file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #fjjej-;h4htm or #fjjej-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#fjjej_/pg#fjjej-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#fj jej_/fjjej-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/bookofhe rbs#jjnort ,transcriber's note3 ,text printed between underscores represents italic text4 ,superscripted text is represented by text 7i4e41 a caret character followed by the superscripted character7s7 enclosed by curly brackets74 ,small capitals have been replaced with ,,all ,,capitals4 ,some characters might not display properly in this ,,utf-#h text file 7e4g41 empty squares74 ,if so1 the reader should consult the html version or the original page images noted above4 ,a detailed ,transcriber's ,note is at the end of this text4 ,handbooks of ,practical ,gardening--,,xii ,edited by ,harry ,roberts ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,herbs ,illustration3 ,,john ,,parkinson 7,from the statue erected by ,mr4 ,h4 ,thompson at ,sefton ,park1 ,liverpool7 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,herbs by ,,lady ,,rosalind ,,northcote ,illustration ,john ,lane3 ,the ,bodley ,head ,london and ,new ,york4 ,,mcmiii ,turnbull ,spears1 ,printers1 ,edinburgh ,,contents ,,page ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,cries ,,of ,,london xi ,,introduction #a ,,of ,,the ,,chief ,,herbs ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,present ,,time #g ,anise -- ,balm -- ,sweet ,basil and ,bush ,basil -- ,borage -- ,bugloss -- ,burnet -- ,caraway -- ,celery -- ,chervil -- ,ciboules1 ,chiboules or ,chibbals -- ,cives1 or ,chives1 or ,seives -- ,coriander -- ,cumin -- ,cresses -- ,dandelion -- ,dill -- ,endive -- ,fennel -- ,goat's ,beard -- ,horse-,radish -- ,hyssop -- ,lamb's ,lettuce or ,corn ,salad -- ,marjoram -- ,mint -- ,mustard -- ,parsley -- ,sage -- ,savory -- ,sorrel -- ,tarragon -- ,thyme -- ,viper's ,grass or ,scorzonera -- ,wood-,sorrel4 ,,of ,,herbs ,,chiefly ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,past #dg ,alexanders -- ,angelica -- ,blites -- ,bloodwort -- ,buck's-horne -- ,camomile -- ,cardoons -- ,clary -- ,dittander -- ,elecampane -- ,fenugreek -- ,good ,king ,henry -- ,herb-,patience -- ,horehound -- ,lady's-smock -- ,langdebeefe -- ,liquorice -- ,lovage -- ,mallow -- ,marigold -- ,pennyroyal -- ,purslane -- ,ram-ciches -- ,rampion -- ,rocambole -- ,rocket -- ,london ,rocket -- ,stonecrop -- ,saffron -- ,samphire -- ,skirrets -- ,smallage -- ,sweet ,cicely -- ,tansy -- ,thistle4 ,,of ,,herbs ,,used ,,in ,,decorations1 ,,in ,,heraldry1 ,,and ,,for ,,ornament ,,and ,,perfumes #ajb ,bergamot -- ,costmary -- ,germander -- ,gilliflower -- ,lavender -- ,lavender ,cotton -- ,meadow-,sweet -- ,rosemary -- ,rue -- ,southernwood -- ,wood-ruff -- ,wormwood -- ,bay4 ,,of ,,the ,,growing ,,of ,,herbs #ade ,,of ,,herbs ,,in ,,medicine #aeh ,,of ,,herbs ,,and ,,magic #age ,,of ,,herbs ,,and ,,beasts #ahh ,,tusser',s ,,list #bja ,,authors ,,referred ,,to #bjg ,,index ,,of ,,plants #bji ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,page #a4 ,,john ,,parkinson 7from the statue erected at ,sefton ,park1 ,liverpool1 by ,mr ,h4 ,thompson7 ,frontispiece #b4 ,,initial ,,letters ,,from ,,turner',s 8,,herbal0 ,to face page #af #c4 ,,sweet ,,cicely ,,and ,,other ,,herbs #bb #d4 ,,pot ,,marjoram 7from a drawing by ,ethel ,roskruge7 #cb #e4 ,,the ,,lavender ,,walk ,,at ,,strathfieldsaye 7,photograph by ,f4 ,mason ,good7 #dj #f4 ,,angelica #dh #g4 ,a ,,field ,,of ,,english ,,rhubarb ,,at ,,messrs ,,stafford ,,allen ,,sons1 ,,ampthill #fj #h4 ,,title-,,page ,,of ,,gerard',s 8,,herbal0 #hf #i4 ,,the ,,arms ,,of ,,saffron ,,walden #ajj #aj4 ,,old ,,stills ,,at ,,mr ,,hooper',s1 ,,covent ,,garden #ajb #aa4 ,,bergamot #abj #ab4 ,,rosemary #acj #ac4 ,,plantation ,,of ,,lavender ,,at ,,messrs ,,stafford ,,allen ,,sons1 ,,ampthill #aej #ad4 ,,chelsea ,,physic ,,garden #aeh #ae4 ,,plantation ,,of ,,poppies 7,p4 ,somniferum7 ,,at ,,messrs ,,stafford ,,allen ,,sons1 ,,ampthill #aff #af4 ,,plantation ,,of ,,aconite ,,at ,,messrs ,,stafford ,,allen ,,sons1 ,,ampthill #agb #ag4 ,,rampion #ahj #ah4 ,,fennel 7,photograph by ,dr ,banfield ,vivian7 #aid ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,cries ,,of ,,london ,here's fine rosemary1 sage and thyme4 ,come1 buy my ground ivy4 ,here's featherfew1 gilliflowers and rue4 ,come1 buy my knotted marjoram1 ho6 ,come1 buy my mint1 my fine green mint4 ,here's fine lavender for your cloaths1 ,here's parseley and winter savory1 ,and heartsease which all do choose4 ,here's balm and hyssop and cinquefoil1 ,all fine herbs it is well known4 ,let none despise the merry1 merry cries ,of famous ,london ,town4 ,here's penny royal and marygolds4 ,come1 buy my nettle-tops4 ,here's water-cresses and scurvy grass1 ,come buy my sage of virtue1 ho6 ,come1 buy my wormwood and mugworts4 ,here's all fine herbs of every sort4 ,here's southernwood that's very good4 ,dandelion and houseleek4 ,here's dragon's tongue and wood sorrel1 ,with bear's-foot and horehound4 ,let none despise the merry1 merry cries ,of famous ,london ,town4 ,roxburghe ,ballads4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,herbs ,,introduction ,what is a ,herb8 ,i have heard many definitions1 but never one that satisfied the questioner1 and shall1 therefore1 take warning by the failures of others and make no attempt to define the word here4 ,it is1 however1 fairly safe to say generally that a herb is a plant1 green1 and aromatic and fit to eat1 but it is impossible to deny that there are several undoubted herbs that are not aromatic1 a few more grey than green1 and one or two unpalatable1 if not unwholesome4 ,so no more space shall be devoted to discussing their 8nature10 but ,i will endeavour to present individual ones to the reader as clearly as possible1 in order that from their collective properties he may form his own idea of a herb4 ,the objection may be raised that several plants included in this book are outside the subject4 ,to answer this1 ,i would point out that the boundaries of a herb-garden are indefinite1 and that the old writers' views of them were liberal4 ,besides this1 every garden must have an outside hedge or wall1 and if this imaginary herb-garden has a row of elder bushes on the ,east1 barberry trees on the ,west1 some bay trees on the ,south1 and a stray willow or so on the ,north1 who can say that they are inappropriately placed8 ,the bay and barberry hold an undisputable position1 and the other trees have each an interesting history in folk-lore1 magic and medicine4 ,herbs have been used in all countries and from the earliest times1 but ,i have confined myself1 as a rule1 to those spoken of by ,british authors1 and used in the ,british ,isles1 though not scrupling to quote foreign beliefs or customs where they give weight or completeness to our own or our forefathers' practices1 or are themselves of much interest4 ,we have forgotten much that would be profitable to us4 ,mr ,dillon1 writing in the ,nineteenth ,century1 ,april1 #ahid1 on 8,a ,neglected ,sense0--the sense of smell--describes a ,japanese game1 the object of which was that while one of the players burned certain kinds of incense or fragrant woods1 singly or in combination1 the others ventured opinions from the odours arising1 and recorded their conjectures by means of specially marked counters on a board4 ,the delicate equipment for it included a silver1 open-worked brazier2 a spatula1 on which the incense was taken up1 also of silver1 sometimes delicately inlaid with enamel2 and silver-framed mica plates 7about one inch square71 on which the incense had been heated1 were set to cool on 8a number of medallions1 mother-of-pearl1 each in the shape of a chrysanthemum flower or of a maple leaf40 ,both ,mr ,dillon and ,miss ,lambert 7,nineteenth ,century1 ,may #ahhj7 attribute the importance early attached to odours to religious reasons4 ,he says that it was believed that the gods1 being spirits1 neither required nor desired solid offerings1 but that the ethereal nature of the ascending fragrance was gratifying and sustaining to them4 ,miss ,lambert quotes an account of the tribes of ,florida 8setting on the tops of the trees1 as offerings to the sun1 skins of deer filled with the best fruits of the country1 crowned with flowers and sweet herbs40 ,among the ,aztecs of ,mexico the festival of the goddess of flowers1 ,coatlicue1 was kept by ,xochenanqui1 or traders in flowers4 ,offerings of 8curiously woven garlands0 were made1 and it was 8forbidden to everyone to smell the flowers of which they were composed before their dedication to the goddess40 ,the ,tahitians had the idea that 8the scent was the spirit of the offering and corresponded to the spirit of man10 and therefore they laid sweet-scented offerings before their dead till burial1 believing that the spirit still hovered near4 ,these instances show clearly the high regard in which delicate odours were once held4 ,herbs and flowers were early used in rites and ceremonies of the ,church4 ,miss ,lambert quotes from a poem of ,fortunatus1 ,bishop of ,poitiers4 8,when winter binds the earth with ice1 all the glory of the field perishes with its flowers4 ,but in the spring-time when the ,lord overcame ,hell1 bright grass shoots up and buds come forth4444 ,gather these first-fruits and you bear them to the churches and wreath the altars with them till they glow with colour4 ,the golden crocus is mingled with the purple violet1 dazzling scarlet is relieved by gleaming white1 deep blue blends with green4444 ,one triumphs in its radiant beauty1 another conquers by its sweet perfume2 gems and incense bow before them40 ,in ,england1 the flowers for the ,church were grown under the special care of the ,sacristan1 and as early as the ninth century there was a 8gardina sacrist0 at ,winchester4#a ,miss ,amherst gives a most careful description of the several gardens into which the whole monastery enclosures were often divided1 and herbs were specially grown in the kitchen-garden and in the ,infirmarian's garden1 the latter1 of course1 being devoted to herbs for healing4 ,many herbs were introduced by the ,romans1 among them ,coriander1 ,chervil1 ,cumin1 ,featherfew1 ,fennel1 ,lovage1 ,mallow1 ,mint1 ,parsley1 ,rue and ,mustard4 ,some of these are supposed to have died out after the ,romans withdrew from ,england and have been re-introduced1 but it is certain that they have been for a very long time cultivated in ,england4 ,i cannot refrain from referring to a miracle1 an account of which is quoted by ,miss ,amherst from ,dugdale's 8,monasticon0 7vol4 i4 p4 #dgc1 new ed471 which was wrought at the tomb of ,st ,etheldreda3-- ,a 8servant to a certain priest was gathering herbs in the garden on the ,lord's ,day1 when the wood in her hand1 and with which she desired to pluck the herbs unlawfully1 so firmly adhered 7to her hand7 that no man could pluck it out for the space of five years40 ,at the end of this time she was miraculously healed at the tomb1 which was much revered by the people4 ,banks and benches of mould1 fronted with stone or brick1 and planted on the top with sweet-smelling herbs1 were made in all fifteenth-century gardens4 ,later1 again1 ,bacon recommends alleys to be planted with 8those which perfume the air most delightfully being trodden upon and crushed444 to have the pleasure when you walk or tread40 ,in his 8,pastime of ,pleasure0 7#aeed7 ,stephen ,hawes speaks of3-- ,in divers knottes of marveylous greatnes ,rampande lyons1 stode by wonderfully ,made all of herbes1 with dulset sweetnes ,with many dragons1 of marveylous likenes ,of divers floures1 made full craftely4 ,more modern still is the delightful notion of a sun-dial made of herbs and flowers1 that will mark the time of day by the opening and closing of their blossoms4 ,linnus had such a dial1 with each plant so placed that at each successive hour a flower should open or fold up4 ,ingram#b gives an appropriate list for this purpose1 beginning with ,goats' ,beard1 which he says opens at #c ,a4,m4 and shuts at #i ,a4,m41 and ending with ,chickweed whose stars are not disclosed till #i4ae ,a4,m41 when they display themselves for exactly twelve hours4 ,andrew ,marvell wrote these pretty lines on this device3-- ,how well the skilful gardener drew ,of flow'rs and herbs this dial new2 ,where1 from above the milder sun1 ,does through a fragrant zodiack run1 ,and1 as it works1 th' industrious bee ,computes its time as well as we6 ,how could such sweet and wholesome hours ,be reckon'd but with herbs and flow'rs6 ,the ,garden4 ,the ,quarterly for ,june #ahdb quotes this charming description of a garden in which herbs were not disregarded4 8,quaint devices of all kinds are found here4 ,here is a sun-dial of flowers arranged according to the time of day at which they open and close4 ,here are peacocks and lions in livery of ,lincoln green4 ,here are berceaux and harbours1 and covered alley and enclosures containing the primest of the carnations and cloves in set order1 and miniature canals that carry down a stream of pure water to the fish ponds below4444 ,from thence 7the shrubbery7 winds a path1 the delici of the garden1 planted with such herbs as yield their perfume when trodden upon and crushed4444 ,it were tedious to follow up the long shady path not broad enough for more than two--the lovers' walk40 ,the reviewer himself continues in a less sentimental strain1 and his observations make a very proper introduction to a book on ,herbs4 8,the olitory or herb-garden is a part of our horticulture now comparatively neglected1 and yet once the culture and culling of simples was as much a part of female education as the preserving and tying down of #8rasps and apricocks4' ,there was not a ,lady ,bountiful in the kingdom but made her dill-tea and diet-drink from herbs of her own planting2 and there is a neatness and prettiness about our thyme1 and sage1 and mint and marjoram1 that might yet1 we think1 transfer them from the patronage of the blue serge to that of the white muslin apron4 ,lavender and rosemary1 and rue1 the feathery fennel1 and the bright blue borage1 are all pretty bushes in their way1 and might have a due place assigned to them by the hand of beauty and taste4 ,a strip for a little herbary half-way between the flower and vegetable garden would form a very appropriate transition stratum and might be the means1 by being more under the eye of the mistress1 of recovering to our soups and salads some of the comparatively neglected herbs of tarragon1 and ,french sorrel1 and purslane1 and chervil1 and dill1 and clary1 and others whose place is now nowhere to be found but in the pages of the old herbalists4 ,this little plot should be laid out1 of course1 in a simple1 geometric pattern2 and having tried the experiment1 we can boldly pronounce on its success4 ,we recommend the idea to the consideration of our lady-gardeners40 #a 8,history of ,gardening in ,england40 #b 8,flora ,symbolica40 ,,chapter ,i ,,of ,,the ,,chief ,,herbs ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,present ,,time ,j'ai des bouquets pour tous les gots2 ,venez choisir dans ma corbeille3 ,de plusieurs les parfums sont doux1 ,de tous1 la vertu sans pareille4 ,j'ai des soucis pour les galoux2 ,la rose pour l'amant fidle2 ,de l'llebore pour les tous ,et pour l'amiti l'immortelle4 ,la petite ,corbeille de fleurs4 ,herbs1 too1 she knew1 and well of each could speak ,that in her garden sip'd the silv'ry dew2 ,where no vain flow'r disclos'd a gaudy streak2 ,but herbs for use1 and physic1 not a few1 ,of grey renown within those borders grew2 ,the tufted basil1 pun-provoking thyme1 ,fresh baum1 and mary-gold of cheerful hue2 ,the lowly gill1#c that never dares to climb2 ,and more ,i fain would sing1 disdaining here to rhyme4 ,yet euphrasy#d may not be left unsung1 ,that gives dim eyes to wander leagues around2 ,and pungent radish1 biting infant's tongue2 ,and plantain ribb'd1 that heals the reaper's wound2 ,and marj'ram sweet1 in shepherd's posie found2 ,and lavender1 whose spikes of azure bloom ,shall be1 ere-while1 in arid bundles bound ,to lurk amidst the labours of her loom1 ,and crown her kerchiefs clean with mickle rare perfume4 ,the ,schoolmistress4--,,shenstone4 ,john ,evelyn once wrote an essay called 8,acetaria3 a ,discourse of ,sallets10 and dedicated it to ,lord ,somers1 the ,president of the ,royal ,society4 ,the ,dedication is highly laudatory and somewhat grandiloquent1 comparing the ,royal ,society to ,king ,solomon's ,temple1 and declaring it established for the acquirement of 8solid and useful knowledge by the ,investigation of ,causes1 ,principles1 ,energies1 ,powers and ,effects of ,bodies and ,things visible2 and to improve them for the ,good and ,benefit of ,mankind4444 ,and now1 ,my ,lord1 ,i expect some will wonder what my ,meaning is1 to usher in a ,trifle with so much magnificence1 and end at last in a fine ,receipt for the dressing of a ,sallet with an handful of ,pot-herbs6 ,but yet1 my ,lord1 this ,subject as low and despicable as it appears challenges a ,part of ,natural ,history2 and the ,greatest ,princes have thought it no disgrace1 not only to make it their ,diversion1 but their ,care1 and to promote and encourage it in the midst of their weightiest ,affairs40 ,this disquisition casts an unlooked-for air of dignity over the ,salad-bowl6 ,the discourse itself is very practical1 and begins with the ,furniture and ,materials of which a ,salad may be composed4 ,eighty-two items are mentioned1 but all cannot be called strictly in order1 as ,oranges1 ,turnips1 ,rosemary1 and ,judas ,tree flowers1 and ,mushrooms are amongst them6 ,in the table at the end of this list ,evelyn1 8by the assistance of ,mr ,london1 ,his ,majesty's ,principal ,gardener1 reduced them to a competent number1 not exceeding thirty-five10 though he suggests that this may be 8vary'd and enlarg'd by selections from the foregoing list40 ,the essay finishes with philosophical reasoning on the subject of vegetarianism4 ,history is called upon to furnish examples of sages1 of all times1 favourably inclined to it1 but ,noah is allowed to differ on account of the 8humidity of the atmosphere0 after the ,deluge1 which must have necessitated a generous diet4 ,most people would think thirty-five different kinds a liberal allowance for salad herbs alone1 but ,abercrombie1 writing in #ahbb1 gives forty-four1 and it is worthy of notice1 that within the last eighty years1 ox-eye daisy1 yarrow1 lady's-smock1 primrose and plantain were counted among them4 ,in this chapter1 the herbs mentioned are those chiefly used nowadays2 in the next chapter1 these that were favourites au temps jadis4 ,it is a difficult line to draw1 for the popularity of many of them is1 like themselves1 evergreen1 but ,i have tried to put in the second chapter those that have passed the zenith of their fame1 though they may still ride high in public estimation4 #c ,ground-ivy4 #d ,eye-bright4 ,,anise 7,pimpinella ,anisum74 ,his chimney side ,could boast no gammon1 salted well and dried ,and hook'd behind him2 but sufficient store ,of bundled anise and a cheese it bore4 ,the ,salad4 ,trans4 from 8,virgil40--,,cowper4 ,in ,virgil's time ,anise evidently must have been used as a spice4 ,it is a graceful1 umbelliferous plant1 a native of ,egypt1 but the seeds will ripen in ,august in ,england if it is planted in a warm and favourable situation4 ,abercrombie#e says 8its chief use is to flavour soups1 but ,loudon#f includes it among confectionery herbs40 #e 8,every ,man his own ,gardener40 #f 8,encyclopdia of ,gardening10 #ahbb4 ,,balm 7,melissa officinalis74 ,the several chairs of order look you scour ,with juice of ,balm and every precious flower4 ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,v4 v4 #fe4 ,then ,balm and ,mint helps to make up ,my chaplet4 ,the ,muses ,elysium4--,,drayton4 ,my garden grew ,self-heal and ,balm1 ,and ,speedwell that's blue for an hour1 ,then blossoms again1 ,o1 grievous my pain1 ,i'm plundered of each flower4 ,devonshire ,song4 ,the lemon-scent of ,balm makes it almost the most delicious of all herbs1 and it is for its fragrance that ,shakespeare and ,drayton have alluded to it in these passages4 ,in the song it is mentioned for another reason1 for the flowers here are used as emblems4 ,the first verse describes a garden of fair blossoms stolen1 alas6 from their owner4 ,this verse of the song shows she has planted flowers whose nature is to console--,self-heal1 ,balm and the ,speedwell1 which1 after every shock1 hasten to bloom again1 but she is again bereft of her treasures1 and finally despairs and tells us that she grows naught but weeds and the symbols of desolation4 ,there was once a 8restorative cordial0 called ,carmelite water1 which enjoyed a great reputation1 and which was composed of the spirit of ,balm1 ,angelica root1 lemon-peel and nutmeg4 ,in the early part of the last century1 ,balm wine was made1 and was described as being 8light and agreeable10 but now ,balm is seldom used1 except when claret-cup is improved by its flavour4 ,a most curious legend is told by ,aubrey#g of the ,wandering ,jew1 the scene being on the ,staffordshire moors4 8,one ,whitsun evening1 overcome with thirst1 he knocked at the door of a ,staffordshire cottager1 and craved of him a cup of small beer4 ,the cottager1 who was wasted with a lingering consumption1 asked him in1 and gave him the desired refreshment4 ,after finishing the beer1 ,ahasuerus asked his host the nature of the disease he was suffering from1 and being told that the doctors had given him up1 said1 #8,friend1 ,i will tell thee what thou shalt do4' ,he then told him to go into the garden the next morning on rising1 and gather three ,balm leaves1 and to put them into a cup of small beer4 ,he was to drink as often as he needed1 and refill the cup when it was empty1 and put in fresh ,balm leaves every fourth day1 and1 #8before twelve days shall be past1 thy disease shall be cured and thy body altered4' ,so saying1 and declining to eat1 he departed and was never seen again4 ,but the cottager gathered his ,balm-leaves1 followed the prescription of the ,wandering ,jew1 and before twelve days were passed was a new man40 #g 8,miscellanies40 ,,sweet ,,basil 7,ocymum basilium7 ,,and ,,bush ,,basil 7,o4 minimum74 ,madonna1 wherefore hast thou sent to me ,sweet basil and mignonette8 ,embleming love and health which never yet ,in the same wreath might be4 ,to ,emilia ,viviani4--,,shelley4 ,basil is beloved of the poets1 and the story of ,isabella and the ,basil-pot keeps the plant in memory1 where it is itself never1 or very rarely1 seen4 ,the opening lines of ,drayton's pretty poem beginning with ,claia's speech3-- ,here damask roses1 white and red1 ,out of my lap first take ,i-- are well known1 and it is a pity that the whole of it is not oftener quoted4 ,two maidens make rival chaplets1 and then examine the store of simples just gathered by a hermit4 ,claia chooses her flowers for beauty1 ,lelipa hers for scent1 and ,clarinax1 the hermit1 plucks his for their 8virtue0 in medicine4 ,lelipa says3-- ,a chaplet1 me1 of herbs ,i'll make1 ,than which1 though yours be braver1 ,yet this of mine1 ,i'll undertake1 ,shall not be short in favour4 ,with ,basil then ,i will begin1 ,whose scent is wondrous pleasing4 and a goodly number of sweet-herbs follows4 ,parkinson#h says of it1 8,the ordinary ,basill is in a manner wholly spent to make sweete1 or washing waters1 among other sweet herbes1 yet sometimes it is put into nosegays4 ,the ,physicall properties are to procure a cheerfull and merry hearte1 whereunto the seede is chiefly used in powder40 ,with such 8physicall properties0 ,basil is too much neglected nowadays4 ,he also refers to the extraordinary but very general idea that it bred scorpions4 8,let me1 before ,i leave1 relate unto you a pleasant passage between ,francisius ,marchio1 as ,advocate of the ,state of ,genoa sent in embassage to the ,duke of ,milan1 and the said ,duke1 who1 refusing to heare his message or to agree unto the conditions proposed1 brought an handfull of ,basill and offered it to him1 who1 demanding of him what he meant thereby1 answered him1 that the properties of that hearbe was1 that being gently handled1 it gave a pleasant smell1 but being hardly wrung and bruised1 would breed scorpions1 with which witty answer the ,duke was so pleased that he confirmed the conditions1 and sent him honourably home4 ,it is also observed that scorpions doe much rest and abide under these pots and vessells wherein ,basill is planted40 ,culpepper1#i too1 had suspicions about it4 8,this is the herb which all authors are together by the ears about and rail at one another 7like lawyers74 ,galen and ,dioscorides hold it not fitting to be taken inwardly1 and ,chrysippus rails at it with downright ,billingsgate rhetoric2 ,pliny and the ,arabians defend it4 ,something is the matter1 this herb and rue will not grow together1 no1 nor near one another1 and we know rue is as great an enemy to poison as any that grows40 ,tusser#aj puts both ,basils in his list of 8strewing herbs10 and also says3-- ,fine basil desireth it may be her lot1 ,to grow as the gilliflower1 trim in a pot2 ,that ladies and gentles1 to whom ye do serve1 ,may help her1 as needeth1 poor life to preserve4 ,may's ,husbandry4 ,to which 7in ,mavor's edition1 #ahab7 is appended this prim note1 8,garden basil1 if stroked1 leaves a grateful smell on the hand1 and the author insinuates that it receives fresh life from being touched by a fair lady40 ,both basils are annuals1 though ,bush ,basil may occasionally live through the winter4 ,they are small plants with oval leaves and white1 labiate flowers4 ,a modern gardener writes that sweet basil has the flavour of cloves1 that it is always demanded by ,french cooks1 and that it is much used to flavour soups1 and occasionally salads4 ,m4 de la ,quintinye1#aa director of the gardens to ,louis ,,xiv41 shows that over two hundred years ago ,french cooks were of the same mind about basil as they are to-day2 besides mentioning it for the uses just named1 he adds1 8,it is likewise used in ragouts1 especially dry ones1 for which reason we take care to keep some for winter40 ,an ,italian name for it is ,bacia-,nicola4 #h 8,earthly ,paradise10 #afbi4 #i ,english ,physitian1 popularly known as ,culpepper's ,herbal1 #afeb4 #aj 8,five ,hundred ,points of ,good ,husbandry40 #aa ,the ,complete ,gardener4 ,trans4 by ,t4 ,evelyn1 #afic4 ,,borage 7,borago officinalis74 ,here is sweet water1 and borage for blending1 ,comfort and courage to drink to your fill4 ,n4 ,,hopper4 ,this reference to ,borage touches a long-lived belief-- ,i1 borage1 ,give courage-- briefly states one reason of its popularity1 which has lasted ever since ,pliny praised the plant2 besides this1 it was supposed to exhilarate the spirits and drive away melancholy4 ,de ,gubernatis#ab only found one charge against it1 amid universal praise1 and this is in a ,tuscan ninnerella1 a cradle song1 where it is accused of frightening a baby6 ,but this evidence is absolutely unsupported by any tradition1 and he considers it worthless4 ,borage was sometimes called ,bugloss by the old writers4#ac ,in #ahaj ,dr ,thornton calls it 8one of the four grand cardiac plants10 but shows a lamentable lack of faith himself4 ,dr ,fernie#ad finds that ,borage has a 8cucumber-like odour10 and that its reputed powers of 8refreshing0 and 8invigorating0 are not all due to the imagination2 8,the fresh juice10 he says1 8affords thirty per cent4 of nitrate of potash4 ,thornton had already commented on the nitre it contains1 and to prove this he advises that the dried plant be thrown on the fire1 when it emits a sort of coruscation1 with a slight detonation40 ,personal experience teaches that this is easier to observe if the plant is set on fire and burned by itself4 ,borage might be grown for the sake of its lovely blue flowers alone1 and ,parkinson gives it a place in his 8,earthly ,paradise10 because1 though it is 8wholly in a manner spent for ,physicall properties or for the ,pot1 yet the flowers have alwaies been interposed among the flowers of women's needle-work0--a practice which would add to the beauty of modern embroidery4 ,he adds that the flowers 8of gentlewomen are candid for comfits10 showing that they did not allow sentiment to soar uncontrolled6 ,bees love borage1 and it yields excellent honey1 yet another reason for growing it4 ,in the early part of the nineteenth century the young tops were still sometimes boiled for a pot-herb1 but in the present day1 if used at all1 it is put into claret-cup4 ,till quite lately it was an ingredient in 8cool tankards0 of wine or cider4 #ab ,la ,mythologie des ,plantes4 #ac ,family ,herbal1 #ahaj4 #ad ,herbal ,simples1 #ahie4 ,,bugloss 7,anchusa officinalis74 ,so did the maidens with their various flowers ,deck up their windows1 and make neat their bowers2 ,using such cunning as they did dispose ,the ruddy piny 7peony7 with the lighter rose1 ,the monkshood with the bugloss1 and entwine ,the white1 the blue1 the flesh-like columbine ,with pinks1 sweet williams4 ,britannia's ,pastorals1 ,book ,,ii4--,w4 ,,browne4 ,a spiny stem of bugloss flowers1 ,deep blue upon the outer towers4 ,winchester ,castle4--,n4 ,,hopper4 ,gerarde put ,bugloss in one chapter1 and ,alkanet or ,wild ,bugloss in another1 but nowadays ,bugloss or ,alkanet are names for the same plant1 ,anchusa officinalis4 ,the drawings of his ,bugloss resemble our ,alkanet much more closely than they do any other plant called ,bugloss1 such as ,lycopsis arvensis1 small ,bugloss1 or ,echium vulgare1 ,viper's ,bugloss4 ,the old herbalists1 however1 were most confusing on the subject4 ,they apply the name ,bugloss alternately to ,borago officinalis and to different varieties of ,anchusa1 and then speak of ,buglossum as if it were a different species6 ,evelyn describes it as being 8in nature much like ,borage but something more astringent10 and recommends the flowers of both as a conserve1 for they are 8greatly restorative40 ,as ,hogg says that ,anchusa officinalis had formerly 8a great reputation as a cordial10 ,evelyn's description applies to this plant2 we may take it that this is the ,bugloss he was thinking of4 ,it is a good plant for a 8wild garden10 but has a great tendency to spread4 ,i have found it growing wild in ,cornwall4 ,gerarde tells us that the roots of ,anchusa ,tinctoria were used to colour waters1 syrups1 and jellies1 and then follows a line of scandal--8,the gentlewomen of ,france doe paint their faces with these roots1 as it is said40 ,rouge is still made from ,alkanet4 ,,burnet 7,poterium ,sanguisorba74 ,the even mead1 that erst brought sweetly forth ,the freckled ,cowslip1 ,burnet and green ,clover4 ,henry ,v41 ,v4 ii4 #dh4 ,burnet has 8two little leives like unto the winges of birdes1 standing out as the bird setteth her winges out when she intendeth to flye4444 ,ye ,duchmen call it ,hergottes berdlen1 that is ,god's little berde1 because of the colour that it hath in the toppe40 ,this is ,turner's#ae information4 ,he has a pleasant style1 and tells us out-of-the-way facts or customs in a charming manner4 ,burnet is the first of the three plants that ,sir ,francis ,bacon desired to be set in alleys1 8to perfume the air most delightfully1 being trodden upon and crushed40 ,the others were wild thyme and water-mint4 ,it was a ,salad-herb1 and has 7like ,borage7 a flavour of cucumber1 but it has1 most undeservedly1 gone out of fashion4 ,the taste is 8somewhat warm1 and the leaves should be cut young1 or else they are apt to be tough4 ,culpepper and ,parkinson advise that a few leaves should be added to a cup of claret wine because0 it is 8a helpe to make the heart merrie40 ,canon ,ellacombe#af says it was 8and still is valued as a forage plant that will grow and keep fresh all the winter in dry1 barren pastures1 thus giving food for sheep when other food was scarce4 ,it has occasionally been cultivated1 but the result has not been very satisfactory1 except on very poor land1 though1 according to the ,woburn experiments1 as reported by ,sinclair1 it contains a larger amount of nutritive matter in the spring than most of the grasses4 ,it has brown flowers from which it is supposed to derive its name 7,brunetto740 #ae ,turner's ,herbal is beautifully illustrated2 five initial letters from it are here reproduced4 #af 8,plant-lore and ,garden-,craft of ,shakespeare40 ,illustration3 ,,initial ,,letters ,,from ,,turner',s 8,,herbal0 ,,caraway 7,carum carvi74 ,shallow4 ,now1 you shall see my orchard1 where1 in an arbour we will eat a last year's ,pippin of my own grafting1 with a dish of ,caraways1 and so forth4 ,,ii4 ,henry ,,iv4 v4 #c4 ,in ,elizabethan days1 ,caraway ,seeds were appreciated at dessert1 and ,canon ,ellacombe says that the custom of serving roast apples with a little saucerful of ,caraway ,seed is still kept up at some of the ,london livery dinners4 ,it was the practice to put them among baked fruits or into bread-cakes1 and they were also 8made into comfits40 ,in cakes and comfits they are used to-day1 and in ,germany ,i have seen them served with potatoes fried in slices4 ,the roots were boiled and 8eaten as carrots10 and made a 8very welcome and delightful dish to a great many10 though some found them rather strong flavoured4 8,the#ag ,duchemen call it ,mat kumell or ,wishenkumel and the ,freses1 ,hofcumine4 ,it groweth in great plentye in ,freseland in the meadows there betweene ,marienhoffe and ,werden1 hard by the sea banke40 #ag 8,turner's ,herbal10 #aech4 ,,celery 7,apium graveolens74 ,this is quite without romance4 ,the older herbalists did not know it and ,evelyn says3 8,sellery444 was formerly a stranger with us 7nor very long since in ,italy itself74444 ,nor is it a distinct species of smallage or ,macedonian ,parsley1 tho' somewhat more hot and generous1 by its frequent transplanting1 and thereby render'd sweeter scented40 ,for its 8high and grateful taste1 it is ever plac'd in the middle of the grand sallet1 at our great men's tables1 and ,proctor's ,feasts1 as the grace of the whole board40 ,but though ,parkinson did not know the plant under this name1 he did see some of the first introduced into ,england1 and gives an interesting account of this introduction to 8sweete ,parsley or sweet ,smallage4444 ,this resembles sweete ,fennell4444 ,the first that ever ,i saw was in a ,venetian ,ambassador's garden in the spittle yard1 near ,bishop's ,gate ,streete4 ,the first year it is planted with us it is sweete and pleasant1 especially while it is young1 but after it has grown high and large hath a stronger taste of smallage1 and so likewise much more the following yeare4 ,the ,venetians used to prepare it for meate many waies1 both the herbe and roote eaten rawe1 or boyled or fryed to be eaten with meate1 or the dry'd herb poudered and strewn upon meate2 but most usually either whited and so eaten raw with pepper and oyle as a dainty sallet of itselfe1 or a little boyled or stewed444 the taste of the herbe being a little warming1 but the seede much more40 ,,chervil 7,scandix ,cerefolium74 ,chibolles and ,chervelles and ripe chiries manye4 ,piers ,plowman4 ,chervil was much used by the ,french and ,dutch 8boyled or stewed in a pipkin4 ,de la ,quintinye recommends it to give a #8perfuming rellish' to the salad1 and ,evelyn says the #8,sweete 7and as the ,french call it ,musque7 ,spanish ,chervile1' is the best and ought #8never to be wanting in our sallets1' for it is #8exceeding wholesome and charming to the spirits4'444 ,this 7as likewise ,spinach7 is used in tarts and serves alone for divers sauces40 ,,ciboules1 ,,chiboules ,,or ,,chibbals 7,allium ,ascalonium74 ,acorns1 plump as ,chibbals4 ,the ,gipsies ,metamorphosed4--,,ben ,,jonson4 ,ciboules are a small kind of onion2 ,de la ,quintinye says1 8,onions degenerated40 ,from the reference to them in ,piers ,plowman1 they were evidently in common use here in the time of ,langlande4 ,the ,french gardener adds that they are 8propagated only by seeds of the bignes of a corn of ordinary gun-powder10 and ,mr ,britten identifies them with ,scallions or ,shallot 7,a4 ascalonium74 ,,cives1 ,,or ,,chives1 ,,or ,,seives 7,allium ,schnoprasum74 ,straightways follow'd in ,a case of small musicians1 with a din ,of little ,hautbois1 whereon each one strives ,to show his skill2 they all were made of seives1 ,excepting one1 which puff'd the player's face1 ,and was a ,chibole1 serving for the bass4 ,britannia's ,pastorals1 ,book ,,iii4 ,cives and ,ciboules are often mentioned together1 as in this account of ,king ,oberon's feast4 ,the leaves are green and hollow and look like rushes en miniature1 and would serve admirably for elfin ,hautbois4 ,miss ,amherst#ah says that they are mentioned in a list of herbs 7,sloane ,,ms41 #abja7 found 8at the beginning of a book of cookery recipes1 fifteenth century40 ,she also tells us that when ,kalm came to ,england 7,may #agdh7 he noticed them among the vegetables most grown in the nursery-gardens round ,london4 ,they were 8esteemed milder than onions10 and of a 8quick rellish10 but their fame has declined in the last hundred years4 ,loudon says that the leaves are occasionally used to flavour soup1 salads and omelettes--unlike ciboules1 the bulb is not used--but the chief purpose for which ,i have heard them required is to mix with the food for young guinea-fowls and chickens4 #ah 8,history of ,gardening in ,england40 ,,coriander 7,coriandrum sativum74 ,and ,coriander last to these succeeds ,that hangs on slightest threads her trembling seeds4 ,the ,salad4--,,cowper4 ,the chief interest attached to ,coriander is that in the ,book of ,numbers1 xi4 #g1 ,manna is compared to the seed4 ,it was originally introduced from the ,east1 but is now naturalised in ,essex and other places1 where it has long been cultivated for druggists and confectioners4 ,the seeds are quite round1 like tiny balls1 and ,hogg remarks that they become fragrant by drying1 and the longer they are kept the more fragrant they become4 8,if taken oute of measure it doth trouble a manne's witt1 with great jeopardye of madnes40#ai ,nowadays one comes across them oftenest in little round pink and white comfits for children4 #ai ,turner4 ,,cumin 7,cuminum cyminum74 ,cummin good for eyes1 ,the roses reigning the pride of ,may1 ,sharp isope good for greene woundes remedies4#bj ,cumin is also mentioned in the ,bible by ,isaiah2 and also in the ,new ,testament1 as one of the plants that were tithed4 ,it is very seldom met with1 but the seeds have the same properties as caraway seeds4 ,gerarde says it has 8little jagged leaves1 very finely cut into small parcels10 and 8spoky tufts0 of red or purplish flowers4 8,the root is slender1 which perisheth when it hath ripened his seed10 and it delights in a hot soil4 ,he recommends it to be boyled together with wine and barley meale 8to the forme of a pultis0 for a variety of ailments4 ,in ,germany the seeds are put into bread and they figure in folklore4 ,de ,gubernatis says it gave rise to a saying among the ,greeks3 8,le cumin symbolisait1 chez les ,grecs1 ce qui est petit4 ,des avares1 ils disaient1 qu'ils auraient mme partag le cumin40 #bj ,muiopotmos4--,spenser4 ,,cresses4 ,darting fish that on a summer morn ,adown the crystal dykes of ,camelot1 ,come slipping o'er their shadows on the sand4444 ,betwixt the cressy islets1 white in flower4 ,geraint and ,enid4 ,to purl o'er matted cress and ribbed sand1 ,or dimple in the dark of rushy coves4 ,ode to ,memory4--,,tennyson4 ,valley lilies1 whiter still ,than ,leda's love and cresses from the rill4 ,endymion4 ,cresses that grow where no man may them see4 ,ibid4 ,i linger round my shingly bars1 ,i loiter round my cresses4 ,the ,brook4--,,tennyson4 ,cresses have great powers of fascination for the poets1 and 8the cress of the ,herbalist is a noun of multitude10 says ,dr ,fernie4 ,of these now cultivated1 ,st ,barbara's ,cress 7,barbarea vulgaris7 has the most picturesque name1 and is the least known4 ,it was once grown for a winter salad1 but ,american ,cress 7,erysimum prcox7 is more recommended for winter and early spring4 ,indian ,cress 7,tropolum majus71 usually known as nasturtium1 is seldom counted a herb1 although it is included in some old gardening lists1 for the sake of the pickle into which its unripe fruits were made4 ,abercrombie adds that the flowers and young leaves are used in salads1 but this must be most rare in ,england2 though1 when once in ,brittany1 ,i remember that the bonne used to ornament the salad on ,sundays with an artistic decoration of scarlet and striped nasturtium flowers4 ,garden ,cress 7,lepidium sativum71 the tiny kind1 associated in one's mind since nursery days with 8mustard10 used to be known as ,passerage1 as it was believed to drive away madness4 ,dr ,fernie continues1 that the ,greeks loved cress1 and had a proverb1 8,eat ,cresses and get wit40 ,they were much prized by our poor people1 when pepper was a luxury4 8,the ,dutchmen#ba and others used to eate ,cresses familiarly with their butter and breade1 as also stewed or boyled1 either alone or with other herbs1 whereof they make a ,hotch-,potch4 ,we doe eate it mixed with ,lettuce and ,purslane1 or sometimes with ,tarragon or ,rocket with oyle1 vinegar1 and a little salt1 and in that manner it is very savoury40 ,water-,cress 7,nasturtium officinale7 is rich in mineral salts and is valuable as food4 ,the leaves remain 8green when grown in the shade1 but become of a purple brown because of their iron1 when exposed to the sun10 says ,dr ,fernie4 8,it forms the chief ingredient of the ,sirop ,antiscorbutique1 given so successfully by the ,french faculty40 8,water-,cress pottage0 is a good remedy 8to help head aches4 ,those that would live in health may use it if they please1 if they will not ,i cannot help it40 ,this is ,culpepper's advice1 but he relents even to those too weak-minded to avail themselves of a cure1 salutary but unpalatable4 8,if they fancy not pottage they may eat the herb as a sallet40 #ba ,parkinson4 ,,dandelion 7,leontodon taraxacum74 ,dandelion1 with globe and down1 ,the schoolboy's clock in every town1 ,which the truant puffs amain1 ,to conjure lost hours back again4 ,,william ,,howitt4 ,dandelion leaves used to be boiled with lentils1 and one recipe bids one have them 8chopped as pot-herbes1 with a few ,allisanders boyled in their broth40 ,but generally they were regarded as a medicinal1 rather than a salad plant4 ,evelyn1 however1 includes them in his list1 and says they should be 8macerated in several waters1 to extract the ,bitterness4 ,it was with this ,homely ,fare the ,good ,wife ,hecate entertain'd ,theseus40 ,a better way of 8extracting the ,bitterness0 is to blanch the leaves1 and it has been advised to dig up plants from the road-sides in winter when salad is scarce1 and force them in pots like succory4 ,he continues that of late years 8they have been sold in most ,herb ,shops about ,london for being a wonderful ,purifier of the ,blood40 ,culpepper1 whose fiery frankness it is impossible to resist quoting1 manages on this subject to get his knife into the doctors1 as1 to do him justice1 he seldom loses an opportunity of doing4 8,you see what virtues this common herb hath1 and this is the reason the ,french and ,dutch so often eate them in the spring1 and now1 if you look a little further1 you may see plainly1 without a pair of spectacles1 that foreign physicians are not so selfish as ours are1 but more communicative of the virtues of plants to people40 ,the ,irish used to call it ,heart-,fever-,grass4 ,the root1 when roasted and ground1 has been substituted for coffee1 and gave satisfaction to some of those who drank it4 ,hogg relates a tale of woe from the island of ,minorca1 how that once locusts devoured the harvest there1 and the inhabitants were forced to1 and did subsist on this root1 but does not mention for what length of time4 ,illustration3 ,,sweet ,,cicely ,,and ,,other ,,herbs ,,dill 7,anethum graveolens74 ,the nightshade strews to work him ill1 ,therewith her vervain and her dill4 ,nymphidia4--,,drayton4 ,here holy vervayne and here dill1 ',gainst witchcraft much availing1 ,the ,muses ,elysium4 ,the wonder-working dill he gets not far from these4 ,polyolbion4 ,song xiii4 ,dill is supposed to have been derived from a ,norse word 8to dull10 because the seeds were given to babies to make them sleep4 ,beyond this innocent employment it was a factor in working spells of the blackest magic6 ,dill is a graceful1 umbelliferous plant--not at all suggestive of ,dr ,jekyll and ,mr ,hyde--and the seeds resemble caraway seeds in flavour1 but are smaller1 flatter and lighter4 ,there is something mysterious about it1 because1 besides being employed in spells by witches and wizards1 it was used by other people to resist spells cast by traffickers in magic1 and was equally powerful to do this6 ,dill is very like fennel1 but the leaves are shorter1 smaller1 and of a 8stronger and quicker taste4 ,the leaves are used with ,fish1 though too strong for everyone's taste1 and if added to #8pickled ,cowcumbers' it #8gives the cold fruit a pretty1 spicie taste4'0 ,evelyn also praises #8,gerckens muriated' with the seeds of ,dill1 and ,addison writes3 8,i am always pleased with that particular time of the year which is proper for the pickling of dill and cucumbers1 but1 alas6 his cry1 like the song of the nightingale1 is not heard above two months40#bb #bb ,spectator1 xxv4 #a4 ,,endive 7,cichorium ,endivia74 ,the ,daisy1 ,butter-flow'r and ,endive blue4 ,pastorals4--,,gay4 ,there at no cost1 on onions rank and red1 ,or the curl'd endive's bitter leaf1 he fed4 ,the ,salad4--,,cowper4 ,endive is a plant of whose virtues our prosaic days have robbed us4 ,once upon a time it could break all bonds and render the owner invisible1 and if a lover carried it about him1 he could make the lady of his choice believe that he possessed all the qualities she specially admired6 ,folkard quotes three legends of it from ,germany1 one each from ,austria and ,roumania1 and an unmistakably ,slav story--all of them of a romantic character--and we regard it as a salad herb6 8,there are three sorts3 ,green-curled leaved2 principal sort for main crops1 white-curled leaved1 and broad ,batavian0 7,loudon74 ,the green-curled leaved is the hardiest and fittest for winter use4 ,the ,batavian is not good for salads1 but is specially in demand for stews and soups4 ,all kinds must1 of course1 be carefully blanched4 ,mrs ,roundell#bc reminds one that endive is a troublesome vegetable to cook1 as it is apt to be crowded with insects4 ,the leaves should be all detached from the stem and carefully washed in two or three salted waters4 ,she also gives receipts for endive1 dressed as spinach1 made into a pure or cooked alone4 ,parkinson said3 8,endive whited is much used in winter1 as a sallet herbe with great delighte40 ,succory1 ,chicory1 or ,wild ,endive may be mentioned as making an excellent salad when forced and blanched1 and it is popular in ,france1 where it is called ,barbe de ,capucin4 ,its great advantage is1 as ,loudon says1 that 8when lettuce or garden-endive are scarce1 chicory can always be commanded by those who possess any of the most ordinary means of forcing40 ,he adds that it has been much used as fodder for cattle1 and that the roots1 dried and ground1 are well known--only too well known1 8partly along with1 and partly as a substitute for coffee40 #bc 8,practical ,cookery ,book40 ,,fennel 7,fniculum vulgare74 ,ophelia4 ,there's fennel for you and columbines4 ,hamlet1 iv4 #e4 ,fenel is for flatterers1 ,an evil thing it is sure1 ,but ,i have alwaies meant truely ,with constant heart most pure4 ,a ,handfull of ,pleasant ,delightes4--,c4 ,,robinson4 ,christopher4 ,no1 my good lord4 ,count4 ,your good lord6 ,oh6 how this smells of fennel6 ,the ,case ,altered1 ii4 #b4--;,,ben ,,jonson4 8,hast thou ought in thy purse80 quod he4 8,any hote spices80 8,i have peper1 pionies10 quod she1 8and a pound garlike ,a ferdyng worth of fenel-seed for fastyng dayes40 ,piers ,plowman4 ,oh6 faded flowers of fennel1 that will not bloom again ,for any south wind's calling1 for any magic rain4 ,the ,faun to his ,shadow4--,n4 ,,hopper4 8,sow ,fennel1 sow ,sorrow40--,proverb4 ,few realise from how high an estate fennel has fallen4 ,in ,shakespeare's time we have the plainest evidence that it was the recognised emblem of flattery4 ,ben ,jonson's allusion is almost as pointed as ,robinson's4 ,it is said that ,ophelia's flowers were all chosen for their significance1 so1 perhaps1 it was not by accident that she offers fennel to her brother1 in whose ears the cry must have been still ringing1 8,choose we2 ,laertes shall be king60 with the echo3-- 8,caps1 hand1 and tongues1 applaud it to the clouds1 #8,laertes shall be king1 ,laertes king6'0 ,nor was it only in our own land that ,fennel had this significance1 for ,canon ,ellacombe quotes an ,italian saying3 8,dare ,finocchio0 7to give fennel71 meaning 8to flatter40 ,as to the reason that fennel should be connected with sorrow1 the clue is lost1 but the proverb is said still to live in ,new ,england4 ,the conversation which takes place in 8,piers ,plowman10 between a priest and a poor woman1 illustrates a use to which fennel was put in earlier days4 ,the poor got it1 ,miss ,amherst says1 8to relieve the pangs of hunger on fasting days40 ,but it was by no means despised by the rich1 for 8,as much as eight and a half pounds of ,fennel seed was bought for the ,king's ,household 7,edward ,i41 #abha7 for one month's supply40 ,she quotes from the ,wardrobe ,accounts4 ,our use either of ,common ,fennel1 or ,sweet ,fennel1 or ,finocchio is so limited that the practice of ,parkinson's contemporaries shall be quoted4 8,fenell is of great use to trim up and strowe upon fish1 as also to boyle or put among fish of divers sorts1 ,cowcumbers pickled and other fruits1 etc4 ,the rootes are used with ,parsley rootes to be boyled in broths4 ,the seed is much used to put in ,pippin pies and divers others such baked fruits1 as also into bread1 to give it the better relish4 ,the ,sweet ,cardus ,fenell being sent by ,sir ,henry ,wotton to ,john ,tradescante had likewise a large direction with it how to dress it1 for they used to white it after it hath been transplanted for their uses1 which by reason of sweetnesse by nature1 and the tendernesse by art1 causeth it to be more delightfull to the taste40 8,cardus ,fenell0 must have been ,finocchio4 ,,goat',s ,,beard 7,tragopogon pratensis74 ,and goodly now the noon-tide hour1 ,when from his high meridian tower1 ,the sun looks down in majesty1 ,what time about the grassy lea ,the ,goat's ,beard1 prompt his rise to hail ,with broad expanded disk1 in veil ,close mantling wraps his yellow head1 ,and goes1 as peasants say1 to bed4 ,,bp4 ,,mant4 ,the habits of ,goat's ,beard1 or as it is often called1 ,john-go-to-bed-at-noon1 are indicated by the latter name4 ,it is less known as ,joseph's ,flower1 which ,mr ,friend#bd says 8seems to owe its origin to pictures in which the husband of ,mary is represented as a long-bearded old man10 but ,gerarde gives the ,low-,dutch name of his time1 8,josephe's ,bloemen10 and says 8when these flowers be come to their full maturity and ripeness1 they grow into a downy blow-ball1 like those of the ,dandelion1 which is carried away by the winde40 ,evelyn praises it1 and is indignant with the cunning of the seed-sellers4 8,of late they have ,italianiz'd the name1 and now generally call it ,salsifex444 to disguise it1 being a very common field herb1 growing in most parts of ,england1 would have it thought 7with many others7 an ,exotick40 ,he does not give the full ,latin name1 so one cannot tell whether it is our ,salsify 7,tragopogon porrifolius7 that he means1 or ,t4 pratensis1 the variety once more generally cultivated4 ,the latter seems the likeliest1 as its yellow flowers are far more common than the purple ones of salsify4 ,t4 porrifolius is extremely rare in a wild state1 but ,t4 pratensis grows in 8medows and fertil pastures in most parts of ,england40 ,t4 pratensis is never cultivated now1 and 8,salsify0 applies exclusively to ,purple ,goat's ,beard 7,t4 porrifolium74 ,the old herbalists praised it very highly4 #bd 8,flowers and ,flower-lore40 ,,horse-,,radish 7,cochlearia ,armoracia74 ,dr ,fernie translates its botanical name1 ,cochlearia1 from the shape of the leaves1 which resemble1 he says1 an old-fashioned spoon2 ar1 near2 mor1 the sea1 from its favourite locality4 8,for the most part it is planted in gardens444 yet have ,i found it wilde in ,sundrie places444 in the field next unto a farme house leading to ,king's land1 where my very good friend ,master ,bredwell1 practitioner in ,phisick1 a learned and diligent searcher of ,samples1 and ,master ,william ,martin1 one of the fellowship of ,barbers and ,chirugians1 my deere and loving friend1 in company with him found it and gave me knowledge of the plant1 where it flourisheth to this day4444 ,divers think that this ,horse-,radish is an enemie to ,vines1 and that the hatred between them is so greate1 that if the roots hereof be planted neare to the ,vine1 it bendeth backward from it1 as not willing to have fellowship with it4444 ,old writers ascribe this enmitie to the vine and ,brassica1 our ,colewortes40 ,both he and ,parkinson think1 that in transferring the 8enmitie0 from the cabbage to the horse-radish1 the 8,ancients0 have been mistranslated4 ,the ,dutch called it ,merretich2 the ,french1 ,grand ,raifort2 the ,english1 locally1 ,red ,cole4 ,evelyn calls it an 8excellent1 universal ,condiment10 and says that first steeped in water1 then grated and tempered with vinegar1 in which a little sugar has been dissolved1 it supplies 8,mustard to the ,sallet1 and serving likewise for any ,dish besides40 ,,hyssop 7,hyssopus officinalis74 ,hyssop1 as an herb most prime1 ,here is my wreath bestowing4 ,muses ,elysium4--,,drayton4 ,iago4 8,our bodies are our gardeners2 so that if we will plant nettles1 or sow lettuce1 set hyssop and weed up thyme444 why the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills40 ,othello1 i4 #c4 ,parkinson opens his 8,theatre of ,plants0 with the words3 8,from a ,paradise of pleasant ,flowers1 ,i am fallen 7,adam like7 to a world of ,profitable ,herbs and ,plants444 and first of the ,hisopes4444 ,among other uses1 the golden hyssop was of so pleasant a colour1 that it provoked every gentlewoman to wear them in their heads and on their arms with as much delight as many fine flowers can give40 ,it is a hardy1 evergreen shrub1 with a strong aromatic odour4 ,the flowers are blue1 and appear more or less from ,june till ,october4 ,the ,ussopos of ,dioscorides was named from azob1 a holy herb1 because it was used for cleansing sacred places1 and this is interesting when one thinks of ,scriptural allusions to the plant1 although the hyssop of the ,bible is most probably not our hyssop4 ,the identity of that plant has occasioned much divergence of opinion1 and a decision1 beyond reach of criticism1 has not yet been reached4 ,mazes were sometimes planted with 8,marjoram and such like1 or ,isope and ,time4 ,it may eyther be sette with ,isope and ,time or with ,winter ,savory and ,time1 for these endure all the ,winter thorowe greene40#be ,it was more often used for 8,broths and ,decoctions0 than for salads1 but the tops and flowers were sometimes powdered and strewn on the top of one4 ,it is not much used nowadays1 but ,i once saw an excitable ,welsh cook seize on a huge bunch of 8dear ,hyssop0 with exclamations of joy4 ,in the ,east1 8some plants diverted fascination by their smell10#bf and hyssop was one of these1 and as a protection against the ,evil ,eye1 was hung up in houses4 #be 8,art of ,gardening10 ,hill1 #aefc4 #bf ,friend4 ,,lamb',s ,,lettuce or ,,corn ,,salad 7,valeriana ,locusta74 ,lamb's ,lettuce is variously known as mche1 doucette1 salade de chanoine1 poule-grasse1 and was formerly called 8,salade de ,prter1 for their being generally eaten in ,lent40 ,it is a small plant1 with 8whitish-greene1 long or narrow round-pointed leaves444 and tufts of small bleake blue flowers40 ,in corn-fields it grows wild1 but ,gerarde says1 8since it hath growne in use among the ,french and ,dutch strangers in ,england1 it hath been sowen in gardens as a salad herbe10 and adds that among winter and early spring salads 8it is none of the worst40 ,the fact of its being 8recognised0 at a comparatively late date1 by the ,english1 and even then through the practices of the ,french1 perhaps accounts for the lack of ,english 8pet0 names1 conspicuous beside the number bestowed on it on the other side of the ,channel4 ,de la ,quintinye is not in accord with his countrymen on the subject1 for he calls it a 8wild and rusticall ,salad1 because1 indeed1 it is seldom brought before any ,noble ,company40 ,despite this disparaging remark1 it is still a favourite in ,france1 and it is surprising that a salad plant that stands cold so well should not be more cultivated in this country4 ,lettuce is so much more recognised as a vegetable than a herb that it will not be mentioned here4 ,,marjoram 7,origanum74 ,lafeu4 ',twas a good lady1 'twas a good lady4 ,we may pick a thousand salads ere we light on such another herb4 ,clown4 ,indeed1 ,sir1 she was the ,sweet ,marjoram of the ,salad1 or rather the herb of grace4 ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 iv4 #e4 ,not all the ointments brought from ,delos' ,isle1 ,nor that of quinces1 nor of marjoram1 ,that ever from the ,isle of ,cos came1 ,nor these1 nor any else1 though ne'er so rare1 ,could with this place for sweetest smells compare4 ,britannia's ,pastorals4 ,o1 bind them posies of pleasant flowers1 ,of marjoram1 mint and rue4 ,devonshire ,song4 ,the scent of marjoram used to be very highly prized1 and in some countries the plant is the symbol of honour4 ,dr ,fernie says ,origanum means in ,greek the 8joy of the mountains10 so charming a name one wishes it could be more often used4 ,among#bg the ,greeks1 if it grew on the grave it augured the happiness of the departed2 8,may many flowers grow on this newly-built tomb0 7is the prayer once offered72 8not the dried-up ,bramble1 or the red flower loved by goats2 but ,violets and ,marjoram1 and the ,narcissus growing in water1 and around thee may all ,roses grow40 ,parkinson writes it was 8put in nosegays1 and in the windows of houses1 as also in sweete pouders1 sweete bags1 and sweete washing waters4444 ,our daintiest women doe put it to still among their sweet herbes40 ,pusser mentions it among his 8herbs for strewing10 and in some recipes for pot pourri it is still included4 ,origanum vulgare grows wild1 and the dry leaves are made into a tea 8which is extremely grateful40 ,the different kinds of marjoram are now chiefly used for soups and stuffings4 ,isaac ,walton gives instructions for dressing a pike1 and directs that among the accessories should be sweet marjoram1 thyme1 a little winter savoury and some pickled oysters6 #bg ,friend4 ,illustration3 ,,pot ,,marjoram ,,mint 7,mentha74 ,the neighb'ring nymphs each in her turn444 ,some running through the meadows with them bring ,cowslips and mint4 ,britannia's ,pastorals1 book i4 ,in strewing of these herbs444 with bounteous hands and free1 ,the healthful balm and mint from their full laps do fly4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,sunflowers and marigolds and mint beset us1 ,moths white as stitchwort that had left its stem1 444 ,loyal as sunflowers we will not swerve us1 ,we'll make the mints remembered spices serve us ,for autumn as in spring4 ,n4 ,,hopper4 8,mint10 says ,de la ,quintinye1 8is called in ,french ,balm10 which sounds rather confusing2 but ,evelyn says it is the 8,curled ,mint1 ,m4 ,sativa ,crispa10 that goes by this name4 ,mint was also called 8,menthe de ,notre ,dame10 and in ,italy1 8,erba ,santa ,maria10 and in ,germany1 8,frauen ,mnze10 though this name is also applied to costmary4 ,this herb used to be strewn in churches4 ,all the various kinds of it were thought to be good against the biting of serpents1 sea-scorpions1 and mad dogs1 but violently antagonistic to the healing processes of wounds4 8,they are extreme bad for wounded people1 and they say a wounded man that eats ,mints1 his wound will never be cured1 and that is a long day6 ,but they are good to be put into ,baths40#bh ,the 8gentler tops of ,orange ,mint0 7,mentha citrata87 are recommended 8mixed with a ,salad or eaten alone1 with the juyce of ,orange and a little ,sugar40 ,the mint we commonly use is ,mentha ,viridis or ,spear ,mint4 8,divers have held for true1 that ,cheeses will not corrupt1 if they be either rubbed over withe the juyce or a decoction of ,mints1 or they laid among them40 ,it has been said1 too1 that an infusion of mint will prevent the rapid curdling of milk4 ,being dried1 mint was much used to put with pennyroyal into puddings1 and also among 8pease that are boyled for pottage40 ,the last is one of the few uses that survives4 ,parkinson complains of all sorts of mints1 that once planted in a garden they are difficult to get rid of6 ,cat ,mint1 or ,nep 7,nepeta ,cataria7 is eaten in ,tansies4 8,according to ,hoffman the root of the ,cat ,mint1 if chewed1 will make the most gentle person fierce and quarrelsome40#bi ,pepper ,mint is still retained1 as is ,spear ,mint1 in the ,british ,pharmacopia4 8,the leaves have an intensely pungent aromatic taste resembling that of pepper1 and accompanied with a peculiar sensation of coldness0 7,thornton74 #bh ,culpepper4 #bi ,folkard4 ,,mustard 7,sinapis74 ,bottom4 ,your name1 ,i beseech you1 sir8 ,mustardseed4 ,mustardseed4 ,bottom4 ,good ,master ,mustardseed1 ,i know your patience well3 that same cowardly1 giant-like ox-beef hath devoured many a gentleman of your house3 ,i promise you your kindred hath made my eyes water ere now4 ,i desire your more acquaintance1 good ,master ,mustardseed4 ,midsummer-,night's ,dream1 iii4 #a4 ,in #affd ,evelyn wrote that mustard is of 8incomparable effect to quicken and revive the ,spirits1 strengthening the ,memory and expelling ,heaviness4444 ,in ,italy1 in making ,mustard1 they mingle ,lemon and ,orange ,peels with the seeds40 ,in ,england the best mustard came from ,tewkesbury4 ,it is a curious instance of the instability of fashion that only twenty-four years before ,evelyn made these remarks1 ,parkinson wrote3 8,our ancient forefathers1 even the better sort1 in the most simple1 and as ,i may say the more healthful age of the world1 were not sparing in the use thereof444 but nowadayes it is seldom used by the successors1 being accounted the clownes sauce1 and therefore not fit for their tables2 but is transferred either to the meyny or meaner sort1 who therefore reap the benefit thereof40 ,he adds it is 8of good use1 being fresh for ,epilepticke persons444 if it be applyed both inwardly and outwardly40 ,there were some drawbacks to being sick or sorry in the 8good old days40 ,it was customary in ,italy to keep the mustard in balls till it was wanted1 and these balls were made up with honey or vinegar and a little cinnamon added4 ,when the mustard was required1 the ball was 8relented0 with a little more vinegar4 ,canon ,ellacombe says3 8,balls were the form in which ,mustard was usually sold1 till ,mrs ,clements of ,durham1 in the last century1 invented the method of dressing mustard flour like wheat flour and made her fortune with ,durham ,mustard60 ,we cultivate ,sinapis nigra for its seed and ,sinapis alba as a small salad herb4 ,,parsley 7,petroselinum sativum74 ,the tender tops of ,parsley next he culls1 ,then the old rue bush shudders as he pulls4 ,the ,salad4 ,quinces and ,peris ciryppe 7syrup7 with parcely rotes1 ,right so begyn your mele4 ,,russell',s ,boke of ,nature4 ,fat colworts and comforting perseline1 ,cold lettuce and refreshing rosmarine4 ,muiopotmos4--,,spenser4 ,parsley has the 8curious botanic history that no one can tell what is its native country4 ,probably the plant has been so altered by cultivation as to have lost all likeness to its original self40#cj ,superstitions connected with it are myriad1 and ,folkard gives two ,greek sayings that are interesting4 ,it was the custom among them to border the garden with parsley and rue1 and from this arose an idiom1 when any undertaking was talked of1 but not begun1 8,oh6 we are only at the ,parsley and ,rue40 ,parsley was used1 too1 to strew on graves1 and hence came a saying 8to be in need of parsley10 signifying to be at death's door4 ,mr ,friend quotes an ,english adage that 8,fried parsley will bring a man to his saddle and a woman to her grave10 but says that he has heard no reason given for this strange and apparently pointless dictum4 ,plutarch tells of a panic created in a ,greek force1 marching against the enemy1 by their suddenly meeting some mules laden with parsley1 which the soldiers looked upon as an evil omen2 and ,w4 ,jones1 in his 8,crowns and ,coronations10 says1 8,timoleon nearly caused a mutiny in his army because he chose his crown to be of parsley1 when his soldiers wished it to be of the pine or pitch tree40 ,in many parts of ,england it is considered unlucky1 and ,i quote from a paper read before the ,devon and ,exeter ,gardeners' ,association in #ahig4 8,it is one of the longest seeds to lie in the ground before germinating2 it has been said to go to the ,devil and back again nine times before it comes up4 ,and many people have a great objection to planting parsley1 saying if you do there will sure to be a death in the ,family within twelve months40 ,it is only fair to add that this delightful lapse into folk-lore comes in the midst of most excellent and practical advice for its cultivation4 8,quite recently 7in #ahhc7 a gentleman1 living near ,southampton1 told his gardener to sow some ,parsley seed4 ,the man1 however1 refused1 saying that it would be a bad day's work to him if ever he brought ,parsley seed into the house4 ,he said that he would not mind bringing a plant or two and throwing them down1 that his master might pick them up if he chose1 but he would not bring them to him for anything40#ca ,the 8earliest known1 really original work on gardening1 written in ,english10 is1 ,miss ,amherst says1 8a treatise in verse10 by ,mayster ,ion ,gardener4 ,it consists of a prologue and eight divisions1 and one of these is devoted to 8,perselye0 alone4 ,the manuscript in the ,library of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 that she quotes from1 was written about #addj1 but it is thought that the poem is older4 ,parsley was 8much used in all sortes of meates1 both boyled1 roasted and fryed1 stewed1 etc41 and being green it serveth to lay upon sundry meates4 ,it is also shred and stopped into powdered beefe4444 ,the roots are put into broth1 or boyled or stewed with a legge of ,mutton444 and are of a very good rellish1 but the roots must be young and of the first year's growth40#cb ,the seeds of parsley were sometimes put into cheese to flavour it1 and ,timbs 78,things not generally ,known07 tells this anecdote3 8,charlemagne once ate cheese mixed with parsley seeds at a bishop's palace1 and liked it so much that ever after he had two cases of such cheese sent yearly to ,aix-la-,chapelle40 ,in the edition of ,tusser's 8,five ,hundred ,points of ,good ,husbandry10 edited by ,mavor1 it is noted1 8,skim-milk cheese1 however1 might be advantageously mixed with seeds1 as is the practice in ,holland40 ,though not strictly relevant1 these lines taken by ,mrs ,milne-,home 78,stray ,leaves from a ,border-,garden07 from the family records of the ,earls of ,marchmont1 must find place4 ,they were written by a boy of eight or nine1 on the occasion of his elder brother's birthday4 ,this day from parsley-bed1 ,i'm sure1 ,was dug my elder brother1 ,moore1 ,had ,papa dug me up before him1 ,so many now would not adore him1 ,but hang it6 he's but onely one ,and if he trips off1 ,i'm ,sr ,john4 ,horse-radish was treated here as a seasoning1 but radish is counted among vegetables proper4 #cj ,plant ,lore and ,garden ,craft of ,shakespeare4 #ca ,friend4 #cb ,parkinson4 ,,sage 7,salvia officinalis74 ,sage is for sustenance ,that should man's life sustaine1 ,for ,i do stil lie languishing ,continually in paine1 ,and shall doe still until ,i die1 ,except thou favour show1 ,my paine and all my grievous smart1 ,ful wel you do it know4 ,handful of ,pleasant ,delights4 ,and then againe he turneth to his playe1 ,to spoyle the pleasures of the ,paradise1 ,the wholesome saulge and lavender still gray4 ,muiopotmos4--,,spenser4 ,sage is one of those sympathetic plants that feel the fortunes of their owners2 and ,mr ,friend says that a ,buckinghamshire farmer told him his recent personal experience4 8,at one time he was doing badly1 and the ,sage began to wither1 but1 as soon as the tide turned1 the plant began to thrive again40 ,most of the ,continental names of the plant are like the botanical one of ,salvia1 from 8,salvo10 to save or heal1 and its high reputation in medicine lasted for ages4 ,the ,arabians valued it1 and the medical school of ,salerno summed up its surpassing merits in the line1 ,cur morietur homo cui ,salvia crescit in horto8 7,how can a man die who grows sage in his garden87 ,perhaps this originated the ,english saying3-- ,he that would live for aye ,must eat ,sage in ,may4 ,parkinson mentions that it is 8,much used of many in the month of ,may fasting10 with butter and parsley1 and is 8held of most0 to conduce to health4 8,it healeth the pricking of the fishe called in ,latine pastinaca marina1 whych is like unto a flath1 with venomous prickes1 about his tayle4 ,it maketh hayre blacke2 it is good for woundis40#cc ,the 8,grete ,herball0 contains a remedy for ,lethargy or ,forgetfulness1 which consists of making a decoction 8of tutsan1 of smalage and of sauge10 and bathing the back of the head with it4 ,pepys notes that in a little churchyard between ,gosport and ,southampton the custom prevailed of sowing the graves with sage4 ,this is rather curious1 as it has never been one of the plants specially connected with death4 ,evelyn sums up its 8,noble ,properties0 thus3 8,in short 'tis a ,plant endu'd with so many and wonderful ,properties1 as that the assiduous use of it is said to render ,men ,immortal4 ,we cannot therefore but allow the tender ,summities of the young ,leaves1 but principally the ,flowers in our ,sallet2 yet so as not to domineer4444 ',tis credibly affirmed1 that the ,dutch for some time drove a very lucrative ,trade with the dry'd ,leves of what is called ,sage of ,vertue and ,guernsey ,sage4444 ,both the ,chineses and ,japaneses are great admirers of that sort of ,sage1 and so far prefer it to their own ,tea444 that for what ,sage they purchase of the ,dutch1 they give triple the quantity of the choicest ,tea in exchange40 8,frytures0 7fritters7 of ,sage are described as having place at banquets in the ,middle ,ages 7,russell's 8,boke of ,nurture074 ,besides these other uses the seeds of sage like parsley seeds were used to flavour cheese4 ,gay refers to this3-- ,marbled with ,sage1 ,the hardening cheese she pressed1 and to 8,sage cheese10 too1 and ,timbs says1 8,the practice of mixing sage and other herbs with cheese was common among the ,romans40 #cc ,turner4 ,,savory 7,satureia74 ,some ,camomile doth not amiss1 ,with ,savoury and some tansy4 ,muses ,elysium4 ,here's flowers for you1 ,hot ,lavender1 ,mints1 ,savory1 ,marjoram4 ,winter's ,tale1 iv4 #d4 ,sound savorie1 and bazil1 hartie-hale1 ,fat ,colwortes and comforting ,perseline1 ,cold ,lettuce and refreshing ,rosmarine4 ,muiopotmos4 ,savory1 satureia1 was once supposed to belong to the satyrs4 8,mercury claims the dominion over this herb4 ,keep it dry by you all the year1 if you love yourself and your ease1 and it is a hundred pounds to a penny if you do not40 ,culpepper follows this advice with a long list of ailments1 for all of which this herb is an excellent remedy4 ,summer savory 7,s4 hortensis7 and winter savory 7,s4 ,montana7 are the only kinds considered in ,england as a rule1 though ,gerarde further mentions 8a stranger10 which1 8because it groweth plentifully upon the rough cliffs of the ,tyrrhenian ,sea in ,italie1 called ,saint ,julian rocke10 is named after the saint1 ,satureia ,sancti ,juliani4 ,in other countries summer savory used to be strewn upon the dishes as we strew parsley1 and served with peas or beans2 rice1 wheat and sometimes the dried herb was 8boyled among pease to make pottage40 ,winter savory used to be dried and powdered and mixed with grated bread1 8to breade their meate1 be it fish or flesh1 to give it a quicker rellish40 ,here ,parkinson breaks off to deliver a severe reproof to 8this delicate age of ours1 which is not pleased with anything almost that is not pleasant to the palate10 and therefore neglects many viands which would be of great benefit4 ,both savories are occasionally used more or less in the way he suggests1 winter savory being the favourite4 ,in ,cotton's sequel to the 8,complete ,angler10 a 8handful of sliced horse-radish-root1 with a handsome little faggot of rosemary1 thyme and winter savoury0 is recommended in the directions for 8dressing a trout40 ,one of the virtues attributed to both savories by the old herbalists is still agreed to by some gardeners3 8,a shoot of it rubbed on wasp or bee stings instantly gives relief40 ,,sorrel 7,rumex74 ,simplest growth of ,meadow-sweet or ,sorrel ,such as the summer-sleepy ,dryads weave4 ,swinburne4 ,cresses that grow where no man may them see1 ,and sorrel1 untorn by the dew-claw'd stag2 ,pipes will ,i fashion of the syrinx flag4 ,endymion4 ,there flourish'd starwort and the branching beet ,the sorrel acid and the mallow sweet4 ,the ,salad4 ,here curling sorrel that again ,we use in hot diseases ,the medicinable mallow here444 ,muses ,elysium4 ,sorrel and mallow seem to have been associates anciently1 perhaps because it was thought that the virtues of the one would counterbalance those of the other4 8,from ,may to ,august the meadows are often ruddy with the sorrel1 the red leaves of which point out the graves of the ,irish rebels who fell at ,tara ,hill in the #8,ninety-eight1' the local tradition asserting that the plants sprang from the patriots' blood40#cd ,the ,spaniards used to call sorrel1 ,agrelles and ,azeda1 and the ,french ,aigrette and ,surelle4 ,in ,england it used to be 8eaten in manner of a ,spinach tart or eaten as meate10 and the ,french and ,dutch still do1 ,i believe1 and at anyrate did quite lately1 use it as spinach4 ,sorrel was often added by them to herb-patience when that was used as a pot-herb1 and was said to give it an excellent flavour4 ,the same recipe has been tried and approved in ,england as well as 7a little7 sorrel cooked with turnip-tops or spinach2 the former of these dishes is said to be good and the second certainly is4 ,evelyn thought that sorrel imparted 8so grateful a quickeness to the salad that it should never be left out10 and ,de la ,quintinye says that in ,france besides being mixed in salads it is generally used in ,bouillons or thin ,broths4 ,of the two kinds1 ,garden ,sorrel1 ,rumex ,acetosa1 and ,french ,sorrel1 ,r4 ,scutatus1 either may be used indifferently in cooking1 though some people decidedly prefer the ,french kind4 ,mrs ,roundell says that sorrel carefully prepared can be cooked in any of the ways recommended for spinach1 but that it should be cooked as soon as it is picked1 and if this is impossible must be revived in water before being cooked4 #cd ,folkard4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lavender ,,walk ,,at ,,strathfieldsaye ,,tarragon 7,artemisia ,dracunculus74 8,tarragon is cherished in gardens4444 ,ruellius and such others have reported many strange tales hereof scarce worth the noting1 saying that the seede of flaxe put into a radish roote or sea onion1 and so set1 doth bring forth this herbe ,tarragon40 ,this idea was apparently still current though discredited by the less superstitious in ,gerarde's time4 ,parkinson mentions a great dispute between ancient herbalists as to the identity of the flower called ,chysocoma by ,dioscorides4 ,after quoting various opinions and depreciating some of them he approves the decision of ,molinaus that ,tarragon was the plant4 ,he describes it 8in leaves444 like unto the ordinary long-leafed ,hisope444 of the colour of ,cyperus1 of a taste not unpleasant which is somewhat austere with the sweetnesse40 ,it is a native of ,siberia1 but has long been cultivated in ,france1 and the name is a corruption of the ,french ,esdragon and means 8,little ,dragon40 ,though no reason for this war-like title is obvious1 the name is practically the same in several other countries4 ,the leaves were good pickled1 and it is altogether a fine aromatic herb for soups and salads4 ,vinegars for salads and sauce used often in earlier days to be 8aromatized0 by steeping in them rosemary1 gilliflowers1 barberries and so forth1 but the only herb used for this purpose at the present time is tarragon4 ,tarragon vinegar can still be easily obtained4 8,the volatile essential oil of tarragon is chemically identical with that of anise0 7,fernie74 ,thyme 7,thymus vulgaris74 ,the bees on the bells of thyme 99 99 99 99 99 ,were as silent as ever old ,timolus was ,listening to my sweet pipings4 ,pan's ,music--,,shelley4 ,in my garden grew plenty of thyme1 ,it would flourish by night and by day1 ,o'er the wall came a lad1 he took all that ,i had1 ,and stole my thyme away4 ,o6 ,and ,i was a damsel so fair1 ,but fairer ,i wished to appear1 ,so ,i washed me in milk1 and ,i dressed me in silk1 ,and put the sweet thyme in my hair4 ,devonshire ,songs4 ,beneath your feet1 ,thyme that for all your bruising smells more sweet4 ,n4 ,,hopper4 ,some from the fen bring reeds1 wild thyme from downs1 ,some from a grove1 the bay that poets crowns4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 book ii4 ,here1 dancing feet fall still1 ,here1 where wild thyme and sea-pinks brave wild weather4 ,n4 ,,hopper4 ,o6 ,cupid was that saucy boy1 ,who furrows deeply drew4 ,he broke soil1 destroyed the soil ,of wild thyme wet with dew4 ,before his feet1 the field was sweet ,with flowers and grasses green1 ,behind1 turn'd down1 and bare and brown ,by ,cupid's coulter keen4 ,devonshire ,songs4 8,among the ,greeks1 thyme denoted graceful elegance of the ,attic style10 and was besides an emblem of activity4 8#8,to smell of ,thyme' was therefore an expression of praise1 applied to those whose style was admirable0 7,folkard74 ,in the days of chivalry1 when activity was a virtue very highly rated1 ladies used 8to embroider their knightly lovers' scarves with the figure of a bee hovering about a sprig of thyme40#ce ,in the south of ,france wild thyme or ,ferigoule is a symbol of advanced ,republicanism1 and tufts of it were sent with the summons to a meeting to members of a society holding those views4 ,gerarde1 in his writings1 plainly shows that he and his contemporaries did not indiscriminately call all plants 8herbs10 but distinguished them with thought and care4 8lianus seemeth to number wild time among the floures4 ,dionysius ,junior 7saith he7 comming into the city ,locris in ,italy1 possessed most of the houses of the city1 and did strew them with roses1 wild time and other such kinds of floures4 ,yet ,virgil1 in the ,second ,eclogue of his ,bucolicks doth most manifestly testifie that wilde ,time is an herbe40 ,here he translates3-- ,thestilis1 for mower's tyr'd with parching heate1 ,garlike1 wild ,time1 strong smelling herbs doth beate4 ,modern opinion confirms the view that ,thymus capitatus was the thyme of the ancients4 ,the affection of bees for thyme has often been noticed1 and the 8fine flavour to the honey of ,mount ,hymettus0#cf is said to be due to this plant4 ,evelyn speaks of it as having 8a most agreeable odor10 and a 8considerable quantity being frequently1 by the ,hollanders1 brought from ,maltha1 and other places in the ,streights1 who sell it at home1 and in ,flanders for strewing amongst the ,sallets and ,ragouts2 and call it ,all-,sauce40 ,gerarde divides the garden thyme 7,t4 vulgaris7 and ,wild ,thyme or ,mother of ,thyme 7,t4 serpyllum7 into two chapters1 but ,parkinson takes them together and describes eleven kinds1 including ,lemmon ,thyme1 which has the 8sent of a ,pomecitron or ,lemmon02 and 8,guilded or embrodered ,tyme10 whose leaves have 8a variable mixture of green and yellow40 ,abercrombie's information is always given in a concentrated form4 8,an ever-green1 sweet-scented1 fine-flavoured1 aromatic1 under-shrub1 young tops used for various kitchen purposes40 #ce 8,flora ,symbolica40 ,ingram4 #cf ,hogg1 8,the ,vegetable ,kingdom and its ,products40 ,,viper',s ,,grass or ,,scorzonera 7,scorzonera ,hispanica74 ,the virtues of this herb were known1 but not much regarded1 before 8,monardus1#cg a famous physician in ,sivell10 published a book in which was 8set downe that a ,moore1 a bond-slave1 did help those that were bitten of that venomous beast or ,viper444 which they of ,catalonia1 where they breed in abundance1 call in their language ,escuersos 7from whence ,scorsonera is derived71 with the juice of the herb1 and the root given them to eate10 and states that this would effect a cure when other well-authorised remedies failed4 8,the rootes hereof1 being preserved with sugar1 as ,i have done often1 doe eate almost as delicate as the ,eringus roote40 ,evelyn is loud in its praise4 ,it is 8a very sweete and pleasant ,sallet1 being laid to soak out the ,bitterness1 then peel'd may be eaten raw or condited2 but1 best of all1 stew'd with ,marrow1 ,spice1 ,wine4444 ,they likewise may bake1 fry or boil them2 a more excellent ,root there is hardly growing40 ,as 8,spanish ,salsify0 it is much recommended by other writers4 #cg ,parkinson4 ,,wood-,,sorrel 7,oxalis ,acetosella74 ,who from the tumps with bright green masses clad1 ,plucks the ,wood-,sorrel with its light green leaves1 ,heart shaped and triply folded2 and its root ,creeping like beaded coral4 ,,charlotte ,,smith4 ,the ,wood-,sorrel has many pretty names3 ,alleluia1 ,hearts1 ,pain de ,coucou1 ,oseille de ,bcheron2 in ,italy1 ,juliola4 ,wood-,sorrel is a plant of considerable interest4 ,it has put forward strong claims to be identified with ,st ,patrick's shamrock1 and it has been painted1 ,mr ,friend says1 8in the foreground of pictures by the old ,italian painters1 notably ,fra ,angelico40 ,for the explanation of the names3 8,it is called by the ,apothecaries in their shoppes ,alleluia and ,lugula1 the one because about that time it is in flower1 when ,alleluja in antient times was wont to be sung in the ,churches2 the other came corruptly from ,juliola1 as they of ,calabria in ,naples doe call it40 ,by the 8,alleluja sung in the churches10 ,parkinson means the ,psalms1 from ,psalm cxiii4 to ,psalm cxvii4 7and including these two71 for they end with 8,hallelujah10 and were specially appointed to be sung between ,easter and ,whitsuntide4 8,it is called ,cuckowbreade1 either because the ,cuckowes delight to feed thereon1 or that it beginneth to flower when the ,cuckow beginneth to utter her voyce40 ,another name was ,stubwort1 from its habit of growing over old 8stubs0 or stumps of trees1 and in ,wales it was called ,fairy ,bells1 because people thought that the music which called the elves to 8moonlight dance and revelry0 came from the swinging of the tiny bells4 ,the ,latin name is a reminder that oxalic acid is obtained from this plant4 ,as ,evelyn includes it amongst his salad herbs1 ,i mention it here1 though feeling bound to add that anyone must be a monster who could regard the graceful leaves and trembling1 delicately-veined bells of this plant1 full of poetry1 with any other sentiment than that of passive admiration6 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,of ,,herbs ,,chiefly ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,past ,the wyfe of ,bath was so wery1 she had no wyl to walk2 ,she toke the ,priores by the honde1 8,madam1 wol ye stalk ,pryvely into the garden to se the herbis growe80 4 4 4 ,and forth on they wend ,passing forth softly into the herbery4 ,prologue to ,beryn--,,urry',s ,edition4 ,,alexanders 7,smyrnum ,olusatrium74 ,alexanders1 ,allisanders1 the black ,pot-herb or ,wild ,horse-,parsley1 as it is variously called1 grows naturally near the sea1 and has often been seen growing wild near old buildings4 ,the ,italians call it ,herba ,alexandrina1 according to some writers1 because it was supposed originally to have come from ,alexandria2 according to others1 because its#ch old name was ,petroselinum ,alexandrinum1 or ,alexandrina1 8so-called of ,alexander1 the finder thereof40 ,the leaves are 8cut into many parcells like those of ,smallage10 but are larger2 the seeds have an 8aromaticall and spicy smell02 the root is like a little radish and good to be eaten1 and if broken or cut 8there issueth a juice that quickly waxeth thicke1 having in it a sharpe bitterness1 like in taste unto ,myrrh40 ,the upper parts of the roots 7being the tenderest7 and leaves were used in broth2 the young tops make an 8excellent ,vernal ,pottage10 and may be eaten as salad1 by themselves or 8in composition in the ,spring1 or1 if they be blanched1 in the ,winter40 ,they were chiefly recommended for the time of ,lent1 in a day when ,lent was more strictly kept than it is now1 because they are supposed to go well with fish4 ,alexanders resemble celery1 by which it has been almost entirely supplanted1 and if desired as food should be sown every year1 for though it continues to grow1 it produces nothing fit for the table after the second year4 ,pliny says it should be 8digged or delved over once or twice1 yea1 and at any time from the blowing of the western wind ,favonius in ,februarie1 until the later ,equinox in ,september be past40 ,the reference to ,favonius reminds one of those lines of exquisite freshness translated from ,leonidas4 ',tis time to sail--the swallow's note is heard6 ,who chattering down the soft west wind is come4 ,the fields are all a-flower1 the waves are dumb1 ,which ersts the winnowing blast of winter stirred4 ,loose cable1 friend1 and bid your anchor rise1 ,crowd all your canvas at ,priapus' hest1 ,who tells you from your harbours1 8,now1 'twere best1 ,sailor1 to sail upon your merchandise40 #ch ,britten1 8,dictionary of ,english ,plant-,names40 ,illustration3 ,,angelica ,,angelica 7,archangelica officinalis74 ,contagious aire1 ingendring pestilence1 ,infects not those that in their mouths have ta'en1 ,angelica that happy ,counterbane1 ,sent down from heav'n by some celestial scout1 ,as well the name and nature both avow't4 ,du ,bartas--,,sylvester',s ,,translation1 #afda4 ,and ,master-wort1 whose name ,dominion wears1 ,with her1 who an ,angelick ,title bears4 ,of ,plants1 book ii4--,,cowley4 ,as these lines declare1 ,angelica was believed to have sprung from a heavenly origin1 and greatly were its powers revered4 ,parkinson says1 8,all ,christian nations likewise in their appellations hereof follow the ,latine name as near as their ,dialect will permit1 onely in ,sussex they call the wilde ,kinde ,kex1 and the weavers wind their yarne on the dead stalkes40 ,the ,laplanders crowned their poets with it1 believing that the odour inspired them1 and they also thought that the use of it 8strengthens life40 ,the roots hung round the neck 8are available against witchcraft and inchantments10 so ,gerarde says1 and thereby makes a concession to popular superstition1 which he very rarely does4 ,a piece of the root held in the mouth drives away infection of pestilence1 and is good against all poisons1 mad dogs or venomous beasts6 ,parkinson puts it first and foremost in a list of specially excellent medicinal herbs that he makes 8for the profit and use of ,country ,gentlewomen and others10 and writes3 8,the whole plante1 both leafe1 roote1 and seede is of an excellent comfortable sent1 savour and taste40 ,no wonder with such powers that it gained its name4 ,angelica comes into a remedy for a wound from an arquebusade or arquebuse1 called ,eau d',arquebusade1 which was first mentioned by ,phillippe de ,comines in his account of the battle of ,morat1 #adgf4 8,the ,french still prepare it very carefully from a great number of aromatic herbs4 ,in ,england1 where it is the ,aqua ,vulneria of the ,pharmacopias1 the formula is3 ,dried mint1 angelica tops and wormwood1 angelica seeds1 oil of juniper and spirit of rosemary distilled with rectified spirit and water 7,timbs740 ,it must be borne in mind that ,timbs wrote some time ago1 and that the knowledge of modern ,french scientists1 like that of our own1 has increased since then4 ,although it is of no value in medicine 7it is next to none when cultivated7 our garden angelica also grows wild1 and can be safely eaten4 ,gerarde is amusing on this point4 ,he says it grows in an 8,island in the ,north called ,island 7,iceland874 ,it is eaten of the inhabitants1 the barke being pilled off1 as we understand by some that have travelled into ,island1 who were sometimes compelled to eate hereof for want of other food2 and they report that it hath a good and pleasant taste to them that are hungry40 ,the last words are significant6 ,formerly1 the leaf-stalks were blanched1 and eaten as celery is1 but now they are chiefly used1 candied1 for dessert4 ,the art of candying seems to have been brought closer to perfection abroad than at home in ,turner's time1 for he says3 8,the rootes are now condited in ,danske1 for a friend of mine in ,london1 called ,maister ,aleyne1 a merchant man1 who hath ventured over to ,danske1 sent me a little vessel of these1 well condited with honey1 very excellent good4 ,wherefore they that would have anye ,angelica maye speake to the ,marchauntes of ,danske1 who can provide them enough40 ,the fruit is used to flavour ,chartreuse and other 8cordials40 ,,blites 7,blitum74 ,dr ,prior confirms ,evelyn1 in calling ,bonus ,henricus ,blites1 but the older herbalists seem to have given this name to another plant of the same tribe1 the ,chenopodiace1 because they treat of ,blites and ,bonus ,henricus in separate chapters4 ,parkinson is very uncomplimentary to them4 8,blitum are of the species ,amaranthum1 ,flower ,gentle4 ,they are used as arrach1 eyther boyled of itself or stewed1 which they call ,loblolly4444 ,it is altogether insipid and without taste4 ,the unsavouriness whereof hath in many countries grown into a proverb1 or by-word1 to call dull1 slow or lazy persons by that name40 ,the context points to the nickname coming from 8,blites10 but no such term of reproach now exists1 though the contemptuous sobriquet 8,loblolly-boy0 is sometimes seen in old-fashioned nautical novels4 ,blites were said to be hurtful to the eyes1 a belief that draws a scathing remark from ,gerarde1 8,i have heard many old wives say to their servants1 #8,gather no ,blites to put in my pottage1 for they are not good for the eyesight'2 whence they had those words ,i know not1 it may be of some doctor that never went to school40 ,culpepper mentions that wild blites 8the fishes are delighted with1 and it is a good and usual bait1 for fishes will bite fast enough at them if you have but wit enough to catch when they bite40 ,altogether this insipid vegetable gives scope for a good many sharp things to be said4 ,blitum capitatum1 usually known as strawberry-spinach1 is sometimes grown in flower gardens4 ,,bloodwort 7,lapathum ,sanguineum74 ,the modern ,latin name for this dock is ,rumex ,sanguineus1 but ,gesner had a more imposing title1 ,sanguis draconis herba 7,dragon's blood plant74 ,these names are1 of course1 derived from the crimson colour of its veins1 and are the finest thing about it4 ,the little notice it does get is not unmixed praise4 8,among the sorts of pot-herbes1 ,blood-worte hath always been accounted a principall one1 although ,i doe not see any great reason therein40 ,this is ,parkinson's opinion1 but the italics are mine4 ,,buck',s-,,horne 7,senebiera ,coronopus74 ,as true as steel1 ,as ,plantage to the moon4 ,troilus and ,cressida1 iii4 #b4 ,and plantain ribb'd that heals the reaper's wound1 ,and marg'ram sweet1 in shepherds' posies found4 ,the ,school-,mistress4--,,shenstone4 ,buck's-horne is distinct from ,buckshorn ,plantain 7,plantago ,coronopus71 but it is the latter which is chiefly interesting1 and which is meant here4 ,in ,evelyn's day the ,latin name was ,cornu ,cervinum1 and other names are ,herba ,stella1 ,herb ,ivy and ,corne de ,cerf4 ,some kinds of plantain were considered good for wounds1 but the saying that 8plantage0 is true to the moon is hard to solve4 ,buck's-horne is a plant that has gone altogether out of fashion4 ,in #aegg ,hill wrote1 8,what care and skil is required in the sowing and ordering of the ,buck's-horne1 ,strawberries and ,mustardseede10--and how odd it looks now to see it coupled with the two other names1 as a cherished object to spend pains upon6 ,le ,quintinye says that the leaves1 when tender1 were used in 8,sallad ,furnitures444 and the little ,birds are very greedy of them40 ,it used to be held profitable for agues if 8the rootes1 with the rest of the herb10 were hung about the necke1 8as nine to men and seven to women and children1 but this as many other are idle amulets of no worth or value444 yet1 since1 it hath been reported to me for a certaintie that the leaves of ,buck'shorne ,plantane laid to their sides that have an ague1 will suddenly ease the fit1 as if it had been done by witcherie2 the leaves and rootes also beaten with some bay salt and applied to the wrestes1 worketh the same effects1 which ,i hold to be more reasonable and proper40 ,parkinson is very ready to lay down the law as to the limits of empiricism4 ,he is very severe about a superstition connected with ,mugwort1 but though the same tradition exists of plantain1 and 7under ,mugwort7 he quotes ,mizaldus as mentioning it1 he says nothing about this folly here4 ,aubrey1 however1 gives an account of it in his 8,miscellanies40 8,the last summer1 on the day of ,st ,john ,baptist1 ,i accidently was walking in the pasture behind ,montague ,house2 it was twelve o'clock4 ,i saw there about two or three and twenty young women1 most of them well habited1 on their knees1 very busie1 as if they had been weeding4 ,i could not presently learn what the matter was2 at last a young man told me that they were looking for a coal under the root of a plantain1 to put under their heads that night1 and they should dream who would be their husbands4 ,it was to be found that day and hour40 ,this miraculous 8coal0 also preserved the wearer from all sorts of diseases4 ,,camomile 7,anthemis nobilis74 ,diana6 ,have ,i 7to make thee crowns7 been gathering still1 ,fair-cheek'd ,eteria's yellow camomile8 ,br4 ,pastorals4 ,flowers of the field and windflowers springing glad --,in airs ,sicilian1 and the golden bough ,of sacred ,plato1 shining in its worth4 4 4 4 ,with phlox of ,phdimas and chamomile1 ,the crinkled ox-eye of ,antagoras4 ,trans4 from ,meleager4 ,the healthful balm and mint from their full laps do fly1 ,the scentful camomile4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,falstaff4 ,though the ,camomile the more it is trodden on the faster it grows1 yet youth the more it is wasted the sooner it wears4--,i4 ,henry ,,iv4 ii4 #d4 ,the camomile is dedicated to ,st ,anne1 mother of the ,virgin ,mary1 and ,mr ,friend thinks that the ,latin name of wild camomile1 ,matricaria1 comes from a 8fanciful derivation0 of this word1 from mater and cara1 or 8,beloved ,mother40 ,the name camomile itself is derived from a ,greek word meaning 8earth-apples10 and its pleasant1 refreshing smell is rather like that of ripe apples4 ,the ,spaniards call it ,manzanilla1 8a little apple40 ,it was grown 8both for pleasure and profit1 both inward and outward diseases1 both for the sicke and the sound10 and was 8planted of the rootes in alleys1 in walks1 and on banks to sit on1 for that the more it is trodden upon and pressed down in dry weather1 the closer it groweth and the better it will thrive40 ,this was a common belief in earlier days1 as ,falstaff's remark shows4 ,culpepper is as trenchant as usual on the subject4 8,nichersor1 saith the ,egyptians1 dedicated it to the sun1 because it cured agues1 and they were like enough to do it1 for they were the arrantest apes in their religion ,i have ever read of40 ,why his indignation is so much excited is not clear1 but probably it is because ,agues 7being watery diseases7 were under the moon1 and therefore they should have dedicated a herb that cured agues to the ,moon4 ,however1 he holds to the view that camomile is good for all agues1 although it is an herb of the sun--who has nothing to do with such diseases1 as a rule4 ,turner criticises ,amatus ,lusitanus with some shrewdness4 ,this writer1 who had apparently taken upon him to teach 8,spanyardes1 ,italians1 ,frenchmen and ,germans the name of ,herbes in their tongues1 writeth that ,camomile is commonlye knowne10 and with this bald statement contented himself4 8,wherefore it is lykely he knoweth nether of both kinds of ,camomile4 ,wherefore he had done better to have sayde1 #8,i do knowe nether of both1 then thus shortly to passe by them4' ,camomile is still officinal1 and is used for fomentations4 #8,if taken internally it should be infused with cold water1 as heat dissipates the oil4'0 ,feverfew is so nearly related to camomile that it may be mentioned here4 ,indeed some writers call it 8a ,wild ,camomile10 and give it ,matricaria ,parthenum for a ,latin name4 ,most botanists1 however1 place it 8in the genus ,pyrethrum40 ,mr ,britten calls it ,pyrethrum ,parthenium4 8,feverfew0 comes from 8febrifuge10 for it was supposed to have wonderful power to drive away fevers and agues2 and it is still a favourite remedy with village people4 ,nora ,hopper brings it in among the fairies3-- ,there's many feet on the moor to-night1 ,and they fall so light as they turn and pass1 ,so light and true1 that they shake no dew1 ,from the featherfew and the ,hungry-,grass4 ,the ,fairy ,music4 ,,cardoons 7,cynara ,cardunculus74 ,this plant is also called ,spanish ,cardoon or ,cardoon of ,tours4 ,it is a kind of artichoke 8which becomes a truly gigantic herbaceous vegetable4 ,the tender stalks of the inner leaves are sometimes blanched and stewed1 or used in soups and salads02 but it is much less used in ,england than on the ,continent4 ,cardoons are said to yield a good yellow dye4 ,,clary 7,salvia ,sclarea74 ,percely1 clarey and eke sage1 ,and all other herbage4 ,,john ,,gardener4 8,clary1 or more properly ,clear-eyes10 which indicates one of its supposed chief virtues plainly enough4 ,wild ,clary was called ,oculus ,christi1 and was even more valued than the garden kind4 ,clary was once 8used for making wine1 which resembles ,frontignac1 and is remarkable for its narcotic qualities40#ci ,it was also added to 8,ale and ,beere in these ,northern regions 7,i think the ,netherlands are meant here7 to make it the more heady40 ,the young plant itself was eaten1 and an approved way of dressing it was to put it in an omelette 8made up with cream1 fried in sweet butter0 and eaten with sugar and the juice of oranges or lemons4 ,it is now sometimes used to season soups1 and ,hogg tells us that it was used 8in ,austria as a perfume2 in confectionery1 and to the jellies of fruits1 it communicates the flavour of pine-apple40 ,the herbalists speak of a plant called ,yellow ,clary or 8,jupiter's ,distaff10 and ,mr ,britten suggests that this was ,phlomus fruticosa4 #ci ,timbs4 ,,dittander 7,lepidium ,latifolium74 ,dittander or ,pepperwort grows wild in a few places in ,england1 but was once cultivated4 ,it was sometimes used as 8a sauce or sallet to meate1 but is too hot1 bitter and strong for everyone's taste40 ,these qualities have gained it the names of ,poor ,man's ,pepper1 and from ,tusser1 ,garden ,ginger4 ,culpepper's opinion is briefly expressed3 8,here is another martial herb for you1 make much of it40 ,it is so 8hot and fiery sharpe0 that it is said to raise a blister on the hand of anyone who holds it for a while1 and therefore 7on homopathic principles7 it was recommended 8to take away marks1 scarres444 and the marks of burning with fire or ,iron40 ,,elecampane 7,inula ,helenium74 ,elecampane1 the beauteous ,helen's flower1 ,mingles among the rest her silver store4 ,,rapin4 8,some think it took the name from the teares of ,helen1 from whence it sprang1 which is a fable2 others that she had her hands full of this herbe when ,paris carried her away2 others say it was so called because ,helen first found it available against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts2 and others thinke that it tooke the name from the ,island ,helena1 where the best was found to grow40 ,parkinson gives a wide choice for opinions on the origin of ,elecampane1 the two first 8fables0 are very picturesque4 ,the radiant gold of the flowers would be gorgeous but beautiful1 in a loose bunch1 in a meadow1 though in-doors they would be apt to look big and glaring4 ,gerarde speaks of them being 8in their braverie in ,june and ,july10 and adds that the root 8is marvellous good for many things40 ,since the days of ,helen the fairies have laid hold of the plant1 and another name for it 7in ,denmark7 is ,elf-,dock4 ,elecampane has had a great reputation since the days of ,pliny1 and was considered specially good for coughs1 asthma and shortness of breath4 ,elecampane lozenges were much recommended1 and the root was candied and eaten as a sweetmeat till comparatively lately4 ,it is said to have antiseptic qualities1 and according to ,dr ,fernie has been used in ,spain as a surgical dressing4 ,,fenugreek 7,trigonella fnum grcum74 ,fenugreek 8hath many leaves1 but three alwayes set together on a foot-stalke1 almost round at the ends1 a little dented about the sides1 greene above and grayish underneath2 from the joynts with the leaves come forth white flowers1 and after them1 crooked1 flattish long hornes1 small pointed1 with yellowish cornered seedes within them40 ,this description is very exact1 and1 indeed1 the conspicuous horn-like pods1 singularly large for the size of the plant1 are its most marked characteristic4 ,turner says3 8,this herbe is called in ,greek ,keratitis1 yt is horned1 aig keros yt is gotes horne1 and onkeros1 that is cows horne40 ,fenugreek was a ,favourite of the 8antients10 and ,folkard gives an account of a festival held by ,antiochus ,epiphanus1 the ,syrian king1 of which one feature was a procession1 where boys carried golden dishes containing frankincense1 myrrh and saffron1 and two hundred women1 out of golden watering-pots1 sprinkled perfume on the assembled guests4 ,all who went to watch the games in the gymnasium were anointed with some perfume from fifteen gold dishes1 which held saffron1 amaracus1 lilies1 cinnamon1 spikenard1 fenugreek1 etc4 ,in ,england it was used for more prosaic purposes1 8,galen and others say that they were eaten as ,lupines1 and the ,egyptians and others eate the seedes yet to this day as ,pulse or meate40 ,the herb1 he continues1 he has never heard of as being used in ,england1 because it was very little grown1 but the seed was used in medicine4 ,gerarde gives us one of its pleasantest preparations as a drug4 ,in old diseases of the chest1 without a fever1 fat dates are to be boiled with it1 with a great quantitie of honey4 ,in #ahfh ,rhind#dj writes that the seeds are no longer given in medicine1 and but rarely used in 8fomentations and cataplasms40 ,since that date1 ,i should imagine1 it is even more rarely used4 ,fenugreek was at one time prescribed by veterinary surgeons for horses4 #dj 8,history of the ,vegetable ,kingdom40 ,,good ,,king ,,henry 7,chenopodium ,bonus ,henricus74 ,this plant is otherwise known as ,fat ,hen1 ,shoemaker's ,heels1 ,english ,mercury1 or as ,evelyn says1 ,blite4 ,he begins with praise3 8,the ,tops may be eaten as ,sparagus or sodden in ,pottage1 and as a very salubrious ,esculent4 ,there is both a white and red1 much us'd in ,spain and ,italy02 but he finishes lamely for all his praise3 8'tis insipid enough40 ,gerarde says3 8,it is called of the ,germans ,guter ,heinrick1 of a certaine good qualitie it hath10 and its name is much the most interesting thing about it4 ,various writers have tried to attach it to our successive kings of that name1 with a want of ingenuousness and ingenuity equally deplorable4 ,grimm#da traces it back till he finds that this was one of the many plants appropriated to ,heinz or ,heinrich--the 8household goblin10 who plays tricks on the maids or helps them with their work1 and asks no more than a bowl of cream set over-night for his reward--who1 in fact1 holds much the same place as our ,robin ,goodfellow holds here4 #da ,teutonic ,mythology4 ,,herb-,,patience 7,rumex ,patienta74 ,sequestered leafy glades1 ,that through the dimness of their twilight show ,large dock-leaves1 spiral fox-gloves1 or the glow ,of the wild cat's-eyes1 or the silvery stems ,of delicate birch trees1 in long grass which hems ,a little brook4 ,calidore--,,keats4 ,la tulipe est pour la fiert1 ,pour le malheur la patience4 ,la ,petite ,corbeille4 ,the ,herb-,patience does not grow in every man's garden4 ,proverb4 ,herb-,patience was also called ,patience-,dock or ,monk's ,rhubarb4 ,the ,french call ,water-,dock1 ,patience d'eau and ,parelle des ,marais1 so the name of the quality that is1 in nursery rhyme1 a 8virtue10 and a 8grace10 clings to this dock6 ,parkinson compares it unfavourably with ,bastard ,rhubarb1 though he says the root is often used in 8diet beere02 but ,gerarde calls it an 8excellent1 wholesome pot-herbe10 and relates a tale1 in which responsibilities are treated with such delightful airiness that it must be repeated here4 ,he begins by saying that he himself is 8no graduate1 but a country scholler10 but hopes his 8good meaning will be well taken1 considering ,i doe my best1 not doubting but some of greater learning will perfect that which ,i have begun1 according to my small skill1 especially the ice being broken unto him and the wood rough-hewed to his hands40 ,nevertheless1 he 7who dictates on these matters1 to a great extent1 through his ,herbal7 thinks that the learned may gain occasionally from his knowledge4 8,one ,john ,bennet1 a chirurgion1 of ,maidstone in ,kent1 a man as slenderly learned as myselfe10 undertook to cure a butcher's boy of an ague4 8,he promised him a medicine1 and for want of one for the present 7he himselfe confessed unto me7 he tooke out of his garden three or four leaves of this plant0 and administered them in ale1 with entire success4 8,whose blunt attempt may set an edge upon some sharper wit and greater judgment in the faculties of plants40 ,any anticipation that his experiment might lead to disaster does not seem to have troubled him6 ,the root of ,patience-,dock 8boiled in the water of ,carduus ,benedictus0 was also given at a venture for an ague1 and this experiment was tried by 8a worshipfull gentlewoman1 mistresse ,anne ,wylbraham1 upon divers of her poore ,neighbours1 with good success40 ,mistress ,anne ,wylbraham must have been a woman of temerity6 ,garden-patience used to be a good deal cultivated as spinach1 but is now very much ignored1 partly because few people know how to cook it4 ,the leaves should be used early in the spring while they are still tender1 and the flavour will be very much improved if about a fourth part of common sorrel is added to them4 ,this way of dressing patience-dock was very popular in ,sweden1 and is described as 8forming an excellent spinach dish40 ,patience is sometimes spoken of as 8passions10 but this name properly belongs to ,polygonum ,bistorta1 the leaves of which were the principal ingredient in a herb-pudding1 formerly eaten on ,good ,friday in the ,north of ,england4 ,parkinson also speaks in this chapter of the 8true rhubarb of ,rhapontick10 which has 8leaves of sad or dark-greene colour444 of a fine tart or sourish taste1 much more pleasant than the garden or wood sorrell40 ,dr ,thornton1 however1 says that ,parkinson was mistaken1 and that the first seeds of true rhubarb were sent 8by the great ,boerhaave to our famous gardener1 ,miller1 in #agei0--more than a hundred years later4 ,very soon after ,miller had it1 rhubarb was cultivated in many parts of ,england and in certain localities in ,scotland4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,field ,,of ,,english ,,rhubarb ,,horehound 7,marrubium vulgare74 ,here hore-hound 'gainst the mad dog's ill ,by biting1 never failing4 ,muses ,elysium4 ,pale hore-hound1 which he holds of most especiall use4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xiii4 ,folkard says that horehound is one of the five plants stated by the ,mishna to be the 8bitter herbs10 which the ,jews were ordered to take for the ,feast of the ,passover1 the other four being coriander1 horse-radish1 lettuce and nettle4 ,the name ,marrubium is supposed to come from the ,hebrew ,marrob1 a bitter juice4 ,de ,gubernatis writes that horehound was once regarded as a 8contre-poison magique10 but very little is said about it on the whole1 and it is an uninteresting plant to look at1 and much like many others of the labiate tribe4 ,long ago the ,apothecaries sold 8sirop of horehound0 for 8old coughs0 and kindred disorders1 and horehound tea and candied horehound are still made to relieve the same troubles4 ,candied horehound is made by boiling down the fresh leaves and adding sugar to the juice thus extracted1 and then again boiling the juice till it has become thick enough to pour into little cases made of paper4 ,,lady',s-,,smock 7,cardamine pratensis74 ,then comes ,daffodil beside ,our ladye's smock at our ,ladye-tide4 ,an ,early ,calendar of ,english ,flowers4 ,when daisies pied and violets blue ,and lady-smocks all silver white ,and cuckoo-buds of yellow hue ,do paint the meadows with delight4 ,love's ,labour ,lost1 v4 #b4 ,and some to grace the show1 ,of lady-smocks do rob the neighbouring mead4 ,wherewith their looser locks most curiously they braid4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xx4 ,and now and then among1 of eglantine a spray1 ,by which again a course of lady-smocks they lay4 ,song xv4 ,the honeysuckle round the porch has wov'n its wavy bowers1 ,and by the meadow-trenches blow the faint1 sweet cuckoo flowers1 ,and the wild march-marigold shines like fire on swamps and hollows gray4 ,the ,may ,queen4--,,tennyson4 8,cuckoo-flower0 is a name laid claim to by many flowers1 and authorities differ as to which one ,shakespeare meant by it4 ,certainly not the plant under discussion1 which is the one we most generally call ,cuckoo-flower to-day1 for there can be no doubt that this is the 8lady's-smocks0 of the line above1--letting alone the fact that the 8cuckoo-buds0 in the song being of 8yellow hue0 put the idea out of court4 ,lord ,tennyson's lines point equally clearly to the ,cardamine pratensis4 ,lady's-smock is said to be a corruption of 8,our ,lady's ,smock10 and to be one of the plants dedicated to the ,virgin1 because it comes into blossom about ,ladytide2 though as a matter of fact the flower is seldom seen so early4 ,it is remarkable how many attentions this graceful1 but humble and scentless flower has received2 and besides all the poets ,isaac ,walton mentions it twice3 8,look6 down at the bottom of the hill there1 in that meadow1 chequered with water-lilies and lady-smocks40#db ,and later3 8,looking on the hills1 ,i could behold them spotted with wood and groves--looking down in the meadow1 could see there a boy gathering lilies and lady's-smocks1 and there1 a girl cropping culverkeys and cowslips1 all to make garlands suitable to this present month of ,may40 ,it is difficult to be positive about culverkeys4 ,columbines1 bluebells1 primroses and an orchis have all been called by this name at different times4 ,the primrose is cut out of the question here by its colour1 for in the poem which has been quoted a little while before ,davors sings of 8azure culverkeys40 ,the columbine is rarely found in a wild state and flowers later in the year1 the orchis is hardly 8azure10 so on the whole it looks as if the likeliest flower would be the wild hyacinth4 ,to return to the lady's-smocks1 ,gerarde says they are of 8a blushing1 white colour10 and like the 8white sweet-john40 ,in the seventeenth century their titles were various and he gives some of them1 and in doing so he shows an ingenuous1 very pleasing clinging to the names familiar to his youth4 8,in ,english1 cuckowe flowers1 in ,northfolke1 ,canterbury bells1 at ,namptwich in ,cheshire1 where ,i had my beginning1 ladiesmocks which hath given me cause to christen it after my country fashion40 ,parkinson finds that 8these herbes are seldom used eyther as sauce or sallet or in physick1 but more for pleasure to decke up the garlands of the country-people1 yet divers have reported them to be as affectuall in the scorbute or scurvy as the water-cresses40 ,the plant was regarded as an excellent remedy for these evils by the inhabitants of those northern countries where salted fish and flesh are largely eaten4 ,the leaves are slightly pungent and somewhat bitter2 and in the early part of the nineteenth century it was regarded as an ordinary salad herb1 so that its reputation in that respect must have risen since ,parkinson's days4 #db ,complete ,angler4 ,,langdebeefe 7,helminthia echoides74 ,langdebeefe is mentioned with scanty praise4 8,the leaves are onely used in all places that ,i knew or ever could learne1 for an herbe for the pot among others40 ,it is difficult to be absolutely certain as to the identity of the plant1 for ,gerarde places it with ,bugloss1 and ,parkinson1 among the ,hawkweeds4 ,mr ,britten says1 however1 that both writers referred to ,helminthia echoides1 but that ,echium vulgare1 ,viper's ,bugloss1 is the plant that ,turner called ,langdebeefe1 and ,viper's ,bugloss is still called ,langdebeefe in ,central ,france4 ,near ,paris1 however1 ,langue de buf means ,anchusa ,italica4 8,the leaves10 says ,gerarde1 8are like the rough tongue of an oxe or cow1 whereof it took its name10 and he gives another instance of the insouciance of contemporary physicians4 ,they 8put them both into all kindes of medicines indifferently1 which are of force and vertue to drive away sorrow and pensiveness of the minde1 and to comfort and strengthen the heart40 8,both0 refers to ,bugloss and 8little wilde ,buglosse10 which he has just informed us grows upon 8the drie ditch bankes about ,pickadilla40 ,times change6 ,,liquorice 7,glycyrrhiza glabra74 ,gerarde describes two kinds of ,liquorice3 the first has 8woody branches444 beset with leaves of an overworne greene colour1 and small blew floures of the colour of an ,english ,hyacinth40 ,from the peculiar shape and roughness of the seed-pods it was distinguished by the name of 8,hedge-hogge ,licorice40 ,this kind was very little used4 ,common ,liquorice resembles it very closely1 but has less peculiar seed-vessels4 ,the cultivation of licorish in ,england began about the year of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign1 and it has been much grown at ,pontefract 7whence ,pontefract lozenges are named71 ,worksop1 ,godalming and ,mitcham4 ,it must have been once an extremely profitable crop4 8,there hath been made from fifty ,pound to an hundred ,pound of an ,acre1 as some affirm40 ,the caution expressed in the last three words is rather nice4 8,i4 ,w410 the author of this bit of information 7he gives no other signature71 published his book in #afha1 and was evidently of a very patriotic disposition4 ,he is indignant that 8although our ,english ,liquorice exceeds any ,foreign whatsoever10 yet we 8yearly buy of other ,nations10 and ,parkinson is of much the same opinion3 8,the root grown in ,england is of a fame more weake1 sweete taste1 yet far more pleasing to us than ,licorice that is brought us from beyond ,sea10 which is stronger and more bitter4 ,a later writer prefers ,english roots on the ground that those imported are often 8mouldy and spoiled40 8,with the juice of ,licorice1 ,ginger and other spices there is made a certaine bread or cakes called ,gingerbread1 which is very good against the cough40 ,it is not the light in which ,gingerbread is usually looked upon4 ,liquorice administered in many ways was a great remedy against coughs4 ,boiled in faire water1 with ,maiden-haire and ,figges1 it made a 8good ptisane drinke for them that have any dry cough10 and the 8juice of ,licoris1 artificially made with ,hyssoppe water10 was recommended against shortness of breath4 ,extract of ,liquorice is to be found in the ,pharmacopia1 and it is imported as 8,spanish juice40 ,the extract must be made from the dried root1 or else it will not be so bright when it is strained4 ,dr ,fernie says that ,liquorice is added to porter and stout to give thickness and blackness4 ,,lovage 7,ligusticum ,scoticum74 ,mr ,britten says3 ,in ,lyte and other early works1 this name is applied to ,levisticum officinale1 but in modern ,british books it is assigned to ,ligusticum ,scoticum4 ,it grows wild near the sea-shore in ,scotland and ,northumberland4 ,lovage 8has many long and great stalkes of large1 winged leaves1 divided into many parts1 444 and with the leaves come forth towards the toppes1 long branches1 bearing at their toppes large umbells of yellow flowers4 ,the whole plant and every part of it smelleth somewhat strongly and aromatically1 and of an hot1 sharpe1 biting taste4 ,the ,germans and other ,nations in times past used both the roote and seede instead of ,pepper to season their meates and brothes1 and found them as comfortable and warming40#dc ,turner mentions ,lovage amongst his medical herbs and ,culpepper says3 8,it is an herb of the ,sun1 under the sign ,taurus4 ,if ,saturn offend the throat444 this is your cure40 #dc ,parkinson4 ,,mallow 7,malva74 ,with many a curve my banks ,i fret1 ,by many a field and fallow ,and many a fair by foreland set1 ,with willow1 weed and mallow4 ,the ,brook4--,,tennyson4 ,the spring is at the door1 ,she bears a golden store1 ,her maund with yellow daffodils runneth o'er4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after her footsteps follow ,the mullein and the mallow1 ,she scatters golden powder on the sallow4 ,spring ,song4--,n4 ,,hopper4 ,parkinson praises mallows both for beauty and virtue4 8,the double ones1 which for their ,bravery are entertained everywhere into every ,countrywoman's garden4 ,the ,venice ,mallow is called ,good-night-at-noone1 though the flowers close so quickly that you shall hardly see a flower blowne up in the day-time after #i ,a4,m40 ,some medical advice follows1 in which 8,all sorts of ,mallowes0 are praised4 8,those that are of most use are most common4 ,the rest are but taken upon credit40 ,the last remark comes quite casually1 and apparently those that were 8but taken upon credit10 would be comprehended in the 8all sorts0 and administered without hesitation4 ,french ,mallows 7,malva crispa7 is most highly recommended as an excellent pot-herb6 indeed all wild mallows may be used in that capacity1 and the ,romans are said to have considered them a delicacy4 ,marsh ,mallow 7,altha officinalis7 has very soothing qualities1 and was1 and is1 much used by country people for inflammation outwardly and inwardly4 ,it contains a great deal of mucilage1 in the root particularly4 ,timbs says3 8,dr ,sir ,john ,floyer mentions a posset 7hot milk curdled by some infusion7 in which altha roots are boiled02 and it must have been a 8comforting0 one4 ,in ,france1 the young tops and leaves are used in spring salads4 8,many of the poorer inhabitants of ,syria1 especially the ,fellahs1 the ,greeks1 and the ,armenians1 subsist for weeks on herbs1 of which the ,marsh ,mallow is one of the most common4 ,when boiled first1 and then fried with onions and butter1 they are said to form a palatable dish1 and in times of scarcity1 consequent upon the failure of the crops1 all classes may be seen striving with eagerness to obtain the much desired plant1 which fortunately grows in great abundance40#dd ,in ,job xxx4 #c1 #d we read3 8,for want and famine they were solitary1 fleeing into the wilderness in former time desolate and waste4 ,who cut up mallows by the bushes40 ,smith's 8,dictionary of the ,bible10 however1 casts doubt on this mallow being a mallow at all1 and though admitting that it would be quite possible1 decides that the evidence points most clearly to ,atriplex ,halimus4 ,gerarde says the ,tree ,mallow 8approacheth nearer the substance and nature of wood than any of the others2 wherewith the people of ,olbia and ,narbone in ,france doe make hedges1 to sever or divide their gardens and vineyards which continueth long20 and these hedges must have been a beautiful sight when in flower4 ,the ,hollyhock1 of course1 belongs to this tribe1 and was once apparently eaten as a pot-herb1 and found to be an inferior one4 ,it has been put to other uses1 for ,hogg says that the stalks contain a fibre1 8from which a good strong cloth has been manufactured1 and in the year #ahba about #bhj acres of land near ,flint in ,wales were planted with the ,common ,holyhock1 with the view of converting the fibre to the same uses as hemp or flax40 ,it was also discovered in the process of manufacture1 that the plant 8yields a blue dye1 equal in beauty and permanence to that of the best indigo40 ,this experiment however successful in results1 cannot have been justified from a commercial point of view1 and was not often repeated1 and there is now no trace of its having been ever tried4 ,in other languages1 the ,hollyhock has very pretty names2 8in low ,dutch1 it was called ,winter ,rosen1 and in ,french1 ,rose d'outremer40 #dd ,hogg4 ,,marigold 7,calendula ,officinalis74 ,hark6 hark6 the lark at heaven's gate sings ,and ,phbus 'gins to rise1 ,his steeds to water at those springs ,on chalic'd flowers that lies2 ,and winking ,mary-buds begin ,to ope their golden eyes4 ,cymbeline1 ii4 #c4 ,the marigold that goes to bed wi' the sun1 ,and with him rises weeping4 ,winter's ,tale1 iv4 #c4 ,the purple ,violets and ,marigolds ,shall1 as a carpet1 hang upon thy grave ,while summer days do last4 ,pericles1 iv4 #a4 ,marigolds on death-beds blowing4 ,two ,noble ,kinsmen4 ,introd4 ,song4 ,the ,marigold observes the sun1 ,more than my subjects me have done4 ,so shuts the marigold her leaves ,at the departure of the sun2 ,so from the honeysuckle sheaves ,the bee goes when the day is done4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 book iii4 ,but1 maiden1 see the day is waxen old1 ,and 'gins to shut in with the marigold4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 book i4 ,open afresh your round of starry folds ,ye ardent marigolds6 ,dry up the moisture from your golden lids ,for great ,apollo bids ,that in these days your praises should be sung4 ,i stood tiptoe1 etc4--,,keats4 ,the marigold above1 t' adorn the arched bar1 ,the double daisy1 thrift1 the button batchelor1 ,sweet ,william1 sops-in-wine1 the campion4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,the crimson darnel flower1 the blue bottle and gold4 ,which though esteemed but weeds1 yet for their dainty hues ,and for their scent not ill1 they for this purpose choose4 ,ibid4 ,the yellow kingcup ,flora then assigned4 ,to be the badges of a jealous mind1 ,the orange-tawny marigold4 ,br4 ,pastorals4 ,the ,marigold has enjoyed great and lasting popularity1 and though the flower does not charm by its loveliness1 the indomitable courage1 with which1 after even a sharp frost1 it lifts up its hanging head1 and shows a cheerful countenance1 leads one to feel for it affection and respect4 ,in the end of ,january 7#aijc7 here in ,devon there were some flowers and opening buds1 though ten days before the ice bore for skating4 ,the ,latin name refers to its reputed habit of blossoming on the first days of every month in the year1 and in a fairly mild winter this is no exaggeration4 ,marigolds are dedicated to the ,virgin1 but this fact is not supposed to have had anything to do with the giving of their name1 which had probably been bestowed on them before the ,festivals in her honour were kept in ,england1 8,though doubtless10 says ,mr ,friend1 8the name of ,mary had much to do with the alterations in the name of ,marigold1 which may be noticed in its history40 ,there is an idea that they were appropriated to her because they were in flower at all of her ,festivals2 but on this notion other authorities throw doubt4 ,in ancient days ,marigolds were often called ,golds1 or ,goules1 or ,ruddes2 in ,provence1 a name for them was 8,gauche-fer#de 7left-hand iron7 probably from its brilliant disc1 suggestive of a shield worn on the left arm40 ,chaucer describes ,jealousy as wearing this flower3 8,jealousy that werede of yelwe guides a garland02 and ,browne calls the 8orange-tawny marigold0 its badge4 ,there was a very strong belief that the flowers followed the sun1 and many allusions are made to this2 amongst them1 two melancholy lines which are said to have been drawn from some 8,meditations0 by ,charles ,i41 written at ,carisbrooke ,castle4 8,the marigold observes the sun1 ,more than my subjects me have done40 ,shakespeare refers often to this idea1 and the flower was obviously 8to earlier writers the emblem of constancy in affection and sympathy in joy and sorrow1 though it was also the emblem of the fawning courtier who could only shine when everything is bright40 7,canon ,ellacombe74 ,marigolds have figured in heraldry1 for ,marguerite of ,valois1 grandmother of ,henri ,,iv41 chose for her armorial device a marigold turning towards the sun1 with the motto1 ,je ne veux suivre que lui seul4 ,about the fifteenth century the ,marigold was called ,souvenir1 and ladies wore posies of marigolds and heartsease mingled1 that is1 a bunch of 8happiness stored in recollections10 a very pretty allegorical meaning4 ,but it has been the symbol of memories anything but happy1 for curiously enough1 this sun's flower means ,grief in the language of flowers1 and in many countries is connected with the idea of death4 ,this thought occurs in ,pericles and in the song in 8,two noble ,kinsmen40 ,in ,america1 one name for them is death-flowers1 because there is a tradition that they 8sprang upon ground stained by the life-blood of these unfortunate ,mexicans who fell victims to the love of gold and arrogant cruelty of the early ,spanish settlers in ,america40#df ,however1 to restore the balance of happiness1 one learns that to dream of ,marigolds augurs wealth1 prosperity1 success1 and a rich and happy marriage6 ,in ,fuller's 8,antheologia1 or the ,speech of ,flowers0--a most amusing tale--the ,marigold occupies a prominent place4 ,the scene opens with a dispute in the ,flowers' ,parliament between the ,tulip and the ,rose4 8,whilst this was passing in the ,upper ,house of ,flowers1 no less were the transactions in the ,lower ,house of the ,herbs2 where there was a general acclamation against ,wormwood4 ,wormwood's friends were casually absent that day1 making merry at an entertainment1 her enemies 7let not that sex be angry for making ,wormwood feminine7 appeared in full body and made so great a noise1 as if some mouths had two tongues in them40 ,wormwood and the ,tulip were eventually both cast out of the garden1 and lying by the roadside addressed themselves to a passing ,wild ,boar1 telling him of a hole in the hedge1 by which he may creep into the garden and revenge them1 and amuse himself by destroying the flowers4 ,at the moment he enters1 8,thrift1 a ,flower-,herb1 was just courting ,marigold as follows3 #8,mistress of all ,flowers that grow on ,earth1 give me leave to profess my sincerest affections to you4444 ,i have taken signal notice of your accomplishments1 and among other rare qualities1 particularly of this1 your loyalty and faithfulness to the ,sun1 444 but we all know the many and sovereign virtues in your leaves1 the ,herb ,generall in all pottage40 ,he then proceeds to praise himself1 8,i am no gamester to shake away with a quaking hand what a more fixed hand did gain and acquire4 ,i am none of those who in vanity of clothes bury my quick estate as in a winding sheet40 ,the ,marigold demurely hung her head and replied1 8,i am tempted to have a good opinion of myself1 to which all people are prone1 and we women most of all1 if we may believe your opinions of us1 which herein ,i am afraid are too true40 ,but she is not deceived by his flattery4 8,the plain truth is you love me not for myself1 but for your advantage4 ,it is ,golden the arrear of my name1 which maketh ,thrift to be my suitor4 ,how often and how unworthily have you tendered your affections even to a ,penny royal itself1 had she not scorned to be courted by you4 ,but ,i commend the girl that she knew her own worth1 though it was but a penny1 yet it is a ,royal one1 and therefore not a match for every base ,suitor1 but knew how to value herself2 and give me leave to tell you that ,matches founded on ,covetousness never succeed40 ,at this point in her spirited reply the ,boar approached4 8,there is no such teacher as extremity2 necessity hath found out more ,arts than ever ingenuity invented4 ,the ,wall ,gillyflower ran up to the top of the ,wall of the ,garden1 where it hath grown ever since1 and will never descend till it hath good security for its own safety40 ,other thrilling scenes follow1 and finally the ,boar is put an end to by the gardener and 8a ,guard of ,dogs40 ,marigolds stood as a standard of comparison1 and ,isaac ,walton uses the common saying1 8,as yellow as a ,marigold40 ,among the various titles of different kinds of ,marigold ,gerarde gives the oddest1 for he calls one variety ,jackanapes-on-horseback2 ,fuller calls it the 8,herb-,generall of all pottage10 and it was much esteemed in this capacity4 ,gay says3 ,fair is the gillyflour1 for gardens sweet1 ,fair is the marigold1 for pottage meet4 ,the ,squabble4 8,the yellow leaves of the flowers are dried and kept throughout ,dutchland against winter1 to put into broths1 in physical potions1 and for divers other purposes in such quantity that in some ,grocers or ,spice ,sellers houses are to be found barrels filled with them and retailed by the penny more or less1 insomuch that no broths are well made without ,marigolds40 ,one is reminded of the childish heroine in ,miss ,edgeworth's charming story 8,simple ,susan0 and how she added the petals of ,marigolds1 as the last touch1 to the broth she had made for her invalid mother6 ,parkinson observes that the flowers 8green or dryed are often used in possets1 broths and drinks as a comforter to the heart and spirits10 and that ,syrup and ,conserve are made of the fresh flowers2 also 8the flowers of ,marigold pickt clean from the heads and pickled up against winter make an excellent ,sallet when no flowers are to be had in a garden1 which ,sallet is nowadays in the highest esteem with ,gentles and ,ladies of the greatest note40 ,there is a tone of patronage in this last remark which is rather irritating4 8,some used to make their heyre yellow with the floure of this herbe10 says ,turner1 and severely censures the impiousness of such an act4 ,a hundred years ago1 according to ,abercromby1 the flowers were chiefly used to flavour broth and to adulterate ,saffron1 but they must be even less employed now than then4 ,dr ,fernie says that the flowers of ,marigold were much used by ,american surgeons during the ,civil ,war1 in treating wounds1 and with admirable results4 8,calendula owes its introduction and first use altogether to homopathic practice1 as signally valuable for healing wounds1 ulcers1 burns1 and other breaches of the skin surface40 ,personal experience leads me to suggest that it is an excellent household remedy4 ,,the ,,corn ,,marigold 7,chrysanthemum segetum7 used to be called ,guildes1 and it was once so rampant that a law was passed by the ,scottish ,parliament to fine negligent farmers who allowed it to overrun their lands4 ,hence the old ,scots saying-- ,the ,gordon1 the ,guild1 and the ,watercraw ,are the three worst ills the ,moray ever saw4 #de ,ingram1 8,flora ,symbolica40 #df ,folkard4 ,,pennyroyal 7,mentha pulegium74 ,peniriall is to print your love1 ,so deep within my heart1 ,that when you look this nosegay on ,my pain you may impart1 ,and when that you have read the same1 ,consider wel my woe4 ,think ye then how to recompense ,even him that loves you so4 ,a ,handful of ,pleasant ,delites4 ,c4 ,,robinson4 ,then balm and mint helps to make up ,my chapter1 and for trial1 ,costmary1 that so likes the cup1 ,and next it1 pennyroyal4 ,muses' ,elysium4 ,lavender1 ,corn-rose1 ,pennyroyal sate1 ,and that which cats#dg esteem so delicate ,after a while slow-pac'd with much ado1 ,ground pine1 with her short legs1 crept hither too4 ,of ,plants1 book ii4--,,cowley4 ,in ,france1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 the children make a crche de nol at ,christmas time2 that is1 they make a shed with stones and moss1 and surround it with evergreens powdered with flour and cotton-wool1 to make a little landscape4 ,in and about this shed are placed the gens de la crche2 little earthen figures representing the ,holy ,family1 and the ,three ,kings with their camels1 and the ,shepherds with their flocks1 the sheep being disposed among the miniature rocks and bushes4 ,on ,christmas eve1 or else sometimes on ,twelfth ,night1 ,i think1 these are saluted with the music of pipes and carol singing4 ,de ,gubernatis says that the children of ,sicily always put pennyroyal amongst the green things in their crches1 and believe that exactly at midnight it bursts into flower for ,christmas ,day4 ,other names for it are ,pulioll ,royal and ,pudding-grasse1 8and in the west parts1 as about ,exeter1 ,organs40 ,it is still called organs in the 8,west parts10 and organ-tea used to be a favourite drink to take out to the harvesters4 ,in ,italy pennyroyal is a protection against the ,evil ,eye1 and in ,sicily1 they tie it to the branches of the fig-tree1 thinking that this will prevent the figs falling before they are ripe4 ,it is there also offered to husbands and wives who are in the habit of 8falling out0 with each other4 8,the ,ancients said that it causeth ,sheepe and ,goates to bleate when they are eating of it40 ,to produce all those wonderful effects1 it must have a great deal of magic about it4 ,gerarde says it grows 8in the ,common neare ,london1 called ,miles ,end1 about the holes and ponds thereof in sundry places1 from whence poore women bring plentie to sell in ,london markets40 ,would that it could be found at 8,miles ,end0 now6 ,he gives in passing a sidelight on the comfort in travelling1 in the good old days3 8,if you have when you are at the sea ,penny ,royal in great quantitie1 drie and cast it into corrupt water1 it helpeth it much1 neither will it hurt them that drinke thereof40 ,this inevitable state of things1 in making a voyage1 is faced with philosophic calm4 8,a ,garland of ,pennie ,royal made and worne on the head is good against headache and giddiness40 #dg ,cat-mint4 ,,purslane 7,portulaca74 ,the worts1 the purslane and the mess ,of water-cress4 ,thanksgiving4--,,herrick4 ,de la ,quintinye thought ,purslane 8one of the prettiest plants in a kitchen-garden1 the red or golden being the most agreeable to the eye and the more delicate and difficult to raise than the green4 ,the thick stalks of ,purslain that is to run to seed1 are good to pickle in ,salt and ,vinegar for ,winter ,sallads40 ,i do not agree with him2 the leaves are pretty enough1 but thick1 fleshy1 and of no special charm4 ,the graceful ,coriander or the lace-like leaves of ,sweet ,cicely are far more to be admired4 ,but even ,purslane1 which looks quite prosaic1 was mixed up with magic long ago1 for strewn about a bed1 it used#dh 8in olden times to be considered a protection against evil spirits40 ,among a vast number of diseases1 for all of which it is highly recommended1 8blastings by lightening1 or planets1 and for burning of gunpowder0 are named and ,turner says1 8,it helpeth the teeth when they are an edged10 so it had many uses6 ,evelyn finds that 8familiarly eaten alone with ,oyl and ,vinegar10 moderation should be used1 but remarks that it is eminently moist and cooling 8especially the golden10 and is 8generally entertained in all our sallets4 ,some eate of it cold1 after it has been boiled1 which ,dr ,muffit would have in wine for nourishment40 ,not a tempting dish1 by the sound of it6 ,the ,purslanes are found from the ,cape of ,good ,hope and ,south ,america to the 8frozen regions of the ,north40 ,the root of one variety ,leuisia redeviva1 called ,tobacco root 7because it has the smell of tobacco when cooked71 has great nutritive qualities4 ,it is a native of ,north ,america1 and is boiled and eaten by the ,indians1 and on long journeys it is of special use1 8two or three ounces a day being quite sufficient for a man1 even while undergoing great fatigue40 7,hogg47 #dh ,folkard4 ,,ram-,,ciches 7,cicer ,arietinum74 ,ram-ciches1 ,ramshead1 or ,chick ,pea1 gains the two first names from the curious shape of the seed pods which are 8puffed up as it were with winde in which do lie two1 or at the most three seeds1 small towards the end1 with one sharp corner1 not much unlike to a ,ram's head40 ,turner says that the plant is very ill for newe fallowed ground and that 8it killeth all herbes and most and sounest of all other ground thistel10 which seems a loss one could survive4 ,according to ,parkinson the seeds are 8boyled and stewed as the most dainty kind of ,pease there are1 by the ,spaniards10 and he adds that in his own opinion1 8they are of a very good relish and doe nourish much40 ,they are still eaten and appreciated by the country people in the south of ,france and ,spain4 ,like ,borage1 ,ram-ciches is particularly interesting to students of chemistry2 for it is said that 8in very hot weather the leaves sparkle with very small tears of a viscous and very limpid liquid1 extremely acid1 and which has been discovered to be oxalic acid in its pure state40#di #di ,hogg4 ,,rampion 7,campanula ,rapunculus74 ,the ,citrons1 which our soil not easily doth afford1 ,the ,rampions rare as that4 ,polyolbion ,song1 xv4 ,de ,gubernatis tells a most curious story from ,calabria almost exactly that of ,cupid and ,psyche1 but it begins by saying that the maiden1 wandering alone in the fields1 uprooted a rampion1 and so discovered a stair-case leading to a palace in the depths of the earth4 ,one of ,grimm's fairy tales is called after the heroine1 ,rapunzel 7,rampion71 for she was given this plant's name1 and the whole plot hangs on ,rampions being stolen from a magician's garden4 ,there is an ,italian tradition that the possession of a rampion 7as that of strawberries1 cherries1 or red shoes71 would excite quarrels among children1 which would sometimes go as far as 8murder40 ,even in a land of quick passions and southern blood1 it can hardly be thought that this tradition had much ground to spring from1 and ,i have not heard of it as existing further north4 ,parkinson says that the roots may be eaten as salad or 8boyled and stewed with butter and oyle1 and some blacke or long pepper cast on them40 ,the distilled water of the whole plant is excellent for the complexion1 and 8maketh the face very splendent40 ,evelyn thought ,rampions 8much more nourishing0 than ,radishes1 and they are said to have a 8pleasant1 nutty flavour02 in the winter the leaves as well as the roots make a nice salad4 ,even if it is not grown for use1 it might well1 with its graceful spires of purple bells1 be put for ornament in shrubberies4 ,parkinson has said of ,honesty1 that 8some eate the young rootes before they runne up to flower1 as ,rampions are eaten with vinegar and oyle02 but ,evelyn warns us apropos of this very plant 7with others7 how cautiously the advice of the ,ancient ,authors should be taken by the sallet gatherer 7,parkinson was probably quoting from the 8,ancients0 when he said this72 8for however it may have been in their countries1 in ,england ,radix ,lunaria is accounted among the deadly poisons60 ,one cannot help wondering if ,parkinson or ,gerarde ever knew those hardy individuals they allude to as 8some10 and who tried the experiment6 ,,rocambole 7,allium ,scorodoprasum74 ,rocambole is a kind of garlic1 but milder in flavour1 and it is a native of ,denmark4 ,de la ,quintinye seems to confuse it with ,shallots 7,allium ascalonium71 as he writes of 8,shallots or ,rocamboles1 otherwise ,spanish ,garlick40 ,evelyn1 speaking of ,garlic as impossible--one cannot help feeling with a smothered wistfulness--says3 8,to be sure1 'tis not fit for ,ladies' ,palates1 nor those who court them1 farther than to permit a light touch in the ,dish1 with a ,clove thereof1 much better supplied by the gentler ,rocambole40 ,,rocket 7,eruca sativa74 ,various plants claim the name of ,rocket1 but it was ,eruca sativa that was used as a salad herb4 ,parkinson explains the ,italian name ,ruchetta and ,rucola ,gentile thus3 8,this ,rocket ,gentle1 so-called from the ,italians1 who by that title of ,gentle understand anything that maketh one quicke and ready to jest1 to play40 ,it is certainly not specially gentle in the ordinary sense of the words1 for it has leaves 8like those of ,turneps1 but not neere so great nor rough02 and if eaten alone1 8it causeth head-ache and heateth too much40 ,it is1 however1 good in ,salads of ,lettuce1 ,purslane1 8and such cold herbes10 and ,turner observes that 8some use the sede for sauce1 the whiche that it may last the longer1 they knede it with milke or vinegre1 and make it into little cakes40 ,it has a strong peculiar smell1 and is no longer used in ,england2 though ,loudon says that in some places on the ,continent it makes 8an agreeable addition to cresses and mustard in early spring40 ,culpepper found that the common wild ,rocket was hurtful used alone1 as it has too much heat1 but to 8hot and choleric persons it is less harmful0 7one would have imagined that it would have been the other way7 and 8for such we may say1 a little doth but a little harm1 for angry ,mars rules them1 and he sometimes will be rusty when he meets with fools40 ,this is altogether a dark saying1 but it gives little encouragement to those who would make trial of ,rocket4 ,,london ,,rocket 7,sisymbrium ,irio74 ,this plant gained its name in a singular way4 ,it is said to have first appeared in ,london in the spring following the ,great ,fire1 8when young ,rockets were seen everywhere springing up among the ruins1 where they increased so marvellously that in the summer the enormous crop crowding over the surface of ,london created the greatest astonishment and wonder40#ej #ej ,folkard4 ,,saffron 7,crocus sativus74 ,nor ,cyprus wild vine-flowers1 nor that of ,rhodes1 ,nor ,roses oil from ,naples1 ,capua1 ,saffron confected in ,cilicia4 ,nor that of ,quinces1 nor of ,marjoram1 ,that ever from the ,isle of ,cos came1 ,nor these1 nor any else1 though ne'er so rare ,could with this place for sweetest smells compare4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 ,book ,i4 ,clown4 ,i must have ,saffron to colour the ,warden pies4 ,winter's ,tale1 iv4 #b4 ,you set ,saffron and there came up ,wolf's bane4 7,saying to express an action which has an unexpected result47 ,saffron has been of great importance since the earliest days1 and it is mentioned in a beautiful passage of the ,song of ,solomon4 8,thy plants are an orchard of ,pomegranates1 with pleasant fruits1 ,camphire with ,spikenard1 ,spikenard and ,saffron1 ,calamus and ,cinnamon1 with all trees of ,frankincense1 ,myrrh and ,aloes1 with all the chief spices10 iv4 #ac1 #ad4 ,canon ,ellacombe says that the ,arabic name1 ,al ,zahafaran was the general name for all ,croci1 and extended to the ,colchicums1 which were called ,meadow ,saffrons4 ,it is pointed out by ,mr ,friend that1 further1 the flower has given its name to a colour1 and had given it in the days of ,homer1 and he remarks how much more exactly the expression 8,saffron-robed0 morning describes the particular tints seen sometimes before sunrise 7or at sunset7 than any other words can do4 ,saffron ,walden in ,essex1 whose arms are given on page #aja1 and ,saffron ,hill in ,london 7which once formed part of the ,bishop of ,ely's garden71 are also obviously named after it1 and as is seen in the former case it has given arms to a borough4 ,as to its introduction into ,england ,hakluyt writes 7#aehb73 8,it is reported at ,saffron ,walden that a pilgrim proposing to do good to his country1 stole a head of ,saffron1 and hid the same in his ,palmer's ,staffe1 which he had made hollow before of purpose1 and so he brought the root into this realme with venture of his life1 for if he had been taken1 by the law of the countrey from whence it came1 he had died for the fact0 78,english ,voyages10 vol4 ii474 ,canon ,ellacombe thinks that it was probably originally brought here in the days of the ,romans1 and found 8in a ,pictorial ,vocabulary of the fourteenth century1 #8,hic ,crocus1 ,anee ,safryn1' so that ,i think the plant must have been in cultivation in ,england at that time40 ,in the work of 8,mayster ,ion ,gardener10 written about #addj1 one of the eight parts into which it is divided is wholly devoted to a discourse1 8,of the ,kynde of ,saferowne10 which shows that ,saffron must have been a good deal considered in his day4 ,the ,charity ,commission of #adha mentions two ,saffron-gardens2 and in the churchwarden's accounts at ,saffron ,walden1 in the second year of ,richard ,,iii4's reign1 there is an entry1 8,payd to ,john ,rede for pyking of ,v unc ,saffroni1 xii40 ,the town accounts of ,cambridge show that in #aeca ,saffron was grown there2 and at ,barnwell in the next parish the prior of ,barnwell had ten acres4 ,some old wills1 too1 throw some light on the subject4 ,in the will of ,alyce ,sheyne of ,sawstone1 in #aebg1 8a rood of ,saffron0 is left to her son4 ,in #aecj 7#aecc87 ,john ,rede1 also of ,sawstone1 leaves his godson a 8rood of ,saffron in ,church ,field10 and ,william ,hockison of ,sawstone1 bequeathed in #aeca1 8to ,joan1 my wife1 a rood of ,saffron1 and to my maid1 ,marger1 and my son1 ,john1 half an acre40 ,as may be easily inferred from these legacies1 ,saffron was very largely grown at ,sawstone1 and the two adjoining parishes1 as well as at ,saffron ,walden4 ,the first man to introduce it into ,saffron ,walden to be cultivated on a really large scale was ,thomas ,smith1 ,secretary of ,state to ,edward ,,vi41 and in #aefe1 it was grown in abundance4 ,in #aeeg ,turner speaks of ,saffron-growing1 as if this was very general1 but it must be remembered that he started life in ,essex1 farmed successively in ,suffolk and ,norfolk1 and returned to his native county to a farm at ,fairstead1 and having never moved very far from the special home of the industry1 he naturally took as an ordinary proceeding1 what would have been very unusual in other parts of the country4 ,it can never have been very widely cultivated2 for ,turner1 whose 8,herbal0 gives an immense deal of information1 and who wrote when the industry was in full swing1 omits all mention of ,saffron1 though he speaks of1 and evidently knew ,meadow ,saffron4 ,this is a strong sign that cultivation must have been confined to certain localities1 chiefly in the eastern counties1 though in the west it was grown at ,hereford and surrounding districts to a very considerable extent4 ,i do not mean to imply that none was grown in neighbouring counties1 but the evidence is not easy to get1 and ,i have not gone deeply enough into the subject to find it1 but the ,saffron of ,hereford was famed4 ,at ,black ,marston in ,herefordshire1 in #aejf and again in #aebh1 leave was granted by the ,prioress of ,acornbury1 to persons to cultivate ,saffron extensively4 ,in #aehb1 in spite of a continued demand for it1 the cultivation of ,saffron seems to have decreased1 for ,hakluyt writes in his 8,remembrances for ,master ,s40 what to observe in a journey he is about to undertake4 8,saffron groweth in ,syria4444 ,but if a vent might be found1 men would in ,essex 7about ,saffron ,walden7 and in ,cambridgeshire1 revive the trade for the benefit of setting the poore on worke4 ,so would they do in ,herefordshire by ,wales1 where the best of all ,englande is1 in which place the soil yields the wilde 8,saffron0 commonly40 ,the soil there still yields the wilde ,saffron so commonly that at the present moment it is regarded with disfavour1 as being quite a drawback to some pasture lands1 but it is no longer grown there for commercial purposes4 ,neither ,gerarde 7#aeif7 nor ,parkinson 7#afdj7 mention ,saffron-growing as an industry1 but in #afha 8,i4 ,w40 gives directions for cultivating and drying it4 8,english ,saffron10 he says1 8is esteemed the best in the world2 it's a plant very suitable to our climate and soil40 ,at ,saffron ,walden it continued to be grown for commerce for over two hundred years1 but has now been uncultivated in that locality for more than a century4 ,in ,cambridgeshire1 however1 it flourished to a later date1 and the last ,saffron grower in ,england was a man named ,knot1 who lived at ,duxford in ,cambridgeshire1 and who grew ,saffron till the year #ahaf4 ,this is ,turner's advice for cultivating it4 ,when harvest is gone1 ,then ,saffron comes on4 ,a little of ground1 ,brings ,saffron a pound4 ,the pleasure is fine1 ,the profit is thine4 ,keep colour in drying1 ,well used1 worth buying4 ,and also3-- ,pare ,suffron between the two ,st ,mary's days#ea ,or set or go shift it1 that knoweth the ways444 ,in having but forty foot1 workmanly dight ,take ,saffron enough for a lord or a knight4 ,august's ,husbandry4 ,from old records it seems to have been grown in small patches of less than an acre1 and to have been a most profitable crop4 8,i4 ,w410 in his directions says1 for drying it1 8a small kiln made of clay1 and with a very little ,fire1 and that with careful attendance10 is required4 8,three ,pounds thereof moist usually making one of dry4 ,one acre may bear from seven to fifteen ,pound1 and hath been sold from #bjs4 a ,pound to #e a ,pound40 ,the last price sounds as if it existed only in his imagination1 and one cannot really think that it was given often6 ,but on one occasion1 ,timbs says1 an even higher sum was reached1 for when ,queen ,elizabeth paid a visit to ,saffron ,walden1 the ,corporation paid five guineas for one pound of ,saffron to present to her4 ,though this was exceptional1 the usual prices for it were very high2 and to show this1 and also the enormous amount that was used in cooking1 ,miss ,amherst quotes from some old accounts of the ,monastery of ,durham3 8,in #aeca1 half a pound of #8,crocus' or ,saffron was bought in ,july1 the same quantity in ,august and in ,november1 a quarter of a pound in ,september1 and a pound and a half in ,october40 ,so much for the quantity2 as to the price1 a merchant of ,cambridgeshire charged them in #aeci-aedj for #f lbs4 ,crocus1 #g1 #hs4 ,saffron used to be much employed to colour and to flavour pies and cakes1 and it was this reason that ,perdita sent the 8,clown0 to fetch some1 when she was making 8,warden0 7,pear7 pies for the sheep-shearing4 ,saffron cakes still prevail in ,cornwall1 and come over the border into the next county1 and a chemist1 in ,somerset1 said quite lately1 that thirty years since1 he used to sell quantities of ,saffron at ,easter-time1 but that much less is asked for now4 ,it seems to have been specially used in the materials for feasting at this season4 ,evelyn tells us that the ,germans made it into 8little balls with honey1 which afterwards they dry and reduce to powder1 and then sprinkle over salads0 for a 8noble cordial40 ,for medicinal purposes ,saffron is imported1 for in spite of 8,i4 ,w4's0 praise1 that grown in ,england is far from equalling that of ,greece and ,asia ,minor1 though in any case it is only now used as a colouring matter4 ,the saying which survives1 8,so dear as ,saffron10 to express anything of worth1 is a proof of how great its value once was2 and it is true that the plant was credited with powers nothing short of miraculous4 ,perhaps ,fuller tells us the most startling news3 8,in a word1 the ,sovereign ,power of genuine ,saffron is plainly proved by the ,antipathy of the ,crocodiles thereunto4 ,for the ,crocodile's tears are never true save when he is forced where ,saffron groweth 7whence he hath his name of - or the ,saffron-fearer7 knowing himselfe to be all ,poison1 and it all ,antidote40 ,after this1 ,gerarde's assertion that for those whom consumption has brought 8at death's doore1 and almost past breathing1 that it bringeth breath againe10 sounds moderate4 ,on the doctrine of ,signatures1 ,saffron was prescribed for jaundice and measles1 and it is also recommended to be put into the drinking water of canaries when they are moulting4 ,irish women are said to dye their sheets with ,saffron1 that it may give strength to their limbs4 ,saffron has long been much esteemed as a dye1 and ,ben ,jonson tells us of this use for it in his days in lines that literally rollick3-- ,give us bacon1 rinds of walnuts1 ,shells of cockles and of small nuts1 ,ribands1 bells1 and saffron'd linen1 ,all the world is ours to win in4 ,the ,gipsies ,metamorphosed4 ,gerarde says3 8,the chives 7stamens7 steeped in water serve to illumine or 7as we say7 limme pictures and imagerie10 and ,canon ,ellacombe quotes from an eleventh century work1 showing that it was employed for the same purpose then4 8,if ye wish to decorate your work in some manner1 take tin1 pure and finely scraped1 melt it and wash it like gold1 and apply it with the same glue upon letters or other places which you wish to ornament with gold or silver2 and when you have polished it with a tooth1 take ,saffron with which ,silk is coloured1 moistening it with clear of egg without water2 and when it has stood a night1 on the following day1 cover with a pencil the places which you wish to gild1 the rest holding the place of silver40--,theophilus1 ,,hendrie',s ,translation4 ,meadow-,saffron1 or ,colchicum1 yields a drug still much prescribed1 of which ,turner uttered a caution in #aefh4 ,he says it is a drug to 8isschew40 ,he warns those 8syke in the goute0 7for whom it was1 and is1 a standard remedy7 that much of it is 8sterke poyson1 and will strongell a man and kill him in the space of one day40 ,drugs must1 indeed1 have been administered in heroic measures at that time--if he really ever heard of such a case at first hand4 ,it is from the corm1 or bulb1 of the plant that ,colchicum is extracted4 #ea ,july #bbnd and ,august #aeth4 ,illustration3 ,,title-,,page ,,of ,,gerard',s 8,,herbal0 ,,samphire 7,crithium maritimum74 ,edgar4 ,half way down ,hangs one that gathers ,samphire1 dreadful trade6 ,methinks he seems no bigger than his head4 ,king ,lear1 iv4 #f4 ,samphire is ,st ,peter's ,herb1 and gains the distinction either because it grows on sea-cliffs1 and so is appropriate to the patron of fishermen1 or more probably1 because it flourishes on rocks1 and its roots strike deep into the crevices4 ,the ,french call it ,herbe de ,st ,pierre and ,pierce-,pierre1 from its peculiar way of growing2 and the ,italians have the same name1 but call it ,finocchio marino as well2 and this title1 translated to ,meer-finckell1 was also the ,german and ,dutch name1 according to ,parkinson4 ,it is strongly aromatic1 8being of smell delightfule and pleasant1 and hath many fat and thicke leaves1 somewhat like those of the lesser ,purslane444 of a spicie taste1 with a certaine saltness40 ,gerarde praises it pickled in salads4 ,edgar's words show that it must have been popular in ,elizabethan days1 and so it was for more than a hundred years after as 8the pleasantest ,sauce02 and ,evelyn considered it preferable to 8most of our hotter herbs10 and 8long wonder'd it has not long since been cultivated in the ,potagre as it is in ,france4 ,it groweth on the rocks that are often moistened1 at the least1 if not overflowed with the sea water10 a verdict which tallies with the saying that ,samphire grows out of reach of the waves1 but within reach of the spray of every tide4 ,i have found it growing in much that position on rocks on the seashore in ,cornwall4 ,two other kinds of ,samphire1 ,golden ,samphire 7,inula ,crithmifolia7 and ,marsh ,samphire 7,salicornia ,herbacea71 are sometimes sold as the true ,samphire1 but neither of them have so good a flavour4 ,,skirrets 7,sium ,sisarum74 ,the ,skirret and the leek's aspiring kind1 ,the noxious poppy-quencher of the mind4 ,the ,salad4--,,cowper4 8,this is that siser or skirret which ,tiberius the ,emperour commanded to be conveied unto him from ,gelduba1 a castle about the river of ,rhine10 and which delighted him so much 8that he desired the same to be brought unto him everye yeare out of ,germanie40 ,evelyn found them 8hot and moist444 exceedingly wholesome1 nourishing and delicate444 and so valued by the ,emperor ,tiberius that he accepted them for tribute0--a point that ,gerarde's statement hardly brought out4 8,this excellent root is seldom eaten raw1 but being boil'd1 stew'd1 roasted under the ,embers1 bak'd in ,pies whole1 slic'd or in ,pulp1 is very acceptable to all ,palates4 ',tis reported they were heretofore something bitter1 see what culture and education effects40 ,on the top of these congratulations1 perhaps it is unkind to say the reported bitterness has a very mythical sound1 for long before ,evelyn's time1 the ,dutch name for skirret was ,suycker wortelen 7sugar root71 and that ,marcgrave has extracted 8fine white sugar1 little inferior to that of the cane0 from it4 ,but from ,turner's account there seems to have been formerly some confusion as to the identity of the plant1 and one claimant to the title was somewhat bitter1 so perhaps this was the cause of the remarks in ,acetaria4 ,in ,scotland1 ,skirrets were called ,crummock4 ,though few people seem to have appreciated them so much as did our ancestors1 they were till lately sometimes boiled and sent to the table1 but are now hardly ever seen4 ,,smallage 7,apium graveolens74 ,smallage is merely wild celery1 and all that is interesting about it is ,parkinson's description of his first making acquaintance with sweet smallage--our celery1 which has been already quoted4 ,he merely says of ordinary smallage that it is 8somewhat like ,parsley1 but greater1 greener and more bitter40 ,it grows wild in moist grounds1 but is also planted in gardens1 and although 8his evil taste and savour1 doth cause it not to be accepted unto meats as ,parsley10 yet it has 8many good properties both for inward and outward diseases40 ,,stonecrop 7,sedum74 ,stone-crop1 ,stone-hot1 ,prick-,madam or ,trick-,madam is a ,sedum1 but which ,sedum the old ,herbalists called by these names is not absolutely clear1 it was probably ,sedum ,telephium or ,sedum ,album4 ,evelyn speaks of 8,tripe-,madam1 ,vermicularis ,insipida10 which seems to point to the latter1 as that used to be called ,worm-grass4 ,he says ,tripe-madam is 8cooling and moist10 but there is another ,stone-crop of as pernicious qualities as the former are laudable1 ,wall-pepper1 ,sedum ,minus ,causticum 7most likely our ,sedum ,acre74 ,this is called by the ,french1 ,tricque-,madame1 and he cautions the 8,sallet-,composer1 if he be not botanist sufficiently skilful0 to distinguish them by the eye1 to 8consult his palate10 and taste them before adding them to the other ingredients4 ,,sweet ,,cicely 7,myrrhis odorata74 ,sweet ,cicely or ,sweet ,chervil was apparently less of a favourite than its romantic name would seem to warrant1 for ,i can find no traditions concerning it4 8,chervil0 7of which this is a variety7 says ,gerarde1 8is thought to be so called because it delighteth to grow with many leaves1 or rather that it causeth joy and gladness40 ,there does not seem much connection between these two interpretations4 ,he continues that 8the name ,myrrhus is also called ,myrrha1 taken from his pleasant flavour of ,myrrh40 ,sweet ,cicely has a very pleasant flavour1 with this peculiarity1 that the leaves taste exactly as if sugar had just been powdered over them1 but personally ,i have never been able to recognise myrrh in it4 ,it is a pretty plant1 with 8divers great and fair spread wing leaves1 very like and resembling the leaves of ,hemlocke444 but of sweet pleasant and spice-hot taste4 ,put among herbes in a sallet it addeth a marvellous good rellish to all the rest4 ,some commend the green seeds sliced and put in a sallet of herbes4 ,the rootes are eyther boyled and eaten with oyle and vinegare or preserved or candid40 ,sweet ,cicely is very attractive to bees1 and was often 8rubbed over the insides of the hives before placing them before newly-cast swarms to induce them to enter10 and in the ,north of ,england ,hogg says the seeds are used to polish and scent oak floors and furniture4 ,,tansy 7,tanacetum vulgare74 ,lelipa--,then burnet shall bear up with this ,whose leaf ,i greatly fancy1 ,some camomile doth not amiss ,with savory and some tansy4 ,muses' ,elysium4 ,the hot muscado oil1 with milder maudlin cast ,strong tansey1 fennel cool1 they prodigally waste4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,the name ,tansy comes from ,athanasia1 ,immortality1 because its flower lasts so long1 and it is dedicated to ,st ,athanasius4 ,it is connected with various interesting old customs1 and especially with some observed at ,easter time4 ,brand quotes several old rhymes in reference to this4 ,soone at ,easter cometh ,alleluya4 ,with butter1 cheese and a tansay4 ,from ,douce's ,collection of ,carols4 ,on ,easter ,sunday be the pudding seen ,to which the ,tansey lends her sober green4 ,the ,oxford ,sausage4 ,wherever any grassy turf is view'd1 ,it seems a tansie all with sugar strew'd4 ,from ,shipman's ,poems4 ,the last lines occur in a description of the frost in #afed4 ,none of these quotations refer to the plant alone2 but to that kind of cake or fritter called taansie1 and of which ,tansy leaves formed an ingredient4 ,tansy must be 8eaten young1 shred small with other herbes1 or else1 the juiyce of it and other herbes1 fit for the purpose beaten with egges and fried into cakes 7in ,lent and in the ,spring of the year7 which are usually called ,tansies40 ,though ,parkinson speaks of their being eaten in ,lent 7as they no doubt were71 the special day that they were in demand was ,easter ,day1 and of this practice ,culpepper has a good deal to say4 ,tansies were then eaten as a remembrance of the bitter herbs eaten by the ,jews at the ,passover4 8,our ,tansies at ,easter have reference to the bitter herbs1 though at the same time 'twas always the fashion for a man to have a gammon of bacon1 to show himself to be no ,jew40 ,this little glimpse of an old practice comes from ,selden's ,table ,talk and the idea of taking this means to declare one's self a ,christian is really delightful4 ,i must quote again from ,brand to show another very extraordinary ,easter ,day custom4 8,belithus1 a ritualist of ancient times1 tells us that it was customary in some churches for the ,bishops and ,archbishops themselves to play with the inferior clergy at hand-ball1 and this1 as ,durand asserts1 even on ,easter ,day itself4 ,why they should play at hand-ball at this time rather than any other game1 ,bourne tells us he has not been able to discover2 certain it is1 however1 that the present custom of playing at that game on ,easter ,holidays for a tansy-cake has been derived from thence40 ,stool-ball was apparently a most popular amusement and ,lewis in his ,english ,presbyterian ,eloquence criticises the tenets of the ,puritans1 and observes with disapproval that all games where there is 8any hazard of loss are strictly forbidden2 not so much as a game of stool-ball for a tansy is allowed40 ,from a collection of poems called 8,a ,pleasant ,grove of ,new ,fancies10 #afeg1 ,brand extracts the following verses3-- ,at stool-ball1 ,lucia1 let us play ,for sugar1 cakes and wine ,or for a tansey let us pay1 ,the loss be thine or mine4 ,if thou1 my dear1 a winner be1 ,at trundling of the ball1 ,the wager thou shalt have and me1 ,and my misfortunes all4 ,let us hope that the stake was handsomer than it sounds6 ,brand quotes another very curious practice in which ,tansies have a share1 once existing in the ,north4 ,on ,easter ,sunday1 the young men of the village would steal the buckles off the maidens' shoes4 ,on ,easter ,monday1 the young men's shoes and buckles were taken off by the young women4 ,on ,wednesday1 they are redeemed by little pecuniary forfeits1 out of which an entertainment1 called a ,tansey ,cake1 is made1 with dancing4 ,one cannot help wondering how this cheerful1 if somewhat peculiar custom originated6 ,in course of time ,tansies came to be eaten only about ,easter-time and the practice seems to have acquired at one period the lustre almost of a religious rite in which superstition had a considerable share4 ,coles 7#afef7 and ,culpepper 7#afeb7 rebel against this and show with force and clearness the advantages of eating ,tansies throughout the spring4 ,coles ignores the ceremonial reasons and says that the origin of eating it in the spring is because ,tansy is very wholesome after the salt fish consumed during ,lent1 and counteracts the ill-effects which 8the moist and cold constitution of winter0 has made on people444 8though many understand it not and some simple people take it for a matter of superstition to do so40 ,this shows plainly that the idea of eating ,tansies only at ,easter1 was pretty widely spread4 ,culpepper as usual is more incisive4 ,he first gives the same reason that ,coles does for eating ,tansies in the spring2 then3 8,at last the world being over-run with ,popery1 a monster called superstition pecks up his head1 and444 obscures the bright beams of knowledge by his dismal looks2 7physicians seeing the ,pope and his imps1 selfish1 began to do so too71 and now1 forsooth1 ,tansies must be eaten only on ,palm and ,easter ,sundays and their neighbour days4 ,at last superstition being too hot to hold1 and the selfishness of physicians walking in the clouds2 after the friars and monks had made the people ignorant1 the superstition of the time1 was found out by the virtue of the herb hidden and now is almost1 if not altogether left off4 ,scarcely any physicians are beholden to none so much as they are to monks and friars2 for wanting of eating this herb in spring1 maketh people sickly in summer1 and that makes work for the physician4 ,if it be against any man or woman's conscience to eat ,tansey in the spring1 ,i am as unwilling to burthen their conscience1 as ,i am that they should burthen mine2 they may boil it in wine and drink the decoction1 it will work the same effect40 8,the ,pope and his imps0 is a grand phrase6 ,a more militant ,protestant than ,culpepper it would be difficult to find1 even in these days4 ,from other writers1 it seems that the phase of associating ,tansies exclusively with ,easter1 must have worn itself out1 for we find many descriptions of them on distinctly secular occasions4 ,at the ,coronation ,feast of ,james ,,ii4 and his ,queen1 a ,tansie was served among the #adde 8,dishes of delicious ,viands0 provided for it1 and ,i must quote some of the others3--8,stag's tongues1 cold2 ,andolioes2 ,cyprus ,birds1 cold and ,asparagus2 a pudding1 hot2 ,salamagundy2 #d ,fawns2 #aj ,oyster pyes1 hot2 ,artichokes2 an ,oglio1 hot2 ,bacon1 ,gammon and ,spinnage2 #ab ,stump ,pyes2 #h ,godwits2 ,morels2 #bd ,puffins2 #d dozen ,almond ,puddings1 hot2 ,botargo2 ,skirrets2 ,cabbage ,pudding2 ,lemon ,sallet2 ,taffeta ,tarts2 ,razar ,fish2 and ,broom ,buds1 cold40#eb ,these are only a very few out of an immense variety that are also named4 ,many recipes for a 8,tansy0 exist1 and very often have only the slightest resemblance to one another1 but this is rather a nice one and is declared by its transcriber to be 8the most agreeable of all the boiled ,herbaceous ,dishes40 ,it consists of3 8,tansey1 being qualify'd with the juices of other fresh ,herbs2 ,spinach1 green ,corn1 ,violet1 ,primrose ,leaves1 etc41 at entrance of the spring1 and then fry'd brownish1 is eaten hot1 with the ,juice of ,orange and ,sugar40 ,isaac ,walton speaks of a 8,minnow ,tansy10 which is made of ,minnows 8fried with yolks of eggs2 the flowers of cowslips and of primroses and a little tansy2 thus used they make a dainty dish of meat40 ,our ancestors seem to have had a great love of 8batter10 for it is a prominent part in very many of their dishes4 ,mrs ,milne ,home says1 8,in ,virginia the ,negroes make ,tansy-tea for colds and at a pinch1 ,mas'r's cook will condescend to use it in a sauce10 but in ,english cookery1 it has absolutely disappeared4 ,tansy had many medicinal virtues4 ,sussex people used to say that to wear ,tansy-leaves in the shoe1 was a charm against ague4 ,wild ,tansy looks handsome when it grows in abundance on marshy ground2 and1 indeed1 its feathery leaves are beautiful anywhere1 and it has a more refreshing scent than the ,garden-,tansy4 8,in some parts of ,italy people present stalks of ,wild ,tansy to those whom they mean to insult10#ec a proceeding for which there seems neither rhyme nor reason4 ,turner tells tales of the vanity of his contemporaries1 masculine as well as feminine1 for he says3 8,our weomen in ,englande and some men that be sunneburnt and would be fayre1 eyther stepe this herbe in white wyne and wash their faces with the wyne or ellis with the distilled water of the same40 #eb ,complete ,account of the ,coronations of the ,kings and ,queens of ,england1 ,j4 ,roberts4 #ec ,folkard4 ,,thistle 7,carduus ,marianus and ,carduus ,benedictus74 ,margaret4 ,get you some of this distilled ,carduus ,benedictus1 and lay it to your heart1 it is the only thing for a qualm4 ,hero4 ,there thou prick'st her with a thistle4 ,beatrice4 ,benedictus6 why ,benedictus8 you have some moral in this ,benedictus4 ,margaret4 ,moral6 no1 by my troth1 ,i have no moral meaning2 ,i meant plain holy thistle4 ,much ,ado about ,nothing1 iii1 #d4 ,that thence1 as from a garden without dressing ,she these should ever have1 and never want4 ,store from an orchard without tree or plant444 ,and for the chiefest cherisher she lent ,the royal thistle's milky nourishment4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 ,book i4 ,the history1 legends1 and traditions surrounding ,thistles in general1 make far too large a subject to be entered on here1 and only these two varieties can be considered4 ,carduus ,marianus1 the ,milk or ,dappled ,thistle1 has sometimes been called the ,scotch ,thistle1 and announced to be the ,thistle of ,scotland4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i believe1 that after long and stormy controversy1 that honour has been awarded to ,carduus ,acanthioides1 but the ,milk ,thistle's claims have received very strong support1 and so it seems most probable1 considering the context1 that when ,browne referred to the 8,royal ,thistle10 it was this one that he meant4 ,this supposition is borne out by ,hogg1 who writes3 8,as ,ray says1 it is more a garden vegetable than a medicinal plant4 ,the young and tender stalks of the root leaves when stripped of their spiny part1 are eaten like cardoon1 or when boiled1 are used as greens4 ,the young stalks1 peeled and soaked in water to extract their bitterness1 are excellent as a salad4 ,the scales of the involucre are as good as those of the artichoke1 and the roots in early spring are good to eat40 ,the seeds supply food to many small birds1 and it is from the gold-finch feeding so extensively on them that it has been called ,carduelis4 ,this partiality of the gold-finch must have been observed in several lands1 for the same name occurs in different tongues4 ,in ,england1 it has been called ,thistlefinch2 in ,french1 ,chardonneret1 and in ,italian1 ,cardeletto1 ,cardeto being a waste covered with thistles4 ,one cannot help remembering the charming line3-- 8,as the thistle shakes1 ,when three gray linnets wrangle for the seed10 with the reflection that other birds besides gold-finches have a deep appreciation of it4 ,but to go back to the ,thistle itself1 after all these uses made of every part1 no wonder that ,browne called it a 8chiefest cherisher of vital power60 ,although1 latterly1 its reputation in medicine has fallen1 in old days1 on account of its numerous prickles 7,doctrine of ,signatures71 it was thought good for stitches in the side4 ,culpepper has further advice3 8,in spring1 if you please to boil the tender plant 7but cut off the prickles1 unless you have a mind to choke yourself71 it will change your blood as the season changeth1 and that is the way to be safe40 ,carduus ,benedictus1 called the ,holy1 or the ,blessed ,thistle1 was considered a great preservative against the plague1 and that it was also given for a sudden spasm is shown in the delightful scene between ,beatrice and her friends in 8,much ,ado ,about ,nothing40 ,it follows the ruse that they have just played upon her1 to persuade her that ,benedict is already in love with her1 in the hope that she may become enamoured of him1 and the play upon the name is very charming4 ,culpepper says that ,carduus ,benedictus was good against 8diseases of melancholy10 which is additional evidence that ,shakespeare did not go out of his way to find an imaginary remedy that would suit that occasion1 but with exquisite skill took a remedy that would have been natural in his time1 and surrounded it with wit4 ,less than a hundred years ago a decoction used to be made from its leaves1 which are remarkable for their 8intense bitterness10 and it was said to be an excellent tonic2 but1 like the ,milk ,thistle1 the ,holy ,thistle's virtues in medicine are now discredited4 ,the thistle was once dedicated to ,thor1 and the bright colour of the flower was supposed to come from the lightning1 and therefore lightning could not hurt any person or building protected by the flower4 ,it was used a good deal in magic1 and there is an old rite to help a maiden to discover which1 of several suitors1 really loves her best4 ,she must take as many thistles as there are lovers1 cut off their points1 give each thistle the name of a man1 and lay them under her pillow1 and the thistle which has the name of the most faithful lover will put forth a fresh sprout6 ,in ,east ,prussia1 says ,mr ,friend1 there is a strange but simple cure for any domestic animal which may have an open wound4 ,it is to gather four red thistle blossoms before the break of day1 and to put one in each of the four points of the compass with a stone in the middle of them4 ,here ends the list of ,herbs1 but before finishing the chapter ,i must add a few names of buds and berries which1 though not herbs1 were often employed as such1 especially to garnish1 or to flavour dishes4 ,evelyn includes many of these in his ,acetaria4 8,the ,capreols1 ,tendrils and ,claspers of ,vines10 very young1 may be 8eaten alone or mingled with other sallet4 ,so may the #8buds and young ,turiones of the ,tendrils' of ,hops1 either raw1 #8but more conveniently being boil'd' and cold1 like asparagus40 ,elder ,flowers1 infused in vinegar1 are recommended1 and 8though the leaves are somewhat rank of smell1 and so not commendable in sallet444 they are of the most sovereign virtue1 and spring buds and tender leaves excellent and wholesome in pottage at that season of the year40 ,evelyn experimented with 8the large ,heliotrope or ,sunflower 7e'er it comes to expand and show its golden face71 which1 being dress'd as the artichoak1 is eaten for a dainty4 ,this ,i add as a new discovery3 ,i once made macaroons with ripe blanch'd seed1 but the ,turpentine did so domineer over all that it did not answer expectation40 ,this must have been a disappointment to his adventurous spirit6 ,broom buds appeared on three separate tables at ,king ,james ,,ii4's ,coronation feast1 and seem to have been popular1 when pickled4 ,violets were also used1 and ,miss ,amherst quotes from an old cookery book the recipe of a pudding called 8,mon amy10 which directs the cook to 8plant it with flowers of violets and serve it forth40 ,another recipe is for a dish called 8,vyolette60 8,take flowrys of vyolet1 boyle hem1 presse hem1 bray 7pound7 hem smal40 ,after this they are to be mixed with milk1 #8floure of rys1' and sugar or honey1 and finally to be coloured with violets4 ,pine-kernels were sometimes eaten4 ,shelley says of ,marenghi3 8,his food was the wild fig or strawberry2 ,the milky pine-nuts which the autumn blast ,shakes into the tall grass40 ,and in ,england ,parkinson writes1 8,the cones or apples are used of divers ,vintners in this city1 being painted to express a bunch of grapes1 whereunto they are very like and are hung up on their bushes1 as also to fasten keyes unto them1 as is seene in many places4 ,the kernels with the hard shels1 while they are fresh1 or newly taken out1 are used by ,apothecaries1 ,comfitmakers1 and ,cookes4 ,of them are made ,comfits1 ,marchpanes and such like1 and with them a cunning cook can make divers kech-choses for his master's table40 ,barberries were used as a garnish to salads and other dishes and sometimes as an ingredient4 ,evelyn mentions them as an item in 8,sallet ,all-sorts10 and ,gervase ,markham describes the making of 8,paste of ,genoa10 a confection of ,quince1 and adds1 8,in this sort you now make paste of ,peares1 ,apples1 ,wardens1 ,plummes of all kindes1 ,cherries1 ,barberries or whatever fruit you please40 ,he adds this fruit to the ingredients required in making aromatic vinegar1 and also directs that a good quantity of whole ,barberries1 both branches and others1 be served with ,pike 8or any fresh fish whatsoever40 ,parkinson says1 8,the leaves are sometimes used in the stead of ,sorrell to make sauce for meate1 and by reason of their sournesse are of the same quality40 ,the 8delicious confitures d'pine vinette1 for which ,rouen is famous10 are prepared from them1 says ,dr ,fernie1 and there is no doubt that they make an excellent jelly4 ,formerly they were so much prized that1 as ,miss ,amherst quotes from ,le ,strange's 8,household ,accounts10 in #afah1 #cs4 was paid for one pound of them4 ,strawberry leaves were used as a garnish and for their flavour4 ,parkinson tells us that they were 8alwayes used among other herbes in cooling drinks10 and ,markham mentions both them and ,violet leaves in his directions to 8,smoar a ,mallard10 and 8to make an excellent ,olepotrige1 which is the only principall dish of boyled meate1 which is esteemed in all ,spaine4 8,for dessert03 ,the berries are often brought to the table as a rare service1 whereunto ,cleret wine1 creame or milke is added with sugar4 ,the water distilled of the berries is good for the passions of the heart1 caused by the perturbation of the spirits being eyther drunk alone or in wine1 and maketh the heart mery40 ,such a pleasant and easy remedy against the evils arising from 8perturbation of spirits0 is worth remembering6 ,gerarde and ,parkinson both speak of the prickly strawberry2 a plant which is 8of no use for meate0 but which has 8a small head of greene leaves1 many set thick together like unto a double ruffe1 and is fit for a gentlewoman to wear on her arme1 etc4 as a raritie instead of a flower40 ,gerarde has a curious little note on its discovery4 8,mr ,john ,tradescant hath told me that he was the first that took notice of this ,strawberry and that in a woman's garden at ,plimouth1 whose daughter had gathered and set the roots in her garden1 instead of the common ,strawberry1 but she finding the fruit not answer her expectation1 intended to throw it away1 which labour he spared her1 in taking it and bestowing it among the lovers of such vanities40 ,the custom of transplanting wild strawberries was very general4 ,wife1 unto thy garden and set me a plot1 ,with strawberry rootes of the best to be got4 ,such growing abroade1 among thorns in the wood1 ,wel chosen and picked proove excellent food4 ,september's ,husbandry4--,,tusser4 ,miss ,amherst says that in the ,hampton ,court ,accounts there are 8several entries of money paid for strawberry roots1 brought from the wood to the ,king's garden40 ,the fact that this is no longer the custom1 may explain the disappointment that some have experienced1 who1 in the hope of enjoying 8the most excellent cordial smell0 described by ,sir ,francis ,bacon1 have haunted their kitchen gardens when the strawberry leaves are dying1 and without reward4 ,the strawberries grown there at present are not1 as in his day1 natives1 subjected to civilisation1 but are chiefly of ,american or ,asiatic origin 7the first foreign strawberry cultivated in ,england was ,fragaria virginiana1 and was introduced from ,north ,america in #afbi2 four years after the ,essay on ,gardens was first published71 and if their leaves have any fragrance1 it must be of the faintest possible description4 ,anyone1 however1 who passes through a wood1 towards evening1 especially if it is a mild and slightly damp day in ,october1 may speedily realise how true and admirable was this counsel given by the ,great ,lord ,chancellor4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,arms ,,of ,,saffron ,,walden4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,of ,,herbs ,,used ,,in ,,decorations1 ,,in ,,heraldry1 ,,and ,,for ,,ornament ,,and ,,perfumes ,now will ,i weave white violets1 daffodils1 ,with myrtle spray1 ,and lily bells that trembling laughter fills1 ,and the sweet crocus gay1 ,with these blue hyacinth and the lover's rose1 ,that she may wear-- ,my sun-maiden--each scented flower that blows ,upon her scented hair4 ,trans4 from ,meleager4--,w4 ,m4 ,,hardinge4 ,it is1 perhaps1 surprising in studying the history of common ,english herbs to find how many were the uses to which they were put by our forefathers4 ,one reason of their eminence was that no doubt in pre-hygienic days they were more to be desired1 but1 besides this1 something 8delightful to smell to0 seems to have been a luxury generally appreciated for its own sake4 ,in his poem of the 8,baron's ,wars10 ,michael ,drayton1 by a casual reference1 shows how much agreeable scents were valued1 and the pains taken to procure them4 ,he is speaking of ,queen ,isabella's room4 ,the fire of precious wood2 the light perfume1 ,which left a sweetness on each thing it shone1 ,as ev'rything did to itself assume ,the scent from them1 and made the same their own1 ,so that the painted flowers within the room ,were sweet1 as if they naturally had grown4 ,the light gave colours which upon them fell1 ,and to the colours the perfume gave smell4 ,and in describing the bewilderment of a 8young1 tender maid10 led through the magnificent court of some prince1 he says she was3-- ,amazed to see ,the furnitures and states1 which all embroideries be1 ,the rich and sumptuous beds1 with tester-covering plumes1 ,and various as the sutes1 so various the perfumes4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,laboratory ,,at ,,mr4 ,,hooper',s1 #bd ,,russell ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden ,,the ,,large ,,still ,,in ,,the ,,corner ,,is ,,for ,,distilling ,,rose ,,and ,,aromatic ,,waters ,,the ,,smaller ,,still ,,is ,,for ,,distilling ,,spirit ,,essences ,in a discourse1 intended to prove that the magic number five is perpetually appearing in all forms of nature1 and that network is an equally ubiquitous design1 ,sir ,thomas ,browne mentions en passant1 the 8nosegay nets0 of the ancients--that is1 nets holding flowers1 that were suspended from the head1 to provide continuously a pleasant odour for the wearer4 ,it is very nice to find a survival of the belief that scents affect the spirits and may be beneficial to the health1 and in 8,days and ,hours in a ,garden10 ,e4 ,v4 ,b4 declares herself to be of that opinion4 8,sweet ,smells444 have a certain virtue for different conditions of health10 she says4 8,wild ,thyme will renew spirits and vital energy in long walks under an ,august sun4 ,the pure1 almost pungent scent of ,tea ,rose1 ,marchal ,neil is sometimes invigorating in any lowness of444 ,sweet ,briar promotes cheerfulness444 ,hawthorn is very doubtful and ,lime-blossom is dreamy4444 ,apple-blossom must be added to my pharmacopia of sweet smells4 ,to inhale a cluster of ,blenheim orange gives back youth for just half a minute after444 it is a real1 absolute elixir40 ,the sacristan's garden1 devoted to growing flowers and herbs for the service of the church1 has been already mentioned1 and ,henry ,,vi4 actually left in his will a garden to be kept for this purpose to the church of ,eton ,college 7,nichol's 8,wills of the ,kings and ,queens of ,england074 ,after the ,reformation the practice of laying fresh green things about the churches was apparently not abandoned1 for in #afah1 ,james ,i4 set forth a declaration permitting 8,lawfull recreations after divine service1 and allowed that women should have leave to carry rushes to the church for the decoring of it according to old custome40#ed ,rushes are still strewed on ,whitsunday at the church of ,st ,mary ,radcliffe1 in ,bristol1 and the day is often called 8,rush-,sunday0 there in consequence4 #ed ,fuller's 8,church ,history10 ,book ,x4 #afee4 ,in the accounts of ,st ,margaret's1 ,westminster1 there is a payment made for 8herbs strewn in the church on a day of thanksgiving0 in #afej4 ,coles 7#afef7 says3 8,it is not very long since the custome of setting up ,garlands in ,churches1 hath been left off with us1 and in some places setting up of ,holly1 ,ivy1 ,rosemary1 ,dayes1 ,yew1 etc41 in ,churches at ,christmas1 is still in use40#ee ,later1 the custom seems almost entirely to have dropped1 and in an article in the ,quarterly 7#ahdb71 the writer is torn between pious aspirations and loyalty to the church views of the day3 8,we cannot but admire the practice of the ,church of ,rome1 which calls in the aid of floral decorations on her festivals4 ,if we did not feel convinced that it was the most bounden duty of the ,church of ,england at the present moment to give no unnecessary offence by restorations in indifferent matters1 we should be inclined to advocate1 notwithstanding the denunciation of some of the early ,fathers1 some slight exceptions in the case of our own favourites40 #ee 8,art of ,simpling40 ,the decorations of ,english houses were much admired by ,dr ,levinus ,lemmius in #aefj1 when he visited us4 8,and beside this1 the neate cleanliness1 the exquisite finenesse1 the pleasaunt and delightfull furniture in every poynt for household1 wonderfully rejoiced me2 their chambers and parlours strawed over with sweet herbes refreshed me40#ef ,further on1 he praises 8the sundry sortes of fragraunte floures0 about the rooms4 ,parkinson mentions wall-flowers and 8the greater-flag0 being used 8in nosegayes and to deck up a house10 and ,newton says they took branches of willow to trim up their parlours and dining roomes in summer1 and did 8sticke fresh greene leaves thereof about their beds for coolnesse40#eg ,sir ,hugh ,platt 7#afec7 advised that 8for summer-time your chimney may be trimmed with a fine bank of mosse444 or with orpin1 or the white flower called everlasting4444 ,and at either end one of your flower or ,rosemary pots4444 ,you may also hang in the roof and about the sides of the room small pompions or cowcumbers pricked full of barley1 and these will be overgrowne with greene spires1 so as the pompion or cowcumber will not appear4444 ,you may also plant vines without the walls1 which being let in at quarrels1 may run about the sides of your windows1 and all over the sealing of your rooms40#eh ,herbs in image were sometimes hung round the room4 ,harrison mentions 8arras worke1 or painted cloths1 wherein either diverse histories1 or hearbes1 beasts1 knots1 and such like are stained40 ,of flowers thought specially suitable indoors ,tusser 7#aegg7 gives a list3 8,herbes1 branches1 and flowers for windows and pots10 and ,bachelor's ,buttons1 ,sweet ,briar1 and 8bottles1 blue1 red1 and tawney0 are among the forty he mentions4 ,a separate list is set forth of twenty-one 8,strewing ,herbs10 and this includes ,basil1 ,balm1 ,marjoram1 ,tansy1 ,germander1 and ,hyssop4 ,the practice of strewing the floors with herbs and rushes1 however1 started long before his time4 8,at the ,court of ,king ,stephen1 which exceeded in magnificence that of his predecessors 444 and in houses of inferior rank upon occasions of feasting1 the floor was strewed with flowers4444 ,becket1 in the next reign1 according to a contemporary author 7,fitz-,stephen7 ordered his hall to be strewed every day1 in the winter with fresh straw or hay1 and in summer with rushes or green leaves1 fresh gathered2 and this reason is given for it1 that such knights as the benches could not contain1 might sit on the floor without dirtying their cloaths40#ei ,the contrast between the pomp of so large a following1 and the simplicity of their accommodation affords an odd picture of the mingled stateliness and bareness in the great man's household4 #ef ,harrison's 8,description of ,england40 ,ed4 by ,furnivall1 #ahgg4 #eg 8,herbal of the ,bible10 #aehg4 #eh 8,the ,garden of ,eden40 #ei 8,pegge's ,curalia40 ,in the reign of ,edward ,i41 8,willielmus filius ,willielmi de ,aylesbury tenet tres virgatus terr444 per serjeantiam inveniendi stramen ad lectum ,domini ,regis et ad straminandum cameram suam et etiam inveniendi ,domino ,rege cum venerit apud ,alesbury in estate stramen ad lectum suam et procter hoc herbam ad juncandam cameram suam40#fj 7,william1 son of ,william of ,aylesbury1 holds three roods of land444 by serjeantry1 of finding straw for the bed of our ,lord the ,king and to straw his chamber444 and also of finding for the ,king when he should come to ,aylesbury in summer straw for his bed1 and1 moreover1 grass or rushes to strew his chamber47 ,though grass is the literal translation of herbam1 it is quite possible1 judging from old customs generally1 that hay or sweet herbs1 may be intended here4 8,it may be observed further that there is a relique of this custom still subsisting1 for at ,coronations the ground is strewed with flowers by a person who is upon the establishment called the ,herb-,strewer1 with an annual salary40 ,from this it appears that there were persons regularly appointed to strew herbs for the royal pleasure1 but for what length of time the ,herb-,strewer was an official actually living at ,court1 it is very difficult to discover4 ,at the time of the ,coronation of ,james ,,ii4 and his ,queen1 ,mary ,dowle was 8,strewer of ,herbes in ,ordinary to ,his ,majesty10 and among the instructions issued before the ceremony were the following3 8,two breadths of ,blue ,broad-cloth are spread all along the middle of the ,passage from the stone steps in the ,hall1 to the ,foot of the ,steps in the ,choir1 ascending the ,theatre1 by order of the ,lord ,almoner of the ,day1 amounting in all #abbj yards2 which cloth is strewed with nine ,baskets full of sweet herbs and flowers by the ,strewer of ,herbs in ,ordinary to ,his ,majesty1 assisted by six women1 two to a ,basket1 each ,basket containing two ,bushels40 ,all the details of his ,coronation were most carefully considered and finally settled 8in solemn conclave in the presence of ,james ,,ii410 says ,roberts in his sketch of the ,approaching ,coronation of ,george ,,ii41 and 8little variation has taken place in the ,ceremony since40 ,from a manuscript belonging to ,mr ,eyston1 of ,east ,hundred1 ,wantage1 dated #agjb1 ,w4 ,jones 78,crowns and ,coronations07 quotes an3 8,order for a gown of scarlet cloth1 with a badge of ,her ,majesty's ,cypher on it1 for the ,strewer of ,herbs to ,her ,majesty1 as was provided at the last ,coronation40 ,this looks as if she played her part in the ceremony of crowning ,king ,william and ,queen ,mary1 and was also present at the crowning of ,queen ,anne1 though ,roberts1 in his 8,complete ,account of the ,coronations of the ,kings and ,queens of ,england0 does not mention her4 ,in the ,state ,archives is a 8,warrant to the ,master of the ,great ,wardrobe for delivering of scarlet cloth to ,alice ,blizard1 herb strewer to ,her ,majesty10 dated #cjth ,november #agac1 showing that whether at that date she was continually at ,court1 or whether her services were confined to the day of ,coronation1 she was at anyrate officially recognised in the ordinary course of things1 and not only when any very great ceremony was imminent4 ,i cannot be sure if the ,herb ,strewer appeared at the ,coronation of ,george ,i41 but she certainly did at that of ,george ,,ii41 and in the full accounts of the ,coronation of ,george ,,iv41 which was celebrated with great magnificence1 there are most elaborate descriptions of her dress1 badge1 mantle1 etc41 and also portraits of her in full attire4 ,from among many applicants1 the ,king chose ,miss ,fellowes1 sister of the ,secretary to the ,lord ,great ,chamberlain1 for the coveted distinction4 8,miss ,fellowes wore a gold badge suspended from her neck by a gold chain1 with an inscription indicative of her office on one side1 and the ,king's arms beautifully chased on the other4 ,six young ladies assisted her4 ,their costume was white1 but ,miss ,fellowes wore1 in addition1 a scarlet mantle trimmed with gold lace4 ,they were very elegantly dressed in 8white muslin1 with flowered ornaments4 ,three large ornamented baskets of flowers were brought in and placed near the ladies10#fa who walked in the front of the ,royal ,procession4 ,at ten minutes before eleven ,miss ,fellowes1 with her six tributary herb-women heading the grand procession1 appeared at the ,western ,gate of the ,abbey4444 ,she and her maids and the serjeant porter came no further1 but remained at the entrance within the west door4 ,in a beautiful series of coloured plates depicting all the costumes worn at that ,coronation1 there is one of ,miss ,fellowes and her 8maids40 ,she has a small basket in her left hand2 from her right hand1 raised high1 she is letting a shower of blossoms fall4 ,her hair is dressed in short ringlets4 ,all the ladies wore wreaths of flowers1 and the 8maids0 have1 as well1 long garlands falling over one shoulder and across their white dresses almost to the hem4 ,in a charming letter written by ,hon4 ,maria ,twistleton to her cousin1 ,mrs ,eardley ,childers1 there is one more detail of these ladies4 8,gold ,baskets of ,grecian shape1 filled with choicest sweets were ranged at their feet1 and as they passed they presented a magnolia to us40#fb ,a claim to this office was put forward1 before the last ,coronation1 but alas6 ,his ,majesty decided to dispense with this picturesque adjunct to the ceremony6 ,though the strewing of rushes and herbs was a part of the preparations for any household festival1 they were a special feature of bridal ceremonies4 #fj ,blount's 8,jocular ,tenures10 #afgi4 #fa 8,history of the ,coronation of ,george ,,iv40 ,r4 ,,huish4 #fb ,published ,nineteenth ,century1 ,june #aijb4 ,as ,i have seen upon a bridal day1 ,full many maids clad in their best array1 ,in honour of the bride come with their flaskets ,fill'd full with flowers3 others1 in wicker-baskets ,bring from the marish1 rushes to o'erspread ,the ground whereon to church the lovers tread4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 book i4 ,drayton1 too1 alludes to this practice in the 8,polyolbion40 ,some others were again as seriously employ'd ,in strewing of those herbs1 at bridals us'd that be ,which everywhere they throw with bounteous hands and free4 ,the healthful balm and mint from their full laps do fly4 ,song xv4 ,and gives a long list of wedding flowers1 of which ,meadow-sweet 7sometimes called bridewort7 is one4 ,gilded ,rosemary1 or sprigs of ,rosemary dipped in sweet waters were used1 and ,brand gives an account of a wedding where the bride was 8led to church between two sweet boys with bride-laces and rosemary tied to their silken sleeves40#fc ,nosegays1 too1 were gathered for weddings1 and ,brand quotes a remarkable and cynical passage from 8,the ,plaine ,country ,bridegroom10 by ,stephens3 8,he shews neere affinitie betwixt marriage and hanging1 and to that purpose he provides a great nosegay and shakes hands with everyone he meets1 as if he were preparing for a condemned man's voyage40 ,herrick's lines beginning1 8,strip her of spring-time1 tender1 whimpering maids10 are too well known to repeat1 but they tell very prettily which flowers were appropriated to the married and which to the unmarried4 ,dyer tells us that this custom of strewing them is still kept up in ,cheshire1 with occasional sad results4 ,often1 the flowers that were strewn were emblematical1 and if the bride chanced to be unpopular1 she stepped her way to church over flowers whose meanings were the reverse of complimentary6 #fc ,popular ,antiquities4 ,drayton's contemporaries were more amiable4 ,who now a posie pins not in his cap8 ,and not a garland baldrick-wise doth wear1 ,some1 of such flowers as to his hand doth hap ,others1 such as secret meanings bear4 ,he1 from his lass1 him lavender hath sent ,shewing her love1 and doth requital crave1 ,him rosemary1 his sweetheart whose intent1 ,is that he her should in remembrance have4 ,roses1 his youth and strong desire express1 ,her sage1 doth show his sovereignty in all2 ,the ,july-flower declares his gentleness2 ,thyme1 truth2 the pansie1 heartsease1 maidens' call4 ,eclogue ix4 ,herbs have pointed proverbs2 for instance3 8,he who sows hatred1 shall gather rue10--a saying which some have found to be 8ower-true02 and1 8,the ,herb-,patience does not grow in every man's garden10--a piece of wisdom which may be proved only too often4 ,both these proverbs turn on a pun1 but some herbs are alluded to in a literal sense4 ,the old ,herbalists used to count ,pinks among herbs1 and this flower's name is very commonly heard in the expression3 8,the pink of perfection40 ,mercutio says in ,romeo and ,juliet1 8,i am the very pink of courtesy02 a phrase which is wonderfully expressive4 ,miss ,amherst quotes an old ballad to show that the periwinkle was used as a term of praise1 for in this1 a noble lady1 a type of excellence1 is called1 8,the parwink of prowesse40 ,the inelasticity of modern opinions 7on herbs7 forbids that ,i should here go into the history of this most interesting flower1 beloved by ,rousseau and endowed by the ,french with magic power4 ,one of their names for it is1 ,violette de ,sorcier4 ,i will only say that the ,italians call it the 8,flower of the ,dead10 and place it on graves2 and to the ,germans it is the 8,flower of ,immortality40 ,in ,england it was much used in garlands1 and it was with ,periwinkle that ,simon ,fraser was crowned in mockery1 when in #acjf 7after he had been taken prisoner1 fighting for ,bruce71 he rode1 heavily ironed1 through ,london to the place of execution4 ,clove gillyflowers were admitted1 till lately1 into the herb-garden1 so ,i may mention that among several cases of nominal rent1 land being held on the payment of certain flowers or other trifles1 8three clove gillyflowers to be rendered on the occasion of the ,king's ,coronation10 was once the condition of holding the 8lands and tenements of ,ham in ,surrey40 ,roses were the flowers most often chosen for such a purpose1 and roses and gillyflowers together were paid as rent by ,st ,andrew's ,monastery in ,northampton at the time of its dissolution under ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,blount#fd mentions that ,bartholomaus ,peyttevyn1 of ,stony-,aston in ,somerset1 held his lands on the payment of a 8sextary0 of ,gillyflower wine annually1 at ,christmastide4 ,a 8sextary0 contained about a pint and a half1 sometimes more4 8,a still more whimsical tenure was that of a farm at ,brookhouse1 ,penistone1 ,york1 for which1 yearly1 a payment was to be made of a red rose at ,christmas and a snowball at mid-summer4 ,unless the flower of the ,viburnum or ,guelder-rose1 sometimes called ,snowball1 was meant1 the payment bill had been almost impossible in those days when ice-cellars were unknown40#fe #fd 8,jocular ,tenures40 #fe 8,history of ,signboards40 ,clove gillyflowers found their way into ,heraldry1 and appeared as heraldic emblems1 and besides them1 ,guillim mentions 8,rosemary1 ,sweet ,marjoram1 ,betony1 ,purslane and ,saffron10 being borne in ,coat ,armour4 ,but1 8because such daintiness and affected adornings better befit ladies and gentlemen than knights and men of valour1 whose worth must be tried in the field1 not under a rose-bed1 or in a garden-plot1 therefore the ancient ,generous made choice rather of such herbs as grew in the fields1 as the ,cinque-foil1 ,trefoil10 etc4#ff ,it is an interesting explanation of the reason that dictated the choice of these two last herbs1 often seen in heraldic bearings4 ,one of ,guillim's corrections must specially delight all west country people4 ,the ,coat of the ,baskerviles of ,hereford was3 ,argent1 a cheveron1 ,gules1 between three ,hurts4 8,these 7saith ,leigh7 appear light blue and come of some violent stroke4 ,but1 if ,i mistake not1 he is farr wide from the matter444 whereas they are indeed a kind of fruit or small round ,berry1 of colour betwixt black and blue444 and in some places called ,windberries1 and in others ,hurts or ,hurtleberries40 ,guillim knew the popular name of ,whortleberries better than did his fellow-author4 ,the idea of choosing three bruises as a 8charge0 does not seem to have struck ,mr ,leigh as being at all odd4 #ff ,guillim4 8,heraldry40 ,in ,saxony ,rue has given its name to an ,order4 ,a chaplet of ,rue borne bendwise on 8barrs of the ,coat ,armour of the ,dukedom of ,saxony0 7till then 8,barry of ten1 sable and or107 was granted by the ,emperor ,frederick ,barbarossa to ,duke ,bernard of ,anhalt 7the first of his house to be ,duke of ,saxony71 at his request1 8to difference his arms from his ,brothers'10 ,otho1 ,marquis of ,brandenberg1 and ,siegfrid1 ,archbishop of ,breme4 ,this took place in the year #aaha1 but the ,order was not founded till more than six centuries had passed1 and was then due to ,frederick ,augustus1 first ,king of ,saxony1 who created the ,order of the ,rautenkrone on the #bjth ,july #ahjg4 ,in the newspapers of ,october #bdth1 #aijb1 it was announced that the ,king of ,saxony had conferred the ,order of the ,crown of ,rue on the ,prince of ,wales4 ,sprigs of ,rue are now interlaced in the ,collar of the ,order of the ,thistle1 but earlier it was composed of thistles and knots4 ,there is extreme uncertainty as to the origin or this ,order1 and cold suspicion is thrown on assertions that it was1 of old1 an established 8,fraternity1#fg following the lines of other ,orders of ,knighthood40 ,the first appearance of a collar is on the gold bonnet pieces struck in #aeci1 where ,king ,james ,v4 is represented with a collar composed alternately of thistle heads and what seem to be knots or links in the form of the figure #h or of the letter ,s1 and a similar collar is placed round the ,royal ,arms in another gold piece of the same year4 ,collars with knots of a slightly different shape appear on ,queen ,mary's ,great ,seal and on that of ,james ,,vi4 ,ashmole says3#fh 8,it was thought fit that the collars of both the ,garter and ,thistle of ,king ,charles ,i4 should be used in ,scotland1 #afcc02 but after that the ,order seems to have lapsed1 for ,guillim 7,ed4 #afgi7 puts the 8,order of ,knights of ,the ,thistle or of ,st ,andrewe's0 between the ,orders of ,the ,knights of the ,round ,table and the ,knights of the ,holy ,sepulchre in ,jerusalem1 and speaks of all their rites and ceremonies in the past tense4 ,this seems as if at that period there was an absolute pause in its chequered career4 ,in #afhe it was 8revived0 by ,james ,,ii4 of ,great ,britain1 who created eight knights1 but during the ,revolution it lapsed again and 8lay neglected till ,queen ,anne in #agjc restored it to the primitive design of twelve ,knights of ,st ,andrew0 7,every74 8,by a statute passed in #ahbg the ,order is to consist of the ,sovereign and sixteen ,knights0 7,burke74 ,sprigs of ,rue do not make their earliest appearance in the collar till about #afbi and then on doubtful authority4 8,mirus1 however1 states that the ,collar was made of ,thistles and ,sprigs of ,rue2 and the ,royal ,achievements of ,scotland in ,sir ,george ,mackenzie's #8,science of ,heraldry' published in #afhj1 are surrounded by a ,collar of ,thistles linked with ,sprigs of ,rue40 ,very shortly before this ,guillim had described the collar as being 8composed of thistles1 intermixed with annulets of gold40 ,so the publication of ,sir ,george ,mackenzie's book must be the approximate date of the introduction of the ,rue2 the present collar1 badge and robe of the ,order are the same as those approved by ,queen ,anne4 ,andr ,favyn#fi gives the reasons for this choice of plants1 though as the ,rue made its first appearance in the collar so much later than the date he assigns 7which is that of ,charlemagne7 one cannot help fearing that he drew a little on his imagination4 ,king ,achaius took for 8his devise the ,thistle and the ,rewe4 ,and for the ,soule therof1 ,pour ma deffence ,because the ,thistle is not tractable or easily handled444 giving acknowledgment thereby1 that hee feared not forraigne ,princes his neighbours444 as for the ,rewe although it be an ,herbe and ,plant very meane1 yet it is 7nevertheless full of admirable vertues7444 and serveth to expell and drive serpents to flight444 and there is not a more soveraigne remedy for such as are poisoned40 ,guillim called ,hungus1 ,king of the ,picts1 the founder1 and says that he1 8the ,night before the ,battle that was fought betwixt him and ,athelstane1 ,king of ,england1 sawe in the skie a bright ,cross in fashion of that whereon ,st ,andrew suffered ,martyrdom1 and the day proving successful unto ,hungus in memorial of the said ,apparition1 which did presage so happy an omen1 the ,picts and ,scots have ever since bore in the ,ensigns and ,banners the ,figure of the said ,cross1 which is in fashion of a ,saltier4 ,and from thence 'tis believed that this ,order took its rise1 which was about the year of our ,lord #haj40 ,both authors are quite positive as to their facts regarding the origin of the ,order1 but they have hardly one fact in common1 not even the founder's name6 #fg ,sir ,h4 ,nicholas4 8,history of the ,orders of ,knighthood of the ,british ,empire40 #fh 8,history of the ,most ,noble ,order of the ,garter40 #fi 8,theater of ,honour40 #afbc4 ,it is perhaps not very well known that there was once a ,french ,order of the ,thistle1 or1 as it was sometimes called1 8,order of ,bourbon40 ,it was instituted by ,louis ,,ii41 third ,duke of ,bourbon1 surnamed the ,good ,duke1 and it consisted six and twenty knights1#gj each of whom 8wore a ,belt1 in which was embroydered the word ,esperance in capital letters2 it had a ,buckle of ,gold at which hung a tuft like a ,thistle2 on the ,collar also was embroydered the same word ,esperance1 with ,flowers de ,luce of ,gold from which hung an ,oval1 wherein was the ,image of the ,virgin ,mary1 entowered with a golden sun1 crowned with twelve stars of silver and a silver crescent under her feet2 at the end of the ,oval was the head of a ,thistle40 #gj ,ross4 8,view of all ,religions10 #afec4 ,there are other ,orders called after flowers1 or of which flowers form the badge4 ,several of the 8,christian ,orders of ,knighthood0--orders instituted for some religious or pious purpose--bore lilies among their tokens1 and flowers-de-luce appeared in many4 ,the ,order of the ,lily or of ,navarre was instituted by ,prince ,garcia in #ajdh4 ,the ,order of the ,looking-,glass of the ,virgin ,mary was created by 8,ferdinand1 the ,infant of ,castile1 upon a memorable victory he had over the ,moors4 ,the ,collar of this ,order was composed of ,bough-pots1 full of ,lillies1 interlaced with ,griffons40 ,ross and ,favyn give most curious accounts of the ,order 8,de la ,sainte ,magdalaine40 ,this was instituted by a ,noble ,gentleman of ,france1 who is alternately called ,john ,chesnil or ,sieur de la ,chapronaye1 8,out of a godly ,zeal to reclaim the ,french from their ,quarrels1 ,duels and other sins4444 ,the ,cross of the ,order had at three ends1 three ,flowers-de-,luce2 the ,cross is beset with ,palms to shew this ,order was instituted to encourage ,voyages to the ,holy ,land1 within the ,palms are ,sunbeams and four ,flowers-de-,luce to shew the glory of the ,french ,nation40 ,they had a house allotted them near ,paris1 8wherein were ordinarily five hundred ,knights1 bound to stay there during two years' probation4444 ,the ,knights that live abroad shall meet every year at their house called the lodging ,royal on ,mary ,magdalene's ,festival ,day40 ,the ,lay ,brothers were to be of good family2 the ,vallets des ,chevaliers1 of 8honestes ,familles d',artisans et ,mecaniques40 ,their garb was carefully ordered1 and they were to take the same vows as their master4 ,other elaborate arrangements were made--8,but this ,order1 as it began1 so it ended in the person of ,chesnil40 ,one's breath is taken away1 as when1 in a dream1 one falls and falls to immense depths and awakes with a sudden shock6 ,francis1 ,duke of ,bretaigne1 created the ,order of ,bretaigne3 8,this ,order consisteth of five and twenty ,knights of the ,ears of ,corn1 so called to signifie that ,princes should be careful to preserve ,husbandry40 ,favyn1 however1 finds a much more romantic origin for the name1 and tells a long story of a dispute among the gods as to the thing most essential to 8les ,humains40 ,after lengthy argument1 8de sorte que ,jupiter toujours favorisant les ,dames10 he declared victory to rest with ,ceres1 to whose verdict that of ,minerva was joined 7,minerva had pleaded the ,ox71 and so they both triumphed over the others4 ,in ,amsterdam1 a literary guild was once named after a herb1 and was called the ,white ,lavender ,bloom4 ,herbs have not appeared on many signboards1 but in #afch the marigold was the sign of 8,francis ,eglisfield1 a bookseller in ,st ,paul's churchyard10#ga as it still is of ,child's ,bank--and several signs of the 8,rosemary ,branch0 have been known4 #ga 8,the ,history of ,signboards40 ,the ,blessed ,thistle was a much prized herb1 and its cousin1 the ,spear ,thistle1 makes a game for ,scotch children2 it is sometimes called 8,marian10 and when the flower-heads have turned to 8blow-balls0 the children puff away the down and call3-- 8,marian1 ,marian1 what's the time of day8 ,one o'clock1 two o'clock1 it's time we were away40 ,dandelions are still commoner toys4 ,grimmer associations are tied up with the bouquet presented to ,judges at the ,assizes1 for originally this bouquet was a bunch of herbs1 given to him to ward off the gaol-fever1 that was cheerfully accepted as a matter of course for prisoners4 ,thornton1 writing in #ahaj1 says of ,rue1 that it is 8supposed to be antipestilential0 and hence our benches of judges are 8regaled0 with its unpleasing odour4 ,lupines are not properly to be included here1 but ,parkinson must be quoted as to a curious use of their seeds4 ,in ,plautus' days1 8they were used in ,comedies instead of money1 when in any scene thereof there was any show of payment40 ,one is glad he condescends to tell us this detail of ancient stage-plays4 ,among herbs used for nosegays he mentions ,basil1 ,sweet ,marjoram1 ,maudeline and ,costmary1 and evidently contemplates their being worn for ornament1 and speaking of the prickly strawberry remarks it is 8fit for a ,gentlewoman to weare on her arme1 etc41 as a raritie instead of a flower40 ,scents were more perpetually to be obtained by carrying a pomander1 which was originally an orange stuffed with spices1 and thought also to be good against infection4 ,cardinal ,wolsey is described as carrying a 8very fair orange1 whereof the meat or substance was taken out and filled up again with part of a sponge whereon was vinegar1 and other confection against the pestilential airs02 evidently some alexiphar-mick1 which he 8smelt unto0 when going into a crowded chamber4 ,drayton says1 in speaking of a well dedicated to ,st ,winifred3-- ,the sacred ,virgin's well1 her moss most sweet and rare ,against infectious damps1 for pomander to wear4 ,polyolbion4 ,the pomander developed into being a little scent-case1 elaborately made4 ,mr ,dillon describes a silver one of the sixteenth century which he saw in a collection4 ,it was made to be hung by a chain from the girdle1 and though 8no larger than a plum1 contains eight compartments inscribed as follows3 ambra1 moscheti 7musk71 viola1 naransi 7orange71 garofalo 7gillyflowers71 rosa1 cedro1 jasmins40 ,sweet-scented plants were reduced to 8sweete pouthers10 and many were distilled into 8sweete waters0 and 8sweete washing waters10 or helped to make 8washing balls40 ,orange-flower water is spoken of as 8a great perfume for gloves1 to wash them1 or instead of ,rose-water10 and less expensive distillations must have contented more economical housewives4 ,parkinson tells us of sweet marjoram being put into 8sweete bags10 and costmary flowers and lavender tied up in small bundles for their 8sweet sent and savour40 ,regarding 8sweet water0 there is a delightful description in ,ben ,jonson's ,masque ,chloridia1 8,enter ,rain1 presented by five persons444 their hair flagging as if they were wet1 and in the hands1 balls full of sweet water1 which as they dance1 sprinkle all the room40 ,the following entry is made among 8,queen ,elizabeth's ,annual ,expences03-- ,makers of hearb bowres and planters of trees ,fee1 #be ,stillers of ,waters #dj ,john ,kraunckwell and his wife1 #aehd4 ,peck's ,desiderata4 ,these offices must have been of considerable importance1 for when money went much further than it does nowadays1 an annual fee of #dj for 8stilling waters0 was a high one4 ,for never resting time leads summer on ,to hideous winter1 and confounds him there2 ,sap check'd with frost1 and lusty leaves quite gone1 ,beauty o'ershow'd1 and bareness everywhere4 ,then1 were not summer's distillation left1 ,a liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass1 ,beauty's effect with beauty were bereft1 ,nor it1 nor no remembrance what it was4 ,but flowers distill'd1 though they with winter meet ,lese but their show2 their substance still lives sweet4 ,sonnet ,v4--,,shakespeare4 ,among some charming recipes ,mrs ,roundell gives a charming one for 8,dorothea ,roundell's ,sweet-,jar40 ,but1 perhaps1 even sweeter is the next recipe1 called simply ,sweet-,jar4 ,sweet-,jar4 8 lb4 bay salt1 lb4 salt-petre and common salt1 all to be bruised and put on six baskets of rose-leaves1 #bd bay leaves torn to bits1 a handful of sweet myrtle leaves1 #f handfuls of lavender blossom1 a handful of orange or syringa blossoms1 the same of sweet violets1 and the same of the red of clove carnations4 ,after having well stirred every day for a week1 add oz4 cloves1 #d oz4 orris root1 oz4 cinnamon1 and two nutmegs all pounded2 put on the roses1 kept well covered up in a china jar and stirred sometimes40 ,the recipe of a delicious ,pot ,pourri made in a country house in ,devonshire has also been very kindly sent me3-- ,pot ,pourri4 8,gather flowers in the morning when dry and lay them in the sun till the evening4 ,roses4 ,orange flowers4 ,jasmine4 ,lavender4 ,thyme4 ,marjoram4 ,sage4 ,in smaller quantities4 ,bay4 8,put them into an earthen wide jar1 or hand basin1 in layers4 ,add the following ingredients3-- #f lbs4 vi4 ,bay ,salt4 iv4 ,yellow ,sandal ,wood4 iv4 ,acorus ,calamus ,root4 iv4 ,cassia ,buds4 iv4 ,orris ,root4 ii4 ,cinnamon4 ii4 ,cloves4 iv4 ,gum ,benzoin4 i4 ,storax ,calamite4 i4 ,otto of ,rose4 i4 ,musk4 ss4 ,powdered ,cardamine ,seeds4 8,place the rose-leaves1 etc41 in layers in the jar4 ,sprinkle the ,bay salt and other ingredients on each layer1 press it tightly down and keep for two or three months before taking it out40 ,the following herbs are those which are chiefly valued for their perfume or for their historical associations4 ,illustration3 ,,bergamot ,,bergamot 7,monarda fistulosa74 ,it is extraordinary how little comment has been made on the handsome red flowers and fragrant leaves of ,red ,bergamot1 or ,bee-,balm--a name which ,robinson gives it4 ,growing in masses1 it makes a lovely bit of colour1 and a very sweet border4 ,bergamot was a favourite flower in the posies that country people used to take to church1 as ,mrs ,ewing observes in her story 8,daddy ,darwin's ,dove ,cot40 ,the youthful heroine loses her posy of 8,old ,man and ,marygolds0 on the way to ,sunday school1 and is discovered looking for it by an equally youthful admirer4 ,he at once offers to get her some more ,old ,man4 8,but ,phbe drew nearer4 ,she stroked down her frock1 and spoke mincingly but confidentially4 #8,my mother says ,daddy ,darwin has red bergamot i' his garden4 ,we've none i' ours4 ,my mother always says there's nothing like red bergamot to take to church4 ,she says it's a deal more refreshing than ,old ,men1 and not so common40 ,a note gives the information that the particular kind of ,bergamot meant here was the ,twinflower ,monarda ,didyma4 ,there are several varieties of ,monarda4 ,the only superstition that ,i have ever heard in any way connected with the plant is1 that in ,dorsetshire it is thought unlucky1 and that if it be kept in a house an illness will be the consequence4 ,,costmary 7,tanacetum ,balsamita74 ,coole violets and orpine growing still1 ,enbathed balme and cheerfull galingale1 ,fresh costmarie and healthfull camomile4 ,muiopotmos4 ,then balm and mint help to make up ,my chaplet and for trial ,costmary that so likes the cup1 ,and next it penny-royal4 ,muses' ,elysium4 ,then hot muscado oil1 with milder maudlin cast1 ,strong tansey1 fennel cool1 they prodigally waste4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,costmary or ,alecost1 and ,maudeline 7,balsamita ,vulgaris71 have so close a semblance that they may be taken together4 ,the ,german name for ,costmary1 ,frauen mnze1 supports the natural idea that it was dedicated to the ,virgin1 but ,dr ,prior says that the ,latin name used to be ,costus amarus1 not ,costus ,marie1 and that it was really appropriated to ,st ,mary ,magdaleine1 as its ,english name ,maudeline declares4 ,both plants were much used to make 8sweete washing water2 the flowers are tyed up with small bundles of lavender toppes2 these they put in the middle of them1 to lye upon the toppes of beds1 presses1 etc41 for the sweet sent and savour it casteth40#gb ,they were also used for strewing4 ,in ,france ,costmary is sometimes used in salads1 and it was formerly put into beer and negus2 8hence the name ,alecost40 #gb ,parkinson4 ,,germander 7,teucrium ,chamdrys74 ,clear hysop and therewith the comfortable thyme1 ,germander with the rest1 each thing then in her prime4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,germander1 marjoram and thyme1 ,which used are for strewing1 ,with hisop as an herb most prime1 ,herein my wreath bestowing4 ,muses' ,elysium4 ,germander was grown as a border to garden 8knots10 8though being more used as a strewing herbe for the house than for any other use40#gc ,culpepper says it is 8a most prevalent herb of ,mercury1 and strengthens the brain and apprehension exceedingly20 and ,tusser includes it amongst his 8strewing herbs02 from which statements it may be gathered that the scent was pungent but agreeable4 ,it is more often mentioned by old herbalists as 8bordering knots0 than in any other capacity1 in spite of ,parkinson's remark1 and now is very seldom seen at all4 ,it may1 very rarely1 be found growing wild4 ,harrison1 when he is declaiming against the over-praising of foreigners1 says3 8,our common ,germander1 or thistle benet1 is found and knowne to bee so wholesome and of so great power in medicine as any other hearbe10 but it is not clear whether he really means ,germander1 or is not rather thinking of ,carduus ,benedictus4 #gc ,parkinson4 ,,gilliflower 7,dianthus ,caryophyllus74 ,jeliflowers is for gentlenesse1 ,which in me shall remaine1 ,hoping that no sedition shal ,depart our hearts in twaine4 ,as soon the sun shall loose his course1 ,the moone against her kinde1 ,shall have no light if that ,i do ,once put you from my minde4 ,,clement ,,robinson4 ,come1 and ,i will sing you-- 8,what will you sing me80 ,i will sing you ,four1 ,o1 ,what is your ,four1 ,o8 ,four it is the ,dilly ,hour1 when blooms the gilly-flower4 ,dilly ,song4--,songs of the ,west4 ,i'll weave my love a garland1 ,it shall be dressed so fine1 ,i'll set it round with roses1 ,with lilies1 pinks and thyme4 ,the ,loyal ,lover4 ,there stood a gardener at the gate ,and in each hand a flower1 ,o pretty maid1 come in1 he said1 ,and view my beauteous bower4 ,the lily it shall be thy smock1 ,the jonquil shoe thy feet1 ,thy gown shall be the ten-week-stock1 ,to make thee fair and sweet4 ,the gilly-flower shall deck thy head ,thy way with herbs1 ,i'll strew1 ,thy stockings shall be marigold ,thy gloves the vi'let blue4 ,dead ,maid's ,land4 ,gillyflowers are1 of course1 now excluded from the herb-border1 but once housewives infused them in vinegar to make it aromatic1 and candied them for conserves1 and numbered them among their herbs1 though that is not the reason that they are mentioned here4 ,they have their place1 because the general ideas about them are too pretty to leave out4 ,first1 they were the token of gentleness1 as ,robinson's lover asserts most touchingly1 and ,drayton confirms in his line1 ,the ,july-flower declares his gentleness4 ,then ,gillyflowers 7says ,folkard7 were represented in some old songs to be one of the flowers that grow in ,paradise4 ,he quotes from a ballad called 8,dead ,men's ,songs40 ,this verse3 ,the fields about the city faire ,were all with ,roses set1 ,gillyflowers and ,carnations faire ,which canker could not fret4 ,ancient ,songs4--,,ritson4 ,there have been great discussions as to what flower was the original 8,gillyflower0 spoken of by early writers4 ,folkard says it was 8apparently a kind of pet-name to all manner of plants40 ,parkinson seems to have called ,carnations1 ,clove-,gillyflowers1 and ,stocks1 the ,stock-,gillyflowers1 and ,wall-flowers1 ,wall-,gillyflowers4 ,it is generally thought that the earlier writers called the ,dianthus by this name1 and later ones1 the ,cheiranthus cheiri1 or ,matthiola4 ,some of the names for them show how sadly imagination has waned since the seventeenth century4 ,think of a new flower being called 8,ruffling ,robin0 or 8,the lustie ,gallant10 or 8,master ,tuggie's ,princess10 or 8,mister ,bradshaw1 his dainty ,lady40 ,even 8the ,sad ,pageant0 has romance about it1 but we can match that by a name for ,hesperides which1 ,i believe1 still survives1 8,the ,melancholy ,gentleman40 ,culpepper calls ,gillyflowers1 8gallant1 fine and temperate10 but says1 8,it is vain to describe a herb so well known40 ,so there we will leave them4 ,,lavender 7,lavandula vera74 ,here's flowers for you1 ,hot lavender1 mints1 savory1 marjoram1 ,the marigold that goes to bed wi' the sun1 ,and with him rises weeping4 ,winter's ,tale1 iv4 #c4 ,the wholesome saulge and lavender still gray1 ,ranke smelling ,rue1 and cummin good for eyes4 ,muiopotmos4 ,opening upon level plots ,of crowned lilies standing near ,purple spiked lavender4 ,ode to ,memory4--,,tennyson4 ,lavender is for lovers true1 ,which evermore be faine1 ,desiring always for to have ,some pleasure for their paine4 ,c4 ,,robinson4 ,piscator4 8,i'll now lead you to an honest ale-house2 where we shall find a cleanly room1 lavender in the windows and twenty ballads stuck about the wall40 ,the ,complete ,angler4 ,lavender is one of the few herbs that has always been in great repute and allusions to it are legion4 ,from the custom of laying it among linen1 or other carefully stored goods1 a proverb has arisen--,timbs quotes from ,earle's ,microcosm3 8,he takes on against the ,pope without mercy and has a jest still in ,lavender for ,bellarmine40 ,walton's ,coridon mentions that 8the sheets0 smell of lavender in a literal sense1 and ,parkinson says that it is much put among 8apparell40 ,oil of ,lavender is still to be found in the ,british ,pharmacopia1 and some of the old writers utter serious warnings against 8divers rash and overbold ,apothecaries and other foolish women10 who gave indiscriminately the distilled water1 or composition that is made of distilled wine in which flower seeds have been steeped4 ,turner suggests using it in a curious manner4 8,i judge that the flowers of ,lavander quilted in a cappe and dayly worne are good for all diseases of the head that come of a cold cause and that they comfort the braine very well40 ,dr ,fernie says it is of real use in a case of nervous headache4 ,lavender used to be called ,lavender ,spike or ,spike alone1 and ,french ,lavender 7,l4 ,stchas7 ,stickadove or ,cassidony1 sometimes turned by country people into ,cast-me-down4 ,la petite ,corbeille tells us that the juice of ,lavender is a specific in cases of loss of speech and adds drily1 8une telle proprit suffirait pour rendre cette plante jamais precieuse40 ,in ,spain and ,portugal it is used to strew churches and it is burned in bonfires on ,st ,john's ,day1 the day when all evil spirits are abroad4 ,in some countries it must still possess wonderful qualities6 ,tuscan peasants believe that it will prevent the ,evil ,eye from hurting children4 ,the pretty delicately-scented spikes of ,white ,lavender are less well known than they should be1 but like many other herbs they received more admiration in former days as has been already said1 at the close of the sixteenth century1 a literary guild was called after it4 ,in the ,parliamentary ,survey 7,november #afdi7 of the ,manor of ,wimbledon1 8,late parcel of the possessions of ,henrietta ,maria1 the relict and late ,queen of ,charles ,stuart1 late ,king of ,england0--an exact inventory is made of the house and grounds 7in which forty-four perches of land1 called the ,hartichoke ,garden is named71 and among other things1 8very great and large borders of ,rosemary1 ,rue and ,white ,lavender and great varietie of excellent herbs0 are noticed4 ,,lavender ,,cotton 7,santolina74 ,lavender ,cotton is a little grey plant with 8very finely cut leaves1 clustered buttons of a golden colour and of a sweet smell and is often used in garlands and in decking up of gardens and houses40 ,the ,french called it ,petit ,cyprez and ,guarde ,robe1 from which it may be inferred that it was one of the herbs laid in chests among furs and robes4 ,tusser counts it among his 8strewing herbes10 and it is now chiefly used as an edging to beds or borders4 ,,meadow-,,sweet 7,spira ,ulmaria74 ,bring1 too1 some branches forth of ,daphne's hair1 ,and gladdest myrtle for the posts to wear1 ,with spikenard weav'd and marjorams between ,and starr'd with yellow-golds and meadows-queen4 ,pan's ,anniversary4--,,ben ,,jonson4 ,amongst these strewing herbs1 some others wild that grow1 ,as burnet1 all abroad1 and meadow-wort they throw4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,she4 ,the glow-room lights1 as day is failing ,dew is falling over the field4 ,he4 ,the meadow-sweet its scent is exhaling1 ,honeysuckles their fragrance yield4 ,together4 ,then why should we be all the day toiling8 ,lads and lasses1 along with me6 ,she4 ,there's ,jack o' ,lantern lustily dancing1 ,in the marsh with flickering flame4 ,he4 ,and ,daddy-long-legs1 spinning and prancing1 ,moth and midge are doing the same4 ,chorus4 ,then why should we1 etc4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould4 ,where peep the gaping speckled cuckoo-flowers ,the meadow-sweet flaunts high its showy wreath ,and sweet the quaking grasses hide beneath4 ,summer4--,,clare4 ,shall ,i strew on thee rose or rue or laurel8 ,or quiet sea flower moulded by the sea1 ,or simples and growth of meadow-sweet or sorrel4 ,ave ,atque ,vale4--,,swinburne4 ,pale ,iris growing where the streams wind slowly ,round the smooth shoulders of untrodden hills1 ,white meadow-sweet and yellow daffodils4 ,phcia4--,n4 ,,hopper4 ,queen of the ,meadow and ,bridewort are two of this flower's most appropriate names and a very pretty one is that which ,gerarde tells us the ,dutch give it1 ,reinette4 ,the ,herbalists do not say much about the 8,little ,queen10 but what they do say1 is in the highest degree complimentary4 ,gerarde decides3 8,the leaves and flowers excel all other strong herbes for to deck up houses1 to strew in chambers1 hall and banquetting houses in the summer time2 for the smell thereof makes the heart merrie1 delighteth the senses1 neither doth it cause headache0 as some other sweet smelling herbes do4 ,parkinson1 who says it 8has a pretty1 sharp sent and taste10 praises it for the same purpose and adds the interesting bit of gossip that 8,queen ,elizabeth of famous memory1 did more desire it than any other sweet herbe to strew her chambers withal4 ,a leafe or two hereof layd in a cup of wine1 will give as quick and fine a rellish therto as ,burnet will10 he finishes practically4 ,turner says that women1 in the spring-time1 8put it into the potages and mooses40 ,i have known it used medicinally by a ,herbalist1 and can strongly recommend it as an ingredient for pt pourri4 ,the scent is so sweet and clinging that it is surprising that meadow-sweet is not oftener in request when dried and scented flowers are wanted4 ,the ,icelander says that if taken on ,st ,john's ,day and thrown into water1 it will help to reveal a thief1 for if the culprit be a man1 it will sink1 if a woman1 it will float4 ,,rosemary 7,rosmarinus officinalis74 ,here's ,rosemary for you1 that's for remembrance4-- ,hamlet1 iv4 #e4 ,rosemary's for remembrance1 ,between us day and night1 ,wishing that ,i may always have ,you present in my sight4 ,c4 ,,robinson4 ,the double daisy1 thrift1 the button batchelor1 ,sweet ,william1 sops-in-wine1 the campion2 and to these ,some lavender they put1 with rosemary and bays1 ,sweet marjoram1 with her like sweet basil rare for smell1 ,with many a flower1 whose name were now too long to tell4 ,polyolbion1 ,song xv4 ,oh1 thou great shepheard1 ,lobbin1 how great is thy griefe8 ,where bene the nosegays that she dight for thee8 ,the coloured chaplets wrought with a chiefe1 ,the knotted rush-rings and gilt rosmarie8 ,november1 ,shepheard's ,calender4--,,spenser4 ,rosemary has always been of more importance than any other herb1 and more than most of them put together4 ,it has been employed at weddings and funerals1 for decking the church and for garnishing the banquet hall1 in stage-plays1 and in 8swelling discontent10 of a too great reality2 as incense in religious ceremonies1 and in spells against magic2 8in sickness and in health02 eminently as a symbol1 and yet for very practical uses4 ,it is quite an afterthought to regard it as a plant4 ,in 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,brand gives such an admirable account of it that one would like to quote in full1 but must bear in mind the warning1 quoted from 8,eachard's ,observations10 in those pages3 8,i cannot forget him1 who having at some time or other been suddenly cur'd of a little head-ache with a ,rosemary posset1 would scarce drink out of anything but ,rosemary cans1 cut his meat with a ,rosemary knife4444 ,nay1 sir1 he was so strangely taken up with the excellencies of ,rosemary1 that he would needs have the ,bible cleared of all other herbs and only ,rosemary to be inserted40 ,at weddings it was often gilded or dipped in scented waters1 or tied 8about with silken ribbands of all colours40 ,sometimes for want of it ,broom was used4 ,mr ,friend quotes an account of a sixteenth century 8rustic bridal0 at which 8every wight with hiz blu buckeram bridelace upon a branch of green broom--because ,rosemary iz skant thear--tyed on hiz leaft arm40 ,a wedding sermon by ,robert ,hacket 7#afjg7 is also quoted3 8,rosemary444 which by name1 nature1 and continued use1 man challengeth as properly belonging to himselfe4 ,it overtoppeth all the flowers in the garden1 boasting man's rule4 ,another property of the ,rosemary is1 it affecteth the hart4 ,let this ,rosmarinus1 this flower of men1 ensigne of your wisdom1 love and loyaltie1 be carried not only in your hands1 but in your heads and harts40 ,ben ,jonson says it was the custom for bridesmaids to present the bridegroom with 8a bunch of ,rosemary1 bound with ribands10 on his first appearance on his wedding morn4 ,together with an orange stuck with cloves1 it often served as a little ,new ,year's gift2 and the same author mentions this in his ,christmas ,masque4 ,the masque opens by showing half the players unready1 and clamouring for missing properties2 and ,gambol1 one of them1 says1 of ,new ,year's ,gift3 8,he has an orange and ,rosemary1 but not a clove to stick in it40 ,a little later1 ,new ,year's ,gift enters1 8in a blue coat1 serving-man-like1 with an orange and a sprig of ,rosemary1 gilt1 on his head40 ,wassel comes too1 8like a neat sempster and songster1 her page bearing a brown bowl drest with ribands and ,rosemary before her40 ,for less festive occasions it had other meanings3 8,as for ,rosmarine1 ,i lett it runne all over my garden walls1 not onlie because my bees love it1 but because it is the herb sacred to remembrance1 and therefore to friendship2 whence a sprig of it hath a dumb language that maketh it the chosen emblem of our funeral wakes and in our buriall grounds40 ,sir ,thomas ,more thought this1 but others beside him 8lett ,rosmarine run all over garden walls10 though perhaps they had less sentiment about it2 ,hentzner 7,travels7 7#aeih7 says that it was a custom 8exceedingly common in ,england40 ,at ,hampton ,court1 ,rosemary was 8so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover them entirely40#gd ,the bushes were sometimes set 8by women for their pleasure1#ge to grow in sundry proportions1 as in the fashion of a cart1 a peacock or such things as they fancy10 or the branches were twined amongst others to make an arbour4 ,brown refers to this3-- ,within an arbour1 shadow'd by a vine ,mix'd with ,rosemary and ,eglantine4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 book i4 ,illustration3 ,,rosemary ,rosemary was one of the chief funeral herbs4 ,herrick says3-- ,grow it for two ends1 it matters not at all1 ,be't for my bridall or my buriall4 ,sprigs of it were distributed to the mourners before they left the house1 which they carried to the churchyard and threw on the coffin when it had been lowered into the grave4 ,in ,romeo and ,juliet ,friar ,laurence says3-- ,dry up your tears and stick your ,rosemary ,on this fair corse ,brand quotes passages from ,gay1 ,dekker1 ,cartwright1 ,shirley1 ,misson1 ,coles1 8,the ,british ,apollo0 and 8,the ,wit's ,interpreter10 which connect ,rosemary with burials2 and it was also planted on graves4 ,coles says it was used with other evergreens to decorate churches at ,christmas-time1 and ,folkard that1 8,in place of more costly incense1 the ancients often employed ,rosemary in their religious ceremonies4 ,an old ,french name for it was ,incensier4 ,it was conspicuous on a very remarkable occasion in history4 ,in 8,a ,perfect ,journall1 etc41 of that memorable ,parliament begun at ,westminster1 ,nov4 #c1 #afdj10 is the following passage1 8,nov4 #bh4 ,that afternoon ,master ,prin and ,master ,burton came in to ,london1 being met and accompanied with many thousands of horse and foot1 and rode with rosemary and bayes in their hands and hats2 which is generally esteemed the greatest affront that ever was given to the courts of justice in ,england40 ,the 8affront0 lay in the general rejoicing that attended this overthrowing of the sentence passed by the ,star ,chamber1 and the causes which led to this enthusiasm were these3 8,some years before10 ,prynne1 ,burton1 and ,bastwick had written against the ,government and the ,bishops1 and for this offence had been sentenced to pay a fine of #ejjj each1 to have their ears cut off1 to stand in the pillory and to be imprisoned for life4 8,all of which10 says ,clarendon1 8was executed with rigour and severity enough40 8,after being first imprisoned in ,england1 ,mr ,pyrnne was sent to a castle in the island of ,jersey1 ,dr ,bastwick to ,scilly1 and ,mr ,burton to ,guernsey40 ,bastwick's wife seized the first moment that the ,commons were assembled 7in ,nov4 #afdj7 to present a petition1 with the result that on the fourth day after ,parliament met1 orders for their release were sent to the ,governors of the respective castles4 ,clarendon1 who1 of course1 had no sympathy1 but much dislike for them1 admits3 8,when they came near ,london1 multitudes of people of several conditions1 some on horseback1 others on foot1 met them some miles from the town2 very many having been a day's journey2 and they were brought about two of the clocke in the afternoon in at ,charing ,cross1 and carried into the city by above ten thousand persons with boughs and flowers in their hands1 the common people strewing flowers and herbs in the ways as they passed1 making great noise and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return2 and in those acclamations1 mingling loud and virulent exclamations against the bishops1 8who had so cruelly persecuted such godly men40 ,an appendix1#gf devoted to this incident1 further describes their entry1 8,the two branded persons riding first1 side by side1 with branches of rosemary in their hands1 and two or three hundred horse closely following them1 and multitudes of foot on either side of them1 walking by them1 every man on horseback or on foot having bays or rosemary in their hats or hands1 and the people on either side of the street strewing the way as they passed with herbs1 and such other greens as the season afforded1 and expressing great joy for their return40 ,this splendid reception must have revealed very plainly to the ,government the mind and temper of the people4 ,nowadays the exuberance of the mob in greeting popular heroes is much what it seems to have been then1 only they do not generally express it in such a pretty way as strewing rosemary and bays4 ,culpepper writes that ,rosemary was used 8not only for physical but civil purposes10 and among other uses1 was placed in the dock of courts of justice4 ,the reason for this was that among its many reputed medicinal virtues1 8it was accounted singular good to expel the contagion of the pestilence from which poor prisoners too often suffered4 ,it was also especially good to comfort the hearte and to helpe a weake memory10 and was generally highly thought of4 ,rosemary is still retained in the pharmacopia and is popularly much valued as a stimulant to making hair grow4 ,l'eau de la reine d',hongrie1 rosemary tops in proof spirit1 was once famous as a restorative and is mentioned in ,perrault's fairy story of 8,the ,sleeping ,beauty40 ,after the princess pricks her hand with the spindle and falls into the fatal sleep1 among the means taken to bring back consciousness1 8en lui frotte les tempes avec de l'eau de la reine d',hongrie2 mais rien ne lui faisait revenir40 ,rosemary is also an ingredient in ,eau de ,cologne4 ,its efficacy in magic is mentioned in another chapter4 ,in the countries where it grows to a 8very great height0#gg and the stem is 8cloven out into thin boards1 it hath served to make lutes1 or such like instruments1 and here with us carpenter's rules1 and to divers other purposes40 #gd ,hentzner's 8,travels40 #ge ,barnaby ,googe's 8,husbandry0 7#aegh74 #gf 8,history of the ,rebellion40 #gg ,parkinson4 ,,rue 7,ruta graveolens74 ,reverend sirs1 ,for you there's ,rosemary and ,rue2 these keep ,seeming and savour all the winter long1 ,grace and remembrance to you both4 ,winter's ,tale1 iv4 #c4 ,here did she fall a tear2 here1 in this place1 ,i'll set a bank of rue1 sour herb of grace2 ,rue1 even for ruth1 here shortly shall be seen1 ,in the remembrance of a weeping queen4 ,richard ,,ii41 iii4 #d4 ,there's rue for you1 and here's some for me2 we may call it herb of grace o',sundays ,o6 you may wear your rue with a difference4 ,hamlet1 iv4 #e4 ,michael from ,adam's eyes the film 'emoved 444 then purged with euphrasy and rue1 ,the visual nerve2 for he had much to see4 ,paradise ,lost1 book xi4 ,he who sows hatred1 shall gather rue4 ,danish ,proverb4 8,ruth was the ,english name for sorrow and remorse1 and to rue was to be sorry for anything or to have pity1 444 and so it was a natural thing to say that a plant which was so bitter and had always borne the name ,rue or ,ruth must be connected with repentance4 ,it was therefore the ,herb of ,repentance1 and this was soon transformed into the ,herb of ,grace40#gh ,canon ,ellacombe's explanation makes clear why rue was often alluded to symbolically1 especially by ,shakespeare1 to whom the thought of repentance leading to grace seems to have been an accustomed one4 ,it has been often stated the actual origin of the name was the fact that rue was used to make 8the aspergillum1 or holy-water brush1 in the ceremony known as the asperges1 which usually precedes the ,sunday celebration of ,high ,mass2 but for this supposition there is no ground40#gi ,rue was supposed to be a powerful defence against witches1 and was used in many spells1 and ,mr ,friend describes a 8magic wreath0 in which it is used by girls for divination4 ,the wreath is made up of ,rue1 ,willow and ,crane's-bill4 8,walking backwards to a tree they throw the wreath over their heads1 until it catches on the branches and is held fast4 ,each time they fail to fix the wreath means another year of single blessedness40 ,in the ,tyrol1 a bunch of ,rue1 ,broom1 ,maidenhair1 ,agrimony and ,ground ,ivy will enable the wearer to see witches4 ,lupton adds a tribute to its powers of magic3 8,that#hj ,pigeons be not hunted nor killed of ,cats at the windowes1 or at every passage and at every ,pigeon's hole1 hang or put little ,branches of ,rew1 for ,rew hath a marvellous strength against wilde ,beasts4 ,as ,didymus doth say40 ,milton refers to a belief1 very widely spread1 that ,rue was specially good for the eyes1 when he says3 ,michael 444 purged with ,euphrasie and ,rue1 ,the visual nerve4 that ,adam's eyes should be made clear4 7,euphrasie is ,eyebright47 ,rue was also an antidote to poison1 and preserved people from contagion1 particularly that of the plague1 and was thought to be of great virtue for many disorders4 8,some doe rippe up a beade-rowle of the vertues of ,rue1 as ,macer the poet and others0 who apparently declared it to be good for almost every ill4 ,mr ,britten remarks3 8,it was long1 and probably still is the custom to strew the dock of the ,central ,criminal ,court at the ,old ,bailey with ,rue4 ,it arose in #agej1 when the contagious disease known as jail fever1 raged in ,newgate to a great extent4 ,it may be remembered that during the trial of the ,mannings 7#ahdi71 the unhappy woman1 after one of the speeches of the opposing counsel1 gathered up some of the sprigs of ,rue which lay before her1 and threw them at his head40 ,turner recommends ,rue 8made hott in the pyll of a pomegranate0 for the 8ake of the eares40 #gh 8,plant-lore and ,garden-craft of ,shakespeare10 ,canon ,ellacombe4 #gi ,britten4 #hj 8,book of ,notable ,things0 7#aege74 ,,southernwood 7,artemisa ,abrotanum74 ,lavender and ,sweet ,marjoram march away1 ,sothernwood and ,angelica don't stay1 ,plantain1 the ,thistle1 which they blessed call1 ,and useful ,wormwood1 in their order fall4 ,of ,plants1 book i4--,,cowley4 ,i'll give to him1 ,who gathers me1 more sweetness than he'd dream ,without me--more than any lily could4 ,i1 that am flowerless1 being ,southernwood4 ,shall ,i give you honesty1 ,or lad's love to wear8 ,or a wreath less fair to see1 ,juniper and ,rosemary8 ,flaxenhair8 ,rosemary1 lest you forget1 ,what was lief and fair1 ,lad's love1 sweet thro' fear and fret1 ,lad's love1 green and living yet1 ,flaxenhair4 ,finnish ,bride ,song4--,n4 ,,hopper4 ,southernwood has many sobriquets1 among which are ,lads or ,boy's ,love1 ,old ,man1 and ,maiden's ,ruin2 the last a corruption of ,armoise du ,rne1 ,mr ,friend says4 ,the ,french have contracted the same title to ,auronne and also call the plant ,bois de ,st ,jean and ,citronelle4 ,dutch people used to call it ,averonne 7another form of the ,french contraction7 and the ,germans1 ,stab-wurtz4 ,the name ,bois de ,st ,jean is given it1 because in some parts of ,france it is one of the plants dedicated to ,st ,john the ,baptist1 and the ,german title came from their faith in it as a 8singular wound-hearb40 ,turner considered that the fumes of it being burned1 would drive away serpents1 and credits it with many valuable properties1 chiefly medicinal2 and ,culpepper calls it 8a gallant1 mercurial plant1 worthy of more esteem than it hath40 ,it has also been supposed to have great virtue to prevent the hair falling out4 ,in later days ,hogg has declared it to have an agreeable1 exhilarating smell10 and to be 8eminently diaphoretic40 ,but ,thornton1 who loves to shatter all favourite herbal notions1 remarks that these good results are chiefly because it 8operates on the mind of the patient10 and that as a fomentation it is hardly more useful 8than cloths wrung out of hot water40 ,so transitory is good report6 ,,wood-,,ruff 7,asperula ,odorata74 ,the threstlecoc him threteth oo ,a way is huere wynter wo ,when woodrove springeth4 ,springtide1 #acjj4 ,all that we say1 and all we leave unsaid ,be buried with her4444 ,pansies for thoughts1 and wood-ruff white as she1 ,and1 for remembrance1 quiet rosemary4 ,elegy4--,,hopper4 ,the wood-ruff or wood-rowell has its leaves 8set about like a star1 or the rowell of a spurre10 whereby it gains its name4 ,english people also called it ,wood-rose and ,sweet-,grass2 the ,french1 ,hpatique toile1 and the ,germans1 ,waldmeister and ,herzfreude1 and they steep it in 8,bohle10 a kind of 8cup0 made of light wine4 ,in ,england it used to be 8made up into garlands or bundles and hanged up in houses in the heate of summer1 doth very wel attemper the aire1 coole and make fresh the place1 to the delight and comfort of such as are therein40#ha ,wood-ruff was employed to decorate churches1 and churchwardens' accounts still exist 7at ,st ,mary-atte-,hill1 ,london7 including wood-ruff garlands and lavender in the expenses incurred in keeping ,st ,barnabas' ,day4 ,johnston says#hb3 8,the dried leaves are put among linen for their sweet smell1 and children put a whorl between the leaves of their books with a like purpose1 and many people like to have one neatly dried laid in the case of their watch40 ,sensible1 as well as pretty customs6 ,it was one of the herbs recommended to 8make the hart merrye10 and ,tusser puts it among his 8stilling herbs10 thus3 8,wood-roffe1 for sweet waters and cakes40 ,country people used to lay it a little bruised to a cut1 and its odour of new made hay must have made it a pleasanter remedy than many that they used4 #ha ,gerarde4 #hb 8,botany of the ,eastern ,borders0 7#ahec74 ,,wormwood 7,artemisia ,absinthium74 ,and none a greater ,stoick is1 than ,i2 ,the ,stoa's ,pillars on my stalk rely2 ,let others please1 to profit is my pleasure4 ,the love ,i slowly gain's a lasting treasure4 ,of ,plants1 book i4--,,cowley4 ,what savour is better1 if physic be true1 ,in places infected than wormwood and rue ,it is as a comfort for heart and the brain1 ,and therefore to have it1 it is not in vain4 ,july's ,husbandry4--,,tusser4 ,here is my moly of much fame ,in magic often used2 ,mugwort and nightshade for the same1 ,but not by me abused ,muses' ,elysium4--,,drayton4 ,traditions cluster round ,artemisia ,absinthium and ,a4 ,vulgaris1 ,mugwort4 ,canon ,ellacombe says that the species are called after ,diana1 as she was supposed to 8find them and delivered their powers and leechdom to ,chiron the ,centaur444 who named these worts from the name of ,diana1 ,artemis20 and he thinks therefore that 8,dian's bud10 spoken of in the ,midsummer ,night's ,dream was one of them4 ,the plant was of some importance among the ,mexicans1 and when they kept the festival of ,huixtocihuatl1 the ,goddess of ,salt1 they began with a great dance of women1 who were joined to one another by strings of different flowers1 and who wore on their heads garlands of wormwood4 ,this dance continued all night1 and on the following morning the dance of the priests began4 7,nineteenth ,century1 ,sept4 #ahgi47 ,according to the ancients1 ,wormwood counteracts the effects of poisoning by toadstools1 hemlock1 and the biting of the shrew mouse or sea-dragon2 while ,mugwort preserves the wayfarer from fatigue1 sun-stroke1 wild beasts1 the ,evil ,eye in man1 and also from evil spirits6 ,lupton says that it is 8commonly affirmed that1 on ,midsummer ,eve1 there is found at the root of ,mugwort a coal which keeps safe from the plague1 carbuncle1 lightning1 and the quartan ague1 them that bear the same about them2 and ,mizaldus1 the writer hereof1 saith that it is to be found the same day under the ,plantain1 which is especially and chiefly to be found at noon40#hc ,later writers have unkindly insisted that these wonderful 8coals0 were no more nor less than old dead roots6 ,gerarde and ,parkinson are both dignified and contemptuous over these stories4 ,gerarde says1 8,many other fantasticall devices invented by poets are to be seen in the works of ancient writers4 ,i do of purpose omit them1 as things unworthy of my recording or your reviewing40 ,parkinson is still more severe on 8idle superstitions and irreligious relations10 and abuses this special 8idle conceit10 which ,gerarde has not deigned to repeat4 ,it is told even by 8,bauhinus1 who glorieth to be an eye-witnesse of this foppery4 ,but oh6 the weake and fraile nature of man6 ,which ,i cannot but lament40 ,turner devotes a great deal of space to the disputes of writers as to the identity of the 8true ,ponticke ,wormwood10 and says that 8he himselfe is certainly accurate on the point1 having been taught it by ,gerhardas de ,wyck1 at that tyme the ,emperour's secretary0 at ,cologne4 8,this noble ,clerk was afterwards sent by ,charles the fyft1 ,embassator to the great ,turke40 ,it is from wormwood that ,absinthe is made2 and it has been used instead of hops in making beer4 ,it used to be laid among stuffs and furs to keep away moths and insects--by its bitterness1 ordinary folk supposed1 but ,culpepper knew better1 and gives an astrological reason3 8,i was once in the tower and viewed the wardrobe and there was a great many fine cloaths 7,i can give them no other title1 for ,i was never either linen or woolen draper71 yet as brave as they looked1 my opinion was that the moths might consume them4 ,moths are under the dominion of ,mars2 this herb ,wormwood 7also an herb of ,mars7 being laid among cloaths will make a moth scorn to meddle with the cloaths as much as a lion scorns to meddle with a mouse1 or an eagle with a fly40 ,one would not expect to find a moth a 8martial creature10 but evidently he is1 and this explanation of the working of the law of 8sympathies10 not only tells us so1 but kindly shows us a sure means of safeguarding our goods from an ubiquitous enemy4 ,mugwort has many reputed medical virtues1 and ,dr ,thornton who usually crushes any pretension to such claims1 says it 8merits the attention of ,english physicians1 in regard to gout40 ,it is with this plant that the ,japanese prepare the ,moxa that they use as a cautery to a great extent4 ,mugwort is said to be a good food for poultry and turkeys4 ,de ,gubernatis tells a ,russian legend about this plant which they call ,bech4 ,once the ,evil ,one offended his brother1 the ,cossack ,sabba1 who seized and bound him1 and said he should not be released till he had done him some great service4 ,presently1 some ,poles came close by and made a feast1 and were happy1 leaving their horses to graze4 ,the ,cossack ,sabba coveted the horses and promised the ,evil ,one his liberty if he could manage to get them4 ,the ,evil ,one then sent other demons to the field and caused ,mugwort to spring up1 whereupon the horses trotted away1 and as they did so1 the ,mugwort moaned 8bech1 bech40 ,and now when a horse treads on it1 the plant remembers the ,pole's horses and still moans 8bech1 bech60 for which reason1 in the ,ukraine it is still called by that name4 ,it is left untold whether the flight of the horses was due to the magical nature of the plants1 or to their usual bitterness4 ,the latter is likely enough1 as according to ,dr ,thornton1 horses and goats are not fond of it1 and cows and swine refuse it4 ,other well-known varieties of ,wormwood are ,h4 pontica1 ,roman wormwood whose leaves are less bitter2 and ,a4 ,maritima1 sea-wormwood1 and ,a4 ,santonica1 ,tartarian wormwood4 #hc 8,notable ,things40 ,,bay 7,laurus ,nobilis74 ,then in my lavender ,i'll lay1 ,muscado put among it1 ,and here and there a leaf of bay1 ,which still shall run along it4 ,muses' ,elysium4 ,this done1 we'll draw lots who shall buy ,and gild the bays and rosemary4 ,hesperides4--,,herrick4 ,down with the rosemary and bays1 ,down with the mistletoe1 ,instead of holly1 now upraise1 ,the greener box1 for show4 ,ceremonies for ,candlemas ,eve4--,,herrick4 ,a ,bay-tree invites criticism1 as it is certainly not a 8herb10 but it is so often classed with some of them1 especially with rosemary 7to whom it seems to have been a sort of twin7 that a brief extract from its interesting history must be made4 ,herrick's verses show that both for weddings and decorations1 rosemary and bays were paired together--bays being also gilded at weddings--and ,brand quotes some lines from the 8,wit's ,interpreter0 to show that alike at funerals1 they were fellows3-- ,shrouded she is from top to toe1 ,with ,lillies which all o'er her grow1 ,instead of bays and rosemary4 ,and ,coles says1 8,cypresse garlands are of great account at funeralls amongst the gentiler sort1 but rosemary and bayes are used by the commons both at funeralls and weddings40 ,parkinson's testimony is eloquent3 8,it serveth to adorne the house of ,god1 as well as of man2 to procure warmth1 comfort1 and strength to the limmes of men and women by bathings and anoyntings out1 and by drinks1 etc41 inward3 to season the vessels wherein are preserved our meates1 as well as our drinkes2 to crown or encircle as with a garland the heads of the living1 and to sticke and decke forth the bodies of the dead2 so that from the cradle to the grave we have still use of1 we have still need of it40 ,no one could give higher praise to its natural virtues1 but in other countries1 it was endowed with supernatural ones4 8,neyther falling sickness1 neyther devyll1 wyll infest or hurt one in that place where a bay-tree is4 ,the ,romans call it the ,plant of the ,good ,angell40#hd ,on the contrary1 the withering of bay-trees was a very ill omen1 and a portent of death4 ,canon ,ellacombe says this superstition was imported from ,italy1 but it seems to have taken root in ,england4 ,shakespeare mentions it in ,richard ,,ii41 as if it were no new idea2 and ,evelyn tells us1 as if he were adding a fresh fact to a store of common knowledge1 that in #afbi1 at ,padua1 before a great pestilence broke out1 almost all the ,bay-trees about that famous ,university grew sick and perished4 ,sir ,thomas ,browne deals with another belief3 8,that bays will protect from the mischief of lightning and thunder is a quality ascribed thereto1 common with the fig-tree1 eagle and skin of a seal4 ,against so famous a quality ,vicomeratus produceth experiment of a bay-tree blasted in ,italy4 ,and1 therefore1 although ,tiberius for this intent did wear laurel upon his temples1 yet did ,augustus take a more probable course1 who fled under arches and hollow vaults for protection40 ,sir ,thomas is very logical4 ,it is not always clear when ,laurel and when ,bay is intended1 because our ,bay-tree was often called ,laurel in ,elizabethan days4 ,for instance3-- ,and when from ,daphne's tree he plucks more ,baies1 ,his shepherd's pipe may chant more heavenly lays4 ,intro4 to ,br4 ,pastorals by ,,christopher ,,brooke4 ,if one is airily told one may pluck bays from a laurel bush1 it is impossible to know which is really meant1 and a certain confusion between the two is inevitable4 ,william ,browne1 who took1 or pretended to take1 seriously the view that bays could not be hurt by thunder1 brings forward an ingenious theory to account for it4 ,it is that 8being the materials of poets ghirlands1 it is supposed not subject to any of ,jupiter's thunderbolts1 as other trees are4 8,where ,bayes still grow 7by thunder not struck down71 ,the victor's garland and the poet's crown40 ,besides being a prophet of evil1 the ,bay-tree was also a token of joy and triumph4 8,in ,rome1 they use it to trim up their ,churches and ,monasteries on ,solemn ,festivals 444 as also on occasion of ,signal ,victories and other joyful ,tidings2 and these ,garlands made up with ,hobby-,horse ,tinsel1 make a glittering show and rattling ,noise when the ,air moves them02 also1 8,with the ,leaves of ,laurel they made up their ,despatches and ,letters ,laurus involutoe1 wrapt in ,bay-leaves1 which they sent the ,senate from the victorious ,general40 ,imagine a 8victorious ,general0 now sitting down to label despatches with leaves1 signifying triumph6 8,ere ,reuter yet had found his range10 how much better the art of becoming ceremonial was understood4 ,finally1 the ,bay was regarded as a panacea for all ailments1 and1 therefore1 the statue of sculapius was crowned with its leaves4 ,i append to this book a copy of the ,list of ,herbs that ,tusser gives in 8,march's ,abstract40 ,it will be seen that he has carefully classified them according to their suitability for stilling1 strewing1 bough-pots or kitchen4 #hd 8,book of ,notable ,things10 ,c4 ,lupton4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,of ,,the ,,growing ,,of ,,herbs ,in ,march and in ,april1 from morning to night1 ,in sowing and setting1 good housewives delight2 ,to have in a garden or other like plot1 ,to trim up their house1 and to furnish their pot4 ,the nature of flowers1 dame ,physic doth shew2 ,she teacheth them all1 to be known to a few1 ,to set or to sow1 or else sown to remove1 ,how that should be practised1 pain if ye love4 99 99 99 99 99 ,time and ages1 to sow or to gather be bold1 ,but set to remove1 when the weather is cold4 ,cut all thing or gather1 the moon in the wane1 ,but sow in encreasing or give it his bane4 ,now sets do ask watering1 with pot or with dish1 ,new sown do not so1 if ye do as ,i wish3 ,through cunning with dibble1 rake1 mattock and spade1 ,by line1 and by level1 the garden is made4 ,who soweth too lateward1 hath seldom good seed1 ,who soweth too soon little better shall speed1 ,apt time and the season1 so diverse to hit1 ,let air and layer1 help practice and wit4 ,five hundred ,points of ,good ,husbandry4--,,tusser4 ,the majority of herbs are not exacting in their requirements1 but a few foreigners thrive the better for a little protection as a start4 ,this is the opinion of a successful gardener on the ,herb-,border in an ordinary kitchen-garden3 8,as to soil and situation1 ,i used to devote a border entirely to ,herbs1 under a privet hedge1 facing north-west1 with a rough marly bottom4 ,i had a plant of most varieties ,i could get hold of1 both ,culinary and ,medicinal40 ,circumstances dictated that my own herbs should grow in a plot1 rather overshadowed1 and ,i found that they flourished1 though annuals1 as a rough rule1 do best where they can get plenty of sunshine4 ,in speaking of their cultivation1 ,i have divided them into three groups3 ,perennials1 ,biennials and ,annuals1 and take the ,perennials first4 ,tansy will grow in almost any soil and may be increased1 either in spring or autumn1 by slips or by dividing the roots4 ,lavender is not always easy to please and likes a rather poor1 sandy soil4 ,when it is rich and heavy1 matters are sometimes improved by trenching the ground and putting in chalk about a bushel to a land-yard 7#af feet #f inches by #af feet #f inches72 lime from a kiln is also used in the same quantity4#he ,broad-leaved and narrow-leaved are the varieties of the purple ,lavender usually sold1 and1 besides these1 ,white ,lavender4 ,the narrow-leaved is the hardiest kind and its scent is the strongest2 but the white-flowered has a very delicate fragrance4 ,it requires care1 but is better able to stand cold in a poor1 than in a rich soil4 ,the best way of propagating ,lavender is by layering it1 and this should be done in the summer2 the plants can then be taken off the spring following4 ,the narrow-leaved does not grow well from seed1 and all kinds are shy of striking4 ,the best known varieties of ,artemisia1 are ,tarragon1 ,wormwood1 and ,southernwood1 and they all prefer a dry and rather poor soil4 ,if ,tarragon1 especially1 be set in a wet soil1 it is likely to be killed in the winter4 ,two kinds of ,tarragon are usually found in gardens2 one has bluish-green1 very smooth leaves and the true ,tarragon flavour1 and is commonly known as ,french ,tarragon4 ,russian ,tarragon1 the other kind1 lacks the special flavour1 and bears less smooth leaves of a fresher green shade4 ,runners should be taken from these plants in the spring4 ,wormwood is satisfied with a shady corner and may be propagated by seeds or cuttings4 ,southernwood is increased by division of the roots in the spring4 #he ,neither lime nor chalk must be repeatedly added or the soil will be impoverished4 ,horehound and ,rue may be coupled together as liking a shady border and a dry1 calcareous soil1 and ,i have always heard that the latter thrives best when the plant has been stolen6 ,it is a good thing to cut the bush down from time to time1 when it will spring again with renewed vigour4 ,rue may be grown from seeds or cuttings taken in the spring4 ,horehound may be grown from seeds or cuttings1 but is most usually increased by dividing the roots4 ,hyssop1 ,rosemary1 and ,sage are natives of the south of ,europe1 and the two first appreciate a light1 sandy soil1 and not too much sun4 ,hyssop should be sowed in ,march or ,april2 rooted off-sets may be taken in these months or in ,august and ,september1 or cuttings from the stems in ,april or ,may1 and these should be watered two or three times a week till they have struck4 ,both ,hyssop and ,sage are the better for being cut back when they have finished flowering4 ,loudon#hf says of ,rosemary3 8,the finest plants are raised from seed4 ,slips or cuttings of the young shoots may be taken in the spring and summer and set in rows1 two-thirds into the ground and occasionally watered till they have struck4 ,in the autumn they may be transplanted40 ,there are four kinds of ,sage3 red1 green1 small-leaved1 or ,sage of ,virtue1 broad-leaved or ,balsamic4 ,gardening books speak of the red variety as being the commonest1 though it seems to me that the common green sage is the one oftenest seen in kitchen-gardens4 ,red ,sage seldom comes 8true0 from seed but is easily raised by cuttings1 and it sometimes succumbs to a hard winter4 ,the other varieties are propagated by seed or by cuttings taken in ,may or ,june2 the outer shoots should be the ones chosen and they should be put well into the ground and watered4 ,after about three years the plants begin to degenerate and new ones should be set4 ,three kinds of ,marjoram are cultivated1 ,winter 7,origanum ,heracleoticum71 ,pot 7,o4 ,onites7 and ,sweet ,marjoram 7,o4 ,marjorana74 ,the last-named is not a perennial4 ,winter and ,pot ,marjoram like a dry1 light soil and are best propagated by off-sets1 slipping or parting the roots in spring or autumn1 but they may be also raised from seed4 ,bergamot1 sometimes called ,bee ,balm1 is1 ,robinson says1 of the simplest culture1 thriving or flowering in any position or soil4 8,for its scent alone1 or for its handsome crimson flowers it would be well worth cultivating40#hg ,he adds that the different varieties of ,monarda are admirably suited to being planted 8for naturalization in woods and shrubberies40 ,bergamot may be increased by division of the roots in the spring or grown from seed4 #hf 8,encyclopdia of ,gardening40 #hg 8,english ,flower ,garden40 ,balm grows almost too readily and has a terrible habit of spreading in all directions unless severely checked4 ,to propagate it1 the roots should be divided1 or slips taken either in spring or autumn4 ,thyme4--,of the varieties of ,serpyllum there seems no end1 and the number of the species of ,thymus is still dubious4 ,twelve kinds of them are offered for sale in an ordinary seed list sent to me the other day1 but of these1 few are grown in the kitchen-garden4 ,common ,thyme or ,lemon ,thyme are the kinds most usually cultivated4 ,common ,thyme has long1 narrow-pointed leaves and ,lemon ,thyme is easily recognised by its scent from the wild ,thyme1 of which it has generally been considered a variety4 ,golden or ,variegated ,thyme 7also lemon-scented7 makes a pretty and fragrant edging to a flower-bed1 but should be cut back when it has done flowering1 unless the seed is to be saved1 as it becomes straggling and untidy1 and there is more danger of its being killed by the frost than if the winter finds it compact and bushy4 ,thyme is propagated by seed1 by taking up rooted side-shoots1 or by cuttings taken in the spring4 ,it thrives best in a light1 rich earth1 and should be occasionally watered till well rooted4 ,there are two varieties of ,camomile1 the single and the double-flowered2 the first is the most valuable in medicine1 but the second is the most commonly met with4 ,camomile grows freely in most soils1 but seems naturally to choose gravel and sand4 ,the roots may be divided or1 as the gardener before quoted1 remarks3 8,only let a plant of it go to seed2 it will take care of itself40 ,costmary is seldom grown4 ,loudon says the whole plant has 8a peculiarly agreeable odour02 personally1 the odour strikes me as exactly resembling that of mint sauce4 ,the plant is rather handsome1 with large greyish leaves and small deep-yellow flowers2 it likes a dry soil and is increased by division of the roots after the flowering time is over4 ,mint1 ,peppermint and ,penny-royal1 demand the same treatment1 and all like moisture4 ,they are easily increased by dividing the roots in the spring or autumn1 by taking off runners in the autumn1 or by cuttings taken in the spring4 ,the cuttings should be planted about half way into the earth4 ,to have really good mint1 it should be transplanted about every third year4 ,green ,mint is sometimes required in the winter and early spring1 and this may be provided by putting a few outside runners in a pot and placing it in bottom heat4 8,plant for succession every three weeks1 as forced roots soon decay40 ,winter ,savoury is 8propagated by slips or cuttings in ,april or ,june1 planted in a shady border1 and transplanted a foot apart and kept bushy by cuttings40#hh #hh ,abercrombie1 8,every ,man his own ,gardener40 ,fennel has become naturalised and is sometimes found growing wild by the sea2 it is usually raised from seed or increased by side off-sets of the roots which may be taken in spring1 summer or autumn4 ,bugloss or ,alkanet grows freely anywhere1 but seems to prefer moisture1 and it may be increased by division of the roots or grown from seeds4 ,of ,mallows and ,marsh ,mallows1 ,de la ,quintinye says1 8,they ought to be allowed a place in our ,kitchen-,gardens444 they grow of their own accord10 but he admits that it is best to 8sow them in some bye-place10 because of their propensity to spread4 ,they are raised from seed1 but cuttings may do well1 and off-sets of the root1 carefully divided1 are satisfactory4 ,sweet ,cicely may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,it is well suited to an open shrubbery or wild garden1 as well as to a herb-border4 ,elecampane is propagated by off-sets1 taken when the plant has done flowering2 it likes a moist soil or shade1 and sends up tall spikes of bright yellow flowers4 ,this year some of mine were over six feet high4 ,angelica1 ,abercrombie tells us1 is an annual-perennial1 which means that it must be taken up and newly planted every year to be at all good1 though off-sets from the plant would continue to come up of their own accord4 ,it delights in moisture1 and flourishes on the banks of running streams1 but will do well almost anywhere4 ,angelica is best raised from seed1 which1 if sown in ,august1 will grow better than if sown earlier in the year and it will sometimes grow from cuttings4 ,liquorice is 8propagated by cuttings of the roots4 ,on account of the depth to which the root strikes when the plant has room to flourish1 the soil should have a good staple of mould thirty inches or three feet in depth4 ,taking the small horizontal roots of established plants1 cut them into sections six inches long4 ,having traced out rows a yard asunder1 plant the sets along each row at intervals of eighteen inches1 covering them entirely with mould40#hi #hi ,abercrombie4 ,illustration3 ,,plantation ,,of ,,lavender ,saffron will grow in any soil1 but prefers a sandy one1 and plenty of sun4 ,it is increased by seed1 and by off-sets1 which must be taken from the bulb when the plant is in a state of rest4 ,as ,saffron is an autumn-flowering plant1 the time of rest is in the beginning of summer1 and the bulb should be taken up when the leaves 7which appear in the spring7 begin to decay4 ,the parent bulbs should be kept dry for a month and then replanted1 that they may have time to 8establish themselves0 and flower before winter4 ,this should be done once in three years4 ,skirrets are seldom eaten1 but occasionally seen2 they may be raised from seed1 or by off-sets from the roots taken in spring or autumn4 ,chives are propagated by dividing the roots either in spring or autumn1 and when the leaves are wanted they should be cut close1 and then new ones will grow up in their place4 ,sorrel of two kinds is cultivated1 ,rumex ,acetosa and ,rumex ,scutatus or ,french ,sorrel2 ,garden ,sorrel rejoices in a damp1 ,french ,sorrel in a dry1 soil4 ,both are most commonly increased by parting the roots1 which may be done either in spring or autumn1 and the roots planted about a foot apart and watered4 ,loudon says3 8,the finer plants are propagated from seed10 which should be sown in ,march1 though it may be sown in any of the spring months1 and the plants must be thinned out when they are one or two inches high4 ,when the stalks run up in the summer they should be cut back occasionally4 ,herb ,patience or ,patience ,dock is raised from seed sown in lines and thinned out and the leaves to be eaten must be cut young4 ,burnet is easily raised from seed1 or increased by dividing the roots in the spring4 ,all the flower-stalks ought to be cut down1 if they are not required for seed4 ,dandelion1 it is hardly necessary to say1 is only too easily raised from seed or by roots4 ,loudon says that when wanted for the table1 the leaves should be tied together and earthed up1 which will blanch them satisfactorily2 otherwise1 it may be grown blanched by keeping it always in a dark place4 ,for obvious reasons there are obstacles to the cultivation of ,water-cress2 a very little running water1 however1 will suffice1 and it may be grown from seeds or by setting roots in the shallow stream4 ,it should never be grown in stagnant water4 ,loudon quotes several authorities on the subject of growing ,samphire2 it is difficult to please1 but this treatment was successful at ,thames ,ditton4 ,the ,samphire was 8placed in a sheltered1 dry situation1 screened from the morning sun1 protected by litter in the winter1 and in the spring the soil was sprinkled with a little powdered barilla1 to console it for the lack of its beloved sea-spray40 ,it is raised from seed which should be sown as soon as it is ripe1 or the roots may be divided4 ,in the early part of ,august1 the young shoots should be cut back1 and the decayed flower-stems removed1 on such plants as hyssop1 sage1 lavender1 and the like1 and they will then send out new short shoots1 which will make a close1 bushy head for the winter4 ,if possible1 this should be done in damp weather4 ,in ,october1 the beds should be weeded2 if the plants stand at some distance from each other1 the earth between should be loosened1 and if the beds are old1 a little manure would be a great advantage4 ,amongst close-growing herbs1 digging is impossible1 but the ground must be hoed1 raked and cleaned of weeds4 ,,biennials4--,parsley4--,there are many kinds of parsley1 and one specially recommended is the triple-curled variety4 ,all parsleys are raised from seed1 and it is a good thing to sow one bed in ,march and a second in ,june1 thus securing a continual supply all through the winter4 ,the plants want well thinning out1 and if the weather be very dry1 the last sown should have two or three waterings with weak manure water4 ,to protect them from the frost1 a reed-hurdle1 or even a few branches of fir1 may be used1 but1 of course1 a box-frame and light is the best4 ,parsley likes a deep soil1 not too rich2 and a good quantity of soot worked into it much improves the plants4 ,caraway is raised from seed1 which should be sown in the autumn1 and it may also be sown in ,march or ,april1 but the result will not be so good4 ,this plant likes a rich1 light soil4 ,dill should be sown in the spring1 either broadcast or in drills1 six to twelve inches apart4 ,it may be sown in autumn1 but this is not very advisable4 ,clary is sown in the end of ,march or in ,april1 and should be transplanted to six to twelve inches apart1 when the plants are two or three inches high2 it may also be grown from cuttings4 ,rampions should be thinly sowed in ,april or ,may in shady borders4 ,if the plant is grown for use1 it must not be allowed to flower1 and in this case1 it should not be sown till the end of ,may4 ,the plants should be moderately watered at first 7and later if the weather be very dry71 and when sufficiently grown1 they should be thinned out to three or four inches apart4 ,the roots are fit for use in ,november4 ,alexanders or ,alisanders1 will send up shoots indefinitely1 but must be sown afresh every year if wanted for the table4 ,the seed should be sown in drills eighteen inches or more apart1 and the plants thinned out to five or six inches distance from each other4 ,when they are well grown they should be earthed up several inches on each side to blanch them4 ,,annuals4--,anise and ,coriander like a warm1 dry1 light soil4 ,if this is not procurable1 anise should be 8sown in pots in heat1 and removed to a warm site in ,may40#ij ,coriander may be sown in ,february1 if it be mild and dry1 and the seeds must be buried half an inch4 ,cumin is rarely seen2 but it is advised that it should be sown in a warm1 sunny border in ,march or ,april4 #ij ,loudon4 ,sweet ,marjoram and ,summer ,savory must both be sowed in light earth1 either in drills nine inches apart1 or broadcast1 when they must be thinned out later on4 ,the plants thinned out may be planted in another bed at six inches distance from each other1 and must be watered4 ,sweet ,basil and ,bush ,basil are both raised from seed sown in a hot-bed in the end of ,march1 and the young plants should be set a foot apart in a warm border in ,may4 ,they may be sown in an open border1 but there is a risk of their coming up at all1 and a certainty1 that if they do1 the plants will be late and small4 ,sweet ,basil 7,ocymum ,basilicum7 is much the largest plant1 ,bush ,basil 7,o4 ,mininum7 being scarcely half the size2 both like a rich soil4 ,borage is raised from seed1 and1 if let alone1 will seed itself and come up1 year after year1 in the same place4 ,it likes a dry soil4 ,gardening books recommend that it should be planted in drills and thinned1 but for the sake of the picturesque1 it should be dotted about among low-growing herbs in single plants or little clumps4 ,marigolds should be planted in light1 dry soil2 they may be 8sowed in the spring1 summer1 or autumn1 to remain or be transplanted a foot asunder40#ia ,the outer edge 7near the palings7 of ,regent's ,park1 close to ,hanover ,gate1 testifies to their power of seeding themselves4 ,authorities differ as to whether ,finocchio is an annual1 but at anyrate1 in ,england1 it must be treated as one4 ,finocchio should be sowed in dry1 light earth1 and must afterwards be thinned1 or the plants transplanted to a distance of fifteen inches between each4 ,the swelling stems 8of some tolerable substance0 must be earthed up five or six inches1 and will be blanched and tender in a fortnight's time1 and if sowed in successive sowings1 it may be eaten from ,june till ,december4 #ia ,abercrombie4 ,endive must be sown in successive crops in ,july and the early part of ,august1 and this will produce 8a sufficiency to last through the winter and early spring4 ,if sown earlier it runs to seed the same year2 but if early endive is required1 a little white-curled variety is the best to sow4 ,the ground should be light and rich on a dry subsoil02 when sufficiently grown1 the plants should be thinned1 and those taken out1 transplanted at a distance of ten or twelve inches apart1 and watered occasionally till they are well rooted4 ,endive is more easy to blanch if sowed in trenches than in level ground4 ,in wet weather1 blanching is best accomplished by putting a garden-pot over the plant2 but1 in summer1 it is better to tie the leaves together and earth them half way up4 ,the process will take from a week in dry weather to nearly three weeks in wet1 and the plant must be taken up soon after it is finished1 as after a few days it begins to decay4 ,in severe frost the bed should be covered with straw litter4 ,chervil is sown in ,august and ,september1 and can be used in the same autumn and through the winter2 if successive crops are wanted1 it may be sown any time between the end of ,february and ,august4 ,it should be sown in shallow drills1 and the plants left to grow as they come up4 ,when the leaves are two or three inches high they are ready to be used1 and if cut close1 fresh leaves will shoot up in their place4 ,lambs' ,lettuce is appreciated chiefly in the winter2 it should be sown in ,august1 and again in ,september to last through the winter and early spring4 ,dry fairly mellow soil will suit it1 and it may be left to grow as it was sowed4 ,rocket4--8,this is an agreeable addition to cresses and mustard1 early in spring4 ,it should be sown in a warm border in ,february1 and during the next months if a succession is wanted4 ,after the first rough leaf has appeared1 thin out the plants40#ib ,the ,purslanes are both tender annuals1 ,green ,purslane 7,portulaca olerecea7 being rather hardier than ,golden ,purslane 7,p4 sativa74 ,they should be sowed on hot-beds in ,february or ,march2 or in a warm border1 they may be sowed in drills during fine weather in ,may4 ,they should be left as they grow1 and when the leaves are gathered they must be cut low1 and then a fresh crop will appear4 ,purslane must be watered occasionally in very dry1 hot weather4 #ib ,loudon4 ,the above remarks pretend to being no more than bare outlines of the art of growing certain herbs4 ,many of these have outlived their reputation1 and are now cultivated for no practical purpose1 but for sentiment's sake1 or for their aromatic grace1 by those who 8take a delight0 in such things4 ,to these ,i hope these suggestions may be useful4 ,any person desiring to bring a special herb to perfection is hardly likely to need reference to one of the many admirable gardening dictionaries1 for it is not probable that he would look to an amateur for solid instruction on such points4 ,to conclude1 ,leonard ,meager#ic gives some pithy directions which it is well to bear in mind3-- 8,in setting herbs ever observe to leave the tops no more than a handful above the ground1 and the roots a foot under the earth4 #ic 8,new ,art of ,gardening40 8,twine the roots of the herbs you set1 unless too brittle4 ,gather herbs when the sap is full in the top of them4 ,such herbs as you intend to gather for drying1 to keep for use all the winter1 do it about ,lammas-tide2 dry them in the shade that the sun draw not out their vertue1 but in a clear air and breezy wind1 that no mustiness may taint them40 ,cut all herbs just before they flower1 except where the flower heads are wanted--lavender or camomile1 for instance4 ,these should be cut just before the flowers are fully open4 ,,chapter ,v ,,of ,,herbs ,,in ,,medicine ,when bright ,aurora gilds the eastern skies1 ,i wake and from my squalid couch arise444 ,be this my topic1 this my aim and end1 ,heav'n's will to obey and seek t'oblige a friend444 ,some herbs adorn the hills--some vales below1 ,where limpid streamlets in meanders flow1 ,here's ,golden ,saxifrage1 in vernal hours1 ,springs up when water'd well by fertile showers3 ,it flourishes in bogs where waters beat1 ,the yellow flowers in clusters stand complete4 ,adorn'd with snowy white1 in meadows low1 ,white ,saxifrage displays a lucid show3444 ,why should my friends in pining grief remain1 ,or suffer with excruciating pain8 ,the wholesome medicines1 if by heaven blest1 ,sure anodynes will prove and give them rest4444 ,here's ,tormentilla1 with its searching parts1 ,expels the pois'nous venom from our hearts444 ,wood-betony is in its prime in ,may1 ,in ,june and ,july does its bloom display1 ,a fine1 bright red does this grand plant adorn1 ,to gather it for drink ,i think no scorn2 ,i'll make a conserve of its fragrant flowers1 ,cephalick virtues in this herb remain1 ,to chase each dire disorder from the brain4 ,delirious persons here a cure may find ,to stem the phrensy and to calm the mind4 ,all authors own wood-betony is good1 ',tis king o'er all the herbs that deck the wood2 ,a king's physician erst such notice took ,of this1 he on its virtues wrote a book4 ,the ,poor ,phytologist4--,,james ,,chambers4 ,the old herbalists used so many herbs and found each one good for so many disorders that one is filled with wonder that patients ever died1 till one examines into the prescriptions and methods generally1 and then one is more astonished that any of them recovered4 ,i shall not mention any prescriptions here1 excepting the celebrated antidote to all poison1 ,venice ,treacle4 ,this included seventy-three ingredients1 and was evolved from an earlier and also famous nostrum1 the ,mithridaticum1 originated by ,mithridates1 ,king of ,pontus4 ,of course1 this 8treacle0 was in no way connected with the sugary syrup we call by this name1 but is a corruption of the ,latin--,theriaca1 a counter poison4 ,venice ,treacle is an extreme example of the multitude of conflicting elements that were massed together and boldly administered in ancient remedies4 ,the memory of it still clings about a wayside plant1 ,erysimum cheiranthoides1 better known as ,treacle-,mustard1 which has gained its ,english name from the fact that its seeds were used in this awe-inspiring compound4 ,illustration3 ,,chelsea ,,physic ,,garden ,anyone who is interested in ancient remedies can easily gain much information from ,culpepper or ,salmon4 ,either herbal can be procured at a low price 7in a cheap edition7 from any second-hand bookseller1 and ,salmon's wild statements1 especially about animals1 and ,culpepper's biting wit1 make them amusing reading4 ,it is more instructive to examine the principles that animated the practice1 and from one1 the ,doctrine of ,signatures took form--a doctrine widely believed in1 and of great influence4 ,coles#id expounds it with great clearness3 8,though ,sin and ,sattan have plunged mankinde into an ,ocean of ,infirmities444 yet the mercy of ,god1 which is over all ,his workes1 maketh 444 herbes for the use of man1 and hath not onely stamped upon them a distinct forme1 but also given them particular ,signatures1 whereby a man may read1 even in legible characters1 the use of them4444 ,viper's ,bugloss hath its stalks all to be speckled like a snake or viper1 and is a most singular remedy against poyson and the sting of scorpions4444 ,heart ,trefoyle is so called1 not onely because the leafe is triangular1 like the heart of a man1 but also because each leafe contains the perfection of the heart1 and that in its proper colour1 viz41 in flesh colour4 ,it defendeth the heart4444 ,the leaves of ,saint ,john's ,wort seem to be pricked or pinked very thick with little holes like the pores of a man's skin4 ,it is a soveraigne remedy for any cut in the skin40 ,this was a view very generally shared4 ,william ,browne says3 ,in physic by some signature ,nature herself doth point us out a cure4 #id 8,art of ,simpling40 ,and again3 ,heaven hath made me for thy cure1 ,both the physician and the signature4 ,br4 ,pastorals1 book iii4 ,drayton's ,hermit pursued a development of this theory4 ,he merely accepted the conclusions of earlier authorities who had made discoveries about the properties of plants and had named them accordingly4 ,some 7herbs7 by experience1 as we see1 ,whose names express their natures4 ,muses' ,elysium4 ,it was1 naturally1 more simple to administer all-heal1 for a wound2 hore-hound1 for 8mad dogge's biting10 and so on1 than to decipher the signature from the plant1 himself1 and so he and many others1 prescribed the herbs1 with more reference to their names1 than unprejudiced attention to results4 ,the planets were another determining factor in the choice of remedies4 ,each plant was dedicated to a planet and each planet presided over a special part of the body1 therefore1 when any part was affected1 a herb belonging to the planet that governed that special part must1 as a rule1 be used4 ,thus1 ,mercury presided over the brain1 so for a headache or 8,folly and ,simplicity 7the ,epidemicall diseases of the ,time70 one of ,mercury's herbs must be chosen4 ,mercurial herbs were1 as a rule1 refreshing1 aromatic and of 8very subtle parts40 ,the planets seem usually to have caused1 as well as cured the diseases in their special province1 and therefore their own herbs1 brought about the cure 8by sympathy40 ,but sometimes1 a planet would cause a disorder in the province ruled by another planet1 to whom the first was in opposition1 and in this case the cure must be made 8by antipathy40 ,thus the lungs are under ,jupiter1 to whom ,mercury is opposed1 therefore in any case of the lungs being affected1 the physician must first discover whether ,jupiter or ,mercury were the agent and if the latter1 the remedy must be 8antipathetical02 it must be from one of ,mercury's herbs4 ,sometimes where a planet had caused a disease in the part it governed1 an 8antipathetical0 cure1 by means of an adversary's herbs1 was advised2 for instance ,jupiter is opposed to ,saturn1 so ,jupiter's herbs might be given for toothache or pains in the bones caused by ,saturn1 for the bones are under ,saturn's dominion4 ,an antipathetical remedy1 however1 ,culpepper does not recommend for common use1 for 8sympathetical cures strengthen nature2 antipathetical cures1 in one degree or another1 weaken it40 ,besides this1 the position of the planet had to be considered1 the 8,house0 that it was in1 and the aspect in which it was to the moon and other planets4 8,a benevolent ,planet in the sixth1 cures the disease without the help of a ,physitian4 8,a malevolent ,planet there causeth a change in the disease1 and usually from better to worse4 8,a malevolent in the ,ascendant threatens death1 and makes the sick as cross-grained as ,bajazet the ,turkish ,emperor when he was in the ,iron ,cage40 ,this is from ,culpepper's 8,astrological ,judgment of ,diseases02 in his 8,herbal0 he gives definite directions3 8,fortify the body with herbs of the nature of the ,lord of the ,ascendant1 'tis no matter whether he be a ,fortune or ,infortune in this case4 8,let your medicine be something antipathetical to the ,lord of the ,sixth4 8,if the ,lord of the ,tenth be strong1 make use of his medicines4 8,if this cannot well be1 make use of the medicines of the ,light of ,time40 ,turning to the herbs appropriated to the special planets1 we find that those of ,mars were usually strong1 bright and vigorous1 and cured ills caused by violence1 including the sting of 8a martial creature1 imagine a wasp1 a hornet1 a scorpion40 ,yellow flowers were largely dedicated to the ,sun or ,moon1 radiant1 bright-yellow ones to the ,sun2 these of paler1 fainter hues to the ,moon4 ,flowers dedicated to either were good for the eyes1 for the eyes are ruled by 8the ,luminaries40 ,jupiter's herbs had generally1 8,leaves smooth1 even1 slightly cut and pointed1 the veins not prominent4 ,flowers graceful1 pleasing bright1 succulent40 ,the herbs of ,venus were those with many flowers1 of bright or delicate colours and pleasant odours4 ,saturn1 who is almost always looked upon as being unfavourable1 had only plants1 whose leaves were 8hairy1 dry1 hard1 parched1 coarse10#ie and whose flowers were 8gloomy1 dull1 greenish1 faded or dirty white1 pale red1 invariably hirsute1 prickly and disagreeable40 #ie ,folkard4 ,one does not know how much modern physicians care about propitiating ,jupiter1 but certainly they make an effort in that direction every time that they do1 as did the ,ancients1 and write ,rx--thus making his sign--at the top of a prescription4 ,the small attention paid by doctors to herbs is often supposed to be a modern development1 but hear ,culpepper in #afeb6 8,drones lie at home and eat up what the bees have taken pains for4 ,just so do the college of physicians lie at home and domineer and suck out the sweetness of other men's labours and studies1 themselves being as ignorant in the matter of herbs as a child of four years old1 as ,i can make appear to any rational man by their last dispensatory40 ,it was not unnatural that the ,herbalists should maintain the superiority of vegetable over mineral drugs1 and ,gerarde expresses his opinions in the introduction to his 8,herbal40 8,i confesse blind ,pluto is nowadays more sought after than quick-sighted ,phbus1 and yet this dusty metall1444 is rather snatched of man to his own destruction4444 ,contrariwise1 in the expert knowledge of herbes what pleasure still renewed with varietie8 ,what small expence8 ,what security8 ,and yet what an apt and ordinary meanes to conduct men to that most desired benefit of health80 ,many herbs have been expunged from modern ,pharmacopias4 ,perhaps we have no use for them now that we1 in ,england1 no longer live in perpetual terror of the bitings of sea-hares1 scorpions or tarantulas1 as our forefathers seem to have done6 ,in ,harrison's 8,description of ,england10 the habit of preferring foreign1 to native herbs1 is rebuked4 8,but herein 7the cherishing of foreign herbs7 ,i find some cause of just complaint1 for that we extoll their uses so farre that we fall into contempt of our owne1 which are1 in truth1 more beneficiall and apt for us than such as grow elsewhere1 sith 7as ,i said before7 everie region hath abundantly within his own limits whatsoever is needfull and most convenient for them that dwell therein40 ,probably there are to-day some thinkers of this stamp1 as well as others who will hold anything valuable as long as it has been fetched from 8overseas40 ,russell gives instructions1 in his 8,boke of ,nurture10 how to 8make a ,bath medicinable10 by adding herbs1--mallow1 hollyhocks and fennel being among the number4 ,and he directs that herbs 8sweet and greene0 should be hanged round the room 8when the ,master will have a bath02 a proceeding which was evidently something of a ceremony4 ,to-day1 there is an unfortunate tendency among the poor1 to desert herbs1 not for 8doctor's medicine10 but for any quackery they may chance to see 8on the paper0 and some of these remedies are advertised to cure nearly as many and diverse diseases1 as any of the compounds prescribed by the ,ancients4 ,consequently1 one usually hears of the uses of herbs in the past tense4 ,there is a curious poem 7published at ,ipswich1 #agif7 called the 8,poor ,phytologist1 or the ,author ,gathering ,herbs10 by ,james ,chambers1 ,itinerant ,poet1 which gives the names and virtues of the simples most prized at that date4 ,he was a pedlar1 who wandered about the country1 always accompanied by several dogs1 and he added to his 8precarious mode of existence1 the art of making nets and composing acrostics40 ,i have quoted some of his lines at the beginning of this chapter1 but few of the herbs he mentions are in popular use now1 at least in the west of ,england4 ,betony occurs in some old village recipes still employed1 though its vaunted powers have been declared vain by science4 ,amongst those that ,i have known1 or have heard of1 through personal friends1 as being still1 or quite recently in use1 are the following3--,dandelion1 ,centaury1 ,meadow-,sweet and ,wild-,sage are used as 8bitters40 ,by ,wild-,sage1 ,wood-,sage is usually1 if not always1 meant4 ,dandelion is1 of course1 in the ,british ,pharmacopia2 and ,wood-,sage1 though not officinal1 is asked for by some chemists4 ,bear's foot 7,hellebore7 has five finger-like leaves1 but one finger is bad and must be torn off4 ,angelica is a wonderful herb2 ,parkinson put it in the fore-front of all medicinal plants and it holds almost as high a place among village herbalists to-day4 ,among many other virtues1 the dried leaves are said to have great power to reduce inflammation if steeped in hot water and applied to the affected part4 ,mallows1 especially ,marsh-,mallows1 retain their old reputation for relieving the same ill and the well-known ,pts de ,guimauve are made from their roots4 ,elder1 beloved by all herbalists1 still keeps its place in the ,british ,pharmacopia1 and the cooling effects of ,elder-,flower ,water1 none can deny4 ,in the country1 ,elder leaves and buds are most highly valued and are used in drinks1 poultices and ointments4 ,hyssop1 or as some call it ,i-sop1 is sometimes used4 ,primrose1 ,poor ,man's ,friend1 and ,comfrey are together made into an ointment1 but ,white ,comfrey should be used when the ointment is for a woman1 ,red-flowered ,comfrey when it is for a man4 8,poor ,man's ,friend0 in this case is ,hedge-,garlic1 but the name is sometimes given to ,swine's ,cress 7,lapsana ,communis74 ,the juice of ,house-,leek1 mixed with cream1 relieves inflammation and particularly the irritation which follows vaccination in an arm 8taking beautifully40 ,probatum est4 ,penny-pies or ,penny-wort 7,cotyledon ,umbilicus7 is said to be equally efficacious1 especially used with cream1 and when simmered with the 8sides of the pan10 have been known to heal1 where linseed poultices failed to do good4 ,when the leaf of ,penny-wort is applied to a wound1 one side draws1 the other side heals4 ,wormwood is often in request by brewers4 ,marigold-tea is a widely administered remedy for the measles1 and is one of the few remedies which everybody seems to know4 ,very often families appear to have their own special formula1 and even where the chief herbs in different prescriptions to relieve the same ailment are identical1 the lesser herbs vary4 ,saffron was also recommended for measles2 both probably on the 8,doctrine of ,colour ,analogy0 referred to the rash4 ,an old ,herbalist told me that he considered ,marigolds nearly as good as ,saffron and 8more home-grown1 so to speak40 ,dr ,primrose1 a physician in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 who wrote a book on 8,popular ,errors in ,physick10 inveighs against the custom then in vogue of covering 8the sick with measles or small-pox with red cloaths1 for they are thought by the affinitie of the colour to draw the blood out to them1 or at least some suppose that it is done by force of imagination4 ,and not onely the people1 but also very many physicians use them40 ,marigold-tea is at anyrate a better survival as 8treatment0 than this system6 ,meadow-,saffron is still officinal1 and is well known in the form it is usually dispensed1 ,tincture of ,colchicum4 ,broom has a place in the pharmacopia1 and is also a popular remedy4 ,furze is not officinal1 but a preparation made from it1 ,ulexine1 is mentioned in a well-known medical dictionary4 ,an infusion of ,furze-blossom used to be given to children to drink in scarlet fever4 ,camomile is officinal1 and the great authority1 ,dr ,schimmelbusch recently recommended it as a mouth-wash1 for disinfecting the muscous membrane after cases of operation in the mouth4 ,in a fomentation ,camomile heads are a recognised anodyne2 and ,wild ,camomile and ,red ,pimpernel are given locally for asthma1 it is said1 with great success4 ,boy's love1 7,southernwood71 ,plantain leaves1 ,black ,currant leaves1 ,elder buds1 ,angelica and ,parsley1 chopped1 pounded1 and simmered with clarified butter1 make an ointment for burns or raw surfaces4 ,a maker of this particular ointment near ,exeter1 died a year or two ago1 but up to her death it was much in request4 ,butter is always better for making ointments than lard1 because cows feed on herbs1 and all herbs are good for something4 ,sage poultices and sage gargle are very good for sore throats1 better than some of the gargles that 8the gentlemen0 prescribe 7so a ,herbalist told me71 and red sage is better than green4 ,rosemary has long been celebrated for making the hair grow4 ,water-cress is very good for the blood1 and the expressed juice has been known to prove a wonderful cure for rheumatism4 ,a lady told me of a case she knew in ,berkshire1 where a man was absolutely crippled till he tried this remedy1 and afterwards quite recovered his power to move and a very good degree of strength4 ,water-cress was one of the plants from which ,count ,mattei extracted his vegetable electricity4 ,parsley1 freshly gathered and laid on the forehead is good for a headache1 and if put in a fold of muslin and laid across inflamed eyes1 it is said to be beneficial4 ,endive tea is cooling and is given to 8fever0 patients1 and the dry leaves of lovage infused in white wine were good for ague4 ,an infusion of ,raspberry leaves1 ,agrimony1 and ,barberry-bark was good for consumptive patients1 and ,cowslip and ,cucumber were made into a wash to make the complexion 8splendent10 to use an old expression4 ,coltsfoot is still given for coughs2 ,sweet ,marjoram was administered for dropsy1 ,alderberries for boils2 ,arb-,rabbit 7,herb-,robert7 made into poultices for 8inflammation20 ,brook-lime1 given for ,st ,anthony's ,fire1 and ,brown ,nut1 made into a decoction1 was taken hot just before going to bed1 for a cold4 ,groundsel1 ,docks1 ,hay-,maids 7,ground-,ivy71 ,feather-,few1 ,chicken-,weed1 ,hedge-,garlic or ,hedge-,mustard1 ,i have also heard recommended at different times4 ,the ,blessed ,thistle is a useless ingredient in a good herb-ointment for burns4 ,amongst the last named plants are several not strictly to be called 8herbs10 but they and others ,i shall mention are 8simples10 and as such they fitly find a place among medicinal herbs4 ,foxglove and ,belladonna1 of course1 are among the most important drugs in the ,pharmacopia1 and both the fruits and leaves of ,hemlock have also a place there4 ,foxglove1 called in ,devonshire1 ,cowflop1 is recommended as an application to heal sores1 and one woman told me that it should always be gathered on the north side of the hedge4 ,it is interesting to note that the ,italians have a proverb1 8,aralda1 tutte piaghe salda0 7,foxglove heals all sores74 ,cliders 7,goose-grass1 ,galium aparine7 was much given for tumours and cancers1 and is praised by other than merely village sages4 ,dr ,fernie quotes the testimony of several doctors who used it with success1 and adds1 8some of our trading druggists now furnish curative preparations made from the fresh herb40 ,illustration3 ,,plantation ,,of ,,poppies 7,p4 ,somniferum7 ,no ear hath heard1 no tongue can tell1 ,the virtues of the pimpernel4 ,this most popular plant1 amongst other uses1 is put into poultices4 ,bacon mentions it as a weather prophet4 8,there is a small red flower in the stubble-fields1 which country people call the wincopipe1 which if it open in the morning1 you may be sure of a fine day to follow40#if ,the virtues of ,betony are set forth by the 8,poor ,phytologist10 and he is quite right in saying that it was once esteemed a most sovereign remedy for all troubles connected with the brain4 ,it was1 in fact1 so far extolled that an adage was once current3-- 8,sell your coat and buy betony40 ,in ,italy there are two modern sayings1 one a pious aspiration1 8,may you have more virtues than ,betony02 and the other an allusion1 8,known as well as ,betony40 ,though the reputation of this plant has quite withered1 that of horehound is in a more flourishing state1 and it is still1 ,i believe1 considered of real use for coughs4 ,violet leaves are now becoming a fashionable remedy in the hands of amateur doctors1 who prescribe them for cancer4 ,in the ,highlands1 it is said1 they were used for the complexion1 and a recipe is translated from the ,glic1 8,anoint thy face with goat's milk in which violets have been infused1 and there is not a young prince on earth who will not be charmed with thy beauty40 ,the ,greater ,celandine was once dedicated to the sun1 and it is still recommended as being good for the eyes1 though not by members of the faculty4 ,the following advice was given me by an old ,cornish woman1 but ,i am almost sure the flower she spoke of was the ,lesser ,celandine4 ,this probably arose from a confusion of the two flowers1 as ,i have never heard or seen the ,lesser ,celandine elsewhere commended for this purpose4 8,take celandines and pound them with salt4 ,put them on some rag1 and lay it on the inside of the wrist on the side of whichever eye is bad4 ,change the flowers twice a day1 and go on applying them till the eye is well4 ,put enough alum to curdle it1 into some scalded milk4 ,bathe the eyes with the liquid and apply the curds to the place40 #if 8,natural ,history40 ,cent4 ,,ix4 ,green ,oil made after the following recipe has often proved beneficial for slight burns and scalds1 and smells much nicer than the boracic ointment usually ordered for such injuries4 ,it is also recommended for fresh wounds and bruises4 8,take equal quantities of sage1 camomile1 wormwood and marsh-mallows1 pick them clean and put them into sweet oil and as much of it as will cover the herbs2 if a quart add a quarter of a pound of sugar1 and so on in proportion4 ,let them stand a week without stirring1 then put them into the sun for a fortnight1 stir them every day4 ,strain them with a strong cloth very hard1 and set it on a slow fire with some red rose-buds and the young tops of lavender1 let them simmer on a slow fire for two hours1 strain off the oil1 and put to it a gill of brandy4 7,if some hog's lard be poured upon the herbs1 they will keep and make an excellent poultice for any kind of sore47 ,the oil should be applied immediately to any kind of bruise or burn4 ,it will prevent all inflammation and heal the wound4 ,the time to begin making it is when the herbs are in full vigour1 which depends much on the season being early2 in general the middle of ,may is about the time1 as the rose-buds and lavender would not be ready sooner than the middle of ,june4 ,mrs ,milne ,home gives the ingredients of the ,tisane de ,sept ,fleurs1 which1 she says1 is often prescribed by ,french doctors for colds and sleeplessness-- 8,bouillon blanc4 ,mullein4 ,tilleul4 ,lime4 ,violette4 ,violet4 ,coquelicot4 ,poppy4 ,pied de chat4 ,tussilago4 ,guimauve4 ,mallow4 ,mauve4 ,another sort of mallow40 ,i think ,mauve means mallow1 ,guimauve1 marsh-mallow4 ,beyond these simples that ,i have mentioned as being in popular use1 various ,english plants and herbs are used not much 7if at all7 by country people1 but by medical men1 and a few of those included in the ,british ,pharmacopia may be remarked on here4 ,hops are used in the form of ,infusum ,lupuli4 ,they have long had the reputation of inducing sleep1 and ,george ,,iii4 slept on a hop-pillow4 ,to prevent the hops crackling 7and producing exactly the opposite effect7 it is advised that a little alcohol should be sprinkled on them4 ,to eat poppy-seed was thought a safe means of bringing drowsiness4 8,but10 says ,dr ,primrose 7about #afdj71 8,opium is now brought into use1 the rest of soporifics being layd aside4 ,yet the people doe abhorre from the use thereof and avoyd it as present poyson1 when notwithstanding being rightly prepared1 and administered in a convenient dose1 it is a very harmlesse and wholesome medicament4 ,the ,ancients indeed thought it to bee poyson1 but that is onely when it is taken in too great a quantity40 ,one wonders what experiences 8the people0 went through to learn this terror of the drug6 ,gerarde and ,parkinson both commend it as a medicine that 8mitigateth all kinde of paines10 but say that it must be used with great caution4 ,browne refers to the poppy's power of soothing4 8,where upon the limber grass ,poppy and mandragoras1 ,with like simples not a few ,hang for ever drops of dew4 ,where flows ,lthe without coil1 ,softly like a stream of oil4 ,hie thee1 thither1 gentle ,sleep40 ,in ,the ,inner ,temple ,masque4 ,it is from the seed of the ,white ,poppy 7,papaver somniferum7 that opium is prepared1 and that procured from poppies grown in ,england is quite as good1 and often purer1 than opium imported from the ,east4 ,the first poppies that were cultivated in this country for the purpose were grown by ,mr ,john ,ball of ,williton about #agid4 ,timbs quotes3 8#8,cowley ,plantarium4 ,in old time the seed of the white poppy parched was served up as a dessert4' ,by this we are reminded that white poppy seeds are eaten to this day upon bread made exclusively for ,jews4 ,the #8twist' bread is generally prepared by brushing over the outside upper crust with egg and sprinkling upon it the seeds40 ,in ,germany1 ,mond-kuchen1 a kind of pastry in which poppy seeds are mixed1 is still a favourite dish4 ,mond-blumen 7moon-flowers7 is a name not unnaturally given to poppies1 as they have been emblems of sleep ever since the ,greeks used to represent their deities of ,sleep1 ,death and ,night as crowned with them4 8,the water-lily from the marish ground ,with the wan poppy10 were both dedicated to the moon4 ,gentian is greatly valued and largely prescribed by our doctors1 but ,parkinson raises a curious echo from a time when1 it is generally supposed1 people were less 8nice0 than they are to-day4 8,the wonderful wholesomeness of ,gentian cannot be easily knowne to us1 by reason our daintie tastes refuse to take thereof1 for the bitternesse sake1 but otherwise it would undoubtedly worke admirable cures40 ,valerian was1 and is officinal1 but seldom finds its way into 8pottage0 nowadays4 ,gerarde1 however1 writes3 8,it hath been had 7and is to this day among the poore people of our ,northerne parts7 in such veneration amongst them1 that no broths1 pottage or physicall meats are worth anything if ,setwall were not at an end3 whereupon some woman ,poet or other hath made these verses3 8,they that will have their heale1 ,must put ,setwall in their keale 7kail740 ,the herbalist speaks of 8,garden ,valerian or ,setwall0 as if they were one and the same1 but ,mr ,britten says that ,setwall was not ,valeriana officinalis but ,v4 pyrenaica4 ,all varieties seem to have been used as remedies1 and in ,drayton's charming 8,eclogue10 of which ,dowsabel is the heroine1 he shows that it was used as an adornment4 8,a daughter1 ycleapt ,dowsabel1 ,a maiden fair and free1 ,and for she was her father's heir1 ,full well she was ycond the leir1 ,of mickle courtesy4 ,the silk well couth she twist and twine ,and make the fine march-pine1 ,and with the needle-work2 ,and she couth help the priest to say ,his mattins on a holy day ,and sing a psalm in kirk4444 ,the maiden in a morn betime1 ,went forth when ,may was in the prime4 ,to get sweet setywall1 ,the honeysuckle1 the harlock1 ,the lily and the ladysmock1 ,to deck her summerhall40 ,illustration3 ,a ,,field ,,of ,,english ,,aconite ,the summary of ,dowsabel's education is so delightful1 that though it was irrelevant1 ,i could not refrain from quoting it4 ,aconite1 ,wolfsbane1 or ,monkshood 7,aconitum ,napellus7 was held in wholesome terror by the old herbalists1 who described it as being most venomous and deadly4 ,gerarde says1 8,there hath beene little heretofore set downe concerning the virtues of the ,aconite1 but much might be said of the hurts that have come thereby40 ,parkinson chiefly recommends it to 8hunters of wild beastes1 in which to dippe the heads of their arrows they shoote1 or darts they throw at the wild beastes which killeth them that are wounded speedily02 but1 he says1 it may be used in outward applications4 ,aconite was first administered internally by ,stoerck1 who prescribed it for rheumatism1 with good results1 and it is now known to be sedative to the heart and respiratory organs1 and to reduce temperature4 ,other ,english-grown plants in the ,pharmacopia are3 ,anise1 ,artemisia maritima 7,wormwood71 ,uv ,ursi 7,bearberries71 ,coriander1 ,caraway1 ,dill1 ,fennel1 ,flax 7,linseed71 ,henbane1 ,wych-,hazel1 ,horse-,radish1 ,liquorice1 ,lavender1 ,mint1 ,mezereon1 ,musk1 ,mustard1 ,arnica1 ,pyrethrum1 ,rosemary1 ,squills1 ,saffron and ,winter-green4 ,in the making of ,thymol1 a preparation in common hospital use1 ,monarda punctata 7,bergamot71 ,oil of ,thyme and ,carum copticus are used4 ,the following plants are not yet to be found in the ,pharmacopia1 which includes those only that have been tried by very long experience1 but leading physicians have prescribed these drugs with success4 ,convalleria1 from ,lily of the ,valley2 ,salix nigra1 from the ,willow2 ,savin1 ,juniper2 ,rhus1 ,sumach2 ,aletris1 ,star-,grass2 ,lycopodium1 ,club-,moss2 ,grindelia2 from ,larkspur1 ,oil of ,stavesacre2 and from ,broom1 ,spartein4 ,there are two plants that ,i do not like to omit1 for their history's sake1 though their power to do good is no longer believed in1 ,plantain and ,lungwort4 ,the first was considered good for wounds in the days of ,chaucer1 and ,shakespeare mentions it4 ,romeo4 ,your plantain leaf is excellent for that4 ,benvolio4 ,for what1 ,i pray thee8 ,romeo4 ,for your broken shin4 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,i4 #b1 #ea4 ,lungwort 7,pulmonaria officinalis7 owes its name and its reputation to the white spots on the leaves1 which were thought to be the 8signature10 showing that it would cure infirmities and ulcers of the lungs4 ,it is remarkable how many popular names this flower has4 ,gerarde tells us that the leaves are used among pot-herbes1 and calls it ,cowslips of ,jerusalem1 ,wild ,comfrey and ,sage of ,bethlem2 and other country names are1 ,beggar's ,basket1 ,soldiers and ,sailors1 ,adam and ,eve1 and in ,dorset1 ,mary's ,tears4 ,the name ,adam and ,eve arose from the fact that some of the flowers are red and others blue3 red1 in earlier days1 being usually associated with men and blue with women4 ,one of ,drayton's prettiest verses alludes to it4 8,maids1 get the choicest flowers1 a garland and entwine2 ,nor pink1 nor pansies1 let there want1 be sure of eglantine4 ,see that there be store of lilies1 7,call'd of shepherds daffadillies7 ,with roses1 damask1 white1 and red1 the dearest fleur-de-lis1 ,the cowslip of ,jerusalem1 and clove of ,paradise40 ,eclogue ,,iii4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,of ,,herbs ,,and ,,magic 8,and first1 her fern-seed doth bestow ,the kernel of the mistletow1 ,and here and there as ,puck should go1 ,with terror to affright him4 ,the nightshade straws to work him ill1 ,there with her vervain and her dill1 ,that hindreth witches of their will1 ,of purpose to dispight him4 ,then sprinkled she the juice of rue1 ,that groweth underneath the yew1 ,with nine drops of the midnight dew ,from lunary distilling40 ,nymphidia4--,,drayton4 8,trefoil1 vervain1 ,john's wort1 dill1 ,hinders witches of their will40 ,guy ,mannering4 ,amongst the account-books of the ,physic ,garden in ,chelsea1 there is one on whose fly-leaf is scrawled a list of 8,botanical ,writers before ,christ40 ,it begins3 ,zoroaster4 ,orpheus4 ,moses4 ,solomon4 ,homer4 ,solon4 ,names that one hardly expects to find grouped together1 and especially not under this heading4 ,the vegetable world1 however1 has attracted writers since the earliest times1 and in the days when supernatural agencies were almost always brought forward to account for uncomprehended phenomena1 it was not marvellous that misty lore should lead to the association of plants and magic4 ,the book of nature is not always easy to read1 and the older students drew from it very personal interpretations4 ,some herbs were magical because they were used in spells and sorceries2 others1 because they had power in themselves4 ,for instance1 ,basil1 the perfume of which was thought to cause sympathy between two people1 and in ,moldavia they say it can even stop a wandering youth upon his way and make him love the maiden from whose hand he accepts a sprig4 ,the ,crocus flower1 too1 belongs to the second class1 and brings laughter and great joy1 and so it is with others4 ,plants were also credited with strong friendships and 8enmities0 amongst themselves4 8,the ancients0 held strong views about their 8sympathies and antipathies10 and this sympathy or antipathy was attributed to individual likes and dislikes4 8,rue dislikes ,basil10 says ,pliny1 8but ,rue and the ,fig-tree are in a great league and amitie0 together4 ,alexanders loveth to grow in the same place as ,rosemary1 but the ,radish is 8at enmetie0 with ,hyssop4 ,savory and ,onions are the better for each other's neighbourhood1 and ,coriander1 ,dill1 ,mallows1 ,herb-,patience and ,chervil 8love for companie to be set or sowne together40 ,bacon refers to some of these1 but he took a prosaic view and thought these predilections due to questions of soil6 ,being credited with such strong feelings amongst themselves1 it is easier to understand how they were supposed to sympathise with their 8environment40 ,honesty1 of course1 grew best in a very honest man's garden4 ,where ,rosemary flourishes1 the mistress rules4 ,sage will fade with the fortunes of the house and revive again as they recover2 and ,bay-trees are famous1 but melancholy prophets4 ,captain4--',tis thought the king is dead2 we will not stay1 ,the ,bay-trees in our country are all wither'd4 ,richard ,,ii4 ii4 #d4 ,from this1 it is not a great step to acknowledge that particular plants have power to produce certain dispositions in the mind of man4 ,so1 the possession of a ,rampion was likely to make a child quarrelsome3 while1 on the contrary1 eating the leaves of ,periwinkle 8will cause love between a man and his wife40 ,laurel greatly 8composed the phansy10 and did 8facilitate true visions10 and was also 8efficacious to inspire a poetical fury0 7,evelyn74 ,having admitted the power of herbs over mental and moral qualities1 we easily arrive at the recognition of their power in regard to the supernatural4 ,if1 as ,culpepper tells us1 8a raging bull1 be he ever so mad1 tied to a ,fig-tree1 will become tame and gentle20 or if1 as ,pliny says1 any one1 8by anointing himself with ,chicory and oile will become right amiable and win grace and favour of all men1 so that he shal the more easily obtain whatsoever his heart stands unto10 it is not much wonder that ,st ,john's ,wort would drive away tempests and evil spirits1 four-leaved ,clover enable the wearer to see witches1 and ,garlic avert the ,evil ,eye4 ,thus many herbs are magical 8in their own right10 so to speak1 apart from those that are connected with magic1 from being favourites of the fairies1 the witches1 and1 in a few cases1 the ,evil ,one6 ,de ,gubernatis quotes from a work on astrology attributed to ,king ,solomon1 and translated from the ,hebrew 787 by ,iro ,grego 7published in ,rome1 #agej71 with indignant comments on the 8pagan0 methods of the ,church in dealing with sorceries4 ,directions how to make an aspersoir pour exorcisme are given in it1 which1 teaching1 he says1 simply add to the peasant's existing load of superstition4 ,vervain1 ,periwinkle1 ,sage1 ,mint1 ,valerian1 ,ash and ,basil are some of the plants chosen4 8,tu n'y ajouteras point l',hysope1 mais le ,romarin0 7,rosemary74 ,it is odd that ,hyssop should be excluded1 because it has always been a special defence against powers of darkness4 ,in ,palermo 7again according to ,de ,gubernatis71 on the day of ,st ,mark1 the priests mount a hill in procession and bless the surrounding country1 and the women gather quantities of the ,hyssop growing about1 and take it home to keep away from their houses the ,evil ,eye1 and 8toute autre influence magique40 ,rosemary is celebrated1 from this point of view1 as from others4 ,it was1 say the ,spaniards1 one of the bushes that gave shelter to the ,virgin ,mary in the flight into ,egypt1 and it is still revered4 ,borrow1 in 8,the ,bible in ,spain10 notices that1 whereas in that country it is ,romero1 the ,pilgrim's ,flower1 in ,portugal it is called ,alecrim1 a word of ,scandinavian origin 7from ,ellegren1 the ,elfin plant71 which was probably carried south by the ,vandals4 ,other authorities think that 8,alecrim0 comes from the ,arabians4 ,the reference to ,rosemary occurs in a delightful passage4 ,borrow was staying at an inn1 when one evening 8in rushed a wild-looking man mounted on a donkey4444 ,around his sombrero1 or shadowy hat1 was tied a large quantity of the herb1 which in ,english is called ,rosemary4444 ,the man seemed frantic with terror1 and said that the witches had been pursuing him and hovering over his head for the last two leagues40 ,on making inquiries1 ,borrow was told that the herb was 8good against witches and mischances on the road40 ,he treats this view with great scorn1 but says3 8,i had no time to argue against this superstition10 and with charming navet admits that1 notwithstanding his austerity1 when1 next morning at departure1 some sprigs of it were pressed upon him by the man's wife for his protection1 8,i was foolish enough to permit her to put some of it in my hat40 ,the ,sicilians thought that it was a favourite plant of the fairies1 and that the young fairies1 taking the form of snakes1 lie amongst the branches4 ,dill1 able to 8hinder witches of their will10 was used in spells against witches1 besides being employed by them4 ,there was a strong belief that plants beloved by magicians1 and powerful for evil in their hands1 were equally powerful to avert evil when used in charms against witchcraft4 ,lunary1 or ,honesty1 is another plant with a double edge4 ,in ,france it is nicknamed ,monnaie du ,pape and ,herbe aux ,lunettes1 and its shining seed-vessels have many pet names in ,english4 8,it has a natural power of dispelling evil spirits10 quotes ,mr ,friend1 and explains this verdict by pointing that ,lunary with its great silver disks1 called after the moon1 is disliked and avoided by evil spirits1 who fear the light and seek darkness4 ,rue is used by witches and against them2 in some parts of ,italy a talisman against their power is made by sewing up the leaves in a little bag and wearing it near the heart4 ,if the floor of a house be rubbed with ,rue it is certain that all witches must fly from it4 ,in ,argentina grows the ,nightmare flower1 ,flor de ,pesadilla4 ,the witches of that region extract from it a drug which causes nightmare lasting all night long1 and they contrive to give it to whoever they wish to torment4 ,besides these1 ,pennyroyal and ,henbane1 ,chervil and ,vervain1 ,poppies1 ,mandrakes1 ,hemlock and ,dittany were specially used by witches in making spells4 ,valerian1 ,wormwood1 ,elder1 ,pimpernel1 ,angelica1 and all yellow flowers growing in hedgerows are antagonistic to them4 ,their dislike to yellow flowers may have arisen from these being often dedicated to the sun1 and being therefore repellent to lovers of gloom and mystery4 ,angelica preserved the wearer from the power of witches or spells1 and is1 ,i think1 the only herb quoted by ,gerarde as a power against witchcraft4 ,he does not condescend generally to consider superstitions other than medical4 ,of the herbs dedicated to the ,evil ,one are ,yarrow1 sometimes known as the ,devil's ,nettle2 ,ground-,ivy1 called his ,candlestick1 and ,houseleek1 which he has rather unjustly appropriated4 ,mr ,friend explains that in ,denmark1 8,old ,thor0 is a polite euphemism1 and that the ,houseleek really belonged to ,thor1 but has been passed on through confusion between the two4 ,yarrow or ,milfoil has been used for divination in spells from ,england to ,china4 8,there's a crying at my window1 and a hand upon my door1 ,and a stir among the ,yarrow that's fading on the floor1 ,the voice cries at my window1 the hand on my door beats on1 ,but if ,i heed and answer them1 sure hand and voice are gone40 ,,may ,,eve4 ,johnston#ig says3 8,tansy and ,milfoil were reckoned amongst plants averse to fascination2 but we must retrograde two centuries to be present at the trial of ,elspeth ,reoch1 who was supernaturally instructed to cure distempers by resting on her right knee while pulling #8the herb callit malefour' betwixt her mid-finger and thumbe1 and saying of1 #8,in nomen ,patris1 ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti4'0 #ig 8,botany of the ,eastern ,borders0 7#ahec74 ,johnston gathers his information from ,dalzell on the 8,darker ,superstitions of ,scotland40 ,illustration3 ,,rampion ,wormwood is in some parts of ,europe called the 8,girdle of ,st ,john10 it has so much power against evil spirits4 ,cumin is much disliked by a race of ,elves in ,germany1 called the ,moss-,people4 ,dyer#ih tells us that the life of each one is bound up with the life of a tree1 and if the inner bark of this is loosened1 the elf dies4 ,therefore their precept is3-- 8,peel no tree1 ,relate no dream1 ,bake no cumin in bread1 ,so will ,heav'n help thee in thy need40 #ih 8,folk-,lore of ,plants40 ,on one occasion when a loaf baked with ,cumin was given as an offering to a forest-wife1 she was heard screaming-- 8,they've baken for me ,cumin bread ,that on this house brings great distress40 ,the unhappy giver at once began to go downhill1 and was soon reduced to abject misery6 ,elecampane is in ,denmark called ,elf-,dock4 ,flax-flowers are a protection against sorcery4 8,flax#ii is supposed to be under the protection of the goddess ,hulda1 but the plant's blue blossom is more especially the flower of ,bertha1 whose blue eyes shine in its calyx1 and whose distaff is filled by its fibres4444 ,it was the goddess ,hulda who first taught mortals the art of growing flax1 of spinning1 and of weaving it4444 ,between ,kroppbhl and ,unterlassen1 is a cave which is believed by the country people to have been the entrance to ,queen ,hulda's mountain palace4 ,twice a year she passed through the valley1 scattering blessings around her path--once in summer1 when the blue flowers of the ,flax were brightening the fields1 and again during the mysterious 8twelve nights0 immediately preceding our ,feast of ,epiphany1 when1 in ancient days1 gods and goddesses were believed to visit the earth40 ,the ,bohemians have a belief that if seven-year-old children dance among flax1 they will become beautiful4 ,from the little ,fairy-,flax 8prepared and manufactured by the supernatural skill1 the #8,good ,people' were wont in the olden time to procure their requisite supplies of linen10 writes ,johnston4 #ii ,folkard4 ,wild ,thyme is specially beloved by fairies and elves1 and ,fox-gloves and ,wood-sorrel are also favourites1--,fox-gloves1 being called in ,ireland1 ,fairy-cap1 and ,wood-sorrel1 known in ,wales as ,fairy-bells4 ,among plants that have magic powers in themselves are two varieties of ,pimpinella2 the ,anise and the ,burnet ,saxifrage4 ,the first averts the ,evil ,eye1 and the second is called in ,hungary1 8,chaba's ,salve10 because it is said that its virtues were discovered by ,king ,chaba1 who after a furious battle cured #ae1jjj of his soldiers with it4 ,in ,iro ,grego's book1 it is advised that the sword of a magician should be bathed in the blood of a mole1 and the juice of ,pimpinella4 ,de ,gubernatis says that in ,germany and in ,rome1 ,endive-seed is sold as a love-philtre1 and when wanted for this reason1 the plant must be uprooted not with the hand but with a bit of gold1 or stag's horn 7which symbolise the disk and rays of the sun7 on one of the jours des ,aptres1 ,june #bgth1 ,st ,peter's ,day1 or ,july #beth1 ,st ,james' ,day4 ,the ,mustard-tree is called in ,sanscrit1 the ,witch1 for when ,hindus want to discover a witch1 they light lamps during the night1 and fill vessels with water1#ajj into which they gently drop ,mustard-seed oil1 pronouncing the name of every woman in the village4 ,if1 during the ceremony1 as they pronounce the name of a woman1 they notice the shadow of a female in the water1 it is a sure sign that such a woman is a witch4 ,mugwort laid in the soles of the boots1 will keep a man from weariness1 though he walk forty miles4 ,wreaths of ,camomile flowers hung up in a house on ,st ,john's ,day will1 it is said in ,prussia1 defend it against thunder1 and ,wild ,thyme and ,marjoram laid by milk in a dairy will prevent it being 8turned0 by thunder4 ,the root of ,tarragon held between the teeth will cure toothache1 and the name ,rsda1 the family name of ,mignonette1 is supposed to be derived from the verb 8to assuage10 for it was a charm against so many evils4 ,if a sprig of ,basil were left under a pot1 it would1 in time1 turn to scorpions6 ,it is a strange plant altogether4 ,the ancient ,greeks thought that it would not grow unless when the seed was sown railing and abuse should be poured forth at the same time4 ,much blossom on the broom foretells a plentiful harvest of corn4 8,les anciens0 according to ,la petite ,corbeille believed that a pot of ,gilly-flowers1 growing in a window1 would fade if the master of the house died2 and similar curious sympathies in ,sage and ,honesty and ,rosemary have already been noticed4 #ajj ,folkard4 ,there is a belief in the ,west ,country that no girl who is destined to be an old maid1 can make a myrtle grow4 ,mr ,friend does not mention this1 but he does tell us that a flowering myrtle is one of the luckiest plants to have1 and it is often difficult to grow2 and he generously presents us with the receipt that he had heard given to make sure of its flowering4 ,the secret is1 while setting the slip1 to spread the tail of one's dress1 and look proud6 ,to transplant ,parsley is very unlucky1 and to let ,rhubarb run to seed will bring death into the family before a year is out4 ,these beliefs are still active4 ,one hears also that no one will have any luck with young chickens if they bring any blossom 7of fruit-trees7 into the house1 which is1 indeed1 an unlucky thing to do at any time4 ,there was a fairly recent case in ,gloucestershire1 which showed that the idea still survives that if flower-seeds are sowed on ,palm ,sunday1 the flowers will come out double4 ,though ,elder is not a herb1 it cannot be omitted here1 for every inch of an ,elder-tree is connected with magic4 ,this is especially the case in ,denmark4 ,first of all there is the ,elder-tree ,mother1 who lives in the tree and watches for any injury to it4 ,hans ,andersen tells a charming story about her and the pictures that she sometimes brings4 ,it may happen1 that if furniture is made of the wood1 ,hylde-,moer may follow her property and haunt and worry the owners1 and there is a tradition that1 once when a child was put in a cradle of ,elder-wood1 ,hylde-,moer came and pulled it by the legs and would give it no peace till it was lifted out4 ,permission to cut ,elder wood must always be asked first1 and not till ,hylde-,moer has given consent by keeping silence1 may the chopping begin4 ,he who stands under an ,elder-tree at midnight on ,midsummer-,eve will chance to see ,toly1 the ,king of the ,elves1 and all his retinue go by4 8,the pith of the branches when cut in round1 flat shapes1 is dipped in oil1 lighted1 and then put to float in a glass of water2 its light on ,christmas ,eve is thought to reveal to the owner all the witches and sorcerers in the neighbourhood40#aja ,the ,russians believe that ,elder-trees drive away evil spirits1 and the ,bohemians go to it1 with a spell1 to take away fever4 ,the ,sicilians think that sticks of its wood will kill serpents and drive away robbers better than any other1 and the ,serbs introduce a stick of ,elder into their wedding ceremonies to bring good luck4 ,in ,england it was thought that the ,elder was never struck by lightning2 and a twig of it tied into three or four knots1 and carried in the pocket1 was a charm against rheumatism4 ,a cross made of ,elder1 and fastened to cow-houses and stables1 was supposed to keep all evil from the animals4 ,canon ,ellacombe1 in the ,tyrol1 says3 8,an ,elder bush1 trimmed into the form of a cross1 is planted in a new-made grave1 and if it blossoms1 the soul of the person lying beneath it is happy40 ,sir ,thomas ,browne takes the 8white umbrella or medical bush of ,elder as an epitome of the order arising from five main stems1 quincuncially disposed and tolerably maintained in their sub-divisions40 ,the number #e1 and its appearance in works of ,nature1 must have occupied his mind at one time to a very great extent1 judging from his writings4 ,there is a saying that3-- ,an eldern stake and a black thorn ether 7hedge7 ,will make a hedge to last for ever4 ,and it is a common tradition that an ,elder stake will last in the ground longer than an iron bar the same size4 ,several very different musical instruments have been alike named 8,sambuke10 because they were all made out of ,elder-wood4 ,elder-berries have also wonderful properties4 ,in ,styria1 on 8,bertha ,night 7#fth ,january71 the devil goes about with special virulence4 ,as a safeguard persons are recommended to make a magic circle1 in the centre of which they should stand1 with ,elder-berries gathered on ,st ,john's night4 ,by doing this1 the mystic ,fern-seed may be obtained1 which possesses the strength of thirty or forty men4 ,there are no instructions as to why or how the desired ,fern-seed should arrive1 and all the proceedings are somewhat mysterious40 #aja ,folkard4 ,the most extraordinary collection of charms and receipts is to be found in an old book1 called ,le petit ,albert2 probably the contents are largely gleaned from out the wondrous lore set forth by ,albertus ,magnus4 ,a charm--it must be a charm1 for a mere recipe could hardly achieve such results1 8pour s'enrichir par la pche des poissons0 is made by mixing ,nettles1 ,cinquefoil1 and the juice of ,houseleek1 with corn boiled in water of ,thyme and ,marjoram1 and if this composition is put into a net1 the net will soon be filled with fish4 ,cinquefoil appears in many spells1 particularly as a magic herb in love-divinations1 and also against agues6 ,some parts of the book shed a lurid light on the customs of the day1 as for instance1 recipes 8to render a man or woman insensible to torture40 ,here is a less ghastly extract4 8,je quitte des matires violentes pour dire un ,mot de ,paix4 ,j'ai l dans le trs curieux livre des ,secrets du ,roi ,jean d',arragon1 que si aucun dans le mois de septembre1 ayant observ le temps que le soleil est entr au signe de la ,vierges a soin de cueillir de la fleur ,soucy 7,marigold7 qu'a t appell par les ,anciens1 ,epouse du ,soleil1 and si on l'enveloppe dedans des feuilles de ,laurier avec un dent de ,loup1 personne ne pourra parler mal de celui qui les portera sur luy et vivra dans un profonde paix et tranquillit avec tout le monde40 ,there is an odd1 little passage about the supernatural beings who inhabit the four elements1 ,salamanders1 ,nymphs1 ,sylphs1 and ,gnomes1 and the practices of ,lapland miners to obtain 8la bienveillance des ,gnomes40 ,this is managed through observing their love of perfumes4 ,each day of the week a certain perfume was burnt for them and these odours had an elaborate formula1 compiled with reference to the planets4 ,thus ,sunday's perfume is 8sous les auspices du soleil10 and contains ,saffron and ,musk2 ,monday's is made of the ,moon's special plants and includes the seed of the ,white ,poppy2 and the ingredients for each are equally appropriate to the ruling planet4 ,mars has ,hellebore and ,euphorbia in his perfume2 ,venus1 dried roses1 red coral1 and ambergris2 and ,saturn1 black poppy seeds1 ,mandrake roots and ,henbane4 ,in an ,english translation 7there are many editions of ,le petit ,albert7 fifteen magical herbs of the ,ancients are given1 but ,i will only quote two4 8,the eleventh hearbe is named of the ,chaldees ,isiphilon444 or ,englishmen1 ,centory444 this hearbe hath a marvellous virtue1 for if it be joined with the blood of a female lapwing or black plover and put with oile in a lamp1 all they that compasse it about shall believe themselves to be witches1 so that one shall believe of another that his head is in heaven and his feete on earth40 8,if the fourteenth hearbe1 smallage1 be bounden to an oxe's necke1 he will follow thee whithersoever thou wilt go40 ,the last instructions lead one to agree with the poet3 8,i would that ,i had flourished then1 ,when ruffs and raids were in the fashion10 and when views of mine and thine were less rigid than they are to-day4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,of ,,herbs ,,and ,,beasts ,here may'st thou range the goodly1 pleasant field1 ,and search out simples to procure thy heal1 ,what sundry virtues1 sundry herbs do yield1 ',gainst grief which may thy sheep or thee assail4 ,eclogue vii4--,,drayton4 ,and tryed time yet taught me greater thinges2 ,the sodain rising of the raging seas1 ,the soothe of byrdes by beating of their winges1 ,the powre of herbes1 both which can hurt and ease2 ,and which be wont t'enrage the restless sheepe1 ,and which be wont to worke eternal sleepe4 ,shepheard's ,calendar4--,,spenser4 ,and did you hear wild music blow ,all down the boreen1 long and low1 ,the tramp of ragweed horses' feet1 ,and ,una's laughter wild and sweet4 ,the ,passing of the ,shee4--,n4 ,,hopper4 ,herbs and animals may appear linked together in many aspects1 but there are two in which ,i specially wish to look at them--first1 glancing at the old traditions that tell of beasts and birds themselves having preferences among herbs2 secondly1 the human reasoning1 which decreed that certain plants must benefit or affect special creatures4 ,the glamour of magic at times hovers over both4 ,ragwort is ,st ,james's ,wort 7the ,french call it ,jacobe71 and ,st ,james is the patron saint of horses1 therefore ,ragwort is good for horses1 and has even gained the name of the ,staggerwort1 from being often prescribed for 8the staggers40 ,this is a good specimen of the reasoning1 but there is romance about the plant which is far more attractive4 ,besides being good for horses1 it is actually the witches' own horse6 ,there is a high granite rock called the ,castle ,peak1 south of the ,logan ,rock in ,cornwall1 where1 as tales run1 witches were specially fond of gathering1 and thither they rode on moonlight nights on a stem of ,ragwort4 ,in ,ireland1 it is the fairies ride it1 and there it is sometimes called the ,fairy's ,horse4 ,reach up to the star that hangs the lowest1 ,tread down the drift of the apple blow1 ,ride your ragweed horse to the ,isle of ,wobles4 ,ragwort is specially beloved by the ,leprehauns1 or ,clauricanes1 the little fairy cobblers1 who are sometimes seen singing or whistling over their work on a tiny shoe4 ,they wear 8deeshy-daushy0 leather aprons1 and usually red nightcaps4 ,do you not catch the tiny clamour1 ,busy click of an elfin hammer1 ,voice of the ,lepracaun singing shrill1 ,as he merrily plies his trade4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,yeats4 ,there is a very nice legend of the ,field of ,boliauns1 which turns on the belief that every ,leprehaun has a hidden treasure buried under a ragwort4 ,and if anyone can catch the little man1 and not for one second take his eyes off him until the plant is reached1 the ,leprehaun must show him exactly where to dig for it4 ,in the ,isle of ,man1 they used to tell of another steed1 not the fairies' horse1 but a fairy or enchanted horse1 ridden by mortals4 ,if anyone on ,st ,john's ,eve1 they said1 trod on a plant of ,st ,john's ,wort after sunset1 the horse would spring out of the earth1 and carry him about till sunrise1 and there leave him wherever they chanced at that moment to be4 ,william ,coles#ajb speaks with great decision as to the various remedies which animals find for themselves4 8,if the ,asse be oppressed with melancholy1 he eats of the herbe ,asplenium444 so the wilde ,goats being shot with ,darts or ,arrows1 cure themselves with ,dittany1 which ,herb hath the power to worke them out of the ,body and to heale up the wound40 ,gerarde adds that the 8,deere in ,candie0 seek the same remedy1 and ,parkinson remarks of ,hemp ,agrimony1 8,it is sayd that hunters have observed that ,deere being wounded by the eating of this herbe have been healed of their hurts40 ,drayton's ,hermit refers to dictam or dittany4 ,and this is dictam which we prize ,shot shafts and darts expelling4 ,shelley is less definite4 ,he only laments3 ,the wounded deer must seek the herb no more ,in which its heart cure lies4 #ajb 8,art of ,simpling40 ,goats do not seek ,sea-,holly as a remedy1 but it has a startling effect upon them if1 by accident1 they touch it4 8,they report that the herb ,sea-,holly 7,eryngium maritimum71 if one goat take it into her mouth1 it causeth her first to stand still1 and afterwards the whole flocke1 untill such time as the ,shepherd take it forth of her mouth1 as ,plutarch writeth40#ajc ,however much these wild theories may exceed facts as to animals curing themselves1 they are not altogether without reason1 for the instinct of beasts leading them to healing herbs has often been noticed4 ,evelyn says3 8,i have heard of one ,signior ,jaquinto1 ,physician to ,queen ,anne 7,mother of the ,blessed ,martyr1 ,charles the ,first71 and was so to one of the ,popes4 ,that observing the ,scurvy and ,dropsy to be the ,epidemical and ,dominent ,diseases of this ,nation1 he went himself into the ,hundreds of ,essex 7reputed the most unhealthy ,county of this ,island71 and us'd to follow the ,sheep and ,cattell on purpose to observe what ,plants they chiefly fed upon2 and of those ,simples compos'd an excellent ,electuary of extraordinary ,effects against those ,infirmities4 #ajc ,gerarde4 8,thus we are told1 that the ,vertue of the ,cophee was discover'd by marking what the ,goats so greedily brutted upon4 ,so sculapius is said to have restor'd dismember'd ,hippolitus by applying some simples1 he observ'd a ,serpent to have us'd another dead ,serpent40 ,the last instance sounds mythical6 ,but goats have really more than once led mankind to some useful bit of knowledge4 ,there is a ,chilian plant1 ,boldo1 a tincture of the leaves of which are frequently administered in ,france for hepatic complaints1 and this is the history of the discovery of its virtues4 8,the goats in ,chili had been for many years subject to enlargement of the liver1 and the owners of the flocks had begun to despair of them as a source of revenue1 until it was observed that certain flocks were exempt from the complaint1 whilst others in adjacent districts continued subject to it4 ,it was ultimately discovered that the goats browsing in fields where ,boldo grew were never a prey to hepatic diseases1 and the herb became gradually known and used1 first by ,south ,american and then by ,french druggists40 ,boldo is little used in ,england4 ,sheep seek ,dandelions2 and ,miss ,anne ,pratt quotes an agricultural report1 describing how some weakly lambs were moved into a field full of ,dandelions in flower1 and how rapidly the conspicuous blossoms were devoured4 ,finally1 as the flowers grew fewer and fewer1 the lambs were seen pushing one another away from the coveted plants1 and in this field they speedily gained in health and strength4 ,valerianella ,olitaria is said to be a favourite food of lambs1 and so gains its name of ,lambs' ,lettuce4 ,shepherds and flocks have always been favourite subjects for poetry1 and ,drayton touches them very prettily3-- ,when the new wash'd flock from the river side1 ,coming as white as ,january's snow1 ,the ram with nose-gays bears his horns in pride1 ,and no less brave the bell-wether doth go4 ,nep or ,cat-mint is said to have a great attraction for cats4 ,of which there is this old rime3-- ,if you set it1 the catts will eate it1 ,if you sow it1 the catts won't know it4#ajd #ajd ,coles4 ,the weasel1 with a grand knowledge of counter-poisons1 8arms herself with eating of ,rue10 before fighting a serpent4 ,folkard says that in the north of ,england there is a tradition that when hops were first planted there1 nightingales also made their first appearance1 and he adds that both have long since disappeared1 north of the ,humber4 ,in other parts of ,england there is an idea 7quite a false one7 that nightingales will only sing where cowslips flourish4 ,the cuckoo is connected with both plants and minerals4 ,in some parts of ,germany1 ,mr ,friend writes1 the call of the cuckoo is thought to reveal mines1 and the cuckoo's bread1 the purple orchis1 grows most abundantly where rich veins of metal lie beneath4 ,there is a story about the plantain1 a plant with a most interesting legendary history1 in which the cuckoo appears4 ,once the ,plantain or ,waybread was a maiden1 always watching for her absent lover1 and at last she was changed into the plant that almost always grows by the road-side4 ,and now every seventh year the plantain becomes a bird1 either the ,cuckoo or the ,cuckoo's servant1 the ,dinnick4 ,the ,yellow ,rattle is sometimes called ,gowk's ,siller1 and ,gowk may mean either the ,cuckoo or a fool1 so they may quarrel for it4 ,johnston seems to think that the siller belongs rather to the fool1 for he remarks3 8the capsules rattle when in seed444 being like the fool unable to conceal its wealth40 ,the ,swallow restored sight to the eyes of her young1 when any evil had befallen them1 by the help of ,celandine4 ,and it was for this reason1 says ,gerarde1 that the flower gained its name1 ,chelidonium1 swallow-herbe1 and not because it 8first springeth at the coming of the swallows or dieth when they goe away40444 ,celsus doth witnesse that it will restore 8the sight of the eies of divers young birds444 and soonest of all of the sight of the swallow40 ,the eagle1 when he wishes his sight to be particularly keen1 rubs his eyes with the wild ,lettuce1 and the hawk follows his example1 but chooses ,hawkweed with equal success4 ,doves and pigeons find that ,vervain cures dimness of vision and goldfinches and linnets and some other birds turn to eyebright4 8,the purple and yellow spots which are upon the flowers of eyebright very much resemble the diseases of the eyes or bloodshot40#aje ,there is a very wide belief in a magic plant called ,spring-wort or ,spring-wurzel of which ,folkard gives an interesting description4 8,pliny10 he says1 8records the superstition concerning it1 almost in the same form in which it is now found in ,germany4 ,if anyone touches a lock with it1 the lock1 however strong1 must yield4 ,in ,switzerland it is carried in the right pocket to render the bearer invulnerable to dagger or bullet2 and in the ,hartz mountains it is said to reveal treasures4 ,one cannot easily find it oneself1 but generally the wood-pecker 7according to ,pliny also the raven1 in ,switzerland1 the ,hoopoe1 in the ,tyrol1 the swallow7 will bring it under the following circumstances4 ,when the bird has temporarily left its nest this must be stopped up with wood4 ,the bird then flies away to find the ,spring-wurzel and will open the nest by touching it with the root4 ,meantime a fire or a red cloth must be placed near by1 which will so frighten the bird that it will let the magical root fall40 ,le petit ,albert1 to procure ,spring-wort suggests tying up a magpie's nest with new cords1 but merely says that she brings une herbe to release her nestlings1 without giving its name4 #aje 8,adam in ,eden10 ,coles4 ,several legends are attached to the ,wood-pecker4 ,amongst others there is an idea that the root of the ,peony is good for epilepsy1 but should a ,wood-pecker be in sight when the patient tastes it he would be forthwith struck blind6 ,in ,piedmont there is a little plant called the ,herb of the ,blessed ,mary1 which is fatal to birds1 and there it is said that when young wild birds are caught and caged their parents bring them a sprig of it1 that death rather than imprisonment may be their lot4 ,de ,gubernatis speaks of an oriental bird of greater resource1 the ,paperone1 for when his little ones are imprisoned he seeks and brings a root which breaks the iron bars and releases them4 ,parkinson tells of an ,indian herb which 8cast to the birds causeth as many as take it to fall downe to the ground as being stoned for a time1 but if any take it too greedily it will kill them1 if they bee not helped by cold water put on their heads1 but ,dawes above all other birds are soonest kild thereby40 ,there is a suggestion of comedy in this picture of a seventeenth century herbalist in a foreign land pouring cold water on the heads of wild birds4 ,illustration3 ,,fennel 8,the raven1 when he hath killed the chameleon1 and yet perceiving he is hurt and poisoned by him1 flyeth for remedy to the ,laurell10 which 8represseth and extinguisheth the venom10 says ,pliny4#ajf ,the elephant1 under the same circumstances1 recovers himself by eating 8wild ,olive1 the only remedy he hath of this poison4444 ,the storke1 feeling himself amisse1 goeth to the herbe ,organ for remedy10 and ,parkinson quotes ,antigonas as saying that ring-doves cured their wounds with the same plant4 ,stock-doves1 jays1 merles1 blackbirds and ousels recover 8their appetite to meate10 by eating bay leaves2 and ducks1 geese and other waterfowl seek endive or chicory4 ,of course1 chickweed and goosegrass have gained their names as the result of similar observations1 more modern1 and possibly more accurate4 ,elder-berries are eaten by birds1 but they are said to have serious effects on chickens4 #ajf ,philemon ,holland's ,translation4 ,lizards cure themselves of the biting of serpents with calaminth1 and the tortoise cautiously eats a 8kind of sauorie or marjerome0 before the battle4 ,sir ,francis ,bacon mentions that1 8the snake loveth fennel2 that the toad will be much under sage2 that frogs will be in cinquefoil02 though he unromantically doubts that the virtue of these herbs is the cause of these preferences4 ,turner also remarks on the toad's liking for sage1 and says3 8,rue is good to be planted among ,sage1 to prevent the poison which may be in it by toads frequenting amongst it1 but ,rue being amongst it they will not come near it40 ,a toad recovers itself by means of the plantain from the poison of the spider1 and ,bullein#ajg tells us of the frog's fondness for the ,scabiosa1 under whose leaves they will 8shadow themselves from the heate of the daie1 poppyng and plaiying under these leaves1 which to them is a pleasant ,tent or ,pavillion40 ,the reputed venom of toads was sometimes said to be sucked from camomile1 of all plants6 #ajg ,bullein's 8,bulwarke2 or1 ,booke of ,simples10 #aefb4 ,pliny wrote of the serpent1 that waking in the spring1 she finds that during the winter her sight has become 8dim and dark1 so that with the herbe ,fennell she comforteth and anointeth her eies10 and having cast her coat1 8appeareth fresh1 slick and yong again40 ,if camomile furnishes venom for toads1 it seems to provide nourishment for fishes4 ,william ,browne says of some nymphs3-- ,another from her banks1 in sheer good will1 ,brings nutriment for fish1 the camomile4 ,isaac ,walton observes that1 8,parsley and ,garden earth recovers and refreshes sick fish40 ,the ,alder or ,aul is indirectly connected with trout in a ,herefordshire rhyme3-- ,when the bud of the ,aul is as big as the trout's eye1 ,then that fish is in season in the ,river ,wye4 ,among other counsels ,piscator speaks of the perch's tastes4 8,and he hath been observed by some not usually to bite till the mulberry-tree buds--that is to say1 till extreme frosts be past in the spring4444 ,some think of grayling that he feeds on water-thyme1 and smells of it at his first taking out of the water40 ,a pike has a liking for lavender1 and the directions for trying for this fish with a dead bait begin3 8,dissolve gum of ivy in oil of spike lavender1 and then anoint the bait with it4 ,wheat boiled in milk and flavoured with ,saffron is a choice bait for ,roach and ,grayling1 and ,mulberries and those ,blackberries which grow upon briars1 be good baits for ,chubs and ,carps40 ,gerarde says that ,balm rubbed over hives will keep the bees there1 and cause others to come to them1 and ,parkinson thought that the 8leaves or rootes of ,acorus 7sweet-smelling ,flagge7 tyed to a hive0 would have the same effect4 ,to turn to the herbs prescribed by men for beasts1 we find that ,spenser alludes to two of them3-- ,here grows melampode everywhere ,and terebinth good for gotes4 ,july--,shepheard's ,calendar4 ,a marginal note suggests that the latter meant the 8turpentine tree40 8,the tree that weepeth turpentine0 is mentioned by ,drayton1 and we may suppose that both poets referred to the same tree1 the ,silver ,fir 7,pinus picra74 ,melampode was hellebore or bear's foot1 a very important plant1 and it was much used in magic4 ,a cynical ,french verse says3-- ,l'ellbore est la fleur des fous1 ,on l'a ddie a maints potes4 ,once people blessed their cattle with it to keep them from evil spells1 and 8for this purpose it was dug up with certain attendant mystic rites3 the devotees first drawing a circle round the plant with a sword1 and then turning to the east and offering a prayer to ,apollo and sculapius for leave to dig up the root40#ajh ,in the old ,french romance1 ,les ,quatre ,fils ,aymon1 the sorcerer1 ,malagis or ,maugis1 when he wishes to make his way1 unchallenged1 through the enemy's camp1 scatters powdered hellebore in the air as he goes4 ,both the ,black and the ,white ,hellebore1 ,parkinson says1 are known to be very poisonous1 and the white hellebore was used by hunters to poison arrows1 with which they meant to kill 8wolves1 foxes1 dogs10 etc4 ,black ,hellebore was used to heal and not to hurt1 and 8a piece of the roote being drawne through a hole made in the eare of a beast troubled with cough1 or having taken any poisonous thing1 cureth it1 if it be taken out the next day at the same houre40 ,this writer believes that ,white ,hellebore would be equally efficacious in such a case1 but ,gerarde recommends the ,black ,hellebore only as being good for beasts4 ,he says the old ,farriers used to 8cut a slit in the dewlap and put in a bit of ,beare-foot1 and leave it there for daies together40 ,verbascum thapsis was called ,bullock's ,lungwort1 from the resemblance of its leaf to a dewlap1 and on the ,doctrine of ,signatures was therefore given to cattle suffering from pneumonia4 #ajh ,timbs4 ,samoclas1 or ,marchwort1 was a strange herb which used to be put in the drinking-troughs of cattle and swine to preserve their health4 ,but to obtain this desirable result it had to be 8gathered fasting1 and with the left hand1 without looking back1 when it was being plucked40#aji ,gervase ,markham mentions a curious evil among cattle4 ,he says if a shrew-mouse run over a beast 8it feebleth his hinder parts and maketh him unable to go4 ,the cure is to draw him under1 or beat him with a ,bramble1 which groweth at both ends in the furrowes of corne lands40 ,markham was a noted authority on ,husbandry and ,farriery in the early part of the seventeenth century1 and he gives advice for the various ills afflicting horses4 ,for nightmare he prescribed balls composed of ,aniseed1 ,liquorice and ,garlic1 and other ingredients4 ,for toothache1 ,ale or ,vinegar1 in which ,betony has been seethed2 and loose teeth are to be rubbed with the leaves of ,elecampane1 which will 8fasten0 them4 ,stubwort 7wood-sorrel71 8lapped in red ,dock leafe and roasted in hot cinders1 will eat away the dead flesh in a sore10 and any 8splint1 iron1 thorne or stub0 may be drawn out by an application of ,yarrow1 ,southernwood1 ,cummin-seed1 ,fenugreek and ,ditany1 bruised with black soap4 ,horse ,mint1 ,wormwood and ,dill are other herbs recommended by this author4 #aji ,timbs4 ,gerarde says that the leaves of ,arsmart 7,persicaria7 rubbed on the back of a tired horse1 and a 8good handfull or two laid under the saddle1 will wonderfully refresh him20 and ,le petit ,albert gives a recipe for making a horse go further in one hour than another would go in eight4 ,you must begin by mingling a handful of 8,satyrion0 in his oats1 and anointing him with the fat of a deer2 then when you are mounted and ready to start 8vous lui tournerez la tt du cot de soleil levant et vous penchant sur son oreille gauche vous prononerez trois fois voix basse les paroles suivantes et vous partirez aussi tt3 ,gaspar1 ,melchior1 ,merchisard4 ,t'ajonte cecy que si vous suspenderez au col du cheval les grosses dents d'un loup qui aura t tu en courant1 le cheval ne sera pas fatigue de sa course40 ,no doubt these proceedings were carried out by the traveller with an air of mystery1 and must have impressed the bystanders1 but one wonders what the rider thought of them after an hour's journeying8 ,satyrion is a kind of orchis4 ,there was a herb called ,sferro ,cavallo which was supposed to be able to break locks or draw off the shoes of the horses that passed over it4 ,sir ,thomas ,browne speaks of it in his 8,popular ,errors10 and laughs the idea to scorn1 and 8cannot but wonder at ,matthiolus1 who1 upon a parallel in ,pliny1 was staggered into suspension0 of judgment4 ,this plant was probably the ,horse-shoe ,vetch1 whose seed-vessels1 being in the shape of horse-shoes1 may have given rise to the superstition2 but ,grimm thought it was the ,euphorbia ,lathyris4 ,the same belief is found in different countries1 referred to other plants2 the ,french thought that ,rest ,harrow had this marvellous property1 and ,culpepper tells the same tale about the ,moonwort 7,botrychium ,lunaria71 which had the country name of ,unshoe-the-,horse4 8,besides1 ,i have heard commenders say that in ,white ,down in ,devonshire1 near ,tiverton1 there were found thirty horse-shoes1 pulled off from the feet of the ,earl of ,essex's horses1 being then drawn up in a body1 many of them being but newly shod1 and no reason known1 which caused much admiration1 and the herb described usually grows upon heaths40 ,one would hardly have thought that 8admiration0 was the feeling evoked1 but perhaps nobody concerned was pressed for time6 ,hound's ,tongue 7,cynoglossum officinale7 was believed to have the remarkable property that it will 8tye the tongues of ,houndes1 so that they shall not bark at you1 if it be laid under the bottom of your feet40 ,in ,markham's advice about domestic animals1 he alludes to a 8certaine stage of madnesse0 which attacks rabbits1 and says that the cure is ,hare-,thistle 7,sonchus oleraceus74 ,the 8,grete ,herbal0 called this plant the 8,hare's ,palace40 8,for yf the hare come under it1 he is sure that no best can touche hym40 ,these statements lead one to feel that once upon a time1 the world was much more like the world of ,richard ,jefferies than it is1 and that 8wood magic0 was nearer to our forefathers than to ourselves4 ,nowadays1 when everything travels more quickly along the road of life1 the eyes of ordinary mortals get confused with the movement and the jostling and they do not see the pretty by-play that goes on in the bushes by the way1 nor peer into the depths of the woodland beyond4 ,in this they lose a good deal1 but no one can 8put back the clock10 and one must feel grateful that the idylls of the forest are still being acted1 and that there are still men whose vision is quick enough to catch sight of them1 and whose pens have the cunning to put before others the glimpses that they themselves have caught4 ,a legend exists about the ,cormorant1 the ,bat1 and the ,bramble--quite inconsequent1 but not wholly out of place here1 so it shall serve as a conclusion4 ,once the ,cormorant was a wool merchant and he took for partners the ,bat and the ,bramble4 ,they freighted a large ship with wool1 but she was wrecked and then they were bankrupt4 ,ever since that1 the ,cormorant is diving into the deep1 looking for the lost ship2 the ,bat skulks round till midnight1 so that he may not meet his creditors1 and the ,bramble catches hold of every passing sheep to try and make up for his loss by stealing wool4 ,no doubt1 you have often noticed their ways1 but did you ever before know their reasons8 ,,tusser',s ,,list ,,seeds ,,and ,,herbs ,,for ,,the ,,kitchen4 #a4 ,avens4 #b4 ,betony4 #c4 ,bleets or beets1 white or yellow4 #d4 ,bloodwort4 #e4 ,bugloss4 #f4 ,burnet4 #g4 ,borrage4 #h4 ,cabbages1 remove in ,june4 #i4 ,clary4 #aj4 ,coleworts4 #aa4 ,cresses4 #ab4 ,endive4 #ac4 ,fennel4 #ad4 ,french ,mallows4 #ae4 ,french ,saffron1 set in ,august4 #af4 ,lang de beef4 #ag4 ,leeks1 remove in ,june4 #ah4 ,lettuce1 remove in ,may4 #ai4 ,longwort 7,lungwort74 #bj4 ,liverwort 7probably ,agrimonia ,eupatoria74 #ba4 ,marigolds1 often cut4 #bb4 ,mercury 7,chenopodium ,bonus ,henricus74 #bc4 ,mints1 at all times4 #bd4 ,nep 7,nepeta ,cataria74 #be4 ,onions1 from ,december to ,march4 #bf4 ,orache or arache1 red and white 7,atriplex hortensis74 #bg4 ,patience4 #bh4 ,parsley4 #bi4 ,penny-royal4 #cj4 ,primrose4 #ca4 ,poret 7a leek or small onion according to some writers1 ,garlick74 #cb4 ,rosemary1 in the spring time1 to grow south or west4 #cc4 ,sage1 red or white4 #cd4 ,english ,saffron1 set in ,august4 #ce4 ,summer ,savory4 #cf4 ,sorrell4 #cg4 ,spinage4 #ch4 ,succory4 #ci4 ,siethes 7,chives74 #dj4 ,tansey4 #da4 ,thyme4 #db4 ,violets of all sorts4 ,,herbs ,,and ,,roots ,,for ,,salads ,,and ,,sauce4 #a4 ,alexanders at all times4 #b4 ,artichokes4 #c4 ,blessed ,thistle1 or ,carduus ,benedictus4 #d4 ,cucumbers1 in ,april and ,may4 #e4 ,cresses1 sow with lettuce in the spring4 #f4 ,endive4 #g4 ,mustard-seed1 sow in the spring1 and at ,michaelmas4 #h4 ,musk1 ,mellion1 in ,april and ,may4 #i4 ,mints4 #aj4 ,purslane4 #aa4 ,radish1 and after remove them4 #ab4 ,rampions4 #ac4 ,rocket1 in ,april4 #ad4 ,sage4 #ae4 ,sorrell4 #af4 ,spinage1 for the summer4 #ag4 ,sea-holy4 #ah4 ,sparage1 let grow two years and then remove4 #ai4 ,skirrets1 set these plants in ,march4 #bj4 ,succory4 #ba4 ,tarragon1 set in slips in ,march4 #bb4 ,violets of all colours4 ,these buy with the penny ,or look not for any4 #a4 ,capers4 #b4 ,lemons4 #c4 ,olives4 #d4 ,oranges4 #e4 ,rice4 #f4 ,samphire4 ,,herbs ,,and ,,roots1 ,,to ,,boil ,,or ,,to ,,butter4 #a4 ,beans1 set in winter4 #b4 ,cabbages1 sow in ,march and after remove4 #c4 ,carrots4 #d4 ,citrons1 sow in ,may4 #e4 ,gourds1 in ,may4 #f4 ,navews1 sow in ,june 7,brassica ,napus74 #g4 ,pompions1 in ,may4 #h4 ,parsnips1 in winter4 #i4 ,runcival ,pease1 set in winter4 #aj4 ,rapes1 sow in ,june4 #aa4 ,turnips1 in ,march and ,april4 ,,strewing ,,herbs ,,of ,,all ,,sorts4 #a4 ,basil1 fine and busht1 sow in ,may4 #b4 ,balm1 set in ,march4 #c4 ,camomile4 #d4 ,costmary4 #e4 ,cowslips and ,paggles4 #f4 ,daisies of all sorts4 #g4 ,sweet ,fennell4 #h4 ,germander4 #i4 ,hyssop1 set in ,february4 #aj4 ,lavender 7,lavendula vera74 #aa4 ,lavender ,spike 7,l4 spica74 #ab4 ,lavender ,cotton4 #ac4 ,marjoram1 knotted1 sow or set in the spring4 #ad4 ,maudeline4 #ae4 ,pennyroyal4 #af4 ,roses of all sorts1 in ,january and ,september4 #ag4 ,red ,mints4 #ah4 ,sage4 #ai4 ,tansy4 #bj4 ,violets4 #ba4 ,winter ,savory4 ,,herbs1 ,,branches1 ,,and ,,flowers ,,for ,,windows4 #a4 ,bays1 sow or plant in ,january4 #b4 ,bachelor's ,buttons4 #c4 ,bottles1 blue1 red1 and tawny4 #d4 ,columbines4 #e4 ,campions4 #f4 ,cowslips 7,tusser here meant ,oxlips74 #g4 ,daffodils or ,daffodondillies4 #h4 ,eglantine or ,sweet-,brier4 #i4 ,fetherfew4 #aj4 ,flower ,amour1 sow in ,may 7,amaranthus74 #aa4 ,flower de ,luce4 #ab4 ,flower-,gentle1 white and red 7,amaranthus74 #ac4 ,flower ,nice4 #ad4 ,gillyflowers1 red1 white1 and ,carnations1 set in spring and at harvest in pots1 pails1 or tubs1 or for summer1 in beds4 #ae4 ,holyoaks1 red1 white1 and ,carnations 7,hollyhocks74 #af4 ,indian ,eye1 sow in ,may1 or set in slips in ,march 7,dianthus ,plumarius74 #ag4 ,lavender of all sorts4 #ah4 ,larksfoot 7,larkspur74 #ai4 ,laus tibi 7,narcissus ,poeticus74 #bj4 ,lillium ,convallium4 #ba4 ,lilies1 red and white1 sow or set in ,march and ,september4 #bb4 ,marigolds1 double4 #bc4 ,nigella ,romana4 #bd4 ,pansies1 or ,heartsease4 #be4 ,paggles1 green and yellow 7,cowslips74 #bf4 ,pinks of all sorts4 #bg4 ,queen's ,gilliflowers 7,hesperis ,matronalis74 #bh4 ,rosemary4 #bi4 ,roses of all sorts4 #cj4 ,snapdragon4 #ca4 ,sops in wine 7,pinks74 #cb4 ,sweet ,williams4 #cc4 ,sweet ,johns 7,dianthus ,barbatus74 #cd4 ,star of ,bethlehem 7,ornithogalum ,umbellatum74 #ce4 ,star of ,jerusalem 7,tragopogon pratensis74 #cf4 ,stock ,gilliflowers of all sorts4 #cg4 ,tuft ,gilliflowers4 #ch4 ,velvet flowers1 or ,french ,marigolds 7,tagetes patula74 #ci4 ,violets1 yellow and white4 #dj4 ,wall ,gilliflowers of all sorts4 ,,herbs ,,to ,,still ,,in ,,summer4 #a4 ,blessed ,thistle4 #b4 ,betony4 #c4 ,dill4 #d4 ,endive4 #e4 ,eyebright4 #f4 ,fennel4 #g4 ,fumitory4 #h4 ,hyssop4 #i4 ,mints4 #aj4 ,plantane4 #aa4 ,roses1 red and damask4 #ab4 ,respies 7,rubus ,idus74 #ac4 ,saxifrage 7,pimpinella saxifraga or ,saxifraga granulata1 or perhaps1 ,carum ,carvi74 #ad4 ,strawberries4 #ae4 ,sorrel4 #af4 ,succory4 #ag4 ,woodroffe1 for sweet waters and cakes4 ,,necessary ,,herbs ,,to ,,grow ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,,for ,,physic1 ,,not ,,rehearsed ,,before4 #a4 ,anise4 #b4 ,archangel 7,angelica74 #c4 ,betony4 #d4 ,chervil4 #e4 ,cinquefoil 7,potentida reptans74 #f4 ,cummin4 #g4 ,dragons 7,arum ,maculatum74 #h4 ,dittary or garden ginger 7,lepidium ,latifolium74 #i4 ,gromwell seed 7,lithospernum officinale74 #aj4 ,hart's tongue4 #aa4 ,horehound4 #ab4 ,lovage4 #ac4 ,liquorice4 #ad4 ,mandrake4 #ae4 ,mugwort4 #af4 ,peony4 #ag4 ,poppy4 #ah4 ,rue4 #ai4 ,rhubarb4 #bj4 ,smallage4 #ba4 ,saxifrage4 #bb4 ,savin4 #bc4 ,stitchwort4 #bd4 ,valerian4 #be4 ,woodbine4 ,thus ends in brief1 ,of herbs the chief1 ,to get more skill1 ,read whom ye will2 ,such mo to have1 ,of field go crave4 ,,authors ,,referred ,,to ,,abercrombie1 8,every ,man his own ,gardener40 ,,amherst 7,hon4 ,alicia71 8,a ,history of ,gardening in ,england40 ,,ashmole1 8,history of the ,most ,noble ,order of the ,garter40 ,,bacon1 8,sylva ,sylvarum2 or1 a ,naturall ,historie40 ,,blount1 8,fragmenta ,antiquitatis2 or ,jocular ,tenures40 ,,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities40 ,,britten1 8,a ,dictionary of ,english ,plant ,names40 ,,browne 7,sir ,thomas71 8,vulgar ,errors40 ,,clarendon1 8,history of the ,rebellion40 ,,coles1 8,art of ,simpling40 ,,culpepper1 8,the ,english ,physitian40 ,,culpepper1 8,astrological ,judgment of ,diseases40 ,,de ,,gubernatis1 ,la ,mythologie des ,plantes4 ,,de ,,la ,,quintinye1 8,the ,compleat ,gard'ner40 ,,dillon1 ,nineteenth ,century1 ,april #ahid4 ,,dyer 7,thistleton71 8,the ,folk-,lore of ,plants40 ,,ellacombe 7,canon71 8,the ,plant-,lore and ,garden-,craft of ,shakespeare40 ,,evelyn 7,j471 8,acetaria1 a ,discourse of ,sallets10 #afii4 ,,favyn 7,andr71 ,le ,thtre d'honneur et de ,chevatries1 #afbj4 ,,favyn 7,andr71 8,theatre of ,honour40 ,,fernie1 8,herbal ,simples40 ,,folkard1 8,plant-,lore1 ,legends and ,lyrics40 ,,friend1 8,flowers and ,flower-,lore40 ,,fuller1 8,church ,history40 ,,fuller1 8,antheologia2 or1 the ,speech of ,flowers40 ,,gerarde1 8,the ,herball10 #aeif4 ,,the 8,grete ,herball10 #aeaf4 ,,guillim1 8,heraldry40 ,,hakluyt',s ,voyages1 8,remembrances for ,master ,s410 #aehb4 ,,harrison',s 8,description of ,england40 8,history of ,signboards40 ,,hogg1 8,the ,vegetable ,kingdom and its ,products40 ,,huish1 8,history of the ,coronation of ,george ,,iv40 ,,ingram1 ,flora ,symbolica4 ,i4 ,w41 i4e4 ,john ,worlidge1 ,systema ,agricultur1 printed 7,london7 for ,thos4 ,dring1 #afha4 ,,jones1 8,crowns and ,coronations40 ,,lambert 7,miss71 ,nineteenth ,century1 ,september #ahgi1 and ,may #ahhj4 ,le ,petit ,albert1 from the 8,secrets of ,albertus ,magnus1 of the ,virtues of ,herbs1 ,stones and ,certaine ,beasts10 #afag4 ,,loudon1 8,encyclopdia of ,gardening40 ,,lupton1 8,book of ,notable ,things10 #aege4 ,,markham 7,gervase71 8,the ,complete ,housewife40 ,,meager1 8,the ,new ,art of ,gardening10 #afig4 ,,newton1 8,an ,herbal of the ,bible10 #aehg4 ,,nicholas 7,sir ,n4 ,h471 8,history of the ,orders of ,knighthood of the ,british ,empire40 ,,parkinson1 ,paradisi in ,sole1 ,paradisus terrestris1 #afbi4 ,,parkinson1 8,theatre of ,plants10 #afdj4 ,,peck1 ,desiderata ,curiosa4 ,,pegge',s ,curalia4 ,,platt 7,sir ,hugh71 8,the ,garden of ,eden10 #afec4 ,,pliny',s 8,natural ,history10 ,trans4 by ,philemon ,holland4 ,quarterly ,review1 ,june #ahdb4 ,,rhind1 8,history of the ,vegetable ,kingdom40 ,,roberts 7,h471 8,complete ,account of the ,coronations of the ,kings and ,queens of ,england40 ,,robinson1 8,english ,flower-,garden40 ,,ross1 8,view of all ,religions10 #afec4 ,,selden1 8,table ,talk40 ,,smith1 8,dictionary of the ,bible40 ,,thornton1 8,family ,herbal40 ,,timbs1 8,things ,not ,generally ,known40 ,,tusser1 8,five ,hundred ,points of ,good ,husbandry10 #aegg4 ,,walton 7,isaac71 8,the ,complete ,angler40 ,,index ,,of ,,plants ,,aconite1 #agc ,acorus1 #aif ,agrimony1 #ace1 #afg ---- ,hemp1 #aij ,alder1 #afg1 #aif ,alecost1 #aba1 #abb ,alexanders1 #dg1 #dh1 #aec1 #agf ,alkanet1 #ae1 #aej ,angelica1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #aej1 #afd1 #aff1 #agi ,anise1 #i1 #aed1 #agc1 #ahb1 #aih ,arnica1 #agc ,arsmart1 #aih ,asplenium1 #aij ,,balm1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje1 #adh1 #aif ,barberries1 #ii1 #ajg ,basil1 ,sweet1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #aje1 #aag1 #aed1 #agf1 #agh1 #ahc ---- ,bush1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #aed ,bay1 #acb1 #acc1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc1 #add1 #agg1 #aie ,bearberries1 #agc ,bearsfoot1 #afd1 #aif1 #aig ,bella-,donna1 #afg ,bergamot1 #abj1 #aba1 #adh1 #agc ,betony1 #aaa1 #afd1 #afh1 #aih ,blites1 #ej1 #ea ,bloodwort1 #ea ,boldo1 #aij ,borage1 #ac1 #ad1 #aed ,boy's ,love1 #acf1 #aff ,bridewort1 #aji1 #abh ,brooklime1 #afg ,broom1 #ih1 #abi1 #acd1 #aff1 #agd1 #ahc ,buckshorne1 #ea1 #eb ,bugloss1 #ad1 #fd1 #aej ---- ,viper's1 #ae1 #afj ,bullock's ,lungwort1 #aig ,burnet1 #ae1 #af1 #aeb ,burnet-,saxifrage1 #ahb ,,calaminth1 #aie ,camomile1 #ec1 #ed1 #adi1 #aff1 #ahb1 #aie ---- ,wild1 #aff ,caraway1 #af1 #ag1 #aec1 #agc ,cardoons1 #ee ,cassidony1 #abf ,celandine1 #afh1 #aic ,celery1 #ag1 #ah ,centaury1 #afd1 #ahg ,chervil1 #c1 #ah1 #hi1 #aee1 #agf1 #agi ,chibbals1 #ah ,chickenweed1 #afg1 #aie ,chickweed1 #d ,chicory1 #be1 #agg ,chives1 #ai1 #aea ,ciboules1 #ah1 #ai ,cinquefoil1 #aab1 #ahe1 #aie ,cives1 #ai ,clary1 #ee ,cliders1 #afh ,clove-,gillyflowers1 #aaa1 #abd ,club-,moss1 #a1 #agd ,colchicum1 #hf1 #afe ,coltsfoot1 #afg ,comfrey1 #afe ,coriander1 #c1 #ai1 #add1 #agc1 #agf ,corn-,salad1 #cf ,costmary1 #aag1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb1 #adi ,cowflop1 #afh ,cowslip1 #afg1 #aib ---- of ,jerusalem1 #agd ,cresses1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb ---- ,water1 #bb1 #aeb1 #afg ,cuckoo's ,bread1 #aib ,cuckoo-flowers1 #fb1 #fc ,cumin1 #c1 #ai1 #aed1 #aha1 #aih ,,dandelion1 #bb1 #bc1 #aeb1 #afd1 #aia ,decoration of ,churches1 #ajc1 #ajd ---- of ,houses1 #ajd ,dial of flowers1 #d1 #e ,dill1 #bc1 #bd1 #aec1 #agc1 #agf1 #agi ,distillers to ,queen ,elizabeth1 #aah1 #aai ,dittander1 #ef ,dittany1 #agi1 #aij1 #aih ,dock1 #afg1 #aih ---- ,patience1 #ei1 #fj ,doctrine of ,signatures1 #he1 #if1 #aei ,,eau ,d',,arquebusade1 #di ,elder1 #ih1 #afe1 #aff1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aie ,elecampane1 #ef1 #eg1 #aej1 #aha1 #aih ,endive1 #bd1 #be1 #aee1 #ahb1 #aie ,eyebright1 #ce1 #aic ,,fairy-,,bells1 #ahb ,fairy-cap1 #ahb ,featherfew1 #c1 #ed1 #afg ,fennel1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #aej1 #agc1 #aie ,fenngreek1 #eg1 #eh1 #aih ,finocchio1 #bg1 #aee ,flax1 #agc1 #aha ---- ,fairy1 #aha ,flower ,gentle1 #ej ,foxglove1 #afg1 #afh1 #aha1 #ahb ,furze1 #afe ,,garlic1 #agg1 #aih ,gentian1 #agb ,germander1 #aje1 #abb1 #abc ,gilliflowers1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #ahc ,goat's ,beard1 #d1 #bg1 #bh ,good ,king ,henry1 #eh ,goosegrass1 #afh1 #aie ,ground-ivy1 #ace1 #afg1 #ahj ,groundsel1 #afg ,green ,oil 7recipe71 #afi ,,hare-,,thistle1 #aii ,hawkweed1 #aic ,haymaids1 #afg ,heart-fever-grass1 #bc ,hedge-,garlic1 #afe1 #afg ,hedge-,mustard1 #afg ,hellebore1 #afd1 #ahf1 #aif ---- ,black1 #aig ---- ,white1 #aig ,hemlock1 #afh1 #agi ,henbane1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahf ,herbary1 #f ,herb-strewer1 ,the ,king's1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh ,herb-strewing1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf ---- at ,weddings1 #aji ,herb of the ,blessed ,mary1 #aid ---- ,patience1 #da1 #ei1 #fj1 #aeb1 #agf ---- ,robert1 #afg ,hollyhock1 #fg1 #fh ,honesty1 #gh1 #agf1 #agi ,hops1 #ig1 #agj1 #aib ,horehound1 #fa1 #adg1 #afj1 #afh ,horse-radish1 #bh1 #agc ,horse-shoe ,vetch1 #aii ,hound's ,tongue1 #aii ,house-leek1 #afe1 #ahj1 #ahe ,hyssop1 #bi1 #cj1 #aje1 #adg1 #afe1 #agf ,,judas ,,tree ,,flowers1 #h ,juniper1 #agd ,jupiter's ,distaff1 #ee ,,lad',s ,,love1 #acf ,ladysmocks1 #i1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc ,lamb's ,lettuce1 #cj1 #aee1 #aia ,langdebeefe1 #fc1 #fd ,larkspur1 #agd ,laurel1 #aie ,lavender1 #aah1 #abe1 #abf1 #ach1 #adf1 #agc1 #agd ---- ,french1 #abf ---- ,white1 #aaf1 #abf1 #adf ---- ,cotton1 #abf ,lettuce1 ,wild1 #aic ,lily of the ,valley1 #agc ,liquorice1 #fd1 #fe1 #aej1 #agc1 #aih ,lovage1 #c1 #fe1 #ff ,lunary1 #agi ,lungwort1 #agd ,lupines1 #eg1 #aag ,,maiden',s ,,ruin1 #acf ,mallow1 #c1 #ff1 #fg1 #aej1 #afe1 #agf ---- ,french1 #ff ---- ,marsh1 #fg1 #aej1 #afe ,marchwort1 #aig ,marigold1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #aed1 #afe ---- ,corn1 #gd ,marjoram1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb1 #aje1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #aie ---- ,pot1 #adh ---- ,sweet1 #aaa1 #aag1 #aah1 #adh1 #aed ---- ,winter1 #adh ,maudeline1 #aag1 #aba1 #abb ,meadow-,sweet1 #aji1 #abf1 #abg1 #afd ,melampode1 #aif ,mezereon1 #agc ,mignonette1 #ahb ,milfoil1 #ahj ,mint1 #c1 #cb1 #cc1 #adi1 #agc1 #agh ---- ,cat1 #cc1 #aib ---- ,horse1 #aih ---- ,pepper1 #cc1 #adi ---- ,spear1 #cc ---- ,water1 #af ,monk's-hood1 #agc ,moonwort1 #aih ,mugwort1 #eb1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #ahb ,musk1 #agc1 #ahf ,mustard1 #c1 #cc1 #cd1 #agc ---- ,tree1 #ahb ,myrtle1 #ahc ,,nep1 #aib ,,old ,,man1 #acf ,olive1 #aie ,orange1 #f1 #aag1 #acj ,orders of ,knighthood1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf ,organs1 #ag1 #aie ,ox-eye ,daisy1 #i ,,parsley1 #c1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #aec1 #aff1 #ahc1 #aie 8,passions10 #fj ,penny ,royal1 #gd1 #ge1 #adi1 #agi ,penny ,pies1 #afe ,peony1 #aid ,periwinkle1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #agg1 #agh ,pimpernel1 #aff1 #afh1 #agi ,pine ,cones1 #ih ,planets1 ,influence of the1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ,plantain1 #i1 #eb1 #aff1 #agd ,pomanders1 #aag1 #aah ,poor ,man's ,friend1 #afe ,poppy1 #agj1 #aga1 #agi1 #aib ---- ,black1 #ahf ---- ,white1 #aga1 #ahf ,pot-,pourri1 #aai ,primrose1 #i1 #afe ,proverbs1 #aaj ,purslane1 #gf1 #aaa1 #aef ---- ,golden1 #aef ,pyrethrum1 #ed1 #agc ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,meadows1 #abh ,,ragwort1 #ahh1 #ahi ,ram-ciches1 #gg ,rampion1 #gg1 #gh1 #aec1 #agg ,rest-,harrow1 #aih ,rhubarb1 #f1 #ahc ---- ,monk's1 #ei ,rocambole1 #gi ,rocket1 #gi1 #hj1 #aef ---- ,london1 #hj ,rosemary1 #h1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #adb1 #adg1 #afg1 #agc1 #agf1 #agh ,rue1 #c1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #abf1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #adg1 #agf1 #agh1 #aib1 #aie ,rush-,strewing1 #ajd ,,saffron1 #eg1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #aaa1 #aea1 #afe1 #agc1 #ahf1 #aif ---- ,meadow1 #hf1 #aff ,sage1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #adg1 #aff1 #afg1 #agf1 #agh1 #aie ,sage1 ,wood1 #afd ,st ,john's ,wort1 #afj1 #agg1 #ahi ,salsify1 #bh ,samoclas1 #aig ,samphire1 #hf1 #hg1 #aeb ,satyrion1 #aih ,savory1 ,summer1 #ci1 #aed ---- ,winter1 #bi1 #ci1 #dj1 #aej1 #agf1 #aie ,scabiosa1 #aic ,scorzonera1 #dd ,sea-holly1 #aij ,set-wall1 #agb ,sferro ,cavallo1 #aii ,skirrets1 #hg1 #hh1 #aea ,smallage1 #hh1 #ahg ,sorrel1 #dj1 #da1 #aea ---- ,french1 #da1 #aea ,southernwood1 #acf1 #acg1 #adf1 #adg1 #aih ,springwort1 #aic1 #aid ,squills1 #agc ,staggerwort1 #ahh ,star-grass1 #agd ,stickadove1 #abf ,stonecrop1 #hi ,strawberries1 #ii1 #ajj ---- leaves1 #ii1 #ajj ,stubwort1 #aih ,succory1 #be ,sumach1 #agd ,sunflower1 #if ,sweet ,cicely1 #hi1 #ij1 #aej ,sweet ,grass1 #acg ,sweet ,jar1 #aai ,swine's ,cress1 #afe ,,tansy1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #aje1 #adf1 #ahj ---- ,wild1 #id ,tarragon1 #da1 #db1 #adf1 #adg1 #ahb ,terebinth1 #aif ,thistle1 #ig1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae ---- ,blessed1 or ,holy1 #ie1 #if1 #afg ---- ,milk1 #ie1 #if1 #ig ---- ,spear1 #aag ,thyme1 #bi1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #adh1 #adi1 #agc1 #ahe ---- ,water1 #aif ---- ,wild1 #af1 #aha1 #ahb ,tisane de ,sept ,fleurs1 #agj ,treacle-,mustard1 #aei ,tripe-,madam1 #hi ,turnip1 #h ,,unshoe-,,the-,,horse1 #aih ,uv ,ursi1 #agc ,,valerian1 #agb1 #agh1 #agi ,venice ,treacle1 #aei ,vervain1 #agh1 #agi1 #aic ,vine1 #ig1 #aje ,violets1 #ih1 #ii1 #afh ,viper's-,grass1 #dd ,,waybread1 #aib ,whortleberries1 #aab ,willow1 #aje1 #acd1 #agc ,wincopipe1 #afh ,winter-green1 #agc ,wolfs-bane1 #agc ,wood-rose1 #acg ---- rowell1 #acg ---- ruff1 #acg1 #ach ---- sorrel1 #de1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aih ,wormwood1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adf1 #adg1 #afe1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aih ,,yarrow1 #i1 #ahj1 #aih ,yellow ,rattle1 #aib 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's uote3 ,inconsistent spelling 7including of proper and botanical names1 and including differences between the text and the index7 and factual errors have been retained1 except as listed below4 ,non-,english phrases have not been corrected or individually commented upon either1 except as listed below4 ,the terms ,german and ,dutch appear to be used interchangeably4 ,in several places an opening or closing quote mark is missing4 ,where it was clear where the mark should go1 it has been inserted 7see under ,changes made74 ,in other instances the correction has not been made4 ,page #he1 -3 as printed in the source document2 ,fuller wrote - 7possibly as an error for -74 ,page #abb-abc1 ,footnotes #gb and #gc3 the source document has two identical footnote markers and but a single footnote4 ,both appear to be quotes from ,parkinson4 ,page #aih-aii1 ,t'ajonte should be ,j'ajoute4 ,page #bjg3 ,le ,thtre d'honneur et de ,chevatries should be ,le ,thtre d'honneur et de ,chevalerie4 ,changes made ,footnotes have been moved to the end of the section or paragraph1 illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs4 ,minor obvious typographical an punctuation errors have been corrected silently4 ,some ditto marks 77 have been replaced with the dittoed text4 ,page ix3 ,illustration numbers added ,page #b3 0 inserted after 444 flowers and sweet herbs4 ,page #e3 the #8lovers' walk changed to the lovers' walk ,page #bj3 chez le ,grecs changed to chez les ,grecs ,page #bc3 to 8dull10 changed to 8to dull10 ,page #bd3 444 spicie taste4' changed to 444 spicie taste4'02 quote mark deleted after 444 the seeds of ,dill1 ,page #ha3 ,vunc ,saffroni changed to ,v unc ,saffroni ,page #he3 when he hath changed to whence he hath ,page #id1 quote mark inserted before ,tansey1 being qualify'd 444 ,page #ii1 quote mark deleted after 444 both branches and others ,page #aje3 quote mark inserted before for summer-time your chimney 444 ,page #abb3 ,stroing tansey changed to ,strong tansey ,page #abd3 they mentioned here changed to they are mentioned here ,page #abe3 ,hat lavender changed to ,hot lavender