,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text betwe5 und]scores repres5ts text pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 text betwe5 equal signs repres5ts bold face text1 & text betwe5 tildes repres5ts bold face & italic text4 ,sup]script texts are repres5t$ by text4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,id5tification ,,( ,,! ,,l>g] ,,fungi ,,d$ication ,to my p>5ts :o enc\rag$ my int]e/s 9 mu%rooms & toad/ools & my wife :o1 lat]1 0 sympa!tic to my /udies & assi/$ 9 ! production ( ! manuscript4 ,hulton ,gr\p ,keys ,,id5tification ,,( ,,! ,,l>g] ,,fungi by ,,roy ,,watl+1 ,b4,sc41 ,ph4,d41 ,m4,i4,biol4 ,pr9cipal ,sci5tific ,(fic]1 ,royal ,botanic ,g>d51 ,ed9burgh ,editor ( s]ies3 ,antony ,r4 ,k5ney1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 #aigc ,r4 ,watl+ ,a4 ,r4 ,k5ney ,,isbn #j #gage #jeie #b ,fir/ publi%$ #aigc by ,hulton ,educational ,publications ,ltd41 ,raans ,road1 ,am]%am1 ,bucks4 ,reproduc$ & pr9t$ by photoli?ography & b\nd 9 ,great ,brita9 at ,! ,pitman ,press1 ,ba? ,,preface ,?is is "o ( a s]ies ( books int5d$ to introduce field-biology to /ud5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! six? =m & e>ly univ]sity /ud5t4 ,! pres5t "w is ecologically bias$ 9 ord] to emphasise a r neglect$ aspect ( ! high] fungi4 ,few books on fungi h ev] be5 design$ = /ud5ts4 ,?is book is aim$ prim>ily at ?is level1 b if ! int]e/$ amateur is assi/$ & enc\rag$ by ?is same text my hopes w h be5 d\bly a*iev$4 ,_m amateurs int]e/$ 9 high] fungi wi% only to "n _! collections1 or "k approximately :at !y are be=e sampl+ !m z an addition to _! diet4 ,an und]/&+ ( our common] species at an e>ly age w all[ ! #8budd+' mycologi/ to tackle ! mu* ne$$ /udy ( ! m critical =ms4 ,mycology is /ill at a descriptive /age1 b x is hop$ ?is w soon be *ang$ & fungi ( all k9ds w be /udi$ z "p & p>cel ( c\rses 9 ecology4 ,x is ( c\rse q impossible to cov] all ! species 9 su* a small volume z ?is pres5t "o1 b x is hop$ t ! examples :i* h be5 c>efully *os5 are suffici5tly common ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = any /ud5t to collect !m 9 a s+le season4 ,! examples1 except = v few1 9 fact appe> 9 ! li/ ( high] fungi f\nd ab\t ! ,k9drogan ,field ,c5tre1 ,p]?%ire1 ,scotl&1 compil$ f ! collections made by /ud5ts att5d+ my field c\rse !re4 ,! pres5t "w is arrang$ 9 ?ree p>ts3 ! ag>ics are dealt ) fir/1 ! non-ag>ics next1 bo? ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to _! major habitat pref]5ces1 & la/ly a catalogue ( ^? m specialis$ habitats :i* are frequ5tly enc\nt]$4 ,all p>ts are support$ at ! end by li/s 9 tabul> =m ( ^? species expect$ to be f\nd 9 any "o habitat4 ,keys to ! major gr\ps1 families & g5]a1 are includ$ to wid5 ! scope ( ! book & place ! examples *os5 & illu/rat$ 9 ! text 9 _! position 9 classification4 ,9 ! description ! synonymy has be5 v sev]ely prun$ & only cov]s ! commonly se5 names2 !y are includ$ z "p ( ! g5]al in=mation "u ea* species4 ,9 ord] = ! /ud5t to exp& unfamili> names a li/ ( ref]5ces is add$ at ! end ( ! "w4 ,! common names ( ! fungi1 :5ev] possible1 h be5 adopt$ f a li/ produc$ by ,dr ,l>ge1 ! au?or ( ,! ,advance ( ! ,fungi1 an excit+ tale ( fungal p>asites4 ,! au?orities = ! names ( ! fungi describ$ h be5 r$uc$ to accord ) ! m9imum requirem5ts set out by ! ,code ( ,botanical ,nom5clature4 ,aft] ea* description a li/ ( ref]5ces to col\r$ plates is giv5 & :ile "s ( ^! illu/rations are n ( ! highe/ quality !y are adequate1 &1 m important1 !y are widely available4 ,any te*nical t]ms appe>+ 9 ! description are expla9$ 9 ! gloss>y1 al?\gh !y h be5 kept to a m9imum2 ! difficulty ( express+ col\rs has be5 ov]come by consi/5tly ref]r+ to "o col\r *>t only1 7a *>t design$ orig9ally = ! use ( mycologi/s & available f ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice74 ,i h n indicat$ ! edibility ( a p>ticul> species unless !re is no d\bt z to ! edibility ( x1 relat$ species & ^? species ) :i* x might be easily confus$4 ,_m fungi are notori\sly difficult to id5tify & :5 "o has approximately #c1jjj species ( l>g] fungi 9 ! c\ntry ! task is ev5 m difficult4 ,x w\ld be folly !re=e to indicate edibility = all ! fungi describ$ 9 a book su* z ?is2 ! gold5 rule :i* %\ld be adopt$ is n to eat any ( ! fungi "o collects 9 ! woods & fields4 ,a fault ( mo/ popul> treatm5ts is t !y are bias$ t[>ds ! human diet & selection ( species is done on ?is basis2 9 ! pres5t "w selection ( examples )9 ! #bgj pages has be5 difficult & two factors h be5 p>ticul>ly consid]$ to ensure t 7i7 repres5tatives ( all ! major gr\ps ( fungi & g5]a h be5 cov]$ & 7ii7 a cov]age has be5 attempt$ ( all ! common ecological ni*es4 ,i am fully aw>e t ! ta/e ( a fungus may be di/9ctive to t species or to a gr\p ( closely relat$ species1 b x is only a spot "* & ! ta/+ ( "o's f9ds is nei!r necess>y nor advisable2 inde$ x is n us$ 9 ?is book4 ,! od\r1 h[ev]1 has be5 indicat$ :5ev] di/9ctive4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,preface #e ,introduction #i ,:]e to look #i ,collect+ #aj ,exam9ation #aa ,microscopic exam9ation #ab ,key to major gr\ps ( ,l>g] ,fungi #ba ,a4 ,ag>ics & _! relatives #bb ,key to major g5]a #bb 7i7 ,ag>ics ( woodl&s & copses #bg 7a7 ,mycorrhizal =m]s #bg 7b7 ,p>asites #ei 7c7 ,saprophytes--,wood-inhabit+ or lignicol\s ag>ics #fd 7d7 ,saprophytes--,t]re/rial ag>ics #gh 7ii7 ,ag>ics ( pa/ures & mead[s #ie 7a7 ,ag>ics ( r\gh hill-pa/ures #ie 7b7 ,ag>ics ( *alk-grassl& ri* upl&s #ajh 7c7 ,ag>ics ( mead[s & valley-bottom grassl&s #aad 7d7 ,fairy-r+ =m]s #aah 7e7 ,ag>ics ( urban areas--lawn & p>kl& ag>ics #abb 7f7 ,ag>ics ( wa/el& & h$g][s #abf ,b4 ,bracket fungi & _! relatives #ace ,key to major g5]a #ace 7i7 ,por$ & too!d fungi #adj 7a7 ,colonis]s ( tree trunks1 /umps & bran*es #adj 7b7 ,de/roy]s ( timb] 9 build+s #aed 7c7 ,colonis]s ( cones #aeh 7d7 ,t]re/rial =ms #afj 7ii7 ,can?>elles & relat$ fungi #afb 7iii7 ,fairy-club fungi #aff 7iv7 ,resup9ate fungi #agf ,c4 ,! ,jelly fungi--,key to major gr\ps ) examples #agi ,d4 ,! ,/oma* fungi2 puff-balls & _! relatives--,key to major gr\ps ) examples #ahf ,e4 ,cup fungi & allies #aih ,f4 ,specialis$ ,habitats #bjg 7i7 ,fungi ( dung & /raw heaps #bjg 7ii7 ,fungi ( bonfire sites #baf 7iii7 ,fungi ( bogs & m>%es #bbb 7a7 ,sphagnum bogs #bbb 7b7 ,ald]-c>rs #bbf 7iv7 ,fungi ( b$s ( h]bace\s plants #bbg 7v7 ,fungi ( moss-cu%ions #bcj 7vi7 ,hea? & m\nta9 fungi #bca 7a7 ,moorl& fungi #bca 7b7 ,m\nta9 fungi ,basidioli*5s #bcf 7vii7 ,s&-dune fungi #bch 7viii7 ,subt]ranean fungi #bdc 7ix7 ,fungal p>asites #bdf ,g4 ,app5dix #bdi 7i7 ,species li/s ( specialis$ habitats #bdi 7ii7 ,gloss>y #bfj 7iii7 ,simple exp]im5ts ) ,fairy-r+s #bfd 7iv7 ,developm5t ( ! ,ag>ic fruit-body #bff 7v7 ,ref]5ces #bfi ,h4 ,index #bga ,cov] transp>5cy suppli$ by ,john ,m>kham1 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,s41 ,f4 ,z4 ,s4 ,,introduction ,! t]m l>g] fungus ref]s to any fungus ^: /udy does n necess>ily require m ?an a l[-p[]$ l5s to see mo/ ( ! important morphological features4 ,us+ su* a t]m cuts across ! exi/+ sci5tific classification1 = x includes ! m obvi\s fungi be>+ _! spores on specialis$ reproductive cells call$ basidia1 fig4 #e1 & a few ( ^? ^: spores are produc$ inside specialis$ reproductive cells call$ asci4 ,! t]m is useful1 h[ev]1 ev5 ?\gh x embraces a :ole ho/ ( unrelat$ gr\ps ( fungi2 x includes ! polypores1 fairy-clubs1 h$gehog-fungi1 puff-balls & elf-cups1 z well z ! m famili> mu%rooms & toad/ools--or puddock/ools z !y are (t5 call$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,specim5s ( all ^! gr\ps w f9d _! way "s "t into ! collect+ baskets ( ! naturali/ :5 he is out fungus-pick+1 along ) probably a few jelly-fungi & less frequ5tly "o or two species ( ! r m di/antly relat$ gr\p1 ! morels4 ,! bigge/ proportion ( ! f9ds1 h[ev]1 on any "o collect+ day 9 ! autumn1 :5 ! l>g] fungi are 9 _! greate/ numb]s1 w be ( ! mu%rooms & toad/ools2 ^! are1 collectively1 m correctly call$ ! ag>ics4 ,! e>ly botani/s & pione] mycologi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury recognis$ ! fact t ! fungi bo? l>ge & small are ecologically connect$ to ! h]bace\s plants & trees among :i* !y gr[1 b _m mycologi/s s9ce h t5d$ to neglect ^! e>ly obs]vations4 ,al?\gh ! importance ( ! fungi 9 ! economy ( ! woodl&1 copse1 field & m>% is well-kn[n1 mycologi/s & ecologi/s alike h be5 r sl[ to appreciate t ! fungi c be j z good indicators ( soil conditions1 if n bett]1 ?an _m o!r plants4 ,p]haps x is ra% to attempt su* a treatm5t z y f9d "h because we "k s little ( ! reasons :y a p>ticul> fungus pref]s "o habitat to ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 x is envisag$ & hop$ t1 if a framework is provid$1 accurate field-notes c gradually be accumulat$ & _m ( ! secrets yet to be uncov]$ expla9$4 ,:]e to look ,fungi c be f\nd 9 mo/ situations :i* are damp at "s "t ( ! ye>4 ,se>*+ = fungi c beg9 z soon z ! spr+ days become w>m1 al?\gh ev5 9 ! cold] p]iods ( w9t] sev]al f9ds c be made4 ,9 summ] x gets v dry & ?is necessitates collect+ 9 damp] areas1 su* z m>%es1 ald]-c>rs1 swamps & moorl& bogs4 ,aft] a heavy /orm 9 summ]1 on ! edges ( pa?s & roadsides1 woodl& banks1 9 cle>+s 9 woods & 9 g>d5s1 fungi c be collect$ )9 a few days ( ! ra91 b collect+ normally rea*es a climax 9 ,augu/-,septemb]1 ! precise date dep5d+ on ! locality & ! individual "* ( ! p>ticul> ye>4 ,all woodl&s are wor? visit+1 p>ticul>ly well-e/abli%$ woods ) a mixture ( trees4 ,pure p9e-woods d n seem to be z good z p9e-woods ) scatt]$ bir*2 plantations are (t5 disappo9t+ except aft] heavy ra9 or late 9 ! season1 ev5 well into ,novemb] 9 mild ye>s4 ,pure bir* & bee*1 ! latt] p>ticul>ly :5 on *alky soils1 are excell5t areas to visit4 ,oak is possibly n z good b areas ) will[ & ald] h _m unique species4 ,! edge ( woods1 sides ( pa?s or cle>+s are usually m productive areas to se>* 9 ?an is ! dep? ( ! wood1 & a small plot ( trees c be mu* m rew>d+ ?an a l>ge expanse ( woodl&4 ,aft] "s "t "o is able to judge ! sort ( place :i* w yield fungi4 ,rott5 & burnt wood are v suitable sub/rates = !y reta9 ! moi/ure necess>y = gr[? ( fungi ev5 9 dry conditions1 s all[+ fructification to take place4 ,grassl&s includ+ hill-pa/ures1 e/abli%$ s&-dunes1 etc41 are (t5 excell5t1 b ( c\rse !y are mu* m dep5d5t on ! wea!r to produce fav\rable conditions = fungal developm5t ?an woodl& areas :]e ! *anges 9 ! humidity & temp]ature are less extreme2 prolong$ mi/ or mild %[]y wea!r fav\r ! fruit+ ( ! grassl& fungi4 ,dung 9 bo? woods & fields is an excell5t al?\gh ephem]al sub/rate2 _m species ( fungi *>act]ise dung :il/ o!rs w gr[ 9 manur$ fields1 on /raw-heaps or :]e man has di/ribut$ ! habitat4 ,collect+ ,! collect+ ( l>g] fungi %\ld n be consid]$ a haphaz>d pursuit2 c>eless collect+ (t5 results 9 _m fru/rat+ h\rs be+ sp5t on ! id5tification ( inadequate mat]ial1 :i* is also n suitable aft] = pres]vation z ref]5ce mat]ial4 ,a few good specim5s are inf9itely bett] ?an sev]al poor ones2 "o is always tempt$ to collect too mu* & !n collections are inevitably disc>d$4 ,always try to select specim5s %[+ all ! possible /ages ( developm5t f ! smalle/ buttons to ! exp&$ caps4 ,sometimes su* a range is n possible & "o mu/ be satisfi$ ) ei!r a c\ple or only "o fruit-body4 ,c>efully dig up or cut f ! sub/rate ! entire fungus & h&le x z little z possible4 ,a /rong p5-knife or f]n-tr[el is admirable = ! job4 ,! associat$ plants %\ld be not$1 especially trees1 & if "o is unable to id5tify ! plants or woody debris reta9 a leaf or a piece ( wood = lat] id5tification4 ,"o %\ld note 9 a field-notebook any features :i* /rike "o z ( int]e/1 su* z smell1 col\r1 *anges on bruis+1 pres5ce ( a hairy or viscid surface4 ,= transport+ home ! specim5s %\ld be plac$ 9 tubes1 t9s or wax$ pap] :i* are !mselves kept 9 a basket4 ,! smalle/ specim5 c g 9 ! fir/1 ! int]m$iate-siz$ =ms 9 ! t9s or wax$ pap] & ! l>g] ones laid 9 ! basket or plac$ 9 l>ge pap] bags2 pla/ic bags are n suitable except = v woody fungi4 ,?us an assortm5t ( t9s1 tubes & v>i\s sizes ( pieces ( wax$ pap] are ess5tial be=e sett+ out on a collect+ trip4 ,! specim5s %\ld be plac$ 9 ! wax$ pap] su* t !y c be wrapp$ once or twice & ! ends twi/$ z if wrapp+ a sweet4 ,exam9ation ,once home always aim at exam9+ ! specim5s me?odically4 ,! fir/ necessity is to det]m9e :e!r ! fungus1 :i* has be5 collect$1 has its spores borne inside a specialis$ reproductive cell 7ascus7 i4e4 ,ascomycete1 or on a reproductive cell 7basidium7 i4e4 ,basidiomycete4 ,by tak+ a small piece ( ! spore-be>+ tissue1 m\nt+ 9 wat]1 g5tly tapp+ x & exam9+ "u a l[ p[] ( ! microscope ?is c be easily asc]ta9$4 ,! tapp+ out is be/ done ) ! clean eras] ( a rubb]-topp$ p5cil4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t %ap$ asci & basidia2 ! latt] /ructures are m important 9 our /udy because ! ,ascomycetes are 9 ! ma9 compos$ ( microscopic memb]s4 ,! foll[+ proc$ure is necess>y = ! exam9ation ( y\r f9d3-- ,select a mature cap ( an ag>ic f ea* collection1 cut (f ! /em & set ! cap gills d[n on :ite pap]1 or if ! specim5 is small or is a woody or too!d fungus1 or consi/s ( a club or flatt5$ irregul> plate1 place ! spore-be>+ surface 7hym5ium7 face d[n on a microscope glass slide4 ,! small] specim5s mu/ be plac$ 9 t9s ) a drop ( wat] on ! cap to prev5t dry+ out4 ,ev5 ) ! l>g] specim5s x is desirable to place a glass slide some:]e "u ! cap betwe5 ! gills & ! pap]1 & if possible to enclose ! species c>efully 9 wax$ pap] or 9 a t94 ,:il/ y are wait+ = ! spore-pr9t to =m1 notes mu/ be made on ! m easily obs]vable features2 "o is n requir$ at ?is /age to exam9e ! microscopic *>act]s4 ,all ! *>act]s :i* may *ange on dry+ mu/ be not$ imm$iately1 & ^! include col\r1 /ick9ess1 %ape1 smell & texture4 ,a sket*1 pref]ably 9 col\r1 h[ev] r\gh1 c give mu* m in=mation ?an _m score words4 ,cut "o fruit-body1 longitud9ally d[n ) a razor or scalpel or a %>p knife if ! fruit-body is woody1 & sket* ! cut surfaces1 fig4 #a;,a-,b4 ,^! sket*es & ! re/ ( ! collection notes %\ld be made su* t id5tification & future comp>isons c be a*iev$4 ,?us always note ! *>act]s 9 ! same ord] = ea* description4 ,a table ( ! important *>act]s is provid$ "h1 b ?is is meant z a guide n z a que/ionnaire4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! gills1 pores or tee? to ! fruit-bodies :5 once ! fungus is 9 section %\ld be always not$ 7see p4 #bj74 ,! spore-pr9t :5 complete %\ld be all[$ to dry "u normal conditions & !n ! spore-mass scrap$ toge!r into a small pile4 ,a microscope cov]-slip %\ld be plac$ on ! top ( ! pile & lightly press$ d[n4 ,! col\r ( ! spore-pr9t 7or deposit7 c !n be comp>$ ) a /&>d col\r *>t & ! spores mak+ up ! pr9t exam9$ 9 wat] "u a microscope4 ,microscopic exam9ation ,:5 "o is m exp]i5c$ ) fungi x w be f\nd necess>y to c>ry out _m microscopic obs]vations1 b :5 comm5c+ ! /udy x is necess>y only to h an ord9>y microscope2 a calibrat$ eyepiece-micromet] is an advantage z is an oil-imm]sion l5s4 ,an exam9ation ( ! spores is always necess>y2 ! exam9ation ( features su* z ! /]ile cells on ! gill & /em1 etc41 v>ies ) ! fungus "u obs]vation4 ,spores %\ld if at all possible be tak5 f a spore-pr9t & m\nt$ on a microscope slide1 ei!r 9 wat] or 9 a dilute aque\s solution ( h\sehold ammonia4 ,al?\gh = mycologi/s x is (t5 necess>y to measure spores to )9 a micron 7m7 ?is book has be5 s arrang$ t "o only really has to di/+ui% betwe5 a spore :i* is small 7up to #e m71 m$ium 7#e-aj m71 long 7#aj-ae m71 or l>ge if globose & v long 7if ov] #ae m72 ?is is n /rictly accurate1 b s]ves ! purpose = an introductory text4 ,x is important to describe ! "* ( ! spore1 i4e4 ornam5tations1 :e!r a hole 7g]m-pore7 is pres5t at "o end &_/or a beak 7apiculus7 at ! o!r 7fig4 #e74 ,) :ite or pale col\r$ spores x is useful to /a9 ei!r ! spore or ! surr\nd+ liquid ) a dye--#aj cotton blue solution is admirable1 or a solution ( #ae g iod9e 9 #ajj ml ( an aque\s mixture conta9+ #e g ( potassium iod9e & #ajj g ( *loral hydrate4 ,bo? ^! dyes mu/ be accurately made up if ! /udy ( ! fungi is to be tak5 at all s]i\sly2 because "s ( ! *emicals us$ above are n normally requir$ by /ud5ts1 a *emi/ mu/ make up ! reag5ts = y4 ,(t5 ! spores turn entirely or p>tially blue-black or pale blue or purpli% r$ 9 ! iod9e solution--a useful "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,dissection ( a toad/ool z recomm5d$ by ! au?or4 ,= explanation see text4 ,mat]ial 9 good condition is always requir$ & "o ( ! fir/ ?+s ! /ud5t ne$s to d is tra9 himself to collect suffici5t mat]ial 9 good condition4 ,! /eps by :i* all ! /ructures ( ! fungus us$ 9 ! text c be obs]v$ are outl9$ bel[3-- ,fig4 #a %[s ! cuts requir$ to furni% suitable sections 9 ord] to obs]ve ! v>i\s /ructures & patt]ns ( tissue :i* are important4 #a4 ,c>efully place ! longitud9al section 7,,ab7 ( ! fruit-body :i* has be5 sket*$ gill-face d[n "u a l[ p[] or dissect+ microscope4 ,hairs or glut5 on ! cap1 if pres5t1 w be made visible by focus+ up & d[n 7figs4 #b & #c;,a7 &_/or ^? on ! /em 7fig4 #c;,b74 ,:5 any "p ( ! cut fruit-body is n be+ exam9$ reta9 x 9 a *amb] conta9+ damp pap] or moi/ moss2 ?is w assi/ ! cells to reta9 _! turgidity1 = !y frequ5tly collapse on dry+ & are difficult to obs]ve except aft] p]=m+ (t5 l5g?y & special te*niques4 ,if only "o fruit-body is available1 !n cut along ,,cd & m\nt 9 a t9 box on a slide 9 ord] to obta9 a spore-pr9t 7o!rwise see p>agraph #f74 #b4 ,cut (f a complete gill 7,e7 & quickly m\nt on a dry slide4 ,"u ! l[ p[] ( a microscope1 ! cy/idia on ! gill-m>g9 w be visible 7fig4 #d72 x w be se5 :e!r ! spores are arrang$ 9 a p>ticul> patt]n 7fig4 #e7 & :e!r ! basidia are #b-spor$ or #d-spor$4 ,9 :ite-spor$ toad/ools x is difficult sometimes to det]m9e :e!r ! basidia are #b- or #d-spor$ s "o mu/ confirm ! obs]vations by o!r te*niques4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a section ( ! gill accompani$ by a small piece ( cap-tissue1 z 9 ,e1 w confirm ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( noticeable cy/idia 7or hairs7 on ! cap4 ,n[ m\nt ! section b\nd$ by ,,fg & ,,hi 9 a drop ( wat] conta9+ ei!r a drop ( wa%+-up liquid &_/or glyc]9e2 ! soapy liquid helps to expel any wat] :i* may t5d to cl+ to ! gill-m>g9 among/ ! cy/idia & ! glyc]9e /ops ! m\nt f dry+ out :il/ fur!r sections = comp>ison are cut & exam9$4 ,x is at ?is "t t ! /ructure ( ! out]mo/ lay] ( ! cap c be exam9$1 e4g4 :e!r x is made up ( a turf-l /ructure2 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( cy/idia on ! cap c be also confirm$ 7fig4 #g;,a-,c74 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y to tap ! m\nt 9 ord] to spread ! tissue slightly & expose ! elem5ts2 ?is c be done v effici5tly by light pressure f ! end ( a p5cil to :i* an eras] is atta*$4 ,cut (f along l9e ,,jk to elim9ate m>g9al cy/idia f confus+ ! picture & m\nt bo? pieces sep>ately4 #c4 ,cut out a w$ge ( tissue f ! fruit-body 7,l7 s z to h sev]al gills atta*$ to "s cap-tissue2 until "o is famili> ) ! v>iability ( facial & m>g9al cy/idia1 c>efully cut along ! l9e ,,pq 7note3 ! cut is made "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! cap m>g91 ?us elim9at+ ! possibility ( l>ge numb]s ( m>g9al cy/idia be+ exam9$ 9 error = facial cy/idia74 ,n[ make a second cut along ! l9e ( ,,rs s t f9ally a small block ( tissue rema9s 7,m74 ,m\nt on a dry slide ) ! plane ?r\gh ,,pq face d[n on ! slide & obs]ve "u a l[ magnification1 to assess :e!r cy/idia on ! gill-face are pres5t or abs5t1 & if pres5t _! g5]al %ape & :e!r num]\s or infrequ5t 7fig4 #h74 ,m\nt 9 wat]_/wa%+-up mixture z outl9$ above & tap g5tly ) ! rubb] atta*$ to ! end ( a p5cil2 ev5ly di/ribut$ pressure %\ld be giv54 ,if ! gills appe> to be too close !n rotate ! rubb] a little :il/ press+ 9 ord] to spread ! tissue4 #d4 ,us+ a l[ p[] ( a microscope & look+ d[n into ! plane ,,rs ( ! unmodifi$ block ,m or a simil> block1 "o obta9s by ?is simple te*nique a v accurate idea z to ! /ructure ( ! trama ( ! gill 7fig4 #i74 ,! organisation ( ?is tissue is v important 9 classification1 "s gr\ps ( toad/ools hav+ :at has be5 describ$ z regul> trama 7fig4 #i;,c71 o!rs irregul> 7fig4 #i;,d71 inv]se 7fig4 #i;,b7 or div]g5t 7fig4 #i;,a74 ,?is same tissue may be ?ick or sp>se to want+1 col\r$ or n4 ,su* sections are (t5 bett] ?an attempts at v ?9 sections unless v specialis$ te*niques are us$4 ,!re are few satisfactory ?icknesses betwe5 ! two extremes2 ! ?ick sections y c d & ! v ?9 requir+ exp]t te*niques4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #h4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 #e4 ,take out a small block ( tissue ,t z indicat$ 9 ! figure 7fig4 #a74 ,m\nt imm$iately & repeat z 9 #c4 ,?is w all[ ! out] lay] ( ! cap to be m cle>ly se5 7fig4 #g;,a-,c7 & also ! /ructure ( ! fle% 7fig4 #aj74 ,! latt] may be compos$ ( a mixture ( filam5ts & #8packets' or #8ne/s' ( r\nd$ cells 7i4e4 het]om]\s71 or ( filam5ts1 only "s ( :i* may be inflat$ 7i4e4 homoiom]\s72 b :5 individual cells are swoll5 !y nev] =m di/9ct gr\ps4 ,by v simil> te*niques x is possible to %[ t ! m woody fungi c h fle% compos$ ( "o ( f\r types ( cells 7,corn]1 #aicb73 ^! types dep5d on :e!r di/9ctly ?ick5$ cells 7plate #dg7 are pres5t ) ! actively gr[+ hyphae or n 7pp4 #adj-aej71 :e!r hyphae are pres5t :i* b9d gr\ps ( hyphae toge!r1 etc4 7plate #df74 #f4 ,remove /em along l9e ,,cd & cut out small blocks ( tissue z indicat$ 7,u1 ,v & ,w74 ,m\nt imm$iately & exam9e z 9 p>agraph #c1 = cy/idia1 etc4 7see fig4 #c74 ,:il/ all ^! sections are be+ cut & process$ a second fruit-body1 if available1 %\ld be set to drop spores2 ?is is done by cutt+ (f ! cap f ! /em & plac+ x ei!r entirely or 9 "p1 & ) gill-edges d[n1 on a slide 9 a t94 #g4 ,z is a #8scalp' ( a cap2 a ?9 sliv] f ! cap is plac$ on a slide 9 a drop ( wat] 7modifi$ ) wa%+-up liquid1 etc4 z above74 ,aft] plac+ a cov]-slip ov] ! tissue x is tapp$ g5tly2 ?is w %[ if ! cap is compos$ ( globose to elliptic elem5ts or if x is compos$ ( /rictly filam5t\s units 7figs4 #f;,a ,b74 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to rev]se ! section :5 transf]r+ x to ! m\ntant1 ei!r by turn+ ! scalpel or by all[+ ! surface t5sion ( ! liquid to pull ! section upside d[n4 ,! con/ruction ( any veil fragm5ts w also be se5 9 ?is m\nt1 & if a loose cov]+ ( veil is pres5t ?is %\ld be remov$ be=e obs]vation s t x does n obscure ! fundam5tal /ructures4 #h4 ,exam9e ! /ipe ( ! fruit-body us$ above "u a l[ p[] or ) a dissect+ microscope 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !re are any rema9s ( veil &_/or vegetative mycelium4 ,if f\nd1 m\nt imm$iately 9 ! solution conta9+ iod9e m5tion$ above & exam9e4 ,( c\rse x is difficult to c>ry out ! above sy/em ! fir/ "t & be successful 9 see+ ev]y?+1 inde$ 9 be+ able to cut all ! sections #a-h4 ,practice makes p]fect1 s :y n practise ) a lb ( mu%rooms f ! groc] be=e ! autumn season />ts4 ,9 ?is way y w h ov]come ! difficulties )\t hav+ to exp]im5t ) y\r collections4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,= ,,! ,,id5tification ,,( ,,high] ,,fungi ,,) ,,caps ,locality ,g4 ,ref4 ,date ,habitat notes soil type p,h vegetational community solit>y2 9 troops or r+s ,draw or pref]ably pa9t ext]ior & v]tical section ( fruit-body ,,macroscopic ,,*>act]s ,,cap ,g5]al *>act]s3 diamet] %ape consi/5cy col\r3 :5 immature :5 mature :5 wet :5 dry ,surface dry1 moi/1 greasy1 viscid1 glut9\s1 peel+ easily or n1 smoo?1 matt1 poli%$1 irregul>ly r\gh5$1 d[ny1 velvety1 scaly1 %aggy ,m>g9 regul>1 wavy incurv$ or n smoo?1 r\gh1 furr[$ /riate or n ,veil1 if pres5t col\r abundance or sc>city di/ribution at m>g91 :e!r app5diculate or d5tate consi/5cy1 :e!r filam5t\s1 membran\s ,,gills1 or pores or tee? etc4 remote1 free1 adnate1 adnex$1 em>g9ate1 subdecurr5t1 decurr5t cr[d$ or di/ant di/9ctly =m$ or n %ape int]ve9$ or n easily sep>able f ! cap-tissue or n consi/5cy 7:e!r brittle1 pliable1 fle%y or waxy7 ?ickness wid? col\r3 :5 immature at maturity numb] ( diff]5t l5g?s or numb] ( lay]s obvi\s features ( gill-edge1 tube-edge1 e4g4 col\r1 consi/5cy ,,/em c5tral1 ecc5tric or lack+ %ape dim5sions3 l5g? ?ickness holl[ or n col\r3 :5 immature :5 mature consi/5cy 7:e!r fle%y1 /r+y1 c>tilag9\s1 lea!ry or woody7 surface *>act]s 7:e!r fibrillose1 dry1 viscid1 scaly or smoo?7 *>act]s ( /em-base ,veil1 if pres5t *>act]s ,volva1 if pres5t *>act]s ,r+1 if pres5t :e!r s+le or d\ble :e!r membran\s or filam5t\s :e!r p]si/5t1 fugaci\s or mobile :e!r ?ick or ?9 :e!r apical1 m$ian or basal ,,fle% col\r 9 cap3 :5 wet :5 dry col\r 9 /em3 :5 wet :5 dry col\r *anges if any :5 expos$ to air pres5ce or abs5ce ( milk-l or col\r$ fluid 7note3 col\r :5 exud$ on fruit-body imm$iately & aft] "s "t & :5 dabb$ on to a clean clo? or pap] h&k]*ief & expos$ to ! air74 ,,smell be=e & aft] cutt+ --relate to a common e day od\r ,,microscopic ,,*>act]s ,,basidiospores col\r 9 mass col\r "u microscope4 %ape size type ( ornam5tation1 if any size & %ape ( g]m-pore1 if pres5t iod9e reaction ( spore-mass3--blue-black to d>k violet 7amyloid72 r$-purple 7dextr9oid72 yell[-br[n or br[n 7non-amyloid7 ,,basidia numb] ( /]igmata ,,cap-,,fle% type ( con/itu5t cells ,,gill-,,tissue type & arrangem5t ( cells betwe5 adjac5t hym5ial faces ,,cap-,,surface type ( cells compos+ ! out]mo/ lay]--:e!r filam5ts or r\nd$ cells ,,/]ile ,,cells--,,cy/idia pres5ce or abs5ce ( /]ile cells3-- on gill-edge on gill-m>g9 on cap on /em %ape1 e/imation ( size1 ?ick or ?9-wall$1 hyal9e or n types ( ornam5tation1 etc4 ,key to ! major classes ( ,l>g] ,fungi ,spores borne ext]nally on /alks on a clavate to cyl9drical cell ,basidiomycot9a ,spores produc$ )9 a clavate1 cyl9drical or subglobose cell ,ascomycot9a ,key to major gr\ps bas$ on "* ( basidium & fruit-body %ape #a4 ,basidia ei!r produc$ 9 a hym5ium or 9 a mass1 & until maturity conta9$ )9 a clos$ fruit-body ,ga/]omycetes ,basidia produc$ 9 a lay] ( cells 7hym5ium7 & expos$ to ! air be=e ! maturity ( ! spores 7,hym5omycetes7 #b #b4 ,basidia simple1 a s+le cell 7fig4 #e7 7,homobasidiae7 #c ,basidia usually septate1 or if simple !n fruit-body gelat9\s & (t5 collaps+ to =m a sk9 :5 dri$ 7,het]obasidiae7 #d #c4 ,fruit-body usually fle%y1 s(t & easily decay+ 7putresc5t71 hym5ium spread ov] ! surface ( gills1 ridges or )9 tubes ,ag>icales 7p4 #bb7 ,fruit-body ) hym5ium smoo? or spread-out on tee?1 ridges or plates or if )9 tubes !n fruit-body t\gh & lea!ry ,aphyllophorales 7p4 #ace7 #d4 ,basidia divid$ #e ,basidia simple & apex drawn out into two long necks ,plate #fa 7p4 #ahe7 ,dacrymycetales 7p4 #ahj7 #e4 ,basidia divid$ transv]sely by "o to ?ree horizontal septae ,plate #fj 7p4 #ahc7 ,auricul>iales 7p4 #ahb7 ,basidia divid$ into two or f\r cells by v]tical septae ,plate #fa 7p4 #ahe7 ,tremellales 7p4 #ahd7 ,a4 ,,ag>ics ,,& ,,_! ,,relatives ,key to major g5]a #a4 ,spores di/9ctly col\r$ 9 mass & col\r$ individually "u ! microscope #b ,spores n1 or fa9tly1 col\r$ 9 mass & hyal9e "u ! microscope #be #b4 ,spores blacki% or "s %ade ( br[n #h ,spores p9ki% #c #c4 ,/em lat]ally atta*$ to ! cap or abs5t ,claudopus 7& "s species ( ,clitopilus7 ,/em c5trally atta*$ to ! cap #d #d4 ,/em ) a cup-l /ructure envelop+ ! base ,volv>iella ,/em lack+ any special /ructure at its base #e #e4 ,gills n atta*$ to ! /em 7free71 or ) "p atta*$ to & desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t7 #f ,gills atta*$ to ! /em b n desc5d+ d[n ! /em #g #f4 ,gills remote to free f ! /em ,pluteus ,gills di/9ctly atta*$ & desc5d+ d[n ! /em ,clitopilus 7see also ,eccilia p4 #ajb7 #g4 ,gills broadly atta*$ to ! /em 7adnate7 ,entoloma ,gills n>r[ly atta*$ to ! /em 7adnex$7 ,leptonia ,nolanea #h4 ,/em lat]ally atta*$ to ! cap ,crepidotus ,/em c5trally atta*$ to ! cap #i #i4 ,spore-pr9t "s %ade ( br[n #aj ,spore-pr9t blacki% to purpli% black #ah #aj4 ,spore-pr9t bright ru/-br[n #aa ,spore-pr9t dull clay-br[n or o*race\s #af #aa4 ,/em ) ! veil girdl+ ! /em 7r+71 or cobweb-l 7cort9a7 #ab ,/em )\t ! veil girdl+ ! /em or :5 pres5t !n easily lo/ #ac #ab4 ,/em ) di/9ct r+ or r+-zone ,pholiota relat$ g5]a ,/em ) cobweb-l veil or fa9t filam5t\s r+-zone ,cort9>ius ,gymnopilus #ac4 ,gills atta*$ to ! /em b n desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7adnex$ to adnate7 #ad ,gills free ( ! /em1 or di/9ctly atta*$ to & runn+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t71 & !n (t5 jo9$ toge!r at ! apex ( ! /em or at _! base #ae #ad4 ,cap-surface compos$ ( r\nd$ cells ,conocybe ,cap-surface compos$ ( filam5t\s cells ,gal]9a #ae4 ,gills free ( ! /em & ! :ole fruit-body v fragile ,bolbitius ,gills atta*$ to & runn+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t71 easily sep>able f ! cap-tissue & frequ5tly ve9$ at apex ( /em ,paxillus #af4 ,cap scaly1 fibrillose & r\gh5$ ,inocybe ,cap smoo?1 greasy or viscid #ag #ag4 ,cap-surface compos$ ( r\nd$ cells ,agrocybe ,cap-surface compos$ ( filam5t\s cells ,naucoria ,hebeloma #ah4 ,gills or complete fruit-body becom+ liquefi$ ,copr9us ,nei!r ! gills nor fruit-body collaps+ into a slurry ( cells #ai #ai4 ,gills free to remote f ! /em or atta*$ & desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t7 #bj ,gills atta*$ 9 "s way to ! /em b n desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7adnate to adnex$7 #ba #bj4 ,gills decurr5t2 /em possess+ a cobweb-l veil ,gomphidius & ,*roogomphus ,gills remote or free2 /em possess+ a usually p]si/5t r+ ,ag>icus #ba4 ,gills di/9ctly spott$ or di/9ctly mottl$2 /em /iff b break+ ) a snap :5 b5t2 gr[+ on dung or 9 ri*ly manur$ areas ,panaeolus ,gills n spott$ or di/9ctly mottl$2 /em c>tilag9\s or n1 & fruit-body gr[+ on dung or n #bb #bb4 ,gills broadly atta*$ to ! /em 7adnate7 & ) a veil girdl+ ! /em ,/roph>ia ,gills n>r[ly atta*$ to ! /em 7adnex$7 or ) concave d5tation ne> ! /em 7s9uate71 or if adnate !n lack+ a r+ #bc #bc4 ,gills ) concave ind5tation ne> ! /em 7s9uate7 & cap & /em ) a cobweb-l veil ,hypholoma ,gills atta*$ to ! /em b lack+ a di/9ct concave ind5tation ne> ! /em #bd #bd4 ,/em /iff b break+ ) a snap :5 b5t2 edge ( cap incurv$ at fir/ & cap-surface compos$ ( filam5t\s cells ,psilocybe ,/em fragile2 edge ( cap /raight ev5 :5 "y & cap-surface compos$ ( r\nd$ cells ,psa?yrella #be4 ,fruit-body fle%y & readily decay+1 (t5 firm b nev] t\gh #bf ,fruit-body t\gh & n easily decay+ #dg #bf4 ,p>asitic on o!r ag>ics ,nyctalis ,n p>asitic on o!r ag>ics #bg #bg4 ,spore-be>+ lay] on fold-l (t5 =k$ gills or simply on irregul>ities #bh ,spore-be>+ lay] 7hym5ium71 on di/9ct well-=m$ gills #bi #bh4 ,spore-be>+ lay] on fold-l gills ,can?>ellus ,spore-be>+ lay] on surface ( irregul>ities ,crat]ellus #bi4 ,cap easily sep>able f ! /em #cj ,cap n easily sep>able f ! /em #ca #cj4 ,/em ) girdl+ veil 7r+7 &_/or ) a p]si/5t cup-l /ructure at ! base 7volva72 cap usually ) w>ts or scales di/ribut$ on its surface ,amanita ,/em ) a r+ b lack+ a volva2 cap surface p[d]y1 hairy or scaly ,lepiota relat$ g5]a #ca4 ,cap1 /em & gills brittle2 /em nev] /iff & ei!r exud+ a milk-l juice or n2 spores ) sp9es or w>ts :i* /a9 blue-black 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e #cb ,cap1 /em & gills s(t or if /em /iff !n snapp+ :5 b5t2 gills nev] brittle #cc #cb4 ,fruit-body exud+ a milk-l fluid ,lact>ius ,fruit-body n exud+ milk-l fluid ,russula #cc4 ,gills ?ick1 wat]y & lu/r\s 7waxy7 or ) a bloom z if p[d]$ ) talc2 (t5 brightly col\r$ #cd ,gills n waxy & r>ely ov] #ae mm ?ick #cf #cd4 ,gills r wat]y & lu/r\s 7waxy72 spores smoo? #ce ,gills rigid n wat]y1 ) p[d]y bloom2 spores ) di/9ct sp9es ,lacc>ia #ce4 ,fruit-body ) a di/9ct veil & gr[+ 9 woods2 cap (t5 viscid or pale col\r$ ,hygrophorus ,fruit-body lack+ a veil & usually gr[+ 9 fields2 cap usually brightly col\r$ & sometimes viscid ,hygrocybe #cf4 ,/em ) girdl+ veil 7r+7 &_/or /em n atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! cap 7ecc5tric7 #cg ,/em c5tral & lack+ a r+ #ch #cg4 ,/em c5tral & possess+ a r+ ,armill>ia ,/em n c5trally atta*$ to ! cap memb]s ( ! #8,pleurotaceae' 7p4 #gd7 #ch4 ,/em fibr\s #ci ,/em /iff only 9 ! out] lay]s #db #ci4 ,gills ) a concave ind5tation ne> ! /em 7s9uate7 #dj ,gills atta*$ to & desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t7 #da #dj4 ,spores ) w>ts :i* d>k5 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e ,melanoleuca ,spores n s col\r+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e ,tri*oloma relat$ g5]a #da4 ,spores ) w>ts :i* d>k5 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e ,leucopaxillus ,spores n s col\r+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e ,tri*oloma relat$ g5]a #db4 ,gills ?ick & ) r blunt edges ,can?>ellula ,hygrophoropsis ,gills ?9 & ) di/9ct & %>p edges #dc #dc4 ,gills atta*$ to & desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t72 cap (t5 depress$ at ! c5tre & /]ile cells abs5t f ! gills & ! surface ( ! cap ,clitocybe ,omphal9a ,gills atta*$ to ! /em b n desc5d+ d[n ! /em 7adnate to adnex$7 or if desc5d+ !n di/9ct /]ile cells on ! gills1 cap & /em #dd #dd4 ,cap-edge /raight & usually /riate :5 "y2 cap ?9 & some:at conical & gills desc5d+ d[n ! /em or n ,myc5a relat$ g5]a ,cap-edge incurv$1 non-/riate & cap r fle%y2 gills n desc5d+ d[n ! /em #de #de4 ,/em d>k & woolly at lea/ 9 ! l[] half & ! cap viscid2 fruit-bodies gr[+ 9 clu/]s on tree-trunks ,flammul9a ,/em n d>k & woolly #df #df4 ,cap viscid & /em usually root+2 fruit-body gr[+ directly on wood or atta*$ to wood by long /r&s or cords ( mycelium 7rhizomorphs7 ,oudemansiella ,if cap viscid !n fruit-body nei!r atta*$ to wood by cords ( mycelium nor /em ) a root+ base ,collybia relat$ g5]a #dg4 ,/em c5tral & gills (t5 int]connect$ by ve9s2 cap c be dri$ & lat] reviv$1 purely by moi/5+ ,m>asmius relat$ g5]a ,/em n atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! cap & fruit-body al?\gh p]si/5t n easily reviv$ to natural %ape aft] once be+ dri$ #dh #dh4 ,spore-pr9t blue-black ) solutions conta9+ iod9e #di ,spore-pr9t yell[i% 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e #ej #di4 ,gills too!d or not*$ along ! edges ,l5t9ellus ,gills ev5 along _! edges & n too!d ,panellus #ej4 ,gills appe>+ z if split d[n _! middles ,s*izophyllum ,gills n splitt+ #ea #ea4 ,gills not*$ or too!d along _! edges ,l5t9us ,gills ev5 along _! edges & n too!d ,panus #eb4 ,spore pr9t yell[i%1 purpli%1 black or p9k #ec ,spore-pr9t "s %ade ( br[n1 b )\t purpli% flu% #ef #ec4 ,spore-pr9t yell[i% or p9ki% #ed ,spore-pr9t purpli% br[n or blacki% #ee #ed4 ,spore-pr9t yell[i% ,gyroporus ,spore-pr9t p9ki% ,tylopilus #ee4 ,spore-pr9t purpli% br[n ,porphyrellus ,spore-pr9t blacki% & spores ornam5t$ ,/robilomyces #ef4 ,cap glut9\s & /em ) or )\t girdl+ veil 7r+72 )9 ! tubes ! /]ile cells 7cy/idia7 clu/] toge!r ,suillus ,cap at mo/ viscid & !n only 9 wet wea!r & /]ile cells )9 ! tubes individually plac$ #eg #eg4 ,/em-surface cov]$ ) di/9ct black or d>k br[n or :ite !n d>k5+ scales2 spore-pr9t clay-br[n ) or )\t a flu% ( c9namon-p9ki% br[n ,lecc9um ,/em-surface cov]$ completely or 9 "p ) a network or patt]n ( fa9t l9es or pale yell[ or r$-ru/ b nev] black dots2 spore-pr9t olivace\s buff ,boletus relat$ g5]a 7i7 ,ag>ics ( woodl&s & copses 7a7 ,mycorrhizal =m]s ,lecc9um scabrum 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,bir* r\gh /alks or ,br[n bir*-bolete4 ,cap3 wid? #de-aej mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #gj-bjj mm2 wid? #bj-cj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #a4 ,cap3 convex & becom+ only slightly exp&$ at maturity1 pale br[n1 tan or buff1 s(t1 surface dry1 b 9 wet wea!r becom+ q tacky1 smoo? or /reaky-wr9kl$ & cap-m>g9 n ov]hang+ ! tubes4 ,/em3 :ite1 buff or greyi%1 r\gh5$ by scurfy scales :i* are m9ute1 pale & arrang$ 9 irregul> l9es at ! /em-apex1 & enl>g$ & d>k br[n to blacki% t[>ds ! base4 ,tubes3 depress$ ab\t ! /em1 :ite becom+ yell[i% br[n at maturity1 ) small1 :ite pores :i* become buff at maturity & bruise di/9ctly yell[-br[n or pale p9ki% br[n :5 t\*$4 ,fle%3 wat]y1 v s(t 9 ! cap lack+ di/9ctive smell & ei!r n *ang+ on exposure to ! air or only fa9tly becom+ p9ki% or pale pea*-col\r4 ,spore-pr9t3 br[n ) flu% ( p9ki% br[n :5 fre%ly prep>$4 ,spores3 v long1 sp9dle-%ap$1 smoo?1 pale honey-col\r$ "u ! microscope & m ?an #ad m 9 l5g? 7#ad-bj m long #e-f m broad74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 num]\s & flask-%ap$4 ,facial cy/idia3 sp>se1 simil> to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd 9 copses & woods conta9+ bir* trees1 or ev5 accompany+ solit>y bir*es4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is recognis$ by ! pale br[n cap1 ! :ite1 un*ang+ or h>dly *ang+ fle% & ! cap-m>g9 n ov]hang+ ! tubes4 ,!re are sev]al closely relat$ fungi :i* also gr[ ) bir* trees b !y ne$ "s exp]i5ce 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m4 ,?is fungus 0 =m]ly plac$ 9 ! g5us ,boletus1 inde$ x w be f\nd 9 _m books "u ?is "n4 ,species ( ,lecc9um are edible & consid]$ delicacies 9 cont95tal ,europe4 ,! majority c be sep>at$ f ! o!r fle%y fungi ) pores b5ea? ! cap1 i4e4 boletes1 by ! black to br[n scaly /em & r long1 elongate spores4 ,! scales on ! /em give rise to ! common "n #8,r\gh /alks' :i* is appli$ to ?is :ole gr\p ( fungi4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ci;,c2 ,hvass #bec2 ,,lh #abb2 ,,nb #aee2 ,,wd #hi4 ,suillus grevillei 7,klotzs*7 ,s+] ,l>*-bolete ,cap3 wid? #cj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-bj mm2 l5g? #ej-gj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #b4 ,cap3 convex or umbonate at fir/1 lat] exp&+ & !n becom+ plano-convex1 gold5-yell[ or ri* orange-br[n1 v slimy because ( ! pres5ce ( a pale yell[ /icky fluid4 ,/em3 apex r$di% & dott$ or ornam5t$ ) a f9e network1 cream-col\r$ ab\t ! c5tre because ( ! pres5ce ( a r+ :i* soon collapses1 ultimately appe>+ only z a pale yell[ zone2 bel[ ! r+ ! /em is yell[i% or ru/y br[n1 p>ticul>ly :5 r\ghly h&l$4 ,tubes3 adnate to decurr5t1 deep yell[ b becom+ flu%$ w9e-col\r$ on exposure to ! air1 ) angul> & small sulphur-yell[ pores :i* become pale p9ki% br[n to lilace\s or pale w9e-col\r$ :5 h&l$4 ,fle%3 ) no di/9ctive smell1 pale yell[ imm$iately flu%+ lilace\s :5 expos$ to ! air1 b f9ally becom+ d+y r$-br[n1 sometimes blue or gre5 9 ! /em-base4 ,spore-pr9t3 br[n ) di/9ct yell[i% t9t :5 fre%ly prep>$4 ,spores3 long1 ellipsoid1 smoo? & pale honey :5 "u ! microscope1 less ?an #ab m 9 l5g? 7#h-aa m long #c-d m broad74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 9 bundles & encru/$ ) amorph\s br[n1 oily mat]ial4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> 9 %ape & morphology to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd accompany+ l>* trees ei!r s+ly or m (t5 9 r+s or troops4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is easily recognis$ by ! poorly develop$ r+1 ov]all gold5-yell[ col\r & pale yell[ viscidness on ! cap :i* comes (f on to ! f+]s :5 ! fruit-body is h&l$4 ,!re are sev]al closely relat$ fungi :i* also gr[ ) conif]\s trees1 e4g4 ,suillus luteus ,fries1 #8,slipp]y jack'1 b _m ne$ exp]i5ce 9 ord] to id5tify !m4 ,all ^! fungi 7 =m]ly plac$ 9 ! g5us ,boletus1 because ( ! fle%y fruit-body ) pores b5ea? ! cap4 ,! l>*-bolete receives its common "n f ! close relation%ip ( ! fungus ) ! l>*4 ,on dry+ ,s4 luteus & ,s4 grevillei may /rongly resemble "o ano!r b ! =m] c be di/+ui%$ :5 fre% by ! *ocolate br[n1 sepia1 or purpli% br[n cap & ! l>ge :iti%1 lilac-t9t$ r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores borne )9 tubes ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores borne )9 tubes ,species ( ,suillus are edible & rank highly 9 cont95tal cook-books1 al?\gh !y h disagreeably gelat9\s-slimy caps1 a "*1 9 fact1 :i* helps to sep>ate !m f o!r fle%y pore-fungi4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #da;a2 ,hvass #beg2 ,,ml #ahg2 ,,nb #ajd2 ,,wd #hd4 ,boletus badius ,fries ,bay-col\r$ bolete ,cap3 wid? #gj-acj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #cd-cg mm2 l5g? #aaj-abe mm4 7#cf-dj mm at base74 ,description3 ,plate #c4 ,cap3 hemisph]ical1 m9utely velvety1 b soon becom+ smoo? & di/9ctly viscid 9 wet wea!r1 r$-br[n flu%$ ) date-br[n & d>k5+ ev5 m ) age & 9 moi/ wea!r to become bay-br[n4 ,/em3 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap b pal] p>ticul>ly at ! apex1 smoo? or ) fa9t1 longitud9al furr[s :i* are (t5 p[d]$ ) m9ute1 d>k br[n dots4 ,tubes3 adnate or depress$ ab\t ! /em1 lemon-yell[ b imm$iately blue-gre5 :5 expos$ to ! air & ) angul>1 r l>ge simil>ly col\r$1 pores :i* equally rapidly turn blue-gre5 :5 t\*$4 ,fle%3 /rongly smell+ e>?y1 pale yell[ b becom+ p9ki% 9 c5tre ( ! cap1 & blue 9 ! /em & above ! tubes :5 expos$ to ! air1 b f9ally becom+ dirty yell[ ?r\gh\t4 ,spore-pr9t3 br[n ) a di/9ct olivace\s flu%4 ,spores3 long1 sp9dle-%ap$1 smoo?1 honey-col\r$ "u ! microscope & great] ?an #ab m 9 l5g? 7#ac-ae m long #e m broad74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 num]\s1 flask-%ap$ & slightly yell[i%4 ,facial cy/idia3 scatt]$ & infrequ5t & simil> to m>g9al cy/idia 9 %ape4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd 9 woods1 especially accompany+ p9e trees1 b (t5 f\nd fruit+ on ! site ( =m] conif]\s trees1 ev5 ye>s aft] ! trunks or ! /umps h be5 remov$4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is recognis$ by ! r\nd$1 r$-br[n cap1 c\pl$ ) ! pale yell[ fle% & gre5i% yell[ tubes1 bo? ( :i* become gre5i% blue :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,!re are sev]al species 9 ! g5us ,boletus :i* /a9 blue at ! slighte/ t\* or :5 ! fle% is expos$ to ! air1 e4g4 ,b4 ery?ropus 7,fries7 ,secretan1 a common bolete ) a d>k olivace\s cap1 orange pores & r$-dott$ /em4 ,! fle% ( "s species ( ,boletus1 e4g4 ,b4 edulis ,fries1 h[ev]1 rema9s un*ang$ or at mo/ becomes flu%$ slightly p9ki%4 ,al?\gh _m p say !y recognise ,b4 edulis1 ! #8,p5ny-bun' bolete--a "n d]iv$ f ! col\r ( ! cap1 !re is "s d\bt z to :e!r ! true ,b4 edulis is common 9 ,brita9 z we are l$ to believe4 ,b4 edulis & its relatives are highly recomm5d$ z edible 7see p4 #ce74 ,b4 badius is also edible1 b x is ill-advis$ to eat any bolete :i* turns blue :5 cut op54 ,illu/rations3 ,b4 badius--,f #ch;c2 ,hvass #bdh 7n v good72 ,,lh #aia2 ,,nb #aji2 ,,wd #he4 ,b4 edulis3 ,f #db;a2 ,hvass #bdf2 ,,lh #aia2 ,,nb #adc4 ,g5]al notes on ,boletes ,!re are ne>ly sev5ty boletes record$ = ! ,briti% ,isles & evid5ce ( o!rs :i* h z yet n be5 fully docum5t$4 ,z a gr\p !y are *>act]is$ by be+ fle%y1 possess+ a c5tral /em & produc+ _! spores )9 ! tubes1 & n on gills z 9 ! common mu%room4 ,x is ! fir/ "* by :i* ! boletes diff] s m>k$ly f ! o!r por$ fungi1 su* z ! #8,scaly ,polypore' 7see p4 #adj74 ,! boletes h long be5 classifi$ 9 ! g5us ,boletus1 b in/ead ( ref]r+ all ! por$1 fle%y fungi to a s+le l>ge g5us sev]al g5]a are n[ recognis$4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! g5]a is bas$ on diff]5ces 9 col\r ( ! spore-pr9t & diff]5ces 9 ! anatomy ( ! tubes1 cap & /em1 etc41 e4g4 memb]s ( ! g5us ,suillus h col\rless or pale col\r$ dots on ! /em exud+ a res9-l liquid 9 wet wea!r1 :i* is cle> & gli/5+ 9 "s species b turbid & :iti% 9 o!rs1 gradually d>k5+ & h>d5+ s t ! /em is ultimately cov]$ 9 d>k br[n or r$di% sme>s or spots2 memb]s ( ! g5us ,lecc9um on ! o!r h& nev] exude liquid & h co>se or f9e r\gh5+s on ! /em :i* are usually d>k1 b may comm5ce :ite & ultimately d>k5 dep5d+ on ! species2 _m species ( ,boletus possess a v di/9ct rais$ network all ov] ! /em1 :il/ o!rs h x pres5t only 9 "p1 or h m9ute1 (t5 brightly col\r$1 dots replac+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #c4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores borne )9 tubes ,)9 ?is s+le1 yet n p>ticul>ly l>ge1 gr\p ( fungi1 sev]al biological ph5om5a are demon/rable4 ,!re is good evid5ce t ! majority ( ,briti% boletes are mycorrhizal2 sev]al species are kn[n to be associat$ only ) "o species ( tree or gr\p ( closely relat$ tree-species4 ,?us ,suillus grevillei & ,s4 a]ug9asc5s 7,secretan7 ,s+] gr[ 9 association ) l>* trees2 ,s4 luteus & ,boletus badius 9 contra/ gr[ 9 association ) p9e trees2 ,lecc9um scabrum ) bir* trees2 ,l4 aurantiacum 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray1 ) popl> trees & ,l4 qu]c9um 7,pilt7 ,gre5 ,watl+1 ) oak trees4 ,boletus edulis c be sep>at$ into sev]al di/9ct subspecies :i* are associat$ ) diff]5t trees2 ! two commone/ subspecies are ^? associat$ ) bir* & ) bee* trees4 ,x is well kn[n t al?\gh pres5t 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! w>m] p]iods ( ! ,ice-,age1 l>* nei!r surviv$ ! int5se cold ( ! la/ advance ( ! ice nor migrat$ back into ,brita9 aft] ! ice _h melt$4 ,?us all l>*es :i* we see 9 ,brita9 h be5 plant$ by man4 ,!re is little d\bt t mycelia ( _m fungi 7 introduc$ along ) ^! plants v probably includ+ ! mycelium ( ! l>*-bolete4 ,a simil> patt]n c be se5 ) o!r introduc$ trees1 al?\gh n to su* a m>k$ degree1 e4g4 spruce trees4 ,! bee* tree1 h[ev]1 is native to ! s\? ( ,engl&1 unlike ! l>* return+ to ?is c\ntry aft] ! ice _h melt$2 x has be5 plant$ ext5sively outside its =m] range 9 nor!rn areas ( ! ,briti% ,isles tak+ ) x its associat$ fungi4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t "s /ocks ( bee* & fungi h be5 introduc$ f cont95tal ,europe 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,a p>allel1 yet inexplicable association is f\nd betwe5 ! bolete ,suillus bov9us 7,fries7 ,o4 ,kuntze & its close relative ,gomphidius roseus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 :]e ! mycelium ( two fungi are f\nd int]tw9$ =m+ a close association6 ,p>asitism al?\gh r>e is also f\nd among/ ! boletes1 & an uncommon p>asitism at t--a fungus on a fungus2 = example 9 ,brita9 al?\gh infrequ5t ,boletus p>asiticus ,fries gr[s atta*$ & ultimately replaces ! spore-tissue ( ! common e>?-ball 7,scl]od]ma1 see p4 #aib74 ,^? fungi :i* gr[ on dead & decay+ sub/rates are call$ saprophytes & al?\gh ! great] numb] ( high] fungi w\ld be includ$ 9 ?is class ( organisms ! "* is infrequ5t among/ ! boletes4 ,"o ,briti% example ( ?is type ( fungus is ! r>e ,boletus spha]ocephalus ,b>la :i* gr[s on woody debris4 ,*emi/s h long be5 int]e/$ 9 boletes1 = z not$ above ! fle% ( "s species :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e turns vivid col\rs1 a feature (t5 incorporat$ into ! ,lat9 "n1 e4g4 ,boletus purpureus ,p]soon1 f ! purple col\rs produc$ :5ev] ! fruit-body is h&l$4 ,! reaction appe>s to be an oxidation :]e 9 ! pres5ce ( an enzyme & oxyg5 a pigm5t$ sub/ance or sub/ances are produc$4 ,:at ! significance ( ^! col\r-*anges is 9 nature is z yet unkn[n2 h[ev]1 :at is int]e/+ is t _m ( ! *emicals involv$ are unique & h only rec5tly be5 analys$ completely2 !y are relat$ to ! qu9ones4 ,!re is little d\bt t x is ?is rapid & int5se blue+ ( ! fle% ( _m boletes t has lead to a belief t !y are poison\s4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r !re are any truly toxic species ( ,boletus b sev]al h unpleasant smells & ta/es :i* make !m v unattractive4 ,boletus edulis is ! important +r$i5t1 h[ev]1 :i* gives ! di/9ctive ta/e to s-call$ dri$ mu%room s\p4 ,?\s&s ( fruit-bodies are collect$ annually 9 ! =e/s ( ,europe to be lat] dri$ & process$ = incorporation into s\p4 ,boletes appe> to =m an important "p ( ! diet ( sev]al rod5ts & de] & 9 ,sc&9avia 9 ! diet ( re9de]4 ,probably "o ( ! mo/ obscure ( our ,briti% boletes is ,/robilomyces floccopus 7,fries7 ,k>/51 ! #8,old ,man ( ! ,woods'4 ,x has a black1 :ite & grey woolly1 scaly cap & /em1 & ! fle% di/9ctly r$d5s :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! spores are almo/ sph]ical1 purple-black 9 col\r & cov]$ 9 a co>se network :5 se5 "u ! microscope4 ,all ^! *>act]s readily sep>ate ,/robilomyces f all o!r ,european boletes2 h[ev]1 9 ,au/ralasia1 memb]s ( ?is & relat$ g5]a =m a v important "p ( ! flora4 ,*roogomphus rutilus 7,fries7 ,o4 ,k4 ,mill] ,p9e spike-cap ,cap3 wid? #cj-aej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-ah mm2 l5g? #fj-abj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 convex ) a pron\nc$ (t5 %>p umbo1 w9e-col\r$1 flu%$ ) bronze-col\r at c5tre & yell[ or o*re at m>g91 viscid b soon dry+ & !n becom+ pal] & q %9y4 ,/em3 yell[i% orange1 apricot-col\r$ or pea*-col\r$1 /reak$ ) dull w9e-col\r1 sp9dle-%ap$ or n>r[$ gradually to ! apex f a m or less po9t$ base4 ,gills3 arcuate-decurr5t1 di/ant1 at fir/ greyi% sepia !n d+y purpli% ) pal] m>g91 b f9ally entirely d>k purpli% br[n4 ,fle%3 lack+ di/9ctive smell & r$di% yell[ or pale tan 9 ! cap1 ri* apricot- or pea*-col\r t[>ds ! /em-base4 ,spore-pr9t3 purpli% black4 ,spores3 v long1 sp9dle-%ap$1 smoo?1 olivace\s purple & great] ?an #bj m 9 l5g? 7#bj-bc #f-g m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 cyl9drical to lance-%ap$ & up to #ajj #ae m4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd 9 p9e woods1 usually solit>y or 9 small gr\ps4 ,fairly common ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isles & *>act]i/ic ( ,scots ,p9e woods4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus c be di/+ui%$ by ! purpli% or w9e-col\r$ cap & ! gills be+ pigm5t$ f y\?4 ,!re is only "o o!r ,briti% species ( ?is g5us1 i4e4 ,c4 corall9us ,mill] ,watl+4 ,*roogomphus is sep>at$ f ,gomphidius by ! fle% hav+ an int5se blue-black reaction :5 plac$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e1 & ! gills be+ col\r$ f _! y\?4 ,9 _m books ,*roogomphus is plac$ 9 synonymy ) ! g5us ,gomphidius4 ,h[ev]1 ,gomphidius glut9osus 7,fries7 ,fries1 ,g4 roseus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 & ,g4 maculatus ,fries all h :iti% gills :5 immature :i* gradually d>k51 & _! fle% simply turns orange-br[n 9 solutions ( iod9e4 ,g4 glut9osus is uni=mly grey 9 col\r & is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd "u spruce & o!r introduc$ conif]s3 ,g4 roseus has a pale-p9ki% col\r$ cap & :ite /em1 & gr[s ) p9e2 ,g4 maculatus gr[s "u l>* & is flu%$ lilace\s at fir/ b becomes /rongly spott$ ) br[n :5 h&l$4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #aib2 ,,lh #bac2 ,,wd #hc;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #d4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores blacki% & borne on gills ,paxillus involutus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,br[n roll-rim ,cap3 wid? #ej-abj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #h-ae mm2 height #cj-ge mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 at fir/ convex ) a /rongly inroll$1 d[ny m>g91 b !n exp&$ & lat] frequ5tly depress$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 clay-col\r$1 o*re or yell[-ru/1 slightly velvety b becom+ smoo? or /icky p>ticul>ly 9 wet wea!r & readily bruis+ r$-br[n :5 fre%4 ,/em3 c5tral or slightly ecc5tric1 ?ick5$ upw>ds1 fibrillose-silky1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap b typically /reak$ ) r$-br[n p>ticul>ly ) age4 ,gills3 o*re or yell[-br[n !n ru/ & f9ally d>k] br[n1 decurr5t1 cr[d$1 (t5 bran*$ & unit$ ab\t ! apex ( ! /em2 easily peel$ f ! fle% ) ! f+]s & rapidly becom+ r$-br[n on h&l+4 ,fle%3 ?ick1 s(t & ) slightly a/r+5t smell & yell[i% to br[ni% b becom+ r$-br[n aft] exposure to ! air4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 deep yell[-br[n & r>ely great] ?an #aj m 9 l5g? 7#h-aj #e-f m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 num]\s lance-%ap$ or sp9dle-%ap$4 ,facial cy/idia3 scatt]$ & simil> 9 %ape to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd on hea?s & 9 mix$ woods1 p>ticul>ly :]e bir* has or is n[ gr[+1 or ev5 accompany+ solit>y bir* trees4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is easily recognisable by ! /rongly inroll$1 woolly m>g9 ( ! cap & yell[-br[n gills :i* are easily sep>able f ! cap-fle%4 ,p4 rubicundulus ,p4 ,d4 ,orton is simil> b gr[s "u ald] & has yell[ gills un*ang+ :5 h&l$ & d>k scales on ! cap4 ,p4 atrotom5tosus 7,fries7 ,fries & ,p4 panuoides 7,fries7 ,fries bo? gr[ on conif]\s wood & h small] spores2 ! =m] is recognis$ by ! d>k br[n to almo/ black %aggy /em & ! latt] by ! %ell-%ap$ cap devoid almo/ completely ( a /em4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #da;c2 ,hvass #ahi2 ,,lh #ahe2 ,,nb #aae2 ,,wd #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #e4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores br[n & borne on gills ,cort9>ius pseudosalor ,j4 ,lange ,cap3 wid? #fj-abe mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? up to #ahj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bell-%ap$ or bluntly conical only slightly exp&+ ) maturity1 smoo? or wr9kl$ at c5tre b (t5 furr[$ at ! m>g91 slimy1 br[n ) a di/9ct olive flu% :5 9 fre% condition & becom+ o*race\s br[n & %9y :5 dry4 ,/em3 usually swoll5 to "s degree ab\t ! middle1 slimy p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! base1 :iti% ?r\gh\t :5 "y except = a fa9t ame?y/ or violace\s flu% 9 ! l[] "p2 z ! slime dries ! /em becomes %9y & ! out] surface breaks up into fibrillose scales or scaly1 irregul> r+-zones4 ,fle%3 lack+ di/9ct smell1 :ite ) o*race\s flu% 9 ! cap1 :ite 9 ! /em1 ?ick & s(t 9 ! cap b fibr\s 9 ! /em4 ,gills3 adnate1 broad1 r ?ick1 frequ5tly ve9$ & di/ant1 o*race\s br[n & f9ally deep ru/-br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-col\r4 ,spores3 long1 slightly almond-%ap$ 9 side view1 f9ely w>t$ ?r\gh\t & n less ?an #ab m 9 l5g? 7#ac-ad #g-h m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 ellipsoid or club-%ap$1 h>dly diff]5t f ! surr\nd+ undevelop$ basidia4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 copses & woods especially ^? conta9+ bee*4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,recognis$ by ! conical1 groov$ cap & ! slimy sp9dle-%ap$ /em ) a di/9ct violace\s flu%2 ?is fungus is (t5 misnam$ ,c4 elatior ,fries b ?is is a mu* less common fungus4 ,!re are sev]al closely relat$ fungi1 b ^! gr[ ) o!r tree-species & ne$ mu* m exp]i5ce to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,c4 p9icola ,p4 ,d4 ,orton is "o su* species gr[+ 9 ! litt] "u ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,scots ,p9e2 ?is species is fairly common 9 ! remnant p9e woods ( ,nor!rn ,scotl&4 ,! l>ge size1 /icky or glut9\s cap & /em indicate t ?is fungus belongs to ,cort9>ius1 subg5us ,myxacium4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #ade2 ,,lh #afb2 ,,nb #aai2 ,,wd #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #f4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores br[n & borne on gills ,g5]al notes on ,cort9>ii ,! g5us ,cort9>ius is ! l>ge/ g5us ( ag>ics 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 inde$ 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica--p]haps 9 ! _w4 ,x includes "s ( our mo/ beautiful ag>ics1 yet x is "o ( ! lea/ satisfy+ to ! mycologi/ because ( ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 id5tify+ collections--p>tly because _m species are s seldom se54 ,cort9>ius conta9s j "u two hundr$ & fifty recognisable ,briti% species1 al?\gh rec5t rese>* has %[n t _m m are yet to be describ$ f ?is c\ntry z new to sci5ce4 ,except = "s v *>act]i/ic species ! individual memb]s )9 ! g5us ,cort9>ius are (t5 v difficult to sep>ate "o f ! o!r2 h[ev]1 ,cort9>ius is "o ( our lea/ difficult g5]a to recognise 9 ! field ow+ to ! pres5ce :5 mature ( ru/-col\r$ gills & a cobwebby veil :i* ext5ds f ! m>g9 ( ! cap to ! /em4 ,?is /ructure is t]m$ a cort9a 7,fig4 #ad7 & 9 "y specim5s cov]s ! gills ) delicate filam5ts4 ,z ! cap exp&s ! cottony or cobwebby filam5ts are /ret*$ & ei!r disappe> entirely or may collapse to =m a r+-l zone ( filam5ts on ! /em4 ,9 "s species a second completely envelop+ veil is also f\nd1 & ?is veil is viscid 9 "o di/9ct gr\p ( :i* ,c4 pseudosalor already describ$ is a memb]4 ,! gills 9 ! g5us are v>iable 9 col\r :5 "y al?\gh con/ant = a s+le species2 !y may be lilace\s purple1 orange1 br[n1 r$1 yell[-o*race\s or tan1 b ultimately 9 all memb]s at maturity !y become ru/-col\r4 ,! spores "u ! microscope are ri*ly col\r$1 yell[ to r$-br[n & are frequ5tly /rongly w>t$2 9 mass !y are ru/-br[n & ?is "* c\pl$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! cobweb-l veil *>act]ises ! g5us4 ,)9 ! g5us ,cort9>ius !re is a wide range ( *>act]s v>y+ f species ) di/9ctly /icky caps & /ems1 "s ) /icky caps & dry /ems to ^? ) bo? dry caps & /ems4 ,a few species are v l>ge & fle%y :il/ o!rs are q sl5d] & _m ( ! latt] rapidly *ange col\r on dry+ out & are !n said to be hygrophan\s4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh !re is su* a l>ge spectrum ( *>act]s 9 a s+le g5us ! species all h 9 common ! cort9a & ru/-col\r$ gills1 ! latt] (t5 appe>+ z if p[d]$ ) ru/y du/4 ,utilis+ ! *>act]s m5tion$ above ?is v l>ge g5us c be split into ! foll[+ six sections1 call$ by ! mycologi/ subg5]a3 a4 ,l>ge to m$ium siz$ fle%y ag>ics ) viscid caps & /ems--,myxacium b4 ,l>ge1 fle%y ag>ics ) viscid or tacky caps :5 fre% b dry /ems--,phlegmacium c4 ,l>ge to m$ium siz$ ag>ics ) dry1 scaly or humid caps & dry /ems :i* if orange tawny are robu/--,cort9>ius d4 ,m$ium1 r>ely l>ge1 ag>ics ) dry1 silky to innately fibrillose caps1 sl5d] /ems & frequ5tly ) at lea/ "p ( ! fruit-body yell[1 orange or r$di%--,d]mocybe e4 ,m$ium to small ag>ics ) silky fibrillose1 non-hygrophan\s caps :i* may become tacky 9 wet wea!r & !n usually ) robu/1 clavate-bulb\s /ems--,s]iceocybe f4 ,small1 less frequ5tly m$ium or l>ge ag>ics1 all ) di/9ctly hygrophan\s caps--,hydrocybe4 ,9 sev]al cont95tal books "s or all ( ^! divisions are recognis$ z di/9ct g5]a 9 _! own "r4 ,! subg5us ,telamonia :i* occurs 9 _m texts 0 =m]ly ?\ght to diff] f ,hydrocybe 9 ! pres5ce ( a univ]sal veil2 ! univ]sal veil is a second veil :i* completely envelopes ! fruit-body :5 x is "y & is 9 addition to ! cort9a4 ,h[ev]1 ! mod]n treatm5t w\ld seem to sugge/ t ! pres5ce ( ! univ]sal veil is n ( ! utmo/ importance & s ! two subg5]a are incorporat$ into "o4 ,! "n ,hydrocybe reflects ! "* ( *ang+ col\r z x dries out because ( ! loss ( wat]4 ,)9 ea* subg5us ! species are di/+ui%$ by ! col\r ( ! "y gills & ( ! cap1 ! veil col\r & texture1 & microscopic *>act]s ( ! spores1 p>ticul>ly _! size4 ,! majority ( species ( ,cort9>ius are mycorrhizal & l ! boletes possess v specific relation%ips ) tree species4 ,?us "s are typical ( conif]\s woodl& & o!rs typical ( decidu\s woodl& 9 g5]al1 :il/ o!rs typify woods ( a p>ticul> tree1 e4g4 bee*1 oak1 bir*1 p9e1 l>*4 ,"s species are *>act]i/ic ( woods on lime/one or *alky soils 7calc>e\s7 :il/ o!rs are *>act]i/ic ( woods on s&y1 hea?y acidic soils4 ,= example1 ,cort9>ius armillatus 7,fries7 ,fries :i* is f\nd 9 damp woods & possesses "o or m c9nab>-r$ or sc>let zones on ! /em & r$ fibrils at ! /em-base appe>s to be connect$ ) bir*4 ,sev]al species are associat$ ) native trees :il/ o!rs h und\bt$ly be5 introduc$ f abroad4 ,!y are v important 9 ! economy ( ! woodl& ecosy/em4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful & easily di/+ui%$ ( our ,briti% species is ,cort9>ius violaceus 7,fries7 ,fries :i* has uni=mly deep violet-col\r$ /em & cap & col\r$ cy/idia on ! gill-m>g91 a "* unusual 9 ,cort9>ius4 ,no species are kn[n to be truly poison\s & _m species are kn[n to be edible1 b _m are too small to be ( any value4 ,"s ( ! l>g] species are reg>d$ z good to eat1 b frequ5tly are too sc>ce4 ,?us ! necessity = exp]i5ce to recognise ! diff]5t species1 c\pl$ ) _! (t5 unpleasant ta/es make !m an unimportant gr\p ( ag>ics = eat+4 ,russula o*roleuca 7,secretan7 ,fries ,common yell[ russula ,cap3 wid? #ej-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #bj-ce mm2 l5g? #ej-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #g4 ,cap3 yell[-o*re or dull yell[ becom+ pal] ) age1 or flu%$ fa9tly greyi% gre51 convex b soon exp&+ & becom+ flat or depress$ 9 ! c5tre1 smoo?1 or granul> :5 "y & slightly tacky 9 wet wea!r1 fa9tly /riate at ! m>g94 ,/em3 :ite at fir/ !n flu%$ slightly greyi%1 smoo? or wr9kl$1 firm at fir/ b quickly becom+ s(t & fragile4 ,fle%3 brittle1 firm at fir/ !n s(t1 :ite1 yell[ "u cap-c5tre4 ,gills3 :ite at fir/ !n flu%$ pale cream-col\r1 brittle1 adnex$ to free1 r di/ant4 ,spore-pr9t3 fa9tly cream :5 fre%ly prep>$4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e1 broadly ellipsoid or subglobose to almo/ globose1 co>sely ornam5t$ ) prom95t w>ts :i* /a9 blue-black :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e & :i* are fa9tly int]connect$ by l[ ridges1 ab\t #h #g m 9 size 7#i-aj #g-h m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 prom95t1 lance- to sp9dle-%ap$ & (t5 fill$ ) oily mat]ial4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> 9 %ape to m>g9al cy/idia & project+ "s di/ance f ! gill-face4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,commonly f\nd 9 mix$ woods f summ] until late autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by ! o*re-yell[ cap1 v pale cream-col\r$ spore-pr9t & grey+ /em4 ,two o!r yell[-capp$ species ( ,russula are commonly f\nd4 ,r4 cl>(lava ,grove ) yell[ spore-pr9t & black5+ fruit-body :i* gr[s ) bir*es 9 boggy places1 & ,r4 lutea 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray :i* is mu* small]1 hav+ a cap up to #ej mm & v deep egg-yell[ gills & spore-pr9t2 x gr[s 9 decidu\s woods4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #bb;a2 ,hvass #bbf2 ,,lh #aai2 ,,nb #acg2 ,,wd #di4 ,g5]al notes on ! g5us ,russula ,a l>ge g5us ) ne>ly "o hundr$ di/9ct species 9 ! ,briti% ,isles & sev]al o!rs yet unrecognis$ or undocum5t$4 ,?is g5us is compos$ g5]ally ( l>ge toad/ools (t5 beautifully col\r$1 inde$ ! majority h brightly col\r$ caps 9 r$s1 purples1 yell[s or gre5s dep5d+ on ! species al?\gh a few are pr$om9antly :ite bruis+ r$di% br[n or grey to "s degree4 ,su* l>ge & di/9ctive fungi "o w\ld ?9k w\ld be ! easie/ memb]s ( our flora to id5tify1 un=tunately !y are n4 ,!y =m a gr\p q isolat$ 9 _! relations1 ! only close relatives be+ memb]s ( ! g5us ,lact>ius1 to be dealt ) lat] 7see p4 #ej74 ,! fle% ( memb]s ( bo? ,lact>ius & ,russula conta9s gr\ps ( r\nd$ cells1 a feature unique among/ ag>ics & expla9s :y 9 ,russula ! fruit-bodies1 cap & gills & sometimes ! /em are brittle & easily break if cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! fruit-body does n exude a milky liquid :5 ! fle% is brok54 ,! spore-pr9t v>ies1 dep5d+ on ! species involv$1 f :ite to deep o*re & individual spores are cov]$ 9 a co>se ornam5tation :i* is compos$ ( isolat$ w>ts or w>ts int]connect$ by rais$ l9es1 or mixtures ( bo?4 ,! ornam5tation /a9s deep blue-black :5 ! spores are m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e & ! patt]n :i* is produc$ appe>s 9 _m cases to be ( a specific "*4 ,! majority ( ! species1 if n all nor?-temp]ate species are mycorrhizal & ! famili> ho/-tree fungus relation%ip c be recognis$3-- ,r4 cl>(lava ,grove1 ) bir* 9 boggy places1 ,r4 emetica 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ) p9e 9 wet places1 ,r4 betul>um ,hora ) bir* 9 grassy copses & ,r4 s>donia ,fries ) p9es4 ,brief notes are "h includ$ giv+ ! basic *>act]s ( eight common species1 b x mu/ be appreciat$ ! id5tification ( _m species )9 ?is g5us is difficult4 ,r4 atropurpurea 7,krombholz7 ,britz4 ,blacki% purple russula ,cap3 wid? #ej-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ad-be mm2 l5g? #fj-hj mm4 ,cap3 deep r$di% purple b becom+ spott$ ) ei!r cream-col\r or :ite blot*es4 ,/em3 :ite b becom+ flu%$ greyi% or /a9$ br[ni% ) age4 ,gills3 :ite !n v pale yell[4 ,fle%3 :ite 9 cap & /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 mix$ woods & copses1 p>ticul>ly ^? conta9+ oak4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g4 ,fle%y b brittle fungi3 ,spores :iti% & borne on gills ,russula cyanoxan?a 7,secretan7 ,fries ,cap3 wid? #ej-aej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-cj mm2 l5g? #ej-ajj mm4 ,cap3 lilac1 blui% to purple (t5 ) gre5 t9ts4 ,/em3 pure :ite4 ,gills3 pure :ite4 ,fle%3 :ite4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,common 9 decidu\s woods1 especially bee*-woods4 ,r4 emetica 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,emetic russula ,cap3 wid? #ej-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #h-ae mm2 l5g? #be-gj mm4 ,cap3 bright sc>let fad+ ) age to become spott$ p9ki%1 slightly viscid :5 moi/4 ,/em3 spongy1 fragile4 ,fle%3 :ite4 ,gills3 pure :ite4 ,spore-pr9t3 pure :ite4 ,9 p9e woods usually 9 boggy areas4 ,r4 fellea 7,fries7 ,fries ,g]anium-sc5t$ russula ,cap3 wid? #dj-ge mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-bj mm2 l5g? #cj-ge mm4 ,cap3 tacky :5 fre%1 /raw-col\r$ or pale tawny br[n4 ,/em3 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap4 ,gills & fle%3 pale /raw-col\r & smell+ ( ,h\se ,g]aniums 7i4e4 ,pel>goniums74 ,spore-pr9t3 cream-col\r$4 ,common "u bee*4 ,r4 foet5s 7,fries7 ,fries ,foetid russula ,cap3 wid? #gj-agj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-cj mm2 l5g? #ej-ij mm4 ,cap3 slimy1 d+y yell[ to tawny1 m>g9 /rongly furr[$ & ornam5t$ ) rais$ bumps4 ,/em3 :iti% !n flu%$ or spott$ ) ru/-br[n4 ,gills3 /raw-col\r$1 (t5 spott$ br[n ) age & bead$ ) wat]y droplets :5 gr[+ "u moi/ conditions4 ,fle%3 :ite to cream1 brittle & ) foetid-oily smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 pale cream-col\r4 ,common 9 decidu\s woods4 ,r4 mairei ,s+] ,cap3 wid? #cj-ge mm4 ,/em3 wid? #g-ae mm2 l5g? #ce-gj mm4 ,cap3 sc>let r$ b develop+ creamy areas ) age1 dry4 ,/em & gills3 :ite b ) a di/9ct al?\gh fa9t gre5i% grey flu%1 ! =m] fairly firm4 ,fle%3 :ite4 ,spore-pr9t3 pure :ite4 ,commonly accompany+ bee*1 ev5 individual trees 9 g>d5s4 ,r4 nigricans 7,mrat7 ,fries ,black5+ russula ,cap3 wid? #ge-bjj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-ce mm2 l5g? #be-ge mm4 ,cap3 cream-col\r$ !n flu%$ sooty br[n1 f9ally black z if scor*$ by proximity to bonfire4 ,/em3 :ite !n d>k br[n4 ,gills3 pale o*re r$d5+ :5 bruis$1 ?ick & v di/ant4 ,fle%3 :ite sl[ly dull r$ on cutt+ !n br[n & f9ally *ang+ soot-col\r aft] "s "t4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,common 9 decidu\s woods4 ,r4 x]ampel9a 7,secretan7 ,fries ,cap3 wid? #ej-adj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-cj mm2 l5g? #dj-fj mm4 ,cap3 deep blood-r$ or br[ni% r$4 ,/em3 :ite ) a flu% ( r$ t[>ds ! base4 ,gills3 cream !n o*race\s4 ,fle%3 :ite /a9+ br[ni% & smell+ /rongly ( fi%- or crab-pa/e1 & /a9+ d>k gre5 :5 a cry/al ( gre5 iron sulphate is rubb$ into x4 ,spore-pr9t3 deep cream-col\r4 ,common 9 mix$ woods2 a v v>iable fungus ) _m col\r-=ms1 b easily recognis$ by ! gre5 reaction ) f]r\s sulphate4 ,lact>ius turpis 7,we9m47 ,fries ,ugly milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #fj-bjj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-be mm2 l5g? #dj-ge mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 firm1 convex usually ) a c5tral depression at maturity1 d>k olive-br[n or d>k greyi% olive ) a yell[-tawny1 woolly m>g9 :5 "y :i* soon disappe>s1 & ! :ole cap becomes /icky ) age & turns deep purple :5 a drop ( h\sehold ammonia is plac$ on x4 ,/em3 %ort1 /\t1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap except = ! di/9ctly o*race\s apex1 slimy & pitt$4 ,gills3 cr[d$1 cream-col\r$ to pale /raw-col\r$1 b soon spott$ ) dirty br[n1 p>ticul>ly :5 bruis$4 ,fle%3 :ite or greyi% o*re exud+ a milk-l liquid :i* lacks a di/9ct smell & is :ite & un*ang+ :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,spore-pr9t3 pale p9ki% buff4 ,spores3 subglobose or ellipsoid & cov]$ 9 a network ( /rongly develop$1 rais$ l9es int]connect$ by f9] ones1 bo? ( :i* /a9 blue-black 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e1 g5]ally #h #f m 9 size 7#g-h #f-g m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 lance- or sp9dle-%ap$ & fill$ ) oily cont5ts4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 woods & copses1 or on hea?s especially 9 boggy places b always :]e bir* is gr[+4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by ! dull col\rs & purple reaction ) alkali2 !re is no ,briti% species ) :i* ,l4 turpis c be mi/ak54 ,! purple reaction is simil> to t f\nd 9 ! famili> s*ool laboratory reag5t litmus1 = ! comp\nd f\nd 9 ,l4 turpis turns purple 9 alkali & r$d5s 9 acidic solutions4 ,fir/ discov]$ by ,h>ley 9 #ahic ?is reaction m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a :ole s]ies ( *emical /udies on ! ag>ics :i* has l$ to ! discov]y ( _m unique comp\nds4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #bad 7b too gre572 ,,lh #bac2 ,,nb #aac2 ,,wd #ch4 ,g5]al notes on ! g5us ,lact>ius ,!re is little d\bt t ! g5us ,russula & ! g5us ,lact>ius are closely relat$2 9 fact !y /& aside f ! o!r ag>ics 9 ! v important "* m5tion$ on page #df4 ,9 ,europe ! easie/ di/9ction betwe5 ! two g5]a is t memb]s ( ! g5us ,lact>ius exude a milk-l juice :i* may be :ite or v>i\sly col\r$ dep5d+ on ! species involv$ 7e4g4 purple 9 ,l4 uvidus 7,fries7 ,fries1 yell[ 9 ,l4 *rysorheus ,fries74 ,! cap1 /em & frequ5tly ! gills are brittle & :5 brok5 lib]ate ! milk-l liquid2 :5 ! fruit-body is dry1 h[ev]1 ! pres5ce ( ?is liquid may be difficult to demon/rate4 ,! spores h a blue-black ornam5tation "u ! microscope :5 m\nt$ 9 iod9e1 & al?\gh :5 9 mass ! col\rs are n z v>i$ z ^? f\nd 9 ! g5us ,russula !re is e likelihood t !y w play an important role 9 ! classification ( ! gr\p 9 ! future4 ,! col\r ( ! spore-pr9t has be5 r neglect$1 al?\gh ! g5us includes "s r unusual fungi4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #h4 ,fle%y & milk+ fungi3 ,spores :iti% & borne on gills ,! od\rs ( _m species are v di/9ct & v>y f ! smell ( coconut & spice to ^? ( v>i\s fl[]s2 an od\r commonly met ) is t]m$ #8oily rancid resembl+ butt] :i* has become m\ldy'2 9 e>ly books x 0 describ$ z be+ ! smell ( b$-bugs6 ,! majority ( ! species are und\bt$ly mycorrhizal3 ?us ,l4 torm9osus is f\nd ) bir*1 ,l4 deliciosus & ,l4 rufus ) conif]s & ,l4 quietus ) oak4 ,brief notes are giv5 on additional species3-- ,l4 camphoratus 7,fries7 ,fries ,curry-c5tr$ milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #bj-ej mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #bj-ej mm2 wid? #d-f mm4 ,cap & /em3 r$-br[n4 ,gills3 r$di% br[n4 ,fle%3 r$di% buff ) an aromatic od\r resembl+ spices :i* becomes v /rong :5 dri$ & exudes a pale ?9 milk-l liquid4 ,common 9 conif] woods & plantations4 ,l4 deliciosus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,saffron milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #ej-abj mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #bj-fj mm2 wid? #ae-be mm4 ,cap3 viscid1 dirty greyi% o*re ) flu% ( tawny b soon becom+ gre5i% ) age4 ,/em3 dirty buff or greyi% o*re1 spott$ ) gre5 p>ticul>ly ) age or on h&l+4 ,gills3 orange-yell[ bruis+ deep orange b becom+ gre5 ) "t4 ,fle%3 p9ki% to apricot-col\r$ b becom+ gre5 ) age & exud+ a ri* orange-r$ fluid :i* gradually becomes greyi% gre54 ,frequ5t 9 conif] woods & plantations4 ,l4 glyciosmus 7,fries7 ,fries ,coconut-sc5t$ milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #bj-ej mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #cj-ej mm2 wid? #e-h mm4 ,cap3 usually ) a c5tral #8bump'1 greyi% lilac1 dull & m9utely scaly or velvety4 ,/em3 :ite to pale yell[i%4 ,gills3 pale yell[i% to fle%-col\r$ !n flu%$ lilace\s4 ,fle%3 pale yell[i% or flu%$ lilace\s1 smell+ /rongly ( desiccat$ coconut & exud+ a :ite un*ang+ milk-l liquid4 ,9 woods & on hea?s1 p>ticul>ly :]e bir* is gr[+4 ,l4 quietus 7,fries7 ,fries ,oak milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #cj-hj mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #dj-hj mm2 wid? #aj-ae mm4 ,cap & /em3 milky cocoa-col\r$1 zon$ ) r$di% br[n4 ,gills3 pale o*race\s !n flu%$ r$-br[n4 ,fle%3 simil> to gills1 smell+ /rongly ( rancid oil1 & exud+ a :ite1 ?9 milk-l liquid :i* becomes v1 v fa9tly yell[ on exposure to ! air4 ,common :]ev] oak is gr[+4 ,l4 rufus 7,fries7 ,fries ,ruf\s milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #ej-ij mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #ej-ij mm2 wid? #aj-ae mm4 ,cap3 d>k r$-br[n ) a di/9ct1 usually %>p #8bump' 9 c5tre4 ,/em3 pale r$-br[n ?r\gh\t or :iti% at base4 ,gills3 pale r$di% br[n & exud+ a :ite1 un*ang+ milk-l fluid4 ,9 p9e woods & less frequ5tly ) bir*es on acid hea?s4 ,l4 torm9osus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,woolly milk-cap ,cap3 wid? #dj-aej mm4 ,/em3 l5g? #fj-ajj mm2 wid? #ae-cj mm4 ,cap3 pale /rawb]ry-p9k or pale salmon col\r1 di/9ctly zon$1 slimy :5 wet at c5tre & /rongly %aggy fibrillose at m>g94 ,/em & gills3 pale /rawb]ry col\r4 ,fle%3 t+$ salmon-p9k & exud+ a :ite un*angeable milk-l liquid4 ,frequ5t :]e bir*es gr[4 ,amanita musc>ia 7,fries7 ,hook] ,fly ag>ic ,cap3 wid? #ajj-age mm4 ,/em3 wid? #cj-dj mm2 l5g? #aej-bge mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bright sc>let to orange-r$ ) scatt]$ :iti% or yell[i% fragm5ts ( veil p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! c5tre & hang+ d[n f ! m>g91 viscid :5 moi/1 /riate at m>g9 ) age4 ,/em3 :ite1 /riate above ! s(t easily torn1 al?\gh prom95t1 r+ :i* is :ite above & yell[ bel[2 /em-base swoll5 & ornam5t$ ) pat*es ( yell[i% or :ite veil-fragm5ts :i* =m conc5tric r+s or ridges ( tissue4 ,gills3 :ite1 free1 cr[d$1 fairly ?ick1 m9utely too!d at _! edge4 ,fle%3 s(t1 lack+ di/9ctive smell1 or at times slightly e>?y & :ite1 yell[i% bel[ cap-c5tre4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 long1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ellipsoid1 smoo? ab\t #aj #g m 9 size 7#aj-ac #g-h m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 compos$ ( *a9s ( swoll51 hyal9e cells4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd 9 bir*-woods1 less frequ5tly collect$ 9 ! vic9ity ( conif]s2 wide-spread & fairly common1 b x is erratic 9 its appe>ance giv+ ! impression ( be+ abs5t f a locality until "o season x sudd5ly fruits 9 pr(usion4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,an easily recognis$ fungus because ( its /rik+ col\r4 ,x is also v famili> & well-kn[n because x appe>s s (t5 on ,*ri/mas c>ds1 & features commonly 9 illu/rations 9 *ildr5's /ory-books4 ,! fungus conta9s a poison :i* =m]ly 0 us$ to kill flies--h5ce ! common "n ( #8,fly ag>ic' & ! sci5tific "n f ! lat9 "n = ! h\se-fly4 ,! r$ sk9 ( ! cap1 :]e ! major am\nt ( ! poison resides1 0 cut up ) a little milk & sug> or honey2 flies attract$ to ?is sweet concoction inadv]t5tly ate ! poison & lat] p]i%$4 ,?is fungus has a v well docum5t$ & long hi/ory & appe>s 9 ! leg5ds ( _m c\ntries4 ,x is featur$ 9 ,greek my?ology1 ,slavic & ,sc&9avian folk-lore & inde$ appe>s 9 ! pre-hi/ory ( ,indian tribes ( ,n4,e4 ,asia4 ,x has ev5 be5 connect$ ) ! =mation ( c]ta9 sects )9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,illu/rations3 ,f4 frontispiece2 ,hvass #a2 ,,lh #aag2 ,,nb #aac2 ,,wd #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #i4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,notes on ! g5us ,amanita ,! g5us ,amanita conta9s _m important mycorrhizal fungi includ+ ! #8,blu%]'1 ,a4 rubesc5s 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray1 ! #8,tawny grisette'1 ,a4 fulva ,secretan1 & ! #8,false dea?-cap'1 ,a4 citr9a ,s4 ,f4 ,gray4 ,! fir/ gr[s on hea?s & 9 woods ) a v>iety ( trees2 ,a4 fulva frequ5tly gr[s ) bir* & ,a4 citr9a ) sev]al leafy trees al?\gh its v>4 alba 7,gillet7 ,e4 ,j4 ,gilb]t appe>s to be conf9$ to bee* woods4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "s evid5ce t _m memb]s ( ! g5us 9 dri] m s\!rn c\ntries ?an ,brita91 are non-mycorrhizal4 ,9 fact ! g5us z a :ole may be s\!rn-temp]ate 9 its di/ribution4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isles ! numb] ( species ( ,amanita record$ decreases z "o goes nor?1 or ! frequ5cy ( s+le species except = a few widespread =ms falls (f nor?w>ds4 ,9 a few cases a m famili> s\!rn species is replac$ 9 simil> habitats by ano!r species1 e4g4 ,a4 phalloides 7,fries7 ,secretan is replac$ by ,a4 virosa ,secretan ! #8,de/roy+ angel' 9 ,scotl&1 & ,a4 citr9a frequ5tly 9 ! nor? by ,a4 porphyria 7,fries7 ,secretan4 ,species ( ,amanita are usually l>ge conspicu\s fungi & ! g5us conta9s "s ( our be/ kn[n ag>ics4 ,"o1 ,a4 musc>ia 7,fries7 ,hook] has already be5 m5tion$1 b ! g5us also includes ! #8,dea?-cap' ,a4 phalloides & #8,caes>'s mu%room' ,a4 caes>ea 7,fries7 ,s*we9itz1 a fungus n f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry b consid]$ to be sup]ior 9 edibility to all o!r fungi2 ?us edible & deadly poison\s species are f\nd closely relat$ & ?is simply emphasises h[ important x is n to eat ! ag>ics "o f9ds 9 ! woods & fields except :5 accompani$ by a #8real' exp]t4 ,dea?s or ne> fatalities 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica are record$ annually due to ! eat+ ( fungi belong+ to ?is g5us4 ,! poison\s qualities ( ! fungi 9 ?is g5us--only a v small am\nt ( poison is (t5 suffici5t to produce fatal results--has l$ to a close connection betwe5 ^! fungi & black magic & ! sup]natural4 ,?is connection is ev5 m emphasis$ :5 x is le>nt t "s h an intoxicat+ effect4 ,h5ce ! long hi/ory m5tion$ e>li]4 ,memb]s ( ! g5us ,amanita are *>act]is$ by _! anatomy & c]ta9 macroscopic features2 ! =m] is illu/rat$ "u ,a4 musc>ia1 i4e4 ! div]g5t gill-trama4 ,! ma9 macroscopic "* ( note is ! pres5ce ( a volva at ! base ( ! /em & x is ! details ( ?is volva :i* helps to di/+ui% diff]5t species4 ,a4 phalloides has a di/9ct1 loose1 membran\s %ea?1 9 ,a4 citr9a ! volva is r$uc$ to a n>r[ rim ar\nd ! bulb\s /em & 9 ,a4 rubesc5s & ,a4 musc>ia ! volva is simply a s]ies ( conc5tric zones ( woolly scales4 ,all ! f\r species not$ above possess a r+1 b ,a4 fulva ! #8,tawny grisette' & ,a4 vag9ata 7,fries7 ,vittad9i ! #8,grisette' only possess a volva2 ?is has lead to ! use ( ! g5]ic "n ,amanitopsis 9 _m books1 n[ no long] consid]$ necess>y4 ,! veil 9 ,amanita is probably ! mo/ highly develop$ among/ our common ag>ics & f ,app5dix iv x c be se5 h[ ! scaly cap & /em orig9ate & h[ ! volva diff]s f ! r+4 ,! volva & cap-scales con/itute :at has be5 call$ ! univ]sal veil & ! r+ :i* /ret*es f ! cap m>g9 to ! /em has be5 t]m$ ! p>tial veil4 ,! spores ( species ( ,amanita are l>ge & _! %ape & *emical reactions help to di/+ui% ! diff]5t species )9 ! g5us4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features1 h[ev]1 is t ! spore-mass1 al?\gh usually describ$ z :ite1 9 _m species is n :ite b flu%$ gre5i% grey1 etc4 ,! slight subtleties 9 col\r ( ! spore-pr9t assi/ 9 classification4 ,! foll[+ notes may be in/ructive 9 conjunction ) ! in=mation above 7= common names see above74 7i7 ,possess+ a r+ on ! /em3-- ,a4 citr9a ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,cap3 wid? #ee-hj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ah-bb mm2 l5g? #gj-hj mm4 ,a lemon-yell[ or :iti% capp$ ag>ic ) bulb\s /em-base1 :ite pat*es ( volva on cap & :ite /em ) fle% /rongly smell+ ( new potatoes4 ,spores3 almo/ globose & measur+ #i-aj #g-h m4 ,a4 excelsa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,cap3 wid? #ge-adj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #bj-bh mm2 l5g? #he-abj mm4 ,a greyi% or br[ni% capp$ ag>ic ) clavate /em-base1 grey pat*es ( volva on ! cap & :ite conc5trically scaly /em ) fle% un*ang$ on exposure to ! air4 ,spores3 broadly ellipsoid & measur+ #i-aj #h-i m4 ,a4 rubesc5s 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,cap3 wid? #gj-abj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ab-be mm2 l5g? #fe-ajj mm4 ,a r$di% fawn or p9ki% buff capp$ ag>ic ) swoll5 /em-base1 p9ki% or fle%-col\r$ pat*es ( volva on cap & r$di% conc5trically scaly /em ) fle% becom+ r$di% :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,spores3 ellipsoid & measur+ #i-aj #e-f m4 ,a4 pan!r9a 7,fries7 ,secretan #8,pan!r' ,cap3 wid? #dh-ie mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ab-bj mm2 l5g? #fe-ajj mm4 ,an olive-br[n or smoky br[n capp$ ag>ic ) only slightly swoll5 /em-base1 :ite pat*es ( volva on ! cap & :ite conc5trically scaly /em ) un*ang+ fle%4 ,spores3 ellipsoid & measur+ #h-ab #g m4 ,a4 phalloides 7,fries7 ,secretan ,cap3 wid? #gj-he mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ab-bj mm2 l5g? #he-abj mm4 ,a gre5i% or yell[-olive capp$ ag>ic ) /em %ea!d 9 membran\s volva1 :ite pat*es ( volva on cap & smoo?1 :ite /em ) :ite fle%4 ,spores3 broadly ellipsoid & measur+ #aj-ab #g m4 7ii7 ,lack+ r+ on /em3-- ,a4 fulva ,secretan ,cap3 wid? #dj-fj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-ae mm2 l5g? #ajj-aej mm4 ,a ?91 tawny-br[n ag>ic ) /em %ea!d 9 membran\s volva & pale tawny1 slightly scaly /em4 ,spores3 globose & #aj-ab m 9 diamet]4 ,a4 vag9ata 7,fries7 ,vittad9i ,diff]s f ,a4 fulva 9 ! cap be+ metallic grey or silv]y 9 col\r4 7b7 ,p>asites ,armill>ia mellea 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,honey-fungus ,cap3 wid? #ej-aej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-ab mm2 l5g? #ge-aej mm4 ,description3 ,plate #aj4 ,cap3 at fir/ convex !n m or less flatt5$ or slightly depress$1 v v>iable 9 col\r1 yell[i%1 olive1 buff1 s&-col\r$ or "s %ade ( br[n1 at fir/ cov]$ 9 small1 br[ni% or o*race\s scales :i* give ! "y cap a velvety aspect1 b gradually ! scales disappe> ) age except at ! cap-c5tre2 m>g9 /riate & usually pal] ?an c5tre ( ! cap4 ,/em3 equal or swoll5 at base1 (t5 sev]al gr\p$ toge!r1 :ite at apex above a :iti%1 r ?ick1 r+ :i* is flu%$ ) olive-yell[ or r$-br[n at its m>g92 /em-base fibrillose1 :iti% b f9ally r$-br[n at maturity4 ,gills3 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :iti% !n flu%$ fle% col\r & develop+ br[ni% spots ) age or 9 cold1 wet wea!r4 ,fle%3 ) r /rong & unpleasant smell1 :ite or flu%$ p9ki% 9 ! cap1 br[n & /r+y 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 v pale cream col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e1 ellipsoid1 less ?an #aj m 9 l5g? 7#h-i #e-f m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 v>iable1 hyal9e1 cyl9dric & n well-diff]5tiat$4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus gr[s 9 troops or is f\nd jo9$ at ! base to =m clu/]s4 ,x is always atta*$ to old trees1 trunks1 /umps & buri$ wood1 ei!r directly or by its vegetative /age :i* d>k5s & aggregates to =m /r&s resembl+ boot-laces :i* are call$ rhizomorphs4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is r v>iable1 & !re=e (t5 p]plex+1 fungus causes a de/ructive rot ( trees & c travel long di/ances ?r\gh ! soil ) ! use ( its rhizomorphs4 ,x commonly gr[s on sev]al species ( broad-leav$ trees1 b c also colonise conif] trees4 ,x also attacks g>d5 %rubs1 su* z privet-h$ges1 & is p>ticul>ly de/ructive to ,rhodod5drons caus+ a wilt ( ! :ole %rub & subsequ5t dea?2 x has also be5 record$ z attack+ potatoes4 ,! actively gr[+ mycelium :i* c (t5 be f\nd gr[+ "u ! b>k ( infect$ trees1 exhibits a lum9osity if fre%ly expos$ & plac$ 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,! rhizomorphs ( ,a4 mellea are highly specialis$ /ructures compos$ ( mycelial ?reads "s ( :i* h become r m diff]5tiat$ ?an is normally f\nd 9 ! vegetative /age ( o!r ag>ics4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #bg;a2 ,hvass #bf2 ,,lh #ic2 ,,nb #ada2 ,,wd #d4 ,pholiota squ>rosa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,%aggy ,pholiota ,cap3 wid? #ej-abj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ag-be mm2 l5g? #ie-abe mm4 ,description3 ,plate #aa4 ,cap3 convex1 b exp&+ & becom+ flatt5$ ) a slight c5tral umbo1 o*re-yell[ to yell[i% ru/-col\r & cov]$ ) d>k br[n recurv$ scales :i* are p>ticul>ly d5se at ! c5tre4 ,/em3 v>iable 9 l5g? & ?ickness dep5d+ on h[ x is atta*$ to ! sub/rate1 :e!r 9 a deep crack or w\nd1 or 9 a depression1 & h[ _m specim5s are 9 ! clu/]2 its col\r is simil> to t ( ! cap1 exhibits a small1 d>k br[n fibrillose1 torn r+ or r+-zone & is ornam5t$ ) recurv$ r$-br[n scales bel[ t r+4 ,gills3 broadly adnate ) a decurr5t too? & cr[d$1 yell[i% at fir/ !n ru/-col\r$4 ,fle%3 ) /rong1 pleasant b pung5t smell1 yell[i% br[n1 s(t 9 ! cap1 fibr\s 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 ri* ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 pale br[n "u ! microscope1 smoo?1 ellipsoid1 & #f-h #d m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 sp9dle-%ap$1 hyal9e1 num]\s4 ,facial cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ ) a small apical app5dage & becom+ ri* yell[ :5 imm]s$ 9 solutions conta9+ ammonia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 clu/]s 9 woods1 g>d5s or p>ks1 on wood or at ! base ( ! trunks ( broad-leav$ trees 9 summ] & autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aj4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,al?\gh r a common easily recognisable & ae/hetically pleas+ fungus gr[+ 9 its *>act]i/ic clu/]s at ! base ( trees1 x is a weak p>asite ent]+ ! liv+ tissue aft] invad+ decay$ areas ( ! tree4 ,?is is ! reason :y :5 bran*es are brok5 (f trees by w9d1 sn[ or /orms1 !y %\ld be c>efully trimm$ to remove ragg$ edges & ! w\nd treat$ ) a protective t> to /op ! entry ( ra91 cold & fungus spores4 ,o!r m de/ructive fungi may ent] a tree ?r\gh su* w\nds2 ,p4 squ>rosa frequ5tly attacks m\nta9 a% or r[an4 ,x is recognis$ by ! dry scaly cap & /em :i* helps to di/+ui% x f ! /icky capp$ ,p4 aurivella 7,fries7 ,kumm] ) simil> habitat pref]5ces b wid] spores 7#f-i #d-e m74 ,p4 adiposa 7,fries7 ,kumm] is f\nd on bee* trees & x1 too1 has a viscid cap1 b ! spores are #e-f #c-d m 9 dim5sions4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #acd2 ,,lh #adi2 ,,wd #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores ru/-br[n & borne on gills 7c7 ,saprophytes--wood inhabit+ or lignicol\s ag>ics ,hypholoma fascicul>e 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,sulphur-tuft ,cap3 wid? #bj-ej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #f-ac mm2 l5g? #dj-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 sulphur-yell[1 flu%$ ) s&-col\r or r$-br[n at c5tre !n o*race\s yell[ ?r\gh\t1 convex at fir/ ) m>g9 incurv$ & clo!d ) fibrillose remnants ( a yell[-olive veil1 b !n becom+ flatt5$ & los+ evid5ce ( t veil4 ,/em3 equal or flexu\s1 usually ) sev]al jo9$ at base1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap1 fibrillose /reaky or ) "s fibrils f ! veil /ret*+ f ! cap to ! /em 9 "y specim5s4 ,gills3 s9uate & cr[d$1 at fir/ sulphur-yell[ !n olive-gre51 b f9ally ) a flu% ( purple-br[n4 ,fle%3 ) r /rong & unpleasant smell1 yell[ ?r\gh\t4 ,spore-pr9t3 purple-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid or ovoid1 smoo?1 purple-br[n & less ?an #aj m 9 l5g? 7#f-h #d m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 flask$-%ap$1 %ort1 cyl9dric & hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 m swoll5 ?an m>g9al cy/idia & ) silv]y cont5ts :i* yell[ 9 solutions conta9+ ammonia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,! sulphur-tuft gr[s 9 d5se clu/]s on & ar\nd old /umps ( broad-leav$ trees1 & c be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 x also gr[s on conif]s1 b less frequ5tly4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,x may be recognis$ by ! gre5i% t9t ( ! immature gills & ( ! "y cap4 ,h4 capnoides 7,fries7 ,kumm] gr[s on ! wood ( conif]\s trees & has a mu* m o*race\s br[n cap & /em ?an ! sulphur-tuft & slightly l>g] spores--#g-h #d-e m4 ,h4 sublat]itium 7,fries7 ,qulet gr[s on h>dwoods b is bigg] ?an ,h4 fascicul>e & has a brick-col\r$ cap & v /urdy /em 7spores #f-g #c-d m74 ,illu/rations3 ,f #cg;b2 ,hvass #agf2 ,,lh #adg2 ,,nb #ada2 ,,wd #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ab4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores purpli% br[n & borne on gills ,flammul9a velutipes 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,velvet-%ank ,cap3 wid? #bj-hj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #e-aj mm2 l5g? #ce-fj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bright s&-col\r or slightly r$-br[n at c5tre1 convex at fir/ !n flatt5$ ) age1 smoo?1 slimy because ( ! pres5ce ( a /icky ela/ic sk91 r rubb]y to ! t\*4 ,/em3 cyl9drical or slightly swoll5 t[>ds ! base1 d>k br[n & d5sely hairy or velvety1 t\gh & rubb]y to h&le4 ,gills3 adnex$1 v unequal & some:at di/ant1 pale yell[1 gradually becom+ buff z ! spores mature4 ,fle%3 ) r pleasant smell1 yell[i%1 wat]y & s(t4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e1 ellipsoid & ab\t #h #c-d m 9 ,size 7#g-i #c-d m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 hyal9e1 elongate1 broadly flask-%ap$4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd 9 clu/]s on old /umps1 fall5 trunks & on ! w\nd$ p>ts ( /&+ trees4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus c be recognis$ by ! clu/]$ habit1 ! viscid1 bright tawny cap & ! d>k velvety /em4 ,?is is "o ( ! few ag>ics :i* occurs regul>ly late 9 ! season1 ev5 appe>+ 9 ! w9t]1 al?\gh x c be se5 gr[+ 9 its famili> gr\ps at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>4 ,?is fungus holds a r isolat$ position 9 classification & 0 once plac$ 9 ! g5us ,collybia4 ,x may be f\nd 9 sev]al books "u ?is la/ g5us4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ah;b2 ,hvass #hj2 ,,lh #aji2 ,,nb #ada2 ,,wd #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ac4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,myc5a gal]iculata 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,bonnet myc5a ,cap3 wid? #be-ej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-f mm2 l5g? #ej-abe mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 conical or bell-%ap$ !n exp&+ b reta9+ a c5tral umbo1 nev] completely flatt5$1 smoo?1 greyi%1 pale sepia or dirty :ite & /riate ) d>k] l9es f ! m>g9 to ! c5tre4 ,/em3 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap1 smoo?1 %9y1 t\gh & usually noticeably d[ny at base4 ,gills3 at fir/ :ite flu%$ di/9ctly pale p9k ) age1 unc9ate1 r di/ant & sometimes ) int]connect+ ve9s4 ,fle%3 :ite ) little or no di/9ctive smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e1 broadly ellipsoid1 smoo?1 ab\t #aj #g m 9 size 7#i-ab #f-h m7 & /a9+ blui% grey :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 club-%ap$ b ! apex ornam5t$ ) blunt hairs ( v>y+ l5g?s4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,commonly f\nd1 9 all b ! colde/ mon?s1 9 woods1 p>ks or g>d5s1 (t5 9 d5se clu/]s on /umps & fall5 trunks ( broad-leav$ trees4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is is "o ( our commone/ memb]s1 & "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! g5us ,myc5a2 _m species 9 ?is g5us are q small yet are nev]!less v important compon5ts ( ! woodl& flora decompos+ leaves1 twigs1 etc41 & contribut+ 9 ?is way to ! recirculat+ ( organic matt]4 ,! "n ,myc5a is d]iv$ f ! same ,greek ^w z t :i* ref]s to ! c\ntry ar\nd ! anci5t city ( ,myc5ae 9 ! pla9 ( ,argos1 & f :5ce ,agamemnon came & ga!r$ 8 =ces to invade ,troy to reclaim ,hel5 8 wife4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is simil>ity 9 "n came ab\t ?r\gh ! necessity = an army /ation$ 9 ,argos1 e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,greece1 to rely on ! mu%rooms f\nd on ! pla9s ab\t to save ! soldi]s f />vation4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ag;a2 ,hvass #aai2 ,,lh #aji2 ,,nb #acc2 ,,wd #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ad4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,pluteus c]v9us 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,fawn pluteus ,cap3 wid? #dj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-ae mm2 l5g? #ge-abe mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 conical1 rapidly exp&+ & !n becom+ plano-convex or flatt5$ ) only a slight b p]si/5t umbo1 d>k br[n1 umb] or v&yke br[n1 viscid :5 wet & (t5 ) radiat+ fibrils4 ,/em3 :ite1 /reak$ to v>y+ degrees ) d>k br[n fibrils1 cyl9drical or slightly swoll5 t[>ds ! base1 :]e x is atta*$ to ! sub/rate4 ,gills3 remote1 v cr[d$1 ?91 at fir/ :ite !n di/9ctly salmon-p9k4 ,fle%3 ) pleasant smell1 :ite & s(t4 ,spore-pr9t3 dull salmon-p9k4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 v fa9tly buff "u ! microscope1 broadly ellipsoid & #g-h #e-f m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 flask-%ap$1 ! majority ) ?ree or f\r hooks at ! di/9ctively ?ick-wall$ apex4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> to m>g9al cy/idia b sometimes int]mix$ ) ^? lack+ hooks4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus gr[s s+ly or 9 gr\ps on old /umps & fall5 trunks ?r\gh\t ! ye> except = ! mo/ w9try mon?s2 x is commone/ 9 autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus may also gr[ on old sawdu/ heaps1 a habitat :i* is (t5 v wor? :ile exam9+ 9 detail by ! int]e/$ amateur dur+ wet seasons4 ,9 summ] sawdu/ heaps dry out b aft] a good soak+1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c be appli$ artificially by frequ5t wat]+ ) a hose or wat]+-c1 _m int]e/+ fungi develop4 ,on sawdu/ heaps conta9+ conif] debris a l>g] species ) black or d>k br[n edge to ! gills is f\nd--,p4 atrom>g9atus ,khn]4 ,! peculi> po9t$ cy/idia f\nd on ! gill-edge & on ! gill-face ( ,p4 c]v9us 7 ?\ght by "s e>ly mycologi/s to /op mites & insect l>vae f crawl+ up betwe5 ! gills & damag+ ! develop+ spores4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ?is actually takes place 9 nature2 ! real purpose ( ^! obscure /ructures is unkn[n & has be5 little /udi$4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #abg2 ,,lh #aba2 ,,nb #ace2 ,,wd #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ae4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores p9ki% & borne on gills ,gymnopilus p5etrans 7,fries7 ,murrill ,cap3 wid? #bj-ej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-g mm2 l5g? #bj-ej mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 convex !n becom+ flatt5$ at maturity1 dry1 slightly scaly1 gold5 tawny1 or ru/y yell[ & :5 "y ) ! remnants ( a rapidly disappe>+ yell[ cort9a hang+ f ! m>g94 ,/em3 yell[ above & r$-br[n or orange-tawny bel[ & d>k5+ on bruis+2 veil =m+ a delicate fibrillose zone 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /em :i* is soon lo/ on excessive h&l+4 ,gills3 adnate to slightly decurr5t1 ?9 & cr[d$1 at fir/ gold5 yell[1 b soon spott$ ru/ col\r4 ,fle%3 yell[ & lack+ di/9ctive smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 ri* orange-tawny4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid1 f9ely r\gh5$ & deep yell[ br[n "u ! microscope1 less ?an #aj m 9 l5g? 7#g-h #e-d m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 hyal9e1 flask-%ap$ ) long (t5 slightly irregul> neck4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> to ! m>g9al cy/idia1 b (t5 broad]4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is f\nd on /icks or twigs or *ips ( conif]\s wood1 p>ticul>ly 9 plantations4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,al?\gh x has only comp>atively rec5tly be5 recognis$ 9 ,brita9 x is v wide-spread4 ,x has be5 confus$ )1 inde$ describ$ "u1 ! "n ( ! less-common fungus ,gymnopilus sap9eus 7,fries7 ,maire :i* also gr[s 9 conif] woods2 x is easily di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 by its spott$ gills4 ,bo? ! fungi above c be f\nd 9 books "u ! old "n ,flammula1 f ! bright col\r ( ! caps ( _m ( its con/itu5t memb]s1 b ,flammula has be5 us$ = a g5us ( fl[]+ plants also & ?is has prec$5ce4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #bi;a2 ,hvass #aeb n v good2 ,,lh #age n v good2 ,,nb #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #af4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores ru/-br[n & borne on gills ,notes on ! artificial family gr\p #8,pleurotaceae'--! ,oy/] mu%rooms ,"o ( ! common features ( lignicol\s fungi is ! fact t !y lack a di/9ct /em or if "o is pres5t x is atta*$ to "o side ( ! cap1 i4e4 lat]al4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! pa/ ! correlation ( ! habitat ) lack ( /em has induc$ mycologi/s to def9e a s+le family to include all ^! =ms4 ,aft] /udy+ ! anatomy & microscopic *>act]s ?is gr\p+ has be5 f\nd to be entirely artificial & simply reflects h[ ! morphology is ti$ up intimately ) ! ecology ( a species4 ,9 ?is "o family memb]s ( ! g5]a ,panus1 ,panellus1 ,l5t9us1 ,l5t9ellus1 ,crepidotus1 ,pleurotellus1 & ,pleurotus h all be5 gr\p$ toge!r1 b "s ( ! g5]a are m relat$ to ! polypores ref]r$ to lat] 7p4 #ace72 _m ( ^? ) br[n spores are bett] plac$ ) ,cort9>ius & "s ( ^? ) :ite or cream-col\r$ spores are bett] plac$ close to ,myc5a & ,tri*oloma4 ,?is leaves z a residue ! g5us ,pleurotus1 a g5us :i* al?\gh r het]og5e\s conta9s "o famili> memb]1 i4e4 ! common ,oy/] mu%room1 ,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,pleurotus o/reatus 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,oy/] mu%room ,gr[s up to #aej mm across4 ,cap3 flatt5$1 %ell-%ap$1 smoo? or slightly crack$1 deep blui% grey1 gradually becom+ br[ni% ) age & f9ally d>k buff4 ,/em3 abs5t or v %ort1 pass+ gradually into "o side ( ! cap4 ,gills3 :ite flu%+ dirty yell[ ) age1 r di/ant & deeply decurr5t4 ,fle%3 :ite1 s(t & ) v pleasant smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 pale lilac4 ,spores3 long1 hyal9e1 oblong "u ! microscope & #aj-aa #d m 9 size4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common1 clu/]$ 9 ti]s on /umps1 trunks1 po/s1 etc4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is n infrequ5t on old telephone-poles & =ms :ite %eets ( mycelium imm$iately "u ! b>k ( fall5 trees4 ,al?\gh frequ5t 9 autumn x may be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye> & is easily recognis$ by its size & bracket-l1 %ell-%ap$ caps4 ,x surpris+ly has a pale lilac spore-pr9t & n z might be expect$ a :ite spore-pr9t4 ,9 ! v>4 columb9us ,qulet ! "y caps are a beautiful peacock-blue2 ?is v>iety frequ5tly gr[s on popl>s4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #abe2 ,hvass #aji2 ,,lh #ajg2 ,,nb #abe2 ,,wd #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ag4 ,wood-inhabit+1 fle%y b lea!ry fungi3 ,spores :iti% or br[ni% & borne on gills--#8,pleurotaceae' ,panus torulosus 7,fries7 ,fries is a t\gh1 funnel-%ap$1 yell[i% c9namon fungus ) oblong-ellipsoid1 small1 hyal9e spores measur+ #e-f #c m & *ang+ yell[i% n blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,panellus /ipticus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 =ms ti]s ( pale c9namon-br[n1 m or less kidney-%ap$1 scurfy caps on old wood & has egg-%ap$1 hyal9e1 small spores measur+ #d #b-c m :i* become blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,l5t9ellus co*leatus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 =ms irregul> lob$ & twi/$1 flatt5$ or funnel-%ap$ dirty br[ni% caps ) a fragrant smell1 too!d gill-edges & almo/ sph]ical1 small1 hyal9e spores measur+ #e #d m :i* become blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,l5t9ellus app>5tly has v close aff9ities to ,auriscalpium1 #8! ,e> pick fungus'1 7p4 #aeh7 bo? 9 ! /ructure ( ! spores & ! anatomy ( ! fruit-body4 ,l5t9us lepideus 7,fries7 ,fries =ms v t\gh fruit-bodies ) convex or flatt5$1 pale yell[i% caps & /ems ornam5t$ ) d>k tawny or br[n scales4 ,! /em is (t5 ecc5tric & buri$ 9 cracks or s(t rott5 wood on :i* x gr[s2 ! spores are non-amyloid4 ,x gr[s on p9e /umps b also on decay+ or unprotect$ railway sleep]s & wood5 pav+ blocks1 joi/s1 etc41 made ( conif] wood4 ,:5 ! fungus fruits 9 a d>k5$ environm5t1 su* z a cell>1 ! mu%room-l fruit-bodies are n produc$ b are replac$ by sl5d] bran*$ /ructures simil> to ! #8,/ag's horn' or #8,c&le-snuff fungus' 7p4 #bjf71 or to c]ta9 ( ! ,fairy ,club fungi 7p4 #agb74 ,simil> gr[?s h be5 record$ = ,polyporus squamosus :i* gr[s on h>d wood timb] & is describ$ 9 detail lat] 7p4 #adj74 ,crepidotus mollis 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,s(t slipp] toad/ool ,cap3 up to #de mm across & 9 ti]s1 sessile1 %ell-%ap$ or kidney-%ap$1 smoo?1 rubb]y & br[ni% o*re 9 col\r4 ,gills3 pale buff !n c9namon-br[n & f9ally flu%$ snuff-br[n1 ?9 & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 wat]y1 gelat9\s b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! cap & :iti% buff4 ,spore-pr9t3 w>m br[n4 ,spores3 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 m$ium-siz$1 pale buff "u ! microscope & #h-i #e-ee m 9 size4 ,easily recognis$ by ! s(t ela/ic cap :i* c be /ret*$ )\t break+1 ! br[n gills & pale buff spores4 7,see ,plate #di1 p4 #aec47 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #agg2 ,,nb #ade2 ,,wd #fi4 ,! artificiality ( classify+ all ^? ag>ics ) bo? a spoon-%ap$ or bracket-%ap$ fruit-body1 & a r$uc$ 7or lack+7 /em is fur!r exemplifi$ by ! pres5ce ( simil> g5]a 9 o!r gr\ps ( fungi4 ,= in/ance ,claudopus is typifi$ by p9k1 angul> spores 7,plate #bh7 & ,clitopilus is *>act]is$ by longitud9ally ridg$ spores1 i4e4 !y are n angul> 9 all optical sections b only :5 se5 end on 7see p4 #aja74 ,an example ( ! =m] is ,c4 p>asiticus 7,qulet7 ,rick5 :i* gr[s on dead rema9s ( woody fungi1 & ( ! latt] ,c4 passack]ianus 7,pilt7 ,s+] :i* may invade mu%room b$s4 ,bo? species are q small ?\gh ! la/ fungus is simil>ly col\r$ to ! m famili> ,clitopilus prunulus 7,fries7 ,kumm]1 #8,! ,mill]'1 s common 9 woods & fields4 ,?us 9 ! ,briti% ,isles ag>ics ) ecc5tric /ems may be f\nd1 9 ! :ite1 br[n & p9k-spor$ gr\ps--& 9 ! tropics & subtropics ! picture is complet$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! g5us ,melanotus 9 ! black-spor$ ag>ics4 ,m4 bambus9us ,pat4 gr[s on bamboos & ,m4 musae 7,b]k4 ,curt47 ,s+] gr[s on dead leaves & debris ( bananas2 ! latt] is also a probable ag5t 9 ! decay ( fibres 9 ! tropics4 7d7 ,saprophytes--t]re/rial ag>ics ,melanoleuca melaleuca 7,fries7 ,murrill ,cap3 wid? #dj-aaj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ej-hj mm2 l5g? #ej-ij mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 d>k br[n1 umb] or v&yke :5 moi/1 hygrophan\s & becom+ v mu* pal] on dry+ almo/ tan1 convex !n flatt5$ sometimes umbonate1 smoo? or wr9kl$4 ,/em3 :ite or :iti% cov]$ 9 br[ni% fibrils :i* increase 9 numb] ) age or aft] h&l+2 solid1 r ela/ic & slightly swoll5 t[>ds ! base4 ,gills3 :ite1 broad1 cr[d$ & z if cut out f beh9d be=e jo9+ ! /em4 ,fle%3 ) pleasant smell1 s(t1 :ite1 becom+ br[ni% ) age1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 v pale ivory-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid1 hyal9e "u ! microscope & r\gh5$ by di/9ct dots :i* become blue-black :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e1 #h #d-e m4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 spe>- or sword-%ap$1 r\gh5$ ) cry/als at ! top & appe>+ z if b>b$ l fi%-sp9es4 ,facial cy/idia3 num]\s & simil> to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 autumn 9 woods2 also f\nd 9 pa/ures4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,a v common fungus :i* is r confus+ to ! beg9n] because ( its v>iation 9 col\r1 br\ght ab\t by ! *ange 9 col\r ) *ange 9 cont5t ( wat]4 ,h[ev]1 ?is fungus c be easily recognis$ by ! unusually ornam5t$ cy/idia f\nd on ! gill-faces & gill-m>g9s4 ,?is "* & ! fact t ! spores possess amyloid ornam5tation def9e 9 "p ! g5us ,melanoleuca4 ,9 _m books ?is common fungus is f\nd "u ! g5us ,tri*oloma2 h[ev]1 memb]s ( ?is latt] g5us h nei!r amyloid ornam5t$ spores nor b>b$ cy/idia4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #ajc2 ,,wd #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ah4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,clitocybe infundibuli=mis 7,we9m47 ,qulet ,common funnel-cap ,cap3 wid? #bj-fj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #h-ac mm2 l5g? #ce-ge mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 yell[i% o*re flu%$ slightly p9ki% buff or c9namon b lat] pale tan on age+ or dry+1 funnel %ap$4 ,/em3 col\r l cap or slightly d>k]1 flexible b firm & solid4 ,gills3 :ite or fa9tly flu%$ buff1 decurr5t & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 ) pleasant slightly floral smell1 :ite1 s(t & fairly ?94 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e1 te>-drop %ap$1 smoo?1 #f-g #c-d m & n blue+ :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 little diff]5t f "y basidia 9 dim5sion & %ape1 al?\gh "s may h a %ort apical prolongation4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,woods1 copses1 hea?s & hill-pa/ures f summ] to autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,an easily recognisable fungus because ( its graceful /ature1 ?91 funnel-%ap$ p9ki% buff cap & te>-drop-%ap$ spores4 ,sev]al ,clitocybe species gr[ 9 woodl&s1 _m ( !m appe>+ lat] 9 ! season :5 col\rful ag>ics are r>]4 ,! g5us ,clitocybe is *>act]is$ by ! fle%y cap ) incurv$ m>g9 :5 "y1 fibr\s1 fle%y /em & decurr5t gills4 ,c4 clavipes 7,fries7 ,kumm] has a smoky br[n1 top-%ap$ cap1 fragile /em :i* also has a di/9ct swell+ at its base1 & /rong r unpleasant smell4 ,c4 nebul>is 7,fries7 ,kumm] is simil>1 b is pale cl\dy grey1 has a less fragile /em & a fairly pleasant smell4 ,?is species if (t5 cov]$ 9 a bloom :i* develops fur!r z ! fruit-body det]iorates4 ,! ag>ic ,volv>iella surrecta 7,knapp7 ,s+] is a r>e p>asite ( ,c4 nebul>is 7see p4 #bdg7 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is bloom may 9 fact belong to ?is species4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h on sev]al occasions tri$ to enc\rage ! bloom to reproduce by keep+ ho>y look+ fruit-bodies ( ,c4 nebul>is 9 a damp-*amb]1 b z yet ,i h nev] be5 successful4 ,nev]!less1 x is an ex]cise :i* w\ld be ( great int]e/ to cont9ue & a s\rce ( great excitem5t if ! small p9k-spor$ ag>ic 7 produc$4 ,c4 fragrans 7,fries7 ,kumm] is a small1 sweetly aromatic-smell+ species f\nd 9 frondose woods1 & ,c4 langei ,hora1 is a mealy-smell+ species ( conif] plantations4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #af;a2 ,hvass #ee2 ,,lh #ie2 ,,wd #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ai4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,hebeloma cru/ul9i=me 7,/ ,amans7 ,qulet ,fairy-cake mu%room ,cap3 wid? #dj-hj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #h-ab mm2 l5g? #ch-he mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 pale yell[ buff or pale tan ) a di/9ct r$di% buff or c9namon-br[n t9t1 d>k5+ only slightly ) age2 smoo?1 at fir/ tacky to ! f+]s1 b !n dry & %9y at c5tre1 convex & h>dly exp&+4 ,/em3 cyl9drical or slightly swoll5 t[>ds ! base1 :iti% & ) a flu% ( p9ki% buff at apex1 & cov]$ all ov] 9 small1 :ite scales4 ,gills3 s9uate1 cr[d$1 pale clay-col\r or buff1 b f9ally dull d>k yell[ o*re except = ! di/9ct :ite m>g9s :i* are bead$ 9 wet wea!r ) droplets ( liquid4 ,fle%3 :iti% ) a v /rong smell ( radi%es4 ,spore-pr9t3 d>k clay-col\r4 ,spores3 long1 slightly almond-%ap$1 pale br[n "u ! microscope1 di/9ctly w>t$ & ab\t #aa #f m 9 size 7#aj-ab #f-g m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 cyl9drical to skittle-%ap$ ) slightly to di/9ctly swoll5 apex4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 autumn on ! gr\nd by pa?sides & 9 woodl& cle>+s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,recognisable by ! uni=m c9namon or p9ki% buff cap1 :ite woolly scales on ! /em & di/9ctive1 /rong smell ( radi%4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t ?is species may on occasions be mycorrhizal2 fur!r field /udies are requir$4 ,!re are sev]al closely relat$ fungi :i* are difficult = ! amateur to diff]5tiate f ,h4 cru/ul9i=me2 !re is no d\bt t !re are sev]al species pres5t 9 ! ,briti% ,isles :i* d n appe> 9 ! ,*eck ,li/ ( ,briti% ,ag>ics ,boleti2 9 fact1 x w\ld appe> t !re are sev]al yet to be describ$ z new to sci5ce4 ,al?\gh individual species are fairly difficult to delimit1 ! g5us ,hebeloma itself is easily recognis$1 mo/ memb]s be+ m$ium siz$ ) br[n s9uate gills1 :iti%1 yell[i%1 or p9ki%1 i4e4 pale1 caps & :ite-p[d]$ /ems4 ,! ^w #8cru/ul9' :i* appe>s 9 ! ,lat9 "n ( ,h4 cru/ul9i=me is itself f ! ,lat9 & means small cake1 ref]r+ to ! cap-%ape1 :i* rema9s fairly con/ant ?r\gh\t ! fungus' gr[?4 ,! common "n is d]iv$ f ?is also4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bj4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores dull br[n & borne on gills ,inocybe geophylla 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,common :ite inocybe ,cap3 wid? #aj-be mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-f mm2 l5g? #cj-ej mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 conical ) incurv$ m>g9 !n bell-%ap$ & reta9+ a di/9ct umbo ev5 :5 mature1 silv]y :ite !n ivory & f9ally pale tan p>ticul>ly c5trally & silky fibrillose ?r\gh\t4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 cyl9drical b = a small swell+ at ! base1 silky & %9+ ) a few fibrils f a =m] cort9a :i* may be br[ni% due to spores adh]+ to x at maturity4 ,gills3 adnex$ to free1 cr[d$1 pale o*race\s becom+ clay-col\r$4 ,fle%3 :ite ) smell ( newly dug potatoes1 /rong :5 fre%4 ,spore-pr9t3 clay-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 ellipsoid or slightly ,fr5*-bean-%ap$1 smoo?1 yell[-br[n "u ! microscope & #i-aa #d-e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 flask- to sp9dle-%ap$ ) di/9ctly ?ick5$ walls & frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) cry/als apically4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 troops 9 woodl& cle>+s1 by pa?sides or on ! edges ( dit*es bord]+ woods4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is easily recognis$ by ! v pale uni=m col\r1 ! col\r ( ! spore-pr9t1 silky umbonate cap & small size4 ,! cort9a connects ! cap-m>g9 & ! /em & consi/s ( a cobwebby /ructure :i* collapses at maturity4 ,a violet col\r$ v>iety1 v>4 lilac9a ,gillet is frequ5tly f\nd1 9 fact1 ev5 accompany+ v>4 geophylla2 x diff]s only 9 ! lilac-col\r ( ! cap & /em4 ,i4 geophylla is a memb] ( ! v l>ge g5us ,inocybe1 fur!r memb]s ( :i* w be dealt ) lat] 7see p4 #bch74 ,! g5us is well def9$ ) dull-yell[ spore-pr9t1 well diff]5tiat$ /]ile cells on ! gill-edge 7& (t5 on ! gill-face7 & ! cobweb-l veil1 or cort9a1 /ret*+ f ! cap-m>g9 to ! /em & easily obs]v$ 9 "y specim5s4 ,! g5us is split into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps3 ^? ) smoo? spores1 ^? ) nodulose spores & ^? ) subglobose spores ornam5t$ ) long projections4 ,i4 geophylla is includ$ 9 ! fir/ gr\p4 ,! gr\p :i* includes ! nodulose-spor$ memb]s has be5 elevat$ to ! rank ( g5us by "s au?ors1 i4e4 ,a/rospor9a--a "n ref]r+ to ! spore-%ape eg41 ,i4 a/]ospora4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ac;a 7too blue72 ,,lh #aee2 ,,nb #aci2 ,,wd #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ba4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores dull br[n & borne on gills ,lacc>ia laccata 7,fries7 ,cooke ,deceiv] ,cap3 wid? #ab-bh mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-h mm2 l5g? #ae-fj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 hygrophan\s1 r$di% br[n or brick-col\r becom+ o*race\s on dry+1 b c be rapidly return$ to ! orig9al col\r by plac+ on ! top a drop ( wat] :i* is rapidly absorb$2 fragile1 convex at fir/ !n flatt5$ or depress$ ab\t c5tre1 smoo? or surface scaley1 /riate at m>g9 :5 moi/4 ,/em3 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap1 fibr\s1 cyl9drical1 t\gh & usually ) :ite woolly base4 ,gills3 adnate ) or )\t a decurr5t too?1 ?ick1 di/ant & p9ki% or pale r$di%-br[n1 p[d]$ ) :ite :5 mature4 ,fle%3 r$-br[n1 s(t 9 ! cap & fibr\s 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 pure :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope & sph]ical1 #g-h m 9 diamet] & beautifully sp9y4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 troops 9 woodl&1 copses1 on hea?s2 9 fact x may be f\nd 9 ne>ly all possible habitats4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is is a v common ag>ic :i* 9 ! future w probably be split into sev]al di/9ct species2 un=tunately x is z v>iable z x is common1 h5ce ! common "n #8deceiv]'2 x is (t5 mi/ak5 at fir/ glance = _m o!r species q unrelat$4 ,i h se5 ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ mycologi/ pick up r unfamili> specim5s ( ,lacc>ia laccata 9 mi/ake = a species ( ,lact>ius or a species ( ,collybia1 etc4 ,i w\ld hate to say m because ,i h be5 #8deceiv$' myself on m ?an "o occasion4 ,l4 laccata appe>s to be a composite species1 b because ( ! difficulty 9 def9+ "s ( ! *>act]s ! splitt+ ( ! species has n z yet be5 satisfactorily solv$4 ,! smell1 h[ev]1 may well give a clue = "s specim5s smell v /rongly ( radi% :il/ o!rs are od\rless4 ,l4 proxima 7,b\di]7 ,pat\ill>d1 diff]s 9 hav+ ellipsoid spores2 x is l>g] 9 /ature & is common 9 wet places4 ,l4 ame?y/ea 7,mrat7 ,murrill1 diff]s 9 ! deep violet or ame?y/-col\r ( ! fruit-body & commonly gr[s 9 %ad$ woods4 ,l4 bicolor 7,maire7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton1 :i* is less frequ5t1 has lilace\s gills & violace\s mycelium at ! base ( ! /em4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #ff2 ,,nb #acc2 ,,wd #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bb4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,myc5a sangu9ol5ta 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,small ble$+ myc5a ,cap3 wid? #aj-ag mm4 ,/em3 wid? #b-d mm2 l5g? #ej-hj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bell-%ap$ or conical exp&+ only slightly ) age & s rema9+ umbonate1 r$di%-br[n1 /riate to ! m>g9 f ! d>k] apex & blot*$ age ) r$-br[n spots4 ,/em3 pale r$di% br[n1 v sl5d]1 fragile1 woolly at ! base & exud+ a r$-br[n juice :5 brok54 ,gills3 adnate1 fairly di/ant1 :iti% to fle%-col\r ) a d>k r$-br[n edge & n noticeably becom+ blot*$ ) r$-br[n4 ,fle%3 ) no di/9ctive smell1 r$di%-br[n & v ?94 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e1 ellipsoid to pip-%ap$1 smoo? ab\t #aj m long 7#i-aj #d-e m7 & becom+ blui% grey :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 awl-%ap$1 po9t$ at ! apex1 swoll5 bel[ & fill$ ) d>k r$-br[n cont5ts4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,solit>y or 9 small gr\ps on poorly kept lawns1 9 woods & copses2 x is p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 ! b$s ( ne$les f\nd 9 p9e woods4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is easily recognis$ by ! sl5d] habit1 r$di% juice exud$ :5 brok5 & habitat pref]5ces4 ,myc5a haematopus 7,fries7 ,kumm] is l>g] & gr[s 9 tufts on wood1 b also has a r$-br[n juice :i*1 h[ev]1 spots ! gills4 ,ano!r v common species ( ,myc5a is ,m4 galopus 7,fries7 ,kumm] :i* has a greyi% or br[ni% cap & exudes a milk-l juice4 ,! relat$ ,m4 leucogala 7,cooke7 ,sacc>do is almo/ black 7see p4 #baf74 ,^! ag>ics exud+ juice :5 brok5 h a fle% compos$ ( filam5ts1 a v diff]5t fle%-/ructure to species ( ,lact>ius 7see p4 #ej7 & al?\gh _! spores are amyloid !y d n turn blue-black 9 iod9e because ( ! pres5ce ( amyloid cre/s & w>ts4 ,!re are few additional species ( ag>ic :i* exude a milk-l liquid1 b ! majority ( ^! are tropical or subtropical4 ,! second names or epi!ts = ! f\r species m5tion$ above all ref] to ! #8latex'--sangu9ol5ta--ble$+1 haematopus blood-foot2 galopus1 milk-foot & leucogala1 :ite milk4 ,= notes on ,myc5a "o is ref]r$ to p4 #fh describ+ ,m4 gal]iculata 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray4 ,illu/rations3 ,,wd #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bc4 ,fle%y1 milk+ fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,collybia maculata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,spott$ t\gh-%ank ,cap3 wid? #hj-acj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #e-bj mm2 l5g? #ej-aeh mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 :ite b soon becom+ spott$ ) r$di%-br[n1 f9ally cream-col\r ) r$-br[n blot*es1 convex !n becom+ flatt5$1 fle%y1 firm & t\gh4 ,/em3 :ite becom+ /reak$ r$-br[n1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle1 longitud9ally furr[$ or /riate & (t5 n>r[$ d[nw>ds into a long irregul> root emb$d$ 9 ! deep litt]4 ,gills3 v cr[d$1 cream-col\r$1 becom+ spott$ r$-br[n ) age4 ,fle%3 ) pleasant smell1 :ite & fibr\s 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 p9ki% cream-col\r4 ,spores3 small1 almo/ sph]ical1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ab\t #e m 9 diamet] 7#d-e #e m7 & n blue+ :5 plac$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 troops 9 woods1 p>ticul>ly bee* b also f\nd 9 p9e woods & on hea?s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by ! cr[d$1 n>r[1 cream col\r$ gills & ! cap be+ entirely :ite :5 "y1 b :i* rapidly becomes spott$ r$-br[n z x develops4 #8,maculatus' means spott$ & ref]s to ! r$-br[n blot*es :i* develop irregul>ly on ! cap1 /em & gills z ! fruit-body matures4 ,! g5us ,collybia is *>act]is$ by ! fruit-body be+ t\gh1 ! cap-m>g9 incurv$ at fir/ & ! spore-pr9t :ite or :iti%4 ,! common fungus ,c4 maculata has always be5 assum$ to h a :ite spore-pr9t b if a cap is plac$ on a piece ( :ite pap] gills-d[n & left = twelve h\rs !re is a surprise 9 /ore = ! c>eful obs]v]4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ae;a2 ,hvass #gg2 ,,lh #aja2 ,,nb #ajc2 ,,wd #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bd4 ,fle%y fungi ) t\gh /em3 ,spores :ite to cream & borne on gills ,! specialis$ sub/rates ( c]ta9 species ( ,m>asmius & relat$ g5]a ,a :ole s]ies ( v small fungi are f\nd 9 woodl& communities :i* appe> to be closely relat$ "o to ano!r because _! caps are usually t\gh1 al?\gh membran\s1 dry rapidly yet d n decay1 &1 moreov]1 revive on remoi/5+4 ,_! gills are also r t\gh & _! spores always :ite 9 mass4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! g5us ,m>asmius4 ,collybia or ,m>asmius p]onatus 7,fries7 ,fries ! #8wood woolly foot' is "o ( our l>g] m famili> ag>ics relat$ to ?is gr\p1 b :]eas x gr[s on all k9ds ( leafy detritus1 ev5 wood1 ^! small fungi appe> to be v specific to ! sub/rate on :i* !y gr[4 ,m4 &rosaceus 7,fries7 ,fries gr[s bo? on hea!r & on p9e-ne$les 7see p4 #bca74 ,cap3 :iti% or p9ki% buff4 ,/em3 black & hair-l4 ,spores3 pip-%ap$ & #g-i #c-d m4 ,m4 buxi ,fries gr[s on box leaves4 ,m4 epiphylloides 7,rea7 ,sacc>do ,trott] gr[s on ivy leaves4 ,m4 gram9um 7,lib]t7 ,b]keley gr[s on grass /ems4 ,cap3 r$-br[n4 ,/em3 d>k br[n4 ,spores3 pip-%ap$1 #h-ab #d-f m4 ,m4 hudsonii 7,fries7 ,fries gr[s on holly leaves4 ,m4 p]=ans 7,fries7 ,fries gr[s on p9e ne$les 7n[ plac$ 9 ! g5us ,micromphale74 ,m4 undatus 7,b]keley7 ,fries gr[s on brack5 /ems4 ,cap3 r$di% br[n or greyi% & wr9kl$4 ,spores3 egg-%ap$1 #h-i #f-g m4 ,except = _! r special requirem5ts z to sub/rate pref]5ce1 ^! species h 9 common small size1 r t\gh horny /ems & cap compos$ ( erect ornam5t$ cells4 ,sev]al ag>ics :i* gr[ on cones h also be5 plac$ 9 ,m>asmius4 ,!y are frequ5t 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] ! fruit-bodies be+ atta*$ by a v long root+ /em & cord ( fluffy hyphae to buri$ cones 9 conif]s4 ,! biology ( ^! fungi is /ill unkn[n1 b ! cones to :i* !y are atta*$ are always clos$ yet buri$ (t5 sev]al in*es b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil4 ,x is yet to be f\nd :e!r ! spores ( ! ag>ic infect ! cones aft] !y drop or :e!r ! cones fall because !y h become infect$4 ,h[ d ! cones become s deeply buri$8 ,are squirrels or rod5ts involv$8 ,all ! species :i* gr[ on cones h br[n or tawny caps & yell[i% br[n /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #be4 ,fle%y fungi ) wiry to t\gh /em3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills1 fruit-body frequ5tly reviv+ :5 moi/5$ ,/robilurus /ephanocy/is 7,hora7 ,s+] has cy/idia ) r\nd$ heads & gr[s on p9e-cones4 ,s4 t5acellus 7,fries7 ,s+] has po9t$ cy/idia & gr[s on p9e-cones4 ,s4 escul5tus 7,fries7 ,s+] has lance-%ap$ cy/idia & gr[s on spruce cones4 ,baeospora myosura 7,fries7 ,s+] is t\gh & pale-col\r$ & is simil> 9 g5]al *>act]s to species ( ,/robilurus1 b has amyloid spores & fruits on p9e-cones 9 ! autumn4 ,:5 discuss+ ! specialis$ plant-sub/rates1 su* z cones1 "o mu/ m5tion ! small br[n-spor$1 pale buff col\r$ ag>ic ,tub>ia disp]sa 7,p]soon7 ,s+]1 or ,tub>ia auto*?ona 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,sacc>do1 :i* gr[s on ! gr\nd "u haw?orns1 (t5 9 troops 9 summ] & autumn1 atta*$ to old h>d5$ haw?orn b]ries4 7ii7 ,ag>ics ( ,pa/ures & ,mead[s 7a7 ,ag>ics ( r\gh & hill pa/ures ,hygrocybe prat5sis 7,fries7 ,donk ,butt] mu%room ,cap3 wid? #bj-hj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #e-ab mm2 l5g? #cj-gj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 convex !n exp&+ to become plano-convex ) a broad l[ umbo1 tan1 pale russet or ev5 yell[i% buff ?r\gh\t or slightly d>k] at ! c5tre4 ,/em3 gradually ?ick5$ upw>ds1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap or pal] if ! cap is d>k russet4 ,gills3 pale buff1 deeply decurr5t & (t5 connect$ up at _! bases by ve9s4 ,fle%3 buff or pale tan1 ?ick & s(t 9 ! cap1 slightly fibr\s 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid to egg-%ap$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 #g-h #e m 9 size & n becom+ blui% grey 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 pa/ures or on hea?s f e>ly summ] to late autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,a fungus easily recognis$ by ! uni=m buff-col\r ( ! /em1 cap & gills4 ,z "o might expect f ! common "n x is edible2 x is held 9 high reg>d by _m mu%room-pick]s4 ,al?\gh #8prat5sis' specifically means fields1 reflect+ ! habitat ( ! fungus1 ?is & relat$ species c also be f\nd on hea?s & pa/ures (t5 int]mix$ & =m+ a mo/ int]e/+ flora4 ,! foll[+ are p]haps ! mo/ commonly se53 ,h4 lacma 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ & ,h4 c9]ea 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ are simil> 9 /ature1 b metallic grey 9 col\r except = ! p]si/5tly yell[ /em-base 9 ,h4 lacma4 ,h4 subradiata 7,secretan7 ,orton ,watl+ is fle%-col\r$ or br[ni% & ,h4 virg9ea 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ is :ite4 ,h4 nivea 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ & ,h4 russocoriacea 7,b]keley ,mill]7 ,orton ,watl+ are mu* small]1 ! =m] :ite & od\rless & ! latt] (f-:ite ) a v /rong smell ( inc5se4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ab;b2 ,hvass #ie2 ,,lh #gg2 ,,nb #cc2 ,,wd #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bf4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on ?ick1 waxy gills ,hygrocybe psittac9a 7,fries7 ,wuns*e ,p>rot hygrophorus ,cap3 wid? #ab-be mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-h mm2 l5g? #cj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 v slimy ) col\rless /icky fluid1 deep blui% gre5 :5 fre%1 b becom+ m & m o*race\s-orange ) age or completely fad+ out to a yell[ o*re1 bell-%ap$ at fir/ !n exp&$ except = c5tral umbo4 ,/em3 l ! cap v slimy1 apple-gre5 or blui% gre5 ?r\gh\t b becom+ o*race\s l ! cap except at ! apex :i* is p]si/5tly gre54 ,gills3 adnate yell[ or apricot-col\r$1 gre5i% t[>ds _! base1 broad1 di/ant & r t\gh4 ,fle%3 :iti%1 t+$ gre5 9 ! cap & yell[ or apricot-col\r 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e1 ellipsoid1 n blue-grey 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e & #h-i #d-e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 grassl& & hill-pa/ures1 b x also occurs 9 copses & woodl&s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is easily recognis$ by ! di/9ctive col\rs1 b x is r deceptive = ! cap & ! /em soon become fad$2 h[ev]1 ! gre5 col\ration p]si/s at ! apex ( ! /em & x is by ?is t 9 ! fad$ /ate ! fungus c /ill be id5tifi$4 ,h4 laeta 7,fries7 ,kumm] fades to simil> col\rs b ! cap is fle%-col\r at fir/ or sordid br[n & ! gills are fle%-col\r$ or greyi%2 x pref]s upl& pa/ures & hea?l&3 its spores are small]1 be+ #e-g #d m4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ab;a2 ,hvass #ib2 ,,lh #gi2 ,,nb #cc2 ,,wd #cd4 ,g5]al notes on ,hygrophori ,hygrophori are "s ( our mo/ col\rful gr\ps ( ag>ics1 _m are brightly col\r$ ) caps 9 r$s1 gre5s1 yell[s1 oranges1 etc41 ! col\r (t5 acc5tuat$ by ! usually slimy aspect4 ,traditionally ! g5us ,hygrophorus has be5 split into ?ree gr\ps z foll[s3-- ,limacium ) slimy cap1 adnate to decurr5t gills & slimy or tacky /em :i* may also (t5 be ornam5t$ ) dots1 especially t[>ds ! top4 ,cam>ophyllus ) dry cap1 smoo? & fibr\s /em & decurr5t gills4 ,hygrocybe ) ?91 fragile1 /icky or moi/ cap1 smoo? fibrillose /em & gills v>y+ f free to decurr5t4 ,! la/ two sections h be5 jo9$ toge!r into ! s+le g5us ,hygrocybe & all ! memb]s seem to be saprophytic or intimately associat$ ) grassl& communities4 ,! fir/ section ,limacium n[ makes up ! g5us ,hygrophorus & its memb]s are ?\ght to be mycorrhizal ) trees1 e4g4 ,h4 hypo!jus 7,fries7 ,fries ) p9e1 ! #8,h]ald ( ! w9t]' because x occurs at ! end ( ! fungus season & ,h4 *rysaspis ,mtrod1 a :iti%1 sickly-smell+ fungus "u bee*4 ,results f exam9+ ! anatomy ( ! gills appe>s to confirm ^! divisions4 ,all ! ,hygrophori h a homog5e\s fle%1 :ite spores1 c5tral1 fle%y /em & ?ick1 waxy gills2 microscopically ?is gr\p ( fungi c be recognis$ by ! v long basidia4 ,! foll[+ are common examples ( ! g5us ,hygrocybe3-- ,h4 calyptrae=mis 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,fayod has a rose-p9k1 conical cap :i* exp&s to become upturn$ at ! edge ) age4 ,h4 cocc9ea 7,fries7 ,kumm] has a bright sc>let cap :i* becomes yell[-o*re on dry+ & a yell[ base to a sc>let /em4 ,h4 conica 7,fries7 ,kumm] has an orange to r$ /em & %>ply conical cap :i* turns blacki% ) age & ^: gills :5 cut exude a cle> wat]y liquid4 ,h4 flavesc5s 7,kauffman7 ,s+] has a slimy1 gold5 yell[ cap & simil>ly col\r$ /em4 ,h4 *lorophana is simil>1 b has a lemon-yell[ cap & /em4 ,h4 punicea 7,fries7 ,kumm] is a l>ge & robu/ species1 simil> 9 col\r to ,h4 cocc9ea b ) a :ite base to ! /em4 ,h4 ungu9osa 7,fries7 ,k>/5 has a smoky grey1 v slimy cap & /em4 ,h4 nitrata 7,p]soon7 ,wuns*e is z dull col\r$ z ,h4 ungu9osa1 b is n slimy1 & 9 addition /rongly smells ( clean+ fluid or blea*+-p[d]4 ,x is "o ( ?ree dull col\r$1 /rong blea*+-p[d]-smell+ species f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,h4 ov9a is ano!r1 b is d>k] ?an ,h4 nitrata & becomes r$ :5 bruis$ or cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bg4 ,fle%y brightly col\r$ fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on ?ick1 waxy gills ,h4 metapodia 7,fries7 ,mos] has a sooty br[n fibrillose-/reaky cap & /em4 ,! gills are di/ant & grey1 & ! fruit-body may rea* up to #ajj mm across4 ,x is probably ! bigge/ ( our native species ( ,hygrocybe4 ,= completion examples ( ,hygrophorus include3 ,h4 bresadolae ,qulet has a slimy orange-yell[ cap1 yell[ gills & yell[1 slimy1 smoo? /em4 ,x is f\nd "u l>* trees4 ,h4 *rysaspis ,mtrod has ivory :ite cap1 /em & gills :i* soon become flu%$ ) ru/-br[n & f9ally ! :ole fruit-body becomes r$-br[n4 ,! /em is slimy & :ite dott$ at ! apex4 ,x gr[s 9 bee* woods4 ,h4 h$ry*ii ,vel5ovsky has a slimy cream-col\r$ cap flu%$ ) pale pea* col\r4 ,! gills & /em are cream & ! latt] slimy & dott$ at ! top4 ,x is f\nd 9 p9e woods4 ,h4 hypo!jus 7,fries7 ,fries has an olive-br[n slimy cap1 yell[ /em & gills2 ! /em is slimy & smoo?4 ,x is f\nd 9 p9e woods & "u p9es on hea?s4 ,h4 pu/ulatus 7,p]soon7 ,fries has an a%-grey cap br[ni% t[>ds its c5tre1 viscid :ite /em ) d>k grey dots at ! apex & :ite gills4 ,h4 aga?osmus 7,secretan7 ,fries is simil>1 b smells /rongly ( bitt] almonds4 ,bo? species are f\nd 9 plantations4 ,species ( ! g5us ,hygrophorus are infrequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 ,brita91 al?\gh tw5ty species are record$ = ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,!y are ecologically di/9ct f memb]s ( ! g5us ,hygrocybe 9 pref]r+ woodl& communities to grassl& areas2 !y are probably mycorrhizal4 ,! anatomy ( ! fruit-body is also r diff]5t to t f\nd 9 ,hygrocybe2 ! gill-trama is bilat]al z 9 ,lecc9um 7p4 #bg71 ,suillus 7p4 #bh71 ,boletus 7p4 #ca71 ,*roogomphus 7p4 #cf71 ,paxillus 7p4 #ch7 & ,amanita 7p4 #ed74 ,memb]s ( ! g5us ,hygrocybe h regul> to irregul> gill-tramas4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh bo? g5]a are unit$ into a s+le family1 ! ,hygrophoraceae is bas$ on "o "* common to bo?1 i4e4 ! long basidium2 !re is e indication t ! g5us ,hygrocybe has great] aff9ity to ,omphal9a 9 ! ,tri*olomataceae 7p4 #bcb74 ,surpris+ly en\gh 9 ,nor? ,am]ica _m ( our famili> grassl& species includ+ ,h4 prat5sis are to be f\nd 9 deep %ad$ woodl&6 ,angul>1 p9k-spor$ ag>ics--,rhodophyllaceae ,! "n ( ! family ref]s to ! p9k gills & x unites all ^? fungi ) a salmon-p9ki% buff spore-pr9t & ^: spores are angul> 9 all optical sections4 ,!re are a few ag>ics1 e4g4 ,clitopilus prunulus 7,fries7 ,kumm] ) ridg$ spores :i* appe> angul> 9 end-on view1 b :i* are ellipsoid 9 bo? side & face views & s are consid]$ less relat$4 ,! family ,rhodophyllaceae by "s au?orities conta9s "o g5us ,rhodophyllus1 m correctly call$ ,entoloma2 9 ! ,briti% ,isles five con/itu5t g5]a are recognis$1 b !y w h to be m critically def9$ to make a m mean+ful classification4 ,at ! mom5t1 _m ( ! species are poorly docum5t$ & x w\ld appe> t anatomical /udies w assi/ 9 ! future 9 ! recognition ( species-gr\ps4 ,if "o selects ! eight mo/ di/9ctive %ap$ spore-types exhibit$ 9 memb]s ( ?is family1 !n :5 _! spores are exam9$ side-on a feature is available = correlation ) ! traditional field *>act]s1 su* z cap scal9ess & gill-atta*m5t4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive spore-%ape is ,type ,g1 f\nd 9 ,nolanea /aurospora ,bresadola1 :i* is probably ! mo/ common & widespread species ( ! family4 ,x gr[s 9 woodl&s1 grassl& & on lawns & w be dealt ) lat] 7p4 #abb74 ,! o!r spore types are illu/rat$ & range f irregul>ly rhomboid to elongate angul>4 ,! majority ( ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p gr[ 9 grassl&1 hill-pa/ures & mead[s & di/9ct communities conta9+ memb]s ( ?is family & ( ! ,hygrophoraceae c be recognis$4 ,x is n propos$ to deal 9 detail ) any individual memb]s because !y c be s easily confus$ ) ea* o!r by ! speciali/ let alone by ! amateur4 ,h[ev]1 ! g5]a z at pres5t accept$ are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,entoloma 9 its orig9al s5se conta9s ag>ics ) fle%y caps1 fibr\s /ems & s9uate or adnex$ gills1 e4g4 ,ent4 clypeatum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ) grey to yell[-br[n cap1 f\nd gr[+ ) memb]s ( ! apple & rose-family 9 ! summ] & e>ly autumn4 ,?is g5us corresponds to ,calocybe 9 ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics 7p4 #aaj74 #b4 ,leptonia conta9s ^? ag>ics ) r ?9 caps ^: m>g9 is incurv$1 c>tilag9\s /ems & adnate to adnex$1 r>ely decurr5t1 gills & ^: cap fle% is indi/9ct f t ( ! /em1 e4g4 ,lept4 s]rulata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ) d>k blue to violet-blue cap & d>k blue edge to ! gills4 ,?is g5us approa*es ! t\gh-%anks 7,collybia7 9 ! :ite-spor$ g5]a 7p4 #ij74 #c4 ,nolanea is *>act]is$ by ag>ics ) delicate caps1 ^: fle% is di/9ct f t ( ! /em & ^: edge is /raight & press$ aga9/ ! fragile /em :5 "y1 & ! adnex$ or adnate1 r>ely decurr5t1 gills1 e4g4 ,n4 /aurospora 7see p4 #abb74 ,n4 cetrata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ) yell[-br[n to tan-col\r$ cap is f\nd f spr+ to autumn 9 conif] woodl&1 especially plantations4 ,! g5us corresponds to ,myc5a 9 ! :ite-spor$ ag>ic g5]a 7p4 #fh74 #d4 ,eccilia is a small g5us conta9+ ag>ics ) ?91 membran\s caps & di/9ctly decurr5t gills1 e4g4 ,e4 s]iceonitida ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ) convex1 !n umbilicate1 silky greyi% br[n cap4 ,?is g5us corresponds to ,omphal9a 9 ! :ite-spor$ ag>ics 7p4 #bcb74 #e4 ,claudopus has ?ree ,briti% repres5tatives1 all ( :i* h a v small /em :i* may ev5 be abs5t1 e4g4 ,c4 deplu5s 7,fries7 ,gillet gr[s on soil & ,c4 p>asiticus 7,qulet7 ,rick5 gr[s on old decay+ fruit-bodies ( woody fungi4 ,?is g5us corresponds to ,pleurotellus 9 ! :ite-spor$ g5]a & to ,crepidotus 9 ! br[n-spor$ g5]a 7p4 #gg74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bh4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores p9ki% & angul> & borne on gills - ,rhodophyllaceae ,cy/od]ma amian?9um 7,fries7 ,fayod ,cap3 wid? #ae-ce mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-h mm2 l5g? #ae-cj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 pale o*race\s yell[ to s&-col\r1 convex !n exp&$1 ) c5tral umbo & (t5 radially wr9kl$-reticulate1 cov]$ completely 9 p[d]y granules :5 fre% b ^! gradually disappe> ) age or on excessive h&l+4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 :ite above a n>r[1 easily lo/ r+ :i* is compos$ ( floccose1 o*race\s yell[ granules :i* also clo! ! l[] "p ( ! /em4 ,gills3 adnate1 cream-col\r$ & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 yell[i% ) a /rong smell ( new-m[n hay4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 small to m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 smoo?1 ellipsoid1 #e-g #c-d m & becom+ blue-grey :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,frequ5tly f\nd among/ grass on hea?s1 9 hill-pa/ures & 9 woodl&s f summ] to autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is recognis$ by ! gill-atta*m5t & ! p[d]y-scurfy cap =m$ by ! break+ up ( an envelop+ veil compos$ ( ?ick-wall$1 r\nd$ cells1 simil> to ^? on ! surface ( ! /em4 ,?is fungus 0 =m]ly plac$ 9 ! g5us ,lepiota because ( ! r+ b ! veil 9 ,cy/od]ma amian?9um is =m$ 9 q a diff]5t way to ! r+ 9 ! true p>asol mu%rooms4 ,! gills are also adnate & n free z 9 ! true species ( ,lepiota 7see p4 #aab74 ,c4 c>*>ias 7,secretan7 ,fayod is f\nd "u simil> conditions1 b is :ite or fle%-col\r$4 ,c4 c9nab>9um 7,secretan7 ,fayod is also f\nd 9 %ort grass & moss1 b has a c9nab>-r$1 floccose cap & ,c4 granulosum 7,fries7 ,fayod is yell[i% br[n ) non-amyloid spores & adnex$ gills4 ,_m au?orities pref] to connect ?is small gr\p ( closely relat$ species m to memb]s ( ! ,tri*olomataceae 7i4e4 ! family :i* conta9s ! ,wood ,blewits 7p4 #aca71 ,myc5a 7p4 #fh1 etc47 ?an to ! p>asol mu%rooms--,lepiota 7p4 #aab74 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #bc2 ,,lh #abi2 ,,nb #ajc2 ,,wd #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bi4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 7,fries7 ,maire ,false *ant]elle ,cap3 wid? #be-gj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-g mm2 l5g? #be-ej mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bright orange-yell[ or apricot1 fle%y1 s(t1 depress$ at c5tre & ) wavy1 incurv$1 slightly d[ny m>g94 ,/em3 yell[ at apex1 ri* r$-br[n or orange ab\t ! middle & sometimes d>k br[n at ! v base4 ,gills3 decurr5t1 deep orange1 ?91 cr[d$1 repeat$ly =k$ & easily sep>able f ! cap-tissue4 ,fle%3 yell[i%1 pale 9 ! cap1 d>k] 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ellipsoid or pip-%ap$1 smoo?1 #g-h #d m & r$-br[n :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions ( iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 woodl&s1 p>ticul>ly ) p9es1 & on hea?s or 9 r\gh hill-pa/ures4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is recognisable by ! orange or yell[ cap & /em & ! decurr5t gills4 ,x 0 =m]ly plac$ 9 ,can?>ellus because ( ! col\rs1 :ite spores & ! decurr5t gills1 b x really diff]s 9 _m o!r respects4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t x is frequ5tly confus$ ) ! true ,*ant]elle 7,can?>ellus cib>ius ,fries1 p4 #afb7 by ^? :o d n inspect _! specim5s c>efully4 ,! gills are ?91 plate-l z 9 o!r ag>ics & n fold-l z 9 ,can?>ellus 7see p4 #afb74 ,! ,*ant]elle is edible & s\ght aft] z a delicacy1 b !re are v>y+ reports z to ! edibility ( ,hygrophoropsis4 ,c]ta9ly x is n ( ! be/ quality & !re is evid5ce = x caus+ upsets3 !re=e x is be/ to take ! "n #8,false ,*ant]elle' at face value & treat ?is fungus z truely false2 #8aurantiaca' means orange-col\r$ & ref]s to ! col\r ( ! fungus4 ,a pale =m is frequ5tly collect$1 p>ticul>ly 9 hill-pa/ures1 & is probably wor?y ( specific recognition4 ,! cap is o*race\s yell[ to cream & ! /em di/9ctly d>k 9 ! l[] half4 ,!re is "s confusion z to ! true position 9 classification ( ?is fungus4 ,! anatomical details ( ! fruit-body p>allel ^? ( ,paxillus involutus 7,fries7 ,fries 7see p4 #ch7 al?\gh ! spore-pr9t is :ite4 ,!re is little d\bt t future rese>* w answ] ?is problem4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #ahc2 ,,lh #ahe2 ,,nb #ajc2 ,,wd #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cj4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills 7b7 ,ag>ics ( *alk-grassl& & ri* upl&s ,ag>icus campe/ris ,fries ,field mu%room ,cap3 wid? #dj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ab-bj mm2 l5g? #dj-hj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 r\nd$ !n exp&+ to become plano-convex1 fle%y ) ! m>g9 incurv$ at fir/1 initially pure :ite1 b soon becom+ cream-col\r & at maturity /reak$ br[ni% p>ticul>ly at ! c5tre4 ,/em3 :ite ) a simple1 v ?91 :ite r+ :i* becomes br[ni% on rubb+ & is easily lo/ ) age or by h&l+4 ,gills3 free1 p9k b f9ally umb]-br[n at maturity4 ,fle%3 :ite1 flu%$ r$di% :5 cut especially 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 cig>-br[n1 ) h9t ( purple4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 ellipsoid or egg-%ap$1 smoo?1 small1 #g-h #d-e m & d>k br[n "u ! microscope4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,basidia #d-spor$4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,! field-mu%room gr[s among/ grass 9 pa/ures1 etc41 & also on old lawns :]e x may =m fairy-r+s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is is ! common wild1 edible mu%room = :i* _m p h 9 ! pa/ unwisely sub/itut$ _m q unrelat$ species4 ,dea?s h (t5 be5 caus$ by lack ( c>eful obs]vation :5 select+ wild fungi = ! table2 ?is only emphasises :y :ite mu%rooms f\nd 9 fields %\ld n be casually eat54 ,a4 arv5sis ,secretan ! ,horse-mu%room is also edible1 b is mu* bigg] 7up to #ahj mm71 creamy :ite & bruises slightly yell[i% on h&l+2 x also has l>g] spores 7#g-aj #e m71 club-%ap$ cells on ! gill-edge1 gills comm5c+ :ite & n p9k1 & ! pres5ce ( a complex r+4 ,a4 xan?od]mus ,g5evi] ! #8,yell[-/a9+ mu%room' has ev5 small] spores ?an ! field mu%room1 i4e4 #e-f #d m & a r /rong1 unpleasant smell2 if eat5 _m p subsequ5tly suff] f /oma*-pa9s & ?is %[s t ev5 among/ ^? fungi :i* ! sci5ti/ w\ld call true mu%rooms1 i4e4 ^? fungi 9 ! g5us ,ag>icus1 !re are "s poison\s memb]s4 ,?us x is always necess>y to h wide exp]i5ce be=e "o collects fungi = eat+ & until ?is is a*iev$ all specim5s %\ld be disc>d$4 ,illu/rations3 ,field mu%room--,hvass #afc2 ,,lh #acc2 ,,nb #ca2 ,,wd #ga4 ,horse mu%room--,hvass #afj2 ,,lh #ace2 ,,wd #gb4 ,yell[-/a9+ mu%room--,hvass #aei2 ,,wd #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ca4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores purple-br[n & borne on gills ,calocybe gambosum 7,fries7 ,s+]4 ,/ ,george's mu%room ,cap3 wid? #gj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? #ej-gj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 creamy :ite1 ivory or light buff1 slightly d>k] at ! c5tre ) age1 fle%y1 r\nd$ & ) wavy m>g91 f9ally exp&+ to become plane-convex2 ! m>g9 is incurv$ & slightly d[ny at fir/4 ,/em3 firm1 r ?ick1 :ite at ! top1 creamy or buff bel[ & slightly d[ny :5 fre%4 ,gills3 s9uate to adnex$ ) a slight decurr5t too?1 :ite to pale buff4 ,fle%3 ) a v /rong smell ( meal1 :ite & ?ick4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 small1 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 #e-f #c-d m & n becom+ blue-grey ) solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd among/ grass 9 base ri* pa/ures1 (t5 9 fairly l>ge r+s f ,april to ,june & on golf-c\rses p>ticul>ly ^? ne> ! sea4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,! common "n ref]s to ! e>ly appe>ance ( ?is ag>ic2 ,/ ,george's ,day is ,april #bcrd1 & ?is mu%room is f\nd ab\t ?is "t 9 fav\rable ye>s1 its fruit+ (t5 ext5d+ into e>ly ,june1 p>ticul>ly if ! fruit+ is ret>d$ by a cold & wet spr+4 ,x is easily recognis$ by ! pale col\r ( ! cap1 /rong mealy smell1 b p>ticul>ly by its appe>ance 9 spr+4 ,9 ea* new ye> x is probably ! fir/ ( ! l>g] ag>ics to appe>4 ,?is species w be f\nd 9 mo/ books "u ! g5us ,tri*oloma1 b diff]s f typical memb]s ( ?is gr\p 9 ! anatomy & *emi/ry ( ! gill-tissues4 ,! ,lat9 "n #8gambosum' is d]iv$ f #8gamba' mean+ a ho( & ?is reflects ! %ape ( ! fle%y cap z x pu%es up ?r\gh ! grass4 ,ano!r mu* old] "n is ,tri*oloma georgii 7,fries7 ,qulet :i* 0 us$ by ,clusius & is d]iv$ f ! leg5d ( ,/ ,george4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #bh2 ,,lh #hc2 ,,wd #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cb4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills ,lepiota proc]a 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,p>asol mu%room ,cap3 wid? #gj-bjj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ab-bj mm2 l5g? #ajj-bej mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 dull br[n or greyi% br[n1 oval or r\nd$ at fir/1 b lat] becom+ bell-%ap$1 f9ally exp&+ b = ! c5tral umbo & ! surface break+ up into %aggy scales4 ,/em3 /raight1 tap]+ upw>ds f a slightly bulb\s base1 felty at fir/ b !n ! surface break+ up into small pat*es :i* f9ally resemble ! patt]n ( a snake-sk92 !re is also a l>ge1 ?ick1 :ite r+ :i* is br[n bel[ & becomes loose on ! /em4 ,gills3 remote1 :ite1 cr[d$ & fairly broad4 ,fle%3 :ite1 ?91 s(t4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 v long1 ellipsoid ) a g]m-pore1 hyal9e "u ! microscope ab\t #af #aj m 7#ad-ag #i-ab m71 & becom+ r$di% br[n 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 v>iable1 elongate balloon-%ap$ & hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd f summ] until mid-autumn1 on ! outskirts ( copses1 9 fields1 at edges ( woodl& or 9 woodl& cle>+s2 x is sometimes f\nd 9 v l>ge r+s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,:5 ?is fungus fir/ appe>s ?r\gh ! soil x resembles a drum-/ick ) ! m>g9 ( ! unexp&$ cap tightly hugg+ ! /em4 ,x is an easily recognis$ fungus because ( its /raight & graceful /ature ) l>ge cap & tall /em4 ,x is "o ( our be/ edible fungi & _c be confus$ ) any o!r ag>ic4 ,l4 rhacodes 7,vittad9i7 ,qulet is n z elegant & has mu* small] spores4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #bf;a2 ,hvass #ae2 ,,lh #abe2 ,,nb #ca2 ,,wd #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cc4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills 7c7 ,ag>ics ( mead[s & valley-bottom grassl&s ,psilocybe semilanceata 7,secretan7 ,kumm] ,lib]ty caps ,cap3 wid? #h-ad mm2 height up to #ah mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-f mm2 l5g? #ej-gj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 %>ply conical1 9 fact (t5 ) a v di/9ct apical po9t1 nev] or v r>ely becom+ exp&$1 (t5 flut$ & puck]$ at ! incurv$ m>g91 smoo?1 viscid1 pale buff or clay col\r1 b soon flu%$ ) greyi% gre5 at maturity & becom+ free ( ! fibrils ( veil :i* ornam5t ! m>g9 :5 "y4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 t\gh & smoo?1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap & sometimes blue+ at ! base :5 pick$4 ,gills3 adnate to adnex$1 cr[d$1 purpli% black except = :ite edge4 ,fle%3 :ite or pallid4 ,spore-pr9t3 purple-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 ellipsoid1 slightly lemon-%ap$1 smoo? & ) a di/9ct g]m-pore at "o end & #ab-ad #g m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 bottle-%ap$ ) an elongate tap]+ neck1 ) ?9 walls :i* at mo/ become pale honey 9 solutions conta9+ ammonia1 unlike ! cy/idia ( ,hypholoma 7p4 #fd74 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,commonly gr[+ among/ grass 9 fields ne> f>m-y>ds1 on hea?s & by roadsides2 (t5 x occurs 9 small troops4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,psilocybe semilanceata is recognis$ by ! uniquely %ap$ cap2 #8semilanceata' means half spe>-%ap$1 f ! papilla at ! top ( ! cap1 giv+ x a po9t$ aspect4 ,h[ev]1 ! common "n is m descriptive & comes f ! fact t ^! caps resemble ! helmets worn by ,fr5* soldi]s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,?is fungus 0 once v isolat$ among/ ,briti% ag>ics1 b n[ x has be5 unit$ ) a gr\p ( small purpli% br[n-spor$ fungi =m]ly plac$ 9 ! g5us ,deconica4 ,:at is ( m int]e/ is ! fact t unlike _m ,briti% ag>ics ! cap (t5 does n exp& fully 9 ord] to release ! spores4 ,9 ?is way x all[s mycologi/s to hypo!sise on h[ c]ta9 ( ! enclos$1 /alk$ ,ga/romycetes evolv$ 9 "s ( ! des]t regions ( ! _w4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #adi2 ,,nb #cc2 ,,wd #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cd4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores purple-br[n & borne on gills ,conocybe t5]a 7,fries7 ,fayod ,br[n cone-cap ,cap3 wid? #aj-bj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-f mm2 l5g? #gj-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 v hygrophan\s1 s& col\r1 orange-yell[ or o*race\s br[n t9t$ c9namon :5 fre% b dry+ uni=mly yell[-o*re1 ?91 fragile1 /riate :5 moi/1 b soon non-/riate z wat] is lo/ f ! cap4 ,/em3 tall1 sl5d] & simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap1 /raight1 fragile1 m9utely /riate f ! top to bottom ) :at appe>s to be m9ute p[d]y granules4 ,gills3 adnate !n becom+ free1 cr[d$1 o*race\s & f9ally c9namon-ru/ 9 col\r4 ,fle%3 russet :5 moi/ b rapidly becom+ yell[i% z ! fruit-body dries4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 ellipsoid1 ) ?ick1 bright yell[-br[n walls & di/9ct g]m-pores at _! ends :5 se5 "u ! microscope1 & ov] #aj m 9 l5g? 7#aa-ab #f m47 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 p9head$ or skittle-%ap$4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus gr[s 9 ones & twos1 m r>ely 9 troops among/ grass4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is is "o memb] ( a :ole complex gr\p ( o*race\s1 br[n1 tawny or c9namon-br[n capp$ ag>ics :i* sup]ficially appe> to be ! same1 b on clos] exam9ation ! exp]t c split !m into sev]al di/9ct species4 ,! use ( microscopic *>act]s is ess5tial & outside ! scope ( ?is book or ! ord9>y mu%room-pick]'s manual4 ,h[ev]1 ! closely relat$ ,c4 lactea 7,j4 ,lange7 ,mtrod c be m easily di/+ui%$ = x has a :ite or cream-col\r$ cap & /em4 ,x also has l>g] broadly ellipsoid spores1 measur+ #ab-ad #f-i m1 b ! same %ap$ cells on ! gill-edge4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #aec2 ,,nb #ce2 ,,wd #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ce4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores br[n & borne on gills 7d7 ,fairy-r+ =m]s ,_m ag>ics gr[ 9 circles1 b n all ( !m produce zones 9 ! vegetation4 ,x is ! di/9ct zonation caus$ by ! #8fairy-r+ *ampignon' ,m>asmius oreades 7,fries7 ,fries & relat$ fungi :i* h giv5 rise to ! "n ( ,fairy-r+ & :i* result$ 9 ! f\ndation ( _m folk tales4 ,a fairy-r+ c be divid$ into f\r di/9ct zones1 a c5tral zone ( fairly normally develop$ vegetation on ! outside ( :i* is a gre51 actively gr[+ zone ( grass2 outside ?is is a zone compos$ ( br[n or dead vegetation4 ,! out]mo/ zone aga9 appe>s to be f> m lu% ?an ! normal grass 9 ! vic9ity & x is 9 ?is la/ zone t ! fruit-bodies ( ! fungus caus+ ! patt]n appe>4 ,a g5]alis$ explanation ( ! zon+ appe>s to be z foll[s3-- ,9 ! out]mo/ zone ! actively gr[+ mycelium decomposes soil con/itu5ts & lib]ates nitrog5\s mat]ial :i* is 9 turn tak5 up by ! plant roots ne>by & utilis$ = _! gr[?4 ,9 ! p5ultimate zone ! grass is dead1 probably n caus$ by a direct p>asitic attack b by ! mycelial ?reads fill+ ! air-spaces 9 ! soil & s inhibit+ wat] fl[4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! delicate balance ( wat] & air f\nd 9 any soil induces dry+ out & gradual dea? ( ! plants ^: roots p]meate ! soil4 ,beh9d ! dead-zone is vegetation :i* %[s increas$ vig\r app>5tly due to plant-nutri5ts be+ releas$ by ! decay+ mycelium & plant-mat]ial1 ^: dea? has be5 caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ! fungus4 ,! inn]mo/ zone is n s /imulat$4 ,) no?+ m ?an graph & trac+ pap]1 a tape-measure1 note-book & p5cil1 pieces ( cane ab\t f\r in*es long1 & col\r$ dye or indian ink1 x is excit+ to assess ! annual radial gr[? ( fairy-r+s & to correlate ^! ) environm5tal conditions4 ,?is c be c>ri$ out on a s*ool lawn or on a home lawn2 ! me?od & fur!r exp]im5ts are giv5 9 ,app5dix iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cf4 ,fairy-r+ fungus--,m>asmius oreades ,m>asmius oreades 7,fries7 ,fries ,fairy-r+ *ampignon ,cap3 wid? #be-fj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #e-i mm2 l5g? #cj-hj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 p9ki% tan ) slight flu% ( br[n at c5tre1 hygrophan\s & dry+ out buff-col\r$ or clay-col\r$1 convex at fir/ !n exp&+ to become plane1 b = an obtuse umbo :i* is reta9$ at ! c5tre4 ,/em3 pale buff1 t\gh1 flexible & smoo?4 ,gills3 adnex$1 pale cream col\r or p9ki% buff & fairly di/ant4 ,fle%3 :iti% or p9ki% tan1 smell+ ( *]ry laurel 7cyanic74 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e1 pip-%ap$1 smoo?1 n /a9+ blui% grey :5 m\nt$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e & ab\t #aj #f m 9 size 7#i-aa #e-f m74 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is ag>ic is v common f ,may to ,octob] on lawns & grass-v]ges4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,m4 oreades =ms well develop$ fairy-r+s1 & is easily recognis$ by its t\gh nature1 pale col\rs & ability to revive aft] hav+ be5 dri$4 ,?is ability to revive 9 moi/ wea!r ev5 aft] ! fruit-body has be5 dri$ by ! sun or w9d is a "* :i* 0 us$ to di/+ui% memb]s ( ! g5us ,m>asmius4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is a v subjective "* & s9ce microscopic te*niques 7 introduc$ & us$ widely 9 ! /udy ( ag>ics ! g5us has be5 delimit$ r m critically4 ,m>asmius is close to ,collybia 7p4 #ij71 9 fact _m species appe> 9 "o book 9 "o g5us & 9 ano!r book 9 ! second g5us2 ,m4 oreades itself is n a typical memb] ( ! g5us4 ,m>asmius seems to be a mu* m important g5us 9 ! tropical & subtropical regions ( ! _w2 we h already m5tion$ h[ "s ( ! small species ( ,m>asmius 9 ,europe gr[ only on leaves ( a p>ticul> plant 7see p4 #ib74 ,m4 &rosaceus 7,fries7 ,fries 7see p4 #bca7 is ! horse-hair fungus4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ai;a2 ,hvass #ha2 ,,lh #aae2 ,,nb #ce2 ,,wd #bd 7n v good74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cg4 ,fle%y fungi reviv+ :5 moi/5$ ev5 aft] dry+3 ,spores :ite & borne on gills 7e7 ,ag>ics ( urban areas--lawn & p>kl& ag>ics ,nolanea /aurospora ,bresadola ,cap3 wid? #bj-dj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-e mm2 l5g? #de-gj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bell-%ap$ at fir/ !n exp&$1 hygrophan\s1 date-br[n1 /riate :5 moi/ b pale fawn or tan & non-/riate :5 dry1 & usually becom+ q silky-%9y4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 fragile1 greyi% br[n1 silky fibrillose-/riate & %9y4 ,gills3 almo/ free1 cr[d$ & pale greyi% br[n :5 "y1 b f9ally fle% col\r$4 ,fle%3 br[ni% & smell+ v /rongly ( meal :5 cut or brok5 betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,spore-pr9t3 salmon-p9k ) flu% ( c9namon4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 fawn "u ! microscope1 />-%ap$ ) #d-f prom95t angles1 #i-aj #g-i m1 smoo? & ) no g]m-pore4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,nolanea s]icea 7,mrat7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,silky nolanea ,cap3 wid? #be-dj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #e-i mm2 l5g? #be-ej mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 convex !n flatt5$ or ) slight umbo1 umb]-br[n ) a greyi% ca/ :i* becomes acc5tuat$ z ! cap dries out & f9ally becom+ silky-%9y2 ! m>g9 is incurv$ & /riate at fir/ b on exp&+ x becomes non-/riate ) "t4 ,/em3 %ort1 fibrillose1 greyi% br[n1 %9+ & :ite at ! base1 v fragile & (t5 snaps j above ! soil-level :5 collect$4 ,gills3 cr[d$1 adnate & pale greyi% br[n !n p9ki% br[n4 ,fle%3 ) a /rong smell ( new meal1 br[ni% becom+ pal] z x dries out4 ,spore-pr9t3 salmon-p9k4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 smoo?1 pale fawn "u ! microscope1 angul> almo/ cubic & #aj-ac #h-i m 9 size4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,nolanea /aurospora is v common among/ grass1 9 _m habitats su* z on hea?s1 & 9 woodl&s & copses1 b x is p>ticul>ly common 9 pa/ures & on lawns4 ,x is difficult to sep>ate f close relatives on field-*>act]s1 except = ! /rong mealy smell2 h[ev]1 x is recognis$ imm$iately by ! spore-%ape1 9 fact /auro--means a cross & spora--spore6 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ch4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores p9ki% & angul>1 & borne on gills ,because ( ! flatt5$ cap & gill-%ape ,n4 s]icea 7,mrat7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton 0 fir/ plac$ 9 ,entoloma1 b = a long "t x 0 "o ( ! smalle/ memb]s ( t g5us4 ,! ,european species ( ,nolanea h rec5tly be5 critically analys$1 & n[ t closely relat$ species to ! silky ,nolanea h be5 f\nd1 x appe>s bett] plac$ 9 ,nolanea al?\gh x is /ill f\nd "u ,entoloma 9 _m books4 ,! ,lat9 ^w #8s]iceum' means silky & ref]s to ! silky cap & /em ( ?is fungus :i* is a v noticeable feature :5 ! fungus is collect$ 9 ! dry /ate4 ,! common "n :i* has be5 giv5 to ?is fungus also ref]s to ! silky nature ( ! fruit-body4 ,illu/rations3 ,n4 /aurospora--,,lh #aha2 ,,nd #ca2 ,,wd #eb4 ,n4 s]icea--,,lh #aha2 ,,wd #eb4 ,panaeolus fo5isecii 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,br[n hay-cap ,cap3 wid? #ab-bh mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-f mm2 l5g? #dj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 semiglobate to convex & h>dly exp&+ ev5 ) age1 smoo?1 expall5t1 dull c9namon-br[n or d>k tan-col\r1 becom+ clay-col\r or pale c9namon-col\r f c5tre outw>ds on dry+ & s sometimes appe>+ z if x is zon$4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 fragile1 smoo? & pale c9namon-br[n1 except at apex :]e x is dott$ ) :ite2 x is usually m br[ni% bel[4 ,gills3 adnate1 cr[d$1 pale br[n & mottl$1 b becom+ m uni=mly umb]-br[n except = :iti% m>g94 ,fle%3 :iti% or pale c9namon col\r4 ,spore-pr9t3 purple-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 lemon-%ap$ "u ! microscope1 dull br[n1 w>t$ all ov] b = ! di/9ct g]m-pore2 #ab-ae #g-h m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 v>iable sp9dle-%ap$ ) flexu\s neck & subcapitate apex1 ab\t #e-f m wide4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common among/ %ort grass on lawns1 9 pa/ures1 on grass-v]ges1 etc41 f ,may until ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ci4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores purple-br[n & born on gills ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,p4 fo5isecii is recognis$ "u ! microscope by ! ornam5t$ spores2 ?is "* 0 us$ to sep>ate ?is fungus 9 ! new g5us ,panaeol9a4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ! spore-pr9t is n exactly black ! /ature1 mottl$ gills & anatomy con=m closely ) ,panaeolus sph9ctr9us 7,fries7 ,qulet & ,p4 rick5ii ,hora 7see p4 #baj & bel[ respectively74 ,! same fungus has be5 plac$ 9 ,psilocybe 7see p4 #aad71 b x has little 9 common ) memb]s ( t g5us4 ,! ^w #8fo5isecii' means hay-h>ve/1 reflect+ ! habitat ( gr[+ 9 fields4 ,?is fungus is v>iable 9 col\r dep5d+ on its /ate ( turgidity2 x c be easily confus$ ) o!r species ( ,panaeolus :5 moi/ & ) c]ta9 species ( ,conocybe :5 dry4 ,p4 rick5ii is an equally common ag>ic gr[+ on simil> or slightly less base-ri* soil-types4 ,x has a di/9ctly bell-%ap$ r$di% br[n cap ) a pale incurv$ m>g9 :i* 9 wet wea!r is1 l ! entire /em1 bead$ ) droplets ( liquid4 ,?is gives ! fungus a gli/5+ appe>ance :5 se5 fre% & z x dries ^! droplets are lo/ & ! cap becomes slightly zon$4 ,! /em is pale r$di%-br[n ) a /rong fro/$ appe>ance because ( ! m9ute hairs :i* cov] x4 ,i h no d\bt t ! classification ( ^! fungi w be assi/$ by c>eful analysis ( ! %apes ( ! hairs f\nd 9 ! diff]5t species4 ,illu/rations3 ,panaeol9a fo5isecii--,,lh #ade2 ,,wd #gh4 ,panaeolus rick5ii--,,lh #ade4 7f7 ,ag>ics ( wa/el& & h$g][s ,copr9us comatus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,lawy]'s wig ,cap3 wid? #cj-fj mm2 height #hj-bjj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-bj mm2 l5g? #hj-bej mm4 ,description3 ,plate #dj4 ,cap3 at fir/ cyl9drical or oval !n bell-%ap$1 fle%y1 fragile1 :ite & cov]$ ) woolly1 :iti%1 %aggy scales :i* h br[n tips2 ! c5tre ( ! cap is smoo? & yell[ to o*race\s :il/ ! m>g9 becomes /riate & lilace\s & f9ally black z ! tissue liquefies 7autodige/s7 & ! m>g9 rolls up to expose new areas ( spore-be>+ tissue4 ,/em3 tall1 :ite1 smoo? & tap]$ t[>ds ! apex1 ) a :ite r+ :i* c easily move up & d[n ! /em ) h&l+1 & :i* soon disappe>s ) age4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dj4 ,fle%y fungi becom+ r$uc$ to an inky mass3 ,spores black & borne on gills ,gills3 free at fir/1 :ite !n p9k & f9ally black1 becom+ gradually dissolv$ into a black fluid f ! base ( ! cap upw>ds4 ,fle%3 :ite1 ?91 except imm$iately 9 ! c5tral area ( ! cap4 ,spore-pr9t3 blacki%-purple4 ,spores3 long1 elongate-ellipsoid1 l>ge & ab\t #ac #e-h m 9 size1 7#ab-ae #g-i m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 elongate club-%ap$ to balloon-%ap$1 hyal9e & ?9-wall$4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,gr[s 9 clu/]s on ri* gr\nd1 9 g>d5s1 on sides ( newly prep>$ roads & c5tral res]vations ( motor-ways1 on pa?-sides1 9 cultivat$ fields & on rubbi% dumps2 x gr[s f spr+ to autumn & sometimes occurs 9 huge troops4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by its size1 ! %ape ( ! cap ) its scaly surface & f its resemblance to a #8judge's wig'2 x is frequ5tly call$ ! #8lawy]'s wig' & :]eas "s common names are n v descriptive & "o has to use a lot ( imag9ation to conjure up :at ! common "n implies1 9 ?is case x is n s4 ,x is also kn[n z ! #8%aggy cap' or #8%aggy ink-cap'4 ,ink or inky cap is1 h[ev]1 a common "n = _m species ( ! g5us ,copr9us 7see p4 #baa-d74 ,! unrelat$ ,lyophyllum deca/es 7,fries7 ,s+] & ,l4 connatum 7,fries7 ,s+] are also common fungi gr[+ on roadsides1 on soil & compo/-heaps4 ,!y too break ?r\gh embankm5ts1 soil1 pa?s1 etc41 produc+ l>ge crat]s & m\nds ( debris4 ,illu/rations3 ,copr9us comatus--,f #cd;b2 ,hvass #agb2 ,,lh #acg2 ,,nb #ce2 ,,wd #hb4 ,lyophyllum deca/es--,,lh #ha2 ,,wd #ad4 ,lacrym>ia velut9a 7,fries7 ,konrad ,maublanc ,weep+ wid[ ,cap3 wid? #de-ij mm4 ,/em3 wid? #h-ad mm2 l5g? #ej-abe mm4 ,description3 ,plate #da4 ,cap3 convex !n exp&$ ) obtuse c5tral umbo1 dull clay-br[n or date-br[n & at fir/ cov]$ ) flatt5$1 woolly fibrils :i* are gradually lo/ ) age2 ! m>g9 is incurv$ & fr+$ ) remnants ( ! veil4 ,/em3 fragile1 pale d+y-col\r$ or clay-col\r$ at apex1 dull br[n bel[ ! r+-zone :i* consi/s ( :ite fibrils2 lat] 9 developm5t ^! fibrils cat* ! spores & ! /em becomes black & fibrillose-scaly1 p>ticul>ly bel[ ! r+-zone4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #da4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores blacki% & borne on gills ,gills3 s9uate1 cr[d$ & v d>k br[n or almo/ black ) di/9ct :ite m>g9 :i* is cov]$ 9 t9y beads ( liquid 9 moi/ wea!r4 ,fle%3 pale buff4 ,spore-pr9t3 almo/ black4 ,spores3 long1 d>k br[n1 lemon-%ap$ & w>t$ ) di/9ct & prom95t g]m-pore & #aj-ab #f-g m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 club-%ap$ or ) a di/9ctly r\nd$ head4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common on ! gr\nd ne> newly built h\ses1 on roadsides1 tips & pa?s 9 woods1 ei!r solit>y or 9 gr\ps2 x is also f\nd 9 pa/ures4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,! fibrillose scaly cap & /em & ! almo/ black gills :i* frequ5tly h liquid droplets at _! edge sep>ate ?is species f all o!r ag>ics & microscopically x c be easily recognis$ by ! w>t$ spores4 #8,velut9a' means velvety & ref]s to ! texture ( ! cap-surface1 ( ! "y fruit-body4 ,! g5us "n ,lacrym>ia ref]s to ?is peculi>1 b c]ta9ly n unique1 ph5om5on1 ( exud+ liquid f cells on ! gill-edge4 ,?is has be5 comp>$ ) weep+ & #8lacrymans' means weep+2 ! common "n reflects ?is also--weep+ wid[ 7cf4 p4 #aed74 ,?is fungus has _h a *equ]$ hi/ory1 = x is also kn[n 9 "s books z ,hypholoma lacrymabunda 7aga9 mean+ weep+7 or ,h4 velut9a2 ! anatomy ( ! fungus1 h[ev]1 is q diff]5t to ,hypholoma 7e4g4 ,h4 fascicul>e p4 #fd74 ,m rec5tly x has f\nd a place 9 ,psa?yrella1 b x seems unsatisfactorily plac$ !re because ( ! w>ty spores1 black spore-pr9t & fibrillose cap-surface2 x w>rants a sep>ate g5us1 i4e41 ,lacrym>ia4 ,l4 pyrotri*a 7,fries7 ,konrad ,maublanc is ! only o!r ,briti% species ( ?is g5us b x has a bright orange cap col\r2 x is r>e4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #ahj2 ,,lh #ada2 ,,wd #hf4 ,lepi/a nuda 7,fries7 ,cooke ,wood blewits ,cap3 wid? #gj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-ae mm2 l5g? #gj-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #db4 ,cap3 r\nd$ !n flatt5$ or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5tre1 smoo?1 blui% lilac1 or violace\s :5 "y b gradually ) age becom+ r$di%-br[n1 ) or )\t a flu% ( w9e col\r4 ,/em3 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap1 equal1 fle%y1 ela/ic1 fibrillose & /reaky4 ,gills3 adnate ) or )\t a decurr5t too?1 cr[d$1 lilac & easily sep>able f ! cap-tissue by ! f+]s4 ,fle%3 blui% violace\s1 b dry+ out dirty buff 9 ! base ( ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 fle%-col\r$4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid appe>+ smoo? b v m9utely r\gh5$ "u ! microscope1 al?\gh x is v difficult to see except ) a good in/rum5t 7#f-h #d-e m 9 size74 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,widespread 9 troops or small gr\ps 9 copses & "u h$g][s & n uncommon 9 fl[]-b$s 9 g>d5s 9 late autumn & e>ly w9t] especially on compo/ heaps & 9 rhub>b pat*es :i* h be5 mul*$ ) piles ( moribund leaves4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus 0 orig9ally plac$ 9 ,tri*oloma1 b due to diff]5ces 9 anatomy & ! di/9ctly col\r$ & ornam5t$ spores x has be5 plac$ along ) #8common blewits' ,t4 p]sonatum 7,fries7 ,kumm] 7or bett] ,l4 saeva 7,fries7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton71 9 ! g5us ,lepi/a4 ,?is g5us :i* is also call$ ,rhodopaxillus1 aga9 ref]r+ to ! p9ki% spore-pr9t1 is n f\nd 9 _m ( ! easily obta9able books4 ,"o %\ld look = ! fungus "u ,tri*oloma1 f :i* x c be sep>at$ easily by ! beautiful col\r4 ,bo? ! #8wood blewits' & #8common blewits' h be5 regul>ly sold 9 m>kets 9 ,engl& )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,!y are edible & consid]$ ( high quality4 ,9 _! fre% /ate !y are easily recognis$1 b z !y age !y become br[n$ & s resemble _m o!r less desirable fungi4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #ag;d2 ,hvass #di2 ,,lh #ia2 ,,nb #abe2 ,,wd #ab 7a bit too pa/el74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #db4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores pale p9ki% & borne on gills ,ag>icus bisporus 7,j4 ,lange7 ,pilt ,common mu%room ,cap3 wid? #dj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? #ej-ge mm4 ,description3 ,plate #dc4 ,cap3 r\nd$ gradually exp&+ to become plane1 :iti% ) num]\s br[n radiat+ fibrils & ) ! m>g9 irregul> because ( fragm5ts f ! r+ :i* are left !re aft] expansion ( ! cap4 ,/em3 %ort1 cyl9drical1 smoo?1 bruis+ r$di%-br[n :5 h&l$ & ) a n>r[ r+ :i* soon collapses & disappe>s4 ,gills3 free1 p9k at fir/ !n purple-br[n1 n>r[ & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 solid1 ?ick1 firm & sl[ly flu%+ br[ni% on cutt+4 ,spore-pr9t3 purple-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 broadly ellipsoid1 purple-br[n "u ! microscope1 less ?an #aj m long1 7#f-h #e-f m74 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 club-%ap$1 #aj-ab m at apex4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,basidia3 #b-spor$4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,frequ5t on manure heaps1 /raw heaps1 on road scrap+s & ar\nd g>d5 plants4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is recognis$ by ! d>k fibrils on ! cap1 ! #b-spor$ basidia easily se5 ) ! l[ p[] ( a microscope1 & ! p9k gills :5 "y4 ,mu* confusion has exi/$ ov] ?is fungus & its ne>e/ relatives4 ,x is simil> to ! #8,cultivat$ mu%room'1 ,a4 hort5sis 7,cooke7 ,pilt1 :i* is (f]$ = sale 9 %ops4 ,h[ev]1 x diff]s 9 sev]al m9or details & x may be t ,a4 bisporus is ! fungus f :i* ! cultivat$ mu%room develop$1 v probably unconsci\sly by man1 b ! hi/ory ( ! cultivat$ mu%room is v obscure4 ,! cultivat$ mu%room :5 b\ght 9 ,briti% %ops is :ite b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates two v>ieties are sold1 "o ) ! br[ni% fibrils pr$om9at+ & a sn[-:ite "o :]e ! fibrils d n d>k52 ! =m] is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,! :ite =m is sometimes f\nd 9 g>d5s :]e sp5t-mu%room spawn is us$ z mul*+ ar\nd fruit-trees b x has a r\nd] cap ?an ,a4 bisporus4 ,! cultivat$ mu%room acc\nts = an annual income ( #ad million 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,illu/rations3 ,a4 hort5sis--,,lh #acc 7z ! =ma albida72 ,,nb #ca2 ,,wd #ga4 ,a4 bisporus--,hvass #afa2 ,,lh #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dc4 ,fle%y fungi3 ,spores purple-br[n & borne on gills ,b4 ,,bracket-,,fungi ,,& ,,_! ,,relatives ,key to major g5]a ,a gr\p ( fungi :i* includes ! bracket fungi1 h$gehog fungi1 fairy-clubs & _! relatives2 9 ! majority ( species ! m>g9 cont9ues to gr[ ?r\gh ! fav\rable "p ( ! season & s (t5 envelopes leaves1 grass1 etc4 #a4 ,spore-be>+ lay] 7hym5ium7 q smoo?1 spread ov] ve9s or %all[ pores2 fruit-body top-%ap$1 fan-%ap$ or club-%ap$1 or spread ov] ! sub/rate 7resup9ate7 #b ,spore-be>+ lay] l9+ ! inn] surface ( tubes or borne on w>ts or sp9es #ag #b4 ,fruit-body club-%ap$1 coral-%ap$ or di/9ctly funnel-%ap$1 fan-l or resembl+ an ag>ic #c ,fruit-body resup9ate or ) poorly develop$ cap #aa #c4 ,fruit-body coral-l or club-%ap$ ) clubs gr\p$ or bran*$ #d ,fruit-body resembl+ an ag>ic or funnel-%ap$ to fan-%ap$ #i #d4 ,fruit-body l>ge1 bran*$ ) flatt5$ & curl$ lobes & s resembl+ a caulifl[] ,sp>assis ,fruit-body ( s+le or gr\p$ clubs or if bran*$ !n n resembl+ a caulifl[]1 ! lobes be+ cyl9drical or only slightly flatt5$ & h>dly b5t #e #e4 ,fruit-body small aris+ f a se$-l /ructure or gr[+ atta*$ to dead h]bace\s plant rema9s #f ,fruit-body m$ium to l>ge1 simple or bran*$ & usually gr[+ on ! gr\nd2 "o l>ge species gr[s on wood #g #f4 ,fruit-body aris+ f a se$-l body emb$d$ 9 ! plant-tissue or f\nd loose 9 ! soil ,typhula ,fruit-body on dead plant-rema9s b se$-l /ructure abs5t ,pi/ill>ia #g4 ,fruit-body mu* bran*$2 spores ornam5t$ 7see also ,!lephora bel[7 ,ram>ia ,fruit-body simple or if ) well-develop$ bran*es !n spores smoo? #h #h4 ,fruit-body bran*$ irregul>ly ) _m to few bran*es1 grey1 :ite or drab-col\r$2 spores l>ge1 subglobose & smoo? ,clavul9a ,fruit-body club-%ap$ or if bran*$ !n brightly col\r$ & spores n l>ge & subglobose ,clav>ia1 ,clavul9opsis ,clav>iadelphus #i4 ,fruit-body resembl+ an ag>ic ) spores borne on fold-l1 (t5 =k$ & %all[ ridges & ve9s1 & (t5 brightly col\r$ ,can?>ellus 7comp>e c>efully ) ,crat]ellus bel[7 ,fruit-body funnel-%ap$ or fan-%ap$ #aj #aj4 ,fruit-body (t5 drab col\r or grey$ ) smoo? or slightly ve9$ out] surface ,crat]ellus ,fruit-body wr9kl$1 irregul> or smoo? & p[d]y1 lilace\s to *ocolate-br[n 9 col\r ,!lephora #aa4 ,fruit-body sessile or resup9ate & fle%y2 spores borne on ve9s unit$ to =m %all[ pores #ab ,fruit-body resup9ate or bracket-l1 & spore-surface ve9$ or rugulose b lack+ di/9ct pores #ac #ab4 ,spores col\rless ,m]ulius ,spores br[n ,s]pula #ac4 ,spore-be>+ lay] conta9+ long1 br[n sp9es ,hym5o*aete ,fruit-body lack+ sp9es al?\gh (t5 hav+ encru/$ /]ile cells #ad #ad4 ,surface ( fruit-body m or less radiately ve9$ ,phlebia ,surface ( fruit-body n radiately ve9$ #ae #ae4 ,spores br[n ,coniophora ,spores col\rless #af #af4 ,fle% di/9ctly =m$ & fruit-body ) or )\t a well =m$ cap ,/]eum relat$ g5]a ,fle% poorly diff]5tiat$ & fruit-body lack+ a cap memb]s ( ! ,corticiaceae 7includ+ ,p5iophora ,hyphodontia p4 #agf7 #ag4 ,spores borne on tee? or sp9es #ah ,spore-be>+ lay] l9+ tubes or elongate pores #bb #ah4 ,fruit-body ) c5tral /em2 ag>ic-l b n atta*$ to cones #ai ,fruit-body encru/+ or bracket-l1 or ) lat]al /em if resembl+ an ag>ic #bj #ai4 ,fruit-body fle%y ,hydnum & relat$ g5]a ,fruit-body rubb]y or t\gh ,hydnellum & relat$ g5]a #bj4 ,fruit-body gr[+ atta*$ to cones & cap ) lat]al /em ,auriscalpium ,fruit-body n on cones & di/9ct /em lack+ #ba #ba4 ,spores borne on a s]ies ( radially arrang$ knot*es resembl+ gills ,l5t9ellus ,spores borne on a resup9ate lay] ( sp9es ,mycoacia & relat$ g5]a #bb4 ,tubes free "o f ano!r ,fi/ul9a ,tubes unit$ to =m a di/9ct tissue #bc #bc4 ,fruit-body p]5nial & exhibit+ m ?an "o lay] ( tubes #bd ,fruit-body annual al?\gh ! fruit-body c p]si/ 9 a dri$ depaup]ate =m = sev]al mon?s #bg #bd4 ,spores br[n #be ,spores col\rless #bf #be4 ,l>ge1 br[n1 /]ile cells pres5t 9 ! tubes2 spores simple ,phell9us ,cryptod]ma ,br[n1 /]ile cells abs5t f tubes2 spores complex ,ganod]ma #bf4 ,l>ge woody fruit-body ) cru/-l top ,fomes ,m$ium siz$ to small1 fle%y-t\gh fruit-body ) d[ny or cru/-l top ,oxyporus1 ,fomitopsis ,het]obasidion #bg4 ,spores borne 9 labyr9?-l or elongate pores1 or cap ei!r poorly develop$ or abs5t1 & only resup9ate pore-surface pres5t #bh ,spores borne 9 di/9ct pores on well-develop$ woody fruit-bodies #ca #bh4 ,spores borne 9 labyr9?-l pores ,da$alea ,da$aleopsis ,spores borne 9 elongate pores l v ?ick gills1 or fruit-body completely resup9ate #bi #bi4 ,spore-lay] l9+ elongate pores ,l5zites 7:ite7 ,gloeophyllum 7br[n7 ,spore-lay] consi/+ ( a resup9ate pore-lay] #cj #cj4 ,pore-lay] totally resup9ate2 fle% v poorly develop$ ,fibuloporia & relat$ g5]a ,fruit-body resup9ate or develop+ ill-=m$ caps at ! m>g92 fle% well-develop$ & q t\gh ,datronia1 ,gloeoporus ,bj]k&]a #ca4 ,fruit-body ) a di/9ct /em #cb ,fruit-body sessile or ) a poorly develop$ /em1 or if m]ely ) a basal swell+ !n pores bruis+ #cc #cb4 ,pores d>k-col\r$ b spores pale-col\r$ 9 mass ,coltricia 7also see ,phaeolus bel[7 ,pores :ite or creamy1 foot (t5 d>k5$ or black1 & spores hyal9e ,polyporus #cc4 ,pores brightly col\r$1 r$1 lilace\s or orange to apricot-col\r #cd ,pores nev] z brightly col\r$1 cream1 :ite1 grey or 9 "s %ade ( br[n #ce #cd4 ,pores r$ to orange-r$ ,pycnoporus ,pores lilac to violace\s1 or lilace\s orange to apricot col\r ,hapalopilus 7orange-apricot7 ,hirs*ioporus 7lilace\s7 #ce4 ,pore-surface br[n or d>k grey & spores (t5 col\rless #cf ,pore-surface :ite or creamy1 or yell[2 spores hyal9e #ch #cf4 ,pore-surface firm & grey ,bj]k&]a ,pore-surface gre5i% yell[1 bruis+ br[n or yell[-br[n & d>k5+ ) age #cg #cg4 ,fruit-body lack+ a /em1 ru/-br[n1 break+ easily1 *eesy & ) silky %e5 ,inonotus ,fruit-body ) a broad basal hump1 fibrillose spongy ) yell[ m>g9 to cap ,phaeolus #ch4 ,tubes =m+ a lay] q di/9ct f ! fle%2 fruit-body fle%y & t\gh #ci ,tubes n =m+ a lay] di/9ct f ! fle%2 fruit-body woody or corky #dc #ci4 ,pore-surface bright yell[2 upp] surface yell[ or orange ,laetiporus ,pore-surface :ite #dj #dj4 ,fruit-body m$ium to l>ge1 %ell-%ap$1 :iti% br[n or silv]y grey on top2 on bir* ,piptoporus ,fruit-body (t5 frond-l1 infrequ5tly %ell-%ap$ & if on bir* !n small #da #da4 ,fruit-body fan- or frond-%ap$1 compos$ ( innum]able m or less complete caps jo9$ toge!r at _! base or to half-way ,grifola ,m]ipilus ,fruit-body nei!r fan-%ap$ nor frond-%ap$ & comp\nd #db #db4 ,fruit-body :olly pale-col\r$ :ite1 cream1 ivory1 etc4 ,tyromyces ,fruit-body except pores usually "s %ade ( br[n ,polyporus #dc4 ,cap ?ick1 corky or woody & pores m$ium or l>ge ,trametes ,pseudotrametes ,cap ?9 b lea!ry & pores small ,coriolus 7i7 ,por$ & too!d fungi 7a7 ,colonis]s ( tree trunks1 /umps & bran*es ,polyporus squamosus ,fries ,scaly polypore ,cap3 #ajj-cjj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #be-ej mm2 l5g? #be-ge mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 fan-%ap$ or semicircul>1 spread+ horizontally ) age1 o*re-yell[ or /raw-col\r$ ) d>k br[n1 flatt5$ scales 9 conc5tric zones :i* are mu* m d5se at ! c5tre4 ,/em3 %ort1 /\t1 :ite at apex & nett$ ) pale creamy buff ab\t middle1 b d>k br[n or black t[>ds ! base & atta*$ to ! side ( ! cap4 ,tubes3 :iti% to yell[i% & decurr5t ) l>ge1 angul>1 irregul>ly fr+$1 :iti% or cream-col\r$ pores4 ,fle%3 ) /rong1 n v pleasant smell1 cream-col\r$ or :ite4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 long1 oblong or elongate ellipsoid1 hyal9e "u ! microscope 7#aj-ae #d-e m7 & n blue+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,an easily recognisable fungus gr[+ on /umps & old liv+ trees1 especially ( sycamore & elm :]e x (t5 =ms ti]s ( caps f late spr+ until autumn2 h[ev]1 !y decompose rapidly & almo/ completely disappe> by ! next ye> :5 new fruit-bodies may appe> 9 ! same place1 a ph5om5on :i* may take place = sev]al consecutive seasons4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,! g5us ,polyporus is 9 mo/ text-books1 a big & unwieldy g5us jo9+ toge!r all fle%y1 annual fungi possess+ tubes2 ev5 ! boleti 7see p4 #cb7 h be5 includ$6 ,_m ( ^! species are n[ consid]$ less closely relat$ "o to ano!r ?an previ\sly ?\ght4 ,boleti diff] f polypores1 h[ev]1 9 _! less t\gh & di/9ctly putresc5t fruit-body1 & 9 ! fact t ! m>g9 ( ! cap ext5ds b does n cont9ue to gr[ dur+ ! life-cycle2 ! m>g9 ( ! polypore fruit-body is active & may bur/ into gr[? aga9 :5 fav\rable wea!r conditions occur4 ,! #8,scaly polypore' has a fle% :i* consi/s ( two types ( hyphae3 7i7 hyphae ( unlimit$ gr[? ) abundant protoplasmic cont5ts :i* /a9 easily & :i* collapse on dry+2 & 7ii7 ?ick-wall$1 /r5g!n+ hyphae :i* b9d ! ?9 wall$ hyphae toge!r4 ,laetiporus sulphureus 7,fries7 ,murrill #8,sulphur polypore' has a s+le type ( hyphae 9 ! tubes1 i4e4 ?9 wall$ g5]ative1 & only a few b9d+ hyphae 9 ! fle%4 ,x has an orange cap ) a r ?ick1 sulphur or *rome-yell[ m>g91 sulphur-yell[ tubes & pores & yell[1 !n pale buff1 fle%4 ,! spore-pr9t is :ite & ! spores hyal9e1 pip-%ap$ & m$ium siz$1 7#e-g #d-e m74 ,illu/rations3 ,p4 squamosus--,f #dc;b2 ,hvass #bfg2 ,,lh #ge2 ,,nb #abi2 ,,wd #id4 ,l4 sulphureus--,hvass #bfh2 ,,lh #gc2 ,,nb #abi2 ,,wd #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dd4 ,woody fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne )9 tubes--fruit-body annual ,"s common annual polypores ,piptoporus betul9us 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,bir* polypore ,cap3 #ge-bjj mm1 kidney-%ap$ or ho(-%ap$1 smoo?1 cov]$ by a ?91 sep>able & greyi% silv]y or pale br[ni% sk92 cap-m>g9 ?ick1 incurv$ & projects beyond ! tubes4 ,/em3 rudim5t>y1 simply a small hump bel[ :i* ! fungus develops4 ,tubes1 pores & spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 sausage-%ap$1 & ?9-wall$ hyal9e "u ! microscope & v n>r[1 7#e-f #a-b m74 ,x gr[s on bir* ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry :]e x causes a sap wood-rot :i* f9ally conv]ts ! inn] timb] to a r$-br[n friable mass4 ,! fle%1 :i* conta9s ?ick5$ b9d+ hyphae1 is us$ = m\nt+ insects & = %>p5+ knives1 h5ce ! common "n #8,razor-/rop fungus'4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #bfi2 ,,lh #fg2 ,,nb #aag2 ,,wd #ic4 ,inonotus hispidus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,%aggy polypore ,cap3 #ajj-bej mm1 kidney-%ap$1 yell[-br[n to ru/-br[n1 b f9ally almo/ black1 at fir/ cov]$ ) %aggy hairs1 b ^! t5d to mat toge!r ) age4 ,/em3 abs5t4 ,tubes & fle%3 ru/-col\r2 pores at fir/ yell[1 b f9ally r$-br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 yell[-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$ 7#h-i #g-h m7 & globose "u ! microscope4 ,x gr[s on v>i\s broad leav$ trees1 especially a% :]e x causes a spongy1 :ite he>t-wood rot4 ,! fle% conta9s hyphae ) ?ick1 br[n walls4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #fc2 ,,wd #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #de4 ,woody fungi--annual polypores ,phaeolus s*we9itzii 7,fries7 ,pat\ill>d ,cap3 #ajj-cjj mm1 bracket-%ap$ or tub-%ap$1 d>k br[n ) a knobbly1 velvety1 r\gh5$ & groov$ surface2 m>g9 at fir/ gold5 yell[4 ,/em3 abs5t or %ort1 ?ick & br[n4 ,tubes & pores3 gre5i% yell[4 ,fle%3 deep ru/-br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 gre5i% yell[4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 gre5i% "u ! microscope1 ellipsoid & ab\t #h #d m 9 size1 7#g-h #c-d m74 ,?is fungus is f\nd on conif]s or ne> conif] /umps :]e x is atta*$ to ! roots2 x causes a br[n cubical he>t-wood rot2 ! fle% ( ! fruit-body is compos$ ( only "o type ( hyphae4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #fg2 ,,nb #aaa2 ,,wd #ie4 ,m]ipilus giganteus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,giant polypore ,cap3 #ge-ajj mm1 or ev5 up to #bjj mm wide1 gr\p$ & =m+ a tuft ( caps up to #gej mm across4 ,! individual caps are fan-%ap$1 pliable1 r ?9 & yell[-br[n to snuff-br[n ) _! m>g9s wavy & cream col\r or yell[i%4 ,/em3 replac$ by a unit$ mass ( caps4 ,tubes1 pores & fle%3 :ite & v s(t1 b becom+ black on bruis+4 ,spores3 small1 pip-%ap$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope & #e-f #d-e m4 ,?is fungus is a common sight =m+ masses at ! base ( broad-leav$ trees2 x is common on bee*4 ,x is a s(t1 fibr\s polypore z a result ( ! lack 9 ! fle% ( ?ick-wall$ specialis$ hyphae4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #bgg2 ,,lh #gc2 ,,nb #abi2 ,,wd #ic4 ,! spores ( all ! annual polypores describ$ above d n blue :5 plac$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,coriolus v]sicolor 7,fries7 ,qulet ,_m zon$ polypore ,cap3 #be-fj mm4 ,/em3 abs5t4 ,description3 ,plate #df4 ,cap3 semi-circul>1 flatt5$1 ?91 t\gh & flexible :5 fre% ) ! surface velvety & m>k$ ) smoo!r1 pal] conc5tric zones giv+ a patt]n ( yell[-br[n1 grey or d>k] gre5i% grey zones2 ! m>g9 is ?9 & is ! pale/ ( ! zones & may be wavy or lob$4 ,tubes3 :ite ) small1 r\nd & r\gh-edg$ to angul> :ite or cream-col\r$ pores :i* become yell[i% ) age4 ,fle%3 :ite1 t\gh & cont9u\s ) ! tube tissue & s n all[+ "o to detect any diff]5ce betwe5 ! tissues4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 oblong & hyal9e "u ! microscope1 & #f-h #b-c m2 n blue+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,v common on /umps1 trunks & fall5 bran*es ( v>i\s trees1 especially bee*2 x is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,x is (t5 associat$ ) nodulose masses ( fungal tissue :i* are cov]$ 9 small poroid areas & are v confus+ :5 f\nd by ! beg9n]2 !y are simply gr[?-=ms ( ,coriolus v]sicolor2 su* =ms are frequ5tly f\nd on old h\se-timb]s expos$ to ! wea!r1 p>ticul>ly w9d[ frames :]e x =ms a di/9ct rot4 ,its fle% consi/s ( ?9-wall$ hyphae & b9d+ hyphae z 9 ,polyporus squamosus z well z an additional ?ick-wall$ type call$ skeletal hyphae4 ,x w\ld appe> t sev]al polypores are capable ( produc+ ! amorph\s gr[?s m5tion$ above1 "s ( :i* conta9 hyphal fragm5ts call$ conidia4 ,! b&s ( col\r on ! cap ( ! #8_m zon$ polypore' are reta9$ aft] dry+ & f a gr\p ( fruit-bodies ! mo/ attractively zon$ c be select$1 m\nt$ on small pieces ( wood or c>dbo>d & fitt$ at ! back ) a p94 ,su* prep>ations make v attractive broo*es & h be5 us$ ev5 by mod]n design]s to contra/ ) _! fa%ion creations4 ,!re are _m pale tub$ polypores gr[+ on wood4 ,da$alea qu]c9a ,fries #8,mazegill'1 gr[s on oak & has irregul> maze-l pores2 ,l5zites betul9a 7,fries7 ,fries1 gr[s on bir*1 has t\gh plates :i* resemble ! gills ( an ag>ic4 ,datronia mollis 7,fries7 ,donk =ms ?ick spread+ resup9ate pat*es on bee*1 sometimes ) irregul> d>k br[n caps =m$ by ! upturn$ m>g94 ,sev]al species ( ,tyromyces occur 9 ,brita9 & are *>act]is$ by _! :ite pores & tubes & ! :ite or pale-col\r$ caps4 ,bj]k&]a adu/a 7,fries7 ,k>/5 has a grey pore-surface & is also frequ5tly f\nd on bee*4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #dd;a2 ,,lh #fi2 ,,nb #aag2 ,,wd #ea4 ,ganod]ma europaeum ,/eya]t ,common ganod]ma ,cap3 #ajj-cej mm4 ,/em3 abs5t4 ,description3 ,plate #dg4 ,cap3 bracket-%ap$1 r flat at m>g9 b humpy & irregul> ab\t ! middle1 frequ5tly conc5trically zon$1 smoo? & only slightly %9y2 its m>g9 is :iti% or pale greyi%4 ,tubes3 r$-br[n or c9namon-br[n1 obscurely lay]$ & ) small1 :ite pores flu%$ ) pale c9namon-br[n1 b deep r$-br[n :5 rubb$ or ) age4 ,fle%3 ) a fragrant smell1 deep r$ br[n & felty-fibr\s4 ,spore-pr9t3 d>k c9namon-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 oval ) truncate apex1 smoo?1 b reticulate on ! inn] surface ( ! inn] wall giv+ ! spores a patt]n$ appe>ance :5 se5 "u ! microscope2 #aj-aa #f-g m 9 size4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is common on v>i\s trees1 especially bee* & c be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is common ,ganod]ma is p]5nial & di/+ui%$ f o!r polypore gr\ps by ! complex spores4 ,g4 applanatum 7,fries7 ,k>/5 is closely relat$1 b diff]s 9 ! ?9n] fruit-body ) a ?9 m>g91 & ! pale c9namon-br[n fle%2 ! fle% ( bo? species conta9s ?ick-wall$ b9d+ & /r5g!n+ hyphae z well z ! g5]ative hyphae4 ,s s5sitive are ! pores to bruis+ t if a draw+ or writ+ is execut$ on ! l[] surface ) a p91 ne$le or simil> %>p in/rum5t & ! fungus dri$1 ! r$-br[n l9es produc$ are reta9$ & ! patt]n pres]v$4 ,sev]al fungus pa9t+s prep>$ 9 ?is way 7 made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 _m beautiful ones hav+ orig9at$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #df4 ,woody fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne )9 tubes or on ?ick5$ plates ,fomes fom5t>ius ^: important *>act]s are describ$ bel[ has frequ5tly be5 confus$ ) ,ganod]ma europaeum4 ,x is common gr[+ on bir* 9 ,scotl&1 b is less frequ5t s\? ( ,p]?1 & !n gr[s probably m frequ5tly on bee* :i* is simil> to ! patt]n f\nd on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,h[ev]1 x has gr[n 9 =m] p]iods 9 ,engl& on bir*1 = x 0 f\nd commonly among/ bir* timb]s 9 an excavation ( an e>ly ,mesoli?ic lake side village ne> ,sc>bor\gh1 ,york%ire4 ,illu/rations3 ,,nb #abe2 ,,wd #afj4 ,"s p]5nial polypores4 ,plate #dh4 ,fomes fom5t>ius 7,fries7 ,kickx ,t9d] fungus ,cap3 #ij-cjj mm1 ho(-%ap$1 ?ick1 broadly atta*$ to ! sub/rate1 zon$ ) yell[-br[n & %ades ( grey2 its m>g9 is blunt & fawn or pale br[ni%4 ,tubes3 lay]$1 c9namon-br[n ) pale c9namon pores ) a :iti% bloom4 ,fle%3 c9namon-br[n or buff & woolly4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 elongate1 ellipsoid1 v long1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 #ae-ah #e-f m1 & n ornam5t$4 ,! fle% conta9s bo? ?ick- & ?9-wall$ hyphae4 ,x gr[s on bir* & less frequ5tly on bee*4 ,! fle% has be5 us$ 9 d5ti/ry1 9 manufactur+ fancy articles1 su* z mats1 & 0 ! basis ( ! t9d] us$ 9 fl9t-boxes4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #fe2 ,,nb #aag2 ,,wd #ajj4 ,phell9us igni>ius 7,fries7 ,qulet #8,will[ ,fomes'1 gr[s on will[s & causes _! he>t-rot4 ,x is a ru/-br[n1 woody fungus ) a h>d cru/ & br[n tubes & fle%4 ,! spore-pr9t is :ite & compos$ ( small1 sph]ical1 hyal9e spores1 #e-f m 9 diamet]4 ,! fle% conta9s ?9- & ?ick-wall$ hyphae4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #fc2 ,,wd #ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dg4 ,woody ,fungi3 ,spores br[n & borne )9 tubes--fruit-body p]5nial ,oxyporus popul9us 7,fries7 ,donk1 gr[s on v>i\s sorts ( broad-leav$ trees1 p>ticul>ly popl>s & (t5 becomes cov]$ 9 mosses & algae4 ,x has a pale buff or cream-col\r$ cap1 :ite fle%1 pores1 tubes & spores4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #fg4 ,cryptod]ma p9i 7,fries7 ,imaz1 gr[s on conif]s (t5 sev]al feet above ! gr\nd4 ,x has a woody1 deeply crack$ upp] surface1 d>k r$-br[n fle%1 tubes & pores4 ,its spores are small1 broadly ellipsoid & br[n4 ,het]obasidion annosum 7,fries7 ,brefeld ,root fomes ,v>iable1 sometimes possess+ a cap1 sometimes resup9ate except = ! upturn$ m>g91 flatt5$ or %ell-%ap$1 r$-br[n to blacki% at ! c5tre b pale at ! m>g91 :i* :5 se5 f bel[ is always :ite4 ,! tubes are 9 lay]s & l ! pores1 fle% & spore-pr9t are :ite4 ,! spores are broadly ellipsoid1 small1 smoo?1 hyal9e & #d-e #d m4 ,! fle% is fairly t\gh z x conta9s bo? g5]ative hyphae & skeletal hyphae4 ,x is frequ5t on ! roots & l[] p>ts ( /ems ( _m trees & %rubs caus+ a rapid he>t-rot ( conif]s & ext5sive damage to "y trees4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #fg2 ,,nb #aaa2 ,,wd #ih4 ,! spores ( all ! p]5nial polypores describ$ above d n blue :5 plac$ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dh4 ,woody fungi3 ,spores borne )9 tubes--p]5nial polypores ,s*izophyllum commune ,fries ,split-gill fungus ,cap3 #aj-be mm4 ,/em3 wid? #b-d mm2 l5g? #b-d mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 greyi% fawn becom+ :iti% :5 dry1 fan or kidney-%ap$1 (t5 lob$ & cov]$ 9 close-set hairs & ) incurv$ m>g94 ,/em3 abs5t or ! cap simply n>r[s into a /em-l bump4 ,gills3 replac$ by a s]ies ( grey-br[n plates :i* :5 dry appe> z if to split longitud9ally & _! edges roll back4 ,fle%3 br[ni% b dry+ :iti%4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 oblong1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 n blue+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e & #f-g #b-e m 9 size4 ,facial & m>g9al cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,gr[s on fall5 bran*es1 trunks1 dead wood1 etc4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by ! #8gills' radiat+ f a po9t & becom+ #8split' :5 dry4 ,specim5s ( ,s*izophyllum seal$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,r4 ,bull] 9 a tube 9 #aiaa h be5 %[n on remoi/5+ to unroll _! gills & %$ v>iable spores1 aft] #eb ye>s--probably a _w record6 ,! split-gill is a r unique ,briti% fungus :i* appe>s to be mu* m closely relat$ to ! polypores ?an to ! ag>ics--al?\gh x has = a long "t be5 associat$ ) ! ,oy/] mu%room 7p4 #gd74 ,9 fact1 ! splitt+ gills are two adjac5t %all[ di%es ) spores produc$ on _! inn] surfaces4 ,! cups sep>ate on dry+ & !re=e only sup]ficially resemble gills splitt+ d[n ! c5tre4 ,ano!r fungus :i* c also be associat$ ) ! idea ( cups is ,fi/ul9a hepatica ,fries #8! ,beef-/eak fungus'4 ,?is fungus is a polypore 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,x may gr[ up to #bej mm wide & is r$di%-br[n or liv]-col\r$ ) r$di% tubes & pale fle%-col\r$ pores2 ! tubes al?\gh free are aggregat$ toge!r & c be easily sep>at$ individually ) ! f+]s4 ,?is fungus is edible al?\gh v /rong 9 ta/e1 x produces a s]i\s decay ( oaks4 ,illu/rations3 ,s4 commune--,,lh #aje2 ,,nb #abe2 ,,wd #fi4 ,f4 hepatica--,f #dc 7l[] figure72 ,hvass #bgh2 ,,lh #ge2 ,,nb #abi2 ,,wd #aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #di4 ,woody fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on split-#8gills' 7b7 ,de/roy]s ( timb] 9 build+s ,s]pula lacrymans 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,dry-rot fungus ,description3 ,fruit-body3 usually widely spread+1 b sometimes =m+ a di/9ct bracket ) ! upp] surface silv]y or smokey grey1 flu%$ ) lilac or rose or yell[i%4 ,/em3 abs5t & replac$ by a s]ies ( dirty :ite or greyi% mycelial ?reads or /r&s :i* c be trac$ up to #ajj mm ov] ! sub/rate4 ,fle%3 ?91 dirty yell[i% & compos$ ( only "o type ( hypha4 ,spores3 borne 9 %all[ pores :i* are "p ( a complicat$ network ( ru/-br[n folds & ridges4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 gold5 yell[1 ?ick-wall$ & broadly ellipsoid1 & #h-aj #e-f m 9 size4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,on work$ wood 9 build+s & less commonly 9 timb]-y>ds4 ,x c be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus =ms fan-l /ructures & /r&s ( mycelium :i* pass along beams & joi/s & ?r\gh pla/]4 ,:]e !re is a bad case ( dry-rot1 ! room or build+ w h an unpleasant mu/y smell & :5 actually gr[+ ! fungus exudes droplets ( wat] on ! mycelium & fruit-body1 i4e4 weep+1 h5ce ! "n #8lacrymans'--weepy4 ,x is a v important & de/ructive ag5t caus+ damage to floors & skirt+ bo>ds1 to joi/s & beams4 ,x is a frequ5t pe/ ( old h\ses & !re=e ( _m ( our cities4 ,?is fungus does n appe> to h be5 f\nd 9 ! wild 9 ,europe1 b !re is a record f ! ,himalayas4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v closely relat$ species f\nd on soil or wood-detritus4 ,! ,dry-rot fungus d>k5s ! wood & produces a rot :i* makes ! wood crack into small cubes or rectangul> blocks4 ,?is fungus 0 =m]ly plac$ 9 ,m]ulius1 b ?is g5us %\ld be reta9$ = hyal9e-spor$ fungi1 e4g4 ,m4 tremellosus ,fries1 a species :i* gr[s ev5 9 w9t] on /umps ( v>i\s trees 9 our woods4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #ec2 ,,wd #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ej4 ,dry-rot fungi--lea!ry & t\gh spores borne 9 %all[ irregul> pores ,coniophora puteana 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,cell> or ,wet-rot fungus ,description3 ,fruit-body3 v>iable 9 size1 resup9ate1 compos$ ( "o type ( hypha only & ) a /]ile :iti% cream or yell[ m>g94 ,spore-be>+ tissue3 an irregul>ly wr9kl$ or humpy1 yell[i% surface :i* !n becomes olive-gre5 or bronze-col\r4 ,spore-pr9t3 olivace\s br[n4 ,spores3 olive-br[n "u ! microscope1 smoo?1 ellipsoid1 ?ick-wall$ & #ab-ad #h-i m 9 size4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus causes wet-rot 9 h\ses1 b may also be f\nd on /umps & fall5 trunks 9 woodl&4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,! fungus causes a discol\ration ( work$ timb] & induces longitud9al crack+ ) only a few lat]al hair-l cracks unlike timb] attack$ by ! dry-rot fungus 7see p4 #aed74 ,illu/rations3 ,,wd #ajc4 ,fibuloporia vaillantii 7,fries7 ,bond>sev ,s+] ,description3 ,fruit-body3 a resup9ate lay] ( pores ) cream-col\r$ or :ite /]ile radiat+ m>g94 ,spore-be>+ tissue3 di/ribut$ )9 a s]ies ( small (t5 %all[1 :ite or ivory tubes4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 smoo?1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 oblong #e-g #c-d m4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,! dry-rot ( h\ses1 p>ticul>ly 9 ro(-sy/ems4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,fibuloporia vaillantii is recognis$ by ! :ite1 resup9ate pore-surface & fairly t\gh nature due to ! pres5ce ( /r5g!n+ hyphae4 ,j z ! g5us ,polyporus 0 f\nd to be compos$ ( sev]al q diff]5t elem5ts 7see pp4 #adj-dd7 & has s9ce be5 split up into a numb] ( diff]5t g5]a1 ! g5us ,poria has also be5 fragm5t$2 "o ( ! con/itu5t g5]a is ,fibuloporia4 ,amyloporia xan?a 7,fries7 ,bond>sev ,s+] diff]s 9 hav+ amyloid tissue & cy/idia encru/$ ) cry/als4 ,! fle% conta9s bo? simple hyphae & ?ick5$ /ructural hyphae4 ,x is yet ano!r memb] ( ! l>ge old unwieldy g5us ,poria & causes decay ( work$ wood1 p>ticul>ly ! timb]s ( b5*+ & /ag+ 9 gre5h\ses4 ,a4 xan?a has a sulphur-yell[ pore-surface & is r *eesy :5 h&l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ea4 ,wet & ,dry-rot fungi--lea!ry & t\gh & spores borne )9 %all[ pores or on an unev5 surface 7c7 ,colonis]s ( cones ,auriscalpium vulg>e ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,e>-pick fungus ,cap3 #h-ab mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-f mm2 l5g? #dj-ge mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 kidney-%ap$ or semicircul>1 ?91 date- or umb]-br[n1 hairy1 b pal] t[>ds ! m>g94 ,/em3 erect1 sl5d]1 hairy1 p>ticul>ly at ! base1 & atta*$ at ! side ( ! cap 7exc5tric74 ,gills3 replac$ by fle%-col\r$1 !n greyi% br[n sp9es4 ,fle%3 br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 small1 hyal9e1 m9utely sp9y1 sph]ical1 #d-e m 9 diamet]1 & becom+ blue-grey 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ ) oily cont5ts4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is always f\nd on fall5 p9e-cones & occurs f e>ly summ] to autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,! e>-pick fungus is easily recognis$ by ! sl5d]1 elegant habit1 exc5trically plac$ cap1 sub/rate pref]5ce & d>k col\rs4 ,x _c be confus$ ) any o!r fungus4 ,rec5tly x has be5 %[n t ! #8ag>ic' ,l5t9ellus co*leatus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 7p4 #gf7 is m closely relat$ to ,auriscalpium ?an ?is fungus is to o!r sp9e-be>+ =ms & ,l5t9ellus is to ! o!r ag>ics4 ,bo? fungi possess ?ick-wall$ cells 9 ! fle% & oil-conta9+ hyphae2 !y are plac$ 9 ! family ,auriscalpiaceae4 ,ano!r lat]ally /emm$ ,h$gehog fungus diff]s 9 possess+ di/9ctly gelat9is$ tee? & pref]5ce = conif] wood & n cones4 ,exam9ation ( ! basidia ( ?is fungus %[s t x is m closely relat$ to ! jelly-fungi1 ,exidia & ,tremella 7p4 #ahd7 ?an to ,h$gehog fungi su* z ,auriscalpium or ,hyndum rep&um ,fries 7p4 #afj74 ,?is false nature is reflect$ 9 ! "n ( ! g5us to :i* x belongs1 ,pseudohydnum1 & ! v gelat9\s texture 9 ! specific "n #8gelat9osum'3 ! fungus is ,pseudohydnum gelat9osum1 or z x us$ to be call$ ,tremellodon gelat9osum4 ,illu/rations3 ,auriscalpium vulg>e--,,wd #ajc4 ,pseudohydnum gelat9osum--,,wd #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #eb4 ,t\gh or lea!ry fungi3 ,spores :ite & borne on sp9es--,e> pick fungus 7d7 ,t]re/rial =ms ,hydnum rep&um ,fries ,wood-h$gehog ,cap3 #ej-ge mm wid?4 ,/em3 wid? #aj-ag mm2 l5g? #de-fe mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 r ?ick1 fle%y1 p9ki% buff or tan1 pal] at its incurv$ & (t5 lob$ m>g94 ,/em3 %ort1 /\t & p[d]$ ) :ite r\gh5+s & (t5 atta*$ to ! cap to "o side ( ! c5tre4 ,gills3 replac$ by awl-%ap$1 p9ki% buff sp9es :i* are unequal 9 l5g? & run d[n ! top ( ! /em4 ,fle%3 :ite1 firm & ) a pleasant smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 :iti%4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 smoo?1 broadly ellipsoid1 #g #f-g m1 & n becom+ blui% grey 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,! #8wood-h$gehog' gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 mix$ woods & is easily recognis$ by its col\r & fle%y texture4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,! closely relat$1 small]1 r$-br[n species ,h4 rufesc5s ,p]soon gr[s ) conif]s4 ,hydnum 0 =m]ly a g5us :i* conta9$ sev]al entities1 n[ n consid]$ closely relat$4 ,?us ! foll[+ g5]a h be5 delimit$ 9 addition to ^? relat$ to ,hydnum rep&um & ,h4 rufesc5s1 & ,auriscalpium describ$ on p4 #aeh4 ,s>codon3 ,fruit-body fle%y3 spores br[n & ornam5t$ ) irregul> bumps1 e4g4 ,s4 imbricatum 7,fries7 ,k>/54 ,phellodon3 ,fruit-body t\gh & fibr\s3 spores :ite & ornam5t$ ) small sp9es1 e4g4 ,p4 nig] 7,fries7 ,k>/54 ,hydnellum3 ,fruit-body t\gh & fibr\s3 spores br[n & ornam5t$ ) irregul> bumps & bosses1 e4g4 ,h4 scrobiculatum 7,secretan7 ,k>/54 ,bank]a3 ,fruit-body fle%y3 spores :ite & ornam5t$ ) small sp9es1 e4g4 ,b4 fulig9oalbum 7,fries7 ,p\z>4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #bhj2 ,,lh #fa2 ,,nb #aec2 ,,wd #ec2 ,z #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ec4 ,t\gh or lea!ry fungi3 ,spores :iti% & borne on sp9es 7ii7 ,*ant]elles & relatives ,can?>ellus cib>ius ,fries ,*ant]elle ,cap3 #cj-ajj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? #cj-gj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 convex !n flatt5$1 irregul>ly wavy1 m or less top-%ap$1 depress$ & smoo? or slightly r\gh5$ at c5tre1 egg-yell[ or lemon-*rome ) flu% ( orange & ) ! m>g9 incurv$ at fir/4 ,/em3 %ort1 /\t1 tap]$ d[nw>ds1 fle%y & simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap4 ,gills3 replac$ by irregul>ly bran*$ yell[ folds :i* may =m a network ne> ! m>g9 & at ! apex ( ! /em ov] :i* ! folds run d[n irregul>ly 7decurr5t74 ,fle%3 ) pleasant1 fruity smell1 yell[ b pal] on dry+4 ,spore-pr9t3 pale cream-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 ellipsoid1 ?9-wall$1 smoo?1 #h-aj #e-f m 9 size & n becom+ blui% grey 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,basidia3 #b-h spor$4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,v common 9 troops 9 decidu\s woods especially ^? ) bee* & oak4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by its folds & abs5ce ( true gills b5ea? ! cap & ! ov]all yell[ col\r4 ,?is fungus is ! edible *ant]elle ( ! cont95tal m>ket1 :]e x is consid]$ ( v high quality2 x c be pur*as$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 t9s4 ,c4 friesii ,qulet is ( a bright apricot col\r ) lilace\s or rose-col\r$ fle%4 ,! #8false *ant]elle' ,hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 7,fries7 ,maire already discuss$ 7see p4 #ajf7 has true gills & is r$di% orange 9 col\r4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #ahb2 ,,lh #ei2 ,,nb #abc2 ,,wd #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ed4 ,fle%y b firm fungi3 ,spores pale-col\r$ & borne on irregul> folds 7,false gills7 ,crat]ellus cornucopioides 7,fries7 ,p]soon ,horn ( pl5ty ,cap3 #bb-hj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? #be-hj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 funnel-%ap$1 membran\s to lea!ry1 b limp1 d>k br[n or almo/ black 9 wet wea!r1 b on dry+ becom+ dull br[n or sepia1 slightly scaly & ) irregul>ly wavy m>g94 ,/em3 %ort1 blacki% & holl[4 ,gills3 abs5t1 replac$ by a smoo? to irregul>ly wr9kl$1 a%-grey surface4 ,fle%3 sepia b dry+ out greyi% o*re4 ,spore-pr9t3 cream-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 #aj-aa #f-g m 9 size & n blue+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,basidia3 usually #b-spor$4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,(t5 9 v l>ge troops 9 woods1 especially "u bee*4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is recognis$ by ! peculi> %ape & dull col\rs :i* conceal x s well among/ ! dead leaves & woodl& debris2 9 ! %ade ( ! tree-canopy x is easily ov]look$4 ,crat]ellus s9uosus 7,fries7 ,fries is a mu* small] species ) dirty o*race\s f]tile surface & br[ni% grey cap & /em4 #8,cornucopioides' means l 7oides7 a horn ( pl5ty1 a famili> object 9 m$iaeval pa9t+s z "p ( hea!n fe/ivities full & ov]fl[+ ei!r ) fruit or w9e1 or bo?6 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #ahf2 ,,lh #ei2 ,,nb #abc2 ,,wd #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ee4 ,fle%y b lea!ry fungi3 ,spores pale-col\r$ & borne on irregul> wr9kles 7iii7 ,fairy-club fungi ,clavul9a rugosa 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,wr9kl$ club ,cap3 abs5t4 ,fruit-body3 l5g? #ej-ajj mm2 wid? #g-ac mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 club-%ap$1 simple ) blunt apex or irregul> blunt bran*es1 :ite or dirty cream col\r1 (t5 ?ick5$ upw>ds & m>k$ ) longitud9al wr9kles or grooves & ! :ole surface ( ! club be>+ spores4 ,/em3 abs5t or extremely %ort4 ,fle%3 :ite4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spore3 m$ium siz$1 broadly ellipsoid to subglobose1 hyal9e "u ! microscope & n turn+ blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions1 #i-aj #g-h m 9 size4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,basidia3 #b-spor$4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,frequ5t on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 especially 9 ! %ade ( bee* trees or 9 conif] plantations4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,two v closely relat$ species are to be f\nd 9 simil> localities & are equally z common2 !y are ,c4 cri/ata 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ) /rongly bran*$ :ite fruit-body1 ea* bran* end+ 9 p9ki% or lav5d]-:ite1 divid$1 %>ply po9t$ bran*lets & ,c4 c9]ea 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ) irregul> greyi% or d>k grey bran*es ) a flu% ( violace\s4 ,^! ?ree species are v closely relat$2 9 fact s _m int]m$iates betwe5 ! extreme morphological =ms are kn[n t "s au?orities h consid]$ !m simply =ms ( a s+le species4 ,all ^! species lack cy/idia4 rugosa--wr9kl$1 ref]r+ to ! spore-be>+ surface4 cri/ata--cre/$1 ref]r+ to ! bran*lets4 c9]ea--a%-grey1 ref]r+ to ! col\r4 ,all ^! species are (t5 f\nd black5$ by ! gr[? ( ! microscopic fungus1 ,helm9?ospha]ia clav>iae 7,tulasne7 ,fuckel4 ,illu/rations3 ,c4 rugosa--,,lh #ee2 ,,wd #ajd4 ,c4 cri/ata--,,lh #ee2 ,,nb #aec2 ,,wd #ajd4 ,c4 c9]ea--,,wd #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ef4 ,fle%y b firm fungi3 ,spores pale-col\r$ & borne on club-%ap$ fruit-bodies ,clav>ia v]micul>is ,fries ,:ite sp9dles ,cap3 abs5t4 ,fruit-body3 wid? #f-aj mm2 l5g? #ej-he mm4 ,description3 ,plate #ef4 ,simple or v r>ely bran*$1 b n =k$ bel[ ! soil-level1 d5sely tuft$1 sp9dle-%ap$1 pure :ite ) %>p1 (t5 slightly br[ni%1 tips1 :5 old x is wavy1 (t5 twi/$1 compress$ & fragile4 ,/em3 abs5t4 ,fle%3 :iti%4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 small1 pip-%ap$1 smoo?1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 #d-e #c m 9 size1 & n becom+ blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 autumn among/ grass 9 fields1 less frequ5t 9 woods4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,clavul9opsis fusi=mis 7,fries7 ,corn]1 #8,gold5 sp9dles' is simil> to ,c4 v]micul>is1 b =ms d5se tufts ( can>y-yell[1 v fragile clubs jo9$ 9 #b's or #c's bel[ ! soil level2 ! spores are also slightly diff]5t1 be+ almo/ globose1 hyal9e "u ! microscope & #e-g m 9 diamet]4 ,clav>ia fumosa ,fries is simil> to ,c4 v]micul>is & =ms tufts ( v fragile m\se-grey clubs ) br[ni% tips2 x produces elongate ellipsoid spores measur+ #f-h #c-d m :i* are hyal9e "u ! microscope4 ,c4 v]micul>is & ,c4 fumosa diff] f ,clavul9opsis 9 hyphal con/ruction1 b ! diff]5ces are r difficult to demon/rate to ! beg9n]4 ,clavul9opsis helvola fav\rs simil> habits to ,c4 fusi=mis & al?\gh yell[ 9 col\r diff]s 9 ! m orange-yell[ col\ration1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! spores be+ r\nd$1 #e-f m 9 diamet] ) l>ge angul> sp9es4 ,! e>?-tongues1 i4e4 memb]s ( ! family ,geoglossaceae :i* are also f\nd 9 pa/ures belong to an unrelat$ gr\p ( fungi1 ! ,ascomycetes4 ,if ! clubs are cru%$ & exam9$ "u ! microscope r[s ( sacs 7asci7 conta9+ long ?read-l ascospores are f\nd--no basidia are to be se54 ,illu/rations3 ,clav4 fusi=mis--,,wd #ajd4 ,c4 v]micul>is--,,wd #ajd4 ,c4 fumosa--,hvass #cjc2 ,,wd #ajd4 ,clav4 helvola--,hvass #cjj2 ,,wd #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #eg4 ,club-%ap$ & coral fungi ,clavul9opsis corniculata 7,fries71 ,corn] 7p4 #aga74 ,cap3 abs5t4 ,fruit-body3 complex2 wid? #bj-cj mm2 l5g? #bj-dj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #eg4 ,fruit-body3 %ape dep5d+ on ! l5g? ( grass 9 :i* x gr[s b always bran*+ /rongly f its base1 compos$ ( a d5se compact tuft ( egg-yell[ or orange-tawny bran*es :i* are ei!r irregul> or ( equal l5g? & s !y =m a flatt5$ top to ! fruit-body complex1 ! bran*lets are sl5d]1 =k$ #b- or #c-times1 ) _! apices n>r[$ or curv$4 ,/em3 v d[ny at ! base4 ,fle%3 pale yell[4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 smoo?1 sph]ical & #e-g m 9 diamet]1 n becom+ blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common among/ grass 9 fields or on grassy pa? sides 9 woodl&4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,clavul9opsis corniculata is recognis$ by ! bran*$ habit & ! smoo? spores2 ,ram>ia o*raceo-vir5s is ( simil> =m1 b has an ov]all dull] col\r & turns gre5 on bruis+1 gr[s 9 p9ewoods & has f9ely r\gh5$ br[ni% spores4 ,caloc]a viscosa also has an erect1 bright gold5 or orange-yell[ fruit-body :i* becomes m orange on dry+4 ,x is repeat$ly bran*$ & usually has a long1 t\gh-root+ base4 ,h[ev]1 ! spore-pr9t is dirty yell[i% & ! fruit-body1 :i* gr[s on conif]\s wood1 is viscid & ela/ic1 a "* reflect$ 9 ! "n #8viscosa'4 ,microscopically ! basidium ( ,caloc]a is %ap$ l a tun+-=k & is n clavate z 9 ,clavul9opsis corniculata4 ,x appe>s to be m relat$ to ! jelly-fungi 7see p4 #ahj74 ,illu/rations3 ,clavul9opsis corniculata--,,lh #ee2 ,,nb #f2 ,,wd #ajd4 ,caloc]a viscosa--,hvass #cjd2 ,,lh #bbe2 ,,nb #adi2 ,,wd #ajg4 ,typhula ery?ropus ,fries4 ,cap3 abs5t4 ,fruit-body up to #bj mm high4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 upp] f]tile portion club-%ap$ & n m ?an half ! l5g?1 :ite1 surm\nt+ a r$di% br[n1 ?read-l1 (t5 wavy or twi/$ /em :i* is atta*$ at its base to an ellipsoid bead-l /ructure1 call$ a scl]otium4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 oblong1 smoo?1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 #f-g #b m 9 size & n becom+ blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,n uncommon on dead leaves & twigs or dead h]bace\s /ems4 ,pi/ill>ia micans ,fries4 ,cap3 abs5t4 ,fruit-body3 up to #aj mm high4 ,description3 ,club-%ap$ or oblong1 rose-p9k h>dly diff]5tiat$ f ! simil>ly col\r$ /em1 & aris+ at mo/ f a small pad ( filam5ts4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 broadly ellipsoid to pip-%ap$1 smoo?1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ab\t #aj #f m 7#h-aa #e-g m7 9 size & n becom+ blui% grey 9 iod9e solutions4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,n uncommon on dead h]bace\s /ems & leaves1 especially ^? 9 damp places4 ,illu/rations3 ,t4 ery?ropus ,,wd #aje4 ,p4 micans ,,wd #aje4 ,g5]al notes on ! club-fungi ,e>ly mycologi/s believ$ t ! club-%ap$ nature ( ! fruit-body 0 important 9 ! classification ( ^! fungi4 ,?us ! ,e>? ,tongues 7,geoglossum1 see ,plate #eg71 ! ,/ag's horn fungi & relatives 7,xylospha]a see p4 #bjd71 bo? ,ascomycete gr\ps1 ! ,dacrymycetales 7a gr\p ( jelly-fungi1 see p4 #ahj7 & ! true fairy-clubs 7 all classifi$ toge!r4 ,x 0 ! #8,fa!r ( ,mycology'1 ! ,sw$e1 ,elias ,fries1 :o 9 #ahba1 z 9 _m o!r gr\ps ( fungi1 made an attempt to make "s s5se ( ! *aos4 ,by v c>eful obs]vations1 & :at is s amaz+ )\t us+ a microscope1 he 0 able to sep>ate ! t\gh /emm$ & gelat9\s /emm$ gr\ps f ! m sl5d] or coral-l ones4 ,fries 0 a v ke5 obs]v] & notic$ features :i* _m mod]n au?orities miss 9 ! field because !y rely too heavily on ! microscope4 ,fries' sy/em 0 us$ almo/ un*ang$ until ! second half ( ?is c5tury2 its beauty 0 its simplicity 9 t x jo9$ toge!r 9 "o gr\p all ^? fungi ) simple basidia & ! spore-be>+ tissue di/ribut$ all ar\nd a simple club or ar\nd ! bran*es ( a complex fruit-body resembl+ a coral4 ,h[ev]1 by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! microscopic /ructures1 su* z ! spores & hyphae & ! developm5t ( ! fruit-body1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to sep>ate ^! fungi /ill fur!r4 ,! ecology ( ! club-fungi has assi/$ 9 an und]/&+ ( ^! propos$ divisions4 ,! l>g] _m bran*$ clav>ias1 m correctly plac$ 9 ! g5us ,ram>ia1 are to be f\nd on b>e soil 9 woodl&s & plantations2 ,r4 o*raceo-vir5s is common 9 conif] plantations & c be recognis$ by ! long ornam5t$ spores1 :i* *>act]ise ?is gr\p ( fungi1 & ! fact t ! s&y-col\r$ fruit-body becomes d>k olive-gre5 on bruis+ 7see p4 #agj74 ,clav>iadelphus pi/ill>is is ! l>ge/ ( our simple club-fungi2 x may gr[ up to #bjj mm high & #ej mm wide4 ,?is fungus has a wr9kl$ out] surface & sometimes ! apex ( ! club becomes flatt5$ & lacks basidia2 ?is sugge/s a possible relation%ip1 p]haps evolution>y1 to ! primitive *ant]elles 7see p4 #afb7--;also woodl& fungi4 ,clavul9a1 a complex gr\p ( dull or :iti%1 bran*$ fruit-bodies1 has be5 describ$ e>li] & ! g5us is *>act]is$ by ! l>ge spores & #b-spor$ basidia2 !y are woodl& fungi also4 ,! grassl& species are (t5 simple 9 /ructure belong+ 9 ! ma9 to ! g5us ,clavul9opsis 7see p4 #agj7 & ! n[ mu* r$uc$ g5us ,clav>ia 7see p4 #afh74 ,al?\gh really complex1 "s ( ^! species ( ,clavul9opsis are bran*$ only bel[ ! soil level & ?us appe> z s+le clubs among/ ! grass4 ,p]haps ! s+le club has evolv$ especially to gr[ among/ blades ( grass4 ,c4 corniculata1 h[ev]1 is well bran*$ & ! head is tight & compact & (t5 flatt5$ close to ! gr\nd4 ,! same fungus 9 woodl& is m op5 & because ( ?is x 0 ?\ght to be a diff]5t species to ! grassl& =m4 ,x is ! simple club :i* dom9ates ! =m ( ^? species :i* gr[ on h]bace\s debris & grass-/ems2 inde$ sev]al species ( ,typhula cause diseases ( grass p>ticul>ly ^? ( lawns :]e !y h suff]$ damage because ( cold or long p]iods "u ! sn[4 ,"s ( ^! small fungi produce a small h>d mass ( fungal tissue ab\t ! size ( a lup9 se$ 7call$ a scl]otium74 ,?is is a re/+ body f :i* ! club-%ap$ almo/ filam5t-l fruit-body lat] develops4 ,!lephora t]re/ris ,fries ,e>?-fan ,cap3 abs5t4 ,fruit-body3 wid? #bj-dj mm2 height #cj-ej mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 erect1 fan-%ap$ or effus$ ) upturn$ m>g91 t\gh b ?9 & fibr\s1 *ocolate-br[n or cocoa-col\r$1 scaly f radiat+ fibrils & ) fr+$1 pale buff or w9e-col\r$ m>g94 ,gills3 abs5t & replac$ by a wr9kl$ or irregul>ly granul>1 d>k lilace\s grey or cocoa-col\r$ surface4 ,fle%3 br[n & ?94 ,spore-pr9t3 purpli% br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 d>k br[n "u ! microscope1 w>t$-angul> & #h-i #f-g m 9 size4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t b basidia (t5 fill$ ) br[n cont5ts4 ,basidia3 #b-d spor$4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 especially p9e woods2 also on hea?l& gr[+ up vegetation & incorporat+ x into ! fruit-body's %ape4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,!re is "s evid5ce to sugge/ t ?is fungus c =m mycorrhiza ) p9e trees "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,al?\gh x may be easily pass$ ov] because x is p]fectly cam\flag$ x is q easy to recognise :5 collect$4 ,t4 palmata 7,bulli>d7 ,pat\ill>d1 is a bigg]1 less frequ5tly se5 species m coral-l 9 %ape2 x also gr[s 9 p9e woods4 ,:5 ! fruit-body ( ,t4 t]re/ris spreads ov] ! soil or plant debris x resembles o!r memb]s ( ! family to :i* x belongs1 i4e4 ,!lephoraceae2 species ( ,tom5tella4 ,!y also h w>ty angul> spores1 purpli% br[n col\rs1 & wr9kl$ or puck]$ spore-be>+ surfaces4 ,tom5tella spp41 h[ev]1 are resup9ate or encru/+ & s d n =m caps1 ev5 at ! m>g9 ( ! fruit-body4 ,tom5tella is "o ( ! _m g5]a :i* 7 class$ collectively z resup9ate fungi because !y lack a cap & =m cru/s4 ,?is gr\p #8! resup9ates' consi/s ( a :ole s]ies ( q unrelat$ fungi4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #ec2 ,,nb #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #eh4 ,club & ,fan-%ap$ fungi 7iv7 ,resup9ate fungi ,:5 mycologi/s talk g5]ally ab\t #8resup9ates' !y are ref]r+ to a :ole gr\p ( ,basidiomycetes ^: spore-be>+ lay] is expos$1 ! cap highly r$uc$ or completely lack+1 & ! fungus adh]+ to ! surface ( ! sub/rate :i* may be soil1 wood1 grasses1 etc41 at ! po9t :i* w\ld h be5 ! cap ( an ag>ic4 ,probably memb]s ( ! gr\p are ! mo/ commonly se5 yet x is "o ( ! mo/ commonly ignor$ gr\ps ( fungi--by naturali/s & mycologi/s alike2 !y =m #8:ite wa%' on old /icks1 d>k col\r$ discol\rations on trunks1 etc4 ,x is an entirely artificial gr\p ( _m q unrelat$ elem5ts unit$ on ! common factor ( hav+ ei!r a r$uc$ or primitive fruit-body consi/+ only ( a %eet ( tissue4 ,h[ev]1 ^! same fungi h a unit+ factor 9 t !y frequ5t ! same ecological sites1 e4g4 on muddy soil 9 bogs1 "u ov]hangs ( banks & /ream sides1 und]sides ( logs1 trunks1 bran*es & twigs1 hidd5 9 cracks ( old /umps or spread+ ov] c>pets ( conif] ne$les or dead leaves & s$ges4 ,by /udy+ ! anatomy ( ! fruit-body & ! *>act]s ( ! spores c]ta9 relation%ips c be f\nd :i* relate _m ( ^! fungi to sev]al o!r gr\ps ( fungi we h dealt ) 9 e>li] *apt]s4 ,x is only possible to m5tion "h ! gr\p z a :ole = all ! species really require v c>eful exam9ation1 (t5 necessitat+ sev]al h\rs ( microscope "w4 ,!y %\ld be left by ! beg9n] until m exp]i5ce is obta9$ & advice ( an exp]t easily available4 ,al?\gh ! gr\p ma9ly conta9s saprophytes1 a few are p>asitic4 #8,silv]-leaf disease' ( almonds & fruit trees is caus$ by ,/]eum 7*ondro/]eum7 purpureum 7,p]soon7 ,fries2 x has a purple fruit+ surface1 & greyi% upp] surface :5 ev] ?is is =m$ at ! m>g94 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,/]eum 9 ,brita91 ?ree species ( :i* :5 h&l$ 9 ! fre% /ate /a9 r$3 ,s4 sangu9ol5tum 7,a4 ,s47 ,fries1 a pale col\r$ species on conif] wood1 ,s4 rugosum 7,p]s47 ,fries a simil> col\r$ species on bee*1 bir* & especially hazel1 & ,s4 gausapatum ,fries an o*race\s yell[ species on oak1 (t5 =m+ a pocket rot ( ! timb]4 ,h[ev]1 ! commone/ memb] ( ! g5us is an orange-tawny col\r$ species ) a greyi% buff1 hairy cap1 ,s4 hirsutum 7,willd7 ,fries4 ,x gr[s on _m trees ( broad-leav$ wood & c be f\nd :]ev] twigs1 bran*es1 trunks or /umps h be5 ly+ out 9 ! ra92 x does n ble$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ei4 ,resup9ate fungi ,^? species ( resup9ate fungi :i* resemble memb]s ( ?is g5us1 i4e4 ^? ) a di/9ct t\gh1 al?\gh poorly develop$1 cap1 are call$ /]eoid4 #8,r$ ?read disease' ( grass :i* (t5 causes unsightly r$ pat*es on lawns & s*ool & corporation play+-fields is caus$ by ,corticium fuci=me 7,b]keley7 ,wakefield4 ,fungi belong+ to ?is g5us produce fruit-bodies :i* #8scramble' ov] ! sub/rate2 = example1 if "o se>*es old eld] trees ?r\gh\t ! ye> "o w c]ta9ly f9d a #8:ite wa%' fungus ( ?is type1 ,hyphodontia sambuci 7,p]s47 ,j4 ,eriksson4 ,fungi ) ?is type ( fruit-body are call$ corticoid4 ,! two major types are illu/rat$ along ) "s ( ! biz>re microscopic /ructures "o f9ds 9 ! resup9ates2 su* /ructures are useful 9 classification & id5tification1 & _! beauty & intricacy make up = ! surpris+ly simple fruit-body %ape & texture4 ,c4 ,,! ,,jelly ,,fungi ,key to ! major gr\ps ,! jelly fungi or ,hym5omycet\s het]obasidiae is a complex gr\p ( fungi & n only includes our common jelly fungi b _m microscopic =ms "s ( :i* are p>asitic4 ,! gr\p is divid$ into ?ree ma9 divisions dep5d+ on ! position ( ! cross-walls )9 ! basidium1 or :e!r ! basidium is 9 ! %ape ( a tun+-=k4 ,!y are probably n closely relat$ "o to ano!r4 ,auricul>iales 7,basidia divid$ into cells by transv]se walls7 #a4 ,fruit-body lack+ a cap & m or less =m+ a gelat9\s coat+ on plant-debris ,helicobasidium ,fruit-body ) m or less di/9ct cap1 gelat9\s b t\gh #b #b4 ,fruit-body e>-l or cup-%ap$2 upp] surface ) grey hairs & l[] surface lilace\s br[n or w9e-col\r$ ,hirneola ,fruit-body at fir/ cup-%ap$ b !n spread+2 upp] surface grey & hairy1 & l[] surface purpli%4 ,auricul>ia ,tremellales 7,basidia divid$ into cells by longitud9al walls7 #a4 ,fruit-body ) di/9ct /em & sp9es on l[] surface ,pseudohydnum ,fruit-body lack+ a well-develop$ /em1 ei!r r$uc$ to a small lobe or entirely abs5t #b #b4 ,fruit-body flatt5$ or disc-%ap$1 (t5 ) w>ts or ve9s on ! surface2 spores m or less sausage-%ap$ ,exidia ,fruit-body bra9-l or ) irregul> bumps1 sometimes lob$ or irregul> & encru/+ #c #c4 ,fruit-body bra9-l or ) bumps or bosses2 spores r\nd$ or ovoid ,tremella ,fruit-body encru/+ woody or h]bace\s mat]ial2 spores ellipsoid ,sebac9a ,dacrymycetales 7,basidia resembl+ ! %ape ( a tun+-=k7 #a4 ,fruit-body club-%ap$ or coral-l ,caloc]a ,fruit-body top-%ap$ or ) irregul> bumps #b #b4 ,fruit-body top-%ap$ ,femsjonia ,fruit-body cu%ion- or bra9-l1 or ) irregul> bumps ,dacrymyces ,dacrymyces /illatus ,nees ex ,fries ,fruit-body3 #c-f mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 cu%ion or bra9-l1 (t5 irregul>1 lack+ any evid5ce ( /em1 yell[ or orange1 gelat9\s1 cov]$ entirely by spore-be>+ tissue4 ,spore-pr9t3 yell[i%4 ,spores3 long1 cyl9drical or oblong1 & slightly curv$ & #ab-ae #e-f m 9 size2 !y *>act]i/ically h #b to #d cross-walls divid+ ! int]ior ( ! spore 7see bel[74 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common on all sorts ( old wood1 p>ticul>ly on f5ce-po/s1 wood5 railway-sleep]s & o!r work$ timb] outside1 e4g4 sides ( summ]-h\ses & g>d5 %$s4 ,x is also f\nd on twigs & bran*es 9 woods & copses4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b x is mu* m obvi\s "u damp conditions :5 x is /rongly gelat9is$ & v s(t2 :5 dry x almo/ disappe>s4 ,! tissue be>+ ! basidia 7p]fect /ate7 is yell[1 :5 orange !re is a pr$om9ance ( asexually produc$ spores call$ ar?rospores 7conidia74 ,d4 deliquesc5s is only ano!r "n = ! same fungus4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,dacrymyces ) :i* ,d4 /illatus c be confus$1 b c only be sep>at$ ) c]ta9ty by us+ a microscope4 ,! ,coral-spot fungus1 frequ5tly f\nd 9 g>d5s1 produces gelat9\s1 p9k protub]ances on wood especially t ( sycamore1 & may easily be mi/ak5 = species ( ,dacrymyces4 ,x consi/s entirely ( asexually produc$ spores 7conidia7 ( ! ,ascomycete ,nectria c9nab>9a4 ,! p]fect /ate appe>s late 9 ! ye> z gr\p$1 small1 blood-r$ flask-%ap$ fruit-bodies conta9+ envelopes ( spores4 ,x is q unrelat$ to ,dacrymyces4 ,caloc]a viscosa 7,fries7 ,fries describ$ e>li] 7p4 #agj7 is closely relat$ to ,dacrymyces4 ,! mu* small]1 & probably equally z common1 ,caloc]a cornea 7,fries7 ,fries is simple1 club-%ap$ & yell[1 b d>k5s to become orange on dry+4 ,x gr[s up to #aj mm high & occurs on all sorts ( wood2 x is especially common on wet bee* trunks4 ,x approa*es ,dacrymyces m ?an ! mu* l>g] ,c4 viscosa4 ,illu/rations3 ,d4 deliquesc5s--,,lh #bbe2 ,,nb #adi2 ,,wd #ajg4 ,c4 cornea--,,wd #ajg4 ,hirneola auricula-judae 7,/ ,amans7 ,b]keley ,jew's e> ,fruit-body3 wid? #bj-ge mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 cup or e>-%ap$1 r$-br[n or deep w9e-col\r1 gelat9\s ) its upp] surface1 velvety & clo!d 9 greyi% or olivace\s hairs4 ,spore-be>+ lay]3 r$di% or purpli% br[n1 smoo? or ve9$ & transluc5t4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 v long1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 oblong1 curv$ & n>r[$ t[>ds _! base1 #af-ah #f-h m 9 size4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,on dead bran*es ( all k9ds & p>ticul>ly common ?r\gh\t ! ye> on eld]4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by ! w9e-col\r$1 cup-%ap$ or e>-%ap$ fruit-body2 x is (t5 call$ ,auricul>ia judae 9 _m books4 ,its ,lat9 "n is reflect$ 9 ! common "n3--auricula e> & judae1 ( a jew4 ,?is fungus is suppos$ to be a reappe>ance1 z a w>n+ to u all1 ( ,judas1 :o on betrayal ( ,*ri/ hung himself f an eld] tree4 ,auricul>ia mes5t]ica 7,s4 ,f4 ,gray7 ,p]soon1 #8,tripe-fungus'1 is bracket-%ap$ ) a hairy upp] surface & r$di% purple or deep purple l[] surface :i* :5 fre% has a greyi% bloom due to ! =mation ( ! spores4 ,!re are sev]al fungi 9 ! gr\p ,auricul>iales 9 ,brita91 b _m ( !m are inconspicu\s & are id5tifi$ ) difficulty except by ! exp]t4 ,sebac9a incru/ans 7,fries7 ,tulasne is a common m obvi\s example ( ! resup9ate =ms4 ,x gr[s z a cream or ivory-col\r$1 s(t fruit-body encru/+ twigs1 leaves1 grass & soil4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #bbe2 ,,nb #adi2 ,,wd #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fj4 ,jelly fungi ,exidia gl&ulosa 7,/ ,amans7 ,fries ,wit*'s butt] ,fruit-body3 wid? #ae-ej mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 sessile or %ortly /alk$1 blacki%1 v>iable 9 %ape1 r\nd$1 flatt5$1 disc-%ap$ or convolute1 gelat9\s ) its "u surface tom5tose & free f ! sub/rate4 ,fruit+ surface3 upp]mo/1 wavy & fold$1 & ) num]\s w>t-l projections4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 long1 hyal9e1 cyl9drical1 sausage-%ap$ & #ab-ae #e m 9 size4 ,cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,frequ5t 9 cr[d$ gr\ps on /umps1 logs & fall5 bran*es ( broad-leav$ trees1 especially ^? ( a%2 common ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,tremella foliacea 7,s4 ,f4 ,gray7 ,p]soon & ,tremella mes5t]ica ,hook] are simil> b m convolut$ ) leaf-l lobes4 ,! =m] is c9namon br[n & occurs on conif] wood & its spores are #g-i #e-g m1 :il/ ! latt] is bright gold5 yell[ or orange-yell[ & occurs on broad-leav$ trees4 ,t4 mes5t]ica has spores #g-h #e-f m1 (t5 accompani$ or replac$ by small1 asexually produc$ spores4 ,gl&ulosa--means full ( gl&s & ref]s to ! gl&s ( ! upp] surface ( ! ,wit*'s butt]4 ,! convolut$ fruit-body ( ! ,tremella spp4 is reflect$ 9 ! ^w foliacea--leafy1 & mes5t]ica--middle inte/9e4 ,! la/ species is also (t5 call$ ! #8,yell[ bra9-fungus'4 ,illu/rations3 ,exidia gl&ulosa--,,lh #bbe2 ,,nb #adi2 ,,wd #ajg4 ,tremella mes5t]ica--,,lh #bbe2 ,,nb #adi2 ,,wd #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fa4 ,jelly fungi ,d4 ,,! ,,/oma* ,,fungi ,! ,ga/]omycetes are a complex mixture ( high] fungi unit$ 9 virtue ( _! spores be+ enclos$ 9 a fruit-body & n =cibly eject$ f ! basidium2 ! gr\p includes ! puff-balls & _! relatives4 ,key to "s gr\ps #a4 ,fruit-body gr[+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil 7hypoge\s7 ,false truffles 7includ+ ,hym5oga/]1 ,rhizopogon7 ,fruit-body n gr[+ b5ea? ! soil-surface #b #b4 ,spores 9 a slimy mass on a specialis$ fruit-body aris+ f an egg-l /ructure ,/9khorns 7,phallus ,mut9us7 ,spores p[d]y at maturity or 9 small capsules #c #c4 ,spores p[d]y at maturity & conta9$ )9 ! fruit-body #d ,spores enclos$ 9 a small capsule or gr\p ( capsules 9 a cup-l /ructure1 resembl+ ! eggs )9 ! ne/ ( a bird ,bird's ne/ fungi 7includ+ ,crucibulum ,cya?us7 #d4 ,spores int]mix$ ) ?reads )9 ! fruit-body f :i* !y are disp]s$ ?r\gh a specialis$ pore at its apex ,puff-balls & ,e>?-/>s 7,lycop]don ,gea/rum7 ,spores n mix$ ) ?reads )9 ! fruit-body & n disp]s$ ?r\gh special /ructure b ?r\gh cracks z ! fruit-body wea!rs ,e>?-,balls 7,scl]od]ma7 ,! ,ga/]omycetes is an unnatural gr\p ( pr$om9antly saprophytic high] fungi _m ( :i* are extremely grotesque & /range 9 _! morphology4 ,in/ead ( ! spores be+ =m$ asymmetrically on ! basidium z is f\nd 9 ! ag>ics1 ! spores ( memb]s ( ?is gr\p are usually m or less symmetrically atta*$ to _! /]igmata or may ev5 be seat$ directly 7sessile7 on ! basidium4 ,! :ole gr\p1 ev5 if unnatural1 c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ "u "o head+ z a biological unit4 ,until some?+ bett] is sugge/$ & support$ by evid5ce ! exi/5ce ( ?is gr\p is v conv5i5t4 ,usually ! basidia project into cavities )9 ! fruit-body 9 :i* ! spores !mselves are releas$ z ! fruit-body gradually matures--h5ce ! "n ,ga/]o-mycetes3 #8/oma*-fungi'4 ,9 a few m advanc$ =ms1 ! puff-balls ( temp]ate c\ntries1 = in/ance1 ! spores escape f ^! cavities ?r\gh a pore or pores 9 ! out] wall ( ! fruit-body1 & 9 ! /9khorns ! spores are expos$ z a /icky mass because ! smell ( ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y are held is attractive to flies4 ,9 =ms :i* h subt]ranean 7or hypoge\s p4 #bdc7 fruit-bodies !re is no special op5+ & "h ! spores are disp]s$ by insects & small mammals4 ,9 ! bird's ne/ fungi ! spores are enclos$ 9 sep>ate packets )9 a sauc] or cup-l op5 /ructure4 ,rec5tly x has be5 %[n by exam9ation ( ! microscopic /ructure ( ! fruit-bodies & spores t c]ta9 g5]a ( ! ,ga/]omycetes are m closely relat$ to ! ag>ics ?an _m ( !m are betwe5 !mselves4 ,x is believ$ t "s ( ! ,ga/]omycetes may h evolv$ f m famili> fungi by adaptation to arid or semi-arid conditions4 ,al?\gh ?is is n true = all ! ,ga/]omycetes )9 ?is "o gr\p ( fungi1 a :ole s]ies ( me?ods ( ov]com+ ! disadvantages connect$ ) non-viol5t disposal ( spores has evolv$4 ,^! me?ods include bo? *anges 9 /ructure & ecology2 only a few h evolv$ a mycorrhizal relation%ip ) high] plants4 ,lycop]don pyri=me ,p]soon ,/ump puff-ball ,fruit-body3 wid? #bj-ej mm2 height #dj-ge mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 m or less pe>-%ap$1 pale br[ni% (t5 ) a slight hump on ! top1 scurfy on ! outside ) t9y po9t$ granules :i* soon fall (f or become rubb$ (f by abrasion1 p>ticul>ly aft] c>eless h&l+4 ,/em3 consi/+ ( r small cells & connect$ at ! base by long1 :ite1 bran*$ cords ( mycelium :i* p]meate ! sub/rate4 ,spore-mass3 :ite at fir/ !n gre5i% yell[ & f9ally olive-br[n & =m$ ar\nd a /]ile column4 ,spores3 small1 olive1 m9utely w>t$ b appe>+ smoo? "u ! /ud5t microscope2 #d m 9 diamet] & int]mix$ ) long1 olive col\r$1 bran*$ hyphal ?reads #d-e m broad & ( irregul> wall ?ickness4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is puff-ball gr[s 9 huge clu/]s on /umps & logs1 or c be trac$ to buri$ pieces ( wood2 x occurs f summ] to late autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,lycop]don 9 ?is c\ntry1 "s q small & sev]al r infrequ5t4 ,l4 pyri=me is ! only "o :i* gr[s on wood2 #8pyri=me' means pe>-%ap$ & is d]iv$ f ! %ape ( ! fruit-body4 ,l4 p]latum ,p]soon is also a common puff-ball2 x is pe/le-%ap$ or top-%ap$1 :iti% or tan ) m9utely r\gh5$1 globose spores measur+ #d m 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit-body is cov]$ 9 a mixture ( l>ge & small1 fragile sp9es :i* leave a network :5 rubb$ (f4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & on hea?s4 ,l4 foetidum ,bonord5 is simil> to ,l4 p]latum1 b ! sp9es are umb] or v&yke-br[n2 x also gr[s bo? 9 woods & upl& pa/ures1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]4 ,illu/rations3 ,l4 pyri=me--,hvass #caf2 ,,lh #bai2 ,,nb #aee2 ,,wd #aji4 ,l4 p]latum--,hvass #cae2 ,,lh #bag2 ,,nb #aee2 ,,wd #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fb4 ,puff-balls ,lang]mannia gigantea 7,p]soon7 ,ro/kovius ,giant puff-ball ,fruit-body3 diamet] #cjj-dej mm 7-#a1jej mm74 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 r\nd or slightly flatt5$ on ! top1 smoo? or crack$ into small scales1 :ite b becom+ flu%$ yell[i% ) age & f9ally olive-br[n :5 old1 frequ5tly ! out] lay] dries & breaks away to expose ! p[d]y spore-mass )94 ,/em3 abs5t or only pres5t z a small cone ( tissue4 ,spore-mass3 :iti%1 cream-col\r$ & f9ally olive-br[n4 ,spores3 small1 br[ni%1 m9utely w>t$ & sph]ical1 #d-e m 9 diamet] & int]mix$ ) ?ick-wall$1 bran*$1 br[n hyphae1 #c-e m broad4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,on ! gr\nd 9 copses1 at ! edges ( woods1 "u h$ges or on refuse tips1 & sometimes 9 g>d5s4 ,x may appe> 9 ! same place ye> aft] ye>1 & has be5 record$ gr[+ b5ea? ! raft]s 9 h\ses4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,:5 "y x is :ite inside or cream-col\r$ be=e ! spores h develop$ & c !n be cut into slices & cook$4 ,i h se5 x on sale 9 m>kets 9 ,n4 ,am]ica & x is collect$ = food by _m 9 ,europe4 ,its pumpk9-%ape ) a circumf]5ce ( any?+ up to #a1jej mm makes ?is fungus easily recognisable4 ,! numb] ( spores produc$ by a fruit-body measur+ #djj #bhj mm has be5 calculat$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,r4 ,bull] z #g1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj spores6 ,calvatia utri=mis 7,fries7 ,jaap 7 ,c4 caelata 7,p]soon7 ,morgan7 has a goblet-l %ape & a di/9ct1 /]ile base compos$ ( l>ge cells ) a prom95t membrane sep>at+ !m f ! spore-mass2 ! spores are #d-e m diamet]1 smoo? & sph]ical4 ,c4 excipuli=mis 7,fries7 ,p]deck 7 ,c4 saccata 7,vahl47 ,morgan7 is pe/le-%ap$ ) a well develop$ /em4 ,! spore-mass is compos$ ( w>t$1 globose spores1 #d-e m 9 diamet]4 ,bovi/a nigresc5s ,p]soon is v simil> 9 %ape to ! ,giant puff-ball1 b is v mu* small]2 x lacks a /alk1 be+ atta*$ to ! sub/rate only by mycelial cords4 ,x comm5ces :ite1 b !n d>k5s to become purpli% br[n at maturity :5 x also breaks f its moor+s & rolls ab\t 9 ! w9d4 ,! la/ ?ree species are f\nd on hea?s1 9 pa/ures or on ! gr\nd 9 woods4 ,illu/rations3 ,c4 gigantea--,hvass #cab2 ,,lh #bag2 ,,nb #cga2 ,,wd #aji4 ,b4 nigresc5s--,hvass #caa2 ,,lh #bai2 ,,nb #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fc4 ,puff-,balls ,e>?-/>s & ,e>?-balls ,! e>?-/>s1 i4e4 species ( ,gea/rum1 are closely relat$ to ! puff-balls1 b diff] 9 hav+ two v di/9ct & sep>ate enclos+ walls1 ! out] "o splitt+ at maturity to expose a #8puff-ball' )92 an example ( ! g5us is ,g4 triplex ,jungh1 f\nd 9 p>ks or "u bee* trees or ,g4 rufesc5s ,p]s4 7illu/rat$7 9 mix$ woodl&4 ,! out] sk9 splits 9 diff]5t ways 9 diff]5t species3 9 "s x splits l a />--h5ce ! common "n ( ,e>?-/>1 9 "s ! spore-mass is rais$ z if on /ilts4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,gea/rum record$ = ,brita91 b !y are decid$ly uncommon4 ,! ,e>?-balls are1 h[ev]1 f> f uncommon & may be met ) f e>ly summ] until late autumn 9 any wood p>ticul>ly ^? on s&y soils4 ,!y are unrelat$ to ! e>?-/>s4 ,e>?-balls ,scl]od]ma citr9um ,p]soon ,common e>?-ball ,fruit-body3 diamet] #be-ge mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 r\nd$ or flatt5$ on top1 sometimes lob$1 v firm1 yell[ or clay col\r1 scaly1 ?ick1 :ite )9 or p9ki%1 if cut :5 immature1 & !n purpli% black z ! spores mature4 ,/em3 abs5t or r$uc$ to a small gr\p ( mycelial cords4 ,spore-mass3 purpli% black4 ,spores3 m$ium to l>ge1 d>k br[n1 #h-ac m 9 diamet] & cov]$ ) a delicate network4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,on ! gr\nd 9 woods or on hea?s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is f\nd 9 _m books "u ! "n ( ,s4 aurantium4 ,s4 v]rucosum ,p]soon is closely relat$1 b has a /em-l root+ base & an umb] br[n spore-mass4 ,! spores are also slightly diff]5t2 !y are #aj-ad m 9 diamet] & ornam5t$ ) sp9es & ridges4 ,! e>?-balls appe> to h *>act]s 9 common ) ! false truffles1 inde$ sometimes !y gr[ p>tially buri$ 9 ! s&y soil ( woods4 ,l ! false truffles !y h be5 us$ to adult]ate pt z a *eap sub/itute = true truffles 7see p4 #bdd74 ,x is n wise1 h[ev]1 to eat e>?-balls z !re are cases ( poison+ kn[n4 ,al?\gh truffle-l1 !y %\ld be avoid$ except "u ! guidance ( an exp]t1 z ) ag>ics4 ,illu/rations3 ,gea/rum triplex--,hvass #cjg2 ,,lh #bba2 ,,nb #aee4 ,scl]od]ma citr9um--,hvass #cbj2 ,,lh #bbc2 ,,nb #aee2 ,,wd #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fd4 ,e>?-balls & ,e>?-/>s ,/9khorns ,phallus impudicus ,p]soon ,common /9khorn ,fruit-body3 ,egg3 #cj-fj mm 9 diamet]--!n ,cap3 #be-dj mm & ,/em3 wid? #ah-be mm2 l5g? #ajj-aej mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 comm5c+ z a :ite1 silky egg-l /ructure full ( jelly 9 :i* is emb$d$ a conical cap atta*$ only at its apex to a cyl9drical :ite1 spongy1 holl[ /em4 ,cap3 cov]$ 9 a slimy mass ( d>k olive-col\r$ spores at maturity4 ,/em3 cyl9drical1 rapidly elongat+1 :ite1 spongy & holl[4 ,spore-mass3 d>k olive-gre51 smell+ /rongly1 foetid4 ,spores3 small1 pale olive1 oblong & #c-e #b m 9 size4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common f summ] to autumn on ! gr\nd 9 woods & 9 g>d5s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,easily recognis$ by its %ape & evil smell :i* c be detect$ at "s di/ance4 ,! unbur/ eggs are call$ #8wit*es eggs'4 ,"u fav\rable conditions ! egg bur/s & ! /em elongates c>ry+ ! cap & spore-mass ) x4 ,! spore-mass is attractive to flies & !y fe$ ^u x2 spores /ick to _! feet & s are transport$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,! v simil> ,p4 hadriani ,p]soon is frequ5tly f\nd 9 s&-dunes2 x diff]s 9 hav+ a lilace\s col\r to ! egg4 ,an int]e/+ v>iety ( ! common /9khorn is uncommonly f\nd & diff]s 9 hav+ a skirt-l frill b5ea? ! cap4 ,! jelly 9 ! egg is a wat]-/ore & is us$ by ! fungus to exp& rapidly4 ,mut9us can9us 7,p]soon7 ,fries1 ! #8,dogs /9khorn'1 is f\nd ar\nd old /umps or on piles ( leaves4 ,x has ! spore-mass cov]+ an orange-r$ pe>-%ap$ cap :i* is itself fus$ to ! /em4 ,! /9khorns & _! allies appe> to be common] 9 w>m] c\ntries :]e !y take on _m biz>re %apes4 ,o!r ?an ! ?ree species not$ above /9khorns are r>ely f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry1 b :5 !y are x w\ld appe> !y h be5 introduc$ ) =eign imports su* z timb]1 ornam5tal plants1 vegetables etc4 ,eggs ( phalloids br\ght into ! laboratory c be surr\nd$ by wet tissues or blott+ pap] & !n all[$ to develop fur!r 9 a di% or box4 ,provid$ ! sk9 cov]+ ! spores is n brok5 or injur$ ! fungus w n smell & !re=e be=e x becomes unpleasant1 ! :ole me*anism ( expansion c be /udi$4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #cbc2 ,,lh #bae2 ,,nb #aec2 ,,wd #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fe4 ,/9khorns ,birds ne/ fungi ,crucibulum laeve 7de ,c&olle7 ,kambly ,fruit-body3 diamet] #h-ab mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 o*race\s br[n or s&-col\r1 d[ny & !n smoo?1 truncate1 cup-%ap$ ) ! cup at fir/ clos$ by a yell[i% membrane :i* f9ally splits to expose a gr\p ( pale br[n or d+y :iti%1 circul>1 l5s-%ap$ #8eggs' 7p]idioles71 scatt]$ on a %9y pale o*race\s int]ior4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 9 packets )9 #8eggs'1 ellipsoid1 hyal9e1 smoo? & #h-aj #d-f m 9 size4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common 9 cr[d$ gr\ps on dead twigs1 f]n /ems1 /raw & :eat /ubble4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,cya?us diff]s f ,crucibulum 9 ! m complex fruit-body :i* consi/s ( ?ree lay]s1 & ! p]idioles =m+ on di/9ct /alks4 ,two species are frequ5tly se53 ,cya?us /riatus ,p]soon has a grey1 flut$ inn] surface to ! cup & /rongly hairy r$-br[n out] surface2 ! spores measure #af-bb #i-aj m4 ,cya?us olla ,p]soon has a smoo?1 %9y1 grey surface & m9utely silky1 yell[i% grey out] surface4 ,c4 /riatus is f\nd on twigs1 & ab\t dead /umps2 ,c4 olla is m frequ5t 9 g>d5s on h]bace\s debris & dead pieces ( p]5nial fl[]s--or ev5 9 plant pots4 ,spha]obolus /ellatus ,p]soon is m di/antly relat$ & gr[s on decay+ leaves1 brack5 fronds1 p>tially buri$ twigs & dung4 ,x is an intrigu+ fungus because x possesses a rem>kable spore-disp]sal me*anism4 ,! inn] lay] ( ! fruit-body :5 ripe sudd5ly turns inside out catapult+ ! inn] spore-mass to di/ances ( any?+ up to #d1bjj mm1 t is a di/ance ( #a1jjj times ! size ( ! fruit-body4 ,! fruit-body is ext]nally :iti% or pale yell[1 b ?is lay] splits into lobes l a /> expos+ ! bright orange inn] surface & pale spore-mass4 ,illu/rations3 ,crucibulum laeve--,,lh #bbc2 ,,wd #aaa4 ,cya?us /riatus--,,lh #bbc2 ,,wd #aaa4 ,spha]obolus /ellatus--,,lh #bbc2 ,,wd #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ff4 ,bird's ne/ fungi ,e4 ,,cup ,,fungi ,,& ,,allies ,g5]al ,notes4 ,! ,ascomycetes diff] f all ! o!r fungi s f> dealt ) 9 t ! spores develop enclos$ 9 a microscopic envelope or sac--call$ ! ascus4 ,usually eight spores are produc$ 9 ea* ascus & !y are (t5 disp]s$ viol5tly into ! air4 ,elf-cups & morels are typical ,ascomycetes1 b ! gr\p also includes innum]able m9ute =ms ( ! microscopic fungi1 small discs1 m9ute flask-l /ructures1 "s ( :i* are p>asitic on leaves & /ems ( high] plants4 ,9 numb] ! l>ge species ( ,ascomycetes are few :5 comp>$ ) ! o!rs & !re=e c only be giv5 b a m5tion 9 ! pres5t acc\nt4 ,:5 collect$ ! ,ascomycetes c be di/+ui%$ f ! ,basidiomycetes by simply exam9+ a slice ( ! spore-produc+ tissue :]e ! tell-tale asci w be se5 7see p4 #ba74 ,if ! fruit-body is plac$ 9 a t9 :5 collect$ & op5$ 9 a w>m room all ! mature asci explode at once produc+ a cl\d ( spores visible 9 ! air imm$iately ov] ! fruit-body4 ,aleuria aurantia 7,fries7 ,fuckel ,orange-peel fungus or ,sc>let elf-cup ,fruit-body3 diamet] #be-ej mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 cup-%ap$ !n undulat+ & becom+ flatt5$1 irregul>1 sometimes split & lack+ a /em4 ,inn] surface3 bright orange4 ,out] surface3 :iti% & m9utely d[ny4 ,fle%3 ?9 & :ite4 ,spores3 v long1 ellipsoid1 ornam5t$ ) a co>se network :i* projects at ea* end1 & #ag-bd #i-aa m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate1 cyl9dric ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common on b>e soil 9 woods & op5 spaces1 on road v]ges1 betwe5 /one sets & on lawns4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fg4 ,cup-fungi ,peziza rep&a ,p]soon ,elf-cup ,fruit-body3 diamet] #bj-ej mm4 ,description3 ,plate #fg4 ,fruit-body3 cup-%ap$ ) :ite1 cr5ulate m>g91 becom+ exp&$ & undulat+1 & lack+ a /em4 ,inn] surface3 light *e/nut br[n4 ,out] surface3 :iti% or pale fawn & f9ely scurfy4 ,fle%3 :iti% or fawn1 & appe>+ z if lay]$4 ,spores3 v long1 ellipsoid1 smoo? & #ae-af #i-aj m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate1 cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,on b>e soil 9 woods1 f>m-y>ds1 h$g][s1 etc4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,!re are _m diff]5t species ( ,peziza classifi$ on ! %ape & ornam5tation ( ! spores & col\r ( ! fruit-body--see pp4 #baf & #bbj4 ,p4 badia is d>k]1 al?\gh simil> 9 o!r ways2 x is f\nd on pa?sides 9 woods & has r\gh5$ spores4 ,mor*ella escul5ta ,/ ,amans ,common morel ,cap3 wid? #cj-dj mm2 l5g? #ce-fj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? #ej-hj mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 consi/+ ( a head ) a honeycomb-l arrangem5t ( n>r[ ridges surr\nd+ angul> & (t5 slightly elongat$1 %all[ pits1 on a cyl9dric or swoll5 /em4 ,cap3 br[ni% grey !n r$di% br[n or o*race\s br[n4 ,/em3 cyl9drical or slightly enl>g$ at ! base1 brittle1 holl[1 m9utely scurfy &_/or furr[$4 ,fle%3 o*race\s4 ,spore-pr9t3 cream4 ,spores3 v long1 broadly ellipsoid1 pale honey1 smoo? b = "s small granules at ea* end1 & #af-bc #aa-ad m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,infrequ5t 9 g>d5s1 on riv]-banks1 sites ( bonfires1 etc41 9 spr+4 ,illu/rations3 ,f#g;c2 ,,lh #da2 ,,nb #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fh4 ,morels & relat$ fungi ,gyromirta escul5ta 7,p]soon7 ,fries ,turban-fungus ,cap3 wid? #cj-dj mm2 l5g? #ce-de mm4 ,/em3 wid? #ae-be mm2 l5g? #ej-hj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #fh4 ,fruit-body3 consi/+ ( a subglobose1 m or less lob$1 wr9kl$ & convolut$ head on a %ort /em4 ,cap3 yell[-br[n to r$di% br[n & becom+ holl[ or *amb]$4 ,/em3 fle%-col\r$ or creamy grey & p[d]y4 ,fle%3 yell[-buff1 d>k] 9 ! cap4 ,spores3 v long1 ellipsoid1 usually conta9+ two or m yell[i% oil drops & #ah-bb #i-ab m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is f\nd 9 ! spr+1 "u conif]s1 b also on railway embankm5ts1 riv] banks1 etc4 ,?is fungus is also kn[n z ! #8,lorel' or #8,elephant's e>s'4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,mitromorpha semilib]a 7,fries7 ,lville diff]s f species ( ,mor*ella 9 t ! head is = its great] l5g? free f ! /alk4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! spr+ 9 g>d5s1 t5nis c\rts1 etc4 ,illu/rations3 ,g4 escul5ta--,f #f;d2 ,hvass #cbg2 ,,lh #ci4 ,helvella crispa ,fries ,common :ite helvella ,cap3 wid? #ah-bh mm4 ,/em3 wid? #h-ab mm2 l5g? #dj-fe mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 consi/+ ( a saddle-%ap$ cap on a %ort /em4 ,cap3 convolut$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 two lob$1 wavy at ! m>g91 :ite or cream-col\r$4 ,/em3 cyl9dric & holl[1 :ite or cream-col\r$ & unev5ly & deeply longitud9ally furr[$4 ,fle%3 ?9 & pale4 ,spores3 v long1 broadly ellipsoid1 ) a l>ge c5tral oil drop & #ah-bj #aj-ac m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,frequ5t 9 damp woods ) decidu\s trees1 f e>ly summ] until autumn4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,plate #fh4 ,helvella lacunosa ,fries1 #8,slate grey ,helvella' is simil> 9 /ature b diff]s 9 be+ a%-grey or d>k grey4 ,leptopodia ela/ica 7,/ ,amans7 ,b\di] is bett] plac$ 9 ! g5us ,helvella4 ,x diff]s 9 hav+ a sl5d]1 smoo?1 cyl9dric /em & irregul>ly #b-c lob$1 yell[ or tan-col\r$ cap4 ,cya?ipodia macropus 7,fries7 ,d5nis is sometimes plac$ 9 ,helvella4 ,x diff]s 9 hav+ a grey cup-%ap$ cap on a long1 sl5d] /em4 ,! spore-be>+ tissue 9 ! la/ species is ! inn] surface ( ! cup :il/ 9 ,helvella & ,leptopodia x is on ! out] surface ( ! saddle-l cap4 ,mitrula paludosa ,fries1 ! #8,bog beacon'1 is a simil> fungus gr[+ 9 spr+ to e>ly autumn on old leaves & detritus 9 swamps4 ,x is widespread & has a bright orange head on a :ite /em--z ! common "n might sugge/4 ,x gr[s to a height ( ab\t #bj mm4 ,illu/rations3 ,h4 crispa--,f #f;e2 ,hvass #cca2 ,,lh #da4 ,h4 lacunosa--,f #f;b2 ,hvass #ccj2 ,,lh #ci2 ,,nb #aec4 ,l4 ela/ica--,hvass #ccb2 ,,lh #ci4 ,c4 macropus--,f #f;a2 ,,lh #ci4 ,rhiz9a undulata ,p9e fire fungus ,fruit-body3 wid? #bj-fj mm1 or sev]al coalesc+4 ,description3 ,plate #fi4 ,fruit-body3 *e/nut-br[n to ru/ col\r ) a di/9ct :ite or cream m>g91 fle%y1 smoo?1 concave & ?r[n up into irregul> humps4 ,/em3 lack+1 b und]surface pale1 o*race\s1 & be>+ num]\s cyl9drical bran*$1 :iti% root-l /ructures1 #a-b mm ?ick4 ,fle%3 r$di% br[n1 t\gh & fibr\s4 ,spores3 v1 v long1 sp9dle-%ap$ ) two or m int]nal droplets1 ) hyal9e ext5sions at ea* end1 & #bb-dj #h-aa m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,infrequ5t 9 p9e woods b common at ! sites ( bonfires 9 p9e woodl&s4 ,dald9ia conc5trica 7,fries7 ,cesati de ,not>is ,cramp-balls ,fruit-body3 diamet] #bj-dj mm #bj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 date-br[n at fir/ f9ally black or d>k br[ni% black1 t\gh1 m9utely pimply ov] entire surface al?\gh at fir/ cov]$ 9 a p[d]y du/ ( asexual spores 7conidia74 ,/em3 lack+4 ,fle%3 pale grey or buff1 conc5trically zon$ ) d>k] purpli% black lay]s bel[ :i* are small1 black dots4 ,spores3 v long1 black1 ellipsoid ) "o flatt5$ side & #ab-ag #f-i m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common on old decidu\s wood1 p>ticul>ly ( a% & bee*4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,^! two fungi are unrelat$2 ! fir/ is relat$ to ! disc-fungi1 l species ( ,peziza1 :il/ ,dald9ia is relat$ to ! ,dead man's f+] fungus4 ,rhiz9a undulata has be5 %[n to be able to attack roots ( p9e or l>* trees & cause dea?4 ,dald9ia is a pure saprophyte rott+ d[n wood into m simple comp\nds lat] to be incorporat$ into ! soil-sy/em4 ,! common "n #8,cramp-balls' ref]s to ! old belief t if "o ( ! fruit-bodies is c>ri$ 9 ! pocket x saves ! possessor f cramp & rheumatism4 ,! o!r common "n = ! same fungus is #8,k+ ,alfr$'s cakes'4 ,! black col\r ( ! fruit-body is l t ( *>r$ cakes--resembl+ ! cakes 9 ! leg5d :i* ,k+ ,alfr$ all[$ to burn4 ,illu/rations3 ,r4 undulata--,,lh #cg2 ,,nb #aaa4 ,d4 conc5trica--,f #g;b2 ,,lh #dg2 ,,nb #adg4 ,xylospha]a polymorpha 7,mrat7 ,dumorti] ,dead man's f+]s ,fruit-body3 wid? #aj-bj mm2 l5g? #cj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 m or less club-%ap$1 irregul>ly or ev5ly lob$ at apex1 at fir/ light br[n due to developm5t ( asexually produc$ spores 7conidia7 b f9ally almo/ black4 ,/em3 black & %ort4 ,fle%3 :ite1 fibr\s & t\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fi4 ,cup-fungi allies ,cru/3 black1 ?91 pimply ) ! protrud+ tips ( ! p]i!cia1 & sometimes irregul>ly furr[$4 ,spores3 v long1 fusi=m ) "o flatt5$ side1 black & #bj-cb #e-i m 9 size2 eight conta9$ 9 an elongate cyl9drical ascus4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,common ei!r solit>y or 9 clu/]s on dead /umps or on buri$ wood1 especially t ( bee*4 ,?is fungus may be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,xylospha]a hypoxylon ,dumorti] ,/ag's horn fungus ,fruit-body3 wid? #d-h mm2 l5g? #be-fj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #fi4 ,fruit-body3 sl5d]1 subcyl9drical to /rap-%ap$ & usually =k$ repeat$ly ne> ! tip1 :ite at fir/ due to production ( conidia & !n black or d>k br[n & cov]$ 9 pimples4 ,/em3 black & hairy4 ,spores3 v long1 bean-%ap$1 black & #aa-ad #e-f m 9 size2 eight 9 an elongate ascus4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,ano!r "n = ,x4 hypoxylon is #8,c&le-snuff fungus'4 ,o!r club-%ap$ ascomycetes include memb]s ( ! g5us ,geoglossum 7already m5tion$ p4 #agb7 & memb]s ( ! g5us ,cordyceps4 ,plate #fi4 ,cordyceps milit>is 7,/ ,amans7 ,l9k1 ! #8,sc>let cat]pill> fungus'1 produces orange-r$ or orange1 m9utely r\gh5$ fruit-bodies up to #ej mm high1 :i* gr[ on l>vae & pupae ( mo?s buri$ 9 ! soil4 ,x is n infrequ5t late 9 ! autumn 9 pa/ure l&4 ,c4 ophioglossoides 7,fries7 ,l9k produces long 7up to #ajj mm high7 yell[ /emm$1 d>k & r\gh head$ fruit-bodies gr[+ on ! subt]ranean fungus ,elaphomyces--see p4 #bdd4 ,c4 capitata 7,fries7 ,l9k also gr[s on fungi b5ea? ! soil surface b has a r\nd$ head4 ,leotia lubrica ,p]soon ! #8,gum-drop fungus' is simil>ly col\r$ b gr[s on soil "u trees & is gelat9\s4 ,x gr[s 9 autumn & is q common & 9 fact m relat$ to ! ,discomycetes ?an to ,cordyceps4 ,illu/rations3 ,x4 polymorpha--,f #g;d2 ,,lh #dg2 ,,nb #adg4 ,x4 hypoxylon--,f #g;e2 ,,lh #dg2 ,,nb #adg4 ,c4 milit>is--,,lh #dh4 ,f4 ,,specializ$ ,,habitats 7i7 ,fungi ( dung & /raw heaps ,bolbitius vitell9us 7,fries7 ,fries ,yell[ c[-pat toad/ool ,cap3 wid? #bj-dj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #b-e mm2 l5g? #cj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 *rome-yell[ or lemon-yell[ :5 "y1 pal+ ) age at m>g9 to become c9namon-buff1 bell-%ap$ b rapidly exp&+ to become plane or slightly umbonate1 smoo?1 viscid b soon dry+2 m>g9 /riate !n radially groov$1 (t5 split & ! :ole cap soon collaps+4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 :iti%1 cream col\r to pale yell[1 at apex cov]$ 9 small1 :ite floccose scales b d[ny at ! base1 fragile & soon collaps+4 ,gills3 adnex$ or free1 c9namon-buff1 ?9 & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 yell[i%1 v ?9 & lack+ di/9ct smell4 ,spore pr9t3 ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 yell[-br[n "u ! microscope1 ellipsoid ) a v di/9ct g]m-pore ab\t #ac #h m 9 size 7#aa-ae #f-i m74 ,facial cy/idia3 r>e1 balloon-%ap$4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 swoll51 flask-%ap$ ) a v>iable1 elongate neck4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is common on horse dropp+s or o!r manures1 b x may also be f\nd among/ grass 9 pa/ures & 9 s&-dunes1 & g>d5s on piles ( rott+ grass /ems or /raw4 ,x is easily recognis$ by ! col\r & rapid expansion ( ! cap & ! sudd5 collapse ( ! :ole fruit-body4 #8,vitell9us' means yolk ( an egg & ref]s to ! p]si/5tly bright yell[ cap-c5tre1 s obvi\s ev5 :5 ! fruit-body collapses4 ,?is collaps+ is n "o ( autodige/ion z describ$ = memb]s ( ! g5us ,copr9us4 ,x is v>iable bo? 9 size & habitat1 & ,i ev5 h records ( ! fungus gr[+ )9 h]bace\s /ems4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #aec2 ,,wd #hj4 ,/roph>ia semiglobata 7,fries7 ,qulet ,dung-r\ndhead ,cap3 wid? #aj-ce mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-g mm2 l5g? #be-ej mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 hemisph]ical or slightly umbonate1 sometimes flatt5$ & h>dly exp&+ ev5 ) age1 v viscid1 smoo?1 pale yell[-o*re or yell[i% tan4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 /raight1 :ite !n yell[i%1 smoo?1 viscid1 b !n dry & %9y bel[ an imp]fectly =m$1 ?9 r+4 ,gills3 adnate1 almo/ triangul> 9 %ape1 cr[d$1 d>k br[n to purpli% black1 b ) o*race\s areas at maturity4 ,fle%3 pale o*re4 ,spore-pr9t3 purpli% br[n4 ,spores3 v long1 d>k br[n "u ! microscope1 smoo?1 ellipsoid ) l>ge g]m-pore & ab\t #ah #aj m 9 size 7#ag-bj #i-aj m74 ,facial cy/idia3 sp9dle-%ap$1 ?9-wall$ & fill$ ) amorph\s cont5ts :i* become yell[ 9 solutions conta9+ ammonia4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 sp9dle-%ap$ or flask-%ap$1 num]\s1 ?9-wall$ & typically yell[+ z above4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 #8,semiglobata' means hemisph]ical & ref]s to ! %ape ( ! cap ( ,s4 semiglobata2 x is a v v>iable fungus 9 bo? size ( ! cap & ! prom95ce ( ! r+4 ,! ,dung-r\ndhead gr[s only on dung :i* is acidic 9 its soil /atus1 :il/ ,panaeolus semiovatus 7,fries7 ,lundell next describ$ 7p4 #baj7 gr[s on slightly to di/9ctly base-ri* dung4 ,?is may expla9 :y 9 ,brita9 ! ,dung-r\ndhead is ! common] ( ! two species4 ,h[ev]1 ,p4 semiovatus 0 =m]ly plac$ 9 ! g5us ,/roph>ia because ( its blacki% spores & di/9ct r+4 ,! spores ( ,/roph>ia 9 ! mass are violace\s black :il/ ^? ( ,p4 semiovatus are br[ni% black4 ,"u ! microscope !y are also diff]5tly col\r$ & h diff]5t *emical compositions z _! reaction ) dilute solutions ( ammonia %[s2 ! spores ( ! fir/ species turn purpli% olive 9 ammonia & ^? ( ! second species become v d>k br[n4 ,illu/rations3 ,f #cc;b2 ,hvass #aga2 ,,lh #aec2 ,,nb #ca2 ,,wd #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gj4 ,dung-fungi ,mottle-gills--on dung f ,spr+ until ,autumn4 ,panaeolus semiovatus 7,fries7 ,lundell ,cap3 wid? #bj-gj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #e-aj mm2 l5g? #hj-afj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 oval or bell-%ap$1 n exp&+1 d+y :iti% or pale clay col\r1 smoo?1 slimy :5 moi/1 b soon dry+ & !n becom+ %9y1 (t5 wr9kl$ & crack$1 & ornam5t$ ) fragm5ts ( veil at ! m>g94 ,/em3 dull1 /raight1 r rigid1 tap]+ upw>ds1 :ite1 & /riate at apex above a :iti% erect & membran\s1 (t5 collaps+1 r+2 yell[i% bel[ ! r+ & :iti% & cottony at ! slightly swoll5 base4 ,gills3 adnate1 greyi% !n black1 mottl$ & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 :iti% or pale o*re4 ,spore-pr9t3 black4 ,spores3 v long1 v d>k br[n "u ! microscope ) l>ge obvi\s g]m-pore & #ah #aj m 7#af-bj #i-aa m7 9 size4 ,facial cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ & ) amorph\s cont5ts4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 num]\s1 flask-%ap$4 ,panaeolus sph9ctr9us 7,fries7 ,qulet ,cap3 wid? #ae-ce mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-f mm2 l5g? #fj-ie mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 bell-%ap$1 h>dly exp&+1 expall5t1 d>k grey to olivace\s black1 mu* pal] :5 dry & zon$ :5 half dry2 m>g9 ornam5t$ ) a :ite fr+e ( veil fragm5ts4 ,/em3 long1 sl5d]1 /raight1 r rigid b fragile1 grey & completely p[d]$ ) :ite4 ,gills3 adnate1 cr[d$ & grey !n black5$1 mottl$ ?r\gh\t except at ! :ite fr+$ edge4 ,fle%3 r$di% br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 black4 ,spores3 long1 v d>k br[n "u ! microscope1 broadly lemon-%ap$ ) l>ge g]m-pore1 smoo? & #ad-ae #i-aj m 9 size 7#ad-ai #h-aj #aj-ab m74 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 num]\s1 cyl9drical1 flexu\s & hyal9e4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,p4 sph9ctr9us is recognis$ by ! ov]all grey col\ration & v di/9ct :ite fr+e to ! cap-m>g94 ,p4 campanulatus 7,fries7 ,qulet :i* is said to be common is 9 fact infrequ5t & _m records really ref] to ,p4 sph9ctr9us4 ,! ^w semiovatus means half ovate & ref]s to ! %ape ( ! cap 9 ,p4 semiovatus4 ,sph9ctr9us means b&$1 ref]r+ to ! zon$ cap ( ! fungus :5 x is p>tially dry4 ,illu/rations3 ,p4 semiovatus--,,lh #ade2 ,,wd #gg4 ,p4 sph9ctr9us--,,nb #da2 ,,wd #gh4 ,copr9us c9]eus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,dung-heap ink-cap ,cap3 wid? #bj-dj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-h mm2 l5g? #ej-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 oval !n rapidly exp&+1 cov]$ at fir/ 9 a mass ( d5se1 :ite or greyi% woolly scales :i* break up into pat*es & f9ally leave ! cap %9y1 br[ni% grey at c5tre & /riate & d>k grey at ! m>g94 ,/em3 :ite1 cov]$ p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! base ) :ite1 woolly scales1 long1 fragile1 tap]+ upw>ds & at ! base (t5 elongat$ into a #8tap root' buri$ 9 ! dung4 ,gills3 free1 :ite b !n rapidly dissolv+ into a black liquid4 ,fle%3 ?9 & :iti%4 ,spore-pr9t3 violace\s black4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 ellipsoid1 smoo? ) a di/9ct g]m-pore & #aj-ab #e-f m 9 size4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 inflat$ & l>ge4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,x is f\nd on manure heaps1 on /raw dung & on silage heaps3 v common ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,c4 macrocephalus 7,b]keley7 ,b]keley is v closely relat$ to ,c4 c9]eus1 b diff]s 9 hav+ mu* l>g] spores ov] #ab-ae #g-i m1 a long cap & a /em :i* lacks a root+ base4 ,copr9us radiatus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray is small] 9 /ature & also diff]s 9 spore-size 7#aa-ad #f-g m74 ,c4 pseudoradiatus ,khn] ,joss]& is m9ute & has ev5 small] spores 7#g-i #d-e m74 ,! dung-heap ink-cap has long be5 us$ by sci5ti/s 9 g5etic /udies1 usually "u ! "n ( ,c4 lagopus 7,fries7 ,fries4 ,h[ev]1 ?is latt] species1 al?\gh simil>1 gr[s only on woodl& detritus2 x has n>r[] spores4 ,! dung-heap ink-cap may be ref]r$ to 9 o!r books z ,c4 fimet>ius ,fries or ,c4 macrorhizus 7,fries7 ,rea & :il/ c9]eus means grey ref]r+ to ! col\r1 fimet>ius means dung--f ! habitat1 & macrorhizus ref]s to ! long root+ base f\nd 9 "s specim5s4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #acg2 ,,nb #da2 ,,wd #ha4 ,! g5us ,copr9us--or ,ink-caps ,! g5us ,copr9us is easily recognis$ f all o!r ag>ics by ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! fruit-body4 ,9 ! field1 mo/ species ( ! g5us c be recognis$ by ! gradual conv]sion ( ! gills1 & (t5 ! cap tissue into a black liquid resembl+ ink--h5ce ! "n inky-caps4 ,! conv]sion ( ! gills to an inky mass is call$ autodige/ion & ! process is complete )9 a few h\rs2 ?is me*anism enables spores to be disp]s$ imm$iately !y h rip5$4 ,unlike o!r ag>ics ! spores are n %ot (f into ! spaces betwe5 ! gills1 b directly into ! air4 ,! gills are p>allel-sid$ 9 ,copr9us & n w$ge-%ap$ z 9 m normal ag>ics1 & 9 ord] to a*ieve spore disp]sal ! gills mu/ dis9tegrate2 ,copr9i are v specialis$4 ,copr9us is a l>ge g5us ) ov] sev5ty memb]s 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 _m ( :i* are /rictly dung-lov+4 ,x is impossible to give m ?an "o example 9 full "h1 = al?\gh _m ( ! l>ge species c be recognis$ on sight ! small] ones require ! aid ( a microscope4 ,! int]e/$ /ud5t mu/ !re=e ref] to m advanc$ texts1 b 9 ord] to demon/rate ! div]sity ( ! ,copr9i & h[ !y are classifi$ ! foll[+ key to ! sections ( ,copr9us w be f\nd useful4 #a4 ,cap nak$ ( any veil fragm5ts1 ei!r smoo? or cov]$ 9 m9ute hairs #b ,cap cov]$ :5 "y by p[d]y or hairy veil1 p>ticles ( :i* ei!r may p]si/ on ! cap until maturity or may disappe> quickly #c #b4 ,cap completely nak$--gr\p ,nudi1 e4g4 ,c4 mis] 7,k>/57 ,k>/5 ,cap ) hairs giv+ x a fro/$ appe>ance--gr\p ,setulosi1 e4g4 ,c4 ephem]us 7,fries7 ,fries1 ,c4 pellucidus ,k>/5 & ,c4 bisporus ,j4 ,lange #c4 ,veil on ! cap compos$ "u ! microscope ( r\nd$ cells giv+ ! cap a floccose p[d]y appe>ance--gr\p ,ve/iti1 e4g4 ,c4 pat\ill>dii ,qulet1 ,c4 niveus 7,fries7 ,fries & ,c4 ephem]oides 7,fries7 ,fries ,veil on ! cap compos$ "u ! microscope ( elongate cells1 ei!r l ?9-hairs or /r+s ( sausages #d #d4 ,veil on ! cap compos$ "u ! microscope ( /r+s ( sausage-%ap$ cells--gr\p ,lanatuli1 e4g4 ,c4 c9]eus1 ,c4 pseudoradiatus1 ,c4 radiatus 7see p4 #baa7 ,veil on ! cap compos$ "u ! microscope ( ?ick- or ?9-wall$1 flexu\s or /raight1 filam5t\s1 h>dly inflat$ cells--gr\p ,impexi1 e4g4 ,c4 filam5tif] ,khn]1 ,c4 v]miculif] ,d5nis4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ga4 ,dung-fungi--,! g5us ,copr9us ,g5]al notes on dung-lov+ fungi & _! habitats ,dung fungi are highly satisfactory = demon/rat+ ! div]sity & morphology ( a gr\p ( relat$ organisms )9 a s+le ecological sy/em1 z repres5tatives ( mo/ ( ! major gr\ps ( fungi usually gr[ on dung aft] a p]iod ( incubation4 ,dung w always produce *>act]i/ic fungi :atev] "t ( ye> x is collect$4 ,dung is be/ incubat$ 9 a light place1 = example on a w9d[ sill1 9 a w>m room on lay]s ( blott+ pap] or o!r absorb5t mat]ial4 ,= rabbit-pellets & samples ( simil> size petri-di%es are ideal1 b = c[1 horse & simil> types ( dung l>ge cov]$ di%es su* z cass]oles or s&wi* conta9]s are v good4 ,samples %\ld n be kept 9 airtight conta9]s = long p]iods ( "t z "u su* conditions animal life pres5t rapidly breaks d[n ! dung & induces ana]obic conditions4 ,in/ead l>vae & e>?worms %\ld be exclud$ f ! sample z !y decompose ! dung & inhibit fungal gr[? b _! activity c be r$uc$1 if caus+ a problem1 by spray+ ! sample lightly ) a propriet>y fly-kill a]osol4 ,by keep+ ! dung "u con/ant obs]vation dur+ incubation a :ole succession ( fungi c be se54 ,?us ! fir/ fungi to appe> are ! m\lds :i* al?\gh num]\s ne$ a microscope = _! id5tification4 ,! m\lds are foll[$ by a s]ies ( ,ascomycetes 7,sporormia ,sord>ia ) flask-%ap$ fruit-bodies & ,iodophanus1 ,coprobia & ,*eilym5ia ) disc-%ap$ fruit-bodies71 :i* are be/ s\ght ) ! use ( a p[]ful h&-l5s or a /]eoscopic b9ocul> microscope :5 _! full beauty w be reveal$4 ,h[ev]1 because !y ne$ ! aid ( in/rum5ts ev5 to see !m !y _c be consid]$ l>g] fungi4 ,! fruit-bodies ( ! ,basidiomycetes are readily se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b a h&-l5s is /ill v useful = obs]v+ features ( ! cap & /em1 p>ticul>ly ! veil *>act]s4 ,! ,basidiomycetes usually conclude ! succession ( fungi f\nd on dung & soon aft] ?is /ate ! dung is colonis$ by mosses & high] plants & lat] x is fully incorporat$ into ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gb4 ,dung-fungi3 ,cup fungi & allies ,dung is a v useful sub/rate = /udy+ succession4 ,h[ev]1 equally int]e/+ results c be obta9$ f obs]v+ ! fungi :i* appe> on a /ump1 colonise a newly laid lawn1 or inde$ ^? gr[+ on refuse su* z a ca/-out rug2 microscopic & l>g] fungi are all to be f\nd4 ,if ! dung _c be incubat$ imm$iately x %\ld be dri$ quickly1 = mo/ dung-fungi w survive su* treatm5t & gr[ :5 ! sample is remoi/5$4 ,! blott+-pap] on :i* ! dung is plac$ %\ld be kept moi/ ?r\gh\t ! incubation p]iod4 ,"o l>ge discomycete 7up to #hj mm across7 occurr+ on manure-heaps mu/1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$1 ?is is ,peziza vesiculosa ,/ ,amans 7see p4 #bjj72 ! inn] surface ( ?is cup-fungus becomes deta*$ f ! fle% at maturity & =ms bli/]s4 7ii7 ,fungi ( bonfire-sites ,pholiota highl&5sis 7,peck7 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,*>coal pholiota ,cap3 wid? #bj-ej mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-h mm2 l5g? #be-fj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gc4 ,cap3 convex !n flatt5$ & slightly umbonate1 smoo?1 v /icky at fir/1 b becom+ %9y :5 dry1 orange-yell[ to s&-col\r2 ! m>g9 is fir/ incurv$ & ornam5t$ ) filam5ts f ! veil1 b ^! are soon lo/4 ,/em3 dirty yell[1 d>k] t[>ds ! base1 cyl9dric or n>r[$ d[nw>ds & cov]$ 9 small fibrillose scales4 ,gills3 clay-col\r$ !n dull br[n1 adnate & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 yell[i%4 ,spore-pr9t3 dull ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 dull br[n "u ! microscope & #g-h #c-d m 9 size4 ,facial cy/idia3 sp9dle-%ap$ ) obtuse apex4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 simil> to facial cy/idia b usually small]4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus :i* occurs f spr+ to autumn is recognis$ by ! habitat1 col\r ( ! fruit-body & ! spore-size4 ,x is kn[n 9 _m books z ,flammula c>bon>ia 7,fries7 ,kumm]1 b ! g5us ,flammula is no long] us$ = x ref]s to a fl[]+ plant 9 ! butt]cup family4 ,p4 highl&5sis is ! same fungus z t ref]r$ to z ,pholiota c>bon>ia by ,european ,mycologi/s1 b ?is "n _c be us$ = x ref]s to an entirely diff]5t ,n4 ,am]ican species4 #8,highl&5sis'1 9 fact1 ref]s to ! locality :]e ! pres5t fungus 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! true ,p4 c>bon>ia ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? has only be5 f\nd once 9 ,europe & ?is only rec5tly 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,x diff]s 9 ! r$di% orange scales on ! /em2 inde$ x is a mu* bright] fungus ?an ! common *>coal ,pholiota4 ,tephrocybe an?racophila 7,las*7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,cap3 wid? #a-d mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #b-e mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gc4 ,cap3 blacki% :5 wet1 dry+ sooty br[n1 slightly depress$ 9 ! c5tre1 smoo?1 & viscid4 ,/em3 sooty br[n1 t\gh & smoo?4 ,fle%3 sooty br[n4 ,gills3 :iti% !n grey1 adnate & n v cr[d$4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 subglobose1 #d-f #d-e m 9 diamet] & m9utely r\gh5$4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite1 n blue+ 9 solutions ( iod9e4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,t4 atrata also gr[s on burnt soil & is v closely relat$1 b diff]s 9 its spores be+ broadly ellipsoid & smoo?4 ,myc5a leucogala also gr[s on burnt soil 7see p4 #hh74 ,illu/rations3 ,t4 an?racophila--,,lh #hc4 ,t4 atrata--,,wd #d;b4 ,psa?yrella p5nata 7,fries7 ,pe>son ,d5nis ,bonfire brittle-cap ,cap3 wid? #aj-cj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a-c mm2 l5g? #cj-dj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 conical or bell-%ap$ !n exp&+ & slightly umbonate1 :iti% because ( a coat+ ( d5se fibrils1 b soon becom+ br[ni% z ^! are lo/4 ,/em3 %ort1 /\t1 :ite & d5sely floccose4 ,gills3 slightly adnate1 pale br[ni% grey ) p9k t+e1 !n d>k-br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 purpli% br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 oval1 ellipsoid ) an obvi\s g]m-pore1 purpli% br[n "u ! microscope & #h-i #d-e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al facial cy/idia3 flask-%ap$1 hyal9e ) ei!r a %ort or long neck4 ,! br[n-spor$ ,hebeloma an?racophila ,maire is simil>4 ,copr9us angulatus ,peck ,bonfire ink-cap ,cap3 wid? #d-be mm4 ,/em3 #a-c mm2 l5g? #ae-cj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 d>k r$-br[n at fir/1 !n orange-br[n1 especially at ! m>g9 & appe>+ z if fro/$ all ov]1 conical at fir/ b rapidly exp&+ at ! m>g9 & becom+ grey-br[n1 /rongly /riate & deliquesc5t1 leav+ f9ally only a c5tral r$-br[n umbo4 ,/em3 :ite & m9utely hairy4 ,gills3 free1 dirty :iti% !n black4 ,spore-pr9t3 black-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 d>k br[n "u ! microscope1 lob$ l ! hat ( a bi%op & #h-aa #f-h #e-g m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 bottle-%ap$1 v v>iable4 ,facial cy/idia3 simil> to m>g9al cy/idia4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,x mu/ be not$ t ?is fungus has spores :i* require ?ree q diff]5t measurem5ts to describe ! dim5sion4 ,ano!r species ( ,copr9us f\nd on burnt soil is ,c4 lagopides ,k>/5 :i* resembles ,c4 c9]eus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray 7p4 #baa72 x is typifi$1 h[ev]1 by ! r\nd$ spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gc4 ,fungi ( bonfire-sites ,g5]al notes on fungi ( burnt sites ,sev]al common fungi f\nd at ! sites ( bonfires h _! close/ relatives among/ v>i\s gr\ps ( microscopic fungi m ?an among/ ! l>ge =ms already discuss$4 ,keep+ a close wat* at ! site ( a =m] bonfire day by day1 week by week & mon? by mon? is v rew>d+ & %[s a fur!r example1 l ! dung habitat1 ( a tightly knit community ( v>i\s gr\ps ( fungi4 ,peziza rep&a ,p]soon has be5 discuss$ 9 detail above 7p4 #bjj72 its close relatives ,p4 pet]sii ,b]keley ,curtis 7br[n ) grey t9ts & ) spores f9ely w>t$ & measur+ #aj-ab #e-f m71 ,p4 praet]visa ,bresadola 7violet or mauve & ) spores f9ely w>t$ & measur+ #aa-ac #f-h m71 ,p4 violacea ,p]soon 7d>k violet ) smoo? spores measur+ #ac-ae #g-i m7 & ,p4 e*9ospora ,k>/5 7d>k *ocolate br[n ) spores d5sely w>t$ & #ad-ah #g-aj m 9 size7 all gr[ on ! sites ( old bonfires or ar\nd *>r$ root /umps4 ,rhiz9a undulata also f\nd by *>r$ /umps has be5 describ$ on p4 #bjc4 ,^! are l>ge to m$ium siz$ disc-fungi1 b !re are _m mu* small] species :i* _c be dealt ) "h1 su* z species ( ,an?racobia & ,tri*ophaea4 ,pyr5omycetes are also f\nd on *>r$ wood & soil4 ,probably ! commone/ species ( fungus met ) is a pale r$di% orange to rose-p9k disc-fungus seat$ on a :ite mycelial mat2 ?is is ,pyronema omphalodes 7,/ ,amans7 ,fuckel4 ,mor*ella escul5ta ,/ ,amans & ,m4 elata ,fries 7see p4 #bjj7 appe> to gr[ on ! sites ( g>d5 bonfires or :]e c9d]s h be5 spread on ! soil surface4 ,! /imulus = fruit+ appe>s to be due to ! release ( m9]al nutri5ts dur+ ! process ( burn+4 ,competition f o!r fungi appe>s to be r$uc$ s rapid colonisation by ! bonfire fungi 7c>bonicoles7 aft] ! p]iod ( /]ilisation ensures _! developm5t4 ,_m simil> fungi 7 f\nd ab\t bomb- & %ell-crat]s on ! cont95t dur+ ! two ,_w ,w>s4 ,"o microscope fungus1 h[ev]1 mu/ be m5tion$ :5 consid]+ bonfires & t is ,neurospora sitophila ,%e> ,dodge s mu* us$ 9 g5etical /udies4 ,x c be f\nd z ! conidial /ate on burnt soil & is call$ #8,bak]'s m\ld' because x is frequ5tly f\nd gr[+ on refuse 9 ! hot moi/ conditions ( bak]s' kit*5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gd4 ,fungi ( bonfire-sites 7iii7 ,fungi ( bogs & m>%es 7a7 ,sphagnum bogs ,hypholoma elongatum 7,fries7 ,rick5 ,cap3 wid? #ab-bj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-e mm2 l5g? #ej-hj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #ge4 ,cap3 bell-%ap$ b rapidly exp&+ to become plane1 honey-yell[ ) a greyi% gre5 t9t1 slightly /riate at ! m>g9 & also ) a few remnants ( a fibrillose veil :5 v "y1 b ^! are soon lo/4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 smoo?1 :iti% at ! apex & yell[-br[n or honey-yell[ bel[4 ,gills3 adnate & di/ant1 pale o*race\s honey-yell[ !n lilace\s grey & f9ally sepia4 ,fle%3 yell[i% 9 ! cap1 r$-br[n 9 ! /em & lack+ a di/9ct smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 purpli% br[n4 ,spores3 long1 ellipsoid1 fairly ?ick-wall$1 olivace\s br[n "u ! microscope & ) a small g]m-pore1 smoo? & #aj-ab #f-g m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ & hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ ) cont5ts :i* turn yell[i% 9 solutions conta9+ ammonia4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus :i* appe>s f e>ly summ] to late autumn is recognis$ by ! almo/ uni=m o*race\s col\r ) h9t ( olive & its habit ( gr[+ 9 troops4 ,! ^w elongatum means elongat$ & ref]s to ! %ape ( ! /em :i* pu%es up ?r\gh ! ,sphagnum & 9 ord] to disp]se its spores x mu/ elongate s t x j pu%es up above ! bog-surface4 ,h4 polytri*i is closely relat$ to ,h4 elongatum b has a pal] cap & /em & x gr[s 9 moss1 p>ticul>ly ,polytri*um 9 woodl&s2 ! spores ( ,h4 polytri*i are pal]1 slightly n>r[] & slightly ?9n]1 b !y h a mu* m di/9ct g]m-pore4 ,bo? ! above species h be5 =m]ly plac$ 9 ,psilocybe1 b !y are m correctly classifi$ 9 ,hypholoma along ) ! sulphur-tuft fungus 7see p4 #fd7 because ( ! cort9a-l veil & specialis$ facial cy/idia4 ,illu/rations3 ,,wd #gh4 ,tephrocybe palu/ris 7,peck7 ,donk ,cap3 wid? #ab-cj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-e mm2 l5g? #ej-ge mm4 ,description3 ,plate #ge4 ,cap3 bell-%ap$ !n plane-convex1 b f9ally depress$ at c5tre1 wat]y buff to greyi% ) flu% ( o*re or smoky grey1 /riate to c5tre :5 moi/1 b dry+ out non-/riate & uni=mly o*race\s buff4 ,/em3 ?91 r long1 smoo?1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap or pal]1 fragile & :iti% woolly at ! base4 ,gills3 dirty :iti%1 adnate ) a too? & n v cr[d$4 ,fle%3 ?91 wat]y buff1 dry+ out o*race\s & ) a /rong smell ( new meal4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 oval1 n turn+ blue-grey 9 solutions ( iod9e1 & #f-g #d-e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus :i* gr[s f late spr+ to autumn is usually associat$ ) a grey+ & f9ally a kill+ ( ! ,sphagnum1 noticeable f a di/ance ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! fruit+-bodies z pal] pat*es 9 ! ri* gre5 bog4 ,ano!r ag>ic f\nd only 9 ,sphagnum bogs is ,omphal9a sphagnicola 7,b]keley7 ,mos] ) decurr5t gills & long1 elongate1 hyal9e spores4 ,at ! m>g9 ( ,sphagnum bogs1 ! fungus ,myc5a bulbosa c be f\nd atta*$ to ! base ( tufts ( ru%es4 ,pott+ up a sw>d ( ,sphagnum & reta9+ x 9 a w>m gre5h\se dur+ w9t] fav\rs ! bog ag>ics to fruit :5 o!r l>g] fungi are n available4 ,myc5a bulbosa 7,cejp7 ,khn] ,cap3 wid? #c-f mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #aj-ae mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 dirty :ite1 greyi% & v gelat9\s4 ,/em3 v ?91 hyal9e ) a v di/9ct hairy1 basal disc4 ,gills3 cr[d$1 adnex$1 v %ort & :iti%4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite1 b because x is s small x is (t5 difficult to see4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ellipsoid1 n blue+ 9 solutions ( iod9e1 & #h-aj #d m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 clavate or v5tricose1 hyal9e & smoo?4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,illu/rations3 ,t4 palu/ris ,,lh #hc4 ,gal]9a paludosa 7,fries7 ,khn] ,cap3 wid? #aj-bj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #c-e mm2 l5g? #ej-ij mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 conico-convex exp&+ slightly b reta9+ ! c5tral umbo1 /riate to half-way1 s&-col\r to r$-br[n1 hygrophan\s1 m9utely floccose because ( remnants ( veil di/ribut$ ov] its surface1 b soon becom+ smoo?4 ,/em3 long1 buri$ among/ ! ,sphagnum1 r$-br[n & fleck$ ) :ite fibrils1 except at ! f9ely hairy apex1 ! fibrils typically =m a di/9ct b easily lo/ r+4 ,gills3 almo/ horizontal1 adnate to subdecurr5t1 pale at fir/ & !n ru/-br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ovate to slightly lemon-%ap$1 m9utely w>ty1 honey-br[n "u ! microscope & ab\t #aj #f m 9 size1 7#i-aa #f-g m74 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 hyal9e1 almo/ cyl9drical or bottle-%ap$ ) an inflat$ base4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is species gr[s f spr+ to e>ly autumn 9 ,sphagnum bogs2 sev]al o!r species ( ,gal]9a are also f\nd 9 ! same localities3-- 7i7 ,g4 sphagnorum 7,fries7 ,khn] has a convex cap1 fibrillose silky & o*race\s br[n /em1 b x lacks ! r+-zone s typical ( ,g4 paludosa4 ,! smell is l t ( meal :5 cru%$ & ! gills are em>g9ate4 7ii7 ,g4 tibiicy/is 7,atk9son7 ,khn] has a rapidly exp&+ cap :i* becomes plano-convex or depress$ at maturity2 x also lacks a r+-zone1 b ! /em 9 ?is species is f9ely hairy because ( ! pres5ce ( num]\s p9-%ap$ cells :i* c be se5 only ) ! aid ( a l5s4 ,! gills are broadly adnate4 ,illu/rations3 ,g4 paludosa--,,lh #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ge4 ,fungi ( m>%es 7b7 ,ald]-c>rs ,naucoria es*>oides 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,cap3 wid? #ab-cj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a-c mm2 l5g? #be-de mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gf4 ,cap3 pale yell[i% o*re1 b becom+ d>k] o*race\s ) age1 scurfy1 convex b !n flatt5$1 or ) its edge upturn$2 ! m>g9 is slightly /riate :5 moi/4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 pale to dirty yell[i% o*re b d>k] br[n at base1 slightly fibrillose1 p>ticul>ly at fir/ because ( filam5ts f a veil1 b ^! are soon lo/4 ,gills3 pale tan to br[ni% o*re ) a pal]1 floccose m>g91 adnate & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 yell[i% o*re b lack+ a di/9ct smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 clay-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 almond-%ap$1 pale br[n "u ! microscope1 w>t$ & #aj-aa #e-f m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 swoll5 bel[1 b drawn out into a hair-l apex4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,al?\gh ?is is a common species gr[+ 9 damp places "u ald] x is difficult except ) an exp]t eye to sep>ate x f sev]al closely relat$ species :i* are also f\nd 9 simil> places4 ,at pres5t x is n kn[n :e!r ^! fungi are fav\r$ by ! wat]-logg$ base-ri*1 r$uc+ soils f\nd n[h]e else except "u ald]1 or if !y h a special relation%ip ) ! tree4 ,!re is ample evid5ce t soil conditions 9 ald] woods are r diff]5t f ^? f\nd 9 o!r woodl&s1 b :atev] ! reason ,naucoria es*>oides is only f\nd "u ald]--9 fact ?is species has be5 plac$ 9 ! g5us ,alnicola because ( ?is "*--cola mean+ inhabitant & ,alnus ! tree ( t "n4 ,will[-c>rs h n be5 z ext5sively /udi$ z ald]-c>rs b !re is evid5ce t a /ore ( mycological in=mation is /ill to be obta9$ f ^! places4 ,sev]al species ( ,naucoria h be5 describ$ f only will[-c>rs1 :ile o!rs are to be f\nd "u bo? ald] & will[s2 ab\t eight species are kn[n to gr[ "u ald]4 ,! ^w es*>oides means scab-l & ref]s to ! cap :i* :5 fre%ly collect$ is m9utely scaly & appe>s scabby4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #afc2 ,,wd #fg4 7iv7 ,fungi ( b$s ( h]bace\s plants ,b$s ( h]bace\s plants provide protection = _m small ag>ics & collect+ c be conduct$ 9 ^! situations f spr+ to e>ly w9t]4 ,! buff]$ environm5ts "u ! h]bs is humid & relatively /ill1 & ?is all[s ! developm5t ( ! small (t5 delicate fruit-bodies ( c]ta9 species to cont9ue unimp$$4 ,nettle-b$s or mixtures ( nettle & dog's m]cury h v ri* floras "u ! %elt] ( _! leaves & /ems1 ei!r on ! b>e soil or plant debris4 ,on h]bace\s /ems ,copr9us urticicola 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,bull] ,cap3 wid? #d-g mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #aj-ae mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gf4 ,cap3 :ite !n greyi%1 globose at fir/ & !n exp&+ to become plane ) upturn$ m>g9 cov]$1 at fir/1 ) scales f a veil :i* at ! c5tre are :ite-tipp$ ) o*re4 ,/em3 :ite & slightly d[ny4 ,spore-pr9t3 br[ni% black4 ,spores3 elliptic-ovoid1 only slightly compress$ ) di/9ct g]m-pore1 d>k br[n "u ! microscope & #f-h #e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 ellipsoid to pyri=m & hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 elongate cyl9dric l>g] ?an m>g9al cy/idia4 ,on b>e soil ,leptonia bab+tonii 7,bloxam7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,cap3 #e-ae mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #bj-ej mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gf4 ,cap3 grey to sepia or greyi% br[n entirely scaly-hairy1 at fir/1 b !n fibrillose4 ,/em3 silv]y grey to grey-sepia & silky fibrillose4 ,gills3 greyi% p9k4 ,spore-pr9t3 greyi% p9k4 ,spores3 v long1 wavy angul> 9 outl9e1 v pale honey "u ! microscope & #ad-bj #g-i m4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 club-%ap$ or balloon-%ap$ & hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,s v diff]5t to o!r species ( ,leptonia is x t x %\ld be classifi$ 9 ,dr4 ,pilt's g5us ,p\z>omyces4 ,conocybe mairei ,watl+ ,cap3 wid? #e-aj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #aj-dj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 pale to deep o*race\s or buff1 m9utely tom5tose4 ,/em3 flexu\s1 :iti% or v pale o*race\s4 ,gills3 pale buff !n o*race\s4 ,spore-pr9t3 o*race\s4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 ellipsoid or slightly almond-%ap$ ) small g]m-pore & #f-h #c-d m 9 size4 ,flammula/] granulosa 7,j4 ,lange7 ,watl+ ,cap3 #d-ae mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #aj-be mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 o*race\s to date-br[n1 d>k] at ! c5tre & granul> scaly ?r\gh\t4 ,/em3 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap & simil>ly r\gh5$1 except = ! slightly smoo!r pal] apex4 ,spores3 ellipsoid to almond-%ap$1 v pale br[n "u ! microscope & #h-aj #d-e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 cyl9dric-wavy1 hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,dep5d+ on ! h]bace\s con/itu5ts ! fungus-flora w v>y4 ,c]ta9 species are f\nd on all sorts ( h]bace\s debris1 b o!rs are mu* m specific to _! sub/rate pref]5ces4 ,b$s ( ,butt]bur1 ,coltsfoot or ,impati5s are also good hunt+ places1 z are b$s ( s$ges 9 f5l&4 ,9 _m ( ^! localities ag>ics ) r$uc$ fruit-bodies look+ l disc-fungi are frequ5tly se54 ,we h already discuss$ ! specific requirem5ts ( c]ta9 species ( ,m>asmius 7see p4 #ib74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gf4 ,fungi ( ald]-c>rs & f "u h]bace\s plants 7v7 ,fungi ( moss-cu%ions ,_m small species gr[ among/ moss cu%ions on tree trunks1 tuck$ 9 crevices 9 walls or on ! tops ( old build+s4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o g5us ( ag>ics1 i4e4 ,gal]9a :i* is probably m typical ?an any o!r ( su* situations4 ,!re are _m memb]s ( ?is g5us ^: small caps are f\nd 9 ! autumn pu%+ up ?r\gh ! moss plants4 ,plate #gh4 ,gal]9a hypnorum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,cap3 wid? #d-f mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #bj-dj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 hemisph]ical or bell-%ap$1 hygrophan\s1 orange-yell[1 s&-col\r1 smoo? & /riate almo/ to ! cap-c5tre4 ,/em3 smoo? & simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap4 ,gills3 yell[-tawny !n ru/-col\r$1 adnate em>g9ate1 r broad & some:at di/ant4 ,fle%3 ?91 yell[-tawny & ) a smell ( new meal4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 almond-%ap$1 gold5 yell[ "u ! microscope1 slightly r\gh5$ & #aj-aa #f-g m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ or cyl9drical ) slight swell+ at ! apex4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,gal]9a myc5opsis 7,fries7 ,khn] ,cap3 wid? #f-ae mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #cj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 simil>ly col\r$ to ,g4 hypnorum1 b ) a few :ite silky fibrils4 ,/em3 col\r$ z ! cap1 b ) :ite silky fibrils :5 "y4 ,gills & fle%3 z 9 ,g4 hypnorum1 b x has no smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-col\r4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 ellipsoid1 pale gold5 yell[ "u ! microscope1 smoo? & #i-aa #e-f m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 club-%ap$1 cyl9drical & ) di/9ct r\nd$ heads4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,g4 mniophila 7,las*7 ,khn] is simil> to or slightly l>g] ?an ,c4 myc5opsis1 b diff]s 9 its dull honey-col\r$ cap & /em1 & di/9ctly r\gh5$ spores4 ,g4 calyptrata ,p4 ,d4 ,orton is small & has be5 long confus$ ) ,g4 hypnorum2 x1 h[ev]1 is ( a mu* bright] orange-col\r1 ) di/9ct :ite fibrils on ! cap & has spores :i* h a di/9ct envelope1 sometimes sep>at+ z a loose cov]+4 ,g4 vittae=mis 7,fries7 ,mos] is a r$-br[n fungus ) #b-spor$ basidia1 facial cy/idia1 m9utely hairy /em1 & v r\gh spores2 x gr[s 9 moss 9 pa/ures z well z on moss-cu%ions4 7vi7 ,hea? & m\nta9 fungi 7a7 ,moorl& fungi ,m>asmius &rosaceus 7,fries7 ,fries ,horse-hair toad/ool ,cap3 wid? #e-ae mm4 ,/em3 wid? #a mm2 l5g? #cj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gg4 ,cap3 :iti% to pale smoke-br[n ) a di/9ct w9e-col\r$ t+e1 membran\s1 flatt5$1 or umbilicate & radially wr9kl$4 ,/em3 ?read-l1 black or v d>k br[n1 horny & usually spr++ f a black horse-hair-l mycelium4 ,gills3 :iti% or dirty fle%-col\r1 adnate & cr[d$4 ,fle%3 :ite 9 ! pileus & black 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 pip-%ap$1 n blue+ 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e & measur+ #g-i #c-d m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 oval or ellipsoid1 cov]$ on ! upp] half ) small pimple-l projections4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is common 9 troops f late summ] until w9t] on dead & dy+ hea!r4 ,x is also f\nd 9 woods on leaves & twigs1 p>ticul>ly 9 plantations on conif] ne$les4 ,x is easily recognis$ by ! d>k horse-hair-l /em :i* becomes b5t & twi/$ on dry+ & ! small1 p9ki% fle%-col\r$ cap4 ,! ^w &rosaceus means1 & ref]s to1 ! /em :i* resembles ! t\gh & wiry fronds ( "s ( ! r$ algae1 su* z ,ahnfeldtia :i* is f\nd ar\nd our sea-%ores4 ,illu/rations3 ,,lh #aae2 ,,nb #dg2 ,,wd #bd4 ,omphal9a ericetorum 7,fries7 ,m4 ,lange ,cap3 wid? #e-bj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #b mm2 l5g? #aj-bj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 v>iable 9 col\r1 /raw-col\r1 cream-col\r1 bi/re or grey1 convex !n flat or slightly depress$1 radially groov$ to ! c5tre :5 moi/2 ! m>g9 is scallop$4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap1 except = a br[ni% w9e-col\r$ zone at ! v apex1 ?ick5$ upw>ds & smoo? ) a :ite & woolly base4 ,gills3 adnate to decurr5t1 :ite !n cream-col\r or yell[i%1 triangul> 9 %ape1 v di/ant & (t5 connect$ by ve9s4 ,fle%3 pale cream-col\r4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 broadly ellipsoid1 or pip-%ap$1 n becom+ blui% grey 9 solutions ( iod9e1 #h-aj #e m 9 size4 ,m>g9al & facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is common & (t5 9 l>ge troops on peaty gr\nd 9 woods z well z 9 moorl& & m\nta9 regions4 ,9 m\nta9s ,o4 ericetorum mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f "s ( ! truly m\nta9 species ( ,omphal9a dealt ) on p4 #bcf4 ,o4 wynniae 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton is simil> b pale lemon-yell[ & is f\nd on /umps ( conif]s4 ,! ^w ericetorum ref]s to ! habit ( gr[+ on hea?s--,erica is ! ,lat9 "n = hea?4 ,9 _m books ?is same fungus is call$ ,o4 umbellif]a :i* reflects ! %ape ( ! cap--umbrella %ap$4 ,illu/rations3 ,hvass #aaf2 ,,lh #ii2 ,,nb #he2 ,,wd #bi4 ,entoloma helodes 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,cap3 wid? #be-ge mm4 ,/em3 wid? #b-f mm2 l5g? #be-ee mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 f9ely or m9utely velvety at c5tre1 fibrillose or :ite silky z if fro/$ t[>ds ! m>g91 sepia or bi/re1 or m\se-grey1 dull-col\r$ b ) a h9t ( violace\s br[n4 ,/em3 equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! apex1 sometimes club-%ap$1 ?ick5$ at ! base1 greyi% br[n & pale cream-col\r at ! base4 ,fle%3 d>k sepia 9 ! cap1 :iti% 9 ! /em & smell+ /rongly ( meal4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gg4 ,moorl& fungi ,gills3 :ite or :iti% at fir/ !n dirty p9ki% br[n1 adnate & em>g9ate4 ,spore-pr9t3 dull salmon-p9k4 ,spores3 m$ium to long1 angul>1 ellipsoid-oblong1 slightly c9namon-col\r "u ! microscope & #i-ab #g-h m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 conspicu\s1 sp9dle or bottle-%ap$ & ) subcapitate apex4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,hypholoma ericaeum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,cap3 wid? #ae-cj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-g mm2 l5g? #ej-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 fle%y1 convex1 lat] becom+ flatt5$ b rema9+ slightly umbonate at ! c5tre1 viscid at fir/1 smoo? & %9+ :5 dry1 bright r$di% to s&-col\r or br[n4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 yell[ above1 br[n bel[1 smoo? & t\gh4 ,gills3 adnate or adnex$1 purpli% black ) a :iti% m>g9 & fairly cr[d$4 ,fle%3 yell[i% or r$-br[n 9 ! /em4 ,spore-pr9t3 purple-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 d>k purple-br[n1 broadly ellipsoid & #ab-ae #g-i m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 cyl9drical or flask-%ap$4 ,facial cy/idia3 flask-%ap$ & fill$ ) cont5ts :i* become yell[i% 9 solutions conta9+ ammonia4 ,clav>ia argillacea 7,p]soon7 ,fries ,fruit-body3 height #bj-fj mm4 ,description3 ,fruit-body3 club-%ap$1 blunt or r\nd$ at ! apex1 cyl9drical or compress$ & (t5 groov$1 yell[ o*race\s or buff4 ,/em3 di/9ct b %ort & yell[i%4 ,fle%3 yell[i%4 ,spore-pr9t3 :ite4 ,spores3 m$ium-siz$1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 smoo? & #aj-aa #e-f m 9 size4 ,all ^! ?ree species are typical ( b>e peaty soil1 or moss cov]$ peat among/ or ar\nd ,hea!r or ,l+ 7,calluna vulg>is7 bu%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gh4 ,moorl&1 moss-cu%ion & m\nta9 fungi 7b7 ,m\nta9 fungi & ! s-call$ ,basidioli*5s #8,basidioli*5s4' ,plate #gh4 ,omphal9a ericetorum 7,fries7 ,m4 ,lange has already be5 describ$ 7p4 #bcb73 x gr[s on acidic soils & asc5ds into m\nta9 areas :]e x frequ5tly gr[s on algal scum :i* accumulates ar\nd ,sphagnum plants4 ,"u ^! conditions ! algal cells ent] ! base ( ! fungus & gr[ 9 ! cavity ( ! /em & among/ ^? hyphae :i* con/itute ! base4 ,?is association1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be mu* clos] 9 ! two li*5s ,coriscium viride 7,a*>ius7 ,va9 & ,botryd9a vulg>is ,m5egh9i :i* h long be5 classifi$ z species ( li*5 ( unkn[n aff9ity because no p]fect /ate 0 kn[n4 ,coriscium viride consi/s ( blue-gre5 ov]lapp+ plates or scales ) n>r[ r\nd$ (t5 pal] m>g9s & :i* dry out gre5i% br[ni% grey4 ,botryd9a vulg>is1 9 contra/1 consi/s ( d>k gre51 gelat9\s blobs dry+ out gre5i% br[n4 ,coriscium is n[ consid]$ to be an association ( an algae & a ,basidiomycete1 ! latt] be+ ! ag>ic1 ,omphal9a hudsoniana 7,j5n+s7 ,bigel[1 :i* resembles ,o4 ericetorum b = ! p9ki% col\r$ /em4 ,botryd9a may be a complex ( sev]al sep>ate associations ( an algae ) diff]5t species ( ,omphal9a4 ,9 ! high m\nta9s ! association is ) ,o4 luteovitell9a 7,pilt ,nannfeldt7 ,m4 ,lange a small uni=mly bright yell[ ag>ic1 :il/ 9 ,sphagnum bogs x is ) ,o4 sphagnicola 7,b]keley7 ,mos]4 ,myxomphalia maura 7,fries7 ,hora1 a fungus typical ( burnt gr\nd1 is also report$ to take up ?is association 9 l[l& woods & ,o4 velut9a 7,qulet7 ,qulet appe>s to be capable ( =m+ a loose relation%ip ) algal cells also4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ association & rese>* "w is /ill at an e>ly /age4 ,9 ! tropics & subtropical regions ( ! _w1 simil> associations are f\nd on rott5 & decompos+ trunks & /umps4 ,9 ^! examples ! ,basidiomycetes are frequ5tly fairy-clubs1 p>ticul>ly species ( ,multiclavula 7#8_m small clubs'74 ,a few species ( ?is g5us may be f\nd also 9 ,nor? temp]ate woodl&s4 ,botryd9a also gr[s 9 ,europe ) ,/]eum fasciatum 7,s*w47 ,fries & ,a!lia viride 7,bres47 ,p>m4 7see p4 #agf71 & ,odontia bicolor 7,fries7 ,qulet is r>ely collect$ )\t gre5 algal cells buri$ 9 ! ?allus4 ,p]haps associations l ?is are mu* common] ?an at fir/ suppos$4 ,probably ! mo/ rem>kable ( ?is gr\p ( poorly kn[n organisms is ,cora pavonia 7,sw47 ,fries :i* produces masses ( int]lock+ fans2 x is tropical & f\nd 9 ,brazil4 ,m\nta9 fungi3 g5]al rem>ks ,!re are sev]al gr\ps ( m\nta9 fungi1 "s mycorrhizal =m]s1 "s :i* pref] peaty soil & "s :i* are associat$ ) algae =m+ a loose relation%ip--! ,basidioli*5s4 ,:5 ! m\nta9 top is cov]$ ) su* dw>f will[s z ,salix h]bacea or ,s4 reticulata ! leaves are ca/ ea* ye>1 woody tissue develops above & bel[ ! gr\nd2 9 fact all ! processes tak+ place 9 our famili> woodl&s are also tak+ place 9 ^! communities1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! trees are dw>f4 ,inde$ x looks q odd to see normal siz$ ag>ics gr[+ among/ ! woody /alks ( dw>f trees1 ! leaves ( :i* are (t5 "o-t5? ! size ( ! fruit-bodies1 b ?is is :at happ5s4 ,! mycorrhizal =m]s 9 ^! conditions include species ( ,russula 7e4g4 ,russula alp9a ,mll] ,s*aeff]1 ,r4 x]ampel9a v>4 pascua ,favre 7see p4 #de771 ,lact>ius 7e4g4 ,lact>ius lacun>um ,hora see p4 #ej71 ,cort9>ius 7e4g4 ,c4 anomalus 7,fries7 ,fries see p4 #db7 & ,amanita 7e4g4 ,amanita nivalis ,greville see p4 #ef74 ,subt]ranean fungi are also f\nd1 e4g4 ,elaphomyces see p4 #bdd1 &1 j z woodl&s1 valley bottoms h a saprophytic gr\nd flora ( toad/ools s d ! high m\nta9 #8woods'1 & _m famili> fungi ( ! l[]l& areas are to be f\nd !re also1 e4g4 ,myc5a epipt]ygia 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray1 ,myc5a olivaceo-m>g9ata 7,massee7 ,massee 7see p4 #hh47 ,! b>] tops ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e l>ge areas ( moss are only to be f\nd1 support species ( ,hygrocybe1 e4g4 ,h4 lilac9a 7,lae/adius7 ,mos] & ,h4 subviolacea 7,peck7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,watl+ 7see p4 #ig74 ,9 ! moi/ atmosph]e on ! hills 9 we/]n ,scotl&1 woodl&-l floras conta9+ famili> fl[]+ plants are f\nd on ! m\nta9 sides (t5 mu* high] ?an 9 c5tral ,scotl&4 ,x is 9 su* communities t typical woodl& fungi are also to be f\nd1 e4g4 ,nolanea cetrata 7,fries7 ,kumm] 7see p4 #aja74 7vii7 ,s&-dune fungi ,inocybe dun5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,cap3 wid? #bg-ge mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-aj mm2 l5g? #ce-hj mm4 ,description3 ,cap3 convex !n exp&$1 usually broadly umbonate1 pale or dirty o*race\s pal] at ! m>g91 r$di% br[n at ! c5tre1 smoo?1 radially fibrillose t[>ds ! m>g9 & sometimes %[+ ! rema9s ( a pale greyi% buff veil4 ,/em3 equal ) m>g9ate or r\nd$ bulb at ! base1 :ite or :iti%1 !n becom+ discol\r$ p9ki% or br[ni%1 p[d]$ ) :ite1 at fir/1 b f9ally silky4 ,gills3 free or n>r[ly adnate1 subcr[d$1 :iti% !n clay-buff1 f9ally snuff-br[n ) :iti% edge4 ,fle%3 :ite or :iti%1 t9t$ o*race\s or dirty p9ki% & ) /rong smell ( rancid oil4 ,spore-pr9t3 snuff-br[n4 ,spores3 m$ium to long1 ellipsoid-oblong1 indi/9ctly nodulose or wavy-angul> & #i-ab #f-g m 9 size4 ,facial cy/idia3 swoll51 sp9dle-%ap$ ) %ort1 broad neck1 ?ick-wall$ & cre/$ ) cry/als4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 sp9dle-%ap$ & cre/$ ) cry/als4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is fungus is (t5 buri$ to half-way 9 ! s& ( slacks ne> dw>f will[s 7,salix spp474 ,?ree o!r species ( ,inocybe gr[ 9 dune-slacks ,i4 halophila ,heim1 ,i4 s]ot9a ,peck & ,i4 devoni5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton1 b all diff] 9 _! spores be+ smoo? & elongate-cyl9dric4 ,a/rospor9a1 a "n ref]r+ to ! %ape ( ! spore1 has be5 consid]$ a g5us ( ag>ics 9 its own "r & to ?is gr\p ,i4 dun5sis w\ld belong4 ,h[ev]1 z ! memb]s %[ ! same range ( *>act]s z ^? species ) ! smoo? spores x seems unnecess>y to split ,inocybe into two4 ,! cy/idia 9 _m species are unusual1 be+ cre/$ ) a bundle ( cry/als :i* h be5 report$ z be+ calcium oxalate1 al?\gh ev5 ! simple/ s*ool-laboratory te/s h be5 r>ely appli$ to !m 7see p4 #hd74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gi4 ,s&-dune fungi ,psa?yrella ammophila 7,durieu ,lville7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,s&-dune brittle-cap ,cap3 wid? #bj-dj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #d-h mm2 l5g? #dj-hj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #gi4 ,cap3 semiglobate to convex1 pale d+y clay-col\r or d>k tan to dirty br[ni%1 non-/riate1 r fle%y & usually s& cov]$4 ,/em3 deeply root+ 9 s& & club-%ap$ t[>ds ! base1 simil>ly col\r$ to ! cap except = ! :iti% apex4 ,gills3 adnate1 subfusc\s or d>k dirt-br[n4 ,fle%3 dirty buff & ) no di/9ct smell4 ,spore-pr9t3 pale snuff-br[n ) purpli% flu%4 ,spores3 long1 ovoid1 yell[i%-grey br[n "u ! microscope ) a di/9ct g]m-pore & #aj-ab #g m 9 size4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 balloon-%ap$1 obtuse or some:at bottle-%ap$ & hyal9e4 ,facial cy/idia3 sp>se1 simil> to ! m>g9al cy/idia1 volum9\s4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,?is is a v di/9ct fungus f\nd among/ /ems ( ,m>ram grass 9 s&-dune sy/ems4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s z if x is gr[+ 9 ! b>e s&1 b by c>eful excavation x usually is f\nd atta*$ to pieces ( ,m>ram grass1 inde$ ! hyphae ent] ! roots ( ! grass1 b app>5tly d n kill !m4 ,?is fungus 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ! g5us ,psilocybe 7see p4 #aad7 because ( its br[ni% purple spore-pr9t1 b ! cap-surface is compos$ ( r\nd$ cells & s is relat$ to all ! o!r species ( ,psa?yrella4 ,psa?yrella flexispora ,wallace ,p4 ,d4 ,orton gr[s 9 simil> habitats among/ ,ammophila & o!r sea%ore grasses4 ,x is easily recognis$ by ! *ocolate1 umb] or date-br[n cap & ! peculi> %ap$ spores1 :i* look z if !y h be5 slightly twi/$ dur+ _! developm5t4 ,/roph>ia coronilla 7,fries7 ,qulet1 resembl+ a little mu%room 7i4e4 ,ag>icus7 is also f\nd 9 s&-dune sy/ems &1 j z species ( ,psa?yrella1 x possesses purpli% black spores4 ,h[ev]1 ! cap is o*race\s yell[ ) a :iti% m>g9 =m$ ( veil fragm5ts4 ,! /em is :ite becom+ yell[ ) age & possesses a n>r[1 :ite /riate r+4 ,! spores are ellipsoid & measure #h-i #d-e m & x has filam5t\s cells 9 ! cap4 ,unlike ,p4 ammophila x is n conf9$ to s&-dune sy/ems b x is also to be f\nd 9 pa/ures & on hea?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #hj4 ,s&-dune fungi ,conocybe dun5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,s&-dune br[n cone cap4 ,cap3 wid? #aj-cj mm4 ,/em3 wid? #b-d mm2 l5g? #dj-ajj mm4 ,description3 ,plate #hj4 ,cap3 conical !n conico-exp&$1 date-br[n1 dull s&-col\r or d>k liv]-col\r1 dry+ buff or o*race\s1 expall5t1 n or indi/9ctly /riate :5 moi/4 ,/em3 :iti% or pale o*race\s !n d>k] o*race\s or dirty br[ni% f ! base up1 l[] "p :iti% & buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,fle%3 ?9 & pale o*race\s4 ,gills3 adnate1 :iti% b soon pale honey & f9ally ru/y honey4 ,spore-pr9t3 ru/-br[n4 ,spores3 long1 ellipsoid or slightly amygdali=m1 gold5 br[n "u ! microscope ) l>ge g]m-pore & #ab-ad #g-h m 9 size4 ,facial cy/idia3 abs5t4 ,m>g9al cy/idia3 capitate4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,c4 dun5sis diff]s f ,c4 t5]a 9 its dull col\rs 7see p4 #aaf7 & habitat pref]5ces4 ,conocybe dun5sis1 ,/roph>ia coronilla1 ! two species ( ,psa?yrella are all dull-col\r$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! s&-dunes col\rful ag>ics are also f\nd4 ,! mo/ common is ,hygrocybe conicoides 7,p4 ,d4 ,orton7 ,orton ,watl+2 ,lacc>ia m>itima 7,!od[icz7 ,mos] is inde$ an unusual b rew>d+ f9d4 #8,lac' z 9 ,lacc>ia is a r$-br[n res9\s sub/rate produc$ by ! lac-insect & resembles ! cap col\r ( _m species ( ! g5us1 includ+ ,l4 m>itima1 ,l4 laccata & ,l4 proxima 7see p4 #hf74 ,all ^! fungi 7 =m]ly plac$ 9 ,clitocybe1 b !y diff] 9 ! w>t$ or sp9y spores :i* at maturity give ! r ?ick gills ! appe>ance ( be+ heavily talc$4 ,l4 m>itima c be di/+ui%$ f all o!r species ( ,lacc>ia by ! elongat$ spores :i* are m9utely sp9y & n /rongly w>t$ z 9 ,l4 laccata4 ,hygrocybe conicoides 7,p4 ,d4 ,orton7 ,orton ,watl+ has a conical to conico-convex1 acutely umbonate cap ) wavy-lob$ m>g92 x is sc>let or *]ry-r$1 discol\r+ blacki% ) age or on bruis+4 ,! gills are at fir/ *rome-yell[ !n become flu%$ r$ & ! /em is yell[ or gre5i% lemon becom+ /reaky blacki% aft] h&l+4 ,! spores are #aj-ac #d-e m 9 size & slightly ,fr5* bean-%ap$4 ,x c be readily di/+ui%$ f close relatives1 e4g4 ,h4 conica 7,fries7 ,kumm] by ! gills soon turn+ r$di%1 ! r$di% cap & ! n>r[ spores4 7viii7 ,subt]ranean fungi ,g5]al notes ,! adaptive habit ( gr[+ completely subm]g$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd has develop$ 9 all ! major gr\ps ( fungi4 ,?us ! simple/ =m relat$ to ! common bread-m\ld h tak5 up ! "* j z c]ta9 relatives ( ! disc-fungi 7discomycetes7 & ( ! flask-fungi 7pyr5omycetes74 ,9 ! high] fungi 9 sev]al =eign c\ntries ev5 ag>ics1 polypores & /9khorns h become hypoge\s1 b 9 ?is c\ntry we h a v depaup>ate flora compos$ ( "s tw5ty-eight species ( false 7,basidiomycete7 truffle4 ,! foll[+ key may assi/ 9 id5tify+ ! diff]5t gr\ps ( hypoge\s fungi = "s ( ^! species are ( comm]cial value & includes ! ,fr5* or ,p]igord truffle1 ,tub] melanosp]mum ,vittad9i :i* is us$ z a con/itu5t ( ,pt de ,foie ,gras1 & _m ( ! fungi us$ z poor quality sub/itutes4 ,!re is a long folk-hi/ory surr\nd+ truffles & !y h be5 utilis$ 9 ! production ( aphrodisiacs = c5turies4 ,seek+ !m out 0 a difficulty & has be5 ov]come 9 diff]5t c\ntries 9 diff]5t ways4 ,?us 9 cont95tal ,europe1 pigs h be5 us$ to sniff !m out b on f9d+ !m ! pigs _c eat ! truffles because ( a r+ plac$ ?r\gh _! nose4 ,9 ,dorset a p>ticul> bre$ ( dog 0 develop$ to d ! same job--! ,dorset h\nds4 ,a simple key w\ld read z foll[s3-- #a4 ,spores produc$ on basidia #b ,spores produc$ 9 asci #d #b4 ,*amb]s ?r\gh\t ! inn] tissue conta9+ spores ( approximately ! same age #c ,*amb]s 9 ! inn] tissues conta9+ spores f\nd at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t ,hym5oga/] #c4 ,basidiospores br[n or gre5i% br[n "u ! microscope1 & black 9 mass ,melanoga/] ,basidiospores col\rless or pale honey col\r "u ! microscope & o*race\s 9 mass ,rhizopogon #d4 ,asci globose1 irregul>ly arrang$ )9 ! fruit-body & quickly break+ d[n to %$ ! spores ,elaphomyces ,asci globose or club-%ap$ & arrang$ 9 f]tile areas :i* d n rapidly break d[n to %$ ! spores ,tub] relatives ,basidiomycetes ,rhizopogon roseolus 7,corda7 ,fries ,r$ truffle ,description3 ,fruit-body3 globul> to tubi=m & up to #fj mm broad1 p>tly cov]$ 9 mycelial cords1 dirty :ite1 lat] r$di%-tawny gradually r$di% & f9ally olive-br[n1 x soon becomes tawny on bruis+ :5 fre% & "y4 ,spores3 m$ium siz$1 n>r[ly ellipsoid1 smoo? at fir/1 hyal9e !n pale olive "u ! microscope & measur+ #h-aa #d m4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is n uncommon on ! edges ( pa?s1 9 p9e woods j pu%+ up ?r\gh ! soil surface4 ,ascomycetes ,elaphomyces granulatus ,fries ,h>ts' truffle ,description3 ,fruit-body3 globose to ovoid1 #bj-dj mm broad1 pale o*race\s1 cov]$ 9 small pyramidal w>ts1 & :5 x is cut x %[s ?ree lay]s1 an out] ?9 yell[i% zone1 an inn] ?ick] compact :ite zone & )9 ?is a purpli% black area full ( spores sep>at$ into *amb]s by b&s ( /]ile :ite tissue2 ! fir/ two zones make up ! #8r9d'4 ,spores3 sph]ical1 blacki% br[n1 w>ty1 #bd-cb m 9 diamet]2 eight conta9$ 9 globose asci4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is n uncommon 9 ! surface lay]s ( p9e woods at ! junction ( ne$le debris & m9]al soil4 ,e4 muricatus ,fries is simil>1 b diff]s 9 ! m>bl$ fleck$ int]ior4 ,tub] ae/ivum ,vittad9i ,engli% truffle ,description3 ,fruit-body3 subglobose except = basal flatt5+1 up to #hj mm broad1 cov]$ 9 #e-f-sid$ pyramidal scales1 d>k br[n to violace\s1 :ite !n greyi% br[n )91 sep>at$ by a network ( ve9s radiat+ f ! basal cavity4 ,spores3 v l>ge1 ellipsoid1 light or yell[i% br[n & ornam5t$ ) a prom95t network1 borne 9 two's & sixes 9 subglobose asci & v>iable 9 size1 #bj-dj #ae-cj m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ha4 ,subt]ranean fungi & fungus-p>asites ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus is to be f\nd buri$ 9 ! surface lay]s ( soil 9 bee* woods4 ,t4 rufum is small] & smoo!r & ! spores are n cre/$ b simply m9utely sp9y4 ,illu/rations3 ,r4 luteolus--,hvass #cbb2 ,,lh #bae4 ,el4 granulatus--,hvass #cbe2 ,,lh #di4 ,t4 ae/ivum--,,lh #dc4 ,melanoga/] v>iegatus--,,lh #bae 7see p4 #bdc74 ,hym5oga/] t5]--,,lh #bae 7see p4 #bdc74 7ix7 ,fungal p>asites ,nyctalis p>asitica 7,fries7 ,fries ,pick-a-back-toad/ool ,description3 ,plate #ha4 ,cap3 bell-%ap$ !n becom+ exp&$1 silky dirty :ite1 b gradually grey ) a flu% ( lilac ) age4 ,/em3 sl5d]1 :ite & smoo? except = ! base4 ,gills3 pallid b soon becom+ br[ni%1 adnate or adnate ) too?1 ?ick & di/ant alt]nately long & %ort & contort$ or unit$ ) age4 ,fle%3 d>k br[n4 ,spore-pr9t3 buff4 ,spores3 small1 hyal9e "u ! microscope1 ovoid1 #e-f #c-d m b usually replac$ completely or 9 "p by ovoid1 smoo?1 ?ick-wall$ & pale br[ni% asexually produc$ spores 7*lamydospores7 measur+ ab\t #ae #aj m 9 size4 ,habitat ,di/ribution3 ,?is fungus gr[s 9 clu/]s on old decay+ specim5s ( v>i\s species ( ,russula & ,lact>ius 7,russulaceae7--see p4 #de4 ,g5]al ,in=mation3 ,n4 a/]ophora ,fries is closely relat$ & also gr[s on decay+ specim5s ( v>i\s species ( ,russula1 p>ticul>ly ,r4 nigricans 7,fries7 ,fries4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! cap be+ fawn-col\r$ & v mealy :5 t\*$2 x is recognis$ by ! poorly =m$ (t5 developm5tally h9d]$ gills on :i* *lamydospores are =m$4 ,unlike ! smoo? asexual spores 9 ,n4 p>asitica ?is species has *lamydospores ) conical1 blunt humps--i4e4 />-%ap$2 a/]ophora 9 fact means #8,i be> />s'4 ,^! fungi h be5 associat$ by "s mycologi/s ) ! common *ant]elle 7,can?>ellus cib>ius ,fries1 see p4 #afb7 9 virtue ( !m possess+ r$uc$ fold-l gills4 ,h[ev]1 ! fold-l gills are second>y 9 nature1 correlat$ ) ! active production ( *lamydospores & ! suppression ( ! =mation ( basidiospores4 ,! gills are n !re=e ( a primitive type4 ,! g5us ,nyctalis is relat$ to fungi su* z ,tephrocybe palu/ris 7,peck7 ,donk 7see p4 #bbc74 ,!re are sev]al r uncommon #8ag>ic-p>asites' ( ag>ics or o!r high] fungi1 e4g4 ,volv>iella surrecta 7,knapp7 ,s+]1 b _! =mal description mu/ be left to o!r m advanc$ texts4 ,h[ev]1 ! intrigu+ bolete1 ,boletus p>asiticus ,fries1 :i* gr[s on ,scl]od]ma 7e>?-balls7 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 m5tion$ & figur$ previ\sly 7p4 #ce ,plate #fd74 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t a close relative ( ,b4 p>asiticus 9 ,japan lives on ano!r gr\p ( ,ga/]omycetes4 ,illu/rations3 ,n4 p>asitica--,f #aa;a2 ,,lh #ha2 ,,wd #be4 ,n4 a/]ophora--,,lh #ha2 ,,wd #be4 ,g5]al notes on ,fungicoles ,_m beg9n]s are confus$ on f9d+ specim5s :i*1 al?\gh appe>+ ag>ic-l1 are cov]$ 9 long hairs or irregul>ly %ap$ bumps4 ,inde$ _m ( ^! abnormalities are true ag>ics attack$ by microscopic fungi1 & ,i "k ( "o textbook on mu%rooms & toad/ools :i* includes su* an abnormality among/ ! discussion on ! normal fruit-bodies4 ,?us ,sporad9ia gr&is ,l9k1 :i* is a primitive fungus1 attacks _m fungi r$uc+ !m to a grey velvety mass ( fungal filam5ts4 ,specim5s ( sev]al species ( ,myc5a 7p4 #hh7 are common 9 autumn1 cov]$ 9 :isk]s ) small nobbles on ! top4 ,^! :isk]s are produc$ by ! p>asitic ,sp9ellus megaloc>pus 7,corda7 ,k>/51 ano!r primitive fungus--a phycomycete4 ,9 "s wet seasons ! orange & gre5 col\r$ ,lact>ius deliciosus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray is to be f\nd contort$ & cov]$ 9 small p9ki% to lilac pimples ( ! ascomycete ,byssonectria lact>ia 7,fries7 ,pet*1 & o!r species ( ,lact>ius are attack$ by ,byssonectria viridis 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,pet* :i* conv]ts ! fruit-bodies into a h>d5$ mass ( gre5 tissue4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 species ( ,lact>ius are frequ5tly attack$ by ,hypomyces lactifluorum 7,s*we9tz7 ,tulasne & ! :ole fungus is r$uc$ to a contort$ acidic-smell+ mass ( fungal tissue ) vivid orange pimples or w>ts on ! out] surface4 ,^! p>asitic fruit-bodies are eat5 z a delicacy 9 _! own "r :]eas ! same consum] w be less en?usia/ic ab\t eat+ ! same ag>ic be=e x is s de=m$4 ,boletes p>ticul>ly ,b4 subtom5tosus ,fries1 ,b4 *rys5t]on ,/ ,amans & ,b4 edulis ,fries are frequ5tly conv]t$ into yell[ p[d]y masses due to ! production ( asexual spores ( ! fungus ,sep$onium *rysosp]mum ,fries2 ! sexual /age occurs on ! rema9s aft] !y h collaps$ into ! soil surface--?is /age is call$ ,apiocrea *rysosp]ma 7,tulasne7 ,syd[4 ,sev]al closely relat$ fungi 9 ! g5us ,hypomyces also attack ag>ics4 ,! yell[ pu/ules f\nd on ! spore-be>+ surface ( ! bir* polypore ,piptoporus 7p4 #adb7 is ,hypocrea pulv9ata ,fuckel2 x is only "o ( sev]al l[] fungi :i* gr[ on bracket fungi4 ,! g5us ,cordyceps has be5 m5tion$ previ\sly 7p4 #bjf7 & 9 ! discussion x 0 indicat$ t c]ta9 hypoge\s fungi are attack$ by memb]s ( ?is g5us4 ,:ite gelat9\s pu/ules f\nd among/ ! fruit-bodies ( ,/]eum sangu9ol5tum 7p4 #agf7 h a h>d :ite c5tre4 ,on exam9ation ^! #8nuclei' are abort$ /ructures ( ! /]eum cov]$ 9 ! jelly-fungus ,tremella encephala ,p]soon4 ,?is fungus is app>5tly p>asitic2 x is closely relat$ to ,tremella foliacea & ,t4 mes5t]ica describ$ on page #ahd4 ,g4 ,,app5dix 7i7 ,species li/ ( specialis$ habitats ,,introduction ,al?\gh "s fungi pref] "o type ( woodl& m ?an ano!r _m fungi are less specialis$ & may be f\nd 9 all k9ds ( woods4 ,inde$ _m fungi :i* we usually associate ) a woodl& fungus flora c also be commonly se5 9 pa/ures & g>d5s1 e4g4 ,lacc>ia laccata 7,fries7 ,cooke1 ,hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 7,fries7 ,maire4 ,x is useful to consid] ! fungi ( diff]5t woodl& types sep>ately1 b ?is 9 "s cases is v difficult because "s species are n exclusive2 inde$ "s species may gr[ 9 completely contra/+ habitats1 e4g4 ,amanita musc>ia 7,fries7 ,hook] 9 bo? bir* & conif] woods1 or on contra/+ sub/rates1 e4g4 ,fomes fom5t>ius 7,fries7 ,kickx on bir* 9 ,scotl& & bee* on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! picture becomes ev5 m complex because frequ5tly woods1 9 fact1 (t5 include sev]al tree species gr[+ 9 close proximity & x is !n difficult to draw connections betwe5 a fungus & ! tree ) :i* x is truly gr[+--we "k little or no?+ except = mycorrhizal fungi1 :y c]ta9 fungi pref] c]ta9 habitats4 ,a p>allel example is t ph5om5on se5 9 c]ta9 polypores :i* only attack twigs or bran*es & n /umps or trunks1 :il/ o!rs gr[ exclusively on /umps4 ,we "k little ( ! reasons = ^! dem>cations1 ev5 :5 !y occur )9 ! same ho/4 ,mycology1 !re=e1 (f]s to ! beg9n] & ! pr(essional _m opportunities 9 physiology & ecology4 ,9 grassl& areas x is difficult to "k :]e to draw ! l9e betwe5 "o plant-community & ano!r :5 li/+ species1 = al?\gh ecologically di/9ct bo? w\ld come "u ! "n grassl&4 ,9 ! field1 h[ev]1 ?is is (t5 v obvi\s & !re is little d\bt t fungi c give j z accurate an indication z to ! soil-type1 z _m mosses or vascul> plants4 ,9 s&-dune sy/ems1 ! mobile dunes (f] a diff]5t ecological ni*e to t ( ! fix$ dunes :i* 9 _m ways resemble grassl&s4 ,?us al?\gh ! li/s bel[ are split into easily manageable units1 "s flexibility mu/ /ill be all[$4 ,x is meant only z a guide--& w diff] 9 "s cases f "o place to ano!r1 ev5 )9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,g5]al ,woodl& ,ag>icus silvicola 7,vitt47 ,peck ,amanita citr9a ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,a4 excelsa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,a4 rubesc5s 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,a4 vag9ata 7,fries7 ,vittad9i ,boletus calopus ,fries ,b4 ery?ropus 7,fries7 ,secretan ,b4 pip]atus ,fries ,can?>ellus infundibuli=mis ,fries ,clitocybe clavipes 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 fragrans 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 nebul>is 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 odora 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,collybia butyracea 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 conflu5s 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 dryophila 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,hebeloma cru/ul9i=me 7,/ ,amans7 ,qulet ,hygrocybe /rangulatus 7,orton7 ,mos] ,hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 7,fries7 ,maire ,inocybe eu!les 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,qulet ,i4 fa/igiata 7,fries7 ,qulet ,i4 geophylla 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,lacc>ia laccata 7,fries7 ,cooke ,lact>ius mitissimus 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 pip]atus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,l4 subdulcis 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,limacella gliod]ma 7,fries7 ,maire ,myc5a filopes 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,m4 galopus 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,m4 pura 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,m4 sangu9ol5ta 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,m4 vitilis 7,fries7 ,qulet ,paxillus involutus 7,fries7 ,fries ,rip>tites tri*oloma 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,russula adu/a 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 atropurpurea 7,krombholz7 ,britz4 ,r4 delica ,fries ,r4 foet5s 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 nigricans 7,mrat7 ,fries ,r4 o*roleuca 7,secretan7 ,fries ,r4 x]ampel9a 7,secretan7 ,fries ,tri*oloma agyraceum 7,/ ,amans7 ,gillet ,t4 orirub5s ,qulet ,t4 saponaceum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,t4 sciodes 7,secretan7 ,m>t9 ,t4 t]reum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,t4 virgatum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,tylopilus felleus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,hydnum rep&um ,fries ,phallus impudicus ,p]soon ,scl]od]ma citr9um ,p]soon ,s4 v]rucosum ,p]soon ,leotia lubrica ,p]soon ,microglossum viride 7,fries7 ,gillet ,on wood ,armill>ia mellea 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,crepidotus v>iabilis 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,hypholoma fascicul>e 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,h4 sublat]itium 7,fries7 ,qulet ,pluteus c]v9us 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,caloc]a cornea 7,fries7 ,fries ,coriolus v]sicolor 7,fries7 ,qulet ,m]ulius tremellosus ,fries ,s*izophyllum commune ,fries ,/]eum hirsutum 7,fries7 ,fries ,s4 rugosum 7,fries7 ,fries ,lycop]don pyri=me ,p]soon ,coryne s>coides 7,s4 ,f4 ,gray7 ,tulasne ,cudoniella acicul>is 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,nectria c9nab>9a 7,fries7 ,fries ,xylospha]a hypoxylon ,dumorti] ,x4 polymorpha 7,mrat7 ,dumorti] ,conif] ,woods *>act]is$ by species ( ,suillus1 ,*roogomphus1 ,gomphidius1 sev]al ,lact>ius & ,russula spp4 ,ag>icus sylvatica ,secretan ,amanita porphyria 7,fries7 ,secretan ,boletus badius ,fries ,b4 p9icola ,v5turi ,*roogomphus rutilus 7,fries7 ,o4 ,k4 ,mill] ,clitocybe flaccida 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 langei ,hora ,collybia di/orta 7,fries7 ,qulet ,cort9>ius calli/eus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 g5tilis 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 mucosus 7,fries7 ,kickx ,c4 p9icola ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,c4 sangu9eus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 semisangu9eus 7,fries7 ,gillet ,cy/od]ma amian?9um 7,fries7 ,fayod ,gomphidius glut9osus 7,fries7 ,fries ,g4 maculatus ,fries ,g4 roseus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,hygrophorus hypo!jus 7,fries7 ,fries ,hypholoma m>g9atum 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,inocybe calami/rata 7,fries7 ,gillet ,lact>ius camphoratus 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 deliciosus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,l4 helvus 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 rufus 7,fries7 ,fries ,lecc9um vulp9um ,watl+ ,m>asmius &rosaceus 7,fries7 ,fries ,myc5a adonis 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray 7 ,hemimyc5a7 ,m4 amicta 7,fries7 ,qulet ,m4 capill>ipes ,peck ,m4 cocc9ea ,qulet ,m4 rubrom>g9ata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,m4 vulg>is 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,nolanea cetrata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,n4 cuneata ,bresadola ,rozites cap]ata 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,russula ca]ulea ,fries ,r4 decolorans 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 emetica 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,r4 ery?ropus ,pelt]eau ,r4 nauseosa 7,secretan7 ,fries ,r4 obscura ,romell ,r4 paludosa ,britz4 ,r4 queletii ,fries ,r4 s>donia ,fries ,tri*oloma albobrunneum ,t4 flavovir5s 7,fries7 ,lundell ,t4 focale 7,fries7 ,rick5 ,t4 imbricatum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,t4 vacc9um 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,ram>ia o*raceo-vir5s 7,jungh47 ,donk ,r4 invallii 7,cotton ,wakef47 ,donk ,s>codon imbricatum 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,sp>assis crispa 7,wulf57 ,fries ,!lephora palmata 7,bulli>d7 ,pat\ill>d ,t4 t]re/ris ,fries ,gea/rum pect9atum ,p]soon ,hypoge\s ,rhizopogon luteolus ,fries ,elaphomyces granulatus ,fries ,e4 muricatus ,fries ,on cones ,baeospora myosura 7,fries7 ,s+] ,/robilurus escul5tus 7,wulf4 ex ,fr47 ,s+] ,s4 /ephanocy/is 7,hora7 ,s+] ,s4 t5acellus 7,fries7 ,s+] ,auriscalpium vulg>e ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,on conif] wood ,gymnopilus p5etrans 7,fries7 ,murrill ,hypholoma capnoides 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,myc5a alcal9a 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,l5t9us tigr9us 7,fries7 ,fries ,paxillus atrotom5tosus 7,fries7 ,fries ,p4 panuoides 7,fries7 ,fries ,pholiota flammans 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,pleurotellus porrig5s 7,fries7 ,s+] 7 ,pleurocybella7 ,pluteus atrom>g9atus ,khn] ,tri*olompsis rutilans 7,fries7 ,s+] ,x]omphal9a campanella 7,fries7 ,maire ,caloc]a viscosa 7,fries7 ,fries ,dacrymyces /illatus ,nees ex ,fries ,pseudohydnum gelat9osum 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,gloeophyllum sepi>ium 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,het]obasidion annosum 7,fries7 ,brefeld ,hirs*ioporus abiet9us 7,fries7 ,donk ,laetiporus sulphureus 7,fries7 ,murrill ,phaeolus s*we9itzii 7,fries7 ,pat\ill>d ,/]eum sangu9ol5tum 7,fries7 ,fries ,tremella encephala ,p]soon ,t4 foliacea 7,p]soon7 ,p]soon ,tyromyces /ipticus 7,fries7 ,kotlaba ,p\z> ,decidu\s ,woods ,g5]al ,amanita fulva ,secretan ,a4 inaurata ,secretan ,a4 virosa ,secretan ,boletus edulis ,fries ,b4 *rys5t]on ,/ ,amans ,b4 luridus ,fries ,b4 subtom5tosus ,fries ,collybia p]onata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,lact>ius vell]eus 7,fries7 ,fries ,russula cyanoxan?a 7,secretan7 ,fries ,r4 grisea 7,secretan7 ,fries ,r4 het]ophylla 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 lutea 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 o*roleuca 7,secretan7 ,fries ,tri*oloma album 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,t4 columbetta 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,t4 saponaceum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,t4 sulphureum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,can?>ellus cib>ius ,fries ,clavul9a c9]ea 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,c4 cri/ata 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,hydnum rep&um ,fries ,gea/rum rufesc5s ,p]soon ,lycop]don p]latum ,p]soon ,helvella crispa ,fries ,h4 ela/ica 7,/ ,amans7 ,b\di] ,h4 lacunosa ,fries ,disciotis v5osa 7,p]soon7 ,b\di] ,pax9a acetabulum 7,/ ,amans7 ,kuntze ,peziza badia ,mrat ,p4 succosa ,b]keley ,on wood ,copr9us dissem9atus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,c4 micaceus 7,fries7 ,fries ,crepidotus mollis 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,gal]9a mutabilis 7,fries7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,gymnopilus junonius 7,fries7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,myc5a gal]iculata 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,oudemansiella radicata 7,fries7 ,s+] ,pholiota squ>rosa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,pleurotoid fungi 7see p4 #gd7 ,psa?yrella c&olleana 7,fries7 ,r4 ,maire ,p4 hydrophilum 7,mrat7 ,maire ,coniophora puteana 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,m]ipilus giganteus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,tremella mes5t]ica ,hook] ,bee* ,woods ,amanita citr9a v> alba ,gillet ,boletus edulis ,fries ,b4 satanus ,l5z ,collybia fuscopurpurea 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,copr9us picaceus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,cort9>ius pseudosalor ,j4 ,lange ,c4 bol>is 7,fries7 ,fries ,hygrophorus *rysaspis ,mtrod ,lacc>ia ame?y/ea 7,mrat7 ,murrill ,lact>ius bl5nius 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 pallidus 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 tabidus ,fries ,m>asmius coha]5s 7,fries7 ,cooke ,qulet ,m4 wynnei ,b]keley ,broome ,myc5a capill>is 7,fries7 ,kumm] 7on leaves7 ,m4 pelian?9a 7,fries7 ,qulet ,russula alutacea 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 fellea 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 lepida ,fries ,r4 mairei ,s+] ,r4 viresc5s 7,zant$s*i7 ,fries ,tri*oloma u/ale 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,clav>iadelphus pi/ill>is 7,fries7 ,donk ,gea/] triplex ,jungh ,g4 fimbriatum ,fries ,hypoge\s ,melanoga/] v>iegatus ,vittad9i ,tub] ae/ivum ,vittad9i ,on wood ,oudemansiella mucida 7,fries7 ,hhnel ,o4 radicata 7,fries7 ,s+] ,panus torulosus 7,fries7 ,fries ,pholiota adiposa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,/roph>ia squamosa 7,fries7 ,qulet ,bj]k&]a adu/a 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,datronia mollis 7,fries7 ,donk ,hi]icium coralloides 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,l5t9ellus co*leatus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,pseudotrametes gibbosa 7,fries7 ,bond4 ,s+] ,bulg>ia inqu9ans ,fries 7a l>ge d>k br[n1 gelat9\s discomycete7 ,sev]al pyr5omycetes are record$ & dealt ) by ,j4 ,web/] 9 a popul> acc\nt publi%$ 9 ,! ,naturali/1 ,london #aiec1 pp4 #a-af4 ,bir* ,woods ,amanita crocea 7,qulet7 ,khn] ,romagnesi ,boletus edulis ,fries ,cort9>ius armillatus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 crocolitus ,qulet ,c4 hemitri*us 7,fries7 ,fries ,lact>ius glaucesc5s ,crossl& ,l4 glyciosmus 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 lacun>um ,hora ,l4 torm9osus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,l4 turpis 7,we9m47 ,fries ,l4 uvidus 7,fries7 ,fries ,l4 vietus 7,fries7 ,fries ,lecc9um holopus 7,ro/kovius7 ,watl+ ,l4 rose(ractum ,watl+ ,l4 scabrum 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,l4 v>iicolor ,watl+ ,l4 v]sipellis 7,fries ,hk7 ,snell ,russula a]ug9ea ,l9dblad ex ,fries ,r4 betul>um ,hora ,r4 cl>(lava ,grove ,r4 gracillima ,j4 ,s*aeff] ,r4 nitida 7,fries7 ,fries ,r4 pul*ella ,borszcz[ ,r4 v]sicolor ,j4 ,s*aeff] ,tri*oloma fulvum 7,fries7 ,sacc>do ,on wood ,fomes fom5t>ius 7,fries7 ,kickx ,l5zites betul9a 7,fries7 ,fries ,piptoporus betul9us 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,oak ,woods ,amanita phalloides 7,fries7 ,secretan ,boletus albidus ,rocques ,b4 app5diculatus ,fries ,b4 pulv]ul5tus ,opat[ski ,b4 reticulatus ,b\di] ,b4 v]sicolor ,ro/kovius ,gyroporus ca/aneus 7,fries7 ,qulet ,hygrophorus eburneus 7,fries7 ,fries ,lact>ius *rysorheus ,fries ,l4 quietus 7,fries7 ,fries ,lecc9um qu]c9um 7,pilt7 ,gre5 ,watl+ ,russula vesca ,fries ,tri*oloma ac]bum 7,fries7 ,qulet ,hypoge\s ,hym5oga/] t5] ,b]keley ,broome ,on wood ,myc5a incl9ata 7,fries7 ,qulet ,psa?yrella obtusata 7,fries7 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,da$alea qu]c9a ,p]soon ,fi/ul9a hepatica ,fries ,hym5o*aete rubig9osa 7,fries7 ,lville ,p5iophora qu]c9a 7,fries7 ,cooke ,inonotus dryadeus 7,fries7 ,murrill ,/]eum gausapatum 7,fries7 ,fries ,specific ,tree ,species ,ald] ,lact>ius obscuratus 7,las*7 ,fries ,naucoria es*>oides 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,n4 scolec9a 7,fries7 ,qulet ,on wood ,clav>iadelphus fi/ulosus v>4 contorta 7,fries7 ,corn] ,exidia gl&ulosa 7,/ ,amans7 ,fries ,inonotus radiatus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,plicaturiopsis crispa 7,fries7 ,reid ,a% ,on wood ,inonotus hispidus 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,dald9ia conc5trica 7,fries7 ,cesati de ,not>is ,eld] ,on wood ,hirneola auricula-judae 7,/ ,amans7 ,b]keley ,hyphodontia sambuci 7,fries7 ,j4 ,eriksson ,elm ,on wood ,lyophyllum ulm>ius 7,fries7 ,khn] ,rhodotus palmatus 7,fries7 ,maire ,volv>iella bombyc9a 7,fries7 ,s+] ,rigidoporus ulm>ius 7,fries7 ,imaz ,hazel ,lact>ius pyrogalus 7,fries7 ,fries ,lecc9um c>p9i 7,r4 ,s*ulz]7 ,reid ,on wood ,hym5o*aete corrugata 7,fries7 ,lville ,s>coscypha cocc9ea 7,fries7 ,lambotte 7r$ discomycete occurr+ 9 e>ly spr+7 ,haw?orn ,entoloma clypeatum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,on wood ,pholiota squ>rosa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,phell9us pomaceus 7,p]soon7 ,maire ,/]eum purpureum 7,fries7 ,fries ,hornbeam ,lact>ius circellatus ,fries ,lecc9um c>p9i 7,r4 ,s*ulz]7 ,reid ,popl> ,lact>ius controv]sus 7,fries7 ,fries ,lecc9um aurantiacum 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,l4 duriusculum 7,s*ulz]7 ,s+] ,mitromorpha hybrida 7,fries7 ,lville ,on wood ,agrocybe cyl9dracea 7,fries7 ,maire ,pholiota de/ru5s 7,brondeau7 ,gillet ,bj]k&]a fumosa 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,oxyporus popul9us 7,fries7 ,donk ,will[ ,hebeloma leucos>x ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,h4 mesophaeum 7,p]soon7 ,qulet ,h4 te/aceum 7,fries7 ,qulet ,lact>ius lacun>um ,hora ,on wood ,da$aleopsis rubesc5s 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,pluteus salic9us 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,phell9us igni>ius 7,fries7 ,qulet ,trametes suaveol5s 7,fries7 ,fries ,grassl&s ,ag>icus arv5sis ,secretan ,a4 campe/ris ,fries ,a4 macrosporus 7,moll] ,s*aeff]7 ,pilt ,agrocybe semiorbicul>is 7,/ ,amans7 ,fayod ,calocybe gambosum 7,fries7 ,s+] ,c4 c>neum 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,can?>ellula umbonata 7,fries7 ,s+] ,clitocybe dealbata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 ericetorum ,qulet ,c4 rivulosa 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,clitopilus prunulus 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,d]moloma atroc9]eum 7,fries7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,d4 cuneifolium 7,fries7 ,s+] ,entoloma porphyrophaeum 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,hygrocybe aurantiospl5d5s ,r4 ,hall] ,h4 b]keleyi 7,p4 ,d4 ,orton7 ,orton ,watl+ ,h4 *lorophana 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,h4 cocc9ea 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,h4 conica 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,h4 calyptrae=mis 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,fayod ,h4 flavesc5s 7,kauffman7 ,s+] ,h4 m>*ii 7,bresadola7 ,s+] ,h4 nivea 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ ,h4 nitrata 7,p]s47 ,wuns*e ,h4 obrussea 7,fries7 ,fries ,h4 prat5sis 7,fries7 ,donk ,h4 psittac9a 7,fries7 ,wuns*e ,h4 punicea 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,h4 reai 7,maire7 ,j4 ,lange ,h4 russocoriacea 7,b]keley ,mill]7 ,orton ,watl+ ,h4 spl5didissima 7,p4 ,d4 ,orton7 ,mos] ,h4 ungu9osa 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,h4 virg9ea 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ ,lepiota proc]a 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,lepi/a lusc9a 7,fries7 ,s+] ,l4 saeva 7,fries7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,leptonia griseocyanea 7,fries7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,l4 incana 7,fries7 ,gillet ,l4 s]icella 7,fries7 ,b>bi] ,l4 s]rulata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,leucoag>icus nauc9a 7,fries7 ,s+] ,melanoleuca /rictipes 7,k>/57 ,j4 ,s*aeff] ,myc5a flavoalba 7,fries7 ,qulet ,m4 leptocephala 7,fries7 ,gillet ,m4 fibula 7,fries7 ,khn] ,m4 sw>tzii 7,fries7 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,nolanea papillata ,bresadola ,n4 s]icea 7,mrat7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,n4 /aurospora ,bresadola ,psa?yrella atomata 7,fries7 ,qulet ,rhodocybe pop9alis 7,fries7 ,s+] ,clav>ia fumosa ,fries ,c4 v]micul>is ,fries ,clavul9opsis corniculata 7,fries7 ,corn] ,c4 fusi=mis 7,fries7 ,corn] ,c4 helvola 7,fries7 ,corn] ,bovi/a nigresc5s ,p]soon ,b4 plumbea ,p]soon ,calvatia utri=mis 7,fries7 ,jaap ,c4 excipuli=mis 7,fries7 ,p]deck ,corynetes atropurpureus 7,fries7 ,dur& ,geoglossum cookeianum ,nannfeldt ,g4 glut9osus ,fries ,g4 nigritun ,cooke ,tri*oglossum hirsutum 7,fries7 ,b\di] ,lawns3 ,wa/el&3 ,h$g][s ,ag>icus hort5sis 7,cooke7 ,pilt ,a4 bisporus 7,j4 ,lange7 ,pilt ,a4 xan?od]mus ,g5evi] ,agrocybe dura 7,fries7 ,s+] ,a4 erebia 7,fries7 ,khn] ,a4 praecox 7,fries7 ,fayod ,copr9us comatus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,c4 acum9atus 7,romagnesi7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,c4 atram5t>ius 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 micaceus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 plicatilis 7,fries7 ,fries ,flammula/] granulosa 7,j4 ,lange7 ,watl+ ,lacrym>ia velut9a 7,fries7 ,konrad ,maublanc ,lepiota cri/ata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,l4 friesii 7,las*7 ,qulet ,l4 rhacodes 7,vittad9i7 ,qulet ,lepi/a nuda 7,fries7 ,cooke ,l4 sordida 7,fries7 ,s+] ,lyophyllum connatum 7,fries7 ,s+] ,l4 deca/es 7,fries7 ,s+] ,m>asmius oreades 7,fries7 ,fries ,melanophyllum e*9atum 7,fries7 ,s+] ,myc5a olivaceom>g9ata 7,massee7 ,massee ,m4 fibula 7,fries7 ,khn] ,m4 sw>tzii 7,fries7 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,panaeolus fimicola 7,fries7 ,qulet ,p4 fo5isecii 7,fries7 ,s*roet] ,psa?yrella gracilis 7,fries7 ,qulet ,p4 squamosa 7,k>/57 ,mos] ,tub>ia furfuracea 7,fries7 ,gillet ,t4 pellucida 7,fries7 ,gillet ,volv>iella speciosa 7,fries7 ,s+] ,lang]mannia gigantea 7,p]soon7 ,lloyd ,aleuria aurantia 7,fries7 ,fuckel ,mor*ella escul5ta ,/ ,amans ,v]pa conica ,p]soon ,on h]bace\s mat]ial ,copr9us urticicola 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,bull] ,panaeolus subbalteatus 7,b]keley ,broome7 ,sacc>do 79 midd5s7 ,crucibulum laeve 7de ,c&olle7 ,kambly ,cya?us olla ,p]soon ,helicobasidium brebissonii 7,desmazi]es7 ,donk ,pi/ill>ia micans 7,p]soon7 ,fries ,p4 quisquilli>is ,fries 7on brack5 /ems7 ,9 gre5h\ses ,lepiota rhacodes v>4 hort5sis ,pilt ,leucocopr9us cepae/ipes 7,fries7 ,pat\ill>d ,l4 birnbaummii 7,corda7 ,s+] ,l4 brebissonii 7,godey7 ,locqu9 ,l4 d5udatus 7,rab5hor/7 ,s+] ,l4 lilac9ogranulosus 7,h5n+7 ,locqu9 ,psilocybe cyanesc5s ,wakefield ,ne> out-build+s1 /ables1 etc4 ,an?urus ar*]i 7,b]keley7 ,e4 ,fis*] ,a/]oe rub] ,la ,bill>di]e ,cla?rus rub] ,p]soon ,lysurus au/rali5sis ,cooke ,massee ,queletia mirabilis ,fries ,specialis$ habitats 7a7 ,dung ,bolbitius vitell9us 7,fries7 ,fries ,conocybe coprophila 7,khn]7 ,khn] ,c4 pubesc5s 7,gillet7 ,khn] ,c4 rick5ii 7,j4 ,s*aeff]7 ,khn] ,copr9us c9]eus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,c4 ephem]oides 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 macrocephalus 7,b]keley7 ,b]keley ,c4 pat\ill>dii ,qulet ,c4 n>coticus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 niveus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 pellucidus ,k>/5 ,c4 pseudoradiatus ,khn] ,joss]& ,c4 radiatus 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,panaeolus semiovatus 7,fries7 ,lundell ,p4 sph9ctr9us 7,fries7 ,qulet ,psa?yrella coprobia 7,j4 ,lange7 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,psilocybe coprophila 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,p4 m]d>ia 7,fries7 ,qulet ,/roph>ia semiglobata 7,fries7 ,qulet ,pyr5omycetes3 ,g5]a--,sord>ia2 ,podospora2 ,sporormia2 ,delits*ia4 ,discomycetes3 ,g5]a--,*eilym5ia2 ,ascobolus2 ,coprobia4 ,a key to ! common dung fungi is giv5 9 ,bull4 ,briti% ,myc4 ,society1 #aifh by ,watl+ ,ri*>dson4 7b7 ,burnt pat*es ,aureoboletus crames9us 7,secretan7 ,watl+ ,copr9us angulatus ,peck ,c4 lipophilus ,romagnesi ,heim ,hebeloma an?racophilum ,maire ,myc5a leucogala 7,cooke7 ,sacc>do ,myxomphalia maura 7,fries7 ,hora ,pholiota highl&5sis 7,peck7 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,psa?yrella p5nata 7,fries7 ,pe>son ,d5nis ,tephrocybe an?racophila 7,las*7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,t4 ambu/a 7,fries7 ,donk ,t4 atrata 7,fries7 ,donk ,coltricia p]5nis 7,fries7 ,murrill ,an?racobia macrocy/is 7,cooke7 ,b\di] ,a4 maurilabra 7,cooke7 ,b\di] ,a4 melaloma 7,fries7 ,b\di] ,ascobolus c>bon>ius ,k>/5 ,geopyxis c>bon>ia 7,fries7 ,sacc>do ,lamprospora a/roidea 7,hazsl9zky7 ,b\di] ,peziza e*9ospora ,k>/5 ,p4 pet]sii ,b]keley ,curtis ,p4 praet]visa ,bresadola ,p4 violacea ,p]soon ,pyronema omphalodes 7,/ ,amans7 ,fuckel ,tri*>ia gilva ,b\di] ,tri*ophaea woolhopeia 7,cooke ,phillips7 ,b\di] 7c7 ,s&-dunes ,ag>icus b]n>dii ,qulet ,a4 devoni5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,conocybe dun5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,eccilia nigella ,qulet ,hygrocybe conicoides ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,inocybe devoni5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,i4 dulcam>a 7,p]soon7 ,kumm] ,i4 dun5sis ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,i4 halophila ,heim ,i4 s]ot9a ,peck ,lacc>ia m>itima 7,!od[icz7 ,s+] ,psa?yrella ammophila 7,durieu ,lville7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,/roph>ia albocyanea 7,desm>iezes7 ,qulet ,gea/] /riatum de ,c&olle ,tulo/oma brumale ,p]soon ,vascellum depressum 7,bonord57 ,sm>da ,phallus hadriani ,p]soon ,corynetes ar5>ius 7,ro/rup7 ,dur& ,peziza ammophila ,durieu ,montagne 7d7 ,hea?l& ,cy/od]ma amian?9um 7,fries7 ,fayod ,entoloma helodes 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,e4 madidum 7,fries7 ,gillet ,gal]9a mniophila 7,las*7 ,khn] ,g4 praticola 7,moll]7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton ,g4 vittae=mis 7,fries7 ,mos] ,hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 7,fries7 ,maire ,hygrocybe can?>ella 7,s*we9tz7 ,murrill ,h4 lacma 7,fries7 ,orton ,watl+ ,h4 laeta 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,h4 ov9a 7,fries7 ,khn] ,h4 subradiata 7,secretan7 ,orton ,watl+ ,h4 turunda 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,hypholoma ericaeum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,h4 sub]icaeum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,myc5a epipt]ygia 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray ,m4 olivaceom>g9ata 7,massee7 ,massee ,omphal9a velut9a 7,qulet7 ,qulet ,clav>ia argillacea 7,p]soon7 ,fries ,lycop]don foetidum ,bonord5 7e7 ,m>%es ,cort9>ius ulig9osus ,b]keley ,copr9us friesii ,qulet 7on grass-/ems7 ,c4 m>t9ii ,p4 ,d4 ,orton 7on ,juncus7 ,entoloma s]icatum 7,britz47 ,sacc>do 7"u bir*es7 ,gal]9a jaapii ,smi? ,s+] ,g4 paludosa 7,fries7 ,khn] ,g4 sphagnorum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,g4 tibiicy/is 7,atk9son7 ,khn] ,hygrocybe can?>ella 7,s*we9itz7 ,murrill ,h4 cocc9eocr5ata 7,p4 ,d4 ,orton7 ,mos] ,h4 turunda 7,fries7 ,k>/5 ,hypholoma elongatum 7,fries7 ,rick5 ,h4 udum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,lacc>ia proxima 7,b\di]7 ,pat\ill>d ,m>asmius m5i]i ,b\di] on ,typha ,myc5a belliae 7,john/on7 ,p4 ,d4 ,orton on ,phragmites ,m4 bulbosa 7,cejp7 ,khn] on ,juncus ,m4 integrella 7,fries7 ,s4 ,f4 ,gray on ,cladium ,omphal9a ericetorum 7,fries7 ,qulet ,lange ,o4 oniscus 7,fries7 ,qulet ,o4 philonotis 7,las*7 ,qulet ,o4 sphagnicola 7,b]keley7 ,mos] ,pholiota myosotis 7,fries7 ,s+] ,psa?yrella sphagnicola 7,maire7 ,favre ,tephrocybe palu/ris 7,peck7 ,donk ,cudoniella clavus 7,fries7 ,d5nis ,mitrula paludosa ,fries ,scutell9ia scutellata 7,/ ,amans7 ,lambotte 7) bright r$ disc & conspicu\s br[n hairs at ! m>g97 ,vibrissea truncorum ,fries 7an orange-capp$ fungus ) a black /em7 7f7 ,m\nta9 tops ,amanita nivalis ,greville ,cort9>ius anomalus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 c9namomeus 7,fries7 ,fries ,c4 tabul>is 7,fries7 ,fries ,russula alp9a 7,blytt7 ,moll] ,s*aeff] ,r4 x]ampel9a v>4 pascua ,favre 7g7 ,mossy areas on ! gr\nd1 rocks or /umps ,gal]9a hypnorum 7,fries7 ,khn] ,g4 mniophila 7,las*7 ,khn] ,g4 myc5opsis 7,fries7 ,khn] ,g4 praticola ,moll] ,c4 unicolor 7,somm]f47 ,s+] 7(t5 on wood7 ,leptoglossum lobatus 7,fries7 ,rick5 ,l4 retirugis 7,fries7 ,khn] ,romagnesi ,myc5a corticola 7,fries7 ,rick5 7on wood7 ,m4 hiemalis 7,fries7 ,qulet 7on wood7 ,m4 olida ,bresadola 7on wood7 ,omphal9a rick5ii ,hora ,cyphella muscig5a 7,p]s47 ,fries ,cyphello/]eum levis 7,fries7 ,reid ,neottiella rutilans 7,fries7 ,d5nis 7h7 ,hypoge\s fungi ,melanoga/] v>iegatus ,vittad9i ,rhizopogon luteolus ,fries ,r4 rubesc5s ,tulasne ,elaphomyces granulatus ,fries ,e4 muricatus ,fries ,gyrocrat]a ploettn]iana ,h5n+s ,hydnotrya tulasnei ,b]keley ,broome ,melanoga/] v>iegatus ,vittad9i ,tub] ae/ivum ,vittad9i ,t4 rufum ,fries 7i7 ,on rott5 fungi ,nyctalis a/]ophora ,fries ,n4 p>asitica 7,fries7 ,fries ,collybia cirrhata 7,fries7 ,kumm] ,c4 cookei 7,bresadola7 ,j4 ,d4 ,arnold ,c4 tub]osa 7,fries7 ,kumm] 7ii7 ,gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms ,specialis$ col\rs are plac$ 9 capitals ,adnate 7( ! gills or tubes71 broadly atta*$ to ! /em at lea/ = "o qu>t] ( _! l5g?4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,adnex$ 7( ! gills or tubes71 n>r[ly atta*$ to ! /em by less ?an "o qu>t] ( _! l5g?4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,amygdali=m 7( ! spore71 almond-%ap$4 ,amyloid 7( ! spore-walls1 spore-ornam5tation or hyphal walls71 greyi% or blui% or blacki% violet 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,apiculus 7( ! spore71 ! %ort peg-l /ructure at ! basal end ( ! spore by :i* x is atta*$ to ! basidium4 ,see ,fig4 #e1 p4 #ae4 ,arcuate-decurr5t 7( ! gills or tubes71 curv$ & ext5d+ d[n ! /em4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,ascus1 a clavate to cyl9drical or subglobose cell 9 :i* ! 7asco-7 spores are borne1 usually 9 eights4 ,basidium1 a clavate or subcyl9drical cell on :i* ! 7basidio-7 spores are borne1 ext]nally on /alks4 ,see ,fig4 #e1 p4 #ae4 ,cap 7( ! fruit-body71 t /ructure :i* be>s ! spore-be>+ lay]s b5ea? x 7 pileus74 ,caespitose 7( ! fruit-body71 aggregat$ into tufts4 ,,c9namon-,,br[n1 ! col\r ( c9namon p[d] obta9able f ! groc]4 ,clavate 7( ! /em1 or cy/idia71 club-%ap$4 ,convex 7( ! cap71 curv+ outw>ds4 ,see ,plate #i1 p4 #ee4 ,cortex 7( ! cap or /em71 out] lay]s ( ! tissue4 ,cort9a1 a cobweb-l veil at fir/ connect+ ! m>g9 ( ! cap & /em1 b at maturity (t5 only pres5t z remnants on ! /em &_/or cap-m>g94 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,cy/idium1 a diff]5tiat$ t]m9al cell usually on ! surface & edges ( ! cap1 gill & /em3 facial cy/idia occurr+ on ! gill-face3 m>g9al cy/idia occurr+ on ! gill-m>g94 ,see ,fig4 #d1 p4 #ae4 ,,date-,,br[n1 ! col\r ( pack$ dates4 ,decurr5t 7( ! gills & tubes71 ) a "p atta*$ to & desc5d+ d[n ! /em4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,deliquesc5t 7( ! gills1 cap or entire fruit-body71 *ang+ into a liquid at maturity4 ,depaup]ate poorly develop$4 ,depress$ 7( ! cap71 hav+ ! c5tral portion sunk51 & 7( ! tubes7 sunk5 ab\t ! apex ( ! /em4 ,see ,plate #a1 p4 #bi4 ,d5tate see too!d4 ,di/ant 7( ! gills71 great] ?an _! own ?ickness ap>t4 ,div]g5t 7( ! gill-trama 9 transv]se longitud9al section71 ) ! hyphae curv+ d[nw>ds & outw>ds on bo? sides ( a c5tral zone z if comb$4 ,see ,fig4 #i;,a1 p4 #ag4 ,ellipsoid 7( ! spores71 elliptic 9 outl9e 9 all planes4 ,em>g9ate 7( ! gills71 not*$ ne> ! /em4 ,see ,s9uate1 p4 #bfc4 ,exc5tric 7( ! cap71 lat]ally plac$ on ! /em4 ,expall5t 7( ! cap71 becom+ pal] :5 dry+4 ,exp&$ 7( ! cap71 op5$ out :5 mature4 ,see ,plate #aj1 p4 #fa4 ,fibrillose 7( ! cap & /em-surfaces71 almo/ smoo? b = di/9ct p>allel longitud9al filam5ts 7fibrils74 ,fle%y 7( ! fruit-body71 ( a r s(t consi/5cy3 readily decay+4 ,floccose1 ) loose1 cottony surface2 dim9utive--flocculose4 ,free 7( ! gills & tubes71 n atta*$ to ! /em4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,frondose trees1 broad-leav$ trees4 ,fruit-body1 ! :ole ag>ic 7toad/ool or mu%room1 polypore1 etc471 z usually und]/ood4 ,g]m-pore1 a diff]5tiat$ apical1 usually ?9-wall$ portion ( ! spore4 ,see ,fig4 #e1 p4 #ae4 ,gill1 ! /ructure on :i* ! reproductive tissue is borne 9 ag>ics1 resembl+ plates4 ,globose 7( ! spore71 r\nd 9 outl9e 9 all planes4 ,glut9\s 7( ! cap or /em71 provid$ ) a /icky jelly-l coat+4 ,het]om]\s 7( ! cap & /em-fle%71 ) discrete ne/s ( r\nd$ cells 9 a backgr\nd ( filam5t\s cells3 *>act]ises memb]s ( ! ,russulaceae4 ,see ,fig4 #aj;,b1 p4 #ag4 ,homoiom]\s 7( ! cap & /em-fle%71 n %>ply diff]5tiat$ into two types ( cells1 al?\gh "s may be swoll53 *>act]ises ag>ics o!r ?an memb]s ( ! ,russulaceae4 ,see ,fig4 #aj;,a1 p4 #ag4 ,hygrophan\s 7( ! cap71 transluc5t :5 wet1 opaque & (t5 pal] on dry+4 ,hym5ium1 ! sup]ficial lay] ( cells 9 :i* basidia occur4 ,see ,fig4 #i;,a-,d1 p4 #ag4 ,hyal9e1 appe>+ z if cle> glass4 ,hypoge\s1 gr[+ "u gr\nd4 ,hypha1 a fungus filam5t compos$ ( a *a9 ( sev]al cells2 plural--hyphae2 adjective--hyphal4 ,inv]se1 7( ! gill-trama 9 transv]se longitud9al section71 ) ! hyphae curv+ upw>ds & outw>ds on bo? sides ( a c5tral zone4 ,see ,fig4 #i;,b1 p4 #ag4 ,irregul> 7( ! gill-trama 9 transv]se longitud9al section71 lack+ any cle> patt]n z to hyphal arrangem5t4 ,see ,fig4 #i;,d1 p4 #ag4 ,mealy1 cov]$ 9 p[d]y granules1 resembl+ meal4 ,mycelium1 a mass ( fungus-filam5ts 7hyphae74 ,mycorrhiza1 a symbiotic association ( a fungus & ! roots ( a high] plant4 ,non-amyloid 7( ! spore-wall1 spore-ornam5tation & hyphal walls71 rema9+ uncol\r$ or becom+ yell[i% 9 solutions conta9+ iod9e4 ,,o*race\s1 bright clay-col\r3 col\r ( o*re 7yell[-br[n74 ,,olivace\s ,,br[n1 a dull clay-br[n ) an additional b di/9ct h9t ( dirty gre54 ,plano-convex 7( ! cap71 regul>ly r\nd$ al?\gh almo/ flat4 ,see ,plate #ac1 p4 #fg--;adult fruit-body4 ,pru9ose 7( ! cap & /em-surfaces71 f9ely p[d]$4 ,pubesc5t 7( ! cap & /em-surfaces71 ) %ort1 s(t hairs4 ,putresc5t 7( ! fruit-body71 s(t & v easily decay+4 ,pyri=m 7( ! spore71 pe>-%ap$4 ,regul> 7( ! gill-trama 9 transv]se longitud9al section71 ) hyphae %[+ no di/9ct curvature & practically p>allel to ! gill-surfaces4 ,see ,fig4 #i;,c1 p4 #ag4 ,remote 7( ! gills or tubes71 sep>ate f ! /em by a zone ( cap-fle%4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,resup9ate 7( ! fruit-body71 spore-be>+ tissue fac+ outw>d & atta*$ to support by :at w\ld h be5 ! cap _h ! fungus be5 a normal ag>ic4 ,r+1 a girdl+ veil on ! /em4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,rugulose 7( a surface71 cov]$ 9 small wr9kles4 ,,ru/-,,br[n1 ! col\r ( ru/y iron4 ,saprophyte 7( an organism71 us+ dead mat]ial = active gr[?4 ,scurfy 7( ! cap & /em surfaces71 ) small irregul> loosely atta*$ scales4 ,sessile 7( ! fruit-bodies71 lack+ a /em4 ,septate 7( ! /ructural units ( ! fruit-body71 ) cross-walls2 septum--cross-wall4 ,s9uate 7( ! gills71 hav+ a concave ind5tation ( t "p ( ! edge ne>e/ ! /em4 ,see ,plate #cb1 p4 #aaa4 ,,snuff-,,br[n1 a dull d>k clay-br[n said to resemble ! col\r ( snuff4 ,spore-pr9t 7or deposit71 ! mass ( spores obta9$ by all[+ ! fruit-body to dis*>ge its spores at maturity4 ,/em 7( ! fruit-body71 t /ructure :i* supports ! cap 7 /ipe74 ,/]ile1 a tissue or /ructure n involv$ 9 ! reproductive process1 or fail+ to take "p4 ,/]igma1 ! po9t-l /ructure at ! apex ( ! basidium actually be>+ ! spores4 ,/riate 7( a surface71 hav+ m9ute furr[s or l9es4 ,subdecurr5t 7( ! gills or ! tubes71 hav+ ! gill-atta*m5t ext5d+ slightly d[n ! /em4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,,tawny1 s&-col\r$4 ,tom5tose 7( ! cap & /em surfaces71 d5sely matt$ & woolly4 ,too!d 7( ! gills or cap-m>g971 z if ) tee? 7 d5tate74 ,trama 7( ! gills71 ! tissue betwe5 ! lay]s be>+ basidia 7hym5ia74 ,umbilicate 7( ! cap71 hav+ a c5tral1 small depression4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,umbonate 7( ! cap71 provid$ ) a broad1 flatt5$1 rais$ c5tre 7! umbo74 ,unc9ate 7( ! gills71 em>g9ate1 b ) a long desc5d+ decurr5t too? because ! cap does n exp&4 ,see ,plate #ad1 p4 #fi4 ,veil1 a g5]al t]m = ! tissues :i* protect ! :ole or "p ( ! develop+ fruit-body4 ,viscid 7( ! cap or /em71 v slipp]y to ! t\*4 ,volva1 a p]si/5t cup-l /ructure at ! base ( ! /em4 ,see p4 #bfg4 ,waxy 7( ! gills71 lu/r\s because !y are ?ick & wat]y4 ,illu/rations ,text-figures & l9e-draw+s ( ! great] numb] ( ! fungi m5tion$ 9 ! text h be5 includ$ 9 ! book4 ,x is impossible to supply col\r pictures ( a high quality 9 a book su* z ?is )\t rais+ ! price ( ! publication a/ronomically4 ,! plates 9 six easily obta9able popul> books h be5 us$ to repres5t :5ev] possible ! fungus describ$ 9 ! text1 z accurate col\r illu/rations are v useful 9 id5tification4 ,! titles ( ^! books h be5 abbreviat$ = cl>ity4 ,abbreviations = illu/rations us$ ?r\gh\t ! text ,f--,f9dlay1 ,w4 ,p4 ,k4 7#aifg71 ,wayside & ,woodl& ,fungi1 ,london4 ,hvass--,hvass1 ,e4 ,h4 7#aifa71 ,mu%rooms & ,toad/ools 9 ,col\r1 ,london4 ,,lh--,lange1 ,m4 ,hora1 ,f4 ,b4 7#aifc71 ,coll9s ,guide to ,mu%rooms & ,toad/ools1 ,london4 ,,nb--,ni*olson1 ,b4 ,e4 ,brightman1 ,f4 ,h4 7#aiff71 ,ox=d ,book ( ,fl[]less ,plants1 ,ox=d4 ,,wd--,wakefield1 ,e4 ,d5nis1 ,r4 ,w4 ,g4 7#aiej71 ,common ,briti% ,fungi1 ,london4 ,z--,zeitlmayr1 ,l4 7#aifh71 ,wild ,mu%rooms1 ,london4 7iii7 ,fairy r+s ,object3 ,to assess ! annual radial gr[? ( fairy-r+s & to correlate ?is ) any obvi\s environm5tal *ange4 ,mat]ials3 ,graph & trac+ pap]s1 tape-measures1 note-book1 p5cil & rule1 small pieces ( cane ab\t f\r in*es long & col\r$ dye 7e4g4 ,eos9 solution1 ,janus ,gre574 ,me?od3 ,select a fairy-r+ on ! s*ool cricket pit* or hockey pit*1 s*ool lawn1 local golf c\rse or p>k at a "t :5 ! fruit-bodies are fir/ visible4 ,c>efully m>k ! c5tre ( ! r+ by driv+ into ! soil a piece ( cane until ! top is only j visible4 ,plot ?is po9t on graph pap] & relate x to any prom95t feature ne>by1 e4g4 po/1 tree or h$ge4 ,c>ry out weekly obs]vations ?r\gh\t ! fruit+ season plott+ ! individual fruit-bodies on trac+ pap]1 :i* is trimm$ s z to make a replica ( ! orig9al graph-%eet4 ,a small dab ( col\r$ dye plac$ on a fruit-body w assi/ "o 9 recognis+ fruit-bodies f previ\s obs]vations4 ,dur+ ! fruit+ season obs]ve & plot ! zones ( diff]5tly col\r$ vegetation--devise "s me?od ( describ+ 7& measur+7 ^! col\rs p]haps by comp>ison ) a col\r-*>t1 pr9t$ or h& prep>$4 ,cont9ue obs]vations on ! r+ at mon?ly or =tnightly int]vals aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! fruit-bodies1 & record subsequ5t *anges 9 ! vegetation = twelve mon?s4 ,?is project c be cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s & = diff]5t species ( fungus4 ,wea!r conditions may be not$ simultane\sly ) ! gr[? obs]vations1 or obta9$ f a reliable s\rce ( simil> in=mation close by4 ,9 ?is way n only is ! increase 9 r+ size measur$ b ! results c be consid]$ 9 ! light ( climatic data2 fungal gr[? appe>s to be dep5d5t on fav\rable wea!r conditions4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts3 7i7 ,comp>e ! effect t diff]5t species ( ag>ic h on ! same type ( vegetation4 7ii7 ,obs]ve select$ fairy-r+s = sev]al seasons !n ei!r apply f]tilis]s1 p>ticul>ly calcium-bas$ f]tilis]s to ! r+-area1 or m[ ! vegetation4 ,note increase 9 fruit-body production1 if any1 *anges 9 p]iod ( fructification or increase 9 rate ( r+ developm5t4 7iii7 ,prep>e transects across ! fairy-r+ & obs]ve ! species ( fl[]+ plants & mosses pres5t1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 species 9 ! two /imulat$ zones1 & ! colonisation ( ! dead zone by annuals & lat] p]5nial grasses & h]bs4 7iv7 ,to ! soil f ea* zone apply simple soil-dilution plate-me?ods = ! culture & isolation ( soil fungi & bact]ia4 ,comp>e ! results ) ^? obta9$ by simil> me?ods f soil )\t ! fairy-r+4 7iv7 ,developm5t ( ! ag>ic fruit-body ,9 ! soil or sub/rate ! hyphae ( ag>ics frequ5tly gr[ 9 close contact ) ea* o!r1 inde$ ! int]tw9+ ( su* hyphae to =m small knots is common 9 _m fungi4 ,9 ^! int]tw9+ hyphae1 ^? close toge!r divide & bran*1 lat] bran*+ aga9 to =m a heap ( tissue4 ,! fruit-body develops f1 or )91 ?is knot & at its e>lie/ /age is usually cov]$ by loosely bran*$ & irregul>ly arrang$ hyphae4 ,to ! unaid$ eye ! primordium1 = ?is is :at su* a /ructure or e>ly beg9n+ is call$1 appe>s to be envelop$ 9 a mass ( pale hyphal /r&s1 (t5 giv+ ! fruit-body a woolly appe>ance :5 seat$ on ! soil1 wood1 h]bace\s debris1 etc4 ,if m ?an "o primordium develops 9 close proximity1 usually all b "o abort e>ly 9 developm5t1 or !y rema9 *eck$ 9 =mation at ?is /age until ^? close by h matur$4 ,"s species :i* gr[ on wood are caespitose1 t is clu/]$ toge!r1 & 9 ^! cases all or _m m ( ! primordia develop fully & simultane\sly4 ,(t5 x is possible to se>* & f9d ^! primordia 9 ! fields & woods1 & if !y are exam9$ "u ! l[-p[] ( a microscope x is possible to /udy h[ ! fruit-body subsequ5tly develops f its small beg9n+s & ! "p play$ by ! r+ & volva 9 ! developm5t det]m9$4 ,?us ! orig9 ( ! veil c be locat$1 its developm5t foll[$ z well z its dis9tegration4 ,:5 ! fungus is gr[n 9 pure culture on /]ile dung1 or soil1 or wood1 or simply on artificial m$ia prep>$ 9 ! laboratory ! full sequ5ce ( ev5ts c be m easily foll[$4 ,?is is h[ ! pr(essional mycologi/ conducts 8 obs]vations4 ,by v c>eful /udies x has be5 f\nd 9 rec5t ye>s t ! developm5t ( ! fruit-body1 ! orig9 ( ! gills1 etc4 c assi/ 9 ! classification ( ! high] fungi4 ,?us "s species h no protective tissue ar\nd ! develop+ gills 7gymnoc>pic7 :il/ o!rs h "o or ev5 two1 simple or complex1 tissues ar\nd ! develop+ gills or pores 7hemiangioc>pic74 ,x is ^! tissues :i* give rise to ! r+1 volva1 cort9a1 etc4 ,?is mo/ excit+ "p ( ! /udy ( ! high] fungi is illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ figures 7,figs4 #ab #ac7 along ) ! v>i\s types ( gill-atta*m5t m5tion$ 9 ! text 7,fig4 #aa ,a-,h74 ,if ! ag>ic has two tissues surr\nd+ x z ! cap exp&s & matures1 fir/ ! out] tissue or sk9 breaks leav+ pieces on ! /em &_/or cap & !n ! second sk9 breaks z ! cap exp&s /ill fur!r4 ,! la/ sk9 leaves remnants on ! /em & sometimes bits & pieces at ! cap m>g94 ,only n[ c ! ag>ic %$ its spores f ! fully expos$ gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad 7v7 ,ref]5ces ,a4 ,ref]5ce ,texts ,"s ref]5ces h already be5 giv5 on p4 #bfd4 ,f9dlay1 ,hvass ,hvass1 ,lange ,hora1 ,ni*olson ,brightman1 ,wakefield & ,d5nis & ,zeitlmayr4 ,9 addition to ^! ! foll[+ texts are sugge/$3 ,h5d]son1 ,d4 ,m41 ,orton1 ,p4 ,d4 ,watl+1 ,r4 7#aifi74 ,briti% ,fungus ,flora3 ,ag>ics & ,boleti3 ,introduction1 ,h4,m4,s4,o41 ,ed9burgh4 ,h5nig1 ,e4 7#aieh-fj74 ,h&bu* fr ,pilzfreunde1 ,j5a 79 ,g]man74 ,haas1 ,h4 7#aifi74 ,! ,"y ,speciali/ looks at ,fungi1 ,london4 ,pilt1 ,a4 ,usak1 ,o4 7#aiea74 ,mu%rooms1 ,london4 ,pilt1 ,a4 ,usak1 ,o4 7#aifa74 ,mu%rooms & o!r fungi1 ,london4 ,ramsbottom1 ,j4 7#aiea74 ,h&book ( ,l>g] fungi1 ,london4 ,ramsbottom1 ,j4 7#aiec74 ,mu%rooms & ,toad/ools1 ,new ,naturali/1 ,london4 ,romagnesi1 ,h4 7#aifc74 ,petit ,atlas des ,*ampignons1 ,bordas 79 ,fr5*74 ,smi?1 ,a4 ,h4 7#aifc74 ,mu%room ,hunt]s' ,field-guide1 ,mi*igan4 ,wakefield1 ,e4 ,m4 7#aied74 ,obs]v]'s book ( ,common fungi1 ,london4 ,watl+1 ,r4 7#aigj74 ,briti% ,fungus ,flora3 ,ag>ics ,boleti1 ,"p ,i1 ,h4,m4,s4,o41 ,ed9burgh4 ,b4 ,g5]al ,texts ,talbot1 ,p4 ,m4 ,b4 7#aiga74 ,pr9ciples ( ,fungal ,taxonomy1 ,london4 ,web/]1 ,j4 7#aigj74 ,introduction to ,fungi1 ,cambridge4 ,c4 ,j\rnals ,bullet9 ,trime/riel de la ,socit ,mycologique de ,france1 ,p>is4 7,(ficial organ ( ! ,fr5* ,mycological ,society47 ,coolia1 ,leid54 7,(ficial organ ( ! ,dut* ,mycological ,society47 ,mycologia1 ,new ,york4 7,(ficial organ ( ! ,am]ican ,mycological ,society47 ,s*weiz]is*e ,zeits*rift fr ,pilzkunde4 7,(ficial organ ( ! ,swiss ,mycological ,society47 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,mycological ,society1 7,(ficial organ ( ! ,briti% ,society3 ,hon4 ,sec4 ,dr ,b4 ,e4 ,:eel]1 ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce & ,te*nology ,field ,/ation1 ,silwood ,p>k1 ,sunn+hill1 ,ascot1 ,b]ks1 also publi%es a ,bullet9 int5d$ = ! amateur47 ,d4 ,advanc$ ,texts ,d5nis1 ,r4 ,w4 ,g41 ,orton1 ,p4 ,d4 ,hora1 ,f4 ,b4 7#aifj74 ,new ,*eck ,li/ ( ,briti% ,ag>ics & ,boleti1 suppl4 ,trans4 ,briti% ,mycological ,soc4 ,mos]1 ,m4 7#aifg74 9 ,gams ,kle9e ,kryptogam5flora1 ,b& ,i,ib ,/uttg>t 79 ,g]man74 ,khn]1 ,r4 ,romagnesi1 ,h4 7#aiec74 ,flore ,analytique des ,*ampignons ,suprieurs de ,france1 ,p>is 79 ,fr5*74 ,rea1 ,c4 7#aibb74 ,briti% ,basidiomycetae1 ,cambridge4 ,revue de ,mycologie 7j\rnal7 ,p>is 79 ,fr5*74 ,,index ,numb]s 9 bold italics ref] to pages ) illu/rations4 ,lat9 ,names ,ag>icales #ba ,ag>icus #bc1 #bdj ,ag>icus arv5sis #ajh1 ,plate #ca 7#aji7 bisporus #acc1 ,plate #dc 7#acd7 campe/ris #ajh1 ,plate #ca 7#aji7 hort5sis #acc1 ,plate #dc 7#acd7 xan?od]mus #ajh ,agrocybe #bc ,aleurodiscus amorphus ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,aleuria aurantia #aih1 ,plate #fg 7#aii7 ,alnicola #bbf ,amanita #bd1 #ef1 #eg1 #ajj1 #bcg ,amanita caes>ea #ef citr9a #ef1 #eg citr9a v>4 alba #ef excelsa #eg fulva #ef1 #eg1 #eh musc>ia #ed1 ,plate #i 7#ee71 #ef1 #eg1 #bdi nivalis #bcg pan!r9a #eh phalloides #ef1 #eg1 #eh porphyria #ef rubesc5s #ef1 #eg1 #eh vag9ata #eg1 #eh virosa #ef ,amanitopsis #eg ,amyloporia xan?a #aef ,an?racobia #bbj ,an?racobia macrocy/is ,plate #gd 7#bba7 ,apiocrea *rysosp]ma #bdh ,aphyllophorales #ba1 #ace ,armill>ia #be ,armill>ia mellea #ei1 #fj1 ,plate #aj 7#fa7 ,a/rospor9a #hd1 #bch ,auricul>ia #agi ,auricul>ia judae #ahb mes5t]ica #ahb1 ,plate #fj 7#ahc7 ,auricul>iales #ba1 #agi ,auriscalpiaceae #aeh ,auriscalpium #gf1 #acg1 #aeh1 #afj ,auriscalpium vulg>e #aeh1 ,plate #eb 7#aei7 ,ascobolus c>bon>ius ,plate #gd 7#bba7 furfuraceus ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,ascophanus microsporus ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,a/]o/roma laxum ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,a!lia viride #bcf ,baeospora myosura #id ,bank]a #afj ,bank]a fulig9oalbum #afj ,bj]k&]a #ach ,bj]k&]a adu/a #adf ,bolbitius #bc ,bolbitius vitell9us #bjg1 ,plate #gj 7#bji7 ,boletus #bf1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #ajj ,boletus badius #ca1 #cb1 ,plate #c 7#cc71 #cd *rys5t]on #bdh edulis #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #bdh ery?ropus #cb p>asiticus #ce1 ,plate #fd 7#aic71 #bdg purpureus #ce spha]ocephalus #ce subtom5tosus #bdh ,botryd9a vulg>is ,plate #gh 7#bce71 #bcf ,botryobasidium consp]sum ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,botryohypo*nus isabell9us ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,bovi/a nigresc5s #aij ,byssonectria lat]itia #bdg viridis #bdg ,caloc]a #agj1 #ahj ,caloc]a cornea ,plate #eg 7#afi71 #aha viscosa ,plate #eg 7#afi71 #agj1 #aha ,calocybe #aja ,calocybe gambosum #aaj1 ,plate #cb 7#aaa7 ,calvatia caelata #aij excipuli=mis #aij1 ,plate #fc 7#aia7 saccata #aij utri=mis #aij1 ,plate #fc 7#aia7 ,cam>ophyllus #ih ,can?>ellus #bd1 #ajf1 #acf ,can?>ellus cib>ius #ajf1 #afb1 ,plate #ed 7#afc71 #bdf friesii #afb ,can?>ellula #be ,*aetomium globosum ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,*eilym5ia #bad ,*eilym5ia /]corea ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,*ondro/]eum purpureum #agf ,*roogomphus #bc1 #cf1 #ajj ,*roogomphus corall9us #cf rutilus #cf1 ,plate #d 7#cg7 ,claudopus #bb1 #gg1 #ajb ,claudopus deplu5s #ajb p>asiticus #gg1 #ajb ,clav>iadelphus #acf ,clav>iadelphus pi/ill>is #agb1 ,plate #eh 7#age7 ,clav>ia #acf1 #agc ,clav>ia argillacea #bcd1 ,plate #gh 7#bce7 fumosa #afh1 ,plate #ef1 7#afg7 v]micul>is ,plate #ef 7#afg71 #afh ,clavul9a #acf1 #agb ,clavul9a c9]ea #aff cri/ata #aff1 ,plate #ef 7#afg7 rugosa #aff1 ,plate #ef 7#afg7 ,clavul9opsis #acf1 #afh1 #agc ,clavul9opsis corniculata ,plate #eg 7#afi71 #agj1 #agc fusi=mis ,plate #ef 7#afg71 #afh helvola ,plate #ef 7#afg71 #afh ,clitocybe #be1 #bdb ,clitocybe clavipes #hj1 #ha fragrans #hj infundibuli=mis #hj1 ,plate #ai 7#ha7 langei #hj nebul>is #hj ,clitopilus #bb1 #gg ,clitopilus passack]ianus #gg prunulus #gg1 #aja ,collybia #bf1 #ff1 #hf1 #ij1 #ib1 #ajb1 #abj ,collybia maculata #ij1 ,plate #bd 7#ia7 p]onata #ib ,coltricia #ach ,conio*aeta scatig5a ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,coniophora #acf ,coniophora puteana #aef1 ,plate #ea 7#aeg7 ,conocybe #bc1 #abf ,conocybe dun5sis #bdb1 ,plate #hj 7#bda7 lactea #aaf mairei #bbh1 ,plate #gf 7#bbi7 t5]a #aaf1 ,plate #ce 7#aag71 #bdb ,copr9us #bc1 #abh1 #bjg1 #bab1 #bah1 ,plate #ga 7#bac7 ,copr9us angulatus #bah1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 bisporus #bab c9]eus #baa1 #bad1 #bah1 ,plate #ga 7#bac7 comatus #abf1 ,plate #dj 7#abg7 ephem]us #bab ephem]oides #bab filam5tif] #bad fimet>ius #baa lagopides #bah lagopus #baa macrocephalus #baa macrorhizus #baa mis] #bab niveus #bab pat\ill>dii #bab pellucidus #bab pseudoradiatus #baa1 #bad radiatus #baa1 #bad urticicola #bbg1 ,plate #gf 7#bbi7 v]miculif] #bad ,coprobia #bad ,coprobia granulata ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,cora pavonia #bcg ,cordyceps #bjf1 #bdh ,cordyceps capitata ,plate #fi 7#bje71 #bjf milit>is ,plate #fi 7#bje71 #bjf ophioglossoides ,plate #fi 7#bje71 #bjf ,coriolus #aci ,coriolus v]sicolor #ade1 ,plate #df 7#adg7 ,coriscium viride ,plate #gh 7#bce71 #bcf ,corticium fuci=me #agh ,corticiaceae #acf ,cort9>ius #bc1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #gd1 #bcg ,cort9>ius sp4 ,cort9>ius #dc hydrocybe #dc phlegmacium #dc s]iceocybe #dc telamonia #dc ,cort9>ius anomalus #bcg armillatus #dc elatior #dj p9icola #dj pseudosalor #dj1 ,plate #f 7#da71 #db violaceus #dd ,crat]ellus #bd1 #acf ,crat]ellus cornucopoides #afd1 ,plate #ee 7#afe7 s9uosus #afd1 ,plate #ee 7#afe7 ,crepidotus #bb1 #gd1 #ajb ,crepidotus mollis ,plate #ag 7#ge71 #gg1 ,plate #di 7#aec7 ,cri/ella f>9acea ,plate #ei 7#agg7 sulphurea ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,crucibulum #ahf1 #aif ,crucibulum laeve #aif1 ,plate #ff 7#aig7 ,cryptod]ma #acg ,cryptod]ma p9i #aej1 ,plate #dh 7#aea7 ,cya?ipodia macropus ,plate #fh 7#bja71 #bjc ,cya?us #ahf1 #aif ,cya?us olla #aif1 ,plate #ff 7#aig7 /riatus #aif1 ,plate #ff 7#aig7 ,cy/od]ma amian?9um #ajd1 ,plate #bi 7#aje7 c>*>ias #ajd c9nab>9um #ajd granulosum #ajd ,dacrymyces #ahj1 #aha ,dacrymyces deliquesc5s #ahj /illatus #ahj1 ,plate #fa 7#ahe7 ,dacrymycetales #ba1 #ahj ,da$alea #acg ,da$alea qu]c9a ,plate #df 7#ade7 ,da$aleopsis #acg ,dald9ia #bjd ,dald9ia conc5trica #bjd1 ,plate #fi 7#bje7 ,datronia #ach ,datronia mollis #ade1 ,plate #df 7#adg7 ,deconica #aad ,eccilia #bb1 #ajb1 ,plate #bh 7#ajc7 ,eccilia s]iceonitida #ajb ,elaphomyces ,plate #fi 7#bje71 #bjf1 #bcg1 ,plate #ha 7#bdc7 ,elaphomyces granulatus #bdd1 ,plate #ha 7#bdc7 muricatus #bdd1 ,plate #ha 7#bdc7 ,entoloma #bb1 #ajj1 #aja1 ,plate #bh 7#ajc71 #abd ,entoloma clypeatum #aja ,entoloma helodes #bcb1 ,plate #gg 7#bcc7 ,exidia #aeh1 #agi ,exidia gl&ulosa #ahd1 ,plate #fa 7#ahe7 ,femsjonia #ahj ,fibuloporia #ach1 #aef ,fibuloporia vaillantii #aef1 ,plate #ea 7#aeg7 ,fi/ul9a #acg ,fi/ul9a hepatica #aeb ,flammula #gb1 #bag ,flammula c>bon>ia #bag ,flammula/] granulosa #bbh1 ,plate #gf 7#bbi7 ,flammul9a #be ,flammul9a velutipes #ff1 ,plate #ac 7#fg7 ,fomes #acg ,fomes fom5t>ius #adh1 ,plate #dh 7#aea71 #bdi ,fomitopsis #acg ,gal]9a #bc1 #bbd1 #bcj ,gal]9a calyptrata #bca hypnorum #bcj1 #bca1 ,plate #gh 7#bce7 mniophila #bca myc5opsis #bcj1 #bca paludosa #bbd1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe7 sphagnorum #bbd1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe7 tibiicytis #bbd1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe7 vittae=mis #bcd1 ,plate #gh 7#bce7 ,ganod]ma #acg1 #adf ,ganod]ma applanatum #adf ,ganod]ma europaeum #adf1 #adh1 ,plate #dg 7#adg7 ,ga/]omycetes #ba1 #ahf1 #ahg ,gea/rum #ahf1 #aib ,gea/rum rufesc5s #aib1 ,plate #fd 7#aic7 triplex #aib ,geoglossaceae #afh ,geoglossum #agb1 #bjf ,geoglossum cookeianum ,plate #eg 7#afi7 ,geopyxis c>bon>ia ,plate #gd 7#bba7 ,gloeocy/idium porosum ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,gloeophyllum #acg ,gloeoporus #ach ,gomphidius #bc1 #cd1 #cf ,gomphidius glut9osus #cf maculatus #cf roseus #ce1 #cf ,grifola #aci ,gymnopilus #bc ,gymnopilus p5etrans #gb1 ,plate #af 7#gc7 ,gymnopilus sap9eus #gb ,gyromitra escul5ta ,plate #fe 7#bja71 #bjb ,gyroporus #bf ,hapalopilus #ach ,hebeloma #bc1 #hb ,hebeloma an?racophila #bah1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 cru/ul9i=me #hb1 ,plate #bj 7#hc7 ,helicobasidium #agi ,helm9?ospha]ia clav>iae #aff ,helvella #bjc ,helvella crispa #bjb1 ,plate #fh 7#bja7 lacunosa #bjc1 ,plate #fh 7#bja7 ,het]obasidion #acg ,het]obasidion annosum #aej1 ,plate #df 7#adg71 ,plate #dc 7#aea7 ,hirneola #agi ,hirneola auricula-judae #ahb1 ,plate #fj 7#ahc7 ,hirs*ioporus #ach ,hygrocybe #be1 #ic1 #ajj1 #bcg ,hygrocybe calyptrae=mis #ih *lorophana #ih c9]ea #ie cocc9ea #ih conica #ih1 ,plate #bg 7#ii71 #bdb conicoides #bdb1 ,plate #hj 7#bda7 flavesc5s #ih lacma #ie laeta #ig lilac9a #bcg metapodia #ajj nitrata #ih nivea #ie ov9a #ih prat5sis #ie1 ,plate #bf 7#if71 #ajj ,hygrocybe psittac9a #ig1 ,plate #bg 7#ii7 punicea #ih1 ,plate #bg 7#ii7 russocoriacea #ie subradiata #ie subviolacea #bcg ungu9osa #ih virg9ea #ie ,hydnellum #acg1 #afj ,hydnellum scrobiculatum #afj1 ,plate #ec 7#afa7 ,hydnum #acg1 #afj ,hydnum rep&um #aec1 #afj1 ,plate #ec 7#afa7 rufesc5s #afj ,hygrophoropsis #be ,hygrophoropsis aurantiaca #ajf1 ,plate #cj 7#aji71 #afb1 #bdi ,hygrophorus #be1 #ig1 #ih ,hygrophorus aga?osmus #ajj bresadolae #ajj *rysaspis #ih1 ,plate #bg 7#ii71 #ajj h$ry*ii #ajj hypo!jus #ajj pu/ulatus #ajj ,hygrophoraceae #aja1 ,plate #hj 7#bda7 ,hym5o*aete #acf ,hym5oga/] #ahf1 #bdc ,hym5omycetes #ba ,hym5omycet\s het]obasidiae #agi ,hyphod]ma setig]a ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,hyphodontia #acf ,hyphodontia arguta ,plate #ei 7#agg7 sambucii ,plate #ei 7#agg71 #agh ,hypholoma #bd1 #acj1 #bbb ,hypholoma capnoides #fd elongatum #bbb1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe7 ericaeum #bcd1 ,plate #gh 7#bce7 fascicul>e #fd1 ,plate #ab 7#fe7 #acj lacrymabunda #acj polytri*i #bbb sublat]itium #fd velut9a #acj ,hypocrea pulv9ata #bdh ,hypocopra equorum ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,hypomyces #bdh ,hypomyces lactifluorum #bdg ,inocybe #bc1 #hd1 #bch ,inocybe a/]ospora #hd1 ,plate #ba 7#he7 devoni5sis #bch1 ,plate #gi 7#bci7 dun5sis #bch1 ,plate #gi 7#bci7 geophylla #hd v>4 geophylla #hd1 ,plate #ba 7#he7 v>4 lilac9a #hd halophila #bch1 ,plate #gi 7#bci7 s]ot9a #bch1 ,plate #gi 7#bci7 ,iodophanus #bad ,iodophanus c>neus ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,inonotus #ach ,inonotus hispidus #adb1 ,plate #de 7#adc7 ,lacc>ia #bd1 #bdb ,lacc>ia ame?y/ea #hf bicolor #hf laccata #hf1 ,plate #bb 7#hg71 #bdb1 #bdi m>itima #bdb proxima #hf1 ,plate #bb 7#hg71 #bdb ,lacrym>ia #acj ,lacrym>ia pyrotri*a #acj velut9a #abh1 ,plate #da 7#abi71 #acj ,lact>ius #df1 #ej1 #eb1 #hf1 #bcg1 #bdf1 #bdg ,lact>ius camphoratus #eb *rysorheus #eb deliciosus #eb1 #bdg glyciosmus #ec lacun>um #bcg quietus #eb1 #ec rufus #eb1 #ec torm9osus #eb1 #ec turpis #ej1 ,plate #h 7#ea7 uvidus #eb ,laetiporus #ach ,laetiporus sulphureus #adj1 ,plate #dd 7#ada71 ,plate #df 7#adg7 ,lamprospora a/roidea ,plate #gd 7#bba7 ,lang]mannia gigantea #aij1 ,plate #fc 7#aia7 ,lasiobolus ciliatus ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,lasiosord>ia coprophila ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,lecc9um #bf1 #bh1 #cd1 #ajj ,lecc9um aurantiacum #cd qu]c9um #cd scabrum #bg1 ,plate #a 7#bi71 #cd ,l5t9ellus #bf1 #gd1 #gf1 #acg1 #aeh ,l5t9ellus co*leatus ,plate #ag 7#ge71 #gf1 #aeh ,l5t9us #bf1 #gd ,l5t9us lepideus #gf ,l5zites #acg ,leotia lubrica #bjf ,lepiota #bd1 #ajd ,lepiota proc]a #aab1 ,plate #cc 7#aac7 ra*odes #aab ,lepi/a nuda #aca1 ,plate #db 7#acb7 ,leptonia #bb1 #ajb1 ,plate #bh 7#ajc71 #bbg ,leptonia bab+tonii #bbg1 ,plate #gf 7#bbi7 s]rulata #ajb ,leptopodia ela/ica #bjc ,leucopaxillus #be ,limacium #ih ,lycop]don #ahf1 #ahh ,lycop]don p]latum #ahj1 ,plate #fb 7#ahi7 foetidum #ahh pyri=me #ahh1 ,plate #fb 7#ahi7 ,lyophyllum connatum #abh deca/es #abh ,m>asmius #bf1 #ib1 #abj1 #bbh ,m>asmius &rosaceus #ib1 #abj1 #bca1 ,plate #gg 7#bcc7 buxi #ib1 ,plate #be 7#ic7 epiphylloides #ib1 ,plate #be 7#ic7 gram9um #ib1 ,plate #be 7#ic7 hudsonii #ib1 ,plate #be 7#ic7 oreades #aah1 ,plate #cf 7#aai71 #abj1 ,plate #cg 7#aba7 p]=ans #ib p]onatus #ib undatus #ib ,melanoga/] #bdc ,melanoleuca #be1 #gh ,melanoleuca melaleuca #gh1 ,plate #ah 7#gi7 ,melanotus #gg ,melanotus bambus9us #gg musae #gg ,m]ipilus #aci ,m]ipilus giganteus #add ,m]ulius #acf1 #aed ,m]ulius tremellosus #aed1 ,plate #ej 7#aee7 ,micromphale #ib ,mitromorpha semilib]a ,plate #fh 7#bja71 #bjb ,mitrula paludosa #bjc ,monilia sp4 ,plate #gd 7#bae7 ,mor*ella #bjb ,mor*ella elata #bbj escul5ta #bjj1 ,plate #fh 7#bja71 #bjb ,multiclavula #bcf ,mut9us #ahf ,mut9us can9us #aid1 ,plate #fe 7#aie7 ,myc5a #be1 #fh1 #gd1 #hh1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #bdg ,myc5a bulbosa #bbc1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe7 epipt]ygia #bcg gal]iculata #fh1 ,plate #ad 7#fi71 #hh galopus #hh haematopus #hh1 ,plate #bc 7#hi7 leucogala #hh1 #bag olivaceo-m>g9ata #bcg sangu9ol5ta #hh1 ,plate #bc 7#hi7 ,mycoacia #acg ,myxomphalia maura #bcf ,naucoria #bc1 #bbf ,naucoria es*>oides #bbf1 ,plate #gf 7#bbi7 ,nectria c9nab>9a #ahj ,neurospora sitophila #bbj1 ,plate #gd 7#bae7 ,nolanea #bb1 #ajb1 ,plate #bh 7#ajc71 #abd ,nolanea cetrata #ajb1 #bcg s]icea #abb1 ,plate #ch 7#abc71 #abd /aurospora #aja1 #ajb1 #abb1 ,plate #ch 7#abc7 ,nyctalis #bd1 #bdg ,nyctalis a/]ophora ,plate #ha 7#bde71 #bdf p>asitica ,plate #ha 7#bde71 #bdf ,odontia bicolor #bcf ,o$ocephalum ,plate #gd 7#bae7 ,oidium consp]sum ,plate #ei 7#aai7 ,omphal9a #be1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #bcb ,omphal9a ericetorum #bcb1 ,plate #g 7#bcc71 #bcf ,omphal9a hudsoniana ,plate #gh 7#bce71 #bcf luteovitell9a ,plate #gh 7#bce71 #bcf sphagnicola #bbc1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe71 #bcf umbellif]a #bcb velut9a #bcf wynniae #bcb ,oudemansiella #bf ,oxyporus #acg ,oxyporus popul9us #aej1 ,plate #dh 7#aea7 ,panaeol9a #abf ,panaeol9a fo5isecii #abd1 ,plate #ci 7#abe71 #abf ,panaeolus #bc1 #abf ,panaeolus campanulatus #baj rick5ii #abf semiovatus #bjh1 ,plate #gj 7#bji71 #baj1 #baa sph9ctr9us #abf1 ,plate #gj 7#bji71 #baj1 #baa ,panellus #bf1 #gd ,panellus /ipticus ,plate #ag 7#ge71 #gf ,panus #bf1 #gd ,panus torulosus #gf ,paxillus #bc1 #ajj ,paxillus atrotom5tosus #ch involutus #ch1 ,plate #e 7#ci71 #ajf panuoides #ch rubicundulus #ch ,p5iophora #acf ,p5iophora lycii ,plate #ei 7#agg7 polygonii ,plate #ei 7#agg7 qu]c9a ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,peziza #bjj1 #bjd ,peziza badia ,plate #fg 7#aii71 #bjj e*9ospora #bbj pet]sii #bbj praet]visa #bbj1 ,plate #gd 7#bae7 rep&a ,plate #fg 7#aii71 #bjj1 #bbj vesiculosa #baf1 ,plate #fg 7#aii7 violacea #bbj ,phaeolus #ach ,phaeolus s*we9itzii ,plate #de 7#adc71 #add ,phallus #ahf ,phallus hadriani #aid impudicus #aid1 ,plate #fe 7#aie7 ,phell9us #acg ,phell9us igni>ius #adh1 ,plate #dh 7#aea7 ,phellodon #afj ,phellodon nig] #afj1 ,plate #ec 7#afa7 ,phlebia #acf ,phlebia gigantea ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,pholiota #bc1 #bag ,pholiota adiposa #fb aurivella #fb c>bon>ia #baf1 #bag1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 highl&5sis #baf1 #bag1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 squ>rosa #fj1 #fb1 ,plate #aa 7#fc7 ,piptoporus #ach1 #bdh ,piptoporus betul9us #adb1 ,plate #de 7#adc71 ,plate #df 7#adg7 ,pi/ill>ia #ace ,pi/ill>ia micans #aga ,pleurotellus #gd1 #ajb ,pleurotaceae #be1 #gd ,pleurotus #gd ,pleurotus o/reatus #gd1 ,plate #ag 7#ge7 o/reatus v>4 columb9us #gf ,pluteus #bb ,pluteus atrom>g9atus #gj c]v9us #gj1 ,plate #ae 7#ga7 ,podospora ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,podospora curvula ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,polyporus #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #aef ,polyporus squamosus #gg1 #adj1 ,plate #dd 7#ada71 #ade ,poria #aef ,porphyrellus #bf ,p\z>omyces #bbg ,psa?yrella #bd1 #acj1 #bdj1 #bdb ,psa?yrella ammophila ,plate #gi 7#bci71 #bdj flexispora ,plate #gi 7#bci71 #bdj p5nata #bah1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 ,pseudohydnum gelat9osum #aeh1 ,plate #eb 7#aei71 #agi ,pseudotrametes #aci ,psilocybe #bd1 #abf1 #bbb1 #bdj ,psilocybe semilanceata #aad1 ,plate #cd 7#aae7 ,pycnoporus #ach ,pyronema omphalodes #bbj1 ,plate #gd 7#bba7 ,radulomyces conflu5s ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,ram>ia #acf1 #agb ,ram>ia o*raceo-vir5s ,plate #eg 7#afi71 #agj1 #agb ,rhiz9a undulata #bjc1 #bjd1 ,plate #fi 7#bje71 #bbj ,rhizopogon #ahf1 #bdc ,rhizopogon roseolus #bdd1 ,plate #ha 7#bde7 ,rhodopaxillus #aca ,rhodophyllaceae #aja ,rhodophyllaceae--spores ,plate #bh 7#ajc7 ,rhodophyllus #aja ,russula #bd1 #de1 #df1 #ej1 #bcg1 #bdf1 ,plate #ha 7#bde7 ,russula alp9a #bcg atropurpurea #df betul>um #df cl>(lava #de1 #df cyanoxan?a #dh emetica #df1 #dh fellea #dh foet5s #dh lutea #de mairei #di nigresc5s #di o*roleuca #de1 ,plate #g 7#dg7 s>donia #df x]ampel9a #di x]ampel9a v>4 pascua #bcg ,saccobolus v]sicolor ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,s>codon #afj ,s>codon imbricatum #afj1 ,plate #ec 7#afa7 ,s*izophyllum #bf1 #aeb ,s*izophyllum commune #aeb1 ,plate #di 7#aec7 ,scl]od]ma #ce1 #ahf1 #bdg ,scl]od]ma aurantium #aib1 #bdg citr9um #aib1 ,plate #fd 7#aic7 v]rucosum #aib1 ,plate #fd 7#aic7 ,sebac9a #agi ,sebac9a incru/ans #ahb ,sep$onium *rysosp]mum #bdh ,s]pula #acf ,s]pula lacrymans #aed1 ,plate #ej 7#aee7 ,si/otrema commune ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,sord>ia #bad ,sp>assis #ace ,spha]obolus /ellatus #aif1 ,plate #ff 7#aig7 ,sp9ellus megaloc>pus #bdg ,sporod9a gr&is #bdg ,sporormia #bad1 ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,/]eum #acf1 #agf ,/]eum fasciatum #bcf gausapatum #agf hirsutum ,plate #ei 7#agg71 #agh purpureum #agf rugosum #agf sangu9ol5tum #agf1 #bdh ,/robilomyces #bf1 #ce ,/robilomyces floccopus #ce ,/robilurus #id ,/robilurus escul5tus #id /ephanocy/is ,plate #be 7#ic71 #id t5acellus ,plate #be 7#ic71 #id ,/roph>ia #bc1 #bjh ,/roph>ia coronilla #bdj1 ,plate #hj 7#bda71 #bdb semiglobata #bjh1 ,plate #gj 7#bji7 ,suillus #bf1 #ca1 #cd1 #ajj ,suillus a]ug9asc5s #cd bov9us #cd grevillei #bh1 ,plate #b 7#cj71 #ca1 #cd luteus #ca1 #cd ,tephrocybe an?racophila #bag1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 atrata #bag1 ,plate #gc 7#bai7 palu/ris #bbc1 ,plate #ge 7#bbe71 #bdg ,!lephora #acf ,!lephora palmata #agd1 ,plate #eh 7#age7 t]re/ris #agd1 ,plate #eh 7#age7 ,!lephoraceae #agd ,tom5tella #agd ,tom5tella fusca ,plate #eh 7#age7 ,trametes #aci ,tremella #aeh1 #agi ,tremella encephala #bdh foliacea #ahd1 ,plate #fa 7#ahe71 #bdh mes5t]ica #ahd1 ,plate #fa 7#ahe71 #bdh ,tremellales #ba1 #agi ,tremellodon gelat9osum #aeh ,tri*ophaea #bbj ,tri*ophaea woolhopeia ,plate #gd 7#bba7 ,tri*odelits*ia bisporula ,plate #gb 7#bae7 ,tri*oloma #be1 #gd1 #gh1 #aaj1 #aca ,tri*oloma georgii #aaj p]sonatum #aca ,tri*olomataceae #ajd ,tub>ia auto*?ona ,plate #be 7#ic71 #id disp]sa #id ,tub] #bdc ,tub] ae/ivum #bdd1 ,plate #ha 7#bde7 melanosp]mum #bdc rufum ,plate #ha 7#bde71 #bdf ,tubulicr9is glebosus ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,tyromyces #aci1 #adf ,tylopilus #bf ,tylosp]ma a/]ophorum ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,typhula #ace1 #agc ,typhula ery?ropus #aga ,volv>iella #bb ,volv>iella surrecta #hj1 #bdg ,vuillem9ia com$5s ,plate #ei 7#agg7 ,xylospha]a #agb ,xylospha]a hypoxylon ,plate #fi 7#bje71 #bjf polymorpha #bjd1 ,plate #fi 7#bje7 ,common ,names ,ag>ic1 fly #ed ,amanita #ef ,basidioli*5s #bcg ,blewits1 common #aca wood #ajd1 #aca ,blu%] #ef ,bog-beacon #bjc ,boot-laces #ei ,boletes #cb bay-col\r$ #ca br[n bir* #bg l>* #bh ,brittle-cap1 bonfire #bah s&-dune #bdj ,c&le snuff #gf1 #bjf ,cap br[n cone #aaf common funnel #hj dea? #ef false dea? #ef hay br[n #ef ink1 see ,inky cap lib]ty #aad milk1 see ,milk cap %aggy #abh ,*ant]elle1 common #ajf1 #afb1 #bdf false #ajf1 #afb ,clubs1 fairy #gf1 #ace1 #aff1 #agb wr9kl$ #aff ,cone cap1 s& dune br[n #bdb ,cort9>ii #db ,cramp balls #bjd ,cup1 elf #bjj sc>let elf #aic ,deceiv] #hf ,de/roy+ angel #ef ,e>?-ball #ahf1 #aib common #aib ,e>? fan #agd ,e>? /> #ahf1 #aib ,e>? tongue #afh1 #agb ,elephant's e> #bjb ,fairy r+ #aah1 ,plate #cf 7#aai71 #bfd *ampignon #abj ,f+]s1 dead man's #bjd ,fomes1 root #aej will[ #adh ,fungus beef /eak #aeb bird's ne/ #ahf1 #ahg1 #aif bracket #ace c&le snuff #gf1 #bjf cell> #aef cup #aih dry rot #aed e> pick #aeh gum drop #bjf h$gehog #ace1 #aeh honey #ei jelly #agi orange peel #aih p9e fire #bjc resup9ate #agf sc>let cat]pill> #bjf silv] leaf 7disease7 #agf /oma* #ahf1 #ahg split gills #aeb subt]ranean #bdc t9d] #adh tripe #ahb turban #bjb wet rot #aef :ite wa% #agh yell[ bra9 #ahd ,ganod]ma1 common #adf ,grisette1 common #eg tawny #ef ,h$gehog1 wood #afj ,helvella1 slate grey #bjc ,h]ald ( ! ,w9t] #ih ,horn ( ,pl5ty #afd ,hygrophorus1 p>rot #ig ,hygrophori #ig ,inocybe1 common :ite #hd ,inky caps #bab bonfire #bah dung #baa %aggy #abh ,jew's e> #ahb ,judge's wig #abh ,k+ ,alfr$'s ,cakes #bjd ,lact>ii #ej ,lawy]'s wig #abf ,lorel #bjb ,m>asmius #ib ,milk-caps #ej coconut-sc5t$ #ec curry-sc5t$ #eb oak #ec ruf\s #ec saffron #eb ugly #ej woolly #ec ,mill]1 ,! #gg ,morel1 common #bjj ,mu%room butt] #ie ,caes>'s #ef common field #acc cultivat$ #acc fairy cake #hb field #ajh horse #ajh oy/] #gd p>asol #ajd1 #aab ,/4 ,george's #aaj s(t slipp] #gg yell[ /a9+ #ajh ,myc5a1 bonnet #fh small ble$+ #hh ,nolanea1 silky #abb ,old ,man ( ! ,woods #ce ,pan!r #eh ,pt de ,foie ,gras #bdc ,pholiota1 *>coal #baf %aggy #fj ,pluteus1 fawn #gj ,polypore bir* #adb giant #add _m-zon$ #ade scaly #cb1 #adj %aggy #adb ,puff ball #ahf giant #aij /ump #ahh ,roll-rim1 br[n #ch ,r\gh ,/alk #bh bir* #bg ,r\nd head1 dung #bjh ,russula #de black5+ #di common yell[ #de emetic #dh foetid #dh g]anium sc5t$ #dh ,%ank1 spott$ t\gh #ij velvet #ff ,slipp]y ,jack #ca ,spike cap1 p9e #cf ,sp9dles gold5 #afh :ite #afh ,/ag's horn #gf1 #agb1 #bjf ,/9khorn #ahf1 #ahg1 #aid common #aid dog's #aid ,toad/ool horse-hair #bca pick-a-back #bdf yell[ c[ pat #bjg ,truffle #bdc ,engli% #bdd false #ahf1 #bdc ,fr5* #bdc ,h>t's #bdd p]igord #bdc r$ #bdd ,tuft1 sulphur #fd ,weep+ wid[ #abh ,wit*'s butt] #ahd ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t =matt+1 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$1 except z li/$ bel[4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ! body text h n be5 /&>dis$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,! "n ,lville may be a v>iant or misspell+ ( 7,joseph-,h5ri7 ,lveill4 ,page #aj1 :]e man has di/ribut$ ! habitat3 possibly an error = 444 di/urb$ ! habitat4 ,page #di1 *ang+ soot-col\r3 possibly an error = *ang+ to soot-col\r4 ,page #fh1 to reclaim ,hel5 8 wife3 ,hel5 0 8 bro!r's wife4 ,page #hh1 blot*$ age3 !re may be "o or m words miss+4 ,page #ajd1 ,_m au?orities pref] 4443 a clos+ p>5!sis is miss+4 ,page #ahg1 non-viol5t disposal ( spores3 possibly an error = disp]sal4 ,*anges made3 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs & "s li/s & tables4 ,"s obvi\s m9or mispr9ts & typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page #bb3 ref]5ce to key #bd *ang$ to key #be ,page #bg3 wid? #gj-bjj mm2 l5g? #bj-cj mm *ang$ to l5g? #gj-bjj mm2 wid? #bj-cj mm ,page #de3 ,/em3 *ang$ to ,/em3 ,page #eb3 mm ins]t$ aft] #bj-ej ,page #ie3 ,h4 subradiat *ang$ to ,h4 subradiata2 ,page #ih3 ,h4 calytrae=mis *ang$ to ,h4 calyptrae=mis ,page #aeh3 ,hyndum *ang$ to ,hydnum ,page #agd3 #h-i #f-g m *ang$ to #h-i #f-g m ,page #bjb3 ,m>*ella *ang$ to ,mor*ella2 ,lveille *ang$ to ,lville ,page #bjg3 7i7 add$ 9 section head+ ,fungi ( dung & /raw heaps ,page #bab3 pat\ll>dii *ang$ to pat\ill>dii ,page #bbb3 7a7 add$ 9 section head+ ,sphagnum bogs ,page #bca3 7a7 add$ 9 section head+ ,moorl& fungi ,page #bcf3 7b7 add$ 9 section head+ ,m\nta9 fungi & ! s-call$ ,basidioli*5s ,page #bef3 ,g4 glut9osum *ang$ to ,g4 glut9osus2 ,m>*ella *ang$ to ,mor*ella ,page #beg3 ,hebeoloma an?racophilum *ang$ to ,hebeloma an?racophilum2 ,tephrocybe ar?racophila *ang$ to ,tephrocybe an?racophila2 ,myxomphal9a *ang$ to ,myxomphalia ,page #bfb3 clos+ p>5!sis add$ aft] fruit-body ,page #bfi1 ,bullet9 ,trime/riel 444 =matt$ z o!r j\rnals ,page #bgj3 ,flore ,analytique des ,*ampignons ,sup]iurs de ,france *ang$ to ,flore ,analytique des ,*ampignons ,suprieurs de ,france ,index3 "s entries mov$ to prop] alphabetical ord] ,page #bga3 ,baespora *ang$ to ,baeospora2 ,bj]k&]a adju/a *ang$ to ,bj]k&]a adu/a2 pan?>9a *ang$ to pan!r9a ,page #bgc3 s]ioceocybe *ang$ to s]iceocybe ,page #bgd3 tibiicytis *ang$ to tibiicy/is ,page #bge3 *rysorhaeus *ang$ to *rysorheus ,page #bgf3 ,myxomphal9a *ang$ to ,myxomphalia ,page #bgg3 vesciculosa *ang$ to vesiculosa ,page #bhj3 ,pat de ,foi ,gras *ang$ to ,pt de ,foie ,gras