file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #fjaib-;h4htm  
or #fjaib-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#fjaib_/pg#fjaib-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#fjai
b_/fjaib-;h4zip7         ,images ( !    
orig9al pages are available ?r\gh       
,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see                  
https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/spice/hei
rhi/o#jj;fiel      ,,spices  ,,_!       
,,hi/ories  ,valuable ,in=mation ,=     
,groc]s   ,illu/ration   ,price ,fifty  
,c5ts       ,copyright$ #aiaj ,by !     
,trade ,regi/]1 ,inc4 ,seattle1         
,wa%+ton4     ,,cont5ts                 
,,page   ,,introduction                 
#c    ,,allspice ,,or ,,pim5to          
#d    ,,capsicum                     #g 
,,c9namon ,,& ,,cassia         #ac      
,,cloves                      #ba       
,,g+]                      #be          
,,mu/>d                     #ca         
,,nutmeg ,,& ,,mace             #cf     
,,pepp]                      #de        

,,cum91 ,,or ,,cumm9 ,,se$       #eb    
,,spices     ,,introduction4   ,! hi/ory
 ( spices1 ) o!r valuable in=mation to  
all bran*es ( ! groc]y trade1 0         
orig9ally writt5 by ,rob]t ,o4 ,field+1 
( ! /aff ( ! ,trade ,regi/]1 9 :i* !    
sev]al articles appe>$ 9 v>i\s issues ( 
t j\rnal1 duly protect$ by copyright1 ) 
! accompany+ illu/rations4  ,retail     
groc]s ev]y:]e w f9d ?is little book (  
especial value = /udy & ref]5ce4 ,x is  
all meat = ! salesman :o realizes t     
success 9 trade ^! days dep5ds ^u kn[+  
:]e ! goods he h&les 7 produc$1 h[ to   
judge _! qualities1 h[ !y are prep>$ =  
m>ket1 & :at are _! uses4 ,h[ to sell1 !
 m>ket conditions1 etc41 are cont9u\sly 
set =? 9 ! weekly issues ( ! ,trade     
,regi/]1 #b a ye>1 by m5 :o h _h        
practical exp]i5ce beh9d ! c\nt]4       
,illu/ration3 ,lovett ,m4 ,wood         
7signature7                             
,editor4     ,,allspice ,,or ,,pim5to   
,a ,valuable ,product ,f ,jamaica ,:i*  
,comb9es ! ,flavor ( ,cloves1 ,c9namon &

 ,nutmeg   ,allspice is ! dri$ unripe   
b]ries ( a tree ( ! myrtle family1 !    
pim5to1 kn[n botanically z ,eug5ia      
pim5ta1 or ,pim5ta (fic9alis4 ,x's an   
ev]gre5 tree "s #bj to #cj ft4 high1 ) a
 sl5d]1 /raight1 upright trunk1 mu*     
bran*$ at ! top2 ! b>k is smoo?1 gray & 
aromatic2 ! leaves--:i* :5 fre% ab\nd 9 
ess5tial oil--are #e 94 long1 ( an      
oblong %ape & deep %9y gre5 color2 !    
blossoms--:i* appe> 9 ,july &           
,augu/--are :ite & fragrant2 ! b]ries   
7sometimes call$ corns71 :i* =m on !    
disappe>ance ( ! fl[]1 are pick$ unripe1
 al?o fully gr[n1 !y are ( a            
gre5i%-purple color4 ,aft] pick+1 !     
b]ries are dri$ 9 ! sun or 9 kilns until
 d>k br[n & !n sep>at$ f ! /alk4 ,! dri$
 b]ries are light1 brittle1 ( r\ndi% =m 
& cr[n$ ) ! rema9s ( ! fl[] calyx 9 !   
%ape ( a rais$1 se>$-l r+2 ea* b]ry     
conta9s two d>k-br[n flatti%1           
kidney-%ap$ se$s4 ,if all[$ to rip51 !  
b]ries lose _! aromatic flavor & become 
m]ely sweet & pulpy4 ,only 9            

,jamaica--:]e x is cultivat$ 9          
plantations call$ ,pim5to walks--does ! 
pim5to tree gr[ to p]fection1 al?o      
attempts are made to cultivate x 9 o!r  
,we/ ,india isl&s & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is 
?\ght to comb9e ! flavor ( cloves1      
c9namon & nutmeg1 h5ce x is call$       
allspice4  ,illu/ration  ,uses--,its    
*ief use is = cul9>y purposes4 ,x is a  
p[]ful irritant1 good = dyspepsia1      
flatul5cy1 g\t1 hy/]ia & too?a*e4 ,x is 
(t5 employ$ to disguise ! na/y ta/e (   
m$ic9e4 ,allspice yields volatile oil by
 di/illation1 :i* is us$ z a flavor+ 9  
alcoholic solution1 is ( a br[ni%-r$1   
cle> appe>ance1 & has ! odor & ta/e (   
pim5to1 b is w>m & m pung5t4 ,a gre5    
fix$ oil has ! burn+ aromatic ta/e (    
pim5to & is suppos$ to be ! acrid       
pr9ciple4 ,a t9cture f allspice has be5 
prais$ z an application 9 *ilbla9s4     
,sub/itutes4--,! ,mexican spice1 call$  
,pim5to de ,tabascol is some:at l>g] &  
less aromatic ?an ,jamaica pim5to4 ,!   
b]ries ( ,pim5to acris1 7bayb]ry7 ^:    

leaves are us$ 9 ! manufacture (        
bay-rum4 ,! ,c>ol9a allspice--calycan?us
 florides1 a %rub #f or #h ft4 high1 )  
an odor some:at l /rawb]ries4 ,japan    
allspice--*imonan?us frangrans--:i* gr[s
 9 ,japan1 & wild allspice--l9d]a       
b5zo9--kn[n also z spice-wood1          
fev]-wood1 b5jam9-bu%--a memb] ( !      
laurel family gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,to secure uni=mity ( color ^! inf]ior  
k9ds are (t5 color$ ) ,arm5ian bole1 a  
k9d ( r$ clay f ,arm5ia1 & !y are also  
(t5 mix$ 9 gr\nd allspice1 9 addition to
 ! /alks ( ! pim5to4 ,a k9d ( r$ pim5to 
f ,salonica is also us$ z an adult]ant4 
,dur+ ! civil w>1 :5 pim5to 0 high 9    
price1 a sub/itute 0 made up (          
clove-/ems1 wa/$ rye1 a little cay5ne   
pepp]1 & "s cassia2 ?is 0 v acceptable1 
al?o !re 0 n an ounce ( pim5to 9 x4     
,,capsicum  ,cay5ne ,pepp] ,is ,made f  
,?is ,bran* ( ! ,night%ade              
,family--,descriptions ( ! ,v>i\s       
,v>ieties ( ,capsicum--,tabasco ,pepp]  
,sauce   ,! capsicum is a g5us ( plants 

( ! night%ade family 7,salanacea7 t gr[s
 luxuri5tly 9 all tropical c\ntries & _m
 species ( :i* are cultivat$ 9 !        
temp]ate zone4 ,capsicum or ,r$ ,pepp]  
is ( ,am]ican orig9 = ^! reasons3       
,fruits s conspicu\s1 s easily gr[n 9   
g>d5s & s agreeable to ! palates ( !    
inhabitants ( hot c\ntries w\ld h v     
quickly diffus$ ?ru\t ! old _w1 if !y _h
 exi/$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,india1 z x has       
sometimes be5 suppos$4 ,!y w\ld h _h    
names 9 sev]al anci5t languages1 yet    
nei!r ! ,romans1 ,greeks nor ! ,hebrews 
7 acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,!y are n m5tion$ 9    
anci5t cl9ic books4 ,! isl&s ( !        
,pacific did n cultivate !m at ! "t (   
,cook's voyage 9 spite ( ! proximity ( !
 ,sunda ,isle :]e ,rumph9es m5tions _! v
 g5]al use4 ,! ,arabian physician1 ,ebn 
,bai?>1 :o collect$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury all 
t ea/]n nations knew ab\t m$ic9al       
plants1 says no?+ ab\t !m4 ,probably !  
fir/ kn[n hi/ory ( cay5ne pepp] 9       
,europe is t giv5 by ,m>tyr1 :o writes (
 ,columbus br++ x home 9 #adic & speaks 

( x be+ m pung5t ?an t f ,caucasus1     
probably ref]r+ to ! ,ori5tal black     
pepp]4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat]1 ,g]>de      
writes ( its be+ brot into ,europe f    
,africa & ,s\!rn ,asia & be+ gr[n 9     
,european g>d5s4 ,probably ! fir/ record
 ( its use is t by ,dr4 ,*anca1 :o 0    
physician ) ,columbus' fleet 9 #adid1 & 
:o alludes to x z a condim5t us$ 9      
dress+ meats1 dy+ & o!r purposes1 z well
 z a m$ic9e4 ,f ! gr\nd dri$ se$s &     
p]ic>p ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( capsicum we   
get cay5ne pepp]1 s-call$ f ,cay5ne1 9  
,fr5* ,guiana1 ,s4 ,a41 :5ce x 0 import$
 by ! ,fr5*4 ,cay5ne pepp] is also call$
 ,calicut & ,napaul1 ! names ( places ( 
export1 & x 0 kn[n z ,guiana pepp] ov]  
#cjj ye>s ago4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w      
8,capsicum0 is unc]ta92 x may be f      
,kapto1 hot1 on acc\nt ( its pung5t     
ta/e1 or f capsa1 a box1 or *e/1 ref]r+ 
to ! =m ( its fruit4 ,! plant gr[s f #a 
ft4 to #f ft4 high & is fairly well     
bran*$2 ! fl[]s are :ite or gre5i%-:ite2
 ! fruits ( ! sev]al species are ( v>i\s

 =ms1 r\nd1 oblong1 cordate or horn$1 & 
conta9 a numb] ( flatti% se$s4 ,! se$s  
aft] ! removal ( ! p]ic>p1 & !n ?oroly  
wa%$ & dri$1 are entirely devoid (      
acidity & pung5cy4 ,! hott] & dri] !    
soil1 ! m acrid & pung5t ! fruit4       
,illu/ration  ,us$ 9 mod]ate quantities1
 capsicum or cay5ne pepp]1 promotes     
dige/ion & s prev5ts flatul5ce4 ,!      
natives ( ,brazil boil ! capsicums & dip
 _! manioc bread 9 x1 mak+ a k9d ( fi]y 
s\p4 ,!y are ext5sively us$ 9 ,india 9  
comp\nd+ curries & *utneys4 ,9 ,b5gal ! 
natives make an extract f ! small       
capsicum *ilies ( ab\t ! consi/5cy (    
molasses4 ,! bell pepp]s are pleasant   
/uff$ ) meats1 fi%1 o!r vegetables1 etc4
 ,! sweet & mild k9ds f$ to birds are   
said to improve _! plumage4  ,c4 ,annum 
is ! mo/ common species & conta9s a     
great _m v>ieties1 among !m ! ,pimi5to  
7n ,pim5to or allspice7 commonly kn[n z 
,spani% r$ pepp]s or morrons1 also      
,paprika1 or ,hung>ian sweet pepp]4 ,?is
 species is nev] f\nd gr[+ wild4  ,c4   

frutes5s is sometimes call$ goat pepp] &
 is g5]ally describ$ z ! true cay5ne4   
,its leaves are f #c 94 to #f 94 long by
 #b 94 to #c 94 wide1 ! fruit is r$1    
obtuse or oblong accumm9ate1  to #a 94  
long &  to  94 9 diamet]4 ,x is v acrid 
& pung5t4 ,x is only cultivat$ 9 !      
tropical regions1 z ! seasons 9 !       
temp]ate climate are n long enuf to     
mature ! fruit4  ,c4 baccatum is ovate (
 sub-r\nd & ab\t  94 9 diamet]4 ,c4     
baccatum h be5 kn[n 9 ! ,engli% g>d5s   
s9ce #agca4  ,c4 facticulatum1 also kn[n
 z ,mexican *ilies1 is a %rubby plant ( 
,si]ra ,leone1 & gr[s 9 ,zanzib>2 also  
kn[n z small *ilies1 or r$ clu/] pepp]s4
 ,! fruit1 :i* gr[s erect1 is oblong    
l9e>1 n q an in* 9 l5g? & ( a deep r$   
orange color4 ,ano!r v>iety1 :i* are    
mo/ly consum$ locally1 h l>g] r$ & yell[
 fruit4 ,zanzib> capsicums or *ilies1   
are dirty look+1 ( a br[ni%-r$ color & v
 hot4 ,a v>iety f ,japan are bright r$1 
n s pung5t z ! o!r gr[?s1 b ( f9] aroma4
  ,c4 c]esi=me1 ! fruit is sph]ical1    

sub-cordate1 oblate or occasionally     
po9t$4 ,! fle% is firm1 f #a-ab to  94  
?ick1 & v pung5t2 f ! %ape ( its fruit x
 is call$ ! *]ry capsicum1 or pepp]4    
,c4 grossum1 orig9ally f ,india1 gr[s #b
 ft4 high1 ) a few bran*es & l>ge leaves
 #c to #e 94 long1 ! fruit is l>ge1     
oblong or ovate1 & is kn[n z bell pepp]2
 x is mo/ly us$ = /uff+ & pickl+2 ! sk9 
be+ ?ick1 s(t & t5d] & ( a mild flavor4 
,c4 abb]ciatum1 ) ovate fruit ab\t #b 94
 long4 ,:ile ?is v>iety is us$ to "s    
ext5t = pickl+1 x is cultivat$ m z an   
ornam5tal plant4  ,c4 longum gr[s to    
ab\t #c ft4 high ) comp>atively few     
bran*es1 ! fruit is (t5 a foot long & #b
 94 9 diamet]4 ,! fle% is ?ick & flavor 
mild4  ,c4 ,acum9ation is ab\t #b ft4   
high4 ,! fruit1 :i* is small1 gr[s bo?  
erect & p5d5t4  ,c4 ,conordes1 ) oblong 
l9e> fruit1 :i* gr[s erect1 is v acrid &
 pung5t4 ,x is kn[n z tabasco capsicum  
or pepp]4 ,bird pepp]1 bird's-eye       
*ilies1 r$-bird pepp]1 etc41 are        
comm]cial names giv5 to ! mild1 sweet   

v>ieties ( capsicum on acc\nt ( _! be+  
f$ to birds4 ,nepaul pepp]1 comm]cial "n
 = capsicum import$ f t place 9 ,india4 
,nepaul pepp] has an odor & flavor      
resembl+ orris root & a pod ! color (   
amb] :5 dri$4 ,x is mo/ e/eem$ z a      
condim5t1 be+ aromatic & appetiz+1 & n s
 acrid or bit+ z is mo/ cay5ne4         
,paprika1 comm]cial "n = ! mild1 sweet  
v>ieties ( capsicum1 *iefly gr[n 9      
,hung>y1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,jamaica1    
,japan & ,zanzib>4  ,japanese pepp] is !
 fruit ( ,xan?oxylum1 an entirely       
diff]5t g5us ( plants to ! capsicum     
family4 ,! fruit capsules :5 bruis$ are 
agreeably pung5t & aromatic4 ,x is mu*  
e/eem$ z a condim5t 9 ,*9a & ,japan4    
,tabasco pepp] sauce orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,e4
 ,mc,illhenny1 ( ,new ,ib]ia1 ,la41 9   
#ahfh1 f a v>iety ( capsicum 9 :i* !    
fruit gr[s erect1 & 0 brot by a soldi]  
fri5d ( ,mr4 ,mc,illhenny f ,tabasco 9  
,mexico aft] ! close ( ! ,mexican w>4   
,tabasco catsup orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,george 
,bayle ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,! base ( x is 

said to be equal proportions ( p[d]$    
capsicum & ess5ce ( tomatoes4  ,gr\nd   
cay5ne pepp] soon loses its bright color
 :5 kept too long or expos$ to ! light1 
& becomes d+y 9 appe>ance1 s x is n     
always wise to judge by looks alone1 z  
r$ o*]1 turm]ic1 mu/>d1 rice1 sawdu/1   
salt1 brick du/1 etc41 h be5 f\nd 9     
cay5ne pepp]4  ,! l>ge fruits or pods   
are comm]cially kn[n z capsicums1 & !   
small] ones z *ilies4 ,! t]m pepp] is a 
misnom] z appli$ to ?is spice4          
,,c9namon ,,& ,,cassia4  ,! ,sweet ,wood
 ( ,ceylon & ! ,aromatic ,b>k ( !       
,pres5t ,day ,(t5 ,confus$ ,)           
,cassia--,valuable ,trade ,hi/ory4      
,c9namon  ,z 9 ! case ( sago & tapioca1 
a good deal ( misconception prevails 9  
reg>d to c9namon & cassia1 & z ) sago & 
tapioca1 "o is (t5 sold = ! o!r by !    
un9=m$4 ,! ^w 8cassia10 botanically     
speak+1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) !        
aromatic b>k :i* we call by t "n1 b     
ref]s to a g5us ( plants ( ! bean       
family1 f :i* are d]iv$ ! dri$ s5na     

leaves1 an infusion ( :i* our mo!rs     
induc$ u to take by ! bribe ( a piece ( 
c&y1 al?o we _h 8tummy a*e0 = a brief   
space aft]w>ds4 ,! ^w 8c9namon0 is d]iv$
 f two ,malayan words 8cassia0 f !      
,greek ^w 8kasian10 :i* occurs 9 ,psalms
 ,,xlv-#h1 & else:]e 9 ! ,bible1 :]e x  
is suppos$ to ref] to ! aromatic b>k ( !
 pres5t day1 0 aft]w>ds tack$ on4 ,t    
cassia 7! b>k7 0 kn[n 9 biblical times  
is well au!nticat$4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 a   
,*9ese h]bal publi%$ 9 #agjj ,b4 ,c4 "u 
! "n kwei4  ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( c9namon  
is 9 a li/ ( (f]+s by ,sel55eus         
,call9ieus1 k+ ( ,syria1 & 8 bro!r1     
,antio*us ,hi]ax1 to ! temple ( ,apollo 
at ,miletus1 #bdc ,b4 ,c4 ,among ! gifts
 m5tion$ are3 8#b lbs4 ( cassia & a l   
quantity ( c9namon40 ,f ?is x appe>s !re
 0 !n a recogniz$ di/9ction betwe5 ! two
 b>ks4 ,we d "k t ! cassia 0 obta9$ f   
,*9a1 b ! s\rce ( ! c9namon is unkn[n1  
unless x 0 obta9$ ?ru ! ,*9ese f        
,ceylon1 ! inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries be+
 9 frequ5t int]c\rse 9 anci5t times1 = !

 e>lie/ m5tion we h ( c9namon z a       
production ( ,ceylon is by ,kazw9i1 an  
,arab writ] ( ab\t #abge ,a4 ,d4        
,illu/ration  ,t c9namon & cassia 7     
extremely analogus is prov$ by ! rem>k (
 ! ,greek physician ,gal5 7#acj-bjj ,a4 
,d473 8,! f9e/ cassia diff]s s little f 
! l[e/ quality ( c9namon1 t ! fir/ may  
be sub/itut$ = ! second1 provid$ a d\ble
 quantity ( x 7 us$40 ,) ?is brief      
hi/orical sket* we w n[ endeavor to po9t
 out ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two b>ks4  ,9 
! fir/ place ! ^w 8c9namon0 ref]s solely
 to ! c9namon zeylanicium plant (       
,ceylon1 :]e x is f\nd gr[+ wild1 & 0   
fir/ brot "u cultivation by ,de ,koke 9 
#aggj4 ,"h aga91 z ) cloves1 mace1 etc41
 ! ,dut* tri$ to monopolize ! trade4 ,! 
giv+ away ( a plant 0 puni%able by      
flogg+ & ! de/ruction ( a plant involv$ 
! p5alty ( dea?4 ,! tree gr[s to !      
height ( #bj or #cj ft41 hav+ a trunk   
#ab to #ah in*es 9 diamet]2 ! leaves are
 ( a ?ick lea!ry texture1 #d to #f in*es
 long1 v smoo? & %9+ on ! upp] surface1 

glauc\s ) prom95t nett$ ve9s on ! "u    
side1 & are trav]s$ by #c or #e ribs4 ,!
 fl[]s are gre5i%-:ite & appe> 9 clu/]s 
( ?rees4 ,! fruit is an oval b]ry1 n    
unlike an acorn 9 %ape & color4 ,! tree 
fl[]s 9 ,janu>y & ! fruit rip5s 9       
,augu/4 ,:5 ! bran*es are peel$ ! f9e/  
/icks are said to be d]iv$ f ! lib] ( ! 
middle-siz$ bran*es1 an inf]ior sort f !
 y\ng] %oots1 & t :i* is procur$ f !    
?icke/ bran*es is consid]$ ( little     
wor?4 ,! peel+ comm5ces 9 ,may & la/s   
until ,novemb]4 ,! %oots or bran*es1    
usually ab\t -in* to -in* 9 diamet] & f 
#c to #e ft4 long1 are cut (f ) a curv$ 
prun+ knife1 ti$ up 9 bundles & c>ri$ to
 ! peel+ %$s4 ,! b>k is remov$ ) a      
small1 r\nd-po9t$ knife1 ) a small      
project+ rib or cutt] plac$ at "r angles
 to ! edge ( ! knife4 ,) ?is knife ! b>k
 is split l5g?wise ( ! /ock4 ,x is !n   
c>efully loos5$ f ! wood = a %ort       
di/ance on ei!r side ( ! slit4 ,a simil>
 incision is made on ! opposite side & !
 b>k is f9ally remov$4 ,! b>k is !n put 

9 piles1 cov]$ ) scrap+s & matt+ & left 
= ab\t two days1 dur+ :i* "t a sort (   
f]m5tation takes place1 :i* greatly     
facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! out] "p ( ! 
b>k f ! cuticle & epid]mis1 :i* is      
c>efully done by scrap+ ) a small1 curv$
 knife1 hav+ a slightly s]rat$ edge4    
,?is process is call$ pip+4 ,! pip]     
sorts ! b>k z he scrapes x4 ,he selects 
a slip suitable = ! out] lay]1 ab\t #c  
ft4 long1 & packs )9 x #f or #h o!r     
pieces1 all ab\t ! ?ickness ( vellum    
pap]--a m>k :i* always di/+ui%es ,ceylon
 c9namon f cassia4 ,!y are !n roll$ up  
toge!r & expos$ to ! sun to dry4 ,x n[  
resembles a tight roll ( pap]1 ! be/    
quality be+ firm & compact1 ( a gold5   
yell[ color1 smoo? on bo? out] & inn]   
surfaces4 ,! *eap] grades are n s       
c>efully made1 hav+ _m %ort pieces 9 !  
pipes or quills & n s mu* att5tion is   
paid to obta9 uni=m size & color4 ,at   
,colombo x is sort$ into ?ree k9ds by   
gov]nm5t inspectors4 ,! two f9e/ k9ds   
are export$1 ! ?ird ) ! brok5 pieces be+

 res]v$ = obta9+ oil ( c9namon4 ,x is   
=m$ 9 bales ab\t #ij lbs4 ea* & wrapp$ 9
 d\ble clo?s made ( hemp1 & n1 z /at$ by
 "s1 ( ! cocoa tree4  ,guava b>k1 soak$ 
9 ! wat] left aft] ! di/illation (      
c9namon oil & rubb$ ov] ) c9namon oil1  
is sometimes plac$ inside good c9namon  
quills & !n x takes a man ( ,solomon's  
wisdom to detect ! fraud4   ,cassia     
,cassia1 "u ! "n ( ,kwei1 is m5tion$ 9 !
 e>lie/ ,*9ese h]bal--t ( ! ,emp]or     
,%5a-m+1 :o reign$ ab\t #bgjj ,b4 ,c42 9
 ! anci5t ,*9ese classics1 & 9 ,rh-ya an
 h]bal dat+ f #abjj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 !        
,hai-yao-p5-ts'ao1 writt5 9 ! eigh?     
c5tury1 m5tion is made ( ,ti5-*u ,kwei4 
,ti5-*u is ! anci5t "n = ,india1 p]haps 
! allusion may be to ! cassia b>k (     
,malab>4 ,9 connection ) ^! extremely   
e>ly ref]5ces to ! spice1 x may be /at$ 
t a b>k suppos$ to be cassia is m5tion$ 
z import$ into ,egypt toge!r ) gold1    
ivory1 frank9c5se1 preci\s woods & apes1
 9 ! #ag? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,! acc\nts giv5
 by ,dioscondes1 ,ptolemy & ! au?or ( ! 

,p]iphes ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea1 t c9namon &
 cassia 7 obta9$ f ,arabia & ea/]n      
,africa2 & we fur!r "k t ! import]s 7   
,pho5icians :o trad$ by ,egypt & ! ,r$  
,sea ) ,arabia1 & x 0 import$ hi!r f    
s\!rn ,*9a4  ,cassia1 accord+ to ,m>%all
 & o!rs1 is ! b>k ( ! old bran*es &     
trunks ( ! c9namon zeylanicium1 :ile    
o!rs ass]t t x is ! b>k ( an entirely   
diff]5t species1 namely1 c9namon cassia1
 a native ( ,*9a1 b also gr[n 9 ,java4  
,?is view is ! m probable1 z no cassia  
is export$ f ,ceylon1 x almo/ all com+ f
 ,canton4 ,reg5ts h also v diff]5t      
effects on ! infusion & oil ( ^! two    
b>ks1 :i* conclusively %[s t !y are     
obta9$ f diff]5t species4 ,cassia comes 
9 bales1 #b to #d lbs41 b\nd by /rips f 
! b>k ( "s o!r tree4 ,! pipes or quills 
are ?ick] & roll$ once or twice1 & nev] 
conta9 ?9n] pieces )92 ! diamet] ( ! b>k
 is mu* ?ick]1 h>d]1 & n z c>efully     
scrap$4 ,! color is a deep] br[9%-fawn  
color4 ,! ta/e is m acridly aromatic1   
pung5t sweet1 at ! same "t m p[]fully   

a/r+5t yet mucligni\s4 ,cassia is (t5   
sub/itut$ = c9namon4 ,x is adult]at$ )  
cassia lignea1 ! b>k ( a deg5]ate v>iety
 ( c9namon zeylanicium gr[+ 9 ,malab>1  
,p5ang & ,silhet4  ,o!r v>ieties (      
cassia are3 ,saigon cassia1 ! b>k ( an  
unkn[n species :i* appe>$ 9 comm]ce ab\t
 #ahge4 ,! out] b>k is n remov$1 has a  
gray or grayi%-br[n color1 is cov]$     
ext]nally ) :iti% blot*es1 w>ts or      
wr9kles4  ,c4 ,aromaticum is believ$ to 
be ! c9namon ( ,*9a & ,co*9 ,*9a1 gr[+ 9
 ! prov9ces ( ,kwantung & ,kwangsi4 ,!  
leaves are v mu* l>g] ?an ! ,ceylon     
tree1 hang d[n f ! /alks & h nev] m ?an 
?ree ribs4 ,?is is ! species t yields ! 
cassia buds4  ,c4 ,tamala is a native ( 
,india1 wild 9 ,d]wanee & ,gonga*ora4 ,x
 is cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,rungpoor4 ,! 
dri$ leaves h an aromatic ta/e4  ,c4    
,l\reirii gr[s 9 ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,co*9 
,*9a1 to ! we/ t[>ds ,laos1 ,japan4 ,!  
fl[]s ( cassia are produc$ by ?is       
species4 ,! old & "y bran*es are        
wor?less1 b ! middle-siz$ %oots produce 

a b>k t is sup]ior to t ( ,ceylon4 ,none
 ( x is export$4  ,c4 ,culilawan is a   
native ( ,amboyna4 ,! b>k :5 dry is     
aromatic l cloves1 b less pung5t &      
sweet]4 ,x is us$ by ! natives (        
,amboyna z an int]nal m$ic9e & z a      
/imulat+ l9am5t4  ,c4 ,rubrium gr[s 9   
,co*9 ,*9a1 & conta9s an ess5tial oil1  
smell+ ( cloves1 b n s agreeable4  ,c4  
,s9toc is a tree ab\t #hj ft4 high1 gr[+
 9 ! ,neilgh]ry m\nta9s1 ,india1 & !    
high] m\nta9s ( ,java4 ,! b>k is ( !    
same quality z ! ,amboyna cassia1 b n s 
agreeable4 ,x is m bitt] & p[d]y :5     
*ew$4  ,c4 ,xan?aneuron is a native ( ! 
,papuan isl&s & ! ,moluccas4 ,! b>k :5  
fre% is v fragrant1 b x soon loses its  
quality4  ,c4 ,nitidum is a native (    
,india4 ,x is a %rub or small tree4  ,c4
 ,javanicum gr[s 9 ,java & ,borneo4 ,x  
is a tree ( ab\t #bj to #cj ft4 high4 ,!
 dri$ b>k is ( a deep c9namon br[n      
color2 m bitt] ?an ! ,ceylon c9namon1 & 
! leaves :5 rubb$ h a %>p aromatic odor4
  ,c9namon ( ! ,ceylon type is cultivat$

 9 ,guyana1 ! ,isle ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,cape 
de ,v]de1 ,brazil1 ! ,isle ( ,france1   
,pondi*5y1 ,guadal\pe & else:]e4 ,!re   
is1 h[ev]1 no probability t ! tree w    
succe$ z an article ( comm]ce t has n ! 
hot1 damp insul> climate & bright light 
( ,ceylon4  ,! b>ks ( all ^! diff]5t    
species1 includ+ t ( ,ceylon1 are class$
 z 8c9namon0 9 ! ph>macopias ( ,au/ria1 
,g]many1 ,hung>y1 ,russia1 ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,d5m>k &        
,switz]l&1 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom       
c9namon mu/ be ! b>k ( ! ,ceylon plant  
,c4 zeylanicium2 ! o!rs be+ class$ z    
cassia4   ,oil ( ,c9namon  ,oil (       
c9namon is made f ! pieces & *ips ( !   
b>k1 x is ( a r$-yell[i% color4 ,eighty 
p\nds ( b>k yields ab\t #h ozs4 ( oil4  
,x is v /imulat+4 ,x is (t5 adult]at$ ) 
oil ( cassia1 oil ( cassia buds1 oil (  
*]ry laurel1 & oil ( bitt] almonds--!   
latt] is a v dang]\s mixture4  ,c9namon 
leaves yield an oil resembl+ oil (      
cloves1 ) :i* x is (t5 mix$4  ,! ripe   
b]ries ( ! c9namon tree yield a volatile

 oil1 simil> to oil ( junip]1 & f ! root
 is obta9$ camphor4  ,cassia oil is     
obta9$ f ! leaves1 buds1 or b>k4 ,x is (
 a gold5-yell[ color1 b turns br[n )    
age4 ,x is consid]$ good = influ5za4    
,cassia buds resemble nails ) heads (   
diff]5t size & %ape1 accord+ to ! p]iod 
( gr[? :5 collect$4  ,!re is also a k9d 
( wild c9namon1 or cassia1 :i* gr[s 9   
,cuba1 b its ta/e resembles m t ( cloves
 ?an ( c9namon4     ,,cloves  ,int]e/+  
,hi/ory ,) ,illu/ration ,%[+ ,fl[]1 ,bud
 & ,fruit--,:]e ,gr[n & ,comm]cial ,uses
   ,cloves are dri$1 unop5$ calyces or  
fl[] buds ( ! clove tree1 ,c>yophyllus  
aromaticus1 a k9d ( myrtle1 a native ( !
 ,molucca isl&s4 ,9 comm]ce !y are      
*iefly di/+ui%$ by _! place ( gr[? &    
rank 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,p5ang1 ,b5cool51 
,amboyna1 & ,zanzib>4 ,9 addition to ^! 
!re ent] into comm]ce z second>y        
products1 clove /alks & "m cloves1 or ! 
dri$ rip5$ fruit4 ,! bulk ( ^! second>y 
products are %ipp$ f ,zanzib>4  ,! clove
 tree is an ev]gre51 #ae to #cj ft4     

high4 ,x has a ?9 smoo? b>k & adh]es    
closely to ! wood1 :i* is a gray color &
 ( little use4 ,! leaves are #c to #e 94
 long4 ,! upp] side & foot-/alk is r$1  
%ad+ to a d>k color1 :ile ! "u surface  
is gre54 ,! fl[]s gr[ 9 small bun*es at 
! extremities ( ! b\ghs1 v l ! fl[]-buds
 ( ! lilac tree1 & all are ( a delicate 
purpli% color4 ,! calyx is long & =ms ! 
se$ sack4 ,z ! blossoms fade ! calyx    
*anges color f yell[ to r$4 ,if all[$ to
 rema9 on ! tree aft] ?is ! calyx swells
 l t ( ! rose4 ,9 ?is /ate x loses its  
pung5t prop]ties & is call$ "m clove1 & 
is practically ( no value z a *oice     
spice4 ,! cultivat$ trees are kept prun$
 to ab\t #h or #aj ft4 9 height4        
,illu/ration  ,! h>ve/+ ( ! fl[]-buds   
comm5ces imm$iately aft] !y assume a    
bright r$ color4 ,su* blossoms z c be   
rea*$ are pluck$ by h&1 :ile ^? t gr[ on
 ! upp] bran*es are beat5 d[n ) bamboo  
poles & caught 9 clo!s spread b5ea? !   
trees4 ,!y are !n dri$ 9 ! %ade or by   
hang+ on hurdles ov] sl[ wood fires--!y 

lose ab\t half _! weight 9 ! dry+       
process4 ,!y are usually f9i%$ (f 9 !   
sun1 :i* gives !m a d>k] color4 ,!      
quick] !y are dri$ ! less ! loss (      
aroma4 ,good cloves h a /rong aromatic  
smell1 a hot1 spicy ta/e & a light br[n 
or tan color4 ,! season = h>ve/+ is f   
,septemb] to ,m>*4 ,a #aj-ye>-old tree  
yields ab\t #bj lbs4 ( cloves a ye>1 !  
yield increas+ up to #ajj lbs4 = a      
#bj-ye> old tree4  ,p5ang cloves are f !
 ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,!y are l>ge1     
plump & ( a bright color4 ,amboyna      
cloves are n s l>ge z ! ,p5ang & are ( a
 d>k br[n color4 ,zanzib> cloves are    
small] ?an ! ,amboyna1 a bright r$di%   
color & g5]ally v dry4 ,pemba cloves are
 small & d>k 9 color & mo/ly arrive 9 a 
damp condition1 & !re=e lose weight if  
kept long4  ,cloves h sometimes a       
portion ( _! oil extract$1 :i* gives !m 
a pale1 ?91 %rivel$ appe>ance1 al?o !y  
may be fre%5$ up by rubb+ ) a little oil
 or pass$ (f by mix+ ) good cloves4     
,cloves t h be5 tamp]$ ) h a good       

proportion ( _! heads or knobs (f2 al?o 
ano!r cause = headless cloves is t !y   
may h be5 ga!r$ :5 too ripe4  ,pure oil 
( cloves is almo/ colorless1 ) a fa9t   
yell[ t+e & ! /rong smell & burn+ ta/e (
 cloves4 ,:5 old x turns to a r$di% br[n
 color4 ,x has a great] specific gravity
 ?an wat]1 9 :i* x w s9k4  ,clove /alks 
& "m cloves are us$ 9 ! manufacture (   
gr\nd cloves & mix$ spices4 ,9 ,brazil !
 fl[]-buds ( ! tree ^: b>k furni%es     
cloves cassia are (t5 us$ z sub/itutes =
 true cloves4 ,! clove tree attracts s  
mu* moi/ure t h]bage w n gr[ b5ea? its  
bran*es & ! clove ( comm]ce has su* an  
aff9ity to wat] t if plac$ ne> a vessel 
( wat] !y w absorb enuf ( ! moi/ure 9 a 
few h\rs to appreciably increase _!     
weight4 ,x is said t deal]s (t5 take    
advantage ( ?is to increase ! weight (  
_! goods & ?us enhance _! pr(its4  ,a   
,little ,clove ,hi/ory--,?is spice 0    
well kn[n to ! anci5ts & is m5tion$ by  
sev]al ,*9ese au?ors z 9 use "u ! ,han  
dyna/y1 ,b4 ,c4 #bff to #bbj1 dur+ :i*  

p]iod x 0 cu/om>y = ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt to
 hold ! spice 9 _! m\? be=e address+ !  
sov]eign1 9 ord] t _! brea? might h an  
agreeable odor4 ,at ?is p]iod ! clove 0 
call$ f[l's tongue spice4 ,9 #abfe ,a4  
,d4 ! price 0 #abs p] lb4 ,9 #afji a %ip
 ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,co41 call$ ! ,cons5t1 
brot #aab1jjj lbs4 to ,engl& :i* 0 sold 
at #es #f;d p] lb4 ,z 0 ! case )        
nutmegs1 ! ,dut* attempt$ to control !  
bus9ess 9 cloves4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 
!y caus$ all ! clove trees to be de/roy$
 except ^? ( ! isl& ( ,amboyna4 ,!      
natives ( ! isl& 7 compell$ to re> a    
c]ta9 numb] ( plants ea* ye> & also to  
protect ! be>+ trees4 ,! ,fr5*1 h[ev]1  
f\nd a numb] ( clove trees gr[+ wild 9 !
 small] isl&1 & ,poivre1 ,fr5* gov]nor (
 ,mauritius1 :o obta9$ ! plant f ! isl& 
( ,guebi1 introduc$ ! clove tree into t 
colony 9 #aggj4 ,ab\t #ahjj an ,arab    
nam$ ,h>ameli-b5-,selah took "s se$s &  
plants f ,b\bon to ,zanzib> & comm5c$ ! 
cultivation ( cloves 9 t c\ntry4 ,! ^w  
clove is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 clavus nail1   

,spani% clavo & ,fr5* cl\1 ow+ its      
nail-l appe>ance4     ,,g+]  ,us$ z a   
,spice by ! ,e>ly ,greeks &             
,romans--,plant a ,native ( ,asia &     
,grew ,wild 9 ,mexico & ,africa   ,z a  
spice1 g+] 0 us$ among ! e>ly ,greeks & 
,romans1 :o appe> to h receiv$ x by way 
( ! ,r$ sea1 inasmu* z !y consid]$ x to 
be a production ( s\!rn ,arabia4 ,9 !   
li/ ( imports f ! ,r$ sea into ,alex&ra 
:i*1 9 ! #bnd c5tury ( our era1 7 !n    
liable to ! ,roman fiscal duty1 g+]     
occurs among o!r ,indian spices4 ,x     
appe>s 9 ! t>iff ( duties levi$ at ,acre
 9 ,pale/9e1 ab\t #aagc1 9 t ( ,b>celona
 9 #abba1 ,m>seilles 9 #abbh & ,p>is    
#abif4 ,x 0 kn[n 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,norman
 conque/1 be+ frequ5tly nam$ 9 !        
,anglo-,saxon lee*-books ( ! #aa? c5tury
 z well z 9 ! ,wel% 8,physicians (      
,myddvai40 ,dur+ ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies1
 x 01 next to pepp]1 ! commone/ (       
spices1 co/+ on an av]age #as #g;d p]   
lb41 or ab\t ! price ( a %eep4 ,?ree    
k9ds ( g+] 7 kn[n to ,italian m]*ants   

ab\t ! #ad? c5tury3 7#a7 ,bell$i (      
,baladi1 an ,arabic "n :i* appli$ to g+]
 w\ld signify c\ntry1 wild1 & d5otes    
common g+]2 7#b7 ,columbonio1 :i* ref]s 
to ,columbuno1 ,kolam or ,quilon1 a port
 9 ,travanore1 frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 !  
middle ages2 7#c7 ,mic*9o1 :i* d5otes   
brot f or by way ( ,mecca4 ,m>co ,polo  
saw x 9 ,india & ,*9a1 #abcj-abci4 ,john
 ( ,montecorv9o1 a mission>y fri>1 :o   
visit$ ,india 9 #abij1 gives a          
description ( ! plant & ref]s to ! root 
be+ dug up & transplant$4 ,nicolo de    
,conti1 a ,v5etian m]*ant1 e>ly 9 ! #ae?
 c5tury describes ! plant & a collection
 ( roots he saw 9 ,india4 ,! ,v5etians  
receiv$ x by way ( ,egypt1 & sup]ior    
k9ds f ,india ov]l& by ! ,black sea4    
,g+] 0 introduc$ into ,am]ica by        
,francisco de ,mondoca1 :o took x f !   
,ea/ ,indies to ,new ,spa94 ,x 0 %ipp$ =
 comm]cial purposes f ! isl&s ( ,/4     
,dom+o 9 #aehe1 & f ,b>badoes 9 #afed4  
,illu/ration  ,g+] is ! dri$1 knotty    
fibr\s rhizomes or tub]s--8races0 or    

8h&s0 z !y are call$ f _! irregul>1     
palmate =m--( ! g+] plant 7z9zib]       
(fic9ale7 ! real roots be+ ! ?9 fib]s t 
bran* (f f ! rhizomes4  ,! plant is a   
native ( ,asia1 b also f\nd gr[+ wild 9 
,mexico & ,ea/ ,africa4 ,x is a re$-l   
bi5nial plant1 n unlike ! iris or flag 9
 appe>ance4 ,! leaves are long1 simil>  
to ^? ( maize1 gr[+ alt]nate on a /em #c
 to #d ft4 high4 ,! fl[]s are borne on a
 sep>ate /em1 #f to #ab 94 high2 !y are 
yell[ or blue1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! 
soil 9 :i* !y h be5 gr[n4 ,! plant :i*  
produces ! yell[ fl[] & be/ g+] is gr[n 
on ri*1 deep1 virg9 soil2 ! o!r comes f 
poor] gr\nd4 ,g+] is propagat$ by pieces
 ( ! rhizome be+ plant$ 9 ,m>*4 ,! fl[]s
 appe> ab\t ,septemb]1 aft] !y h )]$ &  
se$$4 ,! roots are dug up ab\t ,janu>y4 
,:5 left too long 9 ! gr\nd1 ! rhizomes 
become v fibr\s1 if tak5 up too soon !y 
are t5d] & succul5t1 s mu* s t !y _c be 
made suffici5tly dry to r5d] !m fit =   
export 9 ! usual comm]cial =m4 ,!y are  
!re=e pres]v$ 9 sug>4 ,! rhizomes1      

besides be+ class$ z 8yell[0 or 8blue10 
are also divid$ into 8plant10 7be+ !    
rhizomes f plants ( ! same season's     
gr[?71 & 8ratoon0 :i* are rhizomes left 
9 ! gr\nd f ! previ\s h>ve/4  ,g+] is   
kn[n 9 comm]ce 9 two di/9ct =ms1 t]m$   
respectively z coat$ or uncoat$ g+]1--z 
hav+ or want+ ! epid]mis4 ,= ! coat$    
g+]1 ! races ( h&s1 aft] be+ dug up1 are
 ?oroly wa%$ to free !m f all ! adh]+   
e>?4 ,!y are !n laid on a canvas or     
cem5t floor1 outdoors1 to dry by ! heat 
( ! sun4 ,at night !y are tak5 indoors4 
,x takes f #f to #h days to ?oroly dry  
!m4 ,!y are !n ready = %ipm5t4 ,9 damp  
wea!r !y are artificially dri$ by an    
evaporator4 ,9 ?is =m g+] pres5ts a     
br[n1 m or less wr9kl$ or /rait$1       
surface1 & :5 brok5 up %[s a d>k br[ni% 
fracture1 h>d1 & sometimes horney &     
res9\s4 ,= ! uncoat$ g+] ! fre%-dug     
rhizomes1 aft] be+ wa%$1 are soak$ 9    
wat] = "s "t & !n peel$ or scrap$--a mo/
 delicate op]ation requir+ ! h& ( an    
exp]t4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> =mation ( !    

races1 no ma*9e has yet be5 inv5t$ t w d
 ! "w satisfactorily4 ,! out] r9d or sk9
 is deftly tak5 (f by means ( a common  
knife1 s z n to injure ! inn] root1 z a 
loss ( ! pung5t volatile oil1 to :i* g+]
 owes its value1 w\ld foll[ & ?us impair
 its comm]cial wor?4 ,aft] be+ peel$ !  
races are soak$ 9 wat] ov] night4 ,9 !  
morn+ !y are aga9 wa%$1 clean$ & weigh$1
 & !n dri$ 9 ! same mann] z coat$ g+]4  
,x requires #c lbs4 ( gre5 root to make 
#a lb4 ( dry root4 ,! pur] ! wat] ! :it]
 ! g+]4 ,sometimes lime juice is add$ to
 ! wa% wat]1 :i* gives a :it] root1 b z 
lime juice conta9s sug>1 x prev5ts ?oro 
dry+ & mildew foll[s4 ,g+] is (t5       
subject$ to a sy/em ( blea*+1 or by     
imm]sion = a %ort "t 9 a solution (     
*lor9at$ lime4 ,! :ite-wa%$ appe>ance   
:i* mu* ( ! g+] has is due to ! fact (  
its be+ wa%$ 9 :it+ & wat] or ev5 coat$ 
) sulphate ( lime4 ,uncoat$ g+] v>ies f 
s+le jo9ts an in* or less to flatti%1   
irregul>ly bran*$ pieces ( sev]al jo9ts1
 ! races ( h&s1 & f #c to #d 94 long4   

,ea* race has a depression on ! summit  
%[+ ! =m] atta*m5t ( a leafy /em4 ,!    
color1 :5 n :ite-wa%$1 is a pale buff4  
,x is some:at r\gh1 break+ ) a %ort1    
mealy fracture1 & pres5t+ on ! surface (
 ! brok5 p>ts num]\s %ort or bri/ly     
fib]s4  ,! be/ g+] gr[n comes f         
,jamaica4 ,x is ( a sup]ior /r5g?1 f9e  
flavor & a light1 h&some color4 ,a      
peculi> trade cu/om prevails 9 ,jamaica 
) reg>d to g+]1 :i* is n sold by weight 
or measure b by ! 8heap10 & ! size ( !  
heap gov]ns ! price & is an indication1 
to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( ! quality & quantity
 ( ! crop4 ,if ! heap is small1 ! price 
is high2 if ! heap is l>ge1 !n ! price  
is l[]4 ,if ! races or h&s1 are f9ely   
%ap$ & l>ge1 !re are few] 9 ! heap2 if  
small1 d>k & mealy1 ! heap is made l>g]4
  ,! next be/ quality is ,borneo or     
,co*9 g+]1 :i* closely resembles 9      
appe>ance ! ,jamaica4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s 
c>efully prep>$4  ,african g+]1 also    
t]m$ ,bombay or ,calcutta1 f ! ports (  
%ipm5t1 is d>k] 9 color1 has a co>s]    

appe>ance1 a h>%] flavor & inf]ior aroma
 to ei!r ( ! above1 b conta9s a great]  
am\nt ( oleores9 ?an !y d & is v pung5t4
 ,x is l>gely us$ = mak+ g+] be]1       
ess5ces1 extracts1 etc4  ,leaf g+] is   
g+] t has be5 slic$ into ?9 flakes4     
,gre5 g+] root1 is t :i* has n und]gone 
any process ( clean+ beyond free+ x f ! 
e>? adh]+4 ,import$ 9 casks & us$ by w9e
 mak]s1 pres]v]s1 etc4  ,sp5t-g+] is    
:ole g+] t has once be5 us$1 !n fix$ up 
to resemble good g+] & sold :ole or     
gr\nd4 ,x does n possess a s+le "o ( !  
valuable prop]ties ( g5u9e g+]4  ,*9a   
g+] is n import$ 9 a dri$ /ate1 !       
rhizomes be+ too t5d] & succul5t to     
?oroly dry = export4 ,x is pres]v$ or   
c&i$4 ,= pres]v+1 ! rhizomes are fir/   
scald$1 !n wa%$ 9 cold wat] & peel$1 !n 
boil$ 9 pans = #b or #c h\rs2 !n        
transf]r$ to copp] pans & boil$ = #b    
h\rs 9 a mixture ( sug> & wat]--j       
suffici5t wat] to cov] ! roots1 #e lbs4 
( sug> to #aj lbs4 ( g+]1 ! roots hav+  
be5 pi]c$ ) a %>p in/rum5t to enable !  

sug> to soak into !m4 ,aft] boil+ ! g+] 
is put into l>ge j>s & /&s = sev]al     
days1 :5 x is aga9 boil$ 9 sug> & wat] 9
 ! same quantities4 ,aft] x has become  
cold x is pack$ 9 j>s or t9s = export4  
,to cry/allize1 ! same process is gone  
?ru1 only 9 ! f9al boil+ x is boil$     
until ! sug> become dry4  ,! ,*9ese     
season = pres]v+ g+] is f ,july to      
,octob]4 ,x is ne>ly all prep>$ 9       
,canton & ,hongkong4 ,a k9d kn[n z ,ng  
,mai ,keunig is pres]v$ 9 ,swaton1 f    
,alp9a galanga1 b x is n l ! ,canton or 
,hank\ g+] & is only made = native      
consumption1 to be us$ m$ic9ally or =   
cook+4 ,"s ( x goes to ! ,/raits        
,settlem5t1 b none to ,hongkong4        
,jamaica pres]v$ g+] is mo/ly put up 9  
glass bottles4 ,! uses ( g+] are too    
well kn[n to ne$ repeat+4     ,,mu/>d   
,well ,kn[n to ! ,anci5ts1 b ,m 9 a     
,m$ic9al ,way--,h[ ,cultivat$ & ,prep>$ 
= ,comm]cial ,uses   ,mu/>d 0 well kn[n 
to ! anci5ts1 b m 9 a m$ic9al way ?an   
dietetic4 ,f an edict ( ,diocletian1 #cj

 ,a4 ,d41 9 :i* x is m5tion$ along )    
alim5t>y sub/ances1 we mu/ suppose x 0  
!n reg>d$ z a condim5t1 at lea/ 9 !     
ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,roman empire4 ,9        
,europe1 dur+ ! middle ages1 mu/>d 0 a  
valu$ accompanim5t to food1 especially )
 ! salt$ meats :i* con/itut$ a l>ge     
portion ( ! diet ( our ance/ors dur+ !  
w9t]4 ,9 ! ,wel% 8,m$dygon ,myddrai0 ( !
 #ac? c5tury1 a p>agraph is devot$ to ! 
8,virtues ( ,mu/>d40 ,9 h\sehold acc\nts
 ( ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies1 mu/>d is (   
con/ant occurr5ce2 x 0 !n cultivat$ 9   
,engl&1 b n ext5sively4 ,! price ( ! se$
 betwe5 #abhe & #acdj v>i$ f #as #c;d to
 #fs #h;d p] qu>t] 7#ba lbs471 b betwe5 
#acdg & #acgf x 0 z high z #aes & #afs4 
,9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 des
 ,pres 9 ,p>is1 #hjj ,a4 ,d41 mu/>d is  
specially m5tion$ z a regul> "p ( !     
rev5ue ( ! conv5t l&s4  ,! ess5tial oil 
( mu/>d 0 fir/ notic$ 9 #affj by        
,nicolas le ,febre & m di/9ctly 9 #agcb 
by ,bo]h>roe4  ,! ^w mu/>d comes f !    
,italian1 murt>d1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9

 mu/-um1 unf]m5t$ grape juice1 ) :i* !  
,italians =m]ly mix$ gr\nd mu/>d4 ,!    
,a!nians call$ x napy2 :ile ! ,hell5i/ic
 "n 0 s9api1 or s9apy1 :5ce ! ,lat9     
s9api1 or s9apis1 f :i* is d]iv$ !      
,g]man ^w s5f4 ,hippocrates us$ mu/>d 9 
m$ic9e "u ! "n ( ,vanuit4 ,! d>k se$1   
:i* comes f ,trie/e1 ,au/ria1 is call$  
,trie/e mu/>d4 ,spok5 ( by ,!ophna/us1  
,gal9 & o!rs4 ,:at is call$ ,fr5* mu/>d1
 ,g]man mu/>d1 etc41 is made ( ! dress+s
 mix$ ) v9eg>1 g>lic & o!r spices &     
flavor+ mu/]ial4 ,! =m 9 :i* table mu/>d
 is n[ sold dates f #agbj1 ab\t :i* "t  
,mrs4 ,clem5ts1 ( ,durham1 ,eng41 hit on
 ! idea ( gr9d+ ! se$ 9 a mill & sift+ !
 fl\r f ! husk4 ,?is bright yell[ f>9a  
rapidly atta9$ wide popul>ity4 ,! fame (
 8,durham ,mu/>d0 0 spread f> & wide1   
,mrs4 ,clem5ts travel+ to ,london &     
pr9cipal cities twice a ye> tak+ ord]s4 
,!re are two species ( mu/>d plants f   
:i* gr\nd mu/>d is made4 ,! s9apes alba1
 :ite or yell[ mu/>d1 & s9apes nigra1   
br[n or black mu/>d1 is ! mu/>d plant   

spok5 ( 9 ,luke ,,xiii1 #ai4 ,!y are    
annual h]bs1 ?ree to #f ft4 high1 )     
lyrate leaves1 yell[ fl[]s1 & sl5d]     
pods1 f "o to f\r in*es long1 conta9+ a 
s+le r[ ( r\ndi% se$s4  ,"o ( !         
peculi>ities incid5t to ! cultivation ( 
mu/>d is ! fact t two crops ( mu/>d _c  
be rais$ on ! same gr\nd 9 succession4  
,ano!r v>iety is s9apes arv5us1 or wild 
mu/>d1 call$ *>lock & us$ = adult]at+2 !
 ,s>epta1 ! black se$ ( ! s9apes juncea1
 f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 is us$ = ! same      
purpose4 ,s>epta is call$ f a city ( t  
"n 9 ,russia1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,s>atov4   
,! br[n or black v>iety is s[n 9 ,janu>y
 & ! yell[ or :ite 9 ,m>*1 ! se$ be+ s[n
 broadca/ & h>ve/$ 9 ,augu/4 ,a reap] is
 us$1 cutt+ ! /alks & ?r[+ !m 9 bun*es1 
:]e !y are left to cure until ,octob]4  
,!y are n[ ?oroly dry & are tak5 to a   
conv5i5t place1 spread out ^u %eets (   
canvas & roll$ ) a heavy roll]4 ,! /alks
 & empty pods are !n rak$ (f1 & ! *aff &
 se$s rema9+ are run ?ru a fann+ ma*9e1 
aft] :i* process !y are ready to sack & 

m>ket4  ,!re are two processes 9 use 9  
mak+ gr\nd mu/>d4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! se$s1    
:ite or black1 or mix$1 are gr\nd to    
p[d] & !n put ?ru an elaborate c\rse (  
sift+s4 ,! product left aft] ! fir/     
sift+ is call$ 8dress+s0 & t :i* passes 
?ru is pure mu/>d fl\r4 ,?is mu/>d fl\r 
is aga9 run ?ru a f9] sieve1 & s on     
until ! requir$ f95ess is obta9$4 ,f !  
dress+s left aft] ! diff]5t siev+s1 !   
ess5tial oil ( mu/>d is express$4  ,9 ! 
o!r me?od1 ! oil is fir/ extract$ f !   
se$s by hydraulic pressure1 :i* leaves a
 sort ( cake4 ,?is cake is !n brok5 up &
 p\nd$ 9 a mort>4 ,x is !n sift$1 t go+ 
?ru ! sieve be+ a k9d ( bolt$ mu/>d     
fl\r4 ,! rema9+ bran is !n mix$ ) an    
equal quantity ( :eat fl\r1 "o p] c5t ( 
cay5ne & suffici5t turm]ic to give !    
prop] color4 ,?is is p\nd$ & treat$ z   
be=e1 ! process be+ cont9u$ until !re is
 no bran left4 ,!n all ! diff]5t sift+s 
are mix$ toge!r1 giv+ a mixture ( ab\t  
equal proportions ( mu/>d & :eat fl\r1 )
 ! cay5ne & turm]ic add$ 9 prop]        

quantities4  ,! peculi> pung5cy & odor1 
to :i* mu/>d owes mu* ( its value1 are  
due to an ess5tial oil develop$ by !    
action ( wat] on two *emical sub/ances  
conta9$ 9 black mu/>d se$2 "o call$     
s9igr9 & ! o!r myros94 ,! latt] sub/ance
 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] acts z a sort (     
f]m5t on ! s9igr91 & x is wor?y ( rem>k 
t ?is reaction does n take place 9 !    
pres5ce ( boil+ wat] &1 !re=e1 x is n   
prop] to use v hot wat] 9 ! prep>ation (
 mu/>d1 cold wat] only %\ld be us$4     
,:ite mu/>d se$ conta9s 9 ! place (     
s9igr9 a peculi> acrid sub/ance call$   
s9alb9 & also a trace ( myros91 !re=e1 x
 possesses v little pung5cy & x produces
 a l>g] p]c5tage ( fl\r ?an ! black4 ,! 
prop] bl5d+ ( ^! two se$s is necess>y to
 ! production ( ! be/ mu/>d1 z ! :ite   
has ! peculi> f]m5t )9 x :i* develops to
 ! highe/ degree ! flavor ( ! black4  ,!
 reason = mix+ :eat fl\r1 rice fl\r or  
o!r f>9a ) pure mu/>d fl\r is1 t ow+ to 
! l>ge am\nt ( oil conta9$ 9 ! latt] x w
 n keep long1 b turns rancid1 f]m5ts &  

cakes2 ! add$ f>9as by absorb+ a portion
 ( ! oil ret>ds f]m5tation1             
decomposition & rancidity4 ,!y %\ld n be
 look$ ^u z adult]ants1 unless add$ 9   
too great quantities1 & ! price ( !     
mu/>d %\ld be 9 proportion to ! add$    
absorb5ts4  ,a mean =m ( adult]ation is 
to mix gypsum & *rome yell[ ) ! gr\nd   
mu/>d se$4  ,if ^u ! addition ( a small 
quantity ( iod9e to gr\nd mu/>d x turns 
blue1 x %[s t />* is pres5t4 ,! ammonia 
te/ w %[ ! pres5ce ( turm]ic4 ,e        
manufactur] has 8 own p>ticul> =mula1 & 
consequ5tly !re are _m diff]5t          
qualities1 bo? 9 ! pure mu/>d & !       
comp\nds4 ,"o is compos$ ( #cg p] c5t   
br[n & #ej p] c5t :ite mu/>d fl\r1 #aj  
p] c5t ( rice fl\r1 #c p] c5t ( black   
pepp]1 a little ,*ili pepp] & g+]4      
,pure mu/>d oil1 z press$ f ! se$1 is n 
pung5t & w n bli/] unless mix$ ) wat]4  
,! ,engli% mu/>d se$ is ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,(
 ?is class #d1iie1hjj lbs4 ( se$ &      
#a1cjg1bjb lbs4 ( fl\r 7 import$ dur+ ! 
ye> #aijh4 ,mu/>d se$ & fl\r f ,italy is

 kn[n z ,trie/e4 ,9 ! ,lompoe valley1   
,cali=nia1 "s #b1ejj acres are "u mu/>d 
cultivation1 & a small quantity is also 
gr[n 9 ,k5tucky4  ,! uses ( mu/>d are   
too well kn[n to ne$ recapitulation4 ,d4
 ,s4 ,f4 means d\ble sup]f9e4           
,,nutmeg ,,& ,,mace  ,:]e ! ,nutmeg     
,tree ,gr[s--,yield ( ,nuts & ,mace &   
,h[ ,prep>$ = ! ,m>ket--,uses 9 ,comm]ce
   ,! nutmeg tree1 kn[n to botani/s z   
,myri/ica frangrans 7sweet smell+7 is a 
native ( ! ,malay ar*ipelago4 ,! tree1  
:i* 9 ! ,b&a isles gr[s to ! height (   
#ej to #fj ft41 & 9 ! ,/raits to #cj to 
#dj ft41 resembles ! pe> tree 9 ! %ape (
 its leaves & fruit4 ,its fl[]s are l ^?
 ( ! lily ( ! valley 9 =m & size1 b are 
pale yell[ & exce$+ly fragrant4 ,!re are
 male & female fl[]s1 ! nutmegs be+     
obta9$ f ! latt]4 ,x is only :5 ! tree  
is ab\t #f or #h ye>s old t ! female    
tree c be di/+ui%$ f ! male1 & ( ! latt]
 only a few are all[$ to rema9 =        
f]tiliz+ purposes1 ! re/ be+ cut d[n4 ,!
 nutmeg tree cont9ues to yield f #gj to 

#hj ye>s aft] rea*+ maturity 7#h ye>s74 
,ea* tree on an av]age w produce #aj    
lbs4 ( nutmegs & #a lbs4 ( mace         
annually4 ,! fruit is yell[i%1 edible   
drupe1 ab\t ! size ( a pea*2 x splits   
into halves :5 at maturity--ab\t #i     
mon?s f ! "t ( blossom+--expos+ a s+le  
se$ ) a ?91 h>d %ell1 surr\nd$ by a     
fibr\s sub/ance ( a crimson color1 :i*1 
:5 dri$ & %ell$ becomes ! nutmeg4 ,! "y 
drupes1 :5 "y & t5d]1 are (t5 pres]v$ l 
jam & are consid]$ ! mo/ aromatic &     
delici\s ( cons]ves4 ,al?o ! nutmeg tree
 has ripe fruit ^u x at all seasons1 !re
 are ?ree pr9cipal p]iods ( h>ve/+1 viz3
 ,july1 :5 ! fruit is mo/ abundant1 ?\gh
 x yields ?9 mace2 ,novemb]1 :5 ! mace  
is ?ick]1 ?\gh ! nutmegs are small]1 &  
,m>*1 :5 bo? mace & nutmegs rea* _!     
greate/ p]fection--b z ?is season is dry
 ! production is n great4  ,illu/ration 
,! usual me?od ( ga!r+ 9 ! ,/raits is to
 collect ! ripe nuts t h fall5 on !     
gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,b&a isl&s1 ! fruits are    
ga!r$ 9 small1 neatly-made1 oval bamboo 

baskets--hold+ ab\t #c fruit--at ! end (
 a long bamboo /ick1 :i* prev5ts bruis+1
 ! baskets be+ op5$ = ab\t half _! l5g? 
on "o side1 & furni%$ ) two small prongs
 project+ f ! top1 by :i* ! fruit /alk  
is brok51 ! fruit fall+ into ! basket4  
,aft] ! pulp--:i* is ab\t -94 ?ick1     
:iti% 9 color1 & t\gh l c&i$ peel--has  
be5 remov$ ! mace is /ripp$ (f by h&4 ,!
 %ell ( ! fruit is v h>d & _c be brok5  
)\t injury to ! k]nel4 ,to ov]come ?is  
!y are put into receptacles ) f9e me%   
bottoms1 & dri$ ov] a sl[ fire--be+     
turn$ f "t to "t--until ! k]nel rattles 
freely 9 ! %ell1 a process :i* takes    
ab\t #f or #h weeks4 ,?is also kills any
 weevil :i* may be at "w 9 !m4 ,!y are  
!n c>efully crack$ by plac+ !m on a sort
 ( drumhead made ( raw-hide & /rik+ !m )
 a bo>d or mallet1 :5 ! %ells fly (f    
into pieces4 ,great caution is ne$$ 9   
%ell+1 = if too h>d a bl[ be /ruck x    
makes a black spot on ! nutmeg1 :i*     
affects its value consid]ably4 ,aft] be+
 /eep$ 9 salt wat] sev]al times & aga9  

dri$ !y are sort$ accord+ to size &     
s\ndness--#acj to #adj to ! p\nd are !  
l[e/ pric$1 #ge to #hj ! highe/1 & l>g] 
nuts are sold at special prices4 ,!     
sort+ is done by h&1 & no?+ b s\nd1     
p]fect nuts are suppos$ to be %ipp$4 ,! 
brok5 & wormy ones are us$ 9 manufactur+
 8nutmeg butt]10 or1 z x is commonly b  
errone\sly call$1 8mace oil40 ,!y are n[
 lim$4 ,!re are two me?ods ( lim+ 9     
vogue--! dry & ! wet4 ,9 ! dry process1 
! nuts h dry lime p[d] rubb$ ov] !m1    
ei!r by h& or %ak+ 9 b>rels4 ,9 ! wet   
process1 ! nuts are put into            
newly-slack$ lime & !n spread out to    
dry1 or !y are dipp$ into a k9d (       
lime-pickle1 ?ick z syrup1 made (       
calc9$-%ells & salt wat]4 ,aft] be+     
cov]$ ) ?is mixture !y are dri$4 ,!     
process ( lim+ orig9at$ ) ! ,dut*1 ) a  
view to prev5t+ ! g]m9at+ ( ! se$s1 =   
:i* purpose !y 7 =m]ly imm]s$ = ?ree    
mon?s 9 milk ( lime4 ,aga9 x is claim$ t
 lim+ pres]ves ! nuts aga9/ ! attacks ( 
maggots & a p>ticul> k9d or beetle by   

/opp+ up _! brea?+ & *ew+ app>atus4 ,a  
pref]5ce is /ill manife/$ = lim$        
nutmegs4  ,z nutmegs are n[ seldom %ipp$
 by sail+ vessels1 b by /eam]s1 ?us sav+
 ! long-"t voyage1 !re is no reason :y  
!y %\ld n come unlim$1 & !n ! diff]5ces 
9 _! natural complexions & range (      
v>iations w\ld become famili> & easily  
recogniz$4 ,! lim+ process hides _m     
imp]fect or corky nuts2 nuts :i* h be5  
riddl$ ) worm holes are 8/opp$0 ) a pa/e
 made ( fl\r1 oil & nutmeg p[d] & !n    
mix$ ) ! s\nd ones4 ,occasionally ?is   
pa/e is m\ld$ into false nutmegs4       
,besides ?is1 nutmegs are frequ5tly     
robb$ ( "p ( _! ess5tial oil by         
di/illation 9 alcohol--a process call$  
8sweat+0--& yet sold z entire nuts4 ,a  
small quantity ( boracic acid w         
accompli% ! same purpose z lime1 & ,p>is
 :ite & b>ytes w s]ve to mask ! id5tity 
z well z ! defects4 ,a good nutmeg %\ld 
h no worm-holes1 be full ( oil & cut    
firm l a piece ( wood1 & if a p9 is ?ru/
 into "o ! oil %\ld ooze out on its be+ 

)drawn4  ,! ,p5ang nutmegs1 :i* are     
g5]ally n lim$1 are consid]$ ! be/1 al?o
 "s pref] ! ,b&a or ,batavia1 & aft] ^! 
! ,s+apore4 ,!re is also a dem& = an    
elliptical-%ap$ nutmeg ( rank flavor1   
fir/ call$ long nutmegs1 b n[ kn[n z    
,macass>s4 ,ano!r k9d ( nutmeg f ,new   
,gu9ea1 & kn[n 9 ,g]many z 8horse       
nutmeg10 is f ! species ,myri/ica       
,arg5tea4 ,x is ( a long & n>r[ %ape4 ,9
 ^! ! arellus or mace furr[s are less   
m>k$ & _! odor is n s delicate z t ( !  
true nutmeg4  ,!re are _m k9ds ( wild or
 inf]ior nutmegs1 su* z3 ,am]ican       
,jamaica1 or calaba% nutmeg 7,m4        
monodora71 ( ! cu/>d-apple family1 be>+ 
a l>ge pulpy fruit conta9+ aromatic     
se$s4 ,brazilian nutmeg 7cryptoc>ya     
mos*ata7 a tree ( ! laurel family1      
produc+ nutmegs ( an inf]ior quality4 ,!
 nut is long] ?an ! true species & is   
sold "u ! "n ( long nutmeg4 ,cali=nia   
nutmeg1 a tree ( ! p9e family1 call$    
also /9k+ nutmeg or /9k+ yew1 f !       
disagreeable odor ( ! leaves & wood :5  

bruis$ & burn$1 & yield+ a fruit        
resembl+ true nutmegs4 ,clove nutmeg1 a 
,madagasc> tree ( ! laurel family1 !    
fruit a pung5t k]nel resembl+ ! true    
nutmeg & us$ z a spice4 ,p]uvian nutmeg1
 a l>ge tree ( ! monimiad family1 yield+
 an aromatic fruit4 ,f ,borneo a wild1  
soapy nutmeg & mace 7,m4 fatua7 are (t5 
palm$ (f z ! true k9ds4 ,!re is also !  
,sante ,fe nutmeg 7,motoba7 f ,columbia1
 ,s4 ,a41 & ,ackaway nutmeg1 a spice    
gr[n 9 ,guiana1 ! fruit ( ,acrodiclidum 
cam>d4 ,ano!r species1 ! ,m4 sebefira1  
is a common tree 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana1    
nor? ,brazil1 & up into ,panama4 ,x is  
utiliz$ pr9cipally = ! oil extract$ f ! 
nuts1 obta9$ by mac]at+ !m 9 wat]1 ! oil
 ris+ to ! surface1 & z x cools skimm$  
(f4 ,ackawi nutmegs1 us$ ma9ly z a cure 
= di>rahoea & colic4 ,all ^!1 :ile      
resembl+ some:at ! true nutmegs &       
sometimes foi/$ on deal]s1 are ( v      
little real value4   ,mace  ,:5 ! mace1 
a bright-r$ membrane\s sub/ance1 is     
remov$ f ! nut x is press$ flat betwe5  

blocks ( wood & left to dry until x has 
acquir$ ! "r color4 ,! prep>ation ( mace
 = ! m>ket requires exp]i5ce r ?an      
te*nical k4 ,if pack$ too gre5 x is     
liable to mold1 & is subject to attacks 
f insects1 :i* r5d] x valueless 9       
comm]ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x becomes too 
dry x loses its vitality & also crumbles
 into p[d] :5 pack$4 ,pack]s frequ5tly  
spr9kle ! mace ) salt wat]1 :i* makes x 
m pliable & at ! same "t prev5ts attacks
 f insects4  ,illu/ration  ,we may "h   
/ate t nutmegs are divid$ into two      
v>ieties3 ,! gre51 :i* are long & 9 :i* 
! mace only p>tially cov]s ! nut2 is    
d>k] 9 color & inf]ior 9 flavor & aroma2
 & ! ,royal1 :i* furni%es ! f9e/ & be/  
mace1 firm1 ?ick1 flexible & oily1 &    
entirely envelopes ! nut4  ,z ) !       
nutmeg1 mace is sometimes depriv$ ( its 
ess5tial oil1 & mix$ ) wild mace or o!r 
flavorless matt]4 ,myri/ica ,malab>ica1 
kn[n "u ! "n ( ,bombay mace1 us$ to     
adult]ate ! true p[d]$ mace1 is mu* l>g]
 & m cyl9drical ?an ! arillus ( ! true  

nutmeg & has sev]al flaps unit$ at !    
apex1 =m+ a conical /ructure4           
,products--,c&i$ nutmeg & mace1 nutmeg  
fruits 9 v9eg> or salt1 pres]v$ nutmeg  
fruits1 & nutmeg or mace ess5ce made f !
 ess5tial oil ( nutmegs 7n mace7 &      
rectifi$ spirits4 ,an ess5ce ( mace is  
also made f #f oz4 mace & #b p9ts       
cologne _s1 mac]at$ = a c\ple ( weeks1  
express$ & filt]$ ?ru pap]4 8,nutmeg    
butt]01 8butt] ( nutmeg10 or mace1      
8concrete oil ( nutmeg10 or 8express$   
oil ( mace10 z x is v>i\sly call$1 is   
obta9$ by subject+ ! nutmeg or mace to a
 great heat & !n squeez+ or press+ x 9  
heavy presses4 ,?is sub/ance is ( a gre5
 color ( ! consi/5cy ( tall[ & ( a      
pleasant smell4 ,a p\nd ( nutmegs w make
 #c ozs4 ( ?is oil1 b a transp>5t       
volatile oil is obta9$ by di/illation4  
,x evaporates rapidly on exposure to    
air4 ,:5 cold x becomes some:at spongy &
 has a m>bl$ or mottl$ appe>ance4 ,x    
becomes h>d ) age & is export$ 9 small  
bricks1 #aj 94 by #b 941 wrapp$ 9 palm  

leaves4 ,x is kn[n "u sev]al names1 z   
nutmeg butt]1 balsam ( nutmeg1 concrete 
oil or ! mace oil ( comm]ce1 & z ,b&a   
soap1 sometimes made f ! di/ill$ nutmeg 
leaves1 c\nt]feit$ by us+ a =eign fatty 
sub/ance z palm oil1 nut1 wax & animal  
fat1 boil$ ) p[d]$ nutmeg & flavor$ )   
sassafras1 :i* gives x ! "r color &     
flavor4  ,uses--,nutmegs1 besides _! use
 z a spice or condim5t1 are us$ to      
relieve sleeplessness :5 opium fails &  
*loral is n advisable4 ,= di>rhoea1 half
 a dra*m 9 milk is an effective cure4   
,butt] ( mace is us$ z a l9im5t &       
embrocation = rheumatism & is also a    
favorite m$ic9e = l[ /ages ( fev] )     
,h9doo doctors4  ,= gr\nd nutmeg1 all ! 
faulty1 brok51 moldy1 worm-eat5 & wild  
nutmegs are (t5 us$4  ,a little ( !     
hi/ory ( mace & nutmegs3 ,x has g5]ally 
be5 believ$ t nei!r ! nutmeg or mace 7  
kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,nutmegs & mace 7    
import$ f ,india at an e>ly date by !   
,arabians1 & ?us pass$ into we/]n       
c\ntries4 ,masudi1 :o appe>s to h visit$

 ,engl& 9 #iaf-ibj ,a4 ,d41 po9t$ out t 
! nutmeg1 l cloves1 arcca nut &         
s&alwood1 0 a product ( ! ea/]n isles ( 
! ,indian ar*ipelago4 ,! ,arabian       
geograph]1 ,edrisi1 :o wrote 9 ! middle 
( ! #ab? c5tury1 m5tions bo? nutmeg &   
mace z articles ( import into ,ad54 ,!y 
are also among ! articles on :i* duty 0 
levi$ at ,acre 9 #aahj4 ,ab\t a c5tury  
lat] ano!r ,arabian au?or1 ,kozwim1     
expressly nam$ ! ,moluccas z ! native   
c\ntry ( ! spices "u notice4 ,"o ( !    
e>lie/ ref]5ces to !m 9 ,europe occurs 9
 a poem ab\t #aaie1 by ,petrus          
,d',ebulo1 describ+ ! entry into ,rome (
 ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,vi1 previ\s to 8     
coronation 9 #aaia4 ,by ! end ( ! #ab?  
c5tury bo? nutmeg & mace 7 f\nd 9 nor!rn
 ,europe1 ev5 9 ,d5m>k1 z may be inf]r$ 
f ! allusions to !m 9 ! writ+s (        
,h>pe/r+4 ,9 ,engl&1 mace1 ?\gh well    
kn[n1 0 a v co/ly article1 its value    
betwe5 #abhd & #acgg be+ ab\t #ds #g;d  
p] lb41 :ile ! av]age price ( a %eep    
dur+ ! same p]iod 0 ab\t #as #e;d1 & ( a

 c[ #is #e;d4 ,x 0 also de> 9 ,france1 =
 9 ! w ( ,jeanne d',evreux1 que5 (      
,france1 9 #acgb1 #f ozs4 ( mace 7      
apprais$ at ! rate ( #hs #c;d p] lb4 ,9 
! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! ,dut*1 ) !  
object ( monopoliz+ ! trade 9 nutmegs1  
de/roy$ all ! trees 9 all ! ,moluccas   
isl&s1 except+ ,b&a4 ,nature did n1     
h[ev]1 sympa?ize ) su* meanness4 ,!     
nutmeg pigeon1 f\nd 9 all ! ,indian     
isl&s1 did = ! _w :at ! ,dut* _h det]m9$
 %\ld n be done--c>ri$ ! nuts1 :i* are  
_! food1 into all ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 &
 trees grew aga9 & ! _w _h ! b5efit4 ,9 
ord] to keep up ! price1 ! surplus /ock 
0 burn$ up ea* ye> by c]ta9 unscrupul\s 
m51 z is propos$ to d at ! pres5t day ) 
! surplus /ock ( ,brazilian c(fee4 ,9   
#agfj1 !y burn$ at ,am/]dam ?ree su*    
imm5se piles ( nutmegs & cloves t "o    
writ] says3 8,ea* ( :i* 0 z big z a     
*ur*40  ,?is acc\nt ( nutmeg w\ld n be  
complete )\t 8,connecticut ,nutmegs40   
,"s #ij ye>s ago ,fr$]ick ,accum />tl$  
,engl& ) 8 book 8,adult]ation ( ,food & 

,cul9>y ,poison10 & a sort ( pure food  
hy/]ia pass$ ?ru ! c\ntry simil> to t   
caus$ by ! boric acid inve/igation "h4  
,b he 0 eclips$ by a p]son :o decl>$ t !
 mak]s ( wood5 %oe-pegs 9 ,connecticut 7
 mak+ oats & nutmegs f ! disc>d$ wood ( 
sawmills4 ,he ass]t$ !y 7 n only made1 b
 us$ z food ?ru\t ! c\ntry4 ,?us 0      
,connecticut *ri/5$ ! ,nutmeg ,/ate1 a  
"n :i* x has reta9$ ev5 unto ?is day4   
,,pepp]  ,:ite & ,black ,v>ieties &     
,:y--,h[ ! ,plant ,is ,cultivat$ &      
,:]e--,hi/ory ! ,groc] ,%\ld ,"k to     
,judge ,qualities   ,pepp] is a         
commodity to be f\nd 9 e groc]y /ore1 b 
h[ _m groc]s "k t ! pepp] plant--,pip]  
nigrum--:i* produces ! :ite & black     
pepp] ( comm]ce1 is a climb+ v9e-l %rub1
 f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,travanscore 
& ,malab> coa/ ( ,india8 ,x is          
ext5sively cultivat$ 9 s\?we/ ,india1   
:5ce x has be5 introduc$ into ,java1    
,borneo1 ! ,malay p59sula1 ,siam1 !     
,philipp9es & ! ,we/ ,indies4  ,pepp] 9 
! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great 0 consid]$ an   

extremely *oice article &1 l gold &     
preci\s /ones1 0 = _m g5]ations f\nd    
only on royal tables4 ,dur+ ! ,middle   
,ages1 x 0 us$ z money 9 paym5t ( tolls1
 etc41 h5ce ! cu/om ( 8pepp] corn0      
r5tals1 i4 e41 a nom9al r5tal or        
p]petual lease2 & its high price is said
 to h be5 "o ( ! causes :i* l$ !        
,portuguese to seek a sea passage to    
,india4  ,! pepp] plant gr[s naturally  
to #bj ft4 9 height1 b is cultivat$ on  
trellises or poles1 ab\t #aj or #ab ft4 
high & is propagat$ by cutt+s or suck]s4
 ,x has a s(t /em1 ! leaves are #d to #f
 94 long1 t\gh1 glossy1 broadly ovate1 )
 #e to #g n]ves1 & gr[ opposite &       
alt]nate to a p5dul\s spike #e to #h 94 
long1 hav+ #bj to #ej :ite fl[]s t rip5 
into a "o-se$$ fruit ) a fle%y ext]ior4 
,?is fle%y b]ry1 cov]+ a s(t /one1 is   
ab\t ! size ( a pea & is at fir/ gre51 b
 9 rip5+ turns r$1 :i* gradually d>k5s  
to a deep *ocolate %ade4 ,! v9e beg9s to
 be> :5 #c or #d ye>s old & cont9ues    
be>+ = ! next #aj or #ae ye>s4 ,x is 9  

p]fection at its eigh? ye>4             
,illu/ration  ,!re are two crops a      
ye>--,july & ,decemb]--:i* yield #e to  
#f lbs4 ( dri$ pepp] ea* = a s+le v9e4  
,:5 ! b]ries are ripe ! /alk is p9*$ (f 
by h& & plac$ 9 an oblong cane basket1  
slung horizontally beh9d ! pluck] by a  
rope ar\nd 8 wai/4 ,! r\nd$ ends ( !    
basket ext5d a little on ei!r side1 s t 
! basket c be easily fill$ by ei!r h& ( 
! workman4 ,! b]ries are rubb$ (f !     
spikes by h& & plac$ on mats or on ! b>e
 gr\nd1 to dry 9 ! sun1 :5 ! wea!r is   
fair4 ,9 damp or cl\dy wea!r !y are     
plac$ 9 %all[1 op5 baskets be=e a g5tle 
fire4 ,if ! b]ries are left too long on 
! v9es !y lose "p ( _! aromatic1 pung5t 
hot ta/e1 & if ga!r$ too soon !y become 
brok5 & du/y 9 dry+4 ,aft] dry+1 :5 !y  
become black & %rivel$ up1 !y are clean$
 & w9n[$4 ,good black pepp] is firm & n 
too deeply wr9kl$1 does n easily crumble
 or break 9 ! h&1 x is also heavy &     
readily s9ks 9 wat]4 ,! inn] se$ %\ld be
 h>d1 r\nd & smoo? & ( a grayi%-br[n    

color4 ,! outside p]ic>p %\ld be        
br[ni%-black4 ,a yell[ t+e betrays      
ov]-rip5ess & consequ5t loss ( /r5g?4 ,a
 repreh5sible practice among "s deal]s  
to hide defective pepp]s is to          
artificially black5 !m & poli% ) oil4 ,!
 usual me?od ( judg+ quality is by      
weight1 ! grades te*nically be+ kn[n z  
heavy1 or %ot1 half-heavy & light pepp]s
 or corns4 ,a "o-litre measure may be   
fill$ ) ! pepp] & ! cont5ts weigh$1 or  
#ajj corns ( av]age size c\nt$ & _!     
weight asc]ta9$4 ,! v>iations ( pepp]s (
 diff]5t qualities1 accord+ to _!       
habitat1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3     
,weight     ,v>iety--       p] litre    
,s+apore        #dgf grams   ,telli*]ry 
#edh   0   ,lampong          #eaa   0   
,mangalore        #egd   0   ,malab>    
#egj   0   ,a*e5           #djg   0  ,x 
is evid5t t ! moi/ure pres5t 9 ! corns  
plays an important "p 9 ! det]m9ation ( 
! weight1 & x w be necess>y to br+ !    
pepp]s up to ! /at$ wat] cont5t by ei!r 
dry+ !m or plac+ !m 9 a moi/ atmosph]e1 

or fir/ weigh !m dry & weigh aga94 ,a   
slight v>iation1 h[ev]1 f ! figures     
giv51 is unavoidable4  ,s+apore         
,pepp]--,! pr9cipal "p ( ?is import is !
 product ( ,sumatra1 ,borneo & ,siam1   
collect$ at ,s+apore4 ,a consid]able    
quantity1 h[ev]1 is ! products ( !      
,/raits ,settlem5ts !mselves4 ,x is (   
l>ge size & ( a fairly uni=m quality1 b 
z pepp] p[d] x is n mu* e/eem$1 ow+ to !
 mann] ( dry+1 giv+ x a smoky flavor t  
buy]s c di/+ui% ,s+apore pepp] f pepp]s 
gr[n else:]e4  ,telli*]ry & ,alleppey   
are mu* alike 9 appe>ance1 bo? be+ light
 br[n 9 color4 ,!y too1 l ! ,malab>     
pepp]s1 are sun-dri$4 ,mangalore        
7,india7 pepp] is heavy1 l>ge1 ( a deep 
black color1 v clean1 & ( uni=m size4   
,:5 p[d]$ x is ( a gre5i%-black         
appe>ance4  ,! pepp] %ipp$ f ,p5ang is  
call$ ,irang pepp] & is gr[n 9 ,sumatra4
 ,f ! ea/ end ( ! same isl& comes !     
,lampong pepp]1 b ?is lacks uni=mity1 & 
is light 9 color4 ,x is also sun-dri$4  
,long pepp] is ! fruit spike ( ,*ivaci  

,roxburgh1 a native ( ,malab> & ,*avica 
(fic9>um1 a native ( ! ,india           
ar*ipelago2 !y are bo? climb+ plants4 ,!
 fir/ pods1 or catk9s1 ab\t #a 94 long1 
gr[ ne>ly /raight1 & opposite ! leaves4 
,!y are ga!r$ be=e !y are ripe & dri$ 9 
! sun1 :5 !y become br[n or d>k gre5 9  
color & r\gh to ! t\*4 ,!y lack !       
pung5cy ( ! black v>iety4 ,! long pepp] 
plant dies at ! end ( #c ye>s1 & aft] ! 
fruit is collect$ ! v9e dies d[n to !   
gr\nd4 ,! fruit gr[s s close toge!r on !
 spike t :5 ripe !y become "o solid     
mass4 ,!re is also a v>iety ( long pepp]
 call$ elephant pepp]4 ,long pepp]s are 
mo/ly us$ = pickles4 ,a m$ium1 call$    
,pippua moola1 is made f ! roots & /ems2
 x is v /imulat+4  ,cubeb pepp]s are !  
b]ries ( ! v9e ,cubeb (fic9alis1 a      
product ( ,java1 ,borneo & ,sumatra1 b  
mo/ly import$ by way ( ,batavia &       
,canton4 ,!y are ( a gray color1 ab\t ! 
size ( black pepp]1 some:at long]1 m    
wr9kl$ & ) a %ort sl5d] /alk4 ,!y h a   
hot1 camphor ta/e4 ,ano!r k9d is        

di/+ui%$ by a mace-l odor & ta/e4       
,cubebs are n[ mo/ly us$ z a m$ic9e4    
,a%antee or ,we/ ,african pepp] is !    
dri$ b]ry ( a pepp] plant :i* gr[s 9    
tropical ,africa4 ,x is smoo!r & small] 
?an ! black pepp] & resembles ! ,cubeb v
 closely4 ,9 ta/e x resembles ! ord9>y  
black pepp]4 ,at "o "t its importation 0
 =bidd5 by ! k+ ( ,portugal1 z x ?reat5$
 to int]f]e ) ! comm]ce ( ,india4       
,betel pepp] is ! b]ry ( ,*avica betel1 
a species ( climb+ v9e l>gely cultivat$ 
9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,ceylon1 ,burma1      
,siam1 etc4 ,x furni%es ! leaves :i* are
 us$ along ) arecanut & o!r +r$i5ts to  
compose ! favorite /imulant *ew+ mixture
 ( ! p ( ,india4  ,:ite pepp] is f !    
same plant z black pepp]1 ) ! diff]5ce1 
t to make :ite pepp] ! pepp] corns are n
 pick$ until fully ripe2 !y are !n soak$
 9 wat] = #g or #h days1 or heap$ up s t
 ! pulp f]m5ts1 !n !y are rubb$ by h&1  
or on a co>se clo?1 if ! quantity be    
small1 or trampl$ "u foot if ! quantity 
be l>ge2 ?is op]ation deprives !m ( !   

pulpy sk9 or husk1 & ! gre5i%-:ite se$s 
:i* rema9 are ! :ite pepp]s ( comm]ce2  
!n !y are re-dri$1 ei!r 9 ! sun or by   
artificial heat4 ,:ite pepp] is blea*$  
:it] by a *emical process4 ,if ! b]ries 
be left on ! v9es until ov]-ripe !y lose
 _! pulpy husk by natural decay & ?us   
become actually :ite pepp]1 al?o 9      
reality !y are ! k]nels ( black pepp]4  
,s+apore :ite are b]ries cultivat$ 9 !  
neighbor+ isl&s & ! husks are remov$ at 
,s+apore by h& & friction be=e ! b]ries 
are fully dri$4 ,p5ang :ite is really   
gr[n at ,sumatra1 b import$ into ,p5ang 
9 a dri$ /ate4 ,!re ! b]ries are soak$ 9
 lime & wat] = sev]al weeks1 until !    
pulp is s(t1 :5 x is rubb$ (f by h& &   
wa%+2 ! b]ries are !n re-dri$4  ,siam   
:ite are b]ries prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z 
,s+apore :ite1 f b]ries gr[n 9 ,siam4   
,! dri$ black pepp]s1 z import$1 are    
also decorticat$ or depriv$ ( _! husks  
by ma*9]y1 ! result be+ :ite pepp]1 :i* 
is sometimes blea*$4  ,! active         
prop]ties ( pepp] are an acrid res91 a  

volatile oil1 & a cry/allizable1        
colorless sub/ance call$ pip]t9e1 or    
pep]ic4 ,:y :ite pepp] %\ld be pref]r$  
be=e ! black is "o ( ! anomalies ( !    
trade4 ,:ite pepp] has really only ab\t 
a qu>t] ! /r5g? ( black pepp]1 & is !   
lea/ economical to use = ^! reasons3    
7#a7 ,because ( be+ all[$ to rip5 x     
loses mu* ( its pung5cy4 7#b7 ,because x
 is depriv$ ( ! out] sk9 or husk1 :i*   
conta9s mu* ( ! con/itu5ts :i* g to make
 good pepp]4 7#c7 ,because x conta9s    
sc>cely a trace ( pip]91 "o ( ! mo/     
active pr9ciples ( pepp]4 ,pepp] rapidly
 det]iorates "u atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & 
l>ge /ocks %\ld n be c>ri$ unless       
provisions are made = /or+ x 9 air-tight
 receptacles1 =1 unless ?is precaution  
is tak51 ! goods 9 a few mon?s w h lo/  
_! pung5cy1 :i* is an ess5tial          
*>act]i/ic ( good pepp]4  ,pepp] is a   
/imulant1 & us$ 9 mod]ate quantities is 
an aid to dige/ion4 ,9 ,india an        
infusion ( x is us$ to create an        
appetite & z a cure = g\t & palsy4 ,x is

 also us$ 9 cases ( *ol]a-morbus4 ,a    
l9im5t is made f ! b]ries = rheumatism1 
& ! root is employ$ z a tonic /imulant &
 cordial4     ,,cum91 ,,or ,,cumm9 ,,se$
  ,also ,c>away1 ,cori&]1 ,c>dimons1    
,poppy1 ,anise$1 ,saffron & ,turm]ic    
,describ$4   ,cum91 or ,cumm9 ,se$  ,!  
aromatic fruit or se$ ( a plant ( ! g5us
 ,umbellef]a4 ,x is ref]r$ to 9         
,scripture 7,matt4 xxxiii3#bc74 ,z salt 
0 a symbol ( fri5d%ip1 8%e>]s ( salt &  
cumm90 meant intimate fri5ds4 ,! se$s   
are l9e> & flat on "o side & convex or  
/riat$ on ! o!r4 ,_! odor & prop]ties   
resemble ! c>away1 or anise se$s1 & !y  
are (t5 call$ ba/>d anise4 ,!y are us$ 9
 ,g]many 9 bread1 9 ,holl& !y are       
frequ5tly put into *eese4 ,norwegian    
an*ovies 9 kegs are frequ5tly flavor$ ) 
!m1 & !y are also us$ 9 mak+ curry p[d]1
 z a c>m9ative flavor+1 & 9 vet]9>y     
m$ic9es1 etc4   ,c>away ,se$  ,! c>away 
plant has a bran*+ /em #b or #c ft4     
high1 ) f9ely divid$ leaves & d5se      
umbels ( :ite or p9ki% :ite fl[]s4 ,!   

leaves are frequ5tly us$ to flavor s\p &
 ! roots1 :i* tap] l a p>snip1 & :5 "y  
are boil$ & eat5 z a vegetable4 ,! se$s 
are oblong1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 ?icke/ 9 
! middle1 /riat$ on ! surface & ( a     
cresc5t %ape1 !y h an aromatic smell &  
w>m1 pung5t ta/e4 ,f ! se$s is obta9$ a 
volatile oil call$ oil ( c>away1 ( a    
pale yell[ color :i* turns d>k ) age2 x 
is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) oil ( cum94    
,aft] ! oil has be5 extract$ ! se$s are 
call$ 8drawn c>aways10 & by way (       
deception are (t5 mix$ ) good c>away    
se$s4 ,!y c be told by _! %runk51 d>k   
appe>ance4 ,! color ( ! ,engli% c>away  
se$s is a deep br[n1 ^? ( ,g]many &     
,holl& are l>g] & ( a light blue-br[n   
color1 :ile ^? f ,russia1 ,pol& &       
,bohemia are small1 ( a blacki% br[n    
color1 & mix$ ) a good deal ( dirt4 ,!re
 is a v>iety ( a light br[n color1 ab\t 
twice ! size ( ! ,engli% c>aways1       
import$ f ,mogador4  ,c>away se$s & oil 
are us$ m$ic9ally1 z a flavor+ by bak]s 
& confection]s1 9 comp\nd+ v>i\s        

liquors1 p>ticul>ly t kn[n z ,kummel1 & 
9 mak+ ,scot* cavie1 or c>away1 comfits2
 = ?is purpose ! se$s are coat$ ) sug> &
 color$ r$1 p9k1 blue1 yell[1 etc4      
,cori&]4  ,! ^w 8cori&]0 is d]iv$ f !   
,greek ^w ,koriannon1 a b$-bug1 ref]r+  
to ! disagreeable smell ( ! :ole plant  
:5 fre%1 b ! ripe & p]fectly dri$ fruit 
has an agreeable smell & a sweeti%1     
aromatic ta/e4 ,its an annual or        
bi-annual plant1 ( ! g5us ,umbellif]ce1 
native ( ,s\? ,europe1 ) a bran*+ /em #a
 or #b ft4 high4 ,! l[] leaves bip5nate1
 ! upp] ones be+ m comp\nd$ & divid$    
into v n>r[ divisions4 ,! fruit is      
globose1 conta9+ r\nd slightly ribb$ or 
ridg$ se$s1 ab\t z l>ge z black pepp]1 v
 light1 ( a yell[i% br[n or /raw color  
ext]nally2 inside ! husk ( ea* se$ are  
two closely fitt+ hemisph]ical m]ic>ps4 
,! se$s are us$ 9 m$ic9e z a c>m9ative4 
,!y cov] ! ta/e ( s5na leaves bett] ?an 
any o!r sub/ance2 are occasionally mix$ 
) curry p[d]2 9 dome/ic economy !y are  
us$ by confection]s & bak]s z flavor+s1 

be+ (t5 mix$ ) bread 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4
 ,a cordial is made f !m1 & !y are us$ =
 flavor+ spiritu\s liquors1 p>ticul>ly  
g94   ,c>damons4  ,c>damons consi/ ( !  
se$s ( two species ( plants1 ! ,elett>ia
 ( ,malab> & ! ,amomon ( ,*9a1 ,gu9ea & 
o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,z ! se$s ( !
 two species diff] 9 "s respects we w   
describe ! ,ellett>ia k9d4 ,! plant1 :i*
 gr[s #e to #aj ft4 high1 has a re$-l   
habit & be> long1 loose racemes ( fl[]s1
 succe$$ by triangul> capsules1 ( a     
dirty :ite color1 conta9+ a numb] ( d>k 
br[n1 angul> se$s ab\t ! size ( mu/>d   
se$s4 ,! capsules or fruits1 :i* v>y f  
94 to #b 94 9 l5g?1 are collect$ f wild 
plants & also f plantations1 ! latt] be+
 g5]ally laid out 9 p>tially cle>$ =e/s 
9 :i* ! wild plants are kn[n to occur4  
,:5 ab\t #c ye>s old ! plants beg9 to   
be>4 ,! capsules d n all rip5 at ! same 
"t1 & ! h>ve/ la/s = ne>ly two mon?s4 ,!
 capsules are ga!r$ be=e !y are ripe &  
!n cur$ 9 ! sun1 aft] :i* ! /alks &     
rema9s ( fl[]s are c>efully remov$ by   

means ( scissors4 ,!y are !n grad$ into 
8%orts10 8%ort-longs10 & 8long-longs10  
accord+ to _! l5g?2 sometimes !y are    
mix$ & class$ z less] or great]         
c>damons4 ,c>damon se$s are export$ 9 ! 
capsules 9 ord] to prev5t adult]ation4  
,! se$s h a v delicate aroma & are      
slightly pung5t4 ,!y 7 well kn[n to !   
anci5ts1 & are us$ at pres5t 9 m$ic9e1  
p>ticul>ly 9 vet]9>y practice1 also 9   
flavor+ cul9>y sauces1 s\ps1 curries1   
cordials1 pa/ry1 & = imp>t+ a factiti\s 
/r5g? to v9eg>1 be]1 w9es & spirits1    
especially g92 _! use creates a ?ir/4 ,!
 se$s dep5d = _! quality on a pung5t    
ess5tial oil1 ( :i* !y conta9 ab\t #c p]
 c5t1 call$ oil ( c>damons2 !y also     
conta9 ab\t #aj p] c5t ( a fix$ oil4 ,! 
se$s ( ! 8,amomum0 species ( c>damons   
are bright black 9 color outside1 :ite  
inside & small & angul> 9 %ape2 !y are  
slightly aromatic1 v hot & pung5t4      
,c>damons are kn[n z gra9s ( ,p>adise1  
,melegueta pepp]1 ,gu9ea gra9s & ,gu9ea 
pepp]4   ,poppy ,se$s  ,poppy se$s are n

 unlike f9e gunp[d] 9 g5]al appe>ance1  
be+ v small1 d>k blue--ne>ly black 9    
color2 !y are obta9$ f ! same plant t   
yields opium 7,papav> somnnif]ium1 or   
:ite poppy47 ,! se$s are n n>cotic1 & h 
a sweet ta/e1 are oleag9\s & nutriti\s4 
,!y are l>gely us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe 9
 pa/ry1 confection]y & z a sub/itute =  
almonds4 ,"u ! "n ( 8,maw se$s10 !y are 
sold z food = birds dur+ m\lt+ season4  
,poppy se$ oil is sometimes us$ z an    
adult]ant 9 olive oil2 x is also us$ z  
an illum9ant & = pa9t+4   ,f5nel  ,f5nel
 is a tall1 /\t1 aromatic h]b ( ! p>sley
 family1 ) f9ely dissect$ leaves1 :i*   
are boil$ & s]v$ ) salmon1 mack]el1     
etc41 z a season+2 ! fl[]s are yell[4 ,a
 species--,f4 dulce--is cultivat$ 9     
,italy z cel]y is ) u2 & its blan*$ /ems
 are said to be m t5d] & delicate ?an   
cel]y1 ) a slight flavor ( f5nel4 ,!    
se$s ( ano!r species--,f4               
panmorium--gr[n 9 ,b5gal1 h a w>mi%1 v  
sweet ta/e & aromatic smell1 & are us$ 9
 mak+ betel1 9 curries1 & also us$ z a  

c>m9ative4 ,f5nel se$s resemble anise$s 
9 appe>ance & ta/e1 & are (t5 sold =    
su*2 !y are a little long] & ( a light  
br[n color4 ,! ,indian se$s are ! l>ge/1
 ! ,italian & ,japanese ! smalle/4 ,!y  
are us$ 9 confection]y1 cook]y & are    
sometimes *ew$ by ! p ( ,france &       
,g]many4 ,f5nel wat] is made f ! oil    
obta9$ f ! se$s4    ,& he :o battl$ &   
subdu$   ,a wrea? ( f5nel               
wore4--,longfell[4   ,anise$  ,anise$ is
 an annual plant ( ! ord] ( ,umbellif]ae
 ( ! p>sley family1 a native ( ,egypt1 b
 also ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,russia1   
,g]many1 ,malta & ,spa94 ,anise$ is v   
simil> 9 appe>ance to ! poison\s hemlock
 se$1 = :i* x has sometimes be5 mi/ak54 
,! se$1 :i* is a little l>g] ?an a p9's 
head1 is ( a greyi%-gre5 color4 ,!y h an
 aromatic smell1 & w>m1 sweeti% ta/e1 & 
are us$ 9 condim5ts1 9 cook]y & 9 !     
prep>ation ( liquors1 also 9 m$ic9e z a 
/imulative /oma*ic to relieve flatul5ce1
 etc41 p>ticul>ly 9 infants4 ,!         
prop]ties ( anise$ are due to a ne>ly   

colorless or sometimes blue volatile    
oil4 ,anise$ oil ) wat] & sug> is mu*   
us$ 9 ,italy z a cool+ dr9k4 ,! leaves (
 ! plant are sometimes us$ z a season+ &
 = g>ni%+4  ,/> anise$1 or ,*9a anise$1 
is ! fruit ( a small ev]gre5 tree ( !   
ord] ,magnoliacae1 some:at resembl+ a   
laurel4 ,x receives its "n f ! />-l =m (
 ! fruit or capsule1 :i* consi/s ( a    
numb] 7#f to #ab7 ( h>d1 woody1 "o-sid$ 
follicies or c>pels end+ 9 a po9t1 ea*  
conta9+ a s+le br[n1 %9y se$4 ,/> anise$
 is held 9 high e/eem by ! ,japanese &  
is plant$ ne> _! temples1 ! se$s be+    
burn$ z inc5se 9 ! temples & ov] !      
graves ( relatives4 ,! :ole plant is    
c>m9ative1 & is us$ by ! ,*9ese z a     
/oma*ic & z a spice 9 _! cook]y4 ,!     
qualities ( ! se$ & oil closely resemble
 ^? ( ! common anise$ & ! oil is export$
 to ,europe = ! same purpose--flavor+   
liquors4   ,saffron  ,consi/s ( ! dri$  
/igmas ( ! autumn or fall crocus plant  
7crocus sativus71 :i* %\ld n be conf\nd$
 ) ! spr+ crocus 7crocus v]nus71 to :i* 

x is ne>ly alli$4 ,! crocus d]ives its  
"n f ,crogeus--:i* is f ! ,greek ^w     
,krokus1 yell[--! mod]n ,korghy 9       
,cilicune1 :]e x 0 gr[n 9 anci5t times4 
,! ^w 8crocodile0 is d]iv$ f ! ,greek   
words ,krokos1 yell[1 & deilos1 fe>ful1 
on ! anci5t supposition ! animal avoid$ 
! place :]e saffron gr[s & only %$s real
 te>s :5 9 ! vic9ity ( a crocus field1  
h5ce ,full] says3 8,! crocodile te>s are
 nev] true1 save he is =c$ :]e saffron  
gr[e?40 ,! phrase1 8crocodile te>s10    
arose f ! idea t ! crocodile pret5d$ to 
cry ov] ! victims x _h dev\r$4 ,saffron 
0 ( great importance ages ago4 ,x is    
m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,solomon's     
,songs2 x 0 9 favor among ! anci5t      
,greeks z a dye1 & ) bo? !m & ! ,romans 
z a p]fume4 ,! /reets ( ,rome 7 spr9kl$ 
) saffron :5 ,n]o made 8 entry into t   
city4 ,9 ! middle ages x 0 employ$ 9    
cook]y & z a drug1 & x is on record t z 
late z ! fifte5? c5tury p]sons 7 burn$  
alive 9 ,muremburg = adult]at+ saffron4 
,x 0 introduc$ to ,engl& 9 #acci f      

,tripoli by a pilgrim :o _h a /ol5 bulb 
9 ! holl[ ( 8 /aff4 ,its ma9 use 0 to   
color pa/ry & confection]y1 h5ce3 8,i   
mu/ h saffron to color ! w>d5 pies0     
7,%akespe>e's ,w9t]'s ,tale1 act #d1    
sc5e #a74 ,! t[n ( ,saffron ,waldron 9  
,essex1 d]ives its "n f ! fact ( its be+
 cultivat$ 9 t neighborhood until #agfh4
 ,! cultivation ( ! crocus = saffron 9  
,engl& has entirely di$ out2 al?o ! p ( 
,cornwall at ! pres5t day use m saffron 
?an all ! re/ ( ,great ,brita94 ,x is   
cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 ,ca%m]e1 ,p]sia1 ,asia
 ,m9or1 ,egypt1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1       
,russia1 ,italy1 ,france1 b ! *ief s\rce
 ( supply is ,spa94  ,a saffron field is
 n 9 full be>+ until ! end ( ! second   
ye>1 at ! end ( ! ?ird ye> x is exhau/$1
 & x is said t ! soil is s poison$ t x  
_c be us$ = any o!r crops = sev]al ye>s4
 ,ea* acre produces f #fjj1jjj to       
#gjj1jjj bulbs & ea* bulb #b or #c      
fl[]s4 ,ab\t #aej1jjj fl[]s are requir$ 
to produce #b lbs4 ( fre% pi/ils1 :i* :5
 dri$ are r$uc$ to "o-fif? ( t weight4  

,! small yield1 ! labor requir$1 ! c>e 9
 culture & ! difficulty ( pres]v+ !     
product 9 a good /ate r5d]s saffron an  
exp5sive article--ab\t #hj;c an ounce4  
,on ! se$-be>] ( ! fl[] !re is a ?read-l
 hook or =k1 :i* at its upp] head       
t]m9ates 9 ?ree ?ick1 d>k1 orange-color$
 n]ves or tissues2 to save & collect ^! 
tissues ! fl[]s are ga!r$ 9 ! fall1 j z 
!y are break+1 or a little be=e2 !y are 
pluck$ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & ^! little      
masses are !n pull$ out ) a consid]able 
portion--ab\t #a 94 ( ?read-l /em1 to   
:i* !y adh]e4 ,!y are !n dri$ ov] little
 *>coal fires or 9 ! sun4 ,x is ?is dri$
 /igma1 ! trifid orange-color$ tops ( ! 
c5tral organ ( ! fl[]1 t is ! saffron ( 
comm]ce4 ,! rema9d] ( ! fl[] is useless4
  ,saffron z x g5]aly comes to ! trade  
consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( crook$ &       
mix$-up ?reads1 ( an orange-r$ color2 x 
has a peculi>1 %>p1 rooty & pung5t      
smell1 & a bitt] balsam-l ta/e2 t ( a   
:iti% yell[ or blacki% color is old &   
inf]ior4 ,! great solubility ( saffron  

prev5ts its use z a dye = fabrics1 its  
place be+ tak5 by anil9e dyes4 ,its     
color+ p[] is rem>kable1 a s+le gra9    
rubb$ to a f9e p[d] ) a little sug> w   
imp>t a di/9ct t9t ( yell[ to #aj gals1 
( wat]2 soak$ 9 spirits or w>m wat] x w 
yield ?ree-f\r?s ( its weight ( a deep  
orange yell[ color+ matt]1 :i* is       
p]fectly :olesome1 & if kept tightly    
cork$ w keep = "s "t4 ,! *ief uses (    
saffron are = flavor+ & color+          
confection]y & cul9>y articles2 x is    
also us$ z a p]fume & is giv5 to birds  
dur+ ! m\lt+ season4 ,spani% saffron is 
divid$ into five grades1 accord+ to !   
di/rict 9 :i* x is cultivat$4 ,x is     
g5]ally wrapp$ 9 t9foil & !n 9 :ite     
tissue pap] & pack$ 9 t9 boxes or /rong 
c>tons4  ,on acc\nt ( its high price    
saffron is (t5 c\nt]feit$ or adult]at$ )
 ! petals ( saffl[]s1 ,african saffron1 
,mead[ or wild saffron1 m>igold1 arnica1
 etc4 ,x is also load$ ) glyc]9e1       
glucose1 dy$ vegetable filam5ta1 honey1 
sulphate ( soda1 b>ium sulphate1 etc41 &

 exhau/$ saffron is sometimes re-color$ 
) anil9e dye4 ,! /igma ( g5u9e saffron  
imm$iately exp&s on be+ moi/5$ ) w>m    
wat]1 & its =m is s *>act]i/ic t x _c be
 mi/ak5 = ! fl[]ets ( any ( its         
adult]ates4  ,cake saffron is g5]ally   
made f ! dri$ fl[]s ( ! saffl[]s--a     
?i/le-l plant ( ! a/] family--or !      
florets ( ! saffron plants made into a  
pa/e ) gum-wat]2 x is us$ = dy+ & mak+  
r\ge4   ,turm]ic  ,turm]ic is an ,ea/   
,indian plant 7curcuma longa7 ( ! g+]   
family1 ) ! same prop]ties z g+]1 only n
 s p[]ful4 ,x is also gr[n 9 ,zanzib>1  
,*9a & ! ,malayan ar*ipelago4 ,x is a   
/emless plant ) d>k gre5 leaves v>y+ f  
#f 94 to #bd 94 long & #c 94 to #f 94   
wide1 fl[]s ( a dull yell[ color & a    
tub]\s root v>y+ 9 ?ickness f t ( a     
quill to  94 9 diamet] & (t5 a foot     
long1 ) jo9ts or r+-l swell+s at %ort   
int]vals2 (1 a yell[i% to orange color  
outside & sometimes :ite & sometimes    
orange color inside4 ,!y are class$ z   
long or r\nd tubes accord+ to _! %ape4  

,f ! root is made a k9d ( arr[root mu*  
reli%$ by ! natives ( ,india to color _!
 faces4 ,9 m$ic9e x is us$ z a cordial  
or /oma*ic2 z an anti-scorbutic1 & =    
/imulat+ ! dige/ive organs4 ,9 a fre%   
/ate x is giv5 to expel inte/9al worms &
 9 di>rhoea4 ,x is us$ 9 v>ni%es &      
o9tm5ts & z a dye = silks & wool5s1 b x 
is n[ *iefly employ$ 9 mak+ ,indian     
curries or pickles1 mu/>d1 comp\nds1    
pudd+ spices1 *[-*[ pickles4 ,a k9d gr[+
 9 ,b5gal1 call$ 8,mango g+]10 f its    
resemblance to ! mango1 is us$ = ! same 
purpose z g+]4  ,turm]ic pap] is a      
bibul\s pap]1 yell[ f saturation ) !    
extract ( turm]ic1 us$ z a te/ =        
alkalies1 by :i* x is turn$ br[n or r$4 
,turm]ic is also made f ! roots ( !     
canna1 a memb] ( ! same family ( plants 
cultivat$ at ,si]ra ,leone4  ,turm]ic is
 adult]at$ ) yell[ o*] & c>bonate (     
soda4 ,turm]ic is insoluble 9 cold wat]1
 only p>tly soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 b is q
 soluble 9 alcohol1 =m+ beautiful yell[ 
cry/als4   ,na/urtium  ,! fl[] buds &   

fruits ( ! common g>d5 na/urtium are (t5
 us$ z a spice aft] be+ gr\nd & dri$2 !y
 are also pickl$ l cap]s & us$ on fi%1  
meats1 etc4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f nausa1     
nose1 & tortus1 twi/1 f ! effects ( its 
pung5t smell or ta/e4           99      
99      99      99      99      99      
,transcrib]'s note3  ,punctuation1      
hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 
a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al 
book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4  ,simple    
typographical errors 7 correct$2 unpair$
 quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0   
obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unpair$4  ,a     
,table ( ,cont5ts 0 add$ by !           
,transcrib]4  ,page #bh3 8! races ( h&s0
 probably %\ld be 8! races or h&s04     
,page #cb3 8mu/]ial0 probably %\ld be   
8mat]ial0 or 8mat]ials04