,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,footnotes are locat$ at ! end ( ! *apt]s4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,,an ,,e?ical ,,philosophy ,,( ,,life ,,pres5t$ ,,9 ,,its ,,ma9 ,,outl9es ,,by ,,felix ,,adl] ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,london #aibj ,,copyright1 #aiah1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,preface ,?is book records a philosophy ( life gr[+ out ( ! exp]i5ce ( a lifetime4 ,! convictions put 9 x are n dogmatic1 = dogma is ! conviction ( "o man impos$ au?oritatively ^u o!rs4 ,! convictions h]e9 exp\nd$ are submitt$ to ^? :o se>*1 z ! writ] has se>*$1 = light on ! problems ( life1 9 ord] t !y may comp>e _! exp]i5ce ) 81 & _! int]pretations ( _! exp]i5ce ) 8 int]pretation4#a ,x is a great hope t "s ( ! read]s ( ?is book may f9d ! g5]al _w-view exp\nd$ cong5ial1 & = !m also real & true4 ,x is believ$ t o!rs may f9d ! practical sugge/ions z to ! conduct ( life 9 :i* ! !ory issues helpful 9 "p1 if n 9 :ole1 z _m ( u accept f ! tea*+s ( ! ,/oics1 or ( o!r ?9k]s1 practical precepts1 )\t on t acc\nt adopt+ ! philosophy f :i* ^! precepts are d]iv$4 ,! book is divid$ into f\r p>ts3 ! fir/ an autobiographical introduction describ+ ! v>i\s /ations on ! road by :i* ! au?or arriv$ at 8 pres5t position1 & (f]+ incid5tal appreciations & appraisem5ts ( ! ,hebrew religion1 ( ,em]son1 ( ! e?ics ( ! ,gospels1 ( ,socialism & ( o!r social re=m movem5ts4 ,! second "p exp\nds ! philosophical !ory4 ,! ?ird "p conta9s ! applications ( ! !ory to ! m /rictly p]sonal life1 "u ! captions ( ! ,?ree ,%ad[s ( ,sickness1 ,sorr[ & ,s91 & also to ! pr9cipal s-call$ ,rights to ,life1 ,prop]ty1 ,reputation4 ,! f\r? "p applies ! !ory to ! social in/itutions1 to ! ,family1 ! ,vocation1 ! ,/ate1 ! ,int]national ,society1 & ! ,*ur*1 ^! in/itutions be+ consid]$ z an exp&+ s]ies ?r\gh :i* ! individual is to pass on 8 pilgrimage 9 ! direction ( ! supreme spiritual end4 ,! pr9cipal problems consid]$ are3 #a4 ,h[ to e/abli% ! fundam5tal e?ical dictum t e human be+ ought to c\nt1 & is intr9sically wor? :ile4 ,?is dictum has be5 d5i$ by _m ( ! greate/ ?9k]s1 :o ass]t ! intr9sic inf]iority ( "s m51 ! intr9sic sup]iority ( o!rs4 ,! practice ( ! _w also runs mo/ di/9ctly contr>y to x4 ,h[ !n is x to be validat$8 #b4 ,! problem ( h[ to atta* a precise mean+ to ! t]m 8spiritual10 !reby dive/+ x ( ! flavor ( s5tim5tality & vagu5ess t atta*es to x4 #c4 ,h[ to l9k up ! _w's activities 9 sci5ce1 art1 politics1 bus9ess1 to ! supreme e?ical end4 #d4 ,h[ to lay f\ndations :]eon to erect ! conviction t !re v]ily is a sup]s5sible reality4 ,= ! repetitions t occur ?r\gh\t ! volume indulg5ce is reque/$4 ,9 pres5t+ an unfamili> sy/em ( ?\ght !y may sometimes assi/ ! read] 9 reta9+ ! ?read4 ,! "w is conceiv$ z a :ole1 & %\ld be read ?r\gh be=e any "p ( x is m m9utely exam9$4 ,! !ory ( ,"p ,,ii especially %\ld be read 9 ! light ( ! applications submitt$ 9 ,p>ts ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i ,,autobiographical ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,prelude #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,religion #ad ,,iii4 ,,em]son #bg ,,iv4 ,,! ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,jesus #cj ,v4 ,,social ,,re=m #dc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,my ,,vocation ,,on ,,inn] ,,developm5t #eh ,,book ,,ii ,,philosophical ,,!ory ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks3 ,,critique ,,( ,,kant #gc ,,ii4 ,,critique ,,( ,,kant 7,cont9u$7 #hb ,,iii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,wor?1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,reasons ,,:y ,,! ,,me?od ,,employ$ ,,by ,,e?ics ,,mu/ ,,be ,,! ,,opposite ,,( ,,t ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces #ia ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,:ole #ajj ,v4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,:ole ,,& ,,! ,,e?ical ,,manifold #aad ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,spiritual ,,univ]se ,,& ,,! ,,god-,,ideal #abe ,,book ,,iii ,,applications3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,%ad[s1 ,,sickness1 ,,sorr[ ,,& ,,s91 ,,& ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,life1 ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,reputation ,i4 ,,introduction #adg ,,ii4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,%ad[s3 ,,sickness1 ,,sorr[1 ,,s9 #aed ,,iii4 ,,b]eavem5t #afb ,,iv4 ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,s9 #aga ,v4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,attitude ,,to ,,be ,,obs]v$ ,,t[>ds ,,fell[-,,m5 ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,irrespective ,,( ,,! ,,special ,,relations ,,:i* ,,connect ,,u ,,m ,,closely ,,) ,,"s ,,?an ,,o!rs #agi ,,vi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,=giv5ess #bjb ,,vii4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,e?ical ,,rule3 ,,act ,,s ,,z ,,to ,,elicit ,,! ,,be/ ,,9 ,,o!rs ,,& ,,!reby ,,9 ,,?yself #bjh ,,viii4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,e?ical ,,rule 7,cont9u$7 #bbj ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,see ,,! ,,spiritual ,num5 ,,9 ,,o!rs #bbc ,,book ,,iv ,,applications3 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,family1 ,,! ,,/ate1 ,,! ,,int]national ,,relations1 ,,etc4 ,i4 ,,! ,,collective ,,task ,,( ,,mank9d ,,& ,,! ,,?ree-,,fold ,,rev]5ce #bda ,,ii4 ,,! ,,family #bdi ,,iii4 ,,! ,,vocations #bfj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,practical ,,vocations #bgj ,v4 ,,! ,,vocation ,,( ,,! ,,arti/3 ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,art ,,to ,,e?ics #bgg ,,vi4 ,,educational ,,vocations1 ,,or ,,vocations ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,/ate #bhi ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/ate #cje ,,viii4 ,,! ,,national ,,"* ,,spiritually ,,trans=m$3 ,,! ,,int]national ,,society1 ,,or ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,mank9d #cbd ,,ix4 ,,religi\s ,,fell[%ip ,,z ,,! ,,culm9at+ ,,social ,,in/itution #cda ,x4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,outlook ,,on ,,life #ced ,,app5dix ,,app5dix ,i3 ,,spiritual ,,self-,,discipl9e #cfe ,,app5dix ,,ii3 ,,! ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,=ce ,,9 ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,fre$om #cfi ,,index #cge ,,book ,i ,,autobiographical ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelude ,:at ?is book (f]s is a sy/em ( ?\ght & ( po9ts ( view z to conduct1 z ^! h jo9tly gr[n out ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,x w be useful to introduce !m ) an autobiographical /atem5t4 ,! ideas :i* foll[ are su* z h be5 f\nd by me1 ! au?or1 to be fruitful4 ,c]ta9ly ,i claim = !m objectivity2 b ,i d s because ( :at ,i h f\nd !m to mean 9 my own life4 ,he :o has be5 scor*$ by lightn+ kn[s t ! effects ( ! lightn+ w be felt by all :o are expos$ to ! same exp]i5ce4 ,i n>rate my exp]i5ce2 let o!rs comp>e ) x !irs4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s1 & mo/ emb>rass+ difficulty 9 ! way ( discuss+ ! phases & vicissitudes ( "o's e?ical developm5t4 ,self-appraisem5t is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! n>ration4 ,! out/&+ subject ( e?ics is ! self & its relations4 ,! physici/1 ! *emi/1 ! biologi/1 h[ev] ! me?ods !y use may diff] 9 o!r respects1 agree 9 ! endeavor to elim9ate ! p]sonal equation4 ,! psy*ologi/ likewise does 8 be/ to see ! procession t moves across ! inn] /age l an int]e/$ b deta*$ spectator4 ,9 ! case ( e?ics1 h[ev]1 ! p]sonal factor _c be elim9at$1 because ! p]sonal factor is j ! ,alpha & ! ,omega ( ! :ole matt]2 & if ?is be left out ( acc\nt1 ! v object to be /udi$ disappe>s4 ,e?ical /&>ds are exact+1 sep>at$ (t5 f p]=mance by ! wide/ int]val4 ,to set up a /&>d1 !re=e1 is to reflect ^u oneself1 to expose oneself to ! back/roke ( "o's own deliv]ances1 to be plung$ p]haps into deep pits ( self-humiliation4 ,h[ %all anyone h ! c\rage to face s se>*+ a te/1 or ! h>dihood to discuss ) a l(ty air1 & to recomm5d to o!rs ideals ( conduct aga9/ :i* he kn[s t he daily (f5ds8 ,h[ c anyone tea* e?ics or write ab\t x8 ,! words ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 8,judge n t ye be n judg$10 seem to apply v closely4 ,d n judge o!rs1 d n lay d[n ! law = o!rs1 because 9 s do+ y w be judg$ 9 ! inn] =um1 becom+ a repulsive object 9 y\r own eyes1 or /&+ =? a :it$ sepul*]4 ,9 brief1 to t\* ! subject ( e?ics is to h&le a knife t cuts bo? ways1 to ca/ a weapon :i* returns ^u him :o s5ds x4 ,! difficulty !n :i* confronts ! e?ical writ] is t ! attitude ( deta*m5t possible 9 o!r bran*es ( inve/igation is f\nd to be impossible :5 "o attempts to s\nd ! pr(undities ( t k9d ( inn] exp]i5ce :i* is call$ e?ical4 ,! self obtrudes itself at e po9t1 & x in/9ctively refuses to be humbl$4 ,:at may be d5om9at$ ! /ruggle = self-e/eem has inde$ play$ a lead+ rle bo? 9 ! out] & inn] hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,?is /ruggle1 ^: imm5se importance is (t5 ov]look$1 acc\nts = ev5 m int]e/+ facts ?an ! biological /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! desire to ex]cise p[] ov] o!rs1 (t5 ru?less 9 ! means adopt$1 is frequ5tly no?+ m ?an a mis]able attempt to save self-e/eem by cov]+ up ! inn] s5se ( ! weakness ( ! self4 ,b ! same /ruggle p5etrates also into ! realm ( !oretical e?ics ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,"h x tamp]s ) ! /&>ds :i* mortify self-e/eem1 by inv5t+ su* e?ical !ories z seem to make ! problems ( p]sonality easy ( solution1 & by bl9k+ ! tragic facts ( guilt1 remorse1 etc4 ,v>i\s e?ical sy/ems t are 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t are1 at lea/ 9 "p1 exempl>s ( ?is process--! !ory = in/ance t e?ics is no?+ m ?an a calculus ( self-int]e/1 or a matt] ( sympa!tic feel+1 or a balanc+ ( ! m ref9$ aga9/ ! gross] pleasures4 ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 9 ! %ape ( ! pres]vation ( self-e/eem1 is q incorrigible1 & aga9/ its insidi\s sugge/ion we h reason to be p>ticul>ly on our gu>d 9 ! discussion :i* we are ent]+4 ,are we !n to refra91 out ( %e] reg>d = dec5cy1 f t\*+ on ?is subject at all8 ,is ev]yone :o writes on e?ics1 or attempts to tea* x1 ei!r a p$ant or a hypocrite8 ,b we _c avoid discuss+ x1 nor resi/ ! impulse to tea* & write ab\t x1 = x is ! subject on :i* m ?an any o!r we & o!rs sorely ne$ help & enlight5m5t4 ,& we %all get help 9 ! endeavor to af=d x to o!rs4 ,?is1 !n1 is my position3 ,i d n presume to lay d[n ! law = anyone4 ,i f9d t ,i c set =? ! bett] /&>ds :i* 9 ! c\rse ( trial & error ,i h come to recognize4 ,i w\ld n %amelessly expose m]e private failures & fail+s aft] ! mann] ( ,r\sseau 9 ! 8,confessions02 = !re is a tract ( ! inn] life :i* ought to be kept f publicity & pry+ intrusion4 ,i %all !n deal ) deflections only 9 s f> z !y c be trac$ to false /&>ds or pr9ciples1 & z !y t5d to illu/rate ! flaw 9 ^? /&>ds & pr9ciples4 ,:at ,i /ate z c]ta9 is c]ta9 = me4 ,x has approv$ itself z su* 9 my exp]i5ce4 ,let o!rs consult _! exp]i5ce1 & see h[ f> x tallies ) t :i* is "h set =?4 ,a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to call att5tion to betwe5 ! !ory z exp\nd$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is volume1 & ! practical applications to be f\nd 9 ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts4 ,p]sons :o are n tra9$ 9 metaphysical ?9k+ or int]e/$ 9 x1 may d well to omit ! read+ ( ! second "p4 ,to ^? :o are compet5t 9 philosophical ?9k+1 & :o disagree ) ! positions !re tak51 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to sugge/ t "o c diss5t f a philosophy & yet f9d help 9 ! applications to :i* x leads4 ,&1 aft] all1 x is ! practice t c\nts4 ,) ^! prelim9>ies1 ,i n[ proce$ to del9eate briefly ! /ages ( inn] developm5t :i* h l$ me sl[ly & ) mu* labor to ! sy/em ( ?\ght describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,"o ( ! lead+ pr9ciples to :i* ,i e>ly gave ass5t1 & to :i* ,i h ev] s9ce adh]$ z a correct fundam5tal insight1 is express$ 9 ! /atem5t t e human be+ is an end p] se1 wor? :ile on 8 own acc\nt4#b ,e human p]sonality is to be safe aga9/ infr+em5t & is1 9 ?is s5se1 sacr$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 prec9ct :i* may n be invad$4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* s]v$ me especially z ! matrix ( ?is idea 0 ! adolesc5t exp]i5ce ( sex-life1--! necessity felt ( inhibit+1 out ( rev]5ce = ! p]sonality ( wom51 ! p[]ful in/9cts !n awak5$4#c ,! fact t ,i _h liv$ abroad = ?ree ye>s 9 frequ5t contact ) "y m51 especially /ud5ts1 :o d]id$ my scruples1 & 9 ! impure atmosph]e ( ?ree capital cities ( ,europe1 ,b]l91 ,p>is & ,vi5na1 :]e ! 8primrose pa?0 is easy1 t5d$ to make ! ret5tion ( my po9t ( view m difficult1 & at ! same "t to give x great] fixity1 also to drive me into a k9d ( inw>d solitude4 ,i felt myself 9 opposition to my surr\nd+s1 & acquir$ a confid5ce1 p]haps exagg]at$1 to p]sev]e along my own l9es aga9/ prevail+ t5d5cies4 ,i ought next to m5tion ! decay ( !ism :i* took place 9 my m9d 9 consequ5ce ( philosophic read+4 ,already at an e>ly age ,i _h /umbl$ ov] ! doctr9e ( ,creation4 ,i rememb] ask+ my ,sunday ,s*ool tea*]--,h[ is creation possible8 ,h[ c some?+ orig9ate out ( no?+8 ,! answ] ,i receiv$ 0 evasive1 & left me uneasy & unsatisfi$4 ,on ano!r occasion ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ to ! same au?ority--a rev]$ & belov$ au?ority--t ! conception ( ,god seem$ to me too mu* l t ( a man1 too mu* fa%ion$ on ! human model2 & he amaz$ me beyond words by reply+ t he himself sympa?iz$ m or less ) ! ideas ( ,sp9oza4 ,?is *ance rem>k set me ?9k+1 & seem$ to op5 wide spaces 9 :i* my m9d felt free to travel--?\gh ,i nev] t5d$ 9 ! direction ( ,sp9oza4#d ,my ?\ghts 7 driv5 /ill fur!r by reaction aga9/ ! n>r[ !ology ( ! lectures on ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces z taught at t "t 9 ,columbia ,college1 :]e ,i 0 a /ud5t4 ,& all ^! influ5ces came to a head 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,g]man univ]sity at ,b]l94 ,!re ,i he>d ,zell]1 ,duhr+1 ,/e9?al1 ,bonitz4 ,above all ,i came into contact ) ,h]man ,coh51 subsequ5tly & = _m ye>s pr(essor ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 & und]took to grapple 9 grim e>ne/ ) ! philosophy ( ,immanuel ,kant4 ,! net outcome 0 n a!ism 9 ! moral s5se1--,i h nev] be5 :at is call$ an a!i/1--b ! def9ite & p]man5t disappe>ance ( ! individuali/ic conception ( ,deity4 ,i 0 attract$ by ! rigor1 ! sublimity1 ( ,kant's sy/em1 & especially by 8 transc5d5tal d]ivation ( ! moral law4 ,! individuali/ic basis ( 8 e?ics1 :i* is q uncong5ial to me1 ,i ignor$1 & = a "t simply acc\nt$ myself a foll[] ( ,kant4 ,v (t5 s9ce !n ,i h discov]$ t m51 unbekn[n to !mselves1 are apt to sail "u false flags1 rank+ !mselves ,kantians1 ,sociali/s1 or :at n1 because ! sy/em to :i* !y give _! adh]5ce attracts !m at "s "o out/&+ po9t1 ! po9t namely1 :]e x %>ply conflicts ) views :i* !y !mselves /rongly reprobate2 & !y are ?us l$ to ov]look o!r features no less important 9 :i* ! sy/em is really uncong5ial to !m4 ,?us a p]son :o recognizes ! evils ( ! pres5t wage sy/em may label himself a ,sociali/1 simply because ,socialism is mo/ 9 evid5ce z an adv]s>y ( ! wage sy/em1 :ile he may by no means agree ) ! positive pr9ciples t und]lie ,socialism1 :5 he comes to exam9e !m dispassionately4 ,i ?\ght at t "t ( ! ,moral ,law z t :i* answ]s to or %\ld replace ! individuali/ic ,god-idea4 ,i believ$ 9 an unkn[n pr9ciple or p[] 9 ?+s ( :i* ! ,moral ,law is ! manife/ation1 & ,i f\nd ! evid5ce ( ! moral law 9 man's consci\sness4 ,mat!w ,arnold's 8! p[] t makes = righte\sness0 is a phrase :i* at t "t w\ld h suit$ me1--?\gh p]haps n entirely ev5 at t "t4 ,i h s9ce come to see t 8mak+ = righte\sness0 is a conception inapplicable to ! ultimate reality1 & is prop]ly appli$ only to human ef=t2 s9ce purpose implies t ! end s\ght has n z yet be5 realiz$1 & non-realization & ultimate reality are contradictory ideas4 ,! p[] t only makes = righte\sness _c be ! ultimate tru? 9 ?+s4 ,! utmo/ we c say is t ! ultimate reality expresses itself 9 ! human _w z ! p[] t inspires 9 m5 moral purpose4 ,to return to my p]sonal exp]i5ces1 !re fell into my h&s1 :ile /ill a /ud5t abroad1 a book by ,fri$ri* ,alb]t ,lange entitl$ ,die ,arbeit]frage 7,! ,labor ,"q71 :i* prov$ epo*-mak+ 9 my life4 ,bacon says 9 8 essay ,( ,/udies3 8,"s books are to be ta/$1 o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s few to be *ew$ & dige/$40 ,he might h add$ t !re are books t make a man ov]1 *ang+ ! curr5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 or at lea/ op5+ *annels :i* previ\sly _h be5 block$4#e ,die ,arbeit]frage is n a great book4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject x has long s9ce be5 sup]s$$4 ,yet x op5$ = me a wide & tragic prospect1 an outlook ( :i* ,i _h be5 until !n 9 great measure oblivi\s1 an outlook on all ! moral z well z economic issues involv$ 9 :at is call$ ! ,labor ,"q4 ,my tea*] 9 philosophy1 ,coh51 once said to me %>ply1 t if !re is to be any?+ l religion 9 ! _w h]eaft]1 ,socialism mu/ be ! expression ( x4 ,i did n agree ) 8 /atem5t t ,socialism spells religion1 & h n se5 my way to ?is day t[>d id5tify+ ! two4 ,b ,i realiz$ t !re 0 a measure ( tru? 9 :at he said1--& t ,i mu/ squ>e myself ) ! issues t ,socialism raises4 ,lange help$ me to d ?is4 ,he aid$ me 9 o!r respects z well4 ,8 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism dispell$ "s ( ! fictiti\s glamor t /ill hung ab\t ! mat]iali/ic hypo!sis at t "t1--?\gh ! la/ *apt] on ! ultimate philosophy ( life1 9 :i* he id5tifies religion ) poetry1 is di/9ctly weak4 ,i read 8 book on ! ,labor ,"q ) burn+ *eeks2 no "w ( fiction ev] excit$ me z did ?is little treatise4 ,x 0 e?ical 9 _s1 if n 9 its rul+ ideas4 ,x favor$ productive co-op]ation1 & seem$ to po9t a way to imm$iate action1 z ,socialism did n4 ,! up%ot ( x 0 t ,i n[ possess$ a second object1 namely1 ! labor]1 to :om ,i c\ld apply my non-violation e?ics4 ,i _h always felt an in/9ctive1 idealiz+ rev]5ce = wom51 & ?is _h its influ5ce 9 ! fir/ practical outcome ( ! philosophy ( life ) :i* ,i />t$ on my c>e]4 ,i w\ld g out z ! m9i/] ( a new religi\s evangel4 ,in/ead ( prea*+ ! individual ,god1 ,i 0 to /ir m5 up to enact ! ,moral ,law2 & to enact ! ,moral ,law meant at t "t prim>ily to influ5ce ! "y m5 ) :om ,i came into contact to rev]5ce womanhood1 & to keep inviolate ! sacr$ ?+1 woman's honor4 ,& n[ ,i _h a second arr[ 9 my quiv]4 ,i 0 to g out to help to ar\se ! consci5ce ( ! weal?y1 ! advantag$1 ! educat$ classes1 to a s5se ( _! guilt 9 violat+ ! human p]sonality ( ! labor]4 ,my "m _h (t5 s5t me z a *ild on err&s ( *>ity1 & _h always impress$ ^u me ! duty ( respect+ ! dignity ( ! poor :ile m9i/]+ sympa!tically to _! ne$s4 ,i 0 prep>$ by ?is y\?ful tra9+ to res5t ! indignity (f]$ to ! p]sonality ( ! labor]1 z well z ! suff]+ endur$ by him 9 consequ5ce ( exi/+ conditions4 ,accord+ly1 on return+ f abroad1 my fir/ action consi/$ 9 f\nd+ among m5 ( my own or ne>ly my own age a little society :i* we ambiti\sly call$ a ,union = ! ,high] ,life1 bas$ on ?ree tacit assumptions3 sex purity1 ! pr9ciple ( devot+ ! surplus ( "o's income beyond t requir$ = "o's own g5u9e ne$s to ! elevation ( ! work+ class1 & ?irdly1 cont9u$ intellectual developm5t4 ,a second practical ent]prise attempt$ 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a co-op]ative pr9t+ %op4 ,?is hav+ fail$ because ( ! selfi%ness actuat+ ! memb]s1 ! ,work+man's ,s*ool 0 f\nd$1 ) ! av[$ object ( creat+ a truly co-op]ative _s among work+m54 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 pause at ?is po9t to expla9 h[ ! developm5t describ$ l$ me to sep>ation f ! ,hebrew religion1 ! religion 9 :i* ,i 0 born1 & to ! s]vice ( :i* z a ,jewi% m9i/] x 0 expect$ t ,i %\ld devote my life4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 view ( ! writ]'s connection ) ! ,e?ical ,culture ,societies x is fitt+ to /ate expressly t ! philosophical positions h]e9 set =? are n to be tak5 z an (ficial pron\ncem5t on behalf ( ! ,e?ical ,culture ,movem5t4 ,! ,e?ical ,societies z su* h no (ficial philosophy4 ,see ,book ,,iv1 ,*apt] #i4 #b ,?\gh ,i mu/ at once m5tion ! fir/ great error :i* accompani$ ! true insight1 ! %ad[ :i* w5t alongside ( ! light1 namely1 my und]/&+ ( ! above pr9ciple ma9ly 9 a negative s5se4 ,my e?ics 0 l>gely :at may be call$ non-violation e?ics4 #c ,! relation ( *a/ity to ! bir? ( ! idea ( p]sonality among ! ,hebrews ,i h t\*$ ^u else:]e4 ,! ,hebrew p abhorr$ promiscuity1 or ! di%onor+ ( oneself by indiscrim9ate m+l+4 ,x is in/ructive t ?is did n /& 9 ! way ( polygamy4 ,^? p]sons :om ! ,hebrew receiv$1 s to speak1 into ! sph]e ( 8 p]sonality1 did n imp]il 8 s5se ( p]sonal intactness4 ,& p]sonal intactness seems to h be5 ! det]m9+ motive 9 ! sev]e attitude tak5 t[>d pro/itution4 ,! fact t ! wor%ip ( o!r gods1 ! wor/ ( crimes 9 ! eyes ( ! ,hebrew legislator1 0 describ$ z 8:or+ aft] o!r gods0 is p>ticul>ly significant4 ,! sacr$1 s5sitive self1 ! holy ?+ :atev] x might be1 :i* ! ,hebrew discov]$ )9 8 own sex exp]i5ce1 0 !reaft] attribut$ also to o!rs1 & especially to ^? :o _h ! same av]sion to promiscuity z he4 ,h5ce p]haps ! limit$ ascription ( hol9ess to memb]s ( ! ,hebrew p4 #d ,pan!ism has always seem$ to me ! lea/ satisfactory ( !ological or e?ical solutions4 ,! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* w be f\nd lat] on 9 ?is volume may h a c]ta9 sup]ficial resemblance to ,pan!ism1 b 9 reality is z f> f x 9 orig9 & purpose z pole f pole4 #e ,!re are also passages 9 books t h ! same revolutioniz+ effect 7,cf4 ! passage quot$ f ,/4 ,paul 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's 8,confessions074 ,h[ev]1 x is curi\s to obs]ve t ! effect br\ght ab\t may be q out ( proportion to ! cause4 ,! book or ! passage may prove to be ( inf]ior value1 s f> z its subject is conc]n$1 & may yet s]ve sudd5ly to call att5tion to ! subject itself1 & give rise to tra9s ( ?\ght t ev5tually g f> beyond ! impetus t set !m 9 motion4 8,rip5ess10 says ,%akespe>e1 8is ev]y?+10--rip5ess to receive ! impetus4 ,relat$ness to ! /ate ( m9d ( ! recipi5t is ! decisive factor1 & ?is acc\nts = ! a/\nd+ *anges t result4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,hebrew ,,religion ,! sep>ation 0 n viol5t4 ,!re 0 no sudd5 wr5*+ (f4 ,!re 7 none ( ^? pa9ful /ruggles :i* _m o!rs h _h to und]go :5 break+ away f ! fai? ( _! fa!rs4 ,x 0 all a gradual1 smoo? transition1 ! unfold+ ( a se$ t _h long be5 plant$4 ,i h nev] felt ! bitt]ness (t5 *>act]i/ic ( ! radical1 nor 8 v5geful impulse to retaliate ^u ^? :o _h impos$ ! yoke ( dogmas ^u 8 s\l4 ,i _h nev] worn ! yoke4 ,i _h nev] be5 9 bondage4 ,i _h be5 g5tly guid$4 ,& consequ5tly ! w9e did n turn into v9eg>1 ! love into hate4 ,! tru? is1 ,i 0 h>dly aw>e ( ! *ange t _h tak5 place until x 0 fairly consummat$4 ,"o day ,i awoke1 & f\nd t ,i _h travel$ into a new c\ntry4 ,! l&scape 0 diff]5t2 ! faces ,i enc\nt]$ 7 diff]5t2 & look+ casually into a m5tal mirror1 z x 71 ,i p]ceiv$ t ,i too _h become diff]5t4 ,& ,i 0 sure also t ,i _h ga9$1 n lo/1 t into my new spiritual home ,i _h tak5 ) me1 n inde$ ! images ( my gods1 l neas1 flee+ f ,troy1 b some?+ = :i* ^? images _h /ood1 & :i* 9 o!r ways w\ld rema9 = me a p]man5t possession4 ,x has be5 said t ! sci5ce ( today lives only 9 s f> z x sup]s$es ! sci5ce ( ye/]day4 ,:atev] may be true ( sci5ce 7& ! /atem5t is c]ta9ly n true )\t l>ge qualifications--! sci5ce ( ,newton & ,d>w9 has n be5 8sup]s$$0--& x may ev5 come to pass t outrea*+s ( a m anci5t sci5ce fru/rat$ at ! "t w h]eaft] be tak5 up anew ) fair] results ?an =m]ly 7 atta9able71 9 religion at all ev5ts !re is no su* ?+ z ! b>e sub/itution ( ! new = ! old4 ,! religions ( ! pa/1 at lea/ ! m advanc$ religions1 are n simply to be ca/ on ! scrap heap1 or treat$ z explod$ sup]/itions4 ,!re is 9 all ( !m a c]ta9 fund ( tru? :i* may n be all[$ to p]i%1 b %\ld be rescu$ out ( ! wreck4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ religions conta9 a l>ge admixture ( error1 survivals ( primitive taboos1 my?ological elem5ts hav+ _! root 9 poly!ism1 :ile ! v tru?s :i* ,i h j admitt$ to be inf9itely preci\s require to be re/at$ s z to fit !m into a l>g] syn!sis4 ,x is n easy to def9e my attitude t[>d ! ,old ,ma/]s1 ,i mean ! ,old ,ma/]s 9 religion1 ! incomp>ably great religi\s tea*]s ( ! pa/1 :o t[] above u l giants4 ,my attitude is "o ( pr(\nde/ rev]5ce--t[>d ! ,hebrew prophets & ,jesus especially4 ,! ,hebrew religion fir/ s\nd$ ! di/9ctively spiritual note4 ,zoroa/] _h emphasiz$ ! /ruggle ( ! p[]s ( ,light & ! p[]s ( ,d>kness1 b ! conception ( light 9 8 sy/em rema9$ to a consid]able ext5t mat]iali/ic4 ,buddha emphasiz$ ,enlight5m5t 9 ! s5se ( escape f ,illusion1 & 9 conjunction ) x sympa?y = all :o rema9 "u ! spell ( illusion4 ,confucius endeavor$ to walk1 & taught 8 foll[]s to walk1 ) equipoise 9 ! ,middle ,pa?2 he emphasiz$ :at he ?\ght to be ! cosmic pr9ciple ( balance or equilibrium4 ,plato1 tak+ 8 /& on ! highe/ t]re/rial plat=m1 caught1 or believ$ himself to h caught1 sight ( transc5d5tal beauty z ! ultimate pr9ciple 9 ?+s4 ,b ! prophets ( ,israel assign$ to ! e?ical pr9ciple ! highe/ rank 9 man's life & 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,! be/ ?+ 9 man1 !y decl>$1 is 8 moral p]sonality2 & ! be/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 ! supreme & controll+ pr9ciple1 is ! moral p[] t p]vades x4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! e?ical pr9ciple 9 religion dates f ! prophets ( ,israel4 ,! religi\s developm5t ( ! human race took a new turn 9 _! sublime pr$ications1 & ,i = "o am c]ta9ly consci\s ( hav+ drawn my fir/ draught ( moral inspiration f _! writ+s4#f ,b nev]!less ,i f\nd myself compell$ to sep>ate f ! religion ( ,israel4 ,n[ :y 0 x necess>y = me to take ?is /ep8 ,:y n cont9ue along ! pa? fir/ blaz$ by ! ,hebrew prophets--smoo?+ x p]haps & wid5+ x8 ,:y n sep>ate ! dross f ! gold1 ! error f ! tru?1 explicat+ :at is implicit 9 t tru?1 & adapt+ x to ! ne$s & conditions ( ! mod]n age8 ,! answ] is t ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 & z ,i %all pres5tly %[1 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 is n capable ( su* adaptation4 ,x claims f9ality4 ,i h m5tion$ t !re is an elem5t ( p]man5t value 9 bo? ! ,hebrew & ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & t x %\ld be re/at$ & fitt$ into a l>g] syn!sis4 ,b ?is is impossible unless ! ,hebrew or ,*ri/ian sett+ be brok51 unless ! elem5t to be pres]v$ is tak5 out ( its context1 & treat$ fre%ly & ) p]fect fre$om4 ,a religion l ! two ,i am conc]n$ ) is a det]m9ate ?+4 ,x is a clos$ circle ( ?\ghts & beliefs4 ,x is capable ( a c]ta9 degree ( *ange b n ( indef9ite *ange4 ,! limits ( *ange are det]m9$ by its lead+ conceptions--! mono!i/ic idea 9 ! "o case1 & ! c5trality ( ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 ! o!r4 ,ab&on ^!1 & ! b\nd>ies by :i* ! religion is circumscrib$ are pass$4 ,! great religi\s tea*]s are m5 :o see ! spiritual l&scape f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 includ+ :atev] is visible f _! /ation1 exclud+ :atev] is n4 ,! religion :i* !y orig9ate is ?us bo? inclusive & %>ply exclusive4 ,:at !y see ) _! rapt eyes !y describe ) a tr5*ancy & fitness nev] !reaft] to be equal$4#g ,b 9 ord] to progress 9 religion x is necess>y to advance t[>d a diff]5t /ation1 to rea* a diff]5t1 a high] em95ce1 & f t to look =? anew ^u ! spiritual l&scape1 compreh5d+ ! outlook ( "o's pr$ecessors 9 a new p]spective1 see+ :at !y saw & mu* besides4 ,religi\s gr[? may also be comp>$ to ! gr[? ( a tree4 ,to expect t developm5t %all cont9ue along ! ,hebrew or ,*ri/ian l9es is l expect+ t a tree w cont9ue to develop along "o ( its bran*es4 ,!re is a limit beyond :i* ! ext5sion ( a bran* _c g4 ,!n gr[? mu/ %[ itself 9 ! putt+ =? ( a new bran*4 ,b let me n[ /ate ) some:at great] p>ticul>ity ! reasons t compell$ me to dep>t f ! fai? ( ,israel1 & to leave my e>ly religi\s home1 *]i%+ pi\s memories ( x1 b nev]!less firmly set 9 my c\rse t[>ds new horizons4#h #a4 ,! difficulty creat$ by ! claim t ,israel is an elect p1 t x /&s 9 a peculi> relation to ! ,deity4 ,?is claim1 at ! "t :5 x 0 put =?1 0 nei!r arrogant nor unf\nd$4 ,x 0 n arrogant because ! mission 0 und]/ood to be a heavy burd5 n a privilege3 or if a privilege at all1 !n ! tragic privilege ( m>tyrdom1 a m>tyrdom cont9u$ ?r\gh g5]ations4 ,& ! claim 0 n unf\nd$ or prepo/]\s at ! "t :5 x 0 put =? because ! ,hebrews 7 9 reality ! only p :o conceiv$ ( morality 9 t]ms ( hol9ess4 ,x 0 n absurd = !m to ass]t _! mission to be ! tea*]s ( mank9d 9 respect to ! spiritual int]pretation ( morality1 s9ce !re 0 some?+1 & t some?+ inf9itely important1 :i* !y actually _h to tea*4 ,moral ?9k+ & moral practices ( c\rse _h exi/$ f immemorial times ev]y:]e1 b ! conception ( morality z div9e 9 its s\rce1 z spiritual 9 its inmo/ ess5ce1--?is imm5se idea 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i ask$ myself1 has n ! task ( ,israel 9 ?is respect be5 accompli%$8 ,h n its ,scriptures become ! common prop]ty ( ! civiliz$ nations8 ,& does n t tea*] mi/ake 8 (fice :o attempts to ma9ta9 8 magi/]ial au?ority aft] 8 pupils h come to man's e/ate1 & are capable ( orig9al contributions8 ,! 8nations0 are n to be look$ ^u 9 ! light ( m]e pupils4 ,! e?ical message ( ,israel s f> z x is sane is univ]sali/ic4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! conviction t !re is a moral nature 9 e human be+1 & t ! moral nature is a spiritual nature4 ,& if ?is be s1 !n ! utt]ances1 ! insights1 ! new visions ) :i* ! spiritual nature is pregnant1 _c be suppos$ to be re/rict$ to memb]s ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,if ! tea*+ function is to be ma9ta9$ x mu/ be ex]cis$ by all :o h ! gift4 ,if !re is to be an elect body 7a dang]\s conception1 ! mean+ ( :i* is to be c>efully def9$71 x mu/ consi/ ( g5tiles & ,jews1 ( m5 ( e race & condition 9 :om ! spiritual nature is m awak5$ ?an 9 o!rs1 peculi>ly vivid1 press+ t[>ds utt]ance4 #b4 ,aside f ! spiritual int]pretation ( morality1 ! mission ( ! ,jewi% p has be5 said to consi/ 9 hold+ al(t ! /&>d ( pure mono!ism z aga9/ tr9it>ianism4 ,b pure mono!ism is a philosophy r ?an a religion4 ,tak5 by itself x is too pure1 too empty ( cont5t to s]ve ! purposes ( a liv+ fai?4 ,! attributes ( omnisci5ce1 omnipot5ce1 etc41 ascrib$ to ,deity are highly ab/ract1 too ab/ruse to be ev5 ?9kable1 save indirectly1 & !y c]ta9ly fail to t\* ! he>t4 ,z a matt] ( fact x 0 ! image ( ! ,fa!r project$ ^u ! backgr\nd ( ^! ab/ractions1 t made ! object ( ,jewi% piety4 ,jahweh is ! heav5ly sp\se2 ,israel is to be 8 fai?ful e>?ly sp\se4 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel are pre-em95tly 8 *ildr54 ,o!r nations likewise are 8 *ildr51--"s *ildr5 ( wra? to be ca/ out & de/roy$ l ! rebelli\s son 9 ,deut]onomy1 o!rs to be ev5tually ga!r$ into ! patri>*al h\sehold4 ,b ?is view comes back to ! same g5]al conception ( ! relations ( ,israel to o!r nations :i* has j be5 discuss$4 ,moreov]1 ! ,fa!r image1 z repres5t+ ! div9e life 9 ! _w1 ev5 :5 ext5d$ s z to include all mank9d on equal t]ms1 is op5 to a s]i\s objection4#i #c4 ,if1 nev]!less1 ! ,jews h a mission1 is x p]haps ?is3 to rehabilitate ! prophetic ideal ( social ju/ice8 ,is x n social ju/ice t ! _w is cry+ = today8 ,7 n ! prophets ( ,israel ! great prea*]s ( righte\sness 9 ! s5se ( social ju/ice8 ,did !y n affirm t religion consi/s 9 ju/ice & 9 its concomitant m]cifulness1 b above all 9 ju/ice8 ,did n ,isaiah say3 8,:5 ye come to tread my c\rts1 :o has dem&$ ?is ( y8 ,g wa% y1 make y clean4 ,put away ! evil t is 9 y\r h&s4 ,cease to d evil2 le>n to d good40 ,& lat] on1 8,t ye let ! oppress$ g free1 & t ye break e yoke40 ,^! are solemn1 m>vel\s words assur$ly6 ,!y h be5 r++ d[n ?r\gh ! ages1 & /ill f9d _! e*o 9 our he>ts4 ,& yet ! ju/ice idea ( ! prophets is inadequate to s]ve ! purpose ( social recon/ruction today4 ,to g back to x w\ld mean repri/9ation1 n r5ovation4 ,x is s\nd z f> z x goes1 b x does n g f> en\gh4 ,x is negative1 r ?an positive2 x is bas$ on ! idea ( non-violation4 ,:at we require today is a positive conception1 & ?is implies a positive def9ition ( t holy ?+ 9 man t is to be treat$ z inviolable4 ,to ! m9d ( ! prophets ju/ice meant *iefly resi/ance to oppression1 s9ce oppression is ! mo/ palpable exemplification ( ! =bidd5 violation4 ,! prophets 9 _! outlook on ! ext]nal relations ( _! p /ood = ! weak1 ! oppress$1 aga9/ ! /rong1 ! oppressor4 ,!y /ood = _! own weak little nation1 ! ,belgium ( ^? days1 aga9/ ! two ov]-mighty empires1 ,egypt & ,assyria1 t bord]$ x on ei!r side4 ,9 ! int]nal affairs ( ,israel !y esp\s$ ! cause ( ! weak aga9/ ! ri* & /rong3 8,woe unto !m t add h\se to h\se & field to field1 t gr9d ! faces ( ! poor40 ,ev] & ev] aga9 ! same note res\nds1 ! same int5se1 passionately indignant feel+ aga9/ violation 9 ! =m ( oppression4 ,b ?is aspect ( ju/ice1 z ,i h said1 is ! negative aspect1--ine/imably important1 b insuffici5t4 ,:]e oppression does n occur1 h ! claims ( ju/ice ceas$8 ,is !re n some?+ ev5 great] ?an m]e non-infr+em5t1 great] ?an m]cifulness or k9dness1 :i* 9 ju/ice we owe to ! p]sonality ( our fell[s1 namely1 to aid 9 ! developm5t ( _! p]sonality8 ,righte\sness1 yes1 by all means1--b does ! righte\sness ( ! prophets ( ,israel exhau/ or beg9 to exhau/ ! cont5t ( t va/ idea8 ,! univ]sali/ic e?ical idea 9 ! ,hebrew religion is b\nd up ) & b\nd d[n by racial re/rictions4 ,! issue betwe5 mono!ism & tr9it>ianism is no long] a vital issue ( our day4 ,! ,fa!r image z ! symbol ( ,deity raises expectations :i* exp]i5ce does n confirm4 ,! ideal ( social ju/ice z conceiv$ by ! prophets ( ,israel is a valid b incomplete expression ( :at is impli$ 9 social ju/ice4 ,^! are weighty consid]ations t make x difficult to reta9 ! belief 9 ! elect "* attribut$ to ! p ( ,israel4 ,!re is "o o!r1 ( v deep-rea*+ importance1 t mu/ be notic$4 ,an elect p is suppos$ to be an exempl>y p1 "o t sets a moral example :i* o!r nations are expect$ to copy4 ,b x has become m & m cle> to me t ! value ( example 9 ! moral life has be5 ov]e/imat$ & misund]/ood4 ,no individual1 = in/ance1 c really s]ve z an example to o!rs s z to be copi$ by !m4 ,! circum/ances are always some:at diff]5t1 ! natures are diff]5t1 & ! obligations1 f9ely exam9$1 are nev] q ! same4 ,9 fact1 ! be/ t anyone c d = ano!r by 8 example is to /imulate him to express ) consummate fidelity 8 diff]5t nature 9 8 own diff]5t way4 ,i d n ( c\rse d5y t !re are c]ta9 uni=mities1 *iefly negative1 9 moral conduct1 b ,i h come to ?9k t ! e?ical quality ( moral acts consi/s 9 ! po9ts 9 :i* !y diff] r ?an 9 ^? 9 :i* !y agree4 ,! ideally e?ical act1 to my m9d1 is ! mo/ completely individualiz$ act4 ,& :at is true ( individuals is no less true ( peoples4 ,no p c really be exempl>y = o!r peoples1 & 9 ?is s5se elect4 ,e p possesses a "* ( its own to :i* x is to give expression 9 ways :i* ,i %all indicate 9 ! la/ "p ( ?is "w4 ,b ! way rightly adopt$ by "o nation _c be a law or a model = its si/] nations4 ,if ! ideal ( ! mod]n ,zioni/s 7 realiz$1 if ! ,jews 7 to return to ,pale/9e1 to speak once m ! language ( ! ,bible1 to cultivate _! di/9ctive gifts1 !y w\ld n !re=e produce a patt]n :i* c\ld be copi$ 9 ,japan1 or among ! #djj millions ( ,*9a1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or among ! ,slavic or ,lat9 peoples4 ,9 conclud+ ^! reflections1 ,i may n conceal f myself or f o!rs t ! objection to ! function ( exempl>9ess1 if su/a9$1 affects at ! root bo? ! !ology & ! e?ics ( ! pa/4 ,if no individual c be 9 ! /rict s5se an example to o!rs1 nei!r c an individual ,deity be an example to be copi$ by m51 nei!r c ,*ri/ be ! p]fect exempl> to be imitat$4 ,!re c be no s+le p]fect exempl>4 ,virtues t be> ! same "n are n !re=e ! same virtues4 ,(t5 x is only ! "n t is ! same1 n ! sub/ance2 & :]e !y are 9 a broad way ! same1 yet !re rema9s a diff]5ce ( acc5t4 ,! natures ( m5 are unlike4 ,_! moral de/9y is to "w out ! unlik5ess ( ea* 9 h>mony ) t ( ! o!rs4 ,! moral equival5ce ( m51 r ?an _! moral equality1 is = me ! expression ( ! fundam5tal moral relation4#aj ,at ! e>ly /age ( my c>e] to :i* ,i am /ill adv]t+ x 0 urg5tly put to me t ) all ! *anges t _h tak5 place 9 my inn] life1 ,i ne$ n sep>ate myself f ! religion ( ! ,fa!rs1 nay1 t ,i might rema9 a s]vant & tea*] ( religion )9 ! ,jewi% fold1 gradually wean+ away f ! beliefs :i* !y held ^? :om ,i might contrive to influ5ce1 & draw+ !m up--su* 0 ! phrase us$--to my own 8high] level40 ,b ?is advice 0 repell$ by e inmo/ fibre ( my be+1 & c\ld n b be utt]ly reject$4 ,i 0 to publicly repres5t a c]ta9 belief ) ! purpose ( und]m9+ x4 ,i 0 to trade ^u ! simplicity ( my he>]s 9 ord] to rob !m ( :at !y1 crudely & mi/ak5ly p]haps1 consid]$ _! mo/ sacr$ tru?1 by feign+ provisionally1 until ,i c\ld alt] _! views1 to be 9 agreem5t ) !m4 ,w\ld ?is be fair to !m or to myself8 ,0 ,i to act a lie 9 ord] to tea* ! tru?8 ,!re 0 especially "o passage 9 ! ,sabba? s]vice :i* br\ght me to ! po9t ( resolution3 ,i mean ! words spok5 by ! (ficiat+ m9i/] z he holds up ! ,p5tateu* scroll1 8,& ?is is ! ,law :i* ,moses set be=e ! p ( ,israel40 ,i _h lately return$ f abroad :]e ,i _h _h a fairly ?or\gh c\rse 9 ,biblical exegesis1 & _h become conv9c$ t ! ,mosaic religion is s to speak a religi\s mosaic1 & t !re is h>dly a s+le /one 9 x :i* c ) c]ta9ty be trac$ to ! au?or%ip ( ,moses4 ,0 ,i to repeat ^! words8 ,x 0 impossible4 ,i 0 c]ta9 t !y w\ld /ick 9 my ?roat4 ,on ^! gr\nds ! sep>ation 0 decid$ on by me1 & became irrem$iable4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,i /ill g back to t f\nta9-head = refre%m5t & inspiration1 mu* z a mod]n poet may g back to ,hom]1 )\t attempt+ to copy him1 or z a mod]n sculptor or ar*itect may g back to ! ,greek arti/s )\t rel9qui%+ 8 "r & 8 duty to help 9 produc+ a diff]5t k9d ( art1 :i* p]*ance may "o day culm9ate 9 ma/]pieces l !irs1 ?\gh 8 own p]=mance be b ! poor beg9n+4 #g ,comp>e ! ejaculatory deliv]ance ( ,isaiah1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & ! ,p>ables ( ,jesus4 ,:o c attempt 9 language to express :at !y saw z !y did8 #h ,no s]i\sly religi\s p]son w attempt to /rike out into a new pa? unless he be "u inw>d co]cion to d s4 ,! advantages ( :at is commonly call$ hi/oric cont9uity 7,i h j %[n :]e9 real cont9uity consi/s1 t ( gr[? along ! trunk1 & n ( gr[? along ! bran*7 are great4 ,!re is = "o ?+ ! support d]iv$ f lean+ on an anci5t tradition1 ! pr\d humility felt 9 pass+ on ! tor* t _h be5 held by mighty pr$ecessors1 ! self-d$ication to t :i* is l>g] ?an self1 i4e41 to an in/itution & ideas t exi/$ 9 ! _w be=e "o 0 born1 & w exi/ aft] "o is gone4 ,!re is ! /r5g? drawn f contact ) a l>ge & p[]ful organization1 p[]ful bo? 9 su/a9+ "o's ef=ts1 & 9 re/ra9+ & correct+ !m :5 ne$ be4 ,!re are1 on ! o!r side1 ! p]ils ( innovation1 ! errors into :i* "o is l$ = lack ( re/ra9t & correction1 ! too great dep5d5ce on self1 ! spiritual lonel9ess & ! lack ( _m graci\s & useful aids to ! religi\s life su* z a noble ritual1 maje/ic music1 ! fit emotional expressions ( religi\s feel+1 :i* are n to be _h = ! ask+1 ! f9e embelli%m5ts t are preci\s 9 _! way1 & t1 l ! fruits 9 ! ,g>d5s ( ! ,gods1 rip5 sl[ly1 & may n be extemporiz$ or anticipat$4 #i ,see ,*apt] ,,ix on ! ,religi\s ,society 9 ,"p ,,iv ( ?is volume4 ,x gives rise to ! belief t m5 z individuals or collectively are ! objects ( a special ,provid5ce1 & t ! univ]se is s arrang$ z to be adapt$ to man's ne$s1 n to say 8 wi%es2 :]eas ! facts %[ t man mu/ adapt himself to ! univ]se1 & f9d 8 physical safety & 8 e?ical salvation 9 s do+4 ,! belief 9 ! ,fa!r :o all[s n "o hair ( our heads to fall unnotic$ raises expectations to :i* actual exp]i5ce fails to correspond4 ,z to ! issue betwe5 mono!ism & tr9it>ianism1 x has long s9ce become obsolesc5t1 if n obsolete4 ,! =w>d-look+ m5 & wom5 ( our "t are absorb$ 9 f> o!r issues--,is ! me*anical !ory prop\nd$ by sci5ce ! ultimate acc\nt ( ?+s8 ,is ! _w 9 :i* we live a bl9d ma*9e8 ,is man a *ance product ( nature1 l ! bea/s t p]i%8 ,n is ,god "o 9 unity or is ,he a ,triune ,god1 b1 is !re a ,god at all8 ,is !re a sup]s5sible reality8 ,is religion capable ( a new lease ( life1 & ( giv+ a new lease ( life to u :o n[ are spiritually dead8 #aj ,( _m e?ical types ( behavior no examples :atev] z yet exi/1 = in/ance1 ( ! e?ically-m9d$ employ] or m]*ant1 e?ically-m9d$ 9 ?\ght & 9 practice4 ,! /&>d ( e?ical behavior :i* we apply is at pres5t high] & m exact+4 ,! /&>d itself inde$ is 9 process ( be+ def9$1 & !re are no illu/rations ( x1 or none b v imp]fect ones1 on :i* to dwell ) satisfaction4 ,b ! same is true ( o!r vocations4 ,we are v ?ankful = any examples t c be f\nd4 ,!y seem to prove t t :i* ought to be c be4 ,b we may n lean on !m too h>d4 ,!y are nev] q adequate1 ev5 9 _! limit$ sph]e2 & !re is ev] an ,ought-to-be beyond t :i* has be5 ev5 p>tially realiz$1 beyond t :i* has ev5 z yet be5 conceiv$4 ,to make too mu* ( example is to *eck moral progress4 ,along ) a due appreciation ( pa/ moral a*ievem5ts1 !re %\ld be enc\rag$ a _s ( brave adv5ture1 a c]ta9 intrepidity ( s\l to v5ture =? on voyages ( discov]y into unkn[n e?ical regions1 tak+ ! risks b b5t ^u ! prize4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,em]son ,i f9d on look+ backw>d t my developm5t proce$$ ) ! help ( a s]ies ( def9itions fix+ my attitude t[>d tea*]s :o made a special appeal to me1 & t[>d great hi/oric t5d5cies pa/ & pres5t4 ,i 0 help$ bo? by :at ,i 0 able to appreciate 9 !m1 &1 :]e ,i div]g$1 by :at !y =c$ me to ?9k out = myself4 ,"h let me ackn[l$ge a pass+ debt to ,em]son4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,kant1 a /rong attraction drew me t[>d ,em]son ) tempor>y disreg>d ( radical diff]5ces1--al?\gh ! spell 0 nev] s pot5t or s p]si/5t 9 ! latt] in/ance z 9 ! =m]4 ,i made ,em]son's acqua9tance 9 #ahge4 ,i came into t\* ) ! ,em]son circle & read & re-read ! ,essays4 ,! value ( ,em]son's tea*+ to me at t "t consi/$ 9 ! exalt$ view he takes ( ! self4 ,div9ity z an object ( extrane\s wor%ip = me _h vani%$4 ,em]son taught t imm$iate exp]i5ce ( ! div9e p[] 9 self may take ! place ( wor%ip4 ,8 doctr9e ( self-reliance also 0 brac+ to a y\? j sett+ out to *all5ge prevail+ op9ions & to urge plans ( trans=mation ^u ! community 9 :i* he work$4 ,b ,i soon discov]$ t ,em]son ov]/resses self-affirmation at ! exp5se ( s]vice4 ,= a "t inde$ ,i reconcil$ 9 my own fa%ion ! two contr>y t5d5cies4 ,! div9e p[]1 ,i argu$1 fl[s ?r\gh me z a *annel--h5ce ! gr&eur :i* atta*es to my spiritual nature4 ,b ! div9e p[] manife/s itself 9 r$ress+ ! wrongs t exi/ 9 ! _w1 & 9 putt+ an end to su* violations ( p]sonality z ! sexual & economic exploitations :i* disgrace human society4 ,s = a "t ,i cont9u$ to walk on air ) ,em]son1 & _h my head 9 ! cl\ds1--! cl\ds 9 :i* ,em]son envelop$ me4 ,out ( ?is false s5se ( security1 ?is quasi-pan!i/ic self-affirmation1 ! exp]i5ces ( ! next few ye>s effectually r\s$ me4 ,i came to see t ,em]son's pan!ism 9 effect spoils 8 e?ics4 ,be ?yself1 he says1 n a c\nt]feit or imitation ( someone else4 ,be diff]5t4 ,b :y6 ,because ! ,"o manife/s itself 9 endless v>iety4 ,p5etrat+ bel[ ! surface1 h[ev]1 "o f9ds t 9 ?is k9d ( philosophy ! value ( diff]5ce1 to :i* ,i atta* ess5tial importance on e?ical gr\nds1 is no?+ m ?an t ( a foil4 ,accord+ to ,em]son life is a univ]sal masqu]ade1 & ! int]e/ ( ! :ole bus9ess ( liv+ consi/s 9 ! ev]-r5ew$ discov]y t ! face beh9d ! diff]5t masks is /ill ! same4 ,diff]5ce is n *]i%$ on its own acc\nt4 ,& "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! uni=mity pr9ciple ( ,hebraism1 ,i f\nd myself diss5t+4 ,em]son is a k9d ( eagle1 circl+ high up 9 ! e!r--non soli c$it4 ,em]son ) 8 oracul> say+s might h s]v$ z a prie/ at ,dodona or l$ ! my/]ies at ,eleusis4 ,yet1 )al1 he is g5u9ely ,am]ican1--a r>e bl5d ( anci5t my/ic & mod]n ,yankee1--a valu$ poet too1 b z an e?ical guide to be accept$ only ) l>ge res]vations4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,jesus ,at ab\t ?is "t ,i began to occupy myself m s]i\sly ?an ,i _h done be=e1 ) ! /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i _h1 ,i ?9k a great advantage 9 my approa* to x1 = ! v reason t ,i _h n be5 br\ght up 9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,i came f ! outside1 ) a m9d fre% to receive fir/-h& impressions4 ,i _h n _h in/ill$ into me f *ildhood ! k9d ( hesitant awe t prev5ts imp>tial appraisem5t ( excell5ces & ( possible defici5cies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z a se>*] ,i 0 deeply int]e/$ to asc]ta9 :at ,*ri/ianity c\ld give me1 & to :at ext5t x c\ld fur!r my spiritual developm5t4 ,i _h n ! en=c$ly apologetic attitude2 ,i did n come prep>$ to accept )\t "q nor yet to f9d fault2 ,i came to te/ = my own use4 ,"h am ,i1 ) life & its problem be=e me--h[ c ! tea*+s ( ,jesus help me 9 my se>*1 9 my dire p]plexities8 ,i mu/ say to beg9 ) t ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! orig9ality ( ,jesus' tea*+s1 a quality 9 !m :i* to my amazem5t ,i _h f\nd disput$1 n only by ,jews1 b by repres5tative ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ,jewi% circles x is n uncommon to speak almo/ condesc5d+ly ( ,*ri/ianity z ( a daught] religion commission$ to spread abroad ! tru?s ( ,judaism1 ) su* alloy z may be ne$$ to suit !m to ! appreh5sion ( ! g5tiles4 ,b ,*ri/ian tea*]s likewise--,i rememb] p>ticul>ly a rec5t s]mon to t effect--h tak5 ! gr\nd t ,jesus add$ no?+ new to ! e?ical insight ( mank9d4 ,8 "w1 x is said1 consi/$ m]ely 9 supply+ a suffici5t motive = p]=m+ ! duties :i* ev]yone kn[s1 b :i*1 lack+ ?is motive1 we are suppos$ly impot5t to practice4 ,?is /range misappreh5sion ( ! intimate nature ( ,jesus' contribution to e?ical progress is l>gely due1 ,i take x1 to ! pov]ty ( our moral vocabul>y4 ,language puts at our disposal only a few t]ms1 su* z ,ju/ice1 ,righte\sness1 ,love1--:i* mu/ ne$s /& = a great v>iety ( moral ideas4 ,?us ,ju/ice 9 ,plato's use ( ! ^w1 implies t 8a %oemak] %all /ick to 8 la/10 t ^? :o p]=m ! humble functions %all be cont5t to p]=m !m 9 due subs]vi5ce to _! sup]iors4 ,a v diff]5t mean+ 0 atta*$ to ju/ice by ! ,hebrew prophets z ,i h expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,aga91 a q diff]5t conception ( ju/ice is fram$ & /ress$ by mod]n social re=m]s4 ,n[ x is ?is ambiguity ( ! moral vocabul>y t conceals ! novelty ( ,jesus' precepts4 ,?us1 to m5tion only a s+le capital in/ance1 x has be5 ass]t$ t ! ,gold5 ,rule z taught by ,jesus is n orig9al1 b sub/antially ! same rule t _h be5 laid d[n by ,confucius #ejj ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,b on clos] scrut9y x w be se5 t ! two ,gold5 ,rules are by no means ! same4 ,z prop\nd$ by ! ,*9ese sage ! rule appe>s to mean3 ,keep ! balance true betwe5 ?yself & ?y neighbor2 illu/rate 9 ?y conduct ! pr9ciple ( equilibrium4 ,z impress$ ^u 8 disciples by ,jesus x means3 ,look ^u ?y neighbor z ?y o!r self2 act t[>ds him z if ?\ w]t he4 ,to return to my po9t1 ! impression ( novelty :i* ,i receiv$ 9 read+ ! ,gospels 0 def9ite & /rik+4 ,! my?ological idealization ( ,jesus1 inde$1 ,i put aside z a ?+ t did n conc]n me4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to say ) c]ta9 mod]n lib]als t he 0 j a man1 an inf9itely graci\s p]sonality1 "o :o exemplifi$ 9 8 life ! virtues ( =giv5ess & self-sacrifice1 did n satisfy me ei!r4 ,buddha too _h taught =giv5ess3 8,= hatr$ is n conqu]$ by hatr$ at any "t2 hatr$ is conqu]$ by love40 ,x c\ld n !n be ! b>e precept ( =giv5ess t lets light on ! secret ( ,jesus4 ,& self-sacrifice--8,great] love ha? no man ?an ?is1 t he %\ld lay d[n 8 life = 8 fri5d0--_h be5 practic$ )9 & )\t ! pale ( ,hebraism4 ,t he cont9u$ ! "w ( 8 ,hebrew pr$ecessors ,i made no d\bt4 ,on ! ,hebrew side he 0 a prophet1 or r1 a sa9t 9 ,israel4 ,b ,i _h j z little d\bt t he took a /ep beyond 8 pr$ecessors1 t 8 tea*+s be> ^u !m ! signature ( orig9ality4 ,to put my ?\ght briefly1 ,i came to conclude t ! e?ical orig9ality ( ,jesus consi/s 9 a new way ( deal+ ) ! problem ( evil1 t is1 ( evil 9 ! guise ( oppression4 ,! prophets1 8 pr$ecessors1 z we h se51 id5tifi$ inju/ice ) oppression2 & 9 ! fir/ flu% ( _! moral en?usiasm ! m optimi/ic among !m believ$ t ju/ice z !y conceiv$ ( x w\ld pres5tly triumph & t oppression w\ld cease altoge!r--8,arise1 %9e1 = ?y light is come40 ,god w\ld miracul\sly int]f]e1 & br+ ab\t on e>? a /ate ( righte\sness4 ,b ye>s & c5turies pass$ by1 & oppression1 f> f ceas+1 became "u ! ru?less adm9i/ration ( ,rome ev] m gr9d+ & t]rible4 ,! yoke ( ,rome weigh$ ^u ! ,jews z x did ^u o!r peoples2 b p]haps1 because !y 7 m indep5d5t 9 _s1 x gall$ !m m sorely4 ,! fi]y zealots among ! ,jews p]si/$ 9 hop+ t by supreme desp]ate ef=ts1 ,god com+ to _! aid1 !y might yet succe$ 9 %ak+ (f ?is yoke--ef=ts :i* culm9at$ 9 ! horrors ( ! la/ siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,jesus 0 n ( _! way ( ?9k+4 ,he seems inde$ to h believ$ t ! end ( ! exi/+ ord] 0 ne>4 ,x 0 too incr$ibly bad to la/4 ,! _w w\ld be consum$ by fire4 ,a new e>? & a new heav5 w\ld appe>4 ,b 9 ! meantime h[ accommodate oneself to ! intol]able fact ( oppression8 ,jesus said1 ,resi/ n evil 9 ! guise ( oppression1 x is irresi/ible4 ,he m5tions 9 p>ticul> ?ree =ms ( intol]able oppression3 a bl[ 9 ! face1 ! /ripp+ ( a man ( 8 g>m5t1 & ! co]c+ him to d ! arbitr>y bidd+ ( ano!r4 ,he says1 ,resi/ n evil1 resi/ n oppression4 ,%all !n evil triumph8 ,is ! victim helplessly at ! m]cy ( ! injur]8 ,%all he ev5 be told t 9 a s]vile _s he mu/ accept ! indignities t are put ^u him8 ,no2 ?is is n ! mean+4 ,q a diff]5t mean+ is impli$4 ,& "h ! tea*+ ( ,jesus takes its novel turn4 ,!re is a way1 he says to ! victim1 9 :i* y c spiritually triumph ov] ! evildo]1 & make y\r peace ) irresi/ible oppression4 ,use x z a means ( self-purification2 pause to consid] :at ! inn] motives are t lead y\r enemy1 & o!rs l him1 to d su* acts z !y are guilty (1 & to s violate y\r p]sonality & t ( o!rs4 ,! motives 9 !m are lu/1 gre$1 ang]1 wilfulness1 pride4 ,n[ turn y\r gaze inw>d ^u y\rself1 look into y\r own he>t & le>n1 p]haps to y\r amazem5t1 t ! same evil /reams trickle ?r\gh y2 t y1 too1 are subject1 ev5 if x be only subconsci\sly & incipi5tly1 to ! same appetites1 passions1 & pride1 t animate y\r injur]s4 ,!re=e let ! suff]+s y endure at ! h&s ( ^? :o all[ ^! bad impulses free re9 9 _! treatm5t ( y lead y to expel ! same bad impulses t /ir pot5tially 9 y\r brea/2 let ?is exp]i5ce fill y ) a deep] horror ( ! evil1 & prove ! inc5tive to secure y\r own emancipation f its control4 ,9 ?is way y w a*ieve a real triumph ov] y\r enemy1 & w be able to make y\r peace ) oppression4 ,!re are o!r intol]able evils 9 ! _w besides oppression :i* nev]!less mu/ be tol]at$4 ,! me?od ( ,jesus c be appli$ to ^! also4 ,?is me?od ,i reg>d z a p]man5t contribution to ! e?ical progress ( humanity4 ,a second orig9al trait 9 ,jesus' tea*+ ,i f\nd 9 8 conception ( ! spiritual nature1 & ( 8 doctr9e ( love z dep5d5t on t conception4 ,! conception or def9ition is /ill negative z 9 ! non-violation e?ics ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,! spiritual elem5t 9 man is hidd54 ,x _c be appreh5d$ z to :at x is sub/antively4 ,! attributes ascrib$ to x are ! effects 9 :i* x manife/s itself2 ?is goes )\t say+4 ,to def9e ! spiritual nature means to describe ^! effects1 ^! manife/ations4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew pr$ecessors ( ,jesus ! spiritual p[] is to be conceiv$ ( z t :i* prompts a man to respect ! holy prec9ct ( p]sonality 9 o!rs & 9 himself4 ,:at ! holy ?+ is rema9s unkn[n4 ,?is view leads to acts ( ju/ice & m]cy1 z above expla9$4 ,accord+ to ,jesus ! spiritual ess5ce 9 man bids him expel ! inn]1 impure impulses t lead to ext]nal violations4 ,9 brief1 ! spiritual p[] is conceiv$ ( 9 t]ms ( purity4 ,x is ! pure ?+ 9 man t ?ru/s out z ali5 to itself :atev] is impure--:atev] is ( ! _w1 ! fle%1 &1 9 my?ological language1 :atev] is ,satanic4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i say t ! def9ition is negative4 ,x m>ks out1 inde$1 a def9ite l9e ( conduct2 & x ev5 leads1 z we %all pres5tly see1 to active ef=ts 9 a specific direction4 ,a negative pr9ciple may h c]ta9 positive results4 ,b 9 ! ma91 nev]!less1 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus enlight5s u z to :at %all n be r ?an z to :at %all be4 ,f ! ,hebrew prophets we le>n t !re %all n be violation ( p]sonality or inju/ice1 ! positive concomitant be+ m]cy2 f ,jesus' tea*+s we le>n t !re %all n be impurity 9 ! inn] =um1 ! positive by-product be+ ! doctr9e ( love4 ,tak+ ov] ! ,hebrew h]itage1 ,jesus affirm$ t ! spiritual nature exi/s 9 all human be+s4 ,9 e man !re is presum$ to be ?is inn] p[] to reject ! unclean admixtures1 to w>d (f & repel ! c>nal solicitations1 to )draw f ! 8_w10 & to move upw>d t[>d ! s\rce ( purity1 :i* is ,god4 ,! spirituality ( man consi/+ ( purity1 ! ,fa!r-,god1 ! ,fa!r ( ,lights1 is likewise conceiv$ z ! absolutely pure1 9 ?is s5se z ! mo/ holy4 ,9 e man !re is a ray ( ! et]nal light emanat+ f ! et]nal lum9>y1 & all m5 are "o 9 s f> z _! rays conv]ge at ! focus ( ,godhead4 ,to love m5 is to be consci\s ( "o's unity ) !m 9 ! c5tral life1 & to give effect to ?is consci\sness4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ian love1 ! love t ,jesus taught1 is no e>?ly love1 no m]e s5tim5t1 or outrea*+ ( ! human affections4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! natural human ties are repeat$ly set aside 9 ! logia4 ,to love ano!r is to love him 9 ,god4 ,lat] ! curr5t phrase became1 to love him 9 ,*ri/2 t is1 to ?9k ( him1 & act t[>ds him1 z if he possess$ ! same capacity = purity ) oneself4 ,! love ( o!rs 9 ,god or ,*ri/ enc\rag$ a p>ticul> k9d ( e>?ly b5efic5ce1 & x especially inspir$ ! foll[]s ( ,jesus ) an unp>allel$ zeal 9 works ( rem$ial 7?\gh nev] ( prev5tive7 *>ity4 ,?is may at fir/ sight seem p>adoxical4 ,! "y man is advis$ to dispossess himself ( all he has1 & 9 ! same brea? is told to di/ribute 8 possessions among ! poor4 ,:y n r scatt] !m to ! w9ds8 ,:y %\ld n ! poor too cease to toil & sp9 & take he$ = ! morr[8 ,= _! simple necessities ,god w\ld provide4 ,! two-fold attitude1 h[ev]1 is easy to und]/& if we rememb] t c]ta9 acts ( helpfulness h a symbolic significance1 z atte/+ ! value we set ^u ! p]son to ^: ne$s we m9i/]1 mu* z a fl[] (f]$ to a belov$ p]son emblematically intimates our s5se ( ! beauty & wor? ( ! "o to :om ! tribute is (f]$4 ,*ri/ian *>ity1 on its e>?ly side1 has a simil> mean+ & purpose4 ,x is int5d$ to efface ! indignity to :i* human be+s are subject$ :5 r$uc$ to extreme indig5ce or all[$ to suff] )\t relief1 = x is ! disda9 ( ! spiritual p]sonality ?us ev9c$ :i* ,jesus disall[s4 ,he bids 8 foll[]s intimate by e>?ly tok5s _! consci\sness ( ! sup]-e>?ly wor? ( _! fell[-be+s4 ,b ! pursuit ( ri*es z su* he n[h]e enc\rages--q ! contr>y4 ,& x is c]ta9ly a mi/ake to repres5t ,jesus1 z has rec5tly be5 done1 z a k9d ( precursor ( mod]n ,socialism1 & to ?9k ( him z "o :o1 if he _h liv$ 9 our "t1 w\ld h laid /ress on equality ( opportunity = all to ga9 e>?ly possessions4 ,he :o advocat$ weal? = none c\ld n be suppos$ to h sympa?iz$ ) a social movem5t ^: fir/ object x is to secure weal? = all4 ,x is ?is int]pretation ( love t help$ me to und]/& ! int]ior mean+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! =giv5ess ( enemies z taught by ,jesus1 & to p]ceive :]e9 x diff]s f ! app>5tly id5tical mode ( behavior enjo9$ by ,buddha & ! ,/oic ,s5eca4 ,x plays a capital rle 9 ,jesus' tea*+4 ,z illu/rat$ by ! proto-m>tyr ,/eph5 x probably effect$ ! conv]sion ( ,paul4 ,jesus says3 8,bless !m t curse y40 ,b h[ is x possible to bless ^? t curse u8 ,h[1 = in/ance1 0 x possible = ,/eph5 to bless ! m5 ( blood at ! v mom5t :5 !y 7 cru%+ him "u /ones8 ,to bless !m t curse y1 to bless !m t despitefully use y1 means to di/+ui% betwe5 ! spiritual possibilities lat5t 9 !m & _! ov]t conduct1 to see ! human1 ! pot5tially div9e face beh9d ! horrible mask1 & to invoke ! influ5ce ( ! div9e p[] ^u !m 9 ord] t x may *ange !m into _! pur]1 bett] selves4 ,) complete & eag] appreciation ( ! po9ts ( excell5ce conta9$ 9 ^! tea*+s1 ) a rev]5ce :i* x is impossible to express 9 words = _! incomp>able ,au?or1 & ) a l>ge s5se ( ! b5efic5t influ5ce :i* !y h ex]cis$ on human hi/ory1 ,i /ill c\ld n avoid ! "q1 s vital = me1 ,h ^! e?ical tea*+s ( ! great ,ma/] ! /amp ( f9ality ^u !m8 ,has ,jesus really spok5 ! la/ ^w 9 e?ics8 ,is no?+ left = u b fur!r to exp& & apply ! tru? :i* he laid d[n once & = all8 ,:5 !ology goes1 ! la/ /& ( apologetic writ]s is apt to be made on ! e?ics4 ,! in/9ct to claim f9ality = ! religion 9 :i* "o has be5 br\ght up ass]ts itself 9 ! claim t ! moral tea*+s at lea/ are unexceptionable & valid = all "t to come4 ,! se>*] :o is 9 great moral p]plexities & :o seeks help = o!rs & himself1 is b\nd to ask & w ask 9 no capti\s _s1 is ?is s8 ,! decisive po9t is :e!r ! e?ical tea*+s ( ,jesus supply a pr9ciple :i* enables u to "w ) ze/ 9 ! _w1 to take ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 all ! manifold activities ( human society1 to embrace ! _w ) ! view ( p5etrat+ x ) a spiritual purpose & ( ?us trans=m+ x4 ,d ^! tea*+s exhibit a way ( mak+ ! _w & ! fle% in/rum5tal to ! _s1 or d !y s]ve to turn u away f ! _w & its int]e/s1 to ab&on ! _w 9 despair8 ,is ! conception ( spirituality z purity adequate8 ,purity is c]ta9ly "o aspect ( morality2 is x ! sole or ! pr9cipal factor 9 x8 ,! o!r-worldly attitude 9 ! ,gospels is c]ta9ly cle>ly m>k$4 ,x is ! backgr\nd on :i* ! e?ical precepts /& =?4 ,tyrrel has argu$ z aga9/ ,h>nack = ! close connection betwe5 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus & ! apocalyptic vision4 ,i ask$ myself1 ,c ! apocalyptic vision1 t is to say ! o!r-worldl9ess1 be dissociat$ f ! e?ics1 or is ! relation betwe5 !m necess>y8#aa ,if ! _w is spe$ily1 almo/ imm$iately1 com+ to an end1 !n x is ju/ifiable to pref] celibacy to m>riage1 to ignore ! /ate1 to c\nsel disreg>d ( ! toil+ & ! sp9n+4 ,all ( ?is is w>rant$ on ! assumption t ! ord] ( ?+s 9 :i* ^! in/itutions & activities h _! place is ab\t to disappe>4 ,b if ?is expectation is deceiv$1 if ?+s cont9ue 9 _! anci5t c\rse1 if ! _w & ! fle% p]si/1 tak+ on ev] new & m baffl+ %apes1 h[ is a sy/em ( e?ics :i* is bas$ on ! assumption ( "o /ate ( ?+s to be reconcil$ ) a /ate ( ?+s exactly ! opposite8 ,h[ %all an e?ical p]son conduct himself 9 a _w :i* 8 philosophy ( life tea*es him to reject1 b ) :i* ! necessities ( 8 exi/5ce compel him to come to t]ms day by day & h\r by h\r8 ,!re mu/ !n be compromise4 ,& ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity up to ! pres5t mom5t is ! record ( su* compromises4 ,mona/icism 0 "o ( ! e>lie/4 ,a di/9ction 0 made1 s to speak1 betwe5 p]fect & imp]fect ,*ri/ians1 betwe5 a class ( m5 & wom5 :o liv$ 9 ascetic seclusion1 z if ! _w did n exi/1 & ano!r class1 ! great] numb]1 :o manag$ e?ically z be/ !y c\ld1 dep5d5t on ! sup]]ogatory m]its ( ! real ,*ri/ians or sa9ts to eke out _! unhol9ess4 ,ano!r species ( compromise is illu/rat$1 especially 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,x appe>s z a division betwe5 ! contract$ sph]e ( hol9ess & ! circumambi5t sph]e ( ! practical life1 9 bo? ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! same individual has 8 place4 ,*a/ity1 =giv5ess ( p]sonal enemies1 & ! l virtues are to be practic$ 9 ! contract$ sph]e ( private life1 ! ability to practice ^! virtues be+ d]iv$ f my/ical id5tification ) ,jesus4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian's public life no su* id5tification is possible1 & he is left to be consci\sly or unconsci\sly unholy4 ,z a politician1 z a competitor 9 ! /ruggle = weal?1 he rema9s )\t e?ical direction4 ,! e?ical ideal ( ! ,gospels requires = its sett+ ! apocalyptic vision4 ,x d]ives its cog5cy f ! belief t ! _w is ab\t to p]i%4 ,c x s]ve z a suffici5t guide to ^? :o mu/ live 9 ! _w1 & affirm _! e?ical p]sonality 9 deal+ ) x8 ,9 politics1 9 bus9ess1 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 mu/ we n someh[ see our way to ! conception t ^! great int]e/s are n ali5 to ! spiritual nature1 introduc+ p]*ance impure admixtures into x1 b r c be made subs]vi5t or in/rum5tal to x8 ,yes2 b in/rum5tal 9 :at way8 ,at ?is po9t1 n only ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 b e "o ( ! sy/ems ( e?ics t h aris5 s9ce !n has fail$4 ,& x is1 moreov]1 p]fectly evid5t t ! in/rum5tal function ( ! sex relation or ( ! pursuit ( k or ( patriotism _c be det]m9$ unless we fir/ answ] ! "o "q :i* ! e?ical writ]s are 9 ! habit ( evad+--,in/rum5tal to :at end8 ,:at is ! e?ical end8 ,in/rum5ts are means to ends--h[ c ! means be rightly apprais$ )\t a def9ite conception ( ! end8 ,& if ! end be ! affirmation ( our e?ical p]sonality1 ( our spiritual nature1 ( t holy ?+ 9 u )\t :i* man loses 8 wor? 7& )\t :i* ! rule ( non-violation itself falls to ! gr\nd1 s9ce :]e !re is no?+ inviolable !re c be no infr+em5t71 x is pla9 t we mu/ seek a positive def9ition ( ! spiritual nature :i* %all s]ve z a pr9ciple ( regulation :]e ! empty concept ( purity has manife/ly fail$4 ,*ri/ian e?ics has promot$ ! moral developm5t ( mank9d 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,x has help$ ev5 by its my?ological embodim5t ( a transc5d5tal idea to place ! individual m firmly on 8 feet4 ,x has emphasiz$ ! inn] spr+s ( conduct2 x has giv5 prom95ce to c]ta9 pr9cipal virtues ( ! private life2 b1 l e product ( ! m9d & aspirations ( man1 x exhibits ! limitations ( ! "t & ( ! social conditions "u :i* x arose4 ,! conditions h s9ce *ang$4 ,society has become inf9itely m complex1 & 9 consequ5ce new moral problems h =c$ !mselves ^u m5's att5tion2 & ) ! help ( ,*ri/ianity itself ! human race has advanc$ beyond ! po9t ( view = :i* ,*ri/ianity /&s4#ab ,speak+ aga9 only = myself ,i c\ld n ass5t to ! position t f9ality app]ta9s to ! e?ical tea*+s ( ! ,gospel1 t !y or _! ,au?or h spok5 ! la/ ^w 9 e?ics4 ,i c\ld n p]suade myself t ?is is s because ,i fail$ to get f ^! tea*+s1 ine/imably preci\s z !y are1 an answ] to ! "q t mo/ press$ ^u me--,in/rum5tal 9 :at s5se1 in/rum5tal to :at end8 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,i am aw>e t a highly e/eem$ s*ool ( mod]n !ologians ma9ta9 t ! apocalyptic elem5t is a second>y & ev5 an emb>rass+ feature = ,jesus4 ,b ,i am unable to conv9ce myself ( ! ju/ice ( ?is view4 #ab ,see ! similes us$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] on ! gr[? ( ! tree z manife/$ 9 ! putt+ =? ( a new bran*1 & ! asc5t ( an em95ce :i* includes ! "p ( ! spiritual l&scape previ\sly se51 b also t "p :i* f ! previ\s /ation 0 exclud$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,social ,,re=m ,my position at t "t may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,!re is a div9e p[] 9 ! _w1 n individual1 manife/ 9 ! moral law z reveal$ 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,! moral law involves recognition ( ! pres5ce ( a some?+ holy 9 ea* human be+4 ,s9ce ! _w pres5ts innum]able examples ( ! grosse/ violation ( human p]sonality 7e4g41 pro/itution & exploitation ( labor]s71 ! bus9ess imm$iately 9 h& is to make an end ( ^! violations4 ,!re 0 z yet 9 my m9d no positive def9ition ( p]sonality4 ,cl>ification & fur!r developm5t 7 promot$ by ! necessity ( grappl+ ) ! problems ( pov]ty & ) ! attempt$ solutions ( ! ,sociali/s & ( o!r social re=m]s4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! notion ( p]sonality 9 my m9d be+ /ill )\t det]m9ate cont5t1 empirical matt] intrud$1 & a species ( mill5nialism = a "t vitiat$ my ?9k+4 ,9 ord] to set up a goal = humanity1 ,i dalli$ ) ,utopias1 & flatt]$ my imag9ation ) ! vision ( some?+ l a /ate ( ultimate e>?ly felicity4 ,! *eap cry ( 8,let u h heav5 on e>?0 0 also on my lips1 ?\gh ! delusion did n la/ long & p]haps nev] p5etrat$ v deeply4 ,! problem ( pov]ty1 z m5tion$ above1 engross$ me e>ly4 ,i act$ z *airman ( ! meet+ at :i* ,h5ry ,george 0 fir/ introduc$ to ! public 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,b ,h5ry ,george's rem$y1--a s+le draught ( ,socialism ) un/9t$ individualism !reaft]--nev] attract$ me1 :ile 8 descriptions ( ! mis]y ( ! poor1 eloqu5t z !y 71 & fitt$ to awak5 p]sons unacqua9t$ ) actual conditions1 convey$ to me no novel message4 ,i _h be=e !n be5 pr(\ndly /irr$ by ! *apt]s 9 ,k>l ,m>x's ,kapital 9 :i* he collects f ! ,engli% ,blue ,books frightful evid5ce ( ! mi/reatm5t ( labor]s & especially ( *ildr5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,my err&s 9 ! t5em5t slums ( ,new ,york _h also made me fairly famili> ) ! bitt] facts1 & ?r\gh\t my life ,i h be5 9 t\* 9 a practical way ) ! appall+ complexus ( mis]y & wrong :i* we ab/ractly designate z ! ,labor ,"q4 ,i %all n "h take "t to discuss ,socialism or o!r social re=m movem5ts 9 detail4 ,my int5tion is to sket* a c]ta9 philosophy ( life1 & to trace ! /eps by :i* ,i rea*$ x4 ,my reaction aga9/ ,socialism & relat$ movem5ts1 h[ev]1 0 a prime factor 9 ?is inn] developm5t2 & x is ( ?is reaction & ! causes ( x t ,i mu/ speak4 ,! evils inh]5t 9 pov]ty are1 9 ! fir/ place1 obvi\sly1 ! privations entail$ by x2 secondly1 ! fact t ! great] "p ( ! life ( ! poor is consum$ 9 ef=ts to provide ! b>e necess>ies1 ! m9d be+ ?us kept 9 bondage to bodily ne$s & prev5t$ f ris+ to o!r int]e/s m appropriate to rational be+s2 ?irdly1 ! fact t ! fir/ two wrongs are caus$1 n :olly x is true1 b yet 9 a l>ge measure1 by fell[ human be+s4#ac ,! /+ 9 pov]ty is n s mu* ! h>d%ips suff]$1 z ! contempt = ! manhood ( ! poor1 exhibit$ by _! exploit]s1--! inequity be+ ?us turn$ into iniquity4 ,n[ my reaction aga9/ ,socialism 0 & is t x neglects ! ?ird1 ! moral evil1 & /resses only ! fir/ & second4 ,i am n[ speak+ ( ,m>xian ,socialism1 ) :i* 9 its rigid =m ,i e>ly acqua9t$ myself4 ,! ,m>xian ,sociali/ does n d5y ! pa9 felt 9 consequ5ce ( ! inequity1 nor ! desire ( ^? :o suff] to become ! equals ( _! ma/]s2 b he reg>ds ?is desire z a fact ( nature explicable on det]m9i/ic gr\nds1 a consequ5ce ( improvem5t 9 ! te*nique or tools ( indu/ry4 ,he does n d5y t !re are s-call$ moral ideas1 b he consid]s !m epiph5om5a or by-products ( economic developm5t4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d equilibrium ( p[] 9 human society1 t]m$ democracy1 is to him j a fact & no?+ m4 ,! m]e desire = x ap>t f ! rightness ( ! desire is ! effici5t cause :i* leads to social readju/m5ts4 ,b evid5tly ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] w be p]suasive only 9 case ! effici5t cause proves to be really effici5t1 t is to say1 9 case ! desire = equilibration is on ! po9t ( effectuat+ itself4 ,if x is n1 if ! desire ( ! masses = p[] is ?w>t$1 if ! realization ( _! hopes is indef9itely po/pon$1 !n ! f\ndations ( ! !ory are und]m9$4 ,h5ce ,m>xian ,socialism has be5 c\pl$ ) & dep5ds on a belief :i* is a k9d ( mat]iali/ic p>allel ( ! apocalyptic vision ( ,jesus1--! belief t ! end ( ! pres5t _w 7! _w ( ! wage sy/em7 is close at h&1 only ) ! diff]5ce t ! end is to be br\ght ab\t n by div9e int]f]5ce b automatically by ! acquisition ( p[] on ! "p ( ! masses4 ,to me nei!r hung] nor ! bondage ( ! m9d to physical necessities nor ! b>e fact ( inequity seem suffici5t to ju/ify ! dem& = social recon/ruction1 ap>t f moral "r4 ,if !re be no su* ?+ z morality1 or if morality be b an epiph5om5on ( economic conditions1 :at w>rant h ! hungry or ! disadvantag$ = compla9+8 ,animals1 too1 hung] & sick54 ,if man be l !m a m]e *ance product ( nature1 :y %\ld he n %>e _! fate8 ,let ! weak succumb6 ,surely ! bald fact t ! democratic masses today *afe "u ! yoke ( _! ma/]s & dem& a bett] /ate ( ?+s1 is no m a gr\nd ( obligation = ! =m] ?an ! t5d5cy t[>d an ultimate equilibrium 9 nature ( :i* sci5ti/s speak c be a gr\nd ( obligation4 ,! t5d5cy w effectuate itself or n z ! act+ =ces det]m9e4 ,!re is 9 tru? no su* ?+ z obligation f ?is po9t ( view4 ,!n :y n fold our arms & wait = :at w happ58 ,! notion ( democracy curr5tly held is obnoxi\s to ! same criticism4 ,leave out ! moral basis 9 ! claim to equity1 & no?+ rema9s b ! brute fact t m51 be+ egoti/s1 fret "u ! ex]cise ( sup]ior p[] by _! fell[ egoti/s4 ,b let ,nietzs*e or "s "o else demon/rate t c]ta9 high] values1 high] m]ely because subjectively reli%$ z high]1 are incompatible ) equilibrium ( p[]1 & he w be ju/ifi$ at lea/ 9 8 own eyes 9 sc(f+ at equality & sc\rg+ ! democratic dogs back to _! k5nels4 ,no "o d5ies t ! masses h ! desire to be treat$ z ! equals ( _! ma/]s 7v inconv5i5tly = ! latt]71 b x is q ano!r matt] :e!r _! desire ought to be gratifi$4 ,social recon/ruction1 9 o!r words1 mu/ be motivat$ by o!r consid]ations ?an ^? by :i* accord+ to ,m>x ! great *ange is to come ab\t4 ,i h n /opp$ to consid] :e!r ! ,sociali/ic s*eme is workable1 :e!r ! run ( mank9d are capable ( cop]ative ef=t on a l>ge scale )\t ! prem95t lead]%ip ( ma/] m9ds2 :e!r ,socialism1 if c>ri$ out1 w\ld really bre$1 z x is expect$ to1 ! s5tim5t ( ideal bro!rhood2 :e!r ! s5tim5t ( bro!rhood itself1 unless x be root$ 9 ! clos] family & national ties1 is morally s\nd1 :e!r ! emotional =ces t sweep ?r\gh & ov]:elm l>ge aggregations ( m51 c be bridl$ & suffici5tly enlight5$ to promote ! ends ( ,socialism4 ,all su* que/ions z ^! t\* ! feasibility ( ! ideal propos$2 my own reaction 0 & is aga9/ ! ideal itself4 ,in/ead ( pron\nc+ z "s d t mank9d are n yet ripe to c>ry out s high an ideal1 ,i f\nd myself s]i\sly *all5g+ & f9ally reject+ ! v ideal on ! gr\nd t x is n a g5u9e moral ideal at all4 ,x is e?ically spuri\s1 because x omits ! notion ( "r & sub/itutes = x t ( p[]4 ,a diff]5t objection lies aga9/ c]ta9 modifications ( ,socialism & aga9/ _m ( ! social re=m movem5ts ( our "t4 ,9 ^! movem5ts ! idea ( p]sonality is n abs5t z 9 ,m>x's !ory4 ,! inh]5t dignity ( e human be+ is deeply felt1 & p] contra ! indignity ( ! pres5t condition ( ! great] numb]4 ,man is wor? :ile2 & = ! sake ( ! wor? 9 him1 ! unfavorable circum/ances :i* /ifle ! promise ( 8 nature are to be *ang$4 ,my objection 9 ?is case is t ! high] spiritual nature ( man1 or ! notion ( p]sonality1 is left indef9ite & rema9s vaguely 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x supplies inde$ ! initial motive = practical ef=ts2 b ! in/rum5tal relation ( ! goods ( life to ! supreme good is n appreh5d$ positively4 ,& ?us ! door is left op51 z we %all pres5tly see1 = corrupt+ influ5ces to ent] 94 ,!re seems1 x is true1 at fir/ sight1 consid]able w>rant = dem&+ c]ta9 in/ant re=ms )\t tr\bl+ ab\t ult]ior spiritual ends4 ,we are confront$ 9 mod]n society ) evils :i* seem to require imm$iate abolition4 ,exploitation is palpably "o ( !m4 ,x is ! cle>e/ possible case ( trespass on p]sonality4 ,:y n !n dem& respect simply = p]sonality 9 g5]al1 )\t inquir+ into ! nature ( p]sonality8 ,is x n beyond all "q di%onor+ to human nature t "s %\ld be on ! v]ge ( />vation :ile o!rs are ev5 !mselves injur$ by excessive possessions2 t ! en]gies ( *ildr5 %\ld be exhau/$ by premature toil2 t adults %\ld be work$ l bea/s ( burd58 ,:y n leave 9 abeyance ! def9ition ( ! supreme end1 & conc5trate ef=t on ! removal ( ^! inconte/able evils8 ,my answ] to ?is is1 9 ! fir/ place1 t we _c ga9 ! be/ lev]age ev5 = ^! initial re=ms )\t a high & def9$ conception ( man z a spiritual be+4 ,ef=ts direct$ t[>d improv+ ev5 mat]ial conditions are apt to be fluctuat+1 spasmodic1 & are ev] 9 dang] ( dy+ d[n1 unless mat]ial improvem5t is se5 9 its relation t[>ds some?+ else t comm&s ! highe/ respect--implicit respect4 ,sympa?y alone is altoge!r inadequate4 ,x (t5 works grave h>m2 x is notori\sly int]mitt5t1 at "o "t broadly expansive & !n aga9 contract+ ^u ! ne>e/ objects4 ,fur!rmore1 we c at be/ sympa?ize g5u9ely ) only a v limit$ numb] ( p]sons4 ,if anyone 7 to op5 8 he>t to ! suff]+s ( all ! millions ( human be+s at pres5t engag$ 9 conflict on ! battlefields ( ,europe2 if he 7 to try to realize ! indirect consequ5ces ( ?is w>2 if he 7 to take a /ill wid] sweep & embrace 9 8 imag9ation ! populations ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! races ( ,africa1 ! effect ^u him w\ld be simply p>alyz+4 ,! possible effect ( "o's sympa!tic action ^u ?is huge volume ( human suff]+ w\ld appe> s insignificant z to make ex]tion on 8 "p seem q irrational4 ,we are assi/$ by sympa?y 9 ! matt] ( social re=m by ! n>r[ness ( our horizons2 & ev5 )9 ^! n>r[ b\nd>ies ! effici5cy ( ! motive dep5ds l>gely ^u ! transci5cy ( ! sympa!tic mood4 ,sympa?y z a p]man5t attitude w\ld dis9tegrate ! self4#ad ,! second answ] is t by ignor+ ! ultimate end we in/all proximate ends 9 its place4 ,! re=m movem5ts ( our day ab/a9 f attempt+ to set up an ultimate good4 ,!y are cont5t1 z !y say1 8to evaluate ! tangible goods ready at h&40 ,9 consequ5ce ^! tangible goods inevitably usurp ! place ( ! supreme good4 ,beg9 z we may ) ! high notion ( p]sonality1 we become mat]iali/s be=e we h proce$$ v f>1 & we infect ! labor+ masses ) our mat]ialism if we omit to def9e ! relation ( proximate ends to ! ultimate aim4 ,= rememb] t ! ultimate end is t :i* prescribes ! limits )9 :i* ! ne>] aims are to be sanction$1--! limit = ea* be+ ! degree 9 :i* x conduces t[>d ! highe/ end4 ,)\t a goal set up1 )\t an explicit conception ( its regulative function1 ! proximate ends ab\nd1 & are likely to exp& ad indef9itum4 ,?is is evid5t1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( weal?-gett+4 ,! poor h n en\gh weal?1 ! ri* h too mu*4 8,let u !n r$ress ! balance by at lea/ secur+ en\gh = ! poor4 ,! necess>y limitations we c discuss aft] !y %all h at lea/ rea*$ ! limit ( suffici5cy40 ,b we are ?us k9dl+ ! desire = weal?2 & ?is desire & its possible gratifications are b\ndless4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( desire to be prolific ( new desire1 & to aim unceas+ly at new satisfactions4 ,fir/1 a dec5t dwell+1 suffici5t food1 education = ! *ildr51 are want$1 !n luxury1 !n millions1 !n multi-millions4 ,second>y motives take ! place ( prim>y ones4 ,weal? becomes a tok52 ! satisfactions x gives are no long] relat$ to actual wants or ne$s1 b solely to a fanta/ic desire = prem95ce4 ,has n ?is be5 ! actual hi/ory ( _m ( ^? :o h ris5 f pov]ty to great ri*es8 ,b ! same desires are pres5t1 ?\gh suppress$1 unsatisfi$1 9 ! masses1 :o look up to ! few ) admiration or envy4 ,& suppress$ desires are (t5 ev5 m insidi\sly poison+1 m contam9at+ 9 _! effects ?an satisfi$ desires4 ,! psy*ological fact is t human volition z express$ 9 action is always det]m9$ by "s end4 ,a means is nev] adopt$ )\t !re be+ "s object or purpose 9 view4 ,leave out ! ultimate aim & ! means become !mselves ! ends4 ,a dec5t subsi/5ce %\ld be treat$ z relat$ to ! ultimate end1-- a dec5t liv+1 = example1 z a means to fit ! work] = ! duties ( fa!rhood & citiz5%ip4 ,x may aga9 be urg$ t :at has be5 said is true only ( ! ambiti\s m9ority1 & t ! masses w\ld be q cont5t ) a dec5t subsi/5ce if only t mu* c\ld be assur$ !m4 ,b ! preval5ce ( *eap imitations ( luxury among ! poor po9ts 9 ! opposite direction4 ,at lea/ 9 a democratic community1 ! ambitions ( ! few are apt to be contagi\s4 ,& :]e ?is is n ! case1 z 9 "s ( ! old] c\ntries ( ,europe1 a c]ta9 sordid ,phili/9ism is apt to manife/ itself4 ,! life ( ! middle class 9 ,europe is )\t ! re/less brilliance t *>act]izes ! upw>d-/riv+ class 9 ,am]ica1--is n d>+ly b meanly mat]iali/ic4 ,r$eem+ features are1 ( c\rse1 n want+1 yet h[ anyone c conceive ! social ideal z a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! labor+ p %all be rais$ to ! level at pres5t occupi$ by ! 8middle class0 is difficult = me to und]/&4 ,nor is x a suffici5t rejo9d] to say t ! pres5t complexion ( ! middle class1 its n>r[ness & ,phili/9ism1 are due to isolation f ! social classes b5ea? !m1 & t ! broad s5tim5t ( univ]sal fell[%ip & frat]nity1 :5 x %all h come to prevail1 w purify ! atmosph]e on ! middle level4 ,i h suffici5tly indicat$ my d\bts z to ! effici5cy & s\ndness ( :at is call$ frat]nalism4 ,9 brief1 if we are to pres]ve a man's respect = himself z a moral be+1 we mu/ f9d a gr\nd on :i* he c ma9ta9 8 self-e/eem ap>t f ! mat]ial conditions 9 :i* he is plac$1 & 9 ! int]val be=e ! desirable mat]ial *anges c possibly be accompli%$4 ,?is int]val is c]ta9 to be long4 ,! bett]m5t ( social conditions is sure to be gradual4 ,! slum ought to be aboli%$ imm$iately1 b until x goes we mu/ f9d a reason to respect ! man 9 ! slums ev5 n[1 & a reason :y he %\ld respect himself ev5 n[4 ,?is reason c only be d]iv$ f ! spiritual nature ( man1 f ! spiritual end = :i* he exi/s2 & on ?is acc\nt1 above all o!rs1 x is indisp5sable t ! spiritual end be def9$4 ,h[ pa9fully social re=m]s may be l$ into error by slight+ ?is consid]ation is se5 9 ! read9ess ) :i* "s h subscrib$ to ! amaz+ op9ion t ! issue betwe5 *a/ity & di%onor = ! work+-girl dep5ds ultimately on ! am\nt ( h] wages4 ,!re are two fallacies t affect ! social re=m movem5ts ( today4 ,! sub/itution ( p[] = "r is "o4 ,:at ,i v5ture to call ! fallacy ( provisionalism is ! second4 ,?is is ! fallacy ( ! opportuni/ movem5ts4 8,lead ! labor+ classes provisionally up to ! level ( suffici5cy1 or ( dec5t exi/5ce1 & !n we %all see40 ,b man does n act )\t ends1 & unless we def9e ! ultimate end1 we give lic5se to ! proximate ends4 ,9 o!r words1 we simply _c act provisionally4 ,we _c ignore our spiritual nature )\t (f5d+ aga9/ x4 ,we may />t ) ! idea ( s]v+ x1 b )\t explicit def9ition ( x we %all pres5tly f9d ourselves disgrac$ 9 all sorts ( idolatries4 ,:at ,i am try+ to %[ is h[ ,i came to p]ceive ! inadequacy ( ! non-violation e?ics4 ,its =mula is3 8,admit ! exi/5ce ( p]sonality2 d n infr+e ^u x4 ,9 y\r actions = ! good ( o!rs1 try to aboli% ! manife/ infr+em5ts or violations4 ,s9ce !re mu/ be "s positive cont5t to ! idea ( good1 accept ! mat]ial or empirical goods z ! provisional cont5t ) ! g5]al und]/&+ t !y are to be in/rum5tal to ! high] life b )\t tr\bl+ to def9e exactly h[40 ,! ab]rations to :i* ?is view leads on ! side ( action t[>d o!rs ,i h po9t$ out4 ,a ^w n[ z to ! injuri\s effect on self4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 #a4 ,! lead] 9 social re=m is apt to be reg>d$ by 8 foll[]s & to ?9k ( himself z a k9d ( savior4 ,x is 8 s9c]e int5tion to save society f "s ( ! gl>+ evils ) :i* x is afflict$4 ,b if salvation is s\ght 9 ! bett]m5t ( ext]nal conditions1 ! social savior is apt to become ! victim ( a false s5se ( moral security4 ,he is likely to be (f 8 gu>d at ! weak po9ts ( 8 own "*1 & to fall abruptly f high levels into ! dit*4 #b4 ,! social re=m] :o adopts ! fallacy ( provisionalism is apt to be absorb$ 9 ! me*anical details ( 8 "w1--! settlem5t or ! municipal re=m society1 or ! *>itable association t5d to become highly organiz$ & effici5t pieces ( ma*9]y4 ,b moral idealism decl9es 9 proportion z ?is k9d ( effici5cy increases1--! salt loses its savor4 #c4 ,! social re=m] :o sets 8 he>t on ext]nal *anges is apt to become impati5t to br+ ab\t ^? *anges4 ,= s9ce he attempts to "w f )\t inw>dly1 & n at ! same "t f )9 outw>dly1 he has no?+ to %[ = 8 pa9s unless ! desir$ outw>d *anges are actually effect$4 ,9 ?is way may be expla9$ a c]ta9 dictatorial mann]1 a c]ta9 arbitr>9ess sometimes obs]v$ 9 social work]s ( ^: e>ne/ness & devotion !re c be no "q1 ! prepo/]\s outcome be+ t 9 attempt+ to c>ry out plans ( re=m 9 a democratic community su* re=m]s (f5d aga9/ ! v pr9ciple ( democracy by ov]-rid+ ! p]sonality ( o!rs4 #d4 ,! ,social re=m] :o conc5trates 8 att5tion on ext]nal *anges is apt to be ambiti\s ( l>ge results1 to measure bett]m5t by /ati/ical /&>ds4 ,?\gh quality be n ov]look$1 quantity is likely to be ov]-emphasiz$4 #e4 ,! pa9ful spectacle is sometimes pres5t$ ( a lead] 9 social movem5ts :o goes to pieces morally 9 8 private relations 7becomes a bad fa!r1 a wor?less husb&1 an unscrupul\s sponge on 8 fri5ds1 etc474 ,absorption 9 ext5sive public movem5ts has ?is dang] 9 x t x (t5 t5ds to make m5 neglectful ( ! ne>] duties4 ,facts ( ?is k9d1 :i* came repeat$ly "u my obs]vation 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 drove home to my m9d ! conviction t ! provisional me?od 9 social re=m 7! me?od ( work+ = ext]nal *anges )\t def9ition ( ! end7 is morally p]il\s1 bo? 9 its effects on ^? :o are to be b5efit$1 & 9 its reaction on ! "* ( ! re=m] himself4 ,i p>t$ company ) opportunism 9 e "o ( its =ms2 ,i became m & m imbu$ ) ! belief t no "o c really help o!rs :o 9 ! ef=t to d s is n himself morally help$1 i4e41 ^: "* is n improv$ 9 e respect1 :o does n become a bett] fa!r1 husb&1 citiz51 a m upright man 9 all 8 relations 9 & because ( 8 endeavors to b5efit society4 ,i became conv9c$ t ! e?ical pr9ciple mu/ run l a gold5 ?read ?r\gh ! :ole ( a man's life1 9 a ^w1 t social re=m unless inspir$ by ! spiritual view ( x1 t is1 unless x is made tribut>y to ! spiritual1 ! total end ( life1 is n social re=m 9 any true s5se at all4#ae ,! fundam5tal "q1 !re=e1 e*o$ & re-e*o$ ) ev] int5s] insi/5ce3 8,:at !n is ! holy ?+ 9 o!rs8 ,:at is ! supreme end or good to :i* all ! less] goods %\ld be subord9ate & subs]vi5t8 ,& :at is ! holy ?+ 9 me8--= ,i may n spiritually sacrifice myself4 ,my own highe/ good mu/ be a*ievable 9 agreem5t ) t ( o!rs4 ,:at def9ition ( ! ess5tial end is possible t %all reconcile egoism & altruism by trans=m+ & transc5d+ !m8 ,& if !re be su* end ?9kable & def9able1 h[ e/abli% ! applicability ( ?is end to empirical man1 ei!r 9 ! p]son ( o!rs or 9 my own80 ,i %all h to dwell on ?is subject at l5g? 9 ! sequel4 ,"h at ! outset ,i _c =be> express+ my s5se ( ! obliquities1 ! folly1 ! meanness1 ! cruelties :i* human nature (t5 exhibits on ! empirical side :5 dispassionately contemplat$4 ,t !re are also f9] traits 9 p1 gleams ( gold 9 ! qu>tz1 ,i d n d5y4 ,b ev5 9 ! be/ exempl>s ( ! race ! alloy is n want+4 ,& x is an op5 "q h[ f> any human be+1 if 8 :ole make-up & all ! circum/ances t influ5c$ him be consid]$1 c be call$ pr$om9antly good1 assum+ t goodness is a matt] ( des]t & n ( *ance4 ,h[1 !re=e1 a be+ t to actual1 imp>tial obs]vation reveals himself z s dubi\sly wor? :ile1 c be reg>d$ z possess+ ! quality ( transc5d5t wor? 7:i* seems to be impli$ 9 ! idea ( p]sonality z inviolable & preci\s7 w be ! />t+-po9t ( my inquiry into ! philosophical fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! second "p ( ?is volume4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,i say caus$1 b p]haps n delib]ately int5d$1 al?\gh !re are in/ances ( ! latt]4 ,an act is diabolical :5 malici\sly design$ to inflict a wrong on ano!r2 z rape = ! purpose ( di%onor+ a family4 ,x is cruelly selfi% b n fi5di% :5 x spr+s f scorn ( o!rs z if !y 7 only fractional human be+s4 ,! ,brahm9's attitude t[>ds ! l[] ca/es1 ! attitude ( ! feudal "l t[>d ! s]f1 ( ,%akespe>e's nobility t[>d ! common citiz5s1 & ( "s mod]n !ori/s t[>d ! democratic multitude1 are in/ances 9 po9t4 ,9 su* cases ! moral s5se itself is a/ray1 b !re is p]haps no delib]ate s9n+ aga9/ ! light4 #ad ,i h n t\*$ ^u ! fur!r "q to :at ext5t we c really compass ! happ9ess1 except at r>e mom5ts1 ev5 ( a s+le human be+4 ,! altrui/ic philosophy is apt to conf\nd ! removal ( manife/ evils ) positive b5efaction4 ,b ! removal ( "o k9d ( evil lets 9 new k9ds2 & :]e9 !n consi/s ! ga9 s f> z happ9ess is conc]n$8 #ae ,to w>d (f ! mo/ s]i\s misund]/&+1 ,i mu/ rem9d e read] ( ! *apt] on ,social ,re=m1 z well z on ! ,hebrew religion & on ! e?ics ( ! ,gospels1 t ,i am n>rat+ ! phases ( my own developm5t4 ,i am n attempt+ to d ju/ice to all t is excell5t 9 ^? great religions & 9 ^! great social movem5ts2 ,i am try+ to %[ at :at po9ts1 despite ^? excell5ces1 ,i myself felt compell$ to div]ge f !m1 to pu% beyond !m4 ,9 reg>d to ,socialism ,i recognize ! imm5se s]vice x has p]=m$ 9 awak5+ ! consci5ce ( mod]n society to ! suff]+s ( ! work+ class4 ,& 9 po9t+ out ! dang]s ( opportunism1 ! fallacy ( provisionalism1 ,i am speak+ ( dang]s f :i* ,i felt t ,i mu/ escape1 n ca/+ a slur on ! noble p]sonalities t h appe>$ 9 ! field ( social re=m dur+ my own "t & among my fri5ds & acqua9tances4 ,su* p]sonalities1 because ( _! inbr$ f95ess1 may be immune aga9/ t5d5cies :i* yet und5iably exi/1 & :i* !re=e require to be explicitly appreh5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,my ,,vocation ,,on ,,inn] ,,developm5t ,! pres5t *apt] deals ) my inn] developm5t z ,i believe x to h be5 fur!r$ by my connection ) ! ,society = ,e?ical ,culture4 ,! functions intru/$ to me 9 ?is connection 71 fir/1 v>i\s =ms ( s-call$ philan?ropic activity4 ,! effects ( ! exp]i5ce ga!r$ 9 !m has be5 describ$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]2 !y may be summ$ up 9 ! =mula3 littl5ess 9 ! ext]nal results a*iev$1 consci\sness ( moral dang] to self4 ,secondly1 ! m9i/]ial function ( (f]+ 8edification0 9 public addresses to ,sunday assemblies1 ! solemniz+ ( m>riages1 & ! conduct+ ( fun]al s]vices1--:ile 9 addition a l>ge "p ( my vocational life consi/$ 9 ! build+ up ( an educational in/itution4#af ,! ,public ,addresses4 ,edification1 or build+ up1 z ,i und]/ood x1 involv$ ! pr(\ndly difficult task ( supply+ a work+ philosophy ( life )\t travel+ into ! field ( metaphysics1 tea*+ ! practicable c\nt]p>t ( a connect$ sy/em ( ?\ght conc]n+ ! problems ( life1--! sy/em be+ s firmly knit z to make ! appropriate feel+s & impulses m or less natural to its expon5t4 ,9 my case1 n hav+ fall5 heir to su* a sy/em1 ! task ( edification became d\bly difficult4 ,x meant f ! beg9n+ unceas+ self-edification1 ) a view to edify+ o!rs4#ag ,sett+ out ) a g5]al s*eme along ,kantian l9es1 ,i proce$$ to fill 9 ! outl9e 9 ! c\rse ( my public tea*+s1 ) ! result t ! cont5t fill$ 9 ev5tually disrupt$ ! s*eme1 & compell$ a ?or\ghgo+ recon/ruction4 ,! ,hol9ess conception _h be5 my />t+ po9t4 ,i nev] gave x up4 ,i 0 attract$ to ,kant because he affirm$ x4 ,i broke ) him because he does n make good 8 affirmation4 ,i began ) ,kantianism1 :i* is pr$om9antly individuali/ic1 & ,i f\nd t 9 deal+ ) ! problems ( ! family1 ) ! labor "q1 & 9 ! attempt to rea* an ideal ( democracy beyond ! mat]iali/ic conception ( x :i* is at pres5t curr5t--,i 0 introduc+ into my initial sket* elem5ts incompatible ) individualism1 & necessitat+ =mulation 9 social t]ms4 ,& s9ce ,i reta9$ & /ress$ ! notion ( p]sonality1 ,i _h to seek a way ( int]pret+ ! t]m ,social spiritually1 z ,kant _h und]tak5 to int]pret ! t]m individual spiritually4 ,i c]ta9ly c\ld n fall 9 ) ,d>w9ism or o!r evolution>y int]pretations ( sociality1 inasmu* z !y all leave out ! concept ( inviolable p]sonality1 ! indefeasible factor 9 my e?ical ?9k+4 ,^! ?+s are "h allud$ to 9 ord] to emphasize ! influ5ce ( ! public ,sunday addresses deliv]$ by me regul>ly = m ?an =ty ye>s 9 /imulat+1 ,i _h almo/ said =c+1 my e?ical gr[?4 ,to c>e = anyone else en\gh to make 8 problem "o's own is ev] ! beg9n+ ( "o's real e?ical developm5t4 ,to c>e = a gr\p ( p 9 ! s5se ( be+ *all5g$ to sugge/ to !m ideas & ways ( behavior t %all really be ( use to !m 9 ! /orm & /ress ( life1 is ! mo/ se>*+ inc5tive to self-developm5t imag9able4 ,x is m p[]ful ?an ! desire to get tru? = "o's own sake4 ,! closet philosoph] may be s]i\s en\gh 9 8 se>* = tru?1 & he may succe$ 9 con/ruct+ a symmetrical sy/em :i* at ! "t seems complete4 ,w x /& we> & te>8 ,w x 9 ! bitt] mom5ts ( 8 life hold toge!r8 ,if n1 he has fail$2 b !n he only is ! los]1 x is only 8 %ip t has gone d[n4 ,b ! situation is diff]5t :5 a company ( p v5ture ) y on ! same voyage1 & tru/ to y z 9 a way _! pilot4 ,! *all5ge t comes f ! expectant eyes ( ^? :o are 9 tr\ble1 ( ^? ^: relations to _! fri5ds or ! memb]s ( _! family h become tangl$1 ! *all5ge t comes f ! l>g] public t[>ds :i* e public speak] has a c]ta9 e?ical duty--all ^! *all5ges press home ! "q3 are ! ?+s t y believe true1 s true t y may confid5tly expect !m to be confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o 9 "s measure dep5d ^u y8 ,are !y g5u9ely ( use8 ,!re is also ano!r k9d ( *all5ge t 9 a way is ev5 m tax+ & se>*+3 ! sil5t appeal t comes f ^? :o are spiritually dead1 f ^? :o are sunk 9 slo? or s5suality1 or :o wa/e _! preci\s days 9 ! pursuit ( trivial1 frivol\s ends1 & f ! ins5sitive consci5ces ( ! self-righte\s & ! self-complac5t4 ,9 ! ,bible we read t ! prophet ,eli%a once ?rew himself on ! body ( a dead *ild1 9 ord] ) 8 own life to k9dle !re ! life t seem$ ext9ct4 ,9 "s su* way 9 public addresses1 9 :i* x is n ! ^w b ! p]sonality beh9d ! ^w t c\nts1 ! speak] is b\nd to ?r[ himself body & s\l1 z x 71 ^u ^? :o are spiritually numb$1 & to enhance ! life )9 himself 9 ord] to /ir up life 9 !m4 ,all ( :i* means t ! task ( edify+ o!rs involves cont9u\s ef=ts at self-edification4 ,! ,solemniz+ ( ,m>riages4 ,9 solemniz+ m>riages ,i _h ! exp]i5ce t "s ( ^? at :i* ,i _h (ficiat$ end$ disa/r\sly1--!re _h be5 no real m>riage at all4 ,?\gh su* in/ances 7 n num]\s 9 my own exp]i5ce1 yet ! /ati/ics ( divorce prove t ! numb] ( un=tunate m>riages 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries is v l>ge1 & is increas+4 ,:at are ! f\ndations ( a p]man5t relation su* z w\ld t5d to ! developm5t ( p]sonality 9 & ?r\gh m>riage8 0 ! "q urg$ ^u me4 ,"h is a social tie 9 :i* two individuals1 & lat] ! (fspr+1 are comb9$ 9 ! close/ prop9quity4 ,h[ c an e?ical !ory ( m>riage be rea*$1 t is1 a !ory dep5d5t on ! idea ( ! jo9t realization ( ! highe/ end ( life by ! memb]s ( ! family gr\p8 ,?is e?ical !ory ( m>riage w be set =? 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is volume4 ,"h ,i wi% aga9 to m>k ! retroactive effect ( ! function ,i 0 call$ ^u to ex]cise 9 ! ,e?ical ,society on ! developm5t ( !ory4 ,! mo/ incisive effect ( my practical exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 0 ! be+ compell$ to enc\nt] ! effect ( fru/ration4 ,h[ reluctant is ! natural man to face ?is fact6 ,h[ he %r9ks1 & puts up scre5s betwe5 8 face & ! head ( ,m$usa6 ,9 my e>lie/ m>riage addresses ,i rememb] h[ ,i us$ to describe ! relation z "o 9 :i* ea* ( ! p>tn]s receives ! cup ( happ9ess at ! h&s ( ! o!r4 ,! second "t ,i p]=m$ ! c]emony1 ! bride 0 ! only *ild ( excell5t fri5ds1 ^: life 0 completely wrapp$ up 9 _! "o daught]4 ,%e 0 a *>m+ "y girl1 & ! bridegroom 0 a f9e-gra9$ p]son entirely devot$ to h]4 ,t m>riage fea/ ,i %all nev] =get4 ,a little less ?an a ye> aft]1 ! "y wife hav+ di$ 9 *ild-bir?1 ,i 0 call$ 9 to speak at h] bi]4 ,:]e1 !n1 0 ! ex*ange ( happ9ess8 ,h[ sudd5ly _h ! h\se ( bliss fall5 into ru9s6 ,a simil> exp]i5ce t t\*$ me ev5 m deeply 0 t ( a fri5d1 ! fir/ "o among my associates :o believ$ ) me 9 ! possibility ( a religi\s society )\t a dogmatic cre$4 ,! c\rse ( love 9 8 case _h n run smoo?4 ,! m>riage betwe5 himself & ! lovely "y woman he w$d$ 0 ! happy culm9ation ( _m trials1 a hav5 ( peace aft] /orms4 ,h>dly m ?an two ye>s elaps$ :5 he sudd5ly develop$ a fatal =m ( m5tal disease1 & l+]$ = t5 ye>s 9 a long1 sl[1 degrad+ decl9e4 ,i ?us became acqua9t$ ) fru/ration 9 "o ( its mo/ woeful %apes4 ,i rememb] h[ ! poor "y wife1 dur+ ^? t5 ye>s1 wid[ 9 all b "n1 s\ght alleviation 9 v>i\s directions = h] intol]able grief4 ,"w to occupy h] m9d 0 "o2 c>+ = ! ne$s ( ! poor ano!r4 ,i rememb] also h[ futile ^! devices seem$4 ,%e _h liv$ 8on ! heights02 %e mu/ n[ desc5d to l[] levels2 %e _h _h fir/ be/1 %e mu/ n[ put up ) second or ?ird be/4 ,gladly inde$ w\ld %e h ex*ang$ places ) "s ( ! poor wom5 :om %e assi/$1 c\ld %e h kept h] husb& at h] side z !y _h !irs4 ,x 0 well en\gh = h] to try to alleviate ! tr\bles ( ^! p1 b :at 7 _! sorr[s comp>$ to h]s8 ,& to keep ! m9d occupi$ by "w1 :at 0 x at be/ b a tempor>y anodyne8 ,:5 ! "w 0 ov]1 9 ! /ill1 lonely h\rs ( ! night1 ! /orm ( grief w\ld break ) all ! great] viol5ce4 ,i _h n taught ^! my fri5ds a really valid spiritual conception ( ! purpose ( m>riage3 ,i _h fail$ 9 t3 & :5 !y 7 9 ne$ ( x !y did n h x to support !m4 ,!y _h look$ on m>riage z a sc5e ( felicity2 !y _h n be5 taught to make all[ance = ! fru/ration4 ,i _h n made prep>ation = ! palpable fru/rations j m5tion$1 nor yet = o!rs1 = ! discov]y t ! belov$ p]son is faulty1 t ! nimbus ( div9e p]sonality does n co9cide ) ! "*4 ,& especially did ! lack ( any explicit idea ( p]sonality prove fatal 9 ^? cases :]e ! fru/ration is mo/ s]i\s1 :]e real or app>5t incompatibilities appe>1 or :]e actual deg5]ation occurs1 & ! hope ( reg5]ation becomes remote4 ,b]eavem5t 0 ! second %ape 9 :i* ! fact ( fru/ration mo/ (t5 came home to me4 ,hundr$s ( times ,i h spok5 to p 9 ! mom5t ( ! la/ leave-tak+4 ,! usual consolations1 aside f ^? t dep5d on my?ological beliefs1 are3 ,submit to ! inevitable2 cl9* y\r tee? & face ! /orms ( fate4 ,rememb] ! debt y owe to ! liv+4 ,!re is "w t rema9s = y to d4 ,see to x t y d n by excessive griev+ de/roy y\r capacity = "w4 ,in/ead ( indulg+ 9 sorr[ = y\r own loss1 take ^u y\rself ! sorr[s ( o!rs4 ,9 p>ticul> x is uplift+ = "o :o has be5 m sev]ely afflict$ to take ^u himself ! sorr[ ( ^? ^: burd5 is light]4 ,be grateful = :at y h possess$4 ,?9k n s mu* ( :at y h lo/1 z ( :at y 7 privileg$ = a season to call y\r own4 ,make ! virtues ( ^? :o are no long] liv+ a =ce = good 9 y\r own life4 ,pa9t ! portrait ( y\r fri5d incessantly4 ,ret\* x4 ,elim9ate :at 0 ( m]ely transi5t value 9 him4 ,rememb] him 9 ! light ( 8 be/ qualities1 & live s z to be able to endure 8 purifi$ glance4 ,or1 9 ! case ( ^? ^: lives 7 /a9$1 seek to expiate _! faults 9 y\r life4 ,purify & p]petuate !m 9 ?is way 9 y\rself4 ,memory is n a m]e passive receptacle1 x is r a creative faculty4 ,let x play ^u ! lives t are no long] s5sibly pres5t1 & ?us ma9ta9 ! connection ) !m4 ,a fri5d liv+ across ! sea1 :om y w nev] see aga91 may yet be a liv+ pres5ce = y if y cont9ue by ! aid ( memory to be 9 communication ) him4 ,9 ! case ( ! dep>t$1 likewise1 _! effectual influ5ce may rema9 none ! less real4 ,^! v>i\s modes ( consolation h ea* a c]ta9 value4 ,to ! "o la/ m5tion$ ,i atta* ! greate/ value4 ,b]eavem5t is a *all5ge = a fre% />t 9 spiritual developm5t4 ,x %\ld n mean putt+ up ) ! second be/1 b rea*+ out t[>d fir/ be/4 ,! object to be a*iev$ by ! e?ical tea*] on su* occasions is to help ! b]eav$ to tie anew ! ?reads t h be5 sund]$1 or r to sub/itute a m e!real b firm] tie = ! contacts m$iat$ by ! s5ses4 ,b ?is task ( ! reweav+ ( ties1 spiritually1 n s5sibly1 dep5ds entirely = its success ^u a spiritual conception ( p]sonality4 ,& if ?is be lack+1 ! attempt is hopeless4 ,fru/ration itself mu/ be recogniz$ z p>tial if x is to lead beyond itself4 ,!re mu/ be f\nd 9 man t :i* _c be defeat$ if ! defeat is n to be accept$ z f9al4 ,a ?ird k9d ( fru/ration 0 br\ght home to me by ! problem ( specialization1 z x pres5t$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( my ef=ts to "w out an e?ical !ory true to ! facts ( life4 ,to dis*>ge compet5tly my own special function1 ,i saw t ,i ought to be acqua9t$ ) ! be/ e?ical ?\ght ( ! pa/4 ,?is meant an exhau/ive /udy ( ! philosophical sy/ems ( :i* ! e?ical ?\ght ( ! philosoph]s is ! fruit4 ,i ought fur!r to be famili> ) ! great religions1 9 :i* s mu* ( ! e?ical insight ( mank9d is incorporat$4 ,i ought to acqua9t myself ) ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d 9 s f> z x is accessible1 includ+ t ( ! primitive races4 ,i ought to ga9 a survey ( ! v>iations ( moral op9ion t h s /agg]$ belief 9 ! possibility ( e?ical tru?4 ,i ought to ma/] at lea/ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! physical & biological sci5ces1 s9ce x is impossible t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( e?ics %\ld n be relat$ to ! gov]n+ pr9ciples t obta9 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,i ought 9 addition to ma/] 9 _! e?ical aspect ! economic & political problems ( ! pres5t day1 z well z ! psy*ology ( individual & social life1 9 ord] to be able to apply ) "s degree ( compet5ce ! directives ( e?ics to actual conduct4 ,!re are 9 addition o!r subjects1 su* z jurisprud5ce1 poetry & ! f9e arts1 t h ultimate relation to e?ics1 & t may n safely be neglect$4 ,behold1 !n1 ! problem ( specialism 9 "o ( its mo/ appall+ =ms4 ,= h[ c any "o individual hope to adequately fill out su* a programme8 ,& :at ,i h said is b my own p]sonal illu/ration ( a g5]al problem t m & m besets e reflective p]son 9 our "t4 ,& x is a problem t has direct be>+s ^u ! "q ( human p]sonality4 ,! p]sonality is n a deta*$ & isolat$ ?+4 ,x is a c5t] t radiates out 9 e possible direction1 & dep5ds = ! release ( its en]gy on ! influ5ces receiv$ 9 turn f all directions4 ,on ! "o h&1 to h a foot+ at all 9 reality "o mu/ be a speciali/1 & ! fields ( specialism are becom+ m & m re/rict$4 ,to "k "o ?+ well is ! indisp5sable condition ( ! s5se ( ma/]y1 yes1 ( self-respect4 ,& yet x seems to be becom+ increas+ly cle> t "o _c really ma/] a s+le specialty )\t kn[+ ( o!r specialties :atsoev] is relat$ to "o's own4 ,n>r[ness1 & loss ( p[]1 & consequ5t decay ( ! special function itself1 seems ! "o alt]native4 ,dilettantism1 ! o!r4 ,b aga9 ,i ask1 :o c actually fill out su* a programme8 ,! fru/ration ( ef=t ?us appe>s1 9 its intellectual guise1 z "o m manife/ation ( t g5]al fact ( fru/ration :i* we meet ) :]ev] we turn4#ah ,on ! side ( "* ! same reflections occur4 ,unity 9 ! direction ( di/9ctiv5ess or uniqu5ess is ! end & aim4 ,b in/ead ( unity ( "*1 conflict ( inn] t5d5cies1 ev]-recurr5t rupture ( provisional h>monies1 a duality ( self or multiplicity ( selves1 are ! facts atte/$ by "o's inn] exp]i5ce4 ,& fru/ration "h1 at ! core ( a man's be+1 is p]haps m pa9ful & m seem+ly contradictory ( ! v ideal & purpose ( e?ical developm5t ?an 9 any ( ! =ms previ\sly record$4 ,! la/ in/ance ( fru/ration t ,i w m5tion appe>s 9 connection ) ! cosmic relation ( our race4 ,! ?\ght ( ! dea? ( ! individual may be ov]come by ! idea ( p]petuity 9 ! lives ( successors4 ,! dea? ( ! human race1 its ev5tual ext9ction1 is capable ( no su* assur$ comp5sation4 ,we are e?ical be+s1 committ$ to ! pursuit ( an ideal end1 yet ! cosmic conditions are su* z to make ! end unatta9able )9 ! limits ( a f9ite _w4 ,?is unatta9abl5ess ( ! end x is true is ! v gr\nd & f\ndation ( ! sup]s5sible int]pretation ( e?ical exp]i5ce4 ,yet ?is ?\ght itself c only be made good by a positive int]pretation ( p]sonality 7( ! spiritual nature71 :i* we are yet to seek4 ,z view$ empirically1 ! human g5]ations are b accid5ts ( nature1 waves on ! sea ( life1 pass+ %ad[s4 ,& view+ ourselves 9 ?is mann] our self-respect goes to pieces4 ,! idea ( obligation vani%es4 ,man's claim to inf9ite wor? is bitt]ly mock$4 ,unless we c rea* ! spiritual view ( life1 ! fru/ration ( purpose 9 ! l>ge1 t is1 ( humanity z a :ole1 is f9al4 ,^! !n1 summ>ily /at$1 are ! problems ) :i* an e?ical philosophy ( life has to deal4 #a4 ,h[ to rem$y ! belittlem5t ( man1 ! inf9itesimal insignificance ( him z a creature ( "t & space1 :5 comp>$ ) ! imm5sities ( ! _w ar\nd him--its spatial & temporal imm5sities4 ,:at is man 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! myriads ( worlds1 ( ?is un5d+ procession ( "t t he %\ld attribute to himself significance1 nay1 wor?8 ,is he p]haps an inf9itesimal memb] ( an ,inf9ite8--pres]v+ 9 ?is way ! s5se ( 8 littl5ess1 & ( ! va/ness t be>s d[n ^u him1 & yet ma9ta9+ himself irrefragably at 8 /ation1 z indisp5sable to ! p]fection ( ! :ole4 #b4 ,h[ to discov] a way ( reta9+ ! connection betwe5 man & ! l[] =ms ( life t prec$$ him1 n do+ viol5ce to ! facts :i* ! evolutioni/s h br\ght out1 & yet at ! same "t assur+ man's spiritual di/9ction8 ,does he p]haps possess 9 8 e?ical nature a w9d[1 s to speak1 ?r\gh :i* he c cat* at lea/ a glimpse ( ! ultimate reality1 ( ! inf9ite life :i* is ! real life1 beh9d ! picture scre5 ( sea & m\nta91 plants & animals8 #c4 ,h[ to ov]come ! v>i\s types ( fru/ration m5tion$ above3 fru/ration on its intellectual side1 or ! reconciliation ( speciali/ effici5cy ) bread? & relat$ness2 fru/ration on ! "* side4 ,fru/ration 9 ! social relations1 z 9 m>riage1 or z 9 ! case ( defective *ildr54 ,fru/ration ?r\gh b]eavem5t1 or ! privation suff]$ by ! go+ out ( our life ( lives ) :i* we are insep>ably connect$ by e?ical z well z affectional ties4 ,fru/ration 9 ! attempt to c>ry out projects ( social bett]m5t2 on :at moral gr\nd to ass]t ! possible moral value ( life 9 ! slums today1 & at ! same "t to put =? & to /imulate ! mo/ assidu\s ef=ts to aboli% ! slum2 on :at gr\nds to affirm t ! be/ life is possible "u ! wor/ conditions1 & yet n to cease or = an in/ant relax ! ef=t to *ange ! conditions4 ,! problem ( h[ to support & console ! wret*$ multitudes ( mank9d 9 ! int]val t mu/ elapse be=e ! re=m ( conditions c take real effect2 ! problem ( support & consolation 9 fatal sickness1 on ! dea?b$1 & 9 ! h>r[+ recollection ( irrem$iable & irrevocable wrong done to o!rs2 ! problem rais$ by ! prospective ext9ction1 or ! possible old age & deg5]ation be=e ext9ction ( mank9d--all ^! problems %\ld be tak5 toge!r1 n "o1 = in/ance ! s-call$ social problem1 acc5tuat$1 leav+ ! re/ out ( sight4 ,f "o peg !y all hang1 on "o c>d9al idea !y all dep5d--! idea ( p]sonality z positively def9$1 ( ! holy ?+ z n m]ely inviolable )\t reg>d to its cont5t1 b inviolable because ( a c]ta9 positive cont5t4 ,! ascription ( wor? to man1 9 ?is s5se1 is ! fundam5tal problem ( all1 & to ! full discussion ( ?is we %all turn 9 ! con/ructive "p ( ! volume :i* is n[ to foll[4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,see ! publi%$ acc\nts ( ! ,e?ical ,culture ,s*ool4 #ag ,! ^w 8edification0 z commonly us$ has a s5tim5tal flavor4 ,x does n z a rule convey ! idea ( con/ructiv5ess at all4 ,x frequ5tly sugge/s a k9d ( w>m1 moi/1 semi-tropical atmosph]e = ! emotions ( ! he>] to simm] 94 ,b 9 its g5u9e mean+ ( 8build+ up0 x is too valuable a ^w to lose4 #ah ,a new conception ( culture is ne$$1 bas$ nei!r on exclusive specialism1 nor on ! ambition to "k ev]y?+ aft] ! mann] ( ,goe! 9 8 e>ly days1 & su* a conception ( culture mu/ supply ! f\ndation ( an educational philosophy4 ,,book ,,ii ,,philosophical ,,!ory ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,rem>ks3 ,,critique ,,( ,,kant ,i beg9 my /atem5t ( ! e?ical ideal ) a critique ( ,kant4 ,! reason = ?is is t ,kant /&s =? prem95t among all philosoph]s z ! "o :o emphatically ass]ts t ! attribute ( inviolability atta*es to e human be+1 9 8 =mula t e man is to be treat$ z an end p] se1 & nev] to be us$ z a m]e tool by o!rs4 ,! =mula z ?us word$ by him is subject to grave objections :i* w be dealt ) lat] on4 ,b ! gr& conception ( ! moral wor?:il5ess ( all m5 is specially connect$ ) ! "n ( ,kant4 ,did he succe$1 on ! basis ( 8 sy/em1 9 e/abli%+ ?is conception8 ,he seems to make x ! corn]-/one ( 8 e?ics4 ,is ! corn]-/one secure8 ,ref]r+ aga9 to my individual developm5t1 ,i %\ld f9d x difficult to express h[ mu* ,kant's ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 & ,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft at "o "t meant to me4 ,! "o e?ical fact ( :i* ,i 0 s to speak p]fectly assur$1 ! 8inviolability0 s (t5 m5tion$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 is extremely h>d to ju/ify to ! ?9k+ m9d4 ,! empirical s*ool ( philosoph]s sc(f at ! v notion ( x4 ,! practice ( ! _w is a p]petual1 pa9ful evid5ce ( ! small att5tion paid to x1 & ev5 ideali/ic philosoph]s f ,plato d[n h f\nd x q possible to con/ruct quasi-e?ical sy/ems bas$ on ! idea1 n ( human equality1 b ( ! inf]iority ( ! great] numb]4 ,9 ,kant1 h[ev]1 "o enc\nt]s an epo*-mak+ philosoph] :o n only accepts z a fact ! idea ( inviolability1 & ( ! k9d ( equality t goes ) x1 b :o und]takes to set x =? 9 su* a mann] z to comm& ! ass5t ( ! reason4 ,= a long "t ,i believ$ t he _h succe$$ 9 8 great ent]prise2 & x 0 only aft] ye>s ( disciple%ip1 n inde$ )\t suppress$ misgiv+s1 t ,i began to see t ,i _h be5 mi/ak54 ,my eyes 7 op5$ :5 ,i realiz$ c]ta9 extremely que/ionable moral consequ5ces to :i* 8 doctr9e l$ him3 = in/ance1 8 unspeakable !ory ( m>riage1 8 def5se ( capital puni%m5t1 ! /iff individualism ( 8 sy/em1 & 8 failure to e/abli% an in/rum5tal connection betwe5 ! empirical goods1 ( weal?1 culture1 & ! l1 & ! supreme good or supreme end z def9$ by him4 ,i 0 =c$ by ^! uns\nd conclusions to ask myself :e!r ! f\ndations ( ! sy/em are s\nd4 ,surely if x is true ( any sy/em ( ?\ght1 x is true ( an e?ical sy/em t x mu/ be judg$ by its fruits4 ,! ,kantian sy/em is inde$ va/ly impressive1 & ev5 sublime 9 "s ( its aspects4 ,we travel on ! road along :i* ,kant leads ) a c]ta9 s5se ( exaltation1 b :5 at ! end ( our j\rney we f9d t we h rea*$ a goal at :i* we _c cons5t to abide1 x is imp]ative to inquire :e!r ! po9t ( dep>ture 0 well tak54 ,! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ,kant's exposition is ! exi/5ce 9 all m5 ( a s5se ( duty4 ,moral relations subsi/ only betwe5 moral be+s4 ,all m5 possess a s5se ( duty1--!re=e all m5 are moral be+s1 !re=e all are morally equal1--!re=e no "o may be us$ z a m]e tool = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 b is to be treat$ z wor? :ile on 8 own acc\nt4 ,?us runs ! argum5t4 ,! s5se ( duty is ! consci\sness ( be+ b\nd to r5d] implicit ob$i5ce to a categorical imp]ative4 ,our rational nature tells u categorically :at is "r to d4 ,our rational nature issues absolute comm&s4 ,! s5se ( duty is man's response to !m4 ,kant does n = a mom5t imply t ei!r he or anyone else has ev] adequately obey$4 ,! moral dignity1 ! moral equality ( m51 does n dep5d on ! ob$i5ce b on ! consci\sness ( ! obligation to obey--on ackn[l$g$ subjection to ! comm&4 ,! actual moral p]=mances ( "s m5 are c]ta9ly bett] ?an ^? ( o!rs2 b ( no "o1 n ev5 ( ! be/ ( m51 c x be %[n t ! moral pr9ciple 9 its purity1 t is1 unadult]at$ by bas] inc5tives1 0 ev] ! actuat+ motive ( 8 conduct4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( ! human species diff] morally 9 degree1 b are ( ! same moral k9d1 be+ di/+ui%$ f ! l[] animals n because !y obey ! moral law1 b because !y recognize ! obligation to obey x4 ,?is sort ( consci\sness may be dim 9 "s1 b x exi/s 9 all4 ,! mo/ brutal murd]] is dimly aw>e ( ! holy law :i* he has transgress$4 ,! great dictum ( ! univ]sal moral equality ( mank9d is ?us made to dep5d on an assum$ fact4 ,if ?is fact c be successfully disput$1 ! dictum itself is imp]ill$4 ,x has be5 disput$1 n flippantly1 b mo/ s]i\sly1 & x is 9 my op9ion obnoxi\s to fatal objections4 ,i d n inde$ believe x possible to e/abli% ! negative1 to wit1 t ! s5se ( duty does n lurk some:]e1 is n lat5t some:]e 9 ! consci\sness ( p]sons morally ! mo/ obtuse2 b ,i hold x to be impossible to prove ! affirmative1 to wit1 t a s5se ( duty does exi/ 9 all human be+s1 ev5 9 ! mo/ degrad$4 ,kant's dictum ( equality dep5ds on mak+ good ! affirmative proposition1 b ?is he has fail$ to d4 ,"o circum/ance especially :i* at fir/ sight seems favorable to ,kant's cont5tion turns aga9/ him4 ,he has be5 assail$ on ! gr\nd t 8 categorical imp]ative is a fiction1 t no su* an imp]ative plays a rle 9 ! actual exp]i5ce ( m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! actual exp]i5ce ( m5 is replete ) categorical imp]atives4 ,no?+ 9 ! life ( man plays a great] rle ?an ^! imp]atives4 ,! dang] t ?reat5s ,kant's demon/ration is due to ! numb] ( rival categoricals t compete ) 81 & f :i* ! "o he sets up is n ) c]ta9ty di/+ui%able4 ,to put ! matt] simply1 :at is call$ 9 te*nical language a categorical imp]ative is no?+ else ?an a way ( act+ someh[ felt by ! individual to be obligatory ^u him1 :e!r he likes x or dislikes x4 ,x is a con/ra9t 9 :i* he is b\nd to acquiesce1 a public rule ( "s sort :i* ov]rides 8 private prop5sities4 ,con/ra9ts ( ?is sort are num]\s4 ,_m ( !m no "o w\ld ?9k ( designat+ z moral4 ,"s are di/9ctly antimoral4 ,i w m5tion a few3--= in/ance1 ! rules ( behavior d]iv$ f ! tabu notion4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( food may n be eat52 c]ta9 objects l ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant 9 ,david's "t may n be t\*$4#ai ,/rict tabus obta9 9 reg>d to m>riage su* z ! rules ( endogamy & exogamy4 ,c]ta9 p]sons may n ev5 be look$ at4 ,a feel+ ( horror is felt t[>d ^? :o transgress ^! rules2 & ! transgression ( !m is (t5 consid]$ f> m repreh5sible ?an a moral s94 ,x w\ld evid5tly be absurd to *>act]ize a ,hott5tot or a ,fiji ,isl&] z ! moral equal ( a civiliz$ man on ! gr\nd t1 l ! latt]1 he possesses ! s5se ( duty1 consi/+ 9 8 case ( an unque/ion+ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! categorical imp]ative ( tabus4 ,gang loyalty is ano!r in/ance 9 po9t4 ,9 "o ( our prisons a c]ta9 convict is at pres5t pay+ ! p5alty ( a crime :i* 0 really committ$ by "o ( 8 pals4 ,he c\ld h got (f scot free if he _h 8squeal$40 ,b 8squeal+0 is contr>y to ! honor code ( ! gang & he pref]r$ to sacrifice 8 lib]ty r ?an prove recreant to ! claims ( gang loyalty4 ,!re are "s writ]s :o hold t ?is is an in/ance ( morality1 g5u9e z f> z x goes1 b re/rict$ )9 too n>r[ a circle4 ,! fact t x is re/rict$ )9 too n>r[ a circle1 t fidelity to a few is compatible ) viol5t ho/ility aga9/ ! community at l>ge1 seems to me to prove t ! moral quality is abs5t4 ,morality is ei!r univ]sal or no?+4 ,gang loyalty is a social ph5om5on1 b n an e?ical ph5om5on4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two t]ms w be en=c$ lat] on4 ,9 any ev5t ! s5se ( con/ra9t is manife/4 ,! moral "* ( ! con/ra9t ,i d5y4 ,ano!r example ( an imp]ative :i* is categorical en\gh b at ! same "t non-e?ical is furni%$ by ,d>w9's well-kn[n explanation ( ! orig9al ( consci5ce4 ,he assumes t c]ta9 ways ( behav+ :i* our ance/ors f\nd to be socially useful1 h become regi/]$ z x 7 9 our organisms1 & con/itute a k9d ( race-consci\sness :i* p]si/s 9 ea* individual4 ,?is lat5t consci\sness is pot5t z a t5d5cy1 ?\gh (t5 n ma/]ful en\gh to repress ! recalcitrant egoi/ic impulses4 ,a conflict ensues4 ,! deep +ra9$ t5d5cy makes itself felt4 ,& z social be+s we are aw>e t we ought to side ) x4 ,b ! egoi/ic impulses break out on ! surface ( consci\sness & vehem5tly urge u 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! feel+ ( obligation1 & !reaft] ( remorse1 are ! record ( ! inn] /ruggle4 ,i d n "h und]take to discuss at l5g? ! tru? ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,!re are a numb] ( weak spots 9 x1 to :i* ,i %all m]ely allude 9 pass+4 ,fir/1 he speaks ( acts f\nd to be socially useful 9 primitive communities4 ,is x possible to %[ t ! same or simil> acts reta9 _! utility 9 a develop$ indu/rial society l t ( ! pres5t day8 ,is n ! t]m 8socially useful0 extremely vague1 & c ! notion impli$ 9 x be exp&$ )\t ! assi/ance ( a truly e?ical pr9ciple8#bj ,!n aga91 :y %\ld ! ?+ call$ social utility ov]awe ! individual m9d & ?w>t individual purpose8 ,:y %\ld n ! d>+ egoti/ affirm 8 "r to be & fl\ri% 9 ! pres5t h\r1 9 ! tee? ( social utility8 ,x w be said t ! claims are insi/5t1 t ! t5d5cy is +ra9$1 t x has become in/9ctive 9 him1 & t he _c release himself f ! control x ex]cises ov] him4 ,b in/9cts c be weak5$ & 9 "t ext+ui%$1 l ! fe> ( ! d>k1 :5 ! abs5ce ( an objective cause is recogniz$4 ,:y %\ld n ! altrui/ic impulse likewise1 by ! me?od ( ,freudian analysis1 if y please1 be expos$ to ! light1 & ! egoti/ !reby be enabl$ to disemb>rass himself ( ! int]f]5ce ( dead ance/ors 9 8 life purposes1 & to proce$ on 8 way undi/urb$ by any inw>d qualms8 ,^! examples s]ve to illu/rate ! po9t ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 namely1 t ! pres5ce & op]ation ( und\bt$ con/ra9ts does n e/abli% ! exi/5ce 9 all m5 ( ! s5se ( duty on :i* ,kant f\nds univ]sal moral equality4 ,kant w\ld inde$ object t all ^! s-call$ con/ra9ts or imp]atives are hypo!tical1 & n really categorical4 ,by an hypo!tical imp]ative he und]/&s "o 9 :i* ! comm& dep5ds ^u an 8if0--if !re be invisible spirits su* z primitive m5 imag9$1 !n ! rules ( tabu foll[4 ,if ! safety ( ! gang is an object ( comm&+ int]e/1 !n gang loyalty is obligatory4 ,if ! pres]vation & prosp]ity ( human society 9 g5]al 7a society sup]ior to t ( ants & ( bees inde$ b l !m a product ( nature & n radically di/9ct f !m7 be reg>d$ z ! supreme end ( desire & endeavor1 !n ! rules ( social behavior are to be obey$4 ,b1 he w\ld say1 none ( ^! objects are fit to rank s high4 ,!y all are optional ends4 ,an hypo!tical imp]ative is "o 9 :i* ! end pursu$ is optional1 ! imp]ative ext5d+ only to ! means4 ,if ! end be desir$1 !n x is reasonable1 & 9 s f> imp]ative1 t we adopt ! means t lead to its atta9m5t4 ,an imp]ative truly categorical1 h[ev]1 is "o 9 :i* ! obligation ext5ds to ! end propos$ z well z to ! means4 ,x is n left to our incl9ation to embrace or to refuse ! end1 x be+ ( su* a k9d z absolutely to con/ra9 u to accept x4 ,b if ?is be s1 !n 9 ?is fir/ "p ( our criticism we turn ^u ,kant & decl>e t he has n[h]e giv5 u reason to believe t ! acceptance ( an absolute end is impli$ 9 ! k9d ( con/ra9ts to :i* ! g5]ality ( m5 submit4 ,& aga9 if su* acceptance _c be prov$1 !n ! univ]sal moral equality ( m5 bas$ by him on ! pres5ce 9 all ( ! s5se ( duty disappe>s1 & 8 l(ty e?ical /ructure breaks d[n at ?is po9t4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,see ,,ii ,samuel1 ,,vi1 #f1 #g4 #bj ,primitive communities valu$ cop]ation because x 0 socially useful4 ,b !re are diff]5t k9ds ( cop]ation4 ,:i* k9d %all we ( today adopt8 ,! m]e idea ( cop]ation af=ds no clue4 ,! self-sacrifice ( ! individual to ! :ole ( :i* he is a "p is socially useful4 ,b on :at occasions & to :at degree is x useful8 ,altruism is socially useful4 ,we are to s]ve o!rs4 ,b :at 9 !m %all we s]ve8 ,_! physical ne$s1 _! intellectual ne$s1 all _! ne$s toge!r8 ,is t humanly possible8 ,"h aga9 an e?ical pr9ciple is requir$ to def9e ! quality & ! limits ( ! s]vice4 ,! lat5t race-consci\sness ( :i* ,d>w9 speaks af=ds no light on ! e?ical problems prop]4 ,! concept ( social utility1 if n valueless1 is at be/ only ( subsidi>y value 9 any attempt to solve ^! problems4 ,s f> f read+ once & = all ! riddle ( consci5ce1 ,d>w9 has n read aright ! t]ms ( ! riddle4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,critique ,,( ,,kant 7,cont9u$7 ,i n[ proce$ to ! second po9t ( criticism1 :i* /rikes at ! he>t ( ,kant's e?ics4 ,man accord+ to ,kant is wor? :ile on 8 own acc\nt 7an end p] se71 nev] to be us$ z a m]e tool or ?+4 ,he is a p]son1 an object t[>ds :om we are b\nd to ev9ce absolute respect4 ,yet ,kant imm$iately goes on to say t !re is no object 9 all ! _w1 nei!r man nor any o!r1 t is wor? :ile on its own acc\nt1 t des]ves su* respect4 ,kant's views ( actual human nature are t+$ ) somb] pessimism4 7,comp>e ! *apt] on ,radical ,evil 9 8 ,religion ,)9 ! ,limits ( ,pure ,reason47 ,a /range p>adox is ?us pres5t$ to u4 ,man is to be accept$ z a wor? :ile object1 & yet !re is no wor? :ile object4 ,h[ does ,kant seek to escape f ?is pr$icam5t8 ,he says1 n ! man prim>ily1 b some?+ t happ5s 9 ! man1 is supremely significant3 c]ta9 acts are wor? :ile on _! own acc\nt1--! ag5t only 9 s f> z he p]=ms su* acts 7or1 let u add ) a sigh1 z he tries to p]=m !m7--namely1 acts :i* h z _! sole motive respect = univ]sal law4 ,!n he in=ms u t simil> processes occur 9 o!r ag5ts1 9 fell[ human be+s1 or1 m precisely1 t ^! o!rs are capable ( try+ to act z ,i myself feel b\nd to try to act4 ,consid] h[ f> fet*$ is ! argum5t1 on :at wav]+ f\ndations has be5 plac$ ! e?ical pron\ncem5t ( human wor? & human equality 9 :i* our int]e/ is s pr(\ndly engag$4 ,we d wi% to be assur$ ( ?is c>d9al tru?4 ,no o!r tru? is practically & !oretically ( great] importance4 ,z aga9/ ! iniquit\s practices ( ! _w1 z aga9/ ! exploitation ( labor1 z aga9/ ! degradation ( woman1 z aga9/ political tyranny :e!r ex]cis$ by k+s or by mobs1 we raise up = our %ield ! indefeasible wor? ( m5--n ( "s m5 b ( all m54 ,& n[1 behold6 ! ?9k] to :om we owe ! =cible expression ( ?is tru? seems to h left x 9 ! air4 ,i scrut9ize my neighbors1 & f9d 9 _! behavior no sure sign ( real wor?4 ,i fall back on myself & ,i discov] :at8 ,! idea ( an act :i*1 if ,i c\ld p]=m x1 w\ld /& on its own m]its 7w\ld be self-ju/ifi$74 ,i !n f9d t ,i am b\nd to try to p]=m su* acts4 ,i _c affirm t 9 a s+le in/ance ,i h ev] p]=m$ su* an act4 ,i next inf]--on :at t5u\s gr\nd has be5 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]--t my fell[-be+s h ! same inn] exp]i5ce z m9e4 ,& x is = ?is reason t by a circuit\s inf]5ce ,i decl>e !m to be wor? :ile objects4 ,t ,kant has =mulat$ a tru? ( ! utmo/ importance = mank9d 7t no man is to be treat$ z a m]e tool71 seems to me inconte/able4 ,t he has n made good 8 own proposition is my cont5tion1 & t ! :ole problem mu/ !re=e be tak5 up de novo4 ,x w assi/ u 9 do+ s to expose ! flaw 9 8 categorical imp]ative1 or ! =mal pr9ciple ( univ]sality & necessity appli$ to human actions1 :i* 9 8 view impr9ts ^u !m ! "* ( absolute rightness4 ,note t ,kant approa*es ! problems ( e?ics f ! side ( physical sci5ce1 & ) ! bias ( ! physical sci5ti/4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple he sets up1 ! b>e idea ( univ]sal necessity or ( law 9 g5]al1 is d]iv$ by way ( ab/raction f ! p>ticul> laws ( nature4 ,x is a physical pr9ciple 9 disguise4 ,to und]/& ,kant's sy/em1 x is simply indisp5sable to keep ?is po9t 9 m9d4 ,he 0 pre-occupi$ dur+ ! major portion ( 8 life ) pr(\nd speculations on sci5tific subjects4 ,! title ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason might n be inappropriately *ang$ into 8,a treatise on ! fundam5tal assumptions ( sci5ce1 z h&l$ by ,newton & 8 successors40 ,he 0 und5iably int]e/$ 9 e?ics4 ,8 ultimate aim 0 to cle> ! way = ! confid5t hold+ ( e?ical pr9ciples4 7,see ! ,preface to ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason47 ,b he c\ld n dive/ himself ( ! prejudice ( 8 temp]am5t & ( 8 lifelong pursuit4 ,he is n s+ul> 9 ?is respect4 ,to borr[ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( e?ics f "s o!r field is a common & app>5tly in]adicable error4 ,me*anics1 /hetics1 & rec5tly biology1 h be5 laid "u contribution = ?is purpose4 ,a consi/5t attempt to /udy e?ical ph5om5a on _! own gr\nd1 to m>k (f :at is really di/9ctive 9 ! data ( e?ical exp]i5ce1 & !n to se>* = "s pr9ciple :i* %all s]ve to give a coh]5t acc\nt ( !m1 has to my k nev] yet be5 und]tak54 ,always e?ics has be5 treat$ z an annex to "s o!r discipl9e4 ,always we behold ! attempt to assimilate be=e ! di/9ctive traits & *>act]i/ics h be5 c>efully inve/igat$4 ,nev] yet has ! indep5d5ce ( ?is wond]ful aspect ( human nature be5 truly ackn[l$g$4 ,kant inde$ fre$ e?ics f its long tutelage to !ology2 b he left x /ill 9 subjection1 subject to 8 own favorite /udy1 physical sci5ce4 ,b ?\gh ! notion ( necessity1 toge!r ) t ( univ]sality1 :i* he d]iv$ f physics 0 employ$ by him z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( rightness 9 conduct1 ! pr9ciple itself ins5sibly1 & z x w\ld seem unbekn[n to himself1 und]w5t a rem>kable *ange 9 ! c\rse ( 8 und]tak+ to give x a new application4 ,! foll[+ brief comm5ts w s]ve to elucidate ?is po9t4 ,9 physics1 :5ev] an antec$5t ph5om5on has be5 exactly describ$1 & a sequ5t ph5om5on is def9$ 9 ! same fa%ion1 ! connection is pron\nc$ to be necess>y--z = in/ance ! trans=mation ( me*anical en]gy into heat1 & conv]sely4 ,a s+le c>efully gu>d$ exp]im5t may suffice to e/abli% ! necess>y nexus betwe5 two ph5om5a4 ,& aft] hav+ e/abli%$ ! necessity1 we are confid5t ( ! univ]sality4 ,if exceptions %\ld occur & contrav5e ! suppos$ law1 ! calculations or ! obs]vations are to be correct$4 ,b nev] 9 physical sci5ce d we />t f univ]sality & pr$ict necessity !refrom4 ,kant 9 8 e?ics inv>iably c\ples toge!r ! two t]ms ,univ]sal & ,necess>y4 ,b he rev]ses ! proc$ure ( sci5ce1 he beg9s ) ! univ]sality & !reupon affirms ! necessity4 ,univ]sality is = him ! te/ ( moral necessity4 ,if an act c be univ]saliz$1 ! p]=mance ( x1 accord+ to him1 is morally necess>y4 ,= in/ance1 ! "q is ask$1 ,is x "r to kill8 ,look at ! act ( kill+1 says ,kant1 & see :e!r x c be univ]saliz$1 t is to say1 :e!r if ev]ybody felt at lib]ty to kill1 ! act ( ! murd]] w\ld or w\ld n be self-defeat+8 ,he kills 9 ord] to affirm 8 life at ! exp5se ( ano!r's4 ,if 8 action 7 to be g5]ally imitat$1 8 own life w\ld be =feit1 or at lea/ 9 dang]1 & he w\ld be annull+ :at he int5ds to affirm4 ,h5ce murd] is morally wrong3 to sacr$ly respect ! life ( o!rs is "r4 ,b n only is ! ord] rev]s$1 s t necessity foll[s on ! heels ( univ]sality1 b ! v mean+ ( ! t]m necessity is alt]$4 ,a logical necessity is sub/itut$ = a physical necessity4 ,! idea ( necessity z h&l$ by physical sci5ce d5otes ! connection betwe5 "o ?+ & some?+ else4 ,x is n ! ?+ itself b its relation to "s o!r ?+ t is necess>y4 ,x is n ! ph5om5on ,a nor ! ph5om5on ,b1 9 ! case ( a cause & its effect1 t is decl>$ to be necess>y1 b ! sequ5ce ( ,b on ,a1 ! circum/ance t ,b is ti$ up to ,a1 mu/ foll[ 9 its wake4 ,b ! t]m ,necessity z us$ by ,kant 9 8 ,e?ics1 d5otes a relation ( a ?+ to itself4 ,x is 9 fact equival5t to self-consi/5cy1 :i* is a logical notion d]iv$ f ! pr9ciple ( self-id5tity4 ,a is ,a1 & x is n ?9kable t x %\ld be non-,a4 ,simil>ly ,kant says3 ,if a man desires to affirm 8 life1 t is1 to be self-pres]v+1 x is n ?9kable1 x w\ld n be rational or logical on 8 "p1 to p]=m an act :i* w\ld be self-defeat+4 ,kant does n say t a man might n irrationally take ano!r man's life1 reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces to himself2 he says t z a rational intellig5ce act+ on purely logical motives he c\ld n d s4#ba ,to repeat1 !n1 physical necessity is a relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r ?+3 ! logical necessity involv$ 9 self-consi/5cy is a relation ( a ?+ to itself4 ,my next cont5tion1 & ?is t\*es ! root ( ! matt]1 is t ! notion ( end is incompatible ) self-consi/5cy z ! p>am\nt pr9ciple 9 e?ics4 ,= a self-consi/5t rational be+ is a be+ 9 h>mony ) himself1 "o :o if ?is h>mony %\ld 9 "s unacc\ntable way ev] be brok5 w\ld by 8 own endeavor seek to return to himself4 7,kant decl>es t ! morality ( any "o man _c be affect$ by 8 fell[s1 by any influ5ce f ! outside2 x mu/ be 8 own act47 ,b an end presupposes "s outside object z a means3 means & ends are insep>able correlatives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an entity :i* m]ely affirms itself1 or if someh[ ali5at$ f self endeavors )\t assi/ance f beyond its sph]e to return to itself1 is no true end at all1 & _c be designat$ z su*4 ,x is no end because x employs no means4 ,:at w>rant !n has ,kant = introduc+ ! =eign notion ( end into a _w ( pure self-consi/5cy8 ,:5 we use ! t]m ,necessity 9 relation to physical ph5om5a1 z ( cause & effect1 we ass]t unalt]able sequ5ce1 unity ( temporal & spatial diff]5ti4 ,:5 we use ! same t]m z ,kant uses x1 we ass]t ! unity ( a ?+ ) itself4 ,b ?is 9 ! nature ( ! case does n admit ! intrusion ( ! ali5 concept ( ! outside4 ,! spiritual society or patt]n to :i* human society ought to be con=m$1 is accord+ to ,kant a society ( ends1 ( ends p] se4 ,?is is 8 great pron\ncem5t4 ,b ! v idea on :i* he lays s mu* /ress1 ! idea ( end1 on clos] scrut9y ( 8 premises disappe>s4 ,! entities compos+ t society are self-suffic+1 & moreov] intr9sically unrelat$ to ea* o!r4 ,rational self-pres]vation is ! only "* t c be pr$icat$ ( any ( !m4 ,i h laid /ress on ! fact t ,kant d]iv$ 8 e?ical pr9ciple f 8 physics4 ,! passage 9 :i* he speaks ( ! e?ical ord] z a univ]sal & necess>y ord] l t ( nature is to my m9d conclusive4 ,i n[ urge 9 addition t ?is sort ( second nature sup]impos$ ^u exi/+ nature w\ld n h to our contemplat+ m9ds a dignity sup]ior to t ( physical nature4 ,! moral ord] z ?us exhibit$ w\ld n possess ! wor? we attribute to x z exalt$ above :at is call$ ! natural ord]4 ,! fall+ /one is a p]fect illu/ration ( physical necessity4 ,necessity pass$ ?r\gh human consci\sness1 or ba!d 9 human consci\sness1 is n on t acc\nt a m eligible pr9ciple4 ,nay1 s9ce human consci\sness int]f]es & causes cont+5t actions1 due to passion1 appetite1 etc41 ! moral ord] con/ruct$ by m5 %\ld be ev5 less wor? :ile ?an ! physical ord] ( nature1 if inde$ necessity be ! t\*/one ( wor?4#bb ,to summ>ize3 accord+ to ,kant man z an object is unfit to w>rant ! claim ( unconditional obligation on ! "p ( o!rs t[>d himself4 ,an ab/ract pr9ciple mu/ be s\ght4 ,?is pr9ciple is univ]sality1 & necessity bas$ on univ]sality4 ,respect = ?is purely ab/ract notion is t :i* alone imp>ts a moral quality to s-call$ moral acts4 ,we />t1 accord+ to ,kant1 ) ! decl>ation t man is an end p] se4 ,b we reject him z an object1 & take refuge 9 a =mal pr9ciple4 ,we !n assume t e human be+ is consci\s ( ! work+ )9 himself ( ?is =mal pr9ciple & ackn[l$ges 8 subjection to x1 :e!r he is able to analyze x out or n4 ,& ?us indirectly we d]ive out ( empt9ess a ray ( glory :i* we all[ to fall ^u ea* & e man4 ,! "q n[ is1 s9ce ?is approa* to ! e?ical problem manife/ly fails1 mu/ we n beg9 at ! opposite end1 & take ! attribution ( wor? to m51 h[ev] unwor?y !y may actually be1 z our />t+-po9t8 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,he also assumes a society n only ( rational intellig5ces det]m9$ by ! same rational motives1 b equal 9 ability to c>ry out _! motives4 7,see my article 9 ,m9d new s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #db1 p4 #afb1 repr9t$ 9 ! volume d$icat$ to ,william ,james1 by ! ,philosophical ,faculty ( ,columbia ,univ]sity47 #bb ,surefoot$ness1 or c]ta9ty 9 ?9k+ & 9 act+ seems to h be5 ! *ief desid]atum at :i* ,kant aim$4 ,z aga9/ scepticism or m]e empirical grop+ ?is elem5t ( ! inn] life is obvi\sly ( exce$+ value4 ,b x is f> f be+ ! only elem5t to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,wor?1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,reasons ,,:y ,,! ,,me?od ,,employ$ ,,by ,,e?ics ,,mu/ ,,be ,,! ,,opposite ,,( ,,t ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces ,! moral equality ( m5 is a coroll>y ( ! attribution ( wor? to all m54 ,did we n ascribe wor? to !m1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n make s]vile use ( !m4 ,b !re are admitt$ly =midable difficulties 9 ! way ( attribut+ wor? to human nature4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s ( ^! is ! exi/5ce ( repulsive traits 9 human be+s1 su* z sly cunn+1 deceit1 falsehood1 grossness1 cruelty3 homo hom9i lupus6 ,secondly1 !re is ! preval5t error ( employ+ e?ical t]ms1 l good & bad1 to d5ote ! m]ely attractive & repell5t traits4#bc ,attractive traits1 su* z g5tl5ess1 sweetness1 k9dness1 a sympa!tic disposition1 are1 9 ^? =tunate en\gh to possess !m1 pleas+ accid5ts ( nature4 ,we delight 9 !m1 b h no reason to ascribe ! sup]lative quality ( wor? to ^? :o possess !m4 ,if ! evil t m5 d revolts u1 ! s-call$ good 9 !m does n give u ! "r to surr\nd _! heads ) ! nimbus ( wor?4 ,?irdly1 & p]haps ev5 m det]r5t ?an ! ev]-pres5t spectacle ( evil & ! inadequacy ( s-call$ goodness1 is ! commonplac5ess1 ! *eapness ( m54 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t1 ) r>e exceptions1 our e/imates ( o!rs are apt to be l[ r ?an l(ty4 ,c we ascribe wor? to ^? :om we hold *eap8 ,! reason ( our habitual "u-e/imation ( fell[m5 ,i ?9k is t we reg>d !m f ! /&po9t ( ! use to :i* we c put !m1 & d n see !m f ! inside1 z x 71 9 ! light ( ! m>vel\s en]gies ( :i* human nature is ! sc5e4 ,! grosse/ matt]1 ! mo/ ord9>y physical happ5+s1 reveal to ! in/ruct$ eye ( ! sci5ti/ ! play ( =ces :i* x taxes ! mo/ p[]ful intellects 9 "s measure to appreh5d & describe4 ,yet ^! miracles escape ! dull s5ses ( ^? ( u :o deal ) ! =ces ( nature f ! po9t ( view ( _! imm$iate use4 ,we turn on ! electric light1 b h little m ?an a crude surmise ( ! ?+s t ! ^w electricity meant to ,f>aday1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 or ,h]tz4 ,& z we turn on ! electric light1 s we turn on our fell[m51 z x 71 to use !m4 ,! ?\ght ( ! poet--8,:at a piece ( "w is man1 h[ inf9ite 9 faculty60 occurs to u only at scatt]$ mom5ts4 ,& yet ?+s transpire 9 ! inn] life ( human be+s f> m m>vel\s ?an ! *emical processes or ! flux ( electric waves1 did we b att5d to !m4 ,!re is 9 p>ticul> "o k9d ( en]gy to :i* ! quality ( wor? may well atta* itself4 ,x is unlike ! physical =ces2 x is n a trans=m$ mode ( me*anical en]gy4 ,x is sui g5]is1 und]ivative1 unique2 x is synonym\s ) highe/ fre$om2 x is p[] rais$ to ! ,n? degree4 ,x is e?ical en]gy4 ,to release x 9 oneself is to a*ieve unb\nd$ expansion4 ,morality1 z commonly und]/ood1 is a sy/em ( rules1 *iefly repressive4 ,e?ical en]gy1 on ! contr>y1 is det]m9$ by ! v opposite t5d5cy2 a t5d5cy1 x is true1 nev] m ?an t5tatively effectuat$ "u f9ite conditions4 ,& because ! en]gy is unique1 x po9ts t[>d a unique1 irr$ucible1 h5ce sub/antive entity 9 man1 f :i* x spr+s4 ,?is entity is itself incognizable1 yet ! effect x produces requires t x be po/ulat$4 ,! category ( sub/ance1 :i* is almo/ disappe>+ f sci5ce1 is to be re9/all$ 9 e?ics4 ,e?ics _c disp5se ) x4 ,?is1 z a prelude1 may suffice to indicate ! pa? along :i* we %all proce$4 ,! ,reason ,:y ! ,me?od ( ,e?ics ,mu/ ,be ! ,opposite ( ! ,me?od ,employ$ by ! ,physical ,sci5ces ,physical sci5ce beg9s f ! bottom & builds upw>ds4 ,x analyzes ph5om5a into _! elem5ts1 & !reupon seeks to comb9e ^! elem5ts into /ructures t %all correspond to exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is bus9ess x nev] comes to a f9i%4 ,its analysis ( ! elem5ts is provisional4 ,e elem5t is hypo!tical4 ,inde$ x is pla9 9 ! nature ( ! case t no elem5t c be ultimate4 ,an elem5t is a unit1 & e empirical unit necess>ily conceals 9 its bosom a plexus ( :i* x is ! unification4 ,! v idea ( unit requires = its complem5t a manifold ( "s k9d4 ,9 hypo!tical units1 or ideal con/ructs t h = _! purpose to lead to ! discov]y & arrangem5t ( real ph5om5a1 sci5ce ab\nds4 ,atoms1 electrons1 en]gy conceiv$ z a sub/ance by ,o/wald1 ,sp5c]'s physiological units1 are examples4 ,! results a*iev$ by sci5ce are nev] m ?an approximations 9 ! s5se t ! units1 ! bricks ) :i* ! h\se is built1 are liable to be reject$1 & ! con/ructions a*iev$ are subject to revision4 ,! po9t h[ev] :i* ,i wi% to emphasize is t ! sci5ti/ is satisfi$ ( ! tru?1 ! reality ( its p>tial results4 ,newton1 = in/ance1 9 =mulat+ ! law ( gravitation has1 s to speak1 m>k$ (f a /rip ( reality4 ,! gr\nd cov]$ _c be lo/2 :5 "s natural law is enunciat$1 ! prop] conditions = its discov]y & v]ification hav+ be5 obs]v$1 a sure foot+ 9 reality has be5 ga9$1 sci5ce /&+ to ?is ext5t on t]ra firma1 ?\gh beyond ! doma9 )9 :i* ! law applies ! ph5om5a may be heav+ & bill[+ l ! sea4 ,n[ ! "q ,i am int5t ^u is1 ,:y is x possible = sci5ce to be cont5t ) p>tial acquisition8 ,:y does x pr(ess to "k positively a "p )\t kn[+ ! :ole8 ,& :y c e?ics n take a /ep )\t an ideal ( ! :ole8 ,kant's *ief purpose 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 0 to v9dicate ! c]ta9ty ( ! physical k ( a "p z be+ compatible ) total ignorance ( ! :ole4 ,! old] metaphysics 0 engag$ 9 ! attempt to supply ! :ole1 to sket* x out 9 ord] to give c]ta9ty to ! "p t is )9 ! rea* ( sci5ce4 ,! old] metaphysics said to sci5ce3 ,y h 9 h& ! condition$1 b rememb] ! condition$ dep5ds on ! uncondition$4 ,unless1 !re=e1 y r\nd out :at y possess1 ) ! help ( ! uncondition$1 ! c]ta9ty y seem to h )9 ! field ( ! condition$ disappe>s4 ,aga91 sci5ce traces causes1 & ! old] metaphysicians insi/$ t ! :ole *a9 ( causes hangs 9 air unless x be atta*$ to a fir/ cause4 ,n[ ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason really am\nts 9 nuce to ?is3 y d n require ! :ole 9 ord] to expla9 ! "p4 ,l9k ! p>tial ph5om5a toge!r 9 a c]ta9 way1 a way dep5d5t on ! jo9t action ( ! space & "t intuitions & ! categories1 & y w ga9 ! desir$ c]ta9ty4 ,! c]ta9ty is 9 ! l9kage4 ,we may add l9k to l9k ( ! *a9 ( reality )\t tr\bl+ to consid] by :at pi]s x is support$ or on :at %ore ! pi]s re/--if inde$ !re be pi]s & %ores at all4 ,! bridge hangs ov] ! ,riv] ( ,"t & we c safely travel on x4 ,h[ we get on to ?is bridge we d n "k1 & :]e we %all leave x we _c "k ei!r4 ,x is a mi/ake to speak ( ,kant z a rationali/ pure & simple4 ,:5 he expell$ ! old] metaphysics he antagoniz$ pure rationalism4 ,! old] metaphysics held t ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! condition$ proves ! exi/5ce ( ! uncondition$1 requires ! uncondition$4 ,9 ,kant's answ] to ?is lies ! gi/ ( 8 ent]prise 9 philosophy3 ,y are q "r1 he says1 t ! idea ( ! condition$ requires ! idea ( ! uncondition$1 logically1 rationally4 ,b obs]ve well1 nature is n j logical or rational4 ,!re is an irrational elem5t 9 x1 namely1 ext5d$ manifold & temporal sequ5ce4 ,juxtaposition & sequ5ce are irrational1 because1 if ,i int]pret him rightly1 9 ! case ( ea* ! relation pres5t$ to ! m9d is t ( p>ts outside ea* o!r--9 ! "o case alongside1 9 ! o!r be=e & aft]2 :ile 9 ! logical or rational relation ! p>ts are implicit 9 ! :ole z 9 ! case ( ! premises ( a syllogism & ! conclusion1 ! relation ( a g5us to ! species1 ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>4 ,we h 9 nature1 accord+ to ,kant1 a p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! irrational & ! rational factors4 ,& !reupon he proce$s to argue t we impose laws on nature1 und]/&+ !reby t we get hold ( reality or objectivity 9 s f> z we are able to impr9t ! rational elem5t ^u ! irrational4 ,! posit+ ( ! ?+ p] se1 :i* has prov$ a /umbl+-block to _m1 is no m ?an a confession t we %all nev] succe$ entirely 9 ?is bus9ess ( subject+ ! irrational to ! rational factor4 ,! ?+ p] se is ! ,x t rema9s ov] :5 ! rational function has done its utmo/4 ,a ?+1 a real object1 is t :i* is impr9t$ )1 p5etrat$ )1 rationality4 ,! manifolds ( space & "t1 ( juxtaposition & sequ5ce are incapable ( completely receiv+ ?is impr9t1 t is1 ( completely respond+ to our que/ = reality1 & ?is _! incompet5cy is express$ 9 ! notion ( ! ?+ p] se4 ,to return to ! ma9 "q z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?od by :i* sci5ce proce$s & ! rev]se me?od prescrib$ to e?ics1 ,i ask1 ,:y is absolute k ( nature impossible8 ,! answ] is1 ,because absolute k w\ld mean ! completely rational con/ruction ( nature1 & ?is is prev5t$ by ! irrational elem5t exi/+ 9 x4 ,b :y has ! relative k we possess ! "* ( c]ta9ty8 ,:y are we sure ( ! law ( gravitation8 ,:y are we ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t sci5ce )9 c]ta9 limits plants h] foot on t]ra solida8 ,because at c]ta9 po9ts ! s5se data d co9cide ) ! rational requirem5ts4 ,!re are recurr5t ph5om5a ( su* a k9d1 c\pl$ toge!r 9 su* a way1 t ea* is capable ( ma!matical measurem5t1 & t ! sequ5ce ( ! "o aft] ! o!r c !re=e be pr$ict$4 ,nature might h be5 arrang$ q o!rwise4 ,! "t spans might h be5 s long1 z to prev5t our obs]v+ ! recurr5ces4 ,a day-fly _c obs]ve ! p]iodicity ( ! e>?'s revolution ar\nd its axis4 ,! fact h[ev] t !re is ?is p>tial correspond5ce betwe5 human rationality & ! unkn[n nature ( ?+s is a b>e fact1 incapable ( explanation4#bd ,! answ]1 !n1 ,i take x1 is3 our k ( nature is relative1 :i* means incompletely rational1 because ( ! =eign elem5t 9 nature unam5able to ! op]ation ( ! rational1 ! syn!tic1 function4 ,?is relative k is none ! less c]ta91 t is1 9 "s s5se absolute1 because ( ! p>tial co9cid5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( nature & ! syn!tic processes ( ! m9d4 ,) ?is degree ( c]ta9ty we mu/ p]=ce cont5t ourselves1 9 deal+ ) outside nature4 ,9 try+ to und]/& & int]pret t :i* is n ourselves1 we hit ^u b>ri]s :i* _c be transc5d$1 ^u a =eign factor :i* opposes itself to our endeavors4 ,b x is o!rwise 9 ! sph]e ( conduct4 ,"h1 if !re is to be c]ta9ty at all1 9 reg>d to "r z di/+ui%$ f wrong1 if !re is to be su* a ?+ z "r 9 ! /rict s5se1 we _c cont5t ourselves ) ! p>adoxical1 relative-absolute j describ$4 ,= "h we n m]ely int]pret b act1 & we mu/ possess an ideal plan ( ! :ole if we are to be c]ta9 ( our rightness 9 any p>ticul> "p ( conduct4 ,= 9 conduct !re is no su* p>tial co9cid5ce betwe5 ! rational & ! irrational z 9 ! case ( physical law4 ,!re is n a s+le p>tial rule ( conduct1 nei!r 8,?\ %alt n kill0 nor 8,?\ %alt n lie10 nor any o!r t1 tak5 by itself1 is ( itself e?ically "r4 ,x may be "r1 x may be wrong4 ,x takes its e?ical quality f ! plan ( conduct z a :ole1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! :ole x is devoid ( rightness4#be ,i h ?us indicat$ ! gr\nd ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! me?od ( sci5ce & ! me?od ( e?ics1 a di/9ction1 x is true1 to :i* ,kant himself did n adh]e4 ,p>tial co9cid5ce ( ! rational ) ! irrational is express$ 9 physical law2 abs5ce ( su* concurr5ce de/roys any attempt to build up an e?ical !ory on ! empirical me?od4 ,we _c plant our feet on ! "p1 ga9+ !re ! s5se ( c]ta9ty3 we mu/ creatively conceive ! ideal ( ! :ole & educe e p>tial mode ( e?ical conduct f t4 ,b h[ %all we proce$ 9 ! con/ruction ( su* an ideal1 = x is obvi\s t k1 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w1 is entirely out ( ! "q8 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,see ! m ext5d$ rem>ks on ?is subject 9 ,book ,,iii4 #bd ,9 ,kant's view ! rational elem5t is project$ on ! irrational4 ,9 ?is way spatial juxtaposition is ideally trans=m$ into a spatial cont9uum4 ,9 ! same mann] temporal sequ5ce is ideally *ang$ into a uni=m temporal flux4 ,)\t ! =m]1 geometry c\ld n h e/abli%$ its propositions2 )\t ! latt] ,galileo c\ld n h measur$ ! fall ( ! /one4 #be ,! e?ical "* ( acts dep5ds on ! wor? ( ! ag5t & ! object4 ,is x "r to kill or to enslave a fell[man8 ,we d n hesitate to kill an animal1 or to h>ness horses to vehicles1 or to use !m z bea/s ( burd54 ,:y n kill m51 or use !m z bea/s ( burd5 9 l mann]8--,only because !y possess a wor? :i* gives !m a diff]5t /&+4 ,is x on gr\nds ( sympa?y t ,i %\ld obs]ve ! s-call$ moral rules8 ,b if ,i am n sympa!tic by nature1 :y %\ld ,i be subject to c5sure 9 case ,i refra9 f display+ a t5d]ness :i* ,i d n feel8 ,:y %\ld ,i sympa?ize ) ! pleasures & pa9s ( fell[ human be+s any m ?an ) ! pleasures & pa9s ( inf]ior s5ti5t creatures1 unless m5 h wor?8 ,& wor?1 z w appe> 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 signifies indisp5sabl5ess 9 a p]fect :ole4 ,no deta*$ ?+ has wor?4 ,no "p ( an incomplete sy/em has wor?4 ,wor? belongs to ^? to :om x is attribut$ 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ ( z n to be sp>$1 z repres5t+ a di/9ctive indisp5sable preci\sness1 a mode ( be+ )\t :i* p]fection w\ld be less ?an p]fect4 ,s t morality dep5ds on ! attribution ( wor? to m51 & wor? dep5ds on ! =mation 9 ! m9d ( an ideal plan ( ! :ole--or in/ead ( a complete plan let me say m precisely a rule ( relations :]eby ! plan is itself progressively develop$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,:ole ,to recapitulate & at ! same "t to enl>ge some:at ! po9ts ?us f> cov]$ 9 ,book ,,ii3 ,kant proclaims man an end p] se4 ,?is promises a philosophic basis = an e?ical _w-view4 ,! promise is n kept4 ,kant takes z 8 po9t ( dep>ture absolute obligation1 & attempts to d$uce out ( an empty =mula a wor?:ile object4 ,kant's =mula is3 ,treat man nev] m]ely z a means1 b also z an end p] se4 ,b h[ f> man may be treat$ z a means1 & :at ! relation ( ! means to ! end may be is left undet]m9$4 ,an upp] cru/ ( morality is =m$1 z x 71 ^u ! empirical flood ( passions1 desires1 etc4 ,a /raight l9e is drawn beyond :i* ! "u _w 9 e man may n em]ge4 ,b a truly in/rum5tal view ( ! means z relat$ to ! end is n e/abli%$4 ,?is is "o ( ! great gaps 9 ,kant's sy/em4 ,note ! almo/ pu]ile reason giv5 = culture3 we %\ld cultivate our tal5ts weil sie zu all]h& ,zweck5 ntzli* se9 mg54 ,kant's e?ical ord] is a duplicate ( ! physical ord]4 ,! notion ( law is tak5 f physics1 & exp&$ into ! concept ( law 9 g5]al4 ,e?ical behavior is repres5t$ z behavior motivat$ by ! notion ( lawfulness4 ,law is *>act]iz$ by univ]sality & necessity4 ,*apt] ,,ii1 h[ev]1 %[s t 9 physics univ]sality is pr$icat$ on ! gr\nd ( an asc]ta9$ necess>y connection4 ,9 physics1 necessity has its true mean+ z p]ta9+ to a relation betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r4 ,if ! l9kage c be e/abli%$1 ! univ]sality foll[s4 ,9 ,kant's e?ics1 on ! contr>y1 necessity is tak5 z ! consequ5ce ( ! univ]sality & ! prop] mean+ ( necessity is lo/4 ,self-consi/5cy takes ! place ( ! relation to some?+ else4 ,! ideal society1 z describ$1 w\ld !re=e be a society ( self-pres]v+ rational intellig5ces1 e?ically solipsi/ic4 ,next we began ! inve/igation into ! idea ( wor?4 ,:y d m5 hold !mselves & o!rs *eap8 ,!y reg>d ea* o!r f ! po9t ( view ( ! use to be made ( o!rs & ( _! own life1 & n f ! po9t ( view ( ! en]gies deploy$4 ,! turn+ on ( electric p[] 0 us$ z an illu/ration4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 exceptional m51 m5 reg>d$ z illu/rat+ 9 ! highe/ degree ! m5tal en]gies implicit 9 human nature1 w\ld n possess ! quality ( wor?1 t is1 ( be+ ends p] se1 m]ely on ! score ( _! sci5tific or _! arti/ic activities4 ,we _c say t ! _w w\ld be less p]fect if !re 7 no sci5ti/s to discov] its laws4 ,!re is a supreme1 a unique en]gy & x is to ?is t ! quality ( wor? belongs4#bf ,! e?ical quality call$ wor? is ! supreme good1 & mu/ be accessible to all1 ev5 to ^? to :om ! less] goods are d5i$4 ,e?ics is a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* /&s or falls ) ! cont5tion t :ile ! bett] may be )9 rea* only ( ! exceptional few1 ! be/ is )9 rea* ( all4 ,9 attempt+ to approa* ! task ( build+ up a _w-view bas$ on e?ical exp]i5ce1 x became unavoidable to consid] ! me?od by :i* ! approa* might be made1 & = ?is purpose to contra/ ! me?ods ( sci5ce & ! me?ods ( e?ics4 ,sci5ce1 z we h se51 collects its bricks & builds its h\se by composition4 ,sci5ce analyzes ph5om5a into units1 :i* x !n comb9es4 ,! my/]y is h[ sci5ce c a*ieve c]ta9ty 9 respect to c]ta9 ph5om5a ( nature )\t previ\s k ( ! :ole ( nature4 ,kant's answ] is t !re is p>tial congruity betwe5 ! m5tal functions & ! data t come to u f ! unkn[n4 ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason faces 9 two directions4 ,x expels ! old] metaphysics :i* assum$ t ! empirical _w is rational ?r\gh\t1 or rationalizable1 & :i* !nce argu$ ! exi/5ce ( ! uncondition$ z necess>ily impli$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! condition$1 & ( a fir/ cause z actually impli$ 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,kant cont5ds t !re is an irrational elem5t1 namely1 b>e juxtaposition 7"p outside "p71 & b>e sequ5ce 7"p be=e & aft] "p71 :ile ! logical or rational relation implies t ! "p is to be conceiv$ z implicit 9 ! :ole4 ,juxtaposition & sequ5ce1 !re=e1 c nev] be completely rationaliz$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,kant und]takes to prove t :atev] ( reality we "k is traceable to ! projection ( ! rational factor ^u ! irrational4 ,"o might ev5 say t1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! m9d itself produces ! irrational factor1 s9ce ! intuitions ( space & "t are accord+ to him1 functions ( ! m9d itself--! m9d sett+ up a manifold s con/itut$ z to receive s5se impressions4 ,at any rate ! capital po9t to :i* we 7 l$ up 0 t sci5ce puts h] foot on t]ra firma 9 a re/rict$ area1 )\t ref]5ce to :at lies beyond1 :ile if we are to proce$ 9 e?ics at all1 we mu/ beg9 ) "s ideal plan ( ! :ole1 s9ce 9 e?ics we are n int]pret+ a =eign nature1 b act ^u natures simil> to our own2 & s9ce1 9 ! case ( conduct1 !re is no su* p>tial concurr5ce ( ! rational & irrational z 9 physics1 no "o ( ! s-call$ moral modes ( behavior be+ moral :5 tak5 sep>ately4 ,h5ce ! conclusion t !re is no possibility ( e/abli%+ ! conception ( wor? unless we h "s ideal ( ! :ole 9 :i* & 9 relation to :i* ! incomp>able wor?:il5ess ( a human be+ c be made good4 ,we ne$ h>dly aga9 rem9d ourselves t ?is conception ( wor?1 or ( man z end p] se1 is n a m]e ab/raction1 & t our int]e/ 9 x is n academic4 ,e outcry aga9/ ! oppression ( man by man1 or aga9/ :atsoev] is morally hide\s1 is b ! affirmation ( ! c>d9al pr9ciple t a human be+ z su* is n to be violat$1 is n to be h&l$ l a tool1 b is to be respect$ & rev]$ z an end p] se4 ,b :at d we mean by end p] se1 & h[ acc\nt = ?is notion8 ,does x come into our m9d l a bolt f ! blue1 or is x reveal$ z prefigur$ 9 ! human m9d :5 we foll[ x into its intimate con/itution8 ,our k ( ! _w we live 9 is extremely limit$--9 its details x is conf9$ to ! planet we live on1 ext5d+ to ! myriads ( cele/ial bodies beyond u only by means ( scant g5]alizations4 ,if we h k ( only s small a portion1 h[ c we frame an ideal ( ! :ole8 ,at ! same "t we mu/ rememb] t ! _w we actually "k1 ?is e>? & yond] />ry myriads1 is 9 v tru? our _w1 ! _w z x exi/s = u1 a _w :i* ) ! help ( data com+ to u f ! unkn[n1 we ourselves h built up on c]ta9 con/ructive pr9ciples2 & t ^! pr9ciples h be5 f\nd1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 avail+4#bg ,i say avail+ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! defeat !y meet ) beyond ^? limits is due to ! intractable elem5ts ( juxtaposition & sequ5ce1 ( ! "t & space manifolds1 :i* 9 !mselves are incapable ( be+ completely rationaliz$4 ,n[ ! ideal ( ! :ole is a plan or s*eme 9 :i* ! con/ructive pr9ciples ( ! m9d are conceiv$ z hav+ untrammel$ c\rse & unh9d]$ application1 & ! task ( _w-build+1 or r univ]se-build+1 is 9 idea c>ri$ out to completion4 ,! attempt to pres5t an ideal =eca/1 or outl9e ( ! :ole ( reality1 z x w\ld satisfy a m9d con/itut$ l ours1 an ideal l&scape ( ?is sort1 is n at all to be conf\nd$ ) ! arrogation ( a priori k4 ,a priori k is suppos$ to be a k9d ( k1 & k ( ! :ole is utt]ly & confess$ly beyond our rea*4 ,! phrase a priori1 too1 is objectionable & un=tunate = two reasons4 ,fir/1 z j said1 because x has be5 suppos$ to be a k9d ( k4 ,by "s !ologians m5 7 suppos$ to possess a priori k ( ,god4#bh ,secondly1 because ! ^w a priori sugge/s prec$5ce 9 "t1 & our k ( ! human m9d & ( its irr$ucible capacities comes out only 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce4 ,mu* t has be5 call$ a priori1 t is implicit 9 exp]i5ce1 did n become explicit until aft] prolong$ exp]i5ce4 ,! ,greek ?9k]s be=e ,ari/otle d\btless ?\ght 9 t]ms ( syllogism1 b x 0 n until ,greek sci5ce _h atta9$ a c]ta9 rip5ess t ,ari/otle 0 able to dissect out ! logic :i* _h previ\sly be5 employ$ m or less unconsci\sly4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( us+ ! t]m a priori1 :i* gives rise to ! two-fold misappreh5sion ( an a priori k & ( temporal prec$5ce1 & in/ead ( ?r[+ out ! *ild ) ! ba?1 t is1 ( ignor+ ! indep5d5t "p play$ by our m5tal con/itution 9 build+ up exp]i5ce1 & 9 af=d+ u ! conviction ( c]ta9ty1 & ( reality1 x is highly desirable t a new t]m be f\nd to take ! place ( a priori4 ,! t]m 8functional f9ality0 sugge/s itself to me = ?is purpose4#bi ,my field is e?ics4 ,i am entirely desir\s ( /ick+ to my own la/1 t is1 deal+ ) su* concepts z ! data ( my subject =ce ^u me4 ,i d n wi% to trespass1 or to seem to trespass1 on ! doma9 ( my neighbors4 ,h5ce 9 deal+ ) functional f9alities ,i mu/ deal ) !m prim>ily z !y appe> 9 ! field ( e?ics1 t is1 9 ! doma9 ( ! actions & reactions ( human be+s ^u "o ano!r4 ,irr$ucible pr9cipia ( e?ics are ! functional f9alities1 :i* prescribe rules = su* int]c\rse1 or bett] :i* create a s*eme ( ideal int]c\rse :]eby ! conduct ( m5 %all be measur$ & det]m9$4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 glance = a mom5t at fields outside my own1 = ! purpose n ( controv]sy b ( elucidation2 n to deal ) ! subject matt] ( my neighbors1 b to m>k (f my own m def9itely4 ,:at !n1 ,i ask1 is ! mo/ g5]al expression by :i* to designate ! s+ul>ities ( ! human m9d1 ! pr9ciples on :i* x acts1 its immutable modes ( behavior1 ! inv>iants t recur amid all ! complex v>ieties ( its processes8 ,! pr9cipal inv>iants are ! posit+ ( a manifold ( "s k9d1 & ! appreh5d+ ( t manifold z coh]5t4 ,! manifold is n giv51 b is posit$ by ! m9d4 ,! posit+ is a m5tal function1 j z mu* z ! appreh5d+ ( ! plurality z coh]5t is a m5tal function4 ,! p>ticul> manifolds ( space & "t exp]i5ce are said to be giv51 b !y w\ld n be receiv$ by ! m9d 7 n ! function ( manifold-posit+ prep>$ to appreh5d !m4 ,9 rec5t physical sci5ce ! notion ( ! manifold plays a conspicu\s rle4 ,subtle speculations are employ$ to def9e ! k9ds ( manifold :i* ! physici/ f9ds opportune1 & ! k9d ( unity ( :i* ^! manifolds are respectively capable4 ,! two t]ms m5tion$ are !mselves ! mo/ ab/ract conceivable1 & naturally1 t :i* is "h tak5 to und]lie all ! con/ructive1 _w-build+ activity ( ! m9d 9 e possible direction c only be express$ 9 ! mo/ sublimat$ language4 ,b ! notions !mselves1 or r ! acts ( ! m9d1 ! functions designat$1 are ri* & replete ) concrete utility :5 appli$ to subject matt] 9 ! diff]5t fields4 ,:]ev] we turn we f9d t ! assurance ( reality dep5ds on ! jo9t use ( ! two pr9ciples m5tion$1 ! jo9t op]ation ( ! two k9ds ( m5tal action2 t is to say--on ! posit+ ( a manifold & on ! simultane\s appreh5sion ( ! subject matt] to :i* x relates z coh]5t1 z unifi$4 ,! simultaneity1 ! insep>abl5ess ( ! two m5tal acts or functions 9 reg>d to ! same subject-matt] is ! ess5tial po9t on :i* hangs ! web ( ! argum5t "h submitt$4 ,?us 9 geometry space mu/ be reg>d$ z a cont9uum1 unbrok51 un9t]rupt$ at any po9t1 & at ! same "t ! same space mu/ be treat$ z capable ( puncture1 ( l9e> & sup]ficial delimitations2 t is to say1 ( division4 ,t :i* is "o mu/ yet be appreh5d$ z divid$2 t :i* is divid$1 or delimitat$1 mu/ yet be appreh5d$ z "o4 ,! difficulties t arise spr+ f ! va9 endeavor to sep>ate ! two insep>able acts--! act ( appreh5d+ ! manifold ( space sub specie pluralitatis1 & ! act ( appreh5d+ x sub specie unitatis4 ,h5ce arises ! puzzl+ "q3 ,h[ c t :i* is cont9u\s be divid$1 h[ c *asms betwe5 ! p>ts ( space1 h[ev] inf9itesimal1 be bridg$8 ,witness ! problem ( ,z5o1 & ! pragmati/ solution ( x by a demon/ration t satisfies u inde$ z to ! fact 7:i* no "o d\bts71 b leaves ! m5tal puzzle z be=e2 & also ,b]gson's ,me?od ( acc\nt+ = division by a comp>ison ( ! inn] & ! out] flux1 :]e9 he seems to ov]look ! difficulty t = ! purpose ( comp>ison two po9ts mu/ be fix$1 "o 9 ea* flux1 t is to say1 ! division 9 ! flux mu/ be reg>d$ z already exi/+4 ,9 ! physical sci5ces we are compell$ to assume on ! "o h& ! atomic or granul> con/itution ( matt]1 9 o!r words1 manifoldness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 8action at a di/ance0 is to be escap$1 we are b\nd to assume a cont9uum ( "s sort l ! e!r4 ,aga91 9 ! organic _w !re is ! manifold ( /ructures & functions1 & ! unity ( organism4 ,to :atev] object ( inquiry we give our att5tion1 we f9d ourselves n only re/rict$ fundam5tally to ! two functions describ$1 b we discov] t to _! insund]able co-op]ation we owe :atev] ( tru? we possess4 ,n[ ! bus9ess ( e?ics is to def9e its own subject-matt]1 t is to say ! p>ticul> k9d ( manifold ) :i* x deals1 & ! k9d ( unity ( :i* t manifold is susceptible4 ,b z ,i approa* ?is fir/ goal ( my ent]prise1 !re is "o ob/acle :i* ,i mu/ try to remove out ( ! way ( ! read]1 be=e ,i c hope to w9 him to a hospitable consid]ation ( my conclusions4 ,! jo9tness or insep>abl5ess ( ! two acts out ( :i* c]ta9ty or reality issues has creat$ all ! difficulties4 ,! fact t ! manifold mu/ be reg>d$ z rema9+ a manifold1 unalt]$ 9 its "* z su*1 n d]ivative f ! ,"o 7!re is no su* ,"o71 & t ! unity does n contr>iwise result f ! manifold 9 ! s5se ( spr++ f or be+ d]iv$ f x2--9 o!r words t we mu/ see ! same l&scape ( ?+s & ev5ts bo? sub specie pluralitatis & sub specie unitatis--has be5 ! /umbl+-block4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy might be writt5 "u ! two head+s3 #a1 moni/ic sy/ems t und]take1 collaps+ 9 _! futile ef=t1 to d]ive ! _w & its plurality f ! ,"o1 z if !re 7 su* an ,"o1 out ( ^: bosom philosophy might evoke ! _m 7creational sy/ems1 pan!i/ic sy/ems1 emanation sy/ems1 evolution sy/ems72 #b1 plurali/ic sy/ems t essay1 ) equal lack ( success1 to expla9 ! unity z someh[ ! (fspr+ ( ! plurality4 ,:y !n h ^! sy/ems fl\ri%$8 ,:y are ^! va9 und]tak+s /ill r5ew$8 ,! reason is t we _c und]/& ! jo9t action ( ! two functions1 & ! v po9t :]e enlight5m5t is ne$$ is = u to recognize t no fundam5tal tru?s c be und]/ood by u1 t we c only look at !m1 contemplate & accept !m4 ,! po9t1 ,i say1 :]e enlight5m5t is ne$$ is t ! habit ( try+ to und]/& is due to a prejudice1 to :at may be call$ ! sup]/ition ( causality4 ,i %all h to expla9 ?is h>dy ass]tion ) "s c>e to prev5t misconception4 ,causality1 x w be object$1 is ! "o ?read t leads u ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( nature4 ,! se>* = causes enables u to become at home 9 our _w by =esee+ ev5ts4 ,9 :at s5se !n c x be p]missible to speak ( ! prejudice ( causality1 nay1 ( ! sup]/ition ( x8 ,) :at w>rant prescribe a limit to ! aspirations ( ! human intellect to pu% its inquiries to ! f>!/ limit1 ev5 s f> z to und]/& ! functional f9alities !mselves1 if su* !re be8 ,! answ]1 succ9ctly put1 is ?is3 expla9+ or und]/&+ ?+s means trac+ effects to _! causes1 & ?is is only "o mode1 a some:at disguis$ mode1 ( ! jo9t functional activity ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,! manifold 9 ?is case is t ( ! temporal sequ5ce ( ph5om5a1 ( diff]5ces due to *ange ( position 9 "t2 & ! unity e/abli%$ betwe5 !m 7z = in/ance en]gy1 ( :i* ! sequ5t ph5om5a repres5t ! trans=mations7 is an ideal1 fictive unity1 m5tally sup]impos$ 7real despite its ideal or imag9>y "*1 because ( ! necessity we are "u to view ! sequ5t ph5om5a sub specie unitatis74 ,t !re is no?+ 9 ! antec$5t to compel ! sequ5t to foll[ has be5 s9ce ! days ( ,hume a commonplace 9 philosophy4 ,t nev]!less !re is su* a ?+ z ! pr$iction ( eclipses 0 made by ,kant ! basis ( 8 doctr9e ( syn!sis a priori4 ,be ! t]ms us$ :at !y may1 :at c\nts is ! fact t ! jo9t action ( two functions1 :i* itself is inexplicable1 n to be und]/ood1 t is1 n to be ref]r$ back to a prec$+ cause 7z if !re c\ld be su* a ?+ z a cause :y we ?9k 9 t]ms ( causality7 is ! f\ndation ( all s-call$ und]/&+4 ,moreov] causality is an incomplete example ( ! fundam5tal functional process4 ,we nev] d ?or\ghly und]/&2 we ga9 a c]ta9 relief1 a c]ta9 increas$ ease ( m9d by pu%+ ! problem back a /ep4 ,& :at ,i h call$ ! prejudice ( causality1 is ! unwill+ness on our "p to ackn[l$ge ! fact t we are face to face1 9 ! case ( causality1 ) ! inexplicable2 t t :i* helps u p>tially to und]/& 7& s]ves = practical purposes well en\gh7 is 9 its nature n to be und]/ood1 "o ( ! modes 9 :i* ! jo9t action ( ! functional f9alities manife/s itself4 ,an ultimate pr9ciple has be5 def9$ z "o :i* is presuppos$ 9 e attempt to acc\nt = x4 ,! functional f9alities ( :i* ,i speak be> ! te/ ( ?is def9ition4 ,! up%ot ( x all is t ! con/itutive pr9ciples ( ! human m9d _c be expla9$ or und]/ood1 b c nev]!less be v]ifi$4 ,& v]ification1 9 ! la/ analysis1 means exemplification4 ,if we look at ^! ultimate tru?s1 :e!r 9 geometry1 9 physics1 or1 z we %all lat] see1 9 e?ics & /hetics1 z enunciat$ ab/ractly1 baldly1 we confront !m blankly1 we are z x 7 dumbf\nd$ 9 _! pres5ce4 ,!y seem arbitr>ily impos$ ^u u4 ,& :y8 ,because we are endeavor+ to und]/& !m4 ,we h acquir$ ! habit ( try+ to get hold ( tru? by ref]r+ back to "s antec$5t4 ,& !re=e we are uneasy & disconc]t$4 ,b ! mom5t we see !m exemplifi$1 z 9 ! con/ructions ( ! geomet]1 9 ! laws or uni=mities e/abli%$ by ! physici/1 etc41 we are conv9c$4 ,! subject-matt] ( e?ics is diff]5t4 ,! k9d ( exemplification is likewise diff]5t4 ,b v]ification is exemplification 9 e?ics z else:]e2 & ?is w be f\nd to mean t ! life1 ! e?ical exp]i5ce1 mu/ lead to ! c]ta9ty4 ,& n[ we h rea*$ ! po9t :]e a brief discussion ( ! e?ical manifold & its mode ( unification comes up 9 prop] ord]4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,to rate anyone z an end p] se means t 9 a _w conceiv$ z p]fect 8 exi/5ce w\ld be indisp5sable4 ,! _w we "k may n be p]fect1 is n p]fect1 b we d conceive ( an ideal _w t is4 ,& to ascribe to anyone ! quality ( wor?1 to d5om9ate him an end p] se1 is to place him into t _w1 to reg>d him z pot5tially a memb] ( x4 #bg ,= a creature end[$ ) diff]5t s5ses1 & hav+ a m9d unlike our own1 ! _w w\ld be a totally diff]5t _w4 #bh ,to d5y su* a priori k ( ! object call$ ,god is n to d5y t ! production ( ?is object is due to con/ructive pr9ciples ( human ?9k+2 :ile1 9 turn1 to ass]t ! functional d]ivation ( ! ,god-idea is n to validate t idea itself z p]man5t & inexpugnable4 ,x may h ow$ its orig9 to a p]man5t disposition ( ! m9d1 & yet be fallible because ( ! hi/orical conditions "u :i* x arose & ! defective data 9 :i* x 0 express$4 ,by way ( illu/ration we might apply ! same reflection to ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy4 ,! ma!matical processes by :i* ?is a/ronomy 0 con/ruct$ may be trac$ to p]man5t s+ul>ities ( human ?9k+1 yet ! a/ronomical !ory ( ,ptolemy is n on t acc\nt a priori true4 #bi ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood t ! =mula 9 :i* a f9ality is express$ is n itself a f9al =mula4 ,! bus9ess ( def9ition is prec>i\s1 liable to error & dogmatic abuse1 & ! =mulas ( f9ality are to be con/antly subject$ to revision4 ,possible & ev5 probable abuse1 h[ev]1 does n w>rant ! negative attitude at pres5t tak52 x does n ju/ify ! revulsion ( feel+ aga9/ ,a ,priorism :i* is j n[ g5]al4 ,exasp]ation ) absolutism does n ( itself ju/ify rec\rse to ! opposite extreme ( pragmatism4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,:ole ,,& ,,! ,,e?ical ,,manifold ,! e?ical manifold1 conceiv$ ( z unifi$1 furni%es1 or r is1 ! ideal ( ! :ole4 ,! e?ical manifold is ! true univ]se1 n 8,univ]se0 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is too laxly us$ at pres5t to designate ^? fragm5t>y & 9 _m respects unconnect$ l9es ( exp]i5ce :i* might bett] by way ( discrim9ation be call$ ,_w4 ,! ideal ( ! :ole1 z ! t]ms imply1 mu/ fulfill two conditions3 x mu/ be a :ole1 t is1 include all manifoldness :atsoev]2 & x mu/ be ideal1 or p]fectly unifi$4 ,9 su* an ideal :ole ! two reality-produc+ functions ( ! human m9d w\ld f9d _! complete fruition4 ,po9t #a4--,! totality ( manifoldness mu/ be compris$4 ,po9t #b4--,! connect$ness mu/ be )\t flaw4 ,f po9t "o x foll[s t ! e?ical manifold _c be spatial or temporal1 s9ce juxtaposition & sequ5ce lapse into indef9it5ess1 ab\nd+ )\t ceas+1 b nev] atta9+ or promis+ ! atta9m5t ( totality4 ,our fir/ conclusion !n is t ! e?ical manifold is non-temporal & non-spatial4 ,fur!rmore x is necess>y & decisive = ! !oretical con/ruction "h attempt$ to keep %>ply 9 view1 t ! manifoldness may n be d]iv$ f ! unity1 or conv]sely4 ,! manifold rema9s =ev] manifold4 ,?is means t 9 ! e?ical manifold ea* memb]#cj w diff] uniquely f all ! re/1 & pres]ve 8 irr$ucible s+ul>ity4 ,! memb] ( ! e?ical manifold 0 n creat$ by ! ,"o or any ,"o4 ,he is n d]iv$ z effect f any cause4 ,causality does n apply to ! e?ical manifold1 be+ a category ( spatial sequ5ce4 ,! memb] ( ! e?ical manifold1 or ! e?ical unit1 z we may n[ call him 7,i say him metaphorically & provisionally7 is unbegott51 induplicable1 unique4 ,9 ! e?ical manifold ea* inf9itesimal memb] is indisp5sable1 inasmu* z he is "o ( ! totality ( intr9sically unlike diff]5ti4 ,a duplicate w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,inclusion implies indisp5sabl5ess2 no memb] acquires a place )9 ! e?ical univ]se save on ! score ( 8 title1 z "o ( ! possible modes ( be+ t are requir$ to complete ! totality ( manifoldness4 ,b ! reality-produc+ functions ( ! m9d are two1 & !y act jo9tly4 ,! same manifold t is reg>d$ z ! sc5e ( irr$ucible manifoldness1 is also reg>d$ sub specie unitatis4 ,! imm5se practical importance ( hold+ fa/ to div]sity z indefeasible1 & at ! same "t /ress+ ! unity1 w amply appe> 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird ,book4 ,x is ?is insi/5ce on ! two aspects jo9tly1 t di/+ui%es ! !ory "h work$ out f prec$+ e?ical philosophies1 & w be f\nd to op5 new e?ical applications to conduct4 ,x is ?is insi/5ce on ! jo9t action ( ! two reality-produc+ functions t w enable u to see 9 ! ideal ( ! :ole a patt]n trac$1 & to d]ive f ?is patt]n ( relations a supreme rule ( conduct4 ,if ! diff]5ces t exi/ among ! memb]s ( ! manifold be slurr$ ov]1 if ! indefeasible s+ul>ity ( ea* memb] be ov]look$1 if ! _m be d]iv$ f ! ,"o1 s9ce ! ,"o is an empty concept1 we %all ga9 no light ^u ! conduct to be foll[$ by ea* ( ! _m4 ,x is true t our notion ( ! di/9ctive diff]5ce or ! uniqu5ess ( ea* e?ical unit is also empty z f> z k goes4 ,! unique is incognizable4 ,yet we are able to appreh5d1 & d appreh5d1 a det]m9ate relation z subsi/+ betwe5 ! e?ical units1 & ?is relation supplies u ) an ideal plan ( ! e?ical univ]se & a fir/ pr9ciple & rule ( e?ics4 ,! relation is t ( reciprocal univ]sal int]dep5d5ce4 ,consid] t an inf9ite numb] ( e?ical entities is pres5t$ to our m9ds--ea* ( !m radically diff]5t f ! re/4 ,9 :at !n possibly c ! unity ( ?is inf9ite assemblage consi/8 ,9 ?is--t ! unique diff]5ce ( ea* %all be su* z to r5d] possible ! correlat$ unique diff]5ces ( all ! re/4 ,x is 9 ?is =mula t we f9d ! key to a new e?ical sy/em1 9 ?is conception we get our h& firmly on ! notion ( "r1 & by means ( x we discov] ! object :i* ,kant fail$ to f9d1 ! object to :i* wor? atta*es1 ! object :i* is s indisp5sable to ! ideal ( ! :ole z to au!nticate unconditional obligation or rightness 9 conduct ) respect to x4 ,x is z an e?ical unit1 z a memb] ( ! inf9ite e?ical manifold1 t man has wor?4#ca ,9 accordance ) ! above1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( e?ics may be express$ 9 ! foll[+ =mulas3 ,a4 ,act z a memb] ( ! e?ical manifold 7! inf9ite spiritual univ]se74 ,b4 ,act s z to a*ieve uniqu5ess 7complete individualization--! mo/ completely individualiz$ act is ! mo/ e?ical74 ,c4 ,act s z to elicit 9 ano!r ! di/9ctive1 unique quality *>act]i/ic ( him z a fell[-memb] ( ! inf9ite :ole4 ,a & ,b are compris$ 9 ,c4 ,i am tak+ ?ree /eps t[>d a full] exposition ( ! mean+ ( ! pr9ciple4 ,to act z a memb] accord+ to ,a is to /rive to a*ieve uniqu5ess z decl>$ 9 ,b4 ,to a*ieve uniqu5ess z decl>$ 9 ,c is to seek to elicit ! div]se uniqu5ess 9 o!rs4 ,! actual unique quality 9 myself is incognizable1 & only appe>s1 s f> z x does appe>1 9 ! effect produc$ by myself ^u my fell[s4 ,h5ce1 to advance t[>ds uniqu5ess ,i mu/ project dynamically my mo/ di/9ctive mode ( en]gy ^u my fell[-memb]s4 ,s9ce ! f9ite nature ( man is a clog & scre51 cl\d+ & *eck+ ! action ( man view$ z an e?ical unit1 x foll[s t no man w ev] succe$ 9 c>ry+ out completely ! rule :i* is d]iv$ f ! ideal patt]n4 ,he w inv>iably meet ) p>tial fru/ration 9 8 ef=ts to d s1 & yet 9 virtue ( 8 e?ical "* he w always r5ew ! ef=t4 ,:ile 9 physical sci5ce ! recurr5ce ( ph5om5a supplies ! occasion = exemplification or v]ification1 9 conduct1 or ! sph]e ( volition1 n recurr5ce b ! p]si/5ce ( ! ef=t aft] defeat is at lea/ a help to v]ification1 argu+ 9 "o's self a consci\sness1 h[ev] obscur$1 ( ! relation ( reciprocal int]dep5d5ce & ( subjection to ! urge or pressure !nce d]iv$4#cb ,x is our own reality-produc+ functions1 ex]t$ to _! utmo/1 to :i* we are deliv]$ ov]4 ,h5ce ! f9al =mulation3 ,s act z to raise up 9 o!rs ! ideal ( ! relation ( give & take1 ( univ]sal int]dep5d5ce 9 :i* !y /& ) an inf9ity ( be+s l !mselves1 memb]s ( ! inf9ite univ]se1 irr$ucible1 l & unlike !mselves 9 _! respective uniqu5ess4 ,! simile t may be us$ is t ( a ray ( light :i* has ! effect ( k9dl+ o!r rays1 unlike b complem5t>y to itself4 ,ea* e?ical unit1 ea* memb] ( ! inf9ite univ]se1 is to be reg>d$ z a c5t] f :i* su* a ray emanates1 t\*+ o!r c5t]s1 & awak5+ !re ! light intr9sic 9 !m4 ,or we may ?9k ( a f\nta9 f :i* /ream =? jets ( indescribable life-p[]--play+ out ( x1 play+ into o!r life1 & evok+ !re k9dr$ & yet unk9dr$ life-waves1 waves efflu5t & reflu5t4 ,:atev] ! symbolism may be1 inadequate 9 any case1 ! idea ( ! enme%+ ( "o's life 9 univ]sal life )\t loss ( di/9ctness--! ev]la/+ selfhood to be a*iev$ on ! contr>y1 by means ( ! cross-relation--is ! c>d9al po9t4 ,i h "h to answ] "o "q4 ,by :at w>rant d ,i ascribe wor? to any human be+8 ,:]e is ! head des]v+ t ?is ray t /reams out f me %all light ^u x8 ,:at man or woman m]its t he be inve/$ ) ?is glory8 ,does n ! same objection oppos$ to ,kant hold ) respect to my own view8 ,x is true t he f\nd no object at all1 & s\ght indirectly to draw f ! empty notion ( obligation ! inf]5ce t man is an end p] se4 ,p]haps x w be admitt$ t ! supremely wor?:ile object has n[ be5 f\nd1 ! holy ?+ 7holy 9 two ways1 z be+ inviolable1 rev]5ce-inspir+1 hold+ at a di/ance ^? :o w\ld encroa*3 & intr9sically priceless z a compon5t ( ! e?ical manifold1 z indisp5sable 9 a p]fect :ole74 ,b ?is object1 y w say1 is 9 ! air1 or 9 ! heav5s1 & h[ %all x be made to desc5d on empirical man8 ,my answ] is t c]ta9ly ,i d n discov] ! quality ( wor? 9 p z an empirical fact4 ,9 _m p ,i d n ev5 discov] value4 ,judg+ f ! po9t ( view ( b>e fact1 _m ( u c\ld v well be sp>$4 ,_m are ev5 9 ! way ( :at is call$ 8progress40 ,& ! sugge/ion ( "s extreme disciples ( ,d>w9 t ! deg5]ate & defective %\ld be remov$1 or ! op9ion ( o!rs t pe/il5ce & w> %\ld be all[$ to take ! unpleasant bus9ess (f our h&s1 is1 f ! empirical po9t ( view1 n easily to be refut$4 ,i c also ent] into1 if ,i d n :olly %>e1 ! pessimi/ic mood ) reg>d to actual human nature express$ by ,s*op5hau] & o!rs4 ,to ! li/ ( repulsive human creatures m5tion$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 "o ( 8 morn+ m$itations1--! back-bit]1 ! sc&al-mong]1 ! in=m]1 etc4--might be add$ 9 mod]n times1 ! :ite-slav]1 ! exploit] ( *ild-labor1 ! fawn+ politician1 & _m ano!r revolt+ type4 ,& ev5 m disc\rag+ 9 a way1 ?an ^! examples ( deepe/ human debasem5t--! copp] natures1 z ,plato calls !m1 or ! lead5 natures1 z we might call !m--is ! disillusionm5t we (t5 exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ! s-call$ gold natures1 ! discov]y ( ! l>ge admixture ( bas] metal :i* is (t5 comb9$ ) _! gold4 ,x is imp]ative to acqua9t oneself1 nay1 to impregnate "o's m9d ?or\ghly ) ^! contr>y facts1 if ! doctr9e ( wor?1 ! sane/ & to my m9d ! mo/ real ( all conceptions1 is to be sav$ f ! appe>ance ( an optimi/ic illusion4 ,! answ] to ! objection is t ,i d n f9d wor? 9 o!rs or 9 myself1 ,i attribute x to !m & to myself4 ,& :y d ,i attribute x8 ,9 virtue ( ! reality-produc+ functions ( my own m9d4 ,i create ! e?ical manifold4 ,! pressure ( ! ess5tial rationality )9 me1 seek+ to complete itself 9 ! p]fect fruition ( ^! functions1 i4e41 9 ! posit+ ( a total manifold & its total unification1 drives me =w>d4 ,i ne$ an idea ( ! :ole 9 ord] to act rightly1 9 su* a way z to satisfy ! dual functions )9 me4 ,my own nature z a spiritual be+ urges me to seek ?is satisfaction4 ,?is ideal :ole1 z ,i h %[n1 is a complexus ( uniquely diff]5tiat$ units4 ,9 ord] to advance t[>d uniqu5ess1 9 ord] to a*ieve :at 9 a ^w may be call$ my own tru?1 to build myself into ! tru?1 to become ess5tially real1 ,i mu/ seek to elicit ! consci\sness ( ! uniqu5ess & ! int]relation 9 o!rs4 ,i mu/ help o!rs 9 ord] to save myself2 ,i mu/ look ^u ! o!r z an e?ical unit or moral be+ 9 ord] to become a moral be+ myself4 ,& :]ev] ,i f9d consci\sness ( relation1 ( connect$ness1 ev5 incipi5t1 ,i project myself ^u t consci\sness1 ) a view to awak+ 9 x ! consci\sness ( univ]sal connect$ness4 ,:]ev] ,i c hope to get a response ,i te/ my p[]4 ,fields & trees d n speak to me1 z ,socrates said1 b human be+s d4 ,i %\ld attribute wor? to /ones & to animals c\ld !y respond1 7 ! p[] ( =m+ ideas1 )\t :i* ! idea ( relation or connect$ness is impossible1 app>5t 9 !m4 ,d\btless /ones & trees & animals1 & ! physical _w itself1 are b ! scre5 beh9d :i* lies ! inf9ite univ]se4 ,b ! light ( t univ]se does n break ?r\gh ! scre5 :]e x is made up ( /ones & trees & ! l[] animals4 ,x breaks ?r\gh1 h[ev] fa9tly1 :]e !re is consci\sness ( relation3 & :]ev] ,i discov] t consci\sness ,i f9d my opportunity4 ,x is q possible t ! m5 & wom5 ^u :om ,i try my p[] w n actually respond4 ,! compla9t is (t5 he>d f moral p]sons1 or p]sons :o ?9k !mselves su*1 t :at !y call ! moral plan ( r\s+ ! moral consci\sness 9 o!rs w n "w4 ,p]haps ! plan !y foll[ is n ! moral plan at all1 b ! plan ( sympa?y or ( "s o!r empirically d]iv$ rule4 ,b be t z x may1 ! "q is n :e!r we get ! response b :e!r we %all a*ieve reality or tru? ourselves2 9 !ological t]ms1 save our own life1 by try+ to elicit ! response4 ,& "h "o pr(\ndly important practical consid]ation w come to our aid1 namely1 ! s5se ( our own imp]fection1 c\pl$ inde$ ) ! consci\sness ( inext+ui%able p[] ( moral r5ewal4 ,in/ead ( attribut+ ! lack ( response to ! hopeless dullness ( ! p]son ^u :om we labor1 a s5se ( humility1 bas$ on ! k ( our own exce$+ spiritual v>iability--be/ mom5ts foll[$ by wor/ mom5ts1 imp]fect grasp on our own ideals1 mo/ imp]fect fidelity 9 execut+ !m--w lead u to turn ^u ourselves1 & f> f p]mitt+ u to despair ( o!rs1 w impel u r to make ourselves m fitt+ in/rum5ts ( spiritual influ5ce ?an obvi\sly z yet we are4#cc ,,footnotes3 #cj ,say n "p or elem5t1 b memb]1 to di/+ui% ! compon5ts ( ! e?ical manifold f su* concepts z are us$ 9 ma!matics & physical sci5ce4 #ca ,! di/9ction betwe5 value & wor? mu/ be /ress$ = x is capital4 ,value is subjective4 ,! wor? notion is ! mo/ objective conceivable4 ,value dep5ds on ! wants or ne$s ( our empirical nature4 ,t has value :i* satisfies our ne$s or wants4 ,we possess value = "o ano!r1 = ! reason t ea* ( u has wants :i* ! o!rs alone are capable ( satisfy+1 z 9 ! case ( sex1 ( cop]ation1 9 ! vocation1 etc4 ,b value ceases :5 ! want or ne$ is gratifi$4 ,! value :i* "o human be+ has = ano!r is transi5t4 ,!re are1 9 ! /rict s5se1 no p]man5t values4 ,! value :i* ! majority h = ! m advanc$ & develop$ memb]s ( a community is small2 f ! /&po9t ( value mo/ p]sons are duplicable & disp5sable4 ,consid] only ! ease ) :i* factory labor is replac$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! prolific f]tility ( ! human race4 ,! cu/om ( speak+ ( e?ics z a !ory ( values is regrettable4 ,x evid5ces ! despair into :i* _m writ]s on e?ics h fall5 z to ! possibility ( discov]+ an objective basis = rightness4 #cb ,b ! v]ification itself is ! cle>] & m explicit vision ( ! e?ical relation1 z x ought to be4 #cc ,! t]m 8e?ical unit0 us$ above %\ld be f\nd useful4 ,! *emi/s h f\nd ! concept ( ! atom useful1 ?\gh no "o has ev] se5 an atom4 ,& all ! sci5ces h rec\rse to simil> inv5tions1--su* z ! electron1 or ! ion1 or en]gy reg>d$ z a sub/ance1 & 9 ma!matics ! sublimat$1 space-transc5d+ concepts4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! eyes ( sci5ce1 we are taught to see1 und]ly+ ! grosse/ =ms ( matt]1 imag9>y entities :i* are well-nigh metaphysical 9 nature4 ,sci5ce />ts f ! realm ( ! s5sible1 & con/ructs its sup]-r>efi$ devices on me*anical models4 ,!n x leaves ! field ( ! intuitively p]ceptible1 & rises by ! pa? ( analogy into realms :]e ! notions ) :i* x op]ates are no long] imag9able4 ,i d n wi%1 9 speak+ ( an e?ical1 invisible1 & unimag9able entity1 to d]ive ! po/ulation ( ?is conception f sci5ce4 ,! e?ical concept transc5ds :olly ! field ( s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,x is n discov]$ by way ( analogy4 ,x is frankly & ov]tly sup]s5sible4 ,x is n exemplifi$ 9 ! effects x produces 9 ! _w ( volition z ! mo/ ne>ly metaphysical concepts ( sci5ce are exemplifi$ 9 ! field ( ph5om5a by ! recurr5ces or uni=mities :i* !y s]ve to acc\nt =4 ,! e?ical concepts are n v]ifi$ by _! results at all1 n by recurr5ces ( ph5om5a1 b by ! p]si/5ce ( ! ef=t to atta9 t :i* is f9itely nev] atta9$1 & by ! m explicit p]ception ( ! ideal itself :i* foll[s ! p]si/5t ef=t2 = z has be5 %[n above1 :5 face to face ) fundam5tal tru?1 see+ is believ+4 ,b ,i allude to ^! matt]s 9 ord] to %[ t ! movem5t 9 e?ical ?9k+ repres5t$ by ! sy/em :i* ,i propose is n contr>y to ! pres5t-day movem5t 9 sci5ce1 b 9 l9e ) x1 ?\gh beyond x4 ,x does n ask leave ( sci5ce2 x does n base its c]ta9ty on sci5tific prec$5t2 b nei!r does x expect a veto f ! lips ( sci5ce4 ,! wor?:il5ess ( sci5tific endeavor itself dep5ds at bottom on ! sanction :i* ! ideal ( ! complete c>ry+ out ( ! reality-produc+ functions l5ds to _! incomplete execution 9 ! _w ( ! space & "t manifold4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,spiritual ,,univ]se ,,& ,,! ,,god-,,ideal ,we h se5 :5ce ! ideal ( a spiritual univ]se arises4 ,x is unnecess>y to prove t ! univ]se is moral4 ,:at x is necess>y to v]ify is t a univ]se exi/s2 = 8univ]se0 is an e?ical ideal1 x is ! e?ical manifold1 or1 if we di/+ui% e?ical z conc]n+ relations betwe5 man & man1 !n we may use ! t]m 8spiritual0 to designate t inf9ite sy/em ( int]dep5d5ce 9 :i* m5 z e?ical units h _! place4 ,we beg9 ) ! affirmation--,man is an end p] se4 ,?is wond]ful affirmation1 :i* ! democracies are d>kly & confus$ly try+ to express 9 political & social arrangem5ts1 con/itutes ! problem ( all problems4 ,x is ! great datum ( e?ics1 ( :i* e?ical !ory mu/ give an acc\nt4 ,all o!r data or problems t h be5 ?ru/ into ! =egr\nd--fre$om ( ! w1 responsibility1 altrui/ic self-sacrifice--are second>y1 9 ! s5se t !y dep5d = _! solution on a "r conception ( man z end p] se4 ,z possess+ wor? on 8 own acc\nt he is an e?ical unit4 ,only z a memb] ( ! inf9ite spiritual univ]se does he possess ! two-fold attributes impli$ 9 wor?--inviolability ) respect to outsid]s & indefeasible1 intr9sic preci\sness4 ,!re=e ,i say t ar\nd ! individual1 ! e?ical unit1 we build up z a necess>y po/ulate ! spiritual univ]se4 ,man e?ically consid]$ c>ries ) him ?is inf9ite environm5t4 ,does ?is univ]se exi/ or is x a m]e figm5t8 ,x is ! product ( ! reality-produc+ functions 9 _! ideal completion4 ,x is ! necess>y po/ulate requir$ if ! idea ( "r is to h validity1 & ! idea ( "r is requir$ by man 9 s f> z he is an ag5t & n m]ely a spectator ( life4 ,! e?ical manifold1 ! spiritual univ]se1 exi/s 9 s f> z !re is a "r4 ,h we !n re9/at$ ! idea ( ,god z exi/5t8 ,n ! idea ( ,god z an individual4 ,we h on ! contr>y set aside t idea by affirm+ t manifoldness _c be d]iv$ f unity1 t ! posit+ ( plurality is j z mu* a prim>y function ( ! m9d z ! posit+ ( unity4 ,we h disc>d$ ! ,god-idea z ! locus ( unity1 s9ce ! unity subsi/s 9 ! relation ( ! units4 ,/rictly speak+1 we h replac$ ! ,god-idea by t ( a univ]se ( spiritual be+s int]act+ 9 inf9ite h>mony4 ,b at ?is po9t ,i mu/ g back = a mom5t to ,kant1 us+ 8 ideas once m z a foil to make my own m explicit4 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt said ( ,kant t "s ( ! ?+s he _h de/roy$ w\ld nev] be rebuilt1 & t "s ( ! ?+s he _h built w\ld nev] be de/roy$4 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ! impression has prevail$ t among ! ?+s =ev] de/roy$ by ,kant are ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,he is repres5t$ z an intellectual giant ^: bl[s h =ev] %att]$ ! pro(s on :i* ! exi/5ce ( a sup]s5sible reality re/$4 ,kant's m9d 0 prem95tly sci5tific4 ,he 0 ! philosoph] :o made explicit ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ,newtonian sci5ce z ,ari/otle _h made explicit ! logic und]ly+ ! ,greek sci5ce4 ,8 philosophy is ess5tially agno/ic4 ,! use t he cont9ues to make ( ! ,god-idea c be dissociat$ f 8 sy/em ) advantage to ! latt]4#cd ,b did ,kant inde$ de/roy ! idea ( a sup]s5sible reality z exi/5t1 or are we w>rant$ 9 und]tak+ to build anew ! sup]s5sible _w4#ce 8,du ha/ sie z]/rrt1 die s*ne ,welt1 ,9 de9em ,bus5 baue sie wi$]0--n inde$ 9 ! realm ( m]e feel+s1 b 9 ! sph]e ( w4 ,! spell ( ,kant's %att]+ attack /ill re/s ^u ! intellectual _w today4 ,! notion ( a sup]s5sible reality1 if held at all1 is held timidly1 apologetically & is apt to be bas$ on subjective emotional ne$4 ,! wi% is m or less admitt$ to be fa!r to ! fai?--! w to believe is defiantly ass]t$ 9 despair ( s\nd f\ndations4 ,a sci5ti/ l ,dubois-,reymond enum]ates sev5 _w riddles1 or my/]ies t _c be expla9$1 & aft] say+ t !y _c be expla9$1 he seems to see t no alt]native rema9s b to take refuge 9 resignation3 8,ignoramus1 ignorabimus60 ,t 8explanation0 is n ! only av5ue to tru?1 t ! ref]r+ ( effects to _! causes is n ! highe/ op]ation ( ! reality-produc+ functions1 ,i h po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,b ,kant1 z has be5 said1 is suppos$ to h utt]ly annihilat$ ! argum5ts int5d$ to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & x w cle> up ! matt] at issue if we consid] :]e9 he actually succe$$ & :]e9 he q fail$4 ,z he himself decl>es1 8 me?od is regressive2 he does n attempt ! progressive me?od pa?4 ,he seeks to asc]ta9 :e!r by go+ backw>d along ! *a9 ( effects & causes1 or ( conditions1 he c some:]e f9d ,god z fir/ cause or z uncondition$4 ,he does n look =w>d look+ to ! ideals ( ! w4 ,he does n ent] into ! realm ( ends1 :]e ! necessity ( det]m9+ action 9 ob$i5ce to "s univ]sal plan or s*eme ( relations might h =c$ itself on 8 att5tion4 ,8 approa*1 l 8 habit ( m9d1 is sci5tific4 ,he is n prim>ily an e?ici/4 ,proce$+ 9 ?is mann] he %[s t ! notion ( a fir/ cause is unt5able1 & he attacks 9 p>ticul> ! ontological argum5t by :i* e o!r argum5t supplem5ts itself at ! po9t :]e x breaks d[n4 ,did ,kant1 h[ev]1 annihilate ! ,ontological ,argum5t8 ,yes1 9 ! s*ola/ic =m 9 :i* x 0 held4 ,no1 9 a =m1 bas$ on ! idea ( ! e?ical manifold1 9 :i* x c be re/at$4 ,9 ! s*ola/ic =m x runs3 8,!re is su* a ?+ z ! idea ( a p]fect be+4 ,exi/5ce is an elem5t ( p]fection4 ,if ! p]fect be+ did n exi/ x w\ld be less ?an p]fect4 ,b ! ens realissimum1 ! p]fect be+1 is pres5t z an idea 9 ! m9d4 ,!re=e x exi/s40 ,! dispro( ( ?is am\nts to ! curt /atem5t t :at exi/s 9 ! m9d does n necess>ily exi/ outside ( x1 or1 z ,kant put x3 8,! idea ( #ajj ?al]s 9 ! head ( a man is "o ?+1 lack+ no elem5t ( conceptual integrity2 :ile ! exi/5ce ( ! #ajj ?al]s 9 ! man's purse is an entirely diff]5t matt]40 ,! evid5ce ( exi/5ce1 9 o!r words1 dep5ds on ! syn!sis ( ! data ( s5se z arrang$ 9 ! space & "t manifold 9 accordance ) ! categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,exi/5ce is temporal & spatial4 ,to prove t ,god exi/s we %\ld h to prove t he exi/s 9 ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,( any o!r k9d ( exi/5ce we are agno/ic4 ,kant's dispro( ( ! ,ontological ,argum5t ?us dep5ds on 8 agno/icism4 ,b suppose t on e?ical gr\nds we f9d ourselves compell$ to affirm t !re is an object :i* has wor?1 & t to acc\nt = ! inviolabl5ess1 indisp5sabl5ess & preci\sness ( ?is object we are compell$ to give free re9 to ! reality-produc+ functions1 & to place ?is object hav+ wor? z a memb] 9 a manifold n spatial & temporal b inf9ite3 & suppose we say t ! exi/5ce ( ?is wor?-end[$ object1 ( ?is e?ical unit ) its compe]s1 is z c]ta9 z ! notion ( rightness is c]ta91 h we n !n )\t blame wid5$ ! conception ( exi/5ce1 & plac$ ! ,ontological ,argum5t :]e ,kant's dispro( does n ev5 t\* x8#cf ,"o m important rem>k is "h 9 place1 sugge/$ by ,kant's designation ( ,god z ! ideal ( reason1 & by 8 designation ( our highe/ nature z ! rational nature4 ,is 8rational0 equival5t to intellectual8 ,if x be s1 !n feel+ mu/ be class$ z irrational1 & impulse likewise1 s9ce nei!r feel+ nor impulse is subject to logical rules4 ,& !n ! w> w be on betwe5 ! intellectuali/s or rationali/s & ! *ampions ( irrational conceptions ( life1 s9ce feel+ & impulse actually make up ! major "p ( life1 & c nei!r be left out ( acc\nt nor compress$ into intellectuali/ =mulas4#cg ,pla9ly1 !re is a deep misund]/&+ betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,an error is involv$ some:]e4 ,x appe>s to consi/ 9 assum+ t objectivity c be suppli$ only by ! intellect1 9 ov]look+ ! fact t ! feel+s & /ill m ! volition possess intr9sic controls & norms ( _! own1 t ,sci5ce1 ! "w ( ! intellect1 & art & e?ics1 spr+ f a common root1 namely1 ! reality-produc+ functions4 ,! manifolds ) :i* ea* ( ! ?ree respectively deals are diff]5t1 ! me?ods ( syn!sis are diff]5t1 b ! root pr9ciple1 syn!sis ( ! manifold1 is id5tical 9 all4 ,to describe our highe/ nature1 !re=e1 z ! rational nature is p]il\s1 s9ce ! ^w rational sugge/s intellectual4 ,ei!r we mu/ /ra9 ! signification ( reason to include feel+ & w1 :i* is contr>y to common usage1 or we %\ld select "s o!r t]m1 su* z spiritual1 to designate t nature )9 u :i* op]ates 9 sci5ce & art & a*ieves its highe/ manife/ation 9 produc+ ! e?ical ideal4 ,f9ally1 if :at has be5 said reg>d+ ! e?ical manifold holds good1 !n a g5u9e philosophy ( life c only be rea*$ by ! e?ical approa* to ! problems ( life4 ,?is has nev] yet be5 consi/5tly attempt$4 ,! approa* has be5 made f ! sci5tific or ! logical side1 or z 9 ! case ( ,plato f ! /hetic1 or z 9 mod]n times f ! biological4 ,yet ! e?ical approa* is full ( promise4 ,a philosophy ( physical nature may be feasible )\t x1 a philosophy ( art may be possible )\t x1 b n s a philosophy ( life4 ,x has n be5 tri$ because e?ics has la9 9 ! lap ( !ology1 :i* 0 itself corrupt$ by ! attempt to apply to e?ical problems ! inadequate pr9ciple ( causality 9 ! =m ( creation !ories1 :ile aga9 9 rec5t times1 by way ( reaction aga9/ !ology1 ! solution ( e?ical que/ions is s\ght = 9 ! empirical discipl9es :]e a measure at lea/ ( objective c]ta9ty has rew>d$ ! inve/igators4 ,ev5 ,kant1 :o ass]t$ ! indep5d5ce ( e?ics1 actually made x dep5d5t on ,newtonian sci5ce4 ,! great task n[ is1 /rictly to c>ry out ! idea ( ! indep5d5ce ( e?ics1 n inde$ z if its pr9ciples 7 unrelat$ to ^? ( sci5ce & art1 b 9 ! s5se ( indep5d5tly inve/igat+ ! problems peculi> to e?ical consci\sness4 ,i am well aw>e t ! attempt made 9 ?is volume to take ! e?ical l9e ( approa* to a g5]al philosophy ( life1 is t5tative & defective 9 a hundr$ ways1 nev]!less x is an attempt 9 a new direction4 ,9 ! next book ,i %all take up ! practical consequ5ces t foll[ f ! !ory "h advanc$4 ,hav+ del9eat$ ! e?ical ideal1 & discov]$ ! invaluable fact t !re is a /ructural plan conta9$ 9 x1 we %all see t our actual human duties may be d]iv$ by apply+ ?is ideal s*eme to ! quasi-organic gr\ps already exi/+ 9 human society4 ,!re are provocative correspond5ces to ! e?ical ideal 9 ! social life ( m52 o!rwise x w\ld be impossible to apply x4 ,!re are human gr\ps 9 :i* a quasi-correlative memb]%ip 9 a common life already exi/s4 ,9 ! case ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps we f9d "s sort ( empirical multiplicity :i* mu/ be /udi$ sci5tifically1 & also an empirical motive :i* may be utiliz$ 9 ! int]e/ ( develop+ ! e?ical relation4 ,! family is ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps :i* (f]s a foot+ 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce = ! ideal4 ,9 ! family natural affection is ! motive2 9 ! vocational gr\p1 ! desire to express a tal5t or special gift2 9 ! /ate1 patriotism2 9 ! *ur*1 ! ne$ felt to integrate all human ideals4 ,?us ! ?+s ( e>? are to be us$ z in/rum5talities by :i* we are to become aw>e ( ! spiritual reality4 ,only t ! disp>at5ess ( ! physical _w & ! e?ical univ]se %\ld ev] be kept 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,e ef=t to solve ! riddle by someh[ id5tify+ ! two has fail$4 ,to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( a f9ite _w ( indef9ite ext5sibility side by side ) a univ]se ex hypo!si inf9ite is impossible4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to expla9 let ef=t g t[>d utiliz+4 ,let ! _w be us$ in/rum5tally = ! purpose ( v]ify+ ! exi/5ce ( univ]se4 ,= ! av]age man1 & inde$ = all m51 ! te/ ( ! tru? ( a !ory is 9 ! practice to :i* x leads4 ,ab/ract metaphysical argum5ts appeal only to a few1 & ev5 = !m ! =mula 9 its ab/ract guise is unconv9c+4 ,look at ! ma!matical figure1 & see :e!r ! axioms hold good4 ,look at ! sequ5t ph5om5a & see :e!r ! s-call$ law ( nature is exemplifi$4 ,& s ) respect to conduct3 look at ! ways ( human behavior trac$ out 9 accordance ) ! plan ( ! e?ical manifold1 & see :e!r su* behavior w9s ! approval ( ! spiritual nature implicit )9 y4#ch ,,note ,i ,!re are v>i\s po9ts at :i* ! sy/em sket*$ 9 ! text deviates f curr5t op9ion1 b 9 reg>d to ! und]ly+ proposition ! read]'s p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! rem>ks on ! 8prejudice ( causality0 & to ! /atem5t t v]ification is exemplification4 ,h[ c e?ical tru? be v]ifi$8 ,h[ c we be sure t e?ical ideals are m ?an f9e wi%es1 express+ subjective aspiration1 b hav+ no c\nt]p>t 9 ! ultimate con/itution ( ?+s8 ,?is is ! d>k d\bt t haunts ! m9ds ( e?ical writ]s1 z well z ( ! av]age man4 ,we ask to h ! ?+s we believe 91 ! objects ( our supreme aspiration1 v]ifi$4 ,h[ c !y be v]ifi$8 ,i ?9k t we %all see light 9 ?is matt] once we h grasp$ ! ?\ght t v]ification1 bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 e?ics1 is no?+ m ?an exemplification4 ,9 ! case ( causality1 9 sci5ce1 v]ification does n consi/ 9 m]e recurr5ce4 ,= if we f9d1 ev5 by a s+le c>efully gu>d$ exp]im5t1 t a giv5 ph5om5on ,a is ! true antec$5t ( ,b1 !n we take leave to pr$ict t ,b w always foll[ ,a1 )\t reg>d to ! repetition ( ! sequ5ce 9 our exp]i5ce4#ci ,inde$1 no am\nt ( repetition w\ld ju/ify pr$iction4 ,! problem 9 ! case ( causality is to det]m9e ! true antec$5t & ! true consequ5t4 ,= at any mom5t !re are innum]able ph5om5a t might possibly be antec$5ts ( ,b4 ,h[ obta9 c]ta9ty t ,a is ! causal antec$5t8 ,by ! syn!tic process4 ,we assume a unity1 say en]gy4 ,we assume t !re are diff]5ti1 say a c]ta9 ma!matically det]m9$ quantum ( me*anical en]gy 9 ,a1 & a det]m9$ quantum ( !rmal en]gy 9 ,b4 ,no soon] h ^! diff]5ti be5 ma!matically det]m9$1 ?an 9 virtue ( ! assum$ unity ( en]gy und]ly+ ! diff]5ces1 we pron\nce ! nexus to be necess>y4 ,we pr$ict t ,b w always foll[ ,a4 ,causality1 !re=e1 is an example ( a syn!sis :i* ov]-ar*es sequ5ces4 ,! fact t ! ph5om5a are sequ5t does n affect ! pr9ciple involv$4 ,:5ev] we contemplate an example ( syn!sis1 t is1 def9$ diff]5ti ( "s sort1 & a def9$ und]ly+ unity ( "s sort1 ! m9d affirms t reality exi/s4 ,!re are degrees ( reality4 ,! degree ( complet5ess ) :i* ! syn!tic function is c>ri$ out 9 any in/ance det]m9es ! degree4 ,e?ical v]ification is likewise exemplification1 ?\gh 9 ano!r s5se4 ,:5 ! ideal plan ( e?ical relations is pres5t$1 ! ideal plan be+ a syn!sis n ( sequ5ces b ( all co-exi/5t entities :atsoev]1 ! m9d ass5ts to ?is ideal plan z repres5t+ ! complete syn!sis or ! complete reality4 ,! m explicitly & def9itely ! relation betwe5 ! e?ical units is conceiv$1 ! great] ! conviction ( reality result+4 ,n[ fru/ration aft] p>tial a*ievem5t has ! effect ( mak+ m explicit ! idea ( ! plan ( relations z x ought to be c>ri$ out 9 human life4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ,i w\ld h ! read] und]/& ! ma9 practical argum5t ( ! book--t fru/ration is ! condition ( our int5sifi$ conviction z to ! reality ( ! sup]s5sible univ]se4 ,9 virtue ( ! con/itution ( our m9ds we _c help ackn[l$g+ z real t :i* is syn!siz$4 ,syn!siz$ & real are synonym\s t]ms4 ,h5ce ! idea ( ! complet$ syn!sis necess>ily is ! idea ( ! ultimate reality4 ,,note ,,ii ,! ?ree pr9cipal respects :]e9 ,kant has fail$ to ju/ify 8 affirmation t e human be+ is to be reg>d$ z an end p] se1 & n to be us$ z a tool1 are3 #a4 ,out ( ! b>e exp]i5ce ( oughtness1 absolute con/ra9t1 he seeks to d]ive p]sonality4 ,out ( ! empty categorical imp]ative he seeks to draw a sub/antive entity--a be+ possess$ ( wor?4 #b4 ,! society ( ends p] se describ$ by him is n a true society1 b a collection ( atomic individuals juxtapos$4 ,! capital flaw 9 8 e?ics is "h4 ,he beg9s by deta*+ ! individual4 ,he /udies ! individual1 & discov]s1 or believes himself to h discov]$1 t some?+ happ5s 9 him 7! consci\sness ( absolute con/ra9t7 :i* entitles him to be consid]$ wor? :ile on 8 own acc\nt4 ,next1 s9ce ! =mula ( univ]sity proposes imitability by o!rs z ! te/ ( a moral act1 all o!rs are call$ 9 z concomitants ( ! deta*$ atom fir/ consid]$4 ,ea* ( ! concomitants 9 turn is an atomic entity4 ,x is 9 ?is me*anical way t ! conception ( a k+dom ( ends1 or a holy community1 is suppos$ to be validat$4 ,kant's mi/ake is to assume t an individual reg>d$ z an isolat$ be+ c be wor? :ile1 c be an end p] se4 ,! notion ( end involves relation to o!rs1 n me*anical juxtaposition1 b intr9sic connection4 ,no "o is wor? :ile by himself4 ,he has wor? only z an organic memb] ( a spiritual :ole4 ,! unique quality :i* l5ds him incomp>able di/9ction is ! creative life :i* emanates f him & quick5s cognate b div]sely modifi$ life 9 8 associates4 #c4 ,kant's v]sion ( ! e?ical rule is /rong on ! side ( int]diction1 b q inadequate on ! positive side4 ,he tells u t we are to look on o!rs n m]ely z means to our own ends1 b also ends p] se4 ,! vagu5ess is 9 ! =mula 8n m]ely 444 b also40 ,:]e ! divid+ l9e is to be drawn he does n tell4 ,i am at lib]ty to use ! s]vices ( o!rs 9 ! prosecution ( my own int]e/s1 z !y may use m9e1 s9ce we are social be+s & dep5d5t on "o ano!r4 ,b h[ f> may ,i g 9 ?is direction8 ,on ?is po9t we are left :olly 9 ! d>k4 ,kant admits into 8 sy/em ! s-call$ natural ends1#dj su* z weal?1 culture & ! l1 gives !m leave to ab\nd1 only ) ! proviso t !y may n ov]pass a c]ta9 limit1--! limit beyond :i* !y w\ld int]f]e ) ! rights ( fell[m54 ,an in/rum5tal view ( weal?1 sci5ce1 culture1 z positively promot+ ! e?ical end ( man1 he does n & _c e/abli%4#da ,b ! in/rum5tal view is precisely t 9 :i* mod]n society has mo/ at /ake1 on ! work+ out ( :i* ! solution ( our mo/ press+ problems1--su* z ! labor problem1 ! problem ( ! family1 ! problem ( patriotism & int]national relations--is entirely dep5d5t4 ,if ,kant has fail$ at ?is po9t1 z ,i believe he has1 8 usefulness z a guide 9 ! recon/ruction ( mod]n life is s]i\sly dim9i%$4 ,:at he _h set out to demon/rate1 ! inali5able wor? ( man1 rema9s2 b f\ndations o!r ?an 8 mu/ be f\nd4 ,= ! =mula 8n m]ely z a means b also z an end0 ,i w\ld sub/itute3 ,treat e man z a spiritual means to ?9e own spiritual end & conv]sely 444 treat ! ext5t & ! mann] 9 :i* we are to use "o ano!r z means be+ det]m9$ by ! crit]ion t our ex*ange ( s]vices %all conduce to ! atta9m5t ( ea* o!r's ends z e?ical be+s conjo9tly4 ,,note ,,iii ,i w\ld also ask ! read] to consid] well ! effect ^u ! philosophy ( life ( ! position tak5 ?r\gh\t ?is volume t !re is no intellectual bridge betwe5 ! f9ite ord] & ! inf9ite ord]4 ,?is involves dropp+ creation at ! beg9n+ & immortality 9 its usual s5se at ! end4 ,creation is an attempt to %[ h[ ! _w1 includ+ man1 proce$$ out ( ! inf9ite4 ,immortality is an attempt to express h[ man returns to ! inf9ite4 ,9 ?is volume man's deal+s ) ! f9ite ord] are repres5t$ z hav+ = _! purpose ! a*ievem5t ( ! conviction t !re v]ily is an inf9ite life1 a sup]s5sible univ]se4 ,creation sy/ems1 pan!i/ic sy/ems1 c]ta9 evolution>y sy/ems1 also ! ,hegelian sy/em1 are futile attempts to expla9 ! ,h[4 ,b explanation is impossible2 = to expla9 means to und]/&1 & to und]/& means to trace an effect to its cause4 ,& causality is n ! k9d ( syn!sis applicable to a co-exi/5t totality4 ,among practical consequ5ces note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !i/ic attitude 9 fatal sickness & ! spiritual attitude4#db ,! !i/ presupposes t !re is a ,god to ^: w he mu/ pati5tly submit4 ,b !ism is a pr9ciple ( explanation1 ! ,god-idea be+ employ$ to acc\nt = ! f9ite ord]4 ,god is ?us made responsible = ! suff]+ ( ! sick z well z = all o!r evils 9 ! _w4 ,h5ce ! v idea :i* is presuppos$ 9 ord] to produce pati5ce raises up d\bts & p]plexities1 :i* imp]il pati5ce4 ,if ,god made ! _w :y does he p]mit pa9 & evil8 ,! spiritual attitude1 on ! contr>y1 e?ically int]pret$1 does n presuppose ! idea ( a div9e ord] z a dogma1 b (f]s x z ! product ( ! exp]i5ce ( suff]+ itself4 ,! conviction t !re is 9 man an ess5tial spiritual self1 a holy ?+1 & a spiritual univ]se1 a holy community1 are n gifts to :i* we fall heir at bir?1 or by "s sort ( revelation borr[ f ! exp]i5ce ( anci5t tea*]s2 !y are a supreme good to be ardu\sly work$ out by ourselves4 ,& ! int]pretation giv5 to ! facts ( suff]+ & fru/ration is t !y c be us$ z ! means ( br++ to bir? 9 u t supreme conviction4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! purpose ( exi/5ce1 bo? ( ! individual & ( ! race1 is s to "w 9 ! f9ite _w z to become possess$ ) ev] great] di/9ctness ( ! conviction ( ! reality ( ! :olly real _w1 ! inf9ite sup]s5sible univ]se4 ,! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian is o!r-worldly4 ,he %uns intimacy ) ! f9ite _w & turns 8 face t[>d 8 8true home40 ,! attitude h]e9 describ$ is t ( he>ty attack ^u ! bus9ess ( life1 & close embrace ( all ! p>tial reality :i* f9ite exp]i5ce conta9s1 ) a view ( ?us acquir+ 9 "s measure an appreciation ( ! utt] reality ( :i* ^! p>tial realities are h9ts & glimm]+s4 ,,note ,,iv ,9 ! case ( any new !ory1 x is true t "o mu/ live ) x = a consid]able "t be=e acquir+ ! habit ( ?9k+ 9 accordance ) x4 ,! old] habits con/antly crop up & int]f]e ) ! correct und]/&+ ( any new po9t ( view4 ,?is is especially s ( a new attitude t[>ds reality4 ,! _w seems topsy-turvy to "o :o le>ns = ! fir/ "t t grass & ! leaves ( trees are n really gre5 ap>t f ! eye t sees !m1 t be+s ) diff]5t organs might int]pret diff]5tly t :i* /imulates ! human eye to its specific color reactions4 ,! helioc5tric !ory1 :5 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,cop]nicus1 outrag$ nave commons5se4 ,x exact$ a new habit ( ?9k+ 9 reg>d to ! relation ( ! sun to ! e>?1--! real relation1 appreh5d$ by int]calat$ m5tal processes be+ ! direct opposite ( ! app>5t relation4 ,! sun evid5tly revolves ar\nd ! e>?1 nev]!less ! tru? is t ! e>? revolves ar\nd ! sun4 ,mod]n sci5ce reveals beh9d ! palpable _w ar\nd u unimag9able fluids1 spe$s1 & physical units :i* are s sublimat$ 9 ?\ght z to be b>ely di/+ui%able f metaphysical entities4 ,! habit ( p5etrat+ ) radium-l glance ! concrete scre5 ( ?+s1 & ( see+ beh9d ! scre5 ! company ( atoms1 ions1 etc41 may be gradually acquir$2 b ! old] habit ( reg>d+ ! palpable & visible z ! truly real cont9ues to ass]t itself 9 conflict ) ! new habit4 ,! e?ical unit 9 an e?ical manifold po/ulat$ 9 ! text z ! close/1 ?\gh /ill symbolic1 read+ ( ! ultimate reality1 makes a simil> dem& ^u ! read]1 & requires ( him 9 l mann] ! =mation ( a new habit ( ?9k+1 aga9/ :i* ! old] habits w d\btless cont9ue to prote/4 ,! mo/ ob/9ate ( ! old] habits t /& 9 ! way has be5 dealt ) 9 ! note on causality1 namely1--! unsci5tific habit ( ignor+ ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce1 & ( tak+ ! me?od employ$ 9 ! physical sci5ces z ! sole me?od t leads to c]ta9ty4 ,! prejudice ( causality is probably in]adicable1 j z ! illusion t ! sun revolves ab\t ! e>? p]si/s4 ,b we c at lea/ rea* ! po9t ( realiz+ t x is a prejudice1 & to ?is ext5t ov]come x4 ,if x be syn!sis1 or ! employm5t 9 insep>able conjunction ( ! two functions m5tion$1 t = ! human m9d spells reality1 !n "o k9d ( syn!sis call$ causality1 t ( sequ5t ph5om5a1 does n exclude ! ampl]1 ?\gh ideal syn!sis1 :i* is c>ri$ out 9 ! m5tal production ( ! e?ical manifold4 ,s mu* ,i wi% to add to ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! text 9 reg>d to ! !ory4 ,b !re is also a new habit to be acquir$ 9 reg>d to ! practical e?ical consequ5ces ( ! !ory4 ,! *ief ( ^! is ! priz+ ( di/9ctive diff]5ce above uni=mity or sam5ess4 ,! e?ical quality is t quality 9 :i* a man is intr9sically unique4 ,! e?ical act is ! mo/ completely individualiz$ act 7,i ought p]haps to say p]sonaliz$1 b ! completely individualiz$ act is t ( a unique p]sonality74 ,9 brief1 ! emphasis is "h put on t 9 :i* a man diff]s f all o!rs1 & n on ! common nature :i* he %>es ) ! re/2 or r1 s9ce ! common nature is n d5i$1 ! /ress is put on ! intr9sically diff]5t mode 9 :i* ! common nature is express$ 9 him4#dc ,! acc5tuation 9 curr5t e?ical discussion ( ! common nature ( man1 & ! fallaci\s assumption t ! common int]e/s are ! pre-em95tly moral int]e/s1 t uni=mity is ! te/ ( e?ical quality1 is easy to und]/&4 ,x is ! reaction ( ! mod]n _w aga9/ feudalism1 a social sy/em n yet entirely outgr[n1 9 :i* ! empirical diff]5ces ( rank & bir? 7 made ! basis ( intol]ably oppressive discrim9ations1 & 9 :i* x 0 an accept$ axiom t "s m5 are bak$ ( bett] clay ?an o!rs4 ,x is also a reaction aga9/ ! capitali/ic sy/em t has tak5 ! place ( ! feudal1 9 :i* weal? is to a consid]able ext5t made ! /&>d ( social appraisem5t4 ,x is aga9/ ^! false discrim9ations t ! voice ( humanity is n[ indignantly rais$1 affirm+ ! moral equality ( all m54 ,b equality is mi/ak5ly tak5 to mean lik5ess 9 ! s5se ( sam5ess1 n 9 ! s5se ( t fundam5tal lik5ess on ! backgr\nd ( :i* ! desirable unlik5esses /& =?4 ,& ?is notion ( equality z id5tical ) sam5ess leads to great practical ab]rations4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 wom5 are n only to be recogniz$ z ! equals ( m51 b are to be ! same z m51--_! education patt]n$ on t ( m51 _! specific functions1 z f> z possible1 ignor$4 ,= unlik5ess is suppos$ to connote inf]iority1 & inf]iority is ju/ly repell$ z morally intol]able4 ,b aside f ?is "o example1 ! /ress+ ( ! common nature1 or ( ! basis ( lik5ess at ! exp5se ( ! out/&+ unlik5esses1 leads to o!r level+ t5d5cies ( :i* mod]n democracies furni% _m unpleas+ illu/rations4 ,?us uni=m popul> op9ion1 encompass+ ! individual on e side1 p5etrates into 8 inmo/ ?9k+1 s t he h>dly v5tures to hold to 8 own judgm5t aga9/ ! judgm5ts ( ! majority4 ,& ! impulses ( ! mass t5d also to ?reat5 8 indep5d5ce 9 action4 ,!re is inde$ a c]ta9 intoxication 9 ! v s5se ( be+ subm]g$ 9 a l>ge :ole1 a c]ta9 glad loss ( self 9 great imp]sonal movem5ts1 a c]ta9 /ra9 ( democratic pan!ism1 z x 71 t takes ! place ) "s ( my/ic absorption 9 ,deity4 ,b :atev] ! value t may atta* to ^! upswell+s ( feel+1 x is c\nt]balanc$ by ! circum/ance t 9 proportion z indiscrim9ate devotion to society z a :ole becomes ! p>am\nt motive1 ! sub-organisms ( society1 ! family1 ! vocation & ! /ate1 9 :i* ! e?ical p]sonality is rip5$1 are ?reat5$ ) effacem5t4 ,in/ead ( moral equality x 7 bett] to use ! t]m 8moral equival5ce40 ,! diff]5ces are to be /ress$2 !y are ! coruscat+ po9ts 9 ! spiritual life ( mank9d4 ,t e man is ! equal ( 8 fell[s means t he has ! same "r z ea* ( ! o!rs to become unlike ! o!rs1 to acquire a di/9ct p]sonality1 to contribute 8 "o peculi> ray to ! :ite light ( ! spiritual life4 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,i d n h[ev] agree ) ^? :o reg>d ! %r$s ( !ology rema9+ 9 8 sy/em z a concession1 n :olly +5u\s1 to or?odoxy4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 ! pieti/ic fai?1 & _h probably n entirely outgr[n ! emotional impressions ( ^? e>ly tea*+s4 ,! n\m5a1 h[ev]1 play a "p 9 ! sy/em itself di/9ct f ! !ology1 & are n to be tak5 z sup]s5sible realities4 ,!y are limit+ concepts int5d$ to s]ve z inc5tives or lures1 w9n+ ! m9d to cont9ue )\t cessation its advance along c]ta9 pa?s )9 ! field ( exp]i5ce2 b !y are n suppos$ to give any clue z to :at is beyond exp]i5ce4 ,t :i* is beyond ! field ( exp]i5ce is simply unkn[able4 ,?us ! n\m5on call$ 8?+ p] se0 is notice giv5 to ! m9d n to be det]r$ 9 its prop] bus9ess ( unify+ ! space & "t manifold by ! difficulties :i* arise :5 ! "t & space manifold is tak5 z an ultimate acc\nt ( reality4 ,! ?+ p] se is a welcome to sci5ce & n a b> set up 9 its pa?4 ,! n\m5on ( fre$om is an inc5tive to man urg+ him to act z if he 7 capable ( practic+ ! law ( univ]sality & necessity4 ,9 fact ! phrase 8z if0 plays a lead+ rle 9 ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,! n\m5on ( ,god1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 is afflict$ ) ?is conditional 8z if0 "* to ev5 a high] degree4 ,we are to assume ,god 9 ord] to look ^u ! va/ field ( possible exp]i5ce z if x 7 unifi$1 z if a be+ :o himself /&s = unity _h be5 its creator4 ,?is assumption is suppos$ to be necess>y 9 ord] to enc\rage ! sci5ti/ 9 8 se>* = ! ?read ( unity1 le/ he flag by ! way4 ,z a matt] ( fact sci5ti/s h cont5t$ !mselves ) ! simple assumption ( ! uni=mity ( nature z necess>y to ! prosecution ( _! inve/igations1 & h z a rule tr\bl$ !mselves little to hypo/asize ! notion ( unity4 ,nor has rec5t progress 9 sci5ce be5 associat$ ) & influ5c$ by ! belief 9 an individual ,deity4 ,! n\m5on ( ,god is unnecess>y = sci5ce :ile 9 ,kant's e?ical application ( x x is positively h>mful4 ,he introduces ! ,god notion z an artificial device = l9k+ toge!r happ9ess & virtue1 a device q inconsi/5t ) ! noble au/]ity ( 8 e?ical sy/em1 :atev] its o!r defects may be4 ,! n\m5a1 !n1 are app>itions t appe> at ! end ( c]ta9 pa?s 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce1 f> (f :]e ! sky & ! gr\nd seem to meet4 ,^! pa?s run (f 9 diff]5t directions4 ,at ! end ( ea* is "o ( ^! limit+ app>itions1 & ! society ( n\m5a is disconnect$ int]nally3 !re is no relation ( unity betwe5 ! unifi]s4 #ce ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8sup]s5sible0 & 8sup]natural0 is capital4 ,i d n enc\rage relapse into sup]naturalism4 ,! sup]natural is ! opposite ( ! sup]s5sible4 ,x is an attempt to repres5t 9 natural or s5sible guise :at is suppos$ to be beyond ! s5ses2 & ! naturali/ic repres5tation ( ! sup]s5sible is !n tak5 n metaphorically b lit]ally4 #cf ,he all[s inde$ ! ,ens ,realissimum to rema91 & calls x ! ideal ( ! reason1 ! ideal ( unity hypo/asiz$1 c5traliz$ 9 an individual1 & someh[ h>bor+ )9 itself all real prop]ties :atsoev]4 ,b x is q impossible to conceive h[ all real prop]ties c belong to a s+le individual4 ,= ! prop]ties z we "k !m are incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,surely an individual _c be bo? great & small1 beautiful & ugly1 ( all colors & s\nds1 etc41 etc4 ,or aga9 if all prop]ties 7 someh[ assembl$ 9 "o individual1 s9ce t individual is conceiv$ ( z an hypo/asiz$ unity1 x w\ld be impossible to speak ( a relation betwe5 !m1 & yet ^u ! relation ( ! diff]5ti dep5ds ! e?ical utility ( ! idea ( a supreme reality4 #cg ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! anti-intellectuali/ic philosophy ( ,b]gson1 ) its emphasis on planless spurts ( en]gy1 ! irrationali/ philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]1 etc4 #ch ,! above exposition is n a transc5d5tal d]ivation ( e?ics4 ,! ideal ( ! inf9ite society is a fulguration out ( e?ical exp]i5ce1 to be ev] r5ew$ 9 x4 ,we build n only our _w1 b our univ]se4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple is n a work+ hypo!sis1 l ^? provisionally us$ 9 sci5ce4 ,x is ! outgr[? ( ! functional f9alities4 ,x is a po/ulate4 ,! specific moral laws1 or expressions ( ! e?ical pr9ciple inde$1 are *angeable1 be+ ! product ( ! pr9ciple ) ! v>y+ empirical conditions ( human society4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple is un*angeable4 ,! consci\sness ( univ]sal int]relation is n to be describ$ z my/ical consci\sness4 ,! id5tity ( ! self rema9s intact2 x is nev] lo/ 9 ! ,"o or ! ,all4 ,! e?ical consci\sness includes inde$ ! consci\sness ( o!r selves relat$ to our own1 9 a k9d ( sup]9dividual consci\sness4 ,b ?is is rea*$ along ! sunlit pa? ( action 7,s act1 etc471 & n along ! dreamy flux ( emotionalism or 9 ! sil5t dep?s ( quietism4 #ci ,! frequ5t recurr5ce gives u a s5se ( safety 9 expect+ ! consequ5t on ! appe>ance ( ! antec$5t4 ,b ! s5se ( safety %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! s5se ( ! c]ta9ty4 ,we expect t day w foll[ night1 because x has foll[$ innum]able times4 ,b no am\nt ( repetition c w>rant ! ass]tion t x w & mu/ d s4 ,! ,pragmati/ view expla9s ! s5se ( safety 9 expectation1 b does n appe> to acc\nt = ! c]ta9ty 9 pr$iction1 z = in/ance 9 ! a/ronom]'s pr$iction ( an eclipse4 #dj ,a hybrid conception1 s9ce 9 nature !re are only happ5+s1 b no ends4 #da ,8 ef=ts 9 "s measure to rem$y ?is defect 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,virtue are artificial & unconv9c+4 #db ,see ,book ,,iii = a full] developm5t ( ?is po9t4 #dc ,diff]5ce 9 ! e?ical mean+ is n to be conf\nd$ ) m]e idiosyncrasy1 or orig9ality1 n to say ecc5tricity4 ,x is ! k9d ( diff]5ce :i* elicits correlat$ diff]5ce 9 all spiritual associates4 ,,book ,,iii ,,applications3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,%ad[s1 ,,sickness1 ,,sorr[ ,,& ,,s91 ,,& ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,life1 ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,reputation ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,?ree ma9 ?\ghts %\ld be kept cle>3 ! end to be realiz$1 ! incongruity ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite ord]1 & h5ce1 ?irdly1 ! indisp5sable m9i/ry ( fru/ration 9 ! realization ( ! purpose ( life4 ,9 reg>d to ! s-call$ moral end ( life1 !re has be5 mu* v>iety & contr>ity ( tea*+4 ,i %all t\* only ^u t aspect ( ! doctr9e exp\nd$ 9 ! previ\s book :]e9 x seems to resemble o!r doctr9es1 & :]e a di/9ct /atem5t ( ! diff]5ce is !re=e imp]ative4 8,s act z to develop ! faculties ( ?y fell[man0 is n ! rule propos$4 8,s act z to develop ! s-call$ good qualities 9 ! man0 is n ! rule propos$4 ,! rule reads1 8,act s z to br+ out ! spiritual p]sonality1 ! unique nature ( ! o!r40 ,n[1 9 putt+ ! matt] 9 ?is way1 we incurr$ ! dang] ( seem+ to conc5trate att5tion on ! individual z a deta*$ be+1 we seem$ to h him only 9 m9d1 ?\gh x is true1 9 respect to :at is intr9sic 9 him1 ! irr$ucible e?ical unit :i* he ess5tially is4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 con/antly rem9d ourselves t ! e?ical unit1 :ile unique1 is at ! same "t an insep>able memb] ( a society ( diff]5tiat$ units2 t its v di/9ctiv5ess consi/s 9 inject+1 z x 71 /reams ( dynamic en]gy into its fell[-be+s4 ,or1 z ,i h else:]e figuratively put x1 ! di/9ctiv5ess ( any e?ical be+ consi/s1 s to speak1 9 emitt+ a ray ! color ( :i* is n[h]e else to be f\nd1 ! miracul\s quality ( :i* consi/s 9 acquir+ ?is color at ! v in/ant 9 :i* x causes c\nt] or complem5t>y colors to appe> 9 its fell[-be+4 7,i am us+ ! words 8in/ant10 8miracul\s10 8ray ( light10 etc41 ( c\rse1 9 a :olly figurative s5se47 ,we h at la/1 ?is is my belief1 a*iev$ a positive def9ition ( ! spiritual nature4 ,! spiritual nature is t :i* =ev] is social 9 a supra-social s5se1 z embrac+ n only human society1 b a univ]sal society ( spirits4 ,! spiritual nature is t ( :i* ! v life consi/s 9 />t+ up unlike b equally wor?:ile life else:]e1 ev]y:]e4 ,! spiritual exp]i5ce to get hold (1 !re=e1 is ! consci\sness ( ?is int]relation4 ,! moral end to be realiz$1 9 accordance ) ! d$uctions ( ,book ,,ii1 is 8,s to act ^u ano!r z to evoke 9 him1 & conjo9tly 9 oneself1 9 ! same movem5t & c\nt]-movem5t ! consci\sness ( ! int]lac$ness ( life ) life1 ! reciprocal1 univ]sal1 inf9ite int]relat$ness40 ,n[1 z a fact1 we nev] realize ?is end4 ,if we did we %\ld possess :at alone is prop]ly call$ fre$om1--fre$om 9 ! positive s5se be+ ! ex]cise ( p[] peculi> to ourselves1 well+ up out ( our v]ie/ self1 & execut+ ! totality ( its effects4 ,fre$om is m>k$ by ^! two signs3 en]gy com+ unborr[$ out ( self1 & produc+ ! totality ( its effects4 ,i am free :5 ! ?+ ,i d is v]ily my own1 :5 ! p[] releas$ is ! p[] ( my ess5tial self2 & :5 t p[] is n[h]e *eck$1 inhibit$ or int]rupt$1 s t x produces its due1 t is1 its univ]sal effects4 ,an e?ical be+ 9 an e?ical univ]se w\ld be free4 ,! dynamic en]gy proce$+ f x w\ld be aborig9al4 ,& s9ce x w\ld radiate ^u e o!r memb] ( ! inf9ite society1 x w\ld also produce ! un/9t$ pl5itude ( its effects4 ,ea* e?ical unit1 at its /ation1 w\ld be at once ! produc] & ! recipi5t ( ! totality ( life4#dd ,x is app>5t f :at has be5 said t ! sup]lative1 sublime ?+1 fre$om1 is n realizable except 9 an inf9ite _w4 ,& h5ce t ! supreme end to be realiz$ by man z a f9ite be+ _c be ! full release ( unique p[] 9 himself4 ,b nei!r c ! end be approximation4 ,9 s s]i\s a bus9ess z a philosophy ( life we ought n to play ) words1 nor delude ourselves ) ! implication ( proximity seem+ly conta9$ 9 ! ^w approximation4 ,= x be+ admitt$ t we _c rea* ! ideal1 approximation seems to sugge/ t we come into its neighborhood4 ,b ! tru? is t ! m we advance ! less d we arrive 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! ideal1 ! di/ance at :i* x lies becom+ ev] m remote4 ,! moral end1 !re=e1 = a f9ite nature1 l t ( man1 is j to realize ! unatta9abl5ess ( ! end4 ,!re mu/ be no heav5-on-e>? illusions1 no re/+ 9 ! developm5t ( our inadequate human faculties1 & no illusions z to approximation4 ,! unatta9abl5ess ( ! inf9ite end 9 ! f9ite _w by ! f9ite nature is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ! doctr9e1 z ,i prop\nd x4 ,only aft] ?is tru? has be5 fully fac$ & recogniz$1 %all we be 9 a position to take 9 ! va/ significance ( ! fact t we are nev]!less "u a c]ta9 co]cion to p]si/ 9 our ef=ts to atta9 ! unatta9able1 & 9 inquir+ into ! s\rce f :i* ?is pressure comes1 we %all be l$ to inf] ! influ5ce 9 u ( an inf9ite nature en%r9$ 9 ?is f9ite nature ( ours4 ,9 o!r words1 to admit ! unatta9abl5ess ( ! end 9 a f9ite _w by a f9ite be+ is ! v condition ( our acquir+ ! conviction t !re is an inf9ite _w1 & t we1 z possess+ an inf9ite nature1 are includ$ 9 x4#de ,i h n[ cov]$ ! po9ts m5tion$3 ! end to be realiz$1 ! incongruity ( ! two ord]s1 & ! c>d9al importance ( fru/ration z a spiritual exp]i5ce1 z a means ( spiritual education4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! :ole "q ( h[ to deal ) ! fru/rations ( life assumes a new aspect4 ,less+ publi%$ 8 well-kn[n essay on ! ,education ( ! ,race t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#df ,int]e/ 9 ! subject has s9ce be5 obscur$ by ! sci5tific movem5t1 & especially by ! evolution>y philosophy4 ,! latt] excludes ! idea ( education 9 ! prop] s5se1 & sub/itutes = x a natural process1 a g5etic unfold+4 ,! education ( ! human race1 & ( ! human individual f ! spiritual po9t ( view consi/s 9 a s]ies ( ef=ts nev] to be int]mitt$1 b n necess>ily foll[+ ea* o!r 9 an ord]ly s]ies1 aim+ to embody ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite4 ,bo? p>tial success & failure 9 ^! ef=ts are in/rum5tal to ! a*ievem5t ( ! task ( mank9d4 ,bo? s]ve to make m explicit ! "* & ext5t ( ! ideal1 :ile ! ultimate inevitable failure pa9fully in/ructs man 9 ! fact ( ! incongruity ( ! two ord]s4 ,! only outcome ( human hi/ory t we c view ) satisfaction on a l>ge scale1 is ! same z t :i* we %\ld reg>d z ! be/ outcome ( an individual life1 namely1 ! gr[+ conviction & ! cle>] vision ( ! et]nal spiritual univ]se z real4 ,we might say t t man _h liv$ be/ :o on 8 dea?b$ c\ld decl>e ) p]fect tru?3 8,i h a*iev$ ! c]ta9ty1 & 9 ?r\gh ! vicissitudes ( my life1 t !re is a univ]se40 ,i "h emphasize aga9 ! di/9ction betwe5 univ]se & _w4 ,to say t ! univ]se is 8good0 is equivocal4 ,! t]m 8good10 z commonly us$1 describes ! moral /riv+ ( a f9ite nature1 & n ! quality t belongs to ! spiritual univ]se & its memb]s1 ?9k+ ( !m z ideally we mu/1 z fre$ f f9ite limitation4 ,( ! spiritual univ]se1 we might use ! t]m 8supra-good10 only we %\ld !n be c>eful to add t ! 8beyond good0 is to be conceiv$ z ly+ 9 ! direction ( ! good1 :ile transc5d+ x4 ,!reby we avoid ! pitfall ( ,nietzs*e & ( o!rs :o speak 9 a totally diff]5t s5se ( ! 8beyond good & evil40 ,we read ( a man bless+ 8 *ildr5 on 8 dea?b$4 ,! highe/ type ( man is ! "o :o 9 articulo mortis c bless ! univ]se4 ,! discrepancy ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite ord] appe>s on ! physical & moral sides4 ,on ! physical side x ?ru/s itself ^u our att5tion 9 ! circum/ance t juxtaposition & sequ5ce are incapable ( be+ unifi$1 or totaliz$4 ,space & "t & t :i* fills !m1 matt]1 are by nature incongru\s ) _s4 ,on ! moral side ! incongruity appe>s 9 ! deflect+ =ces ( appetite & passion :i* h9d] u 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! spiritual end & 9 ! fact t our s-call$ high] faculties are 9 irreconcilable conflict ) "o ano!r4 ,! h>moni\s union ( all ( !m 9 any individual is a fiction4 ,x is impossible to be fully develop$ on all sides4 ,& 9 addition ! social sub/rata 9 :i* ! spiritual relation has to be work$ out1 are !mselves too deeply beset ) int]nal contr>ieties to s]ve _! purpose adequately4 ,! sex relation1 = in/ance1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t favorable to ! a*ievem5t ( spirituality1 t is1 ( liv+ 9 ! life ( ano!r2 yet on ! o!r h& !re are elem5ts 9 x t defeat ?is v object4 ,i write1 !re=e1 at ! head ( su* words ( c\nsel z ,i c hope to give 9 respect to ! conduct ( life1 ! ^w ,fru/ration4 ,x is und]/ood t ?is ^w is n us$ 9 ! pa!tic s5se4 ,fir/ because !re is p>tial a*ievem5t1 mom5ts 9 life at :i* ! ra9b[ actually seems to t\* ! e>?4 ,love & m>riage1 ! complet+ ( a beautiful "w ( art1 ! discov]y ( a new law ( nature1 ! emancipation ( an oppress$ class1 are examples4 ,b ^! p>tial successes are pres5tly se5 to be p>tial2 !y are foll[$1 or ev5 9 ! mom5t ( triumph1 p]meat$1 ) ! s5se ( incomplet5ess & ! =ebod+ ( new obscurities & p]plexities advanc+ ^u ! m9d4 ,yet ess5tially ! doctr9e is n a melan*oly doctr9e1 because fru/ration1 ?\gh a pa9ful in/rum5t1 is yet a necess>y in/rum5t ( spiritual developm5t4 ,we are n op5 to ! reproa* ( damp5+ ! ze/ & reli% = life ( ^? :o are sett+ out to try ! haz>d ( _! =tunes4 ,!y %all put =? _! be/ ef=t to succe$1 b let !m be s guid$ h]e9 t !y may meet 9 ! "r attitude ( m9d ! disillusionm5t :i* is ! condition ( ! revelation4 ,! %ad[s w & mu/ desc5d be=e !y c be p>t$1 disclos+ ! l&scape ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,incid5tally x may be rem>k$ t 9 introduc+ ! category ( int]relation we remove ! objection aga9/ fre$om :i* rema9s unmitigable s long z fre$om is suppos$ to be a k9d ( causality1 compet+ ) natural causality4 ,causality is ! unity ( a temporal manifold ( sequ5t ph5om5a4 ,! concept ( int]relation is ! concept ( ! unity ( co-exi/5t entities4 #de ,see "s f9e rem>ks on ! unatta9abl5ess 9 ,tyrrel's ,*ri/ianity at ! ,cross-roads4 #df ,die ,erziehung des ,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,?ree ,,great ,,%ad[s3 ,,sickness1 ,,sorr[1 ,,s9 ,hav+ conc5trat$ att5tion ^u ! po9t t ! end is n ! developm5t ( any p>ticul> faculty or assemblage ( faculties1 b ! awak5+ 9 man1 9 & ?r\gh 8 developm5t1 ( ! consci\sness ( int]relation1 ( life 9 life1 we %all n[ turn to ! ?ree great %ad[s3 sickness1 sorr[1 s94 ,9 ! case ( sickness ! suff]+1 h[ev] acute1 mu/ be made to pass ov] into action4 ,!re is a c]ta9 "w to be done1 some?+ to be accompli%$ on ! sick b$4 ,:at is x8 ,i %all briefly review a few ( ! answ]s t h be5 giv54 ,fir/1 ! ,/oic says3 ,a man 9 pa9 is to resi/ ! pa9 by an act ( w1 !reby demon/rat+ t 8 ess5tial self is inaccessible to bodily suff]+4 8,if !re is a pa9 9 ?y limb1 rememb] t ! pa9 is 9 ?y limb1 & n 9 ?yself40 ,n[ ! =titude ( ! ,/oic is admirable z f> z x goes2 8 c\nsels are brac+ & manly4 ,b1 because he is a mat]iali/ic pan!i/1 ! reason he gives = 8 defiance ( pa9 is n conv9c+4 ,9 effect 8 appeal is r to ! empirical ?an to ! spiritual nature ( man4 ,! spiritual nature is *>act]iz$ by humility2 ! appeal ( ! ,/oic is to pride4 ,fate ) all its sl$gehamm] bl[s %all n cru% him4 ,yet ! ,/oic's pride :5 put to ! supreme te/ does n avail1 & ! pro( ( x is t at ! la/ x breaks d[n 9 suicide4 ,we come to a second answ]4 ,!re is bus9ess 9 h& = ! suff]] on ! sick b$4 ,:at is ! bus9ess8 ,to hide ! expression ( 8 suff]+1 s t ! cl\d :i* re/s on him may n ca/ its %ad[ ^u o!rs1 obscur+ _! sun%9e4 ,b1 we are b\nd to ask1 are o!rs always wor?y ( su* consid]ation8 ,is n our sympa!tic reg>d = _! pleasures1 _! sun%9e1 (t5 misplac$8 ,are n _! pleasures (t5 selfi% & frivol\s8 ,! ,greeks believ$ t outcries 9 situations ( great di/ress are p]fectly legitimate1 s9ce !y seem to af=d a k9d ( relief4 ,is x n cruel to =bid su* outcries8 ,9 our age ! view prevails t x is a pro( ( moral gr&eur to suppress ! signs ( suff]+4 ,b ! cynical "q obtrudes itself :e!r x may n be ! collective selfi%ness ( ! multitude t imposes ?is rule4 ,! common run ( m5 desire to g on _! way undi/urb$ by cries t emanate f ! sick *amb]1 & p]haps x is on ?is acc\nt t !y impose a rule ( behavior bas$1 n on ! pr9ciple ( human wor?1 b on its opposite4 ,! individual =soo? is n to c\nt2 ! unhapp9ess ( "o is n to int]f]e ) ! happ9ess ( ! great] numb]6 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r view ( ! matt] possible4 ,ev]yone c>ries 8 own p>ticul> burd54 ,:5 tortur$ by "s pa9ful malady1 we are apt to ?9k t o!rs1 because !y we> a smil+ ext]ior1 are !re=e free f pa94 ,b (t5 ^? :o seem 9 s\nd heal? are 9 fact z great suff]]s z we1 or ev5 great]4 ,& physical pa9 is n ! only k9d ( suff]+4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ,i1 = "o1 add to ! tr\bles ( o!rs by impos+ my own ^u !m8 ,put 9 ?is way1 x is pla9 t !re is an e?ical elem5t 9 ! k9d ( behavior t is expect$ ( a manly p]son4 ,b ! reason assign$1 sympa?y ) ! pleasures ( o!rs1 is unconv9c+4 ,unless !re be "s good to :i* griev\s suff]+ c be made in/rum5tal1 !re is no w>rant = endur+ x4 ,z = ! ,/oics1 s = ! philosoph] ( sympa?y1 ! logical end w\ld be suicide1 at lea/ :5 ! pa9 is exceptionally int5se4 ,!re is a ?ird answ]4 ,some?+ is to be work$ out on ! sick b$4 ,:at is x8 ,to be purifi$ 9 ! furnace1 to le>n pati5ce & humble submission to ! inscrutable w ( ,god4 ,pati5ce is ! supreme virtue4 8,be pati5t1 ,oh1 be pati5t10 ,i once he>d a dy+ man repeat ) t\*+ acc5ts4 ,b pati5ce = ! sake ( :at8 ,!re mu/ be "s object to be ga9$ by ! pati5ce to make x comm5dable4 ,i c be pati5t 9 a /orm at sea if ,i may ent]ta9 ! hope ( rea*+ port4 ,i c be pati5t 9 conduct+ a difficult sci5tific exp]im5t if ,i may hope t x w issue 9 an important discov]y1 or prep>e ! way = su* discov]y by o!rs4 ,i c be pati5t 9 sickness if ,i h any reason to expect a return to heal?4 ,b pati5ce = m]e pati5ce's sake is absurd4 ,well1 !n1 ! ?ird answ] is1--pati5ce = ! sake ( manife/+ y\r fai? & tru/ 9 a wise & b5efic5t ,deity4 ,:y he has s5t ?is suff]+1 :y he has s made ! _w t x is replete ) ! agony ( s5ti5t creatures we d n "k4 ,we _c "k4 ,b he kn[s4 ,tru/ him1 h fai? 9 him3 8,?\gh he slay me yet w ,i tru/ him40 ,"h a g5u9e *>act]i/ic ( ! spiritual attitude has be5 express$1 b ! gr\nd on :i* x is put is once m unconv9c+4 ,h[ d ,i "k t !re is su* a be+ z ?is wise & lov+ ,deity ( :om y tell me8 ,by ! evid5ce ( 8 works1 by ! te/imony ( ! _w he has creat$1 by ! life = :i* ,i am indebt$ to him4 ,b ! _w is ! playgr\nd ( good & evil =ces4 ,!re is a semblance ( design2 !re is on ! o!r h& app>5tly ! wilde/ disord]4 ,! />s 9 _! c\rses travel ) incr$ible cel]ity 9 e direction1 b no a/ronom] has ev] yet be5 able to disc]n a plan 9 _! j\rney+s4 ,human life is full ( sorr[ z well z joy2 & :e!r !re be m sorr[ or m joy 9 ! lives ( mo/ p]sons1 :o w v5ture to say8 ,!re is k9dness1 b !re is also cruelty4 ,!re is cop]ation1 & !re is m]ciless competition4 ,!re is heal? & bloom1 & !re is mis]able physical decay4 ,at pres5t1 9 my case1 suff]+ & sorr[ are 9 ! asc5dant4 ,! picture ( ! ,deity z fa%ion$ f ! evid5ce ( exp]i5ce is d>k & bright1 cruel & k9d4 ,if he be omnipot5t1 :y did he introduce ! elem5ts ( discord & tr\ble into 8 creation8 ,:y1 9 p>ticul>1 does he at pres5t torture me s cruelly8 ,9 ord] t ,i may believe 9 him despite ! evid5ce6 ,b h[ c ,i believe1 see+ t 9 my own case ! evid5ce on ! bad side prepond]ates8 ,?us ! m9d ( ! suff]] on 8 c\* ( pa9 gropes 9 ! labyr9? ( argum5t & c\nt]-argum5t--= ! intellectual processes are (t5 pret]naturally acute 9 times ( physical suff]+--& !re is no outlet4 ,9 a f9e spiritual nature !re is some?+ :i* pleads t ! c\nt]-argum5ts ought n to prevail4 ,desp]ately1 by an act ( fai?1 a man lays hold on 8 ,god4 ,b pres5tly 8 fai? aga9 relaxes1 8 /ate ( m9d becomes confus$1 & unless support$ by /rong impressions receiv$ 9 & reta9$ f *ildhood on1 ! ?ird answ] w n avail him4 ,!re is bus9ess 9 h& on ! sick b$4 ,:at is x8 ,! f\r? answ]1 ! answ] z x appeals to me1 dep5ds on ! v incongruity ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite ord]4 ,e attempt to expla9 ?is incongruity breaks d[n1 e !odicy is a fiction4 ,to expla9 is to f9d ! cause ( effects4 ,b ! notion ( cause does n apply to ! relation betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,& ( ! inf9ite ord] itself we possess only ! plan or s*eme ( relations4 ,! memb]s ( ?is ideal _w are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 su* a mann] t ! ess5tial uniqu5ess ( ! "o is to be provocative ( ! div]se di/9ctiv5ess ( ! o!rs4 ,?is1 z ,i ?9k1 is a v fruitful =mula1 furni%+ a rule ( conduct to be appli$ to our f9ite relations4 ,b x %$s no light on ! uniqu5ess itself1 :i* is =ev] ideal4 ,:at 9 its ultimate con/itution our spiritual be+ may be1 rema9s unkn[n4 ,did we "k1 7 we capable ( compreh5d+ ! inf9ite ord]1 & see+ ?+s 9 t sup]sol> light1 we might !n be able to solve ! insoluble riddle1 ! coexi/5ce side by side ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,z x is1 ! problem ( f9it5ess especially 9 its human aspect ( suff]+ & evil is imp5etrable1 inexplicable4 ,b if we _c expla9 suff]+ & evil1 we c utilize !m = a def9ite spiritual end4 ,& t end is to a*ieve ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( fru/ration & ! p]si/5ce ( ! ef=t t[>d ! unatta9able1 ! consci\sness ( ! reality ( ! spiritual univ]se & ( our memb]%ip 9 x4 ,! answ]1 !re=e1 :i* ,i %\ld (f]1 is bas$ on ?is pivotal di/9ction betwe5 expla9+ & us+4 ,& ?us ! bus9ess 9 h&1 ! end to be ga9$1 is ! int5sifi$ realization ( our spiritual int]connect$ness ) o!rs1 ! life 9 life4 ,to ?is end we accept f ! ,/oic1 ?\gh = a reason :i* he does n give1 resi/ance to pa91 & f ! philosoph] ( sympa?y ! obligation ( n cl\d+ ! life ( o!rs ) our %ad[1 & f ! !ologian ! law ( pati5ce--& we take a /ep beyond all ?ree4 ,let me c>ry ?is out some:at m 9 detail4 ,to ga9 ! consci\sness ( int]relation1 !re mu/ be an object outside ( myself ( supreme int]e/ to me1 enabl+ me to transc5d ! ego4 ,n[1 pa9 has ! opposite effect1 t ( conc5trat+ att5tion on ! ego4 ,pa9 builds a prison ar\nd u1 raises up high walls :i* %ut u 94 ,anyone 9 great pa9 is incessantly rem9d$ ( 8 physical /ate4 ,9 ord] t ! m9d may pass out ( ! prison cell & ov] ! encompass+ wall1 !re ne$s to be "s object beyond ! wall appeal+ en\gh to solicit ! outw>d movem5t4 ,?is object is ! spiritual self ( my fell[m54 ,x is my conc]n = _! spiritual self :i* is _! highe/ good1 x is my eag] wi% to re9=ce :at is be/ 9 !m t works ! transc5d5ce ( ! ego & ( its pa9s4 ,9 su* supreme mom5ts ! less] values dw9dle into relative insignificance4 ,& :at is be/ 9 o!rs is ! same consci\sness on _! "p ( ! int]relation4 ,x is ?is t ,i am to awak5 9 !m1 to /r5g!n 9 !m by ! int5sity ) :i* ,i myself realize x4 ,9 ! case ( lov+ k9 & fri5ds1 !y1 too1 suff] ) me4 ,9 va9 ,i try to hide my suff]+s4 ,!y div9e :at ,i try to suppress2 & ! m ,i try to suppress x1 ! m !y suff] ) me4 ,!y suff] n only ) ! suff]+1 b ) ! attempt to conceal ! suff]+4 ,i h se5 ?is 9 ! case ( a "m at ! b$side ( h] dy+ daught]4 ,!y g ) me to ! br9k ( life4 ,!y ent] into ! anxieties & =ebod+s t haunt my m9d z ,i face dea?4 ,!re may be "y *ildr5 t /ill ne$ fo/]+ c>e4 ,dang]s to ! family may arise aft] ,i am gone4 ,! m my life is implicat$ 9 ! lives ar\nd me1 ! m z ,i /& on ! edge ( life w my ?\ghts be occupi$1 n ) ! oblit]ation ( my empirical self1 b ) ! future ( ^? t survive--t be/ future ( !irs :i* ,i long to assure4 ,& !y1 9 turn1 if !y are f9e natures1 w pass ?r\gh ?is inw>d exp]i5ce ) me4 ,?us ,i desc5d into ! d>kness & ! dep?s1 & !y desc5d ) me2 & ,i am also to rise out ( ! d>kness & ! dep?s1 & am to ga9 ! =ce to d ?is 9 ord] t ,i may lift !m ) me4 ,?is is ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,i am to draw myself out ( ! dep?s1 to ov]come ! c5traliz+1 egotiz+ effects ( physical & m5tal pa91 9 ord] by my ef=t to make ^? ar\nd me realize ! int5sity ) :i* ,i feel my int]relat$ness ) !m1 & !reby to reveal to !m ! same spiritual p[] 9 !mselves4 ,plans = ! future education ( ! *ildr51 c\nsels ( peace1 by way ( anticipation = ! too lonely h\rs t await ! mo/ lov+ & ! mo/ belov$1--^! ?+s h value *iefly 9 s f> z !y are insignificant ( ! indissoluble int]lac+ ( life ) life4#dg ,,footnotes3 #dg ,i h spok5 ( ! sick b$ z surr\nd$ by lov+ fri5ds & ne> ( k94 ,!re are sick b$s :]e ! situation is q diff]5t1--9 ! poor w>ds ( hospitals = in/ance4 ,nev]!less1 ! lonelie/ p]son is nev] )\t c]ta9 human relations4 ,x may be ! paup] 9 ! next b$1 ! nurse1 or ! physician1 to :om 8 behavior w be ( la/+ mean+4 ,i w\ld add a ^w z to ! attitude ( a p]son :o is ?reat5$ ) insanity1 & :o is aw>e t ! disease is approa*+4 ,8 la/ consci\s act %\ld be to honor ! community to :i* he belongs by volunt>ily putt+ himself out ( ! way ( h>m+ !m4 ,n t ! physical h>m is itself ! pr9cipal ?+1 b t ! wi% n to h>m physically is ! sign ( 8 s5se ( ! e?ical relation 9 :i* he /&s to 8 fell[s4 ,also a p]son ?reat5$ 9 ?is way ought to be will+ to put himself 9 ! keep+ ( o!rs1 ev5 ( /rang]s1 z be+ no long] himself compet5t to judge rightly ( :at %all be done to him4 ,x is true t 9 accept+ ! judgm5t ( /rang]s z a sub/itute = 8 own he is tak+ ! risk ( be+ treat$ ) insuffici5t consid]ation1 & possibly ev5 mi/reat$4 ,yet ! jeop>dy 9 :i* he ?us puts 8 future1 ! sacrificial act he p]=ms1 is evid5ce ( m5tal nobility at ! v mom5t :5 m5tal night is ab\t to set 9 = him4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,b]eavem5t ,:5 we reflect on :at actually happ5s 9 cases ( b]eavem5t1 we %all f9d great div]sity 9 diff]5t situations4 ,x may be t ! deceas$ p]son has l$ a wor?less life1 & t ! grave is all[$ to close ov] him )\t mu* regret4 ,nev]!less1 ! honor due to wor? t nev] appe>$ 9 him ought to be %[n4 ,9 ! wor/ cases we may n treat human be+s l animals4 ,besides1 !re are g5]ally "o or m p]sons :o seem to h an unreason+ natural affection = ! wret*$ be+1 & s he does n g :olly )\t ! tribute ( te>s4 ,o!rs1 l suff]]s f canc]1 pass ?r\gh days1 weeks1 mon?s ( acute pa9 be=e !y die4 ,9 _! case x is said t dea? comes z a relief1 & (t5 ! f9al relief f ! suff]+ obscures ! loss4 ,aga91 9 mo/ m5's lives !re is an upp] & an "u side4 ,?\gh ! public c>e] ( /atesm51 poets1 arti/s may be dazzl+1 yet _! faults or obliquities are probably well en\gh kn[n to ^? :o h se5 !m at close range4 ,obitu>ies are seldom tru?ful4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! rev]se happ5s2 m5 ^: names are held up to public obloquy are n always z black z !y are pa9t$4 ,_! wor/ side becomes kn[n to ! public1 yet !y sometimes possess wond]fully f9e traits4 ,v pa!tic is ! m\rn+ = a baby1 & its unfulfill$ promise1 or = a defective *ild1 long a burd51 yet /rangely griev$ = :5 its feeble little flame ( life is ext+ui%$4 ,! mo/ poignant sorr[ is t :i* _c be communicat$ to o!rs or %>$ by o!rs1 because ! tie sev]$ by b]eavem5t1 l t ( husb& & wife1 is betwe5 two only4 ,! loss by dea? ( a belov$ life companion is apt to lead to an inconsolable /ate ( m9d1 because 9 ?is relation1 :5 f9ely int]pret$1 ! empirical & ! spiritual appe> almo/ to co9cide4 ,! e?ical rule1 ,live 9 ! life ( ano!r1 live s z to enhance to ! highe/ degree ! possibilities ( ano!r1 seems almo/ no long] a c\nsel ( p]fection b an actual exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! utt] grief into :i* ! sund]+ ( ! tie is apt to plunge ! survivor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds said on 8 dea?b$ to 8 wife3 8,our relation has be5 spiritual1 & !re=e is et]nal40 ,& !re is inde$ an elem5t ( et]nality 9 m>riage1 only x is n ! sex relation z su* t is or c be conceiv$ ( z et]nal4 ,x is n man & woman 9 _! empirical =m to :i* ?is attribute belongs4 ,m>riage is ! sign2 ! spiritual relation t :i* is signifi$4#dh ,x may be object$ t m>riage be+ a tie /rictly betwe5 two1 "o c h>dly ?9k )\t repugnance ( an equally intimate1 nay1 f> m intimate1 relation ) all spiritual be+s :atsoev]4 ,yet ! spiritual relation is "o 9 :i* ! e?ical be+ is conceiv$ to be 9 t\* ) ea* ( ! inf9ite be+s t comprise ! spiritual univ]se1 p\r+ its ess5tial life into !m1 & receiv+ !irs 9 return4 ,is n !n ! sign incompatible ) & contradictory to ! ?+ signifi$8 ,b x is n ( ! multitude ( mortal m5 & wom5 surr\nd+ u t we ?9k :5 we speak ( ! et]nal ho/s4 ,f ?is surr\nd+ sw>m ( mortals1 we retreat1 tak+ refuge 9 ! inmo/ privacy :i* we %>e ) "o o!r only4 ,yet ?is v inmo/ intimacy1 s f> z x is pure1 is ! emblem ( t pure int]c\rse ( ess5tial be+ ) ess5tial be+ 9 :i* we are relat$ to all4#di ,foll[+ up ! subject ( b]eavem5t1 we f9d ! foll[+ consolations employ$3 ,! fir/ to be m5tion$ is1 8,b[ to ! inevitable40 ,i include ?is because fru/ration is inevitable1 on acc\nt ( ! discrepancy betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite ord]1 & because we are to use inevitable fru/ration = ! purpose ( exp]i5c+ ! reality ( ! ideal4 ,b )\t ?is use 9 m9d1 ! inevitable pres5ts itself z a m]e bl9d necessity1 9 :i* we c see nei!r "r nor reason1 a ho/ile doom t simply cru%es u4 ,! psy*ological effect ( ! ?\ght ( an ev5t z inevitable1 x is true1 is 9 any case calm+1 b ! tranquillity ?us induc$ is a heavy & hopeless "o4 ,& ^? :o accept ! inevitable 9 ?is /upefy+ mann] (t5 become mean] 9 _! way ( liv+4 ,! light ( life is = !m ext+ui%$4 ,!y put up p]haps ) creature com=ts1 or ) "w t m]ely keeps ! m9d occupi$1 & prev5ts x f frett+ ! w\nd1 ?us all[+ sl[ "t to cicatrize x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a l>g] way 9 :i* a mat]iali/ may reg>d ! inevitable4 ,! _w 9 8 view be+ a va/ ma*9e1 he may1 z x 71 id5tify himself ) ! ma*9e1 & !reby rise 9 ?\ght sup]ior to ! injury x inflicts on him4 ,b ?\gh we c imag9e someone ?us dead5+ 8 feel+s :5 he himself is ! victim1 we _c well conceive ( ! same rem$y apply+ :5 a belov$ p]son1 say an only *ild1 is be+ cru%$ "u ! ,jugg]naut c> ( ! _w-ma*9e4 ,! great te/ ( "o's philosophy ( life is :e!r x helps u 9 ! case ( ^? :om we love1 r ?an 9 ! case ( ! suff]+s we exp]i5ce 9 our own p]son4 ,a second consolation is3 ,rememb] ! univ]sality ( sorr[4 ,look ar\nd y1 behold ! va/ multitude :o are suff]+ l y2 rememb] ! c\ntless g5]ations :o h suff]$ 9 ! pa/1 ?9k ( ! g5]ations to come t w suff] 9 l mann]4 ,su* are "s ( ! consolations ( ! *oruses 9 ! ,greek trag$ies4 ,lat5t p]haps 9 ?is m\rnful view ( ! facts ( exi/5ce is ano!r aspect ( ! matt]1 namely1 ! upris+ f fru/ration t[>d ideal realization4 ,& 9 s f> z ?is o!r uplift+ view is inde$ lat5t or sugge/$1 ! ?\ght ( ! univ]sality ( sorr[ has an ennobl+ effect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t ! explication ( :at may be reg>d$ z implicit 9 !m ! consolations ( ! ,greek *oruses are inexpressibly sadd5+4 ,a ?ird & active v>iant ( ! =m] consolation is3 ,seek to mitigate ! sorr[ & tr\ble ( ?y fell[-suff]]s4 ,appease ! passion ( ?9e own grief by compassion & ! works to :i* x leads4 ,& by z mu* z activity ( any k9d is bett] ?an passivity1 or m]e feel+1 by s mu* is ?is ?ird k9d ( consolation bett] ?an ! ones above m5tion$4 ,b at bottom ! same criticism applies to x4 ,x leaves /ill unansw]$ ! "q1 ,to :at end ?is suff]+ bo? ( o!rs & ( oneself8 ,n ,:y8 is ! "q1 b ,to :at end8 ,h[ b]eavem5t may be us$ s z to br+ x into relation ) ! f9al end ( life8 ,a f\r? consolation is ! popul> belief 9 immortality4 ,?is is a resort to sup]naturalism1 & ! sup]natural %\ld ev] be di/+ui%$ f ! sup]s5sible4 ,immortality z popul>ly held involves ! cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 "s empirical =m ( ! ess5tial1 c5tral entity 9 man4 ,= ! sugge/ion t new organs may replace ! worn\t t]re/rial body does n alt] ! empirical "* ( ! conception4 ,! new organs are /ill conceiv$ 9 "s vague fa%ion z simil> to ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,f9ally1 my own int]pretation ( consolation may be set =? 9 contra/ to all ^!4 ,aga9 ,i say t = ! b]eav$1 z = ! sick1 !re is bus9ess 9 h&1 !re is a task to be p]=m$1 a "w to be done4 ,:at is x8 ,let me endeavor to expla94 ,! spiritual nature ( man is incognizable1 only ! plan ( ! relations betwe5 _s & _s be+ giv54 ,yet to ?9k ( a relation at all we mu/ ?9k ( entities or objects betwe5 :i* x subsi/s4 ,( ! spiritual "p ( our fell[-be+s1 !re=e1 we are b\nd to fa%ion m5tally a symbolic image1 "o t %all /& = ! real object1 ! spiritual nature1 ?\gh we are well aw>e t x does n adequately express x4 ,:5 ! belov$ p]son is no long] visibly pres5t1 ! "w we d ^u ! symbolic image ( him is n to cease4 ,we are to review1 to summ>ize ! :ole exi/5ce ( a dep>t$ fri5d1 z we h probably nev] done :ile he 0 ) u4 ,we are to get ! total p]spective ( 8 life1 to see ! f9e qualities /&+ out m di/9ctly2 to seize ! net result ( 8 exi/5ce s f> z ^? "* traits are conc]n$ :i* 9 him 7 mo/ analog\s to spiritual traits4 ,?is image we c n[ ideally contemplate ) ! advantage t none ( ! actual infirmities ( 8 nature c m> x1 & t no future ev5ts c h5ce=? alt] our impression4 ,! "w ( cl>ify+ ! image ( our fri5d goes on unimp$$4 ,& our own activity 9 ! process ( purify+ 8 image ( all t 0 m]ely fallible 9 him b5efits u 9 return4 ,! effect ( ?is activity ( ours on ! datum ( 8 life is our p]man5t ga94 ,?us bo? :at he 0 & :at he 0 n is /imulative4 ,:ile he liv$ we p]=m$ ! function ( elim9ation & conc5tration ) a view ( produc+ progress 9 him & 9 ourselves jo9tly4 ,progress1 induc$ by u1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 = all we "k is at an end4 ,progress s f> z we are conc]n$ is assur$ by ! activity we cont9ue to exp5d z long z we live on 8 memory4 ,& ! memory1 or ! image1 /&s = ! belov$ p]son4 ,!re is real m5tal int]c\rse :]ev] !re is a movem5t ( "o m9d t[>ds ! outgo+s ( ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh ! retroactive relation be susp5d$4 ,! belov$ p]son b5efits me1 ?\gh ,i no long] b5efit him1 except indirectly s f> z 9 my own life ,i possibly expiate 8 %ortcom+s & 9 s f> z ,i be/[ on o!r liv+ p]sons ! advantage ,i receive f my m5tal int]c\rse ) him4#ej ,:at1 !n1 is ! bus9ess 9 h&8 ,:at is ! "w to be done8 ,pla9ly to tie anew ! ?reads t 7 brok51 to br+ x ab\t t ! loss1 inf9itely pa9ful ?\gh x be1 %all lead to ga91 to sub/itute = ! mix$ relation ( t\* & sight ! purely spiritual relation4 ,"o m rem>k mu/ be made 9 connection ) ! above4 ,!re is at pres5t a t5d5cy to di%onor ! pa/ 9 comp>ison ) ! future4 ,int]e/ seems to lie 9 :at lies ahead4 ,h5ce a brea?less1 =w>d-urg+ mood4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is is t ! dead are less honor$ ?an ( old4 ,)9 a s+le g5]ation1 = in/ance1 ,i h se5 n a few em95t p]sons 9 ! city ( ,new ,york pass away :o up to ! "t ( _! dea? & 9 _! obitu>ies 7 greatly & ju/ly prais$4 ,i h h>dly ev] se5 _! names publicly m5tion$ s9ce4 ,already !y seem practically =gott54 ,9 our national hi/ory likewise only a few ( ! mo/ em95t are rememb]$4 ,9 l mann] 9 families1 ! names ev5 ( fa!r & "m are seldom m5tion$ by _! surviv+ adult *ildr51 & ance/ors at second remove are b>ely rememb]$4 ,n[ excessive rev]5ce = ! pa/1 z 9 ,*9a1 is a m>k ( /ation>9ess4 ,a retrospective po9t ( view is inconsi/5t ) progress4 ,our face mu/ necess>ily be turn$ t[>d ! future4 ,& yet =getfulness ( ^? human be+s :om we h kn[n1 & :o repres5t$ to u :ile !y liv$ mu* ( ! be/ t life _h to give1 seems inhuman & incr$ible4 ,x is true t ,i h drawn a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! empirical selves & ^? spiritual selves :i* ! =m] = a "t en%r9$4 ,! empirical selves h n[ disappe>$4 ,! gleam ( love 9 ! eye1 ! lu/] ( beauty1 :e!r ( =m or ( expression1 t t\*$ = a season ! sacr$ features1 h vani%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! spiritual self z a memb] ( ! spiritual univ]se is confess$ly pa/ kn[+ & pa/ imag9+4 ,on :at object !n %all memory dwell8 ,x may dwell on ! empirical self 9 s f> z x 0 ! sign ( ! ?+ signifi$1 9 s f> z ! be+ we knew & lov$ 0 to u conv9c+ ( ! reality ( t spiritual _w :i* itself is incognizable by s5se or m9d4 ,! greate/ boon any human be+ c conf] on ano!r is to s]ve him 9 atta9+ ! end = :i* he exi/s2 & ! supreme end = u all is ! realization ( our int]relation ) ! inf9ite community ( spirits4 ,! woman :om we say we lov$1 we lov$ precisely because %e reveal$ to u t spiritual galaxy--because %e 0 a ,beatrice1 asc5d+ ) u1 & op5+ to our sight ! et]nal expanses4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 despite ! pref]5ce express$ = celibacy1 ! relation ( ! bridegroom to ! bride is us$ metaphorically to repres5t t ( ,*ri/ ) ! *ur*1 & among ! my/ics ! same figure repres5ts ! union ( ,*ri/ ) ! believ+ s\l4 #di ,i call att5tion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! view "h express$ & t ( ,em]son 9 ! la/ p>agraphs ( 8 ,essay on ,love1 :]e he says3 8,our affections are t5ts ( a night4 ,our w>m loves are cl\ds t pass ov] ! firmam5t ( m9d ) its ov]>*+ vault1 its galaxies ( immutable lights4 ,9 ! p]sonal relations we are put 9 tra9+ = imp]sonal subm]g5ce & absorption 9 ,god40 ,9 my own view ! inf9ite community ( spiritual be+s t takes ! place ( ,god consi/s altoge!r ( p]sonalities4 ,godhead1 if y *oose to apply t "n to ?is inf9ite society1 is n a p]son b a community ( p]sonalities4 ,p]sonality is n dr[n$ 9 ! imp]sonal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! individual becomes a p]sonality ?r\gh 8 relation to 8 associates 9 ! et]nal life4 #ej ,i h real int]c\rse ) ,ari/otle & ,kant1 z ! outgo+s ( _! m9ds are /ill effectual 9 me--m vital int]c\rse ?an ) _m ( ^? :o surr\nd me4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,s9 ,if any t]m 9 ! moral vocabul>y /&s 9 ne$ ( /rict r$ef9ition1 x is s94 ,?ree elem5ts comb9e to complete ! idea ( s93 fir/1 t ! de$ 0 "o t ought n to h be5 done1 n s mu* because ( its pa9ful consequ5ces to o!rs or to self1 or to bo?1 or1 by rep]cussion on society z a :ole2 b because x 0 oppos$ to :at is intr9sically "r3 9 o!r words1 because x contrav5$ ! k9d ( int]relation :i* w\ld exi/ 9 its purity 9 ! e?ical manifold4 ,secondly1 ! idea ( s9 implies t ! s9n] himself is ! do] ( ! de$1 or t !re is to ?is ext5t fre$om ( ! w4 ,i d n say t he is ! cause ( :i* ! de$ is ! effect4 ,causality app]ta9s to sequ5t ph5om5a4 ,z reg>ds fre$om ( ! w1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! category ( int]dep5d5ce & t ( causality is vital4 ,a long s]ies ( causes1 su* z bad h]$ity1 bad environm5t1 etc41 may h l$ ,a to det]m9e to murd] ,b4#ea ,! notion ( ! fre$om ( ! w z "h view$ signifies t no matt] :at ! causal s]ies may h be5 :i* leads up to ! act1 :5 ! act itself is ab\t to be p]=m$1 :5 ,b is ab\t to exp]i5ce ! effect ( ,a z cause1 9 t mom5t ! relation ( int]dep5d5ce betwe5 ,a & ,b ought to arise be=e ! m9d ( ,a & )hold him f complet+ 8 evil purpose4 ,?irdly1 x is *>act]i/ic ( s9 t ! full] k t ! h>mful de$ is s9ful comes aft] ! act1--t x is ! ,fruit ( ! ,tree1 ! enlight5m5t ( ! eyes4 ,z ! s]p5t said3 8,if ye eat ( ! fruit ye %all be z gods40 ,_m a man has done :at is call$ evil1 & done x mo/ delib]ately1 kn[+ evil z evil4 ,rememb] ! c>e] ( a ,cs> ,borgia1 ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,c>ibbean ,indians by ! ,spani>ds1 ! outrages on wom5 p]petrat$ dur+ ! pres5t w>1 ! exploitation ( human labor practic$ on a l>ge scale among ! civiliz$ nations4 ,t ! blacke/ crimes may be committ$ ) a full k ( ! horrible consequ5ces to ! victims seems h>dly to admit ( d\bt4 ,evil is kn[n z evil4 ,b evil 9 its "* z s9 _c be fully recogniz$ prior to ! act4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,greeks _h a c]ta9 presci5ce ( ! tru? :5 !y ass]t$ t no "o c kn[+ly commit evil2 only !y fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 evil & s94 ,a man c kn[+ly commit evil1 b _c ) full consci\sness commit s94 ,! k ( ! s9 is ! div9e elixir :i* may be di/ill$ f ! evil de$ 78,ye %all be z gods071 & ! object ( e k9d ( puni%m5t %\ld be to extract t pa9-giv+ b ultimately peace-giv+ elixir4 ,above ,i m5tion$ ! crim9al z ! extreme type4 ,b evils 9 less =midable guise1 ?\gh n on t acc\nt less evil1 ref9$ invasions ( ! p]sonality ( o!rs1 spiritual oppressions1 sometimes delib]ate1 (t5 unwitt+1 are includ$ 9 ev]yone's exp]i5ce4 ,& ! process ( expiation1 by :i* evil is transc5d$ ?r\gh ! recognition ( s9 7) its pro/rat+ effect at fir/1 its /rangely elevat+ effect lat] on7 is alike applicable to all4 ,! be/ ( m5 h to g ?r\gh ?is ordeal z well z ! wor/4 ,especially is unwitt+ transgression inevitable4 ,sophocles makes x ! text ( 8 philosophy 9 ! dipus1 ?\gh ! solution (f]$ is t ( ,greek enlight5m5t & n t ( ! m pr(\nd e?ical consci\sness4 ,we h next1 9 close connection ) s91 to consid] ! trem5d\s "q ( responsibility1 int]pret$ f ! po9t ( view ( our e?ical pr9ciple4 ,responsible means answ]able4 ,answ]able to :om1 & 9 :at s5se8 ,z commonly und]/ood1 x means answ]able to ,god ! ,law-giv]1 to ,god reg>d$ z ! ,au?or ( ! moral law4 ,god is lik5$ to a sov]eign4 ,any infraction ( 8 law is an (f5se aga9/ ! sov]eign4 ,answ]able means subject to ! pa9s & p5alties :i* x suits ! sov]eign to annex to moral (f5ces4 ,!re is no intr9sic connection impli$ betwe5 pa9 & r$emption4 ,! pa9 is suppos$ to break ! w ( ! (f5d]1 or to mell[ him1 s t he w 9 future obey ! m&ates ( ! sov]eign )\t a murmur4 ,aga91 responsibility may mean responsibility to society4 ,crime is infecti\s4 ,a fissure op5+ at any "o po9t 9 ! dykes erect$ aga9/ crime may let 9 a flood4 ,! social ord] z a :ole is ?reat5$ 9 e s+le violation ( law4 ,! (f5d] mu/ answ] = 8 defiance ( ! public w by be+ subject$ to ! pa9s or p5alties :i* society annexes to 8 crime4 ,! object is ! same z be=e1 to break him into submission1 to fit or =ce him into ! social m\ld1 to make him h>mless1 or if possible :at is call$ a 8useful citiz540 ,no int]nal r$emptive *ange 9 ! nature ( ! evildo] is contemplat$1 except z x may be necess>y to lead him to a useful or at lea/ a h>mless life4 ,! antisocial attitude is to be replac$ by ! social attitude4 ,appeals to enlight5$ self-int]e/1 & to ! sympa?ies are commonly ?\ght suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,?irdly1 responsibility means responsible to oneself4 ,!re is an inn] =um1 a tribunal 9 :i* ! spiritual self sits 9 judgm5t on ! empirical self4 ,consci5ce1 ! voice ( ?is spiritual self1 pron\nces ! v]dict4 7,cf4 ! passages 9 ,kant 9 :i* ?is figure ( spee* is us$47 ,^! are metaphorical expressions4 ,to grasp ! mean+ ( responsibility f ! e?ical /&po9t1 we mu/ lift into view ! concept ( ! task ( mank9d z a :ole1 & ( ! individual z a factor 9 ! fulfilm5t ( t task4 ,?is introduces a mom5t\s turn into ! discussion ( ! subject4 ,! task ( mank9d is to arrive ?r\gh its comm]ce ) ! f9ite _w1 ?r\gh its unremitt+ ef=ts to incorporate ! inf9ite plan )9 ! sph]e ( human relations1 at an increas+ly explicit conception ( ! ideal ( ! inf9ite univ]se2 & ?r\gh p>tial success & fru/ration to seize ! reality ( t univ]se4 ,responsibility means p>ticipation 9 ?is task1 %>+ its doom1 & atta9+ 9 oneself1 9 "p1 its sublime comp5sation4 ,! evildo] is to a*ieve ! k t 8 evil de$ is s91 t is to say1 t x n only c>ries ) x h>m to o!rs & indirectly to himself1 b t x is ! defeat 9 him ( ! task :i* is set = ! human race z a :ole on e>?4 ,in/ead ( do+ 8 %>e 9 fulfill+ ?is task1 9 ga9+ a foot+ 9 ! f9ite _w = ! spiritual relation ( liv+ s z to enhance ! life ( o!rs & !reby 8 own1 he has mis]ably s\ght to enhance 8 life at ! exp5se ( o!r life4 ,! k t he has s act$ se>s 8 awak5$ s\l l fire1 b x is also ! beg9n+ ( heal+4 ,! transgressor1 n[ sees :at he did n see be=e4 ,he sees by way ( contra/ ! holy patt]n ( relations :i* 9 8 act he has trave/i$1 ! holy laws :i* he has infr+$1 & 9 imput+ s9 to himself = transgress+ !m1 he at ! same "t proclaims himself 9 8 ess5tial be+ holy1 t is1 capable ( execut+ !m1 or at lea/ ( /riv+ unceas+ly to d s4 ,x is ?us t he op5s )9 himself ! s\rces ( r$emption1 unseals ! deep] f\nta9s ( spiritual en]gy4 ,t man is responsible means t he is answ]able to d 8 %>e 9 dis*>g+ ! task ( mank9d4 ,& :5 he is inw>dly trans=m$ by ! consci\sness ( ! holy laws1 & ( himself z intr9sically committ$ to hol9ess1 he does !reby advance ! bus9ess ( 8 k9d on e>?4 ,9 him humanity does take a /ep =w>d on ! spiritual road4 ,9 him "o o!r memb] ( our race has be5 lift$ out ( evil1 becom+ p]haps1 f ! spiritual po9t ( view1 a m advanc$ memb] ( ! =w>d-press+ ho/ ?an ^? :o h nev] pass$ ?r\gh an exp]i5ce l 81 :o h n be5 ov]tly tempt$1 :o h rema9$ conv5tionally moral1 :o h n realiz$ ! evil t rema9s unexpurgat$ )9 !m1 & h n pass$ ?r\gh ! cleans+ process ( self-condemnation & rebir?4 ,! incongruity betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite ord] is ! basis ( ?is doctr9e ( responsibility4 ,mank9d is responsible = seek+ to embody ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite4 ,x fails to d s1 b ga9s its comp5sation4 ,! individual %>es ?is responsibility1 b bo? mank9d & ! individual jo9tly take a /ep =w>d :5ev] an evil de$ is recogniz$1 br&$ & expiat$ z s9ful4 ,! object ( puni%m5t1 :e!r inflict$ by society or self-inflict$1 is to promote ?is reg5]ation :i* is ! expiation4#eb ,,note ,evil 9 its e?ical mean+ presupposes wor? z atta*+ to human be+s4 ,to d evil is to (f5d aga9/ wor?4 ,to ass]t ! wor? ( man is to view him z "o ( an inf9ite numb] ( be+s1 unit$ 9 an inf9ite univ]se1 ea* induplicable 9 its k9d4 ,( ?is spiritual multitude ideally project$ by u z envelop+ human society only our fell[ human be+s are kn[n to u4 ,! moral law is ! law :i* reigns ?r\gh\t ! inf9ite spiritual univ]se appli$ )91 ! n>r[ conf9es ( human society4 ,x is appli$ )9 ^? conf9es1 x is spiritual1 univ]sal 9 its jurisdiction4 ,! task ( humanity z a :ole is to embody m & m ! univ]sal spiritual law 9 human relation%ips1 & ?us to trans=m & transfigure human society4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we read ! expression3 8! light ( ,god reflect$ 9 ! face ( ,*ri/40 ,! ideal "h indicat$ may be express$ 9 ! phrase1 ,! spiritual univ]se ) its endless lights reflect$ on ! face ( human society6 ,! task ( humanity is "o :i* c nev] be complet$1 "o f :i* mank9d may nev] desi/4 ,to see evil z s9 is to see x z contrav5+ ! collective task ( mank9d1 ! task ( weav+ ! human gr\ps m & m into ! fabric ( ! spiritual relations4 ,to see evil z s9 is to see any s+le act or s]ies ( acts ideally 9 _! inf9ite connections4 ,?is is :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t ! k ( s9 comes aft] ! act4 ,i d n mean t !re may n be be=e ! act a vague consci\sness ( ! ramifi$ consequ5ces ( evil1 b t ! full] k ( x z s9 is ! fruit ( ! act4 ,nor d ,i mean t evil 9 its deep] significance is reveal$ to e guilty p]son4 ,! opposite is obvi\sly true4 ,:at ,i mean is t x is possible aft] hav+ eat5 ( ! ,fruit ( ! ,tree to ga9 ! enlight5m5t1 9 o!r words1 to become aw>e ( ! intr9sic hol9ess ( our nature 9 consequ5ce ( our (f5se aga9/ ! holy laws4 ,if anyone %\ld ask 8,mu/ ,i !n d evil 9 ord] to ga9 ! enlight5m5t80 ! answ] is t ?is "q is an idle "o4 ,no "o c escape do+ evil4 ,if n 9 its gross] =ms1 !n 9 ways subtl] & m complex1 b n !re=e less evil1 e "o is b\nd to make acqua9tance ) guilt4 ,he ne$ n g out ( 8 way to seek occasion1 let him see to x t he improves ! occasion :5 x comes1 z inevitably x w1 to 8 spiritual advantage4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,! category ( int]dep5d5ce implies t ! l9es ( en]gy betwe5 ,a & ,b cross1 s t ,a is subject to ,b's influ5ce1 ,b subject to ,a's influ5ce1 simultane\sly4 ,! simultaneity ( ! relation di/+ui%es ! category ( int]dep5d5ce f t ( causality4 #eb ,?is implies t ! evil de$ %all n be lo/ sight (1 simply =gott54 ,comp>e ! inadequate acc\nt ( rep5tance z giv5 by ,goe! 9 ,fau/ & else:]e4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,spiritual ,,attitude ,,to ,,be ,,obs]v$ ,,t[>ds ,,fell[-,,m5 ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,irrespective ,,( ,,! ,,special ,,relations ,,:i* ,,connect ,,u ,,m ,,closely ,,) ,,"s ,,?an ,,o!rs ,! ,"r to ,life ,! ?\ghts pres5t$ above on ! subject ( s9 naturally lead ov] to ! next topic1 ! obligations we are "u reg>d+ ! life1 ! prop]ty & ! reputation ( o!rs4 ,! anci5t moral laws unque/ionably rema93 8,?\ %alt n kill02 8,?\ %alt n /eal02 8,?\ %alt n be> false witness40 ,b _! application is ext5d$ & _! significance int5sifi$ by ! positive def9ition :i* has be5 giv5 to ! t]m ,spiritual4 ,s long z ! m]e inviolat5ess ( ! human p]sonality is emphasiz$1 )\t any def9$ conception ( :at x is t is inviolate 7! inviolat5ess )\t ! inf9ite preci\sness71 !re is dang] t ! physical "p ( man w be inve/$ ) ! sacr$ "* t belongs to ! spiritual1 t ! two1 ! spiritual & ! physical p>ts1 w be id5tifi$4 ,! result w be mis*iev\s 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 :ile ! act ( kill+ w be reprobat$1 a k9d ( tabu be+ atta*$ to blood%$1 ! tak+ ( ! life ( fell[-be+s 9 m indirect ways1 or :at may be call$ con/ructive murd]1 w be lightly reg>d$4 ,! foll[+ case is m5tion$ by a rec5t writ]4 ,! directors ( a railroad refus$ to vote ! sum ( five ?\s& doll>s to provide a c]ta9 safety appliance = _! c>s4 ,soon aft] an accid5t occurr$1 9 :i* a numb] ( m5 7 kill$4 ,! accid5t might h be5 prev5t$ _h ! five ?\s& doll>s requir$ = ! in/allation ( ! safety appliance be5 vot$4 ,n[ ! m5 7 und\bt$ly kill$ by ! directors ( ! company4 ,z to ! diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( guilt 9 ! case ( direct & indirect murd]1 !re is room = casui/ical debate4 ,! consequ5ces x is true 7 n pres5t to ! directors' m9ds4 ,b are !y n responsible = ! v fact t ! consequ5ces 7 exclud$ f _! view8 ,!y 7 int5t on _! divid5ds1 & ignor$ ! endang]$ lives4 ,b is n ?is ! sub/ance ( _! guilt8 ,does n moral progress lie 9 ! direction ( ext5d+ ! s5se ( responsibility s z to cov] ! indirect tak+ ( life8 ,simil>ly ! use ( poison\s sub/ances 9 indu/ry1 bad sanitation1 inadequate fire protection1 mu/ be /igmatiz$ z indirect murd]4 ,! ,comm&m5t 8,?\ %alt n kill0 mu/ ext5d ov] a f> wid] area ?an x has cov]$ 9 ! pa/4#ec ,secondly1 ! positive def9ition ( ! spiritual nature enables u to p]ceive m di/9ctly t ! physical "p is ! means & ! spiritual "p ! end1 & to draw ! necess>y consequ5ces4 ,t :i* is means is n to be *]i%$ if to d s w\ld defeat ! end itself2 h5ce ! physical life is n to be pres]v$ if by pres]v+ x we d5y or defeat ! v purpose :i* ! physical "p is to s]ve4 ,s long z m5 h ! tabu feel+ ab\t blood%$1 ! fact t life ought ( "r to be tak5 9 c]ta9 in/ances w seem a hopeless contradiction ( ! g5]al rule aga9/ kill+4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! spiritual end ( exi/5ce on ! o!r h&1 we affirm unhesitat+ly t x is bett] t a man %\ld die ?an commit a he9\s crime4 ,x 0 bett] = ! "y girl m5tion$ 9 a well-kn[n tale1 ?reat5$ ) outrage1 & see+ no o!r possible way ( escape1 to /rangle h]self ) h] own hair r ?an submit4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( c]ta9 s*ola/ic writ]s on e?ics1 di%onor resides solely 9 ! cons5t ( ! s\l1 & :]e ?is is abs5t ! m]e physical infr+em5t _c leave a moral /a94 ,?is is a helpful po9t ( view 9 reg>d to ! victims ( ! atrocities ( w>1 ! inmates ( c]ta9 ,belgian nunn]ies1 & ! hapless objects ( unspeakable brutality 9 c]ta9 ,poli% villages4 ,! angui% ( a pure-m9d$ woman :o becomes a "m "u su* circum/ances is h>dly conceivable4 ,& to discrim9ate betwe5 ! infamy done to h] & h] own unpollut$ s\l is a pla9 duty1 z well z to relieve ! innoc5t (fspr+ ( outrage f any p>ticipation 9 ! guilt to :i* x owes its exi/5ce4 ,b ! case to :i* ,i ref] is diff]5t4 ,x is "o 9 :i* ! *oice rema9s betwe5 volunt>y dea? & submission to int5d$ violation4 ,submission 9 su* a situation argues a k9d ( cons5t1 or at lea/ ! abs5ce ( a suffici5t revulsion4 ,x is "r to kill an int5d+ murd]] suppos+ t !re is no o!r way ( prev5t+ him f committ+ 8 crime1 :e!r ! int5d$ victim be oneself or someone else4 ,x is n only ! life ?us protect$ f attack t is sav$1 b ! murd]] 9 a s5se is sav$ z well1 s f> z he c be sav$1 by ! int]v5tion4 ,also ! memb]s ( 8 family are sav$1 humanity is sav$ f moral disgrace 9 8 p]son4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! position ( ! extreme non-resi/ants4 ,!y w n1 !y tell u1 d a wrong to prev5t a wrong4 ,9 _! eyes to take ! physical life ( ano!r is 9 e possible in/ance an absolute wrong4 ,!y fail to take acc\nt ( ! in/rum5tal relation betwe5 ! physical & ! spiritual p>ts4 ,& on ! same gr\nds1 a def5sive w>1 a w> to w>d (f aggression1 may be !oretically ju/ifi$4 ,b "h ! application ( ! !ory is dubi\s z well z dang]\s4 ,exceptional cases ( high-h&$ aggression t ought to be resi/$ occur1 b aggression is r>ely1 if ev]1 "o-sid$4 ,z a rule1 !re is m or less wrong on bo? sides1 & ! tangle ( accusations & mutual recrim9ations is almo/ impossible to unravel4 ,v r>ely1 inde$1 if ev]1 is "r altoge!r on "o side1 & wrong on ! o!r1 ?\gh pr$om9ant "r may be on "o side & pr$om9ant wrong on ! o!r4 ,& aside f ?is1 ! in/rum5ts ( de/ruction 9 mod]n w>f>e h become s mon/r\s1 ! effici5cy notion appli$ to w> has l$ to su* ru?lessness1 ! attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! civilian population & ! arm$ =ces has s ne>ly brok5 d[n1 t "r-?9k+ p]sons ev]y:]e are n[ eag]ly int5t on h[ to prev5t aggression be=e x c take effect1 r ?an to resi/ x aft] x has occurr$4 ,,note ,! casui/ical "q may be rais$ :e!r f ?is po9t ( view we are n all murd]]s4 ,! am\nt ,i sp5d on my h\se1 food1 recreation1 might if divid$ prolong ! life ( _m a *ild 9 ! slums4 ,am ,i n !n actually a p>asite1 t is1 a murd]]8 ,x is ?is %ock+ scruple t has l$ f9e p to live among ! poor1 & to try to equalize _! mode ( liv+ ) t prevail+ 9 ! environm5t4 ,! motive is noble1 ?\gh z a matt] ( fact !y may nev] succe$ 9 do+ :at !y set out to d because !y nev] actually t\* bottom4 ,!re are always dep?s ( pov]ty to :i* !y c n desc5d4 ,!y may sp5d comp>atively little1 yet t little is f> 9 excess ( ! sp5d+ ( ! mo/ indig5t4 ,& _h !y /ripp$ !mselves ( ev]y?+ !y w\ld h be5 face to face ) ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( _! me?od1 = !y w\ld h ab&on$ civilization & degrad$ _! human life to ! level ( ! wayside tramp4 ,:at is inspir+ 9 _! example is j ! imm5se compassion1 ! will+ness to give up s mu*4 ,b ! me?od itself is n a solution4 ,are we !n murd]]s1 all ( u8 ,p]haps a di/9ction may be drawn betwe5 acts :i* 9 !mselves are ho/ile to ! life ( fell[m51 l ov]tax+ ! work]1 & acts :i* t5d positively to ma9ta9 ! high] values ( life1--su* z ! provid+ ( dec5t %elt]1 support & education1 = ! memb]s ( "o's family4 ,x is true t1 z ,tol/oy w>ns u1 we easily slip into indef5sible luxury "u ! pret5ce ( ma9ta9+ ! high] values4 ,b ?is does n affect ! validity ( ! di/9ction itself4 ,& yet ! di/9ction does n relieve u ( :at may be call$ our %>e ( ! social or collective guilt4 ,! exploit] is *>geable ) individual guilt4 ,i :o am try+ to keep up ! /&>d ( civiliz$ liv+ )9 my little sph]e am nev]!less consci\s ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! social guilt1 ! guilt ( a society t has p]mitt$ & /ill p]mits su* mis]y to exi/4 ,well1 x does exi/1 & ,i c d b a v little to *ange x4 ,c ,i !n endure ! contra/ betwe5 my own lot & t ( ! great] numb]4 ,is x n true aft] all t if ,i give up ! com=ts1 or let me say ! helps to ! ma9t5ance ( ! high] values1 ,i %\ld be sav+ ! lives ( _m *ildr58 ,^? *ildr5 are dy+ because ,i am n divid+ my possessions among ! poor4 ,c ,i /& up & look at t fact1 at ^? dea?s8 ,! only answ] :i* x is possible to give at ! po9t we h ?us f> rea*$ 9 our exposition is3 pu% on1 p]fect civilization1 a way w ev5tually be f\nd to uplift ! masses & make !m p>tak]s ( ! future civilization4 ,! o!r alt]native1 t ( ,tol/oy1 is /agnation4 ,yet ,i _c disguise f myself ! fact t 9 ! mean:ile1 :ile we are try+ to pu% on1 millions are p]i%+4 ,?is is ! true 8burd5 ( _w pa910 n ! s5tim5tal _w pa9 due to ! fact t "o is n hav+ oneself ! be/ k9d ( a "t 9 ! _w1 b ! pa9 caus$ by ! fact t :ile we are rea*+ =w>d to help ! suff]+ masses1 ^? masses1 ?\gh compos$ ( individuals morally z wor? :ile z ourselves1 & _m ( !m d\btless bett]1 if we only knew x1 are p]i%+ be=e our v eyes1 & t we /& by & _c save !m4 ,i h said t 9 ! mean:ile :ile we are try+ to pu% on1 millions are p]i%+4 ,! actual moral problem s (t5 ov]look$ is und]l9$ 9 ! words 89 ! mean:ile40 ,!re is "o pa!tic consolation4 ,envy is n ! widespread vice :i* x is sometimes repres5t$ to be4 ,^? :o are 9 tr\ble take ! w v l>gely = ! de$4 ,p 9 ! wor/ conditions are grateful to anyone :o %[s a real desire to help1 ev5 if 8 actual p]=mance does n g v f>4 ,& !re is a /ill f9] trait 9 ord9>y human nature1 namely1 ! t5d5cy to f9d a c]ta9 vic>i\s relief 9 ! joy ( ! few1 provid$ t _! joy be pure4 ,! ,"r to ,prop]ty#ed 8,prop]ty10 accord+ to ,black/one1 8is ! sole & despotic dom9ion :i* "o man claims & ex]cises ov] ! ext]nal ?+s ( ! _w 9 total exclusion ( ! "r ( any o!r individual 9 ! univ]se40 ,or?odox jurisprud5ce1 l or?odox religion1 is *>act]iz$ by ! absolut5ess ( its =mula4 ,x ignores ! g5esis ( its concepts 9 ! long l9e ( antec$5t hi/orical developm5t1 & x disda9s to ent]ta9 ! dem& = modification1 ?\gh ! circum/ances ( ! "t l\dly call = x4 8,! sole & despotic dom9ion :i* "o man claims & ex]cises10 etc41 may be a fact1 b x is n a "r4 ,prop]ty c only be reg>d$ z a "r if %[n to be subs]vi5t to ! e?ical end1--! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,or?odox jurisprud5ce effaces ! end1 & treats t :i* is or has be5 at "o "t a means z if x possess$ a sanctity ( its own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! empirical treatm5t ( jurisprud5ce1 9 dismiss+ ! suppos$ly absolute means1 t5ds to leave out ( sight ! e?ical end1 & to treat ! social in/itutions z subs]vi5t to m]e conv5i5ce4 ,! foll[+ propositions w indicate ! *anges 9 ! conception ( ! "r ( prop]ty requir$ by our e?ical !ory4 #a4 ,prop]ty is a relation betwe5 a p]son or p]sons & ?+s4 ,!re c be no prop]ty "r 9 p]sons1 b only 9 ?+s4#ee #b4 ,! "r ( prop]ty faces 9 two directions3 ,t[>d outside nature & t[>d fell[ human be+s4 ,we h a "r ov] ! ext]nal ?+s ( nature4 ,we h a "r to ! s]vices1 ?\gh n to ! p]sonality1 ( fell[ human be+s4 ,^! two aspects ( ! "r ( prop]ty mu/ be kept ap>t & def9$4 ,x is sometimes held t ! human race z a :ole1 z ov] aga9/ nature1 has ! "r ( dom9ion4 ,nature1 x is said1 is our qu>ry1 we c take out ( x ! /ones we ne$ to con/ruct ! edifice ( civilization4 ,nature is our tool4 ,! laws ( nature1 z sci5ce discov]s !m1 become our s]vants4 ,nature (f]s ! raw mat]ial :i* we consume4 ,nature has no rights z aga9/ man4 ,b ,i hold t nei!r has man rights z aga9/ nature1 except 9 s f> z he rightly def9es ! end 9 ! int]e/ ( :i* he makes use ( nature--! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,to suppose t ! "r ( prop]ty z ! ext5sion ( p]sonality ov] ?+s is t5able )\t reg>d to its in/rum5tal use1 to suppose t b>e appropriation ( nature z ( 8treasure trove0 is a pr]ogative ( man1 is to l5d c\nt5ance to ! false notion ( occupation1 or fir/ appropriation1 :i* has confus$ ! e?ics ( ! subject 9 ! lit]ature ( jurisprud5ce1 & prev5t$ a "r und]/&+ ( x4 ,if b>e appropriation be ! f\ndation1 !n ! fir/ com] has a "r aga9/ 8 successors1 s9ce ! ext5sion ( p]sonality ov] ! ?+ has be5 actually accompli%$ by him1 & t is all !re is to be said ab\t x4 ,aga91 on ?is view1 a case may be made out = ve/$ int]e/s1 t is to say1 = ^? :o h successfully appropriat$ ! e>?1 yes1 & ! fullness !re(1 & :o hav+ ?us effectually ext5d$ _! p]sonality ov] ?+s )\t reg>d to ! uses !y make ( _! possessions1 are !n to be entitl$ to rema9 indef9itely 9 secure own]%ip ( !m4 ,)\t an e?ical /&>d1 )\t ! notion ( an end to be subs]v$1 /ubborn possession w always be able to resi/ modification1 & on ! o!r h& attempts at modification w be haphaz>d4 ,nei!r ! human species collectively nor ! individual has a "r simply to appropriate ! ?+s ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,nei!r ! fir/ occupi] nor ! la/ is entitl$ to 8 goods unless he c make out a great] good 9 ! int]e/ ( :i* he %\ld be all[$ to possess !m4 ,b ! case ( prim>y occupation is academic4 ,x occurs on ,rob9son ,crusoe's isl& & 9 legal fiction4 ,ev5 :5 ! :ite race invades ,africa1 x does n commonly take possession ( unoccupi$ l&1 b dispossesses ! natives4 ,on :at gr\nd does x dispossess !m8 ,is !re an e?ical /&>d by :i* ! deal+s ( ! civiliz$ nations ) ! populations ( ,africa c be measur$8 ,is ! introduction ( ! appliances ( mod]n civilization1 ! op5+ up to trade1 a suffici5t gr\nd = ! subjection or ! ext]m9ation ( ! inhabitants8 ,9 ?is connection x becomes cle> h[ urg5t a m cl>ifi$ conception ( prop]ty rights is4 ,false ideas ( ?is s-call$ "r are to no small ext5t responsible = ! massacre ( ! inf]ior races1 & ! mutual slaught] ( ^? :o covet _! l&s4 ,a proclamation ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl& or ( ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 or ! signature ( an irresponsible *ief to a treaty ! mean+ ( :i* he sc>cely und]/&s1 transf]s millions ( subjects & _! t]ritory to "o or o!r ( ! ,european p[]s4 ,:at "r ( prop]ty h ^! ,european p[]s 9 ! t]ritory & ! peoples acquir$ by !m 9 ?is fa%ion8 ,! la/ example %[s t ! "r ( own]%ip1 except 9 v r>e in/ances1 is n 9 "q 9 respect to ! deal+s ( man ) nature1 b comes into play *iefly 9 ! relation ( man to 8 fell[s4 ,!re are competitors to be out/ripp$1 ?w>t$4 ,!re are weak] fell[-be+s to be subdu$4 ,! use ( =ce & cunn+ 9 acquir+ prop]ty is well nigh ! g5]al rule4 ,are !re any e?ical ideals :i*1 if !y c\ld be realiz$1 might disclose a bett] way1 might br+ ord] into ?is frightful *aos1 & abate ! conflicts8 ,f ! e?ical ideal z outl9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s ?is foll[s3 ,! ext5sion ( p]sonality ov] ?+s is a "r 9 s f> z ?+s are employ$ to ma9ta9 & develop pot5tial p]sonality4 ,! use ( ! s]vices ( a fell[man is a "r 9 s f> z 8 s]vices are us$ 9 su* a mann] z to pres]ve & develop 8 p]sonality z well z t ( ! us]4 ,9 speak+ ( ! use ( ! s]vices ( o!rs we t\* ^u ! social aspect ( ! prop]ty relation1 & "h is ! crux ( ! :ole matt]4 ,x is com+ to be affirm$ m & m t prop]ty is a 8social0 concept1 t x _c be expla9$ ei!r z imply+ a relation ( ! individual to outside nature1 save exceptionally1 nor z a relation ( ! individual consid]$ atomi/ically to o!r atomic individuals4 ,! social tie1 x is held1 is intr9sic4 ,! nature ( man z su* is social1 b ! ^w 8social0 9 curr5t discussion is v ill-def9$1 & is commonly und]/ood to d5ote m]ely ! fact ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( m5 ^u "o ano!r1 )\t convey+ ! idea ( a rule or /&>d by :i* ! sy/em ( int]dep5d5ce may be regulat$4 ,vague notions1 su* z t ( social happ9ess1 are believ$ suffici5t to take ! place ( su* a /&>d4 ,let me !n consid] fir/ ! b>e fact ( int]dep5d5ce1 & see :at foll[s f x1 & h[ f> x w take u4 ,e man has manifold wants = ! satisfaction ( :i* he dep5ds on o!rs4 ,8 wants are legion2 8 ability & opportunity to satisfy !m exce$+ly limit$4 ,x is ?is cross relation t expresses ! s-call$ social nature ( man4 ,b ! reciprocal dep5d5ce ( m5 ^u "o ano!r = ! satisfaction ( _! wants by no means con/itutes an e?ical tie4 ,! tie betwe5 ! ,greek ma/] & ! ,greek slave1 z describ$ by ,ari/otle1 0 social1 b n e?ical4 ,! same is true ( ! tie t unit$ ! ,s\!rn plant] to 8 negro slaves4 ,! relation 0 inde$ f> m social ?an t betwe5 ! mod]n mill-own] & ! op]atives 9 8 factory1 b /ill x 0 n e?ical4 ,! reason is cle>ly /at$ by ,ari/otle himself4 ,accord+ to him ! slave is a liv+ tool3 ! purpose ( 8 exi/5ce is n realiz$ 9 himself b 9 8 ma/]4 ,he fulfils ! end ( 8 be+ by sett+ free ! high] functions ex]cis$ by 8 ma/]4 ,b f ! e?ical po9t ( view no man may be reg>d$ z ! tool ( ano!r4 ,ea* human be+ is an end p] se1 & ! highe/ object ( 8 exi/5ce is to be fulfill$1 n 9 o!rs1 b jo9tly 9 !m & 9 himself4 ,i h j said t ! social & ! e?ical views are n synonym\s or co9cid5t1 z ! loose use ( language 9 curr5t lit]ature w\ld imply4 ,i g f>!r & say t ! social & ! e?ical po9t ( view are ev5 on _! face contradictory4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! natural sy/em ( int]dep5d5ce resembles t ( ! body & its memb]s4 ,a hi]>*y ( organs & ( functions is app>5t 9 ! human body1 & likewise 9 ! social body4 ,"s m5 d ! l[e/ k9d ( "w4 ,_! function appe>s to be to produce food1 clo?+ & %elt]1 to satisfy ! m]e physical wants4 ,"s are ! h&s1 s to speak1 ( society1 :ile only a v few effectually repres5t ! bra94 ,! simile has be5 c>ri$ out 9 detail by well-kn[n writ]s1 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times4 ,x is q true t ! arti/ & ! sci5ti/ are dep5d5t on ! manual labor]1 j z he 9 turn is dep5d5t on !m4 ,b !n1 consid] ! diff]5ce 9 ! dignity ( ! s]vices !y r5d] "o ano!r4 ,0 n ! ,greek1 :o saw ?+s dispassionately z !y are1 "r 9 ass]t+ t1 tak+ society 9 ! l>ge1 ! purpose ( human life is fulfill$ 9 ! few1 & t ! great] numb] exi/ 9 ord] t by _! inf]ior s]vices !y may enable ^! few to express humanity 9 its highe/ t]ms8 ,x seems to me t ! k9d ( social arrangem5t contemplat$ by ! great ,greek philosoph]s1 & by "s ( ! m$ival publici/s1 z well z by c]ta9 mod]n ?9k]s1 is unque/ionably social4 ,! fact ( int]dep5d5ce is /ress$ by !m4 ,! e?ical note ( equality1 or1 z ,i %\ld pref] to put x1 equival5ce1 is left out4 ,i h endeavor$ 9 a rec5t book to indicate h[ ! e?ical sy/em may be sup]9duc$ ov] ! social sy/em4#ef ,"h ,i am conc]n$ *iefly to m>k z /rictly z possible ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two t]ms social & e?ical4 ,& ,i mu/1 !re=e1 at once am5d my previ\s /atem5t t prop]ty is a social concept by say+ t x is ! concept ( a social relation consid]$ z ! sub/ratum 9 :i* is to be work$ out ! e?ical relation4 ,! g5]al consequ5ces ( ! prop]ty concept z def9$ are ^!3 #a4 ,he :o w n "w1 nei!r %all he eat2 or bett]1 he :o w n "w if able-bodi$ %all be discipl9$ & tra9$ 9 su* a mann] t he w "w4 ,! fruits ( nature d n fall into ! lap ( mank9d4 ,we are n liv+ 9 a /ate ( ,p>adise4 ,! human race is engag$ 9 ! ardu\s labor ( con/antly r5ew+ ! capital on :i* x subsi/s4 ,z a memb] ( ! race1 ev]yone is b\nd to d 8 "p4 #b4 ,no "o has a prop]ty "r 9 h>mful or sup]flu\s luxuries1 s9ce prop]ty is ! control ( ext]nal ?+s = ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( p]sonality2 & luxury1 s f> f ma9ta9+1 und]m9es p]sonality1 & h9d]s its developm5t4 ,no "o has e?ically a "r ( prop]ty 9 great =tunes l ^? accumulat$ "u ! mod]n sy/em ( indu/ry4 ,:atev] is 9 excess ( "o's ne$s1 rightly e/imat$1 is n appropriate to "o1 n prop] to "o1 n 8 prop]ty4 ,s9ce ! pres5t sy/em ( own]%ip _c be *ang$ abruptly1 ! idea ( ! /ew>d%ip ( weal? has be5 sugge/$ to quiet ! consci5ces ( ^? :o h come to realize t !y h no moral "r to excessive weal?4 ,b ! idea ( /ew>d%ip %\ld be held ) fe> & trembl+4 ,x is at be/ a make%ift1 a bridge lead+ ov] to some?+ m s\nd4 ,x may be s taught & receiv$ z to seem to ju/ify by philan?ropic use ! possession ( great =tunes4 ,b ! p[] to dispose ( va/ funds = philan?ropic uses may come to be itself a badge ( sup]iority4 ,& ev5 if ?is be n s1 if surplus weal? be us$ mode/ly1 & ) a s9c]e int5tion to apply x 9 ! be/ possible way1 !re is yet no surety t any individual own] w h ! bread? ( vision1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! insight1 to dis*>ge adequately ! function ( di/ributor4 ,! defects ( 8 e>ly education1 habits +ra9$ 9 him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 bus9ess c>e]1 may lead him to be/[ lavi%ly 9 "o direction :ile turn+ a deaf e> to ! appeal ( o!r ne$s ev5 m urg5t & fundam5tal4 ,no?+ %ort ( ! collective wisdom ( ! community1 ! collaboration ( ! be/1 c safely direct ! surplus weal? available = social b5efaction4 #c4 ,ev]yone is e?ically entitl$ to a %>e ( ! products furni%$ by nature & work$ up into usable %ape by 8 fell[s1 & also to ! direct s]vices ( fell[ human be+s1 9 s f> z t %>e & ^? s]vices are necess>y 9 ord] to enable him to p]=m 9 ! be/ possible way ! specific s]vice :i* he 9 turn is capable ( r5d]+4 ,our e?ical !ory "h supplies u ) a pr9ciple :i* takes ! place ( remun]ation4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a j remun]ation ( labor1 !re is no su* ?+ z a fair wage1 if ! wage be consid]$ z ! equival5t (1 or ! rew>d = ! "w done4 ,x is n possible by any process ( calculation to con/ruct an equation betwe5 labor & rew>d4 ,! labor] is assur$ly n entitl$ to ! product ( 8 labor1 z ! curr5t =mula awkw>dly puts x1 = x is an entirely hopeless und]tak+ to try to asc]ta9 :at ! product ( any man's labor is4 ,9 ! mod]n =ms ( indu/ry1 ! contributions ( ! diff]5t factors engag$ 9 production are intimately int]m+l$1 play into "o ano!r1 & are insep>able4 ,nei!r ! s-call$ work]s alone are ! produc]s ( weal?1 nor ! employ]s & capitali/s1 nor yet bo? toge!r irrespective ( ! labors ( pa/ g5]ations ( :i* !y enjoy ! usufruct4 ,! "q1 :at is a fair wage1 or a fair pr(it1 is badly pos$4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a fair wage or pr(it 9 ! s5se ( a fair comp5sation = ! "w p]=m$4 ,! prop] paym5t ( ! human factors engag$ 9 production is unasc]ta9able g5etically1 i4e41 if "o goes back to ! orig9 ( ! product4 ,x c only be approximately det]m9$ by fix+ att5tion on ! end to be s]v$4 ,& ! end 9 ea* case is ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,9 o!r words1 t is a fair wage :i* suffices to enable ! diff]5t function>ies cop]at+ 9 production ea* to p]=m 8 function1 or r5d] 8 s]vice1 9 ! mo/ effici5t possible mann]4 ,! solution ( ! labor "q mu/ be along teleological n g5etic l9es4 ,adequate n\ri%m5t z to quantity & quality1 suitable dwell+s1 educational opportunities1 etc41 are all indisp5sable to ! r5d]+ ( s]vice1 ev5 by 8common labor]s40 ,specific requirem5ts come up = consid]ation ) respect to ! diff]5t special functions1 & ^? :o p]=m !m4 ,my int5tion 9 ?is *apt] is to indicate ! be>+s ( ! e?ical !ory on liv+ que/ions ( ! day4 ,no?+ is m emphatic 9 ! programmes ( ! work+-class ?an ?is dem& = social ju/ice4 ,no?+ is m disc\rag+ ?an to see ! futile ef=ts made to def9e social ju/ice by extemporiz+ a notion ( fair adju/m5t :i* goes to pieces 9 e s]i\s labor controv]sy4 ,"o m rem>k %\ld be made 9 reg>d to :at is meant by prop]ty z a relation betwe5 p]sons & ?+s consid]$ z a means ( develop+ p]sonality4 ,a conv5i5t illu/ration is ! use ( a block ( /one by a sculptor4 ,! sculptor's attempt at self-expression is an ef=t to comb9e two ?+s 9 !mselves uncong5ial1 an ideal image1 & an ext]nal tangible ?+1 ! block ( /one4 ,! m5tal image does n leap f ! m9d ^u ! /one & trans=m x magically into its own lik5ess4 ,! ext]nal ?+1 ! /one1 (f]s resi/ance1 & ! resi/ance limits ! arti/'s ef=t4 ,b ! limitation itself becomes 9 "t an indisp5sable aid4 ,= ! ideal image z at fir/ x />t$ up 9 ! arti/'s m9d 0 vague1 & ! limitations impos$ by ! intractable nature ( ! mat]ial compel him to articulate ! image1 to grasp m firmly its complex details1 & ?us to become m surely possess$ ( x4 ,! same is true ( ! m5tal ?+ :i* we call ! relation ( cause & effect 9 ! m9d ( ! sci5ti/1 & ( 8 endeavor to impose ?is m5tal relation on ! sequ5ce ( ph5om5a obs]v$ by him4 ,& ! same is aga9 true ( t supreme ?+ :i* we call ! e?ical ideal1 & ( ! ef=t to embody x 9 ! social relations4 ,! attempt to express ! e?ical ideal 9 human society inevitably hits on limitations1 & leads to fru/rations4 ,we h 9 our heads f9e s*emes ( univ]sal reg5]ation4 ,we f9d elem5ts 9 human nature t res5t & resi/ our ,socialisms1 our communisms4 ,we desire to enl>ge m5's moral horizon1 ! field ( _! moral int]e/1 to lead out f ! family to ! nation1 to frat]nity 9 g5]al4 ,we pres5tly discov] t we are los+ ! b5efit ( ! clos] ties4 ,9 ! v process ( build+ we seem to be 9 dang] ( de/roy+ ! f\ndations1 & to be build+ 9 ! air4 ,9 ?is way our =mulations ( ! e?ical ideal are te/$4 ,we are compell$ to reca/ !m1 & ! fru/rations :i* we meet ) become ! means ( cl>ify+ & articulat+ ! ideal itself1 & ( enabl+ u to exp]i5ce m vividly ! co]cive impulses t g out f x4 ,! ,"r to ,reputation ,! e?ical rule is to %[ a sacr$ respect = ! reputation ( o!rs4 ,9 ! pres5t discussion intellectual & moral reputation may be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,"u ! fir/ head ( intellectual reputation1 c]ta9 po9ts sugge/ !mselves1 "o ( !m 9 reg>d to controv]sies conc]n+ priority ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,:at is ! s5se ( su* controv]sies8 ,:at diff]5ce does x make :e!r ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 0 fir/ enunciat$ by ,helmholtz or by ,rob]t ,may]1 or :e!r ! me?od ( fluxions 0 inv5t$ by ,newton or ,leibnitz1--n to m5tion less] contr>ieties ( claims8 ,w\ld x n argue1 on ! "p ( ! sci5ti/s & _! fri5ds1 a m entire devotion to objective tru? if !y %[$ !mselves indiff]5t to p]sonal cr$it8 ,! discov]y1 ! inv5tion1 x may be said1 is important1 n ! reputation ( ! discov]] or ! inv5tor4 ,nev]!less1 su* controv]sies are c>ri$ on 9 a lively _s4 ,& x is usually felt t some?+ m ?an vanity is at /ake1 t a man is entitl$ to be nam$ 9 connection ) ! productions ( 8 m9d4 ,su* controv]sies resemble a suit at law und]tak5 to det]m9e a disput$ title to "s valuable prop]ty4 ,plagi>ism is diff]5t4 ,x is b>efac$ intellectual !ft4 ,! title to ! prop]ty 9 ?is case is n disput$4 ,! plagi>i/ j /eals an idea or a =m ( words 9 :i* an idea has be5 happily express$1 & palms x (f z 8 own1 hop+ to escape ) 8 /ol5 goods undetect$4 ,9 ?is case too1 x seems1 "o might say ! idea is important1 n ! au?or%ip4 ,nev]!less1 a pr(\nd res5tm5t is felt1 n only by ! au?or1 b by ! g5]al public1 aga9/ a plagi>i/4 ,a rule is e?ical :5 ! conduct prescrib$ is in/rum5tal to ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,respect = reputation is e?ical because reputation is a help to ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,a man projects 8 m9d outw>d1 s to speak1 into ! productions ( 8 m9d4 ,z a ?9k+ be+ he an*ors himself 9 outside reality4 ,he transf]s himself1 z x 71 into an ext]nal ?+1--a discov]y1 an inv5tion1 ! expression ( an idea 9 apt language1--ea* a ?+ t goes on exi/+ indep5d5tly ( himself4 ,to d5y 8 connection ) x is to infr+e ^u 8 p]sonality1 to efface 8 p]sonality 9 s f> z 8 p]sonality is en%r9$ 9 8 m5tal product4 ,aga91 a man's reputation z a sci5ti/ or s*ol> is a prop to 8 p]sonality z a ?9k]4 ,a man c nev] be q c]ta9 ( ! validity ( 8 ?9k+ until x is approv$ by ! cons5sus ( ! compet5t4 ,to w9 t approbation is to "k t z f> z he has gone he is on sure gr\nd4 ,he c !nce proce$1 c turn t[>d new problems ) a s5se ( p[] & a measure ( self-confid5ce n previ\sly atta9$4 ,to rob him ( 8 reputation is to deprive him ( ?is invaluable aid to fur!r m5tal developm5t4#eg ,com+ next to moral reputation1 we f9d t ! e?ical rule requir+ respect = ! moral "* ( o!rs is ev5 m exact+1 & t any contrav5tion ( x des]ves an ev5 m /r5u\s reprobation4 ,! ,decalogue prohibits ! be>+ ( false witness & ?is rule is ext5sible f c\rts ( law to ord9>y conv]sation1 s9ce ! pr9ciple involv$ is ! same4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt m5ac+ly w>ns aga9/ judg+ o!rs3 8,judge n t ye be n judg$40 ,buddha enjo9s 8 foll[]s to refra9 f malici\s gossip1 & includes a prohibition to ?is effect among ! pr9cipal pron\ncem5ts ( 8 religion4 ,all ! great tea*]s ( e?ics & religion insi/ on ?is po9t1 p]haps because ! natural prop5sities ( m5 con/antly t5d 9 ! opposite direction1 & are s h>d to re/ra94 ,to /ab "o's neighbor 9 ! back1 morally speak+1 to ins9uate base motives1 to spread damag+ reports ab\t him1 to sugge/ z possibly & !n z probably true rumors :i* "o does n positively "k to be untrue1 to all[ private repugnance to take ! place ( evid5ce1--are infr+em5ts ( ! moral reputation ( o!rs ) "s ( :i* notori\sly _m ev5 ( ! s-call$ be/ p are *>geable4 ,i d n "h speak ( ! gross] attacks1 attacks on "* inspir$ by envy1 rivalry1 & gre$4 ,! s\ndness ( ! rule is g5]ally admitt$1 ?\gh its violations are pa/ belief & )\t numb]4 ,b is ! rule itself z to moral reputation t5able8 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 intellectual & moral reputation at :i* we mu/ at lea/ ca/ a glance4 ,intellectual reputation is a fairly safe index ( m]it2 moral reputation is n4 ,a man's m9d is reflect$ 9 8 intellectual p]=mances4 ,is ! same true ( 8 moral "*8 ,is n ! moral "* an int]ior1 elusive ?+8 ,! real "* escapes ! eye ( ! outside spectator & judge2 & if ?is be s1 :y %\ld x be s important a matt] to safegu>d a man's moral reputation1 see+ t ! reputation he des]ves is pa/ f9d+ out8 ,a public (ficial1 = in/ance1 is accus$ ( corrupt practices4 ,he is innoc5t1 & 8 fri5ds & he are indignant at ! damag+ accusations br\ght aga9/ him4 ,b if n guilty ( ! palpable d]elictions ) :i* he is *>g$1 yet1 9 view ( 8 opportunities & education1 he may n be less blamewor?y = o!r acts ) :i* he has n be5 *>g$1 & 9 8 he>t ( he>ts he kn[s t ?is is s4 ,:y !n1 ?is outcry8 ,o!r examples might be adduc$4 ,! honor ( a "y woman is attack$ by ! circulation ( atroci\s rumors1 & ! reaction at ?is mo/ s5sitive po9t is c]ta9 to be extreme :5 ! fals5ess ( ! accusation is expos$4 ,b is outw>d decorum1 correct behavior1 always a sure sign ( inw>d purity8 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce !n betwe5 ! intellectual & ! moral "*4 ,! "o c be measur$1 ! o!r _c4 ,b ! reply to ^! sophi/ical objections is /ill ! same z be=e4 ,! purpose ( ! e?ical rule is to furni% aids 9 ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,! aim 9 view is n g5etic1 b teleological1 n to det]m9e h[ f> 9 analyz+ a man's "* d[n to ! bottom he may be f\nd to be already admirable1 b to help him 9 atta9+ excell5ce1 by progressively advanc+ t[>d /r5g? & virtue4 ,& moral reputation is a great help to ?is end4 ,x is a prop on :i* he c lean4 ,he :o does "r acts & has ! cr$it = !m1 is !reby enc\rag$ to d o!r "r acts4 ,& if ! inn] voice :isp]s1 z x is sure to d 9 ! f9] natures1 t ! good op9ion ( 8 fell[s1 f\nd$ on 8 correct deportm5t1 is undes]v$1 ! %ame ( x may lead him to m det]m9$ ef=ts to m]it ! "* :i*1 on h[ev] insuffici5t evid5ce1 is attribut$ to him4 ,reputation is sacr$ because x is an almo/ indisp5sable means to fur!r m5tal & moral progress4 ,,footnotes3 #ec ,vide note at ! end ( ! ,*apt]4 #ed ,a "r is a claim ( "o p]son ^u ano!r or o!rs1 & ! ju/ification consi/s 9 its relation to p]sonality4 ,rights exi/ betwe5 p]sons = ! sake ( ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( p]sonality4 #ee ,animals1 = ! purpose n[ 9 h&1 may be reg>d$ z ?+s1 be+ devoid ( p]sonality1 ?\gh c]ta9 modifications 9 ! treatm5t ( animals are prescrib$ by ! fact t !y are s5ti5t creatures4 ,b !re is no moral int]diction ( ! involunt>y s]vitude ( animals4 #ef ,see ,*apt] ,,vii on 8,an ,e?ical ,programme ( ,social ,re=m0 9 ,! ,_w ,crisis1 publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 #aiae4 #eg ,a rem>k may "h be 9 place reg>d+ ! erudition exp5d$ 9 det]m9+ :i* ( ! writ+s attribut$ to "s great philosoph] l ,plato are spuri\s1 & :i* g5u9e4 ,is ! "t & labor sp5t on su* rese>*es wor? :ile8 ,! object 9 ?is case is n s mu* to cle> or v9dicate ! reputation ( ! philosoph]1 or to give him 8 due1 z to rescue = po/]ity1 free f corruptions1 a liv+ & quick5+ ?+ to :i* he has giv5 bir?1 & :i* ! _w _c af=d to lose4 ,= ! "w ( a great philosoph] l ,plato is alive1 & is valuable because x is /ill quick5+4 ,& x is quick5+1 n because ( any positive =mulation ( tru? 7l a sci5tific law71 b because ( ! lan ( ! human _s ) :i* x is vibrant 9 attack+ ! et]nal problems ( life & de/9y4 ,! same applies to ! indu/ry ( mod]n critics 9 collect+ mat]ial :]e) to facilitate ! deep] und]/&+ ( "s great poet l ,dante or ,goe!4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,=giv5ess ,9 ! la/ *apt] we treat$ ! imputation ( evil to ! innoc5t4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! "r attitude t[>d actual evildo]s4 ,9 discuss+ s91 "o ( ! po9ts emphasiz$ 0 t ( ! moral solid>ity betwe5 ! individual & society4 ,! moral int]e/ ( ! individual is always id5tical ) ! moral int]e/ ( society2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! failure ( ! individual is a social failure4 ,! human race sags morally at ! po9t ( "s p>ticul> memb] ( x4 ,aga91 we def9$ ! task ( humanity z ! incessant endeavor to embody ! ideal spiritual ord] 9 ! f9ite sph]e ( human relations4 ,?is ef=t meets bo? ) p>tial success & ) failure4 ,! ga9 d]iv$ by ! human race f its exp]i5ces1 its labors1 its suff]+s1 is t ! spiritual univ]se 9 its unatta9able elevation & sublimity is m & m reveal$ to ! inn] eye2 9 o!r words1 t by way ( ef=t & recoil1 & r5ew$ ef=t & r5ew$ recoil f ! f9ite1 ! inf9it5ess ( ! inf9ite _w is realiz$4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t ! boon ( realization mu/ be ga9$ bo? ?r\gh p>tial success & failure4 ,n[ s9 is failure2 ev]yone fails1 ev]yone is convict$ ( s94 ,!re is no exception4 ,9 insi/+ on ?is po9t ! ,*ri/ian acc\nt is exact4 ,only x %\ld be rememb]$ t s9 or failure itself is "o ( ! in/rum5talities by :i* ! end ( human exi/5ce is a*iev$4 ,^! prelim9>ies be+ und]/ood1 c]ta9 propositions may be br\ght =w>d z to ! treatm5t ( s91 & 9 p>ticul> z to rep5tance1 puni%m5t & =giv5ess4 ,rep5tance is recoil1 recoil n f ! bad act & its pa9ful consequ5ces1 b f ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! act4 ,e k9d ( s9 is an attempt 9 "s fa%ion to live at ! exp5se ( o!r life4 ,! spiritual pr9ciple is3 live 9 ! life ( o!rs1 9 ! en]gy exp5d$ to promote ! ess5tial life 9 o!rs4 ,moral badness is self-isolation1 deta*m5t4 ,spirituality is consci\sness ( inf9ite int]relat$ness4 ,puni%m5t1 rightly reg>d$1 is a "n = ! /eps tak5 to lead ! unrep5tant up to ! po9t ( rep5tance1 i4e41 up to ! recoil4 ,puni%m5t is itself crim9al :5 und]tak5 = any o!r object4 ,puni%m5t on ! v9dictive lex talionis !ory1 or on ! b>e det]r5t !ory1 is exclud$4 ,re=matory puni%m5t z commonly und]/ood is no less inadequate1 because x re/ricts ! idea ( re=mation z a rule to ! ext]nals ( conduct4#eh ,! /eps tak5 to lead ! evildo] up to ! po9t ( rep5tance are to be criticis$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,transi5t or prolong$ sep>ation f ord9>y society may be necess>y4 ,sev]e discipl9e may be indisp5sable4 ,capital puni%m5t1 h[ev]1 is :olly out ( ! "q1 s9ce ! prev5tion ( ! crime n[ be+ impossible1 ! a*ievem5t ( ! spiritual ga9 is ! po9t to be aim$ at4 ,b ! mo/ effectual aid 9 promot+ rep5tance is fai? 9 ! bett] nature ( ! wrongdo]1 9 t spiritual pr9ciple resid5t )9 him :i* no crime committ$ by him c :olly cru%1 & :i* 9 ! mo/ app>5tly hopeless cases is /ill to be presum$4 ,b fai? 9 ! good t p]si/s 9 ^? :om we call bad mu/ g h& 9 h& ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! bad t rema9s unexpurgat$ 9 ^? :om we call good4 ,! prison re=m] :o poses z impeccable & righte\s himself c nev] w9 ! confid5ce ( ! poor human d]elicts ) :om he has to deal nor effect 9 !m ! desir$ *ange4 ,he mu/ %>e ) !m ! conviction ( s9 if he w\ld imp>t to !m ! p[] ( ! resili5ce :i* he exp]i5ces )9 himself4 ,fai? 9 ! pot5tial p[] ( goodness resid5t 9 ! evildo] is (t5 conf\nd$ ) =giv5ess4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be oblit]at$4 ,fai? is help pr(f]$ f ! outside to effectuate ! inn] *ange4 ,=giv5ess is a record ( ! fact t ! *ange has actually tak5 place1 & belief t x is likely to be p]man5t4 ,=giv5ess1 9 ! m9d ( spiritually-m9d$ p]sons1 takes place almo/ automatically :5 ! conditions on :i* x dep5ds are fulfill$4 ,s long z he rema9s unrep5tant a man _c be =giv51 al?\gh we may h ! conviction t x is 9 8 p[] to rep5t & ! e>ne/ desire to br+ ab\t ! *ange 9 him4 ,jesus on ! ,cross says3 8,=give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d40 ,p]haps 8op5 _! eyes s t !y may see ! ,light0 may be ! m j int]pretation ( ! mean+--n 8=give0 9 ! /rict s5se1 = =giv5ess is n feasible :ile ! he>t ( ! (f5d] rema9s clos$4#ei ,bo? fai? & =giv5ess are factors 9 reg5]ation3 ! "o to assi/ 9 accompli%+ ! *ange1 ! o!r to assi/ 9 mak+ x p]man5t4 ,b bo? ! fai? & ! =giv5ess are exceptionally difficult 9 ! case ( our p]sonal enemies4 ,enemies 9 ! spiritual s5se !re are & c be none4 ,e human be+1 ev5 "o :o has done me ! mo/ cruel h>m1 is yet1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 a fell[ memb] ( ! spiritual society4 ,b to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two relations 9 :i* ! man /&s to me--t 9 :i* he is my foe1 & ! o!r 9 :i* he is my fell[--to be able to put aside z less important ! h>m he has done1 ! suff]+ he has =c$ me to endure1 & to desire ) p]fect s9c]ity t ! recoil1 ! trans=mation1 may take place 9 him1 t is ! mo/ se>*+ te/ ( "o's own e?ical "*4#fj ,! =giv5ess ( p]sonal foes1 :5 complete1 e/abli%es a /rangely t5d] spiritual fell[%ip betwe5 ! p>don] & ! p>don$4 ,bo? h transc5d$ _! normal empirical selves1 bo? h become p>tn]s 9 a sublime transaction3 ! "o deliv]$ f ! cl++ ( 8 bas] desires1 ! o!r releas$ f 8 fir/ crude reaction aga9/ evil4 ,!y w nev] =get :at !y ?us owe to "o ano!r4 ,!y w cont9ue to walk h& 9 h&1 ! "o /ill lean+1 ! o!r support+ & himself unspeakably /r5g!n$ by ! support he gives4 ,f9ally1 to =give is n to =get--q ! contr>y4 ,to =give is to rememb] ! pa/ action1 b to rememb] x z belong+ to ! pa/1 z ! act ( "o :o has s9ce und]gone ! great *ange4 ,! miracle ( ! *ange ( wat] into w9e at ! fea/ ( ,cana w\ld n h seem$ s wond]ful to ! gue/s _h !y n rememb]$ t :at 0 turn$ into w9e _h be=e be5 wat]4 ,to =give is to rememb] t :at 0 wat] has become w9e4 ,& he1 too1 :o has be5 =giv5 may n =get4 ,! remembrance ( ! pa/ he w ne$ z a w>n+ & a safegu>d4#fa ,n to see ! ess5tially div9e nature 9 o!rs1 & ?us also 9 "o's self is ! ess5ce ( ! wrong4 ,to tea* ! guilty to see x is ! object ( puni%m5t4 ,to =give is to decl>e t :at be=e 0 ignor$ is n[ se5 & kn[n4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,i mean t x is usually consid]$ suffici5t1 = purposes ( re=mation1 to br+ ! wrongdo] up to ! av]age /&>d ( law-abid+ citiz5%ip1 to re/ore him to ! bosom ( society z a safe & indu/ri\s memb]4 ,:]eas a p]son :o has _h ! se>*+ exp]i5ce ( deep guilt is a c&idate = a high] /ation 9 ! moral scale4 ,humanity hav+ fall5 9 him1 he %\ld be help$ to rise to a high] ?an ! av]age altitude4 ,?is at lea/ %\ld be ! aim4 ,consid] ! fact t ,jesus select$ "s ( 8 mo/ spiritual companions f among publicans & h>lots4 #ei ,comp>e ! words address$ by ,sir ,?omas ,m to 8 judges :5 s5t5ce ( dea? _h be5 pron\nc$ ^u him--8,= ?\gh y h be5 my judges to condemnation1 may we meet m]rily h]eaft] 9 ev]la/+ salvation40 #fj ,ev]yone admires a dis9t]e/$ prison re=m]1 "o :o is able to see & to call out ! good 9 a s-call$ bad man2 b x is "o ?+ to be dis9t]e/$ & g5]\s t[>ds m5 :o h act$ badly t[>ds o!rs1 & q ano!r ?+ to take ! e?ical attitude t[>ds ^? :o h act$ wick$ly t[>ds oneself4 ,h5ce ! t\*/one ( ! "* ( ! prison-re=m] is to be f\nd 9 ! way 9 :i* he behaves & feels t[>ds 8 p]sonal enemies1 = in/ance1 t[>ds ^? :o malignantly attack him & int]f]e ) ! bus9ess ( prison re=m on :i* he has set 8 he>t4 #fa ,p]haps ,i may add a ^w z to ! =giv5ess ( ^? :o1 by an ext5sion ( mean+1 may be call$ our intellectual enemies4 ,by intellectual enemies ,i und]/& ^? ^: po9t ( view is radically oppos$ to our own1 ^: pr9ciples & premises1 if accept$1 w\ld r5d] ! entire !ory ( life on :i* we act1 & on :i* we f\nd our convictions1 unt5able4 ,we are apt to be exasp]at$ 9 li/5+ to !m1 or 9 read+ ! works 9 :i* !y express _! op9ions4 ,we are apt to feel t !re is no room 9 ! _w 9 :i* we live = su* ideas z !irs1 t we & !y _c exi/ side by side4 ,! bitt] feuds ( rival religi\s factions1 ! notori\s odium !ologicum1 & 9 m rec5t times ! ?9ly veil$ animus %[n 9 ! controv]sies ( philosophical s*ools are all alike traceable to ?is s\rce4 ,racial antagonisms1 too1 are p>tly to be acc\nt$ = on ! same gr\nd4 ,!re are c]ta9 prim>y attitudes ( m9d1 modes ( feel+ & directions ( impulse1 ! correctness ( :i* we _c demon/rate j because !y are prim>y1 & :i* we all ! m vehem5tly ass]t :5 we f9d !m disput$4 ,love y\r intellectual enemies1 may usefully be add$ to ! /ock ( moral comm&m5ts2 keep an op5 & hospitable m9d to op9ions & ways ( act+1 ?9k+ & feel+ :i* naturally repel y4 ,& x w help u to discipl9e ourselves 9 ?is difficult behavior if we reflect t ! views mo/ contr>y to our own are nev]!less sure to conta9 "s elem5t ( tru? :i* we _c af=d to disreg>d1 & :i* w s]ve ! purpose ( correct+ & supplem5t+ su* tru? z we may ourselves possess4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,supreme ,,e?ical ,,rule3 ,,act ,,s ,,z ,,to ,,elicit ,,! ,,be/ ,,9 ,,o!rs ,,& ,,!reby ,,9 ,,?yself#fb ,x is difficult to see ! pot5tially div9e nature 9 m5 :5 mask$ by ! =bidd+ traits :i* human be+s s (t5 exhibit4 ,a numb] ( vital consid]ations w n[ h to be emphasiz$ z p]t95t to ! subject we are deal+ )4 ,! fir/ po9t is t ! "* ( e p]son conta9s contr>y elem5ts4#fc ,let ! two k9ds ( qualities be call$ ! fair & f\l1 or m simply /ill ! plus & m9us traits4 ,! bright qualities1 ! plus traits1 are und\bt$ly m pr$om9ant 9 "s1 ! d>k or m9us traits 9 o!rs4 ,b pot5tial plus qualities exi/ 9 ! wor/ *>act]s1 & pot5tial m9us traits may be surmis$1 & on scrut9y w be f\nd1 9 ^? :om ! _w mo/ admires4 ,a second po9t is m5tion$ z an hypo!sis n inde$ z yet v]ifi$1 b ,i believe v]ifiable1 namely1 t c]ta9 def9$ m9us traits w be f\nd to g ) c]ta9 plus traits4 ,:]ev] bright qualities /& out we are likely to meet ) correspond+ d>k qualities or dispositions1 & conv]sely4 ,!re are1 ,i am p]suad$1 uni=mities ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! plus & m9us traits1 & x w\ld be ( greate/ practical help 9 judg+ o!rs & ourselves if ^! uni=mities c\ld be work$ out4 ,a k9d ( *>t might !n be made1 a description ( ! pr9cipal types ( human "*1 ) ! sali5t defects & qualities t belong to ea*4 ,ext5sive /ati/ical treatm5t ( a multitude ( biographies w\ld lay ! f\ndation = su* an und]tak+2 also sket*es ( ! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( nations1 l ^? furni%$ by ,f\ille1 w\ld be utiliz$4 ,also ! /udy ( ! "* traits ( primitive races z p>tially c>ri$ out by ,waitz 9 8 ,an?ropology & ! "* types ( animals1 s f> z accessible to obs]vation1 might be us$ = comp>ison4 ,in/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]1 we %\ld1 on com+ into contact ) o!rs1 ei!r on _! attractive or repell5t side1 be prep>$ to expect & to all[ = ! opposite traits4 ,& we %\ld le>n to see ourselves 9 ! same mann]2 we %\ld see our empirical "* z x really is1 ! d>k traits side by side ) ! bright4 ,! c\rage to wi% to "k ! tru? ab\t "o's self is r>e1 & :5 ! revelation comes or is =c$ ^u u1 x (t5 bre$s a k9d ( sick self-disgu/ & despair4 ,! sa9t at su* times 9 moral agony decl>es himself to be ! wor/ ( s9n]s4 ,he has /riv5 to atta9 a high] ?an ! av]age moral level1 & behold he has slipp$ into only deep] dep?s4 ,! m9i/] ( religion1 ! rev]$ tea*]1 ! political & social lead]1 :5 abruptly %ock$ into self-exam9ation by "s evid5ce ( grossness or devi\sness 9 !mselves1 no long] to be gloss$ ov] or expla9$ away1 are fat$ to g ?r\gh ! same ordeal4 ,a pr(\nd despond5cy is ! consequ5ce4 ,x is n only ! badness n[ expos$1 b ! previ\s /ate ( hypocrisy t seems 9 ! retrospect intol]able4 ,"s p]sons live :at is call$ a d\ble life 9 ! face ( ! _w4 ,b :o is q free f liv+ a d\ble life 9 8 own e/imate8 ,a*illes said ( himself 78cumb]] ( ! gr\nd074 ,_m a man has e*o$ t cry ) a bitt]ness ( s\l m poignant ?an t :i* ,a*illes felt :5 he utt]$ ! words4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( ! duality#fd ( "* traits1 or z we may also designate x1 ! pr9ciple ( ! pol>ity ( "*1 applies to our natural or empirical "*1 & our empirical "* is n our moral "*4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two w s]ve1 z we %all pres5tly see1 to rescue u f ! /ate ( moral dejection j describ$4 ,b fir/ x is indisp5sable to fix att5tion on ! natural "*1 to recognize t we are composite1 ea* & e "o ( u1 & t ! all-important ?+ to "k is :i* ( our plus qualities g ) :i* ( ! m9us4 ,"h ! psy*ologi/ c help u4 ,"h a great field is op5 = a practical sci5ce ( e?ology4 ,?is w\ld give u a m adequate k ( ! empirical "*1 ! sub/ratum 9 :i* e?ical "* is to be work$ out4 ,po9t ?ree op5s up a great enlight5m5t 9 reg>d to ! :ole subject4 ,x is t ! di/9ction mu/ be drawn1 & ev] be kept 9 m9d1 betwe5 ! bright & d>k qualities & ! virtues & vices4 ,! bright qualities are n ( !mselves virtues4 ,! d>k qualities are n ( !mselves vices4 ,to suppose t !y are1 to confuse ! bright ) virtue & ! d>k ) vici\sness1 is ! mo/ preval5t ( moral fallacies4#fe ,a p]son is f\nd to be k9d1 sympa!tic1 g5tle1 & on ?is score is said to be virtu\s or good4 ,b g5tl5ess1 k9dness1 a sympa!tic disposition1 :ile !y l5d !mselves to ! process ( be+ trans=m$ into virtues1 are n ( !mselves moral qualities at all1 b gifts ( nature1 happy end[m5ts = :i* ! possessor c claim no m]it4 ,& sull5ness1 irascibility1 ! hot1 fi]ce crav+s & passions ) :i* "s m5 are curs$1 are n vices1 ?\gh x is obvi\s h[ readily !y turn into vices z soon z ! w cons5ts to !m4 ,! "q becomes urg5t3 ,:at !n is a virtue8 ,! fair qualities are ! basis1 ! natural sub/ratum ( ! virtues1 ! mat]ial susceptible ( trans=mation into virtues4 ,9 :at does ! trans=mation consi/8 ,:5 does x take place8 ,! answ] is1 :5 ! plus quality has be5 rais$ to ! ,n? degree1 & 9 consequ5ce ! m9us qualities are expell$4 ,?is result1 ( c\rse1 is nev] actually a*iev$4 ,! concept "h pres5t$ is a concept ( limits4 ,b 9 ! direction def9$ lies gr[? & cont9u\s developm5t n ( b t[>d e?ical p]sonality4 ,9 public addresses ,i h (t5 said3 ,look to y\r virtues1 & y\r vices w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,i c put ?is ?\ght m exactly by say+3 ,*ange y\r s-call$ virtues into real virtues3 raise y\r plus qualities to ! ,n? degree4 ,& ! degree to :i* y succe$ 9 s do+ y c judge ( by ! ext5t to :i* ! m9us qualities are 9 process ( disappe>+4 ,"o or two examples w illu/rate ! pivotal ?\ght ?us rea*$ 9 ! exposition ( our e?ical sy/em ) respect to its practical consequ5ces4 ,to raise to ! ,n? degree is to inf9itize a f9ite quality1 or to enhance x 9 ! direction ( inf9ity4 ,i %all take two examples1 "o self-sacrifice1 ! o!r ju/ice1 bo? view$ 9 _! f9ite aspect z plus traits requir+ to be subject$ to ! process ( trans=mation4 ,! empirical motive ( self-sacrifice may be egoc5tric or altrui/ic4 ,9 egoc5tric self-sacrifice1 do+ = o!rs is a means ( exalt+ ! idea ( self to ! m9d ( ! do]4 ,he uses o!rs1 n z sacr$ p]sonalities1 wor? :ile on _! own acc\nt1 b subtly exploits !m by b5efit+ !m4 ,he uses !m z objects by means ( :i* to a*ieve a f9] self-aggr&izem5t4 ,he may inde$ g to ! utmo/ l5g?s ( devotion = 8 fri5ds4 ,he may p]=m = !m ! mo/ repulsive (fices4 ,he may give freely ( 8 means1 d5y+ himself mean:ile com=ts & ev5 necess>ies 9 ord] p]haps to extricate !m f pecuni>y difficulties4 ,he may contribute 9 ref9$ ways to _! pleasure4 ,z a physician he may wat* night aft] night at ! b$side ( ! sick1 =ego+ sleep ?\gh fatigu$ to ! po9t ( exhau/ion 9 ord] to be at h& to mitigate ! pa9s ( ! suff]]1 jeop>diz+ 8 own heal? 9 ord] to assi/ o!rs 9 recov]+ !irs4 ,yes1 he may ev5 give ( 8 own blood to r5ew _! ebb+ life4 ,9 all ?is he w look = no mat]ial comp5sation4 ,gratitude1 especially gratitude express$ 9 words1 is repugnant to him4 ,! l(ty image ( self :i* he /rives to create w\ld be m>r$ if any su* co>sely selfi% motive 7 all[$ to intrude4 ,all t he requires1 b ?is he does inexorably require1 is t 8 b5efici>ies %all sil5tly confess _! dep5d5ce on him1 t he %all see ! exalt$ image ( himself mirror$ 9 _! attitude1 & t !y %all move 9 _! orbits z satellites ar\nd 8 sun4 ,! egoc5trism is veil$ & easily conf\nd$ ) ! pure/ moral disposition4 ,b x is !re all ! same1 & ! pro( ( x is t ! v same p]son :o is ?us fri5dly to 8 fri5ds1 & an un/9t+ b5efactor to ^? :o pay him ! k9d ( homage he exacts1 is capable ( behav+ ) almo/ inconceivable h>dness & ev5 cruelty t[>d o!rs :o w n /& 9 ?is subord9ate relation to him1 or :o 9 any way w\nd 8 self-e/eem4 ,si/] ,dora1 s]v+ en?usia/ically 9 a small-pox hospital1 :ile neglect+ ! ne>] duties at home1 int5t on dramatic1 hi/rionic self-repres5tation1 is likewise a palpable in/ance ( egoc5tric self-sacrifice4 ,! self is preci\s on its own acc\nt4 ,! non-self1 ! o!r1 equally s4 ,a virtu\s act is "o 9 :i* ! ends ( self & ( ! o!r are respect$ & promot$ jo9tly4 ,x is an act :i* has = its result ! m vivid consci\sness ( ?is v jo9tness4 ,egoc5tric self-sacrifice errs on ! "o side1 ! p]sonality ( ano!r be+ made tribut>y to ! empirical self1 despite ! actual b5efits conf]r$4 ,altrui/ic self-sacrifice errs 9 ! opposite way4 ,9 x ! p]sonality ( ! self is effac$ or made s]vile to ! int]e/s or suppos$ int]e/s ( ano!r4 ,n1 let me add1 to ! real int]e/s1 = ! spiritual int]e/s are nev] a*ievable at ! exp5se ( o!r spiritual natures4 ,! wife or "m is an in/ance1 :o slaves = husb& or *ildr51 oblit]at+ h]self1 nev] requir+ ! s]vices due to h] 9 return & ! respect = h] :i* su* s]vices imply1 degrad+ h]self & !reby injur+ ! moral "* ( ^? :om %e pamp]s4 ,an hi/oric in/ance ( ! altrui/ic error on a l>g] scale is af=d$ by ! ,platonic s*eme ( sci5tific bre$+ "u /ate sup]vision1 a sugge/ion reviv$ 9 mod]n times1 9 :i* fre$om ( *oice betwe5 ! sexes1 & ! integrity ( ! p]sonality ( ^? conc]n$1 is sacrific$ to ! suppos$ int]e/s ( ! community4 ,nietzs*e's doctr9e may possibly be reg>d$ z a comp\nd ( ! two errors describ$1 ! ,sup]man repres5t+ ! egoc5trism1 :ile altrui/ic self-sacrifice1 entire annulm5t ( _! p]sonalities is expect$ ( ! multitude4 ,x is easy to di/+ui% ! plus & m9us qualities 9 ! *>act]s ( ! egoc5tri/ & ! altrui/3 9 ! "o case1 b5efic5ce comb9$ ) h>dness2 9 ! o!r1 s]vice ( o!rs comb9$ ) abs5ce ( self-respect4 ,! second example to be briefly consid]$ is ! f9ite trait commonly mi/ak5 = ju/ice4 ,a typical illu/ration ( ?is is pres5t$ by ! m]*ant :o ascribes to himself a j "* on ! gr\nd t he is punctual 9 ! paym5t ( 8 debts1 t 8 ^w is z good z 8 bond2 or by ! manufactur] :o ent]ta9s ! same op9ion ( himself because he pays scrupul\sly ! wages on :i* he has agre$ ) 8 employees4#ff ,"o wond]s t s great & pr(\nd a notion z t ( ju/ice %\ld be und]/ood s sup]ficially1 re/rict$ to su* n>r[ limits1 & t rational human be+s %\ld claim to possess s l(ty a virtue on ! score ( cr$5tials s inadequate4 ,! reason is t ! empirical sub/ratum ( ju/ice is mi/ak5 = ! e?ical virtue itself4 ,?is sub/ratum may be describ$ z an inborn prop5sity t[>d ord] 9 ?+s & 9 relations1 a natural impati5ce ( loose fr+es1 a c]ta9 m5tal neatness4 ,h5ce insi/5ce on explicitly def9$ arrangem5ts & on simple1 ov]-simple =mulas4 ,^! are favor$ because !y keep out ( sight ! complex elem5ts :i* if consid]$ might introduce unc]ta9ty & possibly disord] into ! situation4 ,?us a manufactur]1 impati5t ( loos5ess1 ov]-rat+ explicitness1 w be l$ to grasp at a =mula ( ju/ice :i* r$uces x to ! b>e lit]al p]=mance ( a fix$ agreem5t1 no matt] ) :at unfre$om1 ow+ to ! pressure ( want1 x 0 ent]$ into by ! wage-e>n]s1 & no matt] h[ det]iorat+ ! effect ( ! insuffici5t wage may prove to be on _! /&>d ( liv+4 ,b x is a f> cry f ?is empirical pr$isposition to ! sublime e?ical idea itself4 ,! idea ( 8! j0 z exemplifi$ 9 any act p]=m$ by me includes ! totality ( all ^? conditions :i* make = ! developm5t ( ! e?ical p]sonality ( o!rs 9 s f> z x c be affect$ by my action4 ,to d a j act is to act ) ! totality ( ^! conditions 9 view1 9 ord] to promote ! end 9 view1 :i* is ! lib]ation ( p]sonality or at lea/ ! idea ( p]sonality 9 o!rs & 9 myself4 ,x is ?us evid5t t a j act--an ideally1 p]fectly j act1--c be p]=m$ by no man4 ,fir/ because ! "r conditions ( human developm5t are b v imp]fectly kn[n1 & are only br\ght to light by sl[ degrees4 ,secondly because ev5 z to ! kn[n conditions ( ju/ice1 = in/ance ! abolition ( ! evils ( ! pres5t indu/rial wage sy/em1 a s+le employ]1 or ev5 a gr\p ( well-int5tion$ employ]s c br+ ab\t ! desir$ *anges only to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,rais+ ! f9ite quality und]ly+ ju/ice to ! ,n? degree !re=e means op5+ an illimitable prospect4 ,! e?ical ef=t 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r in/ances1 is de/9$ to be ?w>t$4 ,x is an ef=t 9 ! direction ( ! f9itely unatta9able2 ! ef=t itself1 ) ! conviction x fo/]s z to ! reality ( t :i* is f9itely unatta9able1 be+ ! e?ically valuable outcome4 ,! j man1 !re=e1 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 is "o :o is conv9c$ ( ! fact t he is ess5tially n a j man1 & a deep humility z to bo? 8 actual & possible a*ievem5ts w di/+ui% him f ! 8j man0 s-call$1 :o arrogates to himself t sublime attribute on ! gr\nd ( ! scrupul\s paym5t ( debts1 or ! fulfilm5t ( contracts4 ,humility 9 fact w be f\nd to be ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ^? :o h atta9$ e?ical enlight5m5t 9 any direction4 ,x is ! outw>d sign f :i* we may inf] t ! f9ite quality 9 !m is 9 process ( be+ rais$ to ! ,n? degree4 ,i h giv5 ^! few specific illu/rations ( my mean+1 b :at has be5 said applies equally to any ( ! plus qualities4 ,! plus qualities are ! ones :i* are favorable = trans=mation into ! inf9itiz$ e?ical quality4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple itself is "o & indivisible4 ,any "o ( ! plus qualities1 :5 e?iciz$1 w conduce to ! same result4 ,f :atev] po9t ( ! p]iph]y ( ! e?ical sph]e we advance t[>d ! c5t] we %all meet ) ! same exp]i5ce4 ,?us self-affirmation or egoism :5 9 idea rais$ to ! ,n? degree w reveal t ! highe/ selfhood c be a*iev$ only :5 ! unique p[] ( a spiritual be+ is deploy$ 9 su* a way z to *all5ge ! unique1 di/9ctive p[] t is lodg$ 9 ea* ( ! inf9ite multitude ( spiritual be+s t are p>tn]s ) u 9 ! et]nal life4 ,& altruism1 or c>e = o!rs1 at its spiritual climax1 w conv]sely involve ! recognition t true s]vice to o!rs c only be p]fectly p]=m$ :5 ! p[] t is resid5t 9 ourselves is ex]cis$ 9 its mo/ vigor\s1 mo/ spontane\s1 & mo/ self-affirm+ mode4 ,& z ! div]se empirical qualities :i* we obs]ve 9 "o ano!r all appe> to be modes ( or cognate ) ^! two pr9cipal t5d5cies--! self-affirm+ & ! altrui/ic--! me?od ( transfigur+ empirical qualities :i* has be5 set =? may be f\nd to apply 9 e in/ance4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,or m exactly act s z to elicit ! s5se ( unique di/9ctive selfhood1 z int]connect$ ) all o!r di/9ctive spiritual be+s 9 ! inf9ite univ]se4 #fc ,! conception und]ly+ ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5son's sket* ( ,jekyl & ,hyde is to be tak5 s]i\sly1 & appli$ )\t exception mutatis mut&is to e human be+ :atsoev] 7b see footnote p4 #gf74 ,x is n orig9al ) ,/ev5son4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o are p]haps ! ke5e/ psy*ologi/s1 long ago inv5t$ ! ap]cu t ev]yone has ! defects ( 8 qualities4 #fd ,! use ( ! t]m duality is n int5d$ to exclude ! possibility ( multiplicity1 b only to call att5tion to "o /rik+ bifurcation ( human "*4 #fe ,/ev5son falls into ?is error4 ,he conf\nds ,jekyl ) ! virtu\s & ,hyde ) ! vici\s side ( "*4 ,9 reality ! "o %\ld /& = ! empirical plus traits1 ! o!r = ! empirical m9us traits4 #ff ,contract-keep+ is peculi>ly ! moral rule applicable to m]cantile transactions4 ,to apply x )\t modification to ! deal+s ( employ]s & wage-e>n]s is to intrude ! m]cantile /&>d into ! indu/rial sph]e4 ,?is is :at we are n[ witness+4 ,! indu/rial /&>d is only 9 process ( developm5t & cl>ification1 & ! accept$ m]cantile /&>d is really 9 conflict ) x4 ,among m]*ants x is ( ! v ess5ce ( _! transactions t a contract %all n be invalidat$1 despite ! injuri\s consequ5ces to "o or ! o!r p>ty :i* x may turn out lat] on to involve4 ,! security ( comm]cial transactions w\ld be gone if revision ( ! contract %\ld be p]mitt$ :5ev] consequ5t loss appe>s4 ,aga91 & ?is is p>ticul>ly important1 m]*ants are assum$ to be on a foot+ ( equality 9 deal+ ) "o ano!r1 equally free 9 accept+ or reject+ a propos$ contract1 equally compet5t to take c>e ( _! respective int]e/s4 ,! relation ( employ]s to wage-e>n]s h[ev] is n t ( economic equals1 b ( ! economically /rong] ) ! economically weak]4 ,& ?is diff]5ce is ( c>d9al importance 9 det]m9+ ! rule ( ju/ice z x %\ld obta9 9 ! indu/rial sph]e4 ,i d n ( c\rse int5d to imply t an agreem5t betwe5 employ] & wage-e>n]s once made %\ld n z a rule be kept z scrupul\sly z t betwe5 m]*ant & m]*ant4 ,:at ,i affirm is t 9 view ( ! greatness ( ! injury possibly inflict$ ^u ! weak]1 ! economically /rong] p>ty is b\nd at lea/ to %>e ! responsibility ) ! weak] = ! ess5tial fairness ( ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t be=e x is f9ally complet$4 ,nay1 ,i w\ld g a /ep f>!r1 & say t despite ! indisp5sable condemnation ( contract-break+1 provision %\ld be made = possible revision 9 cases :]e x c be %[n t exceptional h>d%ips h appe>$1 un=ese5 & un=eseeable at ! "t :5 ! agreem5t 0 made4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,supreme ,,e?ical ,,rule 7,cont9u$7 ,:atev] ! /eps t h ?us f> be5 tak51 !y are prelim9>y to ! f9al /ep4 ,& ! me?od ( 8salvation10 ! di/9ctive feature :]e9 ?is e?ical sy/em diff]s f o!rs1 may n[ be briefly /at$4 ,s act z to elicit ! unique p]sonality 9 o!rs1 & !reby 9 ?yself4 ,salvation is f\nd 9 ! ef=t to save o!rs6 ,! diff]5ce 9 me?od consi/s 9 ! jo9t pursuit ( ! two ends1 t ( ! o!r & t ( ! self4 ,! controll+ idea is t ! num5 9 ! self is rais$ out ( pot5tiality into actuality by ! en]gy put =? to raise ! num5 9 ! o!r1--! two div9ities greet+ ea* o!r z simultane\sly !y rise into ! light4 ,x is ?us t bo? egoism & altruism are transc5d$4 ,to be egoi/ic is to ass]t "o's empirical self at ! exp5se ( o!r empirical selves4 ,to be altrui/ic is to pref] ! empirical selves ( o!rs to "o's own4 ,x is n true t self-realization1 keep+ to ! empirical signification ( self1 leads ins5sibly to altrui/ic conduct4 ,! life ( ! great 8self-realiz]10 ,goe!1 may be cit$ 9 evid5ce ( ?is4 ,nor is x true t pref]5ce = ! empirical self ( ano!r necess>ily involves ma9ta9+ ! integrity ( "o's own empirical self4 ,9 ! empirical field egoism & altruism are conflict+ & mutually contradictory4 ,x is 9 ! spiritual field t !y cease to be s1 because bo? disappe> 9 an object ( ! w :i* includes !m bo? & transc5ds !m bo?4 ,if ?is be s1 x may be ask$ :y does ! =mula we h adopt$ read3 ,s act z to elicit ! unique p]sonality 9 o!rs1 & !reby 9 ?yself8 ,:y n conv]sely3--,s act z to realize ! unique p]sonality 9 ?yself1 & !reby 9 o!rs8--s9ce 9 any case ! ends 9 view are to be a*iev$ conjo9tly4 ,! answ] is t 9 ! pure spiritual field1 9 ! _w ( ideal e?ical units1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce f :i* po9t ( view ! relation 7 reg>d$4 ,b :5 ! spiritual =mula is appli$ z a regulative rule to ! mutual relations ( empirical be+s !re is a diff]5ce4 ,?us appli$1 x mu/ necess>ily be c\*$ 9 su* t]ms z w make ! spiritual bir? ( ! o!r ! prime object1 & ! spiritual bir? ( ! self its incid5tal ?\gh insep>able concomitant4 ,?is is s because e?ics is a sci5ce ( en]getics1 :i* has to d ) ! pot5cies ( our nature 9 _! mo/ affirmative eff]5t expression4 ,all our high] faculties are active1 & t\* = good or ill ! lives ( ^? :o surr\nd u4 ,ev5 ! secret ?\ghts :i* seem only to affect our own individuality1 inevitably project _! influ5ce ^u our associates4 ,n[ e?ics is a sci5ce ( "r en]giz+4 ,& s9ce z a matt] ( fact we d inevitably en]gize 9 su* a mann] z to affect o!rs1 ! fundam5tal "q 9 e?ics is3 h[ are we to regulate ! incid5ces ( our natures t fall ^u o!r lives s t !y %all be "r8 ,s9ce we _c help act+ ^u !m & influ5c+ !m1 h[ c we act rightly t[>d !m & rightly influ5ce !m8 ,& ! rule suppli$ by ! e?ical pr9ciple is3 ,act ^u _! empirical selves 9 su* a mann] z to draw f _! empirical natures ! hidd5 p]sonality1 or at lea/ ! consci\sness ( x4 ,& ! rep]cussion ( ! rule is3 9 ! attempt to d s y w conv]t y\r own empirical self into a spiritual p]sonality1 or at lea/ evoke 9 y\rself ! idea ( y\rself z a spiritual p]sonality4 ,inconte/ably1 9 ! attempt to *ange o!rs we are compell$ to try to *ange ourselves4 ,! trans=mation und]gone by a p>5t 9 ! attempt to educate 8 *ild is an obvi\s in/ance4 ,no p>5t is a true p>5t at ! outset4 ,z 8 p]ception deep5s ( ! real ne$s ( ! *ild1 :i* is s entirely dep5d5t on 8 self-control1 on 8 wisdom z well z 8 love1 he w realize m & m 8 own defici5cies1 & seek to rem$y !m4 ,! same is true ( ! pr(essor 9 relation to 8 /ud5ts1 ( a lead] & 8 foll[]s1 ( a religi\s tea*] & ^? :o look to him = advice & help4 ,9 all su* relations :5 rightly und]/ood !re is simultane\s gr[? on bo? sides4 ,9 ! e?ical sph]e !re is a law ( levitation1 ! contr>y ( ! law ( gravitation t obta9s 9 ! realm ( matt]4 ,we actually t5d to rise f a l[] to a high] level 9 proportion z we b5d d[nw>d to lift ^? /ill l[] ?an ourselves4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,see ,,! ,,spiritual ,,num5 ,,9 ,,o!rs ,we n[ h to consid] h[ to acquire ! faculty ( see+ ! light t 9 our fell[m5 is (t5 s deeply hidd54 ,we c love only t :i* is lovable4 ,if we c\ld see hol9ess1 beauty conceal$ )9 our fell[-be+s1 we %\ld be drawn t[>ds !m by ! mo/ p[]ful attraction1 will+ly liv+ 9 _! life1 & p]mitt+ !m to live 9 ours4 ,we %\ld !n love all m51 = we %\ld see 9 all :at is unspeakably lovable4 ,b ! empirical man /&s betwe5 u & ! spiritual man1 & ! empirical woman betwe5 u & ! spiritual woman2 & v (t5 ! =m] are mo/ repulsive1 ev5 :5 _! ugly traits d n affect u p]sonally1 ev5 :5 z spectators m]ely we obs]ve h[ !y behave4 ,mu* m is x well-nigh insup]ably difficult to wor%ip1 9 ! s5se ( hold+ wor?y1 ^? ^: *>act]i/ic traits directly (f5d u1 or are p]petual ?orns 9 our side4 ,we mu/ someh[ le>n to reg>d ! empirical traits1 odi\s1 h>mful or m]ely commonplace & vulg> z !y may be1 z ! mask1 ! scre5 int]pos$ betwe5 our eyes & ! real self ( o!rs4 ,we mu/ acquire ! faculty ( second sight1 ( see+ ! lovable self z ! true self4 ,& h[ )\t self deception we c possibly succe$ 9 do+ s is ! "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is my own crav+ = resurrection out ( t dea? 9 life to :i* ,i seem doom$ t mu/ impel me to p5etrate to ! ess5tial life 9 o!rs4 ,my own spiritual nature is 9 fett]s1 & to bur/ ! fett]s1 to escape f ! prison1 !re is b "o way4 ,! unique p]sonality1 :i* is ! real life 9 me1 ,i _c ga91 nor ev5 approximate to1 unless ,i se>* & g on se>*+ = ! spiritual num5 9 o!rs4#fg ,! =ce :i* incites me to p5etrate beyond ! empirical traits ( o!rs1 to surm\nt ! walls :i* surr\nd ! %r9e 9 !m1 is ! consci\sness t unless ,i d s ,i am myself spiritually lo/1 ,i rema9 myself spiritually dead4 ,= x is only face to face ) ! god en?ron$ 9 ! inn]mo/ %r9e ( ! o!r t ! god hidd5 9 me w cons5t to appe>4 ,! expression 8dea? 9 life0 means liv+1 ev5 liv+ passionately & 9 a way effici5tly1 ) a s5se1 nev]!less1 und]nea? ( ! holl[ness1 ! futility ( ! objects ( pursuit4 ,! dea? 9 life is ! /ate ( discont5t t sl[ly ga!rs & augm5ts 9 a man's m9d z he pursues 8 cu/om>y ends1 z he reviews 8 intellectual a*ievem5t1 ! books he has writt51 ! pictures he has pa9t$1 ! meag] outcome ( 8 s*emes ( social re=m1 ! unc]ta9 result ( 8 ef=ts at moral self-developm5t4 ,x is ! ensu+ di/a/e = :at he has actually accompli%$1 ! disall[ance ( x z 9 any way ultimately satisfy+4 ,& yet ?is dea? 9 life is itself ! well-spr+ ( resurrection1 out ( :i* is eng5d]$ an irrepressible ye>n+ ( ! m9d to atta* itself to some?+ great] ?an all ephem]al int]e/s1 to some?+ t has et]nal wor?1 & is ( su* a k9d z to communicate ( its et]nal nature to him :o t\*es x4 ,! god 9 ! o!r1 ! et]nal p]sonality 9 ! inn] sanctu>y ( ! o!r1 is t object :i* mu/ be s\ght & t\*$4 ,! cry ( my own s\l = salvation is ! impulse t leads me on to se>* = t object4 ,)\t ! previ\s discont5t1 ,i %all n seek2 )\t ! appraisem5t ( ! temporal ends & int]e/s ( man z 9 ! la/ analysis unsatisfy+1 ,i %all n set out on my que/4 ,enme%$ 9 ! jungle ( ! empirical _w1 ,i %all f9d no exit4 ,i %all rema9 ! victim ( ! illusion t ! peace ,i ne$ c be f\nd 9 ! realm ( temporal desire4 ,i %all commit :at ! !ologians call$ ,orig9al ,s91 t is1 ! pref]r+ ( 8! works ( ! ,creator to ! ,creator himself40 ,b !re is a second =ce t mu/ act 9 conjunction ) ?is ke5 desire = p]sonal lib]ation or highe/ p]sonal self-affirmation4 ,x is ! s5se ( ! dep5d5ce ( o!rs ^u :at ,i c d = !m4 ,notori\sly x is ! dep5d5ce ( ! *ild t evokes 9 ! p>5t ! noble/ qualities ( :i* he is capable1 ! self-d5ial1 ! incessant will+ness to labor = ! good ( ! (fspr+4 ,x is ! dep5d5ce ( ! /ud5t on ! tea*]1 ( ! disciple on ! ma/] t elicits ! latt]'s be/ ?\ght4 ,x is ! dep5d5ce ( ! multitude on ! religi\s tea*] t puts him on 8 mettle4 ,b if ! dep5d5ce ( o!rs ^u oneself is to produce its appropriate results1 t dep5d5ce w h to be int]pret$ 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,we %all h to ?9k ( o!rs z dep5d5t on u n only = ! necess>y empirical s]vices we are b\nd to r5d] !m1 b ^? empirical s]vices !mselves w h to be reg>d$ z in/rum5ts by means ( :i* we may r5d] !m ! highe/ spiritual s]vice4 ,?is leads to a m rigor\s scrut9y ( ! notion ( s]vice ?an has hi!rto be5 cu/om>y4 ,! "q we mu/ answ]1 & x is "o t has nev] be5 adequately met1 is3 ,:at is x 9 ! o!r t we are to s]ve1 :at is ! true object ( our s]vice8 ,man is wor? :ile on 8 own acc\nt4 ,n[ no "o c pret5d t ! welf>e ( ! animal "p ( man is an object wor? :ile on its own acc\nt4 ,to satisfy ! hung] or ! ?ir/ ( ano!r1 or to promote 8 heal? is to s]ve 8 body4 ,b ! body is ! s]vant ( a ma/]4 ,& ,i am n b\nd to s]ve a s]vant4 ,if ,i am to s]ve ! s]vant at all x mu/ be = ! sake ( ! ma/]4 ,:o !n is ! ma/]8 ,! same argum5t applies also to ! intellect4 ,human sci5ce is aft] all b a n>r[ littoral along ! illimitable cont95t ( nesci5ce4 ,no "o :o comp>es ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( mank9d ) ! problems t rema9 unsolv$ w pret5d t ! accompli%m5ts ( ! intellect are wor? :ile on _! own acc\nt4 ,! m5tal no less ?an ! physical "p ( u has a ma/]4 ,!re is an object high] ?an ! acquisition ( k to be atta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! m9d's endeavors to acquire k1 namely ! gr[? ( ! sci5ti/ t[>ds unique p]sonality1 z w be %[n 9 ! *apt] on ! ,vocations 9 ! la/ ,book4 ,analog\s consid]ations apply to art & its a*ievem5ts4 ,& if someone %\ld say t nei!r ! satisfaction ( ! body alone1 nor ( ! intellect1 nor ( ! /hetic s5se1 nor ( ! affections1 b ( all ( !m tak5 toge!r1 is to be ! object ( our s]vice1 ! answ] is t ?is w\ld be m]ely s]v+ a :ole h\sehold ( s]vants1 & /ill n s]v+ ! ma/]4 ,?is q aside f ! fact t ! ideal ( happ9ess z consi/+ 9 ! h>moni\s gratification ( ! v>i\s elem5ts enum]at$ is *im]ical4 ,s9ce "s ( ! mo/ indisp5sable elem5ts ( happ9ess1 su* z fre$om f disease & f b]eavem5t1 are beyond our control4 ,:ile ev5 ! high] faculties are f> f h>moni\sly cop]at+1 ! "o-sid$ness ( human nature be+ su* t a m>k$ developm5t 9 "o direction is actually incompatible ) complete developm5t 9 o!r directions4 ,unless1 !n1 !re be "s ma/] end 9 ev]yone's life1 "o p>am\nt to all o!rs1 to :i* all o!rs are subord9ate 7! subord9ation & ! r5unciation involv$ be+ !mselves means ( spiritualiz+ "o's nature7 !re is no po9t to ! notion ( s]vice4 ,t ma/] end ,i h def9$ z ! atta9m5t ( ! conviction ( "o's inf9ite int]relat$ness1 ! consci\sness ( oneself z a memb] ( ! spiritual univ]se1 a #fh 9 ! et]nal life1 a s\rce ( en]gy induplicable 9 its k9d1 :i* radiates out & t\*es at ! c5t] ea* "o ( ! inf9ite multitude ( spiritual associates1 & receives f !m ! effect ( _! aborig9ally div]se modes ( en]giz+ 9 return4 ,i h m5tion$ two motives t impel me to se>* = ! num5 9 o!rs4 ,! "o1 ! crav+ = my own lib]ation f ! dea? 9 life1 my own desp]ate outrea*+ t[>d salvation2 ! o!r1 ! s5se ( ! dep5d5ce ( o!rs ^u me4 ,yes1 b ?is dep5d5ce ( !irs ,i mu/ n[ int]pret z spiritual dep5d5ce4 ,i mu/ look = !m also beyond ! dea? 9 life to life itself4 ,i mu/ h ! c\rage & ! tru?fulness to look ^u neighbor1 fri5d1 wife1 husb&1 son1 daught] sub specie t]nitatis1 t is1 z prim>ily spiritual be+s1 & e/imate any physical1 intellectual or emotional help ,i c give !m by ! consid]ation :e!r x does or does n advance !m t[>d ! ma/] end ( _! be+4 ,c\rage ( ?is sort is r>e1 because precisely ! physical1 m5tal & emotional wants ( ^? :o dep5d on u are ! mo/ obvi\s & clamor\s4 ,i d n ( c\rse mean t we %\ld n att5d effectually to _! imm$iate wants4 ,h[ c\ld we avoid do+ s8 ,h[ c\ld we neglect ! heal?1 ! education1 etc41 ( our *ildr58 ,:at ,i say is t we %\ld acquire ! habit ( look+ ^u ! imm$iate ends z in/rum5tal1 & keep 9 view ! supreme end :i* !y 9 turn are to s]ve1 & t we %\ld bew>e ( :at ,i h call$ ! fallacy ( provisionalism--t ( suppos+ t we are at lib]ty to provide = ! l[] imm$iate necessities fir/1 leav+ ! high] & ! highe/ ne$s to be att5d$ to lat] on4 ,! mann] 9 :i* p>5ts commonly plan = ! future ( _! sons & daught]s is p]haps ! fitte/ illu/ration ( ! idea ,i am "h seek+ to exclude4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( infancy !y pilot ! *ild ?r\gh ! dang]s t beset its physical exi/5ce4 ,lat] on1 :at is call$ education1 ! prelim9>y m5tal tra9+ requir$ to fit ! "y = ! bus9ess ( life1 is felt to be imp]ative4 ,!n comes ! selection ( a vocation ) a view ( assur+ ! mat]ial basis ( subsi/5ce4 ,/ill lat]1 ! advancem5t ( ! sons or daught]s 9 _! *os5 vocations1 or _! social success occupies p]haps ! p>5t's m9d4 ,?\ghts ( a happy m>riage flatt] ! p>5t's imag9ation4 ,if ! moral side receives att5tion1 ! utmo/ t z a rule is dem&$ is t ! "y p]son %all n fall bel[ ! av]age moral /&>d t happ5s to prevail 9 ! community4 ,& x is 9 su* ways z ^! t we are apt to respond to ! claims ( ^? spiritual be+s = ^: ess5tial future welf>e we are to s l>ge an ext5t responsible4 ,to wid5 ?is all too n>r[ conception ( our responsibilities1 ! foll[+ reflections may be f\nd useful4 ,a fa!r 9 ! la/ decade ( 8 life realizes acutely ! brevity ( 8 own pa/ exi/5ce4 ,! curve ( 8 life is n[ rapidly desc5d+4 ,suppos+ him to be ne>+ sev5ty1 8 adult sons & daught]s may by ?is "t h rea*$ ! age ( ?irty or =ty4 ,look+ back on ! ?irty or m ye>s t sep>ate him f !m1 & rememb]+ h[ l a dream ! int]v5+ ye>s h glid$ by1 x may come home to him ) sudd5 =ce h[ soon ^!1 8 sons & daught]s too1 ?\gh n[ 9 _! prime1 w rea* ! po9t at :i* he has arriv$4 ,! error ( p>5ts is to ?9k ( _! gr[n sons & daught]s only z mov+ on ! upw>d curve ( life4 ,!y /op %ort 9 imag9ation !re4 ,!y look =w>d to m>riage1 vocational success & ! l1 z f9alities = ^? :o are /ill "y4 ,we ought to rememb] t ! upw>d curve 9 ! lives ( our *ildr5 w pres5tly desc5d j z ours has desc5d$1 t ! few decades :i* sep>ate !m f old age w pass z quickly = !m z !y h pass$ = u1--almo/ 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1--& we ought to ask on _! behalf z we mu/ on ours1--,:at is to be ! result ( x all8 ,:at does x all pr(it8 ,& x is ?is ?\ght t w turn our att5tion = !m z = ourselves to ! spiritual end :i* %\ld be dom9ant at all times1--9 ! morn+1 at noon1 & 9 ! ev5+ twilight ( a human exi/5ce4 ,all t has be5 said has to d ) ! ar\s+ 9 u ( ! desire to see 9 o!rs ! god1 ! num51 ! ma/] end4 ,! wi% to escape f our own dea? 9 life1 ! s5se ( ! dep5d5ce ( o!rs on u z int]pret$1--^! two are ! means ( /irr+ u up to g =? ^u ! que/1 & ! seek+ is already m ?an half ! j\rney4 ,seek1 & ye %all f9d4 ,b :at exactly is x t we are to seek8 ,:at are we to see 9 ! o!r8--,! spiritual nature4 ,b :at is ! spiritual nature8 ,i h frequ5tly urg$ t ! lack ( a def9ite description ( ! spiritual nature is ! *ief defect 9 e?ics up to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is defect ,i endeavor to supply4 ,! spiritual nature is ! unique nature conceiv$ z int]relat$ ) an inf9ity ( natures unique l itself4 ,! spiritual nature 9 ano!r is ! fair quality di/9ctive ( ! o!r rais$ t[>d ! ,n? degree4 ,we are to pa9t ideal portraits ( our spiritual associates4 ,we are to see !m 9 ! light ( :at is bett] 9 !m z x w\ld be if x 7 transfigur$ into ! be/4 ,we are to g on z long z we live pa9t+ ^! ideal portraits ( !m4 ,we are to ret\* _! portraits con/antly4 ,we are n inde$ to obtrude or impose ^u o!rs ^! sket*es1 ^! m5tal creations ( ours1 b to propose !m diffid5tly1 rev]5tly1 to hold !m up z glasses 9 :i* our associates may possibly see !mselves mirror$4 ,x is = !m to accept 9 :ole or 9 "p our r5d]+ ( _! inn] selves or to reject x4 ,b we are n to desi/ f our labor 9 creat+ ! ideal portraits1 = 9 ?is consi/s ! spiritual arti/ry ( human int]c\rse4 ,our fri5ds we are to see 9 ! light ( ^! glorifi$ sket*es1--our fri5ds & our enemies too4 ,= only ?us c we w9 !m1 & be ess5tially _! b5efactors4 ,!re is no p[] s irresi/ible1 x has be5 said1 z love4 ,i d n q accept ! ^w ,love4 ,x signifies ! feel+ t goes ) ! ideal appreciation ( o!rs2 & m]e feel+ supplies no directive rule ( conduct4 ,b x is true t ! p[] ( ideally appreciat+ o!rs1 ( see+ !m 9 ! light ( _! possible be/1 & ! feel+ ( love consequ5t on ?is vision1 is ! mightie/ lev] = trans=m+ evil into good1 & = sweet5+ ! embitt]$ lives ( m54 ,no great] boon c anyone receive f ano!r ?an to be help$ to ?9k well ( himself4 ,flatt]y is ! base c\nt]feit ( appreciation4 ,spiritual appreciation1 appreciation ( ! inn] self despite ! mask1 is ! greate/ ( gifts1 to manife/ x is ! greate/ ( arts4 ,9 its supreme =m x is ! art ( go+ d[n to ! l[e/ ( human be+s--! man 9 ! dit*1 ! woman on ! /reet--& mak+ !m ?9k well ( !mselves because ( possibilities 9 _! nature !y !mselves h>dly surmise4 ,x is also ! art ( mak+ ! mo/ develop$ & advanc$ human be+s realize 9 !mselves some?+ /ill high] & bett] ?an !y h ev] rea*$4 ,x is ?is art by :i* ! supreme human b5efactors h work$ _! spiritual miracles1 & x is an art :i* to ! ext5t ( our ability we mu/ ea* acquire & practice1 if human society is to be r$eem$4 ,!re are specially two po9ts to be rememb]$3 ! "o1 t ( see+ ! unatta9$ excell5ce 9 ^? :o are already 9 ! way ( excell5ce2 ! o!r1 :]e !re is or seems to be a complete abs5ce ( f9e qualities or ( ! promise ( developm5t1 z 9 ! case ( backw>d *ildr51 t we %\ld /ill n abate "o jot ( hope or ef=t1 seek+ to w9 ev5 ! smalle/ improvem5t1 9 ! conviction t ! be/ possible "u ! circum/ances is incalculably wor? :ile4 ,=1 comp>$ ) ! inf9ite ideal ev5 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! mo/ advanc$ & mo/ develop$ fall inf9itely %ort1 & :at are !y m ?an ! be/ possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,! be/ possible "u ! circum/ances repres5ts = u ! absolute be/4 ,n[ a ^w 9 reg>d to ^? :o resi/ ! bett] influ5ce :i* we may seek to ex]cise ov] !m1 = in/ance1 ! s-call$ black %eep 9 families4 ,our *ief conc]n %\ld "h be to prev5t ! resi/ance f infect+ ourselves & provok+ une?ical reactions4 ,e?ics is a sy/em ( relations4 ,! e?ical po9t ( view consi/s 9 see+ ! relation betwe5 ! (f5d+ p]son & ourselves z x ought to be1 9 see+ ) p]fect objectivity ! k9d ( conduct ideally requir$ by ! relation on bo? sides1 see+ x & !reby assi/+ ! o!r to see x4 ,b we %all nev] succe$ 9 do+ ?is until we purge f our ?\ghts & spee* e trace ( private irritation4 ,if we c po9t out to ! "o :o has gone wrong h[ he has hurt ano!r1 & has spiritually hurt himself2 if :ile we d ?is we see ! f95ess t is possible to him & make him realize t we see x1 we %all n utt]ly fail4 ,i am aw>e t o!r me?ods %\ld accompany ! spiritual appeal4 ,9 "s cases1 a tempor>y sep>ation is indicat$1 9 o!r cases1 a prolong$ *ange ( environm5t1 or ! gradual =mation ( new habits ( indu/ry & application1 ! awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 "s pursuit t leads ! m9d away f egoc5tric pre-occupation4 ,psy*ology & exp]i5ce cry/alliz$1 into commons5se h valuable c\nsels to give4 ,b1 along ) ! te*nical aids1 ! spiritual influ5ce %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( or relegat$ to ! second place4 ,& f9ally two ideas %\ld be m5tion$ :i* are p]t95t to brok5 relations1 z = in/ance to ! unhappy m>riage relation & to int]rupt$ fri5d%ips3 ,"o t ! break is nev] complete4 ,!re rema9 c]ta9 ?reads unsund]$1 :i* %\ld be mo/ s$ul\sly pres]v$ intact4 ,!y may s]ve z po9ts ( atta*m5t to weave ! tie anew4 ,aga91 & ?is is /ill m important1 ?\ght t ! break w\ld nev] h occurr$ if ! relation _h be5 z f9ely conceiv$ z x ought to h be5 on my side z well z on ! o!rs4 ,take fri5d%ip z an example4 ,a fri5d%ip ( _m ye>s' /&+ is sudd5ly wreck$4 ,:y8 ,:at 7 ! t]ms on :i* ! fri5d%ip _h be5 bas$8 ,:at _h fri5d%ip meant to me8--,a c]ta9 p]sonal attraction1 mutual aid & com=t1 tak+ c\nsel toge!r1 sympa?y 9 joy & sorr[4 ,^! are valuable elem5ts ( fri5d%ip1 b !y d n ev5 t\* ! ess5tial po9t4 ,!y d n describe ! pr9cipal function :i* a fri5d has to fulfil4 ,! fri5d ideally is "o :o /&s alongside ano!r z ! spectator ( 8 spiritual developm5t1 z "o :o appraises 8 fri5d's advance t[>d ! ma/] end ( life dis9t]e/$ly1 & yet ) deepe/ p]sonal conc]n4 ,he is ! mirror 9 :i* 8 fri5d may see ! /ages ( 8 spiritual progress reflect$4 ,n[ ,i h lo/ my fri5d4 ,:y h ,i lo/ him8 ,because he 0 nev] a true fri5d to me1 &1 ,i mu/ add1 because ,i 0 nev] a real fri5d to him4 ,i h n really lo/ him1 because ,i nev] really possess$ him4 ,& on mak+ ?is discov]y ,i %all h a new light %$ on :at fri5d%ip might mean4 ,i may nev] be s =tunate z to f9d ! actual fri5d1 b ,i %all "k :at he ought to be1 & :at x is 9 me to be to him4 ,& :5 ,i say1 8:at x is 9 me to be to him10 ,i ?9k ( res\rces ( my inn] be+ :i* h nev] be5 call$ out2 ,i ?9k ( ! wor? t belongs to me z a spiritual be+ capable ( giv+ =? & receiv+ highe/ spiritual influ5ce1 & ,i am !reby immeasurably aggr&iz$ 9 my own e/eem1 ! self 9 me is lift$ ne>] z x 7 to its inf9ite c\nt]p>t 9 ! et]nal life4 ,i walk h5ce=? on a high] level1 ,i dwell amid s]5] pres5ces4 ,& ?is aggr&izem5t ( ! self1 n on ! gr\nd ( :at ,i am b :at ,i may be1 & ( o!rs too1 n on ! gr\nd ( :at !y are1 b :at !y may be1 is ! comp5sation d]iv$ f ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( brok5 relations4 ,& :at has be5 said ( fri5d%ip by way ( example is true ( fru/ration 9 m>riage z well1 & ( fru/rations ( e k9d4 ,,note ,,to ,,book ,,iii ,i may m5tion a c]ta9 te/ case = try+ out ! propos$ rule1 namely1 to idealize ! fair quality 9 o!rs1 & !reby a*ieve ! concomitant trans=mation ( ! self4 ,i mean ! case ( ! victims ( a cruel race prejudice1 su* z is ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! color$ p ( ! ,s\? by ! m brutal :ites4 ,i rememb] a long ev5+ :i* ,i once sp5t 9 ! company ( a lead] among ! color$ p1 & "o ( ! be/ m5 ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,i look$ t night deep into a suff]+1 s5sitive human s\l1 & ,i tri$ to put myself 9 8 place4 ,i realiz$ ! h>d%ips ( 8 lot1 ! angui% t ,i myself %\ld suff] if ,i 7 9 8 position4 ,b w\ld !re be ! spiritual equival5t8 ,w\ld ! way ,i _h f\nd 9 trials less poignant be ! way ( release8 ,to make ! situation cle>1 ,i select$ two po9ts 9 :i* ! :ite man1 my suppos$ oppressor1 has ! advantage1 two fair qualities ( :i* he c boa/4 ,8 family life is pur] on ! av]age ?an t ( a l>ge numb] ( ! color$ p4 ,& he has also le>n$ 9 ! case ( :ite m5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! crim9al & ! innoc5t4 ,he w protect ! latt]1 & give up ! =m] to ju/ice4 ,n[ my own p1 putt+ myself 9 ! place ( ! color$ man1 are backw>d 9 bo? ^! respects4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! long c5turies ( slav]y _! family relations are (t5 un/able1 :ile !y are apt to %ield ! color$ crim9al f ! arm ( ! law4 ,9 bo? respects ,i want to repres5t to myself ! :ite man z he ought to act4 ,he ought to help me lift up my race1 fir/1 by mak+ _! family life pur] & m /able4 ,b in/ead1 _m ( ! :ites debau* ! wom5 ( my race1 :ile p]haps respect+ ^? ( _! own race2 moreov]1 by refus+ dec5t accommodation on railroads !y compel educat$ & ref9$ color$ wom5 to travel 9 c>s 9 :i* ! co>se/ m5 are h]d$ toge!r4 ,aga91 h[ c ,i1 z a lead] among my p1 tea* !m to di/+ui% betwe5 ! crim9al & ! innoc5t ( _! race s long z mobs ( :ite m5 indiscrim9ately lyn* ! innoc5t & ! crim9al ( my race alike on ! b>e/ suspicion8 ,aga9/ _! actual behavior ,i set up 9 my m9d a picture ( h[ ! sup]ior race1 sup]ior 9 po9t ( civilization1 b /ill morally backw>d1 ought to act4 ,i c b sugge/ ?is picture1 keep x 9 view z a con/ant prote/1 or /ill bett] z an imp]ative model4 ,b ,i c d m4 ,i c turn ^u myself1 & ^u o!rs ( my own p :o are 9 advance ( ! majority ( !m1 & pres5tly ,i %all be compell$ to admit t among/ ourselves some?+ ( ! same pride ( sup]iority exi/s1 some?+ ( ! same prejudice aga9/ ^? :o are l[] 9 ! scale4 ,= !re is also a /ratification & a hi]>*y ( high] & l[] among ! oppress$4 ,& ! relatively high] are apt to behave t[>d ! l[] 9 ! same fa%ion z _! common oppressors behave t[>d !m all4 ,we f9d ! same t5d5cy among o!r oppress$ races1 z = in/ance 9 ! attitude ( c]ta9 ( ! ,spani% & ! ,g]man ,jews t[>d ! ,poli% & ! ,russian4 ,purge ?yself1 !re=e1 is ! incisive monition2 purify ?9e own nature ( t pride :i* hurts s cruelly :5 x is direct$ ^u !e f )\t4 ,let ! s9 committ$ aga9/ !e be ! means ( purify+ !e f ! l s94 ,?is is ! spiritual comp5sation1 ?is ! ?\ght t leads to inw>d peace6 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i rem>k$ t ! *eap e/imate ( o!rs & ( oneself is due to ! habit ( reg>d+ human be+s f ! po9t ( view ( ! use !y c be put to1 ignor+ ! wond]ful & my/]i\s en]gies & pot5cies :i* are exhibit$ day by day 9 e human be+4 ,if ! =ce /or$ 9 an inf9itesimal p>ticle ( radium is calculat$ to excite admiration1 h[ mu* m ! =ces exhibit$ 9 man1 look+ at him m]ely z ! /age on :i* ! spectacle ( ^! =ces is display$4 ,consid] ! occurr5ce ( su* a ?+ z ?\ght1 ! %e] miracle ( m5tality1 ! work+ ( ! con/ructive imag9ation 9 ! arti/1 etc4 ,if we suffici5tly dwell on ^! inw>d facts ab\t m51 in/ead ( m]ely emphasiz+ _! ext]nal utility to "o ano!r1 we %all !reby be put 9 tune1 z x 71 = ! high] spiritual view ( man4 ,! diff]5ce ,i h said is l t betwe5 und]/&+ ! !ory ( electricity & m]ely turn+ on electric p[] 9 ! work%op or ! home4 ,& yet ! sci5tific contemplation ( ! miracles ( human nature z se5 f )91 :ile x s]ves z a propdeutic1 _c actually br+ u up to ! e?ical po9t ( view4 ,= ?is sort ( contemplation reveals only ! work+ ( imp]sonal =ces or p[]s1 ?\ght1 feel+1 impulse 9 _! endless actions & reactions1 simil>1 9 s f> z !y are imp]sonal1 to ! =ces obs]v$ 9 nature4 ,! e?ical po9t ( view alone discloses a c5trality1 an und]ivative1 irr$ucible core1 a sub/antive be+1 p]sonality4 #fh ,an expression occurr+ once only4 ,,book ,,iv ,,applications3 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,family1 ,,! ,,/ate1 ,,! ,,int]national ,,relations1 ,,etc4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,collective ,,task ,,( ,,mank9d ,,& ,,! ,,?ree-,,fold ,,rev]5ce ,! social in/itutions1 ! family1 ! organs ( education1 ! vocation1 ! political organization1 ! organization ( mank9d1 ! ideal religi\s society are to be treat$ z a progressive s]ies4 ,! individual is to pass successively ?r\gh !m1 advanc+ f /ation to /ation t[>d e?ical p]sonality4 ,9 designat+ ! social in/itutions z an e?ical s]ies1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd ! t]ms ( ! s]ies z n[ exi/5t ) ! t]ms z !y w\ld be did !y con=m to _! e?ical functions4 ,= in/ance1 ev5 ! monogamic family is z yet only 9 "p e?ically organiz$4 ,s*ool & univ]sity are adrift z to _! e?ical purpose4 ,! majority ( mank9d are engag$ 9 occupations :i* x w\ld be absurd to call vocations1 & ! int]national gr\p exi/s z yet b>ely 9 embryo4 ,h5ce :5 we speak ( ! social in/itutions z a progressive s]ies ?r\gh :i* ! individual is to advance t[>ds p]sonality1 we are describ+ ! aim ( social recon/ruction1 n ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,! spiritual nature ( man mu/ create = itself appropriate social organs4 ,x has be5 pa9fully engag$ 9 ! attempt to d s s9ce ! exi/5ce ( our race on e>?4 ,9 ea* ( ! social in/itutions we are to di/+ui% betwe5 ! empirical sub/ratum & ! spiritual impr9t :i* x is to receive4 ,we f9d 9 ea* ready to h& "s natural non-moral motive or set ( motives ( :i* we are to avail ourselves 9 ! endeavor to evoke ! spiritual result4 ,?us 9 ! family ! non-moral motive is affection due to consangu9ity2 9 ! s*ool sociality1 ! s*ool society be+ ! fir/ society into :i* ! *ild ent]s2 9 ! vocation !re is ! crav+ = m5tal self-expression1 9 ! /ate1 patriotism1 or ! feel+ we h = ! l>g] :ole 9 :i* we are includ$ on ! basis ( simil>ity ( language1 hi/oric tradition1 etc4 ,! natural basis ( ! int]national gr\p ( society is ! empirical1 & z yet 9 no way e?ical1 fact ( ! comm]cial & indu/rial int]dep5d5ce ( ! diff]5t c\ntries1 a fact us$ by ,m4 ,blo* & 8 m rec5t foll[]s z an argum5t aga9/ w>4 ,9 popul> lit]ature ! empirical sub/ratum & ! spiritual relation to be produc$ by means ( x are con/antly confus$4 ,9 any g5u9ely e?ical sy/em !y mu/ be c>efully discrim9at$4#fi ,9 ea* ( ! social in/itutions1 or1 z we may n[ call !m1 ! phases ( life exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* ! individual mu/ pass on ! way t[>d p]sonality1 ! w9n+ ( ! e?ical result dep5ds on obs]vance ( ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce4 ,:at ,i mean by ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce mu/ be expla9$ 9 "s detail1 especially z ! read] might o!rwise be l$ into id5tify+ my view ) t express$ by ,goe! 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]4 ,! ?ree modes ( rev]5ce m5tion$ by ,goe! 9 8 sket* ( ! 8p$agogical prov9ce0 h = _! backgr\nd ! poet's pan!ism4 ,! view "h set =? is bas$ on e?ical idealism4 ,9 ord] to introduce my ?\ght let me g back to ! phrase repeat$ly us$ 9 ,book ,,iii--8! task ( humanity40 ,mank9d z a :ole1 ! g5]ations pa/1 pres5t & to come1 h a c]ta9 "w to d1 a task to accompli%4 ,a collective obligation re/s on our race1 spann+ ! g5]ations4 ,! spiritual conception ( ! collective task is ! basis ( ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce4 ,! spiritual result1 z 0 said above1 is 9 e in/ance to be sup]9duc$ ^u an empirical sub/ratum4 ,! empirical sub/ratum 9 ?is case is mank9d consid]$ z a develop+ entity1 :i* p>tially reproduces 9 ! pres5t ! m5tal & moral acquisitions ( ance/ors1 p>tially increases ! h]itage & passes x on to ! newcom]s4 ,i1 z an individual1 am also inextricably l9k$ up backw>d & =w>d ) ^? :o come be=e & ^? :o are to come aft]4 ,i _c take myself out ( ?is web4 ,! task laid ^u human society z a :ole is also laid ^u me4 ,i am a consci\s ?read 9 ! fabric t is weav+1 consci\s 9 a g5]al way ( ! patt]n to be wov54 ,b view$ empirically ! developm5t ( humanity is haphaz>d4 ,mu* is pres]v$ f ! pa/ t ought to be ca/ aside4 ,_m traces ( pa/ error rema9 unexpung$ 9 ! life ( ! pres5t4 ,a mix$ /ream1 comp\nd$ ( good & evil1 passes ?r\gh our ve9s into our successors'4 ,! empirical fact is simply ! fact ( p>tial reproduction1 p>tial augm5tation & p>tial transmission4 ,! e?ical conception ( progress dep5ds on ! view t !re is an ideal patt]n ( ! spiritual relation 9 ! m9d ( man1 de/9$ to become m explicit z x is te/$ out & t ! pres5t g5]ation ought to appraise ! h]itage ( ! pa/ accord+ to ?is patt]n1 pres]v+ & reject+ & add+ its own quota 9 su* a way z to enable ! succe$+ g5]ations to sift ! wor?ful f ! wor?less m successfully1 & to see ! ideal patt]n m explicitly4 ,! ?ree-fold rev]5ce has be5 describ$ z rev]5ce t[>ds sup]iors1 equals & inf]iors4 ,= ?is inadequate description ,i w\ld sub/itute ! foll[+3 ,9 place ( rev]5ce t[>ds sup]iors1 rev]5ce = ! valid "w ( e?iciz+ human relations already accompli%$ 9 ! pa/1 rev]5ce = ! preci\s p]man5t a*ievem5ts & = ^? :o a*iev$ !m1--! 8,old ,ma/]s40 ,! human race has ga9$ a c]ta9 e?ical foot+ 9 ! empirical sph]e4 ,! g5]al task has n to be begun ab initio4 ,9 ! act ( sep>at+ :at is wor? :ile f :at is wor?less1 9 ! v process ( revision & re9t]pretation1 we manife/ our rev]5ce = ! pa/4 ,x is ?us t true hi/oricity is di/+ui%$ f bl9d cons]vatism4 ,& besides1 by /udy+ ! old ma/]s1 we acquire a c]ta9 /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,s9ce ^? :o h contribut$ epo*-mak+ advances 9 philosophy1 9 religion1 9 sci5ce1 inspire u by ! gr&eur ( _! attack on ! great problems2 & ! _s ( _! attack1 is unspeakably /imulat+ to u1 ev5 :5 we reject _! solutions4 ,we _c too humbly sit z disciples at ! feet ( ! great ma/]s if disciple%ip has ?is mean+4 ,rev]5ce ( ! fir/ type prescribes ! same attitude t[>ds prem95t p]sonalities among our contempor>ies4 ,!y rank ) ! great pr$ecessors inasmu* z !y are 9 a way = u pr$ecessors4 ,!y are 9 advance ( u4 ,to rev]e !m is to endeavor to come abrea/ ( !m1 to obta9 ! advantage ( ! =w>d movem5t :i* _! sup]ior capacity enabl$ !m to initiate1 & to />t :]e !y leave (f1 add+ our small quota4 ,! second k9d ( rev]5ce is direct$ t[>d ^? :o are1 9 respect to _! gifts & opportunities1 approximately on ! same level ) u1 b ^: gifts diff] f & are supplem5t>y to ours4 ,9 our relation to !m we may le>n ! great lesson ( appreciat+ unlik5ess1 & work+ out our own correlative unlik5ess by way ( reaction4 ,! ?ird k9d ( rev]5ce is direct$ t[>d ! undevelop$1 among :om ,i include ! "y1 ! backw>d gr\ps among civiliz$ peoples1 & ! unciviliz$ peoples4 ,we are to rev]5ce t :i* is pot5tial 9 all ( ^! individuals & gr\ps1 & we d s by fitt+ ourselves to help !m actualize _! spiritual possibilities4 ,rev]5ce ( ! ?ird k9d takes ! highe/ rank among ! ?ree4 ,! spiritual life ( ! _w is a deep m9e z yet explor$ only ne> ! surface4 ,! unrealiz$ possibilities ( mank9d are ! *ief asset4 ,b 9 ord] to effectuate our purpose ) respect to ! undevelop$1 we mu/ h rev]5ce t[>d ! great ,old ,ma/]s1 to ga9 a c]ta9 /&>d ( excell5ce2 & rev]5ce t[>ds unlik5ess 9 o!rs to become ourselves diff]5tiat$ individualities1 & 9 ord] to respect ! unlik5ess :i* we %all pres5tly likewise f9d 9 ! backw>d & ! "y4 ,s t ! ?ree rev]5ces play into "o ano!r & are insep>able f "o ano!r1 ! fir/ two be+ indisp5sable to ! ?ird4 ,!y are 9 tru? a 8tr9ity 9 unity40 ,b ! ?ird rev]5ce is ! supreme "o4 ,! *ief objective mu/ be ! undevelop$1 because our face mu/ be turn$ t[>d ! future1 because ! task ( mank9d is z yet 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,! ?ird rev]5ce is supreme4 ,n[ x is only :5 we h grasp$ ! mean+ ( ! triple rev]5ce t we c fully appreciate ! significance ( ! family z ! fir/ matrix 9 :i* ! rev]5tial attitudes are to be acquir$4 ,x is only !n t we c rightly conceive ( ! organs ( education1 & ( ! end ^u :i* ! activities ( s*ool & univ]sity %\ld conv]ge4 ,& simil>ly we %all f9d our int]pretation ( ! vocation1 ! /ate1 & ! int]national society illum9at$ by ?is conception ( ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce4 ,9 popul> religi\s tea*+ ! individual is ?ru/ into ! =egr\nd4 ,8 salvation z a deta*$ entity is ! pr9cipal object4 ,9 positivism & evolutionalism society 9 its empirical aspect is exalt$1 & ! individual t5ds to be reg>d$ z a /epp+-/one4 ,9 ! spiritual int]pretation ( ! collective task z outl9$1 ! individual rema9s integral & sacrosanct4 ,! spiritual society ( :i* ! image is to be impr9t$ on human society is a society ( indefeasible e?ical p]sonalities4#gj ,! individual ev5 n[ at 8 /ation 9 ! pres5t attributes to himself ?is l(ty "* & ! v>i\s obligations :i* he already recognizes1 & :i* he endeavors to fulfil1 af=d him ample opportunity to v9dicate 8 spiritual selfhood4 ,if 9 addition he looks =w>d long+ly to ! future1 & to ! great] spiritual fulfilm5t t may be expect$ among po/]ity1 ?is expectation is f\nd$ on ! belief t :at he already possesses 9 g]m w !n be m unfold$1 t ! ideal ( ! indefeasible wor? ( man ( :i* he is already consci\s 9 himself w !n be m completely recogniz$ & its inf9ite implications be m fully und]/ood4#ga ,,footnotes3 #fi ,?us ! int]dep5d5ce ( nations 9 respect to _! mat]ial int]e/s is (t5 errone\sly expatiat$ on z if x con/itut$ an actually e?ical bond betwe5 !m4 #gj ,:ile at ! same "t ! e?ical p]sonality1 unlike ! 8w9d[less monads0 ( ,leibnitz is effectuat$ only 9 ! cross-relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ea* "o & 8 spiritual associates4 #ga ,i may "h po9t out ! be>+s ( ?is g5]al po9t ( view on ! mu*-moot$ & confus$ "q ( ! value ( ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,ranke holds t ! aim ( ! hi/orian %\ld be to reproduce factually ! occurr5ces ( ! pa/4 ,rob9son insi/s on ! uses ( hi/ory4 ,b uses to :at end8 ,! hi/ory ( ! pa/ is fragm5t>y & full ( gaps4 ,! data ) respect to "s ( ! mo/ important p]iods are irrecov]able4 ,! attitude ( ! human race t[>ds its own hi/ory1 ,i take x1 %\ld be l t ( an individual t[>ds 8 pa/4 ,i _c really resuscitate my pa/4 ,memory is trea*]\s4 ,mu* has be5 =gott54 ,! ev5ts ( my y\? are discolor$ :5 se5 9 ! p]spective ( lat] ye>s4 ,i %\ld try to "k myself z f> z ,i c1 b ) a view ( press+ on & realiz+ ) su* light ^u myself z ,i h1 ! e?ical aim4 ,! same applies to mank9d4 ,& ! important po9t is 9 ! review to dis5gage ! ideas t controll$ ! pr9cipal social in/itutions 9 ! pa/1 & to appraise ^! ideas f ! /&po9t ( our pres5t e?ical insight4 ,?us1 9 treat+ ! hi/ory ( ! family1 we %\ld s+le out ! ideas t controll$ ! family relation1 ! idea ( ! patria pote/as1 ! feudal idea1 or ! connection ( ! family ) l&$ prop]ty4 ,9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! organs ( education1 we %\ld br+ into view prie/ly education z among ! ,brahm9s1 musical or /hetic education z among ! ,greeks1 ! idea ( pr9cely education1 ! idea ( prep>ation = ! gov]nm5t ( an empire1 :i* acc\nts = ! sy/em ( ! ,engli% univ]sities1 ! controll+ idea ( ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,& !n at ! end ( our survey we %all be 9 a bett] position to disc]n :at is to be ! ideal ( s*ool & univ]sity education 9 an e?ical democracy4 ,! same applies to ! controll+ ideas ( ! /ate1 & ( ! rema9+ social in/itutions4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,family ,! family is 9 process ( *ange4 ,we %\ld fix att5tion on ! k9d ( *ange t is desirable4 ,! *ange desirable is ! m p]fect expression ( ! e?ical ideal 9 ! life ( ! family4 ,"o /rik+ fact is t 9 ! pa/ ! family 0 nev] suppos$ to exi/ m]ely = ! 8b5efit0 ( its individual memb]s4 ,! latt] view is an individuali/ic novelty ( our age1 &1 z commonly und]/ood1 x is radically false4 ,"u ! ca/e sy/em ! family subord9ates ! welf>e ( its memb]s to ! function ( ! ca/e4 ,society be+ /ation>y & /ratifi$1 ! family is ! organ = ! reproduction ( a /ratifi$ social sy/em4 ,a simil> view prevails "u feudalism4 ,we ( today res5t ! idea und]ly+ primog5iture4 ,f ! mod]n po9t ( view we ask :y ! elde/ born %\ld be pref]r$ to 8 bro!rs4 ,primog5iture appe>s to u to ass]t ! inequality ( individual m52 b f ! feudal po9t ( view ! elde/ born 0 pref]r$1 n z an individual1 b z ! /ew>d ( ! family prop]ty4 ,! family _h a fix$ place 9 ! social hi]>*y1 & to ma9ta9 ?is place ! e/ate 0 to rema9 undivid$ 9 ! h&s ( "o p]son4 ,n[ :at is amiss ) ! mod]n family8 ,?is is pr(\ndly amiss--t ! idea ( ! family z s]v+ a l>g] purpose is disappe>+1 & t ! family is suppos$ to exi/ = ! b5efit ( its individual memb]s1 b5efit mean+ happ9ess4 ,frequ5t divorce & dis9tegration are ! natural consequ5ces ( ?is view1 = if ! tie exi/s solely = ! happ9ess ( ^? b\nd by x1 !n x ought inde$ to be dissolv$ :5 ! relation entails suff]+4 ,society has pass$ f /atus to contract1 & _m seem to hold t contract is ! la/ ^w1 ! true expression ( fre$om4 ,we h pass$ f /atus to contract1 we mu/ pass on f contract to organization1 & ?us to true fre$om4 ,/atus is bas$ on ! analogy ( ! animal organism4 ,! ca/e society & ! feudal society1 e?ically reg>d$1 are spuri\s organisms4 ,?is spuri\s type ( organization is no long] viable1 & n[ bald individualism is tak+ its place4 ,! malady ) :i* ! family is afflict$ is individualism4 ,! desirable *ange is g5u9e organization on ! basis ( ! spiritual equival5ce ( all functions4#gb ,! relation ( ! family to ! g5]al social task ( organization is two-fold4 ,! family is ! sem9>y 9 :i* %all be implant$ ! g]m9al pr9ciple ( organization1 t pr9ciple :i* is de/9$ to trans=m all ! subsequ5t t]ms ( ! social s]ies1 ! in/rum5tality to be employ$ be+ ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce4 ,aga91 ! family w rea* its m p]fect =m 9 proportion z ! succe$+ social in/itutions1 ! s*ool1 vocation1 /ate1 %all !mselves be ess5tially organiz$1 ! influ5ce ( ! lat] t]ms retroact+ on ! fir/ t]m4 ,! family1 9 ! spiritual view ( x :i* ,i am sket*+1 diff]s f ! family ( o!r days1 & also f ! mod]n family1 9 two p>ticul>s4 ,x does n recruit "s "o social class or /ratum4 ,x does n direct ! (fspr+ into a s+le specific vocation4 ,x is ! ve/ibule t leads into all ! diff]5t pr(essions & vocations4 ,& secondly1 ! family does n prep>e ! "y to ent] into a vocation = ! purpose ( secur+ happ9ess4 ,x does n reg>d ! vocation z s]vile to ! empirical ends ( ! individual1 b z a phase ?r\gh :i* he is to pass on ! road t[>d e?ical p]sonality1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! objective aims ( ! vocation be+ ! means ( acquir+ ! e?ical developm5t :i* ! vocation is compet5t to furni%4 ,?us we rega91 b on a mu* high] plane1 :at ! family possess$ be=e x began to break d[n "u ! influ5ce ( mod]n individualism1 namely1 an ult]ior great] purpose imb$d$ )9 itself & yet ext5d+ beyond itself4 ,:5 we h grasp$ ?is relation ( ! family to ! subsequ5t t]ms ( ! social s]ies1 & be> con/antly 9 m9d z we %\ld t ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce is ! in/rum5t by :i* organization is to be effect$1 we %all !n be able to give adequate reasons :y ! monogamic ideal alone is ! true e?ical ideal1 :y ! m>riage relation1 if x is to be e?ical1 mu/ be p]man5t betwe5 two & exclusive ( all o!rs4 ,let me briefly po9t out ! relation ( ! monogamic family to ! ?ree types ( rev]5ce4 ,! ?ird type ranks highe/4 ,! tie ( consangu9ity betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+ supplies ! empirical sub/ratum4 ,to be int]e/$ 9 ! undevelop$1 to surmise possibilities z yet :olly unapp>5t1 to g to inf9ite pa9s to nurture & educate an immature be+ l a *ild1 = all ?is natural affection is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,z a rule no "o c s love a *ild z its own p>5ts d4 ,! plan ( /ate education = infants to replace home education is advocat$ by "s on ! gr\nd t pr(essional k9d]g>tn]s & tea*]s are m compet5t to tra9 ! budd+ human m9d ?an unp$agogical fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,! function to be p]=m$ by ! sci5tific educator 9 co-op]ation ) ! home is d\btless n to be miss$2 b tak+ *ildr5 away f "u ! c>e ( _! p>5ts1 assembl+ !m 9 :at w\ld be equival5t to /ate orphan asylums1 is a proc$ure :i* precisely = p$agogical reasons w\ld be prepo/]\s4 ,= ! p>5t supplies t conc5trat$ love = ! individual *ild1 t intimate *]i%+ :i* ! mo/ g5]\s tea*]1 ^: affections are necess>ily di/ribut$ ov] _m1 c nev] give4 ,& ! *ild ne$s ?is selective affection4 ,! love ( ! p>5t is ! w>m ne/ = ! fl$gl+ _s ( ! *ild4 ,to be at home 9 ?is /range _w ! "y be+ ) no claims z yet on ! score ( usefulness to society or ( m]it ( any k9d1 mu/ f9d some:]e a place :]e x is welcom$ )\t reg>d to usefulness or m]it4 ,& x is ! love ( ! p>5ts t makes ! home1 & x is 8 own home t makes ! *ild at home 9 ! _w4 ,x does n foll[ t p>5ts 9 g5]al d rev]5ce ! spiritual possibilities lat5t 9 _! *ildr54 ,! natural affection is !re1 b ! empirical sub/ratum & ! spiritual relation are n to be conf\nd$4 ,! k9d ( rev]5ce ( :i* ,i speak is an ideal ?+ to be work$ t[>ds1 n some?+ t z yet actually exi/s1 save 9 exceptional cases4 ,9 ! ca/e family & ! feudal family ! fa!r inc>nat$1 z x 71 ! social sy/em s f> z t /ratum or class 0 conc]n$ to :i* he belong$4 ,he inspir$ awe4 ,he dem&$ implicit ob$i5ce4 ,x 0 ! exi/+ social sy/em t spoke f 8 lips4 ,b ?is sy/em itself _h an arbitr>y "*1 & ! wor%ip ( ! fa!r 0 h>dly e?ical4 ,! mod]n family goes to ! opposite extreme4 ,9 x ! relations betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 are loose1 & t5d to become m & m s4 ,rev]5ce is sc>cely look$ = by ! p>5t1 & is n likely to be accord$4 ,on ! individuali/ic !ory ! *ild at a v e>ly age is treat$ z an equal1 & :e!r enc\rag$ to d s or n is apt to ass]t its indep5d5ce4 ,! memb]s ( ! family are n jo9$ 9 an organic connection1 b resemble a collection ( atomic units t easily fall ap>t4 ,! e?ical relation1 ! real rev]5ce mu/ spr+ f ! s]vice ! p>5t r5d]s 9 br++ to light ! specific individuality ( ! *ild ) an eye to ! transmutation :i* x is to receive 9 ! lat] t]ms ( ! social s]ies4 ,n only highe/ gratitude b g5u9e rev]5ce are due to ! p>5t :o p]=ms ?is (fice4 8,y h giv5 me physical bir?1 y are n[ giv+ me spiritual bir?10 w be ! *ild's response to ! p>5t's ef=ts4 ,?us mu* may be said z to ! reason :y ! m>riage relation %\ld be exclusive4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y x %\ld be lifelong1 is t ! (fice ( ! p>5t 9 fur!r+ ! spiritual developm5t ( ! *ildr5 does n end :5 !y rea* ! ?re%old ( manhood or womanhood4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! f9e/ t\*es are (t5 add$ to ! "w ( education :5 ! sons & daught]s h become e/abli%$ 9 a bus9ess or pr(ession1 & h f\nd$ families ( _! own4 ,! wisdom ga!r$ f ! exp]i5ce ( _! eld]s1 ! dis9t]e/$ c\nsel inspir$ by love1 w !n be ( ! greate/ use to !m4 ,! "y "m1 especially1 confront$ ) ! problems ( *ild-re>+1 w naturally turn to h] own "m = advice4 ,! son1 :o comes to close qu>t]s ) ! difficulties ( life1 w f9d 9 ! fa!r1 :o is deta*$ f life & has ! tranquil vision ( old age1 8 be/ fri5d4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ?ird type ( rev]5ce ,i h already includ$ all t ne$ "h be said ( ! fir/ type4 ,! rev]5tial relation is mutual4 ,! *ild w truly rev]5ce ! p>5t :o on 8 side rev]5ces ! *ild's spiritual possibilities4 ,! *ild does n und]/& ! ^w ,spiritual1 b is unconsci\sly affect$ by ! ?+ itself :i* ,i am "h describ+4 ,a p]son :o has ! vision1 :o has ! gift ( div9+ :at is z yet unmanife/$1 w convey to o!rs ! illum9ation ( 8 vision4 ,! *ild w realize 9 8 p>5t ! pres5ce ( some?+ high]1 & w rev]e x1 wor%ip x4 ,c]ta9 looks1 c]ta9 expressions ( ! c\nt5ance1 c]ta9 ge/ures1 ?\gh n und]/ood 9 _! mean+ at ! "t1 w be impr9t$ on memory to be recall$ 9 lat] life & !n und]/ood4 ,b x is ess5tial1 9 ord] to evoke rev]5ce 9 ! "y1 to h x oneself4 ,he :o does n /eadfa/ly rev]e some?+1 yes1 someone great] ?an himself1 w nev] elicit rev]5ce 9 o!rs4 ,! second type ( rev]5ce1 t[>ds ^? :o are unlike ourselves b none ! less our equals1 c be inculcat$ 9 an elem5t>y way 9 ! family ?r\gh ! relations ( bro!rs & si/]s4 ,frat]nal feel+ is an empirical means :]eby to produce or at lea/ prep>e ! way = a v notable spiritual result--! will+ness n only to respect diff]5ce 9 o!rs1 b to welcome x4 ,9 curr5t tea*+ ! emphasis 9 frat]nity is plac$ on lik5ess4 ,x %\ld r be plac$ on ! unlik5ess4 ,^! exi/1 & are sometimes v m>k$ betwe5 bro!rs1 & (t5 cause discord & sep>ation4 ,! novices 9 life %\ld !re=e be taught betimes to ov]come _! repugnance to ^? :o are unlike !mselves1 & ! common relation ( ! bro!rs to _! p>5ts w be helpful to ?is end4 ,naturally we dislike ! unlike4 ,ali5ness is ev] productive ( di%>mony4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! unlike p]son 9 ! case ( a bro!r is ! *ild ( ! same p>5ts draws u p[]fully t[>d him despite ! t5d5cy to recoil4 ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion t ! triple rev]5ce is mo/ naturally & easily le>n$ 9 ! family1 because ( ! simplicity ( ! relations1 & ! limit$ numb] ( p]sons involv$4 ,! "q may be rais$ :e!r ! s+le family %\ld rema9 ! prim>y social unit1 or :e!r a gr\p ( families unit$ 9 close cop]ation w\ld bett] fulfil ! purposes = :i* ! family exi/s4 ,! privacy & sep>at5ess ( ea* family w\ld n ne$ to be di/urb$1 cop]ation might be limit$ to specific objects1 su* z simplify+ ! "w ( ! h\sehold1 provid+ k9d]g>t5 education = ! "y *ildr51 bett] play facilities1 sep>ate /udy rooms = adolesc5ts1 common ent]ta9m5ts = all1 & a s]vice ( song at ! beg9n+ or close ( ! day4 ,"o obvi\s difficulty 9 con/itut+ su* a gr\p w\ld be3 ! div]sities ( ta/es & op9ions1 p>ticul>ly su* z are n p]ceiv$ at ! outset1 b em]ge on ne>] acqua9tance1 & z ! y\ng] memb]s gr[ up & develop _! idiosyncrasies4 ,"o great advantage1 h[ev]1 w\ld result if c>e 7 tak5 to include 9 ! gr\p p]sons belong+ to diff]5t vocations--sci5ti/1 s*ol>1 ar*itect1 lawy]1 arti/4 ,"y p]sons z !y mature w\ld !n h ! b5efit ( contact ) ^? :o are intimately famili> ) diff]5t l9es ( vocational activity1 & w\ld be help$ to "k _! own m9d z to _! future c>e] bett] ?an !y commonly d n[4 ,p]sonal contact ) "o :o is engag$ 9 a c]ta9 l9e ( "w is a f> bett] in/ruction z to ! nature ( ! "w ?an read+ ab\t x or obs]vation f a di/ance4 ,! e?ical !ory ( m>riage has be5 develop$ 9 my publi%$ addresses4#gc ,b c]ta9 topics n !re treat$ ,i w\ld at lea/ allude to "h 9 pass+1 & among !m ! ne$ ( a m c>eful /udy ( ! causes t lead to infelicity 9 m>riage4 ,kant m5tions1 z an in/ance ( ! discrepancy betwe5 ! natural & ! moral ord]1 ! fact t ! sex passion is (t5 at its height be=e ! p]iod :5 m>riage may be wisely ent]$ into4 ,!re are o!r seem+ly radical incongruities1 = in/ance1 t betwe5 ! face1 ! features ( a p]son & 8 real "*4 ,! "o may be borr[$ s to speak f "s ance/or1 :ile ! real nature is q at v>iance ) ! impression creat$ by ! face1 s t "o :o ?9ks he m>ries ,a really m>ries ,b4 ,!re are div]sities also betwe5 p>tn]s 9 m>riage t only %[ !mselves 9 ! latt] "p ( life1 :5 ! outl9es ( "* are apt to /& =? b>e4 ,besides1 !re is assum$ to be1 by "s mod]n writ]s1 a c]ta9 fundam5tal sex antagonism4 ,! :ole "q ( ! *>act]i/ics ( sex requires to be f> m c>efully inve/igat$ ?an x has be54 ,& "h let me take ! opportunity to express my positive appreciation ( empirical sci5ce 9 connection ) e?ical !ory4 ,! *ief object ( ?is volume is to "w out ! g5]al plan ( ! e?ical relations1 or ! regulative pr9ciple 9 e?ics1 & ?is ,i am deeply conv9c$ is sup]s5sible & non-empirical4 ,appli$ e?ics1 h[ev]1 is dep5d5t n only on ! regulative pr9ciple b on empirical sci5ce1 t is1 on an ext5d$ & ev]-increas+ k ( physiology1 psy*ology1 & ( ! environm5tal conditions t influ5ce human be+s1 & ,i am ke5ly desir\s to w>d (f ! possible misund]/&+ t ! e?ical !ory "h propos$ is int5d$ to replace ! empirical sci5ce ( man1 individual or social ,)\t ! way !re is no go+4 ,)\t ! tru? !re is no kn[+2 says ,?omas ,kempis4 ,! way is ! empirical k1 ! tru? is ! regulative pr9ciple4 ,! way itself1 z we proce$ along x1 w %$ additional light on ! tru?4 ,nev]!less1 )\t ! outl9es ( ! tru?1 )\t a goal 9 view1 we %\ld b be w&]+ bl9dly4 ,x is likely t ! relations betwe5 p]sons 9 m>riage w 9 future become m complex1 & ! difficulties ( adju/m5t m s]i\s1 9 proportion z "u ! influ5ce ( ! new education ! individualities ( m5 & wom5 become m develop$4 ,problems h>dly z yet envisag$ w !n become press+4 ,b :atev] ! difficulties1 !y c be ov]come if ! ideal purpose ( m>riage be kept 9 view1 namely1 t two be+s ( opposite sexes %all sp5d _! lives 9 ! spiritual reproduction ( (fspr+4 ,! relation is triangul>4 ,husb& & wife are ea* to elicit ! di/9ctive be/ 9 ! o!r1 incit$1 impell$ to d s 9 ord] jo9tly to evoke ! di/9ctive be/ 9 ! "y4 ,& ! "y repres5t po/]ity4 ,:at ! p>5ts d = _! own *ildr5 !y d = po/]ity1 s9ce *ildr5 are t portion ( po/]ity :i* comes "u _! imm$iate influ5ce4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x may be said t m>riage is an organ = ! spiritual reproduction & advancem5t ( ! human race4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,spuri\s or ba/>d organization 0 bas$ on ! empirical prem95ce ( "s function l t ( ! prie/ or ! w>rior4 #gc ,see ,m>riage & ,divorce1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,vocations ,! next t]m 9 ! s]ies ( social in/itutions is ! s*ool1 inclusive ( its high] dep>tm5ts4 ,b = reasons :i* w suffici5tly appe> to anyone :o c>efully reads ?is *apt]1 x is advisable to treat ! vocations fir/4 ,a m ludicr\s mi/ake _c be conceiv$ ?an t ( tak+ ! ideal = ! fact1 ! wi% = ! de$1 9 matt]s t\*+ ! social in/itutions4 ,?us ! t]m 8vocational guidance0 is (t5 us$1 z if ! occupations ( ! majority ( m5 already answ]$ to :at is impli$ 9 ! idea ( a vocation z if1 = in/ance1 indu/rial labor 9 a factory 7 a 8vocation0 into :i* ! "y only ne$$ to be guid$1 :]eas guidance means1 9 ?is case1 be+ direct$ into "s me*anical occupation n already ov]cr[d$1 or turn$ into o!r unvocational occupations :5 !y happ5 n to be ov]-fill$4 ,b :at is true ( monoton\s1 me*anical labor 9 factories is true 9 a great] or less degree ( all human occupations4 ,none ( !m at lea/ are z yet vocations 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,i dwell on ?is because1 9 describ+ ! vocation z ! ?ird t]m 9 ! s]ies1 ,i w\ld n h ! read] imag9e t ?is ?ird t]m exi/s 9 any adequate mann]4 ,r is x to be ! task ( :at is (t5 loosely call$ 8social re=m0 to create ! e?ical s]ies1--n only ! ?ird t]m 7! vocation71 b ! :ole s]ies f beg9n+ to end1 ! family1 ! s*ool1 ! /ate1 ! int]national society1 ! ideal religi\s society4 ,! phrase 8social re=m0 is /rictly correct only :5 us$ compreh5sively 9 ?is way4 ,to conf9e its usage to ! m equable rep>tition ( weal?1 or to *anges 9 economic conditions is unw>rantably to n>r[ its signification4 ,social re=m is ! re=mation ( all ! social in/itutions 9 su* a way t !y may become successive phases ?r\gh :i* ! individual %all advance t[>ds ! acquisition ( an e?ical p]sonality4 ,9 sket*+ ! ideals ( ! diff]5t vocations1 ,i h to consid] 9 :at way ea* contributes to ! =mation ( an e?ical p]sonality4 ,!re is an empirical side to ea* vocation4 ,e vocation satisfies "s "o or m ( ! empirical human ne$s2 b 9 ! v act or process ( do+ s1 x ought1 9 ord] to des]ve ! "n ( a vocation1 to satisfy also a spiritual ne$1 to contribute 9 a specific way t[>d ! =mation ( a spiritual p]sonality4#gd ,agriculture furni%es food4 ,! diff]5t trades m9i/] to a great v>iety ( wants4 ,! sci5ti/ ext5ds our k ( nature4 ,) ?is empirical aspect ( ! vocations1 h[ev]1 ,i am n "h conc]n$4 ,a sci5tific classification ( ! vocations is n a task to :i* ,i ne$ address myself4 ,my task is an e?ical classification ( ! vocations4 ,z ?is has nev] be5 und]tak51 ! fir/ attempt is difficult & p]=ce provisional4 ,i outl9e my topics z foll[s3 #a4 ,! !oretical physical sci5ces 7includ+ ma!matics7 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! specific way 9 :i* ! e?ical p]sonality may be develop$ by ^? :o pursue !m4 #b4 ,! practical c\nt]p>ts ( ! !oretical sci5ces1 e4g41 eng9e]+1 & ! indu/rial arts 9 s f> z !y dep5d on & illu/rate & use pr9ciples & me?ods furni%$ by sci5ce4 ,"w 9 factories1 m9es1 & also 9 ! fields1 is to be reg>d$ z ! executive side ( !oretical sci5ce4 #c4 ,! hi/orical sci5ces1 ^? :i* h to d ) m5tally reproduc+ ! life ( ! human race 9 ! pa/1 includ+ hi/ory prop]1 philology1 ar*ology1 etc4 #d4 ,! vocation ( ! arti/4 #e4 ,! vocation ( ! lawy] & ! judge4 ,! vocation ( ! /atesman4 ,! vocation ( ! religi\s tea*]4 ,! ?ree la/ m5tion$ are class$ toge!r z educational vocations1 t is1 z vocations :i*1 9 respect to _! highe/ significance1 are bran*es ( ! p$agogy ( mank9d1 hav+ = _! object to educate ! human race2 ! e?ical object ( ! lawy] be+ to educate society 9 ! idea ( ju/ice2 ( ! /atesman to educate society 9 ! idea ( ! /ate2 ( ! religi\s tea*] to educate society 9 ! idea ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,?is conception ( ! lawy]1 ! politician1 etc41 z prim>ily educators1 is a po9t to :i* p>ticul> att5tion is direct$4 ,! significance ( x w appe> fur!r on4 ,i %all n[ indicate 9 b>e outl9e :at ,i conceive to be ! specific contribution ( ! vocations m5tion$ to ! =mation ( a spiritual p]sonality4 ,sci5ce ,conspicu\sly important 9 ?is connection is ! "q :e!r & by :at means ! pursuit ( ! physical sci5ces c be l9k$ up to ! supreme spiritual end ( man4 ,! sci5ti/ may develop into a great ?9k] 9 ! c\rse ( compreh5sive & intricate inve/igations1 b he does n !reby necess>ily develop into a p]sonality4 ,8 m9d w become 9 ?is way a mirror ( ! ord]ly procession ( nature's ph5om5a4 ,he w be ! accurate record] ( :at happ5s1 ! kn[+ spectator ( ! play1 ^: eye recognizes ! actors1 ! =ces1 b5ea? _! disguises4 ,! pursuit ( k ( ?is k9d = ! sake ( k1 or x may be = ! sake ( ex]cis+ ! faculty ( cognition1 repres5ts ! purely sci5tific conception ( ! aim ( sci5ce4 ,:atev] moral qualities are exact$ ( ! sci5ti/1 su* z accuracy or intellectual v]acity1 self-abnegation1 scorn ( m]e vulg> pecuni>y rew>d or celebrity1 & at lea/ a provisional disreg>d ( ! practical b5efits to be d]iv$ by mank9d f sci5tific discov]y--all ^! f9e traits ( "* are priz$ z subord9ate to ! /rictly sci5tific object4 ,! e?ical "* ( ! man himself is n reg>d$ z ! supreme end to be fo/]$ by 8 sci5tific occupation1 b z in/rum5tal to 8 occupation ! aims ( :i* are said to be purely imp]sonal4 ,!re is ?us a sci5tific conception ( ! aim ( sci5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 !re is an e?ical conception ( x4 ,! =m] po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! indef9ite ext5sion ( k :i* nev] embraces a totality ( ! kn[able1 nev] rea*es a limit1 ev5 9 idea4 ,! latt] po9ts to ! inf9ite1 n to ! indef9ite1 sets up an ideal ( ! inf9ite z ! goal1 takes ! man out ( ! flux1 c5tralizes 8 individuality into a p]sonality by relat+ him to ! inf9ite1 n z ! m]e spectator & scribe ( nature1 b ?r\gh 8 action or o!r pot5tial spiritual be+s l himself4 ,! sci5ti/1 9 brief1 l e "o else1 becomes a p]sonality by elicit+ ! pot5tial spiritual nature 9 o!r human be+s4 ,b be x not$ t he is to p]=m ?is task z a sci5ti/4 ,8 p>ticul> occupation is to be ! means ( produc+ a p>ticul> spiritual result 9 o!rs z well z 9 himself1 & by ?is means 8 occupation is to be conv]t$ into a vocation4 ,h[8 ,?r\gh p>tial success & fru/ration4 ,p>tial success 9 ! case ( a sci5ti/ means = "o ?+1 increas$ m5tal grasp1 ! p[] to hold be=e ! m9d ev] m & m complex relations1--a faculty supremely s]viceable 9 ma/]+ complexities ( relation 9 ! economic1 9 ! political sph]es1 9 ! sph]e ( int]national int]c\rse1 9 ! sph]e ( ! social relations 9 g5]al1 & :]ev] ! e?ical pr9ciple has to be appli$4 ,! sci5tific occupation tra9s p[]s :i* are to be ex]cis$ s z to illum9ate obscurities 9 ! e?ical field4 ,! fru/ration :i* ! sci5ti/ meets ) :5 he reflects 9 ?or\ghgo+ fa%ion on ! bus9ess he has 9 h& is ! inevitable realization t ,alles ,v]gngli*e i/ nur e9 ,glei*niss1 t ! sph]e ( ! f9ite 9 :i* he labors1 ?\gh capable ( indef9ite ext5sion1 is =ev] incapable ( be+ r\nd$ out to a true inf9ity1 & h5ce t ! complete unification ( ! manifold 79 :i* alone ! reality-produc+ functions ( ! m9d c f9d repose & ultimate satisfaction71 c nev] be c>ri$ out 9 ! manifold ( juxtaposition & sequ5ce ) :i*1 z a physical sci5ti/1 he deals4 ,he w ?us be l$ to face 9 ?\ght ! limits ( :at is f9itely atta9able1 n only by him z an individual sci5ti/1 b by physical sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,& 9 proportion z 8 spiritual nature is en]getic x w !n ass]t itself all ! m resili5tly aft] ?is defeat1 & turn 9 a new direction1 & t[>ds ano!r k9d ( tru?1 ! tru? :i* is discov]$ 9 ! realm ( w1 9 ! sph]e ( int]c\rse ) fell[ human be+s4 ,! propdeutic result ( sci5ce ) respect to e?ical p]sonality is ! tra9+ ( ! m complex m5tal faculties4 ,! positive result foll[+ ! fru/ration is ! new turn t[>d ! spiritual1 ! escape f ! spell :]e) ! physical _w en*a9s ! m9d1 ! dissipat+ ( ! widespread illusion t ! tru?s ( physical sci5ce are ! only k9d ( tru?1 ! m det]m9$ sett+ ( ! face t[>ds a diff]5t k9d ( tru?4 ,! sci5ti/1 9 brief1 is to travel along ! pa?s ( ! f9ite 9 ord] to arrive & /& at ! gate ( ! inf9ite4 ,i h said t ! boon ( p]sonality is ga9$ 9 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce :i* we ex]t on o!rs4 ,h[ does ! sci5ti/ z a sci5ti/ spiritually affect o!rs8 ,! great specific s]vice1 z ,i h j said1 :i* he is to r5d] is to de/roy ! illusion t ! mat]ial _w is a f9ality4 ,& x is j he1 ! sci5ti/1 :o works mo/ successfully 9 ! field ( physical tru? :o mu/ assi/ ! re/ ( u 9 escap+ f ! spell to :i* we are all subject4 ,he is ! "o1 he :o m ?an o!rs succe$s 9 unify+ ! manifold ( juxtaposition & sequ5ce1 to :om we look to lib]ate o!rs z well z himself f ! deceptive belief t ! reality-produc+ functions ( ! human m9d c be satisfi$ 9 ! temporal & spatial manifold4 ,n f ! tyro1 n f ! purveyor ( 8popul> sci5ce0 c we hope to le>n ! pr(\nde/ lessons z to ! incapacity ( physical nature to appease ! _s ( man4 ,x is f ! famili> fri5d ( nature1 f "o m deeply read ?an we are 9 h] secrets1 t we are to obta9 ?is great in/ruction1 to receive ?is boon4 ,e?ics is a sci5ce ( reactions4 ,ea* vocation reacts ^u ! o!rs4 ,! g5]al reaction ( sci5ce ,i h m5tion$4 ,9 addition ! "w ( ! sci5ti/ reacts ^u agriculture1 indu/ry1 etc4 ,! indu/rial arts1 z has be5 /at$1 are to be reg>d$ z ! executive auxili>ies ( sci5ce1 receiv+ f x ! k ( ! uni=mities ( nature1 & 9 turn sett+ = sci5ce new problems by att5tion to :i* sci5tific !ory is advanc$4 ,! relations ( sci5ce to art also ne$ to be consid]$ at great] l5g? ?an is possible "h4 ,i h 9 m9d inquiries into ! sci5tific basis ( music l ^? ( ,helmholtz1 ! sci5tific !ory ( color & ! l1 & also detail$ /udies ( ! return gift :i* art conf]s on sci5ce1 especially ! value to ! sci5ti/ ( t cultivation ( ! imag9ation :i* is ga9$ by ! contemplation & /udy ( works ( art4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( imag9ation3 ! purely arti/ic1 ! sci5tific1 ! me*anical imag9ation1 ! e?ical imag9ation4 ,! function ( ! imag9ation 9 advanc+ sci5ce has be5 discuss$ by ,tyndall & o!rs1 b ! subject is f> inde$ f be+ exhau/$4 ,! sci5ti/ !n may be def9$ z "o :o /&s 9 reciprocal relations to all o!r dep>tm5ts ( human int]e/ & activity1 :o gives to ea* f 8 specific /&po9t z a sci5ti/1 & receives f ea*1 f religion1#ge f art1 f ! practical vocations1 etc4 ,ideally speak+1 e man p>ticipates 9 all ! pr9cipal int]e/s & activities ( ! human m9d4 ,e man is some?+ ( an arti/1 some?+ ( a practical or executive work]1 sci5ti/1 religi\s be+4 ,b 9 ea* individual ! diff]5t int]e/s are color$ by 8 special pursuit1 & ! influ5ce he wields 9 return is modifi$ 9 ! same fa%ion4#gf ,!re are ?ree great tasks t occupy human life3 #a4 ,to build our f9ite _w 7sci5ce & its adjuncts74 #b4 ,to create 9 ! f9ite ! semblance ( ! inf9ite1 or spiritual relation 7art74 #c4 ,to /rive to realize ! spiritual relation 9 human int]c\rse 7e?ics & religion74 ,?is discussion ( sci5ce af=ds me ! opportunity to give an exact def9ition ( ! ^w 8in/rum5tal0 z ,i use x4 ,& ! ^w 8in/rum5tal0 is ( decisive importance z to ! entire e?ical conception ( life4 ,in/rum5tal 9 :at s5se8 ,! f9ite ends ( man are to be ! means us$ 9 ! pursuit ( ! inf9ite end4 ,b 9 :at mann] are !y to be ! means8 ,to be a *e]ful _w-build]1 to take an active & :ole-he>t$ int]e/ 9 ! improvem5t ( mat]ial conditions1 9 political re=ms1 9 ! embelli%m5t ( e>?ly life--h[ is x possible to d ?is & at ! same "t keep ! spiritual end 9 view z ! supreme end8 ,*ri/ianity 9 its pri/9e =m1#gg ab&ons ! task 9 dismay4 ,in/ead ( seek+ action 9 ! f9ite _w z a means1 x c\nsels r5unciation & )drawal4 ,mod]n social re=m movem5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 are devot$ to f9ite ends1 m or less ignor+ ! spiritual4 ,h[ is x possible to "w 9 ! _w1 9 ! f9ite sph]e1 = an end beyond ! f9ite8 ,! answ]1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! case ( sci5ce 7& ! same applies to all o!r vocations71 is to be f\nd 9 ! words 8p>tial success & fru/ration40 ,! f9ite1 less] ends1 are means to ! highe/ end 9 s f> z we are p>tially able to embody ! spiritual relation 9 ! f9ite _w1 & 9 s f> z ! inevitable defeat ( our ef=t to d s s]ves to implant 9 u ! conviction ( ! reality ( ! inf9ite e?ical ideal4 ,! po9ts conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,:at is ! relation ( sci5ce to ! e?ical end8 ,we are seek+ to l9k up ! _w to _s4 ,along :at l9e c ! connection be m>k$ out 9 ! case ( sci5ce8 ,sci5ce is in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ m securely ! empirical basis ( self-respect1 inasmu* z x gives to man to a c]ta9 ext5t a s5se ( ma/]y ov] nature4 ,) ! help ( sci5ce he feels himself no long] ! helpless sport ( nature's =ces4 ,! tra9+ 9 complex ?9k+ af=d$ by sci5ce is favorable to ! e?ical re=m]4 ,sci5ce also incid5tally enc\rages ! virtues ( v]acity1 & ! l4 ,k = k's sake _c be ! f9al end ( ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 s9ce ! _w ( space & "t ) :i* sci5ce deals is n only n z yet rationaliz$ b is n ultimately rationalizable4 ,:ile 9 all ! respects j m5tion$ ! pursuit ( sci5ce is indirectly in/rum5tal to ! spiritual end--in/rum5tal to ! in/rum5t--x is directly in/rum5tal to x 9 s f> z1 at ! h& ( ! supreme sci5ti/1 man is conduct$ ?r\gh ! f9ite z f> z ! gate ( ! inf9ite4 ,,footnotes3 #gd ,j z ! family is ! organ ( physical reproduction1 b 9 t v capacity is e?ically requir$ to br+ to bir? ! spiritual nature ( its memb]s4 #ge ,all t ,i h said 9 ! beg9n+ z to ! relation ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite belongs "u ?is head4 #gf ,!re is "o po9t too obvi\s to be ov]look$1 b p]haps x _h bett] be expressly m5tion$4 ,! sci5ti/ helps u to build our _w1 ! physical ne/ 9 :i* we live1 fir/ by ma/]+ nature's proc$ures1 !n by mak+ possible inv5tions1 :i* increase ! security ( our foot+ 9 ! physical _w2 disp5se u f ! brute task ( pitt+ our m]ely physical /r5g? aga9/ ! =ces ( nature2 r5d] communication betwe5 di/ant peoples feasible1 & !reby lay ! fir/ f\ndation = an int]national society4 #gg ,vide ,introduction to ! ,fir/ ,book4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,practical ,,vocations ,m$ic9e is ! executive ( ! sci5ce ( physiology1 & ! o!rs1 on :i* x dep5ds4 ,! physician has a c]ta9 "w to d1 a c]ta9 ne$ to satisfy--! ne$ ( heal?1 ! alleviation ( pa94 ,9 endeavor+ to satisfy ?is ne$ he uses ! sci5ces t und]lie 8 vocation & 9 turn promotes ^? sci5ces4 ,on ! l[] levels ( agriculture & ! indu/rial arts ! same holds true4 ,our physical necessities vocif]\sly dem& satisfaction4 ,!y _c wait4 ,m5 mu/ h food or !y p]i%4 ,! agriculturi/ supplies ! food !y ne$4 ,b ! spiritual view ( life decl>es t man1 :ile engag$ 9 satisfy+ 8 mat]ial wants1 %all 9 s do+ ass]t 8 spiritual nature4 ,he is to hamm] out 8 p]sonality on ! anvil ( 8 empirical necessities4 ,ev5 z human be+s d n p>take ( food l animals1 b indicate by ! mann] 9 :i* !y take x ! sup]ior wor? ( ! be+ :o is dep5d5t on food1 s ! agriculturi/ :o raises ! food %\ld te/ify to 8 spiritual "*4 ,he does s 9 "p at lea/ by 8 reaction on ! sci5ces :i* he applies1 biology1 *emi/ry1 etc4 ,! same holds good ( ! indu/rial occupations4 ,! "w a man does %\ld be ! means ( promot+ ! developm5t ( 8 m5tal & /hetic nature1 & ( 8 w4 ,! m5tal & /hetic developm5t is acquir$ by ma/]+ & react+ on ! sci5ce & ! art t ent] into ! trade4 ,! developm5t ( ! w1 ! mo/ important ( all1 dep5ds on ! organic relations ( ! indu/rial work]s among !mselves & to _! *iefs4 ,?is raises ! problem ( ! "r organization ( 8indu/rial vocationali/s0 f ! e?ical po9t ( view1 & ! foll[+ que/ions pres5t !mselves3 ,%all ! pres5t division into ! two ho/ile camps ( trade-unioni/s & employ]s cont9ue8 ,or is x to be reg>d$ z a make%ift1 p]haps necess>y dur+ ! pres5t p]iod ( transition1 b c]ta9ly unt5able 9 ! long run8 ,is ! uni=m arrangem5t contemplat$ by ,socialism desirable1 ! gov]nm5t ( e indu/ry & inde$ ( e vocation by ! repres5tatives ( ! community z a :ole8 ,%all :at is call$ cop]ation be adopt$1 t is1 ! =mation ( indep5d5t gr\ps ( work]s on ! volunt>y pr9ciple1 associat$ = ! purpose ( equably divid+ ! pr(its8 ,! ?ree alt]natives m5tion$ may be exam9$ f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,"h we consid] !m f ! e?ical po9t ( view4 ,assum+ t ! e?ical end ( life is to be supreme1 :at k9d ( indu/rial re-organization ( society w be mo/ 9 h>mony ) x8 ,all ?ree plans are op5 to ! e?ical objection t !y conc5trate att5tion on ! mat]ial ga9 to be d]iv$ f ! indu/ry in/ead ( on ! specific s]vice :i* ^? :o foll[ ! indu/ry z a vocation are to r5d]4 ,collective b>ga9+ betwe5 unions & employ]s is aft] all j b>ga9+4 ,socialism diff]s f trade-unionism n 9 ! object s mu* z 9 ! means4 ,in/ead ( secur+ = ! work]s a l>g] %>e x w\ld secure = !m at once an approximately equal %>e4 ,cop]ation aims at ! same result z ,socialism by volunt>y association in/ead ( by collective compulsion4 ,none ( ! ?ree plans is e?ically satisfy+1 & a f\r? arrangem5t %\ld be contemplat$4 ,its *>act]i/ics are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! idea ( s]vice to be pre-em95t in/ead ( ! ga91 ! wage or sal>y to be apportion$ z ! means ( su/a9+ ! work] 9 ! be/ possible p]=mance ( ! s]vice4 #b4 ,! "w done by ! work]s to be ! means ( develop+ !m m5tally1 /hetically & volitionally1 ! educational features !re=e to be pre-em95t4 #c4 ,! indu/rial gr\p to be trans=m$ into a social sub-organism 79 ! e?ical s5se a sub-organ ( ! l>g] organism ( ! nation74 ,by ?is is meant t ! employ]s cease to be employ]s & become function>ies1 :ile ea* work] 9 8 place & 9 8 degree likewise becomes a function>y4 ,a common social s]vice gr\p w ?us be =m$ embrac+ ! *iefs & ! humbl] work]s4 ,! *iefs w be ! executive & adm9i/rative function>ies1 & w be safegu>d$ 9 ! due dis*>ge ( _! prop] functions4 ,! work]s w n attempt to wre/ f _! *iefs z !y d at pres5t ! directive functions :i* prop]ly belong to ! latt] 7subject1 h[ev]1 to due control74 ,to ea* ( ! less] function>ies 9 turn w be assign$ a sph]e )9 :i* a relative indep5d5ce w\ld be 84 ,! indu/ry z a :ole w be an organ ( ! corpus sociale1 & ?is its "* w be express$ 9 its gov]nm5t4 ,! work]s1 n requir$ to r5d] implicit ob$i5ce to rules impos$ ^u !m by ma/]s & sup]9t5d5ts1 w h a voice 9 ! legislation ( ! indu/ry1 9 fram+ ! policy ( ! indu/ry1 9 elect+ ! *iefs1 & 9 ?is way ! developm5t ( ! w1 ^u :i* ,i lay ! greate/ /ress1 w be atta9$4 ,! w ( ! work]1 at pres5t fett]$1 w be lib]at$ by ! opportunity giv5 x to become enlight5$ & effectual4 ,i am n "h describ+ a s*eme :i* is to be imm$iately laun*$ 9 its complet5ess4 ,i am illu/rat+ ! e?ical pr9ciple z ,i see x z appli$ to ?is p>ticul> vocation4 ,i am endeavor+ to %[ h[ an occupation c be *ang$ into a vocation4 ,! con/itutional gov]nm5t ( indu/ries w\ld be an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! pres5t autocratic =m1 9 :i* m or less absolute p[] is ve/$ 9 ! employ]1 & t organic con/itution ( indu/ry :i* is e?ically desirable4 ,?us f> ! foll[+ plans h be5 be=e ! m9ds ( social re=m]s3 ,a4 ,competition1 or life & dea? /ruggle4 ,b4 ,modifi$ competition1 or rais+ ! plane ( competition1 z x is call$1 t is1 do+ away ) ! m f]oci\s & unscrupul\s me?ods ( competition4 ,c4 ,socialism4 ,d4 ,cop]ation4 ,i propose to add 7,e7 organization 9 ! e?ical s5se4 ,! ^w 8organization0 is deplorably misus$ at pres5t4 ,x is commonly employ$ z a synonym = aggregation1 :i* is ! v rev]se ( organization4 ,?us 8organiz$ labor0 really means aggregate labor1 labor act+ en masse4 ,a fur!r rem>k on ! diff]5ce betwe5 indu/rial vocationalism z outl9$ & ,socialism may be ( use 9 cl>ify+ ! ma9 idea4 ,! relative indep5d5ce ( ! social sub-organism is ! sali5t po9t4 ,?is k9d ( indep5d5ce is bas$ on ! g5]al conception und]ly+ my entire e?ical philosophy1 t ! e?ical quality resides 9 uniqu5ess 9 di/9ctiv5ess1 t e?ical progress consi/s 9 driv+ t[>ds individualization 9 ! s5se ( p]sonalization4 ,?is z oppos$ to ^? philosophies ( life t see ! e?ical quality 9 uni=mity4 ,socialism is on ! side ( uni=mity4 ,x is inde$ an extreme expression ( x4 ,if sometimes x is urg$ t ! relative indep5d5ce ( ! vocational gr\ps might be recogniz$ 9 ! sociali/ic /ate1 ! answ] is t ! t5d5cy w\ld be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,& besides1 ! all-important "q is to :at end ! relative indep5d5ce is to be us$4 ,"u socialism x w\ld be us$ = ! purpose ( increas+ ! quantity ( valuable products at ! disposal ( ! community z a :ole4 ,f ! e?ical po9t ( view1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! organic gr\p w\ld be us$ to insure reciprocal relations1 & by means ( ^! ! developm5t m5tally1 /hetically & volitionally ( ! produc]s4 ,! di/9ction c]ta9ly is cle> en\gh to its memb]s1 :i*ev] way ! read] may incl9e4#gh ,! ,hi/orical ,sci5ces ,i ref] n[ briefly to hi/orical sci5ce4 ,! e?ical aim ( hi/ory & its adjunct sci5ces is to r$eem f oblivion z f> z is possible ! pa/ ( ! human race1 its docum5ts1 its monum5ts1 ! k ( its political adv5tures1 its cu/oms1 laws & in/itutions1 its religi\s beliefs4 ,9 view ( ! lacunae 9 our k a complete revival ( ! pa/ is impossible4 ,we mu/ !re=e pr9cipally seek to und]/& ! rul+ ideas t h gov]n$ our ance/ors1 9 ! family1 9 ! /ate1 etc4 ,! task ( ! hi/orian is to pres5t ^! ideas z se5 9 ! light ( _! consequ5ces1 s z to help u revalue !m f ! po9t ( view ( pres5t exp]i5ce & insight4 ,! hi/orian w ?us enable u to c>ry ov] f ! pa/ :at is truly valuable1 = ! bus9ess we h 9 h&4 ,!re is j n[ a /rong reaction aga9/ ! k9d ( hi/orical sci5ce :i* deals pr9cipally ) w>s & ! actions ( pr9ces or ( great lead]s4 ,detail$ att5tion is be+ giv5 to ! m obscure life ( ! p4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t m]e p5etration into ! l[] /rata ( bygone societies1 ! m]e heap+ up ( facts conc]n+ mass movem5ts1 is z unpr(itable z ! m picturesque recitals ) :i* works on hi/ory 7 =m]ly adorn$4 ,! mass movem5ts & ! ideas :i* gave rise to !m %\ld be set cle> z f> z possible2 b )\t ! evaluation & ! revaluation1 or ! e?ical appraisem5t1 ! volum9\s k ( details is m]ely /upefy+1 & leaves u z mu* at sea z ev]4#gi ,_m m5 h read _m books on hi/ory1 & fill$ _! m9ds ) in=mation on subjects l ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation or ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ wis] !mselves1 or m fitt$ to enlight5 o!rs 9 respect to ! religi\s & e?ical problems :i* 7 involv$ 9 ^! great movem5ts1 & :i* /ill t\* u s closely today4 ,z to ! ord9>y high s*ool or college /ud5t1 :at z a rule does he c>ry away f 8 /udy ( pa/ 8hi/ory08 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,! vocational gr\p mu/ be indep5d5t because ! exp]t famili> ) ! conditions "u :i* a s]vice is p]=m$ is specially compet5t to decide on ! improvem5ts requir$ to r5d] ! conditions m favorable to ! developm5t ( human nature1 ! s]vice m adequate4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! collective community1 t is ( ! inexp]t1 outside mass 7inexp]t 9 respect to ?is p>ticul> s]vice7 c nev] p]=m ! same (fice4 ,) reg>d to ! pres5t /ate ( indu/ry ! gigantic ob/acle 9 ! way ( improvem5t is obvi\sly ! subjection ( ! man to ! ma*9e4 ,! great h>d%ip :i* ! millions ( factory op]atives suff] is n only ! insuffici5t wage1 x is ! dep]sonaliz+ effect produc$ by ! sub/itution ( ! ma*9e = ! h& & ! bl9d subjection ( adult work]s to ! arbitr>y w ( sup]iors4 7,comp>e :at ,i h said on ?is subject 9 ! *apt] on 8,an ,e?ical ,programme ( ,social ,re=m0 9 ,! ,_w ,crisis47 #gi ,?9k ( ,momms51 ! au?or ( a ?\s& treatises1 ^: k ( ! facts ( ,roman hi/ory 0 unsurpass$ & probably unequall$4 ,yet is 8 judgm5t on ,cs> or ,cs>ism helpful z an e?ical appraisem5t8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,vocation ,,( ,,! ,,arti/3 ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,art ,,to ,,e?ics ,! ?ree great directions ( ef=t are3 to "w 9 ! f9ite2 to create 9 ! f9ite ! semblance ( ! inf9ite2 to realize ?r\gh ef=t ! reality ( ! inf9ite4 ,! vocation ( ! arti/ is to create ! semblance ( ! spiritual relation betwe5 ! p>ts ( an empirical object4 ,! object may be a vase or a lamp2 x may be a human figure1 x may be a gr\p ( dramatis p]sonae4 ,by introduc+ into ! discussion ( art ! idea t a semblance ( ! spiritual relation is to be produc$ by ! arti/1 we get rid at ! outset ( ! b>r5 =mula ( unity 9 v>iety4 ,let me endeavor to elucidate ! ma9 ideas t fl[ f ?is def9ition ( ! spiritual aim ( art4 #a4 ,! two po9ts to be discuss$ are3 ,:at is meant by semblance8 & ,:at is meant by ! quasi-spiritual relation z subsi/+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( a "w ( ,art8 ,fir/1 !n1 !re is ! semblance ( totality4 ,! spiritual relation is *>act]iz$ by ! totality ( ! p>ts relat$4 ,t totality is realiz$ only 9 ! univ]sal manifold4 ,b a semblance ( totality is furni%$ 9 ! case ( colors by ! circum/ance t ! *romatic scale is cut (f at ! bottom & top 9 consequ5ce ( our inability to p]ceive ! colors bel[ & above2 ! musical scale likewise pres5ts a quasi-totality1 & ! human figure 9 its cont\rs pres5ts a ?+ cut (f f its surr\nd+s1 & 9 s f> relatively complete 9 itself4 ,because ! spiritual relation involves ! idea ( ! p]fect totality1 a relative totality1 due to ! accid5tal limitations ( our s5sory organs & p[] ( att5tion1 may become a semblance ( ! spiritual totality4 ,i say1 may become4 ,a c]ta9 relation mu/ be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! relative totality 9 ord] t ! semblance %all result4 ,"o ?+ is cle>2 ! subject ( ! "w ( art mu/ possess relative complet5ess1 & be capable ( be+ contemplat$ z circumscrib$ & sep>at$ (f4 ,x mu/ /& out l a tree1 or l an oasis encircl$ by ! des]t1 or l an isl&4 ,! subject ( art _c be a m]e l5g? ( clo? cut (f f ! fabric ( ?+s z !y reel unceas+ly f ! loom ( "t--! mi/ake ( ,realism4 ,! po9t1 emphasiz$ 9 our ?ird ,book1 namely1 t an empirical sub/ratum is to be spiritualiz$1 & t e?ics consi/s 9 spiritualiz+ ?is physical & psy*ical sub/ratum1 applies to art1 b ) ! diff]5ce1 t 9 ! case ( art ! physical or psy*ical sub/ratum _c be spiritualiz$1 b is to be made to take on ! semblance ( spirituality4 ,n[ :at is meant by ?is k9d ( trans=mation8 ,i c p]haps expla9 by us+ z an illu/ration ! color s*eme ( a picture4 ,! trans=mation appe>s 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! colors on ! palette & ! colors on ! canvas4 ,! colors on ! palette repres5t ! empirical sub/ratum1 ! natural colors2 ! colors se5 on ! canvas %[ ! same natural t9ts aft] !y h tak5 on a new or second nature4 ,! second nature1--9 :at does x consi/8 ,9 ! circum/ance t ea* color on ! canvas1 by its juxtaposition & its relation to ! re/1 is alt]$ 9 tone & value1 & t all ! re/ are alt]$ by x4 ,! spiritual relation is a give & take relation actually c>ri$ out4 ,! semblance produc$ 9 art is ! illusive appe>ance ( su* a relation z se5 by ! behold]4 ,we h ?us set d[n two po9ts--! app>5t totality1 & ! app>5t give & take relation betwe5 ! p>ts 7! second nature assum$ by ! p>ts1 ! illusory trans=mation ( ! sub/ratum74 ,a ?ird po9t involv$ 9 ! second is t ea* "p ( a "w ( art %all rema9 inv9cibly individualiz$1 despite ! clos5ess ( ! relation :i* connects x ) ! re/4 ,! individual memb] ( a "w ( art may nev] be subm]g$ 9 ! :ole1 may nev] m]ely convey ! ab/ract idea ( unity amid v>iation4 ,! 8unity 9 v>iety0 =mula is n only empty b mislead+1 bas$ on ! same misconception :i* we h not$ 9 deal+ ) ,kant & ) ! ,pan!i/s4 ,! unity ( a "w ( art consi/s 9 ! reciprocal effect produc$ by ! memb]s on ea* o!r4 ,h5ce ! m acc5tuat$1 ! m di/9ctive ! memb]s are1 always provid$ t ! reciprocal relation is ma9ta9$1 ! m arti/ically satisfy+ w be ! result4 ,9 ?is mann] ! "w ( art w be true to its ess5tial "* z a semblance ( ! spiritual relation4 ,i h ?us f> spok5 ( ! =m4 ,9 reg>d to cont5t ,i h only rem>k$ t x mu/ be capable ( relative deta*m5t4 ,x mu/ also be capable ( int]ior articulation4 ,! idea t an empirical sub/ratum is to be trans=m$ w "h be f\nd helpful 9 det]m9+ :at is & :at is n a fit subject = art4 ,a vase or a pit*] is a ut5sil4 ,z su* x is a deta*$ ?+4 ,is x capable ( articulation )\t de/roy+ its utility8 ,if x is1 z ! beautiful vases %[1 x is a fit subject = art to treat4 ,! embelli%m5t ( ut5sils1 ( tables1 *airs1 etc41 t is to say1 ! giv+ ( arti/ic =m to objects ) :i* we bodily come into contact1 is a means ( ca/+ ! appe>ance ( ! spiritual relation ov] ^! objects1 & ?us 9 a f9e s5se mak+ !m cong5ial to ourselves z spiritual p]sonalities4 ,?is ju/ifies ! "t sp5t by arti/ artisans on _! h&iwork1 & also ju/ifies our avail+ ourselves ( _! products 7provid$ t ! /ore set by ^! symbolic rem9d]s ( ! spiritual relation d n div]t u f ! ma9 bus9ess ( life1 :i* is to attempt to realize t relation 9 human int]c\rse74 ,! w> song sung by a primitive tribe is a deta*able1 empirical ?+1 & possesses natural articulation4 ,x has its sl[ beg9n+1 its gradual rise1 its p>oxysmic culm9ations1 its wild ec/asy1 its f9al dy+ d[n4 ,! love passion express$ 9 lyric =m has = its basis ! natural ups & d[ns1 dejections & transports *>act]i/ic ( t passion4 ,! !me ( a trag$y1 z ,ari/otle says1 mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,repetition 7always ) a diff]5ce71 contra/1 app>5t triumph1 defeat1 & someh[ a triumph 9 defeat--:atev] may be ! elem5ts ) :i* ! tragic poet deals1 ! crude sub/ance ( !m is furni%$ by ! !me itself4 ,& ! result becomes arti/ic :5 ! articulation is su* t ea* "p becomes a memb] ( an organiz$ :ole1 t is1 :5 ea* "p ex*anges its fir/ nature = ! second nature m5tion$ above 9 connection ) pa9t+4#hj ,! next po9t ( int]e/ to consid] is :e!r beauty is to be reg>d$ z ! inv>iable object ( art4 ,relative deta*m5t & susceptibility to articulation 9 ! mann] describ$ are indisp5sable4 ,b if trag$y is to be includ$1 beauty _c be ! exclusive object4 ,le>1 on ! hea?1 ! h>py daught]s1 ,le> & ,cordelia p]i%+ toge!r1 are n beautiful objects4 ,! task ( ! arti/ is to produce ! semblance ( ! spiritual relation 9 any mat]ial :i* is capable ( be>+ t impr9t4 ,9 ! great trag$ies we are lift$ into an exalt$ mood by ! =m ( ! "w ev5 ?\gh ! subject treat$ evokes horror--p]haps because ( ! v contra/ betwe5 ! =m & ! subject-matt]4 ,beauty1 on ! o!r h&1 is produc$ :5 bo? subject-matt] & =m are satisfy+ to our ne$s or aspirations4 ,a vase is beautiful :5 p]fectly adapt$ to its use & at ! same "t p]fect 9 =m4 ,= ?is reason any k9d ( embelli%m5t1 = in/ance1 9 ar*itecture n /ructurally 9 place is (f5sive1 :ile on ! o!r h& m]e /ructural utility )\t ! =mal t\* is me*anical4 ,x is n true t utility itself inevitably fl[]s into beauty4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! arti/ic expression ev5 ( unsatisfi$ desires may come )9 ! scope ( beauty4 ,! 8,lycidas0 is beautiful1 ,wordswor?'s 8,laodamia0 is beautiful1 ! ,go?ic =m ( ar*itecture is beautiful1 & s is ,keats' 8,ode to ! ,night+ale10 & ,%elley's 8,ode to ! ,we/ ,w9d40 ,9 su* productions ! adequate expression ( ! ne$ itself af=ds relief & induces tranquillity4 ,! m9d ceases to /rive t[>d a beyond long$ =1 & re/s tranquilliz$ 9 ! long+ itself4 ,t x %\ld ?us aspire & long1 9 consequ5ce ( its high] nature1 & ! assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is high] nature1 z evid5c$ by ! long+1 is peace-giv+4 ,b x is h>dly possible to discuss ev5 9 ! mo/ cursory mann] ! subject matt] or cont5t ( a "w ( art )\t draw+ att5tion to ! ideals :i* at v>i\s times h be5 express$ 9 art1 & to ! function ( art 9 respect to ^! ideals4 ,= "h ! gr&eur ( ! great art z connect$ ) ! ultimate aim & purpose ( life appe>s4 ,art 9 its fictions has endeavor$ to pres5t to m5 ! solution ( ! problem ( life1 ! ?+s mo/ wor? /riv+ =4 ,! ideals1 ( c\rse1 h v>i$4 ,9 ! ,greek epic ! h]oes cont5d ar\nd ! walls ( w9d-swept ,ilion4 ,!y !mselves are w9d-swept app>itions4 ,life is %ort2 pres5tly !y too w pass out ( sight1 yet _! names & de$s w live aft] !m4 ,fate is inscrutable4 ,!re is no ult]ior mean+ 9 ?+s4 ,to glitt] = a "t 9 %9+ armor1 & !n to be rememb]$ 9 ! song ( ! rhapsodi/s is alone wor? :ile4 ,x is ?is ideal ( life t ,hom] records4 ,! romantic ideal ( feudalism is reflect$ 9 ! poems ( *ivalry4 ,! ideal ( ! ,engli% ,r5asc5ce is f\nd 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,! religi\s ideals are express$ 9 ! ,h9du temples1 9 ! ,p>!non1 9 ! m$ival ca!drals1 & 9 ! poems ( ,dante & ,milton4 ,! ideals ( ! ori5tal mon>*s are visibly embodi$ 9 ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian palaces2 ! ideal ( ! m]*ant class 9 ! /ones ( ,v5ice1 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,g]man & ,flemi% cities1 etc4 ,! pla/ic arts especially owe _! rise & prosp]ity to ! pr9cely & religi\s ideals--to ! dem& = temples1 *ur*es & palaces suitable = mon>*s or m]*ant pr9ces to dwell & wor%ip 94 ,! aim ( ! artific] is to furni% a spl5did sett+ = pr9ces & div9ities4 ,mank9d at diff]5t p]iods is 9 labor to give bir? to ideals repres5t+ ! purpose = :i* man exi/s1 or ! ?+s t make life wor? :ile1 & art assi/s 9 br++ to ! bir? ^! ideals4 ,x seeks to express !m1 & 9 ! ef=t to d s x helps to develop & cl>ify !m4 ,?is1 & n m]ely to give pleasure1 is its gr& function4 ,9 an age l ! pres5t1 9 :i* a new ideal is 9 ! e>ly /ages ( =mation1 art is likely to become1 z 9 fact x has become1 unc]ta9 ( its function1 & h5ce apt to lose its direction1 ei!r turn+ back to ! s]vile reproduction ( pa/ art =ms1 or seek+ to a*ieve progress 9 ! p]fection ( te*nical detail1 or 9 ! ways ( subjective impressionism4#ha ,! ef=ts ( a s]i\s arti/ today1 9 s f> z he und]takes to assi/ 9 br++ to ! bir? a new ideal by 8 endeavor to express x1 mu/ necess>ily be t5tative1 if n crude4 ,b su* z !y are _! wor?1 if :olly s9c]e1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,9 ! vocation ( ! arti/1 z ev]y:]e1 ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce is ! capital po9t4 ,rev]5ce = ! great ma/]s1 z %[n n 9 slavi%ly copy+ !m1 b 9 und]/&+ ! qualities t made !m great1 & 9 deliv]+ f pa/ art ! ?+s t are to be re9corporat$ & to live on2 rev]5ce = ^? :o 9 diff]5t fields are int5t on ! problem ( art today--all ?is to prep>e ! way = future arti/s1 = ! great] art t is to come4 ,! relation ( art to e?ics1 or to ! spiritual life1 is n[ suffici5tly cle>4 ,9 g5]al x is to produce ! semblance ( ! spiritual relation1 & !reby to rejuv5ate ! _w's work]s1 to give !m ! joy ( relative p]fection1 & ?us to /imulate !m to p]sev]e 9 ! real bus9ess ( life1 :i* is to approximate t[>d actual p]fection4 ,! specific task ( ! arti/ at its height is to en%r9e 9 8 creation ! ideals ( ! age ) respect to ! ultimate purpose ( human exi/5ce1 & 9 ! endeavor s to incorporate !m z to assi/ 9 def9+ !m4 ,! dang]s ( pre-occupation ) art1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,j because x creates ! illusion ( p]fection x is apt to enc\rage ! indol5ce ( our nature1 :i* ev] pref]s to cont5t itself ) illusion1 & to desi/ f ef=t4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t p]iods 9 :i* art greatly fl\ri%es are apt to lead to ! halt+ ( progress & ev5tually to decay4 ,a second dang] is t ! arti/1 9 apply+ ! ideal ( pres5t p]fection1 is 9 dang] ( selfi%ly subord9at+ o!r p]sons to himself 7cf4 ,goe! z a notable example71 or ( sett+ up a special k9d ( morality = arti/s4#hb ,9 a full acc\nt ( ! matt]1 ! diff]5t s-call$ f9e arts %\ld be specifically treat$ f ! po9t ( view ( ?is *apt]4 ,! p>ticul> contribution ( ea* to ! g5]al purpose ( art %\ld be not$1 ! di/9ctions m>k$ betwe5 pa9t+1 sculpture1 poetry1 etc41 & 9 ea* case ! k9d ( art :i* is favorable to ! spiritual developm5t ( man be discrim9at$ f t :i* is ho/ile to x4 ,plato attempt$ to d ?is 9 ! case ( music4 ,to summ>ize3 ,:at has be5 attempt$ 9 ?is *apt] is a !ory n ( art b ( ! relation ( art to e?ics4 ,! dom9at+ ?\ght is ?is3 9 a "w ( art ea* l9e1 color1 s\nd1 ^w1 mu/ be irreplaceable1 & on t acc\nt conv9c+4 ,ea* memb] mu/ be indisp5sable 9 its place & ! connection ) ! re/ inevitable4 ,sub/itute = l9e1 color1 s\nd1 etc41 a life--an e?ical be+1--conceive ! memb]s to be n a few b 9 numb] inf9ite1 & y h ! spiritual ideal1 :i* is ! reality :]e( ! art "w is a semblance4 ,?is is ! relation ( art to e?ics--! quality :i* we call 9 art 8conv9c+10 9 e?ics we call 8wor?40 ,,notes ,z "o example ar*itecture may be m5tion$4 ,ar*itecture furni%es ! envelope = ! social life1 ! dwell+1 ! ne/ ( ! family1 ! work%ops t h\se ! vocational life1 ! public build+s t provide a habitation = ! political life1 ! temples1 ! *ur*es t en%r9e ! religi\s life4 ,! relation ( ! en%r9+ dwell+ to ! inn] social life %\ld be ! same z t ( ! body to ! s\l 9 sculpture4 ,t :i* goes on )9 %\ld be significantly indicat$ ext]nally4 ,! progress ( ar*itecture w dep5d on its hold+ fa/ to ?is idea1 & *ang+ ! outside z ! inn] life *anges4 ,?us1 we h1 or are beg9n+ to h1 a conception ( ! family v diff]5t f t :i* prevail$ at ! "t :5 ! pr9cely mansions ( ! ,r5aissance 7 built4 ,to reproduce ^! pr9cely mansions because !y beautifully express$ ! pr9cely idea is a mi/ake4 ,to provide a prop] dwell+-place = ! mod]n family ! ar*itect %\ld cle>ly appreh5d :at functions g on 9 ! family1 :at ! di/ribution ( functions %\ld be1 & ! rank to be assign$ to ! diff]5t functions4 ,!re is to be1 = in/ance1 9 addition to ! ord9>y requirem5ts1 provision = sep>ate /udy rooms1 places ( retirem5t1 refuges ( intellectual solitude = ! adult memb]s2 a playroom = *ildr51 a place ( reunion = ! h\sehold religion4 ,! =mation ( a numb] ( families into a l>g] gr\p 7vid4 supra7 w\ld help 9 ! solution ( ?is problem4 ,9 l mann] ! conception ( :at a religi\s society %\ld be is *ang+4 ,! *ur*-build+1 ! ,mosque1 ! ,synagogue1 c]ta9ly no long] decl>e ! _s & ! purpose t animate ! new religi\s fell[%ips t are =m+ among u today4 ,! progress ( ar*itecture w ?us dep5d1 n on ! out ( h& inv5tion ( new /yles1 b on a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! new k9d ( life :i* is to be domicil$ )9 build+s1 accept+ ?is z ! empirical sub/ratum1 & articulat+ x 9 accordance ) ! spiritual relation ( give & take betwe5 ! p>ts2 & ! ar*itect w assi/ 9 cl>ify+ ! ideal ( ! new k9d ( life t is to be liv$ )9 ! build+s by endeavor+ to give x outw>d expression4 ,"o m rem>k3 ,! limitations oppos$ to ! arti/1 = in/ance to ! sculptor1 by ! mat]ial 9 :i* he works1 are a helpful illu/ration ( "o ( ! mo/ important e?ical tru?s4 ,! mat]ial is f\nd to be intractable to ! idea4 ,! h>dness ( ! /one1 ! ve9s t run ?r\gh ! m>ble1 ! unpropiti\s qualities ( ! wood1 are s _m h9drances to execution4 ,! value ( ^! h9drances is t !y compel ! arti/ to a*ieve a m def9ite grasp ( ! ideal itself4 ,be=e ! attempt to c>ry x out into /one1 ! idea is apt to be vague 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,! same is true ( e ideal conception--t ( ! au?or be=e he writes a book1 t ( ! social re=m] be=e he attempts to c>ry 8 s*eme into practice4 ,& x applies no less to ! e?ical ideal ( life 9 g5]al4 ,! empirical analogue or sub/ratum is ductile to a c]ta9 degree1 else we c\ld nev] a*ieve ev5 p>tial success4 ,b x is also ho/ile & mut9\s 9 _m ways1 & ! fact t x is s compels u to adapt our ideal to exi/+ empirical requirem5ts1 & to make x m explicit 9 ! process ( adapt+ x4 ,,footnotes3 #hj ,ari/otle reg>ds ! dipus ,rex z ! mo/ p]fect example ( trag$y2 let x s]ve ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! idea "h propos$4 ,read ! play & get ! total impression ( x4 ,analyze x into its p>ts4 ,syn!size aft] ! analysis4 ,y w n fail to realize h[ e "*1 e spee* & act1 contributes to ! total effect1 & h[ 9 turn e s+le factor 9 ! play receives a new significance f its relation to ! re/1 :ile /ill reta9+ its obvi\s mean+ 7! mean+ x w\ld h :5 tak5 out ( ! context ( ! play74 ,take ! fir/ spee* ( dipus z an example4 ,he is ! k+ solicit\s = ! welf>e ( 8 subjects1 to :om !y look up ) admiration & gratitude4 ,he is ! fa!r ( 8 p4 ,read ?is spee* aga9 aft] y h tak5 9 ! entire play1 & note h[ its color is *ang$4 ,h[ ! firmness1 ! fa!rly1 protective attitude is n[ se5 to be ! outw>d mask ( a fugitive s\l1 unsure ( itself1 haunt$ by hide\s fe>s4 #ha ,! use made ( pageantry1 ! revival ( ,engli% & o!r folk-songs1 ! morris-dances & ! l1 ! attempt to ennoble ! leisure ( ! indu/rial work]s by lead+ !m back to =ms ( art :i* sprang up c5turies ago 9 =eign c\ntries1 is evid5ce ( ! ke5 desire = art r ?an a /ep 9 a new direction4 #hb ,art1 l sci5ce1 is to be subord9ate4 ,! relation betwe5 p]sons & p]sons is mank9d's supreme conc]n4 ,! views above express$ diff] radically f ^? ( ,s*ill]4 ,see 8 /hetic ,education ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,educational ,,vocations1 ,,or ,,vocations ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,/ate ,e vocation on its e?ical side is educational4 ,! reason = acc5tuat+ ! educational aspect ( ! vocations connect$ ) ! /ate is t ?is educational significance is g5]ally ov]look$4 ,! vocations ref]r$ to are ^? ( ! lawy]1 ! judge1 ! /atesman1 ! tea*] 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w 7! tea*] 9 s*ools & univ]sities74 ,! ,vocation ( ! ,lawy] ,vocation1 z ,i use ! t]m1 inv>iably means relat$ to ! spiritual end ( life4 ,a pr(ession or occupation becomes a vocation :5 he :o foll[s x seeks to respond to ! call ( ! lat5t spiritual possibilities 9 8 fell[m54 ,if ?is be n ! common def9ition ( call+ or vocation1 yet ,i ?9k x w be> scrut9y4 ,x is ! vocation ( ! lawy] to be ! tea*] ( ju/ice to 8 cli5ts1--,i mean ( ju/ice 9 s f> z x is already embodi$ 9 law1--& at ! same "t to promote a desire = & a prelim9>y und]/&+ ( ! ju/ice :i* is n yet embodi$ 9 law4 ,! lawy] is commonly reg>d$ z ! le>n$ alt] ego ( 8 cli5t4 ,! lawy] is ! cli5t z he w\ld be if he 7 v]s$ 9 ! law1 & skill$ to employ x 9 8 int]e/4 ,! cli5t is suppos$ to be an egoti/1 int5t solely on secur+ 8 advantage to ! fulle/ ext5t possible "u ! exi/+ sy/em ( social regulations4 ,! lawy] is 8 exp]t sub/itute4 ,! judge appe>s on ! sc5e z ! imp>tial repres5tative ( ! law4 ,f ! vocational po9t ( view ! lawy] is an assi/ant to ! judge1 ! ag5t n s mu* ( 8 cli5t z ( ju/ice4 ,he is z mu* int]e/$ 9 ! j issue ( ! suit z is 8 legal oppon5t4 ,8 educational function is to tea* 8 cli5t to take ! same po9t ( view4 ,ano!r po9t1 no less important1 is ! foll[+3 ,law is a sy/em ( g5]al rules1 at be/ a rude social me*anics4 ,& ev5 z su* x is con/antly deflect$ f its o/5sible purpose by selfi%ness & prejudice4 ,! discrim9ations aga9/ wom51 ! conspiracy laws aga9/ comb9ations ( labor]s1 ! laws enact$ 9 ! int]e/s ( l&$ ari/ocracies1 are ample evid5ce 9 po9t4 ,9 e c\ntry ! law z x /&s is /ill l>gely infect$ ) unfair discrim9ations1 & x is ! special duty ( ^? :o foll[ ! legal vocation to op5 ! eyes ( _! cli5ts & ( ! public to ^! defects & to sugge/ rem$ies4 ,e vocation has its special vice1 t is1 a k9d ( behavior ! v opposite ( t prescrib$ by ! p>ticul> e?ical function ) :i* x is *>g$4 ,! vice ( ! lawy] is bl9d cons]vatism 7unless he is at ! same "t progressive & cons]vative he fails to fulfil 8 e?ical function74 ,! judge1 too1 is a tea*]1 especially 9 crim9al cases4 ,! voice ( ! judge1 :5 he pron\nces s5t5ce on a crim9al1 %\ld rev]b]ate ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( society1 awak5+ all m5 to ! fact t society z su* %>es ! guilt4 ,! ,vocation ( ! ,/atesman ,:at ,i h to say on ?is subject w f9d its prop] sett+ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 g5]al1 x is ! vocation ( ! /atesman to tea* ! citiz5s a sublime conception ( ! /ate4 ,he is nei!r to be ! ob$i5t tool ( ! mass--! docile 8public s]vant0 9 t s5se--nor yet to impose 8 arbitr>y w ^u ! p1 consult+ only 8 own g5ius4 ,! "o type is se5 9 ! av]age ,am]ican politician1 :o is or affects to be a m]e in/rum5t execut+ ! public w2 ! o!r type is exemplifi$ by ! sup]m5 /atesm5 ( anci5t & mod]n times4 ,! e?ically-m9d$ /atesman is to evoke ! spiritual conception ( ! ,/ate 9 ! m9ds ( 8 con/itu5ts1 & 9 ! process ( do+ s to become m ess5tially a citiz5 himself4 ,! ,vocation ( ! ,educator ,x 0 unavoidable to discuss ! vocations & _! aims be=e consid]+ ! s*ool1 college & univ]sity2 = ^! in/itutions are ori5tat$ t[>ds ! vocations1 are prep>atory to ! latt]1 & ! true aim ( s*ool & univ]sity _c possibly be def9$ unless ! vocational outlook be fir/ di/9ctly spread be=e our eyes4 ,9 deal+ ) ! vocation ( ! tea*]1 ,i %all necess>ily be l$ to def9e ! purpose ( ! social in/itution 9 :i* he labors & ,i %all = ! sake ( brevity use ! ^w s*ool to designate ! social organs ( education1 :i* cov] ! p]iod ( *ildhood1 adolesc5ce & ! beg9n+ ( manhood & womanhood4 ,! s*ool is l ! hundr$-gat$ ,!bes4 ,x leads out into a hundr$ vocational av5ues4 ,b note ! foll[+3 its aim is f> great] ?an m]ely to prep>e ! /ud5t = t future vocation to :i* he is be/ suit$4 ,x %\ld no less supply ! inc5tive = creat+ new vocations1 & = *ang+ :at are at pres5t /ill occupations into vocations4 ,! s*ool se>*es out ! individuality ( its pupils4 ,x und]takes to diff]5tiate & to p]sonalize individualities4 ,b :5 x has done its "p1 x s5ds ! pupils into a _w :]e little acc\nt is tak5 ( ! f9] diff]5ces ( aptitude1 :]e occupations pr$om9ate & vocations are few1 & :]e mo/ ?+s1 e?ically speak+1 are /ill 9 ! r\gh4 ,! s*ool _c inde$ trans=m society by m]ely rais+ its indignant voice & ask+ society to pay he$ to ! f9] ?+s :i* x has fo/]$1 & :i* (t5 are subsequ5tly cru%$4 ,b x c at lea/ contribute to ! vocational evolution ( society by reit]at+ its unsatisfi$ dem&s4 ,tak+ ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce = my guide1 ,i lay x d[n 9 ! fir/ place t ! s*ool is an organ ( tradition4 ,true cons]vatism has its place 9 ! s*ool4 ,9 x are pres]v$ ! kn[l$ges & ! skills ( ! pa/4 ,! heir ( today comes to 8 own by appropriat+ ! products ( pa/ ?9k+ & pa/ labor1 & ! s*ool sup]9t5ds ! process ( appropriation & assimilation4 ,at ! same "t x sifts 9 tradition :at is clean f :at is unclean1 :at is true f :at is false1 :at is usable f :at is dead4 ,rev]5ce is %[n 9 ?is v sift+ process4 ,to rev]e ! pa/ is to make ! pa/ live aga92 b only :at is vital c g on liv+4 ,! tea*+ %\ld be rev]5tial 9 _s4 ,! bus9ess _s1 ! drive t[>ds m]e effici5cy1 _c 9 ! long run satisfy4 ,effici5cy z commonly und]/ood has 9 view ! utilities ( ! mom5t4 ,x m]ely exploits ! pa/ = ! sake ( pres5t int]e/s1 & z a rule is unm9dful ( ! future4 ,indu/rial effici5cy1 9 p>ticul>1 rev]ses ! "r e?ical relation betwe5 "w & p]sonality2 in/ead ( "w be+ s contriv$ z to lib]ate p]sonality1 x is me*aniz$ s z to sacrifice p]sonality4 ,! tea*] %\ld be rev]5t t[>ds ! great ma/]s ( 8 own craft1 8 own art4 ,no "o is rev]5c$ by o!rs :o does n himself habitually rev]e someone4 ,! tea*]s %\ld be acqua9t$ at fir/ h& ) ! ma/] educators1 su* z ,plato1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi & ! o!rs4 ,i pass on to speak ( ! second type ( rev]5ce4 ,?is involves cordial reciprocally /imulat+ relations betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! tea*+ /aff4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t no o!r factor c\nts = m 9 %ap+ ! "* ( ! "y ?an p]sonal influ5ce4 ,! be/ p]sonal influ5ce1 h[ev]1 is n unilat]al1 l t :i* radiates f a s+le tea*] ^u 8 class4 ,! be/ is t :i* proce$s f cross-relations betwe5 a numb] ( tea*]s4 ,j z 9 ! home x is n ! fa!r s+ly1 nor ! "m s+ly1 b ! reciprocal relations betwe5 ! two t t\* *ild life to f9] issues & create a spiritual atmosph]e 9 ! le>n]1 s also 9 ! s*ool ! be/ _s is creat$ by ! relations ( reciprocal fur!rance betwe5 ! tea*]s1 ea* do+ 8 "w 9 su* a way z to make easi] & m successful ! "w ( 8 colleagues1 ) a /rong s5se ( p>tn]%ip 9 ! common "w ( man-build+4 ,! tea*]s z an organiz$ body %\ld also relate !mselves to an organiz$ body ( p>5ts4 ,home & s*ool %\ld n m]ely cop]ate b int]p5etrate4 ,! int]e/s & ef=ts ( bo? are c5t]$ on ! same "y lives4 ,! home is supremely conc]n$ 9 :at goes on 9 ! s*ool1 & ! s*ool 9 ! k9d ( influ5ce t prevails 9 ! home4 ,an organiz$ conf]5ce ( p>5ts is 9 a position to r5d] signal s]vice to a s*ool by apprais+ its ideals1 by keep+ tally on ! ext5t to :i* ackn[l$g$ /&>ds are c>ri$ out1 & by jo9+ 9 ! unceas+ endeavor to advance ! /&>ds4 ,s*ools mu/ be back$ by ! int]e/ & appreciation ( ! community4 ,p>5ts ^: *ildr5 are pupils ( a s*ool are = t p>ticul> s*ool ! be/ repres5tatives ( ! community4 ,! s*ool is to prep>e its *>ges1 n only = vocational life1 b = citiz5%ip4 ,tea*]s mu/ be good citiz5s4 ,!y _c give :at !y d n possess4 ,!y mu/ keep 9 liv+ contact ) ! civic & social movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,! fir/ & second types are in/rum5tal to ! ?ird4 ,n[ "h1 if any:]e1 a new dep>ture 9 educational philosophy is call$ =4 ,= :5 we discuss ?is ?ird k9d ( rev]5ce1 ! "q ( all que/ions is rais$3 ,to :at end d we educate8 ,:at is to be ! aim & outcome ( all our ef=t8 ,& our answ] to ?is "q w dep5d on our philosophy1 & if our philosophy is e?ical our answ] mu/ be di/9ctively e?ical4 ,froebel 0 a pan!i/1 & 8 pan!ism color$ 8 conception ( ! educational end4 ,pe/alozzi 0 an eighte5? c5tury humanit>ian4 ,_m mod]n writ]s on education are biological evolutioni/s4 ,o!rs ev5 expressly disclaim any g5]al outlook1 & appe> to be exclusively int]e/$ 9 p]fect+ ! te*nique ( s*oolma/]+4 ,rev]5ce ( ! ?ird type is rev]5ce = ! undevelop$ human be+1--= ! new g5]ation1 = our successors4 ,:at is x t we are to rev]e 9 a *ild8 ,its spiritual possibilities1 its lat5t p]sonality4 ,to br+ to bir? its p]sonality is ! supreme educational end4 ,we %[ our rev]5ce = ! *ild 9 ! ef=t to p]sonalize x4 ,let u consid] 9 brief "s ( ! practical consequ5ces ( ?is idea4 ,to p]sonalize ! individual ! fir/ /ep is to discov] ! empirical sub/ratum 9 8 nature4 ,!re is ev] an empirical sub/ratum subject to e?ical trans=mations4 ,! empirical sub/ratum ( p]sonality is individuality6 ,individuality manife/s itself 9 a lead+ int]e/ ( "s k9d1 a pr$om9ant bias :i* indicates ! ?+ :i* ! individual is fit to be & d4 ,to discov] ! b5t or bias is ! fir/ /ep1 & ! difficulties 9 ! way ( tak+ ev5 ?is fir/ /ep are admitt$ly great4 ,*ildr5 & ev5 adolesc5ts (t5 %[ no m>k$ intellectual pref]5ces :atev]4 ,_m adults too appe> to be neutral s f> z _! m5tal life is conc]n$4 ,circum/ances ran !m p]haps into a c]ta9 m\ld--!y might h be5 run into "s o!r j z well4 ,x is ! task ( ! educator to discov] ! pr$om9ant int]e/ :]e x exi/s1 & to try to produce su* an int]e/ :]e x does n4 ,:at nature has n done 9 su* cases art mu/ attempt4 ,:5 ! lead+ int]e/ is f\nd x %\ld next be made ! means ( creat+ int]e/ 9 subjects to :i* ! pupil is naturally indiff]5t or ev5 av]se4 ,i h illu/rat$ ! process "h impli$ 9 a pap] on ! prevocational art s*ool :i* is connect$ ) ! ,e?ical ,culture ,s*ool4 ,"y p]sons devot$ to art are (t5 unwill+ to take up subjects :i* seem to !m unrelat$ to :at !y really c>e =1 l sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,!y are obsess$ by a s+le passionate ambition4 ,!y are all eag]ness to become arti/s--to draw1 pa9t1 model1 etc4 ,"t sp5t on any o!r subject seems to !m missp5t4 ,if indulg$ 9 ?is "o-sid$ activity1 ! *ances are t !y w n ev5 become compet5t arti/s4 ,9 any case !y w lack bread? & vision4 ,!y w lack a cultural backgr\nd4 ,!y w be inf]ior z human be+s4 ,!y w n be p]sonaliz$4 ,= p]sonality1 on its m5tal z well z on its social side1 dep5ds on relat$ness1--dep5ds n s mu* on :at "o does1 z on ! int]relation betwe5 :at "o does & :at o!r p d4 ,9 ord] to exp& ! int]e/ ( ! "y art /ud5t1 ! me?od employ$ 9 ! s*ool j m5tion$ is to pres5t ^? subjects :i* appe> to be ali5 9 su* a way z to br+ out ! art aspects ( !m1 ! contact po9ts betwe5 !m & art4 ,?us 9 hi/ory special prom95ce is giv5 to ! age ( ,p]icles1 ! age ( ,rembr&t4 ,9 sci5ce special att5tion is paid to ! !ory ( color1 ! *emi/ry ( et*+4 ,& all o!r bran*es ( k are treat$ simil>ly4 ,! aim is n inde$ to exploit ! o!r subjects 9 ! int]e/ ( art1 b s to utilize ! arti/ic int]e/ z to lead ! m9d out to a l>g] compreh5sive int]e/ 9 o!r relat$ bran*es on _! own acc\nt4 ,or r1 to put my ?\ght precisely1 & ?us to connect x ) ! und]ly+ e?ical !ory1 ! aim is to prep>e ! future arti/ = ! give & take relation betwe5 8 own pursuit & ! activities ( m5 9 o!r vocations4 ,he %\ld be help$ to enri* 8 own life z an arti/ by draw+ ^u all t ! sci5ces & ! humanities c give him1 ) a view to ev5tually return+ ) int]e/ ! pr(it he has d]iv$4 ,:at ! arti/ c d = ! sci5ti/1 ! religi\s tea*]1 etc41 ,i h indicat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,precisely ! same cultural idea %\ld be work$ out 9 prevocational s*ools ( comm]ce1 ( te*nology1 ( sci5ce1 etc4 ,9 ea* case ! p>am\nt int]e/ %\ld be ! />t+-po9t1 ! c5t] f :i* l9es ( int]e/ are to be made to radiate out into ! correlat$ bran*es4 ,if ?is e?ical idea is c>ri$ out ! :ole educational sy/em w be remodel$4 ,! csura 9 education w !n fall ab\t ! sixte5? ye>4 ,be=e t ! task w be to lay ! g5]al f\ndations & to reconnoit] ! individuality ( ! pupil4 ,aft] t !re w be a sy/em ( prevocational s*ools4 ,! college1 a legacy :i* has come to u f a type ( society unlike our own1 w disappe>1 & ! univ]sity w become an organism ( vocational s*ools succe$+ ! prevocational4#hc ,i m5tion$ at ! end ( ,book ,i ! problem ( specialization1 ! increas$ necessity ( re/rict+ oneself to a limit$ field 9 ord] to a*ieve any?+ l ! consci\sness ( ma/]y1 & ! inevitable fractionaliz+ ( m5 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ?is v t5d5cy t[>d specialization4 ,9 ! idea ( outrea*+ radiations ( int]e/ & ( ! give & take relation !re is ! promise ( lib]ation f ! n>r[ness ( specialism )\t ! calamity ( dilettantism4 ,t ?is idea _c be fully realiz$1 t no "o c actually ext5d 8 web ( int]e/ s f>1 t 8 reactions at be/ w be feeble1 is p]haps a palm>y in/ance ( t law ( fru/ration :i* fatally besets all human ef=t4 ,b ! ef=t w be 9 ! "r direction1 & ! ef=t c\nts4 ,! ,univ]sity ,9 sket*+ ! e?ical or spiritual side ( ! ,univ]sity1 initial /ress is to be laid on ! mean+ ( ! ^w univ]sitas4 ,! t]m z at pres5t us$ h>dly sugge/s m ?an all-inclusiv5ess4 ,a mod]n univ]sity is an in/itution 9 :i* all ! diff]5t s*ools1 ! s*ool ( eng9e]+1 ! s*ool ( sci5ce1 ! s*ool ( philosophy1 etc41 exi/ side by side1 "u a s+le gov]n+ body1 & 9 :i* ! v>i\s bran*es ( k are pursu$ )\t any visible sy/ematic connection betwe5 !m6 ,! spiritual ideal ( a univ]sity is t ( sy/em1 ( organic connection1 = ?is is :at spiritual means4 ,9 look+ back on ! hi/ory ( ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ "o _c b be /ruck by ! close correspond5ce ( ^? in/itutions to ! g5]al ideals ( life ( ! p among :om !y fl\ri%$4 ,i call to m9d ! ,h9du education ) its ,brahmanic backgr\nd2 ! ,m&>9 education1 ) ,confucianism z its inspir+ pr9ciple2 ! musical education ( ! ,greeks2 ! !ological education ( ,jews & ,mohamm$ans2 !n among ! ,we/]n nations1 ! ,engli% univ]sity a sem9>y = tra9+ rul]s ( ! ,empire2 ! ,g]man univ]sity1 a tra9+ in/itution = ! high] bureaucracy2 ! ,fr5* univ]sity1 visibly reflect+ ! logical t5d5cy ( ! ,fr5* m9d4 ,we 9 ,am]ica1 in/ruct$ by ! survey ( ! pa/1 are b\nd to face ! "q3 ,9 :at way %all ! ,am]ican univ]sity diff] f univ]sities else:]e8 ,:at *>act]i/ic %ape %all ! ,am]ican univ]sity take on8 ,h[ c ! ,am]ican univ]sity correspond to ! ,am]ican ideal ( life8 ,at pres5t our notions 9 ?is respect are 9 a =mative1 n to say 9 a *aotic1 condition4 ,! college /ill survives--an in/itution design$ = ! education ( g5tlem54 ,practical t5d5cies1 look+ t[>d mat]iali/ic success1 prevail 9 _m ( our ,we/]n univ]sities4 ,! ,g]man rese>* idea has come 9 z a ?ird factor1 p5etrat+ deeply 9 "s ( our in/itutions1 less deeply 9 o!rs1 b inh>moni\s ev]y:]e ) ! rival conceptions t /ill p]si/4 ,! pr9cipal circum/ance t ret>ds our univ]sity developm5t d\btless is t ! ideal ( ,am]ican life itself1 :i* ! univ]sity is to express & to promote1 is z yet undef9$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,b )\t presum+ to anticipate :at mu/ be ! outcome ( gradual & prolong$ gr[?1 x may /ill be s]viceable to cle> our m9ds z to ! goal t[>ds :i* we desire t ! developm5t %all t5d4 ,! fundam5tal ideal ( ! ,am]ican p is t ( fre$om6 ,! notion ( fre$om is crude z yet1 b is capable ( be+ ennobl$ & ref9$4 ,to be free is to express p[]4 ,to be free 9 ! highe/ s5se is to express ! highe/ k9d ( p[]4 ,! highe/ k9d is t :i* is ex]cis$ 9 su* wise z to elicit unlike yet cognate p[] 9 o!rs4 ,a p is to be call$ free :5 all ! diff]5t social or vocational gr\ps ( :i* x is ! integrat$ :ole spontane\sly react ^u "o ano!r1 & :5 9 ea* gr\p ea* memb] ( x realizes "s m5tal gift ( 8 own4 ,a free p is n "o :i* is m]ely releas$ f ! au?ority ( autocrats4 ,t is only a condition ( fre$om1 n fre$om itself4 ,a free p is n "o 9 :i* /rong individuals are p]mitt$ to ?rive p>asitically at ! exp5se ( ! weak4 ,nor yet "o 9 :i* m]ely equal opportunity is af=d$ to all 9 ! race = mat]ial well-be+4 ,a free p is "o 9 :i* ! ess5tial en]gies ( all effectuate !mselves unh9d]$1 ! life ( ea* swell+ ! surr\nd+ tide ( life1 & be+ enri*$ 9 turn by ! return+ tide4 ,?is to my m9d is lib]ty1--! lib]ation ( :at is be/ 9 ea*4 ,?is is fre$om1--! free fl[ ( life into life4 ,! ideal ,am]ican ,univ]sity is "o :i* expresses & promotes ?is ideal ( fre$om4 ,a univ]sity is a gr\p ( vocational s*ools4 ,a truly democratic univ]sity is an organic sy/em ( vocational s*ools1 "o :i* 9 ! relations t subsi/ betwe5 its s*ools af=ds a %9+1 /imulat+ example ( ! k9d ( relations t ought to subsi/ betwe5 ! vocational gr\ps 9 ! /ate4 ,! aim ( an ,am]ican univ]sity %\ld be to furni% lead]s = all ! v>i\s gr\ps :o w und]take ! great bus9ess ( truly organiz+ democracy4 ,education = ,adults ,education %\ld be cont9u\s ?r\gh life4 ,! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion movem5t is endeavor+ to meet ?is dem&4 ,x has already to its cr$it a consid]able ext5sion ( k1 z well z ! /irr+ up ( int]e/ 9 ?+s ( ! m9d among ^? :om x rea*es4 ,b f> great] tasks ?an x has yet attack$ rema94 ,! academic me?od is n suit$ to ! in/ruction ( adults4 ,a me?od w h to be work$ out = tea*+ a subject to mature m9ds diff]5t f t :i* is appropriate 9 introduc+ ! subject to ! relatively immature m9ds ( /ud5ts4 ,! /ud5t :o has n yet ent]$ vocational life ne$s to be put 9 possession ( ! pr9ciples by :i* he c lay hold ( life4 ,a mature p]son :o is defici5t 9 !oretical education ne$s to be help$ to int]pret 8 vocational exp]i5ce 9 su* a mann] z to f9d 8 way back to ! pr9ciples4 ,9 ! "o case !re is ! outlook & ! empt9ess2 9 ! o!r case ! fullness ( cont5t )\t ! compreh5sive outlook4 ,secondly1 ! /ages ( vocational developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! work] has already pass$ 9 8 vocation are to be borne 9 m9d1 & ! tea*+ adapt$ to ! diff]5t /ages4 ,i h sugge/$ f\r divisions3 t ( appr5tice%ip1 t ( initial ma/]y1 t ( m complete ma/]y1 & ! em]itus /age4#hd ,?irdly1 x is gett+ to be increas+ly difficult = a speciali/ 9 any "o bran* to keep abrea/ ( ! progress made 9 o!r bran*es4 ,popul>ization ( ! ord9>y k9d does n satisfy4 ,x means1 z a rule1 dilut+ ! subject-matt]1 n truly simplify+ x4 ,provision %\ld be made1 9 any l>ge & g5]\s s*eme ( public education1 = enabl+ ripe m9ds to assimilate ! ripe/ fruits produc$ by contempor>y ?9k]s & writ]s :o "w 9 o!r fields4 ,,note ,a few out/&+ po9ts 9 reg>d to :at is call$ ,moral ,education may be add$ to ?is *apt]4 ,!re %\ld be e?ical tea*+ 9 ! univ]sities4 ,! k9ds ( e?ics taught %\ld be adapt$ to ! univ]sity p]iod ( life1 emphasis be+ put on ! exp]i5ces ( ! /ud5t at t "t ( life1--on fri5d%ip1 ! sex relation1 ! vocational outlook1 etc4 be includ$ 9 ! programme = ! education ( adults4 ,sy/ematic moral education 9 s*ools & high s*ools is advisable4 ,x is frequ5tly criticis$ on ! gr\nd t x is apt to be s*ematic & unreal4 ,moral c\nsels giv5 z ! occasion arises are believ$ to be m effective4 ,!y hit ! nail on ! head & drive x home4 ,! reply to ?is is t incid5tal moral advice & exhortation is n exclud$1 b t x by no means adequately answ]s ! purpose4 ,! occasions = giv+ ! necess>y guidance simply d n arise4 ,?is k9d ( moral tea*+ is apt to be pat*y4 ,9 ! next place1 e?ical in/ruction1 :5 rightly plann$1 has two objects3 ! "o to br+ into cle> relief ! life axioms t und]lie ! entire home & s*ool exp]i5ce ( ! pupil1 & secondly1 to give to ! pupil a provisional *>t & compass or e?ical outlook ^u 8 future life4 ,e?ical tea*+ conceiv$ ( & conduct$ 9 ?is mann] is nei!r s*ematic nor artificial4 ,x does n drive home a nail "h & !re1 x con/ructs a m5tal h\se 9 :i* ! m9d ( ! pupil c be at home1--) w9d[s 9 x1 look+ out ^u a l>ge l&scape outside4 ,! capital significance ( "r relations1 e?ical relations1 betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! tea*+ /aff has be5 not$ 9 ! text4 ,9 e s*ool clubs %\ld be =m$ consi/+ ( pupils specially int]e/$ 9 any "o subject & ( ! special tea*]s ( t subject3--or if n =mal clubs1 !n at lea/ m intimate p]sonal relations %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! special tea*] & ^? select$ pupils1 ! object be+ ?r\gh p]sonal int]c\rse to introduce ! "y aspirant to a k ( ! problems on :i* ! old] p]son is int5t4 ,!re is no?+ ne>ly s educative = ! "y z to be tak5 into ! c\nsels ( _! eld]s4 ,! m gift$ pupils ( ! s*ool %\ld be invit$ to take a p]sonal int]e/ 9 help+ ! m backw>d /ud5ts4 ,9 e s*ool1 high s*ool & univ]sity !re are social misfits1--%y1 s5sitive1 solit>y y\?s :o fail to come into easy t\* ) _! fell[s1 & suff] acutely4 ,!y are objects ( ! mo/ delicate1 def]5tial *>ity1 & ! task ( br++ !m into fell[%ip (f]s "o ( ! f9e/ opportunities = e?ical education4 ,a vital sy/em ( self-gov]nm5t is to be us$ z a means ( plac+ real responsibility ^u ! /ud5ts "u due advice4 ,to ex]cise responsibility is to acquire "*4 ,self-gov]nm5t is p>ticul>ly important s f> z x relates to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 a s*ool4 ,cases ( discipl9e %\ld be us$ z means to create ! "r conception ( puni%m5t1 ! "r attitude t[>ds ^? :o h err$4 ,! relation betwe5 ! adolesc5t boy & girl & ! p>5ts is ( prime significance z illu/rat+ 9 a way t "y p]sons c und]/& ! g5]al conception ( ! e?ical relation z reciprocal4 ,! y\? %\ld be %[n t he c be n only ! recipi5t b a giv] ( b5efits1 t he c be a real help to 8 p>5ts1 *iefly by sympa!tically ent]+ into ! problems & difficulties ) :i* !y h to cont5d4 ,! p>5ts1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ by ! "y z an e>?ly provid5ce1 exi/+ only = ! purpose ( be/[+ b5efits1 %\ld be se5 9 _! true light z /ruggl+1 & (t5 heavily burd5$ human be+s4 ,at ! same "t ! "y son or daught] w 9 ?is way ga9 an invaluable prep>ation = compreh5d+ ! difficulties "u :i* ! ef=t to live mu/ be c>ri$ on4 ,9 reg>d to patriotism1 x is important t ! errors & mi/akes committ$ by "o's nation 9 ! pa/ %\ld n be ov]look$ or m9imiz$4 ,! s*ool %\ld furni% to ! /ud5ts v>i\s outlets = social s]vice su* z !y 9 _! p]iod ( life are capable ( r5d]+4 ,,footnotes3 #hc ,comp>e ) ! spiritual conception ( culture "h outl9$ ,mat!w ,arnold's 8kn[+ ! be/ :i* has be5 ?\ght & said02 & a rec5t def9ition ( culture by an em95t ,am]ican z 8! kn[+ "o ?+ well & a little ( ev]y?+ else10 )\t correlation ( ! little "o kn[s ( ev]y?+ else ) ! "o ?+ "o is suppos$ to "k extremely well4 #hd ,see ! *apt] on 8,e?ical ,developm5t ,ext5d+ ,?r\gh ,life0 9 ,! ,_w ,crisis4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,/ate ,! lead+ !ories ( ! /ate %\ld be kept 9 view = comp>ison ) ! e?ical !ory "h set =?--! !ories ( ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! m$ival s*oolm51 ,r\sseau's contract !ory1 & ! ,g]man conceptions ( ! /ate prop\nd$ by ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,hegel4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! ideas actually embodi$ 9 gov]nm5ts1 9 ! ,p]sian mon>*y1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,greek ,city ,/ate1 ,v5ice1 etc41 are n id5tical ) ! con/ructions ( ! philosoph]s1 ! lead+ facts ( ! hi/ory ( politics %\ld be borne 9 m9d z well z ! lead+ !ories4 ,! /ate has two aspects3 7#a7 ,x is ! balance :eel ( ! vocational gr\ps includ$ )9 x4 7#b7 ,x is ! political expression ( ! national "*1 & its e?ical purpose is to develop ?is empirical national "* into a spiritual "*4 ,i %all speak ( ! fir/ aspect 9 ?is *apt]4 #a4 ,! /ate exi/s 9 ord] to furni% increas+ly f age to age ! conditions "u :i* ! reactions betwe5 ! gr\ps describ$ above c take place effectually4 ,9 conc5trat+ att5tion ^u ! vocational gr\ps z ! entities to be h>moniz$ ) "o ano!r1 acc\nt is tak5 by implication ( ! family & ( ! individual4 ,! sub-organisms are embrac$ )9 ! sup]ior organisms4 ,a m g5]al /atem5t w\ld be t ! /ate supplies ! ext]nal conditions requir$ = developm5t t[>ds e?ical p]sonality by ^? :o pass ?r\gh ! in/itutions ( ! family1 ( ! vocation1 etc4 ,! /ate possesses a spiritual "* 9 s f> z x supplies ^! conditions1 & 9 z mu* z x has a spiritual "* x is n m]ely ju/ifi$ b e?ically requir$ to use =ce4 ,=ce is spiritualiz$ :5 employ$ to e/abli% ! conditions indisp5sable to spiritual life4 ,! conditions en=c$ mu/ be su* z 9 ! op9ion ( ! prepond]ant numb] ( citiz5s indisputably make = ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,examples ( su* conditions are protection ( life1 prop]ty1 reputation1 compulsory education1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! monogamic family1 protection aga9/ =eign invasion1 etc4 ,all ! functions ( ! /ate commonly enum]at$ foll[ f ! e?ical pr9ciple4 ,b ov] & above ! recogniz$ ones1 new & nobl] functions ( ! /ate w appe>4 ,! r$eem+ ?\ght ) respect to ! use ( =ce by ! /ate consi/s 9 reg>d+ =ce z e?ical discipl9e1 & 9 mak+ ! ext5t to :i* x is favorable to spiritual fre$om ! measure & te/ ( its rightful use4#he ,:5 m5 are compell$ to sp5d ! major "p ( _! "t 9 ! protection ( b>e life1 z 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ! e>ly days ( feudalism1 !y are to t ext5t unfree4 ,fre$om consi/s 9 en]giz+ ! highe/ & mo/ di/9ctive human faculties4 ,! developm5t ( ! /ate %\ld proce$ 9 two directions4 ,x %\ld )draw f _m functions ex]cis$ by x 9 ! pa/1 notably f su* z prop]ly belong to ! sub-organisms4 ,at ! same "t1 x %\ld lay its co]cive h&s ^u new matt]s1 impos+ new limitations on caprici\s fre$om 9 ! int]e/ ( spiritual fre$om1 z soon z ! p]t95cy ( su* limitations to ! e?ical end becomes cle>4 ,= in/ance1 ! /ate may1 & d\btless w1 int]f]e ) m>riage to a f> great] ext5t ?an x has yet done4 ,x w =bid ! m>riage ( ! uns\nd4 ,if a /udy ( "*-types %\ld ev] become advanc$ en\gh--a haz>d\s conjecture--to make x pr$ictable t ! union ( c]ta9 "*-types w lead to infelicit\s m>riage1 ! /ate w be ju/ifi$ 9 prohibit+ su* unions4 ,law1 ideally def9$1 is ! sum total ( conditions1 capable ( be+ en=c$1 :i* are necess>y or favorable to ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,! purpose ( law is two-fold3 to ma9ta9 ! m develop$ memb]s ( society at ! level !y h rea*$1 &1 by educative p5alties1 to br+ ! backw>d up to ! same level4 ,9 ! article on 8,=ce & ,fre$om0 ref]r$ to above1 law is comp>$ to su* bodily actions z walk+1 :i* at fir/ are sup]9t5d$ by consci\sness1 & !n become automatic1 !reby sett+ consci\sness free to att5d to new & m important bus9ess4 ,simil>ly1 law is design$ to r5d] ! conditions favorable to p]sonality s explicit t _! obs]vance %all become automatic1 & t mank9d %all be at lib]ty to discov] new & m significant conditions :i* 9 _! turn are aga9 to become automatic4 ,because ( ! lack ( ! e?ical po9t ( view1 ! ex]cise ( =ce by ! /ate has seem$ purely arbitr>y1 & has giv5 rise to a p]v]t$ & disa/r\s conception ( sov]eignty4 ,! sov]eignty ( ! /ate has two aspects3 ! "o int]nal1 ! o!r ext]nal4 ,sov]eignty means supremacy4 ,! /ate is sov]eign1 )9 limits1 h[ev]1 ) respect to its citiz5s4 ,! /ate is also sov]eign1 )9 limits1 h[ev]1 ) respect to o!r outside /ates4 ,) respect to ! int]nal aspect ( sov]eignty "s writ]s hold t citiz5s h no rights z aga9/ ! /ate--only rights accord$ by ! /ate4 ,b ?is f ! e?ical po9t ( view is a :olly unt5able position4 ,!re are rights ( ! individual1 rights ( ! family1 rights ( ! vocational gr\p1 :i* ! /ate does n create b is b\nd to ackn[l$ge & :i* its p[] _c prop]ly infr+e4 ,z aga9/ ! /ate ! individual has1 = in/ance1 ! "r :i* is commonly designat$ z 8! fre$om ( consci5ce40 ,! family has rights aga9/ ! /ate2 ! law _c int]f]e ) ! intimacies ( ! m>riage & p>5tal relations4 ,! vocational gr\p likewise is only p>tially subject to public reglem5tation4 ,i h def9$ law z ! sum total ( ! conditions4 ,! /ate c prescribe ! conditions1 b _c trace ! ways ( fre$om )9 ! conditions4 ,! /ate prescribes ! en=ceable conditions2 x has no conc]n ) un5=ceable inn] processes4 ,x ?us appe>s t sov]eignty or supremacy is an attribute n peculi> to ! /ate1 al?\gh x looms up l>g] & m impressive :5 ex]cis$ by ! /ate4 ,supremacy belongs to ! individual 9 8 private sph]e1 to ! family 9 its prop] prov9ce1 to ! vocation1 etc4 ,sov]eignty or supremacy belongs to ea* ( ! social in/itutions )9 its prec9cts1 9 s f> z ! supremacy )9 t prec9ct is requisite = ! accompli%m5t ( ! e?ical end to be !re9 atta9$4 ,b sov]eignty is n absolute 9 any sph]e2 nei!r 9 t ( ! individual1 nor ( ! family1 nor yet ( ! /ate4 ,! absolute conception ( sov]eignty is ! result ( ! lack ( an e?ical conception ( ! social in/itutions4 ,! /ate is sov]eign only s f> z ! ex]cise ( its supremacy is necess>y to ! spiritual end ( citiz5%ip4 ,on ?is acc\nt & = ?is purpose x may rightfully con/ra9 ! sub-organisms )9 x1 & may also pron\nce its noli me tang]e z aga9/ ! l>g] gr\p ( /ates encompass+ x4 ,b s f> z ! spiritual ends to be a*iev$ 9 ! int]national relations are conc]n$1 ! /ate ) respect to ^! is subject to int]national sov]eignty1--a new conception :i* mank9d is /riv+ to br+ to ! bir? today4 ,! false notion ( /ate sov]eignty z arbitr>y & absolute1 is admitt$ly today a *ief /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ! =mation ( an int]national organization ( peoples4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,repres5tation ,:i* ,is ,requir$ to ,give ,expression to ! ,organic ,idea ( ! ,/ate4 ,! e?ical aim ( political re=mation & recon/ruction may be put 9 a s+le ^w1 ,organization4 ,! /ate & especially ! democratic /ate mu/ be organiz$4#hf ,?is means practically t ! basis ( repres5tation %all be ! vocational gr\p1 t vocational repres5tation %all replace repres5tation by geographical di/ricts4#hg ,! law-mak+ body on ?is basis w consi/ ( repres5tatives or delegates ( ! agricultural1 ! comm]cial1 ! indu/rial1 ! sci5tific gr\p1 etc4 ,wom5 belong+ to ^! gr\ps w ex]cise ! fran*ise )9 !m4 ,!re w also be a di/9ct gr\p ( home-mak]s2 mo!rhood w be recogniz$ z a vocation4 ,att5tion may be call$ to c]ta9 practical advantages ( ! propos$ re>rangem5t ( ! repres5tative sy/em4 ,x w t5d to br+ =w>d 9 political life ! be/ citiz5s1 in/ead ( ! m$iocre or ! base4 ,?is is likely to come ab\t because !re is no di/9ction t m5 m ard5tly covet ?an t ( be+ consid]$ primus int] p>es2 z1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ or "o ( ! fir/ ( ! city's m]*ants1 or "o ( ! mo/ em95t sci5ti/s1 or an arti/ :om 8 fell[-arti/s select z ! fitte/ to repres5t !m 9 ! great c\ncil ( city1 /ate1 or nation4 ,& if only ?is mu* c be ga9$ by ! new repres5tative sy/em1 t ! law-mak+ body %all consi/ ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$1 ! mo/ enlight5$1 ! wise/1 ! actual lead]s 9 ! v>i\s walks ( life1 9 brief1 t ! elect$ %all be ! elect1 c]ta9ly "o ( ! pr9cipal evils ) :i* individuali/ic democracy is afflict$ w t5d to be remov$4 ,b o!r advantages w accrue4 ,?is1 9 p>ticul>1 t ! con/itu5cies1 in/ead ( m]ely delegat+ _! p[]s1 w %>e 9 ! bus9ess ( law-mak+1 w be 9 vital t\* ) _! lead]s or repres5tatives1 :ile ! latt] conv]sely w politically educate ! con/itu5cies4 ,! mode ( proc$ure "u ! sy/em "h sket*$ w be some:at z foll[s3 ,take1 z an illu/ration1 ! gr\p ( indu/rial labor]s4 ,!y w fir/ meet 9 a prim>y assembly1 & discuss measures deem$ by !m important 9 ! int]e/s ( _! gr\p4 ,! lead] :o repres5ts !m 9 ! legislature w take "p 9 ! initial discussions1 & ex]cise no d\bt a /rong influ5ce 9 br++ matt] f9ally to a head4 ,he w !n c>ry into ! law-mak+ body1--:i* consi/s ( repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s social gr\ps1--! sift$-out dem&s ( ! labor]s1 ! measures :i* !y desire to h enact$ into law4 ,he w br+ =w>d ^! measures 9 ! legislature4 ,b !re objections are likely to be rais$4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! o!r gr\ps w discov] :at ! labor]s naturally fail$ to note1 t ! propos$ law or laws1 if enact$1 w h c]ta9 injuri\s effects on ! int]e/s ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,! sift+-out process1 !re=e1 w n[ beg9 anew & be c>ri$ on on a high] level 9 ! legislature4 ,! repres5tatives ( all ! v>i\s gr\ps w sep>ate ! :eat f ! *aff 9 :at is propos$ by any "o gr\p4 ,! next /op w be t ! repres5tative ( ! labor]s1 return+ to 8 con/itu5cy1 w communicate to !m ! difficulties t 7 rais$1 ! decisions rea*$1 & w ?us imp>t to !m ! wid] vision :i* he himself ga9$ 9 ! discussions ( ! law-mak+ body4 ,9 ?is way he w be ! in/ructor1 ! political tea*] ( 8 con/itu5ts4 ,& ! pr9ciple by :i* ! value ( any new measure w f9ally be judg$ w be simply ?is3 t ! suppos$ int]e/s ( "o gr\p _c be its true int]e/s unless !y are f\nd to promote ! int]e/s ( all ! o!r vocational gr\ps4#hh ,! law-mak+ body %\ld be a c\ncil ( ! gr\ps4 ,x %\ld n be a 8,p>liam5t10 or 8talk+ body10 b a sift+ body4 ,nor yet a body ( m&atories commission$ to m]ely give effect to a public op9ion or a public s5tim5t already exi/+4 ,9 fact1 public op9ion or public s5tim5t 9 ! raw is apt to be a poor index ( :at is really = ! public good4 ,public op9ion is apt to be unripe1 haphaz>d1 impulsive r ?an reflective4 ,besides1 x is (t5 contam9at$ at its v s\rce1 ! facts on :i* ! public dep5d = _! op9ions be+ delib]ately falsifi$ or plac$ 9 false p]spective2 :ile ! op9ions furni%$ 9 newspap] editorials are almo/ inevitably bias$4 ,only on great occasions1 :5 simple moral issues are pres5t$1 c ! common s5se & moral s5se ( ! p be :olly dep5d$ on4 ,b su* occasions are episodical2 & ! ord]ly bus9ess ( gov]nm5t _c be c>ri$ on by spurts4 ,gov]nm5t by public op9ion may be & 9 "s respects is bett] inde$ ?an class gov]nm5t2 9 o!r important respects x is worse4 ,a class at ! head ( ! /ate at lea/ z a rule kn[s :at x wants1 & proce$s me?odically to c>ry out its purposes4 ,public op9ion1 on ! o!r h&1 l all op9ion1 is unsure1 unsafe1 z ,plato has long s9ce made dialectically cle>4 ,& public s5tim5t1 l all s5tim5t1 is fluctuat+4 ,to build ! /ate on public op9ion & public s5tim5t1 z _m ( our writ]s on politics w\ld h u d1 is aft] all a good deal l build+ a h\se on s&4#hi ,in/ead ( 8public op9ion0 & 8public s5tim5t0 let u say public reason & public w6--reason & w to discov] 9 conjunction :at ! public good really is4 ,= :at x really is no "o z yet kn[s4 ,! 8public good0 is a problem to be approximately solv$4 ,! public good w be consummat$ :5 ! conditions are furni%$ necess>y & favorable to ! developm5t ( p]sonality 9 ea* ( ! con/itu5t gr\ps ( ! social body4 ,to /udy ^! conditions is ! (fice ( ! law-mak+ body1 & !re=e t body mu/ be s con/itut$ z to include ^! gr\ps 9 _! capacity z gr\ps4 ,ano!r advantage to be expect$ f vocational repres5tation is t ! diff]5t int]e/s ( society1--,i /ress ! fact t !y are diff]5t1 & (t5 tempor>ily conflict+1--w be compell$ "u ?is plan to come out into ! op54 ,an indu/ry1 = in/ance1 may require ! assi/ance ( a protective t>iff1 9 its infant /ages1 & ! agricultural gr\p may rightly be ask$ to make ! necess>y sacrifices4 ,9 ! long run !re w be comp5sation4 ,! agriculturi/s w ev5tually b5efit by ! div]sification ( ! national life4 ,b 89 ! long run0 means t ! next g5]ation w b5efit1 n ! pres5t agriculturi/s1 a di/9ction sometimes some:at cavali]ly ignor$4 ,! pres5t g5]ation w be call$ ^u to make a sacrifice1 precisely z 9 ! family "s ( ! memb]s may h to sacrifice a "p ( _! income to provide = a weak] memb]4 ,b ! circum/ance t ! sacrifice is recogniz$ z a sacrifice w s]ve to put an end to ! protection :5 ! special ne$ = x has ceas$4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /ate is suppos$ to h no conc]n ) ! special int]e/s ( any gr\p4 ,all ! same1 !re are ! special int]e/s1 & 9 consequ5ce t :i* is = ! int]e/ ( "o gr\p has to be advocat$ z if x 7 = ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! entire community4 ,& s9ce g5]al int]e/ is easily mi/ak5 = p]petual int]e/1 ! protection is apt to be cont9u$ long aft] its p>ticul> usefulness has ceas$4#ij ,i am e>ne/ly conc]n$ t vocational repres5tation %all n be reg>d$ z a m]e device 9 ! me*anism ( politics1 l ! sub/itution ( ! long = ! %ort ballot1 or ! initiative & ref]5dum4 ,innovations ( ! latt] k9d leave ! preval5t conception ( democracy unt\*$1 !y are m]ely int5d$ to improve ! ma*9]y by :i* t conception is to be work$ out 9 practice2 !y are me*anical contrivances1 n fundam5tal recon/ructions4 ,vocational repres5tation1 9 my view ( x1 is ! appropriate expression ( ! organic idea ( ! /ate4 ,! /ate is ! s\l4 ,! s\l mu/ h a body4 ,vocational repres5tation is t body4 ,two rem>ks may "h be add$4 ,"o relates to a "q :i* has giv5 rise to consid]able discussion1 namely1 ! "q :]e ! /ate resides8 ,9 a mon>*y x seems to reside visibly 9 ! p]son ( ! k+4 ,l\is ,,xiv is said to h decl>$ 8,i am ! /ate40 ,b :]e does x reside 9 a democracy8 ,! *ief executive1 ! law-mak+ body1 & ev5 ! con/itu5cies1 are organs ( ! /ate4 ,b :]e does ! /ate itself h its habitation8 ,! /ate has no sep>ate domicile4 ,s f> z x truly exi/s at all x exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( ! individuals :o truly conceive ( x4 ,! object ( political life is to educate ! citiz5 s t he may m & m truly conceive ( ! /ate1 s t he may give bir? to ! /ate idea )9 himself4 ,to d ?is is to pass ?r\gh "o ( ! necess>y phases on ! road to p]sonality4 ,9 ! family ! individual is 9 reactive relations ) a few1 9 ! vocation ) a l>g] numb]4 ,9 ! /ate or nation he may be "o ( a hundr$ millions or m4 ,yet x is n ! num]ical ext5sion z su* t con/itutes ! enl>gem5t4 ,x is r ! div]sity ( ! po9ts ( contact1 & ! complexity ( ! relations by :i* ! spiritual ideal is m fully illu/rat$ 9 ! f9ite _w 9 proportion z ! circle wid5s4 ,to eng5d] ! idea ( ! /ate 9 oneself is to place oneself ideally into reactive relations ) ! div]se gr\ps embrac$ )9 "o's nation4 ,& to d ?is is a spiritual a*ievem5t ( no mean ord]4 ,i %\ld pref] to use ! ^w 8/ate%ip0 in/ead ( citiz5%ip4 ,/ate%ip is atta9$ by "o :o br+s to bir? )9 himself ! idea ( ! /ate1 & 9 :om t idea becomes a controll+ e?ical =ce4 ,a second rem>k conc]ns ! p]plex$ subject ( ! conflict ( duties4 ,! ne>] duties are sometimes pref]r$ to ! m remote1 & at o!r times we are ask$ to sacrifice ev]y?+ to ! l>g] :ole4 ,we owe our fir/ devotion1 x is said1 to ! memb]s ( our family2 b !n aga9 we mu/ be will+ to sacrifice life itself & ! welf>e ( our family to our c\ntry :5 x calls ^u u 9 its ne$4 ,l>g5ess alone c]ta9ly does n s]ve z an e?ical gr\nd = pref]5ce4 ,! quantitative /&>d impli$ 9 su* phrases z 8! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]0 is out ( place :5 we deal ) e?ical relations1 :i* 9 _! v nature are qualitative4 ,n[ ! acc\nt ( ! social in/itutions giv5 9 previ\s *apt]s z successive /ations on ! road to ! spiritual goal may ?r[ "s light on ?is difficult subject4 ,normally1 ! claims ( ! ant]ior /ations are to be pref]r$--! claims ( ! family = in/ance to ^? ( ! vocation1 because ! family is ! matrix ( ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce1 & ! individual mu/ pass "u ! e?ical influ5ce ( family life be=e he is fit to use vocational life e?ically to good purpose4 ,! ant]ior gr\ps are n m]ely small]1 !y are g]m9al4 ,! tra9+ receiv$ 9 !m is ! condition on :i* spiritual progress dep5ds lat] on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lat] gr\ps are ! m complete & m explicat$ expressions ( ! spiritual ideal2 h5ce if ! v exi/5ce ( "o ( ! lat] gr\ps is ?reat5$1 or is 9 dang] ( be+ d5atur$ ( its spiritual use1 !n ! lat] gr\p is to be pref]r$ to ! e>li]1 ! t]m9us ad quem1 precisely because x is ! t]m9us ad quem1 to ! t]m9us a quo4 ,to give a famili> illu/ration4 ,9 our "t1 :i* is a "t ( transition & d\bt1 _m a religi\s tea*] f9ds himself 9 sore /raits to decide betwe5 ! claims ( ! vocation & ! family4 ,z a religi\s tea*] he is pl$g$ to tea* only :at 9 8 he>t ( he>ts he believes to be true2 he is especially "u obligation to use words 9 su* a way z to convey to o!rs ! same mean+ t he atta*es to !m himself4 ,b ?is may mean expos+ 8 family to s]i\s privations4 ,! situation is full ( p]plexity & pa91 b ! l9e ( *oice is pla9 en\gh4 ,! claims ( 8 high vocation mu/ 9 ?is case take prec$5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! exi/5ce or ! integrity ( ! /ate is at issue1 ! claims ( ! /ate z ! t]m9us ad quem ov]ride ^? ( ! vocation1 ! family1 & ! /ate1 & may ev5 dem& ! sacrifice ( ! physical exi/5ce ( ! individual himself4 ,,notes #a4 ,! idea ( democracy is (t5 neatly put--all too neatly1 into ! foll[+ =mula3 ,9 antiquity ! individual exi/$ = ! sake ( ! /ate1 9 mod]n democracy ! /ate exi/s = ! sake ( ! individual4 ,bo? ( ^! /atem5ts z !y /& are mis*iev\s & mislead+ & require to be qualifi$4 ,x is n true t 9 antiquity ! individual exi/$ = ! sake ( ! /ate 9 ! s5se t 8 sep>ate exi/5ce 0 ext+ui%$4 ,! citiz5 class 9 ,ari/otle's /ate1 ! rul]s 9 ,plato's /ate1 & ev5 a memb] ( "o ( ! inf]ior classes1 ea* 9 8 own way fulfill$ a di/9ct function4 ,he 0 n suppress$ 9 ! /ate1 he express$ 8 function by ! action appropriate to 8 /ation4 ,! philosophic rul]s might d ! ?9k+ & gov]n+4 ,!y 7 ! head ( ! body politic--o!rs ! h&s & feet4 ,! und]ly+ conception 0 :at may be call$ spuri\sly organic1 borr[$ m or less f ! animal type ( organism4 ,! second limb ( ! =mula is no less sup]ficial4 ,9 no mod]n nation does ! /ate exi/1 or at bottom is x suppos$ to exi/1 = ! b5efit ( ! individuals :o at any "t compose x4 ,if ?is 7 ! rul+ conception1 h[ c\ld ! democratic /ate require its citiz5s to give up _! lives 9 its def5se8 ,if ! /ate exi/$ = ! b5efit ( ! individuals1 ! /ate w\ld be ! means1 & ! s-call$ good ( ! individual ! end4 ,& 9 t case x w\ld surely be irrational to sacrifice ! end = ! sake ( ! means1 9 o!r words to put an end to "o's life 9 def5se ( ! /ate1 a m]e in/rum5t = ! protection & prosp]ity ( "o's own life4 ,to reply t ! /ate exi/s = ! sake n ( "o individual b ( all 7obs]ve h[ev] t ! =mula says 8! individual10 & is ambigu\s & slipp]y at ?is po9t71 nor ev5 only = ! sake ( all ! individuals n[ liv+1 b also = ! sake ( ! millions yet unborn--to say ?is is once m to introduce an ideal entity :i* x 0 ! v object ( ! =mula z quot$ to bani%4 ,! =mula 0 int5d$ to give u1 9 place ( 8! metaphysical entities0 ( ! ,greeks & ! ,g]mans1 a v palpable ?+--! good ( ! individual4 ,! good ( ! individual seem$ to be a palpable ?+1 ?\gh 9 tru? x is ! mo/ impalpable ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& by def9+ ! /ate 9 ?is wise we 7 suppos$ to come onto solid gr\nd4 ,b n[1 behold1 x is ! good ( unborn millions :i* is to be ! object ( our devotion1 & :o c imag9e :at ?is good ( unborn millions is likely to be8 ,! fact is t )\t ideal entities ! conception ( ! /ate 9 any noble %ape _c be con/ru$ at all4 ,! organic conception mu/ n[ take ! place ( ! individuali/ic4 ,! organic conception inde$ z x 0 work$ out 9 antiquity1 or z x liv$ on 9 ! !ories ( m$ival writ]s1 or z x survives 9 ! works ( c]ta9 ,g]man publici/s1 :o use x to def5d ! feudali/ic /ructure ( society1 has rightly fall5 into discr$it1--n because x is organic1 b because x is pseudo-organic1 t is1 bas$ on ! type ( ! animal organism4 ,! individuali/ic conception ( ! /ate at pres5t curr5t 9 ,am]ica & 9 all mod]n democracies1 is a viol5t reaction aga9/ ?is false idea ( organization4 ,! ine/imable g]m ( tru? individualism conta9s is t no su* di/9ction c be all[$ z betwe5 head & h&s or feet 9 political life1 t all ! multitudes ( 8h&s0 :o "w 9 ! factories1 = in/ance1 mu/ be respect$ z p]sonalities hav+ n only h&s b also heads & he>ts4 ,b individualism1 ?\gh x affirms ?is idea1 belies x 9 practice1 z ! actual /ate ( society 9 ,am]ica & else:]e abundantly proves4 ,& x is b\nd to d s1 because p]sonality implies m ?an mat]ial well-be+1 ei!r = a s+le individual or = all individuals n[ liv+ or = all future individuals4 ,p]sonality implies truly organic relations to o!r fell[-be+s--& ?is c only be a*iev$ by organiz+ ! society 9 :i* m5 live4 ,! way tak5 has be51 by reaction f pseudo-organization1 to extreme individualism & concomitant mat]ialism4 ,! way out lies 9 ! direction ( g5u9e organization4 #b4 ,c]ta9 evils obs]vable 9 ! work+s ( ,am]ican democracy may be trac$ to ! foll[+ causes3 7a7 ,! p z a :ole are /ill 9 ! pione] /age4 ,a c\ntry enorm\sly ri* 9 mat]ial res\rces /imulates weal?-production4 ,a ho/ ( immigrants escap$ f pov]ty abroad are /ung into weal?-gett+ "h4 ,! fronti] l9e is n[ f> to ! ,we/1 b ! influ5ce ( ! pione] movem5t /ill 9 progress fl[s back ^u ! ,ea/]n /ates4 7b7 ,m important /ill are ! evils due to ! crude individuali/ic idea ( democracy j *>act]iz$4 ,if ! /ate exi/s = ! good ( ! individual1 & if ! good ( ! individual is conceiv$ to be ! acquisition ( weal?1 !n private bus9ess w take prec$5ce ( ! public bus9ess4 ,yet "u ! democratic sy/em ( frequ5t elections ! public bus9ess dem&s con/ant att5tion4 ,9 consequ5ce1 a special class ( pr(essional politicians arises1 compris+ a m9ority ( dis9t]e/$ly patriotic m51 & a majority ( p]sons ^: private bus9ess is n suffici5tly remun]ative to div]t !m f ! public s]vice4 ,! appe>ance ( ! political dictator call$ 8boss0 is ! inevitable outcome ( ^! conditions4 ,?is army ( pr(essional politicians1 & 9 p>ticul> ! vulg> figure at _! h&1 is ! *ief disgrace ( ! ,am]ican democracy1 & has be5 ! t>get ( incessant invective by ,am]ican writ]s4 ,b x is idle to /igmatize ! effect & ov]look ! cause1 to squ&] invective ^u ! symptom & at ! same "t to leave ! malady unt\*$4 ,! malady itself is ! individuali/ic conception ( democracy1 & until ?is is replac$ by a bett] "o1 ! evil 9 "q may be modifi$ 9 =m b w c]ta9ly n disappe>4 ,a way mu/ be f\nd = ! citiz5 to att5d to 8 private bus9ess1 :i* is com+ to be m & m exact+1 & to ! public bus9ess at ! same "t4 ,! sy/em ( vocational repres5tation (f]s an opportunity 9 ?is direction4 ,citiz5s w be vot+ 9 _! vocational gr\ps = measures int5d$ to advance _! vocational int]e/s1 b w be taught to advance !m 9 su* a way t ! relat$ int]e/s ( o!r gr\ps1 or ! public int]e/1 %all be !reby promot$4 #c4 ,proportional repres5tation1 :i* is at pres5t be+ te/$ abroad1 & e>ne/ly consid]$ 9 ,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many1 may be a bridge lead+ ov] f ! pres5t plan ( geographical to t ( vocational repres5tation4 ,! proportional sy/em itself1 x is true1 is /ill bas$ on ! individuali/ic idea4 ,x is a movem5t on behalf ( subm]g$ m9orities4 ,x qu>rels ) ! pres5t arrangem5t = ! reason t ! w ( ! great] numb] ( individuals1 b n ( all individuals1 is br\ght to be> on public decisions4 ,b if adopt$ x may well (f]1 )\t viol5t *ange1 a way = ! collective repres5tation ( vocational gr\ps4 #d4 ,citiz5%ip %\ld be grad$4 ,a y\? ( tw5ty-"o is sc>cely prep>$ to ex]cise ! duties ( ! citiz5 intellig5tly4 ,z long z ! view prevails t ! functions ( ! /ate are to be re/rict$ to a m9imum1 x is p]haps n :olly absurd to admit a m]e /ripl+ to a %>e 9 ! conduct ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t is /eadily enl>g+1 & its problems are becom+ m & m intricate4 ,tw5ty-five w\ld c]ta9ly be a bett] m9imum age4 ,"u vocational repres5tation !re is likely to be an ,upp] ,h\se consi/+ ( memb]s :o h s]v$ 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se4 ,citiz5s :o h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-five might be emp[]$ to vote = memb]s ( ! ,l[] ,h\se1 ^? :o h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five = memb]s ( ! ,upp] ,h\se1 b ^! are details ^u :i* x is unfitt+ to expatiate "h4 ,! po9t ,i h 9 m9d is t citiz5%ip %\ld be grad$4 ,,footnotes3 #he ,vide ,app5dix ,,ii1 on ,=ce & ,fre$om4 #hf ,i use ! ^w ,organize 9 its spiritual s5se4 ,! empirical1 animal organism is commonly tak5 z ! type ^u :i* ! notion ( organism is model$4 ,! animal organism1 h[ev]1 fails to express ! implicit idea1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,! numb] ( memb]s is limit$2 ! comb9ation ( organs is1 s f> z we c "k1 accid5tal1 & ! relation is hi]>*ical1--!re are inf]ior & sup]ior organs4 ,! spiritual conception diff]s 9 ea* ( ^! po9ts4 ,! numb] ( memb]s is inf9ite2 ! relation is necess>y2 & !y are equal1 t is1 ( equal wor?4 ,to di/+ui% ! spiritual patt]n f ! animal type ! t]m metorganic may be us$ = ! =m]1 9 analogy to su* t]ms z metempirical1 metaphysical1 etc41 & ! sy/em ( e?ics exp\nd$ 9 ?is volume may be call$ ! metorganic sy/em ( e?ics4 #hg ,repres5tation by geographical di/ricts is ! logical outcome ( ! individuali/ic conception ( democracy4 ,:]e ?is prevails1 ! /ate is suppos$ to take acc\nt only ( ! common int]e/s1 ^? 9 respect to :i* all individuals are alike1 su* z security ( life & prop]ty1 ^? int]e/s be+ ignor$ 9 respect to :i* ! gr\ps t con/itute society1 ! f>m]s1 ! m]*ants1 ! indu/rial labor]s1 etc41 diff]4 ,h5ce any conv5i5t numb] ( citiz5s1 pursu+ _! life purposes side by side )9 a c]ta9 geographical area1 may s]ve z a con/itu5cy4 ,! abs5ce ( reg>d = ! real div]sity1 & (t5 ! cla% ( int]e/s1 betwe5 p]sons belong+ to su* con/itu5cies1 is due to ! atomi/ic1 individuali/ic notion ( democracy j m5tion$4 ,b %e] individualism is ev]y:]e on ! wane1 & is b\nd to become less & less dom9ant 9 ! degree t ! indu/rial evolution ( society proce$s1 & ! v>i\s gr\ps /& out di/9ctly z diff]5t aga9/ "o ano!r 9 _! functions & 9 ! conditions subs]vi5t to ^? functions4 ,society is 9 fact n an aggregate ( human atoms4 ,x is already an imp]fect organism1 de/9$ to become m & m adequately organiz$4 ,& ! sy/em ( repres5tation has got to be remodel$ & adju/$ to ?is fact & ?is ideal4 #hh ,by 8int]e/s0 ,i und]/& fulfilm5t ( ! social function ) :i* ! gr\p is *>g$4 #hi ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 because ?is is s1 !re is no /ate1 no democracy1 9 :i* public op9ion or public s5tim5t actually does rule1 save by fits & />ts4 ,gov]nm5t is usually 9 ! h&s ( m or less selfi% cot]ies1 :o op]ate beh9d ! sc5es1 :o d "k :at !y want & :o1 l ! ,pip] ( ,hamel91 are pa/ ma/]s ( ! art ( lead+ ! political *ildr5 :i!r !y w4 #ij ,i am n ( c\rse discuss+ ! m]its or dem]its ( ! protective t>iff z su*1 b am us+ x z illu/ration4 ,z su* x w s]ve ! purpose4 ,! practice ( 8log-roll+0 may at fir/ sight seem to resemble ! propos$ plan4 ,b1 9 reality1 ! two are diametrical opposites4 ,by 8log-roll+0 is meant ! k9d ( concessions made by ! %ipp+ int]e/s to ! manufactur]s by ! manufactur]s to ! f>m]s1 or to ! work+m5 :5 ! latt] happ5 to be /rong en\gh to en=ce _! dem&s4 ,ea* gr\p p]si/s 9 pursu+ its selfi% aims2 only1 9 ord] to a*ieve !m x makes concessions to ! selfi%ness ( ! o!rs4 ,ea* foll[s ! pa? into ! ,hades ( egotism1 & ?r[s ! necess>y sops to ,c]b]us on ! way4 ,! plan outl9$ 9 ! text1 on ! o!r h&1 has = its object ! int]lock+ ( ! v>i\s social int]e/s1 ! fitt+ !m reciprocally into "o ano!r2 or bett]1 ! object is to cure ea* gr\p z f> z possible ( its selfi%ness by s modify+ its claims1 t ! grant+ ( !m %all become b5eficial to ! re/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,national ,,"* ,,spiritually ,,trans=m$3 ,,! ,,int]national ,,society1 ,,or ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,mank9d ,!re is su* a ?+ z a national "*4#ia ,! national "* is reflect$ 9 ! language1 lit]ature1 laws & cu/oms1 arts1 in/itutions & religion ( a p4 ,ev5 :5 ! religion pr(ess$ by diff]5t peoples is ! same 9 "n x is /rongly t9ctur$ 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries by ! national diff]5ces4 ,comp>e = example ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,prussia ) t ( ,france1 or t ( ,engl& ) t ( ,russia4 ,! national "*1 l t ( ! individual1 has its plus & m9us qualities1 its excell5t & its repell5t traits4 ,! national "* is to be spiritualiz$ by rais+ ! plus traits to ! ,n? degree4 ,to ?is end1 z be=e1 ! ?ree-fold rev]5ce & especially ! ?ird rev]5ce is ! means4 ,! backw>d peoples ( ! e>? are ! p>am\nt object ( rev]5ce4 ,! m advanc$ peoples are to br+ to light ! spiritual life lat5t 9 ! backw>d4 ,9 ord] to d s1 !y are to c>ry out ! pr9ciple ( rev]5ce t[>d pa/ civilization1 to sift out :at is vital 9 ! "w ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,& fur!r1 !y are to con=m to ! second pr9ciple ( rev]5ce1 t t[>d contempor>ies approximately on ! same level1 i4e41 t[>d ! o!r civiliz$ nations4 ,no s+le nation is really compet5t to und]take ! great task ( awak+ ! /ation>y peoples ( ,india & ,*9a1 ( educat+ ! primitive peoples ( ,africa4 ,a union ( ! civiliz$ nations %\ld be =m$ 9 ord] t toge!r !y may jo9tly accompli% ! p$agogy ( ! less develop$4 ,! educational po9t ( view once aga9 appe>s z ! e?ical4 ,! relation ( ! less develop$ to ! m advanc$ peoples %\ld be analog\s to t ( ! *ild t[>ds ! p>5ts4 ,j z nei!r ! fa!r s+ly nor ! "m alone c release spiritual life 9 ! (fspr+1 s ! diff]5t civiliz$ nations1 ea* ( :i* has its own gift1 its own plus traits1 are to int]act = ! purpose ( jo9tly awak5+ ! creative en]gies )9 ! slumb]+ s\ls ( ! undevelop$ peoples4 ,x foll[s t a nation _c ev5 be def9$ e?ically except z a memb] ( an int]national society1 & we beg9 to see ! help af=d$ by ! spiritual conception 9 solv+ at lea/ ideally ! problem ( "r int]national relations4 ,:]eas hi!rto ! notion ( ! sov]eignty ( ea* nation has be5 a =midable imp$im5t to ! =mation ( an ov]>*+ _w society1 ! e?ical conception n only p]mits ?is expansion ( sov]eignty1 b necessitates x4 ,a nation1 e?ically def9$1 is a unique memb] ( ! corpus int]nationale ( mank9d4 ,z unique x ma9ta9s ( "r its relative indep5d5ce1 z a memb] x is b\nd by intr9sic ties to its fell[-memb]s1 & is subject to ! great] sov]eignty includ+ !m all alike4#ib ,a nation inde$ _c ev5 ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce aga9/ o!r nations except by %e] might if x ackn[l$ges none b caprici\s ties betwe5 itself & !m1 su* z treaties1 or ,hague ,conf]5ce agreem5ts :i* c be dissolv$ at pleasure4 ,!re mu/ be recogniz$ an inn] e?ical tie betwe5 nation & nation1 & x mu/ receive legal =mulation4 ,?is e?ical tie is ! true v9culum societatis human & supplies :at has hi!rto be5 absolutely lack+1--an e?ical basis = int]national law4 ,! e?ical relation betwe5 nations is f\nd$ on ! fact t ea* nation repres5ts a significant type ( humanity1 t ea* nation has c]ta9 plus & m9us qualities1 t x is dep5d5t on o!r nations to supplem5t its defects2 & m ?an ?is1 t x c expurgate1 z x ought1 its m9us qualities only by /riv+ to evoke ! spiritual life 9 o!r peoples4 ,"o sali5t po9t ,i mu/ emphasize4 ,! national "* ) its plus & m9us traits is empirical1 & ! developm5t ( ! empirical "* is n itself ! highe/ aim ( ! /ate4 ,! spiritual trans=mation ( ?is empirical "*1 z ,i mu/ take pa9s to repeat1 is ! aim4 ,& h]e9 appe>s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! po9t ( view tak5 9 ?is *apt] & ! political doctr9e ( ! em95t ,swiss publici/ ,blunts*li4 ,he too recognizes ! developm5t ( ! national "* z ! aim ( ! /ate2 & 9 s f> z he does ?is he is 9 advance ( writ]s :o limit ! /ate's functions to ! protection ( life & prop]ty1 to def5se aga9/ =eign aggression1 promotion ( prosp]ity1 & ( p[] & pre/ige4 ,blunts*li has ! insight to p]ceive t a nation is a collective entity1 hav+ a c]ta9 def9$ "*1 & ! developm5t ( ! di/9ctive national gifts is 9 8 eyes ! supreme purpose ( national life1 ! political organization ( ! /ate be+ a means to ?is end4 ,b he falls into a grave error by id5tify+ ! empirical ) ! spiritual "* ( ! nation1 & sett+ up ! =m] z an end wor?y on its own acc\nt4 ,! empirical "* ( a collective entity is 9 ?is respect no m wor?y ( honor1 & no m fit to be a gr\nd ( obligation1 ?an ! empirical "* ( ! individual4 ,& ! conclusions at :i* ,blunts*li arrives are a suffici5t pro( ( ! e?ical inadequacy ( 8 vision4 ,"s nations1 a v few he ?9ks1 possess political capacity1 & !y are to rule o!r peoples4 ,"h we h ! 8,:ite ,man's ,burd50--an obvi\s violation ( ! e?ical pr9ciple ( national indep5d5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! _w /ate1 :i* is to include all nations1 is to conc]n itself only ) _! common int]e/s4 ,blunts*li ?us accepts ! uni=mity pr9ciple 9 e?ics1 exclud+ ! idea ( ! reaction ( diff]5ces :i* is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! e?ical relation2 :ile ! ideal future z he sees x is t ( nations coexi/+ peacefully side by side1 compet+ peacefully ) ea* o!r1 & d\btless borr[+ f "o ano!r ! be/ fruits produc$ by ea*4 ,b x is idle to expect peaceful coexi/5ce s long z ! /rong exi/ by ! side ( ! weak )\t !re be+ ackn[l$g$ an intr9sic spiritual tie betwe5 !m2 & competition betwe5 peoples w result1 l competition betwe5 individuals1 9 /rife & exploitation2 :ile ! m]e borr[+ by ea* ( ! fruits produc$ by ! re/ omits ! vital po9t1 ^u :i* ,i lay ! greate/ /ress1 ( ! elicit+ ( ! fruits 9 ea* by ! spiritualiz+ influ5ce ( ! re/4 ,survey+ ,blunts*li's doctr9e z a :ole1 x is cle> t 8 empirical conception ( ! /ate leaves x a purely secul> in/itution conc]n$ ) ext]nals1 & n really relat$ to ! inn] life1 c]ta9ly n a /ation 9 ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,he practically ackn[l$ges z mu* :5 he says t ! /ate is man writ l>ge1 & ! *ur* woman writ l>ge2 t ! /ate repres5ts ! mascul9e pr9ciple1 ! *ur* ! fem99e pr9ciple4 ,= ! fem99e1 accord+ to him1 is ! spiritual pr9ciple4 ,! /ate deals ) ext]nals2 to ! *ur* is res]v$ ! pr]ogative ( ent]+ into & trans=m+ ! inn] life4#ic ,b :at %all be ! motive =ce = ! creation ( an int]national society8 ,i hold t ! s5se ( national s91 or ( national guilt1 mu/ supply ! motive =ce4 ,at pres5t all ! m advanc$ nations are to be c5sur$ because ( _! pride4 ,g]many prides itself on its sci5ce & its effici5cy1 ,engl& on its political lib]alism1 ,france on its logical conception ( equality1 ,am]ica on its democratic individualism4 ,ea* ( ! great nations dwells complac5tly ^u its fair traits1 & vaunts its special type ( civilization z t :i* %\ld rightfully prevail among mank9d g5]ally4 ,! national defects1 ackn[l$g$ p]haps by ! critical few1 are gloz$ ov]4 ,inde$ ! consci\sness ( a collective national "* ?\gh lat5t is n yet di/9ct4 ,x mu/ be evok$4 ,national self-k mu/ be promot$ by ! lead]s & tea*]s ( mank9d1 & ) x mu/ come1 z 9 ! case ( ! individual1 ! consci\s recognition ( deep defects--9 ! case ( ,g]many ! n>r[ness ( ! conception ( ! exp]t3#id 9 ! case ( ,engl& ! discrepancy betwe5 political lib]alism z appli$ to ! :ite inhabitants ( ! ,briti% ,isles & ( ! self-gov]n+ dom9ions on ! "o h&1 & ! 8b5evol5t despotism0 ex]cis$ ov] ! subject millions ( ,india on ! o!r2 9 ,am]ica ! effacem5t ( true individualism "u ! cru%+ pressure ( mass op9ion1 etc4 ,moreov] n only w ! defects be admitt$1 b _! detrim5tal influ5ce on o!r peoples w h to be frankly av[$--e nation mu/ cry its ,peccavi--! effect = in/ance on ,europe ( ! ,fr5* love ( glory1 ! effect ( ! effici5cy notion ( ! ,g]mans z x is at pres5t p5etrat+ all o!r nations1#ie & 9 ! /ill wid] view ! effect ( ,we/]n civilization z a :ole on ! /ation>y civilization ( ,*9a1 on ,egypt1 on ! myriads ( ,africa4 ,! civiliz$ peoples ( ! e>? h s9n$ _! s9s & are be/ se5 :5 we consid]3 ,a4 ,! spoliation & outrages p]petrat$ by ! ,we/]n nations1 = in/ance at ! "t ( ! entrance ( ! ,allies into ,pek91 ! :olesale de/ruction ( human life & ! mutilations ( ! natives on ! ,congo4 ,x has be5 /at$ t "s t5 millions ( ! natives ( ,africa p]i%$ z victims ( ! :ite race4 ,if ^! acts d n w>rant our speak+ ( ! s9s ( ! civiliz$ nations1 :at k9d ( human behavior does des]ve t "n8 ,b4 ,! effect ( ,european example 9 practically =c+ ! peoples ( ! ,ori5t to adopt milit>ism & navalism4 ,c4 ,! effect ( ,we/]n individualism 9 und]m9+ ! religi\s f\ndation 9 ,ea/]n civilization4#if ,! spread+ ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 despite ! exempl>y influ5ce ( ! high] type ( mission>y1 mu/ yet be class$1 9 "o important respect1 among ! detrim5tal influ5ces ex]cis$ by ! ,we/ ^u ! ,ea/4 ,= ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is usually taught1 t5ds to break up ! s5se ( solid>ity :i* is (t5 /rong among ! less civiliz$ peoples1 )\t supply+ an adequate pr9ciple ^u :i* solid>ity might be re/abli%$ on a high] plane4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 ! ,ori5t & 9 ,africa1 h[ev] fri5dly & m]ciful 9 int5tion1 & h[ev] b5efic5t 9 _m ways1 is yet a dis9tegrat+ influ5ce4 ,! great problem ( ! spiritual education ( ! l[] races w h to be tak5 up anew4 ,n only are individual mission>ies ( broad] m5tal & moral horizons ne$$1 ! civiliz$ nations z su* mu/ rea* a common und]/&+ & e/abli% a union among !mselves1 ! keynote ( :i* %all be rev]5ce = ! undevelop$1 t is to say div9ation ( :at1 "u "r educational influ5ce1 !y1 ! undevelop$1 may come to mean = humanity4 ,& a union ( ?is k9d1 consecrat$ to a noble object1 w at ! same "t be ! means ( lead+ ! ,we/]n _w out ( ! *aotic condition 9 :i* x is at pres5t welt]+4 ,! object = :i* nations comb9e may n be _! own peace1 _! own prosp]ity4 ,! key to peace betwe5 ! adult peoples is a common1 effectual resolve to w9 new v>ieties ( spiritual expression f ! *ild & adolesc5t peoples ( ! e>?4 ,peace mu/ come incid5tally4 ,! common object mu/ be dis9t]e/$1 spiritual1 because !re is a duty on ! "p ( ! civiliz$ t[>ds ! unciviliz$ to ex]cise a spiritual function4 ,! task ( humanity 9 g5]al consi/s 9 ext5d+ ! web ( spiritual relations s z to cov] l>g] & /ill l>g] areas ( ! f9ite _w4 ,! family is only p>tly spiritualiz$4 ,! vocations1 ! /ate1 are n yet spiritualiz$4 ,! int]national society h>dly exi/s4 ,b :at ,i "h endeavor to sket* is ! human _w z x w\ld be 9 ! light & "u ! influ5ce ( ! spiritual ideal4 ,& ,i set d[n z ! sav+ task ( ! civiliz$ nations t ( ext5d+ ! spiritual realm s z to cov] backw>d1 undevelop$ peoples1 s z to embody !m 9 ! corpus spirituale ( mank9d4 ,"s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ob/acles ,t ,/& 9 ! ,way ( ! ,organization ( ,mank9d4 ,! fir/ ob/acle is to be f\nd 9 ! inadequate !ories t und]lie int]national law4 ,sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury ?9k+ is /ill1 /range to say1 ! !oretical f\ndation4 ,grotius & ,vattel rema9 ! *ief au?orities4 ,grotius's !ory is a sy/em ( empirical individualism ) ,*ri/ian individualism graft$ ^u x1 to mitigate its h>%] features4 ,! "r ( conque/ is admitt$4 ,a nation is all[$ to puni% ano!r1 puni%m5t be+ tak5 9 ! crude s5se1 :ile :at has be5 p]mitt$ "u natural law is subsequ5tly modifi$ by c\nsels ( p]fection d]iv$ f ,*ri/ian individualism4 ,vattel is ! intellectual gr&*ild ( ,leibnitz4 ,he d]ives f ,leibnitz ?r\gh ,wolff4 ,vattel envisages ! v>i\s /ates z s _m individual entities )\t intr9sic ties4 ,peaceful coexi/5ce & unh9d]$ pursuit by ea* p ( its own p]fection or welf>e ) mutual aid to be volunt>ily r5d]$ are ! ultimate conceptions beyond :i* ?is ?9k] does n v5ture4 ,& if ! root pr9ciples are ?us inf]tile1 small wond] t ! fruit ( ! tree %\ld be :at x is4 ,9 any h&book ( int]national law1 ! prepond]ant space is allott$ to ! laws ( w>1 & yet int]national law has prov$ impot5t to re/ra9 ! passion ( w>1 or ev5 to prev5t its excesses4 ,int]national law b9ds ! ,samson ( w> ) gre5 )es :i* ! giant snaps 9 d]ision4 ,x is pla9 t we are /ill 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 n only ( int]national practice1 b ev5 ( int]national ?9k+4 ,! problem ( ! "r e?ical relations betwe5 ! nations has h>dly be5 broa*$4 ,ano!r conspicu\s ob/acle 9 ! way ( int]national progress is to be se5 9 false hopes4 ,among ! false hopes ,i class3 ,a4 ,! hope t increas$ facilities ( int]c\rse w automatically br+ ab\t m fri5dly relations4 ,to expect ?is is to =get t clos5ess acc5tuates repugnances z well z cong5ialities1 increases antipa?y z well z amity4 ,:5 nations come )9 %ort range ( ea* o!r !y resemble antipa!tical k9sm5 :o are compell$ to live toge!r4 ,! ,cze*s & ,g]mans 9 ,bohemia w\ld n hate ea* o!r z !y d 7 !y n su* ne> neighbors4 ,spatial rappro*em5t1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ w n ( itself gu>antee moral rappro*em5t--f> f x4 ,b4 ,! hope t sci5ce may be reli$ on to br+ ! nations toge!r4 ,sci5ce is neutral4 ,sci5ce is subs]vi5t to evil z well z good4 ,sci5ce is at pres5t di/ill+ ! poison\s gases us$ on ! ,european battlefields z well z inv5t+ ! improv$ me?ods ( surg]y4 ,x has made possible in/rum5ts ( de/ruction su* z savages might h %runk f us+4 ,moreov]1 sci5tific z well z arti/ic int]e/s are p>tial manife/ations ( a p's life & ! e?ical relation is betwe5 peoples z totalities or collective entities--j z ! e?ical relation betwe5 man & man is betwe5 ! :ole man & ! :ole man1 & n betwe5 "s p>tial aspect ( ! man & ( 8 fell[s4 ,h5ce x is easy to expla9 :y ! sci5ti/s & ! s*ol>s ( ! diff]5t bellig]5t peoples 7 swept away by ! w> passion l ! re/1 & 9 _! utt]ance h ev5 c>ri$ animosity to great] l5g?s1 express+ x 9 language calculat$ to w\nd m deeply & to leave m p]man5t sc>s4 ,!y felt t !y belong$ to ! p z a :ole1 & :5 ! occasion came = !m to *oose betwe5 _! sci5tific co-work]s across ! fronti] & _! fell[-nationals1 !y sid$ ) ! latt]4 ,c4 ,! hope t reliance c be plac$ on int]national trade to br+ ab\t e?ical relations betwe5 nations4 ,b trade1 l sci5ce1 is e?ically neutral4 ,9 its own int]e/ x is favorable to ord] & security 9 colonies & dep5d5cies1 & :51 suffici5tly enlight5$1 to ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! ,european nations aboli%$ ! slave trade 9 ,africa because x decimat$ ! native population1 & decreas$ ! supply ( labor4#ig ,on ! o!r h& ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ev5 at t "t ! mo/ lib]al c\ntry ( ,europe1 did n hesitate to wage w> ) ,spa9 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! monopoly ( ! hide\s slave-trade1 & ! ,opium ,w> occurr$ 9 ! 8full light0 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! e?ical neutrality ( ! comm]cial m9d is to be f\nd 9 ! rec5t p>tition ( ,africa betwe5 ,engl&1 ,france1 ! ,congo ,free ,/ate & ,g]many4 ,! me?ods :i* ^! f\r nations adopt$ 9 ! 8scramble = ,africa0 7 m>k$ by a p]fect disreg>d ( ! rights ( ! native populations ( ! ,african cont95t4 ,two devices 7 us$--proclamations1 & treaties ) native *iefs4 ,! ,que5 ( ,engl& proclaim$ t a c]ta9 t]ritory w\ld !nce=? be a ,briti% possession1 z if proclamation c\ld convey a "r to ! t]ritory4 ,! ,g]man emp]or indulg$ 9 ! same fiction4 ,& !re 0 a v]itable race betwe5 ,fr5* & ,engli% 9 ! ,we/2 betwe5 ,g]mans & ,engli% 9 ! ,ea/1 z to :i* ( ! two c\ld outdi/ance or outwit ! o!r 9 treaty-mak+4 ,k>l ,pet]s came 9 disguise ) a /ock ( blank treaties 9 8 pocket4 ,=ty or fifty treaties 7 conclud$ by ! ,fr5* annually = sev]al ye>s 9 ! ,we/--z if a treaty ) a native *ief1 :o might be brib$ or co]c$ into l5d+ 8 signature1 c\ld be ! f\ndation ( moral "r to ! t]ritory occupi$ by 8 tribe4 ,! ,european nations artfully employ$ ! fictions ( sov]eignty 9 ord] to v>ni% _! acts ( plund] ) a semblance ( legality4 ,( c\rse ^! proclamations & treaties 7 n int5d$ to ju/ify exploitation 9 ! eyes ( ! natives--! natives 7 n consult$ or reg>d$--b r to base !reon ! division ( ! spoils betwe5 ! exploit]s4 ,a proclamation or ! conclusion ( a treaty ) a *ief 0 notice giv5 to rivals n to int]f]e ) ! spoils res]v$ = ! nation t _h issu$ ! proclamation or secur$ ! treaty4 ,x meant 8h&s (f0 to compet+ exploit]s4 ,if x be ask$ :e!r ?is picture is n too d>k8 ,:e!r ! civiliz$ nations ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 9 _! deal+s ) ! helpless natives 7 m]ely selfi%8 ,:e!r _! motives are s s9i/]8 ,:e!r !y are n animat$ by bett]1 m moral aims8 ! answ] is t ! comm]cial m9d1 & x is ! comm]cial m9d t *iefly rules ! _w today1 allays its scruples & ju/ifies its aggressions by ! fallacy t to ext5d trade is to spread civilization1 & to spread civilization is to contribute to ! advancem5t ( ! human race4 ,! int]e/s ( trade & ( civilization are simply id5tifi$4 ,to build railroads1 to /ret* telegraph l9es across ! ,d>k ,cont95t1 to laun* /eamboats on lakes t nev] he>d ! :i/le ( a /eam eng9e be=e1 ^! are assum$ to be ! evid5ces ( 8progress40 ,besides are n ! natives discipl9$ 9 habits ( indu/ry1 are !y n enc\rag$ to cultivate ! raw products ne$$ by ,europe1 & 9 return to receive ! ov]fl[ ( ,european m>kets8 ,! in/rum5ts ( civilization are ?us conf\nd$ ) civilization itself2 ! means ) ! end2 :ile ! real object1 veil$ by sophi/ry1 is nev]!less ! mat]ial b5efit to be secur$ by ! :ite race4 ,ev5 ! humane treatm5t ( ! natives1 :]e x is humane1 resembles some:at too unpleasantly ! fatt5+ ( ! calf prior to its consumption by ! own]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! int]e/s ( ,trade be+ suppos$ to be p>am\nt1 x is held t any c\ntry ! p ( :i* d n suffici5tly cultivate ! products desir$ by o!r peoples1 or :o close _! doors aga9/ ! indu/rial surplus ( ,europe1 may be annex$1 ! l& =cibly seiz$1 & ! inhabitants subjugat$1 & moreov] t su* action is "r & prop] & 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,s long z ?is view obta9s1 !re w be no peace on e>?4 ,! competition = =eign t]ritories & =eign m>kets1 ! scramble betwe5 ! 8civiliz$0 exploit]s1 w be indef9itely provocative ( new w>s4 ,! root disease t afflicts ! _w at ! pres5t day is ! supremacy ( ! comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,int]c\rse & ex*ange ( products is no d\bt desirable4 ,! education ( backw>d peoples 9 agriculture & 9 indu/ry = _! own good & along _! own l9e is indisp5sable4 ,! fallacy ( ! comm]cial m9d consi/s 9 erect+ ! means into ! p>am\nt end1 9 brusqu+ ! love ( indep5d5ce :i* is s /rongly entr5*$1 ev5 among _m primitive peoples1 & 9 prev5t+ _! developm5t 9 ! direction prescrib$ by _! own natures4 ,all ?is = ! sake ( ! imm$iate increase ( mat]ial weal?4 ,! :ite race %all h ! lion's %>e ( ! weal?2 ! native population are to be accord$ a less] %>e1 ) :i* !y mu/ be cont5t4 ,?is is ! ext5t ( ! concession to humanity4 ,?is is1 9 pla9 words1 :at is signifi$ by ! haughty phrase--8! spread ( civilization40 ,! comm]cial m9d is nei!r b5evol5t nor malevol5t--z little z sci5ce is4 ,x seems at times to be b5efic5t2 at o!r times x seems to be almo/ fi5di%--z 9 ! case ( ! atrocities p]petrat$ on ! ,congo4 ,x is n fi5di%1 x is simply e?ically neutral or bl9d4 ,f ?is s]ies ( reflections1 c]ta9 conclusions may be drawn z to fundam5tal po9ts ( view relat+ to int]national law4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple is respect = ! total p]sonality ( peoples1 recognition ( !m z pot5tial memb]s ( ! spiritual body ( mank9d4 ,! t]ritory ( a p is to be reg>d$ z ! body ( t p's s\l4 ,_! indep5d5ce is to be /rictly respect$4 ,expropriation or annexation is to be *>act]iz$ z outrage4 ,intrusion1 except = purposes ( education1 is to be =bidd54 ,! conception :i* und]lies ! scramble = ,africa & = ! ,f> ,ea/--t ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! advanc$ nations entitle !m to =ce ! backw>d to become receptacles ( ! indu/rial ov]fl[ ( ! ,we/1 ! produc]s ( raw mat]ial = ! factories ( ! ,we/ mu/ be ab&on$4#ih ,& n[ ! ma9 po9t may once m be /at$4 ,! salvation ( ! civiliz$ peoples1 _! spiritualization 9 ! ef=t to spiritualize ! less advanc$ dem&s a new turn 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,union 9 a common sublime object w ov]come ! antagonisms & discords t prevail among ! civiliz$ nations !mselves4 ,! sword w nev] be turn$ into a pl[-%>e until ! nations come to love ! "w ( ! pl[--! "w ( spiritual til? 9 ! human field4 ,! /rong peoples w nev] cease to h>m ! weak1 & 9 s do+ to h>m !mselves1 until !y see 9 ! weak1 memb]s ( ! corpus spirituale ( mank9d1 deposit>ies ( pot5tial spiritual life 9 lib]at+ :i* !y ! /rong !mselves w f9d increas$ life4 ,& ! task ( uplift+ ! l[] peoples w nev] be successfully prosecut$ until x is se5 to be "p ( ! task ( humanity 9 g5]al1 :i* is to spread ! web ( spiritual relations ov] l>g] & ev] l>g] prov9ces ( ! f9ite realm4#ii ,,footnotes3 #ia ,see ,f\ille's ,esquisse psy*ologique des ,peuples europens1 also ! ,*apt] on ,g]man1 ,engli% & ,am]ican ,ideals 9 ,! ,_w ,crisis4 #ib ,ea* t]m 9 ! s]ies ( social in/itutions is e?ically def9$ by ref]r+ to ! succe$+ t]ms4 ,! family prep>es = ! vocation1 ! vocation = ! /ate or nation1 ! nation = ! int]national society1 & all ! successive t]ms receive _! ultimate def9ition f ! inf9ite spiritual univ]se :i* includes !m1 & broods ov] !m & dwells 9 ea*1 s t ! exp&+ e?ical exp]i5ce ga9$ at ! successive /ations is spiritually ! ratio cognosc5di1 n ! ratio ess5di4 #ic ,x is true t ! /ate is conc]n$ ) ^? conditions ( ! spiritual reactions t are capable ( be+ en=c$1 b 9 in/itut+ su* conditions ! spiritual cont5t is inevitably kept 9 view4 ,& 9 ! v process ( fitt+ ! body to ! _s1 ! =m to ! cont5t1 ! cont5t itself w be disc]n$ m cle>ly & explicitly4 #id ,see ! *apt] 9 ,! ,_w ,crisis4 #ie ,to myself z an individual ,i say3 look to y\r radiations1 consid] ! effects y produce on o!rs2 if ! effects are h>mful trace !m to faults 9 y\r "*1 & let y\r desire & obligation to influ5ce o!rs b5efic5tly be ! spur to lead y to trans=m y\r own "*4 ,! same ea* p %\ld say to itself4 ,= in/ance ! obvi\s faults ( our democracy h ret>d$ ! progress ( democracy 9 ,europe4 ,our failure 9 municipal gov]nm5t is con/antly quot$ abroad z an argum5t aga9/ democracy4 ,?is %\ld be a real inc5tive to r\se u out ( our self-complac5cy4 #if ,cf4 ,"l ,crom]'s rem>ks on ?is subject 9 8 book on ,egypt4 #ig ,see1 h[ev]1 ! importation ( ,indian & ,*9ese coolies1 & ! surreptiti\s resurrection ( ! slave trade m5tion$ by ,sir ,*>les ,dilke 9 8 ,problems ( ,great] ,brita94 #ih ,z to practical /eps t might be tak5 to give effect to ?is conception ( int]national law1 see my publi%$ address 8,! ,great ,rle ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,aft] ! ,w>10 9 :i* is discuss$ ! creation ( an int]national law-mak+ body or a ,p>liam5t ( ,p>liam5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! latt]1 ,i %\ld atta* p>ticul> importance to ! in/itution ( commissions :i* may s]ve z a l9k betwe5 ! int]national legislature & ! less civiliz$ peoples--! commissions to /udy ! ne$s & gifts ( ^? peoples ) a view to secur+ _! developm5t along _! own l9es4 ,9 ! case ( civiliz$ peoples t h until rec5tly be5 /ation>y1 l ! ,*9ese1 ! commission repres5t+ ! ,we/]n nations w\ld sit 9 consultation ) ! mo/ enlight5$ lead]s ( ! ,*9ese p !mselves1 ! common object be+ to discov] ! po9ts ( atta*m5t 9 ,*9ese civilization :i* may wisely be made ! />t+ po9t ( a m mod]n & progressive evolution4 ,= in/ance ! filial piety ( ! ,*9ese1 ! rectitude ( _! m]*ants1 ! abs5ce ( an ari/ocracy1 & _! civil s]vice re/+ on education 7despite its defects74 ,9 ?is mann] x may become possible to avoid ! abrupt1 sup]ficial1 & inf9itely de/ructive sub/itution ( mod]n ideas = ! sy/em at pres5t exi/+1 & gradual developm5t w take ! place ( intrusive & uncong5ial *ange4 #ii ,i add t ?is conception w react on ! int]nal life ( democracy4 ,democracy is at pres5t reg>d$ z a relation betwe5 equals4 ,9 fact1 we h 9 ,am]ica ! negro population1 ! illit]ate & backw>d immigrants4 ,a tru] conception ( democracy dep5ds on our realiz+ t )9 ea* p z well z betwe5 p & p !re is ! di/9ction ( ! m advanc$ & ! less advanc$ gr\ps4 ,democracy rightly conceiv$ w be f\nd to consi/ 9 ! ef=t sp5t by ! m advanc$ 9 ea* vocational gr\p to uplift ! less advanc$1 ! m advanc$ !mselves com+ into possession ( _! spiritual wor? 9 ! degree t !y realize ?is _! task ( lead]%ip & its great responsibilities4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,religi\s ,,fell[%ip ,,z ,,! ,,culm9at+ ,,social ,,in/itution ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all und]take to sket* ! plan ( a religi\s society z det]m9$ by ! spiritual ideal h]e9 set =?4 ,! religi\s society is ! la/ t]m 9 ! s]ies ( social in/itutions1 & its peculi> (fice is to furni% ! pr9ciple = ! successive trans=mation ( ! entire s]ies4 ,x is to be ! laboratory 9 :i* ! ideal ( ! spiritual univ]se is creat$ & con/antly recreat$1 ! womb 9 :i* ! spiritual life is conceiv$4 ,no s+le religi\s society c adequately fulfill ?is purpose4 ,! spiritual ideal itself mu/ necess>ily be conceiv$ diff]5tly by diff]5t m9ds2 b ! great g5]al purpose w be ! same1 despite v>iations 9 %ades ( mean+ & po9ts ( view4 ,! fell[%ip ( ! religi\s society mu/ be bas$ on ! volunt>y pr9ciple2 memb]%ip mu/ be a matt] ( free *oice4#ajj ,9 antiquity ! b\nd>ies ( ! political & religi\s organizations co9cid$4 ,! citiz5 0 "u obligations z a "p ( 8 civic duty to wor%ip ! div9ities ( ! /ate4 ,9 mod]n times a /ate *ur* is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 "s c\ntries & support$ out ( ! public funds1 :ile diss5t+ & noncon=mi/ bodies exi/ m or less on suff]ance at its side4 ,b ?is arrangem5t is h>mful1 especially s to ^? :om x seems to favor4 ,era/ianism p>alyzes religi\s spontaneity4 ,! /ate1 x is true1 is pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 ! fl\ri%+ ( e?ical idealism1 & 9 ! con/ant rebir? 9 its mid/ ( spiritual ideals4 ,b x is n compet5t to det]m9e :at ! "* ( ^! ideals %all be4 ,! mom5t !y cease to be freely produc$ !y lose _! life-giv+ p[]4 ,! /ate )9 limits may en=ce actions2 x may n ev5 attempt to en=ce beliefs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 8secul>ization ( ! /ate0 has giv5 rise to ! deplorable impression t ! /ate exi/s only = s-call$ secul> purposes1 & has /ripp$ ! idea ( ! /ate ( ! l(ty attributes ) :i* ! greate/ ?9k]s ( antiquity _h clo!d x4 ,x is ! function ( ! religi\s society1 dwell+ unco]c$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ate1 to re9ve/ ! /ate ) ! sacr$ "* t belongs to x4 ,i d n ( c\rse int5d to exalt ! /ate aft] ! mann] ( ,hegel1 z if x 7 a k9d ( e>?ly god or to set x up z an object ( religi\s or quasi-religi\s devotion4 ,! object ( religi\s devotion is ! inf9ite holy community1 ! spiritual univ]se4 ,! function ( ! religi\s society is to g5]ate ! ideal ( ! inf9ite holy community1 ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,! family1 ! vocation1 ! nation1 are sub-gr\ps ( ?is1 less] entities4 ,ev5 mank9d itself is b a prov9ce ( ! ideal spiritual commonweal? t ext5ds beyond x4 ,to conc5trate wor%ip ^u ! /ate or nation z "s propose1 w\ld be to usurp = ! "p ! piety t belongs to ! :ole4 ,9 describ+ a religi\s society ?ree ma9 aspects are to be borne 9 m9d3 ,! tea*+1 ! organization1 ! wor%ip4 ,a4 ,! ,tea*+ ,9 ! religi\s society z "h conceiv$ !re is to be work$ out a body ( doctr9e1 & !re is to be a body ( specially designat$ tea*]s4 ,an e?ico-religi\s society _c ignore or disp5se ) a g5]al philosophy ( life & /atem5ts ( belief4 ,x _c re/rict itself to enc\rag+ practical morality )\t reg>d to :at are call$ metaphysical subtleties4 ,a moral society ( ?is k9d w\ld soon become ossifi$4 ,on ! contr>y1 an e?ico-religi\s society %\ld excel 9 ! f]tility ) :i* x gives rise to new metaphysical con/ructions & orig9al =mulations ( e?ical fai?4 ,! w _c be divorc$ f ! intellect4 ,! active volitional life _c be successfully /imulat$ & guid$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ! m9d z well z ( ! imag9ation4 ,b ! relation betwe5 philosophy & =mulas ( belief on ! "o h& & volitional exp]i5ce on ! o!r %\ld be ! rev]se ( :at x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,"h !re mu/ be a new dep>ture4 ,! doctr9e1 ! =mulations1 :atev] !y may be1 mu/ n be dogmatic b flexible4 ,gr[+ orig9ally out ( e?ical exp]i5ce1 !y mu/ ev] prove !mselves apt to enl>ge & deep5 e?ical exp]i5ce4 ,by ?is te/ !y w be judg$ & !y mu/ !re=e ev] be subject to revision & correction4 ,e dogma1 e philosophic or !ological cre$1 0 at its inception a /atem5t 9 t]ms ( ! intellect ( a c]ta9 inn] exp]i5ce4 ,b !n x claim$ = itself et]nal validity1 compress+ ! spiritual life )9 its mold1 & *eck+ fur!r developm5t4 ,! body ( doctr9e :i* ,i desire & =esee w likewise be an int]pretation ( e?ical exp]i5ce1 int5d$ to make explicit ! fundam5tal pr9ciples implicit 9 e?ical exp]i5ce1 & !reby cl>ify+ x1 & assi/+ its fur!r unfold+4 ,b x is n & %\ld nev] be all[$ to become dogmatic4 ,! diff]5ce1 ,i take x1 is pla93 9 ! "o case exp]i5ce contract$ 9 procru/ean fa%ion into a rigid =mula1 9 ! o!r case an ela/ic =mula adapt$ to & subord9at$ to ! exp]i5ce4 ,?us mu* = ! body ( tea*+s4 ,!re %\ld also be a body ( tea*]s4 ,a tea*] 9 an e?ico-religi\s society w reta9 some?+ ( ! "* ( 8 pr$ecessors--prie/1 prophet1 rabbi1 pa/or4 ,! prie/ is ! m$iator ( grace2 ! prophet is ! se] ( visions2 ! rabbi is le>n$ 9 ! ,div9e law1 & ! pa/or is ! help] ( ! individual 9 secur+ 8 individual salvation4 ,b ^! functions w n[ be se5 9 an alt]$ light1 & w be radically modifi$ 9 _! ex]cise4 ,! magical attribute ( ! prie/ disappe>s4 ,! confid5t pr$iction ( future ev5ts1 bas$ on ! assumption t ! moral ord] is to be completely realiz$ 9 human society1 has ceas$ to be conv9c+4 ,! ,div9e law is no long] id5tical ) ! ,law reveal$ 9 ! ,scriptures & _! comm5t>ies1 & ! salvation ( ! individual is to be accompli%$ by o!r means4 ,! religi\s tea*] ( ! new k9d is to resemble 8 pr$ecessors 9 be+ a speciali/4 ,! ^w speciali/ 9 ?is connection may1 p]haps1 awak5 misgiv+s1 & ^! mu/ be remov$4 ,he is n a speciali/ 9 ! s5se ( hav+ a consci5ce unlike t ( o!rs1 or 9 be+ ! keep] ( o!r m5's consci5ces4 ,nor %all he impose 8 philosophy ( life or 8 belief au?oritatively1 b propose x sugge/ively4 ,8 be/ results w be ga9$ if he succe$s 9 s /imulat+ ^? :om he influ5ces t !y w atta9 an individualiz$ spiritual outlook ( _! own1 consonant ) _! own individual nature & ne$4 ,b speciali/s ( ?is k9d are indisp5sable4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 h nei!r ! "t nor ! m5tal equipm5t to ?9k out ! l>g] problems ( life )\t assi/ance1 & ! attempt on _! "p to d s leads to crudities & ecc5tricities ( :i* "o meets n[adays ) _m pa!tic examples among ^? :o h sev]$ _! connection ) ! traditional fai?s1 & h tri$ 9 _! grop+ fa%ion to inv5t a metaphysic or a cre$ ( _! own4#aja ,! prep>ation ( ! e?ical tea*] = 8 special task consi/s 9 mak+ himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! great religi\s sy/ems ( ! pa/1 9 :i* mu* t is ( p]man5t spiritual value is en%r9$4#ajb ,he is to fit himself to revitalize :at is vital1 n to repri/9ate :at is obsolete4 ,!re is requir$ ( him a fir/-h& k ( ! great e?ical sy/ems1 & ( _! philosophical backgr\nds3 fur!rmore acqua9tance1 s f> z x is z yet accessible1 ) ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d1 z di/+ui%$ f ! hi/ory ( e?ical ?9k+2 9 addition1 he %\ld int5sively /udy ! economic1 social & political problems ( ! "t f ! e?ical po9t ( view1 & ! psy*ology bo? ( individual & national "*1 s f> z t fasc9at+ & difficult subject has be5 op5$ up by compet5t writ]s4 ,appr5tice%ip 9 ! social re=m movem5ts ( ! day1 direct t\* ) ! inn] life ( p1 on its heal?ful z well z on its sick side1 is also presuppos$4 ,s9ce no s+le p]son c be adequately prep>$ 9 ^! v>i\s subjects1 & s9ce a v>iety ( gifts & tal5ts is dem&$1 x foll[s t ! tea*+ function %all be ex]cis$ by a body or gr\p ( tea*]s1 n by a s+le pa/or at ^: feet ! congregation are suppos$ to sit4 ,"s ( ! p]sons engag$ 9 ?is "w w excel z public speak]s1 o!rs z writ]s1 o!rs z tea*]s ( ! "y1 o!rs z lead]s ( vocational gr\ps4 ,b all ^! diff]5t function>ies mu/ le>n to "w1 n only 9 h>mony1 b 9 organic1 reciprocal support1 !mselves illu/rat+ 9 _! gr\p life ! spiritual relation1 ! k & ! practice ( :i* !y are to c>ry out into ! _w4 ,! guild or gr\p idea mu/ be appli$ to ! religi\s tea*]s ( ! future4 ,b4 ,! ,organization ,e religion exhibits a c]ta9 =m ( organization peculi> to itself & d]iv$ f its controll+ idea4 ,! organization ( ! ,buddhi/ fell[%ip is dep5d5t on ! ,buddhi/ ideal ( prep>ation = absorption 9 ,nirvana4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,jewi% synagogue reflects ! conception ( ! relation ( ! ,*os5 ,p1 z an lite corps ( ! div9ity4 ,! organization ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* is *>act]iz$ by its bifurcation into an ecclesia militans & an ecclesia triumphans1 & fur!r by ! idea ( incorporation into ! body ( ,*ri/1 a difficult my/ical conception z ( a typical div9e individual includ+ )9 8 body a multitude ( o!r individuals4 ,! organization ( ! e?ico-religi\s society has be5 =e%ad[$ 9 ! *apt] on ! vocations4 ,! society is to be divid$ into vocational gr\ps4 ,9 ea* vocational gr\p is to be work$ out ! specific e?ical ideal ( t vocation4 ,9 ! gr\ps ! g5]al e?ical philosophy ( life is to be appli$1 te/$ & enri*$4 ,! s-call$ e?ical tea*]s w "h come into fruitful contact ) ^? :o are 9 t\* at fir/ h& ) actual conditions1 & are cognizant ( ! difficulties to be surm\nt$ 9 e?iciz+ vocational /&>ds4 ,! memb]s ( ! gr\ps 9 democratic fa%ion w contribute to ! advancem5t1 n only ( e?ical practice1 b ( e?ical k1 & ?us become on _! side tea*]s ( ! tea*]s4 ,! dang] ( ! =mation ( an e?ical cl]gy w be av]t$4 ,! tea*]s w be 9 c]ta9 respects ! pupils ( ! taught1 & ! relation be reciprocal1 t is1 e?ical4 ,among ! gr\ps ! vocational gr\p ( ,mo!rs w occupy ! c5tral place4 ,! influ5ce ( wom51 especially ( ! "m gr\p1 mu/ p5etrate ! religi\s society ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 = ! purpose ( draw+ ! entire fell[%ip toge!r into a coh]5t unity4 ,wom5 h5ce=? w take a deep] int]e/ 9 ! e?ical developm5t ( human society4 ,a ma9 factor1 if n ! only factor 9 ! e?ical developm5t ( human society1 is ! elevation ( ! vocational /&>ds4 ,! gr\p ( mo!rs w !re=e be 9 close t\* ) ! o!r vocational gr\ps 9 ord] to ga9 a k ( ! high] /&>ds !re9 propos$1 9 ord] to appraise !m1 & to inspire ! gr[+ g5]ation ) ! devot$ purpose to c>ry ^! /&>ds out 9 practice4 ,c4 ,! ,wor%ip or ,public ,manife/ation ( ,religion ,! ideal ( wor%ip likewise mu/ und]go trans=mation4 ,x has meant an act ( homage t[>d a sup]ior or supreme individual2 x has meant eulogi/ic affirmation ( ! p[]1 wisdom1 goodness1 ( t individual2 x has meant pray] or petition = help f t individual4 ,x has also meant spiritual edification4 ,9 all ^! v>i\s modes1 religi\s wor%ip h]et(ore has focus$ att5tion on a s+le individual deity z "o :o embodies 9 himself ! sum ( p]fection4 ,9 ?us pres5t+ ! ideal ( p]fection1 x has enc\rag$ pref]5ce = unity at ! exp5se ( plurality4 ,! sali5t feature ( ! spiritual ideal sket*$ 9 ?is volume is ! affirmation1 on e?ical gr\nds1 t plurality is ( equal dignity ) unity1 & h5ce t ! div9e ideal is to be repres5t$ n z ,"o1 b z manifold2 n z an individual1 h[ev] sup]em95t1 b z an inf9ite holy community1--e human be+ be+ 9 8 ess5tial nature a memb] ( t community4 ,b c wor%ip be (f]$ to ! memb]s ( a holy community8 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se "o might say1 ,yes1 prem95tly s1 s9ce wor%ip may be tak5 to mean ,wor?%ip1 & ! wor? intr9sic 9 our fell[m5 is ! object ( our unceas+ homage4 ,at ! same "t v diff]5t associations h ga!r$ ab\t ! ^w4 ,public wor%ip consi/s l>gely ( eulogi/ic s++1 pray]1 adoration1 g5uflexion1 & ^! are appropriate only to deity conceiv$ z an individual4 ,we _c ev5 say ) ! ,psalmi/ 8! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 & ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork40 ,= ?\gh ! beauty & ord] app>5t 9 ,nature is "o aspect ( nature on :i* we delight to dwell1 yet we _c dis+5u\sly suppress ! c\nt] evid5ce ( disord]1 ugl9ess & suff]+ :i* ,nature no less obtrudes on our sight4 ,! argum5t f design impli$ 9 ! ,psalmi/'s words is no long] t5able4 ,c]ta9ly we _c any long] pray = mat]ial assi/ance z our =efa!rs did1 or invoke sup]natural int]v5tion 9 situations :]e human sci5ce & human helpfulness are impot5t4 ,b wor%ip also aims at e?ical edification1 by hold+ up to ! m9d ! moral ideal z an object ( imitation1 & z a rebuke to man's %ortcom+s4 ,?is inde$ is its highe/ function4 ,nev]!less ! moral ideal1 z we conceive x1 is incapable ( be+ pres5t$ 9 ! guise ( an individual be+1 no matt] by :at sup]lative language ! limitation insep>able f individuality be conceal$4 ,! b>e attributes ( omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce are ab/ract & convey no positive mean+ :atev]4 ,9 actual wor%ip a concrete image is inv>iably associat$ ) ! notion ( ! individualiz$ ,deity1 su* z ! ,fa!r image or ! ,*ri/ image4 ,& z soon z ?is is done1 ! va/ e?ical ideal t5ds to %r9k to ! dim5sions ( a human image2 & in/ead ( ! ideal 9 its fullness1 only c]ta9 select$ b inadequate aspects ( e?ical excell5ce are pres5t$ to ! wor%ip]4 ,& yet 9 an e?ico-religi\s society also ! public manife/ation ( religion is indisp5sable4 ,( :at elem5ts %all x consi/8 ,fir/1 !re are to be ! public addresses by ! tea*]s1 hav+ = _! ma9 object to ar\se or int5sify a c]ta9 k9d ( spiritual di/ress1 & !n z f> z possible to appease x4 ,e religion 9 my judgm5t orig9ates 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( angui%1 & is an attempt to assuage x4 ,! spiritual di/ress 9 :i* ! e?ico-religi\s society has its orig9 is ! agoniz+ consci\sness ( tangl$ relations ) "o's fell[-be+s1 & ! inexpressible long+ to come into "r relations ) !m4 ,he is fit to be a public tea*] ( ?is religion :o pr(\ndly exp]i5ces ?is di/ress1 :o desires no?+ s mu* z to cease to be1 = 8 "p1 a ?orn 9 8 neighbor's side4 ,we are t1 ea* ( u1 inevitably4 ,! m ?is feel+ is /rong 9 him ! m w he ar\se simil> feel+s 9 o!rs1 & ?us awak5 ^? :o are spiritually asleep1 ! self-righte\s1 ! self-satisfi$1 & he w !n indicate to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 ! way ( relief4 ,! specific e?ical ideals ( life are also to be pres5t$ 9 public assemblies--! ideals ( private e?ics1 ( m>riage1 fri5d%ip1 & ! re/4 ,^! expressions ( ! specific ideals1 *>g$ ) feel+1 & tak+ on appropriate imag]y1 w gradually atta9 a c]ta9 classical fitness--classical at lea/ = a "t--& may be us$ z public read+s4 ,b is !re a sub/itute = pray]8 ,among ! advantages ( pray] is (t5 m5tion$ ?is3 t 9 x ! s\l rea*es out t[>ds its s\rce1 & 9 s do+ wond]fully recruits its spiritual en]gy4 ,x f9ds1 e?ically speak+1 its second w9d4 ,x rea*es d[n b5ea? its utmo/ /r5g? to f9d an increm5t ( /r5g? n previ\sly at its disposal4 ,! "q is :e!r ?is increm5t ( /r5g? _c be obta9$ m surely & to bett] purpose 9 ano!r way1 namely1 by conc5trat+ att5tion on ! spiritual ne$ ( ! fell[-be+s ) :om we are 9 daily t\*1 & by becom+ aw>e to :at an ext5t ! f9] nature imprison$ 9 !m is dep5d5t = its release ^u our ex]tions4 ,! appeal ( ! ,god 9 our neighbor is ! sub/itute = ! appeal 9 pray] to ! ,god 9 heav51 ! call ( ! /ifl$ spiritual nature 9 ! m5 & wom5 at our side1 is to draw out ( u our utmo/ lat5t =ce1 ! /r5g?s und]nea? ! /r5g?4 ,! common life we %>e ) our fell[-memb]s 9 ! religi\s society dem&s expression 9 song & 9 responsive s]vices4 ,! high wave ( ?is common life well+ up 9 u1 ris+ to ! surface1 makes ! gl[ ( religi\s meet+s1 gives !m f]vor1 & a t\* ( rapture1 n inde$ ! common life conceiv$ z a uni=m life1 b z ! life we live 9 o!rs1 & !y 9 u4 ,! addresses t awak5 & appease spiritual pa91 ! pres5tation ( ! v>i\s modes ( "r liv+1 ! songs t lift ! individual above 8 private self & help him to live1 n inde$ subm]g$1 b r spiritually acc5tuat$ 9 ! life ( ! :ole1 ^! are ! public manife/ations ( e?ical religion z ,i see !m4 ,!y w contribute to make ( ! society itself ! symbol ( its e?ical fai?4 ,we %all n h an ext]nal symbol l ! cross3 ! fell[%ip itself w be our symbol4 ,!re w also be fe/ivals4 ,e religion mu/ h its fe/ivals4 ,9 place ( ,baptism ! solemn tak+ ( responsibility = ! spiritual developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,a fe/ival ( vocational initiation1 l ! anci5t assumption ( ! toga4 ,fe/ivals ( citiz5%ip1 inspir$ by ! ideal ( ! national "* z "o to be spiritually trans=m$4 ,fe/ivals ( humanity 9 connection ) ! commemoration ( great ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( our race & ( great lead]s :o 7 inspir$ 9 "s degree by ! ideal task ( humanity4 ,fe/ivals ( ! seasons1 d]iv+ _! significance f ! spiritual int]pretation ( ! correspond+ seasons ( human life1--y\?1 middle age1 old age4 ,& a solemn ?\gh n m\rnful fe/ival 9 commemoration ( ! dep>t$4 ,! religi\s assembly %\ld itself be organiz$2 ! memb]s ( ! diff]5t vocational gr\ps %\ld be allocat$ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! meet+ hall1 z 7 ! ,guilds 9 c]ta9 ( ! m$ival ca!drals4 ,besides ! public manife/ations1 ! private religion w receive att5tion4 ,! religi\s society z a :ole is to be ! microcosm ( ! spiritual macrocosm1 a m9iature model ( ! ideal society1 b c>e mu/ also be tak5 = ! private communion ( ! individual ) ! spiritual pres5ces :i* ! ideal evokes4 ,!re %\ld be a special brevi>y = ! sick1 a ,book ( ,consolation = ! b]eav$1 a ,book ( ,fri5d%ip1 a ,book ( direction = ^? :o pass ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( s91 & a book ( prep>ation = ^? :o face ! end4 ,,footnotes3 #ajj ,among o!r e?ical relations bas$ on free election1 fri5d%ip is ! mo/ important4 ,9 a sep>ate ,book ( ,fri5d%ip :i* ,i hope to publi%1 ,i int5d to review ! ideals ( fri5d%ip z !y h aris5 f "t to "t 9 ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ mank9d--! ideal ( ,py?agorean fri5d%ip1 ! ideals pres5t$ by ,ari/otle1 ,kant1 ,em]son4 ,& ,i %all endeavor to %[ 9 ea* case ! connection betwe5 ! fri5d%ip ideal & ! g5]al philosophy ( life4 ,i %all !n set =? t ideal ( fri5d%ip :i* is ! coroll>y ( ! spiritual conceptions outl9$ 9 ?is volume3 ! fri5d be+ 9 my view "o :o assi/s spiritual developm5t z a spectator4 ,he is ! fai?ful mirror ( 8 fri5d's progress t[>d p]sonality1 ! b5evol5t yet incorruptible record] & apprais]4 ,by ?is tok5 fri5d%ip is di/+ui%$ f ! int]lock+ relations su* z t betwe5 p>tn]s 9 m>riage1 vocational co-work]s1 etc4 #aja ,9 c]ta9 ,e?ical ,societies abroad1 ! fe> ( enc\rag+ ! rise ( a new cl]icalism l$ to ! plan ( draw+ = e?ical tea*]s on pr(essors ( univ]sities1 & o!rs engag$ 9 v>i\s l9es ( practical activity4 ,^! p]sons c\ld ( necessity give only ! leav+s ( _! "t & ?\ght to ! complex que/ions :i* !y und]took to discuss2 & ! exp]im5t1 z might h be5 =ese51 prov$ disa/r\s4 #ajb ,x has be5 said t ! sci5ce ( today lives only 9 sup]s$+ ! sci5ce ( ye/]day4 ,:e!r ?is be true ( sci5ce or n x is n true ( religion4 ,! religions ( ! pa/ are n m]ely sup]s$$4 ,!re is mu* 9 !m t is to be re9t]pret$1 & ?us p]petuat$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,la/ ,,outlook ,,on ,,life ,! view ( life t man has on leav+ x is ! f9al te/ ( 8 philosophy ( life4 ,^! are my ?\ghts3 ,x is "t to deta* ?yself f ?is e>?4 ,! %ad[s are l5g!n+4 ,look ar\nd y & note ! /range *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! m5 & wom5 ( y\r acqua9tance4 ,^? t y once knew 9 _! prime are n[ old & wr9kl$1--& h[ _m already dead6 ,z y survey ! procession ( life1 h[ _m vacant places are !re 9 x6 ,h[ _m true & loyal comrades h be5 swept away6 ,or g into ! busy /reets ( ! city1 & look at ! multitude pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,y are /ill "o ( ?is multitude4 ,pres5tly y w drop out4 ,!re w p]haps be a little ripple on ! surface1 & !n ! /ream w fl[ on z be=e4 ,h[ curi\s is x to ?9k t ?is frame ( life :i* su/a9s su* high faculties %\ld crumble into a little heap ( du/ at ! t\* ( ! w& ( dea?6 ,deta* ?yself1 !re=e1 relax ?y hold by anticipation z ?\ %alt soon relax x actually4 ,b deta*m5t does n mean cold inatt5tion or unnatural %r9k+ f ! e>?ly sc5e1 l t ( ! monk 9 8 cell4 ,relax ?y hold on :at is e>?ly 9 ! e>?ly sc5e1 & fix ?y lov+ att5tion all ! m on :at is spiritually significant 9 x4 ,reg>d ) a fri5dly eye ! beauty ( ! natural l&scape ar\nd !e--yond] lake & yond] noble m\nta9 summit4 ,!y are e>?ly1 yet are !y also hi]oglyphs & symbols4 ,/ill m is ?is true ( ?y social relations4 ,deta* ?yself means relax ?y hold on :at is transi5t 9 ^? relations4 ,cl+ all ! m firmly to :at is spiritual 9 !m4 ,! e>? is ?y f\ndation1 ?\ art ,antu z long z ?\ rema9e/ 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,until ! v la/ ?\ mu/ lean = /r5g? ^u ! e>?ly bases & sub/rata4 ,consid] ! drive ( ! human race ?r\gh ! "t & space _w1 & its net result4 ,?\ /&e/ n[ on a high t[]4 ,lean ov] ! p>apet & pe] z f> out into ! future z ?\ can/4 ,?\ /&e/ z did ,moses on ,m\nt ,pisgah4 ,/ra9 ?y eyes to cat* sight ( ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,b rememb] t ! ,promis$ ,l& turn$ out to be a l& /ill ( promise1 n ( fulfilm5t1--a l& 9 :i* ! prophetic s\l ( ,israel matur$ its visions ( a fulfilm5t nev] on e>? to be atta9$4 ,rememb] t z ?\ art l9k$ to ?y ance/ry1 s art ?\ l9k$ to po/]ity4 ,! future c5turies ( ! human race are l ! future ye>s ( an individual4 ,?\ art ke5ly int]e/$ 9 :at may happ5 h]eaft] to ! race ) :i* ?\ art int]l9k$4 ,b ! race1 l ! individual1 w be cut (f & become ext9ct be=e ev] ! ideal is rea*$4 ,rememb]1 !re=e1 t ! purpose = :i* humanity exi/s is a*iev$ at e mom5t 9 ev]yone :o appropriates ! fruits ( p>tial success & fru/ration4 ,:osoev] /&+ on ! e>? z a f\ndation builds up = himself ! spiritual univ]se atta9s ! purpose ( human exi/5ce4 ,!re is inde$ progress 9 ! explicitness ) :i* ! spiritual ideal is conceiv$1 & we are immeasurably int]e/$ 9 ! great] light to be atta9$ by our po/]ity4 ,b ! ess5tial fruition ( ! contact ( ! inf9ite t is 9 u ) ! f9ite _w is a*ievable at e mom5t 9 e human be+4 ,& ?is gives an entirely new mean+ to ! spiritual ga9s a*iev$ 9 solitude1 :i* seem va9 because !re are no witnesses4 ,b nei!r w !re be witnesses :5 ! la/ human be+s p]i% on e>?4 ,! spiritual brav]y ( ! %ipwreck$ man :o s9ks on ! lonely ocean spr+s f ! conviction t ?\gh ! sea c ov]:elm him !re is t 9 him great] ?an ocean's imm5sity2 a conviction a*iev$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( liv+ 9 ! life ( o!rs4 ,! same is ! ga9 a*iev$ by ! sick man :o lies 9 solitude l a helpless log 9 ! d>k5$ room4 ,! altrui/ic philosophy fails 9 acc\nt+ = ! moral gr&eur t atta*es to ! spiritual victories ga9$ 9 sil5ce & solitude4 ,face ! t]rors ( life be=e y leave life4 ,be resolute to ! la/ n to *]i% illusions4 ,face ! t]rors ( life1 ! abs5ce ( obs]vable design1 ! cruelties1 ! f]ocities4 ,?9k ( ,william ,blake's poem 8,! ,tig]03 8,did he :o made ! lamb make !e80 ,9 y\r philosophy !re is no "q any long] ( a ,creator4 ,creation is an attempt to expla9 ! coexi/5ce ( ! imp]fect ) ! p]fect1 to acc\nt = a l[] /age 9 t]ms ( a high]4 ,! ultimate inability ( man to und]/&1 to expla91 is "o ( ! pr9cipal fru/rations he meets )1 is ! crucifixion ( man at ! po9t ( 8 intellect4 ,! radical incompet5ce ( man to grasp ) 8 intellect ! _w z a 8univ]se10 is to be fac$ by him & accept$ )\t qualification4 ,x m>ks (f ?is philosophy ( life f ^? philosophies & !ologies :i* h attempt$ to expla9 ! univ]se1 & :i*1 :ile affect+ humility1 are ! dupes ( an unw>rant$ self-confid5ce4 ,unqualifi$ admission ( ! incompet5ce ( ! human intellect to resolve ! _w riddle is ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! m pr(\nd humility :i* *>act]izes ! religion ( e?ical exp]i5ce4 ,agno/icism on ! intellectual side is ! v condition ( ! transc5d+ e?ical conviction subsequ5tly atta9$4 ,)\t intellectual agno/icism !re is no e?ical c]ta9ty4 ,consid] n[ fru/ration & its supreme outcome1 or ! v>i\s po9ts at :i* man is crucifi$4 ,i h m5tion$ ! intellectual crucifixion1 due to ! incompet5ce ( ! m9d to und]/&4 ,i mu/ n[ speak ( /ill m poignant exp]i5ces due to ! incompet5ce ( man adequately to fulfill ! moral law1 or to c>ry out ! spiritual relation 9 f9ite t]ms4 ,i h rea*$ ! b\rne1 or am v ne> x4 ,! %ad[s l5g!n1 ! twilight deep5s4 ,i look back on my life & its net results4 ,i h se5 spiritual ideals1 & ! m cle>ly ,i saw !m1 ! wid] appe>$ ! di/ance betwe5 !m & ! empirical conditions1 & ! *anges ,i c\ld effect 9 ^? conditions4 ,i h work$ 9 social re=m1 & ! impression ,i h be5 able to make n[ seems to me s utt]ly insignificant z to make my e>ly sangu9e aspirations appe> pa!tic4 ,i h se5 ! vision ( democracy 9 ! air1 & on ! gr\nd ar\nd me ,i h se5 ! sordid trave/y ( democracy--n only 9 practice b 9 idea4 ,i h caught ! f> outlook ^u ! organization ( mank9d1 ! ext5sion ( ! spiritual empire ov] ! e>? by ! addition to x ( new prov9ces1 & ,i d n f9d ev5 ! fa9te/ beg9n+s1 or recognition ( ! task :i* ! advanc$ nations %\ld set !mselves4 ,i scrut9ize closely my relations to ^? :o h be5 close/ to me1--& ,i f9d t ,i h be5 grop+ 9 ! d>k ) respect to _! mo/ real ne$s1 & t my faculty ( div9ation has be5 feeble4 ,i look la/ly into my he>t1 my own "*1 & ! ef=t ,i h made to fuse ! discordant elem5ts !re1 to a*ieve a g5u9e integrity !re1 & ,i f9d ! disappo9tm5t 9 t respect ! deepe/ ( all4 ,^! are ! v>i\s po9ts ( my life at :i* ,i h und]gone ! crucifixion4 ,i am l ,arnold ,w9kelri$1 :o ga!r$ ! %eaf ( spe>s into 8 brea/1 & ev5 press$ !m inw>d1 to make a way = lib]ty4 ,s d ,i press ! %>p-po9t$ spe>s ( fru/ration into my brea/ to make way = spiritual lib]ty4 ,= ^! cruel spe>s turn into %afts ( light1 radiat+ outw>d along :i* my _s travels1 build+ its f9al ne/--! spiritual univ]se4 ,consid] ! new & pr(\nd] humility4 ,9 e?ical exp]i5ce is reveal$ ! plan ( ! spiritual relations1 b ! entities or sub/ances :i* are ?us relat$ are incognizable1 unkn[able4 ,did ,i "k !m ,i %\ld be able to solve ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,i %\ld "k h[ x is t ! f9ite exi/s side by side ) ! inf9ite4 ,b ,i _c "k4 ,i _c ent] into ! c\nsels ( ! multi=m godhead4 ,!re are ! mighty p[]s t weave & int]weave beh9d ! veil1 b ! veil betwe5 !m & myself is d[n1 n to be lift$4 ,)9 ! palace ( light is ! solemn & s]5e assembly ( ! gods3 ,i1 man1 /& at ! gate4 ,! _w z we "k x is itself ! veil1 ! scre51 t %uts out ! int]play1 ! weav+s & ! int]weav+s ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,b at lea/ at "o po9t1 9 ! e?ical exp]i5ce ( man1 is ! scre5 transluc5t4 ,! plan ( ! spiritual relation is !re trac$ 9 outl9e4 ,x is ?is plan t conveys ! c]ta9ty z to :at v]ily exi/s beyond1 )91 b5ea?4 ,z to my empirical self1 ,i let g my hold on x4 ,i see x p]i% ) ! same indiff]5ce :i* ! mat]iali/ ass]ts1 = :om man is b a comp\nd ( physical matt] & physical =ce4 ,x is ! real self1 ( :i* ! empirical 0 ! sub/ratum1 ^u :i* ,i tight5 my hold4 ,i d n ass]t immortality1 s9ce immortality1 l creation1 is a bridge betwe5 ! ph5om5al & ! spiritual levels4 ,creation is ! bridge at ! beg9n+2 immortality ! bridge at ! end4 ,7 ,i able to build ! bridge1 ,i %\ld "k4 ,i d n affirm immortality4 ,i affirm ! real & irr$ucible exi/5ce ( ! ess5tial self4 ,or r1 z my la/ act1 ,i affirm t ! ideal ( p]fection :i* my m9d inevitably conceives has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ultimate reality ( ?+s1 is ! true/ read+ ( t reality :]e( man is capable4 ,i turn away f ! ?\ght ( ! self1 ev5 ! ess5tial self1 z if t c\ld be my *ief conc]n1 t[>d ! va/] inf9ite :ole 9 :i* ! self is integrally pres]v$4 ,i affirm t !re v]ily is an et]nal div9e life1 a be/ beyond ! be/ ,i c ?9k or imag9e1 9 :i* all t is be/ 9 me1 & be/ 9 ^? :o are de> to me1 is conta9$ & cont9u$4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i bless ! univ]se4 ,& to be able to bless ! univ]se 9 "o's la/ mom5ts is ! supreme prize :i* man c wre/ f life's /ruggles1 life's exp]i5ce4 ,i look back ^u my life once m1 & am grateful = ! et]nal wor? :i* x 0 p]mitt$ me 9 ?is frail vessel ( my mortal exi/5ce to hold1 = ! %imm] ( ! spiritual reality ( ?+s :i* ,i 0 p]mitt$ to see2 grateful especially to ^? :o lov$ me1 & :om ,i 0 p]mitt$ to love1 & :o 7 to me 9 "s measure reveal]s ( ! et]nal life4 ,consid] la/ly ! peace t passe? und]/&+4 ,n[1 if ev]1 ?is peace %\ld desc5d ^u me4 ,!re is a k9d ( peace t is accessible to ! und]/&+1 & !re is ! peace t passe? und]/&+4 ,! peace t c be und]/ood is t :i* consi/s 9 ! relief ( pa94 ,x arises 9 v>i\s ways4 ,aft] an acute attack ( physical pa9 h[ l balm is felt ! succe$+ abs5ce ( pa94 ,aft] a prolong$ sickness1 :5 ! convalesc5t takes 8 fir/ walk1 :at a sweet tranquillity fills 8 m9d6 ,!re is also ! m5tal relief t comes :5 "s dang] has be5 safely pass$2 ! peace ( ! %elt]$ fireside to "o :o has pass$ ?r\gh a /orm4 ,aga91 !re is ! peace t foll[s pecuni>y anxiety1 or ! removal ( "s c>k+ c>e1 z :5 an err+ son is reclaim$1 or an e/rang$ wife or husb& is f\nd anew4 ,b ! peace t passe? und]/&+ is t :i* comes :5 ! pa9 is n reliev$1 :i* subsi/s 9 ! mid/ ( ! pa9ful situation1 suffus+ x1 :i* spr+s out ( ! pa9 itself1 :i* %imm]s on ! cre/ ( ! wave ( pa91 :i* is ! spe> ( fru/ration transfigur$ into ! %aft ( light4 ,x is ^u ^? we love t we mu/ an*or ourselves spiritually 9 ! la/ mom5ts4 ,! s5se ( int]connect$ness ) !m /&s out vividly by way ( contra/ at ! v mom5t :5 our mortal connection ) !m is ab\t to be dissolv$4 ,& ! int]tw9+ ( our life ) !irs1 ! liv+ 9 ! life t is 9 !m1 is b a "p ( our liv+ 9 ! inf9ite manifold ( ! spiritual life4 ,! ?\ght ( ?is1 z appreh5d$1 n 9 t]ms ( k1 b 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce1 begets ! peace t passe? und]/&+4 ,& x is ^u ! bosom ( t peace t we c pass safely out ( ! realm ( "t & space4 ,,app5dix ,,app5dix ,i ,,spiritual ,,self-,,discipl9e ,! prec$+ volume 9 its entirety & 9 e "p is no?+ else ?an a book ( spiritual self-discipl9e4 ,e religion pres5ts to its foll[]s z real objects t ! eye has n se54 ,! c]ta9ty ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! objects1 religi\s c]ta9ty1 religi\s conviction1 spr+s f "o or o!r k9d ( ne$ & di/ress4 ,! object t ! eye has n se5 is believ$ 9 because x corresponds to t ne$1 & relieves t di/ress4 ,fur!rmore1 ! conviction is /r5g!n$1 ! c]ta9ty int5sifi$1 by two me?ods3 7#a7 elaboration ( ! ideas pres5t$2 7#b7 p]=m+ acts 9 ! do+ ( :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! objects is presuppos$4 ,?us ! idea ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r corresponds to ! *ildlike ne$ ( protection4 ,! elaboration ( ?is idea 9 !ological sy/ems /r5g!ns its hold1 e idea be+ p[]ful z an active =ce 9 proportion z x is work$ out 9 detail & l9k$ up ) o!r ideas4 ,& c]emonies1 pray]s1 acts ( wor%ip 9 ! do+ ( :i* ! reality ( ! ,fa!r-,god is presuppos$1 /r5g!n ! belief 9 him4 ,conduct is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( belief4 ,! m frequ5tly a dev\t ,roman ,ca?olic prays to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! m firmly w he be conv9c$ t %e exi/s & he>s him4 ,^! features are common to all religion3 unse5 objects are pres5t$ z real2 ! belief 9 _! reality is augm5t$ by elaboration ( ! ideas2 & above all _! hold is re9=c$ by practice f\nd$ on & presum+ ! reality ( ! ideas4 ,! unse5 object :i* ! religion ( spiritual exp]i5ce pres5ts is ! unique p]sonality4 ,! l9es along :i* ! ideas are to be elaborat$ h be5 sket*$ 9 ! above4 ,conduct bas$ on ! presumption t ! div9e nature exi/s 9 e human be+ is ! pr9cipal means ( =tify+ t conviction1 & ?is presumption itself re/s on ! fundam5tal fact ( wor?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 rank betwe5 ! v>i\s religions dep5ds on ! k9d ( ne$ :i* !y seek to satisfy4 ,x may be physical1 z :5 ! wor%ip] prays = l>ge h]ds & fruitful crops4 ,x may be ! urg+ ( a passion1 z :5 a man prays = rev5ge on 8 enemies4 ,& x may be e?ical4 ,& if e?ical1 x may be purely e?ical1 or e?ical ) non-e?ical elem5ts admix$4 ,a religion is nei!r approv$ nor condemn$ because x satisfies a ne$4 ,! judgm5t pass$ on x dep5ds on ! k9d ( ne$ x und]takes to satisfy4 ,seek to raise ! plus traits to ! ,n? degree4 ,seek ?r\gh spiritual sex int]action to release ! spiritual life 9 ! *ild4 ,br+ to bir? 9 ?yself ! idea ( ! /ate1 etc4 ,e *apt] ( ?is volume conta9s "s direction z to ! l9es ( conduct to be foll[$4 ,! pr9cipal self-discipl9e consi/s 9 ! ef=t to foll[ ^! l9es4 ,b exp]i5ce tells u t ! ef=t may be h9d]$ or help$ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,i %all m5tion a few ( ! helps & h9drances3 ,physical & ,m5tal ,a?leticism are helps to ,moral ,a?leticism4 ,e?ics is a sci5ce ( en]getics4 ,bodily & m5tal en]gy is favorable to e?ical en]giz+4 ,by m5tal en]gy ,i und]/& especially ! habit ( vigor\sly attack+ complex & difficult m5tal problems4 ,"r ,asceticism is relat$ to ,e?ical ,developm5t4 ,i exclude self-abnegation & self-repression practic$ z drill ap>t f any p>ticul> occasion requir+ !m1 hold+ t self-repression %\ld always be incid5tal to self-expression4 ,?is applies especially to ! hygi5e ( ! sex passion4 ,a positive ideal ( ! sex relation1 z 9 m>riage1 is an invaluable help 9 ennobl+ & !reby re/ra9+ ! passion4 ,! ,e?ical ,life is ! supremely ,planful ,life4 ,!re is a hi]>*y ( ends ( :i* ! e?ical is ! apex4 ,! e?ical end is ! supreme end to :i* all o!rs are to be planfully subord9at$4 ,! habit ( conduct+ "o's life planfully is favorable to e?ical behavior4 ,i say planfully1 n p$antically1 due reg>d be+ always _h to spontaneity4 ,among h9drances to ,e?ical developm5t may be m5tion$ ! t5d5cy to be satisfi$ ) ! m9or p]fections4 ,! bett] is ! greate/ enemy ( ! be/4 ,! disproportionate value set on ! embelli%m5ts ( life is b "o illu/ration ( ?is po9t4 ,a great h9drance to ! spiritual life is ! necessity "u :i* we lie ( re/rict+ our actual e?ical relations to a few p]sons4 ,we _c ext5d our influ5ce to ! millions ( ,*9a & ,india4 ,we _c ev5 deeply influ5ce a consid]able numb] ( our fell[ citiz5s4 ,on e?ical gr\nds we d ackn[l$ge ! claims ( ea* individual1 ( all ^! myriads ( human be+s4 ,yet z f> z any actual good we c d !m is conc]n$1 we are p[]less1 & mu/ leave !m to _! fate4 ,! tragic aspect ( life comes home to u %>ply at ?is po9t4 ,int5sity mu/ take ! place ( ext5sity4 ,int5sive spiritual relations ) a few w tea* u at lea/ to conceive wor?ily ( ^? p]sonalities :om we _c directly affect1 & to inve/ !m 9 idea ) ! honor :i* is _! due4 ,intimate spiritual relations ) a few w also c\nt]act ! une?ical habit ( label+ ^? ) :om we come into casual contact accord+ to ! special functions !y happ5 to ex]cise4 ,?us a lett]-c>ri] is apt to be ?\ght ( z an animat$ ma*9e to c>ry lett]s1 a /5ograph] z a k9d ( animat$ ma*9e to take dictation1 ! s]vant 9 ! h\se a ma*9e to r5d] physical s]vice4 ,! m complete our appreciation ( p]sonality is 9 ! case ( ! few1 ! m we %all be impell$ to transf] ! concept ( p]sonality1 at lea/ 9 its outl9es1 to all o!rs4 ,9 ?is way our fri5d%ips1 our close relations1 w n re/rict our e?ical horizon4 ,9 ! n>r[] circle we %all eng5d] ^? ideas :i* 9 ?\ght at lea/ we c c>ry out to ! f>!/ limits ( human society4 ,b among ! h9drances to e?ical practice ! two mo/ conspicu\s mu/ n be omitt$4 ,!y are pity & t]ror1 pity = ! pa9 suff]$ by o!rs1 fe> ( pa9 = oneself4 ,ari/otle reg>d$ x z ! high function ( ! tragic drama to lib]ate m5 f ^! di/urb+ factors4 ,! two are comb9$ & 9 consequ5ce exac]bat$ to an extreme degree 9 ^? situations :]e ! pa9 suff]$ by ano!r p]son is at ! same "t poignantly felt z "o's own pa94 ,& ! angui% felt 9 see+ ! physical suff]+ ( ano!r is ev5 exce$$ 9 witness+ ! moral degradation ( ano!r1 z ( an err+ son or an app>5tly irreclaimable husb& or wife4 ,! doctr9e ( fru/ration z expla9$ 9 ?is volume is int5d$ to %[ ! way ( relief 9 su* situations4 ,b x is only by n %irk+ ! pa91 by p]mitt+ x fully to p5etrate1 by uncov]+ ! brea/ entirely to ! entrance ( ! po9t$ spe> t we %all h ! exp]i5ce ( ! trans=mation ( x into ! %aft ( light4 ,,app5dix ,,ii#ajc ,,! ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,=ce ,,9 ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,fre$om ,=ce is a moral adiaphoron4 ,! /igma atta*+ to ! use ( =ce belongs r to its abuse4 ,! employm5t ( =ce is good or bad accord+ z ! ends = :i* x is us$ are good or bad4 ,! precept ( non-resi/ance 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is to be und]/ood z a piece ( e?ical irony4 ,! "r1 or to be m explicit1 ! duty1 ( society to co]ce individual memb]s ( x re/s on ! same gr\nd & holds )9 ! same limits z ! duty ( ! individual to co]ce himself4 ,self-co]cion dep5ds on ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( "o's impulses1 on ! *oice "o is b\nd to make betwe5 competitive ends4 ,self-co]cion is ( two k9ds3 /imulative & repressive2 /imulative to ov]come in]tia1 repressive to subject wrong to "r impulses4 ,he :o d5ies ! duty ( self-co]cion1 to be consi/5t1 mu/ fall back on ! position ( ! ,cynics4 ,= ! ,cynics 7 inde$ consi/5t4 ,!y ass]t$ n only ! "r ( ! individual to be free f outside compulsion1 b also ! "r ( ea* individual mom5t ( ! individual's life to be liv$ )\t reg>d or subjection to future mom5ts4 ,h5ce !y reject$ civilization & its tasks1 inasmu* z ! prosecution ( any task involves ! subord9ation ( ! pres5t to ! cont5t ( "s future mom5t4 ,b if ! co]cion ( a man by himself be admitt$1 x foll[s t ! ex]cise ( =ce ^u a man by society mu/ 9 pr9ciple be likewise admitt$4 ,= we are social by nature2 we take an int]e/ 9 ! a*ievem5t by ea* "o ( 8 ends1 & we reg>d su* a*ievem5t z a social-b5efit4 ,z to ! limits )9 :i* outside int]f]5ce is to be p]mitt$ & welcom$1 ^! c be/ be asc]ta9$ by fa/5+ att5tion ^u ! end to be atta9$4 ,& "h ! positive conception ( fre$om seems to be ! mo/ helpful1--fre$om def9$ z ! release 9 ea* "o ( 8 ess5tial self1 t is1 ( 8 di/9ctive gift & capability1 or ( t 9 him :i* is unique or mo/ ne>ly s4 ,a society 9 :i* su* valuable contributions 7 elicit$ f ea* w\ld be ! ideal society4 ,/imulative & repressive social co]cion are ju/ifi$ 9 s f> z !y provoke en]gy & *eck di/urb+ impulses1--always ( c\rse )\t disc\rag+ spontaneity1 :i* is ! v good to be secur$4 ,! anti!sis ( reason & =ce common 9 discussions ( ?is subject seems mislead+ & inadequate2 s9ce reason is a faculty ( inf]5ce & n ( pref]5ce1 has to d ) ! adapt+ ( means to ends1 & does n ( itself af=d guidance 9 ! *oice ( ends4 ,! concept ( fre$om z def9$ is m illum9at+4 ,let fre$om & =ce be contra/$1 n reason & =ce4 ,! idea ( law t w\ld foll[ f :at has be5 said may be illu/rat$ by comp>+ ! action ( law ) t ( automatism 9 ! human body4 ,! sy/em ( co-ord9ations by :i* we le>n to walk1 or acquire any k9d ( skill1 su* z t ( p]=m+ on a musical in/rum5t1 is at fir/ pa9fully & consci\sly acquir$4 ,consci\sness sup]9t5ds e /ep 9 ! process4 ,b aft] a "t ! sequ5ces reel (f automatically4 ,consci\sness retires f ! field1 asc5ds to a high] plane1 & devotes itself to m int]e/+ & significant bus9ess4 ,law1 tak+ x 9 its broade/ s5se1 may be reg>d$ z ! automatic ma*9]y ( fre$om4 ,x is ! sy/em ( /imulations & repressions :i* ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d at any giv5 "t has f\nd conducive to ! atta9m5t ( ! sup]ior ends ( life4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ! m advanc$ memb]s ( ! community repressive laws l ! prohibitions ( murd]1 !ft1 etc41 h already become automatic4 ,su* a ?+ z que/ion+ or transgress+ ^! laws nev] once 9 a lifetime occurs to !m4 7,( ! /imulative laws1 su* z ! requirem5t to pay taxes 9 support ( ! progressive int]e/s ( society1 ! same is n yet true47 ,z reg>ds ! backw>d memb]s ( society1 h[ev]1 ! repressive laws are educative4 ,j z 9 c]ta9 diseases ! convalesc5t ne$s to acquire anew ! art ( walk+1 :i* 8 neighbors ex]cise )\t ?9k+1 s ! backw>d memb]s ( society h to le>n pa9fully ^? habits ( repression :i* = o!rs h sunk bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness4 ,social compulsion !re=e may be def9$ z discipl9e 9 ! int]e/ ( positive fre$om4 ,we may expect t 9 future ?is salut>y k9d ( compulsion w g to ev5 mu* great] l5g?s ?an x has yet gone4 ,society z organiz$ 9 ! /ate has und\bt$ly ! "r to int]f]e 9 ! *oice ( ! sexes by prohibit+ ! m>riage ( p]sons afflict$ ) infecti\s disease4 ,if ! /udy ( human "* c\ld ev] be s f> develop$ z to det]m9e :at k9d ( temp]am5ts are radically incompatible ) "o ano!r 7a b>e ?r[ 9 ! air ( c\rse71 x w\ld be )9 ! prov9ce ( ! /ate to prohibit ! conjugal union ( su* temp]am5ts1 & ?us to prev5t ! disa/r\s effects on real fre$om :i* su* incompatibilities are apt to cause4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! p]ils ( ?is po9t ( view4 ,!re is a brutal factor 9 ! action ( society1 z 9 t ( individuals4 ,a giv5 community is apt to mi/ake its prejudices = pr9ciples1 its torpor = cons]vatism1 its sup]/itions = spirituality4 ,su* appreh5sions z ^? t weigh$ on ! m9d ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill z set =? 9 8 ,essay on ,lib]ty are n to be lightly dismiss$4 ,& yet ! ma9 tr5d ( 8 argum5t 0 pla9ly det]m9$ by an individuali/ic conception ( lib]ty :i* _m ( u no long] %>e4 ,x is safe to say t on ! :ole ! b5efits ( co]cion outweigh ! detrim5ts4 ,we h only to picture to ourselves a /ate ( society 9 :i* ^! co]cions %\ld n exi/ to realize t ?is is s4 ,! dang]s are real1 b are due to ! abuse ( =ce & n to ! ex]cise ( x "u ! controll+ idea ( positive fre$om :i* is "h propos$4 ,,footnotes3 #ajc ,a pap] read be=e ! ,f\r? ,conf]5ce on ,legal & ,social ,philosophy at ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,novemb]1 #aiae4 7,repr9t$ f ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,april1 #aiaf1 pp4 #dbj-dbc47 ,,index ,a*illes1 #baj ,africa1 exploitation (1 #ahg;f1 #cce ,altruism1 #gi1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bef ,antu1 #cee 1 #bbh ,a priori k1 #aje;f1 #aaa ,ar*itecture1 #bhfn ,ari/otle1 #aje1 #abg1 #afhn1 #aij1 #bha1 #cje1 #cai1 #cfe ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 #gg ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #aj1 #bih ,arnold von ,w9kelri$1 #ceh ,art1 relation to ,e?ics1 #bgg;f2 limitations1 #bhgn2 /ud5ts (1 #bif ,asceticism1 #cfc ,bacon1 ,on ,/udies1 #aj ,baptism1 #cec ,beatrice1 #agj ,beauty1 #bha;f ,b]eavem5t1 #fd1 #afb;f ,b]gson1 #ajh1 #acan ,black/one1 #ahe ,blake1 ,william1 #cef ,blo*1 #bdb ,blunts*li1 #cbg;f ,buddha1 #af1 #cb1 #aii1 #cdg ,cs> ,borgia1 #agb ,cana1 fea/ at1 #bjf ,categorical ,imp]ative1 #ge;f2 & hypo!tical1 #hj ,causality1 8prejudice (10 #aaj;f1 #acf1 #ada1 #aga ,*ri/ianity1 an e/imate (1 #cj-db2 o!r-worldl9ess (1 #adj1 #bfh2 national1 #cba2 =c$ on ! ,ea/1 #cca ,*ur*1 #cdg ,citiz5%ip1 #cbb ,confucius1 #af1 #ca1 #bii ,congo1 atrocities 91 #ccj1 #cce1 #cch ,consci5ce1 orig9 (1 #gh ,cop]nicus1 #ada ,creation1 doctr9e (1 #aci1 #cef ,crom]1 ,"l1 #ccan ,crucifixion1 ( man1 #ceg;f ,cynics1 #cff ,dante1 #aihn1 #bhc ,d>w9ism1 #ei1 #gh;f1 #abj 8,dea? 9 ,life10 #bbe ,decalogue1 #aih ,democracy1 e?ical aspect (1 #abe1 #adc2 political1 #cain2 evils 91 #cba1 #ccjn2 new conception (1 #cdjn ,dep5d5ce1 #bbf ,dilke1 ,sir ,*>les1 #ccen ,discipl9e1 #bdd;f ,duality1 ( "* traits1 #bjh;f ,duty1 9 ,kant1 #ge;f2 conflicts (1 #cag;f ,education1 /ate1 #beb2 z vocation1 #bia;f2 = adults1 #cja;f2 moral1 #cjbn ,edw>ds1 ,jona?an1 #afc ,egoism1 #bbj ,eli%a1 ! prophet1 #fa ,em]son1 e/imate (1 #bg-bi2 ,essay on ,love1 #afdn ,ends1 proximate & ultimate1 #ej-ea2 9 ,kant1 #gd1 #hi2 in/rum5tal1 #ach1 #aff1 #bbi;f1 #bfh2 unatta9able 9 f9ite _w1 #adi;f1 #aeh2 hi]>*y (1 #cfc ,enemies1 #bje2 intellectual1 #bjgn ,era/ianism1 #cdb ,e?ical ,culture1 ,society =1 #eh1 #cdfn2 ,s*ool1 #ehn1 #bgf ,e?ics1 z non-violation ( p]sonality1 #g1 #ce1 #ed2 individuality (1 #bd2 z sci5ce ( ends1 #dj1 #ej;f2 & social re=m1 #dh2 relation to o!r subjects1 #ff2 ,kantian1 #gc;f2 an indep5d5t discipl9e1 #hd;f1 #acb;f2 en]giz+ quality (1 #ic1 #aja1 #acen1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bgd1 #cfc2 contra/ ) physical sci5ce1 #ic1 #ii2 its peculi> manifold1 #aji;f1 #aad;f1 #abf1 #acb1 #ada2 v]ification 91 #aab2 & social /ructure1 #aia2 & empirical traits1 #bab;f1 #bbc;f1 #bdb;f2 ! law ( levitation1 #bbb2 z sci5ce ( relations1 #bcc2 & indu/ry1 #bgb;f2 & art1 #bgg;f2 & nationality1 #cbe;f2 hi/orical sy/ems (1 #cdf2 & wor%ip1 #cdi1 #ceb ,evil1 problem (1 #cb-cd2 imm$iate re=m1 #di2 contra/$ ) s91 #agb;f ,family1 z empirical gr\p1 #acc1 #bdi;f2 spiritual view (1 #bea;f ,fe/ivals1 religi\s1 #cec ,feudalism1 #adb ,=ce1 z e?ical discipl9e1 #cef;f2 & fre$om1 #cff;f ,=giv5ess1 #bjb;f ,f\ille1 ,alfr$1 #bji1 #cbd ,fre$om1 #adh;f1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cff;f ,freud1 #gi ,fri5d%ip1 #bcd;f ,froebel1 #bie ,fru/ration1 9 m>riage1 #fb;f1 #bce2 9 b]eavem5t1 #fd2 9 intellectual ambition1 #fe;f1 #bbg2 cosmic1 #fg2 9 social bett]m5t1 #fi2 9 a*iev+ e?ical uniqu5ess1 #aah2 & e?ical plan1 #acg1 #adj1 #adg1 #aej;f2 mission (1 #aeb;f1 #afe1 #aie1 #cfe2 9 sci5ce1 #bfe2 9 vocation1 #bfi2 f9al realization (1 #cef;f 8,functional ,f9alities10 #ajf1 #aaa;f ,galileo1 #ign ,gang ,loyalty1 #gg ,george1 ,h5ry1 #dd ,goe!1 #fgn1 #agfn1 #aihn1 #bbj1 #bdc1 #bhe ,god1 idea (1 #acf1 #aci1 #cfb2 submission to w (1 #aef2 wor%ip1 #cej ,greek1 art1 #afn2 philosophy1 #aje2 treatm5t ( suff]+1 #aee1 #aff2 idea ( evil1 #agb2 social sy/em1 #aij;f2 epic1 #bhc2 education1 #bii ,grotius1 #ccb ,hague ,conf]5ce1 #cbf ,happ9ess1 #bbg;f ,h>nack1 ,adolf1 #ci ,hebrews1 sex purity1 #g2 religion1 #ad-bf2 z elect p1 #ai2 _! mission1 #ba;f2 & problem ( evil1 #cc ,hegel1 #aci1 #cdc ,helmholtz1 #aif1 #bfg ,hi/ory1 value (1 #bdgn2 e?ical aim (1 #bge;f ,humboldt1 ,william von1 #abf ,hume1 #aaa ,ilion1 #bhc ,imag9ation1 #bfg ,immortality1 #aci1 #aff;f1 #cei ,individual1 !1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bie1 #cai;f ,indu/ry1 organization (1 #bga1 #bgd2 repres5tation (1 #cab ,insanity1 #afan ,intellect1 #bbg ,int]nationalism1 #cbe;f2 ob/acles to1 #ccb;f2 organiz$1 #cchn ,isaiah1 #bb ,j]usalem1 siege (1 #cc ,jesus1 z exempl>1 #be2 8 tea*+1 #cj-db2 & ! problem ( evil1 #cc;f2 & socialism1 #cg2 attitude t[>d s91 #bjdn1 #bje ,jews1 #cdg ,ju/ice1 social1 #aid;f2 comm]cial1 #bae;f2 e?ical1 #bag2 legal1 #bhi ,kant1 individuali/ic e?ics1 #i2 & hol9ess idea1 #ei2 ,critique ( ,e?ical ,ideal1 #gc;f1 #acg;f2 8 pre-occupation ) physical sci5ce1 #hd;f1 #hh1 #ajj1 #acc2 doctr9e ( ends1 #gd1 #hj1 #hg1 #ajj2 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #hd1 #ie1 #ajb2 n a pure rationali/1 #ie;f2 a priori doctr9e1 #aaa2 doctr9e ( wor?1 #aai2 & ,god idea1 #abf;f2 & ontological argum5t1 #abi2 on m>riage1 #beg ,keats1 #bhb ,labor1 remun]ation (1 #aic ,lange1 ,alb]t1 ,die ,arbeit]frage1 #aj2 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 #aa ,law1 #bij1 #cjg2 int]national1 #ccb;f2 div9e1 #cde2 & fre$om1 #cfg ,lawy]1 vocation (1 #bhi ,le>1 ,k+1 #bhb ,leibnitz1 #aif1 #bdgn1 #ccb ,less+1 #aej ,life1 "r to1 #agi;f ,l\is ,,xiv1 #caf 8,lycidas10 #bhb ,manifold1 ( "t & space1 #if2 9 physical sci5ce1 #ajg;f2 e?ical1 #aji;f1 #acb1 #acd1 #ada ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #abj ,m>riage1 & happ9ess1 #fa;f2 tabu notion (1 #gg2 spiritual relation 91 #afc1 #beh;f2 monogamic1 #bea1 #bed2 infelicit\s1 #beg2 /ate control (1 #cjg ,m>x1 ,k>l1 ,das ,kapital1 #dd2 type ( socialism1 #de;f ,mat]ialism1 ( middle class1 #eb ,may]1 ,rob]t1 #aif ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #cfh ,momms51 #bgfn ,mona/icism1 #dj ,mono!ism1 #bj;f ,moral ,law1 z wor%ipful1 #aj1 #ab2 obligation to obey1 #ge2 univ]sality (1 #agg2 & wor%ip1 #cej ,m1 ,sir ,?omas1 #bjen ,moses1 #bf1 #cee ,national ,"*1 #cbd2 s9s (1 #ccj1 #ccf;f ,nature1 exploitation (1 #ahf;f ,necessity1 appli$ to e?ics1 #he;f2 ,kantian1 #hh ,newton1 #hd1 #id1 #aif ,nietzs*e1 #dg1 #aeb1 #bad ,non-resi/ance1 doctr9e (1 #ahb ,n\m5a1 ,kantian1 #abgn ,num51 spiritual1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bbh1 #bca dipus ,rex1 #agc1 #bhan ,ontological ,argum5t1 #abi;f ,o/wald1 #id ,pan!ism1 #hn ,paul1 ,/41 #ch ,peace1 spiritual1 #cfj ,pek91 #ccj ,p]sonal ,factor 9 ,e?ics1 #c-f ,p]sonality1 #aig1 #bbb1 #bdg1 #cba ,pe/alozzi1 #bie ,pet]s1 ,k>l1 #cce ,phili/9ism1 #eb ,philosophy1 monism & pluralism1 #aaj ,plagi>ism1 #aig ,plato1 transc5d5t vision (1 #af2 8 idea ( ju/ice1 #ca2 e?ics (1 #gd1 #abj1 #acb2 influ5ce (1 #aihn2 & eug5ics1 #bad2 & art1 #bhf2 & ! 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