,,! ,,tru/ees ,,( ,,! ,,john ,f4 ,,slat] ,,fund ,,occasional ,,pap]s1 ,,no4 #c ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,negroes ,,s9ce #ahfj ,,by ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,curry1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,secret>y ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,john ,f4 ,slat] ,fund ,,baltimore ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,tru/ees #ahid ,,ann\ncem5t4 ,! ,tru/ees ( ! ,john ,f4 ,slat] ,fund propose to publi% f "t to "t pap]s t relate to ! education ( ! color$ race4 ,^! pap]s are design$ to furni% in=mation to ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 & also to ^? :o by _! (ficial /ations are call$ ^u to act or to advise 9 respect to ! c>e ( su* in/itutions4 ,! ,tru/ees believe t ! exp]im5tal p]iod 9 ! education ( ! blacks is draw+ to a close4 ,c]ta9 pr9ciples t 7 d\bt$ ?irty ye>s ago n[ appe> to be g5]ally recogniz$ z s\nd4 ,9 ! next ?irty ye>s bett] sy/ems w und\bt$ly prevail1 & ! aid ( ! sep>ate ,/ates is likely to be m & m freely be/[$4 ,!re w also be abundant room = cont9u$ g5]osity on ! "p ( individuals & associations4 ,x is to enc\rage & assi/ ! work]s & ! ?9k]s t ^! pap]s w be publi%$4 ,ea* pap]1 except+ ! fir/ numb] 7made up *iefly ( (ficial docum5ts71 w be ! utt]ance ( ! writ] ^: "n is atta*$ to x1 ! ,tru/ees disclaim+ 9 advance all responsibility = ! /atem5t ( facts & op9ions4 ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,negroes ,,s9ce #ahfj4 ,,introduction4 ,! purpose ( ?is pap] is to put into p]man5t =m a n>rative ( :at has be5 done at ! ,s\? = ! education ( ! negro s9ce #ahfj4 ,! hi/orical & /ati/ical details may seem dry & un9t]e/+1 b we c und]/& ! significance ( ?is unprec$5t$ educational movem5t only by a /udy ( its beg9n+s & ( ! difficulties :i* _h to be ov]come4 ,! pres5t g5]ation1 ne> z x is to ! g5esis ( ! "w1 _c appreciate its magnitude1 nor ! greatness ( ! victory :i* has be5 a*iev$1 )\t a k ( ! facts :i* ?is recital gives 9 connect$ ord]4 ,! k is ne$ful1 also1 = a compreh5sion ( ! future possible scope & k9d ( education to be giv5 to ! ,afro-,am]ican race4 ,9 ! field ( education we %all be unwise n to reckon ) su* =ces z cu/om1 physical con/itution1 h]$ity1 racial *>act]i/ics & possibilities1 & n to rememb] t ^! & o!r causes may det]m9e ! limitations "u :i* we mu/ act4 ,! education ( ?is p has a f>-rea*+ & complicat$ connection ) _! de/9y1 ) our in/itutions1 & possibly ) ! ,d>k ,cont95t1 :i* may assume an importance ak91 if n sup]ior1 to :at x _h c5turies ago4 ,! p>tition ( its t]ritory1 ! int]national que/ions :i* are spr++ up1 & ! effect ( contact ) & gov]nm5t by a sup]ior race1 mu/ necess>ily give an enhanc$ importance to ,africa z a factor 9 comm]ce1 9 relations ( gov]nm5ts1 & 9 civilization4 ,engl& w soon h an unbrok5 l9e ( t]ritorial possessions f ,egypt to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,spa91 possibly ,russia1 w soon h su* foo?olds 9 ,africa z1 :atev] else may occur1 w t5d to ! developm5t ( c5tury-p>alyz$ res\rces4 ,:at o!r sup]ior races h done1 & are do+1 = ! gov]nm5t & uplift+ ( ! inf]ior races1 :i*1 f treaty or conque/1 h be5 plac$ "u _! responsible jurisdiction1 may help 9 ! solution ( our problem4 ,italy _h a gr& "q 9 its unification2 ,prussia a grav] "o 9 ! nationalization ( ,g]many1 tax+ ! /atesman%ip ( ,/e91 ,bism>ck1 & _! co-labor]s2 ,great ,brita91 9 ! adm9i/ration ( h] l>ge & widely remote colonial dep5d5cies ) _! diff]5t races2 b our problem has peculi> difficulties :i* h n confront$ o!r gov]nm5ts1 & !re=e dem&s ! be/ p[]s ( philan?ropi/1 sociologi/1 & /atesman4 ,! em]g5ce ( a nation f b>b>ism to a g5]al diffusion ( intellig5ce & prop]ty1 to heal? 9 ! social & civil relations2 ! developm5t ( an inf]ior race into a high degree ( enlight5m5t2 ! ov]?r[ ( cu/oms & in/itutions :i*1 h[ev] indef5sible1 h _! seat 9 tradition & a c\rse ( long obs]vance2 ! work+ out satisfactorily ( political1 sociological1 & e?ical problems--are all necess>ily sl[1 requir+ pati5t & intellig5t /udy ( ! tea*+s ( hi/ory & ! c>eful application ( some?+ m ?an m]e empirical me?ods4 ,civilization1 fre$om1 a pure religion1 are n ! spe$y outcome ( revolutions & cataclysms any m ?an has be5 ! /ructure ( ! e>?4 ,!y are ! sl[ evolution ( ord]ly & creative causes1 ! result ( law & preorda9$ pr9ciples4 ,! educational "w describ$ 9 ?is pap] has be5 mo/ valuable1 b x has be5 s f> necess>ily t5tative & local4 ,x has lack$ broad & def9ite g5]alization1 &1 9 all its phases1 compreh5sive1 philosophical consid]ation4 ,z auxili>y to a ?or\gh /udy & ultimate bett] plans1 ! ,slat] ,fund1 f "t to "t1 w h prep>$ & publi%$ pap]s be>+ on diff]5t phases ( ! negro "q4 ,i4 ,! hi/ory ( ! negro on ?is cont95t is full ( pa!tic & tragic romance1 & ( />tl+1 unp>allel$ incid5t4 ,! seizure 9 ,africa1 ! =cible abduction & cruel exportation1 ! co]cive enslavem5t1 ! subjection to environm5ts :i* emasculate a race ( all noble aspirations & doom inevitably to hopeless ignorance & inf]iority1 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( enlight5m5ts & noble/ civilization & yet =bidd5 to enjoy ! b5efits ( :i* o!rs 7 p>tak]s1 = f\r ye>s amid battle & yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 hav+ no p]sonal %>e 9 ! conflict1 by /atute & organic law & law ( nations held 9 fett]s & inequality1 & !n1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 lift$ f bondage to fre$om1 f slav]y to citiz5%ip1 f dep5d5ce on o!rs & gu>dian%ip to suffrage & eligibility to (fice--c be pr$icat$ ( no o!r race4 ,o!r peoples1 aft] long & we>y ye>s ( discipl9e & /ruggle1 aga9/ heavie/ odds1 h won lib]ty & free gov]nm5t4 ,?is race1 almo/ )\t lift+ a h&1 unappreciative ( ! boon except 9 ! l[e/ aspects ( x1 & unprep>$ = privileges & responsibilities1 has be5 lift$ to a plane ( citiz5%ip & fre$om1 su* z is enjoy$1 9 an equal degree1 by no p 9 ! _w outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,common s*ools 9 all gov]nm5ts h be5 a sl[ gr[?1 reluctantly conc$$1 grudg+ly support$1 & p]fect$ aft] _m exp]im5ts & failures & ) heavy pecuni>y co/4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] emancipation1 free & univ]sal education has be5 provid$ = ! negro1 )\t co/ to himself1 & *iefly by ! self-impos$ taxes ( ^? :o1 a few ye>s be=e1 claim$ 8 labor & "t )\t direct wage or pecuni>y comp5sation4 ,,ii4 ,slav]y1 recogniz$ by ! !n int]national law & ! connivance & patronage ( ,european sov]eigns1 exi/$ 9 all ! colonies prior to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & 0 re9=c$ by importation ( negroes f ,africa 9 =eign & ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york vessels4 ,9 c\rse ( "t x 0 conf9$ to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & ! negroes increas$ 9 numb]s at a m rapid rate ?an did ! :ites1 ev5 aft] ! slave trade 0 aboli%$ & decl>$ piracy4 ,= a long "t !re 0 no g5]al exclusion by law ( ! slaves f ! privileges ( education4 ,! fir/ prohibitory & punitive laws 7 direct$ aga9/ unlawful assemblages ( negroes1 & subsequ5tly ( free negroes & mulattoes1 z _! influ5ce 9 excit+ discont5t or insurrection 0 deprecat$ & gu>d$ aga9/4 ,aft]w>ds1 legislation became m g5]al 9 ! ,s\?1 prohibit+ meet+s = tea*+ read+ & writ+4 ,! ,nat ,turn] insurrection 9 ,s\?ampton ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 9 #ahca1 awak5$ ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to a consci\sness ( ! p]ils1 :i* might environ or de/roy !m1 f comb9ations ( excit$1 inflam$1 & ill-advis$ negroes4 ,z docum5ts & newspap]s t5d+ to inflame discont5t & insurrection 7 suppos$ to h be5 ! imm$iate provocation to ?is conspiracy = murd] ( :ites & = fre$om ( ! blacks1 laws 7 pass$ aga9/ publi%+ & circulat+ su* docum5ts among ! color$ population1 & /r5g!n+ ! prohibitions & p5alties aga9/ education4 ,sev]e & g5]al z 7 ^! laws1 !y r>ely appli$1 & 7 seldom1 if ev]1 en=c$1 aga9/ tea*+ ( individuals or ( gr\ps on plantations1 or at ! homes ( ! own]s4 ,x 0 (t5 true t ! mi/ress ( a h\sehold1 or h] *ildr51 w\ld tea* ! h\se s]vants1 & on ,sundays include a l>g] numb]4 ,!re 7 also ,sunday ,s*ools 9 :i* black *ildr5 7 taught to read1 notably ! s*ool 9 :i* ,/onewall ,jackson 0 a lead]4 ,x is pleasant to f9d record$ 9 ! memoir ( ,dr4 ,boyce1 a ,tru/ee ( ?is ,fund f its orig9 until 8 dea?1 t1 z an editor1 a prea*]1 & a citiz51 he 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! moral & religi\s in/ruction ( ! negroes4 ,aft] a mo/ lib]al e/imate = ! ef=ts made to tea* ! negroes1 /ill ! fact exi/s t1 z a p1 !y 7 :olly un$ucat$ 9 s*ools4 ,slav]y doom$ ! millions to ignorance1 & 9 ?is condition !y 7 :5 ! w> began4 ,,iii4 ,almo/ syn*ron\sly ) ! e>lie/ occupation ( any portion ( ! sec$+ ,/ates by ! ,union ,army1 ef=ts 7 begun to give ! negroes "s s*ool+4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahfa1 "u ! guns ( ,=tress ,monroe1 a s*ool 0 op5$ = ! 8contrab&s ( w>40 ,9 #ahfb1 s*ools 7 ext5d$ to ,wa%+ton1 ,portsm\?1 ,norfolk1 & ,newport ,news1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,port ,royal isl&s on ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 to ,newb]n & ,roanoke ,isl& 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! proclamation ( emancipation1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahfc1 gave fre$om to all slaves rea*$ by ! armies1 increas$ ! refugees1 & awak5$ a f]vor ( religi\s & philan?ropic en?usiasm = meet+ ! physical1 moral1 & intellectual wants ( ^? sudd5ly ?r[n ^u *>ity4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahfc1 ,g5]al ,banks1 !n comm&+ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,gulf1 creat$ commission]s ( enrollm5t1 :o e/abli%$ ! fir/ public s*ools = ,l\isiana4 ,sev5 7 soon 9 op]ation1 ) tw5ty-?ree tea*]s & an av]age att5dance ( #adbb s*ol>s4 ,on ,m>* #bb1 #ahfd1 he issu$ ,g5]al ,ord]1 ,no4 #ch1 :i* con/itut$ a ,bo>d ( ,education 8= ! rudim5tal in/ruction ( ! fre$m50 9 ! ,dep>tm5t1 s z to 8place )9 _! rea* ! elem5ts ( k40 ,! ,bo>d 0 ord]$ to e/abli% common s*ools1 to employ tea*]s1 to acquire s*ool sites1 to erect s*ool build+s :]e no prop] or available ones = s*ool purposes exi/$1 to pur*ase & provide necess>y books1 /ation]y1 app>atus1 & a well select$ libr>y1 to regulate ! c\rse ( /udies1 & 8to h ! au?ority & p]=m ! same duties t assessors1 sup]visors1 & tru/ees _h 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 9 ! matt] ( e/abli%+ & conduct+ common s*ools40 ,= ! p]=mance ( ! duties enjo9$1 ! ,bo>d 0 emp[]$ to 8assess & levy a s*ool tax ^u real & p]sonal prop]ty1 includ+ crops ( plantations40 ,^! taxes 7 to be suffici5t to defray exp5se & co/ ( e/abli%+1 furni%+1 & conduct+ ! s*ools = ! p]iod ( "o ye>4 ,:5 ! tax li/ & s*$ules %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,p>i% ,provo/ ,m>%al1 he 0 to collect & pay ov] )9 ?irty days to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,s*ools previ\sly e/abli%$ 7 transf]r$ to ?is ,bo>d2 o!rs 7 op5$1 & 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfd1 !y report$ "u _! sup]vision #ie s*ools1 #afb tea*]s1 & #i1ega s*ol>s4 ,?is sy/em cont9u$ until ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 :5 ! p[] to levy ! tax 0 susp5d$4 ,an (ficial report ( lat] date says3 8,9 ?is sad juncture ! fre$m5 express$ a will+ness to endure & ev5 petition$ = increas$ taxation 9 ord] t means = support+ _! s*ools might be obta9$40 ,on ,decemb] #ag1 #ahfb1 ,col4 ,john ,eaton 0 ord]$ by ,g5]al ,grant to assume a g5]al sup]vision ( fre$m5 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,t5nessee & ,arkansas4 ,9 ! e>ly autumn ( t ye> s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$1 & !y 7 multipli$ dur+ #ahfc & #ahfd4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( responsibility & sup]vision !re grew up abuses & compla9ts4 ,by "s 8p>ties engag$ 9 ! "w0 ( education1 8exorbitant *>ges 7 made = tuition10 & ag5ts & tea*]s1 8in/ead ( mak+ common cause = ! good ( ^? !y came to b5efit1 set ab\t detract+1 p]plex+1 & vex+ ea* o!r40 8,p>ties & conflicts _h aris540 8,frauds _h appe>$ 9 n a few in/ances--evil m9d$1 irresponsible1 or incompet5t p]sons impos+ ^u ^? n prep>$ to defeat or *eck !m40 8,bad fai? to fair promises _h depriv$ ! color$ p ( _! j dues40#a ,footnote #a3 ,see report ( ,*apla9 ,w>r51 #ahfd1 relat+ to color$ s*ools4 ,on ,septemb] #bf1 #ahfd1 ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ?r\gh ,adjutant ,g5]al ,?omas1 issu$ ,ord] ,no4 #bh1 9 :i* he said3 8,to prev5t confusion & emb>rassm5t1 ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,fre$m5 w designate (fic]s1 subject to 8 ord]s1 z ,sup]9t5d5ts ( color$ s*ools1 ?r\gh :om he w arrange ! location ( all s*ools1 tea*]s1 occupation ( h\ses1 & o!r details p]ta9+ to ! education ( ! fre$m540 ,9 accordance ) ?is ord]1 ,col4 ,eaton remov$ 8 headqu>t]s f ,vicksburg to ,memphis4 ,on ,octob] #bj1 #ahfd1 he issu$ sixte5 rules & regulations = ! guidance ( sup]9t5d5ts & tea*]s ( color$ s*ools 9 8 sup]vision4 ,^! in/ructions to subord9ates 7 wise & provid$ = ! op5+ ( a suffici5t numb] ( s*ools1 = ! paym5t ( tuition fees f #be c5ts to #a4be p] mon? = ea* s*ol>1 accord+ to ! ability ( ! p>5ts2 = ! admission free ( ^? :o c\ld n pay & ! furni%+ ( clo?+ by ! aid ( indu/rial s*ools1 = ! gov]nm5t ( tea*]s 9 connection ) ! societies ne$+ !m1 c4 ,! 8indu/rial s*ools0 7 s*ools 9 :i* sew+ 0 taught1 & 9 :i* a l>ge quantity ( ! clo?+ & mat]ial s5t f ! ,nor? 0 made ov] or made up = fre$m5's use1 & 7 highly 8useful 9 promot+ indu/ri\s habits & 9 tea*+ useful arts ( h\sewif]y40 ,! sup]vision "u su* a compet5t head caus$ great improvem5t 9 ! "w1 b dep>tm5t ef=ts 7 h9d]$ by "s repres5tatives ( ! b5evol5t societies :o did n he>tily welcome ! m ord]ly milit>y sup]vision4 ,an ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahfe1 reports1 9 & ar\nd ,vicksburg & ,nat*ez1 #cj s*ools1 #fj tea*]s1 & #d1cic pupils enroll$2 9 ,memphis1 #a1eij pupils1 & 9 ! entire sup]vision1 #g1cfj 9 att5dance4 ,g5]al ,eaton submitt$ a report ( 8 labori\s "w :i* is full ( valuable in=mation4 ,naturally1 "s abatem5t mu/ be made f conclusions :i* 7 bas$ on ! wild /atem5ts ( excit$ fre$m51 or ! false /atem5ts ( int]e/$ p]sons4 8,in/9ct ( unlett]$ reason0 caus$ a hegira ( ! blacks to camps ( ! ,union ,army1 or )9 protect$ t]ritory4 ,! 8negro population float$ or 0 kick$ ab\t at w40 ,/rict sup]vision became urg5t to secure 8contrab& in=mation0 & s]vice1 & protect ! ignorant1 delud$ p f unscrupul\s h>pies4 8,m5tal & moral enlight5m5t0 0 to be /riv5 =1 ev5 9 ^? tr\bl\s times1 & x 0 =tunate t s capable & fai?ful an (fic] z ,g5]al ,eaton 0 9 au?ority4 ,all ! op]ations ( ! sup]visors ( s*ools did n give satisfaction1 = ! ,inspector ( ,s*ools 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 on ,octob] #ac1 #ahfe1 says3 8,! ,bureau does n receive t aid f ! ,gov]nm5t & ,gov]nm5t (ficials x _h a "r to expect1 & really f ! c\rse ( ! milit>y (ficials 9 ?is ,dep>tm5t1 y might ?9k t ! only enemies to ! ,gov]nm5t are ! ag5ts ( ! ,bureau40 ,,iv4 ,by act ( ,congress ( ,m>* #c1 #ahfe1 ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau 0 creat$4 ,! scope ( its jurisdiction & "w ext5d$ f> beyond education4 ,x embrac$ ab&on$ l&s & ! supply ( ! negroes ) food & clo?+1 & dur+ #ahfe z _m z #adh1jjj 7 report$ z receiv+ rations4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] & ,commiss>y ,dep>tm5ts 7 plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! ag5ts ( ! ,bureau1 &1 9 addition to fre$om1 l>gesses 7 lavi%ly giv5 to 8rea* ! great & imp]ative necessities ( ! situation40 ,l>ge & compreh5sive p[]s & res\rces 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bureau1 & limitations ( ! au?ority ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7 disreg>d$ 9 ord] to meet ! grave/ problem ( ! c5tury4 ,millions ( rec5tly enslav$ negroes1 homeless1 p5niless1 ignorant1 7 to be sav$ f de/itution or p]i%+1 to be prep>$ = ! sudd5 boon ( political equality1 to be made self-support+ citiz5s & to prev5t _! fre$om f becom+ a curse to !mselves & _! lib]ators4 ,! ,commission] 0 au?oriz$ 8to seize1 hold1 use1 lease1 or sell all build+s & t5em5ts & any l&s app]ta9+ to ! same1 or o!rwise =mally held1 "u color ( title by ! late ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 & build+s or l&s held 9 tru/ = ! same1 & to use ! same1 or appropriate ! proce$s d]iv$ !refrom1 to ! education ( ! fre$ p40 ,he 0 emp[]$ also to 8cop]ate ) private b5evol5t associations 9 aid ( ! fre$m540 ,! ,bureau 0 atta*$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t & 0 at fir/ limit$ 9 duration to "o ye>1 b 0 aft]w>ds prolong$4 ,g5]al ,o4 ,o4 ,h[>d 0 appo9t$ ,commission]1 ) assi/ants4 ,he says he 0 inve/$ ) 8almo/ unlimit$ au?ority0 & t ! act & ord]s gave 8great scope & lib]ty ( action40 8,legislative1 judicial1 & executive p[]s 7 comb9$1 rea*+ all ! int]e/s ( ! fre$m540 ,on ,june #b1 #ahfe1 ! ,presid5t ord]$ all (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to turn ov] to ! ,bureau 8all prop]ty1 funds1 l&s1 & records 9 any way connect$ ) fre$m5 & refugees40 ,?is be/[m5t ( despotic p[] 0 n consid]$ unwise because ( ! peculi> exig5cies ( ! times & ! condition ( ! fre$m51 :o1 be+ sudd5ly emancipat$ by a dynamic process1 7 )\t s*ools1 or tea*]s1 or means to procure !m4 ,to organize ! "w1 a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools 0 appo9t$ = ea* ,/ate4 ,besides ! regul> appropriation by ,congress1 ! ,milit>y au?orities aid$ ! ,bureau4 ,transportation 0 furni%$ to tea*]s1 books1 & s*ool furniture1 & mat]ial aid 0 giv5 to all engag$ 9 education4 ,g5]al ,h[>d us$ 8 l>ge p[]s to get into 8 cu/ody ! funds scatt]$ 9 ! h&s ( _m (fic]s1 :i* c\ld be made available = ! fre$m54 ,funds be>+ diff]5t names 7 contribut$ to ! "w ( 8color$ education40#b ,dur+ ! w> "s ( ! ,/ates s5t money1 to (fic]s s]v+ 9 ! ,s\?1 to buy sub/itutes f among ! color$ p to fill up _! quota "u ! draft4 ,a portion ( ! b\nty money ?us s5t1 by an ord] ( ,g54 ,b4 ,f4 ,butl]1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahfd1 0 reta9$ 9 ! h&s ( (fic]s :o _h be5 sup]9t5d5ts ( negro affairs1 & by ! ,presid5t's ord] ( ,june #b1 #ahfe 0 turn$ ov] to ! disburs+ (fic]s ( ! ,bureau ( ,fre$m54 ,aft] ! organization ( ! ,bureau1 ,g54 ,h[>d in/ruct$ ag5ts to turn money1 held by !m1 ov] to ! *ief disburs+ (fic] ( ! ,bureau4 ,?is 0 9 no s5se public money1 b belong$ to individuals1 enli/$ z contrab& recruits to fill ! ,/ate quotas4 ,:at 0 unclaim$ ( :at 0 held 9 tru/ "u ,g54 ,butl]'s ord] 0 us$ = educational purposes4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,spec4 ,ed4 ,rep41 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 p4 #bei4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahfg1 ! acc\nt+ (fic]s ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t asc]ta9$ t num]\s frauds 7 be+ p]petrat$ on color$ claimants = b\nties "u acts ( ,congress4 ,advis+ ) ,g5]al ,h[>d1 ! ,treasury (ficials drew a bill1 :i* ,congress enact$ into a law1 devolv+ ^u ! ,commission] ! paym5t ( b\nties to color$ soldi]s & sailors4 ,?is enl>g$ responsibility gave mu* labor to ,g5]al ,h[>d1 9 8 already multif>i\s & difficult duties1 & made m honorable ! acquittal :i* he secur$ :5 an (ficial inve/igation 0 subsequ5tly ord]$ ^u 8 adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! ,bureau4 ,! ,act ( ,congress ( ,july #af1 #ahff1 gave a local fund1 :i* 0 exp5d$ 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* x accru$1 & besides !re 7 g5]al appropriations = ! support ( ! ,bureau1 :i* 71 9 "p1 available = s*ools4 ,mr4 ,+le1 writ+ ( s*ool affairs 9 ! ,di/rict 9 #ahfg & #ahfh1 says3 8,great aid 0 giv5 at ?is p]iod by ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau1 :i*1 n limit+ its assi/ance to s*ools = prim>y in/ruction1 did mu* t[>d e/abli%+ ,h[>d ,univ]sity1 9 :i* no di/9ction 0 made on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or sex1 ?\gh x _h orig9ally be5 int5d$ = ! education ( negro m5 alone40 ,! monograph ( ,edw>d ,+le on 8,! ,negro 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia0--"o ( ! valuable ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,/udies--gives su* a full & easily accessible acc\nt ( ! education ( ! negroes 9 ! ,di/rict1 t x is ne$less to enl>ge ! pages ( ?is pap] by a repetition ( :at he has s satisfactorily done4 ,! ,bureau f\nd _m s*ools 9 localities :i* _h be5 )9 ! l9es ( ! ,union armies1 & ^!1 ) ! o!rs e/abli%$ by its ag5cy1 7 plac$ "u m sy/ematic sup]vision4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 s*ools 7 c>ri$ on entirely by aid ( ! funds ( ! ,bureau1 b x _h ! cop]ation & assi/ance ( v>i\s religi\s & b5evol5t societies4 ,on ,july #a1 #ahff1 ,mr4 ,alvord1 ,inspector ( ,s*ools & ,f9ances1 report$ #ige s*ools 9 fifte5 ,/ates & ! ,di/rict1 #a1dje tea*]s1 & #ij1ggh s*ol>s4 ,he m5tion$ z wor?y ( note a *ange ( s5tim5t among bett] classes 9 reg>d to fre$m5's s*ools1 & t ! s*ools 7 /eadily ga9+ 9 numb]s1 atta9m5ts1 & g5]al influ5ce4 ,on ,janu>y #ag1 #ahfg1 ,g5]al ,h[>d reports to ! ,secret>y ( ,w> #aae1bfa4ef z us$ = s*ools1 & ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t z /ill r5d]+ valuable help4 ,education 80 c>ri$ on vigor\sly dur+ ! ye>10 a bett] feel+ prevail+1 & #aej1jjj fre$m5 & *ildr5 8occupi$ e>ne/ly 9 ! /udy ( books40 ,! taxes1 :i* _h be5 levi$ = s*ools 9 ,l\isiana1 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,t4 ,w4 ,conway1 _h be5 discont9u$1 b #ejj1jjj 7 ask$ = s*ools & asylums4 ,9 #ahfg1 ! ,gov]nm5t appo9t$ ,g5]als ,/e$man & ,full]ton z ,inspectors1 & f ,g5]al ,h[>d's vehem5t reply to _! report--:i* ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t decl9es to p]mit an inspection (--x appe>s t _! criticisms 7 decid$ly unfavorable4 ,civilians 9 ! ,bureau 7 n[ displac$ by army (fic]s4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,alvord m5tions decid$ progress 9 educational returns1 increas+ ?ir/ = k1 great] public favor1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( #ci tra9+ s*ools = tea*]s1 ) #c1cgg pupils4 ,f\r mon?s lat]1 ,g5]al ,h[>d says 8ho/ility to s*ools & tea*]s has 9 great measure ceas$40 ,he report$ ! co/ ( ! ,bureau at #ac1jbi1haf1 & e>ne/ly recomm5d$ 8! national legislature0 to e/abli% a g5]al sy/em ( free s*ools1 8furni%+ to all *ildr5 ( a suitable age su* in/ruction 9 ! rudim5ts ( le>n+ z w\ld fit !m to dis*>ge intellig5tly ! duties ( free ,am]ican citiz5s40 ,solicitor ,:it+ _h previ\sly recomm5d$ t ! head ( ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau %\ld be a cab9et (fic]1 b ?is 0 n grant$1 & ! ,bureau 0 f9ally discont9u$--its affairs be+ transf]r$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t by ,act ( ,congress1 ,june #aj1 #ahgb4 ,x is app>5t f ! reports ( ,sprague1 ,assi/ant ,commission] 9 ,florida1 & ( ,alvord 9 #ahfg & #ahgj1 t ! ag5ts ( ! ,bureau sometimes us$ _! (ficial position & influ5ce = organiz+ ! fre$m5 = p>ty politics & to control elections4 ,a full hi/ory ( ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau w\ld furni% an int]e/+ *apt] 9 negro education1 b a report f ,inspector ,%riv] on ,octob] #c1 #ahgc1 says ! ,dep>tm5t has 8no means ( v]ify+ ! am\nt ( reta9$ b\nty fund20 & on ,decemb] #d1 #ahgc1 ! ,dep>tm5t compla9s ( 8! incomplete & disord]$ condition ( ! records ( ! late ,bureau40 7,see ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #aj1 #dc;d ,con41 #a/ ,ses41 & ,ho4 ,mis4 ,doc4 ,no4 #hg1 #db;d ,con41 #c;d ,ses47 ,t no inju/ice may be done to any "o1 ! answ] ( ! 8,record & ,p5sion ,(fice1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t10 ,may #ba1 #ahid1 to my application = /ati/ics drawn f ! records1 is embodi$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to inve/igate1 no equally full & (ficial acc\nt has h]et(ore be5 giv54 99 99 99 99 99 8,! foll[+ consolidat$ /atem5t1 prep>$ f records ( ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,education ( ! ,bureau ( ,refugees1 ,fre$m51 & ,ab&on$ ,l&s1 %[s ! numb] ( s*ools1 tea*]s1 & pupils 9 ea* ,/ate1 "u control ( said ,bureau1 & ! am\nt exp5d$ = ,s*ools1 ,asylums1 con/ruction & r5tal ( s*ool build+s1 transportation ( tea*]s1 pur*ase ( books1 etc43-- #ahfe-ahff4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1bfd ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #a1gic ,numb] ( ,pupils #aaa1aic ,am\nt ,exp5d$ by ,bureau #bbe1gbb #id ,receiv$ f ,fre$m5 #ah1ejj #jj ,receiv$ f ,b5evol5t ,associations #hc1bjj #jj #ahfg4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1fgc ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1jcb ,numb] ( ,pupils #aji1bde ,am\nt ,exp5d$ #dae1ccj #jj ,f ,fre$m5 #ag1bjj #jj ,f ,b5evol5t ,associations #fe1jhg #jj #ahfh4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1gci ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1ajd ,numb] ( ,pupils #ajb1efb ,am\nt ,exp5d$ #iji1baj #bj ,f ,fre$m5 #db1acj #jj ,f ,b5evol5t ,associations #aed1gcf #ej #ahfi4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1idb ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1dgb ,numb] ( ,pupils #ajh1dhe ,am\nt ,exp5d$ #eia1bfg #ef ,f ,fre$m5 #he1gbf #jj ,f ,b5evol5t ,associations #bg1bjj #jj #ahgj4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1ijj ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1cgf ,numb] ( ,pupils #ajh1ace ,am\nt ,exp5d$ #dhj1gcg #hb ,f ,fre$m5 #ag1ahg #jj ,f ,b5evol5t ,associations #d1bdj #jj 8,?is /atem5t or /ati/ical table is made up f ! reports ( ! ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,education ( ! sev]al ,/ates "u ! control ( ! ,bureau f #ahfe to #ahgj1 :5 gov]nm5t aid to ! fre$m5's s*ools 0 )drawn4 ,x embraces ! numb] ( s*ools e/abli%$ or ma9ta9$1 ! numb] ( tea*]s employ$1 ! numb] ( pupils1 & ! am\nt exp5d$ = s*ool purposes 9 ea* ,/ate & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,! exp5ditures also include ! am\nts contribut$ by ! ,bureau = ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( asylums = ! fre$m51 :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! totals giv54 8,! table is bas$ ^u ! reports ( ! ,s*ool ,sup]9t5d5ts1 & has be5 prep>$ ) great c>e4 ,! results ?us obta9$1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 "s mat]ial respects f ! figures giv5 by ! ,commission] ( ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau 9 8 annual reports4 ,^! discrepancies1 :i* ?is ,dep>tm5t is unable to reconcile or expla91 w be se5 by a comp>ison ( ! table ) ! foll[+ /atem5t made f ! reports ( ! ,commission]3 #ahff4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #ige ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #a1dje ,numb] ( ,pupils #ij1ggh ,disbursem5ts = ,s*ool ,purposes4 ,by ! ,bureau #abc1fei #ci ,by ! ,b5evol5t ,associations #hb1bjj #jj ,by ! ,fre$m5 #ah1ejj #jj ---------------------- ,total #bbd1cei #ci #ahfg4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1hci ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1jhg ,numb] ( ,pupils #aaa1ddb ,disbursem5ts = ,s*ool ,purposes4 ,by ! ,bureau #eca1cde #dh ,by ! ,b5evol5t ,associations #fe1jhg #ja ,by ! ,fre$m5 #ag1bjj #jj ---------------------- ,total #fac1fcb #di #ahfh4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #a1hca ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1bie ,numb] ( ,pupils #ajd1cbg ,disbursem5ts = ,s*ool ,purposes4 ,by ! ,bureau #ife1hif #fg ,by ,b5evol5t ,associations #gjj1jjj #jj ,by ! ,fre$m5 e/'d #cfj1jjj #jj -------------------------- ,total #b1jbe1hif #fg #ahfi4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #b1aah ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #b1dee ,numb] ( ,pupils #aad1ebb ,disbursem5ts = ,s*ool ,purposes4 ,by ! ,bureau #ibd1ahb #af ,by ,b5evol5t ,associations #cfe1jjj #jj ,by ! ,fre$m5 e/'d #aij1jjj #jj -------------------------- ,total #a1dgi1ahb #af #ahgj4 ,numb] ( ,s*ools #b1fgg ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #c1cjj ,numb] ( ,pupils #adi1eha ,disbursem5ts = ,s*ool ,purposes4 ,by ! ,bureau #igf1hec #bi ,by ,b5evol5t ,associations #cfj1jjj #jj ,by ! ,fre$m5 e/'d #bjj1jjj #jj -------------------------- ,total #a1ecf1hec #bi 8,x has be5 f\nd impracticable to asc]ta9 ! am\nts exp5d$ by ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau = ,h[>d & ,fisk ,univ]sities & ! s*ools at ,hampton1 ,atlanta1 & ,new ,orleans1 ! items ( exp5diture = ^! s*ools n be+ sep>at$ 9 ! reports f ! gross exp5ditures = s*ool purposes40 99 99 99 99 99 ,a committee ( inve/igation ^u ,g5]al ,h[>d's use ( ! ,bureau = 8 pecuni>y aggr&izem5t 7 divid$ 9 op9ion1 b a l>ge majority exon]at$ him f c5sure & comm5d$ him = ! excell5t p]=mance ( difficult duties4 ,an equally /rong & unanim\s v]dict ( approval 0 r5d]$ by a ,c\rt ( ,inquiry1 ,g5]al ,%]man presid+1 :i* 0 conv5$ "u an ,act ( ,congress1 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahgd4 ,v4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! ,bureau 0 au?oriz$ to act 9 cop]ation ) b5evol5t or religi\s societies 9 ! education ( ! negroes4 ,a numb] ( ^! organizations _h done good s]vice be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bureau & cont9u$ _! "w aft]w>ds4 ,! tea*]s e>lie/ 9 ! field 7 f ! ,am]ican ,mission>y ,association1 ,we/]n ,fre$m5's ,aid ,commission1 ,am]ican ,bapti/ ,home ,mission ,society1 & ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,aft] ! surr5d] ( ,vicksburg & ! occupation ( ,nat*ez1 o!rs 7 s5t by ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ians1 ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ians1 ,unit$ ,bre?r5 9 ,*ri/1 ,nor?we/]n ,fre$m5's ,aid ,commission1 & ! ,national ,fre$m5's ,aid ,association4 ,! fir/ color$ s*ool 9 ,vicksburg 0 />t$ 9 #ahfc by ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 9 ! basem5t ( a ,me?odi/ *ur*4 ,! ,am]ican ,mission>y ,association 0 ! *ief body1 ap>t f ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! great ent]prise ( meet+ ! ne$s ( ! negroes4 ,x did n rel9qui% its philan?ropic "w because army (fic]s & ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 7 work+ along ! same l9e4 ,up to #ahff its receipts 7 swoll5 by 8! aid ( ! ,free ,w ,bapti/s1 ! ,wesleyans1 ! ,congregationali/s1 & fri5ds 9 ,great ,brita940 ,f ,great ,brita9 x is e/imat$ t 8a million ( doll>s 9 money & clo?+ 7 contribut$ ?r\gh v>i\s *annels = ! fre$m540 ,! ?ird decade ( ! ,association1 #ahfg-ahgf1 0 a m>k$ era 9 its f9ancial hi/ory4 ,! ,fre$m5's ,bureau turn$ ov] a l>ge sum1 :i* c\ld be exp5d$ only 9 build+s4 ,a congressional report says t betwe5 ,decemb]1 #ahff1 & ,may1 #ahgj1 ! ,association receiv$ #bdc1gec4bb4 ,s9ce ! ,association took on a m di/9ctive & sep>ate d5om9ational "*1 because ( ! )drawal ( o!r d5om9ations into organizations ( _! own1 x1 along ) its *ur* "w1 has prosecut$1 ) unabat$ en]gy & m>k$ success1 its educational "w among ! negroes4 ,x has n[ "u its control or support-- ,*>t]$ ,in/itutions #f ,normal ,s*ools #bi ,common ,s*ools #dc ,,totals4 ,s*ools #gh ,in/ructors #chi ,pupils #ab1fji ,,pupils ,,classifi$4 ,!ological #dg ,collegiate #eg ,college ,prep>atory #aib ,normal #a1jia ,gramm> #b1cgh ,int]m$iate #c1fib ,prim>y #e1aeb ,"s ( ^! s*ools are n specially = negroes4 ,x w\ld be unju/ n to give ! ,association mu* cr$it = ,atlanta ,univ]sity & = ,hampton ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute1 :i* are n includ$ 9 ! above recapitulation1 z ! latt] /&s easily fir/ among all ! in/itutions design$ = negro developm5t1 bo? = influ5ce & usefulness4 ,dur+ ! w> & = a "t aft]w>ds1 ! s*ool "w ( ! ,association 0 necess>ily prim>y & transitional1 b x grew into l>g] proportions1 ) high] /&>ds1 & its normal & indu/rial "w des]ves special m5tion & comm5dation4 ,f #ahfj to ,octob] #a1 #ahic1 its exp5ditures 9 ! ,s\? = fre$m51 directly & indirectly1 includ+ *ur* ext5sion z well z education1 h be5 #aa1faj1jjj4 ,,vi4 ,9 #ahff 0 organiz$ 8,! ,fre$m5's ,aid & ,s\!rn ,society ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur*40 ,"u t compact1 p[]ful1 well-discipl9$1 en?usia/ic organization1 m ?an #f1jjj1jjj h be5 exp5d$ 9 ! "w ( education ( negroes4 ,dr4 ,h>tzell said1 be=e ! ,_w's ,congress 9 ,*icago1 t ,wilb]=ce ,univ]sity1 at ,x5ia1 ,ohio1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aheg z a college = color$ p1 & 8cont9ues to be ! *ief educational c5tre ( ,african ,me?odism 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,he reports1 z "u v>i\s bran*es ( ,me?odism1 #fe in/itutions ( le>n+ = color$ p1 #chh tea*]s1 #aj1ajj /ud5ts1 #a1ije1aej ( prop]ty1 & #feb1ejj ( end[m5t4 ,among ^! is ,meh>ry ,m$ical ,college ( high /&>d & excell5t discipl9e1 ) d5tal & ph>maceutical dep>tm5ts z well z m$ical4 ,ne> #bjj /ud5ts h be5 graduat$4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,me*anic ,arts 9 ,c5tral ,t5nessee ,college1 "u ! managem5t ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 has a f9e outfit1 & has turn$ out telescopes & o!r in/rum5ts1 :i* comm& a ready & remun]ative m>ket 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,,vii4 ,on ,april #af1 #ahfb1 slav]y 0 aboli%$ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,by ,novemb]1 #ac1jjj refugees _h collect$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,alex&ria1 ,hampton1 & ,norfolk4 ,"u an unp>allel$ exig5cy1 in/ant action 0 necess>y4 ,! lack ( educational privileges l$ ,*ri/ian societies to engage 9 educational "w1 at lea/ 9 ! rudim5ts ( le>n+1 = ! b5efit ( ^! p1 :o 7 eag] to be in/ruct$4 ,ev5 :]e education _h n previ\sly be5 a "p ( ! functions ( c]ta9 organizations1 ! imp]ative ne$ ( ! lib]at$ left no option z to duty4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ! ,bapti/ ,free ,mission ,society & ( ! ,bapti/ ,home ,mission ,society1 s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,alex&ria z e>ly z ,janu>y #a1 #ahfb1 & 7 multipli$ ?r\gh succe$+ ye>s4 ,aft] ,appomattox1 ! ,bapti/ ,home ,mission ,society 0 =mally & delib]ately committ$ to ! education ( ! blacks1 giv+ itself l>gely to ! tra9+ ( tea*]s & prea*]s4 ,9 ,may1 #ahib1 ! ,society _h1 "u its managem5t1 #bd s*ools ) #baf in/ructors1 #d1hfa pupils1 ( :om #a1gef 7 prep>+ to tea*1 s*ool prop]ty wor? #gej1jjj & end[m5t funds ( #aef1jjj4 ,probably1 n less ?an #ej1jjj h att5d$ ! v>i\s s*ools4 ,s9ce #ahfj1 #b1dea1hei4fe h be5 exp5d$ = ! b5efit ( ! negroes4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education says3 8,! aggregate am\nt appropriat$ = ! sal>ies ( tea*]s f ! "t ! ,society comm5c$ its "w until ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 03--,di/rict ( ,columbia1 #ei1bdc4eg2 ,virg9ia1 #fe1bed4dd2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #da1ghh4ij2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #bi1fhc4ga2 ,florida1 #c1afd4af2 ,georgia1 #bf1ifc4ba2 ,alabama1 #d1ifj4cg2 ,mississippi1 #f1faa4je2 ,l\isiana1 #ci1afh4be2 ,texas1 #b1bgb4ah2 ,arkansas1 #aej2 ,t5nessee1 #eg1hih4hf2 ,k5tucky1 #a1jib4ed2 ,miss\ri1 #cjj4 ,! foll[+ gives ! aggregate am\nt appropriat$ = tea*]s & = all o!r purposes su* z l&1 build+s1 etc41 f ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 to ,janu>y1 #ahic3--;,di/rict ( ,columbia1 #ajc1aaj4ja2 ,virg9ia1 #aic1igd4jh2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #adb1hfa4ie2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #acg1aeg4gi2 ,florida1 #ee1ibc4if2 ,georgia1 #cad1jfa4dh2 ,alabama1 #ce1dje4hf2 ,mississippi1 #hf1jai4gj2 ,l\isiana1 #cc1gbj4ic2 ,texas1 #aca1bbe4bg2 ,arkansas1 #ac1bjf4bj2 ,t5nessee1 #afd1ead4je2 ,k5tucky1 #di1gih4ef2 ,miss\ri1 #f1edc4ac4 ,until ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 ! appropriations = tea*]s & = l&s1 build+s1 etc41 7 kept z sep>ate items4 ,i h already giv5 ! appropriations = ! tea*]s up to t date4 ,= gr\nds & build+s1 #dba1aai4ej 7 appropriat$40 ,9 connection ) ! ,spelman ,sem9>y & ! ,male ,s*ool 9 ,atlanta1 !re has be5 e/abli%$1 "u intellig5t & discrim9at+ rules1 a fir/ class tra9+ dep>tm5t = tea*]s4 ,a new commodi\s /ructure well adapt$ to ! purpose1 co/+ #ee1jjj1 0 op5$ 9 ,decemb]4 ,at ,spelman !re is an admirable tra9+ s*ool = nurses1 :]e ! pupils h hospital practice4 ,%aw ,univ]sity at ,raleigh has ! fl\ri%+ ,leon>d ,m$ical ,s*ool & a well equipp$ ph>macy4 ,,viii4 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* at ! ,nor?1 9 ,may1 #ahfe1 adopt$ a deliv]ance 9 favor ( special ef=ts 9 behalf ( ! 8lately enslav$ ,african race40 ,f ! #bh? annual report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,missions = ,fre$m51 x appe>s t1 besides build+ *ur*es1 special ex]tions h be5 put =? 89 e/abli%+ p>o*ial s*ools1 9 plant+ academies & sem9>ies1 9 equipp+ & support+ a l>ge & gr[+ univ]sity40 ,! report m5tions fifte5 s*ools1--?ree 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 f\r 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ?ree 9 ,arkansas1 & "o 9 ea* ( ! ,/ates ( ,texas1 ,mississippi1 ,virg9ia1 ,georgia1 & ,t5nessee4 #a1bhj1jjj h be5 sp5t4 8,9 ! high s*ools & p>o*ial s*ools1 we h 7,may1 #ahic7 #aj1ebj /ud5ts :o are be+ daily m\ld$ "u ,presbyt]ian educational influ5ce40 ,! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* reports = ,may1 #ahic1 an enrollm5t 9 s*ools ( #b1eeh4 ,! ,s\!rn ,presbyt]ians h a ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 ,birm+ham1 ,alabama1 :i* 0 fir/ op5$ 9 ,tuskaloosa 9 #ahgg4 ,,ix4 ,! ,episcopal ,*ur*1 ?r\gh ! ,commission on ,*ur* ,"w among ! ,color$ ,p1 dur+ ! sev5 ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 #ahhg-ahic1 has exp5d$ #bgb1jfh1 b ! exp5diture is fairly apportion$ betwe5 m9i/]ial & tea*+ purposes4 ,! s*ools are p>o*ial 8) an elem5t ( indu/rial tra9+10 & are locat$ 9 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 & ,alabama1 b ! 8,reports0 d n give ! numb] ( tea*]s & s*ol>s4 ,! ,fri5ds h "s well conduct$ s*ools1 notably ! ,s*(ield 9 ,aik51 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,!y h su/a9$ ov] #ajj s*ools & h sp5t #a1jjd1abi4 ,9 ! mission "w ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* among ! negroes1 s*ool "w & *ur* "w are s bl5d$ t x has be5 v difficult to make a cle> sep>ation4 ,s*ools exi/ 9 ,baltimore1 ,wa%+ton1 & all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b ) h[ _m tea*]s & pupils & at :at co/ ! ,report ( ! ,commission = #ahic does n %[4 ,a few extracts are giv54 8,we ne$10 says "o1 8all ! help possible to cope ) ! ,public ,s*ools ( ,wa%+ton4 ,9 fact our s*ool facilities are poor1 &1 unless we c d some?+ to invite *ildr5 to our ,ca?olic ,s*ools1 _m ( !m w lose _! fai?40 ,ano!r p]son writes3 8,next ye> we %all h to ex]t all ! influ5ce 9 our p[] to hold our s*ool4 ,)9 two doors ( our s*ool a l>ge public s*ool build+ is be+ erect$2 ?is new public s*ool build+ w draw pupils away f ! ,ca?olic ,s*ool1 unless ! latt] be made equally effici5t 9 its "w40 ,x4 ,on ,febru>y #f1 #ahfg1 ,george ,peabody gave to c]ta9 g5tlem5 two million doll>s 9 tru/1 to be us$ 8= ! promotion & enc\ragem5t ( intellectual1 moral1 or indu/rial education among ! "y ( ! m de/itute portions ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,/ates ( our ,union40 ,?is gift embrac$ bo? races1 & ,dr4 ,b>nas ,se>s 0 =tunately select$ z ! ,g5]al ,ag5t1 to :om 0 committ$ practically ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,tru/4 ,9 8 fir/ report he rem>k$ t1 9 _m ( ! cities aid$ by ! ,fund1 provision 0 made = ! *ildr5 ( bo? races1 b said t1 z ! subject ( mak+ equal provision = ! education ( bo? races 0 occupy+ public att5tion1 he ?\ght x ! saf] & wis] c\rse n to set up s*ools on a prec>i\s f\ndation1 b to conf9e help to public s*ools & make ef=ts 9 all suitable ways to improve or h e/abli%$ ,/ate sy/ems ( education4 ,/ill1 9 "s localities aid 0 judici\sly giv51 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education = ! negroes 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a gave te/imony t b = ! ,peabody aid _m ( ! color$ s*ools w\ld be clos$4 8,our ,sup]9t5d5ts h aid$ l>gely 9 di/ribut+ ! ,peabody ,fund 9 ne>ly all ! ,/ates40 8,great good has !reby be5 accompli%$ at v little add$ exp5se40 ,! ,peabody ,fund b5t its en]gies & direct$ its policy t[>ds secur+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,/ate sy/ems ( education :i* %\ld make adequate & p]man5t provision = univ]sal education4 ,/ate au?orities w\ld h m p[] & g5]al influ5ce ?an individuals1 or d5om9ational or private corporations4 ,!y repres5t ! :ole p1 are held to a /rict acc\ntability1 protect 8f ! *>ge ( sect>ianism & f ! liability ( be+ ov]rea*$ by int]e/$ p>ties40 ,/ate sy/ems1 besides1 h a cont9u\s life & are f\nd$ on ! j pr9ciple t prop]ty is taxable = ! ma9t5ance ( g5]al education4 ,! ,fund n[ acts exclusively ) ,/ate sy/ems1 & cont9ues support to ! negroes m effici5tly ?r\gh su* ag5cies4 ,,xi4 ,congress1 by l& grants s9ce #ahfj1 has furni%$ to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates sub/antial aid 9 ! "w ( ,agricultural & ,me*anical education4 ,on ,m>* #b1 #ahfg1 ! ,bureau ( ,education 0 e/abli%$ = ! collection & diffusion ( in=mation4 ,?is limit$ sph]e ( "w has be5 s int]pret$ & cultivat$ t ! ,bureau1 "u its able ,commission]s1 especially "u ! lead]%ip ( t mo/ accompli%$ ,am]ican educator1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 has become "o ( ! mo/ effici5t & intellig5t educational ag5cies on ! cont95t4 ,to ! g5]al survey ( ! educational field & comp>ative exhibits ( ! position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r enlight5$ c\ntries1 h be5 add$ discussions by speciali/s1 & pap]s on ! v>i\s phases ( educational life1 produc$ by ! incorporation ( div]se races into our national life or citiz5%ip4 ,! ,annual ,reports & ,circul>s ( ,in=mation conta9 a va/ mass ( facts & /udies 9 ref]5ce to ! color$ p1 & a dige/ & collaboration ( !m w\ld give ! mo/ complete hi/ory t c\ld be prep>$4 ,! ,bureau & ! ,peabody ,education ,fund h be5 mo/ helpful allies 9 mak+ sugge/ions 9 relation to legislation 9 s*ool matt]s1 & giv+1 9 intelligible1 practical =m1 ! exp]i5ces ( o!r ,/ates1 home & =eign1 9 devis+ & p]fect+ educational sy/ems4 ,all ! ,/ates ( ! ,s\?1 z soon z !y recov]$ _! gov]nm5ts1 put 9 op]ation sy/ems ( public s*ools :i* gave equal opportunities & privileges to bo? races4 ,x w\ld be s+ul>ly unju/ n to consid] ! difficulties1 social1 political1 & pecuni>y1 :i* emb>rass$ ! ,s\? 9 ! ef=ts to inaugurate free education4 ,x requir$ unusual h]oism to adapt to ! new conditions1 b %e 0 equal 9 fidelity & en]gy to :at 0 dem&$ = ! recon/ruction ( society & civil in/itutions4 ,! complete enfran*isem5t ( ! negroes & _! new political relations1 z ! result ( ! w> & ! new am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution1 necessitat$ an entire reorganization ( ! sy/ems ( public education4 ,to realize :at has be5 accompli%$ is difficult1 at be/--impossible1 unless we e/imate suffici5tly ! ob/acles & comp>e ! facilities ( to-day ) ! ignorance & bondage ( a g5]ation ago1 :5 "s /atutes made x an indictable (f5ce to tea* a slave or free p]son ( color4 ,comp>isons ) d5sely populat$ sections are mislead+1 = 9 ! ,s\? ! sp>s5ess & pov]ty ( ! population are almo/ a prev5tive ( good s*ools4 ,/ill ! results h be5 m>vell\s4 ,out ( #ddh cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a population ea* ( #h1jjj & ov]1 only #gc are 9 ! ,s\?4 ,( #bh1 ) a population f #ajj1jjj to #a1ejj1jjj1 only #b 7,/4 ,l\is be+ exclud$7 are 9 ! ,s\?4 ,( #if1 ) a population betwe5 #be1jjj & #ajj1jjj1 #ag are 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! urban population is comp>atively small1 & agriculture is ! *ief occupation4 ,( #heh1jjj negroes 9 ,georgia1 #acj1jjj are 9 cities & t[ns1 & #gbh1jjj 9 ! c\ntry2 9 ,mississippi1 urban color$ population1 #db1jjj1 rural1 #gjj1jjj2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 urban1 #gd1jjj1 rural1 #fae1jjj2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 urban1 #ff1jjj1 aga9/ #dih1jjj rural2 9 ,alabama1 #fe1jjj aga9/ #fac1jjj2 9 ,l\isiana1 #ic1jjj aga9/ #dff1jjj4 ,! s*ools = color$ *ildr5 are ma9ta9$ on an av]age #hi4b days 9 a ye>1 & = :ite *ildr5 #ih4f1 b ! prepond]ance ( ! :ite ov] ! black race1 9 t[ns & cities1 helps 9 "p to expla9 ! diff]5ce4 ,:ile ! color$ population supplies less ?an its due proportion ( pupils to ! public s*ools1 & ! regul>ity ( att5dance is less ?an ) ! :ite1 yet ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( s*ool t]m 9 s*ools = :ite & s*ools = black *ildr5 is trifl+4 ,9 ! same grades ! wages ( tea*]s are ab\t ! same4 ,! annual ,/ate s*ool rev5ue is apportion$ imp>tially among :ite & black *ildr51 s mu* p] capita to ea* *ild4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ! color$ p are dep5d5t *iefly ^u ! ,/ate apportionm5t1 :i* is by law devot$ ma9ly to ! paym5t ( tea*]s' sal>ies4 ,h5ce1 ! s*ool-h\ses & o!r conv5i5ces 9 ! c\ntry = ! negroes are inf]ior1 b 9 ! cities ! appropriation = s*ools is g5]al & is allott$ to :ite & color$1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ea*4 ,a small proportion ( ! s*ool fund comes f color$ s\rces4 ,all ! ,/ates d n discrim9ate 9 assessm5ts ( taxable prop]ty1 b 9 ,georgia1 :]e ! own]%ip is asc]ta9$1 ! negroes return$ 9 #ahib #ad1hfi1ege ( taxable prop]ty aga9/ #ddh1hhc1iei return$ by :ite own]s4 ,! am\nt ( prop]ty li/$ = taxation 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahia 01 by :ite citiz5s1 #bcd1aji1efh2 by color$ citiz5s1 #h1jah1ddf4 ,to an inquiry = (ficial data1 ! auditor ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia says3 8,! taxes collect$ 9 #ahia f :ite citiz5s 7 #b1iia1fdf4bd1 & f ! color$1 #afc1age4fg4 ,! am\nt paid = public s*ools = :ites1 #ehh1efd4hg2 = negroes1 #cji1cfd4ae4 ,add #ae1jjj = ,color$ ,normal & #hj1jjj = color$ lunatic asylum4 ,apportion+ ! crim9al exp5ses betwe5 ! :ite & ! color$ p 9 ! ratio ( convicts ( ea* race receiv$ into ! ,p5it5ti>y 9 #ahia1 & x %[s t ! crim9al exp5ses put ^u ! ,/ate annually by ! :ites are #ee1gdi4eg & by ! negroes #bjd1jah4ii40 ,( ! desire ( ! color$ p = education ! pro( is conclusive1 & ( _! capacity to receive m5tal culture !re is n ! %ade ( a reason to support an adv]se hypo!sis4 ,! ,bureau ( ,education furni%es ! foll[+ sugge/ive table3 ,,sixte5 ,,=m] ,,slave ,,/ates ,,& ,,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia4 ,ye>4 ,common ,s*ool ,enrollm5t4 ,exp5ditures4 ,:ite4 ,color$4 ,bo? ,races4 #ahgf-gg #a1hbg1aci #ega1ejf #aa1bca1jgc #ahgg-gh #b1jcd1idf #fge1aej #ab1jic1jia #ahgh-gi #b1jac1fhd #fhe1idb #ab1agd1ada #ahgi-hj #b1bae1fgd #hd1gji #ab1fgh1fhe #ahhj-ha #b1bcd1hgg #hjb1cgd #ac1fef1had #ahha-hb #b1bdi1bfc #hjb1ihb #ae1bda1gdj #ahhb-hc #b1cgj1aaj #hag1bdj #af1cfc1dga #ahhc-hd #b1edf1ddh #a1jjb1cac #ag1hhd1eeh #ahhd-he #b1fgf1iaa #a1jcj1dfc #ai1bec1hgd #ahhe-hf #b1ggc1ade #a1jdh1fei #bj1bjh1aac #ahhf-hg #b1ige1ggc #a1aah1eef #bj1hba1ifi #ahhg-hh #c1aaj1fjf #a1adj1dje #ba1haj1aeh #ahhh-hi #c1aig1hcj #a1bac1jib #bc1aga1hgh #ahhi-ij #c1djb1dbj #a1bif1iei #bd1hhj1ajg #ahij-ia #c1egj1fbd #a1cbi1edi #bf1fij1caj #ahia-ib #c1fjg1edi #a1ced1caf #bg1fia1dhh ,total am\nt exp5d$ 9 #af ye>s1 #bie1hea1dgj4 ,9 #ahij-ia !re 7 #gi1ifb :ite tea*]s & #bd1aej color$4 ,to ! enrollm5t 9 common s*ools %\ld be add$ #cj1jjj color$ *ildr51 :o are 9 normal or second>y s*ools4 ,! am\nt exp5d$ = education ( negroes is n /at$ sep>ately1 b ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris e/imates t !re mu/ h be5 ne>ly #ge1jjj1jjj exp5d$ by ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 9 addition to :at has be5 contribut$ by mission>y & philan?ropic s\rces4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 & ,arkansas1 annual grants are made = ! support ( color$ normal & indu/rial s*ools4 ,! negroes mu/ rely v l>gely ^u ! public s*ools = _! education1 & s !y %\ld4 ,!y are1 & w cont9ue to be1 ! mo/ effici5t factors = uplift+ ! race4 ,! ,/ates1 at imm5se sacrifice1 ) imp>tial lib]ality1 h tax$ !mselves = a population :i* contributes v little to ! ,/ate rev5ues1 & no?+ c\ld be done m prejudicial to ! educational int]e/s ( ! color$ p ?an to indulge 9 any ho/ility or indiff]5ce to1 or neglect (1 ^! free s*ools4 ,d5om9ations & individuals c d no?+ m h>mful to ! race ?an to fo/] opposition to ! public s*ools4 ,,xii4 ,a pot5tial ag5cy 9 enlight5+ public op9ion & 9 work+ out ! problem ( ! education ( ! negro has be5 ! ,john ,f4 ,slat] ,fund4 8,9 view ( ! appreh5sions felt by all ?\ghtful p]sons10 :5 ! duties & privileges ( citiz5%ip 7 sudd5ly ?ru/ ^u millions ( lately emancipat$ slaves1 ,mr4 ,slat] conceiv$ ! purpose ( giv+ a l>ge sum ( money to _! prop] education4 ,aft] delib]ate reflection & mu* conf]5ce1 he select$ a ,bo>d ( ,tru/ & plac$ 9 _! h&s a million ( doll>s4 ,?is unique gift1 orig9at+ :olly ) himself1 & elaborat$ 9 8 own m9d 9 mo/ ( its details1 0 = 8! uplift+ ( ! lately emancipat$ population ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & _! po/]ity1 by conf]r+ on !m ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ian education40 8,n only = _! own sake1 b also = ! sake ( our common c\ntry10 he s\ght to provide 8! means ( su* education z %all t5d to make !m good m5 & good citiz5s10 associat+ ! in/ruction ( ! m9d 8) tra9+ 9 j notions ( duty t[>d ,god & man1 9 ! light ( ! ,holy ,scriptures40 ,leav+ to ! corporation ! l>ge/ discretion & lib]ty1 9 ! prosecution ( ! g5]al object1 z describ$ 9 8 ,lett] ( ,tru/1 he yet indicat$ z 8l9es ( op]ation adapt$ to ! condition ( ?+s0 ! enc\ragem5t ( 8in/itutions z are mo/ effectually useful 9 promot+ ! tra9+ ( tea*]s40 ,! ,tru/ 0 to be adm9i/]$ 89 no p>tisan1 sectional1 or sect>ian _s1 b 9 ! int]e/ ( a g5]\s patriotism & an enlight5$ ,*ri/ian _s40 ,soon aft] organization ! ,tru/ees express$ v /rongly _! judgm5t t ! s*ol>s %\ld be 8tra9$ 9 "s manual occupation1 simultane\sly ) _! m5tal & moral in/ruction10 & aid 0 conf9$ to su* in/itutions z gave 8in/ruction 9 trades & o!r manual occupations10 t ! pupils might obta9 an intellig5t ma/]y ( ! indisp5sable elem5ts ( indu/rial success4 ,s repeat$ h be5 simil> decl>ations on ! "p ( ! ,tru/ees & ! ,g5]al ,ag5ts t manual tra9+1 or education 9 indu/ries1 may be reg>d$ z an unalt]able policy2 b only su* in/itutions 7 to be aid$ z 71 8) good reason1 believ$ to be on a p]man5t basis40 ,mr4 ,slat] expla9$ 8,*ri/ian ,education10 z us$ 9 8 ,lett] ( ,gift1 to be tea*+1 8leav5$ ) a pr$om9ant & salut>y ,*ri/ian influ5ce10 su* z 0 f\nd 9 8! common s*ool tea*+ ( ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut10 & t !re 0 8no ne$ ( limit+ ! gifts ( ! ,fund to d5om9ational in/itutions40 ,s9ce ! fir/ appropriation1 ne> fifty diff]5t in/itutions h be5 aid$1 9 sums rang+ f #ejj to #e1jjj4 ,z requir$ by ! ,f\nd]1 nei!r pr9cipal nor income is exp5d$ = l& or build+s4 ,= a few ye>s aid 0 giv5 9 buy+ ma*9]y or app>atus1 b n[ ! income is appli$ almo/ exclusively to pay+ ! sal>ies ( tea*]s engag$ 9 ! normal or indu/rial "w4 ,! numb] ( aid$ in/itutions has be5 less5$1 ) ! view ( conc5trat+ & mak+ m effective ! aid & ( improv+ ! in/ruction 9 normal & indu/rial "w4 ,! table app5d$ pres5ts a summ>y ( ! appropriations :i* h be5 made f ye> to ye>4 ,,ca% ,,disburs$ ,,by ,,john ,f4 ,,slat] ,,fund1 ,,z ,,appropriations ,,= ,,educational ,,in/itutions4 ,to ,augu/ #ac1 #ahhd #bd1hha4ff ,to ,april #cj1 #ahhe #cj1dad4ai ,to ,april #cj1 #ahhf #ch1gbd4ih ,to ,april #cj1 #ahhg #ci1haf4bh ,to ,april #cj1 #ahhh #df1ahc4cd ,to ,april #cj1 #ahhi #dc1gji4ih ,to ,april #cj1 #ahij #da1efj4jb ,to ,april #cj1 #ahia #ej1fej4jj ,to ,april #cj1 #ahib #de1haf4cc ,to ,april #cj1 #ahic #cg1dge4jj ,to ,april #cj1 #ahid #dj1gej4jj ---------------------- #dci1iha4gh ,,john ,,murphy ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,baltimore4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,footnotes h be5 re-index$ us+ numb]s4