,,comp>ison ,,( ,,me?ods                
,,(                           ,,sewage  
,,purification                          
,,by                        ,,!odore    
,,clif=d ,,phillips                     
,,&                          ,,edw>d    
,,john ,,s*neid]                        
,,!sis                    ,,= ,,degree  
,,( ,,ba*elor ,,( ,,sci5ce              
,,9 ,,municipal ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,eng9e]+ 
,,college ,,( ,,eng9e]+                 
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois               
,,pres5t$ ,,june #aijj                  
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois               
,may #ca1 #aijj4  ,,?is ,,is ,,to       
,,c]tify ,,t ,,! ,,!sis ,,prep>$ ,,"u   
,,my ,,sup]vision ,,by ,!odore ,clif=d  
,phillips & ,edw>d ,john ,s*neid]       
,,entitl$ ,comp>ison ( ,me?ods ( ,sewage
 ,purification ,,is ,,approv$ ,,by ,,me 
,,z ,,fulfill+ ,,?is ,,"p ,,( ,,!       
,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,degree ,,(      
,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce 9 ,municipal &       
,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4                      
,ar?ur ,m4 ,talbot               ,,head 

,,( ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,municipal & ,sanit>y
 ,eng9e]+4                              
,cont5ts                 ,comp>ison (   
,me?ods ( ,sewage ,purification         
,dilution               ,irrigation     
,int]mitt5t ,d[nw>d ,filtration         
,*emical ,precipitation                 
,septic ,tank               ,contact ,b$
               ,discussion              
,conclusion                 ,comp>ison (
 ,me?ods ( ,sewage ,purification4   ,!  
disposal ( sewage is "o ( ! mo/         
important problems t confront !         
municipal & sanit>y eng9e] to-day4  ,!  
/udy ( ?is subject dates back to #ahdd  
:5 ! ,heal?s ( ,t[ns ,commission (      
,london made ! report :i* fir/ %[$ !    
real c\rse ( ! rapid increase 9 ! dea?  
rate ( ! l>g] cities4 ,9 ?is c\ntry     
practically no?+ 0 done until #ahgb :5 !
 ,massa*usetts ,legislature in/ruct$ !  
,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? to inve/igate &    
report on ! subjects ( sew]age1 sewage  
disposal1 & ! pollution ( /reams1 &     
to-day ,massa*usetts leads 9 !          

inve/igation ( ! be/ me?ods ( sewage    
disposal4  ,six diff]5t me?ods = !      
treatm5t ( sewage are n[ 9 use4 ,^!     
me?ods are us$ sep>ately or 9           
comb9ation1 ! *oice dep5d+ ^u local     
conditions & ! am\nt ( purification     
requir$3--  ,^! me?ods are3    #a--     
,dilution4    #b-- ,irrigation4    #c-- 
,int]mitt5t ,d[nw>d ,filtration4    #d--
 ,*emical ,precipitation4    #e--       
,septic ,tank4    #f-- ,contact ,b$4  ,!
 purpose ( ?is !sis is to inve/igate ea*
 me?od & make a comp>ison along ! foll[+
 l9es3    #a-- ,purification4    #b--   
,capacity4    #c-- ,applicability4      
#d-- ,co/4                              
,dilution   ,disposal ( sewage by       
dilution is ! mo/ common me?od at !     
pres5t "t1 & no d\bt w cont9ue to be =  
"s "t to come :]e ! /ream or body ( wat]
 is n us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,"u c]ta9 
conditions ?is af=ds a satisfactory     
solution ( ! problem4 ,h[ev]1 if ! wat] 
into :i* ! sewage is dis*>g$ is a s\rce 
( wat] supply1 two v important que/ions 

arise4 ,!y are3 #a--;,h[ l>ge mu/ !     
dilution be8 #b--;,h[ f> mu/ ! pollut$  
/ream fl[ be=e ! wat] way may be us$ )  
safety to public heal?8  ,9 #ahfg ,dr4  
,le!by & o!rs 9 ,engl& made ! /atem5t t 
if sewage is dilut$ at lea/ tw5ty times 
its volume1 x w n only be made in(f5sive
 b be ?or\ghly de/roy$ aft] fl[+ a doz5 
miles or m4  ,! ,riv]s ,pollution       
,commission ( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahgh    
ma9ta9$ t no riv] 9 ,engl& 0 long en\gh 
to all[ ( a complete disappe>ance (     
sewage matt] dis*>g$ into x4  ,mr4 ,f4  
,p4 ,/e>ns 9 an article on ,! ,pollution
 & ,self-,purification ( ,/reams 9 !    
,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?      
,report #ahij gives a table %[+1 8,!    
calculat$ composition ( sewage = diff]5t
 degrees ( dilution 9 a runn+ /ream04 ,a
 comp>ison 0 made ( ! ,black/one &      
,m]rimack riv]s1 & ext5d$ ov] ?ree ye>s4
 ,x 0 f ?is inve/igation t !            
,commission] ( ! ,city ( ,*icago report$
 t ! fl[ ( ! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal    
%\ld be f\r cubic feet p] second p]     

#ajjj inhabitants4  ,! purification by  
dilution may be due to ?ree ?+s3    #a--
 ,oxidation ( organic matt]4    #b--    
,subsid5ce4    #c-- ,de/ruction ( !     
organic matt] by small animals & plants4
  ,! oxidation is a v sl[ process &     
dep5ds ma9ly ^u bact]ial life &         
conditions favorable to x4 ,subsid5ce   
dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce 9 ! specific       
gravity ( ! susp5d$ matt]1 & !          
cl>ification is increas$ z ! velocity is
 dim9i%$4  ,9 reg>d to ! de/ruction ( ! 
organic matt] by small animals & plants 
,dr4 ,sorby says1 7,j\rnal ,royal       
,microscopic ,society1 #ahhd p4 #ihh47  
8,x appe>s to me t ! removal (          
impurities f riv]s is m ( a biolytic ?an
 a *emical "q1 & x is mo/ important to  
consid] ! action ( m9ute animals &      
plants1 :i* may be look$ ^u z be+       
indirectly mo/ p[]ful ag5ts40           
,irrigation   ,al?\gh ! me?od ( broad   
irrigation has be5 c>ri$ on successfully
 9 sev]al ( ! l>ge/ cities ( ! old _w1 x
 has n be5 us$ to any great ext5t 9 !   

,unit$ ,/ates1 except at a few /ate     
in/itutions 9 ! ea/1 & 9 ! arid di/ricts
 ( ! we/4  ,sev]al ye>s ago ?is me?od ( 
disposal 0 giv5 mu* att5tion z x 0 ?\ght
 ! sewage if us$ w\ld yield l>ge pr(its1
 b m rec5t in=mation %[s conclusively t 
su* is n ! case4  ,p]haps ! mo/         
noticeable examples ( ?is sy/em t are n[
 9 op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are !     
plants at ! ,/ate ,hospital ( ! ,insane1
 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 at ! ,rhode ,isl&    
,/ate ,in/itute1 & at ! ,re=matory at   
,concord1 ,mass4 ,9 all cases ! labor 0 
done by ! inmates s t x is n possible to
 get a fair /atem5t ( ! co/4 ,g5]al     
in=mation reg>d+ ! use ( sewage =       
irrigation 9 ! we/ may be obta9$ f ,bak]
 & ,raft]s' 8,sewage ,disposal 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates04  ,und\bt$ly ! be/       
example ( sewage f>m+ is at ,b]l94 ,!   
foll[+ summ>y is giv5 by ,james ,h4     
,fu5tes1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 9 ,no4 
#b4 ,vol4 #dj ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,record4 ,!  
av]age quantity ( sewage pump$ to ! f>ms
 & di/ribut$ am\nts to f #f1jjj1jjj to  

#g1jjj1jjj gallons p] acre p] ye>1 or 9 
o!r words ea* acre s]ves = #gej p4 ,!   
area f>m$ is divid$ into small b$s ab\t 
#aej by #bjj feet sep>at$ f ea* o!r by  
slight embankm5ts & dit*es = di/ribut+ !
 sewage ov] ! surface4 ,! sewage is     
admitt$ into ! c>ri]s f ! =ce ma9s ?r\gh
 *eck+ *amb]s made ( wov5 will[ & po/s  
driv5 into ! s&4  ,! f>ms are said to   
yield small pr(its ov] ! exp5ses ( work+
 !m1 consequ5tly contribute sc>cely     
any?+ t[>d ! co/ ( pump+ ! sewage4  ,!  
great reason :y ?is me?od ( disposal has
 be5 possible & pr(itable 9 a degree at 
,b]l9 is t ?is l>ge & beautiful city    
lies 9 ! mid/ ( an ext5sive s&y area1 ! 
great] "p ( :i* 9 ! imm$iate            
neighborhood is q /]ile & !re=e         
comp>atively ?9ly populat$4 ,bett]      
conditions = su* sewage f>ms c\ld n     
exi/4  ,/ati/ics compil$ by ,*as4 ,s4   
,swan1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 9 8 pap]1 
,notes on ,european ,practice 9 ,sewage 
,disposal1 9 ,j\r4 ,assn4 ( ,eng4 ,soc4 
,vol4 #g ,no4 #g %[s ! volume ( sewage  

p] acre p] day 7ye>ly av]age7 to v>y f  
#baee to #bidej gallons1 & ! av]age dep?
 p] annum v>ies f #b4d to #cb4h feet4   
,! n9ete5? annual report ( !            
,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? #ahhh
 /ates t on an ord9>y f>m 9             
,massa*usetts #bejj gallons p] acre p]  
day are z mu* z c\ld be appli$ to any   
valuable grass crop4 ,?is w\ld require  
su* a l>ge area = l>ge cities t         
irrigation c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u = prev5t+
 ! pollution ( /reams4  ,x is evid5t f !
 above report t ! irrigation sy/em c be 
us$ to advantage only :]e l>ge tracts ( 
l[ l& c be obta9$ at a l[ co/1 & :]e    
help & pl5ty ( *eap labor c be obta9$4  
,int]mitt5t ,d[nw>d ,filtration         
,filtration means ! conc5tration (      
sewage on an area ( especially *os5     
por\s gr\nd1 or on an especially prep>$ 
b$ z small z w absorb & purify x4 ,!    
int]mitt5cy ( application is a necess>y 
requirem5t ev5 9 suitably con/itut$     
soils :]ev] complete success is arriv$  
at4 ,! reason = ?is is t free oxyg5 is  

indisp5sable to nitrification & !       
nitrify+ organism4  ,?is me?od has be5 9
 op]ation only dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & 
! correct !ory ( its action has be5 f\nd
 out )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4  ,dr4 ,frankl&1 9
 ! fir/ report ( ,riv]s ,pollution      
,commission ( ,engl&1 %[s t n only a    
*emical action b also a biolytic action 
takes place ) ! assi/ance ( m9]als & !  
oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is biolytic action is  
kn[n z nitrification1 & consi/s 9 !     
oxidation ( ! nitrog5 ( ammonia & its   
ultimate conv]sion into nitric acid4    
,?is *ange takes place 9 two /ages1 ea* 
*>act]iz$ by a di/9ct organism4 ,! (fice
 ( "o ( ^! organisms is to conv]t       
ammonia into nitrite1 :ile ! o!r conv]ts
 nitrites into nitrate4  ,! bact]ia are 
pres5t or quickly develop 9 ! sewage :i*
 may be consid]$ a nutri5t m$ium = !m by
 reason ( conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( _!     
natural nitrog5\s food4  ,^! organisms1 
accord+ to ,w>r+ton1 may be sep>at$ by  
successive cultivations 9 favorable     
m$ia2 f a potassium nitrate solution )  

no ammonia we may obta9 nitric organism 
alone2 f an ammonium c>bonate solution  
we may obta9 nitr\s organisms 9 a pure  
/ate4  ,x is a noticeable fact t fro/   
*ecks nitrification1 b sev]al           
satisfactory me?ods h be5 us$ s t no    
s]i\s objection c be rais$ to int]mitt5t
 filtration on ?is gr\nd4  8,!          
purification ( sewage by ?is me?od      
dep5ds ^u ! oxyg5 & ! "t ( action0      
7,haz574 ,to obta9 ! highe/ effici5cy ! 
sewage mu/ be appli$ int]mitt5tly & !re 
mu/ be a l>ge p]c5tage ( voids 9 ! s&4  
,exp]im5ts made on especially prep>$ b$s
 at ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 %[ t by treat+     
#hejjj gallons p] acre p] day1 #id p]c5t
 ( ! organic matt] & #ih p]c5t ( !      
bact]ia are remov$1 & by treat+ #fj1jjj 
gallons p] acre p] day1 #ig to #ii p]c5t
 ( ! organic matt] may be remov$4 ,!    
above data %[s t #ajj1jjj may be        
successfully treat$ ) a five foot b$ (  
s&4  ,! writ]s inspect$ ! int]mitt5t    
d[nw>d filtration plant at ,m5dota      
,ill9ois & ! foll[+ data 7 obta9$4 ,!   

city has a population ( ab\t #fjjj ) #h 
miles ( sew]s & #baj h\se connections4  
,! av]age daily fl[ is ab\t #cej1jjj    
gallons al?\gh dur+ ! ra9y season !re is
 a consid]able am\nt ( gr\nd wat]       
pres5t4  ,! disposal plant 0 con/ruct$  
"u ! sup]vision ( ! ,i[a ,eng9e]+       
,company ( ,cl9ton1 ,i[a1 on a #ae acre 
tract ( l&1 "o & a half miles s\? ( !   
city4 ,al?\gh orig9al plans call$ = #ah 
b$s ) five feet ( gravel1 only f\r b$s  
ea* #bge feet by #ge feet 7 f9i%$1 &    
in/ead ( #e feet ( gr\nd only #bd in*es 
0 us$4 ,! plant 0 complete 9 ,july #ahii
 & 0 op]at$ until ,decemb]1 :5 x 0      
discont9u$ on acc\nt ( cold wea!r1 x n  
be+ consid]$ necess>y to op]ate x dur+ !
 w9t]4 ,f ,decemb] until ,april ! sewage
 0 dis*>g$ directly into a creek :i*    
runs along "o side ( ! l&4  ,! b$s h no 
automatic device = di/ribut+ ! sewage at
 def9ite int]vals ( "t1 b are connect$ )
 ! ma9 sew] by a numb] ( gate valves :i*
 7 regulat$ by ! att5dant4 ,! sewage is 
di/ribut$ by means ( a wood5 sluice way 

:i* ext5d$ ! entire l5g? ( ! b$ & has   
six in* op5+s on ! side e #af feet :i*  
gave a fairly ev5 di/ribution4  ,al?\gh 
no analysis ( ! s& & gravel 0 made1 x 0 
app>5t t ! uni=mity coeffici5t 0 v l>ge4
  ,! mat]ial 0 %ipp$ a di/ance ( #ij    
miles & resembles ord9>y balla/ us$ =   
rail roads4 ,! l>ge/ pieces 7 ?r[n along
 ! sluice way to prev5t excessive wa%+4 
,! f9e/ ( ! s& 0 ( a size :i* w\ld be   
consid]$ too f9e = good mort> s&4 ,no   
attempt 0 made to scre5 ! mat]ial4 ,!   
gravel w\ld n be consid]$ fir/ class =  
filt]+ b$s4  ,samples ( ! sewage &      
efflu5t 7 tak5 at two diff]5t times4 ,! 
fir/ 0 betwe5 #i3jj & #aj3cj ,a4 ,m41   
,april #bj1 #aijj4 ,until ! day be=e no 
sewage _h be5 appli$ to ! b$s s9ce la/  
fall4 ,! second collection 0 made two   
weeks lat]1 :5 samples ( ! sewage &     
efflu5t 7 collect$ at int]vals ( "o h\r 
dur+ ! day1 & mix$ into composite       
samples4 ,! sewage 0 tak5 f a manhole j 
above ! b$s1 & ! efflu5t f ! outlet ( ! 
und]dra9 ab\t #ijj feet bel[ ! b$s4  ,! 

analysis is giv5 9 ,table ,i4 & !       
results %[ t ! b$s are n work+ z        
effici5tly z might be expect$ f a fir/  
class plant4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = f !  
fact t ! filtration is too rapid & t !  
mat]ial :i* is less ?an two feet 9 dep? 
is n suitable = su* a purpose4          
,,table ,i4   ,analyses ( ,sewage & (   
,efflu5t f ,int]mitt5t ,d[nw>d          
,filtration ,plant                      
at ,m5dota1 ,ills4                      
,p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj                     
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,april #bj1 #aijj             ,may #d1  
#aijj                                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,sewage,efflu5t,effici5cy,sewage,efflu5t
,effici5cy                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  ,oxyg5  
consum$3                                
,total                #dh4e   #f4ej     
#hf     #bg4g   #ab4j     #ee           

,9 susp5sion #cc4d                      
#ae4e   #d4f      #gj               ,9  
solution   #ae4a                        
#ab4b   #g4d      #dj      ,nitrog5 z   
album9oid                               
ammonia                                 
,total         #aj4d   4#cb      #ig    
#c4fh   4#gfh     #gi               ,9  
susp5sion #i4bh                   #b4haf
   4#daf     #he               ,9       
solution   #a4ab                        
4#hfd   4#ceb     #ei      ,total       
organic nitrog5#ag4ifj  4#ibj     #ie   
#i4fj  #a4hfj     #ha               ,9  
susp5sion#ae4jd                   #g4ejj
  #a4aeb     #he               ,9       
solution   #b4ib                        
#b4ajj   4#gjh     #ff      ,nitrog5 z  
free                                    
ammonia              #g4bj   #b4dj      
#fg     #c4hd   #a4bh     #fg           
,nitrog5 z nitrites   4#fge   4#cge     
#jjj    #jjj               ,nitrog5 z   
nitrates   #d4jj  #ah4jj                
4#abj   4#abj              ,*lor9e z    

*lorides  #ec4j   #di4j                 
#dg4j   #dd4j                           
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,*emical ,precipitation   ,:5 c]ta9     
*emicals are add$ to sewage a           
precipitate is =m$ :i* "u favorable     
conditions may c>ry d[n ) x all !       
susp5d$ matt] z well z a portion ( !    
dissolv$ organic matt]4 ,! addition ( ! 
*emicals toge!r ) ! work+ ( ! v>i\s     
appliances = gr9d+ & mix+ ! same1 !     
decant+ ( ! efflu5t1 & ! c>+ = ! sludge 
all con/itute :at is kn[n z ! *emical   
treatm5t ( sewage1 ! complete process   
be+ 9 reality p>tly *emical & p>tly     
me*anical4  ,! foll[+ matt] conc]n+ !   
!ory ( precipitation is tak5 f ,bak] &  
,raft]'s ,sewage ,disposal4  ,! reag5ts 
*iefly us$ at ! pres5t "t are lime1     
sulphate ( alum9a1 & f]r\s sulphate4 ,9 
! case ( lime1 !re is a comb9ation ( "s 
( ! lime & ) free & p>tially comb9$     
c>bon dioxide to =m an insoluble        
c>bonate ( lime4 ,!re is probably a     

fur!r comb9ation ( an additional "p ( ! 
lime ) a portion ( ! organic matt] 9    
solution4 ,! insoluble sub/ances s =m$  
s9k to ! bottom1 c>ry+ ) !m ! major     
portion ( ! susp5d$ matt] 9 ! sewage 9 !
 =m ( sludge4  ,sulphate ( alum9a       
ex]cises a precipitat+ ef=t by a        
comb9ation ( ! sulphuric acid ) lime    
:ile alum9a hydrate =ms a floccul5t     
precipitate :i* entangles & c>ries d[n !
 susp5d$ organic matt]s4  ,on ,novemb]  
#aa1 #ahii ! writ]s visit$ ! *emical    
precipitation plant at ,madison         
,wiscons9 & ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4      
,mc,clellen ,dodge1 ,city ,eng9e]1 7 %[n
 ! plant at t "t 9 op]ation4  ,! sewage 
0 scre5$ z x came f ! city & empti$ into
 a well4 ,"h x 0 dos$ ) lime & !n pump$ 
to "o ( ! f\r settl+ tanks4 ,^! are #ae 
feet deep & #be feet 9 diamet]4 ,!      
sewage ent]s ne> ! bottom ( ! tanks4 ,! 
sludge settles to ! bottom & ! efflu5t  
rises to ! top1 :]e x is c>ri$ away to  
?ree ( ! filt] b$s4 ,^! ?ree b$s are 9  
cont9u\s use4 ,a f\r? b$ is out ( use   

:ile x is wa%$ & all[$ to re/ = "o day4 
,! total area ( ! b$s is #eeej squ>e    
feet4 ,! fl[ ?r\gh ! b$s is ab\t        
#h1jjj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day4  ,!  
company t con/ruct$ & op]at$ ! plant    
agre$ t ! efflu5t on analysis %\ld be   
f\nd to be equal to ! wat]s ( ,lake     
,m5dota & ! analyses ( ,lake ,m5dota    
wat] :i* 0 adapt$ z a /&>d ( purity is  
reproduc$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news ,vol4 #db  
,no4 #bf p4 #dad4 ,samples ( ! crude    
sewage tank efflu5t & filt] efflu5t 7   
tak5 & analyz$ z %[n 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,a  
comp>ison ( ?is table ) ! /&>d %[s t 9  
no p>ticul>s does ! efflu5t f ! plant   
come up to ! /&>d4  ,! company has s9ce 
ab&on$ ! contract & ! city is consid]+  
o!r me?ods ( disposal & purification 89 
ord] t !re may be no m fiascos 9 civil  
eng9e]+ at ! seat ( ?is well kn[n       
s*ool40 7,univ]sity ( ,wiscons97        
,,table ,,ii4    ,analyses ( ,sewage &  
,efflu5t f ,*emical ,precipitation      
,plant & ,filt]                         
,b$s at ,madison1 ,wis4                 

,p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj4                    
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,novemb] #bc1 #aijj                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------     
,*emical ,precipitation                 
,filt]-b$s                              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------      
,sewage,efflu5t,effici5cy,sewage,efflu5t
,effici5cy                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  ,oxyg5  
consum$3                                
,total                #ch4c   #bc4b     
#dj     #bc4b   #ad4c     #ch           
,9 susp5sion #bg4b   #ab4a     #ee      
#ab4a   #c4e      #ga               ,9  
solution   #aa4a   #aa4a     #jj        
#aa4a   #aj4h      #c      ,nitrog5 z   
album9oid                               
ammonia                                 
,total         #h4cb   #d4jj     #eb    
#d4jj   #b4df     #ch               ,9  

susp5sion #g4ab   #b4ef     #fd         
#b4ef   #a4fj     #cg               ,9  
solution   #a4bj   #a4dd     -#bj       
#a4dd   4#hfd     #dj      ,total       
organic nitrog5#ae4cj   #e4cb     #fg   
#e4cb   #c4ef     #cc               ,9  
susp5sion#ab4dh   #a4hf     #he         
#a4hf   #a4ed     #ag               ,9  
solution   #b4hb   #c4df     -#bc       
#c4df   #b4jb     #db      ,nitrog5 z   
free                                    
ammonia              #cb4j   #cb4j      
#j     #cb4j   #cb4j      #j            
,nitrog5 z nitrites                     
,nitrog5 z nitrates   4#abj   4#bdj     
#j4bdj   #j4fj              ,*lor9e z   
*lorides  #acd    #acf              #acf
    #aai                                
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,ano!r example ( ! use ( *emical        
precipitation is at ,alliance1 ,ohio4   
,!re are ?ree tanks ea* ) a capacity (  
#addjjj gallons4 ,! am\nt ( sewage fl[+ 
into ! tanks dur+ ! ye> #ahig av]ag$    

ab\t #cjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,dur+ !   
ye> #ahig ea* day #ahj p\nds ( *emicals 
7 add$ to ! sewage & #fej p\nds ( sludge
 0 precipitat$ & press$ daily4  ,! total
 co/ ( ! disposal plant 0 #bjgee4jj4 ,! 
co/ ( op]ation & ma9t5ance = ! ye>s     
#ahig & #ahih 0 #abij4jj & #aefg4dc     
respectively4 ,! av]age am\nt ( lime us$
 dur+ ?is "t 0 #iejjj p\nds ye>ly4  ,two
 m5 p]=m all ! labor necess>y = !       
op]ation ( ! plant4  ,f ! *emical       
analyses giv5 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,record ,jan4
 #ac1 #aijj ( ! sewage & efflu5t1       
av]ages repres5t+ five mon?s %[ !       
effici5cy 9 album9oid ammonia to be #dj 
p]c5t & oxyg5 requir$ #cj p]c5t4        
,septic ,tank   ,we w n[ discuss a v    
diff]5t process ( treat+ sewage1 !      
septic me?od4 ,! septic tank consi/s ( a
 tank f :i* g5]ally ! air & light are   
exclud$ & ?r\gh :i* ! sewage fl[s ) a   
sl[ velocity1 ?us all[+ ! matt] 9       
susp5sion to settle to ! bottom or rise 
to ! top by reason ( its specific       
gravity1 !re to be fur!r act$ ^u or     

decompos$ by bact]ia4 ,! curr5ts %\ld be
 s guid$ t !y are di/ribut$ ov] a       
consid]able dep? & n all[$ to di/urb !  
s$im5ts at ! bottom or ! mat]ial at !   
top4 ,! d>k5$ ill v5tilat$ & mode/ly    
heat$ conditions 9 ! tank are all       
conducive to ! propagation ( a          
micro-organism kn[n z bact]ia4 ,!       
activity ( ^! organisms causes a *emical
 decomposition ( ! organic matt] 9 !    
sewage a "p pass+ (f z gas & a "p pass+ 
(f 9 ! efflu5t z inorganic matt]1 :ile  
ano!r portion is deposit$ 9 ! bottom ( !
 tank z sludge4  ,s f> only matt] 9     
susp5sion has be5 consid]$ b x is also  
true t *emical action takes place to "s 
ext5t 9 ! organic matt] 9 solution4 ,?is
 *emical action is a d5itrify+ action   
simil> to t :i* takes place 9 int]mitt5t
 d[nw>d filtration4  ,an important fact 
9 ! septic tank efflu5t is t its        
comp\nds h be5 brok5 d[n & x c n[ be m  
readily purifi$4  ,! septic tank process
 is self-regulat+1 self-act+1 requires  
no att5tion except ! occasional clean+  

out ( ! sludge4  ,z an illu/ration ( ?is
 process ! septic tank at ,*ampaign     
,ill9ois may be describ$4  ,?is tank    
al?\gh design$ 9 #ahie1 has only be5 9  
op]ation s9ce #ahig4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is 
tank are #cg by #af by #e feet & x has a
 cubic capacity ( #bb1jjj gallons4 ,x   
has tak5 c>e ( a dry wea!r fl[ (        
#cjj1jjj gallons p] day1 ab\t #ac times 
its cubic cont5ts4 ,! tank has op]at$ ) 
a range ( f #aa to #bg times its cubic  
capacity ) a high effici5cy (           
purification ?\gh mu* ( ?is 0 gr\nd     
wat]4  ,! r$uction ( ! organic matt] 9  
susp5sion1 z %[n by ! r$uction ( oxyg5  
consum$1 nitrog5 z album9oid ammonia1 & 
total organic nitrog5 9 ?ree analyses   
av]ag$ #id p]c5t4 ,h[ev] x is n consid]$
 t an av]age ( m ?an #hj to #ij p]c5t   
may g5]ally be expect$4 ,! r$uction (   
organic matt] 9 solution is consid]able1
 av]ag+ #ag p]c5t4  ,?is sludge at !    
bottom is a black muddy look+ silt-l    
deposit conta9+ ab\t #fj p]c5t ( wat] & 
#e p]c5t ( organic matt]4 ,its value z a

 f]tiliz] is small4  ,al?\gh ! am\nt (  
sludge is relatively small !            
accumulation requires removal           
occasionally1 ?ree or f\r times a ye>4  
,x is e/imat$ t = e #a1jjj1jjj gallons  
sewage !re is ab\t #c cubic feet ( dry  
matt]4 ,by *emical precipitation ?is    
w\ld am\nt to f #bj to #be cubic feet p]
 #a1jjj1jjj gallons4  ,ano!r good       
example ( ! septic tank me?od is ! "o 9 
use at ,exet]1 ,engl&4  ,?is plant has  
be5 9 op]ation s9ce #ahif4 ,x 0 design$ 
= #ihjjj gallons capacity4 ,! sewage is 
all[$ to rema9 9 ! tank ne>ly #bd h\rs4 
,! tank is us$ 9 conjunction ) five b$s 
9 :i* fur!r purification is us$4 ,! b$s 
are fill$ ) coke breeze & "o is always  
re/+ = a week at a "t4 ,! tank is made  
ne>ly air tight by an ar*$ ro( & any    
gasses collect+ may be burn$ at a v5t4  
,! rate ( work+ ?is tank is mu* sl[] ?an
 ! process at ,*ampaign ,ill9ois4  ,at  
,s\?wold ,engl&1 !re is ano!r good      
illu/ration ( ?is me?od4 ,?is has be5   
call$ an op5 septic tank & is us$ 9     

conjunction ) two b$s1 an ana]obic1 & an
 a]obic b$1 ! latt] conta9+ pol>ite4    
,?is plant is int]e/+ f ! fact t !      
efflu5t f ! ana]obic b$ is di/ribut$ ov]
 ! a]obic b$ by means ( a revolv+       
spr9kl] :i* prev5ts ! liquid f pass+    
unequally ?r\gh ! l>ge gra91 por\s      
mat]ial4 ,! action ^u ^! b$s is         
cont9u\s4  ,f a report ( ?is sy/em !    
analysis ( gas f\nd 9 ?ree samples are z
 foll[s3--                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,c>bon    ,sulphurett$                  
,oxyg5      ,nitrog5      dioxide       
hydrog5                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------  ,septic tank 
#j4be       #bh4df       #gj4jc         
#a4bf  ,ana]obic b$        #g4bf        
#ci4aj       #eb4cg        #j4ia        
,a]obic b$         #bj4fb       #gh4fc  
#j4ge        #j4jj                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           

,contact ,b$   ,! contact b$ z di/+ui%$ 
f ! bact]ia b$ may be said to be made up
 ( f9e mat]ial1 :ile ! bact]ia b$s are  
built ( co>se mat]ial4 ,! latt] are us$ 
= tak+ out ! r\gh] solids1 & ! =m] =    
tak+ out ! m f9ely divid$ mat]ial1 & !  
organic matt] 9 solution4 ,:ile ?is     
di/9ction is n commonly made x seems to 
be gr[+ into usage4  ,9 ! process (     
purification by means ( contact b$s !   
sewage is appli$ int]mitt5tly by        
di/ribut+ pipes or tr\ghs s z to sl[ly  
fill ! b$s :i* are fill$ f a dep? ( f   
?ree to six feet ) any k9d ( h>d1 por\s1
 jagg$ mat]ial4 ,! *ange :i* takes place
 is due to ! action ( c]ta9 bact]ia 9 ! 
pres5ce ( air4 ,al?\gh ?is process is n 
a new "o1 ! me?od by :i* ! results 7    
obta9$ 0 n fully und]/ood until ! m     
rec5t discov]ies 9 ! sci5ce (           
bact]iology 7 made4  ,! b$s are made    
wat] tight to a dep? ( ab\t f\r feet1 ! 
bottom be+ *annel$ or til$ to dra9 !    
efflu5t ei!r to a second>y b$ or into ! 
efflu5t *annel4  ,_m em95t m5 h advocat$

 special mat]ial z coal1 coke1 cl9k]    
slag1 s&1 & gravel1 & ev5 glass = fill+ 
mat]ial4 ,! results d n diff] mat]ially 
& ,pr(4 ,l4 ,p4 ,k5nicutt 9 an article 9
 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,association ( ,eng9e]+  
,societies1 ,febru>y #aijj makes !      
foll[+ /atem5t1 8,! mat]ial %\ld be m or
 less por\s s z to h a l>g] wat] absorb+
 area & h a jagg$ surface on :i* !      
gelat9iz$ micro-organisms c be easily   
reta9$40  8,! quantity ( sewage t c be  
successfully treat$ by int]mitt5t       
filtration has be5 %[n n to be ov]      
#ajj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day1 a      
quantity s small z to be q useless =    
t[ns & cities :i* w\ld be oblig$ to     
con/ruct b$s ) s& n 89 situ04 ,?is po9t 
0 quickly p]ceiv$ 9 ,engl& :]e s& 89    
situ0 is n ( common occurr5ce4 ,^!      
bact]ia b$s 7 n us$ long be=e ! problem 
arose3 ,c ! am\nt ( l& requir$ by !     
int]mitt5t filtration me?od be s r$uc$ t
 ! con/ruction ( artificial bact]ia b$s 
w be a practical possibility8  8,!      
results ( ! inve/igation />t$ by ?is    

problem h giv5 u :at is kn[n z ! contact
 sy/em ( treatm5t & ! septic tank       
treatm5t & h app>5tly %[n n only t by   
comb9+ ^! two me?ods ! am\nt ( area     
requir$ = #ajj1jjj gallons c be r$uc$ f 
"o acre to ab\t "o sev5? ( an acre b    
also t ! bact]ial treatm5t is possible )
 sewage conta9+ manufactur+ refuse1 & h 
outl9$ h[ sewage conta9+ /orm wat] may  
be treat$40  ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t
 t aft] two or ?ree weeks !re is a m>k$ 
r$uction 9 ! initial capacity ( ! tank  
due to break+ d[n ( ! fill+ mat]ial &   
also to ! fill+ mat]ial becom+ *>g$ &   
coat$ ov] ) a gelat9\s slime consi/+ (  
liv+ organisms & organic matt] 9 !      
process ( trans=mation4  ,if ! b$ is n  
ov]work$ ! capacity ( ! tank w rema9    
con/ant aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks1  
%[+ t ! durability is unlimit$4  ,! b$s 
are usually fill$ 9 half an h\r1 & !    
sewage all[$ to rema9 on !m ab\t two    
h\rs :5 ! efflu5t is run (f & ! b$s     
all[$ to re/ sev]al h\rs be=e aga9 be+  
fill$4  ,by contact b$s 9 s]ies1 ! numb]

 dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( sewage1 almo/ any    
degree ( purification c be obta9$4  ,!  
,eng9e]+ ,record ( ,jan4 #bg1 #aijj     
gives a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! sewage     
disposal works at ,sutton1 ,engl&4 ,!   
works 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahia-ic1 & comprise
 an area ( #bh acres1 #ah acres only be+
 capable ( irrigation4 ,!y 7 orig9ally  
design$ = *emical precipitation & broad 
irrigation1 b aft] giv+ ^! me?ods a two 
ye>s' trial ! local bo>d f\nd itself    
unable to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( !     
cons]vators ( ! ,riv] ,?ames1 into :i* !
 efflu5t fl[$4  ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,dibd9     
advis$ ! con/ruction ( filt]s or f9e    
gra9$ bact]ia b$s4 ,two b$s hav+ a      
comb9$ area ( a qu>t] ( an acre & a     
capacity ( #bjj1jjj gallons1 7 built 9  
#ahie-if = ! purification ( ! *emically 
treat$ sewage4 ,9 #ahif ! fir/ bact]ia  
b$ 0 con/ruct$ = ! treatm5t ( crude     
sewage4  ,z previ\sly /at$1 _m te/s 7   
made to det]m9e ! be/ k9d ( mat]ial =   
fill+ ! b$s4  ,! crude sewage1 aft] be+ 
scre5$ to int]cept float+ matt]1 is run 

directly onto ! filt]s )\t ! addition ( 
any *emicals4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! b$s = a  
p]iod ( two h\rs ! efflu5t is 9 a fit   
condition to be dis*>g$ into ! brook    
lead+ to ! ,?ames & is uni=mly sup]ior  
to ! efflu5t obta9able by local l&      
treatm5t4  ,all exp]im5ts ) bact]ia b$s 
%[ t ! objects = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 to    
aboli% sludge1 has be5 realiz$ & t      
sewage c be purifi$ )\t *emicals at a   
small co/1 be+ b little m ?an t incurr$ 
by ! labor 9 att5d+ to1 or sup]vis+ !   
fill+ & dis*>g+1 ! filt]s1 & t sewage   
purification c be c>ri$ on ) little or  
no nuisance4                            
,discussion   ,! am\nt ( purification to
 be obta9$ by dilution dep5ds ^u ! size 
( ! /ream into :i* ! sewage is dis*>g$ &
 also ^u ! am\nt ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 !    
/ream4 ,! latt] condition is controll$ v
 l>gely by ! rate ( fl[ ( ! /ream & its 
previ\s condition ( pollution4 ,mr4 ,e4 
,p4 ,/e>ns 9 8 report to ! ,massa*usetts
 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ahij1 on        
,pollution & ,self-,purification (      

,/reams1 gave a table %[+ ! calculat$   
am\nt ( free ammonia1 dissolv$ solids & 
*lor9e :i* sewage adds to runn+ /reams4 
,mu* int]e/ is be+ tak5 9 ! effect ( !  
dis*>ge ( ! sewage ( ,*icago1 & ! wat]s 
( ,lake ,mi*igan1 into ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1
 & ! outcomes ( ! analyses ( samples    
tak5 along ! riv] is await$ ) int]e/4   
,publi%$ reports h n be5 giv5 out1 b    
in=mation f ! mo/ reliable s\rces seem  
to %[ t a consid]able purification takes
 place 9 ! passage d[n ! riv]4  ,no     
reliable data c\ld be obta9$ giv+ !     
p]c5t ( purification by irrigation4 ,at 
,b]l9 ! sewage is purifi$ by ?is me?od1 
& ! efflu5t comes well )9 ! requirem5ts 
( ! ,g]man law4  ,) *emical treatm5t    
ab\t #ij p]c5t ( ! matt] 9 susp5sion & a
 small p]c5t ( t 9 solution is remov$1 &
 ! purification is ab\t #ec p]c5t ( !   
total organic matt]4  ,! be/ examples ( 
int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration %[ an      
effici5cy ( #ie p]c5t on ! total organic
 matt]4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is process is us$ 9 
connection ) o!r me?ods ! organic matt] 

may be r$uc$ #ii p]c5t & ! *emical      
analyses ( ! efflu5t may fill ! dr9k+   
wat] requirem5ts4  ,results ( analyses (
 sewage & efflu5t f septic tanks %[ an  
effici5cy ( f #he to #ij p]c5t 9 !      
organic matt] 9 susp5sion4 ,v little    
*ange takes place 9 ! matt] 9 solution4 
,! result ( exp]im5ts ) a s+le contact  
b$ at ,sutton1 ,engl&1 f ,novemb] #ahif 
to ,m>* #ahih %[s a purification ( #fd  
p]c5t2 if1 h[ev]1 two b$s are us$ 9     
s]ies1 a fur!r purification ( #ej p]c5t 
is obta9$ or a total purification ( #hb 
p]c5t ( ! crude sewage4  ,! capacities (
 irrigation1 & int]mitt5t d[nw>d        
filtration plants1 & contact b$s are    
usually /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! numb] ( gallons 
p] acre p] day4                         
,,table ,,iii4                          
,,rate ,,( ,,sewage ,,treatm5t4         
,sy/em4                 ,location4      
,sewage treat$ 9                        
gallons p] acre p]                      
day4                                    
----------------------------------------

-------------------------------         
,,irrigation4       ,b]l91 ,g]many4     
#ah1jjj4       ,man*e/]1 ,eng4--,e/imat$
 b n         con/ruct$4                 
#ah1ejj4   ,,int]mitt5t ,,d[nw>d        
,,filtration4       ,fram+ham1 ,mass4   
#ai1jjj4       ,leice/]1 ,mass4         
#ch1gej4       ,brockton1 ,mass4        
#dd1jjj4       ,m>lbor\gh1 ,mass4       
#ed1jjj4       ,g>dn]1 ,mass4           
#adj1jjj4       ,m5dota1 ,ills4         
#ahd1jjj4       ,worce/]1#a ,mass4      
#cbb1jjj4       ,worce/]1#a ,mass4      
7,flet*]'s e/imate74                    
#ejj1jjj4       ,madison1#a ,wis4       
#h1jjj1jjj4   ,,contact ,,b$s4          
,man*e/]1 ,eng4 7crude sewage7          
#ejj1jjj4       ,man*e/]1#a ,eng4       
#gjj1jjj4       ,man*e/]1 ,eng4 7/orm   
wat] sewage7                            
#b1ejj1jjj4  ,footnote #a3    ,second>y 
filtration4  ,table ,,iii %[s ! capacity
 ( repres5tative plants4 ,be/ au?orities
 consid] #ajj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day
 to be ! maximum rate p]missible "u !   

be/ conditions = ! treatm5t ( crude     
sewage by ! int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration
 sy/em4 ,) unfavorable conditions !     
quantity ( sewage %\ld be limit$ to z l[
 z #bj1jjj gallons4 ,:]ev] too l>ge a   
dose is appli$ to ! b$ ! sewage is n    
prop]ly purifi$ & ! b$s soon become     
clogg$ up & unfit = fur!r use4  ,:5 !   
b$s are us$ = second>y purification1    
#gej1jjj gallons may be treat$ p] acre  
p] day4  ,! results ( ext5sive exp]im5ts
 made at ,man*e/]1 ,engl& 9 #ahih &     
#ahii %[ t by means ( contact b$s crude 
sewage may be treat$ at ! rate (        
#ejj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day4 ,:5 !  
b$s are us$ = second>y purification1    
#gej1jjj gallons may be successfully    
treat$1 & /orm wat] sewage treat$ at !  
rate ( #b1ejj1jjj gallons p] acre p]    
day4  ,! capacity ( ! *emical           
precipitation plant at ,madison1        
,wiscons9 is #fh p]c5t ( ! daily fl[1   
:i* 9 #ahii 0 e/imat$ at #cjj1jjj4  ,!  
company t built ! plant agre$ t ! plant 
%\ld h a daily capacity ( #a1bjj1jjj =  

ea* & e day 9 ! ye>4 ,?is %[s ! e/imat$ 
capacity ( ! tank to be #bh p]c5t4  ,at 
,worce/]1 "o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is     
process is 9 op]ation4 ,! size ( ! tanks
 is equal to #bh p]c5t ( ! total fl[ (  
#ag4a million gallons p] day ( :i* #aj4a
 million gallons is ! out fl[ f a       
comp>atively cle> pond4 ,if ! actual    
am\nt ( sewage is consid]$ ! tanks h a  
capacity ( #fe p]c5t ( ! total fl[4     
,raft] & ,bak] 9 _! discussion ( ! size 
( tanks recomm5ds t ! total capacity    
%\ld be ne>ly #ej p]c5t ( ! av]age daily
 fl[4  ,! two typical types ( septic    
tanks are ^? at ,exet]1 ,engl& & at     
,*ampaign ,ill9ois4 ,! fir/ has a cubic 
capacity ( #ic p]c5t ( ! total daily    
fl[1 :ile ! second has a capacity ( #g4e
 p]c5t ( ! daily fl[4  ,:5 ! capacity ( 
! tank is z small z at ,*ampaign !      
bact]ia d n h "t to act ^u ! sewage z !y
 w\ld if ! fl[ 0 n s rapid4  ,x is      
conc$$ n[ by ! highe/ au?orities on ?is 
subject t ! tank %\ld h a capacity equal
 to f "o f\r? to "o half ( ! av]age     

daily fl[4  ,conc]n+ ! conditions = :i* 
! v>i\s processes are applicable1 x may 
be said t ! dilution process is us$ :5  
advantage may be tak5 ( natural         
res\rces4 ,?is me?od c be utiliz$ by mo/
 cities situat$ along riv]s or /reams   
l>ge en\gh to suffici5tly dilute & c>ry 
away ! sewage1 & fulfill sanit>y        
requirem5ts4  ,z an example ( ! use (   
dilution ! ,*icago ,riv] may be cit$4   
,!re ! unc]ta9 fl[ ( ! riv] 0 made to   
pass inw>d t[>d ! ,ill9ois ,riv] ) a    
spe$ ( #b miles p] h\r & a dis*>ge (    
#bj1jjj gallons p] m9ute p] #ajj1jjj    
inhabitants4 ,! ,black/one ,riv] 0 us$  
by ! cities ( ,massa*usetts until !     
pollution ( ! riv] became unbe>able & ! 
/ate 0 compell$ to pass a law =c+ !     
cities to purify _! sewage4  ,broad     
irrigation is a me?od :i* _c g5]ally be 
us$ on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nt ( l& &     
labor requir$4 ,?is me?od is especially 
applicable to asylums1 alms h\ses1 &    
re=matories :]e co/ ( labor is small4 ,x
 is us$ 9 ! ,we/ :]e ! value ( all      

available wat] leads to ! application ( 
sewage to crops1 & also on acc\nt ( ! l[
 /age ( we/]n /reams dur+ ! summ] :i*   
r5d]s sewage dis*>g$ into !m an         
unbe>able nuisance4  ,int]mitt5t d[nw>d 
filtration may be us$ :]e !re is a      
consid]able area ( s&y soil1 & also :]e 
a high degree ( purification is         
necess>y4  ,*emical precipitation does n
 require a l>ge area = its op]ation &   
us$ alone does n give a high degree (   
purification4 ,:]e l& & mat]ial = b$s is
 exp5sive1 & p>tial purification is     
suffici5t1 ?is sy/em may be us$4  ,!    
septic tank requires a small area4 ,!   
odors are n (f5sive & _c be notic$ #ajj 
feet away4 ,! efflu5t may be dis*>g$    
into small /reams & soon loses its      
id5tity4  ,contact b$s are us$ :]e a    
high degree ( purity is requir$2 if !   
efflu5t is empti$ into riv]s or s\rces (
 wat] supply4 ,! b$s d n require a l>ge 
area & ! process may be recomm5d$ if    
suitable mat]ial is at h&4  ,! co/ (    
con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( ! diff]5t     

sy/ems v>y s l>gely accord+ to local    
conditions t a fair e/imate is n        
possible4 ,z ! mo/ /rik+ example (      
maximum & m9imum co/ ! disposal sy/em at
 ,*icago & at ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts may 
be cit$4 ,! purification 9 bo? cases is 
by dilution1 ! co/ be+ practically no?+ 
at ,l[ell :ile ! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal
 co/ #cc1jjj1jjj4 ,x may n be fair to   
*>ge ?is entire co/ to ! sew]age sy/em2 
nev]!less up to date x has be5 us$ = no 
o!r purpose4  ,at ,b]l91 ,g]many :]e    
broad irrigation is us$1 ! sewage has to
 be pump$ to ! f>ms & involves a        
consid]able co/4 ,aside f ?is ! receipts
 d]iv$ f ! sale ( f>m products are en\gh
 to pay ! runn+ exp5ses ( ! f>m4  ,!    
fir/ co/ ( ! int]mitt5t d[nw>d          
filtration plant is e/imat$ by ! writ]s 
at #ij1jjj p] million gallons p] day (  
sewage treat$1 :]e ! b$s are artificial4
 ,:]e natural b$s c be us$ ! fir/ co/   
may be r$uc$ to #g1ejj p] million       
gallons p] day4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance is   
ab\t #b4jj p] #a1jjj1jjj gallons4  ,!   

av]age co/ = op]at+ a *emical disposal  
plant is ab\t #eh c5ts p] inhabitant p] 
ye>1 or #af4jj p] #a1jjj1jjj gallons    
treat$4 ,at ,man*e/] ,engl& :]e broad   
irrigation & *emical precipitation are  
us$ 9 comb9ation1 ! av]age co/ 0 #fc4jj 
p] #a1jjj1jjj gallons treat$4  ,a septic
 tank = treat+ #a1jjj1jjj gallons (     
sewage p] day w co/ less ?an #aj1jjj & !
 co/ ( ma9t5ance w be ab\t #a4jj p]     
#a1jjj1jjj gallons treat$4              
,conclusion   ,9 select+ a me?od (      
sewage disposal1 ! conditions1          
surr\nd+s1 & requirem5ts ( ! city %\ld  
be c>efully /udi$ & analyz$1 & judgm5t &
 discretion mu/ be us$4 ,a matt] ( s mu*
 importance to ! community %\ld be plac$
 9 ! h&s ( m5 qualifi$ to make a prop]  
solution ( ! problem4 ,:ile 9 g5]al     
sev]al me?ods ( purification may be     
appli$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! city1       
usually local conditions & consid]ations
 w n>r[ ! *oice to two plans or possibly
 to a s+le me?od4  ,! gov]n+ features ( 
! dilution process are s di/9ct t x is n

 usually difficult to det]m9e :]e ?is   
me?od is applicable1 & likewise1 ! broad
 irrigation process has peculi>         
conditions4 ,9 bo?1 ! plans involve only
 matt]s ( con/ruction4  ,! o!r me?ods h 
m 9 common & ! det]m9ation ( _! relative
 value is n s easy4 ,z be=e /at$1 !     
rec5tly develop$ biolytic processes     
promise to displace *emical             
precipitation4 ,:]e a suitable deposit (
 s& or gravel is conv5i5tly locat$ on   
*eap l& :i* may be made )\t great exp5se
 into filtration areas & ! sewage       
dis*>g$ ^u !m by gravity1 int]mitt5t    
d[nw>d filtration may be ! mo/          
satisfactory1 especially if a highly    
purifi$ efflu5t is desir$4 ,! item (    
exp5se ( att5dance1 & labor ( ma9t5ance 
mu/ be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! co/ (  
?is me?od4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* favorable  
conditions & especially :]e complete    
purification is n requir$ ! septic tank 
may be ! mo/ suitable4 ,= high]         
purification ! comb9ation ( ! septic    
tank ) filt] b$s1 or contact b$s run at 

comp>atively high rates1 makes a        
satisfactory purification & is          
applicable to a wide range ( conditions4
 ,a bact]ia b$ may be sub/itut$ = !     
septic tank = ! r\gh+ process b its     
applicability 9 n s g5]al4  ,9          
conclusion x may be said t if ! next t5 
ye>s gives z mu* developm5t 9 sewage    
purification z has ! la/ decade1 "s ( ! 
processes h]e9 outl9$ w h be5 disc>d$ & 
sanit>y eng9e]+ w h a*iev$ /ill great]  
triumphs4                               
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,,transcrib]',s ,,notes    #a4 ,table ( 
,cont5ts add$ by transcrib]4  #b4 ,all  
text aft] ! ,cont5ts 0 h&writt54  #c4   
,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors &
 v>iations 9 spell+4  #d4 ,reta9$       
ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s
 z       pr9t$4  #e4 ,footnotes h be5   
re-index$ us+ numb]s4  #f4 ,enclos$     
und]l9$ text 9 und]scores4