,an ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,! ,conceptions ( ,memory among ! ,anci5ts4 ,submitt$ z a ,!sis by ,william ,h4 ,burnham1 ,c&idate = ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore4 #ahhh4 ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,conceptions ( ,memory be=e ,ari/otle1 pp4 #a-aa ,,ii4 ,ari/otle's ,conceptions ( ,memory1 pp4 #ab-dj ,,iii4 ,conceptions ( ,memory among ! ,/oics & ,epicureans1 & 9 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian1 pp4 #da-df ,,iv4 ,conceptions ( ,plot9us & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 pp4 #dg-gj ,v4 ,diseases ( ,memory m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s1 pp4 #ga-gc ,,vi4 ,anci5t ,sy/ems ( ,mnemonics1 pp4 #gd-gf ,memory4 ,i4 ,mnemosyne1 ,hesiod tells u1 0 ! "m ( ! ,muses4 ,)\t speculat+ z "s h done ab\t ! reasons = ?is my? x is int]e/+ z %[+ an appreciation ( ! fundam5tal nature ( memory & "s sort ( crude introspective psy*ology dat+ back possibly to pre-hi/oric times4 ,be=e ! art ( writ+ 0 9 common use m5 _h to dep5d m l>gely ?an to-day ^u _! memories = pres]v+ & transmitt+ _! k4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! anci5ts put a high e/imate ^u memory be=e !y began to !orize ab\t its nature4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 allusions to memory 9 ,hom] & 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4#a ,& occasionally "o ( ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s tries to expla9 "s ph5om5on ( memory4 ,b we f9d no sci5tific /udy ( ! subject be=e ,ari/otle4 ,! psy*ology ( ! ,ionian s*ool ( philosoph]s1 z f> z !y c be said to h _h any at all1 0 s5sationalism4 ,_! views ( memory mu/ be conjectur$ f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( _! philosophy4 ,! doctr9e ( transmigration z held 9 ! ,py?agoreans is an anticipation ( ,plato's doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce1 b !re is little psy*ology 9 x4 ,!ophra/us tells u t ,diog5es ( ,appollonia 0 puzzl$ by ! ph5om5on ( =gett+ ?+s4#b ,b he expla9$ x 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy by suppos+ t ! cause ( =gett+ 0 an arre/ ( ! equal di/ribution ( air ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,a corroboration ( ?is explanation he f\nd 9 ! easi] brea?+ t foll[s ! recall+ ( :at 0 =gott54 ,among ! ,eleatics1 ,p>m5ides is report$ to h held t n only ?\ght1 b recollect+ & =gett+ dep5d$ ^u ! way ! light or heat & ! d>k or cold are mix$ 9 ! body4 ,if we may tru/ ,!ophra/us1#c x may be assum$ t1 accord+ to ,p>m5ides1 e pres5tation correspond$ to a def9ite mixture or relation ( ^! qualities1 & ) ! de/ruction ( t relation ! pres5tation disappe>$1 t is1 0 =gott54 ,h]aclitus1 "o might suppose1 w\ld /udy memory c>efully1 b 9 ! fragm5ts ( 8 philosophy t h come d[n to u no?+ is said ^u ! subject4 ,9 ,plato we f9d a m mod]n psy*ology4 ,accord+ to him ! ?9k+ p[] ( ! m9d1 ! und]/&+1 is above ! m]e p[] ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,x is ?is p[] :i* comp>es & consid]s1 notes simil>ities & contra/s1 unity & plurality1 & =ms ideas ( relation betwe5 ,be+ & ,non-,be+ z well z relations ( numb] & proportions4 ,among ! elem5ts ( ?is p[]1 recollection 77 is ( prime importance4 ,?is re/s ^u ! association by simil>ity & simultaneity4#d ,plato di/+ui%es ! passive ret5tion 77 ( p]ceptions f active memory 771#e & sugge/s z a def9ition ( memory1 8! p[] :i* ! s\l has ( recov]+1 :5 by itself1 "s feel+ :i* x exp]i5c$ :5 9 company ) ! body40 ,he attempts no explanation ( memory ( memory2 b 9 ! ,!aetetus puts ! foll[+ words into ! m\? ( ,socrates3 8,i w\ld h y imag9e1 !n1 t !re exi/s 9 ! m9d ( man a block ( wax1 :i* is ( diff]5t sizes 9 diff]5t m52 h>d]1 moi/]1 & hav+ m or less ( purity 9 "o ?an 9 ano!r1 & 9 "s ( an int]m$iate quality4444 ,let u say t ?is tablet is a gift ( ,memory1 ! "m ( ! ,muses1 & t :5 we wi% to rememb] any?+ :i* we h se5 or he>d1 or ?\ght 9 our own m9ds1 we hold ! wax to ! p]ceptions & ?\ghts1 & 9 t receive ! impressions f !m z f ! seal ( a r+2 & t we rememb] & "k :at is impr9t$ z long z ! image la/s2 b :5 ! image is effac$1 or _c be tak51 !n we =get & d n "k40 ,plato c>ries out ! same figure to expla9 diff]5t degrees ( memory4 8,:5 ! wax 9 "o's s\l is deep1 abundant1 smoo?1 & ( ! "r quality1 ! impressions are la/+4 ,su* m9ds c easily reta9 & are n liable to confusion4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! wax is v s(t1 "o le>ns easily & =gets z easily2 if ! wax is h>d1 ! rev]se is true2 aga91 if ! wax is h>d or impure1 ! impressions are indi/9ct2 & /ill m indi/9ct are !y :5 jo/l$ toge!r 9 a little s\l40#f ,?is illu/ration mu/ n be tak5 too s]i\sly2 = lat] on 9 ! same dialogue ,socrates calls x a 8wax5 figm5t0 & sub/itutes = x ! figure ( ! avi>y ( all k9ds ( birds--8"s flock+ toge!r ap>t f ! re/1 o!rs 9 small gr\ps1 o!rs solit>y1 fly+ any:]e & ev]y:]e40 ,! receptacle is empty :5 we are "y4 ,! birds are k9ds ( k4 ,le>n+ is ! process ( captur+ ! birds & ( deta9+ !m 9 ?is enclosure4 ,9 acts ( memory we re-cat* !m & take !m out ( ! avi>y4 ,plato's views ^u memory h a special int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! connection ) 8 metaphysical doctr9es4 ,p]ception & recollection are ! occasion ( ! m9ds turn+ away f ! _w ( s5se to ! inn] _w ( innate & univ]sal ideas4 ,^! ideas we c\ld nev] get f s5se-p]ception4 ,t gives u only ! imm$iate & ! individual4 ,! ideas are ( ! ess5tial & ! univ]sal4 ,we c\ld n conceive !m if we did n already "k !m4 ,h5ce ! p[] to "k ! univ]sal 9 ! individual proves a previ\s exi/5ce 9 :i* we _h ! intuitions ( univ]sal tru?s2 &1 accord+ly1 le>n+ is b recollection4#g ,! metaphysical aspects ( memory1 h[ev]1 let u avoid z mu* z possible4 ,!y w\ld soon lead f> f a psy*ological /udy4 ,b ?is doctr9e ( recollection lies at ! he>t ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 & x is necess>y to note c>efully ! di/9ction betwe5 ?is & ord9>y memory4 ,! latt]1 z def9$ by ,plato 9 ! passage quot$ above is ! memory or recollection ( :at has be5 le>n$ ?r\gh ! body1 t is1 ?r\gh s5se-p]ception1 belongs to ! _w ( appe>ances1 & is liable to _m errors4 ,! =m]1 on ! o!r h&1 is n conc]n$ ) ?+s ( s5se4 ,x is recollection ( t high] _w :]e we _h an ant5atal vision ( intelligible realities4 ,its highe/ manife/ation is ! insight ( ! philosoph] :o sees ! div9e goodness1 tru?1 & beauty4#h ,,ii4 ,! diff]5ce 9 philosophic me?od betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle is well illu/rat$ by _! treatm5t ( memory4 ,:at ,plato says ( memory is incid5tal to ! discussion ( su* pr(\nd matt]s z ! nature ( ! s\l & ! !ory ( k4 ,memory1 accord+ to him1 is "o ( ! high] faculties & p>takes ( ! et]nal nature ( ! s\l4 ,ari/otle makes a special /udy ( memory 9 a less transc5d5tal way4 ,) him x is no long] a function ( ! et]nal ,n\s2 b x has its seat 9 ! passive ,reason1 is dep5d5t ^u a physiological process1 & p]i%es ) ! body4 ,ari/otle seems to h be5 ! fir/ ( anci5t philosoph]s to write a sy/ematic treatise on psy*ology4 ,b1 r curi\sly1 9 ?is "w on psy*ology !re is no special treatm5t ( memory4 ,a special tract1 h[ev]1 0 devot$ to ! subject4#i ,?is1 s f> z we "k1 0 ! fir/ sci5tific /udy ( memory2 & = ?is reason1 z well z = its intr9sic m]its1 ! tract des]ves special att5tion4 ,b be=e pass+ to 8 doctr9e ( memory1 x is well to notice briefly 8 !ory ( s5se-p]ceptions4 ,on occasion ( appropriate /imuli movem5ts take place 9 ! s5se-organs4 ,^! movem5ts1 h[ev]1 are n s5se p]ception4 ,9 p]ception ! m9d mu/ comp>e & di/+ui% disp>ate s5sations2 x mu/ unite ! s5sations pres5t$ simultane\sly by our d\ble s5se organs z ( sight & he>+1 & x mu/ be consci\s ( s5sation4 ,?is "w ( comp>ison1 ( psy*ic syn!sis1 & ( self-consci\s p]ception is p]=m$ by a c5tral s5se4 ,! physical basis ( ?is s5se is ! he>t4 ,?r\gh x ! m9d p]=ms ! act ( s5se p]ception4 ,! functions n[ attribut$ to n]v\s sub/ance are ref]r$ by ,ari/otle to ! pneuma connect$ ) ! blood4 ,?is is ! m$ium by :i* ! movem5ts aris+ 9 ! s5se organs are transmitt$ to ! he>t1 & 9 ?is pneuma ! movem5ts p]si/ long aft] ! ext]nal /imuli h ceas$ to act4 ,incid5tally1 x is int]e/+ to note1 t accord+ to ,ari/otle's psy*ology1 ! bra9 has v little to d ) m5tal activity4 ,to borr[ a phrase f ,wallace1 x s]ves simply z 8a cool+ app>atus to c\nt]act ! excessive w>m? ( ! he>t40 ,:5 ! movem5t occasion$ 9 ! s5se organ by an ext]nal /imulus is propagat$ to ! he>t1#aj x becomes a p]ception ( ! s\l4 ,s5se p]ception1 !n1 is an act ( ! s\l by means ( a physiological process4 ,9 ! words ( ,ari/otle x is 8a movem5t ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! body40#aa ,n[ ?is movem5t sometimes cont9ues aft] ! /imulus1 :i* 0 ! occasion ( x1 has ceas$ to act4 ,! extreme case is ! well kn[n ph5om5on ( a visual aft]-image4 ,! images ( ! imag9ation are su* aft]-s5sations4 ,imag9ation is weak s5sation1 or 9 ! words ( ,hobbes1 8decay+ s5se04 ,s too1 dream+ is ! result ( a movem5t 9 our bodily organs1 caus$ ei!r f )\t or f )94 ,aga91 ^! p]si/+ movem5ts are ! elem5ts ( memory4 ,at fir/1 "o wond]s h[ ,ari/otle w di/+ui% ^? movem5ts :i* con/itute memory f ^? :i* are ! basis ( imag9ation4 ,he is n entirely satisfactory on ?is po9t2 b he makes ! foll[+ di/9ction4 ,! picture ( ! imag9ation1 or ! correspond+ movem5t does n ref] to an ext]nal object1 & is n locat$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! memory picture1 on ! o!r h&1 does ref] to an object & c>ries ) x ! consci\sness ( a "t 9 ! pa/1 :5 ! p]ception rememb]$ took place4#ab ,memory1 !n1 involves "t1 & bo? ?is & ! s5se ( "t are dep5d5t ^u ! c5tral s5se4 ,memory1 z we h se51 is dep5d5t ^u ! residua ( s5sations4 ,! subjective side ( a s5sation is an image4 ,?us memory belongs to ! same "p ( ! s\l z ! imag9ation1 & ! prop] objects ( memory are images 774 ,! image is a condition 77 ( ! c5tral s5se4 ,memory p] se is ( ! orig9al image or p]ception1 & only 9 an accid5tal mann] does x relate to matt]s ( ?\ght4#ac ,9 8 special tract on memory1 ,ari/otle 9 "p repeats ,plato's views1 9 "p discusses ! obvi\s facts ( memory1 :i*1 hav+ be5 cont9ually repeat$ s9ce 8 "t1 h become m]e platitudes1 & 9 "p he tries to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( memory 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al sy/em ( psy*ology4 ,! essay1 h[ev]1 is ( special int]e/1 because 9 x ,ari/otle sets =? v cle>ly ! fam\s doctr9e ( association ( ideas4 ,"s ( ! o!r po9ts 9 ! treatise may be briefly m5tion$ & special consid]ation giv5 to ! portion relat+ to recollection & association4 ,fir/ ,ari/otle takes consid]able space to %[ :at w\ld seem to be app>5t en\gh to ev]ybody1 t memory is ( ! pa/1 z p]ception is ( ! pres5t1 & hope & op9ion ( ! future4 ,! c5tral s5se or s5sorium mu/ be 9 a condition suitable to receive & reta9 impressions4 ,if ! s5sorium is too h>d1 no impression is made4 ,if x is greatly agitat$1 ! new movem5t is ineffectual3 on some:at ! same pr9ciple1 "o may suppose1 z "o say 9 mod]n psy*ology1 t a weak /imulus is wa%$ out by a /rong "o4 ,h5ce ! v "y & ! v old h poor memories2 = ! =m] are 9 ! movem5t ( gr[?1 ! latt] 9 t ( decay4 ,aga91 ! "q arises3 ,h[ is x t 9 recollection we recognize ! memory image z a picture ( ! abs5t object8 ,a s*ola/ic answ] is giv54 8,an animal pa9t$ 9 a picture1 he says1 is bo? an animal & a copy1 & :ile be+ ?us "o & ! same1 x is nev]!less two ?+s at once4 ,! animal & ! copy are n id5tical1 & we may ?9k ( ! picture ei!r z animal or z a repres5tation4 ,?is is also true ( ! image )9 u2 & ! idea :i* ! m9d contemplates is some?+1 al?\gh x is also ! image ( some?+ else40#ad ,! second *apt] ( ! treatise on memory is devot$ *iefly to recollection & ! association ( ideas4 ,ari/otle di/+ui%es c>efully betwe5 ! m]e p]si/5ce & reproduction ( a pres5tation 77 f volunt>y recollection 774 ,! latt] is indirect reproduction4 ,x is possible only by ! association ( ideas4 ,! =m] is an attribute ( animals1 :ile ! latt] is peculi> to man4 ,recollection occurs accord+ to ! sequ5ce ( ideas4#ae ,:at & h[ necess>y ! sequ5ce %all be dep5ds ^u our pa/ exp]i5ce4 8,if ! sequ5ce be necess>y01 ,ari/otle cont9ues1 8!n1 :5 ?is movem5t occurs1 t "o w foll[4 ,if x is n necess>y1 b a matt] ( habit1 ! latt] movem5t w g5]ally foll[40 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton und]/&s ! ^w translat$ movem5t 77 to mean m]ely *ange 9 quality4 ,! ^w1 !n1 he ?9ks may be fairly translat$ into mod]n nom5clature by 8 fam\s t]m modification4 ,"o hesitates to criticise su* a pr(\nd s*ol> & su* a dilig5t /ud5t ( ,ari/otle z ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton2 b 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said x seems mu* simpl] & m 9 accordance ) ! psy*ology ( ,ari/otle to und]/& 8 doctr9e ( recollection z foll[s3 ,! physiological movem5ts orig9ally connect$ ) a s]ies ( p]ceptions mu/ occur aga9 9 ! same ord] :5 we recall a true memory-picture4#af ,man is s con/itut$ t :5 "o movem5t & ! m5tal image connect$ ) x occur1 ano!r movem5t ) its appropriate m5tal image is likely to foll[4 ,:5 we w\ld recall any?+1 !re=e1 we mu/ call up idea aft] idea until we arrive at "o ^u :i* ! "o we are 9 se>* ( has (t5 be5 sequ5t 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,or 9 t]ms ( physiology1 movem5t aft] movem5t mu/ recur until we arrive at a movem5t ^u :i* ! movem5t correspond+ to ! idea desir$ has (t5 be5 sequ5t4 ,?is sequ5ce or association ( ideas is subject to c]ta9 laws4 ,! rem>kable passage 9 :i* ,ari/otle /ates ^! laws is translat$ by ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton z foll[s3 8,:51 !re=e1 we accompli% an act ( ,rem9isc5ce we pass ?r\gh a c]ta9 s]ies ( precursive movem5ts until we arrive at a movem5t1 on :i* ! "o we are 9 que/ ( is habitually consequ5t4 ,h5ce1 too1 x is t we hunt ?r\gh ! m5tal tra91 excogitat+ :at we seek f its concomitant 9 ! pres5t1 or "s o!r "t & f its ,simil> or ,contr>y or ,coadjac5t4 ,?r\gh ?is process ,rem9isc5ce is effect$4 ,= ! movem5ts1 :i* & by :i* we recollect are1 9 ^! cases1 & sometimes ! same1 sometimes at ! same "t1 sometimes p>ts ( ! same :ole3 s t hav+ obta9$ f "o or ! o!r ( ^! a comm5cem5t1 ! subsequ5t movem5t is already m ?an half accompli%$40#ag ,wallace quotes ! same passage 9 ! introduction to 8 ,psy*ology ( ,ari/otle1#ah & gives ! foll[+ some:at diff]5t & probably m accurate translation3-- 8,:5 engag$ 9 recollection we seek to excite "s ( our previ\s movem5ts until we come to t :i* ! movem5t or impression ( :i* we are 9 se>* 0 wont to foll[4 ,& h5ce we seek to rea* ?is prec$+ impression by />t+ 9 our ?\ght f an object pres5t to u or some?+ else :e!r x be simil>1 contr>y1 or contigu\s to t ( :i* we are 9 se>*2 recollection tak+ place 9 ?is mann] because ! movem5ts are 9 "o case id5tical1 9 ano!r case co9cid5t & 9 ! la/ case p>tly ov]lap40#ai ,:i*ev] translation we adopt x seems pla9 en\gh t ,ari/otle ma9ta9$ t volunt>y recollection dep5d$ ^u ! laws ( association by simil>ity1 contra/ or contr>iety1 & contiguity4 ,v likely he meant to include simultaneity & sequ5ce2 b any pro( ( ?is %\ld re/ ^u ! g5]al import ( ! passage r ?an ^u any d\btful em5dation l ,hamilton's4#bj ,a m important "q is :e!r ,ari/otle meant to limit ! application ( ^! laws to volunt>y recollection 771 or :e!r he int5d$ to include spontane\s reproduction 77 z well4 ,! op9ion commonly held by /ud5ts ( ,ari/otle1 f ,!mi/ius d[n1 has be5 t he appli$ ! law ( association only to volunt>y recollection4 ,hamilton1 h[ev]1 argues =cibly t ,ari/otle taught ! univ]sality ( ! law ( association4 ,x seems natural en\gh to suppose t "o :o saw s cle>ly t 9 ! volunt>y tra9 ( ?\ght ! sequ5ce con=ms to ! law ( association1 w\ld h se5 t ! same laws apply to ! spontane\s activity ( ! m9d4 ,b :ile ,ari/otle /ates ! law ( association cle>ly = ! =m]1 he at mo/ m]ely alludes to ! latt]1 & obscurely en\gh at t4 ,lat] 9 ! same treatise ,ari/otle gives an illu/ration t may s]ve to elucidate ! pr9ciples ( association t h j be5 /at$4 ,9 recollection !re are c]ta9 movem5ts :i* s]ve z /&po9ts or clues4 ,milk sugge/s :it5ess1 :it5ess ! cle> atmosph]e1 ! atmosph]e moi/ure1 ?is ! ra9y season4 ,s too1 ,!mi/ius 9 comm5t+ ^u ! passage quot$ above1 uses an illu/ration some:at simil>4 8,i see a pa9t$ lyre1 & mov$ by ?is1 z ! prior & lead+ image1 ,i h ! rem9isc5ce ( a real lyre2 ?is sugge/s ! musician1 & ! musician1 ! song ,i he>d him play40#ba ,aga91 ,ari/otle uses an illu/ration some:at z foll[s3 ,let ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 repres5t a s]ies ( ideas1 "o ( :i* we w to recall4 ,f ,d ,e1 z a />t+ po9t we may be mov$ =w>d by ,e or backw>d by ,d1 by ! association ( ideas4 ,if1 !n1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,d ,e1 we d n f9d :at we w\ld recall1 we may f9d x by runn+ ov] ! s]ies ,e 444 ,h2 if n1 we %all at any rate f9d ! desir$ idea by runn+ ov] ! s]ies backw>d f ,d to ,a4 ,n mu* /ress1 h[ev]1 %\ld be put ^u ?is la/ illu/ration2 = ! text is s obscure t _m diff]5t int]pretations h be5 giv5 by comm5tators4 ,p]haps ,ari/otle meant to illu/rate some?+ m pr(\nd ?an ! m]e l9k+s ( pres5tations 9 a s]ies1 & ! process ( recollect+ ! m5tal tra94 ,b ! illu/ration ( su* a simple matt] z ?is 0 n unimportant 9 ! fir/ sci5tific /udy ( memory4 ,! place ( memory 9 ! ,ari/otelian psy*ology 9 relation to ! l[] psy*ic activities is pla9 f :at has be5 said4 ,! relation ( memory1 z volunt>y recollection1 to ! high] activity ( ! ,n\s is indicat$ by ,ari/otle :5 he says t recollection is a syllogi/ic process4 ,?us x is t1 :ile _m animals h ! l[] k9d ( memory1 man alone has ! high] =m4 8,! reason is01 says ,ari/otle1 8t ,rem9isc5ce is1 z x 71 a k9d ( syllogism1 or m5tal disc\rse4 ,= he :o is rem9isc5t1 t he has =m]ly se5 or he>d1 or o!rwise p]ceiv$1 any?+ virtually p]=ms an act ( syllogism40#bb ,) ,ari/otle ! high] functions ( ! s\l are bas$ ^u ! l[]4 8,)\t nutrition1 !re is no s5se2 )\t s5se !re is no phantasy2 )\t phantasy !re is no cogitation or intellig5ce40#bc ,! place ( memory among ! s\l's functions is1 ) ! phantasy or imag9ation1 m$iate betwe5 s5sation & intellig5ce4 ,9 connection ) ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( recollection1 "o passage 9 8 ,psy*ology is int]e/+1 al?\gh its importance has1 p]haps1 be5 exagg]at$4 8,recollection10 he says1 8/>ts f ! s\l & t]m9ates 9 ! movem5ts or impressions :i* are /or$ up 9 ! organs ( s5se40#bd ,siebeck int]prets ?is passage z mean+ t ! s\l has ! p[] by means ( ! he>t to effect a sort ( eff]5t movem5t t[>ds ! s5se organs & ?us to ar\se anew ! p]si/+ residua ( =m] motions4 ,recollection1 !n1 ) ,ari/otle z 9 mod]n psy*ology1 is an excitation ( ! s5se organs1 reproduc$ 9 a less degree2 & ! same organs are excit$ & ! same movem5ts repeat$ z 9 ! orig9al s5sation4#be ,?is passage is c]ta9ly a rem>kable anticipation ( ,ba9's fam\s doctr9e t a reproduc$ impression 8occupies ! v same p>ts & 9 ! same mann]0 z ! orig9al impression4#bf ,9 ! =ego+ sket* ( ,ari/otle's view ( memory ! attempt has be5 made to give only :at c fairly be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle's text4 ,mu* ( 8 tract ^u memory is obscure4 ,comm5tators h held v conflict+ op9ions 9 reg>d to ! importance ( :at he wrote ^u association & recollection4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton calls him 8! f\nd] & f9i%] ( ! !ory ( ,association10 looks ^u ! comm5tators z m>vell\sly /upid 9 _! int]pretations1 & deems x a pro( ( ,ari/otle's g5ius t x took ! _w #bjjj ye>s to become intellig5t en\gh to und]/& him4 ,inde$1 9 read+ ,hamilton's erudite discussion "o may be l$ almo/ to believ+ t ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ ,scotti% philosoph]4 ,b :ile ,hamilton's ,scotti% app]ception probably f\nd too mu* 9 ,ari/otle's treatise1 & :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,lewes may be "r 9 say+ t 8"h z 9 s _m o!r cases mod]n k supplies ! telescope ) its l5ses01 nev]!less ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( association 0 a valuable contribution to sci5ce4 ,& x is manife/ly unfair to *>ge him ) ignorance ( its importance1 because he did n sp9 out z _m volumes ^u ! subject z ! ,engli% associationali/s h done4#bg ,,iii4 ,! ,/oics took ,plato's figure ( ! wax almo/ lit]ally6 ,!y held t ! m9d is orig9ally a tabula rasa4 ,s5sations are ! fir/ writ+ ^u ?is tablet4 ,! object ( s5sation makes an impression ^u ! p]ceiv+ subject1 z ! seal impresses ! wax4 ,memory dep5ds ^u ?is impression4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,z5o4 ,*rysippus f\nd difficulties 9 su* a crude mat]iali/ic !ory4 ,h[ c\ld ! m9d receive & reta9 at ! same "t a numb] ( diff]5t & p>tly incompatible impressions8 ,accord+ly he replac$ ?is view by ! !ory t ! s5se impression consi/s 9 a qualitative *ange 77 ( ! passively receiv+ organ1 ! s\l4#bh ,! pres5tation 77 is a /ate ( ! s\l4 ,! relation ( memory to ! g5]al !ory ( k ) ! ,/oics 0 briefly z foll[s3--,! l[e/ act ( ! s\l is m]e p]ception 772 ! next is pres5tation 771 :i* adds consci\s obs]vation1 its function be+ to make a fir/ te/ ( ! tru? ( ! mat]ial furni%$ by s5se4 ,if p]ception has (f]$ a true picture ( ! ext]nal object1 ?is pres5t+ activity ( ! m9d becomes s int5sive t ! und]/&+ is br\ght into action4 ,! und]/&+ or judgm5t approves or disapproves ! pres5tations4 ,if x approves1 !re arises ! empirical fact1 :i* be>s ^u x ! m>k ( tru?4 ,^! facts memory /ores up4 ,by comb9ation ( ! sep>ate facts empirical concepts are =m$ :i* make up ! treasure ( memory or exp]i5ce4#bi ,! psy*ology ( ,epicurus & ! o!r atomi/s 0 a simple k9d ( me*anical s5sationalism4 ,eidola or images f ext]nal objects ent] ! s\l ?r\gh ! s5se organs4 ,! m9d /ores up a great multitude ( ^! eidola4 ,:5ev] we call up a picture ( memory or ( ! imag9ation1 we turn ! att5tion to "o ( ^! images4 ,?us ! m9d sees 9 ! same way t ! eye does1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x p]ceives mu* ?9n] eidola4#cj ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian bo? dwell ^u ! importance ( memory2 & bo? seem to adopt ! common !ory ( ! "t1 t impressions are /amp$ on ! m9d z ! signets are m>k$ on wax4 ,!y are especially conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ) pr9ciples relat+ to ! ex]cise ( memory2 & !y give in/ructions = mnemonic aids 9 oratory4 ,cic]o lays special /ress ^u ord] z an aid to memory2 & z sight is ! mo/ acute ( ! s5ses1 ^? ?+s are be/ rememb]$ :i* are visualiz$ by ! imag9ation4 ,9 accordance ) ! anci5t mnemonic sy/ems he w\ld h ^! imag9$ =ms localiz$4 ,! advice ( ,qu9tilian 9 respect to memory is especially s5sible4 ,accord+ to him1 no?+ c take ! place ( ex]cise & labor4 ,next 9 importance is ! division & arrangem5t ( "o's subject4 ,he notices also ! importance ( good heal?2 & says t = sl[ m9ds an int]val ( re/ is a good ?+1 ?\gh he seems to be unc]ta9 :e!r ! advantage is due to ! re/1 or :e!r x gives rem9isc5ce "t to mature4#ca ,,iv4 ,! ,neo-,platonic psy*ology ( memory is repres5t$ by ,plot9us4#cb ,he discusses ! subject at consid]able l5g?1 & pres5ts a some:at orig9al doctr9e4 ,memory does n belong to ,god nor to ! div9e immutable intellig5ce 9 man1 :i* kn[s by direct intellectual p]ception4 ,x is a function ( ! s\l & fir/ appe>s :5 ! _w s\l is individualiz$ 9 bodies4 ,memory1 h[ev]1 has no basis 9 ! physical organism1 nor does ! s\l impress ! s5sations ^u ! body4 ,! effects ( s5sations are n l impressions made by a seal1 nor are !y reactions 771 or configurations 771 b 9 s5se-p]ception z 9 ?\ght ! s\l is active4 ,9 memory1 too1 ! s\l is active1 n passive4 ,! influ5ce ( ! body proves no?+ aga9/ ?is4 ,! *angeable nature ( ! body may cause u to =get1 b x _c condition positive recollection4 ,! body is ! riv] ( ,le!1 b memory belongs to ! s\l4 ,! "p ( ! s\l to :i* memory belongs is ! image-=m+ faculty4 ,?is holds s5se impressions z well z ?\ght4 ,two s\ls1 ! high] & ! l[]1 are conc]n$ 9 memory4 ,:5 ! s\l leaves ! body1 ! recollections ( ! l[] s\l are soon =gott5 9 proportion z ! high] s\l rises t[>d ! intelligible _w4#cc ,/4 ,augu/9e develop$ ! views ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s 9 reg>d to memory4 ,) him memory is a faculty ( animals1 m51 & angels4 ,god1 ^: immutable ess5ce is above ! sph]e ( movem5t & *ange1 does n rememb]4 ,ev]y?+ is se5 by him 9 "o indivisible & un*angeable pres5t4 ,augu/9e does n agree ) ,ari/otle t "s animals are devoid ( memory4 ,he attributes memory ev5 to fi%es1 & relates 9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion an incid5t t he _h obs]v$4 ,!re 0 a l>ge f\nta9 fill$ ) fi%es4 ,p came daily to see !m & (t5 f$ !m4 ,! fi%es rememb]$ :at !y receiv$2 & z soon z any "o came to ! f\nta9 !y cr[d$ toge!r expect+ _! accu/om$ food4 ,b ,augu/9e does n suppose t animals h t high] memory :i* is purely intellectual1 al?\gh he probably fail$ to see h[ purely me*anical & involunt>y _! s-call$ acts ( memory are4 ,memory ) ,/4 ,augu/9e1 z 9 ! psy*ology ( ,plot9us1 is a function ( ! s\l1 n ( ! body4 ,b ) ,ari/otle he ref]s x to ! c5tral s5se4#cd ,:at is memory8 ,x is ?9k+ ( :at "o kn[s4 ,all ! v>i\s modifications ( ! s\l _c all be pres5t to u at once4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ a ?+ & ?9k+ ( x4 ,! musician1 says ,augu/9e1 kn[s music1 b he does n ?9k ( x :5 he is talk+ ab\t ,geometry4#ce ,! ideas relat+ to music are 9 ! m9d 9 a lat5t /ate4 ,augu/9e anticipates ,leibnitz 9 discuss+ ! unconsci\s modifications ( our own ideas2 b he speaks especially ( _! gradual decay1 :ile ,leibnitz consid]s ! unconsci\s gr[? ( !m4 8,_m numb]s01#cf ,augu/9e says1 8are gradually effac$ f memory2 = !y rema9 n an in/ant unalt]$4 ,inde$ :at is n f\nd 9 memory aft] a ye> is some:at dim9i%$ ev5 aft] "o day4 ,b ?is dim9ution is imp]ceptible2 yet x is n wrongly inf]r$2 = x does n sudd5ly all vani% ! day be=e ! ye> is up4 ,h5ce we may conclude t f ! mom5t x 0 engrav$ 9 memory x began to slip away40#cg ,?is doctr9e ( unconsci\s m5tal *anges & unconsci\s m5tal /ates is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ,augu/9e's psy*ology4 ,) irresi/ible logic he demon/rates ! exi/5ce ( su* /ates 9 ! foll[+ passage f ano!r place3-- 8,b :at :5 ! memory itself loses any?+1 z falls out :5 we =get & seek t we may recollect8 ,:]e1 9 ! end1 d we se>*1 b 9 ! memory itself8 ,& !re1 if "o ?+ be1 p]*ance1 (f]$ in/ead ( ano!r1 we reject x1 until :at we seek meets u2 & :5 x do? we say #8,?is is x'2 :i* we %\ld n unless we recogniz$ x1 nor recognize x1 unless we rememb]$ x----,= we d n believe x z some?+ new1 b ^u recollection1 all[ :at 0 nam$ to be "r4 ,b 7 x utt]ly blott$ out ( ! m9d1 we %\ld n rememb] x1 ev5 :5 rem9d$4 ,= we h n z yet utt]ly =gott5 t :i* we rememb] ourselves to h =gott54 ,:at1 !n1 we h utt]ly =gott51 ?\gh lo/1 we _c ev5 seek aft]40#ch ,x w\ld n be difficult to f9d passages 9 mod]n psy*ologies t read almo/ l translations ( ?is *apt] ( ,augu/9e's ,confessions4 ,two k9ds ( memory--s5se memory & intellectual memory are di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,augu/9ian psy*ology4 ,! =m] pres]ves & reproduces n only ! images ( visible objects1 b also ! impressions ( s\nds1 odors & o!r objects :i* /rike our s5ses4#ci ,! images are n l ! eidola ( ,democritus1 b are ideal1 =m$ by ! m9d f its own ess5ce4 ,intellectual memory conta9s our k ( ! sci5ces1 ( lit]ature1 & dialectic1 & ( ! que/ions relat+ to ^! subjects4#dj ,?is memory1 unlike ! memory ( s5se1 conta9s n ! images ( ?+s1 b ! ?+s !mselves4 ,^! ideas :i* ! intellectual memory /ores up are 9 a s5se innate4 ,!y nev] came to u ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,!y c\ld nev] h be5 taught to u1 unless we _h already _h !m 9 our memories4 8,:5 ,i le>n$ !m ,i gave n cr$it to ano!r man's m9d1 b recogniz$ !m 9 m9e40 ,?us ! memory conta9s ! idea ( tru? & ( ,god4 ,augu/9e po9ts out1 too1 :at has be5 repeat$ by ,locke & o!rs until x has become a platitude1 t we d n rememb] objects !mselves1 b ! ideas :i* we h ga9$ f !m4 ,& ) 8 usual subtlety he %[s t mu* ( :at is ord9>ily attribut$ to p]ception is really ! "w ( memory4 8,we see :at importance ,/4 ,augu/9e atta*es to memory4 ,x is 9 8 view ! faculty :i* pres]ves ! ideas relat+ n only to ! body1 b to ! s\l1 n only to et]nal tru?s1 b to ! ,et]nal ,be+ himself----4 ,?is memory1 :i* is peculi> to man1 & :i* animals d n possess--?is memory1 :i* 9 a my/]i\s mann] conta9s 9 x intelligible realities1 is1 accord+ to ! ,bi%op ( ,hippo1 "o ( ! ?ree great faculties ( man1 & ! orig9 ( ! o!r two4 ,x is f x t intellig5ce arises1 & ! w proce$s f ! "o to ! o!r & unites !m4 ,?us1 if x is all[$ to comp>e ?+s human ) ?+s div9e1 we h 9 u an image ( ! augu/ ,tr9ity4 ,memory1 9 :i* is ! matt] ( k1 & :i* is z ! place ( intelligible ?+s1 (f]s "s resemblance to ! ,fa!r2 ! intellect1 :i* is d]iv$ f & =m$ f x1 is n )\t analogy to ! ,son2 & love or w1 :i* unites ! intelligible 7or memory7 to ! intellect has a c]ta9 resemblance to ! ,holy ,_s40#da ,! ph5om5a ( memory 7 also important ) ,augu/9e z weapons aga9/ mat]ialism4 ,by memory ! s\l kn[s objects ( s5se :5 x no long] p]ceives !m1 &1 moreov]1 comb9es ! het]og5e\s 9 ways inexplicable by means ( a phys*ical sub/ance4 ,& aga9 ! s\l c =m ab/ract conceptions ( space & ma!matical tru?s4 ,! well-kn[n conditions ( a good memory1 su* z acut5ess ( s5sation1 ord]1 & repetition1 ,augu/9e notices only incid5tally4 ,m att5tion is giv5 to ! relation ( ! w to memory & to ! association ( ideas4 ,:e!r we rememb] or n dep5ds ^u ! w4 ,by an act ( w we av]t ! memory f s5se-p]ceptions1 z1 = example1 :5 we he> a speak] & d n notice :at he says1 or read a page & d n "k :at we h read1 or walk ) our att5tion ^u some?+ else4 ,9 all ^! cases we p]ceive1 b d n rememb] our p]ceptions4 ,s1 too1 recollection dep5ds ^u ! w3 8,z ! w applies ! s5se to ! body 7or ext]nal object71 s x applies ! memory to ! s5se1 & ! eye ( ! m9d ( ! ?9k] to ! memory40#db ,?is p[] ( ! w ov] memory is1 h[ev]1 limit$ by ! association ( ideas4 ,9 ord] to recall any?+ by a volunt>y ef=t we mu/ rememb] ! g5]al notion ( ! ?+ or "s associat$ idea4 8,= example1 if ,i wi% to rememb] :at ,i supp$ on ye/]day1 ei!r ,i h already rememb]$ t ,i did sup1 or if n yet ?is1 at lea/1 ,i h rememb]$ some?+ ab\t t "t itself1 if no?+ else2 at all ev5ts1 ,i h rememb]$ ye/]day & t "p ( ye/]day 9 :i* p usually sup1 & :at supp+ is40#dc ,9 ano!r place he says t1 ( a s]ies ( ideas ! lo/ "p is recov]$ 8by ! "p :]e( we _h hold40 ,_m s9ce ,augu/9e h m>vell$ at ! miracle ( memory4 ,none h express$ _! admiration m eloqu5tly4 8,great is ?is =ce ( memory01 he exclaims1 8excessive great1 ,o my ,god2 a l>ge & b\ndless *amb]2 :o ev] s\nd$ ! bottom !re(8 ,yet is ?is a p[] ( m9e1 & belongs unto my nature2 nor d ,i myself compreh5d all t ,i am4 ,!re=e is ! m9d too /rait to conta9 itself4 ,& :]e %\ld t be :i* x conta9e?1 n ( itself8 ,is x )\t & n )98 ,h[ !n do? x n compreh5d itself4 ,a wond]ful admiration surprises me1 amazem5t seizes me ^u ?is4 ,& m5 g abroad to admire ! heights ( m\nta9s1 ! mighty bill[s ( ! sea1 ! broad tides ( riv]s1 ! compass ( ! ocean1 & ! circuits ( ! />s1 & pass !mselves by2 nor wond] t :5 ,i spake ( all ^! ?+s1 ,i did n see !m ) my eyes1 yet c\ld n h spok5 ( !m1 unless ,i !n actually saw ! m\nta9s1 bill[s1 riv]s1 />s1 :i* ,i _h se51 & t ocean :i* ,i believe to be inw>dly 9 my memory1 & t1 ) ! va/ spaces betwe51 z if ,i saw !m abroad4 ,yet did n ,i by see+ draw !m into myself1 :5 ) m9e eyes ,i beheld !m2 nor are !y !mselves ) me1 b _! images only4 ,& ,i "k by :at s5se ( ! body1 ea* 0 impress$ ^u me40 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ,augu/9e notic$ ! possibility ( illusions ( memory4 ,c]ta9 r>e ph5om5a--! s-call$ recollections ( ,py?agoras & o!rs :o 7 said to h rememb]$ objects p]ceiv$ 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce--he expla9s 9 a v mod]n fa%ion1 except t he attributes ^! beliefs to ! ag5cy ( evil spirits4 8,= we mu/ n01 he says1 8acquiesce 9 _! /ory :o ass]t t ! ,samian ,py?agoras recollect$ "s ?+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* he _h exp]i5c$ :5 he 0 previ\sly "h 9 ano!r body2 & o!rs tell yet ( o!rs1 t !y exp]i5c$ some?+ ( ! same sort 9 _! m9ds4 ,b x may be conjectur$ t ^! 7 untrue recollections1 su* z we commonly exp]i5ce 9 sleep1 :5 we fancy we rememb]1 z ?\gh we _h done or se5 x1 :5 we nev] did or saw at all2 & t ! m9ds ( ^! p]sons1 ev5 ?\gh awake1 7 affect$ 9 ?is way at ! sugge/ion ( malici\s & deceitful spirits1 ^: c>e x is to confirm1 or to s[ "s false belief conc]n+ ! *anges ( s\ls1 9 ord] to deceive m540#dd ,if !y truly rememb]$ su* ?+s1 he argues1 su* ph5om5a w\ld n be z r>e2 b _m p]sons w\ld exp]i5ce ! same4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s criticism ( ,augu/9e's psy*ology ( memory is t he entirely neglects ! physiological side ( ! subject4 ,he does n ev5 notice ! relation ( memory to /ates ( heal? or disease1 & ( y\? or age4 ,9 "o place1 h[ev]1 he /ates t memory has its seat 9 "o ( ! ?ree v5tricles ( ! bra91 :i* is situat$ betwe5 t :i* is ! seat ( s5sation & t :i* presides ov] ( locomotion1 s t our movem5ts may be coord9at$4#de ,! criticism has also be5 made t ,augu/9e seems to wav] 9 8 conception ( memory1 t he sometimes repres5ts x z ! s\rce ( all our intellectual activity comp>+ x among ! o!r faculties to ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,tr9ity2 t aga9 he seems to limit ?is faculty to ! "w ( pres]v+ k acquir$ empirically4 ,c]ta9ly 9 "s passages he seems to make memory conta9 a k9d ( innate ideas t may be drawn =? by sugge/ion4#df ,b if ,augu/9e is unsatisfactory 9 ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t he is n writ+ a psy*ology & t he 01 z ,f]raz calls him1 a philosoph] ( transition4 8,he combats ,plato's doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce1 & prep>es ! way = ! innate ideas ( ,desc>tes1 )\t positively en\gh reject+ ! =m]1 & )\t cle>ly en\gh admitt+ ! latt]40#dg ,v4 ,! pa?ological side ( memory seems to h be5 little /udi$ by ! anci5ts4 ,augu/9e ref]r$ to ! possibility ( illusions ( memory 9 ! way already m5tion$4 ,s5eca tells ( a c]ta9 ,sab9us :o _h s bad a memory t he =got ! "n ( ,ulysses1 & aga9 ( ,a*illes1 & sometimes ( ,priam1 ?\gh he knew !m z well z we rememb] our s*oolma/]s4#dh ,"s rem>kable cases ( amnesia 7 report$ to ! ,eld] ,pl9y4 8,no?+ :atev] 9 man10 he says1 8is ( s frail a nature z ! memory2 = x is affect$ by disease1 by injuries1 & ev5 by fright2 be+ sometimes p>tially lo/ & at o!r times entirely s4 ,a man :o receiv$ a bl[ f a /one =got ! names ( ! lett]s 7( ! alphabet7 only2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ano!r p]son1 :o fell f a v high ro( c\ld n s mu* z recollect 8 "m or 8 relations & neighbors4 ,ano!r p]son 9 consequ5ce ( "s disease =got 8 own s]vants ev52 & ,messala ,corv9us1 ! orator1 lo/ all recollection ( 8 own "n40#di ,:ile ^! cases are good illu/rations ( c]ta9 diseases ( memory1 !y are n report$ ) suffici5t accuracy & detail to r5d] !m ( mu* sci5tific value4 ,anci5t ?9k]s appe> n to h se5 ! importance ( /udy+ ! pa?ological conditions ( memory4 ,,vi4 ,no hi/orical sket* ( memory among ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans is complete )\t "s m5tion ( _! mnemonic sy/ems4 ,! art ( mnemonics seems to h be5 mu* 9 vogue among !m4 ,!re are frequ5t allusions to ?is art 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 & o!r classic writ]s4 ,ari/otle is report$ by "s to h writt5 a "w ^u mnemonics4 ,e s*ol> ( ! classics is famili> ) ! /ory t ascribes ! inv5tion ( ! art to ,simonides4 ,! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! anci5t mnemonic sy/ems accord+ to ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian 7 z foll[s4 ,! ?+ to be rememb]$ 0 localiz$ by ! imag9ation 9 "s def9ite place--say 9 a room ( a real or imag9>y h\se2 &1 if necess>y1 a concrete symbol z vivid z possible 0 associat$ ) x4 ,?is me?od 0 us$ by ! ,romans z an aid 9 oratory2 & x has be5 said t ! phrases1 89 ! fir/ place10 89 ! second place10 & ! l1 orig9at$ 9 ?is anci5t practice4 ,! anci5t sy/ems ( mnemonics are inf]ior to ! be/ mod]n sy/ems1 t1 s9ce ! days ( ,pick#ej h be5 bas$ ^u s\nd psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,b ! anci5t sy/ems 7 probably v helpful to eye-m9d$ p4 ,! m5 ) rem>kable memories1 m5tion$ by ,cic]o & o!r anci5t writ]s v likely ow$ mu* to mnemonic aids4 ,x is ( special psy*ological int]e/ to consid] ! anci5t mnemonic devices 9 ! light ( su* /udies z ^? ( ,galton ^u m5tal imag]y1 numb] =ms1 & ! l4#ea ,! high e/imate t _m ( ! anci5ts plac$ ^u ! mnemonic art1 may1 p]haps1 fairly be tak5 z evid5ce t :at ,galton calls ! faculty ( visualisation 0 develop$ among !m4 ,especially "s ( ! ,roman orators seem to h possess$ ?is faculty 9 a high degree4 ,biographical ,note ( ! ,au?or4 ,i 0 born at ,dunb>ton1 ,n4,h4 on ! #c;d ( ,dec4 #ahee1 & am ! y\nge/ son ( ,samuel & ,hannah ,dane ,burnham4 ,i graduat$ at ! ,high ,s*ool at ,man*e/]1 ,n4,h4 9 #ahge4 ,! next ?ree ye>s ,i sp5t 9 tea*+ & 9 /udy4 ,9 #ahgh ,i ent]$ ,h>v>d ,college1 & graduat$ 9 ! ,class ( '#hb4 ,! foll[+ ye> 0 sp5t 9 tea*+ 9 ! ,prep>atory ,dep>tm5t ( ,witt5b]g ,college4 ,! next two ye>s 7 sp5t at ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,potsdam1 ,n4,y41 :]e my "w 0 ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,rhetoric4 ,9 #ahhe ,i ent]$ ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,9 ?is univ]sity ,i h held ! positions ( ,fell[ 9 ,philosophy & ,fell[ by ,c\rtesy4 ,my "w has be5 *iefly "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall & ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,t4 ,ely4 ,william ,h5ry ,burnham4 ,,footnotes3 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,= ref]5ce see ,c>us3 ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie1 pp4 #aej #afi4 ,footnote #b3 ,!ophra/us1 #de4 ,footnote #c3 ,!ophra/us1 #d4 ,cf4 ,siebeck3 ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie4 ,er/e ,ab!ilung1 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #d3 ,pha$rus1 #gc4 ,footnote #e3 ,philebus1 #cd4 ,footnote #f3 ,j[ett's ,translation4 ,footnote #g3 ,= ref]5ces see ,zell]'s ,plato & ! ,old] ,academy1 pp4 #abf & #djg4 ,cf4 also ,siebeck3 ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie4 ,footnote #h3 ,= ! _m passages 9 :i* ! words 1 1 1 occur 9 ,plato1 conf see ,a/4 ,lexicon ,platonicum1 ,,ii4 pp4 #cef-ceg4 ,= & cf4 ! same1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aea-aeb4 ,footnote #i3 ,de ,memoria et ,rem9isc5tia4 ,= a li/ ( comm5t>ies1 see ,hamilton's edition ( ,reid's ,works1 p4 #hia4 ,footnote #aj3 ,t\* & ,ta/e accord+ to ,a4 reside 9 ! he>t4 ,sight1 ,s\nd1 & ,smell 9 ! bra91 b !y are indirectly connect$ ) ! he>t4 ,footnote #aa3 ,de ,somno4 #a4 #ded4 4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,wallace2 ,ari/otle's ,psy*ology1 ,introduction1 pp4 #ic #id4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 o!r words1 ab/ract ideas & ! l are reproducible only s f> z !y imply images4 ,footnote #ad3 ,quot$ f ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes's "w on ,ari/otle1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #ae3 ' 1 4 ,?is passage is obscure1 b x is g5]ally und]/ood to ref] to ! sequ5ce ( motions or ! correspond+ ideas1 & ?is int]pretation agrees ) ! context4 ,see ,hamilton's ,edition ( ,reid1 pp4 #hib-hic1 & ,!mi/ius' p>aphrase ( ,de ,memoria1 quot$ by ,hamilton1 p4 #hic-hid2 also ,siebeck1 ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie1 ,zweite ,ab!ilung1 p4 #gg2 ,grote's ,ari/otle1 p4 #bae2 ,grant's ,ari/otle1 p4 #agj2 ,wallace's ,ari/otle's ,psy*ology1 ,introduction1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #af3 ,cf4 ,siebeck1 ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie1 ,zweite ,ab!ilung1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,greek is z foll[s3 ' 1 1 4 1 ' 1 ' 4 ,footnote #ah3 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see also ,grote1 ,grant1 ,siebeck1 & ,zell]3 see opp4 cit4 ,footnote #bj3 ,hamilton's em5dation is z foll[s3 ,aft] 9 ! passage cit$ he w\ld supply or 4 ,footnote #ba3 ,quot$ by ,hamilton 9 8 edition ( ,reid's ,works1 p4 #ija4 ,footnote #bb3 ,hamilton's translation4 ,edition ( ,reid's ,works1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #iji4 ,footnote #bc3 ,grote1 op4 cit4 p4 ,footnote #bd3 ,wallace3 ,ari/otle's ,psy*ology1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #be3 ,siebeck3 op4 cit41 pp4 #gh-gi4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ba93 ,s5ses & ,intellect1 p4 #cch4 #c;d ,am]ican ed4 ,footnote #bg3 ,= passages :]e ! words 1 1 etc41 occur 9 ,ari/otle see ! ,index 9 ! ,b]l9 edition ( ,ari/otle's works1 ,vol4 ,v4 ,9 addition to ! works cit$ see also ,wadd+ton-,ka/us2 ,de la psy*ologie d',ari/ote1 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,footnote #bh3 ,= ref]5ce see ,siebeck's ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie1 p4 #bji4 ,see also ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #bi3 ,cf4 ,/e92 ,die ,erk5ntnis/heorie d] ,/oa3 ,zell]2 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics3 & ,ueb]weg2 ,hi/4 ( ,philos4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cj3 ,lucretius1 ,,iv4 #ge seqq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,oratore1 ,,ii4 #hf seq4 ,qu9tilian1 ,in/it4 orat4 ,,xi4 #b seq4 ,footnote #cb3 ,cf4 ,enn4 ,,iv4 ,l4 ,,iii4 ,c4 ,,xxv4 ,,xxx & ,l4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #cc3 ,cf4 ,siebeck3 ,ges*i*te d] ,psy*ologie1 ,,ii4 p4 #cad seq4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! c5tral s5se or s5sorium1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,augu/9e is locat$ 9 ! bra91 n 9 ! he>t z 9 ,ari/otle's psy*ology4 ,footnote #ce3 ,de ,tr94 ,l4 ,,xiv4 ,c4 ,,vii4 ,see also ,f]raz1--,psy*4 de ,/4 ,augu/91 #bnd ed4 ,footnote #cf3 ,augu/9e does n mean to limit :at foll[s to ma!matical tru?s1 b accord+ to 8 psy*ology ! same w\ld be true ( any?+ t we are liable to =get4 ,footnote #cg3 ,de ,musica1 ,l4 ,,vi4 ,c4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #ch3 ,conf4 ,l4 ,x4 ,c4 ,,xix4 ,pusey's translation4 ,footnote #ci3 ,conf4 ,l4 ,x4 ,c4 ,,viii4 ,footnote #dj3 ,conf4 ,l4 ,x4 ,c4 ,,ix4 sqq4 ,footnote #da3 ,f]raz4--,psy*4 de ,/4 ,augu/91 p4 #agh4 ,cf4 also ,de ,tr94 ,l4 ,,xv4 ,c4 ,,xxi4 ,,xxii4 ,,xxiii4 & ,l4 ,,xi4 ,c4 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 ,footnote #db3 ,de ,tr94 ,l4 ,,xi4 ,c4 ,,viii4 ,pusey's translation4 ,footnote #dc3 ,de ,tr94 ,l4 ,,xi4 ,c4 ,,vii4 ,pusey's translation4 ,footnote #dd3 ,de ,tr941 ,l4 ,,xii4 #ae4 ,footnote #de3 ,de ,g54 ad ,litt41 ,l4 ,,vii4 ,c4 ,,xviii4 ,footnote #df3 ,conf41 ,l4 ,x4 ,c4 ,x4 & ,,xi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,f]raz1 op4 cit41 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #dh3 ,epi/olae1 #bg4 ,footnote #di3 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,l4 ,,vii4 ,c4 #bd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,cf4 8 "w 8,on ,memory & ! ,rational ,means ( ,improv+ x40 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #ea3 ,galton1 ,enquiry into ,human ,faculty1 p4 #hc seq4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #fh1 add$ a footnote an*or4 #b4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #c4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #d4 ,footnotes h be5 re-index$ us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #e4 ,enclos$ und]l9$ font 9 und]scores4 #f4 ,enclos$ ins]t$ text 9 at signs4 #g4 ,enclos$ delet$ text 9 n signs4 #h4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4