,casa ,grande ,ruins ,trail #ae cents if you take this booklet home ,,casa ,,grande ,,ruins ,,national ,,monument ,,arizona ,illustration3 ,map of ,compound ,a ,,safety ,you are in a desert area4 ,sometimes the desert can be harsh4 ,cactus spines can hurt4 ,intense heat can cause varying degrees of discomfort4 ,poisonous animals1 though rare1 are here4 ,know your own limitations1 and exercise caution4 ,,national ,,park ,,and ,,monuments ,casa ,grande ,ruins ,national ,monument1 one of more than #bhj areas administered by the ,national ,park ,service1 ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior1 was set aside because of its outstanding archeological values4 ,this area belongs to you and is part of your heritage as an ,american citizen4 ,the men and women in the uniform of the ,national ,park ,service are here to assist you and will welcome the opportunity to make your visit to ,casa ,grande ,ruins more enjoyable4 ,the ,national ,park ,service was created in #aiaf to preserve the ,national ,parks and ,monuments for your enjoyment and that of future generations4 ,federal law prohibits activities which would destroy any of the works of nature or man that are preserved here4 ,these include such activities as hunting1 woodcutting1 collecting--even taking of small pieces such as broken pottery4 ,please help preserve ,casa ,grande ,ruins ,national ,monument1 and remember3 ,a thoughtless act on your part can destroy in a few moments something that has been here for centuries4 ,please stay on the designated trail4 ,,don',t ,,forget ,,your ,,camera ,casa ,grande ,ruins ,trail ,the ,casa ,grande ,trail is about #djj yards long and an easy walk4 ,numbered stakes along the trail are set at points of interest1 and corresponding numbered paragraphs in this booklet explain the features4 ,you may enter the ,casa ,grande 7,big ,house7 only on a ranger-conducted guided tour4 #a4 ,from about #b1jjj years ago until about ,a4,d4 #adej1 people living in this area developed and expanded a stone-age civilization that the archeologists call the ,hohokam 7,ho-,ho-,kahm7 culture4 ,hohokam means 8those who have gone0 in the language of the nearby ,pima ,indians1 who are probably descendants of these prehistoric people4 ,the ,hohokam lived in this region for many centuries before building walled villages like this between ,a4,d4 #acjj and #adej4 ,primarily farmers1 raising corn1 beans1 squash1 and cotton1 they developed extensive irrigation canal systems that took water from the ,gila 7,hee-la7 ,river4 ,about ,a4,d4 #adej1 this village and others like it were abandoned4 ,we do not know why4 ,when the ,spaniards explored this area1 they found ,pimas1 living in open villages and irrigating their farmlands1 several miles to the west4 #b4 ,village ,wall4 ,the wall around this village originally stood #g to #aa feet high4 ,there were no doorways in it4 ,this wall and building of this village are of caliche1 a limy subsoil found #b to #e feet below the surface of this region4 ,to get in or out of the village the ,indians used ladders to climb over the wall4 ,the foundations1 all that remain of the wall1 are covered with wire reinforced1 tinted-cement stucco to protect them4 ,stepping or sitting on the walls may damage them4 ,help us to protect the walls4 #c4 ,living ,room4 ,this room is one of approximately #fj rooms inside the compound wall4 ,walls and floors were made of caliche1 and ceilings were layers of poles1 saguaro ribs1 and reeds capped with a covering of caliche4 ,some rooms1 like this one1 had doorways2 other rooms had hatchways in the roof centers4 ,a small clay fire pit1 about #a foot in diameter1 was in the center of each room4 ,during hot weather1 cooking was done out of doors4 7,see next page74 #d4 ,the ,casa ,grande--,northeast ,corner4 ,the ,casa ,grande was first seen by a ,european on ,november #bg1 #afid1 when ,father ,kino1 a ,jesuit missionary and explorer1 visited the area4 ,he called the building the ,casa ,grande1 or ,big ,house1 because it was the biggest structure he had seen in southern ,arizona4 ,the large steel canopy was erected in #aicb to protect the ,casa ,grande from rain4 ,this building has not been restored1 but to keep it from crumbling further1 the ruin was stabilized in #ahia4 ,the undercut base of the ruin was filled with bricks and cement1 two-by-fours were placed over the doorways1 and two steel rods were inserted to brace the south wall4 ,illustration3 ,living ,room ,illustration3 ,the ,casa ,grande1 ,northeast ,corner #e4 ,the ,north ,side4 ,the wood over the doorway is not original4 ,there is no original wood remaining in the ,casa ,grande4 ,father ,kino reported it as burned out prior to his #afid visit4 ,though four stories high1 only the upper three stories of the ,casa ,grande were used4 ,the five ground-story rooms were filled with earth to form a platform foundation1 and a ladder was used to gain access to the second story through the doorway seen here4 ,to the right of the doorway and about shoulder high are a line of holes in the wall4 ,these show where a roof1 probably for shade1 was socketed into the wall4 #f4 ,west ,side4 ,notice the series of horizontal cracks along the west wall of the ,casa ,grande4 ,the cracks show that the walls were built with layers of caliche mud4 ,each layer was about #bf inches thick4 ,bricks were not used4 ,the ,indians did not make adobe bricks until taught by the ,spanish priests centuries later4 ,above the enlarged open doorway is a blocked one4 ,the upper doorway was sealed by the ,indians1 but they left a small opening for ventilation at the bottom of the block4 ,the large hole above the blocked doorway is where the original wooden lintel poles rotted away1 causing part of the wall to fall4 ,both to left and right of the blocked doorway are small windows in the north and south rooms4 ,the left window is round and the right window is square4 ,in the #ahhj's1 ,ed ,schieffelin1 the founder of ,tombstone1 ,arizona1 took this photograph of the ,casa ,grande4 ,the structure has deteriorated little since then4 #g4 ,south ,side4 ,here are two more blocked doorways that originally led into the west second and third-story rooms4 ,doorways made by these ,indians are smaller than modern entryways1 but this does not mean that the people were small4 ,during bad weather these openings could have been closed off with mats and skins1 and the smaller the doorway1 the easier it was to block4 ,moreover1 it let in less cold air4 ,illustration3 ,west ,side of the ,casa ,grande ,the round holes in a line between the doorways were beam sockets4 ,poles of pinyon pine and_/or juniper formed the ceilings and spanned the width of the room4 ,illustration3 ,cross-section ,drawing of a ,roof4 ,the interior plaster of the west wall was made from caliche1 ground fine in a stone mortar and with the gravel sifted out4 ,this plaster is more than #fej years old4 ,names cut into the plaster date from the last half of the last century1 and were cut into the plaster before the ruin was protected by the ,federal government4 ,because of these names1 and the fact that the interior of the ,casa ,grande may easily be vandalized1 visitors are permitted to enter the ruin only on ranger-conducted guided tours4 #h4 ,southeast ,corner4 ,the walls of the ,casa ,grande are heavy and massive1 ranging in thickness from #d to #a feet4 ,to save work and to reduce weight on the foundation1 the ,indians narrowed the walls as they built them up4 ,the outside surface bows inward as the wall rises4 ,the inside surface1 however1 is nearly vertical4 7,see photo74 ,illustration3 ,southeast ,corner of the ,casa ,grande #i4 ,buried ,walls4 ,if you look closely at the surface of the ground you can see the tops of the walls of some rooms4 ,these rooms are unexcavated4 ,probably the floor of this room is less than one foot below ground surface1 and only the foundations of the walls remain4 #aj4 ,southwest ,building4 ,the high walls shown at top of the next page are all that remain of a three-story building that stood in this southwest corner of the walled village4 ,these rooms apparently were living rooms where several families slept1 worked1 and stored their food1 tools1 and clothing4 ,one of the large red ,hohokam jars in the ,visitor ,center exhibit room was recovered near here4 #aa4 ,outer ,wall4 ,this is another part of the village wall4 ,to save labor1 the west side of the three-story building was built against the wall4 ,during the winter of #aijf-jg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,fewkes conducted excavations in this ruin for the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,he found debris along the outside of the wall indicating that it once stood #g to #aa feet high4 7,bottom1 left74 ,illustration3 ,southwest ,building ,illustration3 ,outer ,wall #ab4 ,from this vantage point you can view the whole compound4 ,the walls enclosed an area of #b acres4 ,most of the dwellings in the village were one story high4 ,in #aiea1 ,paul ,coze1 an ,arizona artist1 painted a restoration of the ,ruin4 ,this painting1 on page #aj1 may help you visualize what the village looked like #fej years ago4 ,the high standing walls to your left are remains of the tall building in the lower left-hand corner of the painting4 ,the prehistoric ,indian canal used to irrigate farmlands in this area lay north of the ,monument but curved to the south and passed near the farm shed visible one-half mile to the west4 ,the high bank to the south and west is the line of the modern canal4 ,the ,indians cultivated the land to the west beyond the modern canal1 walking from one-half to one mile to reach their fields4 #ac4 ,southeast ,quarter4 ,the vacant area to your right once had houses on it1 but they were of rather flimsy upright-pole-and-mud construction and little remains of them but floors and wall post holes4 ,the open places in the village were used for children's play1 work areas1 outdoor cooking1 and other purposes4 #ad4 ,the ,casa ,grande4 ,again we come back to the ,casa ,grande4 ,this is a unique structure in this region and its major purpose or function is not known4 ,it does not have the appearance of a normal dwelling4 ,theories that the structure might have been a fort-like watchtower fail to explain what people the ,casa ,grande folk might have been watching4 7,there is no real evidence of warfare or strife47 ,recent investigations have suggested that certain openings in the upper walls may have been utilized for astronomical observations1 but whether the entire structure was built for this purpose is mere speculation4 ,take nothing but pictures-- ,leave nothing but footprints #ae4 ,font's ,room4 ,this building stood two stories high4 ,socket holes for the first-story ceiling can still be seen on the east side of the high wall4 ,the room is called ,font's ,room for ,father ,font1 a ,spanish ,franciscan priest who visited here in #agge4 ,illustration3 ,paul ,coze ,painting4 ,restoration of the ,casa ,grande ,illustration3 ,the ,casa ,grande ,illustration3 ,font's ,room #af4 ,the ,trash ,mound4 ,look over the village wall and to the east1 between the residences and the ,visitor ,center4 ,about #aej feet away is the low mound that was one of the trash dumps for this village4 ,this is where the ,hohokam for over a century threw their broken pottery1 tools1 shell jewelry1 garbage1 and other refuse4 ,from this mound came much of our information about the material remains of these ancient people4 ,in order to protect archeological values1 visitors are not allowed on the mound4 #ag4 ,shell ,pendants4 ,the turquoise and shell mosaic emblems in the ,visitor ,center jewelry exhibit were found in #aibf in the west end of this room during excavations to stabilize the walls4 ,they are exceptionally fine examples of prehistoric mosaic handicraft4 7,see photo on back cover74 #ah4 ,to return to the ,visitor ,center take the path to the right4 ,we hope you have enjoyed your trip along the ,casa ,grande trail4 ,the ,national ,park ,service rangers are here to assist you in any way they can and will do their best to answer your questions4 ,,land ,,and ,,water ,,conservation ,,fund ,,act ,,of #aife ,america's growing need for outdoor recreation areas was recognized by ,congress with the passage of the ,land and ,water ,conservation ,fund ,act of #aife4 ,this law authorizes entrance and users' fees at ,federal ,recreation ,areas and dedicates the money from those fees1 plus revenue from the sale of surplus ,federal real estate and the ,federal tax on fuel used in pleasure boats1 to the purchase and development of public recreation lands and waters4 ,roughly #dj percent of your entrance fee goes to buy additional ,federal ,recreation ,areas--a share in the ,california ,redwoods1 a bit of ,fire ,island1 a view from ,spruce ,knob1 a safe haven for the vanishing whooping crane1 or the purchase of ,hubbell ,trading ,post in northeastern ,arizona4 ,the other #fj percent goes to the states and through them to towns and counties to buy and develop 8near to home0 recreation areas such as ,picacho ,state ,park1 ,arizona4 ,these grants are matched with an equal amount from state and local sources4 ,the #aj annual permit which is valid for some #g1jjj ,federal areas administered by the ,national ,park ,service1 ,forest ,service1 ,bureau of ,sport ,fisheries and ,wildlife1 ,bureau of ,land ,management1 ,bureau of ,reclamation1 ,tennessee ,valley ,authority and ,corps of ,engineers may be purchased at ,casa ,grande ,ruins ,national ,monument4 ,for additional information about the ,land and ,water ,conservation ,fund ,act of #aife ask a ranger4 ,this booklet is published in cooperation with the ,national ,park ,service by the ,southwest ,parks and ,monuments ,association ,a non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting historical1 scientific and educational activities of the ,national ,park ,service4 #eth ,ed4 #a-gc-bj,m ,illustration3 ,turquoise and shell mosaic emblems ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4