,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,pat]a 9 silv] f ! ,hilde%eim treasure4 ,frontispiece4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ornam5t ,,by ,,james ,,w>d ,,head-,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,macclesfield ,,s*ool ,,( ,,art ,,edit$ ,,by ,,george ,,ait*ison1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,arts ,,new ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aec-aeg ,,fif? ,,av5ue #ahif ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,bungay4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,z ,exam9] on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ornam5t at ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ,i f\nd !re 0 no good ,engli% text-book on ! subject1 s ! necess>y in=mation c\ld only be pick$ up by ext5sive read+ & indep5d5t obs]vation1 & ^! are n to be expect$ f "y /ud5ts4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! subject h be5 admirably treat$ by ,moody 9 8 ,lectures & ,lessons on ,art1--9 fact ,i "k ( no book :]e ! subjects treat$ %[ su* ke5 obs]vation & pr(\nd k1 b !y are emb$d$ 9 lectures on o!r subjects1 & ! book has no index4 ,hav+ writt5 ! orig9al ,syllabus on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ornam5t1 ,i 0 dispos$ to write a text-book1 _h n o!r avocations prev5t$ me4 ,la/ ye> ,mr4 ,w>d's book on ,! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,ornam5t 0 s5t me1 & ?\gh x 0 a useful book & _h a gloss>y1 x conta9$ "s d\btful passages1 & be+ pr9t$ f a c\rse ( lectures x 0 a little too discursive4 ,9 writ+ ! new ,syllabus ?is ye> ,i c\ld n recomm5d x = a text-book z x /ood1 b z ,i ?\ght x w\ld be unfair to ,mr4 ,w>d = me to write a text-book aft] ! tr\ble he _h tak51 ,i cons5t$ to edit a new edition4 ,i may "h say t ,i h left ,mr4 ,w>d's musical comp>isons z ,i f\nd !m1 & h n revis$ 8 views on ,ogham1 & ,runic1 nor ^? on ! symbolic ornam5t ( ! ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,siamese1 ,burmese1 ,japanese1 ,hebrews1 ,buddhi/s1 & ,brahm9s4 ,,george ,,ait*ison4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,i h c>efully revis$ ! book )\t alt]+ its sub/ance4 ,i h also add$ an ,app5dix conta9+ a few rem>ks on ! ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture1 ) illu/rations ( "s ( ! be/ classical examples2 believ+ t ?is w\ld be useful1 n only to c>v]s & modell]s :o h to execute enri*m5ts on ,ar*itecture1 b to all /ud5ts4 ,! ornam5t$ p>ts ( ! ,greek & ,roman ,ord]s1 figure sculpture ap>t1 %[ h[ two cognate nations1 ea* ) transc5d5t abilities b ( an entirely diff]5t range1 ab/ract$ ! beauties ( plants1 & conf]r$ !m on /one & m>ble to emphasize & adorn ! rigid =ms ( ,ar*itecture2 h[ ! ,greeks seiz$ on ! exquisite beauties ( fl[]s1 & adapt$ !m1 s z to reta9 ! greate/ purity ( =m1 & us$ !m 9 ! mo/ sp>+ way2 :ile ! ,romans1 or ,greeks work+ "u ,roman dictation1 us$ !m lavi%ly to procure magnific5ce2 & ev5tually 7 s prodigal ) _! ornam5t z to defeat ! end 9 view1 z little ( ! ar*itecture 0 left pla92 to act z a foil to ! enri*m5t2 :ile f ! quantity employ$ no "t c\ld be sp>$ to p]fect ! ornam5t4 ,! p[] ( ab/ract+ & apply+ ! beauties ( floral =m seems n[ to be entirely lo/4 ,! great art ( ! pres5t day seems to consi/ 9 copy+ nature z exactly z x c be copi$ 9 h>d mat]ials to make a col\rable imitation2 b 9 su* a way t its highe/ beauties are lo/4 ,mr4 ,w>d has add$ sev]al illu/rations :i* 8 exp]i5ce %[s him w be useful to /ud5ts1 & he has add$ an ,app5dix on ! con/ruction ( "s geometrical figures1 & ! me?ods ( draw+ conic sections & spirals4 ,,george ,,ait*ison4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition ( ?is book1 ,i /at$ t ! cont5ts consi/$ ( a s]ies ( class lectures giv5 to art /ud5ts4 ,^! lectures 7 n orig9ally int5d$ = publication4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 /rongly advis$ to publi% !m1 & did s )\t any attempt at revision1 "u ! title ( ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,ornam5t4 ,al?\gh !re are _m excell5t text-books on ornam5t publi%$ at ! pres5t "t1 !re are none t exclusively treat ( ! !ory1 or :at is kn[n z ! 8pr9ciples ( ornam5t02 ?is belief is %>$ ) me by _m ( ! pr9cipal art ma/]s 9 ! c\ntry1 & by _m g5tlem5 ^: names /& high 9 ! li/ ( decorative arti/s1 judg+ f ! num]\s lett]s & op9ions ,i receiv$ aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ edition4 ,i 0 gratifi$ to f9d t ! book receiv$ a fav\rable recognition f ! au?orities ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,! pres5t edition has be5 edit$ & revis$ by ,pr(essor ,ait*ison1 ,a4,r4,a41 ! ,gov]nm5t ,exam9] 9 ! subject & ,pr(essor ( ,ar*itecture at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,to t g5tleman ,i "h desire to record my grateful ?anks = 8 invaluable s]vices 9 connection ) ! book1 &1 ,i am sure ,i %all be "r if ,i add1 ! ?anks ( all /ud5ts 9 ornam5tal art4 ,pr(essor ,ait*ison has also writt5 ! new introductory *apt]4 ,i wi% "h also to express my be/ ?anks to ,john ,v9ycomb1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4,a4,i41 = 8 valuable sugge/ions to me 9 ! *apt] on symbolic ornam5t4 ,! illu/rations mu/ only be accept$ z blackbo>d diagrams1 !y are m]ely int5d$ z aids 9 explanation ( ! text2 m illu/rations h be5 add$ to ?is edition1 a few t appe>$ 9 ! =m] edition h be5 left out4 ,j4 ,,w>d4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,,by ,,! ,,editor #a ,,*apt] ,i ,def9ition ( ,ornam5t--,me?ods ( ,expression--,outl9$1 ,flat1 ,col\r$1 ,reliev$1 & ,%ad$ ,ornam5t--,def9ition ( ,arabesques #ai ,,*apt] ,,ii ,elem5t>y =ms us$ 9 ,ornam5t--,/raight & ,curv$ l9e ,ornam5t--,! ,greek ,honeysuckle1 c4 #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,laws ( ,composition 9 ,ornam5t enum]at$ & expla9$ #dj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,%apes & ,decoration ( ,m\ld+s--,flut$ & ,re$$ ,ornam5t--,treatm5t ( ,floors1 ,walls1 & ,ceil+s--,relief ,"w on ,ceil+s #ej ,,*apt] ,v ,outl9e & ,division ( ,surfaces--,proportion ( ,rectangul> ,surfaces--,spac+ & ,decoration ( ,circul> & ,curv$ ,objects--,decoration ( ,v>i\s ,%apes1 ( ,planes & ( ,l>ge ,flat ,surfaces--,abuses ( ,purely ,natural ,=ms appli$ to ,articles ( ,use--,application ( ,ornam5t & ,mat]ials 9 ,wall ,decoration #fh ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,six ,classes or ,great ,divisions ( ,ornam5t #hj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,application ( ,plants 9 ,ornam5t--,plants ,us$ 9 ,hi/oric ,ornam5t--,! ,acan?us--,its ,use by ! ,anci5ts 9 ,capitals1 ,c&elabra1 & on ,flat ,surfaces--,mod]n ,use & ,treatm5t ( ! ,acan?us #ajh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,symbolic & ,mnemonic ,classes ( ,ornam5t #acj ,,*apt] ,,ix ,raphael's ,arabesques--,*ri/ian ,symbolism--,comp>ison ( ,symbolic & /hetic ,ornam5t #ach ,,app5dix ,,on ,,! ,,ord]s ,,( ,,ar*itecture #ade ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,figures ,,& ,,curves ,,9 ,,practical ,,plane ,,geometry #agf ,,gloss>y #aii ,,index ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,figs4 ,acan?us leaf 7,greek71 f a capital ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds #aea ,acan?us leaf 7,greek71 ) fl[]s f a capital ( ! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates #aeb ,acan?us 7,mollis71 f nature #adi ,acan?us 7,sp9osus71 f nature #aej ,acan?us1 s(t-leav$1 f ! s(fit ( ! ar*itrave at ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator #aee ,acan?us us$ on c&elabra & small pill>s #aef1 #aeh ,acan?us1 mod]n v>ieties ( sea-we$ & poppy-leav$ ,acan?us #aei ,acan?us1 olive-leaf v>iety1 f a ,roman capital #aec ,acan?us1 olive-leaf v>iety1 f a capital ( ,m>s ,ultor #aed1 #ahg ,arrangem5t ( a wall-pap] patt]n #hd ,arrangem5ts = wall-pap] or room decoration1 improp] #hj-hc ,a/ragal or bead m\ld+1 ) its ornam5t #gg ,bead & reel #gh ,book-cov] 7,g]man71 sixte5? c5tury #abd ,bord]1 upright lily1 ,greco-,roman #abj ,bord]s1 ,greek #aac-aag ,bord]s ( ,m$allions 9 enamell$ e>!nw>e by ,luca ,della ,robbia #add ,bord]s1 ,p]sian #aah1 #aai ,bord]s d]iv$ f ! laurel #adj1 #ada ,bracts us$ = 8clo?+0 /ems 9 ,scrolls1 c4 #acg1 #aeg ,capital1 ,greek ,doric #age ,capital1 ,greek ,ionic #agf-agi ,capital1 ,greek ,cor9?ian #ahj1 #aha ,capital1 ,roman ,tuscan #ahb ,capital1 ,roman ,doric #ahc ,capital1 ,roman ,ionic #ahd ,capital1 ,roman ,cor9?ian #ahe1 #ahg ,capital1 ,roman ,composite #ahh1 #ahi ,capitals 7,byzant9e71 f ,/a4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 %[+ boss+ out ( ornam5t ,a & ,b ,cat5>y1 expla9$ at page #ca ,cavetto & its ornam5t #ef1 #fh ,ceil+ f ,s]lio's ar*itecture #hi ,ceil+1 portion f ! ve/ibule ( ,/4 ,spirito 7,flor5ce71 by ,sansov9o #hh ,ceil+s1 fill+s ( #he-hg ,ceil+s1 panell+ (1 %[+ at ,a an improp] & at ,b a prop] arrangem5t #ib ,*eck]s1 c>v$ #ih1 #ii ,c9que-,c5to floral ornam5t compos$ ( ! acan?us1 oak-leaf1 convolvulus & wild rose #acj ,circle1 ornam5t d]iv$ f #bd-dj ,contra/+ decoration on rectangul> & circul> bord]s #ie ,c\nt]-*ange #aga ,c\nt]-*ange patt]n1 ,s>ac5ic #agb ,cyma recta & its ornam5t #eh1 #fd1 #fi ,cyma rev]sa & its ornam5ts4 ,see ,ogee4 ,diap]1 ,s>ac5 #aja ,diap]1 ,italian1 sixte5? c5tury #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaj ,diap]1 ,p]sian influ5ce1 sixte5? c5tury #ajj ,diap]1 ,italian1 ,g]man orig91 sixte5? c5tury #ajg ,door case at ! ,ere*!um1 %[+ a portion ( ! ,ar*itrave1 ) ! pat] on ! fascia #if ,door panels illu/rat+ improp] division at ,a1 prop] division at ,b #ic ,entablature ( ! ,ere*!um ,c ,entablature ( ! ,c>yatid portico atta*$ to ! ,ere*!um ,d ,entablature ( ! ,p>!non #age ,entablature ( ! ,greek ,ionic ,temple on ! ,ilissus #agf ,entablature ( ! monum5t ( ,lysikrates #ahj ,entablature ( ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus #ahc ,entablature ( ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis #ahd ,entablature ( ! ,pan!on1 ,rome #ahe ,entablature ( ,jupit] ,tonans #ahf ,entablature ( ! ,ar* ( ,titus #ahi ,fe/oon1 or swag #bg ,f+]-plates ( diff]5t outl9es #id ,flut$ ornam5ts = flat b&s #ge1 #gf ,frets1 ,greek #ab-ae ,frets1 ,egyptian #af ,inscription f an ,egyptian tablet #afb ,inscription 7,japanese71 8,jiu0 or long life #afc ,int]*ange #agc1 #agd ,japanese decoration #a ,japanese decoration1 alt]$ #b ,kiku-,mon1 badge ( ! ,empire ( ,japan #afi ,lamp bottoms #acd1 #ace ,laurel f nature #aci ,lemon f nature #ade ,lily bord]1 ,greco-,roman #abj ,me&] #dd-dg ,monograms 9 ,*ri/ian art #agj ,m\ld+s1 pr(iles ( ,greek #fa-ff ,m\ld+s1 pr(iles ( ,roman #ee-fj ,network1 ,japanese #ajb ,ogee1 ,roman #eg1 #ga ,ogee1 ,greek #fc1 #gj ,ogee ) wat]-leaf ornam5t f ! ,ere*!um #gj1 #gc ,ogee1 ,roman v>iety1 ) its ornam5ts #ga ,opus ,alex&r9um1 f a pavem5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,m>co1 ,rome #gi ,ovolo1 f ! ,ere*!um1 enri*$ #fg ,panel ornam5t1 ,r5aissance #abh ,panel 7,v5etian71 illu/rat+ balance )\t symmetry #abf ,panel1 ,c9que-,c5to #abg ,panel ) trophy ( arms & arm\r #acc ,panel1 design = a c>v$ wood panel f ! lemon plant #adf ,panel arrangem5t f ! tig]-lily #adh ,pap]hang+1 design f ! wild rose #adc ,pat]a ,frontispiece ,pe>-tree1 w9t] aspect1 illu/rat+ 8balance0 9 nature #afj ,pila/]1 design$ by ,donatello #aba ,pila/] panel1 ,c9que-,c5to #abb ,pila/] decoration1 ,italian #abc ,placque1 9 silv] rep\ss "w1 ,g]man sev5te5? c5tury #abe ,p[d]+1 ,japanese #ajc1 #aje ,r$uction ( simil> ornam5t 9 diff]5t spaces ,e ,re$$ ornam5ts = flat b&s1 c4 #gf;,a1 #gf;,b ,root =ms1 ,m$ival & ,ori5tal #ach ,rosettes 7,roman71 compos$ ( leaf & floral =ms #acf ,sc>ab1 ,egyptian symbolic =m #afa ,scroll ornam5t on ! ro( ( ! ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates #ec ,%ield 7,savage7 made ( cane & ornam5t$ ) cut %ells & zig-zags #ig ,sp&rel 7,go?ic71 f ,/one ,*ur*1 ,k5t #aca ,sp&rel1 by ,alfr$ ,/ev5s #acb ,spiral #bd ,spiral curves1 examples ( ornam5t *iefly bas$ on spiral curves #da1 #dc1 #de1 #dg-ea ,spott+ #hd1 #ajc1 #aje ,/raight-l9$ ornam5t #c-bc ,sup]impos$ ,japanese p[d]+ #ajd ,symbolic ornam5t1 ! ,egyptian lotus & wat] #afe ,tail-pieces1 or 8lamp bottoms0 #acd1 #ace ,t*akra1 sacr$ :eel ( ,brahma & ,vi%nu1 also ! 8:eel ( fire0 #afh ,?yrsus1 /aff ( ! god ,bac*us #afg ,tig]-lily f nature #adg ,tree ( life f an ,assyrian bas-relief ) wor%ipp]s #aff ,tripod /& on ! top ( ! ro( ( ! ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates #ed ,vase1 f ! ,hilde%eim treasures #abi ,vases 7,mod]n & ,greek71 %[+ unequal divisions ( ! height & /r5g!n+ horizontal b&s #ij1 #ia ,wild rose f nature #adb ,w9e-crat]4 ,see ,vase4 ,w+$ globe & asps1 ,egyptian symbolic ornam5t #afd ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,x may n be amiss to po9t out ! advantages ( /udy+ ornam5tal art ev5 to ^? :o d n mean to be arti/s4 ,! c\rse to be adopt$1 aft] acquir+ ! necess>y geometry1 is to draw or model plants & to le>n _! anatomy4 ,?is w make ! /ud5t accurately acqua9t$ ) ! =ms ( plants & ( _! p>ts1 & z he progresses he w f9d out beauties :i* h escap$ him 9 a cursory view2 ! fur!r he proce$s1 ! m 8 admiration w be excit$ by ^? subtle beauties he f9ds s h>d to r5d] & s easy to miss4 ,! /ud5t w !n notice1 h[ _m illu/rations ( plants are ne> en\gh to ! orig9als to be unmi/akable1 b t ! grace ( ! plants has evaporat$4 ,z soon z he is suffici5tly advanc$ to /udy ) advantage ! be/ examples ( ornam5tal art1 he w f9d out ! difficulties ! great ornam5tali/s h ov]come 9 apply+ ! beauties ( nature to works ( art2 & w !n take a deep] int]e/ 9 ^! ma/]pieces1 & receive a correspond+ delight4 ,he w le>n f ^! /udies to rev]5ce ! arti/s & to admire ! nation t produc$ !m2 = 8art is ! mirror ( a nation's civilization40 ,i h spok5 only ( floral ornam5t1 ?\gh ! highe/ ornam5t is ! human figure1 & aft] t animal =ms4 ,! sev]ity1 h[ev]1 ( ! requisite /udies to become a figure draughtsman1 :i* dem& a k ( ! skeleton & ( ! muscles1 un=tunately det]s amateurs1 & n unfrequ5tly ornam5tali/s1 f le>n+ to draw ! figure1 s t _! works fall %ort ( ! excell5ce ( ! ,greeks & ,italians1 :o 7 above all ?+s figure draughtsm54 ,amateurs too w greatly aid ! art1 = z a rule excell5ce is only atta9$ :5 !re are _m educat$ lov]s ( x1 :o c appreciate a beautiful creation1 & rew>d ! arti/ by _! judici\s admiration4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ,i h po9t$ out t ,nature (f]s h] beauties gratuit\sly to mank9d = its solace & delight2 p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ words ( ,emile de ,laveleye1 9 8 book on ,luxury1 w h m weight3-- 8,might n ! man ( ! p1 on :om ! curse ( matt] weighs ) s heavy a load1 f9d ! be/ k9d ( alleviation = 8 h>d condition1 if 8 eyes 7 op5 to :at ,leon>do da ,v9ci calls la bellezza del mondo--#8! beautiful ?+s ( ! e>?'8444 ,p9d> says1 #8,9 ! day :5 ! ,rhodians %all erect an alt> to ,m9]va1 a ra9 ( gold w fall ^u ! isle4' ,! gold5 ra9 :i* falls on any p :5 lit]ature & ! f9e arts are enc\rag$ 444 is a %[] ( pure & dis9t]e/$ delights40 ,i am tempt$ to say some?+ on ! prospects ( ornam5tal art4 ,no?+ 9 ?is _w c be _h )\t pay+ = x1 b ?\gh we mu/ all live1 ^? :o h devot$ _! lives to ! creation ( ! beautiful1 look m to ! delight !y give & ! admiration !y excite1 ?an to m]e pecuni>y rew>ds4 ,no art w ev] fl\ri% unless !re are educat$ & en?usia/ic admir]s ( its ma/]pieces4 ,! arti/ w nev] devote 8 tal5ts to an art1 & und]go ! ceaseless toil requisite to create beauty1 unless he be rew>d$ by ! praise ( real judges4 ,i fe> we _c z yet make ! ,greek boa/ 8t we love ! beautiful02 b until we d love x1 we c h>dly expect to rival ^? :o did4 ,! :ole ornam5tal art ( ! _w is n[ be=e u1 & x is n to be believ$ t arti/s w\ld n elaborate some?+ new & beautiful f all ! k !y h ga9$1 if !re 7 a passionate desire = x among ! p4 ,?is c nev] be s long z ! public is cont5t ) p>aphrases ( deceas$ art1 or m]ely asks = a jumble ( discordant scraps4 ,novelty we mu/ ne$s h1 = ?is g5]ation does n inh]it ! precise ta/es ( =m] days1 n ev5 ^? ( its imm$iate pr$ecessor1 & x is ?is g5]ation t wants to be *>m$3 x is true t x gets novelty1 b x %\ld want beautiful novelty1 & n t :i* is commonplace or ugly4 ,novelty 9 art is n an absolute diff]5ce f :at has gone be=e1 = t is sure to be bad1 b only t diff]5ce & t improvem5t :i* "o in/ruct$ g5]ation c give to ! pa/ excell5ce x builds on4 ,x is !re=e necess>y = ! /ud5t :o is born an arti/1 & hopes to create new lovel9ess1 to be /eep$ 9 ! beauties ( nature & ( art4 ,to atta9 ?is a pr(\nd /udy ( nature & ! ma/]pieces ( =m] art are want$1 =1 z ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds said1 8,inv5tion is "o ( ! greate/ m>ks ( g5ius1 444 & x is by be+ conv]sant ) ! inv5tions ( o!rs t we le>n to inv5t02 :ile to express our k & inv5tion admirable draughtsman%ip is requisite4 ,we h a novel phase ( ornam5t1 :i* consi/s 9 twi/+ or arrang+ c]ta9 plants into ! %ape requir$1 to make !m fit _! places4 ,mu* ( ?is "w is flabby or wire-drawn1 & (t5 omits ! highe/ beauty ( ! plants x uses1 b ev5 :5 ! beauty ( ! plant is n left out1 ! ornam5t is inf9itely bel[ ! highe/ flights ( =m] art1 9 :i* ! arti/ _h absorb$ ! graces ( floral gr[? & _h prop]ly appli$ !m4 ,! highe/ ornam5t1 by its ab/raction1 is closely alli$ to ar*itectural art1 :ile all its high] a*ievem5ts are 9 conjunction ) ar*itecture2 consequ5tly !re %\ld be a h>mony betwe5 ! decoration & ! framework4 ,natural foliage arrang$ on a geometrical basis makes a poor contra/ to noble ar*itecture4 ,all ornam5tal arts1 t are n reali/ic imitations1 mu/ be f\nd$ on prec$5t art4 ,we h only "o complete sy/em ( decorative art t took an entirely new direction besides ,go?ic1 & t h>monizes ) its ar*itecture--! ,s>ac5ic--& t art is n cong5ial to our ta/e1 feel+s1 or desires4 ,go?ic ornam5tal art is mo/ly too b>b>ic or too reali/ic to suit u1 except :5 x is borr[$ f ,roman1 ,byzant9e1 or ,s>ac5ic s\rces2 9 fact1 we h no?+ b ,roman1 ,byzant9e1 & ,r5aissance art to fall back on = ornam5t2 ( ,greek ornam5tal art we h "s c>v$ /one-"w1 m\ld$ metal-"w1 pa9t+ on vases1 incis$ "w1 & ! traces ( pa9t+4 ,little ( secul> ,byzant9e art rema9s1 ?\gh x is n probable t x mat]ially diff]$ f ! ecclesia/ical art ( its p]iod2 x 0 ,roman art modifi$ by ! new religion & by ,greek & ,ori5tal ta/e1 9 :i* sa9ts & m>tyrs1 ) _! attributes or symbols1 took ! place ( ! antique gods & goddesses2 :ile ! ,r5aissance 0 an attempt$ revival ( ,roman4 ,we _c expect to equal at once ! ma/]pieces ( ,greek1 ,roman1 or ,r5aissance art2 we h nei!r ! c5turies ( exp]i5ce nor ! cultivat$ public4 ,e arti/1 h[ev]1 c1 by ! means be=e m5tion$1 be sure ( hav+ conqu]$ ! prelim9>ies ( 8 art1 & he c be s9c]e2 he c give u ^? beauties f nature t h captivat$ him1 & h be5 transfus$ into ornam5t by ! alembic ( 8 m9d2 su* ornam5t w be sure to f9d "s cong5ial spirits to admire x3 & ,i ?9k ,i may say t a public suffici5tly cultivat$ to appreciate real art is gradually be+ =m$4 ,! highe/ art is und\bt$ly t :i* is ! simple/ & mo/ p]fect1 :i* gives ! exp]i5ce & skill ( a lifetime by a few l9es or t\*es2 & ?is art is m calculat$ to captivate ! be/ ta/e ( ! day ?an ! complex or ! intricate4 ,h[ev]1 !re w ev5 n[ be ample recognition ( ! creations ( any skill$ arti/ :o is s9c]e1 let 8 g5ius take him :]e x w4 ,!re is1 too1 ?is consolation = e true arti/ ^: works rema93 t if !re are few judges ( 8 "w n[1 !re may be m h]eaft]--judges :o :5 !y look at 8 "w w say1 ?is is ! "w ( a true arti/2 & he may conf] delight on unborn ?\s&s1 & direct att5tion1 9 aft] ages1 to ^? beauties ( nature t h be5 ov]look$4 ,i w n[ rev]t to ! book1 & conf9e myself to su* rem>ks z ,i hope may be useful to ^? :o /udy x4 ,! /ud5t1 :5 he has le>nt & compreh5d$ ! laws1 %\ld obs]ve gr[+ plants1 & notice t e plant illu/rates "s1 & mo/ly _m1 ( ! laws2 & :5 he has cle>ly di/+ui%$ !m1 he %\ld exam9e ! be/ ornam5t ( antiquity & ! ,r5aissance1 & satisfy himself t ! laws1 involv$ 9 ! p>ticul> example he is /udy+1 h be5 foll[$4 ,:5 he has done ?is1 he %\ld note any div]g5ce f ! laws & endeav\r to und]/& ! reason = x4 ,to ensure ! effect !y int5d1 great arti/s sometimes ignore ! ord9>y laws4 ,x is well t he %\ld consid] t ! ma9 object ( e plant is to live & propagate itself3 to live x wants air1 moi/ure1 & n\ri%m5t1 & mo/ly sun%9e1 & x mu/ /rive to get ^! necess>ies amid/ a cr[d ( competitors4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ! plant is (t5 dw>f$ or di/ort$1 & /ill m frequ5tly "s ( its p>ts are de=m$2 its fl[]s mu/ attract insects by _! col\r or sc5t1 & mu/ allure ! insects by ! honey !y di/il to f]tilize !m2 s t beauty1 except 9 ! col\r ( ! fl[]s1 is = ! plant a second>y consid]ation4 ,9 ornam5t1 on ! contr>y1 beauty is ! only consid]ation1 except p]haps 9 mnemonic & symbolic ornam5t2 & ^! mu/ h beauty1 or !y cease to be ornam5t4 ,ornam5t has also to be portray$ on "s mat]ial1 or c>v$ 9 x2 x %\ld con=m to ! %ape ( ! object1 be gov]n$ by ! quality ( ! mat]ial1 & by ! use to :i* ! object is to be put--e4g4 a leaf may be c>v$ 9 c]ta9 woods1 almo/ ( ! ?9ness ( ! real leaf1 b !n x mu/ be pres]v$ 9 a glass case4 ,?is ?9ness is n to be got if ! leaf be c>v$ 9 /one2 ! arti/ mu/ !re=e see :at beauties he c ab/ract f ! plant he has *os5 or f floral gr[? g5]ally1 s t x c be c>v$4 ,he %\ld 9 all cases "k t 8 design c be express$ 9 ! mat]ial to be us$1 t x w ornam5t ! object1 w n be easily de/roy$1 & w n int]f]e ) ! use ( ! object4 ,if he succe$s 9 do+ ?is1 8 skill1 ta/e1 & judgm5t w be admir$4 ,?is necess>y ab/raction we un=tunately call conv5tion1 & :5 x makes good ornam5t1 & %[s ! *>act]i/ic beauty & vig\r ( plant =m1 x is ( ! highe/ sort2 ?is is f\nd 9 ! be/ ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,r5aissance ornam5t1 :ile :5 a co>se & clumsy imitation ( nature is made1 ) all ! beauty left out1 x is ! l[e/ sort ( conv5tion4 ,any *eap speculative h\ses t h c>v+ ^u !m1 w af=d ample illu/rations ( contempor>y conv5tion 9 its wor/ =m4 ,go?ic ornam5t 0 q new2 = no soon] did ! ar*itects1 c>v]s1 masons1 c>p5t]s1 & o!rs f9d t !y _h surpass$ ! old _w 9 con/ructive skill1 ?an !y look$ d[n on all ! old _w arts1 & w\ld n be behold5 to !m4 ,!y 7 det]m9$ to beg9 afre%2 !y _h human be+s1 animals1 trees1 plants1 & fl[]s1 z well z ! ,romans & ,byzant9es2 :y %\ld !y n make z good /atues & ornam5t8 ,!re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ?is cont5tion1 = e "o mu/ desire to see 8 h\se1 8 t[n-hall1 & 8 *ur* ornam5t$ ) ! fl[]s & plants t he kn[s & loves1 in/ead ( ) ! conv5tionaliz$ plants ( o!r c\ntries t he does n "k1 or t he has gaz$ on to satiety4 ,b x is "o ?+ to h a long+1 & ano!r to be able to br+ plants1 leaves1 & fl[]s into ! doma9 ( high art4 ,! e>ly ,go?ic sculptors did give a c]ta9 crispness1 & 9 "s cases ev5 a monum5tal air to _! c>v$ flora1 & sometimes !y got t my/]i\s look ( inf9ite complexity t is f\nd 9 nature1 & !y _h inv5tion to a m>vell\s degree4 ,f ! sculptors work+ on ! spot1 & be+ able to see ea* figure & piece ( ornam5t 9 its place1 !y nev] miss$ _! effect4 ,all _! ornam5t answ]$ its ma9 end1 ( giv+ a brok5 mass ( light & %ade to contra/ ) pla9 surfaces1 m\ld+s1 or %afts1 :ile mu* ( x 0 vigor\s2 b "s ( ! e>ly ,go?ic foliage has no grace1 is (t5 de/itute ( floral "*1 & might be mi/ak5 = hanks ( /r+ on pieces ( firewood1 or worm-eat5 wigs4 ,! fir/ t\* ( ! ,r5aissance br\ght a sweetness ( proportion to ar*itecture & a grace to floral ornam5t t is mo/ /rik+4 ,good traditional ornam5t has ^! ine/imable advantages1 t x has be5 treat$ = ages by skilful m51 s t its faults h be5 correct$1 new graces h be5 add$ to x1 & x has be5 fitt$ to prop]ly fill ! requisite %apes4 ,f ! fir/1 ! arti/ mu/ h notic$ "s special beauties & fitness 9 ! plant he *ose1 & ! ornam5t mu/ h _h "s /rik+ qualities to make x popul>2 = :y else %\ld x h be5 pref]r$ & p]si/$ 91 :5 s _m o!r plants _h great beauty8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s ornam5t t1 aft] x has once be5 p]fect$1 seems incapable ( fur!r improvem5t4 ,! egg & tongue may be cit$ z an in/ance4 ,x has nev] be5 improv$ s9ce ! p]fect+ ( ,greek ar*itecture1 nor has any good sub/itute = x be5 f\nd4 ,a co>se c>icature ( x is /ill ! mo/ popul> ornam5t ( ! ovolo4 ,! ,romans conv]t$ x into a floral =m at ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,tonans1 ) m>k$ want ( success4 ,! ,greek honeysuckle & ! acan?us are ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( good traditional ornam5t4 ,to take ! acan?us fir/1 x 0 />t$ by ! ,greeks1 cont9u$ by ! ,romans1 & us$ by ! ,byzant9es ) a diff]5t "*1 !n adopt$ by ! ,r5aissance arti/s1 & has be5 treat$ 9 an entirely novel way by ,alfr$ ,/ev5s 9 our own day4 ,/ev5s has giv5 a peculi>ly pla/ic "* to its leafage 9 ! ,well+ton monum5t4 ,t =m ( x :i* is us$ 9 ! ,cor9?ian capital has _h su* an inf9ity ( pa9s be/[$ on x1 t improvem5t on ! old l9es is sc>cely to be expect$1 ?\gh new floral capitals may be inv5t$4 ,e portion ( ! leaf1 d[n to its raffl+s1 has be5 p]fect$ to ! end ! ,romans de/9$ x to fulfil1 ?\gh1 z 9 all human inv5tions1 some?+ 0 sacrific$ to atta9 x4 ,! ,greek capital 0 r defici5t 9 outl9e1 b x 0 possess$ ( ! mo/ exquisite floral grace1 & ?is 0 sacrific$ by ! ,romans to atta9 di/9ctness1 /r5g?1 & dignity2 ^! qualities be+ p>ticul>ly necess>y :5 x 0 us$ 9 colossal monum5ts4 ,ev5 :5 x 0 on a small] scale1 we c see ! advantages ( ! *ange4 ,9 "s ,byzant9e build+s1 old ,greek & ,roman ,cor9?ian columns h be5 us$ toge!r4 ,z an isolat$ ornam5t ! ,greek capital is greatly to be pref]r$1 b :5 ! two are se5 9 conjunction z p>ts ( ! build+1 ! ,roman capital is cle>1 di/9ct1 & dignifi$1 :ile ! ,greek "o is a confus$ mass4 ,9 _! colossal capitals1 ! ,romans mo/ly sub/itut$ ! olive-leaf = ! natural raffle1 & us$ b f\r or five 9 ea* leaflet2 ?\gh ! oak-leaf1 ! p>sley1 & ! endive 7 occasionally us$4 ,ea* raffle ( ! olive-leaf$ v>iety is holl[$ by a curve )\t ribs1 ! only l9es be+ ^? made by ! edges ( ! holl[s1 & ea* leaflet is holl[$ out l a cockle-%ell z well4 ,9 ! be/ examples1 ! upp] edges ( ea* leaflet are mo/ly cle> ( ! "o above or ov]lap x2 9 ! fir/ case !y are ?r[n up by ! %ad[ beh9d1 9 ! latt] ! edges ( ! raffles are bright aga9/ ! half light ( ! leaflets above1 & are also ?r[n up by ! %ade 9 _! po9ts4 ,! top ( ! complete leaf curls ov]1 & ?us ?r[s its %ad[ on ! "p bel[1 s !re is ! contra/ betwe5 masses ( light1 graduat$ %ade1 & graduat$ %ad[4 ,! back ( ! leaf 0 us$ to get a wide /em1 & ?is /em tap]s upw>ds1 :ile ! pipes1 t come f ! eyes betwe5 ! leaflets1 tap] d[nw>ds1 are ne>ly p>allel ) ! /em1 & are deeply und]cut1 ?us mak+ ! :ole leaf di/9ct & vigor\s 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,if examples are comp>$1 ! sup]iority ( ! p>allel pipes ov] ^? t run into ! /em is at once se54 ,! l[] leaves are cut ?r\gh horizontally 9 ! middle1 & come /raight d[n on to ! neck+1 :i* gives mu* m vig\r to ! capital1 ?an :5 ! bell turns inw>ds above ! neck+4 ,! /ud5t w d well to c>efully draw a good example1 !n model x1 & !n c>ve x1 = x has be5 ! type f :i* mo/ good floral capitals h be5 d]iv$4 ,! acan?us & o!r floral ornam5t us$ by ! ,italian ,r5aissance arti/s des]ve q z mu* att5tion z ! ,roman2 = ?\gh _! ornam5t 0 n on ! same colossal scale1 x 0 done by excell5t figure sculptors :o _h /udi$ ornam5t1 & 7 ( f9] arti/ic fibre ?an ! ,romans1 besides hav+ ! be/ ,roman examples = _! models4 ,! ,italian arti/s 71 too1 ne>ly z fond ( ! human figure z ! ,greeks1 & introduc$ x :]ev] !y c\ld d s appropriately4 ,!re is p]haps b "o o!r ornam5t t is wor?y ( ! pr(\nde/ /udy1 ! radiat+ ornam5t ( ! ,greeks1 kn[n z ! ,greek honeysuckle4 ,?is ornam5t is full ( subtle devices1 9 ! elegant graduation ( its =ms1 9 ! proportion+ ( ! masses1 9 its ev5 di/ribution1 & 9 ! mak+ ( ! diff]5t curves enhance ! value ( "o ano!r4 ,!re is (t51 too1 a sugge/ion ( horizontality or v]ticality introduc$1 t gives ! highe/ value to ! composition2 all %[+ ! intimate acqua9tance ) nature t ! ,greek arti/s possess$4 ,_m ( ! ,greek runn+ patt]ns are bo? orig9al & effective1 & 9 "s ( !m tang5tial junction is di/9ctly avoid$1 to attract att5tion to ! ornam5t4 ,! ,greeks1 too1 7 pre-em95t 9 kn[+ ! use ( re/ra9t & ! value ( pla9ness4 ,:5 ! sculptor _h c>v$ 8 ornam5t on an ar*itectural monum5t he seem$ to say1 8,bett] ?is if y c60 ,! ,byzant9es und]/ood ! value ( gradation1 & :5 !y :olly ornam5t$ a pr(ile1 !y made "s p>ts 9 bold1 "s 9 l[ relief1 & engrav$ or sunk o!r p>ts4 ,! ,s>ac5s le>n$ ?is art f !m1 & s improv$ on x1 t ! g5]al effect ( _! be/ "w resembles ,greek art2 at ! prop] di/ance ! subord9ate ornam5t looks l a m]e diff]5ce ( texture4 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t af=ds ! only in/ances ( complete floral decoration )\t ! figures ( man or animals2 & al?\gh x is incl9$ to be monoton\s1 & geometrical =ms are too pr$om9ant1 x is1 :5 col\r$ & gilt1 sav$ f monotony by ! magical *ange ( ! patt]ns on ! behold] %ift+ 8 position4 ,?is effect is obta9$ by trifl+ diff]5ces ( level 9 ! planes ( ! ornam5t & by gild+4 ,its floral =ms1 h[ev]1 are usually co>se & poor1 & h no ref9$ graces4 ,!re are a few po9ts n t\*$ on 9 ! book :i* x may be well to m5tion4 ,"o is a device t 01 ,i ?9k1 only us$ by ! ,byzant9es1 i4 e4 boss+ out ornam5t to cat* ! light4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :5 he _h ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem built1 _h ! capitals ( ! sanctu>y columns made ( silv]1 & d\btless ! silv]smi?s 9 work+ !m hamm]$ out "s bosses to cat* ! light4 ,?is device 0 seiz$ on by ! sculptors ( ,/a4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 & us$ 9 ! m>ble capitals ( its columns & pila/]s 7,figs4 ,a & ,b74 ,i may also draw att5tion to ano!r ,byzant9e device1 :i* *>m$ ,mr4 ,rusk9 at ,/4 ,m>k's--! leaves ( capitals caught by ! w9d & bl[n aside4 ,capitals ) a simil> device exi/$ 9 ,/a4 ,sophia at ,salonica1 "s ( :i* 7 p>tly calc9$ by ! late fire4 ,! propriety ( us+ su* an incid5t 9 ! conv5tional /one ornam5ts ( a support+ memb] may be d\bt$1 /ill we mu/ admire ! obs]vation & g5ius ( ! sculptor2 & !re are _m opportunities ( us+ su* an incid5t :5 ! ornam5t is n on a support+ memb]4 ,i po9t x out to %[ :at fre% res\rces = ! ornam5tali/ are to be f\nd 9 nature1 :5 he has ! indu/ry to obs]ve & ! tal5t to create4 ,!re are cases :]e ar*itectural features h to be r$uc$1 & at ! same "t to be emphasiz$ too4 ,no bett] example ( ?is is to be f\nd ?an 9 ! ,c>yatid temple atta*$ to ! ,ere*!um4 ,its entablature 0 bel[ ! ma9 "o1 & s _h to be small]1 & yet 0 want$ to be important ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 ,a & ,b4--,byzant9e ,capitals f ,/a4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 %[+ ! boss+ out ( ! ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,c4--,entablature ( ! ,ere*!um4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,d4--,entablature ( ! ,c>yatid portico ( ! ,ere*!um4 & weighty en\gh = ! figures4 ,all ! frieze b ! capp+ 0 consequ5tly left out1 ! top fascia ( ! ar*itrave 0 enri*$ ) circul> discs1 & betwe5 ! capp+s ( ! ar*itrave & frieze a deep d5til b& 0 introduc$4 ,ma9ly by ^! means ! due effect 0 ga9$ 7,figs4 ,c & ,d74 ,ornam5t has sometimes to be repeat$ 9 a composition on a small] scale1 & ?is %\ld n be done by m]ely r$uc+ ! scale s z to h a dim9utive reproduction1 b by keep+ ! g5]al =m ( ! ornam5t ) few] details4 ,sev]al examples may be f\nd 9 ,m4 ,mayeux's book4#a ,in/ances ( ! same motive be+ repeat$ 9 ! same height & 9 a n>r[] wid? are sometimes f\nd4 ,an example may be se5 b5ea? ! d\ble & s+le w9d[s ( an hotel 9 ! ,rue ,dalb>d1 ,t\l\se#b 7,fig4 ,e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,e4--,r$uction ( simil> ornam5t 9 diff]5t spaces4 ,mu* might be said on ! subject ( mat]ials1 b ,i w only make a few rem>ks4 ,9 mak+ a design1 due consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! mat]ial employ$1 s t ! natural ornam5tation ( "o mat]ial may n be put on ano!r2 pott]y is turn$ on ! :eel1 & is adapt$ = pa9t+1 :ile holl[ metal vessels are emboss$1 b x is common en\gh to see pott]y emboss$1 :i* c1 x is true1 be accompli%$ by ca/+ or by inlay+1 yet ?is sort ( ornam5tation always looks inappropriate4 ,/one is usually ( l>ge & wood ( small scantl+1 yet 9 ! front ( a /one build+ ) ar*$ op5+s ! wood5 door-head is (t5 made a cont9uation ( ! /one impo/1 ?\gh ! m\ld+s ( ! wood-"w %\ld be f9] & ! ornam5t diff]5t4 ,al?\gh ! "y /ud5t %\ld conf9e 8 att5tion to ! be/ /yles1 ! advanc$ "o %\ld h "s acqua9tance ) all traditional ornam5t1 ev5 ! /yles ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,,xv41 a graft+ ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ornam5t on ! curr5t classic1 = !y are ! only mod]n /yles1 except ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 t h complete unity4 ,! same /yle runs ?r\gh ! :ole build+1 d[n to ! door furniture & ! damask ( ! *airs2 ! h&l+1 too1 is (t5 admirable1 & ! examples are full ( h9ts to ! advanc$ /ud5t1 :o is unlikely to be infect$ ) ! rococo /yle4 ,i h dwelt mu* on c>v+ = sev]al reasons2 x is ! mo/ la/+ ( ornam5tal "w1 & z a rule ! mo/ important2 x is susceptible ( ! greate/ p]fection :5 execut$ 9 m>ble1 & all ar*itectural ornam5t mu/ ev5tually fall into ! h&s ( ! sculptor1 s9ce he has devot$ 8 life to its /udy4 ,i may add t ! ,fr5* ar*itects look ^u x z ! weak po9t 9 ,engli% ar*itecture4 ,to ! "y /ud5t ,i may say t he c nev] become an arti/ until he has ma/]$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 art2 & t no?+ c des]ve ! "n ( ornam5t t is n bo? appropriate & beautiful1 & has be5 evolv$ f nature by ! m9d ( man4 ,i w\ld sugge/ to ! "y arti/ t ! flora ( ! _w is n conf9$ to ! lotus1 ! honeysuckle1 & ! acan?us2 t if accid5t caus$ ! orig9al *oice ( ^! plants1 x 0 ! inf9ite pa9s be/[$ on _! treatm5t t caus$ _! p]si/5ce4 ,!re are1 too1 ?\s&s ( beauties /ill to be cull$ f plants & fl[]s t n[ rema9 outside ! doma9 ( art4 ,let ! /ud5t rememb] t k1 skill1 tru?1 & s9c]ity are ! ma9 roads to real success1 & t real success is1 to h produc$ "s beauty t has captivat$ or w captivate mank9d4 ,g4 ,,ait*ison4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ornam5t ,,*apt] ,i ,ornam5t is ! prop] enri*m5t ( an object or surface ) su* =ms1 or =ms & col\rs1 z w give ! ?+ decorat$ a new beauty1 :ile /rictly pres]v+ its %ape & "*4 ,x is ! function ( ornam5t to emphasize ! =ms ( ! object x decorates1 n to hide !m4 ,decoration is n necess>ily ornam5t2 = in/ance1 ! lovely sprays ( plants ) birds & cognate subjects1 pa9t$ on ,japanese pott]y1 may be call$ beautiful decoration1 b _c 9 our s5se ( ! ^w be call$ ornam5t2 = h[ev] reali/ic ornam5t may be1 x mu/ %[ t x has pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( man1 & be5 act$ on by x4 ,?is k9d ( decoration might be a lit]al transcript f nature1 & nei!r emphasizes ! b\nd>ies ( ! decorat$ surface nor h>monizes ) !m4 ,x possesses an exquisite beauty ( its own1 = ! draw+ & col\r & ! /yle ( execution are good4 ,) ! exception ( frets & diap]s1 true ornam5t is r>e 9 ,japanese art4 ,fig4 #a is a ,japanese decoration on an oblong surface4 ,su* a design is pretty1 b we c h>dly call x ornam5t4 ,some?+ mu/ be done ) x be=e we c give x t "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,japanese decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,japanese decoration alt]$4 ,to make an ornam5tal design1 ! units ( ! decoration mu/ be arrang$ & br\ght into ord]2 repetition & symmetry may n be requir$1 b ev5 di/ribution1 ord]1 & balance are indisp5sable4 ,! :ole too mu/ n appe> to be accid5tal b design$ = ! object1 :ile ,no4 #a might h be5 made f a %ad[ ca/ on a w9d[4 ,! sket* at ,fig4 #b is an attempt to illu/rate our notion ( ornam5t by us+ ! elem5ts 9 ,fig4 #a ev5ly di/ribut$1 hav+ at ! same "t a due reg>d to ! b\nd>y-l9es ( ! panel4 ,appli$ ornam5t is t :i* is specially design$ & fitt$ = ! position x occupies4 ,indep5d5t ornam5ts are su* ?+s z %ields1 labels1 m$allions1 c41 ) or )\t enclos+ frames2 pat]1 fe/oons1 & o!r loose ornam5tal objects1 :i* may be atta*$ to a surface1 & may be us$ alone1 or 9 comb9ation ) appli$ ornam5t 7,fig4 #acc74 ,num]\s examples may be giv5 ( inappropriate ornam5t4 ,z a rule1 any k9d ( ornam5t t is n suit$ to ! surface ornam5t$1 or is falsely con/ruct$1 may be call$ inappropriate4 ,= in/ance1 if upright panels & pila/]s 7 decorat$ ) ornam5t runn+ 9 oblique l9es1 or ) a /rongly-m>k$ s]ies ( horizontal b&s2 or if a c>pet patt]n 7 design$ to run 9 "o p>ticul> direction2 or1 f an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 if columns support+ no?+ 7 us$ 9 decoration2 if consoles or brackets 7 turn$ upside d[n2 or if curv$ m\ld+s 7 decorat$ ) frets2 or panels 7 ov]load$ ) m\ld+s2 if =ms1 organic or o!rwise1 7 us$ toge!r1 b out ( scale ) "o ano!r2 or ?+s 7 made to simulate :at !y are n2 or !re 7 a great excess ( enri*m5t2 ea* ( ^! examples might be consid]$ z inappropriate ornam5t4 ,me?ods ( ,expression4--,ornam5t is express$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 ,fir/ly1 by pure outl9e1 z trac$ ) a po9t2 secondly1 :]e bread? is add$1 by flat t9ts z 9 pa9t+ ) ! bru%1 or by %ad+1 hat*+1 spott+1 or /ippl+2 ?irdly1 by relief1 or s9k+1 z 9 modell+ & sculpture4 ,^! ?ree divisions may be subdivid$1 b all ! subdivisions are b v>ieties or comb9ations ( ! fir/ ?ree g5]a4 ,relief modell$ or pi]c$ ornam5t has no o!r outl9e ?an t giv5 by light & %ade2 b x may also be col\r$1 i4 e4 9 two %ades--"o = ! ornam5t & "o = ! backgr\nd1 or ) ! =ms & backgr\nd 8pick$ out0 9 a v>iety ( col\rs4 ,%ad$ or pa9t$ ornam5t 9 ! flat is an imitation ( relief "w1 & w be notic$ aga94 ,ornam5t ,express$ 9 ,outl9e4--,all ! e>ly decorative "w ( mank9d1 bo? ! prehi/oric et*+s on bone & on pott]y1 ! l9e decoration on ,assyrian cyl9d]s1 bronze di%es & tablets1 & ! incis$ "w on ! ,greek1 ,etruscan1 & ,roman ci/as1 h&-mirrors1 & vases come "u ?is head2 z well z sgraffito-"w :5 express$ by outl9e1 cut 9 pla/] %[+ a diff]5t-col\r$ pla/] b5ea?4 ,ornam5t ,express$ by ,flat ,t9ts1 9 mono*rome or col\r1 ) no %ad+ & )\t %ad[1 is a common me?od ( ornam5tation4 ,?is class includes pa9t$ ornam5t on ! flat1 :e!r poly*romatic or 9 8grisaille02 inlaid wood-"w1 call$ p>quetry :5 us$ = floors1 & m>quetry :5 us$ = o!r purposes2 inlaid m>ble1 /one1 tile & pla/] "w1 mosaic1 tesselat$1 sectile & ,alex&r9e pavem5ts2 damasc5$ metal-"w2 "s enamels1 lac-"w1 & pa9t$ pott]y2 wov51 embroid]$1 pr9t$1 & /5cill$ /uffs1 includ+ oil-clo?2 enamell$ glass2 & "s sgraffito-"w4 ,x is conv5i5t to class "u ?is head c]ta9 "w ( slight ?ickness or relief1 su* z lace1 appli$ "w ( pap]1 /uffs1 velvet1 c41 f9e filigree & wire-"w4 ,inlay "u ! "n ( 8,t>sia0 0 greatly us$ by ! ,italians 9 ! decoration ( ca!drals & *ur*es & 9 fitt+s & furniture2 9 ca!dral /alls & sacri/y fitt+s1 boxwood 0 commonly inlaid 9 walnut1 b ebony & ivory 7 l>gely employ$ = h\se furniture & fitt+s1 & _m diff]5t sub/ances 7 sometimes employ$4 ,tortoise%ell1 gold1 silv]1 ivory1 "m-(-pe>l1 & diff]5t col\r$ woods are l>gely employ$ = ! same purpose by ,ori5tals & o!rs4 ,a species ( inlay compos$ ( :ite & /a9$ ivory1 ebony1 & silv]1 9 geometrical patt]ns1 is mu* us$ by ! cab9et-mak]s ( ,india--our ,tunbridge w>e is suppos$ to be an imitation ( x4 ,flat ,t9ts enri*$ by ,outl9e 7 sometimes us$ 9 ,greek vases1 & are (t5 us$ 9 inlays & damasc5$ "w2 v pretty examples may be f\nd 9 old ,*9ese lac-"w1 inlaid ) figures & l&scapes 9 black "m-(-pe>l1 ! features1 c4 be+ outl9$4 ,relief-"w4--,ord9>y modell$ & c>v$ "w1 ei!r 9 relief or sunk1 is too well kn[n to ne$ description2 b "u ?is head+ are includ$ pi]c$1 op51 & turn$ "w1 & su* comp\nd "w z may be pi]c$1 or turn$ & c>v$ or incis$ z well4 ,col\r$ ,relief-"w4--,all ,egyptian1 ,greek1 & ,m$ival bas-reliefs1 & "s if n all ( _! figure sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 7 col\r$1 b :5 ! figures 7 ( :ite m>ble1 ! col\r 0 g5]ally conf9$ to ! fle%1 eyes1 & hair1 & to ! /ripes or patt]ns on ! dresses4 ,9 "o ( ! :ite m>ble s>cophagi f ,sidon1 n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,con/ant9ople1 :ile figures ( half life-size are left :olly :ite1 small] figures are :olly col\r$ & gilt1 l ! t]ra-cotta ones ( ,tanagra1 & "s ( ! ornam5t is :ite on a purple gr\nd4 ,all ! ,italian ,r5aissance bas-reliefs 9 8gesso duro0 7 :olly col\r$4 ,9 ,greek temples ! c>v$ ornam5t 0 col\r$1 includ+ ! triglyphs1 & p>ts ( ! ornam5t 7 (t5 gilt1 ! uncut m\ld+s too 7 mo/ly ornam5t$ 9 col\r4 ,9 "s enamell$ pott]y 9 relief1 ! figures or ornam5t 7 left :ite on a col\r$ gr\nd1 or ! drap]y ( ! figures & ! ornam5t 7 col\r$1 z 9 "s ( ! ,della ,robbia w>e4 ,all ,roman emboss$ pla/] 0 col\r$ & gilt4 ,mu* relief-"w 9 bronze & ! preci\s metals has be5 col\r$ by means ( enamel1 or alloys 9 ! metal2 col\r$ mosaic has be5 us$ to clo! columns1 & "s mosaic & pietra dura is 9 relief1 z well z lac & ivory "w inlaid ) f9e /ones1 "m-(-pe>l1 & ivory2 all ,moresque & "s ,s>ac5 emboss$ pla/]-"w1 & probably c>v$ /one-"w1 0 col\r$ & gilt2 "s ,burmese pla/]-"w 9 relief is gilt & inlaid ) col\r$ glass1 & c]ta9 /uffs h _h rais$ ornam5t ^u !m1 =m$ by /uff+ ) wadd+ ! appli$ pieces1 :i* sometimes 7 embroid]$4 ,%ad$ or ,pa9t$ ,ornam5t on ! ,flat 9 ,imitation ( ,relief-"w4--,?is is probably ! l>ge/ class1 & includes engrav+1 %ad$ ornam5t 9 *i>oscuro1 & %ad$ & col\r$ ornam5t ) or )\t ca/ %ad[s2 9 x are includ$ ! ,*9ese1 ,p]sian1 ,m$ival1 & ,r5aissance transluc5t enamels1 :i* are laid ov] sunk 7intaglio7 "w1 & pa9t]s' enamels2 ,b\le "w1 :i* consi/s ( brass1 t91 or pewt]1 inlaid 9 ebony or tortoise%ell ) ! metal-"w engrav$2 wood inlay 9 ! %ape ( %ad$ natural fl[]s1 l&scapes1 ar*itectural views1 & figure subjects2 %ad$ ornam5t on wov5 or pr9t$ /uffs1 & embroid]y2 & %ad$ pa9t+ on *9a & glass1 & 9 ,arabesques4 ,:at we n[ call ,arabesques 7 p>aphrases ( ,roman pa9t$ decoration1 ( :i* ,pompeii (f]s u s wide a k4 ,^! decorations consi/$ ( fanta/ic build+s1 int]sp]s$ ) figures1 animals1 l&scapes1 & foliage4 ,! discov]y ( ?is k9d ( pa9t+ 9 ! ba?s ( ,titus#c at ,rome l$ ,raphael to adopt x & to improve on x4 ,! culm9at+ po9t 9 ,arabesque pa9t+ 0 ! decoration ( ! loggias ( ! ,vatican by ,raphael & 8 pupil1 ,giovanni ,recamatore1 commonly kn[n z ,giovanni da ,ud9e4 ,! ,mohamm$ans1 f :om ! "n 0 d]iv$1 mo/ly avoid$ ! figures ( m5 & animals1#d ev5 9 _! secul> build+s or furniture1 x be+ fe>$ t ! portrayal ( liv+ creatures might lead !m to idolatry2 s spaces 7 fill$ ) intricate geometrical patt]ns & co>se foliage4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! elem5t>y =ms us$ 9 ornam5t =m ! next division4 ,x is assum$ t ! space is giv5 t we are requir$ to ornam5t2 = example1 a ceil+1 a wall1 a frieze1 a panel1 or a c>pet4 ,! b\nd>y-l9es are ! enclos+ l9es ( our space or field1 :i* may be subdivid$4 ,?is subdivid+ is call$ ! sett+-out4 ,we h n[ to ?9k ( ! =ms & "* ( ! ornam5t we propose to adopt4 ,x is n[ advisable to give illu/rations ( ! v>i\s elem5t>y =ms us$ 9 ornam5t4 ,z l9es1 ei!r /raight or curv$1 are ! basis ( all ornam5t1 we beg9 ) ! /raight l9e4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]rate ! value ( ! /raight l9e 9 ornam5t4 ,! qualities ( /ability1 firmness1 & repose giv5 by upright & horizontal l9es are well illu/rat$ by ! m\ld+s r\nd rectil9e> panels1 by cornices & pila/]s1 & by re$$ & flut$ ornam5ts4 ,all frets are compos$ ( /raight l9es4 ,! illu/rations f ,fig4 #c to ,fig4 #bc are specim5s ( /raight-l9$ ornam5ts4 ,tak+ ! b& or two horizontal p>allel l9es 9 ,fig4 #c1 & m>k+ (f equidi/ant po9ts on ! upp] & on ! l[] "o1 only alt]nat+1 & draw+ v]tical l9es f ^! po9ts1 we obta9 ! basis ( a l>ge class ( frets4 ,figs4 #d1 #f1 #g1 & #h %[ fur!r developm5ts ( ! fret4 ,figs4 #e & #ah %[ ! elem5ts ( "s ,s>ac5ic or ,moresque frets1 ( :i* ,figs4 #aa1 #ba1 & #bb are developm5ts4 ,figs4 #f1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #c to #g4--,/raight-l9$ ornam5ts4 are ,greek frets2 #g & #bj are ,*9ese4 ,fig4 #i is a ,go?ic nail-head ornam5t2 #aj is ( ,g]man orig92 #ai is a ,japanese key patt]n2 & ,fig4 #bc is d]iv$ f ! plait+ ( ru%es1 ribbons1 /raws1 or f h]r+-bone brick-"w1 & is common to prehi/oric & ,byzant9e "w4 ,frets are m appropriate to flat surfaces ?an to concave or convex ones2 !y may1 h[ev]1 be us$ on slightly concave surfaces1 su* z ! inside bevels ( plates or di%es2 !n _! v]tical l9es w compose well1 by radiat+ f ! c5tre ( ! plate4 ,! squ>e )9 squ>e1 & d\ble & s+le frets1 %[n at ,figs4 #h & #ae1 7 (t5 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #h to #aa4--,/raight-l9$ ornam5ts4 us$ 9 conjunction by ! ,greeks1 & e>li] by ! ,egyptians1 on ! ceil+s ( _! tombs 7,fig4 #af71 bo? s+ly1 & alt]nat+ ) spirals & circul> ornam5ts4 7,see ,fig4 #dc47 ,! zigzag is ano!r /raight-l9$ =m l>gely us$ z ornam5t2 x 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians & ,e>ly ,greeks z ! symbol ( wat] 7,figs4 #bh1 #afe74 ,loz5ges & diamonds are o!r elem5ts ( /raight-l9$ ornam5t1 & =m ! basis ( _m repeat+ patt]ns 9 wov5 /uffs1 pap]-hang+s1 & tiles4 ,triangles1 squ>es1 hexagons1 octagons1 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ab to #ad4--;,greek frets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,fret & panel bord]1 ,greek4 & o!r polygons are also us$ l>gely z con/ructive bases 9 patt]n-design+4 ,aft] ! /raight l9e1 ! curv$ is ! o!r elem5t 9 ornam5t4 ,x is pre-em95tly ! type ( grace1 & ! 8l9e ( beauty40 ,:e!r se5 9 ! outl9e ( ! cl\d1 ! wave1 or ! r\nd$ limb ( ! human figure1 ! eye takes a delight 9 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,egyptian ceil+ fret4 trac+ out ! fl[+ curve4 ,we h clos$ curves 9 su* figures z ! circle1 ellipse1 oval1 figure ( eight1 & 9 ! vesica piscis1 or fi%-%ape1 ! latt] be+ compos$ ( two arcs ( a circle ( ! same radius1 t\*+ ea* o!r at _! opposite extremities4 ,! p>abola1 hyp]bola1 c41 are op5 curves2 su* figures z ! me&] 7,fig4 #bi71 ! spiral 7,fig4 #bd71 ! scroll 7,fig4 #be71 & ! swag or fe/oon 7,fig4 #bg71 are also op5 curves4 ,:5 ! fe/oon is =m$ ( l9ks & hangs l a *a9 f two po9ts1 x is call$ a cat5>y1 & is practically id5tical ) ! l9es ( fe/oons & ! loop+s ( drap]y4 ,illu/ration3 #ag #ah #ai #bj ,,figs4 #ag ,,to #bj4--,/raight-l9$ ornam5ts ,9 ! illu/rations1 we h at ,fig4 #cj circles t\*+ ea* o!r2 ?is is ! framework ( "s diap]s & repeat+ =ms4 ,next we come to circles int]sect+ ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #ca is a patt]n common alike to ,s>ac5ic1 ,egyptian1 & ,japanese diap]s4 ,fig4 #cb is a bord] ornam5t ( ! same patt]n ) a c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ba to #bc4--,/raight-l9$ ornam5ts4 ,an effective disc bord]1 l t made by savage tribes f cut %ells1 is %[n at ,fig4 #cc1 & a developm5t ( ! latt] is t ( ,fig4 #cd1 tak5 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bd4 #be4--,spiral & ,scroll4 f ,assyrian tess]1 small oblong pieces ( /one or metal1 on :i* ! patt]n 0 incis$1 & (t5 alt]nat+ ) ! guillo*e 7,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 & #dj74 ,! guillo*e 0 an important patt]n 9 ,assyrian "w1 9 ,greek m\ld+ decoration1 & 9 _! flat pa9t$ ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e4--,scale-"w 7imbricat$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,fe/oon 7cat5>y74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,zigzag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,me&]4 ,figs4 #ce & #cf are fur!r examples ( ornam5t obta9$ f ! circle & its segm5ts2 ! =m] be+ ! ,go?ic ball-fl[]4 ,imbricat$ or scale ornam5t 0 mu* us$ = ro(s1 to ornam5t small columns & circul> m\ld+s4 ,examples are giv5 at ,fig4 #bf1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cj to #cf4--,ornam5ts mo/ly d]iv$ f ! circle4 ,we n[ pass f ! circle to ! spiral1#e f :i* a great "p ( ornam5tal =ms are d]iv$4 ,fig4 #da is an ,egyptian wave scroll1 & #db is ! famili> ,greek wave4 ,fig4 #dc is f an ,egyptian ceil+2 all ^! conta9 ! spiral z _! *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,fig4 #dd %[s two int]sect+ me&]s1 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cg to #dj4--,ornam5ts mo/ly d]iv$ f ! circle4 #dg is a scroll int]sect$ by a me&]1 #df is an ecc5tric me&]1 #de is ! scroll or antispiral ( ! cyma recta1 & #dh is ! d\ble spiral ( ! cavetto decoration4 ,fig4 #gj is ! ornam5t on ! ,greek cyma rev]sa or ogee1 call$ by ! ,fr5* rais de cur2 #ga is a ,roman v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #da to #dh4--,ornam5ts *iefly bas$ on spiral curves4 ,fig4 #ej %[s ! anatomy or c5tre l9es ( ! purely /hetic ,greek patt]n develop$ at ,fig4 #di4 ,figs4 #ea & #eb are additional examples4 ,fig4 #ec is "o ( ! scrolls1 & 9 ,fig4 #ed is %[n ! irregul> me&]s & spiral curves =m+ ! /& = ! tripod on ! ro( ( ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysikrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #di to #eb4--;,greek bord]s f vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,scroll ornam5t on ! slope ( ! ro( ( ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysikrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,portion ( ! tripod /& on top ( ! ro( ( ! monum5t ( ,lysikrates4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! laws ( composition 9 ornam5t are d$uc$ f nature1 b we mu/ look to works ( art = _! prop] application4 ,! laws t may be d$uc$ are numb]less1 b ! pr9cipal ones may be giv5 z foll[s3-- ,,geometrical ,,arrangem5t1 ,,proportion1 ,,/ability1 ,,repetition1 ,,contra/1 ,,symmetry1 ,,radiation1 ,,tang5tial ,,junction1 ,,repose1 ,,v>iety1 ,,subord9ation1 ,,balance1 ,,unity1 ,,s]ies1 ,,gr[?1 ,,sup]position1 ,,fitness4 ,"s ( ^! are prelim9>y laws2 e4g4 we _c h ornam5t )\t "s geometrical arrangem5t1 ev5 spots 9 a l9e mu/ be set out at regul> di/ances1 or ) a recurr+ elem5t ( irregul>ity2 & z e plant & "p ( x are set out on a geometrical basis1 we _c h good floral ornam5t )\t su* an arrangem5t4 ,! same may be said ( ! sett+ out ( ! m complex s*emes ( ornam5t1 & besides ?is framework1 a :ole class ( ornam5t dep5ds on geometrical arrangem5t4 ,!re mu/ be h>monic proportion betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! ornam5t1 z well z betwe5 ! enri*m5t & ! gr\nd1 to make ornam5t pleas+2 ?is la/ elem5t ( proportion is g5]ally call$ ev5 di/ribution1 & is f\nd 9 all good "w2 at ! same "t x admits ( a v>iety ( treatm5t3 9 "s ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & ,s>ac5ic ornam5t x is pa9fully monoton\s1 :ile 9 good ,roman & ,r5aissance "w1 ?\gh ! law is obs]v$1 !re is su* v>iety & contra/1 t x nev] becomes tiresome4 ,ornam5t to be satisfactory mu/ h ,/ability1 & n look z if x w\ld fall d[n4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>ies1 ,repetition may be look$ on z ! fir/ law2 z any?+ repeat$ =ms elem5t>y ornam5t4 ,contra/ comes next1 z ! m]e alt]nation ( upright & horizontal l9es =m a contra/$ ornam5t ---- ---- ---- ,symmetry p]haps comes next1 & is ! repetition ( any =m on its axis2 ev5 ! rude/ blot s d\bl$ makes ornam5t4 ,radiation alone is ! basis ( mu* ornam5t1 & directly we get z f> z ! scroll1 we mu/ h tang5tial junction1 = brok5-back$ curves are h>dly ornam5t4 ,next comes ,repose3 any decoration t seems to crawl is n pleas+ b di/ress+4 ,z we advance we want ,v>iety & ,subord9ation4 ,an unsymmetrical ornam5t g5]ally requires ,balance2 ,unity is necess>y 9 any complex sy/em4 ,s]ies adds a new elem5t by ! repetition at /at$ int]vals ( a succession ( diff]5t objects1 or ( simil> ones ( increas+ or decreas+ size4 ,gr[? gives u "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & delightful elem5ts 9 nature1 & ,sup]position may be look$ on z ! la/ addition to ornam5t yet made by man2 :ile ,fitness may be said to include all be=e-m5tion$ & m4 ,! descriptions j giv5 w s]ve = ! def9ition ( "s ( ! laws1 b o!rs require fur!r explanation4 ,proportion1 by :i* 8h>monic proportion0 is meant1 applies also to ! ar*itectural features ( a design1 & is indisp5sable 9 design+ bord]s1 compos$ ( l9es or m\ld+s1 & 9 panels4 ,! wid? ( su* bord]1 or s]ies ( m\ld+s1 %\ld be a proportionate "p ( ! n>r[e/ wid? ( ! space or panel4 ,!re are c]ta9 di/ances betwe5 l9es t are m pleas+ ?an o!rs1 & z a rule1 "o space %\ld prepond]ate4 ,9 m\ld+s ! same ?+ is true1 b 9 addition to ! spaces1 !re are ! projections & cont\rs to be /udi$4 ,! /udy ( ,greek pr(iles 7,figs4 ,c & ,d1 p4 #ae7 is mo/ valuable1 ?\gh ,greek m\ld+s are unsuitable = ext]nal "w 9 ?is climate4 ,! me?ods ( proportion+ cornices giv5 9 ,vitruvius are useful 7! application ( proportion to surfaces w be f\nd at ,*ap4 ,,iv474 ,/ability4--,in/ability is mo/ly f\nd 9 creep+ or tw9+ plants1 put v]tically1 & n atta*$ to a c5tral /em1 or to ! framework ( ! panel2 also to bulky =ms put on slight ones1 t f _! size seem unable to support ! weight4 ,we "k f exp]i5ce t trunks ( trees support ! enorm\s mass ( bran*es & foliage above !m by _! solidity1 & be> ! /ra9 ( w9ds by _! /r5g? & ! spread & t5acity ( _! roots4 ,9 ! r>e case 9 :i* su* an arrangem5t is want$ 9 ornam5t1 we mu/ resort to "s device1 su* z diff]5ce ( texture betwe5 ! supports & ! mass above1 to indicate sup]ior support+ p[]4 ,repetition is ! fir/ me?od by :i* ?+s 7 turn$ into ornam5t1 b if x be c>ri$ too f> x produces monotony2 ?is may be se5 9 a long succession ( simil> w9d[s 9 factories1 & ! endless r[s ( iron rail+s to p>ks4 ,a little m ?\ght w\ld put 9 prop] places a l>g] or m ornate w9d[2 & 9 ! case ( rail+s w\ld af=d a l>g] & m important po/ or a gr\p ( !m3 ?is infusion ( ,v>iety w\ld correct ! monoton\s appe>ance1 & greatly add to ! pleasure ( ! behold]s4 ,! ornam5ts on m\ld+s1 patt]ns 9 *eck]s1 net-"w1 or diap]s may be repeat$ up to a c]ta9 po9t )\t be+ tiresome1 b symbolic & di/+ui%+ =ms mu/1 z a rule1 be us$ sp>+ly4 ,"o human figure is mo/ly en\gh 9 an ornam5tal panel1 because ! figure absorbs ! att5tion1 ?\gh cupids or v "y *ildr5 may be repeat$2 ! =m] are imag9>y creatures1 & ! latt] sportive ones1 b ev5 ^! %\ld be s arrang$ z to compose ) ! foliage1 :i* %\ld be an op5 scre5 !y are se5 play+ ?r\gh4 ,! difficulty ( prev5t+ ev5 cupids f absorb+ all int]e/1 0 probably ! cause ( ! anci5ts s (t5 mak+ !m half-floral4 ,contra/ 9 =m or col\r imp>ts vig\r to ! composition2 ! commone/ illu/ration ( contra/ 9 =m is ! circle & ! /raight l9e1 b m subtle contra/s are f\nd 9 ,nature's works1 v flat curves be+ contra/$ ) %>p ones2 & 9 col\r1 besides ! contra/s ( ! leaves & fl[]s1 !re are (t5 spots ( contra/+ col\r on fl[]s to height5 _! brilliancy1 ?\gh ?is is mo/ly effect$ by ! pi/ils & /am5s4 ,! 8egg & tongue10 "o ( ! mo/ effective ornam5ts inv5t$1 has ! smoo? curv$ eggs contra/$ ) ! ?9 l9es ( ! %ells1 & ! curv$ eggs ) ! /raight edge ( ! tongue4 7,fig4 #fg47 ,r5aissance & ,roman ornam5t 7see ,fig4 #abi7 give ! ample/ illu/rations ( contra/2 v>ieties ( foliage contra/+ ) vases1 labels1 %ields1 arm\r1 masks1 animals1 & human figures4 7,see ,figs4 #aba1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #acj1 #acb1 & ,frontispiece47 ,symmetry has be5 def9$ be=e z ! m]e d\bl+ ( a =m on its axis2 x is "o ( ! mo/ important means ( produc+ ornam5t1 z well z "o ( ! laws mo/ commonly f\nd 9 nature4 ,no?+ 9 nature1 h[ev]1 is absolutely symmetrical1 ?\gh !re is a sugge/ion ( symmetry ab\t ! bulk ( its works4 ,radiation is ! spread+ out ( l9es f a po9t1 l a fan1 & ^! l9es may be /raight or curv$1 & ! axis ( ! radiat+ l9es may be v]tical1 horizontal1 or oblique4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! human h&1 9 ! w+ fea!rs ( birds1 9 ! scallop & simil> bivalve %ells1 9 ! umbels ( fl[]s1 & 9 mu* o!r plant gr[?4 ,! ,greek honeysuckle is ! mo/ beautiful in/ance ( its adaptation z ornam5t4 7,see ,figs4 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 & #aae47 ,if ! c5tre ( ! radiat+ l9es is kept bel[ ! spr++ l9e1 x adds greatly to ! int]e/ & beauty ( ! ornam5t4 ,a succession ( fe/oons or ( drap]y hang+ f two po9ts are examples ( "o species ( curv$ radiation4 ,tang5tial ,junction4--,euclid's def9ition ( a tang5t is z foll[s3--8,a /raight l9e is said to t\* a circle1 :5 x meets ! circle1 & be+ produc$ does n cut x10 & is obta9$ by draw+ a l9e p]p5dicul> to any radius f ! po9t at :i* x t\*es ! circumf]5ce4 ,9 ornam5t1 tang5tial junction means t :]e two curves ( opposite curvature meet !y are to meet at ! tang5tial po9ts ( ea* 7,fig4 #be71 & 9 ! case ( a curve be+ cont9u$ by a /raight l9e1 ! po9t ( junction is ! tang5tial po9t4 ,a curve1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be cont9u$ by a /raight l9e1 b by a flatt] curve4 ,! beauty imp>t$ by foll[+ ?is rule is se5 9 ! ,ionic capitals ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bass1 :]e ! two volutes are jo9$ by a curve in/ead ( by ! usual /raight l9e 7see ,fig4 #agi 9 ,app5dix74 ,repose4--,! abs5ce ( a look ( motion 9 ornam5t2 ?is appe>ance ( motion may be se5 9 "s flamboyant trac]y & ,s>ac5ic patt]ns1 9 "s mod]n pap]-hang+s1 & 9 patt]ns 9 wov5 & pr9t$ /uffs4 ,! ^w repose is sometimes us$ to d5ote an abs5ce ( spott9ess4 ,9 ! be/ pila/] panels1 horizontal l9es are introduc$ p>tly = contra/1 & p>tly to give repose by *eck+ ! appe>ance ( motion 9 ! curv$ plant =ms4 7,fig4 #abg47 ,v>iety is a diff]5ce ( =m or arrangem5t 9 ! ornam5t f t :i* imm$iately prec$es or foll[s x4 ,9 nature we see t e leaf v>ies f e o!r by subtle diff]5ces1 ?\gh ! foliage is r\ghly alike1 & x is = ?is reason t ,nature's works nev] pall ^u u4 ,g5]al simil>ity ) slight v>iety is ! mo/ prop] = ! highe/ & mo/ dignifi$ ornam5t4 ,9 o!r cases absolute v>iety is p]missible4 ,v>iety is ! salt ( ornam5t t takes (f ! insipidity ( repetition4 ,subord9ation4--,! /ate ( be+ inf]ior to ano!r1 a regul> desc5d+ s]ies4 ,9 any complex sy/em ( ornam5t1 "o "p %\ld be *os5 z ! mo/ important1 & all ! re/ %\ld lead up to x2 b c]ta9 di/9ct p>ts1 su* z masses or fl[]s1 may re-e*o 9 a fa9t] way ! ma9 motive4 ,9 draw+1 subord9ation is obta9$ by ! pr9cipal mass be+ l>g] ?an ! re/1 & by its details be+ l>g] & m pron\nc$2 9 pa9t+1 by ! above & by ! pr9cipal "p be+ m vivid 9 col\r2 9 modell+1 by great] size & relief4 ,! ,romans & ,c9que ,c5to arti/s 7 great ma/]s ( ?is art4 ,9 "s panels1 ?\gh ! highe/ relief is n great1 !re is an inf9ity ( gradation1 ! l[e/ relief gradually s9k+ into ! gr\nd4 ,9 a ,r5aissance bas-relief ( a full face ! greate/ projection is ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in*1 & yet ! face is p]fectly modell$4 ,mod]n ,engli% c>v$ ornam5t is too frequ5tly defici5t 9 ?is quality4 ,balance4--,! mak+ unsymmetrical masses ( equal weight4 ,9 ! creations ( nature we see balance employ$ 9 trees1 %rubs1 & plants 7,fig4 #afj72 9 leaves1 made z x 7 on a symmetrical basis1 balance is equally employ$4 ,9 simple oval leaves1 = example1 "o side is m convex ?an ! o!r1 & ! balance is got by ! curve 9 ! rib4 ,unity is ! complet5ess ( any sy/em ( ornam5t n m>r$ by incongru\s elem5ts or =ms4 ,s]ies is ! repetition ( a limit$ succession ( diff]5t =ms3 9 ! egg & tongue1 ( two2 9 ! bead & reel1 ( ?ree2 9 bran*es ( plants :5 ! leaves regul>ly dim9i% 9 size1 ( _m4 7,fig4 #fg47 ,long s]ies may be se5 9 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t1 :]e ! same text is repeat$ sometimes ) ornam5t betwe5 ! texts4 ,gr[?4--,?is is at once ! r>e/ & mo/ delightful ( ! h9ts tak5 f nature by great ornam5tali/s4 ,9 climb+ plants1 ^: /alks are polygonal1 & t twi/ to rea* an object1 or = ! fl[]s to get ! sun1 ! edges ( ! /alk are se5 to =m a spiral4 ,sometimes ?is vig\r ( gr[? is se5 9 ! turn ( a leaf or ! clasp ( a t5dril r\nd a twig4 ,! capitals & ! tripod /& ( ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysikrates are good examples4 7,figs4 #ec & #ed47 ,sup]position4--,?is is mo/ frequ5tly se5 9 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t1 b x is also f\nd 9 ,r5aissance ornam5t4 ,! simple/ =m is 9 ! case ( me&]s ( diff]5t curvature :5 "o is put ov] ! o!r1 ! upp] "o be+ m vigor\s 9 =m & col\r4 ,! next case is :]e l>g] ornam5ts ( a m /rik+ col\r are put ov] a small] & less obtrusive patt]n1 z 9 ! ,p]sian w9d[s ( ! ,suleimanyeh at ,con/ant9ople2 b ! commone/ case is t ( inscriptions ov] floral ornam5t1 examples ( :i* are )\t numb] 9 ,s>ac5ic "w4 ,?is1 l ne>ly all o!r inv5tions 9 ornam5t1 is tak5 f nature4 ,we see tw9+ or creep+ plants ov]gr[+ trees or bu%es1 & p>asitical plants ov]gr[+ o!rs1 f :i* !y get _! su/5ance1 & h !re=e roots1 /ems1 & fl[]s1 b no leaves4 ,s>ac5ic diap]s frequ5tly h _m planes sup]pos$1 & z ea* patt]n is diff]5tly col\r$ & gilt1 any *ange ( position 9 ! behold] br+s out a new patt]n4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! ,alhambra ,c\rt at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 7,fig4 #aja47 ,fitness1 9 its mo/ obvi\s s5se1 is arrang+ ! ornam5t s t x may n int]f]e ) ! prop] use ( ! ?+ ornam5t$4 ,! enri*m5t ( a sword-hilt mu/ n hurt ! h&1 nor r5d] ! prop] wield+ ( ! sword difficult or impossible2 & ! same canon applies to ! h&les ( flagons1 jugs1 or dr9k+ vessels1 c42 9 a second>y s5se x is a due consid]ation ( ! qualities ( ! mat]ial to be ornam5t$1 & ( ! appropriat5ess ( ! ornam5t to ! purpose = :i* ! article is int5d$2 & ?irdly1 x supposes a well-ord]$ design1 ^: complet5ess w\ld be m>r$ by any?+ be+ add$ or remov$4 ,! want ( :at is call$ 8alt]nation0 9 design is analog\s to a surface t is s elaborately decorat$ ) a uni=m repeat+ patt]n t x is we>isome to look at4 ,! value ( pla9 spaces 9 design is enorm\s4 ,*>les ,lamb1 9 "o ( 8 delightful lett]s to ,col]idge1 says 9 f9i%+--8,i w leave y1 9 m]cy1 "o small :ite spot empty bel[1 to repose y\r eyes ^u1 fatigu$ z !y mu/ be ) ! wild]ness ( words !y h by ?is "t pa9fully travell$ ?r\gh40 ,to ! design] ?is analogy w be obvi\s & useful4 ,pla9 spaces z alt]nations 9 design1 are ! oases 9 ! des]t1 & may be comp>$ to a refre%+ sil5ce aft] a cont9u\s *att] or deaf5+ noise4 ,x is easi] to d too mu* ?an to "k exactly :]e to /op4 ,excess ( ornam5t defeats its own end1 !re is no foil to set x (f1 & x mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! ,s>ac5s1 by ! relative weight ( _! ornam5t1 h to "s ext5t obviat$ ?is objection4 ,to "k ! value ( pla9ness is to enhance ! ornam5t us$4 ,to h ?is vividly br\ght home to y1 ! be/ ,greek ar*itecture %\ld be comp>$ ) late ,roman4 ,9 ! ,greek y see a v small quantity ( exquisite ornam5t surr\nd$ by pla9ness1 :i* makes x d\bly preci\s2 9 late ,roman1 e surface is cov]$ )\t a spot to re/ ! eye on1 s t ! :ole becomes dull1 confus$1 & monoton\s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,be=e speak+ ( ! decoration ( m\ld+s1 a few words mu/ be said on ! m\ld+s !mselves4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! fir/ p :o c>ri$ ! art ( m\ld+ or pr(il+ to any p]fection1 & !y are /ill supreme2 !y ma9ly us$ /raight-l9$ sections = /r5g?1 b add$ a few curv$ sections to prev5t monotony4 ,! air ( ,greece is pellucid & ! sun%9e brilliant1 s = _! curv$ sections ^? t approximat$ to conic sections 7 pref]r$ z hav+ m subtle %ade1 segm5ts ( circles be+ r>ely us$4 7,see ,figs4 #fa-fd47 ,! greate/ ef=ts 7 made to h ^! m\ld+s z exquisite z possible1 s z to get v>iety ( %ade & %ad[1 & m\ld+s ( ! same species 7 r>ely or nev] alike4 ,! ,romans1 :o _h mu* co>s] arti/ic s5sibilities ?an ! ,greeks1 & 7 slaves to easy rules1 us$ segm5ts ( circles = _! m\ld+s in/ead ( ! ,greek curves4 7,see ,figs4 #ee-ff47 ,!y also _h an atmosph]e less cle>1 & _! sun%9e 0 n s brilliant4 ,! ,m$ivals1 :o liv$ 9 mi/y climates ) little sun%9e1 7 z logical 9 _! me?ods1 b 7 n possess$ ( ! arti/ic s5sibilities ( ! ,greeks1 s1 al?\gh _! m\ld+s answ] ! ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ee to #fj4--,pr(iles ( ,roman m\ld+s ) _! fillets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #fa to #ff4--,pr(iles ( ,greek m\ld+s ) _! fillets4 purpose1 !y lack ref9em5t4 ,! ,m$ivals got _! effects by deep und]cutt+1 & by putt+ fillets or leav+ arrises on su* p>ts z 7 to tell bright2--,classic & ,r5aissance m\ld+s1 h[ev]1 are alone treat$ ( "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,! ovolo or e*9us f ! ,ere*!um1 enri*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,! cavetto m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,! cyma recta4 ,9 ! be/ p]iods ( anci5t art x 0 ! inv>iable cu/om to adopt a =m ne>ly l ! pr(ile or section ( ! m\ld+1 & to d\ble x = ! basis ( its decoration1 & no?+ c\ld produce a m pleas+ & arti/ic result1 = !n ! m\ld+ nev] lo/ its "*1 h[ev] elaborately x might be enri*$4 ,! diagrams f ,figs4 #fg to #gh w help to illu/rate ?is3 = in/ance1 at ,fig4 #fg we h ! ,greek ovolo1 ornam5t$ ) eggs1 call$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,! ,greek ogee ) wat] leaf ornam5t4 by ! ,greeks 8turnip /ones10 :i* resemble ! section ( ! m\ld+ d\bl$2 at #gj & #gc ! ,greek ogee is %[n ) ! wat] leaf ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,roman v>iety ( ! ornam5t on ! ogee4 us$ to enri* x1 = :i* we h no di/9ctive "n--x is call$ by ! ,fr5* 8,rais de ,cur10 & resembles ! section ( ! m\ld+ d\bl$2 at #ga is a ,roman v>iation ( ?is ornam5t2 at #fh1 a ,roman cavetto1 or holl[2 at #fi1 a 8cyma recta40 ,fig4 #gg is a curv$ 8a/ragal0 or bead m\ld+2 & at ,fig4 #gh is ! bead & reel ornam5t4 7,see also ,figs4 #gb & #gc = examples ( ,greek bead & reel ornam5t47 ,figs4 #gd1 #ge1 & #gf are examples ( ornam5t us$ = flat b&s or fascias4 ,:5 ^! are sunk ) semi-circul> or elliptical *annels !y are call$ 8flut$10 & :5 rais$ 9 relief 8re$$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,decorat$ m\ld+s f ! temple ( ,m9]va ,polias at ,a!ns1 ogee1 ovolo1 & beads4 ,we may next briefly speak ( ! ornam5tal treatm5t ( floors1 walls1 & ceil+s4 ,beg9n+ ) ! floor1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 floor decoration ! s5se ( flatness %\ld be pres]v$2 rais$ & especially angul> surfaces are to be avoid$1 & :at is unpleasant to use is unpleasant to be sugge/$ = use1 ?\gh ! ,assyrians us$ relief on _! floors4 ,:e!r ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,greek cyma rev]sa or ogee decorat$ ) ! wat] leaf1 a fret ornam5t c>v$ on upp] fillet1 & a bead & reel bel[4 ,illu/ration3 #gd4 ,f ,jupit] ,tonans4 #ge4 ,f ! ,=um ( ,n]va4 #gf4 ,f ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator4 ,,figs4 #gd to #gf4--;,flut$ ornam5ts4 decoration be obta9$ by c>pets1 rugs1 floor-clo?1 inlaid m>ble or metal1 mosaic1 tiles1 or p>quetry1 no?+ %\ld be introduc$ to di/urb ! flatness1 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #gf ,a & #gf ,b4--,re$$ ornam5ts = flat b&s4 by %ad+ ! =ms or by imitat+ m\ld+s1 or a ridge & furr[4 ,all reali/ic r5d]+s ( animals ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,a/ragal or bead m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,bead & reel4 or plants %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,! col\r may be v>i$1 b ev5ly di/ribut$1 & mo/ly sob]2 ?\gh ! ,romans sometimes us$ lapis lazuli = _! floors1 or encru/$ !m ) gems1 & ! ,byzant9es us$ gold or silv] *as$ & enri*$ ) niello4 ,mosaic "w appli$ to floors 0 an e>ly =m ( decoration1 & is /ill ( a high ord] 9 ! scale ( floor decorations1 ! highe/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,opus ,alex&r9um f a pavem5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,m>co 7,rome74 be+ m>ble inlaid ) o!r m>bles or ) ma/ic1 l ^? 9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce & ! ,ca!dral at ,si5a4 ,! use ( m>ble or tiles 9 ?is c\ntry is limit$ to ! floors ( museums1 ba?s1 halls & passages2 on acc\nt ( _! coldness1 !y _c be us$ ) com=t 9 ord9>y rooms4 ,mosaic may be treat$ ) bord]s & l9es l ! fram+ ( a picture1 ) ! field 7or c5tral space7 ei!r pla91 p[d]$ ) spots ( decoration1 or cov]$ ) a patt]n4 ,black & :ite is ! mo/ dignifi$ treatm5t4 ,if o!r col\rs are us$1 black ) pale r$ or cream col\r1 or l[-ton$ r$s1 gre5s1 greys1 & yell[s are to be pref]r$4 ,opus ,alex&r9um is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t floor decorations yet us$2 rectangul> or circul> slabs ( porphyry are surr\nd$ ) b&s compos$ ( geometrical figures 9 purple1 gre51 & black porphyry1 on a :ite m>ble gr\nd1 ?\gh m>ble occasionally takes ! place ( porphyry 9 ! small] geometrical patt]ns4 7,see ,fig4 #gi47 ,floor-clo?s & l9oleums are ( mod]n introduction4 ,! decoration ( ^! cov]+s is be/ :5 x is ( subdu$ col\rs treat$ flatly4 ,9 c>pets1 ! patt]n %\ld1 z a rule1 radiate f geometric po9ts2 at lea/ ! m important spots %\ld be on a circul>1 loz5ge1 or squ>e basis1 s t ! eye %\ld n be c>ri$ 9 "o p>ticul> direction4 ,if animals are us$1 !y %\ld h a simple outl9e1 & %\ld be treat$ flatly4 ,reali/ic fl[]s1 birds1 human figures1 l&scapes1 & ar*itecture are out ( place on c>pets4 ,a bord] always improves a c>pet1 if prop]ly design$ to h>monize ) ! c5tre1 or to enhance its value4 ,walls may be decorat$ ) metals or m>bles2 ) wood panell+1 ei!r pla91 m\ld$1 inlaid1 c>v$ or incis$2 ) pla/] flatly emboss$ or sunk1 or 9 :i* /ones1 %ells or look+-glass1 c4 is emb$d$2 ) pla9 col\r1 ) pa9t$ or /5cill$ patt]ns2 ) furs or fea!r "w2 ) hang+s ( velvet1 sat91 silk1 or calico1 ei!r pla91 enri*$1 or embroid]$2 by tape/ry1 matt+1 /amp$ lea!r or ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hj to #hc4--;,improp] arrangem5ts = wall-pap]s or room decoration4 its imitations1 & by pap]-hang+s4 ,if pictures are to be hung on a wall1 x is obvi\s t a l[-ton$ decoration1 t w set !m (f1 is alone admissible2 s9ce ! pictures !mselves are ! pr9cipal decoration1 ! walls %\ld be treat$ z an unobtrusive backgr\nd4 ,! be/ decoration = appe>ance aft] simple col\r or a pa9t$ patt]n is silk or wov5 /uffs4#f ,if pap]-hang+s be *os51 !y %\ld h a uni=m patt]n & be free f spots2 = ! eye %\ld n be arre/$ by any p>ticul> =m1 nor be =cibly c>ri$ 9 any direction4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 we may suppose ! diagrams1 ,figs4 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 & #hc1 to repres5t decorat$ wall spaces4 ,all ^! decorative arrangem5ts are bad z wall-cov]+s2 b by comb9+ _! elem5ts1 at ,fig4 #hd a tol]ably good pap]-hang+ is produc$ t w =m a backgr\nd = furniture & pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,arrangem5t = ! l9es ( a wall-pap]4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #hj1 arre/s ! eye2 #ha & #hb t5d to exagg]ate ! height or bread? ( ! room2 = patt]ns 9 :i* v]tical or horizontal l9es pr$om9ate w h ! effect ( l5g!n+ or wid5+ ! surface ( ! wall2 :il/ ! diagram #hc1 be+ compos$ ( oblique l9es1 w n only give a look ( weakness to ! wall1 b w lead ! eye f "o corn] ( ! room to ! o!r4 ,a patt]n1 to be satisfactory z a backgr\nd1 %\ld nei!r arre/ ! eye nor c>ry x 9 any p>ticul> direction4 ,! height ( a real dado g5]ally dep5ds on ! height ( ! *air-backs1 b x may be influ5c$ by ! height ( ! ceil+1 & p>tly by ! use to :i* ! room is put2 high wa9scot+ prev5ts small-siz$ pictures f be+ se54 ,if ! wa9scot ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #he to #hg4--;,fill+s ( ceil+s %[+ v>i\s s*emes ( all-ov] effects4 be high] ?an ! c5tre ( ! wall1 ! upp] "p ( ! wall may h a /rong] decoration ) a m fl[+ patt]n ?an w\ld be admissible on a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,portion ( ! ceil+ ( ve/ibule ( ,sacri/y ( ,s4 ,spirito 7,flor5ce7 by ,sansov9o4 wall ) l[] wa9scot+4 ,if !re be a frieze 9 ! room1 a /ill fre] & m pictorial treatm5t may be all[$ on x4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! frieze ,zoophoros1 or life-be>+1 because x 0 g5]ally ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,ceil+ f ,s]lio's ar*itecture4 adorn$ ) figures ( m5 or animals4 ,wall spaces ne$ n be panell$ 9 small rooms1 z ! w9d[-op5+s1 doors1 & fireplaces mo/ly break up ! space suffici5tly4 ,if ! rooms1 ?\gh small1 are high1 a dado & a frieze are improvem5ts4 ,on ceil+s !re is m room = v>iety & elaboration4 ,!re are _m ways ( decorat+ ceil+s4 ,we may take ! cornice z ! frame1 & reg>d ! ceil+ z ! space to decorate2 ! simple/ way is to p[d] x 7,fig4 #he71 or to cov] x ov] ) a scroll-"w patt]n 7,fig4 #hf74 ,an effective treatm5t consi/s 9 lightly cov]+ ! field ) a patt]n /eadi$ by labels1 %ields1 or m$allions 7,fig4 #hg74 ,9 divid+ a ceil+ into panels1 ei!r by pa9t+ or by relief "w1 ! c5tre panel or comp>tm5t %\ld g5]ally be l>g] ?an any ( ! o!rs 7see ,fig4 #hi1 & #ib at ,b71 ?\gh !re are excell5t ,r5aissance ceil+s divid$ into equal panels4 ,:5 ! ceil+ is unequally divid$1 ! spaces %\ld be 9 h>monic proportion1 s t no two s]ies ( panels %all be ! same wid?2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ! wid?s ( ! /iles & rails1 :i* %\ld be alike4 ,figs4 #hh & #hi %[ su* arrangem5ts4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 design+ ! subdivisions ( ceil+s t ! panels1 int]spaces1 & m\ld+s are well contra/$4 ,a safe guide = ! design] 9 obta9+ ! requisite proportions is to be f\nd 9 ! ,roman ceil+s1 al?\gh ^? ( :i* draw+s are pres]v$ 7 mo/ly vault$4 ,= flat ceil+s1 good examples may be /udi$ ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,italian ,r5aissance 7,fig4 #hh71 & 9 bo? cases ! m\ld+s ( ! panels are usually giv54 ,:]e a ceil+ to be decorat$ is divid$ by beams1 ! panell+1 if admissible1 %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! diff]5t comp>tm5ts4 ,ceil+s ( corridors or long rooms may be h>monically divid$ across at discretion4 ,relief "w or modell$ ornam5t on ceil+s %\ld be s regulat$ t ! light f w9d[s or f artificial illum9ation %\ld cause little ca/ %ad[1 only en\gh to def9e ! outl9e2 ! =ms %\ld be c>efully r\nd$ (f 9 ! m important masses to less5 ! abruptness ( ca/ %ad[4 ,a prepond]ance ( light 9 ! l>g] masses1 connect$ & s(t5$ by l[] tones1 is commonly adopt$4 ,on ! c>v$ surface itself1 ! play ( light & %ade %\ld be q second>y1 & n compete 9 /r5g? ) ! deep] %ad[s ca/ by ! ornam5t on its gr\nd4 ,if ?is be n att5d$ to1 confusion & obscurity are apt to be produc$4 ,a nice balanc+ ( light & %ade is ( ! greate/ importance 9 relief ornam5t4 ,x may "h be rem>k$1 t = outdoor "w 9 a sunny climate1 a l[] relief 9 ! c>v+ & m delicacy 9 ! m\ld+s is admissible1 ?an 9 a mi/y "o l ours1 :]e /rong sunlight r>ely occurs2 & = ?is reason a bold] treatm5t ( relief is necess>y1 :i* all[s ( a co>s] mat]ial be+ us$4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( relief ornam5t1 x w\ld be z well to /ate1 t no c>v$ decoration %\ld be fa/5$ on to a ceil+ or panel1 b %\ld be work$ out ( ! mat]ial itself2 & also t :]e human figures are us$ on ceil+s1 !y mu/ be s arrang$ z to be se5 f ! heads at ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! room2 se5 f ! feet ! figures appe> to be upside d[n4 ,,*apt] ,v ,9 sett+ out spaces = decoration ! *ief aim %\ld be to get !m 9 h>monic proportion4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! great ma/]s ( ?is art1 ! mo/ subtle proportions be+ *os5 by !m1 b !re is n space "h to ent] into ref9em5ts4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! proportion ( #a to #a is fairly agreeable2 :5 ! space requir$ approa*es a d\ble squ>e1 x looks bett] if x some:at exce$s or falls %ort ( t figure4 ,z a rule1 a m>k$ prepond]ance 9 ! height or l5g? %\ld be giv5 to e oblong us$ 9 decoration1 & ) ^? r\gh rules1 an educat$ eye c mo/ly1 aft] a few trials1 obta9 h>moni\s proportions4 ,^? =ms ab\t :i* !re is an unc]ta9ty always look feeble & unsatisfactory1 e4g4 an oblong t approa*es ! squ>e1 or an ellipse t approa*es a circle4 ,9 ! case ( ! squ>e !re %\ld be no d\bt ab\t its be+ a squ>e1 s x is necess>y t ! ornam5tation *os5 be calculat$ to emphasize ! %ape & n give x ! appe>ance ( an oblong1 i4e4 ! ornam5t %\ld be symmetrical on bo? ! axes1 & x is (t5 useful to acc5tuate ! corn]s z well2 if ! squ>e be surr\nd$ by a bord] x is sometimes advisable to /r5g!n its corn]s by knees4 ,if ?is be done x is necess>y to h !m at ! f\r corn]s2 if !y be appli$ to ! two upp] or ! two "u corn]s1 ! squ>e w be tak5 = an oblong4 ,! repetition ( squ>es is mu* m endurable ?an a repetition ( simil> oblongs4 ,a common case ( ! monoton\s effect ( simil> oblong panels is to be se5 9 a f\r-panell$ door ) ! middle rail 9 ! c5tre1 s ! middle rail is commonly put bel[ ! c5tre to get v>iety 9 ! panels4 ,ev5 9 s graceful a =m z ! human figure1 sculptors r>ely repres5t x 9 a p]fectly symmetrical attitude1 p>ticul>ly 9 bas-relief1 unless x be to express "s m>k$ emotion1 or = ! sake ( ! composition2 !re are1 h[ev]1 a few figures 9 front view1 symmetrically arrang$1 t =m ! c5tres ( ornam5tal compositions3 ! front view ( animals 9 bas-relief is /ill less admissible4 ,! circle is by f> ! mo/ beautiful & useful clos$ curve1 b x is n always available1 z 9 ! case ( a c5tral feature 9 a v long ceil+ or 9 oblong panels1 & its place mu/ be !n suppli$ by an ellipse1 :i* has ?is m]it1 t its proportions are inf9ite1 ! /raight l9e & ! circle be+ only extreme cases ( ! ellipse2 b :5 ! *oice is unfett]$ ! long 7major7 axis %\ld s f> exce$ ! %ort 7m9or7 z to af=d a contra/2 an ellipse t diff]s b slightly f ! circle too mu* resembles "o t is ill-drawn4 ,:5 an ellipse is plac$ ) ! long axis v]tical1 :i* is sometimes necess>y 9 oblong panels1 look+-glasses1 c41 x %\ld be ti$ to ! v]tical & horizontal framework to prev5t an ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ij4--,vase by ,/ev5s %[+ unequal divisions ( ! height1 & /r5g!n+ horizontal b&s4 appe>ance ( in/ability1 & :5 ?is _c be done x %\ld be support$ by foliage4 ,9 horizontally divid+ objects circul> 9 plan & curv$ 9 section1 su* z vases1 ) l9es or b&s1 sev]al ?+s h to be consid]$4 ,! l9es !mselves h a /r5g!n+ effect1 b ! "q is :]e !y are be/ appli$3 if ! curves ( ! object v>y consid]ably1 ! po9ts at :i* ! v>iations beg9 are ! prop] places1 & 9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs1 v>iety & ! pr$om9ance ( "o division are to be adopt$2 if1 h[ev]1 ! vase ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,vase %[+ unequal divisions ( ! height1 & /r5g!n+ horizontal b&s4 is to be decorat$1 ! pr$om9ant space = ! mo/ important decoration mu/ be plac$ :]e ! curve is ne>ly uni=m1 or else ! ornam5t w be di/ort$4 ,! ,greek pa9t$ vases1 ) a few exceptions1 are ! be/ examples ( excell5ce 9 _! divisions 7,figs4 #ij & #ia74 ,due consid]ation mu/ also be giv5 to ! plac+ ( ! vase2 "s ( ! ,greek vases1 int5d$ to /& on ! gr\nd1 h ! ma9 ornam5t conf9$ to ! %\ld]4 ,9 ! division ( objects 9 ! r\nd1 x is a g5]al rule t !y %\ld n be divid$ 9 ! middle1 b t ! upp] or "u "p %\ld be di/9ctly pr$om9ant1 & t ! two p>ts %\ld be diff]5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an exception to ?is rule1 = :5 c]ta9 objects are want$ to be symmetrical on _! horizontal axes1 ! upp] & "u =ms %\ld !n be id5tical1 e4g4 9 ! case ( c]ta9 vases1 c&le/icks1 & balu/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,panell+ ( ceil+s %[+ at ,a a bad1 & at ,b a bett] arrangem5t4 ,9 ! case ( ornam5tal objects ^: outl9e is a matt] ( ta/e1 su* z f+]-plates1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y nei!r h a weak outl9e :olly made up ( curves1 l ,a1 nor "o t is too angul>1 l ,b2 ! design ,c seems to obviate bo? ^! defects 7,fig4 #id74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,door panels illu/rat+ an ill-proportion$ division at ,a1 & a well-proportion$ "o at ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,f+]-plates = a door1 ( diff]5t outl9es4 ,compositions :olly =m$ ( p>allel /raight l9es1 su* z entablatures1 & "s door & w9d[ ar*itraves1 h a sev]ity1 t bord]s ^u ! monoton\s1 t is sometimes call$ dryness4 ,! ,greeks correct$ ?is defect 9 _! entablatures by introduc+ figures 9 ! frieze1 :ile ! ,romans mo/ly ornam5t$ _! friezes ) fe/oons & foliage4 ,9 ! door ar*itrave at ! ,ere*!um circul> pat] are us$ on ! fascia = ?is reason 7,fig4 #if72 mod]n ornam5tali/s h introduc$ curv$ figures to correct ! dryness4 ,ar*ivolts to circul> op5+s )\t impo/s1 & n enclos$ by /raight l9es1 lack firmness & rigidity1 :i* may be imp>t$ by ins]t+ frets or flutes radiat+ f ! c5tre1 on ! fascia ( ! ar*ivolt 7,fig4 #ie74 ,simil> devices may be employ$ to correct weakness 9 planes ( v>i$ outl9e4 ,9 ! %ield ( ! savage 7,fig4 #ig71 made ( black & yell[ cane ornam5t$ ) cut %ells1 ! two horizontal b&s1 j bel[ ! junction ( ! semicircles ) ! /raight l9es1 /r5g!n ! composition2 !re is a fair am\nt ( contra/ betwe5 ! oblique l9es ( ! ornam5ts1 & ! circul>1 slant+1 & horizontal l9es2 ?\gh ! circul> cut %ell-"w ( ! ends is excessive & monoton\s4 ,extreme repetition is a common fault ( savage art4 ,:5 a surface requires ornam5t & yet to be kept flat1 ! pa9t$ or inlaid ornam5t ^u x %\ld n be %ad$ nor h ca/ %ad[s1 or :5 c>v$ x %\ld be sunk3 :at beauty c be got by flat col\rs may be se5 9 ! tiles f ,rhodes1 ,cairo1 & ,damascus4 ,on l>ge surfaces ! be/ =ms ( apply+ ornam5ts is )9 l9es ( *eck]s1 network 7,figs4 #ih & #ii71 or diap]s1 & except 9 ! case ( v l>ge surfaces1 :]e /rik+ v>iety may be introduc$ at set int]vals1 ! ornam5t %\ld be uni=m 9 g5]al ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,contra/+ decoration on rectangul> & circul> bord]s4 effect1 leav+ ! v>ieties to be discov]$ by clos] inspection4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is1 ?\gh x is n 9 diap]s1 is 9 ! ,m$ici ,*apel at ,flor5ce4 ,mi*ael ,angelo enri*$ a /r+ !re ) copies ( antique masks2 9 look+ at ! sides ( ! *apel ! masks seem all alike1 b on go+ ne> !m1 ea* "o is se5 to be diff]5t4 ,innum]able examples ( ornam5t )9 network1 *eck]s1 & diap]s1 maybe f\nd 9 ,s>ac5ic1 ,moresque1 ,go?ic1 & ,r5aissance "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,door case at ! ,ere*!um %[+ ! pat] on ! fascia4 ,to adopt =ms directly f nature = ! %ape ( any article ( use is r>ely successful1 ?\gh ! be/ %apes h mo/ly be5 sugge/$ by natural =ms4 ,! ,ori5tals1 especially ^? ( ! extreme ,ea/1 h be5 v fond ( ?is direct imitation1 z 9 vessels made 9 imitation ( a piece ( bamboo1 ( g\rds ) bo? s+le & d\ble bulbs1 ( eggs1 cocoanuts1 ! horns & ho(s ( animals includ+ ! horn ( ! rh9oc]os1 ( %ells1 fl[]s1 c41 b !y mo/ly want /&s or feet1 :i* p>tly removes !m f pure realism1 except 9 ! case ( ! bamboo1 ! =m ( :i* too is n p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,:5 ! anci5t traditions _h di$ out 9 ,engl&1 & ! prop] application ( ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,%ield made ( cane & ornam5t$ ) cut %ells & zigzags4 to articles ( use 0 unkn[n1 x occurr$ to _m t su* objects might be directly imitat$ f nature4 ,sprays ( fu*sia ) a l>ge fl[] on ea* 7 us$ = curta9 hooks2 bran*es ( plants 7 us$ = gas brackets ) ! flame com+ f ! fl[]2 & vases made 9 imitation ( ! blossom ( ! arum4 ,sometimes nature itself 0 n va/ en\gh = imitation2 e>!nw>e b[ls & w9e-cool]s 7 made 9 imitation ( wick]work1 gold broo*es 9 imitation ( twi/$ bread1 & o!r adaptations 7 made t 7 equally incongru\s4 ,x is true t ! ,japanese sometimes protect _! porcela9 ) an out] cov]+ ( wov5 cane1 & wick]-cov]$ bottles are n unkn[n "h4 ,! ,kafirs1 too1 c>ry _! milk 9 wov5 baskets2 yet 9 spite ( ^! cases1 !re is an app>5t absurdity 9 su* designs1 n to speak ( ! pov]ty ( inv5tion !y betray4 ,,figs4 #ih & #ii4--;,c>v$ *eck]s4 ,su* vag>ies are happily disappe>+1 s9ce ! creation ( museums & s*ools ( ornam5tal art1 b !y are by no means ext9ct4 ,e article1 :e!r = use or ornam5t1 %\ld fir/ be con/ruct$ z elegantly z possible = its purpose1 or suppos$ purpose2 & only be ornam5t$ :5 ! ornam5t does n appe> incongru\s1 & does n int]f]e ) its use1 b only emphasizes its =m or relieves x f monotony4 ,al?\gh ?is *apt] is ma9ly conf9$ to outl9es & divisions ( surfaces1 some?+ has be5 said ab\t ! application ( ornam5t1 s x may be rem>k$ t ! l[] "p ( a wall %\ld be treat$ ) m sev]ity & sobriety ?an ! upp] "p2 = ! l[] "p is p>tly hidd5 by furniture1 & is mo/ liable to injury4 ,! ,romans & ,byzant9es mo/ly us$ m>ble = ! l[] p>ts ( walls 9 magnific5t build+s1 ?\gh 9 h\ses ( less magnific5ce m>ble 0 ei!r imitat$ by pa9t+1 or else simple floral decoration 0 us$4 ,! ,s>ac5s also employ$ m>ble1 b :5 t 0 n easy to obta91 tiles took its place4 ,! ,m$ivals us$ m>ble1 wood panell+1 or tape/ry1 & :5 ! walls 7 :olly pa9t$1 !y (t5 imitat$ ! m co/ly mat]ials4 ,geometrical figures or diap]s are mo/ appropriate = ?is "p1 :5 x is pa9t$ or pap]$4 ,! "p ( ! wall above ?is may be treat$ ) great] fre$om & elaboration4 ,! "p ( ! wall on a level ) ! eye %\ld h great] f9i% be/[$ on x1 unless !re be a frieze ) figures or a high] class ( ornam5t to a l>g] scale4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,hav+ previ\sly consid]$ ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ornam5t1 x is n[ advisable to classify ornam5t 9 accordance ) ! spaces x has to fill1 & ^! may r\ghly be divid$ into six classes or great divisions1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,uni=m surfaces1 z floors1 walls1 & ceil+s4 #b4 ,horizontal b&s1 z friezes1 c4 #c4 ,p]p5dicul> b&s1 z panels ( pi]s1 pila/]s1 /ripes1 c4 #d4 ,symmetrical arrangem5ts1 z panels1 ei!r rectangul> or ( clos$ curv$ figures4 #e4 ,symmetrical arrangem5ts compos$ ( /raight & curv$ l9es or ( comp\nd curves1 z sp&rels1 panels ( curv$ & /raight l9es4 #f4 ,unsymmetrical spaces f\nd$ by /raight or curv$ l9es1 or by bo?4 ,! uni=m surfaces ( l>ge undivid$ areas are mo/ly decorat$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 by all-ov] patt]ns1 by diap]+1 *eck]+1 p[d]+1 or spott+4 ,all-ov] patt]ns may be symmetrical1 balanc$1 or "o-sid$1 & are drawn1 pa9t$1 modell$1 or c>v$4 ,! typical patt]n1 if symmetrical1 has no ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,wav+ patt]n1 /amp$ velvet1 #af? c5tury4 ,italian1 %[+ ,s>ac5ic influ5ce4 two pieces ( ! ornam5t alike 9 ! "o half2 & if balanc$ or onesid$ has no two pieces alike2 s t ! :ole is full ( int]e/ f its v>iety4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r>ely se51 z1 unless ! arti/ does x = 8 own delight1 few amateurs c>e to pay = x4 ,x is simulat$ 9 pap]-hang+s by ! repetition ( a piece1 ! wid? ( ! pap] 7,fig4 #adc71 call$ a repeat2 by /5cill+ or p\nc+ ! repeat1 if pa9t$2 & by ca/ repeats1 if 9 pla/]4 ,?is is "o ( ! *eap sub/itutes = ! real ?+ :i* p]vades ,european art4 ,! ,*9ese =m]ly suppli$ pap]-hang+s t w\ld cov] a :ole room )\t a repeat4 ,a diap] patt]n is prop]ly "o conta9$ 9 "s repeat+ geometrical figure n compos$ ( /raight l9es4 ,9 ,s>ac5ic & ,moresque "w real diap]s are mo/ly f\nd1 a geometrical framework be+ laid ov] "s int]lac$ floral patt]ns 7,fig4 #aja74 ,! "n diap] comes f jasp]1 ?r\gh ! ,l[ ,lat9 diasprum1 ,italian diaspro1 or ,fr5* diapre1 & 0 orig9ally appli$ to wov5 /uffs f ! ,ea/4 7,see ,figs4 #aja1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 & #aaj47 ,^! 7 mo/ly ( silk cov]$ ) small patt]ns 9 col\r1 t sugge/$ ! appe>ance ( ! fl[]+ ( jasp]4 ,9 vulg> p>lance1 x is n[ appli$ to all patt]ns enclos$ 9 a repeat+ geometrical =m4 ,dados 9 pa9t$ decoration 7 mo/ly diap]$1 z may be se5 9 "o ( ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,assisi2 & at ! ,sa9te ,*apelle at ,p>is1 ! diap]s are on pa9t$ hang+s2 at ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua ! dado is pa9t$ 9 imitation ( m>ble panels4 ,*eck]s & network enclos+ c>v$ patt]ns are f\nd on ! walls ( ,go?ic ca!drals & *ur*es 7,figs4 #ih1 #ii74 ,:5 ! space cov]$ ) *eck]s1 network1 or diap]s is n too l>ge ! patt]ns %\ld s f> resemble "o ano!r z to give a uni=m appe>ance1 ! v>iations be+ only en\gh to prev5t disgu/ on a ne> view4 ,two patt]ns may sometimes alt]nate1 b 9 v l>ge surfaces ano!r di/9ct patt]n %\ld be introduc$1 at c]ta9 int]vals1 to relieve ! monotony4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! network & patt]n ( ! prop] scale = ! build+ or room1 & = ! o!r decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,moresque diap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,japanese network4 ,diap]s are f\nd 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese decoration1 al?\gh rectil9e> network is m common 7,fig4 #ajb71 b p[d]+ is mo/ fav\r$ by !m 7,figs4 #ajc-aje74 ,sometimes x is put ov] a patt]n 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,p[d]+ 01 too1 a fav\rite me?od ( ornam5t+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! second division is ornam5t arrang$ 9 horizontal b&s4 ,! ,greeks 7 pre-em95t 9 ! use ( horizontal b&s 9 _! sculptur$ & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--;,japanese p[d]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,sup]impos$ ,japanese p[d]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,japanese p[d]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,diap]1 ,italian brocade1 #af? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,diap] 9 velvet brocade1 #af? c5tury4 ,italian 7,g]man orig974 pa9t$ decorations4 ,! embroid]$ or wov5 patt]ns on _! dresses1 %awls1 & curta9s1 & ! beautiful ornam5t on _! vases1 7 ma9ly ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,con/ruction l9es ( ,fig4 #aji4 design$ on ?is sy/em4 ,! frieze is a *>act]i/ic feature 9 ,greek ar*itecture2 & if y take ! b& ornam5ts out ( ,greek "w !re is v little ornam5t left4 ,figs4 #cg1 #db1 #de1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #aac1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,velvet brocade1 #af? c5tury4 ,italian4 #aad1 & #aae are "s ( _! fav\rite b& patt]ns4 ,figs4 #aaf & #aag %[ "s ( ! patt]ns on dresses tak5 f ! ,greek vases4 ,! %awl 7peplum7 ( ,demet] on a vase at ! ,briti% ,museum has *>iot races1 w+$ cupids1 animals1 birds1 & dolph9s 9 ! successive b&s2 ! sacr$ %awls ( ,m9]va at ! ,p>!non 7pepla7 are only kn[n by description4 ,"o _h ! battle ( ! gods & giants wov5 or embroid]$ on x1 & ano!r 0 ornam5t$ ) ! portraits ( ,antigonus & ,demetrius ,poliorcetes 7,plut>*'s ,demetrius74 ,spott+ at regul> int]vals 0 ! fav\rite way ( decorat+ ! l>g] surface ( dresses4 ,! circul> fl[] t usually =m$ ! spot 9 ,greek ornam5t 0 compos$ ( a great] numb] ( petals ?an ! ,roman1 & is probably ( ,assyrian orig94 7,see ,fig4 #aaf47 ,s>ac5 "w also af=ds good examples ( horizontal b& treatm5t4 7,see ,figs4 #aah & #aai47 ,! ?ird division3 p]p5dicul> b&s are n s common 9 decoration z ! =m] class2 !y are mo/ly ar*itectural 9 "*1 & usually =m divisions betwe5 wall-spaces 9 ! %ape ( panels 9 pi]s & pila/]s4 ,triglyphs 9 friezes may ev5 be class$ 9 ?is division1 & s may ! s(fits ( ar*es 9 ! ,classic & ,r5aissance /yles2 ! decoration ( ! s(fits ( beams & ( ribs & gro9s 9 ,go?ic1 ?\gh "s puri/s say x gives a look ( weakness to ! ar*4 ,:5 ! s(fits ( ar*es are wide 9 proportion to _! height !y may be panell$1 & if n>r[ be treat$ l pila/] panels1 ! bottom ( ea* side ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,diap] 9 silk brocade4 ,italian or ,spani%1 #af? c5tury2 =m]ly us$ = dress purposes1 b n[ only employ$ = furniture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,/amp$ velvet1 #af? c5tury4 ,italian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,greek ivy me&] bord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,greek bord] f a vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,greek bord] ) fret b&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aaf ,,& #aag4--;,greek bord]s4 be+ at ! spr++2 ! tops may ne>ly t\* at ! cr[n1 or be sep>at$ by a circul> panel4 ,! decoration ( pila/] panels 9 relief %\ld be comp>atively l[1 & al?\gh "s ( ! m9or details may almo/ s9k into ! gr\nd1 !re %\ld be no?+ vague2 ! dang] to be appreh5d$ be+ a loss ( ar*itectural sev]ity ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aah ,,& #aai4--,p]sian bord]s4 9 ?is support+ feature4 ,! ornam5t on a pila/] mu/ be symmetrically built ) ! /ronge/ elem5ts at ! base & ! lighte/ at ! top4 ,! be/ examples ( ?is k9d ( decoration are ,roman1 ,italian1 & ,fr5* ,c9que-,c5to "w4 ,! latt] may be se5 9 ! well-kn[n pila/]s ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ,! arti/s ( ^? times paid ! same att5tion to pila/] decoration t ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,upright lily bord]4 ,greco-,roman4 ,greeks did to horizontal b&-"w4 ,figs4 #aba1 #abb1 & #abc %[ "s examples ( pila/] decoration4 ,:5 ! ma9 ornam5tal effect is obta9$1 ! next problem to be solv$ is to get ! greate/ possible v>iation 9 ! planes ( ! c>v+1 s t ! ornam5t may n h ! air ( be+ cut out ) a fret-saw1 ) ! face slightly c>v$ & p9n$ on4 ,x is sometimes well to acc5tuate c]ta9 portions if c>e be tak5 to avoid spott9ess2 occasionally ! ma9 piece ( ornam5t t has ! greate/ projection may be e*o$ up ! pila/] ) a sort ( ebb & fl[1 only ! greate/ subsidi>y projection %\ld be less ?an ! ma9 "o4 ,mod]n ornam5tali/s h insi/$1 t if animal =ms are introduc$ !y %\ld be repeat$1 & rise 9 scale ( importance z !y get high]2 b ?is me?od does n seem to h be5 adh]$ to by ! ,romans or ,r5aissance arti/s4 ,9 ! latt] we sometimes meet ) cupids or *ildr5 at ! v base ( ! panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,pila/] design$ by ,donatello4 ,! f\r? division4--,ornam5t 9 panels1 c4 ,ceil+s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,italian ,c9que-c5to pila/] panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--;,italian pila/] decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,g]man book cov]1 date #aegb1 9 f\r enamel col\rs & gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,plaque 9 rep\ss "w4 ,g]man #ag? c5tury4 h be5 treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 & floors _c h real panels1 s upright rectangul> panels may be tak5 fir/4 ,_! simple/ ornam5tation is by m\ld+2 if ! m\ld+s h /opp$ ends1 !y are kn[n z l95 panels4 ,:5 n>r[ & unm\ld$ !y may be fill$ ) symmetrical ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,v5etian panel illu/rat+ 8balance0 )\t symmetry4 on ei!r side ( an upright /em1 ei!r purely floral 7,figs4 #adh & #abj71 or aft] ! mann] ( pila/] panels1 or ! ornam5t may spr+ f vases at ! bottom 7,fig4 #abg71 or !y may h c5tral m$allions circul> or oval1 pat] or bosses2 & 9 cases :]e ^! n>r[ panels are 9 a long succession1 ea* "o may be v>i$1 or ! c5tres alone may be v>i$1 if ! size & weight ( ! c5tres be pres]v$2 circul> & oval panels 9 m\ld$ frames %\ld be avoid$ 9 woodwork on acc\nt ( ! *ances ( ! m\ld+s splitt+4 ,9 ,s>ac5ic & ,moresque "w ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--;,c9que-c5to panel4 panels are mo/ly fill$ by diap]s1 & 9 late ,european "w x 0 common to enri* ! corn]s1 & sometimes to =m a c5tre1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! panel pla91 spott$1 p[d]$1 or fill$ ) int]lac$ "w4 ,9 ornam5tal panels ! m\ld+s ( ! frame ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,r5aissance panel ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,w9e crat] 9 silv] f ! ,hilde%eim treasures4 ,antique ,roman4 mu/ nev] be :olly ornam5t$ 7see ,fig4 #abh72 sometimes !y may be :olly pla91 b if !re be sev]al m\ld+s1 x is well to slightly enri* "o memb] to connect ! frame ) ! panel & deta* x f ! pla9 /iles & rails2 ^! %\ld nev] be c>v$ :5 enri*$ panels are us$4 ,:5 great ri*ness is requir$1 & ! panels are c>v$1 inlay or incis$ ornam5t is ! be/ =m ( enri*m5t = ! /iles & rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,c9que-c5to floral ornam5t compos$ ( ! acan?us1 oak leaf1 convolvulus1 & wild rose1 c4 ,! fif? division4--,comp\nd %apes su* z sp&rels1 segm5tal p$im5ts1 comp\nd panels1 & tail-pieces 7,figs4 #acd1 #ace71 ! la/ kn[n 9 ,france "u ! "n ( 8lamp bottoms10 "s arms & pieces ( arm\r & "s ut5sils 7,fig4 #acc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--;,go?ic sp&rel f ,/one ,*ur* 9 ,k5t4 ,9 sp&rels betwe5 two ar*es a slight deviation f symmetry may be all[$ if ! sides are well balanc$1 b x requires great skill to r5d] ! ornam5t satisfactory 7,fig4 #aca74 ,if ! ar* m\ld+s are prop]ly emphasiz$1 ! sp&rels may h a free & unsymmetrical treatm5t1 = !y d n appe> s con/ructively important z ! panels ( pila/]s1 & s great] fre$om is all[$ to ! arti/4 ,! ,go?ic sp&rel 7,fig4 #aca7 f ,/one ,*ur*1 9 ,k5t1 is a good example ( balance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,sp&rel by ,/ev5s4 ,! six? division4--,unsymmetrical spaces to be fill$ ) ornam5t are r>e1 be+ mo/ly f\nd 9 ,s>ac5 "w & 9 arms & ut5sils1 except 9 ! case ( angul> sp&rels compos$ ( a v]tical & horizontal l9e & a segm5t 7,fig4 #acb72 9 all ^! cases1 balance mu/ be ! pr9ciple employ$4 ,fig4 #acb %[s a well-balanc$ design = a "r-angl$ sp&rel betwe5 a r\nd ar* & a v]tical l9e1 ! "w ( ! late ,alfr$ ,/ev5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--,panel ) trophy ( arms & arm\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #acd & #ace4--,tail-pieces 7,r5aissance71 or lamp bottoms4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ornam5tali/ is m indebt$ to plants & fl[]s1 bo? = mat]ials & sugge/ions 9 design1 ?an to any o!r division 9 ! doma9 ( nature4 ,! be/ conv5tional & /hetic floral ornam5t 0 ! outcome ( ! /udy ( plants & fl[]s4 ,t *>act]i/ic ,greek ornam5t1 ! honeysuckle or an!mion1 is said to h orig9at$ f ! ,egyptian lotus fl[]1 or ! ,sacr$ ,hom1 & n f ! honeysuckle2 ! conv5tional r5d]+ ( ?is fl[] 9 ornam5t is said to h be5 adapt$ f ! ,egyptian =ms by ! ,*aldans2 & lat] ! *ildr5 ( ^? anci5t fl[]-wor%ipp]s1 ! ,assyrians1 develop$ ! patt]n into m ornate =ms4 ,! ,greeks 9 _! turn are suppos$ to h copi$ ! an!mion f ! ,assyrians3 at fir/ x 0 ar*aic & /iff1 b full ( vitality z ornam5t1 & well adapt$ = its v>i\s uses & positions2 & at la/ p]fect$ to su* a degree ( /hetic purity 9 ! ,ere*!um1 z to lose all traces ( any p>ticul> plant1 :ile embody+ ! be/ qualities ( plant-gr[?2 = 9 x we see vigor\s life comb9$ ) grace & elegance4 ,ano!r phase ( floral & leaf gr[?1 & its prop] developm5t into pure ornam5t1 c be /udi$ 9 ! _m rosettes ( ! v>i\s /yles4 ,^! are circul> 9 plan1 & w\ld appe> at fir/ sight to be d]iv$ f fl[]s1 b are mo/ly a clu/] ( leaves1 radiat+ l ! spokes ( a :eel1 ei!r /raight or curv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,rosettes or pat] f ,roman ornam5t1 compos$ ( leaf & floral =ms4 ,!re are _m plants--= in/ance1 ! b$/raw & ! madd]--t h _! sets ( leaves arrang$ 9 a :orl r\nd ! jo9ts ( _! upright /ems2 look+ d[n on ^! leaves we notice t ! plan appe>s l a rosette4 ,?is idea may h occurr$ to ! anci5ts :5 design+ _! rosettes4 ,! results1 obta9$ by gr\p+ a clu/] ( leaves toge!r 9 ?is mann]1 are f9] & /rong] 9 appe>ance ?an any imitation ( fl[]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 sculptur$ "w4 7,see ,fig4 #acf47 ,leaflets & bracts gr[+ at ! junctions ( /ems & leaves also furni%$ ideas & =ms = ! mak+ up ( rosettes & simil> ornam5t2 b m use is made ( ^! bracts 9 :at is call$ 8clo?+ /ems10 or %ea?s1 "s v>ieties ( :i* are illu/rat$ at ,figs4 #acg & #aeg2 9 fact1 v good ornam5t is (t5 compos$ ( a /em or me&] clo!d ) ^! bracts alone4 ,root =ms are n mu* us$ 9 ,european ornam5t1 ?\gh ,indian1 ,s>ac51 & ,m$ival decoration ab\nd 9 examples ( ! treatm5t ( roots4 7,see ,fig4 #ach47 ,! objection to _! use is ?is1 t x gives ! :ole ornam5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 pull$ up & hung to dry4 ,?is mu/ always be an objection to _! use1 unless ! root c be %[n 9 ! gr\nd2 consequ5tly ! ,roman & ,r5aissance arti/s let _! ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,bracts us$ = 8clo?+0 /ems 9 scrolls1 c4 spr+ f vases or clu/]s ( leaves4 ,:5 roots are us$ x is cle> t ! g5]al outl9e ( ! root mu/ alone be tak51 & ! "* ( ! gr[? express$ simply1 to prev5t confusion & obscurity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--,m$ival & ,ori5tal root =ms4 ,z a rule1 all r$undances1 excresc5ces1 & accid5tal wayw>dness ( gr[?1 t might be int]e/+ to a botani/1 ought to be avoid$ 9 ! decorative r5d]+ ( plant =m2 ! av]age =m & ! high] beauties %\ld alone be express$4 ,?\gh ?is may seem a p>adox1 ! less reali/ic we make our designs1 ! m nature we put into !m4 ,we %\ld /rive to put ! mo/ p]fect =ms ( nature into our ornam5t1 avoid+ ^? t are poor & /unt$1 z well z ov]-n\ri%$ & rank ones1 ?\gh nature ab\nds 9 bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--,laurel f nature4 ,9 ,p]sian#g ornam5t we f9d fl[] & plant =ms treat$ 9 a ?or\ghly decorative mann] 7,figs4 #aah & #aai72 ! p9k & hyac9? 7 z great fav\rites ) ,p]sian decorators z ! maple & v9e 7 9 m$ival "w1 ! lotus & papyrus 9 ,egyptian1 ! peony 9 ,*9ese1 & ! *rysan!mum 9 ,japanese2 :ile su* /yles z ! ,greek1 ,roman1 ,celtic1 & ,s>ac5ic are m purely conv5tional1 &1 )\t hav+ mu* realism1 are /ill bas$ on natural =ms4 ,/ud5ts 9 design _c be too /rongly advis$ to cultivate ! habit ( mak+ correct draw+s ( ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #adj & #ada4--;,bord]s d]iv$ f ! laurel4 all k9ds ( plants1 bo? 9 fl[] & fruit1 especially ^? ( s+le fl[] & ( simple gr[?1 accompani$ by c>eful notes ( ! con/ruction at ! /em & leaf junctions4 ,! botanical analysis ( a plant may s]ve a sci5tific end1 & be useful to %[ ! /ud5t ! con/ruction ( ! plant1 b x makes a v poor %[ 9 an arti/ic design4 ,l&or ! poet said x 0 an act ( cruelty to cut a fl[] f its /em3 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k 8 op9ion ( t s*ool :i* believes 9 dissect+ plants to f9d 8new =ms10 _m ( ^: designs pres5t novelties t nature nev] dreamt (1 su* z leaves neatly cut 9 half1 elevations1 & sections ( petals1 /am5s1 pi/ils1 se$ pods1 & o!r curi\s =ms sugge/$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,wild rose f nature4 by ^! dissections1 s t ! design :5 complet$ is an anatomical prep>ation1 & c]ta9ly innoc5t ( any violation ( ! second comm&m5t4 ,a section ?r\gh "s fl[]s may1 h[ev]1 give sugge/ions ( outl9e = "s flat ornam5t4 ,! te/imony ( ! be/ old decorative design is aga9/ ?is practice4 ,x is refre%+ to see t 9 ,engl& a reaction is sett+ 91 ma9ly ow+ to ! ef=ts ( su* m5 z ,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones1 ,messrs4 ,morris1 ,crane1 & a few o!rs1 :o pref] nature to novelty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--;,design = a pap]-hang+ f ! wild rose4 ,9 select+ plants = p>ticul> purposes1 x is well to be> 9 m9d ! mat]ial to be decorat$1 :e!r x be wov5 /uff1 wood1 or metal-"w1 & to *oose ! k9d be/ adapt$ to ! purpose--z ! h>e-bell1 ! wild poppy1 grasses1 & delicate f]ns = musl9s1 cottons1 & lace2 ! oak1 orange1 lemon1 pomegranate1 & ! mall[ = wood-& = /one-c>v+1 & = iron-"w4 ,at ! same "t1 a too rigid adh]5ce to ^! pr9ciples is n to be advis$4 ,:at is ( mo/ importance is to adh]e to ! gr[? ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--;,bord]s ( m$allions 9 enamell$ e>!nw>e by ,luca della ,robbia4 & "* ( ! plant we use2 = in/ance1 a plant l ! laurel 7,fig4 #aci7 is be/ suit$ = an upright or horizontal bord]4 7,see ,figs4 #adj1 #ada47 ,! wild rose 7,fig4 #adb7 & ! lemon 7,fig4 #ade7 are bo? ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,lemon f nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--;,design = a c>v$ wood panel f ! lemon plant4 suitable = panels ( almo/ any =m1 = all-ov] patt]ns1 or = pap]-hang+s1 c4 7,see ,figs4 #adc & #adf47 ,= n>r[ upright panels1 plants ( upright gr[?1 su* z ! lily1 ! ox-eye1 & ! iris1 c41 are mo/ suitable4 7,see = illu/rations ,figs4 #adg & #adh47 ,a trail+ v9e makes a good ceil+ decoration1 & 0 s us$ by ! ,byzant9e mosaic work]s4 ,la/ly1 plants ( horizontal gr[?1 su* z ! d&elion1 ! daisy1 c41 look$ at f above1 might be be/ adapt$ = a floor1 a c>pet1 or a table-cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,tig] lily f nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,panel arrangem5t f ! ,tig] lily4 ,! well-kn[n conv5tional acan?us & its v>ieties mu/ n[ be describ$4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s sugge/ions conc]n+ ! id5tical plant f :i* ! acan?us ornam5t is d]iv$1 b1 l ! an!mion ( ! ,greeks1 !re is "s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--;,acan?us ,mollis f nature4 obscurity ab\t x4 ,! /ory told by ,vitruvius ( ! sculptor ,callima*us hav+ ! ,cor9?ian capital sugge/$ to him1 by f9d+ ! plant gr[+ r\nd a basket cov]$ by a squ>e tile1 is a plausible & c]ta9ly a pretty "o 7,vit4 lib4 #d1 cap4 #a74 ,at any rate1 ,callima*us is cr$it$ by ,vitruvius ) ! fir/ use ( ! acan?us 9 capitals4 ,! ornam5tal =ms ( ! acan?us be> little resemblance to ! natural leaf4 7,see ,figs4 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 & #aeb47 ,! two latt] are ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--;,acan?us ,sp9osus f nature4 leaves f ,greek capitals1 ! fir/ two h be5 drawn f nature4 ,! acan?us1 z we "k x 9 ! capitals ( ! ,greek & ,roman ,cor9?ian1 & ! ,roman ,composite ord]s1 is an arti/ic creation1 adapt$ to suit ! ends ( a gr& /yle ( ar*itecture1 & n an imitation ( a p>ticul> leaf4 ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce ( ! classic ornam5t f ! natural leaf lies 9 ! 8pipes0 t />t f ! 8eyes0 at ! base ( ! leaflets1 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--;,greek acan?us leaf f a capital ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds4 &1 some:at contr>y to nature1 tap] d[nw>ds to ! base ( ! leaf2 ^! pipes1 toge!r ) ! c5tral /alk1 imp>t t /r5g? & dignity :i* is necess>y = ar*itectural foliage1 especially :5 x adorns ! bell ( a capital4 7,see ,fig4 #aed47 ,! pipes are less important1 & are consequ5tly less m>k$ 9 examples ( small] "w1 su* z may be f\nd 9 ! acan?us ( c&elabra & panels1 9 :i* con/ructive /r5g? is n requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--;,greek acan?us leaf ) fl[]s f a capital ( ! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates4 ,on ! ,cor9?ian capital1 ! acan?us pres5ts a simple edge exactly repeat$ on ea* leaflet1 ) f> less s]ration ?an is se5 9 ! natural foliage3 ?is imp>ts dignity to ! leaf4 ,on modillions a m s]rat$ & small] v>iety is us$1 ) ! /alks & pipes /ill prom95t2 :ile on c&elabra & small pill>s ! leaves lie flatt]1 & ! leaflets ov]lap1 & ow+ to ! fact t ! leaves are small] 9 scale & ne>] to our eyes1 m s]rations & m detail may be put into !m1 = ! small] ! scale ! m detail is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,roman leaf ( capital1--! olive leaf acan?us v>iety1--see ,introductory ,*apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan %[+ /alk1 pipes1 & und]cut *annels ( ,fig4 #aec4 7,see ,fig4 #aef47 ,to prev5t ! foliage 9 ! latt] examples f appe>+ flimsy1 z x w\ld naturally d ) an ov]lapp+ edge mu* cut up1 ! edges ( ! leaves %\ld be slightly ?ick5$ & r\nd$ s z to cat* ! light1 ?us giv+ a ri* quality to ! decoration4 ,! ,greeks mo/ly us$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--;,acan?us3 olive leaf v>iety f a capital ( ,m>s ,ultor4 t k9d ( acan?us t is kn[n z ! ,acan?us sp9osus1 or ! prickly v>iety2 ! ,romans pref]r$ ! ,acan?us mollis1 or ! s(t-leav$ k9d4 ,! olive-leaf has be5 us$ = ! raffles ( ! leaves 9 ! capitals ( ,jupit] ,/ator1 ,m>s ,ultor1 & ! ,pan!on at ,rome 7see ,figs4 #aed1 #ahe1 & #ahh71 :ile at ! ,temple ( ,ve/a at ,tivoli ! capitals h ! oak-leav$ v>iety4 ,a bit ( ! s(t-leav$ acan?us is %[n at ,fig4 #aee f ! s(fit ( ! ar*itrave at ! temple ( ,jupit] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,s(t-leav$ acan?us f ! s(fit ( ! ar*itrave at ! temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--;,acan?us us$ on c&elabra & small pill>s4 ,/ator4 ,! ,romans sometimes us$ ! acan?us 9 a lavi% way1 ov]load+ m\ld+s ) x2 ! cornice ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,tonans1 = in/ance1 is ov]done ) decoration4 7,see ,fig4 #ahf47 ,! m mod]n type ( acan?us us$ on majolica ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--,wat] plant /em1 %[+ *annell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,acan?us & wat] leaf foliage f an antique ,roman %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--,mod]n v>ieties ( sea-we$ & poppy-leav$ acan?us us$ 9 decoration4 plates & 9 pa9t$ decoration is ( a v free "*1 b x only holds a second>y place1 be+ g5]ally f\nd 9 comb9ation ) animal =ms & grotesques4 ,! utmo/ fre$om 9 ! curve & reflex curve may be all[$ 9 ! pa9t$ =ms ( ! acan?us2 ?is be+ logical en\gh :5 we consid] t ! great] "p ( ! leafage is g5]at$ by ! free play ( ! bru%4 7,see ,fig4 #aei47 ,! arabesques ( ! ,vatican1 & ! ,italian c9que-c5to w>e1 af=d ! be/ examples ( ?is pa9t$ foliage4 ,! acan?us 0 ! p>5t ( ne>ly all ! subsequ5t /yles ( decorative foliage d[n to ! ,s>ac5ic & late ,romanesque1 & its modifications h %[n ! difficulty ( improv+ on ! ,classic type4 ,we are advis$ by ornam5tali/s & writ]s on art to seek = a new leaf t might 9 "t rival ! acan?us 9 ornam5t4 ,! advice may be good1 & _m h giv5 _! att5tion to x1 b no la/+ results h z yet be5 obta9$4 ,( late ye>s !re is a k9d ( scroll-"w mu* fav\r$ by "s ornam5tali/s4 ,x _c ( c\rse be call$ new1 few ?+s c be 9 ?is _w2 b its p]si/5t application1 f illum9ation to /one-c>v+1 w p]haps 9 "t /amp x ) a traditional "*4 ,! foliage is m l sea-we$ ?an any?+ else1 b x also has a fa9t resemblance to ! acan?us1 ! ox-eye1 & ! wild poppy 7,fig4 #aei74 ,we h no fix$ pr9ciples ( ornam5tal art2 ev5 ornam5tali/s !mselves disagree z to :at is good1 & :at is bad1 s t no?+ lives long en\gh to become national ornam5t4 ,h[ c we hope to vie ) ! ornam5tal ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--,w9t] aspect ( a pe> tree1 illu/rat+ 8balance0 9 nature4 art ( ,greece1 :5 ! arti/s disagree & ! nation is indiff]5t2 :ile ! ,greeks enjoy$ unity ( arti/ic ?\ght1 & glori$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! beautiful8 ,to ga9 a full] insight into ! delicate v>ieties ( ! acan?us1 ! /ud5t is advis$ to c>efully exam9e & draw ! foliage 9 ! pila/]s ( ,l\is ,,xii4's tomb4 ,! late ,alfr$ ,/ev5s has done m ?an any "o ( late ye>s to prop]ly apply ! acan?us4 7,see ,fig4 #acb47 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! 8symbolic0 & 8mnemonic0 classes ( ornam5t are l>ge1 & are int]e/+ alike to ! hi/orian1 ! antiqu>y1 & ! /ud5t ( art4 ,x is n easy to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m1 z ! latt] skirts ! gr\nd ( ! =m] s closely4 ,mnemonic ornam5t is t class :i* includes writt5 *>act]s1 signs1 hi]oglyphics1 & natural =ms z aids to memory4 ,! sc5es1 facts1 or ideas s recall$ may or may n be 9 relation to ! ?+ decorat$2 e4g4 we see texts f ! ,korn 9 ,kufic & o!r *>act]s1 us$ to decorate ! walls & gateways ( mosques1 & dresses1 vases1 c&le/icks1 & o!r articles ( dome/ic use4 ,japanese ornam5t ab\nds 9 mnemonic *>act]s ) or )\t o!r =ms4 ,all writ+ came f ! picture-writ+ ( b>b>\s tribes2 ! symbols ( ^! pictures 7 us$ on ! "o h& = lett]s1 & on ! o!r = ideas4 ,9 ! decorative art ( mo/ nations1 inscriptions c be f\nd on _! build+s1 ut5sils1 & articles ( luxury2 & z 9 ! case ( "s illum9at$ manuscripts1 x is n only difficult to "k :]e ! lett]+ ends1 & ! ornam5t beg9s1 b :e!r ! ma9 end 0 n ornam5t r ?an in/ruction4 ,! art ( illum9ation or decorative writ+ really beg9s :5 !re is a desire to h ! writt5 matt] pres5t$ 9 a beautiful =m1 & to ^? :o c\ld n read ! illum9ation alone 0 ( importance4 ,9 ! h&s ( arti/s lett]s h (t5 be5 arrang$ z a highly ornam5tal ciph]4 ,monogram & ciph] are almo/ synonym\s t]ms2 ! =m] diff]s only f ! latt] 9 ?is respect1 t a monogram may h diff]5t =ms ( ! lett]s 9 diff]5t positions1 & /ill h ! same mean+1 :ile a ciph] _c h m ?an "o p>ticul> =m or else x defeats its purpose1 if us$ z a signet or z a trade-m>k4 ,! decorations f\nd on ! tombs1 s>cophagi1 & /one tablets1 c41 ( anci5t ,egypt are mnemonical 9 "*1 & ?is 0 ! prim>y reason ( _! exi/5ce3 !y 7 sculptur$ on ! granite slabs1 to record ! names & virtues ( ! deceas$ k+s & p]sons ( note1 b at ! same "t !y 7 made pleas+ to ! eye2 ! p]fect balance & ev5 di/ribution ( ^! inscriptions r5d] !m highly decorative1 & !y become mnemonic ornam5t4 7,see ,fig4 #afb47 ,?is diagram is ! hi]oglyphic inscription tak5 f ! fam\s 8,tablet ( ,f\r ,hundr$ ,ye>s40 ,x is ! ?ird l9e ( ! twelve on ?is monum5t1 & is ?us translat$3 8,k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ,ra-us]-ma1 ,sotep-en-ra1 ,son ( ,ra1 ,ramases ,m]-am51 ,*iefta9 enri*+ ! l&s ) memorials ( 8 "n40 ,! inscription at ,fig4 #afc occurs frequ5tly 9 ,japanese pott]y2 x repres5ts ! ^w 8,jiu10 mean+ longevity or ev]la/+ life4 ,! ,japanese symbols ( longevity are ! foll[+3 ! god ( longevity1 a v old man ) a l>ge head & m]ry c\nt5ance1 hold+ a scroll 9 8 h&s1 & accompani$ by a crane1 z an attribute1 & sometimes by a /ork or a sacr$ tortoise4 ,! crane itself is a symbol ( long life2 ! bamboo1 ! fir1 & ! plum toge!r make a second2 & ! g\rd is ano!r4 ,religion has _h1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( man's hi/ory1 ,art = its e>?ly h&maid1 & n9e-t5?s ( symbolic ornam5t p]ta9s to religi\s ord9ances & c]emonies4 ,ne>ly all ! beg9n+s ( art express$ religi\s ?\ght by means ( symbols2 ! picture writ+ ( b>b>ians1 ! hi]oglyphic or prie/ly compositions ( ! ,egyptians on papyrus & granite1 ! ,runic & ,ogham inscriptions ( ! ,nor?m5 & anci5t ,celts1 7 alike end[$ ) an occult mean+1 b !y 7 symbols to ! initiat$ only4 ,a good example ( symbolic ornam5t may be se5 at ,fig4 #afd4 ,! w+$ globe s common 9 ,egyptian art has be5 f\nd sculptur$ on ! l9tels ( temple doorways almo/ ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! globe is said to symbolize ! sun1 ! outspread w+s ! ov]%ad[+ pres5ce ( ,provid5ce1 & ! asps dom9ion or ! mon>*y4 ,! ,sc>ab1 or w+$ beetle 7,fig4 #afa71 is an emblem ( ! ,creator or ,mak]4 ,! disc or ball t x holds betwe5 its claws is said to repres5t ! ,sun1 f :i* all life is d]iv$4 ,ano!r & m natural mean+ atta*$ to ! disc is t x repres5ts ! ball conta9+ ! egg :i* ! beetle usually rolls to a place ( safety1 :]e x is buri$1 & 9 c\rse ( "t new life w spr+ f x4 ,?is emblem occurs z a c5tral ornam5t 9 "s ,egyptian ceil+s4 ,ne>ly all ,egyptian ornam5t 0 symbolic4 ,! canons or laws laid d[n by ! ,egyptian prie/s & *ief scribes = ! guidance ( arti/s 7 = c5turies unv>y+2 e ornam5t1 includ+ repres5tations ( ! human figure1 0 drawn & sculptur$ by rule1 & no "o 0 all[$ to alt] ! type "u sev]e p5alties4 ,! blue ,nymphea or lotus fl[] is pre-em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,egyptian ornam5t 7see ,fig4 #afe72 x 0 sacr$ z ! type ( com+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--;,egyptian ,sc>abeus4 pl5ty1 z x appe>$ j be=e ! spr++ ( ! crops1 & imm$iately aft] ! subsid5ce ( ! ,nile2 x 0 !re=e to ! ,egyptians ! h>b+] ( _! daily bread1 s !re ne$ be little wond] t x 0 wor%ipp$ by !m z ! emblem ( e>?ly goodness4 ,!re is a species ( lotus t be>s fruit1 & x is said t ! =m ( ! ,jewi% sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick 0 d]iv$ f x4 ,! lotus 0 us$ 9 ! decoration ( ev]y?+ ,egyptian1 ! fre% fl[]s 7 us$ 9 g>ni%+ ! (f]+s to _! gods1 & 0 also pres5t$ z a peace (f]+ to /rang]s & visitors4 ,next ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--;,inscription f an ,egyptian tablet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--;,japanese inscription1 8,jiu10 or 8long life40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,w+$-globe & asps1 ,egyptian ,symbolic ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--,symbolic ornam5t1 ! ,egyptian lotus & wat]4 9 importance to ! lotus came ! palm z a symbolical plant2 ?is 0 us$ by ! ,assyrians 9 _! bas-reliefs4 ,x 01 :5 surr\nd$ by ! sacr$ hom1 call$ ! 8tree ( life0 7,fig4 #aff74 ,! date-palm is "h surr\nd$ by ! sacr$ hom1 :i* grew on ! slopes ( ! ,h9doo ,ku%1 & 0 ! plant f :i* inebriat+ dr9k 0 fir/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--,sacr$ tree ( life or hom 7,briti% ,museum71 f an ,assyrian bas-relief4 made by ! ,aryans4 ,! date-palm 0 c]ta9ly ! tree ( life to ,ea/]n nations1 af=d+ !m food1 alcoholic dr9k1#h & %elt]4 ,_m animals1 birds1 & hybrid creations1 su* z ! ,egyptian sph9x & ! w+$ bull ( ,assyria1 _h symbolical mean+s4 ,! fir-cone1 s common 9 ,assyrian ornam5t1 0 an emblem ( fire1 z ! lotus 0 an emblem ( wat]1 & ?is cone plac$ on a /aff1 & adorn$ ) ribbons1 0 c>ri$ by ! ,bac*anals & ,mnads :5 celebrat+ ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus1 ! ,greek ,bac*us4 ,?is is kn[n z ! 8?yrsus10 or /aff ( ,bac*us4 7,see ,fig4 #afg47 ,! p9e-tree 0 sacr$ to ,dionysus1 f its supply+ turp5t9e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--,?ree =ms ( ! ?yrsus or /aff ( ,bac*us4 to make tor*es2 w9e also 0 made f its cones1 bo? important elem5ts 9 ^! fe/ivals4 ,! head ( ! ?yrsus 0 (t5 made ( ivy leaves in/ead ( ! p9e-cone1 & ,bac*us is said to h conceal$ spe>s "u ?is head ( leaves1 & ?us ov]come ^? :o 7 inimical to him 7,diodorus ,sic4 lib4 iii4 cap4 iv42 ,ovid's ,metamor4 iii4 #ffg74 ,! v9e & ! ivy 7 also sacr$ to ,bac*us1 & are symbolical ( him 9 ,greek & ,roman decoration4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian & m$ival art are also teem+ ) symbolic ornam5ts4 ,^! ornam5ts are (t5 call$ indiff]5tly 8emblems10 8attributes10 8symbols10 c4 ,allegory is a k9d ( p>able1 & ! ^w is (t5 appli$ to allegorical pa9t+ or sculpture1 :i* is a repres5tation ( "o ?+ "u ! image ( ano!r1 & is mo/ly express$ by human or animal =ms4#i ,9 a rec5t picture call$ 8,hope10 by ,mr4 ,watts1 we h a f9e allegorical illu/ration1 9 a figure seat$ on a sph]e1 or ! _w1 b5d+ h] e> to cat* ! /ra9s ( a lyre :i* %e plays1 :i* has only "o /r+ left2 !re is a weird feel+ ( lonel9ess ab\t ! composition1 j reliev$ f utt] desolation by ! music t is left 9 ! "o /r+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! arabesques ( ! ,vatican h be5 notic$ be=e2 !re 71 h[ev]1 arabesques on ! ceil+ ( ! ,sala del ,cambio at ,p]ugia1 pa9t$ by ,p]ug9o1 ,raphael's ma/]1 also 9 ! ,borgia ap>tm5t at ! ,vatican1 & 9 ! ,villa ,madama2 arabesques ( ! latt] are said to h be5 copi$ f ! pla/] "w 9 ,hadrian's villa ne> ,tivoli4 ,raphael1 be+ "o ( ! greate/ mod]n pa9t]s1 add$ to ! beauty ( ?is sort ( decoration by ! exquisite draw+ & composition ( ! figures4 ,"s ( ! m$allions at ! ,loggias conta9 subjects said to be tak5 f antique gems1 & ,scripture subjects are also introduc$2 ! expulsion ( ,adam & ,eve f ,p>adise is balanc$ by "o ( ,omphale & ,h]cules1 ! que5 hav+ ! club4 ,:5 a ciph] or a sign conveys to our m9ds an idea1 or an association ( ideas1 we call x a 8symbol10 p>ticul>ly if ! idea is connect$ ) religion4 ,! commone/ =m met ) 9 symbolic art is ! circle1 z ! symbol ( et]nity1 f its hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end+2 x (t5 appe>s z a s]p5t ) its tail 9 its m\?1 = ?is1 l _m o!r ,pagan symbols1 0 adopt$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! circle 9 ! %ape ( a :eel has p]haps _h ! wide/ signification 9 art4 ,! :eel ( fire1 or sun-:eel1 0 an emblem ( ! ,teutonic sun-wor%ipp]s4 ,! t*akra1 or sacr$ :eel1 is ! emblem ( ! religion ( ,brahma2 x is ! %ield ( ,brahma & ,vi%nu1 z a :eel ( fire2 x is to ! ,siamese a type ( univ]sal dom9ion1 a sign ( disa/]1 & ! symbol ( et]nity4 7,see ,fig4 #afh47 ,! :eel =m at ,fig4 #afi is ! kikumon or badge ( ! ,empire ( ,japan2 x is d]iv$1 h[ev]1 f ! *rysan!mum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--,! 8t*akra10 or sacr$ :eel ( ,brahma & ,vi%nu1 also call$ ! 8:eel ( fire40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--,kiku-,mon1 badge ( ! empire ( ,japan4 ,*ri/ian art1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era to ! f\r?1 consi/$ almo/ entirely ( symbols4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 fe>ful le/ _! new conv]ts %\ld relapse into ,paganism1 & s avoid$ images2 & be+ p]secut$ !y us$ only a few symbols su* z ! fi%1 ! dove1 ! lamb1 & ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,?is la/ consi/$ ( two ,greek lett]s ,x & ,p 7,*i & ,rho71 ! ,*i =m+ ! cross z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #agj2 ano!r =m ( ?is is %[n at ,b1 9 :i* a cross has ! ,rho =m$ on ! upright /em1 & has ! fir/ & la/ lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet 7,alpha & ,omega7 writt5 b5ea? ! arms4 ,?is =m sometimes appe>s on ! nimbus ov] ! head ( a lamb2 ! latt] sometimes /&s on a r\nd hill1 at ! bottom ( :i* issue f\r /reams1 ! :ole symbol signify+ 8,*ri/ ! fir/ & ! la/1 ! ,lamb ( ,god10 ! /reams 8! f\r evangeli/s ^: gospels are ! wat] ( life to ! :ole _w40 ,at ,c1 ,fig #agj1 we h ! monogram t ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e plac$ on ! lab>um1 or ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--,sacr$ ,monograms 9 ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,imp]ial /&>d1 aft] 8 conv]sion2 x 0 wov5 9 gold on purple clo?4 ,*ri/ 0 sometimes repres5t$ z ,orpheus1 ) a lyre 9 8 h&1 amid ! birds & bea/s2 ! commone/ p]sonification ( ,him 01 h[ev]1 z ! ,good ,%eph]d c>+ = ,8 %eep1 9 :i* ,he 0 always repres5t$ "y & beautiful4 ,e allegorical repres5tation ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 r5d]$ pleas+ to ! eye ( ! new conv]ts1 & any?+ p]ta9+ to ! dreadful sc5e ( ! ,crucifixion 0 avoid$4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 symboliz$ "u ! =m ( a %ip1 ) our ,"l z ! pilot & ! congregation z ! pass5g]s2 :5ce we may h ! ^w nave 7( a *ur*71 f navis1 a %ip2 naus1 a %ip1 0 also ! ,greek "n = ! inn] "p ( a temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--;,c\nt]*ange ornam5t1 ,spani% embroid]y4 ,! dove 9 ,*ri/ian art is ! emblem ( fidelity & ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! pelican ( ! ,atonem5t1 & ! phnix ( ! ,resurrection4 ,"o ( ! symbols ( our ,"l is a fi%1 because its ,greek "n 7,i*?us7 conta9s ! initials ( 8,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,savi\r40 ,x 0 also us$ z ! symbol ( a ,*ri/ian pass+ ?r\gh ! _w )\t be+ sulli$ by x1 z ! fi% is sweet1 9 spite ( its liv+ 9 salt wat]2 x is f\nd engrav$ 9 ! s(t /one ( ! ,roman catacombs 7:]e ! e>ly ,*ri/ians took refuge71 ) ! monogram & o!r inscriptions4 ,! ,vesica piscis1 or fi% =m1 (t5 encloses ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 & is ! common =m ( ! seals ( religi\s h\ses1 abbeys1 colleges1 c4 ,! f\r evangeli/s are repres5t$ respectively z a lion1 a calf1 a man1 & an eagle1--,/4 ,m>k be+ ! lion1 ! calf ,/4 ,luke1 ! man ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ! eagle ,/4 ,john4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig3 #agb4--,moresque ,c\nt]*ange patt]n1 inlaid m>ble4 ,_m plants are us$ z symbols 9 ,*ri/ian art3 ! v9e1 z typical ( ,*ri/1 dur+ ,byzant9e times & ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ,scripture we f9d frequ5t allusions to ! v9e & grapes2 ! w9e-press is typical ( ! 8,passion10 z we read 9 ,isaiah4 ,! passion-fl[]1 z its "n d5otes1 01 & is1 us$ z an emblem ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,! lily is ! emblem ( purity1 & has always be5 us$ z ! attribute ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 pictures ( ! ,annunciation4 ,we f9d ?is plant (t5 engrav$ on ! tombs ( e>ly ,*ri/ian virg9s4 ,f ! iris1 =m]ly call$ a lily1 is d]iv$ ! fl[] de luce1 or fleur-de-lis1 "o ( ! f9e/ conv5tional r5d]+s ( any fl[]2 x 0 mu* us$ z a decoration 9 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & weav+ dur+ ! ?irte5? & foll[+ c5turies4 ,x 0 ! royal insignia ( ,france2 m$ival ,flor5ce bore x on h] %ield & on h] co91 ! fior9o2 & x 0 us$ 9 ! cr[ns ( _m sov]eigns1 f ,k+ ,solomon d[n to our own ,que54 ,! trefoil is an emblem ( ! ,tr9ity1 & is a common =m 9 ,go?ic decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #agc & #agd4--;,int]*ange ornam5t4 ,! symbolic & mnemonic classes h n[ be5 describ$1 & ! /hetic alone rema9s4 /hetic =m we owe to ! cle>ness & directness ( ! ,greek m9d4 ,! ,greeks 7 cont5t$ ) ! simple solution ( ! problem be=e !m1 :i* 0 to beautify :at !y _h 9 h&4 ,if !y want$ allegorical subjects !y conf9$ !m to _! figure subjects1 & be+ ?us fre$ f o!r di/urb+ elem5ts1 !y conc5trat$ _! :ole att5tion on p]fect+ floral =m4 ,!y atta9$ p]fection 9 ?is z !y did 9 _! figures1 by correct+ ! peculi>ities ( ! individual by a /udy ( ! be/ specim5s ( a :ole class2 & ?us succe$$ 9 mak+ ! mo/ p]fect type ( radiat+ ornam5t1 & ( adapt+ x to sculpture & pa9t+1 on flat & curv$ surfaces4 ,?is ornam5t has p]fect fitness1 = y c nei!r add to x nor take away f x )\t spoil+ its p]fection4 ,! same may be said1 only 9 a m9or degree1 ( ! col\r appli$ to ! c>v$ patt]ns ( ! ,s>ac5s & ,moors3 !y are bo? /hetic works1 solely creat$ = _! beauty4 ,a symphony 9 music is a composition ( h>moni\s s\nds2 x has little subject-matt]1 & is analog\s to /hetic ornam5t1 only ! e> is *>m$ by ! =m]1 z ! eye is by ! latt]4 ,,app5dix ,,on ,,! ,,ord]s ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,x seem$ to me t a %ort *apt] on ! ord]s w\ld be useful to /ud5ts1 n only because s mu* ornam5t is us$ z an enri*m5t to ar*itecture itself1 b also because a v mu* l>g] proportion ( x is us$ 9 conjunction ) ar*itecture1 & )\t "s slight k ( ! subject1 ! ornam5t & ! ar*itecture1 in/ead ( sett+ (f ea* o!r's *>act]i/ic beauties1 are apt to spoil "o ano!r4 ,! rigid l9es ( ar*itecture %\ld act z a foil to ! graceful curves ( ornam5t1 & ! pla9 faces %\ld n only set (f frett$ surfaces1 b make ! undulations ( c>v$ ornam5t preci\s4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ornam5t1 ,i include ! highe/ =m ( x1 ! human figure1 & ,i may po9t to ! ,doric frieze ( ! ,greeks z a brilliant example ( success4 ,?is conjunction ( ornam5t & ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 dem&s high qualities 9 ! ornam5t1 & insight 9 ! arti/s z to :at is want$ = mutual contra/ or emphasis2 & if ?is be successfully accompli%$1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be conc$$ t ! comb9$ "w gives a f9] result ?an ! uncomb9$ excell5ce ( ea*4 ,mean ornam5t1 :e!r ( figures or plants1 t5ds to degrade ! ar*itecture ) :i* x is associat$1 & may spoil x by ! ma9 l9es n prop]ly contra/+ ) ! adjac5t ar*itectural =ms1 or by ! ornam5t be+ on too l>ge a scale4 ,i h se5 9 mod]n "w1 ! /ately dignity ( a gr& room utt]ly de/roy$ by colossal figures4 ,mi*elangelo1 9 8 sup]b ceil+ at ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 has by use ( gigantic figures dw>f$ ! va/ *apel into a doll's h\se4 ,i may add t !re is monum5tal col\r+ z well z monum5tal =m3 ! f9e/ examples ( su* col\r+ may be se5 9 _m ( ! gr& build+s 9 ,italy & at ,con/ant9ople1 notably at ,/4 ,m>k's & at ,/a4 ,sophia2 b y may also see magnific5t halls & *ur*es1 col\r$ to look l ,fr5* plum-boxes4 ,! elaborate sy/em ( proportion+ p>ts to "o ano!r & to ! :ole1 :i* is s important 9 ar*itecture z to be its ma9 *>act]i/ic1 is equally valuable = ! division ( spaces = ornam5t4 ,m\ld+s :i* =m s great a feature 9 ar*itecture z to h giv5 rise to ! say+ t 8m\ld+s are ar*itecture10 give lessons 9 elegance ( %ape1 & 9 ! prop] contra/ ( =ms1 t are useful to ! ornam5tali/ :o has to design ! %apes ( small objects2 :ile ! ,cor9?ian capital has be5 ! prototype ( mo/ ( ! floral capitals up to ! pres5t day4 ,x is admitt$ t 9 ^? p]iods ( hi/ory :5 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ atta9$ _! highe/ excell5ce1 ! pa9t]1 sculptor1 & ar*itect h n only sympa?iz$ ) "o ano!r1 b ea* "o has be5 no mean judge ( ! si/] arts4 ,at ! ,r5aissance1 & imm$iately be=e x1 arti/s are to be f\nd :o 7 goldsmi?s1 sculptors1 pa9t]s1 & ar*itects1 & "s few :o 7 poets1 musicians1 & eng9e]s z well4 ,! orig9 ( ! ord]s 0 probably 9 ! v]&ah ( ! ,greek wood5 hut4 ,9 "s ( ! pa9t+s on ! ,greek vases may be se5 ! processes by :i* ! ,doric & ,ionic capitals 7 evolv$2 b = our purpose1 :i* is n ar*ology1 only "s ( ! be/ examples ne$ be ref]r$ to1 aft] ! wood5 hut _h be5 conv]t$ into a m>ble temple4 ,an ord] consi/s ( a column support+ an ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice1 :i* is call$ ! entablature4 ,! column g5]ally consi/s ( a %aft1 a capital1 & a base1 except 9 ! ,doric columns ( ! ,greeks & e>ly ,romans1 :i* 7 baseless4 ,! capital 0 ! capp+-piece :i* y n[ see put on ! tops ( /ory-po/s by c>p5t]s to %ort5 ! be>+ ( ! bressumm]4 ,! ar*itrave 0 :at we n[ call a bressumm]1 & bore ! trusses ( ! ro(2 ! fascias ( ! ar*itrave %[ t 9 "s in/ances ?is bressumm] 0 compos$ ( ?ree balks ( timb]1 ea* project+ slightly ov] ! "o bel[4 ,! frieze 0 ! wide b& imm$iately above ! ar*itrave & bel[ ! cornice1 compris+ ! triglyphs or ends ( ! trusses1 & ! fill+ 9 betwe5 !m1 :i* is call$ ! metope4 ,! metopes 7 left op5 9 e>ly ,greek temples1 b 7 ev5tually fill$ ) sculpture4 ,! cornice 0 ! project+ bo>d$ caves2 :ile ! slant+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--,! ,p>!non4 ,greek ,doric3 enl>g$ section ( annulets at ,a4 und]sides ( ! mutules 7 copi$ f ! slant+ timb]s ( ! ro(4 ,i w speak fir/ ( ! ,greek ord]s1 n only because !y 7 ! e>lie/1 b because ! ,greeks %[$ ! greate/ arti/ic s5sibility 9 _! *oice ( =ms1 9 ! composition ( l9es1 & 9 _! arrangem5ts = light & %ade4 ,i beg9 ) ! ,,doric4 ,! %aft is conical1 & flut$ ) tw5ty %all[ segm5tal flutes t f9i%$ "u ! capital1 :i* consi/s ( a ?ick squ>e cap call$ ! abacus1 ) a circul> e*9us "u x1 f9i%$ at ! bottom ) r+s call$ annulets1 & a little bel[ !m is a deep n>r[ sunk *ase call$ ! neck+1 & ! %aft has no base4 ,! ,greeks 7 a seaf>+ p1 ma9ly inhabit+ ! sea-%ore1 ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 & ! edges ( ,asia ,m9or1 & 7 ?us acqua9t$ ) ! =ms ( ! sea & ( %ells4 ,! e*9us ( ! ,doric capital resembles ! %ell ( ! sea-ur*91 or e*9us1 :5 x has lo/ its sp9es1 & 0 probably call$ aft] x4 ,! ovolo m\ld+ t 0 mo/ us$ 0 call$ ! cyma or wave4 ,at ! ,p>!non1 ! f9e/ example ( ! ,doric1 ! ar*itrave is pla91 & 0 once adorn$ ) gold5 %ields & inscriptions2 x is capp$ by a squ>e m\ld+ call$ ! tnia or b&2 ! frieze1 ) its squ>e cymatium1 is capp$ ) a c>v$ a/ragal1 & is divid$ longitud9ally by ! triglyphs1 project+ pieces1 ornam5t$ ) two :ole & two half v]tical *annels1 f :i* ! ^w triglyph takes its "n2 bel[ ! tnia is a n>r[] squ>e m\ld+ ! wid? ( ! triglyph1 & b5ea? x1 ornam5t$ ) drops call$ gutt4 ,i may po9t to ?is z a mo/ arti/ic device bo? to relieve ! monotony ( ! tnia & to weld ! ar*itrave ) ! frieze4 ,! triglyphs beg9 at ! angles ( ! frieze1 & range c5trally ov] all ! re/ ( ! columns1 ) an additional triglyph betwe5 ea*1 ?\gh 9 ! frieze ov] ! l>g] c5tral op5+ ( ! ,propylum !re are two int]m$iate triglyphs2 ! ne>ly-squ>e metopes betwe5 ! triglyphs are fill$ ) figure-sculpture4 ,! cornice consi/s ( ! squ>e mutule b&1 f :i* ! mutules project1 ^: slant+ und]side is enri*$ ) drops2 & above ! mutules is _! capp+1 a n>r[ fascia "u ! corona2 ! corona or ma9 project+ memb] ( ! cornice is ?roat$ at ! bottom1 & its capp+ consi/s ( a wide fillet1 deeply-?roat$1 ) a hawk's-bill m\ld+ "u x4 ,^! toge!r =m ! mo/ sup]b piece ( ar*itectural "w t exi/s1 & has call$ =? ! raptur\s admiration ( all ! ta/eful 9 ! _w1 f ! "t x 0 built to ! "t ( ,erne/ ,r5an1 "o ( its late/ di/+ui%$ admir]s4 ,i h l+]$ ov] ?is ord] because x is a ma/]piece = all "t4 ,^? :o h se5 x 9 ,engl& alone are possibly conv9c$ t ?is praise has be5 ill-be/[$2 yet ev5 ^! w\ld *ange _! op9ion if !y saw x :5 p]fectly :ite on a cle> day 9 bright sun%9e2 b 9 ,london1 ev5 at its be/1 ! cle> air & fi]ce sun ( ,a!ns is want+1 z well z ! p5telic m>ble1 & ! *ances are t ! sculpture 9 ! metopes has be5 left out4 ,?is ,doric ( ! ,greeks is true ar*itecture1 fitt$ to ! climate1 & made by m5 ( g5ius to *>m ! mo/ gift$ race ! _w has se54 ,to ! ,greek ar*itect no ?\ght & no lab\r 0 too great 9 design+ 8 build+1 to =m x s t ! sun w\ld play melodies on x f dawn to dusk4 ,su* truly national ar*itecture _c be import$ into a diff]5t climate )\t los+ mo/ ( its effect1 nor c x be transf]r$ to a co>se & opaque mat]ial )\t los+ mu* ( its *>m2 :ile its sculpture1 ! f9e/ ! _w has yet se51 portray$ national traditions or ev5ts connect$ ) its fai?4 ,b ev5 "h 9 ,london1 if y see p>aphrases ( ,greek ar*itecture j pa9t$ :ite on a cle> sun%9y day1 y w see a fa9t reflex ( its pri/9e glory4 ,! ris+ moon t ! sun makes on ! e*9us1 contra/$ ) s(t graduat$ w>m %ades & %>p blue %ad[s1 is ! f9e/ ?+ an ar*itect has ev] compass$4 ,! spl5did sculpture t adorn$ its metopes may be se5 9 ! ,elg9 room ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is "o example is a model = ^? :o seek p]fection 9 exquisite simplicity1 = almo/ all ! m\ld+s are squ>e ones1 & !re is no enri*m5t beyond ! highe/ figure-sculpture1 & "o little c>v$ a/ragal2 & ,i may add1 t ! p]fection ( ! :ole composition ( ! ,temple is z great z t ( ?is "p4 ,,! ,,ionic4 ,! example1 giv5 on acc\nt ( its simplicity1 is f ! ,temple on ! riv] ,ilissus4 ,! column diff]s f t ( ! ,doric by be+ ( sl5d]] proportions1 by hav+ tw5ty-f\r deep elliptical flutes ) fillets 9 its %aft1 by hav+ a cu%ion$ capital ins]t$ betwe5 ! ?9 m\ld$ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4--;,entablature1 capital & base ( ! ,greek ,ionic ,temple on ! ,ilissus4 abacus1 & a %all[ e*9us c>v$ ) ! egg & tongue4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is cu%ion$ cap is1 t ea* side ( ! front & back faces are =m$ into volutes1 & come d[n consid]ably bel[ ! bottom ( ! capital1 & are c>v$ on ! faces ) a %ell spiral4#aj ,! junctions ( ! pla9 surfaces ( ! volutes ) ! project+ circul> e*9us are mask$ by a half honeysuckle4 ,at ! bottom ( ! %aft is a circul> p$e/al or base ( slight projection1 consi/+ ( an upp] & l[] torus jo9$ by a holl[ 7tro*ilus71 ! upp] torus be+ horizontally flut$ & ! l[] "o pla91 & !re is no squ>e pl9?4 ,9 ?is case ! ar*itrave is deep & )\t fascias1 ?\gh ! ,ionic ord] has mo/ly ?ree fascias2 its capp+ 7cymatium7 consi/s ( a fillet ) a pla9 cyma & a/ragal b5ea?4 ,! frieze1 :i* has no triglyphs1 is suppos$ to h be5 sculptur$ ) figures2 its cymatium consi/s ( an ogee & a/ragal1 to admit :i* ! und]side ( ! corona is deeply holl[$ out2 ! cymatium ( ! corona consi/s ( a n>r[ fillet & a cyma4 ,! cr[n+ memb] probably only exi/$ on ! rak+ sides ( ! p$im5t4 ,z ?is is n a treatise = ar*itects1 b a sket* ( ! subject = ornam5tali/s1 "o example is en\gh to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,doric & ,ionic1 b ! capital ( ! mo/ ornate example1 t ( ! ,ere*!um1 is giv52 its ma9 diff]5ces f ! =m] "o be+ ^!1 t ! ornam5ts on ! m\ld+s are c>v$ in/ead ( only be+ pa9t$1 t 9 ! entablature !re are ?ree fascias to ! ar*itrave1 t ! column has a neck c>v$ ) floral ornam5ts & a c>v$ neck+1 & ! sweeps ( ! capital z well z ! spirals ( ! volutes are m num]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4--,side elevation1 plan1 & section ( ! ,ionic capital1 f ! ,temple on ! ,ilissus4 ,side ,elevation4 ,plan4 ,section4 ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4--;,greek ,ionic3 half ( ! ,capitol f ! nor? portico ( ! ,ere*!um at ,a!ns4 ,a is a regul> guillo*e ) col\r$ glass beads 9 ! eyes4 ,i h giv5 too ! capital ( ! int]nal ,ionic columns ( ,apollo ,epicurius at ,bass1 to %[ h[ mu* x is improv$ by mak+ ! top ( ! capital curv$ in/ead ( /raight4 ,! ,ionic is m graceful & z a rule m ornate ?an ! ,doric1 b is n s maje/ic4 ,capitals f ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--;,capital f ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,epicurius at ,bass4 ,greek ,ionic4 ,ere*!um1 f ! ,temple at ,bass1 f ! la/ ,temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 & f ! ,mausoleum are at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,! ,,cor9?ian4 ,callima*us1 accord+ to ,vitruvius1 inv5t$ ?is capital1 & is suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t #cif ,b4,c41 =ty ye>s be=e ,alex&] ! ,great 0 born4 ,besides ! beauty ( ?is ord] ( ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysikrates1 x is ! only und\bt$ & complete ,greek specim5 t we h 9 ,europe4 ,! ma9 importance ( ! inv5tion1 besides its intr9sic beauty1 is its be+ adopt$ by ! ,romans z _! fav\rite ord] & us$ ?r\gh\t _! dom9ions4 ,i give y "h ! /ory ,vitruvius tells ( its inv5tion4 ,besides ! prett9ess ( ! /ory1 x s]ves z an incitem5t to ! reflection1 t if ^? ^: h& & eye are tra9$ w only obs]ve :at !y see1 !y may get notions = inv5tions4 8,a m>riageable maid1 a citiz5 ( ,cor9?1 0 tak5 ill & di$4 ,aft] h] burial1 h] nurse ga!r$ ! ?+s 9 :i* ! maid mo/ delight$ :5 %e 0 alive1 put !m into a basket1 & c>ri$ !m to ! grave & put !m on ! top1 & s t !y might la/ ! long] 9 ! op5 air1 cov]$ !m ) a tile4 ,by *ance ?is basket 0 put on an acan?us root4 ,! acan?us root mean:ile1 press$ by ! weight1 put =? its leaves & %oots ab\t spr+ "t2 ^! %oots gr[+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! basket1 7 =c$ to b5d _! tops by ! weight ( ! corn]s ( ! tile & to make !mselves into volutes4 ,!n ,callima*us1 :o f ! elegance & subtlety ( 8 sculpture 0 call$ ,catate*nos by ! ,a!nians1 pass+ by t grave1 notic$ ! basket & ! t5d] gr[? ( leaves r\nd x1 & *>m$ by ! /yle & novelty ( its =m1 made 8 columns among ! ,cor9?ians aft] t patt]n40 7,vit4 lib4 #d1 cap4 i4 pp4 #i1 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--;,entablature1 capital & base ( ! ,lysikrates monum5t4 ,greek ,cor9?ian4 ,a ,cor9?ian capital 0 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,cock]ell 9 ! ,temple at ,bass1 suppos$ by him to h be5 us$ !re4 ,ano!r 0 f\nd at ,a!ns by ,inwood1 & !re is a graceful capital ( "o ( ! engag$ ,cor9?ian columns at ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,didymu1 at ,bran*id1 ne> ,miletus1 ( unkn[n date4 ,i d n look on "w z ,greek t 0 done aft] ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 ,greece became a ,roman prov9ce4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital ( ! monum5t ( ,lysikrates is m ?an "o & a half times z high z ! l[] diamet] ( ! column1 :ile ! ,doric capital ( ! ,p>!non is only ab\t half a diamet] to ! neck+1 & ! ,ionic capital ( ! ,ere*!um ab\t eight-t5?s4 ,! abacus ( ! capital is deep & m\ld$1 is holl[$ out horizontally on ! f\r sides 9 plan1 & has ! %>p angles ( ! abacus cut (f4 ,! floral cap consi/s ( a bottom range ( sixte5 pla9 wat] leaves1 ab\t half ! height ( ! eight acan?us leaves ( ! upp] r[2 ^! h a blossom betwe5 ea* pair ( leaves4 ,above ! top1 & at ! sides ( ! c5tre leaf1 on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! capital1 spr+ two acan?us %ea?s1 out ( ea* %ea? spr+ ?ree cauliculi2 ! "o mo/ di/ant f ! c5tre =ms a volute "u "o side ( ! angle ( ! abacus1 & is support$ by ! turn$-ov] top leaf ( ! %ea?2 ! l[e/ cauliculi =m two volutes t\*+ "o ano!r at ! c5tre4 ,! ?ird cauliculus comes f betwe5 ! two =m]1 & =ms mu* small] volutes ?an ^? imm$iately bel[ !m1 t\*+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--;,capital ( ! ,lysikrates monum5t4 ,greek ,cor9?ian4 at ! c5tre1 b turn+ ! rev]se way to ^? b5ea?2 f ! middle ( ^! spr+s a honeysuckle1 ^: top is z high z ! top ( ! abacus1 & !re is a little floral sprig betwe5 ! angle volutes & ! honeysuckle1 to relieve ! b>5ess ( ! basket or bell4 ,! foliage ( ?is capital is exquisitely graceful1 b ! outl9e ( ! capital is n happy4 ,! entablature is ,ionic1 to leave ! frieze cle> = ! sculptur$ hi/ory ( ,bac*us1 turn+ "s pirates into dolph9s4 ,! ar*itrave is deep ) ?ree equal fascias1 ! face ( ea* "o incl9$ inw>ds1 & a cymatium4 ,above ! cymatium ( ! frieze is a cornice ) a heavy d5till$ b$ m\ld4 ,! ,greeks 7 consummate arti/s1 :o bore 9 m9d ! adage t 8rules are good = ^? :o c d )\t !m10 & adapt$ e "p ( _! build+s to produce ! effect ( light & %ade !y want$4 ,! pr(iles ( _! m\ld+s 7 mo/ly slightly diff]5t 9 e example we h1 & mo/ly approximate to conic sections1 s z to h ! %ade less uni=m1 segm5ts ( circles be+ r>ely us$2 & !re 0 9 ,a!ns an afflu5ce ( excell5t figure sculptors4 ,x has always seem$ to me t ! slight v>iations ! ,greeks made 9 _! pr(iles to get p]fection1 & _! passion = simplicity1 7 greatly due to _! intimate k ( ! nude human figure4 ,all _! recruits 7 ex]cis$ nak$1 & !y mu/ h notic$ t ! p]fect+ ( ! human %ape by tra9+ 0 br\ght ab\t by slight v>iations4 ,,! ,,roman ,,ord]s4 ,! ,romans1 great p z !y 7 9 subjugat+1 gov]n+1 & civiliz+ s great a portion ( ! _w1 & possibly on t v acc\nt1 7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--,! ,tuscan ord]4 n arti/ic 9 ! s5se t ! ,greeks 74 ,! ,romans 7 slaves to easy rules & me?ods2 mo/1 if n all1 ! pr(iles ( _! m\ld+s 7 /ruck ) compasses1 & !y 7 almo/ de/itute ( good figure sculptors4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 a passion = magnific5ce1 & = ornate /atel9ess & dignity1 & !y r>ely fail$ to get ^! 9 _! public monum5ts4 ,besides ! ?ree ord]s :i* 7 tak5 f ! debas$ ,greek examples ( _! own "t1 ! ,romans add$ two1 ! ord] ( ! ,tuscans1 & an inv5tion ( _! own call$ ! ,composite4 ,,! ,,tuscan4 ,! ,tuscan is describ$ by ,vitruvius1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #g1 z an incomplete ,doric1 b ) a base & a r\nd pl9?4 ,! portico ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 by ,inigo ,jones1 is ! be/ example we h ( x 9 ,london4 ,! example giv5 is f ! le>n$ ,newton ,vitruvius4 ,,! ,,roman ,,doric4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples1 ) ! exception ( t at ,cora1 :i* is r debas$ ,greek ?an ,roman1 is ! example on ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus at ,rome1 f9i%$ by ,augu/us4 ,! column is n flut$1 & has no base1 & ! capital has be5 greatly alt]$ f t ( ! be/ ,greek examples4 ,! abacus has a cymatium2 ! e*9us has be5 r$uc$ 9 dep?1 & is an ovolo1 & ! annulets are m]ely ?ree pla9 fillets2 ! column too has a neck & a neck+4 ,9 ! entablature ! ar*itrave is ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--,roman ,doric4 ,f ! ,!at] ( ,m>cellus4 ,! cr[n+ memb]s ( ! cornice are conjectural1 = ! :ole has be5 brok5 away4 ,see ,desgodetz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--,roman ,ionic4 ,entablature1 capital1 & base ( an angle column1 at ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis4 %all[] ?an 9 ! ,greek examples4 ,9 ! frieze ! triglyphs are ov] ! c5tres ( ! angle columns2 ! gutt are ! fru/ums ( cones1 :ile ^? ( ! ,greeks 7 cyl9d]s or ) holl[$ sides2 ! cornice has a d5till$ b$ m\ld2 & ! mutules h disappe>$1 b _! edge runs ?r\gh & ! s(fit is slant+1 & ornam5t$ alt]nately ) c(f]s & small gutt1 six on face & ?ree deep2 & besides1 ! cymatium ( ! corona is capp$ by a l>ge cavetto2 ?is 9 ! ,greek examples 0 only ! cr[n+ memb] ( ! slant+ sides ( ! p$im5t4 ,!re are ,roman ,doric columns at ! ,colosseum1 at ,diocletian's ,ba?s at ,rome1 & else:]e4 ,! ,doric1 be/ kn[n to u1 0 elaborat$ by ! ,italian ar*itects ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,,! ,,roman ,,ionic4 ,! ,ionic 0 n mu* m to ! ta/e ( ! ,romans ?an ! ,doric1 =1 ) ! exception ( ! examples 9 tall build+s1 :]e ! ord]s 7 pil$ up "o ov] ! o!r1 ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis is ! only good example1 al?\gh !re is a v debas$ "o at ! ,temple ( ,concord4 ,! columns ( ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis some:at resemble ! ,greco-,roman ones ( ! ,temple ( ,bac*us at ,teos2 !y h simil> paltry capitals1 & an ,attic base1 b _! truly ,roman entablature is v notably worse ?an t at ,teos1 9 fact1 x might be us$ z an example ( :at to avoid 9 pr(il+4 ,! cornice is cru%+ly heavy = ! frieze & ar*itrave1 ! p>ts are disproportionate1 ! corona hav+ almo/ disappe>$ to make room = ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--,roman ,cor9?ian4 ,entablature1 capital1 & base ( ! ,pan!on4 extra cr[n+ memb]1 & ! floral ornam5ts on "s ( ! m\ld+s are gigantic4 ,its ma9 importance to u is f ! use made ( x by ! ,r5aissance ar*itects1 "s ( :om1 h[ev]1 greatly improv$ its appe>ance1 by mak+ x a f\r-fac$ capital1 by add+ a neck+ & putt+ fe/oons f ! eyes1 ?us giv+ ! capital great] dep? & importance4 ,,! ,,roman ,,cor9?ian4 ,! magnific5ce ( ?is capital took ! ,romans1 s t good examples ( ! o!r ord]s1 except ( ! ,composite1 are r>e4 ,z ,i said be=e1 ! only und\bt$ ,greek ,cor9?ian ord] t has come d[n to u is t ( ! ,lysikrates monum5t1 ?\gh we h _m ,greco-,roman examples4 ,! be/ ,roman example ,i c give y is t ( ! ,pan!on2 ! exi/+ portico is believ$ by ,m4 ,*$anne to be a copy ( ,agrippa's1 made 9 ! days ( ,septimius ,sev]us4 ,at any rate1 x has ! comp>ative simplicity t *>act]iz$ "s ( ! build+s j be=e our era4 ,! capital has two r[s ( eight leaves1 ! upp] r[ n ris+ to q s great a height above ! l[] ones z ^! d above ! neck+1 & !re is space betwe5 ! upp] leaves to %[ ! /alks ( ! %ea?s ( ! cauliculi2 ! inn] ones f9i% "u ! rim ( ! basket1 ! out] ones =m ! volutes "u ! angles ( ! abacus1 & above ^! a curl$ leaf masks ! ov]hang+ ( ! angles ( ! abacus4 ,f "s foliage on ! top ( ! upp] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--,roman ,cor9?ian4 ,entablature ( ,jupit] ,tonans4 middle leaf1 a /alk runs up beh9d ! cauliculi1 & blossoms 9 ! abacus4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! cauliculi ( ! c5tre & ( ! volute h lo/ ! floral "* & become /ony4 ,! %afts are unflut$1 be+ ( granite1 & h ! fav\rite ,roman base1 a pla9 upp] & a l[] torus1 ) two scotias sep>at$ by d\ble a/ragals & fillets4 ,! entablature consi/s ( an ar*itrave ( ?ree fascias1 ! bottom edge ( ^: projections are m\ld$1 ! :ole ar*itrave is capp$ ) a cymatium consi/+ ( a wide fillet & an ogee ) an a/ragal b5ea?4 ,! frieze is slightly %all[] ?an ! ar*itrave1 & has no?+ on x b ! inscription1 & its cymatium is ! c\nt]p>t ( t ( ! ar*itrave on a small] scale4 ,! cornice is heavy1 & its b$ m\ld consi/s ( an uncut d5til b&1 an ovolo c>v$ ) ! egg & tongue1 & an a/ragal c>v$ ) ! bead & reel1 a modilion b& ) c>v$ modilions1 a %all[ corona1 & a deep cyma-recta-cymatium ) fillets4 ,i h add$ ! f9e & gigantic capital ( ,m>s ,ultor & ! entablature ( ,jupit] ,tonans1 :i* is ov]lad5 ) ornam5t1 z a contra/ to ! almo/ /]n simplicity ( t ( ! ,pan!on4 ,i %all only draw y\r att5tion to two po9ts 9 ?is ornam5tation1 ! omission ( ! tongues betwe5 ! eggs1 leav+ only ! upright l9e1 & ! attempt to turn ! egg & tongue into a foliat$ =m4 ,! egg itself is cov]$ ) ornam5t1 & is set 9 ! c5tre ( acan?us leaves4 ,we mu/ praise ! boldness ( ! au?or1 :o has giv5 u a new ornam5t1 b deplore 8 want ( ta/eful inv5tion :i* has =c$ him to give a bad "o4 ,! v>ieties ( leaves us$ 9 capitals h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,,! ,,roman ,,composite4 ,?is ord] has be5 call$ ! ,composite1 f ! mixture ( ,ionic & ,cor9?ian motives 9 its capital4 ,! example giv5 is f ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 erect$ to celebrate ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4 ,! ma9 ?+ to be rem>k$ is ! capital2 = ! entablature is ,cor9?ian1 less ornate ?an t ( ,jupit] ,tonans or ,jupit] ,/ator1 & v inf]ior to ! latt] 9 its proportions4 ,x may be imag9$ t all ! foliage above ! upp] r[ ( leaves 9 a ,cor9?ian capital has be5 remov$1 t a c>v$ ,ionic e*9us has be5 put 9 at ! level ( ! bottom ( ! ,cor9?ian cauliculi1 t on ! c5tre ( ! e*9us !re is a calix1 f :i* a fl[] runs up above ! top ( ! abacus1 & f ea* side ( ! calix spr+ curv$ b&s runn+ into ! holl[ ( ! abacus & end+ 9 heavy volutes com+ d[n to ! tops ( ! upp] r[ ( leaves1 ! l[] p>ts ( ! b&s & ! spaces betwe5 ! spirals be+ fill$ ) foliage4 ,! p>ts ( ! bell ?us left b>e by ! omission ( ! %ea?s ( ! cauliculi h two little scrolls ( foliage to cov] !m4 ,! wor/ fault ( ! capital is1 t ! upp] "p has no arti/ic connection ) ! l[]1 & tak5 m]ely z an isolat$ capital1 its volutes are too pond]\s = ! re/4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 give ! ,romans cr$it = ! m]its ( ! inv5tion4 ,!y ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4--,roman ,cor9?ian4 ,half ( ! capital ( ,m>s ,ultor4 saw t 9 tall columns1 & 9 ?is case ! columns are on p$e/als1 ! volutes ( ,cor9?ian columns ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4--,roman composite capital f ! ,ar* ( ,titus4 7 too insignificant4 ,?is capital :5 once inv5t$ took ! ,romans1 & 0 appli$ ev]y:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4--,roman ,composite4 ,entablature1 capital1 & base1 ,ar* ( ,titus4 ,x 0 ! practical solution = a practical p ( a want t 0 felt4 ,arti/ically speak+1 x 0 no solution1 & we c imag9e t if su* a solution _h be5 (f]$ to ! ,a!nians 9 _! palmy days1 ! au?or w\ld h be5 h[l$ at1 & hunt$ out ( ! city4 ,i may m5tion t ! ord]s t h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! ,italian ma/]s & be5 alt]$ by !m are n ,classical1 b ,r5aissance4 ,^? :o wi% to /udy ?is subject w f9d ! ,greek examples 9 ,/u>t & ,rivett's ,antiquities ( ,a!ns2 9 ,mr4 ,p5rose's ,pr9ciples ( ,a!nian ,ar*itecture2 9 ! books publi%$ by ! ,dilettanti ,society2 9 ,cock]ell's ,temple ( ,jupit] ,panhell5ius at g9a2 9 ,inwood's ,erec!ion2 & 9 ,wilk9s' ,antiquities ( ,magna ,grcia4 ,j4 ,p5ne?orne's ,elem5ts & ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ! ,greek ,ar*itects gives _m examples ( pr(iles3 8,! ,roman10 9 ,les difices ,antiques de ,rome1 by ,desgodetz2 ,cresy & ,taylor's ,ar*itectural ,antiquities ( ,rome2 ,norm&'s ,p>allel ( ! ,ord]s2 & ,mr4 ,ph5 ,spi]s' ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture4 ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,"s ,,figures ,,& ,,curves ,,9 ,,practical ,,plane ,,geometry ,,useful ,,9 ,,ornam5t4 ,def9itions & names ( figures f #a to #ac4 ,an ,equilat]al triangle is a triangle :i* has ?ree equal sides4 7,fig4 #a47 ,an ,isosceles triangle is t :i* has only two sides equal4 7,fig4 #b47 ,a ,scal5e triangle is t :i* has ?ree unequal sides4 7,fig4 #c47 ,a ,"r-angl$ triangle is t :i* has a "r angle4 7,fig4 #d47 ,an ,acute-angl$ triangle is t :i* has ?ree acute angles4 7,fig4 #e47 ,a ,p>allelogram is a f\r-sid$ figure :i* has its opposite sides p>allel4 7,fig4 #f47 ,a ,rhombus is a f\r-sid$ figure :i* has all its sides equal1 b its angles are n "r angles4 7,fig4 #g47 ,a ,loz5ge is a squ>e set angle-wise4 7,fig4 #h47 ,,note4--,a squ>e1 an oblong1 a rhombus1 & a rhomboid are all species ( p>allelograms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,a ,diamond is compos$ ( two equilat]al triangles set back to back4 7,fig4 #i47 ,all o!r f\r-sid$ figures are call$ ,trapeziums4 ,if "o opposite pair ( sides be p>allel1 & ! o!r pair n1 ! figure is call$ a ,trapezoid4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,polygons4--,a ,polygon is a plane rectil9eal figure conta9$ by m ?an f\r /raight l9es4 ,a ,regul> ,polygon is t :i* has its sides equal1 & its angles also are equal4 ,an ,irregul> ,polygon may h unequal sides & unequal angles1 or unequal sides & equal angles1 or equal sides & unequal angles4 ,9 ?is *apt] regul> polygons are only treat$ (4 ,polygons are nam$ accord+ to ! numb] ( sides or angles !y may h4 ,a polygon hav+ #e sides is a ,p5tagon4 #f 8 a ,hexagon4 #g 8 a ,heptagon4 #h 8 an ,octagon4 #i 8 a ,nonagon4 #aj 8 a ,decagon4 #aa 8 a ,undecagon4 #ab 8 a ,dodecagon4 #ac 8 a ,tridecagon4 #ad 8 a ,tetradecagon4 #ae 8 a ,p5tadecagon4 #af 8 a ,hexadecagon4 #ag 8 a ,heptadecagon4 #ah 8 an ,octadecagon4 #ai 8 a ,nonodecagon4 #bj 8 a ,bisdecagon4 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 & #ac are self-explanatory4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,f a giv5 po9t ,d )\t to draw ,tang5ts to a giv5 circle ,a ,b ,c4 ,jo9 ,e ! c5tre ( ! circle ,d4 ,bisect ,d ,e 9 ,f4 ,) ,f z c5tre & ,f ,e radius describe ! circle ,d ,b ,e cutt+ ! giv5 circle 9 ,a & ,b4 ,draw ! requir$ tang5ts f ,d to t\* ! giv5 circle at ,a & ,b4 ,n4,b4--,a tang5t to a circle or arc is always at "r angles to a radius drawn to ! po9t ( contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ab & #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae4 ,to draw an ,ext]ior ,tang5t to two giv5 circles ,a ,b & ,c ,d ,k4 ,jo9 ! c5tres ,e & ,f cutt+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! l>g] circle at ,k4 ,bisect ,e ,f 9 ,g4 ,f ,k 9 ! l9e ,k ,f cut (f a "p ,k ,p equal to ! radius ( ! small] circle ,e ,b4 ,) c5tre ,g & radius ,k ,f describe a semicircle2 ) ,f z c5tre & radius ,f ,p describe a circle4 ,! semicircle cuts ?is circle at ,h4 ,jo9 ,f ,h1 & produce x to ,c4 ,at ,e draw ,e ,a p>allel to ,f ,c4 ,jo9 ,a ,c1 :i* is ! ext]ior tang5t requir$4 ,fig4 #af4 ,to draw an ,int]ior ,tang5t to two giv5 circles ,b ,e & ,f ,d4 ,jo9 ! c5tres ,e & ,f4 ,bisect ,e ,f 9 ,g1 & describe a semicircle on ,e ,f4 ,f ,k on ! l>g] circle m>k (f ,k ,j & ,e ,f equal to ! radius ( ! small] circle1 & ) ,f z c5tre & ,f ,j z radius describe an arc pass+ ?r\gh semicircle at ,h4 ,jo9 ,f ,h cutt+ ! l>g] circle at ,c1 & draw ,e ,a p>allel to ,f ,h4 ,! po9ts ( contact are ,a & ,c1 ?r\gh :i* ! int]ior tang5t is drawn4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,)9 a giv5 circle to describe any ,regul> ,polygon--say a ,p5tagon4 ,draw ! diamet] ,a ,f & divide x into ! same numb] ( p>ts z ! requir$ polygon is to h sides--9 ?is case x w be five p>ts4 ,to divide ! diamet] into ! numb] ( equal p>ts1 draw a l9e ,a ,x any angle to ,a ,f4 ,set (f any conv5i5t measurem5t five times on ?is l9e4 ,jo9 po9t #e to ,f1 & draw ! l9es #d1 #d1 #c1 #c1 c41 p>allel to #e ,f to meet ! diamet]4 ,) ,a & ,f z c5tre & ,a ,f z radius describe arcs int]sect+ at ,l4 ,f ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,l draw a l9e ?r\gh ! ,second division on ,a ,f at po9t #b cutt+ ! circumf]5ce at ,b4 ,jo9 ,a ,b4 ,?is is ! l5g? ( ! side ( ! requir$ polygon4 ,set (f ! l5g? ( ! side ,a ,b ar\nd ! circumf]5ce at ,c1 ,d1 & ,e4 ,jo9 ! po9ts ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e to complete ! requir$ p5tagon4 ,n4,b4--,a ,regul> ,hexagon may be inscrib$ 9 a circle by sett+ (f ! l5g? ( its radius six times r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 & jo9+ ! po9ts4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,on a giv5 l9e to con/ruct any ,regul> ,polygon1--say a ,p5tagon4 ,produce ! giv5 l9e ,a ,b to ,r1 & ) ,b z c5tre & ,a ,b z radius describe a semicircle ,a ,c ,r4 ,divide ! semicircle into z _m p>ts z ! polygon is to h sides--9 ?is case five4 ,draw a l9e f po9t ,b to ! second division po9t ,q ,c4 ,bisect ,a ,b & ,b ,c to f9d ,p1 :i* w be ! c5tre ( a circle pass+ ?r\gh ! po9ts ,a ,b ,c4 ,m>k (f ! po9ts ,d & ,e1 mak+ ! di/ances ,c ,d1 ,d ,e1 & ,e ,a ea* equal to ,a ,b4 ,jo9 ,c ,d1 ,d ,e1 & ,e ,a to complete ! requir$ polygon4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,special me?od ( draw+ an ,octagon 9 a giv5 circle4 ,draw two diamet]s ,b ,f & ,h ,d at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,bisect angles ,h ,k ,b & ,b ,k ,d 9 ! l9es ,k ,a & ,k ,c4 ,produce ! l9es ,k ,a1 ,k ,c1 to meet ! circumf]5ce at ,g & ,e4 ,! eight po9ts ?us f\nd on ! circumf]5ce are jo9$ to make ! requir$ octagon4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,to inscribe an ,octagon 9 a giv5 squ>e4 ,) ea* corn] ( ! squ>e z c5tres1 & half ! diagonal ( ! squ>e z radius1 describe arcs ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj cutt+ ! sides ( ! squ>e at ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k1 c4 ,jo9 ^! po9ts to complete ! requir$ octagon4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,to describe a circle to t\* two giv5 /raight l9es ,a ,b & ,a ,c1 "o po9t ( contact be+ giv54 ,bisect ! angle ,b ,a ,c 9 ,a ,d4 ,at ,c draw a p]p5dicul> to ,a ,c1 meet+ ,a ,d at ,d4 ,) ,d z c5tre & ,d ,c z radius describe ! requir$ circle4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,to inscribe a circle 9 a giv5 triangle ,a ,b ,c4 ,bisect any two ( ! angles z at ,b & ,c4 ,! l9es ( bisection int]sect at ,d4 ,produce ,b ,d to ,e4 ,) c5tre ,d & di/ance ,d ,e inscribe ! requir$ circle4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a squ>e be+ giv51 to inscribe f\r equal circles ea* t\*+ two o!rs & two sides ( ! squ>e4 ,draw ! diagonals & two l9es p>allel to ! sides ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! giv5 squ>e4 ,jo9 ! extremities ( ! latt] l9es to obta9 ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,) ^! po9ts z c5tres1 & #a ,e drawn p]p5dicul> to ,c ,a z radius1 inscribe ! f\r requir$ circles4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a squ>e be+ giv51 to inscribe f\r equal circles ea* t\*+ two o!r & "o side ( ! squ>e4 ,draw ! diagonals & two l9es ?r\gh ! c5tre p>allel to ! sides ( ! giv5 squ>e ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,bisect any "o ( ! angles made by a diagonal & "o ( ! sides ( ! squ>e1 z at ,d4 ,produce ! l9e ( bisection until x meets ! v]tical c5tre l9e at po9t #a4 ,) ! c5tral po9t ,o z c5tre ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd & ,o #a z radius1 describe a circle to obta9 ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,^! are ! c5tres ( ! requir$ circles4 ,n4,b4--,if ! c5tral portion made by ! meet+ ( ! f\r circles 7 remov$1 ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! circles w\ld =m a figure kn[n z ! quatrefoil1 a =m common 9 ar*itecture4 ,fig4 #be4 ,to inscribe six equal circles 9 a giv5 equilat]al triangle ,a ,b ,c4 ,bisect ! angles ( ! giv5 equilat]al triangle z at ,e1 & draw ! bisection l9es ?r\gh to meet ! c5tre ( ea* side4 ,bisect ! angle ,a ,b ,j to obta9 ! po9t ,d on ,c ,k4 ,?r\gh ,d draw ,g ,f p>allel to ,a ,b1 also ,f ,h & ,h ,g p>allel to ! sides ( ! triangle4 ,) ,d z c5tre & ,d ,k z radius inscribe "o ( ! requir$ circles1 & ) ! same radius & ,f1 #b1 ,h1 #a1 & ,g z c5tres inscribe ! rema9+ circles4 ,fig4 #bf4 7#a7 ,)9 a giv5 circle to inscribe a hexagon4 7#b7 ,)\t ! same circle to describe a hexagon4 7#c7 ,)9 ! inn] hexagon to inscribe ?ree equal circles ea* t\*+ ea* o!r & two sides ( ! hexagon4 7#a7 ,m>k (f ! l5g? ( ! radius ( ! giv5 circle ,b ,d ,f six times on ! circumf]5ce z at ,d ,e ,f1 c4 ,draw ! ?ree diamet]s ,a ,d1 ,b ,e1 & ,g ,f1 & produce !m a little beyond ^! po9ts4 ,jo9 ! po9ts ,g1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 c41 by /raight l9es to produce ! hexagon )9 ! giv5 circle4 7#b7 ,bisect ! angle ,k ,o ,h1 ! l9e ( bisection w cut ! circle at po9t ,r4 ,?r\gh ,r draw ,h ,k p>allel to ,b ,c4 ,) ,o z c5tre & ,o ,h z radius describe a circle cutt+ ! produc$ diamet]s at ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,jo9 ! latt] po9ts to produce ! requir$ hexagon )\t ! giv5 circle4 7#c7 ,jo9 ! po9ts ,g1 ,e1 ,a4 ,?is w obta9 ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c on ! diamet]s4 ,draw #a1 #d p]p5dicul> to ,g ,b4 ,) #a1 #d z radius & #a z c5tre describe "o ( ! requir$ circles4 #c & #b are ! c5tres ( ! o!r two requir$ circles4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,)9 a giv5 circle to inscribe any numb] ( equal circles1 ea* t\*+ ! circumf]5ce & two o!r circles4 ,divide ! circle 9 ! same numb] ( p>ts z ! numb] ( circles requir$--9 ?is case five4 ,draw ! five radii4 ,bisect ! angles ,b ,d ,a & ,a ,d ,c4 ,draw ,e ,f p]p5dicul> to ,d ,a4 ,d ,e ,f is a triangle any two angles ( :i* bisect z at ,d & ,e4 ,f po9t #a ?us obta9$ on ,d ,a & radius #a ,a inscribe a circle4 ,f ,d z c5tre & ,d #a z radius describe a circle cutt+ ! five radii 9 po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,) ! latt] po9ts z c5tres & #a ,a z radius describe ! rema9+ requir$ circles4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,?is problem is work$ 9 ! same mann] z ,fig4 #bg1 sev5 circles be+ inscrib$ in/ead ( five 9 a giv5 circle4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,to inscribe a trefoil1 or ?ree equal semicircles hav+ adjac5t diamet]s 9 a giv5 circle4 ,divide ! giv5 circle into six equal p>ts by m>k+ (f ! l5g? ( ! radius six times on ! circumf]5ce4 ,f ! c5tre ,d to ^! six po9ts draw radii4 ,bisect any ( ! six sectors z at ,e4 ,draw ,e ,c obta9+ ,f on "o ( ! radials4 ,on ei!r side ( ,f draw l9es f x to meet ! alt]nate radials p]p5dicul> to ,b ,d & ,d ,c1 & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi jo9 _! extremities1 ?us mak+ ! equilat]al triangle #a1 #b1 #c4 ,on ! sides ( ?is triangle describe ! ?ree semicircles requir$ by us+ po9ts #a1 #b1 & #c z c5tres1 & #b ,f z radius4 ,! complet$ figure is ! trefoil1 & ! inscrib$ ?ree semicircles h _! diamet]s adjac5t4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,to describe an equilat]al triangle )9 & )\t a giv5 circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,draw six radii divid+ ! giv5 circle into six equal p>ts4 ,jo9 _! alt]nate extremities z at ,l ,m ,n4 ,?is makes ! requir$ equilat]al triangle )9 ! circle4 ,draw tang5ts to ! circle at ,l ,m & ,n1 or l9es at "r angles to ,l ,o1 ,m ,o1 & ,n ,o4 ,produce ! latt] radii to meet ! tang5ts at ,a ,b ,c4 ,a ,b ,c is ! equilat]al triangle )\t ! circle4 ,n4,b4--,x w be se5 t ! triangle ,b ,a ,c is made up ( f\r simil> triangles ea* equal to ,l ,m ,n4 ,also1 if six ( ! small] triangles1 z ,a ,l ,m1 7 plac$ ar\nd po9ts ,a ,b & ,c a hexagon w\ld be =m$4 ,?is figure is v useful 9 design+ geometrical & o!r repeat+ all ov] patt]ns 9 ornam5t4 ,,conic ,,sections4 ,! figures kn[n z ! ,conic ,sections are ! ,ellipse1 ! ,p>abola1 & ! ,hyp]bola4 ,! ,cone may h o!r sections 9 addition to ^!1 su* z ! section ?r\gh any po9t bel[ ! apex1 on ! axis1 & tak5 p>allel to ! base2 ?is w\ld be a circle1 & a section ?r\gh ! apex p]p5dicul> to ! base w\ld be an isosceles triangle4 ,! ,ellipse is ! curve ( ! section made by a plane pass+ obliquely ?r\gh a cone f side to side4 ,! ,p>abola is ! curve ( ! section made by a plane pass+ ?r\gh a cone p>allel to "o ( its sides4 ,! ,hyp]bola is ! curve ( a section made by a plane pass+ ?r\gh a cone p>allel to its axis1 or incl9$ at a great] angle to its base ?an its side1 b n ?r\gh its apex4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! elevation ( a cone is %[n at ,a ,b ,c4 ,a section ?r\gh po9t ,x at "r angles to ! axis ( ! cone is a ,circle4 ,a section pass+ ?r\gh & across ! cone f po9t ,x1 b n at "r angles to ! axis1 is an ,ellipse1 z at ,x #a4 ,a section ?r\gh ,x p>allel to ! opposite side ,a ,c is a ,p>abola1 z at ,x #b4 ,a section ?r\gh ,x p>allel to ! axis1 z at ,x #c1 or a section ?r\gh ,x at any o!r angle great] ?an ! angle made by ! side & base1 z at ,x #d1 is a ,hyp]bola4 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc1 & #cd %[ ! actual %ape ( ! sections ,x #a1 ,x #b1 & ,x #c respectively4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 ?is figure ! major or transv]se axis ( ! ,ellipse is equal to ,x #a4 ,to f9d ! m9or or conjugate axis bisect ,x #a 7,fig4 #ca7 9 ,h1 draw ?r\gh x ,f ,g p>allel to ,a ,b1 drop a p]p5dicul> f ,f to f1 & describe ! semicircle f h g4 ,f ,h drop a p]p5dicul> to ,a ,b1 & produce x to h to meet ! semicircle1 k h is !n half ! l5g? ( ! m9or axis ( ! ,ellipse1 z ,c ,d4 ,divide ,a ,e into any numb] ( equal p>ts1 & ,a ,g into ! same numb]4 ,draw f ,c l9es ?r\gh ! divisions z #a1 #b1 #c c41 & f ,d l9es to #a #b #c c4 ,! curve ( ! requir$ ,ellipse w pass ?r\gh ! int]sections ( ^! l9es1 z at #a #c #e c4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 ?is figure1 ! ,p>abola1 ! l9e ,c ,d is equal to ,x #b 7,fig4 #ca71 :ile ,a ,b is twice ! l5g? ( ,d #b 7,fig4 #ca74 ,divide ,g ,b into any numb] ( equal p>ts1 & jo9 ! po9ts ( ! divisions to ,c4 ,divide ,d ,b into ! same numb] ( equal p>ts1 & draw l9es f ! po9ts ( division p>allel to ,d ,c to meet ! simil> numb]$ l9es drawn f ,b ,g2 ?r\gh ^! meet+ po9ts ! curve ( ! ,p>abola w be drawn4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! work+ ( ?is figure--! ,hyp]bola--& ! ,p>abola is t ! l9es :i* 9 ! ,p>abola 7 drawn p>allel to ,g ,b1 are "h drawn to a po9t ,e on ,c ,d produc$1 ,c ,d be+ equal to ,x #c 7,fig4 #ca74 ,?is po9t ,e is f\nd by draw+ ! l9e f #g on ,d ,b to ,e on ,c ,d produc$1 :]e ,c ,e equals twice ,x ,o 7,fig4 #ca74 ,fig4 #ce4 ,to describe an ,ar*im$ean spiral ( any numb] ( revolutions--say ?ree1 ! longe/ radius ,a ,b be+ giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,ar*im$ean ,spiral4 ,divide ! radius ,a ,b into ?ree equal p>ts = ! ?ree revolutions4 ,) ,b z c5tre & ,b ,a z radius describe a circle1 & divide x into any numb] ( equal p>ts--say eight1 by draw+ f\r diamet]s4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree divisions on ,a ,b is divid$ into eight equal p>ts4 ,) c5tre ,b & ! po9t ( ea* succe$+ division z radius1 describe arcs1 meet+ 9 foll[+ ord] ! next ne>e/ diamet] z %[n at arcs #a #a1 #b #b1 #c #c1 c4 ,?r\gh po9t #h ) radius ,b #h1 ! second division1 describe a circle1 & ?r\gh po9t #af ) c5tre ,b describe a circle4 ,9 ^! two divisions arcs are drawn z describ$ above = ! division ,a #h1 c41 to ! next ne>e/ diamet]4 ,! spiral is !n drawn ?r\gh ! po9ts ?us =m$ on ! diamet]s1 :i* m>k its pa? z at #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 until x ends 9 its c5tre at ,b4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,to draw ,goldman's ,volute1 ! ca!tus ,c ,f be+ giv54 ,divide ,c ,f into #ae equal p>ts4 ,) ,c z c5tre describe a circle ,a ,e ,b to =m ! eye ( ! volute1 mak+ ! diamet] #c ( ^! p>ts4 ,bisect ,a ,c & ,c ,b 9 #a & #d4 ,on #a #d draw a squ>e1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,produce ! sides #a #b1 #b #c1 & #c #d to ,g1 ,h1 & ,i respectively4 ,divide #a ,c into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,draw l9es p>allel to #a ,g ?r\gh ! po9ts ( division to ,p & ,l1 :i* cut ! l9e ,c #b 9 ! po9ts #f & #aj4 ,?r\gh ^! po9ts 7#f & #aj7 draw l9es to ,m & ,q p>allel to ,e ,h1 cutt+ ,c #c 9 #g & #aa4 ,9 ! same way draw l9es p>allel to #c ,i f #g & #aa to ,n & ,r4 ,! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c41 w !n =m ! c5tres ( ! s]ies ( quadrants :i* are to =m ! out] spiral t beg9s ) ! radius #a ,f4 ,to describe ! inn] spiral4 ,a ,f 9 ,fig4 #cf 7a7 is equal to ,a ,f 7,fig4 #cf74 ,f ,s is made equal to ! bread? ( ! fillet at ! top ,f ,s4 ,v ,f is drawn at "r angles to ,f ,a & equal to ,c #a4 ,by jo9+ ,v ,a & draw+ ,t ,s p>allel to ,v ,f1 !n ,t ,s is obta9$ :i* w be ! l5g? ( half ! side ( ! squ>e = draw+ ! inn] spiral4 ,! me?od = obta9+ ! inn] spiral is ! same z = ! out]4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,!re is no geometric means ( draw+ a p]fect cat5>y curve2 at be/ we c only obta9 x by an approximation 9 geometry4 ,! curve is =m$ by susp5d+ a *a9 f two po9ts & prick+ po9ts along ! curve ( ! *a94 ,^! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,goldman's volute4 po9ts w m>k ! pa? ( ! cat5>y4 ,9 ! accompany+ figure ?ree cat5>y curves are drawn f a *a9 susp5d$ f po9ts ,a & ,b4 ,fig4 #ch4--,to draw a cycloid curve :5 ! g5]at+ circle is giv54 ,9 ord] to f9d ! l5g? ( ! l9e ,a ,b on :i* ! circle rolls1 & :i* mu/ be ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! giv5 circle1 we mu/ fir/ f9d approximately t l5g? by ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,cat5>y curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,cycloid curve4 ! foll[+ me?od4 ,draw ! v]tical diamet] ( ! circle ,d ,c4 ,draw ,d ,m at "r angles to ,d ,c1 & make x ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! radius ( ! circle2 make an angle ( #cj at ,e1 & draw a l9e p>allel to ,d ,m ( any conv5i5t l5g?4 ,! l9e ,e ,l mak+ ! angle ( #cj cuts ,c ,b 9 ,l4 ,jo9 ,m ,l4 ,m ,l is ! approximate l5g? ( half ! circumf]5ce4 ,make ,a ,c & ,c ,b ea* equal to ,m ,l4 ,!n ,a ,b is ! l5g? approximately ( ! circumf]5ce1 drawn at "r angles to ,c ,d on :i* ! circle rolls4 ,divide n[ half ! circle into eight equal p>ts1 & draw a l9e f ,e ,s p>allel to ,a ,b1 & equal to ,m ,l4 ,divide ,e ,s into eight equal p>ts4 ,f ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 draw l9es p>allel to ,a ,c4 ,) c5tres #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 & ) radius ,e ,c1 describe arcs cutt+ !m at #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,! curve ,a ,d1 :i* mu/ be drawn by free-h&1 w !n pass ?r\gh ^! po9ts4 ,complete ! cycloid by draw+ ,d ,b 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! l5g? ,a ,b c also be f\nd approximately by divid+ ,c ,d into sev5 equal p>ts1 & tak+ ,a ,b #bb ( ^? p>ts4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ornam5t ,_m ( ! t]ms :i* appe> 9 ?is ,gloss>y h be5 expla9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,! read] %\ld ref] back to ! text :5 any ( ! t]ms are inadequately describ$ "h4 /hetics1 ! sci5ce ( ! beautiful4 /hetic1 :5 appli$ to ornam5t1 n only means 8beautiful10 hut t beauty 0 ! sole aim ( its production1 & di/+ui%es x f symbolic & mnemonic ornam5t4 ,see page #adc4 ,allegory1 ! repres5tation ( "o ?+ "u ! image ( ano!r4 ,x 0 mo/ly conf9$ to human figures1 b to aid its compreh5sion attributes 7 add$4 ,among ! ,pagans /r5g? 0 %[n z ,h]cules ) 8 club2 heal? z a woman ) a s]p5t2 riv]s 7 repres5t$ z gods ) cr[ns ( s$ge or ru%es2 t[ns z gods or goddesses ) mural cr[ns4 ,among ! ,*ri/ians1 a man hold+ a lamb1 or a %eph]d ) 8 flock1 0 an allegorical repres5tation ( ,*ri/ ! ,good ,%eph]d2 ! sev5 c>d9al virtues & ! sev5 deadly s9s 7 repres5t$ by allegorical figures1 & ea* _h its prop] attributes4 ,alt]nation1 two diff]5t =ms 9 succession1 or alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r4 ,figs4 #fg1 #ge1 & #gf4 ,an!mion1 a radiat+ ornam5t ) a palmate outl9e2 ! honeysuckle ornam5t ( ! ,greeks4 ,attributes1 ! ?+s assign$ to any "o4 ,among/ ! ,pagans ! eagle & ?und]bolt to ,jupit]1 ! trid5t to ,neptune1 ! peacock to ,juno1 c4 ,among/ ! ,*ri/ians ! nimbus 0 ! attribute ( div9ity1 sa9t%ip1 or m>tyrdom1 ! lily ( *a/ity1 c4 ,balance1 equilibrium or c\nt]poise4 ,9 compositions t are n symmetrical ! weight ( ! masses mu/ be alike on ei!r side ( a c5tral axis2 9 ^? ( symmetrical outl9e ) diff]5t fill+s !re mu/ be equality ( weight 9 ! fill+s4 ,r5aissance ornam5t af=ds _m admirable examples ( balance4 ,see page #df1 & ,figs4 #abf & #aca4 ,b&+1 decorat+ by means ( horizontal /ripes1 mo/ly fill$ ) ornam5t4 ,figs4 #aaf & #aag4 ,cat5>y1 ! curve =m$ by a *a9 hang+ f two po9ts4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,cauliculus1 ! %oot or /em ( a plant =m+ ! volutes "u ! angles ( ! abacus1 & ^? 9 ! c5tre ( ea* face ( a ,cor9?ian capital2 9 mod]n works ?is "n is mo/ly conf9$ to ! c5tral spirals1 ! out] ones be+ call$ volutes4 ,figs4 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahe1 #ahg1 & #ahh4 ,*eck]+1 cov]+ a surface ) a squ>e patt]n l a *ess-bo>d1 9 :i* ! col\r or ! ornam5t alt]nates4 ,! outl9e is =m$ by equidi/ant v]tical & horizontal l9es cross+ "o ano!r4 ,figs4 #ih & #ii4 ,col\r1 ap>t f ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w1 is a vague te*nical t]m to express "* & contra/ 9 ornam5t4 ,complexity1 int]weav+ or intricacy2 ! opposite ( simplicity4 ,ornam5t 9 :i* ! lead+ =ms are n app>5t1 is ma9ly to be f\nd 9 ,celtic1 ,s>ac5ic1 ,moresque1 & ,go?ic ornam5t4 ,x is also *>act]i/ic ( ! decad5t p]iods ( all hi/oric /yles4 ,contra/1 ! opposition ( dissimil> figures or positions1 by :i* "o contributes to ! effect ( ! o!r2 e4 g4 ! /raight l9e ) ! circle1 v]tical & horizontal l9es alt]nat+2 9 col\r black ) :ite1 c42 ornam5tal =ms :]e flat & %>p curves contra/ ) "o ano!r2 a pla9 space alt]nat+ ) an ornam5t$ "o1 or an enri*$ m\ld+ r\nd a pla9 panel1 or vice v]s1 c4 ,see page #dc4 ,conv5tional4 ,?is is a ^w ( great ela/icity4 ,9 e>ly decoration natural objects 7 highly conv5tionaliz$ ?r\gh ! want ( skill 9 ! arti/s1 :o c\ld n copy1 b only portray _! impressions1 ?us ! ,egyptians & e>ly ,greeks repres5t$ wat] by ! zig-zag4 ,^! e>ly conv5tionaliz$ =ms 7 sometimes p]petuat$ ?r\gh religi\s cons]vatism1 aft] ! arti/s _h become skilful4 ,all ornam5t is m or less conv5tional1 b ! t]m is usually appli$ to designate t ornam5t 9 :i* ! mo/ beautiful & *>act]i/ic floral =ms h be5 ab/ract$ & adapt$ to ! mat]ial employ$ & ! effect want$4 ,! /yles mo/ *>act]iz$ by conv5tional ornam5t are ! ,greek & ! e>ly ,go?ic2 !y are equally effective z ornam5t 9 _! respective c\ntries1 b ! ,greek has all ! grace & vig\r ( ! highe/ plant =m1 :ile ,go?ic has mo/ly only ! vig\r4 ,figs4 #di-ed4 ,! ,romans & ! ,r5aissance ar*itects also successfully conv5tionaliz$4 ,figs4 #ia & #abi4 ,conv5tion n[ too (t5 means leav+ out all grace & vig\r4 ,s>ac5ic-,p]sian ornam5t is p]haps ! lea/ conv5tionaliz$ ( fairly good ornam5t4 ,figs4 #di1 #ec1 #ed1 #aah1 & #aai4 ,conv5tional is also us$ 9 opposition to reali/ic ornam5t4 ,c\nt]*ange1 a patt]n 9 :i* ! ornam5t & gr\nd are mo/ly simil> 9 %ape b diff]5t 9 col\r & alt]nate ) ea* o!r4 ,see ,figs4 #aga & #agb4 ,cymatium1 ! capp+ to a v]tical memb]1 z ! cymatium ( ! abacus ( ! ,roman ,doric1 ( ! ar*itrave1 ( ! frieze1 ( ! corona4 ,see ,app5dix on ! ord]s4 ,diap]1 d]iv$ f jasp]1 orig9ally employ$ to designate ^? col\r$ patt]ns on /uffs t sugge/$ ! fl[]+s ( jasp]2 subsequ5tly a patt]n enclos$ 9 repeal+ geometrical =ms n compos$ ( /raight l9es2 b unhappily employ$ ( late ye>s to designate any repeat+ patt]ns enclos$ 9 geometric =ms1 includ+ *eck]s & net-"w4 ,figs4 #aja1 #ajg1 #aji1 & #aaj4 ,emblem1 9 ,lat91 means emboss$ ornam5t on vessels1 inlaid "w1 & mosaic4 ,9 mod]n ,engli% x is a device1 & 0 ! animal or ?+ t 0 pa9t$ on a %ield to %[ ! temp] or /rik+ quality or a*ievem5t ( ! w>rior4 ,x is also us$ z an allegorical repres5tation ( "s virtue or quality4 ,we say ! cock is an emblem ( wat*fulness2 ! lion1 ( c\rage2 ! scales1 ( ju/ice2 ! lily1 ( purity2 b ! latt] may be us$ z a symbol ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,equilibrium4 ,see ,balance4 ,also ,figs4 #acj & #afj4 ,enl>gem5t ( ,subject1 e4 g4 ! figure ( ,bac*us is want$ = a giv5 space :i* x does n fill2 ! due fill+ ( ! space may sometimes be atta9$ by ! addition ( 8 attributes1 z a leop>d1 a ?yrsus1 a v9e & grapes2 accessories ev5 may be want$1 z a satyr1 mnad1 rocks1 trees1 c4 ,eury?my1 h>mony or elegance 9 ornam5t2 a quality obta9$ by ! use ( contra/$ b h>moni\s & dignifi$ =ms1 express$ 9 a measur$ or proportionate quantity4 ,ev5 di/ribution1 ! pla9 space & ornam5t proportionately arrang$2 ,indian ornam5t gives ! mo/ me*anical in/ance ( ?is1 :ile good ,roman & ,c9que ,c5to pila/] panels give ! mo/ arti/ic examples ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,x is sometimes improp]ly us$ to designate ! balanc+ ( masses 9 a design4 ,figs4 #aja1 #ajb1 #adc1 c4 ,expression1 ! me?od ( repres5t+ ornam5t by v>i\s means1 z 9 outl9e by ! p5cil1 p51 or po9t2 9 pa9t+1 by ! bru%2 & 9 relief or sunk "w by modell+4 ,9 ano!r s5se expression is giv+ ! prop] treatm5t & "* to ornam5t4 ,fanciful1 a t]m sometimes appli$ to grotesque creations1 = example1 to ! hybrid animals1 & ! figures end+ 9 foliage1 met ) 9 ,pompeian & o!r decorations4 ,figs4 #abb1 #aca1 #acd1 & #ace4 ,fitness1 absolute propriety2 beautiful ornam5t adapt$ to its purpose & n int]f]+ ) ! use ( ! object ornam5t$4 ,see page #dh4 ,flexibility1 a quality d]iv$ f ! appe>ance ( plants ( free gr[?2 ! fre$om & ela/icity f\nd 9 natural =ms :5 conv]t$ into ornam5t give a look ( flexibility1 9 opposition to rigid & angul> l9es :i* produce a look ( inflexibility4 ,see ,fig4 #ed4 ,flut$1 *annell$ 9 holl[s1 semi-circul>1 segm5tal1 or elliptical 9 section2 l ^? on "s ( ! %afts ( ,greek & ,roman columns4 ,see also ,figs4 #ge & #gf4 ,geometric1 or 8geometrical arrangem5t10 ! sett+ out ( all good ornam5t2 also ! b\nd+ l9es = ornam5t con/ruct$ on a basis ( geometry1 z 9 diap]s1 c42 ! triangle1 squ>e1 loz5ge1 diamond1 ! circle1 ! hexagon1 octagon1 & o!r polygons1 are ! *ief geometrical =ms = patt]ns 9 ornam5t4 ,s>ac5ic decorations are pre-em95tly geometric 9 con/ruction4 ,see ,figs4 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaj1 & #agb4 ,grotesque1 f ! ^w grot or grotto4 ,:5 ! fanta/ic arabesques ( anci5t ,roman decoration 7 discov]$ "u ! ba?s & 9 grottoes1 !y 7 orig9ally call$ grotesque1 & 7 imitat$ 9 ! ,vatican4 7,see ,figs4 #abb & #abh47 ,! ^w is ma9ly us$ n[ to describe ! co>se & humor\s c>v+s ( heads1 satyrs1 c41 orig9ally us$ to decorate ! built grottoes ( ! late ,r5aissance1 :i* gradually ov]spread all build+s4 ,! ^w is also us$ to d5ote ! qua9t class ( ,go?ic sculptur$ creations 7,fig4 #aca71 su* z w+$ dragons1 gr9n+ mon/]s1 c41 t s]ve to decorate ! ends ( drip/one m\ld+s2 g>goyles1 bosses1 & f9ials1 c4 ,gr[? is a concise expression = ^? =ms :i* d5ote ! special vig\r %[n by plants at c]ta9 epo*s ( _! gr[?1 ! twi/ ( ! /em ( creep+ plants to get light to ! fl[]s1 ! bur/+ ( ! bud f a capsule1 or ! clasp ( a t5dril4 ,examples are to be met ) 9 ! volutes ( ,greek ,cor9?ian capitals1 9 ! base ( ! tripod on ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysikrates1 9 ,r5aissance sculpture1 & 9 e>ly ,go?ic4 ,guillo*e1 sn>e-"w2 an ornam5t compos$ ( p>allel curv$ l9es fl[+ & cross+ ea* o!r2 ^! =ms may be/ be illu/rat$ by ! b5d+ ( ropes r\nd circul> p9s s z to cross "o ano!r4 ,see ,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 & #dj4 ,hi]oglyphic1 sacr$ c>v+1 mo/ly appli$ to ,egyptian picture & symbolic writ+4 ,see ,fig4 #afb4 ,ideali/ic1 us$ by "s writ]s z equival5t to conv5tional1 9 opposition to 8reali/ic04 ,imbrication1 ov]lapp+ scale-l ornam5ts2 z se5 9 fir-cones1 ! hop1 & curv$ tiles on ro(s1 are examples ( imbrication4 ,! b>k ( ! ,*ili p9e is a peculi> in/ance ( horizontal imbrication :i* is some?+ l t ( a ,roman ro(4 ,x is us$ z decoration on ro(s1 torus m\ld+s1 & small columns1 & is a common way ( fill+ c]ta9 spaces on ,italian majolica4 ,see ,fig4 #bf1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,inappropriate ornam5t1 t :i* is improp]ly appli$1 s z to spoil ! appe>ance1 or int]f]e ) ! use ( an object2 is false1 out ( scale1 or r$undant4 ,see page #ba4 ,indep5d5t ornam5ts4 ,?+s t are beautiful1 qua9t1 or curi\s1 t may be atta*$ to a wall or surface1 z fe/oons1 %ields1 m$allions1 trophies1 c4 ,see page #ba1 also ,fig4 #acc4 ,int]*ange is :5 runn+ v]tical or horizontal patt]ns are divid$ by a v]tical or horizontal axis1 ! col\r ( ! gr\nd on ei!r side ( x be+ diff]5t1 ! ornam5t on ea* side ( ! axis be+ ( ! col\r ( ! opposite gr\nd4 ,see ,figs4 #agc1 #agd4 ,int]lac+1 ornam5t compos$ ( b&s1 ribbons1 ropes1 ru%es1 osi]s1 c41 wov5 toge!r1 or cross+ at int]vals1 z se5 9 ,celtic1 ,byzant9e1 & ,s>ac5ic ornam5t2 among examples ( int]lac$ "w may be m5tion$ braid$1 trellis1 basket1 & wov5 "w4 ,figs4 #bb1 #bc4 ,int]section1 ! po9ts at :i* l9es or o!r =ms cut "o ano!r4 ,monotony1 sam5ess ( tone2 (t5 %[n 9 excessive repetition2 a v undesirable feature 9 ornam5t3 patt]ns )9 diap]s )\t contra/+ elem5ts2 m\ld+s com+ toge!r ^: wid?s & pr(iles are ne>ly equal2 panell+ )\t suffici5t v>iety 9 size2 c>v$ ornam5t ( ne>ly equal relief--9 %ort1 any lack ( v>iety 9 ! composition1 modell+1 or col\r ( ornam5t produces monotony4 ,mnemonic1 ornam5t 9 :i* writt5 signs or o!r elem5ts are us$ = ! purpose ( aid+ ! memory4 ,see page #acj4 ,figs4 #afb1 #afc4 ,naturali/ic1 ^? =ms t are us$ = decoration1 t resemble ! spots & eyes on butt]flies' w+s1 or ! m>k+s on ! sk9s ( reptiles & quadrup$s1 or on ! fea!rs ( birds2 mo/ly f\nd 9 ! ornam5t ( savage tribes4 ,network1 z oppos$ to *eck]s1 are squ>es set loz5gewise or =m+ diamonds2 b ! ^w is commonly appli$ to any figures 9 outl9e1 rectil9e> or o!rwise1 cov]+ a surface4 ,see ,fig4 #ajb4 ,ord]1 regul> disposition2 a pleas+ sequ5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( oppos$ =ms4 ,ord] is ( su* vital importance 9 a design t ornam5t c sc>cely h any exi/5ce )\t x4 ,p[d]+1 sprays1 fl[]s1 leaves1 & o!r decorative units spr9kl$ on a gr\nd2 8p[d]+0 is a fav\rite me?od ( decoration ) ! ,japanese1 & 0 ) ! ,m$ivals4 ,see pp4 #fc1 #hj1 & #hc1 & ,figs4 #he1 #ajc1 & #aje4 ,proportion1 ! h>monic spac+ ( l9es & surfaces2 ( ! l5g?1 wid?1 & projection ( solids2 ! ratio betwe5 succe$+ units 9 fl[+ ornam5t1 & ! relation betwe5 ! spaces occupi$ by ! ornam5t & its gr\nd4 ,radiation1 ! div]g5ce f a po9t ( /raight or curv$ l9es4 ,radiat+ ornam5t is improv$ by ! po9t be+ bel[ ! /raight or curv$ l9e f :i* ! radiation />ts4 ,expla9$ at page #dd4 ,see ,figs4 #di1 #ej1 & #ea4 ,reali/ic1 a /yle ( decoration 9 :i* =ms are appli$ )\t alt]ation f natural =ms or objects1 or )\t app>5t alt]ation2 x is oppos$ to ! 8conv5tional10 & is r>ely f\nd 9 ! be/ p]iods ( good hi/oric /yles4 ,see ,figs4 #a & #adf4 ,repetition1 a succession ( ! same decorative unit4 ,= explanation see pages #dj-dc4 & ,figs4 #c1 #i1 & #cb4 ,re$$1 convex =ms appli$ to a flat or curv$ surface1 produc+ ! rev]se effect ( 8flut+02 "s ( ! columns 9 ,egyptian ar*itecture are re$$1 be+ sculptur$ to repres5t a bundle ( re$s ti$ toge!r4 ,see ,figs4 #gf;,a & #gf;,b4 ,repose1 re/2 ! abs5ce ( app>5t movem5t 9 ornam5t2 ?is app>5t movem5t may be se5 9 "s flamboyant trac]y & ,s>ac5ic "w1 & 9 "s bad pap]-hang+s1 c42 also ! abs5ce ( spott9ess4 ,see page #de4 ,scale1 ! relative proportion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a decorative composition to ea* o!r1 to ! :ole1 & to ! ?+ ornam5t$4 ,if a design is compos$ ( diff]5t organic =ms1 !y %\ld1 z a rule1 keep _! natural proportion to ea* o!r4 ,attributes are1 h[ev]1 (t5 made to a mu* l>g] scale 9 ,greek co9s & engrav$ gems4 ,equality 9 scale ne$ n be us$ :5 p>ts are cut (f f ea* o!r by inclos+ m\ld+s1 z 9 isolat$ panels1 pila/]s1 m$allions1 sp&rels1 c42 ! inclos$ spaces may be fill$ ) o!r subjects ( small] or l>g] scale1 z ) l&scapes1 heads1 or inscriptions2 ! frieze ( a room1 f its great] importance1 may h its decoration l>g] 9 scale ?an ! panels ( ! door or %utt]s4 ,! scale employ$ 9 ! decoration ( rooms1 ( floors1 or ( pieces ( furniture1 may increase or de/roy _! importance2 h5ce1 except 9 r>e in/ances1 ! human figure %\ld n exce$ its natural size1 & may want to be mu* small]4 ,& ?is precaution is equally important 9 ! use ( plants2 if ! fl[]s or leaves 9 ornam5t are made gigantic1 !y de/roy ! scale ( ! room or floor2 ?\gh x may be kn[n t leaves f\r feet 9 diamet] or six feet long actually exi/4 ,scallop+ or scollop+1 =m+ an edge ) semi-circles or segm5ts1 ! convex side be+ outw>ds4 ,scroll1 a roll ( pap] or p>*m5t4 ,z a unit 9 ornam5t1 x is usually appli$ to two spirals1 ea* atta*$ to ! opposite ends ( a curv$ /em1 ea* spiral coil+ ! rev]se way1 b ! ^w is (t5 appli$ to ornam5t compos$ ( a me&] ) spirals4 ,s]ies1 usually ! sequ5ce ( sev]al dissimil> =ms at regul> int]vals1 z ! bead & reel 9 bead-m\ld+s1 ! sequ5ce ( ! same text 9 ,s>ac5ic "w1 & also a sequ5ce ( =ms simil> 9 %ape b 9 an increas+ or decreas+ ord]1 z bran*es ( plants ) leaves gett+ small] f bottom to top4 ,sett+ out1 ! plann+ ( a s*eme ( decoration2 ! fir/ con/ructive l9es or m>k+-out ( ! ornam5t2 ! skeleton l9es ( a design4 ,see pages #bf1 #dj1 & #fh4 ,s(fit1 an ar*itectural t]m appli$ to ! "u side ( any fix$ portion1 z ! s(fit ( a beam1 an ar*itrave1 a cornice1 an ar*1 or a vault4 ,spac+1 ! m>k+ ( wid?s 9 m\ld+s1 panels1 /iles & rails1 bord]s1 c4 ,equality ( division 9 decoration is1 9 mo/ cases1 ineffective1 & %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/2 h>moni\s v>iety 9 su* wid?s & di/ances is desirable = gett+ a good effect4 ,see pages #db1 #fb1 #fe1 & #fh-ga4 ,also ,figs4 ,c1 ,d1 #hh & #hi4 ,spiral1 ! elevation ( a wire cont9u\sly twi/$ r\nd a cyl9d]1 or cone1 also ! plan ( "o twi/$ r\nd a cone2 9 ornam5t ! ^w spiral1 :5 us$ z a sub/antive1 mo/ly means ! latt] =m4 ,! curv$ l9e =m+ a volute 7z 9 ! ,ionic capital7 & ! outl9e ( ! wave ornam5t2 ! l9e ( con/ruction 9 univalve %ells4 ,see ,figs4 #bd1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #agh1 c4 ,/ability1 firmness & /r5g? 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( a design2 9 climb+ plants ?is appe>ance c only be giv5 by _! atta*m5t to a c5tral upright or to ! v]tical sides ( ! frame2 ! /raight l9e is ! *ief factor ( /ability 9 ornam5t4 ,see page #db4 ,:]e _m curv$ l9es are us$ 9 ! decoration ( long panels1 /raight-l9$ =ms mu/ be introduc$ to c\nt]act ! effect ( in/ability 9 ! curv$ ones4 ,see ,figs4 #abc & #abh4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 pila/]s :i* are ar*itectural features ( support2 & = ! same reason ! heavi] =ms %\ld be kept at ! bottom & ! light] ones at ! top4 ,/yle1 orig9ally meant h&writ+4 ,9 hi/oric /yles x means ! expression ( ! ta/e & skill ( ! p :o produc$ ! "w ( art1 :e!r x be ar*itecture1 sculpture1 or pa9t+4 ,bygone /yles are useful = /udy1 & may be copi$ or p>aphras$1 b c nev] be re-creat$1 because ! g5ius1 k1 opportunities1 & surr\nd+s ( any lat] p]iod are unlikely to be ! same4 ,we classify !m "u ! head ( conv5tional 7sometimes call$ ideali/ic71 reali/ic1 & naturali/ic4 ,x is also us$ to express good draw+ or modell+1 :i* conveys ! elegance1 grace1 or vig\r ( ! be/ natural =ms4 ,sometimes x is appli$ to a composition 9 :i* ^? qualities arc express$1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ill-drawn1 flabby1 or commonplace4 ,spott+4 ,?is ^w has ne>ly ! same mean+ z 8p[d]+10 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! units ( =m 9 su* decoration h a geometrical basis & are mo/ly equidi/ant1 ! gr\nd occupy+ mu* l>g] space ?an ! ornam5t4 ,see ,fig4 #hj4 ,/ripe1 usually appli$ 9 ornam5t to n>r[ b&s4 ,suitability1 /hetic & practical fitness2 ! great ?+ to rememb] is ! nature1 surface1 & %ape ( ! object to be decorat$1 & to design ! ornam5t accord+ly1 = x is evid5t t :at w\ld be a good ornam5t = "o object or position might be bad = ano!r4 ,sup]impos$ or sup]pos$1 an ornam5t :i* is laid on ! surface ( ano!r1 su* z a l>ge fl[+ patt]n on a gr\nd cov]$ ) a small] patt]n1 ei!r geometric or floral2 or a broad1 ribbon-l ornam5t laid on a patt]n =m$ ( n>r[ & f9e l9es4 ,?is sort ( ornam5tation is mo/ly se5 9 ! decoration ( ! ,s>ac5s1 b occasionally 9 t ( ! ,r5aissance arti/s4 ,9 ! wall-patt]ns ( ! ,alhambra1 we (t5 f9d two1 ?ree1 & sometimes f\r diff]5t designs sup]impos$ on ea* o!r1 ! judici\s use ( diff]5t col\rs & gold prev5t+ confusion 9 ! patt]n2 ! complexity is sometimes ( a well-ord]$ k9d4 ,see ,figs4 #aja1 #ajb1 & #ajd4 ,subord9ation4 ,a regul> gradation f ! mo/ important feature to ! lea/ important4 ,see ! c5tral panel ( ceil+1 ,fig4 #hi4 ,symbol orig9ally meant a tok5 or a ticket among ! ,greeks2 by ! ,romans x meant ! same1 & also a signet4 ,9 mod]n ,engli% x means a sign1 emblem1 or figurative repres5tation4 ,9 ornam5tal art x is mo/ly us$ to express "s beautiful ?+ t by k or association br+s to ! m9d "s p[] or dignity connect$ ) religion4 ,attributes are (t5 us$ z symbols ( ! div9ity to :i* !y belong--! b[ ( ,diana1 ! ?yrsus ( ,bac*us 7,fig4 #afg71 & ! trid5t ( ,neptune1 c4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ornam5t ! fi% & lamb are mo/ly symbols ( ! ,savi\r4 ,x is sometimes difficult to det]m9e :5 any?+ %\ld be call$ a symbol1 an emblem1 or an allegorical repres5tation2 = in/ance1 :e!r ! ,apocalyptic calf is a symbol1 an emblem1 or an allegorical repres5tation ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,symmetry1 equality ( =m & mass on ei!r side ( a c5tral l9e2 absolute sam5ess 9 ! two sides ( a piece ( ornam5t4 ,see ,figs4 #abg & #acj4 ,tang5tial ,junction1 ! meet+ ( curves at _! tang5tial po9ts1 s t !y fl[ into "o ano!r )\t mak+ an angle4 ,! pr9cipal con/ructive l9es 9 foliat$ ornam5t & scroll patt]ns %\ld illu/rate 8tang5tial junction10 i4 e4 ! bran*es & curves %\ld fl[ out ( ! c5tral /em4 ,see p4 #de1 & ,figs4 #be & #ec4 ,uni=mity1 be+ ( "o %ape2 ! squ>e & circle are uni=m figures2 x is "o ( ! ma9 causes ( gr&eur & dignity1 b if absolute1 results 9 monotony4 ,! ,greek temples _h app>5tly uni=m columns plac$ at uni=m di/ances1 & monotony 0 avoid$ by delicate v>iations 9 ! size & spac+ ( ! columns4 ,unit1 ! smalle/ or simple/ complete expression ( ornam5t 9 any s*eme ( decoration4 ,unity1 p]fect accord 9 all ! p>ts ( a design4 ,unity is (t5 a *>act]i/ic ( designs t are v monoton\s1 s by itself x w sc>cely r5d] a design pleas+4 ,unsymmetrical1 )\t symmetry1 su* z ! volute4 ,see ! ^w ,balance4 ,v>iety1 ! abs5ce ( simil>ity2 a ^w embrac+ an inf9ity ( diff]5ces1 f two ?+s t are n absolutely alike1 to two ?+s t are absolutely unlike4 ,! judici\s use ( v>iety gives int]e/ to ornam5t1 b uni=mity ) slight v>iety gives ! mo/ dignity4 ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,bungay4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,m4 ,h5ri ,mayeux1 ,la ,composition ,dcorative1 #hvo1 ,p>is1 s4a4 #b ,see ,m4 ,cs> ,daly's ,motifs ,hi/orique1 fol41 ,p>is1 #ahha4 #c ,! *amb]s "u ,titus' ba?s 9 :i* ! pa9t+s 7 f\nd1 7 orig9ally p>ts ( ,n]o's gold5 h\se4 #d ,!re are1 h[ev]1 figures ( m5 & animals occasionally f\nd 9 _! c>v$ wood-"w1 tiles1 damasc5$ "w1 c>pets1 & embroid]y4 #e ,_m ( ! frets are wov5 spirals4 #f ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /rong objection1 f a sanit>y po9t ( view1 to ! use ( absorb5t hang+s1 especially :5 ! surface is r\gh1 = !y n only absorb infection1 b hold du/1 :i* g5]ally conta9s ! g]ms ( disease4 #g ,!re arc _m /yles ( ,p]sian ornam5tation--t ( ! ,a*m5ides1 probably t ( ! ,mac$onians aft] ! conque/ ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great1 t ( ! ,sasanides1 t ( ! ,s>ac5s aft] !y conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 & _! ornam5tation 0 d\btless influ5c$ by ! subsequ5t ,mongul conque/4 ,t ornam5tation :i* is g5]ally call$ ,p]sian1 except mod]n "w1 seems to be ,s>ac5ic4 #h ,9 ! sixte5? *apt] ( ! ,korn call$ ! 8,bee10 x is said1 8& ( ! fruit ( ! palm-trees & ( grapes1 ye obta9 an inebriat+ liquor & also good n\ri%m5t40 #i 8,eve's tempt] ?us ! rabb9s h express'd1 ,a *]ub's face1 a reptile all ! re/40--,,pope4 #aj ,f ,dr4 ,ri*t]'s discov]ies at ,cyprus1 x seems probable t ! ,ionic volute may h tak5 its rise f an enl>gem5t ( ! ,egyptian lotus4