,,pens ,,and ,,types ,,or ,,hints ,,and ,,helps ,,for ,,those ,,who ,,write1 ,,print1 ,,read1 ,,teach1 ,,or ,,learn ,a ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,edition ,,by ,,benjamin ,,drew 8,a portion to ,seven1 and also to ,eight0 ,,boston #ahhi ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,,publishers #aj ,,milk ,,street ,,next 8,,old ,,south ,,meeting ,,house0 ,,new ,,york ,,charles ,t4 ,,dillingham #gah ,,and #gbj ,,broadway ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahhi1 ,,by ,,benjamin ,,drew1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son1 ,,typographers ,,and ,,electrotypers1 #ade ,,high ,,street1 ,,boston4 ,to the ,memory ,,of ,,george ,,washington ,,hosmer1 ,d4,d41 ,,my ,,early ,,friend ,,and ,,instructor1 ,,this ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscribed ,,by ,,the ,,author4 ,,publishers' ,,advertisement4 ,our first edition of 8,pens and ,types3 or ,hints and ,helps for those who ,write1 ,print1 or ,read10 was especially prepared for the benefit of persons connected with the press4 ,it had1 however1 a wide circulation among persons of all professions1 and became a reference book in some notable institutions of learning4 ,a distinguished lady teacher in a neighboring city writes us1 8,i found the book 8,pens and ,types0 of the greatest benefit1 both in my work of teaching1 and in the writing ,i occasionally did for the press4 ,it was an invaluable aid to those who were trying to train the young in habits of correctness and accuracy in the use of their mother tongue4 ,such a work should never be out of print1 and ,i am glad there is to be another edition40 ,we might refer to many who have expressed similar opinions4 ,this second edition contains all that was valuable in the first1 besides several new chapters and additions1 as set forth in the author's preface3 and on account of its past reputation and the merits of the added matter1 we bespeak anew the favor of printers and teachers1--of both which professions ,mr4 ,drew may fairly be p#f considered a representative2 and although he has1 in his book1 kept his personality out of sight1 even using the editorial 8we10 his fitness for a work of this kind will1 we think1 be made apparent by a brief sketch of his career4 ,after a school life in which he paid much attention to ,latin and ,greek classics1 he learned the trade of printer4 ,soon after attaining his majority1 he was employed as teacher of a public school in his native town1 ,plymouth1 ,mass41 whence he was summoned to ,boston1 to take three months' charge of the ,bowdoin ,school1 during the illness and consequent absence of ,mr4 ,james ,robinson4 ,subsequently he became master in the ,otis ,school1 which position he occupied during the whole period of its continuance4 ,while residing in ,boston1 ,mr4 ,drew was a correspondent of the 8,post10 under the signature of ,,shandy2 and he also contributed the articles of ,,dr4 ,,digg and ,,ensign ,,stebbings to ,shillaber's 8,carpet ,bag40 ,his contributions were of a humorous character1 and are well remembered by many gray-bearded gentlemen of ,boston and its environs4 ,from this city1 ,mr4 ,drew removed to ,minnesota1 where he was ,principal of the ,public ,schools of ,st4 ,paul4 ,after twenty years of teaching1 ,mr4 ,drew returned to the purlieus of the printing-office1 as proof-reader at the ,university ,press1 ,cambridge1 and afterward with ,john ,wilson ,son1 and ,alfred ,mudge ,son4 ,next he became proof-reader in the ,government p#g printing-office1 at ,washington1 where for more than nine years he remained1 reading press-proofs of the various ,government publications1 including many volumes issued by the ,smithsonian ,institution1 and giving valuable assistance to the ,civil ,service ,commissioners1 in the technical examination of proof-readers for the ,government ,departments4 ,at the age of seventy-six he retired from public employment1 and prepared this second edition for the press4 ,may he live long1 and enjoy the reward of an industrious and useful life--and a huge remuneration from an enormous sale of his ,second ,edition4 ,,the ,,publishers4 p#i ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition4 ,as 8man measures man the world over10 so it may be presumed that the experience of a laborer in any one department of literature will1 in the general1 tally with that of all others occupying a similar position4 ,this volume gives the results of a proof-reader's experience1 and such suggestions derived therefrom as may1 he hopes1 be useful to all who prepare reading-matter for the press1 to all who assist in printing and publishing it1 and1 finally1 to the reading public4 ,but as a vein of imperfection runs through all human achievement2 and as the most carefully issued volume must contain errors1--so this work1 if critically examined1 may perhaps be found to violate1 in some instances1 its own rules2 nay1 the rules themselves may appear to be1 in some points1 erroneous4 ,still1 the inexperienced1 we feel assured1 will find herein many things of immediate benefit2 and those who need no instruction may have their opinions and their wisdom re-enforced by the examples used in illustration4 ,so1 believing that on the whole it will p#aj be serviceable2 that it contains 8a portion0 for 8seven1 and also0 for 8eight10 we send this treatise to press4 ,and if its perusal shall incite some more competent person to produce a more valuable work on the topics presented1 we shall gladly withdraw1 and leave him1 so far as we are concerned1 the undisputed possession of the field4 p#aa ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,the extensive circulation of the first edition of 8,pens and ,types10 attested by the worn condition of the stereotype plates1 induces the author to present to his friends and the public a new and improved edition1 embodying the results of a wider experience4 ,the most important portions of the first edition have been retained4 ,the chapter on ,orthography has been enlarged by the addition of ,,one correct and authorized spelling of the many hundreds of doubtful words--words to which writer and printer can give but one form1 while lexicographers give two or more4 ,for offices which adopt ,webster as the standard1 ,webster's first column has been closely followed2 and for those which follow ,worcester's style1 a list is added1 adhering to ,worcester's first column4 ,some words of the lexicographers' second columns are also placed in the lists 7e4 g4 draught as well as draft71 giving to each word its proper and distinct significations4 ,moreover we have in the same chapter placed a list of all the words ending in able and ible which p#ab are to be found in ordinary ,english dictionaries1--whether words in common use or rare or obsolete1--a feature which compositors and many others will know how to appreciate4 ,a chapter on the ,right ,use of ,capitals1 with rules and examples2 and another on ,old ,style and its ligatures1 with fac-similes from ancient specimens of typography1 give additional value to this edition4 ,the index at the end of the volume will enable the reader to find at once any particular rule or direction contained in the body of the work4 ,although originally intended for authors and printers1 this volume will1 we are confident1 be in many respects a valuable reference-book for teachers and pupils in the public schools1 and in seminaries of learning generally4 p#ac ,,contents4 ,i4 ,writing for the ,press #ae ,,ii4 ,proof-reading #cc ,,iii4 ,style #ei ,,iv4 ,general ,remarks on ,subject-matter of ,foregoing ,three ,chapters #ff ,v4 ,punctuation #ga ,,vi4 ,orthography #abe ,,vii4 ,capitalization #aga ,,viii4 ,old ,style #aie ,,ix4 ,technical ,terms used in this ,work #bjb ,x4 ,various ,sizes of ,letter #bje ,,index #bjg ,,pens ,,and ,,types4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,writing ,,for ,,the ,,press4 ,in an action recently brought against the proprietors of ,lloyd's paper1 in ,london1 for damages for not inserting a newspaper advertisement correctly1 the verdict was for the defendant1 by reason of the illegibility of the writing4 8,the illegibility of the writing0 is the cause of the larger portion of what are conveniently termed 8errors of the press40 ,one can scarcely take up a periodical publication without finding1 from editor or correspondent1 an apology for some error in a previous issue1 couched somewhat in this style3 8,the types made us say1 in our last1 something about the #8,dogs of the ,seine'1 we certainly wrote #8,days of the ,league4'0 ,we have no doubt that1 in a large majority of cases of this sort1 if the question between 8the types0 and 8the pen0 were left to a jury1 they would1 as in the case of ,lloyd's paper1 decide in favor of the types4 ,by dint of hard study1 by comparison of letters in p#af various words1 and by the sense of the context1 the compositor generally goes through his task creditably1 in spite of the 8illegibility of the writing40 ,but sometimes1 in despair1 he puts into type that word which most nearly resembles an unreadable word in the manuscript1 making nonsense of the passage because he can make nothing else of it4 ,we remember a great many instances of this sort1 in our own experience as a proof-reader1--instances which1 according to custom1 might be attributed to 8the types10 but which were really due to the writers' carelessness alone4 ,thus1 in a medical work1 it was stated that 8,this case had been greatly aggravated by the ossification of warm poultices to the face02 the author having intended to write 8application40 ,ames's 8,typographical ,antiquities0 has been made to figure as 8,typographical ,ambiguities10--owing to chirographical ambiguity4 8,the reports in the #8,times' and other journals1 never give the name of the ,lord ,chandler40 8,chancellor0 was1 of course1 intended by the writer1 but this was an 8error of the press40 ,in an investigation touching the field of a compound microscope1 a witness was made to say1 8,it would vary with the power of the lye-juice employed40 ,the reporter meant to write 8eye-piece10 but he succeeded in writing what the compositor set up4 ,the title of a book1--8,a ,treatise on the ,steam-engine2 with ,theological ,investigations on the ,motive ,power of ,heat40 ,the latter clause might seem appropriate to 8,fox's ,book of ,martyrs02 but the p#ag transcriber of the title imagined he had written 8,theoretical40 ,a toast1--8,the ,president of the ---- ,county ,agricultural ,society1--,may he enjoy a grim old age03 the word was corrected to 8green10 before the whole edition of the paper was worked off4 ,we have seen an advertisement of 8,mattlebran's ,universal ,geography10--no doubt a very entertaining work4 ,in a treatise on botany1 we have been told1 8we first find those that form the bud1 then the calx1 the corrola1 the stamina and pistol40 ,the writer should have spelled correctly1 and dotted his i's4 ,a catalogue of hardware to be sold by auction had an item1 8#c bbls4 ,english pocket-knives40 ,this was set from 8commercial0 writing1 in which 8bbls410 or something like it1 was used as a contraction for 8bladed40 8,nature intended man for a social being4 ,alone and isolated1 man would become impatient and peevish40 ,no doubt this is true1 but 8the types0 were to blame again1--the author fancied that he had written 8impotent1 and perish40 ,the constitution of a certain corporation appeared with the following article in the proof-sheet3 8,the ,directors shall have power to purchase1 build1 equip or charter all such steamboats1 propellers1 or other vessels1 as the engineers of the ,corporation shall in their judgment require40 ,why the ,directors should be placed at the mercy of the engineers seemed unaccountable4 ,but a critical examination of the p#ah manuscript revealed that the 8engineers0 were 8exigencies40 ,a 8,bill of exceptions1 having been examined1 and found unfavorable to the truth1 is allowed40 ,the ,justice who signed the above1 understood the word which we have italicized to be 8conformable40 8,they could not admit those parts of the testimony until they had examined the plaintiff in regard to the poets10--8facts0 should have been written instead of 8poets02 but the 8pen0 made an error which the compositor did not feel at liberty to correct4 ,we have read in a newspaper a description of a battle-field3--8,it was fearful to see3 the men fell in ranks1 and marched in pantaloons to their final account40 ,this was explained by an erasure and a blot on the word 8platoons40 ,it is very easy to say that errors of the kind we have recited1 are owing to the ignorance or carelessness of the printers2 but1 on the other hand1 when printed copy is reset1 such errors almost never occur1--and the absence of errors is in direct ratio to the legibility of the copy4 ,men who write much1 generally imagine that they write well2 but their imagination is often a vain one4 ,the writer of the worst manuscript we recollect to have met with1 expressed surprise when told that printers and proof-readers could not read his writing1 and remarked that he had often been complimented on the plainness and neatness of his chirography4 ,his memory was1 no doubt1 excellent1--the p#ai compliments must have been bestowed in his juvenile days1 when he was imitating engraved copies4 ,while one is imitating a copy1 he may1 indeed1 write legibly1 nay1 even elegantly2 for he has nothing to attend to1 save the formation of the letters4 ,but when one is writing a report or a sermon or a poem1 his mind is busy with something besides chirography4 ,the fact is1 that men seldom succeed well in doing more than one thing at a time4 ,the itinerant musician who imitates the various instruments of a full band1 may be detected in an occasional discord4 ,paley remarks that we cannot easily swallow while we gape2 and1 if any one will try the experiment1 he will presently be satisfied that in this statement1 at least1 ,paley was physiologically and philosophically correct4 ,thus1 in the haste of composition1 ideas crowding upon us faster than the pen can give them permanence1 we can bestow little thought on mere chirography1 writing becomes mechanical1 or even automatic2 and we pay scarcely more attention to the forms that follow the pen1 than we do to the contractions and dilatations of the vocal organs when engaged in conversation with an entertaining friend4 ,let school training and practice be the same1 yet such are the differences of physical conformation that handwritings are as various as the individuals that produce them2 running through all degrees of the scale1 from an elegance transcending the engraver's skill1 down to misshapen difficulties and puzzling deformity4 p#bj ,but however widely our handwriting may vary from ,wrifford1 ,spencer1 or ,dunton1 it is generally legible to ourselves1 and soon becomes familiar to our friends and acquaintances4 ,hence comes the danger that we shall cease to bestow any care upon it when others than ourselves and acquaintances are concerned1 and hence it is1 that1 with scarcely any consciousness of our shortcomings1 we are liable to impose on an utter stranger the task of deciphering a piece of manuscript in which not only the letters have no proper characterization1 but which is smutched with erasures1 deformed by interlineations1 and obscured by frequent and needless abbreviations4 ,the loss of time spent in endeavoring to read such a document1 is reckoned among the 8small things0 of which 8the law takes no cognizance02 were it otherwise1 many of us who fancy that our manuscript is above reproach1 would be astonished at the number of bills collectible outstanding against us4 ,the opinion of the 8statists10 spoken of in ,hamlet1 that it is 8a baseness to write fair10 seems prevalent even in our day4 ,most men1 on leaving school1 instead of endeavoring to improve their chirography1 allow it to deteriorate1 and seem to take pride in its deteriority1 and many learned men write as if afraid that legibility would be considered a proof of intellectual weakness4 ,in all other cases of encroaching on the time and patience of another1--as1 for instance1 our failure to fulfill an appointment1 or calling at an unseasonable hour1 or seeking advice in an affair wholly our p#ba own1--we feel bound to make due apology1 nay1 sometimes even acknowledge a sense of shame2 but who ever felt regret on hearing that he had put some one to the trouble of studying1 and guessing at1 a puzzling intricacy of cramped writing2 his victim being obliged to seek aid from dictionaries1 gazetteers1 directories1 and even experts8 ,we never heard of a man's suffering compunction on this score4 ,we say this1 referring to ordinary business transactions between man and man1 where bad writing1 except in rare and extreme cases1 does not involve pecuniary loss4 ,but when we are writing for the press1 our duty to write legibly becomes imperative2 indeed1 a failure in this respect trenches so closely upon a violation of the eighth commandment1 that it can seldom happen but from a want of thought as to the relation between those who write and those who print4 ,compositors usually work by the piece1 and are paid a fixed rate per thousand ems4 ,if a line of type be divided by vertical lines into equal squares1 these squares show the number of ems in the line4 ,suppose there are twenty such squares2 then fifty lines would contain one thousand ems4 ,to set1 correct1 and distribute six thousand ems1 is considered a fair day's work4 ,with plain1 legible copy1 this can ordinarily be done2 and1 at the close of the week1 the compositor receives full wages2 all parties are satisfied1 and no one is entitled to complain4 ,but if1 at the end of the week1 notwithstanding the closest application1 the compositor has averaged p#bb but four thousand ems per day1 whereby he receives but two-thirds of the sum he is capable of earning under favorable conditions1 who is morally responsible to him for the lacking third8 ,we need not go far to ascertain3 a glance at his 8copy0 answers the question4 ,he has been laboring upon bad manuscript4 ,to show the difficulties which have been in his way1 we will put a supposititious case1--closely paralleled1 however1 in the experience of almost every compositor who has worked in a book-office4 ,he has been setting up a sermon of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,z4 ,the society of the reverend gentleman were so well pleased with the discourse1 that they requested a copy for the press4 ,mr4 ,z4 should1 of course1 have copied the whole manuscript fairly2 for1 the haste of composition being past1 he could have re-written it carefully1 paying especial attention to chirography1 spelling out his abbreviations1 reducing dislocations1 bringing interlineations into line1--in short1 he should have done to the compositor what he would that the compositor should do unto him4 ,but1 instead of this1 what did you do1 ,mr4 ,z48 ,pen in hand1 you re-read the sermon1 making erasures1 striking out some words and interlining others4 ,you crowded new sentences1 of two or three lines each1 between lines already closely written2 and you interlined these interlineations4 ,you then wrote sundry additions on loose pieces of paper1 denoting them as 8,a10 8,b10 8,c10 etc41 and then placed the same capitals in the body of the work1 without sufficiently explaining that new matter was to be inserted2 p#bc neither did you make it appear whether the addenda were to constitute new paragraphs4 ,and in this amorphous condition you allowed the sermon to go to the printing-office4 ,it has1 too1 passed through several hands4 ,some of the pieces belonging to 8,a0 have got into 8,b10 and some of the 8,b0 have straggled into 8,c10--and the printers cannot say where they do belong4 ,one compositor finds in his 8take0#a the abbreviation 8,xn10 and1 after many inquiries1 learns that ,x is the ,greek ,chi1 and so 8,xn0 signifies 8,christian40 ,another hesitates at a phrase which1 to his eye1 seems to read 8a parboiled skeptic02 but as modern methods with heretics do not include heated applications1 he asks those about him what the word is2 perhaps goes to the proof-reader with it1--such things are done sometimes1--for the compositor expects ultimately to conform to the proof-reader's decision1--and thus he loses five or ten minutes in learning that the word is purblind4 ,now1 reverend sir1 the compositor's time is his money1 and if you rob him of his time--the inference is obvious4 ,your better course1 henceforth1 will be to copy your manuscript1 or employ some one to copy it1 in a careful1 painstaking manner1 after all your emendations of the text have been made4 #a ,for this and all other technical terms used in this work1 see ,chapter ,,ix4 ,there is a proverb to the effect that lawyers are bad penmen1 but we think the proverb unjust4 ,so far as our experience goes1 the handwriting of p#bd lawyers compares favorably with that of any other class of persons1 of whatever profession4 ,it is certainly as legible as the mercantile style2 since the latter1 although generally pretty to look at1 is often very difficult to read1--abounding in flourish and ornament1 which are too often but another name for obscurity4 ,sometimes1 too1 one meets with clerkly invoices or catalogues1 containing remarkably fanciful capitals2 we have seen good readers scarcely able to decide whether a given initial were a ,w1 an ,h1 or an ,n4 ,we are pleased to learn1 however1 that one leading 8,commercial ,college0 has introduced a marked improvement in this respect1 and now teaches its pupils a plain1 legible hand1 instead of a mass of overloaded ornamentation made not so much to be read1 as simply to be admired4 ,but members of the bar1 like most other persons1 dislike the mechanical labor of copying what they have once committed to paper4 ,their arguments1 and especially their briefs1 are sometimes sent to the printer in a confused1 chaotic mass2 in a shape1 or1 rather1 with a want of shape1 which1 if not resulting from inconsiderateness1 would be--we were on the point of saying--disgraceful4 ,a manuscript of this sort1 covering but six or eight pages of letter-paper1 sometimes requires several hours' labor in reading1 correcting1 and revising1 before a presentable proof can be obtained4 ,legal documents are often interlarded with technical terms in law ,latin and old ,french4 ,of course such terms ought to be made as plain as print4 p#be ,usually the principal divisions of a brief are indicated by large roman numerals in the middle of the line2 the points under these greater divisions1 by roman numerals at the commencement of paragraphs2 smaller divisions1 by arabic numerals2 and if still smaller divisions are required1 these are denoted by letters in parenthesis1 as 7a71 7b71 7c71 etc4 ,in the haste of writing1 however1 it is sometimes found difficult1 perhaps vexatious1 to keep the run of so nice distinctions1 and arabic numerals are used throughout1 while no proper care is taken to distinguish the various divisions of the subject-matter by varying indentions4#b ,the faults of the manuscript reappear in the proof4 ,this leads to much loss of time 8at the stone02 and as such work is frequently hurried during the sessions of the courts1 the delay is exceedingly vexatious to all parties concerned4 ,if one-eighth of the time now spent in correcting1 overrunning the matter1 and revising1 were bestowed upon perfecting the copy1 there would seldom be any delay in a well-appointed printing-office4 #b ,we do not mean 8indentation0 nor yet 8inden'tion10 but 8indention10 as written in the text4 ,the word is in the mouth of every printer1 proof-reader1 author1 and publisher3 why should it not be inserted in the dictionaries8 ,when transcripts of records of court are to be printed1 care should be taken that only the very documents that are intended for the press be sent to the printing-office4 ,for want of proper attention in this matter1 it not unfrequently happens that certificates of notaries1 extraneous documents1 and duplicates are put in type1 to be presently canceled4 p#bf ,we have said something above1 touching mercantile handwriting4 ,constant practice with the pen gives facility and boldness of execution1--and where these are combined with good taste1 chirography approaches the dignity of a fine art1 and produces beautiful effects1 and is seen to be near of kin to drawing and painting4 ,in signatures1 especially1 flourish and ornamentation have a double use2 they please the eye1 and they baffle the forger4 ,but when lines stand as near each other as in ordinary ruling1 the flourish in one line interferes with the letters of the next2 and the elegance of a well-cut capital will scarcely excuse its obtrusiveness1 when it obliterates its more obscure but equally useful neighbors4 ,further1 business men1 deeply impressed with the value of time1 learn to delight in abbreviations4 ,types have been cast to meet some of these1 as the 8commercial a0 and the 8per cent0 2 but the compositor is sometimes put to his trumps to cut1 from ,german and job letter1 imitations of abbreviations which never ought to be sent to a printing-office as copy4 ,we are not astonished that a merchant of ,boston once received from a ,prussian correspondent a request1 that if he1 the ,bostonian1 were to write again1 it might be either in ,german or in good1 plain ,english4 ,we adopt the spirit of this advice2 and would say to the banker1 the broker1 the merchant1 and to their respective clerks1 that when they write for the press1 they should drop ornament1 drop pedantic abbreviations1 drop ,german1 and write in plain ,english4 p#bg ,we do not know that there is anything specially characteristic in copy furnished by the medical faculty1 unless it be that their relations of 8cases10 both in medicine and surgery1 abound1 no doubt necessarily1 in 8words of learned length02 which1 being unfamiliar to the laity1 should be written with conscionable care2 every letter performing its proper function1 and duly articulated to its neighbors4 ,but the scientific terms of their art1 as written by most physicians1 are1 to the average printer1 as illegible as the ,greek from which a portion of such terms is derived4 ,recipes are seldom got typographically correct1 until they have passed through three or four revisions4 ,even apothecaries1 it is said1 sometimes put up morphine instead of magnesia2 in which case1 unless the revising is done in a hurry with the stomach-pump1 a jury may have something to say about the 8illegibility of the writing40 ,when troublesome consequences arise from misapprehension of a ,latin word1 or of its meaning1 we hear much said in favor of writing recipes in ,english4 ,but1 whatever may be said to the contrary1 there are weighty1 and1 we think1 irrefutable arguments for continuing the use of ,latin and ,greek terms in medical writings1--even in recipes4 ,since it should be so1 and certainly is so1 we insist here1 as elsewhere1 that all technical terms1 proper names1 or any words on which the context can throw but little1 if any1 light1 should be written not with ordinary1 but with cardinary care1--which new word we hazard1 that our meaning may make a deeper impression4 p#bh ,in passing1 we may remark that the mode of indicating names of remedies comes under the head of 8,style0 7see ,chapter ,,iii471 and varies in different offices4 ,names of medicines are often abbreviated1 and set in italics2 and when a generic word is used1 it should be capitalized2 as1 8,dr4 ,i4 administered ,rhus tox40 ,in homeopathic works1 the number expressing a dilution or trituration is placed in superiors at the right2 as1 8,ordered ,cuprum metallicum#ajj40 ,a few suggestions to those who write any kind of copy for the press1 will close this part of our subject4 ,write on only one side of the paper4 ,if you wish to make an addition to a page1 do not write it on the back of the sheet2 cut the leaf1 and paste the new matter in1 just where it belongs1 being careful not to cover up so much as a single letter in doing so3 we have known lines to be omitted by the compositor1 in consequence of careless pasting4 ,the leaf having thus been lengthened1 you may1 for the sake of convenience1 fold the lower edge forward upon the writing4 ,this minute direction may seem idle2 but when a portion of the leaf has been folded backward1 out of sight1 the folded part may very likely escape notice1 and1 to insert it1 many pages of matter may afterward require to be overrun3 we have known such cases4 ,abbreviate those words only1 which you wish the printer to abbreviate4 ,never erase with a lead pencil2 for an erasure with lead leaves it questionable whether or not the marked p#bi word is to go in4 ,use ink1 drawing the pen horizontally through the words or lines to be omitted2 and be careful that the marking leave off on exactly the right word4 ,if you afterward regret the cancellation1 you may write 8stet0 in the margin1 and place dots under the canceled words2 but as 8stet0 may not be noticed1 in the presence of obvious erasures1 the better way will be to re-write the passage1 and paste it in the place you wish it to occupy4 ,take time to write plainly and legibly4 ,in writing for the press1 the old adage holds good1--8,the more haste1 the worse speed02 and for every hour you save by writing hurriedly1 you will be called upon to pay for several hours' labor in making corrections4 ,write joinhand3 mistakes often arise from a long word being broken up1 as it were1 into two or three words4 ,i and ,j are often mistaken for each other4 ,either imitate the printed letters1 or uniformly carry the loop of the ,j below the line4 ,it is often impossible to distinguish ,jan4 from ,june1 in manuscript1 unless the context furnishes a clew4 ,whatever may be the divisions of your work 7as books1 chapters1 sections1 cantos1 and the like71 let your entire manuscript be paged in the order of the natural series of numbers from #a upward4 ,if you commence each division with #a1--;as is sometimes done1--and two or three divisions are given out as 8takes0 to compositors1 it is obvious that portions of one division may exchange places with those of another2 and1 further1 if leaves happen to become transposed1 they can readily be restored to their right p#cj places if no duplicate numbers have been used in indicating the pages4 ,make sure that the books1 chapters1 etc41 are numbered consecutively4 ,the best proof-reader must confess to some unguarded moments2 and it would be very awkward1 after having had two hundred and forty chapters stereotyped1 to find that two chapter ,v4's have been cast1 that every subsequent chapter is numbered one less than it should have been1 and that compositor and proof-reader have exactly followed copy4 ,examine your manuscript carefully with reference to the points4 ,avoid the dash when any other point will answer your purpose4 ,a manuscript that is over-punctuated occasions more perplexity than one that is scarcely pointed at all4 ,before sending it to press1 get your manuscript into a shape you can abide by4 ,alterations made on the proof-sheet must be paid for2 and1 further1 matter that has undergone alterations seldom makes a handsome page3 some lines will appear crowded1 others too widely spaced4 ,in writing a footnote let it immediately follow ,in many works the footnotes1 by a slight change of arrangement1 might advantageously become a portion of the text4 the line of text which contains the asterisk1 or other reference-mark2 just as you see in the above example1 and do not write it at the bottom of the manuscript page4 ,the person who makes up the matter will transfer such note to its proper place4 ,if you feel obliged to strike out a word from the p#ca proof1 endeavor to insert another1 in the same sentence1 and in the same line if possible1 to fill the space4 ,so1 if you insert a word or words1 see whether you can strike out1 nearly at the same place1 as much as you insert4 ,when writing for the press1 never use a lead pencil4 ,let your copy be made with black ink on good white paper4 ,we have been pained to see the checkered pages of a report to an extensive religious association1 which report had been in the first place wholly written with a lead pencil3 then words canceled1 words interlined1 various changes made1--and all these alterations done with pen and ink4 ,of course1 sleeve and hand rubbing over the plumbago gave the whole a dingy and blurred appearance4 ,the effect of the ink sprinkled among the faded pencilings was so much like that of mending an old garment with new cloth1 that the manuscript had an unchristian1 nay1 even heathenish aspect4 ,however1 from this copy the report was printed1--let us charitably hope that it did much good in the world4 ,if proof-sheets present peculiarities of spelling and language1 such for instance as appear in ancient works1 and which are affected or indulged in by some moderns1 every word whose correctness he doubts and is unable to verify1 should be referred by the proof-reader to author or editor4 ,the latter1 familiar with the terms used1 may consider some queries frivolous or puerile2 but an author should appreciate conscientiousness in the reader1 and be glad to have p#cb all doubts settled before his work reaches the eyes of reviewers4 ,that ,dr4 ,johnson was guilty of harshness toward a proof-reader is not to be wondered at2 but it is a matter of wonder that his conduct appears to have been approved by other editors4 ,in ,j4 ,t4 ,buckingham's edition of ,shakspeare 7#ahad7 is1 at page #iae1 a remarkable note1 apologizing for a few 8trifling errors10 and adopting as an excuse a quotation from an advertisement 8from the first edition of ,reed1 #agic03 ,he1 whose business it is to offer this unusual apology1 very well remembers to have been sitting with ,dr4 ,johnson1 when an agent from a neighboring press brought in a proof sheet of a republication1 requesting to know whether a particular word in it was not corrupted4 8,so far from it1 sir10 7replied the ,doctor with some harshness17 8that the word you suspect1 and would displace1 is conspicuously beautiful where it stands1 and is the only one that could do the duty expected from it by ,mr4 ,pope40 ,dr4 ,johnson's assumption that the agent would displace the word1 seems to have been wholly gratuitous4 ,the employees of the neighboring press did precisely what they should have done1--what every conscientious proof-reader often feels obliged to do4 ,if suspected words were passed without questioning1 there would be many errors of the press which would justify some show of 8harshness0 toward the neglectful 8agent40 p#cc ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,proof-,,reading4 ,so long as authors the most accomplished are liable to err1 so long as compositors the most careful make occasional mistakes1 so long as dictionaries authorize various spellings1 just so long must there be individuals trained and training to detect errors1 to rectify mistakes1 and to decide upon and settle all points which lexicographers leave in doubt4 ,such individuals are known as ,proof-readers4 ,movable types1 after having been used in printing newspaper or book1 etc41 are distributed to their several compartments 7boxes7 for future use4 ,in distributing1 the compositor1 holding several lines in his left hand1 takes from the top line1 between the thumb and forefinger of his right hand1 as many words or letters as he can conveniently manipulate1 and moving his hand over the case drops each letter into its proper box4 ,suppose1 for instance1 he takes up the word 8feasible02 he carries his hand to the 8f0 box1 and drops off the first letter2 of course he knows1 without looking at the word again1 that he is next to drop off the 8e0--and so1 very quickly1 his hand glides from box to box1 each receiving its proper letter4 ,this process is repeated until the p#cd types which composed the form are all1 apparently1 returned to the compartments whence they were taken4 ,suppose1 however1 that when ready to distribute 8feasible10 his attention is drawn momentarily to a neighbor who desires his opinion as to a blotted word in his take1 and that1 on returning to his work of distributing1 he imagines1 or seems to remember1 that the word in hand is 8fencible10--the 8a0 goes into the 8n0 box1 and the 8s0 finds itself at 8c40 ,by and by1 in setting type from this same case1 the compositor picks up the letters for 8emancipate40 ,if he happens to take up the two wrong letters consecutively from the right boxes1 his proof-sheet--unless he reads and corrects the matter in his stick--will present the word 8emaasipate0--which the proof-reader will mark1 for the compositor to correct4 ,or it may happen in distributing1 that the 8f0 and 8e0 cohere1 and are both dropped into the 8f0 box4 ,if the compositor's mind is not intent on the matter in hand1 the error may not be noticed at once2 in which case the 8a0 gets into the 8e0 box1 and some or all the other letters of the word go wrong4 ,the error must be discovered when the last letter is reached2 but to search for each misplaced type until it is found1 would probably take more time than would be required to correct the errors which must otherwise appear in the proof4 ,but it is not in distributing only1 that blunders occur4 ,there are many other sources of error1 and will be so long as present methods continue in vogue4 p#ce ,the only wonder is1 that so few errors escape detection before the printer's work is handed over to the reading public4 ,we have by us an octavo ,shakspeare1 each page of type from which it was printed1 having contained1 as can be demonstrated1 over six thousand pieces of metal1 the misplacing of any one of which would have caused a blunder4 ,but the detection and marking of wrong letters forms a comparatively small part of a proof-reader's duty4 ,he must be able to tell at sight whether a lead is too thick or too thin1 and to discriminate between a three-em space and a four-em space4 ,many other important matters fall within his province1--and these we shall endeavor to point out before closing the present chapter4 ,other things being equal1 printers make the best proof-readers4 ,we have known two or three remarkably skillful readers1 whose work could not be surpassed1 who never imposed a form1 nor set a line of type4 ,these1 however1 were rare exceptions4 ,a practical printer who never heard of the digamma1 and who has never read anything but newspapers1 will generally make a better proof-reader than an educated man who is not practically acquainted with the typographic art2 for the printer has1 year in and year out1 had a daily drill which makes him skillful in orthography1 and he has been compelled to give close attention to the grammatical points4 ,further1 his dealing with individual types enables him to see1 without searching1 errors which men far more learned than he1 do not readily p#cf perceive2 and his pen pounces on a wrong letter as instinctively and unerringly as the bird darts on its insect prey4 ,sterne has uttered a sneer at the husk and shell of learning2 but the best bread is made from the whole meal1 and includes the 8shorts0 and the 8middlings0 as well as the fine flour4 ,if every lawyer1 physician1 and clergyman were to spend six months at the 8case0 before entering upon his profession1 he would find1 even in that short term of labor1 a useful fitting and preparation for such literary tasks as may afterward devolve upon him4 ,nearly all manuscript copy is indebted to the compositor and proof-reader for the proper punctuation2 and many errors in spelling1 made by men who probably know better1 but write hastily1 are silently corrected in the printing-office4 ,contradictions1 errors of fact1 anachronisms1 imperfect sentences1 solecisms1 barbarisms1 are modestly pointed out to the author by the proof-reader's 8qure10 or by a carefully worded suggestion2 and1 most usually1 the proof is returned without comment1--and none is needed1--corrected according to the proof-reader's intimations4 ,dickens1 and a few other writers of eminence1 have acknowledged their indebtedness in such cases2 but we know one proof-reader--whose experience embraces an infinite variety of subjects from bill-heads to ,bibles--who can remember but three cases in which his assistance1 whether valuable or otherwise1 was alluded to in a kindly manner4 ,on the other hand1 the correction in the proof is sometimes p#cg accompanied by some testy remark3 as1 8,does this suit you80 or1 8,will it do now80 ,the proof-reader is1 however1 or should be1 perfectly callous to all captious criticisms and foolish comments2 he need care nothing for 8harshness0 or other nonsense1 provided his work is well and thoroughly done4 ,let no nervous or touchy man meddle with proof-reading4 ,for the especial benefit of our non-professional readers1 we will here point out the usual routine in regard to proofs4 ,the editor or publisher of a book or periodical sends to the printer such portions of reading-matter or manuscript as he can1 from time to time1 conveniently supply4 ,this copy is passed to a head-workman1 who divides it into a number of parts1 called 8takes10 each part being a suitable quantity for a compositor to take at one time2 and the name of each compositor is penciled at the top of his take4 ,the type when set up is called 8matter40 ,when there is enough matter to fill a 8galley0 7a metallic or wooden casing about two feet in length71 an impression1 or 8proof10 is taken on a strip of paper wide enough to receive in the margin the correction of such errors as may be found4 ,this proof1 with the corresponding copy1 is carried to the proof-reader's desk for examination and correction4 ,the reader will have at hand a copy of such directions as may have been furnished by author1 editor1 or publisher1 to which he appends1 from time to time1 memoranda of all eccentricities of orthography and capitalization1--in short1 all peculiarities of style1 as they arise4 ,this he consults frequently while p#ch reading the proof-sheet1 and1 for obvious reasons1 with especial attention after any unusual delay in the progress of the work4 ,directions and notes as to captions1 sizes of type1 form of tables1 etc41 are of utility1 especially when several readers are employed on the same publication2 but directions can scarcely be framed so as to ensure#c uniformity1 except in few particulars4 ,we subjoin two or three samples of directions and memoranda3 our remarks in brackets4 #c ,vide page #agj1 on the orthography of this word4 ,,memoranda ,,for ,,proof-,,readers4 ,the form is regular octavo4 ,text is long primer1 single leaded4 ,tables and lists1 having rules and boxheads1 nonpareil solid4 ,headings of tables and lists1 brevier italic1 lower case4 ,there are no numbered chapters4 ,the heading of each section1 which takes the place of chapter heading1 is pica light-face celtic caps1 spaced4 ,geological ages and epochs are capitalized2 for example1 8,devonian10 8,trias10 8sub-,carboniferous0 v4 page #agf4 ,quoted extracts in regular text type 7long primer71 between quotation marks4 ,capitalize 8the ,west10 8the ,south10 etc41 but not 8western ,new ,york10 8central ,pennsylvania10 etc4 ,do not use 8c40 for 8etc40 8,prof410 8,gen410 etc41 preceding initials or ,christian name2 8,professor10 8,general10 etc41 when last name alone is used2 for example1 8,prof4 ,j4 ,smith10 8,general ,grant10 etc4 ,full point after roman numerals4 8,saint ,louis10 etc42 spell out 8,saint40 ,names of periodicals1 in italics4 ,names of books1 roman1 in quotation marks4 8,panther creek02 but 8,panther ,creek district40 ,that is1 capitalize titles4 p#ci ,the following sample relates to an octavo on ,fishes3 ,make 8cod fishery0 two words4 8,offshore10 8,inshore0 no hyphen4 8,sheepshead0 name of fish4 ,webster inserts an apostrophe and a hyphen1--8,sheep's-head04 8,herring fisheries0 no hyphen4 8,herring-nets0 insert hyphen4 ,from a quarto on ,fishes3 8,cod-fisherman0 hyphen4 8,cod fishery0 two words4 ,engineer work3 ,make footnotes of the 8,remarks0 column4 ,for 8,d4 ,d40 in copy1 spell 8dry-dock40 ,use figures in all cases1 for weights1 distances1 etc4 ,the following was for a ,digest--,decisions3 ,spell 8travelling10 8employee10 and divide 8ser-vice40 8,travelling0 and 8ser-vice0 are ,worcester style4 ,webster divides 8serv-ice40--,in regard to 8employee10 neither ,webster nor ,worcester gives it place2 but1 instead1 the ,french 8employ40 ,webster has this note following the ,french word3 8,the ,english form of this word1 viz41 employee1 though perfectly conformable to analogy1 and therefore perfectly legitimate1 is not sanctioned by the usage of good writers40 ,since ,webster's note was written1 some good writers1 as in the book of ,decisions above mentioned1 have used the ,english word1 as many printing-office employees can testify1--and 8employ0 may as well be sent home1 according to the immigration laws1 as unable to sustain itself in this country4#d #d ,since the above remark was written1 we have found 8employee0 admitted as a correct ,english word1 in ,worcester's 8,supplement40 ,weather ,reports3 ,the 8upper ,missouri valley0 small v4 ,the 8,mississippi river0 small r4 p#dj ,geological ,survey3 ,the 8,missouri ,valley0 cap4 ,v4 ,the 8,missouri ,river0 cap4 ,r4 ,the proof-reader knows1 that 7as we have already remarked7 every printing-office has a style of its own2 that1 if left to itself1 its style would be practically uniform and always respectable1--and he soon learns that some writers for the press have very firm opinions about matters of little or no consequence1 and are very tenacious1 if not pugnacious1 in preferring tweedledee to tweedledum2 not because it is written with more e's1 but because it is more correct--in their opinion4 ,however great may be a reader's capacity for memorizing trifling details1 it is next to impossible to keep minute verbal differences on different mental shelves4 ,after the big book is bound1 one will be likely to find a mingling of styles2 the big ,river of one page becomes a little river on the next2 8,pittsburg0 here1 reads 8,pittsburgh0 there2 and the dignified 8,national ,park0 of the first chapter will dwindle to a mere 8national park0 in chapter the twelfth4 ,if not hurried by a press of work1 as may sometimes be the case1 the reader will first glance at the proof as a whole4 ,a variation in the thickness of the leads1 or a wrong indention1 will1 in this tout-ensemble survey1 very quickly catch his eye4 ,then1 still supposing he has time1 he will read the galley through silently1 correcting errors in spelling2 marking turned or inverted letters2 improving the p#da spacing1 the punctuation2 noting whether the heads and subheads are in the required type2 whether the capitalization is uniform2 whether--if the 8slip0 beneath his eye happen to be near the end of a large volume--the word 8ourang-outang0 which he now meets with1 was not printed somewhere in the earlier part of the work as 8orang-outang10 or1 in fact1 whether1 after some questioning1 it finally went to press as 8orang-utan10--which word he must now1 to preserve uniformity1 hunt for and find among his old proofs1 if1 peradventure1 author or publisher1 or other person1 have not borrowed them 8for a few minutes10--alas6 never to be returned4 ,having settled this1 and all similar cases and other doubtful matters1 he hands the copy to an assistant1 called a 8copy-holder10 whose duty it is to read the copy aloud1 while he himself keeps his eye on the print 7but in newspaper offices1 for the sake of greater celerity1 the proof-reader often reads aloud1 while the copy-holder follows him silently1 intent on the copy3 interrupting1 however1 whenever any discrepancy is observed74 ,if the reader desire the copy-holder to pause while he makes a correction1 he repeats the word where he wishes the reading to stop2 when ready to proceed he again pronounces the same word1 and the copy-holder reads on from that place4 ,the manner of marking1 in the text1 all errors noticed1 is shown1 infra1 in the 8,specimen of ,first ,proof40 ,the corrections to be made are indicated1 in the margin1 by appropriate words or characters from 8,marks used in correcting ,proofs0--also p#db inserted below4 ,writers for the press who themselves examine proof-sheets of their works1 should familiarize themselves with proof-reading technics4 ,an author who received for the first time some proof-sheets returned them 8clean0--apparently having detected no errors4 ,he was afterward disgusted on finding it necessary to print a leaf of 8errata10 and complained that his corrections had been entirely disregarded4 ,on re-examining the proofs he had returned1 it was found that he had corrected--with knife as well as pen4 ,where a comma was wanting1 he had used the pen1 carefully and skillfully imitating the printed character2 and to convert semicolons into commas he had brought the knife into play1--nicely scratching out the superfluous part of the point4 ,sometimes a line1 or it may be several lines1 of type are by some mishap out of perpendicular--slanting2 so that only one side of each letter-face shows a full impression on the proof4 ,it is usual in such case to draw several slanting marks across the faulty line or lines1 and make similar marks in the margin4 ,it is quite common1 also1 for readers to insert in the margin the words 8off its feet10--that being the printing-office designation for sloping matter4 ,one reader abandoned writing these words1 for two reasons3 the first1 that a compositor1 when correcting1 inserted them in the text1 making an astonishing sentence2 the second1 that the marked passage1--a piece of close1 logical reasoning1--after being carefully scanned by the author1 was brought to the reader1 with a very earnest request that he would p#dc point out what justice there was in that bluff remark4 ,it is enough to draw what beginners in writing call 8straight marks0 across the matter1 and also in the margin4 ,we append other-- ,,marks ,,used ,,in ,,correcting ,,proofs4 ,symbol ,insert an em-quadrat4 ,symbol ,dele1 take out2 expunge4 ,symbol ,insert space4 ,symbol ,less space4 ,symbol ,close up entirely4 ,symbol ,symbol ,dele some type1 and insert a space in lieu of what is removed4 ,symbol ,symbol ,dele some type1 and close up4 ,symbol ,broken or battered type4 ,symbol ,plane down a letter4 ,push down a space or quadrat4 4 4 4 4 ,placed under erased words1 restores them4 ,stet4 ,written in the margin1 restores a canceled word or passage1 or such portions of erased text as have dots under them4 ,begin paragraph4 ,symbol or ,symbol ,remove to left4 ,symbol or ,symbol ,remove to right4 ,symbol ,carry higher up on page4 ,symbol ,carry down4 ,symbol ,four lines subscript1 denote italic capitals4 ,symbol ,three lines subscript1 denote capitals4 ,symbol ,two lines subscript1 denote small capitals4 ,symbol ,one line subscript1 denotes italics4 w4 f4 ,wrong font4 tr4 ,transpose4 ,symbol ,period4 ,symbol ,colon4 ,symbol ,apostrophe4 _/ ,hyphen4 -_/ ,en-dash4 -- ,em-dash4 ,if there is an omission 7an 8out07 make a caret at the place of the out1 and if the out is short1 write the omitted word or words in margin2 if long1 write in margin 8out--see copy10 and pin to the proof the sheet of copy containing the omitted portion4 l4 c4 ,lower-case4 s4 c4 ,small capitals4 ,qu or ,qy or 8 calls attention to some doubtful word or sentence4 ,several other marks are used1 which need no explanation4 p#dd ,in order to show our readers the practical application of the above marks1 we will suppose the following paragraph from ,guizot to be put in type abounding in errors1 and will then exhibit the corrections as made by the proof-reader3 ,,specimen ,,of ,,first ,,proof4 ,illustration ,the above is very bad1 even for a first proof1--but we have seen worse1 and have1 perhaps1 ourself been responsible for some not much better4 ,while the copy-holder is reading aloud the copy from which p#de the above was set up1 the reader is busy marking errors1 and making such characters in the margin as will inform the compositors what is to be done to make their work correct4 ,at the conclusion of the reading1 the proof will present an appearance somewhat like this corrected-- ,,specimen ,,of ,,first ,,proof4 ,illustration ,if the proof in hand be a reprint1 and the new edition is to conform to the old1 the copy-holder1 while reading1 pronounces aloud the points1 capitals1 etc41 p#df as they occur in the copy--saving labor and time by using well-understood abbreviations4 ,take1 for instance1 the second stanza of ,tennyson's 8,voyage03 8,warm broke the breeze against the brow1 ,dry sang the tackle1 sang the sail3 ,the ,lady's-head upon the prow ,caught the shrill salt1 and sheer'd the gale4 ,the broad seas swell'd to meet the keel1 ,and swept behind3 so quick the run1 ,we felt the good ship shake and reel1 ,we seem'd to sail into the ,sun60 ,this stanza the copy-holder reads thus3 ,quote 8,warm broke the breeze against the brow1 7com47 ,dry sang the tackle1 7com47 sang the sail3 7colon47 ,the ,lady's-7cap4 pos4 s1 hyphen47head upon the prow ,caught the shrill salt1 7com47 and sheer'7pos47d the gale4 7full point47 ,the broad seas swell'7pos47d to meet the keel1 7com47 ,and swept behind3 7colon47 so quick the run1 7com47 ,we felt the good ship shake and reel1 7com47 ,we seem'7pos47d to sail into the ,sun60 7cap4 exclam4 close of quote47 ,if the work extend beyond a single galley1 the slips of proof are marked in regular sequence1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 or #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,each slip is marked at top 8,first ,proof03 the names of the compositors1 which have been inscribed on their 8takes10 are duly transferred to the printed proof1 which1 with the errors plainly noted thereon1 is then given for correction to the same persons who set up the matter4 ,their duty having been attended to1 a 8second proof0 is taken3 p#dg this the reader compares carefully with the first1 to ascertain whether the requisite changes of type have been properly made2 whether 8doublets0 have been taken out1 and 8outs0 put in4 ,if any mark has escaped the notice of the compositors1 it is transferred to the second proof4 ,close attention should be given to this process of 8revising02 it is not enough to see that a wrong letter has been taken out1 and a right one put in2 in the line where a change has been made1 all the words should be compared1 and also the line above and the line below a correction1--since in correcting an error among movable types1 some of the types may move when they ought not1 and get misplaced4 ,as what escapes the notice of one observer may be perceived by another1 this second proof is again 8read by copy0 by another proof-reader and assistant1 and a second time corrected and revised4 ,the 8third proof0 is now sent to the author1 editor1 or publisher1 with so much copy as may cover it1 the copy-holder being careful1 however1 to retain the 8mark-off02 i4 e41 the sheet on which is marked off the place where the next 8first proof0 is to begin4 ,but when the work is of such sort as not to require extraordinary care1 the second proof is sent out1 a single reading by copy being deemed sufficient4 ,if the work is read twice by copy1 only one reader should attend to the punctuation4 ,if1 now1 the copy have been hastily or carelessly prepared1 or if the author have gained new light since he prepared it1 the outside party having charge p#dh of the work 7whom1 for convenience1 we will designate as the 8author07 will return his proofs1 full of erasures1 additions1 alterations1 interlineations1 and transpositions4 ,with these the original compositors have no concern2 the changes required are made by 8the office10 and the time is charged to the person who contracted for the printing of the work4 ,a second1 third1 or even more consecutive revises of the same slip are sometimes sent to the author1 to the intent that he may see for himself that his corrections have been duly made1 and to allow him further opportunity to introduce such alterations as to him may seem desirable4 ,usually1 however1 the work1 after the correction of the author's first proof1 is made up into pages2 and when there are enough of these for a 8signature0 or form of octavo1 duodecimo1 or whatever the number of pages on the sheet may be1 the proof-reader revises these pages by the author's latest returned proof1 cuts off the slip at the line where the last page ends1 and sends the folded leaves1 labeled 8,second10 8,third10 or 8,fourth0 proof1 as the case may be1 together with the corresponding slips of the next previous proof1 to the author1 as before4 ,the portion of slip proof remaining--termed the 8make-up0--should be inscribed with the proper page1 and the letter or figure which is to be the signature of the next sheet1 and given1 for his guidance1 to the person who makes up the work2 to be returned again to the proof-reader1 with the other slip proofs of the next sheet of made-up pages1 when that is ready for revision4 p#di ,the author may be desirous of seeing a fifth1 sixth1 or1 as the algebraists say1 any number1 n1 of proofs4 ,when he expresses himself as satisfied with his share of the correcting1 the last author's proof is corrected1 a 8revise0 taken1 and the proof-reader gives this last revise a final reading for the press4 ,as any errors which escape detection now1 will show themselves in the book1 this last reading should be careful1 deliberate1 and painstaking4 ,see to it1 my young beginner1 that the 8signature0 is the letter or number next in sequence to that on your previous press-proof4 ,see to it1 that the first page of the sheet in hand connects in reading with the last page of the previous one1 and that the figures denoting the page form the next cardinal number to that which you last sent to press4 ,having done this1 examine the 8folios0 7the 8pagination10 as some say7 throughout2 read the running titles2 if there be a new chapter commenced1 look back in your previous proofs to make sure that said new chapter is 8,,xix410 and not 8,,xviii402 see that the head-lines of the chapter are of the right size1 and in the right font of type2 for1 if the 8minion0 case happened to be covered up1 the compositor may have forgotten himself1 and set them up in 8brevier02 if there is rule-work1 see that the rules come together properly1 and are right side up2 if there is ,federal money1 see that the 80 is put at the beginning of the number following a rule1#e and of the number in the top line of every page2 if points are p#ej used as 8leaders10 see that there are no commas or hyphens among them4 ,if the style require a comma before leaders1 see that none have been left out2 if the style reject a comma1 see that none have been left in2 in short1 see to everything1--and then1 on the corner of the sheet1 write the word 8,press0 as boldly as you can1 but with the moral certainty that some skulking blunder of author1 compositor1 or corrector has eluded all your watchfulness4 #e ,in the ,government ,printing ,office the style omits the 80 in this case1--the sign at top of table or page being considered sufficient4 ,the errors made by ourselves are those which occasion us the most pain4 ,therefore be chary of changing anything in the author's last proof4 ,if a sentence seem obscure1 see whether the insertion of a comma will make it clear4 ,if you find 8patonce10 do not change it to 8potence10 unless1 from your knowledge of heraldry1 you are aware of a good reason for such an alteration4 ,if you find pro4 ami1 look in the dictionary before striking out the point after pro42 peradventure it is a contraction4 ,if1 finally1 after puzzling over some intricate sentence1 you can make nothing of it1 let it console you that the following paragraph appears in ,hvernick3 8,accordingly it is only from this passage that a conclusion can be drawn as to the historical condition of the people1 which is confirmed also by notices elsewhere02 and let it content you to say1 in the words of ,colenso1 8,i am at a loss to understand the meaning of the above paragraph40 ,so let the obscure passage remain4 ,still1 however1 should you find some gross error of dates1 some obvious solecism1 or some wrong footing p#ea in a column of figures1 and find yourself unable to change the reading with absolute certainty of being right1 this proof1 which you had hoped would be a final one1 must be returned to the author with the proper qure4 ,when it comes back to your sanctum1 you may perhaps be pleased at finding on the margin a few words complimentary of your carefulness2 or perhaps a question couched in this encomiastic style3 8,why did not your stupid proof-reader find this out before80 ,whether reading first or final proofs of ,records of ,court1 you should not change the spelling of words1 nor supply omissions1 nor strike out a repeated word or words2 for the printed record is assumed to be an exact transcript of what is written1 and there should be no alterations1--neither uniformity nor correctness is to be sought at the expense of departing from copy4 ,inserting the necessary points where these have been neglected1 is not considered a change of the record1--as1 for instance1 an interrogation point after a direct question to a witness2 for1 as 8the punctuation is no part of the law10 a fortiori it is no part of the record4 ,if the caption be 8,deposition of ,john ,prat10 and the signature be 8,john ,pratt10 and if in another place you find the same individual designated as 8,john ,pradt10 there is no help for it4 ,you have no authority to alter the record1 and must print it as it stands4 ,so1 too1 in regard to dates4 ,if you read 8#ast ,feb4 #ahhi0 on one page1 8,feb4 #a1 #ahhi0 on another1 so let them stand--the change of style is a trifle2 and1 if it be a fault1 it is the fault of the record1 and not yours4 p#eb ,and here let us say a word about this matter of uniformity3 very important in some works1 in others it is of no consequence whatever1 however much some readers may stickle for it4 ,if1 for example1 a mass of letters1 from all parts of the country1 recommending a patent inkstand1 or stating the prospects of the potato crop1 are sent in to be printed1 the dates and addresses will vary in style1 according to the taste and knowledge of the several writers2 and there is not the slightest need of changing them to make them alike1 as if all these widely scattered writers had graduated from the same school4 ,let such writings be printed as diversely as they come to hand4 ,if one writes plough1 and another plow1 what matters it1 so far as your proof-reading is concerned8 ,if one writes 8#aeth ,june10 and another 8,june #ae0 or 8,june #aeth10 so let it stand on the printed page4 ,it is idle to waste time in making things alike1 that could not by any possibility have been written alike4 ,but you can make each letter consistent with itself1 which is all that uniformity requires4 ,you need not stretch one man out1 and cut off the feet of another1 to justify all authors in your composing-stick4 ,so much for exceptional cases4 ,as a general rule1 study to preserve uniformity in every work4 ,if 8,a4 ,m40 and 8,p4 ,m40 are in capitals on one page1 it will look very like carelessness to have them appear 8,a4,m40 and 8,p4,m40 in small capitals1 on the next4 ,with the exceptions above pointed out1 your only safety is to have but one style1 and to adhere to it with the stiffness of a martinet1 p#ec in all contingencies1 unless overruled by those who have a right to dictate in the premises4 ,,reading ,,greek4 ,greek words sometimes appear in copy1 and are somewhat vexatious to printers who never had the good fortune to study ,greek at school--or elsewhere4 ,in a proof-sheet1 we once met a word whose etymology was given thus in the copy3 8,from the sun1 and a lover0 7the epsilon was the author's mistake74 ,the compositor1 not aware of a ,greek alphabet1 set up the passage in those ,english letters which most nearly resemble the ,hellenic characters1 and it appeared in this guise3 8,from ,ediog the sun1 and pidog a lover40 ,we advise proof-readers1 and compositors and copy-holders as well1 to acquire--if they do not already possess--so much knowledge of ,greek letters and characters as will enable them to acquit themselves without discredit1 though 8,ediog0 and 8pidog0 condog 7v4 ,wb47 to annoy them4 ,a few hours' attention to the alphabet and characters given below1 and to the annexed practical directions1 will suffice to fix in the memory as much knowledge of ,greek as will serve for the mechanical following of the copy1--mechanical following1--for1 if you are setting up or reading a reprint of the #dejth page of ,webster's ,dictionary1 and meet with the word you must put in the eleven letters as they stand3 and if copying ,worcester's #dhfth page1 you find 1 put in p#ed the ten letters4 ,if you have any doubts1 submit your query4 ,the ,greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters4 ,alpha a ,beta b ,gamma g ,delta d ,epsilon ,zeta z ,eta ,theta th ,iota i ,kappa k ,lambda l ,mu m ,nu n ,xi x ,omicron ,pi p ,rho r ,sigma 1 final s ,tau t ,upsilon u ,phi ph ,chi ch ,psi ps ,omega ,in reading ,greek1 mention each letter by its ,english equivalent4 is read1 8cap4 short e02 1 8short e02 is read1 8cap4 long e02 1 8long e40 is read1 8cap4 short o02 1 8short o02 is read1 8cap4 long o02 1 8long o40 p#ee ,there are three accents1--the acute 771 the grave 771 and the circumflex 774 is read1 8acute u02 is read1 8grave i02 is read1 8circumflex a40 ,over every vowel or diphthong beginning a word is placed one of two characters1 called breathings1 which1 for the purpose of reading1 we may designate as the smooth 77 and the rough 774 is read1 8smooth a02 is read1 8rough i40 ,when two marks appear over a letter1 both should be mentioned by the copy-holder4 is read1 8smooth1 acute u02 is read1 8rough1 acute1 short o02 1 8rough1 grave1 short o02 1 8circumflex1 smooth1 long o40 ,the compositor and proof-reader should be careful that accented letters are used according to the copy1 as in many cases the difference of accentuation serves also to mark the difference of signification4 ,thus1 signifies new2 1 a field3 1 a violet2 1 going4 1 1 1 are diphthongs2 their second vowel 771 being silent1 is placed underneath1 or subscribed4 ,these should be read thus3 1 8a1 subscript02 1 8long e1 subscript02 1 8long o1 subscript40 ,in ,greek1 only four points or stops are used3 the comma 7172 the note of interrogation 7272 the colon1 or point at top 772 and the full stop 7474 ,these should be mentioned as they occur4 p#ef ,,example ,,for ,,reading4 ,,epigram ,,on ,,themistocles4 1 ' 1 1 4 ' 1 2 ,the method of reading will1 we think1 be sufficiently exemplified if we give but one line4 ,we select the third1 which should be read by the copy-holder1 as follows3 ,cap4 ,k1 a1 grave i2 t1 acute u1 m1 b1 long o subscript2 k1 r1 long e1 p1 circumflex i1 d1 a2 p1 short e1 r1 acute i1 g1 r1 a1 ph1 short e2 cap4 ,p1 short e1 r1 s1 i1 k1 grave short o1 n2 cap4 smooth acute ,a1 r1 long e4 ,words from dead and foreign languages1 introduced into ,english text1 are printed in italics1 until1 being frequently met1 they cease to be strangers2 then printers and proof-readers anglicify them as much as possible1 by printing them in roman2 but some of these retain certain accents which indicate their alien origin4 ,the ,spanish caon is completely anglicized into 8canyon0 7o as in no72 our miners write 8arrastra0 in roman1 although the term has not yet found its way into our most popular dictionaries2 our dreadful accident-makers have set afloat so many 8canards10 that that word has become better ,english than ,french2 8papier-mache0 usually appears in roman without the accent on the final e2 employ p#eg has become a good 8employee0 in our workshops2 and at an early day1 every 8protg0 and 8protge10 already roman1 will throw off the foreign accents1 and remain none the less acute 8protegees02 8clat10 8rgime10 and 8rsum0 still cling to their acute e's4 ,many words and phrases are hesitating whether to remain foreigners1 or to become naturalized4 ,they have 8taken out their first papers10 as it were1 having at times appeared in ,english garb4 ,it would be vastly convenient for every compositor and proof-reader 7every author1 of course1 reads proof7 to have at hand two lists of such ,latin and foreign words as most frequently occur in books1 magazines1 and newspapers1--the one containing the words to be set up in italics1 the other1 words to 8go in roman10 as the phrase is4 ,we append two such lists1 as samples rather than as fixities to be followed1 although they represent very nearly1 if not exactly1 the present status of the class of words we are considering4 ,the roman list is destined to be continually lengthening1 while the italic1 save as it receives new accretions from foreign sources1 must be correspondingly diminishing4 ,,words ,,to ,,go ,,in ,,italics4 ante ad captandum ad libitum ad quod damnum aliunde alma mater amende honorable amicus curi artiste avant coureur beau monde coram non judice corpus delicti coup d'tat coup de grce coup de main de bonis non de facto de jure del credere de novo dilettante dilettanti dramatis person p#eh duces tecum en route entre et al4 ex officio ex parte ex post facto ex rel4 falsi crimen feme covert feme sole femme couverte femme sole fleur de lis functus officio garon ignes fatui ignis fatuus in extenso infra in statu quo inter alia in toto in transitu juste milieu malum in se malum prohibitum matriel nem4 con4 n'importe non constat non obstante nous verrons passim peculium personnel postea postliminium post mortem prima facie procs-verbal pro forma projet pro tempore rationale res adjudicata sans-culotte sine die soi disant sotto voce sub judice supra tabula rasa terra incognita tout ensemble ultima ratio ultima ,thule vide vice versa viva voce vraisemblance ,,words ,,to ,,go ,,in ,,roman4 addenda addendum ad interim ad valorem alias alibi alumnus alumn alumni animus assumpsit bagatelle belles-lettres bijou billet-doux bivouac bizarre bona fide canaille canard capias charg d' affaires coterie crevasse data datum dbris dedimus dtour devoir diluvion diluvium clat emeute ennui entrepot exequatur exuvi fasces faubourg feuilleton fiacre fieri facias habeas corpus hacienda hauteur in banc in situ literati literatim ,magna ,charta mandamus menu mittimus nisi prius nolle prosequi oyer and terminer papier-mache per capita per diem posse comitatus pro rata protg quasi rgime rsum rle savant seriatim sobriquet status supersedeas via venire venire facias verbatim p#ei ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,style4 ,before beginning to read proof1 a man usually prepares himself by learning how to make the technical marks used in correcting2 he then reads a chapter on the use of capitals2 takes up a grammar1 and reviews the rules of punctuation2 and by reading1 and conversing with readers1 gets such helps as give him a good degree of confidence4 ,but at the very threshold of his duties he is met by a little 8dwarfish demon0 called 8,style10 who addresses him somewhat after this fashion3 8,as you see me now1 so ,i have appeared ever since the first type was set in this office4 ,everything here must be done as ,i say4 ,you may mark as you please1 but don't violate the commands of ,style4 ,i may seem to disappear for a time1 when there is a great rush of work1 and you may perhaps bring yourself to believe that ,style is dead4 ,but do not deceive yourself1--,style never dies4 ,when everything is going merrily1 and you are rejoicing at carrying out some pet plan of your own1 you will find me back again1 tearing the forms to pieces1 and again asserting my irrevocable authority4 ,stick to my orders1 and all will be well4 ,don't tell me of grammarians or lexicographers2 say nothing of better ways1 or improvements or p#fj progress4 ,i am ,style1 and my laws are like those of the ,medes and ,persians40 ,and ,style states his true character4 ,unfortunately for the proof-reader1 ,style seldom writes his laws2 or1 if at any time written1 their visible form presently perishes1 and they can only be got at1 as one may learn the common law of ,england1 through past decisions4 ,you1 my young friend1 may in vain consult old proofs2 works formerly read1 at the desk you now occupy1 by some vanished predecessor4 ,your searching cannot help you much2 for authors being without the jurisdiction1 are independent of the authority1 of ,style1--they may allow him to dominate over their works1 or they may not4 ,how1 then1 are you to distinguish1 and select as models1 those which were read under the direct supervision of ,style8 ,in the course of a few years you may come to know a portion of his laws2 but the whole code is past finding out4 ,to drop the personification1 every office has a style--an arrangement of details--peculiar to itself4 ,in one1 8,government0 is spelled with a capital2 in a second1 8government0 is spelled with a lower-case 8g02 in this office1 the four seasons are always 8,spring1 ,summer1 ,autumn1 and ,winter02 in that1 they are 8spring1 summer10 etc41 having capitals only when personified3 and so of a thousand other cases in capitalization4 ,in this office1 before a quoted extract we put a colon and dash1 thus3--while1 in the office across the way1 the style is to put a colon only3 and1 a little farther on1 is an office which uses p#fa only the dash--yet a fourth1 round the corner1 puts a comma and dash1 thus1--while a fifth undertakes to use all these and even additional methods1 as the period1 the semicolon1 and dash1 selecting as the sense or convenience or caprice may dictate4#f ,here1 the style requires a comma before and1 in 8pounds1 shillings1 and pence02 there1 the style is 8pounds1 shillings and pence40 8,viz10 in ,mr4 ,a4's office1 is considered a contraction1 and is printed 8viz40--with the period2 in ,mr4 ,b4's office1 it is not a contraction1 and the period is not used2 in ,mr4 ,c4's office1 8viz0 is put entirely under the ban1 and compositors and proof-readers are directed to substitute for it the word 8namely10 in all cases4 ,as regards orthography1 two styles--the ,worcester and ,webster--have1 in almost all offices1 alternate sway2 and--which complicates matters still more--everywhere there is an 8office style40 ,each 8rules a moment2 chaos umpire sits10 etc4 #f ,for some varieties of style in introducing quotations1 see 8,historical ,memorials of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,by ,arthur ,penrhyn ,stanley1 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 #ahfh02 especially pp4 #bef1 #beg4 ,suppose half-a-dozen works going through the press at the same time1 embracing three styles of orthography1 and four or five styles in capitalization2 one style which requires turned commas at the beginning only1 of a quotation1 and one which requires them at the beginning of every line of an extract1--you see at once that a proof-reader1 so beset1 must needs have his wits about him4 ,for1 notice1 the first 8slip0 which comes to hand is in the 8,life of p#fb ,john ,smith02 this is in the ,worcester style1 and requires 8traveller0 and 8jeweller0 to be spelled each with two l's1 and 8impanelled0 with two l's4 ,the next galley-proof to be read is part of the 8,life of ,james ,smith02 this is in the ,webster style2 and now the reader must change front1 and see to it that he spells 8traveler0 and 8jeweler0 with one l each1 and 8impaneled0 with one l4 ,now as these works are in the same size of type1 and are very similar in appearance1 it would not be strange if now and then the styles were to 8cross over02 but1 observe1 the third slip1 the 8,life of ,william ,smith10 is 8office style10 requiring 8traveler0 to be spelled with one l1 and 8jeweller0 with two 7very absurd1 but all styles have something absurd and arbitrary in them71 while 8empanel0 now repudiates an initial i4 ,further1 the publishers of the 8,life of ,john0 desire to have it in uniform style with their 8watch-pocket series10 in which names of ships were put between quotation-marks2 the author of the 8,life of ,james0 insists1 that1 in his work1 names of ships shall not be quoted1 and shall be set in roman2 the 8,life of ,william10 being in office style1 requires names of ships to be in italics4 ,again1 each of these works has1 at the commencement of its several chapters1 a cast of initial letter differing from the style of the other two1--the first a two-line plain letter1 the second a black letter1 the third an open-face letter2 and still further 7there is no 8finally071 the 8,life of ,john0 has 8backwards10 8forwards10 8towards10 all with the final s2 and the proof-reader has just received from the outside reader p#fc of the 8,life of ,james10 a sharp note1 stating that he has stricken the s from 8towards10 as many as ten times1 and coolly assuring the said proof-reader that there is no such word as 8towards0 in the ,english language4 ,meanwhile1 intermingled with the above readings1 are four ,sunday-school books1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,d4 ,a and ,b require the words 8everything10 8anything10 and 8cannot0 to be divided respectively into two words1--8every thing10 8any thing10 8can not02 while ,c and ,d1 with a general direction to follow ,webster1 want these words printed in the usual manner1--closed up4 ,a and ,c must have two words of 8't is10 8it 's10 8do n't10 8could n't10 8must n't02 ,b and ,d require the same1 with the exception of 8don't10 which must be made one word4 ,a and ,d want an apostrophe in 8won't02 while ,b and ,c insist that the change from 8will not0 is so great1 that 8wont0 is virtually a new word1 wherefore they cannot conscientiously permit the apostrophe4 ,among these literary foolishnesses and idle discriminations1 are inter-readings of pamphlets on the leather trade2 the ,swamptown ,directory1 the copy being the pages of an old edition1 pasted on broadsides of paper1 half the names stricken out1 and new ones inserted haphazard on the wide margin1 their places in the text indicated by lines crossing and recrossing each other1 and occasionally lost in a plexus or ganglion2 reports of the ,panjandrum ,grand ,slump ,mining ,company1 the ,glenmutchkin ,railway ,company1 and the new and improved ,brown ,paper p#fd ,roofing ,company2 ,proceedings of the ,national ,wool-,pulling ,association1 and of the ,society for promoting the ,introduction of ,water-,gas for ,culinary and ,illuminating ,purposes2 likewise auction-bills1 calendars1 ball-cards1 dunning-letters 7some of these to be returned through the post-office1 the proof-reader's own feathers winging the shaft71 glowing descriptions of ,dyes1 ,blackings1 ,polishes1 and ,varnishes2 in short1 proofs of the endless variety of matters which constitute the daily pabulum of a book and job office1--and1 in all these1 style has its requirements4 ,if all this be borne in mind1 it will not seem surprising1 especially when we reflect that all individuals in their progress toward a perfect civilization are not yet within sight of their goal1--it will not seem surprising1 if now and then an irate brother should rush into the proof-reader's presence1 exclaiming1 8,what do you mean1 sir8 ,i thought ,i knew something1 but it appears ,i don't6 ,here you have put #8,hudson street' with a little s1 and #8,hudson ,river' with a capital ,r3 what sort of work do you call that80 ,should this occur1 the schooled reader has but to reply1 8,that1 my dear sir1 is the uniform style of this office1--we always #8put things' as you have stated10 and the questioner is satisfied1 and apologetically withdraws4 ,as no acknowledged literary ,dictator has arisen since ,johnson 7if we except ,webster71 and as we have no good grounds to expect one1 let us hope there may be a convention of the learned men of the ,united ,states1 with full powers to legislate upon1 and p#fe finally settle1 all questions of syntax1 orthography1 punctuation1 and style1 and authorized to punish literary dissenters1 by banishment from the ,republic of ,letters4 ,were there a common and acknowledged authority to which printer1 publisher1 proof-reader1 and author could appeal1 the eye1 the pen1 and the press would be relieved of much useless labor1 and the cost of books would be correspondingly reduced4 ,the ,smithsonian ,institution would confer a lasting benefit on mankind by establishing a ,board or ,bureau of scholars1 which should publish a dictionary of all ,english and ,anglicized words1 without various spellings1 and also such other words as might meet the want long felt1 and which was expressed in 8,the ,spectator10 so long ago as ,aug4 #d1 #agaa1--where the author1 having spoken of certain perplexities which beset writers1 adds3 8,these will never be decided till we have something like an academy1 that by the best authorities and rules drawn from the analogy of languages1 shall settle all controversies between grammar and idiom40 ,when such works from the ,smithsonian ,institution shall have appeared1 and ,congress shall have adopted them as standards to which all ,departmental work shall conform1 the diversities of spelling will disappear from the publications of the ,government4 ,those who would diffuse knowledge among men should have sharp oversight of the vehicle in which knowledge is to be conveyed1--to wit1 ,,language1--8the foundation for the whole faculty of thinking40 p#ff ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,general ,,remarks3 ,,containing ,,some ,,illustrations ,,of1 ,,and ,,additions ,,to1 ,,the ,,subject-,,matter ,,of ,,the ,,foregoing ,,three ,,chapters4 ,if an author sends his manuscript to the printing-office without any instructions or directions as to capitalization1 punctuation1 etc41 the printer will follow his own 8office style10 and the work will be1 within certain limits1 correctly done2 that is1 with as near an approach to uniformity as it is possible for ordinary fallible mortals to attain4 ,but if the manuscript be accompanied with numerous 8,directions0 to the printer1 some of these will be forgotten or overlooked1 or become mixed in the minds of compositors and proof-readers with some set of diametrically opposite 8,directions10--and so the work will very likely abound in incongruities4 ,we have known two works to be in hand at the same time1 one with directions to 8,capitalize freely10 the other1 to 8,use capitals sparingly40 ,the 8,directions0 are sometimes quite minute1 almost microscopic2 still1 it is the duty of the proof-reader to follow them into the very extremities of their littleness4 ,one writer says1 8,put up #8eastern1' #8western1' etc41 in such cases as this3 #8,the purple finch sometimes passes the cold season in ,eastern p#fg ,massachusetts1 and even in ,northern ,new ,hampshire'02 another directs1 8,put compass-points down1 as #8,in northern ,nevada4'0 ,if the office style is 8,hudson and ,connecticut ,rivers10 a direction will be sent in thus3 8,in all my work1 print #8,weber and ,sevier rivers1' #8,phalan's and ,johanna lakes'--not ,lakes40 ,one author wants 8,,viii-inch gun and #fd-pounder02 another looks upon this as numerically and typographically erroneous1 and insists on an 8#h-;inch gun and a ,,lxiv-pounder02 still another prefers arabic figures throughout1 and prints an 8#h-;inch gun and #fd-pounder02 yet another likes best the first of the above styles1 but wishes a period placed after the roman numerals1 so it shall read1 an 8,,viii4-inch gun02 one more dislikes 8double pointing10 and would retain the period1 but strike out the hyphen4 8,in my novel1 spell #8,marquise ,de ,gabriac' with a big ,d1 and #8,madame de ,sparre' with a little #8d4'0 ,with hundreds of ,reports and reports from ,institutions and institutions1 from ,departments and departments1 from ,bureaus and bureaus1 trials at law1 equity cases1 interference cases1 ,revised ,statutes1 and thousands of documents1 all as anxious to attract the public eye as ever ,mr4 ,riddleberger was to catch the ,speaker's1 and rushing compositors and proof-readers and steam-presses with a dizzying velocity which almost prohibits nicety of execution1 it were far wiser for authors and copyists to attend carefully to the legibility and accuracy of their manuscripts1 than to send to the printer blundering haphazard pages1 accompanied with directions running counter p#fh to what the writers themselves have exhibited in their manuscripts4 ,we recollect that a printer once received a manuscript accompanied with minute directions1 extending even to syllabication4 ,it was given out to the compositors1 and a rough manuscript it was2 one found in his take1 8,one ,spanish ,mc ,krel0 and 8,one caperamber10--as he and the others in his chapel read the words1--conundrums which after hard study of characteristics and comparison of letters were1 by an ingenious old typographic ,champollion1 solved as 8,one ,spanish mackerel0 and 8,one caf-au-lait40 ,if ,gunther's 8,catalogue of ,fishes1 ,british ,museum0 is to be written1 it is proper to abbreviate it to 8,gunther's ,cat4 ,fish41 ,brit4 ,mus40 ,an author who undertook so to write it1 jammed the ,cat4 close to the ,fish1 and placed the first period above the line4 ,he should not have been surprised when he read in his proof-sheet1 8,gunther's ,cat-,fish41 ,brit4 ,mus401--which1 although apparently according to copy1 was not 8according to ,gunther40 ,the use of commas and other pause-marks is to bring out the sense1 and when capitals will subserve the same purpose it is well to use them also1--whether one finds a printed ,rule directing it or not4 ,thus ,stedman writes3 8,in his verse1 ,emerson's spiritual philosophy and laws of conduct appear again1 but transfigured4 ,always the idea of ,soul1 central and pervading1 of which ,nature's forms are but the created symbols4 ,as in his early discourse he recognized p#fi two entities1 ,nature and the ,soul1 so to the last he believed ,art to be simply the union of ,nature with man's will--,thought symbolizing itself by ,nature's aid40 ,names of ,states and ,territories1 when following names of cities1 towns1 and post-offices1 are usually contracted2 as3 ,savannah1 ,ga42 ,brunswick1 ,me42 ,san ,diego1 ,cal42 ,new ,orleans1 ,la42 ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,but in any other connection1 names of ,states and ,territories are spelled in full2 as3 ,mendocino ,county1 ,california4 ,we crossed ,nevada ,territory4 ,we visited ,luray ,cave1 ,virginia4 ,in an office where the employees are accustomed to the above rules1 absolute uniformity would be attainable1 if it were not for the interference of specialists4 ,if1 from such office1 a book is issued in which you find 8,richmond1 ,virginia10 and1 farther on1 8,richmond1 ,va410 you may be sure that a 8direction0 to 8spell out1 in all cases1 names of ,states and ,territories0 accompanied the manuscript2 that one reader1 mindful1 as it happened1 of the important direction1 spelled 8,virginia10 while another1 from force of habit1 followed the office style1 and made no change from the customary 8,va402 and you may further conclude1 that the author of the work1 when examining the proof-sheets1 had himself become oblivious of the direction he had given4 ,we have known more than forty special directions p#gj to be sent to a printing-office with the manuscript copy of one book4 ,an author may fancy that numerous minute rulings will ensure uniformity and beauty to his book2 but the chances of discrepancy and mistake are increased in direct ratio to the number of such of his rulings as run counter to the office style4 ,his 8more requires less10 but produces 8more40 p#ga ,,chapter ,v4 ,,punctuation4 ,printers and proof-readers are to take for granted1 that1 in every work which falls under their supervision1 the proper agreement between thought and expression has been effected by the author4 ,he alone has the right to change the words and their collocation2 and1 if fairly punctuated1 the manuscript should be closely followed1 word for word1 and point for point4 ,every person who writes for the press should punctuate his work presentably2 but--since the majority of writers are inattentive to punctuation--custom and convenience1 if not necessity1 have thrown upon the compositor and proof-reader the task of inserting in their proper places the grammatical points1 and such other points and marks as shall assist a reader in obtaining a ready apprehension of the author's meaning4 ,these are the period 7471 the colon 7371 the semicolon 7271 the comma 7171 the note of interrogation 7871 the note of exclamation 7671 the parenthesis 7 71 and the dash 7--74 ,besides these principal characters1 there are other marks and signs used in writing and printing1--the hyphen 771 the apostrophe 7'71 and others2 all which may be found in the concluding division of p#gb this chapter1 numbered ,,viii41 and should be referred to as occasion may require4 ,books which treat of ,english grammar speak of four of the points in common use--to wit1 the period1 the colon1 the semicolon1 and the comma--as 8grammatical0 points2 while the dash1 the note of interrogation1 the note of exclamation1 and the parenthesis are classified as 8rhetorical10--being used to indicate various effects produced in conversation by changes in the tone of the voice4 ,but as 8,english grammar is the art of speaking and writing or printing the ,english language with propriety10 and as all points and marks in the printer's case are necessary to printing with propriety1 it is not essential in this work to make the distinctions alluded to above4 ,nor shall we treat at length1 if at all1 of technical marks not in common use2 as1 for instance1 signs used in algebra and chemistry1 and in various arts and sciences4 ,these can be referred to1 should occasion require1 in handbooks1 and in ,webster's ,dictionary1 pp4 #ahfd-fh1 or in ,worcester's1 pp4 #aggc-ge4 ,our school-books used to tell us1 that at the period we should stop long enough to count four2 at the colon1 three2 at the semicolon1 two2 at the comma1 one4 ,but pauses vary in length1 as readers and speakers wish to affect or impress their hearers3 hence reporters of speeches and orations sometimes--finding ordinary points and marks insufficient--insert1 in brackets1 some comment indicating that there was a pause made which outreached the time p#gc allowed for an ordinary period4 ,we listened in ,april1 #ahfa1 to a speech by ,wendell ,phillips1 in which1 at the close of one sentence1 the orator paused long enough to count ten or twelve2 the reporters at that place inserted in brackets the words 8,an impressive pause40#g ,to denote by distinctive characters every possible length of pause would require an infinitude of signs1 types1 and cases4 ,we must therefore do the best we can with the few points now in use1 leaving much to the taste of authors1 printers1 and readers4 ,still1 the immense advantage modern students have over those of ancient times is made obvious by a comparison of antique and modern writings1--for punctuation is comparatively a modern affair1 whose origin and changes it will be both useful and interesting to trace1--and in doing this1 we shall endeavor to avoid the charge of prolixity1 by condensing into brief space information gained from a variety of sources4 #g 8,there is only one thing those cannon shot in the harbor of ,charleston settle1--that there never can be a compromise4 4 4 4 ,during these long and weary weeks we have waited to hear the ,northern conscience assert its purpose4 ,it comes at last4 ,an impressive pause4 ,massachusetts blood has consecrated the pavements of ,baltimore1 and those stones are now too sacred to be trodden by slaves40 ,the most ancient ,greek manuscript known is among the papyri of the ,louvre4 ,it is a work on astronomy1 and is indorsed with deeds of #afe and #afd ,b4,c4 ,this has 8a certain sort of separation of words40 ,in a copy of ,homer1 written ,b4,c41 a wedge-shaped sign is inserted 8between the beginnings of p#gd lines0 to mark a new passage4 ,but even these marks were soon lost sight of2 subsequent ,greek and ,latin writing runs on continuously without distinction of words4 ,in the fifth century of our era1 the fourth verse of the ,second ,epistle of ,john was thus written3 7,the a contraction for 47 ,in ,greek ,,mss4 this method continued until the fourteenth century4 ,,howtheancientsreadtheirworkswrittenin ,,thismanneritisnoteasytoconceive ,st4 ,jerome 7,a4,d4 #cbd-dbj7 wrote a ,latin version of the ,bible--8the foundation of the ,vulgate0--8per cola et commata02 not with colons and commas as we understand those words1 but by a stichometric arrangement1--dividing the text into short sentences or lines1 according to the sense1 chiefly with a view to a better understanding of the meaning1 and a better delivery in public reading4 ,it is not until the latter part of the seventh century that there is some separation of words in ,latin ,,mss4 ,in the later ,latin 7eighth century7 the full point in various positions was introduced1--being placed on a level with the top1 bottom1 or middle of the letters1--as the students of 8,andrews and ,stoddard0 are well aware4 ,in still later ,,mss4 in small letter1 the full point on the line or high was first used2 then the comma and p#ge semicolon2 and the inverted semicolon 771 whose power was stronger than the comma4 ,in early ,irish and ,english ,,mss41 separation of words is quite consistently followed2 and in these the common mark of punctuation was the full point1 while to denote the final stop or period one or two points with a comma 74417 were used4 ,contractions were much used in ancient ,,mss4 to save time and labor4 ,some of these were denoted by a semicolon 2 as b2 bus2 q2 que2 vi2 videlicet1--this character1 in cursive writing1 readily became a z1 whence we have our viz videlicet4 ,the ,roman numerals in ancient texts were placed between full points2 e4g41 4,,cxl41 to prevent confusion4 ,punctuation remained very uncertain until the end of the fifteenth century1 when the ,manutii1 three generations of printers1--the elder 7#adej-aeae7 the most learned1 skillful1 and energetic of the three1--increased the number of points1 and made rules for their application2 and these were so generally adopted1 that ,aldus ,manutius and his son and grandson may be considered inventors of the present system of punctuation1 notwithstanding it has been changed1 and perhaps improved upon1 since their time1--notably in the use of the colon4 ,but scholars differ so widely in some respects as to the insertion of commas1 as well as other points1 that not many rules are as yet absolutely fixed4 ,modern writers tell us that 8points are used to mark the sense rather than the pauses40 ,we would p#gf substitute 8as well as0 for 8rather40 ,in writing from dictation we place points where the dictator makes pauses2 and in reading we make pauses where the writer has put the points4 ,for example1 note the difference in sense and pause1 according as the comma is placed before or after 8to the end10 in the following sentence3 ,i have advised the ,attorney-,general to read this letter to the end1 that he may see precisely how this matter will affect public interest4 ,i have advised the ,attorney-,general to read this letter1 to the end that he may see precisely how this matter will affect public interest4 ,murray's large octavo ,english ,grammar and countless common-school grammars1 from ,murray's time to the present day1 contain rules for aiding students and writers to decide where points1 and what points1 should be placed4 ,these are of great utility1 and every young person should familiarize himself with them as found1 briefly stated1 in books now in use4 ,it should be borne in mind1 however1 that a close and slavish adherence to stated forms1 without ascertaining their bearings in individual cases1 tends to becloud the judgment1 and may cause an author's meaning to be obscured1 or even concealed1 rather than elucidated4 ,in books issued by different houses will be found great diversity in the manner of pointing similar and even the same sentences2 and some part of what we have called 8style0 results from the effort of a p#gg house to be consistent with itself1 and to establish a uniformity among its own issues4 ,the rules given in this chapter1 and the observations accompanying them1 are mainly the results of our own training and experience as compositor and proof-reader at different periods1 covering in the aggregate more than twenty years4 ,to bring out by punctuation the sense of difficult and involved sentences--which are of frequent occurrence--requires close attention and careful study1--attention not the less close1 nor study the less careful1 because prompted by the necessity of immediate practical application4 ,as all rules suitable to guide human conduct lie folded up in the golden rule1 so all rules for pointing sentences are embraced in this3 ,punctuate so as to bring out the author's meaning4 ,and by their consonance with this great rule all special rules must be judged4 ,yet in this1 as in all other matters1 men disagree in their judgments2 and we must be content in our diversities1 until the academy desiderated by the 8,spectator0 shall have become an actual institution1 invested with a quasi grammatical infallibility4 ,for instance1 as to placing a comma between a nominative phrase or sentence and the predicate1 the best authorities differ4 ,wilson's rule is1-- 8,no point or pause-mark is admissible between the subject or nominative and the predicate1 4 4 4 40 ,the 8,practical ,grammar10 by ,s4 ,w4 ,clark1 ,a4,m41 published by ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co41 ,new ,york1 gives the following rule3 p#gh 8,a phrase or sentence used as the subject of a verb1 requires a comma between it and the verb40 ,of course the examples under the rule exhibit a corresponding difference4 8,to be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in character40--,wilson4 8,to do good to others1 constitutes an important object of existence40--,clark4 ,ingersoll's ,grammar 7,portland1 #ahbh7 and ,kerl's--which last is now very extensively used--agree with ,clark4 ,both have the same example as ,wilson1 but pointed as follows3-- 8,to be totally indifferent to praise or censure1 is a real defect in character40 ,goold ,brown 7,grammar of ,grammars7 inserts the comma4 ,cobbett's ,grammar omits it4 ,take up the first dozen books that come to hand1 and you will find diversity of practice4 8,the influences which ,atterbury had fostered long lingered in the precincts40--,stanley's ,westminster ,abbey4 8,the distinction between transcendental and transcendent1 is observed by our elder divines and philosophers40--,coleridge's ,biographia4 8,the interruption of friendly relations between ,england and ,spain was the fault 4 4 4 of the ,emperor40--,froude's ,england4 ,the better method is to omit the comma1 except in those cases where its insertion would prevent ambiguity2 as in the quotation above1 from ,stanley1 where there should have been a comma after 8fostered02 p#gi as it stands1 the word 8long0 may qualify either the word before or after it4 ,so1 if you examine any number of volumes with reference to placing a comma before and1 or1 or nor1 when three or more words1 in the same category1 are connected1--in some you will find 8,faith1 and hope1 and charity02 in others1 8,faith and hope and charity40 ,we have just met with the following lines in a well-known paper3 8,round and round the atoms fly1 ,turf1 and stone1 and sea1 and sky40 ,wilson's example is 7p4 #ch71-- 8,let us freely drink in the soul of love and beauty and wisdom from all nature and art and history40 ,in view of these and similar differences of practice1 and contradiction of rules1 one is tempted to say that it is of no moment whether the commas are inserted or not4 ,but1 leaving 8style0 out of the question1 a proof-reader should endeavor to have a reason for every omission he allows1 and for every insertion he makes4 ,we advise him1 then1 in the first place to note which method seems required by the golden rule of elucidating the meaning2 then consider1 further1 if the sentence already contains commas1 whether inserting more would offend the eye4 ,let him decide each case on its own merits2 leaning1 when in doubt1 in favor of such grammatical rule as he may have adopted4 ,but use judgment2 for the most precise grammarians lay down pages of exceptions2 and ,cobbett 7,grammar1 ,letter ,,xiv47 cannot be gainsaid when p#hj he writes1 8,it is evident1 that1 in many cases1 the use of the comma must depend upon taste40 ,when a phrase or clause1 in its nature parenthetic1 is quite closely connected with the parts of the sentence in which it is placed1 the insertion of the comma before and after such phrase or clause 8must depend upon taste40 ,the former comma especially1 may often be omitted 7see ,obs4 #aj1 under ,rule #af1 post74 ,if the commas are inserted1 we have a specimen of what is called 8close pointing02 if omitted1 we have 8liberal pointing40 ,close pointing prevails in almost all publications except law-work1 and in all doubtful cases puts in the comma4 ,liberal pointing1 on the other hand1 omits the points except when absolutely necessary to avoid ambiguity4 ,a middle course1 retaining the spirit rather than adhering to the letter of the rules1 will be found the safest4 ,when1 as will often be the case1 a passage occurs1 the meaning of which varies with the insertion or omission of a comma1 while it would be grammatical either way1 the compositor should follow the copy2 the proof-reader should mark the passages with his qure2 but if he first notices the fault when reading the press-proof1 he should suffer it to stand as the author left it1 letting all responsibility remain where it rightfully belongs4 ,abbreviated words1 besides the period denoting their abbreviation1 require the same pointing as if they were spelled in full4 ,thus 8,jno4 ,smith1 ,esq41 of ,worcester2 ,abel ,soane1 ,m4,d42 and ,james ,doe1 p#ha ,,ll4,d41--were appointed a comm4 to take care of books1 docs41 etc41 etc410 has the same pointing as 8,john ,smith1 ,esquire1 of ,worcester2 ,abel ,soane1 ,doctor of ,medicine2 and ,james ,doe1 ,doctor of ,laws1--were appointed a committee to take care of books1 documents1 and so forth1 and so forth40 ,but in some classes of work1 as ,directories1 ,catalogues of books1 ,genealogies1 and where titles and abbreviations are of frequent occurrence1 double pointing may be partially avoided by omitting the comma after a period which denotes an abbreviation4 ,neatness requires the omission of the comma before leaders2 thus1 ,john ,roe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,new ,orleans4 ,james ,doe4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,san ,francisco4 is more pleasing to the eye than ,john ,roe1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,new ,orleans4 ,james ,doe1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,san ,francisco4 ,preambles to resolutions and laws are usually begun with 8,whereas40 ,after this word a comma is sometimes heedlessly inserted1 although the introductory word is not followed by a parenthetic clause4 ,we append the most improved forms for punctuating and capitalizing preambles1 resolves1 and provisos3 ,whereas the present national interest in the matter of the ,american fisheries has1 c4--,cong4 ,record1 ,july1 #aa1 #ahhh4 ,whereas1 owing to the sudden demise of the secretary1 no notice was given of the receipts of the plans1 etc43 ,resolved1 ,that the whole matter be referred to a committee3 ,provided1 or ,provided however1 ,that the whole expense shall not exceed1 etc4 p#hb ,the semicolon should be placed before as1 in an enumeration of particulars following a general statement2 thus3 ,many proper names admit of convenient contractions2 as ,jno41 ,wm41 ,benj41 ,jas41 ,chas4 ,but when as is not preceded by a general or formal statement1 no point is necessary unless as is followed by a parenthetic clause2 as3 ,such names as ,john1 ,benjamin1 ,william1 admit of convenient contractions4 ,some fishes1 as1 for instance1 the cod1 delight in cold baths1 and are never found in water above #dj ,fahr41 unless in care of the cook4 ,but in liberal pointing1 the commas before and after 8for instance0 would be omitted4 ,in regard to the points or marks connected with 8viz410 8namely10 and 8to wit10 the punctuation varies according to the structure of the sentences in which they occur2 but this does not prevent a publishing-house from having a style of its own4 ,it is interesting to note the varieties which different offices present4 ,we annex a few examples1 which may be serviceable2 to wit3 8,sussex ,co41 ,del41 ,july #e1 #aggf4 ,we are sorry to say1 that it is our opinion that they 7viz3 the enemies of the war7 are not better affected than they were before the troops came40--,am4 ,archives1 #eth series1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #aj4 ,i never depended on him for any men1 or for any participation in the ,georgia ,campaign4 ,soon after1 viz41 ,may #hth1 that department was transferred1 etc4--,memoirs ,gen4 ,sherman4 p#hc ,there is one case in which it is never right to do this2 viz41 when the opposite party1 etc4--,cavendish's style4 ,the library is open every secular day throughout the year1 except the legal holidays1 viz41--,washington's ,birthday1 ,fast ,day1 ,decoration ,day1 ,fourth of ,july1 ,labor ,day1 ,thanksgiving1 and ,christmas4--,brookline1 ,mass41 ,pub4 ,lib4 ,report1 #ahhg4 ,seven of the bishops lived to be over #hj--viz4 ,llandaff #hd1 ,winchester #hd1 etc4--,nineteenth ,century1 ,march1 '#hh4 ,woburn has a population of about #ab1jjj1 grouped at four principal centers3 namely1 ,woburn ,centre1 about #hjjj1 etc4--,mass4 ,drainage ,comm4 ,the ,dawes bill deals with two subjects only1 namely1 the ownership of land and citizenship4--,n4 ,a4 ,review1 ,march1 '#hh4 ,this1 then1 is the upshot of the second part of the law1 namely3 7#a7 that all to whom land is patented become at once citizens of the ,united ,states2 7#b7 that all1 etc4--ib4 ,there are four seasons1 namely3 spring1 summer1 autumn1 winter4 ,four administrative areas are thus created3 two primary areas--namely1 counties at large1 and boroughs of #ajj1jjj inhabitants and upwards4--,nineteenth ,century ,maga4 ,annapolis1 ,june #be1 #aggf4 ,that four battalions be instantly raised 4 4 4 4 each company to consist of ninety men1 to wit3 one captain1 two lieutenants1 etc4--,am4 ,archives4 ,when viz4 or namely or as follows ends a paragraph1 the colon is commonly inserted2 but the dash or comma-dash or colon-dash may sometimes be noticed1--it is a matter of office style4 7,see ,punctuation1 ,rule #h1 post47 ,but if1 referring to a succeeding sentence or paragraph1 the words 8the following0 or 8as follows0 appear1 the sentence in which they occur should be closed with the colon or colon-dash1 as in the following examples3 p#hd ,the description given of the ,english ,nonconformists in many pages that stand for history1 is as follows3 ,that they started forth under a well-settled order of constitution and discipline of the ,church of ,england1 etc4--,ellis's ,puritan ,age4 ,mr4 ,faulkner1 from the ,committee on ,pensions1 to whom were referred the following bills1 reported them severally without amendment1 and submitted reports thereon3 ,a bill 7,h4 ,r4 #ajcah7 granting a pension to ,mary ,c4 ,davis2 and ,a bill 7,h4 ,r4 #hdjj7 to place the name of ,john ,j4 ,mitchell on the pension-roll4--,congressional ,record1 ,july #bb1 '#hh4 ,the hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound word2 to show the divisions of words into syllables2 it is placed at the end of a line when a word is not finished2 and it is sometimes placed between vowels1 to show that they belong to different syllables 7as 8co-ordinate074 ,in regard to its use in compound words great diversity exists2 and the proof-reader can have1 as we believe1 no fixed system which will apply to all varieties of work4 ,in specifications for bridges1 buildings1 etc41 the better way is to avoid compounding2 for1 in everything of that kind1 one will find so many 8door-sills10 8newel-posts10 8stair-balusters10 8pulley-stiles10 etc41 that if he begin marking in the hyphens he will scarcely make an end of it1 and many hyphens sadly deform a page3 better put 8door knobs10 8window frames10 8stair nosings10 etc41 omitting hyphens4 ,here1 too1 the dictionaries can scarcely be said to assist1 if they do not even mislead4 ,worcester has 8brickwork10 8brasswork10 without hyphens2 p#he 8wood-work10 8iron-work10 with them4 8,greenhouse0 is closed up1 while 8school-house0 is not2 8wood-house0 has a hyphen1 8almshouse0 has none4 7,wilson writes 8schoolhouse407 ,webster has 8brick-work0 with the hyphen1 8woodwork0 without it1--just reversing ,worcester4 ,again1 ,worcester writes1 8humblebee0 and 8bumblebee03 ,webster1 under ,b1 has 8bumble-bee1 4 4 4 4 sometimes called humble-bee02 and1 under ,h1 writes 8humblebee1 4 4 4 4 often called bumblebee10 apparently forgetful of his previous hyphens4 ,to search for authority1 then1 in the matter of compounding words1 will avail next to nothing4 ,in a volume containing 8,school ,committees' ,reports10--and certainly school committees ought to know many things1--we find 8blackboard0 and 8black-board02 and1 on one page1 8schoolbooks10 8schoolkeeping10 8schoolmaster10 8school-houses10 8school-checks40 8,semi-annual0 is frequently printed with the hyphen1 according to ,webster2 but ,worcester1 omitting the hyphen1 has 8semiannual40 ,thus it appears1 that1 in regard to compounding 7by which we mean inserting the hyphen between the parts of a compound word71 the proof-reader is left to his own discretion1 and can do very much as he pleases4 ,he should1 however1 adopt some method by which he can approximate to uniformity in his own work2 for as to agreeing with anybody else1 that is out of the question4 ,perhaps as good a rule as can be laid down on this subject is to close up the word when p#hf compounding changes the accentuation2 otherwise1 insert the hyphen4 ,thus1 8,quartermaster0 has a different accentuation from the two words 8quarter master02 therefore make one word of it1 without the hyphen4 8,head-assistant0 is accented like the two words 8head assistant10--therefore insert the hyphen4 ,by this rule 8schoolhouse0 and 8blackboard0 should be severally closed up2 8salt-mine0 takes the hyphen1--8saltsea0 7adjective7 does not4 ,the word 8tree10 with a prefix indicating the kind1 should be compounded2 as 8oak-tree10 8forest-tree10 8pine-tree10 etc4 7,webster has a hyphen in 8whiffle-tree10 ,worcester prints 8whiffletree407 8,cast-iron0 and 8wrought-iron0 are usually compounded1 and should always be so when used as adjectives2 as 8cast-iron pillars10 8wrought-iron boilers40 8,temple-street place0 7or 8,place10 according to style71 8,suffolk-street ,district10 8,pemberton-square ,school10 are quite correct2 the hyphen is too frequently omitted in such cases4 ,the words ex officio do not require a hyphen1 but some very reputable offices insert it4 ,hyphens are sometimes used to indicate grotesque pronunciation1 as in the following couplet from 8,rejected ,addresses03 8,in borrowed luster seemed to sham ,the rose and red sweet ,will-i-am40 ,when two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts of a following word1 the hyphen is omitted2 as3 p#hg ,we use cast and wrought iron pillars4 ,i have pruned my peach and apple trees4 ,some authors follow the ,german style1 inserting the hyphens2 thus3 ,we use cast- and wrought-iron pillars4 ,i have pruned my peach- and apple-trees4 ,but this style is rare4 ,precision requires that hyphens should be inserted in fractions expressed in words2 as 8one-half10 8three-fifths10 etc4 ,how many oranges are seven and three fourths oranges8 ,there being no hyphen in the above example1 the 8seven0 and 8three0 are in the same category as 8peach0 and 8apple0 in the last previous example4 ,the answer is ten-fourths1 or #b4 ,if 8seven0 is meant to express a whole number1 a hyphen should be inserted after 8three40 ,a prolific source of trouble in correcting is wrong syllabication when it is thought necessary to carry part of a word to the succeeding line4 ,neither the ,english method of dividing on vowels1 where this can be conveniently done1 nor the ,american method of dividing on syllables1 obtains exclusively in this country4 ,convenience1 and the desire of spacing in such a manner as to make the lines look well1 frequently determine the dividing letter2 so that1 in the same work1 you may find 8pro-perty0 and 8prop-erty10 8trea-sure0 and 8treas-ure40 ,in a recent ,english work1 we note the following divisions3 p#hh ,pre-bendaries1 mea-sure1 pre-decessors1 supre-macy1 the ,re-formation1 pro-perty1 theo-logy1 bre-thren1 pre-paration4 ,but the division on the syllable is the mode most generally practiced in the ,united ,states1 and we must1 however reluctantly1 adhere to it as closely as possible1 until a convention of publishers shall sanction the adoption of the ,english usage4 ,our authorities close the first syllable of 8fa-ther0 on the a1 of 8moth-er0 on the th1 so that1 practically1 the latter word should not be divided at all2 the ,english printer1 without hesitation1 places the hyphen after the a and the o respectively4 ,as to the word 8discrepancy0 there is a discrepancy4 ,webster accents the second syllable1 and divides 8discrep-ancy02 while ,worcester accents the first syllable1 and divides 8discre-pancy40 ,in this1 printers and readers must be governed by the 8style0 of the work upon which they are engaged4 ,one of the most frequently recurring errors noticed in reading first proof is the placing of an s at the end of a line when it should have been carried over4 ,corres-pondence1 des-cribe1 des-cription1 ,aus-tralian1 are wrong1 and are corrected daily2 and their reappearance proves that in this1 as in weightier matters1 8error is wrought by want of thought40 ,in newspapers1 or any work which is to be read once and then cast aside1 the carrying over of an ed or ly1 or any other syllable of two letters1 may perhaps be tolerated2 but in bookwork such a division is inexcusable1 except in side-notes1 or when the p#hi measure is very narrow4 ,to avoid extremely wide or thin spacing1 and to escape the trouble and expense of overrunning pages already imposed1 it must be considered admissible1 in certain cases1 to carry over a consonant preceding the final syllable ed2 as1 expec-ted1 divi-ded4 ,we state this with some misgivings2 but1 as we have known it to be done by excellent readers and skillful printers1 even by ,john ,wilson himself1 of blessed memory1 we lay it down as allowable in extreme cases4 ,theories are elastic1--are expansible and compressible2 but types of metal have set dimensions of extension1 and1 in some circumstances1 absolutely refuse to budge1--wherefore theories must gracefully yield1 and allow1 it may be1 a two-letter division even in wide measure4 ,types are tyrannical1 and will sometimes perpetrate solecisms under the plea of necessity4 ,an author can sometimes much improve the appearance of a page1 by slight changes in the phraseology4 ,a good compositor studies to avoid divisions4 ,some printers1 rather than divide a word1 will justify a line by separating the words with two three-em spaces4 ,but no arbitrary rule can be laid down in this regard4 ,a well-spaced page with several divided words looks much better than a page unevenly spaced in which no divisions occur4 ,the number of hyphens occurring in succession at the end of the lines on any page1 should never exceed three4 ,in manuscript the dash occurs more frequently than any other mark of punctuation1 many writers p#ij using it as a substitute for every other point4 ,this habit very much retards the compositor in his task2 for1 as we have already intimated1 he feels obliged to study the sense of his copy1 and to waste his valuable time in considering how he shall best supply those aids to meaning which the author has rejected1 and without which any work would be wholly unpresentable4 ,that the author of the paragraph quoted below pointed it with perfect accuracy before sending it to press1 does not admit of a doubt4 ,for the nonce1 however1 we will1 with his leave1 punctuate the passage in the manner in which the compositor frequently finds passages pointed on his 8takes02 thus3 8,it has been said--and--no doubt--truthfully--that the smartest boys do not go to college4 ,yet--it is evident--to every one competent to judge--that the ablest men have been at college40 ,with so many dashes before him1 it would not be strange if the compositor were to retain some of them2 and the proof might1 perhaps1 appear as follows3 8,it has been said--and no doubt truthfully--that the smartest boys do not go to college4 ,yet it is evident to every one competent to judge1 that the ablest men have been at college40 ,this is much improved2 and1 if we substitute commas for the dashes in the first sentence1 the punctuation may be considered unobjectionable4 ,beginners at the 8case0 are often puzzled in regard to the insertion of commas before the dashes which p#ia inclose a parenthetic clause4 ,to decide this point1 it is enough to notice whether or not a comma would be used1 were the parenthetic clause omitted4 ,this1 we think1 will be readily understood by reference to the following examples3 8,it was necessary not only that ,christianity should assume a standard absolutely perfect1 but that it should apply a perfect law to those complex and infinitely diversified cases which arise when law is violated40 ,now1 if a parenthetic clause is inserted before the word 8but10 the comma should be retained1 and another placed at the end of the inserted clause2 thus3 8,it was necessary1 not only that ,christianity should assume a standard absolutely perfect1--which1 however far from anything that man has ever done1 would be comparatively easy1--but that it should apply a perfect law10 etc4 ,if there is no comma where the clause is to be inserted1 dashes alone should be used3 8,in the completed volume of the third report1 the countries wherein education has received the most attention are treated of at length40 ,if a parenthetic clause be inserted after 8countries10--where there is no comma1--only dashes are required2 thus3 8,in the completed volume of the third report1 the countries--,prussia1 for instance--wherein education has received the most attention are treated of at length40 ,a thin space should be placed before1 and also after1 a dash4 ,if a parenthesis is inserted in a part of a sentence p#ib where no point is required1 no point should be placed before or after the marks of parenthesis4 8,by living sparingly1 and according to the dictates of reason1 in less than a year ,i found myself 7some persons1 perhaps1 will not believe it7 entirely freed from all my complaints40--,cornaro4 ,as a general rule1 if the parenthesis occur after a punctuated clause1 the point should be placed after the latter mark of parenthesis4 8,popham's monument1 by the intercession of his wife's friends 7who had interest at ,court71 was left in ,st4 ,john's ,chapel on condition either of erasing the inscription1 or turning it inwards40 8,artist3 ,kneller 7#agbc74 ,architects3 ,taylor 7#aghh72 ,chambers 7#agif72 ,wyatt 7#ahac740 8,antiquities of ,st4 ,peter's1 by ,j4 ,crull 7usually signed ,j4 ,c4740 ,if a parenthesis which closes with a note of exclamation or interrogation is inserted where a point occurs1 that point should precede the first mark of parenthesis4 8,where foresight and good morals exist1 7and do they not here87 the taxes do not stand in the way of an industrious man's comforts40 8,he directed the letter to ,gnat ,smith1 7spelling ,nat with a ,g67 and deposited it in a fire-alarm box40 ,an exclamation point is often found preceding the first mark of parenthesis4 8,ay1 here now6 7exclaimed the ,critic17 here come ,coleridge's metaphysics60--,biographia ,literaria4 8,i am1 sir1 sensible0--8,hear6 ,hear60 7they cheer him47 p#ic ,when a parenthesis occurs within a parenthesis1 brackets should be substituted for the first and last parenthetic marks4 8,as for the other party ,i mean 7do not misunderstand me7 the original inventor1 he was absent from the country1 at that time40 8,brackets are generally used 4 4 4 to inclose an explanation1 note1 or observation1 standing by itself40--,parker's ,aids4 ,a short comment inserted in a paragraph by a reviewer is placed in brackets4 8,the sacks were badly eaten by rags so in the affidavit1 and the almonds had run out40 ,in transcripts of trials at law1 brackets are used to inclose statements of things done in court1 which things would not appear in a report of the verbal proceedings alone2 as1-- 8,ans4 ,about a quarter past ten1 he came into my shop1 and picked out a cane4 4 4 4 4 8,gore4 ,of what wood was it made8 8,ans4 ,it was a good piece of hickory--heavy for hickory4 4 4 4 4 8,the stick was handed to the witness1 who declared it to be the same he had sold ,mr4 ,charles ,austin4 8,gore4 ,what sticks had he usually bought of you80--,trial of ,selfridge4 ,whether the words in brackets should also be in italics is a matter of style4 ,in the following passage from the same report1 italics are used3 p#id 8,gore4 ,showing the fracture of the hat on the fore-part4 ,is not that the fore-part of the hat1 as this leather that on the hinder part marks the part of the hat that is worn behind80 ,for inserting commas or other points after1 before1 or within brackets1 the same rules apply as in case of marks of parenthesis4 ,whether when a noun singular terminates in s1 its possessive case requires an additional s is yet an open question4 ,we have no hesitation in giving an affirmative answer1 especially in the case of proper names4 ,if ,mr4 ,adams were to manufacture ale1 one might1 perhaps1 from prohibitory considerations1 advise him to advertise it as 8,adams' ale02 but should ,mr4 ,adams have no fear of the law1 he would avoid all misunderstanding by calling it 8,adams's ale40 ,it may be objected that the position of the apostrophe makes the matter sufficiently clear without the additional s4 ,yes1--to the eye2 but to the ear the propriety of the additional s becomes very apparent4 8,jacob's pillow0 and 8,jacobs's pillow0 may be of very different materials4 ,but1 to avoid too much sibilation1 we read 8for conscience' sake10 8for goodness' sake10 etc4 ,the apostrophe1 with s subjoined1 is used to denote the plural of letters and figures4 8,the discipline which is imposed by proving that some x's are some y's1 and that other x's are all y's1 will enable you to pulverize any hot-headed deacon who may hereafter attempt to prove that you had better be looking out for another pastorate40--,ad ,clerum4 8,this #g differs from the other #g's40 p#ie ,the apostrophe may be used in denoting the plural whenever its use will assist in avoiding obscurity4 8,the children called loudly for their pa's and ma's40 ,for convenient reference we append a series of rules and examples1 which1 we think1 will be found useful by teachers and scholars1 and our friends of the press4 p#if ,,rules ,,of ,,punctuation4 ,i4 ,,period1 ,,or ,,full ,,point4 #a4 ,the period is used at the end of every complete sentence which is not interrogative or exclamatory4 #b4 ,sentences interrogative and exclamatory in form1 sometimes take the period4 ,will you call at my office1 say on ,tuesday next1 or whenever you happen to be in town1 and much oblige-- ,yours truly1 ,,john ,,smith4 ,how much better it is1 considering the saving of distance to the pupils1 that two small schoolhouses should be built1 rather than one large one4 #c4 ,the period is put after initials when used alone2 also after abbreviations4 ,j4 ,q4 ,adams4 ,supt4 of ,r4 ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 #d4 ,place a period before decimals1 and between pounds and shillings4 ,the ,french meter is #c4bhjhiib feet4 #bd4 #fs4 #h;d4 #e4ge miles4 #e4 ,a period should always be put after roman numerals1 except when used in the paging of prefaces1 etc4 ,george ,,iii4 came to the throne in #agfj4 ,,observation #a4 ,in many modern works the period is omitted2 as1-- ,william ,i made a mistake4 ,there being no comma after 8,william10 it is supposed to be obvious that the mistake was made by ,william the ,first4 ,the insertion or omission of the period is becoming wholly a matter of printing-office style4 p#ig ,,ii4 ,,colon4 #f4 ,a colon is put at the end of a clause complete in sense1 when something follows which tends to make the sense fuller or clearer4 7,see ,rules #i and #ac47 ,there is yet another sphere for the electric motor to fill3 that of street railway propulsion4--,n4 ,a4 ,review2 ,april1 #ahhh4 ,in free states no man should take up arms1 but with a view to defend his country and its laws3 he puts off the citizen when he enters the camp2 but it is because he is a citizen1 and would continue to be so1 that he makes himself for a while a soldier4--,blackstone's ,commentaries1 ,book ,i41 ,ch4 #ac4 #g4 ,the last of several clauses that introduce a concluding remark or sentiment should be followed by a colon1 if the preceding clauses have been punctuated with semicolons4 ,a pickpocket in every car2 a cheat at every station2 every third switch on the road misplaced2 the danger of being hurled from the track1 and then burned alive3 these considerations prevent my traveling on the railroad of which you speak4 ,,obs4 #b4 ,in examples like the above1 a very common and perhaps better method is to put a comma and dash in place of the colon4 ,the colon is neater1 but more old-fashioned4 7,see second example under ,rule #aj47 #h4 ,the colon is commonly used whenever an example1 a quotation1 or a speech is introduced4 ,the ,scriptures give us an amiable representation of the ,deity in these words3 8,god is love40 ,,obs4 #c4 ,modern writers1 instead of the colon1 mostly use the semicolon1 dash1 or period4 ,our first example1 under ,rule #i1--with a colon substituted for the semicolon1--might with propriety have been placed under ,rule #f4 ,we prefer the semicolon1 however2 p#ih and if the word for were inserted in the example mentioned1 the colon would be inadmissible3 8,let there be no strife between theology and science2 for there need be none40 ,in reprinting old works1 the colon should be carefully retained1 as essential to a clear understanding of them4 ,the colon is generally placed after as follows1 the following1 in these words1 thus1 or any other word or phrase which formally introduces something2 and when the matter introduced forms a distinct paragraph1 the colon may or may not be followed by a dash1 as the style of the author or office may require4 ,,iii4 ,,semicolon4 #i4 ,when two or more clauses of a sentence are not so closely connected as to admit the use of a comma1 a semicolon is used4 ,let there be no strife between theology and science2 there need be none4 ,wisdom hath builded her house2 she hath hewn out her seven pillars2 she hath killed her beasts2 she hath mingled her wine2 she hath also furnished her table4 #aj4 ,when a number of particulars depend on an introductory or a final clause1 such particulars may be separated from each other by a semicolon4 ,there are three difficulties in authorship3 to write anything worth the publishing2 to get honest men to publish it2 and to get sensible men to read it4 ,to present a general view of the whole ,vedic literature2 to define its extent2 to divide it into well-distinguished classes of writings2 to portray the circumstances of their origin1 and the stage of cultural development which they represent2 and to explain the method of their preservation and transmission to us1--were some of the objects which ,mller had in view4 p#ii #aa4 ,loosely connected clauses of a sentence should be separated by semicolons1 if those clauses or any of them are subdivided by commas4 ,as the rays of the sun1 notwithstanding their velocity1 injure not the eye by reason of their minuteness2 so the attacks of envy1 notwithstanding their number1 ought not to wound our virtue by reason of their insignificance4 ,,obs4 #d4 ,in the first sentence of the following example1 a comma between the clauses is sufficient1 because there are no points in the clauses2 but the second sentence may serve to illustrate ,rules #aa and #ab3 ,as there are some faults that have been termed faults on the right side1 so there are some errors that might be denominated errors on the safe side4 ,thus1 we seldom regret having been too mild1 too cautious1 or too humble2 but we often repent having been too violent1 too precipitate1 or too proud4 #ab4 ,when two clauses not closely dependent on each other1 are connected by but1 for1 and1 or some similar connective1 they are separated by a semicolon4 ,i will not be revenged1 and this ,i owe to my enemy2 but ,i will remember1 and this ,i owe to myself4 ,a wise minister would rather preserve peace than gain a victory2 because he knows that even the most successful war leaves nations generally more poor1 always more profligate1 than it found them4 ,ingratitude in a superior is very often nothing more than the refusal of some unreasonable request2 and if the patron does too little1 it is not unfrequently because the dependent expects too much4 #ac4 ,phrases are often set off by a semicolon1 viz43 a4 ,explanatory phrases4 ,there remain to us moderns1 only two roads to success2 discovery and conquest4 b4 ,participial and adjective phrases4 p#ajj ,i have first considered whether it be worth while to say anything at all1 before ,i have taken any trouble to say it well2 knowing that words are but air1 and that both are capable of much condensation4 ,these roads are what all roads should be2 suitable for light carriages1 and for heavy-laden wagons4 c4 ,any phrase1 especially if elliptical1 or if divisible into smaller portions by commas4 7,,obs4 #e4 ,in speaking or in writing1 we 8almost always leave out some of the words which are necessary to a full expression of our meaning4 ,this leaving out is called the ellipsis407 ,john ,milton2 born ,dec4 #i1 #afjh2 completed ,paradise ,lost1 #affe2 died ,nov4 #aj1 #afgd4 ,,iv4 ,,comma4 #ad4 ,repeated words or expressions2 three or more serial terms2 two unconnected serial terms1--are separated from each other by the comma4 a4 ,repeated words or expressions4 ,shut1 shut the door4 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i itself1 ,i1 ,the inside and outside1 the what and the why1 ,the when and the where1 and the low and the high1 ,all ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i itself1 ,i4 ,give me back1 give me back the wild freshness of morning4 b4 ,three or more serial terms4 ,shakspeare1 ,butler1 and ,bacon have rendered it extremely difficult for all who come after them to be sublime1 witty1 or profound4 ,the firm of ,smith1 ,longman1 ,jones1 ,llewellyn1 ,co4 ,but some printers1 while observing the above rule in general1 except the names of firms and railroad companies2 which1 in their publications1 appear as follows3 p#aja ,the firm of ,longman1 ,jones1 ,llewellyn ,co4 ,the ,atchison1 ,topeka and ,santa ,f ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 c4 ,two unconnected serial terms4 ,he had a keen1 ready wit4 ,,obs4 #f4 ,the second example under a 78,the inside and outside1 the what and the why107 furnishes an illustration of the mode of punctuating terms joined in pairs4 ,,obs4 #g4 ,style sometimes requires the omission of the comma before and1 or1 nor1 when one of these connectives precedes the last term of a series3 as 8,shakspeare1 ,butler and ,bacon have rendered it extremely difficult for all who come after them to be sublime1 witty or profound40 ,but when the words are all in the same predicament1 the comma should be inserted2 e4 g41--if you wish to state that three certain persons are wise1 you would point thus3 8,thomas1 ,richard1 and ,john are wise40 ,but if ,richard and ,john are the ,solons1 and you wish to inform ,thomas of that fact1 you would point thus3 8,thomas1 ,richard and ,john are wise40 ,so1 in the first example under b1 if it is desired to qualify the three adjectives by the phrase 8in the highest degree10 the comma after witty must stand3 8in the highest degree sublime1 witty1 or profound40 ,but if that phrase is intended to apply to sublime only1 the pointing should be thus3 8in the highest degree sublime1 witty or profound40 #ae4 ,phrases1 clauses1 and words1 inverted1 or otherwise not in their natural position1 generally require to be set off by a comma4 ,into this illustrious society1 my friend was joyfully received4 ,when we quarrel with ourselves1 we are sure to be losers4 ,to satisfy you on that point1 ,i will make a short argument4 ,he1 like the world1 his ready visits pays1 ,where fortune smiles4 ,roe1 ,richard4 ,doe1 ,john4 p#ajb ,,obs4 #h4 ,the exceptions to this rule are numerous4 ,if the first and last words of a passage are related 7for him the summer wind murmured72 if the inverted phrase be brief1 and can be read in close connection with what follows 7in youth we have little sympathy with the misfortunes of age72 or if the principal clause is itself inverted 7,in the center of the common rises a noble monument71--the comma is usually omitted4 ,,obs4 #i4 ,in long lists of proper names1 as ,directories1 etc41 it is usual to omit the comma1 although the names are transposed1 and to print thus3 ,smith ,james ,w4 ,thomson ,theophilus4 #af4 ,when the principal sentence is broken to receive an incidental or parenthetic expression1 a comma is placed at the break1 and another at the end of the inserted clause4 ,rulers and magistrates should attempt to operate on the minds of their respective subjects1 if possible1 by reward rather than punishment4 ,some writers1 in a vain attempt to be cutting and dry1 give us only that which is cut and dried4 ,it is known to every physician1 that1 whatever lazy people may say to the contrary1 early rising tends to longevity4 ,go1 then1 where1 wrapt in fear and gloom1 ,fond hearts and true are sighing4 ,,obs4 #aj4 ,the former comma is frequently omitted4 ,especially is this the case when the previous part of the sentence has required commas4 ,liberal pointing would omit the comma after 8where10 in the above example4 ,and in the following sentence1 from ,general ,marcy's 8,ramblings in the ,west10 note the omission of the comma after 8and10 and from the parenthetic clause 8it was believed03 ,this1 with the destruction of our trains1 consumed the greater part of our winter supplies1 and as they could not be replenished from the ,missouri ,river before the following ,june1 ,general ,johnston1 the commander1 determined to send a detachment directly over the mountains to ,new ,mexico1 from whence it was believed supplies could be obtained earlier than from farther east4 p#ajc ,notice1 also1 the omission of the comma after 8and0 and 8but10 in the following paragraphs3 ,he left college2 and forsaken by his friends1 he took refuge with the parliament party4--,marsh1 ,eccl4 ,hist4 ,the written law is sufficient to decide this case2 but inasmuch as the irregularity in question is a fertile source of disputes1 the case has been deemed worthy of insertion4--,cavendish4 7,the most common parenthetic expressions are at least1 at most1 accordingly1 as it were1 beyond question1 consequently1 doubtless1 furthermore1 generally speaking1 in the mean time1 on the other hand1 etc47 #ag4 ,words or phrases expressing contrast1 or emphatically distinguished1 and terms having a common relation to some other term that follows them1 require the comma4 a4 ,contrast or notable difference4 ,his style is correct1 yet familiar4 ,i asked for money1 not advice4 ',twas fat1 not fate1 by which ,napoleon fell4 ,although ,prince ,hohenlohe was far more specific in pointing out what ought to be avoided than in showing what ought to be done1 yet there could be no mistaking the course which the government was intending to pursue4 ,they are charitable1 not to benefit the poor1 but to court the rich4 ,,obs4 #aa4 ,two contrasted words having a common dependence1 and connected by but1 though1 yet1 or as well as1 should not be separated2 as1 ,there are springs of clear but brackish water4 b4 ,terms having a common relation to a succeeding term4 ,ordered1 ,that the ,committee on ,banking be1 and they hereby are1 instructed to report a bill4 p#ajd ,that officer was not in opposition to1 but in close alliance with1 thieves4 ,,obs4 #ab4 ,some proof-readers1 however1 omit the second comma1 when but a single word follows the latter proposition2 as1 8,many states were in alliance with1 and under the protection of ,rome40 ,the better method is to insert the point4 8,bonner was an accomplished ,italian1 and probably also a ,spanish1 scholar40--,froude4 #ah4 ,correlative terms1 or expressions having a reciprocal relation1 are separated by a comma4 ,the farther we look back into those distant periods1 all the objects seem to become more obscure4 ,the more a man has1 the more he wants4 ,as he that knows how to put proper words in proper places evinces the truest knowledge of books1 so he that knows how to put fit persons in fit stations evinces the truest knowledge of men4 ,it is not so difficult a task to plant new truths1 as to root out old errors4 ,where ,mac,donald sits1 there is the head of the table4 ,cincinnatus and ,washington were greater in their retirement1 than ,csar and ,napoleon at the summit of their ambition2 since it requires less magnanimity to win the conquest1 than to refuse the spoil4 ,,obs4 #ac4 ,sometimes when that1 and generally when as or than1 so that or such that is used1 the connection is too close to admit the comma4 ,cromwell's enemies say that he always fought with more sincerity than he prayed4 ,your house is larger than mine4 ,paper is not so good as gold4 ,the old gentleman is so infirm that he can scarcely move4 ,he told such a story that we were all deceived by it4 p#aje #ai4 ,words used in direct address1 and independent and absolute words1 with what belongs to them1 are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas4 ,q4 ,you say1 ,mr4 ,witness1 that you were present8 ,a4 ,yes1 sir4 ,flow gently1 sweet ,afton1 among thy green braes4 ,my son1 give me thy heart4 ,at length1 having fought the good fight1 he left the world in peace4 ,to confess the truth1 ,i was in fault4 ,richard ,roe1 his father being dead1 succeeded to the estate4 ,silence having been obtained1 the speaker went on with his remarks4 #bj4 ,the clauses of a compound sentence may be separated by a comma when the connection is too close for the semicolon4 ,the winds roared in the woods1 and the torrents tumbled from the hills4 ,hasten to your homes1 and there teach your children to detest the deeds of tyranny4 ,it has1 by some grammarians1 been given as a rule1 to use a comma to set off every part of a compound sentence1 which part has in it a verb not in the infinitive mode4 ,,obs4 #ad4 ,a dependent clause should be separated by a comma1 unless closely connected4 ,it argues a defect of method1 when an author is obliged to write notes upon his own works4 ,unless we hurry to the beach1 the tide will overtake us4 ,whatever reception the present age may give this work1 we rest satisfied with our endeavors to deserve a kind one4 ,when the ,tartars make a ,lama1 their first care is to place him in a dark corner of the temple4 ,,obs4 #ae4 ,if a clause beginning with as1 because1 if1 wherever1 how1 lest1 than1 that1 when1 where1 whether1 while1 why1 or any p#ajf adverb of time1 place1 or manner1 follows a clause with which it is closely connected in sense1 it is not set off by a comma3 8,he went away when the boat left40 8,we love him because he first loved us40 8,he will pay if he is able40 8,tell me whether you will return40 ,,obs4 #af4 ,an infinitive phrase closely connected with what it modifies1 should not be set off by a comma2 as1 8,we use language to express our thoughts40 8,nouns do not vary their endings to denote certain cases40 ,but if the infinitive phrase is preceded by in order1 or if it is remote from what it modifies1 it should be set off by a comma4 8,he collected a great many young elms from various parts of ,england1 to adorn his grounds40 8,if dissimulation is ever to be pardoned1 it is that which men have recourse to1 in order to obtain situations which will enlarge their sphere of general usefulness40 #ba4 ,a word or phrase used in apposition1 to explicate or illustrate a previous word or phrase1 should be set off by commas2 but if the words in apposition constitute a single phrase or a proper name1 they should not be separated4 a4 ,comma required4 ,johnson1 that mighty ,caliban of literature1 is held up to view in the pages of ,boswell4 ,the alligator1 or cayman1 is found in the ,orinoco4 ,paul1 the apostle of the ,gentiles1 was eminent for his zeal and knowledge4 ,if the position of the terms in apposition is reversed1 commas are required4 ,the apostle of the ,gentiles1 ,paul1 was eminent for his zeal and knowledge4 ,that old last century poet1 ,crowley1 sings thus4 b4 ,comma not required4 ,johnson the lexicographer completed his dictionary in seven years4 p#ajg ,we the undersigned agree to pay the sums set against our names respectively4 ,jeremy the prophet commanded them that were carried away to take of the fire1 as it hath been signified4 ,i ,paul have written it with mine own hand4 ,the poet ,chaucer lived in the reign of ,richard ,,ii4 ,sir ,john ,walpole understood two grand secrets of state3 the power of principal1 and the weakness of principle4 #bb4 ,a simple sentence usually requires no point except the period at the end of it4 ,count ,bismarck has preserved a pleasant intimacy with his old preceptor4 ,,obs4 #ag4 ,when the subject is a clause ending with a verb1 or with a noun that might be mistaken for the nominative1 a comma should be inserted before the predicate4 ,that winter campaigns are undertaken1 shows a desire to kill the ,indians4 ,captain ,smith's obedience to orders1 issued in his promotion4 ,every year that is added to the age of the world1 serves to lengthen the thread of its history4 ,he that gives a portion of his time and talent to the investigation of mathematical truth1 will come to all other questions with a decided advantage over his opponents4 ,in the following sentence1 a comma after 8them0 might not be improper 7for we once heard a reader place a pause after 8attacked071--but we shall not attack one of ,general ,sherman's sentences1 lest we 8get the worst of it40 ,during this campaign hundreds if not thousands of miles of similar intrenchments were built by both armies1 and as a rule whichever party attacked one of them got the worst of it4--,memoirs ,gen4 ,w4 ,t4 ,sherman4 ,,obs4 #ah4 ,whether a comma should be inserted after the verb to be1 when that verb is followed by an infinitive clause which might by transposition be made the nominative1 is a question on which the best authorities differ4 ,first ,method4--,the highest art of the mind of man is to possess itself with tranquillity in the hour of danger4 p#ajh ,second ,method4--,the highest art of the mind of man is1 to possess itself with tranquillity in the hour of danger4 ,we are of opinion that usage is in favor of the omission of the comma1 as in the following examples3 ,the proposed object of the ,union ,dictionary is to comprehend at once all that is truly useful in ,johnson1 ,sheridan1 and ,walker4--,thomas ,browne4 ,the grandest of all conditions is to be at once healthy and wise and good4--,d',arcy ,thompson4 ,,obs4 #ai4 ,when the subject is an infinitive phrase1 the better method is not to separate it2 as1 8,to be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in character40 ,still there is excellent authority for inserting a comma1 thus3 8,to be totally indifferent to praise or censure1 is a real defect in character40 ,in sentences of this kind we advise the proof-reader to omit the comma unless the author is uniform in the insertion of it4 ,,obs4 #bj4 ,some grammarians set off by a comma the predicate1 when it refers to separated nominatives preceding it2 as1 8,the benches1 chairs1 and tables1 were thrown down40 ,and1 again1 we find this example given3 8,veracity1 justice1 and charity1 are essential virtues40 ,so1 in the ordinances of the ,city of ,boston1 8if any person or persons shall roast any cocoa10 without having complied with certain conditions1 8he1 she1 or they1 shall forfeit and pay for every such offense10 etc41--a comma appearing after they1 although a conjunction precedes it4 ,but the weight of authority is against separating the last noun or pronoun of such compound subject from the verb when the conjunction is used4 ,the last quotation1 above given1 should read1 8he1 she1 or they shall forfeit10 etc4 #bc4 ,a comma should be placed before or after a word or phrase1 to associate it with the group to which it belongs1 if1 without the comma1 the sentence would be equivocal2 and generally1 a comma may be inserted wherever its use will prevent ambiguity4 ,this man1 only cared to lay up money4 ,this man only1 cared to lay up money4 ,whoever lives opprobriously1 must perish4 ,the first maxim among philosophers is1 that merit only1 makes distinction4 p#aji ,the delight which ,i found in reading ,pliny1 first inspired me with the idea of a work of this nature4--,goldsmith4 ,my communication was offered and refused4 ,my communication was offered1 and refused on account of its length4 ,,obs4 #ba4 ,we recently met with this last sentence1 pointed as follows3 8,my communication was offered and refused1 on account of its length02 but it is not easy to see why the length of a communication should be assigned as the reason for having offered it4 8,every favor a man receives in some measure sinks him below his dignity40--,goldsmith4 ,,obs4 #bb4 ,a comma should have been placed after receives4 #bd4 ,no comma is put between two words or phrases in apposition1 following the verbs think1 name1 make1 consider1 and others of a similar meaning4 ,they made him their ruler4 ,they called him captain4 ,they saluted him king4 ,i esteem you my friend4 ,believing him an honest man1 we elected him treasurer4 ,we constituted our ,secretary a depositary of ,german books4 ,i consider him a gentleman4 ,,obs4 #bc4 ,of the terms in apposition1 one is the subject1 and the other the predicate1 of to be1 understood 78,they made him to be their ruler074 ,the rule might1 therefore1 be worded thus3 ,when1 of two terms in apposition1 one is predicated of the other1 no comma is required4 #be4 ,in a compound sentence1 the comma is often inserted where a verb is omitted4 ,in literature1 our taste will be discovered by that which we give2 our judgment1 by that which we withhold4 ,wit consists in finding out resemblances2 judgment1 in discerning differences4 p#aaj ,in the pursuit of intellectual pleasure lies every virtue2 of sensual1 every vice4 ,sheridan once observed of a certain speech1 that all its facts were invention1 and all its wit1 memory4 ,,obs4 #bd4 ,but sometimes the comma is not inserted3 especially when the style is lively2 when the clauses have a common relation to something that follows2 or when they are connected by a conjunction4 ,could ,johnson have had less prejudice1 ,addison more profundity1 or ,dryden more time1 they would have been well qualified for the arduous office of a critic4 ,the ,germans do not appear so vivacious1 nor the ,turks so energetic1 as to afford triumphant demonstrations in behalf of the sacred weed4 ,the boat was tight1 the day fine1 the bait tempting1 and the fishes hungry4 #bf4 ,a short quotation1 a remarkable expression1 or a short observation somewhat in manner of a quotation1 is set off by the comma4 ,plutarch calls lying1 the vice of slaves4 ,it hurts a man's pride to say1 ,i do not know4 ,cicero observed to a degenerate patrician1 8,i am the first of my family1 but you are the last of yours40 ,an upright minister asks1 what recommends a man2 a corrupt minister1 who4 ,there is an old poet who has said1 8,no deity is absent1 if prudence is with thee40 ,they tell me here1 that people frequent the theater to be instructed as well as amused4 ,the old proverb1 8,too much freedery breeds despise10 is now rendered1 8,familiarity breeds contempt40 ,,obs4 #be4 ,when the introductory clause is short1 the comma may be omitted2 as 8,charles ,fox said that restorations are the most bloody of all revolutions40--8,madame de ,stal admits that she discovered1 as she grew old1 the men could not find out that wit in her at fifty1 which she possessed at twenty-five40 p#aaa #bg4 ,numbers are divided by the comma into periods of three figures each4 ,the distance of the sun from the earth is usually stated at #ie1jjj1jjj miles4 ,,obs4 #bf4 ,in a number expressing the year of an era1 the comma is not used2 as1 ,july #d1 #ahgf4 ,in tabular work it is very neat and convenient to omit the comma1 as in the following example3 ,the number of letters in #afjj lbs4 of ,pica is as follows3 a #agjjj b #cbjj c #fjjj d #hhjj e #bdjjj1 etc4 ,,obs4 #bg4 ,in some offices the style requires all numbers less than #a1jjj to be expressed in words2 #a1jjj and upwards in figures4 ,some printers insert the comma before hundreds1 only when five figures or more occur4 #bh4 ,restrictive phrases or clauses are not set off by the comma4 ,he reviewed such regiments as were armed with ,enfield rifles4 ,they flatter the vanities of those with whom they have to do4 ,attend to the remarks which the preacher is about to make4 ,bishop ,watson most feelingly regrets the valuable time he was obliged to squander away4 ,a false concord in words may be pardoned in him who has produced a true concord between such momentous things as the purest faith and the profoundest reason4 8,he is known by his company0 is a proverb that does not invariably apply4 ,cattle which live in herds1 are subject to various diseases4 p#aab ,,obs4 #bh4 ,adjective elements which are simply descriptive1 and not restrictive1 should be set off by commas2 thus3 ,cattle1 which live in herds1 are subject to various diseases4 ,the first verse of the fourteenth chapter of ,job1 in the ,king ,james ,bible1 reads3 ,man that is born of a woman is of few days1 and full of trouble4 ,the ,douay ,bible reads3 ,man born of a woman1 living for a short time1 is filled with many miseries4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,burial ,service points correctly3 ,man1 that is born of a woman1 hath but a short time to live1 and is full of misery4 ,v4 ,,the ,,note ,,of ,,interrogation4 #bi4 ,the note of ,interrogation is placed at the end of a direct question4 ,can gold gain friendship8 ,is that the best answer you can give to the fourteenth cross-interrogatory8 ,is any among you afflicted8 ,oh1 lives there1 ,heaven1 beneath thy dread expanse1 ,one hopeless1 dark idolater of ,chance8 ,,obs4 #bi4 ,when several distinct questions occur in succession1 the practice of some writers is to separate them by commas or semicolons1 placing the question-mark at the close only2 as3 8,where was ,lane then2 what was his situation80--,trial of ,selfridge4 8,am ,i ,dromio1 am ,i your man1 am ,i myself80 ,this we regard as incorrect4 ,each several question should have the interrogation point4 ,dro4 ,s4 ,do you know me1 sir8 am ,i ,dromio8 am ,i your man8 am ,i myself8 p#aac ,rosalind4 ,what did he when thou saw'st him8 ,what said he8 ,how looked he8 ,wherein went he8 ,what makes he here8 ,did he ask for me8 ,where remains he8 ,how parted he with thee8 and when shalt thou see him again8 ,,obs4 #cj4 ,if several questions in one sentence are joined by connectives1 each question takes the note of interrogation4 8,have ,i not all their letters to meet me in arms by the ninth of the next month8 and are they not1 some of them1 set forward already80 ,,obs4 #ca4 ,when a sentence contains several interrogative clauses1 having a common relation to1 or dependence on1 one term1 a single interrogation point is sufficient4 8,was ,i1 for this1 nigh wrecked upon the sea2 ,and twice by awkward wind from ,england's bank ,drove back again unto my native clime80 8,by sensational preaching do you mean an incoherent raving about things in general and nothing in particular2 a perversion of every text2 an insult of common sense2 a recital of anecdotes which are untrue1 and a use of illustrations which are unmeaning80 ,who will count the value to a man to be raised one remove higher above the brute creation2 to be able to look with the eye of intelligence1 instead of vacant ignorance1 upon the world in which he lives2 to penetrate as far as mortals may into the mystery of his own existence1 and to be made capable of enjoying the rational delights of that existence2 to be protected by his knowledge from every species of quackery1 fanaticism1 and imposture2 and to know how to estimate and use the gifts which a beneficent ,creator has spread around him8--,prof4 ,l4 ,stevens1 ,girard ,coll4 8,what can preserve my life1 or what destroy80 ,,note4--,an assertion stating a question does not take the interrogation point2 as1 8,the question is1 what lenses have the greatest magnifying power40 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,note ,,oe ,,exclamation4 #cj4 ,the note of ,exclamation is applied to expressions of sudden or violent emotion2 such as surprise1 grief1 joy1 love1 hatred1 etc4 ,o piteous spectacle6 ,o noble ,csar6 ,o woful day6 ,an old lady one day importuning ,mahomet to know what p#aad she ought to do1 in order to gain ,paradise1--8,my good lady10 answered the ,prophet1 8old women never get there40--8,what6 never get to ,paradise60 returned the matron in a fury4 8,never60 says he1 8for they grow young by the way60 ,why was this heart of mine formed with so much sensibility6 or why was not my fortune adapted to its impulse6 ,poor houseless creatures6 ,the world will give you reproaches1 but will not give you relief4 ,ah6 well of old the ,psalmist prayed 8,thy hand1 not man's1 on me be laid60 ,earth frowns below1 ,heaven weeps above1 ,and man is hate1 but ,god is love6 #ca4 ,the exclamation point is used in invocations4 ,father of all6 in every age adored4 ,gentle spirit of sweetest humor who erst did sit upon the easy pen of my beloved ,cervantes6 ,oh1 my brothers6 oh1 my sisters6 ,would to ,god that ye were near6 #cb4 ,several exclamation points are sometimes used together1 to express ridicule1 or to intensify surprise1 etc4 ,malherbe observed1 that a good poet was of no more service to the church or the state1 than a good player at ninepins66 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,dash4 #cc4 ,the ,dash is used where a sentence breaks off abruptly4 ,charles4 ,you must invent some ingenious subterfuge--some--some kind of-- ,project4 ,i understand2 not a suggestio falsi1 but a mild suppressio veri4 p#aae ,charles4 ,oh1 is that what you call it8 ,there is a shorter word-- ,project4 ,there is2 but it is not professional4 ,i shall divide the subject into fifteen heads1 and then ,i shall argue thus--but1 not to give you and myself the spleen1 be contented at present with an ,indian tale4 #cd4 ,the dash is used before and after a parenthetic clause1 when not closely enough connected to admit the comma4 ,but it remains--and the thought is not without its comforting significance1 however hardly it may bear on individual cases--that no bestowal of bounty1 no cultivation of the amenities of life1 4 4 4 can wipe out the remembrance of even doubtful loyalty in the day of trial4 ,,obs4 #cb4 ,if a parenthetic clause is inserted where a comma is required in the principal sentence1 a comma should be placed before each of the dashes inclosing such clause4 7,see last paragraph on p4 #ij74 ,i should like to undertake the ,stonyshire side of that estate1--it's in a dismal condition1--and set improvements on foot4 #ce4 ,several clauses having a common dependence1 are separated by a comma and a dash from the clause on which they depend4 ,to think that we have mastered the whole problem of existence2 that we have discovered the secret of creation2 that we have solved the problem of evil1 and abolished mystery from nature and religion and life1--leads naturally to a precipitation of action1 a summary dealing with evils1 etc4 7,see ,example and ,obs4 under ,rule #g47 #cf4 ,the dash is used with the comma1 the semicolon1 and the colon1 which it lengthens1 or renders more emphatic4 p#aaf ,we read of 8merry ,england02--when ,england was not merry1 things were not going well with it4 ,we hear of 8the glory of hospitality10 ,england's pre-eminent boast1--by the rules of which all tables1 from the table of the twenty-shilling freeholder to the table in the baron's hall and abbey refectory1 were open at the dinner-hour to all comers4--,froude4 ,matricaria1 n4 ,a genus of plants1 including the feverfew1 or wild camomile2--so called from the supposed value of some species as remedies for certain disorders4--,webster's ,dictionary4 ,they did it without being at all influenced by the ,anabaptists of the continent3--the examples of some of these had rather kept them together4--,d',aubigne4 #cg4 ,when words are too closely connected to admit a strictly grammatical point1 the dash is used to denote a pause4 ,my hopes and fears ,start up alarmed1 and o'er life's narrow verge ,look down--on what8 ,a fathomless abyss4 ,the king of ,france1 with twice ten thousand men1 ,marched up the hill1 and then--marched down again4 #ch4 ,when a word or phrase is repeated emphatically1 or echoed1 it is preceded by the dash4 ,the immediate question is upon the rejection of the ,president's message4 ,it has been moved to reject it1--to reject it1 not after it was considered1 but before it was considered6 ,the world continues to attach a peculiar significance to certain names1--a significance which at once recurs to one on hearing the isolated name unapplied to any individual4 #ci4 ,an equivalent expression1 or an idea repeated in different words1 is properly set off by the comma and dash4 p#aag ,these are detached thoughts1--memoranda for future use4 ,wolsey's return to power was discussed openly as a probability1--a result which ,anne ,boleyn never ceased to fear4 ,there are three kinds of power1--wealth1 strength1 and talent4 ,the value of our actions will be confirmed and established by those two sure and sateless destroyers of all other things1--,time and ,death4 ,the present time has one advantage over every other1--it is our own4 ,those who submit to encroachments to-day are only preparing for themselves greater evils for to-morrow1--humiliation or resistance4 ,,obs4 #cc4 ,in a portion of the examples under this rule1 the dash appears to supply the place of viz41 or namely4 #dj4 ,a dash placed between two numbers indicates that the natural series between those numbers is understood4 ,,obs4 #cd4 ,if a writer refer to 8pp4 #ij1 #ie10 he means those two pages only2 but if he cite 8pp4 #ij-ie10 the reference is to pages #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 and #ie4--;,in dates of the same century1 the figures denoting the century are omitted in the second number3 8,he has the ,farmer's ,almanac for #ahaj-gj1--sixty-one years40 7,it will be observed1 that1 under this rule1 the short or en dash is used47 ,the style of the ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 requires an apostrophe to denote the elision of the centuries2 as #ahhi-'ij4 #da4 ,an ,ellipsis of letters is denoted by a dash4 ,ex-,president ,j--ns--n4 ,king ,f--der--ck ,w----m4 #db4 ,when a sentence is abrupted 7#a7 to form a heading1 or 7#b7 for a signature1 or 7#c7 to admit a p#aah new paragraph1 or for other purposes1 a dash is used at the break2 as3 ,from the preceding tables we are now able to formulate in concise language the-- ,,grand ,,result4 #a4 ,the number of employees 4 4 4 is at least #a1bej1jjj4--,mass4 ,labor ,report4 ,it is useless for you to dissemble in the presence of-- ,yours1 etc4 ,,john ,,smith4 ,the greatest cowards in our regiment were the greatest rascals in it4 ,there was ,sergeant ,kumber and ,ensign-- ,we'll talk of them1 said my father1 another time4--,sterne4 ,,viii4 ,,various ,,marks ,,used ,,in ,,writing ,,and ,,printing4 ,the ,hyphen is used to denote the division of a word into syllables2 as1 in-ter-dict3 it is placed at the end of a line 7usually at the close of a syllable71 when a word is not finished3 and it connects the parts of a compound word2 as1 8,at ,cambridge1 ,cecil was present at the terrible and never-to-be-for- gotten battle between ,cheke and ,gardiner on the pronunciation of the ,greek epsilon1 which convulsed the academic world40 7,see p4 #hd1 et seq47 ,the ,apostrophe is used to abbreviate a word2 as1 'tis for it is1 tho' for though1 don't for do not4 ,it denotes the possessive case2 as1 8,john's hat10 8three years' service10 8one hour's work10 8two days' notice10 8,smith ,co4's shops10 8,brook's book10 8,brooks's book40 ,it appears in names2 as1 ,o',brien2 ,m',mac,mahon4 p#aai ,in ,french1 no space is put after an apostrophe denoting elision2 as1 8d'or03 in ,italian1 a space is inserted1 as1 8n' arrivi40 ,a turned comma sometimes denotes the ac in ,mac2 as1 ,m,donough4 ,two commas 7usually turned7 are often used instead of do4 7ditto74 ,carving knives ,pocket ,case ,book of ,history4 11 11 ,chemistry4 11 11 ,algebra4 ,quotation marks 80 or 0 are used to include a copied passage4 ,if the copied passage itself contains a quotation1 the latter is denoted by single marks #8' or '2 as1 8,my father said in banter1 #8,james1 the notes are not correct4' ,the farmer dryly answered1 #8,i dinna ken what they may be noo2 but they were a' richt afore ye had your fingers in amang 'em4'0 ,in some publications a little labor is saved by using single marks for the principal quotations1 and double if there happen to be inserted ones2 as in a recent novel by ,mrs4 ,humphrey ,ward3 #8,to plunge into the ,christian period without having first cleared the mind as to what is meant in history and literature by 8the critical method0 which in history may be defined1' etc4 ,the same neat style is used in ,max ,mller's ,translation of ,kant3 ,what ,kant felt in his heart of hearts we know from some remarks found after his death among his papers4 #8,it is p#abj dishonorable1' he writes1 #8to retract or deny one's real convictions1 but silence in a case like my own1 is the duty of a subject2 and though all we say must be true1 it is not our duty to declare publicly all that is true4'--,preface4 ,brackets are used to inclose words omitted by a writer or copyist2 as1 8,were you on the deck of the steamer at the time of the collision80 7,in the ,holy ,scriptures1 supplied words are put in italics3 8,because they sought it not by faith1 but1 as it were1 by the works of the law407 ,explanations inserted in text are usually inclosed in brackets2 as in the following instance1 from 8,the ,life of ,dr4 ,goldsmith03 8,you see1 my dear ,dan1 how long ,i have been talking about myself4 ,some mention of private family affairs is here omitted4 ,my dear sir1 these things give me real uneasiness10 etc4 ,marks of ,parenthesis are used to inclose a sentence1 or part of a sentence1 which is inserted in another sentence3 8,one ,sunday morning1 when her daughter 7afterwards ,lady ,elton7 went into the kitchen1 she was surprised to find a new jack 7recently ordered1 and which was constructed on the principle of going constantly without winding up7 wholly paralyzed and useless40 ,the ,index is used to draw attention to some particular passage4 ,sometimes an ,asterism is used for the same purpose4 ,where there are many footnotes on a page1 the ,index is a proper reference mark4 p#aba ,the ,caret is used in writing1 to denote the point where an interlineation is to be inserted4 ,it is sometimes used in printing when the exact character of a manuscript is to be represented1--as in 8exhibits0 in law work4 ,the ,brace ,illustration3 is used to connect a number of words with one common term2 and sometimes in poetry1 to connect three lines which rhyme together3 ,moore's ,works1 ,saurin's ,sermons1 ,illustration3 #a4ge each4 ,lewis's ,plays1 ,injustice1 swift1 erect1 and unconfined1 ,sweeps the wide earth1 and tramples o'er mankind1 ,illustration3 ,while prayers1 to heal her wrongs1 move slow behind4 ,marks of ,ellipsis or ,omission are the dash2 as1 8,col4 ,sm--h03 or asterisks2 as1 8,col4 ,sm9999h03 or1 neatest of all1 points2 as1 8,col4 ,sm 4 4 h40 ,leaders are dots which lead the eye from something on the left of the page1 to some connected matter on the right3 ,globe ,insurance ,co4 4 4 4 4 4 ,london1 ,eng4 ,mutual ,life ,in4 ,co4 4 4 4 4 4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,accents are the ,grave 1 the ,acute 1 and the ,circumflex 3 is read by the copy-holder grave e2 1 acute e2 1 circumflex e4 ,marks of ,quantity are the ,long1 as over o in 8shw02 the ,short1 or ,breve1 as over o in 8nt02 and the ,diresis1 which denotes that the latter of p#abb two vowels is not in the same syllable as the former2 as1 8zology10 8,antinos40 ,the ,cedilla is a curve line under the letter c1 to denote that it has the sound of s2 as in 8garon10 8faade40 ,it appears in words from the ,french language4 ,worcester uses it also to denote the soft sounds of g1 s1 and x2 as in 8mile10 8exaerate40 ,webster uses it only to denote the soft sound of c1 as in 8min-ing-ly40 ,we remark here1 by the way1 that in dividing such words as 8bra-cing10 8min-cing10 8convin-cing10 etc41 the c should be carried over1 thereby preserving its proper sound4 ,for a similar reason divide 8enga-ging10 8ra-ging10 etc41 on the a4 ,whether 8ma-gis-trate0 should follow this rule is a matter of style4 ,there are offices which so divide it1 while others divide on the g4 ,we prefer to syllable the word as we have written it1--on the a4 ,the ,spanish has the sound of n in onion2 as1 8,seor10 8caon40 ,umlaut 7pron4 mlowt71 as defined by ,webster1 is the change or modification of a vowel sound1 peculiar to the ,germanic languages2 as in ,german1 ,mann1 man1 ,mnner or ,maenner1 men4 ,the name ,roelker may also be written ,rlker4 denotes the beginning of a paragraph1 as may be noticed in the ,sacred ,scriptures4 ,in proof-reading and in manuscript1 it is used to denote where a paragraph or break should be made4 p#abc denotes a section2 1 sections2 as1 ,gen4 ,stat41 ,chap4 ,,ix41 #ai1 and ,chap4 ,x41 #bj and #ba4 ,reference to notes at the bottom of the page 7commonly termed footnotes7 is usually made by the asterisk1 991 the obelisk1 or dagger1 2 the double obelisk1 or double dagger1 2 the section1 2 the parallels1 2 the paragraph1 2 and the index1 2--but a neater mode is to use superiors2 as1 #a1 #b1 #c1 or a1 b1 c1 commencing with #a or a on each page where notes occur4 ,in concluding our chapter on punctuation1 we venture to say to our friends at the case1 that1 in our opinion1 no system of pointing can be of uniform and universal application4 ,men differ as much in style of writing as in personal appearance1 and we might as well expect the same robe to fit all forms1 as that one set of rules shall nicely apply to the endless diversities of diction4 ,other things being equal however1 he who has paid most attention to rule will punctuate with the nearest approximation to correctness4 ,with a clear understanding of an author's meaning1 the compositor seldom need go far astray2 and if1 having done his best1 he finds any passage hopelessly involved1 or the meaning too subtile to be grasped1 he has one safe resource1--and that is1 to ,,follow ,,the ,,copy closely and mechanically4 ,could he have for reference a few pages preceding a doubtful passage1 the whole matter might become perfectly clear2 but1 as that is out of the question1 those pages being scattered as p#abd 8takes0 in other hands1 let the compositor adopt the safe course1--,,follow ,,copy1--resting assured that no person whose opinion he need value1 could possibly think of finding fault with him for leaving responsibility where it properly belongs4 p#abe ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,orthography4 ,webster defines ,orthography as 8the art of writing words with the proper letters1 according to common usage02 ,worcester1 as 8the art or the mode of spelling words40 ,they agree in this3 that there are some words--two or three thousand1 perhaps--whose orthography common usage has not settled4 ,prefixed to either ,dictionary is a list showing in double column the most prevalent methods of spelling words of doubtful orthography2 thus3 ,abettor ,abetter ,escalade ,scalade ,germane ,germain1 ,german ,the first column in the ,webster ,list 8presents the orthography recognized in the body of the ,dictionary as the preferable one1 or that in general use40 ,but 8when in this list the word in the first column is followed by or1 as #8,abatis1 or ,abattis1' it is implied that the second form is nearly1 often quite1 in as good use as the first40 ,when the word in the first column differs in meaning from that in the second1 the word in the first is followed by and1 as #8,lunet1 and ,lunette1' both words being in use1 but applied to different things4 p#abf ,the orthography in the first column of the ,worcester ,list 8is deemed to be well authorized1 and in most cases preferable2 but with respect to the authority of that in the right-hand column1 there is a great diversity4 ,both orthographies of some of the words are right1 the words being differently spelled when used in different senses02 as1 8,draught1 or ,draft10 8,subtle1 or ,subtile10 etc4 ,sometimes and is used as the connective2 as1 8,canvas1 and ,canvass40 ,but these double arrangements are of almost no service to the proof-reader or compositor1--for the interchangeable words cannot both be inserted in his work4 ,if he could use the various spellings1 it would save the trouble of weighing authorities3 we should then have such sentences as these3 ,the hostler or ostler inveigled or enveigled the horses into the stockade or stoccade4 ,meanwhile the infantry landed at the jettee or jetty or jetta or jutty1 and at once constructed an abatis or abattis or abbatis1 as it behooved or behoved them4 ,of these various correct spellings1 one must be selected to the exclusion of the rest4 ,but there being no common usage1 no academy to instruct1 and the copy not being uniform1 who or what is to guide the printers and proof-readers in making the selection8 8,for the last eighty years or more1 printers have exercised a general control over ,english orthography10--and we1 to carry the general control a little farther1 propose to set forth for general use one list from ,webster's first column1 exhibiting only one single correct spelling1 to be used where the ,webster style prevails2 and a similar list from ,worcester's p#abg first column1 to be used where the ,worcester style has the precedence4 ,would there were a ,smithsonian ,bureau of the ,english ,language1 to render two lists unnecessary2 and to give one style to ,government work1--a style which should have the approval of ,congress1 and to which all printing done by or for the various ,departments of the ,united ,states ,government should be conformed4 ,,the ,,webster ,,list4 ,from the column which1 he says1 8presents the orthography recognized in the body of this ,dictionary 7,wb4 ,unabridged7 as the preferable one1 or that in general use40 ,but since he places in his first column various spellings of the same words1--e4 g4 under ,a1 dile2 under ,e1 ,edile1--we have1 in accordance with our plan1 omitted that spelling which we have observed to be neglected by readers who profess to follow ,webster4 ,we have inserted in brackets some words from the second column which have a different signification from their congeners in the first2 also in brackets1 some words from the defining columns1 and such remarks and explanations as may be of service to printers and others4 ,a4 ,abatis ,abettor ,one who abets another to commit a crime4 ,abreuvoir ,abridgment ,accessary ,as used in law4 ,accessory 8,in its other senses0 7than in law72 as1 8the accessories of a picture40 ,account1 -ant1 etc4 ,accouter1 etc4 ,acetimeter ,ache ,achieve ,acknowledgment ,addible ,adipocere ,admittable ,adopter 7,chem47 ,adulterer1 -ess ,adz gis olian ,aghast ,agriculturist ,aid-de-camp ,ajutage ,alcaid ,alchemy ,alcoran ,alkahest ,allege ,alleluia ,if written ,halleluiah or ,hallelujah1 follow copy4 ,alloy ,alum ,almanac ,ambassador ,ambergris ,ambs-ace ,amend1 -ment ,amice ,ammoniuret ,amortize1 -ment ,amphitheater ,anapest ,ancient1 -ly ,andiron ,angiotomy ,ankle ,annotto ,antechamber ,anterior ,anti-emetic ,antihypnotic ,apostasy ,aposteme ,if written ,imposthume1 follow copy4 ,apothegm ,appall ,appallment ,appanage ,appareled1 -ing ,appraise1 -ed1 etc4 p#abh ,apprise 7to notify7 ,apricot ,arbitrament ,arbor ,archology ,ardor ,argol ,armor1 -er1 etc4 ,arquebuse ,arrack ,artisan ,asaftida ,asbestus ,ascendant ,ascendency ,askance ,askant ,assuage ,atheneum ,if written ,athenum1 follow copy4 ,aught ,author1 etc4 ,autocracy ,autoptical ,awkward ,awm ,ax ,ay ,expressing assent4 ,aye ,an affirmative vote4 ,b4 ,backshish ,bade 7v47 ,baldric ,balister ,balk ,baluster ,bandana ,bandoleer ,banderole ,banyan 7,bot47 ,bans ,notice of proposed marriage4 ,barbacan ,barbecue ,barberry ,bark ,barouche ,barytone ,basin ,bass ,bass-viol ,bas-relief ,bastinade ,baton ,bateau ,battledoor ,bauble ,bazaar ,befall ,behavior ,behoove ,beldam ,belligerent ,benedict ,benumb ,bellfounder1 ,and similar compounds4 ,bequeath ,bergamot ,berth 7,nav47 ,bestrown p4 p4 of ,bestrew4 ,betel ,beveled1 -ing ,bevile 7,her47 ,bezant ,biasing1 -ed1 -es1 etc4 ,bigoted ,bilge ,billiards ,billingsgate ,bin ,binnacle ,bister ,blende 7,min47 ,blessed 7a47 ,blithesome1 -ly1 etc4 ,blomary ,blouse ,bodice ,boil 7n47 ,bombazet ,bombazine ,bonnyclabber ,bourgeois ,bourse ,bouse ,bousy ,boweled1 -ing1 etc4 ,bowlder ,bowsprit ,brahmin ,brake 7,railways7 ,brazen ,brazier ,brier ,brooch ,bryony ,buccaneer ,buddhism ,buffet ,buhrstone ,bun ,buncombe ,bur ,if written ,burr1 follow copy4 ,burden1 -some ,burin ,burned 7imp47 ,burganet ,but-end ,butt ,byzantine ,c4 ,caboose ,cacique ,caddice p#abi ,csura ,cag ,if written ,keg follow copy4 ,caique ,caisson ,calash ,caldron ,calendar ,calends ,caliber ,calipash ,calipee ,calipers ,caliph ,calk ,calligraphy ,caloyer ,caltrap ,calyx ,camlet ,camomile ,if written ,chamomile1 follow copy4 ,camphene ,camphor ,candor ,canceled1 -ing1 etc4 ,cannel-coal ,cannoneer ,canny ,caon 7,sp47 ,canyon ,eng4 ,the ,eng4 form is the better if writing or printing ,english4 ,caon in an ,english book seems pedantic4 ,cantaloup ,cantalever ,carbine ,carbineer ,carapace ,carat ,caravansary ,carcass ,in the ,king ,james ,bible1 spelled carcase4 ,carnelian ,caroled1 -ing1 etc4 ,cartography ,cask 7a vessel7 ,casque 7helmet7 ,cassava ,cassimere ,if written ,kerseymere1 follow copy4 ,caster ,one who casts2 a cruet2 a furniture-wheel4 ,castor ,a genus of animals2 a hat2 a drug2 a heavy cloth4 ,catchup ,catechise1 -er ,cauliflower ,causeway ,caviare ,caviler1 -ed1 etc4 ,cayman ,ceil -ing1 -ed ,center ,centered ,centimeter ,centiped ,ceroon ,cess-pool ,chalcedony ,chameleon ,chamois ,champaign ,flat1 open country4 ,champagne 7wine7 ,champerty ,channeled1 -ing1 etc4 ,chant1 -er1 -ed1 etc4 ,chap ,both ,wb4 and ,wor4 place chp in the first column1 and chop in the second4 ,this preference of chp to chop harmonizes orthography and pronunciation in three instances3 7#a7 when chp is v4 t41 signifying 8to cleave or open longitudinally1 through the effect of heat1 cold1 dryness1 etc42 as1 #8,heat chps the russet plain'02 7#b7 when v4 i41 as 8,the hands chp02 7#c7 when n41 as a cleft in the earth's surface1 or in the hands or feet4 ,chp 7a youth7 was never in doubt2 while chaps 7the jaws7 must continue to be pronounced with the a as in what4 ,chase ,check 7n47 ,checker1 -ed1 etc4 ,chemist ,chemistry ,cherif ,chestnut ,chevron ,chilioliter ,chiliometer ,chine ,chintz ,chiseled1 -ing ,chock-full ,choir ,chorister ,choke ,choose ,chore ,cigar ,cimeter ,cipher ,clamor1 -ous1 etc4 ,clangor ,clarionet ,clew ,clinch ,clinique ,clinometer ,cloak ,clodpoll p#acj ,clothe1 -ed1 etc4 ,clough ,clyster ,cockswain ,cliac ,cognizor1 -zee ,coif ,coiffure ,colander ,comb ,unwatered part of valley1 etc4 ,comfrey ,complete ,complexion ,comptroller1 -ship ,there is an officer of the ,u4 ,s4 ,government whose official title is 8,comptroller of the ,currency40 ,the word appears in ,wb4 #b;d column4 ,confectionery ,connection ,contemporary ,contra-dance ,controller1 -ship ,control ,cony ,cooly ,coomb 7#d bushels7 ,copaiva ,copier ,copse ,coquette 7n47 ,coranach ,corbel ,cosy ,cot 7a hut7 ,cot 7a bed7 ,cotillon ,councilor ,a member of a council4 ,counselor ,one who gives counsel4 ,count ,courtesan ,courtesy 7,law7 ,cozen1 -age ,craunch ,cray-fish ,creak 7v47 ,creosote ,critique ,crosslet ,cruet ,croup ,behind the saddle4 ,crupper ,cruse 7bottle7 ,cucurbit ,cudgeled1 -er1 -ing ,cue ,twist of back hair4 ,cuerpo ,cuneiform ,curb 7of a well7 ,cursed 7imperf47 ,curtal-ax ,cutlass ,cyclopedia ,cymar ,cyst ,czar1 -ina ,d4 ,dactyl ,damasken ,damson ,dandruff ,danegelt ,debarkation ,debonair1 -ly1 -ness ,decrepit ,defense1 -less1 etc4 ,deflection ,deflour ,delf ,delphin ,deltoid ,demeanor ,demesne 7,law7 ,dentiroster ,dependent ,dependence ,deposit ,desert 7n47 ,deshabille ,dessert ,detecter ,detortion ,deuce ,develop1 -ment ,dexterous ,but if written ,dextrous follow copy1 to avoid subsequent change4 ,diresis ,diarrhea ,diarrhetic ,dike ,diocese ,disheveled1 -ing1 etc4 ,disk ,dispatch1 -ed1 -ing ,disseize1 -in1 -or ,distention ,distill ,distrainor ,diversely ,divest1 -ed1 etc4 ,but in ,law1 ,devest is commonly used2 in law work1 follow copy4 ,docket ,doctress ,dolor1 -ous ,domicile ,doomsday-book ,dory ,dormer-window ,dote ,dotage ,doubloon ,dowry ,downfall p#aca ,dram ,a weight2 a minute quantity2 a potation4 ,drachm ,this word is in second column1 connected to ,dram by and4 ,its meaning seems to be properly limited1 however1 to an ancient ,greek coin1 and a ,greek weight 7,drachma74 ,draff ,draft #a4 ,the act of drawing or pulling as by beasts of burden4 #b4 ,drawing of men for a military corps4 #c4 ,an order for payment of money2 a bill of exchange4 #d4 ,an allowance in weighing4 #e4 ,a drawing of lines for a plan2 a figure described on paper2 delineation2 sketch2 plan delineated2 an outline to be filled in or completed for composition4 ,in any other sense than these five1 use the original spelling1 ,draught4 ,draught 7,see supra47 ,dragoman ,dribblet ,drier ,driveler1 -ing1 etc4 ,drought ,dryly ,duchy ,duchess ,dueler1 -ing1 -ist ,dullness ,dungeon ,dunghill ,duress ,dye1 etc4 7color7 ,e4 ,eavesdropper ,eccentric1 -al1 etc4 ,economy ,ecstasy ,ecstatic ,ecumenic1 -al ,edematous ,edile1 -ship ,eloign1 -ment ,emarginate ,embalm1 -ed1 etc4 ,embalmer1 -ment ,embank1 -ed1 etc4 ,embargo ,embark1 -ed1 etc4 ,embarkation ,embassy ,embassage ,embed1 -ded1 etc4 ,embezzle ,emblaze ,emblazon1 -ed1 etc4 ,embody1 -ied1 etc4 ,embolden1 -ed1 etc4 ,emborder1 etc4 ,embosom ,if written ,imbosom1 follow copy4 ,emboss1 -ed1 etc4 ,embowel1 -ed1 -ing ,emboweler1 -ment ,embower1 -ed1 etc4 ,embrace1 -ed1 etc4 ,embracer1 -ment ,embrasure ,embrocation ,embroil1 -ed1 etc4 ,emerods ,the ,biblical spelling2 in ordinary work1 ,hemorrhoids4 ,emir ,empale1 -ed1 etc4 ,emperor ,empoison ,empower1 -ed1 etc4 ,emprise ,empurple ,emu ,enameled1 -ing1 etc4 ,enamor1 -ed1 -ing ,encage1 -ed1 etc4 ,encamp1 -ed1 etc4 ,enchant ,enchiseled1 -ing ,encloister ,encounter1 etc4 ,encroach1 etc4 ,encumber1 -ed1 etc4 ,encyclopedia ,endear ,endeavor1 -ed1 etc4 ,endow1 etc4 ,endue ,endure1 -ance ,enforce1 -ed1 etc4 ,engage1 -ed1 etc4 ,engender ,engorge1 -ed1 etc4 ,engross ,enhance ,enigma ,enjoin1 etc4 ,enkindle1 -ed1 etc4 ,enlarge1 etc4 ,enlist ,enroll ,enrollment ,enshrine ,enshroud ,ensphere ,enstamp ,entail 7,arch47 ,entangle1 etc4 ,enterprise ,enthrone1 -ed1 etc4 ,entire1 -ly1 etc4 ,entitle1 -ed1 etc4 ,entrance1 -ed1 etc4 ,entrap1 -ped1 etc4 ,entreat1 -ed1 etc4 p#acb ,entreaty ,entresol ,entwine1 -ed1 etc4 ,envelop 7v47 ,envelope 7n47 ,envelopment ,envenom ,eolipile ,epaulet ,epauleted1 -ing ,equaled1 -ing ,equiangular ,equivoque ,era ,error1 etc4 ,escalade ,escapement ,escarp 7,fort47 ,but if written ,scarp1 follow copy4 ,eschalot ,escheat ,escritoire ,escutcheon ,estafet ,esthetics ,estoppel ,estrich ,etiology tui ,a ,french word1 anglicized as ,etwee2 follow copy4 ,exactor ,expense ,exsiccate1 -ed1 -ing1 etc4 ,exsiccation ,exsuccous ,exudation ,exude1 etc4 ,eyrie ,f4 ,fces ,fagot1 -ed1 -ing ,fairy ,fakir ,falchion ,falcon1 -er1 -ry ,fantasy ,fantastic ,farthingale ,fattener ,favor1 -er1 -ed1 etc4 ,fecal ,fecula ,feldspar ,felly ,feoffor ,fervor ,fetal ,feticide ,fetor ,fetus ,feud1 -al1 -atory ,feudalize1 -ism ,fie ,filbert ,filibuster ,filigree ,fillibeg ,but if written ,filibeg or ,phillibeg1 follow copy4 ,finery 7a forge7 ,firman ,fishgig ,fives ,veterinary ,flageolet ,flavor1 -ed1 etc4 ,flier ,floatage 7,law7 ,flotsam ,flour 7of grain7 ,flower-de-luce ,if ,french is wanted1--,fleur-de-lis4 ,fluke 7,naut47 ,fluke 7,zol47 ,fogy ,font 7,typog47 ,forbade ,foray ,fosse ,foundery ,very few writers so spell3 if written ,foundry1 follow copy4 ,franc 7coin7 ,frantic ,frenzy ,frieze 7,arch47 ,frouzy ,frumenty ,frustum ,fueled1 -ing ,fulfill1 -ment ,fullness ,further ,farther ,when space or time is indicated4 ,furtherance ,furthermore ,furthest ,farthest ,when space or time is indicated4 ,fuse 7n47 ,in ,u4 ,s4 ,govt4 work ,fuze is the common usage1 to distinguish it from the verb to ,fuse4 ,follow copy4 ,fusil 7gun7 ,fusileer ,g4 ,gabardine ,galiot ,garish ,gallias ,so spelled in the first column2 but in the defining columns of the ,dictionary1 the s is doubled4 ,follow copy4 ,gamboled1 -ing ,gamut p#acc ,gang 7,min47 ,if written ,gangue1 follow copy4 ,gantlet ,a military punishment4 ,gasteropod ,gargoyle 7,arch47 ,gauge ,gault ,gauntlet ,a large glove of mail4 ,gayety ,gayly ,gazelle ,genet ,gerfalcon ,germane ,germ ,ghibelline ,gibe ,gimbals ,gimlet ,girasole ,girt 7v47 ,girth 7n47 ,glair ,glamour ,glave ,gloze ,gnarled ,gore ,good-by ,good-humor ,gormand ,governor ,graft1 -ed ,grandam ,granddaughter ,granite ,graveled1 -ing ,the l in graveling should not be doubled4 ,gray1 -ish1 etc4 ,grenade ,grenadier ,greyhound ,grewsome ,griffin ,grisly ,if written ,grizzly1 follow copy4 ,groats ,grogram ,grommet ,grotesque1 -ly ,groundsel ,groveler1 -ing ,group 7v47 ,guaranty ,if written ,guarantee1 follow copy4 ,guelder-rose ,guelf ,if written ,guelph1 follow copy4 ,guerrilla ,guilder 7coin7 ,guillotine ,gulf ,gunwale ,gurnard ,gypsy ,gyrfalcon ,gyves ,h4 ,hackle ,hagbut ,haggard ,haggess ,ha-ha ,haik ,hake ,halberd ,halibut ,hallelujah ,but if written ,alleluia1 or ,halleluiah1 follow copy1 to avoid 8correcting40 ,halloo ,halidom ,halyard ,handicraft ,handiwork ,handsome ,handsel ,handseled ,harbor1 -ed1 etc4 ,harebell ,harebrained ,harem ,haricot ,harrier ,harry ,haslet ,hasheesh ,hatti-sherif ,haulm ,haul ,haunch ,hautboy ,hawser ,headache ,hearse ,hectoliter ,hectometer ,hegira ,height1 -en1 etc4 ,heinous1 -ly1 -ness ,hematite ,hematology ,hemistich ,hemorrhoids ,heretoch ,hermit1 -age ,herpetology ,hexahedron ,hibernate ,hiccough ,hinderance ,if written ,hindrance1 follow copy4 ,see remark under ,foundery1 in loco4 ,hindoo1 -ism ,hip 7,pom47 ,hipped-roof p#acd ,hippogriff ,hippocras ,ho ,hoarhound ,hockey ,hodge-podge ,hoiden1 -ish ,holiday ,if written ,holyday1 follow copy4 ,hollo ,holster ,hominy ,homeopathy ,homonym ,honeyed ,honor1 -ed1 etc4 ,hoop 7v47 ,hoopoe ,hornblende ,horror ,hostelry ,hostler ,hough ,housewife ,howdah ,howlet ,hummock ,humor ,hurra ,hydrangea ,hypthral ,hyperstene ,hypotenuse ,hyssop ,i4 ,icicle ,illness ,imbibe ,imbitter ,imbrue ,imbue1 -ed1 -ing ,immarginate ,impanel1 -ed1 -ing ,wb4 has also ,empaneled1 -ing1 etc41 in his first column under ,e4 ,one way is enough2 but to avoid changes in author's proof1 compositor had better follow copy4 ,imparlance ,impassion ,impeach ,imperiled ,implead ,imposthume ,see ,aposteme4 ,impoverish ,imprint ,incase ,inclasp ,inclose1 -ure1 etc4 ,increase ,incrust ,incumbrance ,but ,wb4 prefers ,encumber for the verb4 ,indefeasible ,indelible ,indict 7,law7 ,indictment ,indite1 -er ,indocile ,indoctrinate ,indorse1 -ed1 -ing ,indorser1 -ment ,induce1 -ment ,inferior ,inferable ,inflection ,infold ,infoliate ,ingraft1 -er1 -ment ,ingrain ,ingulf ,inkle ,innuendo ,inquire1 -er1 -y1 etc4 ,inscribe ,inscroll ,insnare ,install ,installment ,instate ,instill ,instructor ,insure1 -ed1 -ing ,insurer1 -ance ,intenable ,intercessor ,interior ,inthrall ,intrench ,intrust ,inure ,inurement ,inveigle ,inventor ,inwheel ,inwrap ,inwreathe ,isocheimal ,ixolite ,j4 ,jacobin ,jaconet ,jail1 -er1 etc4 ,jalap ,jam 7,min47 ,janizary ,jasmine ,jaunt1 -y1 -ily ,jean ,jenneting ,jeremiad ,jetsam ,jetty ,jeweled ,jewelry ,jointress ,jonquil ,jostle ,jowl p#ace ,judgment ,jupon ,just ,a mock encounter on horseback4 ,k4 ,kaffer ,kale ,kayle ,keelhaul ,keelson ,keg ,kenneled1 -ing ,khan ,kiln 7n47 ,kilogram ,kiloliter ,kilometer ,knob ,koran ,kyanite ,l4 ,labeled1 -ing ,labor1 -ed1 -ing1 etc4 ,lachrymal ,lac 7coin7 ,lackey ,lacquer 7n47 ,lacquer1 -ed1 -ing ,lagoon ,lambdoidal ,landau ,landscape ,lantern ,lanyard ,lapsided ,larum ,launch ,leaven ,lecher1 -y1 -ous ,lecturn ,ledgement ,sic2 the retention of e after g seems somewhat remarkable4 ,ledger ,leger-line ,leggin ,lemming ,lettuce ,leveled1 -ing1 -er ,libeled1 -ing1 etc4 ,license ,lickerish ,licorice ,lief ,lilac ,linguiform ,linnan ,linseed ,linstock ,liter ,lithontriptic ,llama 7,zol47 ,loadstar1 -stone ,loath 7a47 ,lode 7,min47 ,lodgment ,logogriph ,longiroster ,louver ,lower ,luff ,lunet ,a little moon1 or satellite4 ,obsolete4 ,lunette ,a detached bastion1 etc4 ,lunge ,lustring ,lye ,m4 ,macaw ,maccaboy ,maggoty ,maim ,mayhem1 ,law4 ,mal 7prefix7 ,here1 in ,wb41 first column1 appears 8,mall10 followed by 8or ,maul02 but1 since ,maul also appears in first column1 both as noun and verb1 we omit ,mall1 as not preferable to ,maul4 ,malkin ,mamaluke ,mamma ,mandatary 7n47 ,manikin ,maneuver ,mantel 7,arch47 ,mantel-piece ,marc 7coin7 ,magaron ,marquee ,marque 7letter of7 ,marquess ,till of late1 marquis was the usual spelling1 but it is now to a great extent superseded by marquess1 except in the foreign title4--,smart4 ,marshal ,marshaled1 -ing ,martin 7,ornith47 ,martinet 7,naut47 ,martingale ,marveled1 -ing1 etc4 ,mark ,maslin ,mastic ,matrice ,if written ,matrix1 follow copy4 ,mattress ,mauger ,maul 7n4 and v47 ,mayhem 7,law7 ,meager1 -ly1 etc4 ,merchandise p#acf ,meter ,mileage ,milleped ,milligram ,milliliter ,millimeter ,milrea ,misbehavior ,miscall ,misdemeanor ,misspell ,misspend ,misspent ,misstate ,mistletoe ,miter1 -ed ,mizzen ,mizzle ,moccasin ,mode 7,gram47 ,mocha-stone ,modeled1 -ing ,modillion ,mohammedan ,mohawk ,molasses ,mold ,molt ,moneyed ,mongrel ,moresque ,morris ,mortgageor 7,law7 ,mortgager ,mosque ,mosquito ,mullein ,multiped ,mummery ,murder1 etc4 ,murky ,murrhine ,muscadel ,muscle 7a shell fish7 ,if written ,mussel1 follow copy4 ,musket ,mustache ,n4 ,nankeen ,narwal ,naught ,negotiate1 -or1 etc4 ,neighbor1 -ing1 etc4 ,net 7a47 ,neb 7,orn47 ,niter ,nobless ,if written ,noblesse1 follow copy4 ,nomads ,nombles ,nonesuch ,novitiate ,nylghau ,o4 ,oaf ,ocher ,octahedron ,octostyle ,odalisque ,odor ,offense ,olio ,omber ,omer ,oolong ,opaque ,opobalsam ,orach ,orang-outang ,orchestra ,oriel ,oriflamb ,orison ,osier ,osprey ,otolite ,ottar 7of roses7 ,outrageous ,oxide ,oyes ,p4 ,packet ,painim ,palanquin ,palestra ,palet ,palmiped ,panada ,pander ,pandore ,pandour ,panel 7,law7 ,paneled1 -ing ,pantograph ,papoose ,paralyze ,parceled1 -ing ,parcenary ,parlor ,parol 7a47 ,parquet ,parsnip ,parrakeet ,partible ,partisan ,pasha ,pashalic ,pask ,patrol 7n47 ,paver ,pawl ,peaked ,we insert this word as of the first column1 because ,picked 7in ,wb4 first col47 has definitions not applicable to ,peaked4 ,pean ,peart p#acg ,pedicel ,peddler ,pedobaptist ,pemmican ,penciled1 -ing ,pennant ,pentahedral ,peony ,periled1 -ing ,peroxide ,persimmon ,persistence ,pewit 7,orn47 ,phantasm ,phantom ,phenomenon ,phenix ,phial ,but if written ,vial1 follow copy4 ,philter1 -ed ,phthisic ,piaster ,picked ,picket ,pie ,piebald ,piepoudre ,pimento ,pimpernel ,pinchers ,pistoled1 -ing ,placard ,plaice 7,ichth47 ,plain ,plane1 in some senses4 ,plane-sailing ,plaster ,plait 7v47 ,plat 7n47 ,plethron ,pliers ,plow ,plumber ,plumiped ,pluviometer ,point-device ,poise ,polacca ,pole-ax ,poltroon ,polyhedron1 -drous ,polyglot 7n47 ,polyp ,pommel ,pommeled1 -ing ,ponton ,pony ,poniard ,porgy 7,ichth47 ,porpoise ,portray ,porteress ,possessor ,postilion ,potato ,potsherd ,powter 7,orn47 ,pozzolana ,practice 7v47 ,prmunire ,prnomen ,predial ,premise ,pretense ,pretermit ,pretor ,profane ,protector ,programme ,protoxide ,prunella ,pumpkin ,puppet ,purblind ,purr ,purslane ,putrefy ,pygmy ,pyx ,q4 ,quadroon ,quarantine ,quarrel 7an arrow7 ,quarreled1 -ing ,quartet ,quaterfoil ,quay1 -age ,questor ,quinsy ,quintain ,quintet ,quoin ,r4 ,rabbet 7,carp47 ,rabbi ,raccoon ,raddock 7,orn47 ,ramadan ,rancor1 -ous1 -ly ,ransom ,rare 7adj47 ,rarefy ,raspberry ,rattan ,raveled1 -ing ,raven 7plunder7 ,raze1 -ed1 -ing ,rasure ,real 7coin7 ,rearward ,recall ,recompense ,reconnoiter ,redoubt ,referable ,reflection ,reglet ,reindeer ,re-enforce ,re-install1 -ment ,relic ,remiped p#ach ,renard ,rencounter ,rennet ,replier ,reposit ,resin ,rosin ,the resin left1 after distilling off the volatile oils from the different species of turpentine4 ,resistance1 etc4 ,restive1 -ly1 -ness ,retch 7to vomit7 ,reveled1 -ing1 -er ,reverie ,ribbon ,reversible ,rigor1 -ous1 etc4 ,risk ,rivaled1 -ing ,riveted1 -ing ,roc 7,orn47 ,rodomontade ,rondeau ,ronyon ,roquelaure ,rotunda ,route ,ruble 7coin7 ,ruche ,rummage ,rumor1 etc4 ,rye ,s4 ,sabian ,saber1 -ed1 etc4 ,sackbut ,sainfoin ,salam ,salep ,salic ,saltpeter ,samester ,sandaled ,sandarac ,sandever ,sanskrit ,sapajo ,sapodilla ,sarcenet ,sat ,satchel ,satinet ,sauer-kraut ,savanna ,savior ,saviour ,we insert this as of first column1 it being in universal use when referring to ,christ4 ,savor ,scallop1 -ed1 -ing ,scath ,scepter1 -ed ,scherif ,preferring this form to ,cherif1 we insert it here4 ,both spellings appear in ,wb4 first column4 ,schist ,schorl ,sciagraphy ,scion ,scirrhosity ,scirrhus ,scissors ,sconce ,scot-free ,scow ,scrawny ,scythe ,seamstress ,sear ,secretaryship ,sedlitz ,seethe ,seignior ,seigniorage1 -ory4 ,seine ,seizin ,seleniuret ,sellender ,selvage ,sentinel ,sentry ,sepawn ,sepulcher ,sequin ,sergeant ,set 7n47 ,sevennight ,shad ,shah ,shawm ,shampoo ,shard ,sheathe 7v47 ,sheik ,sherbet ,sherry ,shill-,i-shall-,i ,but if written ,shilly-shally1 follow copy4 ,shore 7n47 ,shorl ,shoveled1 -er1 -ing ,show ,shrillness ,shriveled1 -ing ,shuttlecock ,shyly1 -ness ,sibyl ,sidewise ,silicious ,sillabub ,simoom ,siphon ,siren ,sirloin ,sirup ,sizar ,skein ,skeptic ,skillful1 -ly1 -ness ,skill-less ,skull 7cranium7 p#aci ,slabber ,sleight ,slyly1 -ness ,smallness ,smolder ,smooth 7v4 and a47 ,snapped 7imp47 ,sniveler1 -ing ,socage ,socle ,solan-goose 7n47 ,solder1 etc4 ,soliped ,solvable ,somber ,somersault ,sonneteer ,soothe 7v47 ,sorel ,sorrel ,souchong ,spa ,spelt 7n47 ,specter ,spew ,spinach ,spinel ,spiritous ,spirituous is the more common form4 ,follow copy4 ,spite ,splendor ,sponge ,sprite ,spirt ,spunk ,staddle ,stanch ,stationery 7n47 ,steadfast ,steelyard ,stillness ,stockade ,story 7a floor7 ,strait 7n47 ,strengthener ,strew ,strop 7n47 ,stupefy ,sty ,style ,styptic ,subpna ,subtile 7thin7 ,subtle 7artful7 ,successor ,succor ,suite ,suitor ,sulphureted ,sumac ,superior ,suretyship ,surname ,surprise1 etc4 ,survivor1 -ship ,swainmote ,swale 7v47 ,swap ,swart 7adj47 ,swathe 7bandage7 ,swiple ,swob1 -ber1 etc4 ,but if written ,swab1 ,swabber1 etc41 follow copy4 ,swollen ,syenite ,symploce ,synonym ,syphilis ,t4 ,tabard ,tabbinet ,tabor1 etc4 ,taffeta ,if written ,taffety1 follow copy4 ,taffrail ,tailage ,talc ,tallness ,tambour ,tambourine ,tarantula ,tarpaulin ,tasseled1 -ing ,tasses ,taut 7,nav47 ,tawny ,tease ,teasel ,teetotal ,tenable ,tenor ,tenuirosters ,terror ,tetrahedron ,tetrastich ,theater ,thole ,thorp ,thralldom ,thrash ,threshold ,throe 7n47 ,ticking 7n47 ,tidbit ,tie 7n4 and v47 ,tier ,tierce ,tiger ,tincal ,tithe ,toll 7v4 t47 ,tollbooth ,ton 7the weight7 ,tun 7the cask7 ,tonnage ,tormentor ,tourmaline ,toweling ,trammeled1 -ing ,tranquilize ,transferable ,transference p#adj ,transship1 -ment ,trapan 7a snare7 ,traveler1 -ed1 -ing ,traverse ,travesty ,treadle ,trebuchet ,treenail ,trestle ,trigger ,trevet ,tricolor ,trihedral ,trod ,trousers ,troweled ,truckle-bed ,tryst ,tumbrel ,tumor ,tunneled1 -ing ,turquois ,turnip ,turnsole ,tutenag ,tweedle ,twibil ,tymbal ,tyro ,u4 ,umber ,unbiased ,unboweled ,and others of the same class4 ,unroll ,until ,v4 ,vaivode ,if written ,waiwode or ,wayvode1 follow copy4 ,valise ,valor1 -ous1 -ously ,vantbrace ,vapor ,vat ,veil ,vedette ,vender ,but ,vendor1 as correlative of ,vendee4 ,venomous ,veranda ,verderer ,verdigris ,vermin ,verst ,vertebra ,vervain ,vicious1 -ly1 -ness ,victualed1 -er1 -ing ,vigor1 -ous1 etc4 ,villain ,but in feudal law1 often spelled ,villein1 follow copy4 ,villainy1 -ous ,vise ,visitor ,visor ,vitiate ,vizier ,volcano ,w4 ,wadsett ,wagon ,waive ,wale 7n47 ,walrus ,warranter ,in law1 ,warrantor4 ,warrior ,warwhoop ,waucht ,waul 7as a cat7 ,wear 7v4 ,naut47 ,wear 7n47 ,weasand ,welsh ,whang ,whelk 7n47 ,whippletree ,whippoorwill ,whisky ,whoop ,whooping-cough ,if written ,hooping-cough1 be careful to follow copy4 ,we have known some trouble to be caused by a change of the initial in alphabetical tabular work from hospitals1 ships1 etc4 ,whortleberry ,widgeon ,willful1 -ly1 -ness ,windlass ,wintery ,if written ,wintry1 follow copy4 ,wiry ,witch-elm ,witch-hazel ,withe ,wivern ,wizard ,wizen ,woe ,woful ,wondrous ,woodbine ,woolen1 -ette4 ,worshiper1 -ed1 etc4 ,wrack 7to rack7 ,wye ,if written ,y1 follow copy4 ,y4 ,yataghan ,yaup ,yawl 7n47 ,yelk ,yttria1 -um ,z4 ,zaffer ,zinc ,zinciferous ,zonnar ,zymometer p#ada ,,the ,,worcester ,,list4 ,the following vocabulary exhibits the orthography apparently deemed preferable by ,worcester4 ,it will1 we believe1 be found very convenient in offices where the ,worcester style is in favor1--as the preceding list will prove to be where the ,webster style is in vogue4 ,any remarks which we have inserted1 and a few additional words1 are in brackets4 ,a4 ,aam ,abatis ,abbey ,abetter ,in a good sense2 nearly or quite obsolete4 ,abettor ,law4 ,one who abets an unlawful act4 ,abnormal ,abreuvoir ,abridgment ,accessary ,when used in ,law4 ,accessory 7,art47 ,accountant ,acetimeter ,ache ,achieve ,acknowledgment ,acronycal ,addible ,adipocere ,adjudgment ,admittible ,adopter ,one who adopts1 or assumes as one's own4 ,adapter ,tube used in ,chemistry4 ,adscititious ,adulteress ,advertise ,advoutry ,advowee ,advowson ,adze olic ,affector ,affeer ,affiliate ,affiliation ,afraid ,aghast ,agriculturist ,aide-de-camp ,aisle 7church7 ,ajutage ,alchemical ,alchemist ,alchemy ,alcoran ,alexipharmic ,alkahest ,alkali ,allege ,allocution ,alloy ,almacantar ,almanac ,almonry ,alnager ,alum ,amassment ,ambassador ,ambergris ,ambs-ace ,amercement ,amiability ,amice ,amortise ,anademe ,ananas ,anapest ,anapestic ,anbury ,ancestral ,ancient ,ancientry ,andiron ,anemone ,angiography ,angiology ,angiotomy ,ankle ,annotto ,antechamber ,antelope ,antiemetic ,apanage ,apostasy ,aposteme ,if written ,imposthume1 follow copy4 ,apothegm ,appall ,appalment ,appraise ,appraisement ,appraiser ,apprise ,appurtenance ,apricot ,arbitrament ,archological ,archology ,archduchess ,archil ,argol ,arquebuse ,arrack ,artisan ,arvel p#adb ,asbestos ,ascendency ,ascendent ,askance ,askant ,askew ,assaftida ,assize ,assizer ,assuage ,athenum ,auger ,augur ,a soothsayer4 ,aught ,autocracy ,avoirdupois ,awkward ,awn ,axe ,b4 ,baccalaureate ,bachelor ,bade1 from bid ,balance ,baldrick ,balk ,ballister ,baluster ,bandanna ,bandoleer ,bandore ,bandrol ,banian ,banns ,barbacan ,barbecue ,barberry ,bark ,barouche ,baryta ,barytone ,basin ,bass 7,mus47 ,bass-viol ,bastinado ,bateau ,battledoor ,bawble ,bazaar ,beadle ,beaver ,befall ,behoove ,bellflower ,belligerent ,bellman ,bellmetal ,bellwether ,benumb ,bequeath ,bergamot ,bergander ,berth 7in ship7 ,bestrew ,bestrewn p4 p4 of ,bestrew4 ,betel ,bevel ,bezant ,biassed ,biestings ,bigoted ,bilge ,billiards ,billingsgate ,binnacle ,bistre ,bivouac ,bizantine ,blanch ,blende 7,min47 ,blithely ,blitheness ,blithesome ,blomary ,blouse ,bodice ,boil 7a tumor7 ,bolt ,bombard ,bombast ,bombazette ,bombazine ,borage ,bourgeois ,bourn ,bourse ,bouse ,bousy ,bowlder ,bowsprit ,brakeman ,bramin ,brawl ,brazen ,brazier ,brazil ,brier ,brokerage ,bronze ,brooch ,brunette ,bryony ,buccaneer ,buffalo ,buhrstone ,bulimy ,bumblebee ,bunn ,bunyon ,burden ,burdensome ,burganet ,burin ,burlesque ,burr ,buzz ,by 7n47 ,c4 ,cabob ,cacique ,csura ,calcareous ,caldron p#adc ,calendar ,calends ,caliber 7,gun7 ,calibre ,generally so spelled when used in a figurative sense2 as 8a mind of inferior calibre02 and in this sense retains the ,french pron4 ,kalebur4 ,calipers ,caliph ,calk ,calligraphy ,calotte ,caloyer ,caltrop ,calyx ,cameo ,camlet ,camomile ,if written ,chamomile1 follow copy4 ,camphor ,cannel 7-coal7 ,cannoneer ,canoe ,cantilever ,canvas ,canvass ,capriole ,car ,carabine ,carabineer ,carat ,caravansary ,caravel ,caraway ,carcase ,scripture4 ,carcass ,carle ,carnelian ,carolytic ,cartel ,cartridge ,cassada ,cassimere ,if spelled ,kerseymere1 follow copy4 ,cassowary ,cast ,caste1 class ,castellan ,caster ,one who casts2 a cruet2 a furniture-wheel4 ,castor ,a genus of animals2 a hat2 a drug4 ,castlery ,castrel ,catchpoll ,catchup ,catechise ,catherine ,cauliflower ,causeway ,cavazion 7,arch47 ,caviare ,caw ,cayman ,cedilla ,ceiling ,celt ,celtic ,centiped ,cess ,chalcedony ,chaldron ,chalice ,chameleon ,chamois ,champaign ,flat1 open country1--,deut4 #aa 3 #cj4 ,champagne1 wine ,champerty ,chant ,chap ,see remark on this word1 in ,wb4 ,list1 ante4 ,chaps ,char ,a small job4 ,so spelled in ,england1 and in ,departments at ,washington1 where 8charwomen0 are employed4 ,but-- ,chore ,is the common orthography in the ,united ,states1--and if so written1 follow copy4 ,chase ,chastely ,chasteness ,check ,checker ,cheer ,chemical ,chemist ,chemistry ,chestnut ,chiliahedron ,chillness ,chimb ,chintz ,chloride ,choir ,choke ,choose ,chorister ,chyle ,chylifactive ,cider ,cigar ,cimeter ,cipher ,clam 7v47 ,clarinet ,cleat ,clew ,clinch ,cloak ,clodpoll ,cloff ,clothe ,clothes p#add ,cluck ,clyster ,cobbler ,cocoa ,coddle ,cliac ,coif ,coiffure ,coke ,colander ,colic ,college ,colliery ,colter ,comfrey ,commandery ,commissariat ,compatible ,complete ,concordat ,confectionery ,confidant 7n47 ,congealable ,connection ,connective ,consecrator ,contemporary ,contra-dance ,contributory ,control ,controllable ,controller ,comptroller #b;d column4 ,see ,wb4 list4 ,conversable ,cony ,cony-burrow ,coomb 7#d bushels7 ,copier ,coping ,copse ,coquette 7n47 ,coranach ,corbel ,cordovan ,corpse ,correlative ,cosey ,cot ,cotillon ,counsellor ,one who gives advice4 ,councillor ,a member of a council4 ,courant ,courtesan ,courtesy ,curtesy 7,law7 ,covin ,covinous ,cozen ,cozenage ,craunch ,crawfish ,creak 7v47 ,crier ,croslet ,crowd ,crowfoot ,cruet ,crumb ,crusade ,cruse 7cruet7 ,crystal ,cucurbit ,cue ,cuerpo ,cuish ,cuneiform ,cupel ,curb ,curb-stone ,curtain ,cutlass ,cyclopdia ,cyst ,cysted ,czar ,d4 ,dactyl ,daily ,daisied ,damaskeen 7v47 ,damson ,dandruff ,danegelt ,daub ,dawdle ,dearn ,debarkation ,debonair ,decoy ,decrepit ,defence ,defier ,deflection ,deflour ,delft ,delphine ,deltoid ,demesne ,demarcation ,democrat ,denizen ,dependant 7n47 ,dependence ,dependent 7a47 ,deposit ,desert 7n47 ,desolater ,despatch ,dispatch also appears in ,wor4 #ast column4 ,follow copy4 ,dessert 7n47 ,detecter ,detorsion ,detractor ,develop ,development ,devest ,dexterous ,if written ,dextrous follow copy4 ,diadron p#ade ,diresis ,diarrha ,dike ,dime ,diocese ,disburden ,discount ,disfranchise ,disfranchisement ,dishabille ,disinthrall ,disk ,disseize ,disseizin ,disseizor ,dissolvable ,distention ,distil ,distrainor ,diversely ,divest ,docket ,doctress ,dodecahedron ,doggerel ,domicile ,doomsday-book ,dory ,dote ,doubloon ,dowry ,downfall ,drachm ,properly limited to the ,greek coin or weight4 ,dram ,a denomination in apothecaries' and avoirdupois weight2 a small quantity2 a potation4 ,dragoman ,draught ,this1 the original and proper orthography1 should be retained in all senses other than the five mentioned under ,draft4 ,draft #a4 ,act of drawing or pulling4 #b4 ,a body of men drawn for or from a military organization4 #c4 ,an order by which one person draws on another for money2 also the money so drawn4 #d4 ,an allowance in weighing4 #e4 ,the drawing of lines for a plan2 the plan so drawn4 ,dreadnaught ,driblet ,drier ,drought ,dryly ,dryness ,duchess ,duchy ,dulness ,dungeon ,dunghill ,duress ,dye 7color7 ,dyeing 7coloring7 ,e4 ,eavesdropper ,eccentric ,echelon ,economics ,ecstasy ,ecstatic ,ecumenical ,edile ,eke ,embalm ,embank ,embankment ,embargo ,embark ,embarkation ,embase ,embassy ,embed ,embedded ,embezzle ,embezzlement ,emblazon ,embody ,embolden ,emborder ,embosk ,embosom ,emboss ,embowel ,embower ,embrasure ,empale ,empanel ,this orthography is recommended4 7,wb4 has ,empaneled in first column47 ,there are so many correct ways of spelling this word1 that a man who would get it wrong should be very ingenious4 ,empoison ,empower ,empress ,encage ,encenia ,enchant ,enchase ,encircle ,encroach ,encumber ,encumbrance ,encyclopdia ,endamage ,endear ,endow ,endue ,enfeeble ,enfeoff ,enfranchise ,engender ,engorge p#adf ,enhance ,enigma ,enjoin ,enlard ,enlarge ,enlighten ,enlist ,enlumine ,enroll ,enrolment ,enshrine ,entail ,entangle ,enterprise ,enthrone ,enthymeme ,entice ,entire ,entirety ,entitle ,entomb ,entrance 7v47 ,entrap ,entreat ,envelop 7v47 ,envelopment ,eolipile ,epaulet ,epigraph ,equerry ,equiangular ,equivoke ,era ,eremite ,escalade ,eschalot ,escritoire ,escutcheon ,estafette ,esthetic ,esthetics ,estoppel ,etiology ,exactor ,expense ,exsanguious ,exsect ,exsiccate ,exsiccation ,exsiccative ,exsuccous ,extrinsical ,exudation ,exude ,eyry ,f4 ,fces ,fagot ,fairy ,fakir ,falchion ,falcon ,fantasy ,farther ,farthest ,present tendency is1 to employ farther and farthest in indicating space or time2 in other senses1 further and furthest4 ,farthingale ,fattener ,fearnaught ,fecal ,felly ,felon ,felspar ,ferrule ,ferule ,this word is in second column2 but as its signification is wholly distinct from ferrule1 it should have place here4 ,feud ,feudal ,feudality ,feudatory ,feuillemorte ,fie ,filanders ,filbert ,filigrane ,filigree ,fillibeg ,filly ,finery 7a forge7 ,firman ,fizgig ,flageolet ,fleam ,flier ,flotage ,flotsam ,flour 7meal7 ,fleur-de-lis ,flugelman ,fluke ,fluoride ,ftus ,forestall ,foretell ,forray ,forte 7strong side7 ,fosse ,foundery ,but if written ,foundry1 follow copy4 ,franc 7coin7 ,frenetic ,frenzy ,frieze ,frigate ,frit ,frizzle ,frowzy ,frumentaceous ,frumenty ,frustum ,fuel ,fulfil ,fulfilment ,fulness ,furlough ,further ,furthest ,see ,farthest4 p#adg ,fusee ,fusileer ,fuze 7n47 ,g4 ,gabardine ,galiot ,gallipot ,galoche ,gamut ,gangue 7in ore7 ,gantlet ,a military punishment4 ,garish ,garreteer ,gauge ,gauger ,gault ,gauntlet 7glove7 ,gayety ,gayly ,gazelle ,gear ,gelatine ,genet ,gerfalcon ,germ ,ghastly ,ghibelline ,ghyll 7ravine7 ,gibberish ,gibe ,giglot ,gimlet ,gimmal ,girasole ,girth ,glair ,glave ,glazier ,glede ,gloar ,gloze ,glue ,gluey ,gnarled ,gneiss ,good-by ,gore ,gourmand ,gormandize ,governante ,graft ,grandam ,granddaughter ,granite ,grasshopper ,gray ,greeze 7a step7 ,grenade ,grenadier ,greyhound ,griffin ,grizzled ,grocer ,grogram ,grotesque ,groundsill ,group ,guarantee ,guild ,guilder 7coin7 ,guillotine ,gulf ,gunwale ,gurnet ,gypsy ,gyre ,gyve ,h4 ,haggard ,haggess ,ha-ha ,hake ,halberd ,hale 7healthy7 ,halibut ,halyards ,halloo ,hame ,handicraftsman ,handiwork ,hards ,harebell ,harebrained ,harem ,harrier ,harslet ,hatchel ,haul 7to drag7 ,haum ,haunch ,haust 7cough7 ,hautboy ,havoc ,hawser ,hazel ,headache ,hearse ,heartache ,height ,heighten ,heinous ,hemistich ,hemorrhoids ,heptamerede ,herpetology ,hexahedron ,hibernate ,hibernation ,hiccough ,hinderance ,if written ,hindrance1 follow copy4 ,in one of the largest printing-offices in the world1 an effort was made a few years since to get the e into ,dexterous1 ,foundery1 and ,hinderance 7style of ,wb4 and ,wor472 but so much trouble ensued1--presumably from outside orthographers1--that compositors and proof-readers were erelong instructed to leave the e out4 ,follow copy4 p#adh ,hip 7v74 ,hip 7n74 ,hippocras ,hodge-podge ,hoiden ,holiday ,holster ,hominy ,homonyme ,hone ,honeyed ,hoot ,horde ,horehound ,hornblende ,hostler ,household ,housewife ,howlet ,hub ,hurrah ,hydrangea ,hypothenuse ,i4 ,icicle ,illness ,imbitter ,imbound ,imbox ,imbrue ,impair ,imparlance ,impassion ,implead ,imposthume 8,this seems 4 4 4 to have been written erroneously for aposteme40--,johnson4 ,follow copy1 whether spelled aposteme1 apostume1 impostem1 imposthume1 or impostume1--any other orthography might possibly be incorrect4 ,impoverish ,incase ,inclasp ,incloister ,inclose ,inclosure ,incondensable ,increase ,incrust ,indefeasible ,indelible ,indict ,indictment ,indite ,inditer ,indocile ,indorsable ,indorse ,indorsement ,indorser ,inferrible ,inflection ,infold ,infoliate ,ingraft ,ingraftment ,ingrain ,ingulf ,innuendo ,inquire ,inquirer ,inquiry ,insnare ,install ,instalment ,instil ,instructor ,insurance ,insure ,insurer ,intenable ,interlace ,interplead ,interpleader ,inthrall ,intrinsical ,intrust ,intwine ,inure ,inurement ,invalid 7n47 ,inveigle ,inventor ,inwheel ,inwrap ,inwreathe ,isle ,j4 ,jackal ,jacobin ,jag ,jagghery ,jail ,jailer ,jalap ,jamb 7n47 ,janizary ,janty ,jasmine ,jaunt ,jelly ,jenneting ,jetty ,jewellery ,thus in #ast column1 as 8the more regularly formed word02 but jewelry is the more common4 ,follow copy4 ,jiffy ,jingle ,jointress ,jole ,if written jowl1 follow copy4 ,jonquille ,judgment ,julep ,junket ,just 7n47 ,justle ,if written jostle1 compositor and proof-reader had better follow copy1 to save the trouble and expense of correcting4 p#adi ,k4 ,kale ,kamsin ,kayle ,keelhaul ,keelson ,keg ,khan ,knapsack ,knell ,l4 ,lackey ,lacquer ,lair ,lambdoidal ,lance ,landscape ,landsman ,lantern ,lanyard ,launch ,laundress ,laureate ,lavender ,lea 7a plain7 ,leach ,leaven ,ledger ,lettuce ,license ,lickerish ,licorice ,lief ,lilac ,lily ,linguiform ,liniment ,an embrocation4 ,linament 7,lint1 etc47 ,lintstock ,litharge ,llama 7animal7 ,loadstar ,loadstone ,loath 7a47 ,loathe 7v47 ,lode 7a vein7 ,lodgement ,lower ,luff ,luke ,lustring ,lye 7from ashes7 ,m4 ,maggoty ,maim ,mayhem 7,law7 ,maize ,maleadministration ,malecontent ,malefeasance ,malepractice ,maltreat ,malkin ,mall ,malanders ,mameluke ,mandarin ,mandatary ,mandrel ,manifestable ,manikin ,manuvre ,mantle ,mark ,marque 7license7 ,marquee ,marquis ,marshal ,marten ,martingale ,mask ,maslin ,mastic ,matins ,mattress ,meagre ,medival ,meliorate ,if written ameliorate1 follow copy4 ,menagerie ,merchandise ,mere 7a pool7 ,metre ,mew ,mewl ,mileage ,milleped ,millrea ,miscall ,misspell ,misspend ,misy 7,min47 ,mistletoe ,mitre ,mizzen ,moccason ,mocha-stone ,modillion ,molasses ,moneyed ,mongrel ,monodrame ,mood ,moresque ,morion ,mortgageor ,mosque ,mosquito ,mould ,moult ,mulch ,mullin ,multiped ,mummery ,murder ,murderous ,murky ,murrhine ,muscle ,animal tissue4 p#aej ,mussel 7,a shell-fish47 ,musket ,mustache ,myth ,n4 ,nankeen ,naught ,negotiate ,net 7a41 clear7 ,nib ,nobless ,nombles ,novitiate ,nozle ,nuisance ,o4 ,oblique ,octahedron ,offence ,offuscate ,olio ,omer ,opaque ,orach ,orison ,osier ,osmazome ,osprey ,ottar ,if written ,attar1 follow copy4 ,outrageous ,oxidate ,oxidation ,oxide ,oxidize ,oyes ,p4 ,pacha ,packet ,painim ,palanquin ,palette ,palmiped ,pandore ,panel ,pansy ,pantagraph ,pappoose ,parallelopiped ,paralyze ,parcenary ,parol 7a47 ,paroquet ,parral ,parsnip ,partisan ,patin ,patrol ,paver ,pawl ,pedler ,pedlery ,peep ,penance ,penniless ,pentahedral ,pentahedron ,pentile ,peony ,perch ,persimmon ,persistence ,pewit ,phantasm ,phantom ,phenomenon ,phial ,if written ,vial1 follow copy4 ,philter ,phlegm ,phnix ,phthisic ,piked ,ending in a point4 ,picked ,spruce2 smartly or foppishly dressed4 ,picket ,piquet ,a game at cards4 ,picturesque ,pie ,piebald ,pimento ,pincers ,placard ,plain ,a level1 open field4 ,plane ,so written in science and the arts4 ,plane-sailing ,plaster ,plat ,plethora ,pleurisy ,pliers ,plough ,ploughman ,ploughshare ,plumber ,plumiped ,pluviameter ,poise ,poltroon ,polyanthus ,polyhedral ,polyhedron ,pomade ,pommel ,pontoon ,pony ,porpoise ,portray ,portress ,postilion ,potato ,pottage ,practise 7v47 p#aea ,prmunire ,premise ,pretence ,preterite ,pretor ,prison-base ,probate ,profane ,protector ,prothonotaryship ,prunello ,pumpkin ,puisne 7,law7 ,thus written as a technical word4 ,puny ,pupillary ,purblind ,purlin ,purr ,purslain ,pursy ,putrefy ,pygmean ,pygmy ,pyx ,q4 ,quarantine ,quartet ,quatercousin ,quay 7a mole7 ,quinsy ,quintain ,quintal ,quitter ,quoit ,r4 ,raccoon ,raillery ,ransom ,rarefy ,raspberry ,ratafia ,rattan ,raven 7prey7 ,raze ,razure ,real 7coin7 ,rear ,rearmouse ,rearward ,recall ,recognizable ,recognizance ,recognize ,recognizee ,recognizor ,recompense ,reconnoitre ,redoubt ,redoubtable ,reenforcement ,referable ,reflection ,reflective ,reglet ,reindeer ,reinstall ,relic ,renard ,if written ,reynard1 follow copy4 ,rennet ,replier ,reposit ,resin ,this is the scientific term for the 8inspissated exudations of certain families of plants40 ,rosin ,the name of the commonest resin in use1 8when employed in a solid state for ordinary purposes40 ,resistance ,respite ,restiff ,if written restive1 follow copy4 ,restiffness ,if written restiveness1 follow copy4 ,retch 7to vomit7 ,reverie ,if written revery1 follow copy4 ,reversible ,rhomb ,rhumb 7,nav47 ,ribbon ,rider ,rinse ,risk ,riveted ,robbin ,robin 7,orn47 ,rodomontade ,roquelaure ,route 7course7 ,rummage ,runnet ,rye ,s4 ,sabianism ,sag ,saic ,sainfoin ,salic ,saltcellar ,sandarach ,sandiver ,sanitary ,sarcenet ,sat ,satchel ,satinet ,savin ,saviour ,when the ,redeemer is meant1 the u should be retained4 ,worcester's note under this word says that error1 favor1 and honor are derived directly from p#aeb the ,latin1 whereas there is no classical ,latin word corresponding to the ,greek saviour 4 ,savior ,this orthography is proper when a sacred meaning is not attached to the word4 ,scallop ,scath ,scenery ,sceptic ,sceptical ,scepticism ,schist ,schistose ,scholium ,schorl ,sciagraphy ,sciomachy ,scion ,scirrhosity ,scirrhous a4 ,scirrhus n4 ,scissors ,sconce ,scotfree ,scow ,screen ,scrofula ,scythe ,seamstress ,sear ,searce ,secretaryship ,seethe ,seignior ,seine 7a net7 ,seizin ,sellenders ,selvage ,sentinel ,sentry ,sequin ,sergeant ,sergeantry ,sesspool ,if written cesspool1 follow copy4 ,sevennight ,shad ,shard ,shark 7v47 ,but shirk is more common1 follow copy4 ,shawm ,sheathe 7v47 ,sheer 7pure7 ,sheik ,shemitic ,sherbet ,sherry ,shorling ,show ,showbread ,shrillness ,shroud ,shuttlecock ,shyly ,shyness ,sienite ,silicious ,sill ,sillabub ,simar ,siphon ,siren ,sirloin ,sirocco ,sirup ,sit 7to incubate7 ,site ,sizar ,size 7glue7 ,skate ,skein ,skilful ,skulk ,skull ,slabber ,slake 7to quench7 ,sleight 7n47 ,sley 7a reed7 ,sluice ,slyly ,slyness ,smallness ,smirk ,smooth 7v47 ,soap ,socage ,socle ,solan ,solder ,soldier ,soliped ,solitaire ,solvable ,somerset ,sonneteer ,soothe 7v47 ,sorrel ,souse ,spa ,spicknel ,spinach ,spinel ,splice ,sponge ,spongy ,spright ,sprightful ,spunk ,spurt ,stable ,staddle ,stanch ,stationery 7n47 ,steadfast ,steelyard ,sterile ,stillness ,stockade ,strait 7n47 ,strap ,strengthener ,strew ,stupefy p#aec ,sty ,style ,subtile 7thin7 ,subtle 7sly7 ,subtract ,subtraction ,suit ,suitor ,sulky 7n47 ,sulphuretted ,sumach ,suretyship ,surname ,surprise ,surreptitious ,survivor ,survivorship ,swale ,sward ,swath 7n47 ,sweepstakes ,swipple ,swop ,if written swap1 follow copy4 ,sycamore ,sylvan ,synonyme ,syphilis ,systematize ,t4 ,tabard ,taffety ,taffrail ,taillage ,talc 7a stone7 ,tallness ,talmud ,tambour ,tambourine ,tarpauling ,tartan ,tassel ,tawny ,tease ,teazle ,tenable ,terrier ,tether ,tetrastich ,theodolite ,thraldom ,thrash ,threshold ,throe 7a pang7 ,thyine 7wood7 ,thyme ,ticking ,tidbit ,tie ,tier 7a row7 ,tierce ,tiger ,tincal ,tint ,tiny ,tippler ,tithe ,toilet ,toll 7to allure7 ,tollbooth ,ton ,tun 7,tun is the usual orthography when a large cask or wine measure #beb gallons is meant2 ,ton when a weight of #bj cwt41 the space in a ship1 or a measure of timber is meant4--,brande47 ,tonnage ,tormentor ,touchy ,tourmaline ,trance ,tranquillity ,tranquillize ,transferable ,transferrence ,treadle ,treenail ,trellis ,trentals ,trestle ,trevet ,trousers ,truckle-bed ,tumbrel ,turkey ,turkois ,turnip ,turnsole ,tutenag ,tweedle ,twibil ,tymbal ,tyro ,u4 ,umbles ,unbias ,unbiassed ,unbigoted ,unroll ,until ,v4 ,vaivode ,vales 7money7 ,valise ,vantbrace ,vat 7a vessel7 ,vaudevil ,vavasor ,veil 7cover7 ,vender ,vendor 7,law7 ,veneer ,venomous ,verdigris ,vermilion ,vermin ,verst ,vertebre ,if written ,vertebra1 follow copy4 p#aed ,vervain ,vice 7a screw7 ,vicious ,villain ,villanous ,villany ,visitatorial ,visitor ,visor ,vitiate ,vizier ,volcano ,w4 ,wagon ,waif ,waive 7to defer7 ,wale ,walrus ,warranter ,warrantor 7,law7 ,war-whoop ,waul ,wear 7v47 ,wear 7n47 ,weasand ,welsh ,whang ,whelk ,whippletree ,whippoorwill ,whiskey ,whitleather ,whoop ,whooping-cough ,widgeon ,wilful ,windlass ,wintry ,wiry ,witch-elm ,with 7n47 ,withal ,wizard ,woe ,woful ,wondrous ,woodbine ,woodchuck ,woollen ,wreathe 7v47 ,wreck ,wriggle ,y4 ,yawl ,yearn ,yeast ,yelk ,yerk ,yew ,z4 ,zaffre ,zinc ,zymology ,there is a large class of words ending either in able or ible1 amounting to more than sixteen hundred4 ,for these we know of no general rule which can be given1 that would readily indicate the proper termination4 ,in practice1 writers and printers1 with rare exceptions1 are obliged at times to depend on something besides memory to secure correctness2 and if the dictionary is not at hand1 the wrong termination may--as in fact it often does--get into print4 ,so excellent a work as 8,the ,american ,first ,class ,book0 prints an extract from ,webster's ,plymouth oration thus3 ,if any practices exist1 contrary to the principles of justice and humanity1 within the reach of our laws or our influence1 we are inexcusible if we do not exert ourselves to restrain and abolish them4 p#aee ,and in a periodical which is sent broadcast over the ,united ,states1 occurs the following paragraph 7,april #bd1 #ahhh71 copied from a report made by ,henry ,clay in #ahch3 ,that authors and inventors have1 according to the practice among civilized nations1 a property in the respective productions of their genius is incontestible1 etc4 ,we append below1 for convenient reference1 a catalogue of the words referred to1 including 7#a7 those in present use2 7#b7 those that are rare2 and 7#c7 the obsolete4 ,the latter often occur in reprints1 and are sometimes resuscitated or galvanized for a present purpose1--as1 for instance1 in a recent popular novel1 of wide circulation1 there occurs three or more times1 the word 8ineluctable10 denoted by ,webster as obsolete4 ,we may have omitted some words that should have been inserted1 but believe we have accomplished our object within very negligible limits of error4 ,a word in parenthesis indicates a various mode of spelling the word immediately preceding4 ,,words ,,ending ,,in ,,able4 ,abatable ,abdicable ,abolishable ,abominable ,abrogable ,absolvable ,absorbable ,abusable ,accentuable ,acceptable ,acclimatable ,accomplishable ,accordable ,accostable ,accountable ,accusable ,achievable ,acidifiable ,acquirable ,actable ,actionable ,adaptable ,addable 7,addible7 ,adjustable ,administrable ,admirable ,admittable 7,admittible7 ,adoptable ,adorable ,advantageable ,advisable ,affable ,affilliable ,affirmable ,aggrandizable ,agitable ,agreeable ,alienable ,alkalifiable ,allegeable ,allowable ,alterable ,amassable p#aef ,ameliorable ,amenable ,amendable ,amiable ,amicable ,amusable ,analyzable ,anchorable ,annihilable ,answerable ,appealable ,appeasable ,appliable ,applicable ,appointable ,appreciable ,approachable ,appropriable ,approvable ,arable ,arbitrable ,arguable ,argumentable ,ascertainable ,ascribable ,aspectable ,assailable ,assaultable ,assessable ,assignable ,assimilable ,associable ,atonable ,attachable ,attackable ,attainable ,attemptable ,attractable ,attributable ,augmentable ,authorizable ,available ,avoidable ,avouchable ,avowable ,bailable ,bankable ,batable ,bearable ,beggable ,believable ,bendable ,bequeathable ,bewailable ,blamable ,boardable ,boatable ,bounceable ,breakable ,breathable ,calcinable ,calculable ,capable ,carriable ,causable ,censurable ,challengeable ,changeable ,chargeable ,charitable ,chastisable ,cheatable ,circulable ,circumnavigable ,circumscribable ,citable ,civilizable ,claimable ,classifiable ,cleansable ,cleavable ,clergyable ,climbable ,coagulable ,cogitable ,cognizable ,collatable ,colorable ,combatable ,comfortable ,commandable ,commeasurable ,commemorable ,commendable ,commensurable ,commonable ,communicable ,commutable ,companionable ,comparable ,compassable ,compellable ,compliable ,comportable ,compoundable ,computable ,concealable ,conceivable ,concordable ,condemnable ,condensable ,conferrable ,confinable ,confirmable ,confiscable ,conformable ,confusable ,confutable ,congeable ,congealable ,conjecturable ,conquerable ,conscionable ,conservable ,considerable ,consolable ,constrainable ,consumable ,containable ,contaminable ,conterminable ,contestable ,continuable ,contradictable ,contributable ,contrivable ,controllable ,conversable p#aeg ,conveyable ,countable ,countermandable ,covetable ,creatable ,creditable ,criticisable ,crummable ,crystallizable ,culpable ,cultivable ,cultivatable ,culturable ,curable ,customable ,damageable ,debatable ,deceivable ,decidable ,decipherable ,declarable ,declinable ,decomposable ,decompoundable ,decreeable ,definable ,deflagrable ,delectable ,deliverable ,deludable ,demandable ,demisable ,demonstrable ,deniable ,denominable ,denotable ,deplorable ,deposable ,deprecable ,deprivable ,derivable ,describable ,designable ,desirable ,despicable ,detectable ,determinable ,detestable ,devisable ,diggable ,dilatable ,diminishable ,disagreeable ,disallowable ,disciplinable ,discommendable ,disconformable ,discountable ,discourageable ,discoverable ,discreditable ,disenable ,dishonorable ,disintegrable ,dispensable ,displaceable ,disposable ,disproportionable ,disprovable ,dispunishable ,disputable ,disreputable ,disserviceable ,dissociable ,dissolvable ,distillable ,distinguishable ,distrainable ,distributable ,diversifiable ,dividable ,divorceable 7,divorcible7 ,doubtable ,dowable ,drainable ,dramatizable ,drawable ,drinkable ,dupable ,durable ,dutiable ,eatable ,effable ,effaceable ,electrifiable ,electrolyzable ,emendable ,employable ,endable ,endurable ,enforceable 7,enforcible7 ,englishable ,enjoyable ,enticeable ,enunciable ,enviable ,equable ,equitable ,eradicable ,erasable ,erectable ,escapable ,escheatable ,estimable ,evaporable ,examinable ,exceptionable ,exchangeable ,excisable ,excitable ,excommunicable ,exculpable ,excusable ,execrable ,exemplifiable ,exercisable 7,exercisible7 ,exhalable ,exorable ,expectable ,expellable ,expiable ,expirable ,explainable ,explicable ,exportable p#aeh ,extinguishable ,extirpable ,extractable 7,extractible7 ,extricable ,exuviable ,falsifiable ,farmable ,fashionable ,fathomable ,favorable ,fellable ,fermentable ,figurable ,finable ,fixable ,fordable ,foreknowable ,forfeitable ,forgivable ,formidable ,fortifiable ,framable ,friable ,fundable ,furbishable ,gainable ,gaugeable ,gelable ,generable ,generalizable ,governable ,grantable ,graspable ,guardable ,guerdonable ,guessable ,guidable ,habitable ,hammerable ,handleable ,hatable ,hazardable ,healable ,heriotable ,heritable ,homageable ,honorable ,hospitable ,husbandable ,hybridizable ,identifiable ,illapsable ,illaudable ,illimitable ,illuminable ,illustrable ,imaginable ,imitable ,immalleable ,immeasurable ,immedicable ,immemorable ,immensurable ,immersable 7,immersible7 ,immitigable ,immovable ,immutable ,impalpable ,impassable ,impassionable ,impeachable ,impeccable ,impenetrable ,imperforable ,imperishable ,impermeable ,imperturbable ,imperviable ,implacable ,impliable ,imponderable ,importable ,imposable ,impracticable ,impregnable ,impressionable ,impreventable ,improbable ,improvable ,impugnable ,imputable ,inaffable ,inalienable ,inamovable ,inappealable ,inapplicable ,inappreciable ,inapproachable ,inarable ,incalculable ,incapable ,incensurable ,incinerable ,inclinable ,incoagulable ,incogitable ,incognizable ,incommensurable ,incommunicable ,incommutable ,incomparable ,incompensable ,incompliable ,incomputable ,inconcealable ,inconceivable ,incondensable ,incongealable ,inconsiderable ,inconsolable ,inconsumable ,incontestable ,incontrollable ,increasable ,incrystallizable ,inculpable ,incurable ,indecimable ,indecipherable ,indeclinable ,indecomposable ,indefatigable ,indefinable ,indelectable ,indemonstrable ,indeprecable p#aei ,indeprivable ,indescribable ,indesirable ,indeterminable ,indictable ,indiminishable ,indisciplinable ,indiscoverable ,indispensable ,indisputable ,indissolvable ,indistinguishable ,indomitable ,indorsable ,indubitable ,ineffable ,ineffaceable ,inequitable ,ineradicable ,inestimable ,inevitable ,inexcitable ,inexcusable ,inexecutable ,inexorable ,inexpiable ,inexplicable ,inexplorable ,inexpugnable ,inexsuperable ,inexterminable ,inextinguishable ,inextirpable ,inextricable ,inferable 7,inferrible7 ,inflammable ,inflatable ,ingelable ,ingenerable ,inhabitable ,inheritable ,inhospitable ,inimaginable ,inimitable ,inirritable ,innavigable ,innumerable ,inobservable ,inoculable ,inoxidizable ,inquirable ,insanable ,insatiable ,insaturable ,inscribable ,inscrutable ,insecable ,inseparable ,inseverable ,insolvable ,inspirable ,instable ,insufferable ,insultable ,insuperable ,insupportable ,insupposable ,insurable ,insurmountable ,intastable ,intenable ,interchangeable ,intercommunicable ,interminable ,interpolable ,interpretable ,intestable ,intolerable ,intractable ,intransmutable ,invaluable ,invariable ,investigable ,inviolable ,invitrifiable ,invulnerable ,irrebuttable ,irreclaimable ,irrecognizable ,irreconcilable ,irrecordable ,irrecoverable ,irrecusable ,irredeemable ,irrefragable ,irrefutable ,irrejectable ,irrelievable ,irremeable ,irremediable ,irremovable ,irremunerable ,irreparable ,irrepealable ,irrepleviable ,irreplevisable ,irrepresentable ,irreproachable ,irreprovable ,irresolvable ,irrespirable ,irresuscitable ,irretraceable ,irretrievable ,irreturnable ,irrevealable ,irrevocable ,irrevokable ,irritable ,isolable ,issuable ,judicable ,justiciable ,justifiable ,knittable ,knowable ,lacerable ,lamentable ,laminable ,lapsable ,laudable ,laughable ,learnable ,leasable ,lendable ,leviable ,levigable p#afj ,liable ,licensable ,liftable ,likable ,limitable ,liquable ,liquefiable ,litigable ,loanable ,lodgeable ,losable ,lovable ,magnifiable ,mailable ,mainpernable ,maintainable ,malleable ,manageable ,manifestable 7,manifestible7 ,marketable ,marriageable ,masticable ,measurable ,medicable ,memorable ,mendable ,mensurable ,mentionable ,merchantable ,miserable ,misinterpretable ,mistakable ,mitigable ,mixable ,modifiable ,moldable ,mollifiable ,mootable ,mountable ,movable ,multipliable ,multiplicable ,mutable ,namable ,navigable ,negotiable ,nonexcommunicable ,notable ,noticeable ,nourishable ,numerable ,objectionable ,obligable ,observable ,obtainable ,offerable ,opposable ,ordainable ,orderable ,organizable ,originable ,overcapable ,oxidable ,oxidizable ,oxygenizable ,palatable ,palpable ,pardonable ,partable 7,partible7 ,passable ,pasturable ,patentable ,pawnable ,payable ,peaceable ,peccable ,penetrable ,perceivable ,perdurable ,performable ,perishable ,permeable ,permutable ,perpetuable ,personable ,perspirable ,persuadable ,picturable ,pierceable ,pitiable ,placable ,plantable ,pleadable ,pleasurable ,pliable ,plowable ,poisonable ,polarizable ,polishable ,polysyllable ,ponderable ,portable ,potable ,powerable ,practicable ,precipitable ,predeterminable ,predicable ,preferable ,preparable ,presentable ,preservable ,prestable ,presumable ,preventable ,probable ,procurable ,profitable ,prognosticable ,prolongable ,pronounceable ,propagable ,proportionable ,proratable ,prosecutable ,protrudable ,provable ,provokable ,publishable ,pulverable ,pulverizable ,punishable ,purchasable ,pursuable ,quadrable ,qualifiable p#afa ,quenchable ,questionable ,quotable ,raisable ,ratable 7,rateable7 ,reachable ,readable ,realizable ,reasonable ,rebukable ,recallable ,receivable ,reclaimable ,recognizable ,recommendable ,reconcilable ,recoverable ,rectifiable ,redeemable ,redemandable ,redoubtable ,reexaminable ,referable 7,referrible7 ,refusable ,refutable ,regrettable ,reissuable ,rejectable ,relaxable ,releasable ,reliable ,relievable ,relishable ,remarkable ,remediable ,removable ,remunerable ,renderable ,renewable ,rentable ,reobtainable ,repairable ,reparable ,repayable ,repealable ,repleviable ,representable ,reproachable ,reprovable ,repudiable ,reputable ,rescindable ,rescuable ,resolvable ,respectable ,respirable ,restorable ,restrainable ,resumable ,resuscitable ,retainable ,retractable 7,retractible7 ,retrievable ,returnable ,revealable ,revengeable ,reviewable ,revivable ,revocable ,rewardable ,rollable ,ruinable ,rulable ,sailable ,salable ,salifiable ,salvable ,sanable ,saponifiable ,satisfiable ,saturable ,savable ,scalable ,searchable ,seasonable ,securable ,seizable ,separable ,sequestrable ,servable ,serviceable ,shapable ,shiftable ,sizable ,sociable ,solvable ,sortable ,soundable ,spoilable ,squeezable ,statable ,statutable ,suable ,subconformable ,sublimable ,subscribable ,succorable ,sufferable ,suitable ,superserviceable ,supportable ,supposable ,surmountable ,surpassable ,sustainable ,tamable ,tannable ,tastable ,taxable ,teachable ,tellable ,temperable ,temptable ,tenable ,tenantable ,terminable ,testable ,tillable ,tithable ,tolerable ,tollable ,torturable ,touchable ,traceable ,tractable p#afb ,trainable ,transferable 7,transferrible7 ,transformable ,translatable ,transmeatable ,transmutable ,transpirable ,transportable ,transposable ,traversable ,treasonable ,treatable ,triable ,triturable ,tunable ,ulcerable ,unacceptable ,unaccountable ,unadvisable ,unagreeable ,unaidable ,unamiable ,unanswerable ,unappealable ,unapproachable ,unaskable ,unavoidable ,uncharitable ,uncleanable ,uncomeatable ,uncomfortable ,uncommunicable ,unconformable ,unconscionable ,uncontrollable ,uncustomable ,undauntable ,undeniable ,undivinable ,unexceptionable ,unextinguishable ,unfashionable ,unfathomable ,unfavorable ,unforgetable ,ungovernable ,unimpeachable ,unitable ,unknowable ,unmalleable ,unmerchantable ,unmeritable ,unmistakable ,unpassable ,unpeaceable ,unpeerable ,unprofitable ,unquestionable ,unreasonable ,unreconcilable ,unreliable ,unrebukable ,unreckonable ,unreprovable ,unsalable ,unsearchable ,unseasonable ,unsociable ,unspeakable ,unstable ,unsuitable ,unutterable ,unwarrantable ,unwedgeable ,usable ,utterable ,valuable ,vanquishable ,vaporable ,vaporizable ,variable ,veerable ,vegetable ,venerable ,verifiable ,veritable ,viable ,vindicable ,violable ,visitable ,vitrifiable ,voidable ,volatilizable ,voyageable ,vulnerable ,warrantable ,washable ,wearable ,weighable ,weldable ,wieldable ,workable ,,words ,,ending ,,in 8,,able02 ,,rare4 ,accomptable 7or obs47 ,accommodable ,accustomable ,baptizable ,burnable ,borable ,carriageable ,catchable ,commiserable ,complainable ,defendable ,despisable ,destroyable ,discontinuable ,dissipable ,donable ,dubitable ,educable ,effluviable ,emulable ,entreatable ,equiparable ,errable ,esteemable p#afc ,executable ,expugnable ,frustrable ,gatherable ,gettable ,hereditable ,illaqueable ,imageable ,impalatable ,imperceivable ,impersuadable ,incicurable ,inequable ,innominable ,manducable ,marriable ,matchable ,medicinable ,meltable ,mockable ,pacificable ,pregnable ,quittable ,razorable ,recuperable ,refragable ,regardable ,regulable ,rememberable ,replantable ,replevisable ,repugnable ,scrutable ,smokable ,speakable ,strangleable ,subduable ,superable ,suspectable ,tractable ,thinkable ,transpassable ,unalienable ,unculpable ,understandable ,unforeseeable ,unhabitable ,unlimitable ,unmakable ,unmeasurable ,unmovable ,unscrutable ,untractable ,unvoyageable ,walkable ,weariable ,wishable ,worshipable ,woundable ,yieldable ,,words ,,ending ,,in 8,,able02 ,,obsolete4 ,abhominable ,acetable ,accompanable ,accomptable 7or rare47 ,acquaintable ,animable ,aptable ,battable ,behoovable ,bowable ,chanceable ,colliquable ,circumstantiable ,combinable ,companable ,companiable ,compassionable ,compensable ,conciliable ,consortable ,conspectable ,conusable ,convenable ,counselable ,covenable ,creable ,defatigable ,delightable ,dependable ,depredable ,destinable ,devitable ,disable ,disadvantageable ,discomfortable ,discordable ,discriminable ,disfavorable ,dispraisable ,disprofitable ,doctrinable ,domable ,dreadable ,earable ,effrayable ,endamageable ,eterminable ,exceedable ,excoriable ,excreable ,excruciable ,exoptable ,exuperable ,fatigable ,fittable ,flammable ,foilable ,frequentable ,grievable ,guildable ,gustable ,illacerable ,illeviable ,immatchable ,immixable ,impacable ,impardonable ,imperscrutable ,impetrable p#afd ,impierceable ,improfitable ,improportionable ,inaidable ,inalterable ,inamiable ,incessable ,incharitable ,incomformable ,inconscionable ,incremable ,individable ,indomable ,indomptable ,ineluctable ,inenarrable ,inerrable ,inexhalable ,inexplainable ,inexuperable ,infashionable ,infatigable ,informidable ,ingustable ,injudicable ,inopinable ,insociable ,insuitable ,intricable ,inutterable ,irrecuperable ,irreputable ,iterable ,jaculable ,justiceable ,lachrymable ,leisurable ,makable ,maniable ,markable ,mercable ,merciable ,meritable ,mingleable ,mirable ,miscarriageable ,moderable ,modificable ,moltable ,narrable ,oathable ,objectable ,occasionable ,operable ,opinable ,optable ,ordinable ,overturnable ,painable ,parable ,parallelable ,perceable ,perflable ,perspicable ,postable ,praisable ,replevisable ,resemblable ,rowable ,sacrificable ,screable ,scribable ,semblable ,spirable ,strainable ,suspicable ,trafficable ,transmeable ,troublable ,unappliable ,unapplicable ,uncapable ,unconceivable ,uncontestable ,uncounselable ,uncovenable ,uncreditable ,uncurable ,undefatigable ,undepartable ,undertakable ,undestroyable ,undeterminable ,undisputable ,undoubtable ,undubitable ,undwellable ,unequalable ,unevitable ,unexcusable ,unextricable ,unfailable ,unframable ,unhospitable ,unimitable ,unmasterable ,unnumerable ,unpenetrable ,unperishable ,unplacable ,unpracticable ,unprizable ,unquarrelable ,unremovable ,unreproachable ,unreputable ,unsatiable ,unseparable ,unshakable ,unsightable ,unsucceedable ,unsufferable ,unsupportable ,unswayable ,untellable ,untriumphable ,untrowable ,unvaluable ,unvariable ,unvulnerable ,vailable ,vengeable ,veniable ,versable ,vituperable ,volitable ,wainable ,warhable p#afe ,,words ,,ending ,,in ,,ible4 ,abhorrible ,accendible ,accessible ,addible 7,addable7 ,adducible ,admissible ,adustible ,apprehensible ,ascendible ,audible ,bipartible ,circumscriptible ,classible ,coctible ,coercible ,cognoscible ,cohesible ,collectible ,combustible ,compactible ,compatible ,comprehensible ,compressible ,concrescible ,conducible ,conductible ,confluxible ,contemptible ,contractible ,controvertible ,conversible ,convertible ,convincible ,correctible ,corrigible ,corrodible ,corrosible ,corruptible ,credible ,decoctible ,deducible ,deductible ,defeasible ,defectible ,defensible ,descendible ,destructible ,diffusible ,digestible ,discernible ,dissectible ,distensible ,distractible ,divertible ,divestible ,divisible ,divorcible 7,divorceable7 ,docible ,edible ,educible ,effectible ,effervescible ,eligible ,eludible ,enforcible 7,enforceable7 ,evincible ,exercisible 7,exercisable7 ,exhaustible ,expansible ,expressible ,extendible ,extensible ,extractible 7,extractable7 ,fallible ,feasible ,fencible ,fermentescible ,flexible ,fluxible ,forcible ,frangible ,fungible ,fusible ,gullible ,horrible ,ignitible ,illegible ,immersible 7,immersable7 ,immiscible ,impartible ,impassible ,impedible ,imperceptible ,impersuasible ,implausible ,impossible ,imprescriptible ,impressible ,imputrescible ,inaccessible ,inadmissible ,inapprehensible ,inaudible ,incircumscriptible ,incoercible ,incombustible ,incommiscible ,incompatible ,incomprehensible ,incompressible ,inconcussible ,incontrovertible ,inconvertible ,inconvincible ,incorrigible ,incorrodible ,incorruptible ,incredible ,indefeasible ,indefectible ,indefensible ,indelible ,indeprehensible p#aff ,indestructible ,indigestible ,indiscernible ,indiscerptible ,indivisible ,indocible ,inducible ,ineffervescible ,ineligible ,ineludible ,inevasible ,inexhaustible ,inexpansible ,inexpressible ,infallible ,infeasible ,inferrible 7,inferable7 ,inflexible ,infrangible ,infusible ,inscriptible ,insensible ,instructible ,insuppressible ,insusceptible ,intactible ,intangible ,intelligible ,interconvertible ,intervisible ,invendible ,inventible ,invertible ,invincible ,invisible ,irascible ,irreducible ,irrefrangible ,irremissible ,irreprehensible ,irrepressible ,irresistible ,irresponsible ,irreversible ,legible ,manifestible 7,manifestable7 ,marcescible ,miscible ,negligible ,nexible ,omissible ,ostensible ,partible 7,partable7 ,passible ,perceptible ,perfectible ,permiscible ,permissible ,persuasible ,pervertible ,plausible ,possible ,prehensible ,prescriptible ,producible ,productible ,putrescible ,quadrible ,receptible ,redemptible ,redressible ,reducible ,re-eligible ,referrible 7,referable7 ,reflectible ,reflexible ,refrangible ,remissible ,renascible ,rend-ible 7from rend7 ,ren-dible 7from render7 ,reprehensible ,resistible ,responsible ,retractible 7,retractable7 ,reversible ,revertible ,risible ,seducible ,sensible ,sponsible ,subdivisible ,subvertible ,supersensible ,suppressible ,susceptible ,suspensible ,tangible ,terrible ,transferrible 7,tranferable7 ,transfusible ,transmissible ,transmittible ,tripartible ,vendible ,vincible ,visible ,vitrescible ,,words ,,ending ,,in 8,,ible02 ,,rare4 ,affectible ,cessible ,committible ,compossible ,convictible ,cullible ,discerpible ,discerptible ,evadible ,evasible ,exigible ,impatible p#afg ,impermissible ,incognoscible ,infractible ,insubmergible ,suasible ,tensible ,traducible ,transvertible ,unadmissible ,unadmittible ,unexhaustible ,unexpressible ,unflexible ,unfusible ,unrepressible ,unresponsible ,,words ,,ending ,,in 8,,ible02 ,,obsolete4 ,agible ,appetible ,alible ,comestible ,comminuible ,competible ,comptible ,conceptible ,conclusible ,congestible ,deceptible ,decerptible ,depectible ,depertible ,deprehensible ,erigible ,exemptible ,expetible ,fensible ,fulcible ,ignoscible ,immarcescible ,imperdible ,impertransible ,inamissible ,incompossible ,inconceptible ,inconsumptible ,indefeisible ,indicible ,indiscerpible ,indistinctible ,inextinguible ,intransgressible ,inquisible ,intenible ,irremittible ,miscible ,obedible ,odible ,offensible ,patible ,regible ,sejungible ,sepelible ,suadible ,suasible ,subjicible ,unaccessible ,uncorrigible ,uncorruptible ,uncredible ,undefeasible ,uneligible ,unfallible ,unfrangible ,unpossible ,unresistible ,unsensible ,untangible ,unvisible ,,nouns ,,ending ,,in ,o4 ,errors sometimes occur in forming the plural of nouns in o4 ,we frequently see frescoes1 mottos1--both wrong4 ,the general rule is1 ,if the final o has a vowel before it1 form the plural by adding s3 as 8cameo1 cameos02 if a consonant precede the final o1 add es2 as 8archipelago1 archipelagoes40 ,such exceptions to the general rule as are most frequently met with1 and a few that are rare1 we here subjoin3 p#afh ,albino ,albinos ,armadillo ,armadillos ,busto ,bustos ,canto ,cantos ,catso ,catsos ,cento ,centos ,dido ,didos ,domino ,dominos ,duo ,duos ,duodecimo ,duodecimos ,embryo ,embryos ,exaltado ,exaltados ,folio ,folios ,fresco ,frescos ,gaucho ,gauchos ,grotto ,grottos ,halo ,halos ,inamorato ,inamoratos ,internuncio ,internuncios ,junto ,juntos ,lasso ,lassos ,limbo ,limbos ,memento ,mementos ,merino ,merinos ,mestizo ,mestizos ,nuncio ,nuncios ,octavo ,octavos ,octodecimo ,octodecimos ,piano ,pianos ,portico ,porticoes1 ,wb4 or ,porticos1 ,wor4 ,portfolio ,portfolios ,proviso ,provisos ,punctilio ,punctilios ,quarto ,quartos ,rotundo ,rotundos ,salvo ,salvos ,sextodecimo ,sextodecimos ,sirocco ,siroccos ,solo ,solos ,trio ,trios ,two ,twos ,tyro ,tyros ,virtuoso ,virtuosos ,zero ,zeros ,but 8albugo0 has pl4 8albugines02 and to 8imago0 we should probably have to write pl4 8imagines40 ,there are many nouns ending in o1 for whose plurals we have not found any authority beyond the general rule4 ,with the exceptions given above1 the rule may be safely followed4 ,the plural of 8portico0 is a matter of style3 and there is some authority for 8quartoes40 ,,words ,,ending ,,in ,,ise4 ,words ending with the sound of ize are variously spelled ise or ize4 ,of this class the correct spelling of the following words is ise2 nearly if not quite all others take ize4 p#afi ,advertise ,advise ,affranchise ,apprise ,catechise ,chastise ,circumcise ,comprise ,compromise ,criticise ,demise ,despise ,devise ,disfranchise ,disguise ,divertise ,emprise ,enfranchise ,enterprise ,exercise ,exorcise ,franchise ,merchandise ,misprise ,premise ,reprise ,revise ,supervise ,surmise ,surprise ,,ei ,,and ,,ie4 ,many persons find it difficult or impossible to recollect the relative position of e and i1 in such words as receive1 believe1 etc4 ,if they will bear in mind the following rule1 it may save them the trouble of referring to a dictionary for this point4 ,when the derivative noun ends in tion1 the verb is spelled with ei3 thus1-- ,conception ,conceive ,deception ,deceive ,reception ,receive ,but when the noun does not end in tion1 the verb is spelled with ie3 as1-- ,belief ,believe ,,words ,,ending ,,in 8,,cion40 ,disregarding the dissyllable scion1 we think there are but three words in use having this termination1 viz43 ,coercion1 ,ostracion1 ,suspicion4 ,two obsolete words are ,internecion and ,pernicion4 p#agj ,,ensure1 ,,insure1 ,,etc4 ,the language has been sometimes enriched by retaining the several forms of a 8doubtful0 word1 as in the case of draft and draught1 each form having limitations of meaning peculiar to itself4 ,ensure and ,insure we propose to consider distinct words rather than various spellings of the same words4 ,so1 also1 of ,enure and ,inure4 ,ensure4 ,to make sure1 certain1 or safe2 8,how to ensure peace for any term of years40 ,to insure is to contract1 for a consideration1 to secure against loss2 as to insure houses1 ships1 lives4 ,insure4 ,to underwrite2 8to covenant1 for a consideration1 to indemnify for loss of anything specified02 as1 to insure houses against fire1 etc4 ,enure4 8,to serve to the use or benefit of02 as1 a gift of land enures to the benefit of the grantee4 8,the argument was made a century ago as now1 that its a protective policy's benefits enured to particular classes or sections40--,b4 ,harrison's ,inaugural ,address4 ,inure ,to accustom2 as1 a man inures his body to heat and cold2 a soldier to blood inured4 p#aga ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,capitalization4 ,to persons who have paid no special1 technical attention to the subject1 capitalization appears a very simple matter4 ,the rules are few and easily understood2 but as to the 8application of them0 there is some perplexity and much diversity among authors1 printers1 and proof-readers4 ,practically1 the main difficulty seems to arise from the want of a plain line of demarkation between common nouns and proper nouns6 ,some write and print 8,pacific ,ocean0 as the proper name of a certain collection of water2 others1 8,pacific ocean10--ocean being a common noun4 ,we may1 perhaps1 recur to this abstruse matter farther on2 but at present we will lay down such rules as we have used in our own labors1 and which we deem to be correct4 ,it will be very convenient for us1 and therefore we hope excusable1 to adopt two phrases from the expressive terminology of the printing-office1 where some words are said to be 8put up10 and others to be 8put down02 e4 g43 8,when ,music1 heavenly maid1 was young40 ,here 8,music0 is said to be 8put up10 because it begins with a capital 8,m10 and 8maid0 is 8put down10 because it begins with a small 8m40 p#agb 8,abelard taught ,eloisa music40 ,here 8,abelard10 8,eloisa0 are 8put up10 and 8music0 is 8put down40 ,this premised1 understood1 and forgiven1 we are ready for the-- ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,right ,,use ,,of ,,capitals4 ,rule #a4 ,the initial letter of every sentence should be a capital4 ,yours received4 ,glad to hear from you4 ,will answer next week4 ,capitals1 ,y1 ,g1 ,w1 as per ,rule #a4 ,and ,cain said unto the ,lord1 ,my punishment is greater than ,i can bear4--,genesis #d 3 #ac4 ,capitals1 ,a and ,m2 for here are two sentences1 although one is included in the other4 ,cain said that his punishment was greater than he could bear4 ,capital ,c1 by ,rule #a2 but the included words of ,cain being brought in obliquely1 no capital is required4 ,cicero said1 8,there is no moment without some duty02 and who doubts the wisdom of ,cicero8 ,c and ,t are put up1 by ,rule #a4 ,on the first day of ,january1 ,artemus ,ward made this remark3 ,now is a good time to resoloot4 ,o and ,n are put up1 by ,rule #a4 ,few truisms are truer than this paradox of ,aristotle1--,to mankind in general1 the parts are greater than the whole4 ,f and ,t are put up1 by ,rule #a4 ,it has been said1 that the included sentence should not be capitalized unless immediately preceded by a colon3 but the p#agc above examples show1 that a sentence directly introduced must be capitalized1 whatever point precedes it1--comma1 comma-dash1 colon1 or any other pause-mark4 ,he asked why he was arrested1 and we replied that he was arrested on suspicion4 ,initial capital ,h1 by ,rule #a4 ,he asked1 8,why am ,i arrested80 and we replied1 8,on suspicion40 ,here are three initial capitals1 and properly2 for the reply1 fully expressed1 would be1 8,you are arrested on suspicion40 ,so1 also1 captions1 head-lines1 side-heads1 etc41 being imperfect sentences1 fall under ,rule #a4 ,the same is true of particulars depending from a general heading2 as-- ,property destroyed by the late fire3 ,seventy reams elephant paper2 ,tables1 chairs1 desks2 ,old-fashioned hall-clock2 ,johnson's ,dictionary1 #ast ed4 ,we have remarked above1 on the passage from ,genesis1 that a sentence introduced obliquely requires no capital4 ,in the following example1 whether ,sparta should be inclosed with walls is an indirect question1 and is not capitalized2 while the answer1 being direct1 takes a capital4 ,to the question whether ,sparta should be inclosed with walls1 ,lycurgus made this answer3 8,that city is well fortified which has a wall of men instead of brick40 ,kerl's rule 7,grammar1 p4 #da7 is 8,within a sentence1 the first word of any important beginning may commence with a capital letter40 ,this rule is probably as precise as can be framed to meet his first example1 8,resolved1 ,that our ,senators be requested1 etc40 ,his second example1 8,one truth is clear3 ,whatever is1 is right10 falls within his rule1 and our ,rule #a4 7,see page #ha1 for capitalizing1 etc41 preambles1 resolutions1 provisos1 etc47 p#agd ,when a sentence is introduced obliquely1 a capital is not required1 even if the passage introduced have quotation marks1 and make perfect sense without the introductory prefix1 as in the following example3 ,it is remarked by ,parton1 that 8a man who retains to the age of seventy-nine the vigor of manhood and the liveliness of a boy1 cannot1 at any period of his life1 have egregiously violated the laws of his being40 #b4 ,the first letter in every line of poetry should be a capital4 ,when on the larboard quarter they descry ,a liquid column towering shoot on high1 ,the guns were primed2 the vessel northward veers1 ,till her black battery on the column bears4 ,falconer's ,shipwreck4 ,thereat the champions both stood still a space1 ,to weeten what that dreadful clamor meant3 ,lo6 where they spied with speedy whirling pace ,one in a charet of strange furniment1 ,towards them driving like a storm outsent4 ,the charet deckd was in wondrous wise ,with gold and many a gorgeous ornament1 ,after the ,persian monarch's antique guise1 ,such as the maker's self could best by art devise4 ,spenser's ,faerie ,queene4 ,but in reprinting ancient hymns1 etc41 follow the ancient style1--as in the following from the ,bible printed in ,london by ,robert ,barker1 in #afae3 ,here is the ,spring where waters flow1 to quench our heat of sinne3 ,here is the ,tree where trueth doth grow1 to leade our liues therein3 ,this is the ,iudge that stints the strife when mens deuices faile3 ,here is the ,bread that feeds the life that death can not assaile4 p#age #c4 ,principal words in the titles of books1 of important documents1 of proclamations1 of edicts1 of conventions1 and words of especial distinction in monographs1 should be put up4 ,who is the author of 8,the ,mill on the ,floss08 ,the ,english barons obtained ,magna ,charta1 or the ,great ,charter1 from ,king ,john1 ,a4,d4 #abae4 ,when the ,edict of ,nantes was revoked by ,louis ,,xiv41 above #ej1jjj ,huguenots fled from ,france4 ,the father of ,watts the hymnist1 suffered much after the withdrawal of the ,declaration of ,indulgence4 ,every ,state having chess clubs in its cities should organize a ,state ,chess ,association1 and these associations should send delegates to the ,annual ,convention of the ,national ,association4--,phil4 ,ledger4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states1 the ,sovereign of ,england1 and the ,governors of the several ,states of our ,union1 issue proclamations4 ,despots issue edicts1--sometimes called by the more general name of 8decrees10 as in ,ezra #f 3 #a1 #c4 ,from ,esther #a 3 #ai-bb we learn that a 8royal commandment0 was sent into all the king's provinces1 8that every man should bear rule in his own house40 ,if any of our readers have occasion to put in type1 or read the proof of1 the title of an edict or decree1 they will1 of course1 make it agree with the rule4 ,of proclamations we have several every year4 ,frequently all the letters of the titles are capitals2 otherwise1 the capitals appear as in the following example3 ,,by ,,his ,,excellency1 ,b4 ,a41 ,governor of the ,state or ,commonwealth of ----4 ,a ,,proclamation for a ,day of ,public ,humiliation1 ,fasting1 and ,prayer4 ,in a monograph of a geological survey the following paragraph appears3 ,the dark laminated clays of the ,cretaceous passing up into the ,upper ,cretaceous are well shown 4 4 4 4 passing up p#agf into brown sandstones of the ,coal group4 ,there is great uniformity in the ,upper ,cretaceous and ,tertiary series4-- ,hayden1 ,survey ,montana4 ,webster says1 that the ,carboniferous age 8embraces three periods1 the ,subcarboniferous1 the ,carboniferous1 and the ,permian10 but the ,fifth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 doubtless for some good reason1 changes the style to the sub-,carboniferous 7v4 remark under ,rule #h1 on 8transatlantic10 etc474 ,the main subject under discussion being ,woman ,suffrage1 those words were properly capitalized in the following paragraph3 ,it is conceded 4 4 4 that the avowal even1 of faith in the principle of ,woman ,suffrage1 would handicap the party most seriously4 ,in accordance with ,rule #c was this direction touching a ,report on ,education3 ,spell 8report0 with capital ,r1 when it refers to this ,report2 l4 c4 lower-case in other cases4 ,presidential1 imperial1 kingly1 ducal1 etc41 titles are put down when used generally1 but are put up when applied to persons4 ,in the following example 8an emperor0 is down1 while 8the ,emperor0 is put up4 ,the events which now took place in the interior of ,germany were such as usually happened when either the throne was without an emperor1 or the ,emperor without a sense of his imperial dignity4--,schiller's ,thirty ,years' ,war4 ,beginning with ,president ,washington and including ,president ,harrison1 the ,united ,states has had twenty-three presidents4 #d4 ,names and appellations of the ,supreme ,being should be capitalized4 ,we forbear inserting a list of the sacred names1 too often written and uttered 8in vain40 ,the reader is probably p#agg familiar with them from listening to ,sabbath services1 and reading religious books with which1 we hope1 his library abounds4 ,the word 8providence0 should be put down or up1 according to its meaning1 as may be seen in the two following sentences3 ,but behold now another providence of ,god2 a ship came into the harbor4 4 4 4 ,this ship had store of ,english beads and some knives4--,new ,england's ,memorial4 ,the world was all before them1 where to choose ,their place of rest1 and ,providence their guide4--,milton4 ,nouns ordinarily common become proper when written as names of the ,supreme ,being4 ,i hope my merciful ,judge will bear in mind my heavy punishment on earth4--,pickwick ,papers1 ch4 #dd4 ,emerson refers 8all productions at last to an aboriginal ,power40--,century ,maga4 ,plato said1 that in all nations certain minds dwell on the 8fundamental ,unity10 and 8lose all being in one ,being40--,ib4 ,in the above examples1 the effect of capitals in conveying the idea of personality is strikingly illustrated4 ,pronouns referring to the ,deity are not usually put up1--excepting the personals 8,he10 8,him40 ,o thou1 whose justice reigns on high4--,watts4 ,o thou1 ,most ,high--,ps4 #ef 3 #b4 ,father of all mercies1 we1 thine unworthy servants1 do give thee most humble and hearty thanks for all thy goodness4--,common ,prayer4 ,thou1 whose1 thine1 thy1 properly lower-case4 ,usage is ununiform as to capitalizing the pronoun of the third person1 when referring to the ,deity2 some using the capital in all three cases 7,he1 ,his1 ,him71 while others capitalize the nominative and objective1 and put 8his0 down2 and still others put all the cases down4 ,god does love us4 ,as any loving father or mother1 ,he wants us to want ,his society1 and to love to be with and talk with ,him4--,congregationalist4 ,small letter in the possessive1 capital in the objective3 p#agh ,all the works of ,god 4 4 4 declare the glory of his perfections4 4 4 4 ,but how gross are the conceptions generally entertained of the character of ,him 8in whom we live and move60 ,dick4 ,improv't ,soc4 ,,vi4 ,all the cases down3 4 4 4 ,they can know but little 4 4 4 of that happiness which ,god has prepared for them that love him2 but 4 4 4 this suffices them1 that they shall see him as he is1 etc4 4 4 4 the expectation founded upon his own gracious promise1 etc4--,rev4 ,john ,newton's ,sermon on the 8happy recovery0 of ,king ,george 7modern reprint74 ,but1 whatever the style of the office1 there is one category in which the personal pronoun must be capitalized3 it is when no antecedent is expressed4 ,such cases are not of infrequent occurrence4 ,if one were to write-- ,in all her troubles this good lady never failed to express her confidence in the care of him in whom she had put her trust-- the meaning would be doubtful2 8him0 might refer to some humane relative1 or to the superintendent of the almshouse4 ,but if the sentence were written-- 4 4 4 this good lady never failed to express her confidence in the care of ,him in whom1 etc4-- the meaning--that the ,deity is intended--becomes clear4 ,adjuncts qualifying names applied to ,deity usually require no capitals3 ,for when we consider ourselves as the creatures of ,god 4 4 4 what can induce us to love1 fear1 and trust ,him1 as our ,god1 our ,father1 and all-sufficient ,friend and ,helper4-- ,mason's ,self-,knowledge4 ,here 8all-sufficient0 is properly put down2 as are also 8great0 and 8common0 in the following paragraph3 ,not only honor and justice1 and what ,i owe to man is my interest2 but gratitude also1 acquiescence1 resignation1 adoration1 and all ,i owe to this great polity1 and its great ,governor our common ,parent4--,harris4 p#agi ,but many cases occur where the adjective is properly put up2 especially if the adjective itself denotes sacredness1 as the following examples show3 ,klopstock 4 4 4 suffers himself to forget that the ,french revolution itself is a process of the ,divine ,providence4-- ,coleridge ,biog4 ,lit4 ,among the greater number of pagan nations1 the most absurd and grovelling notions are entertained respecting the ,supreme ,intelligence1 and the nature of that worship which his perfections demand4--,dick4 ,we are apt to entertain narrow conceptions of the ,divine ,nature4--,addison4 ,the words 8,christian0 and 8,christianity0 the best usage puts up2 nor does there seem to be any good reason why 8christianize0 should not also be capitalized4 ,there are instances where the word 8divine10 though referring to sacred personages1 should not be put up2 as-- ,if ,christ did not hold this key1 how is ,he divine8-- ,congregationalist4 ,the words 8godly10 8godfather10 8godmother0 are put down3 ,webster has 8godspeed10 and says it is 8written also as two separate words1 as in #b ,john #aj40 ,worcester does not admit the phrase as one word in his defining columns1 but prints it as two1 under the word 8,god02 quoting the same text as ,webster4 ,the ,congressional ,record1 #ejth ,congress1 uses capital and hyphen1 thus3 8,god-speed02 and this form is adopted by ,abbot ,bassett1 the talented editor of the ,l4 ,a4 ,w4 ,bulletin1 in his ,farewell to former ,chief ,consul ,hayes3 ,take now the hand we so often have shaken1 ,speak from our feelings so hard to subdue1 ,send him in joyfulness out from our circle1 ,give him a hearty ,god-speed and adieu4 ,still ,webster's style of one word1 lower-case1 is1 we think1 preferable1 and most used4 ,the word 8gospel0 when used generally1--in the sense of good tidings1--should be down2 as 8,woe is me1 if ,i p#ahj preach not the gospel40 ,but when used as part of a title to a specific book1 it goes up2 as 8,the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,matthew02 8,the ,apocryphal ,gospel of ,st4 ,thomas02 8,the ,gospel of ,st4 ,luke40 #e4 ,names of ancient ,greek and ,roman divinities1 and of all pagan and heathen gods1 should be put up4 ,when the word 8god0 or 8goddess0 is applied to a paganic divinity1 it is put down4 ,this remark and our ,rule #e are both exemplified in ,darwin's lines1-- ,first two dread snakes1 at ,juno's vengeful nod1 ,climbed round the cradle of the sleeping god4 ,botanic ,garden4 ,so1 also1 #a ,kings #aa 3 #cc3 ,worshipped ,ashtoreth the goddess of the ,zidonians1 ,chemosh the god of the ,moabites1 and ,milcom the god of the children of ,ammon4 ,the names applied to evil spirits should be put up3 ,and ,satan came also among them4--,job #a 3 #f4 ,then ,apollyon said unto ,christian1 8,here will ,i spill thy soul40--,bunyan4 ,during a violent thunderstorm1 the converted ,chinese steward disappeared4 ,the captain found him below1 making prostrations before a gilded image4 8,how is this80 demanded the astonished captain2 8,i thought you were a ,christian40 ,the ,chinaman replied1 8,your ,god velly well1 fine weather2 stolm like this1 want ,joss40 ,in the above example1 the objects of ,christian and pagan worship are properly capitalized4 ,from the foregoing remarks1 etc41 especially under ,rule #d1 it will be perceived that capitalization is1 in the department of theology as in all others1 mostly regulated by office style4 ,but in forming a style1 the above rules and examples may be found serviceable4 #f4 ,the pronoun ,i1 and the interjection ,o1 should always be put up4 p#aha ,i scarcely knew how long ,i had sat there when ,i became aware of a recognition4 ,praise the ,lord1 ,o my soul4--,ps4 cxlvi4 ,but in ,latin the 8,o0 is frequently put down4 ,huc ades1 formosa puer4--,virgil4 ,adestes o ,maria1 o ,angele1 o ,patroni castitatis me4-- ,libellus ,precum1 ,georgiopoli1 ,d4,c4 #g4 ,some words which are put down when spelled in full1 are put up when contracted4 ,the ,dr4 called upon me4 ,need ,i say1 ,i regretted the happiness of seeing the doctor8 8,patent-office1 number #af0 may be written1 8,patent-office1 ,no4 #af40 ,the honorable the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,the ,hon4 the ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,but certain suffixes1 whether spelled in full or contracted1 are put up or down1 or in small caps1 capitalized1 according to the style of the words to which they are suffixed2 as1 for instance1 the words 8junior0 and 8esquire10 which are put one degree less in dignity than the words to which they are attached2 as3 ,john ,smith1 jr41 esq41 or 8junior1 esquire40 ,the person's name being lower-case capitalized1 8jr40 and 8esq40 are put down4 ,,john ,,doe1 ,jr4 ,esq41 or 8,junior1 ,esquire40 ,the names being small caps1 capitalized1 the 8jr40 and 8esq40 are put up4 ,,richard ,,roe1 ,,jr4 ,,esq41 or 8,,junior1 ,,esquire40 ,the names being in capitals1 the suffixes are capitals and small capitals4 ,but 8,d4,d40 8,,ll4,d40 8,m4,d40 etc41 are put in large or small capitals according to office style1 or a style adapted for the work in which they appear3 as-- p#ahb ,john ,doe1 ,,ll4,d42 ,,richard ,,roe1 ,,ph4,d42 ,j4 ,,smith1 ,m4,d42 ,,abel ,,money1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,words connected with a number of designation are often put up1--and this is the better way4 ,so1 though the words 8,bay10 8,dock10 etc41 in the following examples may properly be put down if the office style require it1 yet the unfettered compositor and reader will prefer to put up those1 and all words similarly placed2 as3 ,the planks of ,bay ,no4 #f on ,chelsea ,bridge have been replaced by ordinary boards purchased at ,dock ,no4 #h4 ,we arrived at ,station #af1 and proceeded thence through ,lock #ab to ,dam ,no4 #h4 #h4 ,names of persons1 of things personified1 of nations1 countries1 cities1 towns1 streets1 ships1 etc41 should be put up4 ,capt4 ,samuel ,jones sailed in ship ,minerva1 from ,sandy ,hook to ,tanjong ,bolus1 the most southerly point of the continent of ,asia4 ,a charming and spirituelle ,frenchwoman said of ,julius ,mohl1 that ,nature1 in forming his character1 had skimmed the cream of the three nationalities to which he belonged by birth1 by adoption1 and by marriage2 making him 8deep as a ,german1 spirituel as a ,frenchman1 and loyal as an ,englishman40--,atlantic ,monthly4 ,charles1 ,susan1 ,william1 ,henrietta ,matilda1 ,benjamin ,harrison ,smith1 come in1 this minute6 ,under this rule proper adjectives may also be classed2 as3 ,the ,french and ,american ,claims ,commission4 ,he is familiar with the ,german1 ,french1 ,russian1 ,bengalee1 ,chinese1 and ,grebo languages4 ,is the ,monroe doctrine heartily concurred in by ,european nations8 ,names of political parties should be put up4 ,democrat1 ,democratic1 ,democracy1 ,republican1 ,republicanism1 ,woman-,suffragists1 ,women's ,rights party1 ,locofocos1 ,whigs1 ,tories1 ,free-,soilers1 ,liberals1 ,independents1 etc4 p#ahc ,but when any of these words are used in a general sense1 they should be put down2 as3 ,whatever requires to be done by slow and cautious degrees does not accord with the spirit of democracy4--,de ,stal4 ,the tendency of some ,european nations is toward republicanism4 ,the words 8state0 and 8territory0 applied to political divisions of the ,united ,states should be put up2 as3 ,the ,state of ,north ,dakota4 ,the ,territory of ,utah4 ,this ,state gave a ,republican majority4 ,some nouns and adjectives originally proper have1 by usage1 the common form2 as3 ,we sell silver1 china1 and iron wares4 ,there is great demand for india-rubber goods4 ,his pets are guinea-pigs and guinea-hens4 ,that maltese cat follows her everywhere4 ,he wears russia-leather boots1 morocco gaiters1 and a fez cap when dancing the german4 ,the burglars secured six german silver spoons4 ,numbers are denoted by roman capitals or arabic figures4 ,there are some words yet on debatable ground4 ,it is safe to write 8plaster of ,paris0 or 8plaster of paris40 ,the latter form is well enough for so common an article1 and should be preferred by compositors4 ,some words which are put up when alone1 are put down when they coalesce with a preposition2 as3 ,i crossed the ,atlantic to view transatlantic countries4 ,the transpacific people are apt merchants4 ,but some write 8inter-,state10 8cis-,platine10 8trans-,atlantic10 8cis-,padane10 8cis-,alpine10 etc4 ,we know of no good authority for such work4 ,it has no countenance from our lexicographers3 and the hyphen and capital in the middle of the words are needless deformities4 ,,note4 ,the 8etc40 in ,rule #g is like one spoken of by ,coke 7an 8etc40 of ,littleton1 ,i am told71 8full of p#ahd excellent meaning40 ,descending from the name of a continent to the designations 8beat10 8precinct10 8alley02 or ascending from 8wharf10 8alley0 to the name of a continent1 through lessening or increasing subdivisions1 the line must be drawn somewhere between what is to be put up and what is to be put down4 ,just where the line is drawn between capital and lower-case initials1 between the aristocrats of the page and hoi polloi1 is of very little consequence2 but as uniformity in a work is desirable while proof-readers are liable to differ1 it is as important to have an umpire in a proof-room as it is on a base-ball ground4 ,and as capitalization is wholly arbitrary1 the essential qualities of an umpire are1 that he shall have a good memory1 so as not to overset to-day the decisions of yesterday1 and a strong will of his own1 which shall not allow any obstinate reader to step across the important imaginary line which separates the ups from the downs1--the majuscules from the minuscules4 ,if a printing-office requires the services of but one reader1 he1 happy man1 can suit himself1 even though reasonably sure that he will suit nobody else--so various and set are the opinions of men on matters of trifling moment4 ,if1 however1 two readers are employed1 and on the same work1 the one with the best judgment should be allowed to decide all doubtful points2 but in this case1 as in matrimonial life1 the question as to which has the best judgment1 is usually decided1 if not by the strongest will1 by the will of the party most reckless of consequences4 ,but in proof-reading1 any point in dispute is usually so trifling1 that the readers can call in the office-boy1 technically called printer's ---- but we were once youngest apprentice ourself1 and choose to forget the word1--and let him settle it2 whereas1 in matrimonial life it is a different ,agency with a similar name who is generally called in1 and 8by decision more embroils the fray40 p#ahe ,to show the absurdity of supposing that good readers will not differ in the use of capitals1 we once wrote a paragraph1 and gave an exact copy to each of two skilled proof-readers1 desiring them to capitalize it as they thought it should be capitalized if about to go to press4 ,we will here give the paragraph as we wrote it--without regard to rules--and then exhibit their corrections1 etc41 in parallel columns3 ,mr4 ,quilp lives on a wharf which is connected by an alley with a city reservation in beat #ag1 precinct #h1 ward #ad4 ,said reservation is called poplar square2 an avenue1 known as chestnut avenue1 connects that square with ,washington street2 and ,washington street is a thoroughfare connecting the ,snowhill division of ,junction city with the city of ,boomerang1 the capital of the state of ,cherokee--a state just admitted to the union1 and to all the privileges of this happy nation1 the ,united ,states of ,america1--the foremost republic of the western hemisphere4 ,that the differences and agreements in capitalizing may be readily observed1 the two returned copies1 as left by their respective readers1 are printed below1 side by side4 ,,reader ,a4 ,,reader ,b4 ,mr4 ,quilp lives on a wharf ,mr4 ,quilp lives on a wharf which is connected by an alley which is connected by an alley with a city reservation in beat with a city reservation in ,beat #ag1 precinct #h1 ward #ad4 ,said #ag1 ,precinct #h1 ,ward #ad4 ,said reservation is called ,poplar square2 reservation is called ,poplar ,square2 an avenue1 known as ,chestnut avenue1 an avenue1 known as ,chestnut avenue1 connects that square with ,washington connects that square with ,washington street2 and ,washington street is a street2 and ,washington street is a thoroughfare connecting ,snowhill thoroughfare connecting ,snowhill division of ,junction ,city with the division of ,junction ,city with the city of ,boomerang1 the capital of city of ,boomerang1 the capital of the ,state of ,cherokee--a ,state just the ,state of ,cherokee--a ,state just admitted to the ,union1 and to all admitted to the ,union1 and to all the privileges of this happy nation1 the privileges of this happy nation1 the ,united ,states of ,america--the the ,united ,states of ,america--the foremost republic of the western foremost republic of the ,western hemisphere4 ,hemisphere4 p#ahf ,one of these styles may be just as good as the other 7see chapter on 8,style072 but whichever were selected1 should be strictly adhered to1 through the whole book or work to which it was deemed applicable4 ,had the above paragraph been given to still a third reader1 very likely he would have capitalized 8,division10 as being of more consequence than a beat or a ward2 another would have deemed 8,precinct0 worthy of being put up1 while 8beat0 would have been placed in the small-letter obscurity of 8wharf0 and 8alley40 ,another would say that localities designated by a number should always be put up2 as 8,beat #f10 8,station ,a0 7,see closing remark and examples1 under ,rule #g74 ,the words 8street0 and 8avenue0 are left down by both the above readers4 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly puts those words up1--8,the junction of ,beacon ,street and ,brookline ,avenue02 the ,century magazine has 8,canal street1 its former upper boundary02 ,harper's ,maga4 speaks of 8the old house in ,st4 ,louis ,street in which10 etc4 ,each office makes its own style4 ,the word 8city0 in 8,junction ,city0 is put up1--the two words forming the city's name4 ,whether to print 8,new ,york ,city0 or 8,new ,york city0 is a moot point1--at present a matter of style4 ,some insist that as ocean1 sea1 city1 street1 etc41 are common nouns1 they so remain when connected with a proper adjective1 and should be put down1--and from this starting-point they have endeavored to frame a general1 and at the same time practical1 rule for capitalizing common nouns1 which1 when described by proper adjectives1 form parts of individual names4 ,but1 judging from our experience in proof-reading1 the endeavor has thus far been unsuccessful4 ,the adjective1 the p#ahg distinguishing word1 always begins with a capital2 as in 8,bristol county10 8,atlantic ocean40 ,the rule then1 formulated1 amounts to this3 8,put the distinguishing word up1 and the class name down40 ,but usage will not allow this2 we must not write 8,long island10 8,james smith10--wherefore the rule has this qualification3 8,if the distinguishing word alone does not clearly designate the object1 both words must be put up40 ,this qualification virtually annuls the rule1--for different minds have different opinions as to whether the object is1 or is not1 8clearly designated40 ,reader ,a writes 8,poplar square10 while ,reader ,b writes 8,poplar ,square40 ,under the rule and qualification1 mentioned above1 we have set before us1 as correct examples1 8,hudson river1 ,red ,river02 as if the significance of such prefixes as 8red1 swift1 narrow1 deep10 could not be determined by the insertion or omission of the article a1 of which we shall speak farther on1--but must be made by capitalizing 8river40 ,but admitting that the capitalizing of 8,river0 more clearly designates the object1 we doubt whether any printer or reader would wittingly pass one 8river0 down1 and another 8,river0 up1 in the same work2 and the average writer and reader for the press can hardly be supposed to take much time to study whether a given river or city or square is just within or outside of the limit of 8clear designation40 ,among the proof-readers of a certain large work on geography1 which seems to have been carefully read1 there must have been some difference of opinion on this point2 for it speaks of 8the bay of ,biscay0 and 8the ,gulf of ,mexico02 and the 8,atlantic ocean0 of ,vol4 #a1 becomes the 8,atlantic ,ocean0 of ,vol4 #b4 ,and such discrepancies must appear in every work which is printed under p#ahh the rule 8,put the object down and the distinguishing word up--with exceptions10 unless the exceptions are mentioned individually1 seriatim1 and a list of the same given to all employees who are expected to set type and read proof under such rule4 ,the objection to putting the class name down1 is not so much that the distinguishing word alone ever fails to 8clearly designate the object10 as that usage in many instances1 and a sense of personal dignity in others1 prevent all family and many other class names from sinking into lower-case4 ,it were--there being no usage in its favor--a shame to print 8,andrew ,jackson0 with a little 8j10 although the distinguishing word 8,andrew0 would clearly designate the individual intended4 8,we sailed past ,long island0 could not possibly be mistaken for 8,we sailed past a long island40 ,in conversation the mere omission of the article a would clearly indicate that we had a particular island in view1 and what island it was1 even if we were not to inform an interlocutor1 that1 were we to print our remark we should capitalize the 8,l10 and very possibly the 8,i40 8,we sailed on a red river10--it may have been the ,raritan1 or any other river running among iron ore2 or it may have been any one of the twelve streams of the ,united ,states which bear each the name 8,red river02 the article a1 as ,murray observes1 8determines the object spoken of to be one single thing of a kind1 leaving it still uncertain which40 8,it is10 says ,murray further1 8an excellence of the ,english language10 that1 8by means of its two articles it does most precisely determine the extent of signification of common names40 ,by the omission of the article a1 then1 a particular river is 8most precisely determined10--and1 in print1 p#ahi capitalizing the 8,r0 of the adjective makes assurance doubly sure4 ,but since long-established usage determines that 8,long ,island10 8,harper's ,ferry10 8,lake ,ontario10 8,george ,washington10 etc41 shall have both words put up1 uniformity can be secured only by extending that mode of capitalization to all words in the same category--unless1 as we have intimated1 each exception be mentioned individually1 so that every printer may 8clearly designate0 7so to speak7 what is expected of him4 #i4 ,a word usually put down may be put up1 or vice versa1 by reason of propinquity to some other word which is in the opposite category as to capitalization4 ,we are not aware that this rule1 or an equivalent to it1 has been formulated until now1 but we have known changes in capitalizing to be made in compliance with the principle of the rule4 ,a printed report 7,reform ,school7 reads3 ,the visitors were cordially received and welcomed by the ,superintendent and matron of the ,board of ,trustees4 ,the style required that1 usually1 8,superintendent0 should be up1 and 8,matron0 down1 as printed above4 ,but when the words are so near each other1 the small m looks--without regard to the maxim1 ,place aux dames--as if the lady were subjected to an intentional slight4 ,we think it had been better thus3 ,the visitors were cordially 4 4 4 welcomed by the ,superintendent and the ,matron of the ,board of ,trustees4 ,by the way1 this insertion of the before 8,matron0 shows that the ,matron was not also the ,superintendent--thus illustrating ,murray's remark on the 8two articles10 mentioned near the close of the note under ,rule #h1 ante4 p#aij ,this clause also occurs3 ,friends of the school residing in the city and ,district4 ,here 8city0 is put down1 as if of less consequence than the outlying parts of the 8,district0 of ,columbia4 ,that is correct1 according to usual office style2 but had 8city0 been put up1 or 8district0 down1 it would have been more pleasing to the eye1 and would not1 probably1 have wrought any mischief4 ,in the use of capitals1 rules should be1 and in fact are1 very bendable4 ,when we write 8the member of ,congress10 member is down1 though we capitalize 8the ,delegate from the ,territory of ,blank40 ,but when 8,member and ,delegate0 occur in the same sentence1 both words are put up1 agreeably to ,rule #i4 ,it is a good rule adopted in some printing-offices1 that where the same appellation is given to several persons or public bodies1 only the highest in rank shall be honored with capitals4 ,for instance1 in speaking of the highest tribunal in the land1 put up 8the ,supreme ,court02 but if a ,state court is spoken of put the initials down1 thus1--8the supreme court of ,minnesota10 as in the following paragraph3 ,this view of the law was sustained by the supreme court of ,louisiana1 and1 upon writ of error1 by the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states 7,day vs4 ,micou1 #ah ,wall41 #aef74 ,so1 also1 8the ,chief ,justice of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court0--capitals2 8the chief justice of the supreme court of ,maryland0--lower-case2 the highest 8,commissioner0 in any ,governmental ,department1 up2 a road commissioner1 down4 ,a steady adherence to this rule might aid students and others to discriminate between the 8,governor0 of a ,state and the 8governor0 of a family2 and if a decision is rendered by 8the full bench of the ,supreme ,court10 one would know that no appeal could be had1--while if a decision is made by 8the supreme court10 it might1 perhaps1 be carried up on appeal4 ,but this distinction can never be fully carried out4 ,we have known it to be set aside by the following direction p#aia marking out a 8special style0 for a volume of 8,decisions03 8,capitalize ,supreme ,court1 ,court of ,claims1 ,circuit ,court1 ,district ,court1 and ,supreme ,court of ,tennessee40 ,besides1 ,great ,men are inimical to small letters4 ,the ,president of a ,village ,lyceum insists on being put up as high as the ,president of the ,united ,states1--in fact1 the said president may feel that he is 8a biger man0 than the ,president4 ,and if1 on the other hand1 as some proof-readers have contended1 capitalization should be employed to distinguish1 in print1 our ,government from every foreign ,government1 the effect would be almost too ridiculous to state2 as3 ,the ,chief ,executive of the ,united ,states had an interview with the chief executive of ,mexico4 ,the ,president said to the president1 8,how do you do80--and the president replied1 8,i am better than ever ,i was before1 for ,i see the ,president of the ,great ,colossus of the ,north40--8,and ,i10 rejoined the ,president1 8am delighted with the honor of conversing with the great colossus of the south40 ,here the president bowed to the ,president1 and the ,president shook the president's hand4 ,the ,one then took his ,oysters on the ,half-,shell1 and the other his oysters on the half-shell4 ,the style was once verging toward something very ridiculous1 and might have proceeded to the above extreme had not a distinguished ,secretary of ,state1 several years ago1 made some well-timed suggestions4 ,if the office style require 8board10 8bureau10 etc41 referring to a corporation1 or collection of individuals1 to be put down1 cases like the following should form exceptions3 ,the festive board was graced by the festive board of directors of the ,rochester saw-mills4 ,it should be printed 8,board of ,directors40 ,a new bureau has been forwarded to the new bureau of musical notation4 ,put up 8,bureau of ,musical ,notation40 ,thus1 by a judicious selection and arrangement of capital and lower-case letters1 ,boards and ,bureaus of gentlemen may p#aib be readily differentiated from mere furniture1 mahogany or black-walnut boards and bureaus4 ,the principle of a change of style by reason of juxtaposition1 is recognized in the following direction for printing an important work on the fisheries3 8,put quantities1 measurements1 distances1 and sums of money in figures2 numbers of men and vessels spelled1 except where large numbers occur together40 ,,recapitulation4 ,in the preceding part of this chapter we felt it necessary to give many examples1 and enter upon some discussion of styles4 ,to save time and trouble in turning many leaves to find some particular rule1 we give below1 all the rules in compact form1 with but brief1 if any1 examples in illustration4 ,,rule ,i4 ,the initial letter of every sentence should be a capital4 ,this rule has been long established4 ,it scarcely requires an example4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,the first letter in every line of poetry should be a capital4 ,what though my wingd hours of bliss have been ,like angel-visits1 few and far between4--,campbell4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,principal words in the titles of books1 of important documents1 of proclamations1 of edicts1 of conventions1 and words of especial distinction in monographs1 should be put up4 ,there is in the library a book entitled1 8,an ,interesting ,narrative of the ,travels of ,james ,bruce1 ,esq41 into ,abyssinia1 to ,discover the ,source of the ,nile40 p#aic ,,rule ,,iv4 ,names and appellations of the ,supreme ,being should be capitalized4 ,,rule ,v4 ,names of ancient ,greek and ,roman divinities1 and of all pagan and heathen gods1 should be put up4 sculapius restored many to life1 of which ,pluto complained to ,jupiter1 who struck sculapius with thunder1 but ,apollo1 angry at the death of his son1 killed the ,cyclops who made the thunderbolts4--,lempriere4 ,,rule ,,vi4 ,the pronoun ,i1 and the interjection ,o1 should always be put up4 ,here am ,i2 send me1 ,o king6 ,,rule ,,vii4 ,some words which are put down when spelled in full1 are put up when contracted4 ,the honorable the ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,the ,hon4 the ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,,rule ,,viii4 ,names of persons1 of things personified1 of nations1 countries1 cities1 towns1 streets1 ships1 etc41 should be put up4 ,and well may ,doubt1 the mother of ,dismay1 ,pause at her martyr's tomb4--,campbell4 ,,rule ,,ix4 ,a word usually put down may be put up1 or vice versa1 by reason of propinquity to some other word which is in the opposite category as to capitalization4 ,the ,secretary of ,war complimented the ,secretary of the ,typographical ,union1 upon his skill with the shooting-stick4 ,shall the ,choctaw ,nation or this ,nation adjust the northern boundary8 p#aid ,before leaving the subject of capitalization1 we must observe that there is diversity among authors and printers in regard to the use of capitals when two or more questions occur in succession4 ,the rule generally given is1 8,capitalize each question03 but the exceptions are so numerous1 depending on some common relation to a term expressed or understood 7see ,obs4 #cj and #ca1 ,rule #bi1 ,chap4 ,v41 ante71 that we forbear indorsing the rule to which we have above referred4 ,indeed1 it often happens that questions occurring singly are so connected with what goes before1 that they do not require to be capitalized4 ,each case must be settled by the judgment of editor or author1--there is no common standard of reference1 as can easily be shown by comparing different editions of the same work4 ,in ,buckingham's ,shakspeare1 printed in ,boston1 we read in ,as you ,like ,it1 ,act #e1 ,sc4 #b3 ,orl4 ,is't possible that on so little acquaintance you should like her8 4 4 4 ,and will you persever1 etc41 the last question having a capital ,a2 but in the ,london edition of ,french ,co41 we have-- ,orl4 ,is't possible that on so little acquaintance you should like her8 4 4 4 and will you persever1 etc41 in which the last of the several questions has a lower-case a4 ,every editor endeavors to capitalize correctly--by suiting himself4 p#aie ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,old ,,style4 ,fonts of movable ,types1 from their firt ,introduction into ,england until late in the eighteenth ,century1 contained--owing principally to the long 80 7 s7 then in ,ue--far more ,ligatures than the ,fonts of the preent ,day4 ,johnon's ,dictionary furnihes a ,lit which we here inert1 with their more modern ,equivalents3 ct ct2 s2 b sb2 h sh2 i si2 k sk2 ss2 t st2 i ssi2 l ssl3 and in italic1 ct ct2 s2 b sb2 h sh2 k sk2 ss2 t st2 i ssi2 l ssl4 ,it was our good ,fortune1 at a very early ,period of ,life1 to attend a dame ,school1 where a ,book1 printed in ,glagow1 in the ,year #agef1 was put into our ,hands4 ,this ,book contained the ,wetminter ,larger and ,shorter ,catechims1 and a ,directory of ,public ,worhip1--the ,intention perhaps being to teach us good ,englih and ound 8,kirk0 ,doctrines at the ame ,time4 ,fortunately or otherwie1 the ,doctrines were above our ,comprehenion at that ,time2 but the long 's and the ,ligatures p#aif became ,part of our ,eye-,vernacular 7if we may be pardoned for uch an ,expreion71 at which we rejoice4 ,we hope that the ,young who have not had the ,advantages of antique ,catechims will perue the ,old ,style ,pages of this ,chapter until they become o familiar with ancient and nearly forgotten ,letters as to be able to enjoy the many good ,things to be found in old-time ,books1 whether printed in ,glagow or elewhere4 ,to ,printers who have 8erved their ,time0 in the ,book-offices of the ,eat or the early ettled ,cities of the ,south and ,wet1 a ,chapter like this may eem wholly uperfluous4 ,but in a ,country like ours1 where new ,towns and ,cities are daily pringing into ,exitence1 daily ,newpapers pringing up with them1 it often happens that ,boys and young ,men who have had but canty ,schooling are taken as ,apprentices to learn the ,art of ,arts4 ,many of thee become rapid and correct ,compoitors1 and in ,proces of ,time drift to ,cities where are ,printing-offices with more ,varieties of ,type than the new ,comers have been accutomed to1--among the ret1 ,old ,style1 both in its ancient and modernized ,forms2 and it is1 in good ,part1 for the ,benefit of thee that we devote a few ,pages to ,old ,style4 ,in puruing our ,subject we hall pas by p#aig ,caxton1 who1 as ,everybody knows1 introduced movable ,types into ,england in the eventh ,year of the fourth ,edward1 make but brief ,mention of ,calon 7#afib-agff71 who about the ,year #agbj1 made ,matrices and call genuine and beautiful old-tyle ,type1--and come directly to the ,fact that1 in #ahdc1 an ,englih ,printer deired to reprint in ,old ,style a ,book of the ,time of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the old ,matrices of ,calon were found 7v4 ,brit4 ,encyc471 and from them a ,font was cat1 which1 with improved ,prees1 etc41 gave a better ,impreion than had been obtained in ,calon's ,time4 ,since then 7#ahdc71 the ,demand for ,old ,style has teadily increaed1 both in ,england and ,america1 and our ,founders have produced a modernized ,old ,style2 in which1 however1 it is thought by many that ,legibility has been acrificed to ,beauty and general ,effect4 ,our ,purpoe here is to treat of the earlier ,style1 which till reaches ,printing-offices occaionally as ,copy1 and in which ,programmes for 8,old ,folks' ,concerts10 and alo ome ,pamphlets1 are printed even in thee ,days4 ,in ,old ,style1 s final is a hort s2 in all other ,parts of a ,word1 even if it is the lat ,letter of a ,syllable of a ,word divided at the ,end of a ,line1 the long1 kerned 80 is ued4 ,to prevent breaking the ,kern the long 80 was cat in the ame p#aih ,matrix with uch ,letters as it would otherwie interfere with1--the two1 or in ,cae of double the three1 ,letters forming one ,type2 jut as 8f0 is now ligated to other ,letters1 as fi1 ffl1 etc4 ,and here1 while peaking of ,ligatures1 we would fain digres a ,moment1--even at the ,expene of lengthening our old-tyle ,chapter1--to remark that there are ome interfering ,combinations for which ,ligatures have not been cat4 ,we have een ,book-catalogues in which the ,word 8,illutrated0 frequently occurred1 having the ,kerns of the italic ,i and its ,neighbor l1 one or both1 broken off4 ,the ame happens when the ,word 8,illinois0 is et in italic1 unles the ,compoitor inert a thin ,space to keep the ,letters from encroaching on each other's ,territory4 ,the ame ,method mut be oberved when the ,combination of f with b1 h1 or k1 is met with2 as in ,hofburg1 ,hofhoof1 and ,hoffkirchen2 otherwie one or more ,letters will preent a mutilated ,appearance on the ,proof-heet4 ,an italic hort s ligated with t1 formerly in ,ue1 does not eem to have remained long in the ,printer's ,cae2 but--perhaps from the ,beauty of its ,curves--the 8ct10 both in roman and italic1 retains its ,popularity1 and is found in ,fonts of modernized ,old ,style which have rejected the long and its ,ligatures4 ,indeed1 we have what are p#aii called 8ct ,books10 in which the deignating ,term is ued as though it were as needful as 8fi10 and the other ,combinations of the kerned ,letter f4 ,we conclude this ,portion of our ,work by preenting ome ,fac-imiles of ,old ,style1 produced by ,photogravure4 ,the firt is ,part of a ,page from 8,annals of ,king ,george10 printed in ,london1 in #agag4 ,the next is a ,fac-imile of four roman and three italic ,lines from ,t4 ,b4 ,reed's 8,hitory of ,printing40 ,thee even ,lines were printed from ,type cat in the ,matrices made by the elder ,calon1 in #agbj4 ,they how an immene ,improvement when compared with the ,page of the 8,annals0 executed but three ,years before4 ,the third ,sample is from ,fry ,steele's 8,specimens of ,printing ,type10 dated #agid2 while the fourth1 from the ,foundry of ,calon the younger1 dated #agif1 having dropped the long 80 and its ,ligatures1 informs us of the ,period when the ,old was giving ,place to the ,new4 p#bjj ,illustration3 ,the above is a fac-simile from the second volume of ,annals of ,george ,i42 ,london1 #agag4 p#bja ,illustration3 ,facsimile of four roman and three italic lines from ,t4 ,b4 ,reed's 8,history of ,printing01 printed in type cast in the matrices made by the elder ,caslon in #agbj4 ,illustration3 ,facsimile of ten lines from ,fry ,steele's 8,specimens of ,printing ,type01 dated #agid4 ,illustration3 ,facsimile of ten lines from the ,foundry of ,caslon the younger1 dated #agif4 p#bjb ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,technical ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,this ,,work4 ,,case4 ,a frame divided into boxes1 or compartments1 for holding types4 ,the upper case contains capitals2 the lower case1 small letters4 ,,chapel4 ,an association of workmen in a printing-office4 ,,chase4 ,an iron frame in which the pages of matter are locked up4 ,,doublet4 ,a portion of a take repeated by the compositor4 ,for instance3 8,it is of no use to lament our misfortunes1 of no benefit to grieve over past mistakes40 ,suppose the compositor to have set up as far as the second 8no0 inclusive1--he then glances at his copy for the following words1 but his eye catches the first 8no10 and he resets what is already in his stick4 ,of course the proof will read thus3 8,it is of no use to lament our misfortunes1 of no use to lament our misfortunes1 of no benefit to grieve over10 etc4 ,,form4 ,the pages of matter inclosed in the chase4 ,,galley4 ,a frame which receives the contents of the composing-stick4 ,when the stick is full1 it is emptied upon a galley4 ,,impose4 ,to lay the made-up pages of matter on the stone1 and fit on the chase in order to carry the form to press4 ,,indention4 ,the blank space at the beginning of a common paragraph1 or of a line of poetry1 etc4 ,when the first line is not indented1 while the following lines of the paragraph have a blank space before them1 the paragraph is said to be set with a 8hanging indention40 ,specimen of ,hanging ,indention4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 in ,general ,court assembled1 and by the authority of the same4 p#bjc ,,justify4 ,to insert spaces between the words of a line of type1 so that the line shall exactly fit the width of the stick4 ,to ,,lock ,,up ,a ,,form is to drive quoins 7wedges7 in such a manner as to hold the type firmly in the chase4 ,to ,,make ,,up is to adjust the matter in pages of equal length1 as nearly as may be1 for imposition4 ,,matter4 ,types set up1 so as to form a word or words4 ,when it is to be distributed 7put back into the cases71 it is known as 8dead0 matter4 ,if not yet printed1 or if destined for further use1 it is called 8live0 matter4 ,,out4 ,a portion of a take1 accidentally omitted by a compositor4 ,an 8out0 is generally referable1 as in the case of the 8doublet10 to the recurrence of some word1 or sequence of letters4 ,for instance3 a take had in it1 8,he injured his foot1 by wearing a tight boot40 ,the proof had1 only1 8,he injured his foot40 ,the compositor had the whole sentence in his mind2 and having set the final letters 8oot10 referred these to the last word1 8boot10 and thought he had set the whole sentence4 ,,qu,,re1 or ,,query1 variously abbreviated1 as ,qu4 ,qy4 or ,qr41 and sometimes represented by an interrogation point1 is written in the margin of the proof-sheet1 to draw the author's attention to some passage about which the proof-reader is in doubt4 ,,revise4 ,the second proof is a revise of the first1 the third is a revise of the second1 etc4 ,to ,,revise is to compare the second1 or any subsequent proof1 with a preceding one1 to see whether the proper corrections have been made4 ,,shooting-,,stick4 ,a wedge-shaped piece of wood for tightening and loosening the quoins that wedge up the pages in a chase4 ,,signature4 ,a letter or figure at the bottom of the first page of every sheet4 ,it denotes the proper order of the sheets in binding4 ,,space4 ,if a line of type be divided by vertical planes into exact squares1 each of these squares occupies the space of an em1 or em-quadrat4 ,ems are used to indent common paragraphs1 and to separate sentences in the same paragraph4 p#bjd ,the next thinner space is the en1 or en-quadrat1 which is one-half of the em4 ,the next is one-third of the em1 and is called the three-em space2 next1 one-fourth of the em is the four-em space2 then1 one-fifth of the em is the five-em space4 ,thinner than any of these is the hair-space4 ,the three-em space is generally used in composition2 the other sizes are needed in justifying4 ,,stick 7,,composing-,,stick74 ,a frame of iron or steel1 in which the compositor sets up the type4 ,by means of a movable slide1 it can be adjusted to the required length of line4 ,,stone4 ,a table of marble1 or other stone1 on which forms are imposed1 and on which they are placed for correction4 ,,take4 ,that portion of copy which the compositor takes to put in type 7or 8set up07 at one time4 p#bje ,,chapter ,x4 ,,various ,,sizes ,,of ,,roman ,,letter--,,modern4 ,illustration3 ,examples of ,diamond through ,great ,primer sizes of type4 ,,various ,,sizes ,,of ,,roman ,,letter--,,old ,,style4 ,illustration3 ,examples of ,nonpareil through ,great ,primer sizes of type4 p#bjg ,,index4 ,abbreviated words1 how punctuated1 #hj4 ,abbreviations1 ,catalogue of fishes1 #fh4 ,abbreviations1 mischievous1 #bf4 ,abbreviations of ,states1 ,territories1 ,post-offices1 #fi4 8able10 words ending in1 #aee-afd4 ,accents1 #aba4 ,acute accent1 #aba4 ,adams' or ,adams's1 #id4 ,advertisement1 ,publishers'1 #e-g4 ,aldus ,manutius1 #ge4 ,alterations on ,proof-sheet1 #cj4 ,ancient and modern methods of punctuation compared1 #gc-ge4 ,apostrophe1 #aah-aai4 ,attention to revising1 #dg4 ,authors' proofs1 #dg-di4 ,authors should punctuate their ,,ms41 #ga4 ,brace1 ,the1 #aba4 ,brackets1 #ic1 #id1 #abj4 ,briefs1 ,lawyers'1 #bd1 #be4 ,bureau or ,academy yet wanted to settle all difficulties in syntax orthography1 punctuation1 etc41 #fe4 ,bureau1 ,smithsonian1 of the ,english ,language1 desiderated1 #fe1 #abg4 ,canceled words1 how restored1 #bi4 ,capitalization1 #aga-aid4 ,capitals and points1 when to be mentioned by copy-holders1 #de1 #df1 #ee1 #ef4 ,capitals1 ,rules for use of1 very flexible1 #aij4 ,captions1 size of type1 form of tables1 etc41 ,directions for1 furnished compositors and proof-readers1 #cg1 #ch4 ,caret1 ,the1 #aba4 ,cedilla1 ,the1 #abb4 ,chirography1 ,mercantile1 #bd1 #bf4 ,circumflex accent1 #aba4 ,close attention to revising1 #dg4 ,close pointing1 #hj4 ,colon1 #ig1 #ih4 ,comma between subject and predicate1 #gg-gi4 ,comma1 rules for use of1 #ajj-aab4 ,comma1 use of1 depending on taste in many cases1 #hj4 ,compositors and proof-readers punctuate1 #cf4 ,compositors and proof-readers should punctuate1 if author neglects1 #ga4 ,compositors' names on proofs1 #df4 ,copy for printers1 black ink on white paper1 #ca4 ,copy-holders' duty1 #da4 ,copy to be followed closely in doubtful cases1 #abc4 ,correcting proof-sheets1 ,marks used in1 #dc1 #de4 ,correctly spelled list of doubtful words1 ,webster style1 #abg-adj4 ,correctly spelled list of doubtful words1 ,worcester style1 #ada-aed4 ,court1 ,records of1 #ea4 ,court1 ,transcripts of ,records of1 with extraneous documents1 #be4 ,dash1 the1 #hi-ia4 ,dash1 the1 ,rules for use of1 #aad-aah4 ,dash1 used too freely by writers for the press1 #ij4 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,d41 #aha1 #ahb4 ,difficulty of drawing line between words 8up0 and words 8down10 #ahc-ahi4 8,directions0 for style of any work1 frequently consulted1 #cg4 8,directions10 ,samples of1 #ch-dj4 ,discussion of various modes of spelling same word1 #abf4 ,distributing type1 #cc2 results of error in1 #cd4 ,diversities of grammar and idiom--of orthography1 etc41 ,smithsonian ,institution might settle all controversies by ,bureau of ,language1 whose rulings should be adopted in ,governmental publications1 #fe4 ,division of words on vowels or syllables1 #hg1 #hh4 ,division of words--to be avoided or not1 #hi4 ,doubtful orthography2 double column lists in dictionaries1 #abe1 #abf4 ,doubtful words1 query to author or editor1 #ca4 ,dr4 ,johnson and proof-reader1 #cb4 ,duty of copy-holder1 #da4 ,eccentricities of orthography1 punctuation1 capitalization1 etc41 recorded for reference by proof-reader1 while a work is in progress1 #cg4 ei and ie1 ,rule for1 #afi4 ,ellipsis1 or ,omission1 ,marks of1 #aba4 ,employ or ,employee1 #ci4 ,english ,grammar defined1 #gb4 ,ensure and ,insure differentiated1 #agj4 ,enure and ,inure differentiated1 #agj4 ,erasures1 to be made with ink1 #bi4 ,errors from mistakes in distributing1 #cd4 ,errors in ,,ms4 copy1 corrected1 or pointed out1 in printing-office1 #cf4 ,errors1--marked in text1 and correction denoted on margin1 of proof-sheets1 #da-de4 ,errors1 rare1 from printed copy1 #ah4 ,errors unavoidable1 while present methods continue1 #cd4 ,esq41 ,jr41 rules for1 #aha4 ,exclamation1 note of1 rules for use of1 #aac1 #aad4 ,fac-similes of ,old ,style1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,faults of manuscript reappear in proof-sheets1 #be4 ,first letter in line of poetry1 #agd4 ,first proof1 specimen of1 #dd4 ,footnotes in manuscript1 #cj4 ,footnotes1 references to1 #abc4 ,foreign words italic1 #eg1 #eh4 ,foreign words roman1 #eh4 ,full point1 or period1 #if4 ,general remarks on incongruities of style1 #ff-gj4 ,gods1 pagan1 capitalized1 #ahj4 ,golden rule of punctuation1 #gg4 ,grammatical points1 #gb4 ,grave accent1 #aba4 ,greek alphabet1 #ed4 ,handwriting of ,clergymen1 #bb1 #bc4 ,handwriting of lawyers1 #bc-be4 ,handwriting of mercantile and business men1 #bd1 #bf4 ,handwriting of physicians1 #bg4 ,heathen deities1 names of1 to be capitalized1 #ahj4 ,hyphen1 #aah4 ,hyphens in one-half1 two-thirds1 etc41 #hg4 ,hyphens in succession at end of lines1 not to exceed three1 #hi4 ,hyphens1 use of1 #hd-hi4 ,i and ,j1 #bi4 ,i and ,o1 to be capitals1 #ahj1 #aha4 8ible10 words ending in1 #afe-afg4 ,illegibility of the writing1 no damages1 on account of the1 #ae4 ,importance of a and the1 #ahh4 ,initial letters put up1 #agb-agd4 ,ink1 black1 on white paper1 for press1 #ca4 ,insure and ,ensure differentiated1 #agj4 ,interrogation1 note of1 rules for use of1 #aab1 #aac4 ,inure and ,enure differentiated1 #agj4 8ise10 words ending in1 #afh1 #afi4 ,junior1 ,esquire1 rules for1 #aha4 ,juxtaposition influences use of capitals1 #ahi4 ,language--8,the ,foundation for the ,whole ,faculty of ,thinking0--should have the sharp oversight of those who would 8diffuse knowledge among men10 #fe4 ,last reading for press2 careful1 deliberate1 etc41 #di-ea4 ,lawyers' briefs1 #bd4 ,leaders1 #aba4 ,lead pencils1 avoid1 when writing for press1 #ca4 ,lead pencils1 no erasure with1 #bh4 ,length of pause at the various points1 #gb1 #gc4 ,liberal pointing1 #hj4 ,ligated letters1 ,old ,style1 #aie4 ,lines above and below a correction1 to be compared when revising1 #dg4 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,d41 ,m4,d41 #aha1 #ahb4 ,manuscript1 faults of1 reappear in proof-sheets1 #be4 ,manuscript for the press1--black ink on white paper1 #ca4 ,manutii1 ,the1 #ge2 ,manutius1 ,aldus1 #ge4 8,mark-off10 #dg4 ,marks of ,ellipsis1 or ,omission1 #aba4 ,marks of ,parenthesis1 #abj4 ,marks of ,quotation1 #aai1 #abj4 ,marks used in correcting proof-sheets1 #dc1 #de4 ,matter 8off its feet10 #db4 ,meaning of 8,put up0 and 8,put down10 #aga1 #agb4 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,d41 #aha1 #ahb4 ,mercantile chirography1 #bd1 #bf4 ,method of reading points1 capitals1 etc41 #df4 ,mingling of styles1 #dj4 ,namely1 viz41 to wit1 how punctuated1 #hb4 ,names of compositors on proofs1 #df4 ,names of countries1 states1 ships1 towns1 streets1 political parties1 etc41 capitalized1 #ahb4 ,note of exclamation1 rules for use of1 #aac1 #aad4 ,note of interrogation1 rules for use of1 #aab1 #aac4 ,note on the 8etc410 in ,rule #g1 on use of capitals1 #ahc-ahi4 ,note-references1 #abc4 ,notes as to captions1 size of type1 form of tables1 etc41 to be furnished employees1 #ch4 ,nouns ending in o1 plurals of1 #afg1 #afh4 ,o and ,i1 capitals1 #aha4 ,o1 nouns ending in1 #afg1 #afh4 8,off its feet10 #db4 ,old ,style1 #aie-bja4 ,omission1 or ,ellipsis1 ,marks of1 #aba4 ,one correct spelling1 according to ,webster1 of variously spelled words1 #abg-adj4 ,one correct spelling1 according to ,worcester1 of variously spelled words1 #ada-aed4 ,one style for ,governmental publications desiderated1 #abg4 ,orthography1 #abe-agj4 ,orthography1 definitions of1 #abe4 ,orthography2 the ,webster list of doubtful words 7#aejj71 in the one preferred manner of spelling1 #abg-adj4 ,orthography2 the ,worcester list of doubtful words 7#aejj71 in the one preferred manner of spelling1 #ada-aed4 ,over-punctuated manuscript1 #cj4 ,pagination of ,,ms41 #bi4 ,paragraph mark 771 #abb4 ,parenthesis1 #ib-id4 ,parenthesis1 marks of1 #abj4 ,pauses and sense both indicated by punctuation1 #ge1 #gf4 ,period1 or full point1 #if4 ,personified things capitalized1 #ahb4 ,physicians' chirography1 #bg4 ,plurals1 when denoted by apostrophe and s1 #id1 #ie4 ,pointing--close1 liberal1 #hj4 ,points1 capitals1 etc41 method of reading by copy-holder1 #df4 ,points mark sense as well as pauses1 #ge1 #gf4 ,possessive case of nouns singular ending in s1 #id4 ,preambles1 resolves1 and provisos1 how punctuated1 #ha4 ,preferred spelling1 ,webster's1 of #aejj words of various orthography1 #abg-adj4 ,preferred spelling1 ,worcester's1 of #aejj words of various orthography1 #ada-aed4 ,principal words capitalized1 #age1 #agf4 ,printers1 usually best proof-readers1 #ce4 ,professional men 8at the case10 #cf4 ,proof-reader and ,dr4 ,johnson1 #cb4 ,proof-readers and compositors punctuate1 #cf4 ,proof-reader1 to query doubtful words1 etc41 #ca4 ,proof-reading1 #cc-eh4 ,proof-sheets1 marks used in correcting1 #dc1 #de4 ,proof-sheets1 numbered in regular sequence1 #df4 ,proof-sheets of ,records of ,court1 #ea4 ,proof-sheets1 second reading and revising of1 #dg4 ,proofs1 routine in regard to1 #cg4 ,proper nouns1 having common form1 put down1 #ahc4 ,propinquity a reason for putting up or putting down1 #ahi-aib4 ,provisos1 preambles1 and resolutions1 how punctuated1 #ha4 ,punctuation1 #ga-abd2 a modern art1 #gc4 ,punctuation1 ancient and modern methods of1 #gc-ge4 ,punctuation by compositor and proof-reader1 #cf4 ,punctuation1 by one reader only1 #dg4 ,punctuation of viz41 namely1 to wit1 #hb4 ,punctuation1 rules of1 not fixed1 #ge4 ,punctuation1 uniformity of1 not attainable1 #abc4 8,put down0 and 8,put up10 meaning of1 #aga1 #agb4 ,quantity1 marks of1 #aba1 #abb4 ,quotation marks1 #aai1 #abj4 ,reading final proof before printing1 #di-ea4 ,reading ,greek1 #ec-ef4 ,reading points and capitals1 #df4 ,recapitulation of rules for right use of capitals1 #aib-aid4 ,recipes--,greek and ,latin1 #bg1 #bh4 ,records of ,court1 no alterations in1 allowable1 except clerical errors in punctuation1 #ea4 ,records of ,court1 transcripts of1 with extraneous documents1 #be4 ,records of ,court1 uniform style in1 not to be sought at expense of departing from copy1 #ea4 ,reference marks to footnotes and sidenotes1 #abc4 ,resolutions1 preambles1 and provisos1 how punctuated1 #ha4 ,restoring canceled words1 #bi4 ,revising1 #dg4 ,revising1 in1 great care required1 #dg4 ,rhetorical points1 #gb4 ,rules of punctuation1 #if-aah4 ,rules of punctuation not fixed1 #ge4 ,rules for capitalization very bendable1 #aij4 ,samples or directions and notes to printers1 #ch-dj4 ,second proof1 #df4 ,second reading of proof by copy1 #dg4 ,second1 third1 etc41 revision of proof-sheets1 #dh4 ,section mark 771 #abc4 ,semicolon1 #ih-ajj4 ,semicolon before as1 when particulars follow a general statement1 #hb4 ,sense and pauses1 both indicated by points1 #ge1 #gf4 ,sentences difficult and involved1 compositor and proof-reader to follow copy carefully1 #abc1 #abd4 ,separation of words in manuscripts1 #gd4 ,size of type2 captions2 form of tables1 etc41 directions for1 to be supplied1 #ch4 ,slips of proof1 numbered in sequence1 #df4 ,space before and after dash1 #ia4 ,spanish 1 #abb4 ,specimen of first proof1 #dd4 8,spectator0 of #agaa wished for an ,academy to settle differences between grammar and idiom1 #fe4 ,spelling1 errors in1 silently corrected1 #cf4 8,stet10 #bi4 ,style1 #ei-fe4 ,style of the office1 #dj4 ,style of writing in the fifth century1 #gd4 ,style1 peculiarities of1 to be noted by proof-reader1 for reference1 #cg4 ,styles1 mingling of1 #dj4 ,styles2 ,worcester1 ,webster1 and ,office1 #fa4 ,subject and predicate1 no comma between1 except to prevent ambiguity1 #gg-gi4 ,suggestions to writers for press1 #bh4 ,supreme ,being1 names1 etc41 of1 capitalized1 #agf-ahj4 ,syllabication1 #hg-hi4 ,tables1 form of2 size of type2 style of captions1 etc41 sometimes furnished to compositors and proof-readers1 #ch4 ,technical terms used in this book1 #bjb-bjd4 ,tout-ensemble survey of a proof-sheet1 #dj4 ,to wit1 namely1 viz41 ending paragraph1 how punctuated1 #hb4 ,two 8,chapter ,v4's10 #cj4 ,type1 how distributed1 #cd4 ,umlaut1 #abb4 ,uniformity--very important in some works1 of no consequence in others1 #eb4 ,use of comma1 in many cases1 depends upon taste1 #hj4 ,varieties of style1 #fa-fc4 ,various marks used in writing and printing1 #aah4 ,various sizes of type--modern1 #bje4 ,various sizes of type--old style1 #bje4 ,viz41 namely1 to wit2 ending paragraph1 how punctuated1 #hc4 ,viz41 namely1 to wit2 how punctuated1 #hb4 ,webster's preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography1 #abg-adj4 ,worcester's preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography1 #ada-aed4 ,words connected with a ,no4 of designation1 #ahb4 ,words doubtful1 query1 #ca4 ,words ending in able1 #aee-afd2 in ible1 #afe-afg4 ,words ending in ise1 #afh1 #afi4 ,words from dead and foreign languages1 #ef-eh4 ,words ending in cion1 #afi4 ,words l4 c4 when spelled in full1 u4 c4 when contracted1 #aha4 ,words1 not ,english1 to be printed in italics1 #eg1 #eh4 ,words1 not ,english1 to be printed in roman1 #eh4 ,write plain ,english1 #bf4 ,writers for press should understand technics of proof-reading1 #db4 ,writing1 bad1 robs compositors1 #ba-bc4 ,writing becomes automatic1 #ai4 ,writing for the press1 #ae-cb4 ,writing legibly1 imperative1 #ba4 ,writing1 illegibility of the1 protects printers in suits for damages1 #ae4 p#bae ,,advertisements4 ,,readings ,,for ,,home ,,hall ,,and ,,school ,prepared by ,professor ,,lewis ,b4 ,,monroe ,founder of the ,boston ,school of ,oratory ,,humorous ,,readings ,in prose and verse4 ,for the use of schools reading-clubs public and parlor entertainments #a4ej 8,the book is readable from the first page to the last1 and every article contained in it is worth more than the price of the volume40--,providence ,herald4 ,,miscellaneous ,,readings ,in prose and verse #a4ej 8,we trust this book may find its way into many schools1 not to be used as a book for daily drill1 but as affording the pupil occasionally an opportunity of leaving the old beaten track40--,rhode-,island ,schoolmaster4 ,,dialogues ,,and ,,dramas ,for the use of dramatic and reading clubs and for public social and school entertainments #a4ej 8,if the acting of dramas such as are contained in this book1 could be introduced into private circles1 there would be an inducement for the young to spend their evenings at home1 instead of resorting to questionable public places40--,nashua ,gazette4 ,,young ,,folks' ,,readings ,for social and public entertainment #a4ej 8,professor ,monroe is one of the most successful teachers of elocution1 as well as a very popular public reader4 ,in this volume he has given an unusually fine selection for home and social reading1 as well as for public entertainments40--,boston ,home ,journal4 ,,dialogues ,,from ,,dickens ,arranged for schools and home amusement ,by ,w4 ,,eliot ,,fette ,a4,m4 ,first series #a4jj ,,dialogues ,,and ,,dramas ,,from ,,dickens ,second series ,arranged by ,w4 ,,eliot ,,fette ,illustrated #a4jj ,the dialogues in the above books are selected from the best points of the stories1 and can be extended by taking several scenes together4 ,,the ,,grand ,,dickens ,,cosmorama ,comprising several unique entertainments capable of being used separately for school home or hall ,by ,g4 ,b4 ,,bartlett ,paper #be cents ,,the ,,readings ,,of ,,dickens as condensed by himself for his own use #a4jj ,,little ,,pieces ,,for ,,little ,,speakers ,the primary-school teacher's assistant ,by a practical teacher #afmo4 ,illustrated ,cloth #ge cents ,also in boards #ej cents ,,the ,,model ,,sunday-,,school ,,speaker ,containing selections in prose and verse from the most popular pieces and dialogues for ,sunday-school exhibitions ,illustrated ,cloth #ge cents ,boards #ej cents 8,a book very much needed40 ,sold by all booksellers or sent by mail postpaid on receipt of price ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,baker',s ,,popular ,,readers ,,speakers ,,and ,,dramas ,,the ,,reading ,,club and ,handy ,speaker ,being selections in prose and poetry ,serious humorous pathetic patriotic and dramatic ,in #ah parts of #ej selections each ,each part cloth #ej cents paper #ae cents ,,the ,,popular ,,speaker ,containing the selections published in the ,reading ,club ,nos4 #ac #ad #ae and #af ,cloth #a4jj ,,the ,,premium ,,speaker ,containing the selections published in the ,reading ,club ,nos4 #i #aj #aa and #ab ,cloth #a4jj ,,the ,,prize ,,speaker ,containing the selections published in the ,reading ,club ,nos4 #e #f #g and #h ,cloth #a4jj ,,the ,,handy ,,speaker ,combining the selections published in the ,reading ,club ,nos4 #a #b #c and #d ,cloth ,over #djj pages #a4jj ,,baker',s ,,humorous ,,speaker ,a compilation of popular selections in prose and verse in ,irish ,dutch ,negro and ,yankee dialect ,uniform with 8,the ,handy ,speaker0 8,the ,prize ,speaker0 8,the ,popular ,speaker0 8,the ,premium ,speaker0 ,cloth #a4jj ,baker's ,dialect ,recitations ,,yankee ,,dialect ,,recitations ,a humorous collection of the best stories and poems for reading and recitations ,boards #ej cents ,paper #cj cents ,,medley ,,dialect ,,recitations ,a series of the most popular ,german ,french and ,scotch readings ,boards #ej cents ,paper #cj cents ,,irish ,,dialect ,,recitations ,a series of popular readings and recitations in prose and verse ,boards #ej cents ,paper #cj cents ,,negro ,,dialect ,,recitations ,a series of the most popular readings in prose and verse ,boards #ej cents ,paper #cj cents ,,the ,,grand ,,army ,,speaker ,a collection of the best readings and recitations on the ,civil ,war ,boards #ej cents ,paper #cj cents ,baker's ,original ,plays and ,dialogues ,a ,,baker',s ,,dozen ,thirteen ,original ,humorous ,dialogues ,cloth #ge cents ,boards #ej cents ,,the ,,temperance ,,drama ,eight ,original ,plays #afmo4 ,cloth #ge cents ,fancy boards #ej cents ,,the ,,exhibition ,,drama ,original ,plays ,dramas ,comedies ,farces ,dialogues etc4 #a4ej ,,handy ,,dramas ,,for ,,amateur ,,actors ,cloth #a4ej ,,the ,,drawing-,,room ,,stage ,dramas ,farces and ,comedies for the amateur stage home theatricals and school exhibitions ,ill4 #a4ej ,,the ,,social ,,stage ,dramas ,comedies ,farces ,dialogues etc4 for home and school ,illustrated #a4ej ,,the ,,mimic ,,stage ,a new collection of ,dramas ,farces ,comedies and ,burlesques for parlor theatricals evening entertainments and school exhibitions ,illustrated #a4ej ,,amateur ,,dramas ,for parlor theatricals evening entertainments and school exhibitions ,illustrated #a4ej ,,the ,,globe ,,drama ,original ,plays ,illustrated #a4ej ,sold by all booksellers or sent by mail postpaid on receipt of price ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,advanced ,,elocutionary ,,books ,,advanced ,,readings ,,and ,,recitations ,by ,,austin ,b4 ,,fletcher ,a4,m4 ,,ll4,b4 late professor of oratory ,brown ,university and ,boston ,university ,school of ,law ,this book has been already adopted in a large number of universities1 colleges1 post-graduate schools of law and theology1 seminaries1 etc4 #a4ej 8,professor ,fletcher's noteworthy compilation has been made with rare rhetorical judgment1 and evinces a sympathy for the best forms of literature1 adapted to attract readers and speakers1 and mould their literary taste40--,professor ,j4 ,w4 ,,churchill1 ,andover ,theological ,seminary4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,eloquence ,a collection of extracts in prose and verse from the most famous orators and poets ,by ,,charles ,,dudley ,,warner #a4ej 8,what can be said that is more eloquent praise than that ,charles ,dudley ,warner has carefully selected three hundred and sixty-four specimens of the choicest things from the world's literature8 ,if there is any subject untouched1 we fail to discover it4 ,it is a compendium of the world's eloquence4 ,it is useless to tell who is in here1 for everybody is2 and it is clear that ,mr4 ,warner has made his extracts with great care4 ,it has the most eloquence ever packed into twice as many pages40 ,,vocal ,,and ,,action ,,language1 ,,culture ,,and ,,expression ,new edition ,by ,e4 ,n4 ,,kirby instructor in elocution in ,harvard ,university #a4be 8,this is a treatise1 at once scientific and practical1 on the theory and art of elocution4 ,it treats of the structure of the vocal organs1 of vocal culture and expression1 of action-language1 gesticulation1 the use of the body and hands in oratory1 etc4 ,there is also a well-arranged collection of extracts for elocution4 ,the work is well adapted for use as a text-book on elocution1 and for study by professional students40--,indianapolis ,journal4 ,,five-,,minute ,,readings ,selected and adapted by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes #ej cents ,,five-,,minute ,,declamations ,selected and adapted by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes teacher of elocution and public reader #ej cents ,,five-,,minute ,,recitations ,by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes #ej cents ,pupils in public schools1 on declamation days1 are limited to five minutes each for the delivery of 8pieces40 ,there is a great complaint of the scarcity of material for such a purpose1 while the injudicious pruning of eloquent extracts has often marred the desired effects4 ,to obviate these difficulties new 8,five-,minute0 books have been prepared by a competent teacher4 8,we have never before seen packed in so small a compass so much that may be considered really representative of the higher class of oratory40--,boston ,transcript4 ,,elocution ,,simplified ,with an appendix on ,lisping1 ,stammering and other ,impediments of ,speech ,by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes graduate of the 8,boston ,school of ,oratory0 ,cloth #ej cents4 ,paper #cj cents 8,the whole art of elocution is succinctly set forth in this small volume1 which might be judiciously included among the text-books of schools40--,new ,orleans ,picayune4 ,sold by all booksellers or sent by mail postpaid on receipt of price ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard',s ,,popular ,,handbooks ,price1 each1 in cloth1 #ej cents1 except when other price is given4 ,,forgotten ,,meanings2 or an ,hour with a ,dictionary4 ,by ,,alfred ,,waites1 author of ,historical ,student's ,manual4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,elocution ,,simplified4 ,by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes1 with an ,introduction by ,,george ,m4 ,,baker4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,english ,,synonyms4 ,with an ,appendix1 showing the ,correct ,use of ,prepositions2 also a ,collection of ,foreign ,phrases4 ,by ,,loomis ,j4 ,,campbell4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,conversation4 ,its ,faults and its ,graces4 ,compiled by ,,andrew ,p4 ,,peabody1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,comprising3 7#a7 ,dr4 ,,peabody',s ,address2 7#b7 ,mr4 ,,trench',s ,lecture2 7#c7 ,mr4 ,,parry ,,gwynne',s 8,a ,word to the ,wise2 or1 ,hints on the ,current ,improprieties of ,expression in ,reading and ,writing20 7#d7 ,mistakes and ,improprieties of ,speaking and ,writing ,corrected4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,punctuation and other ,typographical ,matters4 ,for the ,use of ,printers1 ,authors1 ,teachers1 and ,scholars4 ,by ,,marshall ,t4 ,,bigelow1 ,corrector at the ,university ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,blunders4 ,designed to prevent #a1jjj common blunders in writing and speaking4 ,by ,,harlan ,h4 ,,ballard1 ,a4,m41 ,principal of ,lenox ,academy1 ,lenox1 ,mass4 ,,broken ,,english4 ,a ,frenchman's ,struggle in the ,english ,language4 ,instructive as a handbook of ,french conversation4 ,by ,professor ,e4 ,c4 ,,dubois4 ,,beginnings ,,with ,,the ,,microscope4 ,a working handbook containing simple instructions in the art and method of using the microscope1 and preparing articles for examination4 ,by ,,walter ,p4 ,,manton4 ,,field ,,botany4 ,a ,handbook for the ,collector4 ,containing instructions for gathering and preserving ,plants1 and the formation of an ,herbarium4 ,also complete instructions in ,leaf ,photography1 ,plant ,printing1 and the ,skeletonizing of ,leaves4 ,by ,,walter ,p4 ,,manton4 ,,taxidermy ,,without ,a ,,teacher4 ,comprising a complete manual of instructions for ,preparing and ,preserving ,birds1 ,animals1 and ,fishes1 with a chapter on ,hunting and ,hygiene2 together with instructions for ,preserving ,eggs1 and ,making ,skeletons1 and a number of valuable recipes4 ,by ,,walter ,p4 ,,manton4 ,,insects4 ,how to ,catch and how to ,prepare them for the ,cabinet4 ,a ,manual of ,instruction for the ,field-,naturalist4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,manton4 ,,what ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,done8 ,a ,handbook for the ,nursery1 with ,useful ,hints for ,children and ,adults4 ,by ,,robert ,b4 ,,dixon1 ,m4,d4 ,,whirlwinds1 ,,cyclones1 ,,and ,,tornadoes4 ,by ,,william ,,morris ,,davis1 ,instructor in ,harvard ,college4 ,illustrated4 ,,mistakes ,,in ,,writing ,,english1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,avoid ,,them4 ,for the use of all who ,teach1 ,write1 or ,speak the language4 ,by ,,marshall ,t4 ,,bigelow4 ,,warrington',s ,,manual4 ,a ,manual for the ,information of ,officers and ,members of ,legislatures1 ,conventions1 ,societies1 etc41 in the practical governing and membership of all such bodies1 according to the ,parliamentary ,law and ,practice in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,robinson 7,warrington74 ,,practical ,,boat-,,sailing4 ,by ,,douglas ,,frazar4 ,classic size1 #a4jj4 ,with numerous diagrams and illustrations4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,wood ,,engraving4 ,with practical instructions in the art1 for persons wishing to learn without an instructor4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,emerson4 ,illustrated4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,five-,,minute ,,recitations4 ,selected and arranged by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes4 ,,five-,,minute ,,declamations4 ,selected and arranged by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes4 ,,five-,,minute ,,readings ,,for ,,young ,,ladies4 ,selected and adapted by ,,walter ,k4 ,,fobes4 ,,educational ,,psychology4 ,a ,treatise for ,parents and ,educators4 ,by ,,louise ,,parsons ,,hopkins1 ,supervisor in ,boston ,public ,schools4 ,,the ,,nation ,,in ,a ,,nutshell4 ,a ,rapid ,outline of ,american ,history4 ,by ,,george ,,makepeace ,,towle4 ,,english ,,synonymes ,,discriminated4 ,by ,,richard ,,whately1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,a new edition4 ,,hints ,,on ,,writing ,,and ,,speech-,,making4 ,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson4 ,,arithmetic ,,for ,,young ,,children4 ,being a series of ,exercises exemplifying the manner in which ,arithmetic should be taught to young children4 ,by ,,horace ,,grant4 ,american ,edition4 ,edited by ,,willard ,,small4 ,,bridge ,,disasters ,,in ,,america4 ,the ,cause and the ,remedy4 ,by ,prof4 ,,george ,l4 ,,vose4 ,a ,,few ,,thoughts ,,for ,a ,,young ,,man4 ,by ,,horace ,,mann4 ,a new ,edition4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,debate4 ,the ,character of ,julius ,csar4 ,adapted from ,j4 ,,sheridan ,,knowles4 ,arranged for ,practice in ,speaking1 for ,debating ,clubs1 and ,classes in ,public and ,private ,schools4 ,,exercises ,,for ,,the ,,improvement ,,of ,,the ,,senses4 ,for ,young ,children4 ,by ,,horace ,,grant1 author of 8,arithmetic for ,young ,children40 ,edited by ,,willard ,,small4 ,,hints ,,on ,,language in connection with ,sight-,reading and ,writing in ,primary and ,intermediate ,schools4 ,by ,s4 ,,arthur ,,bent1 ,a4,m41 ,superintendent of ,public ,schools1 ,clinton1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,hunter',s ,,handbook4 ,containing lists of provisions and camp paraphernalia1 and hints on the fire1 cooking utensils1 etc42 with approved receipts for camp-cookery4 ,by 8,,an ,,old ,,hunter40 ,,universal ,,phonography2 or1 ,shorthand by the 8,allen ,method40 ,a self-instructor4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,,allen4 ,,hints ,,and ,,helps for those who ,write1 ,print1 or ,read4 ,by ,b4 ,,drew1 proof-reader4 ,,pronouncing ,,handbook of ,three ,thousand ,words often ,mispronounced4 ,by ,r4 ,,soule and ,l4 ,j4 ,,campbell4 ,,short ,,studies ,,of ,,american ,,authors4 ,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson4 ,,the ,,stars ,,and ,,the ,,earth2 or1 ,thoughts upon ,space1 ,time1 and ,eternity4 ,with an introduction by ,,thomas ,,hill1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,the ,,earth4 ,natural ,methods in ,geography4 ,by ,,louisa ,,parsons ,,hopkins1 teacher of ,normal ,methods in the ,swain ,free ,school1 ,new ,bedford4 ,,natural-,,history ,,plays4 ,dialogues and ,recitations for ,school ,exhibitions4 ,by ,,louisa ,p4 ,,hopkins4 ,,the ,,telephone4 ,an account of the phenomena of ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 and ,sound1 with directions for making a speaking-telephone4 ,by ,professor ,a4 ,e4 ,,dolbear4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,manners4 ,by ,,edith ,e4 ,,wiggin4 ,,water ,,analysis4 ,a ,handbook for ,water-,drinkers4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,austin1 ,m4,d4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,light ,,gymnastics4 ,by ,,lucy ,b4 ,,hunt1 instructor in gymnastics at ,smith 7female7 ,college1 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,parlor ,,gardener4 ,a ,treatise on the ,house-,culture of ,ornamental ,plants4 ,by ,,cornelia ,j4 ,,randolph4 ,with illustrations4 ,sold by all booksellers1 and sent by mail1 postpaid1 on receipt of price4 ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,bright ,,and ,,breezy ,,books ,,of ,,travel1 ,,by ,,six ,,bright ,,women ,a ,,winter ,,in ,,central ,,america ,,and ,,mexico ,by ,,helen ,j4 ,,sanborn4 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 8,a bright1 attractive narrative by a wide-awake ,boston girl40 ,a ,,summer ,,in ,,the ,,azores1 ,,with ,a ,,glimpse ,,of ,,madeira ,by ,miss ,c4 ,,alice ,,baker4 ,little ,classic style4 ,cloth1 gilt edges1 #a4be4 8,miss ,baker gives us a breezy1 entertaining description of these picturesque islands4 ,she is an observing traveller1 and makes a graphic picture of the quaint people and customs40--,chicago ,advance4 ,,life ,,at ,,puget ,,sound ,with sketches of travel in ,washington ,territory1 ,british ,columbia1 ,oregon1 and ,california4 ,by ,,caroline ,c4 ,,leighton4 #afmo1 cloth1 #a4ej4 8,your chapters on ,puget ,sound have charmed me4 ,full of life1 deeply interesting1 and with just that class of facts1 and suggestions of truth1 that cannot fail to help the ,indian and the ,chinese40--,,wendell ,,phillips4 ,,european ,,breezes ,by ,,margery ,,deane4 ,cloth1 gilt top1 #a4ej4 ,being chapters of travel through ,germany1 ,austria1 ,hungary1 and ,switzerland1 covering places not usually visited by ,americans in making 8the ,grand ,tour of the ,continent10 by the accomplished writer of 8,newport ,breezes40 8,a very bright1 fresh and amusing account1 which tells us about a host of things we never heard of before1 and is worth two ordinary books of ,european travel40--,woman's ,journal4 ,,beaten ,,paths2 ,,or1 ,a ,,woman',s ,,vacation ,,in ,,europe ,by ,,ella ,w4 ,,thompson4 #afmo1 cloth1 #a4ej4 ,a lively and chatty book of travel1 with pen-pictures humorous and graphic1 that are decidedly out of the 8beaten paths0 of description4 ,,an ,,american ,,girl ,,abroad ,by ,miss ,,adeline ,,trafton1 author of 8,his ,inheritance10 8,katherine ,earle10 etc4 #afmo4 ,illustrated4 #a4ej4 8,a sparkling account of a ,european trip by a wide-awake1 intelligent1 and irrepressible ,american girl4 ,pictured with a freshness and vivacity that is delightful40--,utica ,observer4 ,,curtis ,,guild',s ,,travels ,,britons ,,and ,,muscovites2 ,,or1 ,,traits ,,of ,,two ,,empires ,cloth1 #b4jj4 ,,over ,,the ,,ocean2 ,,or1 ,,sights ,,and ,,scenes ,,in ,,foreign ,,lands ,by ,,curtis ,,guild1 editor of 8,the ,boston ,commercial ,bulletin0 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 8,the utmost that any ,european tourist can hope to do is to tell the old story in a somewhat fresh way1 and ,mr4 ,guild has succeeded in every part of his book in doing this40--,philadelphia ,bulletin4 ,,abroad ,,again2 ,,or1 ,,fresh ,,forays ,,in ,,foreign ,,fields ,uniform with 8,over the ,ocean40 ,by the same author4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 #b4ej4 8,he has given us a life-picture4 ,europe is done in a style that must serve as an invaluable guide to those who go #8over the ocean1' as well as an interesting companion40--,halifax ,citizen4 ,sold by all booksellers1 and sent by mail1 postpaid1 on receipt of price ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,narratives ,,of ,,noted ,,travellers ,,germany ,,seen ,,without ,,spectacles2 or1 ,random ,sketches of ,various ,subjects1 ,penned from ,different ,standpoints in the ,empire ,by ,,henry ,,ruggles1 late ,united ,states ,consul at the ,island of ,malta1 and at ,barcelona1 ,spain4 #a4ej4 8,mr4 ,ruggles writes briskly3 he chats and gossips1 slashing right and left with stout ,american prejudices1 and has made withal a most entertaining book40--,new-,york ,tribune4 ,,travels ,,and ,,observations ,,in ,,the ,,orient1 with a ,hasty ,flight in the ,countries of ,europe ,by ,,walter ,,harriman 7ex-,governor of ,new ,hampshire74 #a4ej4 8,the author1 in his graphic description of these sacred localities1 refers with great aptness to scenes and personages which history has made famous4 ,it is a chatty narrative of travel40--,concord ,monitor4 ,,fore ,,and ,,aft ,a ,story of ,actual ,sea-,life4 ,by ,,robert ,b4 ,,dixon1 ,m4,d4 #a4be4 ,travels in ,mexico1 with vivid descriptions of manners and customs1 form a large part of this striking narrative of a fourteen-months' voyage4 ,,voyage ,,of ,,the ,,paper ,,canoe ,a ,geographical ,journey of ,twenty-five ,hundred ,miles from ,quebec to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,by ,,nathaniel ,h4 ,,bishop4 ,with numerous illustrations and maps specially prepared for this work4 ,crown #hvo4 #a4ej4 8,mr4 ,bishop did a very bold thing1 and has described it with a happy mixture of spirit1 keen observation1 and bonhomie40--,london ,graphic4 ,,four ,,months ,,in ,a ,,sneak-,,box ,a ,boat ,voyage of ,twenty-six ,hundred ,miles down the ,ohio and ,mississippi ,rivers1 and along the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,by ,nathaniel ,h4 ,bishop4 ,with numerous maps and illustrations4 #a4ej4 8,his glowing pen-pictures of #8shanty-boat' life on the great rivers are true to life4 ,his descriptions of persons and places are graphic40--,zion's ,herald4 ,a ,,thousand ,,miles' ,,walk ,,across ,,south ,,america1 ,over the ,pampas and the ,andes ,by ,,nathaniel ,h4 ,,bishop4 ,crown #hvo4 ,new edition4 ,illustrated4 #a4ej4 8,mr4 ,bishop made this journey when a boy of sixteen1 has never forgotten it1 and tells it in such a way that the reader will always remember it1 and wish there had been more40 ,,camps ,,in ,,the ,,caribbees ,being the ,adventures of a ,naturalist ,bird-hunting in the ,west-,india ,islands4 ,by ,,fred ,a4 ,,ober4 ,new edition4 ,with maps and illustrations4 #a4ej4 8,during two years he visited mountains1 forests1 and people1 that few1 if any1 tourists had ever reached before4 ,he carried his camera with him1 and photographed from nature the scenes by which the book is illustrated40--,louisville ,courier-,journal4 ,,england ,,from ,a ,,back ,,window2 ,with ,views of ,scotland and ,ireland ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,bailey1 the 8#8,danbury ,news' ,man40 #abmo4 #a4jj4 8,the peculiar humor of this writer is well known4 ,the ,british ,isles have never before been looked at in just the same way1--at least1 not by any one who has notified us of the fact4 ,mr4 ,bailey's travels possess1 accordingly1 a value of their own for the reader1 no matter how many previous records of journeys in the mother country he may have read40--,rochester ,express4 ,sold by all booksellers1 and sent by mail1 postpaid1 on receipt of price ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,every-,,day ,,business1 ,,practical ,,notes ,,on ,,its ,,details ,arranged for ,young ,people by ,m4 ,s4 ,,emery ,price1 cloth1 #ej cents ,an accurate knowledge of how to attend to the every-day affairs of a business life is1 indeed1 a most valuable possession4 ,the requirements of modern business life are manifold and exacting1 demanding technical information1 and1 besides1 quite a degree of what may justly be termed 8cultivation40 ,this valuable and indispensable book covers a wide range of information of much importance1 and is designed as a text-book for schools1 and for ready reference for young people and those who need such instruction as it contains4 ,it treats in an attractive and clear manner subjects which bear on every-day callings1 like 8,letter-writing10 by which so large a percentage of business is conducted2 8,bills1 ,receipts1 and ,accounts20 8,post-,office ,business10 with instructions regarding late advantages and scope of accommodation2 8,telegrams10 8,express ,business10 8,united ,states ,money10 8,savings ,banks10 8,national ,banks10 8,bank ,checks10 8,notes and ,drafts10 8,mortgages10 8,investment and ,speculation10 8,taxes10 8,fire ,insurance10 and 8,life ,insurance40 ,these are topics conveying a general idea of the worth of the book--topics about which business men must know1 and covering that which they who would be business men must learn4 ,keeping relatively abreast of modern methods1 the educators of our day see the necessity of imparting business knowledge1 as well as that which is purely scientific1 historical1 or literary in its nature2 hence1 the adaptability of 8,every-,day ,business0 to the necessities of ,american schools and our progressive ways of life4 ,,an ,,hour ,,with ,,delsarte ,a ,,study ,,of ,,expression1 by ,anna ,morgan1 of the ,chicago ,conservatory4 ,illustrated by ,rosa ,mueller ,sprague and ,marian ,reynolds1 with full-page figure illustrations1 #dto1 cloth1 #b4jj4 8,this beautiful quarto volume presents the ideas of ,delsarte in words which all may understand4 ,it is explicit and comprehensible4 ,no one can read this book or study its twenty-two graceful and graphic illustrations without perceiving the possibility of adding strength and expression to gestures and movements1 as well as simplicity and ease4 ,mr4 ,turveydrop went through life with universal approval1 simply by his admirable #8deportment4' ,every young person may profitably take a hint from his success1 and this book will be found invaluable as an instructor40--,woman's ,journal1 ,boston4 8#8,flexibility and grace' are the watchwords of this great teacher1 and it must be conceded that the charming young ladies who serve as models throughout the book have their share of these two desiderata of expression2 this book gives an altogether charming insight into ,delsarte's system1 and no young lady who desires to acquire ease of manner and grace of carriage could do better than to read it carefully4 ,the style is quite in keeping with the subject1 light1 graceful1 and entertaining40--,american ,stationer4 ,sold by all booksellers and sent by mail postpaid on receipt of price ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,tools ,,for ,,the ,,teacher',s ,,workshop ,,methods ,,and ,,aids ,,in ,,teaching ,,geography ,by ,,charles ,f4 ,,king ,a4,m4 ,head-master of the ,dearborn ,school ,boston ,price #a4fj net 8,this is a work independent of any geography1 and may be used by teachers equally well with any of the authorized text-books4 ,the numerous illustrations in this volume are of a practical nature1 being generally diagrams1 charts1 and simple devices1 such as a teacher may easily draw upon a blackboard to illustrate the teaching of geography1 and the book will be received as an excellent addition to the aids which modern instructors desire in their work40 ,,excellent ,,quotations for ,home and ,school ,for the ,use of ,teachers and ,pupils ,by ,,julia ,p4 ,,hoitt ,deputy ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction ,state of ,california ,cloth #ge cents net 8,contains choice excerpts from the productions of eminent authors1 at home and abroad1 in prose and poetry4 ,poetry of the highest order1 eloquent biographical eulogies1 patriotic selections1 recitations for young pupils1 and several pages of proverbs1 give this book a secure place in the home and school40 ,,chips ,,from ,a ,,teacher',s ,,workshop ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,,klemm ,ph4,d4 late ,superintendent of ,public ,schools ,hamilton ,ohio ,cloth #a4bj net 8,this work is among the first we have ever seen that puts the young teacher on the right track and keeps him there through all the departments of his work4 ,it is throughout based upon common sense4 ,it teaches principles1 but the principles are always presented concretely in a form to be understood4 ,this is really the teacher's vade mecum4 ,if it could be put into the hands of every instructor in our public schools1 it would work a revolution in our methods of education and in the results achieved40--,school ,journal4 ,dr4 ,klemm has now in preparation1 nearly ready for publication1 his second volume1 entitled 8,chips from ,educational ,workshops in ,europe40 ,,first ,,steps ,,with ,,american ,,and ,,british ,,authors ,by ,,albert ,f4 ,,blaisdell ,a4,m4 author of 8,study in the ,english ,classics0 8,our ,bodies and ,how we ,live0 8,how to ,keep ,well0 8,child's ,book of ,health0 ,cloth #ge cents net 8,the plan of the book is unique1 attractive1 and thoroughly philosophical4 ,in a general way1 the plan is to study the text of a few representative authors1 and not merely to read about many authors4 ,it is to study what great authors have written1 and not what some one has written about them4 ,every thing is made subordinate to this great aim4 ,in the first few chapters1 the method of studying a given subject is fully explained and illustrated40--,true ,education4 ,,methods ,,in ,,zoology ,,teaching ,,for ,,beginners ,for ,teachers in ,common ,schools ,by ,,walter ,p4 ,,manton ,m4,d4 author of 8,field ,botany0 8,insects0 8,beginnings with the ,microscope0 8,taxidermy0 ,cloth #ej cents ,dr4 ,manton has been very successful in his practical helps in various branches of study1 and this manual will prove welcome to all interested in this subject4 ,the book is clearly and concisely written1 and the directions are plain and to the point1 the different instruments and tools necessary being fully illustrated and explained4 ,,how ,,shall ,,my ,,child ,,be ,,taught8 ,practical ,pedagogy or the ,science of ,teaching ,illustrated ,by ,,louisa ,,parsons ,,hopkins ,supervisor in ,boston ,public ,schools ,cloth #a4bj net 8,the ,boston ,herald0 says3 8,mrs4 ,louisa ,parsons ,hopkins has made a careful study of the science of teaching1 and her book will be of the greatest service to those who are engaged in the tasks of primary teaching4 ,she is less didactic than experimental in her methods2 but the points which she makes are those that lead to success1 because they have been proved in the schoolroom1 and have the authority of the great schoolmasters of modern times40 ,sold by all booksellers1 and when sent by mail1 ten per cent to be added for postage ,,lee ,,and ,,shepard ,publishers ,boston ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,original spelling and grammar have been generally retained1 with some exceptions noted below4 ,original printed page numbers are shown like this3 p#eb4 ,original small caps are now uppercase4 ,italics look like this4 ,footnotes have been relabeled #a-g1 and moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs4 ,i produced the cover image and hereby assign it to the public domain4 ,original page images are available from archive4org--search for 8penstypes#jj;drew04 ,the turned comma in ,m,donough on page #aai is a glyph 7,unicode character ,u#jb;,,bb2 modifier letter turned comma7 that is not well supported in current browsers4 ,it is retained in the simple text edition1 but an image is substituted in the html1 epub1 and mobi editions4 ,on page #abb1 the x with combining cedilla has been rendered as an image in all but the text edition4 ,other ,unicode characters rendered as images include3 ,arabic semicolon1 double high-reversed-#i quotation mark1 single high-reversed-#i quotation mark1 asterism1 double vertical line1 and white right pointing index4 ,many glyphs that are not included in the ,unicode system are represented as ,symbol in the text edition1 and as images in the other editions4 ,page #fh4 ,the phrase 8,gunther's ,cat-,fish41 ,brit4 ,mus41--which1 was changed to 8,gunther's ,cat-,fish41 ,brit4 ,mus401--which14 ,page #ia4 ,the text posits as a rule1 ,a thin space should be placed before1 and also after1 a dash4 ,unfortunately1 the ,project ,gutenberg 8,house ,style0 has overruled ,benjamin ,drew's rule in these ebook editions4 ,pages #abg-aed4 ,in the ,orthography lists1 ,webster and ,worcester1 a few words appear to be out of order1 but have been retained as originally printed4 ,for example1 there is the sequence ,reposit1 ,resin1 ,rosin1 ,resistance on page #aea4 ,page #ade4 ,the word ,enclyclopdia was changed to ,encyclopdia4 ,page #aee4 ,the word ,affiiliable was changed to ,affilliable4 ,page #afh4 ,the enlarged left curly bracket was eliminated from the entry ,portico4 ,page #aia4 ,the phrase a biger man is retained4 ,page #aie-aii4 ,chapter ,,viii was printed in an ,old ,style which included the long 80 and many obsolete ligatures such as 8ct04 ,sadly1 only the can be represented in this ebook4 ,for the html1 epub1 and mobi editions1 an image of the ct ligature has been provided4 ,but to see all the ligatures as originally printed1 you must seek out the original page scans4 ,page #bja4 ,captions were constructed for the three illustrations on this page1 based on the text of page #aii4 ,page #bae4 ,a new heading ,,advertisements was inserted for this section4 ,text styling in this section has been considerably simplified4 ,page #bjg4 ,the page reference for topic ,advertisement was changed to #e-g4 ,page #bbd4 ,the word thoroughout was changed to throughout4