,transcrib]'s ,note ,9 ,,problem ,i1 ,,*apt] ,,iii1 ,section #de 7orig9ally page #ch71 *emical =mulas repres5t ! numb]s ( atoms 9 a molecule ) patt]ns l ?is3 ,c#aad4 ,?r\gh\t ?is e,book1 pairs ( und]scores enclose italiciz$ text1 ,small-caps text appe>s z ,,all-,,caps1 & pairs ( equals signs enclose boldface text4 ,works by ! same ,au?or4 ,,problems ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,m9d4 ,! ,f\ndations ( a ,cre$4 ,two ,volumes4 ,octavo4 ,p] volume1 #c4jj4 ,,cont5ts3 ,! ,me?od ( ,sci5ce & its ,applications to ,metaphysics--,! ,rules ( ,philosophiz+--,psy*ological ,pr9ciples--,! ,limitations ( ,k--,! ,pr9ciples ( ,c]titude--,f ! ,kn[n to ! ,unkn[n--,matt] & ,=ce--,=ce & ,cause--,! ,absolute 9 ! ,correlations ( ,feel+ & ,motion4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,goe!',s ,,life4 ,new ,edition4 ,"o volume4 #afmo4 ,) ,portrait4 #a4ej4 99499 ,= sale by all ,booksell]s4 ,s5t1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price by ! ,publi%]s1 ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,co41 ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,m9d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,be+ ,,! ,,second ,,s]ies ,,( ,,problems ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,m9d4 ,,by ,,george ,,h5ry ,,lewes4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,riv]side ,press4 ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york3 ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company4 ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge4 #ahia4 ,,au?or',s ,,edition4 ,f ,advance ,%eets4 ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,pr9t$ by ,h4 ,o4 ,h\ghton ,company4 ,,preface4 ,! title indicates t ?is volume is re/rict$ to ! gr\p ( mat]ial conditions :i* con/itute ! organism 9 relation to ! physical _w--a gr\p :i* furni%es ! data = "o half ( ! psy*ologi/'s que/2 ! o!r half be+ furni%$ by hi/orical & social conditions4 ,! ,human ,m9d1 s f> z x is accessible to sci5tific inquiry1 has a tw(old root1 man be+ n only an animal organism b an unit 9 ! social organism2 & h5ce ! complete !ory ( its functions & faculties mu/ be s\ght 9 ?is tw(old direction4 ,?is conception 7:i* has be5 decl>$ 8to am\nt to a revolution 9 ,psy*ology071 al?\gh sl[ly prep>$ by ! gr[+ conviction t ,man c\ld n be isolat$ f ,humanity1 0 fir/ exp\nd$ 9 ! op5+ volume ( ^! ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d2 at lea/1 ,i am n aw>e t any pr$ecessor _h se5 h[ ! specially human faculties ( ,intellect & ,consci5ce 7 products ( social factors co-op]at+ ) ! animal factors4 ,9 consid]+ ! ,physical ,basis a l>ge place mu/ be assign$ to ! me*anical & *emical relations :i* are involv$ 9 organic functions2 yet we h to recognize t ?is proc$ure ( ,analysis is artificial & prep>atory1 t none ( its results are f9al1 none repres5t ! syn!tic reality ( vital facts4 ,h5ce "o lead+ object ( ! foll[+ pages has be5 ev]y:]e to sub/itute ! biological po9t ( view = ! metaphysical & me*anical po9ts ( view :i* too (t5 ob/ruct rese>*--! "o f9d+ its expression 9 spirituali/ !ories1 ! o!r 9 mat]iali/ !ories2 bo? disreg>d+ ! pla9 pr9ciple t ! fir/ requisite 9 a !ory ( biological ph5om5a mu/ be to view !m 9 ! light ( biological conditions3 9 o!r words1 to fix our gaze ^u :at passes 9 ! organism1 & n on :at may pass 9 ! laboratory1 :]e ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,analysis is a pot5t in/rum5t1 b is too (t5 reli$ on 9 =getfulness ( :at con/itutes its real aid1 & ?us leads to a disreg>d ( all ^? conditions :i* x has artificially set aside4 ,we see ?is 9 ! t5d5cy ( anatomi/s & physiologi/s to assign to "o elem5t1 9 a complex clu/] ( co-op]ants1 ! significance :i* prop]ly belongs to t clu/]3 z :5 ! prop]ty ( a tissue is plac$ exclusively 9 a s+le elem5t ( t tissue1 ! function ( an organ assign$ to its *ief tissue1 & a function ( ! organism to a s+le organ4 ,ano!r object has be5 to furni% ! read] un9/ruct$ 9 physiology ) su* a g5]al outl9e ( ! /ructure & functions ( ! organism1 & su* details respect+ ! s5ti5t me*anism1 z may awak5 an int]e/ 9 ! /udy1 & enable him to und]/& ! application ( ,physiology to ,psy*ology4 ,if he comes ^u details :i* c only int]e/ specially educat$ /ud5ts1 or p]haps only by !m be really und]/ood1 he c pass ov] ^! details1 = _! omission w n s]i\sly affect ! be>+ ( ! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,i h giv5 ! be/ ,i _h to give2 & mu/ leave ea* read] to f9d 9 x :atev] may int]e/ him4 ,! uses ( books are fir/ to /imulate inquiry by awak5+ an int]e/2 secondly1 to cl>ify & classify ! k already ga9$ f direct contemplation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,!y are /imuli & aids to obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,!y %\ld nev] be all[$ to see = u1 nor to ?9k = u4 ,! volume conta9s f\r essays4 ,! fir/1 on ! ,nature ( ,life1 deals ) ! speciality ( organic ph5om5a1 z di/+ui%$ f ! inorganic4 ,x sets =? ! physiological pr9ciples :i* ,psy*ology mu/ incessantly invoke4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exposition ,i h incorporat$ sev]al passages f f\r articles on ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!ses1 contribut$ to ! ,=tnightly ,review dur+ ! ye> #ahfh4 ,i h also sugge/$ a modification ( ! hypo!sis ( ,natural ,selection1 by ext5d+ to ! tissues & organs t pr9ciple ( competition :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has s lum9\sly appli$ to organisms4 ,%\ld ?is g5]alization ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 be accept$1 x w answ] _m ( ! hi!rto unansw]able objections4 ,! second essay is on ! ,n]v\s ,me*anism1 sett+ =? :at is kn[n & :at is inf]r$ respect+ ! /ructure & prop]ties ( t all-important sy/em4 ,if ! sceptical & revolution>y attitude1 9 pres5ce ( op9ions curr5tly held to be e/abli%$ tru?s1 surprises or pa9s ! read] unprep>$ = su* d\bts1 ,i c only ask him to submit my /atem5ts to a simil> scepticism1 & confront !m ) ! asc]ta9$ evid5ce4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( labori\s inve/igation & m$itation1 ! conclusion has sl[ly =c$ itself ^u me1 t on ?is subject !re is a 8false p]suasion ( k0 v fatal 9 its influ5ce1 because unhesitat+ly adopt$ z ! gr\nd ( speculation bo? 9 ,pa?ology & ,psy*ology4 ,?is p]suasion is su/a9$ because few are aw>e h[ mu* ( :at passes = obs]vation is 9 reality %e] hypo!sis4 ,i h _h to po9t out ! great ext5t to :i* ,imag9>y ,anatomy has be5 unsuspect+ly accept$2 & hope to h done some?+ t[>ds rais+ a rational misgiv+ 9 ! /ud5t's m9d respect+ 8! sup]/ition ( ! n]ve-cell0--a sup]/ition :i* ,i freely confess to h %>$ 9 = _m ye>s4 ,! ?ird essay treats ( ,animal ,automatism4 ,"h ! con/ant insi/ance on ! biological po9t ( view1 :ile x causes a rejection ( ! me*anical !ory1 admits ! fulle/ recognition ( all ! me*anical relations involv$ 9 animal movem5ts1 & ?us endeavors to reconcile ! cont5d+ s*ools4 ,9 ?is essay ,i h also attempt$ a psy*ological solution ( t mu*-debat$ "q--! relation betwe5 ,body & ,m9d4 ,?is solution expla9s :y physical & m5tal ph5om5a mu/ necess>ily pres5t to our appreh5sion su* pr(\ndly div]se *>act]s2 & %[s t ,mat]ialism1 9 attempt+ to d$uce ! m5tal f ! physical1 puts into ! conclusion :at ! v t]ms h exclud$ f ! premises2 :]eas1 on ! hypo!sis ( a physical process be+ only ! objective aspect ( a m5tal process1 ! attempt to int]pret ! "o by ! o!r is z legitimate z ! solution ( a geometrical problem by algebra4 ,9 ! f9al essay ! ,reflex ,!ory is discuss$2 & "h once m ! biological po9t ( view rectifies ! error ( an analysis :i* has l$ to ! d5ial ( ,s5sibility 9 reflex actions1 because t analysis has ov]look$ ! necess>y pres5ce ( ! conditions :i* det]m9e ,s5sibility4 ,9 ^! *apt]s are reproduc$ sev]al passages f ! ,physiology ( ,common ,life4 ,accord+ to my orig9al int5tion1 ?is volume 0 to h includ$ an exposition ( ! "p ,i conceive ! bra9 to play 9 physiological & psy*ological processes1 b t mu/ be po/pon$ until x c be accompani$ by a survey ( psy*ological processes :i* w\ld r5d] ! exposition m intelligible4 ,,! ,,priory1 ,m>*1 #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,problem ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$ #c 7,! ,position ( ,biology7 #d 7,organisms7 #h 7,vital ,=ce7 #ad 7,vital ,=ce controll+ ,physical & ,*emical ,=ces7 #af ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,def9itions ,,( ,,life #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,organism1 ,,organization1 ,,& ,,organic ,,sub/ance #cg 7,organism & ,m$ium7 #de 7,! ,hypo!sis ( ,g]m9al ,matt]7 #eg 7,organisms & ,ma*9es7 #fg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,& ,,functions #gj 7,does ! ,function det]m9e ! ,organ87 #gh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,evolution #hi 7,natural ,selection & ,organic ,aff9ity7 #aae 7,recapitulation7 #aeb ,,problem ,,ii4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,me*anism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em1 #aeg 7,! ,e>ly ,=ms ( ,n]ve-,c5tres71 #afh 7,! ,p]iph]al ,sy/em71 #aga 7,ganglia & ,c5tres71 #agb ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,functional ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em1 #agf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,neurility1 #ahi 7,orig9s ( ,n]ve-,=ce71 #bja 7,! ,hypo!sis ( ,specific ,en]gies71 #bjg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,s5sibility1 #baa ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,action ,,)\t ,,n]ve-,,c5tres1 #bbg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,taught ,,by ,,embryology81 #bcg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em1 #bea 7,difficulties ( ! ,inve/igation71 #beb 7,! ,n]ve-,cell71 #beh 7,! ,n]ves71 #bgj 7,! ,neuroglia71 #bgc 7,! ,relations ( ! ,organites71 #bgh 7,recapitulation71 #bii ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,activity #caj 7,! ,en]gy ( ,neurility7 #caa 7,! ,propagation ( ,excitation7 #cad 7,/imuli7 #cba 7,/imulation7 #cbd 7,! ,law ( ,dis*>ge7 #cbf 7,! ,law ( ,arre/7 #ccc 7,! ,hypo!sis ( ,inhibitory ,c5tres7 #ccf 7,anatomical ,int]pretations ( ! ,laws7 #cci ,,problem ,,iii4 ,,animal ,,automatism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,mod]n ,,?\ght #cde ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,vital ,,me*anism #cfc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,body ,,& ,,m9d #cgf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,consci\sness ,,& ,,unconsci\sness #cii ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,volunt>y ,,& ,,involunt>y ,,actions #dae ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$ #dca ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,is ,,feel+ ,,an ,,ag5t8 #ddj ,,problem ,,iv4 ,,! ,,reflex ,,!ory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$ #dfg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,d$uctions ,,f ,,g5]al ,,laws #dij ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,inductions ,,f ,,p>ticul> ,,obs]vations #eji 7,c]ebral ,reflexes7 #eaa 7,discrim9ation7 #ebj 7,memory7 #ebb 7,in/9ct7 #ebb 7,! ,acquisition ( ,in/9ct7 #ecf 7,acquisition7 #edf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,negative ,,inductions #eej ,,problem ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,life4 8,la ,physiologie a p\r b d'expos] les phnomnes de la vie huma9e et les conditions d'o ils dp5dant4 ,p\r y arriv] d'une manire sre1 il faut ncessairem5t avant t\t dt]m9] quels sont les phnomnes qu'on dsigne s\s le nom de vie en gnral4 ,c'e/ p\rquoi la premire *ose faire e/ d'tudi] les proprits gnrales du corps qu'on appelle organiques ou vivans40--,,ti$emann1 ,trait de ,physiologie de l',homme1 ,i4 #b4 8,"s weak & inexp]i5c$ p]sons va9ly seek by dialectics & f>-fet*$ argum5ts ei!r to upset or e/abli% ?+s t are only to be f\nd$ on anatomical demon/ration & believ$ on ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,he :o truly desires to be in=m$ ( ! "q 9 h& mu/ be held b\nd ei!r to look = himself1 or to take on tru/ ! conclusions to :i* !y :o h look$ h come40--,,h>vey1 ,second ,diss]tation to ,riolan4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$4 #a4 ,al?\gh = conv5i5ce we use ! t]ms ,life & ,m9d z repres5t+ di/9ct ord]s ( ph5om5a1 ! "o objective & ! o!r subjective1 & al?\gh = c5turies !y h designat$ di/9ct entities1 or =ces hav+ diff]5t sub/rata1 we may n[ consid] x suffici5tly ackn[l$g$ among sci5tific ?9k]s t e problem ( ,m9d is necess>ily a problem ( ,life1 ref]r+ to "o special gr\p ( vital activities4 ,x is en\gh t ,m9d is nev] manife/$ except 9 a liv+ organism to make u seek 9 an analysis ( organic ph5om5a = ! mat]ial conditions ( e m5tal fact4 ,m5tal ph5om5a :5 obs]v$ 9 o!rs1 al?\gh int]pretable by our consci\sness ( :at is pass+ 9 ourselves1 c only be objective ph5om5a ( ! vital organism4 #b4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 if on ?is alone1 an acqua9tance ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /ructure & function is indisp5sable to ! psy*ologi/2 al?\gh only ( late ye>s has ?is be5 fully recogniz$1 s t m5 pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! organism h _h no hesitation 9 !oriz+ on its highe/ functions4 ,9 say+ t su* k is indisp5sable1 ,i d n mean t 9 ! abs5ce ( su* k a man is deb>r$ f und]/&+ mu* ( ! results rea*$ by inve/igators1 nor t he may n himself make useful obs]vations & classifications ( psy*ological facts4 ,x is possible to read books on ,natural ,hi/ory ) intellig5ce & pr(it1 & ev5 to make good obs]vations1 )\t a sci5tific gr\ndwork ( biological in/ruction2 & x is possible to arrive at empirical facts ( hygi5e & m$ical treatm5t )\t any physiological in/ruction4 ,b 9 all ?ree cases ! abs5ce ( a sci5tific basis w r5d] ! k fragm5t>y & incomplete2 & ?is ought to det] e "o f (f]+ an op9ion on debatable que/ions :i* pass beyond ! limit ( subjective obs]vations4 ,! psy*ologi/ :o has n prep>$ himself by a /udy ( ! organism has no m "r to be he>d on ! g5esis ( ! psy*ical /ates1 or ( ! relations betwe5 body & m9d1 ?an "o ( ! laity has a "r to be he>d on a "q ( m$ical treatm5t4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,biology4 #c4 ,sci5ce is ! sy/ematic classification ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,x po/ulates unity ( ,exi/5ce ) great v>ieties 9 ! ,modes ( ,exi/5ce2 assum+ t !re is "o ,matt] ev]y:]e ! same1 "u great div]sities 9 ! complications ( its elem5ts4 ,! di/9ction ( ,modes is n less indisp5sable ?an ! id5tification ( ! elem5ts4 ,^! ,modes range !mselves "u ?ree supreme heads3 ,=ce1 ,life1 ,m9d4 ,"u ! fir/1 range ! g5]al prop]ties exhibit$ by all sub/ances2 "u ! second1 ! g5]al prop]ties exhibit$ by organiz$ sub/ances2 "u ! ?ird1 ! g5]al prop]ties exhibit$ by organiz$ animal sub/ances4 ,! fir/ class is subdivid$ into ,physics1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 & ,*emi/ry4 ,physics treats ( sub/ances :i* move z masses1 or :i* vibrate & rotate z molecules1 )\t und]go+ any appreciable *ange ( /ructural integrity2 !y %[ *anges ( position & /ate1 )\t correspond+ *anges 9 _! elem5ts4 ,*emi/ry treats ( sub/ances :i* und]go molecul> *anges ( composition de/ructive ( _! integrity4 ,?us ! bl[ :i* simply moves "o body1 or makes x vibrate1 explodes ano!r4 ,! friction :i* alt]s ! temp]ature & electrical /ate ( a bit ( glass1 ignites a bit ( phosphorus1 & s de/roys its integrity ( /ructure1 conv]t+ phosphorus into phosphoric acid4 #d4 ,! second class1 :ile exhibit+ bo? physical & *emical prop]ties1 is m>k$ly di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( prop]ties call$ vital4 ,_! peculi>ity consi/s 9 ?is3 !y und]go molecul> *anges ( composition & decomposition :i* are simultane\s1 & by ?is simultaneity pres]ve _! integrity ( /ructure4 ,!y *ange _! /ate1 & _! elem5ts1 yet pres]ve _! unity1 & ev5 :5 diff]5tiat+ cont9ue specific4 ,unlike all o!r bodies1 ! organiz$ are born1 gr[1 develop1 & decay1 ?r\gh a prescrib$ s]ies ( graduat$ evolutions1 ea* /age be+ ! indisp5sable condition ( its successor1 no /age ev] appe>+ except 9 its s]ial ord]4 #e4 ,! ?ird class1 :ile exhibit+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! two prec$+ classes1 is specializ$ by ! addition ( a totally new prop]ty1 call$ ,s5sibility1 :i* subjectively is ,feel+4 ,"h organiz$ sub/ance has become animal sub/ance1 & ,vegetality has be5 develop$ into ,animality by ! addition ( new factors1--new complexities ( ! elem5t>y =ces4 ,_m1 if n mo/1 philosoph]s po/ulate an entirely new ,exi/5ce1 & n simply a new ,mode1 to acc\nt = ! manife/ations ( ,m9d2 !y refuse to ackn[l$ge x to be a vital manife/ation1 !y dem& t to ,life be add$ a sep>ate sub/ratum1 ! ,s\l4 ,?is is n a po9t to be discuss$ "h4 ,we may be cont5t ) ! ass]tion t h[ev] great ! ph5om5al diff]5ce betwe5 ,humanity & ,animality 7a diff]5ce we %all h]eaft] see to be ! expression ( a new factor1 namely1 ! social factor71 nev]!less ! di/9ctive attribute ( ,s5sibility1 out ( :i* rise ,emotion & ,cognition1 m>ks ! insep>able k9%ip ( m5tal ) vital ph5om5a4 ,?us all ! v>i\s ,modes ( ,exi/5ce may1 at lea/ 9 _! objective aspect1 be rang$ "u ! two divisions ( ,inorganic & ,organic1--,non-liv+ & ,liv+1--& ^! are respectively ! objects ( ! cosmological & ! biological sci5ces4 #f4 ,! v>i\s sci5ces 9 _! s]ial developm5t develop ! :ole art ( ,me?od4 ,ma!matics develops ab/raction1 d$uction1 & def9ition2 ,a/ronomy ab/raction1 d$uction1 & obs]vation2 ,physics adds exp]im5t2 ,*emi/ry adds nom5clature2 ,biology adds classification1 & = ! fir/ "t br+s into prom95ce ! important notion ( conditions ( exi/5ce1 & ! v>iation ( ph5om5a "u v>y+ conditions3 s t ! relation ( ! organism to its m$ium is "o nev] to be left out ( sight4 ,9 ,biology also cle>ly em]ges = ! fir/ "t :at ,i reg>d z ! true notion ( causality1 namely1 ! procession ( causes1--! comb9ation ( factors 9 ! product1 & n an ab extra det]m9ation ( ! product4 ,9 ,vitality & ,s5sibility we are made aw>e t ! causes are 9 & n outside ! organism2 t ! organic effect is ! organic cause 9 op]ation2 t !re is autonomy b no autocracy2 ! effect issues z a resultant ( ! co-op]at+ conditions4 ,9 ,sociology1 f9ally1 we see br\ght into prom95ce ! hi/orical conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,f ! due appreciation ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 mat]ial & hi/orical1 we seize ! true significance ( ! pr9ciple ( ,relativity4 #g4 ,hav+ ?us indicat$ ! s]ies ( ! ab/ract sci5ces we h n[ to consid] m closely ! "* ( ,biology4 ,! t]m 0 propos$ indep5d5tly yet simultane\sly 9 ,g]many & ,france1 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 by ,treviranus & ,lam>ck1 to express 8! /udy ( ! =ms & ph5om5a ( ,life1 ! conditions & laws by :i* ^! exi/1 & ! causes :i* produce !m40 ,yet only ( late ye>s has x ga9$ g5]al acceptance 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! t]m ,cosmology1 = :at are usually call$ ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 has n yet come into g5]al use1 al?\gh its appropriat5ess mu/ ev5tually secure its recognition4 ,biology1--! ab/ract sci5ce ( ,life1--embrac+ ! :ole organic _w1 includes ,vegetality1 ,animality1 & ,humanity2 ! biological sci5ces are ,phytology1 ,zology1 & ,an?ropology4 ,ea* ( ! sci5ces has its c>d9al divisions1 /atical & dynamical1 namely1 ,morphology--! sci5ce ( =m1--& ,physiology--! sci5ce ( function4 ,morphology embraces--#a1 ,anatomy1 i4 e4 ! description ( ! p>ts !n & !re pres5t 9 ! organism2 & ^! p>ts1 or organs1 are fur!r describ$ by ! enum]ation ( _! con/itu5t tissues & elem5ts2 & ( ^! aga9 ! proximate pr9ciples1 s f> z !y c be isolat$ )\t *emical decomposition4 #b1 ,organog5y1 i4 e4 ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( organs & tissues4 ,physiology embraces ! prop]ties & functions ( ! tissues & organs--! prim>y conditions ( ,gr[? & ,developm5t out ( :i* rise ! high] functions br++ ! organism into active relation ) ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( prop]ties & functions are call$ ^? ( vegetal1 or organic life2 ! second ^? ( animal1 or relative life4 ,,organisms4 #h4 ,x w be ne$ful to fix ) precision ! t]ms1 ,organism1 ,life1 ,prop]ty1 & ,function4 ,an organism1 al?\gh usually signify+ a m or less complex unity ( organs1 because ! /ructures :i* fir/ attract$ sci5tific att5tion 7 all ?us m>k$ly di/+ui%$ f inorganic bodies1 has by ! gradual ext5sions ( rese>* be5 necess>ily g5]aliz$1 till x n[ /&s = any organiz$ sub/ance capable ( indep5d5t vitality3 9 o!r words1 any sub/ance hav+ ! specific comb9ation ( elem5ts :i* manife/s ! s]ial ph5om5a ( gr[?1 developm5t1 & decay4 ,!re are organisms t h no diff]5tiat$ organs4 ,?us a microscopic =mless lump ( semifluid jelly-l sub/ance 7,protoplasm7 is call$ an organism1 because x fe$s itself1 & reproduces itself4 ,!re are advantages & disadvantages 9 su* ext5sions ( t]ms4 ,^! are notable 9 ! p>allel ext5sion ( ! t]m ,life1 :i* orig9ally express+ only ! complex activities ( complex organisms1 has come to express ! simple/ activities ( protoplasm4 ,?us a ,monad is an organism2 a ,cell is an organism2 a ,plant is an organism2 a ,man is an organism4 ,& ea* ( ^! organisms is said to h its ,life1 because 8,?r\gh all ! mighty commonweal? ( ?+s ,up f ! creep+ worm to sov]eign man0#a !re is "o fundam5tal gr\p ( conditions1 "o organiz$ sub/ance1 "o vitality4 ,obvi\sly ?is unity is an ab/raction4 ,9 reality1 ! life manife/$ 9 ! ,man is n ! life manife/$ 9 ! ,monad3 he has ,functions & ,faculties :i* ! ,monad has no trace (2 & if ! two organisms h c]ta9 vital *>act]i/ics 9 common1 ?is unity is only recogniz$ 9 an ideal con/ruction :i* lets drop all concrete diff]5ces4 ,! ,life is diff]5t :5 ! organism is diff]5t4 ,h5ce any def9ition ( ,life w\ld be manife/ly insuffici5t :i* :ile x express$ ! activities ( ! ,monad left unexpress$ ! conspicu\s & important activities ( high] organisms4 ,a sundial & a repeat] w ea* record ! successive positions ( ! sun 9 ! heav5s2 b al?\gh bo? are in/rum5ts = m>k+ "t1 ! sundial w n d ! "w ( ! repeat]2 ! complexity & delicacy ( ! wat* me*anism are necess>y = its m v>i$ & delicate uses4 ,a semifluid bit ( protoplasm w fe$ itself2 b x w n fe$ & su/a9 a complex animal2 nor w x feel & ?9k4 #i4 ,neglect ( ?is po9t has caus$ frequ5t confusion 9 ! attempts to give satisfactory def9itions4 ,biologi/s ought to h be5 w>n$ by ! fact t "s ( ! mo/ widely accept$ def9itions exclude ! mo/ conspicu\s ph5om5a ( ,life1 & are only applicable to ! vegetable _w1 or to ! vegetal processes 9 ! animal _w4 ,a def9ition1 h[ev] ab/ract1 %\ld n exclude ess5tial *>act]s4 ,! g5]al cons5t ( mank9d has made ,life synonym\s ) ,mode ( ,exi/5ce4 ,by ! life ( an animal is meant ! exi/5ce ( t animal2 :5 dead ! animal no long] exi/s2 ! sub/ances ( :i* ! organism 0 compos$ exi/1 b "u ano!r mode2 _! connexus is alt]$1 & ! organism vani%es 9 ! alt]ation4 ,x is a s]i\s mi/ake to call ! corpse an organism2 = t special comb9ation :i* con/itut$ ! organism is n pres5t 9 ! corpse4 ,?is misconception misleads "s speculative m9ds into assign+ life to ! univ]se4 ,! univ]se assur$ly exi/s1 b x does n live2 its exi/5ce c only be id5tifi$ ) life1 su* z we obs]ve 9 organisms1 by a complete oblit]ation ( ! speciality :i* ! t]m ,life is meant to designate4 ,yet _m h n only pleas$ !mselves ) su* a conception1 b h conceiv$ ! univ]se to be an organism fa%ion$1 direct$1 & su/a9$ by a s\l l t ( man--! anima mundi4 ,?is is to violate all sci5tific canons4 ,! life ( a plant-organism is n ! same z ! life ( an animal-organism2 ! life ( an animal-organism is n ! same z ! life ( a human-organism2 nor c ! life ( a human-organism be ! same z ! life ( ! _w-organism4 ,! unity ( ,exi/5ces does n oblit]ate ! v>iety ( ,modes2 yet x is ! speciality ( ea* ,mode :i* ,sci5ce inve/igates2 to "s ( ^! ,modes ! t]m ,life is consi/5tly appli$1 to o!rs n2 & if we m]ge !m all 9 a common t]m1 we mu/ !n inv5t a new t]m to designate ! ,modes n[ includ$ "u ,life4 #aj4 ,9 resi/+ ?is unw>rantable ext5sion ( ! t]m ,i am n only po9t+ to a speculative error1 b also to a s]i\s biological error common 9 bo? spirituali/ & mat]iali/ s*ools1 namely t ( assign+ ,life to o!r ?an organic ag5cies4 ,in/ead ( recogniz+ ! speciality ( ?is ,mode ( ,exi/5ce z dep5d5t on a speciality ( ! organic conditions1 ! spirituali/ assigns ,life to "s extra-organic ,vital ,pr9ciple1 ! mat]iali/ assigns x to "s inorganic ag5t--physical or *emical4 ,waiv+ = ! pres5t all discussion ( ,vitalism1 let u consid] 9 :at s5se we mu/ sep>ate organic f all inorganic ph5om5a4 #aa4 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 inorganic & organic :i* may fitly be call$ radical3 x lies at ! root ( ! ph5om5a1 & mu/ be accept$ z an ultimate fact1 al?\gh ! syn!sis on :i* x dep5ds is analytically r$ucible to a complication ( m primitive conditions4 ,x has be5 already indicat$ 9 #e4 ,all organisms above ! v simple/ are syn!ses ,( ?ree t]ms3 ,/ructure1 ,alim5t1 & ,in/rum5t4 ,cry/als1 l all o!r anorganisms h /ructure1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y may be said to gr[ 7,m9]alia crescunt71 ?\gh ! gr[? is by increase & n by modification3#b ! mo!rlye1 :i* is ! food ( ! cry/al1 is nev] br\ght to ! cry/al1 nor prep>$ = x1 by any in/rum5tal ag5cy ( ! cry/al4 ,organisms are exclusively in/rum5tal2 ! organ is an in/rum5t4 ,! /ructural integrity ( an organism is ?us pres]v$ ?r\gh an alim5tation :i* is effect$ ?r\gh special in/rum5ts4 ,no?+ l ?is is visible 9 anorganisms4 ,! increase ( a cry/al is fur!r di/+ui%able f ! gr[? ( an organism1 9 ! fact ,( its be+ simple accretion )\t developm5t2 & ! /ructure ( ! cry/al is di/+ui%able f t ( an organism 9 ! fact t its integrity is pres]v$ by ! exclusion ( all molecul> *ange1 & n by ! simultane\s *anges ( molecul> decomposition & recomposition4 ,inorganic sub/ances are sometimes z un/able z organic1 sometimes ev5 m un/able2 b _! in/ability is ! s\rce ( _! /ructural de/ruction--!y *ange into o!r species2 :]eas ! in/ability ( organiz$ sub/ances 7n ( organic7 is ! s\rce ( _! /ructural integrity3 ! tissue is r5ovat$1 & its r5ovation is a consequ5ce ( its wa/e4 #ab4 ,b :ile ! di/9ction is ?us radical1 :5 we view ! organism f ! real--t is1 f ! syn!tic po9t ( view--we mu/ also urge ! validity ( ! analytical po9t ( view1 :i* seizes on ! conditions "h complicat$ 9 a special gr\p1 & decl>es ^! conditions to be sev]ally recognizable equally 9 anorganisms & 9 organisms4 ,all ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( ,matt] are recognizable 9 organiz$ ,matt]4 ,! elem5t>y sub/ances & =ces famili> to physici/s & *emi/s are ! mat]ials ( ! biologi/2 nor has !re be5 f\nd a s+le organic sub/ance1 h[ev] special1 t is n r$ucible to inorganic elem5ts4 ,we see1 !n1 t organiz$ ,matt] is only a special comb9ation ( t :i* 9 o!r comb9ations pres5ts *emical & physical ph5om5a2 & we are prep>$ to f9d ,*emi/ry & ,physics indisp5sable aids 9 our analysis ( organic ph5om5a4 ,aids1 b only aids2 indisp5sable1 b insuffici5t4 #ac4 ,!re is !re=e an ambiguity 9 ! common /atem5t t organiz$ matt] is n ord9>y matt]4 ,indisputable 9 "o s5se1 ?is is em95tly disputable :5 x is int]pret$ z evid5ce ( a peculi> ,vital ,=ce 8:olly unalli$ ) ! prim>y en]gy ( ,motion40 ,if by 8ord9>y matt]0 be meant e>?s1 cry/als1 gases1 vapors1 !n assur$ly organiz$ matt] is n ord9>y4 8,betwe5 ! liv+ /ate ( matt] & its non-liv+ /ate10 says ,dr4 ,beale1 8!re is an absolute & irreconcilable diff]5ce2 s f> f our be+ able to demon/rate t ! non-liv+ passes by gradations into or gradually assumes ! scale or condition ( ! liv+1 ! transition is sudd5 & abrupt1 & matt] already 9 ! liv+ /ate may pass into ! non-liv+ condition 9 ! same sudd5 & complete mann]40#c ,! ambiguity "h is s5sible 9 ! p>allel case ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 cry/allizable & coagulable matt]1 or betwe5 "o cry/al & ano!r4 ,if we c decompose ! organic into ! inorganic1 ?is %[s t ! elem5ts ( ! "o are elem5ts ( ! o!r2 & if we are n yet able to recompose ! inorganic elem5ts into organic matt] 7n at lea/ 9 its m complex =ms71 may ?is n be due to ! fact t we are ignorant ( ! proximate syn!sis1 ignorant ( ! precise way 9 :i* ! elem5ts are comb9$8 ,i may h e individual "p ( a ma*9e be=e me1 b unless ,i "k ! prop] position ( ea*1 ,i _c ) ! p>ts recon/ruct ! ma*9e4 ,inde$ ! v common argum5t on :i* s mu* /ress is laid 9 favor ( "s my/]i\s ,pr9ciple z ! s\rce ( organic ph5om5a1 namely1 t human skill is hopelessly baffl$ 9 ! attempt to make organic sub/ances1 /ill m a liv+ cell1 is futile4 ,m5 c make ma*9es1 x is said1 b n organisms1 ergo organisms mu/ h a spiritual orig94 ,b ! fact is t no man c make a ma*9e1 unless he take advantage ( ! imm5se traditions ( our race1 & apply ! skill ( millions :o h work$ & ?\ght be=e him1 sl[ly & t5tatively discov]+ ! necess>y means ( me*anical effect4 ,! greate/ ?9k]1 or ! deepe/ s*ol>1 :o did n place himself 9 ! l9e ( ! tradition1 & le>n ! pr9ciples ( me*anism1 & ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ials1 w\ld be z incapable ( mak+ a wat*1 z ! physiologi/ n[ is ( mak+ a cell4 ,b ! skill ( man has already succe$$ 9 mak+ _m organic sub/ances1 & w p]haps ev5tually succe$ 9 mak+ a cell1 c]ta9ly w1 if ev] ! special syn!sis :i* b9ds ! elem5ts toge!r %\ld be discov]$4 ,n t su* a discov]y w\ld alt] ! position ( ,biology 9 relation to ,*emi/ry4 ,! mak+ ( album51 nay1 ! con/ruction ( an organism 9 ! laboratory1 w\ld n 9 ! lea/ affect ! f\ndation ( ,biology1 w\ld n oblit]ate ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 organisms & anorganisms4 ,x is ! speciality ( organic ph5om5a :i* gives !m a special place1 al?\gh ! speciality may only be due to a complication ( g5]al ag5cies4 ,,vital ,,=ce4 #ad4 ,a simil> ambiguity to t ( ! phrase 8ord9>y matt]0 lies 9 ! equally common phrase 8,vital ,=ce10 :i* is us$ to designate a special gr\p ( ag5cies1 & is !n made to designate an ag5t :i* has no k9%ip ) ! g5]al gr\p2 t is to say1 in/ead ( be+ employ$ 9 its real signification--t :i* alone repres5ts our k--z ! ab/ract /atical expression ( ! complex conditions necess>y to ! manife/ation ( vital ph5om5a1 or z ! ab/ract dynamical expression ( ! ph5om5a !mselves1 x is employ$ z an expression ( _! unkn[n ,cause1 :i*1 because unkn[n1 is dissociat$ f ! kn[n conditions1 & erect$ into a my/]i\s ,pr9ciple1 hav+ no k9%ip ) ,matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se ! t]m is a %or?& symbol ( :at is kn[n & inf]r$4 ,! kn[n conditions are ! relations ( an organism & its m$ium1 ! organism be+ ! union ( v>i\s sub/ances all ( :i* h _! peculi> prop]ties :5 isolat$2 prop]ties t disappe> 9 ! union1 & are replac$ by o!rs1 :i* result f ! comb9ation--z ! prop]ties ( *lor9e & sodium all disappe> 9 ! sea-salt :i* results f _! union2 or z ! prop]ties ( oxyg5 & ! prop]ties ( hydrog5 disappe> & are replac$ by ! prop]ties ( wat]4 ,:5 !re=e ,vital ,=ce is said to be exalt$ or depress$1 ! phrase has rational int]pretation 9 ! alt]ation :i* has tak5 place 9 "o or m ( ! conditions1 int]nal & ext]nal3 a *ange 9 ! tissues1 ! plasma1 or ! environm5t1 exalts or depresses ! en]gy ( ! vital manife/ations2 & to suppose t ?is is effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "s extra-organic ,pr9ciple is a purely gratuit\s fiction4 #ae4 ,t we are ignorant ( "o or m ( ! indisp5sable conditions symboliz$ 9 ! ab/ract t]m ,vitality or ,vital ,=ce1 is no reason = quitt+ ! secure ?\gh difficult pa? ( ,obs]vation1 & ru%+ into ! facile b delusive pa? ( ,fiction1 :i* proposes metempirical ,ag5ts 79 ! %ape ( ,vital & ,psy*ical ,pr9ciples7 to solve ! problems ( ,life & ,m9d4 ,we may employ ! t]m ,vital ,=ce to label our obs]vations1 toge!r ) all t /ill rema9s unobs]v$2 & we are b\nd to recognize ! l9e :i* sep>ates obs]vation f inf]5ce1 :at is prov$ f :at is inf]r$2 b :ile m>k+ ! limits ( ! kn[n1 we are n to displace ! kn[n 9 favor ( ! unkn[n4 ,x is said t because ( our ignorance we mu/ assume ^! causes ( ,life & ,m9d to be unalli$ ) kn[n mat]ial causes1 & belong+ to a diff]5t ord] ( exi/5ces4 ,?is is to conv]t ignorance into a pro(2 & n only s1 b to all[ :at we d n "k to displace :at we d "k4 ,! organici/ is ready to admit t mu* has /ill to be discov]$2 ! vitali/1 tak+ 8 /& ^u ?is unkn[n1 d5ies t :at has be5 discov]$ is really important1 & decl>es t ! real ag5t is :olly unalli$ to x4 ,h[ c he "k ?is8 ,he does n "k x2 he assumes x2 & ! *ief evid5ce he adduces is t ! ord9>y laws ( inorganic matt] are incapable ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( organiz$ matt]2 & t physical & *emical =ces are controll$ by vital =ce4 ,i accept bo? ^! positions1 /ripp+ !m1 h[ev]1 ( _! ambiguities4 ,! laws ( ord9>y matt] are cle>ly incompet5t 9 ! case ( matt] :i* is n ord9>y1 b specializ$ 9 organisms2 & :5 we come to treat ( ,mat]ialism we %all see h[ unsci5tific h be5 ! hypo!ses :i* disreg>d ! di/9ction4 ,! "q ( control is too int]e/+ & important to be pass$ ov] "h4 ,,vital ,,=ce ,,controll+ ,,physical ,,& ,,*emical ,,=ces4 #af4 ,! facts reli$ on by ! vitali/s are facts :i* e organici/ w emphasize1 ?\gh he w int]pret !m diff]5tly4 ,:51 = example1 x is said t 8,life resi/s ! effect ( me*anical friction10 & ! pro( adduc$ is ! fact t ! friction :i* w ?9 & we> away a dead body is actually ! cause ( ! ?ick5+ ( a liv+--! sk9 ( a labor]'s h& be+ ?ick5$ by 8 labor2 ! explanation is n t ,life1 an extra-organic ag5t1 8resi/s me*anical friction0--= ! me*anical effect is n resi/$ 7! sk9 is rubb$ (f ! r[]'s h& soon] ?an ! wood is rubb$ (f ! o>7--b t ,life1 i4 e4 organic activity repairs ! wa/e ( tissue4 #ag4 ,aga91 al?\gh _m ( ! physical & *emical processes :i* inv>iably take place "u ! influ5ces to :i* ! sub/ances are subject$ out ( ! organism1 w n take place at all1 or w take place 9 diff]5t degrees1 :5 ! sub/ances are 9 ! organism1 ?is is important z an argum5t aga9/ ! notion ( vital ph5om5a be+ d$ucible f physical & *emical laws1 b is valueless z evid5ce 9 favor ( an extra-organic ag5t4 ,let u glance at "o or two /rik+ examples4 #ah4 ,no exp]im5tal inquir] c h fail$ to obs]ve ! (t5 contradictory results :i* seem+ly unimportant v>iations 9 ! conditions br+ ab\t2 no "o c h fail$ to obs]ve :at are call$ *emical aff9ities :olly fru/rat$ by vital conditions4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y laws ( ,diffusion are n always foll[$ 9 ! organism4 ,! ,amba1 ?\gh semifluid1 resi/s diffusion :5 alive2 b :5 x dies x swells & bur/s by osmosis4 ,! ex*ange ( gases does n take place 9 ! tissues1 precisely z 9 our retorts4 ,! liv+ muscle respires1 t is1 takes up oxyg5 & gives out c>bonic acid1 n on ! pr9ciple ( simple diffusion1 b by two sep>able physiological processes4 ,! c>bonic acid is giv5 out1 ev5 :5 !re is no oxyg5 :atev] pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 & its place may !n be suppli$ by hydrog52 & ?is physiological process is s diff]5t f ! physical process :i* goes on 9 ! dead muscle 7! result ( putrefaction71 t x has be5 prov$ by ,ranke to g on :5 ! temp]ature is s l[ t all putrefaction is arre/$4 ,! same exp]im5t] f9ds#d t :]eas liv+ n]ve w take up1 by imbibition1 #aj p] c5t ( pota% salts1 x w n take up #a p] c5t ( soda salts1 pres5t$ 9 equal conc5tration2 & he po9ts to ! g5]al fact t ! absorption ( inorganic sub/ances does n take place accord+ to ! simple laws ( diffusion1 b t liv+ tissues h special laws1 ! n]ve1 = in/ance1 hav+ a great] aff9ity = neutral pota% salts ?an = neutral soda salts4 ,let me add1 by way ( anticipat+ ! probable argum5t t may urge ?is 9 favor ( ,vital ,pr9ciple :i* is lightly cr$it$ ) ! presci5ce ( f9al causes1 t s f> f ?is 8elective aff9ity0 ( ! tissues be+ intellig5t & always favorable1 ,ranke's exp]im5ts unequivocally %[ t x is m active t[>ds de/ructive1 poison\s sub/ances1 ?an t[>ds ! rep>ative1 alim5t>y sub/ances2 :i* is inde$ consi/5t ) ! famili> exp]i5ce t poisons are m readily absorb$ ?an foods1 :5 bo? are br\ght to ! tissues4 ,?us x is well kn[n t ( all ! salts ! sulphate ( copp] is t :i* plants mo/ readily absorb--& x kills !m4 ,! special aff9ities disappe> z ! vitality disappe>s1 & dy+ plants absorb all salts equally4 #ai4 ,! m ! organism is /udi$1 ! m evid5t x w become t ! simple laws ( diffusion1 z pres5t$ 9 anorganisms r>ely if ev] take effect 9 tissues2 9 o!r words1 :at is call$ ,imbibition 9 ,physics is ! some:at diff]5t process ( ,absorption 9 ,physiology4#e ,! diff]5ce is notable 9 ?is capital fact1 t :]eas ! physical diffusion ( liquids & gases is det]m9$ by diff]5ces ( d5sity1 ! physiological absorption ( liquids & gases is det]m9$ by ! molecul> organization ( ! tissue1 :i* is p]fectly indiff]5t to1 & resi/s ! entrance (1 all sub/ances incapable ( ent]+ into organic comb9ation1 ei!r z alim5t or poison4 ,a curi\s example ( ! indiff]5ce ( organiz$ sub/ances to "s ext]nal influ5ces & _! reaction ^u o!rs1 is ! impossibility ( provok+ cili>y movem5t 9 an epi!lial cell1 dur+ repose1 by any electrical1 me*anical1 or *emical /imuli except pota% & soda4 ,vir*[ discov]$ t a m9ute quantity ( ei!r ( ^!1 add$ to ! wat] 9 :i* ! cell float$1 at once call$ =? ! cili>y movem5ts4 #bj4 ,! true mean+ ( ! resi/ance ( ,vitality to ord9>y *emical aff9ity is1 t ! conditions involv$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ,vitality are n ! conditions involv$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ,*emi/ry2 9 o!r words1 t 9 ! liv+ organism ! sub/ances are plac$ "u conditions diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* we obs]ve ^! sub/ances :5 _! *emical aff9ities are display$ 9 anorganisms4 ,b we ne$ n g beyond ! laboratory to see abundant examples ( ?is s-call$ resi/ance to *emical aff9ity1 :5 ! conditions are alt]$4 ,! decomposition ( c>bonates by t>t>ic acid is a *emical process :i* is :olly resi/$ if alcohol in/ead ( wat] be ! solv5t employ$4 ,! union ( sulphur ) lead is said to be due to ! aff9ity ( ! "o = ! o!r2 b no "o supposes ?is aff9ity to be irrespective ( conditions1 or t ! union w take place :5 any "o ( ^! conditions is abs5t4 ,if we fuse a comp\nd ( lead & iron 9 a crucible conta9+ sulphur1 we f9d x is ! iron1 & n ! lead1 :i* unites ) ! sulphur2 yet we d n conclude t !re is a ,crucible ,pr9ciple :i* fru/rates *emical aff9ity & resi/s ! union ( sulphur & lead2 we simply conclude t ! pres5ce ( ! iron is a condition :i* prev5ts ! comb9ation ( ! sulphur ) ! lead3 n until all ! iron has tak5 up its def9ite proportion ( sulphur w ! aff9ity ( ! lead come into play4 ,?is is b ano!r illu/ration ( ! law t effects are processions ( _! causes1 summations ( ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,if ! fire burns no hole 9 ! teakettle s long z !re is wat] to conduct ! heat away1 ?is is n due to any pr9ciple m my/]i\s ?an ! pres5ce ( a readily conduct+ wat]4#f #ba4 ,9 accordance ) ! law ( ,causation j m5tion$1 :i* has be5 exp\nd$ 9 detail 9 our ,fir/ ,s]ies 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cce71 ! special comb9ations ( ,matt] 9 organisms mu/ pres5t special ph5om5a4 ,!re=e s9ce ! prov9ce ( ,biology is t ( expla9+ organic ph5om5a by means ( _! organic conditions1 x mu/ be radically di/+ui%$ f ! prov9ces ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 :i* treat n ( organiz$ b ( inorganic matt]4 ,x is idle1 x is worse1 = x is mislead+1 to p]sonify ! organic conditions1 kn[n & inf]r$1 9 a ,vital ,pr9ciple2 idle1 because we might ) equal propriety p]sonify ! conditions ( cry/allization 9 a ,cry/al ,pr9ciple2 mislead+1 because ! artifice is quickly dropp$ out ( sight1 & ! ab/ract t]m !n becomes accept$ z an entity1 suppos$ to create or rule ! ph5om5a x 0 inv5t$ to express4 #bb4 ,inquir]s are b too apt to misconceive ! value ( ,analysis1 :i* is an artifice ( ,me?od indisp5sable to rese>*1 ?\gh ne$+ ! complem5t>y rectification by ,syn!sis be=e a real explanation c be rea*$4 ,analysis decomposes ! actual fact into ideal factors1 sep>ates ! gr\p into its compon5ts1 & consid]s ea* ( ^!1 n z x exi/s 9 ! gr\p1 9 ! reality1 b z x exi/s :5 !oretically deta*$ f ! o!rs4 ,! oxyg5 & hydrog5 into :i* wat] is decompos$ did n exi/ z ^! gases 9 ! wat]2 ! album5 & phosphate we extract f a n]ve did n exi/ z isolat$ album5 & phosphate 9 ! n]ve1 !y 7 molecul>ly comb9$4 ,9 l mann] ! physical & *emical processes :i* may analytically be inf]r$ 9 vital processes d n really take place 9 ! same way z out ( ! organism4 ,! real process is always a vital process1 & mu/ be expla9$ by ! syn!sis ( all ! co-op]ant conditions4 ,! laws ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry =mulate ab/ract expressions ( ph5om5a1 :]ev] & :5ev] ^! appe>1 )\t ref]5ce to ! modes ( production2 & 9 ?is s5se ! movem5t ( a limb is no less a case ( ,dynamics ?an ! movem5t ( a pulley--! decomposition ( a tissue is a case ( ,*emi/ry no less ?an ! decomposition ( a c>bonate2 ! electromotor ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 muscle are z purely physical z ^? obs]v$ 9 a telegraph4 ,b :5 a biologi/ has to expla9 ! movem5ts ( ! limbs1 or ! decompositions ( tissues1 he has to deal ) ! ph5om5a & _! modes ( production1 he has a p>ticul> gr\p be=e him1 & mu/ leave out no?+ t is *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,! movem5ts ( ! pulley d n dep5d on ,contractility & ,s5sibility1 :i* 9 turn dep5d on ,nutrition4 ,! decomposition ( ! c>bonate does n dep5d on conditions resembl+ ^? ( a liv+ tissue4 ,vaucanson's duck 0 surpris+ly l a liv+ duck 9 _m ( its movem5ts2 b 9 none ( its actions 0 !re any real simil>ity to ! actions ( a bird1 because ! ma*9e 0 unlike an organism 9 action4 ,! anti!sis ( me*anism & organism w be treat$ ( 9 #gh4 #bc4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t def9+ physical ph5om5a z ! movem5ts :i* take place )\t *ange ( /ructure1 & *emical ph5om5a z ! movem5ts ) *ange ( /ructure1 al?\gh bo? classes may be said to take place 9 ! organism1 & to be ! prim>y conditions on :i* organic ph5om5a dep5d1 !y d n embrace ! :ole ( ! conditions1 nor are ! sci5ces :i* =mulate !m capable ( =mulat+ ei!r ! special ph5om5a *>act]i/ic ( organisms or _! special modes ( production4 ,! biologi/ w employ *emical & physical analysis z an ess5tial "p ( 8 me?od2 b he w always rectify :at is artificial 9 ?is proc$ure1 by subord9at+ ! laws ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry to ! laws ( ,biology reveal$ 9 ! syn!tic obs]vation ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,! rectification1 "h insi/$ on1 w be recogniz$ z peculi>ly urg5t 9 ,psy*ology1 :i* has greatly suff]$ f ! misdirection ( ,analysis4 #bd4 ,no "o w misund]/& ?is specialization ( ,biology to mean a sep>ation ( ,life f ! s]ies ( objective ph5om5a1 & ! introduction ( a new entity2 ! specialization po9ts to a ,mode ( ,exi/5ce4 ,all classifications are artifices1 b !y h _! objective gr\nds2 ! gr\nd ( diff]5ce on :i* ,biology is sep>at$ f ,*emi/ry & ,physics1 ?\gh all ?ree may be m]g$ 9 a common id5tity1 is su* z to ju/ify ! t]m radical4 ,a vital process is no m to be consid]$ physico-*emical1 because physico-*emical conditions are presuppos$ 9 x1 ?an a feel+ is to be consid]$ a nutritive process1 because ,nutrition is presuppos$ 9 all ,feel+4 ,organic sub/ances h be5 made by *emi/s1 & inorganic 8cells0 h also be5 made2 b ^! sub/ances 7 n organiz$1 ^! 8cells0 w\ld n live4 ,! g]m-cell is ! work%op ( g5]ation1 ! secret+-cell ! work%op ( secretion1 ! muscle-cell ! work%op ( contraction4 ,:at is requir$ ov] & above organic sub/ances & cell-=ms1 is t special /ate call$ organization4 ,see #di4 ,^? :o contemplate ! manife/ations )\t also tak+ into acc\nt _! modes ( production may see no?+ b physico-*emical facts 9 vital facts4 ,x is by a simil> limitation ( ! po9t ( view t ,vitality is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ,movem5t1 & portions ( organic matt] are said to live1 simply on ! evid5ce ( _! movem5ts4#g ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,def9itions ,,( ,,life4 #be4 ,biology1 ! sci5ce ( ,life1 be+ ?us assign$ its place 9 ! hi]>*y ( objective laws1 we n[ proce$ to consid] :at ! t]m ,life symbolizes4 ,by a l>ge prelim9>y simplification1 ,life may be def9$ z ! mode ( exi/5ce ( an organism 9 relation to its m$ium4 ,to r5d] ?is ( any value1 h[ev]1 a cle> conception ( ! organism is fir/ indisp5sable2 & ?is mu/ be prec$$ by an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s attempts to def9e life 9 anticipation ( su* a cle> conception4 #bf4 ,e ph5om5on1 or gr\p ( ph5om5a1 may be view$ "u two aspects--! /atical1 :i* consid]s ! conditions ( exi/5ce2 & ! dynamical1 :i* consid]s ^! conditions 9 _! resultant1--9 _! action4 ,! /atical def9ition ( ,life w express ! connexus ( ! prop]ties ( organiz$ sub/ance1 all ^? conditions1 ( matt]1 =m1 & texture1 & ( relation to ext]nal =ces1 on :i* ! organism dep5ds4 ,^! v>i\s conditions1 cond5s$ into a s+le symbol1 con/itute ,vitality or ,vital ,=ce1 & are h5ce tak5 z ! ,cause ( vital ph5om5a4 ,! dynamical def9ition w express ! connexus ( ,functions & ,faculties ( ! organism1 :i* are ! /atical prop]ties ( organiz$ sub/ance 9 action1 "u def9ite relations4 ,x is obvi\s t ! t]m ,life mu/ v>y ) ! v>y+ significates x cond5ses1--e v>iation 9 ! complexity ( ! organism w br+ a correspond+ fulness 9 ! signification ( ! t]m4 ,! life ( a plant is less significant ?an ! life ( an animal2 & ! life ( a mollusc less ?an t ( a fi%4 ,b n only is ! t]m "o ( v>y+ significance1 x is always an ab/ract t]m :i* drops out ( sight p>ticul> concrete diff]5ces1 regi/]+ only ! univ]sal resemblances4 99 99 99 99 99 #bg4 ,x w\ld be a pr(itless labor to se>* out1 & a we>isome infliction to set d[n1 ! v>i\s def9itions :i* h be5 propos$ & accept$2 b c]ta9 *>act]i/ic examples may be select$4 ,all t ,i am acqua9t$ ) belong to two classes3 #a1 ! meta-physiological hypo!sis ( an extra-organic ag5t1 animat+ lifeless matt] by unkn[n p[]s2 #b1 ! physiological hypo!sis :i* seeks ! cause ( ! ph5om5a 7i4 e4 ! conditions7 )9 ! organism itself1--a gr\p ( conditions ak9 to ^? manife/$ else:]e1 b diff]5tly comb9$4 ,! fir/ hypo!ses are kn[n "u ! names ( ,animism & ,vitalism1--m commonly ! latt]4 ,! second are kn[n z ,organicism & ,mat]ialism1--b ! latt] t]m only applies to "s ( ! def9itions4 #bh4 ,"u ,vitalism are includ$ all ! hypo!ses ( a s\l1 a _s1 an ar*u1 a vital pr9ciple1 a vital =ce1 a nisus =mativus1 a plan or div9e idea1 :i* h f "t to "t repres5t$ ! metaphysical /age ( ,biology4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( t /age is ! p]sonification ( a my/]y1 accompani$ by ! p]suasion t to "n a my/]y is to expla9 x4 ,9 all sci5ces :5 processes are imp]fectly obs]v$1 ! !ory ( ! processes 7:i* is a sy/ematic survey ( ! available evid5ce m>%all$ 9 ! ord] ( causal dep5d5ce7 is supplem5t$ by hypo!sis1 :i* fills up ) a guess ! gap left by obs]vation4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! metaphysical & ! positive /ages ( a sci5ce lies 9 ! k9d ( guess ?us introduc$ to supplem5t !ory1 & ! degree ( reliance accord$ to x4 ,i h m ?an once insi/$ on ! sci5tific canon t 8to be valid1 an explanation mu/ be express$ 9 t]ms ( ph5om5a already obs]v$02 n[ x is q cle> t mo/ ( ! extra-organic hypo!ses d n fulfil ?is condition2 no "o hav+ ev] obs]v$ a _s1 an ar*u1 or a vital pr9ciple2 b only imag9$ ^! ag5ts to expla9 ! facts obs]v$4 ,z an example ( ! diff]5ce1 & a pro( t ! value ( an hypo!sis does n re/ on ! facility ) :i* x connects obs]vations1 & seems to expla9 !m1 take ! ?ree hypo!ses ( animal spirits1 n]v\s fluid1 & electricity1 by :i* neural processes h be5 expla9$4 ,! animal spirits are imag9>y2 ! n]v\s fluid is )\t a basis 9 obs]vation1 no evid5ce ( su* a fluid hav+ be5 detect$2 b electricity 7or1 speak+ rigor\sly1 ! movem5ts class$ z electrical71 al?\gh n prov$ to be ! ag5t 9 n]ve-action1 is prov$ to exi/ 9 n]ves z else:]e1 & its modes ( op]ation are v]ifiable4 ,x1 !re=e1 & x alone ( ! ?ree hypo!ses1 is 9 con=mity ) ! sci5tific canon4 ,x may n1 on full inve/igation1 meet all requirem5ts2 x may be reject$ z imp]fect2 b x is ! k9d ( guess :i* sci5tific !ory dem&s4 ,! second diff]5ce noticeable betwe5 ! metaphysical & ! positive /ages is ! degree ( reliance accord$ to hypo!sis2 :i* is v mu* ! same z t noticeable 9 ! uncritical & critical attitudes ( untra9$ & tra9$ intellects4 ,! "o accepts a guess z if x 7 a pro(2 is fasc9at$ by ! facility ( l9k+ toge!r isolat$ obs]vations1 &1 rely+ on ! guess z tru?1 proce$s to d$uce conclusions f x2 ! o!r accepts a guess z an aid 9 rese>*1 try+ by its aid to come ^u "s obs]vation :i* w reveal ! hidd5 process2 b c>eful nev] to all[ ! guess to sup]s$e obs]vation1 or to =m a basis ( d$uctions n imm$iately v]ifi$4 #bi4 ,a glance at ! metaphysiological def9itions w detect bo? ! k9d ( guess & ! k9d ( reliance :i* prevail$4 ,! my/]y 0 n simply recogniz$1 x 0 p]sonifi$ z an entity3 ,w & ,intellig5ce 7 lib]ally accord$ to x1 = x 0 suppos$ to %ape matt]1 & direct =ce into pr$e/9$ pa?s by presci5ce ( a di/ant end4 ,! obs]v$ facts ( ! egg pass+ ?r\gh successive *anges into a complex organism 7 s m>vell\s1 s unlike any facts obs]vable 9 ! inorganic _w1 t !y seem$ to dem& a cause drawn f high] s\rces4 ,! my/]y ( life obtrud$ itself at e turn4 ,x 0 nam$1 & m5 fanci$ x expla9$4 ,b 9 tru? no my/]y is got rid ( by explanation1 h[ev] valid2 x is only %ift$ f>!r back4 ,explanation is ! resolution ( a complex ph5om5on into its conditions ( exi/5ce--! product is r$uc$ to its factors2 ! explanation is f9al :5 ?is resolution has be5 s complete t a recon/ruction ( ! product is possible f ! factors4 ,! va/ majority ( explanations--especially 9 ! organic region--are no m ?an :at ma!maticians call 8a fir/ approximation40 ,x is ?r\gh successive approximations t sci5ce advances2 b ev5 :5 ! f9al /age is rea*$ a my/]y rema9s4 ,we may "k t c]ta9 elem5ts comb9e 9 c]ta9 proportions to produce c]ta9 sub/ances2 b :y !y produce ^!1 & n diff]5t sub/ances1 is no cle>] ?an :y muscles contract or organisms die4 ,?is ,:y is1 h[ev]1 an idle "q4 ,t alone :i* truly conc]ns u is ! ,h[1 & n ! ,:y4 #cj4 ,biology is /ill a long way (f ! ,h[4 ,b x c boa/ ( _m approximations2 & its !ories are to be te/$ by ! degree ( approximation !y effect4 ,9 ?is light ! physiological1 intra-organic1 hypo!ses manife/ly h ! advantage4 ,_m ( !m are inde$ v unacceptable2 !y are guid$ by a mi/ak5 conception ( ! tru?s rea*$ by ,analysis4 ,= :5 m5 fir/ began to disc>d ! extra-organic hypo!ses1 & to look into ! organism itself1 !y 7 s mu* impress$ by ! me*anical facts obs]v$1 t !y endeavor$ to r$uce all ! ph5om5a to ,me*anics4 ,! circulation became simply a "q ( hydraulics4 ,dige/ion 0 expla9$ z trituration4 ,! *emi/s !n appe>$1 & _! %ibbole?s 7 8aff9ities0 & 8oxidations40 ,) ,bi*at arose ! anatomical s*ool1 :i* decompos+ ! organism into organs1 ! organs into tissues1 & ^! tissues into _! elem5ts1 s\ght ! analytical conditions ( exi/5ce ( ! organism 9 ! prop]ties ( ^! tissues1 & ! functions ( ^! organs4 ,! extra-organic ag5t 0 ?us f9ally %[n to be n only a fiction1 b a ne$less fiction4 ,e /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce w note h[ f ! v necessities ( ! case ! metaphysiologi/s1 )\t rel9qui%+ _! ,vital ,pr9ciple1 h be5 l$ m & m to ent] on ! track ( ! physiologi/s1 pursu+ _! rese>*es m & m into ! processes go+ on 9 ! organism1 & assign+ m & m causal effici5cy to ^!1 ) a correspond+ re/riction ( ! prov9ce ( _! extra-organic cause4 ,h5ce 9 ! ranks ( ! vitali/s h be5 f\nd "s ( ! v be/ obs]v]s & !ori/s2 b !y 7 su* 9 despite (1 & n 9 consequ5ce (1 _! hypo!sis1 :i* 0 only invok$ by !m :5 evid5ce 0 at fault4 ,nor1 unsci5tific z vitalism is1 c we d5y t x has be5 s f> s]viceable to ! sci5ce1 t x has correct$ ! mat]iali/ error ( endeavor+ to expla9 organic ph5om5a by physico-*emical laws2 & has p]si/5tly kept 9 view ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 organic & inorganic4 #ca4 ,^! rem>ks may ju/ify a selection ( def9itions1 classifi$ "u ! two heads4 ,! selection is fitly op5$ by ! ,ari/otelian def9ition :i* prevail$ = c5turies4 ,ari/otle di/+ui%es ,life1 :i* he says means 8! faculties ( self-n\ri%m5t1 self-developm5t1 & self-decay10 f ! ,vital ,pr9ciple4 ,e natural body manife/+ life may be reg>d$ z an ess5tial exi/5ce 772 b !n x is an exi/5ce only z a syn!sis 7 72 & s9ce an organism is su* a syn!sis1 be+ possess$ ( ,life1 x _c be ! ,vital ,pr9ciple 774 ,!re=e x foll[s t ! ,vital ,pr9ciple mu/ be an ess5ce1 z be+ ! ,=m ( a natural body hold+ life 9 pot5tiality4 ,! ,vital ,pr9ciple is ! prim>y reality ( an organism4 8,x is !re=e z idle to ask :e!r ! ,vital ,pr9ciple & ,organism are "o1 z :e!r ! wax & ! impress on x are "o4444 ,?us if an eye 7 an animal1 ,vision w\ld be its ,vital ,pr9ciple3 = ,vision is1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 ! ess5ce ( ! eye2 b ! eye is ! body ( ,vision1 & if ,vision be want+1 !n1 save 9 "n1 x is no long] an eye40 ,ap>t f c]ta9 metaphysical implications1 inevitable at t p]iod1 !re is pr(\nd insight 9 ?is passage4 ,8 adv]s>y ,telesio q misconceives ! mean+ "h assign$ to ! ,vital ,pr9ciple4#h #cb4 ,let u pass ov] all ! int]m$iate =ms ( ! hypo!sis1 & desc5d to ,kant1 :o def9es ,life 8an int]nal pr9ciple ( action0 7?is does n di/+ui% x f f]m5tation72 an organism he says is 8t 9 :i* e "p is at once means & end40 8,ea* "p ( ! liv+ body has its cause ( exi/5ce 9 ! :ole organism2 :]eas 9 non-liv+ bodies ea* "p has its cause 9 itself40 ,johannes ,mll] adopts a simil> view3 8,! h>moni\s action ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! individual subsi/ only by ! influ5ce ( a =ce1 ! op]ation ( :i* is ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! body1 & does n dep5d on any s+le p>ts2 ?is =ce mu/ exi/ be=e ! p>ts1 :i* are 9 fact =m$ by x dur+ ! developm5t ( ! embryo4444 ,! vital =ce inh]5t 9 !m g5]ates f ! organic matt] ! ess5tial organs :i* con/itute ! :ole be+4 ,?is rational creative =ce is ex]t$ 9 e animal /rictly 9 accordance ) :at ! nature ( ea* requires40 #cc4 ,?is is decid$ly inf]ior to ,ari/otle1 :o did n conf\nd ! vegetative ) ! rational pr9ciple4 ,x re/s on ! old metaphysical error ( a vis m$icatrix1 an error :i* _c su/a9 itself aga9/ ! /rik+ facts :i* con/antly po9t to a vis de/ructrix1 a de/ructive t5d5cy q z inexorable z ! curative t5d5cy4 ,& ! exp]im5tal biologi/ soon becomes impress$ ) ! fact t ! tissues h inde$ a selective action1 by :i* f out ! nutri5t mat]ial only ^! sub/ances are assimilat$ :i* w ent] into comb9ation ) !m2 b ?is selective action is fatal1 no less ?an rep>ative3 sub/ances :i* poison ! tissue are tak5 up z readily z ^? :i* n\ri% x4 ,! idea ( presci5ce1 !re=e1 _c be su/a9$2 x is inde$ seldom met ) n[ 9 ! writ+s ( any b ! ,montpelli] s*ool1 :o cont9ue ! traditions ( ,/ahl's tea*+4 ,x has be5 s long explod$ else:]e t "o is surpris$ to f9d an ,engli% physiologi/ cl++ to a modification ( x--,i mean ,dr4 ,lionel ,beale1 :o repeat$ly insi/s on ,life z 8a peculi> ,=ce1 tempor>ily associat$ ) matt]10 a 8p[] capable ( controll+ & direct+ bo? matt] & =ce10 an 8undiscov]$ =m ( =ce hav+ no connection ) prim>y en]gy or motion40 8,! high] ph5om5a ( ! n]v\s sy/em are probably due prim>ily to ! movem5ts ( ! g]m9al matt] due to vital p[]1 :i* vital p[] ( ?is ! highe/ =m ( g]m9al matt] is 9 fact ! liv+ ,i40 #cd4 ,ap>t f ! prim>y objection to all ^! def9itions1 namely1 t !y seek to express organic ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( an extra-organic pr9ciple1 to =mulate ! facts obs]v$ 9 t]ms ( a cause inf]r$1 !re is ! fatal objection t !y speak confid5tly on :at is av[$ly unkn[n4 ,if ! =ce be1 z ,dr4 ,beale says1 8undiscov]$10 on :at gr\nds c he ass]t t x has no connection ) ! =ces :i* are kn[n8 ,all t ! obs]v$ facts w>rant is ! ass]tion t organic ph5om5a are special 7:i* no "o d5ies71 & mu/ !re=e dep5d on special comb9ations ( matt] & =ce4 ,b on ?is gr\nd we might assume a cry/alliz+ ,=ce1 & a coagulat+ ,=ce1 hav+ no connection ) ! molecul> =ces manife/$ else:]e3 ^! also are special ph5om5a1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 #ce4 ,s*ell+ def9es ,life z 8a pr9ciple ( individuation0 & a 8cycle ( successive *anges det]m9$ & fix$ by ?is int]nal pr9ciple40 ,:i* is s vague t x may be appli$ 9 v diff]5t s5ses4 ,bi*at's celebrat$ def9ition 7:i* is only a p>aphrase ( a s5t5ce 9 ,/ahl71 8! sum ( ! functions :i* resi/ ,dea?10 al?\gh an endeavor to express ! facts f ! ,intra-organic po9t ( view1 is n only vague1 b misrepres5ts "o ( ! c>d9al conditions1 by treat+ ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium z antagoni/ic to ,life1 :]eas ,life is only possible 9 ! relation to a ,m$ium4 #cf4 ,7 x n s vague1 ! def9ition propos$ by ,dugs & ,bcl>d w\ld be unexceptionable3 ! =m] says x is 8! special activity ( organiz$ be+s02 ! latt]1 8! sum ( ! ph5om5a prop] to organiz$ bodies40 ,:5 supplem5t$ by a description ( organiz$ bodies1 ^! =mul are comp5di\s & exact4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! def9ition ( ,lam>ck3 8t /ate ( ?+s :i* p]mits organic movem5ts2 & ^! movem5ts1 :i* con/itute active life1 result f a /imulus :i* excites !m40 #cg4 ,de ,bla9ville1 & aft] him ,comte & ,*>les ,rob91 def9e x ?us3 8,life is ! tw(old int]nal movem5t ( composition & decomposition at once g5]al & cont9u\s40 ,?is1 excell5t z reg>ds :at is call$ vegetal life1 is v prop]ly object$ to by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 t x excludes ^? n]v\s & muscul> functions :i* are ! mo/ conspicu\s & di/9ctive ( vital ph5om5a4 ,! same objection mu/ be urg$ aga9/ ,pr(essor ,ow5's def9ition3 8,life is a c5tre ( intussusceptive assimilative =ce capable ( reproduction by spontane\s fission40 #ch4 ,9 #ahec1 aft] review+ ! v>i\s attempts to express 9 a s5t5ce :at a volume c\ld only approximately exp\nd1 ,i propos$ ! foll[+3 8,life is a s]ies ( def9ite & successive *anges1 bo? ( /ructure & composition1 :i* take place )9 an individual )\t de/roy+ its id5tity40 ,?is has be5 criticis$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & by ,dr4 ,lionel ,beale1 & if ,i _h n )drawn x be=e _! criticisms appe>$1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h modifi$ & enl>g$ x aft]w>ds4 ,i m5tion x1 h[ev]1 because x is an approa* to a m satisfactory =mula 9 s f> z x specifies two c>d9al *>act]i/ics di/+ui%+ organisms f all anorganisms1 namely1 ! incessant evolution ?r\gh def9ite /ages1 & ! pres]vation ( specific integrity ?r\gh\t ! *anges2 n only ! organism z a :ole is pres]v$ amid/ incessant molecul> *ange1 b ea* tissue lives only s long z ! reciprocal molecul> composition & decomposition p]si/4 ,on bo? ( ^! po9ts ,i %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,! def9ition1 h[ev]1 is n only defective 9 its re/riction to ! molecul> *anges ( ,nutrition1 tak+ no acc\nt ( ! ,prop]ties & ,functions ( ! organism2 b defective also 9 giv+ no expression to equally important relations ( ! organism to ! m$ium4 #ci4 ,?is la/ po9t is di/9ctly express$ 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s def9ition3 8,life is ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations40 ,consid]$ z a =mula ( ! mo/ g5]al significance1 embrac+ !re=e :at is common to all ord]s ( vital ph5om5a1 ?is is ! be/ yet propos$4#i ,if ,i propose ano!r x w n be to displace b to run alongside ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s2 & ?is only = m ready conv5i5ce4 ,be=e do+ s ,i mu/ say a few words by way ( cle>+ ! gr\nd4 #dj4 ,:at does ! t]m ,life /& =8 ,:at are ! concrete significates ( ?is ab/ract symbol8 ,z be=e /at$1 x is sometimes a comp5di\s %or?& = ! special ph5om5a di/+ui%+ liv+ f non-liv+ bodies2 & sometimes x expresses n ^! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 b _! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :i* are by "o s*ool p]sonifi$ 9 an ab/ract & extra-organic cause4 ,?us ! life ( an animal1 a man1 or a nation1 means--#a1 ! special manife/ations ( ^! organisms1 & gr\ps ( organisms2 or #b1 ! causes :i* produce ^! manife/ations4 ,we are (t5 misund]/ood by o!rs1 & sometimes vague to ourselves1 :5 we d n be> ^! two diff]5t mean+s 9 view4 ,x 0 probably "s s5se ( ?is :i* made ,ari/otle di/+ui% ,vitality f ,life1 z t ( ! "o uni=m cause sep>at$ f its multiple effects2 x 0 c]ta9ly ! motive ( ,flet*]1 :o ?us expressly limits ! mean+s3 8,vitality or ,irritability1 ! prop]ty :i* *>act]izes organiz$ be+s ( be+ act$ on by c]ta9 p[]s o!rwise ?an ei!r /rictly me*anically or /rictly *emically2 ,life1 ! sum ( ! actions ( organiz$ be+s result+ directly f _! vitality s act$ on40#aj ,vitality & ,life be+ ?us discrim9at$ z ! /atical & ! dynamical aspects ( ! organism1 we f9d 9 relation to ! =m] two radically oppos$ conceptions3 ! metaphysiological or extra-organic1 & ! physiological or intra-organic4 ,! fir/ conceives ,vitality to be a ,vital ,pr9ciple1 or extra-organic ag5t1 sometimes a s\l1 _s1 ar*u1 idea1 & sometimes a =ce1 :i* easily becomes translat$ into a prop]ty4 ,! conception ( an entity mu/ be reject$1 because x is metempirical & unv]ifiable1 #cd4 ,! conception ( a =ce mu/ be reject$1 because x is irreconcilable ) any def9ite idea we h ( =ce4 ,:at ! t]m ,=ce signifies 9 ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 namely1 mass animat$ by velocity1 or direct$ pressure1 :i* is ! activity ( ! ag5t1--is precisely t :i* ^! vitali/s p]t9aci\sly exclude4 ,!y assume a =ce :i* has no?+ 9 common ) mass & velocity2 :i* is n a resultant1 b a pr9ciple2 :i* in/ead ( be+ a direct$ quantity1 is itself autonom\s & directive1 %ap+ matt] into organization1 & end[+ x ) p[]s n assignable to matt]4 ,if ?is vital =ce has any mass at its back1 x is a spiritual mass2 if x is direct$1 ! direction issues f a 8,m9d some:]e40 ,n[ ?is conception is purely metempirical4 ,n only is x inexact to speak ( ,vitality z a =ce1 x is almo/ equally inexact to speak ( x z a prop]ty2 s9ce x is a t]m :i* includes a v>iety ( prop]ties2 & :5 ,flet*] assigns ! synonym ( ,irritability1 ?is at once reveals ! inexactness2 = beside ?is prop]ty1 we mu/ place ,assimilation1 ,evolution1 ,dis9tegration1 ,reproduction1 ,contractility1 & ,s5sibility1--all *>act]i/ic prop]ties includ$ 9 ,vitality4 #da4 ,hav+ ?us reject$ ! conceptions ( entity1 =ce1 & prop]ty1 we are left 9 pres5ce (--#a1 ! organic conditions z ! elem5ts1 & #b1 ( _! syn!sis 79 ! /ate call$ organization7 z ! p]sonifi$ pr9ciple4 ,vital =ces1 or ! vital =ce1 if we adopt ! t]m = brevity's sake1 is a symbol ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( organiz$ matt]2 & s9ce organisms are specially di/+ui%able f anorganisms by ?is speciality ( _! syn!sis1 & n by any diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! elem5ts comb9$1 ?is /ate ( organization is ! 8=ce0 or 8pr9ciple0 ( :i* we are 9 que/4 ,to det]m9e :at ,life means1 we mu/ obs]ve & classify ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by liv+ be+s4 ,to det]m9e :at ,vitality--or organization--means1 we mu/ obs]ve & classify ! processes :i* g on 9 organiz$ sub/ances4 ,^! w occupy u 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s2 "h ,i may s f> anticipate z to propose ! foll[+ def9itions3-- #db4 ,life is ! functional activity ( an organism 9 relation to its m$ium1 z a syn!sis ( ?ree t]ms3 ,/ructure1 ,alim5t1 & ,in/rum5t2 x is ! sum ( functions :i* are ! resultants ( ,vitality2 ,vitality be+ ! sum ( ! prop]ties ( matt] 9 ! /ate ( organization4 #dc4 ,vital ph5om5a are ! ph5om5a manife/$ 9 organisms :5 ext]nal ag5cies di/urb _! molecul> equilibrium2 & by organisms :5 !y react on ext]nal objects4 ,?us ev]y?+ done 9 an organism1 or by an organism1 is a vital act1 al?\gh physical & *emical ag5cies may =m ess5tial compon5ts ( ! act4 ,if ,i %r9k :5 /ruck1 or if ,i :ip a horse1 ! bl[ is 9 ea* case physical1 b ! %r9k+ & ! /rik+ are vital4 ,e "p ( a liv+ organism is !re=e vital1 z p]ta9+ to ,life2 b no "p has ?is ,life :5 isolat$2 = ,life is ! syn!sis ( all ! p>ts3 a f$]ation ( ! organs :5 ! organism is complex1 a f$]ation ( ! organic sub/ances :5 ! organism is a simple cell4 #dd4 ,all def9itions1 al?\gh didactically plac$ at ! introduction ( a treatise1 are prop]ly ! f9al expression ( ! facts :i* ! treatise has e/abli%$1 & !y _c !re=e be fully appreh5d$ until ! m9d is famili>iz$ ) ! details !y express4 ,mu*1 !re=e1 :i* to ! read] may seem un9telligible or que/ionable 9 ! =ego+ def9ition1 mu/ be all[$ to pass until he has gone ?r\gh ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,organism1 ,,organization1 ,,& ,,organic ,,sub/ance4 #de4 ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 organic & organis$ sub/ances4 ,! organic are non-liv+1 ?\gh capable ( liv+ :5 incorporat$ 9 organiz$ tissue 7album5 is su* a sub/ance72 or !y may be incapable ( liv+ because !y h liv$1 & are products ( wa/e1 e4 g4 urea4 ,! organiz$ sub/ance is a specific comb9ation ( organic sub/ances ( v>i\s k9ds1 a comb9ation :i* is organization4 ,any organiz$ sub/ance is !re=e ei!r an indep5d5t organism1 or "p ( a m complex organism4 ,protoplasm1 ei!r z a sep>ate organism or z a con/itu5t ( a tissue1 is organiz$ sub/ance4 ,organic sub/ances are num]\s & specific4 ,!y are v>i\s comb9ations ( proximate pr9ciples famili> to ! *emi/1 :i* may conv5i5tly be rang$ "u ?ree classes3 ,! fir/ class ( organic sub/ances comprises ^? compos$ ( pr9ciples hav+ :at is call$ a m9]al orig92 ^! g5]ally quit ! organism un*ang$ z !y ent]$ x4 ,! second class comprises ^? :i* are cry/allizable1 & are =m$ 9 ! organism1 & g5]ally quit x 9 ?is /ate z excretions4 ,! ?ird class comprises ! colloids1 i4 e4 sub/ances :i* are coagulable & n cry/allizable1 & are =m$ 9 & decompos$ 9 ! organism1 ?us furni%+ ! pr9ciples ( ! second class4 ,all ! pr9ciples are 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,wat] is ! *ief vehicle ( ! mat]ials :i* ent] & ! mat]ials :i* quit ! organism2 & bodies 9 solution are solv5ts ( o!rs1 s t ! wat] ?us acquires new solv5t prop]ties4 #de;a4 ,two po9ts mu/ be not$ respect+ organic sub/ances3 !y are mo/ly comb9ations ( high] multiples ( ! elem5ts2 & _! comb9ations are n def9ite 9 quantity4 ,album51 = example1 has 7accord+ to "o ( ! _m =mulas :i* h be5 giv57 an elem5t>y composition ( #baf atoms ( ,c>bon1 #afi ( ,hydrog51 #bg ( ,nitrog51 #c ( ,sulphur1 & #fh ( ,oxyg52 :]eas 9 its f9al /ate1 9 :i* x quits ! organism z ,urea1 x is compos$ ( #b atoms ( ,c>bon1 #d ( ,hydrog51 #b ( ,nitrog51 & #b ( ,oxyg51 all ! ,sulphur hav+ disappe>$ 9 o!r comb9ations4 ,9 l mann] 9 ! organism ,/e>9 falls f ,c#aad1 ,h#aaj1 ,o#ab1 to ,oxalic ,acid1 :i* is ,c#d1 ,h#b1 ,o#h4 ,x is obvi\s t ! necess>y modifiability ( organic sub/ance is due to ?is multiplicity ( its elem5t>y p>ts & ! v>iety ( its molecul> /ructure4 #de;b4 ,nor is ! indef9it5ess ( ! quantitative composition less important1 ?\gh seldom adequately appreciat$1 or ev5 suspect$4 ,rob9 & ,v]deil#aa are ! only writ]s ,i c rememb] :o h di/9ctly br\ght ! fact into prom95ce4 ,t all inorganic sub/ances are def9ite 9 composition1 e "o kn[s4 ,quicklime1 = example1 may be got f m>ble1 lime/one1 oy/]-%ells1 or *alk2 b h[ev] produc$1 x always conta9s exactly #bej ounces ( calcium to #ajj ounces ( oxyg52 j z wat] is always ,,oh#b4 ,n s ! pre-em95tly vital sub/ances1 ^? :i* are coagulable & n cry/allizable3 no precise =mula w express "o ( ^!2 = ! same specific sub/ance is f\nd to v>y f "t to "t1 & elem5t>y analyses d n give uni=m results4 ,?us1 if aft] caus+ an acid to comb9e ) "o ( ^! sub/ances1 we remove ! acid1 we are n c]ta9 ( f9d+ ! sub/ance z x 0 be=e--z we are1 = example1 aft] urea is comb9$ ) nitric acid & !n decompos$4 ,! same want ( def9it5ess is ( c\rse ev5 m app>5t 9 ! comb9ations ( ^! proximate pr9ciples into organiz$ sub/ance4 ,protoplasm diff]s greatly 9 diff]5t places4 ,epi!lial cells diff]4 ,muscul> & n]v\s fibres are nev] absolutely ! same 9 diff]5t regions4 ,a /rip$ & un/rip$ muscul> fibre1 ! muscul> fibre ( a sph9ct] or ( a limb1 a n]ve-fibre 9 a c5tre1 9 a trunk1 or 9 a gl&1 w pres5t v>iations ( composition4 ,! ela/ic fibres ( ! ligam5ts are l>g] 9 ! horse ?an 9 man2 & 9 o!r animals !y are small]4 ,^! diff]5ces are sometimes due to ! con/itu5ts1 & sometimes to ! arrangem5t ( ! con/itu5ts2 ! conv]sion ( ,album5 into ,fibr9e )\t elem5t>y loss or addition1 is a good example ( ! latt]4 ,t ! tissues ( "o man are n absolutely ! same z ! tissues ( ano!r1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is true to say t ! *alk ( "o hill is ! same z t ( ano!r1 or z gold 9 ,au/ralia is ! same z gold 9 ,mexico1 is app>5t 9 _! v diff]5t reactions "u simil> ext]nal conditions3 ! sub/ance :i* poisons ! "o leaves ! o!r unaffect$4 ,! man :o has once _h ! small-pox1 or sc>let fev]1 is nev] ! same aft]w>ds1 s9ce 8 organism has n[ become insusceptible ( ^! poisons4 ,& ,sir ,james ,paget has call$ att5tion to ! /rik+ fact reveal$ 9 disease1 namely1 t 9 ! same tissue--say ! bone or ! sk9--a morbid sub/ance fa/5s only on c]ta9 small portions leav+ all ! re/ unalt]$1 b fa/5s on exactly correspond+ spots ( ! opposite sides ( ! body2 s t on bo? arms1 or bo? legs1 only ! correspond+ bits ( tissue w be diseas$4 8,manife/ly :5 two sub/ances display diff]5t relations to a ?ird _! composition _c be id5tical2 s t ?\gh we may speak ( all bone or ( all sk9 z if x 7 all alike1 yet !re are diff]5ces ( intimate composition4 ,no p[] ( artificial *emi/ry c detect ! diff]5ce2 b a morbid mat]ial c40#ab ,x is to ?is v>iability ( composition t we mu/ ref] individual peculi>ities1 & ^? /rik+ =ms ( v>iety kn[n z idiosyncrasies1 :i* cause "s organisms to be affect$ by :at seem inexplicable influ5ces--physical & moral4 ,9 spite ( all ^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 specific resemblances dep5d5t ( c\rse on simil>ity ( composition & /ructure1 s t ! muscle ( a cru/acean is class$ beside ! muscle ( a v]tebrate1 al?\gh ! elem5t>y analysis ( ! two yields diff]5t results4 ,n]ve-tissue1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 is ! mo/ v>iable ( all1 except ! blood2 v>iable n only f individual to individual1 & f g5us to g5us1 b ev5 9 ! same individual x nev] conta9s ! same quantities ( wat]1 phosphates1 etc4 ,h5ce x is t diff]5t n]ves manife/ diff]5t degrees ( excitability1 & ! same n]ve diff]s at diff]5t times4 ,?us ! fif? pair1 9 a poison$ animal1 reta9s its excitability long aft] ! o!rs are p>alyz$2 & ! pati5t "u *lor(orm feels a prick on ! br[ or at ! temples1 :5 ins5sible at any o!r spot4 ,! pneumoga/ric :i* is excitable dur+ dige/ion is--9 dogs at lea/--inexcitable :5 ! animal is fa/+4 #df4 ,! organic sub/ances are :at analysis discov]s 9 organiz$ sub/ances1 b none ( !m1 n ev5 ! highe/1 is liv+1 except z organiz$4 ,album5 alone1 or ,/e>9 alone1 is z incapable ( ,vitality1 z ,plumbago1 or ,soda2 b all organic sub/ances are capable ( play+ a "p 9 vital actions2 & ?is "p is ! m important 9 proportion to _! great] molecul> v>iety4 ,organization is a special syn!sis ( sub/ances belong+ to all ?ree classes2 & ! organiz$ sub/ance1 ?us =m$1 alone m]its ! epi!t liv+4 ,we see h[ organiz$ sub/ances1 be+ con/itut$ by pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! inorganic _w1 & pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! organic _w1 h at once a dep5d5ce on ! ext]nal ,m$ium1 & an indep5d5ce ( x1 :i* is peculi> to liv+ be+s4 ,an analog\s dep5d5ce & indep5d5ce is noticeable ) respect to ! p>ts2 & ?is is a "* n f\nd 9 inorganic comp\nds4 ,! organism1 ev5 9 its simple/ =ms1 is a /ructure ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ea* ( :i* is complex4 ,:ile "o "p ( a cry/al is atomically & morphologically id5tical ) e o!r1 & is ! :ole cry/al 8writ small10 "o "p ( an organism is unlike ano!r1 & no "p is l ! :ole4 ,h5ce ! dep5d5ce ( "o organ & "o tissue on ano!r1 & ea* on all4 ,yet1 :ile e "p is1 s to speak1 a condition ( exi/5ce ( e o!r1 & ! unity ( ! organism is b ! expression ( ?is solid>ity1--:]ev] organiz$ sub/ance has be5 diff]5tiat$ into morphological elem5ts 7cells1 etc471 ea* ( ^! has its own c\rse ( evolution indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1--is born1 n\ri%$1 develop$1 & dies4 #dg4 ,! int]dep5d5ce ( n]ve & muscle is se5 9 ?is1 t ! m ! muscle is excit$ ! feebl] its contractions become2 ?is decrease 9 contractility is comp5sat$ by an increas$ excitability 9 its n]ve2 s t :ile ! muscle dem&s a m p[]ful /imulus1 ! n]ve acquires a m en]getic activity4 ,ranke's curi\s & c>eful exp]im5ts seem to prove t ?is dep5ds on ! we>i$ muscle absorb+ m wat]1 ow+ to ! acids develop$ by its activity1 & on ! n]ve los+ ?is wat]--a n]ve be+ always m irritable :5 its quantity ( wat] dim9i%es4 #dh4 ,h]e9 we see illu/rat$ ! great law ( organiz$ activity1 t x is a simultaneity ( opposite t5d5cies1 z organiz$ matt] is a syn!sis ( compositions & decompositions1 always t5d+ t[>ds equilibrium & di/urbance1 /or+ up en]gy & lib]at+ x4 ,unlike :at is obs]v$ 9 unorganiz$ matt]1 ! conditions ( wa/e br+ ) !m conditions ( repair1 & ?us--)9 c]ta9 limits--e loss 9 "o direction is comp5sat$ by ga9 9 ano!r4 ,!re is a great] fl[ ( nutri5t mat]ial1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 a great] assimilation ( x by ! tissue1 :]e !re has be5 made a great] op5+ = x by previ\s dis9tegration4 ,! alkal9e /ate ( ! nutri5t mat]ial1 & ! acid /ate ( ! mat]ial t has be5 us$1--! alkal9e /ate :i* *>act]izes repose & assimilation1 & ! acid /ate :i* *>act]izes activity & deassimilation1 are b cases ( ?is g5]al law2 on ! syn!sis ( ^! opposite t5d5cies dep5ds ! re/less *ange1 toge!r ) ! cont9u$ specific integrity1 ( organiz$ matt]4 #di4 ,! /ate ( organization may !re=e be def9$ z ! molecul> union ( ! proximate pr9ciples ( ! ?ree classes 9 reciprocal dissolution4 ,an organism is =m$ ( matt] ?us organiz$1 :i* exi/s 9 two /ates--! amorph\s & ! figur$4 ,! amorph\s sub/ances are liquid1 semi-liquid1 & solid2 ! figur$ are ! cells1 fibres1 & tubes1 call$ 8anatomical elem5ts40 ,= ^! ,i pref] ! t]m sugge/$1 ,i believe1 by ,milne ,edw>ds1 namely1 organites1 because !y are ! individual elem5ts :i* ma9ly con/itute ! organs1 & are inde$ by _m biologi/s consid]$ z elem5t>y organisms4 ,^! organites1 :i* g to =m ! tissues1 & by ! tissues ! organs1 h _! specific =m1 volume1 /ructure1 & *emical reactions4 ,!y exi/ 9 textures or tissues1 or sep>ately 7e4 g4 blood corpuscles71 & are 9 _m respects l ! simple/ organisms kn[n1 su* z ,monads1 ,vibrios1 ,amb1 etc4 #ej4 ,! simple/ =m ( life is n--z commonly /at$--a cell1 b a microscopic lump ( jelly-l sub/ance1 or protoplasm1 :i* has be5 nam$ s>code by ,duj>d91 cytode by ,haeckel1 & g]m9al matt] by ,lionel ,beale4 ,?is protoplasm1 al?\gh entirely de/itute ( texture1 & consequ5tly de/itute ( organs1 is nev]!less consid]$ to be liv+1 because x manife/s ! c>d9al ph5om5a ( ,life3 ,assimilation1 ,evolution1 ,reproduction1 ,mobility1 & ,decay4 ,examples ( ?is simple/ organism are ,monads1 ,protamb1 & ,poly?alamia4#ac ,few ?+s are m surpris+ ?an ! vital activity ( ^! organites1 :i* puzzle naturali/s z to :e!r !y %\ld be call$ plants or animals4 ,all microscopi/s are famili> ) ! spectacle ( a =mless lump ( album9\s matt] 7a ,rhizopod7 putt+ =? a process ( its body z a tempor>y arm or leg1 or else sl[ly wrapp+ itself r\nd a microscopic plant1 or morsel ( animal sub/ance1 ?us conv]t+ its :ole body into a m\? & a /oma*2 b ^! ph5om5a are surpass$ by ^? describ$ by ,ci5k[ski1#ad :o n>rates h[ "o ,monad fa/5s on to a plant & sucks ! *lorophyll fir/ f "o cell & !n f ano!r2 ano!r ,monad1 unable to make a hole 9 ! cell-wall1 ?ru/s long processes ( its body into ! op5+ already made1 & drags out ! rema9s ( ! *lorophyll left !re by its pr$ecessor2 :ile a ?ird ,monad leads a pr$atory life1 fall+ ^u o!r ,monads t h fill$ !mselves ) food4 ,"h1 z he says1 we /& on ! ?re%old ( t d>k region :]e ,animal ,w beg9s2 & yet !re is "h only ! simple/ =m ( organization4#ae #ea4 ,n[ let our glance pass on to ! second /age--! ,cell4 ,"h we h a recogniz$ diff]5tiation 9 ! appe>ance ( a nucleus amid ! protoplasm4 ,! nucleus is *emically diff]5t f ! sub/ance :i* surr\nds x2 & al?\gh p]haps exagg]at$ importance has be5 attribut$ to ?is nucleus1 & my/]i\s p[]s h be5 ascrib$ to x1 yet z an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cell x comm&s att5tion4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations1 ! def9ition ( a cell is 8a nucleus ) surr\nd+ protoplasm40 ,! cell-wall1 or delicate inve/+ membrane--t :i* makes ! cell a clos$ sac--is no long] to be reg>d$ z a necess>y con/itu5t1 b only z an accessory4#af #eb4 ,! cell may be ei!r an organism or an organite4 ,x may lead an isolat$ life z plant or animal1 or x may be unit$ ) o!rs & lead a m or less corporate exi/5ce2 b always1 ev5 z an elem5t ( a high] organism1 x pres]ves its own individuality4 ,at fir/ we see t ! corporate union is v slight1 m]ely ! contact ( "o cell ) ano!r ( its own k9d1 z 9 ! filam5t ( a ,conf]va4 ,ris+ high]1 we see ! cell unit$ ) o!rs diff]5t f x2 plants & animals appe>1 hav+ /ructures compos$ ( masses ( v>i\s cells4 ,ris+ /ill high]1 we see animal =ms ( :i* ! web is wov5 out ( myriads ^u myriads ( cells1 ) v>i\s cell-products1 processes1 fibres1 tubes4 ,,organism ,,& ,,m$ium4 #ec4 ,b we h only "o half ( ! great problem ( life1 :5 we h ! organism2 & x is to ?is half t ! *ief rese>*es h be5 devot$1 ! o!r fall+ into neglect4 ,:at is t o!r8 ,! ,m$ium 9 :i* ! organism lives4 ,e individual object1 organic or inorganic1 is ! product ( two factors3--fir/1 ! relation ( its con/itu5t molecules to ea* o!r2 secondly1 ! relation ( its sub/ance to all surr\nd+ objects4 ,its prop]ties1 z an object or an organism1 are ! results ( its con/itu5t molecules1 & ( its relation to ext]nal conditions4 ,organisms are ! results ( a peculi> gr\p ( =ces1 exhibit+ a peculi> gr\p ( ph5om5a4 ,view+ ^! 9 ! ab/ract1 we may say t !re are ?ree regulative laws ( life3--7#a7 ,! ,lex ,=mationis--! s-call$ nisus =mativus1 or 8organiz+ =ce02 7#b7 ! ,lex ,adaptationis1 or adaptive t5d5cy2 7#c7 ! ,lex ,h]$itatis1 or t5d5cy to reproduce bo? ! orig9al =m & its acquir$ modifications4 ,we h always to consid] ! organiz+ =ce 9 relation to all surr\nd+ =ces--a relation succ9ctly express$ 9 ! ^w ,adaptation4 ,j z wat] is wat] only "u a c]ta9 relation ( its con/itu5t molecules to ! temp]ature & atmosph]ic pressure--j z x passes into o!r =ms 7ice or /eam7 9 adapt+ itself to o!r conditions2 s1 likewise1 ! organism only pres]ves its individuality by ! adju/m5t ( its =ces ) ! =ces :i* environ x4 #ed4 ,?is relation ( ,organism & ,m$ium1 ! mo/ fundam5tal ( biological data1 has _h a peculi> =tune3 nev] :olly unrecogniz$1 = x obtrudes itself incessantly 9 ! facts ( daily exp]i5ce1 x 0 v late 9 ga9+ recognition z a pr9ciple ( supreme importance2 & is ev5 n[ (t5 s imp]fectly appreh5d$ t "o s*ool ( philosoph]s indignantly rejects ! idea ( ! ,organism & ,m$ium be+ ! two factors ( :i* ,life is ! product4 ,n only is !re a s*ool ( vitali/s ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( ,life z an entity indep5d5t bo? ( ,organism & ,m$ium1 & us+ ^! z its in/rum5ts2 b !re is also a majority among o!r biologi/s1 :o betray by _! argum5ts t !y fail to keep /eadily be=e !m ! fundam5tal nature ( ! relation4 ,some?+ ( ?is is d\btless due to ! imp]fect conception !y h =m$ ( :at con/itutes ! ,m$ium2 in/ead ( recogniz+ 9 x ! sum ( ext]nal conditions affect+ ! organism--i4 e4 ! sum ( ! relations :i* ! organism ma9ta9s ) ext]nal ag5cies1--!y re/rict1 or enl>ge x1 s z to misappreh5d its significance--re/rict x to only a few ( ! conditions1 su* z climate1 soil1 temp]ature1 etc41 or enl>ge x to embrace a va/ array ( conditions :i* /& 9 no directly appreciable relation to ! organism4 ,e "o und]/&s t an organism is dep5d5t on prop] food1 on oxyg51 etc41 & w p]i% if ^! are )held1 or be affect$ by e v>iation 9 su* conditions4 ,e "o und]/&s t an animal :i* c dev\r or be dev\r$ by ano!r1 w fl\ri% or p]i% accord+ to ! pres5ce ( its prey or its enemy4 ,b x is (t5 =gott5 t among ext]nal exi/5ces1 all ^? :i* /& 9 no appreciable relation to ! organism are n prop]ly to be includ$ 9 its ,m$ium4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ov]sight we frequ5tly he> x urg$ z an objection to ! ,evolution ,hypo!sis1 t manifold organisms exi/ "u ! same ext]nal conditions1 & t organisms p]si/ un*ang$ amid a great v>iety ( conditions4 ,! objection is beside ! "q4 ,9 ! g5]al sum ( ext]nal =ces !re are c]ta9 items :i* are ne>ly relat$ to p>ticul> organisms1 & con/itute _! ,m$ium2 ^? items :i* are s di/antly relat$ to ^! organisms z to cause no reactions 9 !m1 are1 = !m1 z if non-exi/5t4#ag ,( ! manifold vibrations :i* ! e!r is suppos$ to be incessantly und]go+1 only c]ta9 vibrations affect ! eye z light2 ^! con/itute ! ,m$ium ( ,sight2 ! o!rs are z if !y 7 n4 ,only c]ta9 vibrations ( ! air affect ! e> z ,s\nd2 to all o!r vibrations we are deaf2 ?\gh e>s ( f9] s5sibility may detect !m & be deaf to ^? :i* affect u4 #ee4 8,! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce0 is !re=e ! correct def9ition ( ! ,m$ium4 ,an animal may be surr\nd$ ) v>i\s foods & poisons1 b if its organism is n directly affect$ by !m !y _c be food or poison to x4 ,an animal may be surr\nd$ ) c>nivor\s rivals1 b if x is n adapt$ to s]ve !m z food1 or is too p[]ful to be attack$ by !m1 !y only indirectly ent] into its ,m$ium1 by eat+ ! food x w\ld eat4 ,! analogy is simil> ) anorganisms & _! relation to _! m$ia4 ,e physical or *emical ph5om5on dep5ds on ! concurr5ce ( def9ite conditions3 namely1 ! sub/ance :i* manife/s ! *ange1 & ! m$ium 9 :i* ! *ange is manife/$4 ,alt] ! m$ium1 solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 *ange its !rmal or electrical /ate1 & ! ph5om5on is alt]$4 ,b al?\gh simil> alt]ations 9 ! m$ium notori\sly influ5ce ! organism1 yet1 because a great _m v>iations 9 ext]nal conditions are unaccompani$ by appreciable *anges 9 ! organism1 !re are biologi/s :o reg>d ?is z a pro( ( ,life be+ indep5d5t ( physical & *emical laws2 an error aris+ f _! n recogniz+ ! precise nature ( organic conditions4 #ef4 ,to give great] precision to ! conception ( a ,m$ium x w be desirable to adopt ! di/9ction mu* insi/$ on by ,claude ,b]n>d1 namely1 #a1 an ,ext]nal or ,cosmical ,m$ium1 embrac+ ! :ole ( ! circum/ances outside ! organism1 capable ( directly affect+ x1 & #b1 an ,int]nal or ,physiological ,m$ium1 embrac+ ! conditions inside ! organism1 & 9 direct relation ) x--t is to say1 ! plasma 9 :i* its tissues are ba!d1 by :i* !y are n\ri%$4 ,to ^! add its temp]ature & electrical conditions4 ,b]n>d only includes ! nutritive fluid2 b inasmu* z ea* organism possesses a temp]ature & electrical /ate ( its own1 & ^! are only indirectly dep5d5t on ! ext]nal temp]ature & electricity1 & z x is ) ^! int]nal conditions t ! organism is 9 direct relation1 ,i include !m ) ! plasma among ! con/itu5ts ( ! ,physiological ,m$ium4 ,any *ange 9 ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium1 :e!r ( temp]ature or electricity1 ( food or light1 :i* does n di/urb ! ,int]nal ,m$ium1 w ( c\rse leave ! organism undi/urb$2 & = ! mo/ "p all ! *anges 9 ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium :i* d affect ! organism1 affect x by fir/ *ang+ ! ,int]nal ,m$ium4 ,ext]nal heat or cold raises or depresses ! int]nal temp]ature indirectly by affect+ ! organic processes on :i* ! int]nal temp]ature dep5ds4 ,we see "h ! rationale ( acclimatization4 ,unless ! organism c adapt itself to ! new ,ext]nal ,m$ium by ! readju/m5t ( its ,int]nal ,m$ium1 x p]i%es4 #eg4 ,we are n[ enabl$ to furni% an answ] to ! v common objection respect+ ! app>5t abs5ce ( any direct influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions4 ,let ! objection fir/ be /at$ 9 ! words ( a celebrat$ naturali/1 ,agassiz3 8,x is a fact :i* seems to be entirely ov]look$ by ^? :o assume an ext5sive influ5ce ( physical causes ^u ! v exi/5ce ( organiz$ be+s1 t ! mo/ div]sifi$ types ( animals & plants are ev]y:]e f\nd "u id5tical circum/ances4 ,! smalle/ %eet ( fre% wat]1 e po9t ( ! sea-%ore1 e acre ( dry l&1 teems ) a v>iety ( animals & plants4 ,! n>r[] ! b\nd>ies :i* are assign$ z ! primitive home ( all ^! be+s1 ! m uni=m mu/ be ! conditions "u :i* !y mu/ be assum$ to h orig9at$2 s uni=m inde$ t 9 ! end ! inf]5ce w\ld be t ! same physical causes c produce ! mo/ div]sifi$ effects40 ,obvi\sly !re is a complete mis/atem5t ( ! argum5t "h2 & ! excess ( ! mis/atem5t appe>s 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,! action ( physical ag5ts ^u organiz$ be+s presupposes ! v exi/5ce ( ^? be+s40 ,:o ev] d\bt$ x8 8,! simple fact t !re has be5 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( our e>? :5 none ( ^! organiz$ be+s z yet exi/$1 & :51 nev]!less1 ! mat]ial con/itution ( our globe & ! physical =ces act+ ^u x 7 ess5tially ! same z !y are n[1 %[s t ^! influ5ces are insuffici5t to call into exi/5ce any liv+ be+40#ah ,al?\gh mo/ read]s w demur to ! /atem5t t because ! mat]ial con/itution ( our globe 0 8ess5tially ! same0 be=e & aft] animal life appe>$1 !re=e !re c\ld h be5 no special conditions det]m9+ ! appe>ance ( ,life1 ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution entirely rejects ! notion ( organic =ms hav+ be5 div]sifi$ by div]sities 9 ! few physical conditions commonly und]/ood z repres5t+ ! ,m$ium4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has ! incomp>able m]it ( hav+ enl>g$ our conception ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce s z to embrace all ! factors :i* conduce to ! result4 ,9 8 lum9\s pr9ciple ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 & ! ,natural ,selection :i* su* a /ruggle det]m9es1 we h ! key to mo/ ( ! problems pres5t$ by ! div]sities ( organisms2 & ! ,law ( ,adaptation1 rightly conceiv$1 furni%es ! key to all organic *ange4 #eh4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! defective precision ) :i* ! phrase 8,m$ium10 or its usual equival5t 8physical conditions10 is employ$1 sev]al biological errors pass undetect$4 ,haeckel#ai calls att5tion to ! common mi/ake ( suppos+ ! organism to be passive "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions1 :]eas e action1 be x ( light or heat1 ( wat] or food1 necess>ily calls =? a correspond+ reaction1 :i* manife/s itself 9 a modification ( ! nutritive process4 ,he po9ts out ! obv]se ( ?is error 9 ! curr5t notion t ,habit is solely due to ! spontane\s action ( ! organism1 9 opposition to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal ag5cy1--z if e action 7 n ! response to a /imulus4 ,correspond+ ) ! fluctuations 9 ! ,m$ium !re mu/ necess>ily be fluctuations ( ,adaptation1 & ,i ?9k we may safely assume t x is only :5 ^! fluctuations cease t ! ,adaptation becomes ,habit4 ,?is is ! int]pretation ( ! phrase 8,habit is second ,nature10 & is v diff]5t f ! common int]pretation :i* attributes x to ! use or disuse ( organs2 z if use or disuse 7 a spontane\s uncaus$ activity4 #ei4 ,! organism1 simple or complex1 is1 we h already se51 built up f mat]ials orig9ally d]iv$ f ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium1 b proximately f ! ,int]nal ,m$ium4 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 requires "s qualification1 especially 9 view ( ! hypo!sis t organiz$ sub/ance 0 orig9ally creat$ su* z we n[ f9d x1 & n evolv$ f inorganic mat]ials4 ,:e!r ?is hypo!sis be adopt$1 or reject$1 we h ! fact t ! imm5se majority ( organisms n[ exi/+--if n all--are products ( pre-exi/+ organisms2 & !re=e organiz$ matt] is n[ ma9ly1 if n solely1 =m$ by organiz$ matt]4 ,we take1 !re=e1 z our po9t ( dep>ture1 ! protoplasm2 ?is is ! fir/ ( ! ?ree t]ms ( ! vital syn!sis3 ,/ructure1 ,alim5t1 & ,in/rum5t4 ,! evolution ( ?is is proximately dep5d5t on ! pabulum af=d$ x 9 ! ,int]nal ,m$ium1 :i* is ! true nutri5t mat]ial1 & to :i* :at is usually call$ food /&s 9 an ext]nal relation3 = betwe5 ! reception ( food & its assimilation by ! organite1 !re is an indisp5sable int]m$i>y /age1 ?r\gh :i* matt] passes f ! unorganiz$ to ! organiz$ /ate4 ,?is int]m$iate is n[ recogniz$ 9 plants z 9 animals4 ,! old belief t plants 7 n\ri%$ directly f ! soil & atmosph]e c no long] be su/a9$4 ,! process ( ,nutrition is alike 9 bo?3 9 bo? ! mat]ials drawn f ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium are =m$ into proximate pr9ciples & organic sub/ances4 ,x is daily becom+ m & m probable t ! inorganic mat]ials1 wat] & oxyg51 s freely ent]+ into ! organism1 nev] pass directly f ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium to ! tissues1 b h to pass ?r\gh ! ,int]nal ,m$ium :]e !y are *ang$1 s t ! wat] is no long] free1 b exi/s 9 a fix$ /ate :i* has no analogue out ( ! liv+ sub/ance4 ,only a "p ( ! wat] c be press$ out me*anically2 ! re/--t :i* is already incorporat$ ) ! o!r elem5ts--c only be got rid ( 9 a vacuum & at a high temp]ature4 ,oxyg51 also1 comports itself diff]5tly 9 ! tissue2 z is prov$ by ! fact t its physiological absorption is m>k$ly diff]5t f any *emical oxidation 9 a dead or decompos+ tissue4#bj ,be ?is z x may1 we "k t organic sub/ances h to be unbuilt & rebuilt 9 ! organism2 t ! album5 ( our food nev] passes directly into ! album5 ( our tissues2 any m ?an ! milk drunk by a nurs+ "m w pass into h] brea/s1 & increase h] supply1 except by n\ri%+ h]4 #fj4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,s]ies ( ^! ,problems ! t]m ,bioplasm 0 employ$ to designate ?is organiz$ "p ( ! ,int]nal ,m$ium4 ,i 0 l$ to adopt x z a correspond+ t]m to t ( ,psy*oplasm1 by :i* ,i wi%$ to designate ! s5ti5t mat]ial ( ! psy*ological m$ium4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! t]m ,bioplasm 0 an unconsci\s reproduction ( ! title ( ,dr4 ,beale's "w1 :i* ,i mu/ h se5 adv]tis$4 ,i )draw x n[ t ,i h read ,dr4 ,beale's "w1 & see t ! signification he atta*es to ! t]m is almo/ id5tical ) ,protoplasm4 ,9 lieu !re(1 ! t]m ,plasmode 7f plasma1 any?+ =m$1 & odos1 a pa?way7 may be sub/itut$3 x repres5ts ! nutri5t mat]ial on its way to =m ,protoplasm1 :i* is =mative mat]ial2 :ile ! mat]ials =m$ may be t]m$ ,organites & ,products3 ! organite be+ ! cell or cell-d]ivative 7fibre1 tube72 ! products be+ ! gase\s liquid & solid d]ivatives ( vital processes1 :i* are secretions :5 !y =m int]cellul> sub/ance or return into ! plasmode & re-ent] ! vital circle2 excretions :5 !y are reject$1 z incapable ( fur!r assimilation4 ,! liv]-cell w furni% an example ( ea* k9d ( product4 ,! bile1 ?\gh conta9+ pr9ciples s]viceable 9 ! *emical trans=mations1 is = ! mo/ "p excret$2 b besides bile1 ! liv]-cell produces />*y & sac*>9e pr9ciples :i* are true secretions1 & re-ent] ! plasmode4 #fa4 ,! organite is ?us compos$ ( sap1 sub/ance1 & product2 ! organism1 ( plasmode1 tissue1 & product4 ,a glance at ! vegetable-cell %[s x to be con/itut$ by ! primordial utricle1 or protoplasm1 ! out]mo/ lay] ( :i* is cond5s$ into a membrane1 or cell-wall1 & ! cavity ?us enclos$ is fill$ ) sap4 ,! cell-wall gr[s z ! protoplasm gr[s1 & ! protoplasm draws its mat]ial f ! plasmode4 ,a glance at ! blood1 ! great res]voir ( ! riv] ( life1 %[s u plasmode 9 ! s]um1 & organites 9 ! corpuscles2 ! "o di/+ui%$ by sodic salts1 ! o!r by potassic salts4 ,! plasmode1 or s]um1 is 9 a con/ant *ange ( composition & decomposition1 giv+ up to ! v>i\s tissue-organites & int]cellul> plasmodes ! requisite mat]ials1 & receiv+ f organites & plasmodes ! products ( _! *anges4 ,! s]um is f$ f ! food & ! tissues2 & x fe$s ! sev]al plasmodes :i* ba! ! sev]al tissues4 ,pass+ into ! capill>ies1 x becomes trans=m$ z x passes ?r\gh _! walls into ! int]cellul> spaces1 saturat+ ! acid products ( ! cell-activities ) its alkalies1 & furni%+ ! protoplasms ) _! ne$$ mat]ials4 #fb4 ,x w be und]/ood t1 al?\gh 9 appe>ance ^! /ages are %>ply def9$1 9 reality !y are ins5sible4 ,b f ! analytical po9t ( view we may reg>d ,nutrition z ! (fice ( ! plasmode1 & ,evolution z ! (fice ( ! protoplasm4 ,al?\gh evolution or g5esis ( =m dep5ds on assimilation1 x is n a necess>y consequ5ce3 ! plasmode or ! protoplasm might pres]ve su* p]fect equality 9 ! wa/e & repair1 su* complete equilibrium1 z n to und]go any developm5t4 ,! ova1 = example1 :i* exi/ 9 ! ov>ies at bir? are n all subsequ5tly develop$2 & if ) mod]n embryologi/s we conclude t !re is no replacem5t ( ^! by prolif]ation we %all 9 !m h examples ( organites rema9+ un*ang$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( fifty ye>s4#ba ,b su* an equilibrium is p]haps only possible 9 complete inactivity4 #fc4 ,aga91 al?\gh ! (fice ( ! plasmode is prim>ily t ( =m+ protoplasm1 ,i ?9k !re is evid5ce to sugge/ t x n only does ?is1 b t "s ( x is us$ 9 ! direct developm5t ( en]gy1 especially heat & electricity4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( />* & sug> tak5 9 ) ! food or =m$ 9 ! liv]1 c]ta9ly d n z su* ent] into protoplasm4 ,! same ) alcohol4 #fd4 ,x is p]haps 9 =getfulness ( ! artificial nature ( analytical di/9ctions t controv]sies rage respect+ :at are call$ int]cellul> sub/ances & cell-walls4 ,n[ t ! wall is no long] reg>d$ z an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cell1 b z a second>y =mation1 two op9ions are ma9ta9$3 fir/1 t x is m]ely a conc5tration ( ! ext]nal lay] ( protoplasm2 secondly1 t x is a product ( secretion f ! protoplasm4 ,bo? positions may be correct4 ,c]ta9ly 9 "s cases !re is no o!r appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 wall & protoplasm ?an t ( a great] consi/5ce2 :]eas 9 _m o!r cases !re exi/s a decid$ diff]5ce 9 _! *emical reactions1 %[+ a diff]5ce ( composition4 ,tak+ bo? ord]s ( fact1 we may conclude t ! cell-wall is sometimes "p ( ! organite1 & sometimes product3 a blood-cell & a c>tilage-cell may be cit$ z examples ( ea*4 ,& ?is argum5t applies to ! int]cellul> sub/ance also4 #fe4 ,! t]ms plasmode & protoplasm are g5]al1 & include _m species4 ,!re are diff]5t plasmodes = ! diff]5t tissues1 s t we f9d phosphates ( soda 9 ! blood-s]um1 phosphates ( pota% 9 ! n]ve-plasma1 phosphates ( magnesia 9 ! muscle-plasma1 & phosphates ( lime 9 ! bone-plasma2 hav+ sev]ally to =m ! specifically diff]5t protoplasms ( ^! tissues4 ,obs]ve1 moreov]1 ! gradations ( ^! 9 respect ( _! physical /ate3 ! blood be+ ! mo/ liquid1 ! n]ve a degree m solid1 ! muscle /ill m solid1 & ! bone almo/ entirely solid2 & s9ce solubility ( mat]ial is a necess>y condition ( ! *emical *anges1 we c und]/& h[ ! blood1 ! n]ve1 ! muscle1 & ! bone repres5t degrees ( vital activity3 ! great] ! in/ability ( organiz$ sub/ance1 ! m active its molecul> r5ovation4 ,_m s]i\s errors result f ov]look+ ! specific diff]5ces ( protoplasms2 among !m may be m5tion$ t v common "o ( ass]t+ t ! ovum ( a man is n di/+ui%able f ! ovum ( any o!r mammal1 nor ! ovum ( a mammal f t ( a reptile2 nay1 we sometimes see x /at$ t ! protoplasm f :i* a mammal may be develop$ is ! same z t :i* is ! g]m ( an oak4 ,s long z ?is simply ass]ts t we h at pres5t no means ( di/+ui%+ !m by any *emical or physical te/s1 !re c be no objection rais$2 b x is a s]i\s misconception1 :i* any embryological inve/igation ought to rectify1 to suppose t ! ovum is n specific f ! fir/4 #ff4 ,betwe5 ! organites & _! plasmodes !re is ! necess>y relation1 :i* corresponds ) ! relation betwe5 organisms & _! m$iums4 ,once =m$1 ! organites are arrang$ side by side1 or end on end1 into textures or tissues1 & ^! are gr\p$ into organs1 e organ be+ con/itut$ by a collection ( tissues1 z e app>atus is by a collection ( organs1 & ! organism by ! f$]ation ( all ! p>ts4 ,we h m ?an once insi/$ on ! necessity ( syn!tic int]pretation to complete ! indications ( analysis3 :i* means t no acc\nt ( vital ph5om5a is real unless x takes 9 all ! co-op]ant factors1 bo? ^? ( ! organism & ! m$ium4 ,neglect ( ?is canon vitiates ,dr4 ,beale's o!rwise rem>kable labors4 ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,g]m9al ,,matt]4 #fg4 ,x may help to elucidate c]ta9 important po9ts if ,i "h exam9e ! hypo!sis :i* ,dr4 ,beale has work$ out ) su* pati5t skill1 b ) :at seem to me su* unphysiological results4 ,he des]ves1 ,i ?9k1 m applause ?an has be5 aw>d$ to him1 n only = ! admirable pati5ce ) :i* he has pursu$ ! idea1 b also = ! /rik+ def9it5ess ( ! idea itself--always a great advantage 9 an hypo!sis1 s9ce x gives precision to rese>*4 ,if biologi/s h paid b little att5tion to x1 ?is is no d\bt due to ! !oretical1 /ill m ?an to ! obs]vational contradictions x pres5ts4 ,hi/ologi/s dispute 8 facts1 or 8 int]pretations2 :ile o!r biologi/s d n see _! way 9 ! application ( 8 hypo!sis4 ,respect+ all disput$ po9ts ( obs]vation ,i %all be sil5t1 = ,i h myself made no sy/ematic rese>*es 9 ?is direction1 su* z w\ld entitle me to =m an e/imate ( ! evid5ce4 ,b my diss5t f ! hypo!sis is f\nd$ on biological pr9ciples s fundam5tal t ,i %\ld be will+ to take my /& entirely on ! facts he himself puts =w>d4#bb #fh4 ,! hypo!sis is t no?+ 9 ! organism has any claim to vitality except ! m9ute masses ( protoplasm 7by him call$ bioplasm71 :i* 9 ! egg repres5t1 he ?9ks1 ab\t ! "o-?\s&? "p ( ! :ole mass1 ! re/ be+ lifeless matt]1 namely1 pabulum1 & =m$ mat]ial4 ,?is bioplasm is ! g]m9al matt] out ( :i*1 by a process ( dy+1 arise ! tissues & humors con/itut+ ! =m$ mat]ial--^!1 ) ! pabulum :i* fe$s ! g]m9al matt]1 be+ all dead mat]ial4 ,! g]m9al matt] itself1 ?\gh liv+1 only lives because !re is tempor>ily associat$ ) x t ,vital ,=ce ( :i* we h already spok5 7 #ad74 ,9 virtue ( ?is association1 a p>ticle ( matt] n exce$+ ! "o hundr$-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet] is said to be alive2 &1 presumably1 to conta9 )9 x all ^? manifold p[]s :i* ! t]m ,life cond5ses4 ,! pabulum br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ?is ,vital ,=ce is trans=m$ into g]m9al matt] :i*1 escap+ f ?is my/]i\s influ5ce1 dies into tissue4 ,muscle-fibres & n]ve-fibres are ?us n liv+ p>ts1 nor are _! actions vital4 ,s t1 to be consi/5t1 we mu/ n speak ( ! organism z liv+1 b z a dead /ructure produc$ by ! ,vital ,=ce1 & set 9 action by ! aid ( scatt]$ bits ( g]m9al matt]4 ,he has n1 ,i ?9k1 /at$ :e!r ea* ( ^! bioplasms has its own ,vital ,=ce1 s t ! organism is ! !atre ( millions ( ,vital ,=ces2 or :e!r x is "o ,vital ,=ce :i* animates ! :ole organic _w ( plants & animals4 ,b no?+ c be less equivocal ?an 8 position respect+ ! lifelessness ( e "p ( ! organism except ! g]m9al matt]4 #fi4 ,! g]m9al matt] may be select$ z ! prim>y /age ( ! =m$ mat]ial1 ! initial po9t ( gr[?1 & ?us /& = ! pre-em95tly di/9ctive c5tre ( ,nutrition2 b 7 we to limit all ,nutrition to ! g]m9al matt]1 z def9$ by ,dr4 ,beale1 & d5y ! co-op]ation ( all ! =m$ mat]ial1 we %\ld /ill n be ju/ifi$ 9 re/rict+ ,life to simple ,nutrition4 ,we _c exclude su* ph5om5a z ^? ( ,s5sation & ,motion1 nor c we assign ^! to ! g]m9al matt]4#bc ,to suppose ?is1 w\ld be equival5t to say+ t ! /eam :i* issues f a teakettle is capable ( ! actions ( a locomotive eng9e4 ,! /eam f ! kettle is l ! /eam f ! boil]1 x has molecul> en]gy1 & by ?is w co-op]ate 9 ! production ( me*anical "w1 if ! me*anism be adju/$ to x4 ,! molecul> en]gy ( ! protoplasm 9 muscul> fibre may be indisp5sable to ! movem5ts ( ! muscles1 b ^!1 & n ! protoplasmic movem5ts alone1 are muscul> contractions4 ,an hypo!sis1 !re=e1 :i* is oblig$ to decl>e t muscle-fibre & n]ve-fibre are n liv+1 ev5 :5 active 9 ! organism1 seems to me defective at its base4 ,if we view ^! ap>t f ! organism1 !y may1 l all ! o!r =m$ mat]ials1 be reg>d$ z dead2 & no "o d\bts t epid]mis1 nail1 horn1 hair1 & bone are dead 9 ?is s5se1 t !y _c live indep5d5tly1 & d n reproduce !mselves4 ,b s long z ev5 ^! =m con/itu5ts ( ! liv+ organism1 !y also are liv+ 7 #db74bd ,x is only by a misconception ( ! analytical artifice t s simple a tru? c\ld h be5 miss$4 #gj4 ,b ?is misconception meets u at _m a turn4 ,! ,vitali/ hypo!sis ( an extra-organic ag5t ( c\rse refuses to reg>d ,life z ! expression ( all ! co-op]ant conditions2 & ev5 oppon5ts ( t hypo!sis (t5 fall into ! same error ( pr9ciple1 :5 !y attempt to expla9 ,life by localiz+ x 9 ! cells2 :i* is simply a morphological sub/itution = ! once popul> doctr9e t only ! vascul> p>ts 7 organiz$1 & e "p de/itute ( blood-vessels 0 dead4 ,?is idea seem$ support$ by ! facts ( ! mo/ highly vascul> p>ts be+ ! mo/ vital1 & ( a p>allelism exi/+ betwe5 ! vital activity ( ^? organs :i* :5 inject$ seem$ almo/ entirely compos$ ( blood-vessels1 z ! liv] & bra91 & ^? :i* %[$ sc>cely a trace ( vessels1 z c>tilage & bone2 x seem$ support$ also by ! appe>ance ( blood-vessels 9 all new =mations1 & by ! idea ( ! blood z ! nutri5t fluid4 ,!n came ! cell-doctr9e1 & ! belief t ! cell 0 ! really ultimate morphological elem5t--:i* may be true--& t 8"h alone !re is any manife/ation ( life to be f\nd1 s t we mu/ n transf] ! seat ( vital action any:]e beyond ! cell10#be--:i* is v que/ionable4 #ga4 ,we h already se5 t ! cell is an anatomical elem5t1 or organite2 ! organism is b an aggregate ( organites & _! plasmodes4 ,b ,biology1 :i* deals ) ! organism z a :ole1 & ) functions :i* are ! resultants ( all ! vital prop]ties1 mu/ n be re/rict$ to any s+le factor1 h[ev] important4 ,x w\ld assur$ly be deem$ absurd to say t diamond r+s & lead-p5cils 7 ! same1 because ! diamond & ! plumbago1 :i* are ! specific elem5ts ( ea*1 are bo? ! same *emical elem5t1--c>bon4 ,! sub/ance is really diff]5t 9 diamond & plumbago1 is diff]5t 9 prop]ties1 & is1 9 r+s & p5cils1 unit$ ) diff]5t sub/ances into objects hav+ v diff]5t prop]ties4 ,:atev] analysis may discov] z to ! id5tities ( organic /ructures1 we _c expla9 a s+le vital ph5om5on )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! ?ree t]ms1 ,/ructure1 ,alim5t1 & ,in/rum5t2 & :5ev] a cell is said to be ! seat ( vital action1 ^! ?ree t]ms mu/ be impli$4 ,9 ,dr4 ,beale's hypo!sis ! re/riction is c>ri$ to its extreme2 n cont5t ) ! cell1 he )draws vital action f ! cell z a :ole1 assign+ x to ! protoplasm & nucleus--cell-cont5ts & cell-wall be+1 9 8 view1 dead4 ,if x be true t ! protoplasm is alone conc]n$ 9 ,nutrition1 yet ,nutrition is n ,life4 ,occupi$ ma9ly ) =mative processes1 x leaves o!r indisp5sable processes to o!r p>ts4 ,he in/ances ! removal ( all ! tissues dur+ ! metamorphoses ( insects3--8new organs & textures are laid d[n afre% & develop$ ab initio1 in/ead ( be+ built up ^u ^? fir/ =m$40 ,b to %[ h[ he re/ricts ! idea ( ,life1 he adds3 8,su* complete *ange1 h[ev]1 necessitates a /ate ( exi/5ce dur+ :i* action or function rema9s 9 complete abeyance40#bf ,! muscles & n]ves :i* are in/rum5tal 9 ?is functional life are said to be dead4 ,x is true t ! muscle-fibre does n develop fre% fibres4 ,b x is equally true t ! protoplasm ( muscle does n alone execute muscul> contraction4 ,ea* has its special (fice4 ,h5ce ,i reject ! idea t =m$ mat]ial is dead4 ,he fur!r says 8=m$ mat]ial may be *ang$1 x _c *ange itself40 ,! anti!sis is d\bly inexact3 #a1 no?+ *anges itself1 b only yields to pressure1 or reacts on be+ /imulat$2 & #b1 all ! evid5ce at h& is aga9/ ! notion t ! =m$ mat]ial is n ! seat ( incessant molecul> *ange2 x is wa/$ & repair$ molecule by molecule4 ,kllik] prop]ly prote/s aga9/ ! gr[+ t5d5cy ( hi/ologi/s to deify protoplasm1 & to make x ! sole seat ( vital *anges1 ! cell-wall & cell-products hav+ also1 he says1 _! physiological importance4 ,x is manife/ly errone\s to d5y vital *anges to ! r$ blood-corpuscles on ! gr\nd ( _! no long] conta9+ g]m9al matt]4#bg #gb4 ,! analytical view may sep>ate c]ta9 p>ts z active1 & o!r p>ts z passive1 & ?us reg>d ! cells z ! seats ( vital activity1 ! int]cellul> sub/ance z m]ely accessory & in/rum5tal2 b ! real or syn!tical view mu/ recognize bo? p>ts z equally indisp5sable1 equally vital4 ,take c>tilage1 = in/ance1 ) its enorm\s prepond]ance ( int]cellul> sub/ance 7=m$ mat]ial71 & consid] h[ absolutely impossible any ( its uses w\ld be 7 x r$uc$ to ! g]m9al matt] ( its corpuscles6 ,& s ( all ! tissues4 #gc4 ,if =m$ mat]ial is n to be exclud$ f ! liv+ p>ts ( ! organism1 nei!r is ! plasmode1 out ( :i* ! g]m9al matt] arises1 s9ce "h we h ! nutritive *anges 9 _! highe/ activity2 & because ! prop]ty ( ,nutrition is "h mo/ active1 ! o!r prop]ty ( ,developm5t is 9 abeyance4 ,dr4 ,beale holds t pabulum necess>ily becomes g]m9al matt]2 b :5 we come to treat ( ,nutrition x w appe> t ?is is n m true ?an t ,food necess>ily becomes ,tissue3 "s ( x does2 b mu* ( x is us$ up = heat & o!r purposes4 #gd4 ,:at is true & important 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 g]m9al matt] & =m$ mat]ial is1 t f ! =m] onw>ds !re is a gradual process ( devitalization1 ! old] p>ts ( e organite & tissue approa*+ m & m to ! /ate ( inorganic matt]4 ,b to %[ h[ va9 is ! attempt to re/rict ,vitality to any "o out ( a complex ( co-op]ant factors1 we might set up a *emical hypo!sis to ! effect t ,vitality dep5ds on phosphates1 & ) x expla9 ! ph5om5a q z well z ) ! hypo!sis ( g]m9al matt]4 ,= n only is x f\nd t ! productive quality ( a soil dep5ds on its ri*ness 9 phosphates1 b1 z ,lehmann has %[n1 :]ev] cells & fibres make _! appe>ance phosphates are f\nd1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ organisms1 :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9 b little4 ,phosphates ab\nd 9 se$s & ova1 9 muscles & ganglia1 & are defici5t 9 ! woody p>ts ( plants & ! ela/ic fibres ( animals4 ,! infant absorbs phosphates 9 l>ge quantities & excretes !m 9 small quantities4 ,n]v\s activity is accompani$ by ! consumption ( a ?ird m phosphorus ?an accompanies muscul> activity4 ,phosphates are among ! mo/ en]getic ( organic /imulants4 ,b :o w\ld end[ ! phosphates ) ,vitality1 on ! gr\nd ( _! indisp5sable pres5ce 9 all vital processes8 #ge4 ,life1 z we saw1 is ! expression ( ! :ole organism4 ,_m ( ! p>ts are incapable ( manife/+ any vital ph5om5a except 9 connection ) all ! re/2 & ( ^? p>ts :i* may be sep>at$ f ! organism & cont9ue to manife/ "s vital ph5om5a1 none are capable ( manife/+ all4 ,:5 ! connexus ( ! p>ts is de/roy$ ! organism is dead4 ,long aft] t cessation :i* we call ,dea?1 !re are /ill evid5ces ( ,vitality 9 "s ( ! p>ts3 ! he>t w cont9ue to beat1 ! gl&s w secrete1 ! hair w gr[1 ! temp]ature w /ill be above t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 ! muscles w be excitable2 ^! vital prop]ties are ! activities ( organiz$ sub/ances1 & s long z ! /ate ( organization is pres]v$ !y are pres]v$2 b ! ,life1 :i* is ! syn!sis ( all ! vital prop]ties1 vani%es ) ! de/ruction ( t syn!sis4 #gf4 ,may we n g5]alize ?is1 & say t e special =m ( exi/5ce1 organic or inorganic1 is det]m9$ by ! syn!sis ( its elem5ts8 ,atoms are gr\p$ into molecules1 molecules into masses1 masses into sy/ems4 ,out ( ! textureless g]m9al membrane & ! yolk1 ) no additions f )\t except oxyg5 & heat1 are develop$ all ! textures & organs ( ! *ick2 & ?is *ick weighs no m ?an ! egg out ( :i* x 0 evolv$4 ,! developm5t has be5 a succession ( syn!ses--epig5esis ^u epig5esis4 ,we may1 if we please1 reg>d ea* organite1 z x appe>s1 liv+ its sep>ate life1 & ea* tissue its sep>ate life2 b we mu/ n conf\nd "u ! same symbol modes ( exi/5ce s widely diff]5t z ! activities ( an organite1 & ! activities ( an organism con/itut$ by millions ( organites4 #gg4 ,if !re=e we _c re/rict ,life to ! processes ( ,nutrition1 ,dr4 ,beale's hypo!sis1 :atev] value x may h z expla9+ hi/og5esis1 is q unacceptable4 ,nei!r ,vital ,=ce nor ,bioplasm cov]s ! :ole gr\nd4 ,= ! =m] !re is no bett] evid5ce ?an our ignorance ( ! real syn!sis2 = ! latt] ! evid5ce is positive 9 its nature1 b its int]pretation is que/ionable4 ,dr4 ,beale selects z ! g]m9al matt] ^? portions ( tissue :i* are susceptible ( be+ deeply /a9$ by ! c>m9e solution1 ! =m$ mat]ial be+ only /a9$ 9 a fa9t degree2 ! nucleus & nucleolus are ! portions ( g]m9al matt] :i* are mo/ deeply /a9$2 & h5ce he concludes t ! old] ! matt] ! fa9t] w be its coloration4 ,!re is no dispute z to ! value ( ! /a9+ process1 inv5t$ by ,g]la*1 = ! discrim9ation ( *emically diff]5t p>ts ( a tissue2 & ,dr4 ,beale has made excell5t use ( x 9 8 rese>*es4#bh ,b ,i altoge!r dispute ! conclusion t ! /a9+ process reveals ! p>ts :i* are exclusively vital2 & = ?is reason3 x dep5ds solely on ! acid reaction ( ^? p>ts2 & we _c divorce ! acid f ! alkal9e ag5cies1 bo? be+ indisp5sable4 ,nay1 x has be5 prov$ t 9 ! liv+ animal no organiz$ sub/ance c be /a9$4 ,"l ,godolph9 ,osborne fir/ discov]$1 9 #ahef1 t ! protoplasm ( gr[+ :eat 0 susceptible ( coloration2#bi b ,g]la*1 9 #aheh1 f\nd t ?is nev] took place 9 ! animal dur+ life4 ,he kept tadpoles & inte/9al worms = weeks 9 color$ fluids1 )\t a s+le spot becom+ /a9$2 al?\gh no soon] did ^! animals die ?an ! /a9+ began4 ,nor ev5 :5 he inject$ ! color$ fluids "u ! sk9 & into ! /oma*1 0 ! slighte/ coloration produc$4#cj ,to ,g]la*'s te/imony may be add$ t ( ,/e91 :o1 9 8 magnific5t "w on ,infusoria1 says t n only has no =eign sub/ance ev] be5 f\nd 9 ! protoplasm ( ! ,opal9a1 b 9 ! ,ac9eta1 & all ! embryos ( ! high] ,infusoria kn[n to him1 he has be5 unable to color ! liv+ sub/ance4#ca ,?is resi/ance ( ! liv+ protoplasm is surely a s]i\s objection to ! hypo!sis t only ^? p>ts ( ! dead organism :i* are /a9$ 7 ! truly vital p>ts4 ,ranke sums up ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts ?us3 8,!y all %[ t ! liv+ cell resi/s ! imbibition ( e sub/ance :i* x _c assimilate4 ,x is precisely ! impossibility ( /a9+ ! cell t proves ?is conclusively1 s9ce e p>ticle ( c>m9e absorb$ w\ld h reveal$ its pres5ce40 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,dr4 ,beale 0 unacqua9t$ ) ,g]la*'s exp]im5ts4 ,he has at any rate s f> qualifi$ ! /atem5t ( 8 hypo!sis z to admit t x is only aft] dea? t ! g]m9al matt] is /a9$4 8,! liv+ matt]0 7he says1 ,h[ to ,"w ) ! ,microscope1 p4 #ajg7 8possesses an acid reaction1 or to speak m correctly1 an acid reaction is always develop$ imm$iately aft] its dea?40 ,n[1 s9ce ?is acid reaction only pres5ts itself aft] dea?1 & x is ?is :i* is reveal$ by ! c>m9e1 we h no "r to conclude t ! c>m9e s+les out ! vital p>ts4 ,e "o kn[s t ! liv+ muscle & n]ve1 :5 9 repose1 pres5t an alkal9e or fa9tly neutral reaction1 & aft] excitation ?is is *ang$ into an acid reaction1 :i* increases ) ! exhau/ion ( ! tissue4 ,9 /rict logic1 !re=e--if we c\ld logically apply su* a te/--x is ! un/a9$ p>ts t ought to be call$ vital4 ,b1 9 tru?1 alkal9ity & acidity are equally indisp5sable4 #gh4 ,! ma9 object ( my br++ ?is "q =w>d 0 to illu/rate ! dang] ( be+ misl$ by analysis3 a dang] we %all see to be v s]i\s 9 psy*ological inquiries4 ,! aid d]iv$ f analysis ne$ nev] be und]valu$2 all t we h to be> 9 m9d is t x is only a logical artifice1 & t our real explanation mu/ always be syn!tic4 ,because ( ! t5d5cy to rely on analysis !re has be5 an imp]fect discrim9ation ( ! pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ,,organisms ,,& ,,ma*9es2 & :ile on ! "o h& ! legitimate /riv+ ( ! biologi/ to display ! me*anism ( organic actions has be5 d5\nc$ by a c]ta9 s*ool z ,mat]ialism & a hateful attempt to 8rob ,life ( its my/]y10 !re has be5 on ! o!r h& a misconception ( ?is me*anism1 z if its dep5d5t actions 7 ( ! nature ( ma*9es1 t is to say1 z if organiz$ me*anisms 7 /rictly comp>able ) ma*9es con/ruct$ ( inorganic p>ts4 ,no d\bt ! laws ( ,me*anics are ! same 9 bo?1 = ^! are ab/ract laws :i* take no acc\nt ( concrete diff]5ces4 ,b :5 elaborate p>allels are drawn up betwe5 /eam-eng9es & animal organisms1 ! coal consum$ 9 ! "o lik5$ to ! food 9 ! o!r1 & ! =ce evolv$ 9 ! combu/ion 9 bo? be+ ! same1 !re is a complete oblit]ation ( all t specially di/+ui%es vital activity4 #gi4 ,betwe5 an organism & a ma*9e !re is ! sup]ficial resemblance t bo? h a complex /ructure1 & are con/ruct$ ( diff]5t & dep5d5t p>ts4 ,b und]nea? ?is resemblance !re is a radical div]sity4#cb ,! arrangem5t ( p>ts 9 ! organism is m ?an a juxtaposition1 x is a solid>ity1 aris+ f ! fact ( _! be+ all diff]5tiations f a common sub/ance :i* is a special comb9ation ( ! ?ree classes ( proximate pr9ciples4 ,?us !y are n p>ts :i* h be5 put toge!r1 b :i* h be5 evolv$1 ea* out ( a pre-exi/+ "p1 & ea* co-op]at+ 9 ! v exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,! ma*9e is made ( indep5d5t & prim>ily unrelat$ p>ts2 its integrity dep5ds on ! cont9u$ pres]vation ( ! sub/ance ( ea* "p2 wa/e is "h de/ruction4 ,! organism is con/itut$ by int]dep5d5t & prim>ily relat$ p>ts2 its integrity dep5ds on ! cont9u$ de/ruction & r5ovation ( _! sub/ance2 wa/e is a condition ( vitality4 ,! actions ( ! ma*9e are subord9at$2 ! actions ( an organism are co-ord9at$4 ,! lev] moves a :eel1 & ! :eel 9 mov+ lib]ates a spr+1 ea* transmitt+ a communicat$ impulse1 b o!rwise ea* acts indep5d5tly--no slight modification 9 ! /ructure or movem5t ( ! :eel w modify ! /ructure or ! movem5ts ( ! lev]1 no alt]ation 9 ! t5sion ( ! spr+ w affect ! /ructure ( ! :eel4 ,b 9 ! organism all are p>ts ( "o sympa!tic :ole2 ea* reacts on ea*2 ea* is alt]$ by ! o!r4 ,n a n]ve is /imulat$1 nor a muscle mov$1 b ! entire organism is affect$4 ,a cond5sation "h is ! cause ( a great] imbibition !re4 ,! injection ( salt or sug> "u ! sk9 ( ! frog's leg w produce cat>act 9 its eye4 ,! activity ( a secret+ cell 9 ! ov>y1 or liv]1 alt]s ! condition ( ! bra92 ! activity ( ! bra9 w *eck ! secretion ( a gl&1 or relax ! sph9ct]s ( ! bladd]4 ,:5 we obs]ve ! gr[? ( horns1 or ! appe>ance ( ! be>d1 concomitant ) ! secretion ( sp]matic cells--& especially :5 we obs]ve ) ^! a surpris+ *ange 9 ! physical & moral capabilities & t5d5cies ( ! organism--we und]/& h[ ! remote/ p>ts ( ?is me*anism are b\nd toge!r by "o subtle yet all-p[]ful tie4 ,no?+ ( ?is is visible 9 a ma*9e4 ,9 a ma*9e ! mat]ial is s f> ( second>y importance t x may be replac$ by mat]ials ( v>i\s k9ds3 a pulley may be work$ ) a hemp5 cord1 a silk5 cord1 or an iron *a92 a :eel may be wood1 iron1 copp]1 brass1 or /eel2 ! actions w 9 ea* case be simil>4 ,n s ! organic me*anism3 ! slighte/ v>iation1 ei!r 9 composition or intimate /ructure1 w affect1 & may fru/rate ! organic activity4 ,x is only 9 ! skeleton t ! specific "* ( ! mat]ials may be *ang$2 & "h only 9 ! sub/itution ( "o phosphate = ano!r 9 ! solid masonry4#cc #hj4 ,ano!r m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! organism is t x has a connexus ( actions1 ! simultane\s effect ( a cont9u\s evolution1 appe>+ 9 /ages & ages4 ,& 9 ! animal organism !re is a cons5sus z well z a connexus1 ?r\gh :i* !re is evolution ( ,m9d2 & 9 ! ,social ,organism an evolution ( ,civilization4 ,?is cons5sus =ms an int]m$iate /age ?r\gh :i* ! animal actions are s5sitive z well z nutritive1 & ! nutritive are regulat$ by ! s5sitive4 ,x is obvi\s t no?+ l ?is is to be f\nd 9 a ma*9e2 & we conclude1 !re=e1 t any view ( ! organism :i* reg>ds its me*anism )\t tak+ 9 ^! c>d9al *>act]i/ics mu/ be radically defective4 ,we no m d5y ! exi/5ce ( me*anical ph5om5a 9 d5y+ t ! organism is l a ma*9e1 ?an we d5y ! exi/5ce ( *emical ph5om5a 9 d5y+ t ,vitality is *emical4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,& ,,functions4 #ha4 ,! t]ms ,prop]ty & ,function are n always us$ ) desirable precision4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! prop]ty :i* *>act]izes a tissue 9 :atev] organ ! tissue may be f\nd1 & ! function :i* is exhibit$ by an organ compos$ ( sev]al tissues4 ,we ought nev] to speak ( a function unless we imply ! exi/5ce ( a correlative organ2 & x is !re=e incorrect to speak ( ! function ( ,nutrition1 s9ce all ! tissues n\ri% !mselves2 b we may speak ( c]ta9 organs z special in/rum5ts 9 facilitat+ ,nutrition4 ,?us also ) respiration1 usually1 b n accurately1 spok5 ( z ! function ( ! lungs2 ! lungs be+ simply ! mo/ effective ( ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! int]*ange ( gases 7:i* also takes place 9 e tissue7 is facilitat$4 ,if by ,respiration we mean ,brea?+1 !n1 inde$1 ,respiration is ! function ( ! lungs2 if we mean ! absorption ( oxyg5 & ! exhalation ( c>bonic acid1 ,respiration is a g5]al prop]ty ( vital tissue4 ,a fragm5t ( muscle remov$ f ! body respires1 s long z its organization is intact2 b x does n brea!--x has no accessory in/rum5ts1 nor does x ne$ !m4 ,! co-op]ation ( n]ve c5tres1 diaphragm1 ribs1 circulat+ sy/em1 etc41 necess>y 9 ! complex organism to br+ ! due am\nt ( oxyg5 to ! tissues1 & convey away ! c>bonic acid1 is "h ne$less4 ,9 ! asc5d+ animal s]ies we f9d ?is necessity gr[+ ) ! complexity ( ! organism4 ,! :ole sk9 respires 9 ! amphibia1 & to "s ext5t 9 man also3 a frog w live = t5 or f\rte5 days aft] extirpation ( its lungs1 ! sk9 respir+ suffici5tly to keep up a feeble vitality4 ,b ! sk9 does n suffice2 &1 v e>ly1 c]ta9 portions are specializ$ into organs 7at fir/ 9 ! %ape ( ext]nal gills1 & f9ally z int]nal lungs71 = ! m en]getic1 because m specializ$1 p]=mance ( ?is (fice4 ,9 ! simpl] organisms ! blood is easily rea*$ by ! air2 !re=e no in/rum5t is ne$$4 ,9 primitive societies ! transport ( goods is effect$ by m5 & wom5 c>ry+ !m2 9 civiliz$ societies by ! aid ( horses & camels1 & wagons drawn by ox52 till f9ally ^! are insuffici5t1 & railways are creat$1 ^: p[] ( transport transc5ds ! e>li] me?ods1 z ! brea?+ ( a mammal transc5ds ! respiration ( a mollusc4 ,brea?+ is ! special function ( an organ--! lungs 7or m /rictly1 ! ?oracic app>atus7--z ,railway ,transport is a special social function4 ,al?\gh ea* ( ! tissues =m+ ?is organ c1 & does1 exhale c>bonic acid & absorb oxyg5--& ea* ( ! railway s]vants c1 & does1 transport objects to & f ! locomotive--yet ! ma9 "w is ?r[n ^u ! special app>atus4 #hb4 ,:at is meant by prop]ties ( tissue & functions ( organs may be ?us illu/rat$4 ,let u suppose ourselves inve/igat+ ! /ructure ( a %ip4 ,we f9d x compos$ ( v>i\s mat]ials--wood1 iron1 copp]1 hemp1 canvas1 etc42 & ^! "u v>i\s configurations are =m$ into p>ticul> p>ts s]v+ p>ticul> purposes1 su* z deck1 ma/s1 an*or1 w9dlass1 *a9s1 ropes1 sails1 etc4 ,9 all ^! p>ts ! mat]ials pres]ve _! prop]ties2 & :]ev] wood or iron may be plac$1 :atev] purpose ! "p may s]ve1 ! prop]ties ( wood & iron are unaffect$2 & x is ?r\gh a comb9ation ( ^! prop]ties t ! "p is effective2 :ile ?r\gh ! connection ( "o "p ) ano!r ! purpose becomes realiz$4 ,! purposes to :i* ma/s1 ropes1 or sails are subs]vi5t may be call$ _! functions2 & ^! ( c\rse only exi/1 z su*1 9 ! %ip4 ,x is ! same ) ! organism4 ,we f9d x compos$ ( v>i\s ,tissues1 & ^! are comb9$ into v>i\s ,organs or ,in/rum5ts4#cd ,! prop]ties ( ,tissues rema9 ! same1 no matt] into :at ,organs !y may be comb9$2 !y pres]ve & ex]t _! physical1 *emical1 & vital prop]ties1 z wood & iron pres]ve _! prop]ties4 ,ea* ,tissue has its *>act]i/ic quality2 & ! ,organ :i* is con/ruct$ out ( a comb9ation ( sev]al ,tissues1 m or less modifi$1 is effective solely 9 virtue ( ^! prop]ties1#ce :ile ! ,function ( t organ comes into play ?r\gh its comb9ation ) o!r organs4 ,= example1 muscul> tissue has a vital prop]ty :i* is *>act]i/ic ( x1 ,contractility2 & muscles are organs con/itut$ by ?is tissue & sev]al o!rs2#cf su* organs h ! g5]al function ( ,contraction1 b :e!r ?is %all be specially manife/$ 9 ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 ! w9k+ ( ! eyelid1 ! movem5t ( ! *e/1 or ! v>i$ movem5ts ( ! limbs1 w dep5d on ! anatomical connections4 ,! read] unfamili> ) ,biology is reque/$ to pay v p>ticul> att5tion to ?is po9t2 he w f9d _m obscurities dissipat$ if he once lays hold ( ! 8pr9cipal connections40 #hb;a4 ,al?\gh ,bi*at's conception 0 ( great value1 x 0 n suffici5tly dis5gag$ f ! metaphysical mode ( view+ biological ph5om5a4 ,bo? he & 8 disciples w be f\nd treat+ ,prop]ties z entities1 & invok+ !m z causes ( ! ph5om5a in/ead ( recogniz+ !m simply z ab/ract expressions ( ! ph5om5a4 ,read]s ( my ,fir/ ,s]ies w rememb] h[ (t5 ,i h _h occasion to po9t out ?is common error3 m5 hav+ baptiz$ obs]v$ facts ) a compreh5sive "n1 =get ! process ( baptism1 & suppose ! "n to repres5t a my/]i\s ag5cy4 ,! fact t gases comb9e is express$ 9 ! t]m aff9ity2 & !n ,aff9ity is und]/ood to be ! cause ( ! comb9ations4 ,! fact t bodies t5d t[>ds ea* o!r is call$ _! gravitation1 & ,gravitation is !n said to cause ! t5d5cy4 ,! doctr9e ( vital prop]ties has be5 ?us misund]/ood4 ,:ile no "o imag9es t he c op]ate on aff9ity o!rwise ?an by op]at+ on ! kn[n conditions "u :i* gases comb9e1 _m a biologi/ & physician speaks z if he c\ld op]ate on ! ,irritability ( a tissue1 or ! ,co-ord9ation ( muscles1 by direct action on ^! ab/ractions4 ,let x be !re=e once = all expressly /at$ t by ! prop]ty ( a tissue is simply meant ! con/ant mode ( reaction ( t tissue "u def9ite conditions4 ,! prop]ty is n a cause1 o!rwise ?an ! conditions x expresses are a cause4 ,& ^! conditions are fir/ ^? ( ! organiz$ /ructure itself1 & secondly ^? ( ! m$ium 9 :i* x lives4 ,oxyg5 unites ) ,hydrog5 to =m wat]1 b only "u c]ta9 pressures2 s likewise muscles manife/ ,contractility on be+ /imulat$ 7t is _! mode ( reaction71 b only "u c]ta9 degrees ( temp]ature1 humidity1 & a c]ta9 *emical composition ( ! plasmode4 ,! prop]ty is s truly an expression ( ! co-op]ant conditions1 t x is f\nd to v>y ) ^? conditions1 & to vani% :5 !y v>y beyond a c]ta9 limit4 ,an attempt has be5 made to re/rict ! notion ( a prop]ty to an ultimate fact4 ,:atev] is n r$ucible to kn[n conditions is to be accept$ z a prop]ty4 ,combu/ion1 = example1 is r$ucible to ! molecul> comb9ation ( oxyg5 & "s o!r gas2 b ?is comb9ation itself is n r$ucible1 & x is !re=e *ri/5$ aff9ity4 ,i _c accept ?is view4 ,admitt+ our inability to say :y gases comb9e "u c]ta9 conditions 7& 9 ?is s5se all facts are inexplicable & ultimate1 unless we take ! h[ z ample explanation ( ! :y71 ,i mu/ /ill say t s9ce aff9ity itself dep5ds on ! co-op]ation ( kn[n conditions1 x is n less explicable ?an combu/ion4 ,b ! po9t is unimportant3 :at we h "h to settle is ! mean+ ( a prop]ty ( tissue1--& t is ! mode ( reaction :i* t tissue manife/s "u con/ant conditions1 int]nal & ext]nal4 #hc4 ,! evolution ( ,life is ! evolution ( special prop]ties & functions f g5]al prop]ties & functions4 ,! organism rises 9 p[] z x ramifies into v>iety4 ,out ( a seem+ly /ructureless g]m9al membrane1 by successive diff]5tiations c]ta9 portions are set ap>t = ! dom9ant1 or exclusive1 p]=mance ( c]ta9 processes2 j z 9 ! social organism !re is a sett+ ap>t ( c]ta9 classes ( m5 = ! dom9ant or exclusive p]=mance ( (fices1 :i* by _! co-op]ation con/itute ,society4 ,! soldi] fights1 b ceases to build or reap1 weave or tea*2 ! mason builds2 ! agriculturi/ s[s & reaps2 ! prie/ & ?9k] tea*2 ! /atesman gov]ns4 ,9 simple societies ea* does all1 or ne>ly all2 b ! social life ?us manife/$ is m>k$ly inf]ior to ! en]getic life ( a complex society4 ,s ) organisms4 ,an amba manife/s ! g5]al prop]ties ( ,nutrition1 ,reproduction1 ,s5sibility1 & ,movem5t4 ,b x has no special organs1 consequ5tly no special functions4 ,! polype has a c]ta9 rudim5t>y specialization ( p>ts3 x has a simple alim5t>y cavity1 & preh5sile t5tacles2 & al?\gh by ^! x c seize & dige/ its prey1 x c only d s 9 a limit$ way--all ! manifold v>ieties & p[] ( preh5sion & dige/ion obs]v$ 9 m complex organisms are impossible ) su* organs z ! polype possesses4 #hd4 ,diff]5ces ( /ructure & connection necess>ily br+ ab\t correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ,function1 s9ce ,function is ! direct$ en]gy ( ! ,prop]ties ( tissues4 ,"o organ w diff] f ano!r 9 /ructure1 z ! liv] f ! pancreas1 or ! kidney f ! sple52 or "o organ may closely resemble ano!r b diff] f x only 9 connections1 z a s5sory & a motor n]ve1 or an ext5sor & a flexor muscle4 ,we mu/ !re=e always be> bo? po9ts 9 m9d4 ,e modification1 /ructural or connectional1 is translat$ by a correspond+ modification 9 ! (fice4 ,! h& & ! foot %[ ?is well4 ,! tissues are ! same 9 bo?1 ! prop]ties are ! same1 & bo? h ! same g5]al function ( ,preh5sion2 b _! morphological diff]5ces c>ry correspond+ diff]5ces 9 _! uses4 ,suppose we h a galvanic batt]y1 we "k t its electric =ce may be v>i\sly appli$4 ,two pieces ( *>coal fix$ to ! ends ( its conduct+ wires give u ! electric light2 replac+ ! *>coal by a telegraphic app>atus we c transmit a message f "o cont95t to ! o!r2 ! wires dipp$ 9 a solution effect a *emical decomposition1 dipp$ into a mixture ( gases !y effect a *emical composition4 ,9 ^!1 & _m o!r applications1 ! prop]ty ( ! batt]y is con/ant2 b ! functions x subs]ves h v>i$ ) ! v>y+ co-op]ants4 ,s ) ! prop]ties ( tissue4#cg ,n only h we to be> 9 m9d ! organic connections ( ! tissues1 b also ! relation ( ! organs to _! m$ia4 ,swimm+ & ,walk+1 = example1 are bo? functions ( ! locomotive app>atus1 b !y are specially diff]5c$ by ! m$ia 9 :i* ! animal moves4 #he4 ,! prop]ties ( tissues are _! peculi> modes ( reaction1 & ea* tissue has its dom9ant *>act]i/ic1 su* z ! ,contractility ( ! muscle1 & ! ,neurility ( ! n]ve4 ,b !re has ( late ye>s sprung up a mislead+ conception1 p>tly a consequ5ce ( ! cell-!ory1 & p>tly ( ! almo/ inevitable t5d5cy ( analysis to disreg>d :atev] elem5ts x provisionally sets aside2 ?is conception is ! removal ( ! prop]ty f its tissue1 & ! localization ( x 9 "o ( ! organites--cell or fibre4 ,?is has be5 conspicu\sly mis*iev\s 9 ! case ( ! n]ve-cell1 :i* has be5 end[$ ) my/]i\s p[]s1 & may be said to h usurp$ ! place ( n]ve-tissue4 ,i %all h to speak ( ?is 9 ! next problem4 ,"h ,i only w>n ! /ud5t aga9/ ! common error4 ,! prop]ties ( a tissue dep5d on ! /ructure & composition ( t tissue1 toge!r ) its plasmode & products2 !y v>y z ^! v>y4 ,to select any "o elem5t 9 ?is complex1 & ascribe ! reaction ( ! tissue to t1 is only p]missible z a %or?& expression4 #hf4 ,:at has j be5 exp\nd$ may be cond5s$ 9 ! foll[+ biological law3-- ,id5tity ( tissue ev]y:]e implies id5tity ( prop]ty2 & simil>ity ( tissue correspond+ simil>ity ( prop]ty4 ,id5tity ( organic connection ev]y:]e implies id5tity ( function2 & simil>ity ( organic connection simil>ity ( function4 #hg4 ,?is law1 fir/ =mulat$ by me 9 #ahei1 & !n appli$ to ! int]pretation ( n]v\s functions1 0 s little und]/ood t = ! mo/ "p x met ) ei!r decid$ d5ial or sil5t neglect2 no d\bt because ( ! g5]al dis9cl9ation to admit t ! prop]ties & functions ( ! sp9al cord c\ld be simil> to ^? ( ! bra91 9 correspond5ce ) ! simil>ity ( _! tissues & organic connections4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,vulpian1 :o adopt$ x1 z well z my pr9cipal int]pretations1 hesitat$1 & relaps$ into ! or?odox view 9 assign+ ?ree diff]5t prop]ties to "o & ! same tissue 9 cord1 m$ulla oblongata1 & c]ebrum4#ch ,9 ! c\rse ( our inquiries we %all s frequ5tly h to invoke ?is law t ,i e>ne/ly beg ! read] to m$itate ^u x1 & ask himself ^u :at o!r gr\nds1 save ^? ( /ructure & connection1 ! prop]ties & functions c possibly re/8 ,if on no o!r1 !n simil>ity 9 /ructure & connection by logical necessity involves simil>ity 9 prop]ty & function4 ,,does ,,! ,,function ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,organ8 #hh4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is law1 :i* simply =mulates ! self-evid5t pr9ciple t e action is rigor\sly det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! ag5t1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! act takes place1 is ! surpris+ "q :e!r functions are dep5d5t ^u organs1 or organs dep5d5t on functions8--a "q :i* sometimes takes ?is %ape3 ,is ,life ! result ( organization1 or is organization ! result ( ,life8 ,! vitali/1 :o holds t ,life is an extra-organic ag5t1 is logical 9 decl>+ organization to be ! consequ5ce ( ,life2#ci b !re are _m organici/s :o conclude f c]ta9 facts t organs are develop$ by functions1 & t organization is a result ( ,life4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be "s equivoque "h4 ,i _c o!rwise und]/& h[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] %\ld h writt53 8,!re is "o fact imply+ t ,function mu/ be reg>d$ z tak+ ! prec$5ce ( ,/ructure4 ,( ! l[e/ rhizopods :i* pres5t no di/9ctions ( p>ts1 & nev]!less fe$ & gr[ & move ab\t1 ,pr(essor ,huxley has rem>k$ t !y exhibit ,life )\t ,organization40#dj ,! equivoque "h arises f ! practice ( call+ all liv+ bodies 8organisms10 ev5 ^? de/itute ( ! diff]5tiations call$ organs2 b if we sub/itute ! t]m 8liv+ body0 9 lieu ( 8organism10 ! equivoque w disappe>1 & ,function no long] seem to prec$e ,/ructure4 ,nei!r ,mr4 ,sp5c] nor ,mr4 ,huxley w\ld affirm t ,life c be manife/$ )\t a liv+ body2 & e liv+ body mu/ h a /ructure ( "s sort--unless by /ructure be meant a special configuration ( p>ts4 ,! prop]ties ( a body1 :e!r x be simple or complex 9 /ructure1 result f ! prop]ties ( its compon5ts2 & ! vital ph5om5a v>y ) ^! v>y+ compon5ts4 ,! sub/ance ( a ,rhizopod is inde$ simple z comp>$ ) t ( high] organisms1 b is complex z comp>$ ) anorganisms2 & correspond+ ) ?is simplicity ( /ructure !re is simplicity ( vital function4#da #hi4 ,! prop]ties ( /eam are exhibit$ by ! kettle on ! fire1 no less ?an by ! gigantic eng9e :i* animates a manufactory2 b ! uses ( /eam 7! functions ( ! eng9e7 v>y ) ! v>y+ /ructure1 & ! applications ( t /ructure to o!r /ructures4 ,precisely analog\s is ! case ( ! organ & its function1 9 relation to ! liv+ sub/ance ( :i* x is a peculi> modification4 ,vital actions are manife/$ by a lump ( protoplasm2 b ^! actions are z %>ply dem>cat$ f ! actions ( m highly organiz$ animals1 z ! ph5om5a ( a /eam-eng9e are f ^? ( a teakettle4 #ij4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has n[h]e def9$ :at he means by ,/ructure1 nor giv5 a def9ition ( ,organ1 & ?is neglect makes x difficult rightly to appreciate 8 view4 ,b :e!r we take /ructure to signify ! sub/ance ( ! liv+ body1 or ! diff]5tiations ( t sub/ance into sep>ate tissues & organs1 9 ei!r case ! actions 7functions7 ( :i* ?is /ructure is ! ag5t mu/ be rigor\sly det]m9$ by x4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has av[$ ?is 9 decl>+ t ! 8g5]al physiologi/ may consid] functions 9 _! wide/ s5se z ! correlatives ( tissue40 ,is ?is true 9 ! wide/ s5se & n true 9 ! n>r[e/8 ,i am puzzl$ to f9d him insi/+ t 8function f beg9n+ to end is ! det]m9+ cause ( /ructure4 ,n only is ?is manife/ly true :]e ! modification ( /ructure arises by reaction f modification ( function2 b x is also true :]e a modification ( /ructure o!rwise produc$ app>5tly initiates a modification ( function40 ,su* language w\ld be consi/5t 7 he a vitali/ :o believ$ 9 a ,pr9ciple indep5d5t ( ,matt] :i* %apes matt] into organic =ms2 b z a positive ?9k] he c sc>cely escape ! admission t s9ce ,function is ! activity ( ! ,ag5t 7,function 9 ! wide/ s5se be+ ! action ( ! :ole ,organism1 & 9 its n>r[e/ s5se ! action ( ! special ,organ7 !re _c be an activity prec$+ ! ag5t4 ,i suspect t he does n always be> 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 ,prop]ty & ,function1 & consequ5tly is l$ into /atem5ts at v>iance ) ! pr9ciples he pr(esses4 ,z f> z ,i und]/& ! c\rse ( 8 ?\ght1 x runs some:at ?us3 ,) ! increas$ use ( an organ its volume may be increas$1 its /ructure alt]$2 ?is alt]ation w1 by reaction1 cause alt]ations 9 o!r organs1 & ?us ! result ( a *ange 9 ! habitual activities ( an animal w be an alt]ation 9 ! arrangem5t ( its p>ts4 #ia4 ,we speak loosely ( an organ be+ develop$ by increas$ activity2 b ?is is loose spee*1 & inve/igation %[s t ! organ is n develop$ by1 b accompanies ! increas$ activity1 e increm5t ( activity be+ necess>ily prec$$ by a correspond+ increm5t ( /ructure4 ,?is is evid5t priori3 ! =ce manife/$ is inh]5t 9 ! /ructure manife/+ x4 ,?us we ought n to say 8! vascul> sy/em furni%es good in/ances ( ! increas$ gr[? t foll[s increas$ function02 we ought to say1 8t p]mits increas$ function40 ,! muscle hav+ a contractile p[] repres5t$ by #aj1 exp5ds1 we w suppose1 #g units ( =ce 9 its normal activity1 & ^! are replac$ by its normal nutrition4 ,if f an extra dem& ^u x #i units are exp5d$1 ! muscle becomes fatigu$1 if #aj1 exhau/$1 & x w no long] contract1 ! :ole disposable sum ( its contractility be+ dissipat$4 ,dur+ all ^! /ages ! /ructure ( ! muscle--or to prev5t all equivoque1 let u say ! sub/ance ( ! muscle--has be5 *ang+1 n inde$ 9 any degree appreciable to ! eye1 b appreciable by ! m decisive te/s ( *emical & physiological reactions4 ,yet inasmu* z 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s ! wa/e is quickly repair$1 ! muscle 9 repose once m rega9s its orig9al /ate1 once m repres5ts #aj units ( contractility4 ,n[ let u consid] :at takes place :5 extra labor is ?r[n ^u ! muscle1 :5 ex]cise causes gr[?4 ,at ! outset ( a walk+ t\r we may n be able to compass m ?an tw5ty miles a day1 at its close we manage ?irty4 ,is x ! increas$ activity ( ! function :i* has caus$ ?is increase ( /ructure8 ,9 "o s5se1 yes2 b let u und]/& x4 ,_h ! increase ( activity be5 tempor>y1 !re w\ld h be5 only a tempor>y increase ( /ructure4 ,b :5 ! ord9>y exp5diture ( #g units rises to #i1 on sev]al successive days1 ?is extra exp5diture ( tissue has _h to be met by an extra nutrition--i4 e4 m plasmode has be5 =m$ & m protoplasm4 ,x is a physiological law1 easily expla9$1 t1 )9 due limits1 extra wa/e br+s ab\t extra repair3 z ! *annels are wid5$ & multipli$1 ! d]iv$ curr5ts become /rong]1 & ! increas$ fl[ ( nutrition :i* 0 tempor>y becomes p]man5t1 because ?is increase is no long] dep5d5t on an extra /imulus1 b on an enl>g$ *annel4#db ,:5 ! *annels h n become multipli$ or enl>g$1 :i* mu/ be ! case :5ev] ! extra /imulus is fluctuat+ & tempor>y1 ! extra exp5diture is n foll[$ by increas$ size ( ! muscle3 ! curr5ts resume _! old directions1 no long] be+ div]t$4 #ib4 ,let ! social organism furni% u ) an illu/ration4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t !re is a movem5t aga9/ ! retail %opkeep]s ( ,london 9 favor ( ,co-op]ative ,/ores4 ,! /imulus ( gett+ bett] goods & *eap]1 attracts ! fl[ ( cu/om f its old *annels2 & if ?is cont9ue a c]ta9 "t ! new arrangem5ts w be s ?or\ghly organiz$1 & w "w s easily1 t ,co-op]ative ,/ores w to a great ext5t supplant ! retail %ops4 ,b if f any causes ! /imulus slack5s be=e ?is reorganization has pass$ f ! oscillat+ into ! p]man5t /age--if ! goods are n f\nd to be sup]ior1 or ! *eapness n wor? ! extra tr\ble--! old influ5ces 7aid+ our indol5ce7 :i* h be5 long & cont9u\sly at "w1 w cause ! social organism to resume its old aspect1 & ! co-op]ative 8v>ieties0 w disappe>1 or exi/ beside ! anci5t 8species40 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r a glance at ! process is en\gh to detect t ! increase 9 ! activity has be5 prec$$ by a correspond+ increase 9 ! /ructure4 ,! muscle has n be5 enl>g$ by extra activity1 b ) x4 ,! co-op]ative action has gr[n ) ea* additional co-op]ator4 ,look+ at ! cases f af> we may ju/ly say t developm5t has be5 due to function2 b look+ to ! process we see t ea* increm5t ( activity 0 necess>ily dep5d5t on an increm5t ( sub/ance4 ,:5 *anges ( habit or adaptation are said to produce modifications 9 /ructures1 ?is is true 9 z f> z "o modification ( /ructure necess>ily br+s ) x correlative modifications1 ! gr[? ( "o "p affect+ ! gr[? ( all m or less2 b we mu/ rememb] t to r5d] ! /ructure capable ( new adaptations correspond+ modifications mu/ h be5 go+ on4 ,! retail %opkeep]s might securely laugh at ! co-op]ative movem5t if ! respectable families w\ld n or c\ld n become co-op]ant4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] urges t 8n only may leaf-/alks assume to a great degree ! "* ( /ems :5 !y h to dis*>ge ! functions ( /ems by support+ _m leaves1 & v l>ge leaves1 b !y may assume ! *>act]s ( leaves :5 !y h to und]take ! functions ( leaves10 ,i w\ld ask if he is n rev]s+ ! actual process8 ,! /em _c assume ! functions ( a leaf until x has fir/ assum$ ! "* ( a leaf4 ,! assumptions ( bo? mu/ be gradual1 & p>i passu4 #ic4 ,! h& is an organ1 its function is preh5sion4 ,! p]=mance ( ?is function 9 any ( its num]\s applications is rigor\sly limit$ by ! /ructure ( ! h&--! bones1 muscles1 n]ves1 circulat+ & absorb5t vessels1 connective tissue1 fat1 etc4 ,fatigue ! n]ve1 & ! function w be feebly p]=m$2 exhau/ x1 & ! function ceases2 dim9i% ! action ( ! he>t1 tie an art]y1 or vitiate ! /ructure ( ! blood1 & ! function w be correspond+ly affect$2 /iff5 ! t5dons1 s(t5 ! bones1 dim9i% ! synovial fluid1 or increase ! fat--9 %ort1 make any alt]ation :atev] 9 ! /ructure ( ! h&1 & an alt]ation is necess>ily produc$ 9 its function4 ,s rigor\sly is function dep5d5t ^u /ructure1 t ! h& ( "o man w execute actions :i* are impossible to ano!r4 ,! h& ( a baby is said to be ! same 9 /ructure z ! h& ( a man2 & s9ce ! p[]s 7functions7 ( ! two are notori\sly diff]5t1 we might ra%ly conclude t "h function 0 dissociat$ f /ructure4 ,! case is illu/rative4 ,9 baby & man ! /ructure is simil>1 n ! same2 ! resemblance is ( k9d1 n ( degree2 & ! function likewise v>ies ) ! degree4 ,! p5ny cannon :i* delights ! *ild is simil> 9 /ructure to ! t5-p\nd] :i* batt]s d[n walls2 & ?\gh1 speak+ g5]ally1 we may say t ! function ( bo? is to fire gunp[d] = human ends1 no "o expects ! p5ny cannon to be employ$ 9 w>f>e4 ,9 physiology1 z 9 me*anics1 ! effect v>ies ) ! =ces involv$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t an exagg]at$ activity w produce a modification 9 ! active organ1 = ?is is only ! famili> case ( increas$ gr[? ) increas$ ex]cise1 & ?is is ! biological mean+ 9 :i* ,function c be said n1 inde$1 to create1 b to modify an exi/+ ,organ4 ,prec$+ ! activity !re mu/ be ! ag5t4 ,e organ al?\gh hav+ its special function has also ! prop]ties ( all ! tissues :i* con/itute x4 ,! function is only ! syn!sis ( ^! prop]ties to :i* a dom9ant tissue gives a special "*4 ,! eye1 = example1 ?\gh specially *>act]iz$ by its ret9al s5sibility to light1 is l>gely end[$ ) muscles1 & its movem5ts are ess5tial to ,vision4 ,! inte/9al canal1 aga91 ?\gh specially *>act]iz$ by its secretions = ! decomposition ( food1 has muscles :i* are ess5tial to ,dige/ion4 ,9 _m animals1 especially vegetable-fe$]s1 !re is an exagg]ation ( ! muscul> activity 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! inte/9al canal :i* is only possible ?r\gh a correspond+ developm5t ( ! muscul> tissue1 s t 9 "s birds1 cru/aceans1 & molluscs we f9d a gizz>d1 :i* is :olly )\t a muc\s membrane to secrete fluids1 & :i* aids ,dige/ion solely by trituration4 #id4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 seems to h be5 l$ into 8 view by n keep+ di/9ctly pres5t to 8 m9d ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,prop]ties ( tissue & ,function1 ! activity ( an organ4 8,t function takes prec$5ce ( /ructure10 he says1 8seems impli$ 9 ! def9ition ( ,life4 ,if ,life consi/ ( inn] actions s adju/$ z to balance out] actions--if ! actions are ! sub/ance ( ,life1 :ile ! adju/m5t con/itutes its =m2 !n may we n say t ! actions =m$ mu/ come be=e t :i* =ms !m--t ! cont9u\s *ange :i* is ! basis ( function mu/ come be=e ! /ructure :i* br+s ! function into %ape80 ,! sep>ation ( 8actions =m$0 f 8t :i* =ms !m0 is inadmissible4 ,an action _c come be=e ! ag5t3 x is ! ag5t 9 act4 ,! cont9u\s *ange1 :i* is ! basis ( ,vitality1 is a *ange ( molecul> arrangem5ts2 & ! organ :i* gives a special direction to ! vital activity1 e4 g4 :i* %apes ! prop]ty ( ,contractility into ! function ( ,preh5sion1 ?is organ mu/ itself be =m$ be=e x c manife/ ?is function4 ,x is true t 9 "o s5se ! organs are =m$ by1 or are diff]5tiat$ 91 a pre-exi/5t organism2 true t ! g5]al activity ( liv+ sub/ance mu/ prec$e ! special activity ( any organ1 z ! expansions ( /eam mu/ prec$e any /eam-eng9e action2 b ! g5]al activity dep5ds on ! g5]al /ructure2 & ! special actions on ! special /ructures4 ,if by ,organization we are to und]/& n simply organiz$ sub/ance1 b a m or less complex arrangem5t ( t sub/ance into sep>ate organs1 ! "q is tantam\nt to ask+ :e!r ! simple/ animals & plants h life8 ,& to ask ! "q1 :e!r ,life prec$es organic sub/ance8 is tantam\nt to ask+ :e!r ! convex aspect ( a curve prec$es ! concave6 or :e!r ! motions ( a body prec$e ! body6 ,to dis5gage ourselves f ! complicat$ sugge/ions ( su* a ^w z ,life1 let u consid] "o ( ! vital ph5om5a1 ,contraction4 ,?is is a ph5om5on manife/$ by simple protoplasm1 & by ! highly diff]5tiat$ =m ( protoplasm kn[n z muscle4 ,9 "o s5se x w\ld be correct to say t ,contractility z a g5]al prop]ty ( tissue prec$es ,contraction1 :i* is specializ$ 9 muscle4 ,b x w\ld be absurd to say t muscul> contraction prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( muscle1 & =m$ x4 ,! contractions ( ! protoplasm are n ! same z muscul> contractions any m ?an ! h& ( a baby is ! same z a man's2 ! g5]al prop]ty :i* bo? h 9 common dep5ds on ! sub/ance bo? h 9 common2 ! special prop]ty :i* belongs to ! muscle dep5ds on its special /ructure4 ,an inf9ite activity ( ! contractile protoplasm w\ld be incompet5t to =m a muscle1 unless x 7 accompani$ by t peculi> *ange 9 /ructure :i* con/itutes muscle4 ,! teakettle might boil =ev] )\t produc+ a /eam-eng9e or ! actions ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,t :i* is true ( "o function is true ( all functions1 & true ( ,life1 :i* is ! sum ( vital activities4 #ie4 ,x is ?is haz9ess :i* made ,agassiz 8regret to obs]ve t x has almo/ become an axiom t id5tical functions presuppose id5tical organs4 ,!re nev] 0 a m incorrect pr9ciple lead+ to m injuri\s consequ5ces40#dc ,& else:]e he argues t organs c exi/ )\t functions4 ,b ?is is obvi\sly to p]v]t ! fundam5tal idea ( an organ4 8,! tee? ( ! :ale :i* nev] eat ?r\gh ! gums1 & ! brea/s ( ! males ( all classes ( mammalia10 are cit$ by him z examples ( su* organs )\t functions2 b 9 ! physiological significance ( ! t]m ^! are n organs at all4 ,x is no m to be expect$ t ! brea/s ( ! male %\ld act 9 lactation1 ?an t ! slack5$ /r+ ( a viol9 %\ld yield musical tones2 b ! brea/s ( ! male may be easily /imulat$ into yield+ milk1 & ! slack5$ /r+ ( ! viol9 may be tight5$ s z to yield tone4 ,ev5 ! brea/s ( ! female d n yield milk except "u c]ta9 conditions1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! are on a p> ) ^? ( ! male4 #if4 ,organiz$ sub/ance has ! g5]al prop]ties ( ,assimilation1 ,evolution1 ,s5sibility1 & ,contractility2 ea* ( ! special tissues into :i* organiz$ sub/ance is diff]5tiat$ manife/s a pr$om9ance ( "o ( ^! prop]ties4 ,?us al?\gh ! embryo-cells all manife/ contractility1 x is only ! specializ$ muscle-cell :i* cont9ues ?r\gh\t its exi/5ce to manife/ ?is prop]ty1 & 9 a dom9ant =m2 ! muscle-cell also assimilates & develops1 b besides hav+ ^! prop]ties 9 common ) all o!r cells1 x has ! special prop]ty ( contract+ ) an en]gy n f\nd 9 ! o!rs4 ,all cells respire2 b ! blood-cells h ?is prop]ty ( absorb+ oxyg5 to a degree s f> surpass+ t ( any o!r cell t physiologi/s h be5 l$ to speak ( _! conta9+ a peculi> respiratory sub/ance4 ,9 l mann] all1 or ne>ly all1 ! tissues conta9 myel9e--:i* inde$ is "o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! yolk ( eggs--b only 9 ! :ite %ea? ( ! n]ves is x deta*$ & specializ$ z a tissue4 #ig4 ,b :ile ,s5sibility & ,contractility are g5]al prop]ties ( organiz$ sub/ance1 specializ$ 9 special tissues2 ,s5sation & ,contraction are functions ( ! organs =m$ by su* tissues2 & ^! organs are only f\nd 9 animal organisms4 ,x is a s]i\s error1 :i* we %all h]eaft] h to insi/ on1 to suppose t ,s5sation c be ! prop]ty ( ganglionic cells1 or1 z x is m (t5 /at$1 ! prop]ty ( ! c5tral gray matt]4 ,s5sation is ! function ( ! organism2 x v>ies ) ! v>y+ organ2 ! s5sation ( ,t\* n be+ ! same z ! s5sation ( ,sight1 or ( ,s\nd4 #ih4 ,we may consid] ! organism "u two aspects--t ( ,/ructure & t ( ,function4 ,! latt] has two broad divisions correspond+ ) ! vegetal & animal lives2 ! "o is ,nutri5t1 ! o!r ,effici5t4 ,! "o prep>es & di/ributes ,food1 ! o!r di/ributes ,motion4 ,( c\rse ?is sep>ation is analytical4 ,9 reality ! two are int]bl5d$2 & al?\gh ! neuro-muscul> sy/em is develop$ out ( ! nutritive sy/em1 x is no soon] develop$ ?an x plays its "p z ,in/rum5t 9 ! prep>ation & di/ribution ( ,alim5t4 ,?is n be+ a treatise on ,physiology1 !re c be no necessity = our "h consid]+ ! prop]ties & functions 9 detail4 ,:at is necess>y to be said on ,s5sibility & ,contractility w f9d its place 9 ! c\rse ( future *apt]s2 = ! pres5t we w conf9e ourselves to ,evolution on acc\nt ( its psy*ological1 no less ?an its physiological1 int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,evolution4 #ii4 ,t organiz$ sub/ance has ! prop]ty ( n\ri%+ itself by assimilat+ f its int]nal m$ium sub/ances !re pres5t 9 an unorganiz$ /ate1 & t ?is is foll[$ by a developm5t or diff]5tiation ( /ructure1 is famili> to e inquir]4 ,e "o :o has pursu$ embryological rese>*es1 & 9 a less] degree e "o :o has m]ely read ab\t !m1 mu/ h be5 impress$ by ?is m>vel ( m>vels3 an exce$+ly m9ute portion ( liv+ matt]1 s simple 9 aspect t a l9e w def9e x1 passes by successive modifications into an organism s complex t a treatise is ne$$ to describe x2 n only d ! cells 9 :i* ! ovum & ! sp]matozoon orig9ate1 pass into a complex organism1 reproduc+ ! =ms & features ( ! p>5ts1 & ) ^! ! con/itutional peculi>ities ( ! p>5ts 7_! longevity1 _! diseases1 _! m5tal dispositions1 nay1 _! v tricks & habits71 b !y may reproduce ! =m & features1 ! dispositions & diseases1 ( a gr&fa!r or great-gr&fa!r1 :i* _h la9 dormant 9 ! fa!r or "m4 ,consid] = an in/ant :at ?is implies4 ,a microscopic cell ( album9\s comp\nds1 :olly )\t trace ( organs1 n appreciably di/+ui%able f millions ( o!r cells1 does nev]!less conta9 )9 x ! 8possibilities0 ( an organism s complex & s special z t ( a ,newton or a ,napoleon4 ,if ev] !re 0 a case :5 ! fam\s ,ari/otelian notion ( a 8pot5tial exi/5ce0 seem$ ju/ifi$1 assur$ly x is ?is4 ,& al?\gh we c only by a fallacy ma9ta9 ! oak to be conta9$ 9 ! acorn1 or ! animal conta9$ 9 ! ovum1 ! fallacy is s natural1 & inde$ s difficult ( escape1 t !re is no gr\nd = surprise :5 physiologi/s1 on fir/ le>n+ some?+ ( developm5t1 7 f\nd ma9ta9+ t ! p]fect organism exi/$ already 9 ! ovum1 hav+ all its l9eam5ts 9 m9iature1 & only gr[+ into visible dim5sions ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( evolution4#dd ,! pre=mation ( ! organism seem$ an inevitable d$uction f ! op9ions once univ]sal4 ,x l$ to _m /range1 & "s absurd conclusions2 among !m1 to ! ass]tion t ! orig9al g]m ( e species conta9$ )9 x all ! c\ntless individuals :i* 9 process ( "t might issue f x2 & ?is 9 no metaphysical 8pot5tial0 guise1 b z actual box$-up exi/5ces 7embots72 s t ,adam & ,eve 7 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se prog5itors ( ! :ole human race1 & conta9$ _! prog5y already %ap$ )9 !m1 await+ ! great acc\*eur1 "t4 #ajj4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ 8embotem5t0 !ory4 ,9 spite ( obvi\s objections x ga9$ sci5tific acceptance1 because physiologi/s c\ld n br+ !mselves to believe t s m>vell\s a /ructure z t ( a human organism arose by a s]ies ( successive modifications1 or because !y c\ld n compreh5d h[ x 0 built up1 "p by "p1 into =ms s closely resembl+ ! p>5t-=ms4 ,t _m & plausible reasons plead$ 9 favor ( ?is op9ion is evid5t 9 ! fact t illu/ri\s m5 l ,hall]1 ,bonnet1 ,vallisn]i1 ,swamm]damm1 ,raumur1 & ,cuvi]1 7 its advocates2 & if !re is n a sigle physiologi/ ( our day :o accepts x1 or :o f9ds any peculi> difficulty 9 foll[+ ! demon/rations ( embryologi/s1 h[ f ! common />t+-po9t ( a self-multiply+ epi!lial cell p>ts s div]se z hairs1 nails1 ho(s1 scales1 fea!rs1 cry/all9e l5s1 & secret+ gl&s may be evolv$1 or h[ f ! homog5e\s g]m9al membrane ! complex organism w arise1 !re are v few among ! scorn]s ( ! dead hypo!sis :o seem capable ( g5]aliz+ ! pr9ciples :i* h de/roy$ x1 or c conceive t ! laws ( ,evolution apply z rigor\sly to ! animal & vegetable k+doms z to ! individual organisms4 ,! illu/ri\s names ( ^? :o advocat$ ! pre=mation hypo!sis may s]ve to *eck our s]vile submission to ! au?orities s l\dly proclaim$ z advocates ( ! fixity ( species4 ,! m because ! two doctr9es h a common p>5tage4 ,! "o falls ) ! o!r1 & no array ( au?orities c arre/ ! fall4 ,t ! manifold diff]5tiations noticeable 9 a complex organism %\ld h be5 evolv$ f a membrane :olly de/itute ( diff]5ces is a m>vel1 b a m>vel :i* ,sci5ce has made intelligible4 ,yet ! majority ( ^? to :om ?is has be5 made intelligible /ill f9d an impossibility 9 admitt+ t ! manifold =ms ( plant & animal 7 successively evolv$ f equally simple orig9s4 ,!y rel9qui% ! hypo!sis ( pre=mation 9 ! "o case1 & cl+ to x 9 ! o!r4 ,evolution1 demon/rable 9 ! individual hi/ory1 seems prepo/]\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! class4 ,& ?us is pres5t$ ! in/ructive spectacle ( philosoph]s laugh+ at ! absurdities ( 8pre=mation10 & yet ex]t+ all _! logic & rhetoric 9 def5ce ( 8creative fiats0--:i* is simply ! pre=mation hypo!sis 8writ l>ge40 #aja4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t ! doctr9e ( ,epig5esis1 ) :i* ,wolff =ev] displac$ ! doctr9e ( ,pre=mation1 leads by an inevitable logic to ! doctr9e ( univ]sal ,evolution2 & t we c no m und]/& ! appe>ance ( a new organism :i* is n ! modification ( "s already exi/+ organism1 ?an we c und]/& ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a new organ :i* is n ! modification ( "s exi/+ /ructure4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r we may disguise ! process "u su* t]ms z creative fiat & pre=mation2 b ^! t]ms are no explanations2 !y re-/ate ! results1 !y d n describe ! process2 :]eas ,epig5esis describes ! process z x passes "u ! eye ( sci5ce4 #ajb4 ,if any read] ( ^! pages :o1 f !ological or zological suspicion ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis1 cl+s to ! hypo!sis ( a creative ,plan :i* once = all arrang$ ! organic _w 9 ,types t c\ld n *ange1 w ask :at rational int]pretation c be giv5 to ! succession ( phases ea* embryo is =c$ to pass ?r\gh1 x may help to give him pause4 ,he w obs]ve t none ( ^! phases h any adaptation to ! future /ate ( ! animal1 b are 9 positive contradiction to x1 or are simply purposeless2 :]eas all %[ /amp$ on !m ! unmi/akable *>act]s ( ance/ral adaptations & ! progressions ( ,organic ,evolution4 ,:at does ! fact imply8 ,!re is n a s+le kn[n example ( a complex organism :i* is n develop$ out ( simpl] =ms4 ,be=e x c atta9 ! complex /ructure :i* di/+ui%es x1 !re mu/ be an evolution ( =ms simil> to ^? :i* di/+ui% ! /ructures ( organisms l[] 9 ! s]ies4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( a ,plan :i* pre>rang$ ! organic _w1 no?+ c\ld be m unwor?y ( a supreme intellig5ce ?an ?is inability to con/ruct an organism at once1 )\t previ\sly mak+ sev]al t5tative ef=ts1 undo+ to-day :at 0 s c>efully done ye/]day1 & repeat+ = c5turies ! same t5tatives1 & ! same corrections1 9 ! same succession4 ,d n let u bl9k ?is consid]ation4 ,!re is a traditional phrase mu* 9 vogue among ! an?ropomorphi/s1 :i* arose naturally en\gh f ! t5d5cy to take human me?ods z an explanation ( ! div9e--a phrase :i* becomes a sort ( argum5t--8,! ,great ,ar*itect40 ,b if we are to admit ! human po9t ( view1 a glance at ! facts ( embryology mu/ produce v uncom=table reflections4 ,= :at %\ld we say to an ar*itect :o 0 unable1 or be+ able 0 ob/9ately unwill+1 to erect a palace except by fir/ us+ 8 mat]ials 9 ! %ape ( a hut1 !n pull+ x d[n & rebuild+ !m z a cottage1 !n add+ /ory to /ory & room to room1 n ) any ref]5ce to ! ultimate purposes ( ! palace1 b :olly ) ref]5ce to ! way 9 :i* h\ses 7 con/ruct$ 9 anci5t times8 ,:at %\ld we say to ! ar*itect :o c\ld n =m a museum out ( bricks & mort>1 b 0 =c$ to beg9 z if go+ to build a mansion3 & aft] proce$+ "s way 9 ?is direction1 alt]$ 8 plan into a palace1 & t aga9 into a museum8 ,yet ?is is ! sort ( succession on :i* organisms are con/ruct$4 ,! fact has long be5 famili>2 h[ has x be5 reconcil$ ) ,inf9ite ,wisdom8 ,let ! foll[+ passage answ] = a ?\s&3--8,! embryo is no?+ l ! m9iature ( ! adult4 ,= a long :ile ! body 9 its entirety & its details pres5ts ! /range/ ( spectacles4 ,day by day & h\r by h\r ! aspect ( ! sc5e *anges1 & ?is in/ability is exhibit$ by ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts no less ?an by ! accessory p>ts4 ,"o w\ld say t ,nature feels h] way1 & only rea*es ! goal aft] _m times miss+ ! pa?1--on dirait que la nature ttonne et ne conduit son uvre bon f9 qu'aprs s'tre s\v5t trompe40#de ,writ]s h no compunction 9 speak+ ( ,nature feel+ h] way & blund]+2 b if 9 lieu ( ,nature1 :i* may mean any?+1 ! ,great ,ar*itect be sub/itut$1 x is probable t ! repugnance to us+ su* language ( evasion may cause m5 to revise _! conceptions altoge!r2 !y d>e n attribute ignorance & incompet5ce to ! ,creator4 #ajc4 ,obvi\sly ! ar*itectural hypo!sis is incompet5t to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( organic developm5t4 ,evolution is ! univ]sal process2 n creation ( a direct k9d4 ,von ,ba]1 :o v prop]ly correct$ ! exagg]ations :i* _h be5 put =? respect+ ! id5tity ( ! embryonic =ms ) adult =ms l[] 9 ! scale1 :o %[$ t ! mammalian embryo nev] 0 a bird1 a reptile1 or a fi%1 nev]!less emphasiz$ ! fact t ! mammalian embryo passes ?r\gh all ! l[] typical =ms2 s mu* s t1 except by _! size1 x is impossible to di/+ui% ! embryos ( mammal1 bird1 liz>d1 or snake4 8,9 my collection10 he says1 8!re are two little embryos :i* ,i h omitt$ to label1 s t ,i am n[ q incompet5t to say to :at class !y belong4 ,!y may be liz>ds1 !y may be small birds1 or v "y mammals2 s complete is ! simil>ity 9 ! mode ( =mation ( ! head & trunk4 ,! extremities h n yet made _! appe>ance4 ,b ev5 if !y exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ /age we %\ld le>n no?+ f !m1 = ! feet ( liz>ds1 mammals1 & ! w+s ( birds1 all arise f ! same common =m40 ,he sums up ) 8 =mula3 8,! special type is always evolv$ f a m g5]al type40#df ,su* rem9isc5ces ( e>li] =ms are intelligible on ! supposition t orig9ally ! lat] =m 0 a modification ( ! e>li] =m1 & t ?is modification is repeat$2 or on ! supposition t !re 0 a simil>ity 9 ! organic conditions1 :i* simil>ity ceas$ at ! po9t :]e ! new =m em]g$4 ,b on no hypo!sis ( creative ,plan are !y intelligible4 ,!y are useless /ructures1 fail+ ev5 to subs]ve a tempor>y purpose4 ,sometimes1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 a trace ( ! embryonic resemblance la/s till a late age3 8,?us birds ( ! same g5us1 & ( closely alli$ g5]a1 (t5 resemble ea* o!r 9 _! fir/ & second plumage3 z we see 9 ! spott$ fea!rs 9 ! ?ru% gr\p4 ,9 ! cat tribe mo/ ( ! species are /rip$ & spott$ 9 l9es2 & /ripes or spots c pla9ly be di/+ui%$ 9 ! :elp ( ! lion & ! puma4 ,we occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 see some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 plants4444 ,! po9ts ( /ructure 9 :i* ! embryos ( widely diff]5t animals ( ! same class resemble ea* o!r (t5 h no direct relation to _! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,we _c1 = in/ance1 suppose t 9 ! embryos ( ! v]tebrata ! peculi> loop-l c\rses ( ! art]ies ne> ! bron*ial slits are relat$ to simil> conditions 9 ! "y mammal :i* is n\ri%$ 9 ! womb ( its "m1 9 ! egg ( a bird :i* is hat*$ 9 a ne/1 & 9 ! spawn ( a frog "u wat]40 #ajd4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply examples1 b ,i w cont5t myself ) ?ree4 ,! tadpole ( ! ,salam&] has gills1 & passes 8 exi/5ce 9 ! wat]2 b ! ,salam&ra atra1 :i* lives high up among ! m\nta9s1 br+s =? its "y full-=m$4 ,?is animal nev] lives 9 ! wat]4 ,yet if we op5 a gravid female1 we f9d tadpoles inside h] ) exquisitely fea!r$ gills1 & 7z ,i h witness$7 ^! tadpoles 8:5 f ! "m's womb untimely ripp$10 if plac$ 9 wat]1 swim ab\t l ! tadpoles ( wat] newts4 ,obvi\sly ?is aquatic organization has no ref]5ce to ! future life ( ! animal1 nor has x any adaptation to its embryonic condition2 x has solely ref]5ce to ance/ral =ms1 x repeats a phase 9 ! developm5t ( its prog5itors4 ,aga91 9 ! embryo ( ! nak$ ,nudibran*1 we always obs]ve a %ell1 al?\gh ! animal is )\t a %ell1 & !re c be no purpose s]v$ by ! %ell 9 embryonic life4#dg ,f9ally1 ! human embryo has a tail1 :i* is ( c\rse utt]ly purposeless1 & :i*1 al?\gh to be expla9$ z a result ( organic laws1 is on ! creative hypo!sis only expla9$ z an adh]5ce to ! g5]al plan ( /ructure--a specim5 ( p$antic trifl+ 8wor?y ( no intellect above ! pongo's40#dh #aje4 ,humanly appreciat$1 n only is x difficult to ju/ify ! successive /ages ( developm5t1 ! incessant build+ up ( /ructures imm$iately to be tak5 d[n1 b also to expla9 :y developm5t 0 necess>y at all4 ,:y are n plants & animals =m$ at once1 z ,eve 0 my?ically affirm$ to be tak5 f ,adam's rib1 & ,m9]va f ,jupit]'s head8 ,! !ory ( ,evolution answ]s ?is "q v simply2 ! !ory ( ,creation c only answ] x by affirm+ t su* 0 ! orda9$ plan4 ,b ! !ory ( ,evolution n only gives ! simpl] & m intelligible answ] to ?is "q1 x gives an answ] to ! fur!r "q :i* leaves ! !ory ( ,creation no loophole except a sophism--namely1 :y ! =mation ( organisms is con/antly be+ fru/rat$ or p]v]t$8 ,&1 fur!r1 x gives an explanation ( ! law notic$ by ,milne ,edw>ds1 t ,nature is z economical 9 h] means z %e is prodigal 9 h] v>iation ( !m3 8,on dirait qu'avant de rec\rir des ress\rces n\velles elle a v\lu puis]1 en quelque sorte1 *acun des procds qu'elle avait mis en jeu40#di ,! applause be/[$ on ,nature = be+ economical is a curi\s transf]5ce to ,nature ( human necessities4 ,:y1 ) a :ole univ]se at h] disposal1 %\ld ,nature be economical8 ,:y mu/ %e always be work+ 9 ! same groove1 & us+ b a few out ( ! _m sub/ances at h] comm&8 ,economy is a virtue only 9 ! poor4 ,if ,nature1 9 organic evolutions1 is re/rict$ to a v few sub/ances1 & a v few modes ( comb9ation1 always creat+ new =ms by modification ( ! old1 & app>5tly incapable ( creat+ an organism at once1 ?is mu/ imply an inh]5t necessity :i* is v unlike ! free *oice t c r5d] economy a m]it4 #ajf4 ,!re may inde$ be rais$ an objection to ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis on ! gr\nd t if ! complex =ms 7 all develop$ f ! simpl] =ms1 we ought to trace ! id5tities ?r\gh all _! /ages4 ,if ! fi% develop$ into ! reptile1 ! reptile into ! bird1 & ! bird into ! mammal 7:i* ,i1 = "o1 ?9k que/ionable71 we ought to f9d1 x is urg$1 evid5ce ( ?is passage4 ,& at "o "t x 0 ass]t$ t ! evid5ce exi/$2 b ?is has be5 disprov$1 & on ! dispro( ! oppon5ts ( ,evolution take _! /&4 ,al?\gh ,i _c feel mu* confid5ce 9 ! idea ( su* a passage f ,type to ,type1 & al?\gh ! passage1 if ev] x occurr$1 mu/ h occurr$ at s remote a p]iod z to leave no evid5ce m positive ?an inf]5ce1 ,i _c b ?9k ! tea*+ ( ,embryology f> m favorable to x ?an to our oppon5ts4 ,suppos+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! passage did take place1 ought we to f9d ! embryonic /ages accurately reproduc+ ! p]man5t =ms ( l[] types8 ,von ,ba] ?9ks we ought2 & less] m5 may foll[ him )\t reproa*4 ,b x seems to me t he />ts f an inadmissible assumption1 namely1 t ! developm5t mu/ necess>ily be 9 a /raight l9e r ?an 9 a multiplicity ( div]g5t l9es4 8,:5 we f9d ! embryonic condition10 he says1 8diff]+ f ! adult1 we ought to f9d a correspond+ condition some:]e 9 ! l[] animals40#ej ,n necess>ily4 ,we "k t ! m5tal developm5t ( a civiliz$ man passes ?r\gh ! /ages :i* ! race pass$ ?r\gh 9 ! c\rse ( its long hi/ory1 & ! psy*ology ( ! *ild reproduces ! psy*ology ( ! savage4 ,b z ?is developm5t takes place "u conditions 9 _m respects diff]5t1 & z c]ta9 phases are hurri$ ov]1 we d n expect to f9d a complete p>allel4 ,x is en\gh if we c trace g5]al resemblances4 ,von ,ba] adds1 8,t c]ta9 correspond5ces %\ld occur betwe5 ! embryonic /ates ( "s animals & ! adult /ates ( o!rs seems inevitable & ( no significance7874 ,!y c\ld n fail1 s9ce ! embryos lie )9 ! animal sph]e1 & ! v>iations ( :i* ! animal body is capable are det]m9$ = ea* type by ! int]nal connection & mutual reaction ( its organs1 s t p>ticul> repetitions are inevitable40 ,a pr(\nd rem>k1 to :i* ,i %all h]eaft] h occasion to return1 b its be>+ on ! pres5t "q is inconclusive4 ,! fact t ! embryonic /ages ( ! high] animals resemble 9 g5]al *>act]s ! p]man5t /ages ( ! l[] animals1 & v closely resemble ! embryonic /ages ( ^? animals1 is all t ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis requires4 ,nor is its value less5$ by ! fact t _m ( ! details & int]m$iate /ages seem pass$ ov] 9 ! developm5t ( ! high] =ms1 = ! recapitulation c only be ( outl9es1 n ( details2 s9ce !re are diff]5ces 9 ! =ms1 !re mu/ be diff]5ces 9 _! hi/ories4 #ajg4 ,9 ! prec$+ obs]vations ! object has simply be5 to %[ t ! ph5om5a to be expla9$ c be rationally conceiv$ z result+ f gradual ,evolution1 :]eas !y _c be s rationally int]pret$ on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,& "h x may be ne$ful to say a ^w respect+ ,epig5esis4 ,! ,pre=mation hypo!sis1 :i* reg>d$ e organism z a simple educt & n ! product ( a g]m1 0 call$ by its advocates an evolution hypo!sis--mean+ t ! adult =m 0 an outgr[? ( ! g]m1 ! m9iature magnifi$4 ,wolff1 :o replac$ t conception by a tru] "o1 call$ 81 by contra/1 ,epig5esis1 mean+ t !re 0 n simply out-gr[? b new gr[?4 8,! v>i\s p>ts10 he says1 8arise "o aft] ! o!r1 s t always "o is secret$ f 7exc]nirt71 or deposit$ 7deponirt7 on ! o!r2 & !n x is ei!r a free & indep5d5t "p1 or is only fix$ to t :i* gave x exi/5ce1 or else is conta9$ )9 x4 ,s t e "p is ! effect ( a pre-exi/+ "p1 & 9 turn ! cause ( a succe$+ "p40#ea ,! la/ s5t5ce expresses ! conception ( ,epig5esis :i* embryologi/s n[ adopt2 & hav+ said ?is1 we may admit t ,wolff1 9 combat+ ! error ( pre=mation1 replac+ x ) ! tru] notion ( gradual & successive =mation1 0 occasionally op5 to ! criticism made by ,von ,ba]1 t he miss$ ! true s5se ( ,evolution1 s9ce ! new p>ts are n add$ on to ! old p>ts z new =mations1 b evolv$ f !m z trans=mations4 8,! ^w ,evolution1 !re=e1 seems to me m descriptive ( ! process ?an ,epig5esis4 ,x is true t ! organism is n pre=m$1 b ! c\rse ( its developm5t is precisely ! c\rse :i* its p>5ts =m]ly pass$ ?r\gh4 ,?us x is ! ,invisible--! c\rse ( developm5t--:i* is pr$et]m9$40#eb ,:5 ! ^w ,epig5esis is us$1 !re=e1 ! read] w und]/& x to signify t necess>y succession :i* det]m9es ! exi/5ce ( new =ms4 ,j z ! =mation ( *alk is n ! indiff]5t product ( any comb9ation ( its elem5ts1 c>bon1 oxyg51 & calcium1 b is ! product ( only "o s]ies ( comb9ations1 an evolution ?r\gh necess>y successions1 ! c>bon unit+ ) oxyg5 to =m c>bonic acid1 & ?is comb9+ ) ! oxide ( calcium to =m *alk1 s likewise ! =mation ( a muscle1 a bone1 a limb1 or a jo9t has its successive /ages1 ea* ( :i* is necess>y1 none ( :i* c be transpos$4 ,! =mation ( bone is peculi>ly in/ructive1 because ! l>ge proportion ( inorganic matt] 9 its sub/ance1 & seem+ly deposit$ 9 ! organic tissue1 w\ld lead "o to suppose t x 0 almo/ an accid5tal =mation1 :i* might take place any:]e2 yet al?\gh :at is call$ connective tissue w ossify "u c]ta9 conditions1 true bone is ! product ( a v peculi> modification1 :i* almo/ always ne$s to be prec$$ by c>tilage4 ,t ! =mation ( bone has its special hi/ory may be se5 9 ! fact t x is ! la/ to appe> 9 ! animal s]ies1 _m highly organiz$ fi%es be+ )\t x1 & all ! o!r sy/ems appe>+ be=e x 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,?us al?\gh ! "m's blood furni%es all ! requisite mat]ial1 ! ftus is incapable ( assimilat+ ?is mat]ial & ( =m+ bone1 until its own developm5t has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age4 ,moreov]1 :5 ossification does beg91 x g5]ally beg9s 9 ! skull 79 man 9 ! clavicle72 & ! only approa* to an int]nal skeleton 9 ! ,inv]tebrates is ! s-call$ skull ( ! ,cephalopoda4 ,n only is bone a late developm5t1 b c>tilage is also2 & al?\gh x is an error to ma9ta9 t ! ,inv]tebrates are :olly de/itute ( c>tilage1 its occasional pres5ce hav+ be5 fully prov$ by ,clap>de & ,geg5baur1 ! r>ity ( its pres5ce is v significant4 ,! animals :i* c =m %ells ( *alk & *it9e are yet incapable ( =m+ ev5 an approa* to bone4 #ajh4 ,epig5esis dep5ds on ! laws ( succession1 :i* may be lik5$ to ! laws ( cry/allization1 if we be> 9 m9d ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 a cry/al & an organism1 ! latt] reta9+ its individuality ?r\gh an incessant molecul> *ange1 ! =m] only by ! exclusion ( all *ange4 ,:5 a cry/all9e solution takes %ape1 x w always take a def9ite %ape1 :i* repres5ts :at may be call$ ! direction ( its =ces1 ! pol>ity ( its con/itu5t molecules4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 an organic plasmode takes %ape--cry/allizes1 s to speak--x always assumes a specific %ape dep5d5t on ! pol>ity ( its molecules4 ,cry/allograph]s h det]m9$ ! sev]al =ms possible to cry/als2 hi/ologi/s h record$ ! sev]al =ms ( ,organites1 ,tissues1 & ,organs4 ,ow+ to ! great] v>iety 9 elem5t>y composition1 !re is 9 organic sub/ance a m v>i\s pol> di/ribution ?an 9 cry/als2 nev]!less1 !re are %>ply def9$ limits nev] ov]/epp$1 & ^! con/itute :at may be call$ ! specific =ms ( ,organites1 ,tissues1 ,organs1 ,organisms4 ,an epi!lial cell1 = example1 may be ciliat$ or column>1 a muscle-fibre /riat$ or non-/riat$1 a n]ve-fibre nak$ or envelop$ 9 a %ea?1 b ! k9d is always %>ply def9$4 ,an inte/9al tube may be a uni=m canal1 or a canal diff]5tiat$ into sev]al unlike comp>tm5ts1 ) sev]al unlike gl&ul> app5dages4 ,a sp9al column may be a uni=m solid axis1 or a highly div]sifi$ segm5t$ axis4 ,a limb may be an arm1 or a leg1 a w+1 or a paddle4 ,9 e case ! anatomi/ recognizes a specific type4 ,he assigns ! uni=mities to ! uni=mity ( ! sub/ance ?us v>i\sly %ap$1 "u a hi/ory :i* has be5 simil>2 ! div]sities he assigns to ! v>i\s conditions "u :i* ! processes ( gr[? h be5 det]m9$4 ,he nev] expects a muscul> tissue to develop into a skeleton1 a n]v\s tissue into a gl&1 an osse\s tissue into a s5sory organ4 ,he nev] expects a tail to become a h& or a foot1 ?\gh he sees x 9 monkeys & m>supials s]v+ ! (fices ( preh5sion & locomotion4 ,he nev] expects to f9d f+]s gr[+ any:]e except f metac>pal bones1 or an arm develop$ f a skull4 ,! well-kn[n g5]alization ( ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire t an organ is m easily annihilat$ ?an transpos$1 po9ts to ! fundam5tal law ( ,epig5esis4 ,9 ! same direction po9t all ! facts ( gr[?4 ,out ( a =mless g]m9al membrane we see an imm5se v>iety ( =ms evolv$2 & out ( a common nutritive fluid ?is v>iety ( organs is su/a9$1 repair$1 replac$2 & ?is n indiff]5tly1 n casually1 b accord+ to rigor\s laws ( succession2 t :i* prec$es det]m9+ t :i* succe$s z inevitably z y\? prec$es maturity1 & maturity decay4 ,! n\ri%m5t ( v>i\s organs f plasmodes d]iv$ f a common fluid1 ea* select+ f t fluid only ^? molecules t are l its own1 reject+ all ! re/1 is v simil> to ! =mation ( v>i\s cry/als 9 a solution ( diff]5t salts1 ea* salt sep>at+ f ! solution only ^? molecules t are l itself4 ,reil long ago call$ att5tion to ?is analogy4 ,he obs]v$ t if 9 a solution ( nitre & sulphate ( soda a cry/al ( nitre be dropp$1 all ! dissolv$ nitre cry/allizes1 ! sulphate rema9+ 9 solution2 :]eas on rev]s+ ! exp]im5t1 a cry/al ( sulphate ( soda is f\nd to cry/allize all ! dissolv$ sulphate1 leav+ ! nitre undi/urb$4 ,9 l mann] muscle selects f ! blood its own mat]ials :i* are !re 9 solution1 reject+ ^? :i* ! n]ve w select4 #aji4 ,nay1 s def9ite is ! c\rse ( gr[?1 t :5 a limb or "p ( a limb is cut (f f a crab or salam&]1 a new limb or new "p is reproduc$ 9 ! old spot1 exactly l ! "o remov$4 ,bonnet />tl$ ! _w by ! ann\ncem5t t ! ,nas1 a worm common 9 ponds1 spontane\sly divid$ itself into two worms2 & t :5 he cut x into sev]al pieces1 ea* piece reproduc$ head & tail1 & grew into a p]fect worm4 ,?is _h be5 accept$ by all naturali/s )\t demur1 until ,dr4 ,williams1 9 8 8,report on ,briti% ,annelida1 #ahea10 decl>$ x to be a fable4 ,9 #aheh1 "u ! impulse ( ,dr4 ,williams's v emphatic d5ial1 ,i repeat$ exp]im5ts simil> to ^? ( ,bonnet1 ) simil> results4 ,i cut two worms 9 half1 & ?rew away ! head-be>+ segm5ts1 plac+ ! o!rs 9 two sep>ate vessels1 ) no?+ b wat] & a little mud1 :i* 0 fir/ c>efully inspect$ to see t no worm lay conceal$ !re94 ,9 a few days ! heads 7 completely re=m$1 & ,i _h ! pleasure ( wat*+ !m dur+ _! recon/ruction4 ,:5 ! worms 7 q p]fect1 ,i aga9 cut away _! heads1 & aga9 saw ^! re=m$4 ,?is 0 repeat$1 till ,i _h se5 f\r heads reproduc$2 aft] :i* ! worms succumb$4 #aaj4 ,! "q naturally arises1 ,:y does ! nutritive fluid furni% only mat]ial :i* is =m$ into a "p l ! old "o1 in/ead ( reproduc+ ano!r "p1 or "o hav+ a some:at diff]5t /ructure8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is ! key to ! *ief problem ( organic life4 ,t a limb 9 situ %\ld replace its molecul> wa/e by molecules d]iv$ f ! blood1 seems intelligible en\gh 7because we are famili> ) x71 & may be lik5$ to ! =mation ( cry/als 9 a solution2 b h[ is x t ! limb :i* is n 9 exi/5ce c assimilate mat]ials f ! blood8 ,h[ is x t ! blood1 :i* else:]e 9 ! organism w =m o!r p>ts1 "h w only =m ?is p>ticul> "p8 ,!re is1 probably1 no "o :o has turn$ 8 att5tion to ^! subjects :o has n paus$ to consid] ?is my/]y4 ,! mo/ accr$it$ answ] at pres5t be=e ! _w is "o s metaphysiological t ,i %\ld pass x by1 7 x n intimately alli$ ) t conception ( ,species1 :i* x is ! object ( ^! pages to root out4 ,x is ?is3 #aaa4 ,! organism is det]m9$ by its ,type1 or1 z ! ,g]mans say1 its ,idea4 ,all its p>ts take %ape accord+ to ?is rul+ plan2 consequ5tly1 :5 any "p is remov$1 x is reproduc$ accord+ to ! ,idea ( ! :ole ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,milne ,edw>ds1 9 a v int]e/+ & sugge/ive "w1 concludes 8 survey ( organic ph5om5a 9 ^! words3 8,dans l'organisme t\t semble calcul en vue d'un rsultat dt]m91 et l'h>monie des p>ties ne rsulte pas de l'influ5ce qu'elles peuv5t ex]c] les unes sur les autres1 mais de leur co-ord9ation s\s l'empire d'une puissance commune1 d'un plan prconu1 d'une =ce pr-exi/ante40#ec ,?is is em95tly metaphysiological4 ,x refuses to ackn[l$ge ! op]ation ( imman5t prop]ties1 refuses to admit t ! h>mony ( a complex /ructure results f ! mutual relations ( its p>ts1 & seeks outside ! organism = "s my/]i\s =ce1 "s plan1 n o!rwise specifi$1 :i* regulates & %apes ! p>ts4 ,von ,ba]1 9 8 great "w1 has a section entitl$1 8,! nature ( ! animal det]m9es its developm5t02 & he ?us expla9s himself3 8,al?\gh e /age 9 developm5t is only made possible by ! pre-exi/+ condition :i* is ano!r mode ( express+ ,epig5esis1 nev]!less ! entire developm5t is rul$ & guid$ by ! ,nature ( ! animal :i* is ab\t to be 7von d] gesammt5 ,wes5heit des ,?i]es wel*es w]d5 soll71 & x is n ! mom5t>y condition :i* alone & absolutely det]m9es ! future1 b m g5]al & high] relations40#ed ,"o mu/ always be sl[ 9 reject+ ! ?\ghts ( a ma/]1 & feel sure t "o sees ! s\rce ( ! error be=e reg>d+ x z an error2 b 9 ! pres5t case ,i ?9k ! positive biologi/ w be at no loss to assign ,von ,ba]'s error to its metaphysical orig94 ,)\t paus+ "h to accumulate examples bo? ( anomalies & slight] deviations :i* are demon/rably due to ! 8mom5t>y conditions0 t prec$$ !m1 let u simply note ! logical inconsi/5cy ( a position :i*1 :ile assum+ t e sep>ate /age 9 developm5t is ! necess>y sequ5ce ( its pr$ecessor1 decl>es ! :ole ( ! /ages indep5d5t ( su* relations6 ,su* a position is inde$ reconcilable on ! assumption t animal =ms are m\ld$ 8l clay 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]40 ,b ?is is a !ological dogma1 :i* leads to v prepo/]\s & impi\s conclusions2 & :e!r x leads to ^! conclusions or to o!rs1 positive ,biology decl9es !ological explanations altoge!r4 ,von ,ba]1 al?\gh he held ! doctr9e ( ,epig5esis1 c\pl$ x1 z _m o!rs h done1 ) metaphysical doctr9es to :i* x is radically oppos$4 ,he believ$ 9 ,types z realities2 he 0 !re=e consi/5t 9 say+1 8,x is n ! ,matt] & its arrangem5ts :i* det]m9e ! product1 b ! nature ( ! p>5t =m--! ,idea1 accord+ to ! new s*ool40 ,h[ are we to und]/& ?is ,idea8 ,if x mean an indep5d5t ,entity1 an ag5cy ext]nal to ! organism1 we refuse to ackn[l$ge its exi/5ce4 ,if x mean only an a po/]iori ab/raction express+ ! totality ( ! conditions1 !n1 inde$1 we ackn[l$ge t x det]m9es ! animal =m2 b ?is is only an abbreviat$ way ( express+ ! law ( ,evolution1 by :i* ea* /age det]m9es its successor4 ,! ,type does n dom9ate ! conditions1 x em]ges f !m2 ! animal organism is n ca/ 9 a m\ld1 b ! imag9>y m\ld is ! =m :i* ! pol>ities ( ! organic sub/ance assume4 ,x w\ld seem v absurd to suppose t cry/als assum$ _! def9ite %apes 7:5 ! liquid :i* held _! molecules 9 solution is evaporat$7 "u ! det]m9+ impulse ( phantom-cry/als1 or ,ideas2 yet x has n be5 ?\ght absurd to assume phantom =ms ( organisms4 #aab4 ,! conception ( ,type z a det]m9+ influ5ce arises f t fallacy ( tak+ a resultant = a pr9ciple1 :i* has play$ s conspicu\s a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,l _m o!rs ( its class x exhibits an int]e/+ evolution f ! crude metaphysical to ! subtle metaphysical po9t ( view1 :i* at la/ ins5sibly bl5ds into ! positive po9t ( view4 ,at fir/ ! ,type or ,idea 0 reg>d$ z an objective reality1 ext]nal to ! organism x 0 suppos$ to rule4 ,!n ?is notion 0 replac$ by an approa* to ! m rational int]pretation1 ! idea 0 made an int]nal n an ext]nal =ce1 & 0 incorporat$ ) ! mat]ial elem5ts ( ! organism1 :i* 7 said to 8endeavor0 to arrange !mselves accord+ to ! ,type4 ,?us ,treviranus decl>es t ! se$ 8dreams ( ! future fl[]02 & 8,h5le1 :5 he affirms t hair & nails gr[ 9 virtue ( ! ,idea1 is =c$ to add t ! p>ts endeavor to arrange !mselves accord+ to ?is ,idea40#ee ,ev5 ,lotze1 :o has argu$ s victori\sly aga9/ ! vitali/s1 & has made x cle> t an organism is a vital me*anism1 _c rel9qui% ?is conception ( legislative ,ideas1 ?\gh he significantly adds1 8^! h no p[] 9 !mselves1 b only 9 z f> z !y are gr\nd$ 9 me*anical conditions40 ,:y !n sup]flu\sly add !m to ! conditions8 ,if e "p ( a wat*1 9 virtue ( ! prop]ties inh]5t 9 its sub/ance1 & ( ! mutual reactions ( ^! & o!r p>ts1 has a me*anical value1 & if ! sum ( all ^! p>ts is ! "t-indicat+ me*anism1 d we add to our k ( ! wat*1 & our means ( repair+ or improv+ x1 by assum+ t ! p>ts h ov] & above _! physical prop]ties ! metaphysical 8t5d5cy0 or 8desire0 to arrange !mselves into ?is specific =m8 ,:5 we see t an organism is con/ruct$ ( v>i\s p>ts1 ea* ( :i* has its own prop]ties inali5able f its /ructure1 & its uses dep5d5t on its relation to o!r p>ts1 d we ga9 any l>g] insight by cr$it+ ^! p>ts ) desires or 8dreams0 ( a future result :i* _! union w effect8 ,t :i* is true 9 ?is conception ( legislative ,ideas is t :5 ! p>ts come toge!r !re is mutual reaction1 & ! resultant ( ! :ole is some?+ v unlike ! m]e addition ( ! items1 j z wat] is v unlike oxyg5 or hydrog52 fur!r1 ! connexus ( ! :ole impresses a peculi> direction on ! developm5t ( ! p>ts1 & ! law ( ,epig5esis necessitates a s]ial developm5t1 :i* may easily be int]pret$ z due to a preorda9$ plan4 #aac4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is conception ( ,type only adds a new "n to ! old difficulty1 add+ mi/ to d>kness4 ,! law ( ,epig5esis1 :i* is simply ! expression ( ! mat]ial process det]m9$ by ! pol>ity ( molecules1 expla9s z mu* ( ! ph5om5a z is explicable4 ,a lo/ limb is replac$ by ! v processes1 & ?r\gh ! same progressive /ages z ^? :i* orig9ally produc$ x4 ,we h a demon/ration ( its n be+ re=m$ accord+ to any ,idea or ,type :i* exi/s ap>t f ! imman5t prop]ties ( ! organic molecules1 9 ! fact t x is n re=m$ at once1 b by gradual evolution2 ! mass ( cells at ! /ump are cells ( embryonic "*1 cells su* z ^? :i* orig9ally 8cry/alliz$0 into muscles1 n]ves1 vessels1 & integum5t1 & ea* cell passes ?r\gh all its ord9>y /ages ( developm5t4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t s intimately dep5d5t is ! result on ! det]m9+ conditions1 t any ext]nal influ5ce :i* di/urbs ! normal c\rse ( developm5t w ei!r produce an anomaly1 or fru/rate ! =mation ( a new limb altoge!r4 ,"o ( my tritons bit (f ! leg ( 8 female2#ef ! leg :i* replac$ x 0 mu* mal=m$1 & curl$ ov] ! back s z to be useless2 0 ?is accord+ to ! ,idea8 ,i cut x (f1 & exam9$ x2 all ! bones 7 pres5t1 b ! hum]us 0 twi/$1 & ( small size4 ,9 a few weeks a new leg 0 develop$1 & ?is leg 0 normal4 ,if ! ,idea1 z a rul+ p[]1 det]m9$ ! gr[? ( ?is ?ird leg1 :at det]m9$ ! second1 :i* 0 mal=m$8 ,are we to suppose t 9 normal gr[? ! ,idea prevails1 9 abnormal ! conditions8 ,t x is ! pol>ity ( ! molecules :i* at ea* mom5t det]m9es ! gr\p ^? molecules w assume1 is well se5 9 ! exp]im5t ( ,lavalle m5tion$ by ,bronn4#eg ,he %[$ t if :5 an octoh$ral cry/al is =m+1 an angle be cut away1 s z to produce an artificial surface1 a simil> surface is produc$ spontane\sly on ! correspond+ angle1 :]eas all ! o!r angles are %>ply def9$4 8,val5t910 says ,mr4 ,d>w91 8injur$ ! caudal extremity ( an embryo1 & ?ree days aft]w>ds x produc$ rudim5ts ( a d\ble pelvis1 & ( d\ble h9d limbs4 ,hunt] & o!rs h obs]v$ liz>ds ) _! tails reproduc$ & d\bl$4 ,:5 ,bonnet divid$ longitud9ally ! foot ( ! salam&]1 sev]al additional digits 7 occasionally =m$40#eh ,:]e is ! evid5ce ( ! ,idea 9 ^! cases8 #aad4 ,i repeat1 ! reproduction ( lo/ limbs is due to a process :i* is 9 all ess5tial respects ! same z t :i* orig9ally produc$ !m2 ! g5esis ( "o gr\p ( cells is ! necess>y condition = ! g5esis ( its successor1 nor c ?is ord] be transpos$4 ,b--& ! po9t is v important--x is n e "p t c be reproduc$1 nor is x e animal t has reproductive p[]s4 ,! worm1 or ! mollusk1 seems capable ( reproduc+ e "p2 ! crab w reproduce its claws1 b n its head or tail2 ! p]fect insect ( ! high] ord]s w reproduce no "p 7inde$ ! amputation ( its ant5nae only is fatal71 ! salam&] w reproduce its leg1 ! frog n4 ,9 human be+s a muscle is said nev] to be reproduc$2 b ?is is n ! case 9 ! r>e examples ( supplem5t>y f+]s & toes1 :i* h be5 kn[n to gr[ aga9 aft] amputation4 ,! explanation ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! reproductive p[]s ( diff]5t animals is usually assign$ to ! degree 9 :i* _! organisms reta9 ! embryonic condition2 & ?is explanation is made plausible by ! fact t ! animals :i* :5 adult h no p[] ( replac+ lo/ limbs1 h ! p[] :5 9 ! l>val /ate4 ,b al?\gh ?is may 9 "s cases be ! true explanation1 !re are _m 9 :i* x fails1 z w be ackn[l$g$ aft] a survey ( ! extremely v>i\s organisms at widely diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal s]ies :i* possess ! reproductive p[]4 ,ev5 animals 9 ! same class1 & at ! same /age ( developm5t1 diff] 9 ?is respect4 ,i d n atta* mu* importance to ! fact t all my exp]im5ts on m>9e annelids fail$ to furni% evid5ce ( _! p[] ( reproduc+ lo/ segm5ts2 because x is difficult to keep !m "u conditions simil> to ^? 9 :i* !y live4 ,b x is significant t1 among ! hundr$s :i* h pass$ "u my obs]vation1 n "o %\ld h be5 f\nd ) a head-segm5t 9 ! process ( developm5t1 replac+ "o t _h be5 de/roy$2 & ?is is all ! m rem>kable f ! great t5acity ( life :i* ! mutilat$ segm5ts manife/4 ,quatrefages _h obs]v$ portions ( a worm1 aft] gangr5e _h de/roy$ its head & sev]al segm5ts1 move ab\t 9 ! wat] & avoid ! light6#ei #aae4 ,a f9al argum5t to %[ t ! reproduction is n det]m9$ by any rul+ ,idea1 b by ! organic conditions & ! necess>y /ages ( evolution1 is se5 9 ! reappe>ance ( a tumor or canc] aft] x has be5 remov$4 ,we f9d ! new tissue appe> ) all ! *>act]s ( ! normal tissue ( ! gl&1 !n rapidly assume "o by "o ! *>act]s ( ! diseas$ tissue :i* _h be5 remov$2 & !re z on is1 t ! reg5]ation ( ! tissue is accompani$ by ! same abnormal conditions :i* =m]ly gave rise to ! tumor3 ! directions ( 8cry/allization0 are simil> because ! conditions are simil>4 ,9 e case ( gr[? or regr[? ! conditions be+ ! same1 ! result mu/ be ! same4 #aaf4 ,x seems a truism to insi/ t simil>ity 9 ! results mu/ be due to simil>ity 9 ! conditions2 yet x is "o :i* _m !ori/s disreg>d2 & especially d we ne$ to be> x 9 m9d :5 argu+ ab\t ,species4 ,i w "h only t\* on ! sugge/ive topic ( ! analogies obs]v$ n simply among animals at ! extreme ends ( ! scale1 b also betwe5 animals & plants :]e ! idea ( a direct k9%ip is out ( ! "q4 ,my v imp]fect zological k w n all[ me to adduce a long array ( in/ances1 b su* an array w assur$ly occur to e well-/or$ m9d4 ,x is en\gh to po9t to ! _m analogies ( ,function1 m especially 9 ! reproductive processes--to ! exi/5ce ( burr[]s1 wad]s1 fly]s1 swimm]s 9 v>i\s classes--to ! exi/5ce ( pr$atory mammals1 pr$atory birds1 pr$atory reptiles1 pr$atory insects by ! side ( h]bivor\s cong5]s1--to ! ne/-build+ & incubat+ fi%es2 & 9 ! matt] ( ,/ructure ! analogies are ev5 m illu/rative :5 we consid] ! widely diffus$ spicula1 set1 sp9es1 hooks1 t5tacles1 beaks1 fea!ry =ms1 nettl+-organs1 poison-sacs1 lum9\s organs1 etc42 because ^! h ! obvi\s impress ( be+ due to a community ( sub/ance "u simil> conditions r ?an to a community ( k9%ip4 ,! beak ( ! tadpole1 ! cephalopod1 ! male salmon1 & ! bird1 are no d\bt 9 _m respects unlike2 b !re is a significant lik5ess among !m1 :i* con/itutes a true analogy4 ,i ?9k !re is su* an analogy betwe5 ! air-bladd] ( fi%es & ! tra*eal rudim5t :i* is f\nd 9 ! gnat-l>va 7,core?ra plumicornis74#fj ,v rem>kable also is ! resemblance ( ! avicul>ium1 or 8bird's-head process10 on ! polyzoon kn[n popul>ly z ! ,corkscrew ,corall9e 7,bugula avicul>ia71 :i* pres5ts u 9 m9iature ) a vulture's head--two m&ibles1 "o fix$1 ! o!r mov$ by muscles visible )9 ! head4 ,no "o c wat* ?is organ snapp+ incessantly1 )\t be+ rem9d$ ( a vulture1 yet no "o w\ld suppose = a mom5t t ! resemblance has any?+ to d ) k9%ip4 #aag4 ,su* cases are commonly robb$ ( _! due significance by be+ dismiss$ z co9cid5ces4 ,b :at det]m9es ! co9cid5ce8 ,if we assume1 z we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+1 t ! possible directions ( ,organic ,comb9ation1 & ! resultant =ms1 are limit$1 !re mu/ inevitably occur su* co9cid5t l9es3 ! hooks on a ,climb+ ,plant w resemble ! hooks on a ,cru/acean or ! claws ( a ,bird1 z ! "o =m 9 :i* "u simil> ext]nal =ces ! m solid b n massive portions ( ! integum5t t5d to develop4 ,i am too ill acqua9t$ ) ! anatomy ( plants to say h[ ! hooks s common among !m arise2 b f exam9ation ( ! ,blackb]ry1 & comp>ison ( its ?orns ) ! hooks & sp9es ( ! ,cru/acea1 ,i am l$ to inf] t 9 ea* case ! mode ( developm5t is id5tical--namely1 ! secretion ( *it9e f ! cellul> matrix ( ! integum5t4 ,ano!r mode ( evad+ ! real significance ( su* resemblances is to call !m analogies1 n homologies4 ,!re is an advantage 9 hav+ two su* t]ms1 b we ought to be v cle> z to _! mean+ & _! po9t ( sep>ation4 ,analogy is us$ to designate simil>ity 9 ,function ) dissimil>ity 9 ,/ructure4 ,! w+ ( an insect1 ! w+ ( a bird1 & ! w+ ( a bat are call$ analog\s1 b n homolog\s1 because _! anatomical /ructure is diff]5t3 !y are n con/ruct$ out ( simil> anatomical p>ts4 ,! =e-leg ( a mammal1 ! w+ ( a bird1 or ! paddle ( a :ale1 are call$ homolog\s1 because 9 spite ( _! div]se uses !y are con/ruct$ out ( correspond+ anatomical p>ts4 ,to ! anatomi/ su* di/9ctions are em95tly s]viceable4 ,b !y h l$ to "s misconceptions1 because !y are connect$ ) a pr(\nd misconception ( ! relation betwe5 ,function & ,organ4 ,embryology tea*es t ! w+ ( ! bird & ! paddle ( ! :ale are develop$ out ( correspond+ p>ts1 & t ^! are n l ! p>ts f :i* ! w+ ( an insect or ! fly+-fi% w be develop$2 nev]!less1 ! mo/ cursory inspection reveals t ! w+ ( a bird & ! paddle ( a :ale are v unlike 9 /ructure no less ?an 9 function1 & t _! div]sities 9 function correspond ) _! div]sities 9 /ructure2 :]eas ! w+ ( ! insect1 ( ! bird1 & ( ! bat1 are 9 c]ta9 *>act]s v simil>1 & correspond+ly !re are simil>ities 9 _! function4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t ! resemblance 9 function is /rictly limit$ to ! resemblance 9 anatomical /ructure2 only 9 loose ord9>y spee* c ! flight ( an insect1 a bird1 or a bat be said to be 8! same03 x is diff]5t 9 ea*--! weight to be mov$1 ! rapidity ( ! movem5t1 ! precision ( ! movem5ts1 & _! endurance1 all diff]4 ,,natural ,,selection ,,& ,,organic ,,aff9ity4 #aah4 ,x is impossible to treat ( ,evolution )\t tak+ notice ( t lum9\s hypo!sis by :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has revolutioniz$ ,zology4 ,!re are two po9ts ne$ful to be cle>ly appreh5d$ be=e ! "q is ent]$ ^u4 ,! fir/ po9t relates to ! lax use ( ! phrase 8conditions10 sometimes m in/ructively replac$ by 8conditions ( exi/5ce40 ,inasmu* z ,life is only possible "u def9ite relations ( ! organism & its m$ium1 ! 8conditions ( exi/5ce0 w be ^? physical1 *emical1 & physiological *anges1 :i* 9 ! organism1 & out ( x1 co-op]ate to produce ! result4 ,!re are myriads ( *anges 9 ! ext]nal m$ium :i* h no correspond+ *anges 9 ! organism1 n be+ 9 any direct relation to x 7see #ed74 ,^!1 n be+ co-op]ant conditions1 mu/ be left out ( ! acc\nt2 !y are n conditions ( exi/5ce = ! organism1 & !re=e ! organism does n v>y ) _! v>iations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at seem v slight *anges 9 ! m$ium are (t5 respond$ to by important *anges 9 ! vital *emi/ry1 & consequ5tly 9 ! /ructure ( ! organism4 ,n[ ! nature ( ! organism at ! "t be+1 t is to say1 its /ructure & ! physico-*emical /ate ( its tissues & plasmodes1 is ! ma9 condition ( ?is response2 ! same ext]nal ag5t w be p[]ful1 or p[]less1 ov] slightly diff]5t organisms1 or ov] ! same organism at diff]5t times4 ,usually1 & = conv5i5ce1 :5 biologi/s speak ( conditions1 !y only ref] to ext]nal *anges4 ,?is usage has be5 ! s\rce ( no little confusion 9 discuss+ ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 :ile foll[+ ! e/abli%$ usage1 is c>eful 9 sev]al places to decl>e t ( ! two factors 9 ,v>iation--! nature ( ! organism & ! nature ( ! conditions--! =m] is by f> ! m important4 #aah;a4 ,a /ill great] modification ( t]ms mu/ n[ be made4 ,in/ead ( conf9+ ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 to ! competition ( rivals & ! antagonism ( foes1 we mu/ ext5d x to ! competition & antagonism ( tissues & organs4 ,! exi/5ce ( an organism is n only dep5d5t on ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( o!rs1 & is ! outcome ( a /ruggle2 b also on ! int]nal conditions :i* co-op]ate 9 ! =mation ( its /ructure1 ?is /ructure be+ ! outcome ( a /ruggle4 ,! organism is ?is p>ticul> organism1 diff]+ f o!rs1 because ( ! p>ticul> conditions :i* h co-op]at$4 ,! prim>y & fundam5tal /ruggle mu/ be t ( ! organic =ces at "w 9 creat+ a /ructure capable ( pu%+ its way amid ext]nal =ces4 ,! organism mu/ f9d a foot+ 9 ! _w1 be=e x c compete ) rivals1 & def5d itself aga9/ foes4 ,ow+ to ! p[] ( reproduction1 e organism has a pot5tial indef9it5ess ( multiplication2 t pot5tial indef9it5ess is1 h[ev]1 9 reality re/rict$ by ! supply ( food1 & by ! competition ( rivals = t supply4 ,! multiplication ( any "o species is ?us kept d[n by ! pres5ce ( rivals & foes3 a balance is rea*$1 :i* p]mits ( ! re/rict$ quantities ( v>i\s species4 ,?is balance is ! result ( a /ruggle4 ,n[ let me call att5tion to a simil> process 9 ! =mation ( ! organism itself4 ,e organite1 & e tissue1 has a pot5tial gr[? ( indef9ite ext5t1 b its real gr[? is rigor\sly limit$ by ! competition & antagonism ( ! o!rs1 ea* ( :i* has its pot5tial indef9it5ess1 & its real limits4 ,some?+1 9 ! food assimilat$1 slightly alt]s ! "p :i* assimilates x4 ,?is *ange may be ! orig9 ( o!r *anges 9 ! "p itself1 or 9 neighbor+ p>ts1 /imulat+ or arre/+ ! vital processes4 ,a modification ( /ructure results4 ,or !re may be no new sub/ance assimilat$1 b ext]nal =ces may call a "p into increas$ activity--:i* means increas$ wa/e & repair2 & ?is increase "h is ! cause ( a correspond+ decrease some:]e else4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! *ange1 x f9ds its place amid a complex ( *anges1 & its results are comp\nd$ ) !irs4 ,:5 organites & tissues are said to h a pot5tial indef9it5ess ( gr[?1 !re is assum$ a pot5tial indef9it5ess 9 ! pabulum suppli$3 if ! pabulum 7 suppli$1 & if !re 7 no antagonism ?w>t+ its assimilation1 gr[? w\ld ( c\rse cont9ue )\t pause1 or end2 b 9 reality ?is _c be s4 ,=1 take ! blood z ! vehicle ( ! pabulum--n only is its quantity limit$1 & p>tly limit$ by ! v action ( ! tissues x fe$s1 b ev5 9 any giv5 quantity !re is a limit to its composition--x w only take up a limit$ quantity ( salts1 iron1 album51 etc42 no matt] h[ abundant ^! may be 9 ! food4 ,s aga9 ) ! plasmodes ( ! v>i\s tissues--!y h ea* _! def9ite capacities ( assimilation4 ,:at has already be5 /at$ respect+ *emical aff9ity 7 #bj7 is equally applicable to organic aff9ity2 z ! pres5ce ( fus$ iron 9 ! crucible p>tially ob/ructs ! comb9ation ( sulphur & lead1 s ! pres5ce ( connective tissue p>tially ob/ructs ! comb9ation ( muscle protoplasm ) its pabulum4 #aah b4 ,ow+ to ! action & reaction ( blood & plasmode1 ( tissues on tissues1 & organs on organs1 & _! mutual limitations1 ! gr[? ( ea* organism has a limit1 & ! gr[? ( ea* organ has a limit4 ,beyond ?is limit1 no extra supply ( food w increase ! size ( ! organism2 no increase ( activity w increase ! organ4 8,man _c add a cubit to 8 /ature40 ,! blacksmi?'s arm w n gr[ l>g] by tw5ty ye>s ( daily ex]cise1 aft] x has once atta9$ a c]ta9 size4 ,increase ( activity caus$ x to enl>ge up to ?is limit2 b no increase ( activity w cause x to pass ?is limit4 ,:y8 ,because "h a balance ( ! co-op]at+ =mative =ces has be5 rea*$4 ,l>g] muscles1 or m muscle-fibres1 dem& art]ies ( l>g] calibre1 & ^! a he>t ( l>g] size2 ) ! increase ( muscle w\ld come increase ( connective tissue2 & ?is tissue w\ld n only compete ) ! muscle = pabulum1 b by me*anical pressure w\ld dim9i% ! fl[ ( t pabulum4 ,& :y w\ld connective tissue increase8 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a =mative association betwe5 ! two1 s t ow+ to a law1 n yet und]/ood1 ! "o always accompanies ! o!r2 &1 9 ! second place1 !re is a functional association betwe5 ! two1 a muscle-fibre be+ inop]ative unless x be atta*$ to a t5don1 or connective tissue2 x w contract out ( ! body al?\gh sep>at$ f its t5don or o!r atta*m5t2 b 9 ! body its contraction w\ld be useless )\t ?is atta*m5t4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t muscle-fibres are v mu* %ort] ?an ord9>y muscles2 accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,w4 ,krause !y nev] exce$ #d cm 9 l5g?1 & usually range betwe5 #b & #c cm2 _! f9e po9ts be+ fix$ to ! int]/itial connective tissue1 z ! :ole muscle is fix$ to its t5don4 ,! function ( ! muscle is ?us dep5d5t on a due balance ( its compon5t tissues2 if t balance is di/urb$ ! function is di/urb$4 ,%\ld1 f any cause1 an excess ( muscle-fibre arise1 ! balance w\ld be di/urb$2 %\ld an encroa*m5t ( connective tissue1 or ( fat1 take place1 !re w\ld be also a defect ( function4 ,"h we h ! co-op]ation & limitation ( ! tissues illu/rat$2 let u ext5d our glance1 & we %all see h[ ! co-op]ation & limitation ( ! organs come into play1 s t ! result+ function dep5ds on ! balance ( _! =ces4 ,! contractile p[] ( ea* individual muscle is always limit$ by ! resi/ance ( antagoni/s1 :i* prev5t ! muscle be+ contract$ m ?an ab\t a ?ird ( its possible ext5t1 i4 e4 possible :5 !re are no resi/ances to be ov]come4 ,n only ! increas+ t5sion ( antagoni/ muscles1 b ! resi/ance ( t5dons1 bones1 & s(t] p>ts mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,?us1 ! increase ( ! blacksmi?'s muscul> p[] w\ld involve a consid]able increase 9 all ! tissues ( ! arm2 b su* an increase w\ld involve a recon/ruction ( 8 :ole organism4 ,:5ev] !re is an encroa*m5t ( "o tissue on ano!r1 !re is a di/urbance ( ! normal balance1 :i* readily passes into a pa?ological /ate4 ,if ! bra9 is ov]run ) connective tissue1 or ! he>t ) fatty tissue1 we "k ! consequ5ces4 ,if connective tissue is defici5t1 epi!lial runs to excess1 no long] limit$ by its normal antagoni/1 & pus1 or canc]1 result4 #aah;c4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to enl>ge on ?is po9t4 ,i h adduc$ x to %[ t we mu/ ext5d our conception ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce beyond t ( ! competition & antagonism ( organisms--! ext]nal /ruggle2 & include "u x ! competition & antagonism ( tissues & organs--! int]nal /ruggle4 ,v>iability is inh]5t 9 organic sub/ances1 z ! result ( _! indef9it5ess ( composition 7 #de;b74 ,?is v>iability is indef9ite1 & is r5d]$ def9ite by ! competition & antagonism1 s t e p>ticul> v>iation is ! resultant ( a composition ( =ces4 ,! =ces 9 op]ation are ! int]nal & ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce--i4 e4 ! nature ( ! organism1 & its response to ! actions ( its m$ium4 ,a *ange may take place 9 ! m$ium )\t a correspond+ response f ! organism2 or ! *ange may f9d a response & ! organism become modifi$4 ,e modification is a selection1 det]m9$ by laws ( gr[?2 x is ! resultant ( a /ruggle betwe5 :at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 may be call$ ! organic aff9ities--:i* repres5t 9 organiz$ sub/ances :at *emical aff9ities are 9 ! anorganiz$4 ,j z an organism :i* has be5 modifi$ & !reby ga9$ a sup]iority ov] o!rs1 has by ?is modification be5 select$ = survival--! selection be+ only ano!r aspect ( ?is modification--s "o tissue1 or "o organ1 :i* has surpass$ ano!r 9 ! /ruggle ( gr[?1 w !reby h become select$4 ,natural ,selection1 or survival ( ! fitte/1 !re=e1 is simply ! metaphorical expression ( ! fact t any balance ( ! =ces :i* is be/ adapt$ = survival w survive4 ,unless we int]pret x z a %or?& expression ( all ! int]nal & ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce1 x is n acceptable z ! orig9 ( species4 #aah;d4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has s pati5tly & pr(\ndly m$itat$ on ! :ole subject1 t we mu/ be v sl[ 9 presum+ him to h ov]look$ any important po9t4 ,i "k t he has n altoge!r ov]look$ ?is :i* we are n[ consid]+2 b he is s preoccupi$ ) ! trac+ out ( 8 spl5did discov]y 9 all its be>+s1 t he has ?r[n ! emphasis ma9ly on ! ext]nal /ruggle1 neglect+ ! int]nal /ruggle2 & has ?us 9 _m passages employ$ language :i* implies a radical di/9ction :]e--z ,i conceive--no su* di/9ction c be recogniz$4 8,natural ,selection10 he says1 8dep5ds on ! survival "u v>i\s & complex circum/ances ( ! be/-fitt$ individuals1 b has no relation :atev] to ! prim>y cause ( any modification ( /ructure40#fa ,on ?is we may rem>k1 fir/1 t selection does n dep5d on ! survival1 b is t survival2 secondly1 t ! be/-fitt$ individual survives because ( t modification ( its /ructure :i* has giv5 x ! sup]iority2 !re=e if ! prim>y cause ( ?is modification is n due to selection1 !n selection _c be ! cause ( species4 ,he sep>ates ,natural ,selection f all ! prim>y causes ( v>iation1 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal--ei!r z results ( ! laws ( gr[?1 ( ! correlations ( v>iation1 ( use & disuse1 etc41 & limits x to ! sl[ accumulations ( su* v>iations z are pr(itable 9 ! /ruggle ) competitors4 ,& = 8 purpose ?is sep>ation is necess>y4 ,b biological philosophy mu/1 ,i ?9k1 reg>d ! di/9ction z artificial1 ref]r+ only to "o ( ! great factors 9 ! production ( species4 ,& = ?is reason3 ,selection only comes into exi/5ce 9 ! modifications produc$ ei!r by ext]nal or int]nal *anges2 & ! select$ *ange _c be develop$ fur!r by m]e inh]itance1 unless ! successive prog5y h su* a disposition ( ! organic aff9ities z w repeat ! prim>y *ange4 ,inh]it$ sup]iority w n by m]e transmission become great]4 ,! facts :i* are reli$ on 9 support ( ! idea ( 8fixity ( species0 %[ at any rate t a giv5 sup]iority w rema9 /ation>y = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & no "o supposes t ! prog5y ( an organism w v>y unless "s ext]nal or int]nal cause ( v>iation accompanies ! inh]itance4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 agrees ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 admitt+ ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! effects ( "s def9ite action ( ext]nal conditions1 & ! accumulation ?r\gh natural selection ( inh]it$ v>iations s]viceable to ! organism4 ,b ev5 9 cases :]e ! di/9ction c\ld be cle>ly e/abli%$1 ,i ?9k we %\ld only see an hi/orical di/9ction1 t is to say1 "o betwe5 effects produc$ by p>ticul> causes n[ 9 op]ation1 & effects produc$ by v complex & obscure causes 9 op]ation dur+ ance/ral developm5t4 #aah;e4 ,! read] w und]/& t my criticism does n pret5d to invalidate ,mr4 ,d>w9's discov]y1 b r to enl>ge its t]ms1 s z to make x include all ! biological conditions1 & ?us expla9 _m ( ! v>iations :i* ,natural ,selection--9 ! re/rict$ acceptation--leaves out ( acc\nt4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 draws a broad l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ,v>iation & ,selection1 reg>d+ only ^? v>iations t are favorable z select$4 ,i conceive t all v>iations :i* survive are by t fact ( survival1 selections1 :e!r favorable or indiff]5t4 ,a v>iety is a species 9 =mation2 n[ ,selection itself is n a cause1 or condition1 ( v>iation1 x is ! expression ( v>iation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is at times explicit en\gh on ?is head3 8,x may metaphorically be said t ,natural ,selection is daily & h\rly scrut9iz+ ?r\gh\t ! _w ! slighte/ v>iations2 reject+ ^? t are bad1 pres]v+ & add+ up all t are good2 sil5tly & ins5sibly work+1 :5ev] & :]ev] opportunity (f]s1 at ! improvem5t ( ea* organic be+ 9 relation to its organic & inorganic conditions ( life40#fb ,b ! metaphorical nature ( ! t]m is n always borne 9 m9d1 s t else:]e ,natural ,selection is said to 8act on & modify organic be+s10 z if x 7 a positive condition & n ! expression ( ! modify+ processes4 ,because gr\se are l>gely de/roy$ by birds ( prey1 any *ange 9 _! color :i* w\ld r5d] !m less conspicu\s w\ld enable m birds to escape2 b x is obvi\s t ?is *ange ( color w be due to ,organic ,aff9ity2 & only :5 ! *ange is effect$ w !re h be5 t selection :i* expresses x4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's language1 h[ev]1 is mislead+4 ,he says3 8,h5ce ,natural ,selection might be mo/ effective 9 giv+ ! prop] color to ea* k9d ( gr\se1 & 9 keep+ t color :5 once acquir$40 ,?is is to make ,selection an ag5t1 a condition ( ! developm5t ( color2 :i* may be accept$ if we ext5d ! t]m s z to include ! organic *anges !mselves4 ,aga93 8,"s writ]s h imag9$ t ,natural ,selection induces v>iability1 :]eas x only implies ! pres]vation ( su* v>iations z are b5eficial to ! be+ "u its conditions ( life40 ,x1 h[ev]1 is made to imply m ?an ?is1 namely1 ! accumulation & fur!r modification ( su* v>iations4 8,! m]e exi/5ce ( individual v>iability & ( "s well-m>k$ v>ieties1 ?\gh necess>y z ! f\ndation1 helps u b little 9 und]/&+ h[ species arise 9 nature4 ,h[ h all ^? exquisite adaptations ( "o "p ( ! organization to ano!r "p1 & to ! conditions ( life1 & ( "o organic be+ to ano!r be+1 be5 p]fect$80 ,my answ] to ?is "q w\ld be3 ,by ,organic ,aff9ity1 & ! result+ /ruggle ( ! tissues & organs1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* are t v adaptation ( ! organism to ext]nal conditions1 :i* is express$ z ! selection ( ! /ructures be/ adapt$4 ,! selections are ! results ( ! /ruggle1 accord+ to my propos$ ext5sion ( ! t]m 8/ruggle40 ,mr4 ,d>w9 def9es ! /ruggle3 8,! dep5d5ce ( "o be+ on ano!r1 & includ+ 7:at is m important7 n only ! life ( ! individual b success 9 leav+ prog5y40 ,?is def9ition seems defective1 s9ce x omits ! prim>y & m important /ruggle :i* takes place betwe5 ! organic aff9ities 9 op]ation4 ,to succe$ 9 ! /ruggle ) competitors1 ! organism mu/ h fir/ acquir$--by selection--a sup]iority 9 "o or m ( its organs4 #aah;f4 ,a little reflection w disclose ! importance ( keep+ our eyes fix$ on ! int]nal causes ( v>iation1 z well z on ! ext]nal conditions ( ! /ruggle4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to imply t ! ext]nal conditions :i* cause a v>iation are to be di/+ui%$ f ! conditions :i* accumulate & p]fect su* v>iation1 t is to say1 he implies a radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! process ( v>iation & ! process ( selection4 ,?is1 ,i h already said1 does n seem to me acceptable2 ! selection1 ,i conceive1 to be simply ! v>iation :i* has surviv$4#fc ,if x be true t a ,v>iety is an incipi5t ,species & %[s u ,species 9 =mation1 x is 9 ! same s5se true t a v>iation is an incipi5t organ4 ,a species is ! result ( a sl[ly accumulat+ div]g5ce ( /ructure2 an organ is ! result ( a sl[ly accumulat+ diff]5tiation4 ,at ea* /age ( diff]5tiation !re has be5 a selection1 b we _c by any means say t ?is selection 0 det]m9$ by ! fact ( its giv+ ! organism a sup]iority ov] rivals1 inasmu* z dur+ all ! e>ly /ages1 :ile ! organ 0 /ill 9 =mation1 !re c\ld be no advantage accru+ f x4 ,"o animal hav+ tee? & claws develop$ w h a decid$ sup]iority 9 ! /ruggle ov] ano!r animal t has no tee? & claws2 b s long z ! tee? & claws are 9 an undevelop$ /ate ( m]e prep>ation !y conf] no sup]iority4 #aah;g4 ,natural ,selection is only ! expression ( ! results ( obscure physiological processes2 & = a satisfactory !ory ( su* results we mu/ und]/& ! nature ( ! processes4 ,9 o!r words1 to und]/& ,natural ,selection we mu/ recognize n only ! facts ?us express$1 b ! factors ( ^! facts1--we mu/ analyze ! 8conditions ( exi/5ce40 ,z a prelim9>y analysis we f9d ext]nal conditions1 among :i* are includ$ n only ! dep5d5ce ( ! organism on ! inorganic m$ium1 b also ! dep5d5ce ( "o organism on ano!r1--! competition & antagonism ( ! :ole organic _w2 & int]nal conditions1 among :i* are includ$ n only ! dep5d5ce ( ! organism on ! laws ( composition & decomposition :]eby ea* organite & ea* tissue is =m$1 b also ! dep5d5ce ( "o organite & "o tissue on all ! o!rs--! competition & antagonism ( all ! elem5ts4 ,! *anges wr\ght 9 an organism by ^! two k9ds ( conditions det]m9e ,v>ieties & ,species4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! *anges are due to ! process ( natural selection br\ght ab\t 9 ! /ruggle ) competitors & foes1 _m o!r *anges h no su* relation to ! ext]nal /ruggle1 b are simply ! results ( ! organic aff9ities4 ,!y may or !y may n give ! organism a great] /ability1 or a great] advantage ov] rivals2 x is en\gh t !y are no disadvantage to ! organism1 !y w !n survive by virtue ( ! =ces :i* produc$ !m4 #aai4 ,! position ?us rea*$ w be important 9 our exam9ation ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t by :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 t5tatively1 & 8 foll[]s boldly1 expla9 ! obs]v$ resemblances 9 /ructure & function z due to blood-relation%ip4 ,! doctr9e ( ,evolution affirms t all complex organisms are evolv$ by diff]5tiation f simpl] organisms1 z we see ! complex organ evolv$ f simpl] =ms4 ,b x does n necess>ily affirm t ! va/ v>iety ( organisms _h "o />t+-po9t--"o ance/or2 on ! contr>y1 ,i conceive t ! pr9ciples ( ,evolution are adv]se to su* a view1 & insi/ r on ! necessity ( innum]able />t+-po9ts4 ,let u consid] ! "q4 ,t ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t expla9s _m ( ! facts mu/ be admitt$2 b !re are _m :i* x leaves obscure2 & ,mr4 ,d>w91 ) t noble calmness :i* di/+ui%es him1 admits ! num]\s difficulties4 ,:e!r ^! w h]eaft] be cle>$ away by an improvem5t 9 ! ,geological ,record1 n[ confess$ly imp]fect1 or by m exhau/ive exploration ( di/ant c\ntries1 none c say2 b1 to my m9d1 ! probability is1 t we %all h to seek our explanation by enl>g+ ! idea ( ,natural ,selection1 subord9at+ x to ! laws ( ,organic ,aff9ity4 ,x does n seem to me1 at pres5t1 w>rantable to assume ,desc5t z ! sole pr9ciple ( morphological uni=mities2 !re are o!r gr\nds ( resemblance beyond ^? ( blood-relation%ip2 & ^! h be5 too mu* ov]look$2 yet a brief consid]ation w disclose t simil>ity 9 ! physiological laws & ! conditions ( ,organic ,aff9ity mu/ produce simil>ity 9 organisms1 indep5d5tly ( relation%ip2 j z simil>ity 9 ! laws & conditions ( inorganic aff9ity w produce id5tity 9 *emical species4 ,we d n suppose ! c>bonates & phosphates f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe1 or ! families ( alkaloids & salts1 to h any ne>] k9%ip ?an t :i* consi/s 9 ! simil>ity ( _! elem5ts & ! conditions ( _! comb9ation4 ,h5ce1 9 organisms1 z 9 salts1 morphological id5tity may be due to a community ( conditions1 r ?an community ( desc5t4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ju/ly holds x to be 8incr$ible t individuals id5tically ! same %\ld h be5 produc$ ?r\gh ,natural ,selection f p>5ts specifically di/9ct10 b he1 s9ce he admits analog\s v>iations1 w n d5y t id5tical =ms might issue f p>5ts hav+ widely diff]5t orig9s1 provid$ t ^! p>5t =ms & ! conditions ( _! reproduction 7 id5tical1 z 9 ! case ( vegetable & animal resemblances4 ,to d5y ?is w\ld be to d5y ! law ( causation4 ,& t :i* is true ( id5tical =ms "u id5tical conditions is true ( simil> =ms "u simil> conditions4 ,:5 ,hi/ory & ,e?nology reveal a /rik+ uni=mity 9 ! progression ( social phases1 we d n !nce conclude t ! nations are directly relat$1 or t ! social =ms h a common p>5tage2 we conclude t ! social phases are alike because !y h _h common causes4 ,:5 *emi/s po9t out ! uni=mity ( type :i* exi/s 9 comp\nds s div]se 9 _m ( _! prop]ties z wat] & sulphurett$ or sel5ett$ hydrog51 & :5 !y decl>e phosphorett$ hydrog5 to be ! cong5] ( ammonia1 !y d n mean t ! "o is desc5d$ f ! o!r1 or t any clos] l9k connects !m ?an t ( resemblance 9 _! elem5ts4 ,9 ! case ( vegetal & animal organisms1 we obs]ve su* a community ( elem5t>y sub/ance z ( itself to imply a community 9 _! laws ( comb9ation2 & "u simil> conditions ! evolv$ =ms mu/ be simil>4 ,) ?is community ( elem5t>y sub/ance1 !re are also div]sities ( sub/ance & ( co-op]ant conditions2 correspond+ ) ^! div]sities !re mu/ be diff]5ces ( =m4 ,?us1 al?\gh obs]vation reveals t ! bond ( k9%ip does really unite _m widely div]g5t =ms1 & ! pr9ciple ( ,desc5t ) ,natural ,selection w acc\nt = _m ( ! resemblances & diff]5ces1 !re is at pres5t no w>rant = assum+ t all resemblances & diff]5ces are due to ?is "o cause1 b1 on ! contr>y1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ a deep] pr9ciple :i* may be ?us =mulat$3 ,all ! complex organisms are evolv$ f organisms less complex1 z ^! 7 evolv$ f simpl] =ms2 ! l9k :i* unites all organisms is n always ! common bond ( h]itage1 b ! uni=mity ( organiz$ sub/ance act+ "u simil> conditions4 ,x is !re=e consi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution to admit a v>iety ( orig9s or />t+-po9ts1 ?\gh n consi/5t to admit ! sudd5 appe>ance ( complex ,types1 su* z is impli$ 9 ! hypo!sis ( specific creations4 #aai a4 ,! analogies ( organic =ms & functions dem& a m exhau/ive scrut9y ?an has yet be5 giv5 !m4 ,:y is x t vessels1 n]ves1 & bones ramify l bran*es1 & :y d ^! bran*es take on ! aspect ( _m cry/all9e =ms8 ,:y is x t cavities are con/antly prolong$ 9 ducts1 e4 g4 ! m\? succe$$ by ! sophagus1 ! /oma* by ! inte/9es1 ! bladd] by ! ure?ra1 ! he>t by ! aorta1 ! ov>y by ! oviduct1 & s on8 ,:y are !re nev] m ?an f\r limbs atta*$ to a v]tebral column1 & ^! always atta*$ to p>ticul> v]tebr8 ,:y is !re a t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 tissues to =m tubes1 & 9 ^! tubes commonly to assume a muscul> coat8#fd ,to "s ( ^! qu]ies an answ] might be sugge/$ :i* w\ld br+ !m "u kn[n physical laws4 ,i m]ely notice !m "h = ! sake ( emphasiz+ ! fact t su* analogies lie deeply imb$d$ 9 ! laws ( evolution1 & t :at has be5 metaphorically call$ organic cry/allization w acc\nt = _m simil>ities 9 =m1 )\t =c+ u to h rec\rse to k9%ip4 ,to take a v simple case4 ,no "o w ma9ta9 t ! cry/all9e =ms ( sn[ h any k9%ip ) ! plants :i* !y (t5 resemble4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has notic$ ! developm5t ( a w+-be>+ bran* f a w+ ( ! ,ptilota plumosa1 :5 its nutrition is 9 excess4 8,?is =m1 s /rik+ly l t ( ! fea!ry cry/allizations ( _m inorganic sub/ances1 proves to u t 9 su* cry/allizations ! simplicity or complexity ( /ructure at any place dep5ds on ! quantity ( matt] t has to be pol>iz$ at t place 9 a giv5 "t4 ,h[ ! elem5t ( "t modifies ! result1 is %[n by ! famili> fact t cry/als rapidly =m$ are small1 & t !y become l>g] :5 !y are =m$ m sl[ly40#fe ,x may be object$1 & ju/ly1 t 9 ! resemblance betwe5 cry/als & organisms ! analogy is purely t ( =m1 & usually conf9$ to "o elem5t1 :]eas betwe5 organisms !re is resemblance ( sub/ance no less ?an ( =m1 & usually ! organisms are alike 9 sev]al respects4 ,! answ] to ?is objection is1 t :]ev] !re is a simil>ity 9 ! causal conditions 7sub/ance & hi/ory7 !re mu/ be a correspond+ simil>ity 9 ! results2 if ?is simil>ity ext5ds to only a few ( ! conditions1 ! analogy w be slight2 if to sev]al1 deep4 ,b :e!r slight or deep we are n ju/ifi$1 simply on ! gr\nd ( resemblance1 9 assum+1 %ort ( evid5ce1 t because !y are alike1 two organisms are relat$ by desc5t f a common ance/or4 #abj4 ,let u glance at a few illu/rations4 ,x has be5 urg$ z a s]i\s objection to ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis1#ff t x fails to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( phosphoresc5t organs 9 a few insects2 & c]ta9ly1 :5 "o consid]s ! widely diff]5t ord]s 9 :i* ^! organs appe>1 & _! abs5ce 9 ne>ly relat$ =ms1 x is a difficulty4 ,9 noctiluc1 e>?worms1 molluscs1 scolop5dra1 & fireflies1 we may easily suppose ! pres5ce ( simil> organic conditions produc+ ! lum9osity2 b x requires a /rong fai? to assign ,desc5t z ! cause4#fg ,we may say ! same ( ! electric organs possess$ by sev5 species ( fi%1 belong+ to five widely sep>at$ g5]a4 ,al?\gh ea* species appe>s to h a limit$ geographical range1 "o or ! o!r is f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! globe4 ,^! organs occupy diff]5t positions1 be+ n[ on ea* side ( ! head1 n[ along ! body1 & n[ along ! tail2 & 9 diff]5t species !y are inn]vat$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,_! intimate /ructure also v>ies2 z appe>s f ! rem>kable inve/igations ( ,max ,s*ultze4#fh ,!y _c1 !re=e1 be homolog\s4 ,h[ c\ld !y h aris58 ,n by ! sl[ accumulations ( ,natural ,selection1 because1 until ! organs 7 fully =m$1 !y c\ld be ( no advantage 9 ! /ruggle2 h5ce ! sl[ gr[? ( ! organ mu/ h proce$$ )\t ! aid ( an advantage 9 ! /ruggle--9 ea* case f "s analog\s conditions :i* produc$ a diff]5tiation 9 c]ta9 muscles4 ,! fundam5tal resemblance to muscles 0 po9t$ out by ,c>us long ago4 ,x has be5 insi/$ on by ,leydig3#fi & ,ow5 says1 8,! r[ ( compress$ cells con/itut+ ! electric prism ( ! ,torp$o (f]s "s analogy to ! r[ ( microscopic discs ( :i* ! elem5t>y muscle fibre appe>s to consi/40#gj ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t ^! resemblances are m]ely su* z sugge/ t ! electric organ is a diff]5tiation ( ! sub/ance :i* else:]e becomes muscul>1 & t ,dr4 ,davy 0 ju/ifi$ 9 d5y+ ! organ to be muscul>4#ga ,t x is sub/itut$ = muscle _c be d\bt$4 ,n[1 al?\gh we are entirely ignorant ( ! conditions :i* cause ?is diff]5tiation ( sub/ance :i* else:]e becomes muscul>1 b "h becomes electric organs1 we c und]/& t1 :5 once su* a developm5t _h tak5 place1 if x 9 any way pr(it$ ! fi% 9 its /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ,natural ,selection w\ld t5d to its fur!r increase & propagation4 ,s f> ,mr4 ,d>w9 c>ries u ) him2 b we decl9e proce$+ fur!r4 ,! developm5t ( ^! organs 9 fi%es s widely remov$1 does n imply an ance/ral community4 ,x is int]pretable z m]e gr[? on a basis once laid2 & !re=e w\ld occur ) or )\t any advantage 9 ! /ruggle ) rivals4 ,! simil>ity 9 concurr5t conditions is q en\gh to acc\nt = ! resemblance 9 /ructure4 ,?is1 ) 8 accu/om$ c&or1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits4 8,if ! electric organs10 he says1 8_h be5 inh]it$ f "o anci5t prog5itor ?us provid$1 we might h expect$ t all electric fi%es w\ld be specially relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,nor does ,geology at all lead to ! belief t =m]ly mo/ fi%es _h electric organs :i* mo/ ( _! modifi$ desc5dants h lo/40 #aba4 ,x may seem /range t he %\ld urge a difficulty aga9/ 8 hypo!sis :5 x c\ld be avoid$ by ! simple admission t ev5 among ne>ly alli$ animals great diff]5ces 9 developm5t are obs]vable1 & ! electric organs might be rang$ "u su* div]sities4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 has s ?or\ghly wr\ght out 8 s*eme1 t he =esees mo/ objections1 & rightly suspects t if ?is pr9ciple ( div]g5t developm5t be admitt$1 x w cut ! gr\nd f "u a va/ array ( facts :i* 8 hypo!sis ( ,desc5t requires4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance ( new organs1 n a trace ( :i* is disc]nible 9 ! embryo or adult =m ( organisms l[] 9 ! scale1--= in/ance1 ! phosphoresc5t & electric organs1--is l ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new in/rum5ts 9 ! social organism1 su* z ! pr9t+-press & ! railway1 :olly inexplicable on ! !ory ( ,desc5t1#gb b is explicable on ! !ory ( ,organic ,aff9ity4 ,= obs]ve3 if we admit t diff]5tiations ( /ructure1 & ! sudd5 appe>ance ( organs1 c h aris5 spontane\sly--i4 e4 n h]$it>ily--z ! outcome ( c]ta9 *ang$ physical conditions1 we c h>dly refuse to ext5d to ! :ole organism :at we admit ( a p>ticul> organ4 ,if1 aga91 we admit t organs v simil> 9 /ructure & function spontane\sly appe> 9 organisms ( widely diff]5t k9ds--e4 g4 ! phosphoresc5t & electric organs--we mu/ also admit t simil> resemblances may pres5t !mselves 9 organisms hav+ a widely diff]5t p>5tage2 & ?us ! admission ( ! spontane\s evolution ( closely resembl+ organs c>ries ) x ! admission ( ! spontane\s evolution ( closely resembl+ organisms3 t ! protoplasm ( muscul> tissue %\ld1 "u c]ta9 *ang$ conditions1 develop into ! tissue ( electric organs1 is b "o case ( ! law t organiz$ sub/ance w develop into organisms closely resembl+ ea* o!r :5 ! conditions h be5 simil>4 #abb4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 fixes 8 att5tion some:at too exclusively on ! adaptations :i* arise dur+ ! ext]nal /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & to t ext5t neglects ! laws ( organic aff9ity2 j z ,lam>ck too exclusively fix$ 8 att5tion on ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions & ( wants4 ,n t ,mr4 ,d>w9 c be said to ov]look ! organic laws2 he simply und]e/imates ! "p !y play4 ,occasionally he seems arre/$ by !m1 z :5 in/anc+ ! 8trail+ palm 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :i* climbs ! l(tie/ trees by ! aid ( exquisitely con/ruct$ hooks1 clu/]$ ar\nd ! ends ( ! bran*es1 & ?is contrivance no d\bt is ( ! highe/ s]vice to ! plant2 b z !re are ne>ly simil> hooks on _m trees :i* are n climb]s1 ! hooks on ! palm may h aris5 f unkn[n laws ( gr[?1 & h be5 subsequ5tly tak5 advantage ( by ! plant und]go+ fur!r modification & becom+ a climb]40 #abc4 ,i come r\nd to ! position f :i* ,i />t$1 t ! resemblances traceable among animals are no pro( ( k9%ip2 ev5 a resemblance s close z to defy discrim9ation w\ld n1 9 itself1 be su* a pro(4 ,! absolute id5tity ( *alk 9 ,au/ralia & 9 ,europe is a pro( t !re 0 absolute id5tity 9 ! =mative conditions & ! con/itu5t elem5ts1 b no pro( :atev] t ! two sub/ances 7 orig9ally connect$ by g5esis4 ,9 l mann] ! simil>ity ( a plant or animal 9 ,africa & ,europe may be due to a common k9%ip1 b x may also be due to a common hi/ory4 ,x is inde$ b>ely conceivable t ! hi/ory1 f fir/ to la/1 w\ld ev] be s rigor\sly id5tical 9 two p>ts ( ! globe z to produce complex id5tical =ms 9 bo?2 because any div]sity1 ei!r 9 /ructure or ext]nal conditions1 may be ! />t+-po9t ( a wide div]sity 9 subsequ5t developm5t2 & ! case ( organic comb9ations is s f> unlike ! inorganic1 t :ile only "o =m is possible to ! latt] 7*alk is ei!r =m$ or n =m$71 _m =ms are possible to organic elem5ts ow+ to ! complexity & indef9it5ess ( organic composition4 ,b al?\gh =ms s alli$ z ^? ( ,species are n readily assignable to an id5tical hi/ory 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe1 x is n only conceivable1 b is em95tly probable1 t ,ord]s & ,classes h no ne>] l9k ( relation%ip ?an is impli$ 9 _! community ( organiz$ sub/ance & _! common hi/ory4 ,! fact t !re is n a s+le mammal common to ,europe & ,au/ralia is explicable1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9s x1 on ! gr\nd t migration has be5 impossible to !m2 b x is also explicable on ! laws ( ,evolution--to h _h mammals ( ! same species & g5]a w\ld imply a m9ute co9cid5ce 9 _! hi/ory1 :i* is aga9/ ! probabilities4 ,aga91 9 ! ,oceanic ,isl&s !re are no ,batra*ians2 b !re are ,reptiles1 & ^! con=m to ! reptilian type4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 sugge/s t ! abs5ce ( ,batra*ia is due to ! impossibility ( migration1 _! ova be+ de/roy$ by salt wat]4 ,b may x n be due to ! div]g5ce f ! reptilian type1 :i* 0 effect$ else:]e1 n hav+ tak5 place 9 ^! regions8 ,:5 we f9d ! metal ,t9 9 ,prussia & ,cornwall1 & n[h]e else 9 ,europe1 mu/ we n conclude t 9 ^! two c\ntries1 & n[h]e else1 a peculi> conjunction ( conditions caus$ ?is peculi> evolution8 #abd4 ,! "q at issue is1 ,are ! resemblances obs]vable among organic =ms due to remote k9%ip1 & _! div]sities to ! div]g5ces caus$ by adaptation to new conditions8 or are ! resemblances due to simil>ities1 & ! div]sities to dissimil>ities 9 ! sub/ance & hi/ory ( organic be+s8 ,are we to assume "o />t+-po9t & "o c5tre ( creation1 or _m simil> />t+-po9ts at _m c5tres8 ,s f> f believ+ t all plants & animals _h _! orig9 9 "o primordial cell1 at "o p>ticul> spot1 f :i* desc5dants migrat$ & became div]sifi$ "u ! div]se conditions ( _! migration1 x seems to me m consi/5t ) ! pr9ciple ( ,evolution to admit a va/ v>iety ( orig9s m or less resembl+ ea* o!r2 & ?is initial resemblance w acc\nt = ! simil>ities /ill traceable "u ! v>i\s =ms2 :ile ! e>ly diff]5ces1 becom+ int5sifi$ by developm5t "u diff]5t conditions1 w yield ! div]sities4 ,! evolution ( organisms1 l ! evolution ( cry/als1 or ! evolution ( isl&s & cont95ts1 is det]m9$1 #a/1 by laws inh]5t 9 ! sub/ances evolv$1 &1 #b;d1 by relations to ! m$ium 9 :i* ! evolution takes place4 ,?is be+ s1 we may priori affirm t ! resultant =ms w h a community /rictly correspond+ ) ! resemblance ( ! sub/ances & _! conditions ( evolution1 toge!r ) a div]sity correspond+ ) _! diff]5ces 9 sub/ance & conditions4 ,x is usually suppos$ t ! admission ( sep>ate 8c5tres ( creation0 is tantam\nt to an admission ( 8successive creations0 z int]pret$ by ! majority ( ^? :o invoke 8creative fiats40 ,b ! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 :i* reg>ds ,life z mak+ its appe>ance consequ5t ^u a concurr5ce ( def9ite conditions1 & reg>ds ! specific =ms ( ,life z ! necess>y consequ5ces ( special circum/ances1 mu/ also accept ! probability ( simil> conditions occurr+ at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places4 ,^u :at gr\nds1 cosmical or biological1 are we to assume t on only "o microscopic spot ( ?is develop+ planet su* a gr\p ( conditions 0 f\nd--on only "o spot a p>ticle ( prote9 sub/ance 0 =m$ out ( ! abundant elem5ts1 & "u conditions :i* caus$ x to gr[ & multiply1 till 9 "t its desc5dants ov]ran ! globe8 ,! hypo!sis t all organic =ms are ! desc5dants ( a s+le g]m1 or ( ev5 a few g]ms1 & are !re=e unit$ by l9ks ( k9%ip m or less remote1 is n m acceptable ?an ! hypo!sis t all ! c>bonates & phosphates1 all ! cry/als1 & all ! /rata f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe1 are ! desc5dants ( a s+le molecule1 or a few molecules2 or1--s9ce ?is may seem too extravagant1--?an t ! v>i\s maladies :i* afflict organic be+s are1 9 a lit]al s5se1 memb]s ( families hav+ a ne>] relation%ip ?an t ( be+ ! ph5om5a manife/$ by simil> organs "u simil> conditions--a conception :i* might h be5 accept$ by ^? metaphysical pa?ologi/s :o reg>d$ ,disease z an entity4 ,few philosoph]s h any hesitation 9 suppos+ t o!r planets besides our own are peopl$ ) organic =ms1 ?\gh1 f ! great diff]5ces 9 ! conditions1 ^! =ms mu/ be extremely unlike ^? ( our own planet4 ,if sep>ate worlds1 :y n sep>ate c5tres8 ,! conclusion seems inevitable t :]ev] & :5ev] ! /ate ( ?+s p]mitt$ t peculi> comb9ation ( elem5ts kn[n z organiz$ sub/ance1 !re & !n a c5tre 0 e/abli%$--,life _h a root4 ,f roots closely resembl+ ea* o!r 9 all ess5tial *>act]s1 b all m or less diff]5t1 !re h be5 develop$ ! v>i\s /ems ( ! great tree4 ,myriads ( roots h probably p]i%$ )\t issue2 myriads h develop$ into =ms s ill-adapt$ to su/a9 ! fluctuations ( ! m$ium1 s ill-fitt$ = ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 t !y became ext9ct be=e ev5 our organic record beg9s2 myriads h become ext9ct s9ce !n2 & ! desc5dants ( ^? :i* n[ survive are l ! %att]$ regim5ts & companies aft] "s t]rific battle4 #abe4 ,!re seems to me only "o alt]native logically p]missible to ! ,evolution ,hypo!sis1 namely1 t all organic =ms h _h ei!r a s+le orig91 or else num]\s orig9s2 9 o!r words1 t a primordial cell 0 ! />t+-po9t f :i* all organisms h be5 successively develop$2 or t ! developm5t issu$ f _m indep5d5t />t+-po9ts1 m or less v>i$4 ,?is is app>5tly n ! aspect pres5t$ by ! hypo!sis to _m ( its advocates2 !y seem to consid] t if all organic =ms are n ! l9eal desc5dants ( "o prog5itor1 !y mu/ at any rate be ! desc5dants ( n m ?an f\r or five4 ,! common belief incl9es to "o4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ^: caution is z rem>kable z 8 c\rage1 & ^: c&or is delightful1 hesitates z to :i* conclusion %\ld be adopt$3 8,i _c d\bt10 he says1 8t ! !ory ( desc5t1 ) modifications1 embraces all ! memb]s ( ! same class4 ,i believe t animals h desc5d$ f1 at mo/1 only f\r or five prog5itors1 & plants f an equal or less] numb]4 ,analogy w\ld lead me "o /ep fur!r1 namely1 to ! belief t all animals & plants h desc5d$ f "s "o prototype4 ,b analogy may be a deceitful guide40 #abf4 ,i _c see ! evid5ce :i* w\ld w>rant ! belief t ,life orig9at$ solely 9 "o microscopic lump ( protoplasm on "o s+le po9t ( our e>?'s surface2 on ! contr>y1 x is m probable t f innum]able & sep>ate po9ts ( ?is teem+ e>?1 myriads ( protopla/ sprang into exi/5ce1 :5ev] & :]ev] ! conditions ( ! =mation ( organiz$ sub/ance 7 pres5t4 ,x is probable t ?is has be5 incessantly go+ on1 & t e day new protopla/s appe>1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & s]ve z food = m highly organiz$ rivals2 b :e!r an evolution ( ! l[] =ms is1 or is n1 /ill go+ on1 !re c be no reluctance on ! "p ( e believ] 9 ,evolution to admit t :5 organiz$ sub/ance 0 fir/ evolv$1 x 0 evolv$ at _m po9ts4 ,if ?is be s1 ! community obs]vable 9 organiz$ sub/ance1 :]ev] f\nd1 may z (t5 be due to ! fact ( a common elem5t>y composition z to ! fact ( inh]itance4 ,if ?is be s1 we h a simple explanation bo? ( ! fundam5tal resemblances :i* l9k all organisms toge!r1 & ( ! *>act]i/ic div]sities :i* sep>ate !m into k+doms1 classes1 & ord]s4 ,! resemblances are _m1 & close1 because ! =ms evolv$ _h a simil> elem5t>y composition1 & _! /ages ( evolution 7 det]m9$ by simil> conditions4 ,! div]sities are _m1 because ! =ms evolv$ _h f ! fir/ "s div]sities 9 elem5t>y composition1 & _! /ages ( evolution 7 det]m9$ "u conditions :i*1 ?\gh simil> 9 g5]al1 h v>i$ 9 p>ticul>s4 ,inde$1 !re is no o!r gr\nd = ! resemblances & diff]5ces among organic be+s ?an ! simil>ities & dissimil>ities 9 _! ,sub/ance & ,hi/ory2 &1 :e!r ! simil>ities are due to blood-relation%ip1 or to o!r causes1 ! results are ! same4 ,!re is some?+ s$uctive 9 ! supposition t ,life radiat$ f a s+le c5tre 9 ev]-increas+ circles1 its =ms becom+ m & m v>i\s z !y came "u m v>i\s conditions1 until at la/ ! :ole e>? 0 cr[d$ ) div]sifi$ exi/5ces4 8,f "o cell to myriads ( complex organisms1 ?r\gh c\ntless ons ( developm5t10 is a =mula ( speculative gr&eur1 b ,i _c br+ myself to accept x2 & ,i ?9k t a l+]+ influ5ce ( ! tradition ( a 8creative fiat0 may be trac$ 9 its conception4 ,may we n r assume t ! e>? at ! dawn ( ,life 0 a va/ g]m9al membrane1 e slightly div]sifi$ po9t produc+ its own vital =m2 & ^! myriads ^u myriads ( =ms--all alike & all unlike--urg$ by ! indwell+ t5d5cies ( developm5t1 /ruggl$ ) ea* o!r = exi/5ce1 _m fail+1 _m victori\s1 ! victors c>ry+ _! t5ts into ! camp+ gr\nd ( ! vanqui%$4 ,! po9t rais$ is ! imm5se improbability ( organiz$ sub/ance hav+ be5 evolv$ only 9 "o microscopic spot2 if x 7 evolv$ at m ?an "o spot1 & "u slightly v>y+ conditions1 !re w\ld necess>ily h aris5 9 ^! e>lie/ =mations ! initial div]sities :i* aft]w>ds det]m9$ ! ess5tial indep5d5ce & diff]5ce ( organisms4 #abi4 ,let u = a mom5t glance at ! resemblances & div]sities obs]vable 9 all organisms4 ,all h a common basis1 all be+ con/ruct$ out ( ! same fundam5tal elem5ts3 c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg52 ^! 7! organog5s1 z !y are nam$71 ) v>y+ additions ( "s o!r elem5ts1 make up :at we "k z ,organic ,sub/ance1 vegetal & animal4 ,ano!r peculi>ity all organisms h 9 common1 namely1 t _! matt] is nei!r solid nor liquid1 b viscid4 ,beside ?is community ( ,sub/ance we mu/ n[ place a community ( ,hi/ory4 ,all organisms gr[ & multiply by ! same process2 all pass ?r\gh metamorphic /ages end+ 9 dea?2 all1 except ! v simple/1 diff]5tiate p>ts ( _! sub/ance = special uses1 & ^! p>ts 7cilia1 membranes1 tubes1 gl&s1 muscles1 n]ves7 h simil> *>act]s 9 :atev] organism !y appe>1 & _! developm5t is always simil>1 s t ! muscles or n]ves ( an inte/9al worm1 a lob/]1 or a man1 are 9 /ructure & hi/ory fundam5tally alike4 ,:51 !re=e1 we see t !re is no biological "* ( fundam5tal importance :i* is n univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! organic _w1 :5 we see t 9 ,/ructure & ,hi/ory all organisms h a community p]vad+ e v>iety1 x is difficult n to draw ! conclusion t "s hidd5 l9k connects all organisms into "o2 & :51 fur!r1 x is se5 t ! mo/ div]g5t =ms may be s arrang$ by ! help ( int]m$iate =ms only slightly v>y+ "o f ! o!r1 t ! extreme ends--! monad & ! man--may be connect$1 & a g5ealogical tree con/ruct$1 :i* w gr\p all =ms z modifi$ desc5dants f a s+le =m1 ! hypo!sis t k9%ip is ! bidd5 l9k ( :i* we are 9 se>* becomes m & m cog5t4 #acj4 ,b n[ let ! o!r aspect be consid]$4 ,if !re is an unmi/akable uni=mity1 !re is also a div]sity no less unmi/akable4 ,! *emical composition ( organic sub/ances is v>i\s4 ,unlike inorganic sub/ances1 ! composition ( :i* is rigor\sly def9ite1 organic sub/ances are1 )9 n>r[ limits1 v>iable 9 composition 7 #de74 ,i pass ov] ! resemblances & diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t1 m>k$ z !y are1 & direct att5tion to ! fact1 t d[n at :at mu/ be consid]$ ! v l[e/ organic region1 we meet ) diff]5ces n less /rik+ ?an ^? met ) 9 ! highe/1 we f9d /ructures 7if /ructures !y may be call$71 :i* _c be affiliat$1 s widely div]g5t is _! composition4 ,! /ructureless vibrio1 = example1 is n only capable ( liv+ 9 a m$ium de/itute ( ,oxyg51 b is1 accord+ to ,m4 ,pa/eur1 actually kill$ by oxyg52 :]eas ! equally simple bact]ia c no m disp5se ) ,oxyg5 ?an o!r animals c4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! diff]5ces impli$ 9 ! fact t "o organism _c ev5 =m an envelop+ membrane to conta9 its protoplasm1 :]eas ano!r contrives to secrete an exquisite %ell2 yet betwe5 ! nak$ ,rhizopod & ! %ell$ ,rhizopod our l5ses & reag5ts fail to detect a diff]5ce4 ,"o ,monad c assimilate food ( only "o k9d1 ano!r ,monad assimilates v>i\s k9ds4#gc ,:at a revelation ( *emical diff]5ces appe>s 9 ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,pa/eur respect+ ! vibrio & bact]ia1 9 a f]m5tescible liquid--! =m] beg9n+ ! putrid f]m5tation :i* ! latt] completes6 ,we _c d\bt t "s m>k$ diff]5ce mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! s+le-cell$ organism :i* produces alcoholic f]m5tation1 & t :i* produces acetic f]m5tation1 & t aga9 :i* produces butyric f]m5tation2 & if we f9d di/9ctions ?us e/abli%$ at ! l[e/ region ( ! organic s]ies1 we ne$ n m>vel if ! di/9ctions become wid] & m num]\s z ! s]ies becomes m div]sifi$4 ,! /ructure & developm5t ( an organism are dep5d5t on ! aff9ities ( its con/itu5t molecules1 & x is a biological pr9ciple ( great importance :i* ,sir ,james ,paget insi/s on1 :5 he %[s h[ 8! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 mat]ials 9 ! blood may det]m9e ! =mation ( /ructures 9 :i* !y may be incorporat$40#gd ,any initial div]sity may ?us become ! />t+-po9t ( a consid]able v>iation 9 subsequ5t evolution4#ge ,?us1 suppos+ t on a giv5 spot !re are a doz5 protopla/s closely resembl+ ea* o!r1 yet ea* 9 "s "o detail slightly v>y+2 if ?is v>iation is "o :i*1 by its relations to ! ext]nal m$ium1 admits ( a diff]5ce 9 ! assimilation ( mat]ials pres5t 9 ! m$ium1 x may be ! orig9 ( "s new direction 9 developm5t1 & ! ultimate consequ5ce may be ! =mation ( a %ell1 an int]nal skeleton1 a muscle1 or a n]ve4 ,7 ?is n s1 x w\ld be impossible to expla9 su* facts z t *it9e is peculi> to ! ,articulata1 cellulose to ,molluscoida1 c>bonates ( lime to ,mollusca & ,cru/acea1 & phosphates to ,v]tebrata--all assimilat$ f ! same ext]nal m$ium4 ,b we see t f ?is m$ium "o organism selects ! mat]ials :i* ano!r rejects2 & ?is selection is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! /ructure3 :i* assimilates only ^? mat]ials x is fitt$ to assimilate4 ,we he> a great deal ( ,adaptation det]m9+ *anges ( /ructure & function1 & are too apt to reg>d ?is process z if x 7 n intimately dep5d5t on a correspond+ /ructural *ange4 ,by no am\nt ( ext]nal influ5ce :i* left ! elem5t>y composition ( ! /ructure un*ang$1 c\ld an organism ) only two tissues be develop$ into an organism ) ?ree or f\r4 ,by no supply or /imulus1 c\ld an animal incapable ( assimilat+ p]oxide ( iron acquire r$ blood corpuscles1 al?\gh x might h ! iron )\t ! corpuscles2 nor c\ld an oy/] =m its %ell unless capable ( assimilat+ c>bonate ( lime4 ,= myriads ( ye>s1 9 seas & ponds1 "u endless v>ieties ( ext]nal conditions1 ! amb h liv$ & di$ )\t =m+ a solid envelope1 al?\gh ! mat]ials 7 abundant1 & o!r organisms equally simple h =m$ envelopes ( inf9ite v>iety4 ,9 all ! seas1 & f ! e>lie/ ages1 zoophytes h liv$1 & assum$ a m>vell\s v>iety ( %apes & specialization ( functions2 b al?\gh "s ( !m h acquir$ muscles1 none h acquir$ true n]ves1 none bone4 ,ages ^u ages roll$ on be=e fi%es 7 capable ( =m+ bone2 & ?\s&s are /ill incapable ( =m+ x1 ?\gh liv+ 9 ! same wat]s z ! osse\s fi%es4 #aca4 8,look+ to ! dawn ( life10 says ,mr4 ,d>w9 7repeat+ an objection urg$ aga9/ 8 hypo!sis71 8:5 all organic be+s1 z we imag9e1 pres5t$ ! simple/ /ructure1 h[ c\ld ! fir/ /eps 9 advancem5t1 or 9 ! diff]5tiation & specialization ( p>ts h aris58 ,i c make no suffici5t answ]2 & c only say t1 z we h no facts to guide u1 all speculation w\ld be baseless & useless40 ,:]e ,mr4 ,d>w9 hesitates1 less] m5 ne$ extra caution2 b ,i mu/ risk ! dang] ( presumption1 at lea/ s f> z to sugge/ t :ile an answ] to ?is "q is difficult on t dynamical view ( ,evolution :i* reg>ds ,function z det]m9+ ,/ructure1 x is less difficult on ! /atico-dynamical view prop\nd$ 9 ^! pages2 ! difficulty :i* besets ! explanation :5 all ! manifold v>ieties ( organic =ms are conceiv$ z ! successive div]g5ces f an orig9al />t+-po9t1 is less5$ :5 a v>iety ( diff]5t />t+-po9ts is assum$1 9 ea* ( :i* "s initial div]sity prep>$ ! way = subsequ5t diff]5tiations2 j z we "k t betwe5 ! ovum ( a v]tebrate & ! ovum ( an inv]tebrate1 simil> z !y are1 !re is a div]sity :i* manife/s itself 9 _! subsequ5t evolution4 ,if ,function is det]m9$ by ,/ructure1 & ,evolution is ! product ( ! two1 x is cle> t ! diff]5t directions 9 ! l9es ( developm5t w h _! orig9 9 /ructural diff]5ces1 & n 9 ! action ( ext]nal circum/ances1 unless ^! previ\sly br+ ab\t a /ructural *ange4 ,! action ( ! m$ium on ! organism is assur$ly a pot5t factor :i* ,biology _c ignore3 b ! organism itself is a factor1 & accord+ to its nature ! influ5ce ( ! m$ium is def9$4 7 #aah47 #acb4 ,quitt+ = a mom5t ! track ( ?is argum5t1 let u glance at ! resemblances & diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ,plants & ,animals1 because mo/ p admit t ^! h sep>ate orig9s4 ,! resemblances are sc>cely less significant ?an ^? exi/+ among animals4 ,bo? h a simil> basis ( elem5t>y composition2 n only are bo? =m$ out ( protopla/s ) simil> prop]ties1 b 9 bo? ! fir/ /ep f ! protoplasm to def9ite /ructure is ! ,cell4 ,& ! life ( ?is ,cell is rem>kably alike 9 bo?1 its phases ( developm5t be+ 9 _m respects id5tical2 nay1 ev5 su* v>iations z obta9 9 ! cell-membranes are curi\sly l9k$ toge!r by a community 9 ! =mative process4#gf ,9 bo? ,plants & ,animals we f9d individuals con/itut$--#a/1 by s+le cells2 #b;d1 by gr\ps ( cells undi/+ui%able among ea* o!r2 & #c;d1 by gr\ps ( diff]5tiat$ cells4 ,9 bo? we f9d colonies ( individuals lead+ a common life4 ,9 bo? ! processes ( ,nutrition & ,reproduction are ess5tially simil>2 bo? propagate sexually & asexually2 bo? exhibit ! surpris+ ph5om5a ( p>!nog5esis & alt]nate g5]ations4 ,9 bo? !re are examples ( a free-rov+ embryo :i* 9 maturity becomes fix$ to "o spot1 los+ its locomotive organs & develop+ its reproductive organs4 ,9 bo? ! developm5t ( ! reproductive organs is ! climax :i* c>ries ,dea?4 ,s close is ! analogy betwe5 plant-life & animal-life1 t x ev5 rea*es ! prop]ties usually held to be exclusively animal2 ,i mean t ev5 %\ld we hesitate to accept ,cohn's discov]y ( ! muscles 9 c]ta9 plants1#gg we _c d5y t plants exhibit ,contractility2 & %\ld we refuse to int]pret z ,s5sibility ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! ,s5sitive ,plants1 we _c d5y t !y pres5t a v /rik+ analogy to ! ph5om5a ( ,s5sibility exhibit$ by animals4 #acc4 ,x is unnecess>y to cont9ue ?is enum]ation1 :i* might easily be c>ri$ into m9ute detail4 ,a *apt] ( su* resemblances w\ld only burd5 ! read]'s m9d1 )\t add+ =ce to ! conclusion t a surpris+ community 9 ,sub/ance & ,life-hi/ory mu/ be admitt$ betwe5 ,plants & ,animals4 ,?is grant$1 we turn to ! diff]5ces1 & f9d !m no less fundam5tal & detail$4 ,*emi/ry tells u no?+ ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! protoplasms f :i* animals & plants arise2 b t initial diff]5ces mu/ exi/ is prov$ by ! div]g5ce ( ! products4 ,! vegetable cell is n ! animal cell2 & al?\gh bo? plants & animals h album51 fibr9e1 & case9e1 ! d]ivatives ( ^! are unlike4 ,horny sub/ance1 connective tissue1 n]ve tissue1 *it9e1 biliv]d9e1 creat9e1 urea1 hippuric acid1 & a v>iety ( o!r products ( evolution or ( wa/e1 nev] appe> 9 plants2 :ile ! hydroc>bons s abundant 9 plants are1 ) two or ?ree exceptions1 abs5t f animals4 ,su* facts imply diff]5ces 9 elem5t>y composition2 & ?is result is fur!r en=c$ by ! fact t :]e ! two seem to resemble1 !y are /ill diff]5t3 ! plant protoplasm =ms v>i\s cells1 b nev] =ms a c>tilage-cell or n]ve-cell2 fibres1 b nev] a fibre ( ela/ic tissue2 tubes1 b nev] a n]ve tube2 vessels1 b nev] a vessel ) muscul> coat+s2 solid 8skeletons10 b always f an organic sub/ance 7cellulose71 n f phosphates & c>bonates4 ,9 no "o "* c we say t ! plant & ! animal are id5tical2 we c only po9t ?r\gh\t ! two k+doms to a great simil>ity accompany+ a radical div]sity4 #acd4 ,hav+ br\ght toge!r ! manifold resemblances1 & ! no less m>k$ div]sities1 we mu/ ask :at is _! significance8 ,d ! resemblances imply a community ( orig91 an univ]sal k9%ip8 ,if s1 ! div]sities w be no?+ m ?an ! div]g5ces :i* h be5 produc$ by v>iations 9 ! ,life-hi/ory ( ! sev]al gr\ps4 ,or--tak+ ! alt]native view--d ! div]sities imply radical diff]5ces ( orig98 ,if s1 ! resemblances w be no?+ m ?an ! inevitable analogies result+ f ,organiz$ ,sub/ance be+ ev]y:]e some:at simil> 9 composition1 & simil> 9 c]ta9 phases ( evolution4 ,to /ate ! =m] position 9 ! simple/ way1 we may assume t ( two masses ( protoplasm hav+ a common p>5tage1 "o1 by ! accid5t ( assimilat+ a c]ta9 elem5t n br\ght )9 ! range ( ! o!r1 !reby becomes s diff]5tiat$ z to =m ! />t+-po9t ( a s]ies ( evolutions widely div]g5t f ^? possible to its cong5]2 & at ea* /age ( evolution ! introduction ( a new elem5t 7made possible by t /age7 w =m ! orig9 ( a new v>iation4 ,x is ?us feasible to r$uce all organic =ms to a primordial protoplasm1 9 ! evolutions ( :i* successive diff]5tiations h be5 e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally feasible to assume t ! exi/5ce ( radical diff]5ces mu/ be invok$ to acc\nt = ! possibility ( ! successive diff]5tiations4 #ace4 ,! hunt aft] resemblances has l$ to mu* mi/ak5 speculation2 & ) ref]5ce to ! topic n[ be=e u1 x may be urg$1 t al?\gh by atta*+ ourselves to ! po9ts ( community1 9 disreg>d ( ! div]sities1 we may make x appe> t all animals h a common p>5tage1 & t plants & animals are m]ely div]g5t gr\ps ( ! same prototype1 a rigor\s logic w =ce u onw>ds1 & compel u to admit t a k9%ip no less real unites ! organic ) ! inorganic _w4 ,= ^u :at pr9ciple are we to pause at ! cell or protoplasm8 ,if by a successive elim9ation ( diff]5ces we r$uce all organisms to ! cell1 we mu/ g on & r$uce ! cell itself to ! *emical elem5ts out ( :i* x is con/ruct$2 & inasmu* z ^! elem5ts are all common to ! inorganic _w1 ! only diff]5ce be+ "o ( syn!sis1 we rea* a result :i* is ! /ultification ( all classification1 namely1 ! ass]tion ( a k9%ip :i* is univ]sal4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t all ?+s may be r$uc$ to a common root by simply disreg>d+ _! diff]5ces4 ,all ?+s are alike :5 we set aside _! unlik5ess4 #acf4 ,suppose1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 we reg>d an ,or*e/ra 9 ! light ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis4 ,! v>i\s in/rum5ts ( :i* x is compos$ h g5]al resemblances & p>ticul> diff]5ces1 n unlike ^? obs]vable 9 v>i\s organisms2 & z we proce$ 9 ! "w ( classification we quickly discov] t !y may be arrang$ 9 gr\ps analog\s to ! ,sub-k+doms1 ,classes1 ,ord]s1 ,g5]a1 & ,species ( ! organic _w4 ,ea* gr\p has its c>d9al di/9ction1 its initial po9t ( div]g5ce4 ,all musical in/rum5ts resemble ea* o!r 9 ! fundam5tal "* ( produc+ ,tone by ! vibrations ( _! sub/ance4 ,?is may be call$ _! organic basis4 ,! fir/ m>k$ diff]5ce :i* det]m9es ! "* ( two sub-k+doms 7namely1 in/rum5ts ( ,p]cussion & ,w9d in/rum5ts7 arises f a diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( impress+ ! vibrations2 & ! gr& divisions ( ^! sub-k+doms arise f ! nature ( ! vibrat+ sub/ances4 ,ea* type admits ( _m modifications1 b ! prim>y di/9ction is ineffaceable4 ,we c conceive ! ,pipe modifi$ into a ,flute1 a ,flageolet1 a ,cl>ionet1 a ,hautbois1 a ,bassoon1 or a ,fife1 by simple accessory *anges2 to modify ! ,pipe into a ,trumpet1 & ?us produce ! peculi> timbre ( ! trumpet1 w\ld be impossible except by ! sub/itution ( a new mat]ial2 by replac+ ! wood ) metal we may adh]e to ! old ,type1 b we h creat$ a new ,class4 7,att5tion is reque/$ to ?is po9t1 because ! curr5t views respect+ ! transmutation ( tissues1 :i* seem to l5d a decisive support to ! hypo!sis ( ! transmutation ( species are v commonly vitiat$ by ! confusion ( trans=mation ) sub/itution4 ,no anatomical elem5t is trans=m$ into ano!r specifically diff]5t--an epi!lial-cell into a n]ve-cell1 = in/ance--b "o anatomical elem5t is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ano!r47 ,to conv]t ! ,pipe or ! ,trumpet into a ,viol9 or a ,drum w\ld be impossible4 ,we c foll[ ! modifications ( a ,tamb\r9e into a ,drum or ,kettle-drum1 b no modifications ( ^! w yield ! ,cymbals4 ,t is to say1 ! vibrat+ mat]ials--wood1 metal1 p>*m5t1 & ! comb9ation ( wood & /r+s--h peculi> prop]ties1 & ! in/rum5ts =m$ ( su* mat]ials mu/ necess>ily f ! v fir/ belong to diff]5t gr\ps1 ea* subdivision ( ! gr\ps be+ dep5d5t on "s *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 me?ods ( impress+ ! vibrations1 or 9 ! mat]ials4 ,al?\gh all musical in/rum5ts h a common prop]ty & a common purpose1 we d n reg>d !m z trans=mations ( "o primitive in/rum5t2 _! k9dr$ nature is a subjective conception2 ! analogies are num]\s & close1 b we "k _! orig94 ,x is obvi\s t m5 be+ pleas$ by musical tones1 h be5 l$ by _! delight to con/ruct in/rum5ts :5ev] !y h discov]$ sub/ances capable ( musical vibrations1 or me?ods ( impress+ su* vibrations4 ,by sub/itut+ ! b[ = ! plectrum or ! f+]s1 !y may h *ang$ ! ,lyre into ! ,viol91 ,viola1 ,violoncello1 & ,bass4 7,x seems hi/orically probable t ! real orig9 ( ! ,viol9 class 0 an in/rum5t ) "o /r+ play$ on by a b[47 ,by gr\p+ toge!r ,pipes ( v>i\s sizes !y got ! ,panpipes2 by sub/itut+ metal & enl>g+ ! bl[+ app>atus !y got ! ,organ4 ,by beat+ on /ret*$ p>*m5t ) ! f+]1 !y got ! ,tamb\r9e & ,tom-,tom2 by d\bl+ ?is & us+ a /ick !y got ! ,drum4 ,by beat+ metal ) metal !y got ! ,cymbals2 by beat+ wood !y got ! ,ca/anets4 #acg4 ,! application ( ?is illu/ration is pla94 ,j z a w9d-in/rum5t is incapable ( becom+ a /r+$ in/rum5t1 s a ,mollusc1 ) all its muscles un/rip$1 & its n]v\s sy/em unsymmetrical1 is incapable ( becom+ a ,cru/acean1 ) all its muscles /rip$ & its n]v\s sy/em symmetrical4 ,inde$ !re are probably few biologi/s ( ! pres5t day :o imag9e ! transmutation ( "o k9d into ! o!r to be possible2 b _m biologi/s assume t bo? may h be5 evolv$ f a common root4 ,! po9t is beyond pro(2 yet ,i ?9k !re is a great] probability 9 ! assumption t bo? 7 evolv$ f diff]5t roots4 ,at any rate1 "o ?+ is c]ta92 a div]g5ce c\ld only h be5 effect$ by a s]ies ( sub/itutions2 & ! "q :5 & h[ ^! sub/itutions took place is unansw]able3 "o s*ool believes !m to h be5 creative fiats1 ! o!r s*ool believes !m to h be5 transmutations4 #ach4 ,:5 we see an annelid & a v]tebrate resembl+ ea* o!r 9 "s special po9t :i* is n common ei!r to _! classes or to any int]m$iate classes--z :5 we see ! wood-l\se 7,oniscus7 & ! h$gehog def5d !mselves 9 ! same /range way by roll+ up into a ball--we _c int]pret ?is z a trace ( di/ant k9%ip4 ,:5 we see a bre$ ( pigeons & a bre$ ( can>ies turn+ som]saults1 & "o ( ! ,be> family 7,ratel7 giv5 to ! same s+ul> habit1 we c h>dly suppose t ?is is 9 ea* case inh]it$ f a common prog5itor4 ,:5 we see "o savage race tipp+ arr[s ) iron1 & ano!r1 ignorant ( iron1 us+ poison1 !re is a community ( object effect$ by div]sity ( means2 b ! analogy does n necess>ily imply any clos] connection betwe5 ! two races ?an ! fact t m5 ) simil> faculties & simil> wants f9d out simil> me?ods ( supply+ _! wants4 ,ev5 ^? :o admit t ! human race is "o family1 & t ! v>i\s peoples c>ri$ ) !m a common fund ( k :5 !y sep>at$ f ! p>5t /ock1 may /ill po9t to a v>iety ( new inv5tions & new social developm5ts :i* occurr$ q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 yet are /rik+ly alike4 ,_! resemblance w be due to resemblance 9 ! conditions4 ,! exi/5ce1 = example1 ( a religi\s wor%ip1 or a social in/itution1 9 two nations widely sep>at$ bo? 9 "t & space1 & "u great hi/orical div]sities1 is no absolute pro( t ^! two nations are f ! same /ock1 & t ! ideas h ! same p>5tage4 ,x may be s2 x may be o!rwise4 ,x may be an analogy no m imply+ k9%ip ?an ! fact ( ants mak+ slaves ( o!r ants 7& ^! ! black ants67 implies a k9%ip ) m54 ,giv5 an organization :i* 9 ! two nations is alike1 & a hi/ory :i* is 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics analog\s1 !re mu/ inevitably result religi\s & social in/itutions hav+ a correspond+ resemblance4 ,i d n wi% to imply t ! rese>*es ( philologi/s & e?nologi/s are misdirect$1 or t _! conclusions respect+ ! k9%ip ( mank9d are to be reject$2 ,i only urge ! consid]ation t p]haps too mu* /ress is laid on community ( blood1 & n en\gh on community ( conditions4 ,,recapitulation4 #aci4 ,! v>i\s l9es ( argum5t may "h be recapitulat$4 ,! organic _w pres5ts a spectacle ( endless div]sity1 accompani$ by a p]vad+ uni=mity4 ,! g5]al resemblances 9 =ms & functions are m or less mask$ by p>ticul> diff]5ces4 ,! resemblances1 x is said1 may be all due to k9%ip1 all ! liv+ individuals hav+ desc5d$ f a primordial cell2 & at ea* /age ( ! desc5t ! adaptations to new conditions may h issu$ 9 deviations f ! ance/ral =m1 :ile ! process ( ,natural ,selection giv+ /ability to ^? v>iations :i* be/ fitt$ ! organism 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 has made great] & great] gaps1 & produc$ m m>k$ div]sities among ! desc5dants4 ,?is is ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory3 8,on my !ory unity ( ,type is expla9$ by unity ( ,desc5t40 #adj4 ,by ! g5]al cons5t ( biologi/s1 ?is !ory is held to expla9 _m if n all ! obs]v$ facts4 ,x is a v lum9\s sugge/ion2 b x requires an enl>gem5t s z to include ,organic ,aff9ity2 & :5 once ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple is admitt$1 x br+s ) x v s]i\s d\bts z to ! !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,we are !n entitl$ to assume t _m ( ! mo/ /rik+ resemblances1 in/ead ( be+ due to k9%ip1 are due simply to ! g5]al pr9ciple t simil> causes mu/ h simil> effects1 & t organic sub/ances hav+ a v close resemblance1 organiz$ sub/ances mu/ h simil> /ages ( evolution "u simil> conditions2 & ?us organs w necess>ily take on v simil> =ms 9 v diff]5t organisms 7= example1 ! eye ( ! cephalopod & ! eye ( ! v]tebrate71 & organisms hav+ widely diff]5t p>5tage may closely resemble ea* o!r4 ,if we are entitl$ to assume t protoplasm appe>$ n 9 "o microscopic spot alone1 b 9 _m places & 9 va/ quantities--& ?is is surely ! m ju/ifiable assumption--!n we mu/ also admit t ^! g]m9al />t+-po9ts 7 f ! fir/1 or v %ortly aft]w>ds1 diff]5tiat$ by v>iations 9 _! elem5t>y composition4 ,n[ we "k t a v m9ute *ange 9 composition may lead to imm5se diff]5ces 9 evolution4 ,?us ! desc5dants ( two slightly diff]5t prog5itors may1 by cont9ual diff]5tiation1 become v m>k$ly unlike2 yet1 because ( ! orig9al resemblance ( _! sub/ances1 !y w reveal a p]vad+ simil>ity4 ,:ile x is ?us conceivable t all organisms may resemble ea* o!r1 & all diff]1 ow+ to ! simil>ities & div]sities 9 ! 8conditions ( exi/5ce0 7& among ^? conditions t ( desc5t is ( wide range71 x is n v readily conceivable h[ advantage 9 ! ext]nal /ruggle c\ld h det]m9$ ! v>ieties ( =m & function1 because _m diff]5tiations give no sup]iority 9 ! /ruggle4 ,z ,mr4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t urges1 8,natural ,selection utt]ly fails to acc\nt = ! cons]vation & developm5t ( ! m9ute & rudim5t>y beg9n+s1 ! slight & inf9itesimal comm5cem5ts ( /ructures1 h[ev] useful ^? /ructures may aft]w>ds become40#gh ,& ?is is und5iable on ! supposition t ,natural ,selection is an ag5cy n id5tical ) ! v>iations ( gr[?1 b exclusively conf9$ to ! accumulation ( favorable v>iations4 #ada4 ,9 e/imat+ ! two hypo!ses--,fir/1 ( ,desc5t f "o primordial g]m1 & ! modifications due to ,natural ,selection1 or1 z ,i %\ld say1 express$ 9 ,selection2 & ,secondly1 ( ,desc5t f innum]able g]ms hav+ initial diff]5ces1 :i* diff]5ces radiat$ into ! m>k$ modifications1 !re is ?is sup]iority to be claim$ = ! fir/1 t x is m easily h&l$ z an aid to rese>*1 & is !re=e m decid$ly useful4 ,! laws ( ,organic ,aff9ity are at pres5t too obscure = any successful application4 ,i only wi% to po9t out t ! !ory ( ,desc5t is an imag9>y con/ruction ( :at may h be5 ! process ( species-=mation1 n a transcription ( ! process obs]v$4 ,x con/ructs an imag9>y ,type z prog5itor ( a long l9e ( widely diff]5t desc5dants4 ,! annelid :i* is tak5 z ! ance/or ( ! v]tebrates is n any annelid kn[n ei!r to zologi/s or geologi/s1 b a g5]aliz$ & imag9>y type4 ,s d>+ly lib]al is ! imag9ation 9 end[+ ! ance/or ) :atev] may be requir$ = ! desc5dants1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks x probable1 f :at we "k ( ! embryos ( v]tebrates1 t ^! animals 8are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( "s anci5t prog5itor :i* 0 furni%$ 9 its adult /ate ) bran*i1 a swim-bladd]1 f\r simple limbs1 & a long tail1 all fitt$ = an organic life10 7p4 #ecc72 & ,dr4 ,dohrn conceives ! orig9al type to h conta9$ )9 itself all t has be5 subsequ5tly evolv$ 9 ! highe/ v]tebrate1 ! o!r & less elaborate organisms be+ m]e degradations f ?is type4#gi ,?is use ( ! imag9ation1 al?\gh n )\t advantages1 is also n )\t dang]s4 ,x may direct rese>*1 x mu/ n be suff]$ to replace rese>*4 ,,problem ,,ii4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,me*anism4 8,all ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em are z dep5d5t ^u its /ructure & nature1 z ! accurate indication ( "t ^u ! con/ruction ( ! *ronomet]40--,,pro*aska4 8,uns] ,wiss5 wird nie voll5det1 i/ und bleibt ,/ckw]k2 dess5 ,ergnzung das ,/reb5 und ,h(f5 d] =s*5d5 ,d5k] bleib5 wird fr alle ,zeit40--,,rad5haus51 ,osiris4 8,our nimble s\ls ,c sp9 an insub/antial univ]se ,suit+ our mood1 & call x possible1 ,soon] ?an see "o gra9 ) eye exact1 ,& give /rict record ( x40 ,,george ,,eliot1 ,! ,spani% ,gypsy4 8,if we comp>e ! tea*+s ( our books ) :at ,nature is con/antly %[+1 we f9d !re is no agreem5t betwe5 ^? two s\rces ( le>n+40--,,br[n ,s,,qu>d4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,me*anism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em4 #a4 ,our k ( m5tal processes is d]iv$ f reflection on our p]sonal exp]i5ces1 comb9$ ) inf]5ces f our obs]vation ( o!r m5 & animals1 "u simil> conditions4 ,! processes are complex & v>iable2 s complex & v>iable1 t k ( _! compon5t factors c only be ga9$ ?r\gh long t5tative /udy1 aid$ by =tunate circum/ances :i* pres5t ^! factors sep>ately1 or at any rate 9 su* m>k$ pr$om9ance z to fix att5tion4 ,?is subjective analysis ( ! processes has to be supplem5t$ by1 & confirm$ by an objective analysis (1 ! conditions1 ext]nal & int]nal3 ! facts ( ,feel+ h to be trac$ to facts ( ,physiology1 :i* w exhibit t ,physical ,basis ( ,m9d s e>ne/ly s\ght by ! inquir]4 ,bo? ! subjective & ! objective analysis are at pres5t 9 a v imp]fect /ate4 ,al?\gh !re is mu* confid5t ass]tion & 8false p]suasion ( k0 9 bo? regions1 !re is1 unhappily1 little t c be s]i\sly accept$ z demon/rat$4 ,9 ! pres5t volume we %all conc]n ourselves almo/ exclusively ) ! objective analysis1 & d our utmo/ to m>k :at is m]e inf]5ce f :at is v]ifi$ obs]vation4 ,x is only by ,obs]vation t facts c be settl$2 h[ev] ,analogy & ,inf]5ce may sugge/ :]e ! tru? may lie1 !y are f+]-po/s1 n goals4 ,at ! be/ !y only tell u :at ,obs]vation w\ld reveal c\ld ! processes be submitt$ to ,s5se4 ,9 a loose & g5]al way e "o kn[s t ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em is a dom9ant ag5t 9 all s5ti5t processes2 al?\gh n by any means ! only ag5t1 yet1 because ( its pr$om9ance1 x is artificially accept$ z ! only "o4 ,) ! great] complexity ( ?is sy/em1 !re is obs]v$ a correspond+ increase 9 ! v>iety ( s5ti5t ph5om5a4 ,! labors ( anatomi/s h secur$ a tol]ably exact plan ( ! topographical di/ribution ( ?is sy/em2 a some:at *aotic mass ( obs]vation & inf]5ce passes z a description ( its elem5t>y /ructure4 ,! labors ( physiologi/s h succe$$ to a small ext5t 9 localiz+ c]ta9 functions 9 c]ta9 organs ( ?is sy/em4 ,b imp]fect z our k ( ! elem5t>y /ructures is1 our k ( ! functions is /ill m s4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld say o!rwise1 & t ,i c\ld ask my read]s to accept ) confid5ce :at tea*]s confid5tly prop\nd4 ,! attitude ( scepticism is always repulsive2 ! sceptic is seldom receiv$ )\t disfavor1 because he ?r[s on u ! labor ( inve/igation !re :]e we wi% = ! confid5ce ( k4 ,yet x is only by fac+ ! facts t we c hope "o day to solve ! great que/ions4 #b4 ,! n]v\s sy/em has1 9 our artificial view ( x1 two divisions3 ! ,p]iph]al1 :i* connects ! organism ) ! ext]nal _w2 & ! ,c5tral1 :i* connects ea* "p ( ! organism ) all ! o!r p>ts4 ,al?\gh ! sy/em is con/itut$ by v>i\s tissues--neural1 connective1 vascul>1 & ela/ic--x receives its *>act]i/ic designation f n]ve-fibrils1 n]ve-fibres1 & n]ve-cells2 j z ! muscul> sy/em receives its designation f contractile cells & fibres4 ,?is neural tissue assumes ?ree well-m>k$ =ms3 #a1 n]ves1 :i* are bundles ( fibres & fibrils1 enclos$ 9 a membran\s %ea?2 #b1 ganglia1 :i* are clu/]s ( cells1 fibres1 & fibrils1 sometimes enclos$ 9 a %ea?1 sometimes n2 #c1 c5tres1 :i* are artificial divisions ( ! neural axis1 s]v+ z po9ts ( union = diff]5t organs4 ,9 ! ,inv]tebrata ! neural axis is ! *a9 ( ganglionic masses runn+ along ! v5tral side1 & giv+ (f ! n]ves to organs ( s5se1 & to ! muscles4 ,x may be se5 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,n]v\s sy/em ( a beetle4 ,! small r\nd masses1 or ganglia1 are se5 to be connect$ by longitud9al fibres1 & f ! ganglia issue fibres to ! limbs1 organs ( s5se1 & visc]a4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata ! axis is dorsal1 & is call$ ! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 includ+ bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,:5 we look at ?is /ructure sup]ficially we see v>i\s n]ves radiat+ f x to sk91 gl&s1 & muscles2 b a clos] exam9ation1 enlight5$ by k ( function1 %[s t "s ( ^! n]ves pass into x f ! v>i\s surfaces & s5se-organs1 & are !re=e call$ aff]5t or s5sory2 :]eas ano!r set passes out ( x to gl&s & muscles1 & ^! n]ves are !re=e call$ eff]5t or motory4 ,!re are also fibres :i*1 pass+ f "o "p ( ! great c5tre to ano!r1 are call$ commissural4 ,to ?is brief acc\nt ( ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em may be add$ a ^w on ! connect$ *a9 ( ganglia & n]ves kn[n z ! ,sympa!tic1 because x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be ! organ ?r\gh :i* ! v>i\s 8sympa?ies0 7 effect$4 ,x is n[ held to be ! sy/em devot$ to ! visc]a & blood-vessels2 b !re is /ill great want ( agreem5t among physiologi/s z to :e!r x is an indep5d5t sy/em1 hav+ a special /ructure some:at diff]5t f t ( ! c]ebro-sp9al1 or :e!r x is simply a great plexus ( n]ves & ganglia1 only topographically di/+ui%able f ! re/ ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,into ?is po9t x is unnecess>y = me to ent] "h4 ,en\gh to say1 t ,i entirely agree ) ,sigmund ,may] 9 adopt+ ! second view4#hj ,9 no hi/ological "*1 yet specifi$1 are ! sympa!tic n]ves & ganglia dem>cat$ f ! o!rs4 ,!re are1 inde$1 m non-m$ull>y fibres 7! gray fibres ( ,remak7 9 ! sympa!tic2 b ! same fibres are also abundant 9 ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em2 & ! sympa!tic has also its l>ge m$ull>y fibres4 #c4 ,! ,c5tres are compos$ ( two sub/ances3 ! gray & ! :ite4 ,! gray sub/ance is (t5 call$ ! vesicul> because ( its abundant cells2 b x has ev5 m fibres ?an cells1 & ! :ite sub/ance has also a few cells4#ha ,! gray sub/ance is di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! bra9--9 ! convolutions2 & 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! encephalon4 ,x surr\nds ! c5tral canal :i* =ms ! v5tricles ( ! bra9 & is cont9u$ z a v small cavity all d[n ! sp9al cord4 ,besides ent]+ into ! important & conspicu\s masses kn[n z ! c]ebral ganglia--7! optic ?alami1 & corpora /riata7--! gray sub/ance is mass$ 9 ! corpora quadrigem9a1 crura c]ebri pons v>olii1 & m$ulla oblongata4 ,we %all h occasion to ref] to ea* ( ^? p>ts4 ,until mod]n times all ! masses includ$ 9 ! skull "u ! famili> t]m ,bra9 7or ! te*nical t]m ,encephalon7 7 reg>d$ z ! only c5tre1 & also z ! orig9 ( all ! n]ves4 ,nor has ?is notion ev5 yet entirely disappe>$1 al?\gh ! sp9al cord is kn[n n to be a l>ge n]ve trunk1 b a c5tre or connect$ *a9 ( c5tres1 /ructurally & functionally simil> to ! cranial c5tres4 ,! %ad[ ( ! anci5t error /ill obscures int]pretation ( ! "p ?is sp9al cord plays 9 ! s5ti5t me*anism2 & ?us al?\gh ! cord is univ]sally admitt$ to be a c5tre = 8s5sitive impressions10 x is usually exclud$ f ,s5sation4 ,?is widespread & mislead+ notion w be critically exam9$ 9 a future problem4 #d4 ,beg9n+ our survey ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis ) ! ,sp9al ,cord1 we obs]ve x to consi/3 #a1 ( c5tral gray sub/ance surr\nd+ ! sc>cely visible canal1 :i* is all t rema9s ( ! primitive groove 9 ! g]m9al membrane 7 #i72 #b1 irregul> gray masses1 call$ ! ant]ior & po/]ior horns1#hb connect$ ) ! ant]ior & po/]ior roots ( ! sp9al n]ves2 & #c1 /r&s ( :ite fibres enclos+ ?is c5tral sub/ance1 & call$ ! ant]ior lat]al & po/]ior columns4 ,l ! ,c]ebrum1 x is a d\ble organ =m$ by two symmetrical halves1 z ! c]ebrum is ( two hemisph]es4 ,ea* half inn]vates ! correspond+ half ( ! body4 ,! cord is unlike ! c]ebrum 9 ext]nal =m1 ?\gh v l x 9 int]nal /ructure4 ,! gray /ructure is ma9ly ext]nal 9 ! c]ebrum1 & is int]nal 9 ! cord4 ,f ! ant]ior side ( ! cord 7t :i* 9 animals is ! "u side7 ! motor n]ves issue2 f ! po/]ior 79 animals ! upp]7 side1 issue ! s5sory n]ves4 ,on ea* ( ! s5sory n]ves !re is a ganglion4 ,! roots ( ea* n]ve1 =m$ ( sev]al rootlets issu+ f ! ant]ior & po/]ior columns1 subsequ5tly unite toge!r1 & proce$ 9 a s+le %ea? to muscles & sk91 sep>at+ aga91 h[ev]1 be=e !y rea* muscles & sk94 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ?is arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,a portion ( ! sp9al cord ) its n]ves 7aft] ,b]n>d74 ,! left-h& figure %[s ! ant]ior side2 ! "r-h& ! po/]ior4 ,a ! ant]ior1 & ,p1 ! po/]ior root1 !y meet at g1 ! ganglion2 c & d are filam5ts connect+ two po/]ior roots4 #e4 ,!re are ?irty-"o pairs 7sometimes ?irty-two7 ( su* n]ves--namely1 eight c]vical1 twelve ?oracic1 five lumb>1 five sacral1 & "o 7or two7 coccygeal4 ,figs4 #c to #f repres5t transv]se sections1 :i* display ! entrance ( ! roots ( ! n]ves into ! ant]ior & po/]ior horns4 #f4 ,simil> masses ( gray sub/ance 9 ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata 7:i* is ! "n giv5 to ! cord :5 x passes into ! skull7#hc are suppos$ to be ! orig9s ( "s o!r n]ves 7! cranial74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,transv]se section ( "o half ( ! sp9al cord 9 ! lumb> region 7aft] ,kllik]74 a1 ant]ior root ent]+ ! ant]ior gray horns1 m & l1 :]e cells are clu/]$2 c1 c5tral canal2 d & e1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior commissures unit+ ! two halves ( ! cord2 b1 po/]ior root ent]+ ! po/]ior gray horn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,transv]se section ( bo? halves ( ! cord1 c]vical region4 a1 ,fissure sep>at+ ! ant]ior columns2 b1 fissure ( ! po/]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,transv]se section ( ! cord 9 ! dorsal region4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,transv]se section 9 ! lumb> region4 ,al?\gh ! ,m$ulla ,sp9alis is unque/ionably cont9u$ z ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata1 ! arrangem5t ( its tissues "h becomes gradually *ang$1 & s complicat$ t x baffles ! scalpel4 ,anatomi/s are1 h[ev]1 agre$ on ! "o po9t ( fundam5tal importance to u "h--namely1 t !re is only a re>rangem5t1 n a new tissue4 ,accept+ ! artificial division into two organs1 we may say t _! functions are diff]5t1 inasmu* z !y are diff]5t 9 _! anatomical connections--!y inn]vate diff]5t p>ts2 b z n]ve-c5tres !y h "o & ! same prop]ty4 ,on its po/]ior surface ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata op5s z ! f\r? v5tricle4 ,x is !n no long] a clos$ canal1 b an expansion ( ! sp9al canal1 :i* is cov]$ by ! ,c]ebellum4 ,on its ant]ior surface projects ! pons v>olii4 ,figs4 #g & #h repres5t ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,back1 or upp] view ( ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata z x cont9ues ! ,m$4 ,sp9alis4 #a1 ,section ( ! ?alami2 #b1 corpora quadrigem9a 7! two l[] bodies are imp]fectly repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+72 #c1 section ( ! crura c]ebelli2 #d1 ! f\r? v5tricle2 #e1 ! re/i=m bodies2 #f1 ! calamus scriptorius4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,front1 or "u view ( ! ,m$4 ,oblong4 #a1 ,optic n]ves cut (f at ! *iasma2 #b1 crura c]ebri2 #c1 pons v>olii2 #d1 oliv>y bodies2 #e1 ant]ior pyramids2 #f1 sp9al columns4 ,:ile ?us on ! "o h& cont9u+ ! ,m$ulla ,sp9alis1 ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata is se5 on ! o!r h& to be cont9u\s ) ! ,bra9--its :ite columns pass+ upw>ds 9 ! crura c]ebri1 its cavity repeat$ 9 ! o!r v5tricles4 ,above x lie ! ganglionic masses1 ! corpora quadrigem9a1 optic ?alami1 & corpora /riata4 ,cr[n+ ^! are ! big & little bra9s1 ,c]ebrum & ,c]ebellum4 ,figs4 #i & #aj repres5t ?is relation ( ,m$ulla ,sp9alis1 ,m$ulla ,oblongata1 & ,bra94 ,fig4 #aa is a purely artificial diagram :i* w give ! read] "s idea ( ! disposition ( ! :ite & gray sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,human ,bra9 9 ,pr(ile4 #a1 ,c]ebrum2 #b1 c]ebellum2 #c1 pons v>olii & m$ulla oblongata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,"o half ( ! ,bra9 9 ,pr(ile1 f ! inside4 #a1 ,convolutions ( ! c]ebrum2 #b1 corpus callosum or great commissure unit+ ! two hemisph]es2 #c1 arbor vit or bran*+ arrangem5t ( gray & :ite matt] 9 ! c]ebellum2 #d1 pons v>olii & m$ulla4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,diagram ( a v]tical section ( ! ,bra9 7aft] ,dalton74 #a1 ,olfactory ganglion2 #b1 c]ebral hemisph]e2 #c1 corpus /riatum2 #d1 ?alamus2 #e1 corpora quadrigem9a2 #f1 c]ebellum2 #g1 ganglion ( ! pons v>olii2 #h1 oliv>y body4 #g4 ,9 man ! ,c]ebrum is to ! ,c]ebellum z #i to #a4 ,9 ! l[] v]tebrates ! prepond]ance is /ill great]4 ,! c]ebrum is 9 our artificial sy/ems commonly divid$ into ?ree lobes4 ,! frontal lobe is t portion :i* lies 9 front ( ! deep fissure nam$ aft] ,rol&o2 betwe5 t fissure & ! 8int]nal p]p5dicul> fissure0 lies ! p>ietal lobe2 beh9d ?is we h ! occipital lobe2 &1 bel[ ! fissure ( ,sylvius1 ! temp]o-sph5oidal lobe4 ,ea* lobe is aga9 subdivid$ accord+ to its convolutions4 ,! disposition ( ! fibres 9 ! bra9 is f> too complex to be accurately foll[$4 ,all t we c say is1 t !re are /r&s :i* connect "o convolution ) ano!r1 /r&s :i* connect "o hemisph]e ) ano!r1 /r&s :i* connect c]ebrum ) c]ebellum1 & /r&s :i* connect ! c]ebrum ) ! l[] ganglia4 ,x is important to conceive ?is di/9ctly2 = we %all h]eaft] see t ! function ( ! ,bra9 7by bra9 is "h meant bo? ,c]ebrum & ,c]ebellum7 is n t ( inn]vation1 b ( incitation & regulation4 ,to speak metaphorically1 x is ! coa*man :o holds 9 8 h&s ! re9s1 & guides ! team4 ,"o c>d9al fact %\ld arre/ att5tion1 namely1 t n a s+le n]ve 9 ! body has its orig9 or c5tre ( inn]vation 9 ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum4 ,! olfactory & optic n]ves d inde$ seem to issue f ! c]ebrum2 & are commonly describ$ z c]ebral n]ves4 ,b ! facts ( ,developm5t1 m9ute ,anatomy1 & ,exp]im5t prove ?is to be inexact4 ,al?\gh ,i %all cont9ue to speak ( ! olfactory & optic n]ves 9 accordance ) univ]sal usage1 n wi%+ to burd5 ! read] ) unnecess>y innovations1 ,i mu/ at ! outset express my op9ion t ^! n]ves _c be br\ght "u ! same g5]al type z ! o!r s5sory n]ves4 ,embryology & ,anatomy sugge/ t !y h no m claim to ! title ?an ! crura c]ebri4 ,( ?is h]eaft]4 ,sett+ ^! aside1 no "o n[ refuses to ackn[l$ge t ,c]ebrum & ,c]ebellum1 al?\gh c5tres ( ,incitation & ,association1 are n ! c5tres ( direct ,inn]vation3 ! organic me*anism 9 all its physiological processes w act indep5d5tly ( !m 7s f> z su* artificial di/9ctions are admissible at all74 ,?is does n ?r[ a d\bt on _! physiological functions1 nor on _! p>ticipation 9 ! normal execution ( physiological processes4 #h4 ,f ?is rapid survey two important po9ts may be select$ = special att5tion4 ,fir/1 ! cont9uity ( ! neural axis ?r\gh\t2 secondly1 ! fundam5tal simil>ity ( its /ructure1 und]ly+ great v>iations 9 its =m & connections4 ,?is1 :i* is ! anatomical expression ( ! ,unity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 w become m evid5t aft] we h exp\nd$ :at ,embryology & ,microscopic ,anatomy tea*4 ,we may !re=e digress "h a:ile to consid] ,,! ,,e>ly ,,=ms ,,( ,,n]ve ,,c5tres4 #i4 ,9 ! out]mo/ lay] ( ! g]m9al membrane ( ! embryo a groove appe>s1 :i* deep5s z its sides gr[ upw>ds1 & f9ally close ov] & =m a canal4 ,?is canal is compos$ ( cells all alike4 ,its =emo/ extremity soon bulges into ?ree well-m>k$ enl>gem5ts1 :i* are !n call$ ! primitive c]ebral vesicles4 ,! cavities ( ^! vesicles are cont9u\s4 ,except 9 position & size1 !re are no disc]nible diff]5ces 9 ^! vesicles1 :i* are kn[n z ! ,=e-bra91 ,middle-bra91 & ,h9d-bra94 #aj4 ,! ,=e-bra9 soon buds (f f ea* side a small vesicle4 ,?is is ! optic vesicle1 ! fir/ rudim5t ( :at subsequ5tly becomes optic n]ve & ret9a4 ,at ?is p]iod x is simply a vesicle ) a holl[ /em1 ! cavity be+ cont9u\s ) ! cavity ( ! c]ebral vesicle1 & ! walls cont9u\s ) ! c]ebral wall4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ret9a & optic 8n]ve0 are primitive portions ( ! bra9--a deta*$ segm5t ( ! g5]al c5tre1 id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! c]ebral vesicle1 & n unlike 9 =m4 ,a cup-l depression quickly =ms ! optic vesicle into an inn] & an out] fold4 ,! inn] or concave fold becomes ! ret9a1 & ! out] or convex fold 7t ne>e/ to ! bra97 becomes its *oroid membrane4 ,on ! f\r? day ( incubation ! ret9a ( ! *ick is compos$ ( sp9dle-%ap$ cells1 all alike4 ,on ! sev5? day !re is a diff]5tiation into lay]s1 "o ( :i* on ! eigh? day is granul>2 on ! t5? two are granul>2 & on ! ?irte5? ganglionic cells appe>4 ,"s ( ! cells h elongat$ into radial fibres 7kn[n z ,mll]'s fibres72 & ) ! appe>ance ( rods & cones ! normal ret9al elem5ts are complete4 #aa4 ,! rese>*es ( ,fo/] & ,balf\r#hd confirm ! /atem5t t all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ret9a 7:e!r n]v\s or connective7 are d]iv$ f "o & ! same lay] ( embryonic cells1 :i* orig9ally =m$ a portion ( ! fir/ c]ebral vesicle4 #ab4 ,mean:ile ! holl[ /em ( ?is optic vesicle beg9s to develop fibres amid/ ! nuclei ( its walls4 ,! 8optic n]ve0 arises3 x is /ill holl[2 & 9 birds rema9s s ?r\gh life4 ,! fibres z !y are develop$ gr[ =w>ds t[>ds ! ret9a1 & spread ov] its int]nal surface4 ,!y also gr[ =w>ds t[>ds ! bra91 & spread ov] its sub/ance2 b x is n1 z might be suppos$1 & is g5]ally believ$1 ) ! c]ebral hemisph]es 7or t portion ( ! ,=e-bra9 f :i* ^! are d]iv$71 b ) ! ,middle-bra9 7:i* becomes ! corpora quadrigem9a71 t ! optic fibres are 9 connection4#he #ac4 ,?is w be und]/ood :5 ! fur!r developm5t is trac$4 ,! ,=e-bra91 aft] budd+ (f ! optic vesicles1 buds (f two l>g] vesicles--! future c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,?is is noticeable on ! second day ( incubation1 & by ! ?ird day ea* vesicle is z l>ge z ! :ole ( ! orig9al ,=e-bra94 ,_! developm5t is ess5tially l t ( ! optic vesicles2 bo? z to ! cellul> & ! fibr\s elem5ts4 ,! convolutions1 corpus callosum1 nucleus l5ti=mis1 & corpora /riata are !n indicat$4 ,mean:ile1 t :i* orig9ally 0 ! ,=e-bra9 has laps$ into ! second>y rank z ,int]m$iate-bra9 7,zwis*5hirn71 & becomes ! p>ts surr\nd+ ! ?ird v5tricle1 namely1 ! ?alami1 corpora c&icantia1 infundibulum1 & :at is call$ ! 8po/]ior p]=at$ sub/ance40 #ad4 ,! ,middle-bra91 or ,second ,vesicle1 develops ! corpora quadrigem9a f ! ro( ( its cavity1 & ! crura c]ebri f its floor4 ,! ,h9d-bra91 or ,?ird ,vesicle1 divides into two1 l ! ,fir/ ,vesicle2 x buds (f ! hemisph]es ( ! c]ebellum2 its cavity =ms ! f\r? v5tricle2 its walls ! m$ulla oblongata4 #ae4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! primitive membrane =ms into a canal1 :i* enl>ges at "o "p into ?ree vesicles1 & f ^! are develop$ ! encephalic /ructures4 ,! cont9uity ( ! walls & cavities ( ^! vesicles is nev] oblit]at$ ?r\gh\t ! subsequ5t *anges4 ,x is also traceable ?r\gh\t ! m$ulla sp9alis4 ,& microscopic inve/igation reveals t und]nea? all ! morphological *anges ! walls ( ! :ole c]ebro-sp9al axis are compos$ ( simil> elem5ts on a simil> plan4#hf #af4 ,two conclusions directly foll[ f ?is exposition3--fir/1 t s9ce ! /ructure ( ! great axis is ev]y:]e simil>1 ! prop]ties mu/ be simil>2 secondly1 t s9ce !re is /ructural cont9uity1 no "o "p c be call$ into activity )\t at ! same "t m or less excit+ t ( all ! re/4 ,,! ,,p]iph]al ,,sy/em4 #ag4 ,foll[+ ! analytical division1 we n[ come to ! ,p]iph]al ,sy/em ( n]ves & ganglia4 ,! sep>ation1 ,i mu/ (t5 repeat1 is purely artificial2 b ! artifice has conv5i5ces4 ,we sep>ate 9 ! same way ! he>t f ve9s & art]ies1 & ! capill>y circulation f ! art]ial4 ,ea* n]ve has its direct connection ) a p>ticul> c5tre1 & indirectly ) ! :ole sy/em4 ,x has its circumscrib$ t]ritory1 & individual (fice4 ,except 9 a few cases ( ana/omosis1 ! action ( "o n]ve does n involve t ( ano!r3 only "o muscle or "o gr\p ( muscles is mov$1 )\t excit+ motion 9 a neighbor4 ,x is ?r\gh ! c5tres t ^! individual t]ritories are unit$2 & a wave ( excitation always passes ?r\gh\t ! c5tral sub/ance4 ,?us ! c5tres are n simply organs ( association1 consequ5tly ( regulation1 b are ! nexus :]eby ! div]sity ( ! actions is integrat$ into ! unity ( cons5sus4 #ah4 ,no?+ fur!r ne$ at pres5t be /at$ respect+ ! n]ves2 b x is ne$ful to give precision to ! ideas ( ,,ganglia ,,& ,,c5tres1 usually spok5 ( z if !y 7 conv]tible t]ms4 ,t ?is is inexact may be readily %[n1 & t x is mislead+ appe>s 9 its caus+ physiologi/s to cr$it e ganglion1 :]ev] f\nd1 ) c5tral functions2 &1 by an almo/ inevitable ext5sion ( ! error1 has l$ to ! assignm5t ( c5tral functions to a s+le ganglionic cell6 ,?is is b "p ( t 8sup]/ition ( ! cell0 aga9/ :i* ,i %all h to prote/4 ,i w n "h raise ! d\bt :i* presses f v>i\s sides respect+ ! c5tral functions ( ! ganglia 9 ! he>t & inte/9es1 because ! read] p]haps %>es ! g5]al op9ion on t po9t2 b let me simply ask :at c5tral function c possibly be assign$ to ! ganglia on ea* ( ! sp9al s5sory n]ves8 above all to ^? gr\p$ & scatt]$ ganglionic cells :i* are f\nd at ! p]iph]al t]m9ation ( "s n]ves1 & 9 ! v trunks ( o!rs8 ,!re may1 inde$1 be imag9$ a c5tral function = ! ganglia 9 ! mes5t]y1 & ev5 9 ! *oroid coat ( ! ret9a1 on ! hypo!sis 7q gratuit\s1 ,i ?9k7 ( _! regulat+ ! circulation2 b ev5 ?is explanation _c be adopt$ ) respect to ! ganglionic cells :i* appe> 9 ! c\rse ( ! n]ve4#hg ,! mean+ ( a physiological c5tre is1 t x is a po9t to :i* /imulations proce$1 & f :i* !y are reflect$4 ,! mean+ ( a ganglion is1 t x is a gr\p ( n]ve cells disp]s$ among1 or 9 cont9uation )1 n]ve fibres3 x may be a c5tre ( reflection1 or x may n2 & 9 ! latt] case its physiological (fice is at pres5t undet]m9$4 ,a ganglion is no m a c5tre 9 virtue ( its cell-gr\p ?an a muscle is a limb4 ,all function dep5ds on connection1 & c5tral function dem&s a connection ( aff]5t & eff]5t p>ts4 #ai4 ,! ganglia f\nd 9 ! v5tral cord ( ! ,inv]tebrate 7see ,fig4 #a7 are c5tres1 ea* ( :i* has consid]able indep5d5ce1 ea* regulat+ a s+le segm5t ( ! body1 or a gr\p ( simil> segm5ts4 ,z ! scale ( animal complexity asc5ds1 ^! sep>at$ c5tres t5d m & m to coalesce1 & ) ?is coalesc5ce comes an increas+ comb9ation ( movem5ts4#hh ,obs]ve ! cat]pill> sl[ly crawl+ ov] a leaf2 ea* segm5t ( its body moves 9 succession2 b :5 ?is cat]pill> becomes a butt]fly ! body moves rapidly1 & all at once4 ,op5 ! cat]pill>1 & y f9d its n]v\s c5tres are ?irte5 sep>ate ganglia1 ea* presid+ ov] a di/9ct "p ( ! body1 & ea* capable ( indep5d5t action4 ,op5 ! butt]fly1 & y f9d ! ?irte5 ganglia greatly *ang$3 ! second & ?ird are fus$ into "o2 ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? into ano!r2 ! elev5? & twelf? into ano!r2 ! only trace ( ! orig9al sep>ation is 9 a slight con/riction ( ! surface4 ,! movem5ts ( ! cat]pill> 7 few1 simple1 sl[1 & ^? ( ! butt]fly are _m1 v>i$1 & rapid4 #bj4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrates ! coalesc5ce ( ganglia is su* t ! sp9al axis is "o great c5tre4 ,we d inde$ anatomically & physiologically subdivide x into sev]al c5tres1 because sev]al portions directly inn]vate sep>ate organs2 b its importance lies 9 ! intimate bl5d+ ( all p>ts1 s t fluctuat+ comb9ations ( its elem5ts may arise1 & v>i$ movem5ts result4 ,ea* c5tre comb9es v>i\s muscles2 ! axis is a comb9ation ( c5tres4 ,! bra9less frog1 = in/ance1 has /ill ! sp9al cord1 & !re=e ! p[] n only ( mov+ ei!r ( 8 limbs1 b also ( comb9+ _! sep>ate movem5ts3 if grasp$1 he /ruggles & escapes2 if prick$1 he hops away4 ,b ^! actions1 al?\gh complex1 are mu* less complex & v>i$ ?an ! actions ( ! normal frog4 ,!re is n only a coalesc5ce ( ganglia1 b a great] & great] conc5tration ( ! sub/ance 9 ! upp] portions ( ! axis4 ,9 ! inf]ior v]tebrates1 & 9 ! mammalian embryo1 ! sp9al cord occupies ! :ole l5g? ( ! v]tebral canal f ! head to ! tip ( ! tail2 & "h ! c5tres ( reflexion correspond ) ! sev]al segm5ts4 ,b z ! cranial mass develops !re is a )drawal ( neural sub/ance f ! l[] p>ts1 & ! c5tres ( reflexion are !n "s way remov$ f ! segm5ts !y inn]vate4 ,9 ! animal developm5t !re is ev5 a great] & great] pr$om9ance ( ! upp] portions1 s t ! bra9 & m$ulla oblongata are ( inf9itely m importance ?an ! sp9al cord4 #ba4 ,besides ! c5tral gr\p ( elem5ts :i* belong to fix$ & def9ite actions1 we mu/ conceive ^! elem5ts capable ( v>iable comb9ations1 l ! pieces ( color$ glass 9 a kaleidoscope1 :i* fall into new gr\ps1 ea* gr\p hav+ its def9ite ?\gh tempor>y =m4 ,! elem5ts con/itute really a cont9u\s network ( v>iable =ms4 ,x is to su* comb9ations1 & n to fix$ circumscrib$ ganglia1 t we mu/ ref] ! subord9ate c5tres ( ! axis4 ,we speak ( a c5tre = ,respiration1 a c5tre = ,laugh+1 a c5tre = ,cry+1 a c5tre = ,c\gh+1 & s on1 ) z mu* propriety z we speak ( a c5tre = ,swall[+ or = ,walk+4 ,n t 9 ^! cases !re is a circumscrib$ mass ( c5tral sub/ance set ap>t = ! inn]vation ( ! sev]al muscles employ$ 9 ^! actions1 & = no o!r purpose4 ,ea* action dem&s a def9ite gr\p ( neural elem5ts1 z ea* geometric =m 9 ! kaleidoscope dem&s a def9ite gr\p ( pieces ( glass2 b ^! same pieces ( glass w readily ent] into o!r comb9ations2 & 9 l mann] ! muscles active 9 ,respiration are also active 9 ,laugh+1 ,c\gh+1 etc41 ?\gh diff]5tly inn]vat$ & co-ord9at$4 #bb4 ,! physiological rank ( a c5tre is !re=e ! expression ( its p[] ( fluctuat+ comb9ation4 ,! m$ulla oblongata is high] ?an ! m$ulla sp9alis1 because ( its m v>i$ comb9ations2 ! c]ebrum is high] ?an all1 because x has no fix$ & limit$ comb9ations4 ,x is ! c5tre ( c5tres1 & z su* ! supreme organ4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,functional ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #bc4 ,! di/+ui%able p>ts ( ?is sy/em are ! c5tral axis1 ! cranial n]ves1 & ! sp9al n]ves1 ) ! *a9 ( ganglia & n]ves compos+ ! ,sympa!tic4 ,let u briefly set d[n :at is kn[n ( _! special (fices4 ,m5 v e>ly discov]$ t ! n]ves 7 9 "s way m9i/rant to ,s5sation & ,movem5t2 a divid$ n]ve always be+ accompani$ by ins5sibility & immobility 9 ! limb4 ,gal51 obs]v+ t p>alysis ( movem5t sometimes occurr$ )\t ins5sibility1 sugge/$ t !re 7 two k9ds ( n]ve2 b no "o 0 able to furni% satisfactory evid5ce 9 support ( ?is sugge/ion until e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ! exp]im5ts ( ,*>les ,bell1 p]fect$ by ^? ( ,maj5die & ,mll]1 plac$ ! sugge/ion beyond dispute4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,transv]se sections ( sp9al cord 7dorsal region74 #bd4 ,fig4 #ab is a diagram 7n a draw+ ( ! actual aspect1 :i* w\ld be h>dly intelligible to read]s unv]s$ 9 su* matt]s7 repres5t+ two transv]se sections ( ! sp9al cord j :]e ! n]ve-roots issue4 ,! gray sub/ance is some:at 9 ! =m ( a rude ,h1 9 ! dorsal region1 & ( ! exp&$ w+s ( a butt]fly 9 ! lumb> enl>gem5ts 7,figs4 #d-f72 ! extremities ( ?is gray sub/ance are ! ant]ior & po/]ior horns4 ,we h already said t f ! ant]ior horns ( ea* half issue ! roots ( ! motor n]ves1 :i* pass to ! muscles4 ,f ! po/]ior horns issue ! s5sory n]ves1 :i*1 soon aft] leav+ ! cord1 ent] ! ganglia be=e jo9+ ! motor n]ves1 & !n pass to ! sk91 9 ! same %ea? ) _! companions1 sep>at+ aga9 z !y rea* ! muscles & surfaces :]e !y are to be di/ribut$4 ,:5 ?is mix$ n]ve is cut ?r\gh1 or ti$1 all s5sation & movem5t disappe> f ! p>ts inn]vat$4 ,b if only "o ( ! roots be cut ?r\gh1 above ! ganglion1 !re w !n be only a loss ( movem5t or a loss ( s5sation4 ,?us suppose ! section be made at a1 b1 ,a3 we h !n divid$ a s5sory n]ve1 & no p9*+ or prick+ ( ! "p inn]vat$ by t n]ve w be felt2 b movem5t w take place if ! "u n]ve be irritat$1 or if a s5sation else:]e be excit$4 ,n[ rev]se ! exp]im5t1 z at ,b1 c1 d4 ,!n1 prick+ ( ! sk9 w be felt1 b no movem5t w respond4 ,! n]ve :i* ent]s ! cord at ! upp] 7po/]ior7 "p is !re=e a s5sory n]ve2 t :i* ent]s at ! "u 7ant]ior7 "p is motor4 ,! direction is 9 ea* case indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,! c5tral end b1 if irritat$1 w produce s5sation2 :]eas ! p]iph]al end a produces nei!r s5sation nor movem5t4 ,! c5tral end d produces nei!r s5sation nor movem5t2 ! p]iph]al end c produces movem5t4 #be4 ,two facts are prov$ by ^! exp]im5ts4 ,fir/1 t ! co-op]ation ( ! c5tre is necess>y = ,s5sation1 b n = ,movem5t4 ,al?\gh normally all ! muscles ( ! trunk are mov$ only :5 _! c5tre has be5 excit$1 yet any irritation appli$ directly to ! muscle n]ve1 ev5 :5 sep>at$ f its c5tre1 produces a movem5t4 ,& to ?is we may add t a slight] /imulus w move ! muscle by direct irritation ( ! n]ve1 ?an by indirect irritation ?r\gh ! c5tre2 a slight] /imulus also w suffice :5 appli$ to ! n]ve ?an :5 appli$ to ! muscle itself4 #bf4 ,! second fact prov$ is kn[n z ,bell's ,law1 t ! s5sory & motor *annels are respectively ! po/]ior & ant]ior n]ves4 ,! fact is indisputable1 b its !oretic int]pretation c no long] be accept$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,bell suppos$ ! two n]ves to be diff]5t 9 k9d1 end[$ ) diff]5t specific en]gies1 ! "o s5sitive1 ! o!r motor4 ,! majority ( writ]s /ill express !mselves z if !y adopt$ ?is view4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 pres5tly see reason = replac+ x by ! m consi/5t int]pretation :i* assigns "o & ! same prop]ty to bo? n]ves1 m>k+ _! di/9ction by ! t]ms aff]5t & eff]5t2 ! "o set be+ anatomically s dispos$ t x conveys /imuli f ! surfaces to ! c5tre1 & ! o!r set convey+ /imuli f ! c5tre to ! muscles1 gl&s1 & o!r cells4#hi #bg4 ,bell's discov]y 0 rapidly g5]aliz$4 ,! pr9ciple ( localization 0 ext5d$ to all n]ves1 & ( c\rse to ! po/]ior & ant]ior columns ( ! sp9al cord1 :i* inde$ 7 assum$ to be cont9uations ( ! n]ves4 ,bell1 :o 0 great] z an anatomi/ ?an z a philosoph]1 always ma9ta9$ t anatomical d$uction 0 sup]ior to exp]im5t4 ,b ?is 0 to misund]/& ! rea* ( d$uction1 :i* is only valid to ! ext5t ( its premises4#ij ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! premises assum$ t ! po/]ior columns 7 cont9uations ( ! po/]ior roots1 & c>ri$ impressions to ! bra91 ! ant]ior columns c>ry+ back f ! bra9 ! 8m&ates ( ! w40 ,exp]im5t has1 h[ev]1 decisively %[n t x is n ?r\gh ! po/]ior columns t s5sory impressions travel to ! bra91 b ?r\gh ! c5tral gray sub/ance4 #bh4 ,! sp9al cord ) its c5tral gray sub/ance is at ea* po9t a c5tre ( reflexion4 ,connect$ z x is ) diff]5t organs1 we artificially consid] x z a *a9 ( diff]5t c5tres1 & try to detect ! functional relations ( its p>ts4 ,! inquiry is important1 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! c>d9al pr9ciple t div]sity ( ,function dep5ds on ! organs inn]vat$1 & n on a div]sity ( ,prop]ty 9 ! n]v\s tissue4 ,al?\gh all n]ves h a common /ructure & common prop]ty1 yet we di/+ui% !m z s5sory & motor2 & ! s5sory we subdivide into ^? ( ,special ,s5sation & ^? ( ,sy/emic ,s5sation4 ,! motor we divide into muscul>1 vasomotor1 & gl&ul>4 ,! hypo!sis ( specific en]gies mu/ be rel9qui%$ 7 #fc74 ,9 l mann] all c5tres h a common /ructure & a common prop]ty1 ) a great div]sity ( functional relations4 ,"h also ! hypo!sis ( specific en]gies has be5 g5]ally adopt$1 ow+ to a mi/ak5 conception ( ! biological pr9ciple j m5tion$4 ,! c]ebral hemisph]es are cr$it$ ) ! prop]ties ( s5sation1 ?\ght1 & volition2 ! c]ebellum ) ! prop]ty ( muscul> co-ord9ation2 ! sp9al cord ) ! prop]ty ( reflexion4 #bi4 ,no attempt to assign ! true functional relations ( ! c5tres w be made at ! pres5t /age ( our exposition4 ,we mu/ le>n m ( ! processes 9 ,s5sation1 ,?\ght1 & ,volition1 be=e we c unravel ! complex physiological web on :i* !y dep5d4 ,b "h1 provisionally1 may be set d[n :at obs]vation & exp]im5t h disclos$ respect+ ! "p play$ by c]ta9 c5tres4 ,we "k1 = example1 t :5 ! c]ebral hemisph]es are c>efully remov$ f a reptile or a bird1 all ! ess5tially vital functions g on pretty mu* z be=e1 b a great di/urbance 9 "s ( ! psy*ical functions is obs]v$4 ,! bra9less bird eats1 dr9ks1 sleeps1 moves its limbs sep>ately & 9 comb9ation1 manife/s s5sibility to light1 s\nd1 & t\*1 p]=ms su* in/9ctive actions z pre5+ its fea!rs1 or ?ru/+ ! head "u ! w+ :ile roo/+4 ,?r[ x into ! air & x w fly4 ,9 its flight x w avoid ob/acles1 & w alight ^u a l$ge1 or y\r %\ld]4 ,b x w n fly unless ?r[n into ! air2 x w n escape ?r\gh ! op5 door or w9d[2 x w avoid objects1 b w %[ no fe> ( !m1--alight+ on y\r head1 = example1 )\t hesitation4 ,x is s5sitive to light1 & may 9 a c]ta9 s5se be said to see2 b x fails to p]ceive :at is se54 ,x w eat & dr9k1 if food & wat] be adm9i/]$1 b x w />ve ne> a heap ( gra9 & nev] peck x1 n ev5 if ! beak be ?ru/ into ! heap4 ,a gra91 or /rip ( meat1 may be ?ru/ inside ! beak2 !re x w rema9 unswall[$1 unless x t\*es ! back ( ! m\?1 !n swall[+ at once foll[s ! /imulus4 ,! bird ) its bra9 w fly away if y turn ! f+]1 or /ick1 on :i* x is p]*+2 )\t its bra91 x makes no attempt to fly1 b flutt]s its w+s1 & balances itself4 ,if y op5 ! m\? ( a cat1 or rabbit1 & drop 9 "s bitt] fluid1 ! animal closes its m\? firmly1 & resi/s y\r ef=ts to repeat ! act2 )\t its bra91 ! animal %[s ! same disgu/ at ! ta/e1 b nev] resi/s ! prelim9>ies ( ! repetition4 #cj4 ,^!1 & analog\s facts1 h be5 not$ by v>i\s exp]im5t]s4 ,!y are v f> f prov+ :at is usually conclud$2 b !y prove ! important negative position t ! c]ebrum is n ! c5tre ( inn]vation = any ( ! organs on :i* ! obs]v$ actions dep5d4 ,?us1 ! c]ebrum is n necess>y to sight3 ergo x does n inn]vate ! eye4 ,x is n necess>y to he>+3 ergo x does n inn]vate ! e>4#ia ,x is n necess>y to brea?+1 swall[+1 fly+1 etc43 ergo x does n inn]vate ! organs ( ^! functions4 ,:at !n is lo/8 ,we h only to rememb] t ! c]ebrum is cont9u\s ) ! ?alami & corpora /riata1 &1 ?r\gh its crura1 ) ! m$ulla oblongata & m$ulla sp9alis1 to =esee t its removal mu/ m or less affect ! :ole neural axis1 & consequ5tly di/urb ! actions ( ! :ole organism2 ?is di/urbance w (t5 h ! appe>ances :i* w\ld be due to ! removal ( a c5tral app>atus1 s t we %all be apt to attribute ! cessation ( a function to ! loss ( its organ1 :5 9 fact ! cessation is due simply to an arre/ ( ! organ by irritation4 ,?us ! cessation ( consci\sness1 or ( any p>ticul> movem5ts1 :5 ! c]ebrum is remov$1 is no decisive pro( t ! c]ebrum is ! organ ( consci\sness1 or ( ! movem5t 9 "q4 ,?is po9t w be duly consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,:at we h n[ to consid] is ! facts obs]v$ aft] removal ( ! c]ebrum4 ,fir/1 we obs]ve a loss ( t p[] ( comb9+ pres5t /ates ) pa/ /ates1 pres5t feel+s ) feel+s =m]ly excit$ 9 conjunction ) !m1 ! p[] :i* enables ! animal to adju/ its actions to c]ta9 s5sations n[ unfelt b :i* w be felt 9 consequ5ce ( ! adju/m5t4 ,secondly1 we obs]ve a loss ( ,spontaneity3 ! bird1 naturally mobile & al]t1 n[ sits moveless = h\rs 9 a sort ( /upor1 occasionally pre5+ its fea!rs1 b r>ely quitt+ its re/+-place4 ,all ! mo/ conspicu\s ph5om5a :i* we assign to ,intellig5ce & ,w seem abs5t4 ,! s5sations are alt]$ & dim9i%$4 ,_m ,in/9cts h disappe>$1 b "s rema94 ,! sexual feel+ is pres]v$1 al?\gh ! bird has lo/ all p[] ( direct+ its actions s z to gratify ! desire4 ,b ^! effects are only obs]v$ :5 ! :ole ( bo? hemisph]es h be5 remov$4 ,if a small portion rema9 ! bird reta9s mo/ ( its faculties1 ?\gh ) less en]gy4 ,9 frogs & fi%es !re is little disc]nible effect obs]v$ :5 a l>ge portion ( ! c]ebrum is remov$4 #ca4 ,n[ take away f ?is mutilat$ bird its c]ebellum3 all ! functions cont9ue z be=e except t "s comb9$ movem5ts c no long] be effect$2 flight is impossible2 walk+ is a m]e /agg]4 ,remove only ! lat]al lobes1 & ?\gh flight is /ill possible great incoh]5ce ( ! w+s is obs]v$1 :]eas walk+ is n mu* affect$4 ,if only ! c]ebellum be remov$1 ! c]ebrum be+ intact1 ! ph5om5a are v diff]5t4 ,all ! p]ceptions & almo/ all ! emotions1 all ! spontaneity & vivacity are reta9$2 b ! sexual in/9ct1 :i* 0 manife/$ :5 ! c]ebrum 0 remov$1 is n[ q gone4 ,:at we call ,intellig5ce seems unaffect$4 ,! bird he>s1 & und]/&s ! mean+ ( ! s\nds1 sees & p]ceives1 sees & fe>s1 sees & adju/s its movem5ts ) a m5tal vision ( unse5 consequ5ces4#ib #cb4 ,are we f ^! facts to conclude t ! c]ebrum is ! 8organ ( ! m9d02 t x is 8! seat0 ( s5sation1 ?\ght1 emotion1 volition2 & t ! c]ebellum is ! 8seat0 ( ! sexual in/9ct1 & muscul> co-ord9ation8 ,su* conclusions h f\nd acceptance1 ev5 f physiologi/s :o w\ld h be5 />tl$ _h any "o v5tur$ to affirm t ! m$ulla oblongata 0 ! 8organ0 ( ,respiration1 because ,respiration ceases :5 ?is c5tre is de/roy$4 ,i %all h to combat ?is notion at v>i\s /ages ( my exposition4 ,"h let me simply say t x is irreconcilable ) any cle> conception ( organ & function2 & is pla9ly irreconcilable ) any survey ( psy*ical ph5om5a 9 animals 9 :om ! c]ebrum does n exi/1 & 9 animals f :om x has be5 remov$4 ,:at ! facts indisputably prove is t ! c]ebrum has an important "p 9 ! me*anism by :i* ! mo/ complex psy*ical comb9ations are effect$1 & t ! c]ebellum has an important "p 9 ! me*anism by :i* ! mo/ complex muscul> comb9ations are effect$4 ,! supreme importance ( ! c]ebrum may be inf]r$ f its dom9at+ all ! o!r c5tres1 & f its prepond]ance 9 size4 ,9 man x /&s to all ! o!r cranial c5tres toge!r 9 ! relation ( #aa to #c4 ,x is ab\t five times z heavy z ! sp9al cord--t is to say f #a1ajj to #a1djj grammes1 comp>$ ) #bg to #cj grammes4 ,! quantity ( blood circulat+ ?r\gh x is imm5se4 ,hall] e/imat$ ! cranial circulation z "o fif? ( ! :ole circulation4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,n]v\s ,c5tres are ag5ts 9 ! production ( ,s5sation & ,intellig5ce1 by f> ! l>ge/ %>e mu/ be allott$ to ! cranial c5tres1 & ( ^! ! l>ge/ to ! ,c]ebrum4 #cc4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ?+ to recognize ! ,c]ebrum z hav+ an important "p 9 ! production ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 ano!r ?+ to localize all ! ph5om5a 9 x z _! organ & seat--a localization :i* soon becomes ev5 m absurd1 :5 ( all ! c]ebral /ructure ! multipol> cells alone are admitt$ z ! active ag5ts6 ,z 0 said j n[1 we recognize 9 ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata ! n]v\s c5tre ( ,respiration1 b we d n suppose t ,respiration has its seat !re1 nor t ?is c5tre is absolutely indisp5sable = ! ess5tial "p ( ! process4 ,we respire by our sk91 z well z by our lungs2 _m animals respire :o h no?+ l a m$ulla oblongata2 z _m animals feel1 & manife/ w1 :o h no?+ l a c]ebrum4 ,! de/ruction ( c5tres is ( c\rse a di/urbance ( ! me*anisms :i* !y regulate4 ,b ev5 ! obs]v$ results ( a de/ruction require v close exam9ation1 & are liable to errone\s int]pretations4 ,! disappe>ance ( a function foll[+ ! de/ruction1 or disease ( a p>ticul> "p1 is n to be accept$ z a pro( t ?is "p is ! organ ( ! lo/ function2 because precisely ! same ph5om5a may (t5 be obs]v$ foll[+ ! de/ruction ( a totally diff]5t "p4#ic ,b "o result may always be reli$ on1 & t is ! p]si/5ce ( a function aft] removal ( a p>ticul> "p4 ,?us !re is a c]ta9 spot ( ! c]ebral convolutions f :i* movem5ts ( ! limbs are excit$ :5 ! electrodes are appli$ to x2 removal ( ! sub/ance is imm$iately foll[$ by p>alysis ( ! limbs4 ,are we to conclude t ?is spot is ! organ ( ! function8 ,x is true t ! function is call$ into action by a /imulus appli$ to ?is spot3 true t ! function sudd5ly vani%es :5 ! sub/ance ( ?is spot is de/roy$4 ,nev]!less1 :at seems a loss ( function is only a di/urbance4 ,9 two or ?ree days ! p>alysis beg9s to disappe>1 & at ! end ( a week ! limbs are mov$ ne>ly 9 ! normal mann]4 ,& ! same is true :5 ! spot 9 "q is de/roy$ on bo? sides4 ,! recov]y ( ! function %[s t ! abs5t "p 0 n its organ4 ,!re is a p>adoxical exp]im5t record$ by ,m4 ,paul ,b]t :i* may be cit$ "h4 ,he remov$ ! "r c]ebral hemisph]e f a *ameleon1 & f\nd t ! limbs on ! left side 7 p>alyz$2 b on 8 !n remov+ ! left c]ebral hemisph]e ! limbs ( ! left side recov]$ _! activity4 ,a simil> result 0 obta9$ by ,lussana & ,lemoigne by extirpation ( ! ?alami4 ,:5 we f9d comb9$ movem5ts p]si/+ aft] ! c]ebellum has be5 de/roy$1 we may be sure t ! c]ebellum is n ! organ by :i* su* comb9ations take place2 & :5 we f9d s5sation & volition manife/$ aft] ! c]ebrum has be5 remov$1 we may be sure t ! c]ebrum is n ! organ = ^! s5sations & volitions4 #cd4 ,& ?is we d f9d4 ,physiologi/s1 inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 d5y x2 or r1 :ile !y admit ! obs]v$ facts1 !y refuse to admit ! only consi/5t int]pretation1 biass$ z !y are by ! traditional conception ( ! bra94 ,aft] hav+ = _m ye>s p]si/5tly d5i$ ,s5sibility to any c5tre except ! c]ebrum1 !y are n[ g5]ally agre$ 9 includ+ ! m$ulla oblongata )9 ! privileg$ region2 b !y /ill exclude ! m$ulla sp9alis4 #ce4 ,if all ! cranial c5tres z f> z ! m$ulla oblongata are remov$ f "y rabbits1 dogs1 or cats1 !re are unmi/akable evid5ces ( ,s5sibility 9 _! cries :5 _! tails are p9*$1 _! mov+ jaws 7z 9 ma/ication7 :5 bitt]s are plac$ 9 _! m\?s1 & _! rais$ paws rubb+ _! noses1 :5 irritat+ vapors are appli$4 ,x is said inde$ t ! cries are no signs ( pa92 & ?is is probable2 b !y are assur$ly signs ( ,s5sibility4 #ce4 ,! frog ?us mutilat$ has lo/ inde$ all its special s5ses1 except ,t\*1 b x /ill brea!s1 /ruggles :5 grasp$1 ?ru/s aside ! p9c]s :i* irritate x1 or wipes away acid dropp$ on its sk94 ,if ! eye be lightly t\*$1 ! eyelid closes2 if ! t\* be repeat$ ?ree or f\r times1 ! =eleg is rais$ to pu% ! irritant away2 if /ill repeat$1 ! head is turn$ aside2 b h[ev] prolong$ ! irritation1 ! frog nei!r hops1 nor crawls away1 z he does :5 ! c]ebellum rema9s4 ,place ! bra9less frog on 8 back1 & if ! m$ulla oblongata rema9s he w at once rega9 ! normal position2 b if t "p is abs5t he w lie helpless on 8 back4 ,! p[] ( pres]v+ equilibrium 9 difficult positions--:i* ( c\rse implies a nice co-ord9ation ( muscles--resides 9 ! s-call$ optic lobes ( ! frog 7:at 9 mammals are call$ ! corpora quadrigem9a74 #cg4 ,) ! de/ruction ( ea* "p ( ! c5tral mass !re w necess>ily be "s di/urbance ( ! me*anism2 b difficult z may be ! task ( detect+ by exp]im5t :at is ! normal action ( any "o "p1 !re ought to be no hesitation 9 recogniz+ ! p]si/5ce ( functions aft] c]ta9 p>ts are de/roy$4 ,! sp9al cord is anatomically kn[n to be ! c5tre f :i* ! limbs1 trunk1 & g5ito-ur9>y organs are inn]vat$4 ,s long z ! me*anism ( ! actions involv+ su* organs is intact1 no removal ( o!r p>ts w prev5t ?is me*anism f exhibit+ its normal action4 ,!re may inde$ arise1 & !re has aris51 ! d\bt :e!r ,s5sibility is involv$ 9 ! action ( any n]ve c5tre bel[ ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,b ?is d\bt is f\nd$ on ! traditional hypo!sis respect+ ! seat ( ,s5sation1 & is flagrantly at v>iance ) ! logical conclusions ( ,anatomy & ,exp]im5t4 #ch4 ,anatomy %[s t ! /ructure ( ! sp9al cord is 9 all ess5tial *>act]s ! same z t ( ! m$ulla oblongata2 & inde$ t ! :ole c5tral axis has "o cont9u\s tissue1 some:at v>i\sly arrang$1 & 9 relation ) v>i\s organs4 ,abundant ,exp]im5t has %[n t ! sp9al cord1 ap>t f ! encephalon1 is capable ( act+ z a s5sorial & volitional c5tre4 ,! /rik+ facts advanc$ by ,pflg]1 ,au]ba*1 & myself1 h n be5 impugn$2#id b _! int]pretation has be5 g5]ally reject$4 ,we %[$ t a bra9less frog respond$ to /imulation 9 actions :i* bore s close a resemblance to actions admitt$ to be s5sorial & volitional--%[$ ! frog adapt+ itself to new conditions1 & acquir+ dext]ity 9 execut+ actions :i* at fir/ 7 impossible or difficult1 devis+ comb9ations to effect a purpose :i* nev] by any possibility c\ld h =m$ "p ( its habits--manife/+1 9 a ^w1 su* signs ( ,s5sibility1 t no "o witness+ ! exp]im5ts c\ld hesitate z to ! int]pretation1 _h he n be5 biass$ by ! traditions ( ! s*ools4 #ci4 ,our oppon5ts argu$ t 9 spite ( all appe>ances !re 7 pr(\nd diff]5ces betwe5 ! actions ( ! normal & ! bra9less animal1 & t ! latt] 7 due simply to ,reflex ,action4 ,i also insi/ on pr(\nd diff]5ces2 b und]ly+ ^! !re are fundam5tal id5tities4 ,z to ! ,reflex ,action1 two po9ts w h]eaft] be br\ght =w>d3 #a1 t all c5tral action is reflex1 ! c]ebral no less ?an ! sp9al2 #b1 t ! hypo!sis ( ,reflex ,action be+ purely me*anical1 & di/+ui%$ f ,volunt>y ,action 9 n involv+ ,s5sibility1 is an hypo!sis :i* mu/ be rel9qui%$4 #dj4 ,po/pon+1 h[ev]1 all discussion ( ^! po9ts1 let me "h say t ! doctr9e ma9ta9$ 9 ^! pages is t ! :ole c]ebro-sp9al axis is a c5tre ( ,reflexion1 its v>i\s segm5ts tak+ "p 9 ! p]=mance ( diff]5t k9ds ( comb9$ action4 ,x has "o common prop]ty1 ,s5sibility2 & diff]5t p>ts ( x m9i/] to diff]5t functions--! optic c5tre be+ diff]5t f ! auditory1 ! c]ebral f ! sp9al2 & s on4 ,to make ?is intelligible1 h[ev]1 we mu/ fir/ le>n :at is kn[n respect+ ! prop]ties ( n]ve-tissue4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,neurility4 #da4 ,obs]vation hav+ f\nd t ! activity ( a n]ve 0 always foll[$ by a s5sation :5 ! n]ve end$ 9 a c5tre1 & by a movem5t :5 ! n]ve end$ 9 a muscle1 ,!ory 0 call$ ^u to disclose ! nature ( ?is peculi> prop]ty ( n]ves4 ,t a peculi> & my/]i\s p[] did act 9 ! n]ves no "o d\bt$2 ! only d\bt 0 z to its nature4 ,! anci5t hypo!sis ( ,animal ,spirits seem$ all t 0 ne$$4 ,! spirits c\rs$ along ! n]ves1 & obey$ ! m&ates ( ! ,s\l4 ,:5 ?is hypo!sis fell into discr$it1 its place 0 successively tak5 by ! hypo!ses ( ,n]v\s ,fluid1 ,electricity1 & ,n]ve ,=ce4 ,! ,fluid1 ?\gh nev] manife/$ to ,s5se1 0 firmly believ$ 91 ev5 s late z ! days ( ,cuvi]2#ie b :5 ! s-call$ electrical curr5ts 7 detect$ 9 n]ves1 & ! n]v\s ph5om5a 7 %[n to resemble electrical ph5om5a1 !re 0 a g5]al agreem5t 9 adopt+ ! electrical hypo!sis4 ,! bra9 !n took ! place ( a galvanic batt]y2 ! n]ves 7 its electrodes4 #db4 ,clos] comp>ison ( ! ph5om5a detect$ v>i\s irreconcilable diff]5ces1 :i*1 if !y prov$ no?+ else1 prov$ t n]ve-action took place "u conditions s special z to dem& a special designation4 ,electricity itself is s little und]/ood1 t until its nature is m precisely kn[n1 we _c confid5tly say m ?an t n]ve-action resembles electrical-action2 mean:ile ! speciality ( neural conditions r5d]s all d$uction illusory :i* is bas$ on electrical-action z obs]v$ "u o!r conditions4 ,9 pres5ce ( ^! difficulties1 cauti\s physiologi/s cont5t !mselves ) assign+ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a to ! obs]v$ & inf]r$ conditions1 cond5s+ ^! 9 ! conv5i5t symbol 8n]ve-=ce10 )\t pret5d+ to any specification ( ! nature ( t =ce4 ,x may be a wave ( molecul> movem5t dep5d5t on isometric *ange or on metamorphic *ange4 ,x may be ! lib]ation ( molecul> t5sion resembl+ electricity2 x may be electricity itself4 ,b :atev] ! nature ( ! *ange1 x is an activity ( ! tissue1 & z su* comes "u ! g5]al dynamic conception ( ,=ce or ,en]gy4 #dc4 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m has no?+ equivocal or obscure4 ,x is a %or?& expression symboliz+ c]ta9 well-def9$ obs]vations4 ,nev]!less1 x is a t]m :i* we %all d well to avoid :5 possible1 & to replace by ano!r hav+ less dang] ( mis9t]pretation2 ! reason be+ t ,=ce has become a sort ( %ibbole?1 & a w-o'-wisp to speculative m9ds4 ,all t we "k ( ,=ce is ,motion4 ,b ?is is too meagre = metempirical ?9k]s1 :o disda9 ! famili> exp]i5ces express$ 9 ! t]m ,motion1 & dem& a transc5d5t cause 8to acc\nt0 = :at is obs]v$4 ,!y seek an entity to acc\nt = ! fact4 ,motion is a v def9ite conception1 express+ precise exp]i5ces2 we "k :at x means1 & "k t ! laws ( mov+ bodies admit ( ! nice/ calculation4 ,a simil> precision belongs to ,=ce :5 und]/ood z 8mass accel]ation10 or ,m ,v4 ,b ?is does n cont5t ^? metaphysicians :o und]/& by ,=ce 8! unkn[n reality beh9d ! ph5om5a0--! cause ( ,motion4 ,?is cause !y refuse to recognize 9 "s antec$5t motion 7:at ,i h t]m$ a 8diff]5tial pressure071 b dem& = x a physical or metaphysical ag5t3 ! physical ag5t be+ a subtle fluid ( ! nature ( ,e!r1 or a n]ve atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! molecules2 ! metaphysical ag5t be+ a ,_s or aggregate ( ,s\l-atoms4 ,! second alt]native we may decl9e "h to discuss4 ,! fir/ alt]native is n only a pure fiction1 b "o :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! demon/rable velocity ( ! neural process1 :i* is n great] ?an ! pace ( a greyh\nd1 :]eas ! velocities ( light & electricity are enorm\sly beyond ?is4 ,x is inconsi/5t also ) ! obs]vation t a mu* feebl] curr5t ( electricity is requisite = ! /imulation ( a muscle ?r\gh its n]ve ?an :5 directly appli$ to ! muscle3 a pro( t ! n]ve does n act solely by transmission ( electricity--unless we gratuit\sly assume t ! n]ve is a multiplicator4 ,:5 x is said t ! liv+ n]ve is incessantly lib]at+ ,=ce :i* c be communicat$ to o!r tissues1 ! /atem5t is acceptable only if we reject ! metaphysical conceptions x w too g5]ally sugge/--! conceptions ( ,=ce z an entity1 & ( its be+ pass$ f "o object to ano!r l an arr[ %ot f a b[4 ,! physical int]pretation simply says t ! molecules ( ! n]ve are incessantly vibrat+1 & ) v>y+ sweep2 ^! vibrations1 :5 ( a c]ta9 en]gy1 w set go+ vibrations 9 ano!r sub/ance by di/urb+ ! t5sion ( its molecules1 z ! vibrations ( heat w di/urb ! t5sion ( ! gunp[d] molecules1 & set !m sweep+ ) great] en]gy3 ?is is ! communication ( ! =ce4 ,j z we say t a magnet communicates magnetic =ce to a bit ( iron1 ?\gh all we mean is t ! magnet has s alt]$ ! molecul> condition ( ! iron z to h giv5 x ! movem5ts call$ magnetism--9 %ort1 has excit$ 9 ! iron ! dormant prop]ty ( becom+ magnetic--s we say ! n]ve communicates its =ce to ! muscle1 excit+ 9 ! muscle its dormant prop]ty ( contraction4 ,b 9 tru? no?+ has pass$ f magnet to iron1 or f n]ve to muscle4 #dd4 ,d :at we w1 h[ev]1 !re is always1 9 ! pres5t condition ( philosophical *aos1 ! dang] ( be+ misund]/ood :5 we employ ! t]m ,n]ve-=ce2 & ,i h propos$ ! t]m ,neurility z an escape f ! mislead+ sugge/ions4 ,x is a symbol express+ ! g5]al prop]ty ( n]ve-tissue4 ,= reasons pres5tly to be /at$1 ,i re/rict ,neurility to ! p]iph]al sy/em1 employ+ ,s5sibility = ! c5tral sy/em4 ,! excit$ muscle manife/s its special prop]ty ( ,contractility2 ! excit$ n]ve manife/s its special prop]ty ( ,neurility2 ! excit$ c5tre manife/s its special prop]ty ( ,s5sibility4#if ,! t]ms are simply descriptive1 & c>ry ) !m no hypo!sis z to :at ,neurility is 9 its hidd5 process1 nor h[ ,s5sibility arises 9 a n]ve-c5tre1 & n else:]e4 ,we "k t a /imulat$ muscle contracts1 & we express ! fact by assign+ to muscul> tissue ! prop]ty ( ,contractility4 ,we "k t a /imulat$ n]ve translates an impulse f "o po9t to ano!r1 & excites ! muscle to contract2 & we express ! fact by assign+ to n]ve-tissue ! prop]ty ( transmitt+ /imulation1 :i* is fur!r specifi$1 z unlike o!r transmissions1 by ! t]m ,neurility4 #de4 ,:at is ! mean+ atta*$ to ! t]m ,prop]ty1 & h[ x is di/+ui%$ f ,function1 has be5 already exp\nd$ 9 ,problem #a1 #ha-f4 ,!re also 0 laid d[n ! pr9ciple ( id5tity ( /ructure imply+ id5tity ( prop]ty4 ,inasmu* z obs]vation reveals a fundam5tal simil>ity 9 ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s tissue ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 we mu/ conclude ! exi/5ce ( a fundam5tal simil>ity 9 ! prop]ty ( t tissue3 a conclusion confirm$ by obs]vation4 ,!re is a correspond+ agreem5t 9 ! organs & functions2 s t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ on an insect may be v]ifi$ on a mammal4 ,ev]y:]e n]ve-tissue has c]ta9 *>act]s 9 common1 accompani$ by v>iations 9 ! degree & mode ( manife/ation correspond+ ) v>iations 9 /ructure & connection4 ,obvi\s z ! fact is1 we mu/ emphasize ! great v>iety :i* accompanies ! und]ly+ uni=mity1 = ?is is recognizable bo? 9 ! individual organism & 9 ! animal k+dom at l>ge4 ,ev5 su* seem+ly individual t]ms z n]ve-cell & n]ve-fibre are 9 tru? g5]ic2 & ! description :i* accurately repres5ts "o cell or fibre ne$s modify+ = o!rs4 ,prop]ties are g5]aliz$ expressions2 !y result f ! composition1 ! /ructure1 & ! texture ( a sub/ance4 ,?us "o b> ( iron may diff] f ano!r ( equal bulk 9 be+ m or less cry/all9e 9 /ructure1 ?\gh hav+ ! same composition & ! same texture4 ,?is diff]5ce w modify ! mode ( manife/ation ( ! iron-prop]ties4 ,ca/-iron pill>s1 = example1 w support1 z a ro(1 a weight :i* w\ld break !m if susp5d$2 wr\ght-iron pill>s ( simil> bulk w be> a weight susp5d$ :i* w\ld cru% !m z a ro(4 ,yet bo? ca/ & wr\ght iron pill>s h ! same prop]ties1 because !y h ! same composition & simil> /ructure2 ! v>iation ( /ructure only produc+ a diff]5ce 9 ! modes4 ,texture may also v>y4 ,! b> ( iron may be beat5 into a plate1 roll$ into a cyl9d]1 or split into wire-"w1 )\t any *ange 9 its prop]ties1 b ) m>k$ diff]5ces 9 its modes ( manife/ation1 & 9 ! uses to :i* x may be appli$4 ,^! uses are ( c\rse dep5d5t on ! connections e/abli%$ betwe5 ! iron & o!r ?+s4 ,9 ,physiology1 uses are call$ functions4 #df4 ,n]ve-tissue mu/ be und]/ood z hav+ ev]y:]e ! same g5]al ,prop]ty4 ,9 "o animal & 9 ano!r1 9 "o "p & 9 ano!r1 ,neurility is ! same 9 k9d1 b n ev]y:]e manife/+ ! same degree1 nor appli$ to ! same ,function4 ,! composition ( n]ve-tissue v>ies1 b n m ?an ! composition ( all o!r organiz$ sub/ances2 ! /ructure is v>iable1 b only )9 a small range2 ! texture also2 :ile ! connections are v v>i\s4 ,h5ce1 :atev] ! v>iations 9 composition or /ructure1 ! n]ve-fibre has ev]y:]e "o fundam5tal prop]ty1 :i* 9 connection ) a muscle has ! functional activity ( excit+ contraction2 9 connection ) a gl& ( excit+ secretion2 & 9 connection ) a c5tre ( excit+ reflexion4#ig #dg4 ,_h a cle> idea ( ,function z dep5d5t on connexion be5 pres5t to _! m9ds c]ta9 physiologi/s w\ld h>dly h rais$ ! mirage ( 8,n]ve-=ce10 a my/]i\s entity end[$ ) 8specific en]gies10 & capable ( produc+ vital & psy*ical ph5om5a by an occult process2 nor w\ld o!rs h be5 l$ to ! mon/r\s hypo!sis ( p>ticul> n]ve-cells be+ end[$ ) ?\ght1 in/9ct1 & volition4 ,!y w\ld h s\ght an explanation ( functions 9 ! comb9$ prop]ties ( ! co-op]ant organs & tissues4 ,!y w\ld n h end[$ "o n]ve ) ,s5sibility1 & ano!r n]ve ( id5tical /ructure ) ,motility2#ih "o n]ve ) a motor prop]ty1 & ano!r ) ! opposite prop]ty ( inhibition4 ,!y w\ld h se5 t all n]ves h ! same prop]ty1 b diff]5t uses :5 9 diff]5t connexions4 #dh4 ,?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom we see movem5t foll[+ on /imulation4 ,/imulation may be def9$ ! *ange ( molecul> equilibrium4 ,! /imulation ( a muscle is produc$ indirectly ?r\gh a *ange 9 ! n]ve1 or directly ?r\gh a *ange 9 ! muscle itself4 ,9 ! simple/ organisms !re is no trace ( n]ve-tissue2 b _! sub/ance manife/s ,irritability 7or z x is (t5 call$ ,s5sibility72 & a /imulus to "o "p is propagat$ ?r\gh\t--! :ole body moves :5 t\*$4 ,ev5 9 ,polypes1 :]e !re is ! beg9n+ ( a diff]5tiation1 ! motion is sl[ly propagat$ f "o "p to ! re/4 ,a s+le t5tacle retracts :5 t\*$2 b ! movem5t r>ely ends !re2 x is sl[ly communicat$ f "o t5tacle to ! o!r1 & f !m to ! :ole mass4 ,t\*+ ! body1 h[ev]1 w n1 if ! t\* be slight1 cause ! t5tacles to move2 s t we see "h a beg9n+ ( t pr9ciple ( specialization :i* is s manife/ 9 ! high] organisms3 ! t5tacles h become ! specially s5sitive p>ts4 ,asc5d+ high] 9 ! scale ( organisms we f9d ^? :i* habitually move p>ticul> p>ts )\t at ! same "t necess>ily mov+ ! re/2 & ?is indep5d5ce ( p>ts1 accompany+ a m p]fect cons5sus1 we f9d to be develop$ p>i passu ) a n]v\s sy/em4 ,an imm5se v>iety ( "p-movem5ts1 ) v>y+ comb9ations ( su* movem5ts1 is ! physiological expression ( ! m complex n]v\s sy/em4 #dh a4 ,def]r+ :at has to be said ( ,s5sibility till ! next *apt]1 we may "h t\* on its relation to ,irritability1 :i* is (t5 us$ z its synonym4 ,objectively x _c be di/+ui%$ f ,irritability1 nor inde$ f ! mo/ g5]al ph5om5on ( reaction "u /imulation2 9 ?is x is an univ]sal prop]ty4 ,b subjectively x is di/+ui%able z a peculi> mode ( reaction1 only kn[n 9 n]ve-tissues4 ,:ile all tissues are irritable1 & react on be+ /imulat$1 ea* tissue has its special mode ( reaction4 ,! secret+-cell reacts diff]5tly f ! muscle-cell4 ,! reaction ( ! n]ve is ! inn]vation ( a c5tre or a muscle2 ! reaction ( an inn]vat$ c5tre is s5sation2 ( a muscle1 contraction4 ,!re are ?ree aspects ( neural reaction3 excitation1 propagation ( ! di/urbance1 & inn]vation4 ,! fir/ is express$ by irritability1 ! second by conductibility1 ! ?ird by s5sibility2 b ^! are only artificial di/9ctions 9 ! g5]al ph5om5on ( transmitt$ excitation4 ,! n]ve sub/ance is specially di/+ui%$ by its in/ability ( molecul> equilibrium2 x und]goes *emical *ange ) a read9ess comp>able to t ( explosive sub/ances4 ,h5ce its facility ( propagation ( di/urbance4 ,!re is irritability & propagation ( di/urbance 9 muscul> tissue1 notably evid5t 9 ! cont9u\s tissue ( ! he>t1 inte/9es1 & uret]2 b ! propagation is sl[ & diffusive2 :]eas 9 ! n]ve x is rapid1 & re/rict$ along a def9ite pa?4 ,by ?is rapidity & re/riction ! =ce ( ! impact is increas$2 & ?us a slight /imulus appli$ to ! n]ve is capable ( di/urb+ ! /ate ( ! muscle4 #di4 ,?us :ile molecul> movem5t is a fundam5tal condition ( ,vitality1 & is incessant ?r\gh\t organiz$ sub/ance1 ! massive movem5ts ( ! organism1 & ! movem5ts ( p>ticul> p>ts1 are ! direct$ quantities ( ?is molecul> agitation4 ,!y are due to /imulation4 ,we di/+ui% ?is f me*anical impulsion4 ,x is a vital process involv+ molecul> *ange2 x is n simply ! communication ( motion f )\t1 b ! excitation ( motion )94 ,x is n l ! bl[ :i* m]ely displaces an object1 b l ! bl[ :i* di/urbs its molecul> equilibrium4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 dep5ds on ?is molecul> condition3 ! bl[ :i* scatt]s a heap ( gunp[d] w explode a fulm9at+ salt1 & ?is1 9 explod+1 w excite ! gunp[d] to explode4 ,! /imulus :i* is too feeble to excite contraction 9 a muscle w be p[]ful en\gh to excite ! neurility ( a n]ve1 & t w excite ! contractility ( ! muscle4 ,! n]ve-=ce is simply neural /imulus4 ,x acts ^u ! o!r tissues z ! nitrog5\s salt ^u ! gunp[d]4 ,al?\gh x is n[ common to speak ( n]ves z transmitt+ waves ( molecul> motion1 & to reg>d n]ves z ! passive m$ium = ! 8transf]5ce ( =ce10 :]eby ! =ce is ?us made an ab/ract entity1 we mu/ always rememb] t su* phrases are metaphors1 & t ! tru] expression w be n 8transf]5ce ( =ce10 b ! 8propagation ( excitation40 ,i mean t x is n ! =ce ( ! impact nor its en]gy :i* a n]ve transmits1 x is ! vibratory *ange produc$ 9 ! n]ve by ! impact1 :i* excites ano!r *ange 9 ! organ to :i* ! n]ve goes4 ,we "k by accurate measurem5ts t ! excitation ( a n]ve la/s mu* long] ?an ! /imulus1 a mom5t>y impact produc+ an endur+ agitation4 ,we "k also t ! excitation ( a c5tre la/s long] ?an ! muscul> contraction x has initiat$4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t a n]ve may be totally incapable ( conduct+ an ext]nal /imulus1 yet q capable ( conduct+ a c5tral /imulus2 7 x a passive conductor l a wire ?is w\ld n be s4#ii #ej4 ,! n]ve is ess5tially an excit] ( *ange1 & !reby a regulator4 ,a muscle 9 action does n appreciably det]m9e action 9 any o!r 7except 9 ! comp>atively r>e cases ( ana/omos+ muscles72 a secret+ cell does n propagate its excitation to o!rs4 ,! n]ve1 on ! contr>y1 n only propagates its excitation1 & awak5s ! activity ( ! muscle or gl& ) :i* x is connect$1 b ?r\gh ! c5tre affects ! :ole organism-- 8,e9 ,s*lag taus5d ,v]b9dung5 s*lgt40 ,?us x is t /imulation :i* 9 ! simpl] organisms 0 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! protoplasm1 has 9 ! complex organisms become ! specializ$ prop]ty ( a p>ticul> tissue4 #ea4 ,two g5]al facts ( supreme importance mu/ n[ be /at$3 ,"o is ! law ( /imulation--e excitation pursues ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! second is ! condition ( /imulation--unlike me*anical impulsion1 x acts only at ins5sible di/ances4 #eb4 ,?is means t al?\gh a n]ve may be excit$ by any /imulus ext]nal to x :i* *anges its molecul> condition1 no propagation ( t *ange 7i4 e4 no /imulation ?r\gh ! n]ve7 is possible except ?r\gh cont9uity ( sub/ance4 ,m]e physical contact suffices to excite ! n]ve2 b if !re be an int]ruption ( cont9uity 9 ! n]ve itself1 no /imulus-wave passes across t l9e4 ,cut a n]ve1 & br+ ! divid$ surfaces once m into close contact1 !re w /ill be su* a solution ( cont9uity z to arre/ ! /imulus-wave1 m]e physical contact n suffic+ = ! propagation4 ,:]eas across ! cut ends ( a divid$ n]ve1 ev5 visibly sep>at$1 ! electric curr5t easily passes4 ,?is necessity = ! vital cont9uity ( tissue 9 ! propagation ( /imulation mu/ always be borne 9 m9d4 ,! pres5ce ( a membrane1 h[ev] delicate1 or ( any tissue hav+ a diff]5t molecul> con/itution1 suffices to arre/ or div]t ! wave4 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t x is absolutely indisp5sable t a n]ve %\ld t]m9ate 9 & bl5d ) a muscle or a c5tre1 o!rwise no /imulation ( muscle or c5tre w take place ?r\gh ! n]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 #ec4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 excitation f contact & /imulation f cont9uity may be ?us illu/rat$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ac we see ! legs ( a frog atta*$ to ! sp9e by ! lumb> n]ves 7l71 & ly+ on ! muscles 7m7 ( "o leg is ! n]ve 7c7 ( ano!r frog's leg4 ,apply+ ! electrodes to 7l71 ! muscles 7m7 are viol5tly contract$2 n only s1 b _! contraction excites ! o!r n]ve 7c71 & ! leg atta*$ to ?is n]ve is !reby ?r[n into contraction4 ,?is 8second>y contraction10 z ,dubois ,reymond calls x1 might be suppos$ to be due to a diffusion ( ! electrical curr5t2 b t x is due to a *ange 9 ! muscles 7m7 is prov$ by delicate exp]im5ts %[+ t ! movem5ts 9 ! deta*$ leg are ( precisely ! same k9d z ^? 9 ! legs directly /imulat$4 ,if !re is only a muscul> %ock 9 ! "o case1 !re is only a muscul> %ock 9 ! o!r2 if !re is tetanus 9 ! "o1 !re is tetanus 9 ! o!r2 if ! muscles ( ! fir/ leg are fatigu$ & respond sl[ly & feebly1 ! response ( ! second is sl[ & feeble4 ,moreov]1 ! second>y contraction may be produc$ by *emical or me*anical /imulus1 z well z by ! electrical4 #ed4 ,al?\gh ! contraction ( a muscle is ?us se5 to be capable ( excit+ a n]ve 9 contact ) x1 ! rev]se is n true3 we c produce no contraction 9 a muscle by excit+ a n]ve simply 9 contact ) ! muscle1 & n p5etrat+ its tissue & t]m9at+ !re4 ,accord+ly we always f9d a n]ve :5 ab\t to ent] a muscle or a c5tre los+ its protect+ envelopes2 x gradually becomes id5tifi$ z a protoplasmic ?read ) ! protoplasm ( ! muscle or ! c5tre4 #ee4 ,neurility1 !n1 is ! propagation ( molecul> *ange4 ,two (fices are subs]v$ by ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* may respectively be call$ ,excitation--! di/urbance ( molecul> t5sion 9 tissues1 & consequ5t lib]ation ( _! en]gies2 & ,co-ord9ation--! direction ( ^! sev]al en]gies into comb9$ actions4 ,?us1 :5 ! muscle is 9 a giv5 /ate ( molecul> t5sion1 ! /imulation ( its n]ve w *ange t /ate1 caus+ x to contract if x be 9 repose4 ,b ?is /imulation1 :i* w ?us cause a contraction1 w be arre/$1 if at ! same "t a m p[]ful /imulation rea*es ! antagoni/ muscle1 or "s di/ant c5tre3 !n ! muscle only t5ds to contract4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,n]ve-,,=ce4 #ef4 ,aft] ?is brief acc\nt ( ,neurility we may pass to ! consid]ation ( its orig94 ,are we to und]/& t ?is prop]ty belongs to ! n]ves !mselves 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,contractility belongs to ! muscles8 or are we to accept ! tea*+ :i* assigns ! orig9 ( 8n]ve-=ce0 to ! ganglia1 & reg>ds ! n]ves simply z passive conductors ( a =ce develop$ 9 ! cells8 #eg4 ,x is n[ _m ye>s s9ce ,i v5tur$ to criticise ! reign+ doctr9e1 & to urge ! necessity ,( consi/5tly c>ry+ out ! di/9ction betwe5 ,prop]ty & ,function4 ,i call$ att5tion to ! positive evid5ce :i* contradict$ ! idea ( passive conduction2 & po9t$ out ! illusory nature ( ! favorite analogy1 9 :i* ganglia 7 lik5$ to batt]ies1 & n]ves to ! conduct+ wires4 ,b ! old image /ill ex]ts its empire2 & writ]s are /ill f\nd speak+ ( ! bra9 z a telegraphic bureau1 ! ganglia z /ations1 & ! n]ves z wires4 ,9 ! cells ( ! gray sub/ance !y place a con/antly r5ew+ res]voir ( n]ve-=ce4 ,!re ! =ce is elaborat$1 /or$ up1 & f !nce direct$ along ! n]ves4 ,! s5sory n]ve 8transmits an impression to ! bra90--z ! wire transmits a message to ! bureau4 ,! motor n]ve1 9 turn1 8transmits ! m&ates ( ! w0--& all is cle>6 ,cle>1 until we come to translate metaphors into visible facts1 or try to conjure up "s m5tal image ( ! process4 ,= myself1 ,i c only conceive n]ve-=ce z ! activity ( ! n]ve1 & n ( some?+ else4 ,?is becomes /ill m evid5t :5 ,i f9d t ! activity is equally manife/ aft] its imag9>y s\rce has be5 remov$4 ,transmitt+ impressions1 or messages1 implies z a prelim9>y t !re %\ld be an impressible ag5t1 or a message-s5d]1 at ! p]iph]y4 ,no "o supposes t simply t\*+ "o end ( a wire w\ld s5d an 8impression0 or a 8message0 to ! batt]y2 or t )\t ! batt]y ?is t\* w\ld evolve a curr5t4 ,! batt]y is indisp5sable2 9 x is evolv$ ! curr5t :i* ! wire transmits4 ,n s ! ganglion1 or bra94 ,remove ! wire f its connection ) ! batt]y1 & x is a bit ( wire1 no?+ m4 ,b remove a n]ve f its connection ) a ganglion1 & x is /ill active z n]ve1 /ill displays its ,neurility :5 excit$1 /ill moves ! muscle z be=e4 ,! amputat$ limb w move :5 its n]ves are /imulat$1 j z :5 a reflex f its c5tre mov$ x4 ,e "o knew ! fact2 x 0 />+ !m 9 ! face1 yet !y disreg>d$ x4 ,ev5 ! old anatomi/1 ,willis1 _h record$ exp]im5ts :i* ought to h op5$ _! eyes4 ,he ti$ ! phr5ic n]ve1 & f\nd t1 :5 he irritat$ x bel[ ! ligature1 ! diaphragm mov$2 b :5 he irritat$ x above ! ligature1 no movem5t foll[$4 ,s9ce 8 days1 ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts h %[n t ! pres5ce ( a ganglion is n necess>y to ! action ( a n]ve4#ajj #eh4 ,( c\rse an explanation 0 ready4 ,! n]ve 0 said to h be5 8end[$ ) =ce0 f its ganglion dur+ _! vital connection2 & ?is =ce1 /or$ up 9 ! n]ve1 0 disposable = "s "t aft] sep>ation f ! ganglion4 ,we ne$ n pause to criticise ?is mi/y conception ( "o "p 8end[+0 ano!r ) =ce2 ! pla9 facts af=d ! be/ answ]4 ,!re seem$1 inde$1 a confirmation ( ! hypo!sis 9 ! fact t al?\gh ! n]ve sep>at$ f its ganglion 0 capable ( excitation1 yet aft] a few excitations x 0 exhau/$1 & ceas$ to /imulate ! muscle4 ,x seem$ l ! piece ( magnetiz$ iron :i* w\ld act z a tempor>y magnet1 ?\gh quickly los+ ?is borr[$ p[]4 ,b ! :ole fabric fell--or ought to h fall5--:5 ext5d$ obs]vation discov]$ t ?is exhau/$ n]ve w\ld1 if left 9 repose1 recov] its lo/ p[]4 ,a n]ve pres]ves its excitability z long z x pres]ves its /ructural integrity1 & recov]s its p[] 9 recov]+ t integrity4 ,! l5g? ( "t v>ies4#aja ,gratiolet f\nd ! muscles 9 ! leg ( a tortoise1 :i* _h be5 amputat$ a week be=e1 contract :5 ! n]ves 7 irritat$2 & ,s*iff f\nd ! divid$ n]ve ( a w9t] frog excitable at ! end ( ?ree weeks4 ,ev5 aft] all excitability has disappe>$1 x w reappe> if art]ial blood be inject$2 j z muscles :i* h already begun to assume cadav]ic rigidity recov] _! contractility aft] transfusion4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! sep>at$ n]ve f9ally deg5]ates1 & loses all its /ructural *>act]s & physiological prop]ties2 yet "u favorable conditions x w reg5]ate--recov] its /ructures & prop]ties2 & ?is ev5 ap>t f a c5tre1 z ,vulpian %[$4 ,v noticeable is ! fact t ! =ce said to be produc$ 9 ! c5tre1 & only 8convey$0 by ! n]ve1 vani%es gradually f ! c5tre to ! p]iph]y1 & recov]s f ! p]iph]y to ! c5tre--! "p ( ! n]ve :i* is f>!/ f ! c5tre be+ excitable :5 ! "p ne>e/ ! c5tre is /ill inexcitable4 ,aga91 :5 a n]ve is p9*$1 contraction 9 ! muscle foll[s2 b ! p9* has = a "t s di/urb$ ! /ructural integrity ( ! n]ve 7at t spot7 t no irritant appli$ to ! spot1 or betwe5 x & ! c5tre1 w be foll[$ by contraction1 :]eas bel[ ! spot an irritation takes effect4 ,?is is ano!r =m ( ! exp]im5t ( ,willis4 ,ev5 9 its normal /ate1 ! n]ve has diff]5t degrees ( excitability 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its c\rse1--a fact discov]$ by ,pflg] :i* is q irreconcilable ) ! hypo!sis ( passive conduction4 ,d\bts h be5 ?r[n on ,pflg]'s int]pretation1#ajb namely1 t !re is an avalan*e-l accumulation ( en]gy proportionate to ! l5g? ( ! /imulat$ portion2 b ! fact rema9s1 t "o & ! same irritant appli$ successively to two diff]5t po9ts ( a n]ve does n irritate ! muscle 9 ! same degree4 ,munk also f9ds ! velocity ( transmission 9 a motor n]ve increases z x approa*es its t]m9ation 9 ! muscle4#ajc #ei4 ,no?+ c be m unlike ! conduction ( an electric curr5t ?an ?is excitation ( ,neurility2 no?+ m accordant ) ! idea ( x z a vital prop]ty ( ! tissue4 ,! notion ( its be+ d]iv$ f a c5tre is on a p> ) ! notion fir/ successfully combat$ by ,hall]1#ajd t ! muscle d]iv$ its ,contractility f ! n]ves2 or ! analog\s notion t ! electric organ 9 fi%es d]iv$ its prop]ty f ! bra94 ,inde$1 x 0 9 support ( ! hypo!sis t ! bra9 0 a batt]y1 & n]ves ! conductors1 t ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 electrical fi%es 7 frequ5tly cit$4 ,! electric organ 0 se5 to be connect$ ) ! bra92 its dis*>ges 7 "u ! control ( ! animal1 & 7 de/roy$ on "o side :5 ! bra9 on ! correspond+ side 0 de/roy$4 ,b ,*>les ,rob9 long ago sugge/$1 :at inde$ ought nev] to h be5 d\bt$1 t ! bra9 0 n ! s\rce ( ! electricity2 b t ! tissue ( ! electric organ itself _h ?is special prop]ty1 :i* ! n]ve m]ely call$ into activity4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 exp]im5tally v]ifi$ by ,m4 ,moreau1 :o divid$ all ! n]ves supply+ ! electric organ on "o side1 &1 hav+ ?us cut (f all communication ) ! bra91 produc$ electrical dis*>ges by irritat+ ! n]ves2 precisely z ! muscles are made to contract :5 ! divid$ n]ves are irritat$4 ,_h ! exp]im5t ceas$ "h1 x might h be5 int]pret$ on ! old hypo!sis3 ! electric organ might be suppos$ to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( electric =ce cond5s$ 9 x1 /or$ up !re1 z x is said to be 9 ! n]ves1 & dis*>g$ :5 ! organ is irritat$4 ,b exp]im5t has decid$ ?is po9t also4 ,electric fi%es notori\sly exhau/ _! p[] by a few dis*>ges1 & recov] x aft] repose4 ,:5 ,m4 ,moreau _h exhau/$ 8 mutilat$ fi%es1 he replac$ !m 9 ! wat]1 & all[$ !m repose4 ,on aga9 irritat+ ! divid$ n]ves1 ! dis*>ges 7 aga9 produc$4#aje #fj4 ,on all sides ! idea ( n]ves d]iv+ _! p[] f ano!r s\rce ?an _! own sub/ance is se5 to be unt5able4 ,a priori ?is might h be5 conclud$4 ,neurility is ! vital prop]ty ( n]ve-tissue4 8,n]ve-=ce0 is n]ve-action--molecul> *anges 9 ! n]ve itself1 n 9 "s remote sub/ance4 ,t n]ve & c5tre are vitally connect$ is true2 & :at _! physiological relations are w h]eaft] be exam9$2 b we mu/ dismiss ! idea ( n]ves hav+ ! relation to c5tres t electrodes h to batt]ies4 #fa4 ,9 propos+ ! t]m ,neurility1 ,i n only wi%$ to get rid ( ! ambiguities :i* hov]$ r\nd 8n]ve-=ce0 & 8n]ve-curr5t10 b to recall ! physiological pr9ciple t prop]ties are dep5d5t on /ructures2 & !re=e t ! special prop]ty ( n]ve-tissue is condition$ by its /ructure4 ,neurility is1 ( c\rse1 an ab/raction2 b s is ! n]ve an ab/raction4 ,! concrete manife/ations are ! sev]al n]ve-actions4 ,^! we classify & specify4 ,"o class we call s5sory1 ano!r class motor2 n because ! n]ve-action itself is diff]5t1 b because x is 9 ea* class 9 a diff]5t functional relation to o!r p>ts4 ,9 class+ m5 z gov]nors & gov]n$1 employ]s & employ$1 we d n suppose an?ropological di/9ctions1 b only diff]5ces 9 _! social functions4 #fb4 ,?is is ! modification ( ! ,law ( ,bell to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 #bf4 ,x replaces ! idea ( two diff]5t k9ds ( n]ve1 s5sory & motor1 by t ( two diff]5t anatomical connections4 ,i ne$ n reproduce "h ! argum5t ) :i* ,i =m]ly criticis$ ! suppos$ di/9ction betwe5 s5sory & motor n]ves2 because ! old idea is rapidly fall+ into discr$it1 & physiologi/s s em95t z ,vulpian & ,wundt h explicitly ann\nc$ _! adhesion to ! pr9ciple ( id5tity1--a pr9ciple :i*1 z ,vulpian truly rem>ks1 dom9ates ! :ole physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4#ajf ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,specific ,,en]gies4 #fc4 ,"o developm5t ( ! !ory ( ,bell1 respect+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( n]ve1 has be5 ! /ill accr$it$ hypo!sis t ea* n]ve has a 8specific en]gy10 or quality1 9 virtue ( :i* x acts & reacts only 9 "o way4 ,! optic n]ve1 no matt] h[ /imulat$1 only responds by a s5sation ( color1 ! auditory n]ve only by a s5sation ( s\nd2 & s on4 ,?is hypo!sis1 :i* 7z ,i le>n f a correspond5t7#ajg 0 orig9ally prop\nd$ by ,bell himself1 0 develop$ & made an ,european doctr9e by ,johannes ,mll]1 fir/ 9 8 rem>kable treatise1 b] die phanta/is*5 ,gesi*ts]s*e9ung5 7#ahbf71 & aft]w>ds 9 8 ,physiology4 ,l all good hypo!ses1 x has be5 fruitful2 & ,helmholtz /ill holds x to be ( extraord9>y importance = ! !ory ( p]ception4 ,al?\gh combat$ by a few physiologi/s1 x has kept its place firm 9 ! g5]al acceptance2 no d\bt because x =ms a ready explanation ( ! facts4 ,b1 z ,i (t5 h to rem>k1 explanation is n demon/ration4#ajh #fd4 ,! fir/ criticism to be made on ! hypo!sis is t x commits ! error ( conf\nd+ function ) prop]ty1 assign+ z a specific quality ( ! n]ve ! reaction ( ! organ inn]vat$4 ,?us ,mll] speaks ( ! specific en]gy z 8! ess5tial condition ( ! n]ves 9 virtue ( :i* !y see light & he> s\nd40 ,b ! optic n]ve no m sees1 ?an ! liv]-n]ve secretes bile4 ,t ! optic n]ve is "o elem5t 9 ! me*anism on :i* vision dep5ds1 is all t we c say1 ,mll] decl>es t x is n suffici5t to assume ea* n]ve to be s con/itut$ t x has a susceptibility to c]ta9 /imuli r ?an to o!rs2 b t 8) ,ari/otle we mu/ ascribe to ea* a peculi> en]gy z its vital quality4 ,s5sation10 he adds1 8consi/s 9 ! s5sorium receiv+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! n]ves a k ( c]ta9 qualities1--a condition1 n ( ! ext]nal bodies1 b ( ! n]ves !mselves10--& ^! qualities are diff]5t 9 diff]5t n]ves4 ,9 o!r words1 he assumes a special sub/ance = ea* special en]gy4 ,! s5sation ( color dep5ds on ! special ,visual sub/ance 7,sehs9nsub/anz72 ! s5sation ( s\nd on ! ,auditory sub/ance 7,hrs9nsub/anz72 & s on4 #fe4 ,we h "h an hypo!sis analog\s to t ( ,innate ,ideas1 or a priori ,=ms ( ,?\ght4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only a reproduction ( t conception c>ri$ into ! sph]e ( ,s5se4 ,no "o ?9ks ( assign+ specific en]gies to ! sev]al muscles1 yet a movem5t ( preh5sion is z diff]5t f a movem5t ( ext5sion1 a p]i/altic movem5t is z diff]5t f a movem5t ( occlusion1 z a s5sation ( s\nd is f a s5sation ( color4 ,if movem5t is common to bo? ( ! "o class1 feel+ is common to bo? ( ! o!r3 ! =ms & me*anism are diff]5t & specific4 ,muscles h ! common prop]ty ( contract+ "u /imulation2 :atev] be ! nature ( ! /imulus1 ea* muscle has its own p>ticul> response1 or mode ( reaction3 ! flexor always b5d+1 nev] ext5d+ ! limb2 ! sph9ct] always clos+1 nev] op5+ ! orifice4 ,! movem5ts ( ! he>t are n ! same z ^? ( ! eye2 bo? are unlike ! movem5ts ( ! inte/9e4 ,!re are muscles :i* respond to "s /imuli1 & n to o!rs4 ,^? ( ! eye1 or ( ! vocal *ords1 respond to impulses :i* w\ld leave ! masset] or biceps un/irr$4 ,accord+ to ,m>ey1 ! hyoglossus ( a frog w become tetanic "u a /imulus ( only t5 pulses 9 a second2 :]eas ! ga/rocnemius ( t same frog resi/s a /imulus ( less ?an tw5ty 9 a second4 ,we f9d ! ret9a respond+ to e!real pulses :i* leave ! auditorius unaffect$2 we f9d ! muscles ( a gnat's w+ s exquisitely susceptible t ! w+ beats eight ?\s& times 9 a second1--a delicacy 9 comp>ison ) :i* ev5 our muscles ( ! eye are co>se4 #ff4 ,! facts :i* ! hypo!sis ( specific en]gies is call$ on to expla9 are m consi/5tly int]pret$ on ! admission ( a common prop]ty 9 n]ve-tissue1 manife/+ diff]5t degrees ( excitability1 & ent]+ into diff]5t me*anisms1 s t ! functional results diff]4 ,a n]ve :i* may be /imulat$ f ! sk9 w n respond at all1 or n 9 ! same way1 if ! /imulus be appli$ "u ! sk94 ,are we to suppose t ! specific en]gy resides 9 "o "p ( ! n]ve1 & n 9 ano!r8#aji ,t ! optic n]ve responds to /imuli :i* w n s5sibly excite a motor n]ve1 dep5ds on ! t]m9al /ructures ?r\gh :i* ! /imulation is excit$2 = ! optic n]ve itself1 ap>t f ! ret9al expansion1 is z ins5sible to light z ! motor n]ve is4 ,& ! specific s5sation1 or movem5t1 :i* results f /imulation ( a n]ve dep5ds n on ! n]ve1 b on ! me*anism ( :i* ! n]ve is "o elem5t4 ,s5sations ( t\*1 temp]ature1 & pa9 are assur$ly specific2 !y are z unlike ea* o!r z a s5sation ( ta/e is unlike a s5sation ( smell4 ,yet ! same n]ves1 v>i\sly /imulat$1 produce all ?ree s5sations4 #fg4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! phrase 8specific en]gy0 is an elliptical expression = ! p>ticul> (fice ( a n]ve4 ,9 ?is mean+ !re is no obscurity4 ,! optic n]ve is n a vasomotor n]ve1 ! sk9 n]ve is n a muscle n]ve2 ! auditory n]ve is a n]ve ( special s5sation1 ! vagus is a n]ve ( sy/emic s5sation2 & s on4 ,nei!r movem5t nor s5sation belongs to ! n]ves !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,s5sibility4 #fh4 ,! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] are equally applicable to ! c5tral sy/em4 ,b "h great] difficulties await u4 ,we _c expect traditional views to be easily displac$1 :5 !y h tak5 su* hold on ! m9d1 z is ! case ) reg>d to ,s5sibility4 ,to admit t all n]ves h a common prop]ty1 & t _! functional relations dep5d on ! organs :i* !y inn]vate1 dem&s small rel9qui%m5t ( *]i%$ op9ions4 ,b to admit t all n]ve-c5tres h a common prop]ty1 & t _! functional relations dep5d on _! anatomical connections1 is to sweep away at once a mass ( !oretic int]pretations :i* f long famili>ity h acquir$ an almo/ axiomatic =ce4 ,t ! bra91 & ! bra9 only1 is ! s\rce & seat ( ,s5sibility is ! po/ulate ( mod]n ,physiology4 #fi4 ,! "q is "o ( extreme complexity1 b may be greatly simplifi$1 if we c manage to r$uce x to purely physiological t]ms1 & consid] ! ph5om5a 9 _! objective aspect4 ,9 deal+ ) n]ves & _! actions ?is 0 comp>atively easy2 we _h = ! mo/ "p only physiological processes to unravel4 ,x is o!rwise 9 deal+ ) n]ve-c5tres--! subjective or psy*ological aspect ( ! ph5om5a inevitably ?ru/s itself on our att5tion2 & all ! my/]ies ( ,feel+ & ,?\ght cl\d our vision ( ! neural process4 ,d :at we w1 we _c altoge!r dive/ ,s5sibility ( its psy*ological connotations1 _c help int]pret+ x 9 t]ms ( ,consci\sness2 s t ev5 :5 treat+ ( s5sitive ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 molluscs & insects1 we always imag9e ^! m or less suffus$ ) ,feel+1 z ?is is kn[n 9 our own consci\s /ates4 #gj4 ,feel+ is recogniz$ z 9 "s way or o!r b\nd up ) neural processes2 b ,physiology prop] has only to conc]n itself ) ! processes2 & ! "q :e!r ^! c1 & d1 g on unaccompani$ by ,feel+1 is1 /rictly speak+1 "o :i* belongs to ,psy*ology4 ,x dem&s z a prelim9>y t ! t]m ,feel+ be def9$2 & ! answ] w dep5d ^u t def9ition1 namely1 :e!r ,feel+ be int]pret$ z synonym\s ) ,consci\sness 9 ! re/rict$ s5se1 or synonym\s ) ! m g5]al t]m ,s5ti5ce4 ,if ! =m]1 !n s9ce !re are unque/ionably neural processes ( :i* we are n consci\s1 we mu/ specify ! p>ticul> gr\ps :i* subs]ve ,feel+2 z we specify ! p>ticul> gr\ps :i* subs]ve ! s5sations ( ,sight1 ,he>+1 ,ta/e1 etc42 & localize ! sep>ate functions 9 sep>ate organs4 ,if ! latt]1 !n1 s9ce all neural processes h a common "*1 we h only to localize ! p>ticul> v>iations ( its manife/ation1 & di/+ui% s5sitive ph5om5a z we di/+ui% motor ph5om5a4 #ga4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! ,feel+ we attribute to a mollusc is diff]5t f t :i* we attribute to a man2 if only because ! organisms ( ! two are s widely diff]5t1 & h be5 "u su* diff]5t conditions ( excitation4 ,if e feel+ is ! functional result ( special organic activities1 v>y+ ) ! co-op]ant elem5ts1 we c h no m w>rant = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ! same p>ticul> =ms ( ,feel+ 9 organisms t are unlike1 ?an = assum+ ! #dg? proposition ( ,euclid to be pres5t$ by any ?ree /raight l9es4 ,! l9es are ! necess>y basis = ! con/ruction1 b !y are n ! triangle1 except :5 9 a special configuration4 ,?is is n d5y+ t animals feel 79 ! g5]al s5se ( t t]m71 x is only ass]t+ t _! feel+s mu/ be v unlike our own4 ,ev5 9 our own race we see m>k$ diff]5ces--"s modes ( feel+ be+ absolutely d5i$ to individuals only slightly diff]+ f _! fell[s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we admit t diff]5t animals mu/ h diff]5t modes ( ,feel+1 we mu/ also admit t ! neuro-muscul> activities are g5]ically alike 9 all1 because ( ! fundam5tal simil>ity 9 ! /ructures4 ,:e!r we %all assign ,feel+ to ! mollusc or n w dep5d on ! mean+ ( ! t]m2 b1 at all ev5ts1 we require "s t]m g5]al en\gh to include ! ph5om5a manife/$ by ! mollusc1 & ^? manife/$ by all o!r animals4 ,s5sibility is ! lea/ objectionable t]m4 ,unless we adopt "s su* g5]al designation1 physiological & psy*ological int]pretations become contradictory & obscure4 ,! curr5t doctr9e :i* assigns ,s5sibility to ! bra91 d5y+ x to all o!r c5tres1 is s]i\sly defective1 inasmu* z x implies t tissues simil> 9 k9d h utt]ly div]se prop]ties2 9 o!r words1 t ! same n]ve-tissue :i* manife/s ,s5sibility 9 ! bra9 has no su* prop]ty 9 ! sp9al cord4 #gb4 ,h[ is ?is t5able8 ,no "o acqua9t$ at fir/ h& ) ! facts d5ies t ! objective ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! bra9less animal h ! same g5]al "* z ^? ( ! animal possess+ a bra93 ! actions ( ! two are id5tical 9 all cases :i* admit ( comp>ison4 ,t is to say1 ! objective appe>ances are ! same2 diff]+ only 9 s f> z ! me*anisms are made diff]5t by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c]ta9 p>ts4 ,! bra9 n be+ a necess>y "p ( ! me*anical adju/m5ts 9 swimm+1 or pu%+ aside an irritat+ object1 ! bra9less frog swims & def5ds itself 9 ! same way z ! normal frog4 ,b no soon] d we pass f ! objective int]pretation1 & introduce ! subjective elem5t ( ,feel+ among ! s]ies ( factors necess>y to ! product--no soon] d we ask :e!r ! bra9less frog feels ! irritation aga9/ :i* x /ruggles1 or wills ! movem5ts by :i* x swims--?an ! "q has %ift$ its gr\nd1 & has pass$ f ,physiology to ,psy*ology4 ,! appeal is no long] made to ,obs]vation1 b to ,int]pretation4 ,obs]vation tells u "h no?+ directly ( ,feel+4 ,:at x does tell u1 h[ev]1 is ! id5tity ( ! objective ph5om5a2 & ,physiology dem&s t a common t]m be employ$ to designate ! "* common to ! v>i$ ph5om5a4 ,s5sibility is su* a t]m4 ,b mo/ mod]n physiologi/s1 "u ! bias ( tradition1 refuse to ext5d ,s5sibility to ! sp9al cord1 9 spite ( ! evid5ces ( ! sp9al cord possess+ t prop]ty 9 common ) ! bra94 ,!y pref] to invoke a new prop]ty2 !y assign sp9al action to a ,reflex ,me*anism :i* has no?+ ( ! "* ( ,s5sibility1 because !y h id5tifi$ ,s5sibility ) ,consci\sness1 & h re/rict$ ,consci\sness to a special gr\p ( s5sitive ph5om5a4 #gc4 ,nor is x to be d5i$ t on ?is gr\nd !y h a firm basis4 ,e "o c\ld te/ify to ! fact t _m processes normally g on )\t be+ accompani$ by consci\sness1 9 ! special mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,reflex actions1--su* z w9k+1 brea?+1 swall[+1--notori\sly produc$ by /imulation ( s5sitive surfaces1 take place )\t our 8feel+0 !m1 or be+ 8consci\s0 ( !m4 ,h5ce x is conclud$ t ! ,reflex me*anism suffices )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,s5sibility4 ,i altoge!r dispute ! conclusion2 & 9 a future ,problem w endeavor to %[ t ,s5sibility is necess>y to ,reflex ,action4 ,b )\t await+ t exposition we may at once confront ! evid5ce1 by adduc+ ! famili> fact t 8unconsci\s0 processes g on 9 ! bra9 z well z 9 ! sp9al cord2 & ?is n simply 9 ! sph]e ( ,volition1 b also 9 ! sph]e ( ,?\ght4#aaj ,we act & ?9k 8automatically0 at times1 & are q 8unconsci\s0 ( :at we are do+1 or ( ! data we are logically gr\p+4 ,we (t5 ?9k z unconsci\sly z we brea!2 al?\gh f "t to "t we become consci\s ( bo? processes4 ,yet :o w ass]t t ^! unconsci\s processes 7 indep5d5t ( ,s5sibility8 ,:o w ma9ta9 t because c]ebral processes are sometimes unaccompani$ by t peculi> /ate nam$ ,consci\sness1 !re=e all its processes are unaccompani$ by ,feel+8 ,& if "h we admit t ! ,reflex me*anism 9 ! bra9 is a s5sitive me*anism1 surely we mu/ equally admit t ! simil> ,reflex me*anism 9 ! sp9al cord is s5sitive8 #gd4 ,let x be und]/ood t ,s5sibility is ! common prop]ty ( n]ve-c5tres1 & physiological int]pretations w become cle> & consi/5t4 ,consci\sness1 z und]/ood by psy*ologi/s1 is n a prop]ty ( tissue1 x is a function ( ! organism1 dep5d5t inde$ on ,s5sibility1 b n conv]tible ) x4 ,!re is a great] di/9ction betwe5 ! two ?an betwe5 ,s5sation1 ! reaction ( a s5sory organ1 & ,p]ception1 ! comb9$ result ( s5sory & c]ebral reactions2 or ?an t betwe5 ,contractility1 ! prop]ty ( ! muscles1 & ,fly+1 ! function ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( muscles4 ,x is n possible to h ,consci\sness )\t ,s5sibility2 b p]fectly possible to h ,s5sations )\t ,consci\sness4 ,?is w p]haps seem z inconceivable to ! read] z x seem$ to ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk4#aaa #ge4 ,let u illu/rate x by ! analogy ( ,pa94 ,!re is a va/ am\nt ( s5sation normally excit$ :i* is totally unaccompani$ by ! feel+s class$ z pa9ful4 ,! action ( ! special s5ses may be exagg]at$ to an intol]able degree1 b ! exagg]ation nev] passes into pa93 ! ret9a may be bl9d$ ) excess ( light1 & ! e> /unn$ ) s\nd--! optic n]ve may be prick$ or cut--b no pa9 results4 ,! sy/emic s5sations also are habitually pa9less1 ?\gh !y pass into pa9 9 abnormal /ates4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ,pa9 is n ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ,s5sibility2 & ?is is true n only ( c]ta9 s5sitive p>ts1 b ( all2 z is prov$ 9 ! well-kn[n facts ( ,analgesia1 9 :i* complete ins5sibility ( ! sk9 z reg>ds ,pa9 co-exi/s ) vivid s5sibility z reg>ds ,t\* & ,temp]ature4 ,h5ce ! majority ( physiologi/s refuse to ackn[l$ge t ! /ruggles & cries ( an animal1 aft] removal ( ! bra91 are evid5ces ( pa92 ma9ta9+ t !y are 8simply reflex actions40 ,?is is probable2 ! m s z we "k ! /ruggles & cries :i* tickl+ w produce1 yet no pa9 accompanies tickl+4 ,b if ! /ruggles & cries are n evid5ce ( pa91 !y are surely evid5ce ( ,s5sibility4 #gf4 ,n[ = ! t]m ,pa9 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph sub/itute ! t]m ,consci\sness1 & y w p]haps all[ t :ile x may be ju/ifiable to int]pret ! actions ( a bra9less animal z due to a me*anism :i* is unaccompani$ by ! specially condition$ =ms ( ,s5sibility class$ "u ,consci\sness--j z x is unaccompani$ by ! specially condition$ =ms ( ,p]ception & ,emotion--!re is no ju/ification = assum+ ! me*anism n to h be5 a s5sitive me*anism4 ,! w+less bird _c manife/ any ,( ! ph5om5a ( flight2 b we d n !re=e d5y t its o!r movem5ts dep5d on ,contractility4 #gg4 ,difficult z x mu/ be to keep ! physiological "q ap>t f ! psy*ological :5 treat+ ( ,s5sibility1 we %all nev] succe$ 9 our analysis unless ! two que/ions are sep>ately treat$4 ,! physiologi/ consid]s organisms & _! actions f _! objective side1 & tries to detect ! me*anism ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,^! he has to int]pret 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,! psy*ologi/ int]prets !m 9 t]ms ( ,feel+4 ,! actions :i* we see 9 o!rs we _c feel1 except z visual s5sations2 ! *anges :i* we feel 9 ourselves we _c see 9 o!rs1 except z bodily movem5ts4 ,! reaction ( a s5sory organ is by ! physiologi/ call$ a s5sation1--borr[+ ! t]m f ! psy*ologi/2 he expla9s x z due to ! /imulus :i* *anges ! molecul> condition ( ! organ2 & ?is *ang$ condition1 besides be+ se5 to be foll[$ by a muscul> movem5t1 is inf]r$ to be accompani$ by a *ange ( ,feel+4 ,! psy*ologi/ has direct k only ( ! *ange ( ,feel+ :i* foll[s on "s o!r *ange2 he inf]s t x is orig9at$ by ! action ( "s ext]nal cause1 & inf]s t a neural process prec$es1 or accompanies1 ! feel+4 ,obvi\sly !re are two di/9ct que/ions "h1 involv+ di/9ct me?ods4 ,! physiologi/ is compell$ to complete 8 objective obs]vations by subjective sugge/ions2 compell$ to add ,feel+ to ! t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 9 spite ( ! radical div]sity ( _! aspects4 ,! psy*ologi/ also is compell$ to complete 8 subjective obs]vations by objective int]pretations1 l9k+ ! int]nal *anges to ! ext]nal *anges4 ,a complete !ory mu/ h>monize ! two proc$ures4 #gh4 ,9 a subsequ5t ,problem we %all h to exam9e ! nature ( ,s5sation 9 its psy*ological aspect2 "h we h fir/ to describe its physiological aspect4 ,to ! psy*ologi/1 a s5sation is simply a fact ( ,consci\sness2 he has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! neural process1 :i* ! physiologi/ consid]s to be ! physical basis ( ?is fact2 & he !re=e reg>ds ! physiologi/s z talk+ nons5se :5 !y talk ( 8unconsci\s s5sations10 ! phrase be+ to him equival5t to 8unfelt feel+s10 or 8invisible light40 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! physiologi/1 :o view+ a s5sation solely z a neural process1 ! reaction ( a s5sory organ1 c lawfully speak ( unconsci\s s5sations1 z ! physici/ c speak ( invisible rays ( light1--mean+ ^? rays :i* are ( a diff]5t ord] ( undulation f ! visible rays1 & :i* may become visible :5 ! susceptibility ( ! ret9a is exalt$4 ,he kn[s t !re are diff]5t modes1 & diff]5t complexities ( neural process2 to "o class he assigns consci\sness1 to ! o!r unconsci\sness4 ,if he w\ld be sev]ely precise1 he w\ld nev] speak ( s5sation at all1 b only ( s5sory reaction4 ,b su* precision w\ld be p$antic & idle4 ,he wants ! connotations ( ! t]m s5sation1 & !re=e uses x4 #gi4 ,! functional activity ( a gl& is /imulat$ by a neural process reflect$ f a c5tre2 by a simil> process a muscle is call$ into action4 ,no "o supposes t ! neural process is1 9 ! "o case secretory1 9 ! o!r motory3 9 bo? x is ! same process 9 ! n]ve2 & our inve/igation ( x w\ld be greatly hamp]$ if we did n dis5gage x f all ! sugge/ions hov]+ ar\nd ! ideas ( secretion & muscul> action4 ,9 l mann] we mu/ dis5gage ! neural process ( a s5sory reaction f all ! sugge/ions hov]+ ar\nd ! idea ( ,consci\sness1 :5 t t]m designates a complex ( _m reactions4 ,9 ,problem ,,iii4 we %all ent] m p>ticul>ly into ! di/9ction betwe5 ,s5sibility & ,consci\sness2 = ! pres5t x mu/ suffice to say t great ambiguity exi/s 9 ! curr5t usage ( ^! t]ms4 ,sometimes ,consci\sness /&s z ! equival5t ( ,s5sibility2 sometimes z a p>ticul> mode ( ,s5sibility kn[n z ,reflection1 ,att5tion1 & ,?\ght4 ,! =m] mean+ is an ext5sion ( ! t]m simil> to t giv5 to ! ^w ,rose1 :i* orig9ally mean+ ,r$ came to be re/rict$ to a p>ticul> r$ fl[]2 & aft] o!r fl[]s ( ! same k9d 7 discov]$ :i* _h yell[ & :ite petals1 in/ead ( r$1 ! t]m rose /ill adh]$ ev5 to ^!4 8,yell[ ,rose0 is !re=e z great a v]bal solecism z unconsci\s s5sation4 ,we h sep>at$ ! r$ness f ! rose1 & c !n say t ! color is "o ?+1 ! fl[] ano!r4 ,by a simil> process ( ab/raction we sep>ate ,consci\sness f ,s5sation1 & we c !n say t !re are s5sations )\t consci\sness4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 psy*ologi/s (t5 ma9ta9 t to h a s5sation & be consci\s ( x are two diff]5t /ates4 ,we are said to he> a s\nd1 & yet n to be consci\s ( he>+ x4 ,! s\nd excites a movem5t1 b x does n excite our consci\sness4 ,n[ al?\gh x is true t !re are roses :i* are n r$1 x is n true t !re are roses :i* h no color at all4 ,al?\gh x is true t !re are s5sations :i* are n ( ! p>ticul> mode ( ,s5sibility :i* psy*ologi/s specially designate z ,consci\sness1 x is n true t !re are s5sations :i* are n modes ( ,s5sibility4 #hj4 ,& :at is ,s5sibility :i*1 on its subjective side1 is ,s5ti5ce8 ,9 "o s5se x may be answ]$ t we d n "k4 ,9 ano!r s5se x is t :i* we "k mo/ cle>ly & positively3 ,s5ti5ce =ms ! sub/ance ( all k4 ,be+ ! ultimate ( k1 e ef=t mu/ be va9 :i* attempts to expla9 x by r$uction to simpl] elem5ts4 ,! human m9d1 impati5t ( ultimates1 is always /riv+ to pi]ce beyond ! fundam5tal my/]ies2 & ?is impati5ce leads to ! attempts s (t5 made to expla9 ,s5sibility by r$uc+ x to t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,b inasmu* z a cle> analysis ( ,matt] & ,motion displays t our k ( ^! is simply a k ( modes ( ,feel+1 ! r$uction ( ,s5ti5ce or ,s5sibility to ,matt] & ,motion is simply ! r$uction ( ,s5sibility to "s ( its modes4 ,?is po9t ga9$1 a cle> conception ( ! advantages ( introduc+ ! ideas ( ,matt] & ,motion w result4 ,x w !n be ! famili> & indisp5sable me?od ( expla9+ ! little kn[n by ! bett] kn[n4 ,! objective aspect ( ?+s is commonly repres5t$ 9 ! visible & palpable2 because :at we c see we c also g5]ally t\*1 & :at we c t\* we c ta/e & smell2 b we _c t\* an odor nor a s\nd2 we _c see !m2 we c only connect ! odor\s & sonor\s objects ) visible or palpable conditions4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d s5sations ref]r$ to visible or palpable causes2 & h5ce ! desire to f9d ?is objective basis = e *ange 9 ,s5sibility4 ,! s5sation1 or /ate ( consci\sness1 is ! ultimate fact2 we c only expla9 x by describ+ its objective conditions4 #ha4 ,?us mu* on ! philosophical side4 ,return+ to our physiological po9t1 we mu/ say t a s5sation is1 objectively1 ! reaction ( a s5sory organ1 or organism2 subjectively1 a *ange ( feel+4 ,objectively x is a ph5om5on ( movem5t1 b di/+ui%able f o!r ph5om5a by ! speciality ( its conditions4 ,x is a vital ph5om5on1 n a purely me*anical ph5om5on4 ,al?\gh ! molecul> movem5t con=ms1 ( c\rse1 to me*anical pr9ciples1 & may be view$ ab/ractly z a purely me*anical result1 yet1 because x takes place "u conditions nev] f\nd 9 ma*9es1 x has *>act]s :i* m>k$ly sep>ate x f ! movem5ts ( ma*9es4 ,among ^! diff]5tial *>act]s may be cit$ t ( selective adaptation1#aab :i* is mo/ conspicu\s 9 volition4 #hb4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( animal evolution !re is no diff]5tiation into muscle & n]ve4 ,! :ole organism is equally s5sitive 7or irritable7 9 e "p4 ,muscles appe>1 & !n !y are ! mo/ s5sitive p>ts4 ,n]ves appe>1 & ! seat ( ,s5sibility has be5 transf]r$ to !m2 n t ! muscles h lo/ !irs1 b _! irritability is n[ repres5t$ by _! dom9ant "* ( ,contractility1 & ! n]ves h tak5 on ! special (fice ( ,s5sibility4 ,t is to say1 :ile bo? muscle & n]ve =m integral elem5ts ( ! s5sitive reaction1 ! process itself is analytically conceiv$ z a comb9ation ( two di/9ct prop]ties1 resid5t 9 two di/9ct tissues4 #hc4 ,c>ry+ fur!r ?is analytical artifice1 ,i propose to di/+ui% ! c5tral organs z ! seat ( ,s5sibility1 conf9+ ,neurility to ! p]iph]al n]ves4 ,9 physiological reality bo? sy/ems1 c5tral & p]iph]al1 are "o2 ! sep>ation is artificial4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 ,neurility--or n]ve-action--is ! g5]al prop]ty ( n]ve-tissue1 c5tral & p]iph]al4 ,b s9ce ,neurility may be manife/$ by n]ves ap>t f c5tres1 :]eas ,s5sibility dem&s ! co-op]ation ( bo?1 & s9ce we h (t5 to consid] ! c5tral process 9 itself1 )\t att5d+ to ! process 9 ! n]ves1 x is well to h two *>act]i/ic t]ms4 ,i %all !re=e always use ! t]m ,s5sibility = ! reactions ( ! n]v\s c5tres1--,s5ti5ce be+ its psy*ological equival5t2 al?\gh ! read] w und]/& t 9 po9t ( fact !re is no break1 nor trans=mation1 z ! wave ( *ange passes f s5sory n]ve to c5tre1 & f c5tre to motor n]ve3 !re is "o cont9u\s process ( *ange4 ,b j z we analytically di/+ui% ! s5sory f ! motor elem5t ( ?is indissoluble process1 s we may di/+ui% ! +o+ & outgo+ /ages f ! comb9+ /age4 ,s5sibility1 !n1 repres5ts ! prop]ty ( comb9+ & gr\p+ /imulations4 #hd4 ,fully aw>e ( ! mislead+ connotations ( ! t]m1 & ( ! difficulty :i* w be felt 9 dis5gag+ x f ^!1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ,consci\sness1 ,i h long hesitat$ be=e adopt+ x4 ,b ! advantages greatly outweigh ! disadvantages4 ,s5sibility has long be5 admitt$ to express ! peculi> modes ( reaction 9 plants & animals l[ d[n 9 ! scale4 ,no "o hesitates to speak ( a s5sitive plant1 or a s5sitive surface4 ,! t5tacles ( a polype are said to be s5sitive2 ?\gh probably no "o !reby means t ! polype has :at psy*ologi/s mean by ,consci\sness4 ,by employ+ ! g5]al t]m ,s5sibility to designate ! :ole range ( reactions peculi> to ! n]ve-c5tres1 :5 ^! special organs exi/1 x w be possible to int]pret all ! physiological & psy*ological ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 animals & m5 on "o uni=m me?od4 ,! obs]v$ v>iations w !n be ref]able to v>ieties 9 organisms4 #he4 ,suppose1 = illu/ration1 an organism l ! human except t x is :olly defici5t 9 ,sight1 ,he>+1 ,ta/e1 & ,smell4 ,x has no s5se b ,t\*--or ! g5]al reaction "u contact ) ext]nal objects4 ,x w move on be+ /imulat$1 & w comb9e its movem5ts diff]5tly "u diff]5t /imulations4 ,x w feel1 & logically comb9e its feel+s4 ,b its mass ( feel+ w be made ( f> simpl] elem5ts ?an ours2 its comb9ations few]2 & ! cont5ts ( its ,consci\sness s v diff]5t f ours t we are unable to conceive :at x w be l2 we c only be sure t x w n be v l our own4 ,?is truncat$ ,organism w h its ,s5sibility2 & we mu/ assign ?is prop]ty to its c5tral n]ve-tissue1 z we assign our own4 ,if n[ we desc5d l[]1 & suppose an organism ) no c5tres :atev]1 b :i* nev]!less displays evid5ce ( ,s5sibility--feel+s & comb9ations ( movem5ts--we mu/ !n conclude t ! prop]ty specializ$ 9 a p>ticul> tissue ( ! highly diff]5tiat$ organism is "h diffus$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! s5sations or feel+s ( ^! suppos$ organisms w h a common "* ) ! feel+s ( m highly diff]5tiat$ organisms1 al?\gh ! modes ( manife/ation are s v>i\s4 ,if we recognize a common "* 9 muscul> movem5ts s v>i\s z ! rhy?mic pulsation ( ! he>t1 ! l>g] rhy?m ( inspiration & expiration1 ! re/less movem5ts ( ! eye & tongue1 ! complexities ( manipulation1 ! cons5sus ( movem5ts 9 fly+1 swimm+1 walk+1 speak+1 s++1 etc41 s may we recognize a common "* 9 all ! v>ieties ( s5sation4 ,! special "* ( a movem5t dep5ds on ! mov+ organ4 ,! special "* ( a s5sation dep5ds on ! s5sory organ4 ,contractility is ! ab/ract t]m :i* expresses all possible v>ieties ( contraction4 ,s5sibility--or ,s5ti5ce--is ! ab/ract t]m :i* expresses all possible v>ieties ( s5sation4 #hf4 ,! view "h prop\nd$ may f9d a m ready acceptance :5 its application to all physiological que/ions has be5 te/$1 & x is se5 to give coh]5ce to _m scatt]$ & hi!rto irreconcilable facts4 ,mean:ile let a glance be tak5 at ! inconsi/5cies ( ! curr5t doctr9e4 ,t doctr9e decl>es "o half ( ! gray sub/ance ( ! sp9al cord to be capable only ( receiv+ a s5sitive /imulation1 ! o!r half capable only ( orig9at+ a motor /imulation4 ,we might ) equal propriety decl>e t "o half ( a muscle is capable only ( receiv+ a contractile /imulation1 & ! o!r half ( contract+4 ,! +o+ n]ve1 pass+ f ! surface to ! po/]ior "p ( ! sp9al cord1 excites ! activity ( ! gray sub/ance into :i* x p5etrates2 ) ! ant]ior "p ( ?is gray sub/ance an outgo+ n]ve is connect$1 & ?r\gh x ! excitation is propagat$ to a muscle3 contraction results4 ,su* are ! facts4 ,9 our analysis we sep>ate ! s5sory f ! motor aspect1 & we !n imag9e t ?is ideal di/9ction repres5ts a real sep>ation4 ,we suppose a ph5om5on ( ,s5sibility indep5d5t ( a ph5om5on ( ,contractility--suppose ! "o to be 8trans=m$0 into ! o!r--& we !n m>vel 8h[ dur+ ?is passage ! excitation *anges its nature40#aac #hg4 ,be=e ex]t+ +5uity 9 expla9+ a fact1 x is always well to make sure t ! fact itself is correctly /at$4 ,does ! neural excitation *ange its nature 9 pass+ f ! po/]ior to ! ant]ior gray sub/ance8 ,i c see no evid5ce ( x4 ,inde$ ! /atem5t seems to conf\nd a neural process ) a muscul> process4 ,! neural process is "o cont9u\s excitation along ! :ole l9e ( +o+ n]ve1 c5tre1 & outgo+ n]ve1 :i* n[h]e ceases or *anges into ano!r process1 until ! excitation ( ! muscle introduces a new factor4 ,s long z ! excitation keeps )9 ! n]ve-tissue1 x is "o & ! same process ( *ange2 its issue 9 a contraction1 a secretion1 or a *ange 9 ! conditions ( consci\sness1 dep5ds on ! organs x /imulates4 #hh4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to ! artificial nature ( all our di/9ctions1 & ! necessity ( su* artifices4 ,!y are products ( t 8,second>y p[] ,by :i* we multiply di/9ctions1 !n ,deem t our puny b\nd>ies are ?+s ,t we p]ceive1 & n t we h made40#aad ,! di/9ction ( ,c5tral & ,p]iph]al sy/ems is n simply anatomical1 x has a physiological ju/ification 9 ?is1 t ! ,c5tral ,sy/em is ! organ ( connection4 ,any "o "p ( x directly excit$ by an +o+ n]ve propagates t excitation ?r\gh\t ! :ole c5tral mass1 & ?us affects e "p ( ! organism4 ,!re=e we place ,s5sibility 9 x4 ,b ?is g5]al ,prop]ty subs]ves v>i\s ,functions1 accord+ z ! ,c5tral ,sy/em is v>i\sly relat$ to diff]5t organs4 ,?is fact has giv5 rise to ! idea t diff]5t portions ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis h diff]5t prop]ties--:i* is a s]i\s error4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ! ,c]ebrum mu/ h a diff]5t function f t ( ! ,?alami1 & ! ,c]ebellum "o diff]5t f ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata2 :ile t ( ! ,m$ulla ,sp9alis is diff]5t f all4 ,precisely on ! same gr\nds t a muscle-n]ve has a diff]5t (fice f a sk9-n]ve1 or ! pneumoga/ric f ! ac\/ic4 ,b all n]ves h "o ,neurility 9 common2 all c5tres h "o ,s5sibility 9 common4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,action ,,)\t ,,n]ve-,,c5tres4 #hi4 ,x has long be5 "o ( ! unque/ion$ po/ulates ( ,physiology t no n]ve-action c take place )\t ! int]v5tion ( a c5tre2 & z a coroll>y1 t all movem5t has its impulse--reflex or volitional--f a c5tre4#aae ,! po/ulate re/s on ! assumption t n]ves d]ive _! 8=ce0 f _! c5tre4 ,?is assumption we h se5 to be errone\s4 ,yet1 9 consequ5ce ( its acceptance1 exp]im5t]s h fail$ to notice ! _m examples ( n]ve-action indep5d5t ( c5tres4 ,inde$1 except ,s*iff1 ,goltz1 & ,engelmann1 ,i c "n no "o :o has v5tur$ to sugge/ t movem5ts may be excit$ ?r\gh n]ves )\t ! co-op]ation ( c5tres2#aaf nor h ev5 !y explicitly =mulat$ ! conclusion to :i* _! obs]vations po9t4 ,x is true t ! majority ( muscul> movem5ts are det]m9$ by a reflex f c5tres2 & t any break 9 ! triple process ( ! +o+ n]ve1 c5tre1 & outgo+ n]ve1 prev5ts su* movem5ts4 ,x is true t ! m conspicu\s & h>moni\sly co-ord9at$ ph5om5a belong to ?is class4 ,b x is also demon/rable t _m n]ve-actions may1 & "s d1 take place by direct /imulation ( ! n]ve1 or direct /imulation ( ! muscle1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a c5tre1 )\t ev5 ! int]v5tion ( a ganglion4 ,?is mu/ obvi\sly be ! case 9 animals :i* h no c5tres2 & ev5 9 "s :i* h well-develop$ n]v\s c5tres1 !re is e reason to believe t ^! c5tres (t5 act r 9 ! way ( co-ord9at+ ?an ( directly /imulat+ actions4 #ij4 ,i 0 fir/ l$ to d\bt ! reign+ doctr9e by a surpris+ obs]vation 7frequ5tly repeat$7 aft] ,i _h remov$ ! :ole n]v\s c5tres f a g>d5 snail 7,helix pomatia74 ,! muscul> mass call$ 8! foot0 0 ?r[n into sl[ b en]getic contraction :5ev] ! sk9 0 prick$ ) ! po9t ( a scalpel1 or t\*$ ) acid2 nay1 ev5 :5 a glass rod dipp$ 9 ! acid 0 br\ght close to1 )\t absolutely t\*+1 ! sk91 ! foot curl$ up1 & !n sl[ly relax$4 ,! same effect 0 produc$ on ! 8mantle0--:]e !re 0 ( c\rse no c5tre4 ,b direct irritation ( ! muscles "u ! sk9 produc$ no su* contraction2 only ?r\gh ! sk9 c\ld ! /imulation take effect4 ,9 "o case ,i obs]v$ ?is /range ph5om5on five h\rs aft] removal ( ! c5tres4 ,x 0 a great puzzle4 ,at fir/ ,i conclud$ t !re mu/ be m9ute ganglia 9 ! sk91 s]v+ z reflex-c5tres4 ,i se>*$ = !m 9 va92 & al?\gh a long] se>* on bett] me?ods might possibly h detect$ ganglionic cells1 ,i soon rel9qui%$ ! se>*1 because ,i _h o!r gr\nds = believ+ t ev5 ! pres5ce ( abundant ganglia w\ld n suffice1 until "s bett] pro( 7 af=d$ t su* ganglia 7 reflex-c5tres4 #ia4 ,t direct /imulation ( ! n]ve suffices to move ! muscles1 is famili> to all exp]im5t]s4 ,!re is no c5tre1 or ganglion1 9 ! amputat$ leg ( ! frog1 :i* nev]!less contracts :5ev] ! sciatic n]ve is /imulat$4 ,& aft] ! n]ve has be5 exhau/$1 & refuses to respond to any /imulus1 ! muscle itself may be directly /imulat$4 ,inasmu* z ! movem5t dep5ds on ! contractility ( ! muscles1 a /imulation ?r\gh c5tre1 ?r\gh motor-n]ve1 or ?r\gh muscle1 w be foll[$ by contraction4 ,let u take a cle> case ( reflex action4 ,! pupil ( ! eye contracts :5 a beam ( light falls on x1 & dilates :5 ! beam is %ut (f4 ,! pa? ( ! neural process is normally ?is3 ! light /imulates ! optic n]ve1 :i* 9 turn /imulates ! corpora quadrigem9a2 7"h ! n]ves :i* move ! eye are exp]im5tally prov$ to be /imulat$27 & x is ?r\gh ^! t ! pupil is caus$ to contract4 ,if ! optic n]ve be divid$1 no su* reflex takes place--prov+ t ! contraction does n1 at lea/ normally1 come f ! cili>y ganglion4 ,b n[ x is matt] ( obs]vation t ! pupil w contract & dilate "u ! /imuli ( light & d>kness1 :5 !re is no su* reflex pa?way op54 ,removal ( ! eye f ! body oblit]ates ?is pa?1 cuts ! eye (f f all connection ) ! c5tre4 ,br[n ,squ>d remov$ bo? eyes f a frog1 plac$ "o 9 a d>k box1 & left ! o!r expos$ to ! light3 ! pupil ( ! =m] 0 f\nd dilat$1 t ( ! latt] contract$4 ,on rev]s+ ! exp]im5t1 & plac+ ! eye ) contract$ pupil 9 ! d>k box1 he f\nd x !re dilate1 :ile ! dilat$ pupil expos$ to ! light contract$4#aag ,9 frogs ) v irritable tissues1 ,i h f\nd n only ! pupil contract+1 aft] ! :ole cranial cavity has be5 empti$1 b ev5 ! eyelid close1 on irritat+ ! conjunctiva#aah--yet ?is is "o ( ! typical reflex actions6 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ev5 ! action ( swall[+ may be fa9tly excit$ by /imulation ( ! ph>ynx ( a bra9less frog2 b ,i h n obs]vations suffici5tly precise to enable me to speak confid5tly4 ,goltz has1 h[ev]1 %[n t aft] removal ( bra9 & sp9al cord & he>t1 !re is spontane\s & active movem5t 9 sophagus & /oma*4#aai ,?is w no d\bt be ref]r$ to ! ag5cy ( ! ganglionic plexus2 b simil> movem5ts h be5 obs]v$ by ,engelmann 9 ! uret]1 & 9 isolat$ fragm5ts ( ! uret] 9 :i* n a ganglionic cell 0 pres5t4#abj #ib4 ,t n]ves are /imulat$ by int]nal *anges has long be5 recogniz$ ) ref]5ce to 8subjective s5sations40 ,! divid$ n]ve1 9 t portion :i* rema9s connect$ ) ! c5tre1 w at times cause great pa94 ,obscure organic conditions1 *anges ( temp]ature1 /ates ( ! blood1 excite ! n]ves1 & ! pati5t feels z if ! surface ( ! amputat$ limb 7 irritat$4 ,x is all v well to call ^! 8subjective s5sations02 t does n alt] ! fact ( ! n]ve be+ call$ into activity by o!r ?an ! normal /imuli f ! surface2 9 l mann] muscul> movem5ts 7:i* are n to be expla9$ z 8subjective movem5ts07 w be excit$ by organic /imuli :5 motor-n]ves are sep>at$ f _! c5tres4 ,9 ea* case x has suffic$ t ! n]ve %\ld be excit$2 & :5 excit$1 no matt] by :at means1 ! effect is always simil>4 #ic4 ,"h are a few facts4 ,/imulation ( ! n]ves :i* s5d filam5ts to ! *romatophores ( ! sk9 9 reptiles causes ! sk9 to become pal]1 & ev5 colorless3 ! color-specks disappe> "u ?is contractile /imulus4 ,?is be+ kn[n1 ,goltz depriv$ a frog ( bra91 sp9al cord1 & he>t1 ?us elim9at+ all possible influ5ce f !m1 slit up ! sk9 ( ! back1 & display$ ! n]ves :i* pass f ea* side ( ! sp9e to ! sk92 ^! n]ves he !n divid$ on ! "r side1 & obs]v$ ! sk9 on ?is side sl[ly become pal] & pal]1 till f9ally x 0 z yell[ z wax2 ! left side1 hav+ its n]ves intact1 reta9$ its color4 ,two conclusions seem$ to him w>rant$ by ?is exp]im5t3 ,fir/1 t ev5 9 ! dead frog ! n]ves sep>at$ f _! c5tre 7 /ill active2 secondly1 t ! irritation ( ! n]ves result+ f _! section 0 ! cause ( ! color-specks disappe>+4 ,?is second conclusion 0 /r5g!n$ :5 he f\nd t ! irritation 0 increas$ :5 he cut ! n]ves bit by bit4 ,x is n at pres5t1 ,i believe1 cle>ly made out t ! color-specks ( ! ,cephalopoda are 9 direct connection ) n]ves2 b x is tol]ably c]ta9 t !y are 9 "s way "u ! influ5ce ( n]v\s /imulation1 directly or indirectly4 ,d',orbigny1 inde$1 goes s f> z to say !y are dep5d5t on ! w ( ! animal4#aba ,?is seems v lax language2 b re/rict+ ourselves to ! fact ( n]v\s influ5ce1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,goltz receive fur!r illu/ration 9 an obs]vation ,i h else:]e record$4#abb ,i f\nd t a /rip ( sk9 tak5 f ! dead body ( a calam>y 7,loligo7 %[$ ! color-specks exp&+ & contract+ ) vigor4 #id4 ,! he>t is well kn[n to beat aft] dea?1 if dea? be n ! result ( a gradual decay4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 its muscul> irritability is s active t ! he>t w beat = h\rs4 ,e4 ,r\sseau obs]v$ x beat+ 9 a woman tw5ty-sev5 h\rs aft] %e _h be5 guillot9$4#abc ,n only w x beat aft] dea?1 b 9 _m animals ev5 aft] removal f ! body3 ! he>t ( a "y puppy1 or kitt51 w beat = ?ree or f\r h\rs aft] its removal2 t ( a full-gr[n dog1 or cat1 n "o h\r2 :]eas ! beat+ ( t ( a tortoise1 or a frog1 w1 "u prop] precautions1 be pres]v$ = days--& ev5 aft] x has /opp$1 x may be /imulat$ to fre% pulsations4 ,physiologi/s expla9 ?is spontane\s movem5t ( ! he>t z due to ! ganglia 9 its sub/ance4 ,?is explanation1 :i* is f\nd$ on :at ,i _c b reg>d z a purely imag9>y view ( ! functions ( ganglionic cells1 mu/ /& or fall ) t hypo!sis4 ,a long & ardu\s inve/igation has l$ me to d\bt :e!r 9 any case ! he>t's movem5ts are prim>ily due to its ganglia2 at all ev5ts1 ! same spontane\s movem5ts are obs]v$ 9 ! he>ts ( molluscs & cru/aceans1 :i* are )\t ev5 a trace ( ganglia2 & 9 ! he>ts ( mammalian embryos long be=e ganglia or n]ve-fibres make _! appe>ance4 ,n less c]ta9 is x t movem5ts ( contraction & dilatation are produc$ 9 ! blood-vessels indep5d5tly ( all c5tral influ5ce4 ,?is has be5 decisively prov$ by ! ,italian physiologi/1 ,mosso1 :5 exp]im5t+ on an organ isolat$ f ! organism2 & al?\gh ! vessels h _! n]ve cells & fibres1 he ju/ly d\bts :e!r x is to ^! t ! /imulation is due1 because ! ph5om5a are obs]v$ aft] ! n]v\s vitality has disappe>$4 ,goltz sev]$ all ! tissues 9 ! leg ( a rabbit1 s t ! only connection ( ! leg ) ! re/ ( ! body 0 ?r\gh ! crural ve9 & art]y1 :i* kept up ! circulation2 yet al?\gh ! n]ves ( ! sk9 7 ?us sep>at$ f _! c5tre1 s t no s5sation c\ld be produc$ by /imulat+ ! sk9 ( ! leg1 consequ5tly no reflex f ! c5tre on ! vessels1 ,goltz f\nd t a m>k$ r$d5+ ( ! sk9 f conge/ion ( ! capill>ies foll[$ ! application ( mu/>d to ! sk94 ,physiologi/s :o believe t ! con/riction & dilatation ( blood-vessels are due to ! action ( ! ganglionic cells di/ribut$ ov] ! walls ( ! vessels w expla9 ,goltz's obs]vation z a case ( reflex action2 b ^? :o agree ) me t su* an hypo!sis respect+ ! "p play$ by ! cells is unt5able1 w class ! obs]vation among o!r cases ( direct /imulation4 #ie4 ,b pass+ f ^! p]haps que/ionable cases1 let u glance at o!r cases4 ,! mobile iris ( ! bird displays movem5ts aft] ! n]ves h be5 divid$4 ,ev5 ! volunt>y /rip$ muscles are n altoge!r motionless4 ,s*iff divid$ ! hypoglossus on "o side1 & f\nd1 ( c\rse1 ! tongue p>alyz$ on t side2 b he also f\nd t on ! ?ird day aft] ! op]ation "s ( ! muscles ( t side 7 quiv]+3 ! agitation spread to o!rs1 till by ! end ( ! f\r? day all ! fibres 7 rhy?mically contract+4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds1 ! contractions 7 incessant2 ?\gh !y 7 nev] able to move ! tongue1 because ! fibres did n contract simultane\sly4 ,s*iff also obs]v$ t ! hairs ov] ! eyes & ! 8:isk]s0 ( cats1 rabbits1 & gu9ea pigs 7 = mon?s aft] section ( _! n]ves 9 incessant rhy?mical vibration4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ :5 ! animals 7 asleep z :5 awake4 ,val5t9 records ! spontane\s movem5ts 9 ! diaphragm ( animals j kill$2 & ?is ev5 aft] section ( ! phr5ic n]ve4 ,! same movem5ts may be se5 9 ! op]culum ( fi%es4 ,h5le obs]v$ ! spontane\s contractions ( ! int]co/al muscles2 :i* ,s*iff confirms1 add+ t ! movem5ts obs]v$ by him 9 cats & birds 7 n simply contractions ( "s fibres1 b ( all ! muscles1 s t ?ree or f\r excis$ ribs rhy?mically contract$ & exp&$4 ,i h p]=m$ a great _m exp]im5ts ) a view ( det]m9+ ?is "q1 b ! ph5om5a 7 s v>iable t ,i refra9 f adduc+ any1#abd & m]ely /ate ! g5]al result z "o 9 h>mony ) ! =ego+ examples4 ,! great v>iability ( ! ph5om5a dep5ds ^u ! v>iable conditions ( muscul> irritability & anatomical relations4 ,:5 ! he>t ( "o woman is f\nd beat+ tw5ty-sev5 h\rs aft] dea?1 :ile 9 mo/ m5 & wom5 x ceases aft] a few m9utes1 we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d diff]5t1 & ev5 contradictory ph5om5a "u v>y+ unkn[n conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a g5]al agreem5t among exp]im5t]s t muscul> irritability increases aft] sep>ation f n]ve-c5tres1 & !n quickly decreases aga94 #if4 ,al?\gh ! /imulation ( muscles usually comes ?r\gh a n]ve-c5tre1 yet s9ce ! muscles d n d]ive _! ,contractility f n]ve-c5tres any /imulation w suffice4 ,n[ s9ce we h abundant pro( t s5sory n]ves are /imulat$ by c]ta9 organic *anges1 by poisons 9 ! blood1 excess ( c>bonic acid1 etc41 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t motor n]ves w be /imulat$ 9 l mann]1 & ?us muscul> movem5t be produc$ occasionally )\t ! int]v5tion ( a c5tre4 ,pressure on a motor n]ve1 or ! irritation :i* results f inflammation1 w det]m9e contraction1 or secretion directly4 ,rec5tly1 ,erb & ,we/phal h disclos$ ! fact t ! leg w be sudd5ly j]k$ out if ! patella be g5tly tapp$2 & !y prove ?is n to be a reflex action1 because x foll[s ) ! same c]ta9ty aft] ! sk9 has be5 made ins5sible4#abe ,!re are d\btless _m o!r ph5om5a :i*1 ?\gh commonly assign$ to reflex /imulation1 are really due to direct /imulation4 ,rese>* might pr(itably be turn$ t[>ds ! elucidation ( ?is po9t4 ,s9ce !re is demon/rable evid5ce t a n]ve :5 no long] 9 connection ) its c5tre1 or ) ganglionic cells1 may be excit$ by electricity1 pressure1 !rmal & *emical /imuli1 we mu/ conclude t ev5 :5 x is 9 connection ) its c5tre1 any local irritation f pressure1 *anges 9 ! circulation1 etc41 w also excite x4 ,b z su* local excitations w h only local & isolat$ effects1 !y w r>ely be conspicu\s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,taught ,,by ,,embryology8 #ig4 ,subject to ! qualification express$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 /imulation ( muscles & gl&s involves a neural process 9 +o+ n]ve1 c5tre1 & outgo+ n]ve4 ,^! are ! triple elem5ts ( ! 8n]v\s arc40 ,if muscles 7 directly expos$ to ext]nal influ5ces1 !y w\ld be /imulat$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( a c5tre2 b z a matt] ( fact !y nev] are ?us expos$1 be+ always protect$ by ! sk94 ,did ! sk9-n]ves pass directly to ! muscles und]nea?1 !y w\ld move ^? muscles1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a c5tre2 b z a matt] ( fact ! sk9-n]ves pass directly to a c5tre1 s t x is only ?r\gh a c5tre t !y c act ^u ! muscles4 ,7 muscles & gl&s directly connect$ ) s5sitive surfaces1 _! activity w\ld inde$ be awak5$ by direct /imulation2 b unless ! muscles 7 s connect$ ! "o ) ! o!r1 by ana/omosis ( fibres or cont9uity ( tissue1 t ! movem5t ( "o 0 ! movem5t ( all1 !re w\ld ne$ to be "s o!r *annel by :i* _! sep>ate en]gies %\ld be comb9$ & co-ord9at$4 ,9 ! high] organisms ana/omosis ( muscles is r>e1 & ! comb9ation is effect$ by means ( ! n]ves4 #ih4 ,al?\gh analysis di/+ui%es ! two elem5ts ( ! neuro-muscul> sy/em1 assign+ sep>ate prop]ties to ! sep>ate tissues1 an int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a dem&s a syn!sis1 s t a movem5t is to be conceiv$ z always involv+ ,s5sibility1 & a s5sation z always involv+ ,motility4#abf ,9 l mann]1 al?\gh analysis di/+ui%es ! v>i\s organs ( ! body1 assign+ sep>ate functions to ea*1 our int]pretation dem&s _! syn!sis into an organism2 & we h ?us to expla9 h[ ! :ole has diff]5t p>ts1 & h[ ^! diff]5t p>ts are br\ght into unity4 ,embryology helps u to complete ! fragm5t>y indications ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 #ii4 ,take a newly laid egg1 weigh x c>efully1 !n hat* x1 & :5 ! *ick em]ges1 weigh bo? *ick & %ell3 y w f9d t !re has be5 no increase ( weight4 ,! semifluid cont5ts h become trans=m$ into bones1 muscles1 n]ves1 t5dons1 fea!rs1 beak1 & claws1 all )\t increase ( sub/ance4 ,!re has be5 diff]5tiation ( /ructure1 no?+ else4 ,oxyg5 has pass$ into x f )\t2 c>bonic acid has pass$ out ( x4 ,! molecul> agitation ( heat has be5 requir$ = ! re>rangem5ts ( ! sub/ance4 ,)\t oxyg5 !re w\ld h be5 no developm5t4 ,)\t heat !re w\ld h be5 none4 ,_h ! %ell be5 v>ni%$1 s z to prev5t ! due ex*ange ( oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 no *ick w\ld h be5 evolv$4 ,_h only "o "p ( ! %ell be5 v>ni%$1 ! embryo w\ld h be5 de=m$4 #ii;a4 ,! pati5t labors ( _m obs]v]s 7h[ pati5t only ^? c conceive :o h made su* obs]vations67 h detect$ some?+ ( ?is wondr\s hi/ory1 & enabl$ ! m9d to picture "s ( ! incessant sep>ations & reunions1 *emical & morphological4 ,ea* /age ( evolution pres5ts itself z ! consequ5ce ( a prec$+ /age1 at once an em]g5ce & a cont9uance2 s t no transposition ( /ages is possible2 ea* has its appo9t$ place 9 ! s]ies 7,,problem ,i4 #ajg74 ,= 9 tru? ea* /age is a process--! sum ( a v>iety ( co-op]ant conditions4 ,we1 look+ =w>d1 c =esee 9 ea* :at x w become1 z we =esee ! man 9 ! l9eam5ts ( ! infant2 b 9 ?is prevision we always presuppose t ! regul> c\rse ( developm5t w proce$ un*eck$ ?r\gh ! regul> succession ( special conditions3 ! infant becomes a man only :5 ?is succession is un9t]rupt$4 ,obvi\s z ?is seems1 x is (t5 disreg>d$2 & ! old metaphysical conception ( pot5tial p[]s obscures ! real significance ( ,epig5esis4 ,! pot5tiality ( ! cells ( ! g]m9al membrane is simply _! capability ( rea*+ successive /ages ( developm5t "u a def9ite s]ies ( co-op]ant conditions4 ,we =esee ! result1 & p]sonify our prevision4 ,b t result w n take place unless all ! precise *anges t are ne$ful s]ially prec$e x4 ,a slight pressure 9 "o direction1 insuffici5t to alt] ! *emical composition ( ! tissue1 may s alt] its /ructure z to di/urb ! regul> succession ( =ms necess>y to ! p]fect evolution4 #ajj4 ,! egg is at fir/ a microscopic cell1 ! nucleus ( :i* divides & subdivides z x gr[s4 ,! egg becomes a holl[ sph]e1 ! b\nd>y wall ( :i* is a s+le lay] ( cells1 all s simil> t to any means ( appreciation we n[ possess !y are indi/+ui%able4 ,!y are all ! prog5y ( ! orig9al nucleus & yolk1 or cell cont5ts4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 !y beg9 to %[ di/+ui%able diff]5ces1 n p]haps 9 k9d1 b 9 degree4 ,! wall ( ?is holl[ sph]e is rapidly conv]t$ into ! g]m9al membrane1 out ( :i* ! embryo is =m$4 ,k[alewsky 7confirm$ by ,balf\r7 has po9t$ out h[ 9 ! ,amphioxus ! holl[ sph]e fir/ assumes an oval %ape1 & !n1 by an ind5tation ( ! "u side1 ) correspond+ curvature ( ! upp] side1 pres5ts some:at ! %ape ( a b[l4 ,! curvature increases1 & ! curv$ ends approa*+ ea* o!r1 ! orig9al cavity is r$uc$ to a ?9 l9e sep>at+ ! upp] f ! "u surface4 ,! cavity ( ! body is =m$ by ! curv+ d[nw>ds ( ?is d\ble lay] ( ! g]m9al membrane4 #aja4 ,?is is n precisely ! c\rse obs]vable 9 o!r v]tebrates2 b 9 all1 ! g]m9al membrane1 :i* lies l a wat*-glass on ! surface ( ! yolk1 is recognizable z two di/9ct lay]s ( v simil> cells4 ,:at d ^! repres5t8 ,!y are ! />t+-po9ts ( ! two great sy/ems3 ,in/rum5tal & ,alim5tal4 ,! "o yields ! d]mal surface2 ! o!r ! muc\s membrane4 ,ea* foll[s an indep5d5t ?\gh analog\s c>e]4 ,! yolk furni%es nutri5t mat]ial to ! g]m9al membrane1 & s passes m or less directly into ! tissues2 b unlike ! g]m9al membrane1 x is n itself to any great ext5t ! seat ( g5]ation by segm5tation4 ,!re are two yolks3 ! yell[ & ! :ite 7:i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) :at is call$ ! :ite ( egg72 & _! disposition may be se5 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #ad7 copi$ f ,fo/] & ,balf\r's "w4 ,! importance ( ! :ite yolk is t x passes ins5sibly into a di/9ct lay] ( ! g]m9al membrane1 betwe5 ! two prim>y lay]s4#abg ,ea* ( ! ?ree lay]s ( ! g]m9al membrane has its specific "* assign$ to x by embryologi/s1 :o1 h[ev]1 are n all 9 agreem5t4 ,"s au?orities reg>d ! topmo/ lay] z ! orig9 ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! epid]mis1 ) hair1 fea!rs1 nails1 horns1 ! cornea & l5s ( ! eye1 etc4 ,to ! middle lay] are assign$ ! muscul> & osse\s sy/ems1 ! sexual organs1 etc4 ,to ! inn]mo/ lay]1 ! alim5t>y canal1 ) liv]1 pancreas1 ga/ric & ent]ic gl&s4 ,o!r au?orities are 9 favor ( two prim>y lay]s3 "o = ! n]v\s1 muscul>1 osse\s1 & d]mal sy/ems2 ! o!r = ! visc]a & un/rip$ muscles4 ,betwe5 ^! two lay]s1 a ?ird gradually =ms1 :i* is specially *>act]iz$ z ! vascul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,diagrammatic section ( an un9cubat$ h5's egg4 bl1 bla/od]m2 w y1 :ite yolk2 y y1 yell[ yolk2 v t1 vitell9e membrane2 x & w1 lay]s ( album52 * l1 *alaza2 a *1 air-*amb]2 i s m1 int]nal lay] ( %ell membrane2 s m1 ext]nal lay]2 s1 %ell4 #ajb4 ,messrs4 ,fo/] & ,balf\r1 avoid+ ! controv]t$ designations ( s]\s1 vascul>1 & muc\s lay]s1 or ( s5sorial1 motor g]m9ative1 & gl&ul> lay]s1 employ designations :i* are indep5d5t ( !oretic int]pretation1 & simply describe ! position ( ! lay]s1 namely1 epibla/ = ! upp]1 mesobla/ = ! middle1 & hypobla/ = ! "u lay]4 ,f ! epibla/ !y d]ive ! epid]mis & c5tral n]v\s sy/em 7or w\ld ev5 limit ! latt] to ! c5tral gray matt]71 toge!r ) "s p>ts ( ! s5se-organs4 ,f ! mesobla/1 ! muscles1 n]ves 7& probably :ite matt] ( ! c5tres71 bones1 connective tissue1 & blood-vessels4 ,f ! hypobla/1 ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! alim5t>y canal1 tra*ea1 bron*ial tubes1 z well z ! liv]1 pancreas1 etc4#abh ,kllik]'s sugge/ion is mu* to ! same effect1 namely1 t ! ?ree lay]s may be view$ z two epi!lial lay]s1 betwe5 :i* subsequ5tly arises a ?ird1 ! orig9 ( n]ves1 muscles1 bones1 connective tissue1 & vessels4#abi #ajc4 ,! way 9 :i* ! hi/ory may be epitomiz$ is briefly ?is3 ,!re are two g]m9al membranes1 respectively repres5t+ ! ,in/rum5tal & ,alim5tal ,sy/ems4 ,ea* membrane diff]5tiates1 by diff]5t appropriations ( ! yolk sub/ance1 into ?ree prim>y lay]s1 epi!lial1 neural1 & muscul>4 ,9 ! epibla/1 or upp] membrane1 ^! lay]s repres5t3 #a1 ! future epid]mis ) its d]ivatives--hair1 fea!rs1 nails1 sk9 gl&s1 & *romatophores2 #b1 ! future n]v\s tissue2 #c1 ! future muscul> tissue4#acj 7,bone1 d]mis1 connective tissue1 & blood-corpuscles are subsequ5t =mations47 ,! hypobla/1 or "u membrane1 9 an inv]t$ ord] pres5ts a simil> arrangem5t3 #a1 ! un/rip$ muscul> tissue ( visc]a & vessels2 #b1 ! n]v\s tissue ( ! sympa!tic sy/em2 #c1 ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! alim5t>y canal ) its gl&s4 ,fundam5tally alike z ^! two membranes are1 !y h specific diff]5ces2 b 9 bo? we may repres5t to ourselves ! embryological unit con/itut$ by an epi!lial cell1 a n]ve-cell1 & a muscle-cell4 ,all ! o!r cells & tissues are adjuncts1 necess>y1 inde$1 to ! work+ ( ! vital me*anism1 b subord9at$ to ! high] organites4 #ajd4 ,?is conception may be comp>$ ) t ( ,8 9 ! division ( ,ar*ibla/ & ,p>abla/ assign$ by him to ! g]m & accessory g]m4#aca ,we c imag9e1 he says1 ! :ole ( ! connective sub/ances remov$ f ! organism1 & ?us leave beh9d a scaffold+ 9 :i* bra9 & sp9al cord w\ld be ! axis1 surr\nd$ by muscles1 gl&s1 & epi!lium1 & n]ves z connect+ ?reads4 ,all ^! p>ts /& 9 m or less direct relation to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,all are cont9u\s4 ,by a simil> ab/raction we c imag9e ?is organic sy/em remov$1 & leave beh9d ! connect$ scaffold+ :i* is =m$ f ! accessory g]m2 b ?is latt] has only me*anical significance2 ! truly vital functions belong to ! o!r sy/em4 #aje4 ,! rese>*es ( mod]n hi/ologi/s h all conv]g$ t[>ds ! conclusion t ! organs ( ,s5se are modifications ( ! surface1 ) epi!lial cells :i* on ! "o side are connect$ ) t]m9al hairs1 or o!r elem5ts adapt$ to ! reception ( /imuli1 & are connect$ on ! o!r side ?r\gh n]ve-fibres ) ! p]ceptive c5tres4 ,x has be5 %[n t n]ve-fibres (t5 t]m9ate 9 7or among7 epi!lial cells--s5sory fibres at ! surface1 & motor-fibres 9 ! gl&s4#acb ,:e!r ! fibres actually p5etrate ! sub/ance ( ! cell1 or n1 is /ill disput$4 ,en\gh = our pres5t purpose to und]/& t !re is a physiological connection betwe5 ! two1 & above all t s5sory n]ves are normally /imulat$ ?r\gh "s epi!lial /ructure or o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,transv]se section ( a ,bla/od]m incubat$ = eighte5 h\rs4 ,! section passes ?r\gh ! m$ull>y groove1 m e4 ,a1 epibla/4 ,b1 mesobla/4 ,c1 hypobla/4 m f1 m$ull>y fold1 c h1 noto*ord4 #ajf4 ,& ?is becomes cle> :5 we g back to ! e>lie/ indications ( developm5t4 ,look at ,fig4 #ae1 repres5t+ a transv]se section ( ! g]m9al membranes 9 a *ick aft] eighte5 h\rs' incubation4 ,"h ! ?ree lay]s1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 h ! aspect ( simple cells v slightly diff]+ among ea* o!r4 ,yet s9ce ea* lay] has ultimately a prog5y :i* is *>act]i/ically di/+ui%able1 we may speak ( ea* n z :at x n[ is1 b :at x w become4 ,al?\gh ! mo/ exp]t embryologi/ is (t5 unable to di/+ui% ! embryo ( a reptile f t ( a bird or ( a mammal1 at c]ta9 /ages ( evolution1 s closely does ! "o resemble ! o!r1 yet inasmu* z ! embryo ( a reptile does n1 _c become a bird1 nor t ( a bird a mammal1 he is ju/ifi$ 9 look+ =w>d to :at ea* w become1 & 9 call+ ea* embryo by its future "n4 ,on ! same gr\nd1 al?\gh we _c po9t to any su* di/9ction betwe5 ! lay]s ( ! bla/od]m z ,i h indicat$ 9 ! sep>ation ( ,in/rum5tal & ,alim5tal ,sy/ems1 nor specify any *>act]s by :i* ! cells c be recogniz$ z epi!lial1 neural1 & muscul>1 yet a =w>d glance prefigures ^! divisions4 ,we "k t ! fir/ result ( ! segm5tation ( ! yolk is ! =mation ( cells all alike1 :i* 9 turn gr[ & subdivide into o!r cells4 ,we "k t ^! cells become v>i\sly modifi$ bo? 9 composition & /ructure1 & t by su* diff]5tiations ! simple organism becomes a complex ( organs4 #ajg4 ,b "h x is ne$ful to recall a consid]ation sometimes disreg>d$1 especially by ^? :o speak ( ,diff]5tiation z if x 7 "s magical ,=mative ,pr9ciple1 q indep5d5t ( ! /ate ( ! organiz$ sub/ance :i* is =m$4 ,!re is a lum9\s conception--fir/ ann\nc$ by ,goe!1 & subsequ5tly develop$ by ,milne ,edw>ds--:i* reg>ds ! organism z increas+ 9 p[] & complexity by a physiological 8division ( labor10 v simil> to t division ( employm5ts :i* *>act]izes ! develop$ social organism4 ,b ! metaphor has sometimes be5 mislead+2 x has be5 int]pret$ z indicat+ t ,function creates ,organ 7see ,,problem ,i4 #hh71 & z if ,diff]5tiation itself 7 some?+ m ?an ! expression ( ! *anges result+ f ! introduction ( diff]5t elem5ts4 ,9 ! ,social ,organism a 8division ( labor0 presupposes t labor]s ) _! labor-mat]ials are already exi/+2 ! *ange is "o ( re>rangem5t3 in/ead ( ea* labor] employ+ 8 skill 9 do+ _m k9ds ( "w1 he re/ricts x to "o k9d1 :i* he is !n able to d ) less loss ( "t & p[]4 ,?us is social p[] multipli$ )\t increase ( population1 & ! social organism becomes m complex by ! diff]5tiation ( its organs4 ,x is n precisely ?us ) ! ,animal ,organism dur+ its evolution4 ,inde$ to suppose t ! diff]5tiation ( ! g]m9al membrane into special tissues & organs takes place by any su* division ( employm5ts1 is to fall into ! anci5t error ( assum+ ! organism to exi/ pre=m$ 9 ! ovum4 ,! unequivocal tea*+ ( ,epig5esis is t ea* "p is produc$ out ( ! elem5ts furni%$ by previ\s p>ts2 & = e diff]5tiation !re mu/ be a diff]5ce 9 composition1 /ructure1 or texture--! fir/ condition be+ m important ?an ! second1 ! second m important ?an ! ?ird4 ,! ^w protoplasm has almo/ z wide a g5]ality z ! ^w animal1 & is (t5 us$ 9 =getfulness ( its specific values3 ! protoplasm ( a n]ve-cell is n ! same z t ( a blood-cell1 a muscle-cell1 or a connective-tissue cell1 any m ?an a bee is a butt]fly1 or a prawn a lob/]4 ,no soon] has ! specific "* be5 acquir$1 no soon] is "o organite =m$ by diff]5tiation1 ?an !re is an absolute b>ri] aga9/ any trans=mation ( x into any o!r k9d ( organite4 ,! n]ve-cell1 muscle-cell1 & epi!lial cell h a common />t+-po9t1 & a community ( sub/ance2 b ! "o c no m be trans=m$ into ! o!r ?an a mollusc c be trans=m$ into a cru/acean4 ,9 ! homog5e\s cellul> mass :i* subsequ5tly becomes ! 8v]tebral plates10 a gr\p ( cells is v e>ly diff]5tiat$3 ?is is ! rudim5t>y sp9al ganglion1 :i* becomes envelop$ 9 a membrane1 & !n pursues a widely diff]5t c\rse f t ( ! o!r cells surr\nd+ x1 s t 8! same cell :i* 0 =m]ly an elem5t ( ! v]tebral plate n[ becomes a n]ve-cell1 :ile its neighbors become c>tilage-cells40#acc ,inde$ all ! hypo!ses ( trans=mation ( tissues by means ( ,diff]5tiation are z unsci5tific z ! hypo!ses ( ! trans=mation ( animals4 ,9 ! organism1 z 9 ! ,cosmos1 typical =ms once atta9$ are reta9$4 ,!re probably 0 a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! animal s]ies :5 masses ( protoplasm by appropriat+ diff]5t mat]ials f ! surr\nd+ m$ium 7 diff]5tiat$ into organisms m complex & m p[]ful ?an any :i* exi/$ be=e4 ,b x is obvi\s t f a common />t+-po9t !re c\ld h be5 no v>iations 9 developm5t )\t ! introduction ( new elem5ts ( composition3 !re might h be5 _m modifications ( /ructure1 b unless ^! facilitat$ modifications ( composition1 !re c\ld nev] h result$ ! /rik+ diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 animal organisms4#acd #ajh4 ,to return f ?is digression1 we may lik5 ! ?ree prim>y lay]s ( ! g]m9al membranes to ! scatt]$ & slightly diff]5t masses ( protoplasm out ( :i* ! animal k+dom 0 develop$4 ,9 ?is e>ly /age !re are no individualiz$ organites--no n]ve-cells or muscle-cells4 ,!y are cells ready to receive modifications bo? ( composition & /ructure1 appropriat+ slightly diff]5t elem5ts f ! yolk1 & accord+ to su* appropriation acquir+ diff]5t prop]ties4 ,& ?is is necess>ily s1 s9ce ! diff]5t cells h n exactly ! same relation to ! yolk1 nor are !y 9 exactly ! same relation to ! incid5t =ces :i* det]m9e ! molecul> *anges4 ,! upp]mo/ lay] 7epibla/7 "u su* v>iations develops into epi!lium & c5tral n]ve-tissue2 ! epi!lial cell _c develop into a n]ve-cell1 ! two organites are m>k$ly unlike1 yet bo? spr+ f a common root4 ,ano!r modification results 9 ! developm5t ( muscle-cells f ! inn] lay]4 #aji4 ,h5ce we c und]/& h[ ! surface is s5sitive ev5 9 organisms t are )\t n]ve-tissue2 & also h[ ev5 9 ! highe/ organisms !re is an intimate bl5d+ ( epi!lial ) neural tissues4 ,! same indication expla9s ! exi/5ce ( neuro-muscul> cells 9 ! ,hydra1 record$ by ,kle95b]g1 & ( neuro-muscul> fibres 9 ! ,b]o1 by ,eim]4#ace ,9 ! simpl] organisms ! surface is at once protective1 s5sitive1 & absorb5t4 ,x %uts (f ! animal f ! ext]nal m$ium1 & ?us individualizes x2 at ! same "t x connects ?is individual ) ! m$ium2 = x is ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! m$ium acts1 bo? z food & /imulus4 ,! fir/ morphological *ange is "o :]eby a "p ( ! surface is b5t inw>ds1 & =ms ! l9+ ( ! body's cavity4 ,soon !re foll[s su* a modification ( /ructure betwe5 ! out] & inn] surfaces 7ectod]m & endod]m7 t ! "o is ma9ly s5sitive & protective1 ! o!r ma9ly protective & absorb5t4 ,! out] surface cont9ues inde$ to absorb1 b its "p 9 ?is function is insignificant comp>$ ) t ( ! inn] surface1 :i* n only absorbs b secretes fluids ess5tial to assimilation4 ,! inn] surface1 al?\gh s5sitive1 is subject$ to less v>i\s /imulation1 & its s5sibility is m uni=m4 #aaj4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ! prim>y lay]s we h se5 to be epi!lial2 & we "k t ! fir/ l9es ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em are laid !re4 ,a depression call$ ! m$ull>y groove is ! fir/ indication ( ! future c]ebro-sp9al axis4 ,"s writ]s--,kllik]1 = in/ance--reg>d ?is m$ull>y groove z cont9u\s ) b diff]5t f ! epi!lial lay]2 o!rs ma9ta9 t x lies und]nea? ! epi!lium1 j z we see x 9 lat] /ages1 :5 ! diff]5tiation betwe5 epi!lial & n]ve cell has tak5 place4 ,s9ce no "o disputes ! fact t :5 ! groove becomes a clos$ canal its l9+ is epi!lial1 "o ( two conclusions is inevitable3 ei!r ! cells ( ! prim>y lay] develop 9 ! two div]se directions1 epi!lial & neural2 or else epi!lial cells c be develop$ on ! surface ( neural cells & out ( !m4 ,! latt] conclusion is "o :i*1 involv+ ! conception ( trans=mation1 w\ld seem to be put out ( c\rt4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 we mu/ admit t ! "u side ( ! prim>y lay] ( cells becomes diff]5tiat$ into n]ve-cells2 & ?is is 9 accordance ) ! obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,fo/] & ,balf\r4#acf #aaa4 ,:ile !re is ?is intimate morphological & physiological bl5d+ ( epi!lial & neural organites1 !re is an analog\s relation betwe5 neural & muscul> organites4 ,z ! neural lay] lies "u ! epi!lial1 ! muscul> lies "u ! neural4 ,! surface /imulation passes to ! c5tre1 & is reflect$ on ! muscles4 ,embryology ?us tea*es :y a /imulus f ! ext]nal m$ium mu/ be propagat$ to a n]ve-c5tre be=e x rea*es ! muscles2 & :y a /imulus on "o "p ( ! surface may set all ! organism 9 movem5t1 by pass+ ?r\gh a c5tre :i* co-ord9ates all movem5ts4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 only applies to ! high] organisms4 ,9 ! simpl] /ructures ! s5sitive surface is directly cont9u\s ) ! motor organs4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to pursue ?is int]e/+ bran* ( our subject2 nor ne$ we foll[ ! analog\s evolution ( ! second g]m9al membrane repres5t+ ! ,alim5tal ,sy/em4 ,our att5tion mu/ be giv5 to :at is kn[n & inf]r$ respect+ ! elem5t>y /ructure ( ! n]ves & c5tres1 on :i* ma9ly ! int]e/ ( ! psy*ologi/ settles1 s9ce to him ! :ole ( ,physiology is m]g$ 9 n]ve actions4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #aab4 ,! progress ( sci5ce involves an ev]-increas+ ,analysis4 ,inve/igation is m & m direct$ t[>ds ! sep>at$ details ( ! ph5om5a previ\sly /udi$ z ev5ts2 ! obs]v$ facts are resolv$ into _! compon5t factors1 complex :oles into _! simpl] elem5ts1 ! organism into organs & tissues4 ,b :ile ! analytical process is ?us indisp5sable1 x is1 z ,i h (t5 to insi/1 beset ) an att5dant dang]1 namely1 t 9 draw+ ! att5tion away f "o gr\p ( factors to fix x exclusively on ano!r1 !re is a t5d5cy to =get ?is artifice1 & in/ead ( re/or+ ! factors provisionally left out ( acc\nt1 we attempt a recon/ruction 9 oblivion ( ^! omitt$ factors4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( /udy+ ! prop]ties ( a tissue 9 all ! elem5ts ( t tissue1 & ! functions ( an organ 9 ! anatomical connections ( t organ1 a s+le elem5t ( ! tissue is made to replace ! :ole1 & v soon ! function ( ! organ is assign$ to ?is p>ticul> elem5t4 ,! 8sup]/ition ( ! n]ve-cell0 is a /rik+ illu/ration4 ,! cell has usurp$ ! place ( ! tissue1 & has come to be cr$it$ ) c5tral functions2 s t :]ev] anatomi/s h detect$ ganglionic cells1 physiologi/s h n hesitat$ to place c5tral functions4 ,by su* int]pretations ! he>t & inte/9es1 ! gl&s & blood-vessels1 h1 errone\sly1 ,i ?9k1 _! actions assign$ to ganglionic cells4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out ! radical misconception :i* ?us vitiates a great mass ( anatomical exposition & physiological speculation4 ,i only call ! read]'s att5tion to ! po9t at ! outset ( ! brief survey we h n[ to make ( :at is kn[n respect+ ! elem5t>y /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,! ,,inve/igation4 #aac4 ,s great & manifold are ! difficulties ( ! se>*1 t al?\gh hundr$s ( pati5t obs]v]s h dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s be5 incessantly occupi$ ) ! elem5t>y /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 v little has be5 f9ally e/abli%$4 ,inde$1 we may /ill repeat ,lotze's s>casm1 t 8microscopic !ories h an av]age ( five ye>s' duration40 ,?is ne$ n damp our ardor1 ?\gh x ought to *eck a too precipitate confid5ce4 ,no?+ at ! pres5t mom5t ne$s m recognition by ! /ud5t ?an t ! /atem5ts confid5tly repeat$ 9 text-books & monographs are v (t5 = ! mo/ "p only +5i\s guesses1 9 :i* ,obs]vation is to ,imag9ation :at ! bread 0 to ! sack 9 ,fal/aff's tav]n bill4 ,m$ical m5 & psy*ologi/s ought to be w>n$ aga9/ f\nd+ !ories ( disease1 or ( m5tal processes1 on su* v insecure bases2 & physiological /ud5ts w d well to rememb] ! l>ge admixture ( ,hypo!sis :i* e description ( ! n]v\s sy/em n[ conta9s4 ,n t ! pot5t aid ( ,hypo!sis is to be und]valu$2 b its limits mu/ be def9$4 ,x may be us$ z a f+]-po/1 n z a f\ndation4 ,x may sugge/ a direction 9 :i* tru? may be s\ght2 x _c take ! place ( ,obs]vation4 ,x may l9k toge!r scatt]$ facts2 x mu/ n take ! place ( a fact4 ,we are glad ( corks until we h le>n$ to swim4 ,we are glad ( a sugge/ion :i* w = ! nonce fill up ! gaps left by obs]vation1 & hold ! facts intelligibly toge!r4 ,& bo? z sugge/ion & colligation1 ,hypo!sis is indisp5sable4 ,inde$1 e discov]y is a v]ifi$ hypo!sis2 & !re is no discov]y until v]ification has be5 ga9$3 up to ?is po9t x 0 a guess1 :i* might h be5 errone\s--a tor*be>] s5t out to look = a miss+ *ild 9 "o direction1 :ile ! *ild 0 w&]+ 9 ano!r2 only :5 he f9ds ! *ild c we ackn[l$ge t ! tor*be>] pursu$ ! "r pa?4 ,hypo!sis satisfies ! intellectual ne$ ( an explanation1 b we mu/ be w>y le/ we accept ?is fulfilm5t ( a ne$ z equival5t to an enl>gem5t ( k2 we mu/ n accept explanation z demon/ration1 & suppose t because we c =m a m5tal picture ( ! possible /ages ( an ev5t1 !re=e ?is picture repres5ts ! actual /ages4 ,let u be al]t1 =ew>n$ aga9/ ! t5d5cy to seek evid5ce 9 support ( a conclusion1 in/ead ( seek+ to unfold ! conclusion /ep by /ep f ! evid5ce4 ,to seek = evid5ce 9 support ( a guess is v diff]5t f seek+ x 9 support ( a conclusion2 :i* latt] practice is l t ( p ask+ advice1 & only foll[+ x :5 x *imes 9 ) _! desires4 #aad4 ,is n ! w>n+ ne$$1 :5 we f9d anatomi/s guid$ by c]ta9 8physiological po/ulates10 & consequ5tly see+ only :at ^! po/ulates dem&8 ,= example1 !re is ! po/ulate ( 8isolat$ conduction10 :i* is said to require t e n]ve-fibre %\ld pursue its c\rse s+ly f c5tre to p]iph]y4 ,accord+ly ! fibres are describ$ z unbran*$4 ,:atev] may be ! dem& ( ! po/ulate1 or ! felt necessity ( ! d$uction1 ! fact is t n]ve-fibres d bran* (f dur+ _! c\rse at v>i\s po9ts2 nay1 x is d\btful :e!r any l5g?y fibre is unbran*$4 ,o!r po/ulates dem& :at fact pla9ly d5ies4 ,x is said to be 8necess>y0 t e cell %\ld h at lea/ two fibres1 & t s5sory & motor n]ves %\ld be directly connect$ ?r\gh _! respective cells4 ,^! ?+s _c be se51 b !y are describ$ ) unhesitat+ precision4 ,diagrams are publi%$ 9 :i* ! s5sory fibres pass into ! cells ( ! po/]ior horn ( ! sp9al cord1 & ^! cells s5d (f prolongations to ! cells ( ! ant]ior horn1 & !nce ! motor fibres pass out to ! muscles3 an absolutely impossible arrangem5t1 accord+ to our pres5t data6 ,aga91 ! po/ulate t n]ve-=ce orig9ates 9 ! cells1 & t n]ve-functions dep5d on cells1 requir$ t ! cells %\ld be mo/ abundant :]e ! function 0 mo/ en]getic4 ,( c\rse !y 7 f\nd mo/ abundant 9 ! requir$ places--no notice :atev] be+ tak5 ( ! facts :i* directly contradict$ ! d$uction4 #aae4 ,among ! s]i\s ob/acles to rese>* we mu/ reckon ?is t5d5cy to sub/itute ,imag9>y ,anatomy = ,objective ,anatomy4 ,i am consci\s ( ! t5d5cy 9 myself1 z ,i note x 9 o!rs2 & h con/antly to /ruggle aga9/ x1 ?\gh n p]haps always aw>e ( x4 ,_m a "t h ,i _h to rel9qui% plausible explanations1 :i* w\ld h support$ my speculations c\ld ,i b h believ$ t !y repres5t$ ! facts2 b be+ unable to believe ?is1 ,i _h to rememb] t hypo!ses & explanations appe> & disappe>--only ! solid fact lives4 ,if !re is "o lesson emphatically taught by ,philosophy1 x is ! unwisdom ( f\nd+ our conclusions on our desires r ?an on ! objective facts4 #aaf4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages a con/antly critical attitude is pres]v$3 ?is is simply to keep active ! s5se ( h[ mu* is /ill ne$$ to be done be=e a satisfactory !ory ( ! n]v\s sy/em c be work$ out4 ,! objective difficulties are great] ?an 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( ,anatomy4 ,! problem is to =m a precise picture ( :at ! organites are1 & ( h[ !y are arrang$ 9 ! liv+ tissue2 yet our pres5t means ( inve/igation involve z a prelim9>y t we %\ld alt] t arrangem5t1 remov+ "s elem5ts ( ! tissue1 & *ang+ ! /ate ( o!rs1 )\t kn[+ :at 7 _! precise /ate & arrangem5t be=e ! *ange4 ,place a piece ( n]ve-tissue "u ! microscope1 )\t hav+ subject$ x to v>i\s me*anical & *emical op]ations1 & y c see next to no?+ ( its /ructure4 ,y mu/ te> ! p>ts asund]1 & remove ! fat & n]ve-sap 7plasmode7 be=e y c see any?+2 y mu/ coagulate ! album51 & o!rwise *emically alt] ! sub/ances be=e a ?9 section c be made2 y mu/ get rid ( ! tissues 9 :i* x is emb$d$1 )\t kn[+ :at are ! connections ?us de/roy$4 ,liv+ neur9e has no great] consi/5ce ?an cream1 (t5 no great] ?an oil4 ,h[1 !n1 c ?9 sections be made until ?is viscid sub/ance has be5 h>d5$ by alcohol or acids8 ,b sub/ances ?us act$ on lose _! con/itu5t wat]1 :i* c no m be remov$ )\t alt]ation ( _! /ructure1 ?an x c be remov$ f c]ta9 salts )\t de/ruction ( _! special prop]ties4 ,los+ _! wat] alone1 !y become de=m$4 ,!y lose mu* m4 ,sometimes ! loss c be e/imat$1 z 9 ! case ( ! hyal9e sub/ance inve/+ ! nucleus dur+ ! process ( segm5tation 9 embryonic cells1 :i* may be se5 to disappe> :5 a weak solution ( acid is appli$4#acg ,at o!r times we are unable to say :at has disappe>$4 ,"u diff]5t modes ( prep>ation v diff]5t appe>ances are obs]v$1 & anatomi/s are accord+ly at v>iance4 ,yet unless "s h>d5+ me?od be adopt$ little c be se56 ,/ill+1 :o has giv5 8 life to ! /udy1 decl>es t no results are reliable :i* are obta9$ f ! unprep>$ tissue1 because ! me*anical isolation ( ! elem5ts de/roys ! textural arrangem5t4#ach ,!re is "o me?od ( h>d5+1 & only "o1 :i* we c be c]ta9 does n *emically alt] ! /ructure1 & t is ! freez+ me?od4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,weir ,mit*ell & ,dr4 ,ri*>dson prove ?is1 because !y prove t ! bra9 ( ! liv+ animal may be froz5 & froz5 aga9 & aga91 yet recov] its vital activity :5 ?aw$4 ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d has inv5t$ an admirable in/rum5t = mak+ sections ( ! froz5 tissue1 ( any delicacy t may be requir$2 b ) ! ?9ne/ section !re w /ill be c]ta9 difficulties ( obs]vation1 unless ! tissue has und]gone a /a9+ process4 ,:atev] is se51 h[ev]1 9 ! froz5 tissue is to be accept$ z normal4 #aag4 ,two po9ts mu/ be det]m9$ be=e reliance c be plac$ on obs]vations ( tissues *emically act$ on3 ,fir/1 we mu/ prove t ! =ms n[ visible exi/$ be=e ! prep>ation--! *emical action m]ely unveil+ !m2 secondly1 we mu/ e/imate ! "p play$ by ! elem5ts :i* h be5 remov$ 9 ord] to make ! re/ visible4 ,we "k1 = example1 t ! nucleus (t5 exi/s 9 ! cell1 ?\gh an acid may be ne$$ to make x visible4 ,we also "k t cells :i* dur+ life are q free f visible granules are di/9ctly granulat$ aft] dea?1 ev5 )\t ext]nal *emical action4 ,imag9e ! explanation ( a /eam-eng9e to be attempt$ by fir/ tak+ x to pieces1 & exam9+ ^! pieces1 ) no acc\nt ( ! coals & /eam :i* _h previ\sly be5 remov$ 9 ord] to facilitate ! exam9ation4 ,:5 we "k ! "p play$ by coals & /eam1 we may disreg>d ^! items ( ! active ma*9e4 ,s :5 we "k ! "p play$ by wat]1 fat1 amorph\s sub/ance1 & plasmode1 we may describe n]ve-tissue )\t tak+ ^! into acc\nt4 #aah4 8,y h conv9c$ me10 said ,rasselas to ,imlac1 8t x is impossible to be a poet40 ,my read]s may1 p]haps1 inf] f ?is enum]ation ( ! difficulties t a k ( ! m9ute anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em is impossible4 ,n s2 b a k ( ^! difficulties %\ld impress u ) ! necessity = a vigilant scepticism1 & ! se>* aft] new me?ods4 ,if ! difficulties are fairly fac$1 !y may be f9ally ov]come4 ,:at we mu/ resign ourselves to at pres5t is ! conviction t our k is n suffici5tly accurate to be employ$ z a basis ( d$uction 9 ! explanation ( physiological & psy*ological processes4#aci #aai4 ,hav+ said s mu*1 let me add t !re are "s positive mat]ials1 & ^! ye>ly receive additions4 ,! organites are describ$ ) a g5]al agreem5t z to _! composition & /ructure--al?\gh !re is mu* t is hypo!tical ev5 "h4 ,neur9e is kn[n "u two aspects3 ! amorph\s & ! figur$4 ,! figur$1 :i* is ! bett] kn[n1 comprises cells ( diff]5t k9ds1 fibres & fibrils4 ,! amorph\s1 m g5]ally call$ ,neuroglia1 or n]ve-cem5t1 is less und]/ood1 & is inde$ by _m au?orities exclud$ altoge!r f ! n]ve-tissue prop]1 & relegat$ to ! class ( connective tissues4 ,,! ,,n]ve-,,cell4 #abj4 ,x is un=tunate t ! t]m n]ve-cell is appli$ to organites ( v v>iable /ructure4 ,n]ve-cell is a g5]ic t]m ( :i* ! species are _m2 "u x are designat$ organites 9 diff]5t /ages--z infancy1 *ildhood1 & manhood are all includ$ "u ,man4 ,mo/ commonly by n]ve-cell is und]/ood ! ganglionic corpuscle1 conspicu\s 9 its size & its prolongations1 su* z x appe>s 9 ! great c5tres1 & 9 ganglia4 ,x also designates small] diff]5t organites1 sometimes call$ 8nuclei0 7,k]ne71 sometimes gra9s 7,krn]74 ,!re w\ld be advantage 9 designat+ ! e>li] /ages z neurobla/s1 res]v+ ! ^w cells = ! m develop$ =ms4 ,su* a di/9ction w\ld facilitate ! discussion ( :e!r n]ve-fibres _h or _h n _! orig9 9 cells2 because :ile ,i1 = "o1 see v co]cive evid5ce aga9/ ! accept$ notion t all ! fibres h _! orig9 9 ! processes ( ganglionic corpuscles1 ,i see no reason to d\bt t bo? fibres & corpuscles h _! orig9 9 neurobla/s4 ,( ?is anon4 ,! cell is a composite organite1 ! prim>y elem5t be+ a microscopic mass ( protoplasm1 or :at may m conv5i5tly be t]m$ neuroplasm4 ,x appe>s z f9ely granulat$ & /riat$ or fibrillat$ sub/ance on a hyal9e gr\nd1 ) wat]1 fat1 & diffus$ pigm5t 9 v>y+ quantities4 ,! cell conta9s a nucleus1 & nucleolus--sometimes two4 ,l o!r animal cells1 x sometimes has a di/9ct cell-wall1 sometimes n4 ,its size & %ape are v>iable3 sometimes di/9ctly visible to ! nak$ eye1 g5]ally visible only "u ! microscope4#adj ,x is r\nd1 oval1 pyramidal1 club-%ap$1 pe>-%ap$1 or _m-corn]$4 ,x has "o1 two1 ?ree1 or _m outgr[?s call$ 8processes10 & accord+ to ! processes x is kn[n z unipol>1 bipol>1 & multipol>4 ,:5 !re are no processes ! cell is call$ apol>4 ,"s idea ( ^! processes may be =m$ if !y are lik5$ to ! pseudopodia ( ,amb & ,=am9if]a4 ,comp>e ,fig4 #af1 a n]ve-cell1 figur$ by ,g]la*1 ) ,fig4 #ag1 "o highly magnifi$1 9 :i* ,max ,s*ultze's hypo!sis is repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,n]ve-cell f ant]ior horn ( sp9al cord 7man71 magnifi$ #aej diamet]s4 a1 cell process unbran*$ pass+ into or jo9+ an axis cyl9d]1 ! o!r processes are bran*$2 b1 pigm5t4 ,! nucleus & nucleolus are visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,n]ve-cell f ! ant]ior gray sub/ance ( ! sp9al cord ( a calf magnifi$ #fjj4 a1 ! axis cyl9d]2 b1 ! bran*$ process4 ,! neuroplasm is repres5t$ z di/9ctly fibrillat$1 ) granul> sub/ance int]sp]s$4 ,nucleus & nucleolus v di/9ct4 #aba4 ,su* is a g5]al description ( ! n]ve-cell z x is se5 9 v>i\s places1 & "u v>i\s modes ( prep>ation4 ,h[ mu* is due to prep>ation we _c positively say4 ,:ile we always discov] fibr9e 9 ! blood aft] x is )drawn f ! vessels1 we "k t fibr9e z su* does n exi/ 9 ! circulat+ blood4 ,& if neur9e is a semi-liquid sub/ance1 we may d\bt :e!r 9 ! liv+ cell x is fibrillat$4 ,d\bts h be5 ?r[n ev5 on ! normal exi/5ce ( ! granul> sub/ance1 :i* has be5 attribut$ to coagulation4 ,?us we "k t ! nucleus ( ! :ite blood-corpuscle appe>s p]fectly homog5e\s until subject$ to heat1 yet at a c]ta9 temp]ature 7#hf ,f47 x assumes ! aspect ( a f9e network4 ,haeckel obs]v$ ! hyal9e sub/ance ( ! neur9e 9 crayfi% become tr\bl$ & *ang$ directly any fluid except its own blood-s]um came 9 contact ) x4 ,leydig notic$ ! transp>5t ganglion ( a liv+ ,daphnia become d>k] & d>k] z ! animal di$2 & ,i saw some?+ l ?is1 aft] prolong$ /ruggles ( a ,daphnia to escape f a ?read 9 :i* its leg 0 entangl$4 ,*>les ,rob91 inde$1 ass]ts t ! passage f ! hyal9e to ! f9ely granulat$ /ate is a *>act]i/ic ( ! dy+ cell4#ada ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be not$ t ,max ,s*ultze describes a fibrillat$ appe>ance 9 cells j remov$ f ! liv+ animal1 & plac$ 9 s]um4 ,:51 !re=e1 "o obs]v] describes ! neuroplasm z be+ cle> z wat]1 ano!r z f9ely granul>1 & a ?ird z fibrillat$1 we mu/ conclude t ! obs]vations ref] to cells1 #a1 "u diff]5t /ates ( vitalization1 or1 #b1 "u diff]5t modes ( prep>ation4 ,on ! fir/ head we note t "s n]ve-cells are s p]i%able t ,tr9*ese decl>es he c\ld f9d no cells 9 ! ganglia ( a cuttlefi% :i* _h be5 dead tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 al?\gh !y 7 abundant 9 "o rec5tly kill$4#adb ,on ! second head we note t ! *anges wr\ght by modes ( prep>ation _c be left out ( consid]ation4 ,au]ba* notices t ! cells & fibres app>5t 9 ! plexus my5t]icus aft] an acid has be5 appli$1 _c be detect$ be=e t application--no?+ is visible b a pale gelat9\s network1 ) "h & !re knots ( a pal] hue2 & ,i rememb] my surprise on exam9+ ! fre% sp9al cord ( a duck-embryo1 & f9d+ no trace ( cells su* z ,i _h t v morn+ se5 9 ! cord ( a *ick ( e>li] date1 b :i* _h be5 soak$ 9 weak bi*romate ( pota%4 ,n[ we h excell5t gr\nds = believ+ t 9 bo? cases ^! organites 7 pres5t1 & t x 0 ! reag5t :i* disclos$ _! pres5ce 9 ! *ick2 & s 9 o!r cases we mu/ ask :e!r ! =ms :i* appe> "u a giv5 mode ( prep>ation are simply unmask$1 or are 9 tru? produc$ by ! reag5t8 ,?is "q we c r>ely answ]4 ,if "o ( ! v l>ge cells be tak5 f ! ganglion ( a liv+ mollusc1 & be g5tly press$ till x bur/s1 ! dis*>g$ cont5ts w be se5 to be ( a hyal9e viscid sub/ance1 ) f9e granules b no trace ( fibres4 ,yet we mu/ n ra%ly g5]alize f ?is1 & decl>e t 9 ! v]tebrate cells ! sub/ance is n also fibrillat$4 ,z a good deal ( speculation re/s on ! assumption ( ! fibrillat$ cell-cont5ts1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to note ! unc]ta9ty :i* hov]s r\nd x4 #abb4 ,among ! unc]ta9ties mu/ be reckon$ ! "q z to ! cell-processes4 ,! exi/5ce ( apol> & unipol> cells is flatly d5i$ by _m writ]s1 :o ass]t t ! appe>ances are due to ! fragility ( ! processes4 ,fragile ! processes are1 & evid5ce ( _! hav+ be5 brok5 (f meet u 9 e prep>ation2 b ! d5ial ( apol> & unipol> cells seems to me only an example ( ! t5d5cy to sub/itute hypo!sis = obs]vation 7 #aad74 ,! 8po/ulate0 :i* "s seem to reg>d z a 8necessity ( ?\ght0 t e n]ve-cell %all h at lea/ two fibres1 "o +o+1 ! o!r outgo+1 is all[$ to ov]ride ! pla9 evid5ce4#adc ,x orig9at$ 9 ! fact fir/ notic$ by ,wagn] & ,*>les ,rob9 t c]ta9 cells 9 ! sp9al ganglia ( fi%es are bipol>4 ,! fact 0 rapidly g5]aliz$1 9 spite ( its n be+ v]ifi$ 9 o!r places2 ! g5]alization 0 accept$ because 7by a /range process ( reason+ runn+ c\nt] to all physiological k7 x 0 ?\ght to furni% an elem5t>y illu/ration ( ! reflex process4 ,z ! c5tre _h its +o+ & outgo+ n]ve1 s ! cell 0 held to be a c5tre 8writ small10 & requir$ its two fibres1 ,no "o paus$ to ask1 h[ a cell plac$ 9 ! track ( an +o+ n]ve c\ld fulfil ?is (fice ( a reflex c5tre2 no "o suppos$ t ! portion ( ! s5sory fibre :i* cont9u$ its c\rse1 aft] ! int]ruption ( ! cell1 0 a motor fibre4 ,:at does ,obs]vation tea*8 ,x tea*es t at fir/ all n]ve-cells are apol>4 ,ev5 9 ! cortex ( ! c]ebrum1 :]e 7unless we include ! nuclei & gra9-l corpuscles "u cells7 all ! cells are f9ally multipol>1 !re is n "o :i* has a process1 up to ! sev5? or eigh? day ( incubation 79 ! *ick72 f t day1 & onw>ds1 cells ) "o process appe>2 lat] on1 cells ) two1 & lat] /ill1 ) ?ree4 ,by ?is "t all ! apol> cells h disappe>$4 ,!y may !re=e be reg>d$ z cells 9 _! infancy4 ,h[ev] t may be1 we mu/ accept ! fact t apol> cells exi/2 :e!r !y c co-op]ate 9 neural functions1 is a "q :i* mu/ be decid$ aft] ! mode ( op]ation ( cells is plac$ beyond a d\bt4 #abc4 ,if apol> cells are embryonic =ms ( cells :i* aft]w>ds become multipol>1 ?is int]pretation w n suffice = ! unipol> cells4 ,!y are n only abundant1 b are mature =ms 9 "s organs1 & 9 "s animals2 ?\gh 9 "s organs !y may truly be reg>d$ z embryonic4 ,?us 9 ! human embryo up to ! f\r? mon? all ! cells ( ! sp9al cord are said to be unipol>1#add lat] on !y become multipol>4 ,b 9 birds1 rabbits1 dogs1 & ev5 man1 ! cells 9 ! sp9al ganglia are ma9ly 7if n :olly7 unipol>2#ade nor is !re any difficulty 9 obs]v+ ! same fact 9 ! sophageal ganglia ( molluscs 7see ,fig4 #bb74 ,su* are ! obs]vations4 ,!y h inde$ be5 =c$ into agreem5t ) ! bipol> po/ulate1 by ! assumption t ! s+le process bran*es into two1 "o aff]5t1 ! o!r eff]5t4#adf ,b be=e mak+ obs]vation ?us pliant to suit hypo!sis1 x w\ld be well to look m closely into ! evid5ce = ! hypo!sis itself4 ,= my own "p1 ,i fail to see ! ju/ification ( ! po/ulate2 :]eas ! exi/5ce ( unipol> cells is an obs]vation :i* has be5 amply v]ifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,suppos$ union ( two n]ve-cells & a fibre4 ,! processes subdivide into a m9ute network1 9 :i* ! fibre also loses itself4 #abd4 ,bipol> cells ab\nd2 multipol> cells are /ill m abundant2 & ^! are ! cells f\nd 9 ! gray sub/ance ( ! neural axis4 ,deit]s1 9 8 epo*-mak+ "w1#adg prop\nd$ an hypo!tic s*ema :i* has be5 widely accept$4 ,f9d+ t ! l>ge cells 9 ! ant]ior horn ( ! sp9al cord gave (f processes ( diff]5t k9ds1 "o bran*$1 ! o!r unbran*$1 he held t ! latt] process 0 ! orig9 ( ! axis cyl9d] ( a n]ve-fibre1 :]eas ! bran*$ process 0 protoplasm :i* divid$ & subdivid$1 & =m$ ! connection betwe5 "o cell & ano!r4 ,g]la* has modifi$ ?is by suppos+ t ! m9ute fibrils ( ! bran*+ process reunite & =m an axis cyl9d] 7,fig4 #ah74 ,!re is no d\bt t "s processes t]m9ate 9 a f9e network2 & !re is a probability 7n m7 t ! unbran*$ process is always cont9u\s ) ! axis cyl9d] ( a motor n]ve1 z we "k x sometimes is ) t ( a d>k-bord]$ fibre 9 ! :ite sub/ances4 ,?is1 ?\gh probable1 is1 h[ev]1 v f> f hav+ be5 demon/rat$4 ,once or twice ,kllik]1 ,max ,s*ultze1 & ,g]la* h foll[$ ?is unbran*$ process z f> z ! root ( a motor n]ve2 & !y inf] t al?\gh x c\ld n be trac$ fur!r1 yet x did really jo9 an axis cyl9d] !re4 ,9 support ,( ?is inf]5ce came ! obs]vations ( ,kos*5nik(f1#adh t 9 ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 processes 7 twice se5 cont9u\s ) d>k-bord]$ n]ve-fibres4 ,b ! extreme r>ity ( su* obs]vations amid ?\s&s ( cells is itself a gr\nd = hesitation 9 accept+ a g5]aliz$ int]pretation1 ! m s s9ce we h ,h5le's obs]vation ( ! simil> entrance ( a bran*$ process into ! root4#adi ,n[ x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! bran*$ process is by no anatomi/ at pres5t reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( ! axis cyl9d]2 s t if x c ent] ! root )\t be+ ! orig9 ( a n]ve-fibre1 we are n entitl$ to assume t ! entrance ( ! unbran*$ process has any o!r significance 7on ?is head comp>e #ade71 especially :5 we reflect t no tru/wor?y obs]v] n[ pr(esses to h foll[$ a n]ve-fibre ( ! po/]ior root "r into a multipol> cell4 ,figures1 inde$1 h be5 publi%$ :i* %[ ?is1 & mu* else2 b su* figures are diagrams1 n copies ( :at is se54 ,!y belong to ,imag9>y ,anatomy4#aej ,! relation ( ! cell-process to ! n]ve-fibre w be discuss$ anon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,ana/omos+ n]ve-cells 7aft] ,gratiolet74 a1 body ( ! cell2 c1 process ( unit+ two cells2 d1 bran*+ process4 #abe4 ,a ^w 9 pass+ on ! contradictory ass]tions respect+ ! ana/omosis ( n]ve-cells4 ,t ! gray sub/ance =ms a cont9uum ( "s k9d is c]ta9 f ! cont9uity ( propagation ( a /imulus4 ,b x is by no means c]ta9 t "o cell is directly unit$ to its neighbor by a cell-process4 ,em95t au?orities ass]t t su* direct union nev] takes place2 o!rs1 t x is a r>e & insignificant fact2 o!rs1 t x is con/ant1 & 8dem&$ by physiological po/ulates40 ,i w n1 9 ! pres5ce ( di/9ct affirmations1 v5ture to d5y t su* appe>ances z are pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ai may occasionally be obs]v$2 ! m s z ,i h myself se5 p]haps half a doz5 some:at simil> cases2 b x is ! op9ion ( ,deit]s & ,kllik] t all su* appe>ances are illusory4#aea ,grant+ t su* connections occur1 we _c grant ?is to be ! normal mode2 especially n[ ! m probable supposition is t ! connection is normally e/abli%$ by means ( ! delicate ramifications ( ! bran*+ processes4 ,imag9>y ,anatomy has n be5 cont5t ) ! cells ( ! ant]ior horn be+ ?us unit$ toge!r1 to admit ( unit$ action1 b has gone fur!r1 & suppos$ t ! cells ( ! po/]ior horn1 besides be+ ?us unit$1 s5d (f processes :i* unite !m ) ! cells ( ! ant]ior horn--& ?us a pa?way is =m$ = ! transmission ( a s5sory impression1 & its conv]sion into a motor impulse4 ,:at w ! read] say :5 in=m$ t n only has no eye ev] beheld su* a pa?way1 b t ! fir/ /ep--! direct union ( ! s5sory n]ve-fibre ) a cell 9 ! po/]ior horn--is confess$ly n visible8 #abf4 ,! =ego+ criticisms w p]haps di/urb ! read] :o has be5 accu/om$ to !orize on ! data giv5 9 text-books2 b he may h5ce=w>d be m cauti\s 9 accept+ su* data z premises = d$uction1 & w look ) suspicion on ! _m !ories :i* h aris5 on s un/able a basis4 ,:5 we reflect h[ completely ! mod]n views ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! physiological1 pa?ological1 & psy*ological explanations bas$ on ^! views1 are dom9at$ by ! curr5t notions ( ! n]ve-cell1 x is ( ! la/ importance t we %\ld fairly face ! fact t at pres5t our k ev5 ( ! /ructure ( ! n]ve-cell is extremely imp]fect2 & our k ( ! "p x plays--its anatomical relations & its functional relations--is little m ?an guesswork6 ,,! ,,n]ves4 #abg4 ,we n[ pass to ! second ord] ( organites2 & "h our exposition w be less tr\bl$ by hesitations1 = al?\gh !re is /ill mu* to be le>n$ ab\t ! /ructure & connections ( ! n]ve-fibres1 !re is also a solid f\ndation ( accurate k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;a1 axis cyl9d] =m$ by ! fibrils ( ! cell cont5ts1 & at a' assum+ ! m$ull>y %ea?2 b1 nak$ axis cyl9d] f sp9al cord4 ,a n]ve is a bundle ( fibres )9 a membran\s envelope suppli$ ) blood-vessels4 ,ea* fibre has also its sep>ate %ea?1 hav+ annul> con/rictions at v>i\s int]vals4 ,x is m correctly nam$ by _m ,fr5* anatomi/s a n]ve-tube r ?an a n]ve-fibre2 b if we cont9ue to use ! t]m fibre1 we mu/ res]ve x = ^? organites :i* h a membran\s %ea?1 & !reby di/+ui% x f ! m delicate fibril :i* has none4 ,! n]ve tube or fibre is ?us con/itut$3 )9 ! %ea? lies a c5tral b& ( neuroplasm id5tical ) ! neuroplasm ( n]ve-cells1 & kn[n z ! axis cyl9d]2 surr\nd+ ?is b& is an envelope ( :iti% sub/ance1 v>i\sly /yl$ myel9e1 m$ull>y %ea?1 & :ite sub/ance ( ,s*wann3 x is closely simil> to ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! yolk ( egg1 & to its pres5ce is due ! :iti% color ( ! fibres1 :i* 9 its abs5ce are grayi%4 ,! axis cyl9d] mu/ be und]/ood z ! prim>y & ess5tial elem5t1 because n only are !re n]ve-fibrils de/itute bo? ( %ea? & myel9e yet fulfill+ ! (fice ( ,neurility1 b at _! t]m9ations1 bo? 9 c5tres & 9 muscles1 ! n]ve-fibres always lose %ea? & myel9e1 to pres]ve only ! neuroplasmic ?reads ( :i* ! axis cyl9d] is said to be compos$4 ,9 ! l[e/ fi%es1 9 ! inv]tebrates1 & 9 ! s-call$ sympa!tic fibres ( v]tebrates1 !re is ei!r no myel9e1 or x is n sep>at$ f ! neuroplasm4 #abh4 ,n]ve-fibres are ( two k9ds--#a4 ,! d>k-bord]$ or m$ull>y fibres1 :i* h bo? %ea? & myel9e1 z 9 ! p]iph]al sy/em2 or only myel9e1 )\t ! %ea?1 z 9 ! c5tral sy/em4 #b4 ,! non-m$ull>y fibres1 :i* h ! %ea?1 )\t appreciable myel9e--su* are ! fibres ( ! olfactory1 & ! pale fibres ( ! sympa!tic4 ,n]ve-fibrils are neuroplasmic ?reads ( extreme delicacy1 visible only "u high magnify+ p[]s 7#gjj-hjj71 :i* ab\nd 9 ! c5tres1 :]e !y =m networks4 ,! fibrils also =m ! t]m9ations ( ! fibres4 ,_m fibrils are suppos$ to be cond5s$ 9 "o axis cyl9d]4 ,?is is repres5t$ by ,max ,s*ultze 9 ,figs4 #ag & #bj4 #abi4 ,z may readily be imag9$1 ! semi-liquid nature ( ! neuroplasm ?r[s almo/ insup]able difficulties 9 ! way ( accurately det]m9+ :e!r ! axis cyl9d] 9 ! liv+ n]ve is fibrillat$ or n2 :e!r1 inde$1 any ( ! aspects x pres5ts 9 our prep>ations are normal4 ,au?orities are n ev5 agre$ z to :e!r x is a pre-exi/5t solid b& ( homog5e\s sub/ance1 or a bundle ( primitive fibrils1 or a product ( coagulation4#aeb ,rudan[sky's obs]vations on froz5 n]ves conv9c$ him t ! cyl9d] is a tubule ) liquid cont5ts4#aec ,my own inve/igations ( ! n]ves ( insects & molluscs incl9e me to ! view ( ,dr4 ,s*midt ( ,new ,orleans1 namely1 t ! cyl9d] axis consi/s ( m9ute granules arrang$ 9 r[s & unit$ by a homog5e\s int]fibrill> sub/ance1 ?us =m+ a bundle ( granul> fibrils enclos$ 9 a delicate %ea?#aed--;9 o!r words1 a /reak ( neuroplasm :i* has a fibrill> disposition ( its granules4 ,we ought to expect great v>ieties 9 su* /reaks ( neuroplasm2 & x is q conceivable t 9 ! ,rays & ! ,torp$o !re are axis cyl9d]s :i* are s+le fibrils1 & o!rs :i* are bundles1 ) f9ely granulat$ int]fibrill> sub/ance4#aee ,! fibres (t5 pres5t a v>icose aspect1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s r>ely obs]v$ 9 ! fre% tissue1 t _m writ]s reg>d x 7z well z ! d\ble cont\r7 z ! product ( prep>ation4#aef ,x is1 inde$1 always visible aft] ! application ( wat]4 ,we ne$ say no m at pres5t respect+ ! /ructure ( n]ve-fibres1 except to po9t out t we h "h an organite n less complex ?an ! cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,n]ve-fibres f ! :ite sub/ance ( ! c]ebrum4 a1 a1 a1 ! m$ull> cont5ts press$ out ( ! tube z irregul> drops4 ,,! ,,neuroglia4 #acj4 ,besides cells & fibres1 !re is ! amorph\s sub/ance1 :i* con/itutes a great "p ( ! c5tral tissue1 & also ent]s l>gely into ! p]iph]al tissue4 ,x consi/s ( f9ely granul> sub/ance1 & a network ( excessively delicate fibrils1 ) nuclei int]sp]s$4 ,its "* is at pres5t sub judice4 ,"s writ]s hold x to be n]v\s1 ! majority hold x to be simply "o ( ! _m =ms ( connective tissue3 h5ce its "n neuroglia1 or n]ve-cem5t4 ,9 ! convolutions ( ! froz5 bra9 ,wal!r f9ds ! cells & fibres imb$d$ 9 a /ructureless semi-fluid sub/ance :olly free f granules2 ! granules only appe> !re :5 cells h be5 cru%$4 ,x is to ?is sub/ance he attributes ! fluctuation ( ! liv+ bra9 "u ! t\*1 l t ( a mature abscess2 ! solidity :i* is felt aft] dea? is due to ! coagulation ( ?is sub/ance4 ,unhappily we h no means ( det]m9+ :e!r ! network visible "u o!r modes ( inve/igation is pres5t1 al?\gh invisible1 9 ?is sub/ance4 ,! neuroglia1 z x appe>s 9 h>d5$ tissues1 mu/ !re=e be describ$ ) ?is d\bt 9 our m9ds4 ,if we exam9e a bit ( c5tral gray sub/ance :]e ! cells & fibres are sp>se1 we see1 "u a l[ p[]1 a network ( fibrils 9 ! me%es ( :i* lie n]ve-cells4 ,"u v high p[]s we see outside ^! cells ano!r network ( excessively f9e fibrils emb$d$ 9 a granul> gr\nd sub/ance1 hav+ some:at ! aspect ( ho>-fro/1 accord+ to ,boll4 ,x is suppos$ t ! fir/ network is =m$ by ! ultimate ramifications ( ! n]ve-cell processes1 & t ! second is =m$ by ramifications ( ! processes ( connective cells4 ,9 ?is granul>1 gelat9\s1 fibrill> sub/ance nuclei appe>1 toge!r ) small multipol> cells n di/+ui%able f n]ve-cells except 9 be+ s mu* small]4 ,^! nuclei are m abundant 9 ! tissue ( "y animals1 & m abundant 9 ! c]ebellum ?an 9 ! c]ebrum4 ,! granul> aspect pr$om9ates ! fre%] ! specim51 ?\gh !re is always a network ( fibrils2 s t "s reg>d ! granules z ! result ( a resolution ( ! fibrils1 o!rs reg>d ! fibrils z ! l9e> cry/allization 7s to speak7 ( ! granules4#aeg #aca4 ,su* is ! aspect ( ! neuroglia4 ,i d>e n v5ture to =mulate an op9ion on ! hi/ological "q :e!r ?is amorph\s sub/ance is neural1 or p>tly neural & p>tly connective 7a sub/ance :i* is pot5tially bo?1 accord+ to ,deit]s & ,h5le71 or :olly connective4 ,! "q is n at pres5t to be answ]$ decisively1 because :at is kn[n z connective tissue has also ! ?ree =ms ( multipol> cells1 fibrils1 & amorph\s sub/ance2 nor is !re any decisive m>k by :i* ^! elem5ts 9 ! "o c be di/+ui%$ f elem5ts 9 ! o!r4 ,! physical & *emical composition ( ,neuroglia & ,neuroplasm are z closely alli$ z _! morphological /ructure4 ,& al?\gh 9 ! lat] /ages ( developm5t ! two tissues are m>k$ly di/+ui%able1 9 ! e>ly /ages e ef=t has fail$ to furni% a decisive indication4#aeh ,connective tissue is dissolv$ by solutions :i* leave n]ve-tissue intact4 ,c we employ ?is z a decisive te/8 ,no1 = if we soak a section ( ! sp9al cord 9 "o ( ^! solutions1 ! pia mat] & ! membran\s septa :i* ramify f x betwe5 ! cells & fibres disappe>1 leav+ all ! re/ unalt]$4 ,?is proves t ,neuroglia is at any rate *emically diff]5t f ord9>y connective tissue1 & m alli$ to ! n]v\s4 ,z to ! /a9+ process1 s mu* reli$ on1 no?+ requires great] caution 9 its employm5t4 ,/i$a f\nd t ! same p>ts 7 sometimes /a9$ & sometimes n2 & ,mau?n] obs]v$ t 9 "s cells bo? cont5ts & nucleolus 7 /a9$1 :ile ! nucleus rema9$ cle>1 9 o!r cells ! cont5ts rema9$ cle>2 & "s ( ! axis cyl9d]s 7 /a9$1 ! o!rs n4#aei ,li/] f\nd t ! connective tissue betwe5 ! fibres ( ! sciatic n]ve1 z well z ! pia mat]1 7 /a9$ l ! axis cyl9d]s2#afj & 9 "o ( my notes !re is ! record ( bo? 7suppos$7 connective cells & n]ve-cells be+ /a9$ alike1 :ile ! n]ve-fibres & ! 7suppos$7 connective fibres 7 un/a9$4 ,:5ce ,i conclude t ! supposition z to ! nature ( ! "o gr\p be+ diff]5t f t ( ! o!r 0 unt5able1 if ! /a9+ te/ is to be held decisive4 #acb4 ,! hi/ological "q is rais$ into undue importance because x is suppos$ to c>ry ) x physiological consequ5ces :i* w\ld deprive ! neuroglia ( active co-op]ation 9 neural processes1 r$uc+ x to ! insignificant position ( a me*anical support4 ,i _c b reg>d ?is z due to ! mi/ak5 t5d5cy ( analytical int]pretation1 :i* some:at arbitr>ily fa/5s on "o elem5t 9 a complex ( elem5ts1 & assigns t "o z ! sole ag5t4 ,:e!r we call ! neuroglia connective or neural1 x plays an ess5tial "p 9 all neural processes1 probably a m important "p ?an ev5 ! n]ve-cells1 :i* usurp exclusive att5tion6 ,to ov]look x1 or to assign x a m]ely me*anical (fice1 seems to me z unphysiological z to ov]look blood-s]um1 & recognize ! corpuscles z ! only nutri5t elem5ts4 ,! notion ( ! neuroglia be+ a m]e vehicle ( support = ! blood-vessels arises f n di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! alim5tal & in/rum5tal (fices4 ,9 ! function ( a limb1 bone is a co-op]ant4 ,9 ! function ( a c5tre1 connective tissue is a co-op]ant2 s t ev5 if we ackn[l$ge neuroglia to be a special =m ( connective tissue1 x is an ag5t 9 neural processes2 :at its ag5cy is1 w be h]eaft] consid]$4 ,foll[+ ,bidd] & ,kupff]1 ! ,dorpat s*ool proclaim$ ! :ole ( ! gray sub/ance ( ! po/]ior half ( ! sp9al cord to be connective tissue2 & ,blessig ma9ta9$ t ! :ole ( ! ret9a1 except ! optic fibres1 0 connective tissue4#afa ,ev5 ^? anatomi/s :o reg>d$ ?is z exagg]at$1 admitt$ t connective tissue l>gely ent]s into ! gray sub/ance1 especially if ! granul> gr\nd sub/ance be reckon$ z connective1 ! n]ve-cells be+ v sp>se 9 ! po/]ior region4 ,be x s4 ,let u admit t ! gray matt] ( ! frog's sp9al cord is ma9ly compos$ ( neuroglia1 9 :i* a v few multipol> n]ve-cells are emb$d$4 ,:at mu/ our conclusion be8 ,:y1 t s9ce ?is sp9al cord is prov$ to be a c5tre ( en]getic & manifold reflex actions--ev5 to ! ext5t ( =c+ _m inve/igators to attribute s5sation & volition to x--?is is pro( t connective tissue does ! "w ( n]ve-tissue1 & t ! neuroglia is m important ?an n]ve-cells6 ,?ree hypo!ses are ma9ta9able--#a4 ,! neuroglia is ! amorph\s gr\nd-sub/ance ( undevelop$ tissue 7neuroplasm7 out ( :i* ! cells & fibres ( n]ve-tissue & connective tissue are evolv$4 #b4 ,x is ! product ( dissolv$ n]ve cells & fibres4 #c4 ,x is ! undevelop$ /age ( connective tissue4 ,= physiological purposes we may adopt any "o ( ^! views1 provid$ we keep firm hold ( ! fact t ! neuroglia is an ess5tial elem5t1 & 9 ! c5tres a dom9ant elem5t4 ,to make ?is cle>1 h[ev]1 we mu/ inquire m closely into ! relations ( ! ?ree elem5ts1 n]ve-cells1 fibres1 & neuroglia4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,organites4 #acc4 ,9 enum]at+ among ! ob/acles to rese>* ! t5d5cy to sub/itute hypo!tic d$uctions 9 place ( objective facts1 ,i _h specially 9 my m9d ! wide-rea*+ influ5ce ( ! reign+ !ories ( ! n]ve-cell4 ,_h we a solidly e/abli%$ !ory ( ! cell1 equival5t1 say1 to our !ory ( gas-pressure1 we %\ld /ill ne$ caution 9 all[+ x to ov]ride exact obs]vation2 b insecure z our data are1 & hypo!tical z are ! inf]5ces respect+ ! "p play$ by ! cell1 ! reliance plac$ on d$uctions f su* premises is no?+ less ?an sup]/ition4 ,sci5ce w take a new />t :5 ! :ole "q is re9ve/igat$ on a prelim9>y sett+ aside ( all t has be5 precipitately accept$ respect+ ! (fice ( ! cell4 ,?is ex]cise ( ! imag9ation1 ev5 %\ld ! reign+ !ories subsequ5tly be confirm$1 w\ld n fail to br+ _m neglect$ facts into _! rightful place4 ,i am old en\gh to rememb] :5 ! cell held a v subord9ate position 9 ,neurology1 & n[ my m$itations h l$ me to return1 if n to ! old views ( ! cell1 at lea/ to some?+ l ! old e/imate ( its relative importance4 ,its exi/5ce 0 fir/ br\ght prom95tly =w>d by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahcd1 :o describ$ its pres5ce 9 ! sympa!tic ganglia2 & by ,remak 9 #ahcg1 :o describ$ x 9 ! sp9al ganglia4 ,= "s "t aft]w>ds ! ganglia & c5tres 7 said to conta9 irregul> masses ( vesicul> matt] :i* 7 look$ on z inve/+ ! fibres2 :at _! (fice 01 did n appe>4 ,b !re rapidly arose ! belief t ! cells 7 m9ute batt]ies 9 :i* 8n]ve-=ce0 0 develop$1 ! fibres s]v+ m]ely z conductors4 ,once />t$ on ?is track1 ,hypo!sis _h free way1 & a sort ( feti*i/ic deification ( ! cell inve/$ x ) miracul\s p[]s4 ,9 _m works ( repute we meet ) /atem5ts :i* may fitly take _! place beside ! equally grave /atem5ts made by savages respect+ ! hidd5 virtues ( /icks & /ones4 ,we f9d ! n]ve-cells cr$it$ ) 8metabolic p[]s10 :i* enable !m to 8spiritualize impressions1 & mat]ialize ideas10 to trans=m s5sations into movem5ts1 & elaborate s5sations into ?\ghts2 n only h !y ?is 8rem>kable aptitude ( metabolic local action10 !y c also 8act at a di/ance40#afb ,! savage believes t "o pebble w cure diseases1 & ano!r r5d] him victori\s 9 w>2 & !re are physiologi/s :o believe t "o n]ve-cell has s5sibility1 ano!r motricity1 a ?ird in/9ct1 a f\r? emotion1 a fif? reflexion3 !y d n say ?is 9 s _m words1 b !y assign to cells :i* diff] only 9 size & %ape1 specific qualities4 ,!y describe s5sational1 emotional1 ideational1 sympa!tic1 reflex1 & motor-cells2 nay1 ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk goes s f> z to specify hung]-cells & ?ir/-cells4#afc ,) :at grace c ^! writ]s laugh at ,s*ola/icism8 #acd4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! n]ve-cell z ! f\nta9 ( n]ve-=ce is support$ by ! gratuit\s hypo!sis ( cell-sub/ance hav+ great] *emical t5sion & molecul> in/ability ?an n]ve-fibre4 ,no evid5ce has be5 furni%$ = ?is2 inde$ ! only exp]im5tal evid5ce be>+ on ?is po9t1 if x has any =ce1 seems directly adv]se to ! hypo!sis4 ,i allude to ! exp]im5ts ( ,wundt1 :i* %[ t ! fa9t /imulus capable ( mov+ a muscle :5 appli$ directly to its n]ve1 mu/ be increas$ if ! excitation has to pass ?r\gh ! cells by /imulation ( ! s5sory n]ve4#afd ,wundt int]prets ?is z prov+ t ! cells ret>d e impulse1 :]eby !y are enabl$ to /ore up lat5t =ce4 ,! cells h ?us ! (fice ( locks 9 a canal1 :i* cause ! %all[ /ream to deep5 at p>ticul> places4 ,i d n reg>d ?is int]pretation z satisfactory2 b ! fact at any rate seems to prove t s f> f ! cells manife/+ great] in/ability ?an ! fibres1 !y manife/ less4 #ace4 ,! hypo!sis ( n]ve-=ce be+ develop$ 9 ! ganglia1 gradually assum$ a m precise expression :5 ! n]ve-cells 7 reg>d$ z ! only important elem5ts ( a ganglion4 ,x has become ! f\ndation-/one ( ,neurology1 !re=e v p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to make sure t ?is f\ndation re/s on cle> & indisputable evid5ce4 ,in/ead ( t1 !re is absolutely no evid5ce on :i* x c re/2 & !re is mu* evid5ce decid$ly oppos$ to x4 ,nei!r /ructure nor exp]im5t po9ts out ! cells z ! *ief ag5ts 9 neural processes4 ,let u consid] ^!4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! cont5ts ( a molluscan ganglion :i* has be5 teas$ out ) ne$les4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,cells1 fibres1 & amorph\s sub/ance f ! ganglion ( a mollusc 7aft] ,bu*oltz74 ,! cells are se5 to v>y 9 size1 b 9 all !re is a rim ( neuroplasm surr\nd+ ! l>ge nucleus1 & f ?is neuroplasm ! fibre is se5 to be a prolongation4 ,! dott$ sub/ance 9 ! c5tre is ! neuroglia4 ,except 9 ! possession ( a nucleus1 !re is obvi\sly "h no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( cell & fibre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc--;,fibres f ! auditory n]ve4 a1 ! axis cyl9d]2 b1 ! cellul> enl>gem5t2 c1 ! m$ull>y %ea?4 ,n[ comp>e ?is ) ,fig4 #bc1 repres5t+ ?ree fibres f ! auditory n]ve4 ,"h ! cell sub/ance1 z ,max ,s*ultze rem>ks1 8is a cont9uation ( ! axis cyl9d]1 & encloses ! nucleus4 ,! m$ulla commonly ceases at ! po9t :]e ! axis ent]s ! cell1 to reappe> at its exit2 b x sometimes /ret*es across ! cell to enclose x also3 s t su* a ganglion cell is 9 tru? simply ! nucleat$ portion ( ! cyl9d] axis40#afe ,!re are _m places 9 :i* fibres are ?us f\nd ) cells ins]t$ 9 _! c\rse z swell+s3 9 ! sp9al ganglia ( fi%es ^! are call$ bipol> cells2 !y are sometimes met ) ev5 9 ! c]ebellum2 b (t5] 9 p]iph]al n]ves1 :]e !y are mo/ly small masses ( granul> neuroplasm f :i* usually a bran*+ ( ! fibre takes place4 ,! po9t to :i* att5tion is call$ is t 9 "s cases1 if n 9 all1 ! n]ve-fibre is /ructurally cont9u\s ) ! cell cont5ts4 ,! two organites--fibre & cell--diff] only z reg>ds ! nucleus & pigm5t4 ,haeckel1 :o affirms t 9 ! crayfi% 7,a/acus fluviatilis7 he nev] saw a cell :i* did n cont9ue z a fibre1 ?9ks !re is always a m>k$ sep>ation ( ! granul> sub/ance f its 8hyal9e protoplasm10 & t only ?is latt] =ms ! axis cyl9d]4 ,b al?\gh my obs]vations agree ) ?is z a g5]al fact1 ,i h se5 ev5 9 crayfi% ! granul> sub/ance prolong$ into ! axis cyl9d]2 & 9 o!r animals ! granul> sub/ance is frequ5tly disc]nible4 ,inde$ x may be said t anatomi/s are n[ tol]ably unanim\s z to ! axis cyl9d] be+ id5tical ) ! protoplasmic cell sub/ance4 ,if ?is be s1 we h only to recall ! pr9ciple ( id5tity ( prop]ty accompany+ id5tity ( /ructure1 to conclude t :atev] prop]ties we assign to ! cells 7unless we re/rict ^! to ! nucleus & pigm5t7 we mu/ assign to ! axis cyl9d]s4 ,we c !re=e no long] ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis ( ! cells be+ ! f\nta9s or res]voirs ( ,neurility2 ! less s :5 we reflect t cells d n =m ! hundr$? "p ( n]ve-tissue3 = ev5 ! gray sub/ance be>s b a small proportion to ! :ite2 & ( ! gray sub/ance1 ,h5le e/imates t "o half is fibr\s1 ! re/ is p>tly cellul>1 p>tly amorph\s4 ,^? :o d]ive ,neurility f ! cells1 =get t al?\gh ! organism beg9s z a cell1 & = "s weeks consi/s ma9ly ( cells1 yet f ?is "t onw>ds !re is an ev]-increas+ prepond]ance ( cell-d]ivatives--fibres1 tubes1 & amorph\s sub/ance--& correspond+ ) ?is is ! ev]-increas+ p[] & complexity ( ! organism4 #acf4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view we mu/ reject ! hypo!sis4 ,n only does ! evid5ce :i* po9ts to ! ess5tial cont9uity 9 /ructure ( n]ve cell & fibre discr$it ! notion ( _! physiological div]sity1 b x is fur!r support$ by ! fact t al?\gh ! :ole n]v\s sy/em is /ructurally cont9u\s1 an imm5se mass ( n]ve-fibres h no imm$iate connection ) ganglionic cells3--nei!r spr++ f nor t]m9at+ 9 su* cells1 _! activity _c be assign$ to !m4 ,to _m read]s ?is /atem5t w be />tl+4 ,!y h be5 s accu/om$ to he> t e fibre beg9s or t]m9ates 9 a cell1 t a d\bt ?r[n on x w s\nd p>adoxical4 ,b !re is an equivoque "h :i* mu/ be got rid (4 ,:5 x is said t e fibre has its 8orig90 9 a cell1 ?is may be true if orig9 mean its po9t ( dep>ture 9 evolution1 = 8cells0 are ! e>ly =ms ( all organites2 b al?\gh e organite is at fir/ a cell1 & 9 ?is s5se a n]ve-fibre mu/ be said to orig9ate 9 a cell1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! equivoque :i* arises f call+ ! highly diff]5tiat$ organite1 usually designat$ ganglionic cell1 by ! same "n z its />t+-po9t4 ,on ?is gr\nd ,i sugge/ ! t]m neurobla/1 9 lieu ( n]ve-cell1 = ! e>li] /ages 9 ! evolution ( cell & fibre4 ,bo? ,embryology & ,anatomy seem to %[ t cell & fibre are organites diff]5tiat$ f id5tical neurobla/s1 ) a some:at v>y+ hi/ory1 s t 9 _! f9al /ages ! cell & fibre h conspicu\s diff]5ces 9 =m ) an und]ly+ id5tity2 j z a male & female organism />t+ f id5tical ova1 & hav+ ess5tial *>act]s 9 common1 are yet 9 o!r *>act]s conspicu\sly unlike4 ,! multipol> cell is n necess>ily ! orig9 ( a n]ve-fibre1 al?\gh x is probable t "s %ort fibres h _! orig9 9 ! prolongations ( cells4 ,al?\gh ! latt] po9t has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$1 except 9 ! inv]tebrata1 ,i see no reason :atev] to d\bt its probability2 :at seems ! lea/ reconcilable ) ! evid5ce is ! notion t all fibres arise z prolongations f ganglionic cells1 in/ead ( aris+ indep5d5tly z diff]5tiations f neurobla/s4 ,! read] w obs]ve t my objection to ! curr5t view is purely anatomical2 = ! curr5t view w\ld suit my physiological int]pretations equally well1 & w\ld be equally irreconcilable ) ! hypo!sis ( ! cell z ! s\rce ( ,neurility1 s long z ! id5tity ( /ructure 9 ! axis cyl9d] & cell cont5ts is undisput$4 #acg4 ,! evid5ce at pres5t /&s ?us3 ,!re are num]\s multipol> cells :i* h no traceable connection ) n]ve-fibres2 & fibres :i* h no direct connection ) multipol> cells4 ,by ! fir/ ,i d n mean ! disput$ apol> cells1 ,i mean cells 9 ! gray sub/ance ( ! c5tres :i* s5d (f processes t subdivide & t]m9ate z fibrils 9 ! network ( ! ,neuroglia 7,figs4 #af1 #ah74 ,x is inde$ g5]ally assum$ t ^! h ea* "o process--! axis-cyl9d] process--:i* is prolong$ z a n]ve-fibre2 nor w\ld x be prud5t to ass]t t su* is nev] ! case2 ?\gh x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 a fibre :i* _h unit$ ) a process & a fibre :i* 0 a prolongation ( a process1 9 bo? cases ! neuroplasm be+ id5tical4 ,i only urge t ! assumption is gr\nd$ n on anatomical evid5ce1 b on a suppos$ necess>y po/ulate4 ,all t c be demon/rat$ is t "s processes t]m9ate 9 excessively f9e fibrils2 & occasionally 9 ?\s&s ( specim5s processes h be5 trac$ into d>k-bord]$ fibres4 ,x is true t !y (t5 pres5t appe>ances :i* h l$ to ! inf]5ce t !y did s t]m9ate--appe>ances s deceptive t ,golgi & ,arndt indep5d5tly record obs]vations ( unbran*$ processes hav+ ! aspect ( axis cyl9d]s be+ prolong$ to a consid]able di/ance 7#fjj 9 "o case71 yet ^! 7 f\nd to t]m9ate n 9 a d>k-bord]$ fibre1 b 9 a network ( fibrils4#aff #ach4 ,:ile x is ?us d\btful :e!r d>k-bord]$ fibres are always imm$iately connect$ ) cells1 x is demon/rable t multitudes ( fibres h only an indirect connection ) cells1 be+ develop$ z outgr[?s f o!r fibres4 ,dr4 ,beale consid]s t 9 ea* su* outgr[?s h _! orig9 9 small neuroplasmic masses 78 8g]m9al matt]074 ,t is ano!r "q4 ,! fact "h to be insi/$ on is t we (t5 f9d gr\ps ( cells ) only two or ?ree fibres1 & gr\ps ( fibres :]e v few cells exi/4 ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk says t 9 a /urgeon 7,accip5s] /urio7 weigh+ #abj p\nds he f\nd ! sp9al cord sc>cely ?ick] ?an t ( a frog2 ! muscles ( ?is fi% are enorm\s1 & its motor n]ves abundant2 yet ^! n]ves ent]$ ! cord by roots no ?ick] ?an a pig's bri/le2 & 9 ! v little gray matt] ( ! cord !re 0 only a cell "h & !re f\nd aft] long se>*4 ,are we to suppose t ^! r>e cells 7 ! orig9s ( all ! motor & s5sory n]ves8 ,a simil> want ( correspond5ce may be notic$ else:]e4 ,?us 9 ! sp9al cord ( ! ,lamprey my prep>ations %[ v few cells 9 any ( ! sections1 & num]\s sections %[ none at all4 ,/i$a c\nt$ only eight to t5 cells 9 ea* horn ( "s osse\s fi%es1 except at ! places :]e ! sp9al roots em]g$4 ,9 ! eel & cod he f\nd p>ts ( ! cord q free f cells1 & 9 o!r p>ts f\nd two1 ?ree1 nev] m ?an t54 ,9 birds he c\nt$ f tw5ty-five to ?irty4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ?is fact ( ! eel's cord be+ ?us defici5t1 because e "o kn[s ! en]getic reflex action ( t cord1 ea* sep>ate segm5t ( :i* responds to p]iph]al /imulation4 ,x may inde$ be urg$ t ^! few cells 7 ! orig9 ( all ! fibres1 ! latt] hav+ multipli$ by ! well-kn[n process ( subdivision2 & 9 support ( ?is view ! fact may be cit$ ( ! colossal fibres ( ! electric fi%es1 ea* ( :i* divides into five-&-tw5ty fibres1 & 9 ! electric eel ea* fibre is said by ,max ,s*ultze to divide into a million ( fibrils4 ,b ,i int]pret ?is fact o!rwise4 ,x seems to me to prove no?+ m ?an t ! neuroplasm has diff]5tiat$ into few cells & _m fibres4 ,& my op9ion is gr\nd$ on ! evid5ce ( ,developm5t1 pres5tly to be adduc$4 ,if we f9d 7& ?is we d f9d7 fibres mak+ _! appe>ance any:]e be=e multipol> cells appe>1 ! "q is settl$4 #aci4 ,dr4 ,beale reg>ds ! l>ge caudate cells ( ! c5tres z diff]5t organites f ! oval & pyri=m cells1 & ?9ks !y are probably /ations ?r\gh :i* fibres hav+ diff]5t orig9s m]ely pass1 & *ange _! directions2 & ,max ,s*ultze says t no s+le fibril has be5 f\nd to h a c5tral orig92 e fibril arises at ! p]iph]y1 & passes ?r\gh a cell1 :i* is ?us cross$ by diff]5t fibrils4#afg 7,comp4 ,fig4 #ag47 ,! tea*+ ( ,developm5t is on ?is po9t ( supreme importance4 ,unhappily !re has n yet be5 a suffici5t collection ( sy/ematic obs]vations to enable u to speak v confid5tly z to ! successive /ages1 b "s negative evid5ce !re is4 ,! *anges take place ) great rapidity1 & ! e>lie/ /ages h h>dly be5 obs]v$ at all4 ,al?\gh = sev]al successive ye>s ,i wat*$ ! developm5t ( tadpoles1 ! difficulties 7 s great1 & ! appe>ances s p]plex+1 t ! only b5efit ,i d]iv$ 0 t ( be+ able ! bett] to und]/& ! m successful inve/igations ( o!rs4 ,f\r or five days aft] fecundation is ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* ,i h any record$ obs]vation2 at ?is p]iod ! c]ebral sub/ance appe>$ z a f9ely granul> matt]1 hav+ num]\s l9es ( segm5tation m>k+ x (f into some:at sph]ical & oval masses1 int]sp]s$ ) l>ge granules & fat globules4 ,"h & !re hyal9e sub/ance appe>$ betwe5 ! segm5ts4 ,simil> obs]vations h s9ce be5 record$ by ,*>les ,rob9 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! ,triton4#afh ,he says t :5 ! ext]nal gills pres5t$ _! fir/ indications1 nuclei appe>$1 ea* surr\nd$ by a rim ( hyal9e sub/ance1 f :i* a pale filam5t 0 prolong$ at "o end1 sometimes "o at bo? ends1 & ?is filam5t subdivid$ z x grew 9 l5g? until x _h all ! appe>ance ( an axis cyl9d]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he says1 is a /riation1 n a fibrillation2 he refuses to admit t ! axis cyl9d] is a bundle ( fibrils4 ,he fur!r notices ! simultane\s appe>ance ( amorph\s sub/ance2 & z ?is is sev]al days be=e !re is any trace ( a pia mat]1 or prop] connective tissue1 he urges ?is among ! _m consid]ations :i* %\ld prev5t ! id5tification ( neuroglia ) connective tissue4 ,9 a v "y embryo ( a mole 7,i c\ld n det]m9e its age7 ! cortex ( ! hemisph]es %[$ granul> amorph\s sub/ance1 9 :i* 7 emb$d$ sph]ical masses ( some:at pal] color1 :i* _h no nuclei1 & 7 !re=e n cells4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 nucleat$ masses 7apol> cells1 !re=e7 & m develop$ cells1 unipol>1 bipol>1 & tripol>4 ,n a trace ( a n]ve-fibre 0 visible4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is are ! obs]vations ( ,masius & ,van ,lair1 :o cut out a portion ( ! sp9al cord 9 a frog1 & obs]v$ ! reg5]at$ tissue aft] ! lapse ( a mon?4 ,x conta9$ apol>1 bipol>1 & multipol> cells1 toge!r ) 8corpuscles )\t processes1 = ! mo/ "p l>g] ?an ! cells1 & appe>+ to be m]e agglom]ations ( granules10--^! latt] ,i suppose to h be5 :at ,i describe z segm5tations ( ! undevelop$ sub/ance4 ,gray fibres1 ) a few v>icose fibres1 also appe>$4#afi #adj4 ,! admirable inve/igations ( ,franz ,boll h giv5 ^! obs]vations a new significance4 ,he f9ds 9 ! c]ebral sub/ance ( ! *ick on ! ?ird or f\r? day ( incubation a well-m>k$ sep>ation betwe5 ! neuroglia & n]ve-tissue prop]4 ,fig4 #bd1 ,a1 repres5ts ?ree n]ve-cells1 ea* ) its nucleus & nucleolus1 & ea* surr\nd$ ) its lay] ( neuroplasm4 ,! o!r f\r masses he reg>ds z nuclei ( connective tissue4 ,?ree days lat] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is m m>k$ 7,fig4 #bd1 ,b74 ,n only h ! n]ve-cells acquir$ an increase ( neuroplasm1 !y also pres5t indications ( _! future processes1 :i* at ! twelf? day are v>icose 7,fig4 #bd1 ,c74 7,all ?is :ile ! connective corpuscles rema9 un*ang$47 ,al?\gh ,boll 0 unable to trace "o ( ^! processes into n]ve-fibres1 he has little d\bt t !y d ultimately become 7unite )87 axis cyl9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,embryonic n]ve-cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,embryonic n]ve-fibres4 ,x is difficult to reconcile su* obs]vations ) ! hypo!sis ( ! cells be+ simply po9ts ( reunion ( fibrils4 ,we see "h multipol> cells be=e any fibrils appe>4 ,respect+ ! developm5t ( ! :ite sub/ance1 i4 e4 ! n]ve-fibres1 ,boll rem>ks t 9 ! corpus callosum ( ! *ick ! fir/ diff]5tiation resembles t ( ! gray sub/ance4 ,! polygonal & sp9dle-%ap$ cells repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 ,a1 are respectively />t+-po9ts ( connective & neural tissues4 ,! sp9dle-%ap$ cells elongate1 & rapidly become bipol>4 ,?is is suppos$ to result 9 ! :ole cell becom+ trans=m$ into a fibre1 ! nucleus & nucleolus vani%+2 b ! trans=mation is s rapid t he confesses t he 0 unable to trace its /ages2 all t c positively be ass]t$ is t "o or two days aft] ! appe>ance pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 ,b1 ! aspect *anges to t ( fibrils4 ,! columns ( polygonal cells betwe5 :i* run ^! fibrils1 he reg>ds z ! connective corpuscles describ$ by sev]al anatomi/s 9 ! :ite sub/ance bo? ( bra9 & cord1 & :i* are sometimes decl>$ to be multipol> n]ve-cells4#agj #ada4 ,dr4 ,s*midt's obs]vations on ! human embryo 7 ( c\rse on tissue at a v mu* lat] /age4 ,accord+ to him1 ! fibrils ( ! axis cyl9d]s are =m$ by ! l9e> disposition & consolidation ( elem5t>y granules4 ,! fibrils ?us =m$ are sep>at$ by int]fibrill> granules :i* 9 "t become fibrils4 ,n e>li] ?an ?ree mon?s & a half does ! =mation ( individual axis cyl9d]s beg9 by ! aggregation ( ^! fibrils into m9ute bundles1 :i* are subsequ5tly surr\nd$ by a delicate %ea?4#aga #adb4 ,) respect to ! transition ( ! sp9dle-%ap$ cells into fibrils1 s9ce !re is a gap 9 ! obs]vations ( ,boll1 & s9ce ^? ( ,s*midt are subsequ5t to ! disappe>ance ( ! cells1 & 9 bo? cases all trace ( nucleus has disappe>$1 ,i sugge/ t we h "h an analogy ) :at ,weismann has record$ ( ! metamorphoses ( insects4 ,9 ! v rem>kable memoir ( t inve/igator#agb x is %[n t ! metamorphoses d n take place by a gradual modification ( ! exi/+ organs & tissues1 b by a resolution ( ^! into _! elem5ts1 & a recon/ruction ( _! elem5ts into tissues & organs4 ,! muscles1 n]ves1 tra*e1 & alim5t>y canal1 und]go :at may be call$ a fatty deg5]ation1 & pass !nce into a m]e bla/ema4 ,x is out ( ^! ru9s ( ! old tissues t ! new tissues are recon/ruct$4 ,on ! f\r? day ! body ( ! pupa is fill$ ) a fluid mass--a plasma compos$ ( blood & dissolv$ tissues4 ,! subsequ5t developm5t is ?us 9 all ess5tial respects a repetition ( t :i* orig9ally took place 9 ! ovum4#agc ,two po9ts are especially noticeable3 ,fir/1 t 9 ?is resolv$ mass ( granules & fat globules !re quickly appe> l>ge globul> masses :i* develop a f9e membrane1 & subsequ5tly nuclei4 ,a glance at ! figure #ea ( ,weismann's plates reveals ! close resemblance to ! e>lie/ /ages ( n]ve-cells2 & ! :ole process recalls ! reg5]ation ( n]ves & n]ve-c5tres aft] _! fatty deg5]ation4 ,secondly1 ! n]ves reappe> 9 _! prop] places 9 ! new muscles1 & ?is at a "t :5 ! n]ve-c5tres are /ill un=m$2 s t ! :ole p]iph]al sy/em is completely rebuilt 9 absolute indep5d5ce ( ! c5tral sy/em4 ,! idea1 !re=e1 t n]ve-fibres are ! products ( ganglia mu/ be rel9qui%$4 ,?is idea is fur!r disc\nt5anc$ by ,boll's obs]vations1 :i* %[ t ! fibre-cells are f ! fir/ diff]5t f ! ganglionic cells2 & by ! obs]vations ( ,fo/] & ,balf\r1 t 8fibres are pres5t 9 ! :ite sub/ance on ! ?ird day ( incubation02 :]eas cell processes d n appe> until ! eigh? day4 ,fo/] & ,balf\r are incl9$ to believe 8t ev5 on ! sev5? day x is n possible to trace any connection betwe5 ! cells & fibres40 ,9 ! lat] /ages1 ! connection is p]haps e/abli%$4#agd #adc4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 conclude f all ?is t 9 ! high] v]tebrates ! :ite sub/ance ( bra9 & cord is n ! direct product ( ! gray sub/ance2 9 o!r words1 t "h n]ve-fibres1 ev5 if subsequ5tly 9 connection ) ! ganglionic cells1 h an indep5d5t orig94 ,!y may gr[ t[>ds & bl5d ) cell processes2 !y are n prolongations ( ^? processes4 ,!y may be id5tical 9 /ructure & prop]ty1 z "o muscle is id5tical ) ano!r1 b "o is n ! p>5t ( ! o!r4 #add4 ,sigmund ,may] emphatically decl>es t 9 no in/ance has he trac$ a cell process develop$ into a d>k-bord]$ n]ve-fibre4 ,! process1 he says1 may (t5 be trac$ = a c]ta9 di/ance alongside ( a fibre2 b x !n sudd5ly ceases1 :]eas ! fibre is se5 cont9u+ its c\rse unalt]$4 ,/ill m conclusive is ! evid5ce af=d$ by n]ves hav+ only v few fibres 7#b-d sometimes 9 ! frog71 :i* h1 nev]!less1 a lib]al supply ( cells1 visible )\t prep>ation4 ,val5t9 c\nt$ tw5ty-f\r cells 9 a n]ve :i* _h b two fibres4#age ,n[ al?\gh x is possible to expla9 ! pres5ce ( num]\s fibres ) r>e cells ei!r z due to subdivisions ( fibres1 or to ! fibres hav+ cells else:]e = _! orig91 x is n ?us t we c expla9 ! pres5ce ( num]\s cells :i* h no fibres develop$ f _! processes4 #ade4 ,) reg>d to ?is obs]vation ( ! cell process runn+ alongside ( ! fibre1 ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,ranvi] may ?r[ "s light on x4 ,he describes ! cells 9 ! sp9al ganglia z all unipol>2 ea* s+le process pursues a m or less w9d+ c\rse z a fibril1 (t5 bl5d+ ) o!rs1 till x rea*es "o ( ! fibres f ! s5sory root4 ,x bl5ds ) ?is fibre at ! annul> con/riction ( ! fibre1 becom+ "h incorporat$ ) x1 s t a ,t-%ap$ fibre is ! result4#agf ,if ?is %\ld be confirm$1 x w\ld reconcile _m obs]vations2 b x w\ld greatly di/urb all curr5t int]pretations4 ,ranvi] rem>ks t x is no long] t5able to suppose t ! ganglionic cell is a c5tre1 s5sory or motor1 receiv+ ! excitation or s5d+ =? a motor impulse2 = if ! fibril issu+ f a cell becomes lat]ally sold]$ to a n]ve-fibre1 !re is no possibility ( say+ 9 :i* direction ?is cell receives ! excitation1 nor 9 :i* x transmits ! impulse4 #adf4 ,we h se5 good reason to conclude t ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! n]ve--! axis cyl9d]--is ! same sub/ance z ! neuroplasm :i* =ms ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! cell4 ,at any rate1 we are q c]ta9 t ! cell process is neuroplasm4 ,on ?is gr\nd !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t a cell process may sometimes be drawn out into an axis cyl9d] 7z inde$ we see to be ! case 9 ! inv]tebrata & electric fi%es72 :ile aga9 9 num]\s o!r cases ! n]ve-fibre has an indep5d5t orig91 be+1 9 %ort1 a diff]5tiation f ! neuroplasm :i* has become a fibre in/ead ( a cell4 ,x is cle> f ! obs]vations ( ,r\get on ,developm5t1 & ( ,sigmund ,may] on ,reg5]ation1 t fibres1 nuclei1 & cells become diff]5tiat$ f ! same neuroplasm1 ^? portions :i* are n conv]t$ into fibres rema9+ fir/ z lumps ( neuroplasm1 !n acquir+ a nucleus1 & "s ( ^! pass+ into cells4 ,i mean t betwe5 fibres1 nuclei1 & cells !re are only morphological diff]5ces 9 an id5tical neuroplasm4#agg ,if ?is is 9 any degree true1 x w n only expla9 h[ fre% fibres may be develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( fibres1 bran*+ f !m z f trunks1 & bran*lets f bran*lets1 twigs f bran*lets1 ! same conditions ( gr[? be+ pres5t ?r\gh\t2 x w also completely modify ! notion ( any physiological di/9ction betwe5 cell & fibre great] ?an c be assign$ to ! morphological diff]5ces4 ,we %all !n no long] suppose t ! cell is ! f\nta9 :5ce ! fibre draws its nutrition & its 8=ce02 & ?is w be equally ! case ev5 if we admit t a cell is1 s to speak1 ! g]m f :i* a :ole plexus ( fibres 0 evolv$1 = no "o w pret5d t ! 8=ce0 ( an organism is directly d]iv$ f ! ovum1 or t ! ovum n\ri%es ! organism4 #adg4 ,at ?is /age ( ! discussion x is ne$ful to consid] a po9t :i* w spontane\sly occur to e in/ruct$ read]1 ,i mean ! int]e/+ fact discov]$ by ,dr4 ,wall]1 t :5 a s5sory root 0 divid$1 ! portion :i* 0 /ill 9 connection ) ! ganglion rema9$ unalt]$1 :]eas ! portion :i* 0 only 9 connection ) ! sp9al cord deg5]at$2 & vice v]sa1 :5 a motor root 0 divid$1 ! portion connect$ ) ! cord rema9$ unalt]$1 ! portion sev]$ f ! cord deg5]at$4 ,! obs]vation has be5 frequ5tly confirm$1 & ! conclusion drawn has be5 t ! cells 9 ! ganglion ( ! po/]ior root are ! nutritive c5tres ( po/]ior n]ves1 ! cells 9 ! ant]ior horn ( ! cord be+ ! nutritive c5tres ( ! ant]ior n]ves4 ,ano!r int]pretation is h[ev] ne$$1 ! m s because ! fact is n con/ant4#agh ,true ( "s n]ves1 x is n true ( o!rs4 ,vulpian f\nd t :5 he cut out a portion ( ! l+ual n]ve1 & transplant$ x by graft+ "u ! sk9 ( ! gro91 :]e ( c\rse x 0 entirely remov$ f all ganglionic influ5ce1 x deg5]at$1 b x also reg5]at$4 ,pa?ological obs]vations conv9c$ ,meissn] t ! ganglia are :olly de/itute ( an influ5ce on ! nutrition ( ! vagus2 & ,s*iff prov$ exp]im5tally t o!r ganglia 7 equally inop]ative1 s9ce motor n]ves c\ld be sep>at$ f ! sp9al cord )\t deg5]ation4#agi ,n h[ev] to insi/ on ?is1 nor on ! o!r facts ( reg5]ation1 9 ! abs5ce ( ganglionic influ5ce1 let u rem>k t ,dr4 ,wall]'s examples w\ld n be conclusive unless ! tea*+ ( ,embryology c\ld be disprov$4 ,t n]ves deg5]ate :5 sep>at$ f ganglia is a fact2 b x is also a fact t muscles deg5]ate :5 sep>at$ f a n]ve-c5tre2 yet we d n suppose ! n]ve-c5tre to n\ri% ! muscles4 ,& aga9/ ! fact t ! s5sory n]ve rema9s unalt]$ only 9 t portion :i* is connect$ ) ! ganglion1 we mu/ oppose ! obs]vations ( ,kllik] & ,s*walbe1#ahj :o affirm t none ( ! fibres :i* ent] ! po/]ior columns ( ! sp9al cord h any direct connection ) ! cells ( ! ganglion on ! po/]ior root4 ,! cells ( ?is ganglion !y decl>e to be unipol> 79 ! high] v]tebrates71 & ! fibres 9 connection ) ^! cells are n ^? :i* pass to ! cord1 b all ( !m pass to ! p]iph]y4 ,accord+ to ,ranvi]1 ! fibres f ! cells jo9 ! fibres ( ! po/]ior root4 ,s*walbe f\nd t if ! sp9al n]ve be firmly grasp$ & /eadily drawn1 x w (t5 be pull$ f its %ea?1 & ! ganglion laid b>e2#aha 9 ?is ganglion all ! cells are f\nd undi/urb$1 :i* c\ld n be ! case _h fibres f ^? cells ent]$ ! cord1 s9ce ! traction w\ld necess>ily h di/urb$ !m4 ,,recapitulation4 #adh4 ,at ! op5+ ( ?is *apt] m5tion 0 made ( ! besett+ s9 ( ! analytical t5d5cy1 namely1 to disreg>d ! elem5ts :i* provisionally _h be5 set aside1 & n re/ore !m 9 ! recon/ruction ( a syn!tical explanation4 ,famili> exp]i5ces tell u t a /imulus appli$ to ! sk9 is foll[$ by a muscul> movem5t1 or a gl&ul> secretion2 sometimes ?is takes place )\t any consci\s s5sation2 sometimes we are di/9ctly consci\s ( ! /imulus2 & sometimes we consci\sly w ! movem5t4 ,^! facts ! physiologi/ tries to unravel1 & to trace ! complicat$ processes involv$4 ,! neurologi/ ( c\rse conf9es himself exclusively to ! neural processes2 all ! o!r processes are provisionally left out ( acc\nt4 ,b n only s3 ! analytical t5d5cy is c>ri$ fur!r1 & ev5 9 ! neural process ! organs are neglect$ = ! sake ( ! n]v\s tissue1 & ! n]v\s tissue = ! sake ( ! n]ve-cell4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t we h an explanation (f]$ u :i* runs ?us3-- #adi4 ,! n]ve-cell is ! supreme elem5t1 ! orig9 ( ! n]ve-fibre1 & ! f\nta9 ( n]ve-=ce4 ,! cells are connect$ "o ) ano!r by means ( fibres1 & ) muscles1 gl&s1 & c5tres also by means ( fibres1 :i* are m]ely *annels = ! n]ve-=ce4 ,a /imulus at ! surface is c>ri$ by a s5sory fibre to a cell 9 ! c5tre2 f t po9t x is c>ri$ by ano!r fibre to ano!r cell2 & f t by a ?ird fibre to a muscle3 a reflex contraction results4 ,?is is ! elem5t>y 8n]v\s arc40 ,b ?is arc has also high] arcs ) :i* x is 9 connection3 ! s5sory cell besides s5d+ a fibre directly to a motor cell1 also s5ds "o upw>ds to ! c]ebral c5tres2 & "h aga9 !re is a n]v\s arc1 s t ! c]ebral c5tre s5ds d[n an impulse on ! motor cells1 & ! contraction :i* results is due to a volitional impulse4 ,! transmission ( ! /imulation :i* 9 ! fir/ case 0 purely physical1 becomes 9 ! latt] case psy*ical4 ,! s5sory impression is 9 "o cell trans=m$ into a s5sation1 9 ano!r cell into an idea1 9 a ?ird cell into a volition4 #aej4 ,?is c\rse is describ$ ) a precision & a confid5ce :i* induces ! inexp]i5c$ read] to suppose t x is ! transcript ( actual obs]vation4 ,i v5ture to say t x is imag9>y f beg9n+ to end4 ,i d n affirm t no su* c\rse is pursu$1 ,i only say no su* c\rse 0 ev] demon/rat$1 b t at e /age ! requisite facts ( obs]vation are ei!r incomplete or contradictory4 ,fir/1 be x not$ t ! actions to be expla9$ are nev] ! actions ( organs s simple z ! description sets =?4 ,x is n by s+le fibres & cells t ! /imulus is effect$1 b by complex n]ves & complex c5tres4 ,only by a diagrammatic artifice c ! fibre repres5t ! n]ve1 & ! cell ! c5tre4 ,9 reality ! cells ( ! c5tre 7suppos+ !m to be ! only ag5ts7 act 9 gr\ps1 & ,anatomy %\ld !re=e %[ !m to be mutually unit$ 9 gr\ps--:i* is :at no ,anatomy has succe$$ 9 %[+1 unless ! ,neuroglia be call$ ^u4 ,secondly1 be x not$ t ! curr5t s*eme ( ! relations betwe5 cells & fibres is "o f\nd$ on physiological po/ulates1 n on obs]vation4 ,?irdly1 mu* ( :at is actually obs]v$ is v d\btful1 because we d n "k :e!r ! appe>ances are normal1 or due to modes ( prep>ation & po/-mortem *anges4 ,we _c at pres5t say1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! fibrillat$ appe>ance ( cell cont5ts & axis cyl9d] repres5ts ! liv+ /ructure or n4 ,we may ei!r suppose t ! neuroplasmic pulp splits longitud9ally into fibres1 or t neuroplasmic ?reads resolve !mselves into a homog5e\s pulp--! axis cyl9d] may be a cond5sation ( _m fibrils1 or ! fibrils may be a resolution ( ! sub/ance4 #aea4 ,let u contra/ /ep by /ep ! ,imag9>y ,anatomy f\nd 9 ! text-books ) ! ,objective ,anatomy z at pres5t disclos$ by ! rese>*es ( all ! *ief work]s4 ,imag9>y ,anatomy assumes t ! s5sory fibre passes f a surface into ! cells ( ! po/]ior horn ( ! sp9al cord4 ,objective ,anatomy sees ! fibre pass into ! gray sub/ance1 b decl>es t no direct entrance ( a fibre into a cell is !re visible4 ,imag9>y ,anatomy assumes t f ! s5sory cells ( ! gray sub/ance pass fibres 9 connection ) ! motor cells ( ! ant]ior horn1 ?us =m+ a direct *annel ?r\gh :i* ! excitation ( a s5sory cell is transmitt$ to a motor cell4 ,objective ,anatomy fails to discov] any su* direct *annel--no su* fibres are demon/rable4 ,imag9>y ,anatomy assumes t f ! motor cells issue fibres :i* desc5d to ! muscles & gl&s1 & c>ry !re ! motor impulses & ! 8m&ates ( ! w40 ,objective ,anatomy fails to f9d at ! utmo/ m ?an a probability t ^! cells are cont9u$ z fibres1 a probability :i* is f\nd$ on ! r>e facts ( cell processes hav+ be5 se5 ext5d+ into ! roots ( ! n]ves1 & ( a cell process hav+ occasionally be5 se5 else:]e cont9u\s ) a d>k-bord]$ fibre4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 t ?is probability repres5ts ! fact1 we h ?us only "o "p ( ! 8n]v\s arc0 :i* c be said to h be5 v]ifi$4 ,imag9>y ,anatomy fur!r assumes t ?is n]v\s arc is connect$ ) c]ebral c5tres by means ( fibres go+ upw>ds f ! po/]ior cells1 & fibres desc5d+ d[nw>ds to ! ant]ior cells4 ,objective ,anatomy sees no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x sees fibres ent]+ ! gray sub/ance1 & !re lo/ to view 9 a mass ( granul> sub/ance1 fibrils1 neurobla/s1 & cells4 ,!re may be un9t]rupt$ fibres pass+ upw>ds & d[nw>ds2 b x is impossible to see !m4 ,& if we are told t physiological int]pretations dem& su* a /ructure1 we may fairly ask if ?is1 & ?is only1 is ! /ructure :i* is adequate to ! propagation ( excitation8 ,n[ x seems to me t ano!r k9d ( /ructure1 & "o m closely agree+ ) :at is obs]v$1 bett] answ]s ! dem&s ( ,physiology4 ,?is w be m evid5t aft] ! ,laws ( ,n]v\s ,action h be5 exp\nd$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,mean:ile we may rem>k t ! arrangem5t ( cells & fibres :i* is imag9$ z ! me*anism ( propagation & reflexion is absolutely irreconcilable ) ! tea*+ ( ,exp]im5t3 = ! sp9al cord may be cut ?r\gh any:]e1 )\t de/ruction ( ! transmission ( s5sory & motor excitations1 provid$ only a small portion ( gray sub/ance be left to e/abli% ! cont9uity ( ! axis4 ,divide all ! sub/ance ( ! po/]ior half 9 "o place1 & all ! sub/ance ( ! ant]ior half 9 ano!r1 yet s long z !re is a portion ( gray sub/ance left z a bridge betwe5 ! l[] & upp] segm5ts1 ! transmission ( s5sory & motor excitations w take place4 #aeb4 ,9 o!r ess5tial respects we h to note t ! anatomical evid5ce = ! curr5t int]pretations is absolutely defici5t or contradictory4 ,!re is no adequate w>rant = ! assumption t all n]ves h _! orig9 9 ganglia1 all fibres 9 cells4 ,su* evid5ce z at pres5t exi/s is aga9/ t supposition1 & 9 favor ( ! supposition t bo? cell & fibre are diff]5tiations ( a common neuroplasm1 sometimes directly1 sometimes indirectly cont9u\s4 ,fibres1 & plexuses ( fibres1 int]sp]s$ ) cells irregul>ly di/ribut$--n[ s+ly1 n[ 9 small gr\ps1 n[ 9 l>g] & l>g] gr\ps--con/itute ! figur$ elem5ts ( n]ve-tissue2 & ev5 if we set aside ! amorph\s sub/ance z indiff]5t or subord9ate1 we h /ill no gr\nd = assign+ ! supremacy1 mu* less ! sole significance1 to ! cells4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is d5ial h be5 amply furni%$ 9 our exposition4 ,=1 let x be grant$ t n]ve-cells are ! orig9s ( ! fibres & ! s\rces ( _! nutrition--a po9t :i* is em95tly disputable--?is w\ld 9 no s5se help ! physiological hypo!sis ( ! cell z ! f\nta9 ( ,neurility4 ,if ! fibre is simply ! cell-cont5ts drawn out longitud9ally1 if its ess5tial elem5t is id5tical ) ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! cell1 !n we c no m ascribe to ! cell ! exclusive prop]ty ( ,neurility ?an we c draw a lump ( lead out into a wire1 & !n ascribe diff]5t prop]ties to ! ?9 end & ! ?ick end4 ,b on ?is po9t x is ne$less to speculate1 s9ce we h exp]im5tal evid5ce prov+ t ! n]ve-fibre has its ,neurility ev5 :5 sep>at$ f ! cell1 or ev5 f ! ganglion4 #aec4 ,x is possible--,i d n see suffici5t evid5ce = a /rong] ass]tion--t ! cells are ! nutritive s\rces ( ! fibres4 ,!y may repres5t ! alim5tal r ?an ! in/rum5tal activities ( n]v\s life4 7,comp>e ,,problem ,i4 #db47 ,my cont5tion is t 9 any case !y are n ! supreme elem5ts ( ! active tissue1 & 9 no s5se c !y be consid]$ z organs4 ,only confusion ( ideas c\ld = a mom5t p]mit su* language1 or c\ld assign c5tral functions to cells :i* are elem5ts ( tissue4 ,if ! cell be cr$it$ ) su* p[]s any:]e1 x mu/ be cr$it$ ) !m ev]y:]e4 ,n[ ,i ask :at conceivable c5tral function c be ascrib$ to a cell :i* t]m9ates ! fibre 9 a p]iph]al ganglion1 or :i* is m]ely an enl>gem5t 9 ! c\rse ( a fibre 9 a n]ve-bundle8 ,besides ! facts already adduc$1 let att5tion be call$ to ?is3 ,if a n]ve-bundle f ! submucosa ( ! inte/9e be exam9$1 !re appe> among ! fibres _m nuclei 7neurobla/s71 & occasionally cells1 unipol> & bipol>4 ,^! cells--if we may tru/ ! obs]vations ( ,r\get on ! e>lie/ developm5t ( n]ves1 & ( ,sigmund ,may] on reg5]at$ n]ves--are simply m advanc$ /ages ( evolution ( ! neurobla/s2 b :atev] _! g5esis may be1 !re c be no?+ 9 ! nature ( a c5tral function assign$ to !m4 #aed4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:at "p c we assign to cells 9 neural actions if !y are apol>1 unipol>1 & ev5 :5 multipol>1 isolat$ f ea* o!r1 & f fibres8 ,i confess t ,i h no answ] ready1 n ev5 an hypo!sis4 ,until "s rational int]pretation ( ! cell be giv5 we mu/ be cont5t to hold an answ] 9 susp5se4 ,:at ,i w\ld urge is t we are precipitate 9 assum+ t ! anatomical connection betwe5 "o elem5t & ano!r mu/ necess>ily be t ( a fibre4 ,9 a semi-fluid sub/ance1 su* z neur9e1 cont9uity may be p]fect )\t solid fibres3 ! amorph\s sub/ance & ! plasmode may z well transmit waves ( molecul> motion f "o "p ( ! tissue to ano!r1 & !re=e f cell to cell1 or f cell to fibre1 z a figur$ sub/ance may4 ,:5 ! po/]ior root ent]s ! gray sub/ance ( ! cord1 !re is no m necessity = its fibres pass+ directly into ! cells ( t gray sub/ance1 9 ord] to excite _! activity1 ?an !re is = a wire to pass f ! bell to ! e> ( ! s]vant1 :o he>s ! vibrations ( ! bell ?r\gh ! pulsations ( ! int]v5+ air ^u h] tympanum4 ,look at ! /ructure ( ! ret9a1 or ! c]ebellum1 & y w f9d t ! ganglionic cells :i* h processes pass+ 9 a direction contr>y to t :5ce ! /imulus arrives1 h none :]e cont9uity ( fibre & cell w\ld be indisp5sable on ! curr5t hypo!sis4 ,light /imulates ! rods & cones1 b !re are no n]ve-fibres1 hi!rto discov]$1 pass+ f ^! to ! ganglionic cells2 in/ead ( t !re is a gr\nd-sub/ance ?ickly int]sp]s$ ) granules & nuclei4 ,f ! cells we see processes issue2 to ! cells none are se5 arriv+4 ,s ) ! c]ebellum4 ,! l>ge cells s5d _! processes upw>ds to ! surface2 b d[nw>ds t[>ds ! :ite sub/ance ! processes are lo/ 9 ! granul> lay]1 :i* mo/ hi/ologi/s reg>d z connective tissue4 #aee4 ,a m]e glance at n]v\s tissue 9 any "p w %[ t cells are f> f =m+ ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! epid]mis or a gl& ! cell is obvi\sly ! *ief elem5t1 =m+ ! bulk ( ! tissue1 & be+ ! *>act]i/ic ag5t4 ,9 n]ve-tissue1 z 9 connective tissue1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,we mu/ !re=e cease to reg>d ! cell z hav+ ! importance n[ atta*$ to x1 & mu/ r ?r[ ! emphasis on ! fibres & neuroglia4 #aef4 ,be=e quitt+ ?is subject let a ^w be said on ! amaz+ classification :i* has atta9$ wide acceptance 7al?\gh reject$ by ! mo/ em95t au?orities71 f\nd$ on ! size ( ! cells--! l>ge multipol> cells be+ specifi$ z motor1 ! small] cells z s5sory1 :ile ^? ( an int]m$iate size are sympa!tic4 ,i =be> to dwell on ! developm5t ( ?is notion :i* specifies s5sational1 ideational1 & emotional cells1 because ?is does n pret5d to h a basis 9 obs]vation2 :]eas !re are anatomical facts :i* give a c]ta9 sup]ficial plausibility to ! orig9al classification4 ,! conception is pr(\ndly unphysiological2 yet1 if ! anatomical evid5ce 7 con/ant1 "o might give x ano!r int]pretation4 ,! evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 n con/ant4 ,l>ge cells are f\nd 9 regions assign$ to s5sory n]ves1 & small cells 9 motor regions4 ,9 ! sp9al cord ( ! tortoise ,/i$a decl>es t ! s-call$ motor cells are limit$ to ! c]vical & lumb> enl>gem5ts2 all ! re/ ( ! motor region be+ absolutely de/itute ( !m4#ahb ,aga9 look at ! cells ( ! ret9a--no "o w assign motor functions to !m--yet !y are ! same z ^? ( ! c]ebellum & ! ant]ior horns ( ! sp9al cord4 7,x is wor? a pass+ m5tion t ! /ructure ( ! n]v\s p>ts ( ! ret9a m closely resembles t ( ! c]ebellum ?an ( ! c]ebrum47 #aeg4 ,:ile our k ( ! cell is ?us f> inde$ f hav+ ! precision :i* ! text-books display1 & 9 no s5se w>rants ! curr5t physiological int]pretations1 our k ( fibres & neuroglia is also too incomplete = !oretic purposes4 ,we "k t ! axis cyl9d] is ! ess5tial elem5t2 b we are /ill at a loss :at "p is to be assign$ to ! m$ull>y %ea?4 ,!re is inde$ a popul> hypo!sis :i* pron\nces x to be ! means ( insulat+ ! fibre1 & ?us pres]v+ ! isolat$ conduction ( n]ve-=ce4 ,be+ ( a fatty nature1 ?is insulat+ (fice 0 readily sugge/$ 9 agreem5t ) ! assumption t ,neurility 0 ,electricity4 ,n[1 )\t discuss+ :e!r ,neurility is or is n ,electricity1 ev5 admitt+ ! =m] to be satisfactorily prov$1 ,i mu/ rem>k t ! admission /ill leaves ! m$ull>y %ea? incapable ( fulfill+ ! suppos$ (fice1 s9ce n only is !re no su* %ea? 9 mo/ ( ! inv]tebrates & 9 ! sympa!tic n]ves ( v]tebrates1 b ev5 9 ^? n]ves :i* h ! %ea? x is precisely 9 places :]e ! insulation w\ld be mo/ ne$$--namely1 j be=e ! t]m9ations ( ! fibres 9 muscles & 9 c5tres--t ! %ea? is abs5t4 ,?is is z if we tri$ to conduct wat] ?r\gh a pipe :i* fell %ort at bo? ends--be=e x left ! ci/]n1 & be=e x rea*$ ! spot to be wat]$4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy 9 ,neurility to spread :]ev] x is n insulat$ by a m$ull>y %ea?1 !n be=e rea*+ ! c5tres & ! muscles1 x mu/1 on ! insulat+ hypo!sis1 dribble away6 #aeh4 ,! facts express$ 9 ! 8law ( isolat$ conduction0 are important1 & are difficult ( explanation2 b x is obvi\s t !y _c be ref]r$ to ! pres5ce ( ! m$ull>y %ea?4 ,nor inde$ w any insight into ! propagation ( /imulation ?r\gh ! c5tral axis be intelligible until we h re=m$ our anatomical !ories1 & tak5 ! ,neuroglia into acc\nt4 ,! !ory :i* connects e fibre directly ) a cell1 & e cell ) ano!r by ana/omosis--ev5 7 x demon/rat$--w\ld n expla9 ! law ( isolat$ conduction4 ,butzke cog5tly rem>ks#ahc t su* a disposition ( ! elem5ts %\ld r5d] all neural pa?s inv>iable2 :]eas ! fact is t !y are v v>iable4 ,we le>n to p]=m actions1 & !n we unle>n !m2 ! pa?s are trav]s$ n[ 9 "o direction1 n[ 9 ano!r4 ,fluctuation is ! *>act]i/ic ( c5tral comb9ations4 ,& = ?is fluctuat+ comb9ation ( elem5ts a correspond+ div]sity is requir$ 9 ! possible *annels4 ,?is seems to be furni%$ by ! network ( ! ,neuroglia4 ,see ! repres5tation copi$ f ,butzke's plate1 & note h[ ! cell-process bl5ds ) ! me%es ( ! ,neuroglia4 ,is x fanciful to reg>d ?is network ( fibrils z hav+ some:at ! relation ( capill>ies to blood-vessels8 ,did we n exp]im5tally "k t ! capill>ies are t]m9al blood-vessels1 we %\ld n suspect x f m]e exam9ation ( ! /ructure4 #aei4 ,hav+ insi/$ t our k is insuffici5t = any explanation ( ! 8law ( isolat$ conduction10 ,i c only sugge/ a pa? ( rese>* :i* may lead to "s result4 ,:at we "k is t "s /imulations are propagat$ f "o end ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis to ! o!r 9 def9itely re/rict$ pa?s1 :ile o!rs are irradiat$ along _m pa?s4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt] ?is w be m fully consid]$2 :at we h "h to note is t ! manifold irradiations ( a /imulation h an anatomical sub/ratum 9 ! manifold sub-divisions ( ! network ( fibrils & ! amorph\s sub/ance 9 :i* !y p5etrate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,n]ve-cells ) processes t]m9at+ 9 neuroglia4 #afj4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld say1 let no "o place a too great confid5ce 9 ! reign+ doctr9es respect+ ! elem5t>y /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 b accept e /atem5t z a 8work+ hypo!sis0 :i* has its value 9 s f> z x l9ks toge!r v]ifi$ facts1 or sugge/s new rese>*1 b is :olly )\t value 9 s f> z x is made a basis ( d$uctions n o!rwise v]ifi$4 ,hypo!ses are indisp5sable to rese>*1 b !y mu/ be accompani$ by vigilant scepticism4 ,imag9ation is only an enemy to ,sci5ce :5 ,scepticism is asleep4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,activity4 #afa4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks h _h ! object ( %[+ h[ little sub/antial aid ,psy*ology c at pres5t d]ive f :at is kn[n ( ! elem5t>y /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 indisp5sable z an accurate k ( t /ructure mu/ be to a complete analysis ( its functions4 ,?is caution has be5 specially address$ to ^? m$ical & psy*ological /ud5ts ^: rese>*es leave !m insuffici5t leisure to pursue microscopical inve/igations = !mselves1 & :o are !re=e =c$ to rely on second-h& k1 :i* is usually defective 9 ! _m qualify+ consid]ations :i* keep scepticism vigilant4 ,rely+ on positive /atem5ts1 & delusive diagrams :i* only display :at ! obs]v] imag9es1 n :at he actually sees1 !y con/ruct on su* data !ories ( disease1 or ( m5tal processes2 or else !y translate obs]v$ facts into ! t]ms ( ?is imag9>y anatomy1 & (f] ! translation z a new contribution to ,sci5ce4 #afb4 ,b little aid z c at pres5t be d]iv$ f ! tea*+ ( ! microscope1 "s aid ,psy*ology may ev5 n[ d]ive f x4 ,! tea*+ w (t5 s]ve1 = in/ance1 to correct ! precipitate conclusions ( subjective analysis1 :i* pres5t artificial di/9ctions z real di/9ctions1 sep>at+ :at ,nature has unit$4 ,x w %[ c]ta9 organic connections n previ\sly suspect$2 & s9ce :atev] is organically connect$ _c functionally be sep>at$1 su* %>ply m>k$ analytical di/9ctions z ^? ( p]iph]y & c5tre1 or ( s5sation & motion1 mu/ be only reg>d$ z artificial aids4 ,! demon/ration ( ! indissoluble union ( ! tissues is a demon/ration ( _! functional co-op]ation4 ,s also ! anatomical demon/ration ( ! simil>ity & cont9uity ( all p>ts ( ! c5tral sy/em sets aside ! analytical sep>ation ( "o c5tre f ano!r1 except z a conv5i5t artifice2 prov+ t c]ebral sub/ance is "o ) sp9al sub/ance1 hav+ ! same prop]ties1 ! same laws ( action4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,psy*ology mu/ seek objective aid f ,physiology & ,pa?ology r ?an f elem5t>y ,anatomy4 ,9 ! p>agraphs :i* are to foll[ ,i %all endeavor to select ! *ief laws ( n]v\s activity :i* ! rese>*es ( physiologi/s & pa?ologi/s disclose4 ,by ^! laws we may direct & control psy*ological rese>*4 ,,! ,,en]gy ,,( ,,neurility4 #afc4 ,vitality is *>act]iz$ by incessant molecul> movem5t1 bo? ( composition & decomposition1 9 ! build+ up ( /ructure & ! lib]ation ( en]gy4 ,! life ( e organism is a complex ( *anges1 ea* ( :i* directly or indirectly affects ! /atical & dynamical relations1 ea* be+ ! resultant ( _m co-op]ant =ces4 ,9 ! n\ri%m5t ( e organite !re is an accumulation ( molecul> t5sion1 t is to say1 /or$-up en]gy 9 a lat5t /ate1 ready to be exp5d$ 9 ! activity ( t organite2 & ?is exp5diture may take place 9 a /eady fl[1 or 9 a sudd5 gu%4 ,! molecul> movem5ts "u "o aspect may be call$ conv]g5t1 or =mative3 !y build ! /ructure1 & t5d to ! /ate ( equilibrium :i* we call ! /atical condition ( ! organite1 i4 e4 ! condition 9 :i* x is n active1 b ready to act4 ,p]fect equilibrium is ( c\rse nev] atta9$1 ow+ to ! incessant molecul> *ange3 inde$ ,life is inconsi/5t ) complete repose4 ,"u ano!r aspect ! molecul> movem5ts may be call$ dis*>g+3 !y con/itute ! dynamic condition ( ! organite1 9 :i* its functional activity appe>s4 ,! en]gy is n[ div]t$1 lib]at$1 & ! surplus1 ov] & above t :i* is absorb$ 9 =mation1 in/ead ( sl[ly dribbl+ (f1 gu%es =? 9 a direct$ /ream4 ,! sl[ =mation ( a secretion 9 a gl&-cell1 & ! dis*>ge ( t secretion1 w illu/rate ?is2 or 7if muscul> tone be admitt$7 ! incipi5t contraction ( ! *ronic /ate1 & ! complete contraction ( ! dynamic /ate1 may also be cit$4 #afd4 ,! dis*>ge :i* foll[s excitation may ?us be view$ z a direct$ quantity ( molecul> movem5t4 ,because x is always /rictly relative to ! en]gy ( t5sion1 & is inevitable :5 t t5sion atta9s a c]ta9 surplus ov] :at is requir$ 9 con/ruction1 !re is a limit1 #a1 to ! gr[? & evolution ( e organite1 & e organism 7comp4 ,problem ,i4 #aah71 &1 #b1 to its dynamical effect4 ,:5 !re is no surplus1 ! organite is incapable ( dis*>ge3 x is !n exhau/$1 i4 e4 w n respond to /imulus4 #afe4 ,! speciality ( n]ve-tissue is its pre-em95ce 9 directive en]gy4 ,l all o!r tissues1 x gr[s1 develops1 & dies2 b above all o!rs x has :at we call excitability1 or read9ess 9 dis*>g+ its en]gy 9 a direct$ /ream4 ,by its topographical di/ribution x plays ! functional "p ( excit+ ! activity ( o!r tissues3 x transmits molecul> di/urbance f p]iph]y to c5tre1 f c5tre to c5tre1 & f c5tre to muscles1 vessels1 & gl&s4 ,:5 a muscle is excit$ x moves1 & :5 a gl& is excit$ x secretes2 b ^! actions end1 s to speak1 ) !mselves2 ! muscle does n directly move any o!r muscle2#ahd ! gl& does n directly excite any o!r gl&4 ,! n]ve1 on ! contr>y1 has always a wide-spread+ effect2 x excites a c5tre :i* is cont9u\s ) o!r c5tres2 & 9 excit+ "o muscle1 usually excites a gr\p4 ,h5ce ! n]v\s sy/em is t :i* b9ds ! diff]5t organs into a dynamic unity4 ,& ,comp>ative ,anatomy tea*es t !re is a p>allelism betwe5 ! developm5t ( ?is sy/em & ! effici5t complexity ( ! organism4 ,z ! tissues become m & m specializ$1 & ! organs m & m individualiz$1 !y w\ld become m & m unsuit$ to ! g5]al s]vice ( ! organism1 7 x n t a correspond+ developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em br\ght a unify+ me*anism4 ,! great in/ability ( neur9e1 9 o!r words1 its high degree ( t5sion1 r5d]s x especially apt to di/urb ! t5sion ( o!r tissues4 ,x is v v>iable2 & ?is v>iability w h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 expla9+ ! re/riction ( dis*>ges to p>ticul> c5tres4 ,a good example ( exagg]at$ t5sion is furni%$ by /ry*n9e poison+4 ,! c5tres are !n s readily excitable t a t\*1 or a puff ( cold air on ! sk91 w det]m9e convulsions4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k t = "s h\rs aft] ?is convulsive dis*>ge ! c5tres return to some?+ l _! normal /ate2 & ! animal may !n be /rok$1 p9*$1 or bl[n ^u )\t abnormal reactions4 ,b dur+ ?is int]val ! c5tres are sl[ly accumulat+ excess ( t5sion f ! poison$ blood2 & at ! close1 convulsions w aga9 foll[ ! slighte/ /imulus4 ,?is alt]nation ( exhau/ion & recrudesc5ce is notic$ by ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk 9 ! p]iodicity ( ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 sp9al disease4#ahe ,,! ,,propagation ,,( ,,excitation4 #aff4 ,und]/&+1 !n1 t ! propagation ( an excitation dep5ds on ! /ate ( t5sion ( ! tissue1 & always foll[s ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 :i*ev] t may be at ! mom5t1 we h to inquire :e!r ! transmission takes place only 9 "o direction1 f p]iph]y to c5tre 9 s5sory n]ves1 & f c5tre to p]iph]y 9 motor n]ves8 ,by mo/ physiologi/s ?is is answ]$ affirmatively4 ,inde$ a special prop]ty has be5 assign$ to ea* n]ve1 9 virtue ( ?is imag9>y limitation ( c5tripetal & c5trifugal conduction4 ,! 8n]ve-curr5t0 7accept$ z a physical fact1 & n simply a metaphor7 is suppos$ to 8fl[0 f ! c5tral cells along ! motor n]ve to ! muscles2 b by a /range ov]sight ! curr5t is also made to 8fl[0 t[>ds ! c5tral cells :i* are said to produce x6 ,n[ al?\gh ! fact may be1 & probably is1 t normally ! s5sory n]ve1 be+ /imulat$ at its p]iph]al end1 propagates ! /imulation t[>ds ! c5tre1 & ! motor n]ve propagates its c5tral /imulation t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 ! "q :e!r ea* n]ve is n capable ( transmission 9 bo? directions is n ?us answ]$4 ,a priori x is irrational to ass]t t n]ves fundam5tally alike 9 composition & /ructure are unlike 9 prop]ties2 & we might z well suppose t a tra9 ( gunp[d] c\ld only be fir$ at "o end1 z to suppose t a n]ve c\ld only be excit$ at "o end4 ,& h[ does ! evid5ce support ?is a priori conclusion8 ,dubois ,reymond prov$ t ea* n]ve conduct$ electricity 9 bo? directions2 b z ,neurility has n be5 satisfactorily %[n to be id5tical ) ! electric curr5t1 ?is may n be consid]$ decisive4 ,su* a d\bt does n hang ov] ! foll[+ facts4 ,m4 ,paul ,b]t1 pursu+ ,john ,hunt]'s curi\s exp]im5ts on animal graft+1 has graft$ ! tail ( a rat "u ! sk9 ( ! rat's back1 ! tip ( ! tail be+ ins]t$ "u ! sk91 its base ris+ into ! air1 s t !re is "h an inv]sion ( ! normal position4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ,s5sibility gradually reappe>s 9 ?is graft$ tail2 & at ! end ( ab\t twelve mon?s ! rat n only feels :5 ! tail is p9*$1 b kn[s :]e ! irritation lies1 & turns r\nd to bite ! p9c]s4#ahf ,"h we h a case ( a s5sory n]ve rev]s$1 yet transmitt+ /imulation f ! base to ! tip ( ! tail1 in/ead ( f ! tip to ! base1 z 9 a normal organ4 ,vulpian & ,philippeaux hav+ divid$ two n]ves1 unit$ ! c5tral end ( ! s5sory n]ve ) ! p]iph]al end ( ! motor n]ve2 :5 ! organic union 0 complete1 & ea* n]ve 0 =m$ out ( ! halves ( two diff]5t n]ves1 ! effect ( p9*+ "o ( ^! 0 to produce simultane\sly pa9 & movem5t1 %[+ t ! excitation 0 transmitt$ upw>ds to ! c5tre1 & d[nw>ds to ! muscles4#ahg ,x may be comp>$ ) a tra9 ( gunp[d] hav+ a load$ cannon at "o end & a bundle ( /raw at ! o!r1 :5 if a sp>k be dropp$ any:]e on ?is tra91 ! flame runs along 9 bo? directions1 explodes ! cannon1 & sets alight ! /raw4 #afg4 ,inde$ we h only to rememb] ! semi-liquid nature ( ! axis cyl9d] to see at once t x mu/ conduct a wave ( motion z readily 9 "o direction z 9 ano!r4 ,a liquid transmits waves 9 any direction accord+ to ! initial impulse4 ,!re is consequ5tly no reason = ass]t+ t because ! usual direction is c5tripetal 9 a s5sory n]ve1 & c5trifugal 9 a motor n]ve1 ea* n]ve is incapable ( transmitt+ excitations 9 bo? directions4 ,& ,i ?9k _m ph5om5a are m intelligible on ! assumption t neural transmission is 9 bo? directions4 ,if ! eye is fix$ /eadfa/ly on a p>ticul> color dur+ "s m9utes1 ! ret9a becomes exhau/$1 & no long] responds to ! /imulus ( t color3 "h ! /imulation is ( c\rse c5tripetal4 ,b if in/ead ( look+ int5tly on ! color1 ! m9d 79 complete abs5ce ( light7 pictures x int5tly1 ?is c]ebral image is equally capable ( exhau/+ ! ret9a2 & unless we believe t color is a c]ebral1 n a ret9al ph5om5on 7:i* is my private op9ion71 we mu/ accept ?is z pro( ( a c5trifugal excitation ( a s5sory tract4 ,ano!r illu/ration may be drawn f ! muscul> s5se4 ,!re may be a few s5sory fibres di/ribut$ to muscles2 b ev5 if ! obs]vations ( ,sa*s#ahh %\ld be confirm$1 ,i d n ?9k t all muscle s5sations c be assign$ to ^! fibres1 b t ! s-call$ motor fibres mu/ also co-op]ate4 ,:5 a n]ve acts ^u a muscle1 ! muscle reacts on ! n]ve2 & :5 a n]ve acts on a c5tre1 ! c5tre reacts on ! n]ve4 ,! agitation ( ! c5tral tissue _c leave ! n]ve :i* bl5ds ) x unaffect$2 ! agitation ( ! muscul> tissue mu/ also by a rev]sal ( ! 8curr5t0 affect its n]ve4 ,laplace po9ts out h[ ! movem5t ( ! h& :i* holds a susp5d$ *a9 is propagat$ along ! *a9 to its t]m9us1 & if :5 ! *a9 is at re/ we once m set t t]m9us 9 motion1 ! vibration w rem\nt to ! h&4#ahi ,! contraction ( a muscle w n only /imulate ! s5sory fibres di/ribut$ ?r\gh x1 b also1 ,i conceive1 /imulate ! v motor fibres :i* caus$ ! contraction1 s9ce ^! fibres bl5d ) ! muscle4#aij #afh4 ,to und]/& ?is1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ! /imulation ( a n]ve does n arise#aia 9 ! *ang$ /ate ( t n]ve1 b 9 ! process ( *ange1 i4 e4 ! di/urbance ( ! t5sion4 ,! duration ( ! /imulation is t ( ! *ang+ process1 & ! int5sity increases ) ! diff]5tial ( ! velocity ( *ange4 ,s t :5 a n]ve :i* has be5 excit$ by a *ange ( /ate returns to its =m] /ate1 ?is return--be+ ano!r *ange--is a new excitation4 ,t x is n ! *ang$ /ate1 b ! *ange1 :i* is op]ative1 expla9s ! fact not$ by ,br[n ,squ>d3 a frog poison$ by /ry*n9e1 :5 decapitat$ & all respiration de/roy$1 w rema9 motionless = days toge!r1 if c>efully protect$ f all ext]nal excitation2 b its n]v\s sy/em is 9 su* a /ate ( t5sion all ?is "t t ! fir/ t\* produces g5]al convulsions4 ,freusb]g also notes t if a bra9less frog be susp5d$ by ! l[] jaw1 & "o foot be p9*$1 ! o!r leg is mov$ at fir/1 !n quickly droops aga91 & rema9s at re/ until ! p9c]s are remov$ f ! p9*$ foot1 :5 sudd5ly all f\r legs are viol5tly mov$ by ! /imulation :i* ! simple removal produces4 ,let u also add ! well-kn[n & significant fact t if a n]ve be divid$ rapidly by a %>p razor1 nei!r s5sation nor motion is produc$1 because ! int5sity ( a /imulus be+1 to speak ma!matically1 ! function ( ! *ang+ process1 ! duration ( ! process is 9 ?is case too brief4 ,on ! same gr\nd ! application ( a /imulus w excite no movem5t1 if ! =ce be v sl[ly increas$ f z]o to an int5sity :i* w de/roy ! n]ve2 b at any /age a sudd5 increase w excite a movem5t4 #afi4 ,we may gr\p all ! =ego+ consid]ations 9 ?is =mula3 ,,law ,i4 ,e neural process is due to a sudd5 di/urbance ( ! molecul> t5sion4 ,! lib]at$ en]gy is dis*>g$ along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! conditions :i* det]m9e ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance are manifold & v>iable4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is a cont9u\s :ole1 ea* "p ( :i* is connect$ ) div]se organs2 b 9 spite ( ?is anatomical div]sity1 ! deep] uni=mity causes ! activity ( ea* "p to dep5d on & involve ! activity ( e o!r1 m or less4 ,by 8m or less0 is meant1 t al?\gh ! excitation ( "o "p necess>ily affects ! /ate ( all ! o!rs1 because ( _! /ructural community1 s t ea* s5sation & ea* motion really repres5ts a *ange 9 ! :ole organism1 yet ! responsive dis*>ge det]m9$ 9 ea* organ by ?is *ange1 dep5ds on ! t5sion ( ! organ & its c5tre at t mom5t4 ,a bad h>ve/ really affects ! :ole nation2 b its effect is conspicu\s on ! welf>e ( ! poor r ?an ( ! ri*1 al?\gh ! price ( bread is ! same to ri* & poor4 ,n]v\s c5tres1 & muscul> or gl&ul> organs1 diff] 9 _! excitability2 "o condition ( ?is great] excitability be+ ! great] frequ5cy ) :i* !y are call$ into activity4 ,! m$ulla oblongata is normally m excitable ?an ! m$ulla sp9alis2 ! he>t m ?an ! limbs4 ,h5ce a /imulus :i* w increase ! respiration & ! pulse may h no appreciable effect on ! limbs2 b "s effect x mu/ h4 #agj4 ,imag9e all ! n]ve-c5tres to be a connect$ gr\p ( bells v>y+ 9 size4 ,e agitation ( ! connect+ wire w m or less agitate all ! bells2 b s9ce "s are heavi] ?an o!rs1 & "s ( ! cranks less movable1 !re w be _m vibrations ( ! wire :i* w cause "s bells to s\nd1 o!rs simply to oscillate )\t s\nd+1 & o!rs n s5sibly to oscillate4 ,ev5 "s ( ! light] bells w n r+ if any ext]nal pressure arre/s !m2 or if !y are already r++1 ! add$ impulses1 n be+ rhy?mically tim$1 w arre/ ! r++4 ,s ! /imulus ( a s5sory n]ve agitates its c5tre1 & ?r\gh x ! :ole sy/em2 usually ! /imulation is ma9ly reflect$ on ! gr\p ( muscles inn]vat$ f t c5tre1 because ?is is ! readie/ pa? ( dis*>ge2 b x sometimes does n ma9ly dis*>ge along ?is pa?1 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance ly+ 9 ano!r direction2 & ! dis*>ge nev] takes ?is pa? )\t also irradiat+ upw>ds & d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! c5tral tissue4 ,?us irradiat$1 x falls into ! g5]al /ream ( neural processes2 & accord+ to ! /ate 9 :i* ! v>i\s c5tres are at ! mom5t x modifies _! activity4 ,a n]v\s %ock--physical or m5tal--s5sibly affects all ! organs4 ,a sev]e w\nd p>alyzes1 = a "t1 p>ts f> remov$ f ! w\nd$ spot4 ,a bl[ on ! /oma* w arre/ ! he>t2 a fright w d ! same4 ,t]ror relaxes ! limbs1 or sets !m trembl+2 s does a concussion3 if a frog be ?r[n viol5tly on ! gr\nd1 all its muscles are convuls$2 b if ! n]ves ( "o limb be divid$ be=e ! %ock1 ! muscles ( t limb w n be convuls$4 #aga4 ,we are apt to reg>d ! dis*>ge on ! mov+ organs z if t 7 ! sole response ( a /imulation2 b al?\gh ! mo/ conspicu\s1 x is by no means ! mo/ important effect4 ,besides excit+ ! muscles1 m or less1 e neural process has its influ5ce on ! organic processes ( secretion1 & effects !rmal & electrical *anges4 ,s*iff has demon/rat$ t e s5sation raises ! temp]ature ( ! bra92 ,no?nagel1 t irritation ( a s5sory n]ve causes con/riction ( ! c]ebral art]ies1 & h5ce c]ebral anmia4 ,br[n ,squ>d & ,lomb>d f9d ! temp]ature ( a limb rais$ :5 its sk9 is p9*$1 & l[]$ :5 ! sk9 else:]e is p9*$4 ,georges ,p\*et has %[n t fi%es *ange color accord+ to ! brightness or d>kness ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* !y rema92 & ^! *anges are dep5d5t on n]v\s /imulation1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! eye1 division ( ! optic n]ves prev5t+ ! *ange4 ,^! are s _m a po/]iori confirmations ( :at a priori may be =ese54 ,!y are cit$ "h m]ely to en=ce ! consid]ation1 seldom adequately kept be=e ! m9d1 t e neural process is a *ange :i* causes o!r *anges 9 ! :ole organism4 ,,/imuli4 #agb4 ,/imuli are class$ z ext]nal & int]nal1 or physical & physiological4 ,! "o class comprises all ! ag5cies 9 ! ,ext]nal ,m$ium :i* appreciably affect ! organism2 ! o!r class all ! *anges 9 ! organism :i* appreciably di/urb ! equilibrium ( any organ4 ,al?\gh ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 = example1 unque/ionably affects ! organism1 & det]m9es organic processes1 x is n reckon$ z a /imulus unless ! effect become appreciable "u sudd5 v>iations ( ! pressure4 ,9 l mann] ! blood is n reckon$ among ! int]nal /imuli1 except :5 sudd5 v>iations 9 its composition1 or its circulation1 det]m9e appreciable *anges4 ,because ! ext]nal /imuli1 & ! s-call$ ,s5ses :i* respond to !m1 are m conspicu\s ?an ! int]nal /imuli & ! ,sy/emic ,s5ses1 !y h un=tunately usurp$ too mu* att5tion4 ,! massive influ5ce ( ! ,sy/emic ,s5sations 9 det]m9+ ! desires1 volitions1 & conceptions ( mank9d has n be5 adequately recogniz$4 ,yet e "o kn[s ! effect ( impure air1 or a conge/$ liv]1 9 sway+ ! m5tal mood2 & h[ a heavy meal int]f]es ) muscul> & m5tal ex]tion4#aib ,:at is conspicu\s 9 su* m>k$ effects1 is less conspicu\sly1 b n less necess>ily1 pres5t 9 slight] /imuli4 #agc4 ,a con/ant pressure on ! tympanum excites no s\nd2 only a rhy?mic alt]nation ( pressures w excite ! s5sation4 ,a con/ant temp]ature is n felt2 only *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,if ,light & ,s\nd 7 z uni=m z ! circulation ( ! blood1 or ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 we %\ld be seldom consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! /imuli4 ,b because ! *anges are v>i$ & m>k$1 our att5tion is necess>ily arre/$ by !m4 ,! *anges go+ on )9 ! tissues are too graduat$ to fix ! att5tion2 x is only by consid]+ _! cumulative effects t we become impress$ ) _! importance4 ,= example1 ! developm5t ( ! sexual gl&s det]m9es conspicu\s physical & moral results--we note consequ5t effects on voice1 hair1 horns1 /ructure ( ! skull & size ( ! muscles1 no less ?an ! rise ( new feel+s1 desires1 in/9cts1 ideas4 ,any organic int]f]5ce ) ! activity ( ! ov>ies w alt] ! moral disposition ( ! animal3 suppression ( ?is organic process means non-developm5t ( ! feel+s ( mat]nity2 ! moral sup]/ructure is abs5t because its physical basis is want+4 #agd4 ,blood supplies ! tissues ) _! plasmodes2 a con/ant supply ( oxyg5at$ blood is !re=e necess>y to ! vitality ( ! tissues4 ,b x is an error to suppose t oxyg5 is ! special /imulus ( n]ve-c5tres1 or t _! activity dep5ds on _! oxidation2 on ! contr>y1 ! defici5cy ( oxyg5 or surplus ( c>bonic acid is t :i* /imulates4 ,:5 saturat$ ) oxyg51 ! blood p>alyzes respiration2 :5 "s ( ! oxyg5 is )drawn1 respiration revives4 ,"h--z 9 all o!r cases--we h to rememb] t diff]5ces 9 degree readily pass into diff]5ces 9 k9d1 s t an excess ( a /imulus produces a rev]sal ( ! effect2 ?us al?\gh surplus ( c>bonic acid excites respiratory movem5ts1 excess ( c>bonic acid causes ,asphyxia4 ,abundance ( blood is requisite = ! cont9u\s activity ( n]ve-c5tres2 b :ile a tempor>y defici5cy ( blood r5d]s !m m excitable1 too great a defici5cy p>alyzes !m4 ,anmia1 :i* causes great excitability1 & convulsions 7s t n]ves :5 dy+ are mo/ irritable71 may easily become ! cause ( ! dea? ( ! tissue4 ,!re are sub/ances :i* c only be dissolv$ by a giv5 quantity ( liquid2 if ?is quantity be 9 excess1 !y are precipitat$ f ! solution4 ,!re are vibrations ( a giv5 ord] :i* cause ea* /r+ to respond2 *ange ! special ord]1 & ! /r+ returns to its repose4 ,9 ! /illness & d>kness ( ! night we are exclud$ f mo/ ( ! ext]nal /imuli1 yet a massive /ream ( sy/emic s5sations keeps ! s5sitive me*anism active1 & 9 sleep directs ! dreams4 ,! cramps & epilepti=m attacks :i* occur dur+ sleep are mo/ probably due to ! ov]-excitability produc$ by surplus c>bonic acid4 ,to tempor>y anmia may be assign$ ! /range exagg]ation ( our s5sations dur+ ! mom5ts :i* prec$e awak5+2 & ! great] vividness ( dream-images4 ,x is only ne$ful to m5tion 9 pass+ ! v>i$ /imuli by :i* c]ebral *anges act ^u ! organism4 ,! m5tion ( a "n w cause a blu%1 a bright5+ ( ! eye1 a quick5+ ( ! pulse4 ,! ?\ght ( h] abs5t infant w cause a fl[ ( milk 9 ! "m's brea/4 #age4 ,we may =mulate ! =ego+ consid]ations 9 ano!r law3 ,,law ,,ii4 ,! neural excitation1 :i* is itself a *ange1 directly causes a *ange 9 ! organ inn]vat$1 & indirectly 9 ! :ole organism4 ,! significance ( ?is law is1 t al?\gh = ! conv5i5ce ( rese>* & exposition we isolate "o organ f ! re/ ( ! organism1 & "o process f all ! co-op]ant processes1 we h to rememb] t ?is is an artifice1 & t 9 reality !re is no su* sep>ation4 ,,/imulation4 #agf4 ,pass+ n[ f ^! g5]al consid]ations to _! special application1 we may =mulate ! law ( /imulation3 ,,law ,,iii4 ,a fa9t or mod]ate /imulation increases ! activity ( ! organ2 b beyond a c]ta9 limit1 increase ( /imulation dim9i%es1 & f9ally arre/s1 ! activity4 ,duration ( /imulation is equival5t to increase4 ,a muscle /imulat$ contracts2 if ! /imulation be repeat$1 ! muscle becomes tetaniz$1 & 9 ?is /ate has rea*$ its limit2 a fre% /imulation !n relaxes ! muscle4 ,a v fa9t /imulation ( ! vagus quick5s ! pulsation ( ! he>t1 b a slight increase1 or duration ( ! /imulation1 slack5s & arre/s ! he>t4#aic ,e "o kn[s h[ a mod]ate feel+ ( surprise1 pleasure1 or pa9 quick5s ! he>t & ! respiration2 & h[ a %ock ( surprise1 joy1 grief1 or great physical pa9 depresses1 & ev5 arre/s !m4 ,excess ( light is bl9d+2 excess ( s\nd deaf5+4 #agg4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is incessantly /imulat$1 & v>iably4 ,h5ce a great v>iation 9 ! excitability ( diff]5t p>ts4 ,:ile ! regul> & mod]ate activity ( "o "p is accompani$ by a regul> fl[ ( blood to x1 s t !re is a tol]ably con/ant rhy?m ( nutrition & dis*>ge1 any irregul> or excessive activity exhau/s x1 until !re has be5 a nutritive re/oration4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ "o c5tre may be tempor>ily exhau/$ :ile a neighbor+ c5tre is vigor\s4 ,cayrade decapitat$ a frog1 & susp5d$ light weights to ea* ( its h9d legs2 :5 ei!r leg 0 /imulat$1 ! weight atta*$ to x 0 rais$4 ,aft] ea* repetition ! weight 0 rais$ less & less1 until f9ally ! weight ceas$ to be rais$3 ! c5tre _h be5 exhau/$4 ,b n[ :5 ! o!r leg1 :i* _h be5 9 repose1 0 /imulat$1 x en]getically contract$1 & rais$ its atta*$ weight2 %[+ t its c5tre 0 n exhau/$ by ! action ( ! o!r4#aid #agh4 ,?is seems 9 contradiction ) ! pr9ciple t ! excitation ( "o c5tre is an excitation ( all4 ,x also seems 9 contradiction ) ! pr9ciple urg$ by ,h]z51 t irritation ( "o sciatic n]ve dim9i%es ! excitability ( ! opposite leg2 & ?is aga9 seems contradict$ by ! pr9ciple urg$ by ,sets*5[1 t al?\gh mod]ate excitation ( "o sciatic n]ve w dim9i% ! excitability ( ! o!r1 a p[]ful excitation w increase x4 #agi4 ,all ?ree pr9ciples are1 ,i believe1 exact expressions ( exp]im5tal evid5ce2 & _! seem+ contradictions may be reconcil$ on a wid] survey ( ! laws ( neural activity1 int]pret$ accord+ to ! special conditions ( ea* case4 ,^! laws may be conv5i5tly classifi$ z laws ( ,dis*>ge1 & ,laws ( ,arre/2 ! second be+ only a p>ticul> aspect ( ! fir/4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,dis*>ge4 #ahj4 ,! physiological indep5d5ce ( organs1 toge!r ) _! intimate dep5d5ce 9 ! organism1 & ! fact t ?is organism is incessantly /imulat$ f _m sides at once1 assure u a priori t ! 8waves0 ( molecul> movem5t due to ea* /imulus mu/ sometimes int]f]e & sometimes bl5d ) o!rs1 ?us div]t+ or neutraliz+ ! f9al dis*>ge 9 ! "o case1 & 9 ! o!r case swell+ ! curr5t & increas+ ! en]gy ( ! dis*>ge4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( "o "p 8play+ on ano!r10 sympa?iz+ ) ano!r1 & s on2 b :at is ! process express$ 9 ^! metaphors8 ,:5 an idea1 or a pa9ful s5sation1 quick5s ! pulse1 or increases ! fl[ ( a secretion1 we are n to imag9e t f a spot 9 ! c]ebrum1 or ! surface1 !re is a n]ve-fibre go+ directly to ! he>t1 or ! gl&1 transmitt+ an impulse2 9 ea* case ! c5tral tissue has be5 agitat$ by a sudd5 *ange at ! /imulat$ po9t1 & ! dis*>ge on he>t & gl& is ! resultant ( ?is agitation along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! n]ves ( ! great toe1 = example1 pass into ! sp9al cord at a consid]able di/ance f ! spot :]e ! n]ves ( ! arm ent] x2 :51 !re=e1 ! great toe is p9*$1 ! arm does n move by direct /imulation ( its n]ves1 b by ! indirect /imulation :i* has trav]s$ ! :ole c5tral sub/ance4 #aha4 ,?is is intelligible :5 we "k t ! :ole c5tral sub/ance is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t2 b ! difficulty arises :5 we h to expla9 :y1 if ?is c5tral sub/ance is /imulat$ ?r\gh\t1 only arms & legs respond2 9 o!r words1 :y ! toe-c5tre 8plays ^u0 ! arm-c5tre1 & n on ! o!rs8 ,:5 a frog is decapitat$1 if we g5tly t\* "o leg ) ! po9t ( ! scalpel1 ! leg w move1 b only ?is leg4 ,prick m =cibly1 & bo? legs w move4 ,keep on prick+1 & all f\r legs are drawn up1 & ! frog hops away4 ,ea* excitation 0 propagat$ along ! cord2 b ! dis*>ge 0 re/rict$ 9 ! fir/ case to "o limb1 9 ! second to two1 9 ! ?ird x involv$ all ! muscles ( ! trunk4 ,at ! sight ( a fri5d a dog wags 8 tail g5tly3 z !re is no direct connection betwe5 ! optic n]ves & ! tail1 ?is play+ ( "o c5tre on ano!r mu/ be by ! ag5cy ( int]m$iate c5tres2 & we "k t if ! dog's sp9al cord be divid$1 ?is excitation f ! optic c5tre is no long] possible1 yet ! tail w wag if ! abdom5 be tickl$1 or ! leg p9*$4 ,n[ comp>e ! effect on ! dog produc$ by ! sight ( 8 ma/]1 or ( a fri5d accu/om$ to take him out4 ,!re is no long] a g5tle wagg+ ( ! tail1 b an agitation ( ! :ole body3 he b>ks1 leaps1 & runs ab\t2 ! c5tral /imulation is dis*>g$ ?r\gh _m outlets2 & c\ld we te/ ! effect1 we %\ld f9d an appreciable alt]ation 9 ! !rmal & electrical condition ( ! :ole organism1 ) correspond+ *anges 9 circulation1 secretion1 etc4 ,s diff]5t are ! consequ5ces ( two slightly diff]5t ret9al impressions m+l+ _! /imulations ) ! same mass ( c5tral sub/ance6 #ahb4 ,! dis*>ge is det]m9$ by two conditions3 ! /ate ( t5sion1 & ! en]gy ( ! /imulation4 ,! /ate ( t5sion is increas$ by e /imulation :i* falls %ort ( a dis*>ge2 t is to say1 fa9t & frequ5t /imulation augm5ts ! excitability1 :]eas p[]ful /imulation exhau/s x4 ,:51 !re=e1 "o wave succe$s ano!r 9 ! same direction1 x rea*es a c5tre m dispos$ to dis*>ge2 or1 z ,cayrade expresses x1 8a c]ta9 agitation ( ! cells is necess>y = ! manife/ation ( _! prop]ty ( reaction1 9 ! same way t ! conc5tric circles produc$ on ! surface ( wat] by a fall+ /one are m rapid & m num]\s if a /one has already agitat$ ! surface40 #ahc4 ,s mu* = ! t5sion4 ,:at has be5 call$ ! en]gy ( ! /imulation is m complicat$4 ,x is n measurable z a simple physical process2 we _c say t a giv5 quantity ( any ext]nal =ce w det]m9e a giv5 dis*>ge4 ,x is mo/ly complicat$ by psy*ical processes1 & ^! s modify ! result t in/ead ( ! pr$ict$ dis*>ge !re is arre/1 or dis*>ge f ano!r c5tre4 ,press a dog's sk9 ) increas+ viol5ce1 & ! effect increases f pleasurable to pa9ful irritation2 b :e!r ! dog w cry out & bite1 or cry out & /ruggle to escape1 dep5ds ^u :e!r ! p9*] is a /rang] or a fri5d4 ,if y hurt a dog :ile remov+ a ?orn f its foot x w cry out1 b al?\gh ! pa9 causes x to initiate a bit+ movem5t1 by ! "t y\r h& is rea*$ t movem5t w h be5 *ang$1 & ! dog w lick ! h& :i* he kn[s is hurt+ him 9 ! endeavor to relieve him ( ! ?orn4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! m9d is "h evid5t en\gh4 ,a purely psy*ical process has int]f]$ ) ! purely physiological process4 ,& ,i %all h]eaft] endeavor to %[ t psy*ical processes analog\s 9 k9d ?\gh simpl] 9 degree are really co-op]ant 9 actions ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! dog w\ld be said to discrim9ate betwe5 ! pa9 inflict$ by a fri5d1 & ! same pa9 inflict$ by a /rang]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s5sitive me*anism w\ld be diff]5tly det]m9$ 9 ! direction ( dis*>ge1 al?\gh ! initial /imulation 0 ! same 9 ea* case4 ,if we admit t ! result+ action is 9 ea* case ! consequ5ce ( ! p>ticul> gr\p ( elem5ts co-op]at+1 !re w be no gr\nd = d5y+ t analog\s discrim9ation is manife/$ by ! bra9less animal1 :o also responds diff]5tly to diff]5t ext]nal /imuli1 & diff]5tly to ! same /imulus "u diff]5t c5tral conditions4 ,! bra9less frog croaks if its back be g5tly /rok$ ) ! h&le ( a scalpel2 b if ! po9t be us$1 or if ! h&le be r\ghly press$1 in/ead ( croak+1 ! frog raises 8 leg 9 def5ce4 ,"h ! diff]5ce 9 ! p]iph]al irritation has excit$ a diff]5t reaction 9 ! c5tre2 & ?is might be int]pret$ z purely physical2 if n[ ! leg be fa/5$1 & ! movem5t ( def5ce be ?us prev5t$1 ! frog w employ ! o!r leg2 or adopt "s o!r means ( reliev+ itself f ! irritation4 ,x 0 a mass ( regi/]$ exp]i5ces :i* det]m9$ ! dog n to bite 8 ma/]4 ,an analog\s regi/ration ( exp]i5ces det]m9es ! *ang$ reactions ( ! bra9less frog4 ,b ?is is a po9t :i* c only be t\*$ on 9 pass+ "h1 & x is t\*$ on m]ely to facilitate our exposition ( ! complicat$ conditions ( neural dis*>ge4 ,^! may be =mulat$ 9 #ahd4 ,,law ,,iv4 ,! simultane\s influ5ce ( sev]al /imuli1 ea* ( :i* sep>ately excites ! same c5tre1 is cumulative3 /imuli !n assi/ ea* o!r1 & _! resultant is _! ari?metical sum4 ,simultane\s /imuli1 ea* ( :i* excites a diff]5t c5tre1 int]f]e ) ea* o!r's en]gy1 & _! resultant is _! algebraical sum4 ,9 ?is law !re is a cond5s$ expression ( t composition ( =ces :i* may ei!r result 9 ,dis*>ge or ,arre/4 ,by simultaneity is n to be und]/ood m]ely ! co9cid5ce ( impressions1 b also ! rev]b]ations ( impressions n yet neutraliz$ by o!rs4 ,?us :5 ,s5sibility is te/$ by ! n[ common me?od1#aie x is f\nd t if "o leg is )drawn aft] a lapse (1 say1 t5 p5dulum beats1 ! o!r leg1 :i* has n be5 irritat$1 w nev]!less1 on irritation1 be )drawn 9 less ?an t5 beats1 provid$ ! c5tral agitation caus$ by ! fir/ /imulation has n yet subsid$4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! )drawal w be consid]ably def]r$1 or ev5 prev5t$ altoge!r1 if at ! same "t t ! leg is act$ on by ! acid1 a m p[]ful excitation takes place 9 "s o!r "p ( ! body4 ,9 ! "o exp]im5t we see simultane\s excitation 9 ! same c5tre & ! same direction4 ,9 ! o!r simultane\s excitation 9 diff]5t c5tres4 ,! m p[]ful excitation suppresses ! dis*>ge f ! less p[]ful2 b al?\gh x prevails1 x loses j z mu* =ce z x arre/s4#aif #ahe4 ,!re is ano!r v int]e/+ exp]im5t by ,freusb]g1 :i* mu/ be cit$ "h4#aig ,:5 ! sciatic n]ve is divid$1 ! frog's leg is ( c\rse n )drawn f ! acidulat$ wat]1 because 9 t case no s5sory excitation is propagat$ f ! sk9 to ! c5tre2 b al?\gh !re is no /imulation f ! sk91 !re is "o f ! muscles1 z appe>s 9 ! fact t if a small weight be susp5d$ on ?is leg1 ! o!r leg is m rapidly )drawn f ! acidulat$ wat]--! action ( ! muscles hav+ affect$ ! c5tre & increas$ its excitability4 #ahf4 ,:5 ! motor gr\p ( "o leg is mod]ately /imulat$1 ! dis*>ge is conf9$ to ! muscles ( t "o leg2 & accord+ to ,h]z5 ! excitability ( ! motor gr\p ( ! o!r leg is !reby some:at dim9i%$4 ,b if ! /imulation be increas$1 !re is an irradiation to ! o!r gr\p1 :i* irradiation1 al?\gh n suffici5t to excite a dis*>ge1 r5d]s x mu* m ready to dis*>ge1 s t a feeble /imulus suffices4 ,?is accords ) ,sets*5['s obs]vations1 & is confirm$ by ,freusb]g's exp]im5t1 9 :i*1 :5 "o leg 0 /imulat$ by acid1 if ! acid 7 n wip$ (f b all[$ to keep up ! irritation1 ! o!r leg mov$ )\t be+ irritat$2 & ?is o!r leg hav+ come to re/1 :5 9 its turn dipp$ 9 ! acid1 0 m rapidly )drawn ?an ! fir/ leg _h be5 on fir/ be+ /imulat$2 %[+ t ! c5tral gr\ps _h become m excitable by ! /imulation ( ei!r leg4 #ahg4 ,:ile x is intelligible t an excitation ( "o gr\p %\ld increase ! activity ( neighbor+ gr\ps1 by an increase ( ! vascul> activity ( ! region1 x is n s readily intelligible :y ! feebl] excitation ( "o gr\p %\ld dim9i% ! excitability ( its neighbor2 yet ! facts seem to w>rant bo? /atem5ts4 #ahh4 ,! conditions :i* det]m9e ,dis*>ge are obscure4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 say t anatomical & physiological data =ce ! conclusion t :5ev] ! c5tral tissue is p[]fully /imulat$ 9 any "o "p1 !re is ei!r a dis*>ge1 or a great] t5sion 7t5d5cy to dis*>ge7 9 e o!r "p2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 e fre% /imulus 9 ! same direction f9ds ! p>ts m prep>$ to react2 :ile e fre% /imulus 9 a contr>y direction meets ) a proportional resi/ance4 ,/at$ ?us g5]ally1 ! pr9ciple is cle> en\gh2 b ! imm5se complication ( /imulations1 & ! /atical v>iabl5ess ( ! organs1 r5d]s its application to p>ticul> cases extremely obscure4 ,:y does ! tick+ ( a clock arre/ ! att5tion1 ev5 ) unpleasant obtrusiv5ess1 at "o "t1 & pres5tly aft]w>ds cease to be he>d at all8 ,:y does ! cut ( a knife cause int5se pa91 & a f> great] cut receiv$ dur+ ! heat & agitation ( a qu>rel pass unfelt8 ,:y w ! same ext]nal =ce excite convulsions 9 all ! muscles1 & at ano!r "t sc>cely be di/+ui%able8 ,^! are consequ5ces ( ! tempor>y condition ( ! c5tres2 b !re are p]man5t conditions :i* 9 "s organisms det]m9e equally v>iable results4 ,?us ! %ock ( t]ror :i* w simply agitate "o p]son1 w develop an epileptic attack 9 ano!r1 & insanity 9 a ?ird2 j z exposure to cold w 9 "o p]son conge/ ! liv]1 9 ano!r ! lungs4 ,a l\d & sudd5 s\nd causes w9k+ 9 mo/ p]sons1 & 9 _m a sort ( convulsive %ock4 ,! h>% noise ( a file causes a %iv] 9 "s p]sons1 & 9 o!rs 8sets ! tee? on edge10 :ile 9 o!rs x causes an increas$ fl[ ( saliva4 #ahi4 ,n]ves & c5tres h diff]5t degrees ( excitability4 ,! n]ve-t]m9als 9 ! sk9 are m s5sitive to impressions ?an ^? 9 ! muc\s membrane2 ^? 9 ! alim5t>y canal are m s5sitive ?an ^? 9 ! p]itoneum2 & all n]ve-t]m9als are m s5sitive ?an n]ve-trunks4 ,a t\* on ! surface ( ! l>ynx w produce a c\gh1 b ! n]ve-trunk itself may be p9*$ or galvaniz$ )\t produc+ any su* reflex4 ,moreov]1 !re is ! diff]5ce ( gr\p+4 ,if ! sk9 ( ! abdom5 be tickl$1 !re is a reflex on ! adductor & ext5sor muscles ( ! leg2 b ^! movem5ts are rev]s$ if ! sk9 ( ! back be tickl$4 ,nor inde$ are ^! movem5ts inv>iable 9 ei!r case2 ! "o s]ies w sometimes q sudd5ly *ange to ! o!r1 if ! irritation is kept up4 ,t "o & ! same /imulus appli$ to ! same spot %\ld n[ excite ?is gr\p & n[ ! o!r1 %[s t bo? motor gr\ps are affect$1 & t ! dis*>ge takes place f ! "o :i* at ! "t be+ is 9 ! highe/ t5sion4 ,! alt]nation ( t5sion expla9s rhy?mical dis*>ge4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,arre/4 #aij4 ,! ,law ( ,arre/ is only ano!r aspect ( ! ,law ( ,dis*>ge1 & may be reg>d$ z ! conflict ( excitations4 ,if a /rang] ent]s ! room :]e a woman lies 9 labor1 !re w (t5 be caus$ a sudd5 cessation ( ! ut]9e contractions4#aih ,aga91 e "o kn[s h[ ! brea?+ & ! beat+ ( ! he>t are arre/$ by ! idea ( dang]4 ,! arre/ is 9 ea* ( ! ?ree cases only tempor>y1 because :5 ! %ock ( ! new /imulus has caus$ its dis*>ge 7arre/71 ! p]iph]al irritation :i* caus$ ! =m] dis*>ges resumes its influ5ce1 & ut]us1 he>t1 & diaphragm beg9 to move aga91 ev5 m en]getically4 ,note1 moreov]1 t n only w ! c]ebral excitation arre/ ! sp9al dis*>ge--an idea *eck ! contractions ( ! ut]us or ! he>t--b ! rev]se also takes place4 ,! bra9 ( ! woman may be int5tly occupi$ ) "s s*eme = ! education or welf>e ( h] expect$ *ild1 b no soon] d ! labor pa9s set 91 ?an all ^! c]ebral comb9ations are arre/$4 #aia4 ,"o s5sation arre/s ano!r2 "o idea displaces ano!r4 ,if ! =eleg ( a headless frog be irritat$1 ! h9d-leg w also be mov$ by ! /imulation2 or vice v]sa4 ,"h !re has be5 a propagation ( ! excitation 9 ei!r direction4 ,b if :ile ! legs are ?us irritat$1 & ! c5tres are ready to dis*>ge1 ano!r & m p[]ful irritation rea* ! c5tre--say by p9*+ ! sk9 ( ! back--!re w be no dis*>ge on ! legs4 ,if ! vagus be irritat$1 ! he>t is arre/$2 b ?is does n take place if at ! same "t1 or imm$iately be=e1 ! foot has be5 %>ply p9*$4 ,a few g5tle taps on ! abdom5 suffice to /op ! he>t2 b if a drop ( acid be previ\sly plac$ on ! sk91 we tap 9 va91 ! he>t cont9ues to beat4 ,br[n ,squ>d cites sev]al cases 9 :i* convulsions 7 arre/$ by irritation ( s5sitive surfaces2#aii & ,dr4 ,cri*ton ,br[ne records a case ( a pati5t 9 :om !re 0 abolition ( sp9al reflex1 due to c]ebral irritation3 tickl+ ! soles ( ! feet1 or prick+ ! toes1 :i* normally excites reflex movem5ts1 9 ?is case excit$ none :atev]4 8,?is seems to prove t n]ve curr5ts1 set 9 motion by irritation ( ! bra91 or "s ( its convolutions1 transmitt$ d[n ! cord1 may inhibit reflex action40#bjj ,examples might indef9itely be multipli$4 ,p9* ! sk9 ( a rabbit betwe5 ! eyes1 & y w obs]ve t pulse & respiration are slack5$2 b if ! tail1 :i* is v s5sitive1 be p9*$1 ?is slack5+ is only mom5t>y1 & is succe$$ by a quick5+--unless ! pa9 be great4 ,ev5 ! effect ( int5se pa9 may be neutraliz$ by /imulat+ ! vagus--j z ! effect ( /imulat+ ! vagus may be neutraliz$ by pa94 ,claude ,b]n>d f\nd t hav+ dropp$ ammonia on ! eyelid ( a dog1 ! pa9 caus$ a convulsive closure ( ! lid2 b on galvaniz+ ! vagus1 ! lid op5$ aga91 to be clos$ :5 ! galvanism ceas$4#bja ,:5 ! he>t is beat+ fa9tly 7z 9 syncope71 any irritat+ vapor appli$ to ! no/rils w cause a m en]getic pulsation2 yet a v irritat+ vapor l[]s ! action ( ! he>t beat+ normally1 & w ev5 arre/ t ( a rabbit4 ,ov]-/imulation has almo/ always ! opposite effect ( mod]ate /imulation4 #aib4 ,:ile !re seems e reason to believe t an excitation necess>ily affects ! :ole c]ebro-sp9al axis1 !re is no d\bt t !re is a c]ta9 re/riction ( ?is irradiation to def9ite pa?s1 i4 e4 ! responsive dis*>ge is conf9$ to def9ite gr\ps4 ,"s ( ^! re/rictions are connate pa?ways3 we br+ !m ) u at bir?2 b mo/ ( !m are pa?ways acquir$ aft] bir?4 ,! boy :o %$s te>s at p>t+ f 8 "m :5 he goes to s*ool1 w %$ no te>s :5 he p>ts f h] to g to college1 nay1 p]haps w %$ none :5 he p>ts f h] =ev]3 n t 8 love has less5$1 b t ! idea ( su* expression ( x z 8unmanly0 has become an organiz$ t5d5cy & arre/s ! te>s4 ,a y\? ( s\!rn race1 :o has n le>n$ to be a%am$ ( te>s1 weeps freely "u su* circum/ances4 #aic4 ,! pa?ways organiz$ at bir? are n _m4 ,examples are ! inspiration :i* foll[s expiration2 ! movem5ts ( c\gh+ :5 ! l>ynx is tickl$2 ! movem5ts ( swall[+1 sneez+1 etc4 ,ev5 ^! may be arre/$ = a brief "t by :at is call$ 8! w02 b :5 once ! dis*>ge beg9s 9 any "p ( ! me*anism1 ! :ole gr\p is necess>ily involv$ & ! action is !n inevitable4 ,_m ( ! reflex actions :i* are univ]sal are nev]!less acquir$4 ,w9k+1 = in/ance1 :5 an object approa*es ! eye1 is univ]sal among u1 b is nev] se5 9 infants1 nor 9 animals4 ,x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ! draw+ up ( ! leg :5 ! toes are p9*$ is n an acquir$ reflex4 ,d\btful1 ,i mean1 9 ?is s5se1 t al?\gh ! fact ( non-)drawal is obs]vable 9 infants1 :o _c localize _! s5sations1 ?is may be due to ! imp]fect developm5t ( _! n]v\s sy/em4 ,mr4 ,spald+ has prov$ t al?\gh ! call[ bird _c fly1 ! me*anism ( flight is no soon] develop$ ?an ! action foll[s at once1 )\t any previ\s t5tative exp]i5ces4 #aid4 ,by exp]i5ce we le>n to re/rict ! pa?s ( irradiation1 s z to w9k ) "o eye :ile ! o!r is unmov$1 to b5d "o f+] :ile ! re/ are ext5d$1 to move "o limb1 or "o gr\p ( muscles1 :ile ! o!rs are at re/2 9 %ort1 to execute any "o p>ticul> action1 & n at ! same "t agitate sup]flu\sly _m o!r organs4 ,! boy :5 fir/ le>n+ to write is unable to prev5t ! simultane\s motions ( tongue & legs1 :i* are ludicr\sly irrelevant to ! purpose ( writ+2 b he le>ns to keep all 8 organs 9 subjection1 & only ! eyes & h&s active4#bjb ,an analog\s re/riction takes place 9 ?9k+4 ,a tra9 ( ?\ght is kept up by ! exclusion ( all sugge/ions :i* are n p]t95t2 & ! p[] ( ! ?9k] is precisely ?is p[] ( conc5tration4 ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,inhibitory ,,c5tres4 #aie4 ,! facts & _! =mulat$ laws :i* h j be5 adduc$ furni% a suffici5t explanation ( all ! ph5om5a ( arre/ :i* ( late ye>s h be5 deta*$ & assign$ to a special me*anism ( inhibitory n]ves & c5tres4 ,9 spite ( ! em95t au?orities c\nt5anc+ ! hypo!sis ( a p>ticul> set ( inhibitory n]ves1 & p>ticul> c5tres ( inhibition1 ,i mu/ confess t ! hypo!sis appe>s to me inadmissible2 & t ,i side ) ^? physiologi/s :o hold t ea* n]ve & ea* c5tre has its inhibitory action4 ,inde$1 if ! action ( arre/ be1 z ,i ma9ta91 only ano!r aspect ( ! action ( dis*>ge1 ! result ( ! conflict ( =ces1 to say t all c5tres h ! prop]ty ( excitation1 is to say t all h ! prop]ties ( dis*>ge & arre/3 ! dis*>ge is only ! resultant ( ! conflict along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 ! arre/ is ! effect ( ! conflict along ! l9e ( greate/ resi/ance4 ,! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( arre/ are s v>i$ & num]\s t ! uphold]s ( ! inhibitory hypo!sis h be5 =c$ to inv5t n only arre/+ c5tres1 b c5tres :i* arre/ ^! arre/+ c5tres6 ,dr4 ,laud] ,brunton c&idly rem>ks3 8,at pres5t our notions ( n]v\s action seem to be gett+ z involv$ z ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy1 & j z epicycles became heap$ ^u cycles1 s n]ve-c5tres are be+ add$ to n]ve-c5tres4 ,& yet1 clumsy ?\gh ! sy/em may be1 x s]ves at pres5t a useful purpose1 & may give real aid until a bett] is discov]$40 ,i d n ?9k a ,cop]nicus is ne$$ to discov] a bett]4 ,! ,law ( ,arre/ z a g5]al neural law suffices1 :5 ! "r conception ( a c5tre z a physiological r ?an an anatomical designation is admitt$4 7,see p4 #agc47 #aif4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to consid] ! conflict+ evid5ce :i* at pres5t r5d]s ! "q ( ! movem5ts ( ! he>t "o ( ! mo/ unsatisfactory 9 ! :ole range ( exp]im5tal physiology4 ,aft] devot+ mu* "t to x1 & aft] writ+ a long *apt] on x1 ,i suppress :at ,i _h writt51 & cont5t myself ) ! /atem5t t no advantage :atev] is d]iv$ f ! hypo!sis ( a special me*anism ( arre/1 unless p]haps 9 giv+ a tempor>y precision to ! direction ( rese>*4 ,i mean t ! se>* = special c5tres may lead to ! discov]y ( ! p>ticul> pa?s to :i* an impulse is re/rict$ 9 any "o action3 z1 = in/ance1 ! vagus 9 ret>d+ ! pulsation ( ! he>t4 ,if ! c]ebrum c det]m9e a movem5t1 & comb9e v>i\s movem5ts1 x is a c5tre ( arre/2 if ! c]ebellum c det]m9e & regulate movem5ts1 x is a c5tre ( arre/2 if ! m$ulla oblongata c det]m9e & regulate movem5ts1 x is a c5tre ( arre/2 if ! m$ulla sp9alis c det]m9e & comb9e movem5ts1 x is a c5tre ( arre/2 if a n]ve c dilate a con/rict$ blood-vessel1 or con/rict a dilat$ "o1 x is a n]ve ( arre/4 ,9 o!r words1 e c5tre ex]ts its action ei!r 9 dis*>g+1 or 9 arre/+ ! dis*>ge ( "s o!r c5tre4 ,! physiological process ( ,arre/ may be physically int]pret$ z ,int]f]5ce2#bjc n t ! process 9 n]ve-tissue is to be und]/ood z ! same z t obs]v$ 9 fluids1 or t ! metaphor ( neural waves is to be tak5 = m ?an an intelligible pictur+ ( ! process2 ! diff]5ce 9 ! two ag5ts =bids our admitt+ ! resemblance to be m ?an analogical4 ,?us int]pret$1 h[ev]1 we see t n only w "o c5tre arre/ ! action ( ano!r1 b "o n]ve may be made to arre/ itself6 ,i mean t1 "u simil> conditions ( int]f]5ce1 ! /imulation :i* normally foll[s on ext]nal /imulus may be inhibit$ by a previ\s1 or a c\nt] /imulation4 ,?us ! n]ve :i* w be /imulat$ by a *emical or me*anical /imulus1 :olly fails to react if a con/ant curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh x1 al?\gh ?is con/ant curr5t does n itself cause a con/ant contraction4 ,remove ! electrodes1 & !n ! *emical or me*anical /imulus takes effect4 ,or ! exp]im5t may be rev]s$3 let ! n]ve be plac$ 9 a sal9e solution1 & ! muscles w be at once ?r[n into viol5t contraction2 if ! electrodes are n[ appli$ to ! n]ve1 ! contractions sudd5ly cease1 to beg9 aga9 directly ! electrodes are remov$4 ,,anatomical ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,laws4 #aig4 ,! problem = ! anatomi/ is tw(old3 ,fir/1 giv5 ! organ1 he has to det]m9e its function1 or vice v]sa1 giv5 ! "p ( an organ1 to det]m9e its functional relation2 secondly1 giv5 ! function1 he has to det]m9e its organ4 ,! /ructural & functional relations ( n]ves & c5tres h be5 asc]ta9$ 9 a g5]al way2 we are q sure t ! po/]ior n]ves c>ry excitations f s5sitive surfaces1 t ! ant]ior n]ves c>ry excitations to muscles & gl&s2 & t ! c5tral gray sub/ance n only reflects a s5sory excitation z a motor excitation1 b propagates an excitation along ! :ole c]ebro-sp9al axis4 ,b :5 we come to a m m9ute analysis ( ! functional activities1 & endeavor to assign _! respective values to ea* "p ( ! organic me*anism1 ! excessive complexity & delicacy ( ! me*anism baffles rese>*4 ,we are =c$ to grope our way2 & ! light ( ! hypo!tic lamps :i* we hold al(t z (t5 misdirects z helps u4 ,! imag9>y anatomy :i* at pres5t ga9s acceptance1 no d\bt seems to simplify explanations2 b ?is seem+ turns out to be illusory :5 closely exam9$4 ,! imag9$ arrangem5t ( fibres & cells we h se5 to be n 9 agreem5t ) obs]vation2 & 7 x demon/rable1 x w\ld n acc\nt = ! laws ( propagation4 ,suppose s5sory fibres to t]m9ate 9 cells1 & fibres f ^! to pass upw>ds to o!r s5sory cells & transv]sely to motor cells1 h[ 9 su* a connect$ sy/em c\ld irradiations take place1 if ! law ( isolat$ conduction 7 true8 ,& h[ c\ld isolat$ conduction take place1 if ! excitation ( a "p 7 necess>ily ! excitation ( ! :ole8 ,:y1 = example1 is pa9 n always irradiat$8 ,:y is x ev5 localiz$ 9 p>ticul> spots1 det]m9+ movem5ts 9 p>ticul> muscles2 & :5 irradiation takes place1 :y is x circumscrib$1 or--& ?is is v notewor?y--manife/$ 9 two widely diff]5t places1 ! int]co/al & trigem9al n]ves8 ,:y does ! irritation ( inte/9al worms manife/ itself n[ by tr\bles ( vision1 n[ by noises 9 ! e>1 & n[ by convulsions8 #aih4 ,answ]s to su* que/ions mu/ be s\ght else:]e4 ,our fir/ se>* %\ld be direct$ to ! anatomical data1 :i* h hi!rto be5 s imprud5tly disreg>d$4 ,"u ! guidance ( ! laws =mulat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 let u accept ! anatomical fact ( a va/ network =m+ ! gr\nd-sub/ance 9 :i* cells & fibres are emb$d$1 & ) :i* !y are cont9u\s2 let u accept ! physiological pr9ciple ,( simil>ity ( prop]ty ) simil>ity ( composition & /ructure2 let u accept ! hypo!sis t ! dis*>ge ( neural en]gy is dep5d5t on ! degree ( /imulus & ! degree ( t5sion at ! "t be+--& we %all h at lea/ a g5]al !ory ( ! process1 ?\gh !re w /ill rema9 great obscurities 9 p>ticul> applications4 ,we %all h be=e u a va/ network ( pa?ways1 all equally capable ( conduct+ an excitation1 b n all equally & at all mom5ts op54 ,x w always be difficult to det]m9e :at are ! conditions :i* at any mom5t favor or ob/ruct p>ticul> op5+s4 ,pa?s t h be5 frequ5tly trav]s$ w ( c\rse be m readily trav]s$ aga92 b ?is v facility w sometimes be an ob/acle1 s9ce x w h caus$ t pa? to be preoccupi$1 or h fatigu$ ! organ to :i* x leads4 #aii4 ,s9ce ! escape ( an excitation mu/ always be along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 an obvi\s explanation ( ! re/riction to c]ta9 pa?s has be5 to assume t "s fibres & cells h naturally great] resi/ance ?an o!rs4 ,b ?is explanation is simply a re/atem5t ( ! fact 9 o!r words4 ,:at is ?is great] resi/ance8 ,:y is x pres5t 9 "o fibre r ?an 9 ano!r8 ,we %\ld fir/ h to settle :e!r ! resi/ance 0 9 ! n]v\s pa?way itself1 or 9 ! c5tre1 or 9 ! organ inn]vat$2 an excitation might pass along ! n]v\s tract1 yet fail to *ange ! /ate ( ! c5tre1 or ! organ1 suffici5tly to produce an appreciable response2 & only ^? p>ts :]e an appreciable response 0 produc$ w\ld !n be consid]$ z hav+ _h ! pa?ways ( propagation op54 #bjj4 ,:5 we reflect on ! innum]able /imulations to :i* ! organism is subject$ f s _m v>i\s po9ts1 & rememb] fur!r t ea* /imulation leaves beh9d x a tremor :i* does n imm$iately subside1 we %all conceive some?+ ( ! excessive complexity ( ! me*anism1 & m>vel h[ any ord] is e/abli%$ 9 ! *aos4 ,:at we mu/ firmly e/abli% 9 our m9ds is t ! me*anism is ess5tially a fluctuat+ "o1 its elem5ts be+ comb9$1 recomb9$1 & resolv$ "u inf9ite v>iations ( /imulation4 ,if x 7 a me*anism ( fix$ relations1 su* z we f9d 9 ma*9es1 or 9 ! 8me*anism ( ! heav5s10 we might accept ! notion ( c]ta9 organites hav+ great] resi/ance z a consequ5ce ( _! /ructure1 j z "o muscle resi/s be+ mov$ by ! impulse :i* w move ano!r4 ,nor is x d\btful t su* diff]5ces exi/ 9 n]v\s organites2 b ! laws ( c5tral excitation are n int]pretable by any su* hypo!sis1 s9ce we "k t ! pa?s :i* 7 clos$ aga9/ an impulse ( consid]able en]gy may be all op5 to an impulse ( feebl] en]gy1 & t a slight v>iation 9 ! /imulus w be foll[$ by a wide irradiation4 ,= example1 a gra9 or two ( snuff w excite ! viol5t & complex act ( sneez+1 b ! n]ves ( ! nasal cavity may be p9*$1 cut1 or rubb$1 )\t produc+ any su* result4 ,"o gr\p ( n]v\s organites w fail to involve ! activity ( neighbor+ gr\ps2 & ! simple movem5t ( a s+le organ is !n all t appreciably foll[s ! /imulation2 yet by a slight *ange 9 ! /imulation1 ! organites are some:at diff]5tly gr\p$1 & ! result is a complex movem5t ( _m organs4 ,x is ?is fluctuation ( comb9ation 9 ! organites :i* r5d]s education & progress possible4 ,^? comb9ations :i* h v frequ5tly be5 repeat$ acquire at la/ an automatic c]ta9ty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are n[ 9 a position to exam9e ) m precision ! extremely important laws ( n]v\s action :i* are involv$ 9 ! ph5om5a designat$ by ! t]ms ,reflex ,action1 ,automatic ,action1 & ,volunt>y ,action4 ,,problem ,,iii4 ,,animal ,,automatism4 8,l'organisme le plus complexe e/ un va/e mcanisme qui rsulte de l'assemblage de mcanismes secondaires40--,,claude ,,b]n>d4 8,les corps vivants sont ma*9es l'inf9i40--,,leibnitz4 8,noi lam5tiamo con ,maj5die *e nel l+uaggio fisiologico si5si intruse le preop9ioni psicologi*e col trascico inevitabile del vocaboli1 ai quali code/e preop9ioni si trovano legate4 ,probabilm5te que/a fu una delle pr9cipali cagioni degli errori e degli equivoci anatom(isiologici1 da cui non pot]ono sv9col>si1 a loro insaputa1 i cultori sp]im5tali della sci5za1 p]* nell' int]pret>e i f5om5i oss]vati erano obbligati ad us>e il l+uaggio di una false moneta 9 corso40--,,lussana e ,,lemoigne1 ,fisiologia dei ,c5tri ,n]vosi1 #ahga1 ,i4 #af4 ,,animal ,,automatism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,mod]n ,,?\ght4 #a4 ,mod]n ,philosophy has mov$ along two increas+ly div]g5t l9es4 ,"o1 trav]s$ by ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 ,newton1 & ,laplace1 _h = its goal ! absolute dis5gagem5t ( ! physical f ! m5tal1 i4 e4 ! objective f ! subjective aspect ( ph5om5a1 s t ! physical univ]se1 ?us fre$ f all ! complexities ( ,feel+1 might be int]pret$ 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,z a prelim9>y simplification ( ! problem ?is 0 indisp5sable2 only by x c\ld ! ,fir/ ,notion ( primitive speculation be replac$ by ! ,!oretic ,conception ( sci5tific speculation4#bjd ,! e>ly ?9k] inevitably inve/$ all ext]nal objects ) prop]ties & qualities simil> to ^? he assign$ to human be+s1 & _! actions he assign$ to human motives4 ,sun1 moon1 & />s seem$ liv+ be+s2 flames1 /reams1 & w9ds 7 suppos$ to be mov$ by feel+s su* z ^? kn[n to move animals & m54 ,nor 0 any o!r conception !n possible3 m5 c\ld only int]pret ! unkn[n by ! kn[n1 & _! /&>d ( all action 0 necess>ily drawn f _! own actions4 ,n hav+ analyz$ ,volition & ,emotion1 above all n hav+ localiz$ ^! 9 a neuro-muscul> sy/em1 m5 c\ld n suspect t ! movem5ts ( planets & plants1 & ( /reams & /ones1 _h motors ( a diff]5t k9d f ! movem5ts ( animals4 ,! sci5tific conception ( in]t ins5sible ,matt] 0 only atta9$ ?r\gh a long education 9 ab/raction2 & is assur$ly nev] atta9$ by animals1 or by savages4 ,b no soon] 7 vital conditions recogniz$1 ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 vital & me*anical movem5ts em]g$4 ,:5 m5 le>n$ t _m ( _! own actions 7 unaccompani$ ei!r by ,love or ,hate1 by ,pleasure or ,pa91 & t _m 7 unprompt$ by consci\s int5tion1 :ile o!rs 7 unaccompani$ by consci\s s5sation1 !y easily conclud$ t :]ev] ! special conditions ( ,feel+ 7 abs5t1 ! actions mu/ h "s o!r motors4 ,intellig5ce1 ,emotion1 ,volition1 & ,s5sation be+ "o by "o /ripp$ away f all b a p>ticul> class ( bodies1 no?+ rema9$ = ! o!r bodies b ins5sible ,matt] & ,motion4 ,?is 0 ! ,!oretic ,conception :i* sci5ce sub/itut$ = ! ,fir/ ,notion4 ,x 0 aid$ by ! obs]vation ( ! mislead+ t5d5cy ( int]pret+ physical ph5om5a by ! human /&>d1 sub/itut+ our fancies 9 ! place ( facts1 manipulat+ ! ord] ( ! univ]se accord+ to our imag9ation ( :at x might be1 or ought to be4 ,h5ce ! vigilance ( ! new s*ool 9 suppress+ ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! subjective aspect ( ph5om5a1 & ! insi/ance on a purely objective classification1 s t by ?is means we might atta9 to a k ( ?+s z !y are4 ,by ?us )draw+ ,life & ,m9d f ,nature1 & reg>d+ ! univ]se solely 9 ! light ( ,motion & ! laws ( ,motion1 two great sci5tific ends 7 fur!r$1 namely1 a classification ( conceptions1 & a precision ( t]ms4 ,objective ph5om5a made a class ap>t1 & ! great aim ( rese>* 0 to f9d a ma!matical expression = all v>ieties "u ?is class4 ,masses 7 conceiv$ z aggregates ( ,atoms1 & ^! 7 r$uc$ to ma!matical po9ts4 ,=ces 7 only diff]5t modes ( ,motion4 ,all ! numb]less diff]5ces :i* p]ception recogniz$ z qualities 9 ?+s1 7 r$uc$ to m]e v>iations 9 quantity4 ,?us all t 0 p>ticul> & concrete became resolv$ by analysis into :at 0 g5]al & ab/ract4 ,! ,cosmos !n only pres5t$ a problem ( ,me*anics4 #b4 ,dur+ ?is evolution1 ! old ,dualism 7:i* conceiv$ a mat]ial univ]se %>ply dem>cat$ f ! m5tal univ]se7 kept its gr\nd1 & atta9$ ev5 great] precision4 ,! logical di/9ction betwe5 ,matt] & ,m9d 0 accept$ z an ess5tial di/9ction1 i4 e4 repres5t+ di/9ct reals4 ,!re 0 on ! "o side a gr\p ( ph5om5a1 ,matt] & ,=ce2 on ! o!r side an unalli$ gr\p1 ,feel+ & ,?\ght3 betwe5 !m an impassable gulf4 ,h[ ! two 7 br\ght into relation1 ea* act+ & react+ on ! o!r1 0 dismiss$ z an 8insoluble my/]y0--or relegat$ to ,metaphysics = su* m9ds z *ose to puzzle ov] que/ions n am5able to exp]im5t4 ,physics1 confid5t 9 ! possession ( ma!matical & exp]im5tal me?ods :i* yield$ def9ite answ]s to prop]ly re/rict$ que/ions1 p]emptorily refus$ to li/5 to any sugge/ion ( ! k9d4 ,& ! c>e] ( ,physics 0 s triumphant t success seem$ to ju/ify its indiff]5ce4 #c4 ,9 our own day ?is analytical s*ool has begun to ext5d its me?ods ev5 to ! m5tal gr\p4 ,hav+ r$uc$ all ! objective gr\p to ma!matical treatm5t1 x n[ tries to br+ ! subjective gr\p also )9 its range4 ,n only has !re be5 m ?an "o attempt at a ma!matical ,psy*ology2 b also attempts to r$uce ,s5sibility1 9 its subjective no less ?an 9 its objective aspect1 to molecul> movem5t4 ,"h also ! facts ( ,quality are translat$ into facts ( ,quantity2 & all div]sities ( ,feel+ are int]pret$ z simply quantitative diff]5ces4 #d4 ,?us f> ! "o s*ool4 ,b :ile ?is ,!oretic ,conception /ripp$ ,nature ( consci\sness1 motive1 & passion1 r5d]+ x a m]e aggregate ( ma!matical relations1 a critical process 0 go+ on1 :i*1 analyz+ ! nature ( ,p]ception1 0 rapidly mov+ t[>ds ano!r goal4 ,locke1 ,b]keley1 ,hume1 & ,kant1 direct+ _! analysis exclusively to ! subjective aspect ( ph5om5a1 soon broke d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! physical & m5tal1 & gradually m]g$ ! =m] 9 ! latt]4 ,matt] & its qualities1 hi!rto accept$ z indep5d5t realities1 exi/+ :]e no ,m9d p]ceiv$ !m1 7 n[ view$ z ! creations ( ,m9d--_! exi/5ce 0 limit$ to a /ate ( ! p]cipi5t4 ,! old ,dualism 0 replac$ by ,idealism4 ,! ,cosmos1 in/ead ( pres5t+ a problem ( ,me*anics1 n[ pres5t$ a problem ( ,psy*ology4 ,beg9n+ ) :at are call$ ! second>y qualities ( ,matt]1 ! psy*ological analysis resolv$ ^! into modes ( ,feel+4 8,! heat :i* ! vulg> imag9e to be 9 ! fire & ! color !y imag9e 9 ! rose are n !re at all1 b are 9 u--m]e /ates ( our organism40 ,hav+ ga9$ ?is /&+-place1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 ext5d+ ! view f ! second>y to ! prim>y qualities4 ,^! also 7 p]ceptions1 & only exi/$ 9 ! p]cipi5t4 ,no?+ !n rema9$ ( ,matt] save ! hypo!tical unkn[n x--! po/ulate ( speculation4 ,kant seem$ =ev] to h clos$ ! door aga9/ ! real ,cosmos :5 he trans=m$ x into a gr\p ( m5tal =ms--,"t1 ,space1 ,causality1 ,quantity1 etc4 ,he prop\nd$ :at may be call$ a !ory ( m5tal ,dioptrics :]eby a pictur$ univ]se became possible1 z ,exp]i5ce by its own a priori laws m\ld$ itself into a consi/5t gr\p ( appe>ances1 :i* produc$ ! illusion ( be+ a gr\p ( realities4 ,he admitt$1 inde$1 t by ! op]ation ( ,causality we are compell$ to believe 9 a ,real und]ly+ ! appe>ances2 b ! v fact t ?is ,causality is a subjective law1 is pro(1 he said1 ( its n be+ an objective tru?4 ,?us ! aim ( ! me*anical conception 0 to free rese>* f ! mislead+ complexities ( subjective adult]ations1 & view ?+s z !y are ap>t f _! appe>ances2 b ?is aim seem$ illusory :5 ,psy*ology %[$ t ,"t1 ,space1 ,matt]1 & ,motion 7 !mselves n objective reals except 9 s f> z !y repres5t$ subjective necessities2 & t1 9 %ort1 ?+s are j :at !y appe>1 s9ce x is only 9 ! relation ( ext]nal reals to int]nal feel+s t objects exi/ = u4 #e4 ,idealism has be5 ! outcome ( ! psy*ological me?od4 ,x has be5 ( imm5se s]vice 9 rectify+ ! duali/ic conception1 & 9 correct+ ! me*anical conception4 ,x has re/or$ ! subjective factor1 :i* ! me*anical conception _h elim9at$4 ,x has br\ght into incomp>able cle>ness ! fundam5tal fact t all our k spr+s f1 & is limit$ by1 ,feel+4 ,x has %[n t ! univ]se repres5t$ 9 t k1 c only be a picture ( ! sy/em ( ?+s z ^! exi/ 9 relation to our ,s5sibility4 ,b equally ) ! me*anical conception x has err$ by incomplete analysis4 ,= a complete !ory ( ! univ]se1 or ( any "o ph5om5on1 ^? elem5t>y conditions :i* analysis has provisionally set aside mu/ f9ally be re/or$4 ,:5 ,quality is replac$ by ,quantity1 ?is is an artifice ( me?od1 :i* does n really correspond ) fact4 ,! quality is ! fact giv5 9 feel+1 :i* we analytically ref] to quantitative diff]5ces1 b :i* c nev] be :olly resolv$ into !m1 s9ce x mu/ be presuppos$ ?r\gh\t4 ,"o color1 = example1 may be di/+ui%$ f ano!r z hav+ m or few] undulations2 & s we may by ab/raction1 lett+ drop all qualitative *>act]s1 make a scale ( undulations to repres5t ! scale ( colors4 ,b ?is is an ideal figm5t4 ,x is ! repres5tation ( "o s]ies ( feel+s by ano!r s]ies ( diff]5t feel+s4 ,no v>iation ( undulations w really correspond ) v>iation 9 color1 unless we re9troduce ! suppress$ quality :i* runs ?r\gh all color4 ,attempt to make "o born bl9d feel1 or ev5 und]/&1 ,color by describ+ to him ! k9d ( wave-movem5t :i* x is said to be1 & ! vanity ( ! ef=t w be manife/4 ,movem5t he kn[s1 & v>ieties ( movem5t z giv5 9 tactile & muscul> s5sations2 b no comb9ation & manipulation ( su* exp]i5ces c give him ! specific s5sation ( ,color4 ,t is a purely subjective /ate1 :i* he is incapable ( exp]i5c+1 simply because "o ( ! ess5tial factors is abs5t4 ,"o set ( objective conditions is pres5t1 b ! o!r set 78 s5se-organ7 is defective4 ,)\t ! 8greet+ ( ! _s0 undulations _c become colors 7nor ev5 undulations1 = ^! also are =ms ( feel+74 ,besides ! s5se-organ !re is ne$$ ! feel+ ( ,diff]5ce1 :i* is itself ! product ( pa/ & pres5t feel+s4 ,! reproduction ( o!r colors1 or o!r %ades ( color1 is necess>y to ?is p]ception ( diff]5ce2 & ?is involves ! elem5t ( ,lik5ess & ,unlik5ess betwe5 :at is produc$ & reproduc$4 ,s t a c]ta9 m5tal co-op]ation is requisite ev5 = ! simple/ p]ception ( quality4 ,9 fact1 psy*ological analysis %[s t ev5 ,motion & ,quantity1 ! two objective t]ms to :i* subjective ,quality is r$uc$1 are !mselves ,fundam5tal ,signatures ( ,feel+2#bje s t "h1 z else:]e1 x is only by analytical artifice t ! objective c be divorc$ f ! subjective4 ,matt] is = u ! ,felt2 its ,qualities are diff]5ces ( ,feel+4 #f4 ,n t ?is result is to be int]pret$ z free+ our ,!oretic ,conception f its objective side1 & l&+ u 9 ,idealism1 :i* suppresses ! real univ]se4 ,! d5ial ( all reality ap>t f our m9ds1 is a tw(old mi/ake3 x conf\nds ! conception ( g5]al relations ) p>ticul> relations1 decl>+ t because ! ,ext]nal 9 its relation to ! s5ti5t organism c only be :at x is felt to be1 !re=e x c h no o!r relations to o!r individual reals4 ,?is is ! fir/ mi/ake4 ,! second is ! disreg>d ( ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! objective real 9 e fact ( ,feel+3 ! ,n-,self is emphatically pres5t 9 e consci\sness ( ,self4 ,! legitimate conclusion is nei!r t ( ,dualism nor ( ,idealism1 b :at ,i h nam$ ,reason$ ,realism 7,problems1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bja71 :i* reconciles ,common ,s5se ) ,speculative ,logic1 by %[+ t al?\gh ! tru? ( ?+s 7_! ,wahrheit7 is j :at we p]ceive 9 !m 7our ,wahrnehmung71 yet _! reality is ?is1 & mu* m ?an ?is4 ,?+s are :at !y are felt to be2 & :at !y are ?\ght to be1 :5 ?\ghts are symbols ( ! p]ceptions4 ,idealism decl>es t !y are no?+ b ?is4 ,x is aga9/ ?is no?+ b t ,common ,s5se prote/s2 & ! prote/ is ju/ifi$ by ,reason$ ,realism1 :i*1 tak+ a compreh5sive survey ( ! facts1 ?us answ]s ! ideali/3 8,y\r syn!sis is imp]fect1 s9ce x does n include all ! data--notably x excludes ! fact ( an objective or ,n-,self elem5t 9 e feel+4 ,y may1 conceivably1 reg>d ! :ole univ]se z no?+ b a s]ies ( *anges 9 y\r consci\sness2 b y _c hope to conv9ce me t ,i myself am simply a *ange 9 y\rself1 or t my body is only a fleet+ image 9 y\r m9d4 ,h5ce al?\gh ,i conclude t ! ,n-,self is to y1 z to me1 undivorceable f ,self1 inali5able f ,feel+1 9 s f> z x is felt1 yet !re mu/ nev]!less be = bo? ( u an exi/5ce n :olly coext5sive ) our own4 ,my _w may be my picture ( x2 y\r _w may be y\r picture ( x2 b !re is some?+ common to bo? :i* is m ?an ei!r--an exi/5t :i* has diff]5t relations to ea*4 ,y are n me1 nor is ! pictur$ ,cosmos me1 al?\gh ,i picture x4 ,look+ at y & x1 ,i see a va/ :ole ( :i* y are a small "p2 & su* a "p ,i conclude myself to be4 ,x is at once a picture & ! pictur$2 at once subjective & objective4 ,to me all y\r modes ( exi/5ce are objective aspects1 :i*1 draw+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i believe to h correspond+ subjective aspects2 s t y\r emotions1 :i* to me are purely physical facts1 are to y purely m5tal facts4 ,& psy*ological analysis assures me t all physical facts are m5tal facts express$ 9 objective t]ms1 & m5tal facts are physical facts express$ 9 subjective t]ms40 #g4 ,b :ile ,philosophy ?us replaces ! conceptions ( ,dualism & ,idealism by ! conception ( ! ,two-fold ,aspect1 ! special sci5ces 9 _! analytical c>e] h disreg>d$ ! problem altoge!r4 ,! me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se n only simplifi$ rese>* by conf9+ itself solely to ! objective aspect ( ph5om5a1 b by a fur!r simplification set aside all vital & *emical relations1 to deal exclusively ) me*anical relations4 ,9 asc]ta9+ ! ma!matical relations ( ! planet>y sy/em1 no elucidation c\ld possibly be ga9$ f biological or *emical conceptions2 ! planets !re=e 7 provisionally /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ n me*anical4 ,9 sy/ematiz+ ! laws ( motion1 x 0 necess>y to dis5gage ! ab/ract relations f ev]y?+ 9 any way resembl+ spontaneity1 or extra-me*anical ag5cy3 ,matt] 0 !re=e1 by a bold fiction1 decl>$ to be in]t1 & its ,motion reg>d$ z some?+ sup]add$ f )\t4 #g;a4 ,& ?is 0 indisp5sable = ! con/ruction ( ^? ideal laws :i* are ! objects ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,sci5ce1 z we (t5 say1 is ! sy/ematization ( ,exp]i5ce "u ! =ms ( ideal con/ructions4 ,exp]i5ce implies ,feel+1 & c]ta9 fundam5tal ,signatures1 all r$ucible to ! prim>y disc]nm5t ( ,lik5ess & ,unlik5ess4 ,h5ce ,sci5ce is fir/ a classification ( qualities or disc]n$ lik5esses & diff]5ces2 next a measurem5t ( quantities ( disc]n$ lik5esses & diff]5ces4 ,al?\gh measurem5t is itself a species ( classification1 x is di/+ui%$ by ! adoption ( a /&>d unit ( comp>ison1 :i*1 be+ precise & unv>y+1 enables u to express ! comp>isons 9 precise & unv>y+ symbols4 ,:e!r ! unit ( l5g? adopt$ be an in*1 a foot1 a y>d1 a mile1 ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 or ! di/ances ( ! fix$ />s1 ! quantities ?us measur$ are symbols admitt+ ( "o inv>iable int]pretation4 ,! exactness ( ! ma!matical sci5ces is j ?is precision & inv>iability ( _! symbols1 & is n1 z commonly suppos$1 ! s\rce ( any sup]ior c]ta9ty z to ! facts4 ,! classificatory sci5ces1 :i* deal ) qualities r ?an ) quantities1 may be equally c]ta91 & repres5t full] k1 because involv+ m v>i$ feel+s1 b !y _c pret5d to exactness4 ,ev5 on ! quantitative side1 c]ta9ty is n id5tical ) exactness4 ,i may be q c]ta9 t "o block ( m>ble is l>g] ?an ano!r--mean+ t x affects me m volum9\sly--b ,i _c "k h[ mu* l>g] x is1 )\t int]pret+ my feel+s by ! /&>d ( quantity--! h[-mu*ness z repres5t$ by t /&>d4 ,! imm5se advantages ( exact measurem5t ne$ n be insi/$ on4 ,! ,biological ,sci5ces1 :i* are pr$om9antly classificatory1 c nev] rival ! ,cosmological ,sci5ces 9 exactness2 b !y may rea* a full] k2 & _! c]ta9ty w assume m & m ! "* ( exactness z me?ods ( measurem5t are appli$ to _! classifications ( qualities4 ,! qualitative & quantitative aspects ( ph5om5a are h&l$ by ! two great in/rum5ts1 ,logic & ,ma!matics1 ! second be+ only a special =m ( ! fir/4 ,^! det]m9e ! g5]al conceptions :i* are d]iv$ f our p]ceptions1 & ! :ole con/itute ,exp]i5ce4 #h4 ,:at is ! conclusion to :i* ^! consid]ations lead8 ,x is t ! sep>ation ( ! quantitative f ! qualitative aspect ( ph5om5a--! objective me*anical f ! subjective psy*ological--is a logical artifice indisp5sable to rese>*2 b x is only an artifice4#bjf ,9 pursuance ( ?is artifice1 ea* special sci5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z ! se>* aft] special analytical results2 & mean:ile ?is me?od %\ld be respect$1 & no confusion ( ! b\nd>ies betwe5 "o sci5ce & ano!r %\ld be suff]$4 ,me*anical problems mu/ n be confus$ by ! introduction ( biological relations4 ,biological problems mu/ n be re/rict$ to me*anical relations4 ,i d n mean t ! me*anical relations pres5t 9 biological ph5om5a are n to be s\ght1 &1 :5 f\nd1 to be express$ 9 me*anical t]ms2 ,i mean t su* an inquiry mu/ be /rictly limit$ to me*anical relations4 ,subjective relations are n to be d5i$1 because !y are provisionally set aside1 9 an inquiry into objective relations2 b we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% :i* ( ! two ord]s we are treat+ (1 & express ea* 9 its appropriate t]ms4 ,?is is con/antly neglect$4 ,= example1 no?+ is m common ?an to meet su* a phrase z ?is3 8,a s5sory impression is transmitt$ z a wave ( motion to ! bra91 & !re be+ trans=m$ into a /ate ( consci\sness1 is aga9 reflect$ z a motor impulse40 ,! sev]al sci5ces hav+ atta9$ c]ta9 analytical results1 x rema9s = ,philosophy to co-ord9ate ^! into a doctr9e :i* w furni% g5]al conceptions ( ! ,_w1 ,man1 & ,society4 ,on ! analytical side a me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se might be p]fect$1 b x w\ld /ill only be a !ory ( me*anical relations1 leav+ all o!r relations to be express$ 9 o!r t]ms4 ,we _c accept ! /atem5t ( ,desc>tes t ,nature is a va/ me*anism1 & ,sci5ce ! univ]sal application ( ma!matics4 ,! equation ( a sph]e1 h[ev] valuable f a geometrical po9t ( view1 is useless z an explanation ( ! nature & prop]ties ( ! sph]ical body 9 o!r relations4 ,& s a complete !ory ( ! me*anical relations ( ! organism1 h[ev] valuable 9 itself1 w\ld be wor?less 9 ! solution ( a biological problem1 unless supplem5t$ by all t me*anical t]ms are incompet5t to express4 #i4 ,! c\rse ( biological speculation has be5 simil> to ! cosmological4 ,x also began ) a ,fir/ ,notion1 :i* comp5di\sly express$ ! facts ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,nor c any ,!oretic ,conception be f9ally adopt$ :i* does away ) ^! facts1 kn[n ) positive c]ta9ty1 & popul>ly express$ 9 ! phrase3 8,i h a body1 & a s\l40 ,we may alt] ! phrase ei!r into 8,i am a body1 & ,i am a s\l02 or into1 8,my body is only ! manife/ation ( my s\l02 or1 8,my s\l is only a function ( my body02 b ! fundam5tal exp]i5ces :i* are ?us express$ are ( absolute au?ority1 no matt] h[ !y may be int]pret$4 ,t ,i h a body1 or am a body1 is n to be speculatively argu$ away4 ,t ,i move my arm to /rike ! man :o has (f5d$ me1 or /ret* out my h& to seize ! fruit :i* ,i see1 is unque/ionable2 t ^! movem5ts are det]m9$ by ^! feel+s1 & are nev] ?us effect$ unless ?us det]m9$1 is also unque/ionable4 ,"h are two sets ( ph5om5a1 hav+ well-m>k$ diff]5ces ( aspect2 & !y are gr\p$ respectively "u two g5]al heads1 ,life & ,m9d4 ,life is assign$ to ! physical organism1 or ,body--all its ph5om5a are objective4 ,m9d is assign$ to ! psy*ical organism1 or ,s\l--all its ph5om5a are subjective4 ,al?\gh :at is call$ my ,body is %[n to be a gr\p ( qualities :i* are feel+s--its color1 =m1 solidity1 position1 motion--all its physical attributes be+ :at is felt by u 9 consequ5ce ( ! laws ( our organization2 yet inasmu* z ^! feel+s h ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( objectivity1 & are !reby ref]r$ to "s objective exi/5ce1 we draw a broad l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m & o!r feel+s hav+ ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( subjectivity1 & ref]r+ to ourselves z subjects4 ,psy*ological analysis %[s u t ?is l9e ( dem>cation is artificial1 only repres5t+ a div]sity ( aspect2 b z su* x is indisp5sable to sci5ce4 ,we _c really sep>ate 9 a s5sation :at is objective f :at is subjective1 & say h[ mu* belongs to ! ,cosmos ap>t f ,s5sibility1 & h[ mu* to ! subject pure & simple2 we c only view ! s5sation alt]nately 9 its objective & subjective aspects4 ,:at belongs to extra-m5tal exi/5ce 9 ! ph5om5on ( ,color1 & :at to ! 8greet+ ( ! _s10 is utt]ly beyond human k3 = ! e!real undulations :i* physici/s presuppose z ! cosmic condition are !mselves subject$ to ?is same greet+ ( ! _s3 !y too are ideal =ms ( s5sible exp]i5ces4 #aj4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 0 v sl[ly rea*$4 ,! di/9ction ( aspects 0 made ! gr\nd ( a correspond+ di/9ction 9 ag5cies4 ,ea* gr\p 0 p]sonifi$ & isolat$4 ,! "o gr\p 0 p]sonifi$ 9 ,_s--an exi/5t 9 e respect oppos$ to ,matt]1 :i* 0 ! exi/5t repres5t$ 9 ! o!r gr\p4 ,"o 0 said to be simple1 inde/ructible2 ! o!r comp\nd1 de/ructible4 ,"o 0 invisible1 impalpable1 beyond ! grasp ( ,s5se2 ! o!r 0 visible1 tangible1 s5sible4 ,"o 0 ( heav51 ! o!r ( e>?4 ,?us a biological ,dualism1 analog\s to ! cosmological1 replac$ ! ,fir/ ,notion4 ,x 0 und]m9$ by advances 9 two directions4 ,psy*ology began to disclose t our conception ( ,matt] 01 to say ! lea/1 saturat$ ) ,m9d1 its ,atoms confess$ly be+ ideal figm5ts2 & t all ! t]ms by :i* we express$ mat]ial qualities 7 t]ms :i* express$ modes ( ,feel+2 s t :atev] rema9$ ov] & above ?is 0 ! unkn[n x1 :i* speculation requir$ z a po/ulate4 ,idealism1 reject+ ?is po/ulate1 decl>$ t ,matt] 0 simply ! projection ( ,m9d1 & t our ,body 0 ! objectivation ( our ,s\l4 ,physiology began to disclose t all ! m5tal processes 7 7ma!matically speak+7 functions ( physical processes1 i4 e4 v>y+ ) ! v>iations ( bodily /ates2 & ?is 0 decl>$ en\gh to bani% =ev] ! conception ( a ,s\l1 except z a t]m simply express+ c]ta9 functions4 #aa4 ,idealism & ,mat]ialism are equally de/ructive ( ,dualism4 ,! defects ( p>ticul> ideali/ & mat]iali/ !ories we w n "h t\* ^u2 !y ma9ly result f defects ( ,me?od4 ,n suffici5tly recogniz+ ! prim>y fact te/ifi$ by ,consci\sness1 namely1 t ,exp]i5ce expresses bo? physical & m5tal aspects1 & t a ,n-,self is ev]y:]e indissolubly int]wov5 ) ,self1 an objective factor ) a subjective factor1 ! ideali/ r$uces ,exi/5ce to a m]e panorama ( m5tal /ates1 & ! ,body to a gr\p 9 ?is panorama4 ,he is ?us incapable ( giv+ a satisfactory explanation ( all ! objective ph5om5a :i* d n foll[ 9 ! same ord] z 8 feel+s1 :i* manife/ a succession unlike 8 expectation1 & :i* he _c class "u ! ord] ( 8 m5tal /ates hi!rto exp]i5c$4 ,he conceives t x is ! ,m9d :i* prescribes ! ord] 9 ,?+s2 :]eas exp]i5ce assures u t ! ord] is describ$1 n prescrib$ by u3 describ$ 9 t]ms ( ,feel+1 b det]m9$ by ! laws ( ,?+s1 i4 e4 ! g5esis ( subjective ph5om5a is det]m9$ by ! action ( ! ,cosmos on our ,s5sibility1 & ! reaction ( our ,s5sibility4 ,he ov]looks ! evid5ce t ! m5tal =ms or laws ( ?\ght :i* det]m9e ! "* ( p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 7 !mselves evolv$ ?r\gh a cont9ual action & reaction ( ! ,cosmos & ! ,s\l1 precisely z ! laws ( organic action :i* det]m9e ! "* ( p>ticul> functions 7 evolv$ ?r\gh a cont9ual adaptation ( ! organism to ! m$ium4 ,^! imman5t laws are decl>$ to be transc5d5tal1 antec$5t to all su* action & reaction4 ,a simil> exclusiv5ess vitiates ! mat]iali/ doctr9e4 ,ov]look+ ! prim>y fact t ,feel+ is indissolubly int]wov5 ) processes reg>d$ z purely physical because !y are consid]$ solely 9 _! objective aspect1 ! mat]iali/ fails to recognize ! op]ation ( psy*ological laws 9 ! det]m9ation ( physiological results2 he hopes to r$uce ,biology to a problem ( ,me*anics4 ,b ,vitality & ,s5sibility are coeffici5ts :i* mu/ r5d] ! me*anical problem insoluble1 if only on ! gr\nd t me*anical pr9ciples h ref]5ce to quantitative relations1 :]eas vital relations are qualitative4 ,8 error is ! obv]se ( ! vitali/'s error4 ,! vitali/ imag9es t ! speciality ( organic ph5om5a proves ! exi/5ce ( a cause :i* has no community ) ! =ces op]at+ else:]e2 s1 turn+ 8 back on all ! evid5ce1 he attempts to expla9 organic ph5om5a )\t any aid f ,physics & ,*emi/ry4 ,! mat]iali/1 turn+ 8 back on all ! evid5ce ( q special conditions only f\nd at "w 9 liv+ organisms1 tries to expla9 ! problem solely by ! aid ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry4 ,x is q c]ta9 t physiological & psy*ological problems are n to be solv$ if we disreg>d ! laws ( ,evolution ?r\gh ,epig5esis4 ,! m5tal /ructure is evolv$1 z ! physical /ructure is evolv$4 ,x is q c]ta9 t no su* evolution is visible 9 anorganisms1 nor w any "o suppose x to be possible 9 ma*9es4 ,f ! biological po9t ( view we mu/ !re=e reject bo? ,idealism & ,mat]ialism4 ,we applaud ! "o :5 x says1 8,don't confuse m5tal facts by ! introduction ( physical hypo!ses02 & ! o!r :5 x says1 8,don't d>k5 physical facts ) metaphysical mi/s40 ,we say to bo?1 8,by all means make cle> to y\rselves :i* aspect ( ! ph5om5a y are deal+ )1 & express ea* 9 its own t]ms4 ,b 9 endeavor+ to und]/& a ph5om5on y mu/ take into acc\nt all its asc]ta9able conditions4 ,n[ ^! conditions are sometimes only approa*able f ! objective side2 at o!r times only f ! subjective side40 #ab4 ,:ile x is necess>y to keep ! inve/igation ( a process on its objective side1 limit$ to objective conditions1 & to express ! result 9 objective t]ms1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is is an artifice2 above all1 we mu/ rememb] t ev5 )9 ! objective limits our analyses are only provisional1 & mu/ be f9ally rectifi$ by a re/oration ( all ! elem5ts we h provisionally set aside4 ,?us rectifi$1 ! objective int]pretation ( vital & m5tal ph5om5a has ! incomp>able advantage ( simplify+ rese>*1 keep+ x fix$ on physical processes1 in/ead ( be+ p]turb$ by sugge/ions ( metaphysical processes4 ,& z all physical inve/igation naturally t5ds to r$uce itself to a me*anical inve/igation1 because ,me*anics is ! sci5ce ( motion1 & all physical processes are motions1 we may be ask$1 ,:y %\ld n ! me*anical po9t ( view be ! rational /&+-po9t ( ! biologi/8 ,our answ] is1 ,because ,me*anics conc]ns itself ) ab/ract relations1 & treats ( products )\t ref]5ce to modes ( production1 i4 e4 ) motions )\t ref]5ce to all ! conditions on :i* !y dep5d4 ,e physical *ange1 if express$ 9 physical t]ms1 is a *ange ( position1 & is det]m9$ by "s prec$+ *ange ( position4 ,x is a movem5t hav+ a c]ta9 velocity & direction1 :i* velocity & direction are det]m9$ by ! velocity & direction ( a =ce 7a pressure or a t5sion7 comp\nd$ ) ! =ces ( resi/ance1 i4 e4 c\nt]-pressures4 ,cle>ly1 ! nature ( ! =ces 9 op]ation mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt2 & x is ?is :i* ! me*anical view disreg>ds1 ! biological reg>ds4 ,! me*anical view is fix$ on ! asc]ta9$ adju/m5t ( ! p>ts1 s t ! work+ ( ! organism may be expla9$ z if x 7 a ma*9e1 a movem5t "h lib]at+ a movem5t !re4 ,! biological view includes ?is adju/m5t ( p>ts1 b takes 9 also ! conditions ( molecul> *ange 9 ! p>ts on :i* ! adju/m5t dynamically dep5ds4 ,me*anical actions may be express$ z ! enl>gem5t or dim9ution ( ! angle ( two lev]s2 b *emical actions are n ?us expressible2 /ill less vital & m5tal actions4 #ac4 ,! organism is on ! physical side a me*anism1 & s long z ! me*anical int]pretation ( organic ph5om5a is conf9$ to express+ ! me*anical pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! me*anical relations1 x is em95tly to be applaud$4 ,b ! organism is some?+ m ?an a me*anism1 ev5 on ! physical side2 or1 s9ce ?is /atem5t may be misund]/ood1 let me say1 :at no "o w dispute1 t ! organism is a me*anism ( a v special k9d1 9 _m c>d9al po9ts unlike all ma*9es4 ,?is diff]5ce ( k9d br+s ) x a diff]5ce ( causal conditions4 ,9 s f> z ! actions ( ?is me*anism are ^? ( a dep5d5t sequ5ce ( mat]ial positions1 !y are actions expressible 9 me*anical t]ms2 b 9 s f> z ^! actions are dep5d5t on vital processes1 !y are n expressible 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,vital facts1 especially facts ( s5sibility1 h factors nei!r disc]nible 9 ma*9es nor expressible 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,we _c ignore !m1 al?\gh = analytical purposes we may provisionally set !m aside4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! me*anical !ory1 ! hi/ory ( :i* has j be5 briefly sket*$1 biological problems h m & m come "u its influ5ce4 ,!re has always be5 a fi]ce resi/ance to ! attempt to expla9 vital & s5ti5t ph5om5a on me*anical1 or ev5 physical pr9ciples1 b /ill ! "q has incessantly recurr$1 ,h[ f> is ! organism me*anically int]pretable8 ,& :ile ! progress ( ,biology has %[n m & m ! ma*9e-l adju/m5t ( ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* ! organism is compos$1 x has also %[n m & m ! int]v5tion ( conditions n me*anically int]pretable4 ,we %all h to consid] ! "q1 !re=e1 "u two =ms4 ,fir/1 :e!r animals are ma*9es1 & if n1 by :at *>act]s d we di/+ui% !m f ma*9es8 ,secondly1 9 :at s5se c we correctly speak ( ,feel+ z an ag5t 9 organic processes8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,vital ,,me*anism4 #ad4 ,no answ] c be successfully attempt$ 9 reply to ! fir/ ( ! que/ions :i* clos$ ! la/ *apt] until we h giv5 precision to c]ta9 t]ms ( incessant recurr5ce4 ,i h (t5 to rem>k on ! peculi> mis=tune ( ,psy*ology1 t all its pr9cipal t]ms are employ$ by diff]5t writ]s1 & are und]/ood by diff]5t read]s1 9 widely diff]5t s5ses3 !y d5ote & connote mean+s ( v>i\s significance4 ,all physici/s mean ! same ?+ :5 !y speak ( weight1 mass1 mom5tum1 electricity1 heat1 etc4 ,all *emi/s mean ! same ?+ :5 !y speak ( aff9ity1 decomposition1 oxyg51 c>bonic acid1 etc4 ,all physiologi/s mean ! same ?+ :5 !y speak ( muscle1 n]ve1 nutrition1 secretion1 etc4 ,b sc>cely any two psy*ologi/s mean precisely ! same ?+ :5 !y speak ( s5sation1 feel+1 ?\ght1 volition1 consci\sness1 etc42 & ! diff]5ces ( d5otation & connotation 9 _! uses ( su* t]ms lead to endless misund]/&+4 ,z ,r\sseau says3 8,les df9itions p\rrai5t tre bonnes si l'on n'employait pas les mots p\r les faire40 ,b s9ce we mu/ employ words z our signs1 our utmo/ c>e %\ld be giv5 to cle>ly m>k+ :at x is ! signs signify4 #ae4 ,! "q we h n[ be=e u1 :e!r animal actions are int]pretable on purely me*anical pr9ciples8 c only be answ]$ aft] a prelim9>y settlem5t ( ! t]ms4 ,! fir/ ( ^! t]ms to be settl$ is t ( me*anism1 :5 appli$ to ! vital organism4 ,if ! organism is a me*anism1 its actions mu/ ( c\rse be int]pretable on me*anical pr9ciples4 ,b ?is g5]al tru? requires a special int]pretation1 if on inquiry we f9d t ! organism is a p>ticul> k9d ( me*anism1 "o :i* is n to be class$ "u ! same head z inorganic ma*9es4 ,& ?is we d f9d4 ,9 ,problem ,i4 #bb1 w be f\nd a /atem5t ( ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 organic & inorganic me*anisms1 due to ! diff]5ces 9 _! /ructures4 ,b ! diff]5ces !re not$ d n affect ! op]ation ( ab/ract me*anical pr9ciples1 :i* are ( c\rse manife/$ :]ev] !re is a dep5d5t sequ5ce ( mat]ial *anges2 & :i* are ! same ab/ract pr9ciples 9 ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1 ! me*anism ( a pap]-mill1 or ! me*anism ( an animal body4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pr9ciples are ab/ract1 & are ab/ract$ f all concrete cases by lett+ drop :at is special to ea* case1 reta9+ only :at is common to all4 ,?is proc$ure is indisp5sable to ! ideal con/ructions ( ,sci5ce4 ,b we _c rightly int]pret any concrete case by ab/ract pr9ciples alone2 we mu/ re/ore ! special *>act]s :i* ! ab/raction has elim9at$4 ,! mo/ lucid explanation ( ! me*anism ( ! heav5s w leave u q 9 ! d>k respect+ ! action ( a pap]-mill1 until we h /udi$ ! mill at "w1 asc]ta9$ its /ructure & mode ( op]ation1 & !re9 detect$ :at is common bo? to its me*anism & to ! me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,?us equipp$1 we approa* ! /udy ( ! animal me*anism1 b f9d ourselves :olly 9 ! d>k until we h also asc]ta9$ its /ructure & mode ( op]ation2 !n we may recognize 9 x ! pr9ciples ( dep5d5t sequ5ce :i* _h be5 ab/ract$ f ! pap]-mill & ! heav5s4 ,to neglect ?is concrete /udy1 & to argue f ,ma*9]y to ,life 9 disreg>d ( special conditions1 is n m rational ?an to assume t ! movem5t ( a pi/on is prompt$ by volition4 #af4 ,! recognition ( special diff]5ces is no d5ial ( fundam5tal id5tities4 ,we d n d5y ! pres5ce ( ph5om5a 9 organisms :i* belong to physical & *emical ag5cies1 b we ass]t t organisms h o!r ph5om5a besides ^!1 dep5d5t on conditions n pres5t 9 physical & *emical ph5om5a4 ,! same mat]ial elem5ts & =ces may be recogniz$ 9 a mov+ inorganic body1 & a mov+ organic body2 b 9 ! latt] !re is a speciality ( comb9ation ) a speciality ( result4 ,j z ! same words & laws ( grammatical con/ruction may be recogniz$ 9 prose & poetry2 yet poetry is n prose1 b has special rules ( its own1 & special effects4 ,9 an organism1 z 9 a ma*9e1 ! adju/m5t ( ! p>ts is a condition ( ! me*anical action2 ! "o enables u to expla9 ! o!r4 ,b ! p>ts adju/$1 & ! consequ5ces ( ! adju/m5t1 are unlike 9 ! two cases4 ,?is unlik5ess is p]vad+ & pr(\nd4 ,"o c>d9al diff]5ce is t ! comb9ation ( ! p>ts is 9 ! ma*9e a fix$1 9 ! organism a fluctuat+ adju/m5t2 & ?is fluctuation is due to c]ta9 vital processes subjectively kn[n z s5sitive guidance4 ,h5ce ma*9es h fix$ & calculat$ me*anisms2 :]eas organisms are v>iable & to a great ext5t incalculable me*anisms4 #ag4 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t a !ory :i* r$uces vital activities to purely physical processes is self-condemn$4 ,n t we are to admit ! ag5cy ( any extra-organic pr9ciple1 su* z ! hypo!sis ( ,vitalism assumes 7,prob4 ,i4 #ad72 b only ! ag5cy ( an intra-organic pr9ciple1 or ! ab/ract symbol ( all ! co-op]ant conditions--! special comb9ation ( =ces :i* result 9 organization4 ,?is assures u t an organism is a peculi> k9d ( me*anism1 ! processes 9 :i* are peculi> to x2 & among ^? processes !re is "o :i* results 9 :at we call ,s5sibility4 ,?is ,s5sibility is a factor :i* raises ! ph5om5a into ano!r ord]4 ,to ov]look its pres5ce is fatal to any explanation ( ! organic me*anism4 ,yet x is ov]look$ by ^? :o tell u t :5 an impression on a n]ve is convey$ to ! bra91 & is !nce reflect$ on ! limbs--z :5 ! ret9a ( a wolf is /imulat$ by ! image ( a %eep1 & ! spr+ ( ! wolf ^u ! %eep foll[s z a 8purely me*anical consequ5ce--! :ole process has f fir/ to la/ be5 physical40 ,unless ! t]m physical is "h us$ to designate ! objective sequ5ce1 z contemplat$ by an onlook]1 :o lik5s ! process to ! sequ5ce obs]vable 9 a ma*9e1 ,i %\ld say t f fir/ to la/ ! process has be5 n physical1 b vital1 involv+ among its ess5tial conditions ! peculi>ly vital factor nam$ ,s5sibility4 ,! process tak+ place 9 ! wolf's organism is "o :i* involves conditions nev] f\nd 9 purely physical processes4 ,we may inde$ analytically disreg>d ^!4 ,we may view ! process 9 its purely physical relations1 or 9 its purely *emical relations1 or 9 its purely ma!matical 7me*anical7 relations4 ,b ?is is ! artifice ( ! analytical me?od4 ,9 reality ! process is no "o ( ^!1 = x is all ( ^!2 x is a process 9 a liv+ organism1 & dep5ds on conditions only f\nd 9 liv+ organisms--nay1 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! process dep5ds on conditions only f\nd 9 organisms l t ( ! wolf2 = ! image ( ! %eep w /imulate ! bra9 ( a goat1 horse1 or elephant )\t produc+ any su* movem5t 9 ! organism4 #ah4 ,! importance ( ?is po9t mu/ excuse my reit]ation ( x4 ,we mu/ make cle> to ourselves t ! organism is 9 its objective aspect a physiological me*anism1 9 its subjective aspect a psy*ological me*anism3 9 bo? aspects x is to be radically dem>cat$ f all inorganic me*anisms4 ,9 x ! comb9ation & co-ord9ation ( movem5ts involve conditions nev] pres5t 9 ma*9es2 among ^! conditions1 !re are comb9ations & co-ord9ations ( ,s5sibility1 :i*1 al?\gh mat]ial processes on ! objective side1 are processes believ$ to be only pres5t 9 organisms4 ,we h ! /ronge/ reasons = conclud+ t e feel+1 e *ange 9 ,s5sibility1 has its correlative mat]ial process 9 ! organism--is1 9 %ort1 only ! subjective aspect ( ! objective organic *ange4 ,:at 9 ,physiology is call$ ,co-ord9ation & has ref]5ce to movem5ts1 9 ,psy*ology may be call$ ,logic1 hav+ ref]5ce to feel+s4 ,b be ?is latt] po9t accept$ or reject$1 ! "o po9t :i* admits ( no dispute is t an organism is radically di/+ui%able f e inorganic me*anism 9 t x acquires ?r\gh ! v ex]cise ( its prim>y con/itution1 a new con/itution ) new p[]s4 ,its adju/m5t is a *ang+ & develop+ me*anism4 ,t is to say1 a ma*9e1 h[ev] complex its /ructure1 is con/ruct$ once = all1 & ?is prim>y con/itution is f9al1 ! adju/m5t ( p>ts rema9+ unalt]$2 & al?\gh by ex]cise ! ma*9e may come to "w m easily1 ) less friction1 x nev] comes to "w diff]5tly1 to readju/ its p>ts1 & develop new capabilities4 ,x has no hi/orical factor manife/ 9 its functions4 ,x has no exp]i5ce4 ,x reacts at la/ z at fir/4 ,h[ diff]5t ! organism6 ,?is has n only v>iable adju/m5ts due to int]nal fluctuations1 x has exp]i5ce :i* develops new p>ts1 & new adju/m5ts ( old p>ts4 ,e organism has its prim>y con/itution 9 ! adju/m5t ( p>ts peculi> to ! species2 x has also its second>y or modifi$ con/itution1 9 ! adju/m5t :i* has be5 m or less alt]$ by individual exp]i5ces2 x has1 ?irdly1 its tempor>y con/itution 9 ! v>iable adju/m5t due to ! v>y+ /ate ( t5sion :i* results f v>y+ /imulation4 #ai4 ,a ^w on ea*4 ,!re is a /ructural disposition ( ! p>ts :i* is common to l>ge gr\ps ( organisms1 s t a correspond+ simil>ity is obs]vable 9 ! reactions ( ^! organisms4 ,?us all quadrup$s use _! limbs = locomotion 9 v simil> ways2 birds use _! w+s = flight 9 simil> ways4 ,all v]tebrates swall[ _! food1 def5d !mselves1 %r9k :5 hurt1 etc41 9 ways t are v simil>4 ,9 s f> z _! organizations are alike1 _! actions & reactions are alike4 ,9 s f> z _! organizations diff]1 _! actions & reactions diff]4 ,! goose & ! vulture are alike 9 ! ma9 l9es ( /ructure2 /ill m alike are duck & h52 yet1 ow+ to c]ta9 unlike *>act]s ( /ructure1 !y manife/ "s m>k$ diff]5ces 9 action & reaction3 ! goose w />ve 9 ! pres5ce ( food :i* ! vulture glutton\sly dev\rs1 & ! vulture w refuse ! vegetable food :i* ! goose dev\rs2 ! duck plunges into ! wat]1 ! h5 n only refuses to ent] x1 b is greatly agitat$ :5 %e sees ! duckl+s %e has hat*$ plung+ into x4 ,t peculi> in/9cts1 habits1 & feel+s are rigor\sly det]m9$ by peculi>ities 9 ! organism1 no "o d\bts1 :5 animals are 9 "q4 ,if ?is is less obvi\s 9 ! case ( m51 ! reason is t !re ! influ5ce ( o!r factors some:at masks ! op]ation ( ! prim>y con/itution--^! factors are ! modifi$ & ! tempor>y con/itutions4 ,yet ev5 9 man x is true to say t 8 feel+s & actions are ! result ( 8 organization1 native & acquir$4 #bj4 ,no two m5 are organiz$ 9 all respects alike4 ,!re are individual v>iations 9 /ructure1 bo? native & acquir$4 ,^! may be too slight to be appreciable by any o!r te/ ?an ! diff]5ce ( reaction "u simil> ext]nal /imuli2 b ! v>iations 9 ! s5sibility to music1 color1 temp]ature1 sexual influ5ce1 moral influ5ce1 etc41 betray correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ! organisms4 ,any "o v>iation 9 /ructure1 seem+ly trivial1 may be ! orig9 ( well-m>k$ div]sity 9 physical & moral *>act]s4 ,comp>e ! bull ) ! ox1 or ! pr$atory aggressive eagle ) ! c[>dly vulture4 ,nor are ! tempor>y modifications to be ov]look$4 ,anto9e ,cros m5tions ! case ( a pati5t1 a "y girl1 suff]+ f conge/$ liv] & sple51 :i* ( c\rse alt]$ ! /ate ( h] blood1 & ?us = a "t modifi$ h] con/itution4 ,h] moral "* 0 greatly alt]$ by x4 ,%e ceas$ to feel any affection = fa!r or "m2 w\ld play ) h] doll1 b c\ld n be br\ght to %[ any delight 9 x2 c\ld n be drawn out ( h] apa!tic sadness4 ,?+s :i* previ\sly _h made h] %riek ) laught]1 n[ left h] un9t]e/$4 ,h] temp] *ang$1 became caprici\s & viol5t4#bjg ,conge/ion ( ! lungs1 if unaccompani$ by conge/ion ( ! liv]1 nev] produces su* effects1 because n ?us alt]+ ! blood4 ,! effects ( liv] conge/ion are famili>4 ,cros cites ! case ( a magi/rate ^: liv] 0 enl>g$1 & ^: sk9 %[$ a m>k$ly bili\s aspect1 & 9 :om all affection seem$ to be dead3 he did n exhibit any p]v]sion or viol5ce1 only want ( emotive reaction4 ,if he w5t to ! !atre he c\ld n feel ! slighte/ pleasure 9 x4 ,! ?\ghts ( 8 home1 8 abs5t wife & *ildr51 71 he decl>$1 z unaffect+ to him z a problem 9 ,euclid4 #ba4 ,ow+ to ! recogniz$ dep5d5ce ( peculi> in/9cts & modes ( reaction on peculi>ities ( /ructure1 comp>ative anatomi/s are q confid5t1 :5 !y f9d a portion ( a skull ) two occipital condyles1 t ! animal to :i* ?is skull belong$ _h r$ blood-corpuscles )\t nuclei1 & 7if a female7 suckl$ its "y4 ,if 9 t fragm5t ( skull !re rema9 a s+le too?1 x w prove t ! animal 0 c>nivor\s or h]bivor\s1 & _h1 or _h n1 retractile claws4 ,f su* data a g5]al conclusion may be =m$ z to ! in/9cts & habits ( ! animal4 ,! data disclose mu* ( ! prim>y con/itution1 t is to say1 ! me*anism :i* ! animal br\ght ) x into ! _w1 ready prep>$ to react 9 def9ite ways on be+ /imulat$4 ,! connate me*anism has correlative t5d5cies ( reaction4 ,"s ( ^! t5d5cies are inevitably call$ into play by ext]nal conditions1 & !y cont9ue unalt]$ amid great v>ieties ( circum/ances1 provid$ none ( ^! v>iations directly deprive !m ( _! appropriate /imulation4 ,su* t5d5cies ( ! connate me*anism are /yl$ automatic 7an un=tunate metaphor1 :i* has l$ to ! !ory ( ,automatism71 & include1 besides ! visc]al reactions1 ! m complex reactions ( w9k+1 brea?+1 swall[+1 c\gh+1 fly+1 walk+1 etc4 ,x is true t we le>n to walk1 & le>n to w9k1 :]eas ! o!r actions require no t5tative ef=ts direct$ by exp]i5ce2 b ! me*anism ( all ^! actions is already laid d[n 9 ! prim>y con/itution1 & is inevitably call$ into play4 #bb4 ,! in/9cts also belong to ! connate me*anism1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! normal exp]i5ce ( ! animal inevitably come into play2 b1 unlike ! automatic t5d5cies ( brea?+1 swall[+1 & c\gh+1 !y are capable ( modification1 or ev5 suppression1 by alt]ations 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,! connate me*anism ( ! cat det]m9es its dread ( wat]1 & its enmity to ! dog & m\se2 yet a cat w by ! modifications ( c]ta9 exp]i5ces become z ready z an ott] to take to ! wat]1 & become s fond ( a dog t %e w all[ him to t5d ^u h] kitt5s2 & s indiff]5t to ! m\se t %e w let x run ov] h] body4 ,all ?is implies a new adju/m5t 9 ! n]v\s c5tres1 ) new modes ( reaction on s5sory impressions3 ! inh]it$ me*anism has be5 modifi$4 ,i ne$ n dwell on ! pr(\nd modifications :i* ! human inh]it$ me*anism und]goes 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce--h[ social influ5ces & moral & religi\s tea*+s r$irect1 or ev5 suppress1 _m prim>y t5d5cies2 s t 8moral habits0 become organiz$1 & replace ! orig9al t5d5cies ( ! organism4 ,^!1 :5 organiz$1 become ! inevitable modes ( reaction1 & are sometimes call$ second>ily automatic4 ,x is important to recognize ?is organization ( exp]i5ces1 ?is acquisition ( a second>y or modifi$ con/itution1 if we w\ld expla9 psy*ological processes by physiological processes4 ,?us ! processes ( ,logic are automatic1 !y belong to ! connate prim>y me*anism1 & _! action is inevitable1 inv>iable4 ,! elem5ts ( a judgm5t1 l ! elem5ts ( a p]ception1 may v>y1 & we !re=e say t "o judgm5t is false1 & "o p]ception incomplete2 b ! judg+ process is always ! same1 & ! p]ceiv+ process is always ! same4 ,we may brea! pure air or impure air1 b ! brea?+ process is 9 ea* case ! same2 & judgm5t is z automatic z brea?+1 n to be alt]$1 n to be suppress$4 ,aga91 ! moral t]ror at wick$ness ( any recogniz$ k9d is z automatic z ! in/9ctive t]ror at dang]4 ,! "o has its roots 9 ! prim>y disposition call$ love ( approbation & its correlative dread ( disapprobation3 ! social in/9ct4 ,! o!r has its root 9 ! prim>y disposition call$ 8in/9ct ( self-pres]vation10 :i* is really ! reflex %r9k+ f pa93 ! physiological in/9ct4 #bc4 ,besides ! connate & acquir$ me*anism1 we h n[ to consid] ! tempor>y & fluctuat+ adju/m5ts :i* repres5t ! /atical condition ( ! organism at ea* mom5t4 ,! automatism ( ! prim>y con/itution is su* t previ\s exp]i5ce & consci\s ef=t are n ne$$2 nor w any exp]i5ce or any ef=t alt] ! mode ( reaction4 ,if a /rong light falls on ! eye1 ! iris contracts2 if ! eyeball is dry1 ! eyelid drops2 if s\nd-waves beat ^u ! tympanum1 ! /ap$ius muscle contracts2 if ! l9+ ( ! ?roat be tickl$1 ! muscles involv$ 9 c\gh+ or 9 vomit+ contract4 ,no exp]i5ce is necess>y = ^! actions1 "s ( :i* are s complicat$ t if we _h to le>n !m1 z we le>n f> simpl] actions1 ! organism w\ld p]i% be=e ! p[] 0 atta9$4 ,yet all ( ^! presuppose a c]ta9 normal /ate ( ! me*anism1 any consid]able v>iation 9 :i* w modify or suppress !m4 #bd4 ,second>ily automatic actions are ^? :i* h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh exp]i5ces t h modifi$ ! organism1 & produc$ a new adju/m5t ( p>ts4 ,we le>n to %ield ! eyes aga9/ a /rong gl>e ( light by rais+ ! h&2 by w9k+ we le>n to %ield ! eye aga9/ an approa*+ body2 we also le>n to turn ! head 9 ! direction ( a s\nd1 & to ?ru/ away ) our h&s ! object t is irritat+ our sk94 ,exp]i5ce has be5 necess>y = all ^! actions1 & has f9ally organiz$ ! t5d5cies to p]=m !m1 s t ! reaction is inv>iable1 inevitable1 unless controll$ by ! w4 ,if y tickle my ?roat1 ,i may1 or may n1 pu% aside y\r h&2 b if ! inside ( my ?roat be tickl$1 ,i mu/ c\gh4 ,"h we see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! automatic & second>ily automatic actions4 ,! second be+ due to individual exp]i5ce1 are m or less controllable2 & :e!r !y are or are n controll$ dep5ds on ! condition ( ! n]ve-c5tres at ! mom5t4 ,y may tickle my ?roat1 or irritate my sk91 )\t caus+ any movem5t ( my h&s to ?w>t y1 ei!r because my n]ve-c5tres are preoccupi$ by o!r /imulations1 & ,i am n consci\s ( ! irritation1 or because ,i d n *oose to ?w>t y4 #be4 ,x %\ld be add$ t "s second>ily automatic actions h become s firmly organiz$ t we c only ) great difficulty int]f]e ) !m4 ,o!rs nev] ent] into consci\sness1 & are !re=e (t5 suppos$ to be purely me*anical4 ,! movem5t ( ! eye t[>ds ! brighte/ light1 & ! conv]g5ce ( ! axes ( bo? eyes1 are reflexes :i*1 al?\gh involunt>y & unconsci\s1 are ! products ( education4 ,!y d n belong to ! connate con/itution1 al?\gh !y are s inevitably acquir$ by exp]i5ce t !y belong to e normal *ild4 ,at fir/ ! infant />es ) a blank gaze1 & its eyes1 ?\gh mov+ "u ! /imulus ( light1 move incoh]5tly2 ! axes nev] conv]ge except by accid5t4 ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 ! infant's eyes are obs]v$ to foll[ ! movem5ts ( a bright light2 & at la/ !y acquire s c]ta9 & rapid a p[] ( adju/m5t t ! eyes %ift f spot to spot1 always 8fix+0 ! object by br++ ! mo/ s5sitive "p ( ! ret9a to be> on x4 ,! incoh]5t movem5ts h become precisely regulat$ movem5ts4 ,x is ! same ) spee*4 ,! vocal organs are ex]cis$ 9 an incoh]5t babble4 ,by degrees ^! movem5ts become regulat$ s z to respond def9itely to def9ite /imuli1 & words are =m$1 !n s5t5ces1 till f9ally flu5t spee* becomes 9 a great degree automatic4 ,! vocal muscles respond to an auditory /imulus1 & ! *ild repeats ! ^w x has he>d1 j z ! eye-muscles respond to a ret9al /imulus4 ,t we acquire ! p[] ( conv]g+ ! axes1 & accommodat+ ! l5s to ne> objects1 is n only prov$ by obs]vation ( infants1 b also by cases ( disease4 ,aft] ! reflex me*anism has be5 long e/abli%$1 s t x acts ) inevitable precision1 a slight p>alysis ( "o ( ! muscles has ! effect ( mak+ all objects appe> 9 a diff]5t position2 ! pati5t try+ to t\* an object1 !n always moves 8 h& on "o side ( x4 ,von ,graefe relates ! case ( a /onebreak] :o always /ruck 8 h& ) ! hamm] :5 he tri$ to /rike ! /one4 ,yet ?is v man le>n$ to accommodate 8 movem5ts to ! new impressions2 s t if 8 p>alysis _h be5 cur$1 8 modifi$ me*anism w\ld h be5 ill adapt$ to ! new conditions1 & he w\ld once m h /ruck 8 h& in/ead ( ! /one4 #bf4 ,?is digression on ! native & acquir$ dispositions ( ! organism1 :ile x has br\ght into /rong light all t c be cit$ 9 favor ( reg>d+ animal bodies z me*anisms1 & _! actions z ! direct consequ5ces ( me*anical adju/m5ts1 has also made conspicu\s ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 an organism & a ma*9e4 ,we _c too emphatically insi/ on ?is radical diff]5ce4 ,betwe5 ! gr\p ( conditions involv$ 9 ! /ructure & action ( a ma*9e1 & ! gr\p ( conditions involv$ 9 ! /ructure & action ( an organism1 !re are contra/s z broad z any t c be nam$4 ,to ov]look ^! 9 tak+ acc\nt solely ( ! conditions common to bo? gr\ps is a s]i\s error4 ,on su* gr\nds we might insi/ t a tig] is a violet1 because bo? are organisms4 ,! biologi/ w admit t an organism is a me*anism1 & 79 s f> z its bodily /ructure is conc]n$7 a mat]ial me*anism4 ,all ! actions ( ?is /ructure are !re=e me*anical1 9 ! two s5ses ( ! t]m3 fir/1 z be+ ! actions ( mat]ial adju/m5ts2 secondly1 z be+ movem5ts1 & !reby includ$ "u ! g5]al laws ( motion repres5t$ 9 ,me*anics2 ! ab/ract laws ( movem5t = an organic body are n diff]5t f ! ab/ract laws ( movem5t = an inorganic body4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! ab/ract relations only4 ,no soon] d we consid] ! ph5om5a z concrete :oles1 ?an we f9d great div]sity 9 ! modes ( production ( ! movem5ts 9 organisms & ma*9es4 ,n[ x is precisely ! modes ( production :i* h int]e/ = u4 ,we nev] und]/& a ph5om5on s z to ga9 any practical control ov] x1 or any !oretical illum9ation f x1 unless we h ma/]$ "s ( its conditions2 our k ( ^! conditions is ! measure ( our p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,body ,,& ,,m9d4 #bg4 ,! second "q propos$ 01 ,9 :at s5se c ,feel+ be correctly spok5 ( z an ,ag5t 9 organic processes8 ,?is br+s u face to face ) a mu*-debat$ topic1 ! relation ( ,body & ,m9d2 & dem&s a !oretic int]pretation ( t ,fir/ ,notion :i* expresses univ]sal exp]i5ce1 namely1 t :at ,i "k z ,myself is a ,body1 9 "o aspect1 & a ,s\l1 9 ! o!r4 ,:at ,i call my ,body is a p]si/5t aggregate ( objective ph5om5a2 & my ,s\l is a p]si/5t aggregate ( subjective ph5om5a3 ! "o is an individualiz$ gr\p ( exp]i5ces expressible 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 & !re=e designat$ physical2 ! o!r an individualiz$ gr\p ( exp]i5ces expressible 9 t]ms ( ,feel+1 & !re=e designat$ psy*ical4 ,b1 h[ev] contra/$1 !y are bo? simply embodim5ts ( ,exp]i5ce1 t is to say1 are ,modes ( ,feel+4 ,all ,exi/5ce--z kn[n to u--is ! ,felt4 ,! laws ( our organism compel u1 inde$1 to po/ulate an ,exi/5t :i* is extra m5tem--a ,real n ,ourselves--b ! same laws deb> u f any k :atev] ( :at ?is is1 or is l4 ,we "k ,?+s absolutely 9 s f> z !y exi/ 9 relation to u2 & t is ! only k :i* c h any possible significance = u4 #bh4 ,x is impossible = me to d\bt t ,i am a ,body1 ?\gh ,i may d\bt :e!r :at is ?us call$ is any?+ m ?an a gr\p ( feel+s4 ,x is impossible = me to d\bt t ,i am a ,s\l2 ?\gh ,i may d\bt :e!r :at is ?us call$ is m ?an a gr\p ( bodily functions4 ,9 sep>at+ :at is unque/ionable f :at is que/ionable1 we sep>ate ! fundam5tal facts ( consci\sness f ! !oretic int]pretations ( ^? facts3 no !oretic int]pretation c efface or alt] ! facts4 ,:atev] ,philosophy may discov]1 x _c displace ! fact t ,i "k ,i am a ,s\l1 9 e s5se 9 :i* t phrase repres5ts ,exp]i5ce3 ,i "k ! ,s\l 9 kn[+ its concretes 7feel+s71 & 9 kn[+ x z an ab/raction :i* cond5ses ^? concretes 9 a symbol4 ,! second>y "q is1 ,:e!r ?is ab/raction repres5ts "o ,exi/5t1 & ! ab/raction ,body ano!r & :olly diff]5t ,exi/5t1 or ! two ab/ractions repres5t only two diff]5t ,aspects8 ?is may be debat$1 & mu/ be answ]$ accord+ to !oretic probabilities4 #bi4 ,:at are ! probabilities8 ,we are all agre$ t ,consci\sness is ! f9al arbit]4 ,its prim>y deliv]ance is simply t ( a radical di/9ction4 ,x is sil5t on ! nature ( ! di/9ction--says no?+ z to :e!r ! di/9ction is "o ( ag5ts or ( aspects4 ,x says1 8,i am a ,s\l40 ,) equal cle>ness x says1 8,i am a ,body40 ,x does n say1 8,i am two ?+s40 ,nor does ! fact ( a radical di/9ction imply m ?an a contra/ ( aspects1 su* z t ( convex & concave4 ,! curve has at e po9t ?is contra/ ( convex & concave1 & yet is ! id5tical l9e ?r\gh\t4 ,a m5tal process is at e po9t contra/$ ) ! physical process assum$ to be its correlate2 & ?is contra/ dem&s equival5t expression 9 ! t]ms ( ea*4 ,! id5tity und]ly+ ! two aspects ( ! curve is evid5t to ,s5se4 ,! id5tity und]ly+ ! m5tal & physical process is n evid5t to ,s5se1 b may be made em95tly probable to ,speculation1 especially :5 we h expla9$ ! gr\nds ( ! diff]5ce1 namely1 t !y are appreh5d$ ?r\gh diff]5t modes4 ,b al?\gh ,i admit t ! conclusion is only "o ( probability1 x is "o :i* greatly transc5ds ! probability ( any c\nt]-hypo!sis4 ,let u see h[ ?is c be made out4#bjh #cj4 ,we />t f ! position t a broad l9e ( dem>cation mu/ be drawn betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical aspect ( a process1 suppos+ !m to be id5tical 9 reality4 ,no?+ c be m unlike a logical proposition ?an ! physical process :i* is its correlate2 s t ,philosophy has hi!rto be5 =c$ to =ego e attempt at an explanation ( h[ ! two c be causally connect$3 ref]r+ ! connection to a my/]y1 or invok+ two diff]5t ag5ts1 spiritual & mat]ial1 mov+ on p>allel l9es1 l two clocks regulat$ to "w simultane\sly4 ,b hav+ recogniz$ ?is diff]5ce1 c we n also disc]n fundam5tal resemblances8 ,fir/ & =emo/1 we note t !re is common to bo? ! basis 9 ,feel+3 !y are bo? modes ( ,consci\sness4 ,! ,m9d ?9k+ ! logical proposition is n1 inde$1 9 ! same /ate z ! ,m9d pictur+ ! physical process :i* is ! correlate ( t logical proposition--no m ?an ,i1 :o see y move on be+ /ruck1 h ! same feel+s z y :o are /ruck4 ,b ! ,m9d :i* pictures ! logical proposition z a process1 & pictures ! physical process z a bodily *ange1 is contemplat+ "o & ! same ev5t "u its subjective & objective aspects2 j z :5 ,i picture to myself ! feel+s y exp]i5ce on be+ /ruck ,i sep>ate ! subjective aspect ( ! bl[ f its objective aspect4 ,secondly1 betwe5 ! logical proposition & ! physical process !re is a community ( causal dep5d5ce1 i4 e4 ! mode ( gr\p+ ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts1 :]eby ?is proposition1 & n ano!r1 is ! result ( ?is gr\p+1 & n ano!r4 ,9 fact1 :at 9 subjective t]ms is call$ ,logic1 9 objective t]ms is ,gr\p+4 #ca4 ,let u approa* ! "q on a m accessible side4 ,s5sation av[$ly lies at ! basis ( m5tal manife/ations4 ,n[1 rightly or wrongly1 ,s5sation is view$ alt]nately z a purely subjective fact--a psy*ological process--& z a purely objective fact--! physiological reaction ( a s5se-organ4 ,x is s conspicu\sly a physiological process t _m writ]s exclude x f ! doma9 ( ,m9d1 assign x to ! mat]ial organism1 & believe t x is explicable on purely me*anical pr9ciples4 ,?is seems to me em95tly disputable2 b ! po9t is notic$ 9 pro( ( ! well-m>k$ objective "* :i* ! ph5om5on assumes4 ,9 ?is aspect a s5sation is simply ! reaction ( a bodily organ4 ,! physiologi/ describes h[ a /imulus excites ! organ1 & decl>es its reaction to be ! s5sation4 ,?us view$1 & express$ 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 !re is absolutely no?+ ( t subjective quality :i* *>act]izes s5sation4 ,yet )\t ?is quality ! objective process _c be a s5sation4 ,exclude ,feel+1 & ! excitation ( ! auditory organ w no m yield ! s5sation ( ,s\nd by its reaction1 ?an ! /r+s & s\nd+-bo>d ( a piano :5 ! keys are /ruck w yield music to a deaf spectator4 ,h5ce ! natural inf]5ce has be5 t inside ! organism !re is a li/5]3 ! ,s\l is said to li/51 trans=m+ excitation into s5sation4 ,?is inf]5ce only ne$s a m sy/ematic int]pretation & x w repres5t ! biological !ory1 :i* dem&s some?+ m ?an ! reaction ( ! s5sory organ--namely1 ! reaction ( ! :ole organism ?r\gh ! s5sory organ4 ,i mean1 t no organ isolat$ f ! organism is capable ( a physiological reaction--only ( a physico-*emical reaction2 & s5sation dep5ds on 7is7 ! physiological reaction4 ,:5 a s5se-organ is /imulat$1 ?is /imulation is a vital process1 & is rais$ out ( ! class ( physico-*emical processes by virtue ( its be+ ! indissoluble "p ( a complex :ole4 ,int]f]e ) any "o ( ! co-op]ant conditions--)draw ! circulation1 *eck respiration1 di/urb secretion--& ! s5se-organ s9ks f ! physiological to ! physical /ate2 x may !n be br\ght into contact ) its normal /imuli1 b no /imulation 79 ! vital s5se7 w take place1 !re w be no vital reaction4 ,cond5s+ all vital processes 9 ! symbol ,vitality1 we may say ,vitality is requisite = e physiological process4 ,a p>allelism may be not$ on ! subjective side3 all ! s5ti5t processes may be cond5s$ 9 ! "o symbol ,s5sibility 7,feel+71 & we mu/ !n say1 ,no psy*ological process is possible z an isolat$ fact1 b dem&s ! co-op]ation ( o!rs--x is a resultant ( all ! contemporane\s conditions ( ,s5sibility 9 ! organism4 ,9 ord9>y language ?is is :at is meant by say+ t no impression c become a s5sation )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,consci\sness--an ambigu\s phrase1 because ( ! ambiguity ( ! t]m ,consci\sness1 b ! phrase expresses ! fact t 9 ,s5sation a process 9 ! organism is necess>y to ! reaction ( ! organ4 #cb4 ,hav+ recogniz$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two processes objective & subjective1 physical & m5tal1 we h recogniz$ ! vanity ( attempt+ to assign _! limits1 & to say :]e ,motion ends & ,feel+ beg9s1 or h[ ,feel+ aga9 *anges into ,motion4 ,! "o does n beg9 :]e ! o!r ends4 ,accord+ to ! two-clock !ory ( ,dualism1 ! two ag5ts move on p>allel l9es4 ,on ! !ory ( ,monism ! two aspects are ?r\gh\t oppos$4 ,bo? !ories expla9 ! facts2 :i* explanation is ! mo/ congru\s ) exp]i5ce8 ,aga9/ ! fir/ we may object t ! hypo!sis ( two ,ag5ts utt]ly unalli$ 9 nature wants ! c>d9al "* ( a f]tile hypo!sis 9 its unv]ifiabl5ess3 x may be true1 we c nev] "k t x is true4 ,by ! v t]ms ( its def9ition1 ! ,_s--if t mean m ?an an ab/ract expression ( s5ti5t /ates--is beyond all s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,?is is inde$ admitt$ by ! duali/s1 = !y po/ulate a ,_s m]ely because !y _c o!rwise expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ,consci\sness4 ,h]e9 !y fail to see t ev5 _! po/ulate br+s no explanation1 x m]ely re/ates ! old problem 9 o!r t]ms4 #cc4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ^! same objections might h be5 urg$ ) equal =ce aga9/ ,monism4 ,inde$1 al?\gh _m philosoph]s h reject$ ! two-clock !ory ( ,leibnitz1 !y h ga9$ a v hesitat+ acceptance = _! own hypo!sis ( id5tity4 ,to mo/ m9ds ! difficulty ( imag9+ h[ a physical process c\ld also be a psy*ical process1 a movem5t also be a feel+1 seem$ n less ?an t ( imag9+ h[ two su* di/9ct ,ag5ts z ,matt] & ,m9d c\ld co-op]ate1 & react on ea* o!r1 or move simultane\sly on p>allel l9es4 ,al?\gh = _m ye>s ,i h accept$ ! hypo!sis ( ,monism1 ,i h always recogniz$ its want ( an adequate reply to su* objections4 ,unless ,i greatly deceive myself1 ,i h n[ f\nd a solution ( ! ma9 difficulty2 & f\nd x 9 psy*ological conditions :i* are p]fectly intelligible4 ,b kn[+ h[ easily "o may deceive "o's self 9 su* matt]s1 ,i w only ask ! read] to m$itate ) op5-m9d$ness ! consid]ations n[ to be laid be=e him1 & see if he c feel ! same confid5ce 9 _! validity4 #cd4 ,"o ( ! e>ly /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,exp]i5ce is ! sep>ation ( ,self f ! ,n-,self4 ,i look out on 8! va/ ext]n ( ?+s10 & see a great v>iety ( objects1 includ$ 9 a visible hemisph]e4 ,all ^! objects 9 v>i\s positions1 hav+ v>i\s =ms & colors1 ,i believe to be :olly deta*$ f1 & 9 e way unalli$ to1 ,myself4 ,& :at is t ,self8 ,x is my ,body z a visible & tangible object1 sep>at$ f all o!r visible & tangible objects by ! con/ant pres5ce ( feel+s connect$ ) x & its movem5ts1 & n connect$ ) ! o!r objects4 ,?is con/ant pres5ce ( feel+s is ref]r$ to a ,s\l1 :i* ,i !n sep>ate f my ,body1 z an ,inn] ,self2 & f ?is "t onw>ds ,i speak ( ! ,body z m9e1 & le>n to reg>d x 9 mu* ! same light z o!r out] objects4 ,9 my nave judgm5t ! ext]nal objects are suppos$ to exi/ z ,i see & t\* !m1 :e!r ,i or any "o else see & t\* !m or n3 !y 9 no s5se belong to ! s]ies ( feel+s :i* con/itute ! ,me4 ,& s9ce my ,body resembles ^! objects 9 visible & tangible qualities1 & also 9 be+ ext]nal to my feel+s1 x also takes its place 9 ! objective _w4 ,?us arises ! hypo!sis ( ,dualism :i* po/ulates a ,physis1 or object-_w1 & an /hesis1 or subject-_w3 two indep5d5t exi/5ts1 "o contemplat$1 ! o!r contemplat+4 #ce4 ,philosophy1 z we "k1 leads to a complete rev]sal ( ?is primitive conclusion1 & %[s t ! contemplat$ is a syn!sis ( contemplations1 ! ,physis be+ also ! /hesis4 ,psy*ological inve/igation %[s t ! objects suppos$ to h =ms1 colors1 & positions )9 an ext]nal hemisph]e1 h ^! only 9 virtue ( ! v feel+s f :i* !y are suppos$ to be sep>at$4 ,! visible univ]se exi/s only z se53 ! objects are ,reals condition$ by ! laws ( ,s5sibility4 ,! space 9 :i* we see !m1 _! geometrical relations1 ! light & %ad[s :i* reveal !m1 ! =ms !y affect1 ! l9es ( _! *ang+ directions1 ! qualities :i* di/+ui% !m1--all ^! are b ! ext]nally project$ signs ( feel+s4 ,!y are signs :i* we int]pret accord+ to organiz$ laws ( exp]i5ce2 ea* sign be+ itself a feel+ connect$ ) o!r feel+s4 ,we project !m outside accord+ to ! 8law ( ecc5tric projection0--:i* is only ! expression ( ! fact t "o feel+ is a sign ( "s o!r1 & is !reby ideally deta*$ f x4 ,accord+ to ?is law ,i say1 8my ,body02 j z ,i say1 8my ,h\se02 or1 8my ,prop]ty40 ,misl$ by ?is1 ,dualism holds t 9 ! v fact ( deta*+ my ,body f my ,self1 call+ x m9e1 is ! revelation ( a di/9ct entity )9 ! body4 ,b t ?is is illusory1 appe>s 9 ! application ( ?is same law ( ecc5tric projection to s5sations & ?\ghts1 :i* are call$ m9e1 z my legs & arms are m9e4 ,if x is und5iable t ,i say my ,body--& ?us ideally deta* ! ,body f ! ,s\l--x is equally und5iable t ,i say my ,s\l2 & f :at is ! ,s\l deta*$8 ,9 pres5ce ( ?is difficulty1 ! metaphysician may argue t nei!r ,body nor ,s\l c be coext5sive ) its manife/ations1 b dem&s a n\m5al ,real = ea*--a sub/ratum = ! bodily manife/ations1 & a sub/ratum = ! m5tal manife/ations4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an evasion1 n a solution ( ! difficulty4 ,if we po/ulate an unkn[n & unkn[able n\m5on1 we ga9 no insight3 fir/1 because ,philosophy deals only ) ! kn[n functions ( unkn[n quantities1 & !re=e leaves ! x out ( ! calculation2 secondly1 because1 grant+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! n\m5a1 we c h no rational gr\nds = ass]t+ t !y are n ( "o & ! same nature2 = we h no gr\nds = any ass]tion :atev] ab\t !m4 ,& if x be urg$ aga9/ ?is1 t ,consci\sness te/ifies to a di/9ction1 ,i answ] t on a clos] scrut9y x w be f\nd to te/ify to no?+ m ?an a div]sity ( manife/ation4 ,all !re=e t comes )9 ! range ( k is1 ,h[ does ?is div]sity arise8 #cf4 ,!re are two ways1 & !re are only two1 9 :i* diff]5ces arise4 ,^! are1 #a1 ! modes ( production ( a product1 &1 #b1 our modes ( appreh5sion ( ! product4 ,?+s may be v diff]5t1 & yet to our appreh5sion indi/+ui%able1 s t we reg>d !m z id5tical2 & !y may be id5tical1 yet appe> utt]ly unlike4 ,a me*anical bird may seem s l a liv+ bird1 & _! actions s indi/+ui%able to ! spectator1 t he w n suspect a diff]5ce1 or suspect+ x1 w n be able to specify x4 ,( bo? objects1 s long z 8 modes ( appreh5d+ !m are circumscrib$1 he c only say :at ^! imply3 he sees famili> =ms1 colors1 & movem5ts1 :i* he int]prets accord+ to ! previ\s exp]i5ces ( :i* ^! are ! signs4 ,b by v>y+ ! modes ( appreh5sion1 & ga9+ ?us a full] k1 he f9ds t ! two products h v diff]5t modes ( production2 h5ce he concludes ! products to be diff]5t3 ! me*anism ( ! "o is n ! organism ( ! o!r2 ! actions ( ! me*anical bird are n ! actions ( ! liv+ bird4 ,! full] k has be5 ga9$ by view+ ! objects "u diff]5t relations1 & contemplat+ !m 9 _! modes ( production1 n z m]ely visible products4 ,he sees ! me*anism p]=m+ by /eel spr+s1 :eels1 & wires1 ! "w :i* ! organism p]=ms by bones1 muscles1 & n]ves2 & ! f>!r 8 analysis ( ! modes ( production is c>ri$1 ! great] are ! diff]5ces :i* he appreh5ds4 #cg4 ,n[ consid] ! o!r side4 ,"o & ! same object w necess>ily pres5t v diff]5t aspects "u diff]5t subjective conditions1 s9ce x is ^! :i* det]m9e ! aspect4 ,! object _c be to ,sight :at x is to ,he>+1 to ,t\* :at x is to ,smell4 ,! vibrations ( a tun+-=k are se5 z movem5ts1 he>d z s\nds4 ,9 curr5t language ! vibrations are said to cause ! s\nds4 ,misl$ by ?is1 philosoph]s puzzle !mselves z to h[ a mat]ial process 7vibration7 c be trans=m$ into a m5tal process 7s5sation71 h[ su* a cause c h s utt]ly diff]5t an effect4 ,b ,i h =m]ly#bji argu$ at "s l5g? t !re is no trans=mation or causation ( ! k9d suppos$4 ,! tun+-=k--or t ,real :i* 9 relation to ,s5se is ! p>ticul> object ?us nam$--w1 by "o ( its modes ( act+ on my ,s5sibility ?r\gh my optical app>atus1 det]m9e ! response kn[n z vibrations2 b x is n ?is response ( ! optical organ :i* is trans=m$ into1 or causes ! response ( ! auditory organ1 kn[n z s\nd4 ,! auditory organ kn[s no?+ ( vibrations1 ! optical no?+ ( s\nds4 ,! responses are bo? modes ( ,feel+ det]m9$ by organic conditions1 & repres5t ! two diff]5t relations 9 :i* ! ,real is appreh5d$4 ,! ,real is alt]nately ! "o & ! o!r4 ,& if ! "o mode ( ,feel+ has a physical significance1 :ile ! o!r has a m5tal significance1 s t we reg>d ! vibrations z objective facts1 belong+ to ! ext]nal _w1 & ! s\nds z subjective facts1 exclusively belong+ to ! int]nal _w1 ?is is due to c]ta9 psy*ological influ5ces pres5tly to be exp\nd$4 ,mean:ile let u fix cle>ly 9 our m9ds t bo? vibrations & s\nds are modes ( ,feel+4 ,my consci\sness pla9ly assures me t x is ,i :o see ! "o1 & he> ! o!r2 n t !re are two di/9ct subjects = ! two di/9ct feel+s4 ,add to :i*1 manifold uncontradict$ exp]i5ces assure me t ! occasional cause--! objective factor--( ! "o feel+1 is also ! cause ( ! o!r1 & n t ! two feel+s h two diff]5t occasional causes4 ,f bo? ( ^! und5iable facts we mu/ conclude t ! diff]5ce felt is simply a diff]5ce ( aspect1 det]m9$ by "s diff]5ce 9 ! modes ( appreh5sion4 #ch4 ,assum+ !n t a m5tal process is only ano!r aspect ( a physical process--& ?is we %all f9d ! m probable hypo!sis--we h to expla9 by :at influ5ces ^! diametrically opposite aspects are det]m9$4 ,f all t has j be5 said we mu/ seek ^! 9 ! modes ( appreh5sion4 ,!re c be no d\bt t we express ! fact 9 v diff]5t t]ms2 ! "q is1 ,:at d ^! t]ms signify8 ,:y d we express "o aspect 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 assign+ ! process to ! objective _w2 & ! o!r aspect 9 t]ms ( ,feel+1 assign+ ! process to ! subjective _w8 ,let ! example *os5 be a logical process z ! m5tal aspect1 & a neural process z its physical correlate4 ,! p>ticul> proposition may be view$ logically1 z a gr\p+ ( exp]i5ces1 or physiologically1 z a gr\p+ ( neural tremors4 ,"h we h ! tw(old aspect ( "o & ! same reality2 & ^! diff]5t aspects are express$ 9 diff]5t t]ms4 ,we _c be too rigor\s 9 our sep>ation ( ! t]ms2 = e att5tive /ud5t mu/ h not$ h[ frequ5tly discussions are made turbid by ! unconsci\s %ift+ ( t]ms 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5tation4 ,?is is n only ! mi/ake ( oppon5ts :o are unaw>e ( ! %ift+ :i* has occurr$ 9 ea* o!r's m9ds1 s t practically ! adv]s>ies d n meet on common gr\nd1 b cross & recross ea* o!r2 x is also ! mi/ake ( ! solit>y ?9k] los+ himself 9 ! maze ( int]lac+ conceptions in/ead ( keep+ /eadily to "o pa?4 ,only by su* %ift+ ( t]ms c ! notion ( ! physical process caus+1 or be+ trans=m$ into1 ! m5tal process = a mom5t ga9 cr$it2 & ?is also greatly su/a9s ! hypo!sis ( ,dualism1 ) its =midable objections3 ,h[ c ,matt] ?9k8 ,h[ c ,m9d act on ,matt] caus+ ,motion8 #ci4 ,^? :o recogniz$ t ! t]ms ,matt] & ,m9d 7 ab/ractions mutually exclusive1 saw at once t ^! que/ions1 in/ead ( be+ =midable1 7 9 tru? irrational4 ,to ask if ,matt] c\ld ?9k1 or ,m9d move ,matt]1 0 a confusion ( symbols equival5t to speak+ ( a y>d ( ,hope1 & a ton ( ,t]ror4 ,al?\gh ,measure & ,weight are symbols ( ,feel+1 & 9 ?is respect are on a p> ) ,hope & ,t]ror1 yet because !y are objective symbols !y _c be appli$ to subjective /ates1 )\t violation ( ! v significance !y 7 inv5t$ to express4 ,no "o ev] asks :e!r a s5sation ( ,s\nd c be a s5sation ( ,color2 nor :e!r ,color c move a ma*9e1 al?\gh ,heat c1 yet ! "o is no less a s5sation ?an ! o!r4 ,on simil> gr\nds no "o %\ld ask :e!r ,matt] c ?9k1 or ,m9d move ,matt]4 ,! only rational "q is "o pres]v+ ! integrity ( ! t]ms1 namely1 :e!r ! liv+1 ?9k+ organism pres5ts itself to appreh5sion "u ! tw(old aspect--n[ "u ! modes ( ,feel+ classifi$ z objective or physical2 n[ "u ! modes classifi$ z subjective or m5tal4 #dj4 ,we are told t x is 8impossible to imag9e ,matt] ?9k+10 :i* is v true2 only by a gross confusion ( t]ms c ,?\ght be call$ a prop]ty ( c]ebral tissue1 or ( ,matt] at all4 ,we may1 inde$1 p5etrate b5ea? ! t]ms :i* relate to aspects1 & recognize 9 ! und]ly+ reality n two exi/5ces1 b "o4 ,our conceptions ( ?is reality1 h[ev]1 are express$ 9 symbols repres5t+ diff]5t classes ( feel+s1 objective & subjective2 & to employ ! t]ms ( "o class to designate ! conceptions ( ! o!r is to fru/rate ! v purposes ( language4 ,matt] & ,m9d1 ,object & ,subject1 are ab/ractions f s5ti5t exp]i5ces4 ,we "k !m z ab/ractions1 & "k ! concrete exp]i5ces f :i* !y are ab/ract$4 ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 repeat$ly assure u t we nei!r "k :at ,matt] is nor :at ,m9d is1 we only "k ! ph5om5al products ( ! action & reaction ( ^! two unkn[n n\m5a4 ,7 ?is s1 all discussion w\ld be idle2 we c\ld n say :e!r ,matt] 0 or 0 n capable ( ?9k+1 :e!r ,m9d 0 or 0 n ! same z ,matt]1 we c\ld only ab/a9 f say+ any?+ :atev] on ! topic4 ,:at %\ld we reply to "o :o ask$ u to "n ! product ( two unkn[n quantities8 ,s long z x & y are )\t values _! product mu/ be )\t value4 ,if ! value ( x be kn[n1 & t ( y unkn[n1 !n ! product /ill rema9s unkn[n3 x y x #j x4 ,!re=e1 unless ! ,objective aspect 7 ! equival5t ( ! ,subjective aspect1 x c\ld nev] be subjectively pres5t4 ,feel+ is b ano!r aspect ( ! ,felt4 #da4 ,x is because we d "k :at ,matt] is1 t we "k x is n ,m9d3 !y are symbols ( two diff]5t modes ( ,feel+4 ,if we sep>ate ! conception ( citiz5%ip f ! conception ( fa!rhood1 al?\gh ! same man is bo? citiz5 & fa!r1 h[ mu* m decisively mu/ we sep>ate ! conception ( ,matt]1 :i* repres5ts "o gr\p ( feel+s1 f ! conception ( ,m9d1 :i* repres5ts ano!r8 ,"o elem5t 9 ! =m] is common to ! :ole gr\p1 namely1 ! ref]5ce to a ,n-,self1 induc$ by ! s5sation ( ,resi/ance1 :i* always ideally or s5sibly accompanies ! mat]ial class4 ,! axiom1 ,i feel1 ergo ,i exi/1 has its correlative3--,i act1 ergo !re are o!r exi/5ts on :i* ,i act2 & ^! are n :olly ,me1 = !y resi/1 oppose1 exclude me2 yet !y are also "o ) ,me1 s9ce !y are felt by me4 ,9 my ,feel+1 t :i* is n ,me is ,matt]1 ! objective aspect ( ! ,felt1 z ,m9d is ! subjective aspect4 ,b s9ce ,hung] & ,?ir/1 ,joy & ,grief1 ,pa9 & ,t]ror1 are also felt1 yet are nev] class$ "u ! head ( ,matt]1 ! gr\nds ( ! classification ( feel+s h to be express$4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 makes ! di/9ction betwe5 ,matt] & ,m9d to re/ solely on ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ,ext5sion3 ?is is ! decisive m>k3 ,matt] he def9es z ! ,ext5d$4 ,! def9ition is inadequate4 ,:5 ,i see a dog & its image reflect$ 9 a pool1 or see a dog & ?9k ( ano!r1 9 ! ?ree cases dog1 image1 & idea h ,ext5sion2 b ,i recognize ! dog z a mat]ial fact1 ! idea z a m5tal fact2 & al?\gh ! image ( ! dog has mat]ial conditions by :i* ,i am optically affect$1 j z ! idea has mat]ial c]ebral conditions1 ,i recognize a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! dog1 due to ! diff]5t modes ( appreh5sion4 ,! dog is kn[n z a p]si/5t reality1 :i*1 :5 ,sight is supplem5t$ by ,t\*1 w yield s5sations ( ,resi/ance1 & ?us disclose its mat]iality4 ,! image vani%es if ,i attempt to t\* x2 ,i see its outl9es wav] & become confus$ ) e di/urbance ( ! surface ( ! pool2 ! idea vani%es :5 ano!r idea arises2 :5ce ,i conclude t nei!r has mat]ial reality1 because nei!r has ! ,resi/ance :i* *>act]izes ! ,n-,self4 ,! image & ! idea may be ref]r$ to mat]ial conditions1 b s may pa9s1 t]rors1 volitions1 yet ^! are all )\t ,ext5sion1 simply because !y are n visual feel+s4 #db4 ,matt] does n repres5t all feel+s1 b only ! objective s5sibles2 & ^! are n all *>act]iz$ by ,ext5sion1 b only ^? :i* directly or indirectly involve optico-tactical exp]i5ces accompani$ by muscul> exp]i5ces4 ,matt] is prim>ily ! ,visible & ,resi/ant2 & second>ily1 :atev] c be imag9$ z su*2 s t e!r1 molecules1 & atoms1 al?\gh nei!r visible nor tangible1 are rang$ "u ! head ( ,matt]4 ,color is a feel+ z ,s\nd & ,sc5t are feel+s1 & al?\gh mat]ial conditions are equally presuppos$ 9 all ?ree1 yet ,color alone has ,ext5sion1 & because x c be imag$ x has a m objective "* ?an ! o!rs1 :i* hav+ no l9es & surfaces1 want ! optical conditions = ! =mation ( images1 & are less def9itely connect$ ) tactical & muscul> exp]i5ces4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce ,s\nd & ,sc5t are obvi\sly associat$ ) objects se5 & t\*$1 !y h a degree ( mat]iality nev] assign$ to su* feel+s z ,hung] & ,?ir/1 ,pleasure1 ,t]ror1 & ,hope4 #dc4 ,:5 we ref] feel+s to mat]ial conditions1 we foll[ ! natural t5d5cy to translate ! little kn[n 9 t]ms ( ! bett] kn[n1 & employ ! symbols ,matt] & ,motion1 because ^! furni% ! intellect ) images1 i4 e4 def9ite & exact elem5ts to op]ate )4 ,9 he>+ a s\nd1 !re is no?+ at all l 8vibrations10 no?+ l 8a]ial waves0 & 8neural processes10 giv5 9 t feel+2 b on attempt+ to expla9 x1 we remove x f ! sph]e ( ,s5sation to c>ry x into ! sph]e ( ,intellect1 & we mu/ *ange our symbols 9 *ang+ our problem2 "h our only res\rce is to translate ! subjective /ate into an imag9able objective process1 :i* c only be express$ 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,:at we he>d z ,s\nd is !n se5 z ,vibration4 ,:5 we are optically or m5tally contemplat+ vibrations & neural processes1 we are supplant+ "o s\rce ( feel+ by ano!r1 translat+ an ev5t 9 ano!r set ( symbols4 ,b we c no m he> ! s\nd 9 see+ ! vibrations1 ?an a bl9d man c see ! fly 9 ! amb] :i* he feels ) 8 f+]s1 or ?an we c feel ! amb] he holds1 :ile we are only look+ at x4 ,! phrase 8mat]ial conditions ( ,feel+0 sometimes designates ! objective aspect ( ! subjective process1 & sometimes ! ag5cies 9 ! ext]nal m$ium :i* co-op]ate ) ! organism 9 ! production ( ! feel+s4 ,9 ea* case !re is an attempt to expla9 a feel+ by intelligible symbols4 #dd4 ,! ,animal probably nev] attempts su* explanation2 satisfi$ ) ! facts1 x is c>eless ( _! factors4 ,man is nev] satisfi$3 is re/less 9 ! se>* aft] factors2 & hav+ f\nd !m1 seeks factors ( ^! factors2 s t ,li*t5b]g felicit\sly calls him 8das ra/lose ,ursa*5?i]0--8! animal untir+ 9 ! se>* = causes40 ,& ?us sci5ces arise3 we translate exp]i5ces into geometrical1 physical1 *emical1 physiological1 & psy*ological t]ms--diff]5t symbols ( ! diff]5t modes ( appreh5d+ ph5om5a4 #de4 8,i see an elephant40 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am affect$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 & int]pret my affection by previ\s simil> exp]i5ces1 express+ ^! 9 v]bal symbols4 ,b ,i want an explanation1 & ?is ! philosoph] v\*safes to me by translat+ my affection into 8 t]ms4 ,he takes me into ano!r sph]e--tells me ( an undulat+ ,e!r1 ! waves ( :i* beat ^u my ret9a--( l9es ( ,light refract$ by m$ia & conv]g$ by l5ses accord+ to geometric laws--( ! =mation !reby ( a t9y image ( ! gigantic elephant on my ret9a z on ! plate ( a cam]a-obscura--?is1 & mu* m1 is :at he sees 9 my visual feel+1 & he bids me see x also4 ,grateful = ! novel in/ruction1 ,i am compell$ to say t x does n alt] my vision ( ! elephant1 does n make ! fact a :it cle>]1 does n inde$ correspond ) :at ,i feel4 ,x is outside k1 valuable1 z all k is1 b supplem5t>y4 ,x is translation into ano!r language4 ,& :5 ,i come to exam9e ! translation1 ,i f9d x v imp]fect4 ,i ask my in/ructor3 ,is x ! t9y image on my ret9a :i* ,i see1 & n ! big elephant on ! grass8 ,& h[ d ,i see ?is ret9al image1 :i* y expla9 to be upside d[n8--h[ is x c>ri$ f my ret9a to my m9d8 ,i h no consci\sness ( t9y rev]s$ image1 none ( my ret9a1 only ( a fact ( feel+1 :i* ,i call 8see+ an elephant40 ,! cam]a-obscura has no su* feel+--x reflects ! image1 x does n see ! object4 ,"h my in/ructor1 hav+ rea*$ ! limit ( 8 sci5ce1#baj h&s me ov] to ! physiologi/1 :o w translate ! fact = me 9 t]ms n ( ,geometry1 b ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,! laws ( ,dioptrics cease at ?is po9t3 ! image !y help to =m on ! ret9a is ru?lessly disp]s$1 & all its beautiful geometric con/ruction is lo/ 9 a neural excitation1 :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh semifluid *annels ( an optic tract to a semifluid ganglion1 :5ce a ?rill is %ot ?r\gh ! :ole bra91 & is !re trans=m$ into a visual s5sation4 ,aga9 ,i fancy ,i h ga9$ novel in/ruction ( a valuable k9d2 b x does n affect my orig9al exp]i5ce t ,i am enabl$ to translate x into diff]5t t]ms2 ! less s because ,i _c help ! conviction t ! translation is imp]fect1 leav+ out ! ess5tial po9ts4 ,if a phrase be translat$ = me into ,fr5* or ,g]man1 ,i ga9 !reby an addition to my l+ui/ic k1 b ! exp]i5ce ?us v>i\sly express$ rema9s unaffect$4 ,:5 ! fact is express$ 9 geometrical or physiological t]ms1 ! psy*ical process f9ds no adequate expression4 ,nei!r 9 ! details1 nor 9 ! totals1 d ,i recognize any ( ! qualities ( my /ate ( feel+ 9 see+ ! elephant4 ,i d n see ! geometrical process1 ,i d n see ! anatomical me*anism1 ,i see ! elephant1 & am consci\s only ( t feel+4 ,y may consid] my organism geometrically or anatomically1 & br+ x ?us )9 ! circle ( objective k2 b my subjective exp]i5ce1 my spiritual exi/5ce1 t ( :i* ,i am mo/ deeply assur$1 dem&s ano!r expression4 ,nay m1 on closely scrut9iz+ y\r objective explanations1 x is evid5t t a psy*ical process is impli$ ?r\gh\t--su* t]ms z undulations1 refractions1 m$ia1 l5ses1 ret9a1 neural excitation1 ov]tly ref]1 inde$1 to ! mat]ial objective aspect ( ! facts1 b !y are !mselves ! modes ( ,feel+ by :i* ! facts are appreh5d$1 & w\ld n exi/ z su* )\t ! 8greet+ ( ! _s40 #df4 ,:at1 !n1 is our conclusion8 ,x is1 t to make an adequate explanation ( psy*ical processes by mat]ial conditions we mu/ fir/ e/abli% an equival5ce betwe5 ! subjective & objective aspects2 &1 hav+ tak5 ?is /ep1 we mu/ complete x by %[+ :]e9 ! diff]5ce exi/s2 hav+ e/abli%$ ?is entity & div]sity1 we h solv$ ! problem4 ,let u attempt ?is solution4 ,:5 ,i speak to y1 ! spok5 words are ! same to y & to me4 ,y he> :at ,i he>1 y appreh5d :at ,i appreh5d4 ,b !re 7 muscul> movem5ts ( articulation felt by me & n felt by y2 to feel ^! y also mu/ articulate ! words2 b s long z y m]ely he> ! words1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 our /ates ( feel+4 ,"s ( my movem5ts y c see1 o!rs y c imag9e2 b ?is is n my feel+ ( !m1 x is y\r optical equival5t ( my muscul> feel+4 ,on a simil> assumption ( equival5ce1 a neural process is made to /& = a logical process4 ,9 ?9k+ a proposition1 we are logically gr\p+ v]bal symbols repres5tative ( s5sible exp]i5ces2 & ?is is a q peculi> /ate ( ,consci\sness1 :olly unlike :at w\ld arise 9 ! m5tal or visual contemplation ( ! neural gr\p+1 :i* is its physiological equival5t4 ,b ?is div]sity does n discr$it ! idea ( _! id5tity2 & al?\gh "s ( my read]s w prote/ aga9/ su* an idea1 & w affirm t ! logical process is n a process tak+ place 9 ! organism at all1 b 9 a _s :i* uses ! organism z its in/rum5t1 ,i mu/ be all[$ 9 ?is exposition to consid] ! id5tity e/abli%$1 my purpose be+ to expla9 ! div]sity necess>ily accompany+ x4 ,!re=e1 ,i say1 t al?\gh a logical process is id5tical ) a neural process1 x mu/ appe> diff]5tly :5 ! modes ( appreh5d+ x are diff]5t4 ,:ile y are ?9k+ a logical proposition1 gr\p+ y\r v]bal symbols1 ,i1 :o m5tally see ! process1 am gr\p+ a totally diff]5t set ( symbols3 to y ! proposition is a subjective /ate1 i4 e4 a /ate ( feel+1 n an object ( feel+3 to become an object1 x mu/ be appreh5d$ by objective modes3 & ?is x c become to y z to me1 :5 we see x z a process1 or imag9e x z a process4 ,b obvi\sly y\r /ate 9 see+ or imag9+ ! process mu/ be diff]5t f y\r /ate :5 ! process itself is pass+1 s9ce ! modes ( appreh5sion are s diff]5t4 ,!re may be e gr\nd = conclud+ t a logical process has its correlative physical process1 & t ! two processes are m]ely two aspects ( "o ev5t2 b because we _c appreh5d ! "o aspect z we appreh5d ! o!r1 _c see ! logical sequ5ce z we see ! physical sequ5ce1 ?is diff]5ce 9 our modes ( appreh5sion compels u to sep>ate ! two1 assign+ "o to ! subjective1 ! o!r to ! objective class4 ,betwe5 ! s5sible p]ception ( an object & ! reproduc$ image ( ! object !re is *iefly a quantitative diff]5ce 9 ! physiological & psy*ological processes3 ! image is a fa9t s5sation4 ,yet ?is quantitative diff]5ce br+s ) x ! qualitative di/9ction :i* is indicat$ 9 our call+ ! "o a s5sation1 ! o!r a ?\ght4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t :ile all philosoph]s h admitt$ ! s5sation to be--at lea/ p>tly--a process 9 ! bodily organism1 ! majority h ma9ta9$ t ! ?\ght is no su* process 9 ! organism1 b has its seat 9 a _s indep5d5t ( ! organism4 #dg4 ,! /ates ( ,feel+ :i* are associat$ ) o!r /ates *>act]iz$ z objective because ov]tly ref]r+ to a ,n-,self1 we gr\p "u ! head ( ,matt]3 we assign mat]ial conditions z _! antec$5ts4 ,:]eas /ates ( ,feel+ :i* are n ?us associat$ we gr\p "u ! head ( ,m9d1 & assign int]nal conditions z _! antec$5ts4 ,color & ,ta/e are v diff]5t /ates ( ,feel+1 yet bo? are spontane\sly ref]r$ to ext]nal causes1 because !y are associat$ ) visual & tactical /ates2 :]eas ,hung]1 ,nausea1 ,hope1 etc41 h no su* associations1 & _! mat]ial conditions are only !oretically assign$4 ,our intelligible univ]se is con/ruct$ out ( ! elem5ts ( ,feel+ accord+ to c]ta9 classifications1 ! broade/ ( :i* is t into ext]nal & int]nal1 object & subject4 ,! ab/ractions ,matt] & ,m9d once =m$ & fix$ 9 repres5tative symbols1 are easily accr$it$ z two diff]5t ,reels4 ,b ! sep>ation is ideal1 & is really a di/9ction ( ,aspects4 ,we "k ourselves z ,body-,m9d2 we d n "k ourselves z ,body & ,m9d1 if by t be meant two coexi/5t indep5d5t ,exi/5ts2 & ! illusion by :i* ! two ,aspects appe> z two ,reals may be made intelligible by ! analysis ( any ord9>y proposition4 ,= example1 :5 we say 8?is fruit is sweet10 we express facts ( ,feel+--actual or anticipat$--9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,! concrete facts are ^!3 a color$ feel+1 a solid feel+1 a sweet feel+1 etc41 h be5 associat$ toge!r1 & ! color$1 solid1 sweet gr\p is symboliz$ 9 ! ab/ract t]m 8fruit0 ,b ! color1 solidity1 & sweetness are also ab/ract t]ms1 repres5t+ feel+s associat$ 9 o!r gr\ps1 s t we f9d 8fruit0 :i* has no 8sweetness02 & 8sweetness0 9 o!r ?+s besides 8fruits40 ,hav+ ?us sep>at$ ideally ! 8sweetness0 f ! 8fruit0--:i* 9 ! concrete sweet-fruit is n p]missible--we easily come to imag9e a real di/9ction4 ,?is is ! case ) ! concrete liv+ organism :5 we cease to consid] x 9 its concrete reality1 & fix our att5tion on its ab/ract t]ms--,body & ,m9d4 ,we !n ?9k ( ,body ap>t f ,m9d1 & believe 9 !m z two ,reals1 ?\gh nei!r exi/s ap>t4 ,!re is no /ate ( consci\sness 9 :i* object & subject are n indissolubly comb9$4 ,!re is no physical process :i* is n indissolubly b\nd up ) ! psy*ical modes ( appreh5d+ x4 ,e idea is ei!r an image or a symbol--x has !re=e objective ref]5ce1 a mat]ial aspect4 ,e object is a syn!sis ( feel+s--x has !re=e subjective ref]5ce1 a mat]ial aspect4 ,?us :ile all ! evid5ce po9ts to ! id5tity ( ,object & ,subject1 !re is ample evid5ce = ! logical necessity ( _! ideal sep>ation z ,aspects4 ,?is ,i h expla9$ z a case ( ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* det]m9es all di/9ctions--namely1 ! div]sity 9 ! modes ( production ( ! products1 :i*--subjectively--is div]sity 9 ! modes ( appreh5d+ !m4 ,! optico-tactical exp]i5ces are m>k$ly diff]5t f ! o!r exp]i5ces1 z be+ m directly ref]r$ to ! ,n-,self :i* resi/s2 & because ^! l5d !mselves to ideal con/ructions by means ( images & symbols1 x is ^! exp]i5ces into :i* we translate all ! o!rs :5 we come to expla9 !m & assign _! conditions4 ,=--& ?is is ! c5tral position ( our argum5t--all int]pretation consi/s 9 translat+ "o set ( feel+s 9 ! t]ms ( ano!r set4 ,we cond5se sets ( feel+s 9 ab/ract symbols2 to und]/& ^! we mu/ r$uce !m to _! concrete significates4 ,!y are signs2 we mu/ %[ :at !y are signs (4 ,n[ ! symbols ,object & ,subject are ! mo/ ab/ract we c employ4 ,because !y are univ]sal1 !y repres5t :at _c 9 reality be divorc$4 ,we c1 inde$1 ideally sep>ate ourselves f ! ,cosmos2 9 ! same way we c ideally sep>ate our inn] ,self or ,s\l f our out] ,self or ,body2 & aga9 our ,s\l f its s5ti5t /ates1 our ,body f its physical *anges4 ,b n s 9 reality4 ,! sep>ation is a logical artifice1 & a logical necessity = ,sci5ce4 ,! necessity w be obvi\s to any "o :o reflects h[ ! ideal con/ructions ( ,sci5ce dem& precision & integrity ( t]ms4 ,! problem ( ,automatism br+s ?is v cle>ly into view4 ,! "q is1 ,c we translate all psy*ological ph5om5a 9 me*anical t]ms8 ,if we c1 we ought2 because ^! t]ms h ! imm5se advantage ( be+ exact1 deal+ z !y d ) quantitative relations4 ,b my belief is t we _c--nay1 t we _c ev5 translate !m all into physiological t]ms4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 quantitative & qualitative k 7p4 #ced7 is a b>ri] aga9/ ! me*anical int]pretation4 ,physiology is a classificatory sci5ce1 n a sci5ce ( measurem5t4 ,nor c ! laws ( ,m9d be d$uc$ f physiological processes1 unless supplem5t$ by & int]pret$ by psy*ical conditions individual & social4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,consci\sness ,,& ,,unconsci\sness4#baa #dh4 ,sci5ce dem&s precision ( t]ms2 & 9 ?is s5se ,condillac 0 ju/ifi$ 9 def9+ x1 8une langue bi5 faite40 ,! sci5ces ( ,measurem5t are exact because ( ! precision ( _! t]ms1 & are p[]ful because ( _! exactness4 ,! sci5ces ( ,classification _c aspire to ?is precision1 & !re=e1 al?\gh capable ( atta9+ to a full] k ( ph5om5a ?an c be rea*$ by _! rivals1 ?is advantage ( a wid] range is accompani$ by ! disadvantage ( a less p]fect exposition ( results4 ,:ile physici/s & *emi/s h only to settle ! significance ( ! facts obs]v$1 biologi/s & social !ori/s h ov] & above ?is to settle ! significance ( ! t]ms !y employ 9 express+ ! facts obs]v$4 ,h5ce m ?an half _! disputes are at bottom v]bal4 ,?is is m>k$ly ! case 9 ! "q ( ,automatism4 ,"o man decl>es t animals are automata2 ano!r t !y are consci\s automata2 & :ile x is q possible to hold ^! views & n practically be 9 disagreem5t ) ! views ( ord9>y m51 or inde$ ) ! views ( spirituali/ & mat]iali/ philosoph]s1 we c nev] be sure t ! advocates ( ,automatism d n mean :at !y are g5]ally und]/ood to mean4 ,if a man says t by an automaton he does n "h mean a ma*9e1 su* z a /eam-eng9e or a wat*1 b a vital me*anism :i* has its p>ts s adju/$ t its actions resemble ^? ( a ma*9e2 & if he adds t ?is automaton is also consci\s ( "s ( its actions1 ?\gh unconsci\s ( o!rs1 we c only object to 8 us+ t]ms :i* h mislead+ connotations4 ,if he mean by 8consci\s automata10 t animals are me*anisms mov$ on 8purely me*anical pr9ciples10 _! consci\sness hav+ no?+ :atev] to d ) ! production ( _! actions1 !n inde$ our objection is n only to 8 use ( t]ms1 b to 8 int]pretation ( ! facts4 #di4 ,! que/ions ( fact are two3 ,are animal me*anisms rightfully class$ beside ma*9es8 &1 ,is consci\sness a coeffici5t 9 ! actions ( animal me*anism8 ,! fir/ has already be5 answ]$2 ! second dem&s a prelim9>y settlem5t ( ! t]ms 8consci\s10 8unconsci\s10 8volunt>y10 & 8involunt>y40 ,! aim ( ,physiology is to asc]ta9 ! p>ticul> comb9ations ( ! elem5t>y p>ts involv$ 9 ea* p>ticul> function--9 a ^w1 ! me*anism ( organic ph5om5a2 & ! mod]n ,reflex ,!ory is an attempt to expla9 ?is me*anism on purely me*anical pr9ciples1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( o!r pr9ciples1 especially ^? ( ,s5sation & ,volition4 ,x is greatly aid$ by ! ambiguity ( curr5t t]ms4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( c]ta9 actions z be+ p]=m$ unconsci\sly or involunt>ily4 ,we are also accu/om$ to say t ,consci\sness is necess>y to trans=m an impression into a s5sation1 & t ,volition is ! equival5t ( consci\s ef=t4 ,:51 !re=e1 unconsci\s & involunt>y actions are record$1 !y seem to be actions ( an ins5ti5t me*anism4 ,! ,reflex ,!ory once admitt$1 a rigor\s logic c\ld n fail to ext5d x to all animal actions4 #ej4 ,i reject ! ,reflex ,!ory1 on gr\nds h]eaft] to be urg$1 b at pres5t call att5tion to ! great ambiguity 9 ! t]ms 8consci\s0 & 8unconsci\s40 ,9 "o s5se no def9ition ( ,consci\sness c be satisfactory1 s9ce x designates an ultimate fact1 :i* _c !re=e be made m intelligible ?an x is already4 ,9 ano!r s5se no def9ition is ne$$1 s9ce e "o kn[s :at is meant by say+1 8,i am consci\s ( su* a *ange1 or su* a movem5t40 ,x is "h ! equival5t ( ,feel+4 ,to be consci\s ( a *ange1 is to feel a *ange4 ,if we desire to express x 9 physiological t]ms1 we mu/ def9e ,consci\sness--8a function ( ! organism02 & ?is def9ition we %all f9d em95tly useful1 because ! organism be+ a vital me*anism1 & ! integrity ( t me*anism be+ necess>y = ! integrity ( ! function1 :ile e v>iation ( ! me*anism w br+ a correspond+ v>iation ( ! function1 we %all h an objective guide & /&>d 9 our inquiries4 ,organisms greatly diff] 9 complexity1 yet because !y also agree 9 ! c>d9al conditions ( ,vitality1 among :i* ,s5sibility is "o1 we conclude t !y all h ,feel+2 b ! ,feel+ ( ! "o w diff] f t ( ano!r1 accord+ to ! complexity ( ! s5ti5t me*anism 9 ea*4 ,! p]fection ( ?is me*anism lies 9 ! co-ord9ation ( its p>ts1 & ! cons5sus ( its s5ti5t activities2 any di/urbance ( t cons5sus mu/ cause a modification 9 ! total consci\sness2 & :5 ! di/urbance is pr(\nd ! modification is m>k$ by su* t]ms z 8insanity10 8loss ( consci\sness10 8ins5sibility40 ,^! t]ms d n imply t ! s5ti5t organs h lo/ _! ,s5sibility1 b only t ! di/urb$ me*anism has no long] its normal cons5sus1 no long] its normal /ate ( ,consci\sness4 ,ea* organ is active 9 its own way s long z its own me*anism is pres]v$2 b ! unit$ action ( ! organs hav+ be5 di/urb$1 _! resultant function has be5 alt]$4 ,h5ce 9 a fit ( ,epilepsy !re is a complete abs5ce ( "s normal reactions1 ) exagg]ation ( o!rs4 ,9 a /ate ( ,coma !re is no spontaneity--none ( ! manifold adaptations ( ! organism to fluctuat+ excitations1 ext]nal & int]nal1 obs]vable 9 ! normal /ate4 ,! organism /ill manife/s ,s5sibility--b ?is is s unlike ! manife/ations :5 its me*anism is undi/urb$ 7& necess>ily s s9ce ! ,s5sibility v>ies ) ! me*anism7 t x is no long] call$ by ! same "n4 ,9 ! normal organism ,s5sibility means ,feel+1 or ,consci\sness2 b 9 ! abnormal organism !re is said to be a 8loss ( ,consci\sness40 ,:at ! physiologi/ or ! physician means by ! phrase 8loss ( ,consci\sness0 is intelligible1 & = 8 purposes unobjectionable4 ,he obs]ves _m organic processes go+ on undi/urb$--! unconsci\s pati5t brea!s1 secretes1 moves 8 limbs1 etc4 ,^! processes are ref]r$ to ! p>ts ( ! me*anism :i* are n di/urb$2 !y are obvi\sly indep5d5t ( t adju/m5t ( ! me*anism :i* by its cons5sus has ! special resultant nam$ ,consci\sness2 he !re=e concludes t ^!1 & _m o!r organic processes1 :i* are nei!r accompani$ nor foll[$ by discrim9at$ feel+s1 are ! direct consequ5ces ( ! /imulat$ me*anism4 ,he nev] hesitates to adopt ! popul> language1 & say1 8,we sometimes act unconsci\sly1 p]ceive unconsci\sly1 & ev5 ?9k unconsci\sly1 all by ! simple reflex ( ! me*anism40 ,n[ obs]ve ! op5+ = error 9 ?is language4 ,! actions are said to g on unconsci\sly1 &1 because unconsci\sly1 z pure reflexes1 :i* are !n assign$ to an ins5ti5t me*anism1 & lik5$ to ! actions ( ma*9es4 ,b1 z ,i hope h]eaft] to make evid5t1 ! reflex me*anism necess>ily involves ,s5sibility2 & !re=e reflex actions may be unaccompani$ by ,consci\sness--9 "o mean+ ( t t]m--)\t ceas+ to be s5ti5t1 ! feel+s are op]ative1 al?\gh n discrim9at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ano!r & v g5]al mean+ ( ! t]m ,consci\sness1 :i* is ! equival5t ( ,s5ti5ce4 #ea4 ,9 discuss+ ,automatism1 or ! ,reflex ,!ory1 x is absolutely necess>y t we %\ld fir/ settle ! mean+ we assign to ! t]m ,consci\sness4 ,! laxity ) :i* ! t]m is us$ may be se5 9 ! enum]ation occupy+ six pages ( ,pr(essor ,ba9's acc\nt ( ! v>i\s mean+s4 ,psy*ology is (t5 said to be 8! sci5ce ( ! facts ( ,consci\sness02 & ! ,bra9 is (t5 assign$ z 8! organ ( ,consci\sness40 ,yet !re are _m m5tal processes1 & _m c]ebral processes1 :i* are decl>$ to be unconsci\s4 ,obvi\sly if ,consci\sness is ! function ( ! ,bra91 !re c be no c]ebral activity :i* is unconsci\s2 j z !re c be no activity ( ! lungs :i* is n respiratory4 ,usage !re=e po9ts to a g5]al & a special s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! g5]al usage id5tifies x ) ,s5sibility1 9 its subjective aspect z ,s5ti5ce1 includ+ all psy*ical /ates1 bo? ^? class$ "u ,s5sation1 & ^? "u ,?\ght4 ,^! /ates are ! 8facts ( consci\sness0 ) :i* ,psy*ology is occupi$4 ,9 ! special usage x is di/+ui%$ f all o!r psy*ical /ates by a peculi> reflect$ feel+ ( ,att5tion1 :]eby we n only h a s5sation1 b also feel t we h x2 we n only ?9k1 b are consci\s t we are ?9k+2 n only act1 b are consci\s ( :at we d4 ,x is ?is :i* ,kant indicates :5 he def9es x 8! subjective =m accompany+ all our conceptions 7,begriffe702 & ,jess5 :5 he def9es x 8! int]nal kn[+ ( our kn[+1 an 9 itself reflect$ kn[+40#bab #eb4 ,we %all (t5 h to recur to ?is g5]al & ?is special mean+1 bo? ( :i* are too firmly root$ = any successful attempt to displace !m4 ,! fact t "s organic processes & "s m5tal processes take place n[ consci\sly & n[ unconsci\sly1 i4 e4 n[ ) ! feel+ ( reflect$ att5tion1 & n[ ) no su* feel+1 assur$ly dem&s a correspond+ expression2 nor1 9 spite ( inevitable ambiguities1 is !re gr\nd = regrett+ t ! expression *os5 %\ld be only an ext5sion ( ! expression already adopt$ = all o!r /ates ( ,s5ti5ce4 ,a s5ti5t or consci\s /ate c only be a /ate ( ! s5ti5t organism1 itself ! unity ( _m organs1 ea* hav+ its ,s5sibility4 ,!re is m or less cons5sus1 b !re is no introduction ( a new ag5t )9 ! organism1 conv]t+ :at 0 physical impression into m5tal reaction4 ,f fir/ to la/ !re has be5 no?+ b neural processes1 & comb9ations ( su* processes--:i*1 view$ subjectively1 are s5ti5t processes4 ,?us ! gradations ( s5sitive reaction are ,s5ti5ce1 ,cons5ti5ce1 & ,consci\sness1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! ,logic ( ,feel+ & ! ,logic ( ,signs4 ,! famili> t]m ,consci5ce w !n repres5t ! ,logic ( ,conduct4 ,?us und]/ood1 we may say t a man sometimes acts unconsci\sly1 or ?9ks unconsci\sly1 al?\gh 8 action & ?\ght are rul$ by ,cons5ti5ce1 z he sometimes acts & ?9ks unconsci5ti\sly1 al?\gh he is n )\t ob$i5ce to ,consci5ce on o!r occasions4 ,! feel+ :i* det]m9es an action is op]ative1 al?\gh x may n be discrim9at$ f simultane\s feel+s4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 we say ! feel+ is unconsci\s2 b ?is no m means t x is a purely physical process tak+ place outside ! sph]e ( ,s5ti5ce1 ?an ! immoral conduct ( a man w\ld be said to be me*anical1 & n ! conduct ( a moral ag5t4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a m>k$ di/9ction express$ 9 ! t]ms ,consci\sness & ,unconsci\sness1 b x is n t ( contra/s su* z ,m5tal & ,physical1 x is t ( grades su* z ,light & ,d>kness4 ,j z ,d>kness is a positive optical s5sation v diff]5t f m]e privation--j z x replaces ! s5sation ( ,light1 bl5ds ) x1 /ruggles ) x1 & 9 all respects diff]s f ! abs5ce ( all optical s5sibility 9 ! sk92 s ,unconsci\sness /ruggles )1 bl5ds )1 & replaces ,consci\sness 9 ! organism1 & is a positive /ate ( ! s5ti5t organism1 n to be conf\nd$ ) a m]e negation ( ,s5ti5ce2 above all1 n to be relegat$ to m]ely me*anical processes4 #eb a4 ,rememb] t1 /rictly speak+1 ,consci\sness is a psy*ological n a physiological t]m1 & is only us$ 9 ,physiology on ! assumption t x is ! subjective equival5t ( an objective process4 ,to avoid ! equivoque ( 8unconsci\s s5sation10 we may sub/itute ! t]m 8unconsci\s neural process02 & z all neural processes imply ,s5sibility1 :i* 9 ! subjective aspect is ,s5ti5ce1 we say t ,s5ti5ce has v>i\s modes & degrees--su* z ,p]ception1 ,ideation1 ,emotion1 ,volition1 :i* may be consci\s1 sub-consci\s1 or unconsci\s4 ,:5 ,leibnitz ref]r$ to ! fact ( 8obscure ideas10 & mod]n writ]s express$ ?is fact z 8unconsci\s c]ebration10 ! fir/ phrase did n imply a process t 0 o!r ?an m5tal1 ! second phrase did n imply a process t 0 o!r ?an physiological3 bo? indicat$ a mode ( ! process kn[n z ,consci\sness "u o!r modes4 ,!re are diff]5t neural elem5ts gr\p$ 9 ,ideation & ,emotion2 !re are diff]5t neural elem5ts gr\p$ 9 ,consci\sness1 ,sub-consci\sness1 & ,unconsci\sness2 b "o tissue ) "o prop]ty is active 9 all4 #ec4 ,! n]v\s organism is affect$ z a :ole by e affection ( its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,e excitation1 in/ead ( t]m9at+ ) itself--z is ! case 9 mo/ physical processes--or ) ! motor impulse x excites1 is propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! cont9u\s tissue1 & ?us s5ds a ?rill ?r\gh\t ! organism4 ,! wave ( excitation 9 pass+ onw>ds beats aga9/ v>i\sly gr\p$ elem5ts--tempor>y & p]man5t c5tres--di/urb+ _! balance m or less1 & lib]at+ ! en]gy ( "s1 increas+ ! t5sion ( o!rs1 necess>ily affect+ all4 ,^? gr\ps :i* h _! en]gy lib]at$ set up processes t are ei!r discrim9at$ z s5sations1 or are bl5d$ ) ! g5]al /ream1 accord+ to _! relative en]gy 9 ! cons5sus4 ,?us ! impulse on rea*+ ! c5tres = ! he>t1 lungs1 legs1 & tail excites ! inn]vation ( ^! organs2 b z ^! are only p>ts ( ! organism1 & z all ! p>ts ent] ! cons5sus1 & ,consci\sness is ! v>y+ resultant ( ?is ev]-v>y+ cons5sus1 ! ?rill :i* any p>ticul> /imulus excites w be unconsci\s1 sub-consci\s1 or consci\s1 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! irradiat$ di/urbance1 :i* w dep5d on ! /atical conditions ( ! c5tres at ! mom5t4 ,a s\nd s5ds a ?rill :i* excites emotion1 causes ! he>t to beat fa/]1 ! muscles to quiv]1 ! sk9-gl&s to p\r =? _! secretion2 yet ?is same s\nd he>d by ano!r man1 or ! same man "u o!r conditions1 physical or hi/orical1 m]ely s5ds a fa9t ?rill1 j vivid en\gh to deta* itself z a s5sation f ! o!r simultane\s excitations2 & ! same s\nd may excite a ?rill :i* is s fa9t & fugitive z to pass unconsci\sly4 ,physiological & psy*ological inductions assure u t ^! are only diff]5ces ( degree4 ,! same k9d ( physiological effect accompanies ! consci\s & unconsci\s /ate4 ,e s5sory impression1 no matt] :e!r discrim9at$ or n1 affects ! circulation & develops heat4 ,! blood-vessels ( ! "p impress$ exp&1 vessels else:]e contract--a *ange 9 ! blood pressure has be5 effect$1 :i* ( c\rse implies t ! :ole organism has be5 affect$4 ,delicate in/rum5ts %[ t at ! "t a s5sation is produc$ ! temp]ature ( ! bra9 is rais$4 ,! same is true ( ideation4 ,mosso has inv5t$ a me?od ( regi/]+ ! effect ( ?\ght on ! circulation4 ,he f9ds ideation accompani$ by a contraction ( ! p]iph]al vessels proportionate to ! degree ( intellectual ef=t4 ,a "y man translat+ ,greek %[$ great] contraction ?an :5 he 0 translat+ ,lat94 ,dur+ s\nd sleep--:5 we are said to be unconsci\s--sudd5 noises always cause contraction ( ! p]iph]al vessels4 ,psy*ological obs]vation assures u t ! consci\s & unconsci\s /ates 7 bo? cons5ti5t1 & 7 bo? op]ative 9 ! same degree4 ,! absorb$ ?9k] ?reads 8 way ?r\gh cr[d$ /reets1 & is sub-consci\s & unconsci\s ( ! v>i\s sights1 s\nds1 t\*es1 & muscul> movem5ts :i* make up s l>ge a portion ( 8 s5ti5t excitation at ! "t2 yet he deftly avoids ob/acles1 he>s ! s\nd ( a hurri$ /ep beh9d him1 recognizes an int]e/+ object directly x pres5ts itself1 & c ev5 recall 9 ,memory _m ( ! un9t]e/+ objects :i* he pass$ 9 sub-consci\s & unconsci\s indiff]5ce4 #ed4 ,on all gr\nds1 !re=e1 we mu/ say t betwe5 consci\s1 sub-consci\s1 & unconsci\s /ates ! diff]5ce is only ( degree ( complication 9 ! neural processes1 :i* by relative prepond]ance 9 ! cons5sus det]m9e a relative discrim9ation4 ,we c only discrim9ate "o ?rill at a "t2 b ! neural excitations simultane\sly press+ t[>ds a dis*>ge are _m2 & ! conditions :i* det]m9e n[ ?is1 & n[ ! o!r excitation to pr$om9ate by its diff]5tial pressure1 are f> beyond any me*anical e/imate4 ,i m5tion ?is because ! advocates ( ! ,reflex ,!ory ma9ta9 t ! neural processes are ! same :e!r a s5sation be produc$ or n2 & t s9ce ! same actions foll[ ! ext]nal /imulation :e!r s5sation be produc$ or n1 ?is proves ! actions to be purely me*anical4 ,i reply1 ! neural processes are n ! same ?r\gh\t 9 ! two cases--o!rwise ! effects w\ld be ! same4 ,y might z well say1 8,s9ce ! explosion ( ! gun is ! same1 :e!r %ott$ or n1 a blank c>tridge w kill02 b if y tell me t y\r gun kill$ ! bird1 ,i decl>e t ! c>tridge 0 n a blank "o4 ,:e!r ! explosion ( ! gun also produc$ t]ror 9 "o by/&]1 curiosity 9 a second1 & attract$ no notice f a ?ird1 w be altoge!r ano!r matt]4 ,9 l mann] ! s5sory impression :i* det]m9es a movem5t may or may n be accompani$ or foll[$ by o!r s5ti5t /ates2 ! fact ( su* movem5t is evid5ce ( its s5ti5t antec$5t2 & an ext]nal /imulus t w produce ?is neural process1 & ?is consequ5t movem5t1 mu/ produce a feel+1 al?\gh n necess>ily a discrim9at$ s5sation4 ,n[ s9ce1 = discrim9ation1 o!r neural processes mu/ co-op]ate1 we _c say t 9 ! two cases all ! neural processes h be5 ! same ?r\gh\t2 nor because ( ?is diff]5ce c we say t ! process ( ! undiscrim9at$ s5sation is a me*anical1 n a s5ti5t process4 ,9 ! next problem ?is po9t w be argu$ m fully4 #ee4 ,! ne$ ( recogniz+ ,consci\sness & ,cons5ti5ce z degrees ( en]gy & complexity 9 s5ti5t /ates is app>5t :5 we consid] animal ph5om5a4 ,has a bee consci\sness8 ,has a snail volition8 or are !y bo? ins5ti5t me*anisms8 ,all inductions w>rant ! ass]tion t a bee has ?rills propagat$ ?r\gh\t its organism by ! ag5cy ( its n]ves2 & t "s ( ^! ?rills are ( ! k9d call$ s5sations--ev5 discrim9at$ s5sations4 ,nev]!less we may reasonably d\bt :e!r ! bee has s5ti5t /ates resembl+ o!rwise ?an remotely ! s5sations1 emotions1 & ?\ghts :i* con/itute human ,consci\sness1 ei!r 9 ! g5]al or ! special s5se ( t t]m4 ,! bee feels & reacts on feel+s2 b its feel+s _c closely resemble our own1 because ! conditions 9 ! two cases are diff]5t4 ,! bee may ev5 be said to ?9k 79 s f> z ,?\ght means logical comb9ation ( feel+s71 = x appe>s to =m ,judgm5ts 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,logic ( ,feel+-- 2 al?\gh incapable ( ! ,logic ( ,signs-- 4 ,we %\ld !re=e say ! bee has ,cons5ti5ce1 b n ,consci\sness--unless we accept ,consci\sness 9 its g5]al signification z ! equival5t ( ,s5ti5ce4 ,! organism ( ! bee diff]s f t ( a man1 z a mud hut f a m>ble palace4 ,b s9ce und]ly+ ^! diff]5ces !re are fundam5tal resemblances1 ! functions ( ! two w be fundam5tally alike4 ,bo? h ! function ( ,s5ti5ce2 z mud hut & palace h bo? ! (fice ( %elt]+4 #ef4 ,! "q ( ,volition w occupy u 9 ! next *apt]4 ,re/rict+ ourselves "h to t ( ,consci\sness1 & recall+ ! di/9ction ( ! two mean+s ( ! t]m1 we n[ approa* ! "q ( ,unconsci\sness4 ,are we to und]/& ?is t]m z designat+ a purely physical /ate 9 contra/ to ! purely m5tal /ate ( ,consci\sness2 or only z designat+ a diff]5ce ( degree8 ,?is is l ask+ :e!r ,light & ,d>kness are bo? optical feel+s1 or "o an optical feel+ & ! o!r a physical process8 ,on ! ,reflex ,!ory1 no soon] does a vital & m5tal process pass f ! daylight ( ,consci\sness1 or twilight ( ,sub-consci\sness1 into ! d>kness ( ,unconsci\sness1 ?an ! :ole ord] ( ph5om5a is abruptly *ang$1 !y cease to be vital1 m5tal1 & lapse into physical1 me*anical processes4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is conclusion are1 fir/1 ! unpsy*ological assumption t ! unconsci\s /ate is out ( ! sph]e ( ,s5ti5ce2 & secondly1 ! unphysiological assumption t ! ,bra9 is ! only portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* has ! prop]ty ( ,s5sibility4 ,re/ate ! conclusion 9 diff]5t t]ms & its fallacy em]ges3 8organic processes sudd5ly cease to be organic1 & become purely physical by a slight *ange 9 _! relative position 9 ! cons5sus2 ! organic process :i* 0 a consci\s s5sation a mom5t ago1 :5 its en]gy 0 n balanc$ by "s o!r process1 sudd5ly falls f its place 9 ! gr\p ( organic ph5om5a--s5ti5t ph5om5a--to s9k into ! gr\p ( inorganic ph5om5a n[ t its en]gy is balanc$40 ,consid] ! p>allel case ( ,motion & ,re/ 9 ! objective sph]e4 ,!y are two functions ( ! co-op]ant =ces1 "o dynamic1 ! o!r /atic2 al?\gh m>k$ly di/+ui%able z functions1 we "k t !y are simply ! co-op]ant =ces n[ unbalanc$ & n[ balanc$2 :at we call ,re/ is also a product ( mov+ =ces1 ea* ( :i* is op]ant1 & w issue 9 a def9ite resultant :5 its c\nt]-=ce is remov$4 ,motion & ,re/ are correlatives1 & bo? belong to ! sph]e ( ,k9etics4 ,9 l mann] ,consci\sness & ,unconsci\sness are correlatives1 bo? belong+ to ! sph]e ( ,s5ti5ce4#bac ,e "o ( ! unconsci\s processes is op]ant1 *anges ! g5]al /ate ( ! organism1 & is capable ( at once issu+ 9 a discrim9at$ s5sation :5 ! =ce :i* balances x is di/urb$4 ,i 0 unconsci\s ( ! scrat* ( my p5 9 writ+ ! la/ s5t5ce1 b ,i am di/9ctly consci\s ( e scrat* 9 writ+ ?is "o4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! scrat*+ s\nd s5t a fa9t ?rill ?r\gh my organism1 b its relative int5sity 0 too fa9t = discrim9ation2 n[ t ,i h r$i/ribut$ ! co-op]ant =ces1 by :at is call$ an act ( ,att5tion1 ,i he> di/9ctly e s\nd ! p5 produces4 #eg4 ,! inclusion ( ,sub-consci\sness )9 ! s5ti5t sph]e is obvi\s2 ! inclusion ( ,unconsci\sness )9 t sph]e may be made s1 :5 we consid] its modes ( production1 & comp>e x ) ! extra-s5sible conception ( molecules & atoms4 ,! ,matt] :i* is s5sible z masses1 may be resolv$ into molecules1 :i* lie beyond ! discrim9ation ( s5se2 & ^! aga9 into atoms1 :i* are purely ideal conceptions2 b because molecules are prov$1 & atoms are suppos$1 to h mat]ial prop]ties1 & to con=m to s5sible canons ( ! objective _w1 we nev] hesitate to class !m "u ! head ( ,matt]2 nor d we imag9e t 9 pass+ beyond ! discrim9ation ( ,s5se !y lose _! objective significance4 ,!y are /ill physical1 n m5tal facts4 ,s ) ,s5ti5ce3 we may trace x ?r\gh inf9ite gradations f ,consci\sness to ,sub-consci\sness1 till x fades away 9 ,unconsci\sness2 b f fir/ to la/ ! processes h be5 ^? ( a s5ti5t organism2 & by ?is are broadly di/+ui%$ f all processes 9 anorganisms4 ,! movem5t ( a limb has q diff]5t modes ( production f ! movem5t ( a :eel2 & among its modes mu/ be includ$ ^? ( ,s5sibility1 a peculi>ly vital prop]ty4 ,oxidation may be sl[ or rapid1 manife/+ itself z combu/ion1 heat1 or flame1 b x is always oxidation--always a special *emical ph5om5on4 ,& s ! neural process ( ,s5ti5ce1 :e!r consci\s1 sub-consci\s1 or unconsci\s1 is always a /ate ( ! s5ti5t organism4 ,if a mat]ial process does n *ange its "*1 & become spiritual1 on pass+ beyond ! range ( s5sible appreciation1 :y %\ld a psy*ical process become mat]ial on pass+ beyond ! range ( discrim9ation8 ,if we admit molecules z physical units1 s5ti5t tremors are psy*ical units4 ,! extra-s5sible molecules h inde$ _! subjective aspect1 & only ent] p]ception ?r\gh ! 8greet+ ( ! _s40 ,! s5ti5t tremors h also _! objective aspect1 & _c come into exi/5ce )\t ! neural tremors1 :i* are _! physical conditions4 #eh4 ,x is only by hold+ fa/ to su* a conception t we c escape ! _m difficulties & contradictions pres5t$ by unconsci\s ph5om5a1 & expla9 _m physiological & psy*ological processes4 ,desc>tes--foll[$ by _m philosoph]s--id5tifi$ ,consci\sness ) ,?\ght4 ,to ?is day we con/antly he> t to h a s5sation1 & to be consci\s ( x1 is "o & ! same /ate2 :i* is only admissible on ! und]/&+ t ,consci\sness means ,s5ti5ce1 & ,s5ti5ce ! activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em view$ subjectively4 ,leibnitz po9t$ out t we h _m psy*ical /ates :i* are unconsci\s /ates--to h an idea & be consci\s ( x1 are1 he said1 n "o b two /ates4 ,! ,consci\sness by ,desc>tes erect$ into an ess5tial condition ( ,?\ght1 0 by ,leibnitz r$uc$ to an accompanim5t :i* n only may be abs5t1 b 9 ! va/ majority ( cases is abs5t4 ,! tea*+ ( mo/ mod]n psy*ologi/s is t ,consci\sness =ms b a small item 9 ! total ( psy*ical processes4 ,unconsci\s s5sations1 ideas1 & judgm5ts are made to play a great "p 9 _! explanations4 ,x is v c]ta9 t 9 e consci\s volition--e act t is s *>act]iz$--! l>g] "p ( x is q unconsci\s4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t 9 e p]ception !re are unconsci\s processes ( reproduction & inf]5ce--!re is mu* t is implicit1 "s ( :i* _c be made explicit--a 8middle di/ance0 ( sub-consci\sness1 & a 8backgr\nd0 ( unconsci\sness4 ,b1 ?r\gh\t1 ! processes are ^? ( ,s5ti5ce4 #ei4 ,unconsci\sness is by "s writ]s call$ lat5t ,consci\sness4 ,exp]i5ces :i* are no long] manife/$ are said to be /or$ up 9 ,memory1 rema9+ 9 ! ,s\l's picture-gall]y1 visible directly ! %utt]s are op5$4 ,we are n consci\s ( ^! feel+s1 yet !y exi/ z lat5t feel+s1 & become sali5t ?r\gh association4 ,z a metaphorical expression ( ! famili> facts ( ,memory ?is may pass2 b x has be5 conv]t$ f a metaphor into an hypo!sis1 & we are suppos$ to h feel+s & ideas1 :5 9 fact we h no?+ m ?an a modifi$ disposition ( ! organism--tempor>y or p]man5t--:i* :5 /imulat$ w respond 9 ?is modifi$ mann]4 ,! modification ( ! organism :5 p]man5t becomes h]$it>y2 & its response is !n call$ an in/9ctive or automatic action4 ,& z actions pass by degrees f consci\s & volunt>y into sub-consci\s & sub-volunt>y1 & f9ally into unconsci\s & involunt>y1 we call !m volitional1 second>ily automatic1 & automatic4 ,if any "o likes to say ! la/ are due to lat5t consci\sness1 ,i %all n object4 ,i only po9t to ! fact t ! diff]5ces "h specifi$ are simply diff]5ces ( degree--all ! actions are ^? ( ! s5ti5t organism4 #fj4 ,picture to y\rself ?is s5ti5t organism incessantly /imulat$ f )\t & f )91 & adju/+ itself 9 response to su* /imulations4 ,9 ! bl5d+ ( /imulations1 modify+ & arre/+ ea* o!r1 !re is a fluctuat+ 8composition ( =ces10 ) ev]-v>y+ resultants4 ,besides ! /ream ( direct /imulations1 !re is a wid] /ream ( indirect or reproduc$ /imulations4 ,toge!r ) ! pres5t s5sation !re is always a m or less complex gr\p ( reviv$ s5sations1 ! "o gr\p ( neural tremors be+ organically /imulat$ by ! o!r4 ,an isolat$ excitation is impossible 9 a cont9u\s n]v\s tissue2 an isolat$ feel+ is impossible 9 ! cons5sus or unity ( ! s5ti5t organism4 ,! t]m ,s\l is ! p]sonification ( ?is complex ( pres5t & reviv$ feel+s1 & is ! sub/ratum ( ,consci\sness 79 ! g5]al s5se71 all ! p>ticul> feel+s be+ its /ates4 ,to repeat an illu/ration us$ 9 my fir/ volume1 we may comp>e ,consci\sness to a mass ( /ation>y waves4 ,if ! surface ( a lake be set 9 motion ea* wave diffuses itself ov] ! :ole surface1 & f9ally rea*es ! %ores1 :5ce x is reflect$ back t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! lake4 ,?is reflect$ wave is met by ! fre% incom+ waves1 !re is a bl5d+ ( ! waves1 & _! product is a patt]n on ! surface4 ,?is patt]n ( /ation>y waves is a fluctuat+ patt]n1 because ( ! incessant arrival ( fre% waves1 incom+ & reflect$4 ,:5ev] a fre% /ream ent]s ! lake 7i4 e4 a new s5sation is excit$ f )\t71 its waves w at fir/ pass ov] ! patt]n1 nei!r di/urb+ x nor be+ di/urb$ by x2 b aft] rea*+ ! %ore ! waves w be reflect$ back t[>ds ! c5tre1 & !re w m or less modify ! patt]n4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,volunt>y ,,& ,,involunt>y ,,actions4 #fa4 ,mu* ( :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] respect+ ! passive side ( ! organism is equally applicable to ! active side4 ,our actions are class$ z volunt>y & involunt>y ma9ly 9 ref]5ce to _! be+ consci\sly or unconsci\sly p]=m$2 b n :olly s1 = !re are _m involunt>y actions ( :i* we are di/9ctly consci\s1 & _m volunt>y actions ( :i* we are at times sub-consci\s & unconsci\s4 ,i d n propose "h to op5 ! long & ardu\s discussion z to :at con/itutes ,volition1 my pres5t purpose be+ simply t ( fix+ ! mean+ ( t]ms1 s t ! "q ( ,automatism may n be complicat$ by _! ambiguities4 8,volunt>y0 & 8involunt>y0 are1 l 8consci\s0 & 8unconsci\s10 correlative t]ms2 b commonly1 in/ead ( be+ und]/ood z indicat+ diff]5ces ( degree 9 ph5om5a ( ! same ord]1 !y are suppos$ to indicate diff]5ces ( k9d--a new ag5t1 ! ,w1 be+ und]/ood 9 ! "o case to direct ! ,me*anism :i* suffices )\t direction 9 ! o!r4 #fb4 ,?is int]pretation is unphysiological & unpsy*ological1 s9ce x ov]looks ! fact t bo? volunt>y & involunt>y actions belong to ! same ord] ( ph5om5a1 i4 e4 ^? ( ! s5ti5t organism4 ,bo? involve ! same effici5t cause1 i4 e4 co-op]ant conditions4 ,we draw a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two ab/ractions--z betwe5 all ab/ractions--b ! concrete processes !y symbolize h no su* dem>cation4 ,j z ! ?\ght :i* at "o mom5t passes unconsci\sly1 at ano!r consci\sly1 is 9 itself ! same ?\ght1 & ! same neural process2 s ! action :i* at "o mom5t is volunt>y1 & at ano!r involunt>y1 is itself ! same action1 p]=m$ by ! same me*anism4 ,! incitation :i* prec$es1 & ! feel+ :i* accompanies ! action1 belong to ! accessory me*anisms1 & may be replac$ by o!r incitations & o!r feel+s2 z ! fall ( an apple is ! same ev5t1 involv+ ! same conditions1 i4 e4 effici5t cause1 :e!r ! occasional cause be a gu/ ( w9d or ! g>d5]'s scissors1 & :e!r ! fall be se5 & he>d or n4 ,i may utt] words int5tionally & consci\sly1 & ,i may utt] ! same words automatically1 unconsci\sly2 ,i may w9k volunt>ily1 & w9k involunt>ily4 ,!re are t]ms to express ^! diff]5ces2 b !y d n express a diff]5ce 9 ! effici5t ag5cies4 #fc4 ,_m writ]s seem to ?9k t ! involunt>y actions belong to ! physical me*anical ord]1 because !y are n /imulat$ by c]ebral incitations1 & _c be regulat$ or controll$ by su* incitations--or z ! psy*ologi/s w\ld say1 because ,consci\sness 9 ! =m ( ,w is no ag5t prompt+ & regulat+ su* actions4 ,b ,i ?9k ?is unt5able4 ,! actions _c belong to ! me*anical ord] s long z !y are ! actions ( a vital me*anism1 & s long z we admit ! broad di/9ction betwe5 organisms & anorganisms4 ,:e!r !y h ! special "* ( ,consci\sness or n1 !y h ! g5]al "* ( s5ti5t actions1 be+ ^? ( a s5ti5t me*anism4 ,& ?is becomes ! m evid5t :5 we consid] ! gradations ( ! ph5om5a4 ,_m1 if n all1 ( ^? actions :i* are class$ "u ! involunt>y 7 orig9ally ( ! volunt>y class--ei!r 9 ! individual or 8 ance/ors2 b hav+ become p]man5tly organiz$ dispositions--! pa?ways ( /imulation & reaction hav+ be5 def9itely e/abli%$--!y h lo/ t volitional elem5t 7( hesitation & *oice7 :i* implies regulation & control4 ,b ev5 "h a slight *ange 9 ! habitual conditions w introduce a di/urbance 9 ! process :i* may awak5 ,consci\sness1 & ! s5se ( ef=t1 sometimes ev5 caus+ control4 ,an in/9ctive or an automatic action may be ?us *ang$1 or arre/$4 ,take z an example "o ( ! unequivocally automatic actions1 t ( ,brea?+4 ,x is call$ automatic because1 l ! actions ( an automaton1 x is p]=m$ by a def9itely con/ruct$ me*anism1 always work+ 9 ! same way :5 /imulat$ & left to itself4 ,!re mu/ ( c\rse be a s5se ( ef=t 9 e impulse :i* has resi/ance to ov]come1 organs to be mov$2 b ! me*anism ( ,brea?+ is s delicately adju/$1 t ! s5se ( ef=t is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & we are unconsci\s ( x1 or sub-consci\s ( x4 ,nev]!less1 )\t alt]+ ! rate or amplitude ( ! inspirations & expirations1 we become di/9ctly consci\s ( !m1 &1 moreov]1 )9 c]ta9 limits we c control !m1 s t ! ,brea?+ passes f ! involunt>y to ! volunt>y class4 #fd4 ,pass on to o!r examples4 ,:at action c be m involunt>y ?an ! rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! he>t & ! contractions ( ! iris8 ,comp>$ ) ! actions ( ! tongue or limbs1 ^! seem rivet$ by an iron necessity1 fre$ f all consci\sness & control4 ,yet ! movem5ts ( ! he>t are n only /imulat$ by s5sations & ?\ghts1 !y are also capable ( be+ felt2 & ! movem5ts bo? ( he>t & iris are n :olly remov$ f our control4 ,t we d n habitually control 7t is1 int]f]e )7 ! action ( ! he>t1 ! contraction ( ! iris1 or ! activity ( a gl&1 is true2 x is on ?is acc\nt t su* actions are call$ involunt>y2 !y obey ! imm$iate /imulus4 ,b x is an error to ass]t t ^! actions _c be controll$1 t !y are altoge!r beyond ! int]f]5ce ( o!r c5tres1 & _c by any ef=t ( ours be modifi$4 ,x is an error to suppose ^! actions are ess5tially di/+ui%$ f ! volunt>y movem5t ( ! h&s4 ,we h acquir$ a p[] ( def9ite direction 9 ! movem5ts ( ! h&s1 :i* r5d]s !m ob$i5t to our w2 b ?is acquisition has be5 ( sl[ labori\s gr[?4 ,if we 7 ask$ to use our toes z we use our f+]s--to grasp1 pa9t1 sew1 or write ) !m1 we %\ld f9d x n less impossible to control ! movem5ts ( ! toes 9 ^! directions1 ?an to contract ! iris1 or cause a bur/ ( p]spiration to break =?4 ,c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! toes are possible to u2 b unless ! loss ( our f+]s has made x necess>y t we %\ld use our toes 9 complicat$ & sl[ly acquir$ movem5ts1 we c d no m ) !m ?an ! "y infant c d ) 8 f+]s4 ,yet m5 & wom5 h writt51 sew$1 & pa9t$ ) _! toes4 ,all t is requisite is t c]ta9 l9ks %\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 s5sations & movem5ts2 by cont9ual practice ^! l9ks are e/abli%$2 & :at is impossible to ! majority ( m51 becomes easy to ! individual :o has acquir$ ?is p[]4 ,?is same p[] c be acquir$ ov] :at are call$ ! organic actions2 nev]!less ! habitual ne$s ( life d n t5d t[>ds su* acquisition1 & )\t "s /rong curr5t sett+ 9 t direction1 or "s peculi>ity ( organization r5d]+ x easy1 x is nev] acquir$4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances ! numb] ( ^? :o c write ) _! toes is extremely r>e1 ! urg5t necessity :i* w\ld create su* a p[] be+ r>e2 & r>e also are ! examples ( ^? :o h any control ov] ! movem5t ( ! iris1 or ! action ( a gl&2 b bo? r>ities exi/4 ,x w\ld be difficult to *oose a m /rik+ example ( reflex action ?an ! contraction ( ! iris ( ! eye "u ! /imulus ( light2#bad & to ord9>y m51 hav+ no l9k e/abli%$ :i* w\ld guide !m1 x is utt]ly impossible to close ! iris by any ef=t4 ,x w\ld be n less impossible to ! hungry *ild to get on ! *air & rea* ! food on ! table1 until t *ild _h le>n$ h[ to d s4 ,yet !re are m5 :o h le>n$ h[ to contract ! iris4 ,! celebrat$ ,fontana _h ?is p[]2 :i* is possess$ also by a m$ical man n[ liv+ at ,kilm>nock--,dr4 ,paxton--a fact au!nticat$ by no less a p]son ?an ,dr4 ,all5 ,?omson4#bae ,dr4 ,paxton c contract or exp& ! iris at w1 )\t *ang+ ! position ( 8 eye1 & )\t an ef=t ( adaptation to di/ance4 ,to move ! e>s is impossible to mo/ m54 ,yet "s d x ) ease1 & all c\ld le>n to d x4 ,"s m5 h le>n$ to 8rum9ate0 _! food2 o!rs to vomit ) ease2 & "s are said to h ! p[] ( p]spir+ at w4#baf ,n[1 if once we recognize a l9k ( s5sation & motion1 we recognize a possible s\rce ( control2 & if ! daily ne$s ( life 7 su* t to fulfil "s purpose ! action ( ! he>t requir$ control1 we %\ld le>n to control x4 ,"s m5 h1 )\t su* ne$s1 le>n$ h[ to control x4 ,! em95t physiologi/1 ,e4 ,f4 ,web] ( ,leipzig1 f\nd t he c\ld completely *eck ! beat+ ( 8 he>t4 ,by susp5d+ 8 brea? & viol5tly contract+ 8 *e/1 he c\ld ret>d ! pulsations2 & aft] ?ree or five beats1 unaccompani$ by any ( ! usual s\nds1 x 0 completely /ill4 ,on "o occasion he c>ri$ ! exp]im5t too f>1 & fell into a syncope4 ,*eyne1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 record$ ! case ( a pati5t ( 8 own :o c\ld at w susp5d ! beat+ ( 8 pulse1 & always fa9t$ :5 he did s4 #fe4 ,x ?us appe>s t ev5 ! actions :i* mo/ di/9ctly be> ! "* recogniz$ z involunt>y--uncontrollable--are only s because ! ord9>y processes ( life furni% no necessity = _! control4 ,we d n le>n to control !m1 ?\gh we c\ld d s1 to "s ext5t2 nor d we le>n to control ! motions ( our e>s1 al?\gh we c\ld d s4 ,& :ile x appe>s t ! involunt>y actions c become volunt>y1 x is famili> to all t ! volunt>y actions t5d1 by con/ant repetition1 to become involunt>y4 ,?us involunt>y actions1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 may be controll$2 on ! o!r h&1 ! volunt>y are incapable ( be+ controll$ "u ! urg5cy ( direct /imulation4 ,bo? are reflexes4 ,inasmu* z almo/ all actions are ! products ( /imulat$ n]ve-c5tres1 x is obvi\s t ^! actions are reflex--reflect$ f ^? c5tres4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ,i w9k because a s5sation ( dryness1 or because an idea ( dang]1 causes ! eyelid to close3 ! act is equally reflex4 ,! n]ve-c5tre :i* supplies ! eyelid ) its n]ve has be5 /imulat$2 ! /imuli may be v>i\s1 ! act is uni=m4 ,at "o "t ! /imulus is a s5sation ( dryness1 at ano!r an idea ( dang]1 at ano!r ! idea ( communicat+ by means ( a w9k ) "s "o pres5t2 9 ea* case ! /imulus is reflect$ 9 a muscul> contraction4 ,s5sations excite o!r s5sations2 ideas excite o!r ideas2 & "o ( ^! ideas may issue 9 an action ( control4 ,b ! re/ra9+ p[] is limit$1 & _c resi/ a c]ta9 degree ( urg5cy 9 ! orig9al /imulus4 ,i c1 = a "t1 re/ra9 ! act ( w9k+1 9 spite ( ! s5sation ( dryness2 b ! reflex :i* sets go+ ?is re/ra9+ action w only la/ a few seconds2 aft] :i*1 ! urg5cy ( ! ext]nal /imulus is /rong] ?an t ( ! reflex feel+--! s5sation ( dryness is m imp]i\s ?an ! idea ( resi/ance--& ! eyelid drops4 ,if a knife be br\ght ne> ! arm ( a man :o has little confid5ce 9 ! fri5dly int5tions ( him t holds x1 he %r9ks1 & ! %r9k+ is 8involunt>y10 i4 e4 9 spite ( 8 w4 ,let him h confid5ce1 & he does n %r9k1 ev5 :5 ! knife t\*es 8 sk94 ,! idea ( dang] is n excit$ 9 ! second case1 or if excit$1 is at once bani%$ by ano!r idea4 ,yet ?is v man1 :o c ?us repress ! involunt>y %r9k+ :5 ! knife approa*es 8 arm1 _c repress ! involunt>y w9k+ :5 ! same fri5d approa*es a f+] to 8 eye4 ,9 va9 he prep>es himself to resi/ t reflex action2 9 va9 he resolves to resi/ ! impulse2 no soon] does ! f+] approa*1 ?an d[n fla%es ! eyelid4 ,_m m51 & mo/ wom51 w\ld be equally unable to resi/ %r9k+ on ! approa* ( a knife3 ! association ( ! idea ( dang] ) ! knife w\ld be> d[n any previ\s resolution n to %r9k4 ,x is f ?is cause t timor\s wom5 tremble at ! approa* ( fire>ms4 ,an association is e/abli%$ 9 _! m9ds :i* no idea is p[]ful en\gh to loos54 ,y may assure !m ! gun is n load$2 8t makes v little diff]5ce10 said a nave old lady to a fri5d ( m9e4 ,!y tremble1 z ! *ild trembles :5 he sees y put on ! mask4 ,^! illu/rations %[ t ! urg5cy ( any "o idea may1 l ! urg5cy ( a s5sation1 be> d[n ! resi/ance (f]$ by "s o!r idea2 z ! previ\s illu/rations %[$ t an idea c\ld re/ra9 or control ! action :i* a s5sation or idea w\ld o!rwise h produc$4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9es curr5t1 ! ,w is said to be op]ative :5 an idea det]m9es an action2 & yet all w\ld agree t ! w9k+ :i* 0 involunt>y :5 ! idea ( dang] det]m9$ x1 0 volunt>y :5 ! idea ( communicat+ ) an accomplice 9 "s my/ification det]m9$ x4 #ff4 ,!re is no real & ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y actions4 ,!y all spr+ f ,s5sibility4 ,!y are all det]m9$ by feel+4 ,x is conv5i5t1 = common purposes1 to designate "s actions z volunt>y2 b ?is is m]ely a conv5i5ce2 no psy*ological nor physiological insight is ga9$ by x2 an analysis ( ! process discloses no elem5t 9 a volunt>y action :i* is n to be f\nd 9 an involunt>y action--except 9 ! orig9 or degree ( /imulation4 ,9 ord9>y language x is conv5i5t to m>k a di/9ction betwe5 my rais+ my arm because ,i w to raise x = "s def9ite purpose1 & my rais+ x because a bee has /ung me2 x is conv5i5t to say1 8,i w to write ?is lett]10 & 8?is lett] is writt5 aga9/ my w--,i h no w 9 ! matt]40 ,b ,sci5ce is m exact+ :5 x aims at be+ exact2 & ! philosoph]1 analyz+ ^! complex actions1 w f9d t 9 ea* case c]ta9 muscul> gr\ps h be5 set 9 action by diff]5t s5sational or ideational /imuli4 ,! action itself is t ( a neuro-muscul> me*anism1 :i* me*anism works 9 ! same way1 :atev] be ! s\rce ( ! orig9al impulse4 ,! /imulation may be incit$ directly f ! p]iph]y1 or indirectly f a remote c5tre2 & ! action may be arre/$ by a p]iph]al or c5tral /imulation3 ! reflex :i* ord9>ily foll[s ! excitation ( a s5sory n]ve w be modifi$1 or arre/$1 if "s o!r n]ve be at ! same "t /imulat$4 7,see ,law ( ,arre/1 ,prob4 ,,ii4 #aij47 #fg4 ,all actions are reflex1 all are ! op]ations ( a me*anism1 all are s5ti5t1 because ! me*anism has ,s5sibility z its vital prop]ty4 ,9 ?us pres]v+ ! integrity ( ! ord] ( vital ph5om5a1 & keep+ !m classifi$ ap>t f physical & *emical ph5om5a1 we by no means set aside ! useful di/9ctions express$ 9 ! t]ms volunt>y & involunt>y2 any m ?an we set aside ! di/9ction ( v]tebrate & inv]tebrate :5 bo? are class$ "u ,animal1 & sep>at$ f ,plant1 or ,planet4 ,! me*anisms ( ! special ,s5ses respond 9 special reactions2 ! me*anisms ( special actions h also _! sev]al responses4 ,! tail responds to /imulation ) lat]al movem5ts1 ! *e/ ) inspiration & expiration1 & s on4 ,^! responses are call$ automatic1 & h ?is 9 common ) ! actions ( automata t !y are uni=m1 & d n ne$ ! co-op]ation ( ,consci\sness1 ?\gh !y d ne$ ! op]ation ( ,s5sibility1 & are !reby di/+ui%$ f ! actions ( automata4 ,! facial muscles1 & ! limbs1 also respond to /imulation 9 uni=m ways1 b ow+ to ! v>ieties ( /imulation ! actions are m v>iable1 & h m ! "* ( volitional movem5ts4 ,) ?is great] fre$om ( possible action comes ! em95tly m5tal "* ( *oice4 ,9 ! c]ebral rehe>sal ( an act n yet p]=m$--its m5tal prevision--z :5 we int5d to d some?+1 yet = ! mom5t arre/ ! act1 s t !re is only a nasc5t excitation ( ! motor process1 !re is a peculi> /ate ( ,consci\sness expressive ( ?is /ate ( ! me*anism3 we call ! prevision a motive--& x becomes a motor :5 ! int5tion is realiz$1 ! nasc5t excitation becomes an un*eck$ impulse4 ,! ab/ract ( all motives we call ,w4 ,a motive is a volition 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,intellect4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ,emotion x is a motor4 ,h5ce we nev] speak ( ! ,w ( a mollusc1 or ! motives ( an insect1 only ( _! s5sations & motors4 ,yet x is obvi\s t ! reflex 9 op]ation :5 a snail %r9ks at ! approa* ( an object is ess5tially simil> to ! reflex 9 op]ation :5 ! baby %r9ks1 & ?is aga9 is /ill m simil> to t 9 op]ation :5 ! boy %r9ks3 ! boy has ! idea ( dang]1 :i* nei!r baby nor snail c h2 ! idea is a motive1 :i* c be controll$ by ano!r idea2 ! baby & ! snail c h no su* motive1 no su* control--are !y !re=e automata8 #fh4 ,if ,i see t a donkey has w&]$ into my g>d51 ! motive :i* det]m9es me to take a /ick & ) x drive ! donkey away is a c]ebral rehe>sal ( ! effects :i* w foll[ my act4 ,! sight ( ! donkey has r\s$ disagreeable feel+s1 & ^! sugge/ possible means ( alleviation2 out ( ^! possibilities--reproductions ( =m] exp]i5ces--,i *oose "o4 ,b if ,i seize ! /ick ) :i* "s "o is ?reat5+ me1 ,i d n pause to *oose1 ,i snat* automatically )\t hesitation4 ,yet ?is unreflect+ automatic act is itself z truly volitional z my seiz+ ! /ick to drive away ! donkey--x is ! motor :i* has be5 organiz$ 9 me by previ\s exp]i5ces--x is ! consequ5ce ( an emotion1 n ( a delib]ation2 & x has n be5 det]m9$ by any cle> prevision ( consequ5ces4 ,feel+ inspires1 & feel+ guides my movem5ts1 s t if my snat* has miss$ ! /ick1 ,i snat* aga91 or duck "u4 ,?is is ! k9d ( ,volition we ascribe to animals4 ,x is a great "p ( our own4 ,by ins5sible degrees1 acts :i* orig9ally 7 prompt$ by motives s9k into ! automatic class prompt$ by motors4 ,:5 an angry man snat*es up a knife1 d(fs by/&]s aside1 & ru%es on 8 enemy to /ab him1 he does n di/9ctly prefigure ! f9al result1 he only obeys ea* motor1 & is consci\s ( ea* /ep2 b _h he plann$ ! murd] he w\ld h =ese5 ! end1 & ?is prevision w\ld h be5 ! motive4 ,! angry man is /ruck ) horror at ! sight ( ! ble$+ corpse1 & passionately decl>es he did n mean to kill4 ,nor did he w ! consequ5ces ( 8 act1 yet he c]ta9ly will$ ea* sep>ate /ep--he recogniz$ ! knife1 saw ! by/&]s1 knew !y w\ld int]f]e ) him1 will$ to pu% !m aside4 ,he may be "r 9 decl>+ t ! act 0 involunt>y2 b assur$ly x 0 n purely me*anical4 #fi4 ,aga91 we are n consci\s ( ! sep>ate s5sations :i* guide spee* or writ+2 we _c prop]ly be said to w ! utt]ance ( ea* tone1 or ! =mation ( ea* lett]4 ,are ^! processes me*anical & n volitional8 ,by no means4 ,we "k t !y 7 labori\sly le>n$ by long t5tative ef=ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 accompani$ by di/9ct consci\sness4 ,we also "k t n[ :5 ! me*anism is s easy 9 its adju/m5t z to sugge/ automatism1 !re ne$s b a slight alt]ation 9 ! conditions to make u di/9ctly consci\s ( ! processes--! wrong ^w spok51 or "o lett] ill =m$1 suffices to arre/ ! easy work+ ( ! me*anism4 ,a simil> me*anism op]ates 9 ?9k+1 :i* also lapses f ! consci\s & volunt>y to ! unconsci\s & involunt>y /ate4 ,! logical process ( ,judgm5t is z purely a reflex f "o neural gr\p to ano!r1 z ! physiological process ( co-ord9ation4 ,9 ord9>y ?9k+ we are z little consci\s ( ! p>ticul> /eps--our int]e/ be+ conc5trat$ on ! result--z we are ( ! p>ticul> /ages ( an action4 ,! adju/m5ts ( ! me*anism ( ,reproduction & ,association are set go+ by a motive1 & kept go+ by psy*ological motors4 ,& "h--z 9 bodily actions--!re is (t5 a conflict betwe5 motive & motors--betwe5 ! =ese5 result1 & ! available means ( rea*+ x--! motors usually prevail+ because !y repres5t ! active side ( ! me*anism4 ,?us :5 an oculi/ wi%es to exam9e a pati5t's eye1 he does n tell him to give a p>ticul> direction to 8 eye1 kn[+ t ! motive to d s w n suffice2 in/ead ( ?is he simply moves 8 own h& 9 ! desir$ direction1 c]ta9 t ! eye w by reflex irresi/ibly foll[ x4 ,nay1 !re are sometimes su* anomalies ( inn]vation t ! eye1 in/ead ( obey+ ! motive1 moves 9 a contr>y direction4 ,mes*$e m5tions a pati5t ^: movem5ts 7 mo/ly ( ?is anomal\s k9d3 :5 he will$ to move ! eyes to ! "r1 !y mov$ to ! left2 :5 he will$ to move !m up1 !y mov$ d[n4 ,x 0 ?us also ) 8 h&s & feet4 ,yet he 0 di/9ctly consci\s t 8 int5tion _h be5 fru/rat$1 & t he act$ 8because he c\ld n help x40#bag ,h[ ins5sibly a motive s9ks into a motor1 t is to say1 a volunt>y into an involunt>y act1 may be recogniz$ 9 spee*1 writ+1 s++1 walk+1 etc41 & 9 ! incessant movem5ts ( ! eye 9 fix+ objects4 ,aub]t has well rem>k$ t we only give def9ite movem5ts to ! eye :5 we wi% to see an object di/9ctly4 ,:5ev] ! indi/9ct vision suffices--z 9 walk+ ?r\gh ! /reets occupi$ 9 conv]sation or ?\ght--we make no su* movem5ts2 b no soon] does any object excite our att5tion1 ?an ! ef=t to fix t object at once excites ! necess>y reflex4#bah #gj4 ,by ! ,w1 !n1 we mu/ und]/& ! ab/ract g5]aliz$ expression ( ! impulses :i* det]m9e actions1 :5 ^? impulses h an ideal orig92 by ,volition ! /ill m g5]aliz$ expression ( all impulses :i* det]m9e actions4 ,! "o class is t ( motives ) ideal elem5ts2 ! o!r t ( motors ) s5sational or emotional elem5ts4 ,b bo? are m5tal /ates1 bo? are neural processes 9 a s5ti5t organism2 nei!r is me*anical1 except 9 s f> z all actions are expressible 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,= conv5i5ce we class actions z reflex1 automatic1 involunt>y1 unconsci\s1 volunt>y1 & consci\s4 ,if we sep>ate ! reflex f ! volunt>y1 we ne$ n !re=e dissociate ! =m] f ,s5sibility2 & ! reason :y we ought n to sep>ate x is t we "k x to be s5se-guid$ f fir/ to la/1 al?\gh ! s5sations may escape discrim9ation4 ,! feel+ ( ,ef=t1 :i* 0 =m]ly felt :5 an action 0 p]=m$1 may h become s m9imiz$ t x is too fa9t = m ?an a mom5t>y consci\sness1 too evanesc5t = ! memory to reta9 x2 yet ! feel+ mu/ always be op]ant :5 its me*anism is 9 action4 ,! ease ) :i* ! me*anism works does n *ange ! adju/m5t ( its elem5ts1 nor alt] its "*4 ,! facile unobtrusive p]=mance ( a vital function does n *ange x f a vital to a me*anical act4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems to me to express himself ambigu\sly :5 he says3 8,j z any set ( psy*ical *anges orig9ally display+ ,memory1 ,reason1 & ,feel+ cease to be consci\s1 rational1 & emotional z fa/ z !y by repetition gr[ closely organiz$1 s d !y at ! same "t pass beyond ! sph]e ( ,volition4 ,memory1 ,reason1 ,feel+1 & ,w disappe> 9 proportion z psy*ical *anges become automatic0#bai--;= :ile x is p]fectly true t we only call ^? psy*ical *anges 8automatic0 :i* h lo/ ! special qualities call$ 8consci\s1 rational1 & emotional10 x is n less true t !y rema9 f fir/ to la/ psy*ical *anges1 & are !reby di/+ui%$ f physical *anges4 ,to suppose t !y pass f ! psy*ical to ! physical by frequ5t repetition w\ld lead to ! mon/r\s conclusion t :5 a naturali/ has by labori\s /udy become s famili>iz$ ) ! specific m>ks ( an animal or plant t he c recognize at a glance a p>ticul> species1 or recognize f a s+le "* ! nature ( ! re/1 ! rapidity & c]ta9ty ( ?is judgm5t proves x to be a me*anical1 n a m5tal act4 ,! intuition ) :i* a ma!matician sees ! solution ( a problem w\ld !n be a me*anical process1 :ile ! sl[ & bungl+ hesitation ( ! tyro 9 pres5ce ( ! same problem w\ld be a m5tal process3 ! p]fection ( ! organism w\ld ?us result 9 its degradation to ! level ( a ma*9e6 ,! op]ations ( ! intellect may furni% u ) an illu/ration4 ,ideas are symbols ( s5sations4 ,! idea ( a horse is an ab/raction easily traceable to concrete s5sations1 yet z an ab/raction is s diff]5t a /ate ( feel+ t we only id5tify x ) its concretes by a c>eful /udy ( its /ages ( evolution1 namely1 s5sation1 image1 reproduc$ images resembl+ yet diff]+ f ! orig9al s5sation1 a coalesc5ce ( _! resemblances1 & f9ally ! sub/itution ( a v]bal symbol = ^! images4 ,) ?is symbol ! intellect op]ates1 & sometimes op]ates s exclusively ) x t n ! fa9te/ trace ( image or s5sation is appreciable--! ^w horse takes ! place ( ! image 9 ! sequ5ce ( s5sorial processes1 j z ! image takes ! place ( ! s5sation4 ,x does ?is z a neural equival5t4 ,9 ! same way we sub/itute v]bal symbols = a bag ( sov]eigns :5 we pay a cr$itor ) a *eck2 he pays ! *eck away to ano!r2 & ?is monet>y equival5t passes f h& to h& )\t a s+le co9 mak+ its appe>ance4 ,does ! transaction cease to be comm]cial1 monet>y1 9 ?is sub/itution ( signs8 ,no2 nor does a process cease to be psy*ical :5 an image is sub/itut$ = a s5sation1 & a v]bal symbol = an image4 ,?is e "o w admit4 ,mu/ we n g fur!r1 & ext5d ! admission to automatic actions :i* orig9ally 7 volunt>y1 & h n[ lo/ all trace ( ideal prevision1 & almo/ all traces ( accompany+ consci\sness8 ,! motor me*anism has its symbols also2 9 ?is s5se1 t :]eas ! action :i* at fir/ ne$$ complex s5sorial processes to set x go+ & keep x go+1 is n[ det]m9$ by a s+le "o ( ^? processes tak+ ! place ( _! resultant4 ,:5 a practis$ acc\ntant runs 8 eye up a column ( figures1 he does n pause to realize ! values ( ^? figures by decompos+ ! symbols into _! num]ical units1 he simply gr\ps "o symbol ) ano!r accord+ to _! intuit$ relations1 & ! f9al result is rea*$ ) a c]ta9ty n less1 & a rapidity f> great]1 ?an if x _h be5 rea*$ by /ep-by-/ep v]ification4 ,x is ?us ) ! pian(orte-play]4 ,x is ?us ) all automatic p]=mances1 except ^? dep5d5t on ! connate adju/m5ts ( ! me*anism4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$4 #ga4 ,if ! prec$+ attempt to dis5gage ! "q f ! ambiguities ( its t]ms has be5 successful1 we %all f9d little difficulty 9 rationally int]pret+ all ! facts adduc$ 9 favor ( ,animal ,automatism1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a me*anical !ory ( biological ph5om5a4 ,! objections to t !ory are t x employs t]ms :i* h v mislead+ connotations ev5 :5 !y d n d5ote ph5om5a ( widely diff]5t ord]s2 s t ! moral repugnance commonly felt at ! attempt to treat ! animal organism z if x 7 a ma*9e1 is su/a9$ by ! intellectual repugnance at ! attempt to expla9 biological ph5om5a on pr9ciples d]iv$ f ph5om5a ( a simpl] ord]4 ,rem>k1 9 pass+1 ?is piquant contradiction3 ! ,automaton !ory ( ,desc>tes1 :5 appli$ to ! animals1 g5]ally excit$ ridicule or repulsion2 :]eas ! f> m inconsi/5t & me*anical !ory ( ,reflex ,action has be5 almo/ univ]sally welcom$ z a great discov]y1 ?\gh x bani%es ! ,s5sibility :i* ,desc>tes pres]v$4 ,& fur!r1 ! philosoph]s :o mo/ l\dly prote/$ aga9/ ! idea t animals 7 ma*9es1 7 ! philosoph]s :o mo/ insi/$ t ^! animals 7 made1 n evolv$--plann$ by _! mak]1 z a wat* is plann$ by its mak]1 ) a di/9ct purpose & prevision 9 ! disposition ( e "p2 :]eas ! philosoph]s :o mo/ emphatically reject ?is notion ( organisms be+ made1 are (t5 ^? :o lik5 organisms to ma*9es4 #gb4 ,! p>adox prop\nd$ by ,desc>tes loses mu* ( its /rang5ess :5 we und]/& 8 mean+4 ,its t]ms are infelicit\s because ( _! mislead+ connotations4 ,:5 he says t all ! actions ( animals :i* seem to be due to ,consci\sness are 9 fact produc$ on ! same pr9ciples z ^? ( a ma*9e1 he means t animals h n s\ls to direct _! actions2 b s9ce1 on be+ que/ion$1 he is ready to admit t animals h s5sation1 p]ception1 emotion1 & memory1 8 d5ial ( _! s\ls practically comes to mu* ! same z ! ord9>y position t animals h n ,?\ght nor ,consci\sness ( ,self4#bbj ,! admission ( s5sation is1 h[ev]1 q en\gh to m>k ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 an organism & a ma*9e4 #gc4 ,x 0 really a great /ep tak5 by ,desc>tes :5 he direct$ att5tion to ! fact t all animal actions 7 execut$ 9 /rict con=mity ) me*anical pr9ciples1 because bo? be=e 8 "t1 & s9ce1 we may obs]ve a great disreg>d ( ! animal me*anism1 & a disposition to int]pret ! ph5om5a on metaphysical pr9ciples4 ,b ! connotations ( ! t]m 8ma*9e0 7 su* z to lead ! m9d away f ! special conditions ( ! vital me*anism1 & fix x exclusively on ! g5]al conditions ( ma*9]y4 ,h5ce 8 oppon5ts misund]/ood him1 & "s ( 8 foll[]s made ! same ov]sight1 & end$ by elim9at+ s5sation altoge!r4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is me*anical po9t ( view1 to ! exclusion ( ! biological1 ,?\ght & ev5 ,consci\sness h be5 elim9at$ f among ! organic ag5cies1 & are said to h no m influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ev5 human actions ?an ! :i/le ( ! /eam-eng9e has 9 direct+ ! locomotive4 ,!re are ?us two metaphysiological !ories4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 ,consci\sness directs inde$ ! actions ( ! organism1 b is n itself an organic process--x sits ap>t1 l a musical p]=m] play+ on an in/rum5t4 ,accord+ to ! o!r1 x is n a direct+ ag5cy1 b an accessory product ( c]ta9 organic processes1 :i* processes may g on q z well )\t any accompanim5t & int]f]5ce ( ,consci\sness4 #gd4 ,two obs]vations arise "h4 ,fir/1 we obs]ve a want ( due recognition ( ! objective & subjective aspects1 & _! respective crit]ia4 ,secondly1 we obs]ve m5tal facts ( irresi/ible c]ta9ty int]pret$ by mat]ial hypo!ses ( que/ionable value2 & n only s1 b a high] validity is assign$ to ! mat]ial hypo!ses ?an to ! m5tal facts !y are inv5t$ to expla94 ,t we are consci\s1 & t our actions are det]m9$ by s5sations1 emotions1 & ideas1 are facts :i* may or may n be expla9$ by ref]5ce to mat]ial conditions1 b :i* no mat]ial explanation c r5d] m c]ta94 ,t animals resemble u 9 ?is z 9 o!r respects is an induction ( ! highe/ probability4 ,x is also a fact t _m actions take place1 z we say1 unconsci\sly & involunt>ily2 & t "s take place n[ consci\sly1 n[ unconsci\sly4 ,^! facts also we endeavor to expla93 & :5 we f9d t "s ( ! unconsci\s & involunt>y actions take place aft] ! bra9 has be5 remov$1 ?is is int]pret$ on ! mat]ial hypo!sis ( ! bra9 be+ ! sole seat ( s5sation & consci\sness2 & is urg$ 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis t consci\sness _c be an ag5t 9 ! me*anism4 ,"h ! confusion ( objective & subjective aspects is pat5t4 ,consci\sness z a subjective fact _c be a mat]ial or objective fact4 ,b may x n be ano!r aspect ( t :i* is objective8 ,s long z we are deal+ ) ! objective aspect1 we h no?+ b mat]ial processes 9 a mat]ial me*anism be=e u4 ,a *ange )9 ! organism is caus$ by a neural /imulation1 & ! result+ action is a reflex on ! muscles4 ,"h !re is simply a transf]5ce ( motion by a mat]ial me*anism4 ,!re is 9 ?is no evid5ce ( a subjective ag5cy2 !re c\ld be none4 ,b :5 we come to inve/igate ! process1 we f9d t x diff]s f simil> processes 9 anorganisms1 by ! necess>y co-op]ation ( special conditions1 & among ^!--! vital conditions--!re are ^? :i* 9 _! subjective aspect we express n 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 b 9 t]ms ( ,feel+1 i4 e4 n 9 objective b 9 subjective t]ms4 ,i see a /one move on be+ /ruck2 ,i also see a man %r9k on be+ /ruck1 & he> a dog h[l on be+ kick$4 ,i d n inf] t ! /one feels z ! man & dog feel1 because ,i "k ! /one & ! dog to be diff]5tly con/itut$1 & inf] a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 _! reactions4 ,i inf] t ! man & dog feel1 because ,i "k !y are l myself1 & conclude t :at ,i feel !y feel1 "u l conditions4 #ge4 ,desc>tes says t animals are s5sitive automata4 ,!y always act z we sometimes act1 i4 e4 :5 we are n consci\s ( :at we d1 z 9 s++1 walk+1 play+ ! piano1 etc4 ,we are said to d ^! ?+s me*anically1 automatically1 & h5ce ! conclusion t ^! actions are ^? ( a pure me*anism4 ,b x w\ld be tru] to say t we nev] act me*anically1 we always act organically4 8,:5 "o :o falls f a height ?r[s 8 h&s =w>ds to save 8 head10 says ,desc>tes1 8x is 9 virtue ( no ratioc9ation t he p]=ms ?is action0 7t dep5ds on ! def9ition3 9 ! ,logic ( ,feel+ !re is a process ( ratioc9ation id5tical ) t 9 ! ,logic ( ,signs74 8,x does n dep5d ^u 8 m9d0 7aga9 a "q ( def9ition71 8b takes place m]ely because 8 s5ses be+ affect$ by pres5t dang]0 7s5ses1 !n1 h a p]ception ( dang]87 8"s *ange arises 9 8 bra9 :i* det]m9es ! animal spirits to pass !nce into ! n]ves 9 su* a mann] z is requir$ to produce ?is motion1 9 ! same way z 9 a ma*9e1 & )\t 8 m9d be+ able to h9d] x4 ,n[ s9ce we obs]ve ?is 9 ourselves1 :y %\ld we be s mu* a/oni%$ if ! light reflect$ f ! body ( a wolf into ! eye ( a %eep has ! same =ce to excite 9 x ! motion ( flight80 ,"h1 bo? 9 ! case ( ! man & ! %eep1 !re is presuppos$ ! v m5tal exp]i5ce :i* is d5i$4 ,! "y *ild w n ?r[ out its arm to protect itself2 b aft] _m exp]i5ces ( fall+ & /umbl+1 !re is an organiz$ p]ception ( ! imp5d+ dang]1 & ! means ( av]t+ x1 & x is ?is :i* det]m9es ! ?r[+ out ( ! arms4 ,if ?is is n a m5tal fact--a process ( judgm5t--!n ! logical conclusion by :i* a f9anci] on he>+ a w> rumor ord]s 8 brok] to sell /ock1 is n a m5tal fact4 ,! light reflect$ f ! body ( a wolf w\ld n di/urb ! %eep unless its own1 or its inh]it$ organiz$ exp]i5ce 7 ready !re to respond4 ,b ?is organiz$ exp]i5ce1 y say1 ent]s into ! me*anism8 ,yes2 b x _c be made to ent] into ! me*anism ( an automaton1 because h[ev] complex t me*anism may be1 & h[ev] capable ( v>iety ( action1 x is con/ruct$ solely = def9ite actions on calculat$ l9es3 all its readju/m5ts mu/ h be5 =ese51 x is incapable ( adju/+ itself to un=ese5 circum/ances4 ,h5ce e int]ruption 9 ! pre>rang$ ord] ei!r ?r[s x out ( ge>1 or br+s x to a /&/ill4 ,x is regulat$1 n self-regulat+4 ,! organism1 on ! contr>y--conspicu\sly s 9 its m complex =ms--is v>iable1 self-regulat+1 incalculable4 ,x has selective adaptation 7p4 #bba7 respond+ readily & effici5tly to novel & un=ese5 circum/ances2 acquir+ new modes ( comb9ation & reaction4 ,an automaton t w le>n by exp]i5ce1 & adapt itself to conditions n calculat$ = 9 its con/ruction1 has yet to be made2 till x is made1 we mu/ d5y t organisms are ma*9es4 ,automatism 9 ! organism implies ,memory & ,p]ception4 ,a sudd5 contact--a sudd5 noise--a vague =m se5 9 ! twilight w excite ! me*anism accord+ to its organiz$ exp]i5ces4 ,we />t automatically1 be=e we automatically int]pret ! cause2 we />t fir/1 & !n ask1 ,:at is t8 ,b we d n always />t at s\nds or sights :i* h no association ) previ\s exp]i5ces4 ,! *ild & ! man bo? see ! fall+ glass1 b ! *ild does n automatically /ret* out a h& to save ! glass4 ,hav+ once le>n$ ! action ( swimm+ or billi>d-play+1 we automatically execute ^!2 )\t consci\sly rememb]+ ! rules1 we unconsci\sly obey !m2 ea* feel+ z x rises is l9k$ on to ano!r1 ea* muscle is comb9$ ) o!rs 9 a rememb]$ syn!sis4 #gf4 ,kempel5's *ess-play] surpris$ ! public1 b e in/ruct$ physiologi/ pres5t knew t 9 "s way or o!r its movem5ts 7 direct$ by a human m9d2 simply because no ma*9e c\ld possibly h respond$ to ! un=ese5 fluctuations ( ! human m9d oppos$ to x4 ,ev5 ! m9d ( a dog or a savage w\ld be incompet5t to pass beyond ! range ( its previ\s exp]i5ces1 incompet5t to seize ! significance ( an adv]s>y's moves on ! *essbo>d4 ,n[ j z we conclude t m5tal ag5cy is ess5tial to a game ( *ess1 s we conclude t ,s5sibility is ess5tial to ! fluctuat+ responses ( an organism "u un=ese5 circum/ances4 ,we c conceive an automaton dog t w\ld b>k at ! pres5ce ( a begg>2 b n ( an automaton dog t w\ld b>k "o day at ! begg> & ! next day wag 8 tail1 rememb]+ ! food & patt+ t begg> _h be/[$4 ,s9ce all we "k ( ma*9es =bids ! idea ( _! be+ capable ( adju/+ _! actions to new circum/ances1 or ( evok+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce new p[]s ( comb9ation1 we conclude t :]ev] ?is capability ( adaptation is pres5t !re is an ag5cy 9 op]ation :i* does n belong to ! class ( me*anical ag5cies4 ,goltz has %[n t a frog depriv$ ( its bra9 manife/s s mu* ( vision z enables x to avoid ob/acles--leap+ to ! "r or to ! left ( a book plac$ 9 its pa?4 ,?is ,pr(essor ,huxley reg>ds z purely me*anical3--8,al?\gh ! frog appe>s to h no s5sation ( light1 visible objects act ^u ! motor me*anism ( its body40 ,%\ld we n r conclude t if ! frog _h no s5sation1 no su* effect w\ld foll[8 because al?\gh a ma*9e might be con/ruct$ to respond to v>iations ( light & %ad[s1 none c\ld be con/ruct$ 7)\t ,s5sibility7 to respond to ! fluctuat+ conditions z an organism responds4#bba ,7 ! reflex actions ( ! organism purely me*anical--i4 e4 involv+ none ( ^? fluctuat+ adju/m5ts :i* *>act]ize ,s5sibility--! effect w\ld be uni=m1 & proportional to ! impact2 b x is v>iable1 & proportional to ! /atic condition ( ! n]v\s c5tres at ! mom5t4 ,exagg]ate ?is--by /ry*n9e1 = in/ance--& ! slighte/ t\* on ! sk9 w produce g5]al convulsions4 ,l[] x--by an an/hetic--& no reflex at all w foll[ a /imulus4 ,9 an/hesia ( ! muc\s membrane1 no reflex ( ! eyelid1 no secretion ( te>s1 foll[s on ! irritation ( ! membrane2 no sneez+ foll[s irritation ( ! inside ( ! nose2 no vomit+ foll[s irritation ( ! fauces4 #gg4 ,! "q has long ceas$ to be :e!r ! organism is a me*anism4 ,to ! physiologi/ x is ?is be=e all ?+s4 ,to ! psy*ologi/ also x has ( late ye>s m & m assum$ ?is "*2 because ev5 :5 he po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual entity 9 ! organism b n ( x1 he /ill recognizes ! necessity ( a me*anism = ! execution ( ! acts det]m9$ by ! _s2 & :5 ! psy*ologi/ adopts ! !ory ( spiritual ph5om5a z ! subjective aspect ( :at objectively are mat]ial ph5om5a1 he ( c\rse reg>ds ! bodily me*anism & ! m5tal me*anism z "o & ! same real4 ,?is settl$1 ! problem ( ,automatism may be ?us /at$3 ,grant+ ! animal organism to be a mat]ial me*anism1 & all its actions due to ! op]ation ( t me*anism1 are we to conclude t x is an automaton ess5tially resembl+ ! automata we con/ruct1 ! movem5ts ( :i* may1 or may n1 be accompani$ by ,feel+1 b are 9 no case det]m9$ by ,feel+8 ,desc>tes says t animals are s5sitive automata4 ,pr(essor ,huxley says t bo? animals & m5 are s5sitive & consci\s automata2 s t mislead+ z ! language ( ,desc>tes & ,pr(essor ,huxley (t5 is 9 :at its t]ms connote1 we d !m great inju/ice if we suppose !m to h ov]look$ ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 organisms & ma*9es :i* h be5 set =? ) s mu* emphasis 9 a prec$+ *apt]2 & ! read] is reque/$ to und]/& t )\t pret5d+ to say h[ mu* ! inevitable connotation ( _! language expresses _! op9ions1 & h[ mu* x may h only l$ to _! be+ misund]/ood1 my criticisms are direct$ aga9/ ?is connotation & ?is int]pretation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,is ,,feel+ ,,an ,,ag5t8 #gh4 ,desc>tes hav+ attribut$ all animal actions to a s5sitive me*anism1 & inde$ all human actions to a simil> me*anism1 endeavor$ to reconcile ?is hypo!sis ) ! irresi/ible facts ( ,consci\sness--:i* assur$ u t our actions1 at lea/1 7 det]m9$ by ,feel+4 ,to ?is end he assum$ t man _h a spiritual pr9ciple ov] & above ! s5ti5t pr9ciple4 ,! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 01 h[ev]1 limit$ to ,?\ght2 ! actions !mselves 7 all p]=m$ by ! automatic me*anism2 s t1 9 /rict logic1 ! conclusion f 8 premises 0 ! same = man z = animals4 ,?is conclusion ,pr(essor ,huxley ann\nc$ 9 8 ,address be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahgdbbb--to ! great sc&al ( ! g5]al public1 :i* did n und]/& him aright2 & to ! sc&al also ( a physiological public1 :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 fail$ to see t x 0 ! legitimate expression ( "o ( _! favorite !ories--! celebrat$ ,reflex ,!ory4 ,n[ al?\gh x is q op5 to any "o to reject ! premises :i* lead to su* a conclusion1 if he sees great] evid5ce aga9/ ! conclusion ?an = ! premises1 x is surely irrational to accept ! premises z ^? ( sci5tific induction1 & yet reject ! conclusion because x endang]s ! /ability ( o!r op9ions8 ,= my own "p1 ,i d n accept ! premises1 & my polemic w h ref]5ce to !m4 #gi4 ,pr(essor ,huxley adopts c]ta9 ,!ses :i* repres5t ! views g5]ally adopt$ by physiologi/s2 to :i* he adds a ,!sis :i* is adopt$ by few1 & :i* he only puts =w>d hypo!tically4 ,aga9/ ^! positions ,i place ,anti!ses1 less g5]ally adopt$1 b :i* 9 my belief approximate m ne>ly to ! inductions ( exp]i5ce4 ,!ses4 ,anti!ses4 ,i4 ,!re c be no s5sation ,i4 ,!re is s5sation )\t )\t consci\sness4 consci\sness1 if consci\sness means a special mode ( ,s5ti5ce4 ,,ii4 ,!re c be no ,,ii4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! bra9 consci\sness )\t ! is only necess>y = a special co-op]ation ( ! bra94 mode ( ,s5ti5ce2 o!r modes are active :5 ! bra9 is inactive4 ,,iii4 ,s5sation & ,consci\sness ,,iii4 ,unless ! molecul> *anges are 9 "s inexplicable way be limit$ to ! bra9 z ! caus$ by molecul> *anges 9 occasional cause1 !re is ! bra91 foll[+ ^u ^! no foll[+ ( s5sation or z "o ev5t foll[s ano!r1 motion1 no causal l9k betwe5 ! ! causal l9k betwe5 motion two2 b ! neural process is & s5sation be+ a my/]y4 ! s5sation1 view$ objectively1 ! s5sation is ! neural process1 view$ subjectively4 ,9 ?is anti!sis1 ,neural ,process is n limit$ to ! bra91 b comprises ! :ole s5sitive organism z ! effici5t cause4 ,,iv4 ,all actions :i* take place ,,iv4 ,all actions are ! actions ( unconsci\sly are reflex1 & a reflex me*anism1 & all are reflex actions are ! op]ation s5ti5t1 ev5 :5 unconsci\s2 ( an ins5ti5t me*anism2 !y are !re=e nev] purely !y are !re=e z purely me*anical1 b always organical4 me*anical z ^? ( automata4 ,v4 ,! animal body is a reflex ,v4 ,s5ti5ce be+ necess>y to me*anism2 ev5 :5 ! reflex action1 x is necess>ily bra9 co-op]ates ) ! an ag5t4 o!r c5tres1 & produces consci\sness1 ?is product is n an ag5t 9 det]m9+ action1 x is a collat]al result ( ! op]ation4 #hj4 ,! fir/ f\r ,!ses are ^? curr5t 9 our textbooks1 s t x is only ! fif? :i* w h ! air ( a p>adox4 ,nor1 z a p>adox1 is x )\t advocates4 ,s*iff long ago sugge/$ x hypo!tically4 ,h]mann m5tions x z ent]ta9$ by physiologi/s1 :om he does n "n4#bbc ,laycock1 &1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 ,dr4 ,drysdale1 h insi/$ on x2 & ,mr4 ,spald+ has proclaim$ x ) it]at$ emphasis4 ,( ! ,anti!ses no?+ ne$ be said "h1 s9ce ! :ole ( ?is volume is meant to furni% _! evid5ce4 ,i h already /at$ t my polemic is aga9/ ! views t ,pr(essor ,huxley is suppos$ to hold by ^? :om 8 expressions mislead1 r ?an aga9/ ! views ,i imag9e him really to hold4 ,i h little d\bt t he w\ld disav[ mu* t ,i am =c$ to combat1 al?\gh 8 language is naturally int]pret$ 9 t s5se4 ,b ,i d n "k 9 h[ f> he w\ld agree ) me1 & 9 ! foll[+ rem>ks ,i %all conf9e myself to :at seems to be ! pla9 int]pretation ( 8 words1 s9ce t is ! int]pretation :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$1 & :i* ,i mo/ e>ne/ly desire to refute4 #ha4 ,to beg9 ) ?is passage4 ,aft] /at+ ! views ( ,desc>tes1 he says3 8,z actions ( a c]ta9 degree ( complexity are br\ght ab\t by m]e me*anism1 :y may n actions ( /ill great] complexity be ! result ( a m ref9$ me*anism8 ,:at pro( is !re t brutes are o!r ?an a sup]ior race ( m>ionnettes1 :i* eat )\t pleasure1 cry )\t pa91 desire no?+1 "k no?+1 & only simulate intellig5ce z a bee simulates a ma!matician80 ,:at pro(8 ,:y1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pro( :i* is impli$ 9 ! 8m ref9$ me*anism0 requir$ = ! great] complexity ( actions4 ,9 ! next place1 ! pro( t ! organism ( ! brute is v diff]5t f ! me*anism ( a m>ionnette1 & is s mu* m l ! organism ( man1 t s9ce we "k man to eat ) pleasure & cry ) pa91 !re is a /rong presumption t ! brute eats & cries ) some:at simil> feel+s4 #hb4 ,hav+ /at$ ! hypo!sis1 ,pr(essor ,huxley says he is n dispos$ to accept x1 ?\gh he ?9ks x _c be refut$4 ,8 *ief reason = n accept+ x is t ! law ( cont9uity =bids ! supposition ( any complex ph5om5on sudd5ly appe>+2 ! community betwe5 animals & m5 is too close = u to admit t ,consci\sness c\ld appe> 9 man )\t hav+ its beg9n+s 9 animals4 ,f9d+ t animals h bra9s1 he ju/ly concludes t !y also mu/ h bra9 functions2 & !y also !re=e mu/ be cr$it$ ) ,consci\sness4 ,?is argum5t seems to me to h irresi/ible cog5cy2 & to be de/ructive n only ( ! automaton hypo!sis1 b equally ( ! hypo!sis on :i* ! ,reflex ,!ory is f\nd$4 ,if ! law ( cont9uity =bids ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ,consci\sness1 ! law ( simil>ity ( prop]ty ) simil>ity ( /ructure =bids ! supposition t c5tral n]ve-tissue 9 "o "p ( ! sy/em c sudd5ly assume a totally diff]5t prop]ty 9 ano!r "p4 ,if ! bra9 ( an animal1 a bird1 a reptile1 or a fi%--& a =tiori if ! sophageal ganglia ( an insect or a mollusc--may be cr$it$ ) ,s5sibility1 because ( ! fundam5tal simil>ity ( ^! /ructures ) ! /ructures ( ! human bra91 !n surely ! sp9al cord mu/ be cr$it$ ) ,s5sibility2 = ! tissue ( ! sp9al cord is m l t ( ! bra91 ?an ! bra9 ( a reptile is l ! bra9 ( a man4 ,! sudd5 disappe>ance ( all ,s5sibility1 on ! removal ( "o portion ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 w\ld be a violation ( ! law ( cont9uity4 ,& if x be said t ,consci\sness is n ! same z ,s5sibility1 b is a specially evolv$ function ( a specially develop$ organ1 ! answ] w be t ?is is only a diff]5ce ( mode1 & t ! exi/5ce ( ,s5sibility is t :i* r5d]s ! automaton & reflex !ories unt5able4 #hc4 ,pr(essor ,huxley w\ld probably admit ?is2 = h[ev] 8 language may at times seem to po9t to ano!r conclusion1 & is s f> ambigu\s1 he has express$ ! view "h ma9ta9$ ) tol]able di/9ctness 9 ! foll[+ passage1 to :i* p>ticul> att5tion is call$3-- 8,b ?\gh we may see reason to disagree ) ,desc>tes' hypo!sis1 t brutes are unconsci\s ma*9es1 x does n foll[ t he 0 wrong 9 reg>d+ !m z automata4 ,!y may be m or less consci\s s5sitive automata2 & ! view t !y are su* consci\s ma*9es is t :i* is implicitly or explicitly adopt$ by mo/ p]sons4 ,:5 we speak ( ! actions ( ! l[] animals be+ guid$ by in/9ct & n by reason1 :at we really mean is t ?\gh !y feel z we d1 yet _! actions are ! results ( _! physical organization4 ,we believe1 9 %ort1 t !y are ma*9es1 "o "p ( :i* 7! n]v\s sy/em7 n only sets ! re/ 9 motion & co-ord9ates its movem5ts 9 relation ) *anges 9 surr\nd+ bodies1 b is provid$ ) a special app>atus ! function ( :i* is ! call+ into exi/5ce ( ^? /ates ( consci\sness :i* are t]m$ s5sations1 emotions1 & ideas40 #hd4 ,to say t !y are 8consci\s automata0 seems grant+ all t ,i dem&2 b !re are two objectionable positions :i* ! phrase conceals3 fir/1 t ,consci\sness is n a coeffici5t2 & secondly1 t ,reflex ,action is purely me*anical4 ,pr(essor ,huxley n[h]e1 ,i ?9k1 e/abli%es ! di/9ction betwe5 ,consci\sness z a t]m = a special mode ( ,feel+1 & ,consci\sness z ! all-embrac+ t]m = s5ti5t ph5om5a4 ,8 language always implies t an action p]=m$ unconsci\sly is p]=m$ me*anically2 :i* may be acceptable if by unconsci\sly be meant ins5ti5tly4 ,i hold t :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly p]=m$1 ! action is equally vital & s5ti5t4 ,9 ! case he has cit$ ( a soldi] n[ liv+ :o is subject to p]iodic alt]nations ( normal & abnormal /ates1 9 ! latt] /ates all ! actions be+ said to be 8unconsci\s10 we h only to read ! acc\nt to recognize ample evid5ce ( ,s5ti5ce4 ,"h is a descriptive passage3-- #he4 8,8 ! soldi]'s 9 ! abnormal /ate movem5ts rema9 free1 & 8 expression calm1 except = a contraction ( ! br[1 an incessant movem5t ( ! eyeballs1 & a *ew+ motion ( ! jaws4 ,! eyes are wide op51 & _! pupils dilat$4 ,if ! man happ5s to be 9 a place to :i* he is accu/om$ he walks ab\t z usual2 b if he is 9 a new place1 or if ob/acles are int5tionally plac$ 9 8 way1 he /umbles aga9/ !m1 /ops1 & !n feel+ ov] ! objects ) 8 h&s1 passes on "o side ( !m4 ,he (f]s no resi/ance to any *ange ( direction :i* may be impress$ ^u him1 or to ! =cible accel]ation or ret>dation ( 8 movem5ts4 ,he eats1 dr9ks1 smokes1 walks ab\t1 dresses & undresses himself1 rises & goes to b$ at ! accu/om$ h\rs4 ,nev]!less p9s may be run into 8 body1 or /rong electric %ocks s5t ?r\gh x1 )\t caus+ ! lea/ indication ( pa92 no odor\s sub/ance1 pleasant or unpleasant1 makes ! lea/ impression2 he eats & dr9ks ) avidity :atev] is (f]$1 & takes asaftida or v9eg> ( qu99e z readily z wat]2 no noise affects him2 & light influ5ces him only "u c]ta9 conditions40 ,!re is no "o ( ^! ph5om5a t is unfamili> to /ud5ts ( m5tal disease4 ,! case is *iefly rem>kable f ! p]iodicity ( ! recurr5ce ( ! abnormal /ate4 ,i h collect$ o!r cases ( ! k9d1 & may h]eaft] f9d a fitt+ occasion to quote !m4#bbd ,! an/hesia & 8unconsci\sness0 not$1 no m prove ! actions p]=m$ by ?is soldi] to h be5 purely me*anical1 i4 e4 undet]m9$ by s5sation1 ?an an/hesia & unconsci\sness prove somnambuli/s & madm5 to be ma*9es4 ,9 ! pa?ological /ate call$ 8ec/asy0 !re is a consid]able dim9ution ( s5sibility to ext]nal /imuli2 ) a conc5tration on c]ta9 feel+s1 images1 tra9s ( ?\ght1 exhibit+ itself 9 expressions ( emotion4 8,les malades10 says a ma/]1 8p>aiss5t entirem5t absorbs p> leurs m\vem5ts intrieurs1 ils refus5t gnralem5t de mang]1 et spcialem5t la volont de l'me semble compltem5t en*a9e40#bbe #hf4 ,obs]ve t :ile ?is soldi] exhibits su* ins5sibility to c]ta9 /imuli1 he unequivocally exhibits s5sibility to o!r /imuli4 ,all 8 acts %[ s5se-guidance4 ,sight & ,t\* obvi\sly regulate 8 movem5ts4 ,& :5 he feels objects plac$ 9 8 way1 & !n passes beside !m1 :]e9 does ?is diff] f ! normal proc$ure ( s5sitive organisms8 :]e9 does x resemble automata8 ,dr4 ,mesmet--f ^: n>rative ! case is cit$--rem>ks t ! s5se ( ,t\* seems to p]si/ 8& inde$ to be m acute & delicate ?an 9 ! normal /ate02 ^u :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley has ?is comm5t3--8,"h a difficulty arises4 ,x is cle> f ! facts detail$ t ! n]v\s app>atus by :i* 9 ! normal /ate s5sations ( t\* are excit$ is t by :i* ext]nal influ5ces det]m9e ! movem5ts ( ! body 9 ! abnormal /ate4 ,b does ! /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* we t]m a tactile s5sation1 accompany ! op]ation ( ?is n]v\s app>atus 9 ! abnormal /ate8 or is consci\sness utt]ly abs5t1 ! man be+ r$uc$ to a pure me*anism8 ,x is impossible to obta9 direct evid5ce 9 favor ( ! "o conclusion or ! o!r2 all t c be said is t ! case ( ! frog %[s t ! man may be devoid ( any k9d ( consci\sness40 #hg4 ,x is "h we are made vividly aw>e ( ! absolute ne$ !re is to dis5gage ! t]ms employ$ f _! common ambiguities4 ,all ! evid5ce ( a tactile s5sation :i* c possibly be furni%$1 on ! objective side1 is furni%$ by ! actions ( ?is soldi]2 to d\bt x w\ld be to ?r[ a d\bt on ! s5sibility ( any animal unable to tell u :at x felt2 nay1 ev5 a man if he 7 dumb1 or spoke a language we c\ld n und]/&1 c\ld give u no o!r pro(4 ,we conclude t ! soldi] _h tactile s5sations1 because we see him guid$ by !m z we ourselves are guid$ by tactile s5sations2 we "k t he is an organism1 n a ma*9e1 & !re=e reject ! inf]5ce t he has become r$uc$ to a 8pure me*anism0 because x is inf]r$ t 8 consci\sness is abs5t4 ,& on :at is ?is inf]5ce gr\nd$8 #a1 ,! belief t ! bra9 is ! sole organ ( consci\sness 7,s5ti5ce7--a belief flatly disprov$ by ! facts1 :i* %[ ,s5ti5ce :5 ! bra9 has be5 remov$2 & #b1 ! belief t ! decapitat$ frog1 because x avoids ob/acles & r$irects its leaps to avoid !m1 does s )\t ,s5ti5ce4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition we adopt1 we may ei!r say t ! decapitat$ frog1 & ! soldi] 9 8 abnormal /ate1 act )\t consci\sness1 or ) x4 ,b :at does n seem p]missible is to d5y t _! actions exhibit ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( s5se-guidance1 & ! k9d ( volition :i* ?is s5se-guidance implies2 & ?is is q en\gh to sep>ate !m f actions ( automata4 ,:5 a man ducks 8 head to avoid a /one :i* he sees fall+ t[>ds him1 he assur$ly has a s5sation1 i4 e4 !re is a gr\p+ ( neural elem5ts1 :i* subjectively is a s5sation1 & ?is orig9ates a gr\p+ ( o!r neural elem5ts1 ! outcome ( :i* is a muscul> movem5t1 :i* subjectively is a motor s5sation3 ?is gr\p+ w\ld n h be5 orig9at$ unless ! p>ticul> gr\p+ _h prec$$ x2 nor w\ld ! simple ret9al /imulus h excit$ ?is s5sation unless ! n]ve-c5tres _h be5 attun$ to su* response by _m previ\s exp]i5ces3 ! ignorant *ild w\ld n duck its head on see+ ! /one approa*4 ,9 our famili> use ( ! ^w ,consci\sness x w\ld be correct to say t ! man ducks 8 head 8unconsci\sly02 & yet express+ ! fact 9 psy*ological language1 we also say3 ,he ducks 8 head because rememb]+ ! pa9 ( =m] simil> exp]i5ces1 he kn[s t if ! /one /rikes him he w aga9 be hurt z be=e1 !re=e he wills to avoid x2 express+ x 9 physiological language we may say3 ,! man acts ?us because he is s organiz$ t a p>ticul> neural process is ! /imulus ( a p>ticul> c5tral dis*>ge2 & he became ?us organiz$ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ant]ior adju/m5ts respond+ to /imuli1 ea* adju/m5t be+ ! activity ( ! vital organism4 #hh4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! soldi] _h p]ceptions1 & t ^! p]ceptions guid$ 8 movem5ts2 :e!r ^! %all be call$ 8/ates ( consci\sness0 or n1 is a "q ( t]ms4 ,n[ s9ce we "k t c]ta9 actions are uni=mly consequ5t on c]ta9 p]ceptions1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t :5ev] ! actions are p]=m$1 ! p]ceptions prec$$ !m3 ?is inf]5ce may be errone\s1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( positive evid5ce to ! contr>y x is t :i* claims our fir/ ass5t4 ,is x evid5ce to ! contr>y t ! p]ception may h /imulat$ ! action1 yet be5 unaccompani$ by ! special mode nam$ consci\sness8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,we le>n to read ) consci\s ef=t2 ea* lett] has to be appreh5d$ sep>ately1 its =m di/+ui%$ f all o!r =ms1 its value z a sign def9itely fix$1 yet h[ v r>ely are we 8consci\s0 ( ! lett]s :5 we read a book8 ,ea* lett] is p]ceiv$2 & yet ?is process passes s rapidly & smoo?ly1 t unless !re be "s defect 9 a lett]1 or ! ^w be misspell$1 we are n 8consci\s0 ( ! p]ceptions4 ,are we !re=e read+ automata8#bbf ,we are said to walk unconsci\sly at times2 & ! cont9uance ( ! movem5t is said to be due to reflex action4 ,b x is demon/rable t ! cutane\s s5sibility ( ! soles ( ! feet is a prim>y condition4 ,if ! sk9 be ins5sible1 ! walk+ becomes a /umble4 ,9 le>n+ to walk1 or dance1 ! *ild fixes 8 eyes on 8 feet1 z he fixes !m on 8 f+]s 9 le>n+ to play ! piano4 ,aft] a :ile ^! regi/]$ s5sations connect$ ) ! muscul> s5se suffice to guide 8 feet or 8 f+]s2 b n if feet or f+]s lose _! s5sibility4 #hi4 ,) ^! explanations let u foll[ ! fur!r details ( ?is soldi]'s abnormal actions3-- 8,! man is ins5sible to s5sory impressions made ?r\gh ! e>1 ! nose1 ! tongue1 &1 to a great ext5t1 ! eye2 nor is he susceptible to pa9 f causes op]at+ dur+ 8 abnormal /ate4 ,nev]!less x is possible s to act ^u 8 tactile app>atus z to give rise to ^? molecul> *anges 9 8 s5sorium :i* are ord9>ily ! causes ( associat$ tra9s ( ideas4 ,i give a /rik+ example ( ?is process 9 ,dr4 ,mesmet's words3 #8,il se prom5ait dans le j>d91 on lui remet sa canne qu'il avait laiss tomb]4 ,il la palpe1 promne plusieurs reprises la ma9 sur la poigne c\de de sa canne--devi5t att5tif--semble prt] l'oreille--et t\t c\p appelle1 8,h5ri6 les voil60 ,et alors portant la ma9 d]rire son dos comme p\r pr5dre une c>t\*e1 il fait le m\vem5t de *>g] son arme1 se c\*e dans l'h]be plat v5tre dans la position d'un tirailleur1 et suit avec l'arme paule t\s les m\vem5ts de l'ennemi qu'il croit voir c\rte di/ance4' ,9 a subsequ5t abnormal p]iod ,dr4 ,mesmet caus$ ! pati5t to repeat ?is sc5e by plac+ him 9 ! same conditions4 ,n[ 9 ?is case ! "q arises :e!r ! s]ies ( actions con/itut+ ?is s+ul> pantomime 0 accompani$ by ! ord9>y /ates ( consci\sness1 ! appropriate tra9s ( ideas1 or n8 ,did ! man dream t he 0 skirmi%+8 or 0 he 9 ! condition ( "o ( ,vaucanson's automata--a me*anism work$ by molecul> *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em8 ,! analogy ( ! frog %[s t ! latt] assumption is p]fectly ju/ifiable40 #ij4 ,be=e criticis+ ?is conclusion let me adduce o!r illu/rations ( ?is dreamlike activity4 8,a g5tleman :om ,i att5d$ 9 a /ate ( p]fect apoplexy10 says ,ab]crombie1 80 frequ5tly obs]v$ to adju/ 8 nightcap ) ! utmo/ c>e :5 x got into an uncom=table /ate3 fir/ pull+ x d[n ov] 8 eyes1 & !n turn+ up ! front ( x 9 ! mo/ exact mann]40 ,accord+ to ! curr5t tea*+1 ^! actions1 :i* seem l evid5ce ( s5sation1 are no?+ ( ! k9d1 because--! pati5t 0 8unconsci\s02 t is to say1 because he did n exhibit "o complex k9d ( ,s5sibility1 x is d5i$ t he exhibit$ ano!r k9d6 he did n feel discom=t1 nor feel ! movem5ts by :i* x 0 rectifi$--because he c\ld n speak1 discuss imp]sonal que/ions1 nor att5d to :at 0 said to him6 ,ab]crombie cites o!r cases3 8,a g5tleman :o 0 ly+ 9 a /ate ( p]fect ins5sibility f disease ( ! bra90 7note ! phrase1 :i* really only expresses ! fact t ext]nal /imuli did n create _! normal reactions7 80 frequ5tly obs]v$ ev5 ! day be=e 8 dea? to take d[n a repeat+ wat* f a little bag at ! head ( 8 b$1 put x close to 8 e> & make x /rike ! h\r1 & !n replace x 9 ! bag ) ! greate/ precision4 ,ano!r :om ,i saw 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd apoplexy1 f :i* he recov]$1 _h a p]fect recollection ( :at took place dur+ ! attack1 & m5tion$ _m ?+s :i* _h be5 said 9 8 he>+ :5 he 0 suppos$ to be 9 a /ate ( p]fect unconsci\sness40 ,dr4 ,wigan also tells ( a lady :om he knew1 & :o 0 actually put 9 a c(f91 "u ! belief t %e 0 dead :5 9 a trance4 ,h] s5se ( he>+ 0 !n pret]naturally acute4 ,9 h] second-floor b$room %e he>d :at ! s]vants said 9 h] kit*54 ,:5 h] bro!r came to see h] & he decl>$ %e %\ld n be buri$ until putrefaction set 91 %e felt int5se gratitude & a gu% ( t5d]ness1 b 0 unable to move ev5 an eyelid z a manife/ation ( h] feel+4 ,sudd5ly all h] faculties return$4 ,dr4 ,wigan adds t he visit$ ! ,c\ntess ,escalante1 "o ( ! ,spani% refugees1 :o rema9$ 9 a simil> /ate = a %ort p]iod1 dur+ :i* %e saw h] husb& & *ildr51 & 0 q consci\s ( all !y did & said--b did n recognize !m z h] own4 ,%e 0 absolutely )\t ! p[] ( mov+ a f+] or ( op5+ h] m\?4 ,dr4 ,neil ,arnott told me ( a simil> case 9 8 practice4 ,9 ^! la/ cases we le>n t consci\sness--9 its ord9>y acceptation--0 pres5t1 ?\gh by/&]s c\ld see no trace ( x4 ,& v (t5 9 cases :]e ,consci\sness1 or at any rate ,s5sibility1 is cle>ly manife/$1 its pres5ce is d5i$1 because ! pati5t on recov]+ 8 normal condition is q unable to rememb] any?+ t he felt & did4 ,"u an/hetics pati5ts manife/ s5sation1 b on awak+ !y decl>e t !y felt no?+--( :at value is _! decl>ation8 ,m4 ,desp9e tells u ( a pati5t :o "u *lor(orm /ruggl$1 swore1 & cri$ out1 8,mon ,dieu6 que je s\ffre60 yet :5 ! op]ation 0 ov]1 & he em]g$ f ! effects ( ! *lor(orm1 he rememb]$ no?+ ( :at he _h felt4#bbg #ia4 ,return+ n[ to ,dr4 ,mesmet's soldi]1 & to ! conclusion t 8 dreamlike acts 7 no m ?an ! actions ( "o ( ,vaucanson's automata1 surely we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 fir/1 t ^! actions 7 n ( ! same k9d z ^? ( an automaton1 s9ce !y 7 ^? ( a liv+ organism2 secondly1 t !y pres5t all ! evid5ce positive & inf]5tial :i* ,s5sibility c pres5t 9 ! actions we obs]ve 9 ano!r1 & d n feel 9 ourselves2 & ?irdly1 if ) physiologi/s we agree t ! me*anism ( ^! actions is 8work$ by molecul> *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em10 !re is "s difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ,consci\sness1 :i* is said to be caus$ by su* *anges1 c\ld h be5 abs5t--h[ ! cause c\ld op]ate yet no effect be produc$4 #ib4 ,:at automata c be made to p]=m is surpris+ en\gh1 b !y c nev] be made to display ! fluctuations ( s5se-guid$ actions1 su* z we see 9 ! report ( ,dr4 ,mesmet's soldi]3-- 8,! ex-s]geant has a good voice1 & _h at "o "t be5 employ$ z a s+] at a caf4 ,9 "o ( 8 abnormal /ates he 0 obs]v$ to beg9 humm+ a tune4 ,he !n w5t to 8 room1 dress$ himself c>efully1 & took up "s p>ts ( a p]iodical novel :i* lay on ! b$1 z if he 7 try+ to f9d some?+4 ,dr4 ,mesmet1 suspect+ t he 0 seek+ 8 music1 made up "o ( ^! into a roll & put x into 8 h&4 ,he appe>$ satisfi$1 took up 8 cane1 & w5t d[n /airs to ! door4 ,"h ,dr4 ,mesmet turn$ him r\nd1 & he walk$ q cont5t$ly 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! light ( ! sun %9+ ?r\gh a w9d[ happ5$ to fall ^u him1 & seem$ to sugge/ ! footlights ( ! /age on :i* he 0 accu/om$ to make 8 appe>ance4 ,he /opp$1 op5$ 8 roll ( imag9>y music1 put himself 9 ! attitude ( a s+]1 & sang ) p]fect execution ?ree songs "o aft] ! o!r4 ,aft] :i* he wip$ 8 face ) 8 h&k]*ief & drank )\t a grimace a tumbl] ( /rong v9eg>-&-wat]40 #ic4 ,epileptic pati5ts h frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ go+ ?r\gh simil> dreamlike actions 9 :i* only ^? ext]nal /imuli :i* h a relation to ! dream seem to take effect4#bbh ,we int]pret ^! z ph5om5a ( disord]$ m5tal action1 ! burd5 ( pro( lies on him :o says !y are ph5om5a ( pure me*anism4 ,a mail-coa* does n sudd5ly cease to be a mail-coa* & become a :eelb>r[ because ! coa*man is drunk1 or has fall5 f ! box4 ,! horses1 no long] guid$ by ! re9s1 may da% (f ! highroad into g>d5s or dit*es2 b x is _! muscul> ex]tions :i* /ill move ! coa*4 ,c any "o conceive an automaton act+ z ! s]geant is describ$ to be 9 ! foll[+ passage8-- 8,sitt+ at a table he took up a p51 felt = pap] & ink1 & began to write a lett] to 8 g5]al1 9 :i* he recomm5d$ himself = a m$al on acc\nt ( 8 good conduct & c\rage4 ,x occurr$ to ,dr4 ,mesmet to asc]ta9 exp]im5tally h[ f> vision 0 conc]n$ 9 ?is act ( writ+4 ,he !re=e int]pos$ a scre5 betwe5 ! man's eyes & 8 h&s2 "u ^! circum/ances he w5t on writ+ = a %ort "t1 b ! words became illegible1 & he f9ally /opp$4 ,on ! )drawal ( ! scre51 he began to write aga9 :]e he _h left (f4 ,! sub/itution ( wat] = ink 9 ! ink/& _h a simil> result4 ,he /opp$1 look$ at 8 p51 wip$ x on 8 coat1 dipp$ x 9 ! wat]1 & began aga91 ) ! same effect4 ,on "o occasion he began to write ^u ! topmo/ ( t5 sup]pos$ %eets ( pap]4 ,aft] he _h writt5 a l9e or two1 ?is %eet 0 sudd5ly drawn away4 ,!re 0 a slight expression ( surprise1 b he cont9u$ 8 lett] on ! second %eet exactly z if x _h be5 ! fir/4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ five times1 s t ! fif? %eet conta9$ no?+ b ! writ]'s signature at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! signature 0 f9i%$1 8 eyes turn$ to ! top ( ! blank %eet1 & he w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( read+ ov] :at he _h writt51 a movem5t ( ! lips accompany+ ea* ^w2 moreov]1 ) 8 p5 he put 9 su* corrections z 7 ne$$40 #id4 ,dr4 ,mesmet concludes t 88 pati5t sees "s ?+s & n o!rs2 t ! s5se ( sight is accessible to all ?+s :i* are br\ght into relation ) him by ! s5se ( t\*1 &1 on ! contr>y1 is ins5sible to ?+s :i* lie outside ?is relation40 ,9 o!r words1 ! s5sitive me*anism acts1 b acts abnormally4 ,?is is precisely :at is obs]v$ 9 somnambuli/s4 ,yet ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o makes ! comp>ison1 appe>s to reg>d bo? /ates z ^? 9 :i* ! organism is r$uc$ to a m]e me*anism1 because on recov]+ _! normal /ate ! pati5ts are unconsci\s ( :at has pass$2 & because ! frog1 )\t its bra91 also manife/s analog\s ph5om5a4 ,nei!r premise w>rants ! conclusion4 ,i h already t\*$ on ! unconsci\sness ( pa/ actions2 let me add ! case ( ,f>aday1 :o 0 assur$ly n an automaton :5 he prep>$ & deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures :i* 7 nev]!less s entirely oblit]at$ f 8 memory t ! next ye> he prep>$ & deliv]$ ! same c\rse once m1 )\t a suspicion t x 0 n a new "o4 ,z to ! frog1 ,i mu/ leave t case till ,i come to exam9e ! evid5ce on :i* ! hypo!sis ( ! purely me*anical nature ( sp9al action re/s4 #ie4 ,! po9t nev] to be left out ( sight is t actions :i* are kn[n to be prec$$ & accompani$ by s5sations d n lose _! special "* ( ,s5ti5ce1 z actions ( a s5ti5t me*anism1 because !y are n also prec$$ & accompani$ by t peculi> /ate :i* is specially call$ ,consci\sness1 i4 e4 att5tion to ! pass+ *anges 7comp4 p4 #djc74 ,:5 we see a man play+ ! piano1 & at ! same "t talk+ ( some?+ f> remov$ f ! music1 we say 8 f+]s move unconsci\sly2 b we d n conclude t he is a musical ma*9e--muscul> s5sations & musical s5sations regulate e movem5t ( 8 f+]s2 & if he /rikes a false note1 or if "o ( ! notes jangles1 he is in/antly consci\s ( ! fact4 ,ei!r we mu/ admit t 8 bra9 is an ess5tial "p ( ! me*anism by :i* ! piano 0 play$1 & its function an ess5tial ag5t 9 ! play+2 or else we mu/ admit t ! bra9 & its function 7 n ess5tial1 & !re=e ! play+ w\ld cont9ue if ! bra9 7 remov$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we %\ld h a musical automaton4 ,t a p>ticul> gr\p ( s5sations1 su* z musical tones1 w set go+ a p>ticul> gr\p ( muscul> movem5ts1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any consci\s ef=t1 is n m to be int]pret$ on purely me*anical pr9ciples1 ?an t a p>ticul> phrase w cause a /ory-tell] to repeat a famili> anecdote1 or an old soldi] 8to fight 8 battles o'er aga940 #if4 ,let u n[ pass to ano!r consid]ation1 namely1 :e!r ,consci\sness--h[ev] int]pret$--is legitimately conceiv$ z a factor 9 ! s-call$ consci\s & volunt>y actions2 or is m]ely a collat]al result ( c]ta9 organic activities8 ,to answ] ?is1 we mu/ fir/ rememb] t ,consci\sness is a purely subjective process2 al?\gh we may believe x to be objectively a neural process1 we are nev]!less pass+ out ( ! region ( ,physiology :5 we speak ( ,feel+ det]m9+ ,action4 ,motion may det]m9e ,motion2 b ,feel+ c only det]m9e ,feel+4 ,yet we d s speak1 & are ju/ifi$4 ,= !reby we implicitly decl>e1 :at ,psy*ology explicitly tea*es1 namely1 t ^! two widely diff]5t aspects1 objective & subjective1 are b ! two faces ( "o & ! same reality4 ,x is ?us indiff]5t :e!r we say a s5sation is a neural process1 or a m5tal process3 a molecul> *ange 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 or a *ange 9 ,feel+4 ,x is ei!r1 & x is bo?1 z ,i h else:]e expla9$4#bbi ,!re x 0 argu$ t ! curr5t hypo!sis ( a neural process caus+ ! m5tal process--molecul> movem5t be+ 9 "s my/]i\s way trans=m$ into s5sation--is n only inconceivable1 b altoge!r unnecess>y2 :]eas ! hypo!sis t ! two aspects ( ! "o ph5om5on are simply two diff]5t expressions1 n[ 9 t]ms ( ,matt] & ,motion1 & n[ 9 t]ms ( ,consci\sness1 is 9 h>mony ) all ! inductive evid5ce4 #ig4 8,x may be assum$10 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 8t molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 are ! causes ( all ! /ates ( consci\sness ( brutes4 ,is !re any evid5ce t ^! /ates ( consci\sness may conv]sely cause ^? molecul> *anges :i* give rise to muscul> motion8 ,i see no su* evid5ce4 ,! frog walks1 hops1 swims1 & goes ?r\gh 8 gymna/ic p]=mances1 q z well )\t consci\sness1 & consequ5tly )\t volition1 z ) x2 & if a frog 9 8 natural /ate possesses any?+ correspond+ ) :at we call volition1 !re is no reason to ?9k t x is any?+ b a concomitant ( ! molecul> *anges 9 ! bra91 :i* =m "p ( ! s]ies involv$ 9 ! production ( motion4 ,! consci\sness ( brutes w\ld appe> to be relat$ to ! me*anism ( _! body simply z a collat]al product ( its work+1 & to be z completely )\t any p[] ( modify+ t work+ z ! /eam-:i/le :i* accompanies ! "w ( a locomotive eng9e is )\t influ5ce ^u its ma*9]y4 ,_! volition1 if !y h any1 is an emotion indicative ( physical *anges1 n a cause ( su* *anges40 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! passages 9 italics4 ,9 ! fir/ is express$ a view :i* seems n unlike ! "o ,i am advocat+1 b :i* is contradict$ by ! second4 ,let u consid] :at is impli$4 #ih4 ,:5 ,consci\sness is reg>d$ solely "u its subjective aspect !re is obvi\sly no place = x among mat]ial ag5cies1 reg>d$ z objective4 ,s long z we h ! mat]ial me*anism 9 view we h no?+ b mat]ial *anges4 ,?is applies to ! frog1 ) or )\t its bra92 to man1 suppos$ to be mov$ by volition1 or suppos$ to move automatically4 ,! introduction ( ,consci\sness is n ! introduction ( ano!r ag5t 9 ! s]ies1 b ( a new aspect2 ! neural process drops out ( sight1 ! m5tal process replaces x4 ,! "q :e!r we h any gr\nd = inf]r+ t 9 ! s]ies !re is includ$ ! p>ticul> neural /ate :i* subjectively is a /ate ( ,consci\sness1 mu/ be answ]$ accord+ to ! evid5ce4 ,well1 ! evid5ce %[s t ! actions d involve ! co-op]ation2 & ?is ,pr(essor ,huxley expresses :5 he says t ! molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 =m "p ( ! s]ies involv$ 9 ! production ( motion4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! process objectively z a s]ies ( molecul> *anges1 or subjectively z a succession ( s5ti5t *anges1 ! sum ( :i* is on ! "o side a motor impulse1 on ! o!r a /ate ( consci\sness1 we mu/ decl>e ,consci\sness to be an ag5t1 9 ! same s5se t we decl>e "o *ange 9 ! organism to be an ag5t 9 "s o!r *ange4 ,! facts are ! same1 :e!r we express !m 9 physiological or 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,! physiologi/1 hav+ only ! mat]ial aspect ( ! organism 9 view1 says1 8,a c]ebral process initiates a motor process02 ! psy*ologi/ says1 8,a s5sation det]m9es an action40 ,unless ! two processes h be5 l9k$ toge!r by an organic disposition1 native or acquir$1 !re w be no su* motor process foll[+ ! c]ebral process4 ,a dog /&+ outside ! gate is unable to r+ ! bell1 ?\gh hav+ se5 ano!r dog r+ x1 he may wi% to d s2 b ! c]ebral process 78 wi%7 is n l9k$ on to ! ne$ful motor process--he has n le>n$ to realize ! wi%2 :]eas ! o!r dog1 hav+ by trial hit ^u ! "r mode ( direct+ 8 muscles1 has regi/]$ ?is exp]i5ce1 & c r+ ! bell4 ,! organiz$ disposition :i* enables ! dog to d ?is may truly en\gh be call$ a modification ( ! me*anism2 b :at we h "h to note is t a s5sation orig9ally det]m9$ ! movem5t1 & always det]m9es x4 #ii4 ,x is ! un=tunate ambiguity ( ! ^w ,consci\sness1 & ! que/ionable hypo!sis ( ! bra9 be+ ! sole seat ( ,s5sibility1 :i* d>k5 ?is inve/igation4 ,because animals1 aft] ! bra9 has be5 remov$1 are se5 to p]=m c]ta9 actions z deftly z be=e1 !y are said to p]=m ^! )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,consci\sness2 :5 all t is prov$ by ! facts is t ^! actions are p]=m$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! bra94 ,9 support ( ?is explanation1 examples are cit$ ( unconsci\s actions p]=m$ by human be+s4 ,b if we assign ,s5sibility n to "o "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em exclusively1 b to ! :ole1 we c readily und]/& h[ ! loss ( a "p w be manife/$ by v m>k$ *anges 9 ! reactions ( ! :ole1 & yet n altoge!r prev5t ! reactions ( ! p>ts rema9+ intact4 ,an animal mu/ respond some:at diff]5tly ) & )\t a bra94 ,"o m>k$ diff]5ce is ! spontaneity ( ! actions :5 ! bra9 is intact1 & ! loss ( mu* spontaneity :5 ! bra9 is injur$ or remov$4 ,c]ebral processes prompt & regulate actions1 z ! pressure ( ! driv] on ! re9s prompts & regulates ! movem5ts ( ! horses2 b ! c>riage is mov$ by ! horses & n by ! driv]2 & ! action is execut$ by ! motor me*anism1 :e!r ! incitation arise 9 a c]ebral process or a p]iph]al /imulation4 #ajj4 ,if we admit t ,consci\sness is itself an organic process1 accompany+ ! molecul> *anges z a convex surface accompanies a concave1 we mu/ also admit t its fluctuations are adju/m5ts & readju/m5ts ( ! organic me*anism1 & t ! actions are ! effects ( ^!--_! resultants4 ,! loss ( ! bra9 mu/ obvi\sly cause a great di/urbance 9 ^! adju/m5ts4 ,we may call t a loss ( ,consci\sness1 if we *oose to limit ! t]m to "o mode ( s5ti5t reaction4 ,b ?is loss ( a mode does n *ange ^? reactions :i* p]si/ s z to conv]t !m into purely me*anical reactions4 ,a troop ( soldi]s may h lo/ its direct+ (fic]1 b w fight ) ! old weapons & ! old intellig5ce1 ?\gh n ) ! same conv]g5ce ( individual ef=ts4 ,a frog or a pigeon no m acts z well )\t a bra9 z ) a bra91 ?an ! troop ( soldi]s fights z well )\t an (fic]4 #aja4 ,hav+ ?us claim$ a place = ,consci\sness 9 ! s]ies ( organic processes1 let u n[ see :e!r x has a place among ! active ag5cies4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,huxley x is n itself an ag5t1 b only ! 8collat]al product ( ! work+ ( ! ma*9e40 ,x accompanies actions1 x does n direct !m4 ,x is an index1 n a cause4 ,surely x seems m accurate to say t x accompanies & directs ! work+8 ,x accompanies ! work+ 9 two s5ses3 fir/1 z ! subjective aspect ( ! objective process2 secondly1 z ! *ange :i* produces a subsequ5t *ange1 t is to say1 ! movem5ts initiat$ by a feel+ are !mselves also felt z !y pass2 & ?is feel+ ent]s into ! g5]al /ream ( simultane\s excitations out ( :i* new movem5ts & feel+s arise2 or to express x physiologically1 ! s5sory impressions det]m9e muscul> movem5ts1 :i* 9 turn react on ! n]ve-c5tres1 & ^! reactions bl5d ) ! g5]al excitation ( reflect$ & re-reflect$ processes4#bcj ,s9ce e *ange 9 ,consci\sness is a *ange 9 ! s5ti5t organism1 :i* objectively is a *ange 9 ! n]v\s c5tres1 ! work+ ( ! me*anism be+ itself a dep5d5t s]ies ( su* *anges1 ea* movem5t mu/ h a reflect$ influ5ce on ! g5]al /ate4 ,?is reflect$ influ5ce may be view$ z a collat]al product ( ! work+2 b !re is no real analogy betwe5 x & ! :i/le ( ! /eam-eng9e1 because ?is reflect$ influ5ce demon/rably does int]v5e 9 ! subsequ5t movem5ts4 ,! feel+ :i* accompanies or foll[s a p>ticul> movem5t _c inde$ modify t movem5t1 s9ce t is already set go+1 or has pass$2 "h !re is "s analogy to ! /eam-:i/le2 b ! analogy fails 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory3 no movem5ts :atev] ( ! /eam-eng9e are modifi$ by ! :i/le :i* accompanies ! work+ ( t eng9e2 yet h[ ! reflect$ influ5ce modifies ! work+ ( ! organism6 ,if ! h& be pass+ ov] a surface1 !re is1 accompany+ ?is movem5t1 a succession ( muscul> & tactile feel+s :i* may be said to be collat]al products4 ,b ! feel+ :i* accompanies "o muscul> contraction is itself ! /imulus ( ! next contraction2 if any:]e dur+ ! passage ! h& comes ^u a spot on ! surface :i* is wet or r\gh1 ! *ange 9 feel+ ?us produc$1 al?\gh a collat]al product ( ! movem5t1 in/antly *anges ! direction ( ! h&1 susp5ds or alt]s ! c\rse--t is to say1 ! collat]al product ( "o movem5t becomes a direct+ factor 9 ! succe$+ movem5t4 ,n[ ?is is precisely :at no automaton c effect1 unless = *anges t are pre>rang$4 ,a /eam-eng9e drives its locomotive ov] ! rails1 be !y smoo? or r\gh1 entire or brok52 x :i/les z x goes1 b no :i/l+ directs & r$irects its pa?4 #ajb4 ,volition is said to be an 8emotion indicative ( physical *anges1 n a cause ( su* *anges40 ,"h x is necess>y to und]/& 9 :at s5se ! t]m cause is employ$4 ,i %\ld pref] /at+ ! proposition ?us3 a volition is a /ate ( ! s5ti5t organism1 indicative ( physical *anges :i* h tak5 place1 & ( *anges :i* w take place4 ,because x is ! expression ( ! fir/ gr\p ( *anges1 x _c be _! orig92 b x c be1 & is ! orig9 ( ! second gr\p1 :i* x initiates4 ,! indignation excit$ by an insult or a bl[ is n ! orig9 ( ! emotion or ! pa91 b x is ! orig9 ( ! actions :i* are prompt$ by ?is s5ti5t /ate4 ,9 fact no soon] d we admit t ! organism is a s5ti5t me*anism1 ?an ! conclusion is irresi/ible t ,s5sibility is a factor 9 ! work+ ( t me*anism4 #ajc4 8,mu* +5i\s argum5t10 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 8has at v>i\s times be5 be/[$ ^u ! "q3 ,h[ is x possible to imag9e t volition :i* is a /ate ( consci\sness1 & z su* has n ! slighte/ community ( nature ) matt] & motion1 c act ^u ! mov+ matt] ( :i* ! body is compos$1 z x is assum$ to d 9 volunt>y acts8 ,b if1 z is "h sugge/$1 ! volunt>y acts ( brutes--or 9 o!r words1 ! acts :i* !y desire to p]=m--are z purely me*anical z ! re/ ( _! actions1 & are simply accompani$ by ! /ate ( consci\sness call$ volition1 ! inquiry1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 becomes sup]flu\s4 ,_! volitions d n ent] into ! *a9 ( causation ( _! actions at all4444 ,z consci\sness is br\ght into exi/5ce only z ! consequ5ce ( molecul> motion 9 ! bra91 x foll[s t x is an indirect product ( mat]ial *anges4 ,! s\l /&s relat$ to ! body z ! bell ( a clock to ! works1 & consci\sness answ]s to ! s\nd :i* ! bell gives out :5 x is /ruck40 ,?is has be5 answ]$ 9 ! =ego+ pages2 nor d ,i ?9k ! read] :o has recogniz$ ! ambiguity ( ! t]m ,consci\sness1 & ! desirability ( replac+ x 9 ?is discussion by ! less equivocal t]m ,s5ti5ce1 w ne$ m to be said4 #ajd4 ,! important "q :e!r reflex actions are ins5ti5t1 & !re=e me*anical1 w occupy u 9 ! next problem4 ,! "q ( ,automatism :i* has be5 argu$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be summ>ily dispos$ ( by a ref]5ce to ! irresi/ible evid5ce ea* man c>ries 9 8 own consci\sness t 8 actions are frequ5tly--ev5 if n always--det]m9$ by feel+s4 ,he is q c]ta9 t he is n an automaton1 & t 8 feel+s are n simply collat]al products ( 8 actions1 )\t ! p[] ( modify+ & orig9at+ !m4 ,n[ ?is fundam5tal fact _c be displac$ by any !oretical explanation ( its factors4 ,nor w\ld ?is fundam5tal tru? be r5d]$ d\btful1 ev5 suppos+ we 7 to grant to ! full all t is adduc$ z evid5ce t "s actions 7 ! result ( purely me*anical processes )\t s5ti5ce at all4 ,i am a consci\s organism1 ev5 if x be true t ,i sometimes act unconsci\sly4 ,i am n a ma*9e1 ev5 if x be true t ,i sometimes act me*anically4 ,,problem ,,iv4 ,,! ,,reflex ,,!ory4 8,si omnes patres sic1 et ,ego non sic40--,,abel>d1 ,sic et ,non4 8,w man be/imm5 wo d] ,me*anismus aufhrt und wo d] ,wille anfngt s i/ die ,frage b]haupt fals* ge/ellt4 ,d5n man setzt hi] ,begriffe e9&] geg5b] die g> ke9e ,geg5stze s9d4 ,vorgebildet 9 d5 me*anis*5 ,b$+ung5 des ,n]v5sy/ems s9d alle ,bewegung540--,,wundt1 ,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie4 8,sollte die s dur*si*tige ,homologie zwis*5 ,hirn & ,rck5m>k1 wie sol*e si* s*lag5d 9 ,bau und ,entwicklung d>?ut1 wes5tli* &]e physiologis*e ,qualitt5 b$+580--,,lus*+] 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,xiv4 #chd4 ,,! ,,reflex ,,!ory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$4 #a4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,reflex ,!ory is its exclusion ( ,s5sibility f ! actions class$ z reflex2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! actions are consid]$ to be 8purely me*anical40 ,no "o d5ies t mo/ ( ! reflex actions (t5 h consci\s s5sations prec$+ & accompany+ !m1 b ^! are said n to be ess5tial to ! p]=mance ( ! actions1 because !y may be abs5t & ! actions /ill take place4 ,x is notori\s t we brea!1 w9k1 swall[1 etc41 :e!r we are consci\s ( ^! actions or n4 ,our conclusion !re=e is t ^! peculi> /ates ( ,consci\sness are accessory1 n ess5tial to ! p]=mance ( ^! actions4 ,! fact is pat5t1 ! conclusion irresi/ible4 ,b n[ consid] ! equivoque3 because an action takes place )\t our be+ consci\s ( x1 ! action is said to h _h no s5sation det]m9+ x4 ,?is1 :i* is a truism :5 we limit ,consci\sness to "o ( ! special modes ,( ,s5sibility1 or limit s5sation to ?is limit$ ,consci\sness1 is a falsism :5 we accept ,consci\sness z ! total ( all comb9$ s5sibilities1 or ,s5sation z ! reaction ( ! s5sory me*anism4 ,t a reflex action is det]m9$ by ! s5sory me*anism1 no "o disputes2 :e!r ! reaction ( a s5sory me*anism %all be call$ a s5sation or n1 is a "q ( t]ms4 ,i h %[n :y x mu/ be s call$ if any?+ l coh]5ce is to be pres]v$ 9 physiological inve/igations2 & ,i h m ?an once sugge/$ t ! fact ( intellectual processes tak+ place at times ) no m consci\sness ?an reflex actions1 is itself suffici5t to %[ t a process does n lapse f ! m5tal to ! me*anical sph]e simply by pass+ unconsci\sly4 ,inasmu* z an organism is a complex ( organs1 its total function mu/ be a complex ( p>ticul> functions1 ea* ( :i* may analytically be treat$ ap>t4 ,vitality is ! total ( all its physiological functions1 & ,consci\sness ! total ( all its psy*ological functions4 ,b inasmu* z x is only 9 its relation to ! :ole t ea* "p has functional significance1 & _c !re=e be isolat$ 9 reality1 z x is 9 !ory--_c live by itself1 act by itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! organism ( :i* x is an organ1 !re is /rict accuracy 9 say+ t no p>ticul> s5sation c exi/ )\t involv+ ,consci\sness2 = ?is is only say+ t no s5sory organ c react )\t at ! same "t involv+ a reaction ( ! g5]al s5sorium4 ,b s9ce ?is g5]al s5sorium is simultane\sly affect$ by v>i\s excitations ea* ( :i* is a =ce1 e s5sation1 p]ception1 emotion1 or volition is a resultant ( ! composition ( ^! =ces2 & z !re c be only "o resultant at a "t1 to be replac$ by ano!r 9 swift succession1 ?is "o repres5ts ! /ate ( ,consci\sness1 & ?is /ate may or may n be felt "u ! peculi> mode nam$ 8,consci\sness10 9 its special mean+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! reaction ( a s5sory organ is always s5ti5t1 b n always cons5ti5t4 #b4 ,let u illu/rate ?is by ! s5sation ( musical tone4 ,:5 we he> a tone we are affect$ n only by ! fundam5tal tone1 repres5t+ ! vibrations ( ! s\nd+ body z a :ole1 b also by ! h>monics or ov]tones1 repres5t+ ! vibrations ( ! sev]al p>ts ( t :ole4 ,x is ^! latt] vibrations :i* give ! tone its timbre1 or peculi> quality2 & z ! h>monics are v>iable ) ! v>iable /ructure ( ! vibrat+ p>ts1 two bodies :i* h ! same fundam5tal tone may h m>k$ly diff]5t qualities4 ,!re are "s tones :i* are almo/ entirely free f h>monics2 t is to say1 _! h>monics are too fa9t = our e> to appreciate !m1 ?\gh we "k t ! vibrations mu/ be pres5t4 ,apply ?is to ! excitations ( ! s5sorium4 ,ea* excitation w h its fundam5tal feel+1 & m or less accompany+ ?rills ( o!r feel+s3 x is ^! ?rills :i* are ! h>monics1 giv+ to ea* excitation its specific quality2 b !y may be s fa9t t no specific quality is discrim9at$4 ,a fly settles on y\r h& :ile y are writ+1 ! fa9t ?rill :i* accompanies ?is excitation ( y\r s5sory n]ve gives ! specific s5sation ( tickl+1 & ?is causes y to move y\r h& ) a j]k4 ,if y\r att5tion is preoccupi$1 y are said to be unconsci\s ( ! s5sation1 & ! j]k ( y\r h& is call$ a reflex action2 b if y\r att5tion is n preoccupi$1 or if ! ?rill is vivid1 y are said to be consci\s ( ! s5sation1 & ! action is no long] reflex1 b volitional4 ,obvi\sly "h ! diff]5ce dep5ds n on ! s5ti5t excitation by an impression on ! n]ve1 b on ! /ate ( ! g5]al s5sorium & its consequ5t reaction4 ,_h n ! impression be5 c>ri$ to ! s5sorium1 no movem5t w\ld h foll[$ ! fly's alight+ on y\r h&1 because no s5sation 7s5sory reaction7 w\ld h be5 excit$2 ! hypo!sis ( a purely me*anical reflex is q inadmissible4 #c4 ,or take ano!r case4 ,x sometimes happ5s t we fall asleep :ile "s "o is read+ to u al\d4 ,! s\nds ( ! read]'s voice at fir/ awak5 ! famili> ?rills :i* give ! tones _! quality1 & ! words _! significance2 b gradually z sleep /eals ov] u1 ! organism ceases to react ?us2 ! words lose m & m ( _! significance1 ! tones lose m & m ( _! h>monics2 at la/ we pass into ! /ate ( unconsci\sness--we cease to he> :at is read4 ,b d we cease to feel8 ,we h n he>d1 b we h be5 affect$ by ! s\nds4 ,n by di/+ui%able s5sations2 nev]!less a /ate ( ! g5]al ,s5sibility has be5 induc$4 ,to prove t we h be5 affect$ is easy4 ,let ! read] sudd5ly cease1 & if our sleep be n too pr(\nd1 we at once awake4 ,n[1 unless ! s\nd ( 8 voice _h affect$ u1 x is cle> t ! cessation ( t c\ld n h affect$ u4 ,or let u suppose our sleep to be unbrok5 by ! cessation ( ! s\nd2 ev5 ?is w n prove t we h be5 unaffect$ by ! s\nds1 x w m]ely prove t ^? s\nds1 or _! cessation1 did n excite a consci\s /ate4 ,= let ! read]1 9 no l\d] tone1 ask1 8,are y asleep80 & we />t up1 ) r\nd eyes1 decl>+1 8,n at all40 ,nay1 %\ld ev5 ?is "q fail to awak5 u1 ! speak] ne$ only utt] "s phrase likely to excite a ?rill--su* z1 8,!re's ! po/man60 or1 8,i smell fire60 & we />t up4 ,i rememb] once try+ ! exp]im5t on a we>i$ wait]1 :o _h fall5 asleep 9 "o ( ! unoccupi$ boxes ( a tav]n4 ,8 arm re/$ on ! table1 & 8 head re/$ on 8 arm3 he snor$ ! snore ( ! we>y1 9 spite ( ! noisy laught] & talk ( ! gue/s4 ,i call$ out 8,johnson10 9 a l\d tone4 ,x nev] mov$ him4 ,i !n call$ 8,wilson10 b he snor$ on4 ,no soon] did ,i call 8wait]10 ?an he rais$ 8 head ) a sleepy 8yessir40 ,n[1 to suppose1 9 ?is case1 t he _h no s5sation :5 ! words 8,johnson0 & 8,wilson0 rea*$ 8 e>s1 b _h a s5sation :5 ! ^w 8wait]0 rea*$ 8 e>s1 is to suppose t two simil> causes w n produce a simil> effect4 ,! dissyllable 8,johnson0 w\ld excite z pot5t a reaction ( 8 s5sory organ z ! dissyllable 8wait]02 b ! ?rills--! reflex feel+s--7 diff]5t1 because ! ^w 8,johnson0 0 n associat$ 9 8 m9d ) any def9ite actions1 :]eas ! ^w 8wait]0 0 s associat$ z to become an automatic impulse4#bca #d4 ,two si/]s are asleep 9 ! same b$1 & a *ild cries 9 ! next room4 ,! s\nds ( ^! cries w give a simil> /imulus to ! auditory n]ve ( ea* si/]1 & excite a simil> s5sory reaction 9 ea*4 ,nev]!less1 ! "o si/] sleeps on undi/urb$1 & is said n to he> ! cry4 ,! o!r spr+s out ( b$1 & att5ds to ! *ild1 because %e be+ accu/om$ to att5d on ! *ild & soo! x :5 cry+1 ! prim>y s5sation has excit$ second>y s5sations1 ?rills :i* lead to accu/om$ actions4 ,c\ld we look into ! m9d ( ! sleep+ si/]1 we %\ld d\btless f9d t ! s5sation excit$ by ! *ild's cry _h m]g$ itself 9 ! g5]al /ream1 & p]haps modifi$ h] dreams4 ,let h] become a "m1 or take on ! t5d] duties ( a "m1 & h] vigilance w equal t ( h] si/]2 because ! cry w !n excite a def9ite reflex feel+1 & a def9ite c\rse ( action4 ,b ?is v si/]1 :o is s s5sitive to ! cry ( a *ild1 w be undi/urb$ by a mu* l\d] noise2 a dog may b>k1 or a heavy wagon ?und] along ! /reet1 )\t caus+ h] to turn 9 b$4#bcb ,al?\gh dur+ sleep ! n]v\s c5tres h by no means _! full activity1 !y are always capable ( respond+ to a /imulus1 & s5sation w always be produc$4 ,:5 ! s]vant taps at y\r b$room door 9 ! morn+1 y are said n to he> ! tap1 if asleep2 y d n p]ceive x2 b ! s\nd rea*es & r\ses y nev]!less1 s9ce :5 ! second tap comes1 al?\gh no l\d]1 y di/9ctly recognize x4 ,9 e!riz$ pati5ts1 s5sation is con/antly obs]v$ return+ be=e any consci\sness ( :at is go+ on returns4 8,i 0 call$10 says ,mr4 ,pott]1 8to give *lor(orm to a lady = ! extraction ( t5 tee?4 ,! fir/ five 7 extract$ )\t ! slighte/ movem5t1 b z ! op]ation proce$$1 s5sation return$1 & ,i 0 oblig$ to use consid]able =ce to keep h] 9 ! *air dur+ ! extraction ( ! la/ too?4 ,%e came to h]self v %ortly aft]1 & 0 delight$ to f9d %e _h got ov] all h] tr\bles )\t hav+ felt x ! lea/ 9 ! _w40#bcc #e4 ,we d n see ! />s at noonday1 yet !y %9e4 ,we d n see ! sunbeams play+ among ! leaves on a cl\dy day1 yet x is by ^! beams t ! leaves & all o!r objects are visible4 ,!re is a g5]al illum9ation f ! sun & />s1 b ( ?is we are seldom aw>e1 because our att5tion falls ^u ! illum9$ objects1 bright] or d>k] ?an ?is g5]al tone4 ,!re is a sort ( analogy to ?is 9 ! g5]al ,consci\sness1 :i* is compos$ ( ! sum ( s5sations excit$ by ! incessant simultane\s action ( int]nal & ext]nal /imuli4 ,?is =ms1 z x 71 ! daylight ( our exi/5ce4 ,we d n habitually att5d to x1 because att5tion falls on ^? p>ticul> s5sations ( pleasure or ( pa91 ( great] or ( less int5sity1 :i* usurp a prom95ce among ! objects ( ! s5sitive panorama4 ,b j z we ne$ ! daylight to see ! brilliant & ! sombre =ms ( ?+s1 we ne$ ?is liv+ ,consci\sness to feel ! pleasures & ! pa9s ( life4 ,x is !re=e z errone\s to imag9e t we h no o!r s5sations ?an ^? :i* we di/9ctly recognize--z to imag9e t we see no o!r light ?an :at is reflect$ f ! %ops & equipages1 ! colors & spl5dors :i* arre/ ! eye4 ,! am\nt ( light receiv$ f ! />s may be small1 b x is pres5t4 ,! great] glory ( ! sunlight may r5d] ?is />light inappreciable1 b x does n r5d] x inop]ative4 ,9 l mann] ! am\nt ( s5sation receiv$ f "s ( ! c5tres may be inappreciable 9 ! pres5ce ( m massive influ5ces f o!r c5tres2 b ?\gh inappreciable x _c be inop]ative--x mu/ =m an integ] 9 ! sum4 #f4 ,! read]'s daily exp]i5ce w assure him t ov] & above all ! p>ticul> s5sations capable ( be+ sep>ately recogniz$1 !re is a g5]al /ream ( ,s5sation :i* con/itutes 8 feel+ ( exi/5ce--! ,consci\sness ( himself z a s5sitive be+4 ,! ebulli5t en]gy :i* "o day exalts life1 & ! m\rnful depression :i* ! next day r5d]s life a burd5 almo/ intol]able1 are feel+s n ref]able to any ( ! p>ticul> s5sations1 b arise f ! massive yet obscure s5sibilities ( ! visc]a1 :i* =m s important a "p ( ! g5]al /ream ( ,s5sation4 ,"s ( ^! may em]ge into di/9ct recognition4 ,we may feel ! he>t beat1 ! inte/9es move1 ! gl&s secrete2 any?+ unusual 9 _! action w =ce itself on our att5tion4 8,:at we h be5 long us$ to10 says ,:ytt1 8we become sc>cely s5sible (2 :ile ?+s :i* are new1 ?\gh mu* m trifl+1 & ( weak] impression1 affect u rem>kably4 ,?us he :o is wont to sp5d 8 "t 9 ! c\ntry is surpris+ly affect$1 ^u fir/ com+ into a popul\s city1 ) ! noise & bu/le :i* prevail !re3 ( ?is1 h[ev]1 he becomes daily less s5sible1 till at l5g? he reg>ds x no m ?an !y :o h be5 us$ to x all _! lifetime4 ,! same seems to be ! case also ) :at passes )9 our bodies4 ,few p]sons 9 heal? feel ! beat+ ( _! he>t1 ?\gh x /rikes aga9/ _! ribs ) consid]able =ce e second2 :]eas ! motion ( a fly ^u "o's face or h&s occasions a v s5sible & uneasy titillation4 ,! pulsation ( ! great aorta itself is :olly unobs]v$ by u2 yet ! unusual beat+ ( a small art]y 9 any ( ! f+]s becomes v rem>kable40 #g4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( s5sation is d]iv$ f ! muscul> s5se1 yet we are n aw>e ( ! nice adju/m5ts ( ! muscles1 regulat$ by ?is s5sibility1 :5 we sit or walk4 ,no soon] are we plac$ 9 an exceptional position1 z 9 walk+ on a n>r[ l$ge1 ?an we become di/9ctly aw>e ( ! ef=t requir$ to pres]ve equilibrium4 ,x is n ! novelty ( ! position :i* has increas$ our s5sibility2 t has only caus$ u to att5d to our s5sations4 ,9 l mann]1 ! v>i\s /reams ( s5sation :i* make up our g5]al s5se ( exi/5ce1 sep>ately escape notice until "o ( !m becomes ob/ruct$1 or increases 9 impetuosity4 ,:5 we are seat$ at a w9d[1 & look out at ! trees & sky1 we are s occupi$ ) ! aspects & ! voices ( ext]nal ,nature1 t no att5tion :atev] is giv5 to ! fact ( our own exi/5ce2 yet all ?is :ile !re has be5 a massive & diffusive feel+ aris+ f ! organic processes2 & ( ?is we become di/9ctly aw>e if we close our eyes1 %ut (f all s\nds1 & ab/ract ! s5sations ( t\* & temp]ature--x is !n p]ceiv$ z a va/ & p[]ful /ream ( s5sation1 belong+ to none ( ! special ,s5ses1 b to ! ,sy/em z a :ole4 ,x is on ?is g5]al /ream t dep5d ^? well-kn[n b indescribable /ates nam$ 8feel+ well0 & 8feel+ ill0--! bi5 tre & malaise ( e day4 ,( two m5 look+ f ! same w9d[1 on ! same l&scape1 "o w be mov$ to unutt]able sadness1 ye>n+ = ! peace ( dea?2 ! o!r w feel 8 s\l suffus$ ) s]5ity & cont5t3 ! "o has a gloomy backgr\nd1 into :i* ! s5sations excit$ by ! l&scape are m]g$2 ! o!r has a happy backgr\nd1 on :i* ! s5sations play l ripples on a sunny lake4 ,! tone ( ea* man's feel+ is det]m9$ by ! /ate ( 8 g5]al consci\sness4 ,except 9 matt]s ( pure demon/ration1 we are all det]m9$ t[>ds c]ta9 conclusions z mu* by ?is g5]al consci\sness z by logic4 ,our philosophy1 :5 n borr[$1 is little m ?an ! expression ( our p]sonality4 #h4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! relation ( p>ticul> s5sations to ! g5]al /ate ( ,consci\sness consid]$ z ! function ( ! :ole organism1 we may h5ce=w>d speak ( p>ticul> s5ti5t /ates1 z we speak ( p>ticul> organs & functions1 all ! :ile presuppos+ t ! organs & functions necess>ily involve ! organism1 s9ce ap>t f ! organism !y h no su* significance4 ,! reaction ( a s5sory organ is !re=e always a s5ti5t ph5om5on4 ,ap>t f ! liv+ organism !re c be no su* vital reaction1 b only a physical reaction4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t s5sation is simply ! molecul> excitation ( ! c]ebrum2 yet no "o w ma9ta9 t if ! c]ebrum ( a corpse be excit$1 by a galvanic curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! optic n]ve1 = in/ance1 ?is excitation w be a s5sation4 ,:5ce we may conclude t x is n ! physical reaction or /imulus :i* con/itutes s5sation1 b ! physiological reaction ( ! liv+ organism4 #i4 ,n[ ?is is ! po9t :i* ! advocates ( ! ,reflex ,!ory1 implicitly or explicitly1 always d5y4 ,let u trace ! orig9 ( ! fallacy1 if possible4 ,:5 we remove ! eye f a rec5tly kill$ animal1 & let a beam ( light fall on x1 ! pupil contracts4 ,?is is a purely me*anical action2 no "o w\ld sugge/ t a s5sation det]m9$ x4 ,:5 we remove ! leg1 & irritate its n]ve1 ! leg is j]k$ out4 ,?is is also a purely me*anical action4 ,:5 we remove ! bra9 f an animal1 & p9* its toes1 ! leg is )drawn or ! p9c]s are pu%$ aside4 ,is ?is equally a purely me*anical action8 ,& if n1 :y n8 ,! ,reflex ,!ory w\ld h u believe t all ?ree cases 7 me*anical1 at lea/ 9 s f> z !y 7 all de/itute ( s5ti5t co-op]ation1 ! gr\nd = ?is conclusion be+ ! hypo!sis t ! bra9 is ! exclusive seat ( s5sation4 ,! ,reflex ,!ory fur!r concludes t s9ce ^!1 & analog\s actions1 are p]=m$ :5 ! bra9 is remov$1 !y1 be+ ?us indep5d5t ( s5ti5ce1 may be p]=m$ :5 ! bra9 is pres5t )\t any co-op]ation ( s5ti5ce4 ,! gr\nds = ?is conclusion be+ ! facts t 9 ! normal /ate ( ! organism !re are _m actions ( :i* we are sometimes consci\s1 & at o!r times unconsci\s2 & "s actions--su* z ! dilatation & contraction ( ! pupil--( :i* we are nev] consci\s4 ,?is obs]vation ( p>ts deta*$ f ! organism seems confirm$ by obs]vation ( actions pass+ 9 our own organisms1 bo? conv]g+ to ! conclusion t ! actions 9 "q are purely me*anical1 involv+ no s5ti5ce :atev]4 ,we are taught1 !re=e1 t !re is besides ! s5ti5t me*anism1 to :i* all consci\s actions are ref]r$1 a reflex me*anism1 to :i* all unconsci\s actions are ref]r$4 ,! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 act+ z a :ole1 con/itutes ! fir/2 ! sp9al axis1 act+ )\t ! co-op]ation ( ! c]ebrum1 con/itutes ! second4 #aj4 ,be=e proce$+ ) our exposition ( ! !ory x may be well to /ate two consid]ations :i* mu/ be con/antly 9 view4 ,if x %\ld appe> t !re is any reasonable evid5ce = refus+ to limit ,s5sibility to ! c]ebrum--& ?is evid5ce ,i %all adduce--! ,reflex ,!ory mu/ obvi\sly be remodell$4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,we might see ov]:elm+ evid5ce 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis t ! c]ebrum is ! exclusive seat ( ,s5sibility1 & /ill reject z a fallacy ! conclusion t because c]ta9 actions c be p]=m$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! c]ebrum1 !re=e ^? actions 9 ! normal organism are likewise p]=m$ )\t c]ebral co-op]ation4 ,i mean t x is a fallacy to conclude f ! contractions ( ! pupil1 & ! j]k+ ( ! leg1 :5 eye & leg are deta*$ f ! organism1 t !re=e :5 eye & leg =m integral p>ts ( ! organism1 su* contractions & j]k+s are me*anical reflexes )\t s5ti5t conditions4 ,& ! fallacy is analog\s to t :i* w\ld conclude f ! obs]vations ( a me*anical automaton1 t simil> appe>ances 9 a vital organism 7 equally automatic & me*anical4 ,s long z bo? sets ( ph5om5a are appreh5d$ simply z !y appe> to ! s5se ( sight1 !y may be indi/+ui%able2 b no soon] d we appreh5d !m ?r\gh o!r modes1 & exam9e ! modes ( production ( ! ph5om5a1 ?an we come ^u c>d9al diff]5ces4 ,a limb deta*$ f ! organism is l a phrase deta*$ f a s5t5ce3 x has lo/ its vital significance1 its functional value1 9 los+ its connection ) ! o!r p>ts4 ,! :ole s5t5ce is necess>y = ! slighte/ mean+ ( its con/itu5t words1 & ea* ^w is a language-elem5t only :5 ideally or v]bally connect$ ) ! o!r words requir$ to =m a s5t5ce2 )\t subject1 pr$icate1 & copula1 no s5t5ce c be =m$4 ,s ! organic connexus ( p>ts ) a liv+ :ole is necess>y = ! simple/ function ( ea* organ2 & a limb1 or any o!r "p1 is a physiological elem5t only :5 7ideally or really7 an integral ( a vital :ole4 ,! organism may be truncat$ by ! removal ( c]ta9 p>ts1 z ! s5t5ce may be abbreviat$ by ! removal ( c]ta9 phrases2 b s long z subject1 pr$icate1 & copula rema91 !re is a mean+ 9 ! s5t5ce2 & s long z ! organic connexus ne$ful = vitality rema9s1 !re w be vital function4 ,! eye deta*$ f ! organism is no long] a "p ( ! liv+ :ole1 x no long] lives1 its ph5om5a cease to be vital1 its movem5ts cease to h s5ti5t conditions4 ,! movem5ts ( ! pupil may seem to be ! same z ^? ( ! liv+ eye2 b :5 we come to exam9e _! modes ( production1 we le>n t !y are n ! same4 ,! /imulus ( light fall+ on ! eye 9 ! two cases necess>ily has a diff]5t effect1 because ! effect is ! result ( ! co-op]at+ causes1 & ! co-op]ation 9 ! "o case is t ( a lifeless organ1 9 ! o!r t ( a liv+ organism4 ,s long z ! eye =ms an integral "p ( ! organism1 e /imulus act+ on ! eye necess>ily acts on ! organism1 & e reaction ( ! organ is necess>ily condition$ by ! /ate ( ! organism4 ,fur!r1 e /imulation ( a s5sory n]ve necess>ily affects ! g5]al s5sorium1 s9ce ! :ole n]v\s sy/em is /ructurally cont9u\s & functionally co-op]ant4 7,see ,prob4 ,,ii4 #af47 ,!re=e1 ! /imulation ( ! eye1 al?\gh too fa9t to be discrim9at$ z a consci\s s5sation1 mu/ ent] z a s5ti5t tremor into ! g5]al /ream ( ,s5ti5ce2 & al?\gh we h no te/ delicate en\gh to reveal ?is op]ation1 we "k ! obv]se op]ation ( consci\s s5sation on ! movem5ts ( ! pupil--9 surprise1 = example1 ! pupil is dilat$4 #aa4 ,!re are /ill /rong] reasons = ass]t+ t ! sp9al reflexes are necess>ily condition$ by ! g5]al /ate ( ! s5sorium1 s t 9 ! normal organism we _c legitimately exclude !m f ,s5ti5ce2 & ! ,reflex ,!ory is !re=e unphysiological1 ev5 on ! hypo!sis t ! c]ebrum is ! exclusive seat ( ,s5sibility4 ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 seems to me unt5able2 & all ! obs]v$ facts :i* x is inv5t$ to expla9 admit ( a f> m consi/5t explanation4 ,x is irrational to suppose t a limb1 deta*$ f ! body1 felt ! /imulus :i* caus$ its muscles to contract4 ,! limb is n a liv+ organism1 hav+ a s5ti5t me*anism 9 its n]v\s me*anism4 ,n less irrational is x to suppose t :5 ! limb =ms an integral "p ( a liv+ organism1 ) a s5ti5t me*anism ( n]ves & n]ve-c5tres1 ?is organism does n react on ! /imulus :i* excites ! muscles ( ! limb to contract2 nor1 pursu+ ! same tra9 ( reason+1 is x irrational to suppose t :5 ?is liv+ organism has be5 mutilat$1 & c]ta9 p>ts de/roy$1 :i* d n 9 _! de/ruction prev5t ! connexus ( ! re/1 b leave intact a s5ti5t me*anism ( n]ves & n]ve-c5tres1 !n also ?is truncat$ organism /ill reacts z a :ole1 /ill feels ! /imulus :i* causes ! muscles ( ! limb to contract4 ,hypo!sis = hypo!sis1 we may at lea/ say t ! "o is z reasonable z ! o!r4 ,& ,i %all be disappo9t$ if1 :5 ! read] has gone ?r\gh all ! evid5ce h]eaft] to be adduc$1 he does n conclude t ! hypo!sis :i* assigns ,s5sibility to ! n]v\s me*anism z a :ole is n ! m acceptable ( ! two4 #ab4 ,let u n[ pursue our exposition ( ! ,reflex ,!ory4 ,all t we h endeav\r$ to e/abli% respect+ ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! processes 9 consci\s & unconsci\s /ates1 & volunt>y & involunt>y actions1--an id5tity :i* does n exclude diff]5ces ( degree correspond+ ) ^! diff]5t t]ms1--is ignor$ or d5i$ 9 ! ,reflex ,!ory4 ,:]eas ,i suppose all processes to be reflex processes1 "s ( !m hav+ ! volunt>y1 o!rs ! involunt>y "*1 physiologi/s g5]ally di/+ui% ! involunt>y z reflex1 & inv5t = ?is class a special me*anism4 ,accord+ to ,m>%all ,hall1 :o orig9at$ ! mod]n =m ( ?is !ory1 actions are divisible into f\r di/9ct classes3 ! volunt>y1 dep5d5t on ! bra92 ! involunt>y1 dep5d5t on ! irritability ( ! muscul> fibre2 ! respiratory1 :]e9 8! motive influ5ce passes 9 a direct l9e f "o po9t ( ! n]v\s sy/em to c]ta9 muscles02 & ! reflex1 dep5d5t on ! 8true sp9al sy/em0 ( incid5t-excitor n]ves1 & ( reflex-motor n]ves4 ,^! la/-nam$ actions are produc$ :5 an impression on ! s5sitive surface is convey$1 by an excitor-n]ve1 to ! sp9al cord1 & is !re reflect$ back on ! muscles by a correspond+ motor-n]ve4 ,9 ?is process no s5sation :atev] occurs4 ,! action is purely reflex1 purely excito-motor--l ! action ( an ord9>y me*anism4#bcd ,mll]1 :o %>es ) ,m>%all ,hall ! glory ( hav+ e/abli%$ ?is classification1 ?9ks t al?\gh ! abs5ce ( s5sation is a *>act]i/ic ( ! reflex actions1 ^! actions may be1 & are at times1 accompani$ by s5sation4 8,! view ,i take ( ! matt] is ! foll[+3 ,irritation ( s5sitive fibres ( a sp9al n]ve excites prim>ily a c5tripetal action ( ! n]v\s pr9ciple convey+ ! impression to ! sp9al cord2 if ! c5tripetal action c !n be cont9u$ to ! s5sorium commune1 a true s5sation is ! result2 if1 on acc\nt ( division ( ! cord1 x _c be communicat$ to ! s5sorium1 x /ill ex]ts its :ole influ5ce ^u ! cord2 9 bo? cases a reflex motor action may be ! result40#bce #ac4 ,x is ne$less n[adays to po9t out t ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ct sy/em ( excito-motor n]ves belongs to ,imag9>y ,anatomy2 b x is n ne$less to po9t out t ! ,imag9>y ,physiology f\nd$ on x /ill survives4 ,! hypo!tical process seems to me n less at v>iance ) obs]vation & induction1 ?an ! hypo!tical /ructure inv5t$ = its basis4 ,we h already se5 t :at ,anatomy positively tea*es is totally unlike ! reflex me*anism popul>ly imag9$4 ,! s5sory n]ve is n se5 to ent] ! sp9al cord at "o po9t1 & pass ov] to a correspond+ po9t ( exit2 x is se5 to ent] ! gray sub/ance1 :i* is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! sp9al cord2 x is !re lo/ to view1 its c\rse be+ untraceable4 ,nor does ! physiological process pres5t ! aspect dem&$ by ! !ory3 x is n t ( a direct & uni=m reflexion1 su* z w\ld result f an impression on "o spot transmitt$ across ! sp9al cord to a correspond+ motor-n]ve4 ,! impression is sometimes foll[$ by "o movem5t1 sometimes by ano!r v diff]5t movem5t1 ea* det]m9$ by ! /ate ( neural t5sion 9 ! :ole c5tral sy/em4 ,ev5 ! facts on :i* ! ,reflex ,!ory is bas$ are diff]5tly int]pret$ by diff]5t physiologi/s4 ,van ,de51 = in/ance1 consid]s t ,reflexion takes place )\t ,volition1 b n )\t ,s5sation2 & ,budge1 t x takes place )\t p]ception 7,vor/ellung74 ,& :5 x is rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! reflex actions w be accompani$ by di/9ct consci\sness :5ev] att5tion is direct$ to !m1 or ! vividness ( ! /imulation is slightly increas$1 x becomes evid5t t ! abs5ce ( ,consci\sness 7discrim9ation7 is n ! diff]5tia ( ,reflex action4 #ad4 ,nor c ! abs5ce ( spontaneity be accept$ z a diff]5tia4 ,all actions are excit$ by /imulation1 int]nal or ext]nal4 ,:at are call$ ! spontane\s actions are simply ^? :i* are prompt$ by int]nal1 or by n recognizable /imuli2 & c\ld we see ! process1 we %\ld see a neural *ange initiat$ by "s /imulation1 :e!r ! *ange 0 consci\s & volitional1 or unconsci\s & automatic4 ,! dog ris+ f sleep & re/lessly mov+ ab\t1 is act+ spontane\sly1 :e!r ! /imulation :i* awak5s him be a s5sation ( hung]1 a s5sation ( s\nd1 ! %>p pa9 ( a prick1 or a da% ( cold wat]4 ,if he wags 8 tail at ! sight ( 8 ma/]1 or wags x :5 dream+1 ! /imulation is said to be spontane\s2 b if aft] 8 sp9al cord has be5 divid$ ! tail wags :5 8 abdom5 is tickl$1 ! action is call$ reflex4 ,9 all ?ree cases !re has be5 a process ( excitation & reflexion4 #ae4 ,! advocates ( ! ,reflex ,!ory insi/ t spontaneity is always abs5t 9 bra9less animals2 :5ce ! conclusion t ! bra9 is ! exclusive organ ( s5sation4 ,b ! fact ass]t$ is contradict$ by ! evid5ce4 ,no exp]im5t] c h fail$ to obs]ve numb]less examples ( spontaneity 9 bra9less animals4 ,_m examples h already be5 incid5tally notic$ 9 previ\s pages4 ,let me add "o m f my notes3 ,i decapitat$ a toad & a triton1 & divid$ ! sp9al cord ( ano!r triton & a frog4 ,at fir/ ! movem5ts ( ! decapitat$ animals 7 insignificant2 b on ! second day ! headless toad 0 q z lively z ! frog2 & ! headless triton little less s ?an 8 companion ) cord divid$ b bra9 intact4 ,i h1 at ! "t ( writ+ ?is1 a frog ^: cord 0 divid$ "s weeks ago4 ,he rema9s almo/ motionless unless :5 t\*$2 he is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! same spot1 & 9 ! same attitude to-day z ye/]day1 unless t\*$1 or unless ! table be %ak54 ,he occasionally moves "o ( ! =elegs2 occasionally "o ( ! h9d-legs2 b )\t *ang+ 8 position4 ,if he 7 bra9less1 ?is quiesc5ce w\ld be cit$ 9 pro( ( ! abs5ce ( spontaneity 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra92 b ?is conclusion w\ld be fallaci\s1 & is se5 to be s 9 ! spontane\s movem5ts ( 8 companion :o has no bra94 #af4 ,) spontaneity is associat$ ! idea ( volition1 & ) volition *oice4 ,n[ ,i admit t x is complicat+ ! "q to ask any "o to conceive a headless animal *oos+ "o action r ?an ano!r2 b x is equally difficult to reconcile ourselves to ! idea ( 8*oice0 9 contemplat+ ! actions ( a mollusc4 ,9 :at s5se we c speak ( ! volition ( a mollusc or an insect has already be5 consid]$ 7p4 #djh74 ,:5 a man 9 a fit ( c\gh+ seizes a glass ( wat] to allay ! tickl+ 9 8 ?roat1 we h no hesitation 9 decl>+ ?is to be volitional--& ! rem$y to be *os54 ,b :5 a bra9less animal adopts "s unusual means1 aft] ! failure ( ! usual means1 to allay an irritation1 we /ill hesitate to call ! action volitional4 ,i see1 h[ev]1 no objection to call+ x ! adaptation ( a s5sitive me*anism :i* is m>k$ly unlike any inorganic me*anism4 ,place a *ild ( two or ?ree ye>s old ^u 8 back1 & tickle 8 "r *eek ) a fea!r4 ,he w probably move 8 head away4 ,cont9ue tickl+1 & he w rub ! spot ) 8 "r h&1 nev] us+ ! left h& = ! "r *eek1 s long z ! "r h& is free2 b if y hold 8 "r h&1 he w use ! left4 ,does any "o dispute ! volunt>y "* ( ^! actions8 ,n[ comp>e ! actions ( ! sleep+ *ild "u simil> circum/ances1 & _! sequ5ce w be precisely simil>4 ,?is contra/ is ! m illu/rative1 because physiologi/s g5]ally assume t 9 sleep consci\sness & volition are susp5d$4 ,!y say3 8,! bra9 sleeps1 ! sp9al cord nev]2 volition & s5sation may be susp5d$1 b n reflex action40 ,?is proposition is extremely que/ionable2 yet x is indisp5sable to ! reflex !ory2 because unless s5sation & volition are susp5d$ dur+ sleep1 we mu/ admit t !y c act1 )\t at ! same "t call+ into activity t degree ( s5sibility :i* is suppos$ to con/itute consci\sness4 ,! *ild moves 9 8 sleep1 def5ds himself 9 8 sleep2 b he is n 8aw>e0 ( x4 8,*ildr510 says ,pflg]1 8sleep m s\ndly ?an adults1 & seem to be m s5sitive 9 sleep4 ,i tickl$ ! "r no/ril ( a ?ree-ye>-old boy4 ,he at once rais$ 8 "r h& to pu% me away1 & !n rubb$ ! place4 ,:5 ,i tickl$ ! left no/ril he rais$ ! left h&4 ,i !n s(tly drew bo? arms d[n1 & laid !m close to ! body1 emb$d+ ! left arm 9 ! clo!s1 & plac+ on x a pill[1 by g5tle pressure on :i* ,i c\ld keep ! arm d[n )\t awak5+ him4 ,hav+ done ?is ,i tickl$ 8 left no/ril4 ,he at once began to move ! imprison$ arm1 b c\ld n rea* 8 face ) x1 because ,i held x firmly ?\gh g5tly d[n4 ,he n[ drew 8 head aside1 & ,i cont9u$ tickl+1 :]eupon he rais$ ! "r h&1 & ) x rubb$ ! left no/ril--an action he nev] p]=m$ :5 ! left h& 0 free40 #ag4 ,?is simple b +5i\s exp]im5t e/abli%es "o important po9t1 namely1 t ! s-call$ reflex actions obs]v$ 9 sleep are det]m9$ by s5sation & volition4 ,! sleep+ *ild behaves exactly z ! wak+ *ild behav$2 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! en]gy & rapidity ( ! actions4 ,if ! wak+ *ild felt & will$1 surely ! sleep+ *ild1 :5 x p]=m$ precisely simil> actions1 _c be said to h felt no?+1 will$ no?+8 ,x is n at "o mom5t a s5ti5t organism1 & at ! next an ins5ti5t me*anism4 ,x is possible to meet ?is case by assum+ t ! *ild 0 ne>ly awake1 & t a dim consci\sness 0 ar\s$ by ! tickl+1 s t ! c]ebral activity 0 9 fact awak5$4 ,b1 plausible z ?is explanation may be 7& ,i am ! m ready to admit x because ,i believe ! bra9 always co-op]ates :5 x is pres5t71 x altoge!r fails :5 we come to exp]im5ts on decapitat$ animals4 ,if any "o w in/itute a s]ies ( su* exp]im5ts1 tak+ c>e to comp>e ! actions ( ! animal be=e & aft] decapitation1 he w p]ceive t !re is no m diff]5ce betwe5 !m ?an betwe5 ^? ( ! sleep+ & ! wak+ *ild4 #ah4 ,ev5 m /rik+ is ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 devis$ by ,pflg]1 :i* ,i h v]ifi$1 & v>i$1 _m times3 ,a frog is decapitat$1 or its bra9 is remov$4#bcf ,:5 x has recov]$ f ! effect ( ! e!r1 & manife/s lively s5sibility1 we place x on its back1 & t\*1 ) acetic acid1 ! sk9 ( its ?igh j above ! condylus int]nus femoris4 7,let ! read] imag9e 8 own %\ld] burnt at ! po9t :]e x c be rea*$ ) ! ?umb ( ! same arm1 & he w realize ! op]ation47 ,no soon] does ! acid beg9 to burn ?an ! frog /ret*es out ! o!r leg1 s t its body is some:at drawn t[>ds x4 ,! leg t has be5 burnt is n[ b5t1 & ! back ( ! foot is appli$ to ! spot1 rubb+ ! acid away--j z y\r ?umb might rub y\r %\ld]4 ,?is is v l ! action ( ! tickl$ *ild1 :o always uses ! "r h& to rub ! "r *eek1 unless x be held2 b :5 ! *ild's "r h& is prev5t$ f rubb+1 ! left w be employ$2 & precisely ?is d we obs]ve ) ! bra9less frog3 prev5t x f us+ its "r leg1 & x w use its left6 ,?is has be5 prov$ by decapitat+ ano!r frog1 & cutt+ (f ! foot ( ! leg :i* is to be irritat$4 ,no soon] is ! acid appli$1 ?an ! leg is b5t z be=e1 & ! /ump is mov$ to & fro1 z if to rub away ! acid4 ,b ! acid is n rubb$ away1 & ! animal becomes re/less1 z if try+ to hit ^u "s o!r plan = free+ himself ( ! irritation4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k t he (t5 hits ^u plans v simil> to ^? :i* an intellig5t human be+ adopts "u simil> circum/ances4 ,?us1 ! irritation cont9u+1 he w sometimes cease ! va9 ef=ts ) 8 /ump1 & /ret*+ t leg /raight out1 b5ds ! o!r leg ov] t[>ds ! irritat$ spot1 & rubs ! acid away4 ,b1 to %[ h[ f> ?is action is f "o ( 8m]e me*anism10 h[ f> x is f be+ a direct reflex ( an impression on a gr\p ( muscles1 ! frog does n always hit ev5 on ?is plan4 ,sometimes x b5ds its irritat$ leg m en]getically1 & likewise b5ds ! body t[>ds x1 s z to p]mit ! spot to be rubb$ aga9/ ! flank--j z ! *ild1 :5 bo? 8 h&s are held1 w b5d 8 *eek t[>ds 8 %\ld] & rub x !re4 #ai4 ,x is difficult to resi/ su* evid5ce z is "h manife/$4 ,! bra9less frog 8*ooses0 a new plan :5 ! old "o fails1 j z ! wak+ *ild *ooses4 ,& an illu/ration ( h[ s5sations guide & det]m9e movem5ts1 may be se5 9 ano!r obs]vation ( ! bra9less frog1 :51 z (t5 happ5s1 x does n hit ^u ei!r ( ! plans j m5tion$1 b rema9s app>5tly re/less & helpless2 if "u ^! circum/ances we p]=m a "p ( ! action = x1 x w complete :at we h begun3 if we rub ! irritat$ leg1 at "s di/ance f ! spot :]e ! acid is1 ) ! foot ( ! o!r1 ! frog sudd5ly avails itself ( ?is guid+ s5sation1 & at once directs its foot to ! irritat$ spot4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts on ! triton & ! frog1 ! evid5ce ( s5sation & volition is all ! /rong]1 because ! reactions produc$ by irritations are n uni=m4 ,if :5 a decapitat$ animal 7 /imulat$ x always react$ 9 precisely ! same way1 & nev] *ose new means on ! failure ( ! old1 x w\ld be conceivable to attribute ! results to simple reflex action--i4 e4 ! me*anical transf]5ce ( an impulse along a prescrib$ pa?4 ,x is possible s to conceive ! brea?+1 or ! swall[+ me*anism3 ! impression may be directly reflect$ on c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles4 ,b ,i _c conceive a ma*9e sudd5ly /rik+ out new me?ods1 :5 ! old me?ods fail4 ,i _c conceive a ma*9e ?r[n into disord] :5 its accu/om$ actions fail1 & 9 ?is disord] sudd5ly light+ ^u an action likely to succe$1 & cont9u+ t2 b ,i c conceive ?is to be done by an organism1 = my own exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( animals assures me t ?is is always ! way new l9es ( action are adopt$4 ,& ?is :i* is obs]v$ ( ! unmutilat$ animal1 ,i h j %[n to be obs]v$ ( ! bra9less animal2 :]e=e ! conclusion is1 t if ev] ! frog is s5ti5t1 if ev] its actions are guid$ by s5sation1 !y are s :5 its bra9 is remov$4 #bj4 ,s*rd] van d] ,kolk ?9ks t ,pflg] 0 deceiv$ 9 attribut+ s5sation & volition to ! frog1 because ! reflex actions are1 he says1 s nicely adapt$ to _! ends1 t !y are undi/+ui%able f volunt>y actions4 ,! me*anism is su* t1 by means ( ! communications e/abli%$ betwe5 v>i\s gr\ps ( cells1 all ^! actions adapt$ to an end may be excit$ by e /imulus4 ,b ,i d5y ! fact4 ,i d5y t all ! actions are awak5$ by e /imulus4 ,only "s few are awak5$1 & ^? are n always ! same1 nor d !y foll[ ! same ord] ( succession4 ,"o decapitat$ frog does n behave exactly l ano!r "u simil> circum/ances2 does n behave exactly l himself at diff]5t seasons2 unlike a ma*9e1 he manife/s spontaneity 9 8 actions1 & volition 9 ! direction ( 8 actions4 #ba4 ,! read] w notice t my illu/rations %[ ^! actions ( ! bra9less animal to h ! same ext]nal *>act]s z ^? ( ! unmutilat$ animals4 ,i am !re=e n "h conc]n$ to prove ! psy*ical nature ( ^! actions1 unless x be grant$ t ! unmutilat$ animal has s5sation & volition4 ,?is ( c\rse c only be inf]r$1 n prov$4 ,b ! inf]5ce mu/ n be all[$ 9 ! "o case & refus$ 9 ! o!r4 ,"y rabbits & puppies :5 tak5 f _! mo!rs manife/ discom=t by re/less movem5t & :9+4 ,d !y feel ! discom=t !y ?us express8 ,if ev] rabbits & puppies may be said to feel1 we mu/ answ]1 ,yes4 ,well1 if ! bra9 be remov$ f rabbits & puppies1 precisely simil> ph5om5a are obs]v$ :5 ^! "y animals are tak5 f _! mo!rs4 8,i obs]v$ ! motions1 :i* seem$ ! result ( discom=t1 quickly cease :5 ,i w>m$ ! "y rabbit by brea?+ on x4 ,aft] a :ile x 0 completely at re/1 & seem$ sunk 9 deep sleep2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 x mov$ "o ( its legs )\t any ext]nal /imulus hav+ be5 appli$1 & ?is n spasmodically1 b 9 ! mann] ( a sleep+ animal40#bcg ,is ?is cessation ( ! re/lessness1 :5 w>m? is re/or$1 n evid5ce ( s5sation8 ,we see an infant re/less1 /ruggl+1 & squall+2 & we believe t x is hungry1 or t "s o!r s5sations agitate x2 x is put to ! brea/1 & its squalls subside2 or a f+] is plac$ 9 its m\?1 & x sucks t1 9 a peaceful lull1 = a few mom5ts1 to recomm5ce squall+ :5 ! f+] yields no satisfaction4 ,if we accept ^! z signs ( s5sation1 ,i d n see h[ we c d5y su* s5sation to ! bra9less animal :i* w also cease to cry1 & w suck ! delusive f+]4 #bb4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ advocates ( ! ,reflex ,!ory sums up 8 obs]vations 9 ^! words3 8,x is cle> t bra9less animals1 al?\gh )\t s5sation1 because n end[$ ) m9d1 nev]!less1 by means ( ext]nal impressions :i* op]ate incessantly on !m1 p]=m all ! acts & manife/ all ! activity ( ! s5ti5t animal2 ev]y?+ t is effect$ s5sationally & volitionally1 !y effect by means ( ! organic =ces ( ! impressions40#bch ,call ,s5sibility "o ( ! organic =ces1 if y please1 b s long z ! acts p]=m$ are n only ! same z ^? ( a s5ti5t animal1 b are p]=m$ by ! same me*anism1 !y h e claim to ! "* ( s5sational acts :i* c be urg$ 9 ! case ( ^! animals :5 ! bra9 is pres5t4 ,& ! only reason on :i* ?is claim is disput$ is ! assum$ loss ( all s5sation ) ! loss ( ! bra94 ,"h1 !re=e1 lies ! c5tral po9t to be det]m9$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,d$uctions ,,f ,,g5]al ,,laws4 #bc4 ,! evid5ce is ( two k9ds3 d$uctions f ! g5]al laws ( n]v\s action1 & inductions f p>ticul> manife/ations4 ,! =m] furni% a presumption1 ! latt] a pro(4 ,! c5tral process :i* initiates a reflex action may be excit$ by ! ext]nal /imulation ( a p]iph]al n]ve1 by ! int]nal /imulation ( a p]iph]al n]ve1 or by ! irradiation f "s o!r "p ( ! c5tral tissue4 ,! la/-nam$ /imulations are ! lea/ intelligible1 because !y are s v>i$ & complex1 & s remote f obs]vation2 among !m may be plac$1 #a1 ! organiz$ impulses ( ,in/9ct & ,habit1 ) _! fix$ modes ( manife/ation2 #b1 ! organiz$ impulses ( ,emotion1 :i* are m v>iable 9 _! manife/ations1 because m fluctuat+ 9 _! conditions2 #c1 ! organiz$ impulses ( ,intellect1 ! mo/ v>iable ( all4 ,:e!r we %r9k on ! contact ( a cold sub/ance or on he>+ a sudd5 s\nd1--at ! sight ( a t]rible object1--at ! imag9>y vision ( ! object1--or because we feign ! t]ror :i* is ?us express$1--! reflex me*anism ( %r9k+ is 9 ea* case ! same1 & ! neural process dis*>g$ on ! muscles is ! same2 b ! /ate ( ,feel+ :i* orig9at$ ! *ange--or1 9 /rictly physiological t]ms1 ! incit+ neural process :i* prec$$ ?is reflex neural process--0 9 ea* case some:at diff]5t1 yet 9 ea* case 0 a mode ( ,s5sibility4 #bd4 ,! prop]ty ( ,s5sibility belongs to ! :ole c5tral tissue2 & we h e reason to believe t unless x is excit$ no reflex takes place1 :]eas :5 x is exagg]at$--z 9 epilepsy1 or "u /ry*n9e--! reflex dis*>ges are convulsive4 ,:5 an/hetics are giv51 consci\sness fir/ disappe>s1 & !n reflexion4 ,:5 ! s5sorium is p[]fully excit$ by o!r /imuli1 ! normal /imulus fails to excite ei!r consci\sness or reflexion4 ,h5ce our conclusion is t = consci\sness1 on ! "o h&1 & normal reflexion1 on ! o!r1 ! proximate condition is a *ange 9 ! s5sorium2 or--to phrase x m famili>ly--,feel+ is necess>y = reflex action4 ,! difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ?is lies 9 ! ambiguity ( ! t]m ,feel+4 ,_m read]s :o w\ld f9d no difficulty 9 admitt+ ,s5sibility z a necess>y elem5t 9 reflex action1 w resi/ ! idea ( id5tify+ ,s5sibility ) ,feel+4 ,b ?is repugnance mu/ be ov]come if we are to und]/& ! v>i\s modes ( ,s5sibility :i* repres5t ,feel+ 9 animals1 & its v>ieties 9 ourselves4 ,we und]/& h[ ! g5]al ,s5sibility manife/s itself 9 m>k$ly diff]5t s5sations--h[ t ( ! optic c5tre diff]s f t ( ! auditory c5tre1 & bo? f a sp9al c5tre4 ,! tones ( a viol9 are n ! same z ! tones ( a violoncello1 bo? diff] f ! tones ( a key-bugle3 yet !y all come "u ! same g5]al laws ( tonality4 ,s1 z ,i (t5 insi/1 ! tissues 9 bra9 & cord be+ ! same1 _! prop]ties mu/ be ! same1 _! laws ( excitation1 irradiation1 & comb9ation ! same1 ?r\gh all ! v>ieties 9 _! manife/ations due to v>ieties ( inn]vation4 ,h5ce x is t !re are reflex c]ebral processes no less ?an reflex sp9al processes3 ! motor impulse f1 ! hemisph]es on ! corpora /riata1 or f po/]ior gray sub/ance on ant]ior gray sub/ance1 is simil> to t f ! ant]ior gray sub/ance on ! motor n]ves4 ,! diff]5ce 9 reflexes arises f ! t]m9al organs2 z ! diff]5ce 9 s5sations arises f ! surfaces /imulat$4 ,b n only are !re reflex processes 9 ! bra91 ( ! same ord] z ^? 9 ! cord1 !re are volitional processes 9 ! cord ( ! same ord] z ^? 9 ! bra94 ,& 9 bo? ! processes are sometimes consci\s1 sometimes unconsci\s4 ,no evid5ce sugge/s t 9 ! consci\s action !re is a s5sorial process1 & a purely physical process 9 ! unconsci\s action--only a diff]5t relation ( "o s5sorial process to o!rs4 #be4 ,let u contra/ a c]ebral & a sp9al process1 9 respect to ! ?ree /ages ( /imulation1 irradiation1 & dis*>ge4 ,a lum9\s impression /imulates my ret9a1 ?is excites my s5sorium1 9 :i* second /age ,i am consci\s ( ! lum9\s s5sation2 ! f9al dis*>ge is a p]ception1 or a m5tal articulation ( ! "n ( ! lum9\s object4 ,b ! irradiation may p]haps n h be5 su* z to cause a consci\s s5sation1 because ! requisite neural elem5ts 7 already gr\p$ 9 "s o!r way2 9 ?is case !re is an unconsci\s dis*>ge on "s motor gr\p1 & in/ead ( p]ceiv+ & nam+ ! lum9\s object1 ,i move my head1 or my b&1 or my :ole body1 avoid+ ! object1 or grasp+ at x4 ,a ?ird issue is possible3 ! irradiation1 in/ead ( excit+ a def9ite p]ception1 or a def9ite movem5t1 may be m]g$ 9 ! /ream ( simultane\s excitations1 & ?us =m ! compon5t ( a gr\p1 & ! dis*>ge ( ?is gr\p w be a p]ception or a movem5t4 ,x is ! same ) a sp9al process4 ,an impression on ! sk9 is irradiat$ 9 ! cord1 & ! response is a movem5t1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 or unconsci\s4 ,"h also a ?ird issue is possible3 ! irradiation may be m]g$ 9 a /ream ( simultane\s excitations1 modify+ !m & modifi$ by !m1 ?us =m+ a compon5t 9 "s ult]ior dis*>ge4 #bf4 ,! ob/acle 9 ! way ( recogniz+ t c]ebral processes & sp9al processes are ( ! same ord] ( s5sorial ph5om5a1 & h ! same physiological significance :5 consid]$ irrespective ( ! gr\p ( organs !y call into activity1 is simil> to ! ob/acle :i* has prev5t$ psy*ologi/s f recogniz+ ! id5tity ( ! logical process 9 ! comb9ations ( ,feel+ & ! comb9ations ( ,?\ght1 i4 e4 ! ,logic ( ,feel+ & ! ,logic ( ,signs4 ,?is ob/acle is ! fix+ att5tion on ! div]sity ( ! effects :5 ! same process op]ates ) diff]5t elem5ts4 ,because ! sp9al cord manife/s ! ph5om5a ( s5sation & volition1 we are n to conclude t x also manife/s ideation & imag9ation2 any m ?an we are to conclude t a mollusc is capable ( musical feel+s because x is affect$ by s\nds4 #bg4 ,! c>eless confusion ( g5]al prop]ties ) special applications ( ^? prop]ties1 & ( functions ) prop]ties1 has be5 a s]i\s h9drance to ! "r und]/&+ ( ,s5sibility & its op]ations4 ,in/ead ( recogniz+ t ! n]v\s sy/em has "o g5]al mode ( reaction1 :i* rema9s ! same "u e v>iety ( comb9ation ) o!r sy/ems1 physiologi/s commonly lose sight ( ?is g5]al prop]ty1 & fix on "o mode ( its manife/ation z ! sole *>act]i/ic ( ,s5sibility4 ,sometimes ! mode fix$ on is ,pa91 at o!r times ,att5tion4 ,?us1 :5 an animal manife/s no evid5ce ( pa9 "u /imulations :i* ord9>ily excite sev]e pa91 ?is is (t5 int]pret$ z a pro( t all s5sation is abs5t2 & if ) ?is abs5ce ( pa9 !re is--z !re (t5 is--cle> evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( "s o!r mode ( s5sibility1 ! contradiction is evad$ by ! assumption t :at "h looks l evid5ce ( s5sation is m]ely me*anical reflexion4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ,physiology & ,pa?ology _h be5 sil5t on ! facts ( analgesia )\t an/hesia1 & ( s mu* consci\s s5sation :i* is unaccompani$ by pa94#bci ,:o does n "k t a pati5t w lose "o k9d ( s5sibility :ile reta9+ o!rs--cease to feel pa91 yet feel temp]ature1 or be ins5sible to t\*1 yet exquisitely alive to pa98#bdj ,inasmu* z ,s5sibility dep5ds on ! condition ( ! c5tres1 an abnormal condition w obvi\sly trans=m ! reaction ( ! c5tres into "o v unlike ! normal reaction4 ,= example1 ,anto9e ,cros _h a pati5t :o 0 q unable to feel ! s5sation ( cold on h] left side--e cold object t\*+ h] sk9 on t side 0 felt z a v hot "o2 :]eas a hot object produc$ 8! sort ( s5sation :i* foll[$ ! application ( an int]mitt5t voltaic curr5t40#bda ,?us also ! exp]im5ts ( ,rose#bdb & o!rs h exhibit$ ! effects ( a dose ( ,santon9e 9 caus+ all objects to be se5 z yell[ 9 "o /age1 & violet 9 ano!r4 #bh4 ,if1 !n1 c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! organic conditions are accompani$ by a suppression or p]v]sion ( "s modes ( ,s5sibility1 )\t suppress+ ! re/1 x is b rational to suppose t pr(\nd di/urbances ( ! organic me*anism1 su* z mu/ result f ! removal ( ! bra91 w also suppress or p]v]t sev]al modes ( ,s5sibility1 & yet leave intact ^? modes :i* belong to ! intact p>ts ( ! me*anism4 ,assum+ t ! sp9al c5tres ) ! organs !y inn]vate are capable ( react+ "u c]ta9 modes ( s5sation1 ^! w n necess>ily be suppress$ by removal ( ! bra9--all t w !reby be suppress$ is _! co-op]ation ) ! bra94 ,i "k x w be said t precisely ?is co-op]ation is necess>y = s5sation2 & t ! sp9al reactions are simple reflexions 9 :i* s5sation has no "p4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! position ,i hope to turn4 ,mean:ile my assumption is t s5sation necess>ily plays a "p 9 ! reflex actions ( ! organism1 & :5 t organism is truncat$1 its actions are proportionately limit$1 its s5sations less complex4 ,! sp9al cord1 sep>at$ f encephalic connections1 _c react 9 ! special =ms ( ,s5sation kn[n z color1 sc5t1 ta/e1 s\nd1 etc41 because x does n inn]vate ! organs ( ^! special s5ses1 nor co-op]ate ) _! c5tres4 ,b x c1 & does1 react 9 o!r modes3 x inn]vates sk9 & muscles2 & ! s5sibilities1 ?us excit$1 x c also comb9e & co-ord9ate4 ,x has its ,memory1 & its ,logic1 j z ! bra9 has3 bo? no long] ?an !y are integral p>ts ( an active liv+ organism3 nei!r :5 ! organism is inactive or dead4 ,we d n expect ! ret9a to respond 9 s\nds1 nor ! e> to respond 9 colors3 we expect ea* organ to h its special mode ( reaction4 ,:at is common to bo? is ,s5sibility4 ,:at is common to bra9 & cord is ,s5sibility--& ! laws ( ,gr\p+4 ,in/ead ( m>vell+ at ! disappe>ance ( s _m modes ( ,s5sibility :5 ! bra9 is remov$1 our surprise %\ld be to f9d s _m evid5ces ( ,s5sibility rema9+ aft] s pr(\nd a mutilation ( ! me*anism4 #bi4 ,! curr5t hypo!sis1 :i* assumes t ! bra9 is ! sole organ ( ! m9d1 ! sole seat ( s5sation1 is a remnant ( ! anci5t hypo!sis respect+ ! ,s\l & its seat2 & on ! :ole ,i ?9k ! anci5t hypo!sis is ! m rational ( ! two4 ,if ! ,s\l inhabits ! organism1 us+ x z an in/rum5t1 play+ on its organs z a musician plays on 8 in/rum5t1 we are n call$ ^u to expla9 ! mode ( op]ation ( ?is my/]i\s ag5t2 b if ! ,s\l be ! subjective side ( ! ,life1 ! spiritual aspect ( ! mat]ial organism1 !n s9ce x is a syn!sis ( all ! organic =ces1 ! cons5sus ( all ! s5ti5t ph5om5a1 no "o "p c usurp ! pr]ogatives ( all1 b all are requisite = ea*4 ,& ?is inde$ is :at few physiologi/s w\ld n[adays dispute4 ,9 spite ( _! localiz+ s5sation 9 ! c]ebral cells1 !y w\ld n ma9ta9 t ! c]ebral cells1 nor ev5 ! :ole bra91 c\ld produce s5sation--if deta*$ f ! organism2 ! *eek ( ! guillot9$ victim may h blu%$ :5 /ruck1 b :o believes t ! bra9 felt ! insult1 or ! bl[8 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 :5 we read t ?\ght is 8a prop]ty ( ! gray sub/ance ( ! bra91 z gravitation is ( matt]10 or t ! bra9 is ! exclusive organ ( ,s5sation1 ! writ]s _c consi/5tly c>ry out _! hypo!sis unless !y sil5tly re9troduce o!r organs z co-op]at+ ag5ts2 = a neural process 9 ! c]ebrum is 9 itself no m a s5sation ?an x is a muscul> contraction1 or a gl&ul> secretion3 ! muscles mu/ co-op]ate = ! contraction1 ! gl& = ! secretion1 ! neural process be+ simply ! excit+ cause4 ,9 l mann] ! ,s5sorium is necess>y = ! s5sation1 ! neural process--9 c]ebrum1 or else:]e--be+ simply ! excit+ cause4 #cj4 ,& :at is ! ,s5sorium8 ,a long *apt] w\ld be requir$ to /ate ! v>i\s op9ions :i* h be5 held respect+ its seat1 al?\gh amid all ! disputes z to ! organ1 !re has be5 unanimity z to ! function1 :i* is t ( conv]t+ /imulations into s5sations4 ,i _c pause "h to exam9e ! cont5d+ argum5ts1 b mu/ cont5t myself ) exp\nd+ ! op9ion ,i hold1 namely1 t ! ,s5sorium is ! :ole ( ! s5sitive organism1 & n any "o isolat$ portion ( x4 ,:5 light falls on ! optic organ1 or air pulses on ! auditory organ1 ! reaction ( ea* organ det]m9es ! specific "* ( ! s5sation1 b no su* s5sation is possible unless !re be a reaction ( ! organism2 & ! nature ( ! product w ( c\rse v>y ) ! v>y+ factors :i* co-op]ate--a simple organism1 a truncat$ organism1 an exhau/$ or o!rwise occupi$ organism1 w react diff]5tly f a complex1 a normal1 or an unoccupi$ organism4 ,deta* ! optic organ ) its c5tre f ! re/ ( ! organism1 & no normal s5sation ( ,sight w result f its /imulation2 & 9 a less] degree ?is is equally true ( a /imulation ( ! optic organ :5 ! s5sorium is exhau/$1 or p[]fully affect$ by o!r /imuli4 ,because ( ! great importance ( ! c]ebrum1 & its pr$om9ance 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 x has be5 suppos$ to con/itute ! :ole ( ! s5sorium1 9 spite ( ! evid5ce ( v>i$ ,s5sibility aft] ! c]ebrum has be5 remov$4 ,i d n wi% to und]/ate ! c]ebral importance 7see p4 #aff71 yet ,i mu/ say t ! mod]n phrase c]ebration1 :5 employ$ z m ?an a %or?& expression ( ! complex processes :i* a c]ebral process initiates1 & :5 tak5 z ! objective equival5t ( ,consci\sness or ( ,?\ght1 seems to me n m ju/ifiable ?an to speak ( ,combu/ion z ! equival5t ( ,railway ,transport4 ,! railway wagons w n move unless ! fuel :i* supplies ! boil] be ignit$2 ! organism w n ?9k unless ! c]ebrum excites ?is peculi> mode ( ,s5sibility by its action on ! organs4 ,x is ! man1 & n ! bra91 t ?9ks3 x is ! organism z a :ole1 & n "o organ1 t feels & acts4 #ca4 ,consci\sness1 or ,s5sation1 is a complex product n to be recogniz$ 9 any "o ( its factors4 ,c]ebral processes & sp9al processes are ! elem5ts we analytically sep>ate1 z muscul> contractions are ! elem5ts ( limb-movem5ts4 ,! syn!tic unity ( ^! elem5ts is a reflex2 ?is we analytically decompose into a s5sation & a movem5t2 & !n we speak ( s5sation z ! reaction ( ! s5sory organ1 ! movem5t z ! reaction ( ! muscul> organ4 ,by a simil> proc$ure we sep>ate ! /imulation ( a s5sory n]ve f ! reaction ( ! s5sory organ1 & t f ! reaction ( ! s5sorium2 & 9 ?is way we may come to reg>d ,c]ebration z ,?\ght4 ,b ^? :o employ ?is artifice %\ld rememb] t ! organism is n an assemblage ( organs1 made up ( p>ts put toge!r l a ma*9e4 ,! organs are diff]5tiations ( ! organism1 ea* evolv$ f ^? :i* prec$$ x1 all %>+ 9 a common activity1 all int]-dep5d5t4 #cb4 ,t co-op]ation ( ! ,p]sonality :i* is conspicu\s 9 consci\s actions is also inductively to be inf]r$ 9 sub-consci\s & unconsci\s actions4 ,we "k t a man reacts on an impression accord+ to 8 physical & m5tal /ate at ! mom5t--t ?r\gh 8 individuality he feels diff]5tly1 & ?9ks diff]5tly f o!r m51 & f himself at o!r epo*s1 & 9 o!r /ates4 ,because he resembles o!r m5 9 _m & ess5tial po9ts we conclude t he w resemble !m 9 all2 b obs]vation proves ?is conclusion to be precipitate4 ,o!r m5 see a blue color 9 ! sky1 or feel awe at sight ( ! sett+ sun2 b he has p]haps n le>n$ to discrim9ate ?is s5sation1 is n consci\s ( ! blue2 nor has he le>n$ to feel awe at ! sett+ sun4 ,:y--hav+ normally con/ruct$ eyes--does he n see ! blue ( ! sky8 ,= ! same reason t a dog1 or an infant1 fails to see x4 ,! color has no int]e/ = him 7& all cognition is prim>ily emotion71 nor has ?is want ( p]sonal int]e/ be5 rectifi$ f an imp]sonal s\rce3 he has nev] be5 taught to di/+ui% ! color ( ! sky2 & 8 eye w&]s ov] x ) ! indiff]5t gaze ) :i* a savage w\ld reg>d a ,greek codex4 #cc4 ,! po9t "h insi/$ on1 namely1 t e reaction on an impression is indirectly ! reaction ( ! :ole organism1 & t no organ deta*$ f ! organism has m significance ?an a ^w deta*$ f a s5t5ce1 is ( f>-rea*+ importance1 & peculi>ly wor?y ( att5tion 9 consid]+ ! ,reflex ,!ory1 because almo/ all ! evid5ce urg$ 9 support ( t !ory presupposes ! legitimacy ( conclud+ :at takes place 9 ! organism f :at is obs]v$ 9 an organ deta*$ f its normal connections4 ,no exp]im5tal pro( is necess>y to %[ t _m actions take place unconsci\sly2 ! fact is undisput$4 ,b does unconsci\sly mean ins5ti5tly8 ,x is c]ta9 t ! unconsci\s actions take place 9 a s5ti5t organism1 & involve organic processes ( ! same ord] z ! actions :i* are consci\s4 ,x is also c]ta9 t _m s5ti5t processes take place unconsci\sly4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s m5 us$ _! eyes1 & saw z _! desc5dants see1 yet 7 unconsci\s ( ! blue sky & gre5 ( ! grass4 ,7 _! visual reactions n ( ! same ord] z our own8 ,s f> z ! optic app>atus is conc]n$1 !re _c be a d\bt on ! po9t2 yet 9 !m ! s5sorium hav+ a some:at diff]5t disposition--! neural elem5ts be+ diff]5tly comb9$--_! reactions correspond+ly diff]$4 ,!y too _h optical ,s5sibility1 & visual s5sations2 b !y did n feel precisely :at we feel4 #cd4 ,i h *os5 ^! some:at remote illu/rations = ! sake ( _! psy*ological int]e/2 b ,i might h conf9$ myself to m famili> examples4 ,?us ! cont5ts ( ! consci\sness ( a man born bl9d _c be ! same z ! cont5ts ( "o :o has _h visual exp]i5ces1 :i* w ent] into ! complex ( e consci\s /ate1 because ! visual organs w h affect$ 8 s5sorium2 nev]!less 9 ! organism ( ! bl9d man !re are conditions s simil> to ^? ( o!r m51 & 8 exp]i5ces w h be5 s simil>1 t 9 spite ( ! modifications due to ! abs5ce ( visual exp]i5ces1 8 consci\sness w 9 ! ma9 resemble !irs4 ,b n[ let u 9 imag9ation pursue ?is k9d ( modification1 let u take away he>+1 ta/e1 & smell1 & we %all h proportionately simplifi$ ! cont5ts ( consci\sness--! reactions ( ! s5sorium--9 ?us simplify+ ! organism4 ,!re /ill w rema9 ,t\*1 ,temp]ature1 ,pa91 & ! ,sy/emic ,s5sations4 ,!re w /ill rema9 an organism to react on impressions4 ,s long z !re is a liv+ organism1 h[ev] truncat$1 !re is a s5ti5t me*anism4 ,:5 ! bra9 has be5 remov$1 ! removal causes bo? a di/urbance ( function & a loss ( function2 ! me*anism has be5 s]i\sly int]f]$ )2 yet all ^? p>ts ( ! me*anism :i* /ill co-op]ate manife/ _! physiological aptitudes4 ,! animal c live )\t its bra91 ergo x c feel )\t its bra94 ,obs]vation proves ?is1 = x discov]s ! bra9less animal manife/+ v>i\s s5sibilities1 & comb9+ v>i\s movem5ts4 ,! vision ( ! bra9less animal is greatly impair$1 b x nev]!less p]si/s4 ,! intellig5ce is greatly impair$1 ! spontaneity is r$uc$ to a m9imum2 b /ill bo? intellig5ce & spontaneity are manife/$4 #ce4 ,! physiologi/ has only two conclusions op5 to him4 ,ei!r he holds ,s5sation to be a prop]ty ( n]ve-tissue--& 9 t case he mu/ assign x to ! sp9al cord z to ! bra92 or else he holds ,s5sation to be a function ( an organ--& 9 t case1 al?\gh analytically he may decompose ! organism into sep>ate organs1 assign+ special s5sations to ! reactions ( ea*1 he mu/ /ill admit t 9 reality ^! organs only yield s5sations z compon5t p>ts ( ! organism4 ,! notion ( a sep>ate organ1 su* z ! bra91 be+ ! exclusive seat ( s5sation is ?us se5 to be unt5able4 ,9 popul> phrase1 8x is n ! eye :i* sees1 b ! m9d beh9d ! eye40 ,x is n ! /imulus :i* is ! object felt--x is ! *ange 9 consci\sness--! reaction ( ! s5sorium4 ,no "o w\ld prop\nd ! absurdity t ! ret9al cells see1 or ! auditory cells he> 7al?\gh by a conv5tional ellipsis ^! cells are said to be 8p]cipi5t0 ( colors & s\nds71 yet _m writ]s h no hesitation 9 ass]t+ t ! c]ebral cells are ! seats ( ^! & all o!r s5sations4 ,9 a hundr$ treatises may be read ! mo/ precise description ( ! trans=mation ( molecul> *anges 9 ! ret9al cells into molecul> *anges 9 ! c]ebral cells1 :]e1 x is said1 8we "k t ! /imulations become s5sations40 ,n[ :o kn[s ?is8 ,h[ c x be kn[n8 ,nay1 :o1 on reflection1 fails to see t ?is _c be s8 ,if a s5sation ( sight 7 n mu* m ?an a molecul> *ange 9 ! c]ebrum /imulat$ by a molecul> *ange 9 ! optic tract1 ?ree conclusions w\ld foll[1 ea* ( :i* is demon/rably errone\s3-- ,i4 ,! c]ebrum 9 a decapitat$ animal w\ld respond by a s5sation ( sight to a ret9al /imulation4 ,,ii4 ,! animal depriv$ ( its c]ebrum c\ld n respond by a s5sation ( sight to a ret9al /imulation4 ,,iii4 ,! same ret9al /imulation w\ld always produce ! same c]ebral process & ! same s5sation2 :]eas ! s5sation dep5ds on ! condition ( ! s5sorium at ! "t4 #cf4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,reflex ,!ory & t "h upheld is important 9 its g5]al relations1 & yet turns on a po9t :i* may easily appe> insignificant4 ,! ,reflex ,!ory ass]ts t :5 a s5sory n]ve is /imulat$1 ! excitation ( ! c5tre may ei!r subdivide into two waves1 "o ( :i* passes directly to ! bra9 & !re awak5s s5sation1 ! o!r passes ov] to ! motor-roots & causes muscul> contractions2 or1 in/ead ( ?us subdivid+1 ! wave may pass at once to ! motor-n]ves1 & !n !re is movem5t )\t s5sation4 ,?is is obvi\sly a re/atem5t 9 anatomical t]ms ( ! obs]v$ fact t "s reflexes take place consci\sly & "s unconsci\sly4 ,b :at evid5ce is !re = ?is anatomical /atem5t8 ,we h se5 t !re is none4 ,accord+ to all we actually "k1 & reasonably inf]1 ! cont9uity ( tissue & ! irradiation ( excitation are su* t ! /imulus wave mu/ always affect ! :ole sy/em1 s t bra9 & cord be+ /ructurally unit$1 _! reactions mu/ co-op]ate ) v>y+ en]gy dep5d5t on _! /atical conditions at ! "t4#bdc #cg4 ,! physiological fact t ! irradiation is re/rict$ to c]ta9 pa?s1 & !re=e only c]ta9 portions ( ! :ole sy/em are excit$ to dis*>ge--! fact t /imulation takes effect along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance--is t :i* gives ! ,reflex ,!ory its plausible aspect4 ,b ?is fact ( re/riction is n dep5d5t on an anatomical disposition ( /ructure1 x is1 z we h already se5 7,,problem ,,ii4 #aff71 dep5d5t on a fluctuat+ physiological disposition--a tempor>y /atical condition ( ! c5tres4 ,& x enables u to und]/& :y ! reflex action :i* is at "o mom5t a di/9ctly consci\s or ev5 a volitional action1 is at ano!r sub-consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,:5 an object is plac$ 9 ! h& ( an infant ! f+]s close ov] x by a simple reflex4 ,?is hav+ also be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( an infant born )\t a bra91#bdd "o might int]pret x z normally tak+ place )\t bra9 co-op]ation1 7 !re n good gr\nds = conclud+ t normally ! bra9 mu/ co-op]ate4 ,?us if ! object be plac$ 9 ! h& ( a boy1 or a man1 ! f+]s w close1 or n close--n accord+ to an anatomical me*anism1 b accord+ to a physiological condition3 if ! att5tion preoccupy 8 s5sorium else:]e1 8 f+]s w probably close1 probably n2 if 8 s5sorium be direct$ t[>ds ! object1 ei!r by ! urg5cy ( ! s5sitive impression1 or by "s "o's po9t+ to ! object1 ! f+]s w close or n close1 j z he *ooses--p]haps ! h& w be sudd5ly drawn away4 ,! c5tre ( inn]vation = ! f+]s is 9 ! cord1 & f ?is comes ! f9al dis*>ge ( ! s5sitive /imulation2 b ! neural processes :i* prec$$ ?is dis*>ge1 & 7 consequ5t on ! /imulation1 7 9 ea* case some:at diff]5t4 ,9 ea* case ! impression on ! sk9 0 c>ri$ to ! cord1 & !nce irradiat$ ?r\gh\t ! cont9u\s neural axis1 re/rict$ to c]ta9 pa?s by ! resi/ance x met )1 b bl5d+ ) waves ( simultane\s excitations f o!r s\rces1 ! f9al dis*>ge be+ ! resultant ( ^! compon5t =ces4 ,we may suppose ! bra9 to be ! seat ( consci\sness1 & yet n conclude t ! bra9 0 unaffect$ because ! f+]s clos$ unconsci\sly2 any m ?an we conclude t ! ret9a ( ! unoccupi$ eye is unaffect$ by light :5 ) ! o!r we are look+ ?r\gh a microscope1 & only see objects ) ?is eye--?\gh directly we att5d to ! impressions on ! o!r eye we see ! objects :i* be=e 7 unse54 ,we "k t ! muscles ( ! back are all involv$ 9 walk+1 /&+1 etc41 b we are seldom consci\s ( _! co-op]ation till rheumatism or lumbago makes u pa9fully alive to x4 #ch4 ,! two ma9 positions ( ! ,reflex ,!ory are1 #a1 t reflex actions take place )\t bra9 co-op]ation1--z prov$ by obs]vation ( decapitat$ animals2 #b1 t !y take place )\t bra9 co-op]ation1--z prov$ by our be+ unconsci\s ( !m4 ,to ^! ! answ]s are3 #a4 ,! pro( drawn f obs]vation ( decapitat$ animals is defective1 because ! conditions ( ! organism are !n abnormal--!re is a di/urbance ( ! me*anism1 & a loss ( "s ( its compon5ts4 ,! fact t a reflex occurs 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra9 is no pro( t reflexes :5 ! bra9 is pres5t occur )\t its p>ticipation4 #b4 ,! abs5ce ( consci\sness _c be accept$ z pro( ( ! bra9 n be+ 9 action1 because mu* bra9-"w is kn[n to pass unconsci\sly1 & !re are c]ebral reflexes :i* h ! same *>act]s z sp9al reflexes4 #ci4 ,a prick on ! great toe trav]ses ! :ole l5g? ( ! sp9al axis ) effects manife/$ 9 v>i\s organs--! muscles ( ! limb1 ! he>t1 ! *e/1 ! eyes1 etc4 ,! leg is )drawn1 ! he>t mom5tly arre/$1 ! eyes turn$ t[>ds ! s\rce ( irritation1 ! ?\ghts direct$ t[>ds relief4 ,^! effects c be obs]v$--!re are o!rs :i* lie beyond our obs]vation1 & c only be reveal$ by delicate exp]im5tal te/s4 ,b ev5 ! obs]vable effects are v fluctuat+1 because !y dep5d on fluctuat+ conditions4 ,all we c say is1 t s long z !re is cont9uity ( /ructure1 !re mu/ be cont9uity ( excitation2 & ! bra9 /ructurally connect$ ) ! c5tre ( a s5sory impression1 mu/ necess>ily co-op]ate m or less 9 ! reactions ( t c5tre4 ,9 o!r words1 ! bra91 al?\gh n ! exclusive seat ( s5sation1 plays a "p 9 e p>ticul> s5sation1 s long z x =ms a "p ( ! /imulat$ organism4 #dj4 ,?is view be+ s widely oppos$ to ! views curr5t 9 physiological s*ools1 ,i 0 gratifi$ to f9d ,dr4 ,cri*ton ,br[ne l$ by 8 rese>*es to a conclusion n unlike x 9 ess5tial features4 ,9 8 essay on ! ,functions ( ! ,optic ,?alami#bde 7well wor?y ( att5tion on o!r gr\nds7 he says3 8,all[+ ! sp9al cord a p[] ( indep5d5t action1 x may /ill be t x g5]ally acts reflexly ?r\gh1 or 9 association )1 a sup]ior c5tre4 ,! s5sorial ganglia c und\bt$ly act alone 9 a reflex mann]1 b !y almo/ inv>iably consult ! c]ebrum be=e deal+ ) ! impressions :i* !y receive2 s x may be t ! sp9al cord1 ?\gh capable ( spontane\s reaction1 may yet commonly ref] to "s high] seat ( comp\nd co-ord9ation be=e s5d+ =? an answ] to any message br\ght to x40 ,:at is "h /at$ z a possible & occasional process1 ,i consid] to be a necess>y & univ]sal process4 ,dr4 ,br[ne acutely rem>ks t if 8:at may be t]m$ ! encephalic loop 7 an integral "p ( e reflex act1 !n ! influ5ce ( an intracranial lesion 9 *eck+ reflex action w\ld n be difficult to und]/&0--& we may add ! notori\s influ5ce ( ! bra9 9 arre/+ reflex actions1 & modify+ !m by ! w1 :i* is only explicable on ! supposition t ! c]ebral & sp9al c5tres are functionally associat$4 ,dr4 ,br[ne fur!r rem>ks3 8,9 exp]im5t+ ^u myself ,i h sometimes ?\ght t :5 ! toe is prick$ ! s5sation ( pa9 actually prec$es ! movem5t ( )drawal2 & 9 exp]im5t+ ^u pati5ts ) sluggi% n]v\s sy/ems ,i h c]ta9ly notic$ t aft] ! prick+ ( ! toe ! little cry ( pa9 has anticipat$ ! muscul> contractions ( ! leg4 ,n[ ?is cry ( pa9 is a second>y reflex act ?r\gh ! s5sorial c5tre2 x is ! result ( a dis*>ge f eff]5t n]ves f ! summit ( :at we h spok5 ( z ! encephalic loop l9e2 & we %\ld c]ta9ly n expect t x w\ld be develop$ e>li] ?an ! prim>y reflexion ^u ! motor app>atus1 unless inde$ :at we h reg>d$ z ! prim>y reflexion really itself took place by way ( ! loop l9e40 #da4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a volunt>y & involunt>y act is n1 ,i conceive1 t 9 ! "o case ! bra9 co-op]ates & 9 ! o!r is inactive1 b t :ile 9 bo? ! bra9 co-op]ates1 ! /ate ( ! s5sorium kn[n z m5tal prevision or ideal /imulation1 is pres5t 9 ! "o1 & abs5t or less conspicu\s 9 ! o!r4 ,s likewise ! diff]5ce betwe5 a normal reflex action accompani$1 & ! same action unaccompani$ by consci\sness1 is n t ! bra9 co-op]ates 9 ! "o & is inactive 9 ! o!r1 b t ! /ate ( ! s5sorium is some:at diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,movem5ts :i* orig9ally 7 volunt>y & difficult ( execution--accompani$ !re=e by bra9 co-op]ation--become by frequ5t repetition automatic1 easy ( execution1 & unconsci\s--!y are !n said to dep5d on ! direct action ( ! e/abli%$ me*anism4 ,grant$4 ,b :at are ! compon5ts ( ?is me*anism8 ,are !y n j ^? c5tres & organs :i* at fir/ effect$ ! movem5ts8 ,9 becom+ easy & automatic1 ! movem5ts d n *ange _! me*anism--! mov+ organs & ! motor conditions rema9 :at !y 72 all t is *ang$ is ! degree ( consci\sness1 i4 e4 ! /ate ( ! s5sorium :i* prec$es & succe$s ! movem5t4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! difficulty ( ! "q4 ,"s read]s may consid] t all is conc$$ :5 unconsci\sness is admitt$4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,my pres5t argum5t is ! physiological "o t ! bra9 co-op]ates 9 reflex actions :5ev] ! bra9 is /ructurally unit$ ) ! reflex c5tres2 ! psy*ological "q z to :e!r consci\sness is also involv$ 9 ?is bra9 co-op]ation mu/ be debat$ on o!r gr\nds2 & we h already se5 t consci\sness op]ates 9 gradations ( inf9ite delicacy4 ,obs]ve a man p]=m+ "s automatic action1 su* z plan+ a deal bo>d1 or cutt+ out a patt]n1 :i* he has done s (t5 t he is n[ able to d x 8me*anically40 ,x is c]ta9 t 8 bra9 co-op]ates1 & t he c\ld n act ?us ) an injur$ bra92 yet he is said to act unconsci\sly1 8 bra9 occupi$ else:]e z he :i/les1 talks to by/&]s1 or ?9ks ( 8 wife & *ildr54 ,yet ! bra9 is act+ z an ov]se] ( 8 "w1 att5tive to e /roke ( ! plane1 e snip ( ! scissors2 & ?is becomes evid5t directly 8 att5tion is o!rwise absorb$ by an int]e/+ "q address$ to him1 or an int]e/+ object meet+ 8 eye3 !n ! "w pauses1 8 h&s are arre/$1 & ! automatic action w only be resum$ :5 8 att5tion is releas$--:5 he has answ]$ y\r "q1 or satisfi$ himself ab\t ! object4 #db4 ,?is is a /ep t[>ds und]/&+ ! co-op]ation ( ! bra9 ev5 9 ^? connate reflexes :i* 7 n orig9ally volunt>y acts1 b 7 f ! fir/ organiz$ t5d5cies1 & are capable ( be+ realiz$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra94 ,i admit t x is difficult to f9d pro( ( bra9 co-op]ation "h1 ?\gh ,i ?9k ! anatomical & physiological evid5ce r5d] x highly probable4 ,b di/9ct pro( to ! contr>y w\ld n suffice = ! ,reflex ,!ory--w\ld n prove t reflex actions 7 ins5ti5t--unless !re _h previ\sly be5 prov$ t :i* seems to me contradict$ by ! cle>e/ & mo/ massive evid5ce1 namely1 t ! bra9 is ! sole seat ( s5ti5ce4 ,?is contradictory evid5ce we w n[ furni%4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,inductions ,,f ,,p>ticul> ,,obs]vations4 #dc4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we survey$ ! d$uctive evid5ce1 f :i* ! conclusion 0 t ,reflexion necess>ily involves ,s5sibility1 b n necess>ily any "o p>ticul> mode ( ,s5sibility1 su* z ,consci\sness1 ,pa91 ,discom=t1 ,att5tion1 or ! reaction ( any "o ( ! special ,s5ses4 ,al?\gh ea* or all ( ^! modes may be involv$ 9 ! s5sorial process :i* det]m9es a reflex act1 ea* or all may be abs5t4 ,su* is ! fact ( obs]vation4 ,?is fact is int]pret$ on ! hypo!sis t ,reflexion is ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! sp9al cord1 z ,s5sation is ( ! bra94 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! evid5ce = ?is hypo!sis1 we f9d x to move 9 a circle3 ! bra9 is said to be ! exclusive seat ( s5sation1 because reflex actions c be effect$ aft] its removal2 & reflex actions are said to be ins5ti5t because !y take place 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra94 ,a g5tleman 0 "o day /\tly ass]t+ t !re 7 no gold-fields except 9 ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,a nugget1 dug up 9 ,cali=nia1 0 pres5t$ to him1 z evid5ce aga9/ 8 positive ass]tion4 ,he 0 n 9 ! lea/ disconc]t$4 8,?is metal1 sir1 is1 ,i own1 extremely l gold2 & y tell me t x passes z su* 9 ! m>ket1 hav+ be5 decl>$ by ! assay]s to be undi/+ui%able f ! preci\s metal4 ,all ?is ,i w n dispute4 ,nev]!less1 ! metal is n gold1 b aurum9ium2 x _c be gold1 because gold comes only f ,mexico & ,p]u40 ,9 va9 0 he in=m$ t ! geological =mation 0 simil> 9 ,cali=nia & ,p]u1 & ! metals simil>2 he _h fix$ 9 8 m9d ! conclusion t gold exi/$ only 9 ,mexico & ,p]u3 ?is 0 a law ( nature2 he _h no reasons to give :y x %\ld be s2 b su* _h be5 ! admitt$ fact = _m ye>s1 & f x he w\ld n sw]ve4 ,he 0 n fond ( new-fangl$ notions1 :i*1 aft] all1 w\ld only lead u back to ! explod$ errors ( ! pa/4 ,to accept ! /atem5t t gold 0 to be f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 w\ld be to return to ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts1 :o ?\ght !re 0 gold 9 ! upp] regions ( ,t>t>y6 ,s5sation is n tangible1 assayable1 l gold4 ,we c und]/&1 !re=e1 t ! v m5 :o w\ld make m]ry ) ! aurum9ium1 w\ld accept easily su* a phrase z 8reflex action40 ,! decapitat$ animal def5ds itself aga9/ injury1 gets out ( ! way ( annoyances1 cleans itself1 p]=ms _m ( its ord9>y actions1 b is said to d ^! ?+s )\t t ,s5sibility :i*1 if its head 7 on1 w\ld guide !m4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,reflex ,!ory 0 inv5t$ ?is l9e ( argum5t 0 us$4 ,gall1 ref]r+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,sue1 previ\sly notic$1 says t 8,sue conf\nds ! effects ( ,irritability ) ^? ( ,s5sibility40#bdf ,n gold1 de> sir1 b aurum9ium6 #dd4 ,on inve/igat+ ! ph5om5a we soon come ^u two classes :i* mu/ cause hesitation4 ,we f9d t ! bra9 has its reflex processes1 ( ! same ord] z ^? ( ! cord2 we f9d t ^! processes may be consci\s or unconsci\s1 volunt>y or involunt>y2 s t we c no long] sep>ate bra9 f cord on ! gr\nd ( ,reflexion4 ,9 ?is respect1 at lea/1 ! two are me*anisms ) simil> p[]s4 ,turn+ n[ to ! o!r class ( ph5om5a1 we f9d t precisely z ! bra9 is an organ ( ,reflexion1 ! cord is an organ ( ,s5sation4 ,all ! evid5ce we c h1 f :i* to inf] ! pres5ce ( s5sation1 is furni%$ by ! s5sorial processes 9 ! cord4 ,remove ! bra91 & ! animal /ill manife/s ,s5sibility1 & ?is 9 degrees ( en]gy & complexity proportional to ! me*anisms /ill intact3 "s ( ^! manife/ations h ! "* ( volitional actions1 "s ( automatic actions1 "s ( ,memory1 ,judgm5t1 & selective ,adaptation4 ,^! we obs]ve n inde$ ) ! en]gy & v>iety ( su* manife/ations :5 ! bra9 co-op]ates1 s9ce ! di/urbance ( ! organism :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! bra9's removal--or ! meagr5ess ( ! organism :i* is ! correlative ( ! bra9 nev] hav+ be5 develop$--mu/ ( c\rse involve a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a2 b ! po9t "h br\ght =w>d is t ph5om5a ( ! same ord] are manife/$ by organisms ) or )\t a bra94 #de4 ,let u g s]iatim ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( ^! two classes3-- ,,c]ebral ,,reflexes4 ,:ile ,!ory sep>at$ ! actions ( ! cord f ^? ( ! bra9 on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ at times unconsci\s & involunt>y1 ,obs]vation disclos$ t ?is di/9ction c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 by ,dr4 ,laycock 9 #ahdj4 ,9 a /rik+ pap]#bdg read by him at ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdd1 he br\ght toge!r ! evid5ce on :i* 8 view 0 f\nd$4 ,! idea has be5 adopt$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 :o n[ calls ! action 8unconsci\s c]ebration40 8,i 0 l$ to ?is op9ion10 ,dr4 ,laycock says 9 ann\nc+ 8 view1 8by ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! ganglia )9 ! cranium1 be+ a cont9uation ( ! sp9al cord1 mu/ necess>ily be regulat$ z to _! reaction on ext]nal ag5cies by laws id5tical ) ^? gov]n+ ! sp9al ganglia & _! analogues 9 ! l[] animals4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! sp9al cord is a c5tre ( reflexion1 ! bra9 mu/ also be "o40 ,x is a matt] ( regret t ,dr4 ,laycock did n ext5d ?is pr9ciple1 & decl>e t :atev] 0 true ( ! prop]ties ( ! cranial c5tres mu/ also be true ( ! sp9al c5tres2 if ! bra9 h ,s5sibility1 ! sp9al cord mu/ also h x4 ,dr4 ,laycock ref]s to ! curi\s ph5om5a ( ,hydrophobia 9 pro( t reflex actions may be excit$ by ! optic n]ves1 or by a m]e idea ( wat]4 ,:5 a mirror 0 pres5t$ to a pati5t1 ! reflexion ( ! light act+ on 8 ret9a1 9 ! mann] ( a reflexion f ! surface ( wat]1 produc$ a convulsive sobb+1 z 9 ! attempt to swall[ wat]1 & ! pati5t turn$ aside 8 head ) expressions ( t]ror4 ,money 0 giv5 him to induce him to look a second "t1 b be=e he _h look$ a m9ute ! same effect 0 produc$4 ,! idea ( wat] excit$ simil> convulsions4 ,no soon] 0 x sugge/$ t ! pati5t %\ld swall[ a little wat] ?an he seem$ fright5$1 & began to cry out4 ,by k9dly enc\ragem5ts he 0 br\ght to express 8 will+ness to dr9k1 b ! s\nd ( ! wat]1 z x 0 p\r$ out aga91 br\ght on convulsions4 ,9 ano!r case1 8on our propos+ to him to dr9k1 he />t$ up1 & recov]$ 8 brea? by a deep convulsive inspiration4 ,on be+ urg$ to try1 he took a cup ( wat] 9 "o h& & a spoon 9 ! o!r4 ,) z expression ( t]ror1 yet ) great resolution1 he fill$ ! spoon & proce$$ to c>ry x to 8 lips2 b be=e x rea*$ 8 m\? 8 c\rage =sook him1 & he 0 =c$ to desi/4 ,he repeat$ly r5ew$ ! attempt1 b ) no m success4 ,8 arm became rigid & immovable :5ev] he tri$ to raise x to 8 m\?1 & he /ruggl$ 9 va9 aga9/ ?is spasmodic resi/ance40 ,9 #ahdc ,gries+]--:o appe>s to h kn[n no?+ ( ,dr4 ,laycock's pap]--publi%$ 8 rem>kably sugge/ive memoir on ,psy*ical ,reflexes1#bdh 9 :i* he ext5ds ! pr9ciple ( ,reflexion to all ! c]ebro-sp9al c5tres4 ,! :ole c\rse ( subsequ5t rese>* has confirm$ ?is view2 s t we may say ) ,l&ry1 8,l'exi/5ce du p\voir rflexe dans l'encphale ou dans quelques unes de ses p>ties tablit une n\velle analogie entre le c5tre n]veux crani5 et la moelle p9ire40#bdi ,inde$ we h only to consid] ! ,laught] :i* foll[s a ludicr\s idea1 or ! ,t]ror :i* foll[s a sugge/ion ( dang]1--! v>y+ & involunt>y expression ( ,emotion1--& ! curi\s ph5om5a ( ,imitation & ,contagion1--to see h[ l>ge a place c]ebral reflexion occupies4 #df4 ,! exi/5ce ( c]ebral reflexion hav+ be5 ?us made manife/1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] class$ all reflex actions "u ?ree heads3 #a1 ! excito-motor1 det]m9$ by ! sp9al cord2 #b1 ! s5sori-motor1 det]m9$ by ! ganglia at ! base ( ! bra92 #c1 ideo-motor1 det]m9$ by ! bra94 ,f all ^! ,consci\sness is abs5t4 ,f ! fir/1 he supposes ,s5sation to be abs5t4 ,z an artifice1 su* a classification may h its value1 b x is physiologically & psy*ologically mislead+4 ,x su/a9s ! hypo!sis ( an imag9>y excito-motor me*anism4 ,x re/ricts ,s5sibility to "o ( its _m modes4 ,x fails altoge!r to connect ,s5sation ) ,?\ght1 ! ,logic ( ,feel+ ) ! ,logic ( ,signs4 #dg4 ,! view ( ,s5sibility z common to ! :ole c]ebro-sp9al axis is by no means new4 ,rob]t ,:ytt ma9ta9$ x4 ,pro*aska held t ! sp9al cord =m$ ! great] "p ( ! s5sorium commune2 & he adduc$1 9 pro(1 ! famili> facts ( s5sibility manife/$ by headless animals4 ,! next writ] :om ,i c discov] to h held ?is op9ion is ,j4 ,j4 ,sue1--! fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,fr5* romance-writ]1--:o1 9 #ahjc1 conceiv$ t 8 exp]im5ts prov$ ! sp9al cord to be capable ( replac+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! functions ( ! bra94#bej ,next came ,legallois1#bea :o und]took to %[1 by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 t ! pr9ciple ( s5sation & movem5t1 9 ! trunk & extremities1 has its seat 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,! m]e division ( ! cord1 he said1 produces 8! a/oni%+ result ( an animal1 9 :i* ! head & ! body enjoy sep>ate vitality1 ! head liv+ z if ! body did n exi/1 & ! body liv+ z if ! head did n exi/4 ,gu9ea-pigs1 aft] decapitation1 seem v s5sitive to ! pa9 caus$ by ! w\nd 9 ! neck2 !y alt]nately c>ry fir/ "o h9d-leg & !n ! o!r1 to ! spot1 z if to scrat* x4 ,kitt5s also d ! same40 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 #ahag1 ,dr4 ,wilson ,philip conclud$ t 8! sp9al m>r[ possesses s5sorial p[]1 z appe>s f v simple exp]im5ts02 b he held ! bra9 to be ! *ief s\rce ( s5sorial p[]4#beb ,! foll[+ ye>1 ,lallem& support$ ?is op9ion by ! v curi\s ph5om5a exhibit$ by infants born )\t bra9s3 ^! infants brea!d1 swall[$1 suck$1 squall$1 & gave v unequivocal signs ( s5sibility4 ,! value ( su* obs]vations consi/s 9 disprov+ ! objection frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ ! evid5ce ( decapitat$ animals1 namely1 t 9 ^! animals ! sp9al cord pres]ves ! rema9s ( a s5sibility end[$ by ! bra94 ,longet "h places an obs]vation record$ by ,bey]4 ,a new-born infant1 ^: bra91 dur+ ! bir?1 _h be5 completely extirpat$ 7to save ! "m's life71 0 wrapp$ 9 a t[el1 & plac$ 9 ! corn] ( ! room1 z a lifeless mass4 ,:ile ! surgeon 0 giv+ all 8 c>e to ! "m1 he he>d ) horror a k9d ( murmur proce$+ f ! spot :]e ! body _h be5 plac$4 ,9 ?ree m9utes a di/9ct cry 0 he>d4 ,! t[el 0 remov$1 &1 to ! surprise ( all1 ?is bra9less infant 0 se5 /ruggl+ ) rapid movem5t ( its arms & legs4 ,x cri$1 & gave o!r signs ( s5sibility = sev]al m9utes4#bec ,9 #ahbh ,calmeil arriv$ at ! same conclusion z t rea*$ by ,legallois1 ,wilson ,philip1 & ,lallem&4 ,inde$ :51 9 #ahcc1 ! ,reflex ,!ory appe>$1 ?is op9ion 0 s firmly root$1 t we f9d ,mr4 ,gra+] combat+ x z ! e/abli%$ error ( ! day4 ,he takes z mu* pa9s to %[ t physiologi/s are wrong 9 attribut+ s5sation to ! sp9al cord1 z ,i am "h tak+ to %[ t !y 7 "r4#bed 8,x is1 inde$1 app>5t10 he says1 8t ! :ole "q conc]n+ ! tru? or falsehood ( ! !ory :i* attributes ! reflex p[] to ! sp9al cord h+es ^u ! correctness or incorrectness ( ! receiv$ doctr9es respect+ ! seat ( s5sation & volition2 s t until ^? doctr9es are prov$ to be false1 x is impossible to e/abli% ! hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,hall40#bee ,! read] is reque/$ to take note ( ?is1 because :5 we come to ! evid5ce :i* proves ! sp9al cord to be a c5tre ( s5sation1 we %all f9d t ! only gr\nd = reject+ t evid5ce is ! assum$ tru? ( ! ,reflex ,!ory1 c\pl$ ) ! assumption ( ! bra9 be+ ! exclusive seat ( s5sation4 ,:]eas if ! evid5ce proves t ! sp9al cord is a s5sational c5tre1 !n ! ,reflex ,!ory is de/roy$1 & _c be urg$ aga9/ su* evid5ce4 #dh4 ,?us _m ( ! facts :i* prove ! s5sational function ( ! sp9al cord 7 kn[n1 & ev5 a vague conception ( _! real significance 0 g5]al1 until ! ,reflex ,!ory came to expla9 all su* facts z ! results ( me*anical adju/m5t1 & ( a new n]v\s pr9ciple call$ 8,reflexion40 ,= _m ye>s ?is !ory has reign$1 & met ) b little opposition4 ,yet ! true doctr9e has n want$ def5d]s 9 ,g]many4 ,nasse#bef d5i$ t decapitat$ animals %[$ no spontaneity2 he ass]t$ t !y exhibit$ cle> signs ( m5tal activity4 ,c>us s>ca/ically po9t$ out t ! ^w 8reflex0 0 replac+ 8irritability10 z a key to unlock all puzzles2 & he took up a position :i* is v simil> to ! "o occupi$ 9 ^! pages1 namely1 t ! sp9al cord be+ =m$ ( gray matt] z well z ( fibres1 x mu/ h s5sibility & p[] ( react+ on n]v\s /imulus1 no less ?an conductibility2 t1 9 fact1 x is a c5tre1 & mu/ act l all o!r n]ve-c5tres4#beg ,j4 ,w4 ,arnold oppos$ ! ,reflex ,!ory 9 a v rem>kable little "w1 9 :i* he v9dicates ! claim ( ! sp9al cord z a s5sory & motor c5tre1 al?\gh d5y+ to its actions any volitional "*4#beh ,?is 0 9 #ahdd4 ,elev5 ye>s elaps$ )\t any fur!r opposition1 :5 ,edw>d ,pflg]1 9 #ahec1 publi%$ 8 "w on ! ,s5sorial ,functions ( ! sp9al cord4#bei ,9 ?is "w he recurr$ to ! old views ( ,pro*aska & ,legallois2 b al?\gh he attack$ ,m>%all ,hall ) m]ciless sev]ity1 he did n po9t out ! fundam5tal error ( ! ,reflex ,!ory1 :i* !ory he seems to accept4 ,nor did he give 8 views t philosophical & anatomical basis :i* c\ld alone r5d] 8 int]pretations acceptable4 ,add$ to ?is1 ! tone ( asp]ity 9 :i* 8 "w 0 writt51 creat$ "s prejudice aga9/ him2 & ?us1 :ile _m admitt$ 8 facts1 !y reject$ 8 conclusions4#bfj ,9 #aheh ,pr(essor ,ow5 read a pap] ( m9e at ! ,le$s meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 on 8,! sp9al cord z a c5tre ( ,s5sation & ,volition10 9 :i* a rapid indication ( my po9t ( view1 & an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts to illu/rate x1 7 giv5--n1 ,i believe1 conclusive to any ( ! audi5ce4 ,inde$1 ! subject 0 too va/ to be discuss$ 9 su* a pap]2 & my object 0 r to excite new inquiry1 ?an to make conv]ts to a view :i* c\ld only be embrac$ aft] a ?or\gh re9ve/igation ( ! dom9ant !ories4 ,9 #ahei appe>$ ,s*iff's "w2#bfa & "h we f9d a l>ge space allott$ to ! discussion ( ,pflg]'s doctr9e4 ,s*iff1 ^: imm5se exp]i5ce z an exp]im5tali/1 & ^: acut5ess & caution e "o w highly e/imate1 frankly pron\nces 9 favor ( ! s5sational "* ( sp9al actions2 b he d5ies t !y are volitional1 & objects /rongly to ! introduction ( any su* idea z t ( 8psy*ical activity40 ,he ?9ks x utt]ly unt5able to suppose t impressions h reactions 9 ! bra9 :i* !y h n 9 ! sp9al cord3--if "o has s5sibility1 ! o!r mu/ h x2 & he ?9ks t1 s f> f ! actions ( ! cord be+ di/+ui%able f ^? ( ! bra9 by ! "* ( 8reflexion10 & dep5d+ on a me*anical arrangem5t--all actions1 c]ebral or sp9al1 are reflex2 all dep5d on a me*anical arrangem5t4#bfb ,s9ce t "t !re has be5 ! rem>kable "w ( ,goltz1 s (t5 cit$ 9 ^! pages1#bfc & 8 subsequ5t exp]im5ts on dogs1 :i* 7al?\gh he does n decisively adopt ! views ( ,pflg]7 furni% ample evid5ce t s5sation & volition _c be exclusively localis$ 9 ! bra94 #di4 ,heubel's int]e/+ exp]im5ts#bfd %[ t a frog may be ?r[n into a /ate ( pr(\nd sleep by ! )drawal ( all ext]nal /imulation1 & 9 ?is /ate w rema9 ly+ on its back = h\rs4 ,n[ ?is position is "o s v uncom=table t1 :5 awake1 ! frog w n reta9 x a mom5t1 if free to turn r\nd2 & :5 asleep1 a prick on ! toe1 a sudd5 noise1 or a beam ( light w awak5 x1 caus+ x to turn4 ,t is to say1 ! )drawal ( ! normal /imuli s l[]s ! s5sibility ( ! frog's n]ve-c5tres1 t he does n feel ! effects ( ! unusual position1 b feels !m directly ! c5tres are /imulat$ into activity4 ,all ?is is intelligible en\gh on ! supposition ( ! /ate ( sleep be+ dep5d5t on a l[]+ ( ! c]ebral activity4 ,b :at %all we say on le>n+ t precisely ! same ph5om5a are manife/$ by a bra9less frog8 ,e "o kn[s t ! bra9less frog is intol]ant ( ly+ on its back1 & imm$iately turns r\nd1 if plac$ on x4 ,yet ! bra9less frog may be ?r[n into deep sleep by ! same exclusion ( ext]nal /imuli2 f :i* he also w be awak5$ by a prick1 a noise1 or a beam ( light2 & no soon] is he awak5$ ?an he at once turns r\nd4 ,7 ! bra9less frog incapable ( s5sation1 a prick on 8 toe w\ld cause a simple reflex )drawal ( ! leg2 b ?is is n ! effect2 on ! contr>y1 ! /imulus excites ! :ole sp9al cord1 & :atev] s5sation ( discom=t may be caus$ by ! abnormal position ( ! limbs 9 an un9jur$ awak5$ frog1 is excit$ 9 ! bra9less frog4 #ej4 ,i ne$ n swell ?is *apt] ) examples ( ,s5sibility 9 animals depriv$ ( ! bra92 _m h already be5 giv51 & any text-book ( ,physiology w supply m4 ,no "o disputes ! obs]vations1 only ! inf]5ce t ^! manife/ations 7 s5ti5t3 !y are said to h be5 m]ely me*anical reflexes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c detect 9 !m "s evid5ce ( :at all recognize z peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,m9d1 ! me*anical int]pretation w be less plausible4 ,at ! outset ! read] mu/ be w>n$ aga9/ exagg]at+ & di/ort+ ! be>+ ( my rem>ks1 & mu/ n suppose t ,i disreg>d ! va/ diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,logic ( ,signs :i* belongs to ,?\ght1 & ! ,logic ( ,feel+ :i* belongs to ,s5sation1 nor suppose t ,i look ^u ! sp9al cord z a m5tal organ hav+ ! same functions z ! bra94 ,all t ,i wi% to e/abli% is ! common "* ( sp9al & c]ebral processes1 modifi$ z ea* is by ! "* ( ! actions initiat$ by ! process4 #ea4 ,?is premis$1 let u beg9 ) ! evid5ce ( ,,discrim9ation4 ,al?\gh ?is process is usually reg>d$ z purely psy*ological1 x mu/ obvi\sly h its physiological side2 we f9d x 9 ,s5sation z 9 ,ideation1 & may expect to f9d x 9 unconsci\s z 9 consci\s processes--9 a ^w1 9 all s5sorial processes :atev]4 ,place a bit ( m>ble on y\r tongue1 & x w be t\*$1 b n ta/$3 ! s5sations ( contact & temp]ature w excite reflexes1 b little or no reflexes f p>otid & saliv>y gl&s4 ,a diff]5ce 9 s5sation has a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 reflex action2 :i* may be made evid5t by remov+ ! ta/eless m>ble1 & replac+ x by a p9* ( c>bonate ( lime1 i4 e4 ! m>ble 9 ano!r /ate r$uc$ to a p[d]3 ?is w excite a s5sation ( ta/e1 & a secretion f ! gl&s4 ,9 bo? cases y\r s5ti5t organism 0 affect$1 b x react$ diff]5tly because ! diff]5ce ( ! /imulation 0 discrim9at$3 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 y felt diff]5tly4 ,aga93 t\* ! back ( y\r m\? ) y\r f+]1 or a fea!r1 & a convulsive contraction ( ! gullet responds1 foll[$ by vomit+1 if ! excitation be r5ew$4 ,yet ^! same n]ves & muscles respond by ! totally opposite action ( swall[+1 if in/ead ( ! /imulation com+ f y\r f+]1 x come f ! pressure ( food or dr9k4 ,analog\s exp]im5ts on animals )\t _! bra9s yield simil> results4#bfe ,! saliv>y secretion & ! ord9>y reactions ( ,ta/e are provok$ by sapid sub/ances4 ,/ill m conclusive are ! obs]vations made on a dog ^: sp9al cord has be5 divid$1 & :o !re=e accord+ to ! reign+ ideas is incapable ( feel+ any impression made on p>ts bel[ ! section4 ,a p5cil ins]t$ 9 ! rectum causes a reaction ( ! muscles en]getically resi/+ ! entrance ( ?is =eign body2 yet ?is rectum s s5sitive 9 its reaction on ! /imulus ( ! p5cil1 responds by ! totally diff]5t reaction--! relaxation ( ! muscles--on ! /imulus ( fcal matt]s4 #eb4 8,?is is all me*anical10 y say8 ,me*anical1 no d\bt1 z all actions are2 b ! "q "h is :e!r among ! conditions ( ! me*anical action ,s5sibility has a place8 ,! answ] c only be gr\nd$ on induction4 ,! actions ( ! dog are analog\s to ! actions :i* y "k 7 s5ti5t 9 y\rself4 ,!re 0 9 bo? a discrim9ation1 9 bo? a correspond+ reaction4 ,i admit t :at is "h call$ 8discrim9ation0 is ! application ( a logical t]m to a me*anical process2 ,i admit t if ! sp9al me*anism is ins5ti5t1 ! fact ( discrim9ation may /ill be manife/$2 b ,i conceive t ! _m & co]cive gr\nds = admitt+ t ! me*anism is s5ti5t ga9 fur!r support 9 ! evid5ce ( discrim9ation4 ,e p>ticul> s5sation has its correspond+ reaction2 & al?\gh ?is has be5 acquir$ dur+ ance/ral or individual exp]i5ces1 s t 9 ! majority ( cases !re is no consci\sness accompany+ ! op]ation1 ?is1 z we h se51 is n a valid argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a s5sorial process4 ,we h only to l[] ! ,s5sibility ( ! cord by an/hetics1 or to preoccupy its en]gies by "s o!r excitation1 & ! reaction fails4 ,,memory4 #ec4 8,b discrim9ation1 if n a purely physical process1 implies ,memory80 ,no d\bt4 ,& :at is ,memory--on its physiological side--b an organiz$ t5d5cy to react on l9es previ\sly trav]s$8 ,z ,gries+] truly says3 8,!re is ,memory 9 all ! functions ( ! c5tral organs1 includ+ ! sp9al cord4 ,!re is "o = reflex actions1 no less ?an = s5se-images1 words1 & ideas40 ,gratiolet makes a simil> ass]tion4#bff ,inde$ if1 z we h se51 reflex actions are p>tly connate1 & p>tly acquir$1 x is obvi\s t ! second class mu/ involve t v reproduction ( exp]i5ces1 :i* 9 ! sph]e ( ,intellect is call$ ,memory4 ,!re is assur$ly some?+ p>adoxical at fir/ 9 ?is application ( ! t]ms ( ! ,logic ( ,signs1 yet ! psy*ologi/ w f9d x ( great s]vice4 ,b if ! t]ms discrim9ation & memory be object$ to1 !y may be replac$ by "s su* phrase z ! 8adaptation ( ! me*anism to v>y+ impulses40 ,on its objective side1 ,discrim9ation is ,neural ,gr\p+2 on its subjective side1 x is ,association ( exp]i5ces4 ,,in/9ct4 #ed4 ,if we c detect evid5ces ( ,volition & ,in/9ct 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra91 our !sis may be consid]$ less que/ionable4 ,& su* evid5ce !re is4 ,goltz decapitat$ a male frog 79 ! pair+ season71 & obs]v$ t x n only s\ght1 grasp$1 & en]getically embrac$ a female1 b c\ld always discrim9ate a female f a male4 ,?us :5 a male frog closely resembl+ a female 9 size & %ape 0 pres5t$ to ?is decapitat$ animal1 he clasp$ x1 b rapidly let x g aga91 :]eas ev5 ! dead body ( a female 0 held z 9 a vice4 ,goltz tri$ to delude ?is bra9less animal 9 v>i\s ways1 always 9 va94 ,only a female w\ld be held 9 8 embrace4 ,goltz !n pres5t$ a female 9 a rev]s$ position1 s t ! head 0 grasp$ by ! male4 ,n[ "h1 _h !re be5 simply a reflex ma*9e1 incapable ( s5ti5t discrim9ation1 ! clut*$ female w\ld h be5 held 9 ?is position1 j l any o!r object :i* excit$ ! reflex2 !re w\ld h be5 no 8s5se ( incongruity10 su* z ,goltz notic$ 9 8 frog1 :o at once began a s]ies ( movem5ts by :i* he 0 enabl$1 )\t lett+ ! female escape1 to br+ h] into ! prop] position4 ,to r5d] ?is obs]vation /ill m significant1 ,i may add t ,goltz did n f9d all male frogs act ?us--_m rel9qui%$ ! female ?us improp]ly pres5t$ to !m4 ,su* ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 frogs possess+ bra9s1 w\ld be accept$ z evid5ce ( sexual in/9ct & volition4 ,fur!r3 ,goltz remov$ ! bra9 f a frog1 :i* he !n held "u wat]1 g5tly press+ ! body s z to drive ! air out ( its lungs2 ! body be+ !n heavi] ?an ! wat] sank to ! bottom1 :]e x rema9$ motionless4 ,he repeat$ ?is proc$ure ) ano!r frog1 n bra9less b bl9d$4 ,?is "o sank also1 b 9 a few m9utes rose to ! surface to brea!4 ,?is diff]5ce naturally sugge/s t ! bra9less frog 0 ins5sible ( ! condition :i* 9 ! o!r caus$ a movem5t ( relief4 ,! "o felt imp5d+ suffocation1 ! o!r felt no?+4 ,su* 0 ! int]pretation ( a ,g]man fri5d 9 ^: pres5ce ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t4 ,b ,i _h be5 in/ruct$ by ,goltz1 & bade my fri5d wait a:ile4 ,he did s1 & saw ! bra9less frog sl[ly rise to ! surface & brea! !re l 8 bl9d$ companion4 ,s t ! only diff]5ce obs]vable 0 9 ! less5$ s5sibility ( ! bra9less frog4 #ee4 ,b ,goltz records a /ill m conclusive case4 ,9 a l>ge vessel ( wat] he inv]t$ a glass j> also conta9+ wat]1 :i* c\ld !n only be reta9$ 9 ! j> by atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?r\gh ! neck ( ?is inv]t$ j> he ?ru/ a bl9d$ frog1 n hav+ press$ ! air out ( its lungs4 ,x rose at once 9 ! j>1 t\*+ ! inv]t$ bottom ) its nose1 & :5 ! necessity ( fre% air 0 felt1 ! frog began re/lessly feel+ ab\t ! surface ( its prison till an issue 0 f\nd 9 ! neck ( ! j>1 ?r\gh :i* x da%$ into ! vessel1 & at once rose to ! surface ( ! wat] to brea!4 ,9 ?is obs]vation are pla9ly manife/$ ! /imulation ( uneasy s5sation1 ! volition ( seek+ relief1 & ! discrim9ation ( x :5 f\nd4 ,if ?is frog 0 a s5ti5t me*anism1 :at %all we say to ! fact t a bra9less frog 0 obs]v$ to g ?r\gh precisely ! same s]ies ( actions8 ,goltz p]t95tly rem>ks3 8,s long z physiologi/s satisfi$ !mselves t ! bra9 0 ! sole organ ( s5sation1 x 0 easy to decl>e all ! actions ( ! bra9less animal to be m]ely reflex4 ,b n[ we mu/ ask :e!r ! great] "p ( ^! actions are n due to ! p[] ( adaptation 9 ! c5tral organs1 & are !re=e to be /ruck out ( ! class ( simple reflexes8 ,if ,i b9d "o leg ( a bra9less frog & obs]ve t he n only sees an ob/acle1 b crawls aside f x1 ,i mu/ reg>d ^! movem5ts z regulat$ by 8 c5tral p[] ( adaptation2 b n[ suppose ,i unb9d ! leg & remove ! ob/acle1 !n if ,i prick ! frog he hops =w>d4 ,mu/ ,i n[ decl>e ?is hop to h be5 a simple reflex8 ,n at all4 ,9 bo? cases ! physiological processes h be5 simil>40 99 99 99 99 99 #ef4 ,!re are no d\bt read]s :o w dismiss all evid5ce drawn f exp]im5ts on frogs1 z irrelevant to mammals & man4 ,let u !re=e see h[ ! evid5ce /&s ) respect to animals high] 9 ! scale1 end[$ ) less que/ionable m5tal faculties4 ,9 a =m] *apt] 7,,problem ,,ii4 #bi7 we record$ ! m>k$ results ( remov+ ! c]ebral hemisph]es2 & at ! same "t sugge/$ t ^! by no means ju/ifi$ ! conclusion usually drawn respect+ ! hemisph]es z ! exclusive seat ( s5sation4 ,& ?is on two gr\nds3 ,fir/1 because ! abs5ce ( "s s5sitive ph5om5a does n prev5t ! pres5ce ( o!rs3 ! mutilat$ organism is /ill capable ( manife/+ ,s5sibility 9 ^? organs :i* rema9 intact4 ,secondly1 because 7 ! mutilation foll[$ by total de/ruction ( ,s5sibility1 ?is w\ld n prove ,s5sibility 9 ! normal organism to h its seat 9 ! "p injur$4 ,if ! removal ( a p9 w de/roy ! *ronometric action ( a wat*1 we d n !nce inf] t ! *ronometric action 0 ! function ( ?is p94 ,& ?is objection has ! great] =ce :5 we rememb] t "o hemisph]e may be remov$ )\t ! consequ5t loss ( a s+le function1 & bo? may be remov$ )\t ! loss ( sev]al functions usually ascrib$ to c]ebral influ5ce4#bfg #eg4 ,consid] ! analog\s effects ( injuries to or removal ( ! ,c]ebellum1 9 caus+ di/urbance ( locomotion1 :5ce ! conclusion has be5 drawn t ! ,c]ebellum is ! exclusive organ ( muscul> co-ord9ation1 9 spite ( ! unque/ionable evid5ce t v _m muscul> co-ord9ations /ill p]si/ aft] ?is organ is remov$4 ,:at is ! "p play$ by ! ,c]ebellum ,i d n pause "h to exam9e4#bfh ,i only say t ! movem5ts ( swimm+1 suck+1 swall[+1 brea?+1 cry+1 micturition1 defecation1 etc41 are co-ord9at$ z well aft] removal ( ! ,c]ebellum z !y 7 be=e1 & t consequ5tly _! co-ord9ation has n its seat 9 ! ,c]ebellum4 ,! p>allelism is obvi\s4 ,removal ( ! ,c]ebrum causes a di/urbance 9 ! comb9ation ( s5sations1 & ! execution ( c]ta9 s5se-guid$ actions1 b causes little appreciable di/urbance 9 o!rs4 ,removal ( ! ,c]ebellum causes a di/urbance 9 ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 muscul> s5sations1 & ! execution ( c]ta9 co-ord9at$ actions1 ) little appreciable di/urbance 9 o!rs4 #eh4 ,s little h ! facts be5 survey$ & e/imat$ 9 _! entirety t !re is p]haps no subject on :i* physiologi/s are m agre$ ?an on ! function ( ! ,c]ebellum be+ t ( co-ord9ation4 ,yet consid] ?is decisive exp]im5t4 ,i e!riz$ ?ree heal?y frogs1 f "o ,i remov$ ! entire cranial c5tres2 f ano!r ,i remov$ only ! c]ebellum2 &1 leav+ ! ?ird 9 possession ( an intact encephalon1 ,i made two sections ( ! po/]ior columns ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! two fir/ hopp$1 swam1 us$ _! legs 9 def5ce1 & exhibit$ a v>iety ( muscul> co-ord9ations1 al?\gh 9 bo? ! suppos$ organ ( co-ord9ation 0 abs5t4 ,:]eas ! ?ird1 :i* _h ?is organ intact1 & 0 capable ( mov+ ea* limb sep>ately1 & ea* pair ( limbs sep>ately1 0 utt]ly incapable ( mov+ all f\r simultane\sly4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,obvi\sly because 9 ! fir/ two frogs ! motor me*anism rema9$ intact1 & only ! c]ebral & c]ebell> influ5ce 0 remov$2 9 ! ?ird frog ! s5sory "p ( ! motor me*anism _h be5 divid$1 & no comb9ation ( ! limbs 0 possible4 #ei4 ,physiological induction agrees ) anatomical induction 9 assign+ to ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum ! (fice ( incitation & regulation r ?an ( inn]vation2 =1 z we h se51 no n]ve issues directly f !m 7,,problem ,,ii4 #g74 ,consequ5tly ! effects ( injuries to ^! c5tres are losses ( spontaneity & ( complexity 9 ! manife/ations4 ,inasmu* z 9 ! intact organism all s5sory impressions are propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! n]v\s c5tres1 ! reactions ( ^! highe/ c5tres w ent] into ! complex ( e adju/$ movem5t2 s ! abolition ( ^! c5tres w be ! dropp+ ( a l9k 9 ! *a91 ! abolition ( a special elem5t 9 ! complex gr\p4 ,! organs :i* are /ill intact w react1 ea* 9 its own way1 on be+ /imulat$2 b ! reaction w be )\t ! modify+ influ5ce ( ! abs5t c5tres4 ,= in/ance1 ! ret9al /imulation f a lum9\s impression normally calls up a clu/] ( associat$ feel+s d]iv$ orig9ally f o!r s5ses1 & a p]ception ( ! object is associat$ ) emotions ( desire1 t]ror1 etc41 accord+ to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! organism1 & its organiz$ reactions1 due to h]$it>y or acquir$ exp]i5ces4 ,x is ^! :i* =m ! complex feel+ dis*>g$ 9 ! p>ticul> movem5t ( preh5sion1 or flight4 ,remove ! bra91 & !re c be no long] ?is clu/] ( associat$ neural gr\ps excit$2 !re w be !re=e no emotion1 simply ! visual s5sation1 & su* a movem5t z is directly associat$ ) x4 ,! bra9less dog moans :5 hurt1 x does n b>k at ! cat :i* x nev]!less sees1 & avoids z a m]e ob/acle 9 its pa?2 ! cat w cry1 x w n mew4 ,! pres5t pa9 moves ! vocal organs1 b does n revive associat$ exp]i5ces4 ,all ^? comb9ations by :i* a s]ies ( dep5d5t actions result f a s+le /imulation are fru/rat$ :5 ! me*anism is di/urb$1 s t ! mutilat$ animal c no long] recognize its prey or its enemy1 to fe$ on ! "o & fly f ! o!r2 no long] builds its habitation1 or re>s its (fspr+4 ,x c /ill live1 fe$1 sleep1 move1 & def5d itself aga9/ pres5t discom=t2 x _c f9d its food1 or protect itself aga9/ prospective discom=t4 ,we mu/ supply ! place ( its ,intellig5ce4 ,we mu/ give x ! food1 & protect x f injuries4 ,!re is !re=e ample evid5ce to %[ t :at is specially kn[n z ,intellig5ce is v imp]fect aft] ! c]ebral influ5ce has be5 aboli%$2 b ?is does n prove ! ,c]ebrum to be ! exclusive seat ( ,intellig5ce1 x only proves x to be an indisp5sable factor 9 a complex ( factors4 ,/ill less does x prove ! ,c]ebrum to be ! exclusive seat ( ,s5sation1 ,in/9ct1 ,volition2 = ^! may be manife/$ aft] its removal1 al?\gh ( c\rse ev5 ^! w be impair$ by ! loss ( "o factor4 #fj4 ,& "h an objection mu/ be anticipat$4 ,9 spite ( ! famili> exp]i5ce t "o mode ( ,s5sibility may be de/roy$ )\t involv+ ! de/ruction ( o!r modes1 !re is a g5]al belief--d]iv$ f a mi/ak5 conception ( :at is really repres5t$ by ! unity ( ,consci\sness--t ,consci\sness disappe>s altoge!r :5 x disappe>s at all2 & h5ce1 s9ce ,s5sation is suppos$ to imply ,consci\sness1 x also _c be divisible1 b mu/ vani% altoge!r if x vani% at all4 ,! fir/ answ] is t ,s5sation z an ab/raction is nei!r divisible nor indivisible2 b z a g5]aliz$ expression ( concrete s5sorial processes x is r$ucible to ^! processes1 & divisible z !y are4 ,no "o d\bts t we may lose a :ole class ( special s5sations--sight1 he>+1 pa91 temp]ature1 etc4--yet reta9 all ! o!rs4 ,no "o d\bts t we may lose a :ole class ( regi/]$ exp]i5ces--=get a language1 or lose memory ( places s famili> z ! /reets ( ! small t[n we inhabit1 or ( faces s famili> z ^? ( fri5ds & relatives1 :ile ! names ( ^! /reets & fri5ds are /ill rememb]$ :5 ! s\nds are he>d4 ,yet s5sation & intellig5ce are n :olly lo/4 ,! m9d is /ill erect amid ^! ru9s4#bfi #fa4 ,?is premis$1 let u consid] ! exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,fl\r5s decl>es t :5 he remov$ ! :ole ( ! ,c]ebrum f pigeons & f[ls1 !y lo/ all s5sation1 all p]ception1 all in/9ct1 & all volition4 ,!y liv$ p]fectly well = mon?s aft] ! op]ation1 if ! food 7 plac$ 9 _! m\?s2 b !y nev] s\ght _! food2 !y nev] took x1 ev5 :5 _! beaks 7 plung$ into x3 !y c\ld swall[1 & dige/ ! gra9s2 b !y _h no in/9ct to make !m seek1 no volition to make !m pick up ! gra9s4 ,!y saw no?+1 al?\gh ! iris rema9$ irritable2 !y he>d no?+2 !y c\ld n smell4 ,a /ate ( /upor came on1 resembl+ t ( deep sleep4 ,all volunt>y action ceas$4 ,if !y 7 ?r[n into ! air1 !y flew2 if irritat$1 !y mov$ away2 b if left to !mselves1 !y rema9$ motionless1 ) ! head "u ! w+1 z 9 sleep4 ,n[1 inasmu* z ^! effects always ensue :5 ! ,c]ebrum is remov$1 & nev] :5 only ! ,c]ebellum is remov$1 he concludes t all in/9cts1 volitions1 & s5sations 8belong exclusively to ! c]ebral lobes40 ,b all exp]im5t]s d n agree 9 o!r po9ts nam$ by ,fl\r5s2 nor 9 ! conclusions he has drawn4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is v c]ta91 & we f9d evid5ce ev5 9 ,fl\r5s himself1 t all in/9cts & all s5sations are n de/roy$ by ! removal ( ! c]ebral lobes4 #fb4 ,let u he> ,b\illaud on ?is subject4#bgj ,he repeat$ ! exp]im5t ( ,fl\r5s1 remov+ ! :ole ( ! ,c]ebrum f ! ,bra9 ( a f[l2 & he ?us records 8 obs]vations3 8,?is f[l passes ! great] "p ( h] "t asleep1 b %e awakes at int]vals1 & spontane\sly4 ,:5 %e goes to sleep1 %e turns h] head on "o side & buries x 9 ! fea!rs ( ! w+2 :5 %e awakes1 %e %akes h]self1 flaps h] w+s1 & op5s h] eyes4 ,9 ?is respect !re is no diff]5ce obs]vable betwe5 ! mutilat$ & ! p]fect bird4 ,%e does n seem to be mov$ at all by ! noise made r\nd ab\t h]1 b a v slight irritation ( ! sk9 suffices to awak5 h] in/antane\sly4 ,:5 ! irritation ceases1 %e relapses into sleep4 ,:5 awake1 %e is (t5 se5 to ca/ /upid glances "h & !re1 to *ange h] place1 & walk spontane\sly4 ,if put into a cage1 %e tries to escape2 b %e comes & goes )\t any purpose1 or rational design4 ,:5 ei!r foot1 w+1 or head is p9*$1 %e )draws x2 :5 %e is laid hold (1 %e /ruggles to escape1 & screams2 b no soon] is %e lib]at$ ?an %e re/s motionless4 ,if sev]ely irritat$1 %e screams l\dly2 b x is n only to express pa9 t %e uses h] voice1 = x is by no means r>e to he> h] cackle & cluck a little spontane\sly2 t is to say1 :5 no ext]nal irritation affects h]4 ,h] /upidity is pr(\nd2 %e kn[s nei!r objects nor places1 nor p]sons1 & is completely dive/$ ( memory 9 ?is respect3 n only does %e n "k h[ to seek or take food1 %e does n ev5 "k h[ to swall[ x :5 plac$ 9 h] beak--x mu/ be pu%$ to ! ?roat4 ,nev]!less h] indocility1 h] movem5ts1 h] agitation1 atte/ t %e feels ! pres5ce ( a /range body4 ,inasmu* z ext]nal objects excite 9 h] no idea1 no desire1 %e pays no att5tion to !m2 b %e is n absolutely depriv$ ( ! p[] ( att5tion1 = if mu* irritat$ h] att5tion is awak5$4 ,%e kn[s n h[ to escape an enemy1 nor h[ to def5d h]self4 ,all h] actions1 9 a ^w1 are bl9d1 )\t reflexion1 )\t k40 ,9 ?is recital1 ! evid5ce bo? ( s5sation & in/9ct is inconte/able1 to any unprejudic$ m9d4 ,b\illaud1 9 comm5t+ on 8 obs]vations1 rem>ks1 t assur$ly all s5sation 0 n de/roy$1 s9ce ! s5sibilities ( t\* & pa9 7 v manife/4 ,nor is x c]ta91 he says1 t ! f[l he>d no?+1 saw no?+4 ,x is true t %e /umbl$ aga9/ objects1 & knew n h[ to avoid !m4 ,%e op5$ h] eyes on awak+1 look$ ab\t1 & %[$ a s5sibility 9 ! pupil to light2 :i*1 he ?9ks1 is incompatible ) ! abs5ce ( all s5sation ( sight #fc4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,longet#bga seem decisive on ?is latt] po9t4 ,hav+ remov$ ! :ole ( ! ,c]ebrum f a pigeon1 he obs]v$ t :5ev] he approa*$ a light brusquely to its eyes1 !re 0 contraction ( ! pupil1 & ev5 w9k+2 b1 :at 0 /ill m rem>kable1 8:5 ,i gave a rotatory motion to ! c&le1 & at su* a di/ance t !re c\ld be no s5sation ( heat1 ! pigeon made a simil> movem5t ) its head4 ,^! obs]vations1 r5ew$ sev]al times 9 ! pres5ce ( p]sons :o 7 at my lectures1 left no d\bt ( ! p]si/5ce ( s5sibility to light aft] removal ( ! c]ebral lobes40 ,we h only to ?9k ( ! baby foll[+ ) its eyes ! light mov$ be=e x1 to und]/& ! k9d ( impression produc$ by ! c&le on ! pigeon4 ,longet also decl>es t 8 exp]im5ts prove ! exi/5ce ( s5sations ( s\nd1 aft] removal ( ! :ole c]ebrum4 #fd4 ,dr4 ,dalton1 giv+ ! results ( num]\s exp]im5ts he p]=m$1 says t removal ( ! ,c]ebrum plunges ! animal 9 8a pr(\nd /upor1 9 :i* he is almo/ entirely inatt5tive to surr\nd+ objects4444 ,occasionally ! bird op5s its eyes ) a vacant />e1 /ret*es 8 neck1 p]haps %akes 8 bill once or twice1 or smoo!s d[n ! fea!rs ^u 8 %\ld]s1 & !n relapses into 8 =m] apa!tic condition4 ,?is /ate ( immobility1 h[ev]1 is n accompani$ by ! loss ( sight1 ( he>+1 or ( ord9>y s5sibility4 ,all ^! functions rema91 z well z t ( volunt>y motion4 ,if a pi/ol be dis*>g$ beh9d ! back ( ! animal1 he at once op5s 8 eyes1 moves 8 head half r\nd1 & gives evid5t signs ( hav+ he>d ! report2 b he imm$iately becomes quiet aga91 & pays no fur!r att5tion to x4 ,sight is also reta9$1 s9ce ! bird w sometimes fix its eye on a p>ticul> object1 & wat* x = sev]al seconds toge!r40#bgb ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,fl\r5s concludes f 8 exp]im5ts t ! ,c]ebrum is ! seat ( all s5sation & all volition2 & ,b\illaud concludes t x is mo/ probably ! seat ( none2 ,dr4 ,dalton concludes t ! functions ( ! ,c]ebrum are re/rict$ to ^? usually class$ z intellectual4 8,! animal10 he says1 8is /ill capable1 aft] removal ( ! hemisph]es1 ( receiv+ s5sations f ext]nal objects4 ,b ^! s5sations appe> to make ^u him no la/+ impression4 ,he is incapable ( connect+ ) 8 p]ceptions any di/9ct succession ( ideas4 ,he he>s1 = example1 ! report ( a pi/ol1 b he is n al>m$ by x2 = ! s\nd1 al?\gh di/9ctly p]ceiv$1 does n sugge/ any idea ( dang] or injury4 ,! memory is altoge!r de/roy$1 & ! recollection ( s5sations is n reta9$ f "o mom5t to ano!r4 ,! limbs & muscles are /ill "u ! control ( ! w2 b ! w itself is inactive1 because app>5tly x lacks its usual m5tal /imulus & direction40#bgc ,dr4 ,dalton rem9ds u h[ di/urbance ( ! c]ebral functions 9 human be+s recalls ^! obs]vations on animals4 8,9 cases ( imp5d+ apoplexy1 or ( s(t5+ ( ! c]ebral sub/ance1 among ! e>lie/ & mo/ common ph5om5a is a loss or impairm5t ( ! memory4 ,! pati5t =gets ! names ( p>ticul> objects1 or p>ticul> p]sons2 or he is unable to calculate numb]s ) 8 usual facility4 ,8 m5tal d]angem5t is (t5 %[n 9 ! undue e/imate :i* he =ms ( pass+ ev5ts4 ,he is no long] able to appreciate ! true relation betwe5 diff]5t objects & diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,?us he w %[ an exagg]at$ degree ( solicitude ab\t a trivial occurr5ce1 & w pay no att5tion to o!r matt]s ( importance4 ,z ! difficulty increases1 he becomes c>eless ( ! directions & advice ( 8 att5dants1 & mu/ be wat*$ & manag$ l a *ild or an imbecile4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod he no long] appreciates ! lapse ( "t1 & ev5 loses ! di/9ction betwe5 day & night4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! injury to ! hemisph]es is complete1 ! s5ses may /ill rema9 active & impressible1 :ile ! pati5t is completely depriv$ ( intellig5ce & judgm5t40#bgd #fe4 ,hav+ se5 h[ f> o!r exp]im5t]s are f confirm+ ! conclusions ( ,fl\r5s1 let u glance at 8 record ( obs]vations1 & we %all f9d !re evid5ce t all s5sation & all volition _c be localiz$ 9 ! ,c]ebrum4 ,speak+ ( a f[l ^: ,c]ebrum 0 remov$ ! day be=e1 he says3 8,%e %akes h] head & fea!rs1 sometimes ev5 %e cleans & %>p5s !m ) h] beak2 sometimes %e *anges ! leg on :i* %e sleeps1 =1 l o!r birds1 %e sleeps habitually re/+ ^u "o leg4 ,9 all ^! cases %e seems l a man asleep1 :o1 )\t q wak+1 *anges 8 place1 & reposes 9 ano!r1 f ! fatigue occasion$ by ! previ\s po/ure3 he selects "o m com=table1 /ret*es himself1 yawns1 %akes himself a little1 & falls asleep aga94444 ,on ! ?ird day ! f[l is no long] s calm2 %e comes & goes1 b )\t motive & )\t an aim2 & if %e enc\nt]s an ob/acle on h] pa?1 %e kn[s n h[ to avoid x40#bge ,9 8 second "w he rem>ks ( a ,duck op]at$ on 9 ! same way3 8,z ,i m5tion$ la/ ye> propos ( f[ls1 ! duck walks ab\t (t5]1 & = a long] "t toge!r1 :5 x is fa/+1 ?an :5 x is f$40 ,"h he obs]ves ! unmi/akable evid5ce ( feel+s ( ,hung]1 ,fatigue1 & ,discom=t 9 animals :i*1 accord+ to him1 h lo/ all s5sation4 ,he also obs]ves ! op]ation ( in/9ct 7clean+ ! fea!rs71 & ( spontane\s activity 7walk+ ab\t71 9 animals said to h lo/ all in/9ct & all volition4 #ff4 ,/ill m decisive are ! obs]vations record$ by o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,leyd5 remov$ ! hemisph]es & ! ganglia at _! base f a h52 yet ?is h5 mov$ ab\t & cluck$4 ,meissn] notic$ t a pigeon ^: hemisph]es _h be5 remov$ always utt]$ its coo1 & %[$ re/lessness at ! usual fe$+-"t4#bgf ,voit c>efully extirpat$ ! c]ebrum f "s pigeons1 & kept !m = _m mon?s 9 heal?4 ,= ! fir/ few weeks !y exhibit$ ! well-kn[n /upor4 ,!n !y began to %ake ?is (f1 op5 _! eyes1 walk1 & fly ab\t spontane\sly4 ,!y gave unmi/akable signs ( see+ & he>+4 ,b ! *ief defect 0 9 ! inability to fe$ !mselves1 & ! complete ins5sibility to dang]4 ,!y also manife/$ signs ( sexual feel+ ) lively coo+s2 ?\gh q unable to gratify _! desires4#bgg ,vulpian hav+ remov$ ! c]ebrum1 optic ?alami1 & corpora /riata f a "y rabbit1 f\nd t on p9*+ its tail x cri$ out & /ruggl$ to escape2 & a rat ?us mutilat$ n only /ruggl$ & cri$ :5 p9*$1 b manife/$ /rong emotion4 8,il e/ trs cra9tif1 trs impressionable2 il bondit p\r peu qu'on le t\*e2 le mo9dre bruit le fait tressaillir4 ,un c]ta9 bruit d'appel fait avec les lvres1 ou un s\fflet brusque imitant celui qu'emett5t les *ats en colre excit5t *ez le rat une vive motion40#bgh #fg4 ,!re are sev]al well-au!nticat$ cases on record ( *ildr5 born )\t a ve/ige ( bra91 & o!rs ) only a ve/ige1 :o nev]!less manife/$ ! ord9>y signs ( s5sation4 ,i w cite b "o1 & x %all be "o = :i* an illu/ri\s physiologi/1 ,panizza1 is ! gu>antee4 ,a male infant1 "o ( tw9s1 :o liv$ b eighte5 h\rs1 dur+ t p]iod manife/$ su* unque/ionable signs ( ,s5sibility z ! foll[+3 ! pupils contract$ "u light1 %>p s\nds caus$ flutt]+s1 & a bitt] solution :5 plac$ 9 ! m\? 0 in/antly reject$4 ,?is infant _h n a ve/ige ( c]ebrum1 c]ebellum1 or c]ebral ganglia4 ,! m$ulla oblongata 0 normal4 ,!re 7 no olfactory n]ves1 & ! optic n]ves t]m9at$ 9 a little mass ( membrane4#bgi #fh4 ,! obs]vations ( ,lussana & ,lemoigne are bo? ext5sive & precise1 & ! conclusion at :i* !y arrive is t ! removal ( ! ,c]ebrum is ! abolition ( ,intellig5ce & ,in/9ct1 b is n ! abolition ( ,s5sation4 ,:]eas ,rol&o1 & aft] him ,r5zi1 consid] t only ! ,intellig5ce is aboli%$1 ! suppos$ loss ( ,in/9ct be+ really no?+ m ?an ! loss ( ! directive influ5ce :i* makes ! ,in/9ct to be execut$4 #fi4 ,"h x becomes ne$ful to und]/& ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,in/9ct4 ,7 we deal+ ) an ord9>y me*anism1 & ! di/urbances produc$ 9 its actions by ! removal ( any "p1 we %\ld attribute all obs]v$ effects to int]f]5ce ) ! conditions ( dep5d5t sequ5ce3 we %\ld inf] t ! actions 7 imp]fectly p]=m$1 or :olly aboli%$1 because _! requisite me*anical conditions 7 di/urb$4 ,let u be equally precise 9 deal+ ) ! physiological me*anism4 ,if we h depriv$ x ( an organ 9 :i* c]ta9 comb9ations are effect$1 we mu/ expect to f9d all actions :i* 7 dep5d5t on su* comb9ations to be n[ impossible2 b all ! actions :i* are n directly dep5d5t on ^! comb9ations may /ill be possible4 ,! actions ( fe$+1 = example1 are det]m9$ by c]ta9 s5sations1 :5 ^! are pres5t 9 a p>ticul> sequ5ce1 b n o!rwise2 ! s5sation ( sight does n suffice1 because ! animal mu/ n only see ! food1 he mu/ p]ceive x4 ,! action ( def5ce & flight are also det]m9$ by c]ta9 s5sations1 b only :5 ^! are connect$ 9 a c]ta9 sequ5ce3 ! bra9less animal w def5d itself1 or move out ( ! way1 "u ! /imulus ( unpleasant s5sation2 b w n be mov$ by a prospective injury1 because he fails to associate x ) ! sight ( ! ?reat5+ object4 ,9 ! same way a bl9d man %r9ks at ! actual contact ( ! heat$ pok]1 b does n %r9k at ! approa* ( t pok] :i* he does n see4 ,we d n d5y him ! possession ( ! s-call$ in/9ct ( ,self-pres]vation on ?is gr\nd2 :y d5y x to ! bra9less animal8 ,! bra9less fi% or frog swims :5 plac$ 9 ! wat]1 because ! s5sation f ! mov+ wat]#bhj sets go+ ! swimm+ me*anism4 ,to call ?is a 8swimm+ in/9ct0 may seem extravagant2 yet x is z fully entitl$ to ! "n z ,self-def5ce is1 or ! ,alim5t>y ,in/9ct4 ,9 all ?ree cases !re is a connate me*anism set go+ by appropriate feel+s4 #gj4 ,s9ce all admit t !re is an ,alim5t>y ,in/9ct1 let u see :at k9d ( me*anism x implies4 ,!re mu/ be a /ate ( feel+ call$ ,hung]1 :i*--comb9$ ) o!r feel+s--det]m9es c]ta9 muscul> adju/m5ts 9 ! se>*1 recognition1 capture1 & f9ally ! swall[+ ( ! food3--a v complex s]ies ( actions1 :i* lead to & su/a9 "o ano!r until ! desire is gratifi$4 ,on ! m5tal side !re are ?ree con/itu5ts1 all indisp5sable3 ! hung] mu/ be felt1 ! food mu/ be discrim9at$1 ! desire mu/ be gratifi$2 on ! physical side !re are also ! indisp5sable arrangem5ts ( ! motor me*anism4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ! entire me*anism ( ?is in/9ct _c be localiz$ 9 ! bra91 ev5 if its m5tal elem5ts are localiz$ !re2 & !re is reason to believe t ev5 ! m5tal elem5ts--! feel+s ( hung]1 discrim9ation1 & gratification--are n exclusively localiz$ !re4 ,! bra9less animal manife/s if n ! feel+ ( ,hung]1 at any rate t feel+ ( discom=t :i* is ! basis ( ,hung]4 ,! re/lessness is t ( a hungry animal4 ,n[ we "k t "s ( ! ,sy/emic ,s5sibility is pres]v$1 = we see ! animal brea?+1 swall[+1 ur9at+1 sleep+1 pre5+ its fea!rs1 *ang+ its attitude1 re/+ on "o leg aft] ! fatigue ( ! o!r1 etc4 ,we may !re=e inf] t o!r sy/emic s5sations1 su* z ,hung] & ,?ir/1 arise "u ! usual conditions4 #ga4 ,we h not$ an indication ( ,hung]2 b on fur!r obs]vation we discov] t al?\gh ! food is eat51 if br\ght )9 rea* ( t portion ( ! fe$+ me*anism :i* is /ill intact1 yet ! second /ep--! feel+ ( recognition--is want+4 ,! animal fails to p]ceive ! food br\ght "u 8 eyes1 or ev5 plac$ 9 8 m\?2 unless ! back "p ( ! m\? be t\*$1 no swall[+ takes place4 ,h5ce ! animal c no long] fe$ himself1 & is !re=e said to h lo/ 8 in/9ct4 ,b al?\gh ! me*anism ( ! in/9ct has be5 di/urb$1 its action is n :olly aboli%$4 ,! bra9 is necess>y = t comb9ation ( adju/m5ts :i* normally accompany ! p]ception ( food ?r\gh sight & sc5t2 & its abs5ce ( c\rse fru/rates su* comb9ation2 b we %all pres5tly see t al?\gh c]ta9 s5sible m>ks by :i* a p]ception is guid$ are abs5t1 o!rs may /ill be pres5t1 & suffice4 #gb4 ,be=e adduc+ examples let me say t we _c legitimately attribute ! abeyance ( an in/9ct solely to ! abs5ce ( ! bra91 #a1 because we obs]ve a simil> abeyance ( ! in/9ct & fru/ration ( p]ception1 ev5 :5 ! bra9 is pres5t1 & ! animal is 9 its normal /ate4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s in/9cts are unmi/akably manife/$1 & "s p]ceptions excit$1 aft] ! bra9 has be5 remov$4 ,9 fact1 all t is ne$ful is t "s ( ! m5tal elem5ts ( su* p]ception & su* in/9ct be pres]v$2 & ?is is ! case s long z ! lead+ elem5t is pres5t4 #gc4 ,on ! fir/ po9t consid] ?is unequivocal example4 ,a heal?y1 hungry frog may be plac$ 9 a vessel 9 :i* lie a quantity ( dead flies4 ,he sees ^! flies1 b sight is n en\gh2 to him !y are only s _m black spots1 9 :i* he does n recognize 8 food1 because ! flies d n move1 & ! lead+ elem5t 9 8 p]ception ( food is n a color$ =m1 b a mov+ =m4 ,h5ce ?is frog1 9 spite ( bra9 & an intact organism1 w />ve amid/ appropriate food4 ,:]eas ! frog t w n snap at motionless flies snaps at any o!r small mov+ object1 ?\gh x be n 8 food4 ,goltz obs]v$ "o incessantly snapp+ at ! mov+ t5tacles ( a slug :i* 0 9 ! vessel--z if t 7 possible food6 ,n only ! /upid frog1 b ! m intellig5t c>nivora w />ve 9 ! pres5ce ( appropriate food :i* is unrecogniz$1 because ! lead+ elem5t 9 ! recognition is abs5t4 ,! cat w n eat a dead m\se1 unless %e has kill$ x h]self4 ,pr$atory animals mu/ capture _! food--unless ! sc5t ( blood excites _! alim5t>y in/9ct4 ,s intimately is ?is s5sation ( a mov+ object connect$ ) ! pr$atory impulse1 t ! cat :i* is unexcit$ by ! dead m\se _c resi/ spr++ on a mov+ ball4 ,we ne$ n suppose ! cat to mi/ake ?is ball = food2 b we mu/ suppose t1 accu/om$ to p\nce ^u mov+ food1 x is unable to resi/ ! impulse ( ?is lead+ s5sation4 #gd4 ,! pres5ce ( ! bra9 n suffic+1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! lead+ s5sation1 we %all n[ see t ! abs5ce ( ! bra9 w n prev5t ! execution ( ! in/9ctive action1 if ! lead+ s5sation be pres5t4 ,! bra9less bird sees a heap ( gra91 or a pan ( wat]1 b no m recognizes !m by sight alone ?an ! frog recognizes ! dead flies2 yet if ! bird's feet be plac$ 9 ! wat]1 ?is s5sation w suffice to make him dr9k2 if plac$ amid ! gra91 ?is s5sation w 7sometimes7 suffice to make him fe$4 ,lussana & ,lemoigne /ate t _! bra9less pigeons ate & drank ) avidity :5 _! feet 7 plac$ 9 gra9 & wat]4#bha ,m4 ,kri%ab] remov$ ! hemisph]es f a pigeon1 & obs]v$ t :5 8 beak 0 ?ru/ into a heap ( hempse$ ! head 0 quickly )drawn1 :]eas :5 ! beak 0 plung$ into wat] ! bird drank eag]ly4 ,e day he 0 =c$ to fe$ ! bird by p\r+ ! se$ into its ?roat1 b e day x drank :5 ! beak 0 ?ru/ into ! pan ( wat]4#bhb ,brcke notic$ t 8 bra9less h51 :i* made no attempt to peck at ! gra9 "u h] v eyes1 began peck+ if ! gra9 7 ?r[n on ! gr\nd ) =ce1 s z to produce a rattl+ s\nd4 ,! s5sation ( he>+ 0 "h m p]fect ?an t ( vision1 & suffic$ to awak5 ! /ate ( feel+ necess>y to initiate ! peck+ movem5t4#bhc #ge4 ,some:at analog\s ph5om5a are obs]v$ 9 ,aphasia4 ,! pati5t c see pr9t$ or writt5 lett]s1 & ev5 copy !m2 b he _c read1 i4 e4 int]pret1 ^! symbols2 z ! birds see ! gra91 b _c connect ?is s5sation ) o!rs4 ,^! lett]s & words1 :i* ! pati5t _c int]pret :5 se51 he c int]pret :5 he>d2 he c n only und]/& !m :5 spok51 b write !m if !y are dictat$ to him4 ,! birds recognize ! gra9 & wat] 7or act z if !y did7 :5 o!r s5sations ?an ^? ( sight are excit$4 ,s\nd is ! lead+ elem5t 9 ,language1 bo? spok5 & writt54 ,we he> ! words ev5 :5 we see !m1 b we d n see !m :5 we he> !m4 ,! visible symbols are accessory & subord9ate4 ,b to ! born deaf ! visible symbols dom9ate4 ,h[ "o s5sation w det]m9e a p>ticul> gr\p ( movem5ts :i* _c be effect$ by any o!r /imulus is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 disease no less ?an 9 exp]im5t4 ,"h is a v lum9\s example3 ,gratiolet _h a pati5t = six mon?s "u 8 eye incapable ( articulat+ a s+le ^w1 ow+ to ! incoh]5ce ( h] incessant utt]ance--%e babbl$ s\nds1 b c\ld n gr\p ! syllables into a recognizable ^w4 ,yet %e c\ld s+ ! words ( any song %e knew1 ! musical s5sations be+ suffici5t to guide h] vocal organs4 8,a9si la mmoire1 infidle dans le cas o les mots tai5t des ides1 dev5ait claire et prcise qu& les mots tai5t des *ansons40#bhd #gf4 ,^! illu/rations pla9ly tell h[ ! bra9less animal may />ve amid 8 food1 fail+ to p]ceive x because ! lead+ s5sation is n excit$2 & h[ ! same animal may manife/ 8 fe$+ in/9ct if ! me*anism be set go+ by a lead+ s5sation4 ,we are told1 inde$1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra9 ! actions are me*anical reflexes f impressions1 & n comp>able ) ! complex processes det]m9$ by p]ception4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! only diff]5ce is 9 degree ( complexity3 a comb9ation ( t\*1 temp]ature1 & muscul> movem5t w be simpl] ?an "o :i* also comb9es sight1 smell1 & ! reviv$ images ( associat$ s5sations4 ,! sight ( a %eep affects ! in/9ctive me*anism ( a wolf only :5 comb9$ ) ! lead+ elem5t ( smell4 ,place a /uff$ %eep 9 a field1 & no wolf w approa* & spr+ on x1 :]eas ! bl9d wolf w f9d & capture ! real %eep2 & ,i believe t 7 x practicable to remove ! bra9 )\t injury to ! organ ( sc5t & ! p[]s ( locomotion1 ! wolf w\ld track & capture ! liv+ %eep4 #gg4 ,! outcome ( ?is discussion is t ! me*anism ( ea* in/9ct is ! adju/m5t ( ! organs :i* effect ! in/9ctive action2 & ?is adju/m5t is n simply a c]ebral process1 b a complex ( _m s5sorial processes2 consequ5tly ! in/9ct _c be exclusively localiz$ 9 ! bra91 al?\gh ! c]ebral process may be a v important elem5t 9 ! adju/m5t4 ,?is is true ev5 on ! supposition t 9 speak+ ( ,in/9ct we ref] only to ! /ate ( feel+ :i* orig9ates ! action--sep>at+ ! psy*ological f ! physiological aspect ( ! ph5om5on4 ,= ! bra9 m9us ! organism is obvi\sly incapable ( feel+s2 :]eas ! organism m9us ! bra9 is obvi\sly capable ( s5sibilities adequate to det]m9e ! actions4 ,?us ! feel+ ( hung] :i* prompts ! alim5t>y actions does n arise if ! animal is satiat$1 nor does ! sexual feel+ :i* prompts g5]ative actions arise :5 ! animal is ca/rat$2 b ea* arises :5 ! organism is 9 a p>ticul> /ate4 ,9 va9 w food be plac$ be=e ! satiat$ animal1 or a female be=e ! ca/rat$ male2 food & female are se5 & recogniz$1 b no desires are excit$1 9 spite ( ! bra9 & its suppos$ in/9cts4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! bra9 is remov$1 ! ne$ ( ! organism = food is felt1 & ?is ne$ det]m9es re/less movem5ts1 :i* are direct$ by c]ta9 o!r s5sations1 & ! in/9ctive action ( fe$+ is f9ally effect$2 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! removal ( ! bra9 has s di/urb$ ! normal me*anism ( ! in/9ct t ! action is imp]fect4 ,r5zi says t an animal depriv$ ( its bra9 has lo/ ! intellig5ce :i* enables x to seek & seize its food1 b n ! in/9ct1 s9ce x /ill has ! desire = food4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t may illu/rate ?is4 ,r5zi w\nd$ sup]ficially "o optic ?alamus ( a frog )\t injur+ ! ext]nal m>g91 or optic tract4 ,! frog %[$ no appreciable loss ( sight1 b hopp$ timidly away :5ev] approa*$4 ,!n bo? ?alami 7 divid$ transv]sely1 ! optic tract /ill be+ sp>$4 ,?is frog rema9$ motionless "u e ?reat4 ,x manife/$ no al>m1 & ev5 :5 directly irritat$1 only crawl$ or hopp$ away l a bra9less frog4 ,sight /ill s f> rema9$ t ob/acles 7 avoid$4#bhe ,n[ s9ce ?is animal's bra9 0 intact1 & its organs ( movem5t 7 capable ( respond+ to /imulation1 h[ are we to expla9 ! loss ( its in/9ct ( self-pres]vation8 ,! frog p]ceiv$ no dang] 9 a ?reat5+ approa*1 yet p]ceiv$ an ob/acle & avoid$ x1 gett+ "u x if !re 7 room en\gh1 crawl+ beside x if t 0 ! easi] escape4 ,:y did "o vision prompt ! movem5ts ( escape1 & ano!r fail8 ,0 x n t 9 ! "o case ! normal pa?way 0 /ill op51 9 ! o!r clos$8 ,we "k t "o injury w de/roy ! p]ception ( color )\t de/roy+ t ( light & %ad[2 s "o injury may de/roy ! comb9ation ( neural processes necess>y = ! p]ception ( a dang]1 )\t de/roy+ ^? necess>y = ! p]ception ( a h9drance4 ,if all actions dep5d on _! me*anical conditions1 !y mu/ be di/urb$ accord+ to ! di/urbance ( ! conditions4 ,no?nagel f\nd t aft] remov+ ! nucleus l5ti=mis on bo? sides ( a rabbit1 leav+ all ! re/ ( ! encephalon intact1 ! rabbit hopp$ :5 its tail 0 p9*$2 yet al?\gh />t+ at ! s\nd :5 h&s 7 l\dly clapp$1 did n hop z a normal rabbit does2 nor al?\gh clos+ 8 eyes :5 a light 0 br\ght ne> !m1 did he ev] move aside4 ,no feel+ ( dang] 0 excit$ by s\nd or sight4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ are ! ph5om5a manife/$ by a rabbit ^: corpora /riata h be5 remov$3 x is ) difficulty made to hop by p9*+ its sk91 :]eas noises & sights cause x to make t]rifi$ b\nds4#bhf #gh4 ,no soon] d we analyze ! conditions ( an in/9ct ?an we see ! error ( reg>d+ in/9cts z localiz$ 9 ! bra94 ,! c]ebral process is only "o factor 9 ! product--an important factor1 no d\bt1 s9ce ! c]ebrum is ! supreme c5tre ( incitation & regulation2 b its abs5ce does n :olly c>ry away ! activity ( ! me*anism1 s5ti5t & motor1 on :i* ! in/9cts dep5d1 x only c>ries away "o s\rce ( /imulation & regulation4 #gi4 ,an in/9ct dep5ds on a connate me*anism4 ,let u glance = a mom5t at a p>allel case ( an ord9>y reflex action1 also dep5d5t on a connate me*anism1 say t ( sneez+4 ,:5 ! inn] surface ( ! nose is /imulat$ by snuff1 or o!r irritant1 ! nasal bran* ( ! trigem9us is excit$1 & ! effects are fir/ a deep inspiration1 !n a closure ( ! respiratory orifices by ! tongue1 :i* 9 turn excites a spasmodic expiration4 ,b ! same effects are producible f q diff]5t /imulations--namely1 t ( ! cili>y n]ves on sudd5 exposure to a gl>e ( sun%9e--or ( ! sk9 n]ves on a sudd5 draught ( cold air4 ,brcke rem>ks t !re is p]haps no spot on ! surface ( ! body f :i* ?is reflex may n be excit$ 9 v s5sitive p4 ,he knew a g5tleman :o always sneez$ :5 9 w9t] he laid hold ( a cold door-bell2 & ! fit ( sneez+ 0 only arre/$ by giv+ him a cru/ ( bread or some?+ h>d to gnaw4 ,n[ j z ! connate me*anism ( sneez+ may be set 9 action by a v>iety ( /imulations1 s may ! connate me*anism ( an in/9ct4 ,,acquisition4 #hj4 ,n only may ,discrim9ation & ,in/9ct be manife/$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bra91 b ev5 ! acquisition ( new modes ( reaction1 su* z are class$ "u ,le>n+ ?r\gh ,exp]i5ce4 ,! objection is sometimes urg$ t animals )\t _! bra9s only manife/ s+le reactions on /imulation--! p9*$ foot is )drawn1 & !n rema9s motionless until aga9 p9*$4 ,b al?\gh ! /imulation does n excite a consecutive s]ies ( movem5ts1 because !re is no c]ebrum to react 9 successive /imulation1 ?is does n prove ! abs5ce ( s5sation 9 ! "o movem5t :i* is excit$4 ,if my h& be ly+ on ! table1 & some?+ irritates x1 my h& is )drawn1 & !n rema9s z motionless z ! limb ( ! bra9less animal1 until "s fre% /imulation1 ext]nal or int]nal1 moves x4 ,al?\gh removal ( ! bra9 causes a manife/ r$uction 9 ! v>iety & succession ( ! movem5ts1 all exp]im5t]s are agre$ t animals acquire a c]ta9 dext]ity 9 execut+ actions :i* !y _h previ\sly fail$ to c>ry out aft] removal ( _! bra9s4 8,!re is10 says ,freusb]g1 8a decid$ improvem5t acquir$ 9 ! reactions ( ! motor c5tres aft] division ( ! sp9al cord1 n inde$ 9 vigor1 b 9 delicacy4 ,remov$ f ! regulat+ influ5ce ( ! bra91 ! legs acquir$ ?r\gh practice a p[] ( self-regulation40 ,nor is ?is wond]ful3 pa?ways are made easy by repetition ( impulses1 & new adaptations =m new adju/m5ts4 ,x is ?us all le>n+ is effect$--intellig5t1 & automatic4 ,nor is !re any =ce 9 ! objection t ! p[] ?us acquir$ spe$ily disappe>s1 s t if ! /imulations are effect$ at long int]vals ! reactions d n manife/ _! acquir$ dext]ity4 ,! sp9al c5tres =get1 z ! c]ebral c5tres =get2 b !y also rememb]1 i4 e4 !y le>n4 ,because an animal %[s to-day none ( ! aptitude x acquir$ ?ree days ago1 we are n to d5y t x _h once acquir$ ! aptitude x has n[ lo/4 ,attempt to tea* a *ild to read by giv+ x spell+ lessons ( two or ?ree m9utes at int]vals ( two or ?ree mon?s1 & little w ! acquisition be6 99 99 99 99 99 #ha4 ,hi!rto we h be5 consid]+ ph5om5a manife/$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 because x is 9 ^! t ! majority ( writ]s place ! s5sorium4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m au?oritative writ]s :o reg>d ! ganglionic masses at ! base ( ! c]ebrum1 & ev5 ^? ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 z p>ticipat+ 9 ?is s5sorial prop]ty1 :i* !y refuse to ! l[] ganglia 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,i _c foll[ _! logic4 ,! c]ebrum is by its position z a c5tre ( c5tres1 & its deta*m5t f all direct inn]vation ( organs1 s diff]5t f ! re/ ( ! neural axis1 t we c und]/& h[ x %\ld be assign$ a special function2 al?\gh be+ ( ! same tissue z ! o!r ganglionic masses1 x mu/ h ! same prop]ty4 ,& :at t special function is ,i %all h]eaft] endeavor to set =?4 ,b t ! upp] region ( ! sp9al axis %\ld diff] s pr(\ndly f ! l[] region z to be ! seat ( psy*ical processes1 :ile ! l[] region is simply ! seat ( me*anical processes1 is :at ,i _c und]/&1 s long z ! anatomical /ructure & physiological prop]ties ( ! two regions are se5 to be id5tical4 ,! v>i\s c5tres inn]vate v>i\s organs1 & h consequ5tly v>i\s functions4 ,z ea* c5tre is remov$1 we obs]ve a correspond+ loss ( function--! organism is truncat$1 b cont9ues to manife/ su* functions z h /ill _! me*anisms intact4 ,let u suppose ! bra9 or upp] regions ( ! cord deta*$ f ! l[] regions by a section ( ! cord2 ! animal w /ill live1 & p]=m almo/ all its functions 9 ! normal way1 b !re w be little or no cons5sus betwe5 ! l[] & ! upp] regions4 ,grant+ ,s5sibility to bo?1 we mu/ /ill see t ! s5sation excit$ 9 "o w n be felt 9 ! o!r4 ,& ?is is ! gr\nd on :i* physiologi/s d5y t ! l[] regions h ,s5sibility4 ,)\t paus+ "h to exam9e ?is po9t1 :i* w occupy u 9 ! next *apt]1 ,i assume t ! positive evid5ce ( ,s5sibility suffices to discr$it t argum5t2 & 9 fur!rance ( t assumption w cite an example ( s5sation & volition manife/$ by ! l[] portion ( ! cord :5 sep>at$ f ! bra9 & upp] portion4 #hb4 ,! function ( ,ur9ation is "o :i* notori\sly belongs to ! volunt>y class1 9 s f> z x is initiat$ or arre/$ by a volunt>y impulse1 & x is "o :i*1 accord+ to ! classic tea*+1 has its c5tre 9 ! bra94 ,! gr\nds on :i* ?is c]ebral c5tre is assign$ are v simil> to ^? on :i* o!r functions are assign$ to c]ebral c5tres1 namely1 obs]vation ( ! suppression ( ! function :5 ! pa?way betwe5 c]ta9 organs & ! bra9 is int]rupt$4 ,b ! c>eful exp]im5ts ( ,goltz#bhg h demon/rat$ t ! 8c5tre0 ( ,ur9ation is n 9 ! bra91 b 9 ! l[] region ( ! cord4 ,:5 ! cord is completely divid$1 ,ur9ation is p]=m$ 9 ! normal way--n passively1 n irregul>ly1 b ) all ! *>act]s ( ! active regul> function4 ,&1 :at is also noticeable1 ?is function is s intimately dep5d5t on ,s5sibility t x w be arre/$--l any o!r function--by a s5sation excit$ f ! p]iph]y--to be resum$ :5 ! irritation ceases4 ,n[ ?is arre/ f a /imulation ( s5sory n]ves takes place :5 ! bra9 is cut (f f ! sp9al c5tre1 j z :5 ! bra9 is 9 connection ) x4 ,! same is true ( ,defecation1 & ! /ill m complex functions ( ,g5]ation & ,p>turition4 ,i c only ref] ! read] to ! v rem>kable case ( ,goltz's bit* ) ! sp9al cord divid$ 9 ! lumb> region1 if evid5ce be want$ = ! p]=mance ( complex functions s long z ! sp9al c5tres 7 intact4 ,x is true t ,goltz consid]s ^! functions to h be5 indep5d5t ( s5sation2 b t is because he has n entirely emancipat$ himself f ! traditional views2 = my purpose x is en\gh t he admits ! functions to be dep5d5t on s5sorial processes4 99 99 99 99 99 #hc4 ,to sum up ! evid5ce1 we may say t obs]vation discloses a surpris+ resemblance 9 ! manife/ations ( ! cord & bra94 ,9 bo? !re are reflex processes1 & processes ( arre/2 9 bo? !re are actions ref]able to consci\s & unconsci\s processes2 9 bo? depression & exaltation are produc$ by ! same drugs2 9 bo? !re are manife/ations int]pretable1 z ^? ( ,discrim9ation1 ,logic1 ,in/9ct1 ,volition1 ,acquisition1 ,memory2 9 bo? !re is manife/ation ( ,s5sibility--h[ !n c we d5y ,s5sation to ! "o if we accord x to ! o!r8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,negative ,,inductions4 #hd4 ,i fancy "s read] exclaim+3 8,all y\r reason+1 & all y\r m>%all$ facts1 are swept away by ! irresi/ible evid5ce ( human pati5ts ) injur$ sp9al cords1 ^: legs h manife/$ reflex actions1 & :o nev]!less decl>$ !y _h no s5sation :atev] 9 !m4 ,we c nev] be sure ( :at passes 9 an animal2 b man c tell u :e!r he feels an impression1 or does n feel x2 & s9ce he tells u t he does n feel x1 _c1 h[ev] he may try1 we conclude t reflex action may take place )\t s5sation40 ,z ?is is ! "o solit>y fact :i* is held to negative ! mass ( evid5ce1 anatomical & physiological1 9 favor ( ! ,s5sibility ( ! sp9al cord1 x is necess>y t we %\ld c&idly exam9e x4 ,no read] w suppose t dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s 9 :i* ,i h advocat$ ! doctr9e exp\nd$ 9 ?is volume1 ,i h n be5 fully alive to ! "o fact :i* prev5t$ ! g5]al acceptance ( ! doctr9e4 ,f ! fir/ x has seem$ to me t ! fact has be5 mis9t]pret$4 #he4 ,c]ta9 injuries to ! sp9al cord de/roy ! connection ( ! p>ts bel[ ! injury ) ! p>ts above x2 consequ5tly no impression made on ! limbs bel[ ! injur$ spot is transmitt$ to ! bra91 nor c any c]ebral incitation rea* ^? limbs4 ,! pati5t has lo/ all consci\sness ( ^! limbs1 & all control ov] !m4 ,hunt]'s pati5t on be+ ask$ if he felt any pa9 :5 ! prick caus$ 8 leg to kick1 answ]$1 8,no3 b y see my leg does40 ,?is answ] has be5 reg>d$ z a droll]y2 ,i ?9k x express$ a physiological tru?4 ,= on ! assumption t ! :ole ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis _h "o uni=m prop]ty1 correspond+ ) its uni=m /ructure1 & v>i\s functions1 correspond+ ) ! v>iety ( organs x inn]vates1 a division ( ?is axis w\ld necess>ily create two indep5d5t seats ( ,s5sibility1 & int]rupt ! cons5sus ( _! functions4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be absurd to expect t ! c]ebral segm5t c\ld be affect$ by1 or co-op]ate )1 :at affect$ ! sp9al segm5t4 ,n[1 :5 a man has a diseas$ sp9al cord1 ! seat ( injury causes1 = ! "t at lea/1 a division ( ! :ole gr\p ( c5tres into two indep5d5t gr\ps4 ,= all purposes ( s5sation & volition x is ! same z if he 7 cut 9 half2 8 n]v\s me*anism is cut 9 half4 ,h[ !n c any c]ebral control be obey$ by 8 legs2 h[ c any impression on 8 legs be felt by 8 c]ebrum8 ,z well might we expect ! man ^: arm has be5 amputat$1 to feel ! incisions ( ! scalpel1 :5 t limb is convey$ to ! dissect+-table1 z to feel by 8 bra9 impressions made ^u p>ts :olly divorc$ f organic connection ) ! bra94 #hf4 ,b1 x may be object$1 ?is is ! v po9t urg$4 ,! man himself does n feel ! impressions on 8 legs :5 8 sp9e has be5 injur$2 he is z ins5sible to !m z to ! dissection ( 8 amputat$ arm4 ,v true4 ,he does n feel x4 ,b if ! amputat$ arm 7 to /rike ! anatomi/ :o began its dissection1 if its f+]s 7 to grasp ! scalpel1 & pu% x away1 or ) ! ?umb to rub (f ! acid irritat+ "o ( ! f+]s1 ,i d n see h[ we c\ld refuse to admit t ! arm felt al?\gh ! man did n4 ,& ?is is ! case ) ! extremities ( a man ^: sp9e is injur$4 ,!y manife/ e indication ( s5sibility4 ,9 ! frog & pigeon ! legs manife/ ! unmi/akable control :i* we ascribe to volition4 ,x is true t ! man himself1 :5 int]rogat$1 decl>es t he feels no?+2 ! c]ebral segm5t has atta*$ to x organs ( spee* & expressive features1 by :i* its s5sations c be communicat$ to o!rs2 :]eas ! sp9al segm5t has no su* means ( communicat+ its s5sations2 b ^? :i* x has1 x employs4 ,y c ask ! c]ebral segm5t a "q1 :i* c be he>d1 und]/ood1 & answ]$2 ?is is n ! case ) ! sp9al segm5t3 yet if y te/ its s5sibility1 ! result is unequivocal4 ,y _c ask an animal :e!r x feels1 b y c te/ its s5sibility1 & t te/ suffices4 #hg4 ,! "q we h to decide1 !re=e1 is n :e!r a pati5t1 ) an injur$ sp9e1 c feel impressions on1 or convey volunt>y impulses to1 limbs bel[ ! seat ( injury--= z respects ! n]v\s me*anism ^! limbs are sep>at$ f him1 no less ?an if actual amputation _h tak5 place--! "q is1 :e!r ^! sep>at$ limbs h any s5sibility8 ,& ! answ] seems to me unequivocally affirmative4 ,i ass]t1 !re=e1 t if !re is ample evid5ce to %[ t ! sp9al c5tres h s5sibility1 :5 sep>at$ f ! c]ebral c5tres1 su* evid5ce c 9 no respect be weak5$ by ! fact t a man ) an injur$ sp9e is unconsci\s ( impressions made bel[ ! seat ( injury2 s9ce su* a fact necess>ily foll[s f ! e/abli%m5t ( two c5tres3 ! p>ts above are !n n s5sitive to impressions on ! p>ts bel[2 nor are ! p>ts bel[ s5sitive to impressions on ! p>ts above2 b ea* segm5t is s5sitive to its own affections4 #hh4 ,e "o kn[s t !re are animals1 l[ d[n 9 ! scale1 :i* may be cut 9 two1 ea* half cont9u+ to live1 & ea* capable ( reproduc+ its lo/ segm5ts4 ,w\ld any "o1 see+ ^! sep>at$ halves move & manife/ ord9>y signs ( s5sibility1 v5ture to say t ! "o half 0 a liv+1 ! o!r an ins5ti5t1 me*anism8 ,& s9ce ! "o half _h eyes1 m\?1 t5tacles1 etc41 :ile ! o!r half _h none ( ^!1 w\ld ! obs]v] be surpris$ t ! functions ( ! "o diff]$ f ^? ( ! o!r 9 ^! respects8 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he n conclude ! same ( ! two halves ( ! human me*anism1 :5 disease _h divid$ !m8 #hi4 ,! man1 y urge1 does n feel ! prick on 8 leg4 ,?is is true1 because 8! man0 "h designates ! see+1 he>+1 ta/+1 smell+1 talk+1 ?9k+ gr\p ( organs--to ! exclusion ( ! limb or limbs :i* are no long] 9 s5sitive connection ) ?is gr\p4 ,:5 a leg is amputat$ 8! man0 rema9s--a truncat$ man1 inde$1 yet /ill "o hav+ all ! di/+ui%+ human *>act]s4 ,yet obvi\sly 9 /rict language we c no long] say t ! man is ! same z he 04 8,man0 or 8animal0 means ! complex :ole2 & ea* anatomically sep>able "p =ms "o con/itu5t ( t :ole4 ,! m$ulla oblongata & sp9al cord inn]vate c]ta9 p>ts2 ! mes5cephalon inn]vates o!rs2 ! c]ebrum rises above ! :ole4 ,if aft] remov+ "o limb1 !n ano!r1 we cont9u$ truncat+ ! organism till we left only ! head1 %\ld we call t ! man8 ,cle>ly n4 ,%\ld we ev5 suppose t ! intact bra9--! suppos$ seat ( s5sation & volition--/ill felt1 & will$8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!re is absolutely no evid5ce1 h[ev] fa9t1 ( ! isolat$ head manife/+ any s5sational & volitional ph5om5a2 :]eas !re is ample evid5ce ( ! truncat$ sp9al cord manife/+ "s ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,& ?is is intelligible :5 we und]/& t ! n]ve-c5tres /imulate into action ! organs !y inn]vate1 b d n by !mselves play any o!r "p4 #ij4 8,! man0 !n does n feel ! prick on 8 leg1 b 8 leg feels x4 ,! man has no consci\sness ( :at takes place outside ! sph]e ( 8 s5sitive me*anism2 & ! leg is n[ outside t sph]e4 ,consci\sness--z di/+ui%$ f ,s5ti5ce 9 g5]al--we h se5 to be a resultant ( ! composition ( =ces co-op]at+ at ! mom5t2 ! ,s5sibility ( ! sp9al cord 9 ! regions bel[ ! injury _c n[ ent] into t composition4 ,x is deta*$ f ! upp] organs4 ,b inasmu* z ! organs x inn]vates are /ill liv+ & active1 ! functions ( ?is deta*$ portion are /ill display$4 ,we h se5 ! dog ) divid$ cord capable ( ,ur9ation1 ,defecation1 ,g5]ation1 etc42 its h9d] legs1 ?\gh n mov+ 9 a cons5sus ) ! =elegs1 yet mov$ indep5d5tly2 & all ! normal reflexes ( ! p>ts foll[$ on /imulations4 ,to say t 8! dog0 %[$ no signs ( ,s5sibility :5 its h9d] limbs 7 irritat$1 is id5tify+ 8! dog0 ) ! ant]ior half ( ! organism :i* 0 n 9 connection ) ! po/]ior half4 ,x is equally true t ! po/]ior half %[$ no signs ( ,s5sibility :5 ! ant]ior 0 irritat$4 ,! two halves 7 unit$ by ! circulation1 nutrition1 etc41 b disunit$ z to s5sation & volition4 #ia4 ,d ,i !n suppose ! sep>at$ half ( an animal to feel pa9 & pleasure1 hope & t]ror8 ,! read] :o has att5tively foll[$ ! exposition w be at no loss to answ]4 ,pa91 pleasure1 hope1 & t]ror1 are special modes ( ,s5sibility1 dep5d5t on p>ticul> neural comb9ations4 ,! organs compris$ 9 ! ant]ior half ( ! animal furni% ! ma9 conditions = ^! special modes1 :]eas ! organs compris$ 9 ! po/]ior half furni% few or none ( ^?--!y conta9 none ( ! special ,s5ses1 & !y are )\t ! *ief comb9+ c5tre1 ! bra94 ,b s9ce we "k t a l>ge am\nt ( normal ,s5sation is :olly )\t ! special *>act]s ( pa91 pleasure1 hope1 or t]ror1 we ne$ n hesitate to assign ,s5sation to ! sp9al cord because ^! *>act]s are abs5t4 #ib4 ,all ,i cont5d = is t ! sp9al c5tres h ,s5sibility ( ! same ord] z ! c]ebral c5tres2 & t 9 ! normal organism ?is ,s5sibility ent]s z a factor into ! g5]al ,consci\sness--no "o portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em be+ really indep5d5t ( all ! o!rs1 all co-op]at+ 9 e result4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ,i h _h to insi/ t ! prop]ty ( ,s5sibility is only ! g5]al condition ( ,s5sation2 & t ea* p>ticul> s5sation receives its "* f ! organs inn]vat$1 plus ! reaction ( ! :ole organism4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ! peculi> "* ( a s5sation1 or 8/ate ( consci\sness10 mu/ v>y ) ! v>iations 9 ei!r ( ^! factors4 ,to say t e segm5t ( ! sp9al cord has ,s5sibility1 is n say+ t an excitation ( t segm5t w produce a p>ticul> s5sation ( def9ite "*2 because = ?is def9ite "* !re is ne$$ ! co-op]ation ( all ^? p>ts ( ! me*anism :i* ent] into ! complex product4 99 99 99 99 99 #ic4 ,& "h att5tion mu/ be call$ to a d\ble fallacy p]vad+ ! argum5ts on ! o!r side4 ,x is always assum$ t ! reactions ( an organ1 or "p ( ! organism1 :5 sep>at$ f ! re/1 are typical ( _! reactions :5 =m+ con/itu5ts ( ! normal organism4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! movem5t ( a muscle or a limb sep>at$ f ! body may resemble t movem5t :5 normally effect$--b only z ! movem5ts ( a me*anical bird resemble ^? ( a liv+ bird3 ! modes ( production are diff]5t4 ,s t 7 we to grant ! po/ulate ( ! bra9 be+ ! exclusive seat ( s5sation1 we %\ld /ill d5y t an action :i* 0 effect$ aft] removal ( ! bra9 0 typical ( ! action effect$ :5 ! bra9 0 pres5t4 ,! leg ( ,hunt]'s pati5t j]k$ :5 ! sk9 0 irritat$2 b ?is action c\ld n be altoge!r ! same z ! simil> action 9 a leg unit$ ) ! re/ ( ! s5sitive me*anism4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! leg may h be5 ins5sible1 ! sp9al segm5t :i* inn]vat$ x may h be5 :olly )\t ,s5sibility1 & /ill we %\ld h to "q ! logic :i* ext5d$ su* an inf]5ce to ! v diff]5t & f> m complex actions ( decapitat$ animals4 ,on ?is gr\nd3--,! leg is1 by ! hypo!sis1 ins5sible because cut (f f all connection ) ! s5sitive me*anism4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! decapitat$ animal3 !re /ill rema9 ! ess5tial p>ts ( a s5sitive me*anism--all ! *ief organs are /ill 9 activity1 /ill manife/+ _! functions4 ,decapitation has produc$ a great di/urbance 9 ! me*anism1 & has remov$ an important c5tre2 b nev]!less e impression excites a connect$ gr\p ( c5tres1 & ?is gr\p responds4 99 99 99 99 99 #id4 ,9 conclusion1 unless we adopt ! op9ion t ,s5sation--,consci\sness--,s5sibility1 is some?+ n belong+ to ! physiological prop]ties ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 a vital organism 7! op9ion held by spirituali/s71 !re seems no alt]native b to adopt ! op9ion advocat$ 9 ?is volume1 namely1 t ! physiological prop]ties ( ! n]v\s sy/em are insep>able f e segm5t ( t sy/em2 & ! functions are ! manife/ation ( ^? prop]ties z det]m9$ by ! special organs ) ! co-op]ation ( all4 ,,footnotes #a ,,wordswor?4 #b ,cry/als n only gr[ by assimilation1 b ev5 repair injuries1 ) a c]ta9 sup]ficial resemblance to ! repair ( animal tissues4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,,jordan cit$ by ,sir ,,james ,,paget 7,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1 ,i4 #aec1 & #b;d ed4 p4 #aae71 an octoh$ral cry/al ( alum1 if fractur$ & replac$ 9 a mo!rlye w 9 a few days exhibit a complete re/oration ( ! orig9al =m4 ,! :ole cry/al increases1 b ! increase is greate/ on ! brok5 edge1 & ! octoh$ral =m is completely r5ew$4 7,comp4 #aac47 #c ,cit$ by ,,drysdale1 ,life & ! ,equival5ce ( ,=ce1 ,"p ,,ii4 p4 #adi4 #d ,,ranke1 ,die ,leb5sb$+ung5 d] ,n]v51 #ahfh1 p4 #hj4 #e 8,il n'y a peut tre pas un seul phnomne *imique dans l'organisme qui se fasse p> les procds de la *imie de laboratoire2 en p>ticuli] il n'y a peut tre pas une oxydation qui s'accomplisse p> fixation directe d'oxygne40--,,claude ,,b]n>d4 #f ,dr4 ,,madd51 9 8 essay ,on ! ,relation ( ,!rapeutics to ,m$ic9e1 #ahga1 p4 #e1 gives a rem>kable illu/ration ( :at may be call$ ! fru/ration ( *emical aff9ity effect$ by me*anical conditions4 8,be=e calico c be pr9t$1 e loose p>ticle ( cotton mu/ be remov$ f ! surface 9 ord] t ! color$ inks may n run4 ,?is removal is effect$ by pass+ ! calico ov] & 9 contact ) a r$-hot iron cyl9d]1 & by regulat+ ! rapidity ) :i* ! cyl9d] revolves1 ! int5se heat burns (f ! loose fibres1 yet does no injury to ! wov5 clo?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *anges 9 ! relation ( ! high temp]ature & ! cotton are too rapid to admit ( ! fibre comb9+ ) ! oxyg54 ,let ! rate ( revolution be r$uc$ b v little1 & ! calico w\ld bur/ into flames40 ,any "o :o has snuff$ a c&le ) 8 f+]s w und]/& ?is4 ,dr4 ,madd5 fur!r in/ances c]ta9 fulm9ates :i* c be detonat$ 9 contact ) gun-cotton )\t caus+ x to explode--! extreme rapidity ) :i* ! fulm9ates exp& is too great to enable ! gun-cotton to adju/ its movem5ts to ?is new motion4 ,precisely ! same k9d ( ?+ occurs 9 organiz$ matt]4 ,if ! rate ( its *anges be r$uc$ bel[ a c]ta9 po9t1 ! ord9>y *emical aff9ities w ass]t !mselves4 #g ,i am (t5 rem9d$ ( ! surpris+ movem5ts ( p>ticles ( c>bonate ( lime 9 wat] :i* my fri5d ,pr(essor ,,prey] %[$ me dur+ a visit to ,bonn4 ,he _h remov$ "o ( ! concretions1 usually f\nd 9 connection ) n]ves along ! sp9e ( old frogs1 & cru%$ x 9 wat]2 "u ! microscope ! seem+ spontaneity & v>iety ( ! movem5ts ( ! p>ticles 0 su* t _h we n kn[n _! orig9 we %\ld c]ta9ly h attribut$ !m to vitality3 no infusoria c\ld h mov$ ) m seem+ spontaneity4 ,x is h>dly physiological to conclude t because fragm5ts ( tissue manife/ ambbi=m movem5ts !re=e !y are alive 7,,/rick]1 art4 ,die ,zelle 9 8 ,h&bu* d] ,lehre von d5 ,geweb51 #ahfh1 p4 #g71 or t ! he>t remov$ f ! body is alive because x /ill beats4 ,,lieb]k,,hn1 ,ueb] ,bewegungs]s*s9ung5 d] ,zell51 #ahgj1 pp4 #ceg-cei1 cites examples ( su* movem5ts 9 und5iably dead sub/ances4 ,= ,life1 we dem& n only ,movem5t1 b ,functional ,activity4 #h ,,telesius1 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 #aehf1 ,v4 #ahd4 ,,telesio might h be5 sav$ f ! mi/ake _h he att5d$ to :at ,,niphus _h said on ! po9t 9 8 ,expositio subtilissima1 #aeei1 p4 #bde4 ,comp4 also ,,philelphus1 ,epi/4 ,famili>um1 #aejb1 p4 #bec1 v]so4 #i ,! au?orities j cit$ are ,,ari/otle1 ,de ,anima1 ,lib4 ,,ii4 c4 ,i4 ,,kant1 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft4 ,m,,ll]1 ,physiology4 ,,beale1 ,bioplasm1 & ,introduction to ,todd & ,b[man's ,anatomy4 ,,s*ell+1 ,er/] ,entwurf1 & ,transc5d5t4 ,idealismus4 ,,bi*at1 ,re*]*es sur la ,vie et la ,mort4 ,,/ahl1 ,!oria ,v]a ,m$ica4 ,,dug,s1 ,physiologie ,comp>e4 ,b,,cl>d1 ,anatomie ,gnrale4 ,,lam>ck1 ,philosophie ,zoologique4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive4 ,,ow5',s ,hunt]ian ,lectures1 #ahed4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology4 #aj ,,flet*]1 z quot$ by ,,drysdale1 ,life & ! ,equival5ce ( ,=ce1 ,"p ,,ii4 p4 #abj4 #aa ,,rob9 et ,,v]deil1 ,trait de ,*imie ,anatomique1 #ahec4 #ab ,,paget1 ,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1 p4 #ad4 #ac ,comp4 ,,haeckel1 9 ,siebold und ,kllik]'s ,zeits*rift1 #ahfe1 p4 #cdb1 & 8 ,g5]elle ,morphologie1 #ahff1 ,i1 #ace1 #ccf4 #ad ,9 ! ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anatomie1 #ahfe1 p4 #baa4 #ae ,"h organization is ! simple/ =m ( all--molecul> organiz$ /ructure1 :i* 9 ! high] =ms becomes tissue /ructure1 & organ /ructure4 ,! ^w /ructure prop]ly means ord]ly arrangem5t ( diff]5t mat]ials2 & molecul> /ructure ref]s to ! diff]5t proximate pr9ciples :i* con/itute ! organiz$ sub/ance4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! ^w /ructureless indicates ! abs5ce ( visible arrangem5t ( ! p>ts2 a cell has /ructure s9ce x has nucleus & protoplasm4 #af ,9 ! cell-!ory e/abli%$ by ,,s*leid5 & ,,s*wann1 9 #ahch1 & :i* has =m$ ! basis ( mod]n hi/ology1 ! cell-wall 0 end[$ ) an importance :i* c no long] be upheld n[ t ! exi/5ce ( indep5d5t organisms1 & ( cells1 )\t a trace ( envelop+ membrane has be5 abundantly obs]v$4 ,cells )\t walls 7 fir/ describ$ by ,,co/e 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahde1 p4 #acgb4 ,!y 7 also describ$ by ,,*>les ,,rob9 9 #ahee1 ,dict4 de la ,mdic9e1 art4 ,cellule4 ,b little notice 0 tak5 until ,,max ,,s*ultze1 9 8 fam\s essay1 ,ueb] ,muskelkrp]*5 und 0 man e9e ,zelle zu n5n5 habe1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,rei*]t und ,du ,bois ,reymond's ,ar*iv1 #ahfa1--;,,bruecke1 9 8 memoir1 ,die ,elem5t>organism51 #ahfa1--;& ,,lionel ,,beale1 9 8 ,/ructure ( ! ,simple ,tissues1 #ahfa1--;all ab\t ! same "t began ! re=m 9 ! cell-!ory :i* has effect$ a decisive *ange 9 ! classical tea*+4 ,,leydig claims1 & ) ju/ice1 to h furni%$ important data 9 ?is direction 7,vom ,bau des ?i]is*5 ,krp]s1 #ahfd1 ,i4 p4 #aa74 ,! /ud5t int]e/$ 9 ?is discussion %\ld consult ,,max ,,s*ultze1 ,das ,protoplasma d] ,rhizopod5 und d] ,pflanz5zell51 #ahfc2 ,,haeckel1 ,die ,radiol>i51 #ahfb2 ! controv]sial pap]s by ,,rei*]t1 9 8 ,ar*iv 7beg9n+ ) ! ,report ( #ahfc71 & ,,max ,,s*ultze1 9 8 ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 ) ,,h5le',s judgm5t 9 8 ,jahresb]i*te1 & ,k,,llik]',s summ+-up 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,gewebelehre4 ,= a full yet brief hi/ory ( ! cell-!ory see ,,drysdale1 ,! ,protoplasmic ,!ory ( ,life1 #ahgd1 pp4 #if-ajf4 #ag ,at ! "t ?is 0 writt51 ,i _h "s fi% ova 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,out ( ! same mass1 & 9 ! same vessel1 all ^? :i* 7 support$ by we$ at a dep? ( half an in* f ! surface1 liv$ & develop$2 all ^?1 )\t exception1 t 7 at a dep? ( two to f\r in*es1 p]i%$4 ,9 ord9>y p>lance1 surely1 no?+ w\ld be object$ to 9 ! phrase1 8^! ova 7 all 9 ! same ,m$ium02 ! wat] 0 ! same1 ! we$ ! same1 ! vessel ! same2 yet "s diff]5ce ( temp]ature & c>bonic acid made all ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & dea?4 ,ano!r curi\s fact 0 obs]v$2 ,i remov$ eight ( ^! ova ) active embryos1 & plac$ !m 9 a l>ge wat*-glass conta9+ a solution 7"o half p] c5t7 ( bi*romate ( ammonia4 ,9 ?is acid ! embryos liv$ & 7 active fifty-sev5 h\rs1 al?\gh o!r embryos plac$ 9 a simil> wat*-glass conta9+ pond-wat]1 surviv$ only =ty h\rs4 ,! non-effect ( ! acid 0 probably due to ! non-absorption :i* nullifies ! effect ( c]ta9 virul5t poisons :5 !y are swall[$2 b :y ! fi% %\ld live long] 9 ! acid ?an 9 ! simple wat]1 ,i d n at all compreh5d4 #ah ,,agassiz1 ,essay on ,classification1 #ahei1 p4 #ae4 #ai ,,haeckel1 ,g5]elle ,morphologie1 ,,ii4 #baa4 #bj ,see on ?is la/ po9t ,,ranke1 ,die ,leb5sb$+ung5 d] ,n]v51 #ahfh1 p4 #cd4 #ba ,see ,,waldey]1 art4 ,ei]/ock1 9 ,,/rick]',s ,h&bu* d] ,lehre von d5 ,geweb51 #ahgj1 p4 #egj4 8,i f\nd 9 a ftus1 :i*1 9 a case ( extra-ut]9e pregnancy1 _h la9 ?irty ye>s 9 ! body ( its "m1 ! /ructure ( ! muscles z intact z if x _h be5 born at its full "t40--,,vir*[1 ,cellul> ,pa?ologie1 ,lect4 ,,xiv4 #bb ,see ,,beale1 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,simple ,tissues1 #ahfa2 ! ,introd4 to 8 edition ( ,todd & ,b[man's ,physiological ,anatomy1 #ahff2 & ,h[ to ,"w ) ! ,microscope1 #d? ed41 #ahfh2 also ,bioplasm1 #ahgb4 #bc 8,! physical prop]ty ( ! tissue does n dep5d ^u ?is matt]1 nor is its function due to x40--,beale1 ,introduction to ,todd & ,b[man1 p4 #aa4 ,t is to say1 he reg>ds ev5 contractility & neurility z physical1 n vital facts4 #bd ,9 turn+ ov] ! pages ( a "w :i* 0 celebrat$ "s half-c5tury ago--,,rudolphi',s ,grundriss d] ,physiologie--,i 0 int]e/$ to f9d a cle> recognition ( ?is biological pr9ciple3 8,alle ,!ile all] ,organism510 he says1 ,i4 #bcc1 8sie mg5 no* s v]s*i$5 9 ihrem ,bau1 9 ihr] ,mis*ung1 und 9 ihr] ,?tigkeit seyn1 s9d ohne ,ausnahme als organis* und mi?9 als leb5d zu betra*t540 ,9 a note he adds t physiologi/s h consid]$ c]ta9 solid p>ts--epid]mis1 nail1 hair1 & bones--to be dead2 8b all ^! are organically develop$1 & are 9 direct connection ) ! o!r p>ts40 #be ,,vir*[1 ,die ,cellul> ,pa?ologie1 #ahfj1 ,lect4 ,i4 #bf ,,beale1 ,bioplasm1 #ajd4 #bg ,k,,llik]1 ,gewebelehre1 #e? ed41 #ahfg1 p4 #ab4 #bh ,nev]!less !re are "s facts directly contradict+ 8 conclusions4 ,= example1 he consid]s ! axis cyl9d] ( ! n]ve to be =m$ mat]ial1 & agrees ) ,,max ,,s*ultze & o!rs z to its fibrillat$ /ructure2 yet accord+ to ,,li/] & ,,turn]1 ,,g]la* & ,,frey1 ! axis cyl9d] is deeply /a9$ by c>m9e1 & 9 ?is respect resembles ! nucleus ( protoplasm4 #bi ,f ! q rec5t exp]im5ts ,m4 ,,baillon has submitt$ to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces 7#ae? ,febru>y1 #ahge71 x appe>s t al?\gh cut fl[]s absorb color$ fluids1 ! roots :5 intact only absorb ! fluid1 & reject ! color+ matt]s1 by a v]itable dialysis4 #cj ,,g]la* cit$ by ,,ranke1 op4 cit41 p4 #gf4 #ca ,,/e91 ,d] ,organismus d] ,infusion/hi]*51 #ahei1 p4 #gf4 #cb ,,/ahl _h a pr(\nd conviction ( ! radical diff]5ce1 ?\gh he 0 n able to po9t out ! conditions involv$4 ,see 8 ,disquisitio de me*anismi et organismi v]a div]sitate4 #cc ,m4 ,,f]n& ,,papillon has %[n t animals may be f$ ) food depriv$ ( phosphates ( lime if its place is suppli$ ) magnesia1 /rontia1 or alum9a2 !y make _! bones out ( ^! z out ( lime4 ,b no su* sub/itution is possible 9 muscle1 n]ve1 or gl&2 we _c replace ! phosphate ( magnesia 9 muscles by ! phosphate ( iron1 lime1 or pota%1 z we c replace ! iron ( a :eel by /eel1 copp]1 or brass4 #cd ,anatomy resolves ! ,tissues into ,organites 7cells1 fibres1 tubes72 "h its prov9ce ends1 & t ( ,*emi/ry beg9s by po9t+ out ! molecul> composition ( ! ,organites4 #ce ,?is lum9\s conception1 ?\gh vaguely seiz$ by ,,p9el1 0 fir/ def9itely wr\ght out by ,,bi*at4 ,see 8 ,re*]*es sur la ,vie et la ,mort--& especially 8 ,anatomie ,gnrale1 #ahab1 ,i4 p4 lxx4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ g]m9al conceptions ( mod]n times4 #cf ,j z !re g o!r mat]ials besides canvas to make a sail1 & o!rs besides iron to make a w9dlass1 s !re g o!r tissues besides ! muscul> to =m a muscle--!re is ! membran\s envelope1 ! n]ve1 ! blood-vessels1 ! lymphatics1 ! t5don1 & ! fat4 ,ev5 9 ,contraction !re is ano!r prop]ty involv$ besides ! ,contractility ( ! muscul> elem5t1 namely1 ! ,ela/icity ( ! fibr\s wall ( ! muscul> tube2 b ,contractility is ! dom9ant prop]ty1 & det]m9es ! speciality ( ! function4 #cg 8,l'lm5t musculaire peut tre annex une f\le de mcanismes div]s2 tantt un os1 tantt un inte/91 tantt une vessie1 tantt un vaisseau1 tantt un conduit excrteur1 tantt enf9 des app>eils t\t fait spciaux c]ta9es espces d'animaux40--,,claude ,,b]n>d1 ,rapport sur les ,progrs de la ,physiologie gnrale1 #ahfg1 p4 #ch4 #ch ,,vulpian1 ,leons sur la ,physiologie du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #ahff1 p4 #eha4 ,9 a "w j publi%$ ,i f9d ,m4 ,,luys hesitat+ at ! consi/5t application ( ?is law4 ,aft] po9t+ out ! id5tity ( ! tissue 9 c]ebrum & sp9al cord1 he is only prep>$ to say t we _c d5y t !re is no impossibility 9 admitt+ physiological equival5ce :]e !re is morphological equival5ce4--,,luys1 ,actions ,reflexes du ,c]veau1 #ahgd1 p4 #ad4 #ci ,x is because m5 conv]t$ ! result into a pr9ciple1 & suppos$ t ,life prec$$ ! ,organism1 t !y 7 l$ to puzzle !mselves ov] su* facts z ! cont9uance ( vitality 9 divid$ organisms4 ,,ari/otle felt ! =ce ( ! objection3 8,plants :5 divid$ are se5 to live1 & s are c]ta9 insects1 z if /ill possess+ ! same ,vital ,pr9ciple 77 consid]$ specifically 7 7 ?\gh n ! same num]ically 7 74 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts has s5sation & locomotion = a "t2 & !re is no room = surprise at _! n cont9u+ to manife/ ^! prop]ties1 see+ t ! organs necess>y = _! pres]vation are abs5t40--,de ,anima1 ,lib4 ,i4 ,*4 ,,iv4 ,comp>e ,,basso1 ,philos4 ,naturalis adv]sus ,ari/otelem1 ,am/]dam1 #afdi1 p4 #bfj2 & ,,taurellus1 ,contra ,csalp9um1 #afej1 p4 #hej2 nei!r ( !m grappl+ ) ! difficulty s firmly z ,,ari/otle4 #dj ,,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 #ahfd1 ,i4 #aec4 #da ,comp4 ,,lam>ck1 ,philos4 ,zool41 ,,ii4 #aad4 #db ,comp4 ,,sp5c]1 op4 cit41 ,,ii4 #cfb1 #cfc1 = good illu/rations ( ?is4 #dc ,,agassiz1 ,essay on ,classification1 p4 #ia4 #dd 8,nulla 9 corpore animali p>a ante aliam facta e/1 et omnes simul creat exiatunt40--,,hall]1 ,elem5ta ,physiologi1 ,,viii4 #adh4 #de ,,quatrefages1 ,metamorphoses de l',homme et des ,animaux1 #ahfb1 p4 #db4 #df ,,von ,,ba]1 ,ueb] ,entwickelungages*i*te1 #ahbh1 ,i4 #bba4 #dg ,curi\sly en\gh1 :ile ! ,nudibran*1 :i* is )\t a %ell1 possesses "o dur+ its embryonic life1 !re is ano!r mollusc1 ,n]it9a fluviatilis1 :i* possess+ a %ell 9 its subsequ5t life is )\t "o dur+ ! e>ly p]iods1 & accord+ to ,,clap>,,de beg9s an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 capable ( fe$+ itself be=e x acquires "o4 ,see 8 admirable memoir on ! ,n]it9a1 9 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #aheg4 #dh ,has any advocate ( ! hypo!sis t animals 7 creat$ z we see !m n[1 fully =m$ & wondr\sly adapt$ 9 all _! p>ts to ! conditions 9 :i* !y live1 ev] consid]$ ! h9d legs ( ! seal1 :i* he may h wat*$ 9 ! ,zologial ,g>d5s8 ,"h is an animal :i* habitually swims l a fi%1 & _c use 8 h9d limbs except z a rudd] to propel him ?r\gh ! wat]2 b in/ead ( hav+ a fi%-l tail he has two legs flatt5$ toge!r1 & nails on ! toes--toes & nails be+ obvi\s sup]fluities4 ,n[ :i* is ! m rational int]pretation1 t ^! limbs1 9 spite ( _! non-adaptation1 7 reta9$ 9 rigid adh]5ce to a ,plan1 or t ! limbs 7 inh]it$ f an ance/or :o us$ !m z legs1 & t ^! legs h gradually become modifi$ by ! fi%-l habits ( ! seal8 #di ,,milne ,,edw>ds1 ,intro4 la ,zoologie ,gnrale1 #ahea1 p4 #i4 #ej ,,von ,,ba]1 op4 cit41 ,i4 #bjc4 #ea ,,wolff1 ,!orie d] ,g5]ation1 #agfd1 #fg4 ,! read] w f9d abundant & valuable corroboration ( ?is biological pr9ciple 9 ,,sir ,,james ,,paget',s ,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology4 #eb ,,von ,,ba]1 ,selb/biographie1 #ahff1 p4 #cai4 #ec ,,milne ,,edw>ds1 ,intro4 la ,zoologie ,gnrale1 #agf4 #ed ,,von ,,ba]1 ,ueb] ,entwickelungsges*i*te1 ,i4 #adg4 #ee ,,lotze1 art4 ,leb5skraft1 9 ,wagn]'s ,h&wrt]bu* d] ,physiologie1 p4 ,,xxvi4 #ef ,i _h kept ^! tritons f\r ye>s 9 ! hope t !y w\ld bre$2 b 9 spite ( _! be+ subject$ to great v>ieties ( treatm5t--= mon?s well suppli$ ) food1 & = mon?s r$uc$ almo/ to />vation--!y nev] %[$ ! slighte/ t5d5cy to bre$2 ano!r among ! _m illu/rations ( ! read9ess ) :i* ! g5]ative sy/em is affect$ ev5 9 v h>dy & n v impressionable animals4 ,,clap>,,de obs]v$ ! /ill m surpris+ fact t ! ,n]it9a fluviatilis 7a riv] snail7 n only w n lay eggs1 b w n ev5 fe$ 9 captivity4 ,he attributes x to ! /illness ( ! wat] 9 ! aqu>ium1 s unlike t ( ! runn+ /reams 9 :i* ! mollusc lives4 ,see ,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #aheg4 #eg ,,bronn1 ,morphologis*e ,/udi5 b] die ,ge/altungs-,gesetze1 #aheh4 ,comp>e ! note on #aa4 #eh ,,d>w91 ,on ,dome/ication1 ,,ii4 #cdj4 ,9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces1 #ahfb1 p4 #ceh1 ,m4 ,,malm describes a fi% 9 8 collection1 ! tail ( :i* _h be5 brok51 & ! bone :i* grew out at ! injur$ spot _h =m$ a second tail ) t]m9al f94 #ei ,9 ! memoir on ! ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,nematoids1 by ,dr4 ,,*>lton ,,ba/ian1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahff1 we read t ev5 ^! l[ly organiz$ worms h little p[] ( repair4 ,speak+ ( ! 8pa/e eels0 7,anguilulid71 he says1 8,i may /ate z ! result ( _m exp]im5ts ) ^! t ! p[] !y possess ( repair+ injuries seems v l[4 ,i h cut (f portions ( ! po/]ior extremity1 & ?\gh ,i wat*$ ! animal = days aft]1 c\ld nev] recognize any attempt at repair40 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! season may h "s influ5ce2 & ,dr4 ,,williams',s d5ial respect+ ! ,nas may be ?us expla9$4 ,:at is said above 0 writt5 9 #ahfh1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,june numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,9 ! ,augu/ ( t ye> ! "q ( reproduction ( lo/ limbs 0 treat$ by ,pr(4 ,,rolle/on 9 8 ,address to ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 9 :i* he %[$ cog5t evid5ce = ! conclusion t ! reproduction ( limbs only exi/s is animals t h feeble respiration1 & consequ5tly sl[ vital processes4 #fj ,?is beautiful & transp>5t l>va rem9ds "o 9 _m respects ( ! ,pike z x poises itself 9 ! wat] await+ its prey4 ,x is enabl$ to d s )\t ! slighte/ ex]tion by ! air-bladd]s :i* x possesses 9 ! two kidney-%ap$ rudim5ts ( tra*e1 & :i* 9 ! gnat become develop$ into ! respiratory app>atus4 ,! resemblance to ! air-bladd] ( fi%es is n simply t x s]ves a simil> purpose ( su/a9+ ! body 9 ! wat]1 x is 9 bo? cases a rudim5t ( ! respiratory app>atus1 :i* 9 ! fi% nev] becomes develop$4 ,,weismann calls att5tion to an organ 9 ! l>v ( c]ta9 insects 7! ,culicid71 :i* h :at he calls a tra*eal gill1 :i* gill has ?is /rik+ analogy ) ! fi%-gill t x sep>ates ! air f ! wat]1 & n1 z a tra*ea1 direct f ! atmosph]e4 ,see 8 rem>kable memoir ,die na*embryonale ,entwickelung des ,muscid5s1 9 ,siebold und ,kllik]'s ,zeits*rift1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbc4 #fa ,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants1 #ahfh1 ,,ii4 p4 #bgb4 #fb ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? ed4 p4 #if4 #fc ,mr4 ,d>w9 has himself1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 /at$ a some:at simil> view1 & reject$ x3 8,9 "o s5se ! conditions ( life may be said n only to cause v>iability1 b likewise to include ,natural ,selection1 = ! conditions det]m9e :e!r ?is or t v>iety %all survive4 ,b :5 man is ! select+ ag5t1 we cle>ly see t ! two elem5ts ( *ange are di/9ct2 ! conditions cause ! v>iability1 ! w ( man act+ ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly accumulates ! v>iations 9 c]ta9 directions1 & ?is answ]s to ! survival ( ! fitte/ "u nature40 7p4 #afh47 #fd ,ev5 9 ! n]ve-%ea?s ( "s ,annelids !re are muscles4 #fe ,,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,,ii4 #gb #ff ,,faivre1 ,v>iabilit de l',espce1 p4 #ae4 #fg ,^! lum9\s organs w\ld furni% an int]e/+ digression if space p]mitt$ x4 ,! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ! *apt] 9 ,,milne ,,edw>ds',s ,leons sur la ,physiologie et l',anatomie ,comp>e1 #ahfc1 ,,viii4 #id1 sq4 ,,leydig1 ,hi/ologie1 #aheg1 p4 #cdc4 ,k,,llik]1 ,microscopical ,j\rnal1 #aheh1 ,,viii4 #aff1 & ,,max ,,s*ultze1 ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 #ahfe1 p4 #abd4 ,my fri5d ,,s*ultze 0 k9d en\gh to %[ me "s ( 8 prep>ations ( ! organs ( ,lempyris spl5didula1 f :i* ! draw+s 9 8 memoir 7 made4 ,!y rem9d$ me ( ! electric organs 9 fi%es by a c]ta9 fa9t analogy1 ! tra*ea 9 ! "o hold+ ! position ( n]ves 9 ! o!r4 ,i may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t x is n e phosphoresc5t animal t has di/9ct lum9\s organs4 ,!re is a liz>d 7,pt]odactylus ,gecko7 :i* occasionally becomes lum9\s4 8,a s+ul> circum/ance occurr$ to ! colonial surgeon1 :o relat$ x to me4 ,he 0 ly+ awake 9 b$ :5 a liz>d fell f ! ceil+ ^u ! top ( 8 mosquito-curta92 at ! mom5t ( t\*+ x ! liz>d became brilliantly lum9\s1 illum9at+ ! objects 9 ! neighborhood1 mu* to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! doctor40 ,,coll+wood1 ,rambles ( a ,naturali/1 #ahfh1 p4 #afi4 #fh ,,max ,,s*ultze1 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] electris*5 ,organe d] ,fis*e1 #aheh-i4 #fi ,,leydig1 ,hi/ologie1 #aheg1 p4 #de4 #gj ,,ow51 ,anatomy ( ,! ,v]tebrates1 #ahff1 ,i4 #ceh4 #ga ,,davy1 ,rese>*es1 ,physiological & ,anatomical1 #aci1 ,i4 #cc4 #gb 8,if x c\ld be demon/rat$ t any complex organ exi/$ :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 =m$ by num]\s successive slight modifications1 my !ory w\ld absolutely break d[n40--,,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? ed4 p4 #bbg4 ,9 sev]al passages insi/5ce is made on ?is4 8,natura non facit saltum0 may be p]fectly true2 b )\t impugn+ ! ,law ( ,cont9uity we may urge t ! ,law ( ,discont9uity is equally true4 ,! "o is an ab/ract ideal conception2 ! o!r is a concrete ideal conception4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 e *ange f re/ to motion1 or f "o /ate to ano!r1 mu/ pass ?r\gh inf9ites2 accord+ to ! o!r e *ange is abrupt4 ,9 my ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cbg1 ,i h %[n h[1 on me*anical pr9ciples1 e *ange 9 an organism mu/ be abrupt4 ,a glance at ! metamorphoses ( ! embryo1 or ! /ages ( insect-developm5t1 w %[ v sudd5 & abrupt *anges4 ,let me also cite ,mr4 ,d>w9 aga9/ himself3 8,:5 we rememb] su* cases z ! =mation ( ! m complex galls1 & c]ta9 mon/rosities1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by rev]sion1 cohesion1 etc41 & sudd51 /rongly m>k$ deviations ( /ructure1 su* z ! appe>ance ( a moss-rose on a common rose1 we mu/ admit t ! organization ( ! individual is capable ?r\gh its own laws ( gr[?1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( und]go+ great modifications1 indep5d5t ( ! gradual accumulation ( slight inh]it$ modifications40--,orig91 p4 #aea4 ,see also note to #acj1 fur!r on1 p4 #adb4 #gc ,on ! ,nutrition ( ,monads1 see ! rem>kable memoir by ,,ci5k[ski1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anatomie1 ,i4 #bba1 sq4 #gd ,,paget1 ,lectures on ,surgical ,pa?ology1 edit$ by ,,turn]1 #ahfe1 p4 #ai4 #ge ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n t c]ta9 ,cru/acea v>y n only f species to species1 b f g5us to g5us1 :5 liv+ 9 wat] ( diff]5t degrees ( saltness4 ,by cont9u$ dilution ( ! salt wat] an ,artemia 0 develop$ into ano!r species1 & ?is aga9 into a ,bran*ipus--a g5us ( l>ge dim5sions1 ) an extra abdom9al segm5t1 & a diff]5t tail2 a g5us1 moreov]1 :i* is propagat$ sexually1 :]eas ! ,artemia is p>!nog5etic1 z a rule4 ,see ,nature1 #ahgf1 ,june #h1 p4 #acc4 ,! exce$+ importance ( ?is fact is1 t x proves specific & ev5 g5]ic diff]5ces to orig9ate simply ?r\gh ! gradual *anges ( ! m$ium & ! adaptation ( ! organism to ^! new conditions4 ,x also disproves ! v common notion--adopt$ ev5 by ,mr4 ,,d>w9 himself--t 8organic be+s mu/ be expos$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to new conditions to cause any appreciable am\nt ( v>iation40 ,aga91 8,natural ,selection1 if x be a true pr9ciple1 w bani% ! belief ( any great & sudd5 modification ( /ructure40--,comp4 note to #aba1 p4 #acb4 #gf ,comp>e ,,leydig1 ,vom ,bau des ?i]is*eu ,krp]s1 #ahfd1 p4 #bg4 #gg ,,f]d9& ,,cohn1 ,die contractile ,gewebe im ,pflanz5rei*1 #ahfb4 ,by a s]ies ( num]\s well-devis$ exp]im5ts1 ,cohn f\nd t 9 ! /am5 ( ! c5tauria a tissue exi/s :i* is excitable by ! same /imula z muscle is1 & :i* reacts l muscle1 describ+ a simil> curve :5 excit$1 &1 aft] rea*+ its maximum1 relax+4 ,l ! muscle x becomes fatigu$ by repeat$ contraction1 & recov]s its p[]s by repose4 ,l ! muscle x may be r5d]$ tetanic4 7,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,,burdon ,,s&]son & ,mr4 ,,d>w9 h s9ce plac$ beyond a d\bt ! ,contractility & ,s5sibility ( c]ta9 plants47 #gh ,,miv>t1 ,! ,g5esis ( ,species1 #ahga1 p4 #bc4 #gi ,,dohrn1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,wirbel?i]e und das ,pr9cip des ,functionswe*sels1 #ahge1 p #gd4 #hj ,,sigmund ,,may]1 ,die p]iph]is*e ,n]v5zelle und die sympa?is*e ,n]v5sy/em1 #ahgf4 #ha ,on ^! cells see note to #adj4 #hb ,^! t]ms designate ! surface aspect ( a transv]se section1 ( :at m correctly %\ld be call$ ! gray columna4 ,see ,figs4 #c to #f4 #hc ,b ?is only 9 ! high] animals4 ,9 reptiles & amphibia ! m$ulla desc5ds into ! c]vical region1 z f> z ! second & ?ird c]vical v]tebr4 ,?is %\ld be rememb]$ 9 exp]im5t+4 #hd ,,fo/] & ,,balf\r1 ,elem5ts ( ,embryology1 ,"p ,i41 #ahgd4 ,comp4 ,,s*walbe1 art4 ,die ,ret9a1 9 ! ,h&bu* d] ,aug5heilkunde ( ,,graefe & ,s,,mis*1 #ahgd1 ,i4 #cfc4 #he ,! developm5t ( ! olfactory lobe & bulb is simil>2 x ne$ n be foll[$ "h4 #hf ,g]man anatomi/s divide ?is axis into trunk & cr[n 7,hirn/amm & ,hirnmantel74 ,!re is conv5i5ce 9 ?is division4 ,if we remove all ! gray matt] ( ! c]ebrum1 ) all ! :ite matt] radiat+ f x1 until we aga9 come ^u gray matt]--& if we !n cut ! c]ebellum f its desc5d+ /r&s ( :ite matt]--we %all h remov$ ! cr[n1 & leave ! trunk rema9+4 ,?is trunk is con/itut$ by ! corpora /riata1 nucleus l5ti=mis1 optic ?alami1 corpora quadrigem9a1 crura c]ebri1 pons1 m$ulla oblongata1 & m$ulla sp9alis4 ,f ?is trunk all ! organs ( ! body are directly inn]vat$ 7except ^? inn]vat$ f ! sympa!tic874 #hg 8,on s'e/ proccup du rle spcial que p\vai5t j\] les ganglions priphriques situs dans le vois9age de c]ta9es organes2 et on a prt5du que les n]fs ne j\issai5t de leur proprit d'agir sur ces organes qu'aprs avoir trav]s ces ganglions4 ,on avait admis que l'excitation porte sur le filet n]veux avant son entr dans le ganglion re/ait sans effet2 que p\r obt5ir l'action excitatrice des fonctions de l'organe il fallait excit] le n]f entre lui et le ganglion vois940--,,claude ,,b]n>d1 ,sy/me ,n]veux1 ,,ii4 #afi4 ,b on proce$+ to v]ify ^! /atem5ts by exp]im5t1 ,,b]n>d is l$ to ! conclusion1 8que le ganglion n'a pas d'influ5ce propre sur le mode de l'excitation transmise l'organe40 ,i 0 delight$ to f9d my opposition to ! curr5t tea*+ respect+ ! c5tral functions ( ganglionic cells ?or\ghly borne out by ! elaborate rese>*es ( ,,sigmund ,,may] 7,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 ,,vi4 ,heft #b74 ,hav+ artificially produc$ su* cells1 he p]t95tly asks1 ,h[ c we attribute c5tral functions to cells :i* appe> 9 ! process ( reg5]ation ( a divid$ n]ve6 ,! error has its orig9 9 ! confusion ( functions ) prop]ties4 #hh ,x is (t51 ?\gh incorrectly1 /at$ t e segm5t ( an annulose animal has its sep>ate ganglion4 ,! fact is1 t :ile ! ganglia are usually few] ?an ! segm5ts1 !y are sometimes m num]\s4 #hi ,x has be5 prov$ t ! cells ( ! cornea & ! pigm5t cells ( ! sk9 contract "u n]v\s excitation4 ,we _c suppose t al?\gh ^! are ! only cells :i* h hi!rto be5 br\ght "u exp]im5tal obs]vation1 !y are ! only cells subject to n]ve-influ5ce4 ,we may safely assume t :]ev] a n]ve-fibre t]m9ates1 its action w be trans=m$ into an excitation ( ! "p4 ,habitually1 h[ev]1 motor-n]ves are spok5 ( z muscle-n]ves4 #ij ,on ,d$uction1 see ,problems3 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aei #ia ,i d n "h t\* ^u ! "q z to :e!r ^! actions ( ! s5ses are s5sations1 because t "q dem&s t we %\ld fir/ settle :at is ,s5sation4 ,i may at once1 h[ev]1 say t :at is ord9>ily und]/ood z a s5sation ( color1 or a s5sation ( s\nd1 is1 9 my op9ion1 n possible )\t ! c]ebrum4 ,b ! s5sibility ( ! eye & e> is manife/ly pres]v$4 #ib ,x has be5 obs]v$ t removal ( ! c]ebellum affects ! pigm5t cells ( ! sk94 ,no d\bt o!r p>ts are also affect$1 b ! *anges h hi!rto escap$ obs]vation4 #ic ,,owsjannik[ describes ! results ( remov+ c>efully ! cranial ganglia ( ! crayfi%2 & ^! effects ,,mey] obs]ves to be id5tical ) ^? :i* foll[ removal ( ! l>ge claw ( ! crayfi%6 ,a4 ,b4 ,,mey]1 ,das ,hemmungsn]v5-sy/em des ,h]z5s1 #ahfi1 p4 #bc4 ,let me add t ! ph5om5a describ$ by ,m4 ,,faivre z foll[+ ! de/ruction ( "o subsophageal ganglion 9 ! ,dytiscus1 are s little to be ref]r$ to ! m]e abs5ce ( ! ganglion1 t ,i f9d !m n to occur :5 ! :ole head is remov$4 #id ,,pfl,,g]1 ,die ,s5soris*5 ,funktion5 des ,rck5m>ks1#aheh4 ,,au]ba*1 ,gnzburg's ,zeits*rift4 ,jahrgang ,,iv4 p4 #dhf4 ,,lewes1 ,le$s ,meet+ ( ,briti% ,association1 #aheh1 & ,physiology ( ,common ,life1 #ahfj4 ,?is recognition ( s5sation1 & ev5 ( volition1 9 sp9al actions may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,,:ytt1 ,,unz]1 ,,pro*aska1 ,,legallois1 & ,,mayo2 b ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,reflex ,!ory _h displac$ x1 & its revival dates f ,,pfl,,g]4 #ie ,,fri$l,,nd] 7,v]su* b] die inn]n ,s9ne1 #ahbf1 ,i4 #gg7 decl>es x to be a rational necessity3 8,die ,annahme e9es ,n]v5fluidums i/ ,no?w5digkeit d] ,v]nunft40 #if ,^! t]ms & ! conception !y embody 7 propos$ by me 9 #ahei 9 a pap] 8,on ! necessity ( a re=m 9 ,n]ve-physiology10 read at ! ,ab]de5 meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & 7 reproduc$ 9 ! ,physiology ( ,common ,life4 7,pr(4 ,,ow51 probably 9 =getfulness ( my sugge/ion1 propos$ 8neuricity40 ,lectures on ! ,comp4 ,anat4 ( ,v]tebrates1 #ahff1 ,i4 p4 #cah47 ,! t]ms 7 =tunate en\gh to meet ) acceptance f "s physiologi/s bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france2 & ! conception has be5 m widely accept$ ?an ! t]ms4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ approv] 0 ,pr(4 ,,vulpian4 8,faute d'une meilleure dt]m9ation on peut1 avec ,m4 ,lewes1 donn] la proprit physiologique des fibres n]veuses le nom de neurilit2 c'e/ l ce qui correspondra la oontractilit des fibres musculaires40 ,leons sur la physiologie du sy/me n]veux1 #ahff1 p4 #bbj4 ,he also adopt$ my sugge/ion 7s9ce modifi$7 ( ,s5sibility z ! prop]ty ( ganglionic cells4 ,comp>e also ,,gav>ret1 ,phnomnes physiques de la ,vie1 #ahfi1 pp4 #bac & #bbb4 ,,taule1 ,notions sur la nature de la matire organise1 #ahff1 p4 #aca4 ,,*>les ,,rob91 ,anatomie et physiologie cellulaires1 #ahgc1 p4 #aff4 ,by ^! *annels1 & by ! ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,russian1 ,poli%1 & ,hung>ian translations ( my "w1 ! sugge/ions 7 c>ri$ ov] ,europe1 crept into sci5tific j\rnals1 & became kn[n to writ]s :o nev] he>d ( me4 ,i only m5tion ^! facts le/ ! read] %\ld suppose t my views _h be5 anticipat$ by c]ta9 cont95tal writ]s4 #ig 8,la =ce n]veuse n'exi/e pas comme puissance indep5dant des proprits de tissu4 ,elle consi/e en l'action des p>ties excits1 sur les p>ties excitables1 l'tat de l'excitation des premires agissant comme impression ou /imulation sur les secondes40--,,l&ry1 ,trait des ,p>alysies1 #ahei1 ,i4 #adb4 #ih 8,le sy/me n]veux e/ t\t la fois l'orig9e des s5sations et l'orig9e des m\vem5ts4 ,mais e/-ce p> une proprit unique1 ou p> deux proprits div]ses qu'il dt]m9e deux phnomnes aussi di/9cts60 ,,fl\r5s1 ,re*]*es sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #ahbd1 p4 #a4 ,he concludes t 8la puissance n]veuse n'e/ pas unique2 il n'y a pas une seule proprit1 il y en a deux10 p4 #bd4 ,9 ?is he has be5 g5]ally foll[$4 #ii 8,i h rais$ & /ret*$ ! ?ick orbital n]ve ( horses on ! h&le ( a scalpel1 l a /r+ on ! bridge ( a viol91 )\t excit+ ! lea/ s5sation2 b z soon z me*anical or *emical irritation _h giv5 rise to inflammation ( ! n]ve a g5tle t\* caus$ viol5t pa940--,,romb]g1 ,n]v\s ,diseases 7translat$ = ! ,syd5ham ,society71 ,i4 #aj4 #ajj ,! exp]im5ts ( ,,hall]1 ,sur la nature s5sible et irritable des p>ties1 ,i4 #bde2 & ! rem>ks ( ,,pro*aska1 ,,de ,,functionibus ,,sy/ematis ,,n]vosi 7translat$ by ,,laycock 9 ! volume publi%$ by ! ,syd5ham ,society1 p4 #cif71 ought to h suffic$4 ,see fur!r on1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #aja ,9 mammals ab\t ?ree days1 9 birds f\r days1 9 frogs f\rte5 to tw5ty days4 #ajb ,,ru!r=d1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,anatomy1 #ahgc1 ,no4 ,,viii4 p4 #cca4 7,,fleis*l d5ies t ! n]ve 9 situ has diff]5t degrees ( reaction4 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,wi5] ,akad41 ,decemb]1 #ahgf47 #ajc ,,munk1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,anat41 #ahfj1 p4 #gih4 #ajd ,,hall]1 ,mmoires sur la nature s5sible et irritable des p>ties4 #aje ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahfb1 ,,liv4 p4 #ife4 #ajf 8,j'espre v\s conva9cre que t\s les lm5ts anatomiques des n]fs s5sitifs1 moteurs1 vasomoteurs1 et autres1 ont les mmes proprits1 et ne sont di/9cts que p> leurs fonctions4 ,cette "q e/ de la plus haute importance p\r la physiologie gnrale4 ,c'e/ celle qui dom9e t\te la physiologie des fibres n]veuses40--,,vulpian1 ,leons sur la ,physiologie du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 p4 #aa4 #ajg ,mr4 ,,james ,,&rews4 #ajh ,9 ! second numb] ( ,la ,revue ,philosophique1 ,p>is1 #ahgf1 ,i h treat$ ?is "q ( specific en]gies m at l5g? ?an ,i c\ld f9d space = 9 ! pres5t volume4 #aji ,9 #ahei ,i m5tion$ t if ! n]ves ( a frog's back be expos$ by rais+ ! sk91 !y may be prick$ or ev5 cut )\t s5sible effect1 al?\gh a slight prick on ! sk9 w excite ! n]ves1 & cause a reflex action4 ,9 #ahgj1 ,pr(4 ,,fick express$ 8 a/oni%m5t at f9d+ t aft] he _h cut out a piece ( ! sk91 leav+ x atta*$ to ! body by a s+le n]ve1 electrical /imulation ( ?is excis$ sk9 caus$ ! frog to make ! reflex movem5t ( rubb+ ! irritat$ surface2 :]eas electrical /imulation ( ! n]ve-trunk itself produc$ no reflex effect1 only a twit*+ ( a muscle4 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahgj1 p4 #cbg4 ,,br[n ,s,,qu>d tries to e/abli% a di/9ct species ( n]ves z conductors ( s5sitive impressions1 f ^? :i* are impressionable4 ,! facts on :i* he f\nds ^! two prop]ties simply %[ t n]ves are s dispos$ t ! /imulus :i* excites !m 9 "o place fails 9 ano!r4 ,he c\ld h>dly ma9ta9 t a sk9 n]ve conta9$ impressionable fibres at its p]iph]y1 & only conduct+ fibres 9 its trunk6 ,see 8 communication to ! ,royal ,society1 ,proce$+s1 #ahef2 & ,lectures 9 ! ,lancet1 #aj? ,july1 #aheh4 #aaj ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is obs]vation "s physiologi/s h ma9ta9$ t ,feel+ or ,consci\sness nev] arises 9 c]ebral activity1 unless ! ?alami & ! connect$ tracts are at ! same "t 9 action4 ,i g fur!r1 & ma9ta9 t !re is no ,consci\sness 79 ! re/rict$ mean+ ( ! t]m7 unless ! :ole organism is involv$4 ,c]ebral or sp9al activity w be activity ( ,s5sibility2 b ?is is only ! basis ( ,consci\sness4 #aaa 8,an unconsci\s s5sation1 :i* ,lewes di/+ui%es f p]ception1 is to me an inconceivable 7i/ fr mi* e9 ,und+740--,,s*r,,d] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk1 ,die ,pa?ologie des ,gei/es-,krankheit51 p4 #bb4 #aab ,by selective adaptation is meant ! v>y+ comb9ation ( motor impulses to suit ! v>y+ requirem5ts ( ! effect to be produc$4 ,physical me*anisms are limit$ to ! p]=mance ( def9ite actions2 s5sitive me*anisms employ fluctuat+ comb9ations ( elem5ts 9 response to fluctuations ( /imuli4 ,! :eels1 lev]s1 spr+s1 & valves ( a ma*9e _c be diff]5tly comb9$ accord+ to v>y+ degrees ( ! motor-=ce1 z ! n]ves & muscles ( an organism are diff]5tly comb9$ by v>y+ s5sations4 ,an automaton may be con/ruct$ to play on ! viol91 b x w only play ! air to :i* x is set2 x _c v>y ! p]=mance1--_c play a false note1 or ?r[ 9 a cresc5do "h1 a l>go !re1 accord+ to a caprice ( feel+4 ,we mu/ admit t viol9i/ has 8 delicate & *ang+ movem5ts guid$ by s5sations1 auditory & muscul>2 any int]ruption 9 ! s5sations w\ld arre/ ! movem5ts1 :i* 9 tru? incorporate !m4 ,& yet x is well kn[n t ! viol9i/ may p]=m :ile completely 8unconsci\s40 ,i d n simply ref] to ! fact t 8 ?\ghts & att5tion may be else:]e2 ,i ref] to su* facts z are record$ 9 ,pa?ology4 ,,tr\sseau1 = example1 _h an epileptic pati5t :o 0 occasionally seiz$ ) attacks ( complete unconsci\sness :ile he 0 p]=m+ 9 ! or*e/ra2 yet1 on reawak5+ to consci\sness1 he f\nd t he _h cont9u$ to play1 _h kept prop] "t1 & play$ ! prop] notes4 #aac ,,claude ,,b]n>d1 ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #aheh1 ,i4 #cdi4 #aad ,,wordswor?1 ,! ,prelude4 #aae 8,on peut dire que t\j\rs un phnomne de m\vem5t reconnait p\r po9t de d"p une impression s5sitive40--,,claude ,,b]n>d1 ,i4 #bfg4 #aaf ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ,pr(4 ,,mi*ael ,,fo/] & ,mr4 ,,dew ,,smi? h publi%$ _! v important rese>*es on ! motions ( ! he>t1 :i* e/abli% beyond a d\bt t1 9 ! molluscs at lea/1 !re is no co-op]ation ( ei!r c5tre or n]ve4--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ah? ,m>*1 #ahge4 7,see also ,/udies f ! ,physiological ,laboratory ( ,cambridge1 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahgf47 ,mr4 ,fo/] kn[s t ,i _h indep5d5tly1 & f a totally diff]5t l9e ( rese>*1 arriv$ at ! same conclusion respect+ ! he>t's movem5t4 #aag ,comptes ,r5dus de la ,soct de ,biologie1 #ahdg1 ,i4 #dj4 ,9 #ahef he %[$ t n only 7 ! muscles ( ! iris directly /imulat$ by light 7& ?is n by its calorific or *emical rays71 b t sixte5 days aft] removal ( ! eye f ! orbit1 ?is effect 0 obs]vable 9 ! eel4 ,yet a v few days aft] extirpation ( ! eye ! n]ves are dis9tegrat$4--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahef1 p4 #bcd4 ,,dond]s has ! foll[+ obs]vations3 8,! movem5ts ( ! iris are ( two k9ds--reflex & volunt>y4 ,reflex action is exhibit$ z con/riction ( ! pupil 9 consequ5ce ( ! /imulus ( incid5t light ^u ! ret9a4 ,fontana has %[n t ! light fall+ ^u ! iris produces no rem>kable contraction4 ,we h confirm$ ?is result by caus+ ! image ( a small di/ant light to fall1 by means ( a convex l5s1 ^u ! iris1 :]eby1 dur+ slight p]ception ( light1 a d\btful contraction occurr$1 :i* gave way to a /rong contraction s soon z ! light ent]+ ! pupil excit$ a vivid p]ception4 ,nev]!less1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,h>less & ,budge h %[n t ev5 aft] dea?1 s long z irritability rema9s1 ! pupil /ill contracts ^u ! cont9u$ action ( light4 ,( ! correctness ( ?is we h satisfi$ ourselves4 ,9 a dog kill$ by loss ( blood ! "o eye 0 clos$1 ! o!r op5$ & turn$ to ! light3 aft] ! lapse ( an h\r1 ! pupil ( ! op5$ eye 0 p]ceptibly small] ?an t ( ! clos$ eye4 ,! latt] n[ rema9$ also expos$ to ! light1 & on ! foll[+ day ! diamet] ( bo? eyes 0 equal4 ,! upp] jaw1 alone ) ! eyes1 0 tak5 out ( "s frogs2 "o eye 0 expos$ to ! light1 :ile ! o!r 0 cov]$ ) a closely fold$ piece ( black pap]3 aft] ! lapse ( half an h\r ! pupil turn$ to ! light 0 n>r[1 ! o!r wide4 ,b ! latt] also contract$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! removal ( ! pap]40--,,dond]s1 ,on ! ,anomalies ( ,accommodation & ,refraction ( ! ,eye4 ,trans4 ( ! ,new ,syd5ham ,society1 p4 #egb4 #aah ,! exp]im5t (t5 fails1 b ,i h se5 x sev]al times succe$4 #aai ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahgb1 p4 #fah4 #abj ,see 8 ,rese>*es 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bde4 ,,ii4 & ,,iv4 #aba ,d',,orbigny1 ,des ,mollusques ,vvants et fossils1 p4 #aac4 #abb ,seaside ,/udies1 #b;d ed41 p4 #aja4 #abc ,cit$ by ,,br[n ,s,,qu>d1 ,j\rnal de la ,physiologie1 #aheh1 p4 #cei4 #abd ,dr4 ,,norris has record$ "s /rik+ obs]vations 9 8 pap] on 8,muscul> ,irritability0 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,anatomy1 #ahfg1 ,no4 ,,ii4 p4 #bag4 ,"h is ! only "o ,i c f9d room =3 8,on tak+ up ! dead frog & t\*+ ! limb 7:i* dur+ life _h be5 p>alys$ by section ( its n]ve7 ) my f+]1 x 0 sudd5ly %ot out z if alive4 ,i plac$ ! body d[n1 & "o or two app>5tly spontane\s movem5ts ( small ext5t aft]w>ds occurr$4 ,on t\*+ ! sk9 g5tly ) ! po9t ( a ne$le1 by ! slight pressure ^u ! muscle b5ea?1 movem5ts ( ! limb 7 also induc$1 b ?is high degree ( exaltation v rapidly disappe>$40 #abe ,see _! pap]s 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 #ahge1 ,bd4 ,v4 ,heft #c4 #abf ,?is latt] /atem5t w be ju/ifi$ :5 ,i come to exp\nd ! ,triple ,process1 :i* ,i h nam$ ! ,psy*ological ,spectrum4 #abg ,,fo/] & ,,balf\r1 ,elem5ts ( ,embryology1 #ahgd1 ,"p ,i4 p4 #eb4 ,,81 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die er/e ,anlage des ,wirbel?i]leibes1 #ahfh1 p4 #aig4 #abh ,!y /ate t ! cells ( ! epibla/ are ! results ( direct segm5tation1 :]eas ! cells ( ! o!r lay]s are =m$ at a subsequ5t p]iod1 & are only indirectly results ( segm5tation4 ,b if ! obs]vations ( ,,k[alewsky are exact1 ?is is n ! case ) ! hypobla/ ( ! ,amphioxus1 :i* is f ! fir/ id5tical ) ! epibla/4 #abi ,k,,llik]1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,m5s*5 und d] hh]5 ,?i]e1 #ahfa1 p4 #ga4 #acj ,accord+ to ,,balf\r',s rec5t obs]vations1 a l>ge "p ( ! muscul> tissue is d]iv$ f ! lay] ( ! mesobla/ belong+ to ! hypobla/4 #aca ,,81 ,unt]su*ung51 pp4 #ci1 #dj4 #acb ,q rec5tly ,,owsjannik[ has po9t$ out ! t]m9ation ( fibres 9 ! phosphoresc5t cells ( ! ,lampyris ,noctiluca4 ,see 8 pap] 9 ! ,mmoires de l',acad4 de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 #ahfh1 ,,xi4 #ag4 ,^! phosphoresc5t cells are said to be ganglion-cells by ,,panc]i1 ,intorno della luce *e emana dalle celleule n]vose 7,r5diconto della ,accad4 delle ,sci5ze1 ,april1 #ahgb72 & by ,,eim]1 ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anatomie1 #ahgb1 p4 #fec4 ,k,,llik] also calls ! phosphoresc5t organ a n]v\s organ4 ,?is is n to be int]pret$ z mean+ t neurility is phosphoresc5ce1 b simply t 9 "s n]ve-cells !re is phosphoresc5t matt]1 :i* is call$ into activity by /imulus ( ! n]ves4 #acc ,,bidd] und ,,kupff]1 ,textur des ,rck5m>ks1 #aheg1 p4 #ajh4 ,:at is said 9 ! text has be5 r5d]$ d\btful by ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,,balf\r1 ,on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,sp9al ,n]ves 9 ,elasmobran* ,fi%es 7,philos4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,clxvi4 ,"p ,i471 :i* %[ t 9 ^! fi%es ! ganglion has its orig9 9 ! sp9al cord4 #acd ,comp4 ,,problem ,i4 #acj1 ) ! rem>ks ( ,,*>les ,,rob91 ,anatomie et ,physiologie ,cellulaires1 #ahgc1 p4 #bj4 #ace ,,kle95b]g1 ,hydra2 ,e9e ,anatomis*-,entwickelungs-,unt]su*ung1 #ahgb1 p4 #aa4 ,,eim]1 ,zoologis*e ,/udi5 auf ,capri1 #ahgc1 p4 #ff4 ,a simil> =mation is describ$ by ,dr4 ,,allman 9 ! ,myrio!la2 he says1 h[ev]1 t he has nev] be5 able to trace a direct cont9uity ( ! caudal processes ( ! cells ) muscul> fibrils4 ,he believes t ! processes make _! way to ! muscul> lay] ?r\gh undiff]5tiat$ protoplasm4--,philos4 ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,clxv4 ,"p ,,ii4 p4 #eed4 ,an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ?is neuro-muscul> tissue & ! two diff]5tiat$ tissues seems pres5t$ 9 ! ,nematoid worms :i* h muscles t s5d (f processes into :i* ! n]ves pass4 ,,geg5baur decl>es 8 inability to decide :e!r ^! processes are muscles or n]ves4 ,b,,ts*li ?9ks ! n]ve-process bl5ds ) ! muscle-process4--,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anatomie1 #ahgc1 p4 #hi4 #acf 8,! gray matt] ( ! cord seems und\bt$ly to be =m$ by a metamorphosis ( ! ext]nal cells ( ! epibla/ ( ! neural tube1 & is directly cont9u\s ) ! epi!lium2 !re be+ no /rong l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m40--,op4 cit41 p4 #ahe4 #acg ,,rob91 ,anat4 et ,physiol4 ,cellulaires1 p4 #ccb4 #ach ,,/ill+1 ,bau d] ,n]v5primitiv-,fas]n1 #ahef1 p4 #af4 #aci 8,!re 0 a "t10 says ,k,,llik]1 8:5 ,i confid5tly believ$ t an hypo!tical explanation ( ! arrangem5t ( elem5ts 9 ! sp9al cord c\ld be gr\nd$ on a basis ( fact2 b ! deep] my insight into ! m9ute anatomy1 ! less my confid5ce became2 & n[ ,i am p]suad$ t ! "t is n yet come to frame su* an hypo!sis40--,gewebelehre1 #ete ,auf4 #ahfg4 #adj ,9 ! ,ga/]opoda ! cells range f #bbj to #c 7 #j1jja millimtre74 #ada ,,haeckel1 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv1 #aheg4 ,,leydig1 ,vom ,bau des ?i]is*5 ,krp]s1 #ahfd1 ,i4 #hd4 ,,rob91 ,anat4 et ,physiol4 ,cellulaires1 p4 #hi4 ,%\ld ! obs]vations ( ,,heitzmann be confirm$1 !re w\ld be gr\nd = believ+ t neur9e is normally fibrillat$4 ,he says t ! liv+ protoplasm 9 ! ,amba1 :ite blood-corpuscle1 etc41 is an excessively f9e network1 :i* cond5ses into granules at ea* contraction4 7,cit$ 9 ! ,jahresb]i*te b] ,anat4 und ,physiol41 #ahgc1 ,bd4 ,,ii47 ,,wal!r1 :o exam9$ froz5 bra9s1 describes ! cells z q transp>5t at fir/1 ) v r>e granules1 b gradually :ile "u obs]vation ! granules became m num]\s4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahfh1 p4 #dei4 ,accord+ to ,,mau?n]1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] morphologis*5 ,elem5te des ,n]v5sy/ems1 #ahfb1 p4 #da1 neur9e has ?ree c>d9al =ms--transp>5t1 f9ely granul>1 & co>sely granul>4 #adb ,,tr9*ese1 ,/ruttura del si/ema n]voso dei ,cefalopodi1 ,flor5ce1 #ahfh1 p4 #g4 #adc ,an em95t fri5d ( m9e 0 "o day insi/+ to me t ! physiological po/ulate made x impossible = a n]ve-cell to be )\t its +o+ & outgo+ fibres2 & he 0 n a little a/\nd$ :5 ,i repli$1 8,come into my workroom & ,i w %[ y a ?\s&40 #add ,,ei*hor/ 9 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahge1 ,,lxiv4 p4 #dcb4 #ade ,,au]ba* 7,ueb] e95 ,plexus ,my5t]icus1 #ahfb7 describes ! ganglia z fill$ ) apol> cells1 among :i* only a few are unipol>4 ,,/i$a 7,c5traln]v5sy/em d] ,vgel1 #ahfh7 f9ds bo? apol> & unipol> cells 9 ! sp9al ganglia ( birds4 ,,axmann 7,de ,gangliorum ,sy/ematis ,/ructura p5itiori1 #ahdg7 says ! sp9al cells are all unipol>4 ,,s*walbe 7,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 #ahfh7 & ,,c\rvoisi] 7ibid41 #ahfi7 say ! same4 ,s also ,,ranvi]1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahge4 ,k,,llik] 7,gewebelehre7 speaks decid$ly 9 favor ( bo? apol> & unipol> cells1 b ?9ks ! apol> are embryonic4 ,,pagliani 7,saggio sullo ,/ato attuale delle ,cognizioni della ,fisiologia intorno al ,si/ema n]voso1 #ahgc71 :o repres5ts ! views ( ,,moles*ott1 admits ! exi/5ce ( apol> & unipol> cells4 ,! au?ors j cit$ are ^? ,i happ5 to h be=e me dur+ ! rewrit+ ( ?is *apt]1 & ! li/ might easily be ext5d$ if ne$ful4 ,,au]ba*1 ,,bidd]1 & ,,s*weigg]-,,seidel describe unipol> cells :i* 9 "s places pres5t ! aspect ( bipol> cells simply because two cells lie toge!r1 _! s+le poles hav+ opposite directions4 ,i w add t ! bipol> cells d n really r5d] ! physiological int]pretation a :it m easy ?an ! unipol>1 = !y are simply cells :i* =m enl>gem5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! n]ve-fibres4 #adf ,:5 ,dr4 ,,beale says 8t x is probable no n]ve-cell exi/s :i* has only "o s+le fibre connect$ ) x0 7,bioplasm1 p4 #ahf71 he has no d\bt ?is 9 8 m9d2 s9ce he w\ld n1 ,i presume1 d5y t !re are cells ea* ) a s+le process4 #adg ,,deit]s1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,gehirn und ,rck5m>k1 #ahfe4 #adh ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 #ahfi1 p4 #bag4 ,comp]e also ,,butzke1 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 #ahgb1 p4 #ehd4 #adi ,,h5le1 ,n]v5lehre1 #ahga1 p4 #eh1 ,fig4 #ba4 #aej ,:5 m5 ( su* exp]i5ce & skill z ,k,,llik]1 ,,bidd]1 ,,goll1 & ,,lockh>t ,,cl>ke decl>e t !y h nev] se5 a cell-process pass directly into a d>k-bord]$ fibre 9 ! ant]ior root1 :at are we to say to su* figures & descriptions z ^? giv5 9 ! works ( ,,s*r,,d] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk1 ,,gratiolet1 & ,,luys8 ,ev5 did su* arrangem5ts exi/1 no transv]se nor longitud9al section c\ld display !m1 ow+ to ! diff]5t planes at :i* ! fibres ent]1 & ! l5g? & irregul>ity ( _! c\rse4 #aea ,long aft] ! text 0 writt51 ,,willigk publi%$ 9 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahge1 ,,lxiv4 p4 #afc1 obs]vations ( ana/omoses :i* ev5 ,k,,llik] admitt$ to be und5iable4 ,yet out ( sixty-f\r prep>ations1 amid hundr$s ( cells1 he c\ld only reckon sev5 cases ( conjunction4 #aeb ,see ! hi/ory giv5 9 ,,/ill+',s le>n$ "w1 ,ueb] d5 ,bau d] ,n]v5primitiv-,fas]1 p4 #cd2 & comp>e ,,max ,,%ultze1 ,de ,ret9 ,/ructura1 p4 #h1 & ,bau d] ,nas5s*leimhaut1 p4 #ff2 ,,waldey]1 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr rat4 ,m$41 #ahfc2 ,,li/] & ,,turn]1 ,obs]vations on ! ,/ructure ( ,n]ve-,fibres1 9 ,qu>t]ly ,micros4 ,j\rnal1 #ahei2 ,,ranvi]1 9 ! ,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 #ahgb4 #aec ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,lxxii4 p4 #aic4 #aed ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,micros4 ,sci5ce1 #ahgd1 ,,xi4 p4 #bad4 #aee ,,babu*91 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahfh1 p4 #gef4 #aef ,ev5 s em95t an au?ority z ,w4 ,,krause holds ?is bo? ) reg>d to ! v>icose aspect & ! d\ble cont\r3 ,h&bu* d] m5s*li*5 ,anatomie1 #ahgf1 ,i4 #cfg4 ,,buts*li1 h[ev]1 describes ! n]ves 9 a liv+ ,nematode z v>icose3 ,ar*iv fr ,anat41 #ahgc1 p4 #gh2 & ,i h some:]e met ) an obs]vation ( ! d\ble cont\r be+ visible 9 ! liv+ animal4 #aeg ,,butzke1 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 #ahgb1 p4 #eid1 /ates t ! granul> sub/ance has ! *emical composition ( myel9e4 ,if ?is be s1 we may suppose ! 8fibrils ( cry/allization0 to repres5t ! coagulation ( ! sub/ance :i* is 9 solution amid ! myel9e granules1 & corresponds ) ! axis cyl9d] ( a fibre4 ,i may rem>k t 9 almo/ e good prep>ation n]ve-cells w be f\nd 9 :i*1 :ile "o process is di/9ctly granul>1 ano!r is /riat$ or ev5 fibrillat$4 #aeh ,,boll1 ,die ,hi/iologie und ,hi/iog5ese d] n]vs5 ,c5tralorgane1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 #ahgc1 p4 #dg4 #aei ,,/i$a1 ,/udi5 b] das ,c5traln]v5sy/em d] ,vgel1 #ahfh1 p4 #fe4 ,,mau?n]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #d4 #afj ,,turn] & ,,li/]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #h4 #afa ,,blessig1 ,de ,ret9 ,/ructura1 #aheg4 #afb ,,luys1 ,re*]*es sur le ,sy/me n]veux1 #ahfe1 p4 #bfg4 ,9 a rec5t & rem>kable treatise ! /ud5t is in=m$ t 8plus une cellule e/ *>ge d'un rle purem5t mcanique plus elle e/ volum9euse2 plus l'acte qu'elle produit t5d revtir un c>actre psy*ique plus elle e/ petite02 to move a limb ! agitation ( ! c]ebral cells mu/ mat]ialize itself m & m1 8,il a beso9 de pass] p> des cellules1 de mo9s en mo9s spirituelles et de plus en plus matrielles4444 ,de mme p\r les cellules s5sitives4 ,l'impression extrieure va en se modifiant1 en se spiritualisant1 de la priphrie au c5tre4444 ,un phnomne de l'ordre spirituel ne sanrait dev5ir sans transition un phnomne d'ordre physique40 ,& :at is ?is m>vell\s transition betwe5 spiritual & physical8 ,x is ! action ( m$ium-siz$ cells :i* 8travaill5t la vibration reue1 la modifi5t de faon lui t] de son spiritualisme et la rappro*] davantage des branlem5ts physiques40 ,i w n "n ! e/imable au?or1 because he is simply re/at+ :at _m o!rs implicitly or explicitly tea*2 b ,i w only ask ! read] to try & realize 9 ?\ght ! process ?us describ$4 #afc ,,s*r,,d] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk1 ,pa?ologie d] ,gei/eskrankheit51 #ahfc1 p4 #fi4 #afd ,,wundt1 ,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie1 p4 #bfa4 ,9 8 ,me*anik d] ,n]v51 #b ,ab?4 7publi%$ j z ?is %eet is go+ to press71 he %[s t a /imulus is bo? ret>d$ & weak5$ 9 its passage ?r\gh a ganglion4 #afe ,,tr9*ese also says t ! fibres 8prov5gono dalle cellule e non son altro *e i loro prolungam5ti o poli40--,op4 cit41 p4 #ac4 ,an unequivocal example is se5 9 ! ,torp$o1 :]e ! l>ge cells h ea* _! prolongation cont9u+ )\t int]ruption into ! electrical organ4 ,see ! figure giv5 by ,,rei*5heim 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,anat41 #ahgc1 ,heft ,,vi4 #aff ,,golgi1 ,sulla /ruttura della so/anza grizia del ,c]vello4 ,,arndt1 ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat4 #ahgj1 p4 #agf4 ,,r9dfleis* also traces ^! processes into ! neuroglia 7ibid41 #ahgb1 p4 #dec74 8,deit]s1 ,bodda]t1 & o!r obs]v]s h /at$ t "o d>k-bord]$ n]ve-fibre ent]s ea* cell4444 ,my own obs]vations lead me to conclude t all ! fibres are compos$ ( ! same mat]ial1 b t "o fibre does n divide until x has pass$ "s di/ance f ! cell1 :ile o!rs give (f bran*es mu* clos] to x40--,,beale1 ,bioplasm1 p4 #ahi4 #afg ,,beale1 ,bioplasm1 p4 #agg4 ,,max ,,s*ultze1 9 ,/rick]'s ,h&bu*1 p4 #acd4 ,comp4 ,,/ill+1 ,n]v5primitiv-,fas]1 p4 #acc4 ,,arndt1 ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 #ahfh1 p4 #eab2 & #ahfi1 p4 #bcg4 ,weighty z ^! au?orities are1 _! view is que/ionable--fir/ly1 because ! =ms ( ^! cells are too con/ant & def9ite 9 p>ticul> places to result f ! union ( fibrils com+ f v>i\s orig9s2 b secondly1 & ma9ly1 because ! tea*+ ( ,developm5t is oppos$ to x4 #afh ,,rob91 ,anat4 et ,physiol4 ,cellulaires1 p4 #cce4 #afi ,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 #ahgb1 p4 #bfh4 #agj ,! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( cells 9 ! :ite sub/ance is "o :i* is v difficult ( int]pretation on ! curr5t hypo!ses4 ,! cells are f\nd 9 regul> columns & irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,,boll ?9ks t :ile 9 ! :ite sub/ance ( bo? c]ebrum & c]ebellum !re are true n]ve-cells z well z connective corpuscles1 9 ! cord !re are only ! latt]4 ,b hi!rto !re has be5 no decisive te/ by :i* a n]ve-cell c be di/+ui%$ f a connective corpuscle4 #aga ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,micros4 ,sci5ce1 ,,xi4 #bai4 ,?is accords ) :at ,,kupff] says respect+ ! entire abs5ce ( cells 9 ! e>lie/ /ages obs]v$ by him 9 ! %eep4 ,! :ite sub/ance ( ! sp9al cord he describes z s(t1 transp>5t1 & gelat9\s1 9 :i* d>k po9ts are visible2 ^! d>k po9ts are se5 9 longitud9al sections to arise f ! fibrillation ( ! sub/ance4--,,bidd] und ,,kupff]1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aaa4 #agb ,,weismann1 ,die na*embryonale ,entwick4 d] ,muscid51 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,wiss54 ,zoologie1 #ahfd1 ,bd4 ,,xiv4 ,heft ,,iii4 #agc ,! sugge/ion 9 ! text has s9ce receiv$ a /rik+ confirmation 9 ! obs]vations ( ,,sigmund ,,may] on ! reg5]ation ( n]ves4 ,! n]ve :5 divid$ rapidly und]goes fatty deg5]ation1 :i* is succe$$ by a trans=mation ( ! myel9e & axis cyl9d] into a homog5e\s mass2 9 ?is resolv$ pulp new longitud9al l9es ( division appe>1 :i* subsequ5tly become new fibres1 & new nuclei are develop$ 9 ! rema9s ( ! untrans=m$ sub/ance4--,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 ,,vi4 ,heft ,,ii4 #agd ,/rong confirmation ( v>i\s /atem5ts 9 ! text1 s9ce !y 7 writt51 has be5 furni%$ by ! rese>*es ( ,,ei*hor/1 publi%$ 9 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,,lxiv4 ,our k ( ! developm5t ( n]ve-tissue 9 human embryos is s scanty t ^! rese>*es h a great value4 ,,ei*hor/ describes ! /riation ( ! cells 9 ! cord to beg9 only at ! f\r? mon?2 up to ?is "t !y are1 :at ,i f9d mo/ inv]tebrate cells to be1 granul>1 n fibrill>4 ,!re is v slight bran*+ ( ! cell processes until ! n9? or t5? mon?1 :5 ! multipol> aspect fir/ appe>s2 ! cells are unipol> up to ! end ( ! f\r? mon?4 ,! connection betwe5 ! :ite columns & ! gray columns is v loose up to ! fif? mon?2 & ! two are easily sep>at$4 ,subsequ5tly ! union is clos]4 ,! sub/ance ( ! :ite columns readily sep>ates into bundles & fibres1 b t ( ! gray columns falls into a granul> detritus if attempt$ to be teas$ out ) ne$les4 ,b aft] ! fif? mon? ?is is no long] s4 ,in/ead ( a granul> detritus !re appe>s a network ( f9e fibres & fibrils4 ,al?\gh ! :ite po/]ior columns are develop$ be=e ! fif? mon?1 n a s+le cell c be se5 9 ! po/]ior gray columns until ! second half ( ! n9? mon?4 7,yet ! fibres are imag9$ to arise 9 ! cells67 ,! passage f ! granul> to ! fibrill> /ate is ! same 9 ! cell sub/ance & ! neuroglia4 ,! n]ve-fibre1 z di/+ui%$ f a nak$ axis cyl9d]1 does n appe> till ! f\r? mon?4 ,x is at fir/ a bipol> prolongation ( ! nucleus4 ,z x elongates1 ! nucleus seems to sit on x1 & s loosely t x is easily %ift$ away by pressure on ! cov]+ glass4 ,f9ally ! fibre sep>ates entirely f ! nucleus1 & !n beg9s to clo! itself ) ! m$ull>y %ea?4 ,v curi\s is ! obs]vation t s long z ! axis cyl9d] is nak$ x is nev] v>icose1 b ) ! developm5t ( ! m$ulla ! primitive axis becomes fluid4 #age ,,may]1 ,op4 cit41 #cic4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 agree ) ,,may] :5 he says t ! cont9uity ( a n]ve-fibre ) a cell has nev] be5 di/9ctly %[n 7p4 #cie72 9 ! ,inv]tebrata & 9 ! ,electric fi%es su* a cont9uity is und5iable2 & x has occasionally be5 se5 9 ,v]tebrata4 #agf ,,ranvi]1 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahge1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxi4 p4 #abgf4 ,?is obs]vation ?r[s light on ! fact t cell processes are sometimes se5 ent]+ n]ve-roots 7 #abd74 ,! v rem>kable obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,,balf\r1 ,on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,sp9al ,n]ves 9 ,elasmobran* ,fi%es 7,philos4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,clxvi4 p4 #a71 %[ t ! sp9al root1 ganglion1 & n]ve-trunk arise f hi/ological *anges 9 a mass ( cells at fir/ all alike2 n t ganglion-cells are =m$ & f _! processes elongate into fibres4 ,! n]ve1 he says1 =ms a cont9uation ( its root r ?an ( its ganglion 7p4 #aha72 :i* accords ) ,,ranvi]',s view4 #agg ,9 ! ,h&bu* d] m5s*li*5 ,anatomie ( ,w4 ,,krause1 :i* has j appe>$1 ,i am pleas$ to f9d a simil> view1 p4 #cgf4 #agh ,on ?is po9t consult ,,axel ,,key & ,,retzius1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 #ahgc1 p4 #cjh1 :]e ! nutritive di/urbance is assign$ to ! fact t ! lymph c no long] take its normal c\rse4 ,,wall]',s obs]vations on ! deg5]ation ( ! optic n]ves1 ) pres]vation ( ! integrity ( ! ret9a1 aft] division ( ! n]ves 7,proce$+s ( ,royal ,society1 #ahef1 p4 #aj71 _c be urg$ 9 support ( 8 view1 because ,,b]l9 & ,,leb]t',s obs]vations are directly contradictory ( 84 ,,saemis* und ,,graefe1 ,h&bu* d] ,aug5heilkunde1 ,,ii4 #cdf4 ,x is said by ,,kr5*el t if ! n]ves be divid$1 s z to prev5t di/urbances 9 ! circulation1 no p]iph]al deg5]ation takes place 7cit$ by ,,engelmann 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahge1 p4 #dgg74 #agi ,,s*iff1 ,lehrbu* d] ,physiologie1 pp4 #abj1 #aba4 #ahj ,k,,llik]1 ,gewebelehre1 #cag4 ,,s*walbe1 ,ar*iv fr mikros4 ,anat41 #ahfh1 p4 #ea4 #aha ,i 0 fir/ %[n ?is 9 #aheh by ! late ,pr(4 ,,h>less 9 ,muni*1 :o at ! same "t %[$ me t ! n]ve ?us b>$ ( its %ea?1 if left "s h\rs 9 ga/ric juice1 split up into regul> discs1 l ! s>c\s elem5ts ( muscles4 #ahb ,,/i$a1 ,bau des c5tral5 ,n]v5sy/em d] ,amphibi5 und ,reptili51 #ahge1 p4 #da4 #ahc ,,butzke1 9 ,ar*iv fr mikroskopis*e ,anatomie1 ,bd4 ,,iii4 ,heft #c1 p4 #eif4 #ahd ,except 9 ! r>e cases :]e !re is ana/omosis ( ! muscle-fibres2 z1 = example1 9 ! he>t4 ,accord+ to ,,engelmann',s rem>kable rese>*es1 ! muscles ( ! he>t =m a cont9uum1 s t irritation is propagat$ f "o to ! o!r3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahge1 p4 #dfe4 ,?is is indubitably ! case 9 ! embryonic he>t1 z ,,eckh>d po9t$ out4 ,?is ,i hold to be ! ma9 cause ( its rhy?mic pulsation aft] removal f ! body4 ,:atev] influ5ce ! ganglia may h 9 excit+ ?is pulsation1 su* influ5ce w\ld be p[]less 7 n ! muscles s connect$2 z may be se5 9 ! o!r organs :i* are ri*ly suppli$ ) ganglia1 yet d n move spontane\sly2 & 9 organs 7su* z ! uret] or ! embryonic he>t1 & ! he>ts ( inv]tebrata7 :i* move spontane\sly1 yet h no ganglia4 #ahe ,,s*r,,d] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk1 ,bau und ,funktion5 d] ,m$4 ,sp9alis1 p4 #fg4 #ahf ,x is v in/ructive to le>n t = "s six mon?s or s ! rat is q incapable ( correctly localiz+ ! pa94 #ahg ,,vulpian1 ,leons sur le ,sy/me ,n]veux1 p4 #bhh4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 confirm$ by ,,ros5?al1 & by ,,bidd] 7,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 #ahfe1 p4 #bdf71 :o fir/ 79 #ahdb7 attempt$ ?is union ( diff]5t n]ves1 b arriv$ at negative results2 z did ,,s*iff 7,lehrbu* d] ,physiol1 #ahei1 p4 #acd7 & ,,gluge et ,,?i]nesse 7,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #ahei1 p4 #aha74 #ahh ,,sa*s1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,anat41 #ahgd1 pp4 #aie1 sq4 #ahi ,,laplace1 ,essai ,philos4 sur les ,probabilits1 p4 #bci4 #aij ,! mode ( t]m9ation ( n]ves 9 muscles is /ill a po9t on :i* hi/ologi/s disagree2 probably because !re is no abrupt t]m9ation1 b a bl5d+ ( ! "o tissue ) ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,t>digrades1 = example1 !re is actually no appreciable di/9ction betwe5 n]ve & muscle at ! po9t ( ins]tion ( ! n]ve2 & if 9 ! high] animals !re is an appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 n]ve & muscle1 !re is an insep>able bl5d+ ( undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance at _! po9t ( junction4 ,accord+ to ,,engelmann',s rec5t rese>*es1 !re seems good reason to suppose t muscles are compos$ ( contractile sub/ance & a sub/ance :i* is a modification ( axis-cyl9d] sub/ance2 ! fir/ be+ d\bly refract+1 ! second isotropic3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahge1 p4 #dcb4 #aia ,,s*iff1 ,lehrbu*1 p4 #gc4 #aib ,,freusb]g obs]v$ t ! reflex movem5ts 9 ! legs ( a dog ^: sp9e _h be5 divid$ 7 consid]ably less5$ aft] food or dr9k4 ,!y fell f #ie to #df p5dulum-beats 9 a m9ute aft] a litre ( wat] _h be5 drunk4 ,see 8 in/ructive memoir1 ,reflex-,lhmung5 beim ,hunde1 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahgd1 p4 #cfi4 #aic ,m4 ,,h]z5 ?us describes ! effects ( /imulat+ ! vagus ) v>y+ int5sities3 8,si l'on se s]t de l'app>eil de ,dubois ,raymond1 on comm5ce p> appliqu] une irritation tellem5t faible qu'elle ne produit aucun effet2 on rappro*e alors peu peu lea deux bob9es de l'app>eil avec le plus gr& so91 p> fractions de c5timtres1 p> millimtres s'il le faut1 et l'on tr\ve a9si le degr d'irritation qui accelre les battem5ts du cur et qui produit le maximum de pulsations dans l'unit de temps admise p\r l'expri5ce4 ,qu& on e/ l il suffit d'un millimtre de plus p\r faire disp>atre l'augm5tation1 un autre millimtre peut produire une dim9ution1 et un troisime peut arrt] le cur compltem5t4 ,en reculant alors1 en loignant peu peu les deux bob9es1 on rt\rne la =ce qui produit l'augm5tation des battem5ts40 ,,h]z51 ,expri5ces sur les ,c5tres ,modrateurs de l',action ,rflexe1 #ahfd1 p4 #fh4 ,!re h be5 s]i\s d\bts ?r[n on ^! exp]im5ts2 b sev]al exp]im5t]s h confirm$ _! exactness4 ,q rec5tly !y h be5 confirm$ by ,,bulgh]i1 ,il ,morgagni1 ,,viii42 & by ,,arlo+ & ,,tripi]1 ,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 #ahgb1 ,,iv4 p4 #dah4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole subject ( ! he>t's inn]vation is at pres5t v imp]fectly und]/ood4 #aid ,,cayrade1 ,re*]*es sur les ,m\vem5ts ,rflexes1 #ahfd1 p4 #eh4 #aie ,a frog's bra9 is remov$1 & ! body !n susp5d$ by ! l[] jaw1 ! legs are all[$ to dip into a slightly acidulat$ liquid1 ! *emical action ( :i* /imulates ! sk94 #aif ,i saw a pati5t 9 ! ,b]l9 ,*>it ^: face & left h& 7 9 a con/ant /ate ( convulsive twit*+1 b no soon] 0 a sc> on ! left h& 7:]e ! n]ve _h be5 divid$7 firmly press$ ?an ! twit*+s ceas$1 & pa9 0 felt2 on removal ( ! pressure1 pa9 ceas$ & ! twit*+s return$4 #aig ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ahge4 ,no "o int]e/$ 9 ! ,reflex ,!ory %\ld omit a c>eful /udy ( ! pap]s by ,,freusb]g & ,,goltz4 ,i h drawn freely f !m4 #aih ,sir ,,james ,,paget has an int]e/+ collection ( facts :i* illu/rate ?is ,law ( ,arre/1 9 8 pap] on 8,/amm]+ ) o!r ,organs ?an ^? ( ,spee*10 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ahfh1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dcg1 repr9t$ 9 8 ,cl9ical ,lectures & ,essays1 #ahge1 p4 #gg4 #aii ,ar*ives de ,physiol41 #ahfh1 p4 #aeg4 #bjj ,we/ ,rid+ ,lunatic ,asylum ,reports1 #ahgd1 p4 #bjj4 #bja ,,claude ,,b]n>d1 ,sy/me ,n]veux1 ,i4 #chc4 #bjb ,see ! excell5t rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,,laud] ,,brunton on ?is po9t 9 8 pap] on ,inhibition 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ,lunatic ,asylum ,reports1 #ahgd1 p4 #ahj4 #bjc ,! int]e/+ "q ( int]f]5ce has be5 exp]im5tally treat$ by ,,wundt 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,me*anik d] ,n]v51 #ahgf1 & !oretically z wave-movem5t by ,,m$em1 ,grundzge e9] exakt5 ,psy*ologie1 #ahgf4 #bjd ,on ! di/9ction betwe5 fir/ notions & !oretic conceptions1 see ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bgg4 #bje ,n transc5d5tal & a priori1 z ,kant tea*es2 b imman5t 9 ,feel+4 #bjf ,! read] w und]/& t al?\gh me*anical relations are modes ( ,feel+1 z all o!r relations are1 yet _! aspect is exclusively objective1 ref]r+ to objects ideally deta*$ f subjects4 #bjg ,,anto9e ,,cros1 ,les ,fonctions suprieures du ,sy/me n]veux1 #ahge1 p4 #he4 #bjh ,! solution (f]$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] 0 fir/ (f]$ 9 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 #ahge1 ,,ii4 #dfe1 sq4 ,i m5tion ?is because s9ce ! publication ( t volume o!r writ]s h express$ ! same ideas1 sometimes us+ my language & illu/rations3 e4 g4 ,m4 ,,ta9e 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,janu>y1 #ahgg1 art41 ,les ,vibrations crbrales et la ,p5se4 #bji ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ddc & #dhb4 #baj 8,! ret9al image is ! la/ effect kn[n ( ! action ( objects on u2 :at happ5s beyond ! ret9a we "k n2 our k ( ! objective process has at pres5t "h its limit40--,,ewald ,,h]+1 ,beitrge zur ,physiologie1 #ahfb1 p4 #aff4 ,t is to say1 we h a def9ite translation ( ! process 9 geometric t]ms z f> z ! ret9a1 & !nce onw>ds ,geometry fails u1 & ,neurology & ,psy*ology are invok$4 #baa ,comp>e ,,problem ,,ii4 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #bab 8,das ,bewus/w]d5 i/ ni*ts ,&]es als e9 weit] =tges*ritt5es ,er9n]n od] ,neuw]d5 des von auss5 aufg5omm55 ,wiss5s1 e9 inn]li*es ,wiss5 dieses ,wiss5s od] e9 9 si* reflectirtes ,wiss540--,,jess51 ,v]su* e9] ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,begrndung d] ,psy*ologie1 #ahee1 p4 #dgg4 #bac ,9 common language a /one or a tree is said to be unconsci\s2 b ?is is an an?ropomorphic ext5sion ( ! t]m4 ,9 /rictness we %\ld no m speak ( unconsci\sness outside ! sph]e ( ,s5ti5ce ?an ( d>kness outside ! sph]e ( ,vision4 #bad ,! contraction may be effect$ 9 ! eye out ( ! organism4 ,see p4 #bbi4 ,x is !n no reflex4 #bae ,glasg[ ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 p4 #dea4 ,see also fur!r on1 note to p4 #dbf4 #baf ,,may]1 ,die ,elem5t>organisation des ,seel5organs1 p4 #ab1 is ! au?ority = ! la/ /atem5t4 #bag ,allgeme9e ,zeits*rift fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 #ca1 p4 #gaa4 #bah ,,aub]t1 ,grundrge d] physiol4 ,optik1 #ahgf1 p4 #fcc4 8,! accommodative movem5t ( ! eye is to be consid]$ volunt>y4 ,x is true we contract ! pupil )\t be+ consci\s ( ! contraction ( muscul> fibres1 b ?is holds good = e volunt>y movem5t4 ,:5 a p]son raises ! tone ( 8 voice he is n consci\s t by muscul> contraction he makes 8 *ord vocales m t5se2 he atta9s 8 object )\t be+ aw>e ( ! means by :i* he does s4 ,! same is applicable to accommodation = ne> objects & to ! contraction ( ! pupil accompany+ x4 ,! fact t ?is la/ is only an associat$ movem5t does n deprive x ( its volunt>y "*1 = !re is p]haps no s+le muscle :i* c contract entirely by itself40 ,,dond]s1 ,on ! ,anomalies ( ,accommodation1 #ahfd1 p4 #egd4 ,pr(essor ,,be] ( ,bonn has ! r>e p[] ( contract+ or dilat+ ! pupils ( 8 eye at w2 "h ideas act z motors4 ,:5 he ?9ks ( a v d>k space ! pupil dilates1 :5 ( a v bright spot ! pupil contracts4 7,,noble1 ,! ,human ,m9d1 #aheh1 p4 #abd47 ,i believe ?is to be only an exagg]at$ =m ( ! normal t5d5cy4 ,9 all ( u ! me*anism is s dispos$ t ! feel+s ( dilatation are associat$ ) feel+s 7& consequ5tly ideas7 ( d>kness2 & by ?is association a rev]sal ( ! process obta9s1 s t ! idea ( d>kness calls up ! feel+ x symbolizes4 #bai ,,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,i4 #dii4 #bbj ,,desc>tes expressly calls !m s5sitive ma*9es4 ,he refuses !m ,?\ght1 b nei!r 8la vie ou le s5tim5t40 ,he adds1 8,mon op9ion n'e/ pas que les btes voi5t comme n\s lorsque n\s s5tons que n\s voyons40--uvres1 ,,iv4 p4 #cci4 ,?is example is cit$ by him 9 pro( ( human automatism3 8,que ce n'e/ po9t p> l'entremise de notre me que les yeux se f]m5t1 puisque c'e/ contre notre volont1 laquelle e/ sa seule ou du mo9s sa pr9cipale action2 mais c'e/ cause que la ma*9e de notre corps e/ tellem5t compose que le m\vem5t de cette ma9 v]s nos yeux excite un autre m\vem5t en notre c]veau qui conduit les esprits animaux dans les muscles qui font abaiss] les paupires40 ,all inde$ t we assign to ,s5sibility1 he assigns to ^! hypo!tical animal spirits1 & !nce he concludes1 8,qu'il ne re/e ri5 en n\s que n\s devions attribu] notre me s9on nos p5ses40--,les ,passions de l'me1 art4 #ac & #ag4 ,comp4 ,disc\rs de la ,m?ode1 p>tie iv4 #bba ,,desc>tes comp>es ! animal me*anism to t ( ! grottos & f\nta9s at ,v]sailles1 ! n]ves to ! wat]-tubes3--8,les objets extrieurs qui p> leur seul prs5ce1 agiss5t contre les organes des s5s1 et qui p> ce moy51 la dt]m95t se m\voir en plusieurs div]ses faons1 selon comme les p>ties du c]veau sont disposes1 sont comme les trang]s1 qui entrant dans quelques unes des grottes de ces fonta9es caus5t euxmmes sans y p5s] les m\vem5ts qui s'y font en leur prs5ce3 c> ils n'y peuv5t entr] qu'en m>*ant sur c]ta9s c>reaux tellem5t disposs1 que s'ils appro*5t d'une ,diane qui se baigne1 ils la font ca*] dans les roseaux2 et s'ils pass5t outre p\r la p\rsuivre1 ils f]ont v5ir v]s eux un ,neptune qui les m5ac]a de son trid5t2 ou s'ils vont de quelque autre co/1 ils en f]ont sortir un mon/re m>9 qui leur vomira de l'eau contre la face40--,trait de l',homme1 #affd1 p4 #ab4 ,+5i\s z ! comp>ison is1 x only illu/rates h[ ma*9es may be con/ruct$ to imitate animal actions4 ,diana always hides h]self :5 a c]ta9 spot is trodd5 ^u2 & ,neptune always appe>s :5 ano!r spot is trodd5 ^u4 ,!re is no fluctuation1 no s5sibility disc]n+ diff]5ces & det]m9+ v>iations4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,a monkey 0 plac$ on ! table & a %rill :i/le made close to its e>3 8,imm$iately ! e> 0 prick$ & ! animal turn$ ) an air ( int5se surprise1 ) eyes widely op5$ & pupils dilat$1 to ! direction :5ce ! s\nd proce$$4 ,on repetition ( ! exp]im5t sev]al times1 ?\gh ! prick+ ( ! e> & ! turn+ ( ! head & eyes con/antly occurr$1 ! look ( surprise & dilatation ( ! pupils ceas$ to be manife/$40--,,f]ri]1 ,! ,functions ( ! ,bra91 #ahgf1 p4 #aga4 ,a me*anical monkey w\ld always h react$ 9 precisely ! same way on ea* /imulus4 #bbb ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahgd1 f :i* all my citations are made4 #bbc ,,s*iff1 ,lehrbu* d] ,physiol41 #aheh1 p4 #bab4 ,,h]mann1 ,physiology1 translat$ by ,,gamgee1 #ahge1 p4 #eaa4 #bbd ,mean:ile ! read] is ref]r$ to ,,s*r,,d] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk1 ,pa?ologie d] ,gei/eskrankheit51 #ahfc1 p4 #ea2 or ,,jess51 ,physiologie des m5s*li*5 ,d5k5s1 #ahgb1 p4 #ff4 #bbe ,,gries+]1 ,les ,maladies ,m5tales1 p4 #if4 #bbf ,m4 ,,luys cites ! case ( a pati5t :o conv]s$ q rationally ) a visitor 8sans en avoir consci5ce1 et ne se s\v5ait de ri502 & he draws ! extraord9>y conclusion t ! conv]sation 8s'oprait en v]tu des =ces rflexes40--tudes de ,physiologie et de ,pa?ologie ,crbrales1 #ahgd1 p4 #aag4 ,is x n obvi\s t ! pati5t mu/ h be5 consci\s at ! "t1 ?\gh ! consci\sness vani%$ l t 9 a dream8 ,! p]si/5t consci\sness is ! cont9u\s l9k+ on ( "o /ate ) previ\s /ates--! app]ception ( ! pa/4 #bbg ,,ab]crombie1 ,inquiries conc]n+ ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 #ahdj1 p4 #aea4 ,,wigan1 ,! ,duality ( ! ,m9d1 #ahdd1 p4 #bgj4 ,,desp9e1 ,la ,psy*ologie ,naturelle1 #ahfh1 ,i4 #ed4 #bbh ,dr4 ,,hughl+s ,,jackson has q rec5tly cit$ "s curi\s examples 9 8 own practice4 ,see ,we/ ,rid+ ,lunatic ,asylum ,reports = #ahge4 #bbi ,,problems1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dgh1 sq4 #bcj 8,le s5tim5t fait natre le m\vem5t1 et le m\vem5t donne naissance au s5tim5t40--,,van ,,de51 ,traits et ,dc\v]tes sur la ,molle p9ire1 #ahda1 p4 #ajb4 #bca ,dr4 ,,c>p5t] tells a simil> /ory ( ,admiral ,,codr+ton1 :o1 :5 a mid%ipman1 c\ld always be awak5$ f ! pr(\nde/ slumb] if ! ^w 8signal0 7 utt]$2 :]eas no o!r ^w di/urb$ him4 #bcb ,comp>e an int]e/+ p]sonal example giv5 by ,,j\ffroy1 quot$ 9 ,sir ,w4 ,,hamilton',s ,lectures1 ,i4 #cca4 #bcc ,lancet1 #aj? ,july1 #aheh4 #bcd ,,m>%all ,,hall 9 ,philos4 ,trans41 #ahcc4 ,lectures on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & its ,diseases1 #ahcf4 ,new ,memoir on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #ahdc4 #bce ,m,,ll]1 ,physiology1 ,i4 #gba4 #bcf ,x is bett] simply to remove ! bra91 ?an to remove ! :ole head1 :i* causes a s]i\s loss ( blood4 ,an e!riz$ animal may be op]at$ on ) ease & accuracy4 ,= _m exp]im5ts1 m]e division ( ! sp9al cord is bett] ?an decapitation4 ,great v>iations 9 ! results mu/ be expect$1 because ! condition ( ! animal1 its age & sex--:e!r fa/+ or dige/+--:e!r ! season be spr+ or summ]--& a hundr$ o!r causes1 complicate ! exp]im5t4 #bcg ,,volkmann1 quot$ by ,,pfl,,g]4 #bch ,,unz]1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,physiology 7translat$ = ! ,syd5ham ,society71 p4 #bce4 #bci ,ev5 s em95t an inve/igator z ,,goltz has fall5 into ?is confusion4 ,he introduces an exp]im5t to prove t ! bra9less frog is ins5sible to pa9 by ! words 8:5 an animal1 plac$ "u circum/ances :i* w\ld be v pa9ful1 makes no movem5t1 al?\gh q capable ( mov+1 ! lea/ we c say is t x is improbable t ! animal has s5sation0 7,n]v5c5tr5 des ,fros*es1 p4 #abg74 ,i ne$ n discuss ! pro( itself1 hav+ already done s 9 ,nature1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #hd4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to call att5tion is ! confusion ( ins5sibility 9 g5]al ) ins5sibility to pa94 #bdj ,see ,,du*5ne1 ,de lectrisation localise1 p4 #cih4 ,,gries+] cites v>i\s examples ( insane pati5ts :o h burn$ ! fle% (f _! bones :ile manife/+ a total indiff]5ce to ^! injuries4 ,maladies ,m5tales1 p4 #id4 ,,falret says1 8,n\s avons vu plusieurs fois des alins s'incis]1 s'amput] eux-mmes div]ses p>ties du corps sans p>atre ress5tir aucune s\ffrance40 ,leons cl9iques de ,mdic9e ,m5tale1 #ahed1 ,i4 #ahi4 ,pati5ts incapable ( feel+ ! contact ( a hot iron ) _! sk9 h felt subjective burn+s 9 ! sk9 ?us objectively ins5sible4 #bda ,,cros1 ,les ,fonctions suprieures du ,sy/4 n]veux1 #ahge1 p4 #bg4 #bdb ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,xxviii4 p4 #cj4 #bdc ,! idea ( a fix$ anatomical me*anism = reflexion1 su* z t ( an excito-motory sy/em1 is completely refut$ by ! fact t ! gray sub/ance may any:]e be cut sway1 & yet s long z a small bridge ( gray sub/ance rema9s ! /imulation w be propagat$ ?r\gh x4 ,! idea ( a fix$ pa?way is also refut$ by ! fact ( ! v>iations 9 ! reflex responses1 & ! necess>y irradiation ev5 = v simple reflexes4 ,take1 = example1 t ( brea?+4 ,an irritation ( ! bron*ial filam5ts is transmitt$ by ! pneumoga/ric to its c5tre 9 ! m$ulla oblongata2 f ?is1 h[ev]1 x is imm$iately irradiat$ d[nw>ds to ! c]vical & dorsal regions1 :i* inn]vate ! muscles ( *e/ & diaphragm1 & upw>ds to ! bra91 :e!r ! /imulation awak5 consci\sness or n4 ,"o may say1 inde$1 t inasmu* z "u normal conditions ! bron*ial irritation always causes a movem5t ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( muscles1 !re is to ?is ext5t a fix$ pa?way ( dis*>ge2 b1 z ,i h =m]ly expla9$1 ?is is only an expression ( ! p>ticul> t5sion ( p>ticul> c5tres1 & is v>iable ) t t5sion2 ! o!r c5tres are also affect$1 ev5 :5 !y are n excit$ to dis*>ge4 #bdd ,,lallem&1 ,re*]*es sur ,l',encphale1 ,,iii4 #caj4 #bde ,we/ ,rid+ ,lunatic ,asylum ,reports1 #ahge1 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #beb1 sq4 #bdf ,,gall et ,,spurzheim1 ,anat4 et ,physiol4 du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 ,i4 #hc4 #bdg ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ical ,review1 ,jan4 #ahde4 #bdh ,,gries+]1 ,abh&lung51 #ahgb4 ,! fir/ volume conta9s a repr9t ( ?is memoir4 #bdi ,,l&ry1 ,trait des ,p>alysies1 ,i4 #ee4 ,conf4 ,,ziemss51 ,*orea 9 ! ,h&bu* d] speciell5 ,pa?ologie1 ,bd4 ,,xii4 #b1 p4 #djh4 ,& ,,luys1 tudes de physiol4 et pa?ol4 crbrales1 #ahgd1 pp4 #hi-id4 #bej ,,sue1 ,re*]*es ,philosophiques sur la ,vitalit et le ,galvanisme1 p4 #i4 ,he 0 n consi/5t1 h[ev]1 b adopt$ ,bi*at's op9ion respect+ ! s5sibility ( ! visc]a1 p4 #fh4 #bea ,,legallois1 ,expri5ces sur le pr9cipe de la vie4 ,publi%$1 ,i conclude1 9 #ahaa2 ! edition ,i use is ! "o pr9t$ 9 ! ,encyclopdie des ,sci5ces ,m$icales1 ,,iv4 #beb ,,wilson ,,philip1 ,exp]im5tal ,inquiry into ! ,laws ( ! ,vital ,functions1 pp4 #bji1 #baj4 #bec ,,longet1 ,trait de ,physiologie1 ,,ii4 #aje4 #bed ,he cites ,cuvi]1 ,maj5die1 ,deam\l9s1 & ,mayo z ma9ta9+ ?is error4 #bee ,,gra+]1 ,/ructure & ,functions ( ! ,sp9al ,cord1 p4 #ff4 #bef ,,nasse1 ,unt]s4 zur ,physiologie und ,pa?ologie1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,"p #b4 #beg ,,c>us1 ,sy/em d] ,physiologie1 ,,iii4 #aja4 #beh ,j4 ,w4 ,,arnold1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,reflex-,function1 #hf4 #bei ,,pfl,,g]1 ,die s5soris*5 ,function5 des ,rck5m>ks d] ,wirbel?i]e4 #bfj ,except ,,au]ba*1 :o repeat$ & v>i$ ! exp]im5ts2 & ,,funke1 :o p>tially adopt$ ! conclusions 9 8 sy/ematic treatise on ,physiology4 #bfa ,,s*iff1 ,lehrbu* d] ,physiologie1 #bjh4 #bfb ,,l&ry1 ,trait des ,p>alysies1 #ahei1 ma9ta9s t ! cord is a c5tre ( s5sation1 & t !re is 9 x a faculty analog\s to ! p]ception & judgm5t ( ! bra94 ,comp>e pp4 #afc et sq4 & #cje4 ,he also cites an essay by ,dr4 ,,paton ( ,ed9burgh 7,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ahdf71 9 :i* ! s5sational & volitional claims ( ! sp9al cord are advanc$4 #bfc ,,goltz1 ,beitrge zur ,lehre von d5 ,function5 d] ,n]v5c5tr5 des ,froe*es1 #ahfi4 #bfd ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,xiv4 p4 #aeh4 #bfe ,see ,prob4 ,,ii4 #ahc4 #bff 8,il y a donc une mmoire p> le c]veau et une mmoire p> l'automate4 ,t\s les organes ont une mmoire propre1 c'e/ dire une t5dance reproduire les sries d'actes qu'ils ont plusieurs fois executs40--,,gratiolet1 ,anat4 du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #aheg1 p4 #dfd4 #bfg ,to obviate misund]/&+ let me say t1 unless ! contr>y is specifi$1 ,i use ! t]m ,bra9 ?r\gh\t ?is argum5t z equival5t to ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 because x is 9 ^! t s5sation1 volition1 & consci\sness are localiz$ by ! g5]ality ( writ]s1 _m ( :om1 inde$1 reg>d ! cells ( ! gray matt] ( ! convolutions z ! exclusive seat ( ^! ph5om5a1 divid+ ^! cells into s5sational1 emotional1 & intellectual4 ,!re are physiologi/s :o ext5d s5sation to ! c]ebral ganglia & gray masses ( ! m$ulla oblongata2 b ! m$ulla sp9alis is s cle>ly cont9u\s ) ! m$ulla oblongata t !re is a gl>+ inconsi/5cy 9 exclud+ s5sation f ! "o if x is accord$ to ! o!r2 & ! gr\nds on :i* s5sitive ph5om5a are admitt$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! hemisph]es1 =ce u to admit analog\s ph5om5a 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ganglia & m$ulla oblongata3 9 ea* case ! ph5om5a are less complex & v>i$ z ! me*anisms become less complex4 #bfh ,comp>e ,,lussana e ,,lemoigne1 ,fisiologia dei c5tri encefalici1 #ahga1 ,,ii4 #bci1 #bdj1 #ccj4 #bfi ,see a v int]e/+ case ( ?is special loss ( memory 9 a prie/ :o /ill occupi$ himself read+ classic au?ors & p]=m+ 8 (ficial duties _m mon?s aft] an injury to ! bra94 ,,lussana e ,,lemoigne1 ,fisiologia dei c5tri encefalici1 ,i4 #bja4 #bgj ,,b\illaud1 ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les ,fonctions du ,c]veau en gnral1 #ahcj1 p4 #e1 sq4 #bga ,,longet1 ,trait de ,physiologie1 ,,ii4 #bdj4 #bgb ,,dalton1 ,human ,physiology1 ,philadelphia1 #ahei1 p4 #cfb4 #bgc ,,dalton1 p4 #cfb4 #bgd ,,dalton1 p4 #cfc4 #bge ,,fl\r5s1 p4 #hi4 #bgf ,,leyd5 9 ! ,b]l9] kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahfg1 ,no4 #g4 ,,meissn]1 ,jahresb]i*t b] ,physiol41 #ahfg1 p4 #daj4 #bgg ,,voit 9 ! ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,mn*5] ,academie1 #ahfh1 p4 #aje4 ,comp4 also ,,goltz 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,xiv4 #dce4 #bgh ,,vulpian1 ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #edb-dh4 #bgi ,= o!r examples see ,,g9trac1 ,pa?ologie ,int]ne1 #ahfh1 ,,vi4 #ea-eg4 #bhj ,if ! wat] is p]fectly /ill ! fi% s9ks to ! bottom & rema9s motionless until ! wat] be /irr$4 ,m]e contact does n suffice2 !re mu/ be int]mitt5t pulses f ! mov+ wat]4 #bha ,,lussana e ,,lemoigne1 ,op4 cit41 ,i4 #ae4 #bhb ,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 #ahfi1 p4 #eci4 #bhc ,,br,,cke1 ,physiologie1 ,,ii4 p4 #ec4 ,:ile ^! %eets are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,,goltz has publi%$ 8 second s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! bra94 ,! foll[+ detail is a good illu/ration ( :at is said 9 ! text3 ,a dog depriv$ ( a portion ( bo? hemisph]es display$ a m>k$ imp]fection 9 ! execution ( ord9>y in/9cts4 ,al?\gh sight 0 impair$ he c\ld see1 & recognize m5 & c]ta9 objects3 ! sight ( a :ip made him c[]1 b ! sight ( meat did n suffice to set ! fe$+ me*anism 9 action4 ,:5 meat 0 susp5d$ above 8 head1 ! sc5t caus$ him to sniff ab\t 9 se>*1 b he fail$ to f9d x1 & ev5 :5 he 0 s plac$ t he c\ld see ! susp5d$ meat1 ! unusual impression fail$ to guide him4 ,if ! meat 7 held t[>ds him1 or plac$ be=e him 9 a di%1 he took x at once--?is be+ ! cu/om>y /imulation4 ,s also1 if ! h& 7 held up1 9 ! usual way :5 dogs are made to leap = food1 ?is dog sprang vigor\sly up & caught ! food2 b he w\ld spr+ up 9 ! same way :5 ! h& 0 held empty1 & cont9ue fruitlessly spr++1 :]eas an un9jur$ dog ceases to spr+ :5 he sees ! h& is empty4--,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,xiv4 p4 #dai4 #bhd ,,gratiolet1 ,anat4 ,comp>e du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #aheg1 p4 #dei4 #bhe ,,lussana e ,,lemoigne1 ,op4 cit41 ,i4 #cfc4 #bhf ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 ,,lx4 pp4 #acj-cc4 ,yet !re are _m physiologi/s :o p]si/ 9 plac+ ! motorium commune 9 ! corpora /rata6 ,& !y place ! s5sorium commune 9 ! optic ?alami1 al?\gh1 n to m5tion ! ambigu\s evid5ce ( ,pa?ology1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,,no!ngel & ,,veyssi,,re %[ t de/ruction ( ! ?alami does n de/roy s5sation4 ,see ,,veyssi,,re1 ,re*]*es sur l'hmiane/hsie de cause crbrale1 #ahgd1 pp4 #hc1 #hd4 ,i may obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t ! notion ( ! corpora /riata be+ ! necess>y *annel = volitional impulses1 & ! optic ?alami = reflex actions1 is utt]ly disprov$ by ! exp]im5tal evid5ce record$ 9 ! text1 z well z 9 #ff4 #bhg ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bde4 ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & ne>] to ! text t ref]5ces !m4 ,footnotes 9 ?is e,book h be5 collect$ & mov$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts entry = ,problem ,,ii1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ref]5c$ ! wrong page2 correct$ "h4