,,/ate ,,( ,,colorado ,john ,a4 ,love1 ,gov]nor ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,natural ,,res\rces ,t4 ,w4 ,t5 ,eyck1 ,executive ,director ,,colorado ,,geological ,,survey ,john ,w4 ,rold1 ,/ate ,geologi/ & ,director ,a4 ,l4 ,hornbak]1 ,m9]al ,deposits ,geologi/ ,ri*>d ,h4 ,pe>l1 ,gr\nd ,wat] ,geologi/ ,william ,p4 ,rog]s1 ,eng9e]+ ,geologi/ ,anto9ette ,m4 ,ray1 ,secret>y ,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,geological ,,survey ,! ,colorado ,geological ,survey 0 legislatively re-e/abli%$ 9 ,febru>y #aifi to meet ! geologic ne$s ( ! citiz5s1 gov]nm5tal ag5cies1 & m9]al indu/ries ( ,colorado4 ,?is mod]n legislation 0 aim$ at apply+ geologic k t[>d ! solution ( today's & tomorr['s problems ( an exp&+ population1 m\nt+ environm5tal conc]n1 & ! gr[+ dem& = m9]al res\rces4 ,,specific ,,legislative ,,*>ges3 8,assi/1 consult )1 & advise /ate & local gov]nm5tal ag5cies on geologic problems40 8,promote economic developm5t ( m9]al res\rces40 8,evaluate ! physical features ( ,colorado ) ref]5ce to pres5t & pot5tial human & animal use40 8,conduct /udies to develop geologic in=mation40 8,inv5tory ! /ate's m9]al res\rces40 8,collect1 pres]ve & di/ribute geologic in=mation40 8,det]m9e areas ( geologic haz>d t c\ld affect ! safety ( or economic loss to ! citiz5s ( ,colorado40 8,prep>e1 publi%1 & di/ribute geologic reports1 maps1 & bullet9s40 ,,prairie ,,peak & ,,plateau ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,colorado by ,john & ,halka ,*ronic ,illu/ration3 ,relief image ( ,colorado ,,colorado ,,geological ,,survey ,,bullet9 #cb #aigb ,available f ,colorado ,geological ,survey #ahde ,%]man ,/reet ,d5v]1 ,colorado #hjbjc ,price--#b4jj ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,?is guidebook 0 writt5 at ! reque/ ( ! ,colorado ,geological ,survey to fulfill a long-felt ne$ = a popul> acc\nt ( ! /ate's geology & its relation%ip to ,man4 ,! au?ors wi% to ?ank ^? ( _! colleagues :o h assi/$ at v>i\s times 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book4 ,john ,rold1 ,colorado ,/ate ,geologi/1 & ,william ,web]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado ,museum /aff1 made _m helpful sugge/ions conc]n+ ! manuscript4 ,john ,s*ool&1 vice presid5t ( ! ,colorado ,hi/orical ,society1 g5]\sly provid$ sev]al pictures ( e>ly m9+ activities 9 ,colorado4 ,p]mission to reproduce draw+s & pa9t+s ( fossils & recon/ructions ( pa/ environm5ts 0 grant$ by ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado ,museum4 ,draw+s1 maps1 & diagrams are l>gely ! "w ( ,rob]t ,maur]1 :o also design$ ! cov] & title page4 ,illu/ration3 ,tilt$ d>k r$ s$im5t>y rocks ( ! ,p5nsylvanian-,p]mian ,m>oon ,=mation are well expos$ 9 ! cliffs ( ,m>oon ,bells1 s\?we/ ( ,asp54 7,photo c\rtesy ,hydraulic ,unlimit$ ,mfg4 ,co47 ,,cont5ts ,page ,introduction #a ,i ,colorado's ,?ree ,prov9ces #c ,! ,prairies #h ,! ,peaks #aj ,front ,range #aa ,wet ,m\nta9s #af ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range & ,spani% ,peaks #ag ,p>k ,range & ,rabbit ,e>s ,range #ai ,gore ,range #bj ,t5mile & ,mosquito ,ranges #ba ,sawat* ,range #bb ,elk ,m\nta9s & ,we/ ,elk ,m\nta9s #bd ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s #be ,u9ta ,m\nta9s #bf ,! ,plateaus #bh ,,ii ,geologic ,hi/ory ( ,colorado #cb ,precambrian ,era #cc ,paleozoic ,era #ch ,cambrian ,p]iod #ci ,ordovician ,p]iod #dj ,silurian ,p]iod #db ,devonian ,p]iod #db ,mississippian ,p]iod #dc ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod #dd ,p]mian ,p]iod #dh ,mesozoic ,era #ea ,triassic ,p]iod #ea ,jurassic ,p]iod #eb ,cretace\s ,p]iod #ef ,c5ozoic ,era #ei ,t]ti>y ,p]iod #ei ,quat]n>y ,p]iod #fh ,,iii ,geology & ,man 9 ,colorado #gd ,gold1 ,silv]1 & ,o!r ,metals #gg ,b\ld] ,c\nty #gi ,c5tral ,city & ,idaho ,spr+s #hj ,georget[n1 ,empire1 & ,silv] ,plume #ha ,leadville #hb ,breck5ridge #hc ,fairplay #hd ,silv]ton #he ,ouray #hg ,asp5 #hh ,cre$e #hi ,cripple ,creek #ij ,climax #ia ,radium1 ,uranium1 & ,vanadium #ic ,oil1 ,natural ,gas1 & ,oil ,%ale #id ,coal #if ,con/ruction ,mat]ials #ig ,s&1 ,gravel1 & ,clay #ig ,/one #ii ,lime & ,gypsum #aja ,gems #ajb ,wat] #ajc ,surface ,wat] #ajc ,gr\ndwat] #aje ,caves #ajf ,spr+s #aji ,environm5tal ,geology #aaa ,gloss>y #aad ,sugge/$ ,read+ #aai ,index #aba ,,illu/rations ,page ,colorado's ?ree geologic prov9ces #b ,pikes ,peak1 se5 f ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods #d ,rock classification 7*>t7 #e ,/ratigraphic column 7*>t7 #g ,jurassic rocks 9 ,colorado 7map7 #i ,ea/ face ( ,longs ,peak #aa ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k 7ea/-we/ pr(ile7 #ab ,big ,?ompson ,canyon1 we/ ( ,lovel& #ac ,r$ ,rocks ,amphi!at]1 we/ ( ,d5v] #ad ,colorado ,spr+s area 7map & cross section7 #ae ,jo9t sy/ems 9 ,precambrian rocks1 ,b\ld] ,canyon #ae ,spani% ,peaks1 s\?we/ ( ,wals5burg #ah ,hahn's ,peak1 nor? ( ,/eamboat ,spr+s #ai ,gore ,range f ! ea/ #bj ,asp5 ,m\nta9 geology 7map7 #bc ,mt4 ,sopris1 s\? ( ,gl5wood ,spr+s #bd ,ouray1 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s #be ,/eamboat ,rock1 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t #bg ,gr& ,hogback1 ne> ,rifle 7block diagram7 #bh ,mt4 ,g>field1 ne> ,gr& ,junction #cj ,precambrian-,cambrian uncon=mity s\? ( ,ouray #cd ,geologic map ( ,colorado #ce ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,national ,monum5t #cf ,precambrian-,cambrian uncon=mity1 ,gl5wood ,canyon #ch ,cambrian fossils #ci ,ordovician fossils #da ,devonian fossils #dc ,mississippian fossils #dd ,p5nsylvanian paleogeography 7map7 #de ,f\nta9 ,=mation nor?we/ ( ,d5v] #de ,p5nsylvanian fossils #df ,contort$ ,p5nsylvanian rocks ne> ,gypsum #df ,balanc$ ,rock1 ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods #dh ,p]mian reptile tracks #di ,! ,flatirons1 ne> ,b\ld] #ej ,colorado ,national ,monum5t #ea ,morrison ,=mation1 we/ ( ,d5v] #ec ,d9osaur bones1 f\nd ne> ,morrison #ed ,dakota ,s&/one hogback #ef ,cretace\s fossils #eg ,wol=d ,m\nta91 nor? ( ,kremml+ #fj ,eohippus1 ! 8,dawn ,horse0 #fa ,gold5 & ,s\? ,table ,m\nta9 #fb ,devil's ,/aircase1 ne> ,spani% ,peaks #fc ,gre5 ,riv] oil %ale1 we/ ( ,rifle #fd ,florissant ,fossil ,b$s ,national ,monum5t #fe ,pawnee ,buttes1 nor? ( ,=t ,morgan #ff ,fossil mammals1 nor!a/]n ,colorado #fg ,glacial lakes 9 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k #fh ,arapaho ,glaci]1 we/ ( ,b\ld] #gj ,plei/oc5e ma/odons #gb ,great ,s& ,dunes ,national ,monum5t #gc ,colorado ,m9]al ,belt 7map7 #gh ,sluicebox m9+ 9 e>ly ,colorado #ha ,e>ly-day ,leadville #hb ,gold dr$ge1 ,fairplay #hd ,silv]ton1 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s #hf ,abrams ,m\nta91 s\? ( ,ouray #hg ,cre$e & its m9es 7map7 #hi ,cripple ,creek1 ne> ,pikes ,peak #ij ,climax molybd5um m9e 7cross section7 #ia ,ramp>t ,range qu>ry1 ne> ,colorado ,spr+s #ih ,yule ,m>ble qu>ry1 ne> ! t[n ( ,m>ble #ii ,lyons ,s&/one qu>ry #ajj ,univ]sity ( ,colorado ,museum #ajj ,colorado-,big ,?ompson ,project 7cross section7 #ajc ,san ,luis ,valley 7cross section7 #aje ,cave ( ! ,w9ds1 ne> ,manit\ #ajg ,mesa ,v]de cave & ,indian dwell+s #ajh ,gl5wood ,hot ,spr+s #aji ,,prairie ,,peak & ,,plateau ,introduction ,gold 0 discov]$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv] 9 #aheh4 ,prospectors flock$ to ,colorado z !y _h flock$ only a few ye>s be=e to ,cali=nia4 ,!y work$ ! s&s & gravels ( ,*]ry ,creek1 ,cle> ,creek1 ,b\ld] ,creek1 & ,cali=nia ,gul*4 ,exhau/+ ! plac] s&s ( ! /ream bottoms1 !y mov$ high] to m9e gold-be>+ ve9s at ,c5tral ,city & ,blackhawk4 ,m9+ camps sprang into exi/5ce ov]night1 ea* h]ald+ "s new 8/rike10 ea* populat$ by a new ru% ( =tune seek]s4 ,z l[] areas 7 m9$ out1 prospectors mov$ yet high]--to ,breck5ridge1 ,gold ,hill1 & ,empire1 ,asp51 ,leadville1 & ,cripple ,creek4 ,silv] 0 f\nd z well z gold1 !n iron1 & lat] tung/5 & molybd5um4 ,! metallic r+ ( m9+ tools e*o$ f ,colorado's peaks4 ,=tunes 7 made "h4 ,leg5ds 7 born4 ,prospectors & m9]s 7 n1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ p int]e/$ 9 ! rocks ( ,colorado4 ,e>li]1 b&s ( nomadic ,*ey5ne & ,arapaho ,indians _h se>*$ ,colorado's hills = fl9t = arr[heads & brightly color$ clays = w>pa9t4 ,cliff-dwell+ ,pueblo ,indians 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado s\ght clay = _! pott]y & fossil sea%ells = ! magic ( _! m$ic9e m54 ,& f f>!r to ! s\?we/1 ,navajo tribesm5 came to ,colorado = turquoise4 ,f clay to gold1 mu* ( ,colorado's weal? has come f h] m\nta9s4 ,b aft] ! ru% to ! m9es1 z ve9s 7 m9$ out & plac]s work$ ov]1 z values & prices *ang$1 h] population s\ght ! ri*es ( ! prairies3 f]tile l&s = agriculture1 & 9 ! rock lay]s bel[1 black gold--va/ accumulations ( oil & natural gas4 ,! tablel&s & plateaus we/ ( ! m\nta9s yield _! weal?1 too4 ,"h are valley f>ms1 f$ (t5 by irrigation wat]1 & ran* c\ntry4 ,"h is m oil1 & 9 "s areas preci\s metals & uranium4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,colorado's prairies1 peaks1 & plateaus h br\ght new mean+ to all ,am]ica3 ! /ate n[ provides an attractive playgr\nd = /ate resid5ts & _! visitors4 ,campgr\nds1 /reams1 lakes1 & high trails beckon 9 summ]2 b>r5 slopes deep 9 w9t] sn[ attract ! ski]4 ,m & m1 ^? :o live 9 ,colorado & ^? :o visit h] seek to und]/& ^! m\nta9s & hills & prairies1 to le>n ( h] geologic orig9s & h] f> di/ant pa/4 ,= t\ri/ & resid5t1 casual visitor1 ski en?usia/1 ,sunday picnick]1 = all ^? :o h met ,colorado & enjoy$ h]1 ?is book is writt54 ,illu/ration3 ,topographically1 sc5ically1 & geologically1 ,colorado c be divid$ into ! ?ree prov9ces %[n "h4 ,,plateaus ,,u9ta ,,mts4 ,,gre5 ,,riv] ,,bas9 ,yampa ,riv] ,/eamboat ,spr+s ,,u9ta ,,bas9 ,:ite ,riv] ,,:ite ,,riv] ,,plateau ,,roan ,,plateau ,gl5wood ,spr+s ,colorado ,riv] ,gr& ,junction ,,gr& ,,mesa ,gunnison ,riv] ,,uncompahgre ,,plateau ,dolores ,riv] ,,p>adox ,,bas9 ,,mesa ,,v]de ,,m\nta9s ,,nor? ,,p>k ,,rabit ,,e>s ,,range ,,p>k ,,range ,,middle ,,p>k ,,gore ,,range ,,front ,,range ,,elk ,,mts4 ,asp5 ,,sawat* ,,range ,leadville ,,mosquito ,,range ,fairplay ,,s\? ,,p>k ,,we/ ,,elk ,,mts4 ,gunnison ,salida ,,wet ,,mts4 ,,sangre ,,de ,,cri/o ,,range ,,san ,,luis ,,valley ,rio ,gr&e ,alamosa ,,san ,,juan ,,mts4 ,ouray ,silv]ton ,durango ,,mesa ,,de ,,maya ,,pla9s ,=t ,coll9s ,s\? ,platte ,riv] ,d5v] ,,great ,,pla9s ,colorado ,spr+s ,arkansas ,riv] ,,wet ,,mt4 ,,valley ,,hu]fano ,,p>k ,la ,junta ,wals5burg ,i ,colorado's ,?ree ,prov9ces ,sc5ically1 ,colorado is divid$ into ?ree prov9ces3 ! ,pla9s or ,prairies on ! ea/1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s bisect+ ! /ate f nor? to s\?1 & ! ,colorado ,plateaus on ! we/4 ,!re are a numb] ( local v>iations ( c\rse1 b by & l>ge ! prov9ces are cle>ly def9$4 ,^! ?ree divisions w =m ! basis = our discussion ( ! geology ( ,colorado1 = ! sc5ic diff]5ces are almo/ exactly p>allel$1 & usually controll$1 by diff]5ces 9 geologic /ructure4 ,! ,pla9s rise g5tly f an elevation ( ab\t #ccej feet at ! ea/]n bord] ( ! /ate to #ejjj feet :]e !y meet ! m\nta9s #aej miles fur!r we/4 ,two major riv]s cross ! ,colorado ,pla9s3 ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv]1 fl[+ nor!a/w>d f ! ,d5v] region1 & ! ,arkansas ,riv]1 :i* leaves ! m\nta9s at ,canon ,city s\? ( ,colorado ,spr+s & travels ea/w>d across ! s\!rn portion ( ! /ate4 ,tribut>ies ( ^! two ma9 riv] sy/ems h et*$ ! prairie surface1 s t mu* ( ea/]n ,colorado has a g5tly roll+1 hilly appe>ance4 ,! ,m\nta9s rise abruptly along a nor?-s\? l9e at ab\t #aje we/ longitude4 ,!y rea* elevations ( ov] #ad1jjj feet at ,pikes ,peak1 ,m\nt ,evans1 ,longs ,peak 7all visible f f> out on ! pla9s71 & fifty o!r peaks fur!r we/4 ,! ranges ( ! ,colorado ,rockies =m rank ^u rank ( ridges & peaks1 r\ghly nor?-s\? 9 tr5d1 ab\t #ajj miles across f ea/ to we/1 ext5d+ f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn bord] ( ! /ate4 ,"h1 9 m\nta9 spr+s & lakes1 are born ! riv]s ( ,colorado3 ! ,platte1 ! ,arkansas1 ! ,yampa1 ! ,colorado4 ,crags & cliffs t[] above tree-cov]$ slopes1 ! rocks always a dom9ant "p ( ! l&scape4 ,! cont95tal divide runs ?r\gh ! /ate along ! summit ridges4 ,we/ ( ! divide1 all /reams fl[ to ! ,colorado ,riv] & ! ,pacific2 ea/ ( x1 /reams fl[ into ! ,mississippi or ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & !nce to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,we/ ( ! highe/ ranges1 ! c\ntry flatt5s out once m into ! ,plateaus1 :i* ext5d across we/]n ,colorado1 s\!rn ,utah1 & nor!rn ,arizona4 ,"h1 ! pr$om9ant l& =ms are flat-topp$ mesas & deep canyons4 ,r$rock walls %imm] 9 ! brilliance ( ! we/]n sun1 (fset by deep purple %ad[s sometimes hid+ anci5t cliff dwell+s4 ,fragrance ( p9e & junip] m+les ) ! pung5cy ( sage4 ,n>r[ tracks lure ! explor]4 ,despite ! canyons1 wat] is sc>ce except along major riv] sy/ems1 = ?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! des]t we/4 ,! sc5ic & geologic division ( ! /ate into ?ree nor?-s\? /rips is n ev]y:]e cle>ly def9$4 ,9 s\?we/]n ,colorado1 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s & ! complicat$ uplifts surr\nd+ ,ouray & ,silv]ton are out ( key ) ei!r m\nta9 or plateau4 ,!y are be/ consid]$ "p ( ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce1 h[ev]1 al?\gh !y ext5d x f> to ! we/4 ,o!r exceptions to ^! divisions occur also4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce is int]rupt$ by f\r broad high-altitude valleys3 ,nor? ,p>k1 ,middle ,p>k1 ,s\? ,p>k1 & ! ,san ,luis ,valley4 ,! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s jut into ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,colorado f adjac5t ,utah4 ,& ! ,p>adox1 ,u9ta1 & ,gre5 ,riv] ,bas9s protrude into ! ,plateau ,prov9ce1 modify+ its topographic "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,pikes ,peak rises to an elevation at #ad1aaj feet4 ,compos$ ( ,pikes ,peak ,granite1 ! m\nta9 is almo/ surr\nd$ by y\ng] s$im5t>y rocks1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods1 9 ! =egr\nd4 7,floyd ,walt]s photo7 ,be=e discuss+ ! geologic nature ( ! ?ree prov9ces1 let u review briefly two sets ( geologic t]ms4 ,! fir/ set has to d ) ! rocks !mselves--,:at k9d ( rock is t8--b s]ves also to tell some?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( ! rocks4 ,! second set is conc]n$ ) "t--,:5 0 t rock =m$8 ,is x old] or y\ng] ?an adjac5t rock8 ,h[ does x relate1 "t-wise1 to geologic ev5ts 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w8 ,^! two sets ( t]ms are pres5t$ 9 ! *>ts t foll[4 ,if y are unfamili> ) geologic t]m9ology1 ref] to ^! *>ts z (t5 z y ne$ to :ile y read ?is book1 z well z to ! gloss>y on pages #aad-aah4 ,geologi/s divide rocks into ?ree ma9 gr\ps1 dep5d+ on _! modes ( orig94 ,igne\s rocks orig9ate f molt5 mat]ial1 cool+ deep bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? 7intrusive igne\s rocks7 or fl[+ out & h>d5+ at ! surface 7extrusive igne\s rocks74 ,s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ f brok5 or dissolv$ bits ( o!r rock1 wa%$ by w9d & wat] & deposit$ z lay]s ( fragm5ts or z *emical precipitates4 ,!y (t5 conta9 fossil plants or animals4 ,metamorphic rocks are pre-exi/+ rocks 7igne\s or s$im5t>y7 *ang$ by heat1 pressure1 or *emical action4 ,examples ( ^! ?ree classes ( rocks are giv5 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,_m v>ieties ( all ?ree classes occur 9 ,colorado4 ,class ,example ,occurr5ce 9 ,colorado ,s$im5t>y ,s&/one ,pla9s1 plateaus1 flanks ( m\nta9 areas ,%ale ,conglom]ate ,lime/one ,igne\s ,extrusive3 ,volcanic areas su* z ,san ,juan ,basalt ,m\nta9s1 ,spani% ,peaks ,intrusive3 ,pikes ,peak1 ,longs ,peak1 & mo/ ,granite c5tral m\nta9 areas ,diorite ,metamorphic ,m>ble ,m\nta9 areas 7f lime/one7 ,qu>tzite 7f s&/one7 ,gneiss 7f granite or s&/one7 ,s*i/ 7f %ale or basalt7 ,geologi/s arrange rocks 9 _! *ronologic sequ5ce by /udy+ ! fossils & m9]als :i* !y conta94 ,! age ( "s rocks c be det]m9$ ) reasonable precision f ratios ( radioactive m9]als & _! fission products4 ,! relative age ( o!rs c be det]m9$ f _! position1 ! fossils enclos$ 9 !m1 & _m m9or details ( _! /ructure4 ,! /ratigraphic column %[n opposite may be ?\ght ( z a cal5d> by :i* geologic ev5ts 9 ,colorado c be arrang$ 9 _! prop] ord] & relat$ to ev5ts 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,mississippian & ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iods are ,am]ican divisions2 else:]e ?is "t int]val is kn[n z ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod4 ,o!r "t t]ms are 9 worldwide use4 ,9 ! g5]aliz$ geologic map ( ,colorado :i* accompanies ,*apt] ,,ii1 rocks are id5tifi$ by ! era 9 :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,a m detail$ geologic map c be obta9$ f ! ,u4,s4 ,geologic ,survey map di/ribution c5t] 9 ! ,f$]al ,build+1 ,d5v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ratigraphic ,column ,,era ,p]iod ,millions ,di/9ctive fossils ,ev5ts 9 ,colorado ( ye>s ago ,,c5ozoic 7,age ( ,mammals7 ,quat]n>y ,mod]n types ( ,developm5t ( pres5t animals & plants topography2 glaciation 9 m\nta9s #c ,t]ti>y ,mammals1 fl[]+ ,uplift & m\nta9 plants build+ #gj ,,mesozoic ,d9osaurs & o!r 7,age ( ,reptiles7 reptiles ,cretace\s ,subm]g5ce1 !n uplift #ace ,jurassic ,des]t1 !n subm]g5ce #ahj ,triassic ,widespread floodpla9s & des]ts #bbe ,,paleozoic 7,age ( ,fi%es7 ,p]mian ,fir/ reptiles ,widespread floodpla9s & des]ts #bgj ,p5nsylvanian ,swamp & =e/ 8,ance/ral ,rocky plants ,m\nta9s0 #caj ,mississippian ,reef corals1 %>ks ,p>tial subm]g5ce #cej ,devonian ,armor$ fi%1 fir/ ,probable subm]g5ce insects #djj ,silurian ,corals & %ellfi% ,probable subm]g5ce #ddj ,ordovician ,fir/ fi% ,subm]g5ce #ejj ,cambrian ,fir/ h>d-%ell$ ,gradual encroa*m5t ( animals sea f we/ #egj ,,precambrian 8,lipalian ,int]val0 ,erosion to almo/ flat surface or p5epla9 ,primitive ,alt]nate episodes ( s(t-bodi$ m>9e m\nta9 build+ & organisms erosion #c1fjj plus ,,! ,,prairies ,b5ea? ! flat prairies ( ea/]n ,colorado1 s$im5t>y rocks =m a s]ies ( lay]s4 ,^? ne> ! surface are among ! y\nge/ rocks 9 ,colorado4 ,we "k ?is f ! fossils !y be>1 fossils ( l>ge mammals su* z ! hairy mammo?1 :i* liv$ 9 e>ly ,quat]n>y "t1 ! bison1 & _m small] mammals liv+ today4 ,! lay]s bel[--s&/ones1 %ales1 & lime/ones--become progressively old] z "o goes deep]4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 =m$ orig9ally on ! bottoms ( %all[ seas t cov]$ ?is "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica sev]al times dur+ ! hi/ory ( ! cont95t4 ,9 mo/ places ! lay]s are horizontal or ne>ly s1 b we/w>d1 z !y approa* ! m\nta9s1 !y b5d upw>d1 g5tly at fir/ & !n m /eeply4 ,at ! v edge ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y 7 dragg$ upw>d :5 ! m\nta9s rose1 _! erod$ edges appe> at ! surface4 ,! entire sequ5ce ( flat-ly+ rocks c be /udi$ :]e !y are expos$ along ! m\nta9 front or :]e /reams & riv]s h dissect$ !m4 ,!y are also kn[n f cutt+s & cores ( oil & wat] wells4 ,"s p>ts ( ,colorado's ea/]n pla9s h be5 drill$ s int5sively 9 ! se>* = oil & gas t we "k a great deal ab\t ! subsurface s$im5t>y rock & c ev5 make maps %[+ ! di/ribution & "* ( ! individual rock lay]s4 ,f su* maps1 ! hi/ory ( ! region c be d$uc$4 ,we "k1 = example1 t ! area ar\nd ,d5v] has subsid$ m 9 ! pa/ ?an has ! area ne> ,la ,junta or ,lam>2 x is call$ ! ,d5v] ,bas9 because ( its pa/ hi/ory & n because x is a bas9 at pres5t4 ,al?\gh ! pla9s ( ,colorado appe> flat1 !y really slope g5tly ea/w>d4 ,! rock lay]s ne> ! surface slope ea/w>d also1 b ! deep] rock lay]s may n4 ,ne> ! we/]n edge ( ! ,pla9s ,prov9ce1 hills & valleys are =m$ by diff]5tial erosion ( h>d & s(t rock lay]s4 ,"s hills1 su* z ,ca/le ,rock1 are topp$ ) resi/ant s&/one2 o!rs1 l ,mesa de ,maya s\? ( ,tr9idad & ,table ,m\nta9 ne> ,gold51 are capp$ ) lay]s ( basalt4 ,close to ! m\nta9s flat-topp$ foo?ills result f p>tial dissection ( =m] erosion surfaces z ! m\nta9s1 /abiliz$ = a "t1 rose aga91 or z climatic cycles *ang$4 ,examples ( ^! dissect$ erosion surfaces c be se5 nor? & s\? ( ,b\ld]4 ,f> ea/ ( ! m\nta9 front1 ne> ! nor!rn bord] ( ,colorado1 remnants ( ano!r1 high] prairie surface /& z ,pawnee ,buttes4 ,torr5tial erosion--spr+ floods & summ] ?und]/orms--has deeply furr[$ ! prairie surface "h & left ^! buttes z lonely s5t9els4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is map %[s ! di/ribution1 "*1 & ?ickness ( c]ta9 ,jurassic rocks 9 ,colorado4 ,^! rocks are deeply buri$ b5ea? ! pla9s & are kn[n !re only f well samples4 ,!y h be5 erod$ f mo/ m\nta9 areas4 ,!y come to ! surface along ! edges ( ! m\nta9s & 9 ! deeply incis$ canyons ( ! ,plateau ,prov9ce4 ,,precambrian ,,rocks ,,paleozoic ,,rocks ,,jurassic ,,rocks ,,s&/one ,,%aly ,,s&/one ,,s&y ,,%ale ,,%ale ,,jurassic ,,rocks ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,volcanics ,,or ,,nev] ,,deposit$4 ,:at lies bel[ ! s$im5t>y lay]s ( ! pla9s8 ,! s$im5t>y rocks are #e1jjj to #aj1jjj feet ?ick4 ,!y lie on an almo/ horizontal surface ( mu*1 mu* old] rock1 ! ,precambrian or 8basem5t0 rock4 ,?is is igne\s & metamorphic rock1 mu* crumpl$ & fold$1 ! roots ( long gone m\nta9s :i* 7 bevel$ & level$ to an almo/ flat surface or p5epla9 p]haps a billion ye>s ago4 ,we "k little ( ! anci5t basem5t rocks bel[ ! s$im5t>y lay]s ( ! pla9s1 = few wells p5etrate ?is deep4 ,:at we d "k indicates t !y are simil> to rocks ( ! m\nta9 masses to ! we/1 & are compos$ ( granite1 s*i/1 & gneiss4 ,!y probably are n ri* 9 valuable m9]als1 h[ev]1 = ! m9]al-ri* ve9s ( ! m\nta9s came ab\t z a result ( uplift ( ! m\nta9 areas4 ,,! ,,peaks ,mo/ ( ! individual ranges mak+ up ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,colorado are ! result ( highly localiz$ movem5ts ( ! cru/ z ! entire region 0 ?ru/ upw>d f bel[4 ,^! movem5ts broke ! deep1 massive igne\s & metamorphic rocks ( ! ,precambrian basem5t1 & b5t ! m flexible ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic lay]$ rocks above !m until !y ar*$ upw>d 9 a s]ies ( corrugations4 ,! m\nta9s ?us =m$ are kn[n to geologi/s z fault$ anticl9es4 ,z ! m\nta9s rose1 !y 7 ( c\rse attack$ by ! =ces ( erosion4 ,! s$im5t>y lay]s 7 completely /ripp$ f ! cre/s ( _m ( ! uplifts1 s t ,precambrian rocks 7 expos$4 ,x is ^! rocks :i* =m ! summits ( ! highe/ peaks ( ,colorado4 ,z ) all rules1 !re are exceptions3 ! ,spani% ,peaks are volcanic1 & ! cre/ ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range is compos$ ( s$im5t>y rocks4 ,! tr5d ( mo/ ( ! ranges 9 ,colorado is nor?-s\?1 sw++ to nor?we/-s\!a/ ne> ! s\!rn end4 ,surpris+ly1 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! /ate !re is an ea/-we/ tr5d+ range1 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,fifty or m m\nta9 ridges 9 ,colorado h be5 nam$ z sep>ate ranges4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ prom95t1 frequ5tly visit$ ones w be discuss$ "h4 ,front ,range ,! ea/]nmo/ range ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is ! longe/ cont9u\s uplift 9 ! /ate4 ,x is a relatively simple fault$ anticl9e ext5d+ f ,canon ,city nor?w>d to ! ,wyom+ bord]1 :]e x splits into two ridges1 ! ,m$ic9e ,b[ ,m\nta9s & ! ,l>amie ,range4 ,illu/ration3 ,longs ,peak *all5ges te*nical climb]s ) its #bjjj-;foot v]tical ea/ face1 ! ,diamond4 ,?is magnific5t cliff is ! result ( glacial action & freez+ & ?aw+ 9 homog5e\s b fractur$ granite4 ,! small remnant ( ice & sn[ at ! l[] left is all t rema9s ( ! glaci]4 ,! flat summit may be "p ( an anci5t erosion surface =m$ t[>d ! end ( ,precambrian "t4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,along ! highe/ portion ( ! range1 f ,pikes ,peak to ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 ! ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic s$im5ts =m]ly drap$ ov] ! top ( ! range h long s9ce be5 wa%$ away1 leav+ only ! gneiss1 granite1 & s*i/ ( ! m\nta9 core4 ,! almo/ flat tops ( ,longs ,peak1 ,mt4 ,evans1 & ,pikes ,peak1 & ! roll+ upl& trav]s$ by ,trail ,ridge ,road 9 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k are ?\ght to be remnants ( ! #fjj-million-ye>-old erosion surface t once exi/$ at ! top ( ! ,precambrian rocks1 & t /ill exi/s bel[ ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! ,pla9s ,prov9ce4 ,?is surface1 =m$ ne> sea level1 has be5 rais$ #ab1jjj to #ad1jjj feet )9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,?r\gh\t mo/ ( its l5g?1 ! ,front ,range displays "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ high-altitude sc5]y 9 ! _w4 ,p>ticul>ly accessible areas1 well wor?y ( visits1 are ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 ,b]?\d & ,lovel& ,passes1 ,mt4 ,evans1 & ,pikes ,peak4 ,9 ^! areas ! ,precambrian rocks c be se5 & /udi$1 & ! effects ( glaciation obs]v$4 ,! granite1 gneiss1 & s*i/ ( ! m\nta9 core are %att]$ & brok5 into blocks ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! breaks betwe5 ! blocks are call$ jo9ts if !re is no app>5t displacem5t betwe5 adjac5t blocks1 & faults :]e !re is obvi\s displacem5t4 ,! jo9ts frequ5tly appe> 9 p>allel arrays or sets2 !re may be two or m int]sect+ sets1 giv+ a cross-hat*$ appe>ance to l>ge exposures4 ,illu/ration3 ,ea/-we/ pr(ile across ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 ?r\gh ,gr& ,lake & ,longs ,peak1 %[+ ! inf]r$ position ( ! orig9al surface ( ! anticl9al uplift ( ! ,front ,range4 ,?is diagram is g5]aliz$1 & faults are n %[n4 7,,usgs ,bull4 #gcj;a7 ,re/oration ( surface :i* em]g$ f ,cretace\s sea ,re/oration ( ,dakota s&/one ,,middle ,,p>k ,gr& ,lake ,longs ,peak ,foo?ills ,,great ,,pla9s ,s$im5t>y rocks ,granite & s*i/ ,s$im5t>y rock ( pla9s ,s\? ,platte ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,big ,?ompson ,canyon1 we/ ( ,lovel& on ,u4,s4 highway #cd1 is c>v$ 9 almo/ v]tical lay]s ( ,precambrian metamorphic rocks4 ,g5tly dipp+ ,late ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic s$im5t>y rocks ( ! ,f\nta91 ,lyons1 ,lyk9s1 & ,morrison ,=mations c be se5 9 ! di/ance1 capp$ by ! ,cretace\s ,dakota ,s&/one4 7,floyd ,walt]s photo7 ,! ,precambrian rocks v>y f place to place4 ,sev]al irregul> masses ( granite1 call$ ba?oli?s1 make up portions ( ! range4 ,ba?oli?s are l>ge intrusions ( molt5 rock t cool$ sl[ly at great dep?4 ,! m9]als 9 !m =m di/9ct cry/als1 (t5 q l>ge4 ,! ,pikes ,peak ,granite & ! ,b\ld] ,creek ,granite are examples4 ,highly contort$ & b&$ gneiss & s*i/ are well expos$ else:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,idaho ,spr+s-,c5tral ,city-,black ,hawk region4 ,along ! flanks ( ! ,front ,range1 ! erod$ edges ( ! s$im5t>y rocks :i* once cov]$ ! range are expos$4 ,^! rocks are usually tilt$ %>ply aga9/ ! m\nta9s1 z at ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods1 ,d5v]'s ,r$ ,rocks ,p>k1 & ! ,flatirons ne> ,b\ld]4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,association ( ,geologi/s has erect$ a plaque expla9+ ! geology ( ! ,r$ ,rocks area2 look = x ab\t half a mile nor!a/ ( ! ,r$ ,rocks ,amphi!at]4 ,tilt$ lay]s ( ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic s&/ones =m hogback ridges along ! m\nta9 front1 & /& out cle>ly on a]ial photographs4 ,9 "s areas1 p>ticul>ly ne> ,b\ld]1 ,coal ,creek1 & ,gold51 ! tilt+ ( ! s$im5t>y lay]s has be5 s extreme t ! lay]s are upside d[n4 ,basem5t rocks may ev5 be ?ru/ out above !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,s&/ones & conglom]ates ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,f\nta9 ,=mation dip /eeply t[>d ! pla9s along ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,rockies4 ,ne> ,d5v]1 erosion has c>v$ ^! rocks into a natural amphi!at]1 n[ ! site ( ,r$ ,rocks ,amphi!at]4 ,precambrian granite =ms ! hill 9 ! backgr\nd4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,fur!r nor?1 ne> ,lovel& & ,lyons1 z well z fur!r s\? at ,colorado ,spr+s1 irregul>ities 9 ! uplift h caus$ abrupt breaks 9 ! g5]ally smoo? ea/]n edge ( ! range4 ,folds & faults 9 ^! areas tr5d nor?we/1 cutt+ across & (fsett+ ! m\nta9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,s\? ( ,colorado ,spr+s1 betwe5 ,=t ,c>son & ! ,,norad in/allation 9 ,*ey5ne ,m\nta91 ,mesozoic rocks are fault$ aga9/ ! m\nta9 front4 ,paleozoic rocks are deeply cov]$ by z mu* z #cjjj feet ( ,mesozoic s$im5ts4 ,!y come to ! surface ab\t #aj miles fur!r s\?4 ,,ramp>t ,,range ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods ,ute ,pass ,fault ,,manit\ ,,spr+s ,,pikes ,,peak ,,massif ,,*ey5ne ,,m\nta9 ,,colorado ,,spr+s ,,cross ,,section ,ute ,pass ,fault ,ramp>t ,fault ,t]ti>y ,mesozoic ,paleozoic ,precambrian ,illu/ration3 ,we/ ( ,b\ld]1 sev]al int]sect+ sets ( jo9ts patt]n ! ,precambrian rocks above ,b\ld] ,creek4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,! we/ m>g9 ( ! ,front ,range is n z %>ply def9$ z ! ea/]n m>g94 ,prom95t faults edge ,nor?1 ,middle1 & ,s\? ,p>ks1 h[ev]4 ,! nor!rn end ( ! range m]ges ) ! ,m$ic9e ,b[ ,m\nta9s1 :]e dips ( s$im5t>y rocks seldom exce$ #cj to #dj degrees4 ,at its s\!rn end1 ! ,front ,range plunges into ! pla9s1 al?\gh a s\?we/-tr5d+ ridge connects x ) ! ,wet ,m\nta9s4 ,)9 ! ,precambrian core ( ! ,front ,range1 _m economic m9]al deposits h be5 f\nd4 ,^! are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,glacial features ( ! ,front ,range are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii 9 ! section on ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod4 ,wet ,m\nta9s ,! ,wet ,m\nta9s are ! ea/]nmo/ range ( ! ,rockies s\? ( ,canon ,city4 ,_! cre/ has a di/9ct nor?we/-s\!a/ tr5d1 ) ! nor? end (fset ab\t #be miles we/w>d f ! s\? end ( ! ,front ,range4 ,! ,canon ,city ,embaym5t lies at ! junction betwe5 ! ranges4 ,?\gh small] & l[] ?an ! ,front ,range1 ! ,wet ,m\nta9s include _m pleasant & easily accessible recreation areas & a numb] ( attractive /reams & res]voirs4 ,gre5horn ,peak1 ! summit ( ! range1 is #ab1ccd feet high4 ,x is =m$ ( ,precambrian granite1 z is mo/ ( ! cre/ ( ! range4 ,! /ructure ( ! ea/]n side ( ! ,wet ,m\nta9s is simil> to t ( ! ,front ,range1 except t !re are m faults 9 ! s$im5t>y lay]s4 ,! s\!rn end plunges s\!a/w>d into ! pla9s4 ,on ! we/]n side1 we/w>d-dipp+ s$im5ts are completely subm]g$ 9 ,c5ozoic lava fl[s & debris f ! m\nta9s4 ,ore m9]als v l ^? ( ! ,front ,range occur ne> ,silv] ,cliff1 b !y h s f> prov$ to be ( little economic importance4 ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range & ,spani% ,peaks ,! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s are visible f _m p>ts ( s\!a/]n ,colorado z a jagg$1 sawtoo!d1 sn[-cre/$ ridge on ! we/]n skyl9e4 ,!y ext5d ab\t #aej miles f ! ,arkansas ,riv] ne> ,salida s\?w>d into ,new ,mexico4 ,few m\nta9 ranges =m s impassable a b>ri] z ! ,sangre de ,cri/os4 ,only at ,la ,veta ,pass does a highway cross ! range4 ,h[ev]1 old wagon roads1 passable n[ by jeep or on foot1 once exi/$ across ,hayd51 ,music1 ,mosca1 & ,:iskey ,creek ,passes4 ,(t5 no m ?an tw5ty miles wide1 ! c5tral portion ( ! range is compos$ l>gely ( r$ ,late ,paleozoic s$im5ts l ^? expos$ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods & ,r$ ,rocks ,p>k4 ,^! rocks are intricately fold$ & fault$1 b n metamorphos$4 ,!y include s&/ones1 %ale1 conglom]ates1 & fossil-be>+ lime/ones4 ,! nor!rn end ( ! range is =m$ ( ,precambrian igne\s & metamorphic rocks4 ,j we/ ( ,la ,veta ,pass1 ,si]ra ,blanca /&s z an outpo/ ( ! range :]e its cont9uity is int]rupt$ & its /ructure *ang$4 ,huge blocks ( ,precambrian granite 7 "h pu%$ upw>d & ?ru/ we/w>d to =m a clu/] ( peaks1 sev]al ( :i* are ov] #ad1jjj feet 9 elevation4 ,_m prom95t rock glaci]s are pres5t 9 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s4 ,!y are compos$ ( fragm5ts ( rock1 lubricat$ by sn[ & ice1 creep+ almo/ imp]ceptibly d[n ! /eep flanks ( ! high peaks4 ,"o ( ^! rock glaci]s c be se5 on ! slope ( ,mt4 ,me/as ea/ ( ,la ,veta ,pass2 o!rs are visible f ,great ,s& ,dunes ,national ,monum5t4 ,s\? ( ,la ,veta ,pass1 an igne\s intrusion along ! axis ( ! range *anges ! "* ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/os4 ,?is intrusion is h>d] & has wea!r$ m sl[ly ?an ! re/ ( ! range1 & =ms a gr\p ( prom95t peaks kn[n z ! ,culebra ,range4 ,on ! we/ flank ( ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range1 ea/ ( ,villa ,grove1 a prom95t iron-m9]aliz$ area c be se54 ,"h ! gho/ m9e ( ,ori5t m>ks ! site :]e iron ores 7 m9$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,colorado ,fuel & ,iron ,company4 ,ne>by1 an abrupt t]race along ! edge ( ! valley m>ks ! position ( a fault4 ,rec5t gravels are involv$ 9 ?is fault1 indicat+ t movem5t has tak5 place "h )9 ! la/ few hundr$ ye>s4 ,a numb] ( hot spr+s occur along ! base ( ! m\nta9s ne>by4 ,! ,spani% ,peaks1 n /ructurally relat$ to ! ,sangre de ,cri/os1 are visible f ,la ,veta ,pass highway4 ,^! two peaks repres5t a pair ( ,c5ozoic volcanoes1 n[ deeply erod$ & mu* r$uc$ f _! =m] height4 ,num]\s dikes radiat+ f ! bases ( ^! peaks repres5t fissures :i* 7 fill$ ) lava z ! peaks =m$4 ,! ,great ,s& ,dunes1 close to ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s nor? ( ,si]ra ,blanca1 are discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii 9 ! section on ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,spani% ,peaks1 s\? ( ,colorado ,spr+s & s\?we/ ( ,wals5burg1 are tw9 m\nta9s ( volcanic & intrusive rock1 ! roots ( ,t]ti>y volcanoes greatly worn d[n & re%ap$ by erosion4 ,?is view looks s\!a/ f ne> ,la ,veta ,pass1 on ,u4,s4 ,highway #afj4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,p>k ,range & ,rabbit ,e>s ,range ,bord]+ ! we/]n side ( ,nor?1 ,middle1 & ,s\? ,p>ks1 ano!r long nor?-s\? tr5d+ ridge ext5ds f ! ,wyom+ bord] t[>d ! c5t] ( ,colorado4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ?is ridge1 =m+ ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ma9 m\nta9 mass 9 ! /ate1 is call$ ! ,p>k ,range4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,p>k ,range is simil> to t ( ! ,front ,range3 a huge l9e> corrugation 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 b\nd$ by faults4 ,because ?is area has few] resi/ant s$im5t>y rock lay]s above ! ,precambrian basem5t rocks1 x is n prom95tly edg$ ) upturn$ s$im5t>y lay]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,hahn's ,peak1 a highly erod$ laccoli? ( rhyolite porphyry1 lies on ! we/ side ( ! ,p>k ,range1 along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,plateau ,prov9ce4 ,plac] gold 0 discov]$ "h 9 #ahfe1 b ! b$rock s\rce ( ! gold 0 nev] f\nd4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,a geologic section %[s ! /ructure ( ! area4 ,,t]ti>y ,,r$ ,,b$s ,,jurassic ,,dakota ,,mancos ,,dakota ,hahn's ,peak ,,porphyry ,,mancos ,,dakota ,,porphyry ,,jurassic ,,r$ ,,b$s ,,re-,,cambrian ,illu/ration3 ,hahn's ,peak ,! range is cross$ by ,rabbit ,e>s ,pass 9 ! nor?2 ,gore ,pass ne> ,kremml+ m>ks its s\!rn end4 ,mt4 ,zirkel 7#ab1ahj feet7 & ,flattop ,m\nta9 7#ab1aah feet7 are ! two high po9ts ( ! range2 ^! & a numb] ( unnam$ peaks ov] #aa1jjj feet high are upw>d-fault$ blocks ( ,precambrian granite4 ,a r\gh ridge ( volcanic c\ntry jo9s ! ,p>k ,range ) ! ,front ,range & effectively sep>ates ,nor? ,p>k & ,middle ,p>k4 ,?is is ! ,rabbit ,e>s ,range1 nam$ = a d\ble-e>$ knob ( ,precambrian granite ne> ,rabbit ,e>s ,pass on ,u4 ,s4 highway #dj4 ,_m ,t]ti>y volcanic features1 includ+ dikes & lava fl[s1 c be se5 along ?is ridge1 :i* is also trav]s$ by ,colorado /ate highway #abe betwe5 ,granby & ,wald5 via ,will[ ,creek ,pass4 ,gore ,range ,! ,gore ,range lies s\? ( ,gore ,pass1 along ! ,p>k ,range tr5d4 ,! ridge ( ?is range is l[ = ab\t #ae miles s\? ( ,kremml+1 b ! s\!rn "p ( ! range =ms a spectacul> high clu/] ( peaks ) _m relatively inaccessible & rugg$ summits4 ,_m ( ! peaks 9 ?is remote c\ntry are z yet unnam$2 ! area has be5 set aside z ! ,gore ,range-,eagle's ,ne/ ,wild]ness ,area4 ,! ,colorado ,riv] cuts directly across ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,gore ,range j we/ ( ,kremml+1 9 a /eep-wall$ canyon t is "o ( ! wild sc5ic spots ( ,colorado4 ,illu/ration3 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! ,gore ,range1 view$ f ! ea/1 %[s ,precambrian granite & metamorphic rocks ris+ above ,cretace\s %ale hills4 ,! ne>ly horizontal cre/ ( ! range probably repres5ts ! ,precambrian erosion surface4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,! ,gore ,range is1 l ! ,front ,range1 a fault$ anticl9e ) ,precambrian rocks at its core4 ,! r$ s$im5t>y rocks on ! we/ flank ( ! range1 visible at ,vail ,pass & ,vail ski area1 are ( ! same age z ^? 9 ,r$ ,rocks ,p>k ne> ,d5v] & ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods ne> ,colorado ,spr+s4 ,paleozoic rocks are abs5t on ! ea/ flank ( ! range1 hav+ be5 erod$ f t area be=e ,mesozoic deposition4 ,s\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv] & nor? ( ! ,wild]ness ,area1 ,mesozoic rocks ext5d ov] ! cre/ ( ! range4 ,! s\? end ( ! ,gore ,range is m>k$ by ,t5mile ,gorge 7,u4 ,s4 highway #f betwe5 ,frisco & ,vail ,pass74 ,?is gorge is a glacial valley1 c>v$ dur+ ! ,ice ,age by a glaci] m ?an #a1jjj feet ?ick1 along a weak fault$ zone 9 ! range4 ,a fault surface c be se5 on ! ea/ side ( ! valley4 ,f ,vail ,pass1 or f ! top ( ! ,vail ski lift1 o!r evid5ces ( glaciation c be se5--cirques & ,u-%ap$ valleys--te/ify+ to ! =m] pres5ce "h ( _m l>ge valley glaci]s4 ,t5mile & ,mosquito ,ranges ,) sc>cely a break1 ! ,p>k ,range-,gore ,range /ructure cont9ues s\?w>d into ! ,t5mile & ,mosquito ,ranges4 ,^! high ridges sep>ate ,s\? ,p>k f ! upp] ,arkansas ,valley1 & include a clu/] ( v high peaks1 ,qu&>y1 ,mt4 ,l9coln1 ,mt4 ,democrat1 & ,mt4 ,bross1 all ov] #ad1jjj feet 9 elevation4 ,/ructurally1 bo? ! ,t5mile ,range & ! ,mosquito ,range are highly asymmetrical anticl9es1 g5tle on ! ea/ & /eeply fault$ on ! we/4 ,paleozoic s$im5t>y rock lay]s conta9+ _m fossils cov] l>ge portions ( ! high] p>ts ( ^! ranges1 b two ( ! highe/ peaks1 ,mt4 ,bross & ,mt4 ,l9coln1 are capp$ by ! ,l9coln ,porphyry1 a ,t]ti>y intrusive1 :ile ,qu&>y ,peak is ,precambrian granite4 ,^! m\nta9s are highly m9]aliz$1 & h be5 ext5sively explor$ & m9$4 ,! ,climax ,molybd5um ,corporation op]ates an especially l>ge m9e at ,climax1 & ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,company has a l>ge und]gr\nd m9e & mill at ,gilman1 on ! we/]n slopes ( ,t5mile ,range4 ,buffalo ,peaks1 two highly erod$ volcanic m\nta9s ne> ! s\? end ( ,mosquito ,range1 are extrusions ( lava & a% :i* h buri$ ! axis ( ! ,mosquito uplift4 ,!y are major volcanoes relat$ to a gr\p ( small volcanic cones ne> ,ant]o ,junction1 9 ,s\? ,p>k4 ,s\? ( ,buffalo ,peaks1 ne> ,tr\t ,creek ,pass1 ! ,mosquito ,range loses altitude rapidly & m]ges ) ! r\gh c\ntry call$ ! ,arkansas ,hills4 ,c9d] cones1 dikes1 & o!r evid5ces ( ,t]ti>y volcanic activity c be se5 betwe5 ,tr\t ,creek ,pass & ,salida4 ,sawat* ,range ,bord]+ ! ,arkansas ,riv] valley on ! we/1 ! ,sawat* ,range includes ,colorado's highe/ m\nta91 ,mt4 ,elb]t 7#ad1dag feet74 ,) sev]al o!r #ad1jjj-;foot summits1 ?is range is ! highe/ 9 ! /ate4 ,"o gr\p ( peaks1 kn[n z ! ,collegiate ,range 7,mts4 ,h>v>d1 ,yale1 ,columbia1 & ,pr9ceton7 =ms a p>ticul>ly impos+ vi/a f ,u4 ,s4 highway #bd betwe5 ,tr\t ,creek ,pass & ,bu5a ,vi/a4 ,! ,indep5d5ce ,pass highway 7,colorado #hb7 betwe5 ,leadville & ,asp5 p5etrates ! he>t ( ! ,sawat* high c\ntry4 ,! ,sawat* ,range z a :ole is ab\t #ajj miles long 7nor? to s\?7 & #dj miles wide4 ,x is a great fault$ anticl9e intrud$ by igne\s rocks4 ,! high area nor? ( ,leadville %[s t ! ,sawat* & ,mosquito ,ranges are 9 reality "o huge dome ) a slight sag 9 ! middle4 ,! ranges1 ?\gh1 are %>ply sep>at$ topographically by ! deep valley ( ! ,arkansas ,riv]4 ,precambrian rocks are ne> ! surface betwe5 ! ranges1 hidd5 only by a ?9 cov] ( /ream gravels4 ,ne> ,leadville1 "s complexly fault$ ,paleozoic lime/ones lie 9 ! sag betwe5 ! ranges4 ,at ,mt4 ,pr9ceton ,hot ,spr+s !re is evid5ce ( repeat$ fault+ & igne\s activity4 ,! rocks are /rongly alt]$ by hot wat] com+ to ! surface ?r\gh fissures & cracks4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! ,sawat* range1 ! old m9+ t[ns ( ,t9cup & ,asp5 grew up :]e lime/one & s&/one lay]s1 brok5 & crumpl$ z ! ,sawat* ,range rose1 7 m9]aliz$ by solutions ri* 9 gold & silv]4 ,! ,asp5 ,m9+ ,di/rict 0 /udi$ ext5sively by geologi/s ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 & _! maps %[ almo/ unbelievable complexity 9 ! fault+ ( ! rock lay]s :i* exi/ !re4 ,! nor? end ( ! ,sawat* ,range plunges "u %ales & s&/ones along ! ,eagle ,riv] ea/ ( ,wolcott4 ,gypsum 9 ! s$im5ts "h has act$ l putty3 ! lay]s ( rock 9 :i* x 0 deposit$ h become peculi>ly crumpl$1 mak+ ! area along ! ,eagle ,riv] 7visible f ,u4 ,s4 ,int]/ate #gj7 betwe5 ,avon & ,edw>ds hummocky & irregul>4 ,vegetation is unusually sp>se "h because ( gypsum 9 ! soil4 ,ab\t midway betwe5 ,edw>ds & ,wolcott1 ! ,eagle ,riv] sudd5ly *anges direction & fl[s nor?w>d = ab\t a mile be=e resum+ its =m] we/w>d c\rse4 ,?is sudd5 *ange is caus$ by a %>p nor?-s\? fold 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks on ! nor?we/]n flank ( ! ,sawat* ,range4 ,a magnific5t s]ies ( roadcut & hillside exposures along ! highway "h illu/rates ! close relation betwe5 rock lay]s & riv] c\rse4 ,)9 ab\t a mile1 ! highway cuts ?r\gh rocks ( ,p5nsylanian1 ,p]mian1 ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,cretace\s age1 spann+ a geologic "t int]val ( m ?an #bjj million ye>s4 ,! s\? end ( ! ,sawat* ,range1 at ,mon>* ,pass1 conta9s /eeply dipp+ ,late ,paleozoic lime/ones & coal b$s4 ,! coal has be5 m9$ on a small scale2 ! lime/one is n[ qu>ri$ = use z a flux 9 iron smelt]s at ,pueblo4 ,illu/ration3 ,! area bel[ ! ,asp5 ,m\nta9 ski lift is highly complex geologically4 ,x is p>ticul>ly well kn[n because ( ext5sive prospect+ & m9+ activity 9 ! region4 ,elk ,m\nta9s & ,we/ ,elk ,m\nta9s ,! ,elk ,m\nta9s & ,we/ ,elk ,m\nta9s appe> to be we/w>d cont9uations ( ! ,sawat* ,range4 ,/ructurally1 h[ev]1 !y are n fault$ anticl9es l mo/ ( ! o!r ranges 9 ,colorado1 b are compos$ ( a s]ies ( lay]s ( ,paleozoic s$im5ts ?ru/ we/w>d ov] "o ano!r4 ,^! rocks1 (t5 crumpl$ & highly metamorphos$1 are cut by num]\s sills1 dikes1 & o!r intrusions1 _m ( :i* h caus$ m9]al enri*m5t locally4 ,at ,m>oon ,bells1 9 ! canyon ( ,m>oon ,creek1 & at ,r$/one on ! ,cry/al ,riv]1 ^! metamorphos$ s$im5ts are well expos$4 ,"h1 r$ s&/ones & %ales h be5 alt]$ to qu>tzites & slate4 ,at ,m>ble1 metamorphism ( a ?ick lime/one b$ has produc$ :ite m>ble ( great beauty1 kn[n z ,yule ,m>ble4 ,?is decorative /one 0 qu>ri$ ext5sively until ab\t #aidj4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! ,l9coln ,memorial & sev]al o!r monum5tal /ructures2 9 ! t[n ( ,m>ble x has be5 us$ = ! door/eps ( log cab9s6 ,! l>ge/ block qu>ri$1 = ! ,tomb ( ! ,unkn[n ,soldi] 9 ,arl+ton ,national ,cemet]y1 measur$ #ad by #g4d by #f feet 9 ! r\gh1 & weigh$ #ef tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,mt4 ,sopris1 s\? ( ,gl5wood ,spr+s1 is an igne\s intrusion4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,cre/$ ,butte1 at ! s\? end ( ! ,elk ,m\nta9s1 is a small intrusive igne\s mass call$ a laccoli?4 ,h>d & resi/ant to erosion1 x /&s ov] #b1jjj feet above ! adjac5t valley floor4 ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s ,! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s are ! mo/ ext5sive range 9 ,colorado1 & also ! mo/ het]og5e\s4 ,cov]+ m ?an #aj1jjj squ>e miles ( ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 ^! m\nta9s are =m$ mo/ly ( ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks1 ! result ( repeat$ outp\r+s ( lava & a% f a clu/] ( volcanoes4 ,wat]-laid gravels compos$ ( volcanic s& & pebbles are int]lay]$ ) basalts & a% b$s2 ! total ?ickness ( ^! b$s rea*es _m ?\s&s ( feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,! m9+ t[n ( ,ouray1 n[ also a t\ri/ hav5 & summ] resort1 ne/les bel[ ,p5nsylvanian s$im5t>y rocks ( ,ouray ,canyon4 ,at ! nor? end at t[n c be se5 ! ,ouray ,hot ,spr+s swimm+ pool4 ,gold1 silv]1 lead1 & z9c are /ill m9$ 9 ?is area4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,! widespread volcanic activity :i* =m$ mo/ ( ! range began 9 mid-,t]ti>y "t & cont9u$ = sev]al million ye>s4 ,a few ,quat]n>y volcanic fl[s are kn[n 9 ! region1 b !re is no active volcanism !re at pres5t4 ,! we/]n side ( ! ma9 range1 includ+ "s ( ! highe/ peaks1 consi/s prim>ily ( uplift$ & fault$ ,paleozoic s$im5t>y lay]s4 ,^! lay]s1 highly dissect$ by erosion1 c be se5 ne> ,ouray1 at ,molas ,lake1 & at ,durango4 ,l>ge pat*es ( ,precambrian granite & metamorphic rocks protrude ?r\gh ! s$im5ts1 z 9 ! ,ne$le ,m\nta9s2 !y indicate t ?is "p ( ! range is a fault$ anticl9e l _m o!r ,colorado ranges4 ,e>ly ,c5ozoic glacial deposits occur 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,san ,juans4 ,^! are unusual features1 z glaciation ( ?is age is unkn[n else:]e 9 ,colorado4 ,?ree small ranges rise j we/ ( ! ,san ,juans3 ! ,san ,miguel1 ,rico1 & ,la ,plata ,m\nta9s4 ,ea* consi/s ( sev]al small masses ( ,t]ti>y igne\s rock intrud$ into ,paleozoic conglom]ates1 %ales1 & lime/ones4 ,m9]alization has be5 int5se 9 ! ,san ,juans2 mo/ ( x took place dur+ ! ,late ,t]ti>y volcanic p]iod4 ,ri* ve9s p5etrate ,precambrian gneiss & granite1 & ,paleozoic lime/ones are (t5 enri*$ also4 ,sev]al m9es are /ill active ne> ,ouray1 ,silv]ton1 ,telluride1 & ,rico4 ,u9ta ,m\nta9s ,! ea/]n end ( ,utah's ,u9ta ,m\nta9s ext5ds into ,colorado4 ,unlike o!r ranges 9 ,colorado1 ^! m\nta9s tr5d ea/-we/4 ,/ructurally1 ! range is a fault$ anticl9e4 ,x is q asymmetrical1 h[ev]1 & is tilt$ & fold$ upw>d on ! s\?1 & ov]turn$ or ?ru/-fault$ on ! nor?4 ,/eeply dipp+ ,mesozoic & ,paleozoic s$im5ts on ! s\? side ( ! range1 sp>sely vegetat$ & (t5 ?r[n into spectacul> folds1 are a prom95t feature ( nor?we/ ,colorado sc5]y4 ,9 ,colorado ! cre/ ( ! ,u9tas rea*es an elevation ( ab\t #h1ejj feet4 ,x consi/s ( ,precambrian rocks1 b ^! are n ! igne\s & metamorphic rocks t *>act]ize ! ,precambrian core ( o!r ,colorado m\nta9s4 ,!y are easily recogniz$ z s$im5ts--d>k r$ conglom]ates1 s&/ones1 & mud/ones--virtually unmetamorphos$ ?\gh !y 7 deposit$ ne>ly a billion ye>s ago4 ,call$ ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9 ,=mation1 ^! rocks are f\nd only 9 ?is "p ( ,colorado & adjac5t areas ( ,utah4 ,!y are probably relat$ to simil> ,precambrian rocks f\nd 9 ,montana & ,canada4 ,at ! ea/ end ( ! ,u9tas two isolat$ uplifts1 ,cross ,m\nta9 & ,junip] ,m\nta91 are fault$ blocks ( ,paleozoic rocks /&+ l isl&s 9 a sea ( ,c5ozoic valley fill4 ,!y are ! la/ outpo/s ( ! ,u9ta anticl9al patt]n z x wanes t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 a ,u9ta ,m\nta9 t\ri/ attraction1 encompasses a va/ area ( wild]ness on bo? sides ( ! ,yampa ,riv] 9 ,colorado4 ,"h _m ( ! features ( ! ea/ end ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9 /ructure c be se54 ,a unique display ( ! _w's l>ge/ fossils c be visit$ 9 ! ,utah portion ( ! ,monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,at _! conflu5ce 9 ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 ! ,yampa & ,gre5 ,riv]s h c>v$ ,late ,paleozoic s&/one into ! precipit\s cliffs ( ,/eamboat ,rock4 7,william ,c4 ,bradley photo7 ,,! ,,plateaus ,! we/]n qu>t] ( ,colorado is a region ( flat-ly+ ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic s$im5t>y rocks :i* h n be5 b5t up into m\nta9s except 9 a few isolat$ in/ances4 ,?is area lies m ?an a mile above sea level1 h[ev]1 & because ( ! gradi5t su* an elevation af=ds1 x is deeply sculptur$4 ,! ,colorado ,riv] & its tribut>ies h slic$ into ! plateau surface1 sep>at+ x into _m isolat$ tablel&s or mesas4 ,"s are capp$ ) s$im5t>y rock1 o!rs ) ,t]ti>y basalt4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,gr& ,hogback is a good example ( ! type ( geologic /ructure kn[n z a monocl9e4 ,! hogback ridge is =m$ by diff]5tial erosion1 :]e s(t lay]s we> away m easily ?an h>d lay]s4 ,simple folds & faults h giv5 ! mesas diff]5t elevations4 ,?us ! av]age elevation ( ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau is #aa1jjj feet1 t ( ! ,roan ,plateau #i1ejj feet1 & t ( ,mesa ,v]de only #g1jjj feet4 ,we/ ( ,durango ! plateaus dip g5tly s\?w>d1 z c be se5 at ,mesa ,v]de4 ,igne\s intrusions & extrusions h alt]$ plateau topography 9 "s areas4 ,we/ ( ,mesa ,v]de1 = in/ance1 an intrusive /ock =ms a prom95t dome 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ute ,indian ,res]vation4 ,we/ ( ! nor!rn ,colorado m\nta9s1 & nor? & we/ ( ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau1 a roll+ upl& ext5ds f ,colorado into ,utah & ,wyom+4 ,x is int]rupt$ by ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s & a numb] ( small] relat$ uplifts su* z ,junip] ,m\nta9 & ,cross ,m\nta94 ,s\? ( ! ,u9ta axis ! area is kn[n z ! ,u9ta ,bas94 ,! nor!rn "p ( ?is area is /ructurally ! s\? edge ( ! ,gre5 ,riv] or ,wa%akie ,bas9 9 ,wyom+4 ,! ,rangely anticl9e1 9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,u9ta ,bas91 is "o ( ,colorado's ri*e/ oil fields2 x is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,al?\gh surfac$ ) mu* y\ng] s$im5ts ?an ! re/ ( ! ,plateau ,prov9ce1 ?is area is /ructurally simil>4 ,on ! :ole1 s$im5t>y lay]s are relatively flat-ly+1 & :]e !y are uplift$ !y are deeply sculptur$ by /reams & riv]s4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks 9 ?is region conta9 uranium & plac] gold 9 addition to great oil & gas deposits4 ,! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,u9ta ,bas91 usually call$ ! ,piceance ,bas91 is ! site ( a great deposit ( oil %ale 7see ,*apt] ,,iii74 ,! t]m 8bas90 may "h seem unusual to ! casual obs]v]1 = ! oil %ales occur on ! ,roan ,plateau at places well ov] #aj1jjj feet 9 elevation4 ,h[ev]1 ! entire region 0 bas9-l--l[] ?an ! surr\nd+ ranges--= _m millions ( ye>s1 & dur+ ,t]ti>y "t ?\s&s ( feet ( valley & lake deposits 7 laid d[n 9 x4 ,! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau1 nor? ( ,gl5wood ,spr+s1 is compos$ ( almo/ horizontal ,paleozoic s$im5t>y rocks t fold d[nw>d %>ply along its s\? & we/ edges4 ,! fold is #ace miles long & is cle>ly m>k$ by ! ,gr& ,hogback1 ! erod$ edge ( h>d ,cretace\s & e>ly ,c5ozoic rock lay]s4 ,%ale & coaly lay]s involv$ 9 ! same fold h erod$ m readily1 leav+ ! resi/ant s&/one z a prom95t ridge4 ,! ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 s\?we/ ( ,gr& ,junction1 is /ructurally v l ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau4 ,its features c be well obs]v$ 9 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 ,x has be5 elevat$ sev]al ?\s& feet m ?an ! ,book ,cliffs & ,gr& ,valley areas to ! nor?4 ,%>p fold+ & fault+ ne> ! ,colorado ,riv] at ! nor? b\nd>y ( ! ,national ,monum5t %[ t diff]5tial movem5t betwe5 ! two regions 0 %>p & localiz$4 ,a s]ies ( nor?we/-tr5d+ anticl9es along ! ,utah bord] 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado are ( special geologic int]e/4 ,!y repres5t peculi> /ructures 9 :i* salt & gypsum h play$ a major "p4 ,^! m9]als 7 deposit$ 9 ?ick lay]s late 9 ,paleozoic "t2 subsequ5tly !y 7 cov]$ by ?\s&s ( feet ( s&1 %ale1 & lime/one4 ,because ( _! l[ d5sity & high pla/icity !y h s9ce crept upw>d along weak spots 9 ! ov]ly+ s$im5ts1 (t5 contort+ ^! rocks z !y mov$4 ,break+ ?r\gh to ! surface1 ! salt & "s ( ! gypsum wa%$ away m rapidly ?an ! surr\nd+ rock1 leav+ long fault$ tr\ghs su* z ,gypsum ,valley & ,p>adox ,valley4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! /ructures ! gypsum c /ill be se51 al?\gh ! m soluble salt has erod$ away4 ,oil wells 9 ?is "p ( ,colorado & 9 adjac5t p>ts ( s\!a/ ,utah h p5etrat$ ?\s&s ( feet ( evaporites1 includ+ pure salt1 gypsum1 & potassium salts4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! arid climate ( ! ,colorado ,plateaus1 l$ges ( well-cem5t$ s&/one /& out %>ply f slopes ( %ale or mud/one4 ,! ,mesa ,v]de & ,mancos ,=mations1 ,cretace\s 9 age1 =m ! slopes & top ( ,mt4 ,g>field ne> ,gr& ,junction 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,! peculi> wea!r+ *>act]i/ics ( flat-ly+ s$im5t>y rocks 9 an arid climate are well demon/rat$ 9 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 ,mesa ,v]de ,national ,p>k1 & else:]e 9 ! ,plateau ,prov9ce4 ,^? =tunate en\gh to make a riv] trip ?r\gh ! ,yampa or ,gre5 ,riv] ,canyons 9 nor?we/]n ,colorado or on ! riv]s ( ea/]n ,utah & nor!rn ,arizona w h an unusually f9e opportunity to obs]ve close at h& ! wea!r+ & erosion 9 ?is area4 ,resi/ant s&/one & lime/one lay]s break into %e] cliffs1 (t5 _m hundr$s ( feet high1 :ile ! s(t] lay]s ( mud/one & %ale =m g5tle slopes & t]races4 ,va/ ar*+ caves (t5 develop :]e resi/ant lay]s are und]m9$--caves sometimes conta9+ anci5t ,indian dwell+s4 ,,ii ,geologic ,hi/ory ( ,colorado ,a/ronomical & geologic evid5ce indicates t ! e>? 0 probably =m$ z an imm5se blob ( molt5 rock1 held toge!r & %ap$ into sph]ical =m by its own gravity4 ,x may ev5 h be5 gase\s at fir/1 cool+ gradually to a molt5 /ate4 ,aft] hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s x became cool en\gh to beg9 to h>d54 ,z ! surface cool$1 a cru/ =m$1 & lay l a blanket ov] ! liquid mass b5ea?4 ,convection curr5ts--l>ge-scale boil+ movem5ts--/irr$ ! molt5 int]ior1 ?ru/ portions ( ! cru/ upw>d1 & suck$ o!r portions d[nw>d to be remelt$4 ,"s ( ! light] compon5ts1 su* z comp\nds ( silicon & oxyg5 & hydrog51 accumulat$ on ! surface l fro? on a kettle3 ! cont95ts 7 born4 ,) fur!r cool+ ! atmosph]e & oceans came into be+4 ,some?+ c be told ( ! age ( ! cont95ts4 ,measurem5ts ( radioactivity 9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks expos$ at ! surface today indicate t ! olde/ kn[n cont95tal rock is betwe5 ?ree & f\r billion ye>s old4 ,s9ce ! cont95ts 7 =m$1 !y h be5 b5t & %ift$ & brok5 by ! pressures ex]t$ aga9/ !m by convection 9 ! int]ior4 ,p>ts ( ! cont95ts at times h be5 subm]g$ bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 ev5 z !y are today4 ,o!r portions1 lift$ above sea level1 7 imm$iately attack$ by ! we>+-d[n processes ( erosion4 ,! battle betwe5 m\nta9-build+ =ces & erosion has be5 a cont9u\s "o ev] s9ce ! cru/ 0 =m$4 ,ev5 n[ e>?quakes give te/imony to cont9u$ cru/al movem5t1 /orms /ill sweep across ! cont95ts & wa% mud & fro/-loos5$ rocks into *urn+ torr5ts1 riv]s /ill deposit great floodpla9s & deltas1 s$im5ts accumulate sl[ly b p]si/5tly ^u ! bottoms ( ! seas4 ,,precambrian ,,era ,only "p ( ! e>?'s v e>ly hi/ory is repres5t$ 9 ,colorado1 :]e ! olde/ kn[n rocks are ! gneisses & s*i/s ( ! ,idaho ,spr+s ,=mation1 at lea/ #a1hjj1jjj1jjj ye>s old4 ,^! rocks appe> to be ! rema9s ( anci5t s$im5ts1 fold$ & metamorphos$ into va/ m\nta9 areas long be=e recognizable life inhabit$ ! e>?4 ,precambrian rocks 9 ,colorado are on ! :ole v poorly kn[n4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 be5 /udi$ 9 detail 9 ! ,front ,range we/ ( ,d5v] & ,b\ld]1 :]e !y h be5 int5sively explor$ = valuable m9]als4 ,! lack ( fossils 9 ! olde/ rocks makes _! close correlation difficult1 b f /udies ( radioactive m9]als conta9$ 9 ^! rocks1 & ( ! relation%ips ( ! rock units !mselves1 we c li/ !m 9 ord] ( _! relative ages4 ,note t ! rock sequ5ce giv5 bel[ reads *ronologically f bottom to top--a logical patt]n 9 geology s9ce y\ng] rocks1 especially ^? ( s$im5t>y orig91 normally lie above old] ones4 ,rec5t /udies indicate t ! sequ5ce may be mu* m complex ?an %[n "h4 7y\nge/7 ,silv] ,plume ,granite3 light p9ki% gray1 f9e-gra9$ granite4 ,pikes ,peak ,granite3 p9k1 co>se-gra9$ granite4 ,b\ld] ,creek ,granite3 d>k gray1 fa9tly b&$ granodiorite4 ,coal ,creek ,qu>tzite3 light gray qu>tzite ) gra9s rang+ 9 size f f9e s& to b\ld]s1 ) "s int]b$d$ s*i/4 ,sw&yke ,hornbl5de ,gneiss3 d>k gray to black1 /rongly b&$ gneiss4 7olde/7 ,idaho ,spr+s ,=mation3 gray to black s*i/ & gneiss4 ,f a sequ5ce su* z ?is1 x is possible to recon/ruct "s features ( ,colorado's e>ly hi/ory4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( :i* we h a record is ! deposition ( ! ,idaho ,spr+s ,=mation1 probably z an accumulation ( mud1 s&1 & limy mud 9 an anci5t sea4 ,sw&yke deposition foll[$--! s$im5ts 7 iron-ri*1 p]haps d]iv$ f anci5t volcanic mat]ials4 ,! orig9al ,coal ,creek s$im5ts 7 s&s & gravels1 "s ( !m q co>se & !re=e indicative ( ne>-%ore deposition4 ,! s*i/ lay]s sugge/ t muds mu/ h be5 deposit$ also4 ,illu/ration3 ,s\? ( ,ouray1 ,cambrian s&/ones ( ! ,sawat* ,=mation lie almo/ horizontally across ! v]tical ,precambrian metamorphic rocks4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,toge!r ^! ?ree =mations repres5t "s #dj1jjj feet ( s$im5t>y lay]s4 ,deposition ( su* a great ?ickness ( mud1 s&1 & lime mu/ h tak5 a v long p]iod ( "t4 ,details ( ! geography ( ! cont95t dur+ t p]iod h ( c\rse be5 obscur$ by lat] ev5ts1 :5 ^! rocks 7 subject$ to repeat$ uplift1 crumpl+1 fold+1 v>i\s degrees ( remelt+ & recry/allization1 & erosion4 ,b ! anci5t s$im5ts mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f ev5 m anci5t highl&s1 ei!r fold$ & fault$ m\nta9s or volcanoes1 & probably 7 deposit$ "u wat] 9 broad expanses ( sea t cov]$ portions ( ! cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,geologic map ( ,colorado4 ,geologic maps %[ ! age ( rocks appe>+ at ! surface1 disreg>d+ soil cov]4 ,a m detail$ geologic map ( ,colorado may be obta9$ f ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey at ! ,f$]al ,c5t] 9 ,d5v]4 ,,precambrian ,,paleozoic ,,mesozoic ,,c5ozoic ,,s$im5ts ,,c5ozoic ,,volcanics ,yampa ,riv] ,:ite ,riv] ,=t ,coll9s ,s\? ,platte ,riv] ,gl5wood ,spr+s ,d5v] ,colorado ,riv] ,gr& ,junction ,asp5 ,gunnison ,riv] ,colorado ,spr+s ,gunnison ,salida ,dolores ,riv] ,rio ,gr&e ,arkansas ,riv] ,la ,junta ,wals5burg ,alamosa ,durango ,! ,b\ld] ,creek1 ,pikes ,peak1 & ,silv] ,plume ,granites cut ?r\gh ! metamorphic rocks1 & are !re=e y\ng]4 ,!y repres5t pulses ( molt5 rock =c$ upw>d f deep )9 ! cru/1 probably dur+ ?ree sep>ate episodes ( m\nta9 build+4 ,z ea* set ( m\nta9s 0 =m$1 x 0 worn d[n1 p]haps to l[ roll+ hills1 p]haps to flat pla9s almo/ at sea level1 & p>tially or entirely cov]$ ) ?ick lay]s ( s$im5t4 ,ea* "t1 ano!r m\nta9 build+ episode foll[$1 ) new intrusions ( granite & new metamorphism ( ! pre-exi/+ rocks4 ,ea* succe$+ p]iod ( metamorphism & m\nta9 build+ fur!r *ang$ ! nature ( ! rocks involv$1 complicat+ ! patt]ns ( fold+ & fault+1 add+ recry/allization to recry/allization1 until ! olde/ ( ! rocks bore little trace ( _! orig9al s$im5t>y nature4 ,9 g5]al1 ! rocks t are olde/ 7 mo/ alt]$ by ! repeat$ metamorphism1 :ile ! y\ng] rocks 7 less alt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,riv] is "o ( ! /ate's deep & spectacul> *asms4 ,canyon walls are ( ,precambrian gneiss intrud$ by _m dikes & highly fractur$ by lat] uplifts4 ,! flat upp] surface ( ! ,precambrian rocks repres5ts an anci5t pla9 on :i*1 dur+ ,jurassic "t1 ! d9osaur-be>+ ,morrison ,=mation 0 deposit$4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,! ,precambrian ,era end$ ) a long p]iod ( erosion1 a p]iod kn[n to geologi/s z ! ,lipalian ,int]val4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ov] almo/ ! entire _w !re 0 no m\nta9 build+4 ,! l& lay sleep+1 subject only to ! =ces ( erosion4 ,! la/ m\nta9s 7 flatt5$ ne>ly to sea level4 ,sl[1 sluggi% /reams & riv]s c>ri$ s& & mud t[>d ! oceans--oceans 9 :i* p]haps primitive1 s(t-bodi$ organisms1 ) no h>d p>ts to be pres]v$ z fossils1 7 beg9n+ to evolve4 ,on ! cont95ts1 ! "t ( int5se metamorphism 0 ov]2 mo/ rocks ( lat] eras are pres]v$ today 9 pretty mu* _! orig9al /ate4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,precambrian & lat] rocks is normally well def9$4 ,x is visible at _m places 9 ,colorado3 9 ,williams ,canyon ne> ,colorado ,spr+s1 9 ,gl5wood ,canyon1 ne> ,r$ ,rocks we/ ( ,d5v]1 j we/ ( ,la ,veta ,pass1 at ! top ( ,royal ,gorge & ! ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison4 ,at mo/ ( ^! localities x is a smoo?ly bevel$ surface1 ) highly contort$ ,precambrian rocks bel[ x & flat-ly+ ,paleozoic s$im5ts above x4 ,ne> ,r$ ,rocks & ,la ,veta ,pass1 ! same relation%ip prevails1 b ! entire contact1 & ! rocks above & bel[ x1 h be5 /eeply tilt$ by ! uplift ( ! pres5t m\nta9s4 ,9 portions ( we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 deposition late 9 ,precambrian "t has left a s]ies ( flat-ly+ rocks betwe5 ! contort$ ,precambrian & lat] ,paleozoic s$im5ts4 ,^! rocks c be se5 9 nor?we/]n ,colorado1 :]e !y =m ! d>k r$ s$im5t>y core ( ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,,paleozoic ,,era ,geologi/s h divid$ ! second great era ( geologic "t into units call$ ,p]iods4 ,! rocks deposit$ dur+ a ,p]iod are call$ ,sy/ems1 b m (t5 ?an n x is conv5i5t to discuss !m 9 t]ms ( easily recogniz$ units ( rock1 call$ ,=mations4 ,=mations are nam$ aft] areas 9 :i* !y are well expos$4 ,! /ratigraphic column giv5 9 ,*apt] ,i %[s ! ,p]iods & ,sy/ems 9 _! correct ord]1 & gives ! age 9 ye>s = ea*1 z det]m9$ by radioactivity me?ods4 ,z y read1 ref] z (t5 z necess>y to ?is column4 ,! geologic map on page #ce w help y locate areas :]e ! rocks discuss$ 9 ! text are expos$1 & w greatly facilitate y\r und]/&+ ( ! geology ( ! /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cambrian ,sawat* ,s&/one lies almo/ horizontally on ,precambrian granite 9 ,gl5wood ,canyon4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is ! ,colorado ,riv]4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,cambrian ,p]iod 7#ejj-egj million ye>s ago7 ,! fir/ fossilif]\s rocks 9 ,colorado 7 deposit$ dur+ ! ,cambrian ,p]iod1 at a "t :5 ov] mu* ( ! _w ! seas 7 creep+ 9 across wide1 level pla9s =m$ dur+ ! ,lipalian ,int]val4 ,colorado 0 n cov]$ by ^! seas until q late 9 ! ,cambrian ,p]iod4 ,bea* deposits progressively y\ng] 9 age sugge/ t ! sea invad$ f ! we/1 & spread sl[ly ea/w>d1 inundat+ mo/ ( ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate b n ! extreme nor? or s\?4 ,! bea* deposits1 n[ call$ ! ,sawat* ,s&/one because !y are well expos$ 9 ! ,sawat* ,range1 are compos$ mo/ly ( f9e qu>tz s&4 ,!y are color$ ) glauconite1 a gre5 m9]al1 & hematite1 a d>k r$ m9]al1 s t ! rock has a v>iegat$ appe>ance4 ,! po/ (fice at ,manit\ is built ( ?is r$ & gre5 rock1 & good exposures ( x exi/ 9 ,williams ,canyon ne> ,manit\1 along ,u4 ,s4 ,highway #bd nor?we/ ( ,manit\1 ne> ,r$ ,cliff & ,m9turn1 & 9 ,gl5wood ,canyon4 ,! sea :i* crept ov] ,colorado at ?is "t conta9$ small conical-%ell$ mollusks1 bra*iopods1 & trilobites4 ,_! %ells c occasionally be f\nd 9 ,cambrian rocks 9 ,williams ,canyon & 9 ! ,sawat* & ,mosquito ,ranges4 ,at two localities unusual fossils call$ graptolites h be5 f\nd 9 ?9 ,upp] ,cambrian %ales ov]ly+ ! ,sawat* ,s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! fossils c occasionally be f\nd 9 ,cambrian rocks 9 c5tral ,colorado4 ,ordovician ,p]iod 7#ddj-ejj million ye>s ago7 ,! sea deep5$ & wid5$ z ! ,ordovician ,p]iod began1 & a s]ies ( lime/ones & dolomites 0 deposit$1 ei!r on top ( ! ,sawat* ,s&/one or1 :]e ! ,sawat* _h n be5 deposit$1 directly on ! ,precambrian4 ,^! rocks are n[ call$ ! ,manit\ ,=mation4 ,! fossils 9 ^! rocks are mu* m v>i$ ?an ^? 9 ! ,sawat* ,s&/one3 snails1 e*9od]ms1 sponges1 cephalopods1 bra*iopods1 & trilobites are common4 ,! ,ordovician sea mu/ h teem$ ) life1 z _m rocks deposit$ at ?is "t are m ?an half compos$ ( animal rema9s4 ,9 addition to h>d-%ell$ animals :i* =m$ fossils1 !re 7 probably abundant s(t-bodi$ animals su* z jellyfi% & worms1 :i* left no record ( _! pres5ce4 ,aft] deposition ( ! ,manit\ ,=mation1 ! seas rec$$ slightly4 ,a new s]ies ( s&s 0 deposit$ above ! ,manit\ 9 c5tral ,colorado4 ,^! n[ =m ! ,h>d+ ,s&/one1 a =mation ( unusual int]e/ because x conta9s rema9s ( ! e>?'s e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrates1 primitive jawless fi% call$ ,agna?ids4 ,9 places 9 ! ,h>d+ ,s&/one !re are d5se accumulations ( ! t9y polygonal armor plates f ^! fi%4 ,al?\gh no :ole fi% h be5 f\nd1 we c recon/ruct _! appe>ance by comp>+ individual plates or gr\ps ( plates ) lat]1 bett] kn[n relatives4 ,also pres5t 9 great quantities 9 ! ,h>d+ ,s&/one are conodonts1 peculi> t9y br[n too?-l fossils4 ,relation%ips ( ! conodonts are unkn[n2 !y may be p>ts ( ! ,agna?ids1 or p]haps !y repres5t "s entirely diff]5t gr\p ( animals1 ) no liv+ relatives4 ,aft] deposition ( ! s&s ( ! ,h>d+ ,s&/one1 ! sea deep5$ locally & ! ,fremont ,lime/one1 a massive gray cry/all9e lime/one conta9+ _m m>9e fossils1 0 deposit$4 ,mollusks 7"s q l>ge71 bra*iopods1 & corals contribut$ _! %ells to ! ,fremont ,lime/one4 ,! *a9 coral ,cat5ipora & ! horn coral ,/reptelasma may (t5 be us$ to id5tify ! =mation4 ,! ,fremont ,lime/one 0 deposit$ v late 9 ! ,ordovician ,p]iod4 ,probably ! seas 7 mu* m ext5sive !n ?an pres5t deposits indicate2 subsequ5t erosion has at sev]al times eras$ ! evid5ce 9 uplift$ areas4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! ,ordovician fossils c be f\nd 9 ! ,manit\ ,=mation 9 ! ,colorado ,spr+s area4 ,illu/ration3 ,! e>lie/ kn[n fi% rema9s come f ! ,ordovician ,h>d+ ,s&/one ( c5tral ,colorado4 ,^! fragm5ts ( ! protective plates h be5 magnifi$ ab\t five times4 ,illu/ration3 ,corals & coral-l organisms occur 9 ! ,ordovician ,fremont ,lime/one4 ,silurian ,p]iod 7#djj-ddj million ye>s ago7 ,until v rec5tly1 no ,silurian rocks or fossils 7 kn[n 9 ,colorado1 & x 0 ?\ght t seas did n ext5d into ! /ate dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,h[ev]1 a few ye>s ago good ,silurian corals & bra*iopods 7 discov]$ ne> ! nor!rn edge ( ! /ate4 ,!y occur 9 brok5 blocks & pat*es ( ,silurian lime/one1 m+l$ ) blocks ( o!r s$im5t>y rocks &1 oddly en\gh1 ) volcanic mat]ial4 ,:at seems to h happ5$ "h is t s$im5t>y lay]s ( ,silurian age 7 pres5t ov] nor!rn ,colorado at "o "t4 ,dur+ "s subsequ5t p]iod ( volcanism1 volcanic lavas p5etrat$ ^! s$im5ts f bel[4 ,ne> ! volcanic tubes1 brok51 angul> fragm5ts ( ! surr\nd+ s$im5t>y rocks 7 sometimes c>ri$ upw>d or d[nw>d by ! motion ( ! lava4 ,mu* lat]1 bo? ! volcanic outp\r+s 7if ! lavas ev] rea*$ ! surface7 & ! s$im5ts 7 /ripp$ away by erosion1 probably at a "t :5 m\nta9s 7 ris+ 9 ! area4 ,only ! deep portions ( ! tubes t f$ ! volcanoes 7 pres]v$4 ,^! tubes are call$ diatremes1 & ?anks to ! blocks ( s$im5t>y rock 9 !m we "k t !re 7 inde$ seas 9 ,colorado dur+ ,silurian "t1 seas conta9+ ! abundant life ( a %all[ m>9e environm5t v mu* l t exi/+ at ! same "t 9 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,indiana4 ,devonian ,p]iod 7#cej-djj million ye>s ago7 ,z f> z we "k n[1 ,colorado 0 j a little above sea level dur+ mo/ ( ,devonian "t4 ,e>ly & ,middle ,devonian deposits are lack+4 ,late 9 ! p]iod1 h[ev]1 ,colorado 0 widely inundat$ once m4 ,embaym5ts ( a we/]n sea cov]$ mo/ ( ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate & an area 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado ar\nd ,ouray4 ,deposits =m$ 9 ^! embaym5ts h be5 giv5 sev]al names4 ,*affee ,=mation is ! "n mo/ commonly us$ 9 c5tral ,colorado2 ,ouray ,=mation id5tifies rocks ( ! same age 9 s\?we/ ,colorado4 ,! ,*affee ,=mation has be5 subdivid$ into two well def9$ units1 ! ,p>t+ ,s&/one or ,qu>tzite1 & ! ,dy] ,dolomite or ,lime/one4 ,_m ore deposits are associat$ ) ^! rock units--notably deposits ( lead & z9c4 ,! ,p>t+ ,s&/one is frequ5tly s well cem5t$ ) silica t x is actually a qu>tzite2 ?9 %ale b$s or 8p>t+s0 make x easy to recognize4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s rema9s ( fossil fi% & di/9ctive b$s ( algae4 ,! ,dy] ,dolomite conta9s bra*iopods & bryozoans1 mollusks & corals4 ,"s ( ! be/ fossil hunt+ 9 ,colorado is 9 ,dy] b$s ar\nd ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau1 :]e ! fossils frequ5tly wea!r out ( ! rock z almo/ p]fect specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! ,devonian bra*iopods come f ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau 9 we/]n ,colorado4 ,mississippian ,p]iod 7#caj-cej million ye>s ago7 ,! sea cont9u$ to cov] mo/ ( ,colorado aft] ! end ( ! ,devonian ,p]iod1 well into ,mississippian "t4 ,mississippian rocks are *>act]i/ically ?ick1 massive gray lime/ones collectively call$ ! ,leadville ,lime/one4 ,?is unit is well kn[n z ! ho/ rock = _m ,colorado ore deposits1 notably ^? ar\nd ! t[n ( ,leadville4 ,dur+ ,mississippian "t ! we/]n sea1 w>m & ri* 9 organisms1 cov]$ mu* ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,bra*iopods & corals fl\ri%$1 z did _m o!r =ms ( life4 ,! seas dur+ "p ( ?is "t ext5d$ completely across ,colorado to m]ge ) seas t cov]$ ! midwe/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ov] all ?is va/ area1 z well z s\?we/ into ,arizona1 ! gray1 massive1 fossilif]\s ,mississippian lime/one is rem>kably uni=m & easily recogniz$1 al?\gh x is call$ by diff]5t names 9 diff]5t areas4 ,late 9 ,mississippian "t1 ! ,colorado area rose slightly & ! sea 9 :i* ! ,leadville ,lime/one 0 deposit$ rec$$4 ,an int]val ( erosion foll[$4 ,! surface ( ! lime/one 0 dissolv$ & pitt$1 tunnels & caves =m$ :]e runn+ wat] et*$ deep into ! rock1 & a r$di% soil =m$ on ! surface & 9 ! holl[s4 ,?is portion ( ! lime/one1 :i* 9 "s places also conta9s pebbles ( *]t1 is nam$ ! ,molas ,=mation4 ,"p ( ! ,molas may be ,p5nsylvanian 9 age4 ,illu/ration3 ,mississippian fossils f we/]n ,colorado %[ t seas cov]$ mu* ( ! /ate ab\t #ccj million ye>s ago4 ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod 7#bgj-caj million ye>s ago7 ,z ! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod began1 ! ,colorado area cont9u$ to rise4 ,e>lie/ deposits ( ?is age are f9e-gra9$ black %ales & s&s--! ,gl5 ,eyrie ,=mation along ! s\!rn ,front ,range & ! ,beld5 ,=mation 9 we/ c5tral ,colorado4 ,!n1 ?r\gh millions ( ye>s1 m\nta9-build+ took place4 ,"s areas rose m ?an o!rs1 s t =m]ly flat-ly+ m>9e s$im5ts 7 b5t & brok51 & a s]ies ( high m\nta9 ridges & deep bas9s 7 =m$4 ,geologi/s sometimes call ^! ! ,ance/ral ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,al?\gh ! patt]n ( ! m\nta9s *ang$ repeat$ly1 ! ,ance/ral ,rockies consi/$ pr9cipally ( two l>ge ranges4 ,"o range r\ghly p>allel$ ! pres5t ,front ,range1 b lay ?irty to fifty miles fur!r we/4 ,! o!r ext5d$ f ! ,san ,luis ,valley nor?we/ t[>d ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 includ+ ! area ar\nd ! ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison & ! pres5t ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,co>se s$im5ts wa%$ (f bo? sides ( bo? ranges1 & accumulat$ z alluvial fans & valley fill along ! m\nta9 m>g9s4 ,^! exi/ today z ! ,f\nta9 ,=mation ( ! ea/]n ,front ,range1 ! ,m9turn ,=mation betwe5 ! anci5t uplifts1 & ! ,h]mosa ,=mation we/ ( ! we/]n uplift4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is paleogeographic map reflects ! di/ribution ( l& & sea dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod & %[s :]e co>se s$im5ts d]iv$ f ! ,ance/ral ,rockies 7 deposit$4 ,,f\nta9 ,,=mation ,,m9turn ,,=mation ,,h]mosa ,,=mation ,illu/ration3 ,we/ ( ,d5v]1 ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,d5v] ,rio ,gr&e ,railroad tunnels b5ea? /eeply dipp+ s&/ones & conglom]ates ( ! ,f\nta9 ,=mation4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,illu/ration3 ,corals1 bra*iopods1 & fusul9id ,=am9ifurida c be f\nd 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian ,m9turn ,=mation at _m places 9 ! ,m\nta9 & ,plateau ,prov9ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 we/]n ,colorado1 :]e vegetation is sp>se1 rock /ructures are cle>ly def9$4 ,?is photograph %[s b$s ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,m9turn ,=mation %>ply fold$1 probably z a result ( ! de=mation ( gypsum 9 und]ly+ lay]s4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,9 ! ,flatirons ne> ,b\ld]1 ,r$ ,rocks ,p>k ne> ,d5v]1 & ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods ne> ,colorado ,spr+s we see well expos$ examples ( ! ,f\nta9 ,=mation4 ,! ,m9turn ,=mation is visible along ! ,eagle ,riv] we/ ( ,wolcott1 & along ,gore ,creek ne> ,vail4 ,! ,h]mosa ,=mation =ms /rik+ r$ cliffs nor? ( ,durango4 ,9 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s area1 exceptionally great & rapid deposition took place1 & ! ,m9turn ,=mation is v ?ick4 ,9 we/ c5tral ,colorado1 ne> ! t[ns ( ,eagle & ,gypsum1 a l>ge bas9 =m$4 ,9 x1 gypsum & o!r salts 7 deposit$ z arms ( ! sea 7 cut (f f ! ma9 m>9e area4 ,! unusual appe>ance ( ! hills along ! ,eagle ,riv]1 especially nor? ( ,u4 ,s4 ,highway #bd1 is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( gypsum 9 ! b$rock4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ,p>adox ,bas9 0 =m$ 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado4 ,?\s&s ( feet ( gypsum1 salt1 & pota% 7 deposit$ "h1 probably also precipitat$ 9 re/rict$ arms ( ! sea4 ,^! m9]als1 ! s-call$ evaporites1 h s9ce significantly controll$ developm5t ( ! l&scape 9 ,gypsum ,valley & o!r p>ts ( ?is region4 7,see ,! ,plateaus 9 ,*apt] ,i & ! section on ,gypsum 9 ,*apt] ,,iii74 ,betwe5 ! m\nta9 masses & _! surr\nd+ alluvial deposits1 %all[ seas repeat$ly invad$ ! l[l& areas ( ! /ate4 ,m>9e fossils 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,m9turn ,=mation be> witness to z _m z tw5ty m>9e cycles4 ,/rangely1 ! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod appe>s to h be5 cyclical 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well1 = m>9e s$im5ts are f\nd alt]nat+ ) nonm>9e s$im5ts 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ill9ois1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,9 middle ,p5nsylvanian "t1 g5]al uplift occurr$ 9 ,colorado1 & almo/ ! entire /ate 0 above sea level = ! re/ ( ! p]iod4 ,p]mian ,p]iod 7#bbc-bgj million ye>s ago7 ,by ! end ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,p]iod1 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,ance/ral ,rockies _h be5 almo/ entirely remov$ by erosion1 & ! deep bas9s 7 fill$ ) s$im5ts4 ,colorado 0 once m a great pla91 slop+ g5tly to ! nor!a/4 ,9 ea/]n ,colorado1 a %all[ sea gradually dri$ up1 leav+ "s ?9 lime/one & gypsum b$s along its m>g94 ,! we/]n %ore ( ?is sea 0 edg$ ) bea*es & s& dunes1 pres]v$ z ! ,lyons ,s&/one4 ,! build+s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado1 z well z _m homes & o!r /ructures 9 ! ,b\ld]-,d5v] area1 are fac$ ) ?is beautiful salmon-color$ s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,balanc$ ,rock1 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods nor?we/ ( ,colorado ,spr+s1 is an erosional remnant ( iron-ri* conglom]ate & s&/one4 ,x rema9s :ile ! re/ ( ! surr\nd+ lay]s are gone because x is h>d] & m completely cem5t$ toge!r by silica4 ,! rock is "p ( ! ,late ,paleozoic ,f\nta9 ,=mation4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 ,p]mian deposits consi/ mo/ly ( %ales & s&/ones4 ,! r$ color ( ^! rocks1 & ! complete abs5ce ( fossils 9 !m1 sugge/ t ! environm5t 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$ 0 n m>9e1 b 0 a va/1 level mudflat subject to alt]nat+ wet & dry p]iods4 ,! %ales & s&/ones collectively are call$ ! ,m>oon ,=mation1 nam$ = ,m>oon ,bells1 ne> ,asp51 :]e !y are dramatically expos$ 9 ! m\nta9 cliffs4 ,illu/ration3 ,tracks ( ,p]mian reptiles call$ ,laoporus colorado5sis occur 9 ! ,lyons ,s&/one ne> ,lyons4 ,^! are ab\t life size4 ,dur+ "p ( ,p]mian "t1 a %all[ sea ext5d$ f ,idaho1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+ into ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,colorado4 ,9 ?is sea 0 deposit$ ! ,phosphoria ,=mation1 a highly phosphatic lime/one conta9+ only r>e1 poorly pres]v$ molluscan fossils4 ,z ! ,paleozoic ,era end$1 ,colorado 0 /ill flat & l[-ly+4 ,by ?is "t l& plants & animals _h evolv$1 b if vegetation grew 9 ! ,colorado area1 or animals roam$ x1 !y left few fossil rema9s4 ,tracks ( e>ly reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,lyons ,s&/one4 ,dune s&/ones "h & 9 adjac5t areas sugge/ t des]t conditions may h prevail$1 9 :i* case ,colorado w\ld h be5 v simil>1 sc5ically & climatically1 to ,sah>a regions today4 ,illu/ration3 ,d>k r$ ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian conglom]ates =m ! ,flatirons t ov]look ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado campus at ,b\ld]4 ,univ]sity build+s are fac$ ) ,p]mian ,lyons ,s&/one qu>ri$ along ! foo?ills ( ! nor!rn ,front ,range4 7,univ]sity ( ,colorado photo7 ,,mesozoic ,,era ,! ,mesozoic ,era1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,age ( ,reptiles or ,age ( ,d9osaurs1 is divid$ into ?ree p]iods4 ,! climate ( ! entire e>? appe>s to h be5 w>m] !n ?an x is at pres5t1 p]haps because ( a diff]5t di/ribution ( l& & sea areas1 or because cont95tal areas 7 n z high & m\nta9\s z !y are j n[4 ,colorado 0 a r l[ l& area = mo/ ( ! fir/ two ,mesozoic p]iods2 !n a va/ sea cov]$ ! entire /ate = ! rema9d] ( ! era4 ,illu/ration3 ,! p9k cliffs ( ,colorado ,national ,monum5t are made ( ,w+ate & ,entrada ,s&/ones4 ,und]ly+ !m1 9 ! valley bottom1 ,*9le %ales =m /eep r$ slopes4 7,william ,c4 ,bradley photo7 ,triassic ,p]iod 7#ahj-bbe million ye>s ago7 ,sah>an conditions cont9u$ to prevail 9 we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,mesozoic ,era4 ,9 c5tral ,colorado1 ! l[e/ ,mesozoic deposits are ! ,triassic ,lyk9s ,=mation1 a s]ies ( s(t1 bright r$ s&/ones & %ales4 ,:]e ! ,lyk9s is expos$ along ! ,front ,range1 its bright r$ color id5tifies x4 ,because ( its s(tness1 x is (t5 less prom95t ?an adjac5t rock lay]s 9 ! m\nta9 foo?ills4 ,! ,lyk9s ,=mation includes "s evaporites1 app>5tly d]iv$ f ,p]mian evaporites wa%$ into ! ,triassic ponds & lakes :i* exi/$ occasionally 9 ?is region4 ,ov] almo/ ! entire /ate1 ! rocks deposit$ at ?is "t are v simil>4 ,=mation names may diff]--,lyk9s1 ,mo5kopi1 ,*9le1 ,ank>eh1 ,w+ate--b ! rocks are almo/ univ]sally f9e-gra9$ s&/ones & %ales ) a r$ or p9k color4 ,!y repres5t anci5t coa/al pla91 dune1 or delta deposits4 ,t[>d ! we/]n edge ( ! /ate !y co>s51 & conta9 lay]s ( conglom]ates simil> to ! ,triassic conglom]ates ( nor!rn ,arizona & ,utah4 ,^! sugge/ t m\nta9-build+ 0 tak+ place we/ ( "h at t "t4 ,!re are virtually no fossils kn[n f ,triassic rocks 9 ,colorado1 al?\gh "s fossil palm fronds h be5 f\nd we/ ( ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s1 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! /ate4 ,jurassic ,p]iod 7#ace-ahj million ye>s ago7 ,dur+ ! ,jurassic ,p]iod1 ,colorado 0 /ill a l[1 flat des]t area ) int]mitt5t /reams fl[+ ea/w>d ov] ! surface ( old] s$im5ts4 ,! ,navajo ,s&/one1 =m$ f dune s&s1 0 deposit$ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,/reams fl[+ ea/w>d f ,utah br\ght f9e s$im5ts--silts & muds--to we/]n ,colorado1 =m+ :at is n[ ! ,c>mel ,=mation4 ,ne> ,canon ,city1 co>se gravels be> witness to local uplift 9 ,jurassic "t4 ,bo? ^! gravels & ! ,c>mel ,=mation 7 ov]la9 by m dune s&s1 n[ h>d5$ into ! ,entrada ,s&/one4 ,9 ,late ,jurassic "t ! ,colorado area1 :i* _h be5 pr$om9antly des]t s9ce ,p]mian "t1 appe>s f9ally to h be5 subm]g$ once m4 ,f9e calc>e\s muds ( ! ,curtis ,=mation1 conta9+ ammonites1 belemnites1 & o!r m>9e %ellfi%1 %[ u t a %all[ sea transgress$ f ! we/ ov] ! w9d-bl[n s&s4 ,?is sea 01 geologically speak+1 ( %ort duration--only a few million ye>s4 ,b\nd$ on almo/ all sides by des]t1 x seems to h dri$ up1 deposit+ ! gypsum t is n[ pres5t 9 a ?9 lay] along ! ,front ,range betwe5 ,d5v] & ,canon ,city 9 ! ,ral/on ,=mation4 ,at ab\t ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! climate und]w5t a major *ange4 ,deposits above ! ,ral/on indicate an increas+ly moi/ environm5t1 ! environm5t 9 :i* ! ,morrison ,=mation 0 deposit$ ov] mo/ ( ,colorado & p>ts ( ! adjac5t /ates ( ,kansas1 ,arizona1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+4 ,! ,morrison ,=mation is expos$ 9 _m places1 & is *>act]i/ically compos$ ( lay]s ( f9e1 limy mud1 brightly color$ 9 /reaks ( r$1 br[n1 gre51 & blue4 ,9 mo/ areas x is s s(t t x becomes soil-cov]$2 x is well expos$ only 9 roadcuts or :]e x is protect$ f erosion by a 8caprock0 ( h>d] s$im5ts or lava4 ,spectacul> outcrops c be se5 9 new roadcuts along ,u4 ,s4 ,int]/ate highway #gj j we/ ( ,d5v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is roadcut along ,u4 ,s4 ,int]/ate #gj we/ ( ,d5v]1 ,jurassic & ,cretace\s rocks are unusually well expos$ 9 ! ,dakota hogback4 ,gre5 & purple %ales repres5t ! d9osaur-be>+ ,morrison ,=mation4 ,! ,cretace\s ,dakota ,gr\p =ms ! ea/]n1 high] half ( ! cut4 ,black lay]s are c>bon-ri* clays ( ! ,s\? ,platte ,=mation1 frequ5tly qu>ri$ locally = c]amic uses4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,fossil d9osaur bones occur 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,morrison ,=mation ne> ! t[ns ( ,morrison & ,canon ,city & at sev]al o!r places 9 ,colorado4 ,^? at ,canon ,city h be5 qu>ri$ ext5sively1 & are n[ m\nt$ 9 a numb] ( museums 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 9 ea/]n ,utah & nor?we/]n ,colorado1 _m excell5t rema9s h be5 f\nd2 ^? 9 ,utah c be se5 9 place 9 ! rock 9 a /rik+ exhibit at ! ,national ,monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 an old pa9t+1 a paleontologi/ contemplates fossil bones f\nd ne> ,morrison4 ,! date is #ahgg4 ,! bones are ^? ( ! #gj-;foot d9osaur ,apatosaurus1 m commonly kn[n z ,brontosaurus1 %[n bel[ 9 recon/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,apatosaurus ,"s ( ! d9osaurs kn[n f ! ,morrison ,=mation rea*$ #hj feet 9 l5g?4 ,bo? plant-eat+ & meat-eat+ types are kn[n4 ,9 addition to ! bones !mselves1 ga/roli?s or gizz>d /ones c frequ5tly be f\nd2 ^! highly poli%$ /ones 7 z ess5tial to d9osaur dige/ion z gravel is to a *ick5 or a cag$ can>y4 ,along ) ! d9osaur fossils are f\nd abundant rema9s ( wat] plants call$ *>ophytes4 ,^! plants =m$ t9y spirall$ balls ( calcite z "p ( _! reproductive activities2 bo? ! little balls & ! /alks ( ! plants !mselves occur 9 _m p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,9 we/]n ,colorado1 ne> ,gr& ,junction1 silicifi$ %ells ( fre%wat] snails c also be f\nd 9 ! ,morrison4 ,e>ly 9 ! #aijjs vanadium1 radium1 & uranium 7 discov]$ 9 ,jurassic s&/ones & mud/ones ( we/]n ,colorado4 ,ext5sive m9+ 9 ?is area has reveal$ t ^! elem5ts (t5 become conc5trat$ by gr\ndwat] 9 organic mat]ial su* z fossil plant /ems or d9osaur bones4 ,! se>* = radioactive m9]als has ?us br\ght to light _m anci5t fossil accumulations4 ,cretace\s ,p]iod 7#gj-ace million ye>s ago7 ,e>ly 9 ,cretace\s "t1 m>9e conditions once m prevail$ 9 ,colorado4 ,?is is indicat$ by a m>k$ *ange 9 rock types f bea* & ne>-%ore deposits to true m>9e s$im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,betwe5 ! ,front ,range & ! ,pla9s ! ,cretace\s ,dakota ,=mation =ms a hogback ridge :i* c be trac$ = #bjj miles or m4 ,! well-cem5t$ s&/one resi/s erosion1 & s rema9s z a ridge :5 s(t] lay]s are /ripp$ away4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,! s&/ones d]iv$ f bea* s&s sometimes include co>se pebbles ( *]t :i* c be trac$ to s\rces 9 ,p]mian rocks ( ,utah & ,nevada4 ,occasionally ! bea* & ne>-%ore deposits include m>9e %ells l oy/]s1 indicat+ t !re 7 bracki% & salt wat] lagoons & m>%es along ! %ore4 ,! ,dakota ,=mation repres5ts ! bea* ( ! transgressive or advanc+ sea4 ,?is =mation conta9s oil 9 ea/]n ,colorado1 ,nebraska1 & ,wyom+2 ! oil itself may h be5 d]iv$ f decay ( organic mat]ials 9 swamps beh9d ! bea*es & b>s4 ,z ! sea deep5$ 9 ea/]n ,colorado1 f9] s$im5ts 7 deposit$4 ,^! includ$ ! black muds ( ! ,b5ton ,%ale1 & ! ,niobr>a ,lime/one1 a %all[-wat] deposit conta9+ abundant %ells ( clams 7,inoc]amus & ,o/rea7 & ammonites & t9y "o-cell$ animals call$ ,=am9if]ida4 ,above ! ,b5ton & ,niobr>a ,=mations lie ! f9e gray muds ( ! ,pi]re ,%ale4 ,sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick1 ! ,pi]re conta9s occasional beautifully pres]v$ ammonite %ells z well z bones f fossil fi% & swimm+ reptiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,colorado are ri* 9 fossil pelecypods4 ,ea* ( ! fossils illu/rat$ above may gr[ to a mu* l>g] size ?an %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ales ( ! ,l>amie ,=mation conta9 _m recognizable plant fossils4 ,! rocks deposit$ 9 we/]n ,colorado at ?is "t are m>k$ly diff]5t f ^? deposit$ 9 ea/]n ,colorado4 ,9 ! ea/1 deposits are f9e & v limy1 conta9+ abundant %ells & little 9 ! way ( co>se debris4 ,9 ! we/1 s&/ones ( ! ,mesa ,v]de ,=mation dom9ate1 & coal b$s sugge/ m>%y or swampy conditions in%ore f ! anci5t ocean4 ,?is is j ! patt]n we w\ld expect f a l[-ly+ region bord]+ a %all[ sea1 a region simil> p]haps to ! s\!a/]n ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates today4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 ! sea rec$$ f ,colorado4 ,bea*es & b>s ( ! retreat+ sea left a s&/one lay] :i* n[ outcrops prom95tly ea/ ( ! ,front ,range z ! ,fox ,hills ,s&/one4 ,above lie int]b$d$ s&s & coals1 ! ,l>amie ,=mation4 ,! pres5ce ( coal above bea* s&s %[s t ! coal swamps mov$ ea/w>d z ! sea retreat$4 ,! exact age ( ! %orel9e deposits & coal b$s v>ies f place to place 9 su* a way z to indicate t ! sea )drew sl[ly & irregul>ly4 ,9 g5]al ! %ore mov$ ea/w>d1 b !re are localities su* z ,nor? ,p>k :]e deposition la/$ mu* long] ?an else:]e4 ,9 "s places no real bea* 0 =m$ at ! anci5t /r& l9e4 ,9 we/]n ,colorado1 ! end ( ,cretace\s "t is m>k$ by co>s] b$s1 indicat+ an increas$ rate ( uplift 9 ,utah4 ,conglom]ates 7 deposit$ 9 ! b$s ( ! ,mc,dermott ,=mation1 n[ visible along ! ,animas ,riv] s\? ( ,durango4 ,,c5ozoic ,,era ,x is *>act]i/ic ( e>? hi/ory t ! y\ng] ! rocks are1 ! m we "k ab\t !m4 ,?is is because y\ng] rocks lie ne> ! surface1 h n be5 di/urb$ z mu* by m\nta9 build+ processes z h old] rocks1 & h n be5 affect$ z /rongly by repeat$ erosion4 ,_m ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,c5ozoic ,era are docum5t$ 9 detail 9 ! geology ( ,colorado1 & ^! ev5ts h intimately influ5c$ ! sc5]y z we see x today4 ,! ,c5ozoic is ! ,age ( ,mammals4 ,h[ x happ5$ t mammals triumph$ ov] reptiles is "o ( ! my/]ies ( geology4 ,"s sci5ti/s ?9k t climatic *anges--dropp+ temp]atures & increases 9 ra9fall--swung ! balance 9 favor ( ! w>m-blood$ mammals4 ,o!rs believe t cosmic ray bomb>dm5t dur+ "s unusual a/ronomical ev5t may h de/roy$ _m surface-liv+ d9osaurs1 :ile small burr[+ mammals 7z well z _m small reptiles7 7 able to survive4 ,/ill o!rs ma9ta9 t ! sup]ior intellig5ce & regulat$ body temp]atures ( mammals enabl$ !m to w9 out 9 ! battle = survival )\t ! aid ( climatic or cosmic *ange4 ,! names ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y1 us$ = ! two ,c5ozoic ,p]iods1 are holdov]s f e>ly /udies 9 geology 9 :i* rocks 7 divid$ into ,prim>y 7v h>d1 cry/all9e rocks su* z igne\s & metamorphic rocks71 ,second>y 7well consolidat$ lay]$ rocks71 ,t]ti>y 7lay]$ rocks :i* are n fully cem5t$ b :i* are nev]!less fairly well consolidat$71 & ,quat]n>y 7s$im5ts 9 :i* ! gra9s h n become cem5t$ toge!r74 ,t]ti>y ,p]iod 7#c-gj million ye>s ago7 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 uplift began 9 e>ne/ 9 ,colorado & adjac5t /ates4 ,?is uplift 0 "p ( ! great ,l>amide ,orog5y t built ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 *a9 f ,alaska to ,new ,mexico4 ,! entire area rose above ! level ( ! sea1 & m\nta9s 7 ?ru/ up 9 a great s]ies ( nor?-s\? ranges t ext5d$ unbrok5 almo/ ! l5g? ( ! cont95t4 ,betwe5 ! ranges1 ?ick lay]s ( gravel & s&1 d]iv$ f ! surr\nd+ highl&s1 7 deposit$ 9 int]montane bas9s4 ,occasional fre%wat] lime/ones & %ales indicate ! pres5ce ( lakes4 ,9 ,colorado1 _m details ( ! =mation ( ! ,rockies /& out 9 bold relief4 ,! ,front ,range mov$ upw>d %>ply1 mo/ly z a l9e> block brok5 or fault$ along bo? edges4 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic s$im5ts along ! m>g9s ( ! block 7 /eeply tipp$ & 9 "s places ev5 ov]turn$1 :ile 9 "s localities ,precambrian rocks 7 ?ru/ out ov] ! y\ng] s$im5ts4 ,j ea/ ( ! ,front ,range1 especially 9 ! area ar\nd ,d5v]1 ! l& rema9$ l[] & 0 ! site ( ?ick deposits ( gravel & s& erod$ f ! range4 ,! ,d5v] ,=mation1 ! ,arapahoe ,conglom]ate1 & ! ,dawson ,arkose are m ?an #b1jjj feet ?ick 9 ?is area4 ,^! are delta & riv] s$im5ts1 all v>y+ a great deal f place to place4 ,individual lay]s ( s& or gravel are n cont9u\s ov] ext5sive areas1 b "s1 su* z ! ,ca/le ,rock ,conglom]ate1 are v prom95t locally4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ,wol=d ,m\nta91 j nor? ( ,kremml+1 ,precambrian granite lies on top ( ,cretace\s %ale4 ,! old] rocks 7 ?ru/ up & ov] y\ng] rocks dur+ ! ,l>amide ,orog5y4 ,! position ( ! fault %[s cle>ly because trees pref] ! granite soil above ! fault to ! %ale bel[4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,front ,range we/ ( ,ca/le ,rock & ,s$alia1 rocks deposit$ at ?is "t are n[ fold$ /eeply1 indicat+ t ! m\nta9s cont9u$ to rise ev5 z bas9 s$im5ts 7 be+ deposit$4 ,9 s\!rn ,colorado1 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o & ,wet ,m\nta9s 7 also =m$ z up?ru/ blocks4 ,betwe5 !m1 ! ,hu]fano ,bas9 & adjo9+ ,raton ,bas9 receiv$ p>ticul>ly rapid alluvial deposition4 ,9 ! ,raton ,bas91 quantities ( vegetation 7 deposit$ 9 swamps & m>%es1 =m+ ! ?ick coal b$s :i* c n[ be se5 9 road cuts we/ ( ,tr9idad & along ! ,raton ,pass highway4 ,hu]fano ,bas9 deposits conta9 "s ( ! e>lie/ kn[n horse rema9s1 skeletons ( a t9y f\r-to$ horse call$ ,hyraco!rium 7=m]ly kn[n z ,eohippus74 ,illu/ration3 ,bones ( ,hyraco!rium1 ! 8dawn horse10 h be5 f\nd nor?we/ ( ,wals5burg 9 ,e>ly ,t]ti>y s$im5ts ( ! ,hu]fano ,bas94 7,c4 ,r4 ,knight pa9t+1 c\rtesy ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory7 ,o!r ris+ ranges provid$ mat]ial = alluvial deposition 9 ,nor? ,p>k1 ,middle ,p>k1 ,s\? ,p>k1 & ! ,san ,luis ,valley4 ,lay]s ( basalt & volcanic peaks %[ t z ! m\nta9s rose1 ! cru/ crack$ & all[$ lava to rise to ! surface 9 great quantities4 ,t]ti>y basalts are v mu* "p ( ! ,colorado l&scape3 "s c be se5 we/ ( ,granby1 o!rs 9 ,table ,m\nta9s ea/ ( ,gold54 ,ne> ,b\ld]1 ,valmont ,dike 0 intrud$1 ?\gh lava may n h rea*$ ! surface 9 t area4 ,spani% ,peaks 9 s\!rn ,colorado1 ,mesa de ,maya1 ! ,rabbit ,e>s ,range1 ,gr& & ,battlem5t ,mesas1 & _m o!r volcanic features 7 =m$ at ?is "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! t[n ( ,gold5 ne/les betwe5 ! ,front ,range & ,s\? ,table ,m\nta94 ,t]ti>y basalt capp+ ,s\? ,table ,m\nta9 cov]s b$s ( ! ,d5v] ,=mation4 ,x ?9s to ! "r1 or s\?1 indicat+ t its s\rce 0 probably to ! nor? or nor?we/4 ,build+s 9 ! "r =egr\nd are ! ,colorado ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,illu/ration3 ,a s]ies ( almo/ v]tical dikes radiate f ,we/ ,spani% ,peak4 ,surr\nd+ s$im5ts are ,t]ti>y4 ,wea!r+ & erosion along sets ( jo9ts 9 ! l>ge/ dike h %ap$ x into ! 8,devil's ,/aircase40 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,mo/ ( ! ri* m9]al deposits ( ,colorado are ?\ght also to h be5 =m$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4 ,solutions ri* 9 gold1 silv]1 z9c1 lead1 copp]1 & sulfides ( iron seep$ into jo9ts & faults 9 ! cru/ z ! m\nta9s 7 pu%$ upw>d4 ,ore m9]als cry/alliz$ out1 sometimes 9 ve9s 9 ! anci5t ,precambrian igne\s & metamorphic rocks1 sometimes 9 ,paleozoic s$im5ts4 ,^! are fur!r discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,eoc5e ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation includes great ?icknesses ( oil %ale1 an untapp$ petroleum res]ve conta9+ p]haps ?ree trillion b>rels ( oil4 ,! ri*e/ "p ( ! oil %ale is a d>k br[n lay] call$ ,mahogany ,l$ge1 visible "h on cliffs j we/ ( ,rifle4 ,if plac$ 9 a campfire1 fragm5ts ( ?is %ale release en\gh oil to burn ) a yell[1 smoky flame4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,fur!r to ! nor? & we/1 ! ,u9ta ,m\nta9s rose4 ,!y are a fault-block range1 b !y lie at "r angles to ! g5]al nor?-s\? tr5d ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,s\? ( !m ! ,u9ta ,bas91 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! int]montane bas9s1 receiv$ %aly deposits 9 a great lake :i* exi/$ "h = probably sev]al million ye>s4 ,! lake ext5d$ ov] "s #ajj1jjj squ>e miles1 & dur+ its exi/5ce great quantities ( t9y organisms liv$ 9 its wat]s4 ,oily mat]ial f ^! organisms 0 deposit$ 9 ! mud ( ! lake s$im5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ea/]n end ( ! bas91 !re to rema9 trapp$ 9 a great oil-%ale deposit4 ,fossil fi%1 crayfi%1 algae1 & _m =ms ( insect & plant life h be5 f\nd z fossils 9 ^! lake %ales4 ,we/ ( ,pikes ,peak1 ano!r lake =m$1 damm$ by a lava fl[ f a ne>by volcanic field4 ,f9e volcanic a% fall+ into ?is lake pres]v$ ! trunks & leaves ( _m plants z well z abundant insects1 fi%1 & occasional mammal bones4 ,^! are n[ protect$ & exhibit$ 9 ,florissant ,fossil ,b$s ,national ,monum5t4 ,! fossil plants1 among !m r$woods1 popl>1 hackb]ry1 & p9e1 sugge/ a climate w>m] ?an ! pres5t "o1 & h be5 tak5 to indicate t regional uplift to ! pres5t altitude _h n yet occurr$4 ,ano!r ri* deposit ( fossil insects & plants occurs ne> ,cre$e4 ,o!r lake deposits 9 ,s\? ,p>k conta9 a% lay]s ) fossil algae & snails4 ,illu/ration3 ,l>ge petrifi$ trunks ( r$woods & o!r trees c be se5 at ,florissant ,fossil ,b$s ,national ,monum5t1 we/ ( ,colorado ,spr+s4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,9 s\?we/]n ,colorado1 ext5sive ,t]ti>y lava fl[s1 a% falls1 & riv] deposits =m ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s1 ! l>ge/ volcanic area 9 ! /ate4 ,m9]al collectors are attract$ to ?is region by ! _m excell5t localities = agate & o!r silice\s /ones4 ,/ill ano!r c5t] ( ,t]ti>y volcanism 0 locat$ 9 :at is n[ ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k4 ,specim5 ,m\nta91 nor?we/ ( ,trail ,ridge1 0 an active volcano ab\t #cj million ye>s ago1 %$d+ a% & lava ov] mu* ( nor!rn ,colorado4 ,! rhyolite :i* n[ caps ! hill we/ ( ,iceb]g ,lake1 on ,trail ,ridge ,road1 0 d]iv$ f ?is volcano1 b is n[ sep>at$ f x by ! deep glaciat$ valley ( ! ,ca*e la ,p\dre ,riv] & ,miln] ,pass4 ,volcanic a% at times drift$ f> ea/w>d & blanket$ ! surface ( ! pla9s1 bury+ specim5s ( _m animals & plants4 ,! ,:ite ,riv] ,=mation1 ext5d+ f nor!a/ ,colorado nor?w>d into ,s\? ,dakota1 is =m$ ( su* drift+ a%4 ,_m n[-ext9ct mammals h be5 excavat$ f ?is =mation4 ,sometime aft] ! mid-,t]ti>y episode ( viol5t volcanic activity1 ,colorado 0 uplift$ to its pres5t altitude4 ,?is 0 a g5]al uplift1 rais+ ! pla9s & plateau areas z well z ! m\nta9s4 ,! uplift 0 n an abrupt process1 b cont9u$ = p]haps t5 million ye>s4 ,x rais$ ! entire /ate #c1jjj to #e1jjj feet above its previ\s level4 ,illu/ration3 ,pawnee ,buttes1 ab\t #dj miles nor? ( ,=t ,morgan1 rise l ca/les f ! ea/]n ,prairie ,prov9ce4 ,remnants ( ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e s$im5t>y rock t once cov]$ mu* ( nor!a/]n ,colorado & adjac5t /ates1 !y conta9 jaws1 tee?1 & o!r bones ( primitive mammals4 7,dep>tm5t ( ,highways photo7 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 ,colorado 0 ! site ( erosion r ?an deposition4 ,h[ev]1 "s /ream mat]ial 0 deposit$ 9 ! m\nta9 valleys1 & on ! prairies w9d-bl[n & /ream-borne s&s 7 spread ?9ly1 int]lay]$ ) impure lime/ones deposit$ 9 ponds & lakes4 ,9 ! ,san ,luis ,valley1 deposition 0 probably m cont9u\s ?an else:]e1 z ! exit f ! valley 0 block$ by volcanic fl[s4 ,! deposits 9 ?is valley1 s&s & clays ( ! ,santa ,fe & ,alamosa ,=mations1 =m a great artesian bas94 ,! ri* agricultural developm5t ( ! valley is made possible by wat] wells tapp+ ^! =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,rema9s ( _m n[-ext9ct mammals h be5 f\nd 9 ,t]ti>y s$im5t>y rocks ( nor!a/]n ,colorado1 9 ! g5]al area ( ,pawnee ,buttes4 ,^? illu/rat$ are ,oreodon f ,oligoc5e /rata & a 8giraffe-camel0 7,oxydactylus7 f ,mioc5e rocks4 ,quat]n>y ,p]iod 7#c million ye>s ago to pres5t7 ,! mo/ significant feature ( ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod 9 ,colorado1 z else:]e 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 is ! evid5ce ( glaciation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 kn[n z ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo*1 great cont95tal glaci]s cov]$ mo/ ( ,canada & mu* ( nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ice %eets did n ext5d s\?w>d z f> z ,colorado1 b l>ge valley glaci]s develop$ 9 _m ( ! m\nta9 ranges ( ! /ate & left _! traces 9 _m m\nta9 valleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,mills & ,jewel ,lakes1 9 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 occupy small glaci]-g\g$ bas9s 9 ,glaci] ,gorge4 ,! flat-topp$ peak at ! upp] left is ,longs ,peak1 elevation #ad1bef feet2 ,pagoda ,m\nta9 is 9 ! c5t] ( ! skyl9e4 ,b$rock 9 ?is area is ,precambrian granite1 gneiss1 & s*i/ at ! ,front ,range 8core40 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,! conditions lead+ to ,plei/oc5e glaciation are n fully und]/ood4 ,climatic *anges may h be5 initiat$ by a decrease 9 sol> radiation1 *ang+ patt]ns ( ocean curr5ts1 r$uction ( sol> heat+ by volcanic du/1 or an increase 9 g5]al elevation ( ! l&4 ,z ! climate became cool] & moi/]1 sn[fall increas$ 9 ! nor? & at high altitudes4 ,9 areas :]e w9t] sn[fall exce$$ summ] melt+1 glaci]s develop$4 ,9 ,colorado1 glaci]s =m$ along ! cre/s ( ! ,front ,range1 ! ,sawat* ,range1 ! ,elk ,m\nta9s & ,we/ ,elk ,m\nta9s1 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o & ,mosquito ,ranges1 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,p>k & ,gore ,ranges4 ,glaciation 9 ,colorado 0 selective3 9 _m places elevation 0 suffici5t = glaciation1 b sn[fall app>5tly 0 n great en\gh4 ,:]e !y did occur1 ! glaci]s ext5d$ d[n to elevations ( ab\t #h1jjj feet4 ,!re1 temp]atures became mild en\gh to melt ! ice4 ,! m\nta9 glaci]s h left _m tell-tale signs ( _! pres5ce4 ,valleys above #h1jjj feet are ,u-%ap$1 _! upp] ends b\nd$ by horse%oe-%ap$1 /eep-wall$ cirques4 ,9 ! l[] portions ( ! valleys1 at elevations j above #h1jjj feet1 lie long l9es ( glacial debris kn[n z mora9es3 t]m9al mora9es =m+ cresc5ts across ! valleys to %[ :]e melt+ glaci]s dropp$ _! rocky loads2 lat]al mora9es along ! sides ( valleys2 m$ial mora9es :]e glaci]s f two valleys met4 ,t]m9al mora9es1 (t5 =m+ effective b>ri]s across ! pres5t /reams1 may act z dams1 creat+ lakes su* z ,gr& ,lake 9 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k4 ,!re 7 at lea/ ?ree di/9ct glacial episodes 9 ,colorado4 ,?is is kn[n because c>eful /udies ( glacial debris 9 mora9es reveal ?ree diff]5t degrees ( rock wea!r+4 ,all ?ree /ages c be se5 9 or ne> ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k4 ,! olde/ is repres5t$ by a mora9e ab\t ?ree miles we/ ( ,e/es ,p>k1 :]e ! ,big ,?ompson ,riv] trav]ses a wide ,u-%ap$ valley be=e ent]+ its n>r[1 unglaciat$ canyon4 ,! next olde/ is repres5t$ 9 t]m9al mora9es fur!r up ! valley1 at ,asp5gl5 campgr\nd4 ,! y\nge/ is %[n 9 a prom95t t]m9al mora9e ab\t "o mile we/ ( ! p>k entrance 9 ,horse%oe ,p>k4 ,a l>ge lat]al mora9e sep>ates ,hidd5 ,valley f ! s\? side ( ,horse%oe ,p>k1 & an almo/ equally l>ge lat]al mora9e is pres5t on ! nor? side ( ?is valley4 ,at ,mora9e ,p>k1 bo? sides ( ! valley are edg$ ) lat]al mora9es also4 ,/udies 9 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k h reveal$ _m o!r details ( glaciation 9 ?is area4 ,^! are describ$ 9 ,p>k ,s]vice bro*ures & guidebooks1 9 ! museum at ,p>k headqu>t]s1 & 9 in=mative roadside signs4 ,illu/ration3 ,a l9e ( hik]s approa*es ,arapaho ,glaci]1 we/ ( ,b\ld]4 ,movem5t ( ! glaci] is evid5c$ by ! crevasses app>5t j bel[ ! sn[field 9 ! dirty gray glacial ice4 7,h4 ,h4 ,heu/on photo7 ,sev]al small glaci]s are /ill pres5t 9 ! ,colorado m\nta9s1 all 9 %elt]$ cirques above #aa1jjj feet4 ,^! may be remnants ( ! =m] l>g] glaci]s1 or new glaci]s =m$ aft] a long w>m+ episode4 ,a hike to "o ( ^! glaci]s is a rew>d+ exp]i5ce = anyone int]e/$ 9 geology4 ,"s ( ! m accessible are ,/4 ,m>y's ,glaci] we/ ( ,d5v]1 ,arapaho ,glaci] we/ ( ,b\ld] 7! ,b\ld] ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce sponsors a fe/ive hike to ,arapaho ,glaci] e ,augu/71 & ,tyndall ,glaci] 9 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k4 ,! ,ice ,age br\ght dra/ic *anges also to ! l&scape bel[ #h1jjj feet elevation4 ,heavily load$ ) glacial debris1 m\nta9 /reams disgorg$ co>se s&s & gravels along ! m\nta9 front & 9 ! int]montane bas9s4 ,z ! glaci]s melt$ aft] ea* p]iod ( expansion1 ! swoll5 /reams cut deeply into _! =m] deposits & into mu* old] rocks z well4 ,royal ,gorge1 ! ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison1 & _m ( ! deep1 colorful canyons ( ! ,plateau ,prov9ce 7 cut or at lea/ deep5$ by ^! wat]s4 ,! canyons along ! ea/ face ( ! m\nta9s--,big ,?ompson1 ,b\ld]1 ,cle> ,creek1 & o!rs--7 also deep5$ & %>p5$ by ! ru%+ ice-f$ torr5ts4 ,on ! prairies1 riv]s dump+ _! loads ( s& cov]$ ! old] rocks4 ,s& dunes develop$ along ! riv] *annels4 ,bones & huge tusks ( hairy mammo?s 7 sometimes buri$ 9 ^! s(t deposits2 n[ !y are occasionally reveal$ z ! dune & riv] s&s are wa%$ or bl[n away by cont9u+ erosion4 ,ab\t #bj1jjj ye>s ago1 man arriv$ 9 ,colorado4 ,soon aft] ?is1 ! wat] supply ( ! valleys dim9i%$ greatly1 & erosion sl[$ d[n correspond+ly4 ,! climate gradually became semi>id to arid4 ,_m features ( ! natural sc5e 7 mu* z !y mu/ h be5 a c5tury ago1 )\t ! highways1 dams1 & television a]ials ( today4 ,buffalo & _m small] types ( game roam$ ! pla9s & foo?ills2 de]1 elk1 & bighorn %eep 7 pl5tiful 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,nomadic tribes camp$ & hunt$ 9 bo? m\nta9 & prairie4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 homes c\ld be built 9 ! %elt] ( great caves1 z at ,mesa ,v]de1 & game c\ld be supplem5t$ ) corn & squa% plant$ on plateau surfaces4 ,sev]al features ( ,colorado sc5]y *ang$ ) increas+ aridity4 ,! glaci]s ( c\rse 7 gone or ne>ly gone4 ,/reams 7 no long] ! viol5t torr5ts !y _h be54 ,_m m\nta9 lakes1 fill$ ) s$im5t & vegetation1 became in/ead m\nta9 mead[s4 ,& ! once f]tile int]montane valleys became des]ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,dur+ ! la/ ,ice ,age1 elephant-l ma/odons roam$ ,colorado4 ,z pres5t-day erosion removes s$im5ts1 bones1 tee?1 & tusks are frequ5tly expos$1 especially 9 ! ,prairie ,prov9ce4 7,c4 ,r4 ,knight pa9t+1 c\rtesy ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory7 ,illu/ration3 ,ma/odon ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,san ,luis ,valley1 ! ,great ,s& ,dunes develop$ at ?is "t4 ,^! dunes ne/le aga9/ ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range1 :]e /rong s\?we/]ly w9ds bl[+ across ! wide valley t5d to funnel t[>d ,mosca & ,music ,passes4 ,^! w9ds lift loads ( s& f ! lightly vegetat$ valley floor1 & drop x z !y rise ov] ! m\nta9s4 ,:]e ! s& is dropp$1 ! dunes h =m$4 ,!y rise to ab\t #gjj feet above ! valley floor1 & cov] ab\t =ty squ>e miles4 ,! l[ ra9fall ( ! area1 sev5 to eight in*es p] ye>1 keeps vegetation f creep+ ov] ! dunes & makes !m a mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ,colorado1 a lesson 9 geology 9 ! mak+4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,geologic processes 9 ,colorado n[ seem to be mu* r$uc$ f :at !y 7 a few ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,r$uction 9 ra9fall has l$ to r$uc$ erosion4 ,m\nta9-build+1 hav+ rea*$ a climax 9 ,t]ti>y "t1 has decl9$ m>k$ly4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d evid5ce t volcanism has occurr$ )9 ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s & fault+ )9 ! la/ few hundr$1 & ,colorado /reams rise aft] sudd5 m\nta9 /orms to approximate ! viol5t torr5ts ( glacial times4 ,colorado's sc5]y1 fa%ion$ dur+ "s ?ree billion ye>s ( e>? hi/ory1 is ev] *ang+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,great ,s& ,dunes ( ,colorado 7 =m$ dur+ ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t "t by deposition ( qu>tz s& lift$ f unconsolidat$ alluvial deposits 9 ! ,san ,luis ,valley4 ,! highe/ ( ! dunes rises #gjj feet above ! adjac5t valley floor4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,,iii ,geology & ,man 9 ,colorado ,colorado's fir/ p]man5t settl]s arriv$ 9 #aheh1 :5 gold 0 discov]$ 9 riv] s&s ne> :at is n[ ! city ( ,d5v]4 ,! ensu+ gold ru%1 com+ t5 ye>s aft] ! ru% to ,cali=nia1 rivall$ x 9 fury & br\ght sudd5 weal? to lucky m9]s & ! adv5tur\s m]*ants :o grub/ak$ !m4 ,sev]al hundr$ m9+ t[ns or 8camps0 sprang into exi/5ce almo/ ov]night1 _! sites det]m9$ by ! geology ( ! m\nta9 areas4 ,! cities ( ,d5v]1 ,b\ld]1 & ,gold5 7 e/abli%$ z mill+ & %ipp+ c5t]s = ! products ( ! m9es4 ,9 #ahgf ! n[-weal?y area1 previ\sly "p ( ,kansas ,t]ritory1 became ! ,/ate ( ,colorado4 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ,colorado's m9]als--products ( h] long & div]se geologic hi/ory--h influ5c$ h] developm5t 9 _m ways4 ,! /ate's e>ly weal?1 /emm+ f bonanzas 9 gold & silv]1 is evid5c$ by palatial homes1 hotels1 & public build+s con/ruct$ dur+ ! fir/ few decades ( m9+ activity4 ,"s ( ^! are /ill /&+--! op]a h\ses at ,c5tral ,city & ,asp51 ,c5tral ,city's fam\s ,tell] ,h\se1 & ! ,gr& ,imp]ial ,hotel at ,silv]ton are examples4 ,_m ( ! /ories & leg5ds ( ,colorado's gold camps are rec\nt$ 9 ,/amp$e to ,timb]l9e1 by ,muriel ,sibell ,wolle1 delightfully illu/rat$ ) sket*es ( old m9+ t[ns z !y appe> today4 ,m9+ 9 ,colorado1 publi%$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 also makes fasc9at+ read+1 z x conta9s _m hi/orical anecdotes & eyewitness acc\nts ( gold-ru% days4 ,developm5t ( ! metal-m9+ areas 9 ,colorado foll[$ a def9ite sequ5ce4 ,plac] gold 0 usually discov]$ fir/4 ,recov]y ( plac] gold 0 foll[$ by m9+ ( gold f ve9s or 8lodes40 ,al?\gh at fir/ only native gold 0 m9$1 gold-be>+ comp\nds su* z telluride 7 soon recogniz$ z an additional s\rce1 especially at ,gold ,hill1 ,cripple ,creek1 & ( c\rse ! camp t came to be kn[n z ,telluride4 ,z gold s\rces 7 deplet$1 silv]1 fir/ produc$ z a byproduct1 became ( prime int]e/4 ,lead & z9c 7 9 turn byproducts ( silv] m9+4 ,o!r metals1 notably copp]1 vanadium1 tung/51 & iron1 7 produc$ lat]4 ,molybd5um is ! ,johnny-come-lately ( ! /ate's m9+ indu/ry1 b is n[ ! *ief metal produc$4 ,a uranium boom 9 ! #aiejs br\ght a %ort ru% to we/]n ,colorado & new vigor to ! economy4 ,oil 0 discov]$ ne> ,canon ,city 9 #ahfb4 ,! ne>by ,flor5ce field & a small1 %all[ field ne> ,b\ld] prec$$ mu* great] discov]ies 9 ! ,d5v] ,bas91 ! ,u9ta ,bas91 & s\?we/ ,colorado4 ,oil res]voirs1 conf9$ to areas ( s$im5t>y rock1 are f\nd prim>ily 9 ! ,prairie & ,plateau ,prov9ces ( ! /ate1 & recov]y ( ! oil has done mu* to di/ribute population to ^! areas4 ,coal is also re/rict$ to s$im5t>y rock areas4 ,coal production 9 ,colorado has wax$ & wan$ ) ! ye>s1 b has provid$ fuel = export1 = ! railroads1 = ! manufacture ( electric p[]1 & = _m ( ! /ate's indu/ries4 ,a good picture ( pres5t m9]al production 9 ,colorado c be obta9$ f ! foll[+ summ>y = #aiga1 prep>$ by ! ,colorado ,bureau ( ,m9es3 ,product ,value ,molybd5um #aje1chi1def ,petroleum #ij1did1dei ,s& & gravel #cb1hdb1ejc ,coal #cj1bea1ddc ,natural gas #ah1fie1bbe ,uranium #ah1jdh1fib ,vanadium #ae1hfc1eed ,cem5t #ac1cgg1ebj ,z9c #ac1caj1ghg ,lead #f1ehb1jbe ,tung/5 #f1cfj1jbj ,lime/one & dolomite #e1cig1egj ,silv] #d1aih1jed ,fluorsp> #c1hhg1baj ,copp] #c1hge1igf ,/one #a1ifa1bgi ,gold #a1hcb1gia ,clay #ifb1ihf ,iron #hhj1jdg ,pumice #cji1cgj ,t9 #bgh1hfb ,gypsum #bec1hef ,pyrites #adb1fdj ,all o!rs #a1jia1ibg ,total 7#cgf1bhh1beb7 ,colorado is n[ ! nation's lead+ produc] ( molybd5um1 t91 & vanadium1 & second 9 output ( tung/54 ,9 oil production x rank$ twelf? among ! /ates 9 #aifh1 b n9? 9 res]ves1 ) #dbj1jjj1jjj b>rels ( prov5 res]ves on #a ,janu>y #aifi4 ,an z yet untapp$ s\rce ( oil lies 9 ! oil %ales ( we/]n ,colorado4 ,z "p ( ! natural environm5t1 wat] plays a major role 9 man's activities4 ,wat] problems 9 ,colorado revolve ma9ly ar\nd ! be/ use ( run(f 9 a /ate ^: major cat*m5t bas9s are across ! cont95tal divide f h] l>ge/ population c5t]s & mo/ f]tile f>m l&4 ,gr\ndwat]1 closely relat$ to surface wat] di/ribution & movem5t1 is a geological problem1 & 9 ,colorado z 9 o!r /ates _m gov]nm5t & private geologi/s s]ve f>m & indu/rial communities 9 ! se>* = usable supplies4 ,,caution3 ,old m9es are dang]\s6 ,!y may conta9 wat] or deadly gases1 or be on ! v]ge ( collapse4 ,keep away f ab&on$ prospect pits & m9e %afts4 ,,w>n ,,& ,,wat* ,,y\r ,,*ildr54 ,,gold1 ,,silv]1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,metals ,colorado's plac] & lode s\rces ( gold1 :i* gave fir/ impetus to ! s]ies ( m9+ booms 9 ! /ate1 7 fanta/ically ri*4 ,summit & ,lake ,c\nties1 = in/ance1 ea* produc$ m ?an #e1jjj1jjj 9 plac] gold betwe5 #ahei & #ahfg4 ,dur+ ! same n9e-ye> p]iod1 m ?an #i1jjj1jjj 9 lode gold 0 produc$ f ,gregory ,gul*1 a t9y canyon betwe5 ,c5tral ,city & ,black ,hawk4 ,o!r di/ricts rivall$ or surpass$ ^! figures4 ,e>ly 9 ! game x 0 recogniz$ t almo/ all ! deposits occurr$ along :at came to be kn[n z ! 8m9]al belt10 a fifty-mile-wide zone ext5d+ s\?we/ f ! ,b\ld] region4 ,mo/ ( ! metals m9$ 9 ! /ate come f ?is belt1 b !re are ?ree notable exceptions3 ,cripple ,creek1 ,silv] ,cliff1 & we/]n ,colorado vanadium & uranium di/ricts4 ,9 ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! ,colorado ru%1 gold ores & plac] gold 7 discov]$ only 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! m9]al belt4 ,gradually ! belt 0 f\nd to ext5d fur!r & fur!r s\?we/3 ,t9cup 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfa1 ,silv]ton 9 #ahgj1 ,lake ,city 9 #ahga1 & ,telluride 9 #ahge4 ,asp51 on ! we/]n edge ( ! belt1 0 n discov]$ until #ahgi1 p]haps because ! area 0 difficult ( access & lack$ ! easily recognizable native gold4 ,9 ! nor!a/ "p ( ! m9]al belt1 gold & o!r m9]als occur 9 ve9s 9 ,precambrian granite & gneiss4 ,9 ! ,leadville & ,asp5 areas1 ores are associat$ ) alt]$ ,paleozoic lime/ones4 ,at ! s\?we/ end ( ! m9]al belt1 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s1 ore ve9s are f\nd ne> or 9 ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks4 ,native gold1 gold-be>+ comp\nds1 & o!r metallic ores 9 ^! ve9s orig9at$ :]e m9]al-ri* solutions f deep )9 ! e>? p5etrat$ fissures & jo9ts 9 ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,reg>dless ( ! age ( ! ho/ rock1 almo/ all ! ores ( ,colorado 7 deposit$ 9 ! e>ly or middle ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 ab\t #ce to #gj million ye>s ago4 ,gold & silv] are no long] m9$ ext5sively 9 ,colorado1 al?\gh any summ] ,sunday w see week5d op]ators pann+ ne> m\nta9 /reams or trundl+ rock f "o-man m9es4 ,! rec5t rise 9 ! price ( silv] has enc\rag$ _m m9]s to reop5 old %afts4 ,! mo/ active m9es 9 ! /ate today are ^? produc+ molybd5um1 lead1 z9c1 & vanadium4 7,vanadium1 al?\gh a metal1 usually occurs 9 ,colorado ) radioactive m9]als1 & s is discuss$ ) !m r ?an ) ! metals47 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,colorado m9]al belt ext5ds f ,b\ld] ,c\nty on ! nor!a/ to ,san ,juan ,c\nty on ! s\?we/4 ,almo/ all ( ! prom95t m9+ di/ricts 9 ,colorado lie along ?is belt4 ,cripple ,creek & ,silv] ,cliff1 h[ev]1 lie f> to ! ea/ ( ! g5]al tr5d4 ,telluride ,d5v] ,colorado ,spr+s ,alamosa ,,b\ld] ,w>d ,gold ,hill ,b\ld] ,n$]l& ,,gilp9 ,c5tral ,city ,black ,hawk ,,jeff]son ,gold5 ,,cle> ,,creek ,empire ,georget[n ,silv] ,plume ,idaho ,spr+s ,,summit ,breck5ridge ,,eagle ,,pitk9 ,asp5 ,,gunnison ,t9cup ,,*affee ,,p>k ,climax ,alma ,como ,fairplay ,,tell] ,cripple ,creek ,,fremont ,,ouray ,ouray ,camp ,bird ,ironton ,,san ,,juan ,silv]ton ,,h9sdale ,lake ,city ,,la ,,plata ,durango ,,m9]al ,cre$e ,,cu/] ,silv] ,cliff ,all told1 "s #dcj metal m9+ di/ricts h be5 e/abli%$ z legal entities 9 ! /ate ( ,colorado4 ,ea* ( ^! di/ricts _h ! "r to draw up its own regulations conc]n+ prospect+1 claims1 & m9+ rights1 )9 a framework e/abli%$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,only a few ( ! di/ricts ev] became really significant produc]s4 ,! geology & hi/ory ( sev]al ( ! lead+ areas are pres5t$ 9 ! pages t foll[4 ,b\ld] ,c\nty ,gold ,run1 ne> ,gold ,hill1 0 ! sc5e ( "o ( ! e>lie/ /rikes 9 ,colorado4 ,gold 0 f\nd "h 9 ,decemb] #aheh1 & 0 sluic$ f /ream s&s & m9$ f ve9s e>ly 9 #ahei4 ,active plac] m9+ la/$ only ab\t a ye>1 h[ev]1 & lode m9+ dropp$ (f rapidly z ne>-surface oxidiz$ ores 7 work$ out4 ,:5 a smelt] 0 erect$ at ,black ,hawk 9 #ahfh1 & sulfide ores c\ld be treat$1 !re 0 a revival ( activity4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,c>ib\ & ,poorman m9es ne> ,n$]l& 7 discov]$2 !y quickly became ! mo/ active m9es 9 ! c\nty4 ,! ,w>d di/rict op5$ soon aft]4 ,9 #ahgb1 a gold-silv] telluride call$ petzite 0 f\nd 9 ve9s at ,gold ,hill4 ,r5ew$ prospect+ 9 ?is area result$ 9 location ( m9es ne> ,sun%9e1 ,sal9a1 & ,magnolia4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$1 new m9es appe>$ almo/ z fa/ z old ones 7 deplet$4 ,9 #ahib1 ! peak ye>1 m ?an #a1jjj1jjj 9 gold & silv] 0 produc$2 total production has be5 ab\t #be1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #aijj1 a black m9]al common 9 ! ,n$]l& area 0 recogniz$ z f]b]ite1 an ore ( tung/51 & a new ru% to ! area />t$4 ,dur+ ! next eighte5 ye>s ,b\ld] ,c\nty 0 ! ma9 tung/5 produc] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ab\t #bd1jjj tons ( tung/5 trioxide1 wor? #bc1jjj1jjj1 7 produc$ "h4 ,! ore 0 f\nd 9 ne>ly v]tical ve9s six in*es to ?ree feet ?ick1 9 a l5ticul> area ab\t n9e miles long ext5d+ f ,n$]l& nor!a/ to ,arkansas ,m\nta91 f\r miles we/ ( ,b\ld]4 ,b\ld] ,c\nty is *>act]iz$ by an abundance ( small m9es4 ,old %afts1 pits1 & m9e build+s c be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! c5tral "p ( ! c\nty4 ,little m9+ is done "h today2 _m ( ! t[ns t once pepp]$ ^! hills h fall5 into decay or disappe>$ entirely4 ,c5tral ,city & ,idaho ,spr+s ,! ,c5tral ,city-,idaho ,spr+s area 0 ! pr9cipal metal m9+ region 9 ! /ate until ! late #ahhjs4 ,9 #aheh1 ri* plac] deposits 7 discov]$ 9 gravels & riv] t]races along bo? =ks ( ,cle> ,creek4 ,exploration up/ream l$ to discov]ies ( ri* oxidiz$ qu>tz ve9s at ,c5tral ,city1 ,black ,hawk1 & ,idaho ,spr+s4 ,^! ve9s1 :i* g5]ally tr5d nor!a/-s\?we/1 ext5d ?r\gh ! m\nta9s 9 a zone ab\t six miles long & ?ree miles wide betwe5 ! two =ks ( ,cle> ,creek4 ,! ores fill$ a multitude ( cracks & fissures 9 ! ,precambrian b$rock4 ,! ve9s are usually less ?an five feet ?ick1 & are almo/ v]tical & (t5 clu/]$ 9 zones up to ?irty feet wide4 ,! position ( "o ( ! ve9 sy/ems may be se5 cle>ly betwe5 ,black ,hawk & ,c5tral ,city--! ore-be>+ rock has be5 m9$ out1 b a s]ies ( collaps$ tunnels m>ks ! l9e :]e ! ve9s cross$ ! valley4 ,a monum5t "h commemorates ! discov]y ( ,gregory ,gul*1 "o ( ! ri*e/ localities 9 ! /ate4 ,sev]al ri* ve9s 7 m9$ 9 bo? directions--s\?we/ f ,c5tral ,city & nor!a/ f ,idaho ,spr+s--until ! m9es met4 ,! ,argo tunnel1 m>k$ by dilapidat$ build+s & ext5sive dumps on ! nor? side ( ,idaho ,spr+s1 connect$ ! two di/ricts2 x 0 complet$ 9 #aijd4 ,! 8,pat*10 a deep crat]-l hole on ,qu>tz ,hill1 ab\t "o mile s\?we/ ( ,c5tral ,city1 is an intrigu+ feature 9 ?is area4 ,x 0 produc$ by glory-hol+1 a m9+ te*nique 9 :i* a deep tunnel is delib]ately cav$ by bla/+1 s t ores above ! tunnel c be remov$4 ,?is glory hole 0 dynamit$ bel[ an irregul> mass ( highly brok5 rock :]e _m ore-ri* ve9s conv]g$4 ,aft] ! cav+1 ores 7 tak5 out ?r\gh ! rema9+ "p ( ! tunnel4 ,! pr9cipal ore m9]als ( ,c5tral ,city & ,idaho ,spr+s are native gold1 pyrite1 sphal]ite1 gal5a1 *alcopyrite1 & t5nantite4 ,prospect+ = uranium 0 c>ri$ out dur+ ! #aiejs b no uranium 0 ev] m9$ "h4 ,! area has produc$ almo/ #bjj1jjj1jjj wor? ( gold1 silv]1 lead1 z9c1 & copp]4 ,a few m9es /ill op]ate seasonally or on a small scale1 b t\ri/s1 _m ( !m rid+ ,jeeps across ! m\nta9\s t]ra9 to visit m9es & gho/ t[ns1 are (t5 m visibly active ?an ! m9es4 ,georget[n1 ,empire1 & ,silv] ,plume ,a few miles s\?we/ ( ,idaho ,spr+s1 ano!r m9+ area _h a simil>1 ?\gh less productive1 hi/ory4 ,9 #ahei1 plac] & lode gold 7 discov]$ ne> :at is n[ ,georget[n4 ,plac] m9+ dom9at$ "h betwe5 #ahei & #ahfc4 ,gravel & cru%$ rock f decompos$ qu>tz & sulfide ve9s 7 wa%$ ?r\gh sluiceboxes 9 ! same way z plac] gravel1 gold be+ caught 9 riffles or gunny sack+ on ! bottoms ( ! tr\ghs4 ,! ve9s 7 f\nd to be decompos$ to dep?s ( ab\t #dj feet2 bel[ ?is ! gold occurr$ closely associat$ ) sulfides su* z pyrite1 sphal]ite1 gal5a1 & *alcopyrite1 f :i* x c\ld n easily be sep>at$4 ,h[ev]1 smelt]s 7 develop$ 9 #ahff = treatm5t ( ^! sulfides1 & gold1 silv]1 lead1 & copp] 7 recov]$4 ,gradually1 z ! gold 0 work$ out1 silv] & lead became ! important products ( ! m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,sluicebox m9+ 0 a common sight ne> ! e>ly gold camps1 :]e prim>y recov]y 0 f plac] deposits or decompos$ qu>tz & sulfide ve9s4 7,/ate ,hi/orical ,society ( ,colorado photo7 ,leadville ,plac] gold 0 discov]$ 9 #ahei 9 ,cali=nia ,gul*1 ab\t sev5 miles nor? ( ! pres5t t[n ( ,leadville4 ,! ru% t foll[$ 0 %ort b sweet2 ! camp 0 call$ ,oro--gold6 ,ab\t #e1jjj1jjj 0 produc$ f ! plac] m9es )9 two ye>s1 ?\gh by #ahfa ! area 0 all b des]t$1 = ! easily won plac] gold 0 gone4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly-day ,leadville sprawl$ among its m9e dumps at an elevation ( #aj1bjj feet4 ,! ,sawat* ,range1 9 ! backgr\nd1 conta9$ _m small] m9+ communities1 n[ des]t$4 ,mt4 ,massive1 ! /ate's second highe/ peak1 =ms ! cre/ ( ! cont95tal divide "h4 7,/ate ,hi/orical ,society ( ,colorado photo7 ,9 #ahge a smelt] 0 erect$ a few miles d[n/ream f ,oro to process c]ussite--silv]-ri* lead c>bonate--t occurr$ 9 ! plac] s&s4 ,= ye>s ?is m9]al _h be5 consid]$ a nuisance because1 be+ mu* heavi] ?an s&1 x t5d$ to sep>ate out ) ! gold4 ,! new t[n ( ,leadville sprang up ne> ! smelt] & %ortly aft]w>d m lode deposits 7 discov]$ s\? ( ! plac] work+s4 ,f #fc1jjj 9 #ahge1 production climb$ to #b1ejj1jjj 9 #ahgh & m ?an #ae1jjj1jjj 9 ! peak ye> ( #ahhb4 ,geologically1 ! ores ( ?is di/rict occur z ,t]ti>y replacem5ts & ve9s 9 ,ordovician1 ,devonian1 & ,mississippian lime/ones4 ,! 8,blue0 or ,leadville ,lime/one1 ( ,mississippian age1 conta9s ! ri*e/ ore4 ,ore deposits 7 =m$ aft] ! lime/ones _h be5 fault$ & crack$ ext5sively by m\nta9-build+ movem5ts2 ! ores !mselves probably cry/alliz$ f molt5 or gase\s mat]ials involv$ 9 relat$ igne\s intrusions4 ,riv] gravels & glacial debris mask ! true nature ( ! lode deposits1 b /udies 9 ! m9es %[ t ! fault sy/ems along :i* ores are deposit$ tr5d nor? or nor?-nor!a/4 ,! ,leadville di/rict is n[ exp]i5c+ its ?ird m9+ boom z a newly recogniz$ lead-z9c orebody is be+ develop$4 ,production is expect$ to rea* #gjj tons ( ore p] day by #aiga4 ,total production ( gold1 silv]1 lead1 z9c1 & copp] 9 ! di/rict has rea*$ #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,breck5ridge ,breck5ridge 0 also discov]$ 9 #ahei1 ) plac] gold ! fir/ attraction4 ,! plac]s gave out 9 #ahfb aft] ab\t #c1jjj1jjj 9 gold _h be5 recov]$4 ,e>lie/ attempts to m9e ! ri* silv] & lead ve9s ( ! di/rict 7 9 #ahfi4 ,z at ,leadville1 ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! area 7 intrud$ by granitic masses 9 ,t]ti>y "t1 b "h ! s$im5t>y rocks are mo/ly ,p5nsylvanian s&/ones & %ales4 ,^! rocks 7 badly fault$ & brok5 dur+ ! intrusion1 & ! ores 7 deposit$ z ! granitic mat]ial cool$4 ,! lode deposits occur mo/ly 9 small ve9s well hidd5 by surface s&s & gravels4 ,"s ( ! ve9s yield$ exceptionally beautiful cry/alliz$ wire & flake gold1 specim5s ( :i* are on display at ! ,colorado ,s*ool ( ,m9es libr>y 9 ,gold5 & 9 ! ,d5v] ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,dr$g+ = alluvial gold 0 attempt$ 9 #ahih 9 ! ,breck5ridge di/rict1 b ?is me?od ( extract+ gold 0 n successful until #aije4 ,a numb] ( dr$ges op]at$ betwe5 #aiaj & #aibe4 ,^! float+ behemo?s %ovel up gold-be>+ gravels f ! bottom & "o side ( ! pond on :i* !y float1 sort out ! gold 9 giant sluiceboxes1 & spew out ! leftov] gravels 9 great arc-%ap$ heaps t c be se5 ne> ,breck5ridge & ,fairplay & 9 a numb] ( o!r valleys 9 ,colorado4 ,!y dep5d = _! op]ation on a pl5tiful supply ( wat] & a %all[ wat] table1 b !y c sift ?r\gh quantities ( gravel at relatively l[ co/4 ,all told1 ab\t #g1jjj1jjj 9 gold has be5 dr$g$ f ?is di/rict4 ,fairplay ,illu/ration3 ,?is gold dr$ge1 /ill float+ 9 its pond j s\? ( ,fairplay1 op]at$ f #aida to #aieb4 ,) *a9s ( buckets l ^? 9 ! =egr\nd1 x dug gravel #gj feet bel[ wat] level1 c>v+ a #ce-;foot bank above wat] level2 9 effect x m9$ to a dep? ( #aje feet4 ,?is dr$ge extract$ ne>ly #aae1jjj ounces ( gold f ab\t #cc million cubic y>ds ( gravel 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,ano!r gold field discov]$ 9 #ahei 0 9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,s\? ,p>k1 along ! headwat]s ( ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv]4 ,sev]al m9+ camps 7 e/abli%$ "h4 ,aft] e>ly production ( ri* plac] deposits1 claims 7 consolidat$ & l>ge flumes con/ruct$ s t gold c\ld be recov]$ by hydraulic m9+4 ,9 ?is type ( m9+1 /reams ( wat] f high-pressure hoses are direct$ at gravel surfaces4 ,! gravels are wa%$ into long sluiceboxes1 :]e gold is caught 9 riffles4 ,hydraulic m9+ cont9u$ up/ream f ,fairplay until ab\t #aijj4 ,9 #aibb a dr$ge 0 con/ruct$ ne> ,fairplay to process gravel along ! ,s\? ,platte & 9 ! valley floor4 ,an ev5 l>g] dr$ge1 con/ruct$ 9 #aida1 op]at$ until #aieb1 :5 ris+ labor co/s ov]rode ! n>r[ m>g9 on :i* x op]at$4 ,at ! "t op]ations ceas$1 ! dr$ge 0 recov]+ ab\t six c5ts 9 gold = ea* cubic y>d ( gravel process$4 ,plac] gold has always be5 ! pr9cipal m9]al product ( ! ,fairplay area1 b native gold also occurs 9 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s 9 qu>tz ve9s1 & _m small m9es 7 develop$ to extract x4 ,sulfide ores 7 also m9$2 !y conta9$ silv]1 lead1 & z9c z well z gold4 ,9 ! ,mosquito ,pass & ,horse%oe ,amphi!at] areas1 !re is r5ew$ activity n[ because ( ! rec5t rise 9 ! price ( silv]4 ,silv]ton ,gold 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s ( s\?we/ ,colorado 9 #ahgj4 ,! e>lie/ m9e1 ne> :at is n[ ,silv]ton1 0 locat$ by a gr\p ( prospectors s5t out by ,gov]nor ,pile ( ,new ,mexico ,t]ritory4 ,s9ce ! site 0 on ,ute ,indian l&1 real m9+ did n beg9 until a treaty all[+ x 0 ratifi$ 9 #ahgd4 ,production 9 ! ,silv]ton di/rict has be5 f ve9s 9 ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks )9 an elliptical area kn[n z ! ,silv]ton cauldron4 ,"h ! volcanic rocks1 "p ( ! sev]al ?\s& feet ( lava fl[s & a% falls ( ! ,san ,juan volcanic field1 7 crack$ & fault$ by a second p]iod ( igne\s activity4 ,ores =m$ 9 ! cracks & fissures4 ,9 ! #ahgjs ! ,silv]ton di/rict 0 v remote1 & difficulties ) transportation ret>d$ activity !re4 ,9 #ahhb1 h[ev]1 a n>r[-gauge railroad 0 built connect+ ,silv]ton ) ,durango1 & ! problem ( transport+ ore out ( ! isolat$ m\nta9 valley 0 simplifi$4 ,! railway /ill exi/s2 a tra9 makes daily pass5g] runs dur+ ! summ]--! only rema9+ op]at+ n>r[-gauge l9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! track foll[s ! ,animas ,riv] canyon1 ^: cliffs & crags are dott$ ) long-ab&on$ m9es1 prospect holes1 & m9e build+s1 monum5ts to ! t5acity & det]m9ation ( ! m5 :o m9$ "h4 ,production 9 ?is di/rict 0 m ?an #bb1jjj1jjj 9 gold & #bj1jjj1jjj 9 silv] betwe5 #ahgd & #aibc4 ,new activity is evid5t "h1 z 9 o!r silv]-ri* areas ( ,colorado1 because ( rec5t dem& = silv]1 lead1 & z9c4 ,illu/ration3 ,silv]ton lies 9 a remote m\nta9 valley 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s4 ,silv]1 gold1 lead1 & z9c h be5 m9$ "h s9ce #ahgd4 ,/orm ,peak1 compos$ ( ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks1 =ms ! backdrop2 ! n>r[-gauge railroad track is visible 9 ! =egr\nd4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,ouray ,ouray 0 settl$ 9 #ahge1 :5 gold & silv] deposits 7 f\nd ne> ,m\nt ,sneffels4 ,s9ce #ahgg1 m9es 9 ,ouray ,c\nty h produc$ ov] #ce1jjj1jjj 9 gold & #cb1jjj1jjj 9 silv]4 ,! di/rict is /ill q active3 9 #aife1 m9es 9 ?is area produc$ m ?an #i1jjj1jjj 9 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 lead1 & z9c1 ab\t a ?ird ( total ,colorado production ( ^! metals = t ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a few miles s\? ( ,ouray1 along ,uncompahgre ,gorge1 an old m9e cl+s to ! slope bel[ ! ,million ,doll> ,highway 7,u4 ,s4 #eej74 ,abrams ,m\nta9 rises 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! ,precambrian ,uncompahgre ,qu>tzite outcrops up to ab\t ! road level2 ,mioc5e ,sun%9e ,peak ,rhyolite caps ! peak4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,a mile nor? ( ,ouray a prom95t intrusive /ock m>ks ! c5t] ( m9+ activity close/ to ,ouray4 ,! ri*e/ deposits ( ! ,ouray area1 h[ev]1 lie ab\t five miles s\?we/1 ne> ,m\nt ,sneffels & ,r$ ,m\nta9 ,creek4 ,!re1 sev]al l>ge m9es1 includ+ ! fam\s ,camp ,bird m9e1 h op]at$ = _m ye>s1 extract+ ore f hundr$s ( ve9s t und]ly ! surface4 ,"s ( ^! ve9s are two to f\r miles long4 ,!y are 9 ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks ( ! ,san ,juan ,=mation4 ,qu>tz & calcite are ! common gangue 7non-economic7 m9]als1 & pyrite1 sphal]ite1 gal5a1 & *alcopyrite are ! mo/ abundant ores4 ,mo/ ( ! silv] is 9 ! gal5a2 gold occurs 9 /reaks & nodules associat$ ) qu>tz4 ,ab\t t5 miles s\? ( ,ouray1 along ! 8,million ,doll> ,highway0 7,u4 ,s4 #eej71 ! ,r$ ,m\nta9 di/rict lies on ! nor?we/ edge ( ! ,silv]ton volcanic cauldron4 ,x conta9s a numb] ( small pipelike bodies v ri* 9 silv]-copp] & silv]-lead ores4 ,foll[+ ! mid-,t]ti>y volcanism & ore intrusion1 surface rocks 9 ?is area 7 int5sely oxidiz$3 result+ iron oxides n[ =m ! gaudy r$s & yell[s ( ,r$ ,m\nta9 & ! slopes ne> ,ironton4 ,?is alt]ation1 z well z ! fact t mu* ( ! area is cov]$ ) fall5 rock1 /ream gravels1 or glacial deposits1 comp\nds difficulties ( locat+ ! small ?\gh high-grade ore deposits4 ,! ,id>ado ,m9e1 on ! ea/ side ( ,u4 ,s4 highway #eej ne> ,r$ ,m\nta91 us$ to produce ores f ne>by volcanic pipes2 n[ x produces f ve9s "s di/ance to ! nor?we/4 ,! area is honeycomb$ ) tunnels & %afts4 ,asp5 ,silv] 0 f\nd at ,ca/le ,creek & on ,asp5 ,m\nta9 9 #ahgi4 ,a gr\p ( prospectors f ,leadville1 app>5tly aft] exam9+ maps ( ! ,geological & ,geographical ,atlas ( ,colorado publi%$ 9 #ahgg1 explor$ along ! l9e ( ,paleozoic lime/ones encircl+ ! ,sawat* ,range4 ,z !y _h hop$1 !y f\nd ores simil> to ^? at ,leadville 9 rocks ( ! same age4 ,m9+ began at ,asp5 9 #ahhj4 ,"h1 z at ,leadville1 intrusion ( granite porphyry into or ne> ! ,leadville ,lime/one _h brok5 & de=m$ ! lay]s1 & ores 7 deposit$ 9 fissures & z replacem5ts dur+ cool+ ( ! intrusions4 ,! intricacy ( fault+ :i* controls ! ore pockets 9 ! lime/one is well %[n on ! map ( ,asp5 ,m\nta9 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,glaciation occurr$ 9 ?is area1 & glacial deposits cov] mo/ ( ! ore bodies & outcrops s t little b$rock is expos$4 ,mapp+ 0 accompli%$ by extrapolat+ to ! surface ! b$rock patt]ns %[n 9 m9e pits1 %afts1 & tunnels4 ,asp5 produc$ "s ( ! ri*e/ silv] ores 9 ! _w1 & ?riv$ z a boom t[n = mo/ ( two decades4 ,9 #ahhh ! value ( ores produc$ rea*$ ov] #g1jjj1jjj2 ! next ye> x topp$ #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,aft] ! silv] cra% ( #ahic production decl9$ rapidly2 ! la/ m9es 7 clos$ 9 ! #aibjs4 ,total production ( silv]1 lead1 z9c1 & copp] rea*$ ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,!re 0 virtually no gold 9 ! ores at ,asp54 ,cre$e ,illu/ration3 ,cre$e & its m9es are locat$ 9 an area ( ,t]ti>y rhyolite & dacite1 light-color$ volcanic rocks4 ,happy ,?\ght ,m9e ,ame?y/ ,m9e ,we/ ,will[ ,creek ,,ame?y/ ,,fault ,la/ ,*ance ,m9e ,del ,monte ,m9e ,commodore ,m9e ,jackpot ,m9e ,copp]ve9 ,m9e ,ba*elor ,m9e ,,bulldog ,,m\nta9 ,,fault ,kansas ,city ,/> ,m9e ,commodore ,tunnel ,mu/ang ,tunnel ,nelson ,tunnel ,ex*equ] ,m9e ,,solomon ,,fault ,,campbell ,,m\nta9 ,holy ,moses #b ,holy ,moses ,m9e ,ridge ,m9e ,solomon ,m9e ,monte ,c>lo ,m9e ,mollie ,s4 ,m9e ,ea/ ,will[ ,creek ,ramey ,tunnel ,dora ,belle ,m9e ,mammo? ,tunnel ,home/ake ,m9e ,mammo? ,m9e ,,mammo? ,,m\nta9 ,nancy ,hanks ,m9e ,pipe ,dream ,m9e ,,! ,,n>r[s ,w9dy ,gul* ,,cre$e ,will[ ,creek ,! ,cre$e di/rict ranks z "o ( ! mo/ productive silv] areas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x came into be+ l>gely z a result ( a discov]y by ,n4,h4 ,cre$e 9 #ahhi4 ,:5 explor+ 9 ?is area1 he 0 report$ to h exclaim$ 8,holy ,moses60 on exam9+ a ri* piece ( ore1 ?us giv+ ! "n to ! m9e :i* initiat$ ! rapid developm5t ( ! di/rict4 ,by ! end ( #ahib ! ,holy ,moses & ne>by m9es _h produc$ ore valu$ at m ?an #d1jjj1jjj4 ,! area 0 s ri* t x manag$ to survive #ahic's great decl9e 9 ! price ( silv]2 by #aibj almo/ #db1jjj1jjj 9 gold1 silv]1 lead1 & z9c _h be5 m9$ !re4 ,! ores1 silv]-be>+ gal5a1 sphal]ite1 native gold1 pyrite1 & *alcopyrite1 are 9 qu>tz or ame?y/ ve9s 9 fault$ & %att]$ ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks4 ,ne>ly all ! ore deposits lie along a complex sy/em ( v]tical faults1 ! ,ame?y/ fault zone1 :i* runs m or less nor?we/-s\!a/ ?r\gh ?is region4 ,bo? ! fault+ & ! enri*m5t ( ! fault fissures are believ$ to h tak5 place 9 mid-,t]ti>y "t1 %ortly aft] deposition ( ! volcanic ho/ rocks4 ,cripple ,creek ,illu/ration3 ,cripple ,creek1 on ! flanks ( ! ,pikes ,peak massif1 has produc$ m ?an #djj1jjj1jjj wor? ( gold4 ,! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s are visible 9 ! di/ance beyond ! ,arkansas ,riv] valley4 7,jack ,ra?bone photo7 ,9 #ahij1 two %eeph]d]s /umbl$ on "s ri*ly m9]aliz$ rocks ne> ,cripple ,creek4 ,a boom develop$ imm$iately1 = ! rocks conta9$ bo? gold & silv]4 ,s9ce !n1 ! area has produc$ m ?an #b1jjj1jjj ounces ( silv] & ne>ly #ai1jjj1jjj ounces ( gold4 ,cripple ,creek has produc$ almo/ half ( all ! /ate's gold & silv]4 ,! ores are locat$ 9 or at ! edge ( a l>ge mass ( middle ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks :i* =m an elliptical bas9 or cald]a sev]al miles across4 ,! cald]a1 surr\nd$ by ,precambrian gneiss & granite ( ! ,pikes ,peak massif1 0 probably =m$ by collapse ( a volcanic c5t] t _h erupt$ ?r\gh ! old] rock4 ,! collapse %att]$ ! rocks ar\nd ! bas9 m>g91 & subsequ5t volcanic activity introduc$ m9]al-ri* solutions into ! _m faults & fissures produc$ by ! collapse4 ,tellurides ( gold1 silv]1 & copp]1 z well z pyrite1 sphal]ite1 gal5a1 tetrah$rite1 & o!r m9]als1 are *>act]i/ic4 ,climax ,illu/ration3 ,at ,climax1 ! ore occurs scatt]$ ?r\gh ! intrusive ,climax ,granite ,porphyry & ! intrud$ ,idaho ,spr+s ,=mation4 ,visitors c t\r ! surface work+s dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,t]ti>y dikes ,%ell ( ,climax /ock ,core ( ,climax /ock ,ore zone ,precambrian granite ,fault ,dykes ,molybd5um n[ ranks z ! numb] "o metal m9$ 9 ,colorado4 ,ov] #aje1jjj1jjj ( 8moly0 0 m9$ "h dur+ #aifi1 almo/ all ( x f ! ,climax ,m9e1 ! _w's l>ge/ s+le s\rce ( ?is metal4 ,! ,climax deposit is locat$ high on ! we/ slope ( ,t5 ,mile ,range 9 c5tral ,colorado1 ab\t #ajj miles s\?we/ ( ,d5v]4 ,x is 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,colorado m9]al belt1 ne> ! ,mosquito ,fault1 a prom95t /ructural feature :i* ext5ds ab\t sixty miles along ! nor?-s\? tr5d ( ! m\nta9s4 ,rocks on bo? sides ( ?is fault are intrud$ by ,t]ti>y granite dikes1 sills1 & /ocks4 ,! ,climax ,m9e is 9 a /ock j ea/ ( ! fault1 ne> ! axis ( a broad anticl9e 9 ,precambrian metamorphic rocks4 ,ore m9]als at ,climax are molybd5ite1 huebn]ite1 & cassit]ite2 pyrite is recov]$ also = ! manufacture ( sulfuric acid4 ,! ore is v l[ 9 metal cont5t1 conta9+ only "o-?ird ( a p]c5t ( molybd5um1 #j4jje tung/5 trioxide1 & #j4jjja t94 ,! great size ( ! ore body & effici5t recov]y by mod]n me?ods make ,climax a pr(itable m9e1 h[ev]4 ,production has ris5 ea* ye> s9ce ! m9e began op]ation4 ,urad ,m9e ne> ,b]?\d ,pass is a newly develop$ ne>-surface molybd5um m9e simil> to ,climax4 ,ne>by at ! ,h5d]son ,m9e ! ore body is m ?an half a mile bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,,radium1 ,,uranium1 ,,& ,,vanadium ,ov] a l>ge area ( ! ,plateau ,prov9ce 9 we/]n ,colorado1 ,mesozoic s$im5t>y rocks are locally /a9$ bright yell[1 orange1 or gre54 ,su* /a9+ sugge/s m9]alization1 & radioactive comp\nds 7 recogniz$ "h be=e #aijj4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 !re 0 little or no m>ket = !m or = ! vanadium frequ5tly associat$ ) !m4 ,:5 ,m>ie ,curie requir$ radium = exp]im5ts ) h] newly discov]$ elem5t1 ! raw mat]ials 7 s5t f we/]n ,colorado2 by & l>ge1 ?\gh1 production ( radium f ^! ores 0 prohibitively exp5sive4 ,9 #aije1 vanadium 0 f\nd to be effective 9 t\gh5+ /eel4 ,! ,vanadium ,corporation ( ,am]ica 0 =m$ to m9e ! ,colorado ore4 ,?is company m9es a ri* zone 9 ! ,jurassic ,entrada ,s&/one1 :]e vanad9ite occurs ) c>notite & o!r uranium ores4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( vanadium m9+1 ! uranium ores 7 disc>d$ ) o!r gangue mat]ials2 n[1 ( c\rse1 uranium is produc$ f !m4 ,s9ce #aide1 uranium production has be5 an important ,colorado indu/ry2 9 #aifi ab\t #ag1ejj1jjj wor? 0 produc$4 ,uranium occurs 9 ! /ate 9 two v diff]5t situations4 ,9 ! ,plateau ,prov9ce1 :]e x 0 fir/ discov]$1 x occurs 9 s$im5t>y rocks z pat*es ( pit*bl5de1 c>notite1 & a gre5i% yell[ m9]al call$ s*roek+]ite4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 ! ,triassic ,*9le ,=mation & ! ,jurassic ,entrada & ,morrison ,=mations1 :]e x 0 probably deposit$ by d[nw>d movem5t ( ra9wat] f ov]ly+ uranium-ri* ,t]ti>y volcanic rocks4 ,conc5trations ( uranium (t5 occur 9 or ne> organic matt] su* z coal1 fossil bone1 or petrifi$ wood1 s m9es t5d to be locat$ along rock lay]s c>ry+ abundant organic mat]ial4 ,ano!r type ( uranium ore is f\nd 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,ve9s 9 ,precambrian rocks ( ! ,front ,range & sev]al o!r ranges conta9 pit*bl5de :i* seems to h be5 deposit$ by hot gr\ndwat] ris+ ?r\gh brok5 & fissur$ ,precambrian rocks4 ,(t5 exce$+ly ri*1 su* ore is m9$ 9 ! mann] ( mo/ ( ,colorado's metals4 ,! ,s*w>tzwald] ,m9e1 a few miles nor?we/ ( ,gold51 has produc$ m ore ( ?is type ?an any o!r m9e 9 ,colorado4 ,,oil1 ,,natural ,,gas1 ,,& ,,oil ,,%ale ,petroleum & natural gas h be5 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,prairie & ,plateau ,prov9ces 9 ,colorado1 z well z 9 small] quantities 9 ,nor? ,p>k 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,!y g5]ally occur 9 por\s s&/one & lime/one lay]s1 :]e !y h be5 trapp$ by ov]ly+ f9]-gra9$1 less p]meable lay]s 9 or ne> folds & faults4 ,sev]al oil & gas seeps 7 f\nd along ! m\nta9 front %ortly aft] ! arrival ( ! e>lie/ settl]s4 ,ne> ,canon ,city1 on ,oil ,creek1 a plaque commemorates ! fir/ production3 ,oil ,creek--site ( ! fir/ oil well 9 ! we/--second place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to produce petroleum f wells4 ,9 #ahfb 444 ,a4 ,m4 ,cass$y drill$ an oil well #ej feet deep4 ,by ,febru>y1 #ahfc1 production 0 "o b>rel a day4 ,lat]1 sev]al ?\s& gallons ( petroleum 7 produc$ by primitive me?ods1 & k]os5e & lubricat+ oil 7 %ipp$ by ox team z f> z ,d5v] & ,santa ,fe4 ,ab\t tw5ty miles to ! s\!a/1 ne> ,flor5ce1 ! ,cretace\s ,pi]re %ales 7 drill$ 9 #ahgf4 ,oil 0 f\nd 9 a sy/em ( int]sect+ fractures & jo9ts4 ,"s ( ! e>ly wells 9 ! ,flor5ce field are /ill produc+1 mak+ ?is ,colorado's olde/ & longe/ produc+ field4 ,x has yield$ m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj b>rels ( oil4 ,small quantities ( oil h be5 produc$ ne> ,b\ld] s9ce ab\t #aijj1 also f ,pi]re s&/ones & %ales4 ,9 ?is area1 wells 7 locat$ by 8d[s+0 or 8wit*+10 z 0 fa%ionable at ! "t4 ,sev]al old rigs c be se5 ne> ,b\ld] ,res]voir4 ,z at ,flor5ce1 oil has be5 trapp$ 9 fractures ( o!rwise d5se & imp]vi\s %ale4 ,"s gas is produc$ & is us$ by local f>ms4 ,m rec5tly1 oil 0 f\nd f> b5ea? ! surface 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,prairie ,prov9ce4 ,"h1 9 ! ,d5v] ,bas91 oil is produc$ f sev]al levels 9 ! ,dakota ,s&/one4 ,! oil has accumulat$ 9 l5ses ( bea* s& deposit$ along ! %orel9e ( ! ,cretace\s sea4 ,! g5]al tr5d ( ! %orel9e1 & ( ! oil fields1 is nor!a/-s\?we/4 ,! %ore appe>s to h be5 simil> to ,georgia's pres5t coa/l9e3 a swampy tidal zone sep>at$ f op5 sea by lagoons1 s&y b>s1 & clean s& bea*es4 ,individual oil pools 9 ! ,d5v] ,bas9 are small1 b !re are _m ( !m2 !y lie ne>ly a mile bel[ ! surface1 "u mu* ( ,morgan & ,logan ,c\nties & adjac5t p>ts ( ,nebraska4 ,exploratory & developm5t drill+ keeps total oil production at ab\t #ej1jjj b>rels a day4 ,oil & gas produc$ "h is pip$ to ,d5v] & o!r ,colorado cities4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,colorado1 oil & gas occur 9 late ,paleozoic lime/ones & s&/ones simil> to ^? :i* outcrop at ! edge ( ! ,wet ,m\nta9s4 ,prospect+ by geophysical me?ods & by drill+ has reveal$ sev]al small1 ri* accumulations1 "o ( :i* is ?\ght to conta9 ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj b>rels ( oil4 ,! ,rangely field1 9 nor?we/]n ,colorado1 is ! mo/ productive field 9 ! /ate4 ,locat$ 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,u9ta ,bas91 x is an out/&+ example ( an anticl9al field1 :]e oil is trapp$ 9 a l>ge1 g5tle dome4 ,! %ape ( ! dome %[s up well on ! surface2 rock lay]s c be se5 dipp+ outw>d 9 all directions f ! t[n ( ,rangely4 ,oil 0 f\nd by drill+ on ! cre/ ( ! dome4 ,at fir/1 oil 0 produc$ f fractures 9 ! ,cretace\s ,mancos ,%ale at less ?an #a1jjj feet dep?4 ,lat]1 deep] drill+ %[$ t oil _h also accumulat$ 9 ! ,p]mian ,web] ,s&/one1 at #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet4 ,at pres5t ?is field is produc+ ab\t #bh1jjj b>rels ( oil a day1 b ! figure is dropp+ ea* ye> z ! field is deplet$4 ,oil & gas are produc$ 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado f ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,p>adox ,bas9 & ! nor!rn edge ( ! ,san ,juan ,bas94 ,9 ! ,p>adox ,bas91 oil comes f ,p5nsylvanian lime/one m\nds or reefs4 ,production 9 ! ,colorado "p ( ! bas9 has be5 at mo/ a few ?\s& b>rels p] day2 m is produc$ 9 adjac5t ,utah4 ,9 ! ,san ,juan ,bas91 gas & oil are trapp$ 9 ?9 por\s lay]s ( ,cretace\s & ,p5nsylvanian s&/one1 betwe5 imp]vi\s lay]s ( %ale4 ,mo/ ( ! production is 9 ,new ,mexico1 al?\gh "s oil comes f ! ,colorado "p ( ! bas94 ,! greate/ kn[n pot5tial oil res\rce 9 ! _w lies 9 ! oil %ales ( we/]n ,colorado4 ,! ri*e/ ( ^! %ales cov] an area ( #a1fjj squ>e miles nor? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 s\? ( ! ,:ite ,riv]1 & j ea/ ( ! ,colorado-,utah l9e4 ,! oil %ales are "p ( ! ,t]ti>y ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation1 :i* ext5ds ov] mu* ( nor?we/ ,colorado1 nor!a/ ,utah1 & s\!rn ,wyom+4 ,oily mat]ial call$ k]og5 is lock$ 9 ^! rocks1 too solid to fl[ out ( ! f9e pore spaces ( ! %ale4 ,to free x ! %ale mu/ be m9$1 f9ely cru%$1 & heat$ until ! k]og5 conv]ts to liquid oil4 ,?is is an exp5sive process1 & z yet production ( petroleum f ! oil %ale has n be5 possible at a co/ :i* w compete ) production ( oil & gas f wells4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es1 z well z a numb] ( oil companies1 h s\ght = m ?an fifty ye>s to discov] a less exp5sive me?od = extract+ oil f ! %ale4 ,no d\bt at "s "t 9 ! future a competitive te*nique w be develop$1 or a gr[+ %ortage ( o!r oil w br+ _w prices to a level ) :i* pres5t production te*niques c compete4 ,oil & gas production 9 ,colorado is decreas+ at pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh great ef=ts are be+ made to f9d new oil pools4 ,petroleum prospect+ & wildcat drill+ are c>ri$ out 9 z yet unproductive bas9s 9 ! ,plateau ,prov9ce1 9 int]montane bas9s su* z ! ,san ,luis ,valley1 & on ! ,pla9s4 ,kn[n res]ves w cont9ue to provide ! /ate ) significant income = _m ye>s to come1 & if oil %ale recov]y becomes pr(itable4 ,colorado's hydroc>bons w become ! mo/ prom95t ( h] commodities4 ,,coal ,coal res\rces ( ,colorado am\nt to ab\t #fj billion tons4 ,only "o p] c5t ( ?is has be5 m9$4 ,?\s&s ( tons are n[ be+ produc$ daily f l>ge m9es 9 c5tral1 s\!rn1 & nor?we/]n p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,colorado's coal deposits 7 =m$ dur+ late ,cretace\s & e>ly ,t]ti>y "t1 :5 seas 7 rec$+ f ?is region & ! l& 0 ris+4 ,!y repres5t accumulations ( leaves & o!r plant mat]ial 9 swamps & flood pla9s simil> to ^? n[ f\nd 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] & 9 ! swamps ( s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,almo/ all ,colorado coal is bitum9\s or s(t coal4 ,coal 0 recogniz$ e>ly 9 ,colorado hi/ory by settl]s along ! m\nta9 front1 & 0 m9$ we/ & nor? ( ,d5v] 9 ! #ahfjs4 ,sev]al l>ge und]gr\nd m9es /ill op]ate 9 ?is di/rict1 supply+ local p[] plants1 b production does n comp>e ) t ( ! ,wals5burg-,tr9idad area 9 s\!rn ,colorado or ! ,hayd5 area 9 nor?we/ ,colorado4 ,! ,wals5burg-,tr9idad region1 "p ( ! ,raton coal field1 has produc$ coal s9ce ! build+ ( ! ,santa ,fe ,railroad 9 ! e>ly #ahgjs4 ,= _m ye>s coal f ^! m9es mov$ ! ,santa ,fe tra9s & _m ( ! num]\s small] railroads t s]v$ ,colorado's cities & m9+ camps4 ,! location ( ! m9es help$ to det]m9e ! location ( ! ,colorado ,fuel & ,iron ,company smelt] 9 ,pueblo4 ,n[1 mo/ s\!rn ,colorado coal is us$ to produce electric p[]4 ,_m small m9es1 miles away f ! p[] plant we/ ( ,tr9idad1 are des]t$4 ,a l>ge coal-burn+ p[] plant has rec5tly be5 built betwe5 ,hayd5 & ,/eamboat ,spr+s1 j we/ ( ! ,yampa ,riv]4 ,"h1 "s ( ! ext5sive coal deposits c be se5 9 road cuts along ,u4 ,s4 highway #dj4 ,until conv]sion to diesel fuel became almo/ univ]sal 9 ,nor? ,am]ican railroads1 m9es ( ?is di/rict produc$ coal = locomotives4 ,9 ! heyday ( ! gold & silv] m9es1 coal 0 also m9$ ne> ,coalmont1 9 ,nor? ,p>k1 & ,como1 9 ,s\? ,p>k4 ,coal f ^! areas 0 us$ = fuel 9 ne>by m9+ t[ns & ran*es1 & = ! n>r[-gauge railroads t p5etrat$ ! m\nta9s "h4 ,at ,an?racite1 ne> ,cre/$ ,butte1 high-grade an?racite coal 0 m9$ = a "t4 ,id5tical 9 orig9 ) o!r ,colorado coal1 ! an?racite ( ?is region 0 h>d5$ by heat & pressures f ,t]ti>y igne\s intrusions =c+ _! way into local s$im5t>y rocks dur+ po/-,cretace\s m\nta9 build+4 ,a multitude ( o!r coal camps are scatt]$ ab\t ,colorado3 ,cok$ale1 ,delc>bon1 ,coaldale1 ,ronc>bo1 ,c>bondale1 & ,c>diff /& out because ( _! sugge/ive names4 ,^! e>ly small camps are1 l _! metal-m9e c\s9s1 l>gely des]t$ today4 ,,con/ruction ,,mat]ials ,s&1 ,gravel1 & ,clay ,s&1 gravel1 & cru%$ rock rate high among geologic products 9 ,colorado2 m ?an #bg1jjj1jjj wor? ( ^! mat]ials 7 produc$ 9 ! /ate 9 #aifi4 ,highway & con/ruction activities h br\ght rec5t expansion 9 ! numb] & size ( qu>ries & gravel pits4 ,increas+ly1 ,coloradoans are insi/+ t qu>ries & pits be excavat$ only :]e !y w n m> ! natural beauty ( ! l&scape1 & _m old pits are n[ be+ fill$ 94 ,un=tunately1 ! sc>s left by "s qu>ries--su* z t on ! ,ramp>t ,range ne> ,colorado ,spr+s--are difficult to erase4 ,clay ( good quality occurs 9 ,cretace\s deposits 9 _m p>ts ( ,colorado1 mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! ,dakota or ,l>amie ,=mations4 ,9 ! area ar\nd ,gold51 ! ,coors ,porcela9 ,company = _m ye>s m9$ clay = use 9 pott]y & l[ temp]ature c]amic w>e4 ,sc>s f ?is m9+ c be se5 along ! m\nta9 front nor? & s\? ( ,gold51 & deep clefts )9 ! t[n1 j we/ ( ,colorado ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 te/ify to ! am\nts ( clay t h be5 remov$4 ,colorado clay is n pure en\gh to be us$ 9 high temp]ature c]amics1 & ! pres5t use = x is 9 ! manufacture ( common tiles & bricks4 ,a rec5t developm5t 9 ,colorado is ! use ( ,cretace\s ,pi]re %ales 9 manufactur+ lightweight aggregate = build+4 ,! %ale is m9$ betwe5 ,gold5 & ,b\ld]1 ne> ,colorado highway #ic4 ,9 ! ne>by plant1 x is pulv]iz$ & !n heat$ 9 a l>ge rotat+ cyl9d] until ! surface ( ea* p>ticle fuses4 ,!n ! p>ticles are quickly cool$4 ,! result+ product is mu* l c9d]1 light 9 weight & yet /rong4 ,x c be mix$ ) cem5t = use 9 con/ruction "w requir+ a great /r5g?-to-weight ratio1 or made into concrete blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,qu>ry+ ( ,paleozoic lime/ones & dolomites along ! ea/ flank ( ! ,ramp>t ,range nor?we/ ( ,colorado ,spr+s has badly defac$ a prom95t m\nta9 backdrop4 ,rec5t se$+ ef=ts by qu>ry op]ators are return+ ! exhau/$ "p ( ! qu>ry to its orig9al lightly vegetat$ condition1 & hopefully1 z ! qu>ry is deplet$1 ! sc> w disappe>4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,/one ,9 ,colorado1 z 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 build+ /one = local use is qu>ri$ locally4 ,two ( ! /ate's /ones1 h[ev]--,yule ,m>ble f ! ,cry/al ,riv] ,canyon1 & ,lyons ,s&/one ( ! ,front ,range--h be5 m widely us$4 ,! ,yule ,m>ble1 or ,yule ,colorado ,m>ble1 0 produc$ by metamorphism ( ,leadville ,lime/one 9 an area intrud$ by ! ,treasure ,m\nta9 ,granite1 ?irty-five miles s\? ( ,gl5wood ,spr+s4 ,?is exquisite m>ble1 :i* has grac$ _m fam\s monum5ts & build+s 7among !m ! ,l9coln ,memorial & ! ,tomb ( ! ,unkn[n ,soldi]71 is kn[n = its almo/ uni=m sn[y :it5ess & regul>1 f9e cry/allization4 ,al?\gh its beauty1 massive "*1 & uni=mity made x a s\ght-aft] ornam5tal /one1 qu>ry+ 0 economically m>g9al because ( ! remot5ess ( ! site4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ne>ly #g1jjj1jjj wor? ( ! m>ble 0 produc$ be=e ! qu>ry clos$ 9 #aidj4 ,illu/ration3 ,pure :ite m>ble 0 qu>ri$ = _m ye>s at ! ,yule ,colorado ,m>ble ,qu>ry1 ab\t ?ree miles s\!a/ ( ! village ( ,m>ble4 7,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey photo7 ,! ,lyons area1 nor? ( ,b\ld]1 provides p9k1 h>d1 ev5-gra9$ s&/one :i* splits readily into slabs or flag/ones4 ,^! are us$ 9 ! ,d5v]-,b\ld] area = sidewalks & patios z well z = fac+ build+s4 ,qu>ries own$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado provide a con/ant supply ( h&some fac+ mat]ial & flag/one = new univ]sity build+s1 al?\gh 9 rec5t ye>s ! high co/ ( /one con/ruction has limit$ its use on ! campus4 ,illu/ration3 ,lyons ,s&/one is qu>ri$ ne> ,lyons1 ,colorado4 ,! salmon-color$ s&/one splits along surfaces def9$ by slight diff]5ces 9 size & arrangem5t ( ! s& gra9s4 7,john ,*ronic photo7 ,illu/ration3 ,mo/ ( ! build+s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,colorado are fac$ ) ,p]mian ,lyons ,s&/one1 :i* is widely us$ = build+s & flag/ones ?r\gh\t ! ,b\ld]-,d5v] area4 ,! ,univ]sity ,museum1 %[n "h1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aijb1 & conta9s ov] a million sci5tific specim5s1 includ+ _m ,colorado fossils & m9]als4 ,exhibits 9 ! ,hall ( ,e>? portray ,colorado's geologic hi/ory4 7,ti*nor ,bros4 photo7 ,! ,lyons ,s&/one 0 deposit$ z bea* & b> s& along ! edge ( a sea :i* lay ea/ ( ! ,front ,range 9 ,p]mian "t4 ,aft] deposition1 ! s& 0 deeply buri$ & compact$4 ,n[ tilt$ up along ! ,front ,range uplift1 x comes to ! surface along ! ea/ side ( ! range4 ,only betwe5 ,=t ,coll9s & ,b\ld] does ! /one h ! desirable comb9ation ( h>dness1 ?9-b$d$ness1 & color :i* makes x desirable = ornam5tal use4 ,! p9k color ( ! ,lyons ,s&/one is d]iv$ f iron oxides1 mo/ly hematite1 dissem9at$ betwe5 ! s& gra9s4 ,d5drites 7(t5 errone\sly call$ fossil f]ns or plants7 ornam5t "s slabs2 !y 7 =m$ by cry/allization ( manganese dioxide f gr\ndwat] z x sl[ly p]colat$ ?r\gh ! rock4 ,lime & ,gypsum ,outcrops ( ! ,cretace\s ,gre5horn & ,niobr>a ,lime/ones provide mo/ ( ! cem5t mat]ials 9 ,colorado4 ,a numb] ( plants along ! m\nta9 front1 includ+ a completely automat$ & du/-free "o ne> ,lyons1 provide ! major population c5t]s ) millions ( tons ( cem5t ea* ye>4 ,colorado is ri*ly end[$ ) gypsum1 useful 9 cem5t & pla/] manufacture & = ornam5tal /one & sculpture4 ,along ! ea/]n front ( ! m\nta9s1 gypsum occurs 9 ! ,triassic ,lyk9s ,=mation2 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce1 x is abundant 9 ,p5nsylvanian s$im5t>y rocks4 ,p>ticul>ly high-quality ,p5nsylvanian gypsum is qu>ri$ at ! t[n ( ,gypsum1 we/ ( ,eagle4 ,! ,colorado portion ( ! ,p>adox ,bas91 9 ! ,plateau ,prov9ce1 conta9s imm5se deposits ( ,p5nsylvanian gypsum4 ,"h1 rocks ne> ! surface h be5 pu%$ up into %>p nor?we/-tr5d+ fault$ anticl9es by upw>d movem5ts ( gypsum & salt f dep?s ( sev]al ?\s&s ( feet4 ,! soluble salt & gypsum cores ( ^! /ructures h be5 wa%$ away m rapidly ?an ! surr\nd+ lay]s ( s&/one & %ale1 leav+ depressions su* z ,gypsum ,valley1 ,p>adox ,valley1 & ,s9bad ,valley1 on ! cre/s ( ! anticl9es4 ,r$ & yell[ ,triassic s&/ones & %ales1 especially ! ,*9le ,=mation & ! ,w+ate ,s&/one1 dip away f ^! valleys4 ,exploratory wells indicate t va/ masses ( salt & gypsum are pres5t b5ea? ! surface1 & may ext5d to dep?s great] ?an #aj1jjj feet4 ,,gems ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,/ones ,m ?an ?irty diff]5t gems & ornam5tal /ones are kn[n to occur 9 ,colorado4 ,amazon/one1 ame?y/1 g>net1 t\rmal9e1 aquam>9e1 topaz1 lapis lazuli1 qu>tz cry/al1 smoky & rose qu>tz1 sapphire1 sev]al v>ieties ( agate1 zircon1 & o!r attractive /ones are ga!r$ )9 ! /ate1 ma9ly 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,turquoise is kn[n at sev]al places 9 ! volcanic area ( s\!rn ,colorado4 ,alaba/] is m9$ along ! nor!a/]n m\nta9 front ne> ,=t ,coll9s & ,lovel&4 ,localities ( int]e/ to gem hunt]s are describ$ 9 ,colorado ,gem ,trails & ,m9]al ,guide1 by ,ri*>d ,m4 ,pe>l4 ,gem ,village1 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado on ,u4 ,s4 highway #afj betwe5 ,durango & ,pagosa ,spr+s1 is a favorite /opp+ place = t\ri/s wi%+ to see or buy colorful & attractive ,colorado /ones su* z petrifi$ wood1 agatiz$ d9osaur bones1 *alc$ony1 & jasp]4 ,,wat] ,al?\gh n all aspects ( wat] & wat] supply are geologic1 wat] is an important geologic ag5t1 det]m9+ ! %ape ( ! surface1 ! di/ribution ( m9]als1 & ! location ( caves4 ,wat] us$ 9 ,colorado comes entirely f precipitation )9 ! /ate1 z all ( ,colorado's riv]s fl[ f ,colorado outw>d t[>d ! surr\nd+ l[]-elevation /ates4 ,surface ,wat] ,illu/ration3 ,a cross section ?r\gh ! ,front ,range nor?we/ ( ,d5v] %[s ! r$i/ribution & use ( we/]n slope wat] 9 ea/]n ,colorado ?r\gh ! ,colorado-,big ,?ompson ,project4 ,?is project has co/ ab\t #afj1jjj1jjj1 b x is repay+ ! inve/m5t _m times ov] by provid+ electric p[] & increas+ f>m production4 ,moi/ure c>ri$ by prevail+ we/]ly or nor?we/]ly w9ds falls prim>ily on ,colorado's we/]n slope1 al?\gh at "s times ( ye> precipitation may come f ! nor!a/ or s\!a/4 ,we/ ( ! cont95tal divide1 :]e population is sp>se1 !re is a surplus ( wat]4 ,ea/ ( ! divide1 :]e m ?an #ij p] c5t ( ! population lives1 wat] is 9 desp]ately %ort supply4 ,! high & l>gely unpopulat$ ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce receives by f> ! greate/ proportion ( precipitation1 :ile agricultural areas ( ! ,prairie & ,plateau ,prov9ces receive mu* less4 ,ne$less to say1 ! major problem involv+ wat] 9 ,colorado is h[ to move x f areas :]e x is abundant to areas :]e x is ne$$4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! /ate1 complex wat] laws & complicat$ irrigation canals & wat] sy/ems 7 develop$ soon aft] ! area became settl$4 ,gradually b inevitably1 wat] res\rces h be5 transf]r$ f ! we/]n slope to ! ea/]n4 ,h[ev]1 su* transf] mu/ be und]tak5 ) due reg>d = ! rights ( d[n/ream us]s1 notably ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ wat] movem5t s*emes 9 ! /ate is ! ,colorado-,big ,?ompson ,project4 ,wat] t o!rwise w\ld fl[ into ! ,colorado ,riv] is pip$ f ,gr& ,lake ?r\gh ! ,alva ,b4 ,adams tunnel "u ! high m\nta9s ( ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 & into ! ,big ,?ompson dra9age ne> ,e/es ,p>k4 ,x !n travels ?r\gh a s]ies ( res]voirs & tunnels into ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv] bas91 :]e x is us$ = irrigation & h\sehold wat]4 ,! wat] is pump$ up ! we/]n gradi5t ( ?is sy/em by electric p[] produc$ z x fl[s d[n ! ea/]n slope4 ,surplus electric p[] s]ves ! ,colorado-,wyom+ area4 ,ano!r l>ge project is ! ,d5v] ,wat] ,bo>d's ,dillon ,res]voir ,project1 9 :i* we/]n slope wat] collect$ at ,dillon is pump$ tw5ty-?ree miles "u ! cont95tal divide ?r\gh ! ,h>old ,d4 ,rob]ts tunnel to ! ,nor? ,=k ( ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv] = use by ! city ( ,d5v]4 ,! exit po9t ( ?is tunnel c be se5 a few miles we/ ( ,grant along ,u4 ,s4 highway #bhe4 ,?is project is cont9u\sly gr[+ z ,d5v]'s wat] ne$s m\nt4 ,9 ea* ( ^! projects1 eng9e]+ geologi/s play$ a prom95t "p 9 locat+ dams & tunnels t w\ld n leak or fail1 & t c\ld collect & transport a maximum am\nt ( wat] dur+ ! high-run(f spr+ season = di/ribution ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,=tunately = geologi/s1 ! tunnels & bores necess>y to ! projects all[$ !m to le>n a great deal ab\t ! /ructure ( ! int]ior ( ! high m\nta9s1 & help$ to improve _! int]pretation ( e>? hi/ory 9 ?is mo/ int]e/+ region4 ,! necessity = /or+ irrigation wat] along ! ea/]n m\nta9 front has l$ to ! creation ( hundr$s ( new lakes 9 ! region4 ,al?\gh wat] levels v>y ) ! season1 _m ( ! lakes provide opportunities = wat] sports & recreation = ! burgeon+ inl& population4 ,two l>ge dams h rec5tly be5 built 9 we/]n ,colorado = ano!r purpose3 to control ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! ,colorado ,riv] dra9age bas94 ,electric p[] = we/]n ,colorado also comes f ^! dams4 ,"o ( ! dams is on ! ,gunnison ,riv] at ,curecanti1 up/ream f ! ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison ,national ,monum5t1 & ! o!r is on ! ,fry+ ,pan ,riv] ne> ,ru$i4 ,! latt] 0 complet$ ov] ! objections ( geologi/s1 :o believ$ t ! ext5sive gypsum deposits und]ly+ ! damsite w\ld cause its failure4 ,cem5t pump$ deep into ! rocks 9 ! vic9ity has s f> prev5t$ s]i\s rupture4 ,!re is /rong resi/ance by cons]vation gr\ps to ! con/ruction ( m dams on ,colorado ,riv] dra9age1 prim>ily because ! ,colorado & its tribut>ies pass ?r\gh _m irreplaceable canyons1 "s ( !m p>ts ( ,national ,p>ks & ,monum5ts1 t are v mu* a "p ( our we/]n h]itage4 ,gr\ndwat] ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! ,san ,luis ,valley1 run(f f ! ,san ,juan & ,sangre de ,cri/o ,m\nta9s s9ks into lay]s ( s& 9 ! ,alamosa ,=mation4 ,fl[+ along ! s& lay]s t[>d ! c5t] ( ! valley1 x provides artesian wat] = irrigation ( valley f>ml&s4 ,,san ,,juan ,,m\nta9s ,,limit ,,( ,,fl[+ ,,wells ,,hubb>d',s ,,well ,,ott[ay',s ,,well ,,alamosa ,,well ,,george ,,newsom',s ,,well ,,calk9',s ,,well ,,limit ,,( ,,fl[+ ,,wells ,mora9e ,alluvial ,slope ,,sangre ,,de ,,cri/o ,,m\nta9s ,s&s1 lava b$s1 gravels1 conglom]ates1 etc4 ,alamosa =mation ,granites ,,we/ ,,sante ,,fe ,,=mation ,,sante ,,fe ,,=mation ,,ea/ ,gr\ndwat] is extremely important to ,colorado1 especially 9 ! ,prairie ,prov9ce & ! ,san ,luis ,valley4 ,bel[ ^! two areas lie a numb] ( di/9ct & productive gr\ndwat] aquif]s1 sev]al ( !m artesian4 ,9 ,ot]o ,c\nty1 = example1 !re are five major aquif]s3 ?ree sep>ate ,quat]n>y gravel deposits1 ! ,cretace\s ,dakota ,s&/one1 & ! ,*ey5ne ,s&/one ,memb] ( ! ,purgatoire ,=mation1 also ,cretace\s4 ,all ^! aquif]s are *>act]iz$ by _! high porosity & p]meability1 :i* all[ wat] to fl[ rapidly ?r\gh !m4 ,wells 9 ! y\ng]1 %all[] aquif]s produce z mu* z #b1jjj gallons p] m9ute2 ^? 9 ! old]1 deep] aquif]s produce ab\t eighty gallons p] m9ute1 "s ( x ) an artesian 8head40 ,! ,san ,luis ,valley supports int5sive agriculture1 made possible by a great artesian wat] supply4 ,a ?ick s]ies ( s(t int]lay]$ clays & s&s1 ! ,alamosa ,=mation1 slopes d[n t[>d ! c5t] ( ! bas9 f ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,wat] ent]+ ! s&/one b$s at ! m\nta9 edges fl[s ?r\gh ! s& lay]s held !re by ! imp]meable clay b$s4 ,by ! "t x rea*es ! c5t] ( ! valley1 x has develop$ consid]able hydro/atic head1 & ! wat] rises 9 wells )\t pump+4 ,un=tunately1 bo? ! irrigation wat] & ! soils 9 ! ,san ,luis ,valley are highly alkal9e4 ,con/ant evaporation f ! irrigat$ fields has conc5trat$ ! alkali ne> & on ! surface1 r5d]+ "s ( ! l& less usable ?an x 0 orig9ally4 ,caves ,colorado has _m caves1 mo/ ( !m c>v$ by und]gr\nd wat] 9 ,paleozoic lime/one4 ,! ,cave ( ! ,w9ds at ,manit\ is ! only "o 9 ! /ate :i* has be5 develop$ z a t\ri/ attraction4 ,x is 9 highly fault$ ,ordovician & ,mississippian lime/one ne> ! m\nta9 front1 :]e ! fault+1 c\pl$ ) ! high relief1 has accel]at$ solution ( ! rock by all[+ gr\ndwat] to p]colate d[nw>d rapidly4 ,! cav]n 0 probably c>v$ dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,ice ,age1 :5 surface wat] & gr\ndwat] 7 mu* m abundant ?an at pres5t4 ,deposition ( /alactites & /alagmites has occurr$ )9 ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s1 z supplies & movem5t ( wat] h decreas$4 ,spani% ,cave1 above timb]l9e on ,m>ble ,m\nta9 9 ! ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range1 is probably ! nation's highe/ lime/one cave4 ,x is 9 ?ick fold$ & fault$ ,p5nsylvanian reef lime/one1 at an elevation ( ov] #ab1jjj feet4 ,! cave has _m intricate passageways bran*+ f its ma9 v]tical tubes & *annels4 ,ful=d ,cave1 s\? ( ,eagle1 is 9 ! ,mississippian ,leadville ,lime/one ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,sawat* ,range4 ,_m o!r caves are situat$ s\? ( ,ful=d1 ne> ,woods ,lake1 :]e ! lime/one is widely expos$ & highly dissect$4 ,fairy ,cave1 nor!a/ ( ,gl5wood ,spr+s1 is ! be/ kn[n ( ! _m cav]ns 9 ! ,paleozoic lime/ones t =m ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ,cave ( ! ,w9ds ne> ,manit\1 ,paleozoic lime/ones1 crack$ & tilt$ by uplift ( ! ,front ,range1 h be5 honeycomb$ by gr\nd wat]4 ,calcite /alactites hang f ! ceil+1 :ile /alagmites gr[ up f ! floor4 7,cave ( ! ,w9ds ,company photo7 ,9 ! ,plateau ,prov9ce ano!r type ( cave is =m$ n s mu* by gr\ndwat] z by wea!r+ ( ! flat-ly+ alt]nat+ b$s ( massive resi/ant s&/one & less resi/ant1 ?9ly b$d$ mud/one & %ale4 ,:]e ! resi/ant lay]s are und]m9$1 great ar*+ caves develop4 ,^! are be/ obs]v$ at ,mesa ,v]de ,national ,p>k1 :]e _m ( !m once %elt]$ ,indian communities4 ,!y c also be se5 9 ,colorado ,national ,monum5t & along ! ,colorado ,riv] & sev]al ( its major tribut>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,along ! edge at ,mesa ,v]de1 caves 9 ,cretace\s ,mesa ,v]de s&/one 7 us$ = %elt] by ,indians4 ,spr+s ne> ! bases ( ! caves1 :i* provid$ ! ,indian communities ) wat]1 probably contribut$ to ! und]m9+ ( ! s&/one cliffs4 7,colorado ,dep>tm5t ( ,highways photo7 ,spr+s ,! multitudes ( m9]al & hot spr+s 9 ,colorado are a fasc9at+ & int]e/+ facet ( ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,"s are locat$ along major faults1 :]e ! rocks are s brok5 & %att]$ t gr\ndwat] c move freely t[>d ! surface4 ,colorado ,spr+s1 ,manit\ ,spr+s1 & ,eldorado ,spr+s are on ! fault complex t =ms ! ea/ edge ( ! ,front ,range4 ,gl5wood1 ,junip]1 ,/eamboat1 & ,pon*a ,spr+s are on well def9$ faults also4 ,illu/ration3 ,gl5wood ,hot ,spr+s fl[ f ,p5nsylvanian %ales ( ! ,beld5 ,=mation1 :]e s$im5t>y lay]s are fault$ by ! %>p upw>d tilt+ aga9/ ! s\? side ( ! ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau4 ,beh9d ! hotel & on ! "r c be se5 ! ,mississippian ,leadville ,lime/one1 cut by ! ,colorado ,riv]4 7,f a pa9t+ by ,william ,h4 ,jackson1 c\rtesy ( ,colorado ,/ate ,ar*ives & ,public ,record7 ,_m o!r spr+s d n seem to be controll$ s /rongly by fault+1 b owe _! pres5ce to s\rces ( volcanic or magmatic heat :i* exi/ ne> to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,"s spr+s ( ?is type issue f ,precambrian granite1 or ,c5ozoic volcanic rock1 :ile o!rs fl[ f s$im5t>y rock lay]s4 ,waunita ,hot ,spr+s & ,pagosa ,spr+s1 al?\gh ne> volcanic rocks1 rea* ! surface ?r\gh por\s s&/ones & %ales ( ,cretace\s age4 ,mt4 ,pr9ceton ,hot ,spr+s comes f alluvium b its heat s\rce is ! intrusive igne\s rock :i* makes up "p ( ! adjac5t m\nta94 ,spr+s ( ano!r g5]al type are also pres5t 9 ,colorado :]e aquif]s1 g5]ally s&/ones1 are dissect$ by erosion4 ,^! spr+s1 usually n highly m9]aliz$ or w>m1 are mo/ (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,plateau ,prov9ce4 ,su* spr+s are frequ5t at ! bases ( ! great s&/one cliffs ( ,mesa ,v]de & ,colorado ,national ,monum5t4 ,manit\'s c>bonat$ spr+s1 :i* attract _m t\ri/s1 h _! orig9 9 ! arrangem5t & nature ( ! rocks ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s4 ,wat] f ! ,pikes ,peak region1 slightly acid f its contact ) ! granitic rock1 fl[s into ! ,manit\ lime/one all along ,ute ,pass fault1 :i* ext5ds f ,*ey5ne ,m\nta9 nor?we/ to ,woodl& ,p>k4 ,desc5d+ ?r\gh *annels along ! fault1 ! wat] becomes pressuriz$4 ,because ( its pressure & its acid cont5t1 x p>tly dissolves ! calcium c>bonate ( ! lime/one1 & f !n on c>ries c>bon dioxide 9 solution4 ,z ! wat] comes to ! surface at ! l[ po9t ( ! fault exposure1 ne> ! we/ edge ( ,manit\1 ! pressure is releas$ & ! c>bon dioxide eff]vesces1 j z a bottle ( soda wat] eff]vesces :5 ! cap is remov$4 ,,environm5tal ,,geology ,! prec$+ "p ( ?is *apt] m5tions _m ways 9 :i* man's de/9y 9 ,colorado has be5 %ap$ by geologic factors4 ,e>ly ,coloradoans settl$ ne> gold & silv] plac]s1 lat] ones ne> m9es t produc$ ores ( o!r metals1 or 9 ! t[ns t sprang up ar\nd ! mills & smelt]s t process$ ^! ores4 ,our pres5t di/ribution ( population is p>tly a h]itage f ^! fir/ settlem5ts1 p>tly a result ( lat] discov]ies ( oil1 gas1 & radioactive m9]als1 & p>tly a response to ! /ate's extreme topographic v>iation1 :i* controls & del9eates agricultural areas & transportation r\tes4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 man has begun to appreciate ! fact t he may b5efit 9 o!r ways f k ab\t geology4 ,a new geology has develop$--environm5tal geology--:i* may be def9$ z ! total ( all geological conditions & influ5ces affect+ ! life & developm5t ( man4 ,environm5tal geology is a broad sci5ce1 conc]n$ n only ) ! location ( cities & t[ns1 b ) ! uses p make ( ! l& & its economic products1 & ) ! relation%ip betwe5 ! geological "* ( ! l& & ! pres5t & future location ( roads1 dams1 bridges1 factories1 homes1 recreation facilities1 sanit>y l& fills1 & ev5 sewage plants4 ,two aspects ( environm5tal geology :i* are p>ticul>ly p]t95t to ,colorado's resid5ts are discuss$ bel[4 ,l&slides & slump+ rock or e>? are a frequ5t m5ace to ,colorado's developm5t 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,(t5 activat$ by heavy ra9s or deep manmade cuts1 !y c cause--& h caus$--mu* damage to roads1 build+s1 & o!r works ( man4 ,! flanks ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,table ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,gold51 are mantl$ by ?ick l&slide debris2 int]mitt5t movem5t ( ! individual slides has repeat$ly affect$ ! railroad1 irrigation dit*es1 & roads4 ,z _m z six diff]5t slides h mov$ )9 a s+le ye>4 ,9 "o slide area1 asphalt road mat]ial is e/imat$ to be ?irte5 feet ?ick2 successive lay]s ( pavem5t h be5 laid "o on top ( ano!r to keep ! /reet up to grade4 ,l&slides & l&slide-prone areas may n be obvi\s to ! untra9$ eye4 ,ea* ye> build+s & roads are con/ruct$ on unsuitable rock & soil f\ndations1 9 places :]e "s degree ( l& slip is almo/ inevitable4 ,build+ 9 su* areas is risky1 b sometimes wor? ! risk2 if condition are less ?an ideal1 risks c be r$uc$ by specializ$ types ( con/ruction4 ,floods are a p]5nial ?reat to mu* ( ! /ate1 because ( ! high relief ( ! dra9age bas9s & ! torr5tial nature ( ! spr+ & summ] ra9fall4 ,_! damag+ effects 7 realiz$ e>ly 9 ,colorado's hi/ory1 :5 canyons 7 us$ z highways & railroad r\tes4 ,colorado's mo/ exp5sive flood 0 probably ! flood 9 ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv] bas9 s\? ( ,d5v] 9 #aife1 :i* caus$ #ejh1jjj1jjj wor? ( damage & dr[n$ six p4 ,! losses c be attribut$ to man's failure to realize ! significance ( ! ,s\? ,platte dra9age r\tes & flood pla9s4 ,homes1 %opp+ c5t]s1 & _m o!r build+s occupi$--& /ill occupy1 z ( #aiga--l& t has be5 int]mitt5tly flood$ = _m ye>s4 ,! foll[+ description ( ?is flood1 by ,h4 ,f4 ,mat?ai ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 may help to convey "s w>n+ to resid5ts or pot5tial resid5ts ( ! ,s\? ,platte valley & o!r riv] valleys 9 ,colorado3 8,! morn+ ( ,june #af 0 mo/ pleasant1 b conditions *ang$ rapidly %ortly be=e noon4 ,a tornado t\*$ gr\nd #ae miles s\? s\!a/ ( ,d5v] ab\t #a p4m4 ,)9 ! next h\r1 ano!r unro($ #cj homes 9 ! little t[n ( ,palm] ,lake1 #dj miles s\? ( ,d5v]4 ,ab\t #b p4m41 a d5se mass ( cl\ds desc5d$ & conceal$ ! top ( ,dawson ,butte1 #g miles s\?we/ ( ,ca/le ,rock2 & ! little light rema9+ fad$ until x 0 d>k black & fright5+1 accord+ to "s p4 ,a ne>by ran*]'s wife describ$ ! int5se quiet z awesome1 b ! calm did n la/ v long4 8,! deluge began1 n only ne> ,dawson ,butte1 b also at ,raspb]ry ,m\nta91 #f miles to ! s\?1 ne> ,l>kspur4 ,! ra9 came d[n h>d] ?an any ra9 ! local resid5ts _h ev] se51 & ! temp]ature dropp$ rapidly until x 0 cold4 ,! quiet 0 %att]$ by ! t]rible ro> ( w9d1 ra91 & ru%+ wat]4 ,!n ! ?udd+ ( huge b\ld]s1 ! snapp+ & te>+ ( trees1 & ! gr9d+ ( cobbles & gravel increas$ ! tumult4 ,! small natural *annels on ! /eep slopes c\ld n c>ry ! run(f2 s wat] took %ortcuts1 foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,creeks ov]fl[$1 roads became riv]s1 & fields became lakes--all 9 a matt] ( m9utes4 8,! fl[ f glutt$ rav9es & f fields & hillsides soon rea*$ ,ea/ & ,we/ ,plum ,creeks4 ,! comb9$ fl[ 9 ^! creeks h be5 describ$ z awesome1 fanta/ic1 & unbelievable2 yet none ( ^! sup]latives seem adequate to describe :at actually occurr$4 ,l>ge waves1 high velocities1 crosscurr5ts1 & eddies swept away trees1 h\ses1 bridges1 automobiles1 heavy con/ruction equipm5t1 & live/ock4 ,all sorts ( debris & l>ge volumes ( s& & gravel 7 torn f ! banks & b$s ( ! /reams & 7 dump$1 caught1 pla/]$1 or buri$ along ! *annel & flood pla9s d[n/ream4 ,a local resid5t /at$1 #8,! banks ( ! creek disappe>$ z if ! l& 0 made ( sug>4' 8,! flood rea*$ ! ,s\? ,platte ,riv] & ! urban areas ( ,littleton1 ,englewood1 & ,d5v] ab\t #h p4m4 ,"h ! rampag+ wat]s pick$ up h\se trail]s1 l>ge butane /orage tanks1 lumb]1 & o!r flotsam & sma%$ !m aga9/ bridges & /ructures ne> ! riv]4 ,_m ( ! p>tly plugg$ bridges c\ld n )/& ! add$ pressure & wa%$ out4 ,o!r bridges held1 b !y =c$ wat] ov] approa* fills1 caus+ ext5sive erosion4 ,! flood pla9s c>ri$ & /or$ mu* ( ! flood wat]1 :i* inundat$ _m homes1 bus9esses1 indu/ries1 railroad y>ds1 highways1 & /reets4 8,! flood peak pass$ ?r\gh ,d5v] dur+ ! night1 & ! imm$iate crisis 0 ov] by morn+2 b ^? 9 ! inundat$ areas 7 fac$ ) a ,h]culean task4 ,! light ( day reveal$ ! nature ( ! de/ruction--mud 9 e nook & cranny1 soggy m]*&ise1 w>p$ b[l+ alleys1 dr[n$ animals1 ! loss ( irreplaceable possessions1 to "n a few types4 ,! colossal cleanup job1 :i* w\ld take mon?s1 began40 ,hydrogeological /udies by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey & ,corps ( ,eng9e]s give kn[l$geable e/imates ( flood dang] = diff]5t populat$ areas ( ! /ate1 & recomm5d t homes1 roads1 & o!r /ructures be plac$ above likely flood levels4 ,,gloss>y ,alluvial fan4 ,a cone-%ap$ mass ( s$im5t built by riv]s or /reams z !y issue f m\nta9s onto m level gr\nd4 ,alluvium4 ,/ream deposits =m$ 9 rec5t geologic "t1 compos$ ( s&1 gravel1 & /ones4 ,ammonite4 ,"o ( a l>ge gr\p ( ext9ct mollusks relat$ to ! liv+ *amb]$ ,nautilus4 ,ammonite %ells1 usually cone-%ap$ or coil$1 are divid$ into _m *amb]s by cr5ellat$ septa4 ,angul> uncon=mity4 ,a surface sep>at+ tilt$ or fold$ lay]s ( rock f ov]ly+ less di/urb$ lay]s4 ,anticl9e4 ,an upw>d fold or elongat$ ar* 9 rock lay]s4 ,aquif]4 ,a rock lay] t is wat]-be>+4 ,artesian wat]4 ,gr\ndwat] t is "u suffici5t pressure to rise above ! level at :i* x is enc\nt]$ 9 a well4 ,x does n necess>ily rise completely to ! surface4 ,basalt4 ,an extrusive igne\s rock1 f9e-gra9$ & d>k color$1 compos$ ma9ly ( calcium-ri* feldsp> & ! black m9]al pyrox5e4 ,basem5t4 ,a "n commonly appli$ to metamorphic or igne\s rocks und]ly+ ! s$im5t>y rock lay]s4 ,ba?oli?4 ,a l>ge body ( intrusive igne\s rock1 #dj squ>e miles or m 9 outcrop area1 :i* ext5ds d[nw>d to an unkn[n dep?4 ,b$rock4 ,! solid rock :i* und]lies soil1 s&1 clay1 or o!r loose surface mat]ial4 ,belemnite4 ,! cig>-%ap$ int]nal %ell ( an ext9ct m>9e mollusk simil> to a squid4 ,bra*iopod4 ,"o ( a l>ge gr\p ( m>9e %ell$ animals hav+ two unequal1 bilat]ally symmetrical %ells4 ,bryozoa4 ,a l>ge gr\p ( t9y colonial m>9e animals t secrete calc>e\s or horny cov]+s 9 a great v>iety ( %apes4 ,cald]a4 ,a l>ge bas9-%ap$ depression caus$ by explosion or collapse ar\nd a volcanic c5t]4 ,cassit]ite4 ,a heavy1 br[n to br[ni% black m9]al compos$ ( t9 & oxyg5 7,sn,o7 t is an ore ( t94 ,cephalopod4 ,a m>9e mollusk ) a head surr\nd$ by t5tacles4 ,squids & octupuses belong to ?is gr\p1 z d fossil =ms hav+ /raight or coil$ %ells divid$ into num]\s int]ior *amb]s4 ,*alcopyrite4 ,a r$di%-gold color$ ore ( copp] 7,cu,fe,s74 ,cirque4 ,a deep1 /eep-wall$ recess 9 a m\nta91 caus$ by glacial erosion at ! head ( a valley4 ,concretion4 ,a nodul> or irregul> conc5tration ( m9]als su* z calcite or limonite1 =m$ by precipitation ( ! m9]al f gr\ndwat] ar\nd a nucleus4 ,conglom]ate4 ,a rock conta9+ co>se fragm5ts ( an old] rock1 usually z r\nd$ wat]-worn /ones or pebbles4 ,conodont4 ,"o ( a gr\p ( t9y d>k br[n too?-l fossils ?\ght to be d]mal or d5tal p>ts ( "s ext9ct gr\p ( fi%4 ,diatreme4 ,a volcanic v5t or pipe drill$ ?r\gh rocks by ! explosive en]gy ( gas-*>g$ molt5 rock1 n[ conta9+ igne\s rock & (t5 alt]$ or unalt]$ fragm5ts ( ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,dike4 ,a v]tical or ne>ly v]tical %eet ( igne\s rock :i* cuts across ! /ructure ( adjac5t rocks4 ,diorite4 ,an intrusive igne\s rock compos$ ( sodium-ri* feldsp> & d>k m9]als1 ) only small am\nts ( qu>tz4 ,dip4 ,! angle at :i* a lay] ( rock is incl9$ bel[ ! horizontal4 ,dome4 ,a r\ghly circul> upfold 9 :i* ! rock lay]s dip outw>d 9 all directions f ! c5t]4 ,d[s+4 ,se>*+ = und]gr\nd wat] or ore ) a div9+ rod1 usually a =k$ /ick suppos$ to locate spots :]e ! desir$ sub/ance may be f\nd "u ! surface4 ,e*9od]m4 ,"o ( a l>ge gr\p ( m>9e inv]tebrate animals1 mo/ ( :i* h p5tagonal symmetry & a skeleton ( _m calcite plates4 ,_m =ms are sp9y4 ,! gr\p includes />fi% & sea ur*9s4 ,evaporite4 ,*emical s$im5ts precipitat$ :5 wat] 7usually sea wat]7 evaporates4 ,extrusive rocks4 ,igne\s rocks =m$ :5 molt5 rock mat]ial is eject$ onto ! surface4 ,synonym\s ) volcanic rocks4 ,fault4 ,a break 9 ! rocks 9 :i* !re has be5 displacem5t ( ! two sides relative to ea* o!r4 ,fault block range4 ,a m\nta9 range b\nd$ on two or m sides by faults4 ,feldsp>4 ,a gr\p ( light-color$ alum9um silicate m9]als t are major con/itu5ts ( igne\s rocks4 ,!y conta9 potassium1 sodium1 & calcium 9 diff]+ proportions4 ,fold4 ,a b5d 9 rock lay]s4 ,=am9if]ida4 ,"o-cell$ m>9e animals ) microscopic1 p]=at$1 _m-*amb]$ calcium c>bonate %ells1 (t5 call$ =ams4 ,fossil4 ,! rema9s or traces ( an animal or plant :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! rock4 ,fusul9id4 ,"o-cell$ m>9e animals 7=ams7 ) %ells :i* look l a gra9 ( :eat 9 %ape & size1 frequ5tly abundant 9 ,colorado ,p5nsylvanian rocks4 ,gal5a4 ,a heavy gray metallic m9]al 7,pb,s71 (t5 cubic 9 =m1 t is ! mo/ important ore ( lead4 ,gangue4 ,nonvaluable m9]als occurr+ 9 ve9s ) ore m9]als4 ,glaciation4 ,alt]ation ( ! e>?'s surface by erosion & deposition by glaci] ice4 ,glaci]4 ,a body ( ice orig9at+ on l& by recry/allization ( sn[1 & %[+ evid5ce ( movem5t by fl[+4 ,gneiss4 ,a co>se-gra9$ metamorphic rock usually b&$ ) /reaks ( d>k]1 f9]-gra9$ rock4 ,granite4 ,an intrusive igne\s rock consi/+ ess5tially ( sodium or potassium feldsp> & qu>tz1 (t5 speckl$ ) d>k-color$ m9]als4 ,graptolite4 ,ext9ct m>9e organisms )\t kn[n close liv+ relatives1 ) small black sawblade-l *it9\s h>d p>ts pres]v$ z fossils4 ,hematite4 ,a /eel gray or metallic grayi% black or r$di% gray m9]al 7,fe,o7 t is an important ore ( iron4 ,hogback4 ,a %>p-cre/$ ridge =m$ by a resi/ant lay] ( /eeply dipp+ rock4 ,huebn]ite4 ,a heavy r$di% br[n m9]al 7,mn,w,o7 t is a major ore ( tung/54 ,igne\s rocks4 ,rocks =m$ by solidification f a molt5 /ate1 ei!r at ! surface 7extrusive7 or bel[ ! surface 7intrusive74 ,intrusive rocks4 ,igne\s rocks =m$ :5 molt5 rock mat]ial solidifies )\t rea*+ ! surface4 ,jo9t4 ,a fracture 9 ! rock1 along :i* no disc]nible movem5t has tak5 place4 ,k]og54 ,solid bitum9\s mat]ial 9 oil %ales4 ,laccoli?4 ,a l5s-%ap$ mass ( igne\s rock intrud$ into lay]$ rocks4 ,lava4 ,fluid or molt5 rock su* z t :i* issues f a volcano4 ,lode4 ,a rock mass1 (t5 a ve91 conta9+ valuable m9]als4 ,massif4 ,a m\nta9\s mass t has relatively uni=m geologic *>act]i/ics & :i* may embrace a numb] ( peaks4 ,mesa4 ,a flat-topp$ m\nta9 b\nd$ on at lea/ "o side by a /eep cliff4 ,metamorphic rock4 ,rock =m$ by alt]ation ( pre-exi/+ rock1 especially by great temp]atures & pressures4 ,mollusk4 ,any "o ( ! l>ge gr\p ( inv]tebrate animals :i* includes ! snails1 clams1 octopuses1 squids1 & _! ext9ct relatives4 ,molybd5ite4 ,a s(t blui% gray1 metallic m9]al 7,mo,s7 t is a major ore ( molybd5um4 ,monocl9e4 ,a /eplike fold 9 o!rwise horizontal or g5tly dipp+ rock lay]s4 ,mora9e4 ,an accumulation ( unsort$ rock mat]ial built up by ! action ( glaci] ice4 ,native gold4 ,gold occurr+ 9 nature uncomb9$ ) o!r elem5ts4 ,p5epla94 ,a l& surface worn d[n by erosion to a ne>ly flat or broadly undulat+ pla94 ,petzite4 ,a heavy black or /eel gray metallic telluride ore ( gold & silv] 7,ag,au,te74 ,plac]4 ,a s& or gravel deposit conta9+ p>ticles or nuggets ( gold or o!r heavy valuable m9]als4 ,plateau4 ,an elevat$1 comp>atively flat surface ( l&1 usually l>g] ?an a mesa1 sometimes compos$ ( _m mesas1 & (t5 dissect$ by deep /ream valleys4 ,porphyry4 ,an igne\s rock1 usually intrusive1 :i* conta9s conspicu\s l>ge cry/als 9 a f9e-gra9$ matrix4 ,pyrite4 ,a brass-yell[ metallic m9]al 7,fe,s7 t is an important s\rce ( sulfur4 ,x is commonly kn[n z fool's gold4 ,reef4 ,a m\ndlike lime/one /ructure built 9 ! sea by s$5t>y organisms su* z corals4 ,rhyolite4 ,a light-color$ volcanic rock ) qu>tz & feldsp> z ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts4 ,s*i/4 ,a metamorphic rock *>act]iz$ by p>allel ori5tation ( flat-gra9$ m9]als l mica4 ,s$im5t>y rocks4 ,rocks =m$ ( fragm5ts ( o!r rock transport$ by w9d or wat]1 or =m$ by precipitation f solution4 ,sphal]ite4 ,an amb]-yell[ to black m9]al 7,zn,s7 t is an important ore ( z9c4 ,/alactite4 ,a cyl9drical or conical deposit ( calcite hang+ f ! ro( ( a cav]n1 =m$ by evaporation ( wat] droplets conta9+ calcium c>bonate4 ,/alagmite4 ,columns or ridges ( calcite ris+ f ! floor ( a cav]n1 =m$ by wat] conta9+ calcium c>bonate dripp+ f a /alactite4 ,/ock4 ,a mass ( igne\s intrusive rock t cov]s less ?an #dj squ>e miles1 has /eep sides1 & ext5ds to an unkn[n dep?4 ,t5nantite4 ,a metallic gray m9]al t conta9s copp]1 iron1 & ars5ic1 & is an ore ( copp]4 ,tetrah$rite4 ,a brittle1 d>k gray to black1 metallic m9]al conta9+ copp]1 iron1 z9c1 & silv]4 ,trilobite4 ,"o ( a primitive gr\p ( ext9ct m>9e cru/aceans1 relat$ to crabs & lob/]s1 hav+ segm5t$ bodies divid$ by longitud9al grooves into ?ree lobes4 ,uncon=mity4 ,a surface sep>at+ lay]s ( rock1 =m$ by a p]iod ( nondeposition or erosion4 ,ve94 ,a crack or fissure fill$ ) m9]al mat]ial1 (t5 ) valuable ore m9]als4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,!re are ?\s&s ( sci5tific articles & books on ,colorado geology1 & _m new ones appe> ea* ye>4 ,foll[+ is a selection ( books & booklets :i* we believe w be mo/ useful & int]e/+ 9 ext5d+ y\r k ( ! /ate's geology4 ,donnell1 ,john ,r41 editor1 #aifj1 ,,geological ,,road ,,logs ,,( ,,colorado4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,association ( ,geologi/s1 ,d5v]4 ,it9]>ies = a numb] ( geological trips along ,colorado highways & byways4 ,eckel1 ,edw9 ,b41 #aifa1 ,,m9]als ,,( ,,colorado1 ,a #ajj-,,ye> ,,record4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #aaad4 ,emmons1 ,s4 ,f41 ,cross1 ,:itman1 & ,eldridge1 ,g4 ,h41 #ahif1 ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,d5v] ,,bas9 ,,9 ,,colorado4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,monograph #bg4 ,! classic e>ly treatm5t ( ! surface geology ar\nd ,d5v]1 ) _m hi/oric illu/rations4 ,hans51 ,wallace ,r41 #aife1 ,,! ,,black ,,canyon ,,( ,,! ,,gunnison ,,today ,,& ,,ye/]day4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #aaia4 ,a readable acc\nt ( ?is unusual national monum5t ne> ,montrose4 ,hans51 ,wallace ,r41 #aifi1 ,,! ,,geologic ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,u9ta ,,m\nta9s4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #abia4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ?is range is 9 ,colorado4 ,h5d]son1 ,c4 ,w41 #aibf1 ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,colorado1 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,discov]y1 ,,developm5t ,,& ,,production4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(essional ,pap] #ach4 ,lee1 ,w4 ,t41 #aiag1 ,,! ,,geologic ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9 ,,national ,,p>k1 ,,colorado4 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,publication4 ,an old report1 n adequately sup]s$$4 ,lov]+1 ,t4 ,s41 & ,godd>d1 ,e4 ,n41 #aiej1 ,,geology ,,& ,,ore ,,deposits ,,( ,,! ,,front ,,range1 ,,colorado4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(essional ,pap] #bbc4 ,a compreh5sive /udy ( m9]al-be>+ areas 9 ! ,front ,range4 ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aife1 ,,! ,,geologic ,,/ory ,,( ,,colorado ,,national ,,monum5t4 ,colorado & ,black ,canyon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association1 ,gr& ,junction4 ,pe>l1 ,ri*>d ,m41 #aief1 ,,nature ,,z ,,sculptor3 ,a ,,geologic ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,colorado ,,sc5]y4 ,d5v] ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,popul> ,s]ies ,no4 #f1 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,pe>l1 ,ri*>d ,m41 #aifi1 ,,explor+ ,,rocks1 ,,m9]als1 ,,fossils ,,9 ,,colorado4 ,swall[ ,press1 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,pe>l1 ,ri*>d ,m41 #aiga1 ,,colorado ,,gem ,,trails ,,& ,,m9]al ,,guide4 ,swall[ ,press1 #crd ,edition4 ,p[ell1 ,john ,wesley1 #ahgf1 ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,u9ta ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,a ,,region ,,( ,,c\ntry ,,adjac5t ,,!reto4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological & ,geographical ,survey ( ! ,t]ritories4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( geology 9 ,colorado1 writt5 by ! explor] ( ! ,colorado ,riv] & ! fa!r ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,rabbit1 ,m>y ,c41 & o!rs1 #aifi1 ,,! ,,colorado ,,riv] ,,& ,,john ,,wesley ,,p[ell4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(essional ,pap] #ffi4 ,a resum ( "p ( ,p[ell's "w & a good discussion ( ! geologic hi/ory ( ! entire ,colorado ,riv]1 :i* beg9s ne> ,gr& ,lake4 ,ri*mond1 ,g]ald ,m41 #aife1 ,,glaciation ,,( ,,! ,,rocky ,,m\nta9s4 ,a "p ( ,,! ,,quat]n>y ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press4 ,a summ>y ( curr5t k ( glaciation 9 ,colorado & surr\nd+ areas4 ,rodeck1 ,hugo ,g41 editor1 #aifd1 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,b\ld] ,,area4 ,univ]sity ( ,colorado ,museum ,leaflet ,no4 #ac4 ,conta9s articles on geology & biology4 ,unt]mann1 ,g4 ,e41 & ,unt]mann1 ,b4 ,r41 #aied1 ,,geology ,,( ,,d9osaur ,,national ,,monum5t ,,& ,,vic9ity1 ,,utah--,,colorado4 ,utah ,geological & ,m9]alogical ,survey ,bullet9 #db4 ,a detail$ /udy ( ! ea/]n ,u9ta ,m\nta9s4 ,weim]1 ,rob]t ,j41 & ,haun1 ,john ,d41 editors1 #aifj1 ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,colorado4 ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,association ( ,geologi/s1 & ,colorado ,sci5tific ,society1 ,d5v]4 ,a concise summ>y ( _m aspects ( ,colorado geology1 ?is guide includes sev]al geological it9]>ies & _m ref]5ce li/+s4 ,wolle1 ,muriel ,sibell1 #aidi1 ,,/amp$e ,,to ,,timb]l9e1 ,sage ,books4 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( e>ly m9+ activity 9 ! /ate1 ) _m f9e draw+s ( ! e>ly settlem5ts4 ,,index ,a ,abrams ,m\nta91 #hg ,alamosa1 #ce ,alamosa ,=mation1 #fg1 #aje1 #ajf ,alma1 #gh ,ance/ral ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #dd1 #de ,animas ,riv]1 #eh1 #hf ,ank>eh ,=mation1 #eb ,ant]o ,junction1 #ba ,an?racite1 #ig ,arapahoe ,conglom]ate1 #fj ,arapaho ,glaci]1 #gj1 #ga ,arkansas ,hills1 #ba ,arkansas ,m\nta91 #gi ,arkansas ,riv]1 #c1 #bb1 #ce1 #ij ,arkansas ,valley1 #ba ,asp51 ,front41 #a1 #bb1 #ce1 #ej1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh-hi ,asp5 ,m\nta91 #bc1 #hh ,avon1 #bb ,b ,battlem5t ,mesa1 #fb ,beld5 ,=mation1 #dd1 #aji ,b5ton ,%ale1 #eg ,b]?\d ,pass1 #ab1 #ib ,big ,?ompson ,canyon1 #ab1 #ga ,big ,?ompson ,riv]1 #fi1 #ajc1 #ajd ,black ,canyon ( ! ,gunnison1 #cf1 #cg1 #dd1 #ga1 #aje ,black ,hawk1 #ad1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,blue ,riv]1 #ajc ,book ,cliffs1 #bi ,b\ld]1 #h1 #ad1 #cc1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge1 #id1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja ,b\ld] ,c\nty1 #gh1 #gi ,b\ld] ,creek1 #a1 #ae1 #ga1 #ajc ,b\ld] ,creek ,granite1 #ad1 #cc1 #ce ,b\ld] ,res]voir1 #ajc ,breck5ridge1 #a1 #gh1 #hc-hd ,bross1 ,mt41 #ba ,bu5a ,vi/a1 #bb ,buffalo ,peaks1 #ba ,build+ /one1 #bd1 #dh1 #ej1 #ii-aja ,c ,ca*e la ,p\dre ,riv]1 #ff1 #ajc ,cambrian1 #g1 #cd1 #ci ,camp ,bird1 #gh1 #hh ,canon ,city1 #c1 #aa1 #af1 #eb1 #ec1 #ge1 #id ,canon ,city ,embaym5t1 #af ,c>bondale1 #ig ,c>bonif]\s1 see ,mississippian1 ,p5nsylvanian ,c>diff1 #ig ,c>mel ,=mation1 #eb ,c>t] ,lake1 #ajc ,ca/le ,creek1 #hh ,ca/le ,rock1 #h1 #fa1 #aab ,ca/le ,rock ,conglom]ate1 #fj ,cave ( ! ,w9ds1 #ajf1 #ajg ,caves1 #ca1 #ajf-ajh ,c5ozoic 7see also ,t]ti>y1 ,quat]n>y71 #g1 #af1 #ah1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ei-gc1 #aji ,c5tral ,city1 #a1 #ad1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj ,*affee ,=mation1 #db ,*]ry ,creek1 #a ,*ey5ne ,m\nta91 #ad1 #ae1 #aaj ,*ey5ne ,s&/one1 #aje ,*9le ,=mation1 #ea1 #eb1 #ic1 #aja ,clay1 #ge1 #ig-ii ,cle> ,creek1 #a1 #ga1 #hj ,climax1 #ba1 #gh1 #ia-ib ,climax ,granite ,porphyry1 #ia1 #ib ,coal1 #bc1 #ge1 #if-ig ,coal ,creek1 #ad1 #ae ,coal ,creek ,qu>tzite1 #cc ,coaldale1 #ig ,coalmont1 #ig ,cok$ale1 #ig ,collegiate ,range1 #bb ,colorado ,national ,monum5t1 #bi1 #ca1 #dd1 #ea1 #ajh ,colorado ,riv]1 #c1 #bj1 #ba1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #ci1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aji ,colorado ,spr+s1 #ad1 #ae1 #ce1 #cg1 #dh1 #ig1 #ih1 #aji ,columbia1 ,mt41 #bb ,como1 #gh1 #ig ,con/ruction mat]ials1 #ig-ajb ,copp]1 #gd1 #ge1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc1 #hi1 #ia ,cre$e1 #fe1 #gh1 #hi-ij ,cre/$ ,butte1 #bd1 #ig ,cretace\s1 #g1 #ab1 #bj1 #bc1 #bi1 #cj1 #ec1 #ef-eh1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaj ,cripple ,creek1 #a1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #ij-ia ,cross ,m\nta91 #bf1 #bi ,cry/al ,riv]1 #bd1 #ii ,culebra ,range1 #ag ,curecanti1 #aje ,curtis ,=mation1 #eb ,d ,dakota ,=mation1 #ab1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #id1 #ig1 #aje ,dawson ,arkose1 #fj ,dawson ,butte1 #aab ,delc>bon1 #ig ,democrat1 ,mt41 #ba ,d5v]1 #c1 #h1 #ad1 #cc1 #ce1 #cg1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1 #ec1 #fj1 #gd1 #hc1 #id1 #if1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aab1 #aac ,d5v] ,bas91 #h1 #ge1 #id1 #ie ,d5v] ,=mation1 #fj1 #fb ,devonian1 #g1 #db-dc1 #hc ,dillon1 #ajd ,d9osaur ,national ,monum5t1 #bg1 #ec1 #ee ,durango1 #be1 #bh1 #ce1 #dg1 #eh1 #gh1 #he1 #ajb ,dy] ,dolomite1 #db ,e ,eagle1 #dg1 #aja1 #ajf ,eagle ,riv]1 #bb1 #dg ,edw>ds1 #bb ,elb]t1 ,mt41 #bb ,eldorado ,spr+s1 #aji ,elk ,m\nta9s1 #bd1 #fi ,empire1 #a1 #gh1 #ha ,englewood1 #aac ,entrada ,s&/one1 #ea1 #ic ,environm5tal geology1 #aaa-aac ,eoc5e1 #fd ,e/es ,lake1 #ajc ,e/es ,p>k1 #fi1 #ajd ,evans1 ,mt41 #c1 #ab ,f ,fairplay1 #gh1 #hd-he ,fairy ,cave1 #ajg ,flattop ,m\nta91 #ai ,floods1 #aab-aac ,flor5ce1 #gd1 #id ,florissant ,fossil ,b$s ,national ,monum5t1 #fe ,=t ,c>son1 #ae ,=t ,coll9s1 #ce1 #aja1 #ajb ,f\nta9 ,=mation1 #ab1 #ad1 #de1 #dg1 #dh ,fox ,hills ,s&/one1 #eh ,fremont ,lime/one1 #dj1 #da ,frisco1 #ba ,front ,range1 #aa-af1 #cc1 #ce1 #dd1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #ic1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aji ,fry+ ,pan ,riv]1 #aje ,ful=d1 #ajg ,ful=d ,cave1 #ajf ,g ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods1 #d1 #ad1 #ae1 #dg1 #dh ,g>field1 ,mt41 #cj ,gas1 natural1 #a1 #bh1 #ge1 #id-if ,gems1 #ge1 #ajb ,gem ,village1 #ajb ,georget[n1 #gh1 #ha ,gilman1 #ba ,gilp9 ,c\nty1 #gh ,gl5 ,eyrie ,=mation1 #dd ,gl5wood ,canyon1 #cg1 #ci ,gl5wood ,spr+s1 #bd1 #bi1 #ce1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aji ,gold1 #a1 #bb1 #bi1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg-ia ,gold51 #h1 #ad1 #fb1 #gd1 #gh1 #hc1 #ic1 #ih1 #aaa ,gold ,hill1 #a1 #gd1 #gh1 #gi ,gore ,creek1 #dg ,gore ,pass1 #ai1 #bj ,gore ,range1 #bj-ba1 #ce1 #fi ,gore ,range-,eagle's ,ne/ ,wild]ness ,area1 #bj1 #ba ,granby1 #bj1 #fb ,granby ,lake1 #ajc ,gr& ,hogback1 #bh1 #bi ,gr& ,junction1 #bi1 #cj1 #ce1 #ee ,gr& ,lake1 #ab1 #fi1 #ajc1 #ajd ,gr& ,mesa1 #ce1 #fb ,gr& ,valley1 #be ,gravel1 #ge1 #ig-ii ,great ,s& ,dunes ,national ,monum5t1 #ag1 #ah1 #gc ,gre5 ,riv]1 #bg1 #ajc ,gre5 ,riv] ,bas91 #d ,gre5 ,riv] ,canyon1 #ca ,gre5 ,riv] ,=mation1 #fd1 #ie-if ,gre5horn ,=mation1 #aja ,gre5horn ,peak1 #af ,gr\ndwat]1 #gf1 #aje-ajf ,gunnison1 #ce ,gunnison1 ,black ,canyon ( !1 #cf1 #cg1 #dd1 #ga1 #aje ,gunnison ,riv]1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #aje ,gypsum 7m9]al71 #bb1 #cj1 #ge1 #aja-ajb ,gypsum 7t[n71 #dg1 #aja ,gypsum ,valley1 #cj1 #dg1 #aja ,h ,hahn's ,peak1 #ai ,h>d+ ,s&/one1 #dj1 #da ,h>v>d1 ,mt41 #bb ,hayd51 #if1 #ig ,hayd5 ,pass1 #ag ,h]mosa ,=mation1 #de1 #dg ,hidd5 ,valley1 #fi ,horse%oe ,amphi!at]1 #he ,horse%oe ,p>k1 #fi ,horsetoo? ,res]voir1 #ajc ,hu]fano ,bas91 #ce1 #fa ,i ,ice ,age1 see ,plei/oc5e ,iceb]g ,lake1 #ff ,idaho ,spr+s1 #ad1 #gh1 #hj ,idaho ,spr+s ,=mation1 #cc1 #ib ,indep5d5ce ,pass1 #bb ,iron1 #a1 #ag1 #gd ,ironton1 #gh1 #hh ,j ,jewel ,lake1 #fh ,junip] ,m\nta91 #bf1 #bi ,junip] ,spr+s1 #aji ,jurassic1 #g1 #i1 #bc1 #cf1 #eb-ee1 #ic ,k ,kremml+1 #ai1 #bj1 #fj ,l ,la ,junta1 #h1 #ce ,lake ,city1 #gg1 #gh ,lake ,c\nty1 #gg ,lam>1 #h ,l&slides1 #aaa-aab ,la ,plata ,m\nta9s1 #bf ,l>amide ,orog5y1 #ei1 #fj ,l>amie ,=mation1 #eg1 #eh1 #ig ,l>kspur1 #aab ,la ,veta ,pass1 #ag1 #ah1 #cg ,lead1 #gd1 #ge1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hi ,leadville1 #a1 #bb1 #gg1 #gh1 #hb-hc ,leadville ,lime/one1 #dc1 #dd1 #hc1 #hh1 #ii1 #ajf1 #aji ,lime1 #ge1 #aja ,l9coln1 ,mt41 #ba ,l9coln ,porphyry1 #ba ,lipalian ,int]val1 #g1 #cf1 #ci ,littleton1 #aac ,logan ,c\nty1 #ie ,longs ,peak1 #c1 #aa1 #ab1 #fh ,lovel&1 #ad1 #ajb ,lovel& ,pass1 #ab ,lyk9s ,=mation1 #ab1 #ea1 #eb1 #aja ,lyons1 #ad1 #di1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja ,lyons ,s&/one1 #ab1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja ,m ,magnolia1 #gi ,mancos ,%ale1 #cj1 #ie ,manit\1 #ci1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaj ,manit\ ,=mation1 #dj1 #da1 #aaj ,manit\ ,spr+s1 #aji ,m>ble1 #bd1 #ii ,m>ble ,m\nta91 #ajf ,m>oon ,bells1 ,front41 #bd1 #ej ,m>oon ,creek1 #bd ,m>oon ,=mation1 #ej ,m>y's ,lake1 #ajc ,massive1 ,mt41 #hb ,mc,dermott ,=mation1 #eh ,mesa de ,maya1 #h1 #ce1 #fb ,mesa ,v]de1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce ,mesa ,v]de ,=mation1 #cj1 #eh1 #ajh ,mesa ,v]de ,national ,p>k1 #ca1 #ga1 #ajh ,mesozoic 7see also ,triassic etc471 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bf1 #bh1 #ea-eh1 #fj1 #ic ,me/as1 ,mt41 #ag ,middle ,p>k1 #d1 #af1 #ce1 #fa ,million ,doll> ,highway1 #hg1 #hh ,mills ,lake1 #fh ,miln] ,pass1 #ff ,m9turn1 #ci ,m9turn ,=mation1 #de1 #df1 #dg ,mioc5e1 #ff1 #fg1 #hg ,mississippian1 #f1 #g1 #dc-dd1 #hc1 #ajf1 #aji ,mo5kopi ,=mation1 #eb ,molas ,=mation1 #dd ,molas ,lake1 #be ,molybd5um1 #a1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #ia-ib ,mon>* ,pass1 #bc ,morgan ,c\nty1 #ie ,morrison1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee ,morrison ,=mation1 #ab1 #cf1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #ic ,mosca ,pass1 #ag1 #gc ,mosquito ,pass1 #he ,mosquito ,range1 #ba1 #bb1 #ce1 #ci1 #fi ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce1 #c1 #d1 #aj-bg1 #ce1 #df1 #ic1 #id1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aji1 #aaa ,mt4 ,bross1 #ba ,mt4 ,columbia1 #bb ,mt4 ,democrat1 #ba ,mt4 ,elb]t1 #bb ,mt4 ,evans1 #c1 #ab ,mt4 ,g>field1 #cj ,mt4 ,h>v>d1 #bb ,mt4 ,l9coln1 #ba ,mt4 ,massive1 #hb ,mt4 ,me/as1 #ag ,mt4 ,pr9ceton1 #bb ,mt4 ,pr9ceton ,hot ,spr+s1 #bb1 #aaj ,mt4 ,sneffels1 #hg1 #hh ,mt4 ,sopris1 #bd ,mt4 ,yale1 #bb ,mt4 ,zirkel1 #ai ,music ,pass1 #ag1 #gc ,n ,navajo ,s&/one1 #eb ,n$]l&1 #gh1 #gi ,ne$le ,m\nta9s1 #bf ,niobr>a ,=mation1 #eg1 #aja ,nor? ,p>k1 #d1 #af1 #ce1 #eh1 #fa1 #id1 #ig ,o ,oil1 #a1 #bi1 #cj1 #ge1 #gf1 #id-if ,oil ,creek1 #id ,oil %ale1 #ie-if ,oligoc5e1 #ff1 #fg ,ordovician1 #g1 #dj-da1 #hc1 #ajf ,ori5t1 #ag ,oro1 #hb ,ot]o ,c\nty1 #aje ,ouray1 #d1 #be1 #bf1 #cd1 #db1 #gh1 #hg-hh ,ouray ,=mation1 #db ,p ,pagoda ,m\nta91 #fh ,pagosa ,spr+s1 #ajb1 #aji ,paleozoic 7see also ,cambrian etc471 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch-ej1 #fj1 #fd1 #gg1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajf1 #ajg ,p>adox ,bas91 #d1 #dg1 #ie1 #aja ,p>adox ,valley1 #cj1 #aja ,p>k ,range1 #ai-bj1 #ce1 #fi ,p>t+ ,s&/one1 #db ,pawnee ,buttes1 #i1 #ff1 #fg ,peak ,prov9ce1 see ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce ,peat1 #ge ,p5nsylvanian1 ,front41 #f1 #g1 #ad1 #bc1 #dd-dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #hc1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajf1 #aji ,p]mian1 ,front41 #g1 #bc1 #dh-ej1 #ie1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja ,petroleum1 #a1 #bi1 #cj1 #ge1 #gf1 #id-if ,phosphoria ,=mation1 #ej ,piceance ,bas91 #bi ,pi]re ,=mation1 #eg1 #id1 #ih ,pikes ,peak1 #c1 #d1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #fe1 #ij1 #ia1 #aaj ,pikes ,peak ,granite1 #d1 #ad1 #cc1 #cf ,pla9s ,prov9ce1 see ,prairie ,prov9ce ,plateau ,prov9ce1 #c1 #d1 #i1 #bh-ca1 #ce1 #df1 #ga1 #ge1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aaj ,platte ,riv]1 #c ,plei/oc5e1 #g1 #h1 #be1 #ei1 #fh-gc1 #aje1 #ajf ,plum ,creek1 #aab ,pon*a ,spr+s1 #aji ,prairie ,prov9ce1 #c1 #h-aj1 #ab1 #ce1 #ff1 #gb1 #ge1 #id1 #if1 #ajc1 #aje ,precambrian1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bf1 #cc-cg1 #dj1 #fj1 #fd1 #fh1 #gg1 #hg1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #aji ,pr9ceton1 ,mt41 #bb ,pueblo1 #bc1 #ig ,pumice1 #ge ,purgatoire ,=mation1 #aje ,pyrites1 #ge ,q ,qu&>y ,peak1 #ba ,quat]n>y1 #g1 #h1 #be1 #ei1 #fh-gc1 #aje1 #ajf ,r ,rabbit ,e>s ,pass1 #ai ,rabbit ,e>s ,range1 #bj1 #ce1 #fb ,radium1 #ic ,ramp>t ,range1 #ae1 #ig1 #ih ,rangely1 #bi1 #ie ,raspb]ry ,m\nta91 #aab ,rattlesnake ,res]voir1 #ajc ,raton ,bas91 #fa ,raton ,pass1 #fa ,r$ ,cliff1 #ci ,r$ ,m\nta91 #hh ,r$ ,m\nta9 ,creek1 #hh ,r$ ,rocks ,p>k1 #ad1 #cg1 #dg ,r$/one1 #bd ,rico1 #bf ,rico ,range1 #bf ,rifle1 #fd ,rio ,gr&e1 #ce ,roan ,plateau1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 #aa1 #ab1 #ff1 #fh1 #ga1 #ajd ,ronc>bo1 #ig ,royal ,gorge1 #cg1 #ga ,ru$i1 #aje ,s ,/4 ,m>y's ,glaci]1 #ga ,salida1 #ag1 #ba1 #ce ,sal9a1 #gi ,s&1 #ge1 #ig-ii ,sangre de ,cri/o ,range1 #aj1 #ag-ah1 #ce1 #dg1 #fa1 #fi1 #gc1 #ij1 #aje1 #ajf ,san ,juan ,bas91 #ie ,san ,juan ,c\nty1 #gh ,san ,juan ,=mation1 #hh ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s1 #d1 #be-bf1 #ce1 #eb1 #fe1 #fi1 #gg1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #aje ,san ,luis ,valley1 #d1 #ce1 #dd1 #fa1 #fg1 #gc1 #if1 #ajf ,san ,miguel ,range1 #bf ,santa ,fe ,=mation1 #fg1 #aje ,sawat* ,range1 #bb-bc1 #ce1 #ci1 #fi1 #hb1 #ajf ,sawat* ,s&/one1 #cd1 #ci1 #dj ,s$alia1 #fa ,%ad[ ,m\nta9 ,res]voir1 #ajc ,si]ra ,blanca1 #ag1 #ah ,silurian1 #g1 #db ,silv]1 #bb1 #gd1 #gg-ia ,silv] ,cliff1 #af1 #gg1 #gh ,silv] ,plume1 #gh1 #ha ,silv] ,plume ,granite1 #cc1 #ce ,silv]ton1 #d1 #bf1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #he-hf1 #hh ,s9bad ,valley1 #aja ,sneffels1 ,mt41 #hg1 #hh ,sopris1 ,mt41 #bd ,s\? ,p>k1 #d1 #af1 #ba1 #ce1 #fa1 #fe1 #hd1 #ig ,s\? ,platte ,riv]1 #a1 #c1 #ce1 #he1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aab1 #aac ,spani% ,cave1 #ajf ,spani% ,peaks1 #aj1 #ah1 #fb ,specim5 ,m\nta91 #ff ,spr+s1 #ag1 #bb1 #aji-aaj ,/eamboat ,spr+s1 #ig1 #aji ,summit ,c\nty1 #gg ,sun%9e1 #gi ,sun%9e ,peak ,rhyolite1 #hg ,sw&yke ,gneiss1 #cc ,t ,table ,m\nta91 #h1 #fb1 #aaa ,telluride1 #bf1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh ,t5mile ,gorge1 #ba ,t5mile ,range1 #ba1 #ia ,t]ti>y1 #g1 #ae1 #bj1 #ba1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #ei-fg1 #gc1 #gg1 #hc1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #ie1 #if1 #ig ,t91 #ge ,t9cup1 #bb1 #gg1 #gh ,trail ,ridge ,road1 #ab1 #ff ,treasure ,m\nta9 ,granite1 #ii ,triassic1 #g1 #bc1 #ea-eb1 #ic1 #aja ,tr9idad1 #h1 #fa1 #if1 #ig ,tr\t ,creek ,pass1 #ba1 #bb ,tung/51 #a1 #gd1 #ge1 #gi ,tyndall ,glaci]1 #ga ,u ,u9ta ,bas91 #d1 #bi1 #fd1 #ge1 #ie ,u9ta ,m\nta9 ,=mation1 #bf ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 #d1 #aj1 #bf-bg1 #bi1 #ce1 #cg1 #fd ,uncompahgre ,gorge1 #hg ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 #bi1 #ce1 #dd ,uncompahgre ,qu>tzite1 #hg ,urad ,m9e1 #ib ,uranium1 #a1 #bi1 #hj1 #ic ,v ,vail1 #ba1 #dg ,vail ,pass1 #ba ,valmont1 #fb ,vanadium1 #gd1 #ge1 #ic ,villa ,grove1 #ag ,w ,wald51 #bj ,wals5burg1 #ce1 #fa1 #if ,w>d1 #gh ,wat]1 #gf1 #ajc-aaj ,waunita ,hot ,spr+s1 #aji ,web] ,s&/one1 #ie ,we/ ,elk ,m\nta9s1 #bd1 #ce1 #fi ,wet ,m\nta9s1 #af1 #ce1 #fa1 #ie ,wet ,m\nta9 ,valley1 #ce ,:iskey ,creek ,pass1 #ag ,:ite ,riv]1 #ce1 #ie ,:ite ,riv] ,=mation1 #ff ,:ite ,riv] ,plateau1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #dc1 #ajg1 #aji ,williams ,canyon1 #cg1 #ci ,will[ ,creek ,pass1 #bj ,will[ ,creek ,res]voir1 #ajc ,w+ate ,=mation1 #ea1 #eb1 #aja ,wolcott1 #bb1 #dg ,wol=d ,m\nta91 #fj ,woodl& ,p>k1 #aaj ,woods ,lake1 #ajg ,y ,yale1 ,mt41 #bb ,yampa ,riv]1 #c1 #bg1 #ca1 #ce1 #ig ,yule ,m>ble1 #bd1 #ii ,z ,z9c1 #gd1 #ge1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hi ,zirkel1 ,mt41 #ai ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,9 ! ,,ascii v]sion only1 subscript$ numb]s are prec$$ by und]score & delimit$ by brackets4