9 its fav\r1 )\t pres5t+ any solution ( ^!2 & = ?is cause ,i h be5 pron\nc$ by ! ,holy ,(fice to be vehem5tly suspect$ ( h]esy1 t is to say1 ( hav+ held & believ$ t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w & immovable1 & t ! e>? is n ! c5tre & moves3-- ,!re=e1 desir+ to remove f ! m9ds ( y\r ,em95ces1 & ( all fai?ful ,*ri/ians1 ?is /rong suspicion1 reasonably conceiv$ aga9/ me1 ) s9c]e he>t & unfeign$ fai? ,i abjure1 curse1 & dete/ ! a=esaid errors & h]esies1 & g5]ally e o!r error & sect :atsoev] contr>y to ! said ,holy ,*ur*2 & ,i swe> t 9 future ,i w nev] aga9 say or ass]t1 v]bally or 9 writ+1 any?+ t might furni% occasion = a simil> suspicion reg>d+ me2 b t %\ld ,i "k any h]etic1 or p]son suspect$ ( h]esy1 ,i w d5\nce him to ?is ,holy ,(fice1 or to ! ,inquisitor & ord9>y ( ! place :]e ,i may be4 ,fur!r1 ,i swe> & promise to fulfil & obs]ve 9 _! integrity all p5ances t h be51 or t %all be1 impos$ ^u me by ?is ,holy ,(fice4 ,&1 9 ! ev5t ( my contrav5+1 7:i* ,god =bid67 any ( ^! my promises1 prote/ations1 & oa?s1 ,i submit myself to all ! pa9s & p5alties impos$ & promulgat$ 9 ! sacr$ canons & o!r con/itutions1 g5]al & p>ticul>1 aga9/ su* del9qu5ts4 ,s help me ,god1 & ^! ,8 holy ,gospels1 :i* ,i t\* ) my h&s4 ,i1 ! said ,galileo ,galilei1 h abjur$1 sworn1 promis$1 & b\nd myself z above2 & 9 witness ( ! tru? !re( ,i h ) my own h& subscrib$ ! pres5t docum5t ( my abjuration1 & recit$ x ^w = ^w at ,rome1 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,m9]va1 ?is tw5ty-second day ( ,june1 #afcc4 ,i1 ,galileo ,galilei1 h abjur$ z above ) my own h&40#djd ,c]ta9 ,ca?olic writ]s express ! hope1 at ! exp5se ( tru?1 = ! sake ( ,galileo's salvation & hon\r1 t he really _h1 f conviction1 r5\nc$ ! op9ion :i* he _h be5 lab\r+ = & advocat+ up to old age4 ,inde$1 ! sup]-,ca?olic au?or ( an essay1 call$ 8,! ,holy ,see aga9/ ,galileo ,galilei & ! ,a/ronomical ,sy/em ( ,cop]nicus10#dje does n hesitate to say3 8,probably ! physical absurdities ( 8 7,galileo's7 doctr9e _h a*iev$ a victory = ! voice ( reason & religion40#djf ,und\bt$ly !re 7 _m physical difficulties 9 ! way ( a g5]al acceptance ( ! new doctr9es 7especially ! prevail+ incorrect ideas ab\t ! specific gravity ( ! air71#djg & !y 7 only f9ally ov]come by ! discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation by ! g5ius ( ,newton2 b !y 7 n s great z to prev5t m51 l ,kepl]1 ,desc>tes1 ,gass5di1 ,diodati1 ,philip ,l&sb]g1 ,joa*im ,rhticus1 & o!rs1 & above all1 ! great ,italian re=m] ( physics & a/ronomy1 f1 ev5 at t "t1 recognis+ ! tru? ( ! new !ory4 ,x does n appe>1 ei!r1 t ! au?or ( t article _h mu* fai? 9 8 own conjecture1 = he proce$s to a demon/ration1 f opposite premises1 :i* 0 = a "t mu* 9 vogue ) ! ,jesuitical def5d]s ( ! ,inquisition aga9/ ,galileo1 & :i* mu/ !re=e be briefly m5tion$4 ,?is 0 no?+ less ?an an attempt to %[ t ev5 if ,galileo held ! ,cop]nican sy/em to be ! only true "o1 he c\ld1 ?anks to ! word+ ( ! =mula ( recantation1 utt] x )\t do+ viol5ce to 8 consci5ce2 or1 :at is n[ kn[n to be tru?4#djh ,galileo swore t he nev] _h believ$ & nev] w\ld believe 7#a7 8t ! sun 0 ! c5tre ( ! e>? & immovable40 ,t he c\ld easily d1 says our au?or1 =1 9 relation to ! fix$ />s1 ! sun by no means =ms ! c5tre2 & heavy bodies on ! e>? fall t[>ds its c5tre & n t[>ds ! sun1 :i*1 also1 9 ?is s5se1 0 n ! c5tre6 ,!re 0 no difficulty = ,galileo 9 recant+ t ! sun 0 immovable1 = he _h himself conclud$ f ! motion ( ! spots t x revolv$ on its own axis4#dji ,z to ! e>?1 he abjur$ x z an error 7#b7 t 8! e>? is n ! c5tre20 q "r1 = x is ! c5tre = heavy bodies3 & x 0 n said--8! c5tre ( ! univ]se20 7#c7 8t ! e>? moves20 va/ ef=ts ( sophi/ry 7 necess>y to make ?is desp]ately precise proposition squ>e ) ! argum5ts ( ?is curi\s casui/4 ,he !re=e says1 t z1 accord+ to ! word+1 x is n ! diurnal motion ( ! e>? t is 9 "q1 ?is proposition has q a diff]5t mean+1 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 x mu/ be said t ! e>? is immovable1 & on ! o!r1 t x is only motion ?r\gh ! air f "o place to ano!r t is exclud$4 ,! e>? may c]ta9ly1 bo? 9 relation to its physical con=mation & 9 contra/ to :at goes on ^u x1 be call$ immovable6#daj ,at ! "t :5 ^! l9es 7 writt51 9 #ahge1 ! au?or ( ?is article 9 ! 8,hi/oris*-politis*5 ,bltt]n0 0 unkn[n to u4 ,aft]w>ds1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ! ,bav>ian ,gov]nm5t1 among o!r works relat+ to ,galileo 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ! foll[+ 7 l5t to u3--7#a7 8,di ,cop]nico e di ,galileo1 scritto po/umo del ,p4 ,maurizio-,b5$etto ,olivi]i1 ,ex4 g5]ale dei dom5icani e ,commiss>io della ,s4 ,rom4 ed ,univ4 ,inquisizione ora p] la prima volta messo 9 luce sull' autografo p] cura d'un religioso dello /esso i/ituto4 ,bologna1 #ahgb02 7#b7 8,il ,s4 ,(ficio1 ,cop]nico e ,galileo a proposito di un opusculo po/umo del ,p4 ,olivi]i sullo /esso argom5to apunti di ,gilb]to ,govi4 ,tor9o1 #ahgb40 ,to our no small surprise we f\nd1 on read+ ! =m]1 t x _h by no means 8se5 ! light0 = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahgb1 b _h appe>$ ?irty-"o ye>s be=e 9 a lit]al ,g]man translation1 z ! article above m5tion$ 9 ! 8,hi/oris*-politis*5 ,bltt]n10 ) a few insignificant alt]ations1 & a diff]5t title1 ! old "o be+ giv5 9 a note4 ,nei!r ! editor ( ! fir/ ,italian "w ( ,olivi]i1 ! ,dom9ican monk1 ,fra4 ,tommaso ,bonora1 nor ! au?or ( ! above rejo9d]1#daa ,gilb]to ,govi1 _h1 z appe>s f :at !y say1 ! lea/ idea ( ?is s+ul> fact4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,pr(essor ,clem5s ( ,bonn1 0 univ]sally believ$ to be ! au?or ( ?is article1 :i* excit$ great att5tion2 s firmly 0 x held1 t ,pr(essor ,moritz ,cantor1 9 a notice ( ! pres5t "w1 gave no cr$5ce to our discov]y1 b /at$ 9 8 critique1 8,! anonym\s writ] 0 n ,olivi]i1 b ,pr(essor ,clem5s ( ,bonn40#dab ,^u ?is we s5t ,pr(essor ,cantor ! essay f ! 8,hi/oris*-politis*5 ,bltt]n0 & ,bonora's "w = exam9ation1 :5 he 0 con/ra9$ to be conv9c$ by ! sight ( 8 own eyes4 ,! wret*$ attempt ?us to cle> ! ,inquisition1 by ,olivi]i's me?od1 ( ! reproa* ( hav+ extort$ an oa? f ,galileo entirely aga9/ 8 convictions1 is unwor?y ( refutation4 ,by imp>tial po/]ity ! oa? is & mu/ be reg>d$ z p]jury1 & is all ! m repulsive because ! promise 0 c\pl$ ) x t1 8if he met ) a h]etic1 or p]son suspect$ ( h]esy10 he w\ld d5\nce him to ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur*2 t is1 ! ma/] w\ld d5\nce 8 disciples--= by a 8h]etic1 or any "o suspect$ ( h]esy10 ! adh]5ts ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em mu/ be *iefly und]/ood--to ! p]secution ( ! ,inquisition6 ,! tak+ ( ?is degrad+ oa? may1 "u ! circum/ances1 be excus$1 b x nev] c be ju/ifi$4 ,aft] ?is pa9ful act ( _w-wide int]e/ _h be5 complet$1 ,galileo 0 conduct$ back to ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,n[ t he & ! ,cop]nican sy/em _h be5 condemn$ ) becom+ solemnity by ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,urban ,,viii4 magnanim\sly gave ! ^w = m]cy2 t is1 ,galileo 0 n1 z ! s5t5ce prescrib$1 deta9$ 9 ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition1 b a re/rict$ am\nt ( lib]ty 0 grant$ him4 ,! ,roman curia nev] entirely let g its hold ^u him z long z he liv$4 ,on ! day aft] ! s5t5ce 0 pass$1 ! ,pope ex*ang$ imprisonm5t = tempor>y bani%m5t1 to ! villa ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany at ,tr9ita de' ,monti1 ne> ,rome1#dac :i!r ,niccol9i conduct$ 8 un=tunate fri5d on ! ev5+ ( #bd? ,june1 z we f9d f ! despat* be=e quot$ f him to ,cioli ( #bf? ( ! mon?4#dad ,we le>n f ! same s\rce t :ile ,galileo took ! prohibition ( 8 book1 ( :i* he 0 aw>e be=eh&1 ) tol]able composure1 ! unexpect$ proce$+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice aga9/ him p]sonally1 affect$ him mo/ deeply4 ,niccol9i did 8 be/ to r\se him f 8 deep depression1 b at fir/ ) little success4#dae ,galileo long$ to leave ,rome1 :]e he _h suff]$ s mu*1 & !re=e address$ ! foll[+ petition to ,urban ,,viii43-- 8,mo/ ,holy ,fa!r6 ,galileo ,galilei mo/ humbly begs y\r ,hol9ess to ex*ange ! place assign$ to him = 8 prison ne> ,rome1 = "s o!r 9 ,flor5ce1 :i* may appe> suitable to y\r ,hol9ess1 9 consid]ation ( 8 poor heal?1 & also because ! petition] is expect+ a si/] ) eight *ildr5 f ,g]many1 to :om no "o c af=d help & protection s well z himself4 ,he w receive any disposition ( y\r ,hol9ess z a great fav\r40#daf ,b 9 ! ,vatican ! op9ion prevail$ t to all[ ,galileo to return to ,flor5ce already w\ld be a sup]fluity ( indulg5ce4 ,! ,pope said to ,niccol9i3 8,we mu/ proce$ g5tly1 & only rehabilitate ,galileo by degrees40#dag ,/ill ,urban 0 dispos$ to grant ! ambassador's reque/1 & to alt] ! p5alty s f> z to all[ ! exile to g to ,si5a1 to ! h\se ( ! ,ar*bi%op ,ascanio ,piccolom9i1 :om we "k z a w>m fri5d ( ,galileo's4 ,niccol9i's urg5t entreaties succe$$ 9 obta9+ a papal decree ( #cj? ,june1 ord]+ ,galileo to g by ! %orte/ r\te to ,si5a1 to g to ! ,ar*bi%op's at once1 to rema9 !re1 & /rictly to obey 8 ord]s2 & he 0 n to leave t city )\t p]mission f ! ,congregation4#dah ,galileo 0 in=m$ ( ?is decree on #bnd ,july by ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,inquisition1 ,fa!r ,v9c5zo ,maccolani di ,fir5zuola1 9 p]son4#dai ,on #aj? ,july1 ,niccol9i report$ to ,cioli3 8,signor ,galileo set out e>ly on ,w$nesday1 #f? ,july1 9 good heal?1 = ,si5a1 & writes to me f ,vit]bo1 t he _h p]=m$ f\r miles on foot1 ! wea!r be+ v cool40#dbj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,curr5t ,,my?s4 ,popul> ,/ory ( ,galileo's ,fate4--,8 ,eyes put out4--8,e pur si ,muove40--,! ,hair ,%irt4--,imprisonm5t4--,galileo only deta9$ tw5ty-two ,days at ! ,holy ,(fice4--,torture4--,refut$ 9 #ah? ,c5tury4--,torture bas$ on ! words1 8exam5 rigorosum40--,?is %[n to be unt5able4--,ass]tion t ! ,acts h be5 falsifi$ refut$4--,false ,imputation on ,niccol9i4--,conclusive ,evid5ce aga9/ ,torture4--,galileo n truly a 8,m>tyr ( ,sci5ce40 ,be=e foll[+ ,galileo's fate to ! end1 s f> z 8 relations ) ! curia are conc]n$1 x seems desirable to glance at ! fables & exagg]ations1 mo/ly orig9at+ 9 malice & fi]ce p>tisan%ip1 :i*1 9 defiance ( ! results ( ! late/ hi/orical rese>*1 are n only circulat$ among ! public at l>ge1 b introduc$1 to "s ext5t1 ev5 9 works :i* pr(ess to conta9 hi/ory4 ,accord+ to ^! leg5ds1 ,galileo langui%es dur+ ! trial 9 ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition2 :5 br\ght be=e 8 judges1 he pr\dly def5ds ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion2 he is !n seiz$ by ! execution]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 & subject$ to ! horrors ( torture2 b ev5 !n--z h]oic fable dem&s--he = a long "t rema9s /eadfa/2 "u pa9 beyond endurance he promises ob$i5ce1 t is1 ! recantation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,z soon z 8 torn & dislocat$ limbs p]mit1 he is dragg$ be=e ! l>ge assembly ( ! ,congregation1 & !re1 kneel+ 9 ! p5it5tial %irt1 ) fi]ce rage 9 8 he>t1 he utt]s ! desir$ recantation4 ,z he rises he is no long] able to ma/] 8 indignation1 & fi]cely /amp+ ) 8 foot1 he utt]s ! fam\s words3 8,e pur si muove60 ,he is1 !re=e1 ?r[n into ! dank dungeons ( ! dread$ tribunal1 :]e 8 eyes are put out6 ,! bl9d+ ( ,galileo is a creation ( ! lively popul> m9d1 :i*1 ) its love ( horrors1 embelli%es tragical hi/orical ev5ts by fictiti\s additions ( ?is k9d1 j suit$ to ! palates ( p accu/om$ to co>se diet4 ,galileo's subsequ5t loss ( sight may h giv5 rise to ! fable1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy0 by ,e/evius4#dba ,x is n kn[n :o 0 ! inv5tor ( ! assum$ exclamation1 8,e pur si muove10 :i* s\nds well1 & has become a 8w+$ ^w20 b besides n be+ hi/oric1 x v incorrectly indicates ! old man's /ate ( m9d2 = he 0 morally completely cru%$4 ,pr(essor ,heis1 :o has devot$ a treatise to ! orig9 ( ?is fam\s say+1 ?9ks t he has discov]$ its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! 8,dictionnaire ,hi/orique10 ,ca51 #aghi2dbb ,pr(essor ,gris> tells u1 h[ev]1 9 8 /udies on ! trial ( ,galileo1 t 9 ! 8,lehrbu* d] philosophis*5 ,ges*i*te10 publi%$ at ,wrzburg1 #aggd1 fifte5 ye>s e>li]1 by ,fr4 ,n4 ,/e9a*]1 ! foll[+ edify+ passage occurs3-- 8,galileo 0 nei!r suffici5tly 9 e>ne/ nor /eadfa/ ) 8 recantation2 = ! mom5t he rose up1 :5 8 consci5ce told him t he _h sworn falsely1 he ca/ 8 eyes on ! gr\nd1 /amp$ ) 8 foot1 & exclaim$1 #8,e pur si muove4'0#dbc ,besides ! fact t ^! words are n attribut$ to ,galileo by any ( 8 contempor>ies1 n ev5 ! be/ in=m$1 ! fallacy ( ! :ole /ory is obvi\s2 = ! witnesses ( ?is outbreak1 8 judges1 9 fact1 w\ld assur$ly n h all[$ s audaci\s a revocation ( 8 recantation to escape unpuni%$2 x is1 inde$1 impossible to conjecture :at ! consequ5ces w\ld h be52 ! recusant w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 releas$ two days aft]w>ds f ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,al?\gh ?is dramatic sc5e is n m5tion$ z wor?y ( cr$it by any mod]n hi/orian1#dbd x is diff]5t ) ! hair %irt 9 :i* ,galileo is said to h p]=m$ ! humiliat+ act4 ,libri1 ,c\s91 ,p>*appe1 & v rec5tly ,l\is ,combes1#dbe all gravely relate t ! philosoph] _h to recant 8en *emise40 ,! (ficial docum5t1 al?\gh x goes v mu* into detail z to ! way 9 :i* ! oa? 0 p]=m$1 says no?+ ( ! %irt1 & ^! au?ors %\ld h said no?+ ei!r4 ,! d\btful s\rce 9 :i* ?is fable orig9at$ is an anonym\s & v confus$ note on a ,,ms4 91 ! ,magliabe*iana ,libr>y at ,flor5ce1 :]e among o!r nons5se we f9d3 8! poor man 7,galileo71 appe>$ clad 9 a ragg$ %irt1 s t x 0 really pitiable40#dbf ,we agree ) ,ep9ois1#dbg t hi/ory requires m au!ntic te/imony ?an t ( an anonym\s note4 ,b ^u :at te/imony1 !n1 d a l>ge numb] ( au?ors speak ) mu* pa?os ( ! imprisonm5t :i* ,galileo _h to und]go8 ,no sort ( docum5ts are ref]r$ to z evid5ce ( ! /ory2 ?is is q intelligible1 = none exi/4 ,or is ! rhetorical phrase1 8,galileus nunc 9 v9culis det9etur10#dbh conta9$ 9 a lett] ( ,may1 #afcc1 f ,rome1 f ,hol/e9 to ,peiresc1 to be tak5 z evid5ce t ,galileo 0 really langui%+ 9 ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition8 ,"o glance at ! true/ hi/orical s\rce = ! fam\s trial1--! (ficial despat*es ( ,niccol9i to ,cioli1 f #ae? ,augu/1 #afcb1 to #crd ,decemb]1 #afcc1 f :i* we h s freely quot$1--w\ld h conv9c$ any "o t ,galileo sp5t altoge!r only tw5ty-two days 7#ab-cj? ,april1 & aft]w>ds #ba-bd? ,june1 #afcc7 9 ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 & ev5 !n1 n 9 a prison cell ) grat$ w9d[s1 b 9 ! h&some & commodi\s ap>tm5t ( an (ficial ( ! ,inquisition4 ,b su* writ]s d n seem to h be5 9 ! habit ( /udy+ au?orities2 ?us1 = example1 9 ! 8,hi/oire des ,hrsies10 by ,p4 ,dom5ico ,b]n9i1 & 9 ! 8,gr&e ,dictionnaire ,bibliographique0 ( ,mor]i1 we f9d x /at$ t ,galileo 0 imprison$ five or six ye>s at ,rome6 ,monteula1 9 8 8,hi/oire des ,ma!matiques10 & ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 9 8 8,m>tyrs ( ,sci5ce10 r$uce ! p]iod1 p]haps f pity = ! poor 8m>tyr10 to "o ye>2 ,delambre1 h[ev]1 felt no su* compassion1 & says 9 8 8,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,anci5ne10 t ,galileo 0 condemn$ to an imprisonm5t :i* la/$ 8sev]al ye>s06 ,su* an error is ! m surpris+ f ! la/ celebrat$ au?or1 z we "k t tru/wor?y extracts f ! orig9al acts ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 7 9 8 h&s4#dbi ,ev5 9 a v rec5t "w1 ,drag]'s 8,ges*i*te d] ,conflicte zwis*5 ,religion und ,wiss5s*aft10 ,leipzig1 #ahge 78,hi/ory ( ! ,conflicts betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce071 x is s]i\sly /at$ t ,galileo 0 deta9$ ?ree ye>s 9 ! prisons ( ! ,inquisition6 ,?us we see t ! fable ( ,galileo's imprisonm5t has be5 adopt$ by sev]al au?ors )\t any hi/orical f\ndation1 & ?is is to a f> great] ext5t ! case ) ! fam\s /ory ( ! torture to :i* he is said to h be5 subject$4 ,z x has held its gr\nd1 al?\gh only sporadically1 ev5 up to ! mo/ rec5t times1#dcj x seems incumb5t on u to g m deeply into ?is disput$ "q4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x is t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury t we f9d ! fir/ traces ( ?is falsehood1 & f ! fact t ?ree savans1 ,frisi1#dca ,br5na1#dcb & ,t>gioni1#dcc :o wrote lives ( ,galileo at t "t1 rais$ a prote/ aga9/ x4 ,al?\gh !y 7 n !n able1 z we are n[1 to base _! argum5ts ^u ! ,acts ( ! trial1 !y _h ev5 !n au!ntic mat]ials 9 _! h&s--! despat*es betwe5 ,niccol9i & ,cioli1#dcd !n rec5tly publi%$ by ,fabroni--:i* r5d]$ x utt]ly improbable t ! old man _h be5 plac$ ^u ! rack4 ,^! mat]ials 7 ?or\ghly turn$ to acc\nt eighty ye>s lat] by ,t4 ,b4 ,biot1 9 8 essay1 8,la v]it sur le procs de ,galilei40#dce ,he cle>ly %[$ f ! reports ( ! ambassador t ,galileo _h nei!r suff]$ torture dur+ 8 fir/ /ay 9 ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 f #ab-cj? ,april1 :5 he daily wrote to ,niccol9i1#dcf & 0 9 bett] heal? :5 he return$ to ! embassy ?an :5 he left x2#dcg nor dur+ ! ?ree days ( 8 second det5tion1 f #ba-bd? ,june1 at ! end ( :i* he 0 conduct$ by ,niccol9i1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #bd?1 to ! ,villa ,m$ici4#dch ,on #f? ,july he set out !nce1 89 v good heal?10 = ,si5a1 & 9 spite ( 8 advanc$ age p]=m$ f\r miles on foot = 8 own pleasure1#dci :i* an infirm old man ( sev5ty1 if he _h suff]$ torture a =tnight be=e1 w\ld surely n h be5 able to d4 ,b all ^! pla9 indications g = no?+ ) "s hi/orians1 ^: judgm5t is w>p$ by p>tisan%ip1 & :o are n will+ to give up ! notion t ,galileo did suff] ! pangs ( torture4 ,& s we f9d ?is my?1 at fir/ m5tion$ by a few au?ors z a m]e unau!ntic report1 assum+ a m & m di/9ct =m1 until x is br\ght =w>d1 ) acute & le>n$ argum5ts1 z1 to say ! lea/1 v probable1 by ,libri1 ,brew/]1 ,p>*appe1 ,eck]t1 & o!rs4 ,^! writ]s base _! ass]tion on ! foll[+ passage 9 ! s5t5ce3-- 8,& :]eas x appe>$ to u t y _h n /at$ ! full tru? ) reg>d to y\r int5tion1 we ?\ght x necess>y to subject y to a rigor\s exam9ation 7exam5 rigorosum71 at :i* 7)\t prejudice h[ev]1 to ! matt]s confess$ by y1 & set =? z above ) reg>d to y\r said int5tion7 y answ]$ l a good ,ca?olic40 ,^! writ]s ass]t1 on ! "o h&1 t ! expression 8exam5 rigorosum10 9 ! vocabul>y ( ! ,inquisition c\ld mean no?+ b torture2 & on ! o!r1 !y take ! expression t ,galileo _h 8answ]$ z a good ,ca?olic0 "u exam5 rigorosum1 to mean t !y _h extort$ f him a confession z to 8 int5tion1 & conclude t torture _h be5 resort$ to4 ,b on clos] scrut9y ( ! word+ ( ! passage1 ! mean+ appe>s to be exactly ! contr>y2 = ! s5t5ce 9 p>5!sis says pla9ly t ,galileo _h 8answ]$ z a good ,ca?olic0 8)\t prejudice0 to 8 previ\s depositions or ! conclusions :i* 8 judges _h previ\sly arriv$ at z to 8 int5tion1 & :i* ,galileo p]si/5tly d5i$4 ,8 ,ca?olic answ] consi/$ 9 8 repeat$ assurance t he did n hold ! op9ion ( ,cop]nicus1 & _h n held x aft] ! comm& to r5\nce x _h be5 intimat$ to him4 ,! ,inquisition c\ld b call ?is a ,ca?olic answ]1 z ,galileo !reby entirely r5\nc$ ! condemn$ doctr9e4#ddj ,we turn n[ to ! o!r ass]tion ( ^! writ]s1 t 8exam5 rigorosum0 means torture4 ,?is is 9 a g5]al s5se correct1 if by torture ! actual application ( x is n int5d$4 ,b !y take ! passage 9 ! s5t5ce = decisive evid5ce t torture 0 actually c>ri$ out1 9 :i* !y are mi/ak51 z ! foll[+ passage f ! 8,sacro ,ars5ale0 und\bt$ly proves3 8,if ! culprit :o 0 m]ely tak5 to ! torture *amb]1 & !re undress$1 or also b\nd1 )\t h[ev] be+ lift$ up1 confess$1 x 0 said t he _h confess$ "u torture & "u exam5 rigorosum40#dda ,! la/ expression !n by no means always implies ! actual application ( torture4 ,dr4 ,wohlwill kn[s ?is passage1 & ! s5t5ce !re=e only proves to him t ,galileo 0 tak5 into ! torture *amb]2 :at took place !re1 :e!r ! old man 0 actually tortur$1 or :e!r !y cont5t$ !mselves ) urg+ him to speak ! tru?1 & ?reat5+ him ) ! in/rum5ts !y 7 %[+ him 7a degree ( torture call$ t]ritio realis71 appe>s %r\d$ 9 my/]y to ,dr4 ,wohlwill4 ,9 spite ( 8 acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature ( ! ,inquisition1 he has fall5 into a mi/ake4 ,he ?9ks t ! t]ritio realis 0 ! fir/ degree ( torture4#ddb ,b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,limbor*'s "w1 8,hi/oria ,inquisitionis10 ) :i* ,wohwill does n seem to be acqua9t$1 conta9s def9ite in=mation on ! po9t4 ,he says t !re 7 five grades ( torture1 :i* foll[$ 9 regul> ord]1 & quotes ! foll[+ passage v]batim f ,julius ,cl>us3 8,"k !n t !re are five degrees ( torture3 ,fir/1 ! ?reat ( ! rack2 second1 be+ tak5 into ! torture *amb]2 ?ird1 be+ undress$ & b\nd2 f\r?1 be+ laid ^u ! rack2 fif?1 turn+ ! rack40#ddc ,! t]ritio realis 0 !re=e by no means ! fir/ degree ( torture2 ! fir/ 0 ! ?reat ( torture1 /ill outside ! torture *amb] 9 ! ord9>y c\rt1 call$ t]ritio v]balis1#ddd :i* proce$+ we f9d 9 ! exam9ation ( ,galileo on #ba/ ,june4 ,! expression 8exam5 rigorosum0 9 ! s5t5ce1 appe>s !re=e1 tak+ x to indicate torture 9 a g5]al s5se1 fully ju/ifi$ by hi/orical facts4 ,x w\ld be m difficult to prove t 8exam5 rigorosum0 9 ! s5t5ce meant actual torture1 or t]ritio realis4 ,accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 a numb] ( /rict regulations 7 prescrib$ = ! proc$ure1 :i* began ) tak+ ! accus$ into ! torture *amb]1 & ! neglect ( any "o ( !m made ! :ole exam9ation null & void4 ,! mo/ important 7 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 a %ort f9al exam9ation _h to take place outside ! torture *amb]1 at :i* ! accus$ 0 told t he _h bett] confess1 or rec\rse w be _h to torture4 7,?is took place precisely accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,holy ,(fice at ,galileo's trial at ! exam9ation on #ba/ ,june47 ,if ! accus$ p]si/$1 & if 9 a special ,congregation = ?is case ! necessity ( rec\rse to torture _h previ\sly be5 agre$ ^u#dde 7?is mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! ,congregation ( #af? ,june71 ! judge _h to ord] ! removal ( ! accus$1 to ! torture *amb] by a special =mal decree1 z foll[s3--8,tunc ,d4,d4 s$5tes 444 visa p]t9acia et ob/9atione ipsius con/itati1 visoque et mature consid]ato toto t5ore processus 444 decrev]unt1 ipsum con/ituum esse torqu5dum torm5to funis pro v]itate hab5do4444 ,et ideo m&av]unt ipsum con/itutum duci ad locum torm5torum40#ddf ,second1 a not>y ( ! ,inquisition _h to be pres5t 9 ! torture *amb]1 & ! judges _h to see 8t he not$ d[n n only all ! answ]s ( ! accus$1 b all 8 expressions & movem5ts1 e ^w t he utt]$ on ! rack1 ev5 e sigh1 cry1 & groan40#ddg ,?ird1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] 8 release f ! torture *amb]1 ! accus$ _h to ratify all 8 utt]ances "u ! torm5ts ( ! rack1 or "u ?reat ( !m1 9 ! usual c\rt4 ,o!rwise ! :ole proce$+ 0 null & void4#ddh ,( all ^! docum5ts1 :i* mu/ h exi/$ if actual torture _h be5 employ$1 or ev5 if ,galileo _h be5 tak5 into ! torture *amb]1 !re is n a trace 9 ! ,acts ( ! trial 9 ! ,vatican4 ,dr4 ,wohlwill#ddi & ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i#dej ass]t1 ) m boldness ?an evid5ce1 t mo/ ( ^! docum5ts did exi/1 b t aft]w>ds1 & 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 z ! :ole ( ! docum5ts h be5 tamp]$ ) = a special purpose1 ^! compromis+ pap]s h be5 )drawn6 ,! ,vatican ,,ms4 conta9s "o docum5t :i*1 "o w\ld ?9k1 is indisputable evid5ce t only ! t]ritio v]balis 0 employ$ aga9/ ,galileo4 ,we allude to ! ,protocol ( ! la/ exam9ation ( #ba/ ,june4 ,up to ! f9al answ] ( ! accus$ ! que/ions ( ! ,inquisitor agree v]batim ) ! =mula ( exam9ation :i* ! 8,sacro ,ars5ale0 gives = que/ion+ z to ! ,int5tion2#dea b :51 if x 0 int5d$ to proce$ to torture or ev5 to take ,galileo into ! torture *amb]1 ! decree ab\t x %\ld foll[1 we f9d in/ead ! conclud+ s5t5ce3 8,et cum nihil aliud posset hab]i 9 executionem decreti habita eius subscriptione remissus fuit ad locum suum40 ,?is is1 up to ! words 89 executionem decreti10 ! usual conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! la/ exam9ation :5 x end$ )\t torture4#deb ,^! exceptional words ref] to ! decree ( #af? ,june1 #afcc1 :i* m9utely describ$ ! judicial proce$+s to be tak5 aga9/ ,galileo1 & by :i* c]ta9ly ! ?reat ( torture1 b by no means actual rec\rse to x1 0 orda9$ by ! ,pope & ! ,sacr$ ,congregation4#dec ,! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! la/ exam9ation ( ,galileo be+ on ! "o h& 9 exact agreem5t ) ! decree ( #af? ,june1 & on ! o!r be+ a precise & def9ite /atem5t1 is a /rong pro( ( ! correctness ( ! op9ion long def5d$ by calm & imp>tial hi/orians1 l ,albri1 ,reumont1 ,biot1 ,cantor1 ,b\ix1 ,tr\ss>t1 ,reus*1 & ev5 ! passionate oppon5t ( ,rome1 ,pr(4 ,*asles1 t ,galileo's feeble frame 0 nev] subject$ to ! horrors ( torture4 ,wohlwill also ackn[l$ges ! =ce ( ?is conclud+ s5t5ce--if x be g5u9e4 ,he ?9ks ^! words are a falsification 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 :ile orig9ally ,galileo's la/ answ] 0 foll[$ by ! necess>y decree = proce$+ to torture1 & !n by ! protocol ab\t ! proce$+s 9 ! torture *amb]4 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i goes ev5 fur!r ?an ,wohlwill1 & ma9ta9s t n only ! conclud+ s5t5ce1 b ! :ole protocol ( ! exam9ation ( #ba/ ,june1 z n[ f\nd 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms41 is a lat] falsifi$ ins]tion4 ,we %all see :y he ?9ks s by & by4 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+1 f our own exp]i5ce1 t x is always v5turesome to affirm t !re are falsifications 9 a ,,ms4 )\t ev5 hav+ se5 x1 to say no?+ ( hav+ exam9$ x4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a glance at ! orig9al %[s on mat]ial gr\nds t !re c be no suspicion ( falsification or lat] ins]tion 9 ! protocol ( #ba/ ,june4 ,bo? pages on :i* x is writt51 fols4 #deb1 #dec1 are second pages to fols4 #dac & #dad1 on :i* ! protocol ( ,galileo's trial ( #ab? ,april beg9s4 ,a lat] ins]tion is !re=e an impossibility4 ,besides1 ! protocol ( #ba/ ,june ends 9 ! middle ( fol4 #dce ro1 &1 aft] a space ( sc>cely two f+]s' bread? foll[s an annotation ( #cj? ,june1 #afcc1 9 exactly ! same h&writ+ z ! annotations ( #af? ,june1 #afcc1 #bcrd ,septemb]1 #i? & #cj? ,decemb]1 #afcb4 ,?is really seems to r5d] ! bold conjecture ( falsification :olly unt5able4 ,! unque/ion$ g5u95ess ( ,galileo's signature1 :i* concludes ?is z well z all ! o!r protocols1 is also a gu>antee ( its au!nticity4 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i has tak5 advantage ( our in=mation t ?is signature1 unlike all ,galileo's o!rs1 is 9 a v trembl+ h&1 to ass]t t x is n g5u9e4 ,we are ( op9ion t a =g] w\ld h tak5 e pa9s to make ! signature z mu* l ! o!rs z possible1 & c]ta9ly w\ld n h writt5 9 rem>kably trembl+ *>act]s4 ,no2 ?is signature1 :i* is unmi/akably l ! re/1 reflects 8 fe>ful agitation1 & is by no means a =g]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,let u see n[ :y ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i insi/s t n only ! conclud+ s5t5ce1 b ! :ole protocol ( #ba/ ,june1 is a falsification4 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,z we h se51 accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,inquisition1 if ,galileo _h really suff]$ torture1 or if !y _h only proce$$ to t]ritio realis aga9/ him1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( leav+ ! torture *amb] he w\ld h _h to confirm ! depositions made !re1 9 ! ord9>y c\rt4 ,b ! pass+ ( ! s5t5ce & ! recantation took place on ! #bbnd1 on ! day !re=e on :i* ! tortur$ ,galileo w\ld h _h to ratify ^! depositions1 & n till aft] ?is c\ld ! s5t5ce be legally drawn up4 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i sees pla9ly en\gh t ,galileo's ratification1 ! draw+ up & pass+ ( ! s5t5ce1 & ! recantation1 c\ld n possibly all h tak5 place 9 "o morn+4 ,b he f9ds 8 way out ( ?is cul-de-sac 9 a rem>kably simple mann]2 he boldly ass]ts t ! date is false1 t ! la/ exam9ation 0 n on #ba/ ,june1 b e>li]1 p]haps on ! #ag?6 ,! :ole protocol1 !re=e1 mu/ be false4 ,( c\rse ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i has n a %ad[ ( evid5ce to give = 8 ass]tion4 ,he cont5ts himself ) ! s+ul> reason t ! papal decree ( #af? ,june did n admit ( a delay ( five or six days1 b w\ld be at once c>ri$ out4#ded ,?is arbitr>y ass]tion is contradict$ by ! (ficial report ( ,niccol9i to ,cioli ( #bf? ,june1 #afcc1 9 :i* he says t ,galileo 0 summon$ on ,monday ev5+ to ! ,holy ,(fice1 & w5t on ,tuesday morn+ to le>n :at 0 want$ ( him2 he 0 deta9$ !re1 & tak5 on ,w$nesday to ! ,m9]va4#dee ,! dates giv5 by ,niccol9i agree precisely ) ^? ( ! protocol ( ,galileo's la/ he>+1 :i* is assum$ to be false6 ,9 face ( ?is evid5ce1 s conclusive = any s]i\s hi/orian1 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i rem>ks3 8! ,tuscan ambassador's memory mu/ h fail$ him1 :e!r involunt>ily or volunt>ily40#def ,we leave all comm5t on ?is k9d ( hi/orical evid5ce to ! read]4 ,b we mu/ raise a decid$ prote/1 9 ! "n ( imp>tial hi/ory1 aga9/ ! way 9 :i* ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i1 9 ord] to l5d "s probability to ! above rem>k1 aft]w>ds tries to make out t ,niccol9i _h repeat$ly s5t romances to ,flor5ce1 9 ord] to repres5t to ! ,gr& ,duke1 :o 0 s anxi\s ab\t ,galileo1 h[ mu* he 7,niccol9i7 _h ex]t$ himself = him1 & _h actually a*iev$4 ,?us ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i comes to ! conclusion1 :i* mu/ excite ! ire ( e "r-m9d$ p]son1 t 8! ,tuscan ambassador1 ,niccol9i1 is a li>40#deg ,niccol9i !n1 ,galileo's noble/1 mo/ devot$1 & indefatigable fri5d1 :o 0 at 8 side 9 e difficulty1 & c]ta9ly did m = him at ,rome ?an 0 ord]$ at ,flor5ce1 & p]haps ev5 m ?an 0 approv$1--?is hi/orical figure1 wor?y ( our utmo/ rev]5ce1--0 a li>6 ,happily x is ) ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i alone t ! odium ( ! accusation re/s2 9 ! annals ( hi/ory1 ! "n ( ,niccol9i /&s unt>ni%$1 & e ,italian1 e educat$ man1 w ?9k ) gratitude ( ! man :o nobly & dis9t]e/$ly /ood by ! side ( ,galileo ,galilei at ! "t ( 8 greate/ p]il4 ,hon\r be = ev] to 8 memory6 ,we give1 9 conclusion1 "o m in/ance ( a curi\s k9d ( evid5ce t ,galileo really 0 subject$ to torture4 ,pr(essor ,eck]t ?9ks he kn[s ) 8almo/ geometrical c]ta9ty t ,galileo suff]$ torture dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs :i* he sp5t be=e ! ,inquisition40 ,9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion ! au?or says3 8,9 conclusion1 ! two h]nias :i* ! un=tunate old man _h aft] 8 return is a pro( t he mu/ h endur$ t k9d ( torture call$ il torm5to della corda40#deh ,?is %rewd conclusion falls to ! gr\nd 9 face ( ! m$ical c]tificate ( #ag? ,decemb]1 #afcb1 :]e9 among ! re/ we f9d3 8,we h also obs]v$ a s]i\s h]nia1 ) rupture ( ! p]itoneum40#dei ,& fur!r1 ?is c]tificate af=ds indisputable evid5ce t bo? 8 age#dfj & 8 /ate ( heal?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rupture1 7 suffici5t to protect him aga9/ torture accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,holy ,(fice4#dfa ,galileo w\ld h _h to be pr(essionally exam9$ by a physician & surgeon1 &1 accord+ to _! writt5 report1 he w\ld ei!r h be5 subject$ to torture1 or a disp5sation w\ld h be5 grant$ aga9/ x1 & all ?is w\ld h be5 m9utely record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! trial4#dfb ,x is ne$less to say t among ^! pap]s !re is n a trace ei!r ( any prote/ ( ,galileo's1 nor ( ! c]tificates ( ! physicians ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 & t accord+ to ! protocol ( ! he>+ ( #ba/ ,june1 x nev] w5t s f>1 & ! ,pope himself1 z ! decree ( #af? ,june und\bt$ly proves1 nev] int5d$ t x %\ld4 ,no1 ,galileo nev] suff]$ bodily torture1 nor 0 he ev5 t]rifi$ by be+ tak5 into ! torture *amb] & %[n ! in/rum5ts2 he 0 only m5tally /ret*$ ^u ! rack1 by ! v]bal ?reat ( x 9 ! ord9>y judgm5t hall1 :ile ! :ole pa9ful proc$ure1 & f9ally ! humiliat+ public recantation1 0 b a prolong$ torture = ! old man 9 8 deep di/ress4 ,libri1 ,brew/]1 & o!r rhetorical au?ors h desir$ to /amp ,galileo z a 8m>tyr ( sci5ce0 9 ! full s5se ( ! words4 ,b ?is w n d = two reasons1 z ,h5ri ,m>t9#dfc ju/ly po9ts out4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,galileo did n suff] torture2 & 9 ! second1 a true m>tyr1 t is1 a witness unto blood1 nev] "u any circum/ances1 n ev5 on burn+ coals1 abjures 8 op9ions1 or he does n des]ve ! "n4 ,= ! sake ( ,galileo's moral greatness1 8 submission may be regrett$1 b at all ev5ts great] b5efit has accru$ f x to sci5ce1 ?an if1 9 consequ5ce ( a noble /eadfa/ness :i* we %\ld h greet$ ) en?usiasm1 he _h p]i%$ prematurely at ! /ake or _h langui%$ 9 ! dungeons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,x 0 aft] ! fam\s trial t he pres5t$ ! _w ) 8 immortal 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze40 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,galileo',s ,,la/ ,,ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,galileo ,,at ,,si5a ,,& ,,arcetri4 ,arrival at ,si5a4--,reque/ to ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany to ask = 8 release4--,po/pon$ on ! advice ( ,niccol9i4--,endeav\rs at ,rome to /ifle ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,s5t5ce & ,recantation s5t to all ! ,inquisitors ( ,italy4--,lett] to ! ,inquisitor ( ,v5ice4--,m&ate aga9/ ! ,publication ( any ,new ,"w ( ,galileo's or ,new ,edition4--,curi\s ,argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,old ,sy/em4--,niccol9i asks = ,galileo's release4--,refusal1 b p]mission giv5 to g to ,arcetri4--,anonym\s accusations4--,dea? ( 8 ,daught]4--,reque/ = p]mission to g to ,flor5ce4--,h>% refusal & ?reat4--,lett] to ,diodati4--,aga9 at "w4--,int]v5tion ( ! ,c\nt de ,noailles on 8 behalf4--,pr$iction t he w be comp>$ to ,socrates4--,lett] to ,peiresc4--,publication ( ,galileo's ,works 9 ,holl&4--,cont9u$ ef=ts ( ,noailles4--,urban's fair spee*es4 ,galileo arriv$ safely at ,si5a on #i? ,july1 & 0 mo/ he>tily welcom$ by ,ascanio ,piccolom9i4#dfd ,b nei!r 8 devot$ k9dness1 nor /imulat+ conv]se ) 8 fri5d1 :o 0 well v]s$ 9 sci5ce1 & ! le>n$ ,aless&ro ,m>sili1 :o liv$ at ,si5a1 c\ld make him =get t he 0 /ill a prison] ( ! ,inquisition1 & t 8 resid5ce !re 0 compulsory4 ,he long$ = lib]ty1 ! highe/ e>?ly good1 & next to ?is = ,flor5ce1 :i* _h become a second home to him4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is f]v5t desire1 on #bcrd ,july he address$ a lett] to ,cioli1#dfe ) an urg5t reque/ t 8 ,highness ! ,gr& ,duke1 to please :om ,urban ,,viii4 _h done s mu*1 w\ld be graci\sly pleas$ to ask ! ,pope1 on ^: w alone x dep5d$1 = 8 release4 ,only five days aft]w>ds1 ,galileo receiv$ tid+s f ,cioli t ,f]d9& ,,ii4 _h 9 ! k9de/ mann] cons5t$ to make ! attempt1 & t ,niccol9i 0 already commission$ to petition at ! ,vatican1 9 ! "n ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 = a full p>don = 8 *ief philosoph]4#dff ,b ! ambassador _h good reasons = ?9k+ t x 0 too soon1 & t x w\ld c]ta9ly be 9 va9 to ask = ,galileo's entire release1 & repli$ to ?is effect to ,cioli1 add+ ! advice n to d any?+ 9 x till autumn4#dfg ,x 0 !re=e decid$ at ,flor5ce1 9 consid]ation ( ,niccol9i's d\bts & 8 intimate k ( affairs at ,rome1 n to int]v5e ) ! ,pope 9 fav\r ( ,galileo = two mon?s1 :i* decision 0 communicat$ by ,boc*9]i to ! prison] at ,si5a 9 a lett] ( #ac? ,augu/4#dfh ,:ile ,galileo 0 be>+ 8 bani%m5t 9 ,si5a1 :i* ,ascanio ,piccolom9i did all 9 8 p[] to ameliorate1 ) resignation1 & 0 ev5 dilig5tly at "w on 8 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze10 w> 0 be+ wag$ ) great vig\r aga9/ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e at ,rome1 & ! utmo/ ef=ts 7 be+ made to /ifle x 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries 9 g5]al1 & 9 ,italy 9 p>ticul>4 ,urban ,,viii4 fir/ visit$ ) sev]e puni%m5t all ^? dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* :o1 9 virtue ( _! (ficial position1 _h conduc$ to ! publication ( ! 8,dialogues40 ,fa!r ,ricc>di 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fice1 & ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce 0 reprim&$ = hav+ giv5 p]mission to pr9t ! "w4#dfi ,9 accordance ) a decree pass$ 9 ! sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( #af? ,june1 #afcc1 ! s5t5ce on1 & recantation (1 ,galileo 7 s5t to all ! nunciatures ( ,europe1 z well z to all ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 & inquisitors ( ,italy4 ,! =m 9 :i* ?is commission 0 issu$ to ! ecclesia/ical dignit>ies is ( great hi/orical int]e/4 ,"o ( ! lett]s :i* accompani$ ! decree & ord]$ its publication has be5 pres]v$ to u by ,fa!r ,polacco 9 8 8,anti-,cop]nicus ,ca?olicus10 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #afdd4dgj ,x 0 address$ to ! ,inquisitor at ,v5ice1 & 0 z foll[s2 ! re/ 7 probably simil>3-- ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,fa!r1-- ,al?\gh ! treatise ( ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus1 #8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cele/ium1' _h be5 susp5d$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 because x 0 !re9 ma9ta9$ t ! e>? moves1 b n ! sun1 b t x /&s /ill 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w 7:i* op9ion is contr>y to ,holy ,scripture72 & al?\gh _m ye>s ago1 ,galileo ,galilei1 ,flor5t9e1 0 =bidd5 by ! ,congregation ( ?is ,holy ,(fice to hold1 def5d1 or tea* ! said op9ion 9 any way :atsoev]1 ei!r v]bally or 9 writ+2 ! said ,galileo v5tur$ nev]!less to write a book sign$ ,galileo ,galilei ,l9ceus2 & z he did n m5tion ! said prohibition1 he extort$ lic5ce to pr9t1 & did !n actually h x pr9t$4 ,he /at$1 9 ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( x1 t he int5d$ to treat ! said op9ion ( ,cop]nicus hypo!tically1 b he did x 9 su* a mann] 7?\gh he ought n to h discuss$ x 9 any way7 z to r5d] himself v suspici\s ( adh]+ to ?is op9ion4 ,be+ tri$ on ?is acc\nt1 & 9 accordance ) ! s5t5ce ( _! ,em95ces1 my ,lords1 conf9$ 9 ! prison ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 he 0 condemn$ to r5\nce ?is op9ion1 to rema9 9 prison dur+ _! ,em95ces' pleasure1 & to p]=m o!r salut>y p5ances2 z y\r ,rev]5ces w see by ! subjo9$ copy ( ! s5t5ce & abjuration1 :i* is s5t to y t y may make x kn[n to y\r vic>s1 & t y & all pr(essors ( philosophy & ma!matics may h k ( x2 t !y may "k :y !y proce$$ aga9/ ! said ,galileo1 & recognise ! gravity ( 8 error 9 ord] t !y may avoid x1 & ?us n incur ! p5alties :i* !y w\ld h to suff] 9 case !y fell into ! same4 ,y\r ,rev]5ces1 z bro!r1 ,c>d9al ( ,/4 ,onufrius4 ,rome1 #bnd ,july1 #afcc4 ,aga9 x is wor?y ( note1 t ev5 9 ?is lett] x 0 deem$ necess>y to lay special /ress on ! circum/ance t ,galileo _h act$ contr>y to a special prohibition issu$ sev]al ye>s be=e4 ,b !n1 to be sure1 ?is =m$ ! only legal gr\nd = ! proce$+s aga9/ him4 ,f a lett] f ,guiducci to ,galileo f ,flor5ce ( #bg? ,augu/1#dga we le>n ! mann] 9 :i* ! publication _h tak5 place !re1 on ! #ab?4 ,bo? ! docum5ts 7 read al\d 9 a l>ge assembly ( c\nsellors ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 canons & o!r prie/s1 pr(essors ( ma!matics & fri5ds ( ,galileo1 su* z ,p&olf9i1 ,aggiunti1 ,r9ucc9i1 ,p]i1 & o!rs1 :o _h be5 invit$ to ! c]emony4 ,?is proce$+ 0 foll[$ 9 all ! m important cities ( ,italy1 z well z 9 ! l>g] ones ( ,ca?olic ,europe4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! great split :i* exi/$ 9 ! sci5tific _w ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 t ,pr(essor ,kellison1 ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,d\ai1 wrote 9 reply to a lett] ( ! ,nuncio at ,brussels1 :o _h s5t ! s5t5ce & recantation ( ,galileo to t academy3 8,! pr(essors ( our univ]sity are s oppos$ to t fanatical op9ion 7phanatic op9ioni71 t !y h always held t x mu/ be bani%$ f ! s*ools4444 ,9 our ,engli% college at ,d\ai ?is p>adox has nev] be5 approv$1 & nev] w be40#dgb ,! ,roman curia1 h[ev]1 did n conf9e itself to try+ to fright5 all good ,ca?olics f accept+ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e by z wide a circulation z possible ( ! s5t5ce aga9/ ,galileo2 b 9 ord] to suppress x altoge!r z f> z might be1 especially 9 ,italy1 all ! ,italian ,inquisitors receiv$ ord]s nei!r to p]mit ! publication ( a new edition ( any ( ,galileo's works1 nor ( any new "w4#dgc ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ari/otelians1 :o _h be5 v active s9ce ! trial1 7 enc\rag$ to confute ! illu/ri\s dead1 ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]1 & ! n[ sil5c$ ,galileo1 ) tongue & p54 ,?us 9 ! succe$+ decades ! book m>ket 0 flood$ ) refutations ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4#dgd ,9 fight+ tru? ) falsehood v curi\s demon/rations 7 sure n[ & !n to come to light on ! "p ( ! adh]5ts ( ! wisdom ( ! anci5ts4 ,we w "h only m5tion a book d$icat$ to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afcc3 8,difesa di ,scipione ,*i>amonti da ,ces5a al suo ,antiticone1 e libro delle tre nuove /elle1 dall' opposizioni dell',autore de' due massimi si/emi ,tolemaico e ,cop]nicano10 9 :i* su* sagaci\s argum5ts z ! foll[+ are adduc$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?3-- 8,animals1 :i* move1 h limbs & muscles2 ! e>? has no limbs or muscles1 !re=e x does n move4 8,x is angels :o make ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ! ,sun1 etc41 turn r\nd4 ,if ! e>? revolves1 x mu/ also h an angel 9 ! c5tre to set x 9 motion2 b only devils live !re1 x w\ld !re=e be a devil :o w\ld imp>t motion to ! e>?4 8,! planets1 ! sun1 ! fix$ />s1 all belong to "o species2 namely1 t ( />s--!y !re=e all move or all /& /ill4 8,x seems1 !re=e1 to be a griev\s wrong to place ! e>?1 :i* is a s9k ( impurity1 among ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* are pure & div9e ?+s40#dge ,b al?\gh ,galileo 0 condemn$ to sil5ce1 !re 7 c\rage\s & enlight5$ m5 :o1 9 spite ( ! fam\s s5t5ce ( ! ,inquisition1 n only reject$ su* absurdities b made en]getic advance along ! new pa?s4 ,at ! ,vatican1 h[ev]1 !y seem$ dispos$1 z we %all soon see1 to make ,galileo answ]able = ! def5ce ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 ,italy4 ,= in/ance1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] ! ,tuscan ambassador ?\ght ! "t 0 come to take /eps = obta9+ p>don = ,galileo ) "s prospect ( success2 & at an audi5ce ( ! ,pope on #ab? ,novemb] he ask$1 on behalf ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 = ! prison]'s release4 ,urban repli$ some:at ungraci\sly1 t he w\ld see :at c\ld be done1 & w\ld consult ) ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 b he rem>k$ t x _h come to 8 e>s t "s p 7 writ+ 9 def5ce ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,niccol9i ha/5$ to assure him t ,galileo 0 n 9 ! lea/ implicat$ 9 x1 & t x 0 done entirely )\t 8 k4 ,urban answ]$ drily1 t he _h n be5 exactly in=m$ t ,galileo _h any?+ to d ) x1 b he _h bett] bew>e ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,9 spite ( reit]at$ urg5t entreaty1 ,niccol9i c\ld get no?+ m def9ite ab\t ,galileo's release ?an ! above evasive promise1 & he communicat$ ! d\btful success ( 8 mission to ,cioli 9 a despat* ( #ac? ,novemb]1#dgf 9 r a depress$ /ate ( m9d4 ,urban 0 n dispos$ to grant a full p>don to ,galileo1 & !re=e made a pretext ( ! ,congregation to ! ambassador1 z if ! decision dep5d$ ^u x1 :]eas x re/$ entirely ) himself4 ,niccol9i1 h[ev]1 /ill p]si/$ 9 8 ef=ts4 ,he w5t to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i & o!r memb]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 w>mly recomm5d+ him to _! protection4#dgg ,mean:ile an indisposition ( ! ,pope1 :i* la/$ f\rte5 days1 delay$ ! decision1 z ! ,congregation did n v5ture to come to any )\t 8 concurr5ce4 ,at l5g? he made 8 appe>ance 9 ! sitt+ ( ! ,congregation ( #a/ ,decemb]1 & ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 ! petition = ,galileo's release 0 at once laid be=e him4#dgh ,x 0 refus$2 b he 0 to be p]mitt$ to retire to a villa at ,arcetri1 a miglio f ,flor5ce1 :]e he 0 to rema9 until he he>d fur!r2 he 0 n to receive any visits1 b to live 9 ! greate/ retirem5t4#dgi ,niccol9i in=m$ him ( ?is amelioration ( 8 circum/ances 9 a lett] ( #crd ,decemb]1#dhj ) ! expression ( great regret t he c\ld n at pres5t obta9 8 entire lib]ation4 ,he add$ t ! ,pope _h *>g$ him to say t ,galileo might g to ,arcetri at once1 t he might receive 8 fri5ds & relations !re1 b n 9 l>ge numb]s at "o "t1 z ?is might give rise to ! idea t he 0 giv+ sci5tific lectures4 ,a few days aft] ! receipt ( ?is lett] ,galileo set out = ,arcetri4#dha ,no soon] _h he rea*$ 8 villa1 call$ 8il ,giojello10 :i* 0 pleasantly situat$1 ?an he made x 8 fir/ c>e to ?ank ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i w>mly = 8 urg5t int]cession1 :i* _h1 h[ev]1 only effect$ ?is fre% alleviation ( 8 sad fate4#dhb ,"s rhetorical hi/orians make ,galileo's two daught]s leave ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,matteo1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly )9 gun%ot ( 8,giojello10 9 ord] to t5d _! old & suff]+ fa!r ) *ildlike & t5d] c>e2 a t\*+ picture1 b )\t any hi/orical f\ndation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 really "o ( ,galileo's greate/ consolations to pay frequ5t visits to 8 daught]s1 to :om he 0 t5d]ly atta*$1 at ,/4 ,matteo1 :5 p]mitt$ to d s by ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,x 0 also a great satisfaction to him t on a v e>ly day aft] 8 arrival at ,arcetri ! ,gr& ,duke came f ,flor5ce1 & paid ! convict ( ! ,inquisition a long visit4#dhc ,b :ile ,galileo 0 once m p>tak+ ( "s pleasures1 ! implacable malice ( 8 enemies nev] slumb]$4 ,!re 7 ev5 "s :o w\ld h be5 glad to "k t he 0 = ev] safe 9 ! dungeons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he gave !m no pretext on :i* !y c\ld1 ) any %ad[ ( ju/ice1 h seiz$ him1 !y _h rec\rse to ! mo/ disgraceful means--to ly+1 anonym\s d5unciation1 9 :i* 8 enlight5$ & !re=e dislik$ fri5d1 ! ,ar*bi%op ,ascanio ,piccolom9i1 0 +5i\sly involv$4 ,on #a/ ,febru>y1 #afcd1 ! foll[+ communication1 )\t signature1 0 receiv$ at ! ,holy ,(fice at ,rome f ,si5a3-- ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,sirs1-- ,galileo has diffus$ 9 ?is city op9ions n v ,ca?olic1 urg$ on by ?is ,ar*bi%op1 8 ho/1 :o has sugge/$ to _m p]sons t ,galileo _h be5 unju/ly treat$ ) s mu* sev]ity by ! ,holy ,(fice1 & t he nei!r c\ld nor w\ld give up 8 philosophical op9ions :i* he _h def5d$ ) irrefragable & true ma!matical argum5ts2 also t he is ! fir/ man 9 ! _w1 & w live = ev] 9 8 works1 to :i*1 al?\gh prohibit$1 all mod]n di/+ui%$ m5 give 9 _! adh]5ce4 ,n[ s9ce se$s l ^!1 s[n by a prelate ( ! ,*ur*1 might br+ =? evil fruit1 a report is made ( !m4#dhd ,al?\gh ?is c[>dly d5unciation did n be> any imm$iate consequ5ces ei!r to ,piccolom9i or ,galileo1 ev5ts :i* took place soon aft] %[ mo/ cle>ly ! unfav\rable impression x produc$ at ! ,vatican4 ,galileo1 :o 0 v unwell1 ask$ p]mission ( ! ,pope1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( 8 fai?ful fri5d ,niccol9i1 to move into ,flor5ce = ! sake ( ! regul> m$ical treatm5t :i* he requir$1 & :i* he c\ld n well h at ! villa outside ! city4#dhe ,z if to dye 8 tragic fate /ill d>k]1 j :ile he 0 await+ ! result ( ,niccol9i's ef=ts1 8 fav\rite daught] ,poliss5a1 or by h] conv5tual "n ,m>ie ,cele/e1 0 tak5 s ill t h] life 0 soon despair$ (4 ,x 0 on "o ( ! la/ days ( ,m>* t ,galileo 0 return+ to 8 villa ) a physician f a visit to 8 dy+ daught] at ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,matteo1 9 deep depression ( spirits4 ,on ! way ! physician _h prep>$ him = ! wor/ by tell+ him t ! pati5t w\ld sc>cely survive till ! morn+1 :i* prov$ to be ! case4 ,on ent]+ 8 h\se 9 angui% ( s\l1 he f\nd ! mess5g] ( ! ,inquisition !re1 :o 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,(fice gave him a /rict injunction to ab/a9 f all su* petitions 9 future1 unless he desir$ to compel ! ,inquisition to imprison him aga94 ,?is unm]ciful proce$+ _h be5 ord]$ by a papal m&ate ( #bcrd ,m>*4#dhf ,! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce report$ on x on #a/ ,april to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 z foll[s3-- 8,i h communicat$ to ,galileo :at 0 comm&$ by y\r ,em95ce4 ,he adduc$ z an excuse t he _h only done x on acc\nt ( a frightful rupture4 ,b ! villa he lives 9 is s ne> ! city t he c easily h ! physicians & surgeons !re1 z well z ! m$ic9es he requires40#dhg ,a passage 9 a lett] f ,galileo to ,g]i ,boc*9]i at ,flor5ce1 ( #bg? ,april1 %[s t ! excuse 0 no empty pretext1 & t he urg5tly ne$$ to h m$ical aid always at h&4 ,he says3-- 8,i am go+ to write to y ab\t my heal?1 :i* is v bad4 ,i suff] mu* m f ! rupture ?an has be5 ! case be=e2 my pulse int]mits1 & ,i h (t5 viol5t palpitation ( ! he>t2 !n ! mo/ pr(\nd melan*oly has come ov] me4 ,i h no appetite1 & loa! myself2 9 %ort1 ,i feel myself p]petually call$ by my belov$ daught]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,i d n ?9k x advisable t ,v9c5zo %\ld set out on a j\rney n[1 z ev5ts might occur at any "t :i* might make 8 pres5ce desirable1 = besides :at ,i h m5tion$1 cont9u$ sleeplessness al>ms me n a little40#dhh ,a lett] to ,diodati at ,p>is1 f ,galileo1 ( #be? ,july1 is also ( great int]e/2 an insight may be ga9$ f x1 n only into 8 melan*oly /ate ( m9d1 b x also conta9s "s rem>kable indications ( ! motives = ! fi]ce p]secution on ! "p ( ,rome4 ,we give ! portions ( ! lett] :i* are important = our subject3-- 8,i hope t :5 y he> ( my pa/ & pres5t mis=tunes1 & my anxiety ab\t ^? p]haps /ill to come1 x w s]ve z an excuse to y & my o!r fri5ds & patrons !re 7at ,p>is71 = my long delay 9 answ]+ y\r lett]1 & to !m = my entire sil5ce1 z !y c le>n f y ! unhappy turn :i* my affairs h tak54 ,accord+ to ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ on me by ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,i 0 condemn$ to imprisonm5t dur+ ! pleasure ( 8 ,hol9ess1 :o 0 pleas$1 h[ev]1 to assign ! palace & g>d5s ( ! ,gr& ,duke ne> ! ,tr9it dei ,monti1 z my place ( imprisonm5t4 ,z ?is 0 9 ,june ( la/ ye>1 & ,i _h be5 giv5 to und]/& t if ,i ask$ = a full p>don aft] ! lapse ( t & ! foll[+ mon?1 ,i %\ld receive x1 ,i ask$ mean:ile1 to avoid hav+ to sp5d ! :ole summ] & p]haps "p ( ! autumn !re1 to be all[$1 on acc\nt ( ! season1 to g to ,si5a1 :]e ! ,ar*bi%op's h\se 0 assign$ to me z a resid5ce4 ,i /aid !re five mon?s1 :5 ?is durance 0 ex*ang$ = bani%m5t to ?is little villa1 a miglio f ,flor5ce1 ) a /rict injunction n to g to ! city1 & nei!r to receive ! visits ( _m fri5ds at once1 nor to invite any4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i 0 liv+1 keep+ p]fectly quiet1 & pay+ frequ5t visits to a neighb\r+ conv5t1 :]e two daught]s ( m9e 7 liv+ z nuns2 ,i 0 v fond ( !m1 especially ( ! elde/1 :o possess$ high m5tal gifts1 comb9$ ) r>e goodness ( he>t1 & %e 0 v mu* atta*$ to me4 ,dur+ my abs5ce1 :i* %e consid]$ v p]il\s = me1 %e fell into a pr(\nd melan*oly1 :i* und]m9$ h] heal?1 & %e 0 at la/ attack$ by a viol5t dys5t]y1 ( :i* %e di$ aft] six days' illness1 j ?irty-?ree ye>s ( age1 leav+ me 9 ! deepe/ grief1 :i* 0 increas$ by ano!r calamity4 ,on return+ home f ! conv5t1 9 company ) ! doctor :o visit$ my sick daught] %ortly be=e h] dea?1 & :o _h j told me t h] situation 0 desp]ate1 & t %e w\ld sc>cely survive till ! next day1 z inde$ x prov$1 ,i f\nd ! ,inquisitor's ,vic> "h1 :o in=m$ me ( a m&ate f ! ,holy ,(fice at ,rome1 :i* _h j be5 communicat$ to ! ,inquisitor 9 a lett] f ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 t ,i mu/ 9 future ab/a9 f ask+ p]mission to return to ,flor5ce1 or !y w\ld take me back !re 7to ,rome71 & put me 9 ! actual prison ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,?is 0 ! answ] to ! petition1 :i* ! ,tuscan ambassador _h pres5t$ to t tribunal aft] ,i _h be5 n9e mon?s 9 exile6 ,f ?is answ] x seems to me t1 9 all probability1 my pres5t prison w only be ex*ang$ = t n>r[ & long-endur+ "o :i* awaits u all4 ,f ?is & o!r circum/ances1 :i* x w\ld take too long to repeat "h1 x w be se5 t ! fury ( my p[]ful p]secutors cont9ually increases4 ,!y h at l5g? *os5 to reveal !mselves to me2 = ab\t two mon?s ago1 :5 a de> fri5d ( m9e at ,rome 0 speak+ ( my affairs to ,fa!r ,*ri/oph] ,griemb]g]1 ma!matician at ! college !re1 ?is ,jesuit utt]$ ! foll[+ precise words3--#8,if ,galileo _h only kn[n h[ to reta9 ! fav\r ( ! fa!rs ( ?is college1 he w\ld h /ood 9 r5[n be=e ! _w1 he w\ld h be5 sp>$ all 8 mis=tunes1 & c\ld h writt5 :at he pleas$ ab\t ev]y?+1 ev5 ab\t ! motion ( ! e>?4' ,f ?is y w see1 hon\r$ ,sir1 t x is n ?is op9ion or t :i* has br\ght1 & /ill br+s ab\t my calamities1 b my be+ 9 disgrace ) ! ,jesuits4 ,i h also o!r pro(s ( ! wat*fulness ( my p]secutors4 ,"o is t a lett] f "s =eign]1 ,i d n "k f :om1 address$ to me at ,rome1 :]e he suppos$ me /ill to be1 0 int]cept$1 & deliv]$ to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i4 ,x 0 =tunate = me1 z 0 aft]w>ds writt5 to me f ,rome1 t x did n purport to be an answ] to "o f me1 b a communication conta9+ ! w>me/ praises ( my 8,dialogues40 ,x 0 se5 by _m p]sons1 &1 z ,i he>1 copies ( x 7 circulat$ at ,rome4 ,i h also be5 told t ,i might see x4 ,to add to all ?is1 !re are o!r m5tal disquietudes & _m bodily suff]+s oppress+ me at ! age ( ov] sev5ty ye>s1 s t ! lea/ ex]tion is a torm5t & a burd5 to me4 ,9 consid]ation ( all ?is1 my fri5ds mu/ be indulg5t to me = omissions :i* look l neglect1 b really arise f inability40#dhi ,?is deep dejection1 h[ev]1 c\ld n la/ long ) a man ( s active a m9d z ,galileo4 ,! impulse :i* _h be5 implant$ 9 him to inve/igate ! problems ( nature 0 too /rong to be repress$ by ei!r m5tal or bodily suff]+s4 ,s f> f x1 x 0 ?is :i*1 ev] re-ass]t+ itself ) its normal en]gy1 help$ him to be> !m ) resignation1 & he (t5 =got 8 pa9ful situation 9 8 sci5tific speculations4 ,?us1 b a few mon?s aft] 8 daught]'s dea?1 we f9d him r\s+ himself & eag]ly at "w aga9 on 8 ma/]piece1 ! 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze40#dij ,he also resum$ 8 ext5sive sci5tific correspond5ce1 ( :i* un=tunately1 & especially ( ! foll[+ ye>1 #afce1 ! lett]s ( 8 correspond5ts only h mo/ly come d[n to u4#dia ,:ile ! prison] ( ,arcetri 0 ?us eag]ly fulfill+ 8 great mission to 8 age1 8 fri5ds 7 ex]t+ !mselves 9 va9 to obta9 at lea/ an ext5sion ( 8 lib]ty4 ,! ,c\nt de ,noailles1 ,fr5* ambassador at ,rome1 _h once att5d$ ,galileo's lectures at ,padua1 & _h become s en?usia/ic an adh]5t1 t he aft]w>ds told ,ca/elli t he mu/ see ,galileo once m be=e leav+ ,italy1 ev5 if he walk$ fifty miles on purpose4#dib ,he !re=e unit$ 8 ef=ts ) ,niccol9i's to obta9 "s amelioration = ,galileo4 ,b 9 va94 ,at an audi5ce :i* ,niccol9i _h on #h? ,decemb]1 #afcd1 ,urban said inde$ t he e/eem$ ,galileo v highly1 & 0 well dispos$ t[>ds him2 b all rema9$ z be=e4#dic ,9 ! ye> #afcd ! b& ( dauntless m51 :o aga9 & aga9 v5tur$ to attempt to obta9 ,galileo's lib]ty f ! papal *air1 0 increas$ by ! celebrat$ (fic] ( /ate & man ( le>n+1 ,fabri von ,peiresc4 ,l ,noailles1 he _h att5d$ ,galileo's lectures at ,padua1#did _h s9ce be5 "o ( 8 mo/ ard5t admir]s1 & _h long ma9ta9$ fri5dly int]c\rse ) ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i4 ,peiresc n[ int]c$$ eag]ly ) ?is prelate = ,galileo1 & ev5 v5tur$ op5ly to say1 9 a long & press+ lett] ( #e? ,decemb]1 #afcd1 to ,b>b]9i3--#die 444 8,really su* proce$+s w be consid]$ v h>%1 & f> m s by po/]ity ?an at pres5t1 :5 no "o1 z x appe>s1 c>es = any?+ b 8 own int]e/s4 ,inde$1 x w be a blot ^u ! brilliance & r5[n ( ! pontificate ( ,urban ,,viii41 unless y\r ,em95ce resolves to devote y\r special att5tion to ?is affair44440 ,on #bnd ,janu>y1 #afce1 ,b>b]9i wrote a long lett] 9 reply1#dif 9 :i* he 0 prolix en\gh on _m subjects1 b ab\t ,galileo he only made ! dry rem>k1 t[>ds ! end ( ! lett]1 t he w\ld n fail to speak to 8 ,hol9ess ab\t x1 b ,peiresc mu/ excuse him if1 z a memb] ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 he did n g into ! subject m p>ticul>ly4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 only f\r weeks lat]1 ,peiresc aga9 urg$ ,b>b]9i1 9 a lett] ( #ca/ ,janu>y1#dig to ex]t 8 p[]ful influ5ce on behalf ( ,galileo4 ,peiresc ju/ifi$ 8 zeal by say+1 8t x arose z mu* f reg>d = ! hon\r & good "n ( ! pres5t pontificate1 z f affection = ! v5]able & fam\s old man1 ,galileo2 = x might well happ51 by a cont9uance ( ! h>% proce$+s aga9/ him1 t "s day po/]ity w\ld comp>e !m ) ! p]secutions to :i* ,socrates 0 subject$40#dih ,galileo1 :o _h receiv$ copies ( ^! lett]s1 ?ank$ ,peiresc mo/ w>mly 9 a lett] ( #ba/ ,febru>y1 #afce1 = 8 noble ?\gh fruitless ef=ts1 & add$ ! foll[+ rem>kable words3-- 8,z ,i h said1 ,i d n hope = any amelioration1 & ?is because ,i h n committ$ any crime4 ,i might expect p>don & fav\r if ,i _h done wrong1 = wrong-do+ af=ds rul]s occasion = ! ex]cise ( clem5cy & p>don1 :ile t[>ds an innoc5t man "u condemnation1 x behoves !m to ma9ta9 ! utmo/ sev]ity1 9 ord] to %[ t !y h proce$$ accord+ to law4 ,b believe me1 rev]$ sir1 & x w console y to "k x1 ?is tr\bles me less ?an w\ld be suppos$1 = two gr\nds ( consolation cont9ually come to my aid3 "o ( ^! is1 t 9 look+ all ?r\gh my works1 no "o c f9d ! lea/ %ad[ ( any?+ :i* deviates f love & v5]ation = ! ,holy ,*ur*2 ! o!r is my own consci5ce1 :i* c only be fully kn[n to myself on e>? & to ,god 9 heav54 ,he kn[s t 9 ! cause = :i* ,i suff]1 _m might h act$ & spok5 ) f> m le>n+ & k1 b no "o1 n ev5 among ! holy fa!rs1 ) m piety & great] zeal = ! ,holy ,*ur*1 nor altoge!r ) pur] int5tions4 ,my s9c]ely religi\s1 pi\s _s w\ld only be ! m app>5t if ! calumnies1 intrigues1 /ratagems1 & deceptions1 :i* 7 resort$ to eighte5 ye>s ago to deceive & bl9d ! au?orities1 7 br\ght to ! light ( day40#dii ,if ! issue ( ! assum$ /r+5t prohibition ( #afaf 7 admitt$1 ?is lett] w\ld be a piece ( hypocrisy z gl>+ z x 0 purposeless2 = 9 t case ,galileo w\ld n h be5 an innoc5t man "u condemnation1 :o _h committ$ no crime1 & 8 consci5ce c\ld n h consol$ him 9 8 pa9ful situation4 ,:at he wrote to ,peiresc ab\t 8 religi\s _s 0 also q true1 ,galileo really 0 a truly religi\s man2 8 own revolution>y discov]ies _h n = a mom5t giv5 rise to any d\bts 9 8 m9d ( sup]natural my/]ies z taught by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,all 8 lett]s1 ev5 to 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 proclaim x indisputably4 ,he also p]fectly well knew h[ to make 8 rese>*es & _! results agree ) ! dogmas ( 8 religion1 z is cle> f 8 explanations to ,ca/elli1 ,mgr4 ,d9i1 & ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e4 ,! /range/ contradictions 7 cont9ually aris+ f ?is bl5d+ ( a le>n$ man /riv+ to se>* out ! tru?s ( nature1 & a memb] ( ! only true ,*ur* b\nd 9 ! fett]s ( illusive cr$ulity4 ,?us1 at ! end ( #afcc1 he did n hesitate to act 9 opposition to 8 solemn oa?1 lit]ally con/ru$1 by secretly s5d+ a copy ( 8 condemn$ & prohibit$ 8,dialogues0 to ,diodati1 at ,p>is1 t !y might be translat$ into ,lat91 & ?us be m widely circulat$4 ,9 #afce ! "w really appe>$ 9 a ,lat9 translation1 f ! press ( ! ,elzevirs1 9 ,holl&1 edit$ by a ,/rasburg pr(essor1 ,ma?ias ,b]negg]1 9 ord] t no suspicion might re/ ^u ,galileo ( hav+ _h any?+ to d ) x4#ejj ,su* an act 0 v improp] = a pi\s ,ca?olic1 & ,galileo really 0 "o4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 he told 8 old fri5d1 ,fra ,fulg5zio ,micanzio1 at ,v5ice1 ) great delight1 t ,b]negg] _h br\ght out by ! same publi%]s ! ,apology to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e ( #afae1 9 ,italian ) a ,lat9 translation4 ,! secret translator1 conceal$ "u ! pseudonym ( ,rub]to ,rob]t9i ,borasso1 0 also ,diodati4#eja ,9 a lett] to ,micanzio1 z well z 9 ano!r ( #ab? ,july1 ,galileo express$ an ard5t wi% t a l>ge numb] ( copies ( x might be introduc$ into ,italy1 8to %ame 8 enemies & calumniators40#ejb ,z we "k1 ?is lett] to ! ,gr& ,du*ess conta9$ no?+ b a !ological apology = ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 s t :at gratifi$ ,galileo s mu* 9 its publication1 0 t ! _w w\ld n[ le>n t he1 :o _h be5 d5\nc$ z a h]etic1 _h always be5 an or?odox ,*ri/ian1 into ^: head x _h nev] ent]$1 z 8 enemies gave out1 to attack ! holy fai?4 ,m>t9 is q ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t 8! reputation ( a good ,*ri/ian & true ,ca?olic 0 z de> to ,galileo z t ( a good a/ronom]40#ejc ,:ile ,galileo 0 enjoy+ ! tw(old satisfaction ( see+ 8 8,dialogues0 atta9 a wid] circulation 7!y _h mean:ile be5 translat$ into ,engli%71#ejd & yet ( be+ ackn[l$g$ z a pi\s subject ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,c\nt de ,noailles cont9u$ 8 ef=ts at ,rome1 be=e 8 approa*+ dep>ture f ,italy1 to obta9 p>don = ,galileo4 ,ca/elli1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 too great devotion to ,galileo & 8 sy/em1 _h be5 bani%$ = ?ree ye>s f ,urban's pres5ce1 _h at l5g?1 by ! end ( #afce1 be5 tak5 into fav\r aga91#eje & report$ fai?fully to ,galileo all ! /eps tak5 to procure 8 lib]ty4 ,! utmo/ caution _h be5 ex]cis$ 9 ord] to atta9 ?is end4#ejf ,c\nt ,noailles & ,ca/elli _h p]suad$ ,c>d9al ,antonio ,b>b]9i1 9 repeat$ int]views1 t no?+ _h be5 fur!r f ,galileo's int5tion ?an to (f5d or make game ( ,urban ,,viii41 ^u :i* ! c>d9al1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,fr5* ambassador1 promis$ to int]c$e ) 8 papal bro!r = ,galileo4 ,on #aa? ,july ,noailles made ! same assurances to ! ,pope at an audi5ce1 :]eupon he exclaim$3 8,lo cr$iamo1 lo cr$iamo60 7,we believe x71 & aga9 said t he 0 p]sonally v well dispos$ to ,galileo1 & _h always lik$ him2 b :5 ,noailles began to speak ( 8 lib]ation1 he said evasively t ?is affair 0 ( ! greate/ mom5t to all ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,fr5* diplomati/1 :o knew ,urban's irritable temp]1 did n ?9k x advisable to press him fur!r1 & consol$ himself = ! "t1 ev5 aft] ?is cool reply1 ) ! ?\ght t ! bro!r c>d9al _h promis$ to use 8 good (fices = ,galileo4 ,ca/elli in=m$ ,galileo 9 a lett] ( #ab? ,july#ejg ( all ?is1 & advis$ him to write a lett] ( ?anks to ,c>d9al ,antonio = 8 k9d int]cession1 :i* he at once did4#ejh ,noailles plac$ all 8 hopes on a f>ewell audi5ce ) ! ,pope1 9 :i* he meant to ask = ,galileo's p>don4 ,on #h? ,augu/ he drove = ! la/ "t to ! ,vatican4 ,urban 0 v graci\s1 & :5 ,galileo's affairs 7 introduc$ he ev5 promis$ at la/ to br+ ! subject be=e ! ,holy ,congregation4#eji ,noailles told ,c>d9al ,antonio ( ?is mo/ fav\rable result ) joyful emotion1 :o said at once3 8,good6 good6 & ,i w speak to all ! c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,congregation40#eaj ,!y 7 app>5tly ju/ifi$ 9 ent]ta9+ ! mo/ sangu9e hopes1 b ! future taught !m t all ?is 0 no?+ b fair spee*es ) :i* ,urban _h tak5 leave ( ! ,fr5* ambassador4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t if ! ,pope1 ) 8 absolute p[]1 _h be5 9 e>ne/ ab\t ,galileo's lib]ation1 ! ,congregation w\ld n h be5 sl[ to comply ) 8 wi%es4 ,galileo1 h[ev]1 rema9$ z be=e1 a prison] 9 8 villa at ,arcetri1 :i* he _h mean:ile b\ght1 & ! papal fav\r1 ( :i* a promise _h be5 held out1 0 limit$ to all[+ him1 at ! end ( ,septemb]1 to accept an invitation f ! ,gr& ,duke to visit him at 8 ,villa ,mezzomonte1 ?ree miles f ,flor5ce1#eaa & on #af? ,octob] to leave 8 place ( exile = "o day to greet ! ,c\nt de ,noailles1 at ,poggibonsi1 9 pass+ ?r\gh x on 8 way to ,france4#eab ,?is 0 ! ext5t ( ! papal clem5cy = ! pres5t1 & x 0 n till ! old man 0 q bl9d & hopelessly ill1 ) "o foot 9 ! grave1 t any humane feel+ 0 awak5$ = him at ! ,vatican4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,fail+ ,,heal? ,,& ,,loss ,,( ,,sight4 ,galileo's ,lab\rs at ,arcetri4--,completion ( ! 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze40--,s5ds x to ! ,elzevirs at ,leyd54--,me?od ( tak+ ,longitudes at ,sea4--,decl9$ by ,spa9 & (f]$ to ,holl&4--,discov]y ( ! ,libration & ,titubation ( ! ,moon4--,visit f ,milton4--,becomes ,bl9d4--,lett] to ,diodati4--,on a h9t f ,ca/elli petitions = 8 ,lib]ty4--,! ,inquisitor to visit him & report to ,rome4--,p]mitt$ to live at ,flor5ce "u ,re/rictions4--,! ,/ates-,g5]al appo9t a ,delegate to see him on ! ,longitude ,"q4--,! ,inquisitor s5ds ^w ( x to ,rome4--,galileo n to receive a ,h]etic4--,pres5ts f ! ,/ates-,g5]al refus$ f fe> ( ,rome4--,lett] to ,diodati4--,galileo suppos$ to be ne> 8 ,end4--,reque/ t ,ca/elli might come to him4--,p]mitt$ "u ,re/rictions4--,! new 8,dialoghi0 appe> at ,leyd51 #afch4--,!y f\nd$ ,me*anical ,physics4--,attract mu* ,notice4--,improvem5t ( ,heal?4--,9 #afci goes to ,arcetri aga91 probably n volunt>ily4 ,galileo 0 unceas+ly active 9 8 seclusion at ,arcetri4 ,9 ! ye> #afcf he complet$ 8 fam\s 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze40#eac ,he also ex]t$ himself1 l a lov+ fa!r :o wi%es to see 8 *ildr5 provid$ = be=e he dies1 ab\t ! pres]vation & republication ( 8 works :i* 7 q out ( pr9t4 ,b all ^! ef=ts 7 fru/rat$ by envy1 ecclesia/ical intol]ance1 & ! unfav\rable times4 ,8 *]i%$ s*eme ( br++ out an edition ( 8 collect$ works c\ld nei!r be c>ri$ out by ! ,fr5* ma!matician1 ,c>cavy1 :o _h w>mly tak5 up ! subject1#ead nor by ! ,elzevirs ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,micanzio4#eae ,he _h also to give up 8 project ( d$icat+ 8 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze0 to ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 ,f]d9& ,,ii41 & ( publi%+ !m at ,vi5na1 z he le>nt f 8 fri5d & =m] pupil !re1 ,giovanni ,pi]oni1 t 8 implacable foes1 ! ,jesuits1 7 all-p[]ful2 t ,f]d9& himself 0 entirely "u _! influ5ce2 & moreov] t 8 bitt]e/ foe1 ,fa!r ,s*e9]1 0 j !n at ,vi5na4#eaf ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev] 7#afcg71 ,pi]oni succe$$ by 8 prud5t & untir+ ef=ts1 dur+ ! tempor>y abs5ce ( ,s*e9]1 9 obta9+ a lic5ce = ,galileo's late/ "w1#eag & aft]w>ds "o at ,olmtz also2 b mean:ile he _h s5t ! ,,ms4 by ,micanzio#eah to be pr9t$ by ! ,elzevirs at ,leyd51 &1 "u ! circum/ances describ$ by ,pi]oni1 he did n pref] to br+ out 8 book at a place :]e 8 bitt]e/ enemies 7 9 p[]4 ,he 0 at ?is "t also deeply int]e/$ 9 a subject :i* orig9at$ z f> back z #afaj4 ,x _h occurr$ to him soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,jupit]'s moons1 by a s]ies ( obs]vations ( !m1 to make a/ronomical calculations & tables :i* w\ld enable him to pr$ict e ye> _! configurations1 _! relative positions & occasional eclipses ) ! utmo/ precision2 ?is w\ld furni% ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! longitude ( ! po9t ( obs]vation at any h\r ( ! night1 :i* appe>$ to be ( special importance to navigation4 ,= hi!rto ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon _h _h to be employ$ = ! purpose1 :i*1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( _! r>ity & ! want ( precise calculation1 7 nei!r entirely to be reli$ on nor suffici5t4 ,galileo _h (f]$ 8 discov]y1--! practical value ( :i* he ov]rat$1--9 #afab1 to ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 & 9 #afaf t$i\s negotiations 7 c>ri$ on ab\t x1 :i* h[ev] l$ to no result1 7 !n po/pon$ till #afbj1 & 9 #afcj entirely giv5 up4#eai ,n[ 7,augu/1 #afcf17 z he he>d t ! ,dut* m]*ants _h ev5 (f]$ a premium ( ?irty ?\s& scudi to any "o :o %\ld inv5t a sure me?od ( tak+ longitudes at sea1 he v5tur$1 )\t ! k ( ! ,inquisition1 to (f] 8 inv5tion to ! ,prote/ant ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,diodati at ,p>is 0 ! m$iator 9 ^! secret & c]emoni\s negotiations4 ,on #aa? ,novemb]1 ,galileo's (f] 0 ent]ta9$ 9 ! mo/ flatt]+ mann] 9 ! ,assembly ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 & a commission 0 appo9t$1 consi/+ ( ! f\r savans1 ,realius1 ,hort5sius1 ,blavius1 & ,golius1 to exam9e into ! subject & report ^u x4#ebj ,:ile ,galileo 0 impati5tly wait+ = ! decision t 0 nev] come to1 he made 8 la/ great telescopic discov]y1 al?\gh suff]+ mu* 9 8 eyes1 t ( ! libration & titubation ( ! moon1 ab\t :i* he wrote 8 rem>kable lett] to ,alfonso ,anton9i1 be>+ ! signal date3 8,della mia c>c]e di ,arcetri li #aj febbrajo #afcg40eba ,! compla9t 9 ,galileo's eyes grew rapidly worse4 ,by ! end ( ,june ! sight ( ! "r eye 0 gone1 & t ( ! o!r dim9i%$ ) frightful rapidity f a con/ant dis*>ge4#ebb ,b 9 spite ( ?is heavy calamity1 comb9$ ) 8 o!r suff]+s1 8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce did n dim9i% = a mom5t4 ,ev5 at ?is sad "t we f9d him c>ry+ on a brisk correspond5ce ) ! le>n$ m5 ( ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ,italy1 cont9u+ 8 negotiations ) ! ,/ates-,g5]al ) great ze/1#ebc z well z occupy+ himself p]petually ) a/ronomy & physics4 ,he 0 inde$ (t5 oblig$ to employ ! h& ( ano!r2#ebd b 8 m9d work$ on ) undim9i%$ vig\r1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 no long] able to commit to pap] himself ! ideas t cont9ually occupi$ him4 ,on #bnd ,septemb] he receiv$ a visit f 8 sov]eign1 :o came to console & enc\rage him 9 8 pitiable situation4#ebe ,a few mon?s lat] an unkn[n "y man1 ( /rik+ appe>ance f 8 h&some face & ! unmi/akable evid5ces :i* g5ius always exhibits1 knock$ at ! door ( ! solit>y villa at ,arcetri3 x 0 ,milton1 !n tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 :o1 travell+ 9 ,italy1 s\ght out ! old man ( _w-wide fame to te/ify 8 v5]ation4#ebf ,9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye> ,galileo became p]man5tly q bl9d1 & in=m$ ,diodati ( 8 calamity on #bnd ,janu>y1 #afch1 9 ! foll[+ words3-- 8,9 reply to y\r v acceptable lett] ( #bj? ,novemb]1 ,i in=m y1 9 ref]5ce to y\r inquiries ab\t my heal?1 t ,i am some:at /rong] ?an ,i h be5 ( late1 b alas6 rev]$ sir1 ,galileo1 y\r devot$ fri5d & s]vant1 has be5 = a mon? totally & incurably bl9d2 s t ?is heav51 ?is e>?1 ?is univ]se1 :i* by my rem>kable obs]vations & cle> demon/rations ,i h enl>g$ a hundr$1 nay1 a ?\s& fold beyond ! limits univ]sally accept$ by ! le>n$ m5 ( all previ\s ages1 are n[ %rivell$ up = me into su* n>r[ compass t x only ext5ds to ! space occupi$ by my p]son40#ebg ,up to ! "t :5 ,galileo entirely lo/ 8 sight1 absolutely no?+ _h be5 able to be done = 8 lib]ation at ,rome4 ,ev5 ! fai?ful ,ca/elli wrote on #ab? ,septemb]1 to ,galileo's son ,v9c5zo1 t he _h n be5 able to d any?+ :atev] = 8 fa!r2 b he pi\sly adds1 8,i d n fail e morn+ at holy mass to pray ! ,div9e ,maje/y to com=t him1 to help him1 & to grant him ,8 ,div9e grace40#ebh ,?is precisely indicates ! hopeless /ate ( ,galileo's affairs4 ,j !n1 dur+ ! fir/ few days ( ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 d>kness clos$ r\nd him = ev]2 & n long aft]w>ds1 #ab? ,decemb]1 ,ca/elli sudd5ly wrote to him1 t he _h be5 giv5 to und]/& t ,galileo _h n be5 =bidd5 9 #afcd to s5d petitions direct to ! ,holy ,(fice1 b only ?r\gh o!r p]sons4#ebi ,:5 ! decid$ papal rescript ( #bcrd ,m>*1 #afcd1ecj is comp>$ ) ?is curi\s int]pretation ( x1 !re c be no d\bt t x 0 int5d$ to enable ! curia to take a m l5i5t view )\t direct collision ) a =m] m&ate4 ,galileo at once s5t ,ca/elli's lett] to ! ,tuscan ,c\rt1 ) a reque/ = in/ructions1 z he did n wi% to d any?+ )\t ! concurr5ce ( 8 sov]eign4#eca ,he 0 in=m$ t he _h bett] draw up a petition to ! ,holy ,(fice1 & get x h&$ 9 at ,rome ?r\gh ,ca/elli4#ecb ,! latt] _h mean:ile in=m$ himself "u :at =malities ,galileo %\ld make 8 reque/1 & s5t him on #ai? ,janu>y1 #afch1ecc a draught ( ! petition1 ) ! rem>k t x mu/ be s5t1 toge!r ) a m$ical c]tificate1 direct to ! assessor ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice2 ?is ,galileo imm$iately did4 ,! petition 0 z foll[s3-- 8,galileo ,galilei1 mo/ humble s]vant ( y\r mo/ wor?y ,em95ce1 mo/ respectfully %[e? t :]eas1 by comm& ( ! ,holy ,congregation1 he 0 imprison$ outside ,flor5ce f\r ye>s ago1 & aft] long & dang]\s illness1 z ! enclos$ m$ical c]tificate te/ifies1 has entirely lo/ 8 eyesight1 & !re=e /&s 9 urg5t ne$ ( m$ical c>e3 he appeals to ! m]cy ( y\r mo/ wor?y ,em95ces1 urg5tly intreat+ !m 9 ?is mo/ mis]able condition & at 8 advanc$ age to grant him ! bless+ ( 8 lib]ty40 ,! utmo/ caution 0 ex]cis$ at ,rome be=e grant+ ?is petition4 ,no confid5ce 0 plac$ 9 ! m$ical c]tificate2 b ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al ( ,flor5ce1 ,fa!r ,fanano1 0 in/ruct$ to visit ,galileo & to make an exact report ( 8 heal?1 & :e!r x 0 to be fe>$1 if he liv$ at ,flor5ce1 t he w\ld promote ! propagation ( 8 errors4#ecd ,fanano at once consci5ti\sly execut$ 8 commission1 & on #ac? ,febru>y1 #afch1 s5t ! foll[+ report to ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i3-- 8,9 ord] ! bett] to execute 8 ,hol9ess's commission1 ,i w5t myself1 accompani$ by a /range physician1 an intimate fri5d ( m9e1 to see ,galileo1 q unexpect$ly1 at 8 villa at ,arcetri1 to f9d out ! /ate he 0 94 ,my idea 0 n s mu* by ?is mode ( proce$+ to put myself 9 a position to report on ! nature ( 8 ailm5ts1 z to ga9 an insight into ! /udies & occupations he is c>ry+ on1 t ,i might be able to judge :e!r he 0 9 a condition1 if he return$ to ,flor5ce1 to propagate ! condemn$ doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? by spee*es at meet+s4 ,i f\nd him depriv$ ( 8 eyesight1 entirely bl9d2 he hopes = a cure1 z ! cat>act only =m$ six mon?s ago1 b at 8 age ( sev5ty ! physician consid]s x incurable4 ,he has besides a sev]e rupture1 & suff]s f cont9ual we>9ess ( life & sleeplessness1 :i* z he ass]ts1 & x is confirm$ by ! inmates ( 8 h\se1 does n p]mit him "o h\r's s\nd sleep 9 ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,he is besides s r$uc$ t he looks m l a corpse ?an a liv+ man4 ,! villa is a long way f ! city1 & ! access is inconv5i5t1 s t ,galileo c b seldom1 & ) mu* inconv5i5ce & exp5se1 h m$ical aid4#ece ,8 /udies are int]rupt$ by 8 bl9dness1 ?\gh he is read to sometimes2 int]c\rse ) him is n mu* s\ght aft]1 z 9 8 poor /ate ( heal? he c g5]ally only compla9 ( 8 suff]+s & talk ( 8 ailm5ts to occasional visitors4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 9 consid]ation ( ?is1 if 8 ,hol9ess1 9 8 b\ndless m]cy1 %\ld ?9k him wor?y1 & w\ld all[ him to live 9 ,flor5ce1 he w\ld h no opportunity ( hold+ meet+s1 & if he _h1 he is s pro/rat$ t ,i ?9k x w\ld suffice1 9 ord] to make q sure1 to keep him 9 *eck by an emphatic w>n+4 ,?is is :at ,i h to report to y\r ,em95ce40#ecf ,?is report at la/ op5$ ! eyes ( ,urban ,,viii4 z to ,galileo's real condition4 ,! cry ( di/ress f ! bl9d old man1 approa*+ dissolution1 0 too well ju/ifi$ to be :olly ignor$1 & a p>tial he>+ 0 giv5 to x at all ev5ts1 at a sitt+ ( ! ,congregation held on #be? ,febru>y1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,pope4#ecg ,b a full release1 9 spite ( ! in=mation t ,galileo 0 m l a corpse ?an a liv+ man1 /ill appe>$ too dang]\s to be v5tur$ on4 ,on #i? ,m>* ,galileo receiv$ f ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al1 ,fa!r ,fanano1 ! foll[+ communication3-- 8,8 ,hol9ess is will+ to all[ y to remove f y\r villa to ! h\se :i* y own 9 ,flor5ce1 9 ord] t y may be cur$ ( y\r illness "h4 ,b on y\r arrival 9 ! city y mu/ imm$iately repair1 or be tak51 to ! build+s ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 t y may le>n f me :at ,i mu/ d & prescribe = y\r advantage40#ech ,galileo avail$ himself ( ! p]mission to return to 8 little h\se1 ,via della ,co/a1 at ,flor5ce1 on ! v next day4 ,"h ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al1 z *>g$ by ! ,holy ,(fice1 in=m$ him1 8= 8 advantage10 ( ! ord]1 n to g out 9 ! city "u pa9 ( actual imprisonm5t = life & excommunication1 & n to speak ) any "o :omsoev] ( ! condemn$ op9ion ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>?4#eci ,x 0 also enjo9$ ^u him n to receive any suspici\s visitors4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! mode ( proce$+ ( ! ,inquisition1 t ,fanano set ,galileo's own son1 :o 0 nurs+ him ) ! t5d]e/ affection1 to wat* ov] him4 ,! ,inquisitor enjo9$ ^u ,v9c5zo to see t ! above ord]s 7 /rictly obey$1 & especially to take c>e t 8 fa!r's visitors nev] /ay$ long4 ,he rem>ks1 9 a report to ,francesco ,b>b]9i ( #aj? ,m>*1 t ,v9c5zo c\ld be tru/$1 8= he is v mu* oblig$ = ! fav\r grant$ to 8 fa!r to be m$ically treat$ at ,flor5ce1 & fe>s t ! lea/ (f5ce might entail ! loss ( x2 b x is v mu* to 8 own int]e/ t 8 fa!r %\ld behave prop]ly & keep up z long z possible1 = ) 8 dea? a ?\s& scudi w g1 :i* ! ,gr& ,duke all[s him annually40 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! wor?y ,fa!r ,fanano1 !n1 ! son mu/ be anxi\s = 8 fa!r's life = ! sake ( ! ?\s& scudi6 ,9 ! same lett] ! ,inquisitor assur$ ,b>b]9i t he w\ld himself keep a %>p look out t 8 ,hol9ess's ord]s 7 /rictly obey$1 :i*1 z we %all soon see1 he did n fail to d4 ,galileo's conf9em5t 9 ,flor5ce 0 s rigor\s t at ,ea/] a special p]mission f ! ,inquisition 0 requir$ to all[ him to g to ! little ,*ur* ( ,san ,giorgio1 v ne> 8 h\se1 to confess1 to communicate1 & to p]=m 8 ,ea/] devotions1#edj & ev5 ?is p]mission only ext5d$ expressly to ! ,?ursday1 ,good ,friday1 ,saturday1 & ,ea/] ,sunday4#eda ,on ! o!r h&1 z appe>s f ! dates ( 8 lett]s1#edb he 0 all[$1 dur+ ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 to g sev]al times to & fro betwe5 8 villa at ,arcetri & ,flor5ce4 ,galileo 0 n[ once m to discov] h[ rigidly he 0 wat*$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,8 negotiations ) ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 9 spite ( ! urg5t int]cession ( su* m5 z ,diodati1 ,hort5sius1 ,hugo ,grotius1 ,realius1 ,con/ant9e ,huygh5s 7,secret>y ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 & fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,*ri/ian ,huygh5s71 & o!rs1 _h n l$ to any result4 ,8 propos$ me?od ( tak+ longitudes at sea1 well work$ out z x 0 !oretically1 pres5t$ _m difficulties 9 practical application4 ,8 me?ods ( precisely det]m9+ ! smalle/ portions ( "t1 & ( ov]com+ ! ob/acles occasion$ by ! motion ( ! vessel1 did n prove to be adequate4#edc ,he _h endeav\r$1 9 a long lett] to ,realius ( #f? ,june1 #afcg1edd to dismiss or refute all ! objections t _h be5 made2 b ?is did n suffice1 & al?\gh ! ,/ates-,g5]al ackn[l$g$ 8 proposal 9 ! ma9 9 ! mo/ h&some t]ms1 ev5 accept$ x1 & (f]$ him a special di/9ction 7( :i* pres5tly71 x appe>$ necess>y to h "s p]sonal consultation on ! subject ) ! inv5tor4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,hort5sius1 :o _h also a great desire to make ,galileo's acqua9tance1 0 to g to ,flor5ce4#ede ,! ,inquisitor-,g5]al he>d t a delegate 0 com+ f ,g]many to conf] ) ,galileo on ! subject4 ,he at once report$ ?is on #bf? ,june to ,rome1#edf :5ce he receiv$ in/ructions "u date ( #ac? ,july f ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 t ,galileo mu/ n receive ! delegate if he 7 ( a h]etical religion1 or f a h]etical c\ntry1 & ! ,inquisitor w please communicate ?is to ,galileo2 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! int]view if ! p]son came f a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 & himself belong$ to ! ,ca?olic religion2 only1 9 accordance ) ! previ\s regulations1 ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? mu/ n be spok5 (4#edg ,a few days aft] ! ,inquisitor _h deliv]$ 8 in/ructions to ,galileo1 ! ,g]man m]*ants ( ! "n ( ,eb]s resid+ 9 ,flor5ce1 pres5t$ him 9 ! "n ( ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t ) a v flatt]+ lett]1 & a heavy gold *a91 z a recognition ( 8 proposals & a pl$ge ( ! ultimate adju/m5t ( ! negotiations4 ,! envoys ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al f\nd ,galileo v ill 9 b$1 8 bl9d$ eyes cont9ually runn+ & v mu* inflam$4 ,he felt ! gold *a91 :i* he c\ld n see1 & _h ! lett] read to him4 ,he !n h&$ ! *a9 back to ! m]*ants1 on ! plea t he c\ld n keep x n[1 z ! negotiations _h be5 int]rupt$ by 8 illness & loss ( sight1 & he did n at all "k :e!r he %\ld ev] be 9 a position to c>ry !m ?r\gh4#edh ,! real motive1 h[ev]1 0 no?+ b fe> ( ! ,inquisition1#edi & z ! sequel %[$1 he 0 q "r4 ,fanano s5t a report on #be? ,july ( all ^! circum/ances to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i at ,rome4 ,x is s *>act]i/ic t we _c refra9 f giv+ x3-- 8,! p]son :o 0 to come to see ,galileo has nei!r appe>$ 9 ,flor5ce1 nor is likely to appe>1 s f> z ,i am in=m$2 b ,i h n yet be5 able to le>n :e!r 9 consequ5ce ( "s h9drance on ! j\rney or f "s o!r cause4 ,i "k1 h[ev]1 t pres5ts = ,galileo & a lett] to him h come to "s m]*ants "h4 ,a highly e/imable p]son1 :o is 9 my confid5ce1 & has spok5 ) ! p]son :o has ! pres5ts & lett] 9 *>ge1 told me t bo? be> ! seal ( ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t2 ! pres5ts are 9 a case1 & may be gold or silv] "w4 ,galileo has /eadily refus$ to accept ei!r ! lett] or ! pres5ts1 :e!r f fe> ( incurr+ "s dang]1 on acc\nt ( ! w>n+ ,i gave him on ! fir/ news ( ! expect$ arrival ( an envoy1 or :e!r because he really c\ld n p]fect 8 me?od ( tak+ longitudes at sea1 & is n 9 a /ate to d x2 = he is n[ q bl9d1 & 8 head is m 9 ! grave ?an fit = ma!matical /udies4 ,insurm\ntable difficulties _h also occurr$ 9 ! use ( ! in/rum5ts indicat$ by him4 ,besides1 x is said "h1 t if he _h fully br\ght 8 plan to p]fection1 8 ,highness 7,f]d9& ,,ii4 ( ,tuscany7 w\ld nev] h p]mitt$ x to pass into ! h&s ( r5egades1 h]etics1 or enemies ( ! allies ( 8 h\se4 ,?is is :at ,i h to report to y\r ,em95ce40#eej ,! news t ,galileo _h n accept$ ! di/9ction (f]$ him by ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t gave great satisfaction at ,rome2 & ,urban ,,viii4 ev5 *>g$ ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 by a m&ate ( #e? ,augu/1 to express to ,galileo ! gratification ( ! ,holy ,congregation at 8 conduct 9 ?is affair4#eea ,ab\t ?is "t he 0 sunk s l[1 physically z well z m5tally1 t he & e "o ?\ght 8 dissolution 0 at h&4 ,9 a lett] to ,diodati ( #g? ,augu/1 9 :i* he told him ( 8 int]view ) ! ,g]man m]*ants at ,flor5ce1 he express$ ! fe> t 8if 8 suff]+s increas$ z !y _h done dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r days1 he w\ld n ev5 be able to dictate lett]s40#eeb ,he add$1 p]haps 9 ref]5ce to ! ,inquisitor's intimation ( #ac? ,july3 8,x w\ld be a fruitless und]tak+ if ,signor ,hort5sius 7 to take ! tr\ble to come & see me1 = if he f\nd me liv+ 7:i* ,i d n believe71 ,i %\ld be q unable to give him ! lea/ satisfaction40 ,8 pr(\nd vexation ab\t ! regulations impos$ ^u him 9 ?is matt] by ! ,roman curia is v evid5t 9 a lett] to ,diodati ( #ad? ,augu/4 ,he writes3-- 8,z ill luck w\ld h x1 ! ,holy ,(fice came to "k ( ! negotiations ,i 0 c>ry+ on ab\t ! geographical longitude ) ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 :i* may d me ! greate/ injury4 ,i am extremely oblig$ to y = hav+ induc$ ,signor ,hort5sius to give up 8 int5d$ j\rney1 & !reby av]t$ "s calamity f me :i* w\ld probably h be5 9 /ore = me if he _h come4 ,x is inde$ true t ^! negotiations ought n to d me any h>m1 = ! j & obvi\s reasons t y m5tion1 b r to br+ me fame & hon\r1 if my circum/ances 7 b l ^? ( o!r m51 t is1 if ,i 7 n pursu$ by mis=tune m ?an o!rs4 ,b hav+ be5 (t5 & (t5 conv9c$ by exp]i5ce ( ! tricks fate plays me1 ,i c b expect f its ob/9ate p]fidy1 t :at w\ld be an advantage to any "o else w nev] br+ any?+ b h>m to me4 ,b ev5 9 ?is bitt] adv]sity ,i d n lose my peace ( m9d1 = x w\ld be b idle audacity to oppose inexorable de/9y40#eec ,galileo1 :o ?\ght 8 h\rs 7 numb]$1 dictat$ 8 w on #ba/ ,augu/1 9 ! pres5ce ( a not>y & witnesses1 & direct$ t he %\ld be buri$ 9 ! family vault ( ! ,galilei 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce4#eed ,on #h? ,septemb] ! ,gr& ,duke paid ! dy+ a/ronom]1 z 0 suppos$1 a visit ( two h\rs1 & himself h&$ him 8 m$ic9e4#eee ,x _h be5 = a long "t a *]i%$ wi% ( ,galileo's to h ) him dur+ ! ev5+ ( 8 days 8 mo/ devot$ & fav\rite disciple1 ,fa!r ,ca/elli4#eef ,b ! pr(essor%ip :i* he held at ,rome made ! atta9m5t ( ?is wi% difficult4 ,z x 0 n[ suppos$ t a spe$y dea? w\ld deprive ! _w ( ! great philosoph]1 ! ,gr& ,duke reque/$ ?r\gh ,niccol9i at ,rome t ,ca/elli might come to ,flor5ce1 = a few mon?s at lea/1 t he might yet receive f ! lips ( 8 dy+ ma/] _m ideas ( importance = sci5ce1 :i* he might n p]haps confide to any b 8 tru/$ fri5d4#eeg ,aft] "s difficulties 7 surm\nt$1 he actually receiv$ ! papal cons5t1 b only on condition t a ?ird p]son %\ld always be pres5t dur+ ! conv]sations ) ,galileo4#eeh ,e>ly 9 ,octob] ,ca/elli arriv$ 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! ,inquisitor-,g5]al1 z *>g$ by ! ,holy ,(fice1 gave him p]mission to visit ,galileo1 ) ! express prohibition1 "u pa9 ( excommunication1 to conv]se ) him on ! condemn$ doctr9e ( ! e>?'s d\ble motion4#eei ,! p]mission1 h[ev]1 to visit ,galileo seems to h be5 v limit$1 = ,ca/elli repeat$ly wrote to ,c>d9al ,francesco ,b>b]9i1 ) ! mo/ urg5t entreaties to obta9 an ext5sion ( x = him f ! ,pope4 ,ca/elli prote/s 9 ?is lett] t he w\ld r lose 8 life ?an conv]se ) ,galileo on subjects =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*4 ,he gives z a reason = ! ne$ ( m frequ5t int]views t he _h receiv$ f ! ,gr& ,duke ! tw(old *>ge to m9i/] to ,galileo 9 spiritual matt]s1 & to in=m himself fully ab\t ! tables & ephem]ides ( ! ,m$icean />s1 because ! ,pr9ce ,giovanni ,c>lo1 ,"l ,high ,admiral1 0 to take ?is discov]y to ,spa94#efj ,! c>d9al repli$ t 9 consid]ation ( ^! circum/ances1 ,urban ,,viii4 grant$ p]mission = m frequ5t visits to ,galileo1 "u ! kn[n conditions2#efa b ! (ficial p]mission1 0 n issu$ until ab\t ,novemb]4#efb ,no?+ is kn[n 9 hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,"l ,high ,admiral's hav+ ev] tak5 ,galileo's me?od ( tak+ longitudes to ! ,p59sula4 ,dur+ ! same ye> 7#afch71 ! ,elzevirs at ,leyd5 issu$ ,galileo's fam\s "w3 8,disc\rses on & ,demon/rations ( ,two ,new ,sci5ces app]ta9+ to ,me*anics & ,motion40#efc ,?is "w1 kn[n "u ! abridg$ title1 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze10 0 d$icat$ to ! ,c\nt de ,noailles1 9 grateful remembrance ( ! w>m int]e/ :i* he _h always %[n 9 ! au?or4#efd ,x is ! mo/ copi\s & be/ ( all ,galileo's writ+s1 & he himself valu$ x m highly ?an any ( ! o!rs4#efe ,9 x he creat$ ! new sci5ces ( ! doctr9e ( cohesion 9 /ation>y bodies1 & _! resi/ance :5 torn asund]2 also t ( phoronomics1 & !reby op5$ up new pa?s 9 a field ( sci5ce t _h be5 ly+ fall[4 ,he mu/1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z ! real f\nd] ( me*anical physics4 ,x is n our prov9ce to ent] f>!r into ! cont5ts ( ?is "w1 or its importance = sci5ce4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 "s significance 9 our hi/orical review ( ,galileo's relations ) ! curia1 = x excit$ imm5se att5tion 9 all le>n$ circles1 & increas+ly attract$ ! notice ( ! sci5tific _w to ! prison] ( ! ,inquisition4 ,?is 0 by no means agreeable to ! ,romani/s1 :o w\ld h be5 glad to see him s9k into oblivion4 ,galileo n[ aga9 receiv$ communications f all c\ntries1 "s ( !m express+ ! highe/ admiration ( 8 new "w1 & o!rs ask+ m in=mation on _m ( ! !ories exp\nd$4 ,& we n[ behold ! %att]$ old man ( sev5ty-f\r1 only p>tially recov]$ f 8 sev]e illness1 c>ry+ on an ext5sive correspond5ce full ( ! mo/ ab/ruse problems 9 physics & ma!matics4#eff ,9 ,janu>y1 #afci1 z 8 heal? _h s f> improv$ z to all[ ! hope to be indulg$ t he might be sp>$ "s "t long]1 he return$ to 8 villa at ,arcetri1 n to leave x aga9 alive4 ,0 ?is move a volunt>y "o8 ,we h no docum5t :i* f9ally settles ! "q4 ,b we hold ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ x4 ,n only because x is difficult to reconcile a volunt>y return to ,arcetri ) 8 previ\s ef=ts to obta9 p]mission to reside 9 ,flor5ce1 b !re is a lat] lett] f him be>+ ! expressive date3 8,f ! ,villa ,arcetri1 my p]petual prison & place ( exile f ! city40#efg ,& :5 ! wife ( ,buonamici1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ = h] m5tal p[]s1 gave him a press+ invitation to ,prato1 :i* is only f\r miles f ,flor5ce1 he rem9ds h] 9 8 reply ( #f? ,april1 #afda1 t 8he 0 /ill a prison] "h = reasons :i* h] husb& 0 well aw>e (02 he !n presses h] to visit him at ,arcetri1 add+3 8,d n make any excuses1 nor fe> t any unpleasantness may accrue to me f x1 = ,i d n tr\ble myself mu* h[ ?is int]view may be judg$ by c]ta9 p]sons1 z ,i am accu/om$ to be>+ _m heavy burd5s z if !y 7 q light40#efh ,f su* utt]ances x is cle> t ,galileo _h little pleasure 9 resid+ at ,arcetri1 & t !re=e 8 second bani%m5t f ,flor5ce 0 n volunt>y1 b 0 ! result ( a papal ord]4#efi ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,la/ ,,ye>s ,,& ,,dea?4 ,refusal ( "s ,fav\r ask$ by ,galileo4--,8 pi\s ,resignation4--,cont9ues 8 sci5tific ,rese>*es4--,8 pupil ,viviani4--,failure ( attempt to r5ew ,negotiations ab\t ,longitudes4--,reply to ,liceti & ,correspond5ce ) him4--,la/ ,discussion ( ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em 9 reply to ,r9ucc9i4--,sket* ( its ,cont5ts4--,p5dulum ,clocks4--,priority ( ! discov]y belongs to ,galileo4--,visit f ,ca/elli4--,torricelli jo9s ,viviani4--,sci5tific disc\rse on 8 ,dea?b$4--,dea?1 #h? ,jan41 #afdb4--,proposal to d5y him ,*ri/ian ,burial4--,monum5t object$ to by ,urban ,,viii4--,f]d9& ,,ii4 fe>s to (f5d him4--,buri$ quietly4--,no ,inscription till ?irty-two ye>s lat]4--,fir/ ,public ,monum5t erect$ by ,viviani 9 #afic4--,viviani directs 8 ,heirs to erect "o 9 ,santa ,croce4--,erect$ 9 #agch4--,rome unable to put d[n ,cop]nican ,sy/em4--,9 #ageg ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 p]mits ! ,clause 9 ,decree =bidd+ ,books :i* tea* ! new ,sy/em to be expung$4--,9 #ahbj p]mission giv5 to treat ( x z true4--,galileo's ,"w & o!rs n expung$ f ! ,index till #ahce4 ,we n[ come to ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( ,galileo's life4 ,f two docum5ts publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,gh]>di1#egj we le>n t 9 #afci ,galileo once m ask$ at ,rome = "s fav\rs n specifi$1 b t !y 7 absolutely refus$ by ! ,pope4 ,f ?is "t ,galileo came no fur!r into direct contact ) ! ,roman curia4 ,he _h be5 compell$ to give up all hope ( any amelioration ( 8 lot f ! implacable ,urban ,,viii4 ,s he end$ 8 days quietly & resign$1 z ! prison] ( ! ,inquisition1 9 8 villa at ,arcetri4 ,ca/elli also1 :o 7z 8 lett]s to ,galileo ( #afci be> witness7#ega _h w>mly ex]t$ himself on 8 behalf ) ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i & o!r influ5tial p]sons1 _h probably come to ! conclusion t no?+ m c\ld be done = 8 un=tunate fri5d1 = f ?is "t we f9d no?+ 9 8 lett]s to ,galileo b sci5tific disquisitions & spiritual consolations4#egb ,?is indicates ! two int]e/s :i* occupi$ ! late/ p]iod ( ,galileo's life--deep piety & sci5tific m$itations4 ,8 utt] hopelessness & pi\s resignation are v cle>ly express$ 9 ! brief s5t5ce he us$ (t5 to write to ,ca/elli3 8,piace cosi a ,dio1 d]e piac]e cosi ancora a ,noi40#egc 7,if x please ,god1 x ought also to please u47 ,he nev] omitt$ 9 any lett] to 8 old fri5d & pupil to comm5d himself 9 conclusion to 8 pray]s1#egd & 9 8 lett] ( #crd ,decemb]1 #afci1 he add$3 8,i rem9d y to p]sev]e 9 y\r pray]s to ! all-m]ciful & lov+ ,god1 t ,he w ca/ out ! bitt] hatr$ f ! he>ts ( my malici\s & unhappy p]secutors40 ,! l(ty g5ius ) :i* nature _h end[$ ,galileo nev] display$ itself 9 s /rik+ & surpris+ a mann] z dur+ ^! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,no soon] 7 8 physical suff]+s 9 "s measure reliev$1 ?an he occupi$ himself 9 sci5tific speculations1 ! results ( :i* he p>tly communicat$ to 8 great pupil & subsequ5t biograph]1 ,viviani1 by ^w ( m\?1 & p>tly dictat$ !m to "s ( ^? ab\t him4 ,! society ( "y ,viviani1 !n eighte5 ye>s ( age1 :o1 by p]mission ( ! ,inquisition1 sp5t ! la/ two ye>s & a half ( ! old ma/]'s life ne> him1#ege 0 ! greate/ com=t to him1 & he conceiv$ a fa!rly affection = ! tal5t$ y\?4 ,we owe x p>tly to ! assi/ance & /imulus giv5 by ,viviani t ! ag$ ,galileo work$ on to ! end 9 improv+ & enl>g+ 8 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze10 made a numb] ( additions1 & add$ new evid5ce ( great importance to sci5ce 9 two supplem5t>y dialogues4#egf ,dur+ ?is la/ p]iod ( 8 life also1 he aga9 took up ! negotiations ) ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 brok5 (f by 8 sev]e illness 9 #afch4 ,aft] he became bl9d he _h giv5 up all 8 writ+s1 calculations1 & a/ronomical tables relat+ to ! ,m$icean />s1 to 8 old pupil1 ,fa!r ,v9c5zo ,r5i]i1 9 ord] t he might c>ry !m fur!r2 he 0 well adapt$ = ! task1 & execut$ x ) equal skill & zeal4#egg ,! new ephem]ides 7 j ab\t to be s5t to ,hort5sius1 :5 ,diodati in=m$ ,galileo ( 8 sudd5 dea? 9 a lett] ( #bh? ,octob]1 #afci4egh ,! ?ree o!r commission]s *>g$ by ! ,/ates-,g5]al ) ! inve/igation ( ,galileo's proposal hav+ also di$ "o aft] ano!r1 9 quick succession1 x 0 difficult to resume ! negotiations4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,ne!rl&]s 9 ,galileo's s*eme 7p]haps f its ackn[l$g$ imp]fection7 _h also evid5tly cool$1 & 8 proposal to replace ! commission]s 0 n c>ri$ out1 al?\gh he (f]$ to s5d ,r5i]i to ,holl& to give all ne$ful explanations by ^w ( m\?4 ,galileo's dea? !n put an end to ^! fruitless negotiations4#egi ,at ! beg9n+ ( #afdj ,=tunio ,liceti1 a =m] pupil ( ,galileo's1 publi%$ a book on ! phosphoresc5t ,bolognian /one4 ,9 ! fiftie? *apt] ( ?is "w he treats ( ! fa9t light ( ! side ( ! moon n directly illum9at$ by ! sun1 & rejects ! view advocat$ by ,galileo 9 8 8,sid]eus ,nuntius10 t x arises f a reflection ( ! sun's rays /rik+ our e>?1 :i* ! e>? reflects to our satellite1 :o aga9 reflects !m to u4 ,galileo 0 undecid$ :e!r x 7 n be/ to take no notice ( ,liceti's objections1 ! sci5tific value ( :i* he did n e/imate v highly1 :5 a lett] f ,pr9ce ,leopold de' ,m$ici1 bro!r ( ! reign+ ,gr& ,duke1 reliev$ him ( 8 d\bts4#ehj ,?is pr9ce1 :o has ga9$ a p]man5t "n 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce by f\nd+ ! celebrat$ 8,accadmia del ,cim5to10 invit$ ,galileo to give him 8 views on ,liceti's objections4#eha ,?is *all5ge suffic$ to r\se all ! bl9d old man's dialectic skill1 ?\gh he 0 !n sev5ty-six & b[$ d[n by m5tal & bodily suff]+s4 ,he dictat$ a reply1 9 ! =m ( a lett] to ,pr9ce ,leopold1 :i* occupies fifty l>ge pages 9 ! extant edition ( 8 8,op]e10 & 9 fire1 _s1 ma/]y ( language1 & cru%+ argum5t1 x is q a mat* = ! mo/ fam\s controv]sial works ( 8 manhood4#ehb ,a mo/ int]e/+ direct correspond5ce !n ensu$ betwe5 ,galileo & ,liceti1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on f ,june1 #afdj1 to ,janu>y1 #afda1 9 :i* n ?is "q only 0 discuss$1 b ,galileo took occasion to express 8 op9ions1 ) great _s & le>n+1 on ! mod]n ,p]ipatetic s*ool & philosophy1 on ,ari/otle himself1 & 8 fanatical foll[]s4 ,^! lett]s ( ! v5]able h]o ( sci5ce are *>act]is$ by o/5sible polit5ess p]vad$ by cutt+ irony1 :i* makes !m in/ructive & /imulat+ read+4#ehc ,t5 mon?s be=e 8 dea?1 ?anks to an indiscreet "q f "o ( 8 =m] pupils1 a la/ opportunity occurr$ ( speak+ ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,francesco ,r9ucc9i1 ,tuscan resid5t at ,v5ice1 & aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,pi/oja1 hav+ app>5tly =gott5 t ! ma/] _h solemnly abjur$ t op9ion1 & _h ev5 be5 compell$ to promise to d5\nce its adh]5ts :]ev] he met ) !m to ! ,inquisition1 in=m$ him 9 a lett] ( #bcrd ,m>*1 #afda1ehd t ! ma!matician ,pi]oni ass]t$ t he _h discov]$ by means ( ! telescope a small p>allax ( a few seconds 9 "s ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* w\ld place ! correctness ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em beyond all "q4 ,r9ucc9i !n goes on to say1 9 ! same brea?1 t he _h lately se5 ! manuscript ( a book ab\t to appe>1 :i* conta9$ an objection to ! new doctr9e1 & made x appe> v d\btful4 ,x 0 ?is3 because we see exactly "o half ( ! firmam5t1 x foll[s inevitably t ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,r9ucc9i begs ,galileo to cle> up ^! d\bts = him1 & to help him to a m c]ta9 op9ion4 ,?is 0 ! impulse to ,galileo's lett] ( #bi? ,m>*1 #afda1ehe :i*1 z ,alfr$ ,von ,reumont truly says1#ehf :e!r je/ or mask1 _h bett] nev] h be5 writt54 ,!re is no d\bt t x mu/ n be tak5 9 its lit]al s5se4 ,precisely ! same tactics are foll[$ z 9 ! lett] :i* accompani$ ! 8,treatise on ! ,tides10 to ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,au/ria 9 #afah1 & 9 _m passages ( ! 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,sy/ems40 ,galileo conceals 8 real op9ions beh9d a ?ick veil1 ?r\gh :i* ! tru? is only p5etrable by ! initiat$4 ,! cauti\s c\rse he pursu$ 9 ?is p]il\s answ] to ,r9ucc9i is z clev] z x is +5i\s1 & appe>s appropriate to 8 circum/ances2 b x does n produce a pleasant impression1 & = ! sake ( ! great man's memory1 "o w\ld pref] to leave ! subject unt\*$4 ,we w n[ exam9e ?is int]e/+ lett] m closely4 ,:5 we call to m9d ! disquisitions on ! relation ( ,scripture to sci5ce1 :i* ,galileo wrote to ,ca/elli 9 #afac1 & to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e 9 #afae1 ! v beg9n+ is a misrepres5tation only excusable on ! gr\nd ( urg5t necessity4 ,he says3 8,! incorrectness ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em %\ld n 9 any case be d\bt$1 especially by u ,ca?olics1 = ! inviolable au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture is oppos$ to x1 z int]pret$ by ! greate/ tea*]s ( !ology1 ^: unanim\s decl>ation makes ! /ability ( ! e>? 9 ! c5tre1 & ! revolution ( ! sun r\nd x1 a c]ta9ty4 ,! gr\nds on :i* ,cop]nicus & 8 foll[]s h ma9ta9$ ! contr>y fall to pieces be=e ! fundam5tal argum5t ( ! ,div9e omnipot5ce4 ,= s9ce ?is is able to effect by _m1 aye1 endless means1 :at1 s f> z we c see1 only appe>s practicable by "o me?od1 we mu/ n limit ! h& ( ,god & p]si/ ob/9ately 9 any?+ 9 :i* we may h be5 mi/ak54#ehg ,& z ,i hold ! ,cop]nican obs]vations & conclusions to be insuffici5t1 ^? ( ,ptolemy1 ,ari/otle1 & _! foll[]s appe> to me f> m delusive & mi/ak51 because _! falsity c cle>ly be prov$ )\t go+ beyond ! limits ( human k40#ehh ,aft] ?is introduction ,galileo proce$s to answ] ,r9ucc9i's "q4 ,he treats t argum5t aga9/ ! ,cop]nican sy/em z delusive1 & says t x orig9ates 9 ! assumption t ! e>? /&s /ill 9 ! c5tre1 & by no means f precise a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,he refutes1 !re=e1 ! sci5tific objection to ! new doctr9e4 ,speak+ ( ! assum$ discov]y ( ,pi]oni1 he says1 t if x %\ld be confirm$1 h[ev] small ! p>allax may be1 human sci5ce mu/ draw ! conclusion f x t ! e>? _c be /ation>y 9 ! c5tre4 ,b 9 ord] to weak5 ?is dang]\s s5t5ce1 he ha/5s to add1 t if ,pi]oni might be mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t he _h discov]$ su* a p>allax ( a few seconds1 ^? might be /ill m mi/ak5 :o ?9k !y c obs]ve t ! visible hemisph]e nev] v>ies1 n ev5 "o or two seconds2 = su* an exact & c]ta9 obs]vation is utt]ly impossible1 p>tly f ! insuffici5cy ( ! a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 & p>tly f ! refraction ( ! rays ( light4 ,z w be se51 ,galileo takes great c>e to %[ ! futility ( ! new argum5ts br\ght into ! field aga9/ ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,x !re=e seems v /range t "s writ]s1 & among !m ! well-kn[n ,italian hi/orian1 ,ces>e ,cantu1 suppose f ?is lett] t at ! close ( 8 life ,galileo _h really r5\nc$ ! prohibit$ doctr9e f pr(\nd conviction6#ehi ,! introduction1 & _m passages ?r[n 9 9 ?is cauti\s refutation1 mu/1 z ,albri & ,h5ri ,m>t9 ju/ly obs]ve1 be reg>d$ z fiction1 ! au?or hav+ ! ,inquisition 9 view2 x _h rec5tly giv5 a /rik+ pro( ( its wat*fulness by =bidd+ ! au?or ( a book call$ 8,de ,pitagorea anim>um transmigratione10 to apply ! epi!t 8cl>issimus0 to ,galileo1 & x _h only ) great difficulty be5 p]suad$ to p]mit 8notissimus ,galileus06#eij ,a %ort "t be=e ! close ( ,galileo's brilliant sci5tific c>e]1 9 spite ( age1 bl9dness1 & sickness1 he once m gave /rik+ evid5ce ( ! g5ius :i* c\ld only be qu5*$ by dea?4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! inadequacy ( 8 propos$ *ronomet] _h be5 ! *ief ob/acle to ! acceptance by ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( 8 me?od ( tak+ longitudes at sea4 ,n[1 9 ! second half ( ! ye> #afda1 x occurr$ to him1 z is confirm$ beyond "q by ,viviani1 :o 0 pres5t1#eia ?\gh ! idea is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,*ri/ian ,huygh5s1 ( add+ a p5dulum to ! !n v imp]fect clocks1 z regulator ( _! motion4 ,z ?is 0 sixte5 ye>s be=e ,huygh5s made kn[n 8 inv5tion ( p5dulum clocks1 priority indisputably belongs to ,galileo4 ,b x 0 only p]mitt$ to ! bl9d ma/] to conceive ! great idea--he 0 n to c>ry x out4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to employ ! eyes & h&s ( 8 son ,v9c5zo1 a v clev] me*anician1 to put 8 idea 9 practice1 & he told him ( 8 plan4 ,v9c5zo 0 to make ! necess>y draw+s accord+ to 8 fa!r's in/ructions1 & to con/ruct models accord+ly4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ^! lab\rs ,galileo fell ill1 & ?is "t he did n recov]4#eib ,8 fai?ful pupil1 ,ca/elli1 :o probably =esaw ! spe$y dissolution ( ! rev]$ old man1 came to see him ab\t ! end ( ,septemb]1 #afda4 ,9 ,octob]1 on ! repeat$ & urg5t invitation ( ,galileo1 ,torricelli jo9$ ,ca/elli & ,viviani1 n to leave ! ,villa ,arcetri until !y left x ) ,galileo's c(f94 ,torricelli 0 !n ?irty-?ree1 & ! old ma/] _h disc]n$ 8 em95t tal5ts f a treatise on ! !ory ( motion :i* he _h s5t him4#eic ,ca/elli 0 n p]mitt$ to /ay till ! close4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] he _h to return to ,rome1 leav+ ,galileo1 ,torricelli1 & ,viviani eag]ly occupi$ ) ! completion ( ! 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze40 ,on #e? ,novemb] ,galileo 0 attack$ by an insidi\s hectic fev]1 :i* sl[ly b surely br\ght him to ! grave4#eid ,viol5t pa9s 9 8 limbs ?rew him on a sick b$1 f :i* he did n rise aga94 ,9 spite ( all ^! suff]+s1 :i* 7 augm5t$ by con/ant palpitation ( ! he>t & almo/ entire sleeplessness1 8 active m9d sc>cely re/$ = a mom5t1 & he sp5t ! long h\rs ( p]petual d>kness 9 con/ant sci5tific conv]sation & discussions ) ,torricelli & ,viviani1 :o not$ d[n ! la/ utt]ances ( ! dy+ man ) pi\s c>e4 ,z !y *iefly relat$ to ! 8,dialoghi delle ,nuove ,sci5ze10 !y are to be f\nd 9 ! two supplem5t>y ,dialogues add$ to t "w4 ,on #h? ,janu>y1 #afdb1 ! ye> ( ,newton's bir?1 hav+ receiv$ ! la/ sacram5ts & ! b5$iction ( ,urban ,,viii41 ,galileo brea!d 8 la/1 at ! age ( ne>ly sev5ty-eight ye>s4 ,8 son ,v9c5zo1 8 daught]-9-law ,se/ilia ,boc*9]i1 8 pupils ,torricelli & ,viviani1 & ! p>i% prie/1 7 ar\nd 8 b$4#eie ,& :5 ,v9c5zo clos$ 8 fa!r's sightless eyes = _! la/ long sleep1 !y gave n a ?\ght at ,rome to ! sev]e loss su/a9$ by sci5ce by ,galileo's dea?1 b only prep>$ 9 hot ha/e to gu>d ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*1 & z f> z x lay 9 _! p[]1 to p]secute ! ,cs> ( sci5ce ev5 beyond ! grave4 ,! aim 0 n[1 z f> z possible1 to ext+ui% 8 memory1 ) :i* s _m p]ils = ,rome 7 b\nd up4 ,ev5 ar\nd 8 bi] ! /ruggle began4 ,"s pettifogg+ !ologians w5t s f> z to wi% t ,*ri/ian burial %\ld be d5i$ him1 & t 8 w %\ld be decl>$ null & void1 = a man condemn$ on suspicion ( h]esy1 & :o _h di$ z a prison] ( ! ,inquisition1 _h no claim to re/ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd1 nor c\ld he possess te/am5t>y rights4 ,a long consultation ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ,flor5ce1 & two circum/antial op9ions f !m 7 requir$ to put ^! fanatics to sil5ce4 ,imm$iately aft] ,galileo's dea? 8 num]\s pupils & admir]s made a collection = a h&some monum5t to ! fam\s ,tuscan4 ,! ,inquisitor1 ,fanano1 at once s5t ^w ( ?is to ,rome1 & receiv$ a reply by ord] ( ! ,pope1 dat$ #bcrd ,janu>y1 t he 0 to br+ x 9 "s way to ! e>s ( ! ,gr& ,duke t x 0 n at all suitable to erect a monum5t to ,galileo1 :o 0 s5t5c$ to d p5ance by ! tribunal ( ! ,holy ,(fice & _h di$ dur+ t s5t5ce2 good ,ca?olics w\ld be sc&alis$1 & ! reputation ( ! ,gr& ,duke = piety might suff]4 ,b if ?is did n take effect1 ! ,inquisitor mu/ see t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! inscription insult+ to ! reputation ( ! holy tribunal1 & ex]cise ! same c>e ab\t ! fun]al s]mon4#eif ,besides ?is1 ,urban ,,viii4 seiz$ ! next opportunity ( giv+ ! ,tuscan ambassador to und]/& t 8x w\ld be a bad example = ! _w if 8 ,highness p]mitt$ su* a ?+1 s9ce ,galileo _h be5 arraign$ be=e ! ,holy ,(fice = su* false & errone\s op9ions1 _h also giv5 mu* tr\ble ab\t !m at ,flor5ce1 & _h altoge!r giv5 rise to ! greate/ sc&al ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom by ?is condemn$ doctr9e40#eig ,9 ! despat* 9 :i* ,niccol9i report$ ^! rem>ks ( ! ,pope to 8 ,gov]nm5t1 he advis$ t ! matt] be po/pon$1 & rem9d$ !m t ! ,pope _h _h ! body ( ! ,du*ess ,matilda1 ( ,mantua1 remov$ f ! ,c>?usian conv5t !re1 & buri$ at ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 )\t say+ a ^w to ! ,duke ab\t x be=eh&1 excus+ himself aft]w>ds by say+ t all *ur*es 7 papal prop]ty1 & !re=e all ! bodies buri$ 9 !m belong$ to ! cl]gy6 ,if1 !re=e1 !y did n wi% to incur ! dang] ( p]haps see+ ,galileo's bones dragg$ away f ,flor5ce1 all idea mu/ be giv5 up = ! pres5t ( suitably celebrat+ 8 memory4 ,niccol9i receiv$ an (ficial reply t !re _h be5 a talk ( erect+ a monum5t to ,galileo1 b t 8 ,highness _h n come to any decision1 & prop] reg>d w\ld c]ta9ly be paid to ! h9ts receiv$ f ! ,pope4#eih ,! weak ,f]d9& ,,ii4 did n v5ture to act 9 ! lea/ aga9/ ! he>tless ,pope's wi%es4 ,ev5 ,galileo's desire 9 8 w to be buri$ 9 ! vault ( 8 ance/ors 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 at ,flor5ce1 0 n respect$4 ,8 mortal rema9s 7 plac$ 9 a little obscure room1 9 a side *apel belong+ to ! ,*ur*1 call$ 8! ,*apel ( ! ,novitiate40 ,he 0 buri$ accord+ to ! desire ( ,urban ,,viii41 v quietly1 )\t any pomp4 ,no monum5t nor inscription m>k$ 8 re/+ place2 b ?\gh ,rome did all %e c\ld to oblit]ate ! memory ( ! fam\s philosoph]1 %e c\ld n effect t ! immortal "n ( ,galileo ,galilei %\ld be buri$ 9 ! grave ) 8 lifeless rema9s4 ,x 0 n till ?irty-two ye>s lat]1 :5 ,urban ,,viii4 _h long be5 9 8 grave1 & m l5i5t views 7 ent]ta9$ ab\t ,galileo at ! ,vatican1 t ,fra ,gabriel ,pi]ozzi1 ,rector ( ! ,novices ( ! ,conv5t ( ,santa ,croce1 v5tur$ to adorn ,galileo's grave ) a long bomba/ic inscription4#eii ,9 #afic ,viviani1 ^: greate/ pride x 0 to sign himself 8,discpolo ultimo di ,galileo10 erect$ ! fir/ public monum5t to 8 immortal ma/]4 ,! front ( 8 h&some h\se 9 ! ,via ,san ,antonio 0 made to s]ve = x1 = he plac$ ! bronze bu/ ( ,galileo1 aft] ! model ( ! fam\s sculptor1 ,giovanni ,cacc9i1 ov] ! door4 ,a long eulogy on ,galileo 0 engrav$ ov] & on bo? sides ( x4#fjj ,b ,viviani 0 n cont5t ) ?us pi\sly hon\r+ ! memory ( ! ma/]2 9 8 la/ w he enjo9$ on 8 heirs to erect a spl5did monum5t to him1 :i* 0 to co/ ab\t #djjj scudi1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce4#fja ,decades1 h[ev]1 pass$ aft] ,viviani's dea? be=e 8 heirs ?\ght ( fulfill+ 8 wi%es4 ,at l5g?1 9 #agcd1 ! prelim9>y /eps 7 tak5 by an inquiry f ! ,conv5t ( ,santa ,croce1 :e!r any decree ( ! ,holy ,congregation exi/$ :i* w\ld =bid ! erection ( su* a monum5t 9 ! ,*ur*8 ,! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce imm$iately inquir$ ( ! ,holy ,(fice at ,rome :e!r x w\ld be p]mitt$ ?us to hon\r a man 8:o _h be5 condemn$ = notori\s errors40#fjb ,! op9ion ( ! c\nsellors ( ! ,holy ,(fice 0 tak54 ,!y said t !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! erection ( ! monum5t1 provid$ ! int5d$ inscription 7 submitt$ to ! ,holy ,congregation1 t !y might give su* ord]s ab\t x z !y ?\ght prop]4#fjc ,?is op9ion 0 confirm$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice on #af? ,june1 #agcd4fjd ,& s ! pomp\s monum5t to ,galileo1 :i* display$ ! ta/elessness ( ! age1 & 0 n complet$ till f\r ye>s lat]1 c\ld be rais$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 ?is pan!on ( ! ,flor5t9es1 :]e !y bury _! fam\s dead1 & ( :i* ,byron f9ely s+s 9 8,*ilde ,h>old03-- 8,9 ,santa ,croce's holy prec9cts lie ,a%es :i* make x holi]1 du/ :i* is ,ev5 9 itself an immortality1 ,?\gh !re 7 no?+ save ! pa/1 & ?is1 ,! p>ticle ( ^? sublimities ,:i* h relaps$ to *aos3--"h repose ,angelo's1 ,alfi]i's bones1 & 81 ,! />ry ,galileo1 ) 8 woes2 ,"h ,ma*iavelli's e>? return$ to :5ce x rose40#fje ,on #ab? ,m>*1 #agcg1 ,galileo's rema9s 7 remov$1 9 pres5ce ( all ! pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,flor5ce1 & _m ( ! le>n$ m5 ( ,italy1 ) great solemnity & ecclesia/ical pomp1 f _! mode/ re/+-place to ! new mausoleum 9 a m wor?y place 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce itself1 & unit$ ) ^? ( 8 la/ pupil1 ,viviani4#fjf ,x _h long be5 p]ceiv$ at ,rome t1 9 spite ( e ef=t1 x 0 va9 to try to bury ! ,cop]nican sy/em ) ,galileo 9 ! grave4 ,x c\ld no long] greatly conc]n ! ,roman curia t ,galileo's memory 0 held 9 high hon\r1 :5 ! cause = :i* he suff]$ _h decid$ly ga9$ ! victory4 ,x 0 by a s+ul> freak ( nature t 9 ! v same ye> :i* clos$ ! c>e] ( ?is great obs]v] ( h] laws1 ano!r :o 0 to complete ! "w begun by ,cop]nicus & c>ri$ on by ,galileo1 ent]$ ^u 84 ,he x is1 z we all "k1 :o gave to sci5ce ^? et]nal =ms n[ recognis$ z firmly e/abli%$1 & ^: g5ius1 by ! discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation1 cr[n$ ! edifice ( :i* ,cop]nicus laid ! f\ndations & :i* ,galileo upre>$4 ,dur+ ! lifetime ( ! latt]1 & ! p]iod imm$iately succe$+ 8 dea?1 ! tru? ( ! sy/em ( ! e>?'s d\ble motion 0 recognis$ by num]\s le>n$ m52 & 9 #afif1 :5 ,newton publi%$ 8 immortal "w1 8,philosophi naturalis pr9cipia ,ma!matica10 x became ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 ,all ! sci5tific _w :o pursu$ ! pa?s ( free inve/igation accept$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & only a few ossifi$ devotees ( ! old s*ool1 9 common ) "s !ological philosoph]s1 /ill rais$ impot5t objections to x1 :i* h be5 cont9u$ ev5 up to ?is day by "s wrong-head$ p4#fjg ,at ,rome !y only accommodat$ !mselves to ! new sy/em sl[ly & reluctantly4 ,9 #ageg1 :5 x 0 no long] d\bt$ by any "o b a few fanatics1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,index ?\ght ! "t 0 come = propos+ to ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 to expunge ! clause f ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 prohibit+ all books :i* tea* t ! sun is /ation>y & ! e>? revolves4 ,?is enlight5$ pontiff1 kn[n z a patron ( ! arts & sci5ces1 entirely agre$1 & signifi$ 8 cons5t on #aa? ,may1 #ageg4fjh ,b !re /ill rema9$ on ! ,index ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium10 ,diego di ,zuiga's 8,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,job0 7^! two works1 h[ev]1 only 8donec corrigantur10 b ?is 0 q wor?less = /rict ,ca?olics z f> z ! "w ( ,cop]nicus 0 conc]n$1 z s9ce ! ann\ncem5t ( ^! 8corrections0 by ! decree ( #ae? ,may1 #afbj1 no new edition _h appe>$71 ,fosc>9i's 8,ltt]a spra l'op9ione de i ,pittagorici e del ,cop]nico della mobilit della ,t]ra et /abilit del ,sole1 e il nuove ,pittagorico ,si/ma del ,mondo10 ,kepl]'s 8,epitome a/ronomi ,cop]nic10 & f9ally1 ,galileo's 8,dialogo sopra i due ,massimi ,si/mi del ,mondo40 ,?is la/ "w _h inde$ be5 all[$ to appe> 9 ! edition ( ,galileo's collect$ works1#fji und]tak5 at ,padua 9 #agdd1 :i* _h receiv$ ! prescrib$ ecclesia/ical p]mission2 b ! editor1 ! ,abbot ,toaldo1 _h be5 oblig$ expressly to /ate 9 an introduction t ! !ory ( ! d\ble motion c & mu/ be reg>d$ only z a ma!matical hypo!sis1 to facilitate ! explanation ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a4 ,besides ?is1 ! 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,pr9cipal ,sy/ems0 _h to be prec$$ by ! s5t5ce on & recantation ( ,galileo1 z well z by an ,essay 8,on ! ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews10 by ,calmet1 9 :i* ! passages ( ,scripture be>+ on ! ord] ( ! _w 7 int]pret$ 9 ! traditional ,ca?olic fa%ion4#faj ,! celebrat$ ,fr5* a/ronom] ,lal&e1 z he himself relates1#faa tri$ 9 va9 :5 at ,rome1 9 #agfe1 to get ,galileo's works expung$ f ! ,index4 ,! ,c>d9al ,prefect ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index object$ t !re 0 a s5t5ce ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice 9 exi/5ce :i* mu/ fir/ be cancell$1 b ?is 0 n done1 & all rema9$ z be=e2 & ev5 9 ! edition ( ! ,index ( #ahai1 /range to say1 ! five works m5tion$ above 7 to be f\nd z repudiat$ by ! ,roman curia6 ,x !n happ5$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahbj1 t ,canon ,joseph ,settele1 pr(essor ( optics & a/ronomy at ! ,ar*ive-gymnasium at ,rome1 wrote a lesson book1 8,elem5ti d'a/ronomia10 9 :i* ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 9 accordance ) ! results ( sci5ce1 0 treat$ ex pr(esso4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace1 ,philip ,anfossi1 to :om 9 8 capacity ( *ief c5sor ( ! press ! book 0 submitt$1 dem&$ "u appeal to ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 /ill 9 =ce1 t ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion %\ld be only treat$ hypo!tically1 & refus$ ! imprimatur until ! ,,ms4 _h be5 alt]$4 ,canon ,settele1 h[ev]1 0 n dispos$ to make himself ridicul\s 9 face ( ! :ole sci5tific _w by compliance ) ^! antiquat$ conditions1 & appeal$ to ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 :o ref]r$ ! matt] to ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,"h at la/ "s reg>d 0 _h to ! times1 & 9 ! sitt+ ( #af? ,augu/1 #ahbj1 x 0 decid$ t ,settele might treat ! ,cop]nican sy/em z e/abli%$1 :i* 0 approv$ by ,pius ,,vii4 )\t hesitation4 ,fa!r ,anfossi c\ld n1 aft] ?is decision1 prev5t ! "w f publication z x 01 b he resolutely po9t$ out ! contradiction betwe5 ?is p]mission & ! decree ( #e? ,m>*1 #afaf1 & publi%$ a treatise entitl$3 8,c any "o :o has made ! ,trid5t9e ,confession1 def5d & tea* z a !sis1 & z an absolute tru? & n a m]e hypo!sis1 t ! e>? revolves & ! sun is /ation>y80#fab ,?is gave rise to discussions 9 ! ,college ( ,c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,inquisition z to ! attitude to be adopt$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority t[>ds ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :i* _h be5 univ]sally adopt$ = m ?an a c5tury4 ,9 ! sitt+ ( #aa? ,septemb]1 #ahbb1 !y f9ally agre$1 ) express ref]5ce to ! decree ( ! ,index ,congregation ( #aj? ,may1 #ageg1 & #af? ,augu/1 #ahbj1 8t ! pr9t+ & publication ( works treat+ ( ! motion ( ! e>? & ! /ability ( ! sun1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al op9ion ( mod]n a/ronom]s is p]mitt$ at ,rome40#fac ,?is decree 0 ratifi$ by ,pius ,,vii4 on #be? ,septemb]4 ,b full ?irte5 ye>s m w5t by until1 9 #ahce1 :5 ! new edition ( ! catalogue ( prohibit$ books appe>$1 ! five works 9 :i* ! !ory ( ! d\ble motion 0 ma9ta9$ & def5d$ 7 expung$ f ! li/4 ,x 0 n until #ahce1 !re=e1 t ! la/ trace 0 effac$ ( ! memorable w>f>e s long & resolutely wag$ by ecclesia/ical p[] aga9/ ! sup]ior insight ( sci5ce4 ,if x is d5i$ to hi/ory to surr\nd ! head ( ,galileo1 ! greate/ advocate ( ! new sy/em1 ) ! halo ( ! m>tyr1 ready to die = 8 cause1 po/]ity w ev] reg>d ) admiration & gratitude ! figure ( ! man1 :o1 ?\gh he did n h]oically def5d ! tru?1 01 by virtue ( 8 g5ius1 "o ( h] fir/ pione]s1 & _h to be> = h] sake an accumulation ( untold suff]+4 ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,,manuscript4#fad ,we "k next to no?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 up to ! "t :5 ,napoleon ,i4 took possession ( ! papal city4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 :5 pr\d ,rome _h sunk s l[ z to be a dep>tm5t ( ,france1 9 #ahaa1 by ! m&ate ( ! !n rul] ( ! _w1 ! treasures ( ! ,vatican ar*ives 7 remov$ f ,rome to ,p>is4 ,among !m 0 ! volume conta9+ ! ,acts ( ,galileo's trial4 ,x is n kn[n h[ ,napoleon's special att5tion came to be direct$ to !m2 b x is c]ta9 t he reque/$ ,alex&] ,b>bi]1 !n ,/ate ,libr>ian1 to furni% him ) a detail$ report ab\t !m4#fae ,b>bi] h&$ x to ! ,m9i/] ( ,wor%ip & ,in/ruction4 ,he also propos$ t ! :ole ( ! docum5ts %\ld be pr9t$1 9 ! int]e/s ( hi/orical tru?1 9 ! orig9al ,lat9 & ,italian1 ) a ,fr5* translation4 ,! proposal 0 approv$ by ! ,emp]or1 & ! volume 0 h&$ ov] to ,b>bi] t he might h ! translation made4 ,:5 ! convulsions ( #ahad _h swept ,napoleon out ( ,p>is1 & transport$ him to ,elba1 & ! ,b\rbons aga9 rul$ ,france1 ! ,roman curia repeat$ly took /eps to rega9 possession ( ! volume4 ,aft] ! return ( ,pius ,,vii4 to ,rome 9 #ahad1 aft] 8 compulsory resid5ce at ,fonta9ebleau1 ,mgr4 ,m>9i 0 /ay+ at ,p>is z ,papal ,commiss>y1 9 ord] to dem& f ! new ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ! re/itution ( ! ar*ival treasures tak5 by ,napoleon f ! ,holy ,see4 ,he fir/ appli$ = ! ,acts ( ,galileo's trial to ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 :o ref]r$ him to ! ,c\nt de ,blacas1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,royal ,h\sehold4#faf ,he assur$ ,m>9i t he w\ld h a se>* in/itut$ 9 ! royal libr>y4#fag ,he wrote on ! same day to ,b>bi] *>g+ him to se>* = ! docum5ts1 & to report to him on _! hi/orical value4#fah ,b>bi]'s answ] is too *>act]i/ic n to be giv54 8,a ,son ,excell5ce le ,m9i/re de la ,maison du ,roi1 ,p>is1 #e ,decembre1 #ahad4 ,monseigneur1 ,je m'empresse de rpondre la lettre p> laquelle votre ,excell5ce me fait l'honneur de me dem&] s'il exi/e1 dans le dpt gnral des biblio?ques de ,s4,m4 ou dans l'une de ses ,biblio?ques p>ticulires1 des pices qui faisai5t p>tie des ,ar*ives ,pontificales et qui sont reclames p> le g>de de ces ,ar*ives1 savoir le procs de ,galile4 ,il y a plus de trois aus que je possde le procs de ,galile4 ,ri5 n'e/ plus clbre que ce procs dans l'hi/oire des ,sci5ces et dans celle de l',inquisition4 ,aussi s'en e/ on occup avec un gr& zle jusqu' ces d]ni]s temps2 ce qui e/ probablem5t cause qu' aprs l'avoir exam9 avec tante l'att5tion qu'il m]ite1 je n'y ai rem>qu ancun dtail qui ne soit connu 7sic74 ,l'importance de ce recueil consi/e donc pr9cipalem5t dans la runion des pices qui ont motiv1 dans le ,,xvii sicle1 la condamnation d'un habile a/ronome1 p\r une op9ion qui e/ gnralem5t enseigne auj\rd'hui dans t\tes les coles1 mme ecclsia/iques4 ,je suis1 ,monseigneur1 etc41 ,,b>bi]40#fai ,x is cle> t ,b>bi] expect$ to f9d support 9 ! ,acts ( ! trial = ! assum$ torture ( ,galileo2 & z !y report$ no?+ ( ! k9d1 & c\ld n report any?+ consi/5tly ) ! facts ( hi/ory1 ! libr>ian entirely ov]look$ ! va/ importance ( ! pap]s4 ,aft] ?is report ,c\nt ,blacas felt no scruple ab\t lett+ ! ,papal ,commiss>y h !m4 ,on #ae? ,decemb] ! m9i/] wrote a note to ,b>bi]1 ask+ him = ! volume ( docum5ts1 t he might himself h& x to ,m>9i4#fbj ,he also wrote to ! ,papal ,commiss>y t ! docum5ts _h be5 f\nd1 & t x w\ld give him great pleasure to deliv] !m to him4#fba ,m>9i accord+ly w5t ?ree times to ! m9i/]'s hotel1 & once to ! ,tuil]ies1 b )\t success4 ,he !re=e begg$1 9 a lett] ( #bh? ,janu>y1 #ahae1 to h a day & h\r appo9t$ = an audi5ce4#fbb ,to 8 dismay he receiv$ 9 reply a lett] f ,c\nt ,blacas ( #bnd ,febru>y1 #ahae1 say+ t ! ,k+ himself wi%$ to look ?r\gh ! trial ( ,galileo1 t ! ,,ms4 0 9 8 maje/y's cab9et1 & !re=e c\ld n be giv5 up imm$iately1 b x %\ld be done z soon z ! ,k+ _h return$ x4#fbc ,m>9i 0 !re=e on ! track ( ! docum5ts1 ?\gh he did n get !m4 ,b only tw5ty-f\r days aft] he receiv$ ?is explanation ! fam\s hundr$ days occurr$1 & ,l\is ,,xviii4 left 8 palace 9 ! d>kness ( night = ,gh5t4 ,napoleon _h sc>cely set out = ,/4 ,hel5a1 & ! legitimate sov]eign made 8 entry into ,p>is1 ?an we f9d ! ,papal ,commiss>y aga9 eag]ly try+ to get back ! preci\s ,,ms4#fbd ,b :at mu/ h be5 8 dismay :5 he 0 in=m$ by ,c\nt ,pradel1 tempor>y successor ( ,c\nt ,blacas1 on #f? ,novemb]1 #ahae1 t ! docum5ts 7 no long] to be f\nd 9 ! ,k+'s cab9et1 & t x 0 n kn[n :at _h become ( !m4#fbe ,fur!r ef=ts 7 fruitless4 ,all t he c\ld get f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 0 ! d\btful promise t ! pap]s %\ld be re/or$ :5 f\nd4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 ,augu/1 #ahag1 he aga9 attack$ ,c\nt ,pradel on ! subject1#fbf & 0 assur$ t !y 7 n 9 ! cab9et ( ! royal palace2 he might h a se>* made among ! ar*ives 9 ! ,l\vre1 !y might h be5 put aside !re4#fbg ,m>9i suspect$ t ! pap]s _h be5 purlo9$1 & ask$ ! m9i/] ( police1 ,c\nt ,decazes1 to help him 9 8 se>*4 ,he1 h[ev]1 ref]r$ him to ! ,m9i/] ,( ! ,int]ior1#fbh t is1 to ! place :]e he _h begun 8 inquiries ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,aft]w>ds he appli$ to ! presid5t ( ! m9i/ry1 ! ,duke ( ,ri*elieu1 & to ! influ5tial ,m4 de ,la91 b ) no m success ?an be=e4 ,9 #ahbj ,v5turi appli$ to ,delambre1 ,secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ) ! reque/ to get = him1 if possible1 extracts f & copies ( ! ,acts ( ! trial1 z he 0 urg5tly 9 want ( !m = ! second volume ( 8 8,memorie e lett]e in$ite fuora o disp]se di ,galileo ,galilei40 ,delambre eag]ly took up ! "q4 ,"s light is ?r[n on ! /eps he took by ! foll[+ note to ,b>bi] ( #bg? ,june1 only publi%$ a few mon?s ago3-- 8,le secretaire p]ptuel de l',acadmie p\r les ,sci5ces ,ma?matiques e/ v5u p\r avoir l'honneur de conv]s] avec ,m4 ,b>bi]1 sur un article intressant de biographie a/ronomique1 le procs de ,galile et les pices orig9ales dont ,m4 ,b>bi] a t longtemps dpositaire4 ,il desire cette conv]sation p\r lui-mme et p\r ,m4 ,v5turi1 etc41 ,delambre40#fbi ,?ree days lat] ,delambre wrote to ,v5turi t ! orig9al ,acts c]ta9ly _h be5 at ,p>is "s ye>s ago1 b _h disappe>$1 & x 0 n n[ kn[n :e!r !y 7 /ill !re or _h be5 tak5 away4 ,he told him t dur+ ! ,empire ! publication & translation ( ! docum5ts _h be5 project$1 b political ev5ts _h prev5t$ x f be+ c>ri$ out2 ! extracts1 h[ev]1 !n made1 & ! ,fr5* translation :i* _h be5 begun1 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,^!1 :i* ,m4 ,b>bi] _h plac$ at ,delambre's disposal1 he s5t to ,v5turi4 ,delambre express$ 8 great regret t ! mat]ial :i* he c\ld obta9 0 n complete2 b he consol$ himself ) ! op9ion t by ! publication ( ! docum5ts 9 ,riccioli's 8,almage/um novum10 #afea1 & 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,v5turi's "w1 no?+ ess5tial w\ld be want+2 & 8t un=tunate bus9ess1 :i* w\ld be ridicul\s if x 7 n s repulsive1 is n[ z widely kn[n z c be desir$40 ,delambre1 z x seems1 0 only conc]n$ ) ! cle>+ up ( ! torture "q2 & z ! fragm5ts :i* _h come to 8 k conta9$ no evid5ce ( torture1 & z he might h be5 in=m$ by ,b>bi] t !re 0 no trace ( x 9 any ( ! pap]s1 he wrote z above 9 calm conviction to ,v5turi4 ,eight ye>s aft]w>ds ,c\nt ,d>1 :o 0 int5d+ to br+ out 8 "w on a/ronomy1 made inquiries ( ,b>bi] ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,acts ( ,galileo's trial4 ,! in=mation he receiv$ mu/ h be5 :olly unsatisfactory1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ lett] f ! ,c\nt to ,b>bi] ( #af? ,octob]1 #ahbh3-- 8,j'ai reu ,monsieur 444 les deux lettres que v\s m'avez fait l'honneur de m'crire4 ,j'ai tr\v1 jo9t la seconde1 le billet de ,m4 l'abb ,d59a#fcj qui pr\ve que la traduction du procs de ,galile a exi/ au mo9s en p>tie4 ,du re/e1 n\s en avions dj la preuve p> l'extrait de ,m4 ,delambre4 ,je suis p]suad que le procs exi/e quelque "p ,p>is1 et ce me semble1 il doit se tr\v] dans quelque biblio?que du roi1 peut tre mme aux ,ar*ives de la li/e civile4 ,j'en p>l]ai a ,m4 le b>on de la ,b\ill]ie4 ,recevez1 etc41 ,,d>40#fca ,b ,d>'s fur!r inquiries seem to h be5 unsuccessful2 anyh[1 ! long-s\ght-= volume rema9$ conceal$ = sev5te5 ye>s long]4 ,9 #ahde ,gregory ,,xvi4 reque/$ ,pelegr9o ,rossi1 ,fr5* ambassador at ,rome1 :o 0 devot$ to ! papacy1 to use 8 influ5ce to get ! ,acts re/or$1 if !y %\ld be discov]$ at ,p>is4 ,?is %[s t x 0 disbeliev$ at ,rome t !y c\ld n be f\nd4 ,at fir/ ,rossi's urg5t m$iation only obta9$ ! assurance f ,l\is ,philippe t ! ,pope's *]i%$ wi% %\ld be fulfill$1 provid$ t ! pap]s %\ld be f\nd1 b on ! express condition t !y %\ld be publi%$ entire at ,rome4 ,& z ! curia1 ( c\rse1 promis$ to comply1 ! ,,ms4 :i* _h be5 my/]i\sly conceal$ = ?irty-"o ye>s 0 8f\nd0 & re/or$4 ,9 #ahdh-i1 :5 ! ,papal ,see 0 attack$ by ! revolution>y _s :i* p]vad$ ,europe1 ! fugitive ,pope1 ,pius ,,ix41 confid$ ! h>dly-won docum5ts to ! prefect ( ! ,secret ,ar*ives1 ,m>9o ,m>9i4 ,he n only took good c>e ( !m1 b took ! opportunity ( fulfill+ ! obligation to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t incurr$ on _! re/oration4 ,on #ab? ,april1 #ahej1 ! ,pope return$ f ,gaeta to 8 capital "u ! protection ( ,fr5* bayonets1 & 8 ?\ghts mu/ soon h recurr$ to ^! docum5ts1 = on #h? ,may ( ! same ye> he pres5t$ !m to ! ,vatican ,libr>y4 ,9 ! same ye>1 also1 ,m>9i's "w1 8,galileo ,galilei e l',inquizione10 appe>$ at ,rome1 int5d$ to be ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,fr5* conditions4 ,we purposely say 8int5d$ to be10 = !y 7 n really s at all4 ,! entire cont5ts ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 7 !reby by no means giv5 to ! public1 b su* a sight ( x z ! editor ?\ght prop]1 & :i* 01 z f> z possible1 an apology = ! ,inquisition4 ,in/ead ( ! full orig9al text ( ! ,acts1 ! _w only receiv$ disjo9t$ extracts1 arbitr>y fragm5ts--9 _m in/ances no?+ at all4 ,p]haps x 0 p]ceiv$ at head-qu>t]s t a comp>ison ( ,m>9i's "w ) ! docum5ts w\ld br+ /range ?+s to light1 = !y 7 sudd5ly remov$ f ! too public ,vatican ,libr>y & plac$ among ! papal ar*ives4 ,& = a long "t !re seem$ to be no disposition to place ^! important hi/orical mat]ials at ! disposal ( indep5d5t hi/orians4 ,?us we le>n f ,albri1 editor ( 8,le ,op]e di ,galileo ,galilei10 ,flor5ce1 #ahdb-ahef1 9 #af vols1 9 :i* all ! mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( ,galileo are collect$1 t ,m>9i _h made oblig+ (f]s to him ab\t ! ,vatican ,,ms42 b 8 dea? put an end to ! hopes ?us rais$1 & ,albri _h to cont5t himself ) reproduc+ ! extracts & docum5ts giv5 by ,v5turi & ,m>9i4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ,,ms4 0 n accessible to him1 or he w\ld surely h includ$ ! ,acts 9 8 great "w4 ,pr(essor ,moritz ,cantor1 :o ask$ to see !m t5 ye>s lat]1 met ) no bett] success4 ,he compla9s bitt]ly 9 8 essay1 8,galileo ,galilei10 t ! attempts he made ?r\gh ! good (fices ( an em95t savant1 ) ,fa!r ,!9]1 keep] ( ! ,secret ,ar*ives1 _h be5 )\t avail4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh nei!r ,albri nor ,cantor atta9$ _! wi%1 ,h5ri de ,l',ep9ois1 a few ye>s lat]1 0 m successful4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 "w1 8,galile1 son procs sa ,condemnation10 #ahfg1 he relates t 9 a conv]sation ) ,!9] at ,rome1 he express$ 8 regret at ! inadequacy ( ,m>9i's book1 & 8 desire to see ! subject ( ,galileo's trial cle>$ up4 ,!9] lib]ally respond$ to ?is appeal by plac+ ! docum5ts at 8 disposal4 ,b ,ep9ois _h only j made ha/y copies ( ! mo/ important1 & indices ( o!rs1 :5 he 0 compell$ by urg5t private affairs to return to ,france4 ,! copies ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 :i* he took ) him 7 !re=e 9 _m respects inaccurate & incomplete1 & ev5 ! indices left mu* to be desir$4 ,nev]!less1 hi/orical rese>* w always be indebt$ to ,ep9ois = publi%+ 8 notes1 9 spite ( _! %ortcom+s1 :i* 7 be/ kn[n to himself4#fcb ,! melan*oly picture ( ,galileo's trial 0 fir/ pres5t$ 9 fai?ful outl9e1 & x became possible to weave ! /ory ) approximate accuracy4 ,_m details1 h[ev]1 7 /ill want+2 & ?\gh ! fictiti\s /ories ( _m writ]s 7 consid]ably *eck$ by ,ep9ois's communications1 "s scope 0 /ill left = !m4 ,:at 0 want$ 0 ! entire publication ( ! ,vatican ,,ms41 & if possible ) diplomatic precision4 ,n9e ye>s aga9 w5t by1 dur+ :i* ,ep9ois seems to h f\nd no opportunity ( complet+ 8 "w4 ,mean:ile1 ,pr(essor ,dom5ico ,b]ti ask$ = ! fav\r ( a sight ( ! pap]s1 & 9 #ahgf he 0 engag$ 9 ,!9]'s room 9 copy+ ! docum5ts4#fcc ,9 ! same ye> 8 "w1 8,il ,processo ,orig9ale di ,galileo ,galilei10 appe>$1 be>+ ^u ! title page ! unw>rant$ addition1 8publicato p] la prima volta da ,dom5ico ,b]ti40 ,ep9ois _h be5 ! fir/ to publi% ! ,vatican ,,ms41 ?\gh only p>tially2 ! words w\ld only h be5 correct if ,b]ti _h publi%$ !m complete4 ,?is he pr(esses to h done1#fcd b z five docum5ts are want+1 & ! cont5ts ( fifty o!rs only %ortly giv51 x _c be reg>d$ z complete4 ,besides ^! un=tunate lapses1 ,b]ti's publication is v disappo9t+ to ! hi/orian4 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! read] z good an idea z possible ( ?is int]e/+ ,,ms41 ! docum5ts are tak5 out ( all connection1 & giv5 numb]s & sup]scriptions ( :i* !re is n a trace 9 ! orig9al1 & ! m>k+ ( ! folios is omitt$4 8,improvem5t0 ( ! or?ography1 punctuation1 etc41 is consi/5tly c>ri$ out4 ,"o ( ! numb]+s is q left out 7! olde/1 upp] pag+71 &1 foll[+ ,ep9ois1 he reads ! second incorrectly4 ,9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,b]ti's book appe>$1 ,sante ,pi]alisi receiv$ an invitation f high qu>t]s to inspect ! volume4 ,he accept$ ! flatt]+ (f] ) no small satisfaction1 b does n seem to h kn[n h[ to turn x to acc\nt4 ,he conf9$ himself to comp>+ ! mo/ important docum5ts 9 ,ep9ois & ,b]ti ) ! orig9als1 & to giv+ a li/1 by no means complete1 ( _! deviations f !m4#fce ,9 consequ5ce ( ! controv]sy z to ! g5u95ess ( ! docum5t ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 we resolv$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgg to attempt to get a sight ( ! pap]s1 our sole reason be+ ! desire to see = ourselves :e!r ext]nal evid5ce 0 = or aga9/ falsification1 or :e!r any c]ta9 conclusions c\ld be drawn f x4 ,we _h !n no idea :atev] ( publi%+ ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ourselves1 z we at t "t consid]$ ,b]ti's publication ( x to be ne>ly complete4 ,?r\gh ! good (fices ( ! ,au/rian ambassador1 we 7 promis$ t :5 we came to ,rome1 ,c>d9al ,simeoni1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 w\ld p]mit u to see ! docum5ts4 ,two days aft]w>ds we 7 on our way to ,rome1 & soon _h ! volume 9 our h&s4 ,z we turn$ ov] ! pages ) a curiosity easy to be imag9$1 & comp>$ x ) ,b]ti's publication1 we discov]$1 to our no small surprise1 its _m omissions & inaccuracies4 ,! idea !n occurr$ to u ( mak+ a copy ( all ! docum5ts 9 ! collection ) ! greate/ possible precision4 ,n ! lea/ 8improvem5t0 %\ld be made2 ! text %\ld be reproduc$ exactly1 ) its peculi> or?ography1 acc5tuation1 & punctuation1 its abbreviations1 errors1 & special m>ks1 s f> z x 0 possible by means ( typography4 ,we made kn[n our int5tion to ! fir/ prefect ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 ,mgr4 ,m>t9uzzi1 to :om ,c>d9al ,simeoni _h ref]r$ u2 he n only made n ! slighte/ objection1 b %[$ great int]e/ 9 our project4 ,dur+ our long daily t>riance 9 ! ,vatican aft]w>ds1 he 0 mo/ oblig+1 & heap$ att5tions ^u u :i* light5$ ! lab\r4 ,we might h be5 engag$ ab\t ?ree weeks 9 copy+ ! ,,ms41 s5d+ ! pages copi$ dur+ ! day to ,messrs4 ,cotta1 at ,/uttg>d1 to be pr9t$1 :5 we 7 surpris$ "o morn+ by a visit 9 ! ,vatican f ,m4 de ,l',ep9ois4 ,he told u t he _h be5 two mon?s at ,rome1 & _h und]tak5 a correction ( ,b]ti's book f ! orig9al4 ,we in=m$ him ( our ent]prise1 :i* he spoke ( z 8q a diff]5t ?+02 & :5 we return$ 8 call1 he aga9 spoke ( a correction ( ,b]ti1 & regrett$ t he _h n copi$ ! :ole ,,ms4 ,( any int5tion ( publi%+ x complete he said n a ^w4 ,we !re=e cont5t$ly w5t on ) our "w2 ! copy+ 0 ne>ly f9i%$ & ! pr9t+ 9 progress1 :5 "o aft]noon on our return f ! ,vatican we f\nd a lett] f ,ep9ois1 9 :i* he said t he _h n _h "t to call on u aga91 & in=m$ u ( ! spe$y appe>ance ( 8 complete publication ( ! ,vatican ,,ms41 & t we %\ld receive a copy 9 a few days4 ,?is ann\ncem5t 0 mo/ surpris+4 ,we w5t at once to seek ,m4 de ,l',ep9ois1 b le>nt t he _h left ,rome e>ly t morn+4 ,our "w 0 too f> advanc$ to be giv5 up1 & s we w5t on1 9 ! hope t ev5 n[ !re might be "s little place 9 ! _w = x4 ,by ! "t ,ep9ois's book rea*$ u ! copy+ 0 f9i%$1 & we 7 correct+ ! pro(s by ! orig9als4 ,x 0 n )\t value1 ev5 = our ent]prise1 = we comp>$ our pro(s ) x l9e by l9e & ^w by ^w1 made notes ( deviations1 & !n w5t to ! ,vatican to see :i* 0 "r4 ,we readily ackn[l$ge t 9 ?is way we discov]$ & correct$ _m errors :i* _h crept into our copy4 ,! v>iations :i* /ill exi/ are all well kn[n to u1 & are left1 ei!r because ,ep9ois is mi/ak51 or we consid] our read+ to be ! be/4 ,?is is n ! place = a criticism ( 8 "w2 we w only be> witness1 aft] comp>+ x ) ! orig9al1 to its accuracy4 ,,ii4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,,manuscript4 ,! ,acts ( ! two trials ( ,galileo1 ( #afae-af & #afcb-cc1 :i* are /it*$ toge!r1 & to :i* sev]al o!r docum5ts are add$ relat+ to ! surveillance ( ,galileo until 8 dea?1 & ! erection ( 8 monum5t1 =m a pretty ?ick qu>to volume1 tw5ty-two c5timet]s broad & ?irty high4 ,x is done up 9 a loose %eet ( :ite pap]1 :i* c lay no claim to v5]ation f age1 & is 9 an equally loose gre5 pa/ebo>d cov]1 :i* may boa/ ( hi/oric antiquity1 z may also ! fad$ & frail r$ /r+s by :i* ! volume is fa/5$4 ,! cov] is too %ort & too n>r[1 s t ! edges get m]cilessly rubb$4 ,9 ?is way1 un=tunately1 _m a lett]1 ^w & ev5 signature 9 ^! preci\s pap]s h be5 lo/1 & x is high "t to protect !m f fur!r injury4 ,! docum5ts are only slightly fa/5$ toge!r 9 places1 & y c see f ! outside h[ f> ! ,acts ( ! fir/ trial ext5d4 ,?is slight fa/5+ also enables y to see t all ! blank pages1 ( :i* !re are #aid1 are p>tly rev]se sides1 p>tly second pages ( docum5ts1 & x may easily be discov]$ to :i* docum5t ea* blank page belongs4 ,9 "s cases ^! second pages h be5 cut away1 z appe>s f ! broad piece left4 ,! suspicion f ?is t important docum5ts h be5 )drawn seems inadmissible1 = ! pages cut out1 z is se5 f ^? left1 :i* correspond ) ! re/1 belong$ to f9i%$ docum5ts1 & ! ab/raction ( a docum5t w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 betray$ by leav+ a broad /rip beh9d4 ,! pag+ is 9 ! greate/ confusion4 ,on ! title page1 9 ! "r h& corn]1 are ! figures #idi1 & "u !m #ccf4 ,! hi/orical introduction1 by an unkn[n h&1 prefix$ to ! pap]s1 is numb]$ #ccg-cdj4 ,! fir/ docum5t be>s ! d\ble pag+ #iej #cda1 ! upp] numb] be+ /ruck ?r\gh4 ,on folio #iea #cdb a ?ird pag+ beg9s ) #a1 on ! "r h& l[] edge4 ,! triple numb]+ goes on regul>ly to #iei #cej #i4 ,aft] #iib #chc #da ! upp]mo/ & olde/ pag+ is discont9u$4 ,folios #chd-chf1 blank pages ( ! ,acts ( ! fir/ trial1 only be> ! d\ble pag+1 probably because1 be+ blank1 !y 7 n pag$ until ! pap]s ( bo? trials 7 put toge!r4 ,! d\ble pag+ may be ?us expla9$4 ,! old numb]+ comprises all ! docum5ts belong+ to #afaf2 & z x is to be se5 on ! title page1 z well z ! words3 8,ex ar*ivo ,s4 ,(fij10 & ,vol4 #aaha1 x is cle> t ^! docum5ts 7 orig9ally compris$ 9 a volume ( ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,holy ,(fice numb]$ #aaha4 ,! ,acts ( ! second trial1 #afcb-cc1 mu/ h belong$ to ano!r volume1 z appe>s f ! pag+1 z ! fir/ docum5t be>s ! numb] #chg1 b ! numb] ( ! volume is n traceable4 ,:5 ! ,acts ( #afaf & #afcb-cc 7 b\nd toge!r1 9 ord] to =m a cont9u\s pag+1 ! old numb]s ( ! fir/ trial 7 /ruck ?r\gh1 & ! pag+ cont9u$ backw>ds1 reckon+ f ! fir/ folio ( ! second trial4 ,! ,introduction helps to det]m9e ! "t :5 ! two p>ts 7 unit$4 ,x only ext5ds to ! m5tion ( ,galileo's def5ce2 x is cle>1 !re=e1 t x 0 writt5 aft] #aj? ,may 7! date ( ! def5ce71 & be=e #ba/ ,june1 ! date ( ! la/ exam9ation1 :ile ! numb]+1 :i* is t ( ! second pag+ only1 %[s t ! union _h tak5 place4 ,! title page also is includ$ 9 ! second pag+4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,introduction & ! jo9+ ( ! ,acts up to #aj? ,may1 #afcc1 is to be attribut$ to ! same p]son4 ,! object ( ?is report und\bt$ly 0 to give ! ,pope & ,congregation1 be=e _! f9al v]dict on ,galileo2 a rsum ( ! :ole affair f its beg9n+4 ,! unit$ ,acts 7 ! v\*]s4 ,! draw+ up ( su* a rsum 0 "p ( ! ord9>y proce$+ 9 e trial be=e ! ,inquisition1 & x _h to be circulat$ among ! c>d9als & qualifi]s be=e ! f9al sitt+#fcf4 ,z 9 ,galileo's case ?is f9al sitt+ took place on #af? ,june1 "u ! p]sonal presid5cy ( ! ,pope1 x is 9 exact agreem5t ) ?is t bo? ! summ>y & pag+ ref]r$ to 9 x only ext5d to ! ev5ts ( #af? ,june4 ,z to ! addition ( ! fur!r docum5ts1 x may be obs]v$ t aft] ! pap]s 7 put toge!r ! collection end$ ) six second pages1 ( :i* f\r1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dea1 belong$ to ! op9ion ( ,pasqualigus2 & two1 #deb1 #dec1 to ! protocol ( ! exam9ation ( ,galileo ( #ab? ,april1 #afcc4 ,! annotation ab\t ! decree ( #af? ,june1 #afcc1 0 writt5 on ! rev]se side ( ! la/ second page1 #dea1 =m+ "p ( ! above-nam$ docum5t1 & ! ?ree previ\s pages 7 left blank4 ,! protocol on ! ,con/itute ( ,galileo ( #ba/ ,june 0 writt5 on ! blank %eets ( #ab? ,april4 ,on ! rema9+ space 7half ( #dec & ! rev]se side7 two notes 7 made--! fir/ ab\t ! m&ate ( #cj? ,june1 to s5d ! s5t5ce & recantation to all ,inquisitors1 etc41 & ! p]mit to ,galileo to g to ,si5a2 ! second note reports t ,fir5zuola issu$ ! ord] to ,galileo on #bnd ,july4 ,! re/ ( ! docum5ts :i* ! ,vatican ,,ms4 n[ conta9s mu/ h be5 add$ z !y came 91 or :5 !re 7 sev]al to be add$4 ,! pag+ 01 ( c\rse1 cont9u\sly c>ri$ out4 ,! la/ docum5t b "o ( ! collection is a %ort hi/orical summ>y ( ! process4 ,b]ti says t ?is mu/ h be5 drawn up at lea/ a ye> aft] its conclusion1#fcg b ,pi]alisi#fch has po9t$ out t he %\ld h said1 at lea/ a c5tury4 ,! orig9 ( x is pla93 :5 ! inquiry ( ,fra ,paolo ,antonio ,ambr999999 ( #h? ,june1 #agcd1 came 9 z to ! erection ( a monum5t 9 ,santa ,croce1 ?is rsum 0 drawn up to put ! c>d9als1 :o might n "k mu* ab\t x1 9 possession ( ! *ief facts ( ,galileo's trial4 ,9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ! %eet ( pap] conta9+ ! rsum is /it*$ to ! lett] ( ,fra4 ,ambr999999 & ! decision ( ! c>d9als writt5 on ! f\r? page4 ,if any d\bts rema9 t ?is summ>y 0 writt5 9 #agcd1 !y w disappe> on comp>+ x ) ! extracts1 publi%$ by ,gh]>di1 ( ! protocol ( ! sitt+ ( #af? ,june ( t ye>4 ,9 ?is we f9d1 )9 p>5!ses1 ! mo/ important "p ( ! summ>y1 foll[$ by ! decision ( ! c>d9als1 9 almo/ v]batim translation f ,italian into ,lat94 ,! date & purpose ( ! summ>y are !re=e made cle>4 ,,iii4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,,manuscript4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! docum5ts conta9$ 9 ?is fam\s volume4 ,!y diff] 9 hi/orical value1 = !y are n all z ,pr(essor ,b]ti says1#fci orig9al docum5ts1 b (t5 copies1 & m or less cursory annotations4 ,^? only c be consid]$ orig9al docum5ts :i* h autograph signatures2 z all ! lett]s 9 ! ,,ms4 ) "o exception1#fdj ! protocol ( ! exam9ation ( ,cacc9i1 & ! protocols ( ! exam9ations ( ,galileo2 ^? ( ! depositions ( ,xim5es & ,attavanti are copies s5t by ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce to ! ,holy ,(fice1 & !re is !re=e no "q ( _! au!nticity4 ,! re/ ( ! ,,ms4 consi/s ma9ly ( annotations on ! decrees relat+ to ! trial1 decrees & m&ates ( ! ,pope & ,holy ,congregation1 or notices ( _! execution4 ,b ! orig9al ,acts correspond+ ) ^! annotations are n compris$ 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ,moreov]1 a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,vatican ,acts ) ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts %[s1 t especially aft] ! conclusion ( ! trial till ,galileo's dea?1 _m papal decrees 7 issu$ ( :i* !re is no m5tion 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ,s f> z ?is1 !re=e1 x mu/ be look$ ^u z an incomplete s\rce4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t ! ,acts ( ! trial itself lie be=e u altoge!r4 ,dr4 ,emil ,wohlwill1 ( ,hamburg1 has rec5tly express$ ! suspicion t a %ort "t be=e ! ,,ms4 0 remov$ f ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,holy ,(fice to ,france1 ! ,acts ( ! trial und]w5t alt]ations ) a special purpose1 9 ! expectation t ! ,ar*ives w\ld be robb$1 & t aft] ! return ( ! volume 9 #ahdf1 ?r\gh ,mgr4 ,m>9o ,m>9i1 ,prefect ( ! ,papal ,ar*ives1 ^! alt]ations 7 complet$6#fda ,wohlwill takes all ! prelim9>y report--! orig9 ( :i* is cle>1 & 9 accordance ) ! rules ( ! ,inquisition--= a =g]y int5d$ to influ5ce 8read]s outside ! ,vatican40 ,he also ?9ks t ! op9ion ( ! qualifi] ( ! ,holy ,(fice at ! head ( ! ,acts is a lat] addition4 ,! object ( ?is no "o c make out1 & ,dr4 ,wohlwill himself c give no satisfactory reason = x4 ,z he _h only ,ep9ois's fir/ edition ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 7#ahfg71 & ,b]ti's imp]fect publication 9 8 h&s1 he (t5 draws incorrect conclusions4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ,dr4 ,wohlwill's bold conjectures turn out to be phantoms on an actual exam9ation ( ! pap]s1 & ?is w c]ta9ly be confirm$ by ,ep9ois1 ,b]ti1 ,pi]alisi1 & all :o h se5 !m4 ,?is is n ! place to refute ,wohlwill's suspicions1 z we h done s else:]e4#fdb ,x only rema9s = u to give ! mat]ial evid5ce :i* indisputably proves t ! annotation ( #bf? ,febru>y nei!r is nor c be a lat] falsification4 ,z is well kn[n1 be=e we _h inspect$ ^! docum5ts we _h fully adopt$ ! suspicion1 express$ by ,dr4 ,wohlwill 9 ,g]many1 & ,pr(essor ,gh]>di 9 ,italy1 t ! 8docum5t0 ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 0 ( a lat] orig91 9 ord] to af=d a pretext1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! "t1 = br++ ! inconv5i5t au?or ( ! 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,sy/ems0 to trial = disob$i5ce to an ord] ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation1 ?\gh ! "w seem$ to be protect$ by ! ecclesia/ical imprimatur4 ,we confess t we w5t to ,rome ) b little hope ( f9d+ ext]nal evid5ce = or aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! docum5t4 ,x _h be5 long 9 ,pr(essor ,b]ti's h&s1 & he _h def5d$ x ) le>n$ dialectics1 :ile ! controv]sy w\ld h be5 clos$ by adduc+ mat]ial evid5ce4 ,x seem$ to u1 !re=e1 suffici5t inducem5t to und]take a j\rney to ,rome1 if x %\ld enable u to confirm1 on ext]nal gr\nds1 t ! docum5t 0 n a falsification1 ev5 ?\gh its g5u95ess might n be capable ( demon/ration4 ,contr>y to all our expectations1 aft] a repeat$1 c>eful1 & we may say1 entirely objective exam9ation1 we mu/ pron\nce t ! suspicion ( a lat] orig9 is n t5able4 ,n[ = ! reasons4 ,! note ( #bf? ,febru>y beg9s on ! same page z t ( ! #be?1 & !y are 9 precisely ! same ink & h&writ+4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 case ( a =g]y1 ! p]petrator w\ld n h be5 s unskilful z to add a note 9 diff]5t ink & writ+ "u ano!r sixte5 ye>s old1 b w\ld h writt5 bo? on ano!r %eet1 & c>efully incorporat$ !m ) ! ,acts1 we _h to f9d out :e!r x 0 possible t ! pages on :i* ! notes are f\nd 7folios #cgh vo4 & #cgi ro471 c\ld h be5 aft]w>ds add$ to ! ,acts4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be impossible4 ,x is exclud$ by two circum/ances4 #a4 ,folios #cgh vo4 & #cgi ro4 are second pages to exi/+ docum5ts2 & folio #cgh belongs to #cgg1 on :i* is writt5 ! fam\s op9ion ( ! ,qualifi]s ( ! ,holy ,(fice on ! two propositions ( ,galileo1 tak5 f ! "w on ! ,sol> ,spots4 ,folio #cgi aga9 belongs to folio #ceg1 :i* is a page ( ! protocol ( ! exam9ation ( ,cacc9i4 #b4 ,9 ?is collection ( ! ,acts ( ! trial1 all ! pap] on :i* ! docum5ts ( ! ,holy ,(fice 7 writt5 at ,rome1 be>s ! same wat]m>k1--a dove 9 a circle1--:i* is n f\nd on any ( ! pap] ( lat] date4 ,?is m>k is di/9ctly visible on ! folios be>+ ! notes ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y4 ,z f ?is evid5ce ! idea ( a lat] ins]tion ( ! pap]s _h to be giv5 up1 !re 0 /ill "o suspicion left--t ! two notes _h be5 writt5 9 #afcb on blank %eets ( ,acts ( #afaf1 ( :i* !re are s _m1 & ! au!ntic notice ( #be? ,febru>y remov$4 ,b ?is hypo!sis c\ld n be ma9ta9$ 9 face ( ! fact t1 z a scrupul\s comp>ison %[$1 sev]al o!r annotations ( #afaf are 9 ! same h& z ^? ( #be? & #bf? ,febru>y1 :ile x is n to be f\nd 9 any docum5t ( ! lat] trial4 ,9 ! face ( ^! decisive facts x seems no long] ju/ifiable to ma9ta9 t ! note ( #bf? ,febru>y is a lat] falsification4 ,nev]!less1 ,pr(essor ,moritz ,cantor1 ( ,heidelb]g1 has conjectur$1 & ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i has told u = c]ta91 h[ ! 8falsifi]s0 w5t to "w4 ,9 ! ,revi/a ,europa1 vol4 iv4 "p v41 #a/ ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i prop\nds 8 !ory ) an effront]y :i* is mo/ conv9c+ to a layman & a/\nd+ to ! initiat$4 ,& yet x is entirely upset by "o simple practical obs]vation4 ,8 !ory is t ! page on :i* ! g5u9e protocol ( ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y 0 writt5 0 cut out1 t ?is 0 conceal$ by fold+ ! edge ! o!r way1 :ile space 0 f\nd = ! exi/+ =g]y by transpos+ blank %eets4 ,n[ = our obs]vation3 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i quotes only ! second pag+1 :i* 0 done aft] ! assum$ =g]y1 & x !re=e p]mitt$ a transposition ( pages accord+ to ! pleasure--n ( ! =g]1 b ( ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i4 ,9 #afcb !re 0 a regul> numb]+ f #idi-iib1 orig9at+ 9 #afaf1 & no transposition ( ! ,acts c\ld h be5 made on ,sc>tazz9i's plan1 )\t entirely di/urb+ x4 ,8 !ory !re=e belongs to ! realm ( impossibilities4 ,b firmly z x is n[ e/abli%$ t ! docum5t ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 is n a lat] =g]y1 x is equally c]ta9 t ! proce$+s did n take place 9 ! rigid mann] describ$ 9 t annotation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w we h become acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s reasons :i* conclusively prove t ! annotation conta9s a d[nright untru?1 exagg]ation1 or misrepres5tation4 ,to all ^! reasons "o m may n[ be add$4 ,_h ! c\rse ( ev5ts be5 t record$ 9 ! annotation1 s important an act w\ld h be5 made into a protocol1 & w\ld h be5 sign$ by ,galileo1 ! not>y1 & witnesses4 ,only a docum5t ( ?is k9d w\ld h af=d$ conclusive evid5ce on ano!r trial4 ,we le>n f ano!r docum5t ( ! trial t su* a proce$+ 0 a "p ( ! precaution>y measures ( ! ,inquisition1 9 ord] t ! accus$ might n be able to d5y :at _h happ5$4 ,:5 on #a/ ,octob]1 #afcb1 ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce1 :o issu$ ! comm& to him to pres5t himself at ,rome 9 ! c\rse ( ! mon?1 ,galileo _h to /ate 9 writ+ t he _h receiv$ ! ord] & w\ld obey x2 no soon] _h he left ! room ?an x 0 ent]$ by a not>y & witnesses :o _h be5 conceal$ 9 an adjo9+ ap>tm5t1 & affirm$ "u ,galileo's signature t !y _h be5 pres5t :5 he 8promis$1 wrote1 & sign$ ! above40#fdc ,if ^! measures 7 s /rictly obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ?is mu* less important act1 we may be tol]ably c]ta9 t !y w\ld n h be5 omitt$ 9 ! f> m important "o ( #afaf1 if ! /r+5t comm& _h really be5 issu$ to ,galileo by ! ,commiss>y-,g5]al 9 ! "n ( ! ,pope & ! ,holy ,congregation1 be=e not>y & witnesses1 to ma9ta9 h5ce=? absolute sil5ce1 9 speak+ & writ+1 ab\t ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,su* a docum5t w\ld h furni%$ ! ,holy ,(fice ) legal gr\nds = br++ ,galileo to trial 9 case ( 8 break+ 8 ^w1 & = puni%+ 8 disob$i5ce2 9 %ort1 = subject+ him to ! consequ5ces ( ?is categorical injunction4 ,did su* a protocol ev] exi/8 ,z we d\bt$ ! fact ( ! /r+5t intimation1 we did n believe t su* a docum5t ev] _h exi/$4 ,nev]!less1 :5 at ,rome1 we eag]ly s\ght to discov] :e!r1 contr>y to all expectation1 ?is mo/ important docum5t 0 extant1 or to le>n any?+ ab\t x4 ,x might p]haps be 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,holy ,inquisition1 9 :i*1 9 #ahdh1 ,pr(essor ,gh]>di _h f\nd su* valuable notes ab\t ! trial ( ,galileo4 ,we !re=e address$ a memorial to ! !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,c>d9al ,simeoni1 9 :i* we made a concise /atem5t ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! rese>*es relat+ to ,galileo's trial1 rem>k+ t ?\gh ! suspicion ( a falsification 0 n t5able1 ! correctness ( ! note ( #bf? ,febru>y seem$ d\btful1 & c\ld only be ackn[l$g$ z tru/wor?y if ei!r ! orig9al protocol1 or "s confirmatory notice1 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,inquisition4 ,9 ! c\rse ( f\r weeks we receiv$ ! foll[+ reply3-- 8,illmo ,signore1 ,9 sequito della ri*ie/a fattasi da ,v4 ,s4 ,illma di av]e dei docum5ti relativi a ,galileo1 mi recai a premura di commett]ne le opportune indag9i4 ,praticatesi le pi dilig5ti ric]*e1 v5go in=mato non esi/]e affatto negli ,ar*ivi i docum5ti *e si desid]avano4 ,nel port>e ci a sua notizia1 ho il piac]e di di*i>>le i s5si della mia di/9ta /ima-- ,di ,v4 ,s4 ,illma1 ,affmo p] s]virla1 ,,giovanni ,,c>d4 ,,simeoni4 ,roma #bj ,luglio1 #ahgg40 ,by ?is decisive in=mation x is e/abli%$ t n[1 at any rate1 no o!r docum5t is extant relat+ to ! proce$+s ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 ?an ! well-kn[n annotation4 ,0 ?is also ! case 9 #afcb1 :5 ,galileo 0 arraign$ = disob$i5ce & signally puni%$8 ,! hi/ory ( ! trial1 ! o!rwise incompreh5sible attitude ( ! ,int]rogator t[>ds ,galileo1 are /rongly 9 fav\r ( an affirmative answ]4 ,f 8 fir/ exam9ation to 8 def5ce1 ,galileo p]si/5tly d5ies hav+ receiv$ any o!r comm& ?an ! w>n+ ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e1 nei!r to hold nor def5d ! ,cop]nican doctr9e1 :ile ! ,int]rogator ma9ta9s t a comm& 0 issu$ to him be=e a not>y & witnesses 8n 9 any way to hold1 tea*1 or def5d t doctr9e40 ,! contradiction is obvi\s4 ,9 confirmation ( 8 deposition1 ,galileo br+s an autograph c]tificate f ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e :i* fully agrees ) x4 ,"o w\ld !n h expect$ to see ! ,int]rogator sp>e no pa9s to convict ,galileo on ?is turn+-po9t ( ! trial4 ,! production ( a legal protocol ab\t ! proce$+ ( #bf? ,febru>y w\ld h cle>$ up ! :ole affair & annihilat$ ,galileo's def5ce4 ,b z x 0 n produc$1 & ! ,int]rogator1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 omits all fur!r inquiry into ,galileo's ignorance ( ! absolute prohibition1 & simply takes x = grant$1 we may conclude t 9 #afcc no o!r docum5t exi/$ ab\t ! ,act ( #bf? ,febru>y ?an ?is note )\t signature4 ,x mu/ !re=e be admitt$ by ! hi/orical critic t "o ( ! heavie/ *>ges aga9/ ,galileo 0 rais$ on a pap] ( absolutely no legal value1 & t s5t5ce = 8disob$i5ce0 0 pass$ entirely on ! evid5ce ( ?is wor?less docum5t4 ,,iv4 ,,gh]>di',s ,,collection ,,( ,,docum5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w we h always ackn[l$g$ ! au!nticity ( ! docum5ts fir/ publi%$ by ,gh]>di 9 8 8,il ,processo ,galileo3 ,riv$uto ,sopra docum5ti di nuove fonte10 9 ! ,rivi/a ,europea1 vol4 iii41 #ahgj1 & our /ory has 9 _m cases be5 bas$ on !m4 ,x behoves u1 !re=e1 to give ! reasons :i* place _! au!nticity beyond "q4 ,^! are to be f\nd1 fir/1 9 ! orig9 ( ! collection2 secondly1 by comp>+ ! docum5ts ) o!rs univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be au!ntic4 ,on ! fir/ po9t we ref] to ! pr(essor's acc\nt prefix$ to ! docum5ts4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahdh1 he came to ,rome1 & 0 at fir/1 ?\gh only = a %ort "t1 deputy to ! p>liam5t summon$ by ,pius ,,ix41 !n held1 9 quick succession1 ! (fices ( memb] ( ! assembly = fram+ a con/itution1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & f9ally ,m9i/] ( ,in/ruction to ! ,revolution>y ,gov]nm5t4 ,^! (fices greatly facilitat$ ,gh]>di's hi/orical rese>*es1 & he pursu$ !m ) ard\r ev5 amid/ ! turmoil ( revolution4 ,8 att5tion 0 specially direct$ to ! discov]y ( ! orig9al docum5ts ( ,galileo's trial4 ,ev5 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdh1 he f\nd opportunity to make a se>* 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,palace ( ! ,inquisition1 :i* 0 c>efully gu>d$ by ! soldi]s & ag5ts ( ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t to save ^! hi/orical treasures f ! fury ( ! mob4 ,gh]>di _h hop$ to get a sight ( ! complete collection ( ! ,acts1 :i* _h two ye>s be=e be5 br\ght back f ,p>is4 ,b ?is hope 0 n fulfill$1 = z we "k1 dur+ ! ,revolution1 ^! docum5ts 7 9 ! h&s ( ,mgr4 ,m>9o ,m>9i1 ,prefect ( ! ,secret ,ar*ives4 ,s ,gh]>di _h to cont5t himself ) seek+ m or less evid5t traces ( ! trial among ! ,ar*ives left 9 ! greate/ confusion & p>tly ha/ily plund]$ by ! fugitive cu/odians4 ,x 0 n )\t difficulty t he discov]$1 :at 0 be=e unkn[n1 t ! ,acts ( ! ,inquisition 7 divid$ into two classes3 ! fir/ conta9s ! protocols ( ! sitt+s & decrees ( ! ,holy ,congregation1 sometimes 9 full & sometimes m]ely extracts4 ,! folios conta9+ ^! 7 m>k$ ,decreta4 ,! second class conta9s ! protocols ( ! exam9ations ( accus$ p]sons & witnesses1 all ,acts relat+ to trials1 & f9ally ! s5t5ces pass$4 ,^! folios 7 m>k$ ,processus4 ,!re 0 a ?ird regi/] m>k$ ,rubricelle1 :i* s]v$ z an index to ev]y?+ relat+ to any p]son or cause4 ,z !re 7 n ne>ly s _m gaps 9 ! ,decreta z 9 ! ,processus1 ,gh]>di turn$ 8 att5tion1 ! ,rubricelle 9 h&1 to ! =m]4 ,he began to make extracts f ! docum5ts relat+ to ,galileo's trial1 & _h already made t51 :5 he came ^u a collection ( pap]s conta9+ ?irty-two ( su* extracts1 all relat+ to ! trial4 ,to ^! pap]s 0 add$ an extract f a lett] f ,c\nt ,blacas1 f ,prague1 ( #bj? ,janu>y1 #ahce1 9 :i* he /at$ t he _h repeat$ly1 b )\t success1 in/itut$ a se>* = ! ,acts ( ,galileo's trial1 :i* _h be5 deta9$ at ,p>is s9ce #ahae1 & t no?+ w\ld give him great] pleasure1 %\ld !y come into 8 h&s1 ?an to deliv] !m to 8 ,hol9ess1 b ?is 0 n a suitable "t to r5ew ! dem& = !m4 ,x is cle> f ?is lett] t ! curia made at lea/ "o attempt to rega9 possession ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms4 betwe5 #ahbj & #ahde1 & ,gh]>di concludes f ! circum/ance t ?is lett] 0 f\nd ) ! said collection t a copy ( x _h be5 s5t to ! ,c\nt1 p]haps to %[ him t x 0 desir$ to put all ! pap]s relat+ to ,galileo's cause toge!r--a project int5d$ to urge ! ,c\nt to r5ew$ ef=ts = _! recov]y4 ,be t z x may1 ! important ?+ is t ,gh]>di1 hav+ conv9c$ himself ( ! entire agreem5t ( 8 t5 extracts 7! mo/ important71 ) ! correspond+ ones 9 ! collection1 conclud$ t ! o!r tw5ty-two 7 correct1 & did n make any m extracts4 ,9 ,april1 #ahdi1 9 spite ( ! precautions tak51 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,inquisition seem$ no long] safe f ! mob1 & 7 remov$1 ) o!r ecclesia/ical libr>ies1 to ! ,apoll9>ius *ur*1 :]e ,gh]>di 0 aga9 able to look at !m4 ,b x 0 b = a mom5t1 z he decid$ly decl9$ all responsibility = a collection ( su* imm5se hi/orical value4 ,moreov]1 ! advance ( ! ,fr5* army to ,rome to effect ! re/oration ( ,pius ,,ix41 w\ld h left him b little "t = hi/orical rese>*es4 ,on #d? ,july1 9 consequ5ce ( ! capitulation ( ! municipal c\ncil1 ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,ouid9ot m>*$ at ! head ( 8 troops into 8lib]at$0 ,rome1 :ile ,g>ibaldi left x on ! o!r side ) 8 #djjj volunte]s1 & ) him all ! patriots :o _h specially di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,republic dur+ its %ort exi/5ce4 ,among ^! 0 ,gh]>di1 :o turn$ 8 /eps t[>ds ,g5oa1 :]e he liv$ = 8 /udies dur+ 8 exile4 ,on leav+ ,rome he _h only be5 able to take t5 extracts ) him1 & _h n[ to wait = an opportunity ( complet+ !m by ^? 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,inquisition1 & he wait$ pati5tly tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,9 #ahgj ! "t at l5g? came4 ,he gives u no fur!r p>ticul>s z to h[ he succe$$ 9 gett+ ! collection into 8 h&s aga91 b simply says t he did s1 & no long] delay$ to give ?is valuable hi/orical mat]ial to ! _w4 ,! hi/ory ( ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts is ( itself a pl$ge ( _! au!nticity1 & x is absolutely confirm$ by comp>+ !m ) ! correspond+ docum5ts ( ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ,we h comp>$ !m l9e = l9e & ^w = ^w1 & h f\nd t !y conta9 no?+ ,:atev] t 9 ! lea/ div]ges f ^? ,acts4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y ?r[ light on & complete !m1 & 9 "s cases agree ) !m v]batim--p]haps ! be/ possible pro( ( ! au!nticity ( bo?4 ,v4 ,,decretvm#fdd #ihi4 ,fol4 #chj ro4 #ch ,sacr ,congregationis ,illu/rissimorum ,s4,r4,e4 ,c>d9alium1 ,s4,d4,n4 ,,pavlo ,papa ,v4 ,sanctq4 ,s$e ,apo/olica ad ,indicem ,librorum1 eorumdemq2 p]missionem1 prohibitionem1 expurgationem1 et impressionem1 9 vniu]sa ,republica ,*ri/iana specialit] deputatorum1 vbiqu public&um4 ,cvm ab aliquo tempore citra1 prodi]9t 9 lucem int] alios nonnulli ,libri1 v>ias hreses1 atq2 errores cont95tes1 ,ideo ,sacra ,congregatio ,illu/rissimorum ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c>d9alium ad indicem deputatorum1 n ex eorum lectione grauiora 9 dies damna 9 tota ,republica ,*ri/iana oriantur1 eos omn9 damn&os1 atque prohib5dos esse voluit2 ,sicuti prs5ti ,decreto pnitus damnat1 et prohibet vbicumq2 et qu\is idiomate impressos1 aut imprim5dos4 ,m&ans1 vt nullus de9ceps cuiuscumque gradus1 et conditionis1 sub pnis 9 ,sacro ,concilio ,trid5t9o1 et 9 ,indice ,librorum prohibitorum cont5tis1 eos audeat imprim]e1 aut imprimi cur>e1 vel quomodocumque apud se det9]e1 aut leg]e2 ,et sub ijsdem pnis quicumque nunc illos hab5t1 vel habu]9t 9 futurum1 locorum ,ord9>ijs1 se ,inquisitoribus1 /atim prs5tis ,decreti notitia exhib]e t5eantur1 ,libri autem sunt infrascripti1 videlicet4 ,!ologi ,calv9i/> ,libri tres1 auctore ,conrado ,s*luff]burgio4 ,scotanus ,r$iuiuvs1 siue ,com5t>ius ,erotematicus 9 tres prio- res libros1 codicis1 4 ,grauissim qu/ionis ,*ri/ian>um ,ecclesi>um 9 ,occid5tis'1 prf]tim p>tibus ab ,apo/olicis temporibus ad no/ram vsque tatem cont9ua successione1 4 /atu3 hi/orica explicato1 ,au- ctore ,jacobo ,vss]io ,sacr ,!ologi 9 ,dulb9i5si#fde ,academia apud ,hyb]nos pr(essore4 ,f$]ici ,a*illis ,ducis ,vu]temb]g4 ,consultatio de ,p9cipatu int] ,prov9cias ,europ habita ,tub+i 9 ,illu/ri ,collegio ,anno ,*ri/i #afac4 ,donnelli ,enucleati1 siue ,comm5t>ium ,hugonis ,donelli1 de ,iure ,ciuili 9 comp5dium ita r$actorum 4 ,et quia etiam ad notitiam prfat ,sacr ,congregationis p]u5it1 falsam illiam doctr9am ,pi?agoricam1 diu9q2 scriptur omn9o adu]santem1 de mobilitate ,t]r1 et immobilitate ,solis1 quam ,nicolaus ,cop]nicus de reuolutionibus orbium cle/ium1 et ,didacus ,a/unica 9 ,job etiam doc5t1 iam diuulg>i et multis recipi2 sicuti vid]e e/ ex quadam epi/ola impressa cuiusdam ,patris ,c>melit1 cui titulus1 ,lett]a del ,r4 ,padre ,mae/ro ,paolo ,antonio ,fosc>9i ,c>melitano1 sopra l'op9ione de ,pittagorici1 e del ,cop]nico1 della mobilit della ,t]ra1 e /abilit del ,sole1 et il nu\o ,pittagorico ,si/ema del ,mondo1 9 ,napoli p] ,lazz>o ,scoriggio #afae4 9 qua dictus ,pat] o/5d]e conatur1 prfatam doctr9am de immobilitate ,solis 9 c5tro ,mundi1 et mobilitate ,t]r1 consonam esse1 v]itati1 et non adu]s>i ,sacr ,scriptur3 ,ideo n vlt]is huiusmodi op9io 9 p]niciem ,ca?olic v]itatis s]pat1 c5suit dictos ,nicolaum ,cop]nicum de reuolutionibus orbium1 et ,didacum ,a/vnica 9 ,job1 susp5d5dos esse donec corrigantur4 ,librum v] ,patris ,pauli ,antonij ,fosc>9i ,c>melit omn9 prohib5dum1 atque damn&um2 aliosq2 omnes ,libros p>it] idem doc5tes prohib5dos1 ,pr\t prs5ti ,decreto omnes respectiu prohibet1 damnat1 atque susp5dit4 ,9 quorum fidem prs5s ,decretum manu1 et sigillo ,illu/rissimi ,reu]5dissimi ,d4 ,c>d9alis ,s4 ,ccili ,epi ,albane signatum1 et munitum fuit die #e4 ,m>tij #afaf4 ,p4 ,episc4 ,alban54 ,c>d4 ,s4 ,ccili4 ,locus sigilli4 ,regi/r4 fol4 #ij4 ,f4 ,franciscus ,magdal5us ,capif]reus ,ord4 ,prdic4 ,secret4 ,,rome1 ,ex ,typographia ,cam] ,apo/olic4 ,m4,,dcxvi4 ,,vi4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,recantation4#fdf ,we give ! ,s5t5ce & ,recantation z giv5 by ,giorgio ,polacco 9 8 "w1 8,anticop]nicus ,ca?olicus seu de t]r ,/atione1 et de salis motu1 contra sy/ema ,cop]nicanum1 ,ca?olic ,ass]tionis10 pp4 #fg-gf1 ,v5ice1 #afdd4 ,ev]y?+ indicates t ^! are ! only au!ntic copies ( ! orig9als1 :ile ! op9ion adopt$ by _m au?ors t ! ,lat9 texts publi%$ by ,p4 ,riccioli 9 8 8,almage/um ,novum10 #afea1 are ! orig9als1 is n t5able on close exam9ation1 = x is obvi\s t !y are translat$ f ! ,italian4 ,accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,inquisition1 s5t5ces & recantations 7 writt5 9 ! "m tongue1#fdg t !y might be g5]ally und]/ood4 ,p4 ,olivi]i1 ,g5]al ( ! ,dom9icans & ,commiss>y ( ! ,inquisition1 also says 9 8 po/hum\s "w1 8,di ,cop]nico e di ,galileo10 ,bologna1 #ahgb1 p4 #fb1 8,we f9d ! hi/ory ( x1 etc41 9 ! s5t5ce pass$ on ,galileo1 :i* is giv5 9 _m works 9 a ,lat9 translation4 ,i take x f ,v5turi1 :o gives x 9 ! ,italian orig9al40 ,pr(essor ,b]ti1 9 8 8,il ,processo orig9ale di ,galileo ,galilei10 etc41 pp4 #adc-aea1 has giv5 ! ,s5t5ce & ,recantation 9 a ,lat9 text :i* agrees precisely ) ,riccioli's1 ev5 9 "s mispr9ts4 ,he says t !y are tak5 f "s ,,ms4 copies 9 ! ,ar*ivio del ,santo1 at ,padua1 & ?9ks t !y are ! v copies s5t by ! ,c>d9al ( ,/4 ,onufrio1 at ! comm& ( ! ,pope1 to ! ,inquisitor at ,padua 9 #afcc4 ,incit$ by ?is rem>k1 :5 at ,padua we w5t to inspect ^! valuable ,,mss4 ,b :at 0 our surprise on be+ told t ^! docum5ts _h already be5 s\ght = 9 va9 at ! reque/ ( ,dr4 ,wohlwill1 & t no "o rememb]$ to h se5 !m4 ,pr(essor ,b]ti w p]haps h ! goodness to cle> ! matt] up4 ,! docum5ts 7 probably only exact copies ( ,riccioli's text4 ,,s5t5za4 ,noi ,gasp>o del titolo di ,s4 ,croce 9 ,gi]usalemme ,borgia4 ,fra ,felice ,c5t9o del titolo di ,s4 ,ana/asis1 detto d',ascoli4 ,guido del titolo di ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo ,b5tivoglio4 ,fra ,desid]io ,scaglia del titolo di ,s4 ,c>lo detto di ,cremona4 ,fra ,antonio ,b>b]9a detto di ,s4 ,on(rio4 ,laudivi ,zac*ia del titolo di ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9cola detto di ,s4 ,si/o4 ,b]l+]o del titolo di ,s4 ,ago/9o1 ,gessi4 ,fabricio del titolo di ,s4 ,lor5zo 9 pane e p]na4 ,v]ospi1 *iamato ,prete4 ,francesco di ,s4 ,lor5zo 9 ,damaso ,b>b]9o1 e ,m>tio di ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova ,g9etti ,diaconi4 ,p]la mis]icordia di ,dio della ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c>d9ali 9 tutta la repubblica cri/iana contra l'eretica pravit ,inquisitori ,g5]ali della ,s4 ,s$e ,apo/olica specialm5te deputati4 ,ess5do *e tu ,galileo1 figliolo del qu4 ,v9c5zo ,galilei ,fior5t9o dell' et tua d' anni #gj fo/i d5onciato del #afae 9 que/o ,s4 ,(ficio1 *e t5essi come v]a la falsa dottr9a da molti insegnata1 *e il ,sole sia c5tro del mondo et immobile1 e *e la t]ra si muova anco di moto diurno3 ,*e avevi alcuni discepoli1 a' quali insegnavi la m$esima dottr9a3 ,*e circa l' i/essa t5evi corrispond5za con alcuni ,matematici di ,g]mania3 ,*e tu avevi dato alle /ampe alcune lett]e intitolate delle ,mac*ie ,sol>i1 nelle quali spiegavi l' i/essa dottr9a1 come v]a3 ,et *e all' obbiezioni1 *e alle volte ti v5ivano fatte1 tolte dalla ,sacra ,scrittura rispondevi gloss&o detta ,scrittura con=me al tuo s5so4 ,e successivam5te fu pres5tata copia d' una scrittura sotto =ma di lett]a1 quale si diceva ess]e /ata scritta da te ad un tale gi tuo discepolo1 ed 9 essa segu5do la posizione di ,cop]nico1 si cont5gono v>ie proposizioni contro il v]o s5so1 ed autorit della sacra ,scrittura4 ,vol5do p] ci que/o ,s4 ,tribunale provv$]e al disord9e ed al danno1 *e di qu prov5iva1 et &ava cresc5dosi con pregiudizio della ,santa ,f$e2 d' ord9e di ,no/ro ,signore1 e degli ,em94 ,signori ,c>d9ali di que/a suprema1 et univ]sale ,inquisizione1 furono dalli ,qualificatori ,teologi qualificate le due proposizioni della /abilit del ,sole e del moto della t]ra2 cio4 ,*e il ,sole sia c5tro del ,mondo1 et immobile di moto locale1 proposizione assurda e falsa 9 filos(ia1 e =malm5te eretica p] ess]e espressam5te contr>ia alla sacra ,scrittura4 ,*e la t]ra non sia c5tro del mondo1 n immobile1 ma *e si move eti&io di moto diurno1 p>im5ti proposizione assurda1 e falsa 9 filos(ia1 e consid]ata 9 teologia1 ad m9us erronea 9 fide4 ,ma vol5dosi p] allora proc$] teco con b5ignit1 fu decretato nella ,s4 ,congregazione t5uta avanti ,no/ro ,signore #be ,febbr>o #afaf4 ,*e l' ,em95tissimo ,signor ,c>d9ale ,bell>m9o ti ord9asse *e tu dovessi onn9am5te lasci>e la detta dottr9a falsa1 e ricus&o tu di ci f>e1 *e dal ,commiss>io del ,s4 ,uffizio ti dovesse ess] fatto precetto di lasci> la detta dottr9a1 e *e non potessi insegn>la ad altri1 n dif5d]la1 n tratt>ne2 al qual precetto non acquiet&oti1 dovessi ess] c>c]ato2 et 9 esecuzione dell' i/esso decreto1 il giorno segu5te nel ,palazzo1 et alla pres5za del suddetto ,em95tissimo ,signore ,c>d9ale ,bell>m9o1 dopo ess]e /ato dall' i/esso ,signor ,c>d9ale b5ignam5te avvisato et ammonito1 ti fu dal ,padre ,commiss>io del ,santo ,uffizio di quel tempo fatto precetto1 con not>o e te/imonii1 *e onn9am5te dovessi lasci> la detta falsa op9ione1 e *e nell' avv5ire tu non la potessi1 n dif5d]e1 n insegn>e 9 qual si voglia modo1 n 9 voce1 n 9 scritto2 et av5do tu promesso d' obb$ire fo/i lic5ziato4 ,et accioc* si togliesse affatto cos p]niciosa dottr9a1 e non &asse pi oltre s]p5do1 9 grave pregiudizio della cattolica v]it1 usci decreto della ,sacra ,congregazione dell' ,indice1 col quale furono proibiti i libri1 *e trattano di tal dottr9a1 et essa di*i>ata falsa1 et onn9am5te contr>ia alla sacra e div9a ,scrittura4 ,et ess5do ultimam5te comp>so qu un libro /ampato 9 ,fior5za l' anno prossimo passato1 la cui inscrizione mo/ra *e tu ne fossi l' autore1 dic5do il titolo3 ,dialogo di ,galileo ,galilei delli due massimi si/emi del ,mondo1 ,tolemaico e ,cop]nicano4 ,et in=mata appresso la sacra ,congregazione1 *e con l' impressione di detto libro ogni giorno pi pr5deva pi$e la falsa op9ione del moto della t]ra1 e /abilit del ,sole2 fu il detto libro dilig5tem5te consid]ato1 e 9 esso trovata ap]tam5te la transgressione del suddetto precetto *e ti fu fatto1 av5do tu nel m$esimo libro difesa la detta op9ione gi dannata1 et 9 faccia tua p] tale di*i>ata1 avv5ga *e tu 9 detto libro con v>ii raggiri ti /udii di p]suad]e1 *e tu la lasci1 come idecisa et espressam5te probabile4 ,il *e pure errore gravissimo1 non pot5do 9 modo niuno ess]e probabile un' op9ione di*i>ata e def9ita p] contr>ia alla ,scrittura div9a4 ,*e p]ci d' ord9e no/ro fo/i *iamato a que/o ,santo ,uffizio1 nel quale con tuo giuram5to esam9ato riconosce/i il libro come da to compo/o1 e dato alle /ampe4 ,confessa/i1 *e dieci o dodici anni sono 9 circa1 dopo ess]si fatto il precetto come sopra1 com9cia/i a scriv]e detto libro4 ,*e *i$e/i la facolt di /amp>lo1 s5za1 p] signific>e a quelli *e ti di$]o simile facolt1 *e tu avessi precetto di non t5]e1 dif5d]e1 n insegn>e 9 qualsivoglia modo tal dottr9a4 ,confessa/i p>im5ti *e la scrittura di detto libro 9 pi luoghi di/esa 9 tal =ma1 *e il lettore potrebbe =m> concetto1 *e gli argom5ti portati p] la p>te falsa foss]o 9 tal guisa pronunciati1 *e pi to/o p] la loro efficacia foss]o pot5ti a /r+]e1 *e facili ad ess] sciolti2 scus&oti d' ess] incorso 9 errore tanto ali5o1 come dice/i1 dalla tua int5zione1 p] av] scritto 9 ,dialogo1 e p] la natural compiac5za1 *e ciascuno ha delle proprie sottigliezze1 e del mo/r>si pi arguto del comune degli uom9i1 9 trov>1 anco p] le proposizioni false1 +egnosi et app>5ti discorsi di probabilit4 ,et ess5doti /ato assegnato t]m9e conv5i5te a f> le tue difese produce/i una f$e scritta di mano dall' ,em95tissimo signor ,c>d9ale ,bell>m9o da te procurata come dice/i1 p] dif5d]ti dalle calunnie de tuoi nemici1 da' quali ti v5iva oppo/o1 *e avevi abiurato1 e fossi /ato p5it5ziato dal santo ,(fizio4 ,nella qual f$e si dice1 *e tu non avevi abiurato n m5o eri /ato p5it5ziato1 ma *e ti era solo /ata d5unciata la di*i>azione fatta da ,no/ro ,signore e pubblicata dalla santa ,congregazione dell' ,indice1 nella quale si conti5e1 *e la dottr9a del moto della t]ra1 e della /abilit del ,sole sia contr>ia alle sacre ,scritture1 e p] non si possa dif5d]e1 n t5]e2 e *e p]ci non si fac5do m5zione 9 detta f$e delle due p>ticole del precetto1 cio doc]e1 et quovis modo si deve cr$]e *e nel corso di quattordici o s$ici anni1 ne avessi p]so ogni memoria2 e *e p] que/a /essa cagione avevi taciuto il precetto1 qu&o *i$e/i lic5za di pot] d>e il libro alle /ampe4 ,e tutto que/o dicevi non p] scus> l' errore1 ma p]* sia attribuito non a malizia1 ma a vana ambizione4 ,ma da detta f$e prodotta da te 9 tua difesa re/a/i maggiorm5te aggravato1 m5tre dic5dosi 9 essa1 *e detta op9ione contr>ia alla sacra ,scrittura1 hai nondim5o ardito di tratt>ne1 di dif5d]la1 e p]suad]la probabile2 n ti suffraga la lic5za da te artificiosam5te1 e callidam5te e/orta1 non av5do notificato il precetto *e avevi4 ,e p>5do a noi1 *e non avevi detta inti]am5te la v]it circa la tua int5zione1 giudicassimo ess] necess>io v5ir contro di te al rigoroso esame1 nel quale 7s5za p] pregiudizio alcuno delle cose da te confessate1 e contro di te d$otte come di sopra1 circa la detta tua int5zione7 risponde/i cattolicam5te4 ,p] tanto vi/i1 et maturam5te consid]ati i m]iti di que/a tua causa1 con le suddette tue confessioni1 e scuse1 e quanto di ragione si doveva v$]e e consid]>e1 siamo v5uti contro di te all' infrascritta dif9itiva s5t5za4 ,invocato dunque il ,santissimo ,nome di ,no/ro ,signore ,ges ,cri/o1 e della sua gloriosissima ,madre sempre ,v]g9e ,m>ia1 p] que/a no/ra dif9itiva s5t5za1 la quale s$5do pro tribunali1 di ,conseglio e p>]e dei ,rev]5di ,mae/ri di sacra ,teologia1 et ,dottori dell' una e l' altra legge no/ri ,consultori1 pr(]iamo 9 que/i scritti1 nella causa e cause v]t5ti avanti di noi tra il ,magnifico ,c>lo ,s9c]i dell' una e dell' altra legge ,dottore1 ,procuratore fiscale di que/o ,santo ,(fizio p] una p>te1 e te ,galileo ,galilei reo1 qu pres5te processato1 e confesso come sopra dall' altra4 ,diciamo1 pronunciamo1 s5t5ziamo1 di*i>iamo1 *e tu ,galileo suddetto p] le cose d$otte 9 processo1 e da te confessate1 come sopra1 ti sei reso a que/o ,santo ,(fizio veem5tem5te sospetto d' eresia1 cio d' av] cr$uto1 e t5uto dottr9a falsa1 e contr>ia alle sacra1 e div9e ,scritture1 *e il ,sole sia c5tro della t]ra1 e *e non si muova da ori5te ad occid5te1 e *e la t]ra si muova1 e non sia c5tro del mondo2 e *e si possa t5]e dif5d]e p] probabile una op9ione dopo d' ess] /ata di*i>ata1 dif9ita p] contr>ia alla sacra ,scrittura2 e consegu5tem5te sei incorso 9 tutte le c5sure1 e p5e da' ,sacri ,canoni1 et altre ,con/ituzioni g5]ali1 et p>ticol>i1 contro simili del9qu5ti impo/e1 e promulgate4 ,dalle quali siamo cont5ti1 *e sii assoluto1 pur *e prima con cuor s9c]o1 et f$e non f9ta avanti di noi abiuri1 mal$i*i1 et dete/i li suddetti errori1 et eresie1 e qualunque altro errore1 et eresia contr>ia alla cattolica et apo/olica ,romana ,*iesa1 nel modo *e da noi ti s> dato4 ,et accioc* que/o tuo grave1 e p]nicioso errore1 e transgressione non re/i del tutto impunito1 e sii pi cauto nell' avv5ire2 et esempio agli altri1 *e s'a/5gh9o da simili delitti4 ,ord9iamo *e p] pubblico editto sia proibito il libro de' ,dialoghi di ,galileo ,galilei4 ,ti condanniamo al c>c]e =male di que/o ,s4 ,(fizio p] tempo ad arbitrio no/ro1 e p] p5it5ze salut>i t'imponiamo1 *e p] tre anni a v5ire di*i una volta la settimana li sette ,salmi ,p5it5ziali4 ,ris]v&o a noi facolt di mod]>e1 mut>e1 o lev> 9 tutto o 9 p>te le suddette p5e1 e p5it5ze4 ,e cosi diciamo1 pronunciamo1 s5t5ziamo1 di*i>iamo1 ord9iamo1 cond5niamo1 e ris]viamo 9 que/o1 et 9 ogni altro miglior modo1 e =ma1 *e di ragione potemo1 e dovemo4 ,ita pronunciamus nos ,c>d9ales infrascripti4 ,f4 ,c>d9alis ,de ,asculo4 ,g4 ,c>d9alis ,b5tiuolus4 ,f4 ,c>d9alis ,de ,cremona4 ,fr4 ,antonius ,c>d9alis ,s4 ,honuphrij4 ,b4 ,c>d9alis ,gypsius4 ,f4 ,c>d9alis ,v]ospius4 ,m4 ,c>d9alis ,g9ettus4 ,,abjura ,,di ,,galileo4 ,io ,galileo ,galilei figlio de q4 ,v9c5zo ,galilei da ,fior5za dell' et mia d' anni #gj con/ituito p]sonalm5te 9 judicio1 et +9oc*io avanti di voi ,em95tissimi1 e ,rev]5dissimi ,signori ,c>d9ali 9 tutta la ,*ri/iana ,republica contro l'h]etica pravit ,g5]ali ,inquisitori hav5do avanti gli oc*i miei li ,sacrosanti ,evangeli1 quali sono con le proprie mani1 giuro *e sempre ho cr$uto1 cr$o adesso1 e con l'aiuto di ,dio cr$] p] l' av5ire1 tutto quello1 *e ti5e1 pr$ica1 et insegna la ,santa ,cattolica1 et ,apo/olica ,romana ,*iesa4 ,ma p]*e da que/o ,s4 ,(ficio p] hav]io doppo d' ess]mi /ato con precetto dall' i/esso giuridicam5te intimato1 *e omn9am5te dovessi lasci>e la falsa op9ione1 ,*e il ,sole sia c5tro del ,mondo1 et immobile1 e *e la t]ra non sia ,c5tro1 e *e si muova1 e *e non potessi t5]e1 dif5d]e1 ne insegn>e 9 qual si voglia modo1 ne 9 voce1 ne 9 scritto la detta falsa dottr9a1 e dop dess]mi /ato notificato1 *e detta dottr9a contr>ia alla ,sacra scrittura1 scritto1 e dato alle /ampe un libro nel quale tratto l' i/essa dottr9a gi dannata et apporto ragioni con molta efficacia a favor d'essa1 s5za apport> alcuna solutione1 son /ato giudicato vehem5tem5te sospetto d'h]esia1 cio d'hav] t5uto1 e cr$uto1 *e il ,solo sia c5tro del ,mondo1 et immobile1 e *e la t]ra non sia c5tro1 e si muova4 ,p] tanto vol5do io lev>e dalle m5ti dell' ,em95ze ,vo/re1 e d' ogni f$el ,*ri/iano1 que/a vehem5te sospittione1 contro di me ragionevolm5te conceputa1 con cuor s9c]o1 e f$e non f9ta1 abiuro1 mal$ico1 e dete/o li sudetti errori1 et h]esie1 e g5]alm5te ogni e qualunque altro errore1 e setta contr>ia alla sudetta ,santa ,*iesa2 ,e giuro *e p] l' av5ire1 non dir mai pi1 ne ass]ir 9 voce1 9 scritto cose tali1 p] le quali si possi hav] di me simil sospittione2 ma se conosc]o alcuno h]etico1 *e sia sospetto d'h]esia lo d5unti> que/o ,santo ,(ficio v]o all' ,inquisitore1 et ord9>io del luogo1 ove me trov]o4 ,giuro anco1 e promesso d'adempire1 et ossevra re inti]am5te1 tutte le p5it5ze1 *e mi sono /ate1 mi s>anno da que/o ,santo ,(ficio impo/e4 ,et contrav55do io ad alcuna delle dette mie promesse1 prote/e1 giuram5ti 7il *e ,dio non voglia7 mi sottopongo a tutte le p5e1 e ca/ighi1 *e sono da ,sacri ,canoni1 et altri ,con/itutioni ,g5]ali1 e p>ticol>i contro simili del9qu5ti impo/e1 e promulgate2 ,cosi ,dio m' aiuti1 e que/i suoi santi ,evangelij1 *e tocco con le proprie mani4 ,io ,galileo ,galilei sopradetto ho abiurato1 giurato1 e promesso1 e mi sono obligato come sopra1 et 9 f$e del v]o di propria mia mano h sottoscritto la pres5te ,c$ola di mia abiuratione1 e recitata di p>ola 9 p>ola 9 ,roma nel ,conv5to della ,m9]va que/o di #bb ,giugno #afcc4 ,io ,galileo ,galilei h abiurato come di sopra di mano propria4 ,,footnotes #a 8,die ,act5 des ,gallileis*5 ,processes1 na* d] ,vaticanis*5 ,h&s*rift1 von ,k>l von ,gebl]40 ,cotta1 ,/uttg>d1 #ahgg4 #b ,! above lett] is adapt$ f a draft ( "o address$ to ! ,italian ,translator1 ! lett] to myself n hav+1 un=tunately1 be5 s5t be=e ! ,au?or's dea?1 nor f\nd among 8 pap]s aft]w>ds4 ,he _h writt5 b a few weeks be=e t he w\ld s5d x %ortly1 & z x w\ld probably h be5 almo/ exactly simil> to ! above1 ,i h avail$ myself ( x1 ! ,au?or's fa!r hav+ s5t me a copy ) ! necess>y alt]ations & au?oris$ its use4--,,tr4 #c ,see ,app5dix ,,iv4 #d ,riccioli1 vol4 i4 "p ii4 pp4 #dif-ejj4 #e ,9 ! ref]5ces ! "n only ( ! au?or is giv54 ,albri's 8,op]e0 is designat$ ,op4 ,^? m>k$ 99 are new = ! ,engli% translation4 #f ,?is is ! writ+ ref]r$ to :5 ,gh]>di is quot$4 #g ,comp>e ,nelli1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bd1 #be1 & ,op]e xv4 p4 #chd4 ,! /range mi/ake1 :i* is )\t any f\ndation1 t ,galileo 0 an illegitimate *ild1 0 set afloat soon aft] 8 dea? by ,johann ,victor ,rossi 7,janus ,nicius ,ery?ru7 9 8 8,p9aco!ca ,illu/rium ,virorum10 ,cologne1 ,am/]dam1 #afdc-afdh1 & aft]w>ds c>elessly & sometimes malici\sly repeat$4 ,salviati has publi%$ ! m>riage c]tificate ( #e? ,july1 #aefc1 ( ,v9c5zio di ,mi*el ,angelo di ,giovanni ,galilei & ,giulia degli ,ammanati ,pescia4 #h ,_m ( ^! essays1 :i* h nev] be5 pr9t$1 are among ! valuable unpubli%$ ,,mss4 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,flor5ce4 #i ,galileo _h a y\ng] bro!r1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 & ?ree si/]s1 ,virg9ia1 ,el5or1 & ,livia4 ,! =m] m>ri$ a c]ta9 ,b5$etto ,l&ucci1 ! latt] ,taddeo ,galetti4 ,galileo 0 v k9d to 8 bro!r & si/]s all 8 life1 assi/$ !m 9 _m ways1 & ev5 made great sacrifices = _! sakes4 #aj ,nelli1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #aa ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #ccj2 & ,op4 vi4 p4 #ah4 #ab ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #cbh4 #ac ,! correctness ( ?is date is indisputable1 z accord+ to ,nelli1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! univ]sity regi/]s4 ,x is a pity t ,albri1 editor ( ! 8,op]e complete di ,galileo ,galilei10 ,flor5ce1 #ahdb-ahef1 reli$ = ! date on ,viviani1 :o is (t5 wrong4 #ad ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #cca2 also ,jagemann1 p4 #e4 #ae ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #ccb2 also ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #gbb1 #gbc4 #af ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #ccd4 #ag ,nelli1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cb1 #cc4 #ah ,t ,galileo _h be5 9 ,rome be=e #h? ,janu>y1 #aehh1 a fact hi!rto unkn[n to 8 biograph]s1 is cle> f ! lett] ( t date address$ f ,flor5ce to ,clavius4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #a-c47 #ai ,see _! lett]s to ,galileo4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #a-ac47 #bj ,ab\t #ac4--,,tr4 #ba ,ab\t #g;d4 #ajj kreuz]s ! ,au/rian flor94 #bb ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #ccf2 & ,nelli1 vol4 i4 p4 #dd4 #bc ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 pp4 #ccf1 #ccg2 ,nelli1 vol4 i4 pp4 #df1 #dg2 ,v5turi1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa4 #bd ,see ! decree ( in/allation ( #bf? ,sept4 7,op4 xv4 p4 #chh47 #be ,op4 viii4 p4 #ah2 ,nelli1 vol4 i4 p4 #ea4 #bf ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 pp4 #ccg & #chi4 #bg ,publi%$ by ,v5turi1 #ahah1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bf-gd4 #bh ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 pp4 #cci1 #cdj4 #bi ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 pp4 #ccg1 #cch4 #cj ,op4 ii4 pp4 #a-f4 #ca 8,prodromus ,diss]tationum ,cosmographic>um40 #cb ,op4 vi4 pp4 #aa1 #ab4 #cc ,op4 viii4 pp4 #ba-bd4 #cd ,see ,humboldt's 8,cosmos10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cde1 #cdf1 & #dig-dii4 #ce ,op4 xv4 p4 #cij4 ,8 sal>y at fir/ 0 #gb ,flor5t9e zec*9i #ah1 & rose by degrees to #djj zec*9i #ajj4 7,op4 viii4 p4 #ah1 note #c47 #cf ,"s fragm5ts ( ^! lectures are extant1 & are includ$ by ,albri 9 ! ,op4 v4 "p ii4 #cg ,op4 iii4 78,a/ronomicus ,nuncius10 pp4 #fj1 #fa47 ,9 8 8,saggiatore0 also he relates ! circum/ance 9 precisely ! same way1 only add+ t he devis$ ! con/ruction ( ! telescope 9 "o night1 & c>ri$ x out ! next day4 #ch ,nelli1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 #ci ,hi/ory has ackn[l$g$ ! optician ,hans ,lipp]hey1 ( ,middelburg1 to be ! inv5tor ( ! telescope4 ,comp>e ! hi/orical sket* 9 8,das neue ,bu* d] ,erf9dung510 etc41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bag-bbj4 7,leipzig1 #ahfe47 ,! in/rum5t receiv$ its "n f ,pr9ce ,cesi1 :o1 on ! advice ( ! le>n$ ,greek s*ol> ,demiscianus1 call$ x a 8teleskopium40 #dj ,op4 vi4 pp4 #ge-gg4 #da ,see ! decree ( ! s5ate1 #be? ,aug41 #afji 7,op4 xv4 pp4 #cib-cic47 #db ,cosmo ,,ii4 %[$ all 8 life a s9c]e atta*m5t to 8 old tea*]1 ,galileo4 ,f #afje1 be=e ,cosmo 0 reign+ pr9ce1 ,galileo _h regul>ly giv5 him ma!matical lessons dur+ ! academical holidays at ,flor5ce1 & _h !reby ga9$ great fav\r at ! c\rt ( ,tuscany4 #dc ,op4 vi4 pp4 #ajg-aaa4 #dd ,see ! lett] ( ,m>t9 ,hasdal f ,prague1 ( #ae? ,april1 #afaj1 to ,galileo 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #eh-fj72 also a lett] f ,julian de' ,m$ici1 ,tuscan ambassador at ! ,imp]ial c\rt1 to ,galileo1 f ,prague1 #ai? ,april1 #afaj4 7,wolynski1 8,lett]e in$ite10 etc41 p4 #bj47 #de ,?is repr9t bore ! foll[+ sup]scription3 8,joannis ,kepl]i ,ma!matici ,cs>ei ,diss]tatio cum ,nuncio ,sid]eo nup] ad mortales misso a ,galilaeo ,galilaeo ,ma!matico ,patav9o40 ,comp4 ,v5turi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ii-abj4 #df ,op4 vi4 p4 #aba1 note #a4 #dg ,comp>e ! lett]s ( ,m>t9 ,hasdal1 ,alex&] ,s]t9i1 & ,kepl] to ,galileo 9 #afaj4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #fj-fc1 #fe-fh1 #hb-he1 #hh1 #hi1 #aja1 #aac-aag47 #dh ,see ! lett] :i* ,kepl] wrote ab\t x to ,galileo on #be? ,oct4 #afaj4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #aac-aag47 #di ,w$d]burn's reply 0 call$3 8,quatuor ,problematum1 qu ,m>t9ius ,horky contra ,nuncium ,sid]eum de quatuor ,planetis novis proposuit02 ,r(f5i's1 8,epi/ola apologetica contra ccam p]egr9ationem cujusdam furiosi ,m>t9i cognom9e ,horky editam adv]sus1 ,nuncium ,sid]eum40 #ej ,op4 vi4 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 #ea ,op4 vi4 p4 #abg4 #eb ,may #g?1 #afaj4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #ic-ii47 #ec ,op4 vi4 p4 #afe4 #ed ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #cdc4 #ee ,op4 vi4 p4 #abi4 #ef ,op4 vi4 pp4 #aaf-aah4 ,pons>d 9 8 drama1 8,galileo10 ( :i* a ?ird edition appe>$ at ,p>is 9 #ahgc1 9 :i* he mo/ly turns hi/ory upside d[n1 9 ,act i4 sc4 iii4 & iv4 takes (f capitally ! pr\d & silly opposition ( ! ,ari/otelians4 #eg ,comp4 ,op4 xv4 p4 #cig1 note #aa1 also ,v5turi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 ,jagemann 7p4 #eb7 ev5 believes 8t ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 :o creat$ an entirely new sci5ce ( w>f>e :i* set all ,europe 9 con/]nation & t]ror1 _h d]iv$ 8 wond]ful k f ,galileo06 #eh ,op4 vi41 #ga-ge4 ,x is un=tunately unkn[n to :om ?is lett] 0 address$2 b1 z appe>s f ! cont5ts1 x mu/ h be5 to "s "o high 9 (fice at ! c\rt ( ,tuscany4 #ei ,x is n kn[n t ^! la/ m5tion$ treatises ev] appe>$4 ,z n ! lea/ trace ( !m is to be f\nd1 & yet num]\s p>ticul>s h come d[n to u ( o!r works aft]w>ds lo/1 x may be conclud$ t ^! essays 7 nev] writt54 #fj ,op4 viii4 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 #fa ,op4 viii4 pp4 #gc1 #gd4 #fb ,op4 vi4 p4 #aab4 #fc ,libri ju/ly says1 p4 #ch3 8?is mi/ake 0 ! beg9n+ ( all 8 mis=tunes40 #fd ,9 a lett] f ,galileo to 8 bro!r ,mi*el ,angelo1 ( ,may #aa?1 #afjf1 he describes ! some:at comical sc5e ( ! nocturnal deportation ( ! ,jesuits f ! city ( ,lagunes4 7,op4 vi4 p4 #cb47 #fe ,op4 viii4 p4 #adf-aej4 #ff #aa? ,dec41 #afaj4 7,op4 vi4 p4 #abh47 #fg ,op4 vi4 pp4 #acj-acc & #acd-acf4 #fh ,op4 vi4 pp4 #acg1 #ach4 #fi ,op4 vi4 p4 #aci1 #adj4 #gj ,op4 vi4 p4 #adj1 note #a4 ,see also ,v9ta's answ] to ,galileo1 #bj? ,jan4 #afaa 7,wolynski1 8,lett]e in$ite10 p4 #bg72 also ! ,gr& ,duke's lett] to 8 ambassador at ,rome1 ,giovanni ,niccol9i1 ( #bg? ,feb41 #afaa 7,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana e ,gal4 ,galilei10 p4 #aj74 #ga ,pi]alisi has fir/ publi%$ ?is lett] 9 8 "w 8,urban ,,viii4 & ,galileo ,galilei10 p4 #da4 #gb ,see1 = ,bell>m9e's reque/ & ! op9ion1 ,op4 viii4 pp4 #afj-afb4 #gc ,op4 viii4 p4 #ade4 #gd ,gh]>di's ,collection ( ,docum5ts3 ,doc4 i4 #ge ,op4 vi4 p4 #bgd4 #gf ,! full title 03 8,dianoja ,a/ronomica1 ,optica1 ,physica1 qua ,sid]ei ,nuncii rumor de quatuor ,planetis a ,galilaeo ,galilaeo ,ma!matico celeb]rimo1 rec5s p]spicilli cujusdam ope conspectis1 vanus r$ditur4 ,auctore ,francisco ,sitio ,flor5t9o40 #gg ,op4 vi4 p4 #id1 note #a2 & xv4 8,bibliografia ,galileiana10 p4 vi4 #gh ,?is lett] reports ! facts above m5tion$4 7,op4 viii4 p4 #ahh47 #gi ,op4 viii4 pp4 #bbb-bbd4 #hj ,op4 viii4 pp4 #bda1 #bdb4 #ha ,op4 vi4 pp4 #aid-aig4 #hb 8,discorso al ,s]5issimo ,d4 ,cosimo ,,ii41 ,gran-,duca di ,toscana intorno alle cose *e /anno 9 su l'aqua o *e 9 quella si muovano40 #hc ,op4 viii4 p4 #bca1 note #b2 ,nelli1 p4 #cah2 ,v5turi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 #hd ,dat$ #d? ,may1 #ad? ,augu/1 & #a/ ,decemb]1 #afab4 #he 8,i/oria e ,dimo/razioni intorno alle ,mac*ie ,sol>i1 e loro accid5ti comprese 9 tre lett]e scritte al ,sig4 ,m>co ,vels]o da ,galileo ,galilei40 #hf ,lett] ( #bj? ,april1 #afac4 7,op4 viii4 p4 #bfb47 #hg ,lett] ( #bf? ,may1 #afac4 7,op4 viii4 p4 #bga47 #hh ,lett] ( #h? ,june1 #afac4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #bgd1 #bge47 #hi ,op4 viii4 pp4 #bij1 #bia4 #ij ,op4 viii4 pp4 #bia-bic4 #ia ,op4 ii4 pp4 #f-ac4 #ib ,op4 viii4 pp4 #ccg1 #cch4 #ic ,vol4 i4 p4 #cig4 #id ,comp4 ,govi1 p4 #dg4 #ie ,ep9ois1 8,la ,"q de ,galilei10 p4 #dc4 #if ,op4 viii4 pp4 #ccg-cdc4 #ig ,! title ( 8,em95ce0 0 fir/ giv5 to c>d9als by ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 9 #afcj4 #ih ,see ,lor9i's ,d5unciations1 fol4 #cdb1 ,vat4 ,,ms4 ,accord+ to ,ep9ois ?is lett] 0 ( ! #e?1 b ,gh]>di publi%es a docum5t :i* %[s x to h be5 ( ! #g?4 7,gh]>di's ,collection ( ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 ii47 #ii ,vat4 ,,ms4 #cdg vo42 also ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 ii4 #ajj ,see ,ca/elli's lett] to ,galileo1 #ab? ,m>*1 #afae1 9 :i* ?is visit is describ$4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #ceh1 #cei47 #aja ,9 ! lett] be=e quot$ ( #ab? ,m>*4 #ajb ,m>9i1 pp4 #hd-hf1 & ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cdi1 #cej4 #ajc ,op4 viii4 p4 #cfe4 #ajd ,op4 viii4 pp4 #cfi1 #cgj4 #aje ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cda4 #ajf ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #ceb ro42 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 iii4 #ajg ,comp>e ! text ( ,cacc9i's evid5ce4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cec ro4-#ceh vo47 #ajh ,see ! protocol ( bo? ^! exam9ations4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cga ro4-#cgc vo47 #aji ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cge vo41 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 v4 #aaj ,op4 ii4 pp4 #ac-ag4 #aaa ,op4 ii4 pp4 #ag-bf4 #aab ,op4 viii4 pp4 #cej-cec4 #aac ,op4 viii4 pp4 #ced-cef4 #aad ,z we %\ld say1 8z a work+ hypo!sis40 ,,tr4 #aae ,?is 0 ! "w :i* 0 condemn$ & absolutely prohibit$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index a ye> lat]3 8,lett]a del ,r4 ,p4 ,mae/ro ,paolo ,antonio ,fosc>9i1 ,c>melitano1 sopra l'op9ione de i ,pittagorici e del ,cop]nico della mobilit della ,t]ra e /abilit del ,sole1 e il nuovo ,si/eme del ,mondo40 7,= ,cesi's lett]1 ,op4 viii4 pp4 #cef-ceh47 #aaf ,see ,d9i's lett] to ,galileo1 ,m>* #ad?1 #afae 7,op4 viii4 p4 #cfj72 & ( ,augu/ #ah?1 #afae 7,wolynski1 8,lett]e ,in$ite10 p4 #cd72 & ,ciampoli's ( ,m>* #ba/ 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #cff1 #cfg47 #aag ,op4 viii4 p4 #cfh4 #aah ,op4 viii4 pp4 #cgf1 #cgg4 #aai ,op4 viii4 pp4 #cgh1 #cgi4 #abj ,see 8 lett] to ,galileo1 ,may #af?1 #afae4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #cgf1 #cgg47 #aba ,op4 ii4 pp4 #bf-fd4 ,x did n appe> 9 pr9t until tw5ty-"o ye>s lat]1 9 ,/rasburg4 #abb ,see ! lett]s ( ,cosmo ,,ii41 ,novemb] #bh?1 to 8 ambassador ,guicci>d9i1 at ,rome1 to ,c>d9al del ,monte1 ,paolo ,giordano ,ors9i1 & ,abbot ,ors9i2 also to ,c>d9al ,ors9i1 ( ,decemb] #bnd4 7,wolynski3 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana e ,gal4 ,galilei10 pp4 #ah-bj47 #abc ,page #fi4 #abd ,comp>e ! lett]s ( ,sagr$o f ,v5ice ( #aa? ,m>* & #bcrd ,april1 #afaf1 to ,galileo at ,rome4 7,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #ajg-aac4 ,also ,nelli1 vol4 i4 p4 #dad47 #abe ,op4 viii4 p4 #chc4 #abf ,see 8 lett]s ( #ab? ,dec41 #afae1 & #h? ,jan41 #afaf1 to ! ,tuscan ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,curzio ,pic*5a1 at ,flor5ce4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #baa1 #bab1 #bad1 #bae47 #abg ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dad vo4 #abh ,comp>e also ,wohlwill1 p4 #hf1 note #a4 #abi ,see 8 lett]s to ,pic*5a ( #bf? ,dec41 #afae1 & #a/ ,jan41 #afaf4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bac1 #bad47 #acj ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bae1 #baf4 #aca #bcrd ,jan41 #afaf4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bah1 #bai47 #acb ,lett] to ,pic*5a1 #f? ,feb4 7,op4 vi4 p4 #bbb47 #acc ,lett] to ,pic*5a4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bbe-bbg47 #acd ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bba-bbc4 #ace ,see ! lett] ( ,mgr4 ,qu]+hi1 f ,rome1 ( #bj? ,janu>y1 #afaf1 to ,c>d9al ,aless&ro d',e/e4 7,op4 viii4 p4 #chc47 #acf ,*e il sole sij c5tre del mondo1 et p] consequ5za imobile di moto locale4 ,*e la ,t]ra non c5tro del mondo1 ne imobile1 ma si move secondo se tutta etia di moto diurno4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cgf ro47 #acg ,sol e/ c5tr mundi1 et omn9o imobilis motu locali2 ,c5sura3 ,omnes dix]unt dicta proposition e /ult et absurdam 9 ,philosophia1 et =malit] h]etic1 quat5us contradicit expresse s5t5tijs sacre scripture 9 multis locis4 ,secund proprietate v]bor1 et secund commun exposition1 et s5s4 ,sanct4 ,patr4 et ,!ologor doctor4 ,t]ra non e/ c5tr4 mundi1 nec imobilis1 s$ secund se tota1 movetur et moto diurno4 ,c5sura3 ,omnes dix]unt1 hanc proposition recip e& c5sura 9 ,philosophia2 et spect&o v]itat ,!ologic1 at m9us e 9 fide erronea4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 folio #cgg ro47 #ach ,die ,jovis1 #be? ,febru>ij1 #afaf4 ,ill4 ,d4 ,c>d4 ,mill9us notificavit ,r4,r4 pp4 ,d4,d4 ,asseos4 et ,commiss4 ,s4 ,(ficij1 quod relata c5sura ,p4,p4 ,!ologor ad proposit4 ,gallilei ,ma!m41 q4 ,sol sit c5tr mundi1 et imobilis motu locali1 et ,t]ra moveatur et motu diurno2 ,s4 ord9avit ,ill4 ,d4 ,c>d4 ,bell>m41 ut vocet cor se d4 ,galileum1 eumq4 moneat ad des]5das d4 oponem1 et si recusav]it p>]e1 ,p4 ,comiss4 cora ,noto 7,not>io7 et ,te/ibus faciat illi preceptum1 ut o 7omn9o7 ab/9eat hui 7huiusmodi7 doctr9a1 et oponem doc]e1 aut def5d]e1 seu de ea tract>e1 si v]o n acquiev]it1 c>c]etur4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 folio #cgh vo47 #aci ,die ,v5]is1 #bf? eiusdem4 ,9 ,palatio solite habit3 d3 ,ill3 ,d4 ,c>d3 ,bell>m4 et 9 msionib4 ,dom4 sue ,ill3 ,idem ,ill3 ,d4 ,c>d3 vocato suprad4 ,galileo1 ipsoq4 cor ,d4 sua ,ill3 exnte 7exi/5te7 9 pntia adm4 ,r4 p4 ,fs ,mi*aelis ,angeli ,seghitij de ,lauda ord4 ,pr$4 ,comiss>ij qualis s4 (ficij pr$4 ,galile monuit de errore suprad oponis1 et ut illa des]at1 et successive1 ac ict95ti 9 mei 1 et ,te/i pnte t adhuc eodem ,ill4 ,d4 ,c>d4 suprad4 ,p4 ,comiss4 pr$4 ,galileo adhuc ibidem pnti1 et ,con/ituto precepit1 et ord9avit 444 ,"h ! ,,ms4 is defac$4 ,two words are want+1 ! second might be nome 7nom9e72 ! fir/ began ) a p 7proprie87 b is q illegible4 ,s4 ,d4 ,n4 ,pape et totius ,congreg4 s4 (ficij1 ut suprad4 oponione q4 sol sit c3 trum mundi1 et imobilis1 et ,t]ra moveatur omn9o rel9quat1 nec e de ,cet]o qvis m t5eat1 doceat1 aut def5dat1 v]bo1 aut scriptis1 als 7alias7 co ips proc$etur 797 ,s4 (fo41 cui precepto ,idem ,galileus aequievit1 et p>]e promisit4 ,sub4 quib4 actum ,rome ubi subra pntibus ibid ,r4,d4 ,bad9o ,nores de ,nicosia ,regno ,cypri1 et ,augu/9o ,mong>do de loco ,abbatie ,rose1 dioc4 ,politiane 7,poletian5sis7 famili>ib4 d4 ,ill4 ,d4 ,c>d4 ,te/ibus4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 folio #cgi ro1 #cgi vo47 #adj ,m>9i1 p4 #db4 #ada ,m>9i1 pp4 #ic1 #id1 & #ada4 #adb ,9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ma!matis*5 u4 naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,unt]ri*t1 #a/ s]ies1 "p iv41 pp4 #ccc-cdj4 ,see ! controv]sy betwe5 ,dr4 ,wohlwill & ,dr4 ,fri$le9 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik1 etc41 #ag? s]ies4 ,"p ii41 pp4 #i-ca2 "p iii41 pp4 #da-de2 "p v41 pp4 #ha-ih4 #adc ,f]ia ,v4 die ,,iii4 ,m>tii1 #afaf4 ,facta relatione p] ,illumum4 ,d4 ,c>d4 ,bell>m9um quod ,galilaeus ,galilei ma!maticus monitus de ord9e ,sacrae ,congregationis ad des]5dam 7prima /ava scritto *i>issimam5te1 diss]5dam7 op9ionem quam hact5us t5uit quod sol sit c5trum sph]>um1 et immobilis1 t]ra autem mobilis1 acquievit2 ac relato ,decreto ,congregationis ,indicis1 qualit] 7o1 v>iante1 quod7 fu]unt prohibita et susp5sa respective scripta ,nicolai ,cup]nici 7,de revolutionibus orbium cle/ium44447 ,didaci a ,/unica1 9 ,job1 et ,fr4 ,pauli ,antonii ,fosc>9i ,c>melit1 ,s,smus4 ord9avit public>i ,edictum1 ,a4 ,p4 ,magi/ro ,s4 ,palatii hujusmodi susp5sionis et prohibitionis respective4 7,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 vi47 #add ,see ?is decree 9 full1 ,app5dix1 p4 #cde4 #ade ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bca-bcc4 #adf ,op4 ,suppl4 #aji-aab4 #adg ,noi ,rob]to ,c>d9ale ,bell>m9o hav5do inteso *e il ,sig ,galileo ,galilei sia calumniato1 imputato di hav]e abiurato 9 mano nra1 et anco di ess]e /ato p]ci p5it5ziato di p5it5zie salut>i2 et ess5do ric]cati della v]it diciamo1 *e il suddetto ,s4 ,galileo no ha abiurato i mano nra n di altra qua 9 ,roma ne m5o altro luogo *e noi sappiamo alcuna sua op9ione o dottr9a1 n manco h ricevuto p5it5zie salut>j1 n d'altra sorte1 ma solo1 ql' /ata d5unziata la di*i>azione fatta da ,nro ,sig3 e publicata dalla ,sacra ,congreg3 dell'indice1 nella quale si coti5e *e la dottr9a attribuita al ,cop]nico *e la t]ra si muova intorno al sole1 e *e il sole /ia nel c5tro del ,md s5za muov]si da ori5te ad occid5te sia ctr>ia alle sacre scritture1 e p] n si possa dif5d]e n t5]e4 ,et 9 f$e di ci habbiamo scritta1 e sotto-scritta la preste di nra propria mano que/o di #bf di ,maggio1 #afaf4 ,il me desimo di sopra1 ,rob]to ,c>d4 ,bell>m9o4 7,vat4 ,,ms41 #dbc ro & #dbg ro47 #adh ,m>t91 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #adi ,pr(4 ,ricc>di has /at$ ?is conjecture 9 ! ,introduction 7p4 #ag7 to 8 valuable collection ( docum5ts relat+ to ! trial ( ,galileo1 publi%$ 9 #ahgc4 #aej ,= ! p>ticul>s1 see ,app5dix1 8,e/imate ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms40 #aea ,pietro ,guicc>d9i _h reliev$ 8 pr$ecessor1 ,giovanni ,siccul9i1 ( 8 po/ on #ad? ,may1 #afaa1 :5 ,galileo 0 /ill at ,rome4 ,guicc>d9i rema9$ !re till #bg? ,novemb]1 #afba4 #aeb ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bbg-bcj4 #aec ,see ,galileo's lett] to ,pic*5a1 f ,rome1 ( #ab? ,m>*4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bcc-bce47 #aed ,wolynski's 8,lett]e in$ite10 etc41 p4 #cf4 #aee ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bce-bcg4 #aef ,op4 viii4 p4 #che4 #aeg ,op4 vi4 p4 #bch1 note #b4 ,see ^! despat*es v]batim 9 ,wolynski's 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana e ,gal4 ,galilei10 p4 #bb4 #aeh ,op4 vi4 p4 #bch1 note #b4 #aei ,see lett] f ,cesi to ,galileo4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #chi1 #cij47 #afj ,op4 ii4 pp4 #chg-djf4 #afa ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bgh-bha4 #afb ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #cej4 #afc ,nelli1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcb4 #afd ,op4 iv4 p4 #af4 ,?is appe>s also f a lett] f ,galileo ( #ai? ,june1 #afai1 to ,c>d9al ,maffeo ,b>b]9i1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,urban ,,viii41 accompany+ ! treatise4 7,see ?is lett] 9 8,pi]alisi10 pp4 #fc1 #fd2 & 8,guitoloni et ,gal4 ,galilei10 ,livorno1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfc47 #afe 8,libra ,a/ronomica ac ,philosophica qua ,galili ,galili op9iones de cometis a ,m>io ,guiduccio 9 ,flor5t9a ,academia exposit1 atque 9 lucem nup] edit exam9atur a ,lo?>io ,s>si ,sig5sano40 7,op4 iv4 pp4 #fc-aba47 #aff ,see ! lett] ( ,mgr4 ,ciampoli ( #f? ,decemb]1 #afai1 to ,galileo4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #dcj1 #dca47 #afg ,comp>e ! lett]s ( ,/elluti 7#bg? ,janu>y1 #afbj7 to ,pr9ce ,cesi1 #d? ,m>* & #ah? ,may1 #afbj2 & f ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 #ah? ,may1 #afbj1 to ,galileo4 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #dcf-dci1 & #dda-ddc47 #afh ,see 8 lett] ( #ab? & #ag? ,july1 #afbj1 to ,galileo4 7,op4 viii4 p4 #ddg2 ,wolynski1 8,lett]e in$ite10 etc41 p4 #ei47 #afi ,see ,ciampoli's lett] to ,galileo1 #bg? ,may1 #afbc4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #cj47 #agj ,comp>e ,ces>9i's lett]s to ,galileo ( #bcrd ,june1 #afba1 & #g? ,may1 #afbb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #e & #ah47 #aga ,see 8 lett]s to ,galileo 9 #afba & #afbb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #aa-ad & #af-ah2 & ,wolynski1 8,lett]e10 etc41 p4 #fe47 #agb 8,sc&aglio della ,libra ,a/ronomica e ,filos(ica di ,lo?>io ,s>si nella controv]sia delle ,comete1 e p>ticol>m5te delle tre ultimam5te v$ute l'anno #afah1 di ,giovanni ,batti/a ,/elluti da ,fabriano dottor di ,legge40 #agc 8,il ,saggiatore1 nel quale con bilancia esquisita e qui/a si pond]ano le cose cont5ute nella ,libra ,a/ronomica e ,filos(ica di ,lo?>io ,s>si ,sig5sano40 #agd ,see ,ces>9i's lett] to ,galileo1 #ab? ,janu>y1 #afbc4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bb-bd47 #age ,op4 ix4 p4 #bf4 #agf ,see ,ciampoli to ,galileo1 #f? ,may1 #afbc4 7,wolynski1 8,lett]e10 etc41 p4 #fh47 #agg ,see ,ciampoli's ,lett] to ,galileo1 #bg? ,may1 #afbc4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #cj47 #agh ,see ,ranke3 8,die rmis*5 ,pp/e10 etc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #eca1 etc4 #agi ,see ,op4 viii4 pp4 #agc1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bfb1 #dbg2 ix4 p4 #ca4 #ahj ,op4 viii4 p4 #bjf4 #aha ,op4 viii4 p4 #bfb4 #ahb ,op4 viii4 p4 #dea4 ,pi]alisi 9 8 "w1 8,urban ,,viii4 & ,galileo ,galilei10 ,rome1 #ahge1 pp4 #bb1 #bg1 gives ,b>b]9i's ode1 :i* is 9 ,lat91 & consi/s ( n9ete5 /rophes1 z well z a comm5t>y on x1 :i* has n be5 pr9t$ by ,campanella4 ,see also pp4 #fe1 #ff1 ,galileo's reply to ,b>b]9i1 9 :i* he expresses 8 w>m ?anks & 8 admiration ( ! poetry4 ,?is is n 9 ,albri's "w4 #ahc ,op4 iv41 8,saggiatore10 p4 #agb4 #ahd ,see = ^! transactions ! lett] ( ,m>io ,guiducci1 f ,rome1 to ,galileo1 ( #ah? ,april1 #afbe4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #gh-hj47 #ahe ,ces>9i's lett] to ,galileo1 #bh? ,octob]1 #afbc4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dc1 #dd47 #ahf ,r9ucc9i's lett]s to ,galileo1 #crd ,novemb] & #bnd ,decemb]1 #afbc4 7,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #aed2 & ix4 p4 #ej47 #ahg ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bhi1 #bij4 #ahh ,op4 ix4 pp4 #db1 #dc4 #ahi ,lett] ( #bj? ,octob]4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dj1 #da47 #aij ,see ,r9ucc9i's lett] to ,galileo ( #bnd ,decemb]1 #afbc2 & ,guiducci's ( #ah? ,decemb]4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dh-ec47 #aia ,comp>e ,ciampoli's lett] to ,galileo ( #af? ,m>*1 #afbd4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ee47 #aib ,op4 ix4 p4 #ef4 #aic ,comp>e 8 lett] f ,rome ( #h? ,june to ,cesi1 :o 0 !n at ,aquasp>ta4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bie-big47 #aid ,ibid4 #aie 444 8,fu da ,s4 ,santita rispo/o come ,s4 ,*iesa non l'avea dannata1 ne era p] dann>la p] eretica1 ma solo p] tem]>ia40 ,comp4 ,galileo's lett] to ,cesi1 #h? ,june4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bie-big47 #aif ,page #ib4 #aig ,comp4 ,galileo's lett] to ,cesi1 #h? ,june1 be=e m5tion$4 #aih ,hi/ory has assign$ ! m]it ( ?is valuable discov]y to ,za*>ias ,jans51 a spectacle mak] ( ,middelburg1 f ^: work%op ! fir/ microscope w5t =? ne> ! end ( ! #af? c5tury1 probably 9 #aeij4 #aii ,rezzi1 pp4 #h-aj & #cf-dj4 #bjj ,op4 vi4 p4 #big2 ix4 p4 #fd4 #bja ,galileo 0 nev] m>ri$1 b he _h a son :o 0 legitimis$ 9 #afai by ,cosmo ,,ii41 & two daught]s1 by ,m>9a ,gamba1 ( ,v5ice4 ,8 daught]s took ! veil 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,matteo1 at ,arcetri4 ,! "m ( 8 *ildr5 aft]w>ds m>ri$ a c]ta9 ,b>tolucci1 ) :om ,galileo subsequ5tly ent]$ into fri5dly correspond5ce1 :i* 0 q 9 accordance ) ! /ate ( morals & mann]s 9 ,italy at t p]iod4 ,! p5sion ( sixty doll>s 0 grant$ 9 #afbg1 b ow+ to ! religi\s ex]cises atta*$ z a condition1 ,galileo's son did n accept x4 ,x 0 !n transf]r$ to a nephew1 b1 z he prov$ unwor?y ( x1 to ,galileo himself1 ) an increase ( =ty doll>s1 b ) ! condition1 z x 0 d]iv$ f two ecclesia/ical b5efices1 t he %\ld adopt ! tonsure1 to :i* he cons5t$4 ,he drew ! p5sion :i* ?us irregul>ly accru$ to him z long z he liv$4 #bjb ,op4 vi4 p4 #bie4 #bjc ,op4 ix4 pp4 #fj1 #fa2 ,pi]alisi1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #bjd ,?is "w 0 plac$ ^u ! ,index ( prohibit$ books by a decree ( #aj? ,m>*1 #afai4 #bje ,op4 ii4 pp4 #fd-aae4 #bjf ,see ,guiducci's lett] to ,galileo f ,rome1 #ah? ,april1 #afbe4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #gh-hj47 #bjg ,op4 ix4 pp4 #fe-ga2 ,suppl4 pp4 #afb-afd4 #bjh ,see ,guiducci's lett]s to ,galileo ( #h?1 #ae?1 & #bbnd ,novemb]1 #ba/ & #bg? ,decemb]1 #afbd2 & #d? ,janu>y1 #afbe4 7,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #afh-agh47 #bji ,op4 ix4 p4 #ig4 #baj ,op4 iv4 pp4 #dhf1 #dhg4 #baa 8,dialogo di ,galileo3 dove nei congressi di quattro giornate si discorre sopra i due ,massimi ,si/emi del ,mondo ,tolemaico e ,cop]nicano1 propon5do indet]m9atam5te le ragioni filos(i*e e naturali tanto p] l'una p>te1 *e p> l'altra40 #bab ,comp4 ,galileo's lett]s ( #g? ,dec41 #afbd1 & #ab? ,jan1 #afcj1 to ,ces>e ,m>sili 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #cjj & #cee72 also ,cesi's lett] to ,galileo1 #ab? ,oct41 #afbd 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ga74 #bac ,op4 i4 78,dialogo di ,galileo ,galilei10 etc471 pp4 #aa1 #ab4 #bad ,op4 i4 pp4 #eja-ejc4 #bae ,m>t91 p4 #ii4 #baf ,comp4 = example ! essay3 8,d] ,heilige ,/uhl geg5 ,galileo ,galilei u4 das a/ronomis*e ,sy/em des ,cop]nicus02 also ,m>9i1 pp4 #gj-gc4 #bag ,op4 vi4 pp4 #ccc-ccf4 #bah ,ibid4 pp4 #ccc & #ccf4 #bai ,op4 ix4 p4 #afg4 #bbj ,ibid4 pp4 #agc-age4 #bba ,?is celebrat$ ,dom9ican monk1 :o 9 #aeii _h be5 condemn$ by ,spani% despotism to imprisonm5t = life1 o/5sibly = hav+ tak5 "p 9 ! insurrection 9 ,calabria1 b 9 fact = 8 lib]al op9ions1 _h be5 releas$ by ,urban ,,viii4 9 #afbf1 "u pretext ( a *>ge ( h]esy4 ,aft] hav+ be5 deta9$ = ?ree ye>s = appe>ance's sake1 9 ! palace ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 he _h1 aft] #afbi1 be5 at l>ge 9 ,rome4 ,campanella 0 "o ( ,galileo's mo/ zeal\s adh]5ts1 &1 s f> z 8 imprisonm5t p]mitt$1 he _h correspond$ ) him = ye>s4 ,a lett] ( 8 to ,galileo ( #h? ,m>*1 #afad1 is notewor?y 7,op4 viii4 pp4 #cje-cjg71 9 :i* he entreats him to leave all o!r rese>*es alone & to devote himself solely to ! decisive "q ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,9 conclusion he makes ! s+ul> (f] to cure ,galileo1 :o 0 !n ly+ ill1 by means ( 8! a/rological m$ic9e06 ,9 #afaf1 :5 ! ,cop]nican !ory _h be5 d5\nc$ by ! ,inquisition z h]etical1 ! ,inquisitor ,c>d9al ,gaetani appli$ to ,campanella1 :o 0 widely kn[n = 8 le>n+1 to give 8 op9ion on ! relation ( ! sy/em to ,holy ,scripture4 ,9 compliance ) ?is dem&1 ,campanella wrote a brilliant apology = ,galileo1 9 :i* ! exp]t !ologian & ma!matician br\ght ! sy/em into agreem5t ) ! ,bible4 ,b ev5 ! zeal\s demon/rations ( ! imprison$ philosoph] did n avail to av]t ! decree ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation4 #bbb 8,non fu mai no/ra int5zione1 e se fosse toccato a noi non si s>rebe fatto quel decreto40 7,op4 ix4 p4 #agf47 #bbc ,op4 ix4 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 #bbd 8,*e lei desid]ata piu *e qualsivoglia amatissima donzella40 7,op4 ix4 p4 #agh47 #bbe ,op4 ix4 p4 #ahh4 #bbf ,9 ! n>ration ( ?is mo/ important transaction we h foll[$ ! memorial :i*1 lat] on1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! trial ( ,galileo1 0 h&$ to ! ,pope by ! prelim9>y commission4 ,?is is an au!ntic docum5t1 agree+ z f> z x relates to ^! transactions ) ,galileo's correspond5ce4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #bgd-bgg2 ,suppl4 pp4 #bcc-bce47 ,x is inconceivable h[ ,albri 7,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #bch1 note #b7 c h fall5 into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ,galileo _h n receiv$ ! imprimatur at all1 ?\gh he himself publi%es docum5ts :i* prove ! contr>y2 z1 = in/ance1 ! lett] ( ,visconti to ,galileo ( #af? ,june1 #afcj 7,suppl4 p4 #bce72 ,galileo's to ,cioli ( #g? ,m>*1 #afca 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #cgd-cgf72 a lett] ( ,ricc>di's to ! ,tuscan ambassador at ,rome1 ,niccol9i1 ( #bh? ,april1 #afca 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd72 & f9ally1 a lett] f ,niccol9i to ,cioli ( ,sep41 #afcb 7,op ix4 pp4 #dbj-dbc74 ,m>t9 also expresses 8 surprise at ?is error ( ,albri's 7p4 #ajb1 note #b74 #bbg ,op4 ix4 pp4 #aic & #bje4 #bbh ,op4 vi4 p4 #cdf1 note #b4 #bbi ,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana e ,gal4 ,galilei10 p4 #ce4 #bcj ,op4 ix4 pp4 #aih1 #aii4 #bca ,ibid4 pp4 #bja1 #bjb4 #bcb ,op4 vi4 p4 #cge4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,dialogues10 ?is p]mission to pr9t is to be se5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,!y are also reproduc$ 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ! "w 7,/rasburg1 #afce1 9 #dto74 #bcc ,op4 ix4 pp4 #bje1 #bjf4 #bcd ,see ,cat]9a ,niccol9i's lett] to ,galileo4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #bji47 #bce ,op4 vi4 p4 #cge4 #bcf ,9 ! hi/ory ( ^! negotiations we h to a great ext5t foll[$ ,galileo's n>rative4 7,op4 vi4 pp4 #cgd-cgg47 ,besides ?is1 we h made use ( two au!ntic docum5ts1 ! memorial ( ! prelim9>y commission1 be=e m5tion$1 to ! ,pope 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #chg ro4-#chi vo471 & ! protocol ( ! trial ( ,galileo1 #ab? ,april1 #afcc 7,vat4 ,,ms4 #dac ro4-#dai ro47 #bcg ,comp>e ! lett] ( ,g]i ,boc*9]i1 private secret>y at ! ,c\rt ( ,tuscany1 to ,galileo 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bbe1 #bbf71 & ! lett] ( ,cioli to ,niccol9i ( #h? ,m>*1 9 :i* ! latt] is *>g$1 9 ! "n ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 to support ,galileo's cause to ! utmo/ ) ! ,ma/] ( ! ,palace4 7,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana10 etc41 p4 #ci47 #bch ,op4 vi4 pp4 #cgg1 #cgh4 #bci ,op4 ix4 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc4 #bdj ,! ,roman c5sor%ip only grant$ lic5ces to works publi%$ at ,rome itself4 #bda ,see ?is lett] f ,ricc>di to ,niccol9i4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd47 #bdb ,op4 iv4 pp4 #chb-bhd4 #bdc ,see ,niccol9i to ,galileo1 #be? ,may1 #afca4 7,wolynski1 8,lett]e in$ite10 etc41 p4 #hc47 #bdd 444 8,si *e non mai si conc$a la v]ita assoluta ma solam5te la hipotetica1 e s5za la ,scrittura1 a que/a op9ione 4440 #bde ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cij ro4 #bdf ,ibid4 fol4 #cij vo4 #bdg ,lett] ( #ai? ,july1 #afca4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #bdf47 #bdh ,see ?is important lett] ( ,ricc>di's to ! ,inquisitor at ,flor5ce4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cic ro47 #bdi ,see po9ts #a & #c ( ! memorial :i* 0 h&$ to ! ,pope at ! fir/ exam9ation ( ,galileo by ! prelim9>y commission4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #chh47 #bej ,comp4 p4 #abj4 #bea ,m>9i1 p4 #abg4 ,pi]alisi tries to conv9ce ! read] t ,ciampoli act$ q despotically 9 ! matt]2 & says t :5 ,ricc>di ref]s to 8! ,pope10 x 0 n ,maffeo ,b>b]9i1 b ,mgr4 ,ciampoli1 8,giovanni ,ciampoli non ,maffeo ,b>b]9i era il ,papa06 p4 #aac1 a /atem5t :i*1 consid]+ ,urban's despotic "* & ! abs5ce ( hi/orical pro(1 appe>s v arbitr>y4 #beb ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik u4 ,physik4 #i? ,s]ies1 ,"p #c1 p4 #ahd4 #bec ,m>9i1 pp4 #aaf1 #aag2 ,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #cbd1 #cbe4 #bed ,op4 vi4 p4 #chi4 #bee ,ibid4 p4 #cij4 #bef ,ibid4 #beg ,op4 ix4 p4 #bga4 #beh ,ibid4 p4 #bec4 #bei ,op4 ix4 pp4 #bgj-bgb4 #bfj ,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #cai4 #bfa ,comp4 ,nelli1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ejd1 #eje2 ,op4 vi4 p4 #ajd1 note #b2 ix4 pp4 #afc-afe1 #aib2 ,suppl4 p4 #bcd4 #bfb ,comp4 on ?is subject ! *apt]s on 8,die ,gesells*aft ,jesu0 9 8,kulturges*i*te 9 ihr] natrli*5 ,entwicklung bis zur ,geg5w>t10 by ,fr4 v4 ,hellwald1 ,augsburg1 #ahgd1 pp4 #fia-iff4 #bfc 444 8,i ,gesuiti lo p]sequit]ano ac]bissimam5te40 7,see ,magalotti's lett] to ,m>io ,guiducci1 f ,rome1 ( #g? ,aug41 #afcb4 ,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #cba7 #bfd ,see _! lett]s4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bfd-bfg1 #bgj-bgb1 #bgf-bhb47 #bfe ,see _! lett]s to ,galileo4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #be1 #gb1 #ig1 #aff-afh1 #agd-agg1 #baj1 #bee2 ,suppl4 p4 #aha47 #bff ,on ! rev]se side ( ! title page ( ! 8,dialogues0 /&s3-- 8,imprimatur1 si videbitur ,rev]4 ,p4 ,magi/ro ,sacri ,palatii ,apo/olici4 ,a4 ,episcopus ,bellica/5sis ,vices g]5s4 ,imprimatur4 ,fr4 ,nicolaus ,ric>dus1 ,sacri ,apo/olici ,palatii ,magi/]4 ,imprimatur ,flor5ti2 ord9ibus consuetis s]vatis4 #aa ,septembris #afcj4 ,petrus ,nicol9us ,vic4 ,g54 ,flor5ti4 ,imprimatur4 ,die #aa ,septembris #afcj4 ,fra ,clem5s ,egidius ,inquisit4 ,g54 ,flor5ti4 ,/ampisi4 ,a4 di #ab di ,settembre #afcj4 ,niccol dell',altella40 #bfg ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,v5turi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aag4 #bfh ,see on all ?is ! two detail$ lett]s ( ,c\nt ,magalotti to ,m>io ,guiducci1 f ,rome1 ( #g? ,augu/ & #d? ,septemb]1 #afcb4 7,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #cah-cbi47 #bfi ,s*e9] _h two ye>s be=e publi%$ a "w call$ 8,rosa ,urs9a10 9 :i* he aga9 fi]cely attack$ ,galileo1 & /\tly ma9ta9$ 8 unju/ifiable claims to ! fir/ discov]y ( ! sol> spots4 ,galileo did n directly answ] him 9 8 8,dialogues10 b dealt him "s side bl[s1 & /ood up = 8 own priority 9 ! discov]y ) weighty argum5ts4 ,ca/elli1 9 a lett] to ,galileo ( #ai? ,june1 #afcb 7,op4 ix4 p4 #bgd71 gives an amus+ description ( ,s*e9]'s rage4 ,:5 a prie/ f ,si5a prais$ ! book 9 8 pres5ce at a booksell]'s1 & call$ x ! mo/ important "w t _h ev] appe>$1 ,s*e9] left ! %op1 pale z dea?1 & trembl+ ) excitem5t 9 e limb4 ,b he did n always ?us curb 8 rage4 ,! natural philosoph]1 ,torricelli1 :o aft]w>ds became fam\s1 a pupil ( ,ca/elli's1 report$ to ,galileo1 9 a lett] ( #aa? ,septemb]1 #afcb 7,op4 ix4 p4 #bhg71 a conv]sation he _h _h ) ,s*e9] ab\t ! 8,dialogues40 ,al?\gh he %ook 8 head ab\t !m1 he _h concurr$ 9 ,torricelli's praise1 b c\ld n help rem>k+ t he f\nd ! frequ5t digressions t$i\s2 & no wond]1 = !y (t5 ref]r$ to himself1 & he always got ! wor/ ( x4 ,he broke (f ! conv]sation by say+ t 8,galileo _h behav$ v badly to him1 b he did n wi% to speak ( x40 ,9 a lett] ( #bcrd ,febru>y1 #afcc1 to ,gass5di 7,op4 ix4 p4 #bge71 ,s*e9] is less res]v$4 ,rage & fury evid5tly guid$ 8 p51 & he compla9s bitt]ly t ,galileo _h d>$ 9 8 "w to 8lay viol5t h&s0 on ! 8,rosa ,urs9a40 ,s*e9] 0 d\btless "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s 9 in/itut+ ! trial aga9/ ,galileo1 al?\gh ,t>gioni 7vol4 i4 p4 #aac1 note a7 ov]%oots ! m>k 9 mak+ him 8 actual accus]4 #bgj ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dbj-dbe4 #bga ,see ,magalotti's lett] to ,guiducci ( #d? ,septemb]1 #afcb 7,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #cbd72 & ,niccol9i's report to ,cioli ( #e? ,septemb] 7,op4 ix4 p4 #dbb74 #bgb ,op4 ix4 p4 #bga1 note #a4 #bgc ,comp4 ,niccol9i's report to ,cioli ( #ac? ,m>*1 #afcc4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #dcg47 #bgd ,op4 i4 8,dialogo di ,galileo ,galilei10 etc41 p4 #ejb4 #bge ,?is po9t has be5 rec5tly ?or\ghly discuss$ by ,h5ri ,m>t94 ,comp4 pp4 #aei-afh4 #bgf ,pages #cd-ch1 etc4 #bgg 444 8,*e fu il primo mot]e di tutti i miei travagli40 7,op4 vii4 p4 #ga47 #bgh ,?is errone\s idea is f\nd among a l>ge numb] ( hi/orians2 = in/ance1 ,biot 7,j\rnal des ,savans1 ,july-,oct4 #aheh71 pp4 #dfd1 #dfe2 ,phil>te ,*asles1 pp4 #abi1 #acj1 #bjh2 ,reumont1 p4 #ccf2 & ,p>*appe1 p4 #bjf4 ,ep9ois 7pp4 #ef1 #eg7 & ,m>t9 7pp4 #aei-afh7 h m]ely giv5 ! importance to ?is circum/ance :i* x des]ves1 = x really 0 ( great mom5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial4 #bgi 8 444 ,e da buona b&a int5do i ,padri ,gesuiti av] fatto impressione 9 te/a pr9cipalissima *e tal mio libro piu esecr&o e piu p]nicioso p] ,santa ,*iesa1 *e le scritture di ,lut]o e di ,calv9o 4440 7,lett] f ,galileo to ,elia ,diodati ( #ae? ,jan41 #afcc1 ,op4 vii4 p4 #ai4 ,comp4 also 8 lett] to ,k+ ,ladislaus ( ,pol&1 ,op4 vii4 p4 #aij47 #bhj ,see ! lett] ( ,magalotti to ,guiducci1 be=e m5tion$1 ( #g? ,augu/1 #afcb4 7,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #cah-cbc47 #bha ,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #cai4 #bhb ,see ! despat*es ( ,niccol9i to ,cioli ( #e? & #ah? ,sep41 #afcb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dbb & #dbf47 #bhc ,see ,campanella's lett]s to ,galileo ( #ca/ ,augu/ & #be? ,sep41 #afcb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bhd & #bid47 #bhd ,op4 vii4 pp4 #c1 #d4 #bhe ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dbj-dbc4 #bhf ,il ,s]5issimo ,padrone ha s5tito le lett]e di ,v4 ,e4 de #d et #e1 et p] que/a mat]ia del ,sig4 ,m>iano e p] quella del ,sig4 ,galileo re/a 9 tanta alt]azione *io non s come le cose pass>ano2 s b5e *e ,s4 ,santita non hav]a mai cagione di dolessi de m9i/ri ni de mali consigli lora4 7,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana10 etc41 p4 #de47 #bhg ,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #cbd-ccj4 #bhh ,x nev] did 9 fact come to ?is2 = ! supreme au?ority is ! ,pope1 speak+ ex ca!dra1 or an cum5ical ,c\ncil4 #bhi ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dbc-dbe4 #bij 444 8,ma sopra tutte le cose dice1 con la solita confid5za e segretezza1 ess]si trovato ne' libri del ,s4 ,(fizio1 *e circa a #af anni sono ess5dosi s5tito *e il ,signor ,galilei aveva que/a op9ione1 e la sem9>a 9 ,fior5za1 e *e p] que/o ess5do fatto v5ire a ,roma1 gli fu proibito 9 nome del ,papa e del ,s4 ,(fizio dal ,signor ,c>d9ale ,bell>m9o il pot] t5]e que/a op9ione1 e *e que/o solo ba/ante p] rov9>lo affatto40 #bia ,comp4 pp4 #ga1 #gb4 #bib ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #chg ro4-#chi vo4 #bic ,see ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #ah? ,septemb]1 #afcb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dbe-dbh47 #bid ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli1 #ah? ,septemb]1 #afcb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dbe-dbh47 #bie ,vat4 ,,ms4 p4 #cid vo4 #bif ,aft] ,galileo's signature foll[ ! autograph atte/ations ( ! not>y & witnesses1 ( ^: pres5ce ,galileo knew no?+4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cih ro47 #big ,op4 vii4 p4 #f4 #bih ,! address does n indicate :i* ( ! ,c>d9als ,b>b]9i1 b x is cle> f ,niccol9i's despat* ( #ac? ,novemb]1 #afcb1 to ,cioli1 t x 0 to ,c>d9al ,antonio1 jun41 nephew ( ! ,pope1 & n1 z ,albri assumes1 to ,c>d9al ,antonio1 s541 ! ,pope's bro!r4 #bii ,!re is no clue :atev] z to :o ?is p]sonage 04 ,f :at ,galileo says1 x mu/ h be5 "s high ecclesia/ical dignit>y4 #cjj ,on ?is po9t also a passage 9 a lett] ( ,campanella's to ,galileo ( #bbnd ,octob]1 #afcb 7,op4 ix4 p4 #cjc71 is wor? m5tion+4 ,he says3 8,!y are do+ all !y possibly c "h 9 ,rome1 by speak+ & writ+1 to prove t y h act$ contr>y to ord]s40 #cja ,op4 vii4 pp4 #g-ac4 #cjb ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #djc ro4 #cjc ,op4 ix4 pp4 #cjd-cjf4 #cjd ,ibid4 pp4 #dbh1 #dbi4 #cje ,niccol9i 0 mi/ak5 if he ?\ght t ?is tribunal 01 accord+ to ecclesia/ical notions1 infallible4 #cjf ,op4 ix4 p4 #caa4 #cjg ,see ,niccol9i to ,cioli1 #f? ,novemb]4 7,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia10 etc41 p4 #ej47 #cjh ,gh]>di's ,collection ( ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 vii4 #cji ,! cup ( papal wra? _h by ?is "t be5 empti$ on ,ciampoli's head4 ,he _h be5 depriv$ ( 8 important (fice z ,secret>y ( ! ,papal ,briefs1 & 9 ord] to remove him f ,rome he 0 made ,gov]nor ( ,montalto1 & ent]$ on 8 po/ at ! end ( ,novemb]4 7,see ! lett]s ( ,ca/elli to ,galileo4 ,op4 ix4 pp4 #cjf1 #cac-caf47 #caj ,= ^! docum5ts1 f :i* ! above n>rative is tak51 see ,op4 ix4 pp4 #cab1 #cac & #dbi1 #dcj4 #caa ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dja ro4 #cab ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 & ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #djb vo4 #cac ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dcj1 #dca4 #cad ,ibid4 pp4 #cah1 #cai4 #cae ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #djf ro4 #caf ,ibid4 pp4 #djg ro4 #cag ,op4 ix4 p4 #dca4 #cah ,ibid4 pp4 #cai1 #cbj4 #cai ,see ,ca/elli's ,lett]s to ,galileo ( #bnd & #af? ,oct41 #afcb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bie-bih1 & #bii-cja47 #cbj ,see 8 lett]s4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #cjf1 #cjg1 & #cac-cae47 #cba 8#cj? ,dec4 #afcb1 a ,nativitate4 ,sanctissimus m&avit ,inquisitori rescribi quod ,sanctitas ,sua et ,sacra ,congregatio nullat5us pote/ et debet tol]>e hujusmodi subt]fugia et ad effectum v]ific&i an rev]a 9 /atu tali rep]iatur quod non possit ad urbem absque vitae p]iculo acc$]e4 ,sanctissimus et ,sacra ,congregatio transmittet illuc commiss>ium una cum m$icum qui illum visit5t ut c]tam et s9c]am relationem faciant de /atu 9 quo rep]itur1 et si erit 9 /atu tali ut v5ire possit illum c>c]atum et ligatum cum f]ris transmittat4 ,si v]o causa sanitatas et ob p]iculum vitae transmissio erit diff]5da1 /atim po/quam convalu]it et cessante p]iculo c>c]atus et ligatus ac cum f]ris transmittat4 ,commissi>ius autem et m$ici transmittantur ejus sumptibus et exp5sis quid se 9 tali /atu et temporibus con/ituit et tempore oportuno ut ei fu]at preceptum v5ire et fac]e contempsit40 7,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 x42 & ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dji vo47 #cbb ,op4 ix4 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,?is la/ obs]vation ( ! ,gr& ,duke's1 only mean+ t he reckon$ on a spe$y release = ,galileo1 aft]w>ds gave ,cioli occasion1 z we %all see by-&-by1 = a mo/ mean act t[>ds ,galileo4 #cbc ,x is incompreh5sible h[ _m ( ,galileo's biograph]s1 ev5 ,p>*appe 7p4 #baf7 & ,h4 ,m>t9 7p4 #abj71 :o _h ,albri's "w at comm&1 fix ! #ae? z ! date4 ,& yet we h a lett] ( ,galileo's to ! ,c>d9al de ,m$ici ( ! #ae? ,jan4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #ae1 #af71 ask+ if he _h any commissions1 9 :i* he expressly m5tions 8! #bj? in/ant0 z ! day ( 8 dep>ture4 #cbd 8,famosi et antiqui problematis de telluris motu vel quiete hact5us optata solutio3 ad ,em4 ,c>d4 ,ri*elium ,ducem et ,franci ,p>em4 ,a4 ,jo4 ,bapt4 ,mor9o apud ,gallos et ,bellajoc5sibus ,francopolitano ,doct4 ,m$4 atque ,p>is4 ,ma!matum pr(essore4 ,t]ra /at 9 t]num2 ,sol oritur et occidit4 ,eccles4 ,cap4 ,i4 ,p>isiis apud tuctorem juxta ,pontem novum #afca1 9 #dj40 #cbe 8,lib]ti ,fromondi 9 ,acad4 ,lovani5si ,s4 ,!olog4 ,doctoris et ,pr(essoris ord9>ii4 ,ant4-,ari/>*us1 sive orbis t]r immobilis4 ,lib] unicus1 9 quo decretum ,s4 ,congreg4 ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c>d9alium anno #afaf1 adv]sus ,py?agorico-,cop]nicanos editum def5ditur4 ,antv]pi ex (fic9a ,plant9iana #afca1 9 #dj40 #cbf ,! lett] to ! ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e4 #cbg ,op4 vii4 pp4 #af-bj4 #cbh ,! ,inquisitor in=m$ ! ,holy ,(fice1 two days lat]1 t ,galileo _h left ,flor5ce on ! #bj?4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #daa ro42 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xii47 #cbi ,comp4 ,niccol9i's lett] to ,galileo ( #e? ,feb41 #afcc4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #cbg47 #ccj ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #ad? ,feb4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #dcb47 #cca ,see ,niccol9i's despat*es to ,cioli ( #af? & #ai? ,feb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dcb1 #dcc47 #ccb ,see ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #ai? ,feb4 #ccc ,see ,galileo's lett] to ,cioli ( #ai? ,feb4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bj-bb47 #ccd ,ibid4 #cce ,comp4 ,galileo's lett] to ,g]i ,boc*9]i ( #be? ,feb4 7,op4 vii4 p4 #bc47 #ccf ,op4 vii4 pp4 #bj-bb4 #ccg ,see ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #ai? ,feb4 #cch ,op4 vii4 p4 #bb4 #cci ,op4 ix4 #dcd4 #cdj ,9 ! acc\nt ( ?is conv]sation we h foll[$ ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #bg? ,feb4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #dcd-dcf47 #cda ,comp4 pp4 #aga1 #agb4 #cdb ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dcd-dcf4 #cdc ,ibid4 pp4 #ccj-ccb4 #cdd ,op4 vii4 p4 #bg2 & ix4 p4 #dcf2 also ,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia10 etc41 p4 #eg4 #cde ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dcf-dch4 #cdf ,op4 ix4 p4 #dch2 & vii4 p4 #bbh4 #cdg ,see ,g]i ,boc*9]i's ,lett]s to ,galileo & ,cioli1 bo? ( #bf? ,m>*1 #afcc3 ! =m]1 ,wolynski1 8,lett]e in$ite10 etc41 p4 #hi2 ! latt]1 ,op4 ix4 p4 #ccf4 #cdh ,op4 ix4 p4 #dda4 #cdi ,op4 ix4 p4 #cch4 #cej ,see ,galileo's lett]s to ,g4 ,boc*9]i ( #e? & #ab?1 & to ,cioli ( #ab? & #ai? ,m>*4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bd-bh47 #cea ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dch1 #dci4 #ceb ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dac vo4 #dai ro4 #cec ,we h be=e /at$ t ,cop]nicus did n at all consid] 8 doctr9e a hypo!sis1 b 0 conv9c$ ( its actual tru?4 ,x 0 ,osi&]'s politic introduction :i* _h giv5 rise to ! error :i* 0 !n g5]ally held4 #ced ,pr(4 ,b]ti has fir/ publi%$ ?is int]e/+ lett] 9 full 9 8 8,cop]nico e le vic5de ,si/ema ,cop]nicano 9 ,italia10 pp4 #aba-abe4 #cee ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dbc ro4 #cef ,no explanation is to be f\nd any:]e ( ?is my/]i\s notification4 ,! protocols ( ! trial %[ t none took place be=e ! ,inquisitor4 ,^! 8p>ticul>s10 !re=e1 z !y are n m5tion$ aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial1 & play no "p 9 x1 may h be5 *iefly ( a private nature4 #ceg ,^! are ! precise words ( ?is om9\s passage 9 ! annotation ( #bf? ,febru>y1 #afaf1 :i* appe> to h be5 consid]$ absolutely decisive by ! ,inquisitor4 #ceh ,op4 vii4 p4 #bi4 ,! re/ ( ! lett] is ab\t family affairs4 #cei ,comp4 ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #af? ,april4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddj1 #dda47 ,dur+ our /ay 9 ,rome 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgg1 ,leone ,v9c5zo ,sallua1 ! ,fa!r ,commiss>y-,g5]al ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 0 k9d en\gh to %[ u ! ap>tm5ts occupi$ by ,galileo 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,inquisition4 ,! rooms are all l>ge1 light1 & *e]ful1 & on "o side y enjoy ! prospect ( ! maje/ic dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & on ! o!r ( ! beautiful g>d5s ( ! ,vatican4 ,x is wor?y ( note t all ! rooms assign$ to ,galileo & 8 s]vant are entirely %ut (f by a s+le door1 s t b "o key 0 requir$ to make ! inmates ( ^! h&some ap>tm5ts prison]s4 ,) all its consid]ation = ,galileo's p]son1 ! ,inquisition nev] =got a c]ta9 prud5ce :i* _h p]haps become a second nature to x4 ,we prefix a little gr\nd plan ( ! rooms1 made by ourselves on ! spot4 #cfj ,see despat* ( #bcrd ,april4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #dda47 #cfa ,see ,op4 ix4 pp4 #ccd1 #cci1 #cde1 #cdf1 #ced1 #cee4 ,pi]alisi tries to palliate ev5 ?is act1 b )\t mu* success4 7,comp4 pp4 #acd1 #ace47 #cfb ,?anks to ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,ricc>di1 ( ,mod5a1 9 ^: valuable libr>y !re is1 among o!r treasures1 a copy ( ,galileo's 8,dialogues0 ( #afcb1 ,i 0 enabl$ to comp>e ,in*(]'s quotations ) a copy ( ! v edition :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( ! consultators ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,i am able to /ate t ,in*(] quotes !m v]batim1 or makes fai?ful extracts )\t alt]+ ! s5se4 ,! la/ quotation only1 #be1 is a little confus$4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dci vo47 #cfc ,pasqualigus seldom cites v]batim1 b makes %ort quotations2 & 9 comp>+ !m ) ,galileo's works1 ,i h f\nd ! s5se giv5 correctly4 #cfd ,see all ^! op9ions & ! argum5ts1 ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dbi ro4 #ddg ro4 #cfe ,!re is a passage 9 a lett] ( ,galileo's to ,g]i ,boc*9]i ( #be? ,febru>y1 #afcc1 9 :i* he says3 8,! cessation ( all bodily ex]cise :i*1 z y "k ,i am accu/om$ to take = ! b5efit ( my heal?1 & ( :i* ,i h n[ be5 depriv$ = ne>ly =ty days1 beg9s to tell ^u me1 & p>ticul>ly to int]f]e ) dige/ion1 s t ! mucus accumulates2 & = ?ree days viol5t pa9s 9 ! limbs h occasion$ great suff]+1 & depriv$ me ( sleep4 ,i hope /rict diet w get rid ( !m40 7,op4 vii4 p4 #bc47 ,s9ce ?is "t two mon?s _h elaps$ )\t ,galileo's hav+ be5 9 ! op5 air4 ,ev5 ! ,inquisitors saw1 z we %all f9d1 t a *ange mu/ be made 9 ! regulations1 if !y did n wi% to endang] 8 life4 #cff ,op4 vii4 p4 #cj4 #cfg ,pages #aig1 #aih4 #cfh ,niccol9i's4 #cfi ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dai ro4 #dbj vo4 #cgj ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dbj vo4 #dba ro4 #cga ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dba vo4 #cgb ,op4 ix4 pp4 #dda1 #ddb4 #cgc ,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana10 etc41 p4 #fa4 #cgd ,see ,niccol9i to ,cioli1 #ae? ,may1 #afcc4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ddb47 #cge ,galileo's lett]s betwe5 #bcrd ,april & #bcrd ,july1 j ! mo/ int]e/+ "t1 are entirely want+1 :i* c sc>cely be altoge!r accid5tal4 #cgf ,op4 ix4 p4 #cec4 #cgg ,see ! protocol ( ! he>+ ( #aj? ,may1 #afcc4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dbb ro47 #cgh ,at 8 fir/ he>+ ,galileo _h only be5 able to %[ a copy ( ?is c]tificate1 b n[ produc$ ! orig9al4 #cgi ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dbe vo4 #chj ,comp4 ,m>9i1 pp4 #ih-ajj4 #cha ,op4 ix4 p4 #ceg4 #chb ,see _! lett]s 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #cee-cfd2 & ,suppl4 pp4 #cej1 #cea74 #chc ,see 8 lett]s to ,galileo 7,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #bdh-bej74 #chd ,op4 ix4 p4 #cei4 #che ,ibid4 p4 #cfe4 #chf ,see ,niccol9i's despat*es to ,cioli ( #bi? ,may4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ddc47 #chg ,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddb1 #ddc4 #chh 8,f]ia ,v4 ,die ,,xvi4 ,junii #afcc4 ,galilaei de ,galileis ,flor5t9i 9 hoc ,s4 ,(f4 c>c]ati et ob ejus adv]sam valetud9em ac s5ectutem cum praecepto de non disc$5do de domo electae habitationis 9 urbe1 ac de se repraes5t&o toties quoties sub po5is arbitrio ,sacrae ,congregationis habilitati proposita causa relato processu et auditis notis1 ,s4 decrevit ipsum ,galilaeum int]rog&um esse sup] int5tione et comm9ata ei tortura1 et si su/9u]it1 previa abjuratione de vehem5ti 9 pl5a ,congregatione ,s4 ,(f4 condemn&um ad c>c]em arbitrio ,sac4 ,congregationis1 ,injunctum ei ne de cet]o scripto vel v]bo tractet ampluis gnovis modo de mobilitate t]r1 nec de /abilitate solis et e contra sub po5a relapsus4 ,librum v]o ab eo conscriptum cuititutus e/ ,dialogo di ,galileo ,galilei ,l9ceo 7publice crem&um =e 7sic7 ma cassato7 prohib5dum =e4 ,praet]ea ut haec omnibus innotescant exempl>ia ,s5t5tiae ,decretumque p]9de transmitti jussit ad omnes nuntios apo/olicos1 et ad omnes ha]eticae pravitatis ,inquisitores1 ac praecipue ad ,inquisitorem ,flor5tiae qui eam s5t5tiam 9 ejus pl5a ,congregatione1 ,consultoribus acc]sitis1 etiam et coram pl]isque ,ma!maticae ,artis ,pr(essoribus publice legatur40 7,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xiii42 & ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dea vo47 ,x 0 !n app>5tly at fir/ det]m9$ publicly to burn ,galileo's book1 & x 0 n till aft] ! decree _h be5 committ$ to writ+ t x 0 alt]$4 ,at ^: in/igation ?is 0 done1 :e!r at t ( ! ,pope1 or 9 consequ5ce ( ! remon/rances ( "s m l5i5t memb]s ( ! ,congregation1 su* z ! ,c>d9als ,b>b]9i1 ,borgia1 & ,zac*ia1 _c be decid$4 #chi ,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddc1 #ddd1 f :i* ! above acc\nt is tak54 #cij ,see ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli1 #bf? ,june4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddd1 #dde47 #cia ,et cu nihil aliud posset hab]i 9 executione decreti habita eius subscriptione remissus fuit ad locum suum4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dec ro47 #cib 8,cio al palazzo del ,m9i/ro di ,toscana10 says ,m>9i1 p4 #fb4 #cic ,! passage 9 ,niccol9i's despat* is z foll[s3 8,il ,signor ,galilei fu *iamato lun$i 7#bj7 s]a al ,s4 ,uffizio1 ove si trasf]i m>t$i 7#ba7 matt9a con=me all' ord9e1 p] s5tire qual *e potess]o desid]>e da lui1 ed ess5do rit5uto1 fu condotto m]col$i 7#bb7 alla ,m9]va avanti alli ,sig4 ,c>d9ali e ,prelati della ,congregazione1 dove non solam5te gli fu letta la s5t5za1 ma fatto an*e abiur>e la sua op9ione1 444 la qual condannazione gli ful subito p]mutata da ,s4 ,b4 9 una relegazione o conf9e al gi>d9o della ,tr9ita de' ,monti1 dore io lo condussi v5]di 7#bd7 s]a44440 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddd1 #dde47 #cid ,galileo's lett] to ,ca/elli ( #ba/ ,decemb]1 #afac4 #cie ,app5dix ,,vi4 #cif ,x is v rem>kable t ,jagemann1 9 8 book on ,galileo1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aghd 7,new ,ed4 #aghg1 pp4 #hf1 #ie71 d\bts ! fact ( su* a special prohibition4 ,( c\rse he is acqua9t$ only ) ! s5t5ce publi%$ by ,riccioli1 & surmises t he inv5t$ ! passage 9 :i* ! special prohibition is m5tion$1 89 ord] to ju/ify ! h>% proce$+s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome "u ,urban ,,viii40 ,s t n9ety ye>s ago1 )\t any?+ to g by b ! word+ ( ! s5t5ce1 ,jagemann suspect$ t ?is /rict prohibition 0 nev] issu$ to ,galileo1 & says1--8,nei!r does ?is decree agree ) ! in=mation giv5 above on all po9ts10 i4e41 9 lett]s ( ,galileo & ,guicc>d9i ( #afaf4 #cig ,comp>e ! excell5t essay3 8,la ,condemnation de ,galile4 ,lapsus des criva9s qui l'oppos5t a la doctr9e de l'infallibilit du ,pape10 von ,abb ,b\ix4 ,also ,pi]alisi1 pp4 #aba-aca2 & ,gilb]t's 8,la ,procs de ,galile10 pp4 #ai-cj4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t accord+ to ^! pr9ciples ! doctr9e ( ,cop]nicus 0 n made h]etical by ! s5t5ce ( ! ,inquisition1 because ! decree nev] receiv$ ! ,pope's (ficial ratification4 ,to confirm ?is /atem5t we subjo9 "s rem>ks by !ological au?orities4 ,gass5di rem>ks 9 8 great "w1 8,de motu impresso a motore translato0 7,epi/4 ii4 t4 iii4 p4 #eai71 publi%$ n9e ye>s aft] ! condemnation ( ,galileo1 on ! abs5ce ( ! papal ratification 9 ! s5t5ce ( ! ,holy ,tribunal1 & t !re=e ! negation ( ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 n an article ( fai?4 ,z a good prie/ he recognises ! high au?ority ( a decision ( ! ,congregation1 & subjects 8 p]sonal op9ions to x4 ,fa!r ,riccioli1 9 8 compreh5sive "w1 8,almage/um novum10 publi%$ n9e ye>s aft] ,gass5di's1 reproduces ,gass5di's /atem5t ^w = ^w 7t4 i41 p>s4 #b1 p4 #dhi71 & entirely concurs 9 x1 ev5 9 ! book :i* 0 meant to refute ! ,cop]nican !ory at all po9ts 7pp4 #die1 #dif1 & #ejj74 ,fa!r ,fabri1 a ,fr5* ,jesuit1 aft]w>ds ,gr& ,p5it5ti>y at ,rome1 says 9 a diss]tation publi%$ !re 9 #affa aga9/ ! 8,sy/ema ,saturnium10 ( ,huygh5s 7p4 #di71 t z no valid evid5ce c be adduc$ = ! tru? ( ! new sy/em1 ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* are q "r 9 int]pret+ ! passages ( ,holy ,scripture relat+ to ! sy/em ( ! univ]se lit]ally2 8b10 he adds1 8if ev] any conclusive reasons are discov]$ 7:i* ,i d n expect71 ,i d n d\bt t ! ,*ur* w say t !y are to be tak5 figuratively10 a rem>k :i* no prie/ w\ld h made ab\t a doctr9e pron\nc$ h]etical by infallible au?ority4 ,c>amuel1 a ,spani% ,b5$ict9e1 :o also discuss$ ! future ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 def9es ! position /ill m cle>ly ?an ,fabri4 ,9 8 8,!ologia fundam5talis10 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #afgf 7t4 i41 pp4 #ajd-aaj71 aft] def5d+ ! decree & s5t5ce ( ! ,congregation1 he discusses ! attitude :i* ! ,*ur* w take 9 case ! sy/em %\ld prove indisputably true4 ,9 ! fir/ place he believes ?is w nev] happ51 & if x does1 x c\ld nev] be said t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h be5 9 error1 z ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion ( ! e>? _h nev] be5 condemn$ by an cum5ical ,c\ncil1 nor by ! ,pope speak+ ex ca!dra1 b only by ! tribunal ( c>d9als4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ,desc>tes1 ,galileo's contempor>y1 put ! same con/ruction on ! matt]4 ,he wrote on #aj? ,janu>y1 #afcd1 to ,fa!r ,m]s5ne3 8,z ,i d n see t ?is c5sure has be5 confirm$ ei!r by a ,c\ncil or ! ,pope1 b proce$s solely f ! congregation ( ! c>d9als1 ,i d n give up hope t x w n happ5 to ! ,cop]nican !ory z x did to t ab\t ! antipodes1 :i* 0 =m]ly condemn$ 9 ! same way40 7,pan?on littraire1 uvres philosophiques de ,desc>tes1 p4 #ede47 #cih ,page #ada4 #cii ,page #fj4 #djj ,abb ,b\ix1 p4 #bbi4 #dja ,zeits*rift fr ,ma?4 und ,physik4 #i? s]ies4 ,"p #c1 pp4 #aid1 #aie4 #djb 8,i ,c>d9ale ,inquisitori compon5ti la ,congregazione1 9 cui nome la s5t5za fatta1 erano 9 num]o di dieci4 ,nell' ultima ,congregazione se ne trov>ono pres5ti solo sette2 qu9di sette solo sono sottoscritti4 ,da cio non pu 9 nessuna mani]a desum]si *e i tre mancanti foss]o di p>]e contr>io40 78,processo orig9ale10 etc41 p4 #adi1 note #a47 #djc 8,urbano ,,viii4 e ,galileo ,galilei10 pp4 #bah-bbd4 #djd ,app5dix ,,vi4 #dje ,vol4 vii4 ( ! 8,hi/oris*-politis*5 ,bltt] fr das ,ca?olis*e ,deuts*l&40 ,muni*1 #ahda4 #djf ,ibid4 p4 #egh4 #djg ,! reproa* :i* ! apologi/s ( ! ,inquisition are fond ( br++ aga9/ ,galileo1 t he knew no?+ ab\t ! specific gravity ( ! air1 is incorrect1 z appe>s f 8 lett] to ,baliani ( #ab? ,m>*1 #afac 7publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahfd by ,signor ,giuseppe ,sac*i1 director ( ! libr>y at ,br]a1 :]e ! autograph lett] is to be se571 9 :i* ,galileo describes a me?od he _h inv5t$ = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( ! air4 #djh ,see ! essay be=e m5tion$1 p4 #ehc4 #dji ,ibid4 pp4 #ehj1 #eha4 #daj ,ibid4 pp4 #eha1 #ehb4 #daa ,x c>efully refutes ! ass]tion made by ,fa!r ,olivi]i1 t ! ,holy ,(fice _h prohibit$ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e f be+ demon/rat$ z true1 & condemn$ its fam\s advocate1 ,galileo1 because x c\ld n !n be satisfactorily prov$ sci5tifically1 & ,galileo _h support$ x ) argum5ts sci5tifically incorrect4 ,if we c believe ! ex-g5]al ( ! ,dom9icans1 ! ,inquisition 9 #afaf & #afcc 0 only ! c>eful gu>dian ( sci5ce6 #dab ,augsburg] ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,beilage1 ,no4 #ic1 #bnd ,aug1 #ahgf4 #dac ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xv4 #dad ,comp>e p4 #bbh1 note #c4 #dae ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli1 #crd ,july1 #afcc4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #dde47 #daf ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dec ro4 #dag ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #crd ,july4 #dah ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dec ro4 & #ded vo4 #dai ,ibid4 fol4 #dec vo4 #dbj ,op4 ix4 p4 #ddg4 #dba ,fabroni1 8,vit ,italorum40 ,pisa1 #aggh1 vol4 i4 p4 #add4 #dbb ,heis1 8,das ,unhi/oris*e des dem ,galilei 9 dem ,munde gelegt53 #8,e pur si muove4'0 ,muni*1 #ahfh4 #dbc 8,d] ,galileis*5 ,process auf ,grund d] neue/5 ,act5publication5 hi/oris* und juri/is* geprtf40 ,von ,pr(4 ,h4 ,gris>1 ,s4 ,j4 ,zeits*rift fr ,ka?ol4 ,!ologie4 #bnd s]ies4 ,innsbrck1 #ahgh4 #dbd ,f]ry1 au?or ( ! article 8,galile0 9 8,dictionnaire de ,conv]sation10 ,p>is1 #ahei1 und\bt$ly believes ! /ory4 ,b ! man :o makes ,galileo be born at ,flor5ce1 /udy at ,v5ice1 & become ,pr(essor at ,padua directly aft]w>ds1 ?9ks t ,galileo did no?+ m = sci5ce aft] 8 condemnation1 &1 t 79 #ahei7 8 works 7 /ill on ! ,index1 c h>dly be reckon$ among hi/orians4 #dbe ,l\is ,combes's 8,gal4 et ,l',inquisition ,roma9e10 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 is a pamphlet ( no sci5tific value :atev]1 di/+ui%$ by a/\nd+ ignorance ( ! ,galileo lit]ature4 ,! au?or compla9s t ! orig9al docum5ts relat+ to ! trial are buri$ among ! secret papal ar*ives1 & t no?+ m is kn[n ( !m ?an :at ,mgr4 ,m>9i has ?\ght fit to communicate6 ,! publication1 !n1 ( ! mo/ important docum5ts ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms41 by ,ep9ois1 #ahfg1 seems to h escap$ ! notice ( ,m4 ,l\is ,combes6 #dbf ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 p4 #efb1 note #b4 #dbg ,page #fi1 note #b4 #dbh ,v5turi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahb2 ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ecg4 #dbi ,see ,app5dix3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms4 #dcj ,see ,dr4 ,emil ,wohlwill's 8,i/ ,galileo gefolt]t word540 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 #dca 8,elogio del ,galilei40 ,livorno1 #agge4 #dcb ,9 ,fabroni1 8,vit ,italorum10 i4 #dcc 8,notizie degli aggr&im5ti delle sci5ze fosi*e 9 ,toscana40 i4 ,fir5ze1 #aghj4 #dcd 8,lett]e in$ite di uom9i illu/ri40 ,fir5ze1 #aggc-ge4 #dce ,j\rnal des ,savans3 ,july1 ,aug41 ,sep41 ,oct41 #aheh4 #dcf ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli1 #be? ,april4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #dda47 #dcg ,niccol9i to ,cioli1 #crd ,may4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ddb47 #dch ,niccol9i to ,cioli1 #bf? ,june4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddd1 #dde47 #dci ,niccol9i to ,cioli1 #aj? ,july4 7,ibid4 p4 #ddg47 #ddj ,ev5 ,wohlwill all[s1 p4 #bi1 t ! op9ion t 8,ca?olic answ]0 means answ] "u torture is n t5able4 #dda 8,il ,reo1 *e solam5te condotto al luogo della tortura quivi spogliato1 pur anco legato s5za p] ess] alzato1 confessa dicesi hav] confessato ne' torm5ti1 e nell' esam9a rigorosa40 78,sacro ,ars5ale ov]o ,prattica dell' ,(ficio della ,santa ,inquisitione40 ,bologna1 #ahfe1 ,mes9i's ed4 p4 #dab47 #ddb ,page #be4 #ddc 8,gradus torturae olim adhib]i soliti fu]unt qu9que1 qui c]to ord9e fu]unt inflicte1 quos describit ,julius ,cl>us #89 pract crim4' ,f94 qu4 #fd1 v]sic4 #8,nunc de gradibus1' ubi ita ait1 #8,scias igitur1 quod qu9que sunt gradus torturae2 scilicet ,primo1 m9ae de torqu5do4 ,secundo3 conductio ad locum torm5torum4 ,t]tio1 spoliato et ligatura4 ,qu>to1 elevation 9 eculeo4 ,qu9to1 squassatio40 7,philippi a ,limbor* ,s4,s4 ,!ologiae int] ,remon/rantes ,pr(essoris1 ,hi/oria ,inquisitionis4 ,am/elodami apud ,h5ricum1 ,we/5ium1 #afib1 p4 #cbb47 #ddd ,pr(4 ,p4 ,gris> also rem>ks 9 8 critique ( ,wohlwill's la/ "w 7,zeits*rift fr ,ka?4 ,!ol4 ii4 ,jahrgang1 p4 #ahh71 t 9 ! language ( ! old writ]s on crim9al law1 ! t]ritio v]balis 0 (t5 includ$ 9 ! expression torture1 & appeals to ,julius ,cl>us1 ,s5t5t4 crim94 lib4 #e1 ,f94 qu4 #hd1 nr #ca2 ,franc(4 #agjf1 p4 #cah2 ,sigism4 ,scaccia1 de judiciis1 lib4 #b4 c4 #h4 nr #bgf2 ,franc(4 #affi1 p4 #bfi4 #dde 8,sacro ,ars5ale10 p4 #aee4 #ddf ,ibid4 pp4 #aeg1 #afa1 #afe4 #ddg ,ibid4 p4 #aeg2 ,salleles1 8,de mat]iis tribunalium ,s4 ,inquisitionis10 reg4 #cfa1 nos4 #aaj1 #aag4 #ddh ,ibid4 p4 #daj2 ,limbor*1 p4 #cbe4 #ddi ,9 8 bro*ure1 8,i/ ,galilei gefolt]t word540 #dej 8,il ,processo di ,galileo ,galilei e la ,mod]na ,critica ,t$esca10 ,,iii4 ,revi/a ,europea1 vol4 v41 fasc4 ii41 #ahgh4 #dea ,page #bad4 #deb 8,sacro ,ars5ale10 pp4 #fb1 #fd4 #dec ,! passage 9 ! decree is3 8,s4 decrevit ipsum 7,galileo7 int]rog&um esse sup] int5tione1 etiam comm9ata ei tortura et si su/5u]it1 previa abiuratione de vehem5ti 9 pl5a ,congregatione ,s4,o4 condemn&um ad c>c]em10 etc4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 ,fol4 #dea vo47 ,wohlwill says t ! fir/ "p ( ?is decree has _h ab\t z _m int]pretations z au?ors :o h quot$ x4 ,?is may 9 no small degree be due to ! fact t x 0 n kn[n :e!r ! orig9al read+ 0 et or ac su/9u]it4 ,z x is n[ decid$ 9 fav\r ( et1 p]haps an agreem5t may be come to1 & ! m s z sev]al /ud5ts ( ,galileo's trial h adopt$ a translation :i* agrees z to ! mean+1 to :i* we ourselves1 n[ t ! et is unque/ionable1 adh]e4 ,h4 ,m>t91 ,pro4 ,reus*1 ,dr4 ,sc>tazz9i1 ,pro4 ,p4 ,gris>1 ,ep9ois 9 8 late/ "w1 & ! pres5t writ]1 translate3 8,8 ,hol9ess orda9$ t he 7,galileo7 0 to be exam9$ z to 8 int5tion1 to be ?reat5$ ) torture1 & if he kept firm 7to 8 previ\s depositions7 aft] abjuration de vehem5ti1 he 0 to be s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t by ! :ole ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice10 etc4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! translation1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 t by ?is decree ! ?reat ( torture 0 orda9$1 b assur$ly n its execution4 #ded 8,il ,processo di ,gal4 ,gal410 etc43 ,revi/a ,europea1 vol4 v41 fasc4 ii4 p4 #bcb1 #ahgh4 #dee ,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddd1 #dde4 #def 8,il ,processo di ,gal4 ,gal410 etc43 ,revi/a ,europea1 vol4 v41 fasc4 ii41 #af? ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 p4 #bcc4 #deg ,ibid4 p4 #bdg4 #deh 8,galileo ,galilei2 dess5 ,leb510 etc41 ,basle1 #aheh1 p4 #af4 #dei ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #djg4 #dfj 8,f>9acci1 de indiciis et tortura10 a4 #da4 #dfa ,?4 del ,b5e1 8,de (ficio ,s4 ,inquisitionis10 vol4 i4 p4 #egd4 #dfb 8,sacro ,ars5ale10 pp4 #aga1 #agb4 #dfc ,page #aig4 #dfd ,op4 ix4 p4 #cgb4 #dfe ,op4 vii4 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 #dff ,comp4 ! lett]s ( ,cioli & ,g]i ,boc*9]i to ,galileo ( #bh? ,july4 7,op4 ix4 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi47 #dfg ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli ( #g? ,augu/4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ddg47 #dfh ,op4 ix4 pp4 #chc1 #chd4 #dfi ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #dgf vo4 & #dic ro42 also ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xviii4 #dgj ,page #fh4 #dga ,op4 ix4 pp4 #cij-cib4 #dgb ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #edd4 #dgc ,op4 x4 pp4 #ge-gg1 #ha2 ,suppl4 pp4 #cfb1 #cfc4 #dgd ,h5ri ,m>t9 7pp4 #chf-chh7 gives an int]e/+ li/ ( works publi%$ aga9/ ! ,cop]nican sy/em betwe5 #afca & #afch1 up !re=e to ! "t ( ,newton4 #dge ,v5turi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg4 #dgf ,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddg1 #ddh4 #dgg ,comp4 ,niccol9i's despat* to ,cioli1 #crd ,dec4 7,op4 ix4 p4 #ddh47 #dgh ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #ecd ro4 #dgi ,vat4 ,,ms41 fol4 )\t pag+ aft] #ecd2 also ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xx4 #dhj ,op4 ix4 pp4 #djg1 #djh4 #dha ,at ! close ( ?is ye> two docum5ts 7 publi%$ :i* h (t5 be5 us$ z hi/orical s\rces = ! /ory ( ,galileo's trial2 namely1 7#a7 a n>ration by ,francesco ,buonamici ( ! fam\s trial2 & 7#b7 an assum$ lett] ( ,galileo's to 8 fri5d & correspond5t1 ,fa!r ,v9c5zo ,r5i]i1 int5d$ to give a concise hi/ory ( ! trial4 ,! fir/ has be5 pron\nc$ by hi/orical rese>* to be q wor?less1 ev5 if n1 z ,h4 ,m>t9 7p4 #ahe7 ?9ks1 a =g]y2 ! second z decid$ly apocryphal1 s t nei!r are m5tion$ "h4 7,comp4 ,op4 ix4 pp4 #ddi-deb2 vii4 pp4 #dj-dc2 & ! valuable treatise by ,g4 ,gua/i3 8,le relazioni di ,galileo con alcuni ,pratesi a proposito del ,falso ,buonamici scopalto del ,signor ,h4 ,m>t940 ,ar*ivo ,/orico ,italiano4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgc1 vol4 xvii47 #dhb ,see ,galileo's lett] to ,b>b]9i1 #ag? ,decemb]1 #afcc4 7,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eda ro47 #dhc ,op4 x4 pp4 #b & #aa4 #dhd ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #edg4 #dhe ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #edi4 #dhf ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eej vo42 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxii4 #dhg ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eea ro4 #dhh ,op4 vii4 p4 #dd4 #dhi ,op4 vii4 pp4 #df-ea4 #dij ,op4 x4 pp4 #ff-fi2 #ga-gd2 vii4 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 #dia ,op4 vii4 pp4 #eb-eh2 x4 #da-acd2 ,suppl4 pp4 #bga-bgh4 #dib ,ca/elli's lett] to ,galileo1 #bnd ,dec41 #afcd4 7,op4 x4 p4 #fd47 #dic ,ca/elli's lett] to ,galileo1 #i? ,dec41 #afcd4 7,op4 x4 p4 #fe47 #did ,comp4 ,peiresc's lett]s to ,galileo1 #bf? ,jan41 #afcd 7,op4 x4 pp4 #h-aa71 & to ,c>d4 ,b>b]9i1 #e? ,dec41 #afce 7,op4 x4 p4 #id74 #die ,op4 x4 pp4 #id-if4 ,9 ,albri ! date ( ?is lett] is wrongly giv5 z #afce2 ,pi]alisi has f\nd ! orig9al ( x 9 ! ,b>b]iana1 ) date #e? ,dec41 #afcd4 7,pi]alisi1 pp4 #cjd-caj47 #dif ,op4 x4 pp4 #if-ih4 ,9 ,albri ?is lett] is dat$ #afcf in/ead ( #afce4 #dig ,op4 x4 pp4 #ih1 #ii4 ,date wrongly giv5 9 ,albri z #ac? in/ead ( #ca/ ,jan4 ,see ,pi]alisi1 pp4 #cac-cag4 #dih ,^! words 7 writt5 9 a truly prophetic _s2 = su* a p>allel 0 actually drawn by ,voltaire 9 7vol4 iv4 p4 #ade7 8 8,essai sur les murs et l'esprit des nations1 et sur les pr9cipaux faits de l'hi/oire1 depuis ,*>lemagne jusqu ,l\is ,,xiii40 #dii ,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #cfa-cfc4 #ejj ,op4 x4 pp4 #be-cc2 vii4 pp4 #eb1 #ec1 & #abh4 #eja ,op4 x4 pp4 #bi-cc2 vii4 p4 #adj4 #ejb ,op4 vii4 pp4 #fe1 #ff1 & #fg1 #fh2 also ,galileo's lett] to ,b]negg]1 #ae? ,july1 #afcf4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #fi1 #gj47 #ejc ,page #bbb4 #ejd ,comp4 ,galileo's lett] to ,giovanni ,buonamici1 #af? ,augu/1 #afcf4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #aci1 #adj47 #eje ,see ,ca/elli's lett] to ,galileo ( #bnd ,june1 #afce1 9 :i* he says t 8he _h at la/ be5 aga9 p]mitt$ to kiss 8 ,hol9ess's toe40 7,op4 x4 pp4 #ajj47 #ejf ,comp4 ! lett]s ( ,ca/elli & ! ,c\nt de ,noailles to ,galileo ( #ai? ,april & #f? ,may1 #afcf4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #adi1 #aej1 & #aec47 #ejg ,op4 x4 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 #ejh ,op4 x4 pp4 #afa & #afc4 #eji ,see ,ca/elli's lett] to ,galileo1 #i? ,augu/4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #afc1 #afd47 #eaj ,ibid4 #eaa ,op4 ,suppl4 p4 #bhj4 #eab ,op4 x4 p4 #agb4 #eac ,comp4 ,galileo's lett]s to ,micanzio at ,v5ice ( #ba/ & #bh? ,june #afcf4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #fc-ff47 #ead ,op4 x4 pp4 #hh1 #hi1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaf-aah1 #aia1 #aib2 vii4 pp4 #acb1 #aed1 #aee4 #eae ,op4 x4 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afe1 #agj1 #aga1 #bac2 vii4 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #ach1 #bec4 #eaf ,op4 x4 pp4 #ff-fi1 #ajh-aaa1 #abg-acj4 #eag ,pi]oni to ,galileo1 #i? ,july1 #afcg4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #bbb-bbf47 #eah ,comp4 ,op4 vii4 pp4 #ach1 #aci1 #aeb1 #aec2 x4 pp4 #afg & #ahd4 #eai ,comp4 ,op4 vi4 pp4 #bch-bgf1 #cch-cdf4 #ebj ,op4 vii4 pp4 #gc-ic1 & #acf1 #acg4 #eba ,op4 iii4 pp4 #agf-ahc4 #ebb ,comp4 ,galileo's lett] to ,diodati ( #d? ,july1 #afcg4 7,op4 vii4 p4 #ahj47 #ebc ,comp4 ,op4 vii4 pp4 #afc-agd1 #aij-bjd2 x4 pp4 #bae-bah1 #bbh-bdh2 ,suppl4 pp4 #bhb-bhd4 #ebd ,op4 vii4 p4 #aic4 #ebe ,op4 x4 pp4 #bca1 #bcb4 #ebf 444 8,"h ,i f\nd & call$ ^u ! celebrat$ ,galileo1 n[ become old & a prison] ( ! ,inquisition10 says ,milton4 ,un=tunately we "k no?+ m ( ?is int]e/+ meet+4 7,comp4 ,reumont1 p4 #dje47 #ebg ,op4 vii4 p4 #bjg4 ,see on ,galileo's total bl9dness1 8,sull'epoca v]a e la durata della cecit del ,galileo10 ,nota del ,angelo ,sec*i3 7,e/ratta dal ,giornale ,arcadico1 ,tomo liv nuova s]ie72 & 8,sull' nella epoca della completa cecit del ,galileo10 ,rispo/a di ,paolo ,volpicelli al *i>is e ,r4 ,p4 ,a4 ,sec*i1 ,roma1 #ahfh4 #ebh ,op4 x4 p4 #bcb4 #ebi ,op4 x4 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi4 #ecj ,comp4 p4 #bge1 note #a4 #eca ,galileo's lett] to ,gu]r9i1 an (ficial at ! ,tuscan ,c\rt1 #ai? ,decemb]4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bjd1 #bje47 #ecb ,gu]r9i to ,galileo1 #bj? ,decemb]4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #bdi1 #bej47 #ecc ,op4 x4 pp4 #bed1 #bee4 #ecd ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxiii4 #ece ,?is passage directly contradicts ! rem>k on ?is subject 9 ! report ( ,fra ,clem5te1 ! ,inquisitor1 ( #a/ ,april1 #afcd2 8 successor1 ,fra ,fanano1 seems to h be5 m fav\rable to ,galileo4 #ecf ,op4 x4 pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 #ecg ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxiv4 #ech ,op4 x4 p4 #bhf4 #eci ,fanano's lett] to ,c>d9al ,f4 ,b>b]9i ( #aj? ,m>*1 #afch4 7,op4 x4 p4 #bhg47 #edj ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxv4 #eda ,lett] ( ! ,vic> ( ! ,holy ,(fice at ,flor5ce to ,galileo1 ( #bh? ,m>*1 #afch4 7,op4 x4 p4 #bib47 #edb ,op4 vii4 pp4 #baa-baf4 #edc ,see lett]s f ,hort5sius & ,realius to ,galileo ( #bf? ,jan4 & #crd ,m>4 #afcg 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #ie-ii1 #ajj-ajb72 lett] f ,con/4 ,huygh5s to ,diodati1 #ac? ,april1 #afcg 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #aaa-aac74 #edd ,op4 vii4 pp4 #afc-agd4 #ede ,op4 vii4 pp4 #aha-ahi4 #edf ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eed ro4 #edg ,vat4 ,,ms2 fol4 #eee vo42 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxvi4 #edh ,on all ?is see ,galileo's lett] to ,diodati ( #g? ,aug41 #afch4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bad-baf47 #edi ,comp4 ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fgh1 #fgi1 & ,v5turi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe4 #eej ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eec ro42 & ,op4 x4 #cjd1 #cje1 :]e x is dat$ #bcrd in/ead ( #be? ,july4 #eea ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eef vo42 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxvii4 #eeb ,op4 vii4 p4 #bae4 #eec ,op4 vii4 pp4 #baf-bah4 #eed ,op4 xv4 p4 #dja2 ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hch4 #eee ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #cga4 #eef ,comp4 ,ca/elli's lett]s to ,galileo ( #bi? ,may & #cj ,july1 #afch4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #cjj1 #caj-cac47 #eeg ,cioli's despat* to ,niccol9i ( #i? ,sept41 #afch4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #cac1 #cad47 #eeh ,niccol9i's despat*es to ,cioli ( #ae? & #be? ,sept4 7,wolynski1 8,la ,diplomazia ,toscana10 etc41 pp4 #fh1 #fi47 #eei ,fanano's lett] to ,c>d4 ,b>b]9i ( #d? ,oct4 7,op4 x4 p4 #cad47 #efj ,see ,ca/elli's lett]s to ,c>d4 ,f4 ,b>b]9i ( #bnd1 #i?1 & #af? ,oct41 9 ,pi]alisi1 pp4 #bia-bif2 & ano!r ( #bcrd ,oct41 #afch1 on an unnumb]$ page betwe5 fols4 #eeb & #eec ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms4 p4 #age4 #efa ,see ,c>d4 ,b>b]9i's lett]s to ,ca/elli ( #af? & #cj? ,oct4 7,pi]alisi1 pp4 #bid1 #bie1 & #bih47 #efb ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eeg vo4 #efc 8,discorsi e ,dimo/razione ,matemati*e intorno a due ,sci5ze att55ti alla ,meccanica e ai ,movim5ti ,locali4 ,con una ,app5dice del ,c5tro di gravita di alcuni ,solidi40 #efd ,see ,galileo's lett] to ! ,c\nt de ,noailles ( #f? ,m>*1 #afch1 & 8 answ] ( #bj? ,july4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bji-baa1 & x4 pp4 #cjh-caj47 #efe ,comp4 ,op4 vii4 pp4 #dd1 #df1 #eg1 #gj4 #eff ,op4 vii4 pp4 #bah-bbf2 x4 pp4 #caf1 #cag1 #cbj1 #cba4 #efg 8,dalla ,villa ,arctri1 mio cont9uato c>c]e ed esilio dalla citt40 7,lett] f ,galileo to ,cassiano dal ,pozzo 9 ,rome1 ( #bj? ,jan41 #afda1 ,op4 vii4 p4 #cea7 #efh ,op4 vii4 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe4 #efi ,pi]alisi ?9ks 78,urbano ,,viii4 & ,galileo ,galilei10 p4 #bfd7 t x 0 left to ,galileo's option dur+ ! la/ few ye>s to reside ei!r at ,arcetri or ,flor5ce1 & t 8 pref]5ce = 8 villa l$ him to *oose ! =m]2 a /atem5t = :i* ,pi]alisi has no pro( to (f]1 & :i* is /rongly oppos$ to :at we h m5tion$ above4 #egj ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,docs4 xxviii4 & xxix4 #ega ,ca/elli's lett]s to ,galileo ( #bi? ,jan41 #ab? ,feb41 #afci4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #cbe1 #cbf1 & #cbh1 #cbi47 #egb ,op4 x4 pp4 #cdj-cdh1 #cef1 #ceg1 #cfc-cfe1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #che-chg1 #cib-cid1 #cif1 #cig1 #djg1 #djh2 ,suppl4 pp4 #bhg-bij4 #egc ,op4 x4 pp4 #bhj & #cjh4 #egd ,comp4 8 lett]s to ,ca/elli ( #h? & #ai? ,aug41 #a/ & #crd ,sep41 #crd & #ah? ,dec41 #afci4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bcb-bcf1 #bch1 #bci1 & #bdb1 #bdc47 #ege ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 p4 #cfj4 #egf ,op4 vii4 pp4 #bch1 #bci2 xiii4 pp4 #bfg-ccb2 xv4 pp4 #ceh-cfj4 #egg ,see 8 lett]s to ,galileo 9 #afci & #afdj4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #ccf1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cej1 #cea1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #chb1 #chc1 #djb1 #dai1 #dbj2 also xv4 7,viviani71 pp4 #cef1 #ceg47 #egh ,op4 vii4 pp4 #bdj1 #bda4 #egi ,comp4 ,op4 vii4 pp4 #bdc-bed4 ,9 #afdh ,r5i]i 0 int5d+ to br+ out ,galileo's calculations ab\t ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 & _! application to navigation1 :i* he _h complet$ by long ye>s ( lab\r1 :5 8 dea? occurr$ aft] a %ort illness4 ,! pap]s 7 !n lo/1 b 7 aft]w>ds discov]$ by ,albri1 :o arrang$ !m & incorporat$ !m 9 ! 8,op]e di ,galileo ,galilei10 v4 #ehj ,comp4 ,galileo's lett] to ,daniele ,sp9ola ( #ai? ,man1 #afdj4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #bef-beh47 #eha ,lett] f ,pr9ce ,leopold de' ,m$ici to ,galileo1 #aa? ,m>41 #afdj4 7,op4 vii4 p4 #bed47 #ehb ,op4 vii4 pp4 #bfa-caj2 iii4 pp4 #aij-bcg4 #ehc ,see ?is correspond5ce4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #cag-ccc1 #ccf-cej1 #ceb-ceh47 ,liceti publi%$ a l>ge book 9 #afdb1 9 reply to ,galileo's lett] to ,pr9ce ,leopold de' ,m$ici4 ,! latt]1 9 :i* ,galileo _h made "s alt]ations1 01 ) 8 cons5t1 pr9t$ ) ,liceti's reply4 #ehd ,op4 vii p4 #cfj4 #ehe ,op4 vii4 pp4 #cfa-cfc4 #ehf ,page #dai4 #ehg ,?is is precisely ! same argum5t1 only 9 o!r words1 br\ght =w>d by ,simplicius at ! end ( ! 8,dialogues on ! ,two ,*ief ,sy/ems40 7,comp4 p4 #afj47 #ehh ,?is passage calls ! passage 9 8,il ,saggiatore0 to m9d1 :]e ,galileo speaks ( ,cop]nicus1 ,ptolemy1 & ,ty*o4 #ehi ,see 8,allgeme9e ,weltges*i*te10 by ,ces>e ,cantu4 ,freely r5d]$ = ,ca?olic ,g]many1 f ! #g? edition1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 ,brhl1 p4 #edj4 #eij ,comp4 ,r5i]i's lett] to ,galileo ( #f? ,m>*1 #afda4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #djh1 #dji47 #eia ,see 8 lett] ( #bj? ,augu/1 #afei1 to ,pr9ce ,leopold de' ,m$ici4 7,op4 xiv4 pp4 #cci-cef47 #eib ,sev5 ye>s aft] ,galileo's dea?1 ,v9c5zo 0 occupi$ 9 con/ruct+ ! fir/ p5dulum clock aft] ^! draw+s & models1 :5 he sudd5ly fell ill & di$4 ,= all ?is see ,albri's excell5t essay3 8,dell'orologio a p5dolo di ,galileo ,galilei e di due rec5ti div9azioni del meccanismo da lui imag9ato40 7,op4 ,suppl4 pp4 #ccc-ceh2 ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fhh-gch47 #eic ,comp4 ,torricelli's lett]s to ,galileo ( #ae? ,m>*1 #bg? ,april1 #a/ & #bi? ,june1 #ag? ,augu/1 & #bh? ,septemb]1 #afda4 7,op4 x4 pp4 #dab1 #dac1 #dag1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbc-dbf1 #dcb1 #dcc47 ,also ,galileo's lett] to ,torricelli ( #bg? ,septemb]1 #afda4 7,op4 vii4 pp4 #cfe-cfg47 #eid ,see ,r9ucc9i's lett] to ,pr9ce ,leopold de' ,m$ici1 #ae? ,novemb]1 #afda4 7,op4 x4 #dcf1 #dcg47 #eie ,= ?is & ! prec$+1 see ,op4 xv4 7,viviani71 pp4 #cfj1 #cfa2 & ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hci1 #hdj4 #eif ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxx4 #eig ,niccol9i's despat* to ! ,tuscan ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( #be? ,janu>y1 #afdb4 7,op4 xv4 pp4 #djc1 #djd47 #eih ,despat* ( ! ,tuscan ,secret>y ,condi to ,niccol9i ( #bi? ,janu>y1 #afdb 7,op4 xv4 p4 #djd47 #eii ,op4 xv4 p4 #dje4 #fjj ,see = m on ! subject1 ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hej-hfg4 #fja ,nelli1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hgd-hgf4 #fjb ,lett] ( ! ,inquisitor ,fra ,paolo ,ambr4 ( #h? ,june1 #agcd1 to ! ,college ( ,c>d9als at ,rome4 7,see ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #eeh ro47 #fjc ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #efa vo4 #fjd ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #efa vo41 & ,gh]>di's ,docum5ts1 ,doc4 xxxii4 #fje ,canto iv41 /anza liv4 #fjf ,see ! docum5t ab\t ! exhumation4 7,op4 xv4 pp4 #djg-dji47 #fjg ,= in/ance1 ,dr4 ,c>l ,s*ff]1 9 8 bro*ure3 8,die ,bewegung5 d] ,himmelskrp]4 ,neue & unbewegli*e ,beweise1 dass uns]e ,erde im ,mittelpunkte des ,weltalls /eht1 und die ,sonne1 ,mond und ,/]ne si* um dieselbe beweg540 ,brunswick1 #ahed4 78,! ,motions ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies4 ,new & indisputable pro(s t our ,e>? is ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se1 & t ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 revolve r\nd x074 #fjh ,habito v]bo cum ,sanctissimo1 omittatur decretum1 quo prohib5tur omnes libri doc5tes immobilitatem solis1 et mobilitatem t]r4 7,olivi]i1 p4 #id1 or 8,hi/4-polit4 ,bltt]10 p4 #ehe47 #fji 8,op]e di ,galileo ,galilei divise 9 quattro ,tomi1 9 que/a nuova edizione accresciute di molte cose in$ite40 ,9 ,padova1 #agdd4 8,nella /amp]ia del ,sem9>io appresso ,gio4 ,manfr10 ,tomi iv4 9 #d4 #faj ,comp4 ,olivi]i1 p4 #if1 or 8,hi/4-polit4 ,bltt]10 p4 #ehg1 & ,op4 xv4 ,bibliografia ,galileiana1 pp4 xxvi41 xxvii4 #faa 8,trait d'a/ronomie0 ,p>is1 #agib1 p4 #dba4 #fab 8,se possa dif5d]si ed insegnore1 non come semplice ipotesi ma come v]issima1 e come tesi1 la mobilit della t]ra e la /abilit del sole da *i ha fatta la pr(essione di f$e di ,pio ,,iv4 quae/ione teologico-morale40 #fac 8,di*i>ono p]messa 9 ,roma la /ampa e la publicazione op]um tractantium de mobilitate t]rae et immobilitate solis1 juxta communem mod]norum a/ronomorum op9ionem40 7,olivi]i1 p4 #ig1 or 8,hi/4-polit4 ,bltt]10 p4 #ehh47 #fad ,some:at abridg$1 z are also ! ,description & ,e/imate ( ! ,vat4 ,,ms4--,,tr4 #fae ,see = ?is & :at imm$iately foll[s1 8,le ,manuscrit ,orig9al du ,procs de ,galile10 p> ,l4 ,s&ret4 ,revue des ,que/ions hi/oriques1 #a ,oct41 #ahgg1 pp4 #eea-eei4 #faf ,m>9i1 p4 #add4 #fag ,ibid4 pp4 #add1 #ade4 #fah ,see ,s&ret's ,essays be=e cit$1 p4 #eec4 #fai ,ibid4 pp4 #eec1 #eed4 #fbj ,s&ret1 p4 #eed4 #fba ,m>9i1 pp4 #ade1 #adf4 #fbb ,m>9i1 p4 #adf1 #adg2 ,s&ret1 pp4 #eed4 #fbc ,m>9i1 p4 #adg2 ,s&ret1 p4 #eee4 #fbd ,m>9i1 p4 #adg4 #fbe ,m>9i1 p4 #adg4 #fbf ,ibid4 p4 #adh4 #fbg ,ibid4 p4 #adh4 #fbh ,ibid4 p4 #aea4 #fbi ,s&ret1 p4 #eef1 note #a4 #fcj ,d59a 0 at ,p>is f #ahje till 8 dea? 9 #ahac1 & may !re=e h se5 ! ,acts1 :i* 7 9 ,p>is f #ahaa1 z well z ! translation :i* 0 begun4 #fca ,s&ret1 pp4 #eef1 #eeg4 #fcb ,revue des que/ions hi/oriques1 ,p>is1 ,july1 #ahfg4 #fcc 444 8e avemmo fra le mani il desid]ato volume nella /anza del padre ,!9] te/ rapito dolorosam5te ai vivi40 78,il ,processo ,orig9ale10 etc41 p4 x47 #fcd 8,egli adunque p] la prima volta *e i due processi ,galeleiani sono publicati nella loro integrit40 ,page xii4 #fce ,see 8,correzioni al libro ,urbano ,,viii4 e ,galileo ,galilei propo/e dall' autore ,sante ,pi]alisi con oss]vazioni sopra il ,processo ,orig9ale di ,galileo ,galilei publicato da ,dom5ico ,b]ti40 ,roma1 #cj ,settembre1 #ahgf1 pp4 #i-af4 #fcf 8,qu&o si havra a t]m9>e qual*e causa al ,s4 ,(f4 app>t55te conv]ra1 *e prima ai =mi il caso 9 cui brevem5te si ri/r+ano in]iti della causa e tutti i punti sub/antiale del processo1 etc4444 ,poscia m&atalo a ciascuno de ,sig ,consultori entr]a con esso loro opportunam5te nella ,congregatione10 etc4 78,sacro ,ars5ale10 etc4 ,bologna1 #affe4 ,mas9i's ed41 pp4 #cde1 #cdf74 #fcg 8,il ,processo orig9ale di ,gal4 ,galilei10 etc4 ,rome1 #ahgf1 p4 #ach1 note #a4 #fch 8,correzioni al libro ,urbano ,,viii4 e ,gal4 ,galilei10 etc4 ,rome1 #ahgf1 pp4 #dd-df4 #fci 8,il ,processo orig9ale di ,gal4 ,galilei10 etc41 p4 v4 #fdj ,! ,d5unciation ( ,lor9i4 ,! signature1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly once exi/$1 b be+ on ! edge ( ! pap] has be5 effac$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 #fda 8,i/ ,galilei gefolt]t word540 ,von ,emil ,wohlwill4 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 #fdb 8,i/ ,galilei gefolt]t word540 ,geg5betra*tung5 von ,k4 v4 ,gebl]4 ,die ,geg5w>t4 #fdc ,vat4 ,,ms4 fol4 #cih ro4 #fdd ,?is decree is giv5 9 a pr9t$ copy 9 ! volume conta9+ ! ,vat4 ,,ms4 ,we give x on a r$uc$ scale4 #fde ,mispr9t = ,dubl9i5si4 #fdf ,abridg$4 ,,tr4 #fdg ,cs> ,c>5a3 8,de (ficio ,sanctissime ,inquisitionis et modo proc$5di 9 causis fidei40 ,cremona1 #afda1 p4 #daf4 ,,index4 ,accadmia dei ,l9cei1 #cf1 #ajf1 #acf4 ,dissolution (1 #ach4 ,alciato1 ,c>d9al1 #agf4 ,anagram on ,r+ ( ,saturn1 #bd4 ,on ,cresc5t =m ( ,v5us1 #cc4 ,apology to ,gr& ,du*ess ,*ri/9e1 #fd-gj4 ,ari/otle1 #f1 #aj4 ,a/ronomical & ,philosophical ,scales1 !1 #ajb4 ,b>b]9i1 ,antonio1 #acb4 ,c>d9al1 #ce1 #aib1 #aii1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,maffeo1 #dd4 ,z ,urban ,,viii41 #ajh-aac4 ,bell>m9e1 ,c>d9al1 #ce1 #fa1 #fb1 #gg1 #gh4 ,8 ,c]tificate to ,galileo1 #hh1 #bje1 #bai4 ,boccabella1 #aia4 ,boc*9]i1 ,g]i1 ,galileo's ,lett]s to1 #bji1 #bab4 ,lett] to ,niccol9i1 #bah4 ,bonciani1 #ee1 #ef4 ,borgia1 ,casp>1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,boscaglia1 #de4 ,bruno ,giordano1 #baf4 ,cacc9i1 #ea-ec1 #eg1 #eh1 #gc1 #gd1 #bjb4 ,campanella1 ,?omas1 #acc1 #afd1 #aga1 #ahj4 ,capra1 ,bal?az>1 #ab1 #ag4 ,ca/elli1 #cc1 #dc-df1 #ee1 #acb-acd1 #ach1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #baj1 #bhb1 #bif4 ,cesi1 ,pr9ce1 #da1 #eb1 #ec1 #fb1 #fc1 #aad1 #acb1 #acf4 ,dea? (1 #ach4 ,cioli1 #adj1 #ada1 #add1 #afi1 #aic1 #aid1 #bag4 ,clavius1 #bb1 #cc1 #ce4 ,colombo1 ,lodovico delle1 #dc4 ,comets ( #afah1 #aja4 ,galileo's op9ion on1 #aja4 ,conti1 ,c>d9al1 #dj4 ,cop]nicus1 #ac4 ,8 8,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium10 #ad1 #ge4 ,osi&]'s ,introduction to1 #ae4 ,cop]nican ,sy/em1 #ab-ad1 #cg1 #dj4 ,refutations (1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,galileo's la/ ,discussion (1 #cjc4 ,corressio1 ,giorgio1 #dc4 ,cosmo ,,ii41 de' ,m$ici1 #bj1 #ba1 #cj1 #ic4 ,dea? 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(1 #aje4 ,peiresc1 ,fabri de1 #bgh4 ,lett] f ,galileo to1 #bgi4 ,p5dulum ,clocks1 #cjf4 ,pic*5a1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ic1 #id1 #if4 ,lett] to1 #hf1 #hg4 ,piccolom9i1 ,ascanio1 #bdh1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bgd4 ,pi]alisi1 #afa1 #afb1 #bac1 #bdb4 ,pisa1 ,exp]im5ts f ,lean+ ,t[] (1 #aj4 ,univ]sity (1 #e4 ,pius ,,vii41 #cad4 ,plan ( ,galileo's rooms 9 ,palace ( ,inquisition1 #bji4 ,prohibition1 ,special1 to ,treat ( ,cop]nican ,sy/em1 #gh1 #hi1 #ij1 #aac4 ,discov]y (1 #afc1 #aga1 #agb4 ,protocol ( #crd ,m>*1 #afaf1 #hb4 ,qu]5ghi1 #ga1 #ge4 ,recantation1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,publication (1 #bfh4 ,lett] ord]+ x1 #bfi4 ,ricc>di1 #aag1 #acb1 #ace1 #aci1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh1 #aeg1 #aga1 #agb1 #bfh4 ,ricci1 ,o/ilio1 #g4 ,r+ ( ,saturn1 #bd4 ,r9ucc9i's ,inquiries ( ,galileo1 #cjc4 ,galileo's reply to1 #cjd1 #cje4 8,sacro ,ars5ale10 #bee1 #beh4 ,s>pi1 ,paolo1 #cb4 ,sagr$o1 ,francesco1 #cb4 ,salviati1 #dd4 ,sc>tazz9i1 ,dr41 #bei-bfb4 ,s*e9]1 #dc4 ,8 8,rosa ,urs9a10 #aeh4 ,s5t5ce on ,galileo1 #bcj-bcd4 ,analysis (1 #bcd-bdb4 ,s]ri/ori1 #aib4 ,settele's ,a/ronomy1 #cac4 8,sid]eus ,nuncius10 #ag1 #ba1 #bd4 8,simplicius10 did he p]sonate ,urban ,,viii48 #aei-afb4 ,s9c]o1 ,c>lo1 #bja4 ,sizy1 #ci4 ,sol> ,spots1 #cd4 ,"w on1 #dd1 #eh4 ,special ,commission on ,galileo's cause1 #afd4 ,its ,memorial to ! ,pope1 #agb-agd4 ,/elluti's reply to ,lo?>io ,s>si ,sig5sano1 #ajf4 ,/ephani1 #ada1 #adb1 #ade4 ,telescope1 !1 #af-be4 ,inv5tor (1 #ah4 ,!rmoscope1 !1 #ab4 ,trial ( ,galileo1 #bja-bbi4 ,torricelli1 #cjf4 ,torture1 "q (1 #bec-bfc4 ,urban ,,viii41 #ajg1 #ahc1 #bbe1 #bci1 #bdh4 ,"* (1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,fri5d%ip = ,galileo1 #aji-aaa4 ,fav\rs to him1 #aah1 #aai4 ,*ange ( tone1 #aei4 ,vatican ,,ms41 ,hi/ory (1 ,app5dix1 #cai4 ,description (1 #ccj4 ,e/imate (1 #ccd4 ,v5ice1 ,republic (1 #ca1 #cb4 ,exhibition ( ,telescope at1 #ah4 ,v5us1 ,cresc5t =m (1 #cb1 #cc4 ,v9ta1 ,belis>io1 #bd1 #cd4 ,viviani1 #cjj1 #caj4 ,w$d]burn1 #bc4 ,wels]1 #bb1 #dc4 ,wohlwill1 ,emil1 #ha1 #hh1 #ij1 #beg1 #bei4 ,zac*ia1 ,c>d9al1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,zuiga1 ,diego di1 #da1 #hd1 #cab4 ,,rec5t ,,biographies4 #b ,vols41 l>ge po/ #hvo1 price #bds4 ,,niccolo ,,ma*iavelli ,,& ,,8 ,,times4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,,vill>i1 ,au?or ( 8,life ( ,savon>ola10 etc4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,l9da ,,vill>i4 8,! :ole "w promises to be "o ( ! mo/ p]man5tly valuable contributions to ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 & ,engli% /ud5ts may be congratulat$ on ! appe>ance ( ! translation by ! h& ( ,madame ,vill>i1 h]self an ,engli% au?or40--,academy4 8,pr(essor ,vill>i prefaces 8 ,life ( ,ma*iavelli ) an elaborate hi/orical introduction4444 ,z a sket* ( ! ,r5aissance x is admirable4 ,x is a ma/]piece ( cond5sation2 ! arrangem5t ( ! mass ( mat]ials leaves little to desire1 & its /yle is s+ul>ly lucid40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #hvo1 clo?1 price #ads4 ,,william ,,h>vey3 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 ,by ! late ,r4 ,,willis1 ,m4,d41 ,au?or ( 8,s]vetus & ,calv940 ,,) ,,portrait ,,( ,,h>vey1 ,,aft] ,,fai?orne4 8,8 7,dr4 ,willis's7 book w d\btless f9d num]\s read]s1 & we tru/ t "s at lea/ may be l$ by x to /udy ! mu* prais$ & little read works ( ,william ,h>vey40--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #hvo1 clo?1 price #afs4 ,,s]vetus ,,& ,,calv93 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,an ,,important ,,epo* ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation4 ,by ! late ,r4 ,,willis1 ,m4,d4 8,dr4 ,willis has collect$ 9 ?is monograph a good /ore ( int]e/+ matt] :i* is n accessible to mo/ read]s )\t consid]able tr\ble1 & has come s ne> mak+ x a good book t "o w\ld be glad to escape ! duty ( criticism40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,edition1 cr[n #hvo1 price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,life ,,& ,,lett]s ,,( ,,james ,,h9ton4 ,edit$ by ,,ellice ,,hopk9s4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,,gull1 ,,b>t42 ,,& ,,portrait ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,/eel ,,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,je5s4 8#8,! ,life ( ,james ,h9ton1' ! fir/ aural surgeon ( 8 "t1 pres5ts a /rik+ /udy ( "*1 & w be in/ructive 9 its simpl] outl9es to read]s :o are unable to foll[ ! deep] & some:at my/ic c\rse ( philosophical ?\ght trac$ 9 8 #8,lett]s4'0--,saturday ,review4 8,miss ,hopk9s has execut$ a difficult task ) great tact4 ,%e %[s a he>ty appreciation ( h] subject1 & h] "w is well done40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul ,,co41 #a1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e4 ,,rec5t ,,publications4 #b vols41 ,second ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 clo?1 price #cbs4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,,translation ,,revis$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,plates ,,& ,,g5ealogical ,,trees ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,bo? ,,plants ,,& ,,animals4 8,! ,au?or has dis*>g$ a mo/ difficult task ) consci5ti\s skill & m>vell\s ability40--,sci5ce ,gossip4 8,a ri* m9e ( facts = all biological /ud5ts40--,exam9]4 99 99 99 99 99 #b vols41 l>ge po/ #hvo1 clo?1 price #cbs4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,man4 ,a ,,popul> ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,po9ts ,,( ,,human ,,ontog5y ,,& ,,phylog5y4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation10 etc4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,tea*+4 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,vir*[ ,,on ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/ate4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,au?oris$ ,translation1 ) ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,squ>e #hvo1 clo?1 price #aes4 ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,irel&4 ,by ,g4 ,,h5ry ,,k9ahan1 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,etc41 ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,geological ,survey4 ,) #h ,plates1 #bf ,woodcuts1 & a ,map ( ,irel&1 ,geologically ,col\r$4 8,8 volume is1 unque/ionably1 a di/9ct ga9 to our geological lit]ature--! 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