,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a4 ,,?is ,,map ,,%[s ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,glaci]s ,,& ,,iceb]gs1 ,,& ,,! ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,l&s ,,dur+ ,,ice ,,age ,,& ,,also ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,w9ds ,,& ,,ocean ,,curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,,?is ,,map ,,%[s ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,glaci]s ,,& ,,iceb]gs ,,& ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,w9ds ,,& ,,curr5ts ,,at ,,?is ,,date4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,ice ,,age4 ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,tab]4 ,,bo/on3 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis1 #ada ,,frankl9 ,,/reet4 #ahif4 ,,copyright1 #ahif4 ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,tab]4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,,pr9t]1 #ada ,,frankl9 ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 ,,preface4 ,! explanations giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 9 :i* ,i h s\ght to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* an ice age is be+ br\ght ab\t1 is an ext5sion ( a treatise on 8,! ,cause ( ,w>m & ,frigid ,p]iods10 :i* ,i publi%$ 9 a small edition 9 #ahid4 ,&1 f ! small numb] ( copies circulat$1 only a few came to ! h&s ( p]sons p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 su* matt]4 ,yet !re 7 in/ances ( its hav+ prov$ ( special int]e/ to p]sons celebrat$ = _! geological atta9m5ts1 & also to in/ructors 9 physical geography4 ,besides1 x receiv$ consid]ate notice 9 "s ( ! lead+ reviews4 ,be+ ?us some:at enc\rag$1 & ?9k+ t ! subject 0 too important to be neglect$1 ,i h giv5 x fur!r /udy dur+ ! la/ ye>1 & mean:ile h obta9$ additional in=mation f rec5t discov]ies :i* has s]v$ to corroborate my views4 ,h5ce ,i h be5 able to be m explicit 9 my explanations 9 ! pres5t volume ?an 9 my e>li] writ+s4 ,/ill1 :ile act+ z a pione] 9 ! matt]1 x w be se5 t ,i h only attempt$ to expose ! ma9 outl9es1 z my age & fail+ heal? w n p]mit me to ent] into ! volum9\s details necess>y = a full explanation4 ,9 ord] to %[ :y my att5tion has be5 turn$ to ! great climatic *anges :i* h tak5 place dur+ pa/ ages1 & n[ ?reat5 ! future1 ,i w repeat ! introduction ( my e>li] publication1 :]e9 ,i wrote t 8! reason :y ,i h und]tak5 to expla9 ! causes :i* h br\ght ab\t ! w>m & cold epo*s is because ( my be+ unable to h>monize ! sev]al !ories t h be5 publi%$ ) ! g5]al mode ( action :i* nature pursues to-day4 ,hav+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( my life be5 employ$ = a score ( ye>s 9 ! :al+ s]vice1 dur+ :i* "t my sea voyages 7 pass$ 9 cruis+ ov] ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,atlantic1 & ov] ! ,indian ,ocean1 f latitudes nor? ( ! equator to ! s\!rn %ores ( ,k]guel5 ,l&1 & along ! seas ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 ,i also1 9 my se>*+1 cruis$ ov] ! ,pacific ,ocean f ! icy seas s\? ( ,cape ,horn to ! nor!rn latitudes ( ,alaska1 &1 f ,new ,zeal& 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific to ! num]\s isl&s 9 ! tropical zone4 ,& x may be said t among ! *ief ?+s to be le>n$ on su* voyages 0 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds & surface curr5ts ( ! sea4 ,?us ! impressions !n receiv$ 7 9 m9d :51 9 aft] ye>s1 ,i _h my att5tion drawn to ! sev]al !ories advanc$ = expla9+ ! causes :i* produc$ ! w>m & frigid epo*s4 ,b1 s f> z my m>9e exp]i5ce goes1 su* !ories h n h>moniz$ ) nature's mode ( op]at+ at ?is age ( ! _w4 ,!re=e1 ,i h conceiv$ views :i*1 to my m9d1 are m agreeable to ! simple op]ations ( nature ( :i* ,i h long be5 witness4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i h writt5 sev]al %ort essays on climatic *anges s9ce #ahhj1 & also lett]s relat+ to ! same subject1 :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ,sci5ce & ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,b ! space all[$ = ! introduction ( su* matt] 0 necess>ily too limit$ = s wide an explanation z ! subject requir$4 ,! views !n advanc$ ,i h aga9 repeat$1 ) ! addition ( sev]al facts p]ta9+ to physical geography1 :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 h nev] be=e be5 publi%$40 ,,wakefield1 ,,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,june1 #ahif4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,cause ,,( ,,cold ,,& ,,mild ,,p]iods1 #i-cf ,traces ( anci5t glaci]s 9 temp]ate zones1 #i2 prevail+ w9ds ! ma9 cause ( ! circulation ( ! ocean wat]s betwe5 ! tropical & temp]ate zones1 #aj2 g5]al direction ( prevail+ w9ds1 & h[1 9 connection ) cont95ts1 !y circulate ! surface wat]s ( ! sea1 #aa2 high & l[ sea-levels2 sep>ation ( ant>ctic l&s f ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab2 ,capta9 ,l>s5's discov]ies 9 ant>ctic regions1 #ac2 h[ l[ l&s s\? ( ,cape ,horn 7 subm]g$1 #ac2 h[ ! w9ds move m surface wat] s\?w>d ?an nor?w>d1 #ad2 ,dr4 ,croll's views on w9ds & ocean curr5ts1 #af2 "u-curr5ts ( ! ocean1 & h[ caus$1 #af2 ,gulf ,/ream curr5ts1 #ag2 ant>ctic "u-curr5ts1 #ah2 :y ! w9ds 7 able to =ce m ( ! ocean wat]s s\?w>d ?an nor?w>d at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y age1 #ai2 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace's views on ,t]ti>y seas1 #bj2 h[ ! ,cape ,horn *annel affects ! ocean curr5ts1 #ba2 cause ( ! increase ( cold 9 s\!rn latitudes1 #bb2 h[ ! ,cape ,horn *annel is clos$ dur+ ice age1 & its effect on ocean curr5ts & temp]ature ( s\!rn latitudes1 #bd2 ! melt+ ( glaci]s f s\!rn l&s1 #bg2 a salt sea requisite = circulation dur+ ice age1 #bh2 direction ( surface curr5ts 9 s\!rn seas1 #bi2 ,humboldt curr5t1 #cj2 ,agulhas curr5t1 #cb2 temp]ature ( arctic ice1 #cd2 movem5t ( s\!rn iceb]gs1 #ce2 glaci]s s\? ( ,cape ,horn1 #cf4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,ice ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e ,,are ,,br\ght ,,ab\t1 #cg-ed ,nor!rn seas dur+ ,t]ti>y age1 #cg2 ,gulf ,/ream dur+ ,t]ti>y times1 #ch2 ! orig9 ( a cold p]iod 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 #ch2 rem>ks on ,gulf ,/ream & arctic curr5ts1 #ci2 circulation ( arctic wat]s1 #dj2 arctic *annels dur+ ice age1 #da2 h[ ! weight ( glaci]s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e attracts ! wat]s ( ! s\!rn seas dur+ ice age1 #db2 ,pr(essor ,pre/wi* on ! subm]g5ce ( ,european l&s1 #dc2 ! great ,atlantic tide rips ! head-wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 #dd2 high sea-level ( ,atlantic calm region1 #de2 tropical ,atlantic curr5ts1 #df2 ,s>gasso ,sea1 #dh2 arctic & ,gulf ,/ream curr5ts1 #di2 ,pacific ,ocean curr5ts1 #ej2 sl[ gr[? ( an ice p]iod1 #eb2 r$uction ( ,cape ,horn *annel1 #ec2 p]man5ce ( ant>ctic glaci]s elevat$ above ! sn[-l9e dur+ mild p]iods1 #ed4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,spread ,,( ,,glaci]s ,,dur+ ,,cold ,,epo*s1 #ed-fa ,spread ( glaci]s 9 tropical zone1 #ed2 ,pr(essor ,agassiz on ! orig9 ( ,galapagos ,isl&s1 #ee2 ! b[ld]s ( ,hood's ,isl& & rook]y ( ,albatross1 #ef2 alp9e flora ( ,galapagos & tropical ,am]ica1 #eg2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,craw=d on anci5t glaci]s 9 ,nic>agua1 #eh2 ,cuba & ,republic ( ,colombia dur+ ice age1 #eh2 de/ruction ( animal life dur+ glacial age1 #ei2 temp]ature ( ,nor? ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean ,sea dur+ ice age1 #fj2 temp]ature ( ocean dur+ w>m epo*s1 #fa2 g5]ative age ascrib$ to w>m eras2 ,pr(essor ,wright on pre-glacial man1 #fa4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,temp]ate ,,zone1 #fb-ge ,pr(essor ,hit*cock on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #fb2 glacial deposits ( ,nantucket & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 #fc2 ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie on ! glacial deposits ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 #fd2 ,cali=nia coa/ ranges ! "w ( ,si]ra glaci]s1 #fe2 anci5t glaci]s on ! ,pacific slope nor? ( ,cali=nia1 #fg2 ,pr(essor ,geikie's views on ! anci5t glaci]s 9 ! ,salt ,lake region1 #fh2 ,colorado ,caon1 #fi2 ! conglom]ate deposits 9 ! ,appala*ian di/rict1 #fi2 rem>ks on ! glacial b\nd>ies 9 ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ice age1 #gj2 s&s ( ,florida1 #ga2 anci5t ice-%eets ( ! pla9s we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 #gc2 ! driftless region ( ,wiscons91 #gd2 tropical wat]s ( ,nor? ,atlantic *ill$ dur+ ice age1 #ge2 ! drift$ sn[ ( ,briti% ,am]ica & ,sib]ia dur+ ice age1 #ge4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,!ories ,,advanc$ ,,= ,,expla9+ ,,ice ,,p]iods1 #gf-ic ,pr(essor ,geikie on suppos$ causes ( ! glacial p]iod1 #gf2 *ange 9 ! relative level ( ! l& & sea dur+ glacial & po/-glacial times1 #gg2 subm]g5ce ( nor!rn l&s at close ( ice age1 #gh2 ! ma9 cause ( ! movem5t ( wat] f ! nor!rn seas at ! close ( glacial age1 #gi2 :y ! e>?-movem5t hypo!sis %\ld be reject$1 #gi2 glaci]s ( ,europe & ,alaska1 #hj2 ,nor? ,pacific curr5ts1 #ha2 :y ! ,pacific wat]s are gr[+ cool1 #hb2 ! l[]+ temp]ature ( ! nor!rn seas1 #hc2 ! increase ( cold 9 ,europe & ,asia1 #hd2 fall+ temp]ature ( ! ,&ean region1 #he2 ,g5]al ,drayson's a/ronomical discov]ies = expla9+ ! cause ( ice p]iods1 #hg2 :y ! ,gulf ,/ream 0 always conf9$ to ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 #hi2 ! improbability ( ! ,indian ,ocean curr5ts ent]+ ! arctic seas1 #ij2 :y ! increase ( glaci]s mu/ cont9ue :ile ! ,cape ,horn *annel ma9ta9s its pres5t capacity1 #ia2 comm5ts on ! com+ ice age1 #ib2 tropical zone ! abode ( man dur+ ice age1 #ic2 pres]vation ( ! tropical ocean fauna ?r\gh ! glacial p]iod1 #ic4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,cause ,,( ,,cold ,,& ,,mild ,,p]iods4 ,x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ by ^? :o h giv5 ! subject mu* att5tion t ! great] portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica above ! latitude ( #ci nor? to ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean has be5 furr[$ & sc\r$ by ! action ( ice4 ,va/ traces ( anci5t glaci]s are also f\nd 9 ,europe2 = x is report$ t ice-%eets h left unmi/akable m>ks ( hav+ ov]run ! great] "p ( ! l&s ly+ betwe5 ! arctic seas & ! latitude ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,9 ,asia evid5ces ( glacial action h be5 notic$ f ,nor!rn ,sib]ia to ! m\nta9s ( ,syria4 ,! great glaci]s ( ,himalaya h 9 times pa/ atta9$ gigantic proportions4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,*9a huge b[ld]s are f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! valleys1 & a long di/ance f ! m\nta9s4 ,! s\!rn hemisph]e1 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( its l& surface1 %[s ample traces ( =m] ice action4 ,f ! latitude ( #ch s\? to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! we/]n cont95t !re is said to be ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( =m] glacial action 9 num]\s b[ld]s scatt]$ ov] ! l&4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 f ! ,isl& ( ,*iloe to ,cape ,horn1 ! coa/ is fr+$ ) deep fiords1 :i* appe> to be *annell$ out by ice1 l ! fiords ( ,norway & ,gre5l&4 ,& at ?is date ! m\nta9s ( t s\!rn region are cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! glaci]s :i* fl[ d[n ! valleys are said to rea* ! tide-wat] z f> nor? z ! latitude ( #dg s\?4 ,! glaci]s ( ,new ,zeal&1 n[ ( ,alp9e proportions1 dur+ ! ice age desc5d$ to ! sea1 & *annell$ ! deep fiords on its s\?-we/]n coa/2 & c]ta9 traces ( glacial action h be5 obs]v$ 9 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 & also 9 ! prov9ce ( ,natal1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,k]guel5 ,l& is pi]c$ ) deep1 n>r[ fiords1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 ! "w ( anci5t glaci]s4 ,! l&s s\? ( ! ant>ctic circle are to-day suppos$ to be cov]$ by an ice-%eet1 ( :i* ! great ice b>ri] surr\nd+ t region furni%es ample pro(4 ,:ile impress$ ) ! above reports ( ! "w ( anci5t glaci]s1 9 connection ) my own obs]vations along ! %ores ( ! sev]al oceans1 ,i h be5 l$ to seek = ! physical causes :i* br\ght ab\t ! great climatic *anges ( pa/ geological ages4 ,&1 :ile hav+ ! subject "u consid]ation1 ,i h _h my att5tion direct$ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! great prevail+ w9ds 9 connection ) cont95tal l&s are able to move ! heat$ surface wat]s ( ! tropical oceans into ! cold] zones1 & also transf] ! cold wat]s ( ! high] latitudes into ! tropical zones4 ,& x is ?r\gh ?is gr& movem5t ( ! ocean wat]s t we are enabl$ to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( places n[ ly+ 9 ! same p>allels ( latitude4 ,! natural me?ods = convey+ tropical heat into ! high] latitudes1 & also = exclud+ x !refrom1 are s simple & effici5t t on due consid]ation we are able to conceive h[ epo*s possess+ mild climates h be5 succe$$ by p]iods ( frigidity4 ,x has be5 admitt$ by sev]al writ]s on climatic *anges t1 %\ld ! tropical surface wat]s ( ! ocean be mov$ into ! high latitudes 9 l>ge volume1 ?us add+ _! w>m? to ! heat imp>t$ by ! sun1 su* comb9$ heat w\ld cause a mild climate4 ,& x has be5 e/imat$ t ! am\nt ( equatorial heat mov$ into ! temp]ate & pol> regions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e by ! ,gulf ,/ream alone is equal to "o-f\r? ( all ! heat receiv$ f ! sun by ! ,nor? ,atlantic f ! tropic ( ,canc] to ! arctic circle4 ,/ill1 x appe>s to me1 :ile view+ ! subject f a m>9e /&po9t1 t ! expla9]s ( climatic *anges h nev] fully compreh5d$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean are mov$ f ! tropics into ! high latitudes1 & return$ f ! high latitudes to ! tropics4 ,consequ5tly1 !y h neglect$ necess>y & effici5t natural ag5ts 9 _! explanatory !ories1 & ) mu* le>n+ & +5uity h labori\sly s\ght to %[ h[ great *anges ( climate c\ld be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh o!r causes4 ,b :5 we notice ! simple me?ods employ$ by nature to-day = transf]r+ ! heat ( ! tropics into ! high] latitudes1 & also ! mann] ( exclud+ su* heat !refrom1 !y appe> to af=d an explanation = ! great *anges ( climate :i* h tak5 place dur+ pa/ ages2 = x appe>s t ! natural mann] ( proce$+ by :i* heat is mov$ f ! torrid zone into ! high latitudes suffici5t to cause a mild climate is ?r\gh ! ocean curr5ts :i* are con/antly set 9 motion by ! great prevail+ w9ds ( ! globe4 ,^! w9ds1 z is well kn[n1 bl[ mo/ly f ! ea/ t[>d ! we/ 9 ! tropics1 & f ! we/ t[>d ! ea/ 9 ! high latitudes4 ,?is c\nt]-movem5t ( ! w9ds1 9 connection ) a cont95t ext5d+ bo? nor?w>d & s\?w>d f ! equator ov] _m degrees ( latitude1 su* z obta9s on ! we/]n cont95t1 is abundantly able to create ext5sive depressions & elevations on ! ocean's surface1 & ?us cause va/ /reams ( wat] to move by gravity f ! high sea-levels to ! l[ sea-levels2 & 9 ?is way ! tropical wat]s h be5 mov$ dur+ pa/ ages1 & to a consid]able ext5t are n[ mov$ f> into ! nor!rn & s\!rn seas4 ,?is transf] ( ! ocean wat]s is ! ma9 cause ( a temp]ate climate be+ enjoy$ by c\ntries situat$ 9 ! high latitudes at ?is age4 ,b1 9 ord] t ! tropical curr5ts %\ld be able to fl[ into ! high latitudes1 9 quantities suffici5t to cause all l&s & seas situat$ 9 su* latitudes to enjoy a mild climate1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! l& %\ld ext5d unbrok51 or ne>ly s1 f ! arctic to ! ant>ctic circles4 ,?us1 ) a cont95t ( su* va/ ext5t1 ! we/]ly w9ds w\ld bl[ ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean away f ! ea/]n %ores 9 ! high latitudes1 & s cause ext5sive l[ sea-levels2 :ile ! ea/]ly w9ds ( ! torrid zone w\ld heap ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean aga9/ ! ea/]n tropical %ores ( ! cont95t4 ,consequ5tly1 ! w>m wat]s ( ! tropical high sea-level w\ld be mov$ by gravity to ! l[ sea-levels ( ! high latitudes1 ev5 to ! arctic & ant>ctic regions1 & ?us af=d !m a mild climate4 ,9 ?is way we acc\nt = ! mild climate enjoy$ on l&s & seas )9 ! high latitudes dur+ ! w>m epo*s ant]ior to ! glacial p]iods4 ,z ! we/]n cont95t is ! only l& t ext5ds unbrok5 f ! equator to ! cold latitudes ( bo? hemisph]es1 ?us af=d+ an opportunity = ! prevail+ w9ds to move ! tropical wat]s into ! high latitudes1 ,i w call att5tion to t portion ( ! cont95t :i* ext5ds f> s\?w>d into ! s\!rn ocean1 :]e ! w9ds & ocean curr5ts h ! greate/ range & p[] to affect ! climate on diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe4 ,"h we see ,s\? ,am]ica sep>at$ f ! ant>ctic cont95t by a wide *annel ( deep wat]1 :]e ! we/]ly w9ds bl[ ) great =ce4 ,! space n[ cov]$ by ?is int]e/+ *annel1 ow+ to its be+ situat$ 9 ! high s\!rn latitudes1 mu/ h be5 occupi$ by a *annel ( comp>atively small capacity1 or else an i/hmus ( l[ l& unit+ ! s\!rn portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica ) ! ant>ctic cont95t dur+ ! w>m epo*s :5 ! b$s ( ! anci5t seas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e conta9$ a consid]able portion ( ! wat] n[ swell+ ! s\!rn ocean4 ,!re=e1 ! ob/ructions :i* sep>at$ ! ,pacific ,ocean f ! ,s\? ,atlantic furni%$ opportunity = ! we/]ly w9ds to =ce ! surface wat]s ( ! sea away f ! leew>d side ( su* ob/ructions1 caus+ a va/ l[ sea-level1 suffici5t to attract ! tropical wat]s heap$ aga9/ ,brazil by ! trade w9ds into ! s\!rn seas 9 adequate quantity to cause a mild climate ?r\gh\t ! ant>ctic regions ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t4 ,rec5t discov]ies h prov$ t ^! high s\!rn latitudes h be5 subject to great *anges ( climate4 ,accord+ to ! reports f ! ,dundee :al]s1 :ile se>*+ = seal 9 ! icy seas t surr\nd ! ,s\? ,%etl&s1 !y met ) ! ,norwegian %ip 8,jason10 ,capta9 ,l>s51 :o _h trac$ ! ea/]n %ore ( ,graham ,l& to #fh s\? latitude1 not+ two active volcanoes4 ,! same m>9] br\ght f ,seym\r ,isl& fossil %ells & conif]\s wood ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,^! furni% suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t a w>m] climate once prevail$ !re4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial age ! ob/ructions :i* sep>at$ ! ,s\? ,pacific f ! ,s\? ,atlantic _h become deeply subm]g$ by ! sea1 :i* may h be5 caus$ by a t5d5cy ( ! ocean's wat]s to move s\?w>d or by a comp>ative small movem5t 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( ! /ability ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? dur+ times s late z ! glacial epo*s1 ! subm]g5ce ( ?is s\!rn region 0 probably ow+ to ! movem5t ( ! ocean's wat]s f ! nor!rn hemisph]e into ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* appe>s to h be5 br\ght ab\t mo/ly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! great prevail+ w9ds2 = x seems to h happ5$ t ! prevail+ w9ds on acc\nt ( ! disposition ( ! l&s & seas 7 able to move m ( ! ocean wat]s s\?w>d ?an !y mov$ nor?w>d dur+ ! age prec$+ ! glacial p]iods4 ,! wat]s ?us sl[ly & gradually =c$ into ! high s\!rn latitudes mu/ h depriv$ ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( _! heav9ess1 & add$ _! weight to ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re=e1 ! wat]s mov$ s\?w>d c\ld n all be return$ to ! seas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e by gravity1 = ! reason t ! e>?'s c5tre ( attraction w\ld *ange 9 accordance ) ! weight ( wat] mov$ f ! nor!rn hemisph]e into ! s\!rn4 ,x w ?us be se5 t1 :ile ! nor!rn seas 7 dra9$ or became %all[1 ! augm5t$ s\!rn oceans deeply subm]g$ ! region s\? ( ,cape ,horn1 ?us widely sep>at+ ! we/]n cont95t f ! ant>ctic l&s4 ,al?\gh ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds on ! ea/]n sides ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans ext5d fur!r nor?w>d ?an ! nor?-ea/ trade w9ds ext5d s\?w>d1 ow+ to ! heat$ tropical %ores nor? ( ! equator be+ m ext5sive ?an su* l&s s\? ( ! equator1 /ill1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al weakness ( ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds at ! equator1 & also because ( ! ob/ruct+ nor!rn l&s1 !y h dur+ remote times1 & at ?is age1 be5 l>gely prev5t$ f impell+ ! surface wat]s ( ! sea into ! nor!rn latitudes 9 opposition to ! brisk nor?-ea/ trades4 ,fur!rmore1 on acc\nt ( ! wid5+ ( ! oceans z !y ext5d s\?w>d1 ! surface curr5ts sett+ 9 ! latt] direction h m broad & easy passages ?an ! great curr5ts sett+ nor?w>d4 ,moreov]1 ! great curr5ts sett+ s\?w>d on ! we/]n sides ( ! oceans s\? ( ! equator are also mu* assi/$ dur+ ! s\!rn summ] mon?s by ! /rong nor?-ea/ monsoons :i* prevail along ! ea/ coa/ ( equatorial ,africa & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica z f> z ! latitude ( #cj s\?4 ,! ,s\? ,african curr5t is impell$ nor?w>d by ! trade w9ds d[n ! s\?-we/]n coa/ ( ,africa2 b x is deb>r$ f ent]+ ! nor!rn latitudes by ! ,gu9ea curr5ts1 & s turn$ away into ! s\? equatorial curr5t :i* fl[s into ! ,brazilian /ream4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream is mu* ob/ruct$ 9 its nor!rn movem5t by ! n>r[ ,florida *annel & ! oppos+ arctic curr5ts1 & also by ! tr5d ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ ea/w>d2 :ile its return curr5t on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,atlantic has a mu* less ob/ruct$ passage 9 its s\!rn movem5t1 &1 :ile on its way pa/ ! ,azores & ,madeira ,isl&s1 is l>gely assi/$ by ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,! ,brazil curr5t1 ) ! impell+ =ce ( a /rong nor?-ea/ monsoon dur+ ! summ] season1 has no ob/ruction :atev] 9 its s\!rn passage until x meets ) an (f%oot f ! great drift curr5t ( ! s\!rn ocean4 ,& ! same favorable conditions are obta9$ by ! great curr5ts sett+ s\?w>d on ! we/]n sides ( ! ,s\? ,pacific :ile on _! way to ! l[ sea-levels ea/ ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,t portion ( ! equatorial /ream ( ! ,pacific :i* cont9ues we/ across ! ,indian ,ocean f9ds no op5 passage to ! nor!rn seas4 ,consequ5tly1 x turns s\? along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa into ! s\!rn seas4 ,!re=e1 ?is curr5t1 9 connection ) ! great curr5ts sett+ s\?w>d ea/ ( ,au/ralia1 (fsets ! great ,humboldt curr5t sett+ nor? along ! coa/ ( ,p]u4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,pacific ! ,japanese curr5t sett+ nor?w>d is ob/ruct$ by ! n>r[+ ( ! ocean2 :ile its return curr5t on ! ,am]ican side has a con/antly wid5+ ocean on its passage s\?w>d1 & also favorable w9ds to impel ! surface wat]s t[>d ! equator4 ,/ill1 ) all ! facilities above m5tion$ = ! movem5t ( ! ocean wat]s into ! s\!rn latitudes1 x is probable t s9ce ! %all[ seas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 dra9$1 or mu* dim9i%$1 ! prevail+ w9ds h n possess$ suffici5t =ce to fur!r augm5t ! s\!rn seas1 because ( ! sup]ior weight ( ! l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e comp>$ ) ! l&s s\? ( ! equator4 ,x w appe> to ^? :o attribute ! rotation ( ! e>? z be+ ! ma9 cause ( ocean curr5ts t ,i am too mu* giv5 ov] to ! w9d !ory4 ,b ,i h reason to believe1 z ,dr4 ,croll has ass]t$1 t 8! w9ds are ! pr9cipal cause ( ! ocean curr5ts1 & are n due to ! trade w9ds alone1 b to ! g5]al impulse ( ! prevail+ w9ds ( ! globe40 ,dr4 ,croll also decl>es t 8all ( ! pr9cipal curr5ts ( ! globe are mov+ 9 ! exact direction :i* !y ought to move1 assum+ ! w9ds to be ! sole impell+ cause40 ,^? :o ?9k t ! rotation ( ! e>? is ! real cause ( ! movem5t ( ! great surface curr5ts ( ! sea %\ld expla9 9 "s reasonable way :y ! ,agulhas curr5t turns we/ into ! ,atlantic f ! ,mozambique /ream1 & :y ! ,gu9ea curr5t turns to ! ea/ f ! ma9 tropical curr5t ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic2 = x seems t ^! two great curr5ts move 9 direct opposition to ! rotation !ory1 :ile at ! same "t _m ?+s g to %[ t !y receive _! motion f ! w9ds4 ,?is view ( ! "q w receive fur!r att5tion 9 succe$+ pages4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s writ]s t a diff]5ce ( temp]ature & d5sity betwe5 ! wat]s ( ! pol> latitudes & ! torrid zone is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! movem5t ( ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean f ! equatorial latitudes t[>d ! pol> seas1 & s return$ 9 "u-curr5ts2 & ?is is a favorable factor = assi/+ ! w9ds on "s p>ts ( ! sea1 especially 9 aid+ ! ,brazil curr5t 9 mov+ ! surface wat]s f ! high sea-levels abrea/ ,brazil1 & ! equatorial calm belt ( ! ,atlantic into ! s\!rn ocean1 & also = favor+ ! surface curr5ts sett+ s\?w>d on ! we/]n sides ( ! ,s\? ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 ,yet1 :atev] gravitat+ =ce x may possess = assi/+ ! above-nam$ curr5ts1 x w\ld also act aga9/ ! impell+ =ce ( ! trade w9ds1 :ile !y 7 drift+ ! surface wat]s nor?w>d t[>d ! equator on ! ea/]n sides ( ! sev]al oceans1 & also to ret>d ! return+ surface curr5ts1 :ile be+ drift$ by ! w9ds s\?w>d on ! ea/]n sides ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,nor? ,pacific4 ,!re=e1 :ile x w\ld seem to favor ! w9ds 9 _! "w on ! "o h&1 x w\ld act z an oppos+ ag5t on o!r p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,/ill1 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! tropical & ant>ctic seas probably does act 9 opposition to ! wide & brisk trade w9ds on ! ea/]n sides ( ! great oceans s\? ( ! equator1 & s prev5ts _! impell+ ! surface wat]s nor?w>d to a great ext5t2 & ?is seems to be "o great cause ( !re be+ less surface wat] mov$ nor?w>d ?an s\?w>d ov] ! greate/ oceans ( ! globe4 ,! !ory t ! diff]5ce ( d5sity caus$ by ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! pol> seas & ! equatorial oceans made "u-curr5ts to fl[ f ! pol> latitudes1 & meet 9 ! equatorial seas1 c only be c>ri$ on 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & 9 a comp>atively less p]fect way 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & n at all 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! ,nor? ,atlantic be+ op5 to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 a portion ( ! ,gulf ,/ream wat]s t ent] x f ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe d s9k & return s\?w>d 9 "u-curr5ts2 & ! cold wat]s :i* pass d[n ! ea/ & we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& also s9k "u ! ,gulf ,/ream :ile on _! s\!rn movem5t4 ,! meet+ ( ^! arctic curr5ts ) ! cold "u-curr5ts f ! ant>ctic seas 9 ! tropical zone is probably "o cause ( _! cold wat]s ris+ ne> ! surface ( ! sea 9 ! torrid latitudes ( ! ,atlantic2 & ! same conditions probably obta9 9 a some:at less degree 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,yet x appe>s t ! cold wat]s ( ! ,ant>ctic occupy ! l>ge/ space 9 ! tropical zone1 ev5 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 8 lectures on ,ocean ,curr5ts1 speaks ( meet+ ) ant>ctic wat] s f> nor? z ! latitudes ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 & he also says t all ( ! ,pacific ,ocean at its dep?s is suppli$ f ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 z are ! cold "u-wat]s ( ! tropical ,indian ,ocean1 :i* ext5d ov] tw5ty degrees nor? ( ! equator4 ,?us1 f :at we c le>n ( ! ant>ctic "u-curr5ts1 !y seem to %[ t !y are n :olly attract$ nor?w>d on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! ant>ctic & ! tropical oceans1 b p>tly because ( m surface wat] be+ mov$ s\?w>d by ! prevail+ w9ds ?an !y are able to move nor?w>d4 ,& x appe>s t1 if ?r\gh ! w9ds1 comb9$ ) ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! ant>ctic seas & ! equatorial wat]s1 & also because ( ! oceans wid5+ t[>d ! s\?1 m surface wat] is be+ c>ri$ s\?w>d ?an nor?w>d1 ! wat]s ( ! "u-curr5ts s caus$ mu/ rise t[>d ! surface 9 ! latitudes f :i* !y 7 fir/ remov$4 ,hav+ call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! prevail+ w9ds are n able at ?is date to augm5t ! s\!rn ocean wat]s f ! scanty nor!rn seas1 because ( ! prepond]ance ( nor!rn l&s1 /ill !re is reason to believe t ev5 n[1 ow+ to ! =m ( cont95ts & oceans1 & ! attraction ( ! tropical surface wat]s into ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean because ( ! diff]5ce ( d5sity betwe5 ! w>m & cold seas1 ! prevail+ w9ds ( ?is age are able to =ce m ( ! surface wat]s ( ! sea s\?w>d ?an !y =ce nor?w>d2 b1 ow+ to ! sup]ior weight ( ! l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! surplus surface wat] =c$ into ! s\!rn seas is return$ by gravity aft] be+ cool$ by ! ant>ctic ice1 & s add+ to ! deep "u-curr5ts :i* fl[ ) a sluggi% movem5t ov] ! bottom ( ! sea into ! tropical & nor!rn temp]ate latitudes4 ,& 9 ?is way ! nor!rn oceans are ma9ta9$ at _! pres5t sea-level4 ,! cold "u-curr5ts are probably assi/$ 9 _! nor!rn movem5t by :atev] diff]5ce !re may be 9 ! d5sity ( ! ant>ctic wat]s ov] ! bottom wat]s ( ! equatorial seas4 ,b1 z su* curr5ts ext5d into ! nor!rn tropical latitudes ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 x seems t ! w9ds are ! ma9 cause ( ! "u-curr5ts :i* c>ry s mu* ant>ctic cold into ! nor!rn tropical seas1 because ! w9ds h =c$ an undue proportion ( ocean surface wat] s\?w>d1 to be attract$ nor?w>d 9 "u-curr5ts by ! prepond]at+ nor!rn l&s4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! sup]ior weight ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 x appe>s t !re h be5 p]iods :5 !re 0 some:at m wat] 9 ! oceans ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e ?an n[2 = x is report$ t a portion ( ! l[ l&s ( ,au/ralia %[ traces ( hav+ be5 subm]g$ dur+ late geological times4 ,?is may h happ5$ ?r\gh an increas$ weight 9 ! ant>ctic glaci]s1 :i* h 9 pa/ ages1 & probably may 9 future epo*s1 cause m ( ! ocean wat]s to be attract$ s\?w>d ?an n[ obta9s4 ,b x is probable t an increase ( s\!rn ice w\ld be l>gely c\nt]balanc$ by ! accumulation ( ice on nor!rn l&s4 ,yet x appe>s c]ta9 t s9ce ! ,t]ti>y epo* ! wat]s ( va/ %all[ seas h be5 mov$ f ! nor!rn hemisph]e into ! s\!rn4 ,! dry b$s ( ! anci5t nor!rn seas enc\rage ?is op9ion1 :ile ! comp>atively small area ( s\!rn l&s s]ves to support su* views4 ,/ill1 dur+ ! ages prior to ! glacial p]iods1 :ile ! l[ l&s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 cov]$ by ! sea1 ! wide %oal *annels :i* subm]g$ ! l[] portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica af=d$ conv5i5t passages = ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean 9 _! nor!rn movem5t1 & s prev5t$ ! oceans ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e f ga9+ undue prepond]ance4 ,h5ce long geological ages pass$ away be=e ! w9ds 7 able to =ce m ( ! ocean wat]s s\?w>d ?an !y c\ld move nor?w>d1 & ?us augm5t ! s\!rn ocean f ! wat]s ( ! nor!rn seas4 ,b ! sl[ gr[? ( su* imm5se m>9e deposits 9 ! %all[ seas z are f\nd 9 ! ,florida ,p59sula & o!r portions ( t region 0 at l5g? suffici5t to greatly ob/ruct ! passage ( ! ,gulf curr5ts 9 _! nor!rn movem5t1 & ?us cause conditions :i* enabl$ ! w9ds to =ce m ( ! ocean wat]s s\?w>d ?an !y c\ld move nor?w>d aft] ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace says 9 8,isl& ,life0 t ! seas 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod cov]$ a mu* l>g] area ?an n[1 & ext5d$ across ,c5tral ,europe & portions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & ! ,arctic ,ocean 0 enl>g$4 ,z x is n likely t any portion ( ! wat]s ( ! sea h be5 absorb$ by ! e>? dur+ ! late epo*s 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 !re=e ! ocean wat]s h n dim9i%$ except dur+ cold p]iods1 :5 ! wat] evaporat$ f ! sea 0 conv]t$ into ice1 &1 ev5tually1 aga9 return$ to ! sea4 ,?us x necess>ily foll[s t1 :5 ! seas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e conta9$ a mu* l>g] portion ( ! wat]s ( ! globe ?an at ?is age1 ! seas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e mu/ h conta9$ proportionally less4 ,consequ5tly1 dur+ su* times a portion ( ! %oal seas ( ! high s\!rn latitudes mu/ h be5 dry l&4 ,!re=e1 ?is mu/ h be5 ! condition ( ! %all[ sea bas9s 9 ! region ( ,cape ,horn4 ,mr4 ,wallace also says t 8_m peculi>ities 9 ! di/ribution ( plants & "s gr\ps ( animals 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e r5d] x almo/ c]ta9 t !re has sometimes be5 a great] ext5sion ( ant>ctic l&s dur+ ,t]ti>y times40 ,& he also ass]ts t ! great ocean bas9s h n *ang$1 & t ! =m ( cont95ts has be5 p]man5t4 ,x w ?us be se5 t x 0 ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! ocean's wat]s s\?w>d t ! l[ l&s s\? ( ,cape ,horn 7 cov]$ ) wat] previ\s to ! frigid p]iods1 & s caus$ ! wide sep>ation betwe5 ! we/]n cont95t & ! ant>ctic l&s4 ,! ,cape ,horn *annel ?us enl>g$1 ! cont9u\s mildness ( ! high s\!rn latitudes :i* possess$ ! e>li] ages came to an end1 & gave place to alt]nate epo*s ( frigid & mild wea!r4 ,= x appe>s t x is ow+ to ! creation or enl>gem5t ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel t x is possible = frigid p]iods to be br\ght ab\t1 = ! reason t its enl>g$ space ( wat] prev5ts ! we/]ly w9ds f ma9ta9+ a great l[ sea-level 9 ! high] latitudes ( ! s\!rn ocean2 =1 :5ev] ! capacity ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel is enl>g$1 ! we/]ly w9ds1 in/ead ( ma9ta9+ a l[ sea-level on ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 employ _! =ce 9 impell+ ! surface wat] ( ! s\!rn seas ar\nd ! globe4 ,& ?is "w ! /rong we/]ly w9ds ( ! high s\!rn latitudes h always accompli%$ :5ev] ! ,cape ,horn *annel 0 widely op51 & ?is is :at ! w9ds are do+ at ?is date4 ,!re=e1 su* wat]s ( ! torrid zone z are mov$ s\?w>d f _! high sea-level1 caus$ by ! trade w9ds abrea/ ! ,brazilian coa/1 are l>gely turn$ away f ! high s\!rn latitudes4 ,x is true1 ev5 ) an enl>g$ ,cape ,horn *annel1 !y c always fl[ along ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/ to an inf]ior l[ sea-level1 caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds bl[+ ! surface wat]s ( ! sea away f ! coa/ ( ,arg5t9e & ,patagonia2 b on ga9+ t region !y meet ! cold ice-be>+ curr5ts :i* turn away ea/ ( ,cape ,horn f ! great s\!rn drift curr5t to ga9 ! same l[ sea-level :i* attracts ! ,brazil wat]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ice-be>+ curr5ts f ! s\?1 :i* bran* (f f ! great s\!rn drift curr5t1 are able to l>gely turn away ! w>m ,brazil curr5t f ! high] s\!rn latitudes2 &1 fur!rmore1 ! great s\!rn drift curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 & s onw>d ar\nd ! globe1 also p>tly turns away ! ,mozambique curr5t z well z ! ,ea/ ,au/ralian curr5t1 & s l>gely prev5ts _! wat]s f w>m+ ! s\!rn seas4 ,!re=e1 x is evid5t t1 :5ev] ! ,cape ,horn *annel obta9s suffici5t capacity to give an indep5d5t circulation to ! s\!rn ocean1 ! conditions are favorable = ! increase ( cold 9 ! s\!rn latitudes4 ,= x is because ( ! l>ge exclusion ( ! tropical wat]s f ! s\!rn seas t ice-%eets h be5 able to =m 9 e>ly p]iods & 9 lat] epo*s on ! ant>ctic l&s1 & /ore away ! annual fro/s = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & at ! same "t furni% iceb]gs suffici5t to *ill ! wat]s ( ! s\!rn temp]ate oceans1 & consequ5tly make cold su* ( ! surface wat]s ( ! sea z are =c$ into ! s\!rn latitudes by ! w9ds 9 surface curr5ts1 & s return$ to w>m] seas 9 cold "u-curr5ts1 & ?us ) su* frigid comb9ations br+ ab\t cold p]iods4 ,?us x appe>s1 z ,i h previ\sly %[n1 t x is ow+ p>tly to !re be+ m ( ! surface wat]s ( ! sea =c$ s\?w>d by ! prevail+ w9ds ?an !y impel nor?w>d t ! cold "u-curr5ts are ma9ta9$2 b x also requires an indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean1 su* z ,i h po9t$ out1 to cool its surface wat]s be=e !y c s9k & =m cold "u-curr5ts4 ,& !re is reason to believe t su* cold "u-curr5ts are m effici5t 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! temp]ate & tropical oceans ?an ev5 ! iceb]gs :i* su* "u-curr5ts move into ! temp]ate seas4 ,&1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! cold ant>ctic "u-curr5ts fill ! dep?s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & also l>gely ! tropical dep?s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,i am l$ to believe t ! frigid conditions ( ! ice age 7 concurr5t 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,! ma9 reasons = su* belief ,i w expla9 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,aft] ! =ego+ explanations1 %[+ h[ frigid p]iods are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean surface wat]s1 x is evid5t t1 :5ev] ?r\gh a sl[ natural process ! ,cape ,horn *annel is clos$1 a great *ange is wr\ght 9 ! circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean4 ,= in/ead ( ! we/]ly w9ds bl[+ ! surface wat]s ( ! s\!rn seas con/antly ar\nd ! globe1 & s turn+ away & prev5t+ ! entrance ( ! tropical curr5ts into ! high s\!rn latitudes1 ! /rong we/]ly w9ds1 :5ev] ! ,cape ,horn *annel is clos$ or greatly ob/ruct$1 w\ld bl[ ! surface wat]s away f ! ,atlantic side ( ! clos$ *annel1 & s cause a great l[ sea-level1 suffici5t to attract ! ocean wat]s ( ! tropical high sea-level abrea/ ,brazil well into ! s\!rn seas4 ,!re=e1 x is important to trace nature's sl[ me?ods ( clos+ ! wide ,cape ,horn *annel at ! p]fection ( an ice age4 ,9 my previ\s explanations on ! subject ,i h ?\ght t1 %\ld ! s\!rn seas h rema9$ at or ne> ! same sea-level z n[1 ?r\gh an ice p]iod br\ght ab\t 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 ice-%eets w\ld accumulate on ! ant>ctic cont95t1 & also on ! s\!rn l&s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 suffici5t to fl[ out into ! sea & close ! ,cape ,horn *annel4 ,b fur!r consid]ation %[s ! impossibility ( ! s\!rn seas hav+ ma9ta9$ _! pres5t sea-level dur+ ! gr[? ( frigid epo*s :i* h left su* ample traces ( glaci]s hav+ ext5d$ widely ov] ! l&s ( ! high latitudes ( bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,= x appe>s t ! l>g] areas ( l& 9 ! nor!rn latitudes1 embrac+ wide cont95ts & l>ge isl&s1 mu/1 dur+ ! gr[? ( a frigid age1 h increas$ ! spread ( glaci]s _m times great] 9 ext5t ?an c\ld be obta9$ on ! small] l&s ( ! high latitudes ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,= x is evid5t t ! wat] evaporat$ f ! sea & deposit$ 9 sn[ on ! l>ge cont95ts & isl&s ( ! high nor!rn latitudes dur+ ! gr[? ( an ice p]iod w\ld1 :ile ?us dim9i%+ ! ocean wat]s1 greatly increase ! weight ( nor!rn l&s4 ,!re=e1 ! wat]s ( ! dim9i%+ seas ( ! s\!rn latitudes w\ld be attract$ into ! nor!rn oceans 9 opposition to ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,?us x appe>s t ! ,cape ,horn *annel w\ld be too mu* r$uc$ at ! p]fection ( an ice age to af=d an indep5d5t circulation = ! s\!rn ocean1 ev5 )\t be+ fill$ by glaci]s to ! ext5t ,i h po9t$ out 9 previ\s essays4 ,/ill1 to :atev] dim5sions ! ,cape ,horn *annel might be r$uc$ at ! p]fection ( a frigid p]iod1 ! enl>g$ %ores bord]+ its dim9i%$ wat]s w\ld be cov]$ by heavy glaci]s t w\ld fl[ into ! %runk5 /rait1 & s close x effectually4 ,?us ! r$uction ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel dur+ ! advance ( an ice age seems1 on close consid]ation1 to be a simple op]ation ( nature1 :i* 9 ! normal c\rse ( ev5ts mu/ h tak5 place4 ,z ! clos+ ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel has be5 consid]$ by review]s ! weak & que/ionable po9t 9 prev5t+ my views f ga9+ acceptance1 x becomes necess>y to be explicit conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,cape ,horn *annel has 9 pa/ ages be5 ob/ruct$4 ,accord+ to ! *>ts prep>$ by ,john ,james ,wild1 ! middle portion ( ! /rait is repres5t$ z be+ ov] a ?\s& fa?oms 9 dep?2 b1 z f> z ,i "k1 its true s\nd+s h nev] be5 det]m9$4 ,! deep portion ( ! mid-*annel is describ$ z be+ n>r[ :5 comp>$ ) its :ole bread? f ,cape ,horn to ! ant>ctic cont95t4 ,&1 :5 x is consid]$1 ) ! gr[? ( an ice age1 h[ mu* ( ! ocean wat]s w\ld be /or$ 9 ! va/ ice-%eets ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & consequ5tly because ( _! weight a l>ge portion ( ! dim9i%$ s\!rn oceans w\ld be attract$ into ! nor!rn seas1 x seems t ! bottom ( ! %oal] wat]s ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 :i* n[ comprise s l>ge a portion ( its bread?1 w\ld be rais$ above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,! "o-hundr$-fa?om dep? s\? ( ,cape ,horn1 n[ suppos$ to ext5d f longitude #gj we/ to #ee we/1 & s\?w>d to ! latitude ( #eg1 w\ld be a l& support+ heavy glaci]s = six hundr$ miles along ! nor? side ( ! r$uc$ *annel dur+ ! advanc$ gr[? ( a frigid age2 & ! same conditions w\ld be obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,s\? ,%etl&4 ,& :51 9 addition1 we contemplate ! great sn[-fall ( t region1 & ! consequ5t ga!r+ ( glaci]s :i* w\ld occur on ! wid5$ %ores ( ! less5$ *annel1 & ! c]ta9ty ( _! fl[+ into ! dim9i%$ /rait1 toge!r ) ! imm5se iceb]gs ( su* an age gr\nd+ 9 ! %oal$ wat]s1 x seems t ! complete ob/ruction ( ! r$uc$ *annel w\ld be accompli%$4 ,:ile contemplat+ ! conditions t w\ld obta9 :ile ! ,cape ,horn *annel 0 be+ r$uc$1 x w be se5 t ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! icy s\!rn ocean w\ld be c>ri$ on to a consid]able ext5t ev5 aft] ! n>r[+ /rait 0 no long] able to af=d space = wide drift curr5ts1 = ! reason ( ! /rong curr5t t w\ld be caus$ on acc\nt ( ! high ocean-level ma9ta9$ by ! we/]ly w9ds on ! ,pacific side ( ! dim9i%+ *annel1 & ! great l[ sea-level t w\ld take place on its ,atlantic side4 ,/ill1 z previ\sly %[n1 x seems t dur+ an advanc$ /age ( ! frigid epo*1 ! heavy glaci]s f ! enl>g$ nor!rn & s\!rn %ores ( ! %runk5 *annel1 toge!r ) ! pond]\s iceb]gs1 block+ its wat]s1 ! clos+ process w\ld at la/ be spe$y & effective4 ,& on fur!r consid]ation x might be said t a *annel ( mu* less wid? & dep? w\ld n h be5 ( suffici5t capacity to h caus$ ice p]iods s wide-spread z ^? t h left _! traces on ! cont95ts & isl&s ( ! globe1 = ! reason t ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean w\ld n h be5 suffici5tly complete & long cont9u$ to h br\ght su* _w-wide cold p]iods to p]fection4 ,) ! ,cape ,horn *annel clos$1 z above expla9$1 !re w\ld be1 z ,i h ass]t$1 a great *ange wr\ght 9 ! circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean2 = in/ead ( ! we/]ly w9ds bl[+ its surface wat]s con/antly ar\nd ! globe1 & s turn+ away & prev5t+ ! entrance ( tropical curr5ts into ! high] latitudes1 ! /rong prevail+ we/]ly w9ds w\ld bl[ ! surface wat]s ( ! sea f ! ,atlantic side ( ! clos$ ,cape ,horn *annel1 & s cause a great l[ sea-level1 suffici5t to attract ! ocean wat]s ( ! tropical high sea-level abrea/ ,brazil well into ! s\!rn seas4 ,! w9ds ( ! s\!rn we/]ly w9d-belt be+ /rong] 9 t region ?an on any o!r portion ( ! globe1 consequ5tly !y are able to d ne>ly z mu* "w :ile drift+ surface wat] z ! belt ( we/]ly w9d ( great] wid? on o!r p>ts ( ! s\!rn seas4 ,?us a p]son :o has _h a long exp]i5ce ) ! =cible we/]ly w9ds ( ! s\!rn ocean c well und]/& _! ability = di/urb+ ! ocean wat]s 9 ! latitudes ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel4 ,! drift curr5ts ( ?is region are mov$ by ! w9ds & waves f "o to f\r miles an h\r4 ,!re=e1 ) ! ,cape ,horn *annel clos$1 !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t ! we/]ly w9ds w\ld be able to cause a va/ l[ sea-level on ! ,atlantic side ( ! clos$ ,cape ,horn /rait1 & t ! wat]s ( ! high tropical sea-level abrea/ ,brazil w\ld be attract$ to its wide depression1 z %[n on map ,no4 #a4 ,! tropical wat]s ?us attract$ f> s\?w>d w\ld be cool] ?an ! tropical wat]s ( to-day1 ow+ to ! great am\nt ( cold imp>t$ to ! ocean by ! num]\s iceb]gs ( a frigid age4 ,/ill1 !y w\ld beg9 ! sl[ process ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! s\!rn ocean1 & w\ld 9 "t c>ry suffici5t heat into ! s\!rn regions to melt ! ice f all s\!rn l&s2 =1 9 addition to ! ,brazil curr5ts1 ! wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! tropical ,indian ,ocean :i* pass s\?w>d d[n ! ,mozambique *annel w\ld rea* a mu* high] latitude ?an dur+ p]iods :5 ! ,cape ,horn *annel 0 op54 ,! ice p]iods ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es be+ concurr5t1 a condition :i* ,i %all expla9 9 ano!r *apt]1 makes x obvi\s t dur+ ! melt+ ( ! glaci]s f ! ant>ctic cont95t & o!r s\!rn l&s ! deplet$ ,cape ,horn *annel c\ld n ga9 suffici5t capacity to give an indep5d5t circulation to ! s\!rn ocean dur+ ! melt+ ( ! s\!rn ice-%eets1 on acc\nt ( ! dim9i%+ heav9ess ( ! ant>ctic ice & ! great] weight ( ! ext5sive glaci]s & augm5t$ seas ( ! nor!rn latitudes4 ,consequ5tly1 x seems t ! s\!rn seas w\ld cont9ue 9 a less5$ /ate :ile ! glaci]s 7 be+ melt$ f ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 z 0 ! case dur+ ! melt+ ( ! ice f ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 &1 fur!rmore1 dur+ su* times ! glaci]s :i* ov]run all ! l[ l&s & %oal wat]s ( ! ,cape ,horn region w\ld1 on acc\nt ( _! position be+ to ! w9dw>d ( ! tropical curr5ts1 be ! la/ great mass ( ice to melt f ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re=e1 x seems t ! ,cape ,horn *annel w\ld cont9ue clos$ or greatly ob/ruct$ :ile ! glaci]s 7 be+ melt$ f ! l&s ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,?us at l5g? a mild climate w\ld ext5d ov] ! globe1 & s rema9 until ! prevail+ w9ds sl[ly =c$ ! surface wat]s ( ! sea into ! s\!rn ocean 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 previ\s pages1 ?us fill+ ! ,cape ,horn *annel to its pres5t capacity1 & aga9 re/or+ ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean4 ,:ile contemplat+ ! conditions t w\ld obta9 dur+ ! melt+ ( ! ice f ! ant>ctic l&s1 x w be se5 t ! tropical wat]s attract$ to ! great l[ sea-level to ! leew>d ( ! clos$ ,cape ,horn *annel w\ld ev5tually ent] ! great bight ( ! ant>ctic cont95t to ! ea/w>d ( ,graham ,l&1 :]e ,capta9 ,w$dell sail$ to ! latitude ( #gd s\?4 ,?is deep gulf1 ow+ to its situation1 w\ld receive ! full impact ( ! s\!rn movem5t ( ! tropical curr5ts2 &1 z ! w>m wat]s spread ov] ! wide sea-level1 ! we/]ly w9ds w\ld conv]t !m into a drift curr5t1 & "u su* conditions w\ld be driv5 along ! %ores ( ! ant>ctic cont95t1 pa/ ! ,s\? ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans1 & ev5tually1 aft] und]go+ a cool+ process f ! long icy passage1 be =c$ aga9/ ! ,pacific side ( ! clos$ ,cape ,horn *annel & ! we/]n ,patagonian coa/4 ,:ile reg>d+ ! circulation ( ! sea dur+ an ice age1 x may be said t ! ocean's be+ compos$ ( br9e 0 ! cause ( its wat]s be+ able to circulate 9 frigid latitudes :]e fre% wat] w\ld congeal4 ,consequ5tly1 ?is is "o ( ! reasons :y successive p]iods ( frigidity & mildness h be5 br\ght ab\t2 = ) an ocean ( fre% wat]1 repeat$ epo*s ( cold & w>m? c\ld n h occurr$1 because a sea compos$ ( fre% wat] w\ld h congeal$ :ile circulat+ 9 ! high latitudes dur+ a frigid age4 ,!re=e1 x requir$ a sea ( br9e to ma9ta9 a liquid /ate dur+ ! l[ temp]ature ( an ice p]iod4 ,=1 :ile ! cold ( a glacial age increas$1 ! saltness ( ! sea increas$ also1 because ( ! great am\nt ( fre% wat] evaporat$ f ! ocean1 & /or$ 9 ice-%eets on ! great cont95ts & isl&s ( ! globe4 ,?us ! br9y sea 0 ma9ta9$ 9 a liquid /ate1 :ile wa%+ va/ ice-fields & glaciat$ %ores & float+ ! num]\s iceb]gs ( a freez+ age4 ,! cold :i* radiat$ f su* ice-b\nd seas mu/ h be5 sev]e2 b mean:ile ! evaporation f ! ocean 0 mu* r$uc$1 :ile ! saltness & coldness ( ! sea increas$1 & s prev5t$ ! ice ( a glacial p]iod f ga9+ inv9cible proportions be=e ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean 0 arre/$4 ,!re=e1 ! rema9+ w>m? ( ! tropical wat]s aft] ga9+ free access to ! ant>ctic latitudes 0 able to ov]come ! accumulat$ cold ( t frigid region4 ,at ?is date ! obs]vant navigators :o h visit$ ! ant>ctic seas report t ! surface curr5ts above ! latitude ( ,cape ,horn1 :ile be+ drift$ ea/w>d by ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds1 also set t[>d ! ant>ctic ice cliffs1 z %[n on map ,no4 #b4 ,! reason :y ?is s\!rly set ( ! surface curr5ts becomes noticeable above ! latitude ( #ee s\? is because ! tropical curr5ts :i* set s\?w>d f ! torrid latitudes on ! we/]n sides ( ! ,atlantic1 ,indian1 & ,pacific ,oceans1 al?\gh l>gely turn$ away f ! high latitudes by ! we/]ly w9ds & drift curr5ts1 are also able to s5d suffici5t wat] into ! great belt ( we/]ly w9ds to furni% wat] = ! deep "u-curr5ts sett+ nor?w>d f ! ant>ctic %ores4 ,?us ! surface wat]s mov+ f ! nor? 9 ord] to ga9 ! high] latitudes1 aft] ent]+ ! we/]ly w9d-belt1 are mov$ 9 drift curr5ts by ! impell+ w9ds ea/]ly ov] _m degrees ( longitude1 & also at ! same "t sl[ly s\?w>d among ! cool+ iceb]gs1 because ( ! attraction caus$ by ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature & d5sity betwe5 ! nor!rn drift wat]s & ! icy seas ( ! ant>ctic ice b>ri]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! gradual movem5t ( ! surface wat]s ( ! we/]ly w9d-belt s\?w>d be=e ent]+ ! high] latitudes is n g5]ally app>5t2 = x is aft] !y ent] latitudes :]e ! globe becomes mu* r$uc$ 9 circumf]5ce t _! s\!rn movem5t 9 ! contract$ seas becomes m noticeable4 ,! impact ( ?is s\!rly curr5t1 :i* f9ds its outlet 9 deep "u-curr5ts1 & ret>ds some:at ! increase ( ice on ! s\!rn cont95t at ?is date1 also l>gely prev5ts ! small iceb]gs & field-ice f float+ nor?w>d1 away f ! ant>ctic ice b>ri]2 = x is su* l>ge iceb]gs z p5etrate ! deep "u-curr5ts t are ! be/ able to move into ! m temp]ate latitudes4 ,f ! above explanations x w be se5 t ! impact ( surface wat] aga9/ ! ant>ctic ice b>ri] :5 ! ,cape ,horn *annel 0 clos$ w\ld greatly assi/ ! tropical wat]s attract$ to ! great l[ sea-level to ! leew>d ( ! ob/ruct$ /rait to wa% ! ant>ctic %ores :ile be+ drift$ ea/w>d by ! we/]ly w9ds ov] ! s\!rn ocean aga9/ ! ,patagonian coa/ & ! ,pacific side ( ! clos$ *annel1 & !re caus+ a high sea-level4 ,?is movem5t ( ! w9ds & curr5ts encircl+ ! ant>ctic cont95t is %[n on map ,no4 #a4 ,! va/1 high sea-level caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds drift+ ! surface wat]s aga9/ ! ,patagonian coa/ w\ld obta9 a mu* high] pla91 7 x n t s mu* ( ! wat] ( ! great drift curr5t 0 requir$ to fe$ ! ant>ctic "u-curr5t :i* con/antly sets nor?w>d f ! ant>ctic %ores2 yet x w\ld be suffici5t to greatly increase ! volume ( ! ,humboldt curr5t1 :i* w\ld fl[ 9 ! same direction x n[ fl[s1 d[n ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/ to ! equatorial latitudes1 :]e x w\ld become ! ma9 s\rce ( ! great equatorial /ream1 & ?us (fset ! increas$ s\?w>d fl[ ( ! equatorial wat]s ?r\gh ! ,brazil & ,mozambique /reams4 ,! equatorial /ream1 ) its increas$ volume1 w\ld also move1 z x moves to-day1 across ! ,pacific2 &1 on ga9+ ! we/]n side1 aft] s5d+ (f l>ge /reams to ! nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes1 x w\ld pass ?r\gh ! ,ea/ ,india passages into ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e x w\ld be drift$ we/w>d by ! trade w9ds & cause a high sea-level abrea/ ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 & s become ! s\rce ( ! great ,mozambique curr5t1 :i* w\ld fl[ s\?w>d along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 &1 ) ! ,cape ,horn *annel clos$1 w\ld ga9 a mu* high] latitude ?an x w\ld ) ! *annel op54 ,at ?is age1 :5 ! cont9uation ( ?is great equatorial /ream ga9s ! latitude ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 its wat]s are l>gely turn$ ea/w>d by ! great drift curr5t ( ! s\!rn ocean4 ,/ill1 a consid]able portion ( its wat]s turns t[>d ! we/1 =m+ ! ,agulhas curr5t1 :i* fl[s ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope into ! ,atlantic1 :]e x m+les ) ! cool] curr5ts :i* bran* (f f ! great s\!rn drift curr5t2 & s1 9 connection ) ! latt]1 x is attract$ to ! l[ sea-level caus$ by ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds abrea/ ! s\?-we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 & f !nce mov$ z a drift curr5t by ! trade w9ds to ! equatorial ,atlantic & coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! ,agulhas curr5t1 ev5 ) ! ,cape ,horn *annel 9 possession ( its pres5t wide capacity1 s]ves to ret>d some:at ! advance ( a cold p]iod4 ,! ,agulhas curr5t at ?is date also p>tly s]ves to repl5i% ! wat] :i* is =c$ f ! ,s\? ,atlantic by /rong we/]ly w9ds into ! ,s\!rn ,indian & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,oceans4 ,= x appe>s t m wat] is n[ remov$ by su* w9ds f ! ,s\? ,atlantic ?an ent]s x f ! ,s\? ,pacific1 ev5 ?r\gh ! enl>g$ ,cape ,horn *annel ( ?is date2 & ?is fact seems to favor an impression t a portion ( ?is enl>g$ *annel exi/$ prior to ! glacial p]iods1 b ) its wat]s s mu* r$uc$ z to be unable to give ! s\!rn ocean an indep5d5t circulation suffici5t to exclude ! tropical curr5ts f rea*+ ! high s\!rn latitudes 9 adequate volume to ma9ta9 a mild climate 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,= previ\s to ! glacial age1 ) little or no ice ga!r$ on ! ant>ctic l&s1 x seems t a /rait possess+ "o-half ! capacity ( ! ,cape ,horn *annel ( ! pres5t age c\ld n prev5t ! ,brazil curr5t & ! ,agulhas /ream f fl[+ into ! s\!rn ocean 9 quantities suffici5t to make x impossible = glaci]s to =m on s\!rn l&s4 ,?us x is probable t a r$uc$ *annel sep>at$ ! we/]n cont95t f ! ant>ctic l&s ev5 9 ! mild eras previ\s to ! glacial epo*s4 ,! ,cape ,horn *annel1 at ! pres5t age1 ) a capacity suffici5t to l>gely ma9ta9 an indep5d5t circulation = ! s\!rn ocean1 is /ill only "o-?ird ( ! bread? ( ! we/]ly w9d-belt ( ! s\!rn seas4 ,!re=e1 ! drift curr5ts d n all pass ?r\gh x f ! ,pacific into ! ,atlantic4 ,consequ5tly1 a consid]able portion ( ! drift$ wat] turns nor?w>d we/ ( ,cape ,horn1 & s =ms ! ,humboldt curr5t4 ,! ,agulhas /ream1 :i* ev5 n[ assi/s 9 repl5i%+ ! ,s\? ,atlantic ) tropical wat]1 w\ld1 dur+ ! p]fection ( a glacial p]iod1 ) ! ,cape *annel clos$1 be a mu* /rong] /ream ?an x n[ obta9s ) ! ,cape *annel possess+ its pres5t enl>g$ capacity1 = ! reason t ! ,s\? ,atlantic wat]s w\ld cont9ue z n[ to be =c$ ea/w>d by ! we/]ly w9ds1 :ile !y c\ld n be repl5i%$1 z !y are to-day1 directly f ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,consequ5tly1 ! wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,ocean w\ld be correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,su* conditions alone w\ld greatly increase ! volume ( ! ,agulhas /ream at ! culm9ation ( a frigid age4 ,!re=e1 ! "w ( subdu+ a frigid p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e aft] ! ,cape ,horn *annel 0 clos$ w\ld n re/ on ! ,brazil curr5t alone1 b also on ! great equatorial /ream ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 ,yet dur+ su* frigid times ! s\rces ( ! equatorial /ream w\ld be greatly *ill$ by its two great fe$]s1 ! ,humboldt curr5t & ! return+ ,japanese curr5t1 bo? ( :i* fl[ d[n f ! high latitudes & meet 9 ! equatorial latitudes on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,pacific1 ?us cool+ ! s\rce ( ! great equatorial curr5t4 ,b ?is latt] /ream1 :ile on its long we/]n passage across ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 b5ea? a torrid sun1 ) only "o cold fe$] f ! s\? :i* approa*es x along ! we/ side ( ,au/ralia1 w\ld1 on its long tropical j\rney1 be able to obta9 consid]able w>m?1 ev5 dur+ an ice p]iod1 to supply ! ,mozambique & ,agulhas /reams1 & s greatly assi/ ! ,atlantic wat]s 9 br++ ab\t a mild p]iod4 ,/ill1 ! process ( subdu+ ! cold ( ! s\!rn latitudes w\ld be sl[1 ev5 ) ! ,cape ,horn *annel clos$1 because ( ! va/ collection ( ice burd5+ ! sea & l&4 ,yet !re 7 conditions t 7 naturally br\ght ab\t to favor ! process ( return+ w>m?2 = x appe>s t1 :5 ! s\!rn ocean 0 made %all[ because ( a consid]able portion ( its wat]s hav+ be5 mov$ into ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 x w be se5 t ! conditions 7 m favorable = ! we/]ly w9ds to create drift curr5ts ?an w\ld be ! case on deep] seas4 ,!re=e1 ! high & l[ sea-levels caus$ by su* w9ds w\ld be great] on a %all[ ocean ?an w\ld occur on deep] wat]s4 ,?us ! l[ sea-levels ( ! %all[ s\!rn sea w\ld h /rong attraction = tropical surface wat]s1 & s increase ! ?ickness ( its w>m drift curr5ts1 & at ! same "t its less5$ dep?s w\ld h less capacity = ! /orage ( cold wat] to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! "u-wat]s ( ! tropical zone4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 :5 ! s\!rn ocean 0 %all[1 ,new ,zeal& acquir$ a long] ext5sion ( l& to ! nor? & s\?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! enl>g$ l[ sea-level on its ea/]n side attract$ m tropical wat] into ! s\!rn latitudes ?an n[4 ,s1 accord+ to ! conditions ,i h po9t$ out1 ! ice-%eets w\ld at l5g? melt away1 & a long p]iod ( mildness w\ld succe$ on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( "t x w\ld require aft] ! ice disappe>$ f ! e>? = ! prevail+ w9ds to move ! surface wat]s ( ! augm5t$ nor!rn seas into ! s\!rn ocean1 & aga9 re/ore its indep5d5t circulation1 & s1 aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t1 br+ ab\t ! geographical & climatic conditions exi/+ at ! pres5t date1 :i* c be se5 on map ,no4 #b1 :i* %[s t a cold p]iod has already made consid]able advance 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! s\!rn cont95t & isl&s be+ cov]$ ) glaci]s1 & ! preval5ce ( iceb]gs z f> nor? z ! latitude ( #ce s\?4 ,moreov]1 :5 we consid] t ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean is caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds bl[+ its surface wat]s con/antly ar\nd ! globe ?r\gh ! op5 ,cape ,horn *annel1 & s l>gely prev5t+ ! tropical curr5ts f ent]+ ! high s\!rn latitudes1 & h[1 9 consequ5ce1 ! cold is sl[ly on ! increase ?r\gh ! con/ant accumulation ( ice on ! l&s & 9 seas ( ! s\!rn latitudes1 x appe>s t a frigid age is sl[ly progress+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,= x seems t cont95tal ice-%eets %\ld n only be able to reta9 _! freez+ temp]ature1 b also ! mean ( ! l[ temp]ature 9 :i* !y 7 =m$1 = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & s imp>t _! extreme coldness 9 ! %ape ( iceb]gs into su* seas z bord] on ! glaciat$ l&s4 ,x has be5 prov$ at ,po9t ,b>r[ t /rata ( ice & gravel c ma9ta9 a w9try temp]ature ?r\gh ! summ] mon?s4 ,capta9 ,g4 ,b4 ,bord51 keep] ( ! refuge /ation 9 t region1 /ates t ,lieut5ant ,ray1 ( ! ,signal ,s]vice1 excavat$ ?r\gh ice & gravel to a dep? ( =ty-"o feet1 & t ! l[] portion ( ! excavation ma9ta9s a temp]ature #ae ,fahr5heit above z]o ! ye> ar\nd4 ,!re=e1 ) ! probability ( s\!rn glaci]s obta9+ a temp]ature ( ov] #ae ,fahr5heit bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 we c well realize ! frigidity imp>t$ to ! s\!rn oceans :ile melt+ num]\s imm5se iceb]gs1 & consequ5tly w conclude t ! temp]ature ( ! s\!rn latitudes is gradually l[]+4 ,! iceb]gs ( ! ant>ctic seas w\ld n move nor?w>d into ! temp]ature latitudes s readily z !y n[ d1 7 x n t ! g5]al s\?w>d set ( ! s\!rn ocean curr5ts 7 int]rupt$ by ! movem5t ( nor!rly surface curr5ts 9 ! longitudes ( ! l[ sea-levels1 caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds drift+ ! surface wat]s ( ! sea f ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,s\!rn ,s\? ,am]ica & ,new ,zeal&4 ,= x is ow+ to ! l[ sea-levels ?us creat$1 9 connection ) ! deep "u-curr5ts :i* set nor?w>d f ! ice cliffs ( ! ant>ctic l&s1 t _m iceb]gs are enabl$ to move into ! temp]ate latitudes1 especially to seas nor?-ea/ ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,on o!r portions ( ! s\!rn ocean above ! latitude ( #ee s\? ! surface wat]s1 :ile be+ drift$ ea/w>d by ! /rong we/]ly w9ds1 also set t[>d ! ant>ctic %ores1 & s furni% wat] = ! cold "u-curr5ts :i* set nor?w>d f t frigid region4 ,?us f su* p>ts ( ! coa/ only ! l>ge/ b]gs1 :i* require a deep sea to float !m1 are mov$ by ! "u-curr5ts into ! temp]ate latitudes4 ,!re=e1 x happ5s t1 :ile an ice p]iod progresses1 & ! ant>ctic iceb]gs increase 9 size1 ! m readily ! cold1 deep "u-curr5ts =ce !m into ! temp]ate zone1 9 opposition to ! w9ds & surface curr5ts4 ,! iceb]gs1 aft] ga9+ ! temp]ate latitudes1 are mov$ m or less ea/w>d by ! we/]ly w9ds & drift curr5ts1 & s are scatt]$ ov] ! s\!rn temp]ate oceans1 :]e ! melt+ b]gs imp>t :atev] coldness !y 7 able to /ore up :ile =m+ 9 ! ant>ctic regions4 ,! l[ sea-levels caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds to ! leew>d ( ,new ,zeal& & to ! leew>d ( ,arg5t9e1 n only cause ! ice-be>+ curr5ts to set nor?w>d1 b !y also cause ! tropical curr5ts to make consid]able inroads into ! high s\!rn latitudes4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! l&s are less burd5$ ) ice on ! ant>ctic %ores opposite ,cape ,horn ?an on o!r p>ts ( t glaciat$ cont95t4 ,! tropical curr5ts :i* turn s\?w>d ea/ ( ,new ,zeal& l>gely m+le _! wat]s ) ! great s\!rn drift curr5t1 & s are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,cape ,horn *annel4 ,ow+ to ?is cause1 ! ant>ctic l&s abrea/ ,cape ,horn are less burd5$ ) ice ?an o!r portions ( ! ant>ctic %ores4 ,?us1 7 x n = ?is p5etration ( w>m wat]s s\?w>d1 ! ant>ctic coa/s s\? ( ,cape ,horn1 because ( ! great sn[-fall ( t region1 w\ld obta9 heavi] glaci]s ?an o!r portions ( ! s\!rn cont95t4 ,b ! "t is sl[ly com+ :51 ) a l[] temp]ature1 ! ice-%eets on ! l&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,s\? ,%etl&s w atta9 great] ?ickness ?an ! glaci]s on o!r %ores ( ! ant>ctic cont95t4 ,h5ce x appe>s t1 :5 ! sev]al ag5ts = produc+ & di/ribut+ cold 9 ! s\!rn latitudes are tak5 into consid]ation1 ! imm5se & cont9u\s /orage ( ice on ! s\!rn l&s1 :i* adds to ! wide-spread fleet ( iceb]gs t float ! s\!rn temp]ate seas1 & also ! va/ movem5t ( cold ant>ctic wat] into ! temp]ate & tropical oceans 9 deep "u-curr5ts1 comb9$ ) ! increas+ coldness ( ! we/]ly w9ds1 are n[ sl[ly br++ ab\t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e a p]iod ( frigidity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,ice ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e ,,are ,,br\ght ,,ab\t4 ,a l>ge numb] ( geologi/s are ( ! op9ion t dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod ! climate ( ! nor!rn temp]ate & arctic latitudes 0 uni=mly w>m1 )\t a trace ( int]v5+ frigid p]iods4 ,i h be=e expla9$ :y ! climate 0 made w>m 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 & h[ on ! clos+ ( t age1 & subsequ5tly1 a consid]able portion ( ! ocean wat]s _h mov$ f ! nor!rn hemisph]e into ! s\!rn4 ,!re=e1 ! nor!rn seas dur+ ,t]ti>y times cov]$ a mu* l>g] area ?an h obta9$ dur+ p]iods foll[+ t mild epo*4 ,s1 :5 ! l[ l&s ( ,europe 7 subm]g$1 ! ,baltic1 ,caspian1 & o!r neighbor+ seas1 n[ l&-lock$1 7 a portion ( an enl>g$ ,atlantic4 ,consequ5tly1 ! we/]ly w9ds blew ov] a mu* wid] ,nor? ,atlantic ?an dur+ ! lat] p]iods4 ,?us ! high sea-level caus$ by su* w9ds on its ,european side 0 great] ?an has s9ce be5 obta9$ ) ! ,atlantic ( less bread?4 ,?is high sea-level1 compos$ l>gely ( drift wat] f ! anci5t ,gulf ,/ream1 _h conv5i5t access to ! enl>g$ ,arctic ,ocean1 :i* !n cov]$ ! l[ pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,sib]ia4 ,& ow+ to ! tr5d ( elevat$ l&s nor?-ea/w>d1 :i* !n =m$ ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean 9 ^? regions1 ! w>m wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! ,ea/]n ,nor? ,atlantic f\nd an easy passage into ! arctic seas2 =1 :ile !y mov$ ov] ! ,european & ,sib]ian seas to ! nor?-ea/1 !y _h ! assi/ance ( ! we/]ly w9ds well into ! arctic seas1 f :i* position !y 7 attract$ across ! ,arctic ,ocean to ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ,labrador & ,davis ,/rait4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream ( ,t]ti>y times compris$ a mu* l>g] area ?an x n[ obta9s2 = ) ,florida & a l>ge portion ( ! ,gulf ,/ates subm]g$1 & a wide1 %all[ sea cov]+ ! ,mississippi valley & ! ,great ,lake region1 ! tropical wat]s ( ! enl>g$ ,gulf ( ,mexico mov$ f _! va/ high sea-level to ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ,briti% ,am]ica & ,labrador1 )\t be+ conf9$ to ! n>r[ ,florida *annel4 ,?us ) an enl>g$ ,gulf ,/ream 9 possession ( a wide & cle> passage lead+ nor?w>d1 9 connection ) a mild p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 giv+ w>m? to ! s\!rn oceans1 ! res\rces ( ! anci5t ,gulf curr5ts = w>m+ ! nor!rn regions 7 s ample & inexhau/ive !y 7 fully able to ma9ta9 a mild climate on ! %ores ( ! ,european seas1 & also on ! %ores bord]+ ! ,arctic ,ocean1 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,humboldt curr5t1 :i* _h its rise 9 ! mild s\!rn seas ( t age1 m+l$ its w>m? ) ! equatorial curr5t ( ! ,pacific1 :i* 9 turn gave its w>m? to ! ,japanese curr5t4 ,!re=e1 ! latt] /ream "u su* conditions 0 compet5t to ma9ta9 a mild climate on ! ,nor? ,pacific coa/s4 ,! orig9 ( a cold p]iod 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e 0 l>gely ow+ to ! *ang$ condition ( ! nor!rn oceans foll[+ ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,! movem5t ( ! ocean wat]s into ! s\!rn hemisph]e less5$ ! area ( ! ,arctic & ,nor? ,atlantic ,oceans1 & br\ght !m to _! pres5t r$uc$ limits1 & also dim9i%$ ! volume ( ! ,gulf curr5ts4 ,?is great geographical *ange1 9 connection ) a cold p]iod progress+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & s increas+ ! coldness ( ! ,japanese curr5t1 & ! cold ant>ctic curr5ts1 previ\sly expla9$1 :i* set nor?w>d on ! bottom ( ! sea ?r\gh ! torrid latitudes ev5 into ! ,nor? ,pacific & ,nor? ,atlantic ,oceans1 7 altoge!r suffici5t to cause conditions favorable = ! advancem5t ( a cold p]iod 9 nor!rn latitudes4 ,besides1 ) r$uc$ nor!rn oceans & a dim9i%$ ,gulf curr5t1 conditions 7 favorable = an indep5d5t circulation ( ! arctic wat]s1 su* z is be+ c>ri$ out at ! pres5t "t4 ,h5ce an explanation ( ! movem5ts ( ! ocean wat]s ( to-day w expla9 ! conditions :i* caus$ ! nor!rn ice p]iods 9 times pa/1 z well z ^? to come 9 a future age4 ,al?\gh ! conditions are su* t ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! arctic wat]s _c be s well p]=m$ z ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean1 /ill ! op5 arctic *annels are able to prev5t ! tropical ,gulf ,/ream wat] f l>gely ent]+ ! high] nor!rn latitudes4 ,= x is c]ta9 t ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds bl[ ! surface wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic away f ! ea/]n %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica f ,georgia to ,labrador4 ,consequ5tly1 ! l[ sea-level ?us caus$ attracts ! wat]s ( ! ,arctic ,ocean s\?w>d ?r\gh ,baff9's ,bay & ,davis ,/rait1 & likewise d[n ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 ?us surr\nd+ t l>ge isl& ) an arctic temp]ature1 & s caus+ x to become a l& ( glaci]s1 :i* are con/antly laun*+ iceb]gs into ! sea to cool ! wat]s ( ! nor!rn oceans4 ,! tropical wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico also seek ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ! ,am]ican coa/1 ?us caus+ ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,?is great ocean curr5t1 be+ ! ma9 convey] ( tropical heat into ! high latitudes ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 calls = p>ticul> notice4 ,! great gravity curr5ts1 ( :i* ! ,gulf ,/ream is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s1 are mov$ by small gradi5ts4 ,h5ce ! gradi5t :i* causes ! ,gulf ,/ream wat]s to move out ( ! ,florida passage is small4 ,! levell+s :i* h be5 made place ! surface wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico z be+ ab\t "o metre high] ?an ! ,atlantic abrea/ ,new ,york1 ! pressure ( ! high] ,gulf wat]s t[>d ! l[ level ( ! ,atlantic be+ ne>ly equal 9 ! n>r[ ,florida *annel f ! surface to ! bottom ( ! /ream4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to descriptions giv5 by ,comm&] ,b>tlett1 ! w>m /ream moves l a riv] ov] ! h>d level floor ( ! *annel2 b to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,bahamas1 abrea/ ,cape ,hatt]as1 ! /ream spreads out 9 fanlike =m1 & fl[s ov] a b$ ( cold wat] ( great dep?4 ,a b$ ( cold wat] is f\nd to cov] ! bottom ( all ! deep oceans t are accessible to ! ant>ctic seas1 ?r\gh :i* ! cold wat] is mo/ly suppli$1 z ,i h be=e po9t$ out4 ,b ! cold wat] :i* und]runs ! ,gulf ,/ream is probably furni%$ by ! arctic wat]s :i* move d[n ,davis ,/rait & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 z x wid5s & becomes m %all[1 is1 ?r\gh its exposure to ! we/]ly w9ds1 gradually conv]t$ into a drift curr5t2 & 9 ?is way its surface wat]s are =c$ ov] abrea/ ! %ores ( ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e x imp>ts its w>m? to a wide region1 & also causes a high sea-level4 ,a portion ( ! wat]s ( ?is high sea-level turn s\?w>d to repl5i% ! wat]s :i* h be5 mov$ by ! trade w9ds f ! ea/]n tropical ,nor? ,atlantic ov] into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :ile its nor!rn & small] portion m+les ) ! ,arctic ,ocean wat]s nor? ( ,europe4 ,^! latt] wat]s1 hav+ escap$ f ! we/]ly w9d-belt1 & acquir$ a high sea-level1 & also made cool on m+l+ ) ! icy arctic seas1 lose a "p ( _! bulk on becom+ *ill$ by s9k+ & return+ 9 "u-curr5ts to ! seas f :i* !y 7 =c$ by ! s\?-we/]ly w9ds2 :ile ! l>g] rema9+ surface wat]s set across ! ,arctic ,ocean ov] to ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & s d[n ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( t l>ge isl& to ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ! ,am]ican coa/1 :]e ! cold wat]s n only cr[d ! ,gulf ,/ream f ! %ore1 b !y also s9k "u x1 & =m ! va/ b$ ( cold wat] ov] :i* ! ,gulf curr5ts fl[4 ,?is cold und]fl[ ( wat] s\?w>d probably jo9s ! deep ant>ctic curr5ts s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ! ,b]muda ,isl&s1 & returns to ! tropical latitudes a portion ( ! wat] t is c>ri$ into ! ,arctic ,ocean by ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,!re are times dur+ ! late summ] & e>ly fall mon?s :5 ! arctic *annels are consid]ably ob/ruct$ by iceb]gs1 & ! l[ sea-level ( ,davis ,/rait & ,baff9's ,bay1 ) ! assi/ance ( occasional s\?-ea/ w9ds1 is able to attract ! temp]ate wat]s ( ! ,atlantic z f> nor? z ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,also f ! same cause ! icy wat]s :i* fl[ d[n ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& are attract$ along its s\!rn & s\?-we/]n %ores into ,davis ,/rait4 ,yet at ! same "t ! icy wat]s :i* fl[ f ,smi?'s ,s\nd & o!r arctic *annels move 9 a c\nt]-curr5t d[n ! we/]ly side ( ,baff9's ,bay & ,davis ,/rait1 & s c>ry ! iceb]gs & field-ice pa/ ,labrador & ,newf\ndl& well on to ! bord]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,&1 accord+ to ,lieut5ant ,maury1 ! we/]ly gales ( ! w9t] mon?s =ce ! temp]ate wat]s ( ! ,atlantic1 :i* p]ta9 to ! ,gulf ,/ream1 sev]al degrees away f ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,!re=e1 dur+ su* seasons ! surface wat]s ( ! return$ arctic curr5ts1 :i* fl[ d[n ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& & ,davis ,/rait1 are drift$ pa/ ,s\!rn ,gre5l& & ,icel&1 & s onw>d into ! arctic seas1 nor? ( ,europe4 ,?us ! arctic wat]s ma9ta9 an indep5d5t circulation suffici5t to l>gely exclude ! ,gulf ,/ream f ! arctic seas1 & surr\nd ,gre5l& ) an arctic temp]ature2 & x is on ?is acc\nt glaci]s h =m$ on ,gre5l& & o!r arctic %ores1 & su* glaci]s are probably increas+1 z e iceb]g laun*$ f ! frigid l&s & float$ to ! l[] latitudes l[]s some:at ! temp]ature ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & s causes conditions favorable = l>g] accumulations ( ice on ! arctic %ores4 ,yet x is probable t an ice p]iod ext5d+ ov] ! nor!rn temp]ate zone c\ld n be p]fect$ by ?is process alone1 %\ld ! tropical & s\!rn oceans ma9ta9 _! pres5t temp]ature4 ,b1 ) ! assi/ance ( a frigid p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e to cool ! ocean wat]s1 & ?us l[] ! temp]ature ( all tropical curr5ts1 includ+ ! ,gulf ,/ream & ,japan curr5ts1 an ice age c\ld be br\ght ab\t 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e equal 9 int5sity to ! glacial p]iods ( ! pa/4 ,&1 :5 we "k t a consid]able portion ( ! heat c>ri$ into ! nor!rn latitudes by tropical /reams is l>gely d]iv$ ?r\gh ! m+l+ ( ! wat]s ( su* curr5ts ) ! w>m wat]s ( ! s\!rn tropical oceans1 x is evid5t t ! ice p]iods ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es 7 concurr5t2 al?\gh ! culm9ation ( ! nor!rn frigid p]iod w\ld be some:at lat] ?an ! p]fect$ s\!rn ice age1 on acc\nt ( ! nor!rn seas requir+ ! assi/ance ( ! cold oceans ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e to p]fect a nor!rn ice age4 ,! small area ( ! nor!rn seas1 comp>$ ) ! s\!rn oceans1 & ! wide m+l+ ( ! ocean wat]s ( ! hemisph]es1 make x evid5t t ! comp>atively scanty nor!rn seas c\ld n br+ ab\t or ma9ta9 ei!r a frigid or mild p]iod 9 opposition to ! sup]ior oceans ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,on ! consummation ( an ice p]iod 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e heavy glaci]s cov]$ ! l>g] portion ( its cont95ts & isl&s1 :i* add$ s mu* weight to ! nor!rn l&s z to attract ! wat]s ( ! s\!rn oceans into ! nor!rn latitudes1 z ,i h be=e expla9$4 ,?us1 :5 ! ice 0 mo/ly melt$ f ! l&s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! heavy ice-%eets t rema9$ on ! ext5sive nor!rn l&s w\ld /ill cont9ue to attract ! w>m wat]s ( ! s\!rn seas into ! nor!rn oceans2 & 9 ?is way ! ,japanese & ,gulf curr5ts w\ld ga9 a high] temp]ature & great] volume1 & ?us add to _! ability = melt+ ! nor!rn glaci]s :]ev] !y 7 able to fl[1 & s ha/5 ! gr[? ( a mild era 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,& x seems reasonable to suppose t !re 0 m wat] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e on ! end+ ( its ice p]iod ?an at ?is age2 yet x appe>s t x 0 return$ to ! s\!rn hemisph]e dur+ a %ort p]iod by ! prevail+ w9ds 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h previ\sly expla9$4 ,!re=e1 !re are b few traces ( su* fl[age to be f\nd 9 ! glacial drift1 especially ) ! sc>city ( m>9e life aft] ! rigor ( a frigid age4 ,an article 9 ,sci5ce1 ,july #e1 #ahie1 writt5 by ,agnes ,crane1 /ates t ,pr(essor ,joseph ,pre/wi* has rec5tly contribut$ a sugge/ive memoir on ?is subject to ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,x treats ( ! evid5ce ( a subm]g5ce ( ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s at ! close ( ! glacial p]iod2 & 9 a previ\s pap] communicat$ to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 9 #ahib1 ! au?or gave evid5ce1 d$uc$ f p]sonal obs]vation1 ( ! subm]g5ce ( ! s\? ( ,engl& n less ?an a ?\s& feet1 at ! close ( ! glacial epo*4 ,s9ce t "t ! flood ( wat] :i* fl[$ all ( ! l[ l&s ( ! high nor!rn latitudes has be5 return$ to ! s\!rn seas1 because ( ! =ce ( ! prevail+ w9ds 9 connection ) ! great oceans :i* op5 s widely t[>d ! s\?1 ! =ce ( ! w9ds be+ assi/$ ?r\gh ! attraction caus$ by ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature 9 ! surface wat]s ( ! va/ s\!rn temp]ate oceans & ! ant>ctic seas1 & 9 ?is mann] br++ ab\t ! geographical conditions ( to-day :i* favor ! return ( ano!r ice age4 ,x is said by ^? :o attribute ! great curr5ts ( ! ocean to ! rotation ( ! e>? t ! w9ds h little to d 9 caus+ su* curr5ts z ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,b my impression is t ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,gulf ,/ream wat]s1 aft] be+ drift$ by we/]ly w9ds ov] abrea/ ,europe1 are attract$ to ! l[ sea-level 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 to be mov$ by ! trade w9ds t[>d ! equatorial calm belt & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,& dur+ my _m mon?s' cruis+ ov] ^! seas ,i h _h my att5tion direct$ to ! s+ul> action ( ! surface wat]s1 :ile be+ impell$ by ! trade w9ds t[>d ! ,we/ ,india sea2 = dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 hundr$ miles ( _! passage !y are mov$ by ! prevail+ ea/]ly w9ds )\t mu* app>5t resi/ance or unusual di/urbance4 ,b on ne>+ ! longitude ( ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 & hav+ acquir$ a high sea-level f :i* !re is no easy or wide outlet1 ! impell$ surface wat]s beg9 to rebel aga9/ ! =ceful w9ds1 & cause a rem>kable commotion 9 ! %ape ( tide-rips & :ite-capp$ ripples1 :i* ext5d f ! equator 9 a nor!rly direction to ! latitude ( ab\t #ai nor?1 ?us cross+ ! c5tral portion ( ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9d belt1 ) a bread? ( ov] ?ree hundr$ miles1 z %[n on map ,no4 #b4 ,?is di/urb$ region :]e ! w9ds & wat]s conflict is ! probable f\nta9-head ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,! reason :y ! surface wat]s ( ?is di/urb$ portion ( ! ,atlantic d n fl[ peacefully along ?r\gh ! ,we/ ,india passages into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico is because ( _! n>r[ outlet at ! ,florida *annel4 ,= x is ma9ly ?r\gh ?is n>r[ *annel t ! va/ wat]s ( ! tropical high sea-level are attract$ to ! l[ ocean-level ( ! ,we/]n ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,?us x seems t ! great f\nta9-head ( ! ,gulf ,/ream is situat$ betwe5 ! wide tide-rips & ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s4 ,! wat]s f ?is high ocean-level ent] ! ,c>ibbean ,sea ma9ly ?r\gh ! sev]al passages s\? ( ,guadel\pe2 :ile ! nor!rn portion ( ! rais$ wat]s set mo/ly t[>d ! nor?-we/1 & s unite ) ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,gulf curr5ts aft] !y ent] ! ,atlantic4 ,/ill1 ! great high sea-level :i* presses aga9/ ! ,w9dw>d ,isl&s1 be+ some:at high] ?an ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 =ces its wat]s ?r\gh ! isl& passages 9 quantities suffici5t to supply ! ,gulf ,/ream2 & !re are times :5 ! w9ds are s /rong & favorable t all ( ! passages ea/ ( ,cuba conduct wat] into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ! cold "u-wat]s ent]+ ! deep] *annels z well z ! w>m surface wat]s4 ,yet ! curr5ts sett+ ?r\gh ^! num]\s *annels are subject to fluctuations1 & s also is ! ,gulf ,/ream :i* !y supply4 ,t portion ( ! high sea-level s\? ( ,guadel\pe receives consid]able assi/ance z a fe$] = ! ,gulf ,/ream ?r\gh be+ connect$ on ! s\? by ! great high sea-level abrea/ ,brazil & ! great high sea-level ( ! equatorial calm belt4 ,! latt] high level is caus$ by ! trade w9ds1 :i* g5]ally bl[ briskly d[n ! coa/ ( ,sah>a1 & also fur!r (f %ore1 & end+ s\? ( ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s some:at abruptly 9 ! equatorial calm belt4 ,! s\?-ea/ trades :i* bl[ ov] ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,s\? ,atlantic t]m9ate on ! s\!rn side ( ! calm region4 ,!re=e1 ! two trade w9ds impel ! surface wat]s ( ! tropical ,atlantic f opposite directions directly t[>d ! calm belt1 & s raise its wat]s above ! common level ( ! sea4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ! writ]s ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,directory4 ,/ill1 x is probable t ! high ocean-level ( ! calm belt is b slightly rais$ above ! common level ( ! sea1 on acc\nt ( ! trade w9ds hav+ to cont5d aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( ! w>m tropical surface wat]s to move t[>d ! pol> latitudes4 ,! calm belt expanse :i* ext5ds f ,africa1 :]e x atta9s its greate/ wid?1 gradually n>r[s z x ext5ds we/w>d to ! longitude ( ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 :]e x atta9s its highe/ sea-level1 on acc\nt ( ! bord]s ( its n>r[+ space be+ impell$ we/w>d by ! trade w9ds4 ,! movem5t ( ! wat]s ( ?is high ocean-level is mo/ly t[>d ! we/1 =m+ a portion ( ! equatorial curr5t ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! reason ( its we/]n movem5t is on acc\nt ( its rais$ wat]s be+ able to supply a portion ( ! ,gulf ,/ream ) wat] :i* is s5t (f 9 a we/]ly curr5t along ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/1 we/ ( ,cape ,/4 ,roque into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x jo9s ) ! great high sea-level abrea/ ,brazil1 & s unites ) its great s\!rn curr5t4 ,! gradi5t ( ! high sea-level ( ! calm belt on its s\!rn side probably ext5ds s\? ( ! equator1 on acc\nt ( ! s\?-ea/ trades be+ weak 9 latitudes ne> ! equator2 :ile on ! nor? side ! nor?-ea/ trades g5]ally bl[ brisk & end m abruptly1 s produc+ a gradi5t ( less wid? ?an t ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic side4 ,x does n appe> t ! seas ( ! high nor!rn latitudes ga9 an undue proportion ( ! tropical ,atlantic wat]s1 because ( ! s\?-ea/ trades ext5d+ nor? ( ! equator1 on acc\nt ( su* w9ds be+ weak1 & ! wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! ,we/]n ,nor? ,atlantic hav+ n>r[ & o!rwise ob/ruct$ passages lead+ to its nor!rn seas4 ,yet ! high sea-level ( ! equatorial calm belt is always ready1 :5ev] a favorable grade is =m$ by a monsoon or o!rwise1 to run (f its surplus wat] obta9$ by w9ds & ra92 & ,i h notic$1 :ile cruis+ 9 ^! seas1 t x happ5s at times dur+ ! nor!rn w9t] mon?s :5 ! nor?-we/]ly gales drive ! surface wat]s ( ! ,nor?-we/]n ,atlantic t[>d ! tropical zone1 & at ! same "t a /rong nor?-ea/ monsoon is prevail+ along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,brazil1 ! we/]ly curr5ts sett+ pa/ ! ,amazon ,riv] are rev]s$1 & set to ! s\?-ea/1 :ile su* conditions la/4 ,=1 :5 ! summ] sol/ice is 9 ! s\?1 & ! nor?-ea/ monsoon moves s\?w>d along ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 mu* equatorial wat] moves (f 9 t direction2 & dur+ ! same season ! cool$ ,sah>a has an outw>d fl[ ( air t[>d ! s\?1 :i* moves m or less wat] f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 :i* is easily accompli%$1 because ! w>m surface wat]s ( t coa/ are incl9$ to jo9 ) ! s\? equatorial /ream4 ,consequ5tly1 ! wat]s move f _! high sea-level nor? ( ,cape ,palmas1 & s =m ! ,gu9ea curr5t4 ,! high sea-level ( ! equatorial calm belt ( ! ,atlantic conta9s a l>ge portion ( ! cons]v$ heat ( ! tropical ,atlantic1 :i* at ?is age s5ds (f a some:at limit$ supply ( w>m wat] to ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & also to ! ,brazil curr5t4 ,b1 :5ev] ! ,cape ,horn *annel is clos$ or mu* ob/ruct$1 s caus+ a great l[ sea-level 9 ! ,s\!rn ,atlantic1 ! tropical wat]s heap$ aga9/ ,brazil1 & ! rais$ wat]s ( ! great calm region be+ "o cont9u\s high sea-level1 w\ld mo/ly be attract$ to ! va/ l[ sea-level ( ! s\!rn ocean4 ,h5ce x w be se5 h[ l>ge a portion ( ! cons]v$ heat ( ! tropical ,atlantic w\ld be us$ to w>m ! high s\!rn latitudes dur+ a w>m p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & at ! same "t ! head-wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream w\ld obta9 ! same height z n[4 ,= we n[ see mu* ( ! =ce ( ! nor?-ea/ trade w9ds lo/1 :ile ma9ta9+ s l>ge a high sea-level to ! w9dw>d ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :i* is probably capable ( supply+ a /ream ( d\ble ! capacity ( ! gulf curr5t :i* passes ?r\gh ! ,florida *annel4 ,& x appe>s1 :ile view+ ! va/ res]voirs ( w>m wat] app>5tly ga!r$ by trade w9ds to subdue ! cold ( ! high latitudes1 t mu* ( ! en]gy ( su* w9ds is n[ lo/ to ! _w1 :ile ma9ta9+ a va/ & p5t-up high sea-level :i* has a difficult outlet to ! nor!rn seas1 & no /rongly attractive l[ sea-level to move its wat]s into ! oceans ( ! high s\!rn latitudes4 ,! wide wat]s :i* are bank$ up to ! w9dw>d ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & cause ! wide tide-rips1 set mo/ly to ! we/w>d into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea ?r\gh ! passages s\? ( ,guadel\pe1 :ile ! nor!rn portion ( ! rais$ wat]s set mo/ly t[>d ! nor?1 & ?us =m ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & comprise ! inn] circle ( ! great curr5t t encircles ! ,s>gasso ,sea4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by an old ,b>buda fi%]man t 8! we$s :i* float on ! surface ( ! ,s>gasso ,sea gr[ 9 l>ge quantities on ! bottom ( ! %oal wat]s to ! nor? & ea/w>d ( t isl& & ,antigua40 ,consequ5tly1 ! curr5ts ( t region c>ry su* we$s z become deta*$ f _! places ( gr[? into ! high] latitudes1 :]e ! we/]ly w9ds 9 ! w9t] season drift !m ea/w>d s\? ( ,b]muda1 until f9ally ! c5tral area ( _! ga!r+1 :]e ! mo/ d5se collection ( we$s is f\nd1 is situat$ ne> ! tropic ( ,canc]1 & ab\t #ee we/ longitude1 z %[n on map ,no4 #b4 ,?is position is also ! c5tre ( ! great circul> curr5ts :i* encompass ! ,s>gasso ,sea4 ,! comp>atively few we$s :i* ent] ! ,gulf ,/ream abrea/ ,florida are curr5t$ to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,b]muda ,isl&s1 & f !nce drift$ by ! we/]ly w9ds to ! s\?-we/ ( ! ,azores be=e ent]+ ! trade-w9d belt4 ,! we$s1 on _! long drift f _! native %oals1 hold _! fre%ness1 & cont9ue to gr[ :ile float+ on ! sea = a consid]able "t1 b at l5g? lose _! r5ovat+ prop]ties1 & 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! sea acquire an appe>ance ( age & decay4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 & su* o!r tropical wat]s z are attract$ nor?w>d to ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/1 pass into ! we/]ly w9d-belt1 & s gradually become drift curr5ts1 :ile be+ =c$ by ! w9ds ov] to ! ,european side ( ! ocean1 z we h previ\sly %[n4 ,! va/ movem5t ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic wat]s encircl+ ! great ,s>gasso ,sea has (t5 be5 po9t$ out by writ]s on ! subject4 ,b ! c5tral & mo/ d5se portion ( ! va/ sea ( we$s has always be5 plac$ on ! *>ts sev]al degrees ( longitude ea/ ( its true position4 ,x is fifte5 ye>s s9ce ,i wrote ( ! ,gulf ,/ream & arctic curr5ts z be+ attract$ to a l[ sea-level caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds4 ,b1 z f> z ,i "k1 writ]s on ! ,atlantic curr5ts h _h no?+ to say ( ! great l[ sea-level caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds bl[+ ! surface wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic away f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 f ,georgia to ,newf\ndl&1 & ?us attract+ ! arctic & ,gulf ,/ream wat]s 9 opposite directions1 fifte5 hundr$ miles along ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/4 ,=1 7 x n = ?is l[ sea-level1 ! ,gulf ,/ream w\ld n be able to move s f> nor?w>d z x n[ fl[s1 b w\ld spread out1 7 !re no unev5ness 9 ! sea-level ( ! ,atlantic1 & become a drift curr5t f> s\? ( its pres5t nor!rn limits4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has caus$ surveys to be made ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & ! int]e/+ discov]ies ?us obta9$ h all be5 laid be=e ! public4 ,/ill1 su* surveys cov] b a portion ( ! :ole r\nd ( ! va/ movem5t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream wat]1 & d n ref] to ! va/ high sea-level ( ! calm belt z be+ "o ( its fe$]s1 or to ! wide di/urbance ( ! surface wat]s ( ! tropical ,nor? ,atlantic 9 _! conflict ) ! trade w9ds1 :ile be+ =c$ to ! va/ high sea-level ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & s giv+ head to ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,?us f ! =ego+ explanations x w be se5 t ! ability ( ! prevail+ w9ds to move ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean away f ! wea!r %ores ( cont95ts ov] aga9/ ! opposite leew>d %ores 9 ! diff]5t w9d-belts ( ! globe1 & s cause bo? high & l[ sea-levels1 is ! ma9 reason :y !re is an int]*ange ( surface wat] betwe5 ! tropical & cold] zones suffici5t to c>ry heat f ! tropics to ! cool] regions1 & ?us l>gely affect ! temp]ature ( ! high] latitudes4 ,! unmi/akable traces ( cold p]iods hav+ occurr$ 9 bo? hemisph]es h giv5 rise to an +5i\s a/ronomical !ory to acc\nt = _! orig94 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! ice p]iods 9 ! two hemisph]es 7 consecutive2 & x is admitt$ by its support]s t1 %\ld x be %[n t ! frigid p]iods 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es 7 concurr5t1 ! a/ronomical doctr9e w\ld h to be ab&on$4 ,x is impossible = a p]son :o is acqua9t$ ) ! great surface curr5ts ( ! sev]al oceans to conceive h[ a mild p]iod c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ) a frigid p]iod exi/+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,a frigid p]iod 9 ! latt] hemisph]e necessitates a cold temp]ature = ! sup]ior oceans ( ! globe s\? ( ! equator4 ,) ?is va/ area ( wat] r$uc$ to a *ill+ temp]ature1 x seems impossible = ! inf]ior wat]s ( ! nor!rn latitudes to ma9ta9 suffici5t w>m? to favor a mild p]iod 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 especially ) bo? hemisph]es receiv+ an equal annual am\nt ( ! sun's rays4 ,! great ,humboldt curr5t1 hav+ its rise 9 ! s\!rn ocean we/ ( ,cape ,horn1 w\ld dur+ a s\!rn frigid p]iod greatly l[] ! temp]ature ( ! va/ equatorial /ream 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,japanese /ream1 :i* bran*es (f f ! equatorial curr5t into ! ,nor? ,pacific1 w\ld be cool$ to su* a degree t x w\ld be unable to ma9ta9 ! mild climate on ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,pacific :i* ext5sive l&s n[ enjoy4 ,fur!rmore1 dur+ a cold p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! temp]ature ( ! ,gulf ,/ream w\ld also be greatly l[]$ by ! great ,s\?-ea/]n ,atlantic return curr5t1 :i* is caus$ by ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds impell+ ! surface wat]s ( t region into ! equatorial latitudes1 su* wat]s be+ repl5i%$ f ! common level ( ! s\!rn ocean1 & s m+l+ ! cool wat]s ( t sea ) ! equatorial wat]s ( ! ,atlantic dur+ a frigid p]iod 9 ! s\!rn latitudes4 ,& x may be said t dur+ su* times ! frigid ,ant>ctic ,ocean w\ld s5d its cold "u-curr5ts to cool ! inf]ior nor!rn oceans4 ,ev5 to-day ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 ?r\gh ! int]m+l+ ( ! wat]s ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn oceans1 l>gely ma9ta9 a l temp]ature 9 _! temp]ate zones4 ,!re=e1 :5 we consid] ! c]ta9 traces ( ice-%eets hav+ =m$ on ,s\? ,africa & ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 & to h ov]run ,s\? ,am]ica above ! latitude ( #dj s\?1 ?us /rew+ ! oceans ( ! s\!rn temp]ate zone ) ice t are n[ l>gely free f x1 x seems t ! ma9t5ance ( w>m oceans 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! "t ( a frigid p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e w\ld be impossible4 ,9 ord] to make ?is /atem5t m pla91 ,i w aga9 ref] to ! importance ( ! great ,humboldt curr5t = cool+ ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,pacific dur+ ! p]fection ( a s\!rn ice age4 ,= dur+ su* times ! ocean /rew$ ) ice we/ ( ,cape ,horn1 :]e ! ,humboldt curr5t takes its rise1 w\ld imp>t its coldness to ! ,humboldt /ream1 :ile x 0 float+ iceb]gs t[>d ! equator4 ,! equatorial curr5t ( ! ,pacific be+ a cont9uation ( ! ,humboldt /ream1 its wat]s w\ld p>take ( its coldness4 ,! ,japanese curr5t1 be+ a l>ge (f%oot f ! equatorial /ream1 w\ld also possess a l[] temp]ature ?an x obta9s at ?is age4 ,yet at ?is date1 ) ! s\!rn ice-%eets conf9$ to ! ant>ctic l&s1 x does n possess heat suffici5t to prev5t glaci]s f fl[+ d[n to ! tide-wat] f m\nta9s 9 ,alaska4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,japanese /ream c\ld n ma9ta9 a mild climate on ! ,nor? ,pacific coa/s :ile a cold p]iod 0 be+ complet$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,!re=e1 "u ! conditions above set =? ! support ( a mild p]iod 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! exi/5ce ( a frigid p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e c\ld n be c>ri$ out4 ,f :at has be5 expla9$1 x w be se5 t ! gr[? ( an ice p]iod is necess>ily sl[1 especially 9 its e>ly /age1 & also t ! /orage ( ice is c>ri$ on 9 bo? hemisph]es at ! same "t2 b ,i w call fur!r att5tion to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 because x possesses great] res\rces ?an ! nor!rn = ! production ( an ice age4 ,! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean wat]s1 z be=e %[n1 turns away ! tropical curr5ts1 & ?us l>gely prev5ts _! w>m wat]s f ent]+ ! high s\!rn latitudes4 ,consequ5tly1 ! heat f ! sun's rays1 & all o!r s\rces ( heat includ$1 are n suffici5t to prev5t ice f ga!r+ on l&s )9 ! ant>ctic circle4 ,?is increas+ /orage ( ice is only ano!r "n = ! accumulation & spread+ ( cold1 & s ! increas+ *illness goes on4 ,! sn[ falls1 & ?us adds to ! ext5sion & ?ickness ( ! ice-%eets2 & at ! same "t ! spread+ sn[-fields reflect ! heat receiv$ f ! sun's rays into space1 :ile ! cold is reta9$ & increas$ 9 ! gr[+ glaci]s4 ,! spread+ ice-%eets hav+ cov]$ ! l& are able to fl[ into ! surr\nd+ seas1 :]e _! out] edges become deta*$ & =m iceb]gs1 :i* float out to sea1 & s scatt] ov] ! adjo9+ oceans4 ,?us _! coldness is m+l$ ) & l>gely pres]v$ by ! sea1 :ile ! surface wat]1 :i* is c>ri$ into ! s\!rn latitudes f ! nor!rn oceans by ! prevail+ w9ds1 & also su* surface wat]s z are attract$ into ! ant>ctic seas because ( ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! ant>ctic wat]s & ! m nor!rn seas1 are on ga9+ ! frigid latitudes made cool1 & return$ to ! m nor!rn seas 9 cold "u-curr5ts1 & s *ill+ ! va/ "u-wat]s ( ! great oceans ( ! globe1 & ev5tually _! wide surface wat]s also2 & s ! coldness increases until ! ice-%eets :i* at fir/ =m$ on pol> l&s are enabl$ to spread sl[ly t[>d ! equatorial regions s long z ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean is ma9ta9$4 ,b at l5g? ! dep? ( ! great s\!rn ocean is dim9i%$ because ( ! wat] evaporat$ f its surface1 & precipitat$ 9 ! %ape ( hail & sn[ ov] ! va/ cont95ts & isl&s ( ! high nor!rn latitudes1 ?us add+ suffici5t weight to ! nor!rn l&s to attract ! wat]s ( ! s\!rn seas & /ill fur!r less5 _! dep?4 ,?us dur+ su* times ! ,cape ,horn *annel is s r$uc$ z to be ob/ruct$ by ! heavy glaci]s & iceb]gs ( an ice age4 ,consequ5tly1 a great *ange is wr\ght 9 ! circulation ( ! s\!rn seas4 ,=1 :5 ! ,cape ,horn *annel is clos$1 ! we/]ly w9ds employ _! /r5g? to =ce ! ocean's surface wat]s away f ! glaci]s :i* h fill$ ! dim9i%$ *annel4 ,?is pot5t action ( ! w9ds necess>ily creates a great l[ sea-level on ! ,atlantic side ( ! ob/ruct$ /rait1 suffici5t to attract ! tropical wat]s heap$ aga9/ ,brazil by ! trade w9ds1 & ! wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! equatorial calm belt1 & also ! equatorial wat]s :i* set along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 well into ! s\!rn seas4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! conditions = ! circulation ( ! tropical ocean wat]s h met ) a great *ange4 ,b ! temp]ature ( ! wat]s has be5 l[]$ by ! coldness ( a frigid p]iod2 &1 consequ5tly1 _! capability = convey+ heat to ! high latitudes has l>gely dim9i%$4 ,!re=e1 _! fir/ inroads 9 ! high] latitudes make small impression on ! icy seas1 s ! e>ly process = melt+ ice is exce$+ly sl[4 ,b ! icy s\!rn ocean1 depriv$ ( its indep5d5t circulation1 9 ! c\rse ( "t yields to ! w>m+ invasion ( ! tropical wat]s1 ^: wide & increas+ spread is ev5tually able to br+ ab\t a mild p]iod1 accord+ to ! natural me?ods :i* ,i h expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,& x may be said t a mild p]iod succe$+ a glacial age ga9$ suffici5t w>m? to melt ! ice-%eets f all l&s except+ ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,= x is probable t !re are l&s situat$ 9 ! ant>ctic circle suffici5tly elevat$ ev5 dur+ late ,t]ti>y times to h be5 above ! sn[-l9e4 ,!re=e1 ! glaci]s on su* l&s c\ld n h melt$ away dur+ mild p]iods succe$+ an ice age4 ,=1 z has be5 expla9$1 a portion ( ! wat]s ( ! s\!rn seas _h mov$ into ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ant>ctic l&s 7 rais$ high] above ! sea-level ?an at ?is age4 ,h5ce ! area ( l(ty l& 0 increas$ above ! sn[-l9e4 ,&1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,james ,croll's e/imate1 ! ice-%eet at ! s\? pole is at ?is age sev]al miles 9 ?ickness4 ,!re=e1 its upp] surface is above ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 & c\ld n be melt$ away dur+ ! w>m eras succe$+ glacial p]iods4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,glaci]s ,,dur+ ,,cold ,,epo*s4 ,i h be=e expla9$ t ! conditions are su* t ! cold p]iods ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es 7 concurr5t4 ,?r\gh ?is cause1 :ile ! glacial epo* 0 be+ p]fect$1 ! ice foll[$ d[n ! m\nta9 ranges ( bo? hemisph]es2 &1 :ile ga!r+ on ! l&s ( ! temp]ate latitudes1 x also spread ov] a portion ( ! tropical zone4 ,x is report$ t traces ( anci5t glaci]s are f\nd 9 ,india1 & also 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & 9 tropical ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 fact1 ! d5udation caus$ by anci5t glaci]s on ! elevat$ l&s ( ! tropics are too well def9$ to be attribut$ to any process ( wea!r+1 :ile ,alp9e plants ( ! same species are f\nd ne> ! summits ( m\nta9s 9 ! tropics z well z 9 ! high latitudes ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,?is fact goes to %[ t a portion ( ! l[l&s ( ! tropical zone h exp]i5c$ a temp]ature favorable = ! gr[? ( ,alp9e plants4 ,&1 judg+ f ! tropical isl&s ,i h visit$1 situat$ 9 ! cold curr5ts :i* fl[ d[n ! ea/]n sides ( ! oceans f ! high latitudes1 ,i ?9k !y %[ /rong traces ( hav+ dur+ "s remote p]iod be5 subject to ! action ( glaci]s4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 situat$ 9 ! s\!rn tropical ,atlantic1 has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 heavily ic$ dur+ a frigid age4 ,its /eep rav9es1 :i* deep5 z !y approa* ! sea1 recall to ! s\!rn voyag] ! ice-worn isl&s ( ! high latitudes4 ,x seems improbable t ^! deep rav9es :i* p5etrate ! h>d volcanic rock1 on _! %ort c\rse to ! sea1 c\ld h be5 caus$ by _! scanty brooklets4 ,! b[ld]s scatt]$ ov] ! isl& are n 9 h>mony ) ! wea!r+ process1 :ile ! oblit]ation ( its crat]s seems to po9t to a m rapid process ( erosion ?an c\ld be attribut$ to wea!r+4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 9 8 8,g5]al ,sket* ( ! ,exp$ition ( ! #8,albatross1'0 /ates t ! ,galapagos ,isl&s are ( volcanic orig91 & t _! age does n rea* beyond ! e>lie/ ,t]ti>y p]iod2 & 8 report seems to favor ! impression ( _! hav+ und]gone d5udation suffici5t to sl\gh (f l>ge portions ( ! rims ( ! old] crat]s1 & also ! ea/]n face ( ,w5man ,isl&4 ,on ,hood's ,isl&1 at ! "t ( my visit1 its crat] _h entirely disappe>$4 ,! highe/ portion ( ! isl&1 :i* 0 ! probable site ( its anci5t crat]1 %[$ no trace ( its =m] exi/5ce2 yet at ! foot ( ?is l[ m\nta91 on its s\!rn side1 ,i saw a l>ge collection ( loose b[ld]s1 compos$ ( h>d volcanic rock1 :i* 7 mo/ly free f soil & o!r dbris1 & easily mov$ f _! places1 :ile ! spaces af=d$ by ! loose piles ( d>k basaltic rocks af=d$ a secure retreat = num]\s owls & liz>ds4 ,beyond ! rocky piles to ! s\?w>d a horizontal area ( l& 0 /rewn ) b[ld]s to ! sea1 :i* 0 "s two miles di/ant f ! high] l&4 ,! b[ld]s :i* cov]$ ! pla9 7 some:at small] ?an ^? at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 z none ( ! =m] 7 m ?an ?ree or f\r feet 9 _! longe/ measurem5t4 ,!y seem to h be5 =m$ f ?9 /rata ( lava1 :i* 7 brok5 9 pieces f pressure1 su* z ! action ( ice c\ld p]=m4 ,9 fact1 ! cr[d$ & angul> & some:at worn blocks ( lava pres5t$ a diff]5t appe>ance f /ones ?r[n f ! crat] ( a volcano1 :ile no su* b[ld]s are f\nd among ! rec5t volcanic eruptions on ! isl&s4 ,! pla9 s ?ickly /rewn ) b[ld]s1 & p>tly %ad$ by a tall gr[? ( %rubs1 fell (f abruptly at ! seaside1 =m+ a /eep cliff "s two hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,! rocky floor at ! foot ( ! cliff receiv$ su* dbris z fell f ! sea-wa%$ l&2 yet x conta9$ few b[ld]s1 !y hav+ be5 wa%$ away by ! waves soon aft] fall+4 ,at "o place a /eep1 dry rav9e p5etrat$ ! l& f ! sea%ore1 :i* 0 dang]\s to cross on acc\nt ( ! loose /ones re/+ on its sides4 ,two or ?ree miles fur!r we/1 on ! level l& bord]+ ! sea1 a l>ge rook]y ( albatross 7 brood+ _! eggs & *ickl+s4 ,! l& on ! s\? side ( ,albem>le1 ne> ! sea1 consi/s ( dbris f ! erod$ high l&s2 &1 judg+ f ! crumbl+ cliffs by ! sea1 x seems t ! l& at "o "t ext5d$ fur!r seaw>d4 ,besides ! excessive d5udation :i* appe>s to h tak5 place on portions ( ^! b[ld]-/rewn l&s1 we h o!r unmi/akable te/imony ( _! hav+ =m]ly possess$ a frigid temp]ature4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,alp9e flora ( ^! isl&s po9ts to a "t :5 !y 7 expos$ to a cold climate4 ,fur!rmore1 rook]ies ( seal & albatross1 :i* naturally belong to %ores situat$ 9 cold latitudes1 /ill exi/ on ^! equatorial isl&s2 &1 :5 we consid] ! favorable position ( ! ,galapagos = ! reception ( cold dur+ a frigid p]iod1 we c well acc\nt = ! l+]+ signs :i* po9t to _! =m] cold climate4 ,dur+ ! p]fection ( an ice p]iod ! we/]n %ore ( ,s\? ,am]ica 0 cov]$ ) an ice-%eet f ! summits ( its m\nta9 range to ! sea1 ext5d+ nor?w>d z f> z ! latitude ( #ch s\?4 ,?is va/ ice-%eet1 situat$ 9 a region ( great sn[-fall1 0 con/antly s5d+ iceb]gs into ! sea1 :]e !y 7 borne nor?w>d by ! cold ,humboldt curr5t directly t[>d ! ,galapagos ,isl&s2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! nor!rn latitudes1 9 regions ( great sn[-fall1 su* z ,alaska & ,briti% ,am]ica1 num]\s iceb]gs 7 laun*$ into ! ocean1 to be curr5t$ s\?w>d to ! ,galapagos seas4 ,?us dur+ ! frigid epo* ! equatorial wat]s surr\nd+ ! ,galapagos gr\p 0 "o ( ! greate/ ga!r+ places = float+ ice to be f\nd on ! globe4 ,& "h ! frigidity /or$ up 9 ! glaci]s ( ! high] latitudes 0 set free1 ?us *ill+ ! wat]s z well z ! atmosph]e ( t region4 ,! ,alp9e flora ( ! ,am]ican coa/ m\nta9s 0 probably c>ri$ by float+ ice to ! ,galapagos1 :ile its rook]ies ( albatross & seal date back to a cold p]iod4 ,& x seems t ^! cold-wea!r animals1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! cool ,humboldt curr5t1 may be able to pres]ve _! rook]ies at ! equator until ! adv5t ( ano!r ice p]iod4 ,9 connection ) ! evid5ces ( a cold climate hav+ possess$ ! ,galapagos1 !re are ample traces ( ice-%eets hav+ fl[$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! high l&s ( tropical ,am]ica1 & 9 "s places ! ice may h fl[$ d[n to ! sea1 especially :]e ! l>ge riv]s n[ empty2 & x is said t masses ( clay1 mix$ ) sub-angul> /ones1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,brazil1 :i* goes to prove ! glaciation ( portions ( t tropical l& dur+ a remote age4 ,pr(essor ,l\is ,j4 ,r4 ,agassiz1 dur+ 8 rese>* 9 ! ,amazon valley1 f\nd b[ld]s re/+ ne> ! summits ( ! l[ hills ( t region1 :i* he attribut$ to ! action ( ice4 ,! spread ( glaci]s on s\!rn cont95ts & isl&s is %[n on map ,no4 #a4 ,9 ,sci5ce1 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahic1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,craw=d publi%$ a summ>y ( 8 discov]ies 9 ,nic>agua1 dur+ t5 mon?s ( ne>ly cont9u\s exploration s9ce ,augu/1 #ahib4 ,! au?or ( ?is report says3 8,! num]\s erod$ m\nta9 ridges & lat]al t]m9al mora9es ( t tropical region give unque/ionable evid5ces ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( a glacial epo*1 :i* cov]$ an area ( sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ,nic>agua ) glacial ice4 ,! ice-%eet cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! exi/+ n>r[ divide ( l& 7conta9+ ab\t #dh1jjj squ>e miles7 betwe5 ! ,pacific & ,c>ibbean ,sea40 ,& x is likely t o!r l>ge areas ( tropical ,am]ica 7 glaciat$ at ! same "t1 especially 9 regions ( great precipitation4 ,! isl& ( ,cuba1 dur+ a portion ( ! ice age1 probably support$ heavy glaci]s1 & obta9$ an av]age temp]ature z l[ z ,s\?-we/]n ,new ,zeal& at ?is age4 ,accord+ to ! description giv5 by ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]1 ( ! ,cuban l&1 great valleys h be5 excavat$1 ! l[] portion ( :i* are n[ fiords1 rea*+ 9 "o case at lea/ to sev5 ?\s& feet 9 dep? be=e ga9+ ! sea beyond4 ,?us1 :ile keep+ 9 view ! glacial condition ( ,c5tral ,am]ica dur+ ! frigid p]iod1 x seems t ! great ,cuban excavations 7 p>tly ! "w ( glaci]s ( ! same cold epo*499 ,judg+ f su* reliable /atem5ts1 x is probable t ! climate ( tropical ,am]ica dur+ ! frigid age 0 some:at cold] ?an obta9$ 9 ! tropical regions ( ! ea/]n cont95t1 ow+ to ! wide connection ( ! ,atlantic ) ! ,arctic ,ocean z well z ) ! ant>ctic seas1 & because ( its %ores possess+ a l>g] area ( glaciat$ l&s 9 proportion to its size ?an ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 & also ow+ to ! tropical ,atlantic conta9+ s small a portion ( ! _w's wat]s :i* lie )9 ! torrid zone1 & its equatorial curr5t be+ sep>at$ by cont95tal l&s f ! great equatorial /ream ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 99,! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,septemb]1 #ahie1 0 report$ 9 ,sci5ce ( ,octob] #ah1 :]e m5tion is made ( an int]e/+ pap] by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,:ite1 on 8,! ,glacial ,age ( ,tropical ,am]ica10 9 :i* he describ$ a numb] ( app>5tly glacial deposits 9 ! ,republic ( ,colombia1 almo/ "u ! equator4 ,he spoke ( mora9es =m+ v]itable m\nta9s1 imm5se ?icknesses ( b[ld] clay1 breccias1 cem5t b$s1 s&1 gravels1 & clays1 b$s ( loess1 valleys scoop$1 groov$1 & t]rac$1 mon/r\s erratics1 & traces ( great avalan*es4 ,!re=e1 ! tropical ,atlantic wat]s mu/ h be5 r$uc$ to a l[] temp]ature dur+ a frigid age ?an ! tropical wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean or ! we/]n "p ( ! tropical ,pacific1 z a l>ge portion ( ! great equatorial curr5t ( ! latt] oceans1 dur+ its we/]n movem5t1 0 expos$ to ! rays ( a tropical sun = a mu* long] "t1 aft] be+ repl5i%$ by ! cold wat]s ( ! high latitudes1 ?an ! tropical curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic2 & x is probable t1 on acc\nt ( tropical ,am]ica possess+ a cold] climate ?an ! tropical l&s ( ! ea/]n cont95t dur+ ! frigid epo*1 ! cold ( ! we/]n cont95t 0 m de/ructive to its fauna & flora ?an 0 ! case 9 ! tropical regions ( ! ea/]n cont95t4 ,pr(essor ,wright1 9 8 valuable "w on 8,! ,ice ,age ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 gives a good description ( ! 8flight ( plants & animals dur+ ! glacial epo*10 & also ( ! ext]m9ation ( _m sup]ior species because ( ! frigid climate4 ,! high l&s ( tropical ,africa1 above ! altitude ( ?ree ?\s& feet1 & situat$ 9 places ( great precipitation1 7 probably cov]$ ) sn[ & ice dur+ ! glacial age4 ,travell]s h report$ t isl&s compos$ p>tly ( granite b[ld]s are f\nd 9 ! lakes at ! head-wat]s ( ! ,nile4 ,b ! glaci]s t invad$ ! tropical latitudes 7 ( %ort duration comp>$ ) ! ice-%eets t burd5$ ! l&s ( ! temp]ate zones4 ,besides1 su* tropical ice z fl[$ to ! l[ l&s 0 s ne> a melt+ condition t x made small impression on ! rocks2 b on /eep m\nta9 slopes1 :]e ! movem5t ( ! ice 0 comp>atively rapid1 x possess$ consid]able erod+ p[]4 ,! climate ( ! tropical zone on bo? cont95ts dur+ ! p]fection ( an ice p]iod 0 s cold t su* animals z c\ld n endure a l[ temp]ature retreat$ into ! w>me/ regions ( ! equatorial latitudes1 :ile _m species :o fail$ to rea* su* places p]i%$4 ,& especially 0 ?is ! case ) ! pre-glacial fauna ( ! we/]n cont95t4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,m4 ,davidson1 9 8 treatise on ,florida phosphates1 says3 8,! great mammal hordes ( ! glacial epo* 7 driv5 into ,florida 9 _! flight s\?w>d = life & w>m?1 & !re p]i%$ because ( ! deadly cold :i* ev] mov$ s\?w>d4 ,! ,florida wat]s grew s icy cold1 fi%es1 reptiles1 & mammo? animals di$1 & add$ _! frames & tee? to ! valley ( bones n[ f\nd 9 t s\!rn region40 ,su* species ( ! tropical fauna ( ! ocean z surviv$ ! ice age c\ld h exi/$ only 9 torrid seas ) small connection ) ! cold oceans dur+ ! frigid epo*s4 ,=1 ) ! dim9i%$ oceans ( a cold p]iod1 x seems t ! conditions 7 favorable = ! ma9t5ance ( su* seas 9 ! region ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,su* p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe & ,nor!rn ,africa z bord]$ on ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea probably possess$ a mild] climate dur+ ! ice age ?an regions 9 ! same latitudes on ! ,atlantic coa/1 = ! reason t ! ,nor? ,atlantic 0 proportionally a great] receptacle = iceb]gs :i* 7 laun*$ into x f ! num]\s glaci]s ( ,nor?-ea/]n ,am]ica1 ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 & ,nor?-we/]n ,europe ?an ! great inl& sea obta9$ f its less frigid %ores4 ,& x may h happ5$ t dur+ su* times ! tropical wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean _h "s connection ) ! ,m$it]ranean ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea & ,suez1 & s dur+ portions ( ! ye> ! wat]s ( ! tropical ,indian ,ocean 7 =c$ by ! p]iodical w9ds into ! inl& sea4 ,x is ! op9ion ( sev]al writ]s t man1 along ) o!r species ( animal life1 exi/$ previ\s to ! glacial p]iod2 =1 s9ce ! seas & l&s ( ! globe 7 *ill$1 ! conditions seem to h be5 less favorable = ! spontane\s g5]ation ( animate bodies ?an dur+ ! previ\s w>m ages4 ,!re=e1 x appe>s t ! g5]ative ages %\ld be ascrib$ to ! long g5ial eras prior to ! glacial epo*s4 ,= x is probable t ! l[] p>ts ( ! ocean1 :i* n[ possess a l[ temp]ature ev5 9 ! tropical latitudes1 71 dur+ ! w>m eras1 :olly compos$ ( w>m wat]1 because ! surface wat]s ( ! ant>ctic seas ( t age1 :i* supply ! great "u-curr5ts ( ! ocean1 w\ld possess a high temp]ature2 & x is probable t ! temp]ature ( a l>ge portion ( ! seas ( ! torrid zone 0 = a long "t ma9ta9$ at blood heat4 ,= x %\ld be consid]$ t ! wat]s :i* mov$ f ! torrid seas1 aft] mak+ _! j\rney ?r\gh ! w>m regions ( ! high latitudes1 w\ld on _! return to ! tropics reta9 a l>ge portion ( ! heat !y acquir$ 9 ! torrid zone be=e mak+ _! j\rney to ! mild pol> regions4 ,&1 :5 we reflect h[ ! heat ( ! sun's rays 0 cons]v$ by ! ocean wat]s1 & t _! circulation dur+ su* times 0 almo/ :olly p]=m$ by ! w9ds1 z ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! pol> latitudes & ! equator 0 small1 x appe>s t dur+ ! eras previ\s to ! glacial age ! oceans mu/ h obta9$ a high] temp]ature ?an possess$ by ! w>me/ seas ( to-day4 ,accord+ to ! discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,wright & o!rs1 anci5t /one implem5ts h be5 f\nd b5ea? ! glacial drift1 z well z ! bones ( animals ^: desc5dants are n[ liv+1 :i* goes to prove t man1 ) o!r species ( fauna :i* n[ inhabit ! e>?1 exi/$ ant]ior to ! glacial epo*4 ,& on consid]ation x seems unreasonable to suppose t any ( ! sup]ior species ( animals c\ld h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce s9ce ! wat]s & l&s ( ! e>? 7 *ill$ by ! cold ( a glacial age4 ,& x appe>s t _m species ( animals :i* are kn[n to h surviv$ ! cold p]iods 7 indebt$ = su* survivals to ! sl[ process ?r\gh :i* a frigid p]iod is br\ght ab\t1 ?us af=d+ "t = evolution>y inurem5t to ! sl[ increase ( cold :i* at l5g? p]fects a glacial epo*4 ,! inurem5t to cold acquir$ by animals dur+ ! glacial age is /ill an attribute possess$ by _m species ( fauna to-day4 ,=1 :5 a w>m climate took possession ( ! tropical zone1 x 0 des]t$ by a l>ge portion ( ! animals t f\nd refuge !re dur+ ! glacial age4 ,?us1 :ile ! seas & %ores ( ! cool] latitudes sw>m ) animate bodies1 ! torrid latitudes seem comp>atively lonely to ! voyag]s on ! tropical oceans4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,temp]ate ,,zones4 ,hav+ ass]t$ t dur+ ! culm9ation ( a frigid p]iod ! ice-%eets spread ov] a portion ( ! l&s ( ! tropical zone1 ,i w give my views1 ) ^? ( sev]al writ]s1 on ! spread ( ice-%eets )9 ! n[ temp]ate latitudes2 & mean:ile ,i w repeat a portion ( my =m] essays on ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 9 8 lectures on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 says t 8! hi/ory op5s ) igne\s ag5cy 9 ! asc5dant1 aque\s & organic =ces become conspicu\s lat] on1 & ice has put on ! f9i%+ t\*es to ! t]re/rial cont\rs40 ,b !re appe> to be v>i\s op9ions held by geologi/s respect+ ! *anges br\ght ab\t on ! e>?'s surface dur+ ! glacial p]iod4 ,"s ?9k t glaci]s h nev] be5 an important geological ag5t1 :ile o!rs ass]t t dur+ ! glacial epo* heavy ice-%eets cov]$ ! elevat$ portions ( ,we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica z f> s\? z ! ?irty-six? p>allel ( latitude1 & ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica 0 ov]spread ) ice-%eets1 :i* atta9$ a dep? ( five or six ?\s& feet1 & 7 able to move _! dbris ov] wide l&s ( little declivity t[>d ! sea1 _! imm5se deposits =m+ ! l&s ( ,cape ,cod1 & also ! isl&s ( ,nantucket & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4 ,b x is n[ said t ?is impli$ magnitude ( ! glacial deposits on ! l&s skirt+ ! ,new ,engl& coa/ is )\t f\ndation1 s9ce ! l>g] bulk ( ^! isl&s consi/s ( upturn$ ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y /rata1 :i* are only ?9ly cov]$ ) glacial dbris1 su* z b[ld]s1 gravel1 clay1 & s&1 f ! erod$ %ores ( ! ma9l& ( ,new ,engl&4 ,b x appe>s t ! dislocat$ & fold$ cretace\s /rata :i* und]lie ! glacial drift ( ,nantucket & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d 7 dur+ an e>ly p]iod deposit$ on ! bottom ( a %all[ sea1 :i* !n cov]$ ! ,v9ey>d ,s\nd1 ,buzz>d's ,bay1 & _! surr\nd+ l[l&s4 ,?us ! ice-%eets ( ! frigid age :i* mov$ ov] ,new ,engl& displac$ ! yield+ /ratifi$ deposits ( ! %all[ sea1 & =c$ !m s\?w>d 9 a di/urb$ condition to ! position :i* !y n[ occupy4 ,/ill1 x is app>5t t only a small portion ( ! glacial drift is f\nd on ^! isl&s1 :i*1 accord+ to appe>ances1 mu/ h be5 erod$ & mov$ s\?w>d f ! rocky l&s ( ,new ,engl& dur+ ! ice age2 b !re is suffici5t to %[ t l>ge quantities ( su* dbris 7 c>ri$ ov] ! isl&s into ! ,atlantic4 ,&1 judg+ f ! erod$ rocky ,new ,engl& l&s1 !re mu/ h be5 suffici5t glacial drift mov$ ov] ,nantucket & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d into ! ocean beyond to f> exce$ 9 bulk ! d]ang$ ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s deposits :i* n[ =m s l>ge a portion ( ! isl&s4 ,=1 :5 we look ov] l&s be>+ traces ( ! ice age1 :]e ! glaci]s did n move _! drift into ! sea1 s ! t]m9al mora9es ( su* glaci]s c be bett] e/imat$1 we c realize ! great "w t has be5 p]=m$ by ! ice-%eet t ov]ran ,new ,engl& dur+ a frigid age4 ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie /ates1 9 8 discussion on ! glacial deposits ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 t ! deposits f ,alp9e glaci]s ( a frigid p]iod 8rise out ( ! pla9s ( ,pi$mont z /eep hills to a height ( fifte5 hundr$ feet1 & 9 "o place to ne>ly two ?\s& feet4 ,measur$ along its out] circumf]5ce1 ?is great mora9ic mass is f\nd to h a frontage ( fifty miles1 :ile ! pla9 :i* x encloses ext5ds "s fifte5 miles f ,&rate s\?w>d40 ,& x is report$ t !re are f\nd on ! s\!rn flank ( ! ,jura num]\s scatt]$ b[ld]s1 all ( :i* h be5 c>ri$ f ! ,alps across ! int]v5+ pla9s1 & left :]e !y n[ re/4 ,_m conta9 ?\s&s ( cubic feet1 & n a few are q z l>ge z cottages4 ,su* blocks are f\nd on ! ,jura1 at a height ( no less ?an two ?\s& feet above ! ,lake ( ,neu*tel4 ,! ,jura ,m\nta9s be+ =m$ ( lime/one1 x is easy to di/+ui% ! dbris deposit$ by ,alp9e glaci]s2 &1 f :at ,i c le>n ( ext5sive glacial "w1 x appe>s t int]v5+ pla9s1 lakes1 & s\nds are s (t5 f\nd sep>at+ ! s\rce ( anci5t glaci]s f _! deposits t _! exi/5ce becomes almo/ necess>y to repres5t ! g5]al outl9es ( di/urbance p]=m$ dur+ an ice p]iod4 ,9 consid]ation ( su* facts & ! =ego+ /atem5ts ( reliable obs]v]s1 ,i am prompt$ to (f] my views on glacial "w p]=m$ on a portion ( ! ,pacific %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* seems to me to be mu* m ext5sive ?an hi!rto suppos$4 ,pr(essor ,:itney describes ! coa/ m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia z be+ made up ( great di/urbances1 :i* h be5 br\ght ab\t )9 geologically rec5t times2 & ?is /atem5t ,i f\nd to be s obvi\s 9 my travels ov] t region t x appe>s to me t ! coa/ ranges orig9at$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f ! old] ,si]ras4 ,! we/]n sides ( ! latt] m\nta9s ev]y:]e %[ ! great erod+ p[] ( anci5t glaci]s2 &1 :5 ,i consid]$ _! favorable position = ! accumulation ( sn[ dur+ a glacial p]iod1 ,i 0 l$ to seek = ! glacial deposits adequate to repres5t ! great ga!r+ ( ice :i* an age ( frigid temp]ature w\ld produce4 ,b x seem$ to me t su* deposits c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ras1 :i* conta9 ! mora9e ( inf]ior ice-%eets t t]m9at$ at ! base ( ! m\nta9s4 ,"u ^! conditions ,i came to ! conclusion t dur+ ! e>li] ice p]iod ! imm5se glaci]s :i* mu/ h =m$ on ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,si]ra range mov$ _! gigantic accumulation ( dbris s f> seaw>d z to =m ! range ( hills n[ exi/+ next ! coa/ l9e1 & p]haps ! isl&s abrea/ ! ,santa ,b>b>a coa/1 ! ,contra ,co/a1 or ea/]n range1 be+ =m$ dur+ a subsequ5t ice p]iod1 9 ! same mann] z ! hills next ! coa/ l9e4 ,/ill1 x may be t nei!r ( ! coa/ ranges 0 ! "w ( a s+le cold epo*2 b ! we/]n range mu/ necess>ily h be5 ! e>lie/ deposit4 ,al?\gh ! coa/ ranges diff] f ! ,si]ras 9 _! make up1 yet x does n disagree ) ! glacial orig9 ( ! =m] inf]ior m\nta9s1 f ! fact t ! ice-%eets1 :ile mov+ _! bulk we/w>d1 displac$ ! deposits ( su* bays1 lakes1 riv]s1 & m>%es z lay abrea/ ( ! ,si]ra slopes4 ,! advanc+ ice-%eets1 ?\s&s ( feet 9 dep?1 mov+ f a l(ty & /eep incl9e1 press$ & pl\gh$ bel[ ! some:at sup]ficial cretace\s & alluvial /rata :i* lay 9 _! c\rse4 ,! di/urb$ /rata1 :ile =c$ along 9 confus$ heaps 9 front ( ! ice1 7 amass$ 9 ridges suffici5t to =m ! hills ( ! coa/ ranges4 ,! b[ld]s f\nd imb$d$ 9 sev]al ( ! coa/ hills mu/ h be5 mov$ by ! ice f ! ,si]ras on acc\nt ( ! coa/ ranges n hav+ a rocky core ( suffici5t firmness to give %ape to su* b[ld]s4 ,moreov]1 ! temp]ature ( ! ,pacific wat]s w\ld n be favorable = glaci]s to =m on ! coa/ ranges1 ) ! ice-%eets ( ! ,si]ras t]m9at+ at ! foot-hills4 ,! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 ,valleys are n[ cov]$ by rec5t riv] deposits4 ,!re=e1 ! glacial drift :i* %\ld be trac$ f ! ,si]ras to ! coa/ ranges is conceal$4 ,yet ! abrad$ appe>ance ( expos$ solid rocks at ! base ( ! foot-hills1 & also ! scatt]$ b[ld]s :i* gradually disappe> b5ea? ! diluvial deposits ( ! pla9s1 indicate t ! ,si]ra ice-%eets c\ld n h end$ at ! foot-hills1 b mu/ h mov$ fur!r we/w>d1 :ile ga!r+ imm5se accumulations 9 _! front1 suffici5t to =m ! coa/ hills1 ! dbris ?us amass$ be+ able to arre/ ! fur!r movem5t ( ! ice seaw>d4 ,! coa/ ranges 9 sev]al places h be5 subject to igne\s action1 :i* may h be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh heat g5]at$ f pressure ex]t$ on ! int]ior masses aft] ! ice _h melt$ away1 ! heat ?us produc$ be+ suffici5t to cause outbur/s ( lava1 :]e ! nature ( ! mat]ial favor$ combu/ion4 ,! l[ pla9s1 lakes1 & bays :i* sep>ate ! ,si]ras f ! coa/ hills are 9 a position simil> to ! %all[ s\nds :i* sep>ate ,nantucket1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 & ,long ,isl& f ! inf]ior slopes ( ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,engl&4 ,!re=e1 :ile agree+ ) glaciali/s1 :o believe t great geological *anges h be5 wr\ght by ice-%eets 9 ,italy & ,new ,engl&1 x appe>s to me t ! anci5t glaci]s ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada h accompli%$ m ext5sive "w1 ow+ to ! ,si]ras be+ situat$ 9 a m favorable position to receive ! humidity ( ! ocean4 ,h5ce1 ) a l[ temp]ature1 va/ quantities ( sn[ mu/ h collect$ on _! l(ty sides2 & at ! same "t _! great height & declivity w\ld cause ! ice to move d[n _! /eeps ) great] =ce ?an ! glaci]s :i* pass$ ov] ,new ,engl&4 ,writ]s :o h giv5 ! subject consid]able /udy ?9k t ! deep valleys ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 7 produc$ by disruptive r ?an erosive ag5cies4 ,?is conclusion has be5 =m$ f ! lack ( l>ge accumulations ( dbris ab\t _! l[] extremities1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if su* valleys 7 ! result ( glacial erosion4 ,b1 %\ld ! coa/ ranges be attribut$ to glacial action1 z has be5 /at$1 we c well acc\nt = ! dbris t %\ld accumulate f ! erosion ( ! deep valleys4 ,! only ?+ t c\ld prev5t ! ice f ga!r+ on ! ,si]ra ,nevada range dur+ an ice p]iod 9 great] masses ?an on any m\nta9s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e w\ld be ! lack ( cold2 =1 ) a l[ temp]ature1 ! fall ( sn[ w\ld be enorm\s4 ,?is is %[n by ! great sn[-fall dur+ ! %ort mild w9t]s ( to-day4 ,!re=e1 ) ice-%eets cov]+ a l>ge portion ( ! l&s ( ! high nor!rn latitudes1 & ) ! ,japanese curr5t :i* temp]s ! nor? ,pacific wat]s made cold 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & :ile ! sea along ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica 0 /rewn ) iceb]gs laun*$ f ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia1 x seems t ,cali=nia mu/ also h obta9$ a frigid climate dur+ ! ice age4 ,!re=e1 on acc\nt ( its exposure to ! ocean w9ds1 & ! consequ5t heavy sn[-fall1 ! accumulation ( ice on its l&s mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,=1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! glaci]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica ext5d$ s\?w>d ev5 into ! torrid zone suffici5t to cov] a l>ge portion ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 x is unreasonable to suppose t any portion ( ,cali=nia c\ld escape be+ cov]$ by heavy ice-%eets dur+ ! glacial epo*4 ,! comp>atively scant fall ( ra9 & sn[ ov] ,gre5l& is kn[n to =m ice-%eets hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!re=e1 :at mu/ h be5 ! dep? ( ice ov] ! high l&s ( ! ,pacific coa/ nor? ( ,cali=nia at ! culm9ation ( a frigid p]iod8 ,! descriptions giv5 by ,dr4 ,dawson & o!rs1 ( glacial ph5om5a along t coa/1 favor ! impression t an imm5se ice-%eet at "o "t deeply cov]$ ! :ole region f ! top ( ! m\nta9 range to ! ocean4 ,?us all ! deep *annels 7 fill$ & all ! isl&s deeply ov]run ) ice1 :ile ! imm5se b]gs laun*$ f ! %ore & c>ri$ by ! w9ds & curr5ts s\?w>d 7 probably n melt$ until !y rea*$ ! tropical latitudes4 ,?us1 :5 ! :ole circulation ( ! ,pacific wat]s are tak5 into acc\nt1 x w be se5 t _! temp]ature dur+ ! ice age mu/ h be5 consid]ably l[]$4 ,! movem5t ( ice-%eets on ! ,pacific slope 0 probably local 9 "*1 & n connect$ ) ! movem5t ( ice on ! ea/]n sides ( ! m\nta9s4 ,f :at ,i h se5 ( ! va/ t]ritory ly+ betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s x appe>s t x obta9$ mu* heavi] ice-fields ?an g5]ally suppos$4 ,pr(essor ,geikie 9 8 lectures says ( ?is region t dur+ ! glacial age1 89 ! ,second ,colorado ,canyon1 ! sides 7 completely glaciat$ f bottom to top4 ,^! walls are f #hjj to #a1jjj feet high1 & at ! ?icke/ po9t ! glaci] 0 #a1gjj feet ?ick02 & he says t 8! c\ntry ar\nd ,salt ,lake 0 cov]$ ) ice1 = ! rocks ab\t !re %[ ! action ( ice1 & t ! bones ( ! musk-ox are f\nd !re40 ,?is va/ area ( anci5t ice1 al?\gh subject to little movem5t 9 its int]ior bas91 /ill1 9 :atev] movem5t x may h _h1 mu/ h f\nd its ma9 outlet ?r\gh ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado4 ,= 9 no o!r way c we acc\nt = ! erosive =ces necess>y to excavate t imm5se *asm4 ,n ev5 ! mighty torr5t t c>ri$ (f ! wat]s ( ! melt+ ice-%eets t cov]$ ! int]ior portion ( ! cont95t c\ld accompli% "w ( su* magnitude4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,geikie's obs]vations ! ,second ,colorado ,canyon 0 fill$ ) glaci]s dur+ ! ice age4 ,!re=e1 x seems t ^! glaci]s mu/ h fl[$ d[n into ! ,gr& ,canyon1 & !re unit$ ) glaci]s fl[+ f m nor!rn regions4 ,an acc\nt ( a collect+ exp$ition to ,l[] ,cali=nia by ,g4 ,eison1 9 #ahie1 describes anci5t mora9es at ! extremity ( ! p59sula z be+ prom95t1 l>ge1 & /eep4 ,?is region lies "u ! tropic ( ,canc]1 & #h s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv] :]e x empties into ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! temp]ature ( t portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ice age 0 favorable = ! great glaci] ( ! ,colorado ,canyon to h fl[$ into ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,! wide1 %all[ bas9s ( ,utah & ,nevada 7 fill$ ) ! wat] f ! melt+ ice-%eet on ! break+ up ( ! ice p]iod1 & ! lakes s caus$ rema9$ = a consid]able "t aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! ice4 ,b1 ow+ to ! great evaporation & light ra9-fall ( t region1 ! lakes gradually %rank away1 ! fill+ & empty+ ( ! lake bas9s be+ gov]n$ by ! cold & mild epo*s4 ,! conglom]ate deposits 9 ! ,appala*ian di/rict ( ,nor? ,am]ica are kn[n z occurr+ on a l>ge scale4 ,pr(essor ,%al] is incl9$ to attribute !m to glacial action1 because he kn[s ( no o!r =ce t c\ld br+ toge!r su* masses ( pebbles f a wide-spread surface4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,k5tucky & ,ea/ ,t5nessee ^! deposits are f\nd to be sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,su* accumulations ( app>5t glacial orig9 are to be f\nd f ,new ,brunswick to ,alabama4 ,h5ce x seems t ! ice dur+ a frigid p]iod foll[$ d[n ! ,alleghany range ev5 s f> s\? z ,georgia & ,alabama2 & = a "t1 :5 ! ice atta9$ its greate/ spread1 x fl[$ ov] ! c5tral portion ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,= h[ else c we acc\nt = ! clay mix$ ) gravel & pebbles & /ony fragm5ts be+ spread broadca/ ov] t region8 ,i "k t su* /atem5ts d n agree ) ! views ( glaciali/s :o h writt5 on ! subject1 & h drawn ! glacial b\nd>y f sev5 to t5 degrees fur!r nor?1 :]e a l9e ( b[ld]s ) o!r glacial dbris is pla9ly trac$4 ,/ill1 x appe>s to me t a l9e ( b[ld]s deposit$ by an ice-%eet spread+ ov] a cont95t & across _m degrees ( latitude _c be comp>$ to ! mora9es ( inf]ior m\nta9 glaci]s ( ! temp]ate latitudes ( ! pres5t age4 ,an ice-%eet mov+ f a high latitude to a l[] w\ld1 :ile 9 ! cold] latitude1 freeze firmly to ! rocky l$ges1 & hold !m s /rong 9 its frigid grasp z to break (f ! weak] portions ( ! rocks1 & drag !m t[>d a mild] region1 z f> z ! freez+ grip ( ! ice-%eet w\ld p]mit2 b1 on ga9+ l[] & mild] latitudes1 ! hold+ & dragg+ p[] ( ! ice w\ld be lo/ on acc\nt ( ! increas$ w>m? ( ! e>? ov] :i* ! glaci] mu/ pass1 & also because ( ! ice-%eet hav+ lo/ a portion ( ! l[ temp]ature acquir$ 9 ! high] latitudes4 ,!re=e1 on su* l9es ! b[ld]s w\ld be releas$1 :ile ! ice-%eet w\ld /ill move on1 al?\gh l>gely depriv$ ( its erod+ p[]4 ,?is is ! probable reason :y a l9e ( glacial dbris1 l>gely compos$ ( b[ld]s1 is f\nd to ext5d across ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates1 & s g5]ally suppos$ to be ! glacial b\nd>y ( a frigid p]iod4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t an ice-%eet1 al?\gh depriv$ ( its erod+ p[]1 0 arre/$ 9 its s\!rn movem5t on ! l9e ( its /ony dbris1 because !re c\ld be no sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature 9 a p>ticul> latitude on ! ea/]n l&s ( ,nor? ,am]ica to cause an abrupt end+ ( ! ice-%eets4 ,& !re appe>s to be no?+ to h9d] ! ice f ga!r+ & fl[+ ov] l&s w>m en\gh to loos5 its implem5ts ( erosion2 = !re is mu* to %[ t ! ice-%eets fl[$ mu* fur!r s\?w>d1 ev5 into ! middle portion ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & !re spread ! clay mix$ ) gravel & pebbles1 ) n[ & !n a b[ld]1 ov] ! l&4 ,! scatt]$ b[ld]s1 f\nd 9 num]\s in/ances _m miles s\? ( ! b[ld] l9e1 7 s deeply imb$d$ 9 ! ice-%eet t !y c\ld n be dropp$ on ! usual releas+ gr\nd4 ,! ice-%eet1 :5 depriv$ ( its rocky1 erod+ implem5ts1 w\ld1 :ile fl[+ ov] ! l&1 leave few or no impr9ts on ! rocks2 b x w\ld probably move & spread a l>ge am\nt ( clay1 gravel1 pebbles1 & s& ov] its wide c\rse1 especially if ! ice mov$ f a region ab\nd+ ) su* mat]ial4 ,%\ld we place ! glacial b\nd>y on ! l9e ( ! rocky dbris1 h[ c\ld we acc\nt = ! glaciat$ /ones f\nd on ! hills & pla9s situat$ f> s\?w>d ( ! b[ld]-/rewn regions ( ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates8 ,! clay mix$ ) gravel & s&1 & spread s broadca/ ov] a l>ge portion ( ,georgia & ev5 into ,nor!rn ,florida1 makes x appe> t ! ice ( a cold p]iod mu/ h cov]$ t s\!rn region4 ,moreov]1 x seems to h be5 ?r\gh ! great abrasion :i* only ice-%eets c\ld p]=m t ! s&s ( ! ,florida p59sula 7 produc$2 = on exam9ation !y seem to h result$ f ! abrasion & wea!r+ ( cry/all9e rocks4 ,! worn remnants ( su* rocks are n[ f\nd 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian range4 ,9 fact1 ! hills & m\nta9s ( t region at ! pres5t "t are suppos$ to be a small remnant ( ! anci5t highl&s4 ,?us1 on consid]ation1 x appe>s t ! s&s caus$ by ! action ( glaci]s 71 on ! disappe>ance ( ice-%eets1 bl[n by ! /rong nor?-we/ w9ds t[>d ! ,florida p59sula z fa/ z ! rec$+ wat]s ( ! ocean :i* fl[$ ! l[l&s on ! break+ up ( ! ice age w\ld p]mit2 & 9 ?is way ! s& 0 spread ov] ! l[l& region1 :i* 0 l>gely compos$ ( coral sea %ells & o!r m>9e matt]4 ,& x seems t ! s& mu/ h be5 bl[n ov] l>ge areas 9 ,florida soon aft] ! end+ ( ! frigid p]iod1 because ! s&1 9 ord] to be mov$ by ! w9ds1 mu/ h spread ov] a c\ntry ne>ly de/itute ( vegetation2 & su* w\ld be ! condition ( t region dur+ times :i* succe$$ ! ice p]iod & ! subsequ5t brief fl[age ( ! l[l&s on ! end+ ( ! frigid age1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if su* s&s result$ entirely f wat] erosion & wea!r+1 because ) su* a /ate ( ?+s ! c\ntry w\ld be cov]$ ) =e/s & grasses1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! s& f be+ mov$ by ! w9ds to any great ext5t4 ,?is goes to %[ t ! region ( ! ,gulf ,/ates 0 s mu* affect$ by ! cold ( ! glacial p]iod1 toge!r ) ! subm]g5ce ( ! l[l&s at its close1 its flora & also its animals 7 ext]m9at$2 = h[ else c we acc\nt = ! abundant fossil rema9s ( animals n[ f\nd buri$ 9 ! ,florida s&s8 ,x appe>s also t1 :5 ,florida 0 be+ cov]$ ) drift+ s&s1 _m ( ! lake bas9s n[ =m$ did n exi/1 z ! w9d-bl[n s& c\ld n h cross$ a cont9u\s *a9 ( lakes l ! ,/4 ,john's ,riv]2 & x is an easy matt] to-day to trace ! b$s ( ! anci5t lakes t prev5t$ ! s&s f drift+ ov] c]ta9 l&s n[ ne>ly de/itute ( x4 ,& x is probable t ! sea fl[$ ! l[e/ l&s dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! w9ds 7 drift+ ! great] portion ( ! s&s ov] ! p59sula4 ,!re=e1 regions :i* embrace ! ,ev]glades & portions ( ! ,indian ,riv] t]ritory are q free f heavy s& deposits1 & s also are ! ext5sive flat woods ( ! p59sula4 ,s9ce ! s&s blew ov] ! anci5t des]t ( ,florida1 _m lake bas9s h be5 =m$ because ( ! s9k+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is s9k+ ( ! gr\nd is a common occurr5ce 9 lime/one regions1 :]e a great am\nt ( mat]ial is mov$ 9 solution1 leav+ cav]ns ^: ro(s (t5 fall 94 ,! great am\nt ( s& bl[n ^u ,florida caus$ ! m>9e /rata to give way 9 ! weak] places "u its burd54 ,! s9ks ?us =m$1 probably ( frequ5t occurr5ce at "o "t1 h n[ ne>ly ceas$4 ,/ill1 !re are depressions to be se5 to-day :]e ! tops ( l>ge p9e-trees1 :i* grew on dry1 s&y l&1 are b>ely above ! surface ( ! wat] :i* p>tly fills ! bas9s s rec5tly =m$4 ,yet ,i w\ld n ass]t t all ( ! depressions :]e ,florida lakes exi/ 7 caus$ by ! s9k+ ( ! gr\nd2 = ! w9ds may h caus$ %all[ bas9s 9 ! s&1 :]e ! decay$ vegetation has =m$ mud suffici5t to hold ! wat] :i* n[ p>tly fills su* bas9s4 ,! mobility ( ,florida s&s c be se5 to good advantage :5 expos$ to a /rong1 dry nor?-we/ w9d1 :]e ! gr\nd happ5s to be de/itute ( vegetation4 ,an obs]v] c !n realize :at ! result w\ld be1 %\ld ! :ole l& be depriv$ ( vegetation & laid b>e to ! action ( ! w9ds4 ,"u su* conditions1 n only w\ld ! w9ds be mu* /rong] ?an n[1 b ! air ne> ! gr\nd w\ld be fill$ ) s&1 mov+ l drift+ sn[ 9 a ,dakota blizz>d4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 x is probable t ! ra9fall 0 v light :ile ,florida 0 void ( vegetation2 &1 ev5 if %all[ bas9s 7 =m$1 !re w\ld be a lack ( ra9 to supply !m ) wat]4 ,! wide pla9s we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 ext5d+ s\?w>d into ,texas1 dur+ ! frigid p]iod mu/ h be5 cov]$ ) a %eet ( ice & sn[4 ,& x is probable t x 0 n :olly a product ( m nor!rn latitudes1 b 0 mo/ly produc$ by ! sn[ :i* fell on ! pla9s dur+ ! long w9t]s ( t p]iod1 :i* c\ld n be melt$ away dur+ ! cold summ]s ( an ice age1 :5 x is consid]$ t an ice-%eet1 ) a temp]ature suffici5tly l[ z to c>ry glacial drift1 cov]$ ! l&s ( ,miss\ri z f> z latitude #ch s\?2 & x may h be5 ?r\gh ! pressure f an ice-%eet 9 its s\?-ea/]n movem5t t we are to acc\nt = ! num]\s ore-be>+ fault+ fissures trav]s+ ! lime/one /rata4 ,! ice-%eet 0 also ! probable cause ( ! erosion ( ! horizontal b$d$ /ones1 yet x appe>s t ! ice did n greatly *ange ! cont\r ( ! gr\nd2 = x is well kn[n t glaci]s d move ov] l&s t are n froz5 to ! ice )\t caus+ mu* di/urbance1 especially :]e ! gradi5t is small1 & ?is 0 ! probable condition ( ! ,we/]n pla9s dur+ ! ice age4 ,?us x seems t :atev] di/urbance ?is region has und]gone c\ld be p>tly attribut$ to ice-%eets )\t ! pres5ce ( b[ld] drift1 because ! temp]ature & texture ( ! gr\nd 9 ! lime/one region 7 unfavorable = su* accumulations2 yet x may be ow+ to ! action ( ice t m9]als once diffus$ are n[ f\nd collect$ 9 fissures4 ,! deep valleys ?r\gh :i* ! l>ge riv]s n[ pass on _! way t[>d ! sea 7 once fill$ ) glaci]s :i* fl[$ into !m f _! tribut>ies4 ,?us ! deep tr5*es ( ! pla9s are l>gely ! "w ( glaci]s4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! driftless region ( ,wiscons9 0 free f ice dur+ ! frigid p]iod4 ,b x seems impossible = ?is region to h escap$ be+ cov]$ by ice & sn[1 ) ! great lakes fill$ ) glaci]s1 & ! regions on all sides ( ! driftless area cov]$ ) ice4 ,! reason :y ?is t]ritory escap$ ! drift f ! nor? 0 on acc\nt ( ! h9drance :i* ! drift-be>+ ice-%eet enc\nt]$ 9 ! deep bas9 ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,9 ?is great depression ! ice-%eet f ! nor? 0 reliev$ ( b[ld]s & o!r glacial drift1 z well z ob/ruct$ 9 its s\!rn movem5t4 ,!re=e1 ! sn[ & ice :i* ga!r$ on ! driftless region _h little movem5t 9 any direction1 :ile ! temp]ature & consi/5cy ( ! gr\nd "u ! ice 7 n favorable = ! production ( b[ld] drift2 &1 :5 we consid] t ! ,mississippi valley 0 depriv$ ( great s\rces ( w>m? dur+ ! culm9ation ( a glacial p]iod1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t its wide l&s 7 also cov]$ ) sn[ & ice4 ,! tropical wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic 7 s mu* *ill$ by ! float+ iceb]gs ( ,nor?-ea/]n ,am]ica1 ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 & ,nor!rn ,europe t ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 its w>me/ res]voir1 0 r$uc$ to a temp]ature s l[ t ! ea/]ly w9ds :i* blew ov] its wat]s 7 unable to prev5t ice-%eets f ga!r+ on ,ea/]n ,nic>agua4 ,!re=e1 dur+ su* frigid times x appe>s t1 ) ! wat]s ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico r$uc$ to a l[ temp]ature1 x 0 impossible = ! great ,mississippi valley to escape glaciation1 :ile be+ surr\nd$ by cold seas & glaciat$ l&s :i* ext5d$ ev5 into ! tropical latitudes4 ,! broad1 level l&s ( ,briti% ,am]ica & ,sib]ia dur+ ! ice age mu/ h be5 ?ickly cov]$ by ! sn[ :i* fell on ! deeply froz5 pla9s1 besides ! l>ge am\nt ( sn[ t ! cold we/]ly w9ds mu/ h drift$ ov] _! icy surface f l&s ( great] sn[-fall on _! we/]n bord]s4 ,?is sn[ dur+ su* freez+ times c\ld n be melt$ away4 ,! great ice-%eets ?us =m$ ov] wide1 level l&s c\ld h b little motion 9 any direction1 c]ta9ly n suffici5t to cause glacial drift ( mu* magnitude2 yet ! ice-%eet1 at "o /age ( its exi/5ce1 probably s]v$ to wid5 & deep5 ! *annels ( ! great riv]s :i* empty into ! ,arctic ,ocean f ^! va/ regions1 & ! glacial dbris f su* erosion 0 deposit$ 9 ! arctic seas4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,!ories ,,advanc$ ,,= ,,expla9+ ,,ice ,,p]iods4 ,on ,nov4 #ab1 #ahia1 ,pr(essor ,geikie made 8 presid5tial address be=e ! ,ed9burgh ,geological ,society1 ! subject be+ 8,suppos$ ,causes ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod40 ,_m ( 8 views advanc$ 9 ?is lecture 7 s mu* 9 accordance ) my own t ,i am induc$ to repeat !m4 ,he said t ! glacial p]iod 0 a g5]al ph5om5on due to "s widely act+ cause1 & t :]e we n[ h ! greate/ ra9-fall ! greate/ sn[-fall took place1 & t ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod 0 *>act]iz$ by great oscillations ( climate1 extremely cold & v g5ial conditions alt]nat+4 ,he also said t 9 glacial & po/-glacial times *anges 9 ! relative level ( ! l& & sea _h tak5 place1 & any sugge/$ explanation :i* did n fully acc\nt = ^! v>i\s climatic & geographical conditions c\ld n be satisfactory4 ,&1 :ile exam9+ ! e>?-movem5t hypo!sis1 he po9t$ out t 9 ! fir/ place !re 0 n ! lea/ evid5ce ( great cont95tal elevations & depressions 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 su* z ! hypo!sis po/ulat$4 ,next he %[$ t1 ev5 if ! dis]rat$ e>?-movem5ts 7 admitt$1 !y w\ld n acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,su* *anges1 no d\bt1 w\ld pr(\ndly affect ! m>itime regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe2 b !y w\ld n br+ ab\t ! conditions t obta9$ at ! climax ( ! ice age4 ,ano!r objection to ! e>?-movem5t hypo!sis 0 ?is3 x did n acc\nt = int]glacial conditions4 ,! advocates ( t hypo!sis imag9$ t ^! conditions w\ld sup]v5e :5 ! highly elevat$ nor!rn regions 7 depress$ to _! pres5t level4 ,b ^! 7 ! conditions t obta9$ at ! pres5t "t2 & yet 9 spite ( !m ! climate 0 nei!r s equable nor s g5ial z t :i* obta9$ 9 int]glacial times & dur+ ! mild /age ( ! necess>y po/-glacial p]iod4 ,!re=e1 he said t ! e>?-movem5t hypo!sis %\ld be reject$1 n only because x 0 highly improbable t su* wond]fully rhy?mic elevations & depressions ( nor!rn l&s c\ld h tak5 place1 b *iefly because x did n expla9 ! conditions ( ! glacial p]iods & int]glacial times4 ,/ill1 ,pr(essor ,geikie says t 9 glacial & 9 po/-glacial times *anges 9 ! relative level ( ! l& & sea _h tak5 place2 & x is reasonable to suppose t su* *anges 7 obta9$ 9 ! high latitudes ( bo? hemisph]es dur+ ! break+ up ( ! la/ ice age4 ,we h previ\sly po9t$ out t mu* ( ! ice ( ! glacial p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 0 melt$ away1 & its wat]s w>m$ suffici5tly to assi/ ! ,gulf ,/ream & ,japanese curr5t to br+ ab\t a mild p]iod 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 = )\t su* assi/ance !y w\ld be unable to disp]se ! va/ ice-%eets ( ! nor!rn latitudes4 ,/ill1 ! attraction ( ! s\!rn ocean wat]s into ! nor!rn seas mu/ h comm5c$ z soon z ! gr[+ ice-%eets ( ! l>ge cont95ts & isl&s ( ! high nor!rn latitudes surpass$ ! gr[? & weight ( ! glaci]s on ! small] l&s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,h5ce ! attraction ( ! ocean wat]s nor?w>d ov]comes ! =ce ( ! prevail+ w9ds f mov+ an undue portion ( ! ocean's surface wat]s s\?w>d4 ,consequ5tly1 ! movem5t ( wat] f ! s\!rn seas into ! nor!rn latitudes cont9u$ s long z ! va/ nor!rn ice-%eets increas$ 9 weight great] ?an ! glaci]s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re=e1 at ! p]fection ( a frigid age /raits & *annels situat$ s f> s\?w>d z ! ,magellan & ,cape ,horn *annels 7 mu* dim9i%$ 9 wid? & dep? or entirely depriv$ ( _! wat]s4 ,?r\gh ?is cause su* r$uc$ *annels 7 readily fill$ ) glaci]s 9 a region ( great sn[-fall4 ,! dep? ( wat] on ! subm]g$ nor!rn l&s at ! close ( ! glacial p]iod is n kn[n4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dawson1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,montague 9 ,ont>io ! skeleton ( a :ale 0 f\nd 9 po/-glacial deposits #ddj feet above tide-wat]1 & m>9e %ells are kn[n to occur on ,montreal m\nta9 at an elevation ( #ebj feet above ! ocean2 & x is said t !re are traces ( subm]g5ce ( ov] "o ?\s& feet 9 ! high] latitudes1 includ+ ! isl&s ( ,great ,brita94 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]1 "o great %eet ( wat] cov]$ mo/ ( ! great lake region ab\t ! close ( ! ice age2 & ! l[] /r&s ( ^! inl& seas are kn[n to be connect$ ) old m>9e %ore l9es4 ,! probable reason :y s few sea-%ells collect$ on ! glacial drift dur+ su* times 0 because ( s mu* m>9e life hav+ be5 ext]m9at$ 9 ! high nor!rn latitudes dur+ ! frigid age4 ,!re=e1 ! sea1 9 ! %ort p]iod ( nor!rn subm]g5ce1 left b few traces on ! glacial drift x once fl[$4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 if ! ocean wat]s 7 attract$ nor?w>d ?r\gh ! prepond]ance ( nor!rn ice-%eets1 !y n only assi/$ 9 melt+ ! nor!rn ice1 b also s]v$ to greatly r$uce ! wat]s 9 ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 & s l>gely prev5t$ ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean1 ?us fur!r+ a mild climate 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e until ! prevail+ w9ds1 aft] ! nor!rn ice-%eets 7 melt$1 7 able to move m ( ! ocean wat]s s\?w>d ?an !y c\ld move nor?w>d1 ow+ to ! ocean curr5ts sett+ s\?w>d be+ less ob/ruct$ ?an ! less] curr5ts sett+ nor?w>d4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! ocean wat]s to move s\?w>d ,i h be=e expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,b ,i w say 9 addition t1 on fur!r consid]ation1 x seems t "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! wat]s ( ! augm5t$ nor!rn oceans mov+ s\?w>d s soon aft] ! melt+ ( ! ice f ! nor!rn l&s 0 on acc\nt ( s mu* wat] be+ attract$ s\?w>d to ! great l[ sea-level ea/ ( ,cape ,horn4 ,?is va/ l[ sea-level rema9$ a great area ( attraction = ! nor!rn seas until s mu* nor!rn wat] 0 mov$ into ! s\!rn ocean z to r$uce ! seas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e & augm5t ! s\!rn ocean suffici5tly to enl>ge ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 ?us caus+ ! ext9ction ( ! va/ l[ sea-level t furni%$ su* great attraction = ! wat]s ( ! m nor!rn latitudes4 ,if ! e>?-movem5t hypo!sis1 s :olly reject$ by ,pr(essor ,geikie1 fails to expla9 ! cause or causes ( a nor!rn ice age1 x seems to be /ill m inadequate = expla9+ ! occurr5ce ( ice p]iods ext5d+ ov] bo? hemisph]es4 ,= x is n probable t portions ( cont95ts & l>ge isl&s rose above ! sn[-l9e 9 bo? temp]ate zones dur+ ! same p]iod ( "t1 & !n aga9 obta9$ _! pres5t level ) ! occurr5ce ( a mild era4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t ! cont95ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe rose to great elevations dur+ ! ice age1 9 ord] to prove _! ass]tions1 po9t to ! fiords :i* ind5t ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & also to ! fiords ( ,norway1 z hav+ be5 erod$ by /reams ( ice t fl[$ along ! bottom ( su* gorges :5 !y 7 above ! sea4 ,b x appe>s t su* erosion c\ld be p]=m$ by heavy glaci]s ) ! l&s at _! pres5t level4 ,a glaci] ?ree ?\s& feet ?ick w\ld fill & press heavily on ! bottom ( a gorge fifte5 hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,!re=e1 %\ld ! bottom ( a fiord s9k hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! sea-level1 a glaci] sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick fl[+ ?r\gh & ov] x into a sea ( mu* great] dep?1 ! erosion at ! bottom ( ! sunk5 *annel w\ld be great] ?an on ! l& above ! sea1 :]e ! ice possess$ less weight4 ,!re=e1 x is n necess>y t l&s pi]c$ by deep fiords %\ld h acquir$ a high] level dur+ ! ice age ?an !y n[ ma9ta94 ,& x is probable t on ! ant>ctic cont95t ice erosion may be go+ on at mu* great] dep?s bel[ ! sea-level ?an ! deepe/ *annels 9 ! high nor!rn latitudes4 ,= x is likely t ! temp]ature ( a glaci] is s l[ 9 su* frigid regions t x holds firmly 9 its freez+ grasp su* b[ld]s z may become deta*$ f ! rocks1 ?us giv+ x great erosive p[]4 ,b ?is great erod+ ability c\ld n be ma9ta9$ by glaci]s 9 ! l[] latitudes1 :]e a high] temp]ature w\ld l>gely deprive ! ice ( its abrad+ prop]ties except on ! /eep slopes ( m\nta9\s l&s4 ,!re are deposits ( ice on ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ bord]+ ! arctic %ores1 & also on ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 t are suppos$ to h exi/$ s9ce ! la/ frigid p]iod1 & are likely to be pres]v$ into a future cold age1 :i* n[ appe>s to h made consid]able progress on ,gre5l& & o!r ice-clad arctic %ores on acc\nt ( ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! ,arctic ,ocean wat]s1 :i* l>gely excludes ! ,gulf ,/ream f ! pol> seas2 & x is = ?is reason t ! glaci]s on ! elevat$ l&s ( ,icel& are be+ enl>g$ & rapidly advanc+4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! ga!r+ ( ice & increas+ coldness ( l&s l>gely remov$ f ! w>m ,gulf curr5ts1 !re are /ill m\nta9 regions :]e glaci]s may h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh po/-glacial times1 al?\gh directly to ! leew>d & "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream & ,japanese curr5ts4 ,^! glaci]s are situat$ 9 ! ,alp9e di/ricts ( ,europe & on ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,alaska4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 7 ! climate gr[+ gradually cold] 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zones1 su* glaci]s %\ld be increas+ 9 size4 ,yet x is said t su* is n always ! case4 ,?is is probably ow+ to _! be+ subject to ! g5ial influ5ce ( ! tropical curr5ts4 ,=1 al?\gh ! climate ( ,europe & ,alaska may h be5 sl[ly gr[+ cold] = c5turies1 /ill ! sl[ %r9kage ( ^! once imm5se glaci]s may /ill be go+ on1 al?\gh at a mu* sl[] rate ?an =m]ly1 ev5 if ! t5d] plants ( ^! latitudes1 because ( ! gr[+ coldness1 h gradually mov$ s\?w>d4 ,z to ! ,alp9e glaci]s1 ,m4 ,=el reports f data he has collect$ t !re h be5 sev]al enl>gem5ts & dim9utions dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,& s9ce #ahge enl>gem5ts h tak5 place1 _! %r9kage be+ caus$ by w>m & dry wea!r1 :ile _! enl>gem5t 0 br\ght ab\t dur+ cold & ra9y seasons4 ,! glaci]s ( ,alaska _c atta9 mu* ext5sion until ! wat]s ( ! great ,japanese /ream acquire a l[] temp]ature4 ,!re is at ?is date a small curr5t sett+ d[n ?r\gh ! ea/]n side ( ,b]+ ,/rait1 be>+ field-ice 9 ! spr+ season d[n to ,anadyr ,gulf4 ,! ,okhotsk ,sea 9 ! spr+ season furni%es consid]able field-ice to cool ! nor? ,pacific wat]s1 & ! w9try w9ds :i* sweep d[n f ! high l&s ( ,nor!rn ,asia also s]ve to *ill ! ,pacific seas2 b all su* s\rces ( cold comb9$ at ?is age h b little g5]al effect on ! va/ ,japanese curr5t1 :i* /ill has w>m? suffici5t to prev5t ! increase ( glaci]s on ,alaska4 ,?is great ocean /ream 9 its impact aga9/ ! %ores ( ,oregon causes a high sea-level1 :i* is mo/ly turn$ s\?w>d by ! prevail+ nor?-we/ w9ds4 ,/ill1 a comp>atively small /ream sets along ! %ore ( ! ,alaska ,gulf1 & also ?r\gh ! isl& passages t[>d a slight l[ sea-level1 to ! leew>d ( ! ,alaska p59sula2 & x is probable t ?is curr5t :i* w>ms ^! 9-%ore wat]s is favor$ by ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature & d5sity betwe5 ! wat]s abrea/ ,oregon & ! ,gulf ( ,alaska1 & x may be ow+ to ! same cause t a small /ream is s5t along ! ea/]n %ore ( ,b]+ ,/rait into ! deep portions ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,?us because ( ! w>m wat]s t proce$ f ! great ,japanese curr5t ! glaci]s ( ,alaska are prev5t$ f increas+ _! bulk4 ,! only way to furni% ! ,japanese /ream ) cold] wat]1 & s cause glaci]s to increase on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 is ?r\gh ! great ,humboldt curr5t1 :i* has its rise 9 ! s\!rn ocean we/ ( ,patagonia & ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 :]e a mod]ate b va/ high sea-level is =m$ on acc\nt ( ! great drift curr5t ( ! s\!rn ocean be+ some:at ob/ruct$ on its passage ?r\gh ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 :i* is ab\t "o-?ird ! bread? ( ! we/]ly w9d-belt4 ,!re=e1 ! nor!rn portion ( ! wat]s ( ! high sea-level s caus$ are attract$ nor?w>d to ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ,p]u1 f :5ce !y are mov$ by ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds z a drift curr5t to ! equatorial latitudes1 ?us meet+ & m+l+ ) ! return+ ,japanese curr5t abrea/ ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & s giv+ head to ! great equatorial /ream :i* moves we/w>d ov] ! ,pacific ,ocean1 p>tly impell$ by ! trade w9ds1 &1 on ga9+ ! we/]n side ( ! ocean1 s5ds (f f a mod]ate high sea-level a l>ge /ream to ! l[ sea-level caus$ by ! we/]ly w9ds abrea/ ,japan1 f :5ce x is drift$ by ! same w9ds ov] to ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 ?us =m+ ! great ,japanese curr5t4 ,mean:ile ! temp]ature ( ! ,humboldt curr5t1 be+ gov]n$ by ! temp]ature ( ! s\!rn ocean f :i* x takes its rise1 is cool+ at a sl[ rate ?r\gh ! enl>gem5t ( ice-%eets 9 ! ant>ctic regions1 :ile ! increase ( glaci]s on ,patagonia w 9 "t greatly add to its coolness1 & s l[] ! temp]ature ( ! equatorial curr5t f :i* ! ,japanese curr5t bran*es1 ! latt] curr5t be+ made cool] ?r\gh ! increase ( coldness ( ! =m] /reams4 ,!re=e1 ! temp]ature ( ,alaska1 :i* is gov]n$ by ! ,japanese curr5t1 w sl[ly acquire a cold] climate2 &1 consequ5tly1 its glaci]s w increase 9 size suffici5t to laun* iceb]gs into ! ,pacific to be curr5t$ s\?w>d1 & s /ill fur!r l[] ! temp]ature ( ! ,ea/]n ,pacific wat]s1 & consequ5tly ! equatorial curr5t f :i* ! ,japanese /ream bran*es1 & s ev5tually1 "u ! above conditions1 cause heavy ice-%eets to spread widely ov] ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x w be se5 f ! above explanations h[ an increase ( cold 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e is necess>y to cause a wid] spread ( ice-%eets on l&s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,especially is ?is ! case to promote ! ga!r+ ( glaci]s on ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! great equatorial curr5t :ile on its way to ! ,indian ,ocean n only s5ds (f ! ,japanese /ream1 b also ! ,ea/ ,au/ralian curr5t1 :i* is l ! ,japanese curr5t1 hav+ its temp]ature l[]$ 9 proportion z ! equatorial /ream is cool$4 ,!re=e1 ! s\!rn ocean is sl[ly be+ depriv$ ( equatorial heat f ?is s\rce4 ,i h expla9$ h[ ! increas+ coldness ( ! sup]ior oceans ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e affects m or less ! temp]ature ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* mean:ile is only able to ent] a small portion ( its wat]s into ! ,arctic ,ocean aft] und]go+ a long cool+ process z a drift curr5t2 &1 :ile ?us m+l+ ) ! arctic wat]s1 x is n able to prev5t ! ga!r+ ( ice-%eets on ,gre5l&1 :]e glaci]s are laun*+ b]gs to float s\?w>d z f> z ! latitude ( #dj nor?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! nor!rn seas are n[ be+ cool$ z well z ! seas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,yet ?is cool+ process is s sl[ !re is a lack ( data to %[ t ! temp]ature ( ! high latitudes is l[]+4 ,our !rmometrical obs]vations are ( su* rec5t date !y _c be us$ to det]m9e climatic *anges :i* requires c5turies to br+ ab\t4 ,/ill1 x is g5]ally kn[n t ! climate ( ,nor!rn ,europe has be5 accus$ ( gr[+ cold]4 ,! v9e no long] fl\ri%es on ! %ores ( ,bri/ol ,*annel or 9 ,fl&]s or ,brittany2 & v9ey>ds are no long] plant$ on ! elevat$ %ores ( ,france :]e !y fl\ri%$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,arago did n refuse to believe t ! laws regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ,we/]n ,europe _h notably alt]$4 ,?is is prov$1 he said1 by ! g5]al retrogradation ( ! v9ey>ds s\?w>d4 ,! rec5t deadly freez+ ( ! orange groves ( ,florida makes x unc]ta9 :e!r ! cultivation ( ! orange c aga9 be successful 9 ! c\nties :]e dur+ ?is g5]ation x has be5 v pr(itable4 ,travell]s visit+ ,icel& say t ! old acc\nts ( its prosp]ity seem /range to ^? :o n[ visit its %ores2 & x is n>rat$ 9 ! ,sagas t 9 e>ly times %eep c\ld %ift = !mselves dur+ w9t]1 & t !re 7 l>ge =e/s & t corn rip5$4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a correspond5t ( ! ,spectator1 writ+ f ,nor!rn ,russia :]e ! ,volga is lock$ ) ice = six mon?s 9 ! ye>1 /at$ t 8! p 7 beg9n+ to %[ increas$ res5tm5t at ! climate1 & t !re 0 reason to believe t ! nor!rn gov]nm5t ( ,russia w\ld be ab&on$ to ! des]t4 ,! p sil5tly glide s\? by ! t5s ( ?\s&s e ye>1 s ! life ( ,russia 0 conc5trat+ 9 ! s\?40 ,x is n[ ! op9ion ( travell]s 9 arctic l&s t ! inhabitants ( ! ,esquimaux regions are decreas+1 z are also ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,nor? ,*9a ,h]ald1 ( ,%anghai1 says t 8! climate ( ,asia is becom+ cold] ?an x =m]ly 01 & its tropical animals & plants are retreat+ s\?w>d at a sl[ rate4 ,9 ! "t ( ,confucius elephants 7 9 use on ! ,yangtse ,riv]4 ,a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ?is ,m5cius speaks ( ! tig]1 ! leop>d1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! elephant z be+ 9 _m p>ts ( ,*9a4 8,x is also said t ! f]oci\s alligator1 t =m]ly infe/$ ! riv]s ( ,s\? ,*9a1 has retreat$ s\?w>d4 8,! flora ( ! c\ntry is also affect$ by ! increas+ coldness ( ! climate4 ,! bamboo is n f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,nor? ,*9a1 :]e x grew naturally two ?\s& ye>s ago1 b is /ill gr[n 9 ,pek91 ) ! aid ( good %elt]1 z a sort ( g>d5 plant only40 ,a lett] f ,hong ,kong1 publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,/&>d1 reports t on ! #ae? ( ,janu>y1 #ahic1 ! temp]ature ( ,hong ,kong1 a tropical seaport ( ,*9a1 0 bel[ freez+ = ?ree days1 & 0 cold] ?an ev] be=e kn[n4 ,! rocks & also vegetation 7 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( ice4 ,! !rmomet] at times /ood at #bc & #bf ,fahr5heit4 ,i h previ\sly expla9$ h[ ! sl[ increas+ coldness ( ! nor!rn temp]ate zone is also be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! meteorological records = ! l(ty table l&s ( ,ecuador1 al?\gh v incomplete1 furni% /rong evid5ce to %[ t ! mean temp]ature ( t region is gradually l[]+4 ,obs]vations made by ,b\ss+ault at ,quito 9 #ahca1 comp>$ ) ^? f #ahgh to #ahha1 %[$ a decrease f #ae4b ,c5tigrade to #ac4bg ,c5tigrade4 ,records made by ,hall f #ahbe to #ahbg give av]ages ( #af4a ,c5tigrade1 #ae4eb ,c5tigrade1 & #ae4f ,c5tigrade4 ,?is decrease holds good = all po9ts 9 ! int]-,&ean region :]e records h be5 kept4 ,yet we "k t ! fall+ temp]ature 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate latitudes is n br\ght ab\t by a ye>ly increase ( cold1 because1 :5 ! arctic *annels are some:at ob/ruct$ ) iceb]gs1 ! movem5t ( arctic wat]s ?r\gh !m is less5$2 &1 !re=e1 dur+ su* times ! ,gulf ,/ream1 meet+ ) less opposition f arctic curr5ts :ile fl[+ nor?w>d1 is able to move a l>g] volume ( its wat]s into ! arctic seas1 ?us w>m+ _! wat]s suffici5tly 9 a few seasons to cle> ! ob/ruct$ *annels1 & also some:at s(t5 = sev]al successive ye>s ! temp]ature ( su* l&s z bord] on ! seas ( t region4 ,& 9 ?is way we acc\nt = ! mild seasons :i* at times foll[ ^? ( l[] temp]ature 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,b1 :5 ! deta9$ iceb]gs are set adrift1 & curr5t$ into ! temp]ate ,nor? ,atlantic1 ! heat consum$ :ile melt+ su* num]\s bodies ( ice is able to m ?an ov]come ! w>m? ga9$ dur+ ! tempor>y det5tion ( ice 9 ! nor!rn seas4 ,?us1 "u su* consid]ations1 x appe>s t ! conditions are favorable = ! gr[? ( glaci]s 9 ! high nor!rn latitudes4 ,i h po9t$ out ! mann] 9 :i* ! sup]ior oceans 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e are obta9+ a l[] temp]ature1 & h[ !y imp>t _! coldness to ! tropical curr5ts1 & 9 ?is way sl[ly cool ! wat]s ( all oceans4 ,?us x appe>s t ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 ) all o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1 is sl[ly approa*+ a cold epo*4 ,sev]al writ]s on climatic *anges h express$ _! views z to ! numb] ( glacial & mild p]iods t h be5 p]fect$ s9ce ! conditions h be5 favorable = _! appe>ance on ! globe4 ,accord+ to my views1 :ile consid]+ ! reasons = ! occurr5ce ( ! great glacial p]iods :i* h left su* ext5sive traces on ! l&1 x seems c]ta9 t two v cold epo*s h possess$ ! e>?1 sep>at$ by a w>m p]iod2 &1 possibly1 o!r prec$+ cold epo*s ( less int5sity h possess$ ! high latitudes1 ) int]v5+ p]iods ( mildness4 ,b ! e>li] cold p]iods1 if !y ev] exi/$1 7 comp>atively %ort1 because ! ,cape ,horn *annel dur+ su* times possess$ less capacity ?an 9 ! lat] p]iods1 &1 !re=e1 0 m easily & quickly ob/ruct$ by ! natural me?ods previ\sly expla9$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! s\!rn ocean 0 soon] arre/$ ?an dur+ ! lat] epo*1 :5 ! *annel _h become enl>g$ by erosion f heavy glaci]s & iceb]gs2 & mean:ile ! same conditions may h gov]n$ ! arctic *annels :i* give an indep5d5t circulation to ! arctic wat]s :i* surr\nd ,gre5l&1 & ?us1 9 connection ) cold epo*s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 h caus$ p]iods ( cold ( small int5sity to occur 9 ! high nor!rn latitudes1 & x may happ5 9 ! future t m ice p]iods w be p]fect$ ?an ! "o n[ progress+4 ,/ill1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! ,cape ,horn *annel1 :i* is ! real cause ( glacial p]iods hav+ occurr$ 9 bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 9 ! mann] previ\sly expla9$1 is be+ made wid] & deep] dur+ ea* succe$+ ice age4 ,= ?is reason ! late/ cold epo* w require a long] cont9uance ( cold to ob/ruct ! *annel ?an ! cold p]iod prec$+4 ,!re=e1 x appe>s t ! "t w come :5 !re w be su* great accumulations ( ice /or$ on ! l& & 9 ! sea be=e ! enl>g$ ,cape ,horn *annel c be clos$ t1 :5 x is clos$1 !re w n be suffici5t w>m? rema9+ 9 ! tropical seas to unite ) ! sun's rays to subdue ! int5se cold /or$ 9 ! imm5se ga!r+s ( ice4 ,& ?us ! e>?1 :i* began its c>e] ) a w>m temp]ature1 & s cont9u$ = long ages1 w f9ally t]m9ate 9 an endless glacial age4 ,! /atem5ts made by ,g5]al ,c[ell 9 ,sci5ce ( ,nov4 #be1 #ahib1 9 ref]5ce to ! alleg$ discov]y ( ! second rotation ( ! e>? by ,major-g5]al ,drayson1 repres5ts ! discov]y z af=d+ a new solution = ! cause or causes ( an ice age4 ,! second rotation z def9$ consi/s 9 ! pole ( ! heav5s describ+ a circle ar\nd a po9t :i* is asc]ta9$ to be situat$ six degrees di/ant f ! pole ( ! ecliptic4 ,& x is ass]t$ t by a k ( ! second rotation x is prov$ t a v>iation ( twelve degrees 9 ! ext5t ( ! arctic circle & ! tropics occurr$ n lat] ?an #ac1ejj ,b4,c41 8! tropics v>y+ 9 di/ance f ! equator f ! m9imum ( #bc #be #dg to ! maximum ( #ce #be #dg1 ?us ext5d+ ! torrid zone dur+ its wide/ expansion f ,cape ,hatt]as to ! riv] ,plate4444 ,x is calculat$ t at ?is date we are ab\t #djc ye>s di/ant f ! "t :5 ! pole ( ! heav5s 9 its revolution1 ! pole ( ! ecliptic & t ( ! second rotation1 w be 9 ! same colure1--t is1 9 ! ye> #b1bie ,a4,d42 & !n ! lea/ diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 summ] & w9t] w be exp]i5c$4 ,f t "t =w>d ?is diff]5ce w increase1 & ab\t #f1jjj ye>s lat]1 or ab\t ! ye> #h1cjj ,a4,d41 ! e>? w ent] ! next glacial p]iod1 & atta9 its greate/ sev]ity ab\t ! ye> #ah1acf ( our era40 ,g5]al ,c[ell does n /ate h[ ! wid5+ ( ! tropical zone1 z above set =?1 w\ld br+ ab\t a glacial p]iod4 ,! w9t]s ( ! temp]ate zones w\ld evid5tly be cold] ?an n[2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! summ]s w\ld be proportionally w>m]1 :ile ! we/]ly w9ds above ! latitudes ( #dj w\ld prevail ! same z n[4 ,!re=e1 _! g5]al effect on ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean 9 ! high latitudes w\ld n be *ang$ ) su* an ext5sion ( ! tropical zone1 nei!r w\ld ! trade w9ds *ange _! g5]al direction ) a wid] torrid zone2 yet ! b\nd>ies ( ! trade w9ds & also ! we/]ly w9ds w\ld be m %ift+ accord+ to ! decl9ation ( ! sun1 su* w9ds be+ gov]n$ z n[ by ! position ( ! sun dur+ ! summ] & w9t] sol/ice4 ,yet ! natural process = mov+ tropical wat] into ! high latitudes1 or exclud+ x !refrom1 w\ld n be greatly *ang$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! expansion ( ! torrid zone to ! latitudes nam$ by ,g5]al ,drayson w\ld n affect ! climate ( ! hemisph]es suffici5tly to cause a frigid epo*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! summ] monsoons1 :i* n[ bl[ f ! nor?-ea/1 along ! %ores ( ,ea/]n ,africa1 & also along ! coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,brazil1 w\ld be mu* /rong] ) a v]tical sun 9 midsumm] z f> s\? z riv] ,plate1 ?us =c+ ! surface wat]s ( ! tropical oceans into ! high] latitudes ) great] facility ?an at ?is age4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ,g5]al ,c[ell1 ! pres5t p]iod ( mildness %\ld be on ! increase1 & obta9 p]fection 9 ! ye> #b1bie1 or ab\t #djj ye>s h5ce2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 accord+ to ! explanations we h giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 !re is mu* to %[ t an ice age is advanc+1 & has made consid]able progress 9 ! high latitudes ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! second rotation1 z claim$ by ,g5]al ,c[ell1 is able to p]fect a glacial p]iod at regul> int]vals ( #ca1fjj ye>s1 x seems t traces ( frigid epo*s %\ld n be conf9$ to late geological records1 z !re appe> to be little or no traces ( glacial "w prior to ! ,quat]n>y or ,po/-t]ti>y p]iods4 ,x appe>s t explanations s f> giv51 :i* dep5d on ! a/ronomical !ory to acc\nt = ! ice age1 are n 9 h>mony ) well-kn[n geographical facts4 ,! expla9]s neglect ! att5tion due to ! great prevail+ w9ds :i* s9ce ! e>li] geological ages h1 9 connection ) cont95ts1 mov$ ! surface wat]s ( ! ocean f torrid latitudes to cold] zones1 & f ! cold] zones to ! w>m] latitudes4 ,?is ex*ange ( ocean wat]s betwe5 ! zones is z old z ! cont95ts :i* %ape _! c\rses4 ,! important *ange wr\ght 9 ! ocean curr5ts suffici5t to h caus$ ! glacial age :i* end$ ! e>ly w>m epo*s 0 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! action ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 :i*1 9 connection ) ! =m ( cont95ts1 became able to move ! ocean wat]s f ! nor!rn hemisph]e into ! s\!rn suffici5t to subm]ge ! l[ l&s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 caus+ a great div]sion ( ! tropical curr5ts f ! high s\!rn latitudes1 su* z ,i h po9t$ out 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,^? writ]s :o believe t ocean curr5ts h be5 ! cause ( great climatic *anges h sugge/$ t ! exi/5ce ( an anci5t *annel ?r\gh ! i/hmus ( ,panama w\ld h caus$ a frigid p]iod on l&s bord]+ on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,atlantic by turn+ ! head-wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz ?9ks t su* a *annel exi/$ dur+ "s remote geological age1 judg+ f ! semblance ( ! fauna p]ta9+ to ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,pacific ,ocean4 ,yet x may be said t an op5 *annel ?r\gh ,c5tral ,am]ica w\ld h connect$ two high sea-levels4 ,= ?is reason !re w\ld be little or no ex*ange ( wat] betwe5 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! high sea-level on ! ,pacific side is caus$ by ! prevail+ nor?-we/ w9ds :i* bl[ d[n ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ pa/ ,cali=nia z f> s\? z ,c5tral ,am]ica2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\?-ea/ trade w9ds impel ! surface wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific along ! coa/ ( ,p]u d[n to ! equator1 & s onw>d #e to #h nor? latitude4 ,?us ! space betwe5 ! end+ ( ! two ocean w9ds obta9s a high sea-level1 correspond+ to ! high level ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,?is has be5 prov$ f levell+s = ! ,nic>agua %ip canal4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,atlantic wat]s w\ld n run into ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ev5 if a *annel op5$ ?r\gh ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,!re=e1 ! ,gulf ,/ream has nev] be5 turn$ away f ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,writ]s1 :ile seek+ a cause = ! mild climate ( ages prec$+ ! glacial epo*s1 h ?\ght t dur+ su* times *annels op5+ ?r\gh ,asia f ! ,indian ,ocean by ! way ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf into ! arctic seas w\ld be ! means ( furni%+ ! ,arctic ,ocean ) w>m wat]4 ,b x is evid5t t su* a movem5t ( wat] c\ld n be br\ght ab\t1 because ! w9ds w\ld n be favorable = x4 ,=1 :5 we reflect t ! prevail+ w9ds w\ld bl[ 9 ! same direction z n[1 & t ! seas ( ,ea/]n ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia 7 enl>g$ dur+ ! w>m epo*s1 x seems t !y w\ld obta9 high levels sup]ior to ! high level seas ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,besides1 we %\ld consid] t !re is a cont9u\s range ( high l& sep>at+ ! ,p]sian ,gulf f ! nor!rn seas1 :i* probably exi/$ ant]ior to ! ice age4 ,/ill1 dur+ lat] p]iods1 :ile ! ice-%eets 7 be+ melt$ f ! nor!rn hemisph]e & also on ! end+ ( ! la/ ice age1 ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez 0 subm]g$1 z 7 all o!r l[ l&s 9 t latitude2 b x is probable t ! wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! ,indian ,ocean abrea/ tropical ,africa did n fl[ l>gely into ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea = ! reason t ! enl>g$ ,european seas1 be+ )9 ! we/]ly w9d-belt1 ma9ta9$ a high sea-level1 :ile at ! same "t ! high level tropical ,indian ,ocean wat]s 7 /rongly attract$ into ! s\!rn oceans ?r\gh ! ,mozambique & ,agulhas curr5ts 9 ! mann] ,i h previ\sly expla9$4 ,yet ! wat]s ( ! high sea-level ( ! s\!rn ,european seas mu/ h be5 /rongly attract$ to ! l[ sea-level abrea/ ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,:ile consid]+ ! causes :i* br\ght ab\t ! glacial p]iods1 x is well to reflect t ! natural mode ( action :i* c\ld h produc$ a frigid age 0 z ext5sive z ! surface ( ! globe2 &1 !re=e1 any geographical *ange t w\ld affect only a comp>atively small portion ( ! e>? _c s]ve to acc\nt = ages ( w>m? :i* ext5d$ ov] ! globe1 or = glacial epo*s :i* 7 sep>at$ by w>m p]iods ( "t1 :i* seem to h affect$ all l&s & seas4 ,& x appe>s f ! geographical explanations giv5 9 prec$+ pages ( ! g5]al movem5ts ( ! w9ds & curr5ts ( ! sea h[ impossible x is = heat to be convey$ to ! ant>ctic latitudes suffici5t to prev5t ! gr[? ( glaci]s on _! l&s :ile ! ,cape ,horn *annel is 9 possession ( its pres5t capacity4 ,=1 z has be5 %[n1 ?is *annel furni%es opportunity = ! we/]ly w9ds to impel ! surface wat]s ( ! great s\!rn ocean con/antly ar\nd ! globe1 & s l>gely turns away ! tropical curr5ts f ! high s\!rn latitudes4 ,consequ5tly1 !re seems to be no me?od yet devis$ ?r\gh nature's mode ( action t c c>ry suffici5t heat into ! ant>ctic latitudes to melt ! ice-%eets f ! s\!rn cont95t1 or ev5 arre/ _! gr[?1 :ile ! ,cape ,horn *annel ma9ta9s its pres5t wid? & dep?4 ,!re=e1 ! increase ( glaci]s & iceb]gs w sl[ly cont9ue until a glacial epo* is p]fect$4 ,& x seems t ?is arrangem5t = br++ ab\t a frigid age made sl[] progress 9 its e>ly /age ?an at ?is date1 ow+ to !re hav+ be5 a lack ( glacial ice 9 ! pol> regions to produce iceb]gs = cool+ ! ocean wat]s4 ,b ! indep5d5t circulation ( ! great s\!rn ocean1 aft] turn+ away ! tropical curr5ts f ! high s\!rn latitudes = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 did at l5g? cause glaci]s to =m on ! ant>ctic l&s1 :i* h be5 sl[ly1 b con/antly increas+2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! cool+ ( ! ocean has be5 accel]at$ proportionate to ! increase ( ice-%eets4 ,!re=e1 ) ! cool+ process s well advanc$ z x n[ appe>s to be1 x seems t m ?an half ( ! "t requir$ to br+ a frigid age to p]fection has be5 exp5d$ s9ce ice-%eets began to ga!r on ! ant>ctic %ores4 ,=1 :5 we realise h[ ! facilities = mak+ ice h advanc$ ?r\gh ! increase ( glaci]s 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & h[ l>ge a portion ( ! ocean wat]s h be5 cool$ bel[ a temp]ate or tropical temp]ature ev5 9 ! torrid latitudes :]e ! w>m upp] wat]s ( ! ocean h be5 r$uc$ to a comp>atively ?9 /ratum :5 comp>$ to ! va/ bulk ( ! cool$ "u-wat]s1 x appe>s t ! cold w increase at a fa/] rate = ! next ?\s& ye>s ?an 0 ! case dur+ ! la/ t5 c5turies4 ,!re=e1 ! climate w be less favorable = plants & animals exi/+ on l&s 9 ! high latitudes = ! next ?\s& ye>s ?an dur+ ! t5 c5turies prec$+2 &1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! accel]ative gr[? ( a frigid epo*1 x seems t ! increas+ cold w 9 a few ?\s& ye>s drive ! great] portion ( bo? plants & animals f ! n[ temp]ate latitudes to ma9ta9 an exi/5ce 9 ! tropical zone1 :]e a l>ge "p ( ! exi/+ species ( su* life mu/ h tak5 refuge dur+ ! la/ ice p]iod4 ,&1 f :at c be le>n$ f ! relics ( man's prehi/oric life1 x seems to po9t to ! l&s ( ! tropical latitudes z hav+ be5 8 home dur+ ! frigid ages2 &1 because ( 8 long undi/urb$ resid5ce 9 favor$ portions ( ! tropics1 he !re atta9$ 8 e>lie/ civilization4 ,= x appe>s t ! tropical zone 0 n only less burd5$ ) ice 9 glacial times ?an ! high] latitudes ( ! globe1 b 0 also m exempt f ! great flood+ ( l&s :i* obta9$ 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes ?r\gh ! %ift+ ( ! ocean wat]s1 f causes set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,yet x may be said t ! l[ l&s ( ! tropical zone s\? ( ! equator dur+ cold epo*s 7 mu* m ext5sive ?an at ?is age1 on acc\nt ( ! %r9kage ( ! sea1 because ( ! great am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ f its surface1 & /or$ 9 ice-%eets on ! great cont95ts & isl&s4 ,h5ce ! reefs & %all[s :i* surr\nd su* tropical isl&s z include ! ,sey*elles ,ar*ipelago1 & also ! ext5sive banks cov]$ ) %oal wat] 9 t portion ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 7 dur+ ! glacial p]iod elevat$ above ! surface ( ! sea1 possess+ a climate favorable = vegetable & animal life4 ,b1 ow+ to ! great ra9-fall ( t region1 x is probable t ! highe/ l&s 7 glaciat$1 z x is report$ t granite b[ld]s /ill re/ on ! m\nta9 slopes ( ! highe/ isl&4 ,! num]\s isl&s & %oals ( ! s\?-we/]n tropical ,pacific mu/ also h af=d$ wide l& areas1 ) a temp]ate climate1 ow+ to _! hav+ be5 situat$ on "o ( ! w>me/ regions ( ! e>? dur+ ! ice age4 ,moreov]1 x is probable t ^! tropical l&s af=d$ space = num]\s lagoons :i* _h little connection ) ! surr\nd+ oceans1 & consequ5tly 7 able to ma9ta91 9 _! seclud$ %all[ bas9s1 a w>m] temp]ature ?an obta9$ 9 ! op5 seas2 & at ! same "t1 ow+ to ! great ra9fall 9 su* tropical portions ( ! ,indian & ,pacific regions1 ! wat]s ( ! lagoons 7 r5d]$ less salt ?an ! br9y dep?s ( ! %runk5 oceans ( a cold p]iod4 ,h5ce because ( su* conditions ! fauna ( ! tropical seas 7 pres]v$ f ! de/ructive rigor :i* beset ! e>? dur+ ! frigid epo*s4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4