----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note3  ,?is v]sion ( !   
text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical    
effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8'  
"* z italic4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are   
%[n z1 e4g41 #8,ier'4  ,! s+le footnote 
has be5 plac$ to foll[ ! p>agraph 9 :i* 
x 0 ref]5c$4  ,!re are copi\s           
illu/rations1 :i* appe> "h z            
,illu/ration3 caption1 & h be5 mov$     
slightly to fall on p>agraph breaks4    
,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h
 be5 correct$4 ,please see !            
transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = 
details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual     
issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4    
,illu/ration3    ,,r$uc$ ,,fac-,,simile 
,,( ,a ,,bord]4   ,f an edition (       
8,h]odotus0   ,pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 ! ye>  
#adgj4                                  
,,hi/oric ,,ornam5t                     
,treatise on                            
,,decorative ,,art                      
,,&                                     

,,ar*itectural ,,ornam5t                
,,pott]y2 ,,enamels2 ,,ivories2         
,,metal-,,"w2                           
,,furniture2 ,,textile ,,fabrics2       
,,mosaics2                              
,,glass2 ,,& ,,book ,,decoration        
,,by                                    
,,james ,,w>d                   ,,au?or 
,,( 8,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ornam5t0     
99   99             ,) ,?ree ,hundr$ &  
,sev5te5 ,illu/rations                  
,,london3 ,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 ,,limit$ 
#ahig                                   
,,preface4  ,illu/ration   ,?is "w is a 
cont9uation ( ! =m] volume on ! subject 
( ,hi/oric ,ornam5t1 & treats ( !       
hi/orical developm5t ( ornam5t &        
decoration z illu/rat$ 9 furniture1     
pott]y1 enamels1 ivories1 metal "w1     
includ+ goldsmi?s'1 silv]smi?s'1 &      
jewell]s' "w1 textile fabrics1 mosaic1  
glass1 & book decoration4  ,?\gh ea*    
volume may be consid]$ complete 9 itself
 z f> z x has be5 possible to consid] ! 
subjects !re9 treat$ 9 ! dim5sions ( ?is

 "w1 at ! same "t ! /ud5t is            
respectfully advis$ to read bo? volumes1
 z a few subjects :i* are necess>ily    
only slightly notic$ 9 ! =m] treatise1  
p>ticul>ly ^? belong+ to ! ,m9or ,arts1 
are m fully treat$ 9 ! pres5t "w4       
,j4 ,,w>d4                              
,,cont5ts4  ,illu/ration                
,,*apt] ,i4                             
,,page   ,,pott]y--,,maiolica--,,della  
,,robbia ,,w>e--,,italian               
,,maiolica--,,p]sian1          #a       
,,damascus1 ,,& ,,rhodian ,,w>es--,,fr5*
 ,,pott]y--,,oiron ,,w>e--,,palissy     
,,w>e--,,nev]s1 ,,r\51 ,,& ,,m\/i]s     
,,w>es--,,fr5*    ,,porcela9--,,g]man   
,,pott]y--,,g]man ,,porcela9--,,engli%  
,,pott]y--,,engli% ,,porcela9--,,*9ese  
,,porcela9--,,indian ,,pott]y           
,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,,enamels--,,enamels ,,(
 ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,! ,,ea/           
#ajh                                    
,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,,ivory ,,c>v+s        
#aci                                    
,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,,metal ,,"w--,,gold1   

,,silv]1 ,,bronze1 ,,pewt]1 ,,&         
,,iron--,,spani% ,,metal     #afa       
,,"w--,,metal ,,"w ,,9 ,,italy1         
,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,&                 
,,engl&--,,niello-,,"w ,,&              
,,damasc5+--,,indian ,,jewell]y--,,iron 
,,"w    ,,9 ,,france1 ,,g]many1         
,,belgium1 ,,italy1 ,,& ,,engl&         
,,*apt] ,v4   ,,furniture--,,antique3   
,,egypt1 ,,assyria1 ,,greece1 ,,&       
,,rome--,,byzant9e1      #bda           
,,romanesque1 ,,s>ac5ic1 ,,& ,,!        
,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,middle            
,,ages--,,italian ,,& ,,o!r ,,furniture 
,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance                    
,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,,textile               
,,fabrics--,,textiles ,,(               
,,india--,,embroid]y--,,tape/ry--,,lace 
#bie                                    
,,*apt] ,,vii4   ,,mosaics              
#cdd                                    
,,*apt] ,,viii4   ,,glass               
#cfe                                    
,,*apt] ,,ix4   ,,! ,,decoration ,,(    
,,books                                 

#chi                              ,,li/ 
,,( ,,illu/rations4  ,illu/ration       
,,fig4                                  
,,page         ,bord] f an edition (    
,h]odotus            ,frontispiece      
#bie4 ,alaba/ron1 ,phnician             
#cff     #ih4 ,alt>1 ,portable1 ,g]man  
#aaf    #aea4 ,alt> ,front1 ,gold51     
,basle                                  
#ahh    #bga4 ,ar*]1 ,norman1 f !       
,bayeux ,tape/ry                  #cba  
#bbg4 ,b$room ,int]ior1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury
                      #bed    #acf4     
,bell ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,patrick's            
#agb     #gc4 ,bell>m9e1 ,fulham        
,/onew>e                                
#hc    #bcd4 ,bell[s1 ,italian          
#bfb    #aag4 ,bone ,c>v+1 ,pa/oral     
,/aff1 ,engli%                     #adg 
#cae4 ,book1 ,cov] (2 ,h5ri-,deux ,/yle 
#djd    #caf4 8,book ( ! ,h\rs10 ,cov]  
=1 design$ by               #djf        
,ge(fry ,tory     #ca4 ,bottle1         
,pilgrim's1 ,urb9o ,w>e                 
#ce     #ea4 ,bottle1 ,pilgrim's1 ,nev]s

 ,w>e                             #eg   
#ec4    0      0      0                 
#ei    #big4 ,bottle1 ,glass1 ,anci5t   
,roman                              #cfi
    #bii4 ,bottle1 ,glass1 & ,mosque    
,lamp1 ,enamell$                 #cgb   
,ori5tal    #ahd4 ,b[l1 ,eighte5?       
,c5tury                                 
#bae      #e4 ,b[l1 ,samian             
#e     #da4 ,b[l1 ,blue ,p]sian         
#de     #gi4 ,b[l ( ,*elsea-,d]by       
,porcela9                            #ib
     #hd4 ,b[l ( ,tobacco-pipe1 ,worce/]
 ,w>e                       #ih    #aeg4
 ,b[l1 ,maz]1 ,ironmong]s' ,hall        
#aic    #cji4 ,b[l1 ,glass1 ,*9ese      
#chg    #bde4 ,bracket1 ,engli% ,c>v$   
#bgh    #aic4 ,bracelet1 ,silv]1 ,b5gal 
#bbc    #bac4 ,bronze ,tripod1          
,greco-,roman                           
#bde    #acg4 ,broo*1 ,t>a              
#agc    #ach4 ,broo*1 ,t>a1 rev]se      
#agd    #bgj4 ,brocade1 ,velvet1        
,italian                                
#cae    #bdc4 ,cab9et1 ,b\lle           

#bge    #bdd4 ,cab9et or ,armoire1      
,b\lle                                  
#bgf    #bch4 ,cab9et1 ,fr5*            
#bff    #bej4 ,cab9et ,m>quetry1 )      
,svres ,plaques                    #bhe 
#bef4 ,cab9et1 ,japanese1 & ,porcela9   
,di%                     #bia    #bae4  
,c&elabra1 ,roman ,bronze               
#bdf    #bag4 ,c&elabrum ,roman1 ,m>ble 
#bdg     #ff4 ,c&elabrum1 ,dresd5       
#ge    #ahc4 ,c&elabrum1 ,silv]         
#bae     #dg4 ,c&le/ick1 ,h5ri-,deux    
,w>e                               #eb  
#acc4 ,c&le/ick1 ,base (1 ,milan        
,ca!dral                     #afi       
#aeb4 ,c&le/ick1 ,gl\ce/]               
#ahi    #aec4 ,c&le/ick1 ,sev5-bran*$1  
,ca!dral (                 #aij         
,milan    #aed4 ,c&le/ick1 ,l[] ,boss ( 
! ,milan                      #aia      
#agc4 ,c&le/ick1 ,bronze1 ,italian      
#bjg    #ahi4 ,c&le/ick1 ,silv]-gilt1   
,l\is ,seize                     #bag   
#aij4 ,c&le/ick1 ,silv]-gilt1 ,italian  
#bah    #bgc4 ,c>pet1 ,embroid]$ ,p]sian

                               #cbc     
#bcj4 ,c>riage1 ,travell+1 ,engli%      
#bef    #bca4    0         0      0     
#bef    #agf4 ,casket1 ,silv]           
#baj     #bi4 ,ca/el-,durante ,w>e      
#cb    #aef4 ,c5s]                      
#aic    #acd4 ,*air ( ,dagob]t          
#agj    #bji4 ,*air1 ,greek             
#bdc    #baa4    0      0   0           
#bdd    #bai4 ,*air1 ,m>ble1 ,roman     
#bdh    #bbi4 ,*air1 ,coronation1       
,we/m9/] ,abbey                         
#bee    #bce4 ,*air1 ,italian1 ,sixte5? 
,c5tury                         #bfc    
#bcg4 ,*air decorat$ ) ,gauff]$ ,lea!r  
#bfe    #bec4 ,*airs1 ,p>l\r1 by        
,*ipp5dale                              
#bhh    #bed4 ,*airs 9 ,*9ese /yle1 by  
,*ipp5dale                   #bhi       
#ajb4 ,*alice ( ,ardagh                 
#abj    #ade4 ,*alice1 ,spani%          
#aha    #aei4 ,*alices1 ,go?ic          
#aie    #afj4 ,*alice                   
#aif    #afa4    0                      
#aif    #afb4 ,*alice1 ,g]man           

#aif    #afc4 ,*alice1 ,spani%          
#aif    #afd4 ,*alice1 ,engli%1 ,ox=d   
#aig    #aca4 ,*im]a1 ,bronze1 at       
,flor5ce                                
#afd    #ahf4 ,*ocolate ,pot            
#baf    #aba4 ,c(f] 9 ,bone1 ,c>v$ &    
,engrav$                       #aej     
#bcc4 ,c(f]1 ,m>riage1 ( ,c>v$ ,wood1   
,italian ,"w            #bfj    #bdh4   
,commode ) ,lac ,panels & ,m\nts1 by    
#bhb           ,caffi]i    #aaa4        
,coronation ( ,virg91 ,ivory ,can+1     
,fr5*                #ada    #bah4 ,c\* 
9 ,bronze1 ,roman                       
#bdh    #bab4 ,c\*es & ,s(a1 ,greek     
#bdd     #if4 ,cr[n ( ,*>lemagne        
#aad     #hb4 ,cr[n-,d]by cov]$ ,cup &  
,sauc]                         #ie      
#ada4 ,crozi] ( ,clonmacnois            
#agg    #adb4 ,crozi] ( ,bronze1 ,iri%1 
9 ,ed9burgh                    #agh     
#adj4 ,cumda*1 or ,case ( ,molaise's    
,gospels                     #agf       
#ajc4 ,cup1 ) ,transluc5t ,enamels set  
#abc           transp>5tly    #afe4     

,cup1 ,/&+1 ,cambridge                  
#aih    #aff4 ,cup1 ,enamell$1 ,k+'s    
,lynn                               #aih
    #age4 ,cup1 ) ,cov]1 ,silv]-gilt1   
,fr5*                      #bji    #agh4
 ,cup ( ,gold1 ,ox=d                    
#baj    #cjf4 ,cup1 ,dr9k+1             
,anglo-,saxon                           
#chc    #aie4 ,cuttack1 ,native ,silv]  
,jewell]y (                       #bbe  
#aif4 ,cuttack1 ,filigra9 ,jewell]y (   
#bbe    #bfb4 ,damask1 ,silk1 ,e>ly     
,s>ac5ic                                
#cjg    #bff4 ,damask1 ,silk1 ,sicilian 
#caa    #bfg4     0        0            
#cab    #bfh4 ,damask1 ,silk1 ,flor5t9e 
#cac    #cad4 ,dante's 8,inf]no10 f     
,woodcut (                        #djb  
#bfi4 ,diap] 9 ,velvet ,brocade1        
,italian                         #cad   
#bbe4 ,d9+ ,room                        
#bec    #bbf4 ,d9+ ,table on ,tre/les   
#bec      #g4 ,di%1 ,val5cia            
#i     #ae4 ,di%1 ,e>ly ,pes>o          
#ai     #bd4 ,di%1 ,lu/r$1 ,gubbio ,w>e 

#bg     #bh4 ,di%1 ,emboss$ ,fruit1     
,gubbio                                 
#ca     #cb4 ,di%1 ,urb9o               
#cf     #ce4 ,di%1 ,v5etian             
#ci     #dc4 ,di%1 ,rhodian             
#dg     #ej4 ,di%1 ,ru/ic ,palissy ,w>e 
#ef     #eg4 ,di%1 ,r\5 ,w>e            
#fc     #ga4 ,di%1 ( ,slip ,w>e1 by     
,?omas ,t(t                         #ha 
#gb4 ,di%1 ( ,lambe? ,delft             
#hb    #adh4 ,di%1 ,spani%1 silv]       
#ahd    #bjj4 ,door1 ,press1 9 ,*ur* (  
,/4 ,jacques                     #bca   
#bje4 ,door1 ,iron-b\nd1 ,mona/]y (     
,krems                      #bch        
#ba4 ,drug-pot1 ,si5a                   
#bf     #cj4 ,drug-pot1 ,ca/el-,durante 
,w>e                              #cc   
#id4 ,enamel1 ,cloisonn1 ,alt> ,tray &  
,*alice                 #aaa     #ig4   
,enamel1 ,*amplev1 ( ,ge(fry ,plantag5et
                 #aae     #ii4 ,enamel1 
,*sse 9 ,*amplev                        
#aag    #ajj4 ,enamel1 ,*amplev1 ,fr5*  
#aah    #ajf4 ,enamel1 ,batt]sea        

#aca    #ajh4 ,enamell$ ,haka ,/&1      
,mongol p]iod                       #ace
    #aji4 ,enamell$ ,p5-&-ink ,/&1      
,jaipur                       #acf      
#aaj4 ,enamell$ ,s>ai1 ,punjaub         
#acg     #ic4 ,enamell$ ,tile1 f ,s9dh  
#ajg    #caa4 ,epi/le ( ,j]ome1 f !1 9  
8,book (                  #cic          
,durr[0    #bea4 ,escritoire (          
,m>ie-,anto9ette                        
#bhf      #c4 ,ew]1 ,greek or ,etruscan 
#d     #dh4 ,ew] & ,tazza1 ,oiron ,w>e  
#ec    #bfc4 ,fabric1 ,silk1 ( ,iconium1
 ,arabian 7,lyons                  #cjh 
,museum7     #cc4 ,fa5za ,plate         
#cg     #cd4 ,fa5za ,maiolica           
#ch    #ahj4 ,fire-dog1 ,silv]1 at      
,knole ,p>k                             
#bab    #bid4 ,glass ,vase or ,bottle   
#cfe    #bih4 ,glass ,tablet 9 ,relief1 
,roman                             #cgj 
#cjj4 ,glass1 ,v5etian ,enamell$        
#cge    #cja4 ,glass1 ,v5etian          
#cgf    #cjc4 ,glass1 ,spani%           
#chj    #cjd4 ,glasses1 ,g]man          

#cha    #cjg4 ,glass1 ,/a9$             
#che    #cjh4 ,glass1 ,w9d[1 ,engli%    
#chf     #ij4 ,glaz$ ,pi]c$             
,wat]-,bottle1 f ,madura                
#ajd    #bgd4 ,gloves1 ,/ate1 =m]ly     
belong+ to ,l\is                #cbd    
,,xiii    #aih4 ,gold ,jewell]y (       
,bombay1 ,native                        
#bbg    #abh4 ,gold ,broo* & ,e>r+s1    
,etruscan                        #afb   
#bjb4 ,grille or ,h]se on ,que5         
,eleanor's ,tomb1                  #bcc 
,we/m9/]    #bjc4 ,grille1 ,tab]nacle1 f
 ,ottob]g1 ,tyrol                  #bcf 
#bhj4 ,guipure1 ,flemi%                 
#cch    #bha4 ,guipure ,lace1 ,italian  
#cci    #afg4 ,hanap1 ,g]man            
#aii    #aii4 ,h+es1 c41 ,haddiscoe     
,*ur*                             #bbi  
#bja4 ,h+e to ,porte ,/e4 ,anne (       
,notre-,dame                    #bcb    
#bhd4 ,honiton ,lace1 ,mod]n            
#cdb    #aeh4 ,h\r-glass ,salt1 ,ox=d   
#aid    #aab4 ,image ,pa9t]             
#adb     #hh4 ,inc5se ,burn]1 ,satsuma  

,w>e                              #ajb  
#hi4 ,inc5se ,burn]1 ,arita ,w>e        
#ajc    #aia4 ,italian ,damasc5e ,"w    
#bbj    #aah4 ,ivory ,c>v+1             
,f\rte5?-c5tury ,pi]c$ ,"w              
#adh    #aai4 ,ivory ,dipty*1 ,engli%   
#adi    #abj4 ,ivory ,casket1 ,lid (1   
,spani%                             #aej
    #abb4 ,ivory ,comb                  
#aea    #abc4 ,ivory ,mirror ,case      
#aeb    #abd4 ,ivory ,tank>d1 ,flemi%   
#aed    #abe4 ,ivory ,panels ( ,pulpit  
,door1 ,s>ac5ic                    #aef 
#abf4 ,ivory ,ink ,horn                 
#aeg    #abg4 ,ivory ,box1 ,indian      
#aei    #aad4 ,ivory ,c>v+ ) ,ar*angel  
#ade    #aae4 ,ivory ,vase              
#ade     #gd4 ,j>1 ,/af=d%ire ,/one     
#hd    #adg4 ,jewel1 ,spani%            
#ahc    #aig4 ,jewell]y1 ,native1 (     
,tri*9opoly1 ,madras                #bbf
    #bfa4 ,k9cob ( ,ahm$abad            
#cjc    #bhe4 ,lace ,po9t1 ,iri% ,mod]n 
#cdc    #bgf4 ,lace1 ,po9t1 ,g5oese     
#ccd    #bgg4 ,lace1 ,gr\nds            

#cce    #bhb4 ,lace1 ,po9t1 ,v5etian1   
,f9e/ ,rais$                      #cdj  
#bhc4 ,lace1 ,me*l91 ,bord] (           
#cda    #beg4 ,lacqu]$ ,boxes1 ,s9dh    
#bib    #beh4 ,lacqu]$ ,leg ( ,b$po/1   
,s9dh                           #bic    
#gf4 ,lamp1 ,black ,egyptian ,w>e1      
,w$gwood                        #hh     
#adi4 ,lamp1 ,moori%                    
#ahe    #bgh4 ,lappet1 ,brussels        
#ccf    #bgi4 ,lappet1 8,po9t d',al5on0 
#ccg    #aac4 ,leaf ( ,roman ,dipty*    
#adc    #bjd4 ,lock 9 ,klag5furt        
,museum1 ,g]man                         
#bcg    #cab4 8,lyme ,missal10 page f ! 
,caxton                       #cig      
#cac4 8,lyme ,missal10 page f ! ,caxton1
 !                  #cii                
,crucifixion     #ag4 ,maiolica1        
,sgraffitto                             
#bb     #ah4 ,maiolica ,plate           
#bc     #ac4 ,m$allion 9 ,enamell$      
,e>!nw>e1 ,della                  #ag   
,robbia    #bdf4 ,mirror ,frame1        
,sev5te5? ,c5tury                       

#bgi    #bjf4 ,mirror1 ,wr\ght-,iron1   
,fr5*                              #bci 
#bdb4 ,mirror ,frame1 ,v5etian          
#bgj    #caj4 ,monogram1 ,illum9at$1    
portion ( 8,book (                #cib  
,kells0    #add4 ,mon/rance1 ,spani%    
#ahj    #afh4 ,mon/rance1 ,italian      
#bjj    #bhg4 ,mosaic1 ,roman1 f\nd at  
,avignon                           #cdg 
#bhh4 ,mosaic1 ,roman1 ,anci5t          
#cdh    #bhf4 ,mosaic1 ,roman1 f        
,wood*e/]                           #cdf
    #bhi4 ,mosaic1 ,head 91 f 8,battle (
 ,issus0                   #cej    #bij4
 ,mosaic1 ,geometric1 ,*ur* ( ,ara ,cli1
 ,rome               #ceg    #bia4      
,mosaic f ! ,alhambra                   
#cfc    #bib4 ,mosaic1 ,s>ac5ic1 f      
,monreale                          #cfc 
#bic4 ,mosaic1 ,indian1 f ! ,taj ,mehal 
#cfd    #abi4 ,necklace1 "p (1 ,head (  
,bac*us1 ,etruscan              #afb    
#aid4 ,neck ,ornam5t1 ,silv]            
#bbd    #bif4 ,necklace ( ,glass &      
,gold1 ,phnician                        

#cfg    #ajg4 ,necklace1 ,punjaub       
#acd     #de4 ,ornam5t on ,cupola (     
,mosque ( ,soliman !                #di 
,great    #bbb4 ,panel1 ,flemi%         
#beb    #bbc4 ,panel1 ,g]man            
#beb    #bbd4 ,panel1 ,engli%           
#beb    #aci4 ,patt]n1 ,iri% ,trumpet   
#age    #adf4 ,pax1 ,spani%             
#ahb    #afi4 ,pax1 ,italian            
#bja     #gg4 ,p$e/al1 ,jasp]1 ,w$gwood 
,w>e                            #hi     
#agj4 ,p5dant1 ,cell9i1 ,p>is           
#bjb     #bj4 ,pes>o ,portrait ,di%     
#be     #af4 ,pit*]1 ,caffaggiolo       
,maiolica                               
#ba      #h4 ,plaque1 ,e>!nw>e1 ,alcora 
,w>e                           #aa      
#ai4 ,plateau or ,tazza1 ,caffaggiolo   
,w>e                         #bd        
#bb4 ,plate1 ,si5a                      
#bf     #bc4 ,plate1 ,si5a              
#bf     #ed4 ,plateau1 ,r\5 ,w>e        
#fj     #ef4       0        0           
#fb     #eh4 ,plate1 ,lille ,w>e        
#fe     #ei4 ,plate1 ,m\/i]s ,w>e       

#ff     #fj4 ,plate1 ,/rasburg ,w>e     
#fg     #hf4 ,porcela91 ,ori5tal1 ,*9ese
 ) ,fr5*                  #ajj          
,orm\lu ,m\nt+     #ia4 ,pott]y1 ,glaz$1
 ( ,s9dh                                
#aje     #ib4       0        0        0 
#ajf    #aej4 ,rapi]s1 ,spani%          
#ahf     #ie4 ,reliqu>y1 ,byzant9e1     
,cloisonn ,enamel                       
#aac    #ajd4 ,salt-cell>1 portions (1  
by ,pi]re ,raymond               #abh   
#di4 ,salt-cell>1 ,oiron ,w>e           
#ed    #agd4 ,salv]1 ,flemi%            
#bjh    #bjh4 ,seat1 ,assyrian          
#bdb    #bba4 ,seat1 ,sc&9avian         
#bea    #bbh4 ,seats1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury  
#bee    #bbj4 ,sella1 ,roman            
#bdh     #fa4 ,svres ,vase              
#fi     #fb4 ,svres ,porcela9 ,clock    
#gj     #fc4 ,svres ,vase               
#ga    #aib4 ,%ield1 ,damasc5$ 9 ,gold1 
,indian                        #bba     
#aee4 ,%r9e or ,reliqu>y                
#aib    #agb4 ,silv]-gilt ,g]man ,cup   
#bjf    #aga4 ,spoons1 ,apo/le1         

,cambridge                              
#bje    #aaf4 ,/aff1 ,pa/oral1 ,g]man   
#adf     #ha4 ,/atuette1 ,d]by          
#id    #baj4 ,/ools & ,*airs1 ,fold+1   
,greek                         #bdc     
#bcf4 ,/ool ( ,c>v$ ,wood1 ,italian     
#bfd    #bee4 ,/ool & ,arm*air1 ,empire 
/yle                          #bij      
#adc4 ,sword ( ,boabdil1 ,madrid        
#agi    #bgb4 ,syon ,cope1 ,portion (   
#cbb    #aha4 ,table at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 
,silv]                           #bac   
#baf4 ,tables1 ,roman                   
#bdf    #bcb4 ,table 7,kursy71 ,s>ac5ic 
#beg    #bdj4 ,table1 ,elizabe?an       
#bfh    #bdi4 ,table1 ,writ+1 ,l\is     
,seize                                  
#bhd    #beb4 ,table ( ,m>ie-,anto9ette1
 inlaid ) ,svres             #bhg       
,plaques    #agg4 ,tank>d1 ,nuremb]g    
#baj    #agi4 ,tank>d1 ,engli%          
#baa    #bge4 ,tape/ry1 ,italian1       
,dismissal ( ,hag> &                    
#cca           ,i%mael     #bf4 ,tazza1 
by ,giorgio1 8,! ,/ream ( ,life0        

#bi     #bg4 ,tazza1 by ,giorgio        
#cj     #df4 ,tazza1 ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,w>e   
#ea    #bjg4 ,?rone1 ,assyrian          
#bdb     #ci4 ,tile1 ,p]sian            
#dc     #ab4 ,tile1 ,alhambra           
#ae     #fi4 ,tile1 ,encau/ic1 ,monm\?  
,priory                           #gi   
#ee4 ,tray1 ,r\5 ,w>e                   
#fa    #bei4 ,tree1 ,homa or ,sacr$1    
,assyrian                               
#cjj    #bfj4 ,tree ( ,life1 ,assyrian  
#cjj    #bfe4 ,tree ( ,life1 ,apo/olic1 
) ! ,cross ,emblem            #caj      
#bad4 ,tripod1 ,fold+1 ,roman           
#bde    #ahe4 ,ture5 at ,w9dsor ,ca/le  
#baf     #gj4 ,tyg ( ,wro?am ,w>e       
#hj     #fh4 ,urn1 ,romano-,briti%      
#gh      #a4 ,vase1 ,greek1 ,o9o*       
#d      #b4 ,vase1 ,greek1 or ,crat]    
#d      #d4 ,vase1 ,greek1 ,sign$ by    
,neco/h5es                          #d  
#f4 ,vase1 ,grco-,roman                 
#f      #i4 ,vase1 ,bu5-,retiro         
#ab     #aj4 ,vase1 ,alhambra           
#ac     #aa4 ,vase1 ,hispano-,moresque  

#ad     #be4 ,vase 9 ,copp]-ruby ,lu/re 
#bh     #cg4 ,vase1 ,p]sian ,fl[]1 )    
,*9ese ,decoration              #da     
#dd4 ,vase1 ,siculo-,arabian ,w>e       
#dh     #eb4 ,vase1 ,nev]s ,w>e         
#eh     #fd4 ,vase1 ,delft              
#gc     #fg4 ,vase1 ,dresd5             
#gf     #gh4 ,vase1 ,*elsea             
#ia     #hj4 ,vase1 ,b[ ,porcela9       
#ic     #hc4 ,vase1 ,worce/]            
#if     #he4 ,vase1 ,*9ese              
#ii     #hg4 ,vase1 ,anci5t ,japanese   
#aja    #aja4 ,vase1 ,enamell$1 f\nd 9  
,essex                           #aai   
#aje4 ,vase1 ,pa9t$ ,enamel by ,pi]re   
,raymond                    #abi        
#ahg4 ,vase1 ,silv]                     
#baf    #ahh4 ,vase1 by ,adam           
#baf    #cje4 ,vases1 ,decorat$ ,g]man  
#chb    #acj4 ,vessel1 ,etruscan ,bronze
                                   #afc 
#bdg4 ,vessel = ,holy-,wat]             
#bhj     #ad4 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ,della    
,robbia ,w>e                        #ah 
#cjb4 8,vitro di ,tr9a10 ,v5etian       

#cgg    #ace4 ,votive ,cr[n ( ,k+       
,su9?ila                            #aga
     #dj4 ,wall ,decoration1 ,p]sian    
#dd    #bfd4 ,wall ,hang+1 ,silk1       
,arabian                                
#cji     #cf4 ,w>e1 ,p]sian ,lu/r$      
#dj     #db4 ,w>e1 ,rhodian             
#df     #fe4 ,w>e1 ,g]man ,/one         
#ge     #ge4 ,w>e1 ,:ite ,salt-,glaz$1  
,/af=d%ire                     #he      
#bda4 ,w>e1 ,great ,b$ (1 ,elizabe?an   
#bfi     #ch4 ,wat]-bottle1 ,p]sian     
imitat$ ,*9ese                     #db  
,porcela9    #acb4 ,w9e ,crat] 9 ,silv]1
 ,antique ,roman                        
#afe    #ahb4 ,w9e ,f\nta9              
#bad    #bci4 ,wood ,panel1 ,c>v$1 ,fr5*
                                #bfg    
,,hi/oric ,,ornam5t4  ,illu/ration      
,,*apt] ,i4                             
,,pott]y4   ,9 a =m] volume ( ?is "w1 "u
 ! respective head+s1 ! ,pott]y ( !     
,prehi/oric ages1 & ( ! olde/ nations1 z
 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,phnicia1 has be5  
notic$4 ,! pott]y ( primitive ,greece   

has also be5 m5tion$1 & "s illu/rations 
h be5 giv54 ,x is "h int5d$ to give a   
brief outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ,c]amics dat+ 
f ab\t ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b to   
connect ?is sket* ) ! notice ( ,cyprian 
pott]y already giv5 x w be necess>y to  
say some?+ ( ! ,greek1 ,etruscan1 &     
,roman pott]y4 ,greek vases _h be5 f\nd 
9 great quantities 9 ,etruria be=e !y 7 
f\nd 9 ! isl&s & colonies ( ,greece1 or 
to any ext5t 9 ,a!ns1 & f ?is           
circum/ance !y 7 wrongly suppos$ to h   
be5 ( ,etruscan workman%ip4 ,!          
,etruscans import$ ^! vases f ,greece   
dur+ ! fif? & six? c5turies ,b4,c41 _m (
 :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 _! tombs1 f :]e !y h
 be5 exhum$ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ & fifty   
ye>s4  ,! vases f\nd at ,a!ns & o!r p>ts
 ( ,greece 7 also1 z a rule1 f\nd 9     
tombs & burial-places2 "o class 9       
p>ticul>--! ,a!nian leky?i--7 made      
specially to conta9 ! sacr$ oil or w9e &
 to be aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ! tomb4 ,^!     
vases are ( a long1 n>r[1 & elegant     
%ape1 & 7 decorat$ ) appropriate fun]al 

subjects outl9$ on a :ite gr\nd4 ,?is   
:ite gr\nd is kn[n z matt1 & is ( a dull
 surface2 x is n a glaze1 b simply an   
engobe ( clay fir$ at a v l[ temp]ature4
 ,! drap]ies ( ! figures are            
occasionally col\r$ r$1 br[n1 pale gre51
 or a blui% t9t1 & "s ( !m are rem>kable
 = _! beauty ( draw+ & expression (     
s5tim5t 9 ! design4 ,!y date f ,b4,c4   
#dej to #cej4 ,greek vases are *>act]iz$
 by _! beauty ( %ape z well z by _!     
ref9$ decoration4 ,"s ( ! ri*ly decorat$
 ones 7 giv5 z prizes to ! victors 9 !  
,olympian games1 & x has also be5       
conjectur$ t "s ( ! t]ra-cotta vases    
f\nd 9 ! tombs 7 design$ to repres5t !  
co/li] metal vases t 7 (f]$ = prizes at 
! games held 9 hon\r ( pr9ces at _!     
dea?1 ! co>s] t]ra-cotta vases be+ us$  
at ! dea? ( ! common p4  ,! %apes ( !   
,greek vases v>y 9 ! diff]5t p]iods1    
gett+ m elegant z !y approa*$ ! middle  
p]iod--! fif? & ! fir/ half ( ! f\r?    
c5tury ,b4,c4--& l>g] 9 size ) ! h&les m
 elaborate 9 ! lat] p]iods4 ,! pr9cipal 

v>ieties are kn[n "u ! foll[+ names3--! 
,amphora1 a full-bodi$ vase ) two h&les1
 us$ = c>ry+ w9e2 ! ,hydria1 a wid]     
bodi$ vase1 us$ = c>ry+ wat]3 x has     
g5]ally "o l>ge & two small] h&les2 !   
,crat]1 a l>ge wide-m\!d vessel1 us$ =  
mix+ w9e & wat]2 ! ,lebes1 a r\nd bas9  
usually plac$ on ! top ( a /& or tripod2
 ! ,o9o*o1 a ew]-%ap$ vase1 us$ = p\r+  
out w9e2 ! ,leky?os1 a long bottle-%ap$ 
vase1 us$ = hold+ oil2 ! ,aryballos1 =  
p]fumes or oil2 ! ,can?>os1 a two-h&l$  
cup on a foot1 us$ = dr9k+ purposes2 !  
,kylix1 a %all[ cup on a foot1 us$ =    
dr9k+ w9e2 & ! ,rhyton1 or dr9k+ horn1  
made 9 ! %ape ( an animal's head or a   
sph9x4  ,greek ,c]amic w>e1 l !         
,etruscan & ,roman1 0 coat$ ) a sc>cely 
p]ceptible ?9 glaze1 suppos$ to be      
compos$ ( a vitre\s alkal9e t m]ely     
h>d5$ ! clay body & left a v fa9t poli% 
on ! surface4  ,! col\r+ on ! majority (
 ! ,greek vases ( ! six? c5tury is a    
br[n or r$ glaze on :i* are pa9t$ !     
designs 9 black2 ! m>k+s on ! figures & 

drap]y are incis$1 %[+ ! gr\ndwork1 or  
be+ sometimes fill$ 9 ) :ite1 & ! faces 
& limbs usually pa9t$ a :ite col\r &    
fir$ at a l[ heat4 ,sometimes a purple  
t9t 0 pa9t$ ov] ! accessories4 ,vases ( 
?is p]iod h also a :ite biscuit gr\nd ) 
simil> col\r$ decorations z ^? ( ! r$   
gr\nd4  ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 a *ange 
took place 9 ! /yle ( decoration3 !     
figures & accessories are left 9 ! r$   
gr\nd col\r ( ! vase1 & ! surr\nd+      
gr\ndwork is black2 ! int]ior m>k+s are 
9 fa9t yell[ or black1 & incis$ slightly
 ) a tool4 ,?is is ! p]iod ( ! be/      
designs & ( delicate & correct draw+4   
,"s ( ! kylixes ( ?is p]iod are exce$+ly
 beautiful1 & are usually sign$ ) ! "n (
 ! arti/4 ,"s arti/s' names are         
,meidias1 ,polygnotos1 ,epictelos1      
,pamphaios1 ,brygos1 ,euphronius1 c4 ,x 
is said t ! greate/ arti/s (            
,greece--,phidias1 ,polycletus1         
,apelles1 & ,myron--furni%$ designs = ! 
pott]s4  ,! ,greeks 9 _! vase pa9t+s    
obs]v$ /rictly ! /hetic laws (          

proportion & space division 7,figs4 #a1 
#b1 #c1 #d7 z !y did 9 _! ar*itecture4  
,! precision ( t\* :i* !y display$ is   
rem>kable1 & ! skill 9 ! freeh& r5d]+ ( 
_! geometric & floral bord]s1 n to speak
 ( _! figure-"w1 is a/oni%+ :5 we ?9k t 
if !y made a mi/ake on ! absorb5t       
biscuit w>e on :i* !y pa9t$1 x c\ld n be
 alt]$ )\t %[+ ! defect4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #a4--;,greek ,vase4 ,o9o*o4       
,illu/ration  ,fig4 #c4--;,greek or     
,etruscan ,ew]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#b4--;,greek ,vase4 ,crat]4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,greek ,vase4 
,sign$ by ,nico/h5es4  ,! ,levant9e isl&
 ( ,samos has be5 celebrat$ f ! e>lie/  
times = its pott]y4 ,x has be5 m5tion$  
by ,hom] & ,h]odotus z unp>allel$1 = its
 size1 9 ! weal? & arti/ic qualities (  
its p4 ,x 0 r5[n$ = its temples & metal 
"w z well z = pott]y4 ,! ,temple (      
,juno--! ,h]um--0 built 9 m>ble1 & 0 (  
great magnitude--a treasure h\se ( art 9
 itself4 ,! ,samians 7 great trad]s1 &  
_! beautiful r$ pott]y 0 c>ri$ by _!    

%ips to all p>ts ( ! kn[n _w4 ,! clay ( 
:i* ! ,samian w>e 0 made 0 ( a f9e r$   
compact e>?2 ! pott]y 0 usually ?ick]   
?an t ( ! o!r ,greek c]amics1 & !       
decoration 0 p>tly modell$ & p>tly      
incis$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,?is w>e has be5 f\nd
 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ,europe1 ! design ( 
:i* incl9es to ! ,grco-,roman /yle1 & is
 d\btless ( ! v>iety made dur+ ! ,roman 
occupation ( ! isl&4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #e4--,samian ,b[l4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #f4--;,grco-,roman ,vase4  ,a     
,grco-,roman vase 9 t]ra-cotta is %[n at
 ,fig4 #f4  ,roman pott]y & fragm5ts ( x
 h be5 f\nd 9 e c\ntry t 0 =m]ly "u !   
,roman rule1 & consi/s ( examples bo? ( 
a v simple k9d & arti/ic4 ,great        
quantities h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&1 & e ye> 
almo/ br+s new examples to light1       
consi/+ ( vases1 lamps1 & panels 9      
t]ra-cotta4  ,al?\gh ! ,greeks nev] q   
lo/ ! art ( mak+ pott]y dur+ ! ,middle  
,ages1 !y did n produce mu* arti/ic "w  
aft] ,a4,d4 #bjj1 & betwe5 ?is "t & !   
end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,arti/ic pott]y 

z glaz$ w>e 0 import$ into ,europe f    
,damascus ?r\gh ! ,arabs or ,s>ac5s ab\t
 ?is "t4 ,cups f ,damascus 9 glaz$      
pott]y 7 reckon$ among ! treasures (    
k+s1 & x 0 f ,damascus t ! ,arabs       
und\bt$ly br\ght ! secrets ( glaz$      
e>!nw>e to ,spa91 :]e !y e/abli%$ !     
pott]ies t fabricat$ ! fam\s            
,hispano-,moresque w>e4 ,be=e deal+ )   
?is w>e1 x is necess>y to note briefly !
 v>i\s k9ds ( glaz$ w>es ant]ior to its 
inv5tion4 ,! process ( glaz+ t]ra-cotta 
tiles1 bricks1 & vessels is ( great     
antiquity4 ,9 ,egypt1 z e>ly z ! f\r?   
dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #cgff-cfjj71 examples (  
glaz$ t]ra-cotta tiles 7 9 use4 ,copp]  
has be5 employ$ at ^! e>ly dates to     
produce a turquoise blue enamel 9       
,assyria & ,babylon1 & t9 has be5 us$ 9 
! glaze mixture on ! enamell$ bricks f !
 same c\ntries4 ,^! anci5t tiles &      
bricks1 !re=e1 belong to ! category (   
fay5ces4 ,! ^w fay5ce1 n[ ( s wide      
application1 is d]iv$ f ,fa5za1 a t[n 9 
,italy1 :]e enamell$ e>!nw>e1 or        

maiolica1 0 manufactur$ 9 ! fifte5?     
c5tury1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by its f9e poli%$
 :ite enamel4 ,fay5ce is a w>e t is     
di/9ct f porcela92 x is a pott]'s clay  
mix$ ) a m>l ( an argillace\s & calc>e\s
 nature & s&4 ,accord+ to ! composition1
 & ! degree ( heat requir$ 9 fir+1 x is 
call$ 8,s(t0 7,fay5ce  pte t5dre7 &     
8,h>d0 7,fay5ce  pte dure74  ,engli%    
e>!nw>e made f pipeclay is 8s(t02 /one  
w>e1 ,que5's w>e1 & "s o!r special w>es 
are h>d4 ,s(t w>es are unglaz$1 glaz$1 &
 enamell$4 ,! glaz$ or v>ni%$ w>es1 z we
 h se51 7 made by ! anci5t civiliz$     
nations1 z well z ! co>s] t]ra-cotta or 
unglaz$ w>es4 ,9 m$ieval & 9 mod]n times
 enamell$ w>e1 z di/9ct f m]ely glaz$ or
 v>ni%$ w>es1 h be5 made1 z well z      
porcela9 or ,*9a w>e2 ! latt] is call$  
also ,kaol91 & is a f9e :ite e>? 9 :i*  
silex is ! *ief con/itu5t1 :i* is d]iv$ 
f a decomposition ( feldspa?ic granite4 
,vitre\s glaze 7or glass7 is compos$ (  
s& or o!r silice\s matt] fus$ ) pota% or
 soda2 ?is is gr\nd & mix$ ) wat]1 =m+ a

 liquid 9 :i* ! clay biscuit w>e is     
dipp$1 & aft]w>ds fir$1 9 ord] to make x
 imp]meable to liquids4 ,oxide ( lead 9 
consid]able quantities is add$ to !     
vitre\s glaze1 :i* increases its        
fusibility1 b /ill keep+ x transp>5t2   
?is is :at is kn[n z a plumbe\s glaze4  
,?is glaze may be col\r$ yell[ by !     
addition ( iron oxide2 gre5 by copp]    
oxide2 blue by cobalt2 & black by       
manganese4 ,all ^! col\r$ glazes 7 kn[n 
to ! anci5ts4  ,a fur!r addition ( !    
oxide ( t9 to ! vitre\s or plumbe\s     
transp>5t glaze1 9 comp>atively small   
quantities1 produces ! opaque enamel    
kn[n z a 8/annif]\s0 or t9 glaze4 ,?is  
is ! enamell$ glaze ( ! ,della ,robbia  
w>e1 ( ! ,hispano-,moresque1 & ( !      
,italian maiolica4  ,f rec5t analysis ( 
! enamel on ,assyrian tiles & bricks x  
has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! oxide ( t9 0 us$ by
 ! enamell]s ( t e>ly "t1 b n to ! same 
ext5t z ! vitre\s glaze4  ,p]sia 0 !    
natural inh]itor ( ! art ( ! anci5t l& (
 ,mesopotamia1 & ! beautiful silice\s & 

probably ! /annif]\s glaze1 & also      
metallic lu/res1 h be5 us$ 9 t c\ntry f 
v e>ly times4 ,! ,arabs1 or ,s>ac5s1    
evid5tly br\ght ! workm5 f ! ,ea/1 &    
import$ _m pieces ( ,damascus w>e dur+ !
 indep5d5t ,caliphate ( ! ,damascus     
,caliphs 9 ,cordova 9 ,spa91 :i* la/$ f 
! eigh? c5tury to ! ye> #abce1 :5 !     
,moors drove ! ,arabs out ( ,spa94 ,!   
,arabs 7says ,riao7 _h1 z e>ly z !      
beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 if n be=e1    
e/abli%$ ! indu/ry ( metallic-lu/r$     
pott]y 9 ,spa94 ,edrisi1 ! ,arab        
geograph]1 wrote 9 #aaed1 9 describ+    
,calatayud 9 ,spa93 8,"h ! gold-col\r$  
pott]y is made1 :i* is export$ to all   
c\ntries40 ,?is gold-col\r$ pott]y is   
likely to h be5 simil> to ! silice\s    
glaz$ w>e ( ! ,ea/4 ,! next ref]5ce to  
lu/r$ pott]y is made by ,b5 ,batutah1 a 
celebrat$ ,arab travell]1 :5 travell+ f 
,tangi]s to ,granada1 & :5 pass+ ,malaga
 7#acdi-eg7 he says3 8,at ,malaga ! f9e 
gold5 pott]y is made1 :i* is export$ to 
! fur!rmo/ c\ntries40 ,! gold5 pott]y "h

 ref]r$ to is ! t9-glaz$                
,hispano-,moresque4 ,at ,manises1 9 !   
k+dom ( ,val5cia1 ! fam\s lu/r$ pott]y  
fabriques or work%ops 7 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate
 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,exim5us1 9 8   
8,regim5t de la cosa publica10 quot$ by 
,riao1 speak+ ( ! excell5t ?+s made 9 8 
"t at ,manises 9 ,val5cia1 says3 8,above
 all1 ! beauty ( ! gold pott]y1 s       
spl5didly pa9t$ at ,manises1 :i* enam\rs
 e "o s mu* t ! ,pope1 & ! c>d9als1 & ! 
pr9ces ( ! _w obta9 x by special fav\r1 
& are a/oni%$ t su* excell5t & noble    
works c be made out ( ! e>?40  ,! same  
au?or translates a docum5t he f\nd 9 !  
,briti% ,museum1 :i* gives a description
 ( ! :ole ( ! mak+ & prep>+ ( ! gold5   
lu/re z us$ at ,manises 9 #aghe3 speak+ 
( its composition1 ! docum5t runs ?us3  
8,five +r$i5ts ent] into ! composition (
 ! gold col\r3 copp]1 :i* is ! bett] !  
old] x is2 silv] z old z possible2      
sulphur1 r$ o*re1 & /rong v9eg>1 :i* are
 mix$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ( copp]   
?ree ounces1 ( r$ o*re twelve ounces1 ( 

silv] "o peseta 7ab\t a %ill+71 sulphur 
?ree ounces1 v9eg> a qu>t40 ,all ^!     
+r$i5ts are fus$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds     
gr\nd & dilut$ ) wat] & ! v9eg> to make 
! gold-col\r$ glaze or v>ni% = use 9 !  
decorat+ ( ! w>e4 ,a woodcut gives a v  
imp]fect idea ( ,hispano-,moresque      
pott]y1 z ! lu/re & col\r is ev]y?+ 9 ! 
w>e2 ! designs g5]ally are v simple     
leaf-"w %ields & small geometric        
repetitions4 ,! beautiful di% 7,fig4 #g7
 is "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! w>e made at
 ,murcia 9 ! prov9ce ( ,val5cia4 ,!     
/atem5t ( ,exim5us reg>d+ ! ,pope1 !    
c>d9als1 & pr9ces s5d+ = ?is w>e seems  
to h be5 correct1 = mo/ ( ! pieces kn[n 
h be5 f\nd or br\ght f ,italy1 to :i*   
c\ntry ! majority ( !m _h evid5tly be5  
export$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#g4--,val5cia ,di%2 ,hispano-,moresque4 
7,s4,k4,m47  ,besides ! lu/r$ w>e       
manufactur$ 9 ! p59sula 9 ! ,middle     
,ages1 ! ,azulejos1 or tiles ( bright   
col\rs1 7 made 9 small pieces1 & 7      
emb$d$ 9 ! walls to =m geometric        

patt]ns4 ,?is mann] ( us+ ^! tiles 0    
d]iv$ f ! col\r$ & geometric ,byzant9e  
mosaics1 tiles be+ us$ 9 ,spa9 :]e      
mosaics w\ld be us$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire2 
& p]haps ! e>lie/ use ( !m 9 ,spa9 0 9 !
 ,alhambra decoration ( ! f\rte5?       
c5tury4 ,aft]w>ds ! tiles became l>g] & 
m complete 9 _! patt]ns4 ,t]ra-cotta    
figures & ornam5t1 gre5 & :ite-glaz$    
pott]y 7 also made by ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 
,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,spani% pott]y      
design 0 ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance "*4   
,unlike ! ,moresque "w1 ! designs 7 %ad$
 & ! col\rs m subdu$1 b ! ,moresque     
design /ill cont9u$ 9 fav\r1 & to keep  
its flat treatm5t & bright effect (     
col\r4 ,! ,italian k9d ( pott]y 0 made  
at ,talav]a1 at ,&uj>1 & at ,la ,rambla1
 z well z unglaz$ por\s & col\r$ w>e at 
! =m] place1 & :ite unglaz$ pott]y at ! 
latt] places4 ,co>se gre5 & :ite pott]y 
0 made at ,tol$o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 a  
l>ge well-head or brim1 ) an int]lac$   
,moresque b& 9 relief1 f ?is place is n[
 9 ! ,museum at ,k5s+ton4  ,a b[l (     

,talav]a w>e ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 pa9t$ 
9 imitation ( ! ,italian maiolica w>e1  
is also 9 ! ,museum4 ,! col\rs us$ are  
gre51 blue1 orange1 & manganese t9t1 :i*
 are usually f\nd on ! ,spani% pott]y ( 
?is p]iod4  ,! well-kn[n & ext5sive     
pott]ies at ,alcora 7 e/abli%$ by ,c\nt 
,ar&a 9 #agbf1 :]e porcela9 & pipeclay  
w>es 7 made ) all k9ds ( designs1 mo/ly 
imitations ( ,france1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & 
,*9a4 ,mo/ ( ! pr9cipal pa9t]s &        
modell]s at ^! works 7 ,fr5*m5 or       
,g]mans4 ,! names ( ! *ief arti/s 7     
,haly1 ,knipp]1 ,m>t91 ,g>ces1 ,f]r]1 & 
,prato4 ,! ,duke ( ,hij>1 son ( ,c\nt   
,ar&a1 succe$$ 8 fa!r 7#ahjj-aheh7 9 !  
managem5t ( ! ,alcora pott]ies4 ,a      
specim5 ( ?is w>e is %[n 9 ! ,rococo    
plaque 7,fig4 #h7 ) ! subject (         
,galatea4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#h4--;,e>!nw>e ,plaque2 ,alcora ,w>e4   
7,s4,k4,m47  ,ano!r celebrat$ pott]y1   
connect$ ) royalty1 0 f\nd$ by ,k+      
,*>les ,,iii4 9 #agfj 9 ! g>d5s ( !     
royal palace ( ,bu5 ,retiro at ,madrid4 

,?is ,k+1 com+ f ,naples to inh]it !    
,spani% ,cr[n at ! dea? ( 8 bro!r       
,f]d9&1 0 anxi\s to e/abli% a simil>    
pott]y 9 ,madrid to t :i* he _h         
previ\sly f\nd$ at ,capo di ,monte1 at  
,naples1 s he br\ght 8 /aff ( arti/s1   
workm51 & director ( ! works1           
,bonicelli1 ov] f ,italy to ,madrid1 &  
e/abli%$ ! ,bu5 ,retiro works at a great
 co/4 ,! ye>ly exp5ses ( ^! works 7     
#bj1jjj1 & all ! pott]y made 0 = !      
exclusive use ( ! ,k+ & ,royal ,family1 
& 0 s5t z pres5ts to =eign pr9ces4 ,?is 
0 ! case = ! fir/ ?irty ye>s until !    
dea? ( ,*>les ,,iii4 7#agih71 aft] :i* !
 pott]y 0 all[$ to be sold1 b at a v    
high price4 ,! workman%ip ( ?is pott]y  
is good1 b !re is no?+ p>ticul>ly       
arti/ic ab\t x4 ,! designs are 9 ! false
 ta/e ( ! late ,italian mix$ ) ,l\is    
,seize incru/$ motives4 ,a vase 9 ! ,bu5
 ,retiro w>e is %[n at ,fig4 #i4 ,a room
 9 ! royal palace1 ,madrid1 is cov]$ )  
plaques ( ?is w>e4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#i4--;,bu5 ,retiro ,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47    

,,maiolica4  ,be=e ! adv5t ( ,maiolica  
w>e 9 ,italy a simil> k9d ( pott]y 0    
made 9 ,spa91 :i* _h ! /annif]\s or     
opaque t9 glaze & ! gold5 lu/re t       
belong$ to ! be/ examples ( ,italian    
maiolica4 ,we ref] to !                 
,hispano-,moresque w>e4 ,?is opaque     
/annif]\s glaze 0 kn[n to ! ,arabs (    
,spa9 f ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 or m  
?an "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ,luca della     
,robbia 7:o di$ 9 #adcj7 produc$ 8      
enamell$ e>!nw>e4  ,! fir/ specim5s (   
,hispano-,moresque pott]y 7 probably    
made at ,malaga1 & ano!r important      
factory 0 at ,val5cia4 ,! %ape &        
decoration ( ! fam\s ,alhambra vase     
7,fig4 #aj71 "o ( ! e>lie/ specim5s (   
,hispano-,moresque w>e 7ab\t #acbj71    
cle>ly po9ts to its ,p]sian orig9 (     
design1 & 0 probably made & decorat$ by 
a ,p]sian ,s>ac5ic arti/4 ,x is col\r$  
br[n & blue on a yell[i% gr\nd1 & is    
decorat$ ) animals & ornam5t 9 ! ,p]sian
 mann]4 ,x 0 f\nd ab\t ! middle ( !     
sixte5? c5tury1 "u ! pavem5t ( !        

,alhambra ,palace1 fill$ ) gold co9s4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! ,alhambra  
,vase ,hispano-,moresque4               
,hispano-,moresque w>e is ( a g5]al     
yell[i%-:ite col\r1 ) an iridesc5t      
metallic lu/re simil> to ! ,italian     
maiolica ( ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( 
! sixte5? c5turies4 ,! ornam5tation is  
lu/r\s r ?an ! gr\nd1 & is ( a gold5    
copp] r$ to a pale yell[ gold5 t9t4 ,x  
has be5 divid$ into ?ree classes3 ! fir/
 has ! ornam5tation ( a copp] r$ col\r2 
! gr\nd is ne>ly cov]$ by ornam5t1      
consi/+ inv>iably ( birds 9 ! mid/ (    
fl[]s & foliage1 resembl+ ,p]sian       
pott]y4 ,! w>e ( ?is class is less      
p]fect 9 manufacture ?an t ( ! gold5    
yell[ designs1 & is ! olde/4 ,! second  
class has ! col\r ( a mono*rome gold5   
yell[ t9t1 ) ! ornam5t ( a small        
geometric "*1 & ,spani% or ,moresque    
escut*eons4 ,?is v>iety is ( ,spani%    
orig9 ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4   
,! ?ird class has ! ornam5t p>tly r5d]$ 
9 col\r$ enamels1 & has gold5 yell[     

armorial be>+s1 int]lac+s1 & foliage4   
,animals1 su* z antelopes1 sometimes    
occur4 ,?is w>e is ! c>efully execut$ "w
 ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s (
 ! sixte5? c5tury ! ?ird class ( w>e 0  
probably imitat$ by ! ,italians4  ,!    
process ( ! manufacture ( lu/r$ e>!nw>e 
0 introduc$ into ,italy by ,arabian or  
,spani% workm5 f ! ,bale>ic ,isles4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4                     
#aa4--;,hispano-,moresque ,vase4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,a beautiful vase ( elegant
 %ape ) l>ge p]=at$ h&les 9             
,hispano-,moresque1 decorat$ ) ivy or   
briony leaves & t5drils1 is 9 ! ,k5s+ton
 ,museum 7,fig4 #aa74  ,a curi\s %ap$   
tile f ! ,alhambra is %[n at ,fig4 #ab1 
! decoration ( :i* is purely ,s>ac5ic4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,alhambra    
,tile4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,scalig]            
7#adhd-aeeh7 tells u t a co/ly fay5ce1 z
 beautiful z ! pott]y ( ,india1 0 made 9
 8 "t 9 ! isl& ( ,majorca & export$ to  
,italy2 he also adds t ! "n 8,maiolica0 
or ,majolica 0 d]iv$ f ,majorca4  ,!    

isl& ( ,majorca 0 an ,arab possession   
until ! ye> #abcj1 & no d\bt ! ,arabs _h
 !re f\nd$ pott]ies = ! production (    
glaz$ e>!nw>e4  ,t[>ds #acjj1 z relat$  
by ,pass]i1 ! ,italian pott]s began to  
cov] a raw clay ) a coat+ ( :ite opaque 
,si5ese e>? produc$ f t t]ritory4 ,?is  
coat+ ( a :ite opaque sub/ance1 call$ an
 8engobe10 0 ! gr\nd to :i* ! col\rs 7  
appli$1 & :i*1 diff]+ f ! old] me?ods   
hi!rto employ$ 9 ,italy1 0 a di/9ct     
advance 9 pott]y manufacture1 & has be5 
consid]$ z ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ,maiolica    
pott]y4 ,improvem5ts 7 effect$ 9 ! use (
 ?is engobe or opaque v>ni% until ! "t (
 ,luca della ,robbia 7#acee-adcj74      
,,della ,,robbia ,,w>e4  ,x is n kn[n   
:e!r ! above celebrat$ arti/ inv5t$ !   
opaque :ite /annif]\s glaze ) :i* he    
cov]$ 8 works1 b he 0 ! fir/ to use x   
successfully 9 ! ar*itectural decoration
 kn[n z 8,della ,robbia0 w>e4 ,he       
succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 col\r+ 8 :ite glaze1  
!reby greatly enl>g+ its usefulness =   
ext]ior & int]ior decoration4 ,! col\rs 

he obta9$ 7 blue1 yell[1 gre51 violet1 &
 a copp] t9t4 ,8 sculptur$ t]ra-cottas  
glaz$ ) ^! col\rs became objects ( great
 reque/4 ,he obta9$ m ord]s ?an he c\ld 
execute himself1 & s he employ$ 8 two   
bro!rs1 :o 7 sculptors1 to assi/ him4 ,8
 nephew ,&rea1 aft] himself 0 ! mo/     
fam\s 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 & produc$1 l 8    
uncle ,luca1 gr\ps ( figures 9 panels1  
s+le figures1 tab]nacles1 friezes1 c4   
,?ree sons ( ,&rea1 ,giovanni1 ,luca1 & 
,girolamo1 work$ 9 ! same mat]ial1 &    
,girolamo 0 invit$ by ,franois ,ier to  
decorate ! ,*teau de ,madrid ) 8,della  
,robbia0 w>e1 repres5t+ !               
8,metamorphoses0 ( ,ovid1 :i* 0 done at 
a co/ equal to #ae1ecj4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ac4--,m$allion 9 ,enamell$       
,e>!nw>e1 by ,luca della ,robbia4       
7,s4,k4,m47  ,9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum !re  
are _m specim5s ( ,della ,robbia w>e1   
among :i* are a s]ies ( twelve circul>  
m$allions 9 enamell$ t]ra-cotta1        
repres5t+ ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 "o (  
:i* is illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #ac4 ,!       

bas-relief ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,fig4    
#ad7 is likely to be a "w ( "o ( !      
,della ,robbia family4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ad4--,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,s*ool (    
,della ,robbia4 7,s4,k4,m47             
,,italian ,,maiolica4  ,ab\t ! ye> #adej
 ! ,s=zi1 ! ,lords ( ,pes>o1 e/abli%$ at
 ! latt] place ,maiolica factories1 & a 
decree1 dat$ #a/ ( ,april1 #adhf1 0     
publi%$1 grant+ c]ta9 privileges to !   
c]ami/s ( ,pes>o4 ,! pott]ies ( ,urb9o1 
,gubbio1 & ,ca/el-,durante 7 !n equally 
fam\s ) ^? ( ,pes>o4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght
 t ! use ( metallic lu/re 0 fir/ kn[n at
 ,pes>o2 ! pe>ly1 ! ruby1 & ! gold5     
lu/res appe>$ at ,pes>o & ,gubbio be=e  
!y 7 kn[n at any o!r ,italian pott]y4 ,!
 e>ly pieces are decorative di%es1 or1 z
 !y are call$1 8bacili10 hav+ a broad   
bord] & a deep sunk c5tre2 at ! back is 
a project+ circul> 8giretto10 pi]c$ )   
two holes1 :i* %[s t !y 7 int5d$ to be  
hung up z decorative objects4 ,coats (  
arms1 or o!r devices1 occupi$ ! c5tre2 !
 bord] usually is simple b well design$1

 %[+ a mixture ( ,ori5tal ) ,go?ic or   
,italian =ms 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! pott]ies ( 
,fa5za1 ,=li1 & ,caffaggiolo are ?\ght  
by "s to be z e>ly1 if n e>li]1 9 date  
?an ^? ( ,pes>o4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#ae4--;,e>ly ,pes>o ,di%4 7,s4,k4,m47   
,9 #addd ,f$]igo1 ! second ,duke (      
,urb9o1 built a ca/ellat$ palace at     
,urb9o1 & ga!r$ ar\nd him m5 ( le>n+ &  
_m arti/s1 & especially enc\rag$ !      
manufacture ( maiolica4 ,8 son1         
,guidobaldi ,i41 succe$$ him 9 #adhb1 & 
he also 0 a great patron ( ! c]amic     
arts4 ,! w>e made 9 ,italy dur+ ?is     
"t--! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury--0  
kn[n "u ! "n ( 8mezza-maiolica10 ?is w>e
 diff]+ f t9-glaz$ or true maiolica 9   
its glaze 9 its hav+ a lead or plumbe\s 
glaze2 b 9 common ) ! true maiolica1 !  
mezza-maiolica is also a lu/r$ w>e1 hav+
 a peculi> iridesc5t lu/re1 d]iv$ f !   
lead us$ z a glaze4 ,?is lu/r$ w>e 0    
!re=e made ant]ior to ! t9-glaz$ di%es &
 o!r objects1 & *iefly at ,pes>o &      
,gubbio4 ,! lu/re 0 obta9$ on a glaze ( 

oxide ( lead & glass by ! use ( c]ta9   
metallic oxides1 & ! art ( mak+ x 0     
probably le>nt f ! pott]s ( ! isl& (    
,majorca1 :]e ! mak+ ( !                
,hispano-,moresque w>e 0 well kn[n4  ,! 
,italian writ] ,pass]i /ates t !        
t9-glaz$ w>e or true maiolica 0 made at 
,pes>o 9 #aejj1 & t ! process 0         
introduc$ f ,tuscany4 ,a bett] gr\nd = !
 reception ( ! col\rs us$ 9 ! decoration
 0 af=d$ by ! new enamel1 b x did n     
entirely sup]s$e ! manufacture ( !      
mezza-maiolica1 z a great deal ( ! latt]
 w>e /ill cont9u$ to be made ( a        
brilliant metallic lu/re at ! fabriques 
( ,pes>o & ,gubbio4 ,at ,ca/el-,durante1
 ,urb9o1 & ,diruta 7 o!r fam\s botegas  
or fabriques :]e ! lu/r$ w>e 0 made1 b  
none 7 s celebrat$ z t ( ,mae/ro        
,giorgio at ,gubbio4 ,x 0 at ?is fam\s  
botega t ! be/ ( all ! gold5 & ruby     
metallic lu/res 7 produc$4 ,! ruby lu/re
 p>ticul>ly seem$ to be a monopoly ( !  
,gubbio work%ops1 = x is kn[n t _m ( !  
,italian factories s5t _! pieces to     

,mae/ro ,giorgio at ,gubbio to h ! ruby 
& ! gold lu/re add$ z a f9i% to p>ts ( !
 designs4  ,maiolica 0 made at ,v5ice 9 
! sixte5? c5tury1 also at ,=li1 ,diruta1
 ,si5a1 ,caffaggiolo1 & ,fa5za1 :]e mu* 
e>ly "w ( great beauty 9 design 0       
produc$4  ,we %all only h space to      
describe a few ( ! mo/ important        
products ( ,italian maiolica4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,pit*]2       
,caffaggiolo ,maiolica4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,an
 e>ly me?od ( decorat+ maiolica pott]y  
is kn[n z 8sgraffitto-"w10 9 :i* !      
patt]ns are scrat*$ or incis$ into !    
gr\nd3 ?is 0 a fav\rite me?od ( execut+ 
outdoor pla/] decoration 9 ,italy4 ,x   
consi/s 9 lay+ on a gr\nd ( col\r$ clay 
or pla/] on ano!r coat+ ( a diff]5t     
col\r1 & :ile ?is second coat+ is       
mod]ately s(t1 ! patt]n or design is    
incis$ or 8scrat*$0 d[n to ! fir/ coat+ 
or gr\nd1 :i*1 be+ ( a diff]5t col\r1   
reveals itself1 & ?us =ms ! patt]n4 ,9  
bo?1 pott]y & pla/] decoration          
sgraffitto "w is usually accompani$ by  

modell+ 9 relief1 su* z repres5tations (
 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit 9 bas-relief    
b&s1 or m$allions ( figures & animals1 9
 high relief4 ,aft] ! w>e is incis$ x is
 glaz$ ) a transluc5t lead glaze1       
v>iegat$ ) gre5 & yell[ col\r+ ov] !    
:ite engobe 7,fig4 #ag74 ,! sgraffitto  
pott]y ( ,italy is ei!r ( ,lomb>dic or  
,v5etian orig91 z appe>s f ! usual      
,go?ic "* ( ! designs4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ag4--,sgraffitto ,maiolica4      
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! w>es ( ,caffaggiolo are 
di/+ui%$ by a purely :ite glaze1 )      
masses ( a ri* cobalt blue us$ z        
portions ( ! gr\ndwork = ! ornam5t2     
sometimes gre5 & purple are us$ ) !     
blue1 & at o!r times a bright orange    
yell[ & a copp] gre5 or an ,indian r$4  
,caffaggiolo1 ,fa5za1 & ,=li w>es h mu* 
resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! pit*] 7,fig4 
#af71 ) ! arms ( ! ,m$ici family1       
belongs probably to ! ,caffaggiolo      
s*ool1 & is a "w ( ! e>ly ye>s ( !      
sixte5? c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#ah4--,maiolica ,plate2 ,caffaggiolo    

,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! tazza 7,fig4 #ai7 
is ano!r example ( ?is w>e4 ,! f9e plate
 7,fig4 #ah7 is ?\ght to be a "w f !    
same botega1 & ! subject is suppos$ to  
repres5t ,raphael & ! ,=n>9a4  ,! plate 
7,fig4 #ae7 is an example ( !           
mezzo-maiolica w>e1 & is ant]ior to !   
date #aejj4 ,! m beautiful "o 7,fig4    
#bj7 is a "w dat+ f ! fir/ ye>s ( !     
sixte5? c5tury1 at ! "t :5 ! /annif]\s  
glaze 0 com+ into use4 ,bo? ^! plates   
are suppos$ to be f ! ,pes>o fabriques4 
,!y may h be5 made z w$d+ pres5ts f !   
bridegroom to ! bride1 & are portrait   
di%es1 ) an inscription on ! ribbon1 ) !
 "n ( ! bride1 or "s ende>+ motto4  ,^! 
plates are kn[n z 8amatorri0 pieces4 ,! 
col\rs us$ 9 ! ,pes>o maiolica are      
yell[1 gre51 manganese1 black1 & cobalt 
blue1 & h :at is kn[n z ! 8madrep]la0   
lu/re1 :i* has a beautiful *ang+ effect 
9 col\r4 ,! outl9es are manganese1 & !  
fle% left :ite 9 ! be/ pieces4 ,! f9e/  
"w execut$ 9 ,pes>o came f ! fabrique ( 
,lanfranco 9 ! ye>s #aedj-de4           

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,plateau or   
,tazza2 ,caffaggiolo ,w>e4  ,! products 
( ! ,si5ese pott]ies are wor?y ( be+    
rank$ ) ! be/ works ( ,pes>o &          
,caffaggiolo1 to :i* !y are closely     
alli$4  ,!re is a f9e pavem5t ( tiles 9 
! ,k5s+ton ,museum f ! ,petrucci ,palace
 at ,si5a1 dat$ #aeji4 ,b5$etto is ! "n 
( an arti/ ( ! ,si5ese s*ool1 :o pa9t$ 9
 maiolica1 f ^: h& mo/ ( ! be/ ,si5a    
maiolica has come2 ! drug pot 7,fig4    
#ba7 & ! two plates 7,figs4 #bb & #bc7  
are works ( 84 ,on ! drug pot1 tiles1 & 
"s l>ge di%es1 grotesques 7 v mu* us$ z 
ornam5t1 & 9 col\r1 yell[1 orange1 &    
p>ticul>ly black gr\nds1 7 us$ 9 ! ,si5a
 production4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#bj4--,pes>o ,portrait ,di% 7ab\t       
#aejj74 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! maiolica w>es ( 
,gubbio are ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 all       
,italy1 z reg>ds _! ri*ness & beauty (  
col\r+2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 due mo/ly to !  
beautiful effects ga9$ by ! unique ruby 
& gold lu/res us$ at ?is fabrique4 ,! "n
 ( "o man1 ,mae/ro ,giorgio ,&reoli1 z !

 *ief arti/1 is connect$ ) ! ,gubbio    
w>e4 ,he 0 a native ( ,pavia1 & came ( a
 noble family4 ,he f9ally e/abli%$      
himself at ,gubbio1 :]e he 0 made a     
8,ca/ellano0 ( t city 9 #adih1 & enjoy$ 
! patronage ( ! ,dukes ( ,urb9o4 ,he 0 a
 modell] z well z a pa9t] ( maiolica1 & 
is said to h execut$ "s alt>-pieces 9   
relief be=e com+ to ,gubbio4 ,9 !       
,k5s+ton ,museum !re is a bas-relief (  
,/4 ,seba/ian :i* is suppos$ on good    
au?ority to be a "w ( 8 h&2 x is col\r$ 
) ! gold & ruby lu/res4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ba4--;,drug ,pot2 ,si5a4         
7,s4,k4,m47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#bb4--,si5a ,plate4 7,s4,k4,m47         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,si5a ,plate4 
7,s4,k4,m47  ,a circul> di% or 8bacile0 
( lu/r$ w>e 7,fig4 #bd71 ) ! subject (  
two mail$ horsem5 9 ! c5tre1 & a bord] (
 foliat$ ornam5t1 is a "w ( ! ,gubbio   
fabrique1 b is an e>li] "w ?an ! "t (   
,mo4 ,giorgio4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#bd4--,lu/r$ ,di%2 ,gubbio ,w>e4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! emboss$ vase 9 copp]    

lu/re 7,fig4 #be7 is a v beautiful      
example ( ! /annif]\s glaze & ruby copp]
 lu/re4 ,! design is well adapt$ to %[ !
 8reflets0 ( ! lu/re by ! v>iety ( =m on
 its emboss$ surfaces4 ,?is "w is       
ascrib$ to ! same arti/ :o execut$ !    
previ\s example4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#be4--,vase 9 ,copp]-ruby ,lu/re2       
,gubbio4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! tazza 7,fig4   
#bf71 ) ! subject1 8,! ,/ream ( ,life10 
aft] ,robetta1 is "o ( ,giorgio's be/   
figure pieces4 ,?\gh n v good 9 figure  
draughtsman%ip1 x is excell5t 9 col\r1 &
 is clev]ly height5$ ) ruby lu/re4 ,?is 
& ano!r plaque 9 ,k5s+ton ,museum1      
repres5t+ ! 8,?ree ,graces0 aft]        
,raphael1 are among/ if n ! be/ (       
,giorgio's "w3 = col\r & ri*ness (      
lu/re1 & = cle>ness & p]fection ( !     
enamel glaze1 !y are ! be/ works 9      
,italian maiolica t we possess4 ,! date 
( bo? is probably #aebe4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #bf4--,! ,/ream ( ,life2 ,tazza by
 ,mo4 ,giorgio4  ,a "w by ,giorgio is   
%[n at ,fig4 #bg4 ,?is is a highly      

decorative tazza 9 ! be/ mann] (        
,giorgio1 :o 0 v clev] at ?is k9d (     
design4 ,! gr\ndwork ( ?is piece is     
blue1 p>ts ( ! decoration are gre51 &   
o!r p>ts ruby1 :ile all ( ! decoration  
is lu/r$4 ,! back ( ?is piece is cov]$ )
 a yell[ lead glaze1 :i* seems to be !  
case ) _m examples ( maiolica4 ,probably
 x 0 done = economical reasons4 ,we     
close ! li/ ( illu/rations ( ,gubbio w>e
 ) t ( a di%1 8,frutti]a0 7,fig4 #bh74  
,! design is simple & v good = %[+ !    
beauties ( ! ruby & gold lu/res4 ,x is  
emboss$1 & has be5 made f a m\ld1 & is  
an unsurpass$ example ( ! fam\s ,gubbio 
lu/re4 ,mr4 ,=tnum ?9ks t ,giorgio      
obta9$ ! secret ( ! ruby lu/re f an     
arti/ t =m]ly work$ at ! ,gubbio        
fabrique1 & t he did n inv5t x1 & also t
 all ! simil> lu/r$ w>e 0 produc$ at    
,gubbio1 ! w>es ( ,urb9o1               
,ca/el-,durante1 & ( o!r fabriques hav+ 
be5 s5t to ,gubbio to get ! f9al lu/re  
add$ to !m4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#bg4--,tazza by ,giorgio4 7,s4,k4,m47   

,ano!r arti/ :o execut$ _m important    
works at ! ,gubbio botega signs 8       
productions ) ! lett] ,n4 ,"s ?9k t ?is 
is meant = a signature ( ,mo4 ,c5cio1 a 
son ( ,giorgio :o succe$$ 8 fa!r at !   
fabrique4 ,ano!r "n t appe>s on "s ( ?is
 w>e is ,m4 ,pre/9o4 ,x is kn[n t       
,giorgio sign$ 8 "n on _m pieces t 7    
pa9t$ by o!r arti/s or by 8 pupils4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,emboss$     
,fruit ,di%2 ,gubbio4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,a   
beautiful specim5 ( ,ca/el-,durante w>e 
is ! plate 7,fig4 #bi7 ) a deep         
c5tre--tond9o--:i* has a bord] ( cupids1
 foliage1 & m$allions on a d>k blue     
gr\nd4 ,! c5tre has cupids1 & ! sides ( 
! c5tre pa9t$ ) solid :ite ornam5ts on a
 l[ :ite gr\nd4 ,x is probably ! "w ( ! 
arti/ ,giovanni ,m>ia 7#aejh74          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4                     
#bi4--;,ca/el-,durante ,maiolica4       
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! vase 7,fig4 #cj7 is a   
ri*ly decorat$ specim5 ( ! same w>e2 !  
grotesque masks & arabesques are        
vigor\sly drawn1 & ! ornam5t g5]ally is 

a good example ( t us$ on !             
,ca/el-,durante w>e4 ,?is vase has be5  
us$ z a drug pot1 & 0 made at ! botega (
 ,seba/iano di ,m>=io4 ,giuseppe        
,raffaelli 9 8 8,memorie0 7#ahdf7 says t
 ! manufacture ( glaz$ pott]y z an art  
began :5 ,monsignor ,durante built a    
8ca/ello0 on ! ,metauro at ,correto 9 ! 
ye> #abhd1 & ! names ( pott]ies are     
record$ t 7 9 exi/5ce 9 #acfd to #addj4 
,! ye> #adij began a p]iod ( great      
activity 9 ! ,ca/el-,durante fabriques1 
& we he> ( _m arti/s :o 7 ,durant9e     
maiolica pa9t]s go+ to v>i\s p>ts (     
,europe & e/abli%+ works 9 pott]y4      
,tesio & ,gatti w5t to ,corfu 9 #aecj1 &
 taught ! art 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s2       
,francesco de ,vas>o w5t to ,v5ice1 :]e 
he 0 em95tly successful 9 develop+ !    
,v5etian phase ( maiolica2 o!rs w5t to  
,nev]s & ,lyons1 9 ,france1 & "o to     
,antw]p4 ,! arti/ :o /yl$ himself       
8,francesco0 ( ,urb9o1 & :o also work$  
at ,p]ugia1 sometimes sign$ 8 works     
8,durant9o40 ,vas>i1 9 8 8,lives ( !    

,pa9t]s10 speaks ( ,batti/a ,franco (   
,v5ice1 a clev] pa9t] & design]1 z hav+ 
be5 employ$ by ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1        
,guidobaldo ,,ii41 9 #aedj1 to design   
subjects = ! excell5t c]amic pa9t]s (   
,ca/el-,durante4 ,! dea? ( ,duke        
,francisco ,m>ia ,,ii4 7#afca7 put an   
end practically to ! maiolica indu/ry ( 
! place2 ! trade g5]ally !n decl9$1 & ! 
arti/s 7 =c$ to emigrate4  ,urb9o is a  
city celebrat$ 9 ! art & lit]ature (    
,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 & h] dukes
 rivall$ ! ,m$ici family ( ,flor5ce 9 ! 
patronage & enc\ragem5t ( art1 sci5ce1 &
 lit]ature4 ,! names ( ! ,urb9o maiolica
 arti/s h be5 =tunately well pres]v$4   
,^? ( ,nicola da ,urb9o1 ,guido         
,fontana1 & 8 m fam\s son ,orazio1 also 
ano!r son1 ,camillo1 ! v]satile arti/s 9
 8,majoli*e i/oriate01 & ,francesco     
,xanto1 may be m5tion$ z ! mo/          
important4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#cj4--;,drug ,pot2 ,ca/el-,durante ,w>e4
 7,s4,k4,m47  ,to ! fir/-nam$ arti/1    
,nicola1 is ascrib$ ! e>lie/ au!ntic    

works f ! pott]ies ( ,urb9o1 ! celebrat$
 s]vice ( maiolica1 pa9t$ probably      
betwe5 ! ye>s #adij & #aeai1 = ,isabella
 d',e/e1 wife ( ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 &  
kn[n z ! ,gonzaga-,e/e s]vice4 ,two f9e 
plates ( ?is s]vice are 9 ! ,briti%     
,museum4 ,!y h ! arms ( ,gonzaga impal+ 
^? ( ,e/e on a %ield1 & "o ( !m has !   
pa9t$ subjects ( ,apollo & ,daphne1 &   
,apollo & ! ,py?on1 :ile ! o!r has a    
repres5tation ( a troop ( horse soldi]s 
ent]+ a city4 ,! figures are delicately 
& c>efully outl9$ & ! col\r+ is         
brilliant4  ,orazio ,fontana 0 ! mo/    
celebrat$ ( ! family ( t "n4 ,8 be/ "w 0
 done f #aedj to #aefj1 & he 0 ! arti/  
proprietor ( a botega at ,urb9o1 f :5ce 
came _m ( ! f9e/ works ev] made 9 t     
city1 n only z reg>ds _! arti/ic        
qualities b 9 ! beauty & f9i% ( !       
maiolica w>e4 ,! 8i/oriati0 panels1 or  
figure subjects 7usually my?ological7   
:i* 7 copies or adaptations ( engrav$   
designs by ,italian pa9t]s1 7 ! "w (    
,orazio himself1 & ! grotesques probably

 f ! h& ( 8 bro!r or "s o!r arti/4  ,!  
pilgrim bottle 7,fig4 #ca7 is f ! botega
 ( ,orazio ,fontana1 b ! grotesques on x
 are suppos$ to h be5 pa9t$ by 8 bro!r  
,camillo4 ,"o arti/ nam$ ,gironimo 0 v  
clev] at ?is grotesque1 or              
8,raphaelesque0 "w z x is sometimes     
call$--n f ! great ,raphael ,sanzio1 b f
 ! arti/ ,raphael dal ,colle1 :o        
introduc$ ?is grotesque design among o!r
 "w ( 8 = ! decoration ( ! ,pes>o w>e1 9
 ! du*y ( ,urb9o4 ,^! grotesques 7      
aft]w>ds call$ 8,urb9o arabesques0 & 7 (
 a diff]5t "* to ! grotesques ( !       
,gubbio w>e1 :i* may be se5 by comp>+ ! 
di% ( ,urb9o w>e sign$ by ,gironimo     
7,fig4 #cb7 ) ,fig4 #bg4  ,!re is a     
circul> di% ( ,urb9o w>e 9 ! ,museum at 
,k5s+ton on :i* is pa9t$ ! subject ( !  
m>riage ( ,alex&] ) ,roxana1 f an       
engrav+ by ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 aft]
 ,raphael's design4 ,?is "w is sign$ by 
,francesco ,xanto 7#aecc71 a prolific & 
some:at c>eless arti/ :o took great     
lib]ties ) ! designs he adapt$1 l mo/ ( 

! maiolica pa9t]s4 ,! col\r+ ( ?is di%  
is v ri*3 ! col\rs g5]ally ( ! ,urb9o   
s*ool 7 gre51 yell[1 & blue1 & a        
pr$om9ance ( orange on a light or :ite  
gr\nd4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#ca4--,pilgrim ,bottle2 ,urb9o ,w>e4    
7,s4,k4,m47  ,fa5za pott]y is among !   
olde/ 9 ,italy1 b little is kn[n ( !    
e>ly arti/s or pott]ies4 ,_m pieces (   
d\btful orig9 h be5 class$ z ,fa5t9e1 b 
)\t any positive pro(4  ,9 ! ,cluny     
,museum 9 ,p>is !re are a pair ( ph>macy
 j>s or vases1 "o ( :i* be>s !          
inscription 8,fa5za10 & ! o!r is dat$   
#aejj1 _! excell5ce prov+ t good "w 0   
done at ,fa5za at ?is date1 or p]haps   
mu* e>li]4 ,! pott]y works call$ ! ,casa
 ,pirota 0 ! pr9cipal e/abli%m5t = !    
production ( maiolica at ,fa5za4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,urb9o ,di%1 )
 8,urb9o ,arabesques40 7,s4,k4,m47  ,_m 
works f ?is pott]y are 9 ! ,k5s+ton     
,museum1 & !y seem g5]ally to be ! "w ( 
"o h&1 b !re is no record ( ! arti/4 ,he
 pa9t$ a c]ta9 k9d ( grotesque1 &       

figures ( boys on plates ( a wide bord]4
 ,! col\rs are a light blue on a d>k    
blue gr\nd1 ! light blue height5$ )     
t\*es ( :ite1 & %ad$ ) a br[ni% yell[4  
,?is /yle is kn[n z 8sopra azzuro0 & is 
v *>act]i/ic ( ! unkn[n pa9t]'s "w      
7,fig4 #cc74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#cc4--;,fa5za ,plate4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,a   
f9e tazza 9 ! same museum by ! ,fa5t9e  
arti/ :o signs himself z ,f4 ,r4 has !  
pa9t$ subject 8! ,ga!r+ ( ! ,manna10    
aft] ,raphael4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#cd4--;,fa5za ,maiolica4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!
 col\rs us$ are /rong & ri* yell[s1     
blues1 gre5s1 orange1 & purple t9ts4    
,?is "w is mu* sup]ior to t ( ano!r     
,fa5t9e arti/ :o us$ ! same initials4   
,an oblong panel or plaque 9 ! ,k5s+ton 
,collection1 #i-c_/d in*es 9 height by  
#h in*es 9 wid?1 has a pa9t+ ( !        
,resurrection aft] a design by ,melozzo 
de ,=li1 sign$ ) a monogram consi/+ ( ,t
 & ,b4 ,x is a maiolica "w ( ! highe/   
rank1 c>efully execut$ yet ) p]fect     
fre$om ( t\*--= c>efulness ( execution 9

 pott]y pa9t+ v (t5 implies h>dness--&  
pleas+ comb9ations ( blues1 yell[s1     
gre5s1 & gold5 br[ns1 ) little t\*es (  
r$4 ,mr4 ,=tnum ?9ks x 0 pa9t$ by ! same
 arti/ t execut$ ! fam\s s]vice (       
maiolica ( :i* sev5te5 pieces are 9 !   
,museo ,corr] at ,v5ice4 ,! tazza at    
,fig4 #cd is ascrib$ to ! ,fa5za        
fabriques4 ,x is z mu* ,go?ic z ,italian
 9 design1 :i* is ! case sometimes 9    
,nor!rn ,italian art1 & x has be5 f\nd  
also t ! 8i/oriati0 maiolica ( ,fa5za   
has m ( its subjects f ! engrav+s (     
,g]man arti/s' works1 su* z ,dr]1 ,m>t9 
,s*on1 & o!rs1 ?an ! pott]y ( any o!r   
,italian fabrique4 ,maiolica has be5    
fabricat$ at _m o!r places 9 ,italy1 su*
 z ,diruta1 ,=li1 ,rim9i1 ,padua1       
,f]r>a1 ,g5oa1 & ,v5ice1 b space prev5ts
 u "h f giv+ any descriptive notice (   
!m1 fur!r ?an ! m5tion ( ! ,v5etian     
botegas :]e _m important examples came f
 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,v5etian     
di%es ( ?is "t 7 cov]$ ) +5i\s &        
elaborate designs ( int]lac+ ornam5t1   

foliage1 birds1 masks1 ) ty+s ( ribbons 
or drap]y 7,fig4 #ce74 ,! col\r ( !     
enamell$ surface is :ite slightly t9t$ )
 zaffre blue4 ,a l[-ton$ blue col\r 0   
employ$ = ! ornam5t1 :i* 0 outl9$ & %ad$
 ) a d>k] blue & height5$ ) :ite4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,v5etian ,di%4
 7,s4,k4,m47                   ,,p]sian1
 ,,damascus1 ,,& ,,rhodian ,,w>es4  ,!  
arti/ic pott]y & tiles ( ,p]sia1 ?\gh   
=m+ a l>ge v>iety1 may ne>ly all be     
br\ght "u ! designation ( silice\s or   
glass-glaz$ w>es1 ! t9 glaze be+ only   
met ) occasionally 9 "s ,p]sian &       
,damascus examples1 :]e an unusually    
:ite surface 0 requir$4 ,all ! glaz$    
w>es ( ,p]sia are highly bak$1 & are    
mo/ly ( a semi-transluc5t "*4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,p]sian ,lu/r$
 ,w>e4  ,!re is ! f9e copp]1 ruby1 &    
br[n lu/r$ w>e1 :i* has sometimes a :ite
 & at o!rs a blue gr\nd4 ,! plate 7,fig4
 #cf7 is an example ( ?is w>e4 ,! design
 on ?is w>e is 9 ! pure ,p]sian "*4     
,ano!r k9d1 & by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 are ! 

w>es ( a co>se porcela9 v>iety1 n only  
made 9 imitation ( ,*9ese porcela91 b   
decorat$ to imitate ! ,*9ese w>e1 !     
ornam5t be+ sometimes mix$ ) ,arabian   
=ms2 ! col\r a bright blue on a :ite    
gr\nd1 & ! ,*9ese m>ks or signatures be+
 copi$ z well 7,figs4 #cg & #ch74       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,fl[] ,vase1 
,p]sian1 ) ,*9ese decoration4  ,9 !     
reign ( ! ,p]sian ,%ah ,abbas ! ,great  
7,a4,d4 #aehf-afbh7 ! r\te = travell]s &
 m]*ants f ,*9a to ,europe lay across   
,p]sia1 & _m objects ( m]*&ise 7 import$
 f ,*9a to ,p]sia1 includ+ great        
quantities ( ,*9ese porcela91 _m        
examples ( :i* 7 pur*as$ 9 ,p]sia t are 
n[ 9 our museums1 z well z specim5s 9   
abundance ( ! imitat$ ,*9ese v>iety4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,p]sian       
,wat]-bottle2 imitat$ ,*9ese decoration4
  ,! beautiful enamell$ e>!nw>e tiles 7 
made ) & )\t ! metallic lu/re 9 ! days  
(1 & ant]ior to ! reign (1 ,%ah ,abbas1 
b s9ce 8 "t ! art has decl9$1 & no?+ b a
 co>se & in>ti/ic pott]y has be5 made 9 

rec5t times4 ,z a rule ! excell5ce (    
,p]sian pott]y1 l w9e1 is augm5t$ 9     
proportion to its age4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ci4--,p]sian ,tile2 ,sev5te5?    
,c5tury4  ,! picturesque wall tile      
7,fig4 #ci7 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! palace (
 ,%ah ,abbas ,,ii4 7#afdb-afff71 ne>    
,ispahan4 ,x has a blue gr\nd ) :ite    
emboss$ decorations & black p5cill+s1 & 
is lu/r$4  ,wall tiles h be5 9 use 9    
,p]sia f a v e>ly date4 ,"s ( !m are    
beautiful 9 col\r1 hav+ usually a deep  
lapis-lazuli blue gr\nd or :ite4        
,sometimes ! design is complete on "o   
tile1 b g5]ally a :ole tile has only a  
portion ( ! patt]n1 _m tiles be+ requir$
 to make up ! complete patt]n 7,fig4    
#dj74 ,! tiles are made to fit into all 
k9ds ( spaces1 accord+ to ! %ape ( !    
wall1 & ^! arrangem5ts h usually a bord]
 design4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#dj4--,p]sian ,wall ,decoration4  ,!    
lu/r$ tiles are ( an old] date ?an !    
,p]sian fay5ce f9e w>e1 or imitat$      
,*9ese porcela94 ,! body composition ( !

 tiles resembles t ( ! old bricks t are 
f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ! ru9\s m\nds 
( ,rhages 7,rh71 :]e also _m fragm5ts ( 
tiles h be5 f\nd1 & "s rema9s ( pott]s' 
kilns1 prov+ t ,rhages mu/ h be5 ! c5tre
 ( ext5sive pott]y works4 ,ano!r class (
 ,p]sian w>e has a ?91 h>d1 & ne>ly     
transluc5t pa/e1 :i* is decorat$ by hav+
 pi]c$ holes fill$ 9 ) transp>5t glaze4 
,x is creamy :ite 9 col\r1 & has foliat$
 ornam5t 9 blue or br[n4 ,?is has be5   
call$ ,gombion ,w>e4  ,"o v>iety (      
decoration on a late sev5te5?-c5tury    
,p]sian b[l is %[n at ,fig4 #da4 ,?is is
 a good example ( ! late floral ornam5t4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,blue      
,p]sian ,b[l2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,damascus w>e has g5]ally  
be5 classifi$ z ,p]sian1 b 9 _m po9ts x 
is diff]5t f ! latt]4 ,x is bett] 9     
col\r & design4 ,"s examples h a smoo?  
ev5 glaze1 & are col\r$ ) a f9e quality 
( cobalt blue1 turquoise gre51 & a dull 
lilac or purple int]mix$ ) :ite portions
 ( ! design ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,! ornam5t 

is less florid & ! fay5ce is ( an old]  
date ?an ! majority ( ,p]sian examples4 
,! 8,damas0 cups or vases h always be5  
highly priz$ = _! beauty1 & ! wall tiles
 f ,damascus are ! mo/ beautiful ( all  
,ori5tal tiles4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#db4--,rhodian ,w>e4  ,rhodian or ,l9dus
 tiles & pott]y h be5 also classifi$ z  
,p]sian1 b aga9 ?is w>e is q di/9ct f   
,p]sian or ,damascus w>es4 ,rhodian     
pott]y is co>s] ?an ! two =m] v>ieties1 
& ! decoration is bright] & m /rongly   
m>k$4 ,! ornam5t is ( a v conv5tional   
"*1 & 9 col\r x is *>act]is$ by hav+ a  
r$ opaque pigm5t us$ 9 spots & pat*es1 &
 sometimes 9 b&s1 b always rais$ or     
emboss$4  ,! plates %[n 9 ,figs4 #db &  
#dc are examples ( ,rhodian w>e4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,rhodian ,di%4
  ,! isl& ( ,sicily 0 conqu]$ by !      
,s>ac5s 9 ,a4,d4 #hbg1 & ab\t ! ?irte5? 
& f\rte5? c5turies pott]ies ( glaz$ w>es
 _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! latt]4  ,"s       
examples ( _! "w ( ^! p]iods h          
decorations ( animals1 figures1 birds1 &

 also mock ,s>ac5ic inscriptions l !    
,siculo-,arabian textiles ( ! same &    
lat] p]iods 7,fig4 #dd74  ,anatolian w>e
 is a lat] v>iety t is ak9 to ! ,p]sian 
w>es1 b some:at co>s] & ( a dull]       
surface4 ,?is w>e is small 9 size1 & !  
col\r+ is usually gay on light gr\nds4  
,! tiles f ,anatolia are less inv5tive 9
 _! ornam5t & r\gh] 9 execution ?an !   
,damascus or ,rhodian4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #dd4--,vase1 ,siculo-,arabian     
,w>e2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4  ,! decoration (
 ,turki% tiles & ,turki% ornam5t g5]ally
 is ( ! ,s>ac5ic k9d1 b has nei!r !     
beauty nor ! inv5tion ( ! o!r v>ieties (
 ,p]sian4 ,!re are no plant nor animal  
=ms 9 ! ,turki% v>iety ( ,s>ac5ic       
ornam5t2 x is m alli$ to ! ,egyptian    
,s>ac5ic1 b lacks ! +5uity ( ! latt]4 ,!
 col\r is h>% & crude4 ,x is se5 at its 
be/ 9 ! tomb mosque ( ,soliman ! ,great 
at ,con/ant9ople 7,fig4 #de71 built 9   
#aedd4  ,! decoration ( ! palace ( !    
,s]aglio & ( ! 8,sultan9 ,valide0       
consi/s ( beautiful tiles t 7 br\ght f  

,p]sia to ,con/ant9ople4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #de4--,ornam5t f ! ,cupola ( !    
,mosque ( ,soliman ! ,great1            
,con/ant9ople4                          
,,fr5* ,,pott]y4  ,! art ( ! pott]      
fl\ri%$ 9 ,gaul be=e ! "t ( ! ,romans1 b
 ?is e>ly pott]y 0 ( a co>se k9d1 us$   
mo/ly = dome/ic purposes1 & ( an unglaz$
 v>iety 7pot]ies mates74 ,! use ( a     
vitre\s glaze 0 common 9 ,france z e>ly 
z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 a grave t _h !  
date ( #aabj1 9 ! ,abbey ( ,jumiges1 two
 small brok5 vases 7 f\nd cov]$ ) a     
yell[i% lead glaze4 ,we are in=m$ by an 
old ,fr5* *ronicl] t 8,on fait des      
godets  ,beauvais40 ,a godet 0 a goblet 
or cup ( glaz$ fay5ce1 ) a wide m\?1 &  
(t5 _h a cov]1 & 0 usually silv]-m\nt$4 
,beauvais 0 not$ 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5?  
c5turies = its glaz$ pott]y4  ,x has be5
 m5tion$ be=e t ! ,italian arti/1       
,girolamo della ,robbia1 introduc$ !    
fam\s enamell$ e>!nw>e inv5t$ by 8      
gr&-uncle1 ,luca della ,robbia1 into    
,france1 :5 he came by invitation (     

,francis ,i4 to decorate ! ext]ior ( !  
,*teau de ,madrid1 9 ! ,bois de         
,b\logne1 & ! ,pes>o maiolica pa9t]1    
,francesco1 also settl$ & work$ 9       
,france2 b app>5tly little came ( ^!    
attempts to naturalise ,italian pott]y  
on ,fr5* soil1 except t ! art mu/ h be5 
spread 9 "s degree by ! workm51 & by    
,fr5* arti/s :o w\ld naturally h assi/$ 
! ,italians1 & ! traditions left by !   
latt] mu/ h help$ consid]ably to        
influ5ce ! subsequ5t fabrication (      
enamell$ e>!nw>e4                       
,,oiron ,,w>e4  ,to take our subject 9 a
 *ronological ord]1 ! w>es ( ,oiron1 or 
8,h5ri-,deux w>e10 z ! "n !y are bett]  
kn[n by1 mu/ be notic$ fir/4  ,until a  
rec5t date ! orig9 ( ?is 0 only guess$  
at1 b ! late ,m4 ,b5jam9 ,fillon by 8   
rese>*es has cle>$ up ! my/]y4 ,x appe>s
 n[ t ! inv5tion ( ?is sc>ce & unique   
w>e 0 due to ,hlne de ,hange/1 ,dame de 
,boissy1 ! wid[ lady ( ,g\ffi]1 :o 0    
=m]ly gov]nor to ,francis ,i4 ,?is lady 
e/abli%$ ! pott]y 9 #aefd 9 ! ,*teau (  

,oiron1 ne> ,?\>s2 &1 be+ gift$ ) /rong 
arti/ic ta/es1 conduct$ ! "w ) great    
success1 assi/$ by two skilful          
collaborateurs1 ,franois ,*>p5ti] &     
,jehan ,b]n>t4 ,! =m] 0 ! modell]1 & !  
latt]--,b]n>t--0 h] libr>ian1 & ! arti/ 
:o design$ & adapt$ ! /amp$ ornam5t :i* 
is s *>act]i/ic ( ?is w>e4 ,?is ornam5t 
is copi$ f ! bookb9d+s ( ! p]iod1 &     
seems to h be5 /amp$ 9 col\r on ! ,oiron
 w>e ) tools simil> to ^? us$ 9 !       
bookb9d+ craft4 ,! vase or tazza 7,fig4 
#df7 is a f9e example ( ?is w>e ( !     
e>li] p]iod1 %[+ ! /amp$ decoration4 ,! 
ornam5t is id5tical ) ! peculi>         
,italo-,s>ac5ic /yle ( ! ,groli] &      
contempor>y bookb9d+s4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #df4--,tazza1 ,h5ri-,deux ,w>e4   
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! decoration is ( a d>k   
br[n col\r1 sometimes height5$ ) p9k1 on
 an ivory-col\r$ gr\nd4  ,ano!r & lat]  
class ( ?is w>e has modell$ decorations 
9 high relief4 ,! col\r+ & te*nical     
skill g5]ally 0 also improv$1 z may be  
se5 9 ! pr(usion ( small figures1 masks1

 & fe/oons t 7 add$ to ! c&le/icks &    
vases aft] ! e>li] p]iod1 b ^! additions
 7 n always improvem5ts 9 ! g5]al       
design4 ,! col\r+ is also ( a great]    
v>iety3 o*re1 gre5 & blue1 & sometimes  
gold1 0 add$ 9 small quantities4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,c&le/ick1   
,h5ri-,deux ,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!       
celebrat$ c&le/ick 7,fig4 #dg7 is "o ( !
 be/ examples 9 :i* modell$ ornam5t is a
 feature4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1
 :]e !re are v>i\s f9e specim5s ( ,oiron
 w>e4  ,?is c&le/ick %[s ! ,italian     
,r5aissance influ5ce v /rongly1 &       
probably owes mu* to ! art ( ,cell9i1 z 
se5 9 8 metal-"w designs4 ,! ew] & tazza
 betray also 8 influ5ce 7,fig4 #dh74    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,oiron ,ew] & 
,tazza4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! saltcell> 7,fig4
 #di7 is a re/ra9$ piece ( ar*itectural 
design & is altoge!r a v f9e piece ( "w4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,oiron or   
,h5ri-,deux ,saltcell>4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,x 
is said by "s t !re are eighty pieces ( 
?is w>e 9 exi/5ce1 & o!rs t !re are only

 fifty-?ree g5u9e pieces4 ,! e>ly       
examples be> ! emblems ( ,francis ,i41 &
 ! lat] ones ^? ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,diana (
 ,poiti]s4 ,! pa/e us$ 9 ?is w>e is a   
:ite pipeclay1 & is cov]$ ) a ?9 glaze4 
,,palissy ,,w>e4  ,b]n>d ,palissy 0 "o (
 ! mo/ rem>kable m5 :o practis$ ! art ( 
! pott] 9 ,france or 9 any o!r c\ntry4  
,he 0 born ab\t ! ye> #aeaj1 b 8        
bir?place is n exactly kn[n4 ,he work$ 9
 8 y\ng] days & up to ! p]iod ( 8 middle
 age at survey+1 glass-mak+1 portrait   
pa9t+1 & 0 also well skill$ 9 natural   
sci5ces1 b 0 n br\ght up to ! trade ( a 
pott]4  ,x 0 9 ! ye> #aedb1 at ,sa9tes1 
t 9 ord] to increase 8 sl5d] means he   
took to ! mak+ ( e>!nw>e4 ,9 writ+ 8    
life he says3 8,x is n[ m ?an           
five-&-tw5ty ye>s t a cup 0 %[n to me ( 
fa%ion$ & enamell$ clay1 & ( su* beauty1
 t f t day ,i began to /ruggle ) my own 
?\ghts1 & h5ce1 he$less ( my hav+ no k (
 ! diff]5t k9ds ( argillace\s e>?1 ,i   
tri$ to discov] ! art ( mak+ enamel1 l a
 man grop+ 9 ! d>k40  ,s he /ruggl$ on =

 fifte5 ye>s1 ) />vation & dea? (t5 at 8
 door1 until at la/ he ma/]$ 8 art1 &   
produc$ ultimately1 z he says1 8^?      
vessels ( int]mix$ col\rs1 aft] ! mann] 
( jasp]40  ,! p>ticul> jasp] enamel     
inv5t$ by ,palissy is a deep ri* glaze (
 a gre5 & br[ni% v>iegat$ "*4 ,he made  
_m 8ru/ic pieces0 z di%es1 plates1 &    
plaques1 on :i* he admirably arrang$    
reptiles1 fi%es1 frogs1 %ells1 insects (
 v>i\s k9ds1 fruits1 leaves1 acorns1 c41
 modell$ 9 relief & cov]$ ) ! jasp]     
glaze4  ,mo/ ( ^! di%es 7 elliptical 9  
%ape & _h broad rims 7,fig4 #ej74       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,ru/ic ,di%1 )
 ,reptiles & ,fi%es2 ,palissy ,w>e4     
7,s4,k4,m47  ,he decorat$ a 8grotto0 ) 8
 fam\s pott]y at ! ,*teau ( ,ec\5 = 8   
patron ! ,con/able de ,montmor5cy1 &    
simil> grottoes at ! ,tuil]ies1 & at    
,reux1 9 ,norm&y1 = ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici4 
,palissy made o!r =ms ( pott]y besides 8
 ru/ic pieces1 su* z ew]s1 bottles1     
hunt+ flasks1 & di%es1 ornam5t$ )       
figures & o!r "w4 ,x is likely t !      

figure "w 0 execut$ by 8 sons or        
relatives1 ,ni*olas & ,ma?ur9 ,palissy1 
:o work$ = ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici on !      
,tuil]ies grotto4 ,_m ( ! ,palissy w>es 
are simil> 9 design to ! ta9s & pewt]   
works ( ,briot & ( o!r arti/s1 z        
,prieur1 ,rosso1 ,gau?i]1 &             
,primaticcio4 ,op5work baskets & di%es &
 o!r modell$ works 7 cov]$ ) ! jasp]    
glaze4 ,( ! inv5tion ( ! latt] ,palissy 
does n seem to h communicat$ ! secret to
 8 successors1 = aft] 8 dea? ! jasp]    
glaze 0 imitat$1 b )\t mu* success1 z   
appe>s evid5t f "s specim5s t are n[ 9  
exi/5ce :i* 7 made f 8 m\lds4  ,palissy 
0 ne>ly all 8 life engag$ 9 lectur+ on  
sci5tific & o!r subjects1 & 9 ! "w (    
proselytism = ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( :i* he 0 
a memb]1 be+ 9 prison m ?an once on     
acc\nt ( 8 religi\s ideas1 & ev5tually  
di$ 9 ! ,ba/ille ,prison 9 pov]ty 9     
#aeij at ! age ( eighty4  ,z ef=ts (    
decorative design ! encru/$ w>es (      
,palissy _c be plac$ 9 a high rank (    
decorative art1 b ! art ( ,france w\ld  

be consid]ably poor] )\t ! g5ius (      
,palissy1 an arti/ ( :om any nation     
might be ju/ly pr\d4                    
,,nev]s1 ,,r\51 ,,& ,,m\/i]s ,,w>es4    
,we h m5tion$ be=e t "s maiolica arti/s 
& workm5 came f ,italy 9 ! sixte5?      
c5tury to ,nev]s & ,lyons & !re set up  
pott]ies4 ,"o ( ^! arti/s1 nam$ ,scipio 
,gamb91 work$ at ,nev]s1 "u ! patronage 
( ! ,duc de ,niv]nais4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ea4--,pilgrim's ,bottle1 ,nev]s  
,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! maiolica          
productions at ,nev]s 7 9 imitation ( ! 
,urb9o1 ,ca/el-,durante1 & ,fa5za w>es1 
b ! col\rs 7 inf]ior1 probably ow+ to ! 
poor] glaze us$ by ! ,fr5* pott]s4 ,!   
subjects ( ! decoration 7 at fir/ simil>
 to ! 8i/oriati0 decoration ( ! ,urb9o  
w>e1 & 7 compositions f ,ovid's         
8,metamorphoses0 7,fig4 #ea7 or f !     
,bible4 ,lat] on ! pott]s ( ,nev]s      
imitat$ ! %apes ( ,ori5tal pott]y )     
,fr5* decorations 7,fig4 #eb74          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,vase1 ,nev]s 
,w>e4  ,9 #afjh two ,italians--! bro!rs 

,conrade--came f ,g5oa to ,nev]s1 & 7   
probably ! successors ( ,gamb93 ! w>e   
made by !m 0 decorat$ ) a mixture (     
,*9ese & ,italian ornam5t1 & ! col\r+ 0 
blue1 manganese1 br[n1 & :ite4  ,9 #afcb
 a ,fr5*man nam$ ,pi]re ,cu/ode & 8 sons
 e/abli%$ a pott]y at ! sign ( 8,!      
,o/ri*0 at ,nev]s4 ,to !m is ascrib$ !  
beautiful ,p]sian blue-col\r$ pott]y    
decorat$ ) naturali/ic fl[]s & birds 9  
solid :ite ) yell[ height5+s1 ! %ape &  
decoration be+ ,*9ese 9 "*4 ,! blue     
glaze peculi> to ,nev]s pott]y ( ?is    
p]iod is v f9e1 & has be5 imitat$ by    
,fr5* & =eign pott]s1 b )\t success4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,pilgrim's    
,bottle1 ,nev]s ,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!   
great importation ( ,*9ese porcela9 into
 ,europe 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & at !     
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? _h a /rong influ5ce 
on ! art ( ! ,nev]s pott]y1 & _m pieces 
exi/ on :i* ,*9ese designs almo/ pure 7 
copi$ 9 a blue ,camaen 7mono*rome71 or 9
 a h>moni\s mixture ( blue &            
purple-black manganese1 ! latt] col\r   

be+ a mixture ( ! blue ) manganese4 ,9 !
 eighte5? c5tury ! /yle ( design 0      
debas$ & v mu* degrad$1 & ! pott]y      
became co>se & heavy4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ed4--,plateau1 ,r\5 ,w>e4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,,r\5 ,,w>e4--,a mu* bett] 
class ( pott]y bo? 9 manufacture &      
design is ! fam\s ,r\5 w>e1 made 9 ! t[n
 ( t "n 9 ,norm&y4 ,9 ! ye> #afdd ,edme 
,pot]at obta9$ a lic5ce to make & sell  
fay5ce 9 ! prov9ce ( ,norm&y4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,tray1 ,r\5   
,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,?is monopoly did n  
la/ long1 = we f9d t 9 #afgc 8 son1     
,l\is ,pot]at1 obta9$ ano!r lic5ce1 & f 
t "t a new developm5t takes place 9 !   
ornam5t t is s *>act]i/ic ( ,r\5 w>e4 ,!
 great] "p ( ?is ornam5t is compos$ ( a 
scallop =m ( sett+ out1 ) alt]nat+      
compositions ( ornam5tal fl[]s1 call$   
lambrequ9s1 & baskets ( ornam5tal fl[]s 
t repeat at int]vals ar\nd ! bord] (    
plates or trays2 light p5d5tives &      
wrea?s ( artificial fl[]s are pa9t$ 9 a 
light] tone1 & occur betwe5 ! ri*]      

lambrequ9s 7,fig4 #ed74 ,ri*ly ornam5t$ 
coats-(-arms1 or baskets ( fl[]s &      
cornucopias1 occupy ! c5tres 7,fig4     
#ee74 ,! beautiful plate 9 ! ,k5s+ton   
,museum 7,fig4 #ef7 is unique 9 ,r\5 w>e
 9 hav+ amor9i1 or cupids1 9 ! c5tre4   
,all ( ! =ego+ examples are pa9t$ 9 blue
 ( diff]5t %ades on ! :ite enamel1 or   
sometimes on yell[ o*re gr\nds4 ,indian 
r$ col\r & a w>m r$di% yell[ is         
sometimes also us$4 ,! ornam5t is       
pseudo-,*9ese1 & is a ,norman developm5t
 ( ,ori5tal =ms ) "s ,italian influ5ces 
:i* are rem9isc5ces ( ! decoration      
br\ght by ! ,conrade bro!rs f ,g5oa to  
,nev]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#ef4--,plateau1 ,r\5 ,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  
,"s ( ! ,r\5 w>e is decorat$ ) a ray    
=mation on :i* ! ornam5t is pa9t$ on a  
light or d>k gr\nd4 ,?is is kn[n z !    
/yle rayonnant4 ,! draw+ ( ^! patt]ns is
 always v c>eful & correct1 ! latt] (t5 
be+ copies ( ! pr9t$ decoration ( !     
books ( t p]iod4 ,lat] on ! decoration  
became ( a fre] type1 ) b\quets (       

artificial fl[]s1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 
! ,rocaille or ,rococo elem5t began to  
creep 91 & ! ,r\5 w>e develop$ f !      
camaen blue /yle ( decoration to a      
poly*rome /yle4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#eg4--;,di%1 ,r\5 ,w>e4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! 
,*9ese elem5t 9 design became ev]y:]e 9 
! asc5dant1 n only 9 late ,r\5 w>e1 b 9 
! pott]y ( e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 & rema9s 
m or less 9 ! "w ( to-day4 ,"s ( ! late 
,r\5 w>e is n s biz>re 9 its decoration 
z _m o!r ,fr5* & ,european /yles ( !    
same p]iod4 ,fig4 #eg %[s ! ,*9ese      
influ5ce1 b is 9 bett] ta/e ?an !       
majority ( contempor>y designs4  ,z a   
/yle decays ! col\r z a rule becomes m  
gaudy1 :i* applies to ,r\5 w>e z to o!r 
v>ieties ( fay5ce4 ,! 8,cornucopia      
patt]n0 belongs to ! decad5ce p]iod3 ?is
 is full ( unre/ra9$ lib]ty bo? 9 =m &  
col\r4 ,x ought to be m5tion$ t ,l\is   
,pot]at1 ( ,r\51 fir/ discov]$ ! secret 
( mak+ ! ,*9ese s(t porcela9 7pte t5dre7
 9 ,france4 ,sev]al pieces ( ?is ,r\5   
porcela9 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,museums at    

,svres & at ,limoges4  ,! ,r\5 ,s*ool ( 
,decoration has influ5c$ mod]n pott]y   
design]s 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 &  
,engl&1 m ?an any o!r s*ool2 b          
un=tunately !y all copi$ its lat]       
defects ) great] zeal ?an 9 tak+ lessons
 f its e>li] excell5cies4  ,r\5 w>e 0   
imitat$ 9 ! ,s9c5y pott]y1 b ?is pott]y 
0 made by "s workm5 :o _h =m]ly belong$ 
to ,r\51 & e/abli%$ !mselves at ,s9c5y 9
 #agac1 & copi$ ! ,r\5 w>e s closely t !
 copies h (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = ! latt] w>e4 
,at ,p>is1 ,/4 ,cl\d1 ,quimp]1 & ,lille1
 imitations ( ,r\5 w>e h be5 attempt$ ) 
success4 ,! ,/4 ,cl\d pott]y is ( a     
slatey blue col\r4 ,! pott]y ( ,lille is
 a close imitation ( ,r\5 w>e1 z ! plate
 7,fig4 #eh7 cle>ly %[s4  ,,m\/i]s1 9 ! 
s\? ( ,france1 0 an important c5tre =   
enamell$ pott]y works1 :]e a /yle (     
decoration 0 us$ t 0 a mixture ( !      
,italian ,urb9o & ! ,s*ool ( ,r\51 !    
bord]s ( ! plates hav+ ! ,r\5           
lambrequ9s1 & ! c5tres hav+ figure      
subjects & l&scapes1 or1 z 9 ! lat] "w1 

grotesques & ornam5t aft] ! ,fr5*       
arti/s1 ,callot & ,b]a94  ,! col\r 0 9  
%ades ( a deep blue 7,fig4 #ei74  ,pi]re
 ,clrissy 7#agbh7 0 ! "n ( ! fir/ arti/ 
& also ( 8 nephew1 :o cont9u$ ! works   
aft] him 9 ,m\/i]s4  ,poly*rome         
decoration became common at a lat] date1
 :5 "s ,m\/i]s workm51 :o _h be5 to !   
,alcora pott]ies 9 ,spa91 introduc$ !   
,spani% /yle ( col\r+1 !n 9 great       
fa%ion1 :i* consi/$ ( bright orange     
yell[1 light gre51 & blue outl9es4 ,!   
lat] ,m\/i]s w>e is decorat$ ) fe/oons &
 ovals ) figures or bu/s pa9t$ 9 !m4    
,,m>seilles fay5ce is ( a delicate &    
pure enamel1 & is pa9t$ ) fl[]s1 %ell   
fi%1 & insects1 c41 :i* z a rule are    
?r[n on or dispos$ 9 an irregul> sort ( 
way4 ,mu* ( ! decoration 0 ,*9ese or    
,r\5 imitations1 & little l&scapes pa9t$
 9 r$ camaen2 gold 0 sometimes us$ 9 !  
/alks ( ! fl[]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#eh4--,plate1 ,lille ,w>e4  ,,/rasburg  
pott]y1 ?\gh class$ z ,fr5*1 ow$ a good 
deal ( its process ( manufacture & g5]al

 "* to ,g]man me?ods ( manipulation &   
decorative processes1 z ,g]man pott]s 7 
mo/ly employ$ 9 ! works4  ,! great      
diff]5ce 0 9 ! mode ( decoration1 !     
latt] be+ appli$ on ! fir$ surface ( !  
enamel 9 ! ,/rasburg w>es2 :]eas 9 !    
w>es ( ! o!r ,fr5* pott]ies t h j be5   
consid]$ ! decoration 0 appli$ to !     
unbak$ & consequ5tly absorb5t gr\nd4 ,! 
latt] 0 ! m arti/ic me?od1 & ! =m]1 or  
,g]man me?od1 all[$ a wid] range ( !    
arti/'s palette1 & admitt$ ( great]     
delicacy ( execution1 b 0 m h>% 9       
effect1 & did n incorporate ! col\rs ) !
 enamel 9 a way t an absorb5t gr\nd or  
unbak$ enamel w\ld d4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ei4--,plate1 ) ,/ag ,hunt2       
,m\/i]s ,w>e4  ,! "n ( ,*>les ,hannong  
is connect$ ) an e>ly pott]y (          
,/rasburg1 :i* 0 mo/ly a manufactory (  
e>!nw>e /oves4 ,?is pott]y 0 f\nd$ 9    
#agji4 ,9 #agba ,hannong & a ,g]man     
porcela9 work]1 :o 0 tak5 into p>tn]%ip 
by ! =m]1 began to make porcela91 b aft]
 a %ort exi/5ce "u ! sons ( ,hannong ?is

 pott]y 0 clos$4  ,/atuettes1 clocks1   
d9n] & dess]t s]vices 7 made 9 ,/rasburg
 glaz$ e>!nw>e1 ) modell$ & pa9t$       
decoration4 ,! col\r+ & decoration 0 ( !
 preval5t ,rococo1 bright & cle>2 fl[]s 
( all k9ds1 & ,*9ese pictures1 7 imitat$
 mo/ly on :ite gr\nds 7,fig4 #fj74      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,plate1       
,/rasburg ,w>e4                         
,,fr5* ,,porcela94  ,! desire to imitate
 ! porcela9 w>e ( ,*9a l$ to ! discov]y 
( ! s(t pa/e 7pte t5dre74 ,! names      
8porcela9e de ,france0 & 8,svres        
porcela90 h also be5 giv5 to x4 ,z      
previ\sly m5tion$1 x 0 made at ,r\5 9   
#afij1 at ,/4 ,cl\d 9 #afih1 & at ,lille
 9 #agaa1 b 9 all ^! cases 9 a small &  
t5tative way4  ,! composition ( ! pa/e 9
 ! ,fr5* s(t porcela9 is describ$ by    
,,mm4 ,gasnault & ,g>ni] 9 _! h&book (  
8,fr5* ,pott]y0 z foll[s3 8,! pa/e 0    
compos$ ( ! s& ( ,fonta9ebleau1         
saltpetre1 sea salt1 soda 7s\de         
d',alicante71 alum1 gypsum1 or p>+s (   
alaba/]2 all ^! elem5ts 7 mix$ toge!r & 

plac$ 9 an ov5 9 a lay] ( consid]able   
?ickness1 :]e1 aft] be+ bak$ = at lea/  
fifty h\rs1 !y =m$ a p]fectly :ite frit1
 or vitrefi$ pa/e4 ,! frit 0 mix$ )     
,arg5teuil m>l 9 ! proportion ( n9e     
p\nds ( frit to ?ree p\nds ( m>l1 c40   
,! glaze is describ$ z consi/+ ( 8! s& (
 ,fonta9ebleau1 li?>ge1 salts ( soda1   
,b\gival silex or gun-fl9t1 & pota%40   
,all ^! 7 gr\nd & melt$ toge!r1 &       
aft]w>ds ! vitre\s mass 0 re-gr\nd 9    
wat] & ?us =m$ ! glaze4  ,! s(t pa/e is 
mu* sup]ior = arti/ic works ow+ to !    
glaze incorporat+ ) ! col\rs 9 a p]fect 
mann]1 r5d]+ !m equally brilliant ) !   
enamel1 b ?is is n ! case ) ! h>d or    
natural kaol91 z ! glaze on ?is does n  
bl5d completely ) ! col\rs ( !          
decoration4 ,! s(t pa/e porcela9 is1    
h[ev]1 too por\s = articles ( dome/ic   
use1 & c be te/$ by its be+ easily      
scrat*$ by a knife4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #fa4--,svres ,vase2 ,jones ,collection4
 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! ,m>quis ,orry de       
,fulvey made an attempt to e/abli% ! s(t

 pa/e porcela9 works at ,v9c5nes 9      
#agda1 b ?is 0 n a success4 ,x 0        
e/abli%$ aga9 "u new conditions 9 #agde1
 & aft] _m exp]im5ts "s important vases 
7 made decorat$ ) fl[]s 9 relief4 ,!    
manufactory 0 reorganiz$ aga9 & remov$  
to ,svres1 ne> ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #agef4 ,! 
products ( ! ,svres works at ?is "t 7 ! 
f9e vases ) ! bleu de roi1 or bleu de   
,svres1 & ! lovely rose ,pompad\r       
col\rs1 & num]\s fancy articles1 z heads
 ( canes1 buttons1 snuff-boxes1         
ne$le-cases1 also table s]vices1 c4 ,_m 
arti/s 7 employ$ to pa9t ! fl[] & figure
 decorations2 ! latt] 7 pa9t$ aft] !    
designs ( ,b\*]1 ,vanloo1 & o!rs4  ,!   
s(t pa/e porcela9 0 made f ab\t #agjj to
 #aggj4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ s(t pa/e ,svres    
porcela9 may be se5 9 ! ,jones          
,collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ( :i* !re 
are ne>ly sixty examples4 ,! vase 7,fig4
 #fa7 has a d>k blue gr\nd4 ,! clock (  
,svres porcela9 7,fig4 #fb7 is a        
beautiful & unique example t 0 made     
especially = ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 ,! clock 

is m\nt$ 9 orm\lu by ,g\?ire1 & is 9 8  
be/ /yle ( "w4  ,! egg-%ap$ vase 7,fig4 
#fc7 has a blue gr\nd & is decorat$ )   
subject ( ,cupid & ,psy*e4  ,! arti/s   
,falconet1 ,clodion1 ,la ,rue1 &        
,ba*eli] modell$ & design$ _m ( !       
/atuettes1 plaques1 & vases = ! ,svres  
manufactory4  ,cab9ets & tables ( !     
,l\is ,seize p]iod 7 (t5 inlaid ) pa9t$ 
plaques ( ,svres w>e1 & h orm\lu m\nt+s4
 ,?is k9d ( furniture is exce$+ly ref9$ 
9 design & workman%ip1 & reflects 9 a   
high degree ! ,pompad\r & ,du ,b>ry     
p]iod ( ,fr5* ta/e4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #fb4--,svres ,porcela9 ,clock2 ,jones  
,collection4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,9 #agfh b$s (
 kaol9 clay 7 f\nd 9 ,france at ,/4     
,yrieix1 ne> ,limoges4 ,maqu]1 a *emi/  
atta*$ to ! ,svres factory1 9 #agfi     
submitt$ = ! k+'s 7,l\is ,,xvi47        
inspection at ! ,*teau ( ,v]sailles     
sixty pieces ( ! new h>d porcela9 made f
 ?is native clay4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#fc4--,svres ,vase1 d>k blue2 ,jones    
,collection4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,dur+ ! "t ( !

 ,fr5* ,revolution ! manufactory 0 9 a  
critical /ate ( exi/5ce1 b 0 /ill kept 9
 a work+ /ate4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj ,alex&re  
,brongni>t 0 appo9t$ director1 a po/ he 
held = =ty-sev5 ye>s--& aft] 8 appo9tm5t
 ! manufacture ( s(t porcela9 ceas$4  ,9
 8 "t ! manufactory 0 9 a /ate ( great  
prosp]ity1 & ! sci5ce he br\ght to be>  
on ! manufactur+ processes 0 ( imm5se   
importance4 ,vases ov] sev5 feet 9      
height 7 produc$1 & ! pieces :i* 7 made 
7 ornam5t$ ) trophies & battle sc5es t  
glorifi$ ! ev5ts 9 ! reign ( ,napoleon  
,i4  ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,philippe !     
arti/s ,fragon>d1 ,*5av>d1 ,cl]get1 &   
,juli5ne introduc$ a new /yle (         
,r5aissance decoration & design1 b ?is 0
 ( a heavy & ov]load$ ord] t 0 n exactly
 suit$ to ! "* ( porcela94  ,ab\t !     
middle ( ! pres5t c5tury ,l\is ,rob]t1 !
 *ief pa9t] at ,svres1 introduc$ !      
novelty ( col\r$ pa/es1 :i* 0 to develop
 lat] into ! pte-sur-pte process1 s     
successfully practis$ by ! tal5t$ ,m4   
,solon1 :o has execut$ s mu* ( ?is      

beautiful "w = ,m9ton's 9 ,engl&4 ,!    
process ( ,l\is ,rob]t consi/$ 9 ! use (
 porcela9 pa/e col\r$ ) oxides4 ,a      
b>bot9e or slip 0 made ( ?is composition
 & pa9t+s 7 execut$ ) x 9 slight relief1
 ! :ite pa/e be+ us$ *iefly on a col\r$ 
gr\nd1 ! modell+ or light & %ade be+    
regulat$ accord+ to ! ?ickness ( !      
semi-transp>5t mat]ial employ$4 ,:5     
f9i%$ ?is k9d ( "w has a cameo-l effect4
                              ,,g]man   
,,pott]y4  ,g]man /onew>e 0 manufactur$ 
at an e>ly date1 & 9 ! c\ntries bord]+  
^u ! ,rh9e ! indu/ry mu/ h be5 9 an     
active /ate 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5?       
c5turies1 judg+ f ! pl5tiful examples ( 
! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! w>e =m]ly kn[n z 
8,grs ,flam&s0 or 8,grs de ,fl&res10 b  
n[ classifi$ "u _! prop] ,g]man orig9s4 
,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ?is w>e 0 c>ri$ 9   
great quantities f ,ra]51 f ,fre*5 &    
,sieburg1 ne> ,cologne1 & f ,greuzhaus51
 ne> ,cobl5tz1 d[n ! ,rh9e to ,leyd5 & !
 ,l[ ,c\ntries4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#fd4--;,delft ,vase4  ,! br[n /onew>e ( 

,ra]5--:i* =m]ly belong$ to ! anci5t    
,du*y ( ,limb\rg--0 especially 9 great  
reque/ 9 ,fl&]s4 ,?is br[n w>e 0 ( a    
sph]ical or cyl9drical %ape1 divid$ by a
 c5tral broad b&1 ) decorations ( figure
 subjects1 %ields1 masks1 arms1 c42 !   
neck is also decorat$ ) %ields & bosses1
 & ! foot ) r+s & guillo*e ornam5t4 ,"s 
good specim5s ( blue /onew>e--call$ !   
8blue ( ,leipzig0--7 also made at ,ra]54
  ,at ,fre*51 ne> ,cologne1 ! celebrat$ 
8,greybe>ds0 or 8,bell>m9es0 7 fir/     
made1 t 7 import$ & imitat$ s mu* 9     
,engl& dur+ ! reign ( ,james ,i4 7see   
,fig4 #gc74 ,!y 7 decorat$ ) ! head ( an
 old man ) a long be>d1 & sometimes also
 ) armorial be>+s or figure subjects4   
,! ,sieburg /onew>e 0 a cream-col\r$    
w>e1 ri*ly decorat$ 9 relief1 & *iefly  
consi/$ ( long n>r[ dr9k+ tank>ds )     
metal cov]s1 call$ 8,pokals40  ,at      
,greuzhaus5 & at ,hhr 7 manufactur$     
small jugs call$ 8cru*es10 also         
saltcell>s1 ink/&s1 & brazi]s 7 made 9  
grey /onew>e decorat$ 9 p>ts ) ! ri*    

8blue ( ,leipzig0 & ) v>i\s relief      
ornam5ts4  ,9 ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 
& beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? at ,creuss51 9    
,bav>ia1 tank>ds or dr9k+ mugs 7 made ( 
a r\nd %ape ) cov]s1 & decorat$ )       
figures ( ! ,apo/les 9 relief1 & col\r$ 
9 bright crude col\rs t look l oil      
pa9t+3 !y are kn[n z 8,apo/el ,kruges10 
or ,apo/le mugs4  ,at ,nuremb]g1 tiles1 
pipes1 & /oves 7 manufactur$ 9 glaz$    
br[n or gre5 /onew>e1 & at ! same place 
a celebrat$ pott] nam$ ,augu/9          
,hirs*vogel made diff]5t k9ds ( w>e 9   
t9-glaz$ enamel1 :o ) 8 family pres]v$ =
 a long "t ! secret 9 ,g]many ( ?is     
p>ticul> glaze4  ,delft1 a t[n 9 ,holl&1
 0 r5[n$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury = its      
ext5sive manufacture ( ! fay5ce kn[n z  
8,delft40 ,! pott]ies ( ,delft 7        
e/abli%$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 &    
t[>ds ! end upw>ds ( ?irty pott]ies 7 9 
full work+ ord]4 ,! g5u9e delft w>e is (
 a f9e h>d pa/e1 has a beautiful & cle> 
smoo? enamel1 & is decorat$ ) almo/ e   
k9d ( subject1 *iefly 9 a blue camaen4  

,attempts at poly*rome decoration are v 
r>e1 b a r$ col\r has be5 (t5 us$4 ,!   
/yle ( design & %apes 7 g5]ally         
imitations ( ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 &       
,dresd5 w>es 7,fig4 #fd74 ,almo/ e class
 & %ape ( ! usual pott]y objects 7      
manufactur$1 & "s plates & vases 7 ( v  
great dim5sions4                        
,,g]man ,,porcela94  ,! ,portuguese     
introduc$ ,*9a porcela9 into ,europe1 & 
= a long "t ! pott]s s\ght to imitate x1
 b )\t mu* success1 until ! true kaol9 0
 discov]$ by ,bttg]1 ab\t #agji4 ,at    
,aue1 ,s*neeb]g1 & 9 ! ye> #agae1 a     
pott]y = ! manufacture ( h>d porcela9 0 
e/abli%$ at ,meiss51 by ,augu/us ,,ii41 
,elector ( ,saxony & ,k+ ( ,pol&1 )     
,bttg] z director4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#fe4--;,g]man ,/onew>e4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #ff4--;,dresd5 ,c&elabrum4  ,?is  
porcela91 aft] x _h be5 br\ght to a     
consid]able degree ( p]fection1 turn$   
out a great success 9 its simil>ity to !
 ,*9ese composition ( body1 b 9 spite ( 
all precautions to keep ! mak+ & !      

nature ( ! clay secret1 ! k leak$ out1 &
 9 a %ort "t aft] we f9d t h>d porcela9 
0 made 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,dresd5      
,vase2 ,jones ,collection4 7,s4,k4,m47  
,l mo/ ( ! w>es made at o!r pott]ies at 
?is p]iod1 ! ,dresd5 porcela9 0 at fir/ 
an imitation ( ,*9ese 9 %ape &          
decoration4 ,almo/ e k9d ( articles 7   
made at ,dresd51 su* z c&elabra1        
/atuettes1 modell$ fl[]s1 vases1        
s]vices1 c41 on :i* 7 pa9t$ ) great     
delicacy1 fl[]s1 l&scapes1 & figures on 
gr\nds ( diff]5t ri* col\rs 7,figs4 #ff 
& #fg74                                 
,,engli% ,,pott]y4  ,anci5t ,briti%     
pott]y has be5 f\nd 9 ! b>r[s & burial  
m\nds 9 ! =m ( inc5se cups1 dr9k+ & food
 vessels1 & c9]>y urns4 ,^! h all be5   
made ( clays t 7 f\nd usually on ! spot1
 & are ei!r sun-dri$ or imp]fectly      
burnt4  ,! dr9k+ vessels 7 tall &       
cyl9drical 9 =m1 & ! inc5se cups 7 wid] 
9 ! c5tre ?an at ei!r end4 ,! urns &    
food vessels h a simil>ity ( %ape1 be+  

globul>1 ) or )\t a neck4 ,! decoration 
is ( ! simple/ description1 su* z       
*evrons1 or zigzags1 & /raight-l9$      
patt]ns produc$ by scrat*+ ) a /ick1 or 
! impressions ( a rope ti$ ar\nd !      
vessel :ile ! clay 0 s(t4  ,! ,romans   
made pott]y 9 ,brita9 f native clay1 &  
also import$ mu* ( ! ,samian w>e4 ,!    
,roman w>es ( ,briti% manufacture are   
kn[n z ,ca/or1 ,up*ur*1 & ,new ,=e/     
w>es2 !y are g5]ally ( v good %apes1 &  
are decorat$ ) slips1 dots1 bosses1 &   
ind5tations1 & are unglaz$ or slightly  
glaz$ 7,fig4 #fh74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#fh4--,romano-,briti% ,urn1 ) ,slip     
,decoration4 7,b4,m47  ,!               
,romano-,briti% urn 9 ! illu/ration has 
a slight yell[ glaze4 ,! pott]y made by 
! ,anglo-,saxons is ( ! same type &     
patt]n z t made by ! ,saxons on !       
,cont95t4 ,x is r\gh & in>ti/ic 9 %ape1 
except 9 "s specim5s t 7 made 9 ! s\? ( 
,engl&1 :]e an imitation ( ,roman &     
probably ,norman pott]y 0 attempt$4  ,we
 d n meet mu* ,saxon pott]y 9 ,engl& (  

any importance until we come to ! twelf?
 or ?irte5? c5turies1 :5 "s ( ! be/     
ef=ts 9 tile mak+ & decoration are se5 9
 ! beautiful floor-tiles ( ! e>ly ,go?ic
 p]iod4 ,_m examples ( ^! tiles h be5   
pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% & o!r ,museums1 & "s
 are /ill 9 sit 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1      
,malv]n1 ,ely1 & ,gl\ce/] ,ca!drals1 &  
,*]tsey ,abbey4 ,! designs are (t5      
h]aldic 9 "* 7,fig4 #fi71 & consi/ (    
geometrical1 floral1 animal1 &          
ar*itectural =ms4 ,badges1 %ields1 &    
texts are also f\nd z decorations1 &    
sometimes ! human figure is also        
repres5t$4 ,! e>lie/ are ( "o col\r1 or 
two1 z a yell[ or a dull r$1 & ! lat]   
ones h sev]al col\rs4 ,!y are g5]ally   
call$ 8encau/ic0 tiles4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #fi4--;,encau/ic ,tile1 f ,monm\? 
,priory4 7,b4,m47  ,slip w>es 7 made    
ext5sively at ,wro?am 9 ,k5t z e>ly z   
#afej1 & at ,/af=d%ire1 ,d]by1 & o!r    
places 9 ,engl& ev5 e>li] ?an ?is date4 
,_m ( !m are ( qua9t & unc\? =ms1 & are 
g5]ally cov]$ ) a ri* gre51 br[n1 or    

yell[ glaze1 made f copp]1 manganese1 or
 iron oxides4 ,curi\s two-h&l$1 ?ree or 
f\r-h&l$ mugs or tygs us$ = h&+ r\nd    
dr9ks1 posset cups or pots1 plates1     
di%es1 c&le/icks1 jugs1 & pigg9s 7 made 
9 ^! w>es1 & decorat$ ) 8slip10 :i* is a
 mixture ( clay & wat] us$ 9 ! ?ickness 
( cream1 & :i* is dropp$ or trail$ f a  
tube or sp\t$ vessel1 on ! surface ( !  
w>e1 =m+ ! decoration accord+ to ! fancy
 ( ! design]4 ,! col\r ( ! slip v>i$ f  
light to d>k 7,fig4 #gj74  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #gj4--,tyg ( ,wro?am ,w>e4  ,!   
di% ( ,t(t's w>e 7,fig4 #ga7 is a       
specim5 ( ! slip decoration1 date ab\t  
#affj4 ,t(t 0 a pott] :o _h 8 kiln at   
,t9k]'s ,cl\gh1 ne> ,newca/le 9         
,/af=d%ire4 ,8 "w is decorat$ ) col\r$  
slip on a common r$ clay1 ) a wa% ( :ite
 or pipe clay1 ^u :i* ! decoration 0    
laid 9 r$ slip2 d>k] t9ts 7 us$ = !     
outl9es1 & sometimes :ite dots4 ,! lead 
glaze us$ gave a yell[ t9t to ! :ite    
clay coat+4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#ga4--;,di% ( ,slip ,w>e2 by ,?omas     

,t(t4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,m>bl$ & comb$ w>es1 
c41 7 made 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5?      
c5turies1 9 :i* diff]5t col\r$ bodies 7 
mix$ 9 ! pa/e to =m a mottl$1 m>bl$1 or 
v>iegat$ appe>ance4  ,lambe? has be5    
not$ = its pott]ies f ab\t #affj4       
,lambe? delft compris$ su* objects z w9e
 j>s1 c&le/icks1 posset pots4 ,! w>e is 
( a pale buff t9t2 ! pa/e is cov]$ ) a  
:ite t9-glaze or enamel1 & a lead glaze 
ov] ! decoration4 ,"s plates h figure   
subjects & floriat$ bord]s1 :i* seem to 
be imitations ( ,italian majolica 7,fig4
 #gb74 ,! names ( ,griffi? & ,morgan    
appe> z ,lambe? pott]s 9 ! eighte5?     
c5tury2 & ! pres5t 8,/iff's0 pott]y 0   
f\nd$ 9 #agea4 ,! mo/ not$ pott]y n[ 9  
,london is ! manufactory ( ,messrs4     
,d\lton--,! ,lambe? ,pott]y--f\nd$ 9    
#ahaa1 ^: orig9al & beautiful "w is s   
well kn[n to ev]ybody 9 ! pres5t day4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,di% (       
,lambe? ,delft4 7,b4,m47  ,9 ,/af=d%ire 
pictorial delft w>e 0 made 9 ,william   
,,iii4 & ,que5 ,anne's "t1 b 0 ( a co>s]

 k9d & less pure 9 ! enamel ?an ,lambe? 
delft4  ,/onew>e ( an extremely h>d &   
transluc5t k9d 0 made by ,john ,dwight  
at ,fulham1 ab\t #afgj4 ,he made grey   
/onew>e jugs1 flasks1 /atuettes1 & bu/s4
 ,! bu/s & /atuettes 7 ( great          
excell5ce4 ,! jugs & tank>ds 7 made 9   
imitation ( ! ,g]man 8,grs0--! s-call$  
8,grs de ,fl&res40 ,^! 7 call$ 9 ,engl& 
8,bell>m9es10 8longbe>ds10 or           
8greybe>ds10 by way ( mock]y ( ! ,c>d9al
 ,rob]t ,bell>m9e1 :o 0 unpopul> ) !    
,prote/ant p>ty 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4  
7,fig4 #gc74  ,salt-glaz$ /onew>e is    
/ill made at ! pres5t "t at ! ,fulham   
works1 :i* are n[ 9 possession ( ,mr4   
,c4 ,j4 ,c4 ,bailey4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #gc4--;,bell>m9e1 ,fulham ,/one   
,w>e4  ,! salt-glaz$ :ite /onew>e (     
,/af=d%ire 0 made f #afij till aft]     
#ahjj4 ,! introduction ( ! salt glaze   
w>e 9 ,/af=d%ire is ascrib$ to !        
celebrat$ pott] ,john ,philip ,el]s & 8 
bro!r ,david4 ,!y are likely to h be5   
,dut*m5 :o _h also work$ 9 ! pott]ies ( 

,nuremb]g1 & _h br\ght ) !m ! k ( !     
salt-glaze process to ,/af=d%ire1 toge!r
 ) ! /yle & ornam5tation ( ! ,holl&     
/onew>es4 ,dwight ( ,fulham made        
salt-glaz$ w>es be=e ! "t t ! ,el]s     
settl$ at ,bradwell 9 ,/af=d%ire        
7#afij-agaj74 ,john ,el]s made a        
revolution 9 ! /yle ( work+ ! ,engli%   
pott]y by turn+ 8 w>e 9 ! la! in/ead ( !
 exclusive use ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,!     
,el]s made a r$ unglaz$ /onew>e *iefly =
 teapots1 cups1 sauc]s1 milk jugs1      
*ocolate pots1 besides o!r salt-glaz$   
w>es4  ,! salt-glaz$ w>e is "o ( ! h>de/
 w>es kn[n1 & is almo/ a porcela9 9     
composition4 ,! glaze gives a slightly  
unev5 surface to ! w>e1 :i* comes f !   
mann] 9 :i* ! w>es receive ! glaze4 ,!  
pieces are n dipp$ 9 a glaze mixture1 b 
:5 ! kiln has rea*$ a v high temp]ature 
common salt is ?r[n into ! kiln2 ! soda 
is lib]at$ f ! salt by ! action ( !     
heat1 & com+ 9 contact ) ! silica ( !   
/onew>e clay1 =ms ) x a silicate ( soda1
 :i* is really a glass glaze4 ,!        

composition ( ! w>e is1 g5]ally speak+1 
clay & f9e s&4 ,a/bury1 ! pott]1 9 #agbj
 us$ :at is consid]$ ! be/              
composition--grey clay & gr\nd fl9t     
in/ead ( s&4 ,! col\r is drab1 or       
sometimes has a dull cream-col\r$ cov]+4
  ,! col\r ( ! old ,/af=d%ire w>e is    
drab1 ) small :ite appli$ ornam5ts t 7  
previ\sly ca/ f m\lds ( brass or        
/onew>e4 ,col\r$ enamels h also be5 v   
mu* us$ = decorat+ lat] "w4 ,! ornam5ts 
are s+le roses1 may blossoms1           
fleur-de-lis1 spirals1 small int]lac+s1 
birds1 figures1 /raight or wavy l9es1   
c41 all g5]ally v %>p & cle> cut 7,figs4
 #gd1 #ge74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#gd4--;,j>1 ,:ite ,/onew>e ( ,/af=d%ire4
 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! pott] ,john ,a/bury    
work$ = ! ,el]s1 & aft] f9d+ out z _m   
secrets z he c\ld f !m1 he left !m &    
/>t$ a pott]y ( 8 own 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,he 
us$ a wid] range ( clays & col\rs ?an ^?
 us$ by ! ,el]s1 & _h m v>iety also 9 ! 
decoration ( 8 w>e1 :i* consi/$ ( su*   
ornam5ts z h>ps1 cr[ns1 /ags1 lions1 &  

h]aldic designs4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#ge4--,:ite ,salt-glaz$ ,w>e (          
,/af=d%ire4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,br[n /onew>e 0
 made at ,nott+ham dur+ ! :ole ( !      
eighte5? c5tury1 & 0 ( a bright ri*     
col\r2 ! mat]ial 0 ?9 & well fabricat$4 
,besides ! ord9>y %ap$ jugs1 puzzle-jugs
 & mugs 9 ! %ape ( be>s ) movable heads 
7 made1 t 7 us$ 9 ! be]h\ses ( ! la/    
c5tury4  ,bri/ol & ,liv]pool 7 fam\s =  
_! delft-w>e dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,ri*>d1 
,frank1 & ,joseph ,fl[] are names (     
pott]s :o _h delft works 9 ,bri/ol4  ,9 
,liv]pool b[ls ) pictures ( %ips1 arms1 
& l&scape decoration 7 made ( delft4    
,tiles on :i* 7 pr9t$ transf]           
decorations 7 also made ( ,liv]pool     
delft by ,sadl] & ,gre51 ! inv5tors4 ,^!
 tiles 7 ab\t five in*es squ>e1 7 pr9t$ 
9 black or r$1 & 7 us$ = l9+ /oves &    
fireplaces4 ,!atrical *>act]s &         
portraits ( celebrities 7 ! usual       
subjects4 ,w$gwood & o!r ,/af=d%ire     
pott]ies s5t _! w>es to ,liv]pool to get
 transf]s pr9t$ on !m4  ,w$gwood w>e is 

"o ( ! mo/ te*nically p]fect productions
 t has be5 inv5t$4 ,! col\r+ is quiet & 
ref9$1 & ! decorations--foll[+ ! classic
 ideals ( ! p]iod--are sev]e & r cold1 b
 ! workman%ip is ( su* a p]fection &    
delicacy t is seldom f\nd 9 ! c]amic    
products ( any o!r manufactory4  ,josiah
 ,w$gwood came ( a family ( pott]s4 ,he 
0 born 9 #agcj1 & di$ 9 #agie4 ,he 0 !  
y\nge/ son ( ,?omas ,w$gwood1 a pott] ( 
,burslem1 :o di$ 9 #agci1 & aft] 8 dea? 
,josiah left s*ool & 0 b\nd appr5tice to
 8 bro!r ,?omas1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r 9 !  
pott]y4 ,josiah conc5trat$ 8 en]gies to 
! design+ & modell+ ( pott]y ornam5ts & 
to ! inv5tion ( new pa/e compositions & 
glazes4 ,lat] on he s\ght to imitate 9  
appe>ance & composition ! preci\s /ones 
( agate1 onyx1 jasp]1 c4  ,aft] 8       
appr5tice%ip 0 ov] he jo9$ p>tn]%ip )   
,h>rison1 ( ,/oke1 & aft]w>ds )         
,:eildon1 ( ,f5ton1 b ^! associations   
did n la/ long1 & 9 #agei he />t$       
bus9ess 9 a small way at ,burslem1 :]e  
he execut$ _m works1 & by degrees       

p]fect$ ! cream-col\r$ w>e :i* is kn[n  
by ! "n ( 8,que5's w>e40 ,9 ! ye> #aggf 
he took into p>tn]%ip ,mr4 ,?omas       
,b5tley1 a ,liv]pool m]*ant ( arti/ic   
ta/es1 :o att5d$ *iefly to ! production 
( ! decorative w>es ( ! firm4 ,?is      
p>tn]%ip la/$ until ! dea? ( ,b5tley 9  
#aghj4 ,x 0 9 #agfi t ,w$gwood remov$ 8 
works & w5t also to live at 8 new h\se  
at ,etruria1 :]e he f\nd$ & nam$ ?is    
village4 ,he took 8 sons ,john1 ,josiah1
 & ,?omas into p>tn]%ip1 & also 8 nephew
 ,?omas ,by]ley 9 #agij4 ,five ye>s aft]
 ?is date he di$4  ,! products ( !      
,w$gwood manufacture--:i* may be f\nd m 
fully describ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,*ur*'s      
excell5t book on 8,engli% ,e>!nw>e10 to 
:i* we are indebt$ = _m p>ticul>s on    
,engli% pott]y & = "s ( !               
illu/rations--are ?us classifi$3--  #a4 
,cream-col\r$ w>e1 or #8,que5's w>e1'   
comprises d9n] & dess]t s]vices1 tea &  
c(fee sets4 ,cream-col\r$1 saffron1 &   
/raw-col\r$1 ) well-pa9t$ designs (     
conv5tional foliage & fl[]s1 & lat] "w )

 transf] engrav+ 9 r$ or black1 pr9t$ by
 ,sadl] & ,gre51 ( ,liv]pool4  #b4      
,egyptian black1 or basalt w>e1 ow+ its 
col\r *iefly to iron4 ,seals1 plaques1  
life-size bu/s1 m$allion portraits1 &   
vases4 ,black tea & c(fee sets decorat$ 
) col\r$ enamels & gild+ 7,fig4 #gf74   
#c4 ,r$ w>e1 or ,rosso ,antico1 us$ =   
cameo reliefs4  #d4 ,:ite semi-porcela9 
or f9e /onew>e4 ,?is w>e 0 compos$ ( "o 
( ,w$gwood's improv$ bodies4  #e4       
,v>iegat$ w>e is ( two k9ds1 "o a       
cream-col\r$ body1 m>bl$1 mottl$1 or    
spangl$ ) div]s col\rs ^u ! surface & "u
 ! glaze2 ! o!r an improv$ k9d ( agate  
w>e1 9 :i* ! b&s1 twi/s1 & /rips        
con/itut$ ! entire sub/ance ( ! vessel4 
8#f4 ,jasp] w>e4 ,! body ( ?is w>e 0 !  
mat]ial 9 :i* ! *ief triumphs ( ,w$gwood
 7 wr\ght4 ,outw>dly x resembl$ ! f9e/ (
 8 :ite t]ra-cotta & semi-porcela9      
bodies1 b 9 *emical & physical prop]ties
 x diff]$ notably f !m4 ,!re are sev5   
col\rs 9 ! ,jasp] body besides ! :ite   
,jasp]1 b ! solid ,jasp] is ( a blue    

t9t4 ,! sev5 col\rs are3-- blue ( v>i\s 
t9ts1 lilac1 p9k1 sage-gre51 olive-gre51
 yell[1 & black40  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#gf4--,lamp1 ,black ,egyptian ,w>e4     
,plaques1 tablets1 l>ge portraits1 & o!r
 m$allions1 cameos1 intaglios1 vases1   
/atuettes1 p$e/als1 fl[]-pots1 c41 are  
objects & vessels t 7 made 9 ,jasp] w>e4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,p$e/al 9   
,gre5 & ,:ite ,jasp]1 ,w$gwood ,w>e4    
7,s4,k4,m47  ,flaxman collaborat$ )     
,w$gwood 9 mak+ _m designs = 8 "w4 ,!   
beautiful p$e/al %[n at ,fig4 #gg is f a
 design by ,flaxman1 & is made 9 gre5 & 
:ite ,jasp]4  ,o!r names ( arti/s :o    
design$ or modell$ = ,w$gwood are       
,hackwood1 ,/ubbs1 ,bacon1 ,webb]1      
,dev]e1 ,angel9i1 ,dalmazzoni1 c4 ,an   
influ5ce on "s ( 8 "w 0 due to 8 /udy+ &
 copy+ ! celebrat$ ,portl& ,vase1 :i* 0 
l5t to him = ?is purpose = m ?an ?ree   
ye>s by ! ,duke ( ,portl&4              
,,engli% ,,porcela94  ,porcela9 0 fir/  
made 9 ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #agde4 ,! be/  
p]iod ( ! manufacture dates f #agej to  

#aghj1 ?\gh "s ( ! olde/ factories h    
surviv$ to ! pres5t day4 ,engli%        
porcela91 or z x is bett] kn[n z 8,*9a0 
w>e1 0 made at ,*elsea1 ,b[1 ,d]by1     
,worce/]1 ,plym\?1 ,bri/ol1 & 9         
,/af=d%ire4 ,"s ( ! be/ porcela9 f ^!   
places does n yield 9 beauty to ! f9e/ (
 ,svres w>e4  ,! ,*elsea porcela9 works 
7 fir/ "u a ,mr4 ,*>les ,g\yn1 & x      
appe>s t ,nicolas ,sprimont 0 8         
successor1 :o 0 orig9ally a goldsmi? 9  
,soho1 & :o 0 probably ( ,flemi% orig94 
,*elsea w>e is rem>kable = its deep ri* 
cl>et-col\r$ gr\nds4 ,?is col\r 0 fir/  
us$ on ! ,*elsea porcela9 9 #agei4      
,turquoise-blue1 pea-gre51 &            
,maz>9e-blue 7 also1 ?\gh 9 a less]     
degree1 peculi> to ,*elsea w>e4 ,! e>ly 
pieces are )\t gild+1 :i* is m ( a      
di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! lat] productions4 ,!   
pa/e1 ! enamel1 ! col\r1 & te*nique are 
all p]fect 9 _! way1 b ! art & design ( 
! objects d n by any means equal !      
workman%ip2 ?is 0 ( c\rse due to ! false
 ta/e ( ! p]iod1 :5 ! rococo elem5t 9   

design 0 fa%ionable ev]y:]e 7,fig4 #gh74
 ,vases1 /atuettes1 sc5t bottles1       
compoti]s1 b[ls1 cups1 sauc]s1 animals1 
birds1 fruit1 & fl[]s 7 made by         
,sprimont 9 an extravagant /yle (       
design4  ,9 #agfi ,william ,duesbury1 ( 
! ,d]by porcela9 works1 pur*as$ !       
,*elsea manufactory1 & six ye>s lat] he 
acquir$ ! ,b[ porcela9 works4 ,a less   
extravagant /yle ( design & decoration  
*>act]iz$ ! ,*elsea-,d]by productions1 a
 specim5 ( :i* is se5 9 ! coop]'s b[l1  
,fig4 #gi4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#gh4--;,*elsea ,vase2 ,jones            
,collection4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! ,b[ ,*9a   
factory 0 own$ by two p>tn]s1 ,wea!rby &
 ,cr[!r1 9 #agej2 ! =m] di$ 9 #agfb1 & !
 latt] fail$ 9 ! bus9ess 9 #agfc4       
,duesbury1 ( ,d]by1 b\ght up ! ,b[ works
 9 #aggf1 :5 he remov$ ! m\lds & models4
 ,*elsea & ,b[ w>e are v simil> 9 design
 & appe>ance1 & consequ5tly a difficulty
 exi/s 9 classify+ d\btful pieces4 ,!re 
are a great _m examples ( ,b[ porcela9 9
 ! ,s*reib] gift 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton      

,museum1 & ,pr(essor ,*ur* is ( ! op9ion
 t !y are mo/ly au!ntic specim5s4 ,!    
,*9ese-%ap$ vase ) ! rococo &           
,l\is-,seize decorations is a typical   
example ( ! ,b[ porcela9 7,fig4 #hj74   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,b[l (       
,*elsea-,d]by ,porcela94  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #hj4--;,b[ ,porcela9 ,vase4       
7,s4,k4,m47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#ha4--;,d]by ,/atuette4  ,! date ( f\nd+
 ( ! ,d]by porcela9 works is n exactly  
kn[n1 except t c]ta9 pieces ( ,d]by w>e 
h be5 adv]tis$ = auction 8aft] ! f9e/   
,dresd5 models0 9 #agef & up to #aggj1  
prov+ t ! works mu/ h be5 go+ on dur+ ^!
 p]iods4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,*ur*1   
,william ,duesbury1 ! fir/ ( t "n1 0    
connect$ ) ! ,d]by works 9 #agef1 & di$ 
9 #aghf4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ( ! same
 "n1 :o took into p>tn]%ip ,mi*ael ,kean
 9 #agie4 ,?is ,w4 ,duesbury di$ 9      
#agif4 ,! works 7 c>ri$ on by ano!r     
,william ,duesbury until ! ye> #ahae1 :5
 !y pass$ into ! h&s ( ,rob]t ,bloor1 :o
 c>ri$ ! manufactory on until #ahdh1 :5 

x ceas$4 ,lo*]1 a manag] ( ,bloor's1    
/>t$ ano!r factory aft] ?is :i* /ill    
exi/s to-day4 ,! ,d]by col\r$ porcela9  
/atuettes are imitat$ m or less f       
,dresd5 w>e1 ev5 to ! ,dresd5 m>ks ( !  
cross$ swords 7,fig4 #ha71 :i* m>ks are 
copi$ by a great _m porcela9            
manufactur]s4 ,! cup & sauc] 7,fig4 #hb7
 is a specim5 ( e>ly ,cr[n ,d]by4 ,!    
bord]s are deep blue & ! fe/oons p9k4   
,"s ( ! names ( ! pa9t]s :o 7 engag$ at 
! ,cr[n ,d]by works are3--,f4 ,duvivi]  
7#agfi71 ,p4 ,/ephan 7#aggj71 ,r4 ,askew
 7#aggb71 ,j4 ,j4 ,sp5gl] 7#agij71 & ,w4
 ,j4 ,c(fee 7#agia74 ,askew 0 a clev]   
figure pa9t]4 ,deep blues1 r$s1 & gre5s1
 ) lavi% gild+1 & ornam5t ( a v         
conv5tional "*1 are f\nd on "s ( ! late 
,d]by cups1 sauc]s1 & plates4  ,,worce/]
 porcela9 0 fir/ made by a company      
consi/+ ( fifte5 %>ehold]s1 =m$ 9 ! ye> 
#agea by ,dr4 ,wall & ,mr4 ,w4 ,davis1 !
 inv5tors4 ,! "n giv5 to ! e>ly w>e 0 ! 
8,tonqu9 porcela9 ( ,worce/]40 ,^! works
 h be5 go+ almo/ )\t int]ruption "u     

diff]5t names ( proprietors until !     
pres5t day4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#hb4--;,cr[n ,d]by ,cov]$ ,cup & ,sauc]4
  ,vases & o!r objects 9 ,worce/]       
porcela9 ( ! e>ly p]iod 7 decid$        
imitations ( ,*9ese & ,japanese w>es1 b 
at ! same "t !y 7 dignifi$ examples bo? 
z to =m & decoration comp>$ ) !         
mean+less rococo designs ( ,*elsea &    
,b[4  ,! vase 7,fig4 #hc71 9 ! ,s*reib] 
,collection1 is ,ori5tal 9 =m &         
decoration1 b has a re/ra9$ "* ( its own
 t is n usually met ) 9 ! contempor>y   
w>es ( ! p]iod4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#hc4--,worce/] ,vase4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!   
vases are ! *ief glory ( ,worce/] w>e2 9
 col\r !y are exce$+ly ri*1 hav+ gr\nds 
( 8gros bleu10 turquoise1 pea-gre51     
m>oon1 & a f9e %ade ( yell[2 gold is    
also us$ 9 modifi$ proportions4  ,we h  
m5tion$ be=e ! mode ( decoration by     
transf] pr9t+ adopt$ by ,janss5 on !    
,batt]sea enamels & by ,sadl] & ,gre5 on
 ! ,liv]pool delft2 ?is /yle (          
decoration 0 ext5sively employ$ by !    

,worce/] decorators = ! fill+s ( !      
panels ) l&scapes & ru/ic figures1 aft] 
engrav+s by ,watteau1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 &    
o!rs4  ,dresd5 & ,svres w>es 7 imitat$  
at ,worce/]1 & x is g5]ally ?\ght t :5  
?is 0 done--dur+ ! p]iod #agfh-aghc--!  
,worce/] w>e 0 at its be/4 ,?is 0 !     
middle p]iod1 & t[>ds ! "t t end$ ab\t !
 beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ! designs became   
lab\r$1 & lavi% use ( gold r5d]$ ! "w   
vulg> & %[y4  ,josiah & ,ri*>d ,hold%ip 
& ,r4 ,h&cock are names ( "s ( !        
pr9cipal arti/s ( ! e>ly & middle p]iod4
 ,donaldson1 ,neale1 & ,foggo 7 names ( 
enamell]s :o work$ at ! ,worce/] pott]y4
 ,a curi\s design 9 ?is w>e ( a         
tobacco-pipe b[l 7,fig4 #hd7 is 9 !     
,s*reib] ,collection4  ,,plym\? porcela9
 manufactory 0 e/abli%$ by ,william     
,cookwor?y 7#agje-hj71 :o 0 ! fir/ to   
discov] 9 ,engl& ! real ,*9a clay or    
kaol91 ab\t ! ye> #agee4 ,cookwor?y _h a
 good k ( *emi/ry1 & 0 a :olesale *emi/ 
& druggi/4 ,he f\nd bo? ! ,*9a clay &   
,*9a /one at ,tregonn+ ,hill & at two   

o!r places 9 ,cornwall4 ,a pat5t 0      
grant$ to him 9 #agfh = ! manufacture ( 
porcela91 & ! firm ( 8,cookwor?y & ,co40
 e/abli%$ itself at ,coxside1 ,plym\?4  
,a ,fr5* c]amic arti/ nam$ ,sequoi 0    
engag$ to sup]9t5d ! works4 ,! ,plym\?  
works 7 n ( long duration1 = %ortly     
aft]w>ds !y 7 remov$ to ,bri/ol1 &      
,ri*>d ,*ampion1 ( ,bri/ol1 obta9$ a    
lic5ce f ,cookwor?y to make ! ,plym\?   
porcela91 & b\ght ! entire rights f !   
latt] 9 #aggc4 ,f ?is date until #agha  
,*ampion own$ ! ,ca/le ,gre5 works at   
,bri/ol :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,cookwor?y4
 ,/atuettes1 vases1 ru/ic pieces1       
teapots1 cups & sauc]s1 c41 7 made 9 bo?
 ,plym\? & ,bri/ol *9a1 _m ( !m be+     
imitations ( ,svres & ,ori5tal w>es4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,b[l (       
,tobacco-pipe1 ,worce/] ,w>e4  ,9       
,/af=d%ire _m porcela9 works are /ill 9 
exi/5ce t began 9 ! la/ c5tury or e>ly 9
 ?is1 su* z ,longton ,hall1 ,new ,hall1 
,spode1 ,w$gwood1 & ,m9ton1 b space     
prev5ts u f giv+ any details ( _! "w4   

,liv]pool1 ,l[e/(t1 ,coalport1 ,swansea1
 ,nantg>w1 & ,rock+ham may be m5tion$ z 
o!r places :]e ,engli% porcela9 0 made4 
,,*9ese ,,porcela94  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #he4--;,*9ese ,vase4  ,! manufacture ( 
porcela9 9 ,*9a1 accord+ to _! own      
acc\nts1 dates = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s  
be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! composition (   
,*9ese porcela9 is ( two elem5ts3 "o1 ! 
infusible argillace\s e>? or clay call$ 
kaol92 & ! o!r ! 8pe-tun-tse10 :i* is   
feldsp> slightly alt]$1 a micace\s m9]al
 & qu>tz or silica1 :i* is fusible4 ,!  
latt] is us$ ) or )\t o!r mixtures to =m
 a glaze = h>d porcela94 ,o!r mat]ials  
are sometimes us$ 9 ! glaze1 b1 unlike !
 enamel ( e>!nw>e1 t9 or lead is n us$4 
,! ,*9ese made _! porcela9 9 diff]5t    
degrees ( transluc5cy4 ,! k9d made      
especially = ! ,emp]or's use1 su* z     
cups1 sauc]s1 & rice plates ( a ruby-r$ 
t9t1 are v ?9 & almo/ transp>5t4  ,!    
porcela9 col\r$ 9 turquoise blue1       
violet1 sea-gre51 & celadon are ( !     
olde/ v>ieties made4 ,yell[1 ! col\r (  

,m+ dyna/y1 is a common col\r 9 ,*9ese  
porcela94  ,! ,*9ese decorat$ _! vases  
sometimes )\t mu* reg>d to ! spac+ or   
divisions ( body1 neck1 or foot 7,fig4  
#he74 ,l&scapes1 dragons1 fanciful      
kyl9s1 dogs1 & lions1 z well z ne>ly all
 k9ds ( natural objects 7 us$ by !m z   
decoration4 ,conv5tional r5d]+s ( fl[]s 
& foliage & geometric ornam5t are (t5   
us$ 9 a judici\s s5se4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #hf4--,ori5tal ,porcela92 ,*9ese1 
) ,fr5* ,ormolu ,m\nt+4   7,s4,k4,m47   
,peculi> %apes ( vases1 su* z ! squ>e1  
hexagonal1 & octagonal =ms1 are f\nd v  
frequ5t 9 ,ori5tal w>e4 ,! vase 7,fig4  
#hf71 f ! ,jones ,collection1 is a less 
extravagant example ( ,*9ese porcela9   
?an usual2 ! egg-%ap$ body is1 h[ev]1 ! 
only ,ori5tal "p ( ! vase4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--;,japanese    
,anci5t ,vase2 circa ,b4,c4 #fdj4       
,,japanese w>e is m int]e/+ & m v>i$ 9  
design1 ?\gh n s gaudy 9 appe>ance z !  
,*9ese1 ow+ to ! high] s5se ( arti/ic   
feel+ & individuality ( ! ,japanese     

arti/s4 ,! art1 z se5 9 ! c]amic        
productions z well z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s (    
,japanese art & design1 0 orig9ally     
borr[$ f ! old] nation ( ,*9a & f !     
,coreans4 ,f _! ke5 s5se ( beauty1 &    
also great] arti/ic p[]1 ! art products 
( ! ,japanese are sup]ior to ^? ( ,*9a4 
,! fir/ glaz$ pott]y made 9 ,japan is   
suppos$ to date f ! ye> #abcj--?is 0    
made at ,seto by ,t%iro1 :o _h le>nt !  
art 9 ,*9a1 & ! fir/ porcela9 j be=e !  
ye> #aeac1 = ! mak] ( ?is e>ly ,japanese
 porcela9--,%onsui1 a ,*9ese pott]--_h  
return$ to ,*9a 9 t ye>4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #hh4--;,inc5se-,burn]1 ,satsuma   
,w>e2 circa #agbj4  ,pott]y ( an inf]ior
 k9d 0 made ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era1 b
 probably ! olde/ kn[n 0 made by ! p :o 
occupi$ ! c\ntry be=e ! pres5t          
,japanese4 ,! anci5t vase 7,fig4 #hg7 is
 an example ( ?is e>ly w>e4 ,x is ( a   
co>se k9d ( e>!nw>e1 bak$ or fir$ 9 a   
hole 9 ! gr\nd1 ov] :i* & ar\nd ! vessel
 0 built a wood fire4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #hi4--;,inc5se-,burn]1 ,arita     

,w>e2 circa #agaj4  ,japanese w>es are (
 ?ree k9ds3 ! common /onew>e ornam5t$ ) 
scrat*$ l9es & glaz$2 a crackl$ glaz$   
w>e ) pa9t$ decorations2 & ! porcela94  
,! porcela9 ( ,japan is fir/ bak$ to !  
biscuit /ate1 !n ! col\rs ( ! decoration
 are appli$1 & ! piece is aft]w>ds      
glaz$1 & is aga9 fir$ at a great] heat4 
,! gild+ or enamel col\rs t may be      
requir$ are put on aft]w>ds1 :5 a ?ird  
fir+ at a l[] temp]ature is necess>y4 ,!
 ,japanese porcela9 pa/e does n /& !    
fir+ s well z ! ,*9ese1 & consequ5tly ! 
pieces are (t5 twi/$ & alt]$ 9 %ape4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,pi]c$ ,glaz$ 
,wat]-bottle1 f ,madura4 7,b47  ,!      
factories ( ,hiz5 are among ! v olde/ & 
are /ill 9 work+ ord] 9 ,japan4 ,old    
,hiz5 w>e is decorat$ ) blue pa9t+s4  ,!
 pott]y & porcela9 ( ,seto manufacture  
is highly e/eem$1 & ! "n ( ,setomono has
 be5 giv5 by ! ,japanese to _! porcela9 
w>e4  ,! ,kutani w>e is a co>se         
porcela91 kn[n also "u ! "n ( ,kaga w>e2
 ! pieces ) a r$ gr\nd & gold           

ornam5tation are highly valu$4 ,x is    
also glaz$ ) deep gre51 light purple1 & 
yell[ col\rs4  ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s &      
co/lie/ ,japanese w>es is ! old         
,satsuma1 :i* 0 fir/ made by ! ,corean  
pott]s :o settl$ 9 ! village (          
,nawa%irogawa1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,satsuma1  
ab\t #afjj4 ,?is w>e is ( a d>k cream   
col\r1 ) a crackl$ glaze1 & is decorat$ 
) r$1 gre51 & gold outl9$ ornam5t 7,fig4
 #hh7  ,a specim5 ( ! ,hiz5 pott]ies    
porcela91 ,arita w>e1 is illu/rat$ at   
,fig4 #hi1 ( an inc5se-burn]4 ,x is     
pa9t$ 9 bright col\rs ( r$1 gre51 pale  
blue1 & has "s gild+4 ,x is decorat$ )  
h>es or rabbits & waves 9 ! panels &    
dragons on ! cov]4                      
,,indian ,,pott]y4  ,! mak+ ( pott]y is 
univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,! unglaz$ w>es
 are made ev]y:]e1 & ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,r$
 glaz$ pott]y is made at ,d9apur1 gilt  
pott]y at ,amroha & 9 ,rajputana2 black 
& silv] pott]y at ,azimgh> 9 ! nor?-we/1
 & at ,surujg>rah 9 ,b5gal2 pa9t$ pott]y
 at ,kota1 ! unglaz$ pi]c$ v>iety at    

,madura1 & ! celebrat$ glaz$ pott]y made
 at ,s9dh & 9 ! ,punjaub4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ia4--;,glaz$ ,pott]y ( ,s9dh4   
7,b47  ,x may be said t 9 g5]al ! pott]y
 ( ,india is good 9 %ape1 col\r1 &      
decoration1 ! latt] nev] violat+ its    
purpose1 nor di/ract+ ! eye f ! %ape ( !
 vessel4 ,! designs are v simple1 &     
repeat+1 p]haps to monotony 9 _m cases2 
b ! pa9t$ pott]y decoration1 by reason (
 its broad & direct application1 al?\gh 
! ornam5t is v simple 9 "*1 is bett]1 & 
less monoton\s1 = in/ance1 ?an ! ,indian
 wood-c>v+ decoration4 ,! designs take !
 =m ( panels ( fl[] & leaf ornam5t plac$
 side by side1 b&s ( guillo*es1 *evrons1
 runn+ ornam5t1 & l9es1 ! knop-&-fl[]   
patt]n1 & a panel fill+ or an all-ov]   
decoration consi/+ ( diap]$ fl[]s1      
leaves1 or />s4 ,! elegant %ap$ wat]    
bottle f ,madura 7,fig4 #ij7 is pi]c$ s 
t ! air may circulate r\nd ! inn] por\s 
b[l4 ,?is w>e is col\r$ a d>k gre5 or a 
gold5 br[n glaze4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ib4--;,glaz$ ,pott]y ( ,s9dh4 7,b47  ,!

 ,s9dh glaz$ pott]y is beautiful1 ?\gh v
 simple 9 col\r & decoration4 ,! col\rs 
are mo/ly blue ( two or ?ree %ades1     
turquoise gre5s1 & creamy :ites1 &      
sometimes ! glaze is purple1 gold5 br[n1
 or yell[4 ,_m ( ! vases are bulb\s or  
ovi=m 9 %ape1 ) wide necks & bottoms1 & 
are decorat$ ) ! ,sv5ti1 or daisy-l fl[]
 7,fig4 #ia71 or ! lotus 7,fig4 #ib74   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic--;,enamell$     
,tile1 f ,s9dh4 7,b47  ,! enamell$ tile 
f ,s9dh 7,fig4 #ic7 has a knop-&-fl[]   
decoration1 ! l>g] fl[] hav+ ! "* ( an  
iris1 &1 at ! same "t1 some?+ ( ! lotus 
fl[] 9 its composition4                 
,,*apt] ,,ii4                           
,,enamels4   ,enamell+ is ! art ( apply+
 a vitre\s mat]ial to an object1 z      
decoration1 to ! surface ( :i* x is made
 to adh]e by heat4 ,metals are ! usual  
f\ndations to :i* enamels are appli$1 b 
/one1 e>!nw>e1 & glass may be enamell$4 
,:5 "o speaks ( 8an enamel0 we und]/& x 
to mean a metal t is ornam5t$ by a      
vitre\s decoration fus$ & fix$ to !     

metal surface by heat4 ,!re are ?ree    
pr9cipal k9ds ( enamels3 ! 8emb$d$ or   
encru/$10 ! 8transluc5t ^u relief10 & ! 
8pa9t$40 ,"s enamell$ objects h a       
mixture ( two me?ods4  ,! emb$d$ or     
s-call$ encru/$ k9d has two v>ieties1   
:i* are be/ kn[n "u _! ,fr5* names1 !   
,cloisonn & ! ,*amplev4 ,:5 float$ 9 a  
transp>5t /ate ov] a bas-relief1 %[+ !  
*as$ details bel[1 x is transluc5t1 or1 
z x is call$ by ! ,fr5*1 maux de        
basse-taille4 ,! pa9t$ is a lat] v>iety 
develop$ by ! s*ool ( ,limoges4  ,!     
,cloisonn is ! olde/ v>iety2 x is t 9   
:i* ! ,greek or ,byzant9e enamels are   
made1 & also ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ?is me?od (   
enamell+ ! plate or metal f\ndation :i* 
is to receive ! enamel is fir/ cut to ! 
requir$ %ape1 & a little rim ( gold     
ribbon sold]$ ar\nd x4  ,! design is =m$
 by n>r[ /rips ( gold ribbon or         
filigree1 fa/5$ to ! f\ndation by a     
/rong gum or cem5t1 & b5t to =m ! l9es (
 ! design4 ,! cells ?us =m$ are fill$ 9 
) ! enamel 9 a f9e p[d]$ /ate1 or 9 a   

pa/e1 ! vitre\s mat]ials ( ! select$    
enamel hav+ previ\sly be5 tri$1 z to _! 
col\r & "t requir$ = p]fect & equal     
fusion4  ,! piece is !n plac$ 9 a       
furnace or 8muffle10 suffici5tly op5 s t
 ! progress ( ! fus+ c be wat*$ :ile    
fir+1 & )drawn :5 p]fectly fus$4 ,z !   
enamel g5]ally s9ks l[] ?an ! walls ( ! 
cells aft] fusion1 x is necess>y to add 
a second ?9 coat+1 or sometimes m1 & to 
re-fire x 9 ord] to fill all ! cavities4
 ,aft] ?is ! "w w require gr9d+ d[n &   
poli%+ to level ! surface & re/ore !    
brilliancy ( ! col\rs t may be slightly 
dead5$ by ! cool+ ( ! enamel4  ,!       
mat]ials ( enamel col\rs are metallic   
oxides4 ,^! col\rs are f9ely pulv]iz$1  
wa%$1 & mix$ ) vitre\s comp\nds1 call$  
fluxes1 :i* are easily fusible1 & 9     
melt+ imp>t an extra brilliancy to !    
col\rs1 & =m ) !m by fusion ! almo/     
imp]i%able sub/ance ( enamel4  ,!       
,*amplev enamels are made 9 ! same way z
 ! ,cloisonn1 ) ?is exception1 t in/ead 
( ! ?9 gold ribbons or filigree "w =m+ !

 design1 ! walls ( ! cells t compose !  
design & sep>ate ! enamel col\rs 9 !    
,*amplev v>iety are =m$ by ! holl[+ out 
( ! ?ick metal--usually copp]--& leav+ !
 design to be =m$ out ( ! ?9 p>titions t
 are left /&+4 ,! cavities are fill$ ) !
 enamel mixtures & fus$ z 9 ! ,cloisonn 
me?od4  ,on acc\nt ( ! articles be+     
small1 & also be+ mo/ly made on a gold  
f\ndation1 !y 7 m likely to h be5 /ol5  
or melt$ d[n1 & ?is acc\nts 9 a great   
measure = ! sc>city ( ,cloisonn enamels 
9 our collections4 ,! ,*amplev1 on ! o!r
 h&1 be+ g5]ally enamels on copp] or    
brass1 t f ! *eapness ( ^? mat]ials1    
l>g] vessels & o!r objects 7 ext5sively 
made1 & f bo? size & less] value ( !    
mat]ials !y 7 m likely to h escap$ !    
melt+-pot4  ,:5 ! f\ndation ( ! ,*amplev
 enamels 0 copp]1 ! l9es ( ?is metal t  
=m$ ! design w\ld be gilt ) an amalgam (
 melt$ gold & m]cury1 & ! piece re-fir$ 
at a l[] temp]ature1 9 ord] n to injure 
or di/urb ! enamel surface4             
8,transluc5t0 enamel ^u reliefs kn[n z  

de basse taille is ! art ( enamell+     
reliefs ( silv] or gold t h previ\sly   
be5 *as$ or engrav$ ) ! design requir$4 
,! enamel is laid on 9 v>i\s degrees (  
?ickness1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( %ad+ or  
dep? ( tone requir$4 ,! transp>5t       
v>ieties ( enamels are select$ = ^!     
works1 & opaque v>ieties avoid$4        
8,pa9t$0 enamels 7 sugge/$ by !         
transluc5t enamels ^u reliefs4 ,!       
ext5sive dem& = ! latt] v>iety1 & !     
great numb] execut$1 gave rise to !     
inv5tion ( us+ enamel col\rs z 9        
oil-pa9t+2 t is1 in/ead ( engrav+ !     
subject or design previ\sly on ! metal1 
! me?od ( express+ ) ! bru% ! draw+ & ! 
light & %ade ) ! enamel col\rs direct 0 
resort$ to1 on gr\nds specially prep>$  
^u copp] surfaces4 ,lab>te believes t ! 
modification 9 ! art ( glass pa9t+      
introduc$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury _h ! effect
 ( caus+ enamel pa9t]s to exp]im5t 9    
pa9t+ ) ! enamel col\rs direct1 z 9     
pa9t+ on glass4  ,ab\t ?is "t ! me?od ( 
pa9t+ on glass 0 introduc$1 :i* =m]ly 0 

decorat$ by simply us+ ! pieces ( /a9$  
or col\r$ glass z 9 mosaic "w1 ! only   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! sup]ficial glass pa9t+
 & ! pa9t+ 9 enamels be+ t 9 ! latt] !  
opaque enamel col\rs are us$ in/ead ( ! 
transp>5t z 9 glass pa9t+4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 
a consid]able "t f ! introduction (     
pa9t+ on enamels be=e any good specim5s 
( ! art 7 execut$4  ,among ! e>lie/     
specim5s ( ,cloisonn enamels 0 ! gold5  
alt> giv5 to ! ca!dral ( ,/a4 ,sophia at
 ,con/ant9ople by ,ju/9ian4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,alt> ,tray &
 ,*alice1 ,cloisonn ,enamel2 ,six?      
,c5tury 7874  ,?is alt> 0 dismantl$ &   
divid$ among/ ! ,crusad]s at ! tak+ (   
,con/ant9ople 9 #abjd4 ,! next important
 works 9 date are ! gold alt> ( ,ambrose
 at ,milan1 made by ,volv9ius 9 #hbe2 ! 
votive cr[n ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ,v5ice1         
#hhf-iaa2 ! ,limburg reliqu>y made =    
,basil ,,ii4 7! ,mac$onian71 #igf2 & !  
fam\s alt>1 ! ,pala d',oro1 9 ,/4       
,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 #igf-aaje1 made at      
,con/ant9ople1 & br\ght f !re to ,v5ice 

by ord] ( ! ,doge ,ordelafo ,fali]o4    
,?is alt> _h preci\s /ones add$ to x & 0
 enl>g$ 9 #abji & 9 #acde4 ,if ! cr[n ( 
,*>lemagne 7,fig4 #if7 0 us$ at 8       
coronation x w\ld make ! date ( ! f\r   
enamell$ gold plates ) ! figures (      
,solomon1 ,david1 & ,our ,"l betwe5 two 
s]aphim & ,esaias & ,hezekiah1 ant]ior  
to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #hjj1 :5 he 0 cr[n$4 ,^!
 enamels are enclos$ 9 filigree b&s &   
sunk into ! metal 9 ! ,greek mann]4  ,! 
sword ( ,*>lemagne1 made 9 ! n9? c5tury1
 has ! gold5 scabb>d inlaid ) filagree  
,cloisonn enamels4 ,bo? ! sword & cr[n  
are 9 ! ,imp]ial treasury at ,vi5na4  ,!
 gold alt> tray & *alice 7,fig4 #id7 7  
f\nd ne> ,g\rdon1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( !     
,haute-,sane4 ,! alt> tray has a cross 9
 ! c5tre1 & loz5ge & trefoil ornam5ts ( 
,cloisonn g>net-col\r$ enamels4 ,greek  
co9s ( ! six? c5tury 7 f\nd ) x4  ,!    
,byzant9e reliqu>y 7,fig4 #ie7 is ano!r 
example ( ,cloisonn "w4  ,at ,cologne1 9
 ! ca!dral1 is ! %r9e ( ! ,magi t       
conta9s ! skulls ( ! 8,?ree ,k+s40 ,?is 

is a magnific5t reliqu>y made by ! ord] 
( ! ,ar*bi%op ,philip von ,he9sb]g 9 two
 /oreys1 bo? ( :i* h a s]ies ( arcades )
 figures 9 ea*4 ,x is also an example ( 
enamell$ "w 9 :i* ! ,cloisonn & ,*amplev
 processes may be se54  ,! fir/ au!ntic 
or dat$ specim5s ( ,*amplev enamels     
belong to ! twelf? c5tury1 ?\gh "s      
specim5s are likely ( an e>li] date4 ,"s
 crosses & o!r works ( ! dates          
#ajda-ajed %[ a mixture ( ! two emb$d$  
v>ieties ( enamels4  ,x is probable t ! 
,rh5i% ,prov9ces ( ,g]many 7 ! fir/     
places :]e ,*amplev enamels 7 ext5sively
 made2 b almo/ simultane\sly 9 ! twelf? 
c5tury !re arose an active c5tre ( "w 9 
?is me?od 9 ,limoges1 ! future great    
seat ( ! enamel indu/ry4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ie--;,byzant9e ,reliqu>y1        
,cloisonn ,enamel2 ,t5? ,c5tury4  ,!    
,g]man v>iety may be di/+ui%$ f ! ,fr5* 
by ! great] numb] ( col\rs employ$3 !re 
is a difficulty 9 decid+ :i* ( ! two is 
! e>li]4  ,! ,abb ,sug]1 :5 build+ !    
,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 br\ght enamell]s f  

,lora9e1 ne> ! ,rh9e1 to make an        
enamell$ cross1 :i* !y complet$ betwe5  
#aadc & #aadg4 ,a portable alt>1 & a    
cruci=m reliqu>y ) a dome1 9 ! treasury 
at ,hanov]1 are e>ly examples ( ! ,g]man
 s*ool4 ,"o ( ^! portable alt>s 9       
enamel1 ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 ?irte5?       
c5tury1 is %[n at ,fig4 #ih4 ,! e>lie/  
,*amplev enamel ( ! ,limoges s*ool is t 
( ! monum5t to ,ge(frey ,plantag5et1 :o 
di$ 9 #aaea4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,le 
,mans 7,fig4 #ig74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#if4--;,cr[n ( ,*>lemagne4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,*amplev     
,enamel ( ,ge(frey ,plantag5et4  ,at    
,limoges t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury  
,*amplev enamels 7 made 9 great numb]s4 
,two specim5s ( ?is date are 9 ! ,cluny 
,museum 9 ,p>is3 "o has ! subject ( !   
adoration ( ! ,magi1 & ! o!r ,/4 ,/eph5 
) ,/4 ,ni*olas1 bo? hav+ ,lim\s9 leg5ds4
 ,9 ! same museum are ,*amplev enamels z
 book-cov]s ( ! ,gospels1 crozi]s1      
plaques1 & 8gemellions40 ,! latt] is !  
"n giv5 to c]ta9 h&-bas9s us$ = religi\s

 purposes4 ,9 ! ,l\vre is an example (  
,*amplev enamel--a ciborium ( ! f\rte5? 
c5tury4 ,?is is a vessel 9 :i* ! ,ho/ is
 kept4 ,ano!r vessel us$ = simil>       
purposes is ! pyx4 ,bo? are small r\nd  
boxes 9 :i* ! sacr$ waf]s 7 kept1 & 7   
us$ = c>ry+ ! sacram5t to ! sick4       
,ciboria 7 also 9 ! =ms ( doves or      
little t[]s susp5d$ ov] ! alt>4 ,!y 7   
kept 9 little cupbo>ds on ei!r side ( ! 
alt>1 & at lat] p]iods ! "n 8ciborium0 0
 appli$ to ! tab]nacles hav+            
ar*itectural pret5sions erect$ ov] !    
alt>1 & :i* _h a canopy or curta9 us$ z 
a cov]+4 ,^! tab]nacles became %r9es (  
great size & beauty 9 ! fifte5? &       
sixte5? c5turies1 & 7 c>v$ 9 wood z t 9 
,nuremb]g by ,adam ,kraft1 or 7 /one    
erections ( great dim5sions ) sculptur$ 
figures z decorations1 ! doors ( :i* 7  
(t5 made 9 gold & enamell$4 ,fig4 #dbc  
7previ\s volume7 is an example ( a      
fifte5?-c5tury tab]nacle ) a gilt metal 
door4  ,illu/ration3    ,fig4           
#ih4--,portable ,alt>2 ,g]man1          

,?irte5? ,c5tury4   7,s4,k4,m47   ,:5   
,ju/9ian rebuilt ,/a4 ,sophia he plac$ 9
 x a ciborium or tab]nacle ( great      
spl5d\r4 ,ciboria are n[ *ang$ into :at 
are kn[n z baldac*9os4  ,9 ! ,k5s+ton & 
,briti% ,museums are _m examples (      
,*amplev enamels1 bo? ,g]man & ,limoges1
 su* z book-cov]s1 crozi]s1 pricket     
c&le/icks1 *sses1 *efs1 reliqu>ies1     
paxes1 crosses1 & nuptial caskets1 c4   
,mo/ ( !m h blue gr\nds1 ) light        
blui%-grey & d>k blue or gre5 ornam5ts1 
& are usually enamell$ on copp]4 ,"s ( !
 reliqu>ies or *sses h gilt figures 9   
high relief4 ,f ! elev5? to ! f\rte5?   
c5turies is ! date ( ^! enamels4  ,9 !  
latt] end ( ! ?irte5? & 9 ! f\rte5?     
c5turies enamels became simplifi$ 9     
execution2 ! figures 7 mo/ly incis$ &   
gilt1 & ! backgr\nd a level coat+ (     
enamel--g5]ally ( a blue col\r4 7,fig4  
#ajj47  ,fig4 #ii is a ,limoges enamell$
 *sse or %r9e ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & is 9 
! ,briti% ,museum4  ,! ,italians did n  
make ,*amplev enamels2 b !y work$ 9 !   

,cloisonn process f ! elev5? to !       
fifte5? c5turies1 z we "k f examples1 & 
f ! "w1 8,div]s>um ,artium ,s*$ula10    
writt5 by ! le>n$ monk ,!ophilus1 9 !   
twelf? c5tury1 :]e9 he describes v      
m9utely ! :ole process ( mak+ ,cloisonn 
enamels1 accord+ to ! me?ods ( ! ,tuscan
 enamell]s ( 8 "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#ii4--;,*sse 9 ,*amplev ,enamel2 ,twelf?
 ,c5tury4 7,b4,m47  ,z reg>ds !         
antiquity ( ! art ( enamell+ on metal1 x
 is g5]ally agre$ by le>n$ au?orities 9 
! matt] t be=e ! art 0 kn[n at          
,con/ant9ople or 9 ! work%ops ( ,greece1
 x 0 practis$ by ! 8b>b>ians0 ( ,we/]n  
,europe 9 ! ,gallo-,roman p]iod4 ,we    
apologize = quot+ "h ! (t-repeat$       
passage f ,philo/ratus1 ! ,greek :o     
e/abli%$ himself at ,rome 9 ! e>ly "p ( 
! ?ird c5tury at ! reque/ ( ! ,empress  
,julia1 wife ( ,septimus ,sev]us4 ,9 8  
8,treatise ^u ,images0 he says3 8,x is  
said t ! b>b>ians liv+ ne> ! ocean p\r  
col\rs ^u heat$ brass1 s t ^! adh]e &   
become l /one1 & pres]ve ! design       

repres5t$40  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#ajj4--;,*amplev ,enamel2 ,fr5*1        
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4  ,?is passage proves  
at any rate 9 ,greece & 9 ,italy        
enamell+ on metal 0 an unkn[n art 9 !   
?ird c5tury1 ! "t 9 :i* ?is ,greek writ]
 liv$1 & suffici5t examples exactly     
answ]+ 8 description h be5 f\nd 9 ,gaul 
& 9 ,brita91 9 ,roman burial-places & 9 
caves1 all be>+ evid5ces ( belong+ to   
?is p]iod4 ,! ,celtic objects 9 vitre\s 
enamel are on bronze or copp]1 & prove t
 enamell+ 0 an art c>ri$ on 9 ! ,roman  
,prov9ces ( ,gaul & ,brita91 :i* 0      
unkn[n 9 ,italy at t "t4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #aja4--;,enamell$ ,vase1 f\nd 9   
,essex 9 #ahcd1 s9ce p>tially de/roy$ by
 fire4 ,diamet]1 #d in*es4  ,! beautiful
 vessel at ,fig4 #aja1 f\nd 9 a ,roman  
sepul*re 9 ! ,b>tl[ ,hills1 9 ,essex1 is
 a f9e example ( ?is e>ly enamel4 ,o!r  
exi/+ specim5s ( ! ,gallo-,roman p]iod  
are 9 ! ,museum at ,poiti]s1 9 !        
,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 & 9 ! ,museums 
( ,london4 ,f ! ,gallo-,roman p]iod     

until ! elev5? c5tury mo/ ( ! arts 7 at 
a l[ ebb1 ow+ to ! deva/at+ w>s &       
invasions t spread all ov] ,europe2 !   
art ( enamell+ _h be5 almo/ lo/1 & _h q 
di$ out 9 ,france & ,g]many1 b is likely
 to h /ill be5 practis$ 9 ,irel&1 :]e no
 d\bt ! art ( ! goldsmi? & ! enamell] 9 
conjunction _h fl\ri%$ less di/urb$ ?an 
9 ,france or ,engl&4 ,we h exi/+ rema9s 
( pure ,iri% ,celtic "w t date f ! n9? &
 probably e>li] c5turies1 & are (       
unsurpass$ workman%ip4 ,*alices1 books (
 ! ,gospels1 crozi]s1 reliqu>ies1       
broo*es1 jewell]y1 c41 m or less        
enamell$1 7 made 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & "s   
e>li]4 ,irel& _h a s*ool ( liv+ art :5 9
 ! n9? & t5? c5turies ! re/ ( ,*ri/5dom 
0 sitt+ wrapp$ 9 *aotic gloom9ess1 idly 
await+ ! suppos$ end ( ! _w1 9 ,a4,d4   
#ajjj4 ,z reg>ds our pres5t subject1 we 
mu/ notice z com+ "u ! head ( enamels t 
beautiful ,iri% relic kn[n z ! ,ardagh  
,*alice4 7,fig4 #ajb47 ,! body ( ! cup  
is silv] ) ab\t "o-?ird or "o-f\r? (    
copp] alloy4 ,x is a wond]ful mixture ( 

metals1 !re be+ gold1 silv]1 copp]1     
bronze1 brass1 & lead2 & an iron bolt   
secures ! /em & b[l toge!r4 ,! ornam5ts 
are belts1 & ! h&les1 to :i* are fa/5$ !
 beautifully design$ & work$ int]lac+s (
 ,celtic ornam5t1 ( :i* ea* little panel
 is diff]5t2 x is said t =ty di/9ct     
v>ieties 9 ! designs c be trac$1 consi/+
 ( int]lac$ b&s ( ,celtic twi/+s1 knots1
 & arabesques3 ea* comp>tm5t ( !        
pr9cipal belt ( ornam5t is divid$ by a  
boss1 or enamell$ bead1 ( :i* !re are   
twelve4 ,! h&les are compos$ ( enamels &
 filigree "w simil> to ! "w ( ! belt1 b 
diff]5t 9 design1 ) blue glass or pa/e  
bosses4 ,! two l>g] circul> ornam5ts on 
! sides are compos$ ( gold filigree ) a 
c5tral enamell$ boss4 ,! f\r sett+s ( ^!
 ornam5ts _h two pieces ( blue glass    
pa/e & two pieces ( amb]1 :i* h fall5   
out4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,!     
,ardagh ,*alice2 ,iri% ,celtic ,"w4     
,height1 #g in*es4  ,! /em is compos$ ( 
bronze metal gilt1 & is ri*ly *as$ )    
int]lac$ ornam5ts4 ,! circul> foot is   

ornam5t$ ) gold & bronze plaques        
alt]nat+ on ! out] rim2 ! bronze        
divisions are enamell$4  ,! inside1 or  
"u ! foot ( ! cup1 is divid$ into a     
s]ies ( circul> divisions ar\nd a c5tral
 cry/al1 compos$ ( amb] & bronze1 gold  
filigree1 amb]1 bronze1 & transluc5t    
gre5 enamels respectively4 ,9 "s ( !    
enamels 7 emb$d$ small portions or gra9s
 ( gold :ile ! enamel 0 9 fusion4 ,!re  
is a *isell$ inscription on ! pla9      
surface ( ! b[l consi/+ ( ! names ( !   
,apo/les4 ,! workman%ip ( ?is exquisite 
*alice is inf9itely sup]ior to !        
,byzant9e "w ( ! same p]iod4  ,a detail$
 & exhau/ive description ( ?is *alice is
 giv5 9 ,miss ,/okes's 8,e>ly ,*ri/ian  
,art 9 ,irel&10 f :i* our illu/ration is
 tak54  ,go+ back to ! n9? c5tury1 we h 
! r+ ( ,k+ ,e!lwulf1 be>+ 8 "n1 :i* is (
 ,saxon workman%ip4 ,x 0 f\nd 9         
,hamp%ire1 & is made ( gold & blue-black
 enamel4 ,ano!r r+1 t ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1
 0 f\nd at ,a!lney 9 ,som]set%ire1 !    
place :]e ,alfr$ retir$ to 9 #hgh4 ,x is

 ( gold1 wr\ght 9 filigree & *as$4 ,!   
face is ( rock cry/al1 & ! design is 9  
filigree fa/5$ to ! gold plate &        
enamell$ 9 ! ,byzant9e mann]4 ,r\nd !   
edge is ! inscription 7translat$71      
8,alfr$ ord]$ me to be made40  ,enamell$
 disks1 fibul1 f+] r+s1 & o!r articles (
 p]sonal adornm5t h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& ( 
! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 mo/ly hav+ a     
bronze f\ndation = ! enamel4  ,docum5ts 
are pres]v$ at ,ox=d prov+ t ,limoges   
enamell]s 7 br\ght ov] to ,engl& 9 !    
?irte5? c5tury to execute effigies1     
tombs1 & o!r "w 9 enamels4 ,ma/] ,john1 
a native ( ,limoges1 0 employ$ to       
con/ruct ! tomb & recumb5t figure (     
,walt] de ,m]ton1 ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]4 ,?is
 "w 0 de/roy$ at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation4
 ,!re /ill exi/s1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! ,limoges
 "w ( t date 9 ! effigy ( ,william de   
,val5ce1 :o di$ 9 #aabi4 ,?is tomb is 9 
,we/m9/] ,abbey4  ,! enamels kn[n z maux
 de plique  j\r1 are a k9d ( ,cloisonn  
"w 9 :i* !re 0 no backgr\nd1 ! enamel   
be+ 9 v>iety transp>5t1 9 imitation (   

preci\s /ones1 & set betwe5 ! ,cloisons 
or network ( gold4 ,! beautiful specim5 
7,fig4 #ajc7 is a cup ) a cov]1 & )     
ar*itectural features2 x is n[ 9 ,s\?   
,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,transluc5t enamels  
^u relief date f ! p]iod :5 ,art 9      
,italy 0 beg9n+ to ?r[ (f ! /iffness &  
angul>ity ( ,byzant9e traditions4 ,?is 0
 t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 !    
e>ly dawn ( ! ,r5aissance4  ,fre$om 9   
sculpture & pa9t+ br\ght ) x a desire to
 treat enamels 9 ! same fre$om1 & s we  
f9d t engrav+ on silv] & gold1 & plac+  
c>efully ! v>i\s p[d]$ enamels 9 _!     
prop] proportions ov] ! engrav$         
surfaces1 produc$ an entirely new &     
spl5did effect2 besides1 x requir$ m    
arti/ic skill to execute ?is k9d (      
enamell+1 & consequ5tly ! be/ arti/s ( !
 ,r5aissance 7 n only goldsmi?s1 pa9t]s1
 sculptors1 & ar*itects1 b execut$      
important works 9 enamels z well4 ,!    
me?od 0 "o t c\ld be describ$ z a l9k   
betwe5 ! art ( ! pa9t] & ! goldsmi?1 &  
no d\bt ! dem& = enamell$ alt>s1 &      

religi\s vessels ( all k9ds1 bo? sacr$ &
 secul>1 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1
 0 ! cause ( produc+ _m arti/s t        
subsequ5tly rose to great em95ce4 ,=    
in/ance1 among o!rs may be m5tion$      
,francisco ,francia1 ! celebrat$ pa9t]  
:o liv$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :o 0        
orig9ally a goldsmi?1 & z ,vas>i says1  
he excell$ ev]ybody ( 8 "t z an engrav] 
on metals & z an enamell] on silv]4 ,!re
 is a f9e oil-pa9t+ by him 9 ! ,national
 ,gall]y ( ,london1 on :i* he has sign$ 
himself z 8,francia ! ,goldsmi?40 ,_m   
names ( em95t ,italians arti/s might be 
giv5 :o execut$ works 9 enamel 9 !      
transluc5t process3 ,nicolas ,pisano &  
,john 8 pupil1 :o execut$ an alt> =     
,bi%op ,gub]t9i ( ,arezzo 9 transluc5t  
enamel on silv] 9 #abhf4 ,ago/9o &      
,agnolo 7 pupils ( ,john1 & help$ him at
 ?is alt>4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#ajc4--;,cup ( ,transluc5t ,enamel4     
7,s4,k4,m47  ,=zore1 ! son ( ,sp9ello ( 
,arezzo1 is m5tion$ by ,vas>i z a fam\s 
enamell]4 ,pollaiuolo is ano!r great "n 

9 ! ,italian art ( ! goldsmi? &         
enamell]4 ,he 0 also a celebrat$ modell]
 & sculptor :o _h help$ ,ghib]ti 9 !    
ornam5tal "w ( 8 gates ( ! ,bapti/]y (  
,/4 ,john4 ,he di$ 9 #adih4 ,_m o!r     
celebrat$ names c\ld be m5tion$1 b !    
greate/ ( all1 bo? z a goldsmi? & z an  
enamell]1 0 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i            
7#aejj-aegj71 ^: "w is well kn[n1 & :o  
tells u himself1 9 8 8,treatise on !    
,goldsmi?'s ,art10 s mu* ab\t ! me?od ( 
enamell+ 9 8 "t4 ,! celebrat$ ew]1 call$
 8,! ,cell9i ,ew]10 is a ma/]piece (    
jewell]'s "w1 & is attribut$ to ,cell9i4
 ,! body ( ! ew] is compos$ ( two oval  
slices ( br[n s>donyx1 c>v$ ) radiat+   
ribs 9 relief4 ,^! slices are fa/5$ 9 an
 ornam5tal frame ( gold1 ri*ly work$4 ,a
 female figure sits on ! top front curve
 ( ! body "u ! lip4 ,! neck1 lip1 /em ) 
dragons1 & o!r p>ts ( ! framework1 are  
enamell$ 9 ! transluc5t me?od4  ,a      
book-cov] 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ( v f9e 
workman%ip1 ) sev]al small figure       
compositions enamell$ on gold1 is       

attribut$ to ,cell9i4 ,works by him 9   
jewell]y1 vases1 salt-cell>s1 c41 are   
pres]v$ 9 v>i\s museums on ! ,cont95t4  
,cell9i sp5t five ye>s 9 ,france1 end+ !
 ye> #aedj1 :]e he execut$ "s works =   
,francis ,i41 notably ! f9e salt-cell>  
n[ at ,vi5na4  ,! art ( enamell+ on     
reliefs 0 introduc$ to ,france by       
,italian arti/s dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( !    
f\rte5? c5tury1 & ab\t ! same "t to     
,fl&]s4 ,we read ( a manufactory ( ?is  
k9d ( enamell+ z hav+ exi/$ 9 #acag at  
,montpelli]1 ! seat ( ! royal ,m9t4     
8,pa9t$ enamels10 z we h se51 7 sugge/$ 
by ! transluc5t enamels on relief4      
,pa9t$ enamels 7 fir/ made at ,limoges1 
& also br\ght to great p]fection at !   
same place4 ,any pa9t$ enamels f\nd 9   
,italy are ,limoges enamels or ! "w (   
,lim\s9 arti/s4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 0 !   
p]iod dur+ :i* ! pa9t$ enamels 7 br\ght 
to p]fection4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury !
 enamel 0 appli$ directly to ! plate (  
metal & unit$ to x by fusion2 b lat]1   
t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury1 a gr\nd (    

transluc5t enamel coat+ 0 laid on !     
metal1 ov] ! engrav$ outl9e ( ! design1 
& on ?is transp>5t flux ! col\rs 7      
appli$4 ,! outl9es ( ! design1 :i*      
appe>$ ?r\gh ! transp>5t coat+1 7 !n    
cov]$ ov] ) a d>k-col\r$ enamel2 ! v>i\s
 p>ts1 su* z drap]ies1 backgr\nd1 & sky1
 7 !n laid 9 ) ?ick coat+s ( enamel2 !  
spaces left = ! fle% t9ts 7 fill$ 9 )   
black or violet enamel2 & ! modell+ ( ! 
fle% 0 obta9$ by lay]s ( :ite enamel 9  
v>y+ degrees ( ?ickness1 leav+ ! d>k]   
violet p>ts = %ade or %ad[s1 & ?ick]    
lay]s repres5t$ ! highe/ lights4 ,?us1  
all ! fle% t9ts 9 enamels ( ?is p]iod   
are slightly br[ni% or violet 9 hue4  ,!
 o!r p>ts ( ! design 7 left )\t %ad[1 or
 sometimes ! highe/ po9ts 9 ! hair or   
drap]ies w\ld h little f9e t\*es ( gold 
p5cill+s1 9 ord] to br+ out "s k9d (    
relief4 ,imitations ( preci\s /ones or  
jewell]y on ! dresses 7 br\ght out 9    
transluc5t bits ( enamel4  ,an entire   
*ange 9 ! process is se5 9 ! ,limoges   
pa9t$ enamels ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!    

plate ( metal 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( black  
or "s v d>k-col\r$ enamel1 & ! design   
c>efully outl9$ 9 :ite4 ,! :ole "w 0 !n 
modell$ up ) :ite1 laid on 9 v>y+       
?icknesses1 s z to produce an effect (  
light & %ade call$ grisaille 7grey71 !  
fle% t9ts be+ slightly high] 9 relief   
?an ! o!r p>ts1 & a fle%-col\r$ enamel  
be+ always employ$4 ,f9e t\*+s ( :ite & 
gold 7 add$ to f9i% (f ! "w4  ,to make a
 col\r$ enamel ( ! grisaille "w x 0 only
 necess>y to add a ?9 transp>5t coat+ ( 
col\r$ enamel4  ,"s spl5did effects ( a 
transluc5t "* 7 obta9$ 9 ! enamels ( ?is
 p]iod by ! use ( gold & silv] leaf     
7paillon7 fix$ on ! enamel gr\nd beh9d !
 drap]ies & o!r accessories1 & sometimes
 on ! backgr\nds4 ,ov] ?is leaf ( %9+   
metal transp>5t enamels 7 pa9t$4 ,arm\r1
 imitation jewell]y1 & o!r accessories 7
 r5d]$ by ?is means ( a ri* & dazzl+    
brilliancy4 ,9 ! ,k5s+ton ,collection _m
 examples ( ?is k9d ( enamell+ may be   
se54  ,"o "w among/ o!rs is an oval     
plaque ( ! sixte5?-c5tury ,limoges      

enamel1 :i* has a repres5tation ( a     
w>rior on horseback1 & has portions ( ! 
arm\r 9 transluc5t enamel4 ,! horse is  
:ite1 & ! gr\ndwork d>k4 ,x is "o ( !   
be/ works ( ! ,c\rtois family4  ,!      
enamel pa9t]s ( ,limoges _h _m me?ods & 
secrets 9 ! ex]cise ( _! art1 &1 z a    
rule1 kept !m 9 _! families4 ,g5]ally   
speak+1 we f9d _m enamell]s ( ! same "n 
& family1 & _! works be> also a /rong   
family lik5ess1 bo? 9 subject1 col\r1 & 
me?ods4  ,! greate/ "n among/ ^!        
,limoges arti/s is ,lon>d ,lim\s94 ,?is 
surname 0 be/[$ on him by ,francis ,i4  
to di/+ui% him f ,leon>do da ,v9ci4     
,lon>d ,lim\s9 0 ! *ief enamell] to ?is 
mon>*1 & work$ at 8 art betwe5 ! ye>s ( 
#aecb-gd4 ,lon>d 9 8 e>ly works copi$ 8 
subjects f engrav+s ( ! ,g]man s*ool (  
arti/s1 b at a lat] p]iod1 ow+ to !     
influ5ce ( ! ,italian arti/s t 7 br\ght 
to ! ,c\rt ( ,francis ,i41 he adopt$ !  
subjects ( ,raphael & ! ,italian ma/]s4 
,he also improv$ at ?is p]iod 9 8 col\r 
& draw+4 ,"s ( 8 be/ works are ^? t he  

pa9t$ 9 ! ye> #aeec = ! ,sa9te-,*apelle 
by ord] ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 :i* consi/ ( two 
magnific5t frames ( pictures 9 enamel1  
n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & :i* are ackn[l$g$ z 8  
ma/]pieces4 ,he also excell$ 9          
portraits1 among :i* f 8 h& are ^? ( !  
,duke de ,guise1 ! ,con/able de         
,montmor5ci1 & t ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici 9 
h] m\rn+ robes1 tak5 aft] ! dea? ( ,h5ry
 ,,ii4 ,a full-l5g? portrait ( ,h5ry    
,,ii4 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 execut$ by 
,lon>d4 ,! mon>* is repres5t$ 9 ! "* (  
,/4 ,?omas1 & is pa9t$ on a :ite enamel 
gr\nd1 z sev]al o!r works by ?is arti/  
are simil>ly execut$4 ,?is /yle ( "w    
looks1 h[ev]1 too mu* l majolica pa9t+1 
& 0 n p]sev]$ 9 to any great ext5t4     
,lon>d 0 not$ = "s good orig9al "w1 bo? 
9 oils & enamel2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 !   
,limoges enamell]s 7 fond ( copy+       
subjects f ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,fr5*    
engrav]s1 :o engrav$ _m works aft] !    
great pa9t]s ( ^! c\ntries4 ,! ,g]man   
engrav]s 7 kn[n "u ! "n ( !             
8,petits-,matres10 _m ( :om 7 pupils or 

imitators ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,"s ( ! m      
important 7 ,he9ri* ,aldegrev]1 ,hans   
,sebald ,behan1 ,virgilis ,solis1       
,!odore de ,bry1 ,jean ,colla]t1        
,albre*t ,altdorf51 & ,georg ,p5s4 ,two 
celebrat$ ,fr5* engrav]s :o suppli$ _m  
designs = ! ,limoges enamell]s 7 ti5ne  
de ,laulne1 kn[n also z ,/ephanus1 &    
,pi]re ,woeiriot1 ! =m] a copp]-plate & 
! latt] a wood engrav]4 ,! ,c\rtois &   
,raymond enamels h _m subjects f !      
designs ( ti5ne de ,laulne4 ,ano!r      
engrav]1 ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 ( !   
,italian s*ool 7#aejj-aedj71 suppli$    
copies ( ! works ( ,raphael to ! ,lim\s9
 enamell]s1 & also to ! ,italian        
majolica pa9t]s4 ,?is engrav] 0 ! mo/   
celebrat$ ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 a pupil at fir/ 
( 8,francia ! ,goldsmi?10 le>nt mu* f   
,alb]t ,dr] & ,lucas van ,leyd51 & 0 !  
engrav] ( _m ( ! works ( ,raphael1 :i*  
he execut$ 9 :at is kn[n z 8 ,roman     
me?od4  ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is !   
enamel ( ! twelve ,sibyls ( ,lon>d      
,lim\s91 pa9t$ ab\t #aeej4  ,ano!r      

well-kn[n "n is t ( ,pi]re ,raymond4 ,he
 pa9t$ *iefly 9 grisaille1 or 9 camaeu1 
& n (t5 9 col\r4 ,8 works date f #aecd  
to #aegb 7,figs4 #ajd & #aje74  ,!      
,pnicaud family 7circa #aedj7 consi/s ( 
f\r enamel pa9t]s ( ?is "n--,jean       
,pnicaud1 ! eld]1 ,jean ,pnicaud1       
junior1 ,pi]re ,pnicaud1 & ,n4 ,pnicaud4
  ,! eld] ,pnicaud 0 a good draughtsman1
 & (t5 employ$ 8paillon0 to get ! ri*   
col\r+ 9 :i* he excell$4 ,he execut$    
portraits ( ,lu!r & ,erasmus1 :i* are   
sign$ ) 8 initials4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ajd4--,portion ( a ,salt-cell>1 by    
,pi]re ,raymond4  ,! ,c\rtois or        
,c\rteys family 0 ano!r celebrat$ family
 ( pa9t]s on enamel4 ,pi]re ,c\rtois 0 !
 elde/ 7circa #aeej74 ,he pa9t$ "s ( !  
l>ge/ enamels ev] execut$4 ,^! 7 l>ge   
oval panels measur+ #ff in*es 9 height  
by #dj in*es 9 wid?1 on :i* 7 pa9t$ !   
subjects ( ! c>d9al virtues & hea!n     
div9ities1 & :i* =m]ly decorat$ ! faade 
( ! ,*teau de ,madrid1 built by ,francis
 ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,!y are sign$ & dat$ 

#aeei4 ,9 8 l>g] works ,pi]re ,c\rtois  
does n %[ himself s good 9 8            
draughtsman%ip z 9 8 small] enamels4    
,jean ,c\rtois 7circa #aefj7 0 a        
prolific enamell]4 ,8 "w is *>act]iz$ by
 a pr(usion ( arabesque ornam5t ( !     
p]iod ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,8 fle% t9ts & o!r  
p>ts ( 8 compositions are g5]ally highly
 col\r$1 ! fle% hav+ a salmon-col\r$    
t9t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,vase2 
,pa9t$ ,enamel1 by ,pi]re ,raymond4     
,ano!r memb] ( ?is family signs 8 "w ,i4
 ,d4 ,c4 ,8 pr9cipal figures are usually
 hamm]$ out 9 relief1 & 8 "w is ( a high
 f9i%4  ,jean ,c\rt 7circa #aeee7 0 also
 kn[n "u 8 o!r surname ( 8,vigi]40 ,he 0
 =m]ly conf\nd$ ) ,jean ,c\rtois1 b 8 "w
 is diff]5t f ! latt]'s4 ,8 draw+ is    
bett]1 & 8 col\r+ n s /rong b m natural 
?an t ( ,jean ,c\rtois4  ,suzaune ,c\rt1
 z %e sign$ h]self1 0 an enamell] ( !   
s*ool ( ,jean ,c\rtois4  ,m>tial        
,raymond 7circa #aeij7 0 an arti/ (     
consid]able p[]1 & a goldsmi?1 :o work$ 
at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,8 "w is   

usually height5$ ) gold1 & he us$       
8paillon0 v mu*4  ,jean ,lim\s9 7circa  
#afbe71 & ,franois ,lim\s9 7#afcc71 7   
enamell]s :o c>ri$ out ! traditions ( ! 
,limoges s*ool 9 a wor?y mann] dur+ !   
e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4  ,! =m]    
passes = ! son ( ,lon>d ,lim\s91 & 0    
suppos$1 f ! fleur-de-lis t always      
appe>s betwe5 8 initials on 8 works1 to 
h be5 ! director ( ! royal manufactory  
at ,limoges1 z 8 pr$ecessor ,lon>d 0 9 !
 reign ( ,francis ,i4 ,jean ,lim\s9     
execut$ "s beautiful enamels1 9 :i* !   
transluc5t birds1 arabesques1 & small   
figures 7 treat$ ) r>e delicacy4  ,9 !  
reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7#afdc-agae7       
,jaques ,n\ailh] introduc$ a new k9d (  
enamel1 :i* consi/$ ( modell+ 9 relief  
on copp] ) a :ite enamel pa/e1 &        
aft]w>ds cov]+ x ) a transp>5t col\r$   
enamel4  ,pi]re ,n\ailh] 0 ano!r        
enamell] ( ?is family :o 0 not$ = 8     
correctness ( draw+4  ,! s*ool (        
,limoges ( ?is date exhibits a great]   
correctness ( draw+1 accompani$ ) a m>k$

 dim9ution ( good col\r+2 ! enamels ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury %[ a decl9e ( t spl5d\r 
( col\r+ :i* *>act]iz$ ! =m] c5tury4    
,?is 0 ow+ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! silv] &    
gold 8paillon0 backgr\nds1 & to !       
exclusive use ( ! bru% alone 9 ! enamels
 ( ?is p]iod4  ,! process ( pa9t+ ) a   
prep>ation ( opaque enamel col\rs on a  
gold gr\nd direct1 )\t previ\sly us+ !  
h]et(ore black gr\nd = ! purposes (     
gett+ ! %ad[s1 is ascrib$ to ,t\t9      
7#afcb74 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep to ! decad5ce
 ( enamell+1 z ! sy/em ( ,t\t9 0        
re/rict$ to ! production ( portraits 9  
m9iature1 & 9 c\rse ( "t no?+ else 0    
done b m9iatures4 ,_m arti/s 9 ! p]iod (
 ?is decad5ce execut$ good "w1 among/   
:i* may be m5tion$ ! names ( ,gribel91 a
 fell[-work] ) ,t\t91 ,dubi1 ,morlire ( 
,orleans1 & ,vacqu] ( ,blois4 ,! latt] 7
 pupils ( ,t\t94  ,*>ti]1 ,petitot1 &   
,bordi] 7 ?ree o!r not$ m9iature pa9t]s 
on enamel4 ,! latt] two work$ 9         
conjunction1 & liv$ = "s ye>s 9 ,engl&1 
until ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i41 :5 !y return$

 to ! ,c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & !re pa9t$ 
! portraits 9 m9iature ( ! pr9cipal p ( 
! "t4  ,! art ( enamell+ 0 c>ri$ on 9   
,spa91 9 ,italy1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many  
dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 b n 
to ! same ext5t z 9 ,france4 ,su*       
articles z crosses1 crucifixes1 ros>ies1
 p5dants1 ew]s1 m$allions1 p]fume       
bottles1 r+s1 badges1 small panels )    
figure subjects1 & num]\s small objects1
 p>ticul>ly 9 jewell]y1 7 made 9 enamels
 9 ^! c5turies ?r\gh\t ,europe4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--;,batt]sea   
,enamel4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,9 ! sev5te5?     
c5tury1 9 ,engl&1 a good deal ( enamell+
 0 done at ,batt]sea1 & at ,bil/on 9    
,/af=d%ire4 ,a k9d ( co>se enamel 0 made
 9 ,engl& at t "t on ca/ iron & on      
brass4 ,! cavities 7 ca/ to receive !   
enamel4 ,!re are "s c&le/icks &         
fire-dogs 9 exi/5ce t are made 9 ?is    
way4  ,/eph5 ,t4 ,janss5 _h 8 enamel    
works at ,york ,h\se1 ,batt]sea1 9 !    
ye>s #agej-e4 ,aft] ?is "t ! ,engli%    
practice ( enamel-mak+ di$ out4 ,k5s+ton

 & ! ,briti% ,museums conta9 _m specim5s
 ( ,batt]sea enamel 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,snuff
 & tobacco boxes1 sc5t-bottles1         
c&le/icks1 small di%es1 cre/s1 labels ( 
w9e-bottles1 & m9iatures are ! pr9cipal 
articles ( ,batt]sea enamel4 ,!         
decorations are *iefly small fl[]s &    
ornam5t on light-col\r$ or :ite gr\nds  
enclos+ pa/oral subjects4 ,"s h pr9ts ( 
cal5d>s1 & o!r black & :ite subjects1   
pr9t$ by transf]r+4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum
 !re are two l>ge oval m$allions ) !    
portraits ( ,george ,,iii4 & ,que5      
,*>lotte1 pa9t$ by ! ,engli% enamell]   
,w4 ,h4 ,craft4                         
,,enamels ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,!    
,,ea/4  ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,p]sia h be5    
fam$ f e>ly times = _! exquisite        
productions 9 enamels4 ,japan also has  
made1 & cont9ues to make1 enamels (     
great beauty4 ,! old] or ,cloisonn me?od
 is mo/ly 9 fav\r ) ! natives ( ! ,ea/1 
& v little ,*amplev "w is execut$4      
,al?\gh enamell+ is an old art 9 ,*9a1  
yet ,*9ese enamels are r>e t h be5      

execut$ be=e ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,m+ 
dyna/y1 "u ! ,emp]or ,k+-tai 7#adej-g71 
enamel work+ 0 9 its highe/ /ate (      
excell5ce4  ,! designs on ! enamell$    
vases are pretty mu* ! same z on all _! 
o!r works1 su* z textiles1 embroid]ies1 
& porcela94 ,9 fact1 a ,*9ese enamell$  
vase is z a rule v simil> 9 %ape1 col\r1
 & decoration to a porcela9 "o ( ! same 
c\ntry1 & sometimes ! lik5ess is s great
 z to dem& a close inspection to det]m9e
 :i* is enamel & :i* porcela94  ,!      
,*9ese us$ z a rule light col\rs 9 _!   
enamel gr\nds3 light turquoise blue1    
light olive gre51 or a bright yell[     
gr\nd2 ! latt] col\r 0 mo/ly us$ 9 !    
pa9t$ enamels ( ! ,?s+ dyna/y1 yell[ be+
 ! national col\r ( ?is dyna/y4 ,! g5]al
 type ( ! design is made up ( su* ?+s z 
a v crook$ tree or bran*1 decorat$ )    
l>ge clu/]s ( fl[]s & foliage1 slightly 
conv5tional 9 draw+2 sometimes ) birds &
 butt]flies1 or ) dragons2 "s vases h "o
 l>ge dragon occupy+ ! great] "p ( !    
field4  ,! col\r+ is g5]ally v bright1 !

 gr\nd light & brilliant2 ! fl[]s may be
 r$1 deep blue1 pansy-violet1 gold5     
yell[1 or :ite4 ,! foliage is usually ( 
a crude em]ald gre5 type4 ,bord]s (     
conv5tional cl\d =ms or o!r geometric   
=ms surr\nd ! panels1 or =m belts to !  
fields ( ! ornam5tal compositions4      
,religi\s vases1 alt> furniture1        
p]fume-burn]s1 c&le/icks1 lamps1 scre5s1
 & table-tops are "s ( ! articles 9     
,*9ese enamels made inv>iably 9 !       
,cloisonn mann]4  ,! ,*9ese also make a 
species ( enamel t has no metal         
f\ndation1 :i* consi/s ( a cloisonnage (
 network 9 :i* ! enamel is skilfully    
fus$ betwe5 ! divisions1 & is ( a       
semi-transluc5t "*4  ,japanese enamels  
are m mod]n ?an ! ,*9ese1 old pieces (  
,japanese be+ extremely r>e4 ,! enamels 
( ,japan are d>k] 9 ! gr\nd col\r ?an ! 
,*9ese1 be+ g5]ally ( a d>k olive gre51 
or ( a w>m neutral grey t9t4 ,"s v l>ge 
vases1 brazi]s1 & l>ge di%es are made by
 ! ,japanese4 ,^! wond]ful p are        
extremely clev] 9 ! use ( ! enamell]s'  

lamp & ! bl[pipe1 = ! purpose ( fus+ !  
enamel 9 sections1 z ! l>ge pieces !y   
made c\ld n possibly be fir$ entire4 ,! 
,*9ese excel 9 ! pa9t+ ( enamels1 b !   
,japanese d n seem to cultivate ?is art 
to any great ext5t4  ,indian enamels are
 *>act]iz$ by _! extreme brilliance &   
spl5d\r ( col\r+1 9 :i* qualities !y    
excel ! enamels ( all o!r c\ntries4 ,!  
native enamell]s "w 9 ! transluc5t1     
,cloisonn1 & ,*amplev processes1 & !    
me?ods & secrets ( _! craft are kept 9  
_! families4 ,gre5s ( ! peacock & em]ald
 hues1 coral & ruby r$s1 torquoise &    
sapphire blues are ! fav\rite ,indian   
enamel col\rs4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#ajg4--,necklace2 ,punjaub4 7,b47  ,!   
celebrat$ ,jaipur enamels are ( !       
,*amplev k9d4 ,9 ,ca%m]e & 9 ! ,punjaub 
jewell]y is made ( gemm$ gold & enamels 
7,fig #ajg74 ,! ,que5 & ! ,pr9ce (      
,wales possess _m articles t are        
ma/]pieces ( ,indian enamell+4 ,! ,haka 
/& l5t by ! ,que5 to ! ,indian ,museum  
is a spl5did specim5 ( transluc5t pa9t$ 

enamel 9 gre5 & blue1 ( ! ,mongol p]iod 
7,fig4 #ajh74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#ajh4--;,enamell$ ,haka ,/&2 ,mongol    
,p]iod4 7,b47  ,a l>ge plate ( ,jaipur  
enamel1 said to be ! l>ge/ ev] made1 0  
pres5t$ to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,a unique 
& beautiful specim5 ( ! same k9d (      
enamel is ! ,kalamdan1 or p5-&-ink /& 9 
! %ape ( an ,indian gondola 7,fig4      
#aji74  ,! /]n is =m$ ( a peacock's head
 & body1 ! tail ( :i* decorates 9       
brilliant enamels ! und]nea? "p ( !     
boat4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4              
#aji4--;,enamell$ ,p5-&-,ink ,/&2       
,jaipur4 7,b47  ,! canopy ( ! ink       
receptacle has gre51 blue1 coral1 & ruby
 enamels laid on a gold f\ndation4  ,!  
vase1 or ,s>ai 7,fig4 #aaj7 9 possession
 ( ,lady ,wyatt is a f9e example (      
,ca%m]e enamel1 on :i* ! %awl patt]n may
 be se54  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#aaj4--;,enamell$ ,s>ai2 ,punjaub4 7,b47
  ,a k9d ( enamel is made at ,p]tabgh> 9
 ,rajputana1 :i* consi/s 9 cov]+ a plate
 ( burni%$ gold ) a ri* gre5 enamel1 &  

plac+ on ! surface :ile x is hot ?9     
plates ( gold ornam5ts1 :i* are fa/5$ to
 ! enamel by heat2 aft]w>ds ^! gold     
plates are engrav$ elaborately ) incis$ 
l9es1 s z to br+ out ! design4          
,sometimes ! enamel itself is engrav$1 &
 an easily fus$ gold amalgam is rubb$   
into ! incis$ l9es1 & fus$ to =m !      
decoration4  ,p]sian enamels are appli$ 
mo/ly to ! heads ( 8,kalians10 or       
tobacco wat]-pipes1 jewell]y1 &         
c(fee-cup hold]s4 ,! f\ndations are gold
 or copp]4 ,a l>ge tray enamell$ on     
copp] on bo? sides is 9 ! ,k5s+ton      
,museum4 ,x is decorat$ ) fl[]s ( v>i\s 
col\rs on a :ite gr\nd1 & has an        
,arm5ian inscription ) ! date ,a4,d4    
#aggf1 & comes f ,ispahan4 ,9 mo/       
,p]sian enamels ! gr\nds are usually ( a
 :ite or light t9t1 ) brightly col\r$   
fl[]s z decoration4                     
,,*apt] ,,iii4                          
,,ivory ,,c>v+s4   ,9 ! =m] "p ( ?is "w 
we h notic$ ! ivory c>v+s ( ! anci5t _w1
 & x is propos$ 9 ! foll[+ pages to give

 an outl9e ( ivory c>v+s ( ! ,middle    
,ages & ( ! comp>atively mod]n p]iods4  
,"o ( ! olde/ & mo/ important works 9   
ivory c>v+ ( ! six? c5tury is !         
celebrat$ ,*air ( ,/4 ,maxim9ian1 n[    
pres]v$ 9 ! metropolitan *ur* ( ,rav5na4
 ,x is entirely ov]laid ) plates (      
ivory1 & has five upright panels 9 !    
front & bel[ ! seat :i* are c>v$ )      
figure subjects4 ,! legs & back are     
ov]laid ) ivory plates1 c>v$ ) animals1 
foliage1 & figures1 & on ! rail 9 front 
( ! seat is c>v$ ! ,ar*bi%op's monogram4
 ,x is altoge!r a v f9e & ri* piece (   
,romanesque "w4  ,v important works 9   
ivory 7 execut$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman       
,empire1 9 ! nature ( 8,consul>e0       
dipty*s & tripty*s4 ,^! ,consul> dipty*s
 7 orig9ally made ( wood or ivory1 & 7  
h+$ tablets t fold$ ov] ea* o!r1 !      
outside surfaces be+ c>v$ elaborately1 )
 a portrait or figure ( ! ,consul or    
*ief magi/rate ( ! prov9ce 9 ! c5tre1 ! 
inside surfaces be+ us$ = writ+         
purposes4 ,^! consul>es 7 also call$    

8pugill>es0 f be+ portable objects t    
c\ld be c>ri$ conv5i5tly 9 ! h& or fi/4 
,!y 7 usually made z pres5ts to be giv5 
to important p ( di/ant prov9ces1 or to 
v intimate fri5ds ( ! ,consuls4 ,aft] ! 
adoption ( ! ,*ri/ian religion by !     
,roman ,empire x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,consuls 
to s5d ^! consul>es 9 ! =m ( a dipty* or
 tripty*1 z a pres5t to ! bi%op ( a *ur*
 9 8 prov9ce1 to %[ 8 patronage &       
goodwill1 & !y 7 usually plac$ on ! alt>
 ( ! *ur*1 9 ord] t ! congregation %\ld 
see !m & rememb] ! giv] 9 _! pray]s4    
,?is cu/om l$ to ! mak+ ( ! dipty*s     
7two-leav$7 & ! tripty*s 7?ree-leav$71 =
 ! purpose ( ! alt> decorations1 &      
usually on ! pla9 inn] leaves 7 inscrib$
 ! names ( ! newly baptiz$ 7neophytes7  
,*ri/ians1 b5efactors to ! *ur*1        
dignit>ies ( ! same1 & ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 
,! use ( ^! l$ to ! lat] magnific5t     
pa9t$ & c>v$ alt>s ( ! tripty* ord] 9   
,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,dur+ ! p]secution by !
 iconocla/ic ,emp]ors ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire
 a great numb] ( ^! tripty*s 7 made 9   

wood & 9 ivory ( ,greek workman%ip1 c>v$
 or pa9t$ on ! int]ior faces )          
repres5tations ( sa9ts & sacr$          
p]sonages4 ,^! 7 us$ z portable alt>s1 &
 7 c>ri$ ab\t ! p]son ( ^? :o us$ to    
pray be=e !m 9 secret4 ,_m ( !m 7 also (
 a good size1 & became lat] important   
objects t 7 plac$ above or ne> !        
8prie-dieus0 9 private rooms or *apels4 
,! small] pugill>es1 & l>g]             
ecclesia/ical dipty*s 7 us$ 9 lat] times
 to =m ! cov]+s ( co/ly illum9at$ books1
 & x is ow+ to ?is use ( !m t s _m h be5
 pres]v$ to our day4  ,byzant9e         
sculpture & ivory c>v+s ( ! elev5? &    
twelf? c5turies 7 inve/$ ) ! same sev]e 
& solemn "* t 0 ! di/+ui%+ feature ( !  
ceil+ & wall mosaics ( ! same p]iod4 ,! 
figures 7 long & att5uat$1 ! drap]ies v 
/iff & angul> & arrang$ 9 p>allel folds1
 :i*1 ) ! ,g]man phase ( ,*ri/ian art1  
develop$ lat] into a /ill m angul> &    
rocky "*4 ,9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 9 !  
?irte5? c5tury !re arose a spl5did &    
orig9al s*ool ( sculpture1 entirely     

native1 ^: ri*e/ ef=ts culm9at$ 9 su*   
ma/]ly a*ievem5ts z ! figure sculpture (
 ! ca!drals ( ,rheims1 ,*>tres1 &       
,ami5s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#aaa4--;,coronation ( ! ,virg92 ,ivory  
,c>v+ reliev$ ) ,col\rs & ,gold2        
,?irte5?-,c5tury ,fr5*4 7,jacquem>t47   
,small /atuettes 9 ivory 7 made 9 great 
quantities 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & z an    
example ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( ivory c>v+ (  
?is p]iod !re is an exce$+ly f9e        
repres5tation ( ! 8,coronation ( !      
,virg90 7,fig4 #aaa7 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ?is 
"w ! figure ( ,*ri/ has ! dress &       
l9eam5ts ( ,philip ,,iii4 7! ,bold71 !  
son ( ,/4 ,l\is1 & t ( ! ,virg9 is      
p]sonifi$ z ,m>y1 8 ,que51 daught] (    
,h5ry ,,iii4 7! ,debonnaire71 ,duke (   
,lorra9e & ,brabant4 ,?is example dates 
f ab\t #abgd1 & is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/   
p]fectly f9i%$ works ( ,fr5* sculpture (
 t "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#aab4--;,image ,pa9t]2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4
  ,col\r & ri* decoration 7 se5 v mu* on
 ! sculpture ( ! ,middle ,ages1 = we f9d

 traces ( x 9 ! m$ival tombs1 effigies1 
& all k9ds ( /atu>y4  ,"s ( ! anci5t    
dipty*s _h bo? gr\nd & figures col\r$ & 
p]haps gilt4 ,col\r$ & gild$ /atues &   
reliefs 7 common 9 ,g]many & ,france1 & 
are s to-day 9 ^? ( ! ,roman & ,greek   
,*ri/ian *ur*es4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#aac4--,leaf ( a ,roman ,dipty*4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! dresses ( ! figures are 
sem 7s[n7 all ov] ) fleurs-de-lis & v   
ri* diap]s 9 gold & silv]1 on ri* r$1   
blue1 & :ite gr\nds4 ,/atu>y pa9t+ 0 a  
pr(ession 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!         
illu/ration 7,fig4 #aab71 f a ,fr5*     
fifte5?-c5tury manuscript1 %[s an image 
pa9t] at "w4  ,return+ to ! ivory       
plaques or dipty*s1 ! illu/ration at    
,fig4 #aac is t ( ! mo/ p]fect & mo/    
beautiful specim5 ( antique ivory c>v+ t
 we h any k (4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton    
,museum1 & repres5ts ! figure ( a "y    
girl1 or ,bac*ante1 ) a y\ng] girl      
att5d+ h]4 ,! figure has a well-design$ 
arrangem5t ( drap]y hang+ 9 graceful    
folds4 ,%e /&s at an alt>1 & is 9 ! act 

( mak+ an (f]+4 ,a vigor\sly c>v$       
oak-tree ) acorns & foliage occupies !  
left top ( ! panel1 & a bord] ( a ,greek
 "* surr\nds x4 ,! correspond+ half (   
?is plaque is 9 ! ,cluny ,museum 9      
,p>is4 ,x 0 f\nd at ! bottom ( a well at
 ,monti]-en-,d]1 & is mu* injur$4 ,!    
latt] half %[s ! figure ( a female /&+  
at an alt>1 & hold+ 9 h] h&s inv]t$     
flam+ tor*es4 ,^! fam\s plaques1 :i*    
measure ne>ly #ab in*es by #e1 are      
suppos$ to h =m$ ! doors ( a l>ge %r9e  
or *sse t 0 br\ght f ,rome 9 ! days (   
,*ild]ic4 ,!y are suppos$ to be ,roman  
"w ( ! six? or sev5? c5tury1 ?\gh "s ?9k
 ! "w is e>li]3 !y are und\bt$ly execut$
 by a ,greek arti/4 ,!re are _m specim5s
 ( consul> dipty*s 9 ! museums (        
,london1 ,liv]pool1 & ! ,cont95t4 ,!    
e>lie/ dates f ab\t ,a4,d4 #bej1 & !    
late/ ab\t ,a4,d4 #edj4 ,! ,roman       
,consuls cont9u$ = ne>ly "o ?\s& ye>s3 !
 la/ ,consul ( ,con/ant9ople 0 ,basilius
 7,a4,d4 #eda71 & ! la/ ,consul ( ,rome 
0 ,paul9us 7,a4,d4 #ecf74  ,!re is a    

l>ge plaque ( ivory 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 
:i* measures #af in*es by ne>ly #f in*es
 9 wid?--! l>ge/ kn[n--on :i* is c>v$ ! 
figure ( an ar*angel hold+ 9 "o h& a    
globe & 9 ! o!r a long /aff4 ,he /&s on 
! top ( a flight ( /eps "u a r\nd ar*   
support$ by ,cor9?ian pill>s4 ,its date 
is unc]ta91 b is probably ( ! sev5?     
c5tury2 x is gr&ly design$ & ( excell5t 
workman%ip 7,fig4 #aad74  ,a "w ( ! same
 or slightly e>li] p]iod is ! beautiful 
ivory vase 7,fig4 #aae71 :i* has well   
proportion$ horizontal divisions &      
well-design$ ornam5tation4 ,! /yle (    
design sugge/s a copy f metal "w4       
,tripty*s1 z we h se51 7 us$ above &    
beh9d ! alt> tables1 & 7 at fir/        
portable1 s t !y c\ld be c>ri$ away aft]
 ! s]vice 0 end$2 b lat] !y became !    
8retables10 fix$ alt>s1 or 8r]$oses10 & 
7 c>v$ or pa9t$1 or 7 p>tly execut$ 9   
bo? ways4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#aad4--;,ivory ,c>v+ ) ,ar*angel4       
7,b4,m47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#aae4--;,ivory ,vase2 ,roman1 ,sev5?    

,c5tury4 7,b4,m47  ,_m objects ( secul> 
art1 & articles t ! weal?y c\ld af=d to 
use 9 e-day life1 7 made 9 ivory dur+ ! 
,middle ,ages1 su* z book-cov]s1        
toilet-combs1 mirror-cases1 *essm51     
horns1 hilts ( knives1 swords1 & dagg]s1
 caskets1 small c(f]s1 c41 9 addition to
 ! objects requir$ = use 9 religi\s     
c]emonies1 z pyxes1 crozi]s1 crucifixes1
 crosses1 & taus1 ! latt] be+ an e>ly =m
 ( ! pa/oral /aff4 ,! pa/oral /affs (   
ivory are n v common1 & mo/ examples    
kn[n belong to ! ?irte5? c5tury4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,pa/oral     
,/aff2 ,g]man1 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! woodcut 7,fig4 #aaf7 ( !
 pa/oral /aff %[s ! subject ( !         
,crucifixion on "o side & ! ,virg9 &    
,*ild ) att5dant angels on ! o!r4 ,x is 
,g]man "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & is n[ 9 
! ,ca!dral ( ,metz4  ,an old] specim5 ( 
! pa/oral /aff1 :i* ,mr4 ,maskell ?9ks  
is ,engli% "w1 is c>v$ 9 bone ) int]lac+
 scrolls1 & has a grotesque & s]p5t =m+ 
! crook decorations 7,fig4 #aag74       

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,pa/oral     
,/aff2 ,bone ,can+1 ,engli%2 ,twelf?    
,c5tury4  ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ivory     
c>v+s 7 9 great dem&1 judg+ f ! great   
numb] ( ! v>i\s ivories ( t date :i* h  
be5 pres]v$4  ,belong+ to ?is p]iod are 
! beautiful ivory hunt+ horns call$     
8oliphants0 7f elephant7 t 7 mu* us$ by 
k+s & nobles 9 hunt+1 & 7 sometimes     
m\nt$ 9 gold4  ,! ivory c>v+s kn[n z    
pi]c$ or 8op5-"w0 are usually ( v f9e & 
delicate workman%ip4 ,! illu/ration     
7,fig4 #aah7 %[s two comp>tm5ts ( a l>g]
 plaque 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ! full    
size ( ! orig9als t h sacr$ figures "u  
,go?ic canopies ( f\rte5?-c5tury "w4 ,x 
is n kn[n exactly to :at c\ntry !y      
belong1 z ivory c>v+s z a rule are      
undat$ & unsign$1 b ! woodcut 7,fig4    
#aai7 repres5ts an und\bt$ piece (      
,engli% "w4 ,x is "o leaf ( a dipty*    
made = ,gr&ison1 ,bi%op ( ,exet]4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,ivory      
,c>v+2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury ,pi]c$ ,"w4     
7,s4,k4,m47  ,few names ( arti/s1 z     

ivory c>v]s1 h come d[n to u f ! ,middle
 ,ages4 ,"o nam$ ,jean ,lebraelli] 0 !  
c>v] to ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france2 ,jehan    
,nicolle is ano!r :o has sign$ 8 "n on  
an ivory pax 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,h5ry 
des ,grs 0 a 8pigni]0 or c>v] ( combs   
7#acia74 ,hliot has dat$ "w ( #acib4    
,h5ry de ,s5lis1 8tableti]10 plaque c>v]
 ( #aded1 & ,philip ,daniel1 8pigni]0 & 
8tableti]0 7#adhd71 9 ,p>is4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--;,ivory      
,dipty*2 ,engli% ,"w2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! top ( a ,moori% casket f
 ,spa91 ) ,s>ac5ic engrav$ ornam5t ( !  
elev5? c5tury1 is %[n at ,fig4 #abj1 & a
 beautiful casket f ,italy1 c>v$ &      
engrav$ 9 bone1 is illu/rat$ at ,fig4   
#aba4 ,?is is f\rte5?-c5tury "w4        
,caskets & c(f]s made ( slabs ( bone1   
c>v$ & inlaid ) figure subjects &       
armorial be>+s1 7 made ext5sively 9     
,italy at ?is p]iod1 & us$ z m>riage    
c(f]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,lid 
( ,ivory ,cab9et2 ,spani%2 ,elev5?      
,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,combs & mirror   

cases 7 naturally objects t receiv$ mu* 
att5tion at ! h&s ( ! c>v] 9 ivory4 ,a  
beautiful comb 9 ! ,briti% ,museum      
7,fig4 #abb7 belongs to ! elev5? c5tury1
 ! c5tral scroll-"w ( :i* is v ri* &    
ornate4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#aba4--;,c(f] 9 ,bone ,c>v+ & ,engrav$  
,"w2 ,italian2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4        
7,s4,k4,m47  ,c]emonial combs1 ) f9ely  
c>v$ ornam5tation1 h be5 f\nd 9 tombs ( 
bi%ops1 & _m are pres]v$ 9 *ur*es t date
 f ! six? to ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,!     
mirror case1 ,fig4 #abc1 is a beautiful 
example ( f\rte5?-c5tury "w4 ,x has !   
c>v$ subject ( ! 8,siege ( ! ,ca/le (   
,love0--a fav\rite subject = mirror case
 decoration--& f\r lions =m+ ! corn]s to
 ! circul> r+4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#abb4--;,ivory ,comb2 ,elev5? ,c5tury4  
,9 ref]5ce to ! ivory c>v] ,hliot1      
m5tion$ above1 ,jacquem>t quotes--:5    
speak+ ( 8 "w1 ! oratory ( c>v$ ivory   
tablets 9 ! ,cluny ,museum t belong$ to 
! ,du*ess ( ,burgundy--,acc\nts ( ,amiot
 ,arnant f #acib to #acic4 ,paid #ejj   

livres to ,b]!lot ,hliot1 #8v>let de    
*ambre' ( ! duke 7,philip ! ,bold71 =   
two l>ge ivory tablets ) images1 "o (   
:i* is ! #8,passion ( ,our ,"l1' & ! o!r
 ! #8,life ( ,monsieur ,sa9t            
,jean-,bapti/e1' :i* he has sold = !    
,c>?usians4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#abc4--;,ivory ,mirror ,case4           
7,s4,k4,m47  ,_m celebrat$ arti/s h     
d\btless work$ 9 ivory1 b !re is no?+ to
 prove ?is except ! suppos$ h&-"w ( !   
arti/s4 ,mi*elangelo is cr$it$ ) work+ 9
 ivory2 ,cell9i1 ,donatello1 ,ago/9o1   
,c>racci1 & o!r fam\s names 9 ,italian  
art h be5 m5tion$ z ivory c>v]s2 & 9 !  
sev5te5? c5tury a celebrat$ ivory c>v]  
nam$ ,cop1 b bett] kn[n z ,fiam+o1 :o 0 
,flemi% by bir?4 ,he made _m bas9s1     
ew]s1 tank>ds1 & c>v$ figures ( *ildr5 9
 bas-relief4 ,fiam+o work$ & liv$ 9     
,rome at ! end ( ! sixte5? & dur+ ! fir/
 t5 ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5turies4 ,he di$ 
9 #afaj4 ,8 "w1 l t ( _m o!r arti/s (   
?is p]iod1 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! /yle 
( ,rub5s1 & a /rongly m>k$ realism 9 !  

mann] ( treat+ allegorical subjects 0 ! 
prevail+ ta/e 9 pa9t+ & c>v+4 ,v f9e    
tank>ds 9 ivory1 & bas9s1 7 c>v$ by     
,fiam+o ) bac*analian sc5es 9 a reali/ic
 mann]4 ,! tank>d f ! ,jones ,collection
 7,fig4 #abd7 is believ$ to be ! "w (   
,fiam+o4 ,x is a ,flemi% ivory m\nt$ 9  
silv]-gilt "w ( good design4 ,! body ( !
 tank>d is spirit$ly c>v$ ) ! figures ( 
a nymph & satyr danc+1 ,sil5us1 & "s    
*ildr5 c>ry+ grapes4  ,ano!r ,flemi%    
arti/ 9 ivory 0 ,francis von ,bossuit1  
:o sp5t a great "p ( 8 life 9 ,rome1 &  
^: figure c>v+s are ( great value4      
,aless&ro ,alg>di 0 an ,italian arti/ ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o c>v$ ! ivory      
bas-relief ( ,/4 ,leo go+ out to meet   
,attila1 n[ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 &   
also a v f9e bu/ ( ,cosimo ,,ii4 de'    
,m$ici4 ,"o ( ! be/ ivory c>v]s t ev]   
liv$ 0 ,franois ,duquesnoy1 kn[n bett] z
 ,franois ,flam& 7#aeid-afdd72 he 0 a   
native ( ,brussels1 & w5t to ,rome :5 a 
"y man = ! purpose ( /udy4 ,he support$ 
himself 9 8 w&]jahr p]iod by c>v+ little

 figures 9 ivory & wood4 ,9 ! ,cluny    
,museum & 9 ! ,l\vre "s gr\ps1 &        
bas-reliefs ( females & *ildr51 may be  
se51 execut$ by ,flam&1 t are full (    
r\ndness & life1 boldly conceiv$ &      
extremely graceful4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #abd4--;,ivory ,tank>d1 ,silv]-gilt    
,m\nt$2 ,flemi%2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4     
7,s4,k4,m47  ,we h notic$ h[ pl5tiful ! 
ivory c>v+s 7 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury p]iod2 
b at ! end ( t c5tury ivory sculpture   
fell 9 abeyance1 :i* la/$ dur+ almo/ !  
:ole ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4    
,?is 0 due to ! v great impulse giv5 to 
wood c>v+ by ! ,fr5*1 & ev5 m s by !    
,g]man wood sculptors4 ,l>ge wood5      
alt>-pieces1 or 8retables10 came into   
fa%ion1 & also m9ute wood5 portraits &  
/atuettes1 :i* = a long p]iod sup]s$$   
ivory c>v+s2 & 9 ,g]many a good deal (  
c>v+ 0 execut$ 9 8,speck/e90 or         
,soap/one1 a k9d ( drab-col\r$          
li?ographic /one t 0 n difficult to "w4 
,alb]t ,dr] & ,lucas ,crana* c>v$ "s v  
f9e works 9 ,speck/e94 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! 

sev5te5? c5tury ivory c>v+ became aga9 9
 great reque/4  ,! ,g]mans c>ri$ ! arts 
( ivory & m9iature wood c>v+1 z !y did !
 l>g] /yle ( wood c>v+1 to great        
p]fection2 9 fact to an a/oni%+ degree (
 dext]ity1 t w\ld comp>e ) ,*9ese or    
,japanese c>v+1 b lack+ 9 ! re/ra9$     
arti/ic p[] ( ! latt] nation's          
productions4 ,all k9ds ( a/oni%+        
creations are pres]v$ 9 ! museums (     
subjects su* z little ivory c>v+s (     
skeletons 9 company ) gr\ps ( female    
figures1 m9iature hun*backs1 & begg>s ) 
diamonds = buttons on _! dresses4 ,leo  
,pronn]1 ( ,nuremb]g1 c>v$ on a         
*]ry-/one a hundr$ heads1 t requir$ !   
aid ( a magnify+ glass to see !         
expressions1 & lat] ,simon ,trog]1 ( !  
same city1 produc$ _m m>vels 9 ivory    
figures ) br[n wood dresses & o!r       
accessories 9 wood4  ,_m good ivories h 
be5 ! "w ( ,spani% c>v]s1 & z a rule !y 
are t9t$ or col\r$4  ,ne>ly all ! c>v+s 
9 ivory t we h notic$ h be5 /atuettes1  
reliefs1 or objects 9 :i* ! human figure

 pr$om9ates4  ,z a matt] ( fact !re are 
v few ivories ( any arti/ic value 9 :i* 
! human figure is n ! mo/ important "p (
 ! composition1 purely ornam5tal "w be+ 
v r>e4 ,ev5 9 ,s>ac5ic "w1 :]e ! figure 
& animal repres5tations are n f\nd1 !   
am\nt ( c>v$ ivory "w is limit$1 & !    
specim5s are v sc>ce4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #abe4--;,c>v$ ,ivory ,panels ( a  
,pulpit ,door2 ,s>ac5ic4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,9
 an anci5t ,coptic *ur* 9 ,cairo !re is 
a massive p>tition or scre5 ( ebony1 9  
:i* is a c5tral door & two side panels4 
,?is scre5 has a ri* display ( inlaid   
ivory c>v$ ) arabesques1 & has ivory    
crosses 9 high relief4 ,! scre5 is      
believ$ by ,mr4 ,butl]--! au?or ( 8,!   
,anci5t ,coptic ,*ur*es ( ,egypt0--to be
 a "w ( ! t5? c5tury1 & also to be !    
model on :i* ! ivory c>v+ ( ! mosques 0 
f\nd$4  ,! ivory c>v+s 9 ,s>ac5ic "w are
 usually f\nd z c>v$ or *as$ panels1 )  
arabesque designs1 & surr\nd$ )         
geometric l9e> fram+ 7,fig4 #abe74  ,!  
be/ ( ?is type ( "w 0 execut$ 9 !       

f\rte5? c5tury4 ,objects made ( ivory   
alone are v r>e 9 ,s>ac5ic art4 ,!      
illu/ration giv5 ( an ivory ink-horn is 
unique 9 ?is mat]ial1 b ink-horns ( !   
same %ape are common t h be5 made 9     
copp] & brass4  ,figure & animal c>v+s (
 ,s>ac5ic or ,moori% design h be5 made 9
 ,spa91 & 9 "s o!r c\ntries "u ! rule ( 
! ,s>ac5s1 b are n f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian   
,s>ac5ic4  ,*9a has always be5 prolific 
9 ! production ( ivory c>v+s4 ,!re are  
num]\s /atuettes ( ,confucius1 ,*eo-lao1
 ! god ( old age1 ( ! ,buddhi/ female   
div9ity ,k\an-91 & ( o!r div9ities4     
,necklaces1 pi]c$ plaques = wai/-belt   
decoration1 & ! su-*us or ros>ies1 all  
are c>v$ ) a c]ta9 ar*aic quality &     
qua9tness1 b ( a m9ute & unsurpass$     
dext]ity ( workman%ip4  ,! ,*9ese ivory 
fans ( pi]c$ "w are beautiful & z       
delicate z lace-"w4 ,examples ( ^! are v
 common4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#abf4--;,ivory ,ink-,horn2 ,s>ac5ic4    
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! p5-cases call$ pitongs  
are beautiful objects1 c>v$ ) dragons1  

fl[]s1 & qua9t figures 9 toy-l h\ses &  
g>d5s4  ,! 8puzzle balls0 are among/ !  
mo/ wond]ful ( ! ,*9ese c>v+s 9 ivory1  
:]e q a numb] ( loose balls ( less5+    
sizes are conta9$ )9 ea* o!r1 & are all 
c>v$ out ( a solid ball ( ivory4 ,! out]
 surfaces ( ea* ball are also c>v$ )    
elaborate ornam5tation4 ,! me?od ( cutt+
 out ^! balls consi/s 9 bor+ a numb] (  
holes at regulat$ di/ances on ! surface 
to a measur$ dep? ( ! ?ickness ( ea*    
out] %ell1 & !n to cut ar\nd !          
circumf]5ce ( ea* hole ) a /eel tool    
made ) a b5t end to suit ! conc5tric    
curve ( ! sph]e1 & turn$ until ea* %ell 
is fre$ f its next small] ball4 ,!      
,*9ese puzzle balls are n v p]fect      
examples ( accurate turn+1 z !          
ornam5tation conceals ! r\gh workman%ip 
9 a great degree1 b /ill !y are m>vels (
 skill & pati5ce4  ,! ,japanese c>v+s 9 
ivory are bett] 9 an arti/ic s5se ?an ! 
,*9ese1 & exhibit ! same surpris+ beauty
 ( f9i% & m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,all k9ds (
 little cases = p5s1 jewels1 p[d]s &    

p]fumes2 little div9ities1 small caskets
 & cab9ets put toge!r ) plaques ( slabs 
( c>v$ ivory1 gilt & col\r$ ) lacqu]s1 &
 also encru/$ ) lapis-lazuli1 "m-(-pe>l1
 & preci\s /ones4 ,!re is also ! mo/    
wond]ful little ivory figure & gr\ps (  
animal c>v+s call$ netsukes4 ,^! 9 _m   
in/ances are works ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,_m 
( !m are meant z embodi$ jokes1 puns1 or
 satires4 ,"s consi/ ( gr\ps ( real or  
%am cripples1 begg>s ) monkeys on _!    
backs1 wre/l]s1 box]s1 all k9ds (       
dome/ic sc5es1 w>riors on foot & on     
horseback2 o!r subjects full ( dignity &
 grace1 & animal gr\ps c>v$ z no o!r p 9
 ! _w c d4 ,^! netsukes are us$ n only z
 ornam5ts t are treasur$ = _! own sakes1
 b also z dress-fa/5]s & z articles (   
p]sonal adornm5t by ! bett] classes 9   
,japan4  ,_m o!r uses = ivory c>v+s are 
f\nd by ! ,japanese1 su* z h&les (      
swords & dagg]s1 & "s ( _! beautiful    
lacqu]$ panels h encru/$ eagles & o!r   
birds beautifully c>v$1 & p]*$ on !     
bran*es ( trees1 ! latt] be+ made f     

"m-(-pe>l1 & sometimes ! fl[]s1 foliage1
 & fruit ( t9t$ ivory m9utely *as$4     
,india is fam$ = its extremely elaborate
 ivory c>v+s4 ,! elaborat$ ri*ness (    
,ori5tal ornam5t is se5 9 ! ivory c>v+s 
( ,india m ?an 9 almo/ any o!r mat]ial  
except ! goldsmi?s' "w2 b ?is may be m  
excus$ 9 su* preci\s mat]ials z ivory1  
gold1 or h&-made laces1 :]e x is q      
legitimate to give to ! ornam5t t       
necess>y "* ( elaborate detail :i*      
always adds to ! preci\sness ( !        
mat]ial4  ,sometimes ! c>v$ ivory       
cab9ets f ,india h ,biblical subjects 9 
! panels1 :i* proves !m to be works made
 to ! ord] ( ! ,european mission>ies1 by
 native arti/s4  ,! ivory jewel casket )
 gold m\nt+s 7,fig4 #abg7 is ?or\ghly   
,h9du 9 design & execution4 ,deifi$     
females ) out/ret*$ arms =m a natural   
palanqu9 = ! seat$ figure ( an ,indian  
div9ity2 o!r figures act z palanqu9     
be>]s1 & ! int]v5+ spaces are ri*ly     
fill$ ) *>act]i/ic foliage & fruit4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,ivory      

,casket ) ,gold ,clasp & ,h+e2 ,indian4 
7,jacquem>t47  ,ivory c>v+ is s         
ext5sively c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ,india t x  
w\ld be difficult to say 9 :at "p ( !   
c\ntry x 0 n done4 ,9 "s di/ricts ivory 
c>v+ 9 c]ta9 articles is done to !      
exclusion ( o!rs4 ,bison horn is c>v$ at
 ,ratnagiri4  ,tortoise%ell is          
pl5tifully us$ = c>v+ 9 ,bombay4 ,!     
,h9doos1 l ! ,*9ese1 c>ve fans 9 a      
wond]fully delicate mann]4 ,ivory       
bracelets1 little elephants ) all _!    
trapp+s1 tig]s1 ox51 gondolas1          
fully-rigg$ %ips1 hunt+ sc5es1 gods &   
goddesses1 c41 are all made 9 ivory     
?r\gh\t ,india4                         
,,*apt] ,,iv4                           
,,metal ,,"w4                   ,,gold1 
,,silv]1 ,,bronze1 ,,pewt]1 ,,& ,,iron4 
,! e>ly ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,phnician1
 & ,primitive ,grecian metal "w has be5 
notic$ "u ! hi/oric sket* ( ! art ( ^!  
nations 9 ! =m] volume4  ,we read 9 !   
,bible ( ! great magnific5ce (          
,solomon's ,temple1 especially 9 !      

extreme ri*ness & weal? ( ! gold1 silv]1
 & braz5 vessels1 ut5sils1 &            
ar*itectural decorations1 9 :i* !       
preci\s metals 7 us$ 9 ! solid or plat$ 
mann] on capitals1 pill>s1 doors1 seats1
 ?rones1 & on ! decorations ( ! ,ark2 b 
no rema9s ( all ?is magnific5ce h       
surviv$ ! wrecks ( "t or ! gre$ &       
spoliation ( ! conqu]ors ( ,j]usalem4   
,! sculptur$ decorations ( ! ,ar* (     
,titus at ,rome af=d u ! only tangible  
te/imony z to ! k9d or %apes ( ! tables1
 vessels1 & sev5-bran*$ c&le/icks :i* 7 
c>ri$ (f by ! ,romans aft] ! sack+ (    
,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #gc4 ,! workman%ip &  
design ( ^! objects 7 probably a mixture
 ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian =ms1 pass+     
?r\gh ! h&s ( ! probable ,phnician      
artific]s4  ,"s ( ! e>lie/ goldsmi?s' "w
 t possesses a real arti/ic value       
consi/s ( p]sonal ornam5ts1 su* z       
wrea?s1 e>r+s1 broo*es1 & diadems (     
,etruscan workman%ip4 ,mu* ( ?is "w 0   
made v ?91 9 plates or scales jo9$      
toge!r1 & 0 g5]ally design$ = fun]al    

uses4 ,articles ( p]sonal adornm5t 7 v  
ri* & beautifully made1 hav+ ! usual "* 
( ,greek design 7,figs4 #abh1 #abi74    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,gold ,broo*
 & ,e>r+s set ) ,g>nets2 ,etruscan4     
7,j47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,head
 ( ,bac*us1 "p ( ,necklace2 ,etruscan   
,jewell]y4 7,j47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#acj4--;,etruscan ,bronze ,vessel4  ,!  
,etruscans 7 greatly skill$ 9 ! mak+ (  
all k9ds ( gold1 silv]1 & bronze        
vessels1 jewell]y1 cups1 goblets1 &     
articles ( dome/ic use 7,fig4 #acj74 ,a 
rem>kable bronze ( a mon/] or *imra 0   
f\nd at ,arezzo1 9 ,italy1 9 #aecd1 :i* 
no d\bt 0 a repres5tation ( an ,etruscan
 deity 7,fig4 #aca74 ,! art ( !         
,etruscans 0 /rongly imbu$ ) a decid$   
,ori5tal "* ( my/]i\sness4  ,we h notic$
 be=e ! gold & o!r metal "w ( primitive 
,greece t 0 f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*liemann at  
,myc5 & on ! site ( anci5t ,troy4 ,mo/ (
 ?is "w 0 9 beat5 & inlaid metals1 b 9  
lat] p]iods ! arts ( sold]+ gra9s &     
plates ( gold1 & f9e wire draw+ =       

delicate filigree "w 7 well kn[n4 ,m9ute
 gra9s ( gold t _h ! appe>ance ( fro/$  
"w 7 9 reality sold]$ to ! plate4       
,/atues 7 made 9 gold1 b m (t5 7 plat$4 
,*ryselephant9e /atues 7 common 9 ! be/ 
days ( ,greek art1 z ^? ( ,a!ne &       
,jupit] by ,phidias1 & ! /atue ( ,bac*us
 9 8 temple at ,a!ns4  ,crsus made (f]+s
 ( gold & silv] vessels to ! %r9e (     
,delphi1 & bo? he & ,d>ius _h images (  
_! wives made 9 gold by ,greek arti/s4  
,v few examples ( ,greek goldsmi?s' art 
h come d[n to u1 = ow+ to ! valuable    
nature ( ! mat]ial1 ne>ly all su* "w has
 be51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 pillag$ & melt$   
d[n by ! b>b>ians or conqu]ors1 & x is  
only 9 a few isolat$ cases su* valuables
 h be5 pres]v$ by be+ buri$ or hidd5    
purposely 9 ! e>?1 & 9 late ye>s h be5  
br\ght to light4 ,we are1 !re=e1 indebt$
 to ! anci5t hi/orians = mo/ ( our k    
conc]n+ ! goldsmi!ry ( ,greece & ,rome4 
,"s v valuable f9ds h be5 br\ght to     
light1 su* z t ( ! ,hilde%eim treasures 
7,fig4 #acb71 & ! articles ( bronze f\nd

 at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii give a good  
idea ( ! ri*ness & beauty ( ! metal "w (
 anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,! w9e crat]   
7,fig4 #acb7 is exceptionally beautiful 
9 its delicate l9es ( arabesque trac]y4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,bronze     
,*imra at ,flor5ce4  ,!re are "s        
valuable examples 9 silv] ( ! p]iod ( ! 
late ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1
 :i* are ! treasures ( ano!r 8f9d40 ,!y 
consi/ ( a bridal casket #bb by #ag     
in*es1 & #aa in*es 9 height2 ano!r r\nd 
bridal casket2 di%es on a l[ /&         
7,scutell72 oblong-%ap$ di%es or trays  
7lances72 horse trapp+s & ornam5ts      
7,phal]72 seat$ figures repres5t+ ,rome1
 ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 & ,antio*2   
v>i\s vases & vessels = hold+ p]fumes & 
ungu5ts4 ,?is treasure 0 discov]$ 9 !   
vaults ( a h\se 9 ,rome 9 #agic1 :]e x 0
 suppos$ to h be5 hidd5 f ! b>b>ians :o 
invad$ & captur$ ,rome 9 ! six? c5tury4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,w9e ,crat] 9
 ,silv]2 f ! ,hilde%eim ,treasures4     
,antique ,roman4  ,! bridal caskets h ! 

portraits ( ! bride & bridegroom 9      
hamm]$ or rep\ss "w1 & my?ological m>9e 
subjects4 ,! /yle & execution is 9 !    
usual co>se mann] t *>act]iz$ ! "w ( !  
p]iod ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art1 ) "s ( !    
antique traditions /ill ass]t+ _!       
influ5ce 9 ! /yle ( ! design4  ,tripods1
 c&elabra1 vases1 b[ls1 caskets1 spoons1
 besides articles ( p]sonal adornm5t    
made 9 ! preci\s metals1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! 
buri$ cities ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 &
 9 o!r places 9 ,italy1 ,france1 &      
,g]many1 ( antique ,roman design4 7,see 
,fig4 #dag 9 ! previ\s volume ( ?is "w47
  ,! names ( a few ,greek & ,roman      
goldsmi?s occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,pausanias1
 ,pl9y1 & ,m>tial1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( :i*  
is nam$ ,m5tor1 :o probably liv$ 9 a    
subsequ5t ne> p]iod to ,phidias4        
,acragras & ,mys 7 ! names ( two o!rs ( 
a little lat] "t4 ,/ratonicus &         
,tauriscus are two o!rs :o liv$ 9 ! ?ird
 c5tury ,b4,c4 ,antipat] is m5tion$ z ! 
"n ( a goldsmi? by ,pl9y4  ,py!as 0 a   
fam\s work] 9 gold & silv]1 :o engrav$  

figure compositions1 & ,posidanius (    
,ephesus excell$ 9 hunt+ & rac+         
subjects4 ,praxiteles 0 a silv]smi? :o  
execut$ animal repres5tations f ! life1 
& 8,alex&] ! copp]smi?0 is m5tion$ 9 ,/4
 ,paul's ,epi/le to ,timo?y4  ,! metal  
"w ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod--f ! f\r? to !   
elev5? c5tury--is *>act]iz$ by a        
subs]vi5ce ( ! design to ! mat]ial      
employ$2 9 o!r words1 :at 0 lack+ 9 good
 draw+ & modell+ 0 replac$ by spl5d\r & 
magnific5ce 9 ! g5]al effect4  ,! use ( 
gold ) enamels 0 a great feature 9      
,byzant9e art & ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4
 ,:5 ! great ,*ur* ( ,santa ,sophia 0   
rebuilt by ,ju/9ian 9 ! six? c5tury1 !  
be/ arti/s 7 employ$ to make ! great    
alt> scre51 & to decorate ! sanctu>y 9  
respl5d5t works 9 gold1 silv]1 &        
enamels4 ,! alt> 0 made 9 m>ble plat$ ) 
gold 9 :i* 0 set preci\s /ones & cru/$  
enamels4 ,x 0 support$ by pill>s ?ickly 
plat$ ) gold4 ,! canopy or ciborium ( ! 
alt> re/$ on f\r silv]-gilt columns1 &  
?is canopy 0 ov]laid ) plates ( silv]1  

on :i* 7 figures wr\ght 9 niello "w4 ,! 
canopy _h an orb surm\nt$ by a cross    
made ( gold & inlaid ) l>ge preci\s     
/ones4 ,! scre5 9 front ( ! alt> _h its 
dado or l[] "p ( gilt bronze1 & ! pill>s
 & ar*itrave silv]-plat$4 ,x _h also    
/atues & panels ( silv]1 ! latt] be+    
engrav$ ) figures ( sa9ts 9 niello "w4  
,! ambo or pulpit _h a canopy ( plat$   
gold set ) preci\s /ones4 ,! sanctu>y ( 
,santa ,sophia conta9$ =ty ?\s& p\nds   
weight ( silv]1 & ! alt> vessels 7 made 
( gold set ) /ones ( ! greate/ value4   
,! above description is giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4
 ,hung]=d ,poll51 9 8 h&book ( 8,gold & 
,silv]10 to :om we are indebt$ = _m ( ! 
illu/rations & "s int]e/+ in=mation on !
 subject ( ! preci\s metals4  ,x w be   
se5 f ?is t ,ju/9ian _h e/abli%$ a great
 s*ool ( goldsmi?s & enamell]s at       
,byzantium1 & :5 ,leo ! ,iconocla/ 9 !  
eigh? c5tury1 & ,!ophilus 9 #hcb1 f9ally
 drove out ! image-mak]s & _m o!r       
goldsmi?s f ,con/ant9ople--*eck+ 9 a    
great degree ! art ( ! metal-work] 9 !  

,ea/]n ,empire--!y 7 receiv$ ) great    
welcome 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france1   
:]e !y foll[$ ! practice ( _! art "u m  
fav\rable auspices4  ,"u ,basil !       
,mac$onian1 :o di$ 9 #hhf1 ! images 7   
re/or$1 & a great enc\ragem5t giv5 to   
all k9ds ( art2 & dur+ ! reign (        
,con/ant9e1 8 gr&son 7#iab-iei71        
,con/ant9ople 0 aga9 a great art c5tre f
 :i* ,italy & ,g]many procur$ _! *ief   
arti/s4 ,! celebrat$ ,pala d',oro1 or   
,alt> ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 & ! bronze  
gates ( ,san ,paolo1 ne> ,rome1 7 made 9
 ,con/ant9ople4  ,! spl5d\r & treasures 
( ! imp]ial city rema9$ intact until its
 capture by ! ,fr5* & ,v5etians 9 #abjd1
 :5 a g5]al sack+ ( ne>ly all ( its     
treasures took place4  ,! ,byzant9e /yle
 ( ! scroll-"w & acan?us 0 ( ! ,greek   
type1 & 0 admirably suit$ to %[ to      
advantage ! ri* quality ( ! preci\s     
metals1 & a modifi$ "* ( ?is leafage    
appe>s 9 ! ,romanesque metal "w4 ,!     
v9e-leaf1 grapes1 & twi/+ t5drils 7 fir/
 us$ 9 a symbolic s5se 9 ! ,byzant9e    

/yle & subsequ5tly 9 ! ,romanesque4 ,!  
acan?us & ! v9e are treat$ v mu* alike 9
 ! conv5tional ornam5t ( ! latt] /yle1  
:i* is really a connect+-l9k betwe5 !   
,e>ly ,go?ic foliage & ! ,byzant9e4 ,?is
 may be se5 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #acc7
 ( a portion ( ! base ( ! great c&le/ick
 at ,milan1 a "w ( ! twelf? c5tury4  ,a 
celebrat$ 8f9d10 kn[n z ! 8treasure (   
,petrossa10 0 br\ght to light 9 #ahcg by
 "s peasants :o 7 digg+ on ! banks (    
,argi% ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,danube4 ,x
 consi/s ( vessels ( pure gold1 vessels 
made ( slices ( g>net & o!r /ones1 a    
torque or coll> ( gold1 a great di%1 &  
"s broo*es ( a l>ge size4 ,!y h all be5 
inlaid ) preci\s /ones1 & h simple b    
well-design$ ornam5ts4 ,! workman%ip is 
,byzant9e1 or x may h be5 done by ,go?ic
 arti/s aft] ,byzant9e models4  ,?is    
treasure is n[ 9 ! museum at ,bu*>e/4 ,!
 influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool ( metal   
work]s spread1 n only ov] ! cont95t (   
,europe1 b z f> z ,engl& & ,irel&2 & _m 
portable alt>s1 %r9es1 & reliqu>ies 7   

made to ord] 9 ,con/ant9ople1 or giv5 z 
pres5ts to =eign *ur*es4  ,dur+ ! sev5?1
 eigh?1 & n9? c5turies x 0 cu/om>y = k+s
 & que5s to pres5t votive cr[ns to _!   
*ur*es3 ^! cr[ns 7 treasur$ ) o!r       
preci\s articles1 & hung up 9 !         
sanctu>ies4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#acc4--;,base ( ,c&le/ick1 ,milan       
,ca!dral4 7,p47  ,!re is /ill pres]v$ 9 
! ,ca!dral at ,monza ! ,iron ,cr[n ( !  
,lomb>d k+s4 ,x 0 giv5 to ! ca!dral by  
,!odol9da ! ,lomb>d ,que5 9 #faf4 ,!    
,iron ,cr[n is s call$ f its hav+ a ?9  
b& ( iron encru/$ 9 ! inside1 said to h 
be5 made f a nail f ! ,cross4 ,x is     
really a b& or coll> ( gold1 /udd$ )    
tall[-cut preci\s /ones4  ,/4 ,eloi1 :o 
rose f ! rank ( goldsmi? to a bi%op     
7#ehh-fei7 made cr[ns & o!r articles =  
*ur* uses = ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is at      
,p>is4  ,! bronze-gilt *air ( ,/4       
,dagob]t 7,fig4 #acd7 is ascrib$ to him4
 ,he f\nd$ ! ,abbey ( ,solignac1 ne>    
,limoges1 :]e he e/abli%$ a s*ool (     
work+ goldsmi?s1 :i* suppli$ _m         

important works = v>i\s *ur*es 9        
,france4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#acd4--;,*air ( ,dagob]t2 ,sev5?        
,c5tury4  ,9 ! ye> #aheh at ,gu>raz>1   
ne> ,tol$o1 9 ,spa91 ano!r valuable     
8f9d0 0 discov]$1 consi/+ ( no less ?an 
elev5 votive cr[ns or diadems1 ) o!r    
valuables1 all buri$ close to ! surface 
( ! gr\nd4 ,! cr[ns are ( pure gold1 &  
are set ) preci\s /ones1 su* z sapphires
 & pe>ls4 ,! re/ ( ! treasure consi/s ( 
?ree crosses1 a l>ge em]ald /one1 &     
sev]al fragm5ts ( gold plates ) *a9s    
atta*$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#ace4--,votive ,cr[n ( ,k+ ,su9?ila2    
,sev5? ,c5tury4  ,! /ones 9 ^! cr[ns1 l 
^? 9 ! ,*>lemagne & ,lomb>d cr[ns1 & o!r
 jewell]y ( ! ,middle ,ages1 7          
8tall[-cut10 t is1 !y 7 poli%$ 9 ! r\nd 
or oval %apes1 )\t facets1 & 7 also kn[n
 "u ! "n ( 8,cabo*ons40 ,on "o ( ! cr[ns
 ( ! above treasure--:i* is n[ 9 !      
,cluny ,museum--is ! "n ( 8,beccesv9?us 
,rex0 7,a4,d4 #fdi-fgb71 & ano!r has !  
lett]s =m+ ! "n ( ,k+ ,su9?ila 7,a4,d4  

#fba-fca7 7,fig4 #ace74 ,o!rs ( a small]
 size 7 probably ^? ( ,spani% que5s4 ,! 
design & "w ( ! articles =m+ ?is        
treasure are 9 a k9d (                  
,romanesque-,go?ic4 ,! cr[n ( ,*>lemagne
 has already be5 describ$ "u ! head (   
enamels 7see ,fig4 #if74 ,! art ( !     
goldsmi? 0 fo/]$ to a great degree "u ! 
rule ( ,*>lemagne4 ,?is mon>*'s great   
fri5d & advis]1 ! prelate ,alcu9        
7#gce-hjd71 0 ! *ief _s ( 8 times 9     
f\nd+ mona/]ies1 :i* 71 ap>t f _!       
religi\s "*1 also great s*ools ( art1   
especially 9 metal work+1 :]e all su*   
articles z 7 requir$ = *ur* uses1 z well
 z %ields1 swords1 & jewell]y = ! k+ &  
nobles1 7 also made4 ,*>lemagne 0 buri$ 
) mo/ ( 8 treasures ab\t him1 b 8       
enamell$ sword & cr[n are ! only objects
 :i* belong$ to him t n[ rema91 bo? (   
:i* are at ,vi5na4 ,gold1 silv]1 &      
bronze 7 work$ 9 by ,franks on !        
,cont95t & by ! ,saxons 9 ,engl& z e>ly 
z ! fif? & six? c5turies1 _m examples ( 
:i*1 consi/+ *iefly ( articles ( p]sonal

 adornm5t1 are n[ 9 our museums4 ,t !   
goldsmi?'s art 0 practis$ 9 ,engl& 9 !  
days ( ,alfr$ 7#hga-ijj7 we h evid5ce 9 
! fam\s r+ belong+ to ?is k+ :i* is     
describ$ on page #aba4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #acf4--,%r9e ( ,/4 ,patrick's     
,bell4 7,s47  ,ano!r gold r+ belong+ to 
,e!lwulf1 ( ! e>ly n9? or eigh? c5tury1 
! enamell$ vase or situla f\nd 9 ,essex1
 ! gold5 alt> ( ,/4 ,ambrose at ,milan1 
& ! beautiful ,iri% *alice f\nd at      
,ardagh h be5 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on     
enamels1 all ( :i* %[ evid5ce ( ! great 
skill ( ! ,european goldsmi?s f ! sev5? 
to ! t5? c5turies4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#acg4--,! ,t>a ,broo*4 7,s47            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,t>a ,broo*  
7rev]se74 7,s47  ,! t5? c5tury 0 a b>r5 
"o = ,art 9 ,europe1 except 9 "s ( !    
mona/]ies ( ,france1 ,italy1 & 9 ,irel&4
 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry a great deal ( good  
"w 0 produc$--9 metals especially--9 !  
n9? & t5? c5turies4 ,! am\nt ( p]sonal  
ornam5ts1 su* z torques or coll>s (     
gold1 bracelets1 broo*es1 belt-clasps1 &

 crozi]s1 %r9es = sacr$ bells1 & cov]s =
 ! ,gospels1 t 7 wr\ght 9 gold1 silv]1  
or alloys mu/ h be5 prodigi\s4 ,!       
a/oni%+ delicacy & intricacy ( ! ,celtic
 ornam5tation be> eloqu5t te/imony to ! 
great skill ( ! e>ly ,iri% arti/s4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,iri%       
8,trumpet ,patt]n40  ,! %r9e ( ,/4      
,patrick's bell1 or ! bell ( ,armagh1 is
 a spl5did specim5 ( ,iri% art 7,fig4   
#acf74 ,x =ms ! cov] ( ! anci5t         
squ>e-m\!d iron bell t =m]ly belong$ to 
! patron sa9t ( ,irel&1 & is plat$ )    
silv]-gilt ornam5tation & gold filigree 
"w 9 bo? high & l[ relief4 ,!           
ornam5tation is compos$ ( twi/$ &       
int]lac+ scrolls & knot-"w1 ) "s        
elongat$ animal =ms 9 ! composition4 ,x 
has cry/als & col\r$ gems set 9 ! angles
 & o!r places4 ,! l>ge c5tral /one is   
set 9 imbricat$ "w4  ,!re are five ( ^! 
bells 9 ,irel& & two 9 ,scotl&1 b none (
 !m are s f9e z ! ,/4 ,patrick bell4    
,ano!r beautiful example ( ,iri% metal  
"w is ! ,t>a broo* 7,figs4 #acg & #ach74

 ,x is made ( :ite metal1 a h>d bronze  
compos$ ( t9 & copp]4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #adj4--;,cumda* or ,case (        
,molaise's ,gospels4 7,s47  ,! gold &   
silv] ornam5tation on ?is broo* & on !  
,ardagh *alice are ( ! same /yle (      
design & workman%ip1 :i* w\ld po9t out t
 ^! two f9e examples ( ,iri% art 7 made 
ab\t ! same date1 p]haps ant]ior to !   
t5? c5tury4 ,! 8trumpet patt]n10 :i* is 
n f\nd on ,iri% "w aft] #ajej1 occurs on
 ! rev]se side ( ! ,t>a broo* 7,fig4    
#ach74 ,! ornam5tation is ( an          
extraord9>y beauty1 bo? 9 v>iety ( /yle 
& patt]n & 9 ! execution4 ,x is rivet$  
or fa/5$ ) p9s & held by means ( sl5d]  
b>s to ! f\ndation4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ada4--,! ,crozi] ( ,clonmacnois4 7,s47
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,iri%     
,crozi] ( ,bronze1 ,ed9burgh ,museum4   
7,s47  ,! ,cumda*s or book-cases us$ z  
cov]s = ! books ( ! ,gospels 7 also     
important works ( ! ,iri% goldsmi?'s    
art4 ,! illu/ration ( ! book-case or    
%r9e = ! cov] ( ,molaise's ,gospels is a

 unique example 7,fig4 #adj74 ,?is      
cumda* is made ( plates ( bronze1 & on  
?is f\ndation is rivet$ plates ( silv] )
 gilt patt]ns4 ,9 ! panels may be se5   
rude & qua9t figures or symbols ( ! f\r 
,evangeli/s1 & 9 ! c5tre is a cross 9 a 
circle4 ,x dates f ! fir/ qu>t] ( !     
elev5? c5tury1 & is "o ( ! olde/ ( ^!   
,iri% book %r9es4 ,crosses & crozi]s 7  
also made ( bronze1 ) gold & silv]      
inlays or relief ornam5tation4  ,!      
,cross ( ,cong1 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 n[ 9 
! museum ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 & ! 
crozi]s ( ,lismore 7end ( elev5? c5tury7
 & t ( ,clonmacnois 7,fig4 #ada7 are !  
mo/ important examples ( ?is k9d ( "w1 !
 latt] be+ a v ri* example4 ,a simpl]   
,iri% crozi] 9 bronze 7,fig4 #adb7 is 9 
! ,ed9burgh ,museum4                    
,,spani% ,,metal ,,"w4  ,dur+ ! ,arab   
rule 9 ,spa9 metal "w 0 an important    
bran* ( ! ,moori% arts4 ,! ,arab rul]s  
_h 9 _! tra9 _m accompli%$ ,ea/]n arti/s
 9 metal "w1 & su* objects z caskets1   
jewell]y1 bracelets1 r+s1 sword & dagg] 

h&les1 & scabb>ds4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#adc4--,sword ( ,boabdil1 ,madrid4 7,r47
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,spani%    
,mon/rance1 #aecg4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!      
,moori% caskets are (t5 made ( wood1    
cov]$ ) silv] or gold plates1 !         
ornam5tation be+ simil> to t ( ! ivory  
c>v+s4 ,! ,arab or ,s>ac5ic metal "w (  
,spa9 is execut$ 9 rep\ss1 or is *isell$
 niello "w1 filigree1 or enamell$1 & !  
ornam5t is usually mix$ ) ! ,arab       
laudatory inscriptions4  ,! treasure    
f\nd at ,gu>raz>1 already notic$1 %[s   
some?+ ( ! e>ly metal "w ( ! ,spani%    
,visigo?s4  ,moori% arms1 su* z sword   
%ea?s & hilts1 are v arti/ic1 z may be  
se5 9 ! illu/ration ( ! sword ( ,boabdil
 7,fig4 #adc71 ! la/ ( ! ,moori% k+s4 ,!
 hilt ( ?is sword is made ( solid gold1 
& is enamell$ 9 blue1 :ite1 & r$4 ,!    
axle is made ( ivory1 & is elaborately  
c>v$4  ,tripty*s1 alt>s1 processional   
crosses1 & o!r *ur* furniture 7 made 9  
,spa9 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ( 
,go?ic design4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     

#ade--,spani% ,*alice4 7,r47  ,9 !      
fifte5? c5tury !re 0 an a/oni%+ quantity
 ( silv]smi?s' "w produc$4 ,?is 0 ow+ to
 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! consequ5t p[] 
& weal? ( ,spa9 at ?is "t4 ,! silv]     
?rone ( ! ,k+ ,don ,m>t9 de ,aragon     
belongs to ?is p]iod1 :i* /ill exi/s 9 !
 ,ca!dral ( ,b>celona4 ,x is cov]$ ) a  
*as$ ornam5tation 9 ! metal "w1 & has   
ri* embroid]$ "w ( gold & preci\s /ones4
 ,_m silv]smi?s came f ,italy1 ,g]many1 
,holl&1 & ,france at ?is p]iod & settl$ 
9 ,spa9 ow+ to ! great dem& = _!        
s]vices4 ,riao gives ! names ( ,enrique 
de ,arphe1 ,jacome ,trezzo1 ,mateo      
,aleman1 ,hans ,belta1 & o!rs :o 7      
employ$ at ?is "t1 besides _m ,spani%   
goldsmi?s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#adf4--,spani% ,pax4 7,r47              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,spani%      
,jewel2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 7,r47  ,a    
special feature ( *ur* furniture ( ?is  
p]iod 9 ,spa9 0 ! ,mon/rance1 or        
,cu/odia1 an object ( ar*itectural      
design made 9 gold1 silv]1 or           

bronze-gilt metals1 :i* has a c5tral    
"p--! lumule or viril--g5]ally made (   
rock-cry/al1 9 :i* ! sacram5t 0 expos$2 
sometimes a sun ) rays is repres5t$ on !
 mon/rance1 & usually x is surm\nt$ by a
 cross 9 gold & set ) jewels 7,fig4     
#add74 ,! designs are 9 ! ,r5aissance & 
sometimes 9 ! ,go?ic /yle1 & !y are (t5 
eight feet 9 height4 ,"s ( !m are c>ri$ 
9 procession on ,corpus ,*ri/i ,days4   
,_m works 9 gold & silv] are 9 ,spa9 t h
 be5 made 9 ,mexico1 b ( ,spani% design1
 9 :i* =ms ( ,am]ican flora & fauna are 
work$ into ! designs4  ,a ,spani% *alice
 ( ,go?ic outl9es ) "s ,r5aissance      
details is %[n at ,fig4 #ade4 ,a        
beautiful pax ( ,r5aissance design 9 !  
,k5s+ton ,museum is %[n at ,fig4 #adf4  
,! p5dant jewel ( ! sev5te5? c5tury %[s 
! beg9n+s ( ! decad5ce 9 design 7,fig4  
#adg71 & ! silv] di% 7,fig4 #adh71 ?\gh 
v ri* 9 effect1 is a pron\nc$ /ep 9 !   
direction ( unre/ra9$ space-cov]+ t     
*>act]izes ! design ( ! late sev5te5?   
c5tury 9 ,spa9 z well z 9 o!r ,european 

c\ntries4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#adh4--,spani% ,silv] ,di%2 ,sev5te5?   
,c5tury4 7,r47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#adi4--,moori% ,lamp1 ,bronze2 ,f\rte5? 
,c5tury4 7,r47  ,bronze-ca/+ 0 practis$ 
9 ,spa9 by ! ,moors z well z ! ,spani%  
!mselves4 ,! ,moori% hang+ lamp 7,fig4  
#adi7 is a beautiful specim5 (          
bronze-work+ 9 pi]c$ op5-"w4 ,x be>s !  
date ( ! ,hegira1 #gje 7,a4,d4 #acje74  
,important works 9 bronze ( !           
,r5aissance p]iod1 su* z c&elabra1      
mon/rances1 c41 are /ill pres]v$ 9 _m ( 
! *ur*es4  ,f ! e>lie/ hi/oric times    
,spa9 has be5 celebrat$ = ! excell5t    
quality ( its iron & /eel arms & arm\r4 
,! ,romans patronis$ ! ,spani% arm\r]s  
ext5sively = _! swords & o!r arms aft] !
 ,c>?ag9ian ,w>4 ,! be/ swords 7 made at
 ,bilbilis or ,calatayud 9 ,aragon1 & 7 
%ort & wide1 ) d\ble edges--ab\t #ae to 
#ai in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a sickle-%ap$ sword 0
 also made #bb in*es 9 l5g?4  ,tol$o    
blades 7 prov]bial = _! excell5t temp]+1
 & 7 fam\s z e>ly z ! days ( ! ,romans4 

,seville 0 also not$ = ! excell5ce ( its
 /eel blades1 & ! ,arabs1 z we h se51 7 
highly skill$ 9 metal work+1 &          
especially 9 ! mak+ ( all k9ds ( arms & 
arm\r1 includ+ its ornam5tation4  ,!    
celebrat$ sword ( ,boabdil _h a ,tol$o  
blade1 & includ+ ! hilt 0 #ci in*es 9   
l5g?4  ,! ,spani% w>riors ( ! elev5?    
c5tury _h dresses1 arms1 & arm\r n      
unlike ! ,normans1 z repres5t$ on !     
,bayeux ,tape/ry1 :i* 7 9 imitation ( or
 borr[$ f ! milit>y habits ( ! ,s>ac5s4 
,! sword manufactory at ,tol$o 0 9 its  
mo/ fl\ri%+ /ate dur+ ! fifte5? &       
sixte5? c5turies2 x 0 re-e/abli%$ 9 !   
la/ c5tury1 & is 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t  
day4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,spani%
 ,rapi]s4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,two rapi]s ( !  
sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies are         
repres5t$ at ,fig4 #aej4  ,muskets1     
crossb[s1 saddles1 coats ( mail1 knives1
 scissors1 & _m o!r objects 9 /eel h be5
 made 9 ,spa9 f ! e>lie/ p]iods1 & _m   
,spani% goods 9 manufactur$ /eel ev5 at 
! pres5t day /ill pres]ve ! ,moori% =ms4

  ,,metal ,,"w ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,g]many1   
,,france1 ,,& ,,engl&4  ,9 ,italy dur+ !
 elev5? c5tury an endeav\r 0 made to    
revive ! art ( ! goldsmi?1 & _m objects 
( ,byzant9e workman%ip 7 br\ght f       
,con/ant9ople1 & also _m articles = *ur*
 uses 7 made )9 ! walls ( ! great       
,b5$ict9e mona/]ies ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,an 
important ,romanesque example ( metal "w
 ( ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4         
7#ajjc-bd7 is n[ 9 ! ,cluny ,museum4 ,x 
is a gold5 alt> front 7,fig4 #aea7 t 0  
giv5 by ?is ,emp]or to ! ca!dral (      
,bsle1 & is ne>ly #f feet 9 wid?4       
,figures ( ! ,savi\r1 ?ree ar*angels1 & 
a figure ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 are 9 relief (  
beat5 gold & /& ea* "u ,romanesque      
ar*es4  ,9 ,engl& we read ( reliqu>ies  
be+ made 9 ! elev5? c5tury hav+ images (
 gold1 ! "w ( ,ri*>d1 an abbot ( ,/4    
,albans4 ,bri?nodus1 an abbot ( ,ely1   
,leo1 & ,els9us are names ( o!rs :o made
 reliqu>ies & objects 9 metal4          
,hilde%eim 9 ,hanov] 0 a c5tre ( great  
activity 9 metal "w 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 &

 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,hilde%eim !re are      
c&le/icks1 crucifixes1 & *alices ( ?is  
p]iod4  ,at ?is "t 9 ,g]many 7 made     
great coronas or cr[ns ( light t        
sometimes spann$ ! nave ( ! *ur*es1 l t 
made by ,bi%op ,b]naw>d 7#iib-ajbb71 & 8
 successor ,hezilo = ! ,ca!dral (       
,hilde%eim1 a ca/ ( :i* is n[ 9 !       
,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,! twelf? c5tury 0 v 
f]tile 9 important works 9 gold1 silv]1 
bronze1 & copp]4 ,metal "w 0 c>ri$ to a 
high degree ( elaborate f9i% & intricacy
 ( design4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#aea4--;,gold5 ,alt> ,front2 f ,bsle4   
,cluny ,museum4 ,elev5? ,c5tury4  ,"s   
wond]ful a*ievem5ts 9 ca/+1 plat+1 &    
gild+ ( metals h be5 p]=m$ dur+ ?is     
prolific p]iod4 ,! celebrat$ ,gl\ce/]   
c&le/ick1 n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 is a 
good example ( ! elaborate /yle ( !     
twelf?-c5tury metal "w 7,fig4 #aeb74    
,?is is "o ( ! mo/ elaborate & intricate
 examples ( ornam5tation t c\ld well be 
se5 9 ! metal "w ( any p]iod4 ,no?+ c\ld
 exce$ ! fanciful +5uity ( its design3 x

 w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 bett] if "s p>ts ( 
! design _h be5 left pla9]1 z a foil = !
 o!rs4 ,! mat]ial ( its composition is a
 k9d ( :ite bronze1 ) a good proportion 
( silv] 9 ! alloy4  ,illu/ration3       
,fig4 #aeb4--;,gl\ce/] ,c&le/ick2       
,twelf? ,c5tury4   ,! *ur*es ( ?is      
c5tury 71 z a rule1 furni%$ ) l>ge /&+  
c&le/icks or coronas = hold+ lights1 _m 
( :i* 7 ( good design1 7 made ( silv]1 &
 sometimes enamell$4 ,! l>ge sev5-bran*$
 c&le/ick ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,milan--be=e   
m5tion$--is an important "w ( ?is p]iod1
 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4  
,! mat]ial is gilt bronze1 & ! c&le/ick 
is ov] #ad feet 9 height2 ! design is   
extremely ri* 7,fig4 #aec71 ! base be+  
compos$ ( f\r w+$ dragons ) volut$      
tails2 ! spaces betwe5 ! dragons are    
fill$ ) elaborate scroll-"w1 & symbolic 
subjects fill ! volutes 7,fig4 #aed74 ,!
 l[] boss is ri*ly ornam5t$1 b ! o!r    
five are pla94 ,?ree pairs ( graceful   
bran*es spr+ f ! c5tral /em to hold !   
lights4  ,! :ole design is a rem9isc5ce 

( ! ,jewi% sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick4 ,"o    
small] 9 size is 9 ! ,brunswick         
,ca!dral1 & ano!r "o is at ,ess54       
,c5s]s1 reliqu>ies1 & %r9es 7 made at   
?is p]iod 9 ! %ape ( little *ur*es      
7,fig4 #aee74 ,! reliqu>ies conta9$ !   
bones ( sa9ts or o!r preci\s relics4    
,sometimes !y 7 made 9 ! =m ( a human   
head1 ) a b& or ribbon ar\nd x set )    
gems4 ,?is k9d ( reliqu>y 0 call$ a     
8*ef02 "o ( ?is description is 9 !      
,ca!dral at ,bsle4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#aec--,sev5-,bran*$ ,c&le/ick 9 ,milan  
,ca!dral4  ,! bronze c5s] 7,fig4 #aef7 (
 ! twelf? c5tury is a good specim5 ( !  
ar*itectural design 9 ! ,romanesque     
metal "w ( ?is "t4 ,! reliqu>ies are    
usually ( copp]-gilt & enamell$1 or are 
occasionally 9 gold4 ,^! objects h be5  
notic$ 9 ! *apt] on enamels4 ,! l>g]    
c(f]-%ap$ ones ) slop+ ro(s are call$   
*sses1 "s ( :i* are six & sev5 feet 9   
l5g?4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( copp]-gilt &      
enamell$1 & are ,g]man "w1 made = ! mo/ 
"p at ,cologne & 9 ! ,rh5i% ,prov9ces1 &

 7 g5]ally ( ,romanesque or ,go?ic      
design ev5 up to ! sixte5? c5tury4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,l[] ,boss ( 
! ,milan ,c&le/ick2 ,twelf? ,c5tury4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,%r9e or     
,reliqu>y1 ,copp] ,gilt2 ,twelf?        
,c5tury4  ,! %r9e ( ,/4 ,sebaldus by    
,pet] ,vis*] already m5tion$ is a curi\s
 mixture ( ,go?ic & ,italian =ms4 ,!    
celebrat$ %r9e or silv] reliqu>y ( !    
,*ur* ( ,orvieto is made to repres5t !  
*ur* itself2 x is said to weigh #fjj    
p\nds1 & is enri*$ ) panels ( transluc5t
 enamel & small /atuettes4 ,x is ! f9e/ 
"w ( ! ,italian goldsmi?'s art ( !      
f\rte5? c5tury1 & 0 made by ,ugol9o     
7#acch71 an arti/ ( ,si5a4 ,heads ( !   
crozi]s & bi%ops' pa/oral /affs 7 (t5   
design$ 9 elaborate ar*itectural        
compositions1 & g5]ally speak+ ,go?ic   
ornam5tation is en?rall$ by ar*itectural
 =ms ev5 to ! smalle/ details :5 ! plan 
( ! object to be decorat$ is            
ar*itectural1 :i* happ5s 9 mo/ cases2   
:51 h[ev]1 ! plan is n s1 ! fre$om &    

fancy ( ! design] revell$ 9 ! beauty ( !
 curv+1 twi/+1 foliage1 & grotesque "w1 
z may be se5 9 ! metal "w ( ! elev5? &  
twelf? c5turies4 ,! ,gl\ce/] & ,milan   
c&le/icks w af=d examples ( ?is4  ,9 !  
twelf? c5tury ,limoges 0 v active 9 !   
mak+ ( articles = secul> purposes z well
 z = religi\s uses4 ,common jewell]y (  
enamell$ bronze 0 export$ to all p>ts1  
su* z broo*es or morses1 buckles1 arm\r 
decoration1 & monum5tal plates )        
effigies1 "o ( ! latt] be+ t ( ,aylm] de
 ,val5ce 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 made at     
,limoges & br\ght to ,engl&4  ,! mona/ic
 e/abli%m5ts 7 ! s*ools & work%ops ( all
 ! art produc$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & n   
only spl5did examples ( metal "w1 b     
manuscript illum9ations1 wood & /one    
c>v+1 & _m o!r k9ds ( works 7 produc$ )9
 _! walls4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5?   
c5tury ! arts 7 pass+ into ! h&s ( !    
laym51 & arti/s 7 at ! same "t beg9n+ to
 receive great] enc\ragem5t f !         
patronage ( weal?y p]sons4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,c5s]2      

,twelf? ,c5tury4  ,almo/ e k9d ( article
 0 n[ made 9 gold1 silv]1 & bronze1 su* 
z cups1 jugs1 b[ls1 /&+ cups1 maz] &    
wassail b[ls1 articles = ! table1 su* z 
salt-cell>s1 ew]s1 bas9s1 & nefs1 etc4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,maz] ,b[l2  
#adej2 ,ironmong]s' ,hall4  ,! ,nef 0 a 
k9d ( table ornam5t or sweetmeat di% 9 !
 =m ( a fully-rigg$ %ip1 & 0 sometimes  
m\nt$ on :eels3 ! mod]n p]gne           
corresponds to ! nef4 ,a maz] b[l 0 s   
call$ because x 0 made usually ( maple  
wood--mas]e be+ ! old ^w = maple4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,h\r-glass  
,salt1 giv5 #adic1 at ,new ,college1    
,ox=d4  ,^! b[ls h usually a silv] or   
gold rim1 & 7 (t5 l9$ ) silv]1 b ! "n is
 wrongly appli$ to b[ls made entirely ( 
metal1 z x sometimes is4 ,fig4 #aeg is  
an illu/ration ( a maz] b[l ( ! fifte5? 
c5tury belong+ to ! ,ironmong]s'        
,company ( ,london4 ,salt-cell>s 7 also 
important table decorations4 ,! salt 0  
put on ! table 9 su* a position z to m>k
 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! gue/s ( diff]5t  

rank4 ,!re is a salt 9 ! =m ( a giant1 a
 "w ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 at ,all ,s\ls'  
,college1 ,ox=d1 & "s o!r salts ( ?is   
p]iod & e>li] 7 (t5 made 9 =m (         
h\r-glasses 7,fig4 #aeh74  ,v few       
specim5s ( h\sehold plate h come d[n to 
u f ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5turies1      
al?\gh we h _m records ( ! great        
quantities ( jewels & plate t belong$ to
 ! k+s & feudal lords4  ,spoons & knives
 7 made & us$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( ! _w's
 hi/ory1 b =ks d n seem to h come into  
g5]al use until "s "t 9 ! f\rte5?       
c5tury4 ,sacram5tal cups & *alices1 &   
all k9ds ( dr9k+ cups1 7 made at ?is "t4
 ,! beautiful cup ( ,go?ic design )     
transluc5t enamels1 n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton     
,museum1 is probably a "w ( ! f\rte5?   
c5tury1 & ( ,burgundian orig94 7,see    
,fig4 #ajc47  ,?ree sacram5tal *alices  
are illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #aei1 & belong+  
to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & two at ,figs4    
#afj & #afa1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 all (  
:i* are ,go?ic 9 design2 two also are   
giv5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7,figs4 #afb &  

#afc71 ! latt] be+ ( ,spani% orig9      
design$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* is
 int]e/+ z %[+ ! developm5t ( ! /&+ cup 
f ! *alice1 ?is example be+ 9 !         
transitional /age4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#aei4--;,go?ic ,*alices2 ,f\rte5?       
,c5tury4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,go?ic & 
,r5aissance cups is v m>k$1 ! foot ( !  
=m] be+ ei!r trefoil1 or m (t5 hexagonal
 9 plan 7,fig4 #afd71 ) ! di/9ctive     
c5tral knot or boss on ! pla9 upright   
/em = grasp+ purposes1 :ile !           
,r5aissance cups are usually r\nd 9 !   
plan ( ! foot1 or sometimes octagonal1 &
 h a horizontal "* :i* is obta9$ by !   
use ( m\ld+s cutt+ ! cup into p>ts4     
7,see ,spani% *alice1 ,fig4 #afc47      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,*alice2    
,fifte5? ,c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#afa4--;,*alice2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4  ,?is
 upright "* ( ! ,go?ic cup is well      
emphasiz$ 9 ! beautiful enamell$ cup    
belong+ to ! corporation ( ,k+'s ,lynn  
7,fig4 #aff71 & ! horizontal features 9 
! foot1 /em1 & b[l may be se5 9 ! /&+   

cup ( ,r5aissance design 9 ! ,corpus    
,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge 7,fig4      
#afe74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#afb4--;,g]man ,*alice1 ) ,pat52 #aebj4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,spani%      
,*alice2 #aedi4  ,! base ( ! ,go?ic cup 
splays outw>ds f ! knot d[nw>ds1 :ile ! 
,r5aissance base m\ld+s may be enclos$  
by a l9e ( ! opposite curvature1 =m+ a  
dome ( a semicircul> section2 & la/ly ! 
calyx ( ! b[l ( ! latt] cups is always a
 ri*ly ornam5t$ feature1 9 opposition to
 ! pla9 or almo/ pla9 b[l & calyx ( !   
,go?ic v>ieties4 ,_m ,go?ic cups &      
hanaps %[ decid$ ar*itectural           
con/ructions1 z may be notic$ 9 "s ( !  
illu/rations1 & "s h q a l&scape        
treatm5t1 z 9 ! curi\s gilt metal hanap 
7,fig4 #afg71 :i* is probably (         
,nuremb]g manufacture4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #afd4--;,engli% ,*alice1 ,corpus  
,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d2 #aejg4 7,c47    
,clocks 7 also objects :i* receiv$ a    
pron\nc$ ar*itectural treatm5t4 ,a      
fav\rite design 0 a *ur* t[]1 or a      

=tifi$ t[]1 embattl$1 & hav+ a spread+  
base1 9 :i* 7 op5 ar*ways4              
,illu/ration3    ,fig4 #afe4--,/&+ ,cup1
 ,corpus   ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge2 
#aeii4 7,c47   ,illu/ration3    ,fig4   
#aff4--;,enamell$ ,cup at ,k+'s   ,lynn2
 #acej4 7,c47   ,! goldsmi?s ( ,italy 9 
! sixte5? c5tury 7 pa9t]s & ar*itects z 
well1 & a decid$ ar*itectural           
con/ruction is cle>ly se5 9 mo/ ( ! gold
 & silv]-smi!ry ( ?is p]iod4 ,!         
mon/rance 7,fig4 #afh7 is a good        
illu/ration ( ?is1 & ano!r is ! pax     
7,fig4 #afi74 ,! *ur* alt> furniture &  
silv] plate ( ! p]iod also p>took ( !   
prevail+ ar*itectural features4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,hanap2     
,g]man4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,b5v5uto ,cell9i   
7#aejj-ga7 is ! greate/ "n among ! _m   
great ones ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! art ( 
! goldsmi?4 ,"s ( 8 "w has already be5  
notic$ 9 ! *apt] on enamels4 ,cell9i    
repres5ts ! art ( ! ,italian goldsmi? & 
enamell] at its be/ p]iod4 ,he 0 fam\s =
 8 designs 9 jewell]y1 9 :i* he set     

preci\s /ones 9 c>t\*e "w comb9$ )      
griff9s1 masks1 & well-modell$ little   
figures 7,fig4 #agj74 ,_m cups made 9   
lapis-lazuli1 s>donyx1 & rock-cry/al are
 attribut$ to him4 ,he 0 also a         
successful work] 9 bronze1 ! be/ ( 8    
works 9 ?is metal be+ ! /atue gr\p (    
,p]seus & ,m$usa1 & ! colossal          
bas-relief ( ! ,nymph ( ,fonta9ebleau1  
copies ( :i* may be se5 9 ,k5s+ton      
,museum4 ,a graphic & v int]e/+ acc\nt (
 ! ca/+ ( ! ,p]seus gr\p is giv5 9 8    
autobiography4 ,a f9e %ield 9 damasc5e  
"w by ,cell9i is 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,8   
small] works 9 gold & jewell]y probably 
exi/ 9 great] numb]s ?an c be v]ifi$ ow+
 to ! abs5ce ( 8 signature or o!r       
id5tify+ m>ks4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1
 :5 besieg$ ) ! ,pope1 ,clem5t ,,vii41 9
 ! ,ca/le ( ,angelo1 by ! ,spani%1 he   
unset ! preci\s /ones & jewell]y1 &     
melt$ d[n at ! comm& ( ! ,pope ab\t two 
hundr$weight ( gold & silv] cr[ns1      
ti>as1 cups1 & reliqu>ies ( anci5t      
workman%ip 9 ord] to conv]t !m into     

money & m$als z requir$ by ! ,pope4 ,?is
 gives u a good idea ( h[ ! f9e         
treasures ( ! ,middle ,ages mu/ h be5   
de/roy$ "u simil> circum/ances1 &       
excites our wond] h[ any valuable piece 
( goldsmi?'s "w has escap$ ! melt+-pot1 
:i* 0 g5]ally ! sequel to ! pillag+ (   
conqu]+ troops or ! exig5cies ( w>4     
,cell9i's visit to ,france & 8 "w 9 t   
c\ntry gave a great impulse to ! /yle ( 
! ,r5aissance1 & 8 c\ntryman1           
,primaticcio ! sculptor1 spread ! /yle  
/ill fur!r 9 ,france4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #afh4--,mon/rance2 ,italian2      
,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,"s names
 ( ,italian goldsmi?s ab\t or imm$iately
 aft] ,cell9i's "t are--,luca ,agnolo1  
,val]io ,vic5t9o1 ,pilote1 ,pi]o di     
,m9o1 ,v9c5zo ,dati1 ,girolamo del      
,prato4 ,! latt] 0 a native ( ,lomb>dy4 
,b5$ict ,ramel1 ,franois ,desj>d9s1     
,delahaie1 & ,franois ,briot are names (
 ,fr5* goldsmi?s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,_m
 models ( vases1 ew]s1 plates1 cups1 &  
tank>ds 7 made by ,briot 9 pewt] t are  

/ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,^! pewt] models 7      
usually made by goldsmi?s1 no d\bt1 z   
models = _! gold & silv] "w1 or 9 "s    
cases 7 ca/s tak5 f ! f9i%$ works1 &    
kept z mem5tos or z replicas 9 design ( 
_! m co/ly works1 & 7 also sold to ^? ^:
 means w\ld n p]mit !m to indulge 9 ! m 
co/ly gold & silv] plate4 ,briot's pewt]
 models are among ! be/ examples (      
design & workman%ip 9 metal ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury4  ,9 ,g]many ! art ( ! metal     
work] fl\ri%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 its  
greate/ p]fection at ,nuremb]g &        
,augsburg4  ,! ,g]man goldsmi?s' "w1    
especially at ! end ( ! c5tury1 0 almo/ 
id5tical ) t ( ! ,italian s*ool4 ,!     
simil>ity is se5 9 ! details ( !        
ornam5tation1 ! masks & figures2 !      
diff]5ce may be not$ 9 ! extraord9>y    
developm5t ( ! c>t\*e & /rap-"w ( !     
,g]man "w1 m especially 9 t ( !         
,ne!rl&s4  ,_m ,g]man arti/s ( ?is "t1  
:o 7 *iefly engrav]s1 design$ = !       
goldsmi?s & produc$ engrav+s f :i*      
goldsmi?s' "w & enamel pa9t+s on metal 7

 execut$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#afi4--,pax2 ,italian2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4
 7,s4,k4,m47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#agj4--,p5dant1 attribut$ to ,cell9i1 9 
! ,libr>y at ,p>is4  ,virgil ,solis1 (  
,nuremb]g1 ,!odor de ,bry1 ( ,lige1 !   
,colla]ts--fa!r & son--( ,antw]p1 are "s
 ( ! pr9cipal engrav]s :o design$ v     
l>gely = jewell]y & o!r goldsmi?s' "w4  
,^! ,g]man engrav]s & design]s ( ornam5t
 w5t "u ! designation ( ! 8,little      
,ma/]s10 b 9 po9t ( fact "s ( _! "w w\ld
 comp>e fav\rably ) ! compositions ( _m 
( ! s-call$ 8,great ,ma/]s40 ,g5]ally   
speak+1 !y 7 pupils or foll[]s ( ,alb]t 
,dr]4  ,z a design] & engrav] ( figure  
"w1 ,hans ,sebald ,beham mu/ be plac$   
fir/ 9 ! rank ( ! 8,little ,ma/]s10 & = 
ornam5t purely ! "n ( ,he9ri* ,aldegrev]
 mu/ head ! li/4  ,alb]t ,dr]1 ^: great 
"n ov]%ad[s all ,g]man art1 ?\gh he tri$
 8 gift$ h& at ornam5t1 z 9 ! c> ( !    
8,triumph0 & 9 ! 8,book ( ! ,h\rs10     
design$ = ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 0 n    
altoge!r successful 9 ! matt] ( ornam5t1

 = 8 "w 9 ?is l9e is mu* too loose &    
florid1 ) mu* unre/ra9$ & naturali/ic   
fl\ri%+4  ,hans ,burgkmair1 ( ,nuremb]g1
 8 contempor>y1 0 bett] at ornam5t ?an  
,dr]1 & 0 ! *ief arti/ ( t great "w1 !  
8,triumph ( ,maximilian10 9 :i* he /rove
 to unite ! ,go?ic & ! /yle ( !         
,r5aissance4 ,8 "w g5]ally takes ! =m ( 
elaborate h]aldry4  ,hans ,holbe91 z    
well z be+ a great pa9t]1 0 also a fam\s
 design] = goldsmi?s' "w1 & 0 a ma/] 9  
ornam5t1 especially 9 ! application ( ! 
figure to ornam5tal purposes4 ,he 0 9 "s
 measure a pupil ( ,hans ,burgkmair1 & 0
 ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance4 
,holbe9 ! eld]--8 fa!r--0 a well-kn[n   
arti/1 :o work$ 9 ! old ,g]man ,go?ic   
/yle4  ,! y\ng] ,holbe9 began 8 arti/ic 
c>e] z a goldsmi?1 & 8 designs ( sword &
 dagg] h&les1 9 :i* ! figure =ms s      
admirably foll[ ! l9es ( ! composition 9
 a rem>kable degree ( ornam5tal fitness1
 reveal 8 f9e s5se & feel+ = ornam5t4   
,9 ,italy ! sculptor1 ,luca ,signorelli1
 employ$ ! figure & animal =ms ) an     

equal degree ( skill1 & ) ! same feel+ =
 ornam5t4 ,bo? arti/s ?or\ghly und]/ood 
! correct laws ( ornam5tal composition1 
:i* 0 n by any means a univ]sal gift ) !
 arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod4  ,holbe9 
design$ _m cups1 "o ( :i* 0 a ri*       
example ( a /&+ cup & cov] :i* 0 design$
 = ,jane ,seym\r1 "o ( ! wives ( ,h5ry  
,,viii4 ( ,engl&4 ,! draw+ = ?is cup is 
pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,dur+ !   
sixte5? c5tury ! art ( metal work+ 9    
,g]many1 especially at ,nuremb]g1       
,swabian ,augsburg1 & ,lbeck1 rea*$ a   
high /ate ( p]fection "u ! great        
patronage ( weal?y families1 su* z !    
,fugg] family1 ( ,augsburg1 & o!rs4     
,holbe91 & o!r ,g]man1 ,dut*1 & ,flemi% 
arti/s1 work$ 9 ,engl&1 & besides mu*   
,g]man & ,flemi% ,r5aissance "w f\nd its
 way into ,engl&1 & influ5c$ 9 a great  
degree ! /yle ( ! metal "w ( ?is c\ntry4
  ,9 addition to ! gold & silv] plate ( 
! k+s' palaces & ( private families1    
corporations & colleges accumulat$ great
 quantities ( plate1 & be=e banks 7     

prop]ly e/abli%$1 gold & silv] plate &  
jewell]y 7 ! *ief /ore ( weal? t c\ld1  
:5 necess>y1 be easily conv]t$ into     
money4  ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii4 _h a s]vice (  
plate valu$ at tw5ty ?\s& p\nds4 ,?is   
mon>* employ$ ! ,italian sculptor &     
goldsmi?1 ,torrigiano1 & o!r =eign      
arti/s4  ,h5ry ,,viii4 also employ$ _m  
,italian & ,g]man arti/s & goldsmi?s1 & 
x is believ$ t ,cell9i execut$ "s ( 8   
f9e/ jewell]y = ?is k+4  ,n only ,h5ry  
,,viii41 b 8 great lords & m9i/]s1 _h   
ext5sive collections ( plate4 ,c>d9al   
,wolsey _h a l>ge safe or cupbo>d1 b>r$ 
all r\nd = protection1 9 :i* 0 display$ 
a goodly %[ ( gold cups & o!r sumptu\s  
vessels = use at 8 table4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #aga4--;,apo/le ,spoons2 #aeff2  
at ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,cambridge4 
7,c47  8,apo/le spoons0 7 made at ?is & 
subsequ5t p]iods1 & 7 s call$ f _! hav+ 
little figures ( ! ,apo/les modell$ on !
 tops ( ! h&les 7,fig4 #aga74           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb--,silv]-gilt   
,g]man ,cup2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4  ,!      

silv]1 gold1 & bronze "w 9 ,que5        
,elizabe?'s "t 9 ,engl& 0 made 9 ! /yle 
( ! ,r5aissance1 l t ( ,g]many4 ,italian
 & ,g]man "w at ?is "t 0 almo/ id5tical 
7,figs4 #agb & #agc72 & ev5 :5 ! ,rococo
 decad5ce 0 preval5t 9 ar*itecture1 bo? 
on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,engl&1 goldsmi?s' "w 
0 ! la/ indu/ry t fell "u its influ5ce1 
especially :5 we comp>e x ) !           
contempor>y pott]y1 furniture1 & o!r    
decorative art4 ,( c\rse1 at ! latt] end
 ( ! sev5te5? & dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 
! design 9 metal "w 9 ,france1 & also 9 
,engl&1 0 sacrific$ to display &        
o/5tation2 b at ! same "t a comp>ative  
purity ( /yle is se5 9 mu* ( ! plate    
made 9 ! reigns ( ,william & ,m>y1      
,james ,,ii41 & ,que5 ,anne1 ( ,engli%  
manufacture4 ,! silv] & gold plate ( !  
8,que5 ,anne0 p]iod 7#agjb-ad7 is highly
 priz$ = its beauty ( design & massive  
"*1 "s examples ( :i* w be notic$       
pres5tly4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#agc4--;,bronze ,c&le/ick2 ,italian2    
,sixte5? ,c5tury4  ,9 ! metal "w1       

especially 9 gold & silv] ( ! sev5te5?  
c5tury1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury a     
c]ta9 heav9ess ( design gradually crept 
92 al?\gh a good deal ( f9e "w 0 /ill   
produc$ by ! arti/s :o belong$ to ! old]
 s*ools1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! be/ "w 
belong$ to ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury4  ,a   
f9e fre$om ( l9e & h&l+ is se5 9 !      
,flemi% salv] 7,fig4 #agd7 ( ,r5aissance
 design4 ,! ,fr5* example ( a silv]-gilt
 cup & cov] is unusually simple = ,fr5* 
"w ( ?is c5tury 7,fig4 #age71 & an      
,engli% silv] casket ( ! same date      
7,fig4 #agf7 %[s a simil>ity ( /yle3 !  
s]p5t h&les & cov]s are almo/ id5tical4 
,ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury      
silv]smi?s' "w 9 ,g]many began to assume
 a bulb\s or lob$ "*1 & gradually became
 m florid 9 design 7,fig4 #agg74 ,?is   
bulb\s or gadroon$ "w 0 c>ri$ out to a  
great] degree 9 ,engli% "w ( ?is p]iod1 
( :i* ! gold cup rat ,exet] ,college    
7,fig4 #agh7 is a good example4 ,!      
decoration ( metal "w 9 ,engl& at ?is "t
 consi/$ ( fl[]s & foliage *as$ on !    

rep\ss surfaces1 & (t5 l>ge ri*         
acan?us-leaves 7 us$1 especially on !   
vases & silv] furniture ( ,*>les ,,ii4's
 "t4 ,! lob$ panel "w ( ,g]many 0       
develop$ 9 ,engl& into loz5ge & p9e-%ap$
 rais$ surfaces1 & ! details ( ! ,fr5*  
,l\is ,quatorze 7 add$ z decoration4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--;,flemi%     
,salv]2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47  
,tank>ds 7 made 9 silv]1 or sometimes 9 
pott]y ri*ly m\nt$ 9 silv] or pewt]4 ,! 
tank>d has a wide base1 ! body n>r[+    
t[>ds ! m\?1 & has usually a cov] 7,fig4
 #agi71 :ile ! beak] or dr9k+ cup is !  
rev]se 9 %ape--n>r[ 9 ! base1 & wid5+   
t[>ds ! m\?1 & is )\t a h&le or cov]4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,cup )      
,cov]1 ,silv]-gilt2 ,fr5*2 ,sev5te5?    
,c5tury4 7,j47  ,! ,engli% silv] tank>ds
 7 /raight-sid$1 ) naturali/ic          
decoration4 ,mod]n tank>ds = be]-dr9k+  
uses are made 9 pewt] or ,britannia     
metal4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#agf4--,silv] ,casket2 ,sev5te5?        
,c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           

#agg4--,nuremb]g ,tank>d4  ,9 ! ,rh9e   
,prov9ces1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,switz]l&     
/onew>e tank>ds ) metal cov]s & m\nt+s  
are /ill 9 use4 ,tank>ds 9 ! sev5te5?   
c5tury 7 made ) pegs ins]t$ 9 ! sides at
 regulat$ di/ances1 s t ea* dr9k] might 
quaff 8 measur$ portion :5 ! vessel 0   
h&$ r\nd4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#agh4--;,cup ( ,gold1 circa #affj-gj1 at
 ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 7,c47  ,9 !    
reign ( ,james ,i4 _m sumptu\s objects 9
 s]vices & toilet furniture 7 made 9    
gold & silv]4 ,! b>onial halls 9 ,engl& 
7 extremely ri* 9 l>ge pieces ( plate3  
huge salv]s1 vases1 bas9s1 jugs1 cups1  
toilet s]vices1 & ev5 tables1 *airs1    
mirror-frames1 & fire-dogs 7 made 9     
silv]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#agi4--;,engli% ,tank>d2 ,sev5te5?      
,c5tury4  ,9 ,france1 dur+ ! reign (    
,l\is ,,xiv41 simil> gold & silv]       
vessels & sumptu\s furniture 7 made 9 ! 
ri* & massive /yle ( ! p]iod4 ,bal9 &   
,delaunay are m5tion$ among o!rs :o 7   
skilful goldsmi?s to t mon>*1 & :o work$

 "u ! directions ( ! *ief pa9t] &       
tape/ry design]1 ,lebrun4  ,engl& n only
 made a good deal ( ?is silv] furniture1
 b also import$ x l>gely f ,france2 mo/ 
( x1 h[ev]1 0 melt$ d[n to pay = ! w>s (
 ,*>les ,i4  ,a few rema9+ examples are 
/ill at ,knole ,p>k1 9 ,k5t1 consi/+ (  
silv] tables1 mirror-frames1 fire-dogs1 
c4 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,simil> objects ( ?is  
p]iod are n[ at ,w9dsor ,ca/le 7,fig4   
#aha71 ( :i* copies 9 electrotype are 9 
! ,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,"s ( ! gold plate 
pres]v$ 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london ) ! regalia  
is ( ?is p]iod4  ,aft] ! date ( #affj   
gold & silv]-smi!ry becomes flut$ & less
 florid 9 decoration1 b "s ( x /ill     
keeps ! gadroon$ & bulb\s "*4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,silv]       
,fire-,dog at ,knole ,p>k4  ,t[>ds ! end
 ( ! c5tury1 9 ! "t ( ,william ,,iii41 !
 flut+s 7 less 9 numb]1 & consequ5tly   
became l>g] 9 scale1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( !  
eighte5? c5tury ! metal "w 9 ,engl&     
became pla9]1 dep5d+ m on ! l9es ( its  
cont\r = effect ?an on its decoration   

7,fig4 #ahb74 ,m\ld+s 7 pla9]1 & broad  
spaces ( convex & concave %apes produc+ 
a massive &1 9 _m cases1 an elegant     
appe>ance 7,figs4 #ahb1 #ahc71 :i* gave 
to ! ,que5 ,anne plate a m>k ( great    
di/9ction4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#aha4--,silv] ,table at ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 
,ab\t #agej ! =ms 9 silv] "w p>took1 9  
_m in/ances1 ( ! prevail+ fa%ion 9 !    
*9aw>e ( t date1 ?\gh )\t ! extravagance
 9 ! decoration4 ,f #aggj1 & = ab\t t5  
ye>s lat]1 ! designs became m att5uat$1 
& 7 peculi> 9 hav+ ! divid+ l9es ( !    
design compos$ ( fillets ( beads 7,figs4
 #ahe & #ahg74 ,! bead$ /yle (          
silv]smi?s' "w & 9 all metal "w1 pott]y1
 & furniture ( ?is p]iod 0 due to !     
developm5t ( classic design t took place
 9 ,france & 9 ,engl& consequ5t on !    
discov]y ( ! buri$ city ( ,pompeii 9    
#aggj4  ,! bro!rs ,adam 9 ,engl& design$
 a good deal ( silv]smi?s' "w1 ( :i* !  
?ree illu/rations giv5 are examples ( _!
 /yle4 ,light wrea?s1 m$allions1 fillets
 ( beads1 fe/oons1 masks1 feet & legs ( 

animals compos$ ! decoration ( ! ,adams'
 /yle4  ,! bro!rs ,john & ,rob]t ,adam  
_h travell$ 9 ,italy1 & _h br\ght ) !m  
pron\nc$ classic ideas :i* n only       
influ5c$ _! own & o!r contempor>y "w 9  
ar*itecture & furniture designs1 b 9    
silv]smi?s' "w also _! influ5ce 0 widely
 felt 7,fig4 #ahh74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ahb4--,w9e ,f\nta92 #agaj4 7,c47  ,9  
,france ! classic ideas 7 also v        
preval5t ab\t ?is p]iod 9 silv]smi?s'   
"w4 ,! 8,l\is-,seize0 c&le/ick 7,fig4   
#ahi7 is "o ( a pair f ! ,jones         
,collection 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 &
 is an admirable example ( ! /yle2 ?\gh 
x is said to h be5 made at ,tur9 9      
,italy 9 #aghc1 x is c]ta9ly ( ,fr5*    
design4 ,x has ! squ>e base s peculi> to
 ,fr5* "w ( ?is p]iod1 ) ! wrea?s &     
m$allions s *>act]i/ic ( ! /yle 9 "q1 t 
( ,l\is ,,xvi4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#ahc4--;,c&elabrum1 ,hab]da%]s' ,hall1  
,london4 7,c47  ,ano!r c&le/ick 7,fig4  
#aij7 f ! ,jones ,collection is probably
 ,italian 9 /yle & manufacture1 &       

belongs to ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5?       
c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#ahd4--;,eighte5?-,c5tury ,b[l4         
7,s4,k4,m47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#ahe4--,ture5 at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 #aggc4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,silv] ,vase2
 #aggj4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#ahf4--;,*ocolate ,pot2 #aggg4 7,c47    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--,vase by     
,adam4  ,at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 &     
imm$iately aft]1 ! /yle ( ! silv] "w    
det]iorat$ 9 ,france4 ,va/ quantities ( 
plate 7 seiz$ & s5t (f to ! ,m9t by !   
,revolution>y army1 & naturally an art l
 ! goldsmi?'s1 t m9i/]$ to ! ne$s (     
luxury1 0 9 ^? times at a l[ ebb4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,c&le/ick1  
,silv]-gilt2 ,l\is ,seize4 7,s4,k4,m47  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,c&le/ick1  
,silv]-gilt2 ,italian2 ,eighte5?        
,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly
 "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "s good "w 0     
execut$ f ! designs ( ,flaxman & ,/o?>d1
 *iefly 9 ! classic /yle2 ! ,well+ton   
,%ield may be m5tion$ z an example2 b   

ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury gold & silv] 
"w 0 *>act]iz$ by ev5 a great] degree ( 
naturalism 9 design ?an t ( ! ,fr5*     
debas$ /yle f :i* x 0 copi$4 ,no?+ c\ld 
exce$ ! vulg>ity & bad ta/e 9 ! design (
 silv]smi?s' "w made ab\t fifty or =ty  
ye>s ago4 ,all ar*itectural pr9ciples t 
%\ld guide ! design ( relief modell+ &  
con/ruction 7 ?r[n to ! w9ds1 &         
naturalism unnaturally appli$ & mix$ 9  
any het]og5e\s way 0 q fa%ionable4 ,=   
in/ance1 we h huge p]gnes :]e /ags & o!r
 animals f ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& or !    
,wel% m\nta9s are decorat+ silv] rock-"w
 f :i* ! tropical palms ( ,africa are   
se5 to gr[ out ( _! clefts1 af=d+       
grateful %ade to ! natives ( ! ,briti%  
moorl&4 ,! art ( ! silv]smi? 9 ,engl&   
ab\t ?is p]iod _h suff]$ m ?an any o!r  
arti/ic indu/ry1 & 9 ! matt] ( design x 
seem$ to h rea*$ ! twilight /ate (      
semi-insanity1 & 0 utt]ly devoid ( any  
arti/ic m]it4  ,a great improvem5t is1  
h[ev]1 to be se5 9 ! "w ( respectable   
firms & 9 t ( _m private craftsm5 (     

to-day1 b _m %op w9d[s are /ill fill$ ) 
co/ly "w 9 ! preci\s metals t are       
wor?less f an arti/ic po9t ( view4      
,,niello-,,"w ,,& ,,damasc5+4           
,niello-"w has be5 m5tion$ on a previ\s 
page4 ,x 0 an important bran* ( !       
goldsmi?'s art1 z well z t ( damasc5+4  
,f ! e>lie/ times ! nations ( antiquity 
h engrav$ on metals & fill$ up ! l9es or
 grooves ( ! engrav+ ) a black species (
 enamel composition--niello--or ) o!r   
metals su* z silv]1 gold1 & electrum2 ! 
latt] process has be5 call$ damasc5+1 f 
,damascus1 :]e gold & silv] inlaid 9    
iron or /eel 0 practis$ 9 ! t5? & elev5?
 c5turies4  ,x 0 a fav\rite me?od (     
decorat+ metals dur+ ! ,middle ,ages    
?r\gh\t ! c\ntries ( ,p]sia1 ,syria1 & 9
 mo/ ,european c\ntries1 especially on  
su* objects z arms1 arm\r1 & diff]5t    
k9ds ( vessels4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#aia4--;,italian ,damasc5e ,"w2 ,sixte5?
 ,c5tury4  ,! celebrat$ ,italian        
metal-work]1 ,maso ,f9igu]ra1 work$     
ext5sively 9 niello1 & to him is ascrib$

 ! discov]y ( ! art ( engrav+ on copp] &
 pr9t+ f ! copp] plate4 ,he 0 a goldsmi?
 & a native ( ,flor5ce1 & 0 ! pupil (   
,ghib]ti & ,masaccio4 ,9 ! ye> #adeb he 
made a pax1 on ! flat panel ( :i* he    
engrav$ a design to be fill$ 9 aft]w>ds 
) ! black composition ( niello1 b be=e  
he _h completely f9i%$ 8 "w he took a   
8squeeze0 9 clay ( ! engrav+ 9 ord] to  
judge ( ! progress he _h made1 & f ?is  
squeeze he made a m\ld 9 sulphur1 &     
fill$ x ) a black pigm5t1 & on press+   
?is sulphur block on a %eet ( damp pap] 
! patt]n appe>$ simil> to ! niello      
effect4 ,?is l$ him to fill ! l9es ( !  
actual silv] plate ) a m durable ink1 & 
to pr9t (f impressions on pap]4 ,x 0 by 
?us exp]im5t+ t ,f9igu]ra discov]$ ! art
 ( engrav+ & pr9t+ f ! metal plate4 ,!  
orig9al pax ) its impressions are       
pres]v$ at ,flor5ce4  ,damasc5+ is      
execut$ 9 ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 :]e ! /eel  
or copp] is engrav$ ) an und]cut l9e & a
 ?read ( gold or silv] is =c$ 9 by      
hamm]+ or press$ by a burni%] into !    

groov$ l9es4 ,second1 ! plat$ me?od1 :]e
 ! plate ( metal to be encru/$ is       
enclos$ betwe5 slightly rais$ walls 9 ! 
f\ndation metal4 ,?ird1 :]e ! f\ndation 
metal is r\gh5$ by a %>p tool 9 all     
directions & ! gold or silv] is laid on 
?9ly & press$ or hamm]$ 94 ,! la/ me?od 
is ! late/ & lea/ durable4 ,sometimes ! 
l9es ( ! engrav+ are pun*$ ) holes at   
regulat$ di/ances1 :i* s]ve z keys to   
hold ! inlaid metal :5 hamm]$ 94        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--,%ield       
,damasc5$ 9 ,gold2 ,indian4 7,b47  ,!   
fam\s b[l call$ ! 8,bapti/]y ( ,/4      
,l\is10 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 is made ( copp]  
inlaid ) figures ( horsem5 & hunt+      
sc5es4 ,x is an example ( 8,mosil "w10  
or ,mesopotamian damasc5+1 ( ! ?irte5?  
c5tury1 9 :i* silv] only is us$ z !     
inlaid metal4  ,a delicate design 9     
,italian damasc5e "w is %[n at ,fig4    
#aia1 & an ,indian example at ,fig4     
#aib4 ,! ,italian example %[s ! ,arabian
 influ5ce 9 "s ( ! details ( ! ornam5t4 
,! ,japanese are p]fect ma/]s 9 ! art ( 

damasc5+4 ,sword-blades ( ! ?irte5? &   
lat] c5turies h beautiful designs inlaid
 z intaglios or 9 damasc5e "w2          
sword-gu>ds ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5?     
c5turies are rem>kable = ?is k9d (      
decoration1 & = ! exquisite *as+ ( !    
iron1 :i* 9 "s cases is cut out l       
fret-"w1 & 9 o!rs are c>v$ z delicate z 
decorative ivory "w4  ,,indian          
,,jewell]y4  ,! jewell]y ( ,india is "o 
( ! mo/ important art indu/ries ( t     
c\ntry1 & ! trade ( ! gold & silv] smi? 
is an e/abli%$ in/itution 9 e village & 
di/rict4 ,! v>iation 9 /yle & me?od (   
fabrication has v m>k$ features1 accord+
 to ! fa%ion t f9ds fav\r 9 ea*         
locality4 ,! extreme love = tr9kets ( a 
brilliant & dazzl+ nature among/ all    
grades ( ! p has 9 a great measure      
direct$ ! fabrication ( ,indian         
jewell]y1 :i* t5ds to make ! mo/ ( !    
preci\s metals by us+ !m 9 ?9 plates or 
9 a filigra9 "w1 & 9 ord] to get ! fla%+
 effect & ri* col\r+1 scales or flakes (
 diamonds are m (t5 us$ ?an ! m valuable

 & solid gems1 & inf]ior gems1 or ev5   
col\r$ glass1 are set to ! be/          
advantage1 & us$ indiscrim9ately3 any?+1
 9 fact1 is us$ 9 ord] to get ! gorge\s 
v>iety ( brilliant col\r+ & dazzl+      
effect4 ,mu* ( ! ,indian jewell]y is ( a
 flimsy "* z reg>ds its lightness & ?9  
nature ( ! mat]ial2 b ! latt] is g5]ally
 ( ! be/ quality1 & ! arti/ic workman%ip
 lavi%$ on mo/ ( ! jewell]y m ?an makes 
up = its want ( inh]5t solidity4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,fig4               
#aic4-,primitive ,silv] ,bracelet3      
,d9ajpur1 ,b5gal4 7,b47  ,jewell]y ought
 to be light 9 "* & ( good design &     
workman%ip if x is int5d$ to fulfil its 
use 9 decorat+ ! p]son1 z no?+ is ugli] 
?an heavy jewell]y1 :i* c only be       
valuable 9 ! light ( repres5t+ ! weal? (
 ! own]4  ,"s ( ! ,indian jewell]y is1  
h[ev]1 fairly solid & heavy1 z 9 ! *opp$
 gold =m ( cubical1 octah$ron1 & oblong 
%apes ( ! metal :i* are /rung on silk   
cord z necklaces1 & ! nail-head v>iety (
 e>r+s made at ,ahm$abad & ,surat 9     

,we/]n ,india4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#aid4--,silv] ,neck ,ornam5t1 f ,s9dh4  
7,b47  ,girdles1 torques or neck coll>s1
 bracelets1 & anklets are made ( twi/$  
gold wire1 :i* are common ?r\gh\t       
,india1 & 9 ! we/]n prov9ces are made 9 
! twi/$ =m ( ! ,ma!ran knott$ & wov5    
grass coll>s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#aie4--,native ,silv] ,jewell]y (       
,cuttack4 7,b47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#aif4--;,filigra9 ,jewell]y ( ,cuttack4 
7,b47  ,"s ( ! native jewell]y 9 _m p>ts
 ( ,india /ill keeps its primitive "* & 
be>s a great lik5ess to ! v e>ly ,celtic
 jewell]y f\nd 9 ,irel& & 9 o!r c\ntries
 ( ,europe1 :i* w\ld probably sugge/ !  
same ,celtic orig9 = all 7,fig4 #aic74  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,native      
,jewell]y ( ,tri*9opoly1 ,madras4 7,b47 
,! silv] filigra9 "w ( ,india1          
especially ! designs ( ! ,s9dh jewell]y 
& t made at ,cuttack1 ,tri*9opoly1 &    
,travancore1 recalls ! me?ods (         
fabrication & design ( ! anci5t         
,etruscan jewell]y4 7,see ,figs4 #aid1  

#aie1 #aig47  ,a c]ta9 analogy may also 
be notic$ 9 ! native jewell]y f ! above 
places to ! ,phnician1 primitive        
,grecian1 & ev5 ,sc&9avian1 :i* goes a  
long way to prove ! int]c\rse betwe51 & 
! migrations (1 ! p ( ,india1 ,?ibet1   
,turke/an to ,asia ,m9or & ! cont95t (  
,europe4  ,"s ,indian jewell]y1 ?\gh    
possess+ %apes common to o!r c\ntries1  
has v di/9ctive national *>act]i/ics 9 !
 decoration1 :i* may be se5 9 !         
illu/ration 7,fig4 #aih7 ( ! gold plate 
f ,bombay4 ,9 ^! cases ! design is      
usually symbolical4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #aih4--,native ,gold ,jewell]y (       
,bombay4 7,b47  ,! ,indian jewell]s ( ! 
,mogul p]iod h produc$ "s exquisite "w 9
 ! sett+ ( gems on jade c>v+s & on small
 vases ( jade4  ,! deftness & cunn+ ( ! 
,indian jewell] may h be5 equall$ by !  
,etruscans & anci5t ,greeks1 b he has n 
be5 surpass$ 9 8 delicate workman%ip by 
any nation ( mod]n times4         ,,iron
 ,,"w ,,9 ,,france1 ,,g]many1 ,,belgium1
 ,,italy ,,& ,,engl&4  ,ornam5tal iron  

"w 0 execut$ 9 ,france & 9 ,engl& be=e !
 ,roman occupation ( ^! c\ntries1 b any 
e>ly rema9s ( ?is "w t h be5 f\nd 9 ei!r
 c\ntry are suppos$ to be ( ! ,roman    
p]iod4 ,! ,romans 7 n skill$ 9 ! work+ (
 iron1 al?\gh well conv]sant ) !        
manufacture ( bronze objects4  ,rema9s (
 iron hasps1 escut*eons1 w9d[ grilles1  
c&le/icks1 fold+ *airs1 c41 h be5 f\nd 9
 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 ( ! ,romano-,gauli%
 & ,briti% p]iods1 t h a great simil>ity
 ( /yle1 &1 inde$1 up to ! fifte5?      
c5tury ! /yle & design ( iron "w 9 bo?  
c\ntries 7 pretty mu* alike4  ,! mo/    
int]e/+ examples ( ! blacksmi?'s art ( !
 ,middle ,ages--9 ,engl& especially--are
 ! h+es to ! *ur* doors4 ,! fir/ h+es 7 
simple s+le /raps ( iron t pass$ f back 
to front ( ! door1 ! socket be+ =m$ out 
( ! solid piece at ! angle on "o side4  
,! front side ( ?is /rap by degrees 0   
claw$ out1 or o!rwise elaborat$1 to cov]
 z mu* ( ! door z possible1 s z to =m an
 arm\r ( def5ce aga9/ pr$atory robb]s1  
su* z ! b>b>\s ,norse pirates :o 7      

cont9ually invad+ ! ,briti% %ores4  ,a  
fav\rite =m ( ! h+e 0 ! cresc5t %ape2   
sometimes ! h+e bran*$ out 9 a simple   
cresc5t ) curv$ & bifurcat$ end+s t may 
h symboliz$ ! snake or birds' heads1 &  
(t5 two or ?ree ( ^! cresc5ts bran*$ out
 f a c5tral b>4 ,betwe5 ! h+es          
additional b>s or /raps 7 sometimes run 
across ! door to /r5g!n x1 & elaborate  
foliat$ crosses (t5 occupi$ ! c5tral "p1
 z 9 ,fig4 #aii4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#aii4--;,h+es1 c41 to ,haddiscoe ,*ur*4 
,on "s ( ! old ,norman doors1 9 addition
 to ! h+es1 z at ,/ill+fleet ,*ur*1 !re 
are designs 9 iron "w :i* consi/ (      
my/ical signs ( ,dani% orig91 su* z a   
vik+ %ip or sun %ip1 ! swa/ika or       
fylfot1 moon signs1 & rude images ( !   
human figure4  ,! cresc5t h+e may h _h a
 symbolical mean+1 p]haps ,sc&9avian1 or
 x may h orig9at$ 9 ! ,s>ac5ic cresc5t1 
& may h be5 br\ght f ,sicily1 !         
bir?place ( ,norman ar*itecture4  ,! art
 ( ! blacksmi? 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 m    
develop$ 9 ,france ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 

( ,europe1 & ! art ( /amp+ ! leaves1    
/ems1 & rosettes ) /eel or *ill$ iron   
dies & pun*es 0 practis$ !re e>li] ?an !
 ?irte5? c5tury1 & at a p]iod a little  
lat] 9 ,engl&4 ,! ornam5t 0 9 /yle v    
little m ?an ! ,romanesque type ( !     
conv5tional v9e1 or o!r leaf ( a l      
nature--! c9quefoil1 trefoil1 rosettes1 
& scrolls1 b ^! few elem5ts 7 us$ 9 !   
mo/ effective mann] 7,fig4 #bjj74  ,!   
magnific5t h+es on ! ,porte ,/e4 ,anne (
 ,notre-,dame at ,p>is %[ to p]fection !
 ,fr5* /amp+ on ! leaves & o!r p>ts4 ,^!
 unrivall$ h+es 7,fig4 #bja7 are ( !    
,e>ly ,fr5* /yle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4    
,no?+1 h[ev]1 is kn[n ( _! orig91 nor   
ev5 ! "n ( ! smi? :o =g$ !m4 ,ea* h+e is
 compos$ ( six l>ge scrolls spr++ f !   
c5tral b> or /em1 all ( :i* are ri*ly   
clo!d ) spirals1 foliage1 birds1 &      
dragons2 ! :ole design is suppos$ to    
repres5t ! t]re/rial ,p>adise4          
,exce$+ly ri*1 b n s elaborat$ z ! h+es 
( ! ,*ur* ( ,notre-,dame1 is ! h]se1 or 
grille1 ( ,engli% "w ( ! same p]iod1 :i*

 surm\nts ! tomb ( ,que5 ,eleanor 9     
,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,fig4 #bjb74 ,?is f9e  
example ( ,engli% smi!ry 0 made by      
,?omas de ,leghtone 9 ! ye> #abid4 ,x is
 a clev] adaptation ( h+e-"w to ! design
 ( a grille4 ,mr4 ,g>dn] supposes       
,leghtone to be connect$ ) ,leighton    
,buzz>d1 z ! same k9d ( iron "w z !     
,eleanor grille occurs 9 ! h+es ( ! p>i%
 *ur* door ( t place1 & also f ! fact t 
simil> "w is f\nd on _m o!r *ur* doors (
 ! same p]iod 9 ,b$=d%ire--at ,eaton    
,bray & ,turvey1 = in/ance2 also at     
,norwi*1 ,tun/all1 ,w9dsor1 ,li*field1 &
 ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 are examples ( 
! same k9d ( "w1 :i* no d\bt 0 execut$  
by ,?omas de ,leghtone & 8 assi/ants4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,press ,door 
9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,jacques1 at ,lige4     
7,g47  ,aft] ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury   
examples are sc>ce ( g5u9e wr\ght-iron  
"w1 = ! fa%ion *ang$ at t "t 9 ! mann] (
 work+ ! metal4 ,%eets & b>s ( iron 7   
cut 9 ! cold /ate into v>i\s patt]ns by 
! use ( *isels & files1 ! pieces be+    

fa/5$ toge!r by rivets & small coll>s or
 ties ( metal4 ,mu* ( ?is "w1 0 done 9  
,italy1 9 imitation ( m>ble & wood      
panell+1 & a v common me?od consi/$ 9   
mak+ ! grilles 9 ,italy ( rivet$        
quatrefoils4 ,a f9e grille ( ?is "* is 9
 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce ( ! date (     
#acga4 ,9 ! *ur*es & palaces ( ,v5ice1  
,flor5ce1 ,v]ona1 c41 !re are _m good   
examples ( grilles t resemble 9 a great 
degree jo9]y "w 9 iron4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #bja4--,"o ( ! ,h+es to ! ,porte  
,/e4 ,anne ( ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is4 7,g47 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,grille or  
,h]se on ,que5 ,eleanor's ,tomb1        
,we/m9/] ,abbey2 #abid4 7,g47  ,9       
,g]many ! love = iron "w 0 n develop$ s 
e>ly z x 0 9 ,france & ,engl&1 & x 0 n  
until ,go?ic ar*itecture took a firm    
hold 9 t c\ntry 9 ! end ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury t ! fir/ s]i\s attempts 7 made 9 
! use ( decorative iron "w1 &1 l _!     
ar*itectural =ms1 ! ,g]man wr\ght-iron  
"w 0 inspir$ by ,fr5* examples4  ,g]man 
"w 9 iron ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is v sc>ce3

 "o ( ! be/-kn[n examples occurs 9 !    
iron "w on ! doors ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4      
,elizabe? at ,m>burg1 ne> ,cassel1 :i*  
consi/s ( bran*+ scroll-"w clo!d )      
v9e-leaf end+s4  ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury !  
,g]mans develop$ ! ,fr5* v9e-"w into    
loz5ge-%ap$ leaves1 & = a *ange         
int]sp]s$ !m ) fleurs-de-lis1 &         
occasionally "s trac]y patt]ns1 all (   
:i* 7 borr[$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,! /amp$ "w ( ! 
,engli% & ,fr5* blacksmi? 0 n develop$ 9
 ,g]many4  ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,g]man   
iron "w 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! f9e "w  
:i* 0 be+ produc$ at ?is p]iod 9 ! ,l[  
,c\ntries4 ,brussels _h be5 not$ = its  
ext5sive works 9 iron & /eel f ! f\rte5?
 c5tury4 ,! brawny ,flemi% smi?s 7      
celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe = _! great    
a*ievem5ts 9 m\ld$ & hamm]$ iron1 su* z 
9 ! spires ( ! ca!drals ( ,antw]p1      
,gh5t1 & ,bruges1 well-cov]s1 rail+s1   
fonts1 cranes1 & grilles4 ,! hi/orical  
well-cov] 9 front ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,antw]p
 has usually be5 ascrib$ to ,qu5t9      
,matsys ! pa9t]1 b z he 0 only twelve   

ye>s old :5 ?is "w 0 complet$1 x c\ld   
h>dly h be5 made by 8 h&s4 ,!           
explanation is t he has be5 conf\nd$ )  
ano!r ,qu5t91 a blacksmi? & ! son (     
,josse ,matsys1 ! ar*itect1 smi?1 &     
clockmak] ( ,antw]p4 ,! well-cov] is m  
likely to h be5 ! "w ( ,josse ,matsys4  
,! design is ,go?ic 9 feel+ & is v      
picturesque ) its int]lac+ /ems &       
v9e-leaves1 fl[]s1 & figures4 ,a ri*    
font crane 9 iron "w 9 ! ,ca!dral (     
,l\va9 is said to be ! au!ntic "w (     
,josse1 & a twelve-bran*$ corona 9 !    
same *ur* is ascrib$ to 8 son1 ,qu5t9   
,matsys4 ,to ! h& ( ! latt] is also     
ascrib$ ! ri* ,flemi% gates ( ,bi%op    
,we/'s ,*apel 9 ,ely ,ca!dral4  ,brabant
 0 celebrat$ = its iron "w1 p>ticul>ly 9
 pi]c$ & fil$ "w 9 su* ?+s z locks1     
h+es1 c&elabra1 tab]nacles1 & gui*ets   
7little w9d[s or wicket gates71 mo/ ( ^!
 objects tak+ pron\nc$ ,go?ic           
ar*itectural =ms1 = ! mo/ "p be+ compos$
 ( flamboyant trac]y & little buttresses
 7,fig4 #bjc74 ,mu* ( ! ,brabaon iron "w

 f\nd its way into ,engl& & ,g]many4    
,?is "w is *>act]is$ by its flamboyant  
trac]y1 :i* is f\nd on locks ( doors &  
,flemi% c(f]s1 & 9 ! design ( ! gui*ets1
 a f9e specim5 ( ! latt] n[ be+ 9 !     
,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! locks ( ! doors 9  
,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor & 9 "s o!r
 places are ( ,brabaon workman%ip4 ,?is 
,flemi% /yle ( lock "w 0 imitat$ v mu* 9
 ,engl&1 b ! workman%ip 0 less ref9$    
al?\gh ( a /rong] "* ?an ! ,flemi%4  ,! 
,g]mans1 especially ( ,augsburg1        
,nuremb]g1 & 9 ! ,rh9e ,prov9ces1 m     
p>ticul>ly at ,cologne1 develop$ !      
*isell$ iron "w to an a/oni%+ degree (  
elaboration4  ,:ile ! %apes ( !         
lock-plates 7 ( a decid$ ,s>ac5ic "*1 ! 
design ( ! patt]n ornam5tation 0 ei!r ( 
an elaborate ar*itectural composition1 z
 9 ! l>ge lock 9 ! ,klag5furt ,museum   
7,fig4 #bjd71 or ( designs ma9ly        
develop$ f ! ?i/le-plant4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #bjc4--,tab]nacle ,grille f      
,ottob]g1 ,tyrol2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4     
7,s4,k4,m47 7,g47  ,! ?i/le 0 di/9ctly  

*>act]i/ic ( ,g]man iron "w1 & also !   
trellis-"w patt]n z se5 on ! doors ( !  
fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies 7,fig4 #bje74
 ,armorial be>+s fill ! panels betwe5 ! 
trellis-b&s1 ) ri*ly =g$ rivets or      
nail-heads on ! loz5ge int]sections4    
,sometimes ! decoration 0 gilt or       
silv]$1 & ! gr\nd und]nea? pa9t$ r$ or  
black4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 
! iron "w 9 ,europe & ,engl& p>took ( ! 
"* ( ! ,r5aissance1 & t[>ds ! end ( !   
=m] c5tury _h all ! foliat$ "* ( t /yle4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--,lock1 #ah 
in*es high1 9 ! ,klag5furt ,museum2     
,g]man2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,g47  ,!     
illu/ration 7,fig4 #bjf7 %[s a typical  
example ( ,fr5* "w ( ! end ( ! sixte5?  
c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bje4--;,iron-b\nd ,door 9 ! ,mona/]y ( 
,krems2 ,late ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,g47   
,9 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 & 9 ,engl&1          
especially dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1      
decorative iron "w 0 aga9 9 great dem&1 
& "s beautiful "w 9 gates1 grilles1 &   
rail+s 7 execut$4 ,among ! f9e/ works ( 

?is p]iod are ! celebrat$ gates or      
scre5s design$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance 
& made by ,hunt+don ,%aw = ,k+ ,william 
,,iii4 = 8 palace at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,^!
 gates1 :i* are f9e examples ( hamm]$   
"w1 are n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! iron
 gates & rail+s made 9 ! reign ( ,que5  
,anne & lat] 7 (t5 ( beautiful design1 9
 :i* ! capabilities ( ! mat]ial 7       
excell5tly express$4 ,"s f9e examples   
/ill exi/ 9 ! gates & rail+s ( ! old    
h\ses 9 ,*eyne ,walk1 ,*elsea1 & "s good
 ironwork ( ?is type may be se5 9 !     
scre5s 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,?is     
beautiful /yle di$ out dur+ ?is c5tury1 
:5 a m ext5d$ use ( ca/ iron crept 91 & 
if we except ! "w ( ! late ,alfr$ ,/ev5s
 & ( a few o!r design]s & ar*itects1 !re
 has be5 no?+ ( an arti/ic value t "o c 
po9t out 9 ,engl& 9 ! doma9 ( ca/-iron  
productions4 ,9 fact1 x is a curi\s b   
common expression to say ( a bad design 
= almo/ any?+ t x 8looks l ca/ iron40   
,design]s = ca/-iron "w might take "s   
good h9ts f ! old ,roman or ,pompeian   

bronzes4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#bjf4--,mirror1 ,wr\ght ,iron2 ,fr5*    
,"w2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4                  
,,*apt] ,v4                             
,,furniture4                  ,,antique3
 ,,egypt1 ,,assyria1 ,,greece1 ,,&      
,,rome4  ,! furniture ( ! antique       
nations has be5 notic$ 9 "s in/ances 9 !
 =m] volume ( ?is "w1 especially 9 !    
cases ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian examples1 
:]e =tunately we c po9t out ! _m        
repres5tations ( x t occur on !         
bas-reliefs4 ,x is f ^! t we *iefly =m  
an op9ion z to h[ ! palaces & int]iors  
mu/ h be5 furni%$1 =1 ow+ to ! great    
lapse ( "t1 ne>ly e ve/ige ( furniture (
 ^! old nations has pass$ away4  ,!     
,briti% ,museum & ! ,l\vre conta9 a few 
,egyptian *airs or seats t h be5 made 9 
ebony & ivory1 :i* owe _! pres]vation to
 ! la/+ nature ( ! mat]ial4  ,two       
,egyptian *airs or ?rones are illu/rat$ 
at ,figs4 #adf & #adg1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is
 "w1 & a wood5 c(f] at ,fig4 #adi4 ,at  
,fig4 #adh c>p5t]s are repres5t$ z      

occupi$ 9 *air mak+1 ! feet & legs ( !  
*airs be+ design$ f animals' limbs1 & ! 
/ools on :i* ! workm5 are sitt+ are     
blocks ( wood holl[$ out at ! top4 ,!   
,egyptian c\* 0 ( a /raight-l9$ design 9
 ! body ) a curv$ head l an ord9>y s(a1 
! legs1 feet1 & o!r sali5t po9ts be+    
c>v$ ) heads1 feet1 & tails ( animals4  
,"s boxes & c(f]s ) gable tops dovetail$
 toge!r1 small toilet boxes hav+ c>v$ or
 pa9t$ decoration1 & mummy cases (      
c$>-wood hav+ elaborate hi]oglyphic     
decorations1 may be se5 9 ! ,briti%     
,museum & 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,*>iot & horse    
furniture are well repres5t$ 9 ! reliefs
 & wall pa9t+s4 ,egypt 0 fam$ = *>iot   
build+1 & export$ !m 9 trade to !       
surr\nd+ nations4 ,we read t ,k+        
,solomon import$ 8 w>-*>iots f ,egypt4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--;,assyrian   
,?rone4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bjh4--;,assyrian ,seat4  ,if examples (
 ,egyptian furniture are sc>ce1 !       
furniture ( ,assyria is practically     
non-exi/5t1 z ! climate ( ! latt] c\ntry

 0 n s dry or pres]vative z t ( ,egypt1 
s t all examples t h n be5 wilfully     
de/roy$ h long ago p]i%$4 ,_m ornam5ts (
 bronze & ( ivory decorations h be5     
discov]$ t h be5 us$ z m\nt+s to feet1  
ends or legs ( seats1 *airs1 or ?rones4 
,! bas-reliefs ( ! latt] enable u to =m 
a fairly accurate judgm5t ( ! nature &  
/yle ( ,assyrian furniture1 ! decoration
 ( :i* 0 ( a heavi] & co>s] "* ?an t ( !
 m elegant ,egyptian 7,figs4 #bjg &     
#bjh74 ,=ms & p>ts ( animals 7 us$ by ! 
,assyrians & ne>ly all ,ori5tal nations 
z furniture decorations4 ,! human figure
 0 us$ also1 b g5]ally 9 ! repres5tation
 ( slaves or conqu]$ peoples1 :o 7      
degrad$ to ! position ( be>+ ! weight ( 
! seat or ?rone ( ! mon>* 7see ,p]sian  
?rone1 ,fig4 #bef1 fir/ vol41 f         
,p]sepolis1 :i* 0 an adaptation f an    
,assyrian ?rone74 ,! ,egyptian *airs _h 
also c>v$ human figures z captives ti$  
"u ! seat 7,figs4 #adf1 #adg1 fir/      
vol474  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#bji4--;,greek ,*air4  ,! furniture ( ! 

,hebrews 0 d\btless ( ! same k9d z !    
,assyrian4 ,f ! description ( ,k+       
,solomon's ?rone x 0 app>5tly simil> to 
^? ( ! ,assyrian k+s4 ,x _h lions = !   
arm supports1 & _h six lions 9 gold &   
ivory on ! six /eps on ei!r side ( !    
?rone4  ,9 ! manufacture ( ! furniture (
 ! nations ( antiquity ! pr9cipal       
mat]ials 7--9 woods1 ebony1 rosewood1   
walnut1 p9e1 teak1 &1 above all1        
c$>-wood2 ivory1 gold1 silv]1 bronze1 & 
electrum 7 also mu* us$ = inlays & =    
solid m\nt+s4  ,! furniture & ! *>iots (
 ! ,greeks 9 _! e>ly p]iod 7 simply     
copi$ f ,egyptian & ,asiatic s\rces1 )  
less ( ! animal =ms & m ( plant =ms z   
decorative details 7,figs4 #bji1 #baj74 
,fold+ /ools & *airs 7 made 9 wood & 9  
metal1 & ! backs ( ! *airs 7 upright1 or
 ne>ly s c\*es resembl+ mod]n s(as1     
elaborate foot/ools1 & arm-*airs )      
sph9xes = ! arms 7 made by ! ,greeks    
7,figs4 #baj1 #bab74  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #baj4--;,greek ,fold+ ,/ools &    
,*airs1 c4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         

#baa4--;,greek ,*air4  ,9 ! ,briti%     
,museum are "s small models ( ,greek    
*airs made 9 lead1 & wood5 boxes %[+ !  
dovetail con/ruction4  ,9 ! lat] ,greek 
p]iods ! furniture 0 inlaid ) ivory1    
ebony1 gold1 & silv]4 ,tripods 7 made ( 
bronze1 & _h ornam5t$ legs 9 ! %apes ( !
 limbs ( lions1 leop>ds1 & sph9xes4 ,!  
,roman bronze tripods 7 v simil> to !   
,grecian ones 9 design1 & 7 n only us$ =
 sacr$ purposes 9 ! temples1 b also to  
support brazi]s = heat+ purposes1 or =  
burn+ p]fumes 9 ! h\ses ( private p     
7,fig4 #bac74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#bab4--;,greek ,c\*es & ,s(a4           
,h&-mirrors & ci/ 7 made 9 great        
quantities 9 bronze or 9 o!r metal      
alloys1 9 silv]1 & sometimes 9 gold4 ,! 
mirrors 7 poli%$ on ! face1 & _h (t5 ri*
 designs ( figure subjects4 ,! ,greek   
ci/ 7 cyl9drical metal boxes t re/$ on  
feet design$ f ^? ( v>i\s animals1 hav+ 
a lid or cov]1 ) a h&le or knot usually 
( figure design1 ! :ole surface ( ! body
 be+ cov]$ ) engrav$ figure compositions

 & ornam5tal bord]s4 ,!y 7 probably us$ 
to conta9 jewell]y & tr9kets4 ,"s v f9e 
specim5s ( ^! h&-mirrors & ci/ may be   
se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #bac4--;,bronze ,tripod1          
,greco-,roman4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#bad4--;,fold+ ,tripod1 ,roman4  ,!     
furni%+ ( ! h\ses ( ! ,romans 0 v mu* ( 
! same "* z t ( ! ,greeks & ,etruscans1 
f :om ! ,romans inh]it$ all _! arts4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--,roman       
,bronze ,c&elabra4  ,! int]ior plan &   
aspects ( ! ,roman h\ses 7 su* z ^? (   
,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 describ$ 9 !    
fir/ vol4 ,tables & tripods ( bronze or 
brazi]s 7 support$ on ?ree legs1 "s (   
:i* 7 made ) h+es = fold+ purposes      
7,fig4 #bad71 & o!rs 7 ( sph9x & animal 
=ms ( a ri* design 7,fig4 #bac74        
,lamp-/& designs 7 qua9t & elegant & 7  
made 9 bronze 7,fig4 #bae74 ,c&elabra ( 
ar*itectural design 7 c>v$ 9 m>ble & 7 f
 six to t5 feet 9 height 7,fig4 #bag74  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,roman       
,tables4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           

#bag4--,m>ble ,c&elabrum1 ,roman4  ,!   
,romans highly priz$ & paid good sums = 
tables t 7 made f ! poll>d cross gra9 ( 
diff]5t h>d woods 9 :i* ! knots & gra9  
%[$ to advantage1 ! beauty ( ! wood be+ 
br\ght out by h&-poli%+ & by /a9+ x )   
v>i\s col\r$ dyes4 ,bird's-eye maple & !
 wood ( ! c$rus atlantica 7 mu* priz$4  
,! small] tables1 abaci1 re/$ usually on
 "o foot--monopodium--& l>g] tables _h  
?ree or f\r legs1 :i* _h ivory claws or 
heads ( animals z c>v$ decoration 7,fig4
 #baf74 ,boxwood1 bee*1 & palm1 inlaid )
 ivory1 ebony1 & preci\s metals1 7 us$ 9
 ! mat]ials ( *airs & c\*es4 ,! latt] 7 
also made 9 bronze 7,fig4 #bah71 & *airs
 ( /ate 7 c>v$ 9 m>ble1 "o ( ?is k9d be+
 9 ! ,l\vre1 a ca/ ( :i* is n[ 9 !      
,k5s+ton ,museum 7,fig4 #bai74 ,! =m ( !
 ,roman curule *air 0 l ! lett] ,x1 & 0 
s call$ because x c\ld be fold$ & c>ri$ 
easily 9 ! curules or *>iots4 ,x 0 us$ f
 ! e>lie/ times ( ! ,romans d[n to mod]n
 days 9 ,italy1 & 0 (t5 con/ruct$ (     
elephants' tusks1 wood1 or metal1 )     

ivory feet4 ,! curule *airs 7 c>ri$ ab\t
 = outdoor use & = ! !atre4 ,! sella or 
bisellium1 to seat two p]sons1 0 (t5 a v
 ornate k9d ( seat ) turn$ legs simil>  
to ! c\*es 7,fig4 #bbj74  ,9 ! h\ses ( !
 ,romans a sep>ate room or w>drobe 0    
fitt$ up to keep ! dresses & clo!s ( !  
family2 ?is room _h cupbo>ds ) doors &  
%elves1 draw]s1 & lock]s4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #bah4--;,c\* 9 ,bronze1 ,roman4  
,portable c(f]s & *e/s 7 us$1 9 :i* !y  
pack$ _! clo!s & valuables :5 c>ry+ !m  
to & f _! t[n & c\ntry h\ses4 ,! ,roman 
furniture & wood5 con/ruction ( _! h\ses
 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+s & c>v+s ( animals' 
heads1 limbs1 & feet1 & ) figures (     
h]oes & masks1 z well z ) ! usual       
ar*itectural acan?us foliage4 ,v5e]+ (  
woods 0 an art 9 :i* ! ,romans 7 skill$2
 bo? small & l>ge designs or pictures 9 
t>sia "w 7 ! *ief decorations ( ! be/   
furniture4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#bai4--,m>ble ,*air1 ,roman4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--,roman ,sella
 or ,bisellium4  ,,byzant9e1            

,,romanesque1 ,,s>ac5ic1 ,,& ,,!        
,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4  ,!
 furniture1 su* z tables1 *airs1 b$s1 & 
! *>iots1 ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 0 l !    
ar*itecture 9 hav+ some?+ ( ! classic   
,roman mixture ) "s ,asiatic ,greek =ms 
9 its design4 ,sc>cely any rema9s ( su* 
are n[ 9 exi/5ce1 al?\gh we h evid5ce ( 
! extreme ri*ness ( ! sumptu>y furniture
 & vessels ( ! great h\ses & palaces (  
,con/ant9ople1 = ow+ to ! decad5ce &    
de/ruction ( ! ,roman empire 9 !        
prov9ces1 ! capital ( ! ,ea/ became     
enri*$ by treasures ( ! old ,roman      
families1 :o naturally fl$ to           
,con/ant9ople = protection = !mselves & 
_! valuable effects4  ,! old ivories    
kn[n z consul> dipty*s h diff]5t        
v>ieties ( seats1 *airs1 & foot/ools1 on
 :i* ! consuls are seat$1 repres5t$ 9 ! 
c>v+4 ,_m orig9als ( ^! & ca/s f o!rs   
may be se5 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,!    
*air ( ,/4 ,maximian1 pres]v$ at        
,rav5na1 is cov]$ ) ivory c>v+s1 & is "o
 ( ! f9e/ examples ( ,byzant9e "w4 ,x is

 describ$ at page #ach & is figur$ 9    
,lab>te's 8,art ( ! ,middle ,ages40     
,mu* ( ! furniture ( ! e>ly c5turies (  
,*ri/ian art is repres5t$ 9 ! ,byzant9e 
illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,b$s & c\*es kept
 ! old ,roman =ms ) ! turn$ legs4       
,*>iots mu/ h be5 us$ v mu*1 z ! old    
game ( *>iot rac+ 0 kept up by !        
,byzant9es4 ,! ,iconocla/s ( ! ,ea/]n   
,empire "u ,leo ! ,isaurian 7,a4,d4     
#gbf7--^: injuri\s rule la/$ ab\t "o    
hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s--7 responsible = mu*
 de/ruction ( sumptu>y furniture1 z well
 z = o!r productions ( an arti/ic       
nature1 b at ! same "t !y 7 ! indirect  
means ( caus+ a new developm5t 9 art 9 !
 we/]n p>ts ( ,europe1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 
! ,rh5i% ,prov9ces1 by driv+ ! ,byzant9e
 arti/s & craftsm5 to ^! places1 :]e !y 
7 welcom$ by ,*>lemagne1 & by 8 p[]ful  
nobles & ,*ur*m54 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y    
succe$$ 9 f\nd+ ! s*ool ( art kn[n z    
,rh5i%-,byzant9e4 ,! f9e/ illu/rations (
 ?is art are se5 9 ! magnific5t enamell$
 reliqu>ies or %r9es4 ,! gilt-bronze    

*air ( ,dagob]t is ( ,romanesque design1
 & is "o ( ! e>lie/ pieces ( furniture (
 ! ,middle ,ages 7see ,fig4 #acd74      
,ano!r m$ival *air or ?rone is high     
seat$1 & exce$+ly ri* 9 design 7,fig4   
#bba74 ,x is ( ,sc&9avian orig91 & is a 
good example ( ! ,romanesque /yle (     
,nor!rn ,europe4 ,_m =ms ( ! ,romanesque
 are se5 9 ! furniture & c>v+ ( ! ,go?ic
 /yle t imm$iately succe$$ ! =m]4  ,dur+
 ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod 9 ,engl& ! ord9>y
 h\ses usually consi/$ ( "o room4       
,sometimes a %$-l /ructure 0 erect$     
aga9/ ! wall ( ! room to conta9 ! b$ ( !
 mi/ress ( ! h\se1 & z a rule ! inmates 
slept on a l>ge table plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( 
! room1 or on b5*es on :i* bags ( /raw 7
 plac$4 ,seats )\t backs1 or /ools1 long
 settles or b5*es ) backs & c>v$ ends or
 arms1 7 ! *ief articles 9 furniture4   
,aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ dome/ic        
improvem5ts 7 multipli$1 m rooms 7 add$ 
to ! h\ses1 su* z ! sol> or upp] room1 &
 ! p>loir or talk+-room1 & "s ( ! rooms 
_h fireplaces1 b n *imneys4 ,! pr9cipal 

room 0 ! hall or assembly-room1 :i* _h a
 fireplace 9 ! c5tre1 ! smoke escap+    
?r\gh ! lant]n light 9 ! ro(4  ,9 !     
,norman times ! pr9cipal additions to ! 
furniture ( ,engli% manor-h\ses & ca/les
 7 ! cupbo>d1 presses or armoires1 &    
*e/s4 ,^! pieces ( furniture 7 introduc$
 f ,france4 ,sometimes ! portable       
presses & ! *e/s 7 pa9t$ ) temp]a       
decorations1 & 7 b\nd ) wr\ght-iron     
clasps & h+es1 :i* 7 j beg9n+ to come   
into use4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bba4--,sc&9avian ,seat or ,?rone ( !   
,middle ,ages4  ,! b$-clo!s & p]sonal   
clo?+ ( ! nobles & ri* l&[n]s began to  
assume a ri* "*1 & 7 (t5 embroid]$4     
,tape/ry & pa9t$ clo? hang+s 7 import$2 
also pott]y ( an ornam5tal description 0
 n only import$1 b made 9 ,engl& at ?is 
"t4 ,all ?is applies to ! homes ( ! ri* 
only1 = ! poor] classes rema9$ = a long 
p]iod 9 a v primitive condition z reg>ds
 _! /yle ( h\ses & _! furniture4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,flemi%2    
,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  ,illu/ration3  

,fig4 #bbc4--;,g]man2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 
7,p47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4              
#bbd--;,engli%2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47 
,! con/ruction ( furniture & ! panell+ (
 *e/s began to exhibit "s workmanlike   
appe>ances ( good c>p5try4 ,panels 7    
plac$ 9 framework t 0 mortis$ & fa/5$ ) 
wood5 pegs1 :i* became ! univ]sal me?od 
( panell+ ?r\gh\t ! ,go?ic p]iod4 ,room 
panell+ came into use 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly 
"p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 p9e timb] 0   
us$ at fir/ = ?is "w1 b 0 displac$ lat] 
by ! m sub/antial oak4 ,?is oak panell+ 
dur+ ! ,go?ic p]iods 0 (t5 c>v$ )       
elaborate trac]y ( an ar*itectural "*   
7,figs4 #bbb1 #bbc71 & a common design 0
 a c>v$ imitation ( a c>efully fold$    
textile1 kn[n z ! 8l95 panel0 7,fig4    
#bbd74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--;,d9+
 ,room2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  ,*e/s 7
 us$ z tables1 & ! tops _h inlaid *eck]s
 to be us$ z *essbo>ds4 ,!y 7 also us$ z
 sidebo>ds on :i* to place di%es ( food1
 ! d9+-table be+ a bo>d :i* 0 plac$ on  
tre/les1 t c\ld be remov$ & pack$ away  

:5 n requir$ 7,figs4 #bbe1 #bbf74 ,a    
cross-legg$ *air & a ?ree-legg$ /ool is 
%[n at ,fig4 #bbh1 :i* 7 common %apes 9 
! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 
#bbg1 is t ( a b$room ( ! same p]iod1 & 
is tak5 f an ,engli% manuscript ( ! date
 ( #adjj4 ,= ^! illu/rations1 & _m o!rs 
on ! subject ( furniture1 we are indebt$
 to ! "w ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,poll5 on       
8,furniture & ,woodwork40 ,! b$ 9 !     
latt] illu/ration has a flat canopy1 or 
te/]1 ) embroid]$ hang+s4 ,! walls ( !  
room are panell$1 & ! floor is 9 *eck]$ 
p>quetry4 ,!re is a curi\s seat t is    
p>tly an op5 press1 ) pott]y1 & metal   
vases plac$ z decoration on ! top4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--;,d9+ ,table 
on ,tre/les2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--;,b$room     
,int]ior2 #adjj4 7,p47  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #bbh4--,seats2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4  
7,p47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,!    
,coronation ,*air1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4     
7,p47  ,*e/s1 trunks1 or bahuts1 7 at   
?is p]iod1 & 9 ! "t ( ! ,normans1 ! mo/ 

important articles 9 furniture3 !y 7 (t5
 made ) inlaid wood decorations1 & _h   
/rap-"w ( iron & ornate h+es4 ,!y 7 !   
usual repositories ( ! h\sehold         
valuables1 money1 & o!r treasures1 & 7  
c>ri$ on horses or mules :5 ! family    
mov$ ab\t f place to place4 ,by degrees 
! *e/1 ) ! addition ( a back & arms1    
became ! settles or pr9cipal seats 9 !  
liv+-room1 & ! back develop$ ) an add$  
hood or project+ cov]+ into ! das1 or   
?rone-l seat1 t 0 plac$ at ! end ( !    
*ief room--! place ( hon\r4  ,ano!r &   
lat] developm5t ( ! *e/ 0 to raise x on 
legs1 & to add a back arrangem5t to x1 )
 %elves = ! display ( h\sehold plate1 to
 :i* 0 giv5 ! "n ( dressoir1 or dress]1 
! latt] 9 "t develop+ into ! mod]n      
sidebo>d4  ,*e/s 7 also important       
articles ( *ur* furniture1 9 :i* ! sacr$
 vessels1 treasures1 books1 & prie/s'   
g>m5ts c\ld be lock$ up1 & a p>ticul> =m
 ( *e/ kept 9 *ur* ve/ries 0 ! cope *e/1
 :i* took ! semicircul> %ape ( ! copes  
:5 laid out flat 9 ^! *e/s4 ,examples ( 

^! *e/s are /ill to be se5 9 "s ( ! l>ge
 ca!drals4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#bcj4--,travell+ ,c>riage2 ,engli%2     
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  ,! coronation  
*air 7,fig4 #bbi7 gives a good idea ( a 
/ate *air ( ! e>ly ,go?ic p]iod 9       
,engl&4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bca4--,travell+ ,c>riage2 ,engli%2     
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  ,c>riages ( !  
f\rte5? c5tury 7 us$ = ! conveyance (   
wom5 & *ildr51 b 7 n v common4 ,!y 7    
long-%ap$ cov]$ vehicles on f\r :eels1 )
 or )\t panell$ sides1 & 7 pa9t$ &      
decorat$ 7,figs4 #bcj1 #bca74 ,c>ts =   
c>ry+ & = agricultural purposes 7 us$ 9 
! ,anglo-,saxon & ,norman p]iods 9      
,engl&1 & 9 ,france at ! same dates3 ^! 
7 two-:eel$ vehicles1 ea* :eel be+      
usually ( "o solid piece ( wood4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--,table       
7,kursy72 ,s>ac5ic4 7,l4 ,p47  ,!       
,s>ac5s 7 v +5i\s 9 ! us+ ( wood1 z 9   
c>p5try1 c>v+1 & turn+ 9 ! la!4 ,_!     
+5uity & skill 9 c>p5try & turn+ is se5 
9 ! ,me%rebya "w & lattice1 & 9 ! c>v+s 

( ! pulpit & door panels4 ,?is "w has   
be5 notic$ "u ! head+ ( ,s>ac5ic        
,ar*itecture & ,ornam5t 9 ! =m] volume4 
,reg>d+ ! furniture ( ! dome/ic dwell+s 
( ! ,s>ac5s1 :e!r ( ,egypt1 ,arabia1 or 
else:]e1 !re 0 v little ( a movable     
nature except ! small tables &          
read+-desks4 ,! tables ( ,s>ac5ic design
 are usually small & ( a great] height  
?an wid? 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,^! tables or    
kursys are sometimes panell$ ) turn$1   
lattic$1 or c>v$ decoration1 hav+       
/alactites "u ! top1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 
or 9 ! kursys ( a light] con/ruction are
 g5]ally inlaid ) ivory1 ebony1 &       
"m-(-pe>l4 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ v>iety are     
hexagonal 9 %ape1 are inlaid ) brass &  
silv] filigree ornam5tation1 & are (    
spl5did workman%ip4 ,! next important   
article 9 movable furniture is ! ,s>ac5 
read+-desk1 :i* is made 9 ! =m ( a      
camp-/ool1 ) cross legs4 ,x is usually  
inlaid & decorat$ l ! tables4  ,! divans
 are plat=ms rais$ slightly f ! gr\nd1 &
 cov]$ ) cu%ions on ! seats & backs4 ,! 

c>v$ cupbo>ds or %elves on brackets     
plac$ beh9d & above ! divans1 on :i*    
vases & trays are kept = ornam5t or :5 n
 9 use1 complete ! usual furniture ( !  
,s>ac5ic liv+-room4 ,seats or *airs (   
lattice-"w 7dikkas71 on :i* ! doorkeep] 
sits1 are usually f\nd 9 entrance-halls1
 & if we add ! elaborate metal &        
col\r$-glass lamps1 ! vases1 ! l>ge     
metal salv]s or trays1 & ! rugs &       
c>pets1 ! furniture ( a ,s>ac5ic h\se is
 complete4              ,,italian ,,&   
,,o!r ,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 
,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury & dur+ !
 :ole ( ! c5tury ! furniture ( ,europe  
g5]ally 0 design$ m or less on ,go?ic   
l9es1 b gradually ! new =ms t 7 n[      
rapidly develop+ 9 ! ar*itecture ( !    
,r5aissance1 b 9 a sl[] measure1 began  
to ass]t !mselves 9 furniture designs4  
,consequ5tly1 we f9d 9 _m articles1 su* 
z armoires or presses1 & cab9ets1 a     
mixture ( /yle 9 ! design--z1 = in/ance1
 ! upp] panels w\ld be 9 ! ,m$ival1 & ! 
l[] ones 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle1 or !     

g5]al con/ruction w\ld be ,go?ic1 & !   
details & decoration w\ld be ,italian4  
,?is 0 m (t5 ! case 9 ! furniture & o!r 
art 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! ,r5aissance 0      
t>dily welcom$4  ,/yles ( design 9      
furniture ov]lap ea* o!r s mu*1         
especially 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 t x   
becomes v difficult to assign a correct 
date to _m pieces ( important "w4 ,go?ic
 designs cont9u$ to be us$ dur+ !       
sixte5? c5tury1 al?\gh ! ,r5aissance _h 
be5 develop+ = a hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,!  
mo/ au!ntic means ( fix+ ! date is :5   
c]ta9 "w c be prov$ to h come f ! h& ( a
 p>ticul> arti/1 or :5 !re is a record (
 its hav+ be5 made = a k+ or "s great   
p]son1 = ! /yle is n always a sure pro( 
( ! correct date4  ,9 ! 8,quattroc5to0  
p]iod 7#adjj-aejj71 or fifte5? c5tury1  
,italian furniture made = *ur*es1       
palaces1 or private h\ses1 0 usually    
decorat$ ) pa9t+s1 sometimes on a gilt  
gr\nd1 :i* 0 prep>$ 9 a gesso mat]ial   
be=e ! gold 0 appli$1 "s p>ts ( :i* _h  
relief ornam5tation4  ,reliqu>ies1      

alt>-fronts1 panels ( cab9ets1 *e/s1 &  
m>riage c(f]s 7 decorat$ 9 ?is way4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--,m>riage     
,c(f] ( ,c>v$ ,wood2 ,italian2 ,sixte5? 
,c5tury4 7,j47  ,! "w kn[n z 8t>sia10 or
 c]tos9a "w1 0 made 9 great p]fection   
ab\t ?is "t 9 ,italy4 ,x is inlaid "w ( 
a geometric "* 9 design1 or is compos$ (
 floral ornam5t1 & sometimes consi/s (  
repres5tations ( l&scapes & build+s4    
,?is k9d ( inlay 0 d]iv$ f ,p]sian      
s\rces1 0 develop$ *iefly by !          
,v5etians1 & 0 us$ mo/ly by !m 9 !      
decoration ( *oir /alls1 tables1 *airs1 
cab9ets1 c4 ,ebony1 ivory1 & metals 7   
also employ$ 9 ! ,italian inlays ( ?is  
p]iod4  ,! ,italian ,cassoni1 or        
m>riage-c(f]s1 7 ! mo/ ornate & mo/     
impos+ articles ( furniture ( ! fifte5? 
& sixte5? c5turies4 ,!y 7 plac$ 9 ! long
 halls & corridors ( ! palaces & great  
h\ses1 & 7 usually giv5 z pres5ts to    
newly m>ri$ c\ples4 ,!y 7 g5]ally us$ z 
! receptacle = ! bride's tr\sseau & o!r 
treasures4 ,9 ! latt] c5tury !y 7 c>v$ 9

 walnut ) sculptural my?ological        
subjects1 & _h end+s or corn]s (        
half-figures & half-foliage1 z c>yatids1
 ) feet design$ f ! claws ( animals to  
raise !m f ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,! c>v+
 0 reliev$ by gild+ 9 p>ts1 & sometimes 
! :ole ( x 0 gilt4  ,o!r examples ( an  
e>li] date 7 cov]$ ) a f9ely modell$    
decoration ( gesso "w1 & gild$1 & 9 o!r 
cases ! l>ge panels 9 ! front 7 pa9t$ ) 
figure subjects 9 brilliant col\rs &    
height5$ ) gold4  ,a less co/ly k9d (   
m>riage c(f] 0 made 9 cypress-wood1 &   
fitt$ up 9 ! inside ) draw]s1 hav+ !    
decoration on ! surface engrav$ or et*$ 
9 br[n l9es1 ) ! gr\nd slightly recess$ 
& pun*$ or /amp$ ) a f9e ornam5tation4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--;,italian    
,"w2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  ,9 !      
,k5s+ton ,museum !re is an ext5sive     
collection ( ,italian cassoni embrac+   
all ! above v>ieties4 ,*airs c>v$ & gilt
 ( ! same /yle & p]iod z ! c(f]s 7      
usually plac$ betwe5 ! r[s ( ! latt] 9 !
 halls ( ! ,italian palaces 7,fig4      

#bce74 ,^! *airs _h _! backs & legs     
ri*ly c>v$1 ea* "p be+ made out ( a s+le
 slab ( wood4  ,! pair ( bell[s 7,fig4  
#bcd7 is a fur!r illu/ration ( ! design 
& excell5ce ( workman%ip z %[n 9 ! "w ( 
! wood c>v]s ( ,italy 9 ! sixte5?       
c5tury1 or 8,c9quec5to0 p]iod4  ,ano!r  
f9e specim5 ( wood c>v+ is ! ,italian   
/ool 7,fig4 #bcf7 ( ! same date1 :i* is 
rem>kable = its delicacy ( treatm5t4    
,ano!r =m ( *air ( a rectangul> "*1 ) or
 )\t arms1 hav+ an emboss$ lea!r or     
velvet cov]+ on ! back & seat1 ) turn$ &
 c>v$ legs & rails1 0 made 9 ,italy ab\t
 ?is "t 7,fig4 #bcg72 x 0 mu* us$       
subsequ5tly 9 ,spa91 ,france1 & 9       
,engl&1 & has cont9u$ to be 9 fav\r d[n 
to ! pres5t day4  ,cab9ets 7 made 9     
,italy & 9 ,france 9 :i* slabs (        
beautifully col\r$ & ve9$ m>bles & r>e  
/ones 7 ins]t$ z panels 9 v>i\s %apes1  
to :i* ! "n ( 8pietra-dura0 "w has be5  
giv54 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 
pa9t$ plaques ( porcela9 took ! place ( 
^! m>bles4  ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,spa91 &

 ,g]many1 ! great h\ses1 bo? private &  
religi\s1 & ! k+'s palaces 7 elaborately
 furni%$1 & kept 9 a /ate ( great       
spl5d\r4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#bce4--;,*air2 ,italian2 ,sixte5?       
,c5tury4 7,p47  ,*ur*es 7 also furni%$ )
 elaborate /alls1 pulpits1 & ri*        
ut5sils1 b 9 ! latt] ! /yle ( ! designs 
0 /ill ,m$ival4  ,9 ! reigns ( ,h5ry    
,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 ,engl& ! /yle  
gradually alt]$ to ! ,italian =ms ( !   
,r5aissance1 & _m ,italian ar*itects &  
c>v]s f\nd "w 9 ?is c\ntry 9 mak+       
furniture = ! royal palaces1 & besides1 
great quantities ( ,italian1 ,flemi%1 & 
,fr5* furniture 7 l>gely import$4 ,jean 
de ,mabuse & ,torrigiano 7 employ$ z    
ar*itects & sculptors by ,h5ry ,,vii41 &
 ,holbe9 & "s ,italian arti/s design$   
furniture & goldsmi?'s "w = ,h5ry       
,,viii4  ,9 ,france1 dur+ ! reigns (    
,franois ,i41 ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 &     
,h5ri ,,ii41 a great activity took place
 9 ar*itecture & 9 all ! indu/rial arts1
 9 :i* t c\ntry n only imitat$1 b s\ght 

to excel1 ! "w ( ! ,italian s*ools4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,/ool ( ,c>v$
 ,wood2 ,italian2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4     
7,j47  ,z already m5tion$1 ! ,fr5* k+s &
 ,m$icean pr9cesses 9 ! sixte5? c5tury  
_h invit$ f ,italy ,cell9i1             
,primaticcio1 ,il ,rosso1 ,s]lio1 &     
o!rs1 :o succe$$ 9 f\nd+ ! /yle ( !     
,r5aissance 9 ,france1 & ab\t ! same "t 
_m ,fr5* arti/s j\rney$ to ,italy to    
acquire ! new] /yle :i* _h be5 evolv$ f 
! /udy ( ! old classic rema9s ( t       
c\ntry4 ,among ! names ( ! pr9cipal     
,fr5* arti/s1 sculptors1 & c>v]s ( ?is  
p]iod are ^? ( ,jean ,g\jon1 ,ni*olas   
,ba*eli] ( ,t\l\se1 ,jean ,c\s91 ,g]ma9 
,pilon1 ,philib]t de l',orme1 ,du       
,c]ceau1 :o publi%$ designs = all k9ds (
 decorations & c>v+s1 & ,hugues ,samb9 (
 ,dijon4 ,mo/ ( ^! m5 7 ar*itects & also
 design]s ( ! heavy & ri* furniture t 0 
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,"s ( 
^! arti/s & _! works h be5 notic$ 9 !   
*apt]s on ,r5aissance ar*itecture &     
metal "w4 ,! cab9et 7,fig4 #bch7 is a   

good example ( ! ar*itectonic /yle (    
,fr5* furniture ( ! sixte5? c5tury4     
,fr5* wood c>v+ is di/+ui%$ f ! ,italian
 ( ?is p]iod by ! great use ( ! c>t\*e &
 /rap-"w 7,fig4 #bci71 :i* 0 s          
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,h5ri-,deux /yle4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--;,*air       
,decorat$ ) ,gauff]$ ,lea!r2 ,e>ly      
,sixte5? ,c5tury2 ,italian ,/yle4 7,j47 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--;,fr5*       
,cab9et2 ,sixte5?-,c5tury ,"w4 7,p47    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--;,c>v$ ,wood 
,panel2 ,fr5*2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  
,:5 ! ,r5aissance _h tak5 a firm root 9 
,g]many1 ! design]s & c>v]s (           
alt>-pieces & ( furniture g5]ally prov$ 
!mselves ?or\gh ma/]s ( ! /yle1 & 7     
especially skilful 9 ! c>v+ ( wood1 bo? 
on a gigantic & on a m9ute scale4 ,:ole 
fronts ( h\ses 7 elaborately c>v$ 9     
designs consi/+ ( figure "w1 animals1   
ornam5t1 & grotesques ( a qua9t &       
humor\s description1 :ile exce$+ly m9ute
 works ( figure subjects & animals 7    
c>v$ 9 box & o!r woods ) a delicacy &   

qua9tness (t5 excell+ ! ivory c>v+s ( ! 
,japanese4 ,escritoires1 buffets1       
cab9ets1 & o!r furniture1 7 made &      
export$ f ,g]many into ,spa9 & o!r      
c\ntries4  ,flemi% & ,engli% furniture &
 c>v+ 7 pretty mu* alike 9 ! reigns (   
,elizabe?--! ,tudor p]iod ( ,engli%     
art--& ( ,james ,i41 ! ,/u>t or         
,jacobean4 ,! pieces ( c>v$ furniture1  
bo? ,flemi% & ,engli%1 7 v solid & heavy
 bo? 9 ! design & ?ickness ( ! mat]ial1 
:i* 0 g5]ally ( oak or *e/nut4 ,s mu*   
,flemi% furniture 0 import$ into ,engl& 
at ?is "t1 & ! ,engli%-made "w1 be+ s   
close 9 resemblance to ! =m]1 t a great 
difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 classify+      
examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,! table1 ,fig4   
#bdj1 & ! s-call$ 8,great ,b$ ( ,w>e10  
are examples ( ! furniture ( !          
,elizabe?an p]iod 7,fig4 #bda47         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--;,elizabe?an 
,table4 7,p47  ,9 ,spa9 ! ,italian /yle 
9 furniture 0 introduc$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance
 by ! great importations f ,italy &     
,g]many1 b "u su* excell5t native c>v]s 

& design]s z ,felipe de ,borgoa 7sixte5?
 c5tury71 & ,b]ruguete 7#adhj-aefa71 !  
/yle ( ! ,r5aissance soon spread f      
,tol$o to ,seville & ,valladolid1 :]e   
great quantities ( c>v$ & inlaid "w &   
elaborate alt>-pieces 7 execut$ dur+ !  
prosp]\s ,spani% p]iod ( ! sixte5?      
c5tury4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--,!  
,great ,b$ ( ,w>e2 ,elizabe?an4 7,p47   
,dur+ ! same c5tury ,v5ice & ,flor5ce 7 
fam$ = _! m>quetry--inlaid "w ( ivory & 
metal--9 cypress1 walnut1 & o!r woods1  
:i* art _h be5 import$ f ,p]sia & ,india
 by ! ,v5etians1 & :i* spread rapidly   
?r\gh ,europe until ! furniture made )  
m>quetry decoration by degrees supplant$
 ! heavi] classical ar*itectural        
designs4  ,?is 0 br\ght ab\t *iefly 9 ! 
,we/ ( ,europe by ! ,dut* & ,fr5*       
m>quetry "w1 develop$ dur+ ! sev5te5?   
c5tury4  ,be=e leav+ ! ,italian         
sixte5?-c5tury "w we mu/ notice !       
mirrors1 ) _! elaborately c>v$ frames ( 
,v5etian design & manufacture4 ,9 ?is   
c5tury ,v5ice 0 r5[n$ = ! mak+ ( glass1 

= :i* x is /ill fam\s1 & c]ta9          
privileges 7 grant$ by ! ,/ate          
exclusively to ,v5etian manufactur]s (  
look+-glasses4 ,two ,murano glass mak]s 
nam$ ,&rea & ,dom9ico1 :o 7 ! inv5tors1 
7 grant$ 9 ! ye> #aejg ! sole privilege 
( mak+ 8mirrors ( cry/al glass0 = a t]m 
( tw5ty ye>s4 ,previ\s to ?is "t !      
mirrors 7 made ( v>i\s poli%$ metals4 ,!
 frames ( ! ,v5etian mirrors 7 (t5      
elaborately c>v$ 7,fig4 #bdb71 "s ( !m  
be+ made 9 designs t 7 /rictly          
ar*itectural 9 "*1 repres5t+ a door1 or 
w9d[ frame1 ) pila/]s1 frieze1 &        
cornice1 & sill or pl9?4 ,^! c>v$ frames
 7 (t5 p>tly or :olly gilt1 & 7 export$ 
9 consid]able quantities4 ,pictures 7   
fram$ 9 a simil> way to ! mirrors1 &    
c>v$ & gilt frames 7 soon us$ all ov]   
,europe z picture frames4 ,lat] on gilt 
furniture ( all k9ds 0 made 9 ,v5ice & 0
 9 great fav\r 9 ! o!r c\ntries ( !     
,cont95t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bdb4--,v5etian ,m9or ,frame2 ,sixte5?  
,c5tury4 7,p47  ,! manufacture (        

m>quetry furniture by ! ,dut* 9 !       
sev5te5? c5tury has be5 m5tion$ z hav+  
help$ 9 a great measure to *ange ! /yle 
( furniture design f its =m]            
ar*itectural "* to a great] simplicity (
 con/ruction4 ,l>ge panel surfaces 7 us$
 = ! purpose ( %[+ to great] advantage !
 ri* & bright col\rs ( diff]5t k9ds (   
h>d woods us$ 9 ! m>quetry4 ,bo? natural
 & /a9$ v>ieties ( v>i\s wood 7 arrang$ 
9 ! designs 9 juxtaposition1 & a free & 
picturesque k9d ( ornam5tal foliage 0   
employ$ mix$ ) l>ge tulips1 roses1 &    
birds 9 ! ,dut* m>quetry decoration4    
,o!r mat]ials1 su* z ivory1 ebony1 &    
"m-(-pe>l1 7 also us$ z inlays4 ,9      
,france a simil> k9d ( m>quetry 0       
develop$1 b ! design consi/$ m ( figure 
subjects & imitations ( ru9s 9 l&scapes4
 ,a complete *ange 9 ! design ( !       
furniture 9 ! latt] c\ntry 0 also       
effect$ by ! same desire to get l>ge    
surfaces on :i* ! inlaid "w c\ld be se5 
to great advantage1 & ! spaces 7 n      
divid$ by ar*itectural m\ld+s1 or       

pila/]s1 z !y _h be5 9 ! prec$+ e>li]   
"w4  ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 
dur+ ! e>li] half ( ! sev5te5?1 !       
sumptu\s furniture1 ! b$s1 & g5]al      
furni%+ ( ! bett] class ( h\ses &       
palaces 9 ,france & o!r ,european       
c\ntries1 7 *>act]iz$ by ! use ( co/ly  
silk brocades1 tissues1 & embroid]$     
cov]+s & hang+s4  ,by ?us seek+ to give 
! furniture an appe>ance ( ! ri*e/      
possible k9d1 su* articles z *airs1     
c\*es1 & b$s lo/ 9 a correspond+ degree 
_! elegance & =m] con/ructive beauty4   
,"u _! gorge\s ,italian & ,ori5tal      
velvet cov]+s1 _! fram$ con/ruction     
ceas$ to be visible4 ,! above pieces (  
furniture /ill reta9$ _! sumptu\s       
uphol/]y dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 b 
! tables1 armoires1 cab9ets1 book-cases1
 p$e/als1 clock-/&s & cases1 came "u !  
influ5ce ( ! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod1 :5 !
 k+'s *ief m9i/]1 ,colb]t1 select$ ! be/
 ar*itects & cab9et-mak]s ( ! day to    
design ! furniture = ! palaces ( !      
,tuil]ies1 ! ,l\vre1 & ,fonta9ebleau4   

,! greate/ "n connect$ ) ! design &     
manufacture ( ! magnific5t furniture ( !
 ,l\is-,quatorze p]iod is t ( ,&r-,*>les
 ,b\lle1 ^: "w is kn[n "u 8 "n z        
8,b\lle40 ,?is celebrat$ furniture is an
 elaborate k9d ( m>quetry ( :i* !       
mat]ials are r>e woods1 ebony1          
tortoise%ell1 brass1 "m-(-pe>l1 & :ite  
metal or t94 ,! m\nt+s1 m\ld+s1 & o!r   
sali5t po9ts are made 9 brass           
beautifully *as$ & f9i%$1 "s ( ! m\nt+s 
be+ 9 ! =ms ( masks1 foliage1 c>t\*es1 &
 animals' heads & feet z t]m9ation4     
,&r-,*>les ,b\lle 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye>
 #afdb4 ,8 fa!r1 ,pi]re ,b\lle1 0 also a
 di/+ui%$ bni/e1 or cab9et-mak]1 b 8 m  
em95t son possess$ ! arti/ic gift 9 a   
mu* high] degree4 ,9 addition to mak+ 8 
special m>quetry f 8 own designs ,b\lle 
also execut$ a good deal ( 8 be/ works f
 ! designs ( ,jean ,b]a9 7#afcf-agaa71 8
 *ief collaborateur4 ,b]a9's designs 7 m
 ,italian 9 /yle1 m symmetrical 9 !     
composition ( ! ornam5t1 & m correct f  
an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 ?an ^?     

attribut$ to ,b\lle himself1 ^: designs 
_h mu* ( ! loos5ess & fre$om ( !        
preval5t ,l\is ,quatorze4  ,at ! dea? ( 
,jean ,mac1 ! k+'s bni/e1 9 #afgb1 :o _h
 =m]ly liv$ 9 ! royal gall]ies ( !      
,l\vre1 ! logem5t & (fice ( bni/e to !  
k+ _h become vacant1 & ,b\lle on !      
recomm5dation ( ,colb]t1 m9i/] to ,l\is 
,,xiv41 0 appo9t$ z ! successor ( ,mac1 
& 0 in/all$ 9 8 rooms 9 ! ,l\vre 9 ! ye>
 #afgc4 ,he _h previ\sly execut$ "s     
important "w = ! k+1 & 0 kn[n z ! able/ 
bni/e at t "t 9 ,p>is4  ,! orig9 ( !    
,b\lle m>quetry c be trac$ to ! ,indian1
 ,p]sian1 & ,damascus encru/$ inlays 9  
ivory1 ebony1 nacre1 & metal1 t f\nd _! 
way to ,v5ice1 ,portugal1 ,spa91 &      
,france 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,^! works    
consi/$ *iefly ( caskets1 c(f]s1 & small
 pieces ( furniture4 ,9 ! inv5tories (  
,*>les ,v4 ( ,france 7#achj7 m5tion is  
made ( lect]ns & c(f]s ( inlaid ivory or
 bone1 9 ebony1 & simil> works are      
m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tories ( ,*>les ,,vi4   
7#adah71 & ( ,anne ( ,brittany 7#adih74 

,^! are ! e>lie/ notices ( m>quetry     
furniture t 0 made 9 ,france1 & 0       
probably an imitation ( ,ori5tal "w4  ,9
 ! ,r5aissance p]iod ,franois ,i4 b\ght 
"s magnific5t furniture ( ,indian       
workman%ip1 inlaid ) "m-(-pe>l1 f       
,portuguese m]*ants1 & m5tion is made ( 
*airs1 tables1 c(f]s1 cab9ets1 &        
mirror-frames t belong$ to ,que5 ,m>ie  
de' ,mdicis 7#afjj71 ! ,c>d9al          
d',amboise 7#aeej71 & o!r great p]sons (
 ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 all ( :i* works 7 made 9
 m>quetry4  ,9 ,france be=e ! sixte5?   
c5tury1 tortoise%ell1 brass1 t91 &      
exotic woods 7 us$ z inlays1 9 addition 
to ! ivory1 ebony1 & nacre ( ! ,ea/4 ,f 
?is x w be se5 t ,b\lle did n inv5t !   
celebrat$ m>quetry t be>s 8 "n4 ,he1    
h[ev]1 br\ght ?is sumptu\s =m ( cab9et  
"w to great p]fection1 & "u ! patronage 
( ,l\is ,,xiv4 he _h e opportunity to   
develop 8 arti/ic abilities to ! utmo/4 
,! me?od ( proc$ure 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,b\lle 
m>quetry 01 fir/1 to prep>e ! v5e]s (   
wood1 %ell1 t91 & brass ( ! same        

?ickness1 ea* hav+ p]fectly pla9        
surfaces2 ^! v5e]s 7 !n glu$ toge!r 9   
pairs ( opposite mat]ials1 accord+ to ! 
nature ( ! effect requir$ 9 ! f9i%$ "w1 
& 7 held toge!r firmly 9 a vice4 ,!     
design 0 !n trac$ on ! surface ( ! upp] 
leaf1 & ! v5e]s 7 !n cut ?r\gh ! l9es ( 
! patt]n ) a bur91 a %>p /rong knife1 or
 a f9e saw2 ?us f\r pieces ( m>quetry 7 
made at "o cutt+4 ,:5 ! plaque =m+ !    
design 0 compos$ ( t9 or brass1 :i* 0   
aft]w>ds engrav$ or *as$1 x 0 te*nically
 call$ 8b\lle02 & :5 ! design 0 =m$ by !
 %ell or ebony x 0 call$ 8c\nt]02 ! two 
effects are toge!r kn[n z 8b\lle &      
c\nt]10 or premire et contre-p>tie4  ,a 
lat] k9d ( ,b\lle "w1 kn[n z ! ,second  
,/yle1 has ! %ell v5e]s laid on a cl\d$ 
v]milion or on a gilt gr\nd4  ,b\lle 0  
an arti/ ( great excell5ce z a sculptor 
& *as] ( metals2 8 m\nt+s ( foliage &   
masks :i* decorat$ 8 works are spirit$ 9
 design & are skilfully *as$ & f9i%$    
7,fig4 #bdc74 ,he execut$ a great numb] 
( co/ly pieces ( 8 fam\s m>quetry =     

,l\is ,,xiv4 & ! ,dauph9 ( ,france1 _m (
 :i* f\nd _! way to ,engl& a c5tury     
lat]4 ,examples ( ,b\lle "w fet* great  
prices :51 z on r>e occasions1 !y make  
_! appe>ance 9 a sale4 ,= in/ance1 two  
armoires1 or l>ge cab9ets1 7 sold at !  
sale ( ! ,duke ( ,hamilton's ,collection
 9 #ahhb = ! sum ( #ab1jge4 ,! armoire  
7,fig4 #bdd7 n[ 9 ! ,jones ,collection  
at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 is p]haps ! f9e/ piece
 ( ,b\lle furniture 9 ,engl&4 ,x is mu* 
f9] & bett] design$ ?an ! ,hamilton     
cab9ets1 & w\ld probably1 if n[ sold1   
fet* ! above sum1 or m1 t 0 paid = ^!   
cab9ets4 ,x appe>s likely1 f ! /yle ( ! 
ornam5t1 t x 0 design$ by ,b]a94  ,aft] 
! dea? ( ,b\lle 8 f\r sons c>ri$ on !   
mak+ ( ?is celebrat$ m>quetry1 b 9 a    
co>s] & feebl] /yle ( design & ( inf]ior
 workman%ip4 ,o!r bni/es tri$ to imitate
 ,b\lle "w1 b _! ef=ts 7 n v successful1
 & 7 only inf]ior imitations4  ,9       
,g]many 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! mo/      
prom95t names z design]s & mak]s (      
furniture are ,philip ,he9h(]1          

,baumg>tn]1 & ,hans ,s*wanh>d4 ,! =m] 0 
! mak] ( ! celebrat$ ,pom]anian ,cab9et 
7#afaa-afag7 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,royal       
,museum at ,b]l94  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bdc4--;,b\lle ,cab9et4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,9 
?is c5tury1 9 ,italy1 ,&rea ,bru/olone  
7#afgj-agcb7 0 not$ z a c>v]1 gild]1 &  
cab9et-mak] :o work$ 9 ! extravagant    
/yle ( ! ,l\is ,qu9ze 7,l\is ,,xv471 & 9
 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury        
7#agjj-gg7 ,pifetti1 a ,pi$montese      
cab9et-mak]1 0 hon\r$ by ! ,italian     
,c\rt1 = :i* he execut$ _m works 9 ivory
 c>v+ & m>quetry "w 9 ! /yle ( ,b\lle4  
,_m o!r cab9et-mak]s & c>v]s 7 employ$  
to make furniture & to decorate ! que5's
 palace at ,tur91 among :om may be      
m5tion$ ! names ( ,galleti1 ! successor 
( ,pifetti1 & ,maggiol9o ( ,milan1 :o   
*iefly made a k9d ( m>quetry 9 light    
woods4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4  
,poll5's h&book on furniture = "s ( ^!  
names1 & a li/ ( _m o!rs w be f\nd at ! 
end ( 8 useful book4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #bdd4--;,b\lle ,cab9et or         

,armoire4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! ,fr5*         
ar*itect1 ,le ,pantre 7#afag-hb71       
design$ furniture & decoration 9 ! heavy
 classical /yle ( ! ,roman antique1 mix$
 ) %ell-"w1 grotesques1 & little ,cupids
 or 8putti10 & also engrav$ & publi%$ a 
book ( /udies ( ,roman ornam5t f sket*es
 t 8 ma/]1 ,adam ,phillipon1 _h made 9  
,italy4 ,he work$ ) ,le ,brun1 ! pa9t] &
 director ( ! decoration at ,v]sailles4 
,le ,brun's own "w 0 heavy & dull1      
al?\gh he aim$ at gr&eur & gorge\sness (
 effect4 ,he 0 director ( ! ,gobel9s    
tape/ry manufactory1 & 8 /yle ( "w 0 9  
h>mony ) ! pomp\s ideas ( ,l\is ! 8,gr& 
,mon>*40 ,madame de ,ma9t5on says 9 "o (
 h] lett]s to a fri5d1 t ,l\is 0 s fond 
( symmetry & /atel9ess 9 8 ar*itecture1 
z 9 o!r ?+s1 t he w\ld h y 8p]i% 9 8    
symmetry10 = he caus$ 8 doors & w9d[s to
 be con/ruct$ 9 pairs opposite to "o    
ano!r1 :i* gave to ev]ybody :o liv$ 9 8 
palaces _! dea? ( cold by draughts (    
air4  ,mu* ( ! m arti/ic k9d ( furniture
 0 import$ f ! ,cont95t into ,engl& dur+

 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & a feature ( ?is   
p]iod 0 ! highly decorative silv]       
furniture already notic$ 9 ! *apt] on   
metal "w4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bde4--;,c>v$ ,bracket2 ,engli%2        
,eighte5? ,c5tury4 7,p47  ,9 ?is c5tury 
& e>ly 9 ! foll[+ "o1 ! art ( wood c>v+ 
0 greatly develop$ 9 ,engl&1 *iefly ow+ 
to ! g5ius ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons & to !     
influ5ce ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ! /yle  
develop$ be+ a m or less reali/ic or    
b>oque =m ( ! ,r5aissance 7,figs4 #bde1 
#bdf74 ,gibbons c>ri$ out "s ( 8 c>v+s  
to an a/oni%+ degree ( realism3 b\quets 
( fl[]s1 fe/oons ( fruit & fl[]s1 birds1
 figures1 & drap]y 7 execut$ by him 9 ! 
highe/ possible relief1 :i* look$ deta*$
 f ! gr\nd1 & yet !y usually =m$ a "p ( 
! solid wood ) ! backgr\nd4 ,ornam5t 0  
c>v$ ) a s+ul> crispness1 & app>5tly )\t
 any hesitation on ! "p ( ! c>v]4 ,?\gh 
we may condemn ! florid loos5ess ( !    
/yle ( ,gibbons1 we mu/ admire !        
dext]ity ( workman%ip & g5]al te*nical  
excell5ce imp>t$ to ev]y?+ he t\*$4 ,"s 

( 8 be/ "w may /ill be se5 at ,*atswor?1
 ,petwor? ,h\se 9 ,sussex1 ,lyme ,hall 9
 ,*e%ire1 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 &       
,tr9ity ,college ,*apel at ,ox=d4 ,_m ( 
! old ,engli% halls & manor h\ses also  
conta9 examples ( c>v+ done ei!r by     
,gibbons or 8 pupils & imm$iate         
successors1 namely1 ,watson1 ,drevot1 & 
,laur5s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#bdf4--,mirror ,frame2 ,sev5te5?        
,c5tury4 7,p47  ,"u ! ,reg5cy (         
,philippe d',orlans 9 ,france           
7#agae-agbc7 decoration & ornam5t assum$
 a light & fanciful "*1 v naturali/ic1 b
 /ill hav+ "s classic details2 ( ?is    
/yle ,claude ,gillot is ! *ief expon5t4 
,watteau1 8 pupil1 made a great "n z a  
pa9t] ( pa/oral sc5es1 ftes galantes1 & 
all k9ds ( light & da9tily-treat$       
subjects ( a !atrical & artificial k9d (
 composition4 ,8 col\r 0 silv]y &       
h>moni\s1 & sometimes he decorat$       
furniture ) pa/oral sc5es4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--;,holy ,wat] 
,vessel2 ,engli%2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4    

7,p47  ,! ,rococo /yle _h begun "u !    
,reg5cy1 if n e>li]1 & su* m5 z         
,opp5ort1 ! ,de ,cottes1 fa!r & son1    
,franois de ,cuvillis1 ! ,italians      
,b]n9i & ,borrom9i1 & la/ly ! great     
apo/le ( ! ,rococo1 ,meissoni]1 7 all   
design]s ( furniture or ar*itects :o    
belong$ to ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xv41 & :o  
execut$ works t reflect$ ! loose &      
unre/ra9$ "* ( ! times 7#agbc-aggd74    
,*9ese & naturali/ic elem5ts 7 graft$   
on1 or mix$ )1 ! =m] ,l\is ,quatorze1 ) 
an addition ( /ill life t did duty =    
ar*itectural =m 9 objects ( pott]y &    
metal "w1 & a comb9ation ( %ell "w2 all 
^! elem5ts made up ! /yle kn[n "u !     
diff]5t names ( rococo1 rocaille1       
b>oque1 or ,l\is ,qu9ze4  ,furniture 0  
made ) curv$ & swell+ panels to %[ to m 
advantage ! m>quetry1 or pa9t+s on gold 
gr\nds3 ^! k9ds ( panels & friezes 7    
kn[n z 8bomb40  ,x is said t ! ,italian 
ar*itects1 ,b]n9i & ,borrom9i1 7 ! fir/ 
to introduce ! rococo /yle into ,france1
 b no design] w5t s f> 9 ! wildness (   

its vag>ies z ! ,fr5* ,meissoni]4 ,8    
ornam5t furni%es a p]fect example ( !   
want ( balance & symmetry4 ,he design$ =
 furniture1 woodwork1 silv]-smi!ry1 &   
modell$ decoration1 all ( :i* "w        
illu/rat$ ! brok5 %ell-%ap$ panels )    
frill$ & scallop$ edg+s & curv$ m\ld+s4 
,rooms 7 l9$ ) look+-glasses hav+ ^!    
rocaille m\ld+s1 :i* 7 well adapt$ to %[
 to ! be/ advantage ! glitt] ( ! gold   
leaf t 0 us$ inord9ately on ! furniture 
& decoration ( ! ,l\is-,qu9ze p]iod4    
,pi]re ,g]ma91 ,jean ,re/\t1 & ,jean    
,pillem5t are well-kn[n names ( o!r     
design]s ( ! rocaille /yle4  ,pa9t$     
panels ( pa/oral sc5es & fl[] gr\ps 7 ! 
usual col\r decorations ( ceil+s1       
furniture1 c>riages1 & a ho/ ( m9or     
articles su* z fans1 tuis1 snuff-boxes1 
c4 ,! latt] small] articles1 z well z ! 
/ate c>riages1 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+s 9 :at
 0 kn[n z ! ,v]nis-,m>t9 /yle4 ,m>t9 0 a
 decorator ( c>riages & an h]aldic      
pa9t]1 :o inv5t$ ! p>ticul> h>d v>ni% or
 lacqu] :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,x 0 q likely t  

?is 0 z ne> z possible a successful     
imitation ( ! ,japanese gold lacqu] t   
decorat$ ! articles :i* 7 at ?is p]iod  
import$ f ,japan by ! ,dut* &           
,portuguese trad]s into ,europe4        
,c>riages1 tables1 cab9ets1 & especially
 small] articles l snuff-boxes &        
ne$le-cases1 7 pa9t$ & decorat$ 9       
8,v]nis-,m>t940 ,"s ( ! small] objects 7
 beautifully m\nt$ 9 *as$ gold4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--;,commode1 ) 
,lac ,panels1 & ,m\nts by ,caffi]i4     
,l\is-,qu9ze ,/yle4  ,x 0 q a common    
practice to cov] or to panel furniture )
 plaques ( ,japanese lacqu]1 & to m\nt  
!m 9 *as$ metal or orm\lu decorations4  
,a unique commode is illu/rat$ at ,fig4 
#bdh1 made f panels ( v old ,japanese   
lacqu] & highly decorat$ ) orm\lu m\nts 
by ,caffi]i1 a skill$ *as] ( !          
,l\is-,qu9ze p]iod4  ,9 ! latt] half ( !
 eighte5? c5tury an improvem5t 9 !      
design ( furniture & ( ornam5t g5]ally  
crept 91 ow+ to ! /udy ( ! ornam5tation 
& design ( ! classic objects t _h be5   

f\nd 9 ! buri$ cities ( ,h]culaneum &   
,pompeii4 ,^! cities _h be5 discov]$ 9  
#agac1 & ab\t =ty or fifty ye>s lat]    
books 7 publi%$ illu/rat+ ! buri$       
rema9s1 :i* help$ to *ange ! public     
ta/e1 & by degrees a dem& arose =       
designs ( a m sev]e & classic k9d4  ,!  
prevail+ ta/e 0 !n app>5tly gratifi$ by 
! mixture or graft+ ( a c]ta9 quantity (
 classic =ms ) ! =m] frivol\s /yle ( !  
,l\is ,qu9ze4  ,! /yle 9 furniture & 9  
ornam5t n[ develop$ into :at is kn[n z !
 8,l\is ,seize0 7,l\is ,,xvi471 &       
consi/$ 9 its ornam5t ( a composition ( 
?9 scrolls1 g>l&s1 b[s & quiv]s ( arr[s1
 ribbons & knots1 m$allions ) classic   
cameo-cut subjects4 ,m\ld+s 7 f9e &     
delicately ornam5t$1 & ( /raight-l9$    
v>iety2 9 fact1 ! /raight l9e n[        
reass]t$ itself 9 ar*itecture &         
furniture design 7see ,figs4 #bdi1      
#bej71 9 refre%+ & heal?y contra/ to !  
tott]+ & riot\s curves ( ,l\is ,,xv4 & !
 ,du ,b>ry p]iod4  ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful
 furniture expressive ( ! utmo/ elegance

 0 made by ,riesn] & ,david1 & 0        
decorat$ ) orm\lu m\nts by ,g\?ire = !  
,que5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 ,riesn] &       
,g\?ire 7 ! able/ m5 ( _! "t1 :o g5]ally
 work$ toge!r 9 ! mak+ & decorat+ ( !   
f9e/ furniture ( ?is p]iod4 ,we are     
=tunate 9 possess+ 9 ! ,jones           
,collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton "s ( ! v   
f9e/ examples ( ?is furniture1 mu* ( :i*
 0 made = ,m>ie ,anto9ette 7,figs4 #bea1
 #beb74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bdi4--,l\is-,seize ,writ+ ,table4      
,riesn] usually work$ 9 light &         
ri*ly-col\r$ woods1 su* z tulip-wood1   
holly1 maple1 laburnum1 purple-wood1 &  
rosewood1 = 8 m>quetry "w1 & us$ oak = !
 l9+s & f\ndations4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #bej4--,mahogany ,cab9et ) ,svres      
,plaques4 ,l\is ,seize4  ,! be/ pieces (
 ,david & ,riesn] 7 usually m\nt$ 9     
orm\lu or bronze-gilt metal by ,g\?ire1 
:o has nev] be5 equall$ z a f\nd] & *as]
 ( ?is class ( "w4 ,prieur 0 also a good
 *as] ( ! ,l\is ,seize p]iod4 ,delafosse
 0 an ar*itect & design] ( furniture &  

decoration ( ! p]iod1 ^: designs 7 ( a m
 heavy & classical k9d4 ,cauvet 0 a     
,g]man :o work$ 9 ,p>is1 & design$      
graceful arabesques & figure "w1 & :o   
publi%$ a book ( designs4 ,lalonde      
design$ "w t might be class$ 9 ! same   
category z t ( ,cauvet1 & ,salembi] 0 a 
prolific design] ( a light & free k9d ( 
arabesque4 ,_m ( 8 designs = silk may be
 se5 9 ! fabric at ! ,silk ,museum 9 !  
,b\rse at ,lyons4 ,le ,ntre design$ =   
furniture1 c>v+1 & 0 also fam$ ) ,la    
,qu9t9ie z a design] ( ! /ate & public  
g>d5s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#bea4--;,escritoire ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 
7,jones ,collection47  ,9 ,italy !      
prevail+ ornam5t 9 furniture &          
decoration 0 m classical ?an 9 ,france4 
,piranesi1 ,alb]tolli1 ,p]golese1 &     
,b>tolozzi are names ( ! pr9cipal       
design]s ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! eighte5?      
c5tury1 mo/ ( :om publi%$ ext5sive works
 on ornam5t4 ,! latt] two 7 br\ght to   
,engl& by ! bro!rs ,john & ,rob]t ,adam 
7#agbh-agib71 :o _h travell$ 9 ,italy1  

br++ also ) !m classical ideas1 :i* !y  
develop$ 9 ,engl&1 & :i* influ5c$ to a  
great ext5t ! /yle ( ar*itecture &      
furniture design 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!       
,adelphi build+ & ! h\ses 9 ,portl&     
,place 7 built f designs by ! ,adams4   
,all k9ds ( furniture1 s$an *airs1      
c>riages1 plate1 c41 7 made f _!        
designs4 ,f9e m\ld+s1 m$allions1        
rosettes1 light g>l&s1 capitals 9       
classic =m1 flut$ pila/]s & columns1 7  
all design$ by !m ) ! utmo/ re/ra9t 9   
/yle--ev5 to coldness4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #beb4--,table ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 
inlaid ) ,svres ,plaques4   7,jones     
,collection47   ,?omas ,*ipp5dale 0 a   
fam\s cab9et-mak] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4  
,8 furniture1 or ev5 any good imitation 
( x1 fet*es a good price at ! pres5t "t4
 ,he publi%$ a book on furniture design 
& int]ior decoration 9 ! ye> #agfd4 ,8  
sons are suppos$ to h made ne>ly all !  
be/ ( ! mahogany furniture kn[n z       
8,*ipp5dale40  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#bec4--,p>l\r ,*airs1 by ,*ipp5dale4    

7,l47  ,! p>l\r *airs 7,fig4 #bec7 are  
good examples ( ,*ipp5dale furniture1 & 
! *airs made 9 ! s-call$ 8,*9ese /yle0  
7,fig4 #bed7 are attribut$ to ! eld]    
,*ipp5dale4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#bed4--;,*air 9 ! ,*9ese ,/yle1 by      
,?omas ,*ipp5dale4 7,l47  ,%]raton &    
,heppel:ite are names ( two o!r         
well-kn[n cab9et-mak]s1 :o made excell5t
 mahogany furniture 9 ! la/ c5tury1 bo? 
( :om publi%$ works on ! subject at !   
latt] end ( ! c5tury4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bee4--,/ool & ,*air1 ,c>v$ &     
,gilt ,m\nt+s2 ,empire ,/yle4 7,l47  ,! 
names ( ,gill[1 ,li*field1 ,lock1 &     
,copel& are ^? ( em95t ,engli%          
cab9et-mak]s & decorators ( ?is p]iod1 !
 two =m] firms be+ /ill 9 exi/5ce 9     
,london4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#bef4--;,cab9et ( ,r$ ,*as$ ,lacqu]     
7,japanese7 & ,porcela9 ,di%4 7,j47  ,9 
,france1 aft] ! ,revolution 7#agib71 a m
 decid$ phase ( ! dry & heavy           
classicisms 0 app>5t 9 ! furniture      
design & decoration ( ! p]iod 7#ahja74  

,?is return to classic heav9ess has be5 
attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! academic    
pa9t] ,david1 b is m likely to h be5 a  
p&]+ to ! national wor%ip ( ,napoleon & 
! ,fr5* ,empire4 ,x seem$ to h be5 !    
univ]sal desire to make ev]y?+ e*o or   
reflect 9 "s measure ! glory ( ! ,emp]or
 ,napoleon ,i4 ,! meane/ ?+ _h "s symbol
 or allusion by ! way ( decoration t    
%\ld rem9d ev]ybody ( ! greatness ( !   
new mon>* & ( ! ,fr5* ,empire1 &        
consequ5tly ! heavy & pond]\s /yle ( t  
p]iod 0 kn[n z ! 8,empire ,/yle40 ,!    
furniture ( ! ,empire 0 usually made 9  
mahogany1 decorat$ ) m\nt+s 9 brass or  
bronze1 ( sph9xes1 griff9s1 ,roman      
emblems1 & antique scroll]y 7,fig4      
#bee74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#beg--,lacqu]$ ,boxes2 ,s9dh4 7,b47     
,p]ci] & ,fonta9e are names ( ,fr5*     
cab9et-mak]s & design]s :o work$ 9 !    
,empire /yle1 & :o publi%$ a book ( _!  
designs4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#beh4--,lacqu]$ ,leg ( ,b$po/2 ,s9dh4   
7,b47  ,9 ,engl& ! /yle 0 copi$1 & we   

f9d t endless imitations ( ! ,fr5*      
fa%ion 9 tables1 s(as1 *airs1 cab9ets1 &
 clocks 7 design$ aft] ! same antique   
ideals4  ,9 ?is c\ntry1 dur+ ! e>li]    
half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! m$ival ,go?ic 
/yle 0 p>tly reviv$ 9 ar*itecture & 9   
furniture1 ma9ly ow+ to ! ef=ts (       
,augu/us ,w4 ,pug91 ! ar*itect4 ,he     
design$ _m pieces ( furniture1 & publi%$
 a "w consi/+ ( ,go?ic designs 9 ! ye>  
#ahce4 ,not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ,pug9 & "s o!r
 em95t ar*itects & 8puri/s10 no p>ticul>
 la/+ impression 0 made 9 ?is direction4
  ,if we except a few ( ! be/           
cab9et-mak]s' %ops1 :]e 9 ! pres5t day  
"s furniture ( good design is made1 !   
majority ( su* "w is n[ made by ma*9]y1 
or is (t5 too mu* ! "w ( ! uphol/]]1 &  
is consequ5tly less arti/ic & m         
me*anical bo? 9 design & con/ruction4   
,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful furniture (       
,japanese & ,*9ese manufacture is made 9
 c>v$ wood & lacqu]$ 9 black or r$4     
,cab9ets ) draw]s & qua9tly contriv$    
cupbo>ds & recesses 7,fig4 #bef7 are    

made by ! ,japanese1 f9i%$ 9 lacqu]s1 & 
inlaid ) ivory & "m-(-pe>l4 ,! ,*9ese   
are especially skill$ 9 c>v+ r$ lac-"w4 
,"s vases ( great dim5sions & (         
exquisite workman%ip 9 ?is mat]ial may  
be se5 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,lac-"w is
 also execut$ ) great skilfulness by !  
natives ( ,india4 ,bracelets1 armlets1  
or golias1 are made ( lac 9 v>i\s       
col\rs1 ! gold5 decorations ( :i* are   
made f t9foil & v>ni%$ ) a yell[ v>ni%  
made ( myrrh1 copal1 & sweet oil boil$  
toge!r4 ,boxes1 b$-po/s1 & o!r          
furniture1 made 9 wood or papi]-m*1 are 
lacqu]$ & decorat$ ) flat r5d]+s ( fl[]s
 & conv5tional %apes ( animals & birds  
7,figs4 #beg1 #beh74 ,all k9ds ( toys1  
weights & measures1 cook+ ut5sils1      
circul> play+-c>ds1 turn]y1 c41 are     
objects 9 small w>es made 9 ! *oice/    
lac-"w ( ,india4                        
,,*apt] ,,vi4                           
,,textile ,,fabrics4   ,weav+ is an art 
t has be5 practis$ f prehi/oric times4  
,grasses1 %r$s ( b>k1 ru%es1 ba/1 c41 7 

at fir/ wov51 & us$ z articles ( dress &
 cov]+s su* z we see 9 use to-day among 
! uncivilis$ tribes ( ! _w4 ,! loom is  
also a v anci5t inv5tion1 & mu/ h be5   
us$ mu* e>li] ?an we h any record ( x4  
,"o ( ! olde/ v>ieties ( fabrics made 9 
! loom is t ( l951 ! ?reads ( :i* are   
prep>$ f ! fibr\s p>ts ( ! flax plant   
/alk4 ,we h n only ,biblical evid5ce ( !
 weav+ ( l95 by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 b !
 actual mat]ial itself1 :i* has be5     
prov$ by ! /ricte/ sci5tific analysis to
 be ! product ( ! flax plant4  ,! olde/ 
k9d ( ,egyptian l95 0 t us$ = ! swa?+   
b&s ( ! mummies1 & 0 =m]ly kn[n "u !    
errone\s "n ( byssus1 ! latt] be+ a     
mat]ial wov5 f ! filam5ts or be>d ( !   
p9na m>9a1 or sea-cat]pill>4  ,! v>i\s  
me?ods & processes us$ 9 ! manufacture (
 l95 are well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,egyptian   
pa9t+s & bas-reliefs1 su* z ! beat+ ( ! 
flax1 comb+1 sp9n+1 & weav+ 9 ! loom4   
,"s ( ! ,egyptian l95 0 exce$+ly f9e 9  
texture & p]fect 9 workman%ip3 a piece (
 l95 f\nd at ,memphis _h #edj ?reads to 

! in* 9 ! w>p4  ,l95 y>n & ! raw flax 7 
export$ f ,egypt by ! ,phnicians &      
,c>?ag9ians to ,greece1 ,italy1 ,g]many1
 ,spa91 & probably to ! ,briti% ,isles4 
,! ,greek wom5 wove l95 = _! g>m5ts1 z !
 wom5 ( mo/ ,european c\ntries h done 9 
! anci5t & ,middle ,ages4 ,g]many1      
,holl&1 & ,belgium h f e>ly times be5 ! 
*ief c\ntries = l95 manufacture 9       
,europe4 ,p]haps at ! pres5t day ! city 
( ,belfa/ 9 ,irel& is ! mo/ important   
seat ( l95 indu/ry 9 ! _w1 & ,dundee 9  
,scotl& might claim ! second place4 ,= !
 la/ two hundr$ ye>s ! l95 trade ( ,ul/]
 has be5 9 a fl\ri%+ condition4 ,!      
,engli% ,p>liam5t f ! days ( ,william   
,,iii4 to ! pres5t "t h enc\rag$ &      
promot$ ! trade1 b ! initial success (  
?is indu/ry 0 ow+ 9 a great measure to !
 skill & en]gy ( ,l\is ,crommel9 & !    
,hugu5ot colony1 :o came to ! ,nor? (   
,irel& f ,france aft] ! ,revocation ( ! 
,edict ( ,nantes 7#afhe71 & 9 ! ye>     
#afii f9ally settl$ at ,lisburn1 ne>    
,belfa/4 ,a simil> colony ( ,fr5*       

,prote/ants1 :o 7 weav]s by trade1      
settl$ 9 ,scotl& 9 #agbg "u _! lead]1   
,ni*olas d',assaville4  ,a great epo* 9 
! hi/ory ( weav+ dates f ! "t ( !       
inv5tion ( ! ,jacqu>d ma*9e1 :i* caus$ a
 revolution 9 ne>ly all bran*es ( weav+4
 ,jean-,m>ie ,jacqu>d 7#ageb-ahcd71 !   
inv5tor ( ?is ma*9e1 0 a native ( ,lyons
 & a silk weav] by trade4 ,! ,jacqu>d   
ma*9e is atta*$ to any ord9>y loom1 &   
its "w consi/s 9 me*anically select+ &  
rais+ ! w>p ?reads1 :5 ! %uttle passes  
across ! loom1 ! action be+ regulat$ by 
means ( c>ds ) pi]c$ holes ?r\gh :i* !  
lift+ cords or ne$les pass1 ! holes 9 ! 
c>ds be+ arrang$ or cut 9 accordance ) !
 preconceiv$ patt]n t ultimately figures
 9 ! wov5 clo?4  ,! fir/ ,jacqu>d ma*9e 
us$ 9 ,engl& 0 set up 9 ,cov5try 9 ! ye>
 #ahbj4  ,silk & its manufacture by !   
,*9ese 0 kn[n & und]/ood f a p]iod      
ant]ior to ! date ( #bgjj ye>s be=e !   
,*ri/ian ,era4  ,p]haps ! fir/ k ( silk 
products 9 ,europe 0 due to ! conque/ ( 
,p]sia & portion ( ,india by ,alex&] !  

,great1 :o came 9 contact ) ! ,*9ese1 or
 "s p :o liv$ beyond ,india1 & :o _h    
probably worn silk5 g>m5ts4 ,to ^! p !  
,greeks gave ! g5]al "n ( ! ,s]es4 ,?is 
"n 0 n only giv5 to ! p beyond ,india by
 ! ,romans1 b to ! silkworm itself4     
,ari/otle1 ,virgil1 ,dionysius !        
,geograph]1 & lat] ,pausanias1 m5tion ! 
se] or sp9n+-worm1 f :i* ! ri* &        
valuable ,ori5tal g>m5ts 7 made4 ,pl9y  
says t ! ,assyrians made silk f ! bombyx
 & taught ! art to ! inhabitants ( !    
isl& ( ,cos4 ,pamphile1 ! daught] (     
,plates1 made ! f9e/ wov5 silk 9 ! isl& 
( ,cos4 ,x is suppos$ t 9 ! fir/ in/ance
 ! raw mat]ial f\nd its way f ,*9a1     
?r\gh ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,arabia1 to !   
,grecian ,isles1 & ev5tually to ,italy &
 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ,european c\ntries  
silk at fir/ 0 mix$ ) wool or l951 &    
g>m5ts ( ?is mat]ial 7 worn by !        
,romans4  ,! ?9 gauze-l silk5 g>m5ts (  
,cos 7 ( a pure quality & 7 import$ to  
,rome 9 ! second c5tury & 7 reckon$ wor?
 _! weight 9 gold4 ,ab\t ?is "t great   

quantities ( ! raw silk 7 br\ght f !    
,ea/ by ! ov]l& r\te & by sea1 & 9 ! end
 ( ! f\r? c5tury silk _h become s *eap z
 to be )9 ! rea* ( ! common p           
7,m>cell9us1 ,a4,d4 #chj74 ,tyre &      
,b]ytus 7 ! *ief seats ( silk           
manufacture f :i* ! ,roman m>kets 7     
suppli$4  ,9 ! ye> #eeb an ev5t is      
record$ t revolutionis$ ! manufacture ( 
silk 9 ,europe4 ,! /ory is relat$ t two 
monks1 ei!r ,greeks or ,p]sians1 7 s5t z
 ambassadors to ,*9a1 & !re le>nt ! arts
 & me?ods ( silk production f ! natives4
 ,!y succe$$ 9 secretly convey+ 9 _!    
holl[ cane walk+-/icks a quantity (     
silkworms' eggs :i* !y br\ght to        
,con/ant9ople1 :]e !y 7 hat*$ 9 w>m     
manure1 & ! grubs 7 f$ on ! leaves ( !  
mulb]ry-tree4 ,v soon aft] ?is a royal  
factory 0 set up 9 ! palace at          
,con/ant9ople4 ,wom5 weav]s 7 press$    
into ! ,emp]or's s]vice1 & a /ate       
monopoly 0 set up = ! manufacture ( silk
 fabrics4  ,! introduction ( ! silkworm 
did n *eap5 ! price ( silk2 on !        

contr>y1 ! production ( ! royal looms 7 
sold at excessive prices1 & f> beyond ^?
 paid = ! mat]ial be=e ! silkworm re>+  
p]iod 9 ,europe4  ,! c\rt ( ! ,ea/]n    
,empire did n hold ! silk-weav+ monopoly
 long1 = v soon aft] ! secret ( ! re>+ (
 ! worms spread to ! ,peloponnesus & !  
isles ( ,greece1 :]e1 f ! six? to !     
middle ( ! twelf? c5turies1 ,europe 0   
suppli$ ) ne>ly all ! silk x requir$4   
,9 ! ye> #aacj ,rog] ,i41 ! ,norman ,k+ 
( ,sicily1 br\ght a colony ( silk weav]s
 f ,a!ns & induc$ !m to settle 9        
,pal]mo1 :]e an ext5sive silk indu/ry 0 
already develop$ "u ! =m] ,s>ac5ic      
rul]s1 :o 7 vassals ( ! indep5d5t ,ftimy
 ,khalifs ( ,egypt1 dur+ ! n9? & t5?    
c5turies4  ,aft] ! introduction ( !     
,greek weav]s into ! ,pal]mo work%ops we
 f9d ! ,siculo-,arabian designs alt]+ f 
! old] circul> panels ( ,s>ac5ic        
ornam5t1 :i* consi/$ ( ! designs ( birds
 & animals plac$ back to back1 or       
vis--vis1 ( ,mesopotamian orig91 to b&s 
( birds1 animals1 & fi%es1 grotesque &  

o!rwise1 mix$ ) foliage & scrolls       
conta9+ mock ,arabic inscriptions4  ,to 
trace ! analysis ( patt]ns 9 silk       
fabrics is to trace ! hi/orical         
developm5t ( ! fabrics !mselves1 =      
patt]n & manufacture1 hi/orically       
consid]$1 h develop$ side by side4  ,:5 
we consid] ! v>ieties indicat$ by !     
names ( ,byzant9e1 ,s>ac5ic1 or ,arabian
 9 its v>i\s =ms1 ,italian & ,fr5*1 we  
%all f9d t 9 ! ord] m5tion$ !           
*ronological developm5t ( mat]ial &     
patt]n run concurr5tly4  ,silk1 9 its   
raw /ate1 dur+ ! fir/ few c5turies ( our
 era arriv$ 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,asia   
,m9or1 9 ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 & 9        
,byzantium 7,con/ant9ople71 f ,*9a1 by !
 way ( ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 & 
ov]l& by c>avans4  ,! ,p]sians & !      
,byzant9e ,greeks1 f ! fir/ to ! eigh?  
c5turies1 monopolis$ ! ,we/]n silk      
manufacture1 z !y already possess$ !    
looms on :i* !y _h made l951 wooll5     
clo?1 & c>pet tape/ry4 ,x requir$ v     
little adaptation to conv]t !m into silk

 looms1 & t[>ds ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5?     
c5tury ! new mat]ial _h firmly e/abli%$ 
itself 9 ,p]sia1 ,syria1 &              
,con/ant9ople4  ,! patt]ns = ! mo/ "p 7 
symbolic & l>ge 9 "*1 & ne>ly all ( !m  
_h _! orig9 9 ! 8,homa10 or sacr$ 8,tree
 ( ,life0 7,figs4 #bei1 #bfj71 ) !      
wor%ipp]s on ei!r side consi/+ ( k+s or 
o!r p]sonages 9 ! act ( adoration1 su* z
 we f9d z a common !me engrav$ on !     
,assyrian cyl9d]s1 wall decorations1 &  
bronze platt]s1 :i* _h its orig9 9 !    
old] ,egyptian =ms4 ,:]e ! ,sacr$ ,tree1
 ) animals in/ead ( human =ms1 0 made a 
feature ( 9 ! silk fabrics1 ! /uff _h a 
,p]sian developm5t d]iv$ f ,babylonian  
s\rces1 b ! ,greeks or ,byzant9es us$   
?is patt]n = ! sake ( exp$i5cy1 & n 9 a 
symbolic s5se4  ,!re is a piece ( v old 
,byzant9e silk 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,collection1
 & also a piece ( ! same mat]ial 9 !    
,silk ,museum at ,lyons1 :i* consi/s ( a
 design ( w+$ p]sonages wre/l+ ) lions2 
! patt]n is wov5 9 /rips1 & ! col\r is a
 r$ gr\nd ) :ite1 gold-col\r$1 blue &   

gre5 figur+4 ,! /yle ( ! design &       
peculi>ity ( ! weav+ prove x to be ( a  
date ant]ior to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,?is    
p>ticul> ,byzant9e tissue has ! r$ weft 
( ! gr\nd execut$ 9 five diff]5t %ades (
 ! r$ col\r ?r[n crosswise 7lanc crois71
 ea* %ade alt]nat+ 9 ?ree ?reads by     
?ree2 ! w>p is ?ick1 & ! %uttle passes  
"r across ! wid?1 all ! mat]ial be+ pure
 silk--^! are ! m>ks by :i* ,byzant9e   
fabrics are kn[n4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bei4--;,assyrian ,homa or ,sacr$ ,tree4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--,tree (    
,life1 ,assyrian4  ,x is only 9 g5u9e   
examples ( ,byzant9e ,greek fabrics :]e 
we f9d ! human figure is us$ 9 ! design1
 or animals ( a free & natural type1 z !
 ,byzant9e silk designs 7 inv>iably tak5
 f ,greek my?ological s\rces &          
scriptural subjects4 ,g5u9e examples (  
,byzant9e fabrics are v sc>ce1 & ! "o   
describ$ is a g5u9e example ( great     
value4  ,:5 ! ,arabs "u ,mohamm$ _h     
conqu]$ ! c\ntries ( ,p]sia1 ,syria1 & !
 c\ntries s\? ( ! ,p]sian ,sea1 !y f\nd 

already 9 ^! places ! manufacture ( silk
 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate4 ,f ?is "t--! n9?     
c5tury--until ! f\rte5?1 we f9d t f !   
bord]s ( ,*9a & ,india 9 ! ea/ to       
,africa & ,spa9 9 ! s\? & we/--:i*      
embraces ! c\ntries conqu]$ by !        
,s>ac5s--! silk indu/ry 0 c>efully fo/]$
 "u ! ,mohamm$an rule4 ,next to preci\s 
/ones 9 importance & value ! *iefe/     
treasures ( ! ,khalifs ( ,bagdad1       
,cairo1 ,fez1 & ,cordova 7 silk5 goods4 
,! baza>s ( ! *ief t[ns 7 fill$ ) !     
preci\s mat]ial1 & silk fairs or m>kets 
7 held p]iodically1 *iefly at ,antio*1  
,rey1 ,erz]\m1 ,ispahan1 ,j]usalem1 &   
,mecca4 ,! ,mussulman laws =bade !      
fai?ful to negotiate ) ! 7,*ri/ian7     
infidels1 b !re 0 a sav+ clause t help$ 
!m out ( ?is difficulty1 :i* all[$ !m to
 b>ga9 ) ! ,jews1 & ^! middlem5 did n   
scruple to d bus9ess ) ei!r ! ,*ri/ian  
infidel or ,mussulman4  ,! ,jews 7 !n1 z
 !y are n[1 ! bank]s1 m]*ants1 & deal]s 
9 silk & preci\s /ones1 & ev5 be=e ?is  
date !y 7 ! purveyors ( all k9ds (      

articles ( luxury to ! weal?y ,romans ( 
! s\?1 ! ,gallo-,romans ( ! we/1 & !    
,go?s ( ,nor!rn ,europe4  ,not)/&+ !    
laws ( excommunication !n 9 =ce1        
,italian ,*ri/ian m]*ants1 z well z     
,jews1 trad$ ) ! ,mohamm$an _w1 & bo?   
,jews & ,italians travell$ ov] ,asia    
,m9or1 ,nor? ,africa1 ?r\gh\t ,italy1   
,sicily1 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl&1      
di/ribut+ ! products ( ,s>ac5ic looms1 &
 e/abli%+ silk manufactories 9 ,*ri/ian 
c\ntries1 notably 9 ,sicily & ,italy4   
,%awls1 dress goods1 & hang+s 7 !n !    
pr9cipal articles ( silk manufacture4   
,p]sia 0 ! orig9al place f :5ce came !  
be/ patt]ns & mat]ials2 x 0 really !    
f\nta9-head ( textile designs1 & f !nce 
!y spread ov] ,arabia into ,nor?        
,africa1 ,sicily1 & ,italy1 ! patt]ns   
be+ modifi$ accord+ to ! popul> ta/e ( !
 diff]5t c\ntries & by ! introduction ( 
v>i\s symbolic features4                
,,textiles ,,( ,,india4  ,! textiles (  
,india =m an important section ( !      
indu/rial arts ( t c\ntry4 ,! mat]ials  

us$ 9 ! wov5 & embroid]$ fabrics are    
silk1 cotton1 wool1 hair1 col\r$        
grasses1 jute1 gold1 silv]1 & v>i\s     
t9sels4  ,among ! *ief arti/ic          
productions 9 textiles are ! k9cobs1 or 
silk5 brocades1 made at ,ahm$abad &     
,b5>es1 ! embroid]$ musl9 ( ,dacca1 !   
pile c>pets ( ,malab>1 ! rugs ( ,madras1
 & ! %awls ( ,ca%m]e4  ,! native        
excell5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! design1 col\r1 &  
manufacture t has *>act]is$ ^! textiles 
= c5turies pa/ is n[ 9 dang] (          
ext9ction--& great mis*ief has be5 done 
already--f ! influ5ce ( ,european       
designs1 ! introduction ( mag5ta &      
anil9e dyes1 & by ! competition )       
,european m>kets1 result+ 9 ! production
 ( *eap] =ms ( ,indian goods4 ,x is only
 9 ! case ( a few in/ances :]e !        
textiles are made to ord]1 or "u !      
patronage ( "s ( ! rema9+ ,indian       
pr9ces1 t ! traditional sup]iority (    
manufacture is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,ano!r     
exception is ! production ( ! silk      
brocades1 or k9cobs 7,fig4 #bfa72 ?is is

 ow+ 9 a great measure to ! dem& = ^!   
goods by ! ,*9ese & o!r ,ori5tals1 :o h 
n yet adopt$ ! ,we/]n ideas ( imitat+ ! 
,european /yle ( dress4  ,"s ( ^! k9cobs
 are highly ornam5t$ ) int]wov5 gold or 
silv]-gilt patt]ns ( floral =m1 o!rs are
 ornam5t$ z 9 ! 8happy hunt+-gr\nd0     
patt]ns ( ,b5>es manufacture1 ) fl[]s1  
birds1 & animals4 ,?is p>ticul> =m (    
fabric is no d\bt a survival1 ?r\gh     
,p]sian *annels1 ( ! embroid]$ g>m5ts ( 
! anci5t ,babylonian mon>*s4  ,9 !      
production ( cotton goods ! trade ( !   
native ca/e ( weav]s has suff]$ v mu* by
 ! great importation ( ,man*e/] cottons1
 & by ! e/abli%m5t ( mon/] cotton       
p[]-loom factories at ,ahm$abad &       
else:]e4 ,_m natives ( ! weav] ca/e h   
be5 oblig$ to take to agricultural & o!r
 less lucrative pursuits1 ow+ to !      
p>tial ru9 ( _! trade by ,engli%        
competition4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#bfa4--,k9cob ( ,ahm$abad4 7,b47        
,cotton-pr9t+ is /ill1 h[ev]1 an        
important native indu/ry1 especially 9 !

 city ( ,luckn[1 :]e ! col\r+ & design  
are /ill sup]ior to t ( ! ,engli% or    
,fr5* *9tzes4 ,"s ( ! be/ ,indian1 or r 
,indo-,p]sian1 ornam5t is f\nd on !     
pr9t$ calico palampores1 or b$-cov]+s1  
made at ,masulipatam & o!r places4      
,calicoes wov5 9 v>y+ /ripes ( col\r$   
?reads1 *ecks1 & t>tans ( all hues1 are 
among ! specialities ( ,indian textiles1
 ! mat]ial be+ us$ = tr\s]+s1 skirts1 & 
petticoats4  ,! once-fam\s ,dacca       
musl9s1 t on acc\nt ( _! gossam]-l      
appe>ance h be5 kn[n "u ! names ( 8ev5+ 
dew0 & 8runn+ wat]10 are n[ almo/       
non-exi/5t1 a *eap] & co>s] v>iety tak+ 
_! place4 ,musl9s f ,dacca & o!r places 
embroid]$ ) silk are /ill greatly us$ 9 
,india1 & are l>gely export$ to !       
surr\nd+ ,ea/]n c\ntries1 includ+       
,turkey & ,egypt4  ,cotton fabrics      
int]wov5 ) gold5 ?read 7 =m]ly made 9   
great quantities to meet ! wants ( !    
once-p[]ful native rul]s & ! ,c\rt      
ret9ues1 b n[1 s9ce ! ,engli% rule 9    
,india1 ?is k9d ( fabric ) _m o!rs ( a  

sumptu\s nature are mu* less 9 dem&4    
,pr9t+ patt]ns 9 gold & silv] foil is a 
common me?od ( decorat+ d>k purple or   
deep gre5 cottons2 musl9s are also /amp$
 ) patt]ns 9 gold4  ,f9e gold &         
silv]-gilt wire is us$ v mu* 9 ,india = 
lace-mak+1 weav+1 & embroid]y4 ,!       
natives excel all ,europeans 9 ! art (  
wire-draw+ & 9 ! mak+ ( gold & silv]    
foil1 t9sels1 & spangles4 ,^! indu/ries 
are c>ri$ on *iefly 9 ! cities ( ,delhi1
 ,luckn[1 ,ahm$abad1 & ,lahore4  ,silk  
manufacture is /ill a fl\ri%+ indu/ry 9 
_m p>ts ( ,india1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 "s  
places x has decl9$ v mu* ow+ to        
,european competition4 ,! tas> or tuss] 
silk is a native wild silk1 f :i* a     
co>s] v>iety ( silk is n[ manufactur$ 9 
increas+ quantities1 & is export$ *iefly
 f ,b5gal4 ,x is a useful mat]ial1 b has
 n ! brilliancy or %e5 ( ! ord9>y silk4 
,pla9 silk clo? is made 9 ! ,punjaub1 & 
! damask$ or figur$ v>iety is made      
*iefly at ,bhawalpur4  ,ca%m]e has be5  
fam$ = c5turies pa/ = its beautiful     

wooll5 %awls made f pu%m1 ! wool ( !    
,ca%m]e goat1 & f camel's hair wool2 !  
wov5 mat]ial ( ! latt] is kn[n z        
8camlet40  ,! pr9cipal design on !      
,ca%m]e %awls is ! cone patt]n decorat$ 
) a mixture ( small fl[]s1 ! fill+s     
betwe5 ! cones be+ also a diap]+ ( small
 floral =ms4 ,! cone patt]ns are also   
f\nd on metal "w1 enamels1 & c>v+s f    
,ca%m]e & its neighb\rhood4 ,on ! g5u9e 
%awls ! ornam5tation is embroid]$ 9 wide
 bord]s1 c5trepieces1 & corn] gr\ps (   
fl[]s4 ,! ,ca%m]e %awls h be5 imitat$ 9 
wov5 %awls by ! ,fr5* & 9 ! ,paisley    
%awls ( ,scot* manufacture4 ,"s ( !     
co/lie/ ,ca%m]e %awls are embroid]$ ) a 
8t]re/rial p>adise0 ( s++ birds1 fl[]s1 
animals1 & figures4  ,indian ornam5t or 
decoration1 f its mosaic-l or           
flatt5$-out "*1 is extremely well suit$ 
to ! decoration ( textile fabrics4 ,!   
native ornam5t consi/s ( a v>iety ( flat
 r5d]+s ( ! daisy 7sv5ti71 ! lotus1 !   
%oe fl[] 7,figs4 #ia1 #ib1 #bfa71 knop &
 fl[] patt]ns1 p>rots1 peacocks1 lions1 

tig]s1 elephants1 m5 on horseback1 hunt+
 or fight+1 c41 & is always r5d]$ 9 flat
 t9ts ( alt]nat+ col\rs on flat gr\nds1 
9 su* works z enamels1 tiles1 pott]y1   
wall pa9t+s1 lac-"w1 & textiles ( all   
k9ds4 ,?\gh at times ! vice ( ,indian   
ornam5t is illu/rat$ 9 a riot\s use (   
small detail1 on ! :ole x is well suit$ 
= ! decoration ( flat surfaces4 ,9 !    
arti/ic products ( ! ,mohamm$an p (     
,india1 or desc5dants ( ,p]sian settl]s1
 ! ornam5t inv>iably consi/s ( ,p]sian  
or ,s>ac5ic types2 ! =m] is di/9ctly se5
 9 ! ,masulipatam rugs1 c>pets1 &       
palampores1 & ! latt] 9 ! v>i\s art "w (
 ! ,mogul p]iod1 z1 = in/ance1 9 !      
inlaid m>bles & o!r "w ( ,agra4 7,fig4  
#bic47  ,! ,sassanian ,p]sian designs 9 
silk1 z we h se51 7 d]iv$ f ! m anci5t  
,assyrian & ,babylonian embroid]ies1 !  
motives ( :i* 7 inv>iably ! ,tree (     
,life1 or 8,grove ( ,a%>eh10 )          
div9ities1 prie/s1 or royal wor%ipp]s on
 ei!r side1 ! :ole usually enclos$ 9    
circles4  ,9 ! ,p]sian & 9 ! lat]       

,mesopotamian ,msilwork animals took !  
place ( ! human figures1 & 7 (t5 plac$  
back to back1 divid$ by a /em or piece (
 floriat$ ornam5t--a rem9isc5ce ( !     
sacr$ tree--& /ill enclos$ 9 a circul>  
b&4 ,! animals 7 g5]ally lions1 *eetahs1
 or 7 griff9 =ms1 all treat$ z ornam5tal
 ab/ractions1 & ! int]v5+ spaces betwe5 
! circles 7 fill$ up ) =ms ( p>rots or  
o!r birds1 conv5tionally treat$4  ,!    
e>ly ,s>ac5ic designs 7 copies ( ^!     
7,fig4 #bfb74 ,lat] ,s>ac5ic designs _h 
less ( ! bird & animal =ms1 & m ( !     
purely ,arabian ornam5t1 ) ! addition ( 
horizontal b&s ( ,kufic inscriptions su*
 z texts f ! ,koran1 laudatory          
complim5ts to & names or titles (       
,sultans & ,khalifs = :om ! fabrics 7   
made 7,fig4 #bfc74  ,x is s+ul> t ! ri* 
silk5 fabrics made = & by ! ,s>ac5s _h  
ne>ly always repres5tations ( animals 9 
! designs1 al?\gh ?is 0 contr>y to !    
laws ( _! fai?2 b ?is may be acc\nt$ =  
by _! practice ( copy+ or adapt+ ! =ms (
 decoration already 9 use 9 ! c\ntries  

!y _h conqu]$1 & _! lack ( orig9ality 9 
design dur+ _! e>li] days 01 p]haps1 !  
/ronge/ motive 9 caus+ !m to adapt      
ready-made inv5tions to _! own uses4  ,!
 we>+ ( pure silk5 g>m5ts 0 also =bidd5 
by ! ,mohamm$an religion1 b ! ,s>ac5s   
got ov] t difficulty by ! mixture ( a   
few cotton ?reads ) ! silk5 web4 ,!     
,egyptian ,mamlks 7#abej-acij7 7 v      
prodigal 9 ! use ( silk = dresses1      
bann]s1 t5t hang+s1 c>pets1 & horse     
clo?+1 suppli$ f ! looms ( ,cairo &     
,alex&ria1 & import$ f ! ,ea/]n c5tres4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,silk        
,damask2 ,elev5? ,c5tury2 ,e>ly ,s>ac5ic
 7,l4 ,p47  ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! silk  
indu/ry ( ! ,s>ac5s 0 9 its greate/     
vig\r1 ) designs mo/ly 9 imitation ( !  
,p]sian s*ool1 & 9 ! f\rte5? ! same     
motives 7 us$1 b arrang$ 9 r[s (        
horizontal b&s--:i* is ess5tially a     
,greek me?od--& 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ! 
,greek & ,*ri/ian ,coptic design]s4 ,a  
good example ( ?is /yle may be se5 9 !  
peacock design1 ,fig4 #bfd4             

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--,silk ,fabric
 ( ,iconium2 ,arabian3 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4
 7,lyons ,museum47  ,on acc\nt ( !      
seabo>d ( ,asia ,m9or hav+ a mix$       
population ( ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 &        
,s>ac5s1 silk fabrics f t c\ntry 7      
decorat$ ) imitations ( ,p]sian designs1
 hav+ ! 8homa0 or 8tree ( life10        
,*ri/ian elem5ts1 su* z ! cross1 se5 9 !
 8tree ( life0 7,fig4 #bfe71 & also     
imitations ( ,arabic writ+4 ,! ,syrian  
examples ( textiles are n s good 9      
mat]ial or workman%ip z ! ,byzant9e or  
old ,p]sian4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#bfd4--;,arabian ,silk ,wall ,hang+ ( ! 
,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,j4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bfe4--;,apo/olic ,tree ( ,life1 )
 ! ,cross ,emblem4  ,! mo/ int]e/+      
developm5t 9 ! design ( silk fabrics is 
t :i* took place 9 ,sicily4 ,!          
,sicilians 7 fir/ taught ! art ( sp9n+ &
 weav+ ( silk & ! re>+ ( ! silkworm by  
_! rul]s ! ,s>ac5s ( ,egypt1 & ! e>ly   
designs ( ! ,siculo-,arabian /yle h1 9  
addition to ! ,p]sian *eetahs1 ,indian  

p>rots1 & antelopes1 su* animals (      
,african orig9 z ! giraffe1 elephant1   
gazelle1 & o!r fauna ( t cont95t4 ,gold1
 silv]1 & cotton ?reads 7 us$ ) ! silk 9
 ^! fabrics4  ,m5tion has be5 made t 9 !
 twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! ,normans conqu]$   
,sicily1 ( _! br++ silk weav]s f ,a!ns &
 f o!r p>ts ( ,greece to "w at ,pal]mo4 
,"h & at ?is "t 7#aacj7 a di/9ct        
alt]ation ( ! design took place by !    
introduction ( ! ,greek classic &       
,*ri/ian elem5ts ( ornam5t 9 mixture )  
"s ( ! old] ,s>ac5ic =ms4  ,mock ,arabic
 inscriptions 7 also us$ v mu* 9 ^!     
,sicilian fabrics2 ?is may h be5 done by
 ,*ri/ian design]s ignorant ( ,arabic1 9
 ord] to give to ! fabrics an appe>ance 
( ,s>ac5ic "w1 :i*1 p]haps1 made !m sell
 bett] :5 export$ 7,fig4 #bff74  ,ano!r 
peculi>ity ( ! ,pal]mitan silks is !    
multitude ( elem5ts f\nd 9 ! designs4   
,all k9ds ( fabul\s animals & birds are 
us$ z 9 h]aldic blazon+3 sunbur/s1      
cl\d-=ms1 ,*ri/ian emblems & elem5ts    
occurr+ z =ms ( angels ) sw++ c5s]s1    

initials ( sacr$ names1 & emblematic    
plants4 ,! use ( ^! h]aldic & ,*ri/ian  
elem5ts 0 9 a great measure due to !    
influ5ce ( ! ,crusad]s 9 ! ,middle      
,ages4 ,! fav\rite col\r+ ( ! ,sicilian 
silks 0 d>k r$ gr\nds & gre5 foliage2 ! 
birds1 animals1 & my?ological elem5ts 7 
usually wov5 9 gold ?reads z 9 ! example
 giv5 7,fig4 #bfg74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #bff4--,silk ,damask2 ,sicilian2 )     
,imitat$ ,arabic ,*>act]s4 7,r47  ,t[>ds
 ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & dur+ !      
fifte5? ! designs became m floriat$1 !  
v9e & pomegranate1 ) vase =ms1 7 us$ & 7
 really developm5ts f1 & did duty =1 !  
sacr$ tree ( ! e>ly patt]ns1 & in/ead ( 
a circul> fram+ ! flamboyant or ogival  
diap] l9es 7 introduc$4 ,?is repeat+    
framework 0 d]iv$ f ! ,s>ac5ic ,po9t$   
ar*itecture & adopt$ 9 ! ogival ,go?ic  
at ?is date 7,figs4 #bfh1 #bfi74        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--,silk        
,damask2 ,sicilian2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4   
7,l4,p47  ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury !      
p9eapple 0 us$ v mu* "u a v>iety (      

modifications z an ornam5tal =m 9       
fabrics 7,fig4 #bfi71 & (t5 9 company ) 
! pomegranate4 ,?is came ab\t aft] !    
discov]y ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 f :]e !      
p9eapple _h be5 import$ into ,europe    
7,fig4 #bgj74 ,l>ge-patt]n damask       
diap]s1 brocades1 & velvets 7 n[ made 9 
_m places 9 ,italy1 ) patt]ns bas$ on   
wav+ l9es or ogival =ms enclos+ bilat]al
 s*emes ( ornam5t1 all ( :i* 7          
rem9isc5ces ( ! 8tree ( life0 patt]ns1 &
 9 all may be trac$ ! /rong influ5ces ( 
,s>ac5ic design4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#bfh4--,silk ,damask2 ,flor5t9e2        
,fifte5? ,c5tury4  ,f ! f\rte5? to !    
sixte5? c5turies1 & ev5 lat]1 ,lucca 9  
,tuscany1 ,g5oa1 ,flor5ce1 & ,v5ice 7   
celebrat$ = ! manufacture ( silk5       
brocades & velvets1 :i* h be5 us$ = !   
dresses ( prie/s1 k+s1 & noblem51 z well
 z = hang+s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#bfi4--;,diap] 9 ,velvet ,brocade2      
,italian2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4  ,! dress   
patt]ns ( ^? days 7 all ( a v l>ge size 
( diap]1 su* z are n[ only us$ = hang+s 

& furniture cov]+s4 ,! ,v5etian &       
,spani% pictures ( ! p]iod conta9 _m    
illu/rations ( ^! patt]ns on ! dresses (
 ! figures & hang+s ( ! *amb]s4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--,velvet      
,brocade2 ,italian2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4   
,9 ,france ! silk weav+ indu/ry 0 fir/  
e/abli%$ at ,lyons ab\t ! middle ( !    
sixte5? c5tury4 ,! designs ( ! fir/     
ef=ts ( ! ,fr5* weav]s 7 v simil> if n  
copies ( ! prevail+ ,italian s*ool1 b   
soon aft] became m floral 9 "*1 & m & m 
reali/ic r5d]+s ( fl[]s & foliage1 until
 ab\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 !y p>took ( 
! same "* z ! pott]y & furniture        
decoration1 :i* has be5 already         
describ$4 ,dur+ ! ,m$ival & ,r5aissance 
p]iods ,france1 l ,engl&1 import$ silks 
& velvets f ,italy & ! ,ea/1 & _! l95 & 
drap]y f ,fl&]s & ,g]many4  ,bruges 9   
,fl&]s 0 especially fam\s dur+ ! sixte5?
 c5tury = its silks & velvets1 & ,ypres 
0 ev5 m s = its f9e l95s & damasks4  ,v 
little silk 0 manufactur$ 9 ,engl& prior
 to #afbi1 :5 ab\t ?is date a company ( 

silkm5 0 =m$ 9 ,london4 ,! ,revocation (
 ! ,edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe _h ! effect 
( firmly e/abli%+ ! manufacture ( silk 9
 ,engl& by ! colony ( ,fr5* refugees :o 
settl$ at ,spitalfields1 ,/4 ,giles's1 &
 ,soho 9 ,london1 & at ,cant]bury1      
,norwi*1 & ,cov5try4 ,! trade soon      
aft]w>ds spread to ,man*e/]1            
,macclesfield1 & ,paisley 9 ,scotl&1 & !
 fir/ silk mill = sp9n+ & ?r[+ 0 erect$ 
at ,d]by by ,john ,lombe 9 ! ye> #agag1 
:i* 0 work$ by wat] p[]4  ,! designs = !
 patt]ns ( ,engli% silks h always be5 m 
or less imitations ( ! preval5t ,fr5*   
/yles1 &1 9 fact1 ,engl& dep5d$ l>gely  
until late ye>s on ! ef=ts ( ,fr5*      
design]s = ne>ly all ( its textile      
patt]ns4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1       
to-day1 = v few =eign]s are n[ employ$ z
 design]s by ,engli% manufactur]s4  ,!  
*ief seat ( ! velvet manufacture 9      
,g]many at ! pres5t day is ,crefeld2    
,switz]l& produces great quantities (   
silk1 :i* is made *iefly at ,zuri* & !  
villages on ! banks ( ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 

at ,bsle1 & o!r places4  ,*9a1 !        
bir?place ( silk1 & y\ng] ,japan are    
/ill fam$ = _! delicate fabrics 9 ?is   
mat]ial1 f :5ce ! raw products are      
import$ ext5sively into ,europe4 ,9     
,am]ica ! silk indu/ry has made great   
headway ( late ye>s1 ! pr9cipal seat ( !
 manufacture is ! t[n ( ,pat]son 9 ,new 
,j]sey4  ,engl& has always held its own 
9 ! manufacture ( wooll5 goods ( good   
mat]ial1 mo/ly ( pla9 clo?1 b sometimes 
inwr\ght or wov5 ) designs ( figures1   
animals1 & foliage patt]ns4 ,at ,ba?1   
,norwi*1 ,worce/]1 & 9 ! abbeys & great 
religi\s h\ses dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !   
monks employ$ a good deal ( _! "t at !  
loom1 & consid]able quantities ( _! "w 7
 export$ to ! ,cont95t dur+ ! f\rte5?   
c5tury4 ,! t[n ( ,wor/$ 9 ,norfolk has  
giv5 ! "n--wor/$--to a clo? made !re f a
 new prep>ation ( ! wooll5 y>n1 :i*     
consi/$ ( a special twi/+ ( ! ?reads s z
 to make ! y>n ( a h>d] texture4 ,?is   
clo? has be5 us$ = *ur* ve/m5ts1 hang+s1
 & b$ cov]+s4  ,cotton1 ! woolly product

 ( ! cotton-tree1 & ! clo? made f x1 has
 be5 kn[n 9 ,india & ! ,ea/ f ! e>lie/  
times4  ,pl9y m5tions cotton "u ! "n ( a
 fabric call$ oxyl9a1 made f ! cotton t 
grew ab\t ! bran*es ( ! xylon or        
gossypium tree1 or %rub1 :i* grew 9     
,india1 ,upp] ,egypt1 & ,arabia4  ,!    
,romans import$ cotton fabrics f ,india1
 & ! prie/s ( anci5t ,egypt us$ x = _!  
dresses4  ,! cotton plant 0 cultivat$ by
 ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? 
c5tury1 & !y 7 ! fir/ p 9 ,europe to    
make cotton fabrics4 ,!y are also cr$it$
 ) ! inv5tion ( fu/ian-mak+ 7,spani%1   
fu/es71 a cotton mat]ial wov5 & aft]w>ds
 cut precisely l velvet2 x is g5]ally   
?\ght t z fu/ian prec$$ ! manufacture ( 
velvet1 ! mak+ ( ! latt] may h be5      
sugge/$ to ! ,italians by ! ,spani%     
fu/ian4  ,9 ! ye> #aehe1 aft] ! sack+ ( 
,antw]p1 "s ,flemi% weav]s settl$ at    
,man*e/]--n[ ! great seat ( cotton      
manufacture 9 ,engl&--& comm5c$ ! new   
indu/ry ( cotton sp9n+ & weav+4 ,be=e   
?is date ,man*e/] & its neighb\rhood 7  

not$ = ! weav+ ( l954 ,! l95 y>n 0      
import$ f ,irel&1 wov5 at ,man*e/]1 & ! 
clo? s5t back = di/ribution & sale 9    
,irel& & o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4  ,! p[] (  
production 9 cotton goods 0 enorm\sly   
increas$ by ! inv5tions ( ,arkwright ) 8
 wat]-frame sp9n+ ma*9e1 ,h>greaves1 :o 
9 #aggj inv5t$ ! sp9n+-j5ny1 & by       
,compton1 :o improv$ on ! latt] by 8    
inv5tion ( ! mule-j5ny 9 #aggi4  ,9     
#aghe ,dr4 ,c>twright inv5t$ an         
automatic loom1 :i* o!rs improv$ on1 :5 
f9ally ,horrocks1 ( ,/ockport1 9 #ahjc  
br\ght to a successful issue 8 inv5tion 
( ! p[]-loom n[ 9 g5]al use4  ,cotton   
pr9t+ & dye+ 9 col\rs h be5 successfully
 practis$ 9 ,india1 ,asia ,m9or1 !      
,levant1 & 9 ! ,ea/ g5]ally f ! e>lie/  
times4 ,! patt]ns f\nd 9 ! common] pr9ts
 & *9tzes ( to-day h /ill rem9isc5ces ( 
,indian & ,p]sian ornam5t4  ,mo/ ( !    
,engli% designs 9 cotton pr9ts ( ! m    
important classes h a /rong t5d5cy to   
floral patt]ns ( a naturali/ic type1 !  
outcome ( ! imitation ( ,fr5* silk      

patt]ns t 7 common 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is    
c5tury4  ,calico block-pr9t+ 0 introduc$
 into ,engl& ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury by ,rob]t ,peel--! gr&fa!r ( !   
fir/ b>onet--:o cut 8 own blocks4 ,pr9t+
 by means ( cyl9d]s 0 inv5t$ 9 #aghe4   
,previ\s to ! inv5tion ( calico pr9t+   
8pa9t$ clo?s0 ( l95 & o!r fabrics 7 us$ 
z hang+s & 9 ! g5]al furni%+ ( ,engli%  
ap>tm5ts4                               
,,embroid]y4  ,! e>lie/ me?od ( decorat+
 textiles 0 t ( embroid]+4 ,x has be5   
call$ 8pa9t+ ) ! ne$le10 & is ev5 an    
old] art ?an patt]n weav+4 ,9 "s ( !    
olde/ monum5ts ( art t are /ill 9       
exi/5ce1 z ! bas-reliefs ( ,egypt &     
,assyria1 !re may be se5 repres5tations 
( ! embroid]y t =m]ly decorat$ ! k+s'   
g>m5ts 7see ,figs4 #afb;,a to #afe1 =m] 
volume71 & we h se5 t ^! 7 ! models = "s
 ( ! e>lie/ wov5 patt]ns4 ,at fir/      
embroid]$ patt]ns w\ld be simple        
geometrical designs1 & aft]w>ds symbolic
 units mix$ ) simple floral =ms1 z _m ( 
! old] ,egyptian embroid]$ patt]ns      

usually 71 until by degrees ! high] =ms 
( patt]ns ) figures or p]sonages &      
animal =ms 7 develop$ by ! ,*aldeans &  
,assyrians4  ,! latt] nations1 ) _!     
inh]5t love ( b>b>ic spl5d\r & ,asiatic 
pr$ilections = george\s col\r+1 surpass$
 ! ,egyptians 9 ! art ( embroid]y4  ,!  
,p]sians & surr\nd+ nations inh]it$ f ! 
old] races ?is love ( col\r & e>ly      
traditions ( design1 :i* are /ill se5 9 
_! tape/ry1 c>pets1 & embroid]$ "w ( all
 k9ds4  ,! anci5t ,phrygian & ,lydian p1
 :o inhabit$ a portion ( ,asia ,m9or1 7 
cultur$ races :om ! ,greeks & ,romans   
always reg>d$ z ! inv5tors (            
embroid]y--phrygio be+ ! ,roman ^w =    
embroid]]4 ,! ,phrygian embroid]$       
patt]ns 7 mo/ly geometric1 b 9 ! lat]   
p]iods plant & animal =ms 7 also us$4   
,mo/ ( ! decoration ( ! ,ionian ,greek  
pott]y1 consi/+ ( b&s ( animals1 birds1 
rosettes1 & loz5ges1 are copies f !     
embroid]$ "w ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,to-day1    
ev51 ! wom5 ( ^! p>ts embroid] _!       
bodices1 aprons1 head-cov]+s1 & t[els 9 

an almo/ simil> /yle ( ornam5t4  ,!     
rock-cut faades ( ! ,phrygian tombs1    
unlike ! imitat$ timb] con/ructions ( ! 
,lydian tombs1 h sculptur$ decorations t
 h be5 copi$ f geometrical =ms (        
embroid]y1 & 9 _m cases ^! faades       
resemble an embroid]$ curta9 or c>pet t 
w\ld be hung up to s]ve ! purposes ( a  
door to ! entrance ( ! e>li] squ>e      
dome/ic wood5 build+s1 ( :i* ! ,phrygian
 & ,lydian tombs 7 imitations 9 /one4   
,! ,assyrian ?re%olds 7,fig4 #aff1 =m]  
volume7 & _m o!r sculptures & wall      
decorations 9 pa9t$ tiles ( ,*aldean &  
,p]sian orig9 7 usually copies (        
embroid]y1 all ( :i* cle>ly %[s t       
embroid]y & patt]n weav+ prec$$ /one1   
wood1 & metal sculpture4  ,! ,greeks 7  
highly skill$ 9 mak+ embroid]y4 ,hom]   
repeat$ly alludes to ?is art z an       
employm5t = wom54 ,hel5 ( ,troy &       
,p5elope wr\ght beautiful robes & hang+s
 9 _! looms1 embroid]+ !m ) ri*         
ne$lework4 ,on a ,greek vase f ,*iusi1  
,p5elope is repres5t$ at "w on a loom ( 

! 8high w>p0 7haute-lisse7 or v]tical   
patt]n :i* is us$ s mu* to-day by !     
embroid]]s & c>pet weav]s ( ! ,ea/4 ,we 
h _m allusions 9 ! ,bible to ^? :o made 
all k9ds ( cunn+ ne$lework4 ,josephus   
says t ! veil ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem  
80 a ,babylonian curta9 embroid]$ ) blue
 & f9e l951 ) sc>let & purple1 & ( a    
texture t 0 wond]ful40  ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ 
! ,anglo-,saxon times1 embroid]$ "w _h a
 great reputation1 s mu* s t x 0 greatly
 priz$ & 9 reque/ 9 ,france & o!r p>ts (
 ,europe1 :]e x 0 kn[n z 8,anglicum     
,opus40 ,f an inv5tory ( ,*>les ,v4 (   
,france 7#acfd-hj7 we le>n t he _h a    
room furni%$ ) ,engli% 8hull+s0 or      
hang+s embroid]$ 9 blue1 ) figures (    
lions1 eagles1 & leop>ds4 ,embroid]y 0 !
 *ief occupation ( ,anglo-,saxon &      
,anglo-,norman ladies4 ,b$e & o!r old   
hi/orians frequ5tly extoll$ ! excell5ce 
( design & workman%ip ( ! ,engli%       
embroid]$ palls1 copes1 corporals1      
*asubles1 & hang+s4 ,aft] ! ,conque/ &  
dur+ ! ,norman p]iod all k9ds ( h]aldic 

devices 7 introduc$ among/ ! ornam5t &  
floriat$ patt]ns2 sometimes /ories &    
romances 7 illu/rat$ ) ! ne$le1 &       
belong+ to ?is ord] ! fam\s ,bayeux     
,tape/ry may be m5tion$1 :i* repres5t$ 9
 ! =m ( a long frieze ! ,conque/ (      
,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,x is suppos$ to h
 be5 wr\ght by ,que5 ,matilda & h]      
maid5s1 b 0 probably made to ! ord] (   
,odo1 ,bi%op ( ,bayeux1 & bro!r-9-law to
 ! ,que54 ,x is n only a celebrat$ piece
 ( ne$lework1 b is an invaluable record 
( ! co/ume ( ! p]iod 7,fig4 #bga74 ,a   
col\r$ photograph ( x is n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton
 ,museum4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bga4--,norman ,ar*] f ! ,bayeux        
,tape/ry4  ,ab\t ! date ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury v>i\s te*nical names 7 giv5 to ! 
diff]5t k9ds ( embroid]y1 su* z 8opus   
plum>ium10 or1 z x is n[ call$1         
8fea!r-/it*10 a k9d ( ne$lework :]e !   
/it*es are laid l5g?wise1 & n across1   
ov]lapp+ ea* o!r l ! fea!rs 9 a bird's  
plumage2 8opus pulv9>ium10 or 8cu%ion0  
/yle1 :]e ! "w is done 9 cross & t5t    

/it*2 8opus pect9eum10 :]e ! embroid]y  
is made to repres5t or imitate weav+1 & 
_h ! design c>ri$ ?r\gh f front to back 
( ! f\ndation mat]ial4 ,! ,opus         
,anglicum1 s highly priz$1 seems to h   
be5 a k9d ( *a9-/it* embroid]y1 giv+ a  
granulat$ surface4 ,! workwoman w\ld    
/>t1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( execut+ !    
face ( a human figure1 at a po9t 9 !    
c5tre ( ! *eek or *91 & "w ar\nd x 9 a  
circul> me?od1 & :]e ! holl[s & dimples 
w\ld occur1 a heat$ metal rod ) a small 
bulb at ! end ( x w\ld be us$ to press  
d[n ! cavities4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#bgb4--,"p ( ! ,orphrey ( ! ,syon ,cope2
 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,9 !       
well-kn[n ,syon ,cope1 an ,engli%       
embroid]y ( ?is p]iod 7,fig4 #bgb71 bo? 
! old fea!r-/it* & ! *a9-/it* are us$ z 
above describ$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#bgc4--;,c>pet f ,p]sia1 embroid]$ 9    
,gold & ,silv] on ,d>k ,blue ,velvet2   
,e>ly ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!
 ,crewel /it* is a comb9ation ( ! long &
 %ort fea!r-/it*es1 & is adapt$ = %ad+  

effects4 ,9 ! /it*es kn[n z *a91 knott$1
 & button-hole /it* ! ?read is loop$2 b 
lies flat 9 sat9-/it*1 crewel1 d>n+1    
t5t1 & cross /it*es4 ,sat9 & d>n+ /it*es
 c be work$ s t ! design appe>s ! same  
on bo? sides ( ! clo?1 b *a9 & crewel   
/it* only produces ! design on "o side (
 ! mat]ial4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#bgd4--,/ate ,gloves1 =m]ly belong+ to  
,l\is ,,xiii4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,gold ?read  
has be5 us$ v mu* 9 all ages 9          
embroid]y1 & silv] ?read also1 b unless 
! latt] is v>ni%$ or lacqu]$ x goes     
black by t>ni%+4 ,gold 8pass+0 is a     
silv]-gilt ?read w\nd ar\nd silk4  ,9   
old embroid]ies & wov5 tissues a gold   
?read 0 made ( ?9 p>*m5t gild$ & twi/$  
ar\nd silk3 ! ,japanese us$ gild$ pap] 9
 ! same way1 & sometimes ! pure gold 0  
us$ 9 ?91 flat1 beat5-out /rips = bo?   
embroid]ies & wov5 fabrics4  ,9 ,p]sia &
 9 ! ,ea/ g5]ally an ext5sive use is    
made ( clo?s ( gold & silv] embroid]y   
7,fig4 #bgc7 z well z closely-cov]$     
ne$lework 9 silk & wool1 & ano!r mod]n  

k9d is :ite silk embroid]y on :ite      
cambric or calico4  ,cut "w or 8appliqu0
 is ano!r =m ( embroid]y1 :]e fl[]s1    
foliage1 ornam5t1 & figures are         
sep>ately wr\ght ) ! ne$le1 & ! spaces  
cut out ( ! gr\nd mat]ial into :i* ^!   
pieces 7 ins]t$4 ,_m examples ( ,spani%1
 ,rh5i%1 & ,flor5t9e ne$lework may be   
se5 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 9 :i* !       
ar*itectural portions ( ! design are    
wov51 & ! figures ( sa9ts & o!r subjects
 work$ on f9e canvas & ins]t$ 9 ! panel 
spaces4 ,ano!r & common] k9d ( appliqu  
"w is :]e ! ornam5tal %apes are cut out 
( silk1 velvet1 l951 or wooll5 mat]ial1 
& sew$ on to ! clo? f\ndation1 an edg+  
mat]ial be+ us$ consi/+ ( silk cord1    
gilt lea!r1 or gimp4 ,appliqu "w is m   
adapt$ = hang+s & furniture cov]+s ?an =
 dress mat]ial1 ?\gh x 0 =m]ly us$ =    
dresses4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bgd7    
gives a v good idea ( ! /yle ( ornam5t 9
 ,spani% or ,fr5* embroid]y ( !         
,r5aissance p]iod4  ,,tape/ry4  ,tape/ry
 weav+ is an art t requires great] c>e &

 skill on ! "p ( ! workman ?an any o!r  
bran* ( textile manufacture1 especially 
9 t k9d kn[n z 8/ori$ tape/ry10 9 :i* is
 wov5 a design or picture copi$ f a     
previ\sly execut$ c>toon4  ,tape/ry is  
wov5 9 ! 8high w>p0 7haute-lisse7 or 9 !
 8l[ w>p0 loom3 9 ! =m] case ! loom is  
v]tical1 & 9 ! latt] horizontal4 ,!     
l>ge/ siz$ & ! m important k9ds (       
tape/ry1 su* z ! 8,gobel9s10 are made 9 
! high w>p looms4  ,on acc\nt ( ! skill 
requir$1 ! accuracy & difficulty        
connect$ ) ! weav+ ( /ori$ tape/ry1 x   
takes a long "t to educate & p]fect !   
tra9+ ( a tape/ry weav]--:o mu/ be an   
arti/ himself1 s mu* be+ left to him 9 !
 selection1 h>moniz+1 & %ad+ ( ! diff]5t
 col\rs1 ev5 aft] ! design is made t he 
is requir$ to copy4  ,9 tape/ry weav+ ! 
w>p is cov]$ by ! wo( on bo? its sides4 
,! w>p is divid$ into two leaves or p>ts
 by a ?read1 & by a glass rod or tube   
call$ ! bton de croisure4  8,to =m !    
web1 ! workman takes a %uttle m\nt$ )   
wool or silk1 ! end ( :i* he fa/5s to ! 

w>p to ! left ( ! space to be cov]$ by !
 col\r 9 8 %uttle2 !n pass+ 8 left h&   
betwe5 ! two leaves1 sep>at$ by ! bton  
de croisure1 he draws t[>ds him ! ?read 
:i* ?is %ade is to cov]2 8 "r h&1 pass+ 
betwe5 ! ?reads1 lays hold ( ! %uttle1  
:i* he br+s to ! "r1 & 8 left h& tak+   
hold ( ! coats br+s =w>d ! back ?read ( 
! w>p1 :ile ! "r h& returns ! %uttle to 
! place f :i* x 0 fir/ mov$4 ,?is pass+ 
& return+ ( ! %uttle =ms :at is call$   
two %oots or a c\rse40 7,de ,*ampeaux74 
,"o ( ! great difficulties ( ! weav] is 
! %ad+ (f or gradation ( ! col\rs1 :i*  
is r5d]$ m difficult by ! design be+    
reproduc$ on ! wrong side f ! position (
 ! weav]4 ,hat*+ & /ippl+ are resort$ to
 9 ord] to prev5t a h>% or mosaic-l     
appe>ance1 & x is "h t ! great skill &  
arti/ic k ( ! weav] are mo/ requir$4 ,an
 extraord9>y numb] ( tones & %ades are  
us$ 9 an important piece ( "w1 all ( :i*
 require to be fa/ dy$ 9 col\r 9 ord] to
 secure durability ( tone 9 ! fabric4 ,x
 is said t ,m4 ,*evreul1 ! late fam\s   

,fr5* *emi/ & director ( ! dye+ dep>tm5t
 ( ! ,gobel9s1 _h compos$ a *romatic    
prism ( #ad1dbj diff]5t tones4  ,! be/  
wool us$ 9 pr9cipal tape/ry works on !  
,cont95t has always be5 import$ f ,k5t 9
 ,engl&4  ,! art ( tape/ry weav+ 0      
orig9ally acquir$ f ! ,ea/1 :]e c>pets (
 a floral & ornam5tal design 7 wov5 9 ! 
imitation ( ! old h&-made embroid]ies4  
,9 ,europe ! names ( ,s>az9s or         
,s>az9ois tape/ry 7 giv5 to ^! products 
f ! fact t !y 7 made & export$ by !     
,s>ac5s4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ wov5 tape/ries
 ( ,europe 7 ! ,flemi%1 :i* 7 fir/ made 
t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! t[ns (
 ,arras1 ,oud5>de1 ,lille1 ,brussels1   
,val5ci5nes1 ,t\rnay1 & ,bruges 7       
celebrat$ = ! manufacture ( tape/ry1 (  
:i* ! t[n ( ,arras 0 ! mo/ important1   
h5ce ! old "n ( 8,arras0 us$ 9 ,engl& = 
all k9ds ( /ori$ tape/ry4  ,fl&]s 0 a   
ri* & p[]ful c\ntry dur+ ! f\rte5? &    
fifte5? c5turies1 & at t "t ! ports (   
,bruges & ,antw]p 7 ! greate/ 9 ! _w4 ,!
 v>i\s trades 7 protect$ by ! great     

corporations or guilds aga9/ !          
encroa*m5ts ( ! nobles on _! rights1 & !
 mo/ /urdy & turbul5t ( all ! guilds 0 t
 ( ! ,flemi% weav]s1 by reason ( _!     
numb]s & g5]al prosp]ity ( _! trade4 ,! 
product ( ! ,flemi% looms f\nd its way  
to all p>ts ( ,europe & p>ticul>ly to   
,engl&1 & z f> z design & workman%ip 7  
conc]n$1 & 9 ! flat treatm5t ( ! =m] to 
! mat]ial1 ^! old ,flemi% tape/ries h   
nev] be5 excell$4 ,! flat decorative    
treatm5t 9 ! figure subjects ( ! e>li]  
"w1 consi/+ ( allegorical designs &     
romances by su* arti/s z ,rog] van d]   
,weyd51 ,/u]b\t1 ,hugo van d] ,goes1 &  
o!r arti/s ( ! ,van ,eyck s*ool1 7      
s+ul>ly appropriate to ! mat]ial1 &     
imm5sely sup]ior to ! m gorge\s effects 
( col\r & misappli$ %ad+ ( ! lat] ,fr5* 
tape/ries4 ,examples ( ?is e>li] "w are 
/ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! museums & palaces (  
,europe4  ,l\is ,,xi41 ,k+ ( ,france1   
took ! t[n ( ,arras 9 #adgg1 & ?is 0    
practically ! dea? bl[ to ! manufacture 
( tape/ry at t place1 b imm$iately aft] 

?is ev5t ,brussels "u ! ,burgundian rule
 rose to great prosp]ity4 ,arti/s &     
tape/ry weav]s flock$ to ,brussels1 :i* 
soon became a great c5tre ( ?is indu/ry4
 ,designs 7 s5t f ,italy by ! ,popes &  
o!r pr9ces to be wov5 9 tape/ry1 & _m ( 
! be/ ,italian & ,flemi% pa9t]s made    
designs = ! ,brussels ateli]s4 ,pope    
,leo ,x4 _h ! tape/ries--n[ 9 !         
,vatican--f ! celebrat$ c>toons by      
,raphael1 made 9 ,brussels4 ,^! c>toons 
are n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,!y 7 b\ght
 by ,*>les ,i4 f a tape/ry manufactory (
 ,brussels by ! advice ( ,rub5s4        
,giulio ,romano1 ! ,italian pa9t]1      
,lucas van ,leyd51 ,b]n>d van ,orley1   
,jean ,mabuse1 & o!r arti/s ( !         
,r5aissance p]iod1 furni%$ designs =    
,brussels tape/ry4  ,ow+ to ! occupation
 ( ,fl&]s by ! ,spani% 7#aeee-afdh71 !  
palace at ,madrid conta9s ! mo/ ext5sive
 collection ( ,flemi% tape/ries 9       
exi/5ce1 :i* _h be5 *iefly acquir$ dur+ 
t p]iod4  ,tape/ry mak+ decl9$ & 0 almo/
 non-exi/5t dur+ ! religi\s w>s ( !     

sixte5? c5tury1 b 0 re-e/abli%$ & became
 once m a fl\ri%+ indu/ry 9 ! sev5te5?  
c5tury1 & a decree 0 pass$ 9 #afdg = its
 support by ! ,/ate4  ,! subjects ( !   
/ori$ tape/ry 7 n[ ( a m naturali/ic    
ord]3 hunt+ sc5es1 l&scapes1 & ru/ic    
figures 7 wov5 f ! designs ( ! ,dut* &  
,flemi% pa9t]s ( ! p]iod1 & _m ( !      
designs 7 copi$ f ,fr5* tape/ry4  ,!    
family ( ,pannemak]1 celebrat$ at a =m] 
p]iod 9 ,brussels1 set up an important  
ateli] 9 ,lille ab\t #afdg1 :i* rema9$ 9
 full work+ ord] = ab\t fifty ye>s4     
,ano!r well-kn[n tape/ry ma/] nam$      
,guillaume ,w]ni]s 7#agja-agch7 execut$ 
_m compositions design$ by ,t5i]s4      
,among ! e>lie/ tape/ry manufactories 9 
,france 0 ! "o e/abli%$ at ,fonta9ebleau
 9 ! ye> #aeci by ,francis ,i4 ,x 0     
manag$ by ,philib]t ,bab\1 ! k+'s       
ar*itect1 & ,s]lio1 ! ,italian ar*itect 
& pa9t]1 design$ "s ( ! tape/ries4 ,!   
same manufactory exi/$ "u ,h5ri ,,ii41 )
 ,delorme = its director & ,duc]ceau z !
 *ief design]4 ,_m tape/ry weav]s 7     

attract$ to ,france f ,fl&]s & ,italy at
 ?is p]iod1 & a colony ( ,flemi% weav]s 
:o _h settl$ 9 ,p>is 7 jo9$ to ! h\se ( 
! ,gobel9s--a long-e/abli%$ family (    
sc>let wool dy]s--9 ! ,faub\rg ,sa9t    
,m>cel 9 #afjc4 ,! h\se ( ! ,gobel9s _h 
be5 "u royal patronage = "s "t previ\s  
to ! ye> #affg1 :5 x 0 b\ght by ,l\is   
,,xiv4 & h5ce=? became a royal monopoly4
  ,lebrun1 ! pa9t] to ! k+1 0 appo9t$   
director4 ,"s v heavy & inappropriate   
compositions ( ?is pa9t] 7 copi$ 9 !    
,gobel9s tape/ry1 b besides ^!1 _m      
purely decorative & ornam5tal designs ) 
ri* bord]s 7 also produc$4 ,?is 0 a     
p]iod ( great activity at ! ,gobel9s    
factory1 :5 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ workm5 &  
arti/s 7 employ$4 ,mign>d 0 ! successor 
( ,lebrun z director ( ! works 7#afij71 
!n ,mans>d ! ar*itect4 ,aft] him came ! 
,duc d',ant9 z director 7#agjh-cf71 & !n
 ,m4 de ,m>igny1 "u :om _m l>ge pa9t+s 7
 reproduc$ 9 tape/ry1 & small] designs (
 ,b\*] & o!rs4 ,?is celebrat$ factory1 l
 t ( ! ,svres porcela91 /ill rema9s "u  

,/ate c>e & patronage4  ,sev]al o!r     
tape/ry manufactories exi/$ 9 ,p>is f ! 
e>ly days ( ! ,gobel9s1 & a new k9d (   
tape/ry-c>pet call$ ! ,savonn]ie--a k9d 
( velvet c>pet made 9 imitation ( !     
,ori5tal ,turkey-/it*1 0 introduc$ into 
,france "u ! patronage ( ,h5ri ,,iv4    
7#aehj-afaj71 ! looms be+ set up 9 !    
,l\vre4 ,?is c>pet manufactory 0 unit$  
to ! ,gobel9s factory 9 #ahbf4  ,at     
,beauvais a celebrat$ manufactory ( l[  
w>p tape/ry has be5 9 exi/5ce f e>ly    
times1 & ?\gh "s ( ! ,beauvais          
compositions are equal to ! high w>p    
productions ( ! ,gobel9s1 ! "w z a rule 
consi/s ( a small] & m ornam5tal "* (   
design4  ,rheims1 ,aubusson1 & ,fellet9 
h also be5 c5tres ( ! ,fr5* tape/ry     
indu/ry4 ,aubusson c>pets & tape/ry h   
be5 not$ = _! s(t & delicate textures1 &
 h be5 us$ v mu* = furniture uphol/]y4  
,italy has produc$ "s good /ori$ tape/ry
 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #bge71 b has 
be5 m celebrat$ = its velvets1 c4       
,engl& has be5 cont5t to import m       

tape/ry ?an x has ev] manufactur$1      
al?\gh _m important works h be5 execut$ 
at diff]5t times 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,probably
 ! e>lie/ piece ( g5u9e ,engli% tape/ry 
is t :i* /ill adorns ! old ,/4 ,m>y's   
,hall or ,c\ncil-*amb] 9 ,cov5try1 & may
 h be5 made 9 ! f\rte5?1 or e>ly        
fifte5?1 c5tury4  ,9 ! laws ( ,edw>d    
,,iv4 7#acdd7 tape/ry mak+ is m5tion$1 &
 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ! ye>     
#aeji1 ,%eldon & ,hicks set up a tape/ry
 manufactory at ,b>*e/on 9 ,w>wick%ire4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--;,dismissal (
 ,hag> & ,i%mael by ,abraham2 ,italian  
,tape/ry2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4  ,! mo/     
important tape/ry works 7 ^? set up at  
,mortlake1 ne> ,london1 9 ! reign (     
,james ,i41 by ,francis ,crane1 & :i* 7 
lib]ally support$ by ,james & 8 son     
,*>les ,i4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! latt] mon>*
 ! ,mortlake works furni%$ a great _m   
important hang+s = ! royal palaces (    
,w9dsor1 ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,gre5wi*1 & ,/4
 ,james's1 among :i* 7 ! reproductions (
 ! celebrat$ c>toons ( ,raphael1 :i*    

,*>les ,i4 _h pur*as$ f ,brussels4 ,"s (
 ^! tape/ries are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! 8,g>de 
,meuble0 at ,p>is4 ,my?ological         
subjects1 fram$ ) ri* bord]s1 7 design$ 
by ,francis ,*eyne1 a native ( ,saxony1 
:o 0 ! pr9cipal arti/ employ$ at !      
,mortlake works4 ,dur+ ! w>s ( !        
,commonweal? ! factory 0 clos$1 b 0     
re-op5$ at ! ,re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii41
 :o pass$ "s ,acts = ! enc\ragem5t (    
,engli% tape/ry mak+1 & put re/rictions 
on ! great importations ( =eign         
tape/ries4 ,! latt] k+ employ$ ,v]rio ! 
pa9t] to make designs = ! ,mortlake     
textiles4 ,on ! dea? ( ,francis ,crane1 
! f\nd]1 9 #agjc1 ! works 7 f9ally      
clos$4  ,unimportant tape/ry works 7 9  
exi/5ce at ,soho & ,fulham ab\t ! middle
 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r attempt at 
tape/ry weav+ 0 made by a ,fr5*         
,prote/ant refugee nam$ ,passavant1 :o  
e/abli%$ a factory at ,exet] ab\t ! end 
( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ( late ye>s !re  
has be5 an attempt made to c>ry on      
tape/ry weav+ at ,w9dsor "u ! patronage 

( ,h] ,maje/y4  ,"s excell5t "w1 equal  
if n sup]ior to "s ( ! be/ ,flemi%      
tape/ry1 has be5 successfully made by   
,william ,morris f ! designs ( ,sir     
,edw>d ,burne-,jones4  ,engl& has giv5  
great att5tion to ! manufacture ( l[ w>p
 c>pets1 9 :i* %e is only excell$ by "s 
( ! be/ products ( ,ori5tal looms4 ,!   
manufacture ( pr9t$ & wov5 c>pets n[ =ms
 "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 !       
national prosp]ity ( ,engl&4 ,brussels  
c>pets are n[ made *iefly at ,kidd]m9/]2
 orig9ally !y 7 made at ,wilton4 ,axm9/]
 & ,kidd]m9/] c>pets are made 9 ,glasg[1
 ,wilton1 & ,kilm>nock1 & ,wilton c>pets
 9 ,york%ire4  ,turkey c>pets are       
import$ *iefly f ,smyrna4 ,p]sia1       
,india1 & ,tunis are /ill great c5tres (
 ! ,ea/]n c>pet indu/ry4 ,! c>pets f ^! 
places are 9 great reque/ 9 ,europe = _!
 beauty ( col\r & design & = _! great   
we>+ qualities4  ,c>pets 7 orig9ally us$
 z portires1 table & c\* cov]+s1 b h    
gradually become cov]+s = floors1 ow+ to
 _! *eap5$ co/ ( production4            

,,lace4  ,h&-made laces are divid$ into 
two great classes--! 8ne$le-po9t0 & !   
8pill[-made02 ! =m] is made ) a ne$le on
 p>*m5t1 & ! latt] by twi/+ or plait+   
?reads f bobb9s on a pill[4  ,ne$le-po9t
 lace is an (fspr+ ( embroid]y1 &       
pill[-made lace is ! highe/ arti/ic     
developm5t ( twi/$ & plait$ ?reads4 ,!  
f\ndation l9es or ?reads ( ! patt]n1    
v>i\s k9ds ( gr\nds1 & ! edg+ 9         
ne$le-po9t lace1 are usually work$ ov] )
 a button-hole /it* 9 ! ord9>y c\rse (  
mak+1 :ile ?is di/+ui%+ feature (       
ne$le-po9t lace is abs5t 9 ! pill[-made 
v>ieties4  ,! e>lie/ =ms ( lace 7 kn[n z
 8lacis10 or d>n$ nett+1 & a species (  
embroid]y call$ 8cutwork40 ,"o k9d (    
cutwork consi/$ 9 cutt+1 v&yk+1 or      
scallop+ ! edges ( coll>s1 cuffs1 or    
g>m5ts into v>i\s %apes1 & ov]ca/+ !    
edges ) ! button-hole /it*2 ano!r k9d 0 
:5 an embroid]$ design 0 wr\ght on      
/ret*$ network1 & ! patt]n wr\ght 9     
loop$ /it*es ) ! ne$le4 ,?is 0 !        
transitional =m betwe5 embroid]y & lace 

"w4  8,lacis10 or d>n$ nett+1 0 work$ 9 
regulat$ /it*es on a gr\nd =m$ 9 squ>es1
 call$ 8reseuil10 & sometimes x 0 =m$ ( 
pieces ( l95 cut out & appli$ to ! net4 
,ornam5tal op5-"w ( cut l95 & o!r       
mat]ial embroid]$ ) silks ( v>i\s       
col\rs1 gold & silv] ?reads1 & wooll5   
y>ns1 7 made be=e ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,all
 ^! v>ieties1 ?\gh ak9 to lace "w1      
requir$ "s k9d ( a f\ndation1 b lace    
consi/s ( a comb9ation ( ?reads alone1 &
 has no f\ndation4  ,patt]n-books 7     
publi%$ 9 ,v5ice ( designs = 8cutworks0 
& embroid]y ( all k9ds z e>ly z #aebg1 &
 lat]1 9 #aeca1 a book 0 publi%$ by     
,tagli5te1 giv+ ! descriptions & me?ods 
employ$ = mak+ ! v>i\s /it*es us$ 9     
embroid]y = hang+s1 co/umes1 &          
alt>-clo?s4 ,"s ( ! geometric designs 9 
?is book h be5 us$ = po9t-lace patt]ns4 
,! t]m us$ by ! ,italians1 punto 9 a]e  
7aria71 or 8po9t 9 air10 is ?\ght by    
,mr4 ,alan ,cole to mean ne$le-po9t     
lace4 ,! geometric design 7,fig4 #bgf7 (
 ,g5oese po9t is some?+ v mu* ak9 to !  

punto 9 aria patt]ns4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bgf4--;,g5oese ,po9t ,lace4  ,at 
,antw]p & ,cologne1 & o!r cities 9      
,g]many & ,fl&]s1 imitations ( !        
,v5etian patt]n-books 7 publi%$1 :i*    
s]v$ ! lace mak]s ( ^? c\ntries = _!    
patt]ns4  ,! ,flemi% lace work]s imitat$
 to a great ext5t ! ,v5etian patt]ns1 & 
9 lat] ye>s ^? ( ! ,fr5*4  ,lace is made
 9 silk1 cotton1 flax1 & sometimes 9    
gold & silv] ?read1 aloe-fibre1 & hair4 
,9 ! e>ly k9ds ( lace ! patt]n 0 unit$  
by s+le ?reads cov]$ ) button-hole /it*1
 & edg$ ) little loops1 ! fl[]s or      
patt]n made ( compact 8clo?+10 or wov5  
?reads 7,fig4 #bgg;,d71 & ! gr\nd 9 its 
simple/ v>iety by me%es made by plait+  
7,fig4 #bgg;,a71 z 9 ! ,brussels &      
,honiton f\r-?read gr\nd1 or 9 o!r      
v>ieties1 by simple twi/+ 7,fig4        
#bgg;,b74  ,! gr\nd or me% 7rseau7 is   
usually hexagonal1 & is work$ toge!r ) !
 patt]n 9 ! ,val5ci5nes1 ,me*l91 &      
,buck+ham laces1 b 9 ! ,brussels &      
,honiton ! gr\nd is work$ 9 aft]w>ds1 or

 ! patt]n is sewn on4 ,o!r fancy gr\nds 
or 8fill+s0 are call$ 8modes0 or        
8brides10 :i* consi/ ( little ties      
ornam5t$ ) 8picots0 or small loops 7see 
,figs4 #bhj1 #bhd74 ,a m elaborate =m ( 
fill+s may be se5 9 ! ,brussels & ,al5on
 lappets 7,figs4 #bgh1 #bgi72 9 ! latt] 
may be se5 loz5ges & flat hexagons ( a  
solid "* set 9 frames ( hexagons & on ! 
int]sections ( ! squ>es4 ,?is gr\ndwork 
has be5 t]m$ rseau-rosac4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #bgg4--;,a1 ,brussels gr\nd2 ,b1 
,two-?read ,me%2 ,d1 ,wov5 ,gr\nd4  ,!  
outl9e ar\nd ! patt]n 9 "s laces is     
call$ ! 8cordonnet02 x is an important  
feature ( ! ,al5on po9t lace 7,fig4     
#bgi71 :]e x consi/s ( a horsehair      
ov]ca/ ) a button-hole /it* ( ?read2 x  
is also a di/9ctive m>k ( ! pill[-made  
,me*l9 lace 7,fig4 #bhc71 b nev] occurs 
9 ! true or vraie ,val5ci5nes4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--,lappet2     
,brussels2 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4  ,! olde/ 
( :ite h&-made laces is ! ,italian      
ne$le-po9t v>iety1 :i* is a developm5t (

 embroid]y4 ,x is difficult to give !   
exact date ( ! inv5tion ( ne$le-po9t    
lace1 = 9 ! e>lie/ specim5s ( ,italian  
"w1 9 :i* ! patt]ns are copi$ f !       
geometric designs ( ! ,v5etian          
patt]n-books1 !y are usually a mixture (
 ne$le-po9t & ( plait$ & twi/$ "w1 b !  
latt] may h be5 done ) a hook$ ne$le1 & 
n pill[-made4 ,on ! o!r h&1 be=e po9t   
lace 0 s univ]sally made by ! ,v5etians1
 ! patt]n-books 7 publi%$ ab\t ! middle 
( ! sixte5? c5tury = m]letti a piomb9i1 
or 8lace made ) lead5 bobb9s0--probably 
a species ( pill[-made lace--& "s       
,italian "w ( ?is k9d is /ill 9 exi/5ce 
t is q z e>ly 9 date z t ( ! olde/      
ne$lepo9t v>iety4 ,?is w\ld prove t !re 
0 little or no diff]5ce 9 ! age ( ei!r  
inv5tion1 al?\gh p]haps priority ought  
to be giv5 to ! ne$le-po9t v>iety4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--,lappet2     
,po9t d',al5on2 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4      
,guipure is a "n t has be5 giv5 to lace 
9 :i* ! fl[]s are unit$ ) ties or       
8brides picotees0 7,fig4 #bhj71 b ! t]m 

guipure is m prop]ly a k9d ( filigree "w
 made ) /iff5$ cords l gimp or wire1 !  
patt]n be+ =m$ ( gimp b5t into a flatt5$
 design by ! ne$le1 & unit$ :]e ! =ms   
t\* ea* o!r 7,fig4 #bha74  ,! patt]ns 9 
! e>ly laces 71 z we h se51 purely      
geometric =ms1 su* z squ>es ) circles   
enclos$1 divid$ by radiat+ l9es &       
diagonals1 rosettes1 loz5ges1 & small   
trimm+ bord]s ( rectangul> panels1 all  
work$ on f\ndation l9es t resembl$ 9 "s 
degree ! ma9 l9es ( a spid]'s web4  ,by 
degrees ^! patt]ns develop$ into a m    
solid mass+ ( ! fl[] =ms1 & ! ties1 or  
brides1 became m irregul>1 b at ! same  
"t m ev5ly di/ribut$4  ,sometimes1 z 9  
,v5etian po9t lace1 ! brides _h little  
fl[]s work$ on !m1 & 9 _m in/ances !    
l>g] =ms 7 rais$ to a consid]able height
 or ?ickness4 ,! gr\ndwork 9 "s ( !     
scroll designs ( ,v5etian po9t laces is 
compos$ ( regul> hexagons1 & ?is 0 !    
/>t+-po9t ( ! future hexagonal me%      
gr\nds4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bhj4--;,guipure2 ,flemi%2 ,sev5te5?    

,c5tury4  ,rais$ scroll "w is peculi> to
 ! ,v5etian po9t laces ( ! be/ p]iod--! 
end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4  ,flemi% lace 0
 mo/ly ( ! pill[-made v>iety1 b "s po9t 
"w 0 also execut$1 pr9cipally at        
,brussels4 ,me*l91 ,lille1 & ,val5ci5nes
 7 all fam\s = _! pill[-made laces4     
,return+ to ! developm5t ( patt]ns 9    
lace1 we f9d t ,france l$ ! way 9 design
 f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4     
,prior to ?is "t1 ,colb]t1 ! ,m9i/] (   
,l\is ,,xiv4--^: f>-sight$ness 9 !      
matt]s ( art did s mu* =                
,france--succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ lace-mak+   
c5tres at ,al5on1 ,arg5tan1 ,quesnoy1   
,arras1 ,rheims1 c41 & ! patt]ns ( lace 
!n 9 fav\r p>took ( ! prevail+ /yle (   
,l\is-,quatorze ornam5t ) a mixture (   
floral =ms1 m or less reali/ic 9 "*     
7,fig4 #bgi74 ,! latt] illu/ration is t 
( a lappet ( 8po9t d',al5on0 fabric1 :i*
 is ! mo/ elaborate & mo/ exp5sive ( all
 ,fr5* laces4 ,ano!r ,fr5* po9t lace is 
t kn[n z 8po9t d',arg5tan10 & if n a    
v>iety ( ,al5on lace1 is v mu* l x4 ,?is

 lace is not$ = its cle> & /rong-me%$   
gr\nd4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#bha4--;,guipure ,lace2 ,italian2       
,sev5te5? ,c5tury4  ,val5ci5nes lace1   
made 9 ! ,fr5* t[n ( t "n1 is "o ( !    
olde/ pill[-made laces1 dat+ f ! fifte5?
 c5tury2 ! be/ ,val5ci5nes1 h[ev]1 has  
be5 made at ,yprs1 & is a v s(t & flat  
v>iety ( fabric1 ) ! me%es plait$1 n    
twi/$1 has no cordonnet ar\nd ! edges1 &
 is v floral 9 design4 8,fausse0        
,val5ci5nes is an irregul> & slightly   
co>s] v>iety ?an ! 8vraie0 or true      
,val5ci5nes4 ,me*l9 lace is simil> 9    
design to ,val5ci5nes1 b has ! cordonnet
 outl9e1 & has ! me%es ( ! gr\nd p>tly  
twi/$ & p>tly plait$ 7,fig4 #bhc74      
,lille & ,arras laces h f9e s+le gr\nds3
 f\r ( ! six sides ( ! me% are =m$ by ! 
twi/+ ( two ?reads1 & ! o!r two sides by
 simply cross+ ! ?reads4 ,lille 0 =m]ly 
fam\s = its black /raight-edg$ laces4   
,*antilly laces 7 made 9 :ite & black   
silk1 b n[ simil> black silk laces are  
made at ,bayeux 9 ,norm&y1 & at         

,auv]gne1 an old-e/abli%$ c5tre4 ,laces 
are n[ made 9 all k9ds ( mat]ials4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--;,f9e/ ,rais$
 ,v5etian ,po9t4  ,brussels lace has    
always be5 a mu*-priz$ v>iety3 x is made
 bo? 9 ! 8po9t  l'aiguille0 or          
ne$le-po9t1 & 9 8po9t plat0 or          
pill[-made1 & sometimes x is a mixture (
 bo?1 :]e ! fl[]s are made sep>ate 9    
ne$le-po9t & are work$ 9 aft]w>ds to !  
v>i\s 8modes0 & me% or net gr\nds4 ,!   
,brussels me% is peculi> 9 hav+ two (   
its hexagonal sides long] ?an ! o!r f\r1
 ! =m] two be+ plait$ ) f\r ?reads1 :ile
 ! latt] f\r are compos$ ( a two-?read  
twi/1 & ! cordonnet is well rais$ ar\nd 
! patt]n & is plait$4 ,! patt]ns 9      
,brussels lace are ( all k9ds1 b are    
*iefly imitations ( ,fr5* designs2 x is 
a common ?+ to f9d ,al5on & o!r ,fr5*   
patt]ns copi$ 9 ?is lace4 ,9 ,france1   
,brussels lace 0 kn[n by ! "n ( 8po9t   
d',anglet]re10 f ! fact t great         
quantities ( x 7 import$1 & also smuggl$
 into ,engl& dur+ its prohibit$         

importation 9 ! lace-weav+ p]iod (      
,*>les ,,ii4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#bhc4--;,bord] ( ,me*l9 ,lace4  ,anci5t 
,spani% po9t-lace 0 l ! ,v5etian rais$  
"w1 b mu* ( ! s-call$ ,spani% lace 0    
really ,flemi%1 & 0 l>gely import$ f !  
,spani% ,ne!rl&s4  ,honiton 9           
,devon%ire1 & ,buck+ham%ire are ! *ief  
c5tres ( ! lace mak+ 9 ,engl&4 ,honiton 
lace is pill[-made1 & is simil> to      
,brussels 9 fabrication1 ! designs ( :i*
 7 orig9ally sprigs ( fl[]s1 b h        
develop$ to a k9d ( guipure "w held     
toge!r by 8brides0 7,fig4 #bhd74        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4--;,honiton2   
,mod]n4  ,buck+ham%ire lace is also     
pill[-made1 & resembles ,flemi% lace 9  
design1 b is a little m irregul> & weak]
 9 draw+4  ,iri% lace is kn[n "u ! "n ( 
,c>rickmacross--a k9d ( cut l95 "w2     
,lim]ick--a species ( embroid]y2 & po9t 
lace1 made 9 ,ul/] & else:]e 9 ,irel&   
7,fig4 #bhe74  ,_m ef=ts h be5 made 9   
rec5t ye>s to revive ! ,iri% lace-mak+  
indu/ry1 :i* h be5 att5d$ ) a good      

measure ( success1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s*ools
 atta*$ to ! conv5ts4  ,a great mod]n   
revival ( lace mak+ has tak5 place 9 !  
isl& ( ,burano1 ne> ,v5ice1 :i* dates f 
! ye> #ahgb4 ,?is is due to ! en]gy &   
ability ( ,madame ,bell>io1 assi/$ by ! 
patronage ( ! ,que5 ( ,italy & o!r      
memb]s ( ! royal family4 ,! v>iety made 
is ! ne$le-po9t1 & ! designs are mo/ly  
good copies ( ! old ,v5etian &          
sev5te5?-c5tury ,fr5* patt]ns4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--;,iri% ,po9t2
 ,mod]n4  ,ma*9e-made lace has be5      
br\ght to an advanc$ /ate ( p]fection1 &
 ,nott+ham 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! fir/ ma*9es 7
 set up1 is n[ ! great c5tre ( ?is      
indu/ry4 ,! ma*9e on :i* lace is made is
 a developm5t ( ! /ock+-knitt+ ma*9e1 & 
lace nets 7 fir/ made on ^! ma*9es ab\t 
#aggj4 ,hea?cote1 ( ,nott+ham1 inv5t$ ! 
bobb9 net ma*9e1 & ,leav] inv5t$ ! lace 
ma*9e :i* is /ill 9 use ) v>i\s         
improvem5ts & modifications4 ,almo/ any 
k9d ( lace c n[ be imitat$ by ! ma*9e1 b
 x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! h&-made       

v>ieties by ! great] regul>ity (        
texture1 ! abs5ce 9 ! ma*9e-made po9t   
lace ( any imitation ( ! button-hole    
/it* & ( ! elaborate plait+ t is f\nd 9 
! pill[ h&-made laces4                  
,,*apt] ,,vii4                          
,,mosaics4   ,! ^w mosaic is appli$     
g5]ally to a decorative "w execut$ )    
small cubes or tess] made f v>i\s col\r$
 m>bles or enamels1 cut into conv5i5t   
sizes accord+ to ! requirem5ts or scale 
( ! design4  ,^! cubes ( enamels or     
m>bles are plac$ 9 a b$ ( cem5t :i* is  
fir/ spread on ! surface ( ! wall or    
panel4 ,! composition ( ?is cem5t has   
v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods & c\ntries &    
accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd :i*       
receives x4  ,! ,italian me?od is to    
spread on ! wall a ?ick coat+ ( ma/ic   
cem5t compos$ ( m>ble du/ or p[d]$ /one1
 lime1 & l9se$ oil2 :5 ?is cem5t is     
p>tly set a coat+ ( f9e pla/] is laid on
 ! top & br\ght up to ! level ( ! int5d$
 surface ( ! mosaic2 ! design is trac$  
on ?is surface1 & ! pla/] is !n cut away

 ) a f9e small *isel1 little by little1 
j suffici5t at a "t to receive a small  
quantity ( ! tess] or cubes1 :i* are    
fir/ dipp$ 9 moi/ cem5t & ins]t$ 9 _!   
prop] places1 mat*+ ! col\r copi$ f !   
c>toon4 ,:5 ! "w is f9i%$ ! surface is  
br\ght to a uni=m level by a poli%+     
process4  ,"s ( ! e>li] k9ds ( mosaic 7 
compos$ ( pieces ( m>ble or o!r /ones   
cut 9 geometric slabs or rectangul>     
%apes2 ?is k9d 0 call$ by ! ,romans     
li?o/ratum1 & 0 us$ *iefly 9 pavem5ts2  
opus sectile is a k9d ( pavem5t mosaic  
made ( diff]5t col\rs1 ! m>bles be+ cut 
into small regul> portions2 opus        
tesselatum is a v>iety ( ! opus sextile1
 b has its compon5t p>ts made (         
geometric =ms 9 :i* /raight & p>allel   
l9es pr$om9ate 9 ! design2 & opus       
v]miculatum has its tess] compos$ (     
small cubes or bits ( enamel 7glass     
mosaic71 t]ra-cotta1 or m>ble1 :i* are  
cut into all k9ds ( %apes1 s z to =m a m
 pliant or s(t] cont\r to ! propos$     
design4 ,?is latt] v>iety is us$ 9      

picture mosaics & 9 ! goldsmi?s' "w &   
jewell]y made at ! pres5t "t 9 ,rome &  
,v5ice4  ,ano!r k9d ( mosaic us$ 9      
pavem5t is t kn[n z opus ,alex&r9um4    
,l>ge slabs ( diff]5t col\r$ m>bles h   
be5 us$ z floor pavem5ts & z wall l9+s1 
bo? on ! ext]ior & 9 ! int]ior ( *ur*es 
& o!r build+s 9 ,italy & else:]e4 ,mo/ (
 ?is "w is ( a geometric patt]n2 !      
diff]5t pieces ( /one1 m>ble1           
t]ra-cotta1 or enamel1 be+ cut into     
exact %apes to fit a preconceiv$ patt]n1
 =m a species ( inlay1 & d n !re=e come 
"u ! head ( a true mosaic4 ,col\r$      
m>bles & preci\s /ones h be5 us$ 9 !    
decoration ( furniture by ! ,italians & 
,fr5*1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( 8,flor5t9e 
mosaic10 or 8pietra dura40  ,a species (
 mosaic "w resembl+ enamels 9 appe>ance 
0 execut$ by ! ,egyptians1 a me?od 9 :i*
 /ones & col\r$ pa/es 7 cut to fit into 
metal %apes1 z may be se5 9 ! pectoral  
ornam5ts & diadems 7see ,figs4 #adb1    
#adc1 =m] volume74  ,9 ! ,museum ( ,tur9
 !re is an ,egyptian s>cophagus inlaid )

 preci\s /ones1 b x c h>dly be call$    
true mosaic "w4  ,! ,greeks 7 v skilful 
9 mosaic1 & 7 d\btless ! inv5tors ( !   
enamels us$ by !mselves & by ! ,romans  
aft]w>ds "u ! "n ( musivum--f :5ce ! ^w 
mosaic is d]iv$4 ,! ,italians call$ ^!  
enamels smalto or smalts4  ,ne>ly all ! 
rema9s ( antique mosaic t h be5 pres]v$ 
to our days h be5 execut$ 9 ,italy or 9 
c\ntries t 7 "u ! ,roman sway1 b usually
 ! "w has be5 done by ,greek arti/s or  
"u ,grecian influ5ce4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bhf4--,roman ,mosaic1 f          
,wood*e/]4  ,pl9y m5tions ! "n ( ,sosus1
 a ,greek arti/1 :o came to ,italy to   
execute mosaics4 ,to ?is arti/ is       
ascrib$ ! celebrat$ mosaic ( ! doves    
p]*$ on ! rim ( a bas9--,can?>os--"o (  
:i* is dr9k+ f ! wat] 9 ! vessel4 ,?is  
mosaic is n[ 9 ! ,capitol at ,rome1 &   
came orig9ally f ! ,villa ( ,hadrian4 ,x
 is relat$ by ,pl9y t ,sosus made a     
floor 9 mosaic decorat$ ) fragm5ts ( a  
repa/1 su* z reali/ic repres5tations ( !
 rema9s ( bones1 vegetables1 fi%1 a m\se

 gnaw+ at a nut1 c4  ,great pavem5ts1 ) 
all k9ds ( animat$ figures1 bo? reali/ic
 & fanciful1 repres5t+ combats (        
animals1 fight+ gladiators1 circus &    
hunt+ sc5es1 ) ! figures sometimes (    
life size1 9 comb9ation ) allegorical   
subjects1 tritons1 n]eids1 & o!r m>9e   
deities1 7 common 9 ! antique p]iod 9   
,italy4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#bhg4--,roman ,mosaic1 f\nd at ,avignon4
  ,^! great pavem5ts 7 usually f\nd     
enclos$ 9 frames or bord]s compos$ (    
ornam5t1 or ( small] designs ( birds1   
fi%es1 & m>9e animals4 ,! bord]s1 h[ev]1
 are (t5 mod]n "w1 & are g5]ally        
re/orations or additions4 ,besides be+  
f\nd at ,rome & o!r places 9 ,italy1 ^! 
l>ge ,roman mosaics h be5 f\nd at almo/ 
e place t 0 =m]ly a ,roman prov9ce4  ,_m
 good examples h be5 discov]$ 9 ,france1
 *iefly 9 ! ,basses-,pyrnes1 & 9 ,engl&1
 at ,wood*e/]1 ,)+ton 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1   
,london1 & o!r places 7,figs4 #bhf1     
#bhg74  ,! ,roman mosaics execut$ 9 !   
prov9ces 71 h[ev]1 ( a rud] k9d ?an ^?  

f\nd at ,rome & at o!r places 9 ,italy  
7,fig4 #bhh74  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#bhh4--;,anci5t ,roman ,mosaic4  ,9 !   
,grco-,roman collection at ! ,briti%    
,museum may be se5 repres5tations (     
colossal figures 9 mosaic f ,c>?age1 & a
 floor pavem5t #dj feet by #ab feet f   
,halic>nassos4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important    
examples ( ,roman mosaic 0 f\nd 9 !     
sev5te5? c5tury 9 ! ,temple ( ,=tune at 
,pale/r9a--! anci5t ,pra5e/e4 ,x        
repres5ts l&scape sc5es plac$ 9         
sup]impos$ sections1 ?r\gh :i* runs a   
riv]1 suppos$ by "s au?orities to       
repres5t ! m\? ( ! ,nile2 isl&s are     
repres5t$ on :i* are monum5ts1 temples1 
trees1 f>ms1 climb+ plants1 animals1 &  
figures engag$ 9 agricultural & hunt+   
pursuits4 ,! animals depict$ are *iefly 
^? :i* are native to ,egypt2 besides ^! 
!re are "s fanta/ic creatures repres5t$ 
common to ! my?ology ( t c\ntry1 z well 
z to ,greece & ,rome2 ! inscriptions &  
names ( ! animals are r5d]$ 9 ,greek    
*>act]s1 ,greek be+ ! (ficial language  

us$ at t p]iod 9 ,egypt & at ! ,c\rt 9  
,rome1 z well z be+ ! native language ( 
! arti/s :o execut$ ! "w4 ,all ?is goes 
to /r5g!n ! op9ion =m$ by ! ,abb        
,b>?lemy1 9 opposition to o!rs1 t ?is   
great mosaic picture repres5ts ! voyage 
( ! ,emp]or ,hadrian on ! ,upp] ,nile1  
?r\gh ,egypt1 to ! ,elephant9e ,isl&4   
,mosaic pavem5ts ) subjects ( combats ( 
lions & bulls 9 a savage l&scape1       
execut$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,pale/r9a    
mosaic1 h be5 f\nd at ,pompeii 9 ! ru9s 
( ,hadrian's ,villa1 a build+ :i* he _h 
con/ruct$ 9 imitation ( ! v>i\s /yles ( 
ar*itecture ( ! diff]5t c\ntries :i* he 
_h visit$4  ,a celebrat$ mosaic1 ( a mu*
 high] & e>li] ord] ( art1 is !         
repres5tation ( ! ,battle ( ,arbela1 or 
,issus1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 
,?is battle 0 f\ght betwe5 ! ,greek &   
,p]sian =ces 9 ! ye> #cca 7,b4,c471 9   
:i* ,alex&] ! ,great 0 victori\s ov]    
,d>ius ! ,p]sian4 ,alex&] is repres5t$  
on horseback 9 ! act ( ?r[+ 8 lance at a
 ,p]sian satrap2 horsem51 *>iots1 & foot

 soldi]s are all repres5t$ ) great vig\r
 & 9 correct draw+2 ! :ole composition  
is excell5t1 & repres5ts ! ,greek army 9
 ! decisive mom5t ( victory4  ,?is great
 "w 0 f\nd 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,faun at       
,pompeii 9 ! ye> #ahcj1 & is            
immeasurably sup]ior to any?+ ( its k9d 
hi!rto f\nd 9 t buri$ city4 ,x has1 no  
d\bt1 be5 a copy 9 mosaic ( a picture or
 fresco pa9t$ by a ,greek arti/4        
,important portions ( ! "w are miss+1 b 
en\gh rema9s to te/ify to ! beauty &    
greatness ( ?is monum5t ( ,grecian art4 
,fig4 #bhi repres5ts ! head ( a ,p]sian 
soldi] 9 ! mosaic4  ,a bord] 0 f\nd )   
?is "w :i* repres5ts a riv] )           
alligators1 hippopotami1 aquatic birds1 
& riv] plants1 all dispos$ 9 a c>eless  
mann]2 ?is bord] is evid5tly a lat]     
,roman addition to ! "w4  ,ano!r antique
 mosaic picture 9 ! ,museum at ,naples  
is ! seat$ figure ( ! tragic poet f\nd 9
 a h\se at ,pompeii4  ,f\nta9s1 columns1
 dados1 wall panels1 z well z floor     
decorations1 7 common objects ( mosaic  

treatm5t ) ! ,romans1 & _m h\ses ( !    
bett] classes at ,pompeii h be5 lavi%ly 
decorat$ ) ?is imp]i%able mat]ial4 ,a   
s+ul> peculi>ity 0 ! almo/ exclusive    
repres5tation ( ! human figure on       
floors1 :ile ! wall spaces only receiv$ 
ornam5tal compositions4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #bhi4--;,head 9 ,mosaic1 f !      
8,battle ( ,issus40  ,x appe>s f ?is t !
 ,romans nev] ?or\ghly und]/ood ! true  
value ( mosaic z a means ( ar*itectural 
decoration1 & x 0 n until ab\t ! f\r?   
c5tury ( our era t ! walls & vaults (   
*ur*es at ,rome 7 treat$ ) pictorial    
mosaic4 ,= a long "t 9 ,italy ! "* ( !  
design 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ! old      
classic traditions1 :i* impregnat$ !    
g]ms ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian art ( ! catacombs
 ( ,s4 ,calixtus & ,s4 ,agnese 7see     
,figs4 #ccb1 #ccc1 =m] vol474 ,?is      
influ5ce h>dly ev] pass$ away f ! works 
( ,italian arti/s1 = d[n to ! sixte5?   
c5tury !re has be5 _m examples ( *ur*   
decoration 9 :i* a mixture ( ,pagan &   
,*ri/ian elem5ts are f\nd4  ,! rema9+   

mosaics ( ! c5tral cupola 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4
 ,con/ance at ,rome consi/ ( a ,pagan   
composition--! 8,triumph (              
,bac*us0--work$ out 9 ! ,roman /yle1 &  
ano!r vault$ comp>tm5t 9 ! same *ur* has
 a mosaic decoration consi/+ ( a v9e    
spread+ ov] ! :ole surface1 among/ !    
bran*es & leaves ( :i* are *ildr5 ga!r+ 
! grapes4 ,at two ( ! sides are         
grape-lad5 waggons drawn by ox51 &      
figures press+ out ! grape juice 9 !    
vats4 ,f ! subjects ( ! mosaics 9 ?is   
build+ x 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be a temple ( 
,bac*us2 b z ! v9e is "o ( ! commone/   
symbols ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & z a mixture
 ( ,*ri/ian & ,pagan elem5ts 0 a v      
common occurr5ce 9 ! age ( ,con/ant9e1  
!re is no hesitation 9 describ+ ^!      
mosaics1 & ! *ur* itself1 z e>ly        
,*ri/ian "w4  ,a v important mosaic ( ! 
f\r? c5tury /ill exi/s 9 ! apse ( !     
,*ur* ( ,s4 ,pud5tia at ,rome4 ,! design
 is n alt]$ f ! orig9al1 b mu* ( ! "w   
has be5 re/or$ at diff]5t times4  ,a    
colossal figure ( ,*ri/ is en?ron$ 9 !  

c5tre ( a composition :i* has an        
ar*itectural backgr\nd ( temples &      
*ur*es4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul are       
repres5t$ on ei!r side ( ! c5tral       
figure1 ) o!r sacr$ p]sonages1 & above 9
 ! cl\ds float ! sacr$ emblems ( !      
,evangeli/s4  ,aft] ,con/ant9e remov$ ! 
seat ( 8 empire f ,rome to ,byzantium   
7#ccj7 mosaic decoration 0 us$ 9 _m ( ! 
,ea/]n *ur*es 9 ,mac$onia & o!r places 9
 ! ,byzant9e empire1 b x 0 n until !    
six? c5tury t ! decid$ ,byzant9e ,greek 
/yle 0 develop$ 9 mosaic "w--notably 9 !
 mosaics ( ! great *ur* ( ,santa        
,sophia4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury at ,rome1 &
 m especially at ,rav5na1 ! basilicas & 
,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 decorat$ on ! vault$  
ceil+s1 walls1 ar*es1 & sp&rels )       
mosaics1 ( :i* ! g5]al design &         
ornam5tal details 7 /ill /rongly        
influ5c$ ) ! _s ( ! antique2 b al?\gh ^!
 works reta9$ mu* ( ! dignity p]ta9+ to 
! latt]1 !y 7 gradually los+ !          
correctness ( draw+ :i* _h *>act]is$ !  
mosaics ( ! f\r? c5tury4  ,9 ! *apt] on 

,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,ar*itecture1 9 ! =m]    
volume ( ?is "w1 pages #bhh-cjj1 we h   
drawn att5tion to "s ( ^! mosaics4  ,!  
*ur* ( ,santa ,sophia 0 burn$ d[n 9     
#ecc1 & ! rebuild+ ( x 0 f9i%$ & ! *ur* 
consecrat$ 9 #eei4 ,mu* ( ! int]ior 0   
%ortly aft]w>ds cov]$ ) mosaic          
decoration4 ,ne> ! summit ( ! cupola 0 a
 colossal figure ( ,*ri/ en?ron$1 ) 8   
arm rais$ upw>ds 9 ! act ( bless+2 bel[ 
! sacr$ figure 7 rang$ ! ,apo/les1 & 9 !
 l[] p5d5tives 7 gr\ps ( p4 ,9 ! *ancel 
bel[ is a figure ( ! ,virg9 en?ron$1 ) !
 ,infant ,*ri/ /&+ on h] knees2 9 !     
great ni*es are figures ( m>tyrs &      
bi%ops1 & 9 ! spaces above ! pill>s     
figures ( ! prophets4  ,on ! walls ( !  
n>!x1 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ seat$ on a     
?rone1 ! cr[n$ figure ( ,ju/9ian        
pro/rate at 8 feet1 & on ! gold         
backgr\nd are ! heads ( ! ,virg9 & ,/4  
,mi*ael4 ,9 col\r ! mosaics are sob] &  
ref9$1 ! expressions & attitudes ( !    
figures solemn1 & (t5 beautiful2 !      
co/umes foll[ ! /yle ( ! antique4       

,accord+ to ,salz5b]g1 :o publi%$ 8     
great "w on ,santa ,sophia at ,b]l9 9 ! 
ye> #ahed1 ! col\r+ ( ! drap]ies ( ,*ri/
 & 8 ,apo/les is :ite1 ! ,virg9 has blue
 robes1 & ! o!r figures ( prophets1     
angels1 & m>tyrs are 9 v>i$ col\r+4 ,!  
%ades ( ! folds 9 ! drap]ies are        
express$ by quiet blues & gre5s1 !      
lights be+ height5$ by silv] m>k+s4 ,all
 ! mosaics h a gr\nd ( gold1 & b&s (    
gold enri* ! g>m5ts ( ,*ri/4 ,al?\gh _m 
( ! great mosaics ( ?is *ur* belong to !
 six? c5tury1 "s ( !m are1 h[ev]1 works 
( a lat] p]iod4 ,among o!r arts1        
,ju/9ian enc\rag$ mosaic decoration 9 ! 
highe/ degree1 & is said to h ornam5t$ !
 palace ( 8 capital ) mosaic pictures   
repres5t+ ! victories ( 8 armies4  ,"s  
fam\s mosaics 7 execut$ dur+ ! six?     
c5tury at ,rav5na1 notably 9 ! basilicas
 ( ,s4 ,apoll9>e-,nuovo1 ,s4            
,apoll9>e-9-,classe1 & ,s4 ,vitale2 9 ! 
=m] !re is a f9e mosaic1 ! subject be+ !
 ,kiss ( ,judas1 & a gr\p ( figures :]e 
,pontius ,pilate is repres5t$ wa%+ 8 h&s

 aft] ! trial ( ,*ri/1 bo? ( :i* works  
aga9 %[ ! antique influ5ce4  ,9 !       
beautiful basilica ( ,s4                
,apoll9>e-9-,classe ! figure ( ,*ri/ is 
repres5t$ /&+ & bless+ ) uplift$ h&s1   
surr\nd$ by ! symbols ( ! ,evangeli/s & 
a flock ( %eep2 ! angels ,gabriel &     
,mi*ael & ! ,transfiguration are also   
repres5t$4  ,! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,vitale1 :i* 
0 built some:at aft] ! model ( ,santa   
,sophia1 has ! celebrat$ mosaics        
repres5t+ processions 9 /ate ( ! ,emp]or
 ,ju/9ian & ! ,empress ,!odora1 :o      
presid$ at ! d$ication ( ! *ur*4 ,!     
dresses ( ! pr9cipal p]sonages 9 ^!     
mosaics are ri*ly decorat$ ) ,byzant9e  
geometric patt]ns1 figur$ embroid]y1 &  
jewell]y4 ,9 ! apse ( ! *ur* is !       
celebrat$ y\?ful figure ( ,*ri/1 :o is  
repres5t$ )\t a be>d2 x is rem>kable =  
its b5ign expression & s(tness ( its    
adolesc5t beauty4 ,! mosaics ( ,s4      
,vitale are di/9ctly ,greek 9 "*1 unlike
 ^? ( ! two =m] *ur*es1 :i* 7 execut$ by
 ,roman mosaici/s br\ght f ,italy to    

,rav5na by ,!odoric ! ,o/rogo? 9 ! e>ly 
ye>s ( ! six? c5tury4  ,! sev5? c5tury 0
 almo/ b>r5 9 mosaic works1 & ! eigh?   
c5tury does n seem to h produc$ m ?an a 
few t5tative ef=ts1 ma9ly 9 c\ntries    
outside ,italy4  ,x is relat$ t ,adrian 
,i41 :o 0 ,pope betwe5 ! ye>s #ggb-gie1 
gave p]mission to ,*>lemagne to remove  
sev]al mosaics f *ur*es at ,rav5na1 !   
mat]ials ( :i* 7 us$ 9 ! decoration ( ! 
dome ( 8 *apel at ,aa*5                 
7,aix-la-,*apelle74 ,^! mosaics 7       
de/roy$ by fires 9 ! ye>s #afef & #agcj4
 ,"s draw+s ( !m 7 made be=e ! second   
fire by ,ciamp9i1 & publi%$ by him at   
,rome 9 #afii4 ,^! works 7 n1 h[ev]1 (  
any great arti/ic value4 ,! art ( !     
mosaici/ 0 fa/ becom+ only a c>icature (
 its =m] self1 = ! "w ( ! n9? c5tury 0  
*>act]iz$ by exce$+ly bad draw+ & savage
 col\r+4 ,un9vit+ & ev5 t]rible         
repres5tations ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,virg91     
angels1 m>tyrs1 & prophets 7 only too   
common4 ,x may be said ) good reason t 9
 ,rome & 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 t !

 z5i? ( ugl9ess _h be5 atta9$ 9 ! design
 ( mosaics1 & 9 place ( ! c>eful gr\p+ &
 correct draw+ ( ! works ( ! f\r? to !  
six? c5tury we h in/ead figures ( great 
dim5sions & multiplication ( attributes4
  ,at ! "t we speak ( !re 0 n ?is       
decad5ce ( art 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 = _m 
f9e mosaics 7 execut$ to ! ord] ( ,basil
 ! ,mac$onian 7#hfg-hhf71 "u ^:         
protection art g5]ally 0 mu* enc\rag$4  
,"s ( ! mosaics ( ,santa ,sophia & ( o!r
 *ur*es & palaces at ,con/ant9ople 7    
execut$ dur+ ?is p]iod4  ,h[ev]1 f ! t5?
 to ! twelf? c5turies ! art ( mosaic    
decoration1 ) a few notable exceptions1 
0 9 a sl[ /ate ( decad5ce 9 ! ,ea/1 b ! 
old ,greek arti/ic _s broke 9 o!r & 9   
new directions1 z we h witness$ 9 !     
weal? ( ,byzant9e enamels1 c>v$ ivories1
 bas-reliefs1 rep\ss "w1 m9iatures1 &   
illum9at$ manuscripts4  ,9 ! elev5?     
c5tury "s f9e mosaic floors 7 execut$ 9 
,france4 ,examples ( ?is date 7 f\nd 9 !
 old *ur*es ( ,sordes 9 ! ,dep>tm5t (   
,l&es1 & ( ,lesc> 9 ! ,basses-,pyrnes4  

,"s ( ^! pavem5ts h ornam5tal           
compositions ( geometrical int]lac+s &  
conv5tional foliage1 & o!rs h hunt+     
sc5es 9 :i* animals1 figures1 & birds   
are treat$ flatly1 aft] ! ,p]sian or    
,ori5tal mann] ( inlaid "w or l textile 
designs4  ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury t[>ds !   
latt] end1 9 ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance1    
design 9 mosaic began to feel ! reviv+  
influ5ce 9 common ) all ,italian art4 ,9
 ! mosaics ( ?is c5tury execut$ at ,rome
 we see some?+ ( ! poetry & dignity :i* 
belong$ to ! great works ( ! fif?       
c5tury4 ,?is turn+-po9t 0 9 a great     
measure due to ! influ5ce ( ,cimabue1 ! 
f\nd] ( ,italian pa9t+ 7#abdj-acjj71 :o 
0 !n a great p]sonality 9 ,italian art4 
,! mo/ important mosaics ( ?is p]iod 9  
,italy 7 ^? :i* decorate ! tribune ( !  
basilica ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an at ,rome1  
execut$ by ,jacobus ,toriti betwe5 !    
ye>s #abhg & #abib1 & ^? ( ! tribune (  
,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore 9 ,rome1 execut$    
also by ,toriti dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ! 
?irte5? c5tury & f9i%$ ab\t #acjb4  ,!  

design ( ! =m] mosaics is simple 9      
arrangem5t4 ,on a gold gr\nd1           
symmetrically arrang$1 are ! figures (  
six sa9ts & ,apo/les1 ) small] figures (
 ,/4 ,francis & ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua    
advanc+ t[>ds a c5tral cross1 f und]nea?
 :i* fl[s ! f\r riv]s ( ,p>adise into ! 
,jordan b5ea?4 ,above is ! celebrat$    
head ( ,*ri/1 ! face hav+ a b5ign       
expression4 ,?is 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be (
 an old] creation1 b x is q likely to h 
be5 design$ by ,toriti4 ,! head is      
surr\nd$ by a pla9 gold nimbus1 & ar\nd 
& above x1 on a blue gr\nd ) cl\ds1 is a
 glory ( angels 9 ! =m ( an arc4 ,bel[  
?is1 on ! wall ( ! tribune1 betwe5 po9t$
 w9d[ op5+s1 ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les are     
repres5t$ on a small] scale4  ,9 !      
tribune ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore ! design  
is gr&] & m decorative ?an ! ,/4 ,john  
,lat]an mosaics1 & inde$ ranks z ! f9e/ 
"w ( art ( its p]iod4 ,9 a l>ge c5tral  
m$allion ( ! apse ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 are  
en?ron$1 ,*ri/ be+ repres5t$ 9 ! act (  
cr[n+ ! ,virg94 ,a cr[d ( angels are on 

ei!r side & at ! l[] p>ts ( ! m$allion4 
,! gr\nd ( ! latt] is blue1 s[n ) gold5 
/>s2 beyond1 on ei!r side ( ! ador+     
angels1 are ! upright figures ( ,apo/les
 & sa9ts on a gold gr\nd1 & above !m1   
fill+ ! upp] surr\nd+ space1 are        
conv5tional v9es 9 ^: scrolly bran*es   
birds ( v>i\s k9ds are f\nd4 ,bel[ ?is  
composition ! ,riv] ,jordan is          
repres5t$1 & ! walls ( ! tribune are    
occupi$ ) small compositions repres5t+  
sc5es 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! loggia ( ! 
same *ur* are a s]ies ( well-design$    
mosaics inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! arti/ :o    
design$ !m--,philippus ,rusuti--:o is n 
kn[n ) c]ta9ty to h execut$ any o!r "w4 
,!y _h be5 =m]ly ascrib$ to ! ,flor5t9e 
mosaici/ ,gaddo ,gaddi1 a fri5d (       
,cimabue2 he di$ 9 #acab4  ,gaddi1      
accord+ to ,vas>i1 _h be5 invit$ to     
,rome to complete ! unf9i%$ mosaics (   
,toriti at ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore
 aft] ! dea? ( ! latt] arti/1 & he      
occupi$ himself ) ! /ori$ mosaics       
repres5t+ ! f\ndation ( t *ur* 9 a s]ies

 ( f\r compositions4 ,x is /ill1 h[ev]1 
a matt] ( d\bt z to h[ mu* ( ^! mosaics 
belong to ! h& ( ,rusuti or ,gaddi4 ,!  
latt] arti/ execut$ "s subjects 9 ! dome
 ( ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce1 9 ! ,ca!dral
 ( ,pisa1 & ! mosaics :i* decorate !    
inn] lunette 9 ! portal ( ! ,ca!dral at 
,flor5ce4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bij4--;,geometric ,mosaic1 ,*ur* ( ,ara
 ,cli1 ,rome4  ,gaddi foll[$ ! /yle &   
aims ( ,cimabue2 8 "w 0 poetic 9        
conception1 & 9 8 execution he lean$ to 
! ,byzant9e me?ods1 b 9 draw+ &         
composition he 0 greatly excell$ by !   
,roman mosaici/ ,toriti4  ,! celebrat$  
,roman family ( ! ,cosmati 7 excell5t   
mosaici/s4 ,giovanni ,cosmato1 son ( !  
eld] arti/ ( t "n1 execut$ "s f9e "w on 
! tomb ( ,gonsalo ,rod]igo 9 ! ,*ur* (  
,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore1 & on monum5ts 9 ,s4
 ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va4 ,a v>iety ( mosaic 
0 mu* us$ 9 ,italy at diff]5t times1 !  
e>lie/ dat+ f ! six? c5tury1 :i* consi/$
 9 decorat+ pulpits1 scre5s1 & small    
alt>s ) a geometric inlay ( small squ>es

 & loz5ges ( gold & col\r$ tess] :i* 7  
ins]t$ into grooves ( :ite m>ble 7,fig4 
#bij74  ,ab\t ! ye> #acea1 ,pietro      
,cavall9i1 a native ( ,rome & a suppos$ 
pupil ( ! pa9t] ,giotto1 0 commission$  
to execute "s mosaics 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4   
,m>ia ,tran/ev]e at ,rome4 ,! design &  
/yle ( ^! works 7 /rongly influ5c$ if n 
p>tly copi$ f ! frescoes ( ,giotto 9 !  
,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua4  ,cavall9i also 
execut$ 9 mosaic ! celebrat$ ,navicella1
 f ! design by ,giotto1 :i* decorates ! 
ve/ibule ( ! old basilica *ur* ( ,/4    
,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,?is "w repres5ts a   
%ip 9 :i* ! ,apo/les are se51 & ,*ri/ & 
,pet] are figur$ walk+ on ! sea4  ,) !  
exception ( a few notable works 9 ,/4   
,pet]'s at ,rome1 9 ,/4 ,m>k's at       
,v5ice1 "s unf9i%$ "w ( ,dom5ico        
,ghirl&aio 7#addi-ie71 & ! "w (         
,pesselli 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,or-,san-,mi*ele  
at ,flor5ce 7#adaf71 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 
n a prosp]\s p]iod = mosaic4 ,?is is    
acc\nt$ = by ! rapid developm5t ( !     
,italian s*ools ( pa9t+1 :i* advanc$    

dur+ ?is c5tury ) incr$ible swiftness1 &
 z pa9t+ advanc$1 mosaic decoration     
retreat$ be=e its m popul> rival4 ,!    
mosaici/ _h to make room = ! fresco     
pa9t]1 :o soon became ! successful      
competitor ( ! =m] 9 ! "w ( *ur*        
decoration4  ,reg>d+ ! mosaics ( ,/4    
,m>k's at ,v5ice1 x may be /at$ t !y    
date f ! elev5? c5tury to ! n9ete5?4  ,!
 int]ior ( ?is *ur* is ri*ly decorat$ on
 ! vaults & upp] p>ts ( ! walls )       
mosaics on gr\nds ( gold1 ! o!r p>ts are
 cov]$ ) v>i\s ri* m>bles1 & ! floor is 
mosaic design$ 9 ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,9 ! 
twelf? c5tury ! pr9cipal apse1 ! cupola 
( ! *oir1 & "s ( ! *apels 7 decorat$ 9  
mosaic4 ,! great c5tral cupola has      
mosaics ( ! elev5? c5tury repres5t+ !   
,virtues1 & twelf?-c5tury "w ) !        
subjects ( ! 8,virg9 ) ,angels &        
,apo/les10 ! 8,evangeli/s10 c4 ,to !    
same c5tury belong ! mosaics 9 ! cupola 
( ! *oir1 consi/+ ( ! figures ( ,*ri/1 !
 ,virg91 ,david & ,solomon1 & symbols ( 
! ,evangeli/s2 ! figure ( ,/4 ,clem5t 9 

! vault ( ! t]m9al *apel ( ,/4 ,clem5t  
is ascrib$ to ! twelf? c5tury1 & !      
mosaics ( ?is *apel repres5t+ ! life ( !
 sa9t are ?irte5?-c5tury "w4  ,! mo/    
important mosaic ( ! latt] c5tury 9 ,/4 
,m>k's is t :i* decorates ! faade1 !    
subject be+ 8,! ,d$ication ( ! ,*ur*40  
,f ! rema9s ( ! orig9al mosaics :i* h n 
be5 remodell$ by ! re/or]s ( lat] times1
 x has be5 se5 t ! "w ( ! above c5turies
 at ,/4 ,m>k's kept to ! _s & traditions
 ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool4 ,! "w (           
re/oration1 h[ev]1 has be5 s great 9    
mod]n times t ne>ly all ! mosaics       
belong+ to a date prior to ! sixte5?    
c5tury h be5 execut$ afre%1 s x c h>dly 
be said !re are any p]fect or g5u9e     
,byzant9e mosaics left4  ,^? ( ! sixte5?
 c5tury 9 ,/4 ,m>k's are m l pa9t+s 9 _!
 g5]al effect ?an monum5tal works = !   
decoration ( ! fabric4 ,pictorial effect
 & an appeal to ! emotional faculties 7 
aim$ at by ! arti/s & gov]n+ body ( !   
*ur*1 r ?an simplicity or a feel+ = !   
decorative fitness ( ! mat]ial4 ,!      

pa9t]s ,titian1 ,pord5one1 ,t9toret1    
,paul ,v]onese1 & ! sculptor & ar*itect 
,sansov9o made designs = ! mosaics1 & _!
 c>toons 7 int]pret$ by mosaici/s1 !    
pr9cipal ( :om 7 ,vic5zo & ,dom5ico     
,bian*9i1 ! bro!rs ,zuccati1 ,bozza1    
,rizzo1 ,gatano1 c4  ,9 ?is c5tury1 at  
,rome1 9 ! cupola ( ! ,*igi ,*apel 9 ,s4
 ,m>ia del ,popolo1 a celebrat$ mosaic 0
 execut$ by ! ,v5etian mosaici/ ,luigi  
da ,pace1 f a design by ! great pa9t]   
,raphael4 ,x be>s ! date #aeaf1 & has = 
its subject ! ,creation ( ! ,_w4 ,!     
,almighty is repres5t$ surr\nd$ by      
s]aphim1 & 9 eight comp>tm5ts are       
my?ological figures repres5t+ ! planets4
 ,angel figures ( great beauty are seat$
 on ! signs ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* occupy !   
l[] p>ts ( ! mosaic4  ,dur+ ! sev5te5? &
 eighte5? c5turies ! pr9cipal mosaics   
execut$ 9 ,italy 7 ^? :i* decorate !    
,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,9 ^!     
p]iods ! ,pontifical fabrique or /udio =
 ! production ( ! smalto & = ! execution
 ( ! mosaics 0 9 a /ate ( activity4 ,!  

fabrique _h v>i\s locations 9 ! vic9ity 
( ! *ur* f ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t 9      
#aebh1 & 0 f9ally set up 9 ! ,vatican 9 
#ahbe by ,leo ,,xiii4 ,! mo/ important  
p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,pontifical ateli]s
 0 dur+ ! e>ly half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1
 :5 x 0 "u ! direction ( ,pi]re-,paul   
,cri/(>i1 :o 0 assi/$ 9 ! production ( !
 v>i\sly col\r$ mat]ial by ! *emi/      
,mattioli4  ,! mosaics :i* cov] !       
cupolas1 ! alt>s ( ! v>i\s *apels1 !    
p5d5t9es1 tympani1 & o!r spaces1 h be5  
execut$ by mosaici/s :o 7 n ! design]s (
 ! subjects4  ,?is 0 ! g5]al practice 9 
! ,r5aissance p]iods4 ,"o notewor?y     
exception to ?is rule may be notic$ 9 ! 
"w ( ! arti/ ,muziano de ,brescia1 :o   
execut$ ! mosaics ( ! ,gregorian ,*apel 
at ,/4 ,pet]'s f 8 own designs1 = :i* "w
 he receiv$ ! commission f ,pope        
,gregory ,,xiii4 7#aegb-aehe74 ,muziano 
0 an imitator ( ,mi*elangelo1 & is be/  
kn[n by 8 "w 9 mosaic4 ,z a rule !      
mosaics ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 l all ^? ( !     
,r5aissance p]iod1 are n to be comp>$ = 

dignity & repose ) ^? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian 
era1 nor did !y fulfil ! true aim (     
monum5tal wall decoration1 b s\ght r to 
imitate z closely z possible ! f9i% (   
oil or fresco pa9t+4 ,!                 
8,transfiguration0 aft] ,raphael is n a 
success z a mosaic4 ,x is believ$ to h  
be5 execut$ by ,cri/(>i f a draw+ enl>g$
 f ! orig9al by ,/efano ,pozzi          
7#agjh-agfh74  ,9 ! great cupola !      
mosaic has = its subject 8,! ,et]nal    
,fa!r10 surr\nd$ by *]ubims4 ,9 o!r     
comp>tm5ts are angels 9 adoration1      
*]ubims1 ,jesus1 ,m>y1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 
,paul1 ! twelve ,apo/les & _!           
attributes4 ,^! mosaics are f designs by
 ! ,*evali] d',arp9 7#aefj-afdj71 & rank
 among ! be/ works ( _! k9d 9 ,/4       
,pet]'s4  ,9 ! pres5t c5tury !re has be5
 "s not$ revivals ( mosaic decoration 9 
,france & 9 ,engl&4  ,dur+ ! fir/ ?irty 
ye>s ( ?is c5tury a royal manufactory 0 
set up 9 ,p>is "u ! sup]9t5d5ce (       
,belloni1 an ,italian arti/ :o came f ! 
,pontifical ateli] ( ,rome4 ,mosaic "w (

 all k9ds 0 execut$ at ?is /udio1 su* z 
m9iatures1 pictures1 & pietra-dura1 or  
,flor5t9e mosaic1 = ! encru/$ decoration
 ( furniture1 z well z important works =
 pavem5ts1 :i* 7 design$ 9 ! classical  
/yle ( ! p]iod4 ,! pr9cipal "w (        
,belloni is ! pavem5t ( ! 8,salle       
,melpomne0 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x is a          
composition divid$ into five comp>tm5ts1
 ea* hav+ figure subjects1 & has an     
extremely ri* bord] ( frets1 foliage1 & 
rosettes4  ,"s f9e mosaics ( a m rec5t  
date are ! decorations ( ! foy] & o!r   
p>ts ( ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,p>is1      
execut$ f ! designs ( ,m4 ,*>les ,g>ni]1
 ! ar*itect ( ! build+1 ,m4 de ,curzon1 
& o!rs1 by ! mosaici/s ,salviati &      
,fac*9a ( ,v5ice4  ,! new ca!drals at   
,m>seilles & ,lyons h be5 rec5tly       
decorat$ ) mosaics m or less 9 ! /yle ( 
! ,rav5na "w ( ! fif? c5tury1 b !       
pr9cipal "p ( ^! works consi/s (        
ornam5tal compositions1 su* z doves )   
olive-bran*es1 monograms1 />s1 & bord]s 
( romanesque ornam5t4 ,"s /ill m rec5t  

"w is ! decoration ( ! apse ( ! ,pan!on 
9 ,p>is1 f ! designs ( ,m4 ,e4 ,hb]t & !
 late ,m4 ,gall&1 :o furni%$ ! ornam5tal
 designs4  ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! pres5t half
 ( ?is c5tury1 !re has be5 sev]al       
attempts to popul>ise mosaic decoration4
 ,full-l5g? figures ( ! *ief anci5t &   
mod]n sculptors1 pa9t]s1 & ar*itects h  
be5 design$ by ,"l ,leighton1 ,sir ,e4  
,j4 ,poynt]1 ,e4 ,armitage1 ,v4 ,pr9sep1
 ,w4 ,f4 ,yeames1 ,f4 ,w4 ,moody1 &     
o!rs2 ^! h be5 execut$ 9 glass mosaic & 
9 ,engli% c]amic mosaic1 & =m "p ( !    
decoration ( ! ,s\? ,c\rt 9 ! ,k5s+ton  
,museum4  ,9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t a     
mosaic has be5 execut$ f ! design1 8,/4 
,george10 by ,sir ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt]2 & o!r
 examples are ! mosaics on ! monum5t to 
,pr9ce ,alb]t design$ by ,sir ,gilb]t   
,scott4  ,b ! mo/ important ef=ts dur+ !
 la/ few ye>s are ! mosaic decorations 9
 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4  ,f ! ye> #ahfc  
until #ahib ! eight sp&rels ( ! dome 7  
fill$ ) mosaics1 ! subjects be+ ! f\r   
,evangeli/s1 design$ by ,mr4 ,watts1    

,r4,a41 & ,mr4 ,brittan1 & ! f\r great] 
,apo/les by ! late ,alfr$ ,/ev5s4 ,! "w 
( ^! sp&rels 0 c>ri$ out by ,dr4        
,salviati ( ,v5ice4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahia  
,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,ri*mond1 ,r4,a41 und]took 
! great "w ( design+ ! c>toons1 & (     
sup]9t5d+ ! mosaic decoration ( ! ea/]n 
end ( ! ca!dral1 includ+ ! apse1 !      
orig9al sanctu>y bay1 & ! *oir4  ,!     
c5tral panel 9 ! ro( ( ! apse is occupi$
 ) a repres5tation ( 8,our ,"l 9        
,maje/y10 seat$ on a ra9b[ ?rone1 &     
clo!d 9 light-col\r$ robes4 ,! backgr\nd
 is compos$ ( a great :irl ( w+s2 ! sun 
& moon are also repres5t$4 ,! panels on 
ei!r side ( ?is subject conta9 figures (
 ! record+ angels1 :i* are ,byzant9e 9  
/yle ( design2 z ! :ole ( ! mosaics are1
 b p]haps n s mu* 9 degree z ! figures (
 ^! angels4 ,mr4 ,ri*mond _h made a     
special /udy ( ! ,rav5na mosaics1 & 0 no
 d\bt rightly influ5c$ by ! /yle (      
design & me?ods ( execution ( ^! e>ly   
works4  ,! ?ree sauc] domes ( ! *oir h  
subjects repres5t+ respectively !       

creation ( birds1 fi%es1 & animals ( !  
l&2 & ! p5d5tives ( ! sauc] domes are   
ea* fill$ ) figures ( angels1 _! arms   
be+ ext5d$1 z if 9 ! act ( br++ d[n     
messages f heav5 to ! e>?4 ,inscriptions
 9 ,lat91 consi/+ ( appropriate         
scriptural texts1 expla9 ! subjects ( ! 
p5d5tives4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#bia4--,mosaic f ! ,alhambra4  ,! spaces
 at ! sides ( ! cl]e/ory w9d[s are      
occupi$ ) figures ( ! ,sibyls1          
,prophets1 build]s ( ! ,tab]nacle or    
,h\se ( ,god1 sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &
 "s secul> figures4  ,! g5]al effect ( !
 mosaics is v ri*1 & ! col\r+ exce$+ly  
h>moni\s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#bib4--,s>ac5ic ,mosaic1 f ,monreale4   
,! smalto tess] us$ 0 made f opaque     
glass ( _m col\rs & %ades1 & ! fractur$ 
edge 0 %[n 9 e case z ! surface ( !     
mosaic2 ?is 0 done 9 ord] to get great] 
brilliancy ( col\r1 & to cat* all !     
possible light t is reflect$ f ! walls &
 floor ( ! *ur*4  ,portl& /one compos$ !
 panels1 & brick 0 ! backgr\nd mat]ial (

 ! sauc] domes1 & 9 ord] to get a b$ = !
 cem5t & tess]1 ^! surfaces _h to be cut
 away to a c]ta9 dep? s t ! mosaics w\ld
 come flu% :5 f9i%$ ) ! orig9al surface4
 ,! tess] 7 ins]t$ into a b$ ( r$ ma/ic 
cem5t1 made *iefly ( a mixture ( r$ lead
 & l9se$ oil1 a cem5t :i* ultimately    
sets z h>d z ! /one itself4 ,! execution
 ( ! "w 0 entru/$ to ,messrs4 ,p[ell (  
,london1 :o employ$ a l>ge /aff ( skill$
 assi/ants 9 ?is successful a*ievem5t4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4--;,indian     
,mosaic1 f ! ,taj ,mehal4  ,! ,s>ac5s   
employ$ mosaic--z 9 ! ,alhambra 9       
,spa9--9 ! =m ( small tiles--azulejos--(
 glaz$ e>!nw>e cut into geometric %apes1
 f :i* !y made up _! *>act]i/ic         
rectil9e> patt]ns1 & us$ ?is =m (       
decoration to a great ext5t = walls1 b  
r>ely = floor pavem5ts 7,figs4 #bia1    
#bib74  ,"s beautiful examples ( mosaic 
"w 9 ! nature ( inlaid m>bles & preci\s 
/ones occur 9 ! ,mohamm$an build+s 9    
,india1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! ,taj ,mehal  
at ,agra 7,fig4 #bic7 & ! great palace  

at ,delhi4 ,! latt] has be5 notic$ 9 !  
*apt] on ,indian ,ar*itecture 9 ! =m]   
volume1 & an illu/ration ( ! inlaid     
m>ble hall is giv5 at ,fig4 #cbi 9 !    
same volume4                            
,,*apt] ,,viii4                         
,,glass4  ,illu/ration3    ,fig4 #bid4  
,glass ,vase or ,bottle2 height1   #c   
ins4 7,b4,m47    ,! manufacture ( glass 
is ( great antiquity4 ,! inv5tion has   
be5 ascrib$ to ! ,phnicians1 b specim5s 
( glass beads1 amulets1 plaques1 vases1 
& small phials or bottles h be5 f\nd 9  
"s ( ! olde/ ,egyptian tombs4 ,9 !      
,briti% ,museum !re is a small piece (  
blue opaque glass 9 ! =m ( a lion's     
head1 :i* be>s ! pr5om5 ( ! ,egyptian   
mon>* ,nuntef ,,iv41 belong+ to ! ,f\r? 
,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #bdbc-bchj74 ,!re are   
also pa9t+s on ! walls ( e>ly tombs     
repres5t+ bottles ) r$ w9e1 z well z    
figures engag$ 9 glass-bl[+4  ,a numb] (
 glass b[ls1 vases1 & bottles f ,nimr\d 
may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! e>lie/
 specim5 ( :i* is an ,assyrian transp>5t

 glass vase ) two h&les1 & is inscrib$ )
 ! "n ( ! mon>* ,s>gon 7,b4,c4          
#gbb-gje74 ,?is is suppos$ to be ! olde/
 kn[n specim5 ( transp>5t glass 7,fig4  
#bid74  ,illu/ration3    ,fig4 #bie4    
,phnician ,alaba/ron4   ,_m long-%ap$   
little bottles--alaba/ron--( pale       
gre5i%1 & o!rs ( brilliant col\rs1 )    
slightly v>i$ %apes1 h be5 dug up f !   
ru9s ( ,assyrian palaces1 & h be5 f\nd 9
 mo/ ( ! anci5t tombs 9 ,greece1 ,italy1
 & 9 ! isl&s ( ,cyprus1 ,s>d9ia1 &      
,rhodes4 ,^! little bottles h be5 made  
by ! ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,phnicians1
 & ,greeks1 & _! %ape1 be+ consecrat$ by
 use1 rema9$ un*ang$ = _m c5turies2 !y 7
 portable objects ( b>t]1 z glass beads 
also 7 ) ! ,phnicians1 :o di/ribut$ !m 9
 trade to all p>ts ( ! c\ntries bord]+  
on ! ,m$it]ranean 7,figs4 #bie1 #bif74  
,common =ms ( ! ,phnician glass bottles 
7 small vessels 9 ! %apes ( heads1 & (  
dates1 grapes1 & o!r fruits1 :i* 7 bl[n 
9 m\lds4 ,^! vessels probably came f !  
great work%ops ( ,tyre & ,sidon2 "s ( !m

 be> ! names ( _! mak]s--,eug5es1       
,ennion1 & 8,artas ! ,sidonian40  ,!    
%apes ( _m ( ^! vessels are decid$ly    
,greek1 & if n ,greek 9 manufacture1 h  
be5 copi$ f ! %apes ( ,greek pott]y4  ,!
 col\rs us$ 7 yell[1 turquoise1 & :ite  
on blue1 gre51 or br[n1 & a common      
arrangem5t ( ^! 0 9 zigzag or wavy      
alt]nat+ l9es2 9 o!r examples ! surface 
0 re$$1 z may be se5 9 ! alaba/ron1     
,fig4 #bie4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#bif4--,necklace ( ,glass & ,gold1      
,phnician4 7,b4,m47  ,anci5t ,roman     
glass is ( great v>iety 9 col\r1 & _m   
specim5s %[ ! highe/ te*nical skill     
comb9$ ) great arti/ic beauty4 ,! lovely
 iridesc5t effect on ,roman & o!r       
antique glass is due to ! *emical *anges
 ( ! surface decomposition1 & 9 o!r     
in/ances to ! m9ute flak+ ( ! glass1 :i*
 reflects ! light at v>i\s angles1 & ?us
 produc+ ! prismatic hues4  ,at ! "t ( !
 ,roman occupation ( ,egypt1 dur+ !     
p]iod ( rule "u ! ,ptolemies1 glass mak+
 0 a great indu/ry 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,x 

is said t ! ,romans le>nt ! art f !     
,egyptians1 & x is kn[n t _m ( ! latt] 7
 br\ght to ,rome to practise _! art z   
glass-bl[]s4  ,! mak+ ( ! glass kn[n z  
mille-fiori 0 taught to ! ,romans by !  
,egyptians1 & 0 ext5sively employ$ 9    
vase & bottle mak+ by ! =m]2 ! ,v5etians
 f ! f\rte5? c5tury h imitat$ ! ,romans 
9 _! uses ( mille-fiori glass = bead    
mak+ & o!r purposes1 ) great success4   
,! me?od ( mak+ ?is v>iety ( glass      
consi/s 9 arrang+ a numb] ( ?9 rods or  
?reads ( glass ( ! requir$ v>iety (     
col\rs1 gold be+ sometimes us$2 ^! unit$
 rods 7 !n fus$ toge!r by heat1 & drawn 
out or twi/$1 s t :5 transv]se sections 
7 cut ! patt]n w\ld always be ! same4   
,ano!r way ( mix+ ! col\r 9 glass1 :i* 0
 employ$ by ! ,egyptians1 ,romans1 &    
lat] by ! ,v5etians1 0 9 ! mak+ ( regul>
 patt]ns ( mosaic-l designs ( ! v>i\s   
col\rs1 & ano!r 0 9 imitat+ ! preci\s   
/ones & m>bles1 su* z onyx1 agate1      
s]p5t9e1 porphyry1 & murrh9e2 ! latt] is
 suppos$ to be a v>iety ( agate1 ) r$ & 

purple %ades4 ,! murrh9e glass examples 
( ,roman manufacture are v r>e4  ,!     
,romans us$ ^! glass imitations ( !     
preci\s /ones & m>bles to l9e _! walls &
 floors1 z 9 mosaic "w4  ,egyptian &    
,roman glass 9 _! transp>5t v>ieties h  
su* col\rs z yell[1 purple1 blue1 gre51 
& p9k2 opaque col\rs are g5]ally f\nd 9 
%ades ( yell[1 blue1 gre51 & black4 ,!  
mo/ valuable k9d ( glass 0 t ( ! cle>e/ 
:ite or cry/al2 ?is1 x w\ld appe>1 0 !  
mo/ difficult to make1 z ! common] cle> 
v>iety _h usually a slight gre5i% or    
blui% hue4  ,! ,romans made a special   
v>iety ( glass w>e :i* consi/$ (        
int]lac$ b&s ( opaque :ite or col\r$    
glass1 +5i\sly made to =m a patt]n by   
twi/+ !m ) cle> or col\r$ transp>5t     
glass1 l t ( ! elegant lace-glass v>iety
 kn[n z ! 8vitro di tr9a0 ( ! ,v5etians 
7,fig4 #cjb74  ,9 ! arts ( glass cameo &
 intaglio engrav+1 & 9 ! imitation (    
gems1 ! ,romans 7 exce$+ly skilful4  ,! 
cameo engrav$ glass 0 produc$ by plac+ a
 lay] ( :ite opaque glass on a gr\nd (  

transp>5t blue1 ! design be+ =m$ by     
cutt+ away ! :ite surface to ! blue     
gr\nd1 leav+ ! blue z ! backgr\nd2 !    
rema9+ :ite :i* =m$ ! design 0 !n       
c>efully f9i%$ by engrav+4 ,light & %ade
 0 produc$ accord+ to ! ?icknesses ( !  
cameo left by ! engrav]4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #big4--;,anci5t ,roman ,glass     
,bottle4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,! celebrat$      
,b>b]9i or ,portl& ,vase1 9 ! ,briti%   
,museum1 is made 9 a blue & :ite cameo4 
,?is spl5did "w ( art 0 discov]$ 9 a    
m>ble s>cophagus ne> ,rome1 :i* is      
suppos$ to h be5 ! tomb ( ! ,emp]or     
,alex&] ,sev]us4 ,! vase is t5 in*es 9  
height1 is two-h&l$1 & has = ! subject (
 "o side a figure decoration repres5t+  
,!tis cons5t+ to be ! bride ( ,peleus1  
att5d$ by ,poseidon & ,eros2 on ! o!r   
side is ,peleus & ,!tis on ,m\nt        
,pelion1 & on ! bottom is a bu/ ( ,p>is4
 ,! gr\nd is transp>5t blue glass1 & !  
subjects are beautifully engrav$ 9 cameo
 out ( ! sup]impos$ :ite lay]4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4--,roman ,glass

 ,tablet 9 relief4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,a      
simil> k9d ( vase1 b small]1 0 f\nd at  
,pompeii1 & is n[ 9 ! ,museum at        
,naples1 & ! rema9s ( ! ,auldjo ,vase 9 
! ,briti% ,museum is also 9 a simil>    
/yle1 ! cameo decoration ( x consi/+ (  
v9e-leaves4  ,intaglios & cameos1       
sometimes ( a l>ge size1 7 copi$ 9 glass
 f gems2 ^! 7 usually ca/ 9 m\lds1 & _m 
( !m are ( high value z works ( art4    
7,fig4 #bih74  ,! ,romans made w9d[     
glass ( small squ>es or oblongs1 :i* 0  
manufactur$ by roll+ x on a plate4  ,9 !
 e>ly ,*ri/ian p]iod gold leaf 0 us$ z a
 means ( decoration on glass3 sometimes 
! gold 0 anneal$ to ! surface1 &        
sometimes x 0 plac$1 z ! mak+ ( ! gold  
smalto = mosaics1 betwe5 two lay]s ( ?9 
glass1 & aft]w>ds fir$4 ,patt]ns &      
figure subjects 7 execut$ 9 gold foil1 &
 =m$ ! decoration ( glass di%es & b[ls1 
! brok5 rema9s ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 !     
,*ri/ian tombs ( ! ,roman ,catacombs4   
,?\gh ext5sive glass works are kn[n to h
 exi/$ at ,con/ant9ople & at ,!ssalonica

 betwe5 ! n9? & ?irte5? c5turies1 !re   
are sc>cely any rema9s ( ,byzant9e glass
 9 exi/5ce t c ) c]ta9ty be ascrib$ to !
 ,ea/]n empire1 unless we except ! five 
cups & two %all[ bas9s ( ?ick gre5 glass
 t are decorat$ ) ,byzant9e ornam5t1 &  
:i* =m "p ( ! treasure ( ,/4 ,m>k's at  
,v5ice4 ,glass 0 us$ 9 ! w9d[s (        
,byzant9e *ur*es &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! mak+ ( 
! mosaic tess]4  ,x is highly probable t
 glass objects 7 made 9 ,syria1 & at    
,damascus especially1 s9ce ! ,roman     
p]iod1 yet examples ( ! e>li] "w f ^!   
p>ts are v r>e4 ,! celebrat$ gold cup ( 
,*rosroes 7,a4,d4 #eca-egi7 is a ,p]sian
 "w :i* has be5 set ) glass loz5ges &   
rosettes4 ,o!r examples are small glass 
weights1 discs1 or tok5s1 & a ,s>ac5ic  
glass bas9 9 ! ,cluny ,museum at ,p>is1 
:i* has be5 made ei!r 9 ,egypt or       
,syria1 & is kn[n to date betwe5 #abgi &
 #abid4  ,) ! above exceptions !re is no
 au!ntic "w t c be po9t$ to :i* dates   
e>li] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! f9e/     
examples ( ,s>ac5ic glass1 "s ( :i* may 

be se5 9 our museums1 are ! beautiful   
enamell$ glass mosque lamps 7,fig4      
#bii74 ,!y mo/ly date f ! f\rte5?       
c5tury1 & are usually decorat$ ri*ly )  
,arabic inscriptions--sometimes ) ! "n (
 ! arti/--9 gold & col\r$ enamels4  ,9 !
 city ( ,damascus glass cups & o!r      
vessels ( great beauty 7 made at ?is    
p]iod1 hav+ enamell$ ,s>ac5ic           
decorations4  ,! 8cups ( ,damascus0 7   
mu* priz$1 & accord+ to ! inv5tories ( !
 k+s ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 we   
le>n t !y 7 set 9 gold /&s or m\nts1 & 7
 usually pres5ts to ,we/]n mon>*s1      
br\ght by _! ambassadors f ! ,ea/4  ,!  
cup kept by ! ,musgrave family1 & kn[n z
 ! 8,luck ( ,ed5hall10 is made 9        
enamell$ ,s>ac5ic glass1 & has a lea!r  
cov]+ ( fifte5?-c5tury workman%ip4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4--;,enamell$   
,ori5tal ,glass ,bottle & ,mosque ,lamp4
  ,v5etian bl[n glass has always be5    
r5[n$ = its beauty1 bo? 9 its elegance (
 =m-z 9 ! w9e-glasses1 goblets1 &       
cups--& 9 ! beautiful opalesc5t hues (  

its delicate col\r+4  ,! mak+ ( glass 9 
,v5ice began to assume great importance 
9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b _m small glass    
furnaces 7 9 op]ation = m ?an a hundr$  
ye>s prior to ?is date4  ,! ,v5etians   
app>5tly1 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( !            
,r5aissance1 /udi$ v closely ! rema9s ( 
! ,roman glass1 & ev5tually imitat$ &   
produc$ ne>ly all ! k9ds ( glass t 9 =m]
 days 7 made 9 anci5t ,rome4  ,ano!r    
direct cause :i* l$ to ! advancem5t ( ! 
glass mak]s' craft 9 ,v5ice 0 !         
p>ricidal conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by !  
,*ri/ians ( ,rome1 aid$ by ! fleets (   
,v5ice1 9 #abjd1 = aft] ! sack+ ( !     
,byzant9e capital1 mo/ ( ! portable     
works ( art ( e k9d-includ+ ! bronze    
horses t _h be5 br\ght f ,rome to       
,con/ant9ople by its f\nd]1 & :i* n[    
adorn ! front ( ,/4 ,m>k's-7 c>ri$ (f to
 ,v5ice1 & x is m ?an likely t aft] ?is 
! glass mosaic work]s1 among o!r        
,byzant9e craftsm51 _h come to ,v5ice1  
:]e !y f\nd employm5t 9 ! ris+ republic4
  ,! "w 9 ! mosaic decoration ( ,/4     

,m>k's d\btless help$ to develop ! mak+ 
( glass 9 ,v5ice1 & ! lagunes 7 ri* 9   
m>%-lov+ plants t w\ld yield alkali &   
furni% ! f9e s& requisite = its         
manufacture4  ,m5tion is made 9 "o ( !  
docum5ts 9 ! ar*ives ( ,v5ice1 dat$     
#ajij1 ( "o ,petrus ,flavianus1 :o 0 a  
8phiol>ius10 or glass mak]1 & ! trade   
regulations ( ! glass mak]s' societies  
or corporations are pres]v$ at ,v5ice & 
,murano1 :i* %[ t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !y 
_h become important bodies4  ,glass     
furnaces 7 becom+ s num]\s 9 ,v5ice t ! 
,great ,c\ncil decre$1 9 #abia1 !y %\ld 
be demoli%$1 b p]mitt$ !m to be set up  
outside ! city1 9 ! suburban di/ricts4  
,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 ! decrees 7     
alt]$ to ! effect t ! small glass work]s
 might rema9 9 ! ,rialto 7! city prop]71
 provid$ fifte5 paces 7 left betwe5 ea* 
ateli]4 ,^! decrees 7 made to gu>d aga9/
 a possible spread ( fire4  ,x is       
suppos$ t ?is _h ! effect ( mov+ _m ( ! 
pr9cipal glass works to ,murano1 a      
di/rict ( ,v5ice :i* _h become r5[n$ = !

 production ( ,v5etian glass1 & :]e     
to-day ! em95t firm ( ,salviati  ,co4 h 
_! ext5sive works4  ,! glass h\se at    
,murano1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! 8,sign ( !      
,angel0 9 ! e>ly half ( ! fifte5?       
c5tury1 0 ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! ateli]s ( t   
c5tury4 ,angelo ,b]ovi]o 0 "o ( its     
e>lie/ directors1 :o 0 succe$$ by 8 son 
,m>9o 9 t position4 ,! latt] 0 a head or
 ma/] ( ! ,company ( 8,phiol]i0 7,glass 
,mak]s' ,corporation7 9 #adfh1 :i* 0 a v
 /rong society at t "t & enjoy$         
exceptional privileges f ! city c\ncil4 
,! int]c\rse ( ,v5ice ) ! ,ea/ furni%$ !
 ,v5etian glass mak]s ) patt]ns (       
,damascus & ,egyptian glass1 & !        
enamell$ & gild$ ,ori5tal v>ieties 7    
imitat$ & improv$ on by ! ,murano       
arti/s4 ,"s ( ! products ( ?is p]iod are
 pres]v$ 9 ! museums4 ,! illu/ration    
7,fig4 #cjj7 is f a ,v5etian enamell$   
cup ( gre5 glass 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4  
,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! glass-mak+        
furnaces ( ,murano _h increas$ to a     
great ext5t1 & 7 plac$ "u ! special     

protection ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,t54 ,ow+ to ! 
jeal\sy at ?is "t ( o!r ,european       
,/ates1 ,v5etian glass-bl[]s 7 brib$ by 
(f]s ( money & l>ge sal>ies to set up   
furnaces abroad1 & laws 7 !n made =bidd+
 workm5 to leave ! c\ntry to c>ry on    
glass mak+ 9 o!r places "u ! p5alty (   
dea?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t ,v5etian
 glass-bl[]s f tak+ s]vice "u !         
protection ( =eign rul]s 9 su* c\ntries 
z ,fl&]s1 ,spa91 & ,engl&4  ,! natural  
consequ5ces foll[$1 t ! exports 9 glass 
f ,v5ice to =eign c\ntries became       
less5$1 s mu* s t ! workm5 ( ,murano    
compla9$ ( be+ ?r[n idle = sev]al mon?s 
9 ! ye>4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#cjj4--,v5etian ,enamell$ ,glass2       
,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,v5etian 
glass has be5 made 9 _m col\rs1 su* z   
blue1 gre51 purple1 amb]1 & ruby1 & 9   
v>iegat$ mixtures ( cle> or transp>5t & 
opaque glass4 ,! cle> v>iety is         
rem>kable = elegance ( %ape & fanta/ic  
designs ( h&les or w+s1 consi/+ ( twi/$ 
& knott$ int]lac+s1 :i* 7 g5]ally       

execut$ 9 blue or r$ col\rs & atta*$ to 
! sides ( w9e-glasses & o!r vessels     
7,fig4 #cja74 ,"o beautiful v>iety (    
glass is cl\d$ ) a milky-l opalesc5t    
t9t1 :i* is suppos$ to be produc$ f     
ars5ic4 ,! opaque :ite glass is made by 
! addition ( oxide ( t9 to ! usual      
+r$i5ts4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#cja4--,v5etian ,glass ( ! ,sixte5?     
,c5tury4 7,j47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#cjb4--,v5etian 8,vitro di tr9a40       
7,s4,k4,m47  ,glass 0 made by !         
,v5etians to imitate preci\s /ones1 7   
/reak$1 spla%$1 or spott$ ) v>i\s       
col\rs1 gold1 & copp]2 ! av5tur9e spott$
 glass 0 obta9$ f a silicate ( copp]4   
,! lattic9io v>iety 0 =m$ ( rods (      
transp>5t glass enclos+ l9es ( opaque   
:ite glass =m+ patt]ns4 ,! vitro di tr9a
 is ! s-call$ lace-glass 7,fig4 #cjb72 !
 latt] & ! mosaic-l or mille-fiori glass
 7 made by ! ,v5etians 9 imitation ( !  
,roman v>ieties4 ,ano!r v>iety 0 t kn[n 
z a reticelli1 9 :i* ornam5t ( opaque   
network sometimes enclos$ air bubbles4  

,t kn[n "u ! ,g]man "n ( ,s*melz is !   
v>iegat$ or m>ble opaque glass made 9 ! 
,murano furnaces1 :i* imitat$ *alc$ony1 
lapis lazuli1 tortoise%ell1 & jasp]4    
,crackl$ glass 0 made by ! sudd5 cool+ (
 ! half-bl[n mat]ial2 ?is 0 aga9 heat$ &
 drawn out 9 ord] to increase ! spaces  
betwe5 ! crackl$ l9es4  ,9 ! sixte5?    
c5tury ! =ms ( ! ,v5etian glass vessels 
7 ( ! ,r5aissance type2 ! long %anks & !
 wide b[ls gave !m an appe>ance (       
elegance & grace4 ,! light & ?9 "* ( !  
mat]ial _h also a great deal to d ) !   
fragile look ( elegance 9 ,v5etian glass
 ( ?is p]iod2 ! glass ( ! =m] 7fifte5?7 
c5tury 0 ( a mu* ?ick] k9d4  ,!         
lightness & sup]ior /r5g? ( ,v5etian    
glass 0 due to ! abs5ce ( lead 9 its    
composition1 :i* is s mu* us$ 9 ! mod]n 
fl9t glass4  ,! mat]ials ( ! composition
 ( ! cle> ,murano glass are suppos$ to  
be--"o "p ( alkali1 obta9$ f f]ns1 moss1
 li*51 or seawe$1 & two p>ts ( pebbles (
 :ite qu>tz or f9e clean :ite s&1 & a   
small quantity ( manganese1 all well    

mix$ toge!r & melt$ 9 ! furnace4  ,!    
col\r+ matt] is produc$ f ! oxides (    
v>i\s metals1 z 9 ! vitre\s col\r$      
glazes us$ 9 ! enamels = glaz$ pott]y4  
,vessels & objects 9 endless v>iety h   
be5 made by ! ,v5etians1 su* z ew]s1    
bas9s1 dr9k+-glasses1 bottles1 /&+ cups1
 b[ls1 goblets1 l>ge & small c&le/icks1 
beads1 & mirrors1 & 7 export$ 9 great   
quantities to all p>ts by ! ,v5etian    
galleys4  ,bead mak+ at ,v5ice 0 a      
sep>ate trade1 & 0 "o ( great importance
 9 ! sixte5? & two foll[+ c5turies4 ,!  
mak]s ( ! small beads 7 call$ !         
8,m>g>it]i10 & ^? :o made ! l>ge beads 7
 kn[n z ! 8,p]lai40 ,! beads 7 made f   
small sections brok5 or cut (f f rods or
 tubes ( glass & plac$ 9 an iron pot t 0
 made to rotate1 s t ! motion prev5t$ ! 
beads f adh]+ to ea* o!r1 & at ! same "t
 =mulat$ _! sph]ical %ape4  ,mirrors 7  
made by ! anci5ts ( poli%$ metal & f    
slabs ( black obsidian--a k9d ( natural 
glass4 ,9 m$ival times !y 7 made ( cle> 
glass beh9d :i* 0 plac$ a %eet ( lead   

foil4 ,glass mirrors 7 made 9 ,v5ice f !
 ye> #aejg1 :5 me?ods _h be5 discov]$ ( 
poli%+ ! glass & ( apply+ ! 8foglia10 or
 lay] ( metal leaf1 to ! back4 ,aft] ?is
 date ! mak+ ( mirrors soon develop$    
into great importance1 & ! 8,spec*iai10 
or mirror mak]s1 _h _! own corporation4 
,l ! o!r glass w>es ( ,v5etian          
manufacture1 ! mirrors 7 export$ to all 
p>ts ( ,europe4  ,"s good examples (    
sixte5?-c5tury mirrors & mirror-frames 9
 glass cut into ornam5tal %apes1 )      
bevell$ edges & engrav$1 are pres]v$ 9  
our museums & 9 old h\ses4  ,glass pa9t+
 = w9d[s 0 kn[n & practis$ 9 ,v5ice z   
e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! v e>ly      
,italian /a9$ glass us$ 9 w9d[s is said 
to h be5 execut$ = ,leo ,,iii4 9 #gie4  
,besides ! pa9t$ or /a9$ glass us$ 9    
*ur* w9d[s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ?r\gh\t 
,italy1 !re 7 glass manufactories 9     
,rome1 ,v]ona1 ,milan1 & ,flor5ce = !   
production ( simil> w>es z ^? ( ,v5ice4 
,9 ,france & ,spa9 glass mak+ 0 c>ri$ on
 at v>i\s places f ! days ( ! ,romans2  

antique fragm5ts ( glass h be5 dug up 9 
,norm&y & 9 ,poit\4 ,9 ! latt] prov9ce  
glass mak+ fl\ri%$ f a v e>ly date up to
 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 reviv$ 9 #aegb  
by ! ,v5etian ,fabriano ,salviati1 :o   
came to ,poit\ & set up a glass work%op4
 ,at ,p>is1 ,r\51 ,norm&y1 & 9 ,lorra9e 
glass 0 made prior to ! sixte5? c5tury4 
,! ,norm&y glass 0 ( a co>se k9d1 made  
*iefly = w9d[s & common ut5sils1 b _m ( 
! ,v5etian v>ieties 7 made at ! o!r     
places nam$4  ,"s ,v5etian glass mak]s  
came to ,p>is 9 #affe1 :5 an e/abli%m5t 
0 =m$ = ! mak+ ( mirrors1 & ab\t ! same 
"t ano!r factory 0 set up at            
,f\r-la-,ville2 ^! two factories 7 unit$
 by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ,colb]t1 & 7 "u !    
patronage ( ! k+4 ,we f9d t soon        
aft]w>ds1 & especially 9 ! ,l\is-,qu9ze 
p]iod1 l>ge panels & wall spaces 7 fill$
 ) glass mirrors z int]ior decorations4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4--,spani%      
,glass2 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47   
,glass 0 made 9 ,spa9 9 ! ,ib]o-,roman  
p]iod1 z ! rema9s ( glass vessels &     

necklaces h be5 f\nd 9 tombs1 & ! ru9s (
 ,roman furnaces h be5 f\nd 9 ! valleys 
( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x is suppos$ t ! art 0   
c>ri$ on "u ! ,go?ic k+s ( ,spa91 & also
 by ! ,moors 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o     
br\ght ) !m glass work]s z well z "s ( !
 w>es ( ! ,ea/4 ,mu* ( ! glass made 9   
,spa9 subsequ5t to ?is date is 9        
imitation ( ! %apes ( ,arabian pott]y1 &
 ?is is /ill ! case 9 mu* ( ! mod]n     
,spani% glass4 ,spani% glass ( !        
,r5aissance 0 simil> 9 =m & 9 mat]ial to
 ! ,v5etian "w ( ! same p]iod1 & dur+ ! 
sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! "w 0 9   
imitation m or less ( ! contempor>y     
,dut* & ,flemi% glass 7,fig4 #cjc74  ,9 
,holl&1 glassw>e seems to h be5 made by 
,murano artific]s1 :o f "t to "t settl$ 
9 t c\ntry & br\ght ! secrets ( _! trade
 ) !m4 ,! objects made 7 naturally      
imitations ( ! ,v5etian glass1 & _m ( ! 
,dut* dr9k+-glasses 7 v graceful 9      
design4  ,9 ,am/]dam1 ,antw]p1          
,brussels1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,l[ ,c\ntries    
g5]ally ,v5etian glass _h be5 import$ 9 

great quantities 9 ! "t ( & prior to !  
sev5te5? c5tury1 & x is difficult to say
 h[ mu* ( ! old glass f\nd at ^? places 
is ,dut*1 ,flemi%1 or ,v5etian4         
,engrav+ on glass 0 mu* practis$ 9      
,holl&1 & _m ,dut* goblets h well       
execut$ portraits ( k+s1 que5s1 & o!r   
p]sons4  ,glass mak+ has be5 practis$ 9 
,g]many1 l 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries1 f !
 days ( ! ,romans d[nw>ds1 especially 9 
! ,rh5i% ,prov9ces1 b ,g]man examples   
dat+ f ! ,middle ,ages are v r>e4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4--;,g]man      
,glasses4 7,s4,k4,m47  ,!re is docum5t>y
 evid5ce :i* proves t glass 0 made at   
,ma9z z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh?       
c5tury4  ,! e>lie/ example ( ,g]man     
glass 9 ?is c\ntry is a wi$]kom1 or     
cyl9drical dr9k+-vessel1 :i* be>s ! date
 ( #aega1 b an old] "o1 ( ! date (      
#aeec1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,kn/kamm] at      
,b]l94  ,a fav\rite decoration on !     
,g]man ,wi$]koms is ! arms ( ! emp]or or
 electors1 ^? ( ! diff]5t /ates ( !     
empire1 & ( private own]s 7,fig4 #cjd74 

,! col\r ( ?is k9d ( glass is usually   
gre5 & ! decorations are enamell$ or    
pa9t$ 9 grisaille2 z a rule ! ,g]man    
cups & w9e glasses ( ! sev5te5? c5tury  
are ri*ly decorat$ 7,fig4 #cje74 ,9 !   
,g]man w9e-glasses kn[n z 8flgelgls]0 is
 se5 an imitation ( ! ,v5etian 8w+$     
glasses0 7,fig4 #cja74  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #cje4--;,decorat$ ,g]man ,vases2  
,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 7,s4,k4,m47          
,bohemian glass ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is  
not$ = its cle>ness & good quality1 &   
illu/rates ! advancem5t made 9 ! art (  
engrav+ on glass4 ,! engrav$ "w 0 done )
 a diamond po9t z 9 et*+1 ) ! lapid>y's 
:eel1 & by means ( bit+ ! glass )       
fluoric acid2 ! latt] me?od is said to h
 be5 discov]$ by ,h5ry ,s*wanh>d (      
,nremb]g 9 #afgj4 ,john ,s*p] 0 a v     
clev] glass engrav] & decorator ( ?is   
p]iod4  ,a beautiful k9d ( ,g]man glass 
is kn[n z ,kunckel's ruby glass1 !      
orig9ator ( :i* 0 ! director ( !        
,potsdam glass works1 :]e he produc$ ?is
 v>iety ab\t #afhj4  ,_m relics ( glass 

vessels & beads h be5 f\nd 9 ,roman     
tombs1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&1 ( a     
gre5i% or blue col\r4 ,^! may h be5     
import$ or may h be5 made 9 ,engl&1 b   
!re is no c]ta9 evid5ce ( ?is4 ,glass   
vessels = dr9k+ purposes h be5 f\nd :i* 
are believ$ to h belong$ to !           
,anglo-,saxon p]iod 7,fig4 #cjf74  ,!   
mat]ial ( ^! is ?91 ! col\r is g5]ally (
 a pale /raw t9t1 & /rips ( ?ick5$ glass
 ornam5t ! outside1 arrang$ 9 ! nature (
 p>allel l9es1 or w\nd spirally to      
produce a k9d ( network decoration4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4                     
#cjf4--;,anglo-,saxon ,dr9k+ ,cup4      
7,s4,k4,m47  ,v5etian glass f\nd its way
 to ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 9 !      
inv5tories ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 7#aebi7 & (  
,rob]t1 ,e>l ( ,leice/] 7#aehh71 l>ge   
quantities ( ,v5etian glasses are       
m5tion$ z belong+ to ! above4  ,"s      
,muranese glass work]s 7 engag$ at ?is  
"t 7#aeej7 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 
,! "n ( an ,italian--,jacob             
,vessal9e--is m5tion$ z a glass mak] :o 

work$ at ,crut*$ ,fri>s 9 ! beg9n+ (    
,elizabe?'s reign 7#aeeg71 & 9 ! ye>    
#aehi !re 7 suppos$ to be fifte5 glass  
h\ses 9 ,engl&4  ,sir ,rob]t ,mansel 0 a
 prom95t glass mak] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2
 he obta9$ pat5ts 9 ! ye> #afaf = ! mak+
 ( w9d[ glass & all k9ds ( vessels1 & f 
! rema9s ( glass objects t 7 f\nd on !  
site ( ,pr9ces ,hall1 9 ,broad ,/reet1  
,london1 x is believ$ t 8 works 7 on t  
spot4  ,mansel employ$ ,italian workm5 9
 ! fir/ in/ance1 & x appe>s t prior to  
#afbc he _h set up works 9 ,mil=d ,hav51
 at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 9 ,scotl&1 & o!r
 places4 ,! ,newca/le furnaces 7 ! mo/  
successful1 ! o!rs be+ practically      
failures4 ,mr4 ,nesbitt ?9ks t ! success
 ( ! ,newca/le-on-,tyne works 0 due to !
 new sy/em ( fl9t-glass mak+1 :i* mu/ be
 cr$it$ z an ,engli% inv5tion4  ,fl9t or
 cry/al glass is made ( a mixture (     
silicate ( pota% & lead4 ,x 0 kn[n b    
imp]fectly made by ! ,romans 9 _! cle>  
glass v>iety1 :i* conta9$ a small       
portion ( lead4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !    

glass :i* conta9$ lead 0 call$ 8,jewi%  
glass10 & 0 g5]ally us$ = pa9t+ on1 z x 
0 m fusible ?an o!r v>ieties :i* did n  
conta9 lead4 ,b all au?orities agree t !
 ,engli% inv5t$ a new product 9 _! fl9t 
glass1 :i* 0 made aft] _m exp]im5ts at  
,lambe? 9 #afgc1 z 8cle>1 pond]\s1 &    
?ick z cry/al40  ,mr4 ,nesbitt inf]s t x
 0 ! use ( coal 9 ! furnaces in/ead (   
wood t l$ to ! developm5t ( ! process4  
,:5 us+ coal ! melt+-pots _h to be cov]$
 9 ! furnace1 :i* less5$ ! heat+ p[]s & 
?us made ! fus+ m difficult4 ,to put m  
alkali 9 ! mixture w\ld h help$ x to    
fuse at a mu* l[] heat1 b x w\ld h      
injur$ ! col\r & quality ( ! glass1 s   
lead 0 add$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 :i*    
gave ! requisite cle>ness & /r5g?4  ,all
 k9ds ( glass vessels & plate glass =   
c>riage w9d[s 7 made at ,lambe?1 "u !   
managem5t or patronage ( ! ,duke (      
,buck+ham4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#cjg4--,/a9$ ,glass2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4  
,?\gh !re are no records ( glass mak+ 9 
,irel& ( a v e>ly date1 ! glass beads & 

glass bosses :i* decorate ! objects (   
,iri% art1 su* z ! crosses1 crozi]s1    
broo*es1 book-cov]s1 & ! celebrat$      
,ardagh ,*alice1 prove t ! art 0 kn[n 9 
,irel& at lea/ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 if n     
e>li]4 ,m5tion has also be5 made 9 old  
writ+s ( ?is p]iod ( glass vessels = use
 9 ,iri% *ur*es4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#cjh4--,w9d[ ,glass2 ,engli%1 ,fifte5?  
,c5tury4  ,pa9t$ or /a9$ w9d[ glass is !
 glory ( our ,m$ival *ur*es4 ,! e>lie/  
col\r$ w9d[s 7 d\btless made f mosaic-l 
arrangem5ts ( diff]5t bits ( col\r$     
glass4 ,! mosaic w9d[ l$ to !           
repres5tation ( pictorial subjects 9    
/a9$ glass1 ! latt] be+ =m$ ( pieces (  
self-col\r$ glass1 or t k9d hav+ ea*    
piece /a9$ 9 "o col\r ?r\gh\t1 cut 9 !  
requisite %apes1 & fa/5$ toge!r by an   
arrangem5t ( lead l9es :i* =m ! ma9 l9es
 ( ! design2 to help out ! draw+ &      
expression ! /a9$ glass is %ad$ 9       
hat*+s1 /ippl+1 & bold l9es1 usually 9 a
 br[n col\r4 ,pa9t$ glass1 z di/+ui%$ f 
/a9$ glass1 is t :i* is pa9t$ on cle> or

 t9t$ gr\nds ) v>i\s enamel col\rs made 
f metallic oxides4 ,aft] ! pa9t+ is     
f9i%$ ! piece ( glass is fir$1 & !      
enamel col\rs become fus$ ) ! glass     
surface1 & really become "p ( ! glass   
itself4 ,m f9i%1 a wid] range ( col\r+1 
great] detail1 & g5]ally a m pictorial  
effect is produc$ by ! arti/ be+ able to
 use freely ! enamel col\rs2 b a        
correspond+ loss ( dep? & brilliancy (  
col\r & ( bold decorative effect :i*    
belong$ to old] examples ( /a9$ glass   
mu/ be set aga9/ any advantages ! pa9t$ 
v>iety may possess f its pictorial po9t 
( view4  ,! e>lie/ in/ance 9 ! use (    
/a9$ glass = *ur* w9d['s is suppos$ to h
 be5 9 ^? t 7 giv5 by ,c\nt ,arnold to !
 ,abbey ( ,teg]nsee 9 ,bav>ia 9 ! ye>   
#iii4 ,! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5tury 7 !   
f9e/ p]iods = ! /a9$-glass w9d[s ( !    
,go?ic ca!drals bo? 9 ,engl& & on !     
,cont95t4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5?    
c5tury enamel col\rs began to be us$1 &1
 z be=e obs]v$1 ! designs %[$ a /riv+   
aft] pictorial effects4  ,illu/ration3  

,fig4 #cji4--;,*9ese ,glass ,b[l4       
7,s4,k4,m47  ,! revival ( classic art 9 
! ,r5aissance p]iod has also a great    
deal to d ) ?is *ange 9 ! /yle & me?od (
 execution 9 pa9t$ glass1 & we f9d t !  
greate/ pa9t]s--b n always ! greate/    
decorators-( ! p]iod suppli$ c>toons &  
designs = ?is class ( "w4  ,glass mak+  
has be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a & ,japan f v e>ly   
times1 b x appe>s to be difficult to    
obta9 any?+ l au!ntic in=mation z to its
 hi/ory f our pres5t imp]fect k or      
acqua9tance ) ! native records4  ,!re   
are /ories ( anci5t ,*9ese glass vessels
 t are said to h be5 se5 by ! ,fr5*     
mission>ies ( ! la/ c5tury1 "o ( :i*    
vessels 0 s l>ge t 8a mule c\ld h be5   
put into x10 & t ! ,*9ese made a k9d (  
glass call$ 8lie\-li0 t 0 suffici5tly   
ela/ic z to b5d easily4  ,! vitre\s     
enamels ( ! ,*9ese 7 ( c\rse us$ z      
glazes on _! porcela9 w>es & pott]y1 b x
 seems t =m]ly !y only made glass       
objects 9 ! imitation ( preci\s /ones1  
gems1 & 9 _! enamels4 ,*9ese glass is   

(t5 made to simulate rock cry/al & jade 
c>v+s2 _! glass snuff-boxes & o!r small 
objects are usually well col\r$1 & are  
decorat$ ) relief "w ( ornam5t1 l&scapes
 or figure subjects1 ! objects g5]ally  
be+ ( a massive "* 7,fig4 #cji74        
,,*apt] ,,ix4                           
,,! ,,decoration ,,( ,,books4   ,books  
may be illu/rat$ 9 a m or less pictorial
 mann] )\t any p>ticul> reg>d to !      
decoration ( ! page1 or ) due reg>d to  
its ornam5tation4 ,9 ! latt] case !     
design] ( ! decoration w be ! illu/rator
 & decorator 9 "o4  ,! great majority ( 
mod]n illu/rat$ books are n decorat$ 9 !
 true s5se ( ! ^w1 b h _! illu/rations  
ins]t$ z pictures1 or scraps ( pictures1
 )\t bord]s or frames1 & ) little or no 
relation to ! di/ribution ( ! pr9t$     
matt] or to ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! page4 ,9  
?is respect ! mod]n practice is diff]5t 
f t obs]v$ 9 ! ,m$ival & ,r5aissance    
book illu/ration1 = 9 ! two p]iods nam$1
 :5 a purely lit]al or pictorial sc5e 0 
ins]t$1 x _h usually bord]s l m\ld+s1 or

 bord]s ( ri* decoration1 or sometimes  
b&s & l9es only1 :i* sep>at$ ! picture f
 ! pr9t$ or writt5 text1 & h>moniz$ )   
any o!r decoration t might be on ! page4
 ,?us an arti/ic unity 0 usually pres]v$
 9 ! book decoration ( e>li] times1 :i*1
 g5]ally speak+1 is ! exception 9 !     
pres5t day1 & n ! rule4  ,! mod]n       
practice 0 br\ght ab\t by ! inv5tion (  
copp]-plate engrav+--ab\t #adgg--:5 !   
copp]-plate illu/ration became1 9 a     
great measure1 ! sub/itute =            
wood-engrav$ blocks ( a =m] p]iod4 ,!   
plates 7 usually engrav$ ) copies (     
pictures1 & ! book decorator 0 sup]s$$  
by ! pa9t]2 ! art & practice ( ! =m]    
decl9$1 :ile ! "w ( ! latt] became      
fa%ionable1 & has rema9$ s ev] s9ce4    
,photography has be5 a consid]able aid  
to ! pictorial side ( book illu/ration1 
& has1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 a great help to 
design]s ( decorative illu/ration1 = by 
! use ( photography ! design] is enabl$ 
to h ! "w ( 8 h& reproduc$ 9 facsimile1 
z 9 ! process block me?od1 :i* has be5  

su* a p[]ful rival & competitor to all  
k9ds ( engrav+ t x has n[ almo/ cru%$ !m
 out ( exi/5ce4  ,be=e ! inv5tion (     
pr9t+ books 7 v sc>ce1 z !y 7 writt5 9  
manuscript1 & 7 mo/ly ( a devotional "*1
 made = ! use ( ! cl]gy & o!rs 9 mona/ic
 e/abli%m5ts or religi\s h\ses4  ,!     
writ]s & decorators ( ^! missals or     
illum9at$ books 7 *iefly ! bro!rs or    
monks ( ! sev]al religi\s ord]s4  ,"s ( 
! e>lie/ & be/ decorat$ books are ^?    
belong+ to ! ,iri% ,celtic art ( ! sev5?
 & eigh? c5turies4 ,! rem>kable designs 
( illum9at$ initials & capitals1 & !    
intricate geometric patt]ns1 spirals1 & 
involv$ int]lac+s ( _m v>ieties1 all    
execut$ ) a/oni%+ skill1 7 n excell$ or 
equall$ by ! scribes & design]s ( simil>
 "w 9 ,engl& or on ! ,cont95t4  ,=emo/ 9
 importance among ! _m rema9+ monum5ts (
 ,iri% art 9 book decoration is !       
celebrat$ 8,book ( ,kells10 n[ pres]v$ 9
 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,x 0 =m]ly   
suppos$ to h be5 br\ght to ! ,columban  
,mona/]y ( ,kells1 or ,k5lis1 ! anci5t  

,c5nanas1 by ,/4 ,columba1 ! f\nd] ( t  
,*ri/ian h\se1 ^: dea? is said to h tak5
 place 9 ! ye> #eig2 b ?is is likely to 
be only tradition1 = x w\ld appe>1      
accord+ to "s lat] au?orities1 t ! "* ( 
! lett]+ & ! /yle ( ! ornam5tation fixes
 ! date ( its execution ab\t ! end ( !  
sev5? c5tury4  ,al?\gh ! native ,iri%   
phase ( ,celtic art possesses _m        
*>act]i/ics ( its own1 x is a developm5t
 9 "s degree ( ! m ,ea/]n ,romanesque   
ornam5t1 & symbolic ,byzant9e1 or ev5 ! 
m primitive ,greek4 ,x is also mix$ ) a 
few geometric =ms & symbols t _h exi/$ 9
 ,irel& be=e ! introduction (           
,*ri/ianity 9 ! fif? c5tury4  ,9 !      
8,book ( ,kells10 = in/ance1 !re are    
sev]al illu/rations :i* %[ 9 "s p>ts a  
,greek influ5ce1 & 9 "o page ! ,greek   
monogram ( ,*ri/ appe>s4  ,! initial    
lett]s 9 squ>e or rectil9eal capitals   
usually occupy l>ge portions ( !        
illum9at$ page1 & are (t5 emb$d$ 9      
rectangul> panels ) bord]s1 ! latt] be+ 
fill$ ) elaborate int]lac+s & spirals1  

c4 7,fig4 #caj74  ,! small] text us$ by 
! ,iri% scribes 0 f\nd$ on ! r\nd or    
uncial ,roman v>iety ( lett]+1 b 9 !    
,iri% v>iety !re is a di/9ct improvem5t 
on ! ,roman 9 its beautiful & re/ra9$   
quality ( arti/ic simplicity1 comb9$ )  
its p]fect legibility4 ,9 "s ,iri%      
manuscripts an angul> cursive or runn+  
h& 0 also us$4  ,an illu/ration giv5 at 
,fig4 #caa ( ! frontispiece f ! 8,epi/le
 ( ,j]ome10 9 ! ,iri% missal kn[n z !   
8,book ( ,durr[10 is a f9e example (    
,celtic ornam5tation4 ,?is & ! previ\s  
illu/ration are f ,miss ,m4 ,/okes'     
h&book on 8,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art 9        
,irel&40  ,illu/ration3 ,fig            
#caj4--,portion ( ,illum9at$ ,monogram2 
,book ( ,kells4 7,s47  ,! influ5ce & art
 "w ( ! ,iri% scribes & missal          
decorators 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t has 
be5 mu* great] ?an 0 =m]ly believ$4     
,mission>ies 7 s5t to ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 &
 to ! ,cont95t1 f ! great mona/ic       
e/abli%m5ts 9 ,irel& dur+ ! p]iod f !   
sev5? to ! elev5? c5turies1 & c>ri$ ) !m

 8,gospels10 8,psalt]s10 & o!r missals1 
besides mak+ _m o!r religi\s books = !  
use ( ! mona/]ies !y _h f\nd$ 9 =eign   
c\ntries4 ,^! ,iri% scribes also taught 
_! art ( book illum9ation to ! monks :o 
liv$ at su* places :]e !y set up _!     
missions1 or :]e !y _h become recluses 9
 ! =eign mona/]ies already e/abli%$4    
,?is acc\nts = ! numb] ( ,iri%          
manuscripts t h be5 f\nd 9 su* mona/ic  
h\ses z t ( ,/4 ,gall 9 ,switz]l&1      
,bobio 9 ,pi$mont1 at ,m5tz 7,may5ce71  
at ,ratisbon 9 ,bav>ia1 at ,honau on !  
,rh9e1 & at _m o!r places on ! ,cont95t4
 ,! /yle ( art 9 all ! manuscripts f\nd 
at ^! places1 ?\gh introduc$ at !       
inception ( ,*ri/ianity into ,irel& f   
,italy ?r\gh ,gaul1 _h di$ out 9 ! latt]
 c\ntries dur+ ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 &
 0 re-introduc$1 z we h se51 "u a       
modifi$ phase into ! ,cont95t by ! ,iri%
 mission>y scribes4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #caa4--;,f ! ,epi/le ( ,j]ome2 8,book (
 ,durr[40 7,s47  ,! majority ( !        
,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 if n writt5  

by ,iri% scribes 9 ,engl&1 7 ei!r       
decorat$ or copi$ closely f ! "w ( !    
latt]4 ,?is is support$ by "s writt5    
te/imony1 b ! ornam5tation ( ! pages    
!mselves are di/9ctly ( ,iri% design4   
,a common feature 9 ! illum9at$ pages ( 
! books ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 ! divid+ ( !
 pages into f\r comp>tm5ts ) ornam5tal  
bord]s1 & ea* comp>tm5t hold+ ! figure (
 a sa9t or symbols ( ! ,evangeli/s1 or  
hav+ a m9iature on ! top half ( ! page &
 two small columns ( text bel[4         
,anglo-,saxon manuscripts1 ) classical  
treatm5t ( ! figure designs1 may be se5 
9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y at ! ,briti% ,museum4 
,! figures h ! att5uat$ ,byzant9e "*1 ) 
! l9e> treatm5t ( ! drap]ies1 & ) ! long
 lobe-l =ms :i* /rongly m>k ! int5d$    
position ( ! limbs "u ! drap]y2 :ile    
o!rs %[ ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian    
pa9t+s ( ! catacombs at ,rome & ,naples4
  ,! 8,*>t]0 ( ! f\ndation ( ,newm9/] at
 ,w9*e/] 7#iff7 & sev]al 8,gospels0 9   
,lat9 ( ! elev5? c5tury 9 ! ,briti%     
,museum1 are examples ( ! be/ k9d (     

,anglo-,saxon illum9at$ manuscripts4    
8,psalt]ies10 8,gospels10 & botanical   
works kn[n z 8,h]bals0 7 among !        
pr9cipal k9ds ( illu/rat$ books1 :i* 7  
execut$ 9 consid]able numb]s dur+ !     
?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,! text 9 ^!
 books 0 usually 9 solid columns1 neatly
 writt5 9 a k9d ( half-uncial lett] 9   
,lat91 ) l>ge initials & surr\nd$ by    
broad bord]s1 hav+ little scrolls &     
trefoil leaves or fl[]s 9 :i* f\r or six
 m9iatures 7 plac$ at int]vals4 ,"s     
pages _h ! upp] half or m occupi$ by a  
m9iature & _h less text1 b ne>ly always 
!re 7 ! accompany+ delicate bord]s      
design$ ) great _s & fre$om1 & consi/+ (
 ornam5t made up ( leaves1 fl[]s1 fruit1
 /ems1 l9es1 & spirals1 execut$ on !    
vellum gr\nd 9 bright col\rs & burni%$  
gold4  ,a *>act]i/ic ( "s ( ! missals ( 
! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 0 ! cal5d> 
pages at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,! pages :i*
 conta9$ ! cal5d> _h also1 9 "s cases1  
m9iatures 9 ! bord]s repres5t+ !        
seasons4  ,! ,b$=d ,missal 7#addb71 9 ! 

,briti% ,museum1 is a good example ( !  
be/ ,fr5* book decoration ( t p]iod4 ,x 
conta9s a cal5d>1 & 0 ! "w ( a ,fr5*    
arti/1 ?\gh execut$ 9 ,engl&4  ,t[>ds ! 
end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! m9iature began 
to assume m importance & to occupy !    
:ole ( ! page4 ,! bord]s _h become m    
reali/ic 9 treatm5t2 foliage1 fl[]s1 &  
insects 7 r5d]$ almo/ naturally on gold 
or col\r$ gr\nds1 ) ca/ %ad[s1 s z to   
give ! utmo/ relief4  ,?is treatm5t 0 n 
an improvem5t on ! =m] flat ,go?ic /yle1
 z x t5d$ to lead to %ad[y & m]etrici\s 
"w4  ,two ( ! v f9e/ books ( ?is p]iod  
are ! 8,romance ( ! ,rose10 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum1 & ! ,grimani 8,brevi>y0 9 ,/4  
,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 ,9 ! latt] magnific5t   
book "s ( ! m9iatures are ascrib$ to !  
,flemi% arti/ ,meml+4  ,! m9iatures ( ! 
spl5did *oir books ( ,si5a ,ca!dral are 
! ma/]ly designs ( ,girolamo da ,cremona
 & ,lib]ale da ,v]ona1 :o 7 fam\s at ?is
 k9d ( "w4 ,! quantity1 v>iety1 & purely
 ,italian "* ( ! decoration ( ^! books  
w\ld almo/ be suffici5t to =m a s*ool ( 

,r5aissance art 9 itself4  ,) ! inv5tion
 ( pr9t+ a great *ange came ab\t 9 !    
production ( decorat$ books2 b x is     
curi\s to note t1 = a long "t aft]1 9   
ord] to produce a book x 0 ?\ght        
necess>y by ! means ( woodcuts & type to
 imitate ! illum9at$ missals ( ! =m]    
times4  ,a good illu/ration ( ?is may be
 se5 9 ! woodcut blocks f ! rec5tly     
discov]$ ,s>um ,missal 7,figs4 #cab1    
#cac74 ,?is v important acquisition to !
 li/ ( ,caxton's works 0 f\nd 9 #ahic1 9
 ,"l ,newton's libr>y at ,lyme ,hall1   
,*e%ire1 & is "o ( ! works :i* ,caxton  
s5t to be pr9t$ 9 ,france4 ,x conta9s "s
 additions to ! text 9 ,caxton's h&writ+
 & has an impression ( 8 peculi> m>k at 
! end ( ! book4  ,! illu/rations h be5  
pr9t$ f wood blocks1 & col\r$ by h&     
aft]w>ds1 accord+ to ! practice :i*     
obta9$ at ! latt] end ( ! fifte5?       
c5tury4  ,ano!r int]e/+ survival ( !    
practice ( plac+ a cross at ! bottom ( !
 page1 on :i* 0 repres5t$ ! crucifixion1
 is se5 und]nea? ! latt] illu/ration    

7,fig4 #cac7 9 ! ,lyme ,missal4 ,9 !    
e>li] illum9at$ missals ?is device 0    
resort$ to 9 ord] to keep ! picture ( ! 
crucifixion f be+ damag$ by ! frequ5t   
kiss+ ( ! cross2 & s a small cross 0    
plac$ at ! bottom ( ! picture to enable 
! pi\sly incl9$ to /ill p]=m ?is act (  
piety )\t damage to ! book4  ,! cu/om ( 
engrav+ blocks = book illu/ration 9     
outl9e1 to be fill$ 9 aft]w>ds 9 col\r1 
l$ ! way to l9e engrav+ on wood1 :]e !  
pure l9e "w 0 left uncol\r$1 & soon aft]
 became a /yle by itself1 :i*           
ultimately1 z ! art ( black & :ite1 0   
s\ght aft] & priz$ = its own sake4  ,!  
inv5tion ( pr9t+ f type may be trac$ f !
 woodcuts1 z we h rem>k$ above1 "s ( !  
e>lie/ ( :i* 7 ^? cut = play+ c>ds at ! 
beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4--,page f !    
,caxton 8,lyme ,missal40  ,! inv5tion 0 
soon aft] appli$ to ! production ( !    
xylographic or block-pr9t$ books1 :i* 7 
pr9t$ 9 col\r f ! block4 ,! col\r 0     
spread on ! block1 a %eet ( pap] 0 plac$

 on ! top1 & !n rubb$ ov] by ! h& to get
 ! impression4 ,! e>ly block-books pr9t$
 9 ?is way _h m pictorial or decorative 
"w 9 _! pages ?an text or lit]>y matt]1 
& !re=e appeal$ m directly to ! great   
un$ucat$ masses ( ! p ( ! times = :om !y
 7 compil$4 ,by means ( ! block pr9t+1  
_m pro(s c\ld also be tak5 to supply !  
increas+ dem& = g5]al k :i* 0 spr++ up  
ev]y:]e 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,lett]s1    
:ole words1 & leg5ds 7 n[ also cut = !  
pr9t+ ( lit]>y matt] 9 ! block-books4   
,book blocks 7 cut 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & 
,fl&]s2 ! p]iod ( _! production 0 f !   
ye> #adbj to #aeaj4  ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+
 by movable type has be5 ascrib$ to     
v>i\s p1 b x is n[ pretty c]ta9 t ! "o  
"n mo/ entitl$ to ?is hon\r is t ( ,john
 ,gut5b]g1 a native ( ,m5tz 7,ma9z71 :o 
set up a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t 9 t city 9 !  
ye> #adee1 & :o work$ 9 connection )    
,fu/1 ano!r ,g]man pr9t]4 ,! inv5tion1  
!re=e1 may date ab\t #adej4  ,x 0 ab\t  
#adee t ! ,maz>9 ,bible 0 issu$ f !     
press ( ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g at ,m5tz4 ,"l   

,a%burnham's copy ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible1    
pr9t$ on vellum1 has be5 sold ?is ye>   
7#ahig7 = ! sum ( #d1jjj4  ,pet] ,s*ff] 
0 9 p>tn]%ip "s ye>s lat] ) ,fu/1 & 9 ! 
ye> #adeg !y issu$ ! fam\s ,m5tz ,psalt]
 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 ! fir/ book  
pr9t$ 9 diff]5t col\rs f ! same block1 &
 ! fir/ pr9t$ book ) a date4 ,?is book  
is a triumph ( te*nical skill1 & is     
unique 9 its beauty among pr9t$ books ( 
! e>lie/ p]iod4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#cac4--,page ) ! ,crucifixion f !       
,caxton 8,lyme ,missal40  ,!re are few1 
if any1 ( ! e>ly pr9t$ books t _c lay a 
great claim to arti/ic m]it1 b ?is w\ld 
h>dly h be5 possible if ! design]s ( !  
type & ornam5t = ! decoration ( ! pages1
 at ! adv5t ( pr9t+1 _h n _h be=e _!    
eyes ! spl5did models left !m by !      
caligraph]s & illum9ators ( ! prec$+    
c5turies4  ,x w be conv5i5t "h to say a 
few words conc]n+ e>ly ,engli% pr9t+1   
:i* is associat$ ) ! "n ( its great     
f\nd]1 ,william ,caxton 7#adbc-adia74   
,he 0 a m]*ant & a diplomati/1 b a man (

 /rong lit]>y ta/es4 ,he le>n$ ! art (  
pr9t+ f ,col>d ,mansion1 at ,bruges1 :]e
 he _h set up z a m]*ant2 b leav+ 8     
bus9ess1 he ent]$ ! h\sehold ( ! ,du*ess
 ( ,burgundy1 si/] ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 :]e  
he 0 engag$ 9 lit]>y pursuits1 & = h] he
 made a translation ( ,le ,fevre's      
8,recueil des ,hi/oires de ,troyes40 ,x 
0 9 ord] to multiply copies ( ?is "w t  
he le>n$ ! art ( pr9t+1 & x is said t   
?is 0 ! fir/ ,engli% book ev] pr9t$1 :i*
 0 probably pr9t$ by ,mansion at        
,bruges1 "u ! lit]>y direction (        
,caxton1 9 ! ye> #adgf4  ,caxton came   
back to ,engl& 9 #adgg1 & set up a pr9t+
 press at ,we/m9/]1 f :i* he issu$ a    
great _m books dur+ ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s ( 
8 life4 ,8 fir/ book pr9t$ at ,we/m9/] 0
 a "w call$ 8,dictes & ,say+s ( !       
,philosoph]s10 :i* is kn[n to be ! fir/ 
,engli% book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is n[   
%[n 9 ,case ,,viii41 ,k+'s ,libr>y1 9 ! 
,briti% ,museum4 ,among ,caxton's o!r   
books may be m5tion$ sev]al editions ( !
 poets ,*auc]1 ,lydgate1 & ,g[]1        

,malory's 8,morte d',ar?ur10 c4 ,he     
evid5tly s5t books ( 8 own composition  
to be pr9t$ on ! ,cont95t1 z witness !  
,s>um ,missal be=e m5tion$4  ,! e>ly    
pr9t$ books did n h title-pages4 ,! sl[ 
developm5t ( ?is feature aft] ! inv5tion
 ( pr9t+ is acc\nt$ = by ! reason t 9   
?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ! fir/ pr9t$     
books 7 modell$ 9 imitation ( !         
illum9at$ missals1 & x 0 n deem$        
necess>y 9 ! m$ival books & manuscripts 
to h a title-page1 ! scribe ( ! old5 "t 
m]ely record+ 9 a note or label fa/5$ to
 ! end ( ! volume ! "n & description ( 8
 "w2 s ?is habit 0 cont9u$ = a long "t  
by ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,?is note or end+ 0   
call$ a ,colophon4  ,title-pages began  
to come into use ab\t #adij1 b x 0 n    
until ab\t =ty ye>s lat] t !y became    
g5]al4  ,pr9t]s' devices1 :i* 7 g5]ally 
( an h]aldic "*1 7 commonly se5 on !    
title-pages1 "s ( :i* 7 v elaborate &   
f9ely design$4 ,! fam\s pr9t+ h\se (    
,aldus at ,v5ice _h a device ( an an*or 
) a dolph9 tw9$ ar\nd x1 & ! motto      

8,prop]a t>de10 or 8,fe/9a l5te0 7ha/5  
sl[ly74 ,x 0 f ! pr9t+ press ( ,aldus1 9
 #adii1 t ! celebrat$ book call$        
,poliphili ,hypn]otoma*ia1 8,! ,dream ( 
,poliphilus10 0 issu$4 ,x is a f9ely    
illu/rat$ book1 consi/+ ( classical     
compositions ( figures & processions1 _m
 ar*itectural designs1 ornam5tal lett]s1
 emblems1 & devices1 all ( :i* are      
execut$ 9 outl9e & pr9t$ f wood blocks4 
,! illu/rations h a f9e quality ( l9e1  
some:at 9 ! _s & /yle ( ,mantegna's     
processional designs1 or l ^? great     
woodcuts 9 ! 8,triumph ( ,maximilian0 by
 ,hans ,burgmair & ,alb]t ,dr]2 !y are  
suppos$--)\t1 h[ev]1 any def9ite        
pro(--to be ! "w ( ,g5tile or ,giovanni 
,bell9i4 ,! book is a romance writt5 &  
illu/rat$ 9 ! _s ( classical antiquity t
 s deeply col\r$ ! art & lit]ature ( !  
e>ly ,r5aissance epo*4 ,a reproduction (
 ! illu/rations ( ?is book 9            
photo-li?ography by ,mr4 ,w4 ,griggs1 ) 
notes by ,dr4 ,appell1 0 issu$ by !     
,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t 9 #ahhh4       

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4--;,illu/ration
 f ,woodcut ( ,dante's 8,inf]no20       
,fifte5? ,c5tury4  ,some:at 9 ! /yle (  
8,! ,dream ( ,poliphilus0 is !          
illu/ration 7,fig4 #cad7 f an edition ( 
,dante's 8,inf]no0 ( ! same p]iod4  ,a  
r$uc$ specim5 ( ! flat treatm5t ( a     
,r5aissance bord]1 f a woodcut :i*      
appe>$ 9 an edition ( 8,h]odotus0 pr9t$ 
at ,v5ice 9 #adgj1 is %[n z !           
,frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,?is ri* &  
delicate design is extremely effective 9
 :ite on a black gr\nd1 & is arti/ically
 appropriate to ! decoration ( ! page1  
mu* m s ?an ! lat] ,fr5* & ,g]man "w 9  
bord]s & title-pages1 :i* 0 usually ( an
 extremely heavy "*4  ,%ad$ designs ( an
 ar*itectural k9d1 su* z friezes1       
columns1 bases1 & p$im5ts1 ) corpul5t   
figure decoration & heavy m\ld+s1 7     
compositions :i* 9 ! latt] end ( !      
sixte5? & dur+ ! sev5te5? c5turies took 
! place ( ! e>li] light arabesque       
scroll-"w ( ! ,italian s*ool1 :i*       
revell$ 9 ! beauty ( pur] outl9e & 9    

flat treatm5t ( black & :ite4  ,jean    
,g\jon1 ,jean ,c\s91 ,virgil ,solis1    
,duc]ceau1 ,/imm]1 ,jo/ ,amman1 & o!rs1 
?\gh v]satile & vigor\s to ! highe/     
degree1 & clev] ,fr5* & ,g]man          
draughtsm5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _! "w 9  
book decoration 0 m l designs = /one    
c>v+ & sculpture ?an legitimate         
decoration = books4 ,at ! end ( !       
c5tury1 h[ev]1 a m correct appreciation 
( book-cov] decoration 0 manife/$4 ,?is 
0 due to ! happy influ5ce ( ,arabian    
design :5 mix$ ) ! prevail+ ,r5aissance 
=ms4 ,! ,ori5tal craftsm5 :o came to    
,italy1 & ! great comm]ce ( ,v5ice &    
,europe g5]ally ) ! ,ea/1 s]v$ to col\r 
9 a m>k$ degree ! design ( ! ornam5tal  
arts1 & n[h]e d we see ! purely ,arabian
 /rap-"w & peculi> ,s>ac5 leafage us$ to
 su* advantage z 9 ! tool$ & /amp$      
book-cov] designs ( ?is p]iod4 ,! ,h5ri 
,deux book-cov] design 7,fig4 #cae7 is  
,arabian 9 its details1 b ,r5aissance 9 
its g5]al arrangem5t4 ,x might h be5    
design$ by ,duc]ceau1 b p]haps m likely 

by ,solomon ,b]n>d ( ,lyons--kn[n z 8,le
 ,petit ,b]n>d0--:o 0 a prolific design]
 ( small pictures = wood-engrav$ book   
illu/rations4 ,he di$ at ,lyons 9 #aegj4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4--;,cov] ( a 
,rook4 ,h5ri-,deux ,/yle2 ,sixte5?      
,c5tury4  ,bo? ( ^! design]s1 z well z  
ano!r fam\s design] ( book decoration1  
,ge(fry ,tory1 7 v p>tial to ! use (    
/rap-"w & ,arab foliation4 ,! latt]     
arti/ 0 also a s*ol> & au?or1 & produc$ 
_m f9e designs = book-cov]s4 ,fig4 #caf 
is a v delicate & ri* design = ! cov] ( 
a 8,book ( ! ,h\rs10 by ,tory1 & is a   
good example ( ! ,franco-,r5aissance ( !
 sixte5? c5tury4  ,jean ,groli]1        
,visc\nt d',aguisy1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ &   
greate/ bibliophiles ( ,france4 ,?\gh ( 
,italian orig9 he adopt$ ,france z 8    
c\ntry1 & 0 ,treasur]-,g5]al ( ,france  
:5 he di$1 9 #aefe1 at ! age (          
eighty-six4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ambassador to 
,clem5t ,,vii4 9 ! ye> #aecd1 & at ?is  
"t _h begun to collect valuable books1 t
 _h be5 *iefly pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice & at      

,basle4 ,^! books 7 g5]ally unb\nd      
copies1 b 7 pr9t$ ) great c>e on        
beautiful pap]4 ,on 8 return to ,france 
he employ$ ,ge(fry ,tory & o!r design]s 
z well z ! be/ craftsm5 9 bookb9d+ to   
decorate & clo! 8 preci\s works4 ,!     
illu/rations we h giv5 are su* z are    
usually f\nd on ! ,groli] b9d+s1 :i*    
ne>ly always consi/ ( designs compos$ ( 
/rap-"w or int]lac+s & delicate trac]y1 
clo!d ) ,arabian foliage1 work$ on      
prep>$ co/ly lea!rs 9 v>i\s col\rs1 &   
(t5 height5$ ) gold4  ,groli]'s b9d+s   
usually bore 9 addition to ! title ( !  
book ! inscription 8,jo ,groli]ii ,et   
,amicorum10 indicat+ t !y belong$ to    
,groli] & 8 fri5ds1 at ! same "t add+ a 
te/imony to ! unselfi% _s ( ! great     
book-lov]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#caf4--;,cov] = a 8,book ( ! ,h\rs10    
design$ by ,ge(fry ,tory2 ,fr5*1        
,sixte5? ,c5tury4  ,! /rap-"w & ,ori5tal
 foliage designs1 :i* _h develop$ s mu* 
9 ,france1 w5t ev5 fur!r 9 ,g]many1 n   
only 9 bookb9d+ decoration1 b 9 gold &  

silv]smi?s' "w1 & 9 ar*itecture--z we h 
notic$ be=e 9 ?is volume--& ne>ly all ! 
,g]man1 ,flemi%1 & ,dut* arti/s ( !     
sixte5? & foll[+ c5tury1 :o design$ =   
book decoration1 adopt$ ! above features
 9 _! ornam5t4 ,great ma/]s l ,alb]t    
,dr]1 ,holbe9 ! y\ng]1 ,lucas ,crana*1 &
 ,hans ,burgmair1 & ! 8little           
ma/]s0--,jo/ ,amman1 ,hans ,sebald      
,beham1 ,aldegrev]1 ,virgil ,solis1     
,j]ome ,bang1 ,pet] ,fltn] ( ,lige1 !   
,collrts & ,janss5s ( ,antw]p1 & ,lucas 
,kilian ( ,augsburg--7 ! pr9cipal       
design]s & engrav]s = book decoration & 
illu/rations1 9 :i* "w !y 7 engag$ among
 _! v>i$ & prolific lab\rs 9 o!r bran*es
 ( decorative art4  ,dur+ ! sev5te5?    
c5tury ! p[] ( design 0 gr[+ rapidly    
weak]1 ! ornam5t became co>s] 9 feel+ & 
imitat$ ! cumb]some & heavy traditions (
 classical art4 ,headpieces1 tailpieces1
 & pr9t]s' devices or m>ks 7 n[ m 9     
fa%ion1 r ?an ! consid]ation ( ! design 
( ! page z a :ole decorative s*eme4     
,title-pages ) heavy ar*itectural       

pret5sions & pictorial views began to be
 v common at ! end ( ! c5tury & ?r\gh\t 
! eighte5? c5tury4  ,! pictorial        
illu/ration 9 black & :ite 0 due to !   
developm5t ( copp]-plate fir/1 & /eel   
engrav+ aft]w>ds1 z new me?ods = book   
illu/ration4 ,^! processes 7 develop$ v 
mu* 9 ,italy & ,france at ! beg9n+ ( !  
eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 ,engl& _! use 9    
book illu/ration might be said to ext5d 
f ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? to ! middle
 ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,?is p]iod embrac$ t
 ( ! publication ( a type ( ,engli%     
books ( essays1 poems1 & %ort /ories1   
kn[n z ,anniv]s>ies1 ,amulets1 ,annuals1
 ,keepsakes1 ,s\v5irs1 c4 ,^! books 7   
fill$ ) beautifully execut$ l9e engrav+s
 ( l&scapes & figure subjects1 & mo/ (  
!m 7 ( ! highe/ ord] ( te*nical skill4  
,! p]iod ( _! exi/5ce 0 f #aghj to      
#ahcj4  ,book decoration _h become m & m
 pictorial & less decorative :5 ! me?od 
employ$ 0 l9e engrav+1 =1 g5]ally       
speak+1 pictures 9 oil or wat]-col\r 7  
copi$ ) great fidelity & skill by !     

engrav] = use 9 book illu/ration1 & ?us 
?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! bur9 or engrav]'s tool
 ! pa9t] supplant$ ! book decorator4    
,_m ( ! l9e engrav+s 9 ! books ( ! above
 p]iod %[ a mixture1 on ! same plate1 ( 
pure l9e engrav+ & et*+1 ! latt] be+ a  
process 9 :i* ! l9es ( ! design are     
scrat*$ into ! metal plate1 :i* _h be5  
previ\sly cov]$ ) a wax prep>ation1 & ! 
l9es ?us expos$ are bitt5 deep] by an   
acid solution into :i* ! plate is       
imm]s$4  ,?ree arti/s ( great           
tal5ts--,pr\t1 ,/o?>d1 & ,turn]--suppli$
 designs & wat]-col\r draw+s ( l&scapes1
 figures1 & decorative compositions1 t 7
 engrav$ z book illu/rations4 ,!        
illu/rations1 ?\gh on a small scale1 to 
,rog]s's 8,poems10 7 v beautifully      
engrav$ by ,william ,f9d51 aft] !       
designs ( ,/o?>d1 :o made ! figure      
compositions1 & ( ,turn]1 :o did !      
l&scapes4 ,f9d5 0 ! great int]pret] (   
,/o?>d's figure designs1 b 0 equally    
successful 9 8 engrav+ ( ,turn]'s       
l&scapes4  ,/o?>d has design$ _m        

illu/rations = books :i* are *>act]iz$  
by a f9e s5se ( decorative value2 8     
figures 71 z a rule1 clo!d 9 light      
classical co/umes1 & 7 graceful 9 pose &
 9 draw+4 ,! be/ engrav]s ( ! day1 su* z
 ,f9d51 ,hea?1 ,all51 ,fox1 ,goodye>1   
,rob9son1 & ,humphreys1 7 engag$ = !    
publi%]s 9 translat+ 8 designs = book   
illu/ration4  ,/eel-engrav$             
frontispieces to books on sci5ce1       
hi/ory1 travels1 ar*itecture1 &         
philosophy _h become v common 9 !       
eighte5? c5tury4 ,! designs ( ^! 7 m or 
less ( a heavy classical type (         
ar*itectural fram+ & allegorical        
figures1 sometimes enclos+ portraits or 
l&scape views4 ,hog>?'s engrav$ designs 
& ! "w ( ,flaxman maybe said to be at ! 
opposite poles ( art2 ! dramatic realism
 ( ! =m] is 9 /rong opposition to !     
classic idealism ( ! latt]4 ,! works (  
bo? h be5 us$ z book illu/rations1 b    
nei!r ( !m c be call$ book decorators1  
_! engrav$ works be+ produc$ z plates1  
or z a s]ies ( pictures1 & ! text ( !   

books writt5 m]ely 9 explanation ( !    
plates4  ,! poet & highly imag9ative    
arti/1 ,william ,blake1 9 8 designs = 8 
8,songs ( ,innoc5ce0 7#aghi71 & 9 8     
8,book ( ,job10 rev]ts to ! old         
missal-pa9t]s' mann] ( embody+ toge!r ! 
text1 ornam5t1 & m9iatures1 9 "o        
decorative s*eme ( unity1 9 ! arti/ic   
treatm5t ( ! page4 ,blake engrav$ 8 own 
designs1 & pr9t$ !m (f 9 black & :ite1  
or sometimes 9 col\r4  ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s
 9 :i* /eel engrav+s = books 7 9 fa%ion1
 ! reviv$ art ( wood-engrav+ 0 mak+ a   
sl[ headway t[>ds recognition & fav\r 9 
,engl&1 & its complete revival 0 ow+ to 
! p]si/5t ef=ts & g5ius ( ,?omas ,bewick
 7#agec-ahbh74 ,bewick 0 n only a       
wood-engrav] & a craftsman ( ! highe/   
ord]1 b 0 an arti/ gift$ ) a f9e feel+ =
 hum\r & pa?os1 & _m ( 8 small          
compositions are *>act]iz$ by a good    
deal ( pictorial effect4 ,8 be/ works1 f
 a te*nical po9t ( view1 are 8          
illu/rations ( natural hi/ory1 ! f9e/ ( 
:i* are ! illu/rations 9 8 book1 !      

8,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds10 :i* %[      
,bewick at 8 be/ 9 ! r5d]+ ( bird =m &  
fea!r texture4 ,he also design$ &       
execut$ _m da9ty little compositions (  
l&scapes ) figures & animals z          
tailpieces4  ,! s*ool ( ,bewick1 =m$ ( 8
 pupils & o!rs1 s]v$ to keep alive ! art
 ( wood-engrav+ until ! revival 0       
assur$1 = ,bewick _h a difficult task to
 get ! public to appreciate 8 "w dur+ 8 
lifetime4  ,! names ( 8 pr9cipal pupils 
7 ,luke ,cl5nel1 :o 0 ! mo/ celebrat$1 &
 :o 0 also a good wat]-col\r pa9t]2     
,*>lton ,nesbitt1 ,rob]t ,johnson1 &    
,william ,h>vey4  ,a self-educat$       
engrav] ( "s note 0 ,rob]t ,bran/on1 (  
,lynn1 ,norfolk 7#aggh-ahbg74  ,john    
,?ompson 0 a pupil ( ,bran/on1 :o       
excell$ 8 ma/]1 & 0 ! be/ engrav] ( 8 "t
 9 ,engl&4  ,a great "n among ,engli%   
wood-engrav]s is t ( ,william ,j4       
,l9ton1 :o has done m by 8 "w & p5 to   
advance ! art ?an any "o4 ,8 be/ "w 0   
execut$ ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury1     
p>ticul>ly 9 ! engrav+s ( ,rossetti's   

designs = ,t5nyson's poems 7#aheg-ei74  
,he is also kn[n z a writ] & design] (  
consid]able p[]4  ,a pupil ( 8--,mr4    
,walt] ,crane--^: "w is s well kn[n &   
admir$ 9 ! pres5t day1 has design$ "s   
f9e decorative "w = book illu/ration4 ,8
 *ildr5's books are good examples (     
col\r & design1 b p]haps 8 own poem1 8,!
 ,sir5s ,?ree10 :]e he has design$ &    
execut$ ! lett]+ & beautiful decoration1
 be/ fulfils ! conditions ( :at a       
decorat$ page ought to be1 & maybe rank$
 z "o ( 8 greate/ ef=ts 9 book          
decoration4  ,! late ,r&olph ,caldecott1
 ^: *>act]i/ic hum\r appe>s 9 e l9e ( 8 
"w1 0 ano!r great design] ( *ildr5's    
books4 ,8 col\r+ is v h>moni\s & ref9$1 
& ?\gh 8 "w is mo/ly ( a pictorial "*1  
yet 9 8 l>g] pages he displays a true   
feel+ = ! decoration ( ! page4          
,*ildr5's illu/rat$ books ( fairy tales 
h multipli$ v mu* ( late ye>s1 & 9 _m ( 
!m is se5 "s ( ! old decorative feel+1  
:]e ! text & illu/rations are consid]$ 9
 an arti/ic relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is w 

also be notic$ 9 _m illu/rations to     
poems :i* (t5 appe> 9 ! mon?ly magaz9es 
( ! pres5t day4  ,on ! o!r h&1 picture  
illu/rations & scrappy designs ( !      
vignette ord] are v common4  ,^! are    
g5]ally ins]t$1 )\t any app>5t ord]1 on 
any "p ( ! page1 & ! type matt] fill$   
into ! vacant spaces4 ,?is picture-scre5
 me?od ( book1 newspap]1 & magaz9e      
illu/ration has no d\bt be5 develop$ by 
our rec5t acqua9tance & infection )     
,japanese art1 :i*1 ?\gh highly arti/ic 
& decorative 9 _m s5ses1 is want+ 9     
balance ( mass1 & is only occasionally  
"r 9 arrangem5t ( l9e4 ,japanese        
decoration z su* is g5]ally *>m+1 b :5 !
 ,we/]n design] copies ! ,japanese ideas
 )\t ! /yle & me?ods ( execution1 !     
result may h novelty to recomm5d x1 b   
o!rwise x is a failure4  ,x is h>dly    
necess>y to say t ! reign ( wood-engrav+
 is almo/ n[ at an end z f> z book      
illu/ration is conc]n$1 &1 l /eel       
engrav+1 has ne>ly become an art ( !    
pa/1 ow+ to ! great advance made 9 rec5t

 ye>s 9 ! _m me?ods ( black & :ite      
reproduction1 :i* is ma9ly due to !     
p[]ful help & ag5cy ( photography4      
,,end4                                  
---------------------        ,,pr9t$    
,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,co41        
,,limit$1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london4      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,*apman  ,,hall',s                     
,,art ,,publications4  ,illu/ration     
,,plants ,,& ,,_! ,,application ,,to    
,,ornam5t4 ,edit$ by ,,eug5e ,,grasset4 
,?is magnific5t "w conta9s #gb ,col\r$  
,plates1 consi/+ ( #bd     ,floral      
,designs1 ) two samples ( ea*1 %[+ _!   
ornam5tal     application4 ,9           
,portfolio1 net1 #e #es4                
---------------------  ,,an ,,illu/rat$ 
,,record ,,( ,,! ,,retrospective        
,,exhibition ,,held ,,at ,,s\?          
,,k5s+ton1 #ahif4 ,compil$ & ,edit$ by  
,,john ,,fi%]1 ,head ,ma/]1     ,k5s+ton
 ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce & ,art1 ,b]keley      
,squ>e1 ,bri/ol4 ,)     ab\t #aef       

full-page ,illu/rations4 #bas4 net4     
,,hi/oric ,,ornam5t3 ,a ,treatise on    
,decorative ,art & ,ar*itectural        
,ornam5t1 f ,pre-,hi/oric ,times to !   
,pres5t ,day4 ,by ,,james ,,w>d1        
,au?or ( 8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,ornam5t40    
,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,9 #b     vols41 #gs4
 #f;d ea*4  ,,h>butt',s ,,pla/ic        
,,me?od1 & ! ,use ( ,pla/ic9e 9 ! ,arts 
(     ,writ+1 ,draw+1 & ,modell+ 9      
,educational ,"w4 ,by ,,william         
,,h>butt4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #dto1 
#ds4                                    
---------------------  ,,mod]n          
,,ar*itecture3 ,a book = ,ar*itects & ! 
,public4 ,by ,h4     ,,hea?cote ,,/a?am1
 ,editor ( ,! ,build]1 & ,au?or (       
8,ar*itecture = ,g5]al ,read]s10 c4 ,)  
num]\s ,illu/rations     ( ,contempor>y 
,build+s4 ,demy #hvo4                   
---------------------  ,,figure ,,draw+ 
,,& ,,composition4 ,be+ a numb] ( ,h9ts 
= !     ,/ud5t & ,design] ^u ! ,treatm5t
 ( ! ,human ,figure4 ,by ,r4     ,g4    
,,hatton4 ,) #ejj ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo1

 #is4                                   
---------------------  ,,ar*itecture ,,=
 ,,g5]al ,,read]s3 to :i* is add$ an    
,hi/orical     ,sket* ( ,ar*itecture4   
,by ,h4 ,,hea?cote ,,/a?am4 ,) hundr$s (
     ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or4 ,second 
,edition1 ,revis$4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4    
---------------------  ,,! ,,!ory ,,&   
,,practice ,,( ,,design4 ,an ,advanc$   
,text-,book on ,decorative     ,art4 ,by
 ,f4 ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,) #gjj             
,illu/rations4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #is4    
---------------------  ,,! ,,horse4 ,by 
,,cecil ,,br[n4 ,! "w is ?or\ghly       
practical1 & %[s     ! ,horse z he      
really is1 n z he is too (t5 repres5t$ 9
     conv5tional art4 ,! "w w be        
invaluable to e arti/ & to     e        
horse-lov]4 ,9 ,eight ,p>ts1 ea* #bs4   
#f;d42 or 9 "o volume1     #bas4        
---------------------  ,,elem5t>y       
,,design3 be+ a ,!oretical & ,practical 
,introduction 9     ! ,art (            
,decoration4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,hatton4 ,)   
#aaj ,illu/rations4     ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4

 #f;d4                                  
---------------------  ,,/udies ,,9     
,,plant ,,=m ,,& ,,design4 ,by ,w4      
,,midgley & ,a4 ,e4 ,v4 ,,lilley4     ,)
 num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4
 ,demy #hvo1 #ds4                       
---------------------  ,,wood ,,c>v+4   
,by ,,jos4 ,,phillips4 ,a ,c>efully     
,graduat$ & ,educational     ,c\rse (   
,wood ,c>v+1 specially adapt$ = ,s*ools 
& ,te*nical     ,classes4 ,) #ac        
,illu/rations1 #cs4 #f;d42 #ae          
,full-size ,%ad$ ,work+     ,draw+s1    
#es4                                    
---------------------  ,,raphael3 ,,8   
,,life1 ,,works1 ,,& ,,times4 ,by       
,,eug5e ,,muntz4 ,a ,new & ,*eap        
,edition1 cond5s$ f ! orig9al "w4 ,royal
 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4                       
---------------------  ,a ,,practical   
,,h&book ,,( ,,draw+3 ,= ,mod]n ,me?ods 
( ,reproduction4     ,by ,,*>les ,g4    
,,h>p]4 ,) _m ,illu/rations %[+         
comp>ative     results4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4
 #f;d4                                  

---------------------  ,,egyptian ,,art4
 ,by ,c4 ,,ryan4 ,) #ef ,illu/rations4  
,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4                  
---------------------  ,,pr9ciples ,,(  
,,ornam5t4 ,by ,j4 ,,w>d4 ,edit$ by ,g4 
,,ait*ison1 ,a4,r4,a4     ,fully        
,illu/rat$4 ,new & ,enl>g$ ,edition4    
,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4                  
---------------------  ,,decorative     
,,design4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book (   
,pr9ciples & ,practice4     ,by ,f4 ,g4 
,,jackson4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird     
,edition4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1     #gs4     
#f;d4                                   
---------------------  ,,! ,,decoration 
,,( ,,metals3 ,*as+1 ,rep\ss1 & ,saw    
,pi]c+4 ,by ,,john     ,,h>rison4 ,)    
#ahj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4    
#f;d4                                   
---------------------  ,,wood-,,c>v+ ,,9
 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice1 ,,z ,,appli$    
,,to ,,home ,,arts1 )     ,notes on     
,design4 ,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,s*au]mann4 #abd  
,illu/rations4 ,second     ,edition4    
,imp4 #hvo1 #es4                        

---------------------  ,,sciography3 or1
 ,p>allel & ,radial ,projection (       
,%ad[s4 ,be+ a     ,c\rse ( ,ex]cises = 
! use ( ,/ud5ts 9 ,ar*itectural &       
,eng9e]+ ,draw+4 ,by ,r4 ,,pratt4 ,)    
num]\s plates4 ,oblong #dto1     #gs4   
#f;d4                                   
---------------------  ,,! ,,sculptor   
,,& ,,art ,,/ud5ts' ,,guide ,,to ,,!    
,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,human     ,,=m4 
,) measurem5ts 9 feet & in*es (         
,full-gr[n ,figures (     ,bo? ,sexes & 
( ,v>i\s ,ages4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,,s*ad[4   
,oblong folio1     #cas4 #f;d4          
---------------------  ,,elem5t>y       
,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ornam5t4 ,by ,,james  
,,w>d4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1     #es4       
---------------------  ,,h&book ,,(     
,,p]spective4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,james1      
,m4,a41 ,cantab4 ,) #ge     ,diagrams4  
,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4                  
---------------------  ,,text-,,book    
,,on ,,%ades ,,& ,,%ad[s1 ,,&           
,,p]spective4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,hill1    
,associate ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+1 ,br[n  

,univ]sity4 ,twelve fold+     ,plates4  
#hvo1 net1 #hs4 #f;d4                   
---------------------  ,,h9ts ,,to      
,,amateurs4 ,a ,h&book on ,art4 ,by     
,,l\ise ,,jopl+4 ,)     ,diagrams4 ,cr[n
 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4                       
---------------------  ,,t5 ,,lectures  
,,on ,,art4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,poynt]1 ,r4,a4
 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #is4 ,new     &       
,enl>g$ ,edition4                       
---------------------  ,,b5t ,,ironwork 
,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,& ,,pr(ici5ts4 ,by      
,,am&a ,,s&]s4 ,)     #ee ,illu/rations4
 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4                 
---------------------  ,,elem5t>y       
,,draw+4 ,a few ,sugge/ions = ,/ud5ts & 
,tea*]s4 ,by ,h4     ,,fo/] ,,newey4    
,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4      
---------------------  ,a ,,treatise    
,,on ,,practical ,,plane ,,& ,,solid    
,,geometry4 ,conta9+ ,solutions     to !
 ,hon\rs ,que/ions set at ! ,exam9ations
 ( ! ,sci5ce &     ,art ,dep>tm5t       
7#ahhg-ahif7 inclusive4 ,fully          
,illu/rat$4 ,by ,t4 ,j4     ,,evans1    

,lectur] 9 ,geometry & ,ar*itectural    
,subjects at !     ,s\?-,we/ ,london    
,polyte*nic ,in/itute2 & ,w4 ,w4 ,f4    
,,pull51     ,:4,sc41 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41  
,head ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t1 ,s\?-,we/ 
,london ,polyte*nic ,in/itute4 ,demy    
#hvo1 #is4                              
---------------------  ,,! ,,*>act]i/ics
 ,,( ,,/yle3 ,an ,introduction to !     
,/udy ( !     ,hi/ory ( ,ornam5tal ,art4
 ,by ,r4 ,n4 ,,wornum4 ,n9? ,edition4   
,royal     #hvo1 #hs4                   
---------------------  ,,p]rot 7,g47 &  
,,*ipiez 7,c474--,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art  
,,9 ,,primitive ,,greece                
7,,myc,,nian74 ,) #eec ,illu/rations &  
#bj ,col\r$ ,plates4 #b vols4           
,imp]ial #hvo1 #dbs4                    
---------------------  ------ ------ ,a 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,art ,,9 ,,p]sia4
 ,) #bed ,illu/rations1     & #ab ,/eel 
& ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 #bas4 
---------------------  ------ ------ ,a 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,art ,,9         
,,phrygia1 ,,lydia1 ,,c>ia & ,,lycia4   

,) #bhj ,illu/rations4 ,imp]ial #hvo1   
#aes4                                   
---------------------  ------ ------ ,a 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,art ,,9         
,,s>d9ia1 ,,jud,a1 ,,syria1 & ,,asia    
,,m9or4 ,) #cie ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 
,imp]ial #hvo1 #cfs4                    
---------------------  ------ ------ ,a 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,art ,,9         
,,ph,,nicia ,,& ,,its ,,dep5d5cies4     
,) #fed ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 ,imp]ial
 #hvo1 #dbs4                            
---------------------  ------ ------ ,a 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,*ald,a ,,&     
,,assyria4 ,) #deb     ,illu/rations4 #b
 vols4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 #dbs4             
---------------------  ------ ------ ,a 
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,egypt4
 ,) #fjj ,illu/rations4 #b     vols4    
,imp]ial #hvo1 #dbs4                    
,,*apman ,,& ,,hall',s                  
,,sci5ce ,,publications4  ,illu/ration  
,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,me*anical ,,&  
,,eng9e]+ ,,draw+4 ,a ,c\rse (     ,/udy
 adapt$ to ! ,self-,in/ruction ( ,/ud5ts

 & ,appr5tices (     ,me*anical ,eng9e]+
 9 all its ,bran*es4 ,& = ! use (       
,tea*]s 9 ,te*nical & ,manual           
,in/ruction ,s*ools4 ,by ,h4            
,,holt-,,butt]fill1 ,m4,e41 =m]ly a     
,memb] ( ! ,in/itution (     ,me*anical 
,eng9e]s & ,in/itution ( ,naval         
,ar*itects4 ,)     upw>ds ( #cej        
,diagrams 9 ,illu/ration ( ! ,pr9ciples 
( !     subject4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 
---------------------  ,a ,,text-,,book 
,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,wilfrid
 ,j4 ,,l9eham1     ,m4,i4,me*4,e41 ,head
 ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t at ! ,goldsmi?s'
     ,company's ,in/itute1 ,new ,cross4 
,second ,edition4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4
                                        
---------------------  ,,ma*9e          
,,con/ruction ,,& ,,draw+ 7,elem5t>y &  
,advanc$74 ,a ,key to     ! ,exam9ations
 ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,by      
,,h5ry ,,adams1     ,m4,in/4,c4,e41     
,m4,in/4,m4,e41 ,f4,s4,i41 c41 ,pr(essor
 ( ,eng9e]+ at     ! ,city ( ,london    
,college4 #b vols4 ,cr[n #hvo #bs4 #f;d4

 ea*4                                   
---------------------  ,,illu/rations   
,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,natural ,,ord]s ,,(
 ,,! ,,vegetable     ,,k+dom4 ,by ,d4   
,,oliv]1 ,f4,r4,s41 late ,pr(essor (    
,botany1 ,univ]sity     ,college1       
,london4 ,new ,edition4 #aji ,plates1   
col\r$4 ,royal #hvo4 #afs4              
---------------------  ,,practical      
,,plane ,,& ,,solid ,,geometry4 ,a      
,treatise conta9+ ,solutions to     !   
,hon\rs ,que/ions set at ! ,exam9ations 
( ! ,sci5ce & ,art     ,dep>tm5t        
7#ahhg-ahif7 inclusive4 ,fully          
,illu/rat$4 ,by ,t4 ,j4 ,,evans     &   
,w4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,pull51 ,:4,sc41           
,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,s\?-,we/ ,london      
,polyte*nic ,in/itute4 ,demy #hvo4 #is4 
---------------------  ,,key ,,to       
,,exam9ations ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art    
,,dep>tm5t4 ,subject                    
,,iii4--,,build+ ,,con/ruction4 ,by     
,,h5ry ,,adams1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e41         
,m4,in/4,m4,e41 c41 ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+
 at ! ,city ( ,london     ,college4     

,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4                        
---------------------  ,,practical      
,,plane ,,& ,,solid ,,geometry4 ,a ,key 
to ! ,exam9ations ( !     ,sci5ce & ,art
 ,dep>tm5t4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,angel1 ,lectur]
 on ,geometry at     ! ,birkbeck        
,in/itute1 ,woolwi* ,polyte*nic1 c4     
,gold ,m$alli/4     ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4    
#f;d4                                   
---------------------  ,,me*anical      
,,eng9e]s' ,,pocket-,,book4 ,a ,ref]5ce 
,book ( ,rules1 ,tables1     ,data1 &   
,=mul1 = ! ,use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 &
     ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,william ,,k5t1      
,a4,m41 ,m4,e41 ,consult+ ,eng9e]4      
#a1ajj     pages4 #abmo1 morocco flap4  
#bas4 net4                              
---------------------  ,,civil          
,,eng9e]s' ,,pocket-,,book (            
,m5suration1 ,trigonometry1 ,survey+1   
,hydraulics1 ,hydro/atics1 ,in/rum5ts & 
_! adju/m5ts1     ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials1   
,masonry1 ,pr9ciples ( ,wood5 & ,iron   
,ro(     & ,bridge ,trusses1 ,/one      
,bridges & ,culv]ts1 ,tre/les1 ,pill>s1 

,susp5sion ,bridges1 ,dams1 ,railroads1 
,turn\ts1 ,turn+ ,plat=ms1     ,wat]    
,/ations1 ,co/ ( ,e>?work1 ,f\ndations1 
,reta9+-,walls1 c4     ,9 addition to   
:i* ! elucidation ( c]ta9 important     
,pr9ciples     ( ,con/ruction is made 9 
a m simple mann] ?an h]et(ore4 ,by      
,j4 ,c4 ,,trautw9e1 ,c4,e4 #abmo1       
morocco flaps1 gilt edges4 ,sev5te5?    
edition1 #dg? ?\s&4 ,revis$ & enl>g$1 ) 
new     ,illu/rations1 by ,j4 ,c4       
,,trautw9e1 ,junr41 ,c4,e4 #bas4 net4   
---------------------  ,,! ,,mat]ials   
,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,by ,j4 ,b4          
,,johnson4 ,l>ge #hvo4 #hjj pages4      
#fej ,illu/rations1 #aa ,plates1 &      
,complete ,index4 #bes4 net4            
---------------------  ,,! ,,me*anical  
,,eng9e]+ ,,( ,,p[] ,,plants4 ,by       
,pr(essor ,,fr$]ick ,r4     ,,hutton1   
,columbia ,univ]sity4 #hvo4 #bas4 net4  
---------------------  ,,high]          
,,ma!matics3 a ,text-,book = ,classical 
& ,eng9e]+     ,colleges4 ,edit$ by ,m4 
,,m]riman & ,r4 ,s4 ,,woodw>d4 #hvo4    

#bls4 net4                              
---------------------  ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 
,by ,,cecil ,h4 ,,peabody & ,e4 ,f4     
,,mill]1 ,pr(essor (     ,m>9e ,eng9e]+ 
& ,naval ,ar*itecture4 #hvo4 #ags4 net4 
,,diagrams ,,= ,,class ,,tea*+4         
7,adapt$ to ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce &
 ,art ,dep>tm5t47  ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(  
,,m9+4 ,arrang$ by ,e4 ,t4 ,,h[>d1      
,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s 1 &     ,e4 ,w4        
,,small1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,^! 
,diagrams h be5 arrang$     9 accordance
 ) ! li/ giv5 9 ! ,directory ( ,sci5ce &
     ,art 7#ahie74 ,! object has be5 to 
supply a really useful selection     at 
a v mod]ate co/4 ,twelve %eets1 size #cj
 94 by #dj 94 ,price     #bas4 net2 on  
roll]s & v>ni%$1 #b #bs4 net4           
,,t]re/rial ,,& ,,a/ronomical ,,ph5om5a 
,,& ,,objects4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,gregory1   
,f4,r4,a4,s41 au?or ( 8,elem5t>y        
,physiography10 8,! ,planet ,e>?10      
c4 ,^! diagrams h be5 prep>$ to         
illu/rate ,ph5om5a &     ,objects :i* _c
 be exp]im5tally demon/rat$ or easily   

obs]v$4 ,x is believ$ t !y w n only be (
 value 9     ,dep>tm5tal ,classes1 b    
also 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools :]e ,physical  
,geography is taught4 ,twelve %eets1    
size #cj 94 by #dj 94 ,price #bas4      
net2 on roll]s & v>ni%$1 #b #bs4 net4   
---------------------                   
,,botanical4  ,,illu/rat+ ,a ,,practical
 ,,me?od ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,botany4 ,by      
,pr(essor     ,,h5sl[1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,n9e   
%eets col\r$1 #db 94 by #ca 941 #b2 on  
roll]s & v>ni%$1 #c #cs4                
,,ma*9e ,,details4  ,,sixte5 ,,col\r$   
,,diagrams4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,unw94 #ca 94
 by #bc 941 #b     #bs42 on roll]s &    
v>ni%$1 #c #ads4                        
,,models4                               
,,syllabus ,,( ,,art ,,exam9ations4     
,m9ute by ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4     
,,model ,,draw+1                        
,,elem5t>y ,,& ,,advanc$ ,,/ages4       
,models & ,vases prescrib$ by ! ,sci5ce 
& ,art ,dep>tm5t = ! use at ! above ,art
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be5 duly approv$ by ! ,au?orities1 &    

specially manufactur$ = ,,*apman        
,,hall1 ,,limit$4                    ,! 
,entire ,collection consi/s (--   #a4   
,,vase--,bottle4                        
#h4  ,,hexagonal ,,prism4  #b4          
,,vase--,majolica ,vase4                
#i4  ,,triangul> ,,prism4  #c4          
,,vase--,l>ge ,e>!nw>e ,vase4           
#aj4 ,,squ>e ,,prism4  #d4              
,,cube--,l>ge4                          
#aa4 ,,squ>e ,,pyramid4  #e4            
,,cube--,small4                         
#ab4 ,,skeleton ,,cube4  #f4  ,,cone4   
#ac4 ,,sph]e4  #g4  ,,cyl9d]4           
#ad4 ,,r+4                      ,price 9
 box1 complete1 #d net4     ,set =      
,elem5t>y ,/age 7,subject #c;,a--,fir/  
,figure71 #b #afs4 net4      ,set =     
,advanc$ ,/age 7,subject #c;,a--,second 
,figure71 #a #ds4 net4                  
------------------------------------    
,,ca/s4                           ,a    
,,catalogue ,,( ,,ca/s1      ,especially
 select$ = ! use ( ,s*ools ( ,art1 ,art 
,classes1      ,te*nical ,s*ools &      

,public & ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,price #as4
  ,?is ,catalogue conta9s ,illu/rations 
( #dbc diff]5t ,ca/s1 a great numb] (   
:i* are made by ,messrs4 ,*apman  ,hall 
f orig9al & copyright designs1 & f      
exhibits 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,!  
selection & manufacture are "u ! p]sonal
 sup]vision ( ! ,art ,ma/] ( "o ( !     
l>ge/ ,art ,s*ools ( ,engl&4            
,,notice4--,! above diagrams1 models1   
c41 c be inspect$ 9 ! ,%[ ,room (       
,messrs4 ,*apman & ,hall's premises1    
toge!r ) a va/ assortm5t ( me*anical &  
o!r models1 vases1 diagrams1 & draw+    
examples4 ,catalogues po/ free4         
------------------------------------    
,,london3 ,,*apman  ,,hall1 ,,ltd41     
,ag5ts to ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note  ,"s inconsi/5cies 9
 =matt+ conv5tions h be5 correct$1 )\t  
fur!r m5tion4 ,occasionally1 diacritical
 m>ks are us$ 7or n us$7 inconsi/5tly z 
well1 & has be5 made regul> to          

facilitate se>*es4  ,! comp\nd ^w       
#8salt-cell>' is giv5 bo? ) & )\t !     
hyph54 ,!y h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4  ,any  
errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s 
h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,!       
ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 !        
orig9al4 ,! foll[+ issues %\ld be not$1 
along ) ! resolutions4    xiv4#af       
,salt-celle_/ar1 portions (1 by ,pi]re  
,replac$4            ,raymond   #aa4;f#h
    ,e>!rnw>e ,plaque2 ,alcora ,w>e4    
,remov$4   #hc4ai    ,! glaze gives a   
slightly unev5 surface    ,ins]t$4      
#afg4d    plat$ ) gold4                 
,re/or$4   #bgb4f    ,?is celebrat$     
furnitut_/re                  ,replac$4 
#cai4ah   = george\s col\r+             
,remov$4   #cfa4cc   !re has be5 sev]al 
attempts              sic3 h   #chb4d   
kn[n z 8flgelglsser0                    
,remov$4