,,! ,,arts ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,annunciation4 ,fac-simile ( a ,m9iature f ! 8,h\rs0 ( ,anne de ,bretagne =m]ly belong+ to ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis 7,libr>y ( ,m4 ,a4 ,firm9 ,didot47 ,,! ,,arts ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,,by ,,paul ,,lacroix 7,bibliophile ,jacob71 ,,curator ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,libr>y ,,( ,,! ,,ars5al1 ,,p>is4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,,n9ete5 ,,*romoli?ographic ,,pr9ts ,,by ,f4 ,,kell]hov5 ,,& ,,upw>ds ,,( ,,f\r ,,hundr$ ,,engrav+s ,,on ,,wood4 ,,f\r? ,,?\s&4 ,,london3 ,,bick]s ,,& ,,son1 #a1 ,,leice/] ,,squ>e4 ,illu/ration ,,preface ,,( ,,! ,,editor4 ,! aim & scope ( ?is "w are s explicitly set =? 9 ! app5d$ ,preface by its ,au?or z to require = ! book no fur!r introduction4 ,! position held by ,m4 ,,lacroix 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ! ,ars5al1 ,p>is1 is a suffici5t gu>antee ( 8 qualifications = und]tak+ a publication ( ?is nature4 ,h[ f> 8 lab\rs 7 appreciat$ 9 ,france is evid5t f ! fact t1 :5 ! fir/ edition made its appe>ance1 x 0 exhau/$ )9 a few days4 ,x may fairly be presum$ t ,,! ,,arts ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages w f9d equal fav\r 9 ,engl&1 :]e s mu* att5tion has ( late ye>s be5 giv5 to ! subject 9 all its v>i\s ramifications2 & :]e1--9 our ,national ,museum1 ,k5s+ton1 especially1--we are accumulat+ s ext5sive & valuable a collection ( objects associat$ ) ! epo*s ref]r$ to by ,m4 ,,lacroix4 ,9 prep>+ ^! %eets = ! press1 my task has be5 little m ?an to put an excell5t & consci5ti\s lit]al translation ( ! ,fr5* text into language some:at 9 h>mony ) ! con/ruction ( our own4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 x has be5 my object to reta91 z f> z practicable1 ! peculi>--sometimes ! qua9t--phraseology ( ! orig9al writ+4 ,a few notes are add$ :5 !y appe>$ necess>y by way ( expla9+ t]ms1 c41 or to r5d] !m m intelligible to ! g5]al read]4 ,b "s words are us$ by ! ,au?or = :i* no ,engli% equival5t c be f\nd3 ^! h be5 all[$ to /& )\t note or comm5t4 ,,james ,,daf=ne4 ,,brixton1 ,febru>y1 #ahgj4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,fr5* ,,edition4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago we publi%$1 ) ! aid ( our fri5d ,f]d9& ,sr1 ^: loss we regret1 & ) ! co-op]ation ( o!r le>n$ m5 & ( ! mo/ em95t writ]s & arti/s1 an important "w1 entitl$ 8,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,& ,,! ,,r5aissance40 ,t "w1 :i* consi/s ( no less ?an five l>ge qu>to volumes1 treat$ 9 detail ! mann]s & cu/oms1 ! sci5ces1 lit]ature1 & ! arts ( ^? two great epo*s1 a subject z va/ z x is int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,?anks to ! le>n+ x displays1 to its lit]>y m]it & its admirable execution1 x _h ! r>e good =tune to attract imm$iately ! att5tion ( ! public1 & ev5 n[ x ma9ta9s ! int]e/ :i* m>k$ its fir/ appe>ance4 ,x has tak5 its place 9 ! libr>y ( ! amateur1 n only 9 ,france b also among =eign]s2 x has become celebrat$4 ,?is exceptional result1 especially z reg>ds a publication ( su* ext5t1 induces u to believe t our "w1 ?us kn[n & appreciat$ by ! le>n$1 may & ought h5ce=? to h /ill great] success by address+ itself to a yet l>g] numb] ( read]s4 ,) ?is conviction we n[ pres5t to ! public "o ( ! pr9cipal portions ( t important "w1 & p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+1 9 a =m m simple1 easi]1 & m pleas+2 )9 ! rea* ( y\? :o desire to le>n )\t we>9ess or irksom5ess1 ( females int]e/$ 9 grave au?ors1 ( ! family t loves to assemble r\nd a book altoge!r in/ructive & attractive4 ,we w\ld speak ( ! 8,,arts ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance40 ,aft] hav+ reunit$ ! scatt]$ mat]ials on ?is subject1 we h rang$ !m ea* 9 its own rank1 tak+ c>e to disc>d all crudity ( le>n+ & to pres]ve 9 our "w ! brilliant col\r+ 9 :i* x 0 fir/ clo!d4 ,all ! ,arts are int]e/+ 9 !mselves4 ,_! productions awak5 att5tion & excite curiosity4 ,b "h x is n "o ,art only t is treat$ (4 ,we pass 9 review all ! ,arts1 />t+ f ! f\r? c5tury to ! second half ( ! sixte5?--,ar*itecture rais+ *ur*es & abbeys1 palaces & public memorials1 /rong =tresses & ! ramp>ts ( cities2 ,sculpture adorn+ & p]fect+ o!r ,arts by its works 9 /one1 m>ble1 bronze1 wood1 & ivory2 ,pa9t+1 comm5c+ ) mosaic & enamels1 contribut+ to ! decoration ( build+s jo9tly ) /a9$ glass & frescoes1 embelli%+ & illum9at+ manuscripts be=e x arriv$ at its highe/ po9t ( p]fection1 ) ! ,art ( ,giotto & ,raphael1 ( ,heml+ & ,alb]t ,dr]2 ,engrav+ on wood & metal1 ) :i* is associat$ ! "w ( ! m$alli/ & ! goldsmi?2 & aft] attempt+ to t\* ^u ,play+-c>ds & ,niello-"w1 we sudd5ly evoke t sublime inv5tion de/9$ to *ange ! face ( ! _w--,pr9t+4 ,su* are1 9 brief1 "s ( ! pr9cipal features ( ?is spl5did picture4 ,"o c imag9e :at an inf9ity1 :at v>iety & ri*ness1 ( details x %\ld conta94 ,our subject pres5ts1 at ! same "t1 ano!r k9d ( int]e/ m elevat$ & n less allur+4 ,"h ea* ,art appe>s 9 its diff]5t phases & 9 its div]sifi$ progress4 ,x is a hi/ory1 n alone ( ! ,arts1 b ( ! epo* itself 9 :i* !y 7 develop$2 = ! ,arts1 reg>d$ 9 _! g5]ality1 are ! true/ expression ( society4 ,!y speak to u ( ta/es1 ( ideas1 ( "*3 !y exhibit u 9 _! works4 ,( all an age c leave to ! future conc]n+ itself1 t :i* repres5ts x mo/ vividly is ,art3 ! ,arts ( an epo* revivify x1 & br+ x back be=e our eyes4 ,x is ?is :i* =ms our book4 ,yet1 we mu/ rem>k1 "h its int]e/ is r$\bl$1 = we retrace n only a s+le era1 b two eras v di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! fir/1 t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* foll[$ ! invasion ( ! ,nor?m51 society 0 9 a great measure =m$ ( new & b>b>\s elem5ts1 :i* ,*ri/ianity lab\r$ to break up & fa%ion4 ,9 ! second epo*1 on ! contr>y1 society 0 organis$ & firmly e/abli%$2 x enjoy$ peace1 & reap$ its fruits4 ,! ,arts foll[$ ! same phases4 ,at fir/ rude & in=mal1 !y rose sl[ly & by degrees1 l society1 out ( *aos4 ,at l5g? !y n\ri%$ 9 p]fect fre$om1 & progress$ ) all ! en]gy ( :i* ! human m9d is capable4 ,h5ce ! successive advances ^: hi/ory pres5ts a m>vell\s int]e/4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,art g5]ally foll[$ ! inspirations ( t ,*ri/ian _s :i* presid$ at ! =mation ( ?is new _w4 ,x arose to reproduce 9 an admirable mann] ! religi\s ideal4 ,only t[>ds ! end ( t p]iod x se>*$ out = beauty ( =m1 & began to f9d x :5 ! ,r5aissance made its appe>ance3 ! ,r5aissance1 t is1 ! intellectual revolution1 :i*1 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 re/or$ among mod]n nations ! sceptre to ,lit]ature & ! ,arts ( antiquity4 ,!n1 ) ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,arts *ang$ _! direction1 & especially ! pr9cipal ,arts1 ^? by :i* ! g5ius ( man expresses mo/ =cibly 8 ideas & 8 feel+s4 ,?us1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a new /yle ( ar*itecture is creat$ t rapidly atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 ! ogival 7lat] ,go?ic or flamboyant71 ( :i* we see ! *efs-d'uvre 9 our ca!drals3 at ! ,r5aissance1 ?is 0 replac$ by ar*itecture d]iv$ f t ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :i* also produc$ admirable works1 b almo/ always less 9 h>mony ) ! dignity & spl5d\r ( wor%ip4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,pa9t+ *iefly appli$ itself to repres5t ! beau idal ( ! religi\s m9d reflect+ itself 9 ! c\nt5ance2 at ! ,r5aissance1 x is ! beauty ( ! physical =m1 s p]fectly express$ by ! anci5ts4 ,sculpture1 :i* comes ne>] to ,pa9t+1 foll[$ at ! same "t all simil> phases1 draw+ ! art ( ,engrav+ ) x4 ,d n ! div]sifi$ *anges ?r\gh :i* ! ,arts pass$1 z retrac$ 9 ?is book dur+ two epo*s1 pres5t to ! intellig5t read] a succession ( facts ( ! highe/ int]e/ & a hi/ory mo/ in/ructive8 ,our "w is ! only exi/+ "o on ?is great & magnific5t subject1 ( :i* ! mat]ials are scatt]$ ?r\gh a multitude ( volumes4 ,?us = ! success ( ?is und]tak+ x became necess>y to unite ) u 9 our task m5 mo/ di/+ui%$ by _! le>n+ & tal5ts3 we are p]mitt$ to cite ! names ( ,,mm4 ,erne/ ,breton1 ,aim ,*ampollion1 ,*ampollion-,figeac1 ,pi]re ,dubois1 ,du*esne1 ,f]d9& ,d5is1 ,jacquem>t1 ,ar*4 ,juv9al1 ,jules ,lab>te1 ,lassus1 ,l\&re1 ,prosp] ,mrime1 ,alfr$ ,mi*iels1 ,gabriel ,peignot1 ,riocreux1 ,de ,saulcy1 ,jean ,designeur1 le ,m>quis de ,v>5nes4 ,aft] su* a li/ we record our own "n only to ackn[l$ge t we h gone ov] & reca/ ^! v>i\s works1 & pres5t$ !m 9 a =m :i* gives !m m unity1 b owes to !m all ! int]e/ & all ! *>m x may (f]4 ,! num]\s illu/rations t adorn ! "w w engage ! eye1 :ile ! text w speak to ! intellig5ce4 ,! designs 9 *romoli?ography are execut$ by ,m4 ,kell]hov51 :o = sev]al ye>s has made ! art "o ( a high ord]1 wor?y to %9e among ! f9e/ works ( our greate/ pa9t]s1 z is prov$ by 8 8,*efs-d'uvre ( ! ,great ,ma/]s10 8,lives ( ! ,sa9ts10 & 8,leg5d ( ,/4 ,ursula40 ,no "o is ignorant ( ! att5tion giv5 9 ^! days to ar*ology4 ,in=mation ab\t objects ( antiquity is necess>y to e in/ruct$ p]son4 ,x ought to be /udi$ s f> z to enable u to appreciate1 or at lea/ to recognise1 ! examples ( old5 "t 9 ,ar*itecture1 ,pa9t+1 c41 t pres5t !mselves to our notice4 ,?us x has become = ! "y ( ea* sex indisp5sable to good education4 ,! p]usal ( ?is book w be = su* an attractive introduction to t k :i* = too long a "t 0 ! exclusive doma9 ( ! le>n$4 ,,paul ,,lacroix 7,bibliophile ,jacob74 ,illu/ration ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,furniture3 ,,h\sehold ,,& ,,ecclesia/ical #a ,simplicity ( ,furniture among ! ,gauls & ,franks4--,introduction ( co/ly ta/e 9 articles ( ,furniture ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury4--,arm-*air ( ,dagob]t4--,r\nd ,table ( ,k+ ,artus4--,influ5ce ( ! ,crusades4--,regal ,banquet 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,v4--,b5*es4--,sidebo>ds4--,d9n] ,s]vices4--,goblets4--,brassw>e4--,casks 4--,light+4--,b$s4--,c>v$-wood ,furniture4--,locksmi?'s ,"w4--,glass & ,mirrors4--,room ( a ,feudal ,seigneur4--,co/l9ess ( ,furniture us$ = ,ecclesia/ical ,purposes4--,alt>s4--,c5s]s4--,%r9es & ,reliqu>ies4--,grat+s & ,iron-m\nt+s4 ,,tape/ry #cg ,scriptural ,orig9 ( ,tape/ry4--,ne$lework ,embroid]y 9 ,anci5t ,greek & ,roman ,times4--,attalic ,c>pets4--,manufacture ( ,c>pets 9 ,cloi/]s4--,manufactory at ,poiti]s 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,bayeux ,tape/ry1 nam$ 8,de la ,re9e ,ma?ilde40--,arras ,c>pets4--,inv5tory ( ! ,tape/ries ( ,*>les ,v42 enorm\s ,value ( ^! ,embroid]$ ,hang+s4--,manufactory at ,fonta9ebleau1 "u ,francis ,i4--,! ,manufacture ( ! ,hpital de la ,tr9it1 at ,p>is4--,! ,tape/ry ,work]s1 ,dub\rg & ,laur5t1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4--,factories ( ,savonn]ie & ,gobel9s4 ,,c]amic ,,art #ec ,pott]y ,work%ops 9 ! ,gallo-,romano ,p]iod4--,c]amic ,art disappe>s = sev]al ,c5turies 9 ,gaul3 is aga9 f\nd 9 ! ,t5? & ,elev5? ,c5turies4--,probable ,influ5ce ( ,arabian ,art 9 ,spa94--,orig9 ( ,majolica4--,luca della ,robbia & 8 ,successors4--,enamell$ ,tiles 9 ,france1 dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,! ,italian ,manufactories ( ,fa5za1 ,rim9i1 ,pes>o1 c4--,beauvais ,pott]y4--,inv5tion & ,works ( ,b]n>d ,palissy2 8 ,hi/ory2 8 ,*efs-d'uvre4--,! ,faence ( ,?\>s1 call$ 8,h5ri ,,ii40 ,,arms ,,& ,,arm\r #ge ,arms ( ! ,"t ( ,*>lemagne4--,arms ( ! ,normans at ! ,"t ( ! ,conque/ ( ,engl&4--,progress ( ,arm\ry "u ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,crusades4--,! ,coat ( ,mail4--,! ,crossb[4--,! ,haub]k & ! ,hoqueton4--,! ,helmet1 ! ,hat ( ,iron1 ! ,c]velire1 ! ,greaves1 & ! ,gauntlet2 ! ,brea/plate & ! ,cui%4--,! ,casque ) ,vizor4--,pla9 ,arm\r & ,ribb$ ,arm\r4--,! ,salade ,helmet4--,co/l9ess ( ,arm\r4--,inv5tion ( ,gunp[d]4--,bomb>ds4--,h&-,cannons4--,! ,culv]91 ! ,falconet4--,! ,arquebus ) ,metal-hold]1 ) ,mat*1 & ) ,:eel4--,! ,gun & ! ,pi/ol4 ,,c>riages ,,& ,,saddl]y #ajg ,horseman%ip among ! ,anci5ts4--,! ,rid+-horse & ! ,c>riage-horse4--,*>iots arm$ ) ,scy!s4--,vehicles ( ! ,romans1 ! ,gauls1 & ! ,franks3 ,c>ruca1 ! ,petoritum1 ! ,cisium1 ! ,pla/rum1 ! ,ba/]na1 ! ,c>p5tum4--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,saddle-horses 9 ! ,days ( ,*ivalry4--,! ,spur a di/9ctive ,sign ( ,nobility3 its ,orig94--,! ,saddle1 its ,orig9 & its ,modifications4--,! ,tilt]4--,c>riages4--,! ,mules ( ,magi/rates4--,corporations ( ,saddl]s & ,h>ness-mak]s1 ,lorim]s1 ,coa*mak]s1 ,*apuiseurs1 ,blazonni]s1 & ,saddle-cov]]s4 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,"w #abc ,its ,antiquity4--,! ,trsor de ,gu>raz>4--,! ,m]ov+ian & ,c>lov+ian ,p]iods4--,ecclesia/ical ,jewell]y4--,pre-em95ce ( ! ,byzant9e ,goldsmi?s4--,progress ( ! ,art consequ5t on ! ,crusades4--,! ,gold & ,enamels ( ,limoges4--,jewell]y ceases to be re/rict$ to ,purposes ( ,religion4--,transp>5t ,enamels4--,jean ( ,pisa1 ,agnolo ( ,si5a1 ,ghib]ti4--,great ,pa9t]s & ,sculptors f ! ,goldsmi?s' ,work%ops4--,b5v5uto ,cell9i4--,! ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is4 ,,horology #afi ,modes ( measur+ ,"t among ! ,anci5ts4--,! ,gnomon4--,! ,wat]-,clock4--,! ,h\r-,glass4--,! ,wat]-,clock1 improv$ by ! ,p]sians & by ! ,italians4--,g]b]t inv5ts ! ,escapem5t & ! mov+ ,weights4--,! ,/rik+-bell4--,mai/re ,jehan des ,orloges4--,jacquem>t ( ,dijon4--,! fir/ ,clock 9 ,p>is4--,e>lie/ portable ,timepiece4--,inv5tion ( ! spiral ,spr+4--,fir/ appe>ance ( ,wat*es4--,! ,wat*es1 or 8,eggs10 ( ,nuremb]g4--,inv5tion ( ! ,fusee4--,corporation ( ,clockmak]s4--,not$ ,clocks at ,j5a1 ,/rasburg1 ,lyons1 c4--,*>les-,qu9t & ,jannellus4--,! ,p5dulum4 ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts #ahg ,music 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,musical ,in/rum5ts f ! ,f\r? to ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4--,w9d ,in/rum5ts3 ! ,s+le & ,d\ble ,flute1 ! ,p&ean ,pipes1 ! ,re$-pipe4--,! ,hautboy1 ! ,flageolet1 ,trumpets1 ,horns1 ,olifants1 ! ,hydraulic ,organ1 ! ,bell[s-,organ4--,in/rum5ts ( ,p]cussion3 ! ,bell1 ! ,h&-bell1 ,cymbals1 ! ,timbrel1 ! ,triangle1 ! ,bombulum1 ,drums4--,/r+$ ,in/rum5ts3 ! ,lyre1 ! ,ci!rn1 ! ,h>p1 ! ,psalt]y1 ! ,nable1 ! ,*orus1 ! ,organi/rum1 ! ,lute & ! ,guit>1 ! ,cr\t1 ! ,rote1 ! ,viola1 ! ,gigue1 ! ,mono*ord4 ,,play+-,,c>ds #bbc ,suppos$ ,date ( _! ,inv5tion4--,exi/$ 9 ,india 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,_! connection ) ! ,game ( ,*ess4--,br\ght into ,europe aft] ! ,crusades4--,fir/ ,m5tion ( a ,game ) ,c>ds 9 #acgi4--;,c>ds well kn[n 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 9 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,france1 "u ! "n ( ,t>ots4--,c>ds call$ ,*>les ! ,six?'s mu/ h be5 ,t>ots4--,anci5t ,c>ds1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,g]man4--,c>ds contribut+ to ! ,inv5tion ( ,wood-,engrav+ & ,pr9t+4 ,,glass-,,pa9t+ #bea ,pa9t+ on ,glass m5tion$ by ,hi/orians 9 ! ,?ird ,c5tury ( our ,era4--,glaz$ ,w9d[s at ,bri\de 9 ! ,six? ,c5tury4--,col\r$ ,glass at ,/4 ,john ,lat]an & ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome4--,*ur*-,w9d[s ( ! ,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies 9 ,france3 ,sa9t-,d5is1 ,s5s1 ,poiti]s1 ,*>tres1 ,rheims1 c4--,9 ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies ! ,art 0 at its ,z5i?4--,jean ,c\s94--,! ,cle/9s ( ,p>is3 ,sa9t-,g]vais4--,rob]t ,p9aigri] & 8 ,sons4--,b]n>d ,palissy decorates ! ,*apel ( ! ,ca/le ( ,ec\54--,=eign ,art3 ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,,fresco-,,pa9t+ #bfi ,! ,nature ( ,fresco4--,employ$ by ! ,anci5ts4--,pa9t+s at ,pompeii4--,greek & ,roman ,s*ools4--,mural ,pa9t+s de/roy$ by ! ,iconocla/s & ,b>b>ians4--,revival ( ,fresco1 9 ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 9 ,italy4--,fresco-,pa9t]s s9ce ,guido ( ,si5a4--,pr9cipal ,works ( ^! ,pa9t]s4--,successors ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo4--,fresco 9 ,sgraffito4--,mural ,pa9t+s 9 ,france f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,go?ic ,frescoes ( ,spa94--,mural ,pa9t+s 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&4 ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,wood1 ,,canvas1 ,,etc #bhc ,! ,rise ( ,*ri/ian ,pa9t+4--,! ,byzant9e ,s*ool4--,fir/ ,revival 9 ,italy4--,cimabue1 ,giotto1 ,fra ,angelico4--,flor5t9e ,s*ool3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4--,roman ,s*ool3 ,p]ug9o1 ,raphael4--,v5etian ,s*ool3 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 ,v]onese4--,lomb>d ,s*ool3 ,correggio1 ,p>migian9o4--,spani% ,s*ool4--,g]man & ,flemi% ,s*ools3 ,/eph5 ( ,cologne1 ,john ( ,bruges1 ,lucas van ,leyd51 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,lucas van ,crana*1 ,holbe94--,pa9t+ 9 ,france dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4--,italian ,ma/]s 9 ,france4--,jean ,c\s94 ,,engrav+ #cae ,orig9 ( ,wood-,engrav+4--,! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc4--8,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ,jesus40--,! e>lie/ ,ma/]s ( ,wood-,engrav+4--,b]n>d ,milnet4--,engrav+ 9 ,camaeu4--,orig9 ( ,engrav+ on ,metal4--,! 8,pax0 ( ,maso ,f9igu]ra4--,! e>lie/ ,engrav]s on ,metal4--,niello ,"w4--,le ,matre ( #adff4--,le ,matre ( #adhf4 ,m>t9 ,s*ngau]1 ,israel van ,meck51 ,w5ceslaus ( ,olmutz1 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,m>c ,antonio1 ,lucas van ,leyd54--,jean ,duret & ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4--,! ,dut* ,s*ool4--,! ,ma/]s ( ,engrav+4 ,,sculpture #cci ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian ,sculpture4--,/atues 9 ,gold & ,silv]4--,traditions ( ,antique ,art4--,sculpture 9 ,ivory4--,iconocla/s4--,dipty*s4--,! highe/ ,/yle ( ,sculpture foll[s ! ,phases ( ,ar*itecture4--,ca!drals & ,mona/]ies f ! ye> #ajjj4--,s*ools ( ,burgundy1 ,*ampagne1 ,norm&y1 ,lorra9e1 c4--,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,spani%1 & ,italian ,s*ools4--,ni*olas ( ,pisa & 8 ,successors4--,position ( ,fr5* ,sculpture 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4--,flor5t9e ,sculpture & ,ghib]ti4--,fr5* ,sculptors f ! ,fifte5? to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,,ar*itecture #cgc ,! ,basilica ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4--,modification ( ,anci5t ,ar*itecture4--,byzant9e ,/yle4--,=mation ( ! ,norman ,/yle4--,pr9cipal ,norman ,*ur*es4--,age ( ! ,transition f ,norman to ,go?ic4--,orig9 & ,importance ( ! ,ogive4--,pr9cipal ,edifices 9 ! pure ,go?ic ,/yle4--,! ,go?ic ,*ur*1 an ,emblem ( ! ,religi\s ,_s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,florid ,go?ic4--,flamboyant ,go?ic4--,decad5cy4--,civil & ,milit>y ,ar*itecture3 ,ca/les1 ,=tifi$ ,enclosures1 ,private ,h\ses1 ,t[n-,halls4--,italian ,r5aissance3 ,pisa1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome4--,fr5* ,r5aissance3 ,mansions & ,palaces4 ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,pap] #dac ,p>*m5t 9 ,anci5t ,times4--,papyrus4--,prep>ation ( ,p>*m5t & ,vellum 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,sale ( ,p>*m5t at ! ,fair ( ,l5dit4--,privilege ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is on ! ,sale & ,pur*ase ( ,p>*m5t4--,diff]5t ,applications ( ,p>*m5t4--,cotton ,pap] import$ f ,*9a4--,ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 conc]n+ ,pap]4--,! ,employm5t ( ,l95 ,pap]1 dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,anci5t ,wat]-,m>ks on ,pap]4--,pap] ,manufactories 9 ,france & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,,manuscripts #dbc ,manuscripts 9 ,old5 ,times4--,_! ,=m4--,mat]ials ( :i* !y 7 compos$4--,_! ,de/ruction by ! ,go?s4--,r>e at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* pres]v$ & multipli$ !m4--,copyi/s4--,transcription ( ,diplomas4--,corporation ( ,scribes & ,booksell]s4--,palography4--,greek ,writ+s4--,uncial & ,cursive ,manuscripts4--,sclavonic ,writ+s4--,lat9 ,writ]s4--,tironian ,%or?&4--,lomb>dic ,*>act]s4--,diplomatic4--,capetian4--,lu dovic9ian4--,go?ic4--,runic4-- ,visigo?ic4--,anglo-,saxon4--,iri%4 ,,m9iatures ,,9 ,,manuscripts #ddc ,m9iatures at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,! two 8,vatican0 ,virgils4--,pa9t+ ( ,manuscripts "u ,*>lemagne & ,l\is le ,dbonnaire4--,tradition ( ,greek ,art 9 ,europe4--,decl9e ( ! ,m9iature 9 ! ,t5? ,c5tury4--,orig9 ( ,go?ic ,art4--,f9e ,manuscript ( ! "t ( ,/4 ,l\is4--,cl]ical & ,lay ,m9iature-,pa9t]s4--,c>icature & ! ,grotesque4--,m9iatures 9 ,mono*rome & 9 ,grisaille4--,illum9ators at ! ,c\rt ( ,france & to ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy4--,s*ool ( ,john ,f\quet4--,italian ,m9iature-,pa9t]s4--,giulio ,clovio4--,fr5* ,s*ool "u ,l\is ,,xii4 ,,bookb9d+ #dga ,primitive ,b9d+ ( ,books4--,bookb9d+ among ! ,romans4--,bookb9d+ ) ,goldsmi?'s ,"w f ! ,fif? ,c5tury4--,*a9$ ,books4--,corporation ( ,lieurs1 or ,bookb9d]s4--,books b\nd 9 ,wood1 ) ,metal ,corn]s & ,clasps4--,fir/ ,b9d+s 9 ,lea!r1 honeycomb$ 7waffl$87 & gilt4--,description ( "s celebrat$ ,b9d+s ( ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies4--,s\rces ( ,mod]n ,bookb9d+4--,john ,grolli]4--,presid5t de ,?\4--,k+s & ,que5s ( ,france ,bibliomaniacs4--,sup]iority ( ,bookb9d+ 9 ,france4 ,,pr9t+ #dhe ,:o 0 ! ,inv5tor ( ,pr9t+8--,movable ,lett]s 9 anci5t ,times4--,block ,pr9t+4--,laur5t ,co/]4--,donati & ,specula4--,gut5b]g's ,process4--,p>tn]%ip ( ,gut5b]g & ,fau/4--,s*ff]4--,! ,may5ce ,bible4--,! ,psalt] ( #adeg4--,! 8,rationale0 ( #adei4--;,gut5b]g pr9ts by himself4--,! 8,ca?olicon0 ( #adfj4--,pr9t+ at ,cologne1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,v5ice1 & ,p>is4--,l\is ,,xi4 & ,ni*olas ,j5son4--,g]man ,pr9t]s at ,rome4--,incunabula4--,col>d ,mansion4--,caxton4--,improvem5t ( ,typographical ,processes up to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,,table ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,i4 ,,*romoli?ographs4 ,plate ,to face page #a4 ,! ,annunciation4 ,fac-simile ( ,m9iature tak5 f ! 8,h\rs0 ( ,anne de ,bretagne1 =m]ly belong+ to ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis ,,frontispiece #b4 ,di/aff & ,b$po/s ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #bj #c4 ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 ,b]nese ,tape/ry ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #df #d4 ,p>is 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,beauvais ,tape/ry #ej #e4 ,encau/ic ,tiles #eh #f4 ,bib]on ( ,h5ri ,deux ,fai5ce #fd #g4 ,casque1 ,morion1 & ,helmets #hb #h4 ,entrance ( ,que5 ,isabella ( ,bav>ia into ,p>is4 ,f ,froiss>t's 8,*ronicles0 #aah #i4 ,jewell$ ,crosses ( ! ,visigo?s1 f\nd at ,gu>raz>4 ,sev5? ,c5tury #abd #aj4 ,drageoir1 or ,table ,ornam5t4 ,g]man "w #aed #aa4 ,clock ( ,damaske5$ ,iron ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury2 & ,wat*es ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #ahj #ab4 ,francis ,i4 & ,eleanor 8 ,wife at _! ,devotions4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #bff #ac4 ,! ,dream ( ,life1 a ,fresco by ,orcagna #bgf #ad4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,agnes1 by ,m>g>et van ,eyck #cjj #ae4 ,clovis ! ,fir/ & ,clotilde 8 ,wife #ceb #af4 ,decoration ( ,la ,sa9te-,*apelle1 ,p>is #chf #ag4 ,coronation ( ,*>les ! ,fif? 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( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #cj 8 ,cross ascrib$ to ,/4 ,eloi #acg 8 ( ,gold #acj 8 ,tray & ,*alice #ca ,ar*1 ,re/oration ( a ,norman #cdc ,ar*] ( ,norm&y #gi ,ar*]s ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 ,france #hh ,arles1 ,sculptures on ,/4 ,trophimus #chd1 #che ,arm\r1 ,convex1 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #hd 8 ,knights 9 complete #hi 8 ,lion #ij 8 ( ! ,duc d',al5on #ib 8 ,pla91 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #hc ,arms ( ! ,c>dmak]s ( ,p>is #bej 8 ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is #afj ,arquebus ) ,:eel & ,mat* #ajc ,arquebusi] #ajb ,ateli] ( ,eti5ne ,delaulne #aeh ,bagpip]1 ,?irte5? ,c5tury #aii ,bann] ( ,pap]-mak]s ( ,p>is #dbb 8 ,pr9t]s-,booksell]s ( ,ang]s #dgi 8 ,pr9t]s-,booksell]s ( ,autun #dhd 8 ,saddl]s ( ,tonn]re #aba 8 ,sword-cutl]s ( ,ang]s #aje 8 ,tape/ry ,work]s ( ,lyons #ea ,bann]s ( ,corporations #afa ,banquet 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #ab ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e1 at ,trves #cgd ,basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome1 ,int]ior ( #djg ,bas-relief 9 c>v$ wood #cd ,battle-axe & ,pi/ol1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #ajd ,b$ furni%$ ) ,canopy & ,curta9s #ai ,belfry ( ,brussels #djd ,bell 9 a ,t[] ( ,si5a1 ,twelf? ,c5tury #bjf ,bells ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 ,*ime ( #bjh ,bolt ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ) ,initial #bc ,bomb>ds on fix$ & roll+ c>riages #if ,bookb9d]s' ,"w-room #dhb ,bookb9d+ = ! ,gospels #dgd 8 9 an ,unkn[n ,mat]ial #dhj 8 9 ,gold1 ) preci\s ,/ones #dgd ,bord]s3-- ,bible1 call$ ,clem5t ,,vii4's #dfc ,bible ( ,/4 ,m>tial ( ,limoges #dej ,book ( ! ,gospels1 ,eigh? ,c5tury #ddf ,book ( ! ,gospels1 ,elev5? ,c5tury #dea ,book ( ! ,gospels 9 ,lat9 #dea ,employ$ by ,john ( ,t\rnes #eai ,froiss>t's 8,*ronicles0 #dfe ,gospel 9 ,lat9 #def ,lection>y 9 ,metz ,ca!dral #ddh 8,livre d',heures0 ( ,an?ony ,vr>d #eaf 8,livre d',heures0 ( ,ge(froi ,tory #eag ,lyons ,s*ool #eah ,missal ( ,pope ,paul ,v4 #dfg 8,ovid10 ,fifte5? ,c5tury #dfe ,pray]-book ( ,l\is ( ,france #dfa ,sacram5t>y ( ,/4 !lg> #dec ,bracelet1 ,gallic #abd ,broo*1 *as$1 enamell$1 c4 #afg ,cab9et 9 damaske5$ ,iron1 inlaid #bb 8 = ,jewels #ba ,cameo-sett+ ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,v4 #adj ,cannon1 ,e>lie/ ,models ( #ih 8 ,h& #ii ,cap>ison ( ! ,horse ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic #aag ,capital ( a ,column1 ,/4 ,g5evive1 ,p>is #cib 8 8 ,/4 ,juli51 ,p>is #cib 8 8 ,! ,cle/9s1 ,p>is #cic ,c>ruca1 or ,pleasure-c>riage #ajh ,c>t drawn by ,ox51 ,fifte5? ,c5tury #aji ,ca/le ( ,m>c\ssis1 ne> ,ramb\illet #cig 8 ,c\cy1 9 its anci5t /ate #cii 8 ,v9c5nes1 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury #cii ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s1 ,int]ior ( #cia 8 ,may5ce #chh ,c5s] ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury #cb ,*a9s #afe ,*air call$ ! 8,fauteuil de ,dagob]t0 #c 8 ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan #i 8 ( ,l\ise de ,savoie #aj 8 ( ,l\is ,,ix4 #g 8 ( ! ,n9? or ,t5? ,c5tury #d ,*alice ( ! ,f\r? or ,fif? ,c5tury #ca 8 said to be ( ,/4 ,remy #ace ,*teau de ,*ambord #dji ,*ess-,play]s #bbe ,*e/ %ap$ l a ,b$1 & ,*air #bj ,*oron1 ,n9? ,c5tury #baa ,*orus ) ,s+le ,bell-end ) ,holes #aii ,*ur* ( ,m\51 ,rema9s ( ! #cgh 8 ,/4 ,agnes1 ,rome #cgg 8 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,t\rs #cgg 8 ,/4 ,paul-des-,*amps1 ,p>is #cha 8 ,/4 ,trophimus1 ,arles1 ,portal #chd1 #che 8 ,/4 ,vital1 ,rav5na #cgf ,clock1 ,a/ronomical1 ( ,/rasburg ,ca!dral #ahd 8 ( ,j5a1 9 ,g]many #ahc 8 ,portable1 ( ! "t ( ! ,valois #agh 8 ) ,:eels & ,weights #agg ,clockmak]1 ,! #agj ,cloi/] ( ! ,abbey ( ,moissac1 ,guy5ne #chf ,c(fee-pot ( ,g]man ,w>e #gb ,conc]t2 a ,bas-relief 7,norm&y7 #aic 8 & ,musical ,in/rum5ts #aid ,coop]'s ,work%op1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #af ,crossb[ ,m5 protect$ by ,%ield-be>]s #he ,cross1 ,gold-*as$ #afc ,cr\t1 ,?ree-/r+$1 ,n9? ,c5tury #bag ,cr[n ( ,su9tila1 ,k+ ( ! ,visigo?s #abe ,crozi]1 ,abbot's1 enamell$ #ach 8 ,bi%op's #ach ,cup1 ,italian ,w>e #fb 8 ( ,lapis-lazuli1 m\nt$ 9 ,gold #aeb ,diadem ( ,*>lemagne #abg ,dipty* 9 ,ivory #cde ,di%1 ,ornam5t ( a #gd ,doorways ( ! ,htel de ,s5s1 ,p>is #djc ,dragonneau1 ,d\ble-b>rel$ #aja ,dr9k+-cup ( ,agate #acd ,dwell+-room ( a ,seigneur ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury #bf ,enamell$ ,bord] ( a ,di% #fc 8 ,di%1 by ,b]n>d ,palissy #ga 8 ,t]ra-cotta #eg ,eng9e = hurl+ ,/ones #ie ,engrav+3-- ,columbus on bo>d 8 ,%ip #cbe ,f]d9& ,i4 #cce ,h]odias #cbi ,lett] ,n1 ,grotesque ,alphabet #cbg ,lutma1 ( ,gron+5 #ccg ,isaiah ) ,in/rum5t ( 8 ,m>tyrdom #cbc ,maximilian1 ,coronation ( #cba ,phal>is1 ,tyrant ( ,agrig5tum #ccc ,repose ( ! ,holy ,family #ccd ,/4 ,ca!r9e on h] ,knees #cai ,/4 ,hub]t pray+ be=e ! ,cross borne by a ,/ag #cca ,! ,holy ,virg9 #cch ,engrav+3-- ,! ,prophet ,isaiah #cbc ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild #cah ,! ,virg9 & ,infant ,jesus #caf ,ensign ( ! ,coll> ( ! ,goldsmi?s ( ,gh5t #add ,escut*eon 9 ,silv]-gilt #ade ,escut*eon ( ,france1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury #dgj ,ew] 9 ,limoges ,enamel #aeg ,fac-simile ( a ,bible ( #adef #ejc 8 8,ca?olicon0 ( #adfj #ejf 8 ,engrav+ on ,wood #dhg 8 ,inscription ,ex libris #dda 8 ,m9iature drawn ) a p5 #dej 8 ,m9iature ( a ,psalt] #dee 8 ,m9iature1 ,?irte5? ,c5tury #deg 8 ,page ( a 8,livre d',heures0 #eaj 8 ,page ( a ,psalt] ( #adei #eje 8 ,page ( ! 8,ars ,mori5di0 #die 8 ,page ( ! mo/ anci5t ,xylographic 8,donatus0 #dia 8 ,xylographic ,page ( ! 8,biblia ,paup]um0 #dic ,fiddle1 ,angel play+ on ! #bbj ,flute1 ,d\ble #aig ,fresco-,pa9t+3-- ,*ri/ & 8 ,"m #bgc ,creation1 ,! #bgh ,dea? & ! ,jew #bha ,disciples 9 ,ge?semane #bge ,fra ,angelico1 ( ,fiesole #bhb ,frat]nity ( ,cross-b[m5 #bhj ,gr\p ( ,sa9ts #bgg ,pope ,sylve/] ,i4 #bgd ,g>goyles 9 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 ,r\5 #cgb ,gate ( ,moret #dja 8 ,/4 ,john1 ,prov9s #djb ,glass-,pa9t+3-- ,citadel ( ,pallas #bfb ,flemi% ,w9d[ #bfe ,leg5d ( ! ,jew pi]c+ ! ,holy ,waf] #bfj ,/4 ,paul1 an ,enamel #bfd ,/4 ,timo?y ! ,m>tyr #bee ,temptation ( ,/4 ,m>s #bfg ,! ,prodigal ,son #beg ,w9d[1 ,evreux ,ca!dral #bfa ,goblet1 by ,b]n>d ,palissy #fi ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is c>ry+ a ,%r9e #afb ,goldsmi?s' ,/amps3-- ,*>tres #aei ,lyons #aei ,melun #aei ,orleans #aei ,gut5burg1 ,portrait ( #dib ,h>p1 ,fifte5-/r+$1 ,twelf? ,c5tury #bad 8 ,m9/rel's1 ,fifte5? ,c5tury #baf 8 ,triangul> ,saxon1 ,n9? ,c5tury #bad ,h>p] ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #bae ,h>p]s ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury #bae ,helmet ( ,don ,jaime el ,conqui/ador #hj 8 ( ,hughes1 ,vidame ( ,*lons #hb ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 ! ,camp ( ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold #aai ,horn1 or ,olifant1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury #bja 8 ,%eph]d's1 ,eigh? ,c5tury #bja ,h\r-glass ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #agc ,h\r-glass1 ,top ( #ahf ,initial ,lett]1 ,n9? ,c5tury #dgf ,initial ,lett]s f ,manuscripts #dde ,initial ,lett]s extract$ f ! 8,r\leau ,mortuaire0 ( ,/4 ,vital #ded ,jacquem>t ( ,notre-,dame at ,dijon #agf ,key ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury #bc ,k+ ,william1 z repres5t$ on 8 ,seal #gg ,knight arm$ & m\nt$ = ,w> #aad 8 ent]+ ! ,li/s #aaa 8 9 8 ,haub]k #ha ,knights1 ,combat ( #hi ,lam5t compos$ %ortly aft] ! ,dea? ( ,*>lemagne #ahh1 #ahi ,lamps ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury #ag ,lanc] ( ,william ! ,conqu]or's ,army #gg ,libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 #dge ,lute1 ,five-/r+$1 ,?irte5? ,c5tury #baf ,lyre1 ,anci5t #bji 8 ( ! ,nor? #bji ,mangonneau ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #ig ,m9iatures3-- ,anne de ,bretagne's ,pray]-book #dfh ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ,*>lemagne #ddg ,consecration ( a ,bi%op #ddi ,dante's 8,p>adiso0 #dff ,evangeli/1 ,an1 transcrib+ #dae ,f\r ,sons ( ,aymon #deh ,les ,femmes ,illu/res #dfa ,m>grave ( ,bad5's 8,livre d',heures0 #dfi ,m9iature ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury #deg ,missal ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury #deb ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,in/itut+ ! #dfd ,psalt] ( ,john1 ,duke ( ,b]ry #dfb ,psalt] ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury #dee 8,roman de ,fauvel10 f ! #dei 8,virgil10 9 ! ,vatican1 ,rome #ddd ,mirror = ,h& or ,pocket #be ,mono*ord play$ ) a ,b[ #bba ,musician s\nd+ ,milit>y ,trumpet #bjb ,musicians play+ on ! ,flute1 c4 #aih 8 8 ,viol9 #bai ,nabulum1 ,n9? ,c5tury #baa ,notre-,dame la ,gr&e ( ,poiti]s #chc 8 ,p>is #cij 8 ,r\5 #cgi ,organ1 ,great1 ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury #bjd 8 ,pneumatic1 ( ! ,f\r? ,c5tury #bjc 8 ,portable1 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #bje 8 ) s+le ,key-bo>d #bje ,organi/rum1 ,n9? ,c5tury #bac ,ox=d1 ,saloon ( ! ,s*ools #cif ,pa9t+ on ,wood1 ,canvas1 c43-- ,baptism ( ,k+ ,clovis #bhf ,*ri/ cr[n$ ) ,?orns #cjd ,portrait ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci #bib ,pr9cess ,sibylla ( ,saxony #cje ,/4 ,ursula #cjb ,sket* ( ! ,virg9 ( ,alba #cab ,! ,holy ,family #bid ,! ,holy ,virg91 ,/4 ,george1 & ,/4 ,donat #cjj ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t #caa ,! ,patri>* ,job #bij ,! ,tribute ,money #cji ,pap]-mak]1 ,! #dbj ,p5dant1 adorn$ ) ,diamonds1 c4 #afd 8 aft] a ,design by ,b5v5uto ,cell9i #aej ,play+-,c>ds3-- ,anci5t ,fr5* #bcf ,buffoon1 f a ,pack ( ,t>ots #bcj ,*>les ,,vi4 on 8 ,?rone #bcc ,engrav+s1 ,col\r$1 analog\s to ,play+-,c>ds #bbg ,f a ,game ( 8,logic0 #bde ,g]man ,r\nd-%ap$ #bdg ,italian ,t>ots #bdb ,ju/ice #bca ,k+ ( ,acorns #bdd ,knave ( ,clubs #bch ,knight f a ,pack engrav$ by 8,! ,ma/] ( #adff0 #bdi ,la ,damoiselle #bdh ,moon1 ,! #bca ,roxana1 ,que5 ( ,he>ts #bdb ,specim5 ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #bcf ,?ree & ,eight ( ,bells #bdc ,two ( a ,pack ( ,g]man ,lansqu5et #bde ,two ( ,bells #bdd ,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels #daj ,pott]y ,figures1 ,fragm5ts ( #fh 8 ,ornam5tation on #fg ,pr9t]s' ,m>ks1 ,arnold de ,keys]1 ,gh5t #eaa 8 8 ,bonav5ture & ,elsevi]1 ,leyd5 #ebj 8 8 ,col>d ,mansion1 ,bruges #eab 8 8 ,eu/ace1 ,w4 #dhc 8 8 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] #eaa 8 8 ,galliot du ,pr1 ,p>is #eac 8 8 ,gr>d ,leeu1 ,g\we #eaa 8 8 ,gryphe1 ,lyons #eae 8 8 ,j4 ,le ,noble1 ,troyes #eae 8 8 ,philippe le ,noir1 c41 ,p>is #ead 8 8 ,plant91 ,antw]p #eae 8 8 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 ,p>is #eae 8 8 ,vo/re1 ,simon1 ,p>is #eac 8 8 ,temporal1 ,lyons #ead 8 8 ,tre*sel1 ,lyons #eab ,pr9t+-(fice1 ,int]ior ( a #dii ,psalt]ion1 ,p]=m] on ! #bab 8 ,twelf? ,c5tury #baa ,psalt]y1 ,buckle-%ap$ #baa 8 to produce a prolong$ ,s\nd #baj ,r]$os 9 ,c>v$ ,bone #cfc ,rebec ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #bba ,read+-desk ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #cc ,reliqu>y1 ,byzant9e #abi 8 ,silv]-gilt #adc ,r+s #afe ,rote1 ,david play+ on a #bah ,saddle-clo?1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #aah ,salt-cell>1 ,enamell$ #aee 8 ,int]ior base ( #aef ,sambute1 or ,sackbut1 ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury #bjb ,san/]re1 z repres5t$ on 8 ,seal #gi ,saufang1 ( ,/4 ,cecilia's at ,cologne1 ,! #bjf ,sc5t-box 9 ,*as$ ,gold #adb ,scribe or ,copyi/ 9 8 ,"w-room #dcb ,sculpture3-- ,alt> ( ,ca/or #cdj ,alt> ( ,jupit] ,c]aunus #cda ,bas-relief ( ,dagob]t ,i4 #cdg ,citiz5s reliev+ ,poor ,s*ol>s #cea ,coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,sigismund #cfj ,fragm5t ( a ,r]$os 9 ,bone #cfc ,francis ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 on ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold #cfi ,g>goyles on ! ,palace ( ,ju/ice1 ,r\5 #cgb ,roman ,triumphal ,ar* #cdb 8,le ,bon ,dieu10 ,p>is #cfd ,/4 ,eloi #cff ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ prea*+ #cfh ,/4 ,juli5 & 8 ,wife convey+ ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 _! boat #cfb ,/atue ( ,philip ,*abot #cgj ,/atue ( ,dagob]t ,i4 #cdg ,/atue said to be ( ,clovis ,i4 #cec ,/atues on ,b\rges ,ca!dral #ceg ,/atuette ( ,/4 ,avit #cfa ,/one ,tomb #cdc ,! 8,beau ,dieu d',ami5s0 #cee ,! ,entombm5t #cga ,tomb ( ,dagob]t #cdi ,seal ( ! ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is #aei 8 ,k+ ( ,la ,baso*e #dai ,seal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d #dgh 8 ,univ]sity ( ,p>is #dag ,seals #aff ,seats1 ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies #h ,s$an ,*air ( ,*>les ,v4 #abj ,%r9e 9 ,copp]-gilt #acb ,%r9e 9 ,limoges #aca 8 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #adg ,soldi]s1 ,gallo-,romano #gf ,spurs1 ,g]man & ,italian #aac ,/aircase ( a ,t[] #cih ,/all ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #cc ,/alls 9 ,/4 ,b5ot-sur-,loire #ce ,sword ( ,*>lemagne #abf ,syr9x1 ,sev5-tub$ #aig ,table ( ,k+ ,artus ( ,brittany #e ,tape/ry3-- ,con/ruction ( ,boats = ! ,conqu]or #dd ,hunt+ ,sc5e #di ,m>riage ( ,l\is ,,xii4 & ,anne ( ,brittany #df ,m\nt$ ,m5 ( ,duke ,william's army #de ,! ,weav] #ej ,t9t9nabulum1 or ,h&-bell #bjf ,tol$o1 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture at #cic ,t\r de ,nesle1 ,p>is #djj ,t\rnam5t ,helmet1 screw$ on ! ,brea/plate #hb ,t\rnam5t ,saddles1 ornam5t$ ) ,pa9t+s #aaf ,tree ( ,jesse4 ,f a ,m9iature #aie ,triangle ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury #bbb ,trumpet1 ,curv$1 ,elev5? ,c5tury #bjj 8 ,/raight1 ) ,/& #bjj ,tympanum ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury #bjh ,vase ( ,rock-cry/al1 m\nt$ 9 ,silv]-gilt #aeb ,vases ( anci5t %ape #ed1 #ee ,vielle1 ,juggl] play+ on a #bbj 8 ,oval #bbj 8 ,play] on ! #bbj ,wat*es ( ! ,valois ,epo* #aha ,wat]-jug1 ,f\r-h&l$ #gb ,wat]-m>ks on ,pap] #dba ,w9d[ ) ,/one ,seats #cih ,wood-block cut 9 ,france1 ab\t #addj #dhh 8 ,pr9t cut 9 ,fl&]s #dhf ,writ+ ,caligraphic ,ornam5t #ddb 8 ,cursive1 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #dci 8 ,diplomatic1 ( ! ,t5? ,c5tury #dch 8 ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury #dcf1 #dcg 8 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #ddb 8 ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury #ddj 8 ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury #dce1 #dcf 8 ( ! ,six? ,c5tury #dce 8 ( ! ,t5? ,c5tury #dcg 8 ,tironian1 ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury #dcg 8 ,title & ,capital ,lett]s ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury #dce ,illu/ration ,,! ,,arts ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages1 ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,,furniture3 ,,ord9>y ,,h\sehold1 ,,& ,,app]ta9+ ,,to ,,ecclesia/ical ,,purposes4 ,simplicity ( ,furniture among ! ,gauls & ,franks4--,introduction ( co/ly ta/e 9 articles ( ,furniture ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury4--,arm-*air ( ,dagob]t4--,r\nd ,table ( ,k+ ,artus4--,influ5ce ( ! ,crusades4--,regal ,banquet 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,v4--,b5*es4--,sidebo>ds4--,d9n] ,s]vices4--,goblets4--,brassw>e4--,casks 4--,light+4--,b$s4--,c>v$ ,wood ,furniture4--,locksmi?'s ,"w4--,glass & ,mirrors4--,room ( a ,feudal ,seigneur4--,co/l9ess ( ,furniture us$ = ,ecclesia/ical ,purposes4--,alt>s4--,c5s]s4--,%r9es & ,reliqu>ies4--,grat+s & ,iron-m\nt+s4 ,we %all be readily believ$ :5 we ass]t t ! furniture us$ by our remote ance/ors1 ! ,gauls1 0 ( ! mo/ rude simplicity4 ,a p ess5tially addict$ to w> & hunt+1--at ! be/1 agriculturi/s1--hav+ = _! temples ! =e/s1 = _! dwell+s huts =m$ out ( turf & ?at*$ ) /raw & bran*es1 w\ld naturally be indiff]5t to ! =m & description ( _! furniture4 ,!n succe$$ ! ,roman ,conque/4 ,orig9ally1 & long subsequ5t to ! =mation ( _! w>like republic1 ! ,romans _h also liv$ 9 contempt ( display1 & ev5 9 ignorance ( ! conv5i5ces ( life4 ,b :5 !y _h subjugat$ ,gaul1 & _h c>ri$ _! victori\s arms to ! conf9es ( ! _w1 !y by degrees appropriat$ :atev] ! mann]s & habits ( ! conqu]$ nations disclos$ to !m ( ref9$ luxury1 mat]ial progress1 & +5i\s devices = com=t4 ,?us1 ! ,romans br\ght ) !m into ,gaul :at !y else:]e _h acquir$4 ,aga91 :51 9 _! turn1 ! semi-b>b>\s hordes ( ,g]many & ( ! ,nor!rn /eppes invad$ ! ,roman empire1 ^! new conqu]ors did n fail to accommodate !mselves in/9ctively to ! social condition ( ! vanqui%$4 ,?is1 briefly /at$1 is an explanation--we admit1 r concise--( ! transition connect+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! society ( old5 days ) ^? ( mod]n society4 ,society 9 ! ,middle ,ages--t social epo* :i* may be comp>$ to ! /ate ( a decrepid & worn-out old man1 :o1 aft] a long1 dull torpor awakes to new life1 l an active & vigor\s *ild--society 9 ! ,middle ,ages inh]it$ mu* f prec$+ times1 ?\gh1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !y 7 disconnect$4 ,x trans=m$1 p]haps2 & x p]fect$1 r ?an inv5t$2 b x display$ 9 its works a g5ius s peculi> t we g5]ally recognise 9 x a real creation4 ,propos+ rapidly to pursue our ar*ological & lit]>y c\rse ?r\gh a tw(old p]iod ( bir? & revival1 we _c indulge ! belief t we %all succe$ 9 exhibit+ our sket*es 9 a light ! be/ adapt$ to _! effect4 ,h[ev]1 we w make ! attempt1 &1 ! frame be+ giv51 w d our be/ to fill 9 ! picture4 ,if we visit any royal or pr9cely abode ( ! ,m]ov+ian p]iod1 we obs]ve t ! display ( weal? consi/s mu* less 9 ! elegance or 9 ! orig9ality ( ! =ms devis$ = articles ( furniture1 ?an 9 ! pr(usion ( preci\s mat]ials employ$ 9 _! fabrication & embelli%m5t4 ,! "t _h gone by :5 ! e>lie/ tribes ( ,gauls & ( ,nor?m51 :o came to occupy ! ,we/1 _h = _! seats & b$s only trusses ( /raw1 ru% mats1 & bundles ( bran*es2 & = _! tables slabs ( /one or piles ( turf4 ,f ! fif? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 we already f9d ! ,franks & ! ,go?s re/+ _! muscul> =ms on ! long s(t seat :i* ! ,romans _h adopt$ f ! ,ea/1 & :i* h become our s(as or our c\*es2 *ang+ only _! names4 ,9 front ( !m 7 arrang$ l[ horse-%oe tables1 at :i* ! c5tre seat 0 res]v$ = ! mo/ dignifi$ or illu/ri\s ( ! gue/s4 ,c\*es at ! table1 suit$ only to ! effem9acy induc$ by w>m climates1 7 soon ab&on$ by ! ,gauls2 b5*es & /ools 7 adopt$ by ^! mo/ active & vigor\s m52 meals 7 no long] eat5 recl9+1 b sitt+3 :ile ! ?rones ( k+s1 & ! *airs ( /ate = nobles1 7 ( ! ri*e/ sumptu\sness4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we f9d ,/4 ,eloi1 ! celebrat$ work] 9 metals1 manufactur+ & embelli%+ two /ate-*airs ( gold = ,clotaire1 & a ?rone ( gold = ,dagob]t4 ,! *air ascrib$ to ,/4 ,eloi1 & kn[n z ! ,fauteuil de ,dagob]t 7,fig4 #a71 is an antique consul> *air1 :i* orig9ally 0 only a fold+ "o2 ! ,abb ,sug]1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 add$ to x ! back & arms4 ,arti/ic display 0 equally lavi%$ on ! manufacture ( tables4 ,hi/orians tell u t ,/4 ,remy1 a contempor>y ( ,clovis1 _h a silv] table decorat$ all ov] ) sacr$ subjects4 ,! poet ,=tunat1 ,bi%op ( ,poiti]s1 describes a table ( ! same metal1 :i* _h a bord] repres5t+ a v9e ) bun*es ( grapes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,! ,curule ,*air call$ ! 8,fauteuil de ,dagob]t10 9 gilt bronze1 n[ 9 ! ,muse des ,s\v]a9s4 ,com+ to ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 we f9d1 9 a passage 9 ! writ+s ( ,eg9h>d1 8 m9i/] & hi/orian1 t1 9 addition to a gold5 table :i* ?is great mon>* possess$1 he _h ?ree o!rs ( *as$ silv]2 "o decorat$ ) designs repres5t+ ! city ( ,rome1 ano!r ,con/ant9ople1 & ! ?ird 8all c\ntries ( ! univ]se40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,*air ( ! ,n9? or ,t5? ,c5tury1 tak5 f a ,m9iature ( t p]iod 7,,ms4 de la ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is74 ,! *airs or seats ( ! ,romanesque p]iod 7,fig4 #b7 exhibit an attempt to revive 9 ! int]ior ( ! build+s1 :]e !y 7 us$1 ! ar*itectural /yle ( contempor>y monum5ts4 ,!y 7 l>ge & massive1 & 7 rais$ on clu/]s ( columns exp&+ at ! back 9 ?ree semicircul> r[s4 ,! anonym\s monk ( ,sa9t-,gall1 9 8 *ronicle writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1 alludes to a gr& banquet1 at :i* ! ho/ 0 seat$ on cu%ions ( fea!rs4 ,legr& d',aussy tells u1 9 8 8,hi/oire de la ,vie ,prive des ,franais10 t at a lat] date--ref]r+ to ! reign ( ,l\is le ,gros1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury--! gue/s 7 seat$1 at ord9>y family repa/s1 on simple /ools2 b if ! p>ty 0 m ( a c]emoni\s ?an intimate "*1 ! table 0 surr\nd$ ) b5*es1 or bancs1 :5ce ! t]m banquet is d]iv$4 ,! =m ( table 0 commonly long & /raight1 b on occasions ( /ate x 0 semicircul>1 or l a horse-%oe 9 =m1 recall+ ! ,romanesque r\nd table ( ,k+ ,artus ( ,brittany 7,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,r\nd ,table ( ,k+ ,artus ( ,brittany1 f a ,m9iature ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury 7,,ms4 de la ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is74 ,! ,crusades1 br++ toge!r m5 ( all ! c\ntries ( ,europe ) ! p ( ! ,ea/1 made ^? ( ! ,we/ acqua9t$ ) luxuries & cu/oms :i*1 on return+ f _! *ivalr\s exp$itions1 !y did n fail to imitate4 ,we f9d fea/s at :i* !y ate sitt+ cross-legg$ on ! gr\nd1 or /ret*$ out on c>pets 9 ! ,ori5tal fa%ion1 z repres5t$ & describ$ 9 m9iatures conta9$ 9 ! manuscripts ( t p]iod4 ,! ,sire de ,jo9ville1 ! fri5d & hi/orian ( ,l\is ,,ix41 in=ms u t ?is sa9tly k+ 0 9 ! habit ( sitt+ on a c>pet1 surr\nd$ by 8 b>ons1 & 9 t mann] he disp5s$ ju/ice2 b at ! same "t ! practice ( us+ l>ge *aires1 or arm-*airs1 cont9u$1 = !re /ill is to be se5 a ?rone 9 massive wood belong+ to t p]iod1 & call$ le banc de ,monseigneur ,/4 ,l\is1 embelli%$ ) c>v+s repres5t+ fanciful & leg5d>y birds & animals4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ! l[] ord]s did n aspire to s mu* ref9em5t4 ,9 _! abodes ! seats 9 use 7 settles1 *e/s1 or at be/ b5*es1 ! supports ( :i* 71 to a slight ext5t1 c>v$4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod :5 ! practice comm5c$ ( cov]+ seats ) wooll5 /uffs1 or ) silk figur$ on frames1 or embroid]$ by h&1 display+ ciph]s1 emblems1 or armorial be>+s4 ,f ! ,ea/ 0 introduc$ ! cu/om ( hang+s = rooms1 compos$ ( glaz$ lea!r1 /amp$ & gilt4 ,^! sk9s ( ! goat or %eep 7 call$ or basan1 because pla9 gilt2 or emboss$ lea!r1 9 gold col\r1 0 made f !m4 ,or basan 0 also us$ to conceal ! b>e look ( arm-*airs4 ,t[>ds ! f\rte5? c5tury1 tables ( preci\s metals disappe>$1 9 consequ5ce ( fa%ion rul+ 9 fav\r ( ! /uffs :i* cov]$ !m2 tape/ry1 tissues ( gold1 & velvets !nce=? =m$ ! table-clo?s4 ,on great occasions1 ! place ( ! pr9cipal gue/s 0 di/+ui%$ by a canopy1 m or less ri*1 erect$ above _! seats1 z repres5t$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! sumptu\s fea/ giv5 by ,k+ ,*>les ,v4 to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ( ,luxemburg1 9 ! great hall ( ! palace4 ,m4 ,frgui] ?us describes ! banquet f contempor>y docum5ts 9 ! 8,hi/oire de l',adm9i/ration de la ,police de ,p>is30-- 8,! d9n] 0 s]v$ on a m>ble table4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 :o _h (ficiat$ t day1 fir/ took 8 place at table4 ,! ,emp]or !n sat d[n1 !n ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 ! son ( ! ,emp]or4 ,above ! seat ( ea* ( ! ?ree pr9ces 0 a sep>ate canopy ( gold clo?1 embroid]$ all ov] ) fleurs-de-lis4 ,^! ?ree canopies 7 surm\nt$ by a l>g] "o1 also ( clo? ( gold1 :i* cov]$ ! :ole ext5t ( ! table1 & 0 susp5d$ beh9d ! gue/s4 ,aft] ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia1 ?ree bi%ops took _! place1 b f> remov$ f him1 & ne> ! end ( ! table4 ,"u ! ne>e/ canopy ! ,dauph9 0 seat$1 at a sep>ate table1 ) sev]al pr9ces or nobles ( ! ,c\rt ( ,france1 or ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! hall 0 adorn$ ) ?ree buffets1 or dress]s1 cov]$ ) gold & silv] plate2 ^! ?ree dress]s1 z well z ! two l>ge canopies1 7 protect$ by a rail+1 to prev5t ! intrusion ( ! cr[ds ( p :o _h be5 p]mitt$ to witness ! magnific5ce ( ! display4 ,f9ally1 !re 7 to be se5 five o!r canopies1 "u :i* 7 assembl$ pr9ces & b>ons r\nd private tables2 also num]\s o!r tables40 ,x is notewor?y t f ! "t ( ,/4 ,l\is ^! same *airs & seats1 c>v$1 cov]$ ) ! ri*e/ /uffs1 inlaid ) preci\s /ones1 & engrav$ ) ! armorial be>+s ( great h\ses1 issu$ = ! mo/ "p f ! work%ops ( ,p>isian artisans4 ,^? artisans1 c>p5t]s1 manufactur]s ( c(f]s & c>v$ *e/s1 & furniture-mak]s1 7 s celebrat$ = works ( ?is description1 t 9 inv5tories & appraisem5ts ( furniture great c>e 0 tak5 to specify t su* & su* articles among !m 7 ( ,p>isian manufacture2 ex op]agio ,p>isi5si 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,l\is ,,ix4 repres5t$ 9 8 ,regal ,*air1 tape/ri$ 9 fleurs-de-lis1 f a ,m9iature ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 de la ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is474 ,! foll[+ extract1 f an invoice ( ,eti5ne ,la ,fonta9e1 ! royal silv]smi?1 af=ds1 9 t]ms :i* require no comm5t1 an idea ( ! co/l9ess lavi%$ on ! manufacture ( an arm-*air1 !n call$ faude/euil1 int5d$ = ! ,k+ ( ,france1 9 #aceb3-- 8,= mak+ a fauteuil ( silv] & ( cry/al decorat$ ) preci\s /ones1 deliv]$ to ! said seigneur1 ( :i* ! said seigneur ord]$ ! said goldsmi? to make ! framework1 :o ornam5t$ x ) sev]al cry/als1 illum9at$ pieces1 _m designs1 pe>ls1 & o!r /ones4444 ,,vii ,,lxxiiii 7#ggd l\is74 8,= illum9at$ pieces plac$ "u ! cry/als ( ! said fauteuil1 ( :i* !re are #dj ( ! armorial be>+s ( ,france1 #fa ( ! prophets hold+ scrolls1 #aab half-l5g? figures ( animals on gold gr\nd1 & #d l>ge repres5tations ( ! judgm5ts ( ,solomon4444 ,,vi 7#fbj l\is74 8,= twelve cry/als = ! said fauteuil1 ( :i* five are holl[ to hold ! btons1 six flat1 & "o r\nd10 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,seats f ,m9iatures ( ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies4 ,x 0 only t[>ds ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury t *airs /uff$ ) /raw or ru%es fir/ appe>$2 !y fold$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,x 7,fig4 #e72 ! seats & arms be+ /uff$4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury *airs ) backs 7*aires or *ay]es dors]et71 9 c>v$ oak or *e/nut1 pa9t$ & gilt1 fell into disuse1 ev5 9 ! royal ca/les1 z be+ too heavy & inconv5i5t1 & on acc\nt ( _! enorm\s size 7,figs4 #f & #g74 ,! dress]1 :i* has j be5 describ$ z us$ at ! gr& fea/ ( ,*>les ,v41 & :i* moreov] has be5 reta9$1 alt]$ to a sidebo>d ) %elves1 almo/ to our "t1 0 an article manufactur$ mu* less = use ?an = %[4 ,x 0 ^u ?is dress]1--! introduction ( :i* does n appe> to g fur!r back ?an ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! "n :]e( suffici5tly describes its purpose1--t !re 0 display$1 9 ! va/ halls ( manorial resid5ces1 n only all ! valuable plate requir$ = ! table1 b _m o!r objects ( goldsmi?'s "w :i* play$ no "p 9 ! banquet--vases ( all sorts1 /atuettes1 figures 9 high relief1 jewels1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,*ri/9e de ,pizan1 contempor>y ) ,*>les ,v4 & ,*>les ,,vi41 seat$ on a ,*air 9 c>v$ wood ) back & canopy1 & tape/ry ( wor/$ or figur$ silk4 ,! box or *e/ :i* =m$ ! writ+-table conta9$ books4 7,m9iature f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,bibl4 ( ,burgundy-,bruxelles1 ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 & ev5 reliqu>ies4 ,9 palaces & mansions1 ! dress]s 7 ( gold1 silv]1 or copp] gilt2 z 7 previ\sly ! tables4 ,p]sons ( inf]ior rank _h only wood5 tables1 b !y 7 scrupul\s 9 cov]+ !m ) tape/ry1 embroid]$ clo?1 & f9e table-clo?s4 ,at "o "t ! display ( weal? on ! dress]s 9 ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts atta9$ to su* a po9t1 t we are rem9d$1 among o!r c5sures levell$ aga9/ t fa%ionable exhibition ( vanity1 ( ! expo/ulations ( ,m>tial d',auv]gne1 au?or ( ! hi/orical poem1 8,les ,vigiles de ,*>les ,,vii410 address$ to ! bi%ops on ! subject4 ,"o item significant en\gh is m5tion$ 9 anci5t docum5ts2 x is ! tribute ( half-a-doz5 small b\quets1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,*aillot 7 b\nd to t5d] annually to ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t-,g]man des ,prs1 to decorate ! dress]s ( ,messire ! ,abbot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,l\ise de ,savoie1 ,du*ess ( ,ang\lme1 "m ( ,francis ,i41 seat$ 9 a high-back$ ,*air ( c>v$ wood4 7,m9iature f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,imp4 ,bibl4 ( ,p>is47 ,m pla91 b also m useful1 7 ! abace & ! crd5ce1 o!r k9ds ( sidebo>ds :i* g5]ally /ood at a little di/ance f ! table2 on "o ( ^! 7 plac$ ! di%es & plates = removes1 on ! o!r ! goblets1 glasses1 & cups4 ,x may be add$ t ! crd5ce1 be=e x 0 introduc$ 9 ! d9+-halls1 _h f v remote times be5 us$ 9 *ur*es1 :]e x 0 plac$ ne> ! alt> to receive ! sacr$ vessels dur+ ! sacrifice ( mass4 ,posidonius1 ! ,/oic philosoph]1 :o wrote ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 tells u t1 at ! fea/s ( ! ,gauls1 a slave us$ to br+ to table an e>!nw>e1 or a silv]1 jug fill$ ) w9e1 f :i* e gue/ quaff$ 9 turn1 & allay$ 8 ?ir/4 ,we ?us see ! practice ( us+ goblets ( silv]1 z well z ( e>!nw>e1 e/abli%$ among ! ,gauls at a p]iod we consid] primitive4 ,9 tru?1 ^? vessels ( silv] 7 probably n ! productions ( local indu/ry1 b ! spoil :i* ^? m>tial tribes _h acquir$ 9 _! w>s aga9/ m civilis$ nations4 ,) reg>d to ! vases ( bak$ clay1 ! majority ( ^? frequ5tly exhum$ f burial-gr\nds prove h[ co>se !y 71 ?\gh !y seem to h be5 made ) ! help ( ! pott]'s :eel1 z among ! ,romans4 ,h[ev] t may be1 we ?9k x be/ to omit ! consid]ation ( ! "q 9 ?is place1 & to resume x 9 ! *apt] on ! ,c]amic ,art4 ,b we mu/ n =get to notice ! cu/om :i* prevail$ among ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( our c\ntry1 ( (f]+ to ^? mo/ r5[n$ = _! val\r bev]ages 9 a horn ( ! urus1 :i* 0 ei!r gilt or ornam5t$ ) b&s ( gold or silv]4 ,! urus 0 a species ( ox1 n[ ext9ct1 t exi/$ 9 a wild /ate 9 ! =e/s ) :i* ,gaul 0 !n p>tly cov]$4 ,?is horn goblet long cont9u$ to be ! emblem ( ! highe/ w>like dignity among ! nations :o succe$$ ! ,gauls4 ,william ( ,poiti]s relates1 9 8 8,hi/oire de ,guillaume le ,conqurant10 t t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ?is ,duke ( ,norm&y /ill drank out ( ! horn ( a bull1 :5 he held 8 full c\rt at ,fcamp4 ,our anci5t k+s1 ^: tables 7 made ( ! mo/ preci\s metals1 fail$ n also to display r>e magnific5ce 9 ! plate t /ood on ^? sup]b tables4 ,*ronicl]s relate1 = example1 t ,*ilp]ic1 8on ! pretext ( do+ hon\r to ! p :om he gov]n$1 _h a di% made ( solid gold1 ornam5t$ all ov] ) preci\s /ones1 & weigh+ fifty p\nds20 & aga91 t ,lo?aire "o day di/ribut$ among 8 soldi]s ! fragm5ts ( an enorm\s silv] bas91 on :i* 0 design$ 8! _w1 ) ! c\rses ( ! />s & ! planets40 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any au!ntic docum5ts1 x mu/ be presum$ t1 9 contra/ to ?is regal /yle1 or r f> remov$ !refrom1 ! re/ ( ! nation sc>cely us$ any o!r ut5sils b ^? ( e>!nw>e1 or wood2 or else ( iron or copp]4 ,advanc+ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 & till ! p]iod :5 ! progress ( ! c]amic art enabl$ its productions at l5g? to rank among articles ( luxury1 we f9d gold & silv] always pref]r$ = d9n] s]vices2 b m>ble1 rock cry/al1 & glass appe>$ 9 turn1 arti/ically work$ 9 a ?\s& elegant or s+ul> =ms1 z cups1 ew]s1 l>ge tumbl]s1 goblets1 c4 7,fig #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,a ,/ate ,banquet 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 ) ! s]vice ( di%es br\ght 9 & h&$ r\nd to ! s\nd ( musical in/rum5ts4 7,m9iature f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,imp4 ,lib4 9 ,p>is47 ,to ! goblet1 especially1 seem to belong all honor>y privileges 9 ! etiquette ( ! table2 = ! goblet1 a sort ( l>ge *alice on a ?9 /em1 0 m p>ticul>ly reg>d$ z an object ( di/9ction by ! gue/s1 on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ antiquity ( its orig94 ,?us we see repres5t$ among ! pres5ts giv5 to ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is by ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,bald1 a goblet :i* is alleg$ to h belong$ to ,solomon1 8:i* goblet 0 s m>vell\sly wr\ght1 t nev] 7oncques7 0 !re 9 all ! k+doms ( ! _w a "w s delicate 7subtile740 ,! goldsmi?s1 sculptors1 & work]s 9 copp] _h rec\rse to all ! devices ( art & imag9ation to embelli% goblets1 ew]s1 & salt-cell>s4 ,we f9d allusions1 9 ! recitals ( *ronicl]s1 ! romances ( *ivalry1 & especially 9 old invoices & inv5tories1 to ew]s repres5t+ m51 roses1 & dolph9s2 to goblets cov]$ ) fl[]s & animals2 to salt-cell>s 9 ! =m ( dragons1 c4 ,sev]al l>ge pieces ( gold plate1 discont9u$ at a lat] p]iod1 glitt]$ !n at gr& banquets4 ,especially may be not$ ! portable f\nta9s rais$ 9 ! middle ( ! table1 & f :i*1 dur+ ! repa/1 fl[$ sev]al sorts ( bev]ages4 ,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 _h "o 9 ! =m ( a =tress ) t[]s1 f ! summit ( :i* ! figure ( a woman p\r$ out hippocras 7spic$ w9e7 f h] bosom1 & t ( a *ild1 :i* spr9kl$ p]fum$ wat]4 ,!re 7 also plate-hold]s1 well describ$ by ,du ,cange z l>ge di%es made to conta9 vessels1 cups1 knives2 comfit-boxes1 :i* h be5 replac$ by our mod]n bonbonnires1 & :i* =m]ly 7 valuable caskets *as$ & damaske5$2 & la/ly1 almsboxes1 a description ( metal-urns1 ri*ly *as$2 ^! 7 plac$ be=e ! gue/s 9 ord] t1 accord+ to an anci5t cu/om1 ea* might place !re9 "s portions ( meat1 to be subsequ5tly di/ribut$ to ! poor4 ,if we glance at ! o!r m9or objects :i* complet$ ! table-s]vice--knives1 spoons1 =ks1 bottle-/&s1 plate-mats1 c4--we %all see t !y no less indicate ref9em5t & luxury4 ,=ks1 t n[ seem to u s indisp5sable1 are m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #acgi1 9 an inv5tory ( ,*>les ,v4 ,!y _h only two prongs1 or r two long %>p po9ts4 ,z = knives1 :i*1 ) spoons1 _h to supply ! place ( =ks = ! gue/s to eat )1 _! antiquity is und\bt$4 ,posidonius1 :om we h already quot$1 says1 :5 speak+ ( ! ,celts3--8,!y eat 9 a v slov5ly mann]1 & seize ) _! h&s1 l lions ) _! claws1 :ole qu>t]s ( meat1 :i* !y te> 9 pieces ) _! tee?4 ,if !y f9d a t\gh morsel1 !y cut x ) a small knife :i* !y always c>ry 9 a %ea? at _! side40 ,( :at 7 ^! knives made8 ,our au?or does n tell u2 b we may assume t !y 7 ( fl9t or ( poli%$ /one1 l ! hat*ets & arr[-heads s frequ5tly f\nd :]e ^! anci5t p dwelt1 & :i* be> te/imony to _! indu/ry4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury m5tion is made ( knives1 "u ! "n ( m5sacul & artavi1 :i* a little lat] 7 kn[n by ! ^w k5ivet1 f :i* evid5tly is d]iv$ canif4 ,to complete ?is connection1 we may rem>k t x is to be ga!r$1 f a passage by ! same au?or1 t ! blades ( "s knives ( t p]iod 7 made to slide into ! h&le by means ( a spr+1 l our pocket-knives4 ,spoons1 :i* necess>ily 7 us$ by all nations z soon z di%es m or less liquid 7 introduc$1 are describ$ f ! date ( almo/ our e>lie/ hi/ory4 ,accord+ly1 we see1 9 ! 8,life ( ,/4 ,radegonde10 t t pr9cess1 :o 0 con/antly engag$ 9 *>itable acts1 us$ a spoon = fe$+ ! bl9d & ! helpless :om %e took "u h] c>e4 ,at a v remote p]iod we f9d 9 use turquoises1 or nut-crack]s4 ,cruet-/&s 71 except+ 9 =m1 v simil> to /&s = two bottles2 = !y are ?us describ$3--8,a k9d ( d\ble-neck$ bottle 9 divisions1 9 :i* to place two sorts ( liquors )\t mix+ !m40 ,! plate-mats 7 our dess\s de plat1 made ( wick]1 wood1 t91 or o!r metal4 ,! manufacture ( ! great] numb] ( ^! articles1 if int5d$ = p]sons ( rank1 did n fail to engage ! indu/ry ( artisans & ! tal5t ( arti/s4 ,spoons1 =ks1 nut-crack]s1 cruet-/&s1 sauce-boats1 c41 furni%$ inexhau/ible subjects = embelli%m5t & *as+2 knife-h&les1 made ( ivory1 c$>-wood1 gold1 or silv]1 7 also fa%ion$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms4 ,until c]amic art introduc$ plates m or less co/ly1 !y naturally en\gh foll[$ ! %ape ( di%es1 :i* 9 fact !y are1 on a small scale4 ,b if ! di%es 7 ( enorm\s size1 ! plates 7 always v small4 ,if f ! d9+-room we pass to ! kit*51 s z to =m "s idea ( cul9>y ut5sils1 we mu/ admit t1 ant]ior to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ circum/antial docum5ts are all b sil5t on ! subject4 ,nev]!less1 "s ( ! anci5t poets & e>ly romanc]s allude to ^? huge me*anical spits on :i*1 at "o & ! same "t1 l>ge jo9ts ( diff]5t k9ds1 entire %eep1 or long r[s ( p\ltry & game1 c\ld be roa/$4 ,moreov]1 we "k t 9 palaces1 & 9 ! mansions ( ! nobility1 copp] cook+-ut5sils possess$ real importance1 because ! c>e & ma9t5ance ( ! copp]-w>e 0 entru/$ to a p]son :o bore ! title ( maign51 a "n /ill giv5 to ! it9]ant t9k]4 ,we also f9d t f ! twelf? c5tury !re exi/$ ! corporation ( brazi]s 7d9ans71 :o execut$ hi/orical designs1 9 relievo1 by ! use ( ! hamm] 9 beat+ out & emboss+ copp]1--designs t w\ld be> comp>ison ) ! mo/ elaborate works produc$ by ! goldsmi?'s art4 ,"s ( ^! artisans obta9$ su* reputation t _! names h desc5d$ to u4 ,jean d',outremeuse1 ,jean ,delam>e1 ,gauti] de ,c\x1 ,lamb]t ,patras1 7 among ^? :o conf]r$ hon\r on ! art ( brazi]'s "w 7d9&]ie74 ,f ! kit*5 to ! cell> ! di/ance is usually b %ort4 ,our =efa!rs1 :o 7 l>ge consum]s1 & 9 _! way _h a delicate appreciation1 ( ! juice ( ! v9e1 und]/ood h[ to /ore ! b>rels :i* conta9$ _! w9es 9 deep & spaci\s vaults4 ,! coop]'s art1 :5 almo/ unkn[n 9 ,italy & ,spa91 _h exi/$ = a long "t 9 ,france1 z is atte/$ by a passage tak5 f ! 8,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions30--8,we see by ! text ( ! ,salic law t1 :5 an e/ate *ang$ h&s1 ! new proprietor gave1 9 ! fir/ place1 a fea/1 & ! gue/s 7 b\nd to eat1 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1 a plate ( boil$ m9c$ meat4 ,x is rem>k$ 9 ! #8,glossaire de ,du ,cange' t1 among ! ,saxons & ,flem+s1 ! ^w bod5 means a r\nd table2 because ! peasantry us$ ! bottom ( a b>rel z a table4 ,tacitus says t = ! fir/ meal ( ! day ! ,g]mans _h ea* _! own table2 t is to say1 app>5tly a full or empty b>rel plac$ on end40 ,a /atute ( ,*>lemagne alludes to bons b>ils 7bonos b>ridos74 ,^! b>rels 7 made by skill$ coop]s 7,fig4 #i71 :o gave all _! c>e to =m ( /aves1 hoop$ ei!r ) wood or iron1 ! casks de/9$ to hold ! produce ( ! v9tage4 ,accord+ to an old cu/om1 /ill 9 vogue 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ! inside ( ! w9e-sk9 us$ to be pa9t$ ) t>1 9 ord] to give a flav\r to ! w9e2 to u ?is w\ld p]haps be nause\s1 b at t "t x 0 held 9 high fav\r4 ,9 allud+ to w9e-sk9s1 or sewn sk9s coat$ ) pit*1 we may rem>k t !y date f ! e>lie/ hi/oric times4 ,!y are /ill employ$ 9 c\ntries :]e w9e is c>ri$ on pack-animals1 & !y 7 mu* us$ = j\rneys4 ,if a travell] 0 go+ into a c\ntry :]e he expect$ to f9d no?+ to dr9k1 he w\ld fa/5 a w9e-sk9 on ! crupp] ( 8 horse's saddle1 or1 at lea/1 w\ld sl+ a small lea!r w9e-sk9 across 8 %\ld]4 ,etymologi/s ev5 ma9ta9 t f ! "n ( ^! light w9e-sk9s1 outres lgres1 0 d]iv$ ! old ,fr5* ^w b\teille2 t1 fir/ hav+ be5 designat$ b\*iaux1 & b\tiaux1 !y f9ally 7 nam$ b\ties & b\tilles4 ,:51 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ami5s 0 sett+ out = ! w>s1 ! tann]s ( 8 episcopal t[n 7 b\nd to supply him ) two lea!rn b\*iaux--"o hold+ a hog%ead1 ! o!r tw5ty-f\r seti]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,a ,coop]'s ,work%op1 drawn & engrav$1 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 by ,j4 ,amman4 ,"s ar*ologi/s ma9ta9 t1 :5 !re _h be5 a v abundant v9tage1 ! w9e 0 /or$ 9 brick-built ci/]ns1 su* z are /ill made 9 ,norm&y = cid]2 or t !y 7 cut out ( ! solid rock1 z we see !m sometimes 9 ! s\? ( ,france2 b x is m probable t ^! anci5t ci/]ns1 :i* are p]haps ( an e>li] date ?an ! ,middle ,ages1 7 m especially int5d$ = ! process ( f]m5tation--t is to say1 = mak+ w9e1 & n = /or+ x2 :i*1 inde$1 "u su* unfav\rable circum/ances1 w\ld h be5 next to impossible4 ,:at light did our ance/ors use8 ,hi/ory tells u t at fir/ !y us$ lamps ) /&s1 & hang+ lamps1 9 imitation ( ! ,romans2 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n lead u to ! conclusion t1 ev5 9 ! remote/ times ( our annals1 ! use ( fat & wax = su* purposes 0 absolutely unkn[n4 ,?is fact is ! less d\btful because1 f ! "t :5 trade corporations 7 =m$1 we f9d ! mak]s ( c&les & wax-*&l]s ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4--;,hang+ ,lamps ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 f ,m9iatures 9 ! ,bible ( ,*>les ! ,bald 7,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is74 ( ,p>is gov]n$ by c]ta9 /atutes4 ,z = ! lamps1 :i*1 z 9 anci5t times1 7 on /&s plac$ = ?is purpose 9 ! h\ses1 or 7 susp5d$ by light *a9s 7,figs4 #aj & #aa71 !y 7 made 9 accordance ) ! means ( ^? = :om !y 7 int5d$1 & 7 ( bak$ e>?1 iron1 brass1 & gold or silv]1 all m or less ornam5t$4 ,lamps & c&le/icks are n unfrequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tories ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ,g]man artisans made tor*-hold]s1 flambeaux1 & *&eli]s 9 copp]1 wr\ght & embelli%$ ) repres5tations ( all k9ds ( natural or fanta/ic objects2 & 9 ^? days ^! works ( art 7 mu* 9 reque/4 ,! use ( lamps 0 all b g5]al 9 ! e>ly days ( ! mon>*y2 b z ! some:at dim & smoky flame :i* !y furni%$ did n give suffici5t brilliancy to ! ent]ta9m5ts & solemn assemblies held 9 ! ev5+1 x became an e/abli%$ cu/om to add to ^! lamps ! light ( res9\s tor*es1 :i* s]fs held 9 _! h&s4 ,! tragic episode ( ! ,ballet des ,ard5ts1 z told by ,froiss>t--:i* we %all h]eaft] relate 9 ! *apt] on ,play+ ,c>ds--%[s t ?is cu/om1 :i* we already see allud$ to 9 ,grgoire de ,t\rs1 our e>lie/ hi/orian1 0 9 fa%ion until ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vi4 ,9 subjugat+ ! ,ea/1 ! ,romans assum$ & br\ght back ) !m extreme notions ( luxury & indol5ce4 ,previ\sly _! b$/eads 7 ( planks1 cov]$ ) /raw1 moss1 or dri$ leaves4 ,!y borr[$ f ,asia ^? l>ge c>v$ b$/eads1 gilt & plat$ ) ivory1 :]eon 7 pil$ cu%ions ( wool & fea!rs1 ) c\nt]panes ( ! mo/ beautiful furs & ( ! ri*e/ mat]ials4 ,^! cu/oms1 l _m o!rs1 7 h&$ d[n f ! ,romans to ! ,gauls1 & f ! ,gauls to ! ,franks4 ,) ! exception ( b$-l951 :i* came into use mu* lat]1 we f9d1 f ! "t ( our e>lie/ k+s1 ! v>i\s sleep+ appliances ne>ly z !y are n[--! pill[ 7auricul>e71 ! foot-cov]let 7lorale71 ! c\nt]pane 7culcita71 c4 ,no m5tion1 h[ev]1 is made ( curta9s 7or c\rt9es74 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :ile /ill reta9+ _! primitive furniture1 b$/eads v>y 9 _! %apes & dim5sions3 ^? ( ! poor & ( ! monks are n>r[ & homely2 among k+s & nobles !y1 9 process ( "t1 became v]itable examples ( ! jo9]'s "w1 & only to be rea*$ by ! aid ( /ools1 or ev5 /eps 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! gue/ at a *teau c\ld n receive any great] hon\r ?an to occupy ! same b$ z ! "l ( ! manor2 & ! dogs by :om ! seigneurs--all great sportsm5--7 con/antly surr\nd$ _h ! privilege ( repos+ :]e _! ma/]s slept4 ,h5ce we recognise ! object ( ^! gigantic b$/eads1 :i* 7 sometimes twelve feet 9 wid?4 ,if we are to believe ! *ronicles1 ! pill[s 7 p]fum$ ) ess5ces & odorif]\s wat]s2 ?is we c und]/& to h be5 by no means a useless precaution4 ,we see1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,francis ,i4 te/ify+ 8 great reg>d = ,admiral ,bonnivet by occasionally admitt+ him to %>e 8 b$4 ,hav+ complet$ our review ( furniture1 prop]ly s call$1 we h n[ to treat ( t :i* may be t]m$ highly arti/ic articles ( furniture--t is1 ^? on :i* ! work]s 9 wood ex]cis$ _! highe/ tal5ts--elevat$ seats ( hon\r1 *airs & arm-*airs1 b5*es & tre/les2 all ( :i* 7 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) figures 9 relief1 v elaborately sculptur$ ) a knife 7canivet72 ! bahuts1 a k9d ( *e/ ) ei!r a flat or convex top1 re/+ on feet1 & op5+ on ! upp] side1 :]eon 7 plac$ /uff$ lea!r cu%ions 7,fig4 #ac72 tubs1 buffets1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,b$ furni%$ ) ,canopy & ,curta9s1 f a ,m9iature at ! end ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 de la ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is47 presses1 c(f]s bo? l>ge & small1 *ess-bo>ds1 dice-tables1 comb-boxes1 :i* h be5 sup]s$$ by our dress+-cases1 c4 ,_m specim5s ( ^! v>i\s k9ds ( furniture h desc5d$ to our "t2 & !y prove to :at a degree ( p]fection & ( elaborate f9i% ! art ( cab9et-mak+ & ( inlay+ _h atta9$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,elegance & orig9ality ( design 9 inlaid metals1 jasp]1 "m-(-pe>l1 ivory2 c>v+1 v>i\s k9ds ( v5e]+1 & ( /a9$ woods1 are all f\nd comb9$ 9 ?is description ( furniture2 "s ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ ) extreme delicacy ( ta/e 7,plate ,i471 & /ill rema9s inimitable1 if n 9 all ! details ( execution1 at lea/ 9 ri* & h>moni\s effect4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 cab9ets ) num]\s draw]s & 9 sev]al comp>tm5ts 7 introduc$3 ^! 7 kn[n 9 ,g]many by ! "n ( arti/ic cab9ets 7armoires arti/iques73 ! sole object ( ! mak] 0 to comb9e 9 "o piece ( furniture1 "u ! pretext ( utility1 all ! fasc9ation & gorge\s caprices ( decorative art4 ,to ! ,g]mans mu/ be aw>d$ ! m]it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to di/+ui% !mselves 9 ! manufacture ( ^! magnific5t cab9ets1 or presses2 b !y soon f\nd rivals 9 bo? ! ,fr5* 7,fig4 #ad7 & ,italians 7,fig4 #ae71 :o prov$ !mselves equally skilful & +5i\s 9 ! execution ( ?is k9d ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,*e/ %ap$ l a ,b$1 /&+ 9 front ( a ,fireplace1 & a ,*air ) cu%ions1 9 c>v$ wood1 f ,m9iatures ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,bibl4 ,roy4 de ,bruxelles47 ,! art ( work+ 9 iron1 :i* c legitimately rank z "o ( ! mo/ notable indu/ries ( ! ,middle ,ages1 soon came to l5d its aid to t ( cab9et-mak+1 bo? 9 embelli%+ & giv+ solidity to its *efs-d'uvre4 ,! ornam5tation ( cab9ets & c(f]s 0 rem>kable = ! good ta/e & ! high f9i% display$ 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/aff ,,( ,,wood1 ,turn$ & ,c>v$4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,size ( ! ,orig9al4 ,9 ! h&s ( skilful artisans1 ( unkn[n arti/s dat+ f ! twelf? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 iron seem$ to assume great ductility--inde$1 we might say unprec$5t$ submission4 ,obs]ve1 9 ! grat+s ( c\rty>ds1 9 ! iron-"w ( gates1 h[ ^? l9es are int]lac$1 h[ attractive are ^? designs1 h[ ^? wr\ght /ems are delicately l5g!n$ out1 at once /rong b light1 & f9ally h[ !y exp& ) natural grace into leaves1 fruits1 & symbolic figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,small ,cab9et = ,jewels1 9 c>v$ wood1 aft] ! /yle ( ,jean ,g\jon1 f ! ,*teau d',ec\51 & :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! ,montmor5cy family4 7,9 ! ,collection ( ,m4 ,d\ble47 ,moreov]1 ! work]s 9 metal did n conf9e !mselves to ! application ( iron on articles already prep>$ & manufactur$ by o!r artisans2 !y _h also to orig9ate & execute1 to ornam5t caskets & reliqu>ies3 b _! special art 0 to manufacture bolts 7,fig4 #af71 locks1 & keys2 examples ( ?is k9d ( anci5t "w w always be admir$4 8,locks10 says ,m4 ,jules ,lab>te1 87 at t "t c>ri$ to su* a degree ( p]fection1 t !y 7 consid]$ z v]itable objects ( art2 !y 7 c>ri$ f place to place1 z w\ld h be5 done ) any o!r valuable article ( furniture4 ,no?+ c\ld be m arti/ic ?an ! figures 9 high relief1 ! armorial be>+s1 ! lett]+s1 ! ornam5ts & ! engrav+s :i* embelli%$ t portion ( ! key :i* ! f+]s grasp 7,fig4 #ag71 & = :i* we h sub/itut$ a common r+40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,cab9et 9 ,damaske5$ ,iron1 inlaid ) gold & silv]4 ,an ,italian "w ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,glass & glaz+ claim p>ticul> notice4 ,x may be said t glass 0 kn[n 9 ! remote/ ages1 = ,phnicia & anci5t ,egypt 71 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 r5[n$ = _! innum]able productions 9 vitrifi$ s&4 ,9 ,rome !y ca/1 cut1 & engrav$ glass--!y ev5 work$ x ) ! hamm]1 if we are to believe ,suetonius1 :o relates t a c]ta9 arti/ _h discov]$ ! secret ( mak+ glass malleable4 ,?is indu/rial art1 :i* ext5d$ & improv$ "u ! emp]ors1 f\nd its way to ,byzantium1 :]e x fl\ri%$ dur+ sev]al c5turies2 until ,v5ice1 claim+ z %e !n did a prom95t position 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts1 import$ ! process ( ! ,byzant9e me?od ( mak+ glass1 & 9 h] turn excell$ 9 ?is manufacture4 ,al?\gh articles 9 glass & cry/al1 pa9t$1 enamell$1 & engrav$1 are frequ5tly allud$ to 9 hi/orical & poetical n>ratives1 & also 9 ! inv5tories ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we "k !y 7 all ! result ( ,greek or ,v5etian manufacture4 ,9 ?is art ,france especially seems to h be5 some:at late 9 tak+ h] fir/ arti/ic /ep2 su* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,bolt ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ) ,initial ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 7,9 ! ,ca/le ( ,*5onceaux47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,key ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 ) two ,figures ( ,*im]as1 back to back4 7,soltyk(f ,collection47 objects z 7 manufactur$ = ! use ( ! ri* nev] pass$ beyond ! limits ( ! rude/ art4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ,france mu/ h long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( glaz+1 = 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury we f9d ,/4 ,b5ot--call$ ,biscop1 :o built s _m *ur*es & conv5ts 9 ,engl&--com+ to ,france 9 se>* ( workm5 = ! purpose ( glaz+ ! *ur* & ! cloi/]s ( 8 abbey at ,cant]bury4 ,& x is also m5tion$ 9 ! *ronicles ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 t ! ,fr5* taught _! art to ! ,engli% glazi]s4 ,t[>ds ! f\rte5? c5tury ! w9d[s ( ev5 ! commone/ h\ses 7 g5]ally glaz$2 at t date glass manufactories 7 f\nd 9 op]ation ev]y:]e2 & al?\gh !y may n h rivall$ 9 a rem>kable degree _! pr$ecessors ( ! ,m]ov+ian p]iod1 !y nev]!less made 9 l>ge quantities all k9ds ( articles ord9>ily 9 use1 z we c judge by ! t]ms ( a *>t]1 dat$ #acch1 by :i* "o ,guionnet1 9 ord] to h ! privilege ( e/abli%+ a glass factory 9 ! =e/ ( ,*amb>ant1 0 b\nd to furni% z an annual due to 8 seigneur1 ,humb]t1 ,dauph9 ( ,vi5nois1 "o hundr$ doz5 glasses 9 ! %ape ( a bell1 twelve doz5 small %all[ glasses1 tw5ty doz5 goblets1 twelve doz5 amphor1 tw5ty doz5 lamps1 six doz5 c&le/icks1 "o doz5 l>ge cups1 "o l>ge /& 7or nef71 six doz5 di%es )\t bord]s1 twelve doz5 j>s1 c4 ,we h allud$ to ,v5ice & ! celebrity %e atta9$ 9 ! art ( work+ glass4 ,x 0 especially = ! manufacture ( mirrors & look+-glasses t ?is l>ge & indu/ri\s city made h]self r5[n$ ov] all ! _w4 ,if we are to believe ,pl9y1 ! ,romans pur*as$ _! glass mirrors at ,sidon1 9 ,phnicia1 :]e1 9 ! remote/ ages1 !y _h be5 inv5t$4 ,at ?is "t 7 ^! mirrors silv]$8 ,we mu/ believe t !y 71 = a plate ( glass1 )\t quicksilv]+1 c\ld nev] be any?+ ?an glass m or less transp>5t1 & w\ld p]mit ( ! light pass+ ?r\gh1 )\t reflect+ objects4 ,b ,pl9y ass]ts no?+ ( ! k9d2 &1 moreov]1 z ! practice ( us+ mirrors ( poli%$ metal1 :i* 0 tak5 f ! ,romans1 0 = a long "t ma9ta9$ among mod]n nations1 we may conclude ei!r t ! inv5tion ( glass mirrors 0 n a great success1 or t ! secret ( mak+ !m 0 lo/4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury an ,engli% monk wrote a treatise on optics1 9 :i* allusion is made to mirrors l9$ ) lead4 ,nev]!less1 mirrors ( silv] cont9u$ 9 use among ! ri*1 & ( iron & poli%$ /eel by ! poor] classes1 till ! "t :5 glass became less exp5sive1 & ,v5etian look+-glasses 7 introduc$1 or clev]ly imitat$1 9 all ,european c\ntries2 metal mirrors1 :i* easily became dim1 & did n give ! natural col\r to reflect$ objects1 7 !n discont9u$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! elegant %ape ( ! anci5t h&-mirrors 0 reta9$1 ! work]s 9 gold & silv] /ill cont9u+ to encircle !m ) mo/ graceful designs2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! surface ( poli%$ /eel or silv] 0 replac$ by a ?ick & bright piece ( ,v5etian glass1 sometimes ornam5t$ ) reflect$ designs produc$ 9 ! coat+ ( quicksilv] 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,h& or ,pocket ,mirror 9 gold or *as$ silv]1 f an ,engrav+ by ,eti5ne ,delaune1 a celebrat$ ,fr5* goldsmi? & engrav] 7,sixte5? ,c5tury74 ,f all ^! details1 ! read] w h ! gratification ( asc]ta9+ at a glance ! g5]al effect ( furniture 9 use = dome/ic purposes2 & ?us1 aft] ! analysis1 he w h its opposite4 ,fig4 #ai1 a reproduction1 tak5 f ! 8,dictionnaire du ,mobili] ,franais10 by ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,dwell+ room ( a ,seigneur ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 repres5ts a dwell+-room ( a ri* nobleman 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,:at we n[ designate z a b$room1 & :i* 0 !n call$ simply cambre or *ambre1 conta9$1 besides ! b$--:i* 0 v l>ge--a v>iety ( o!r furniture 9 use = ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( daily life2 = ! "t t 0 n giv5 to bus9ess1 to out-door amusem5ts1 to /ate receptions1 & to meals1 0 pass$1 bo? by nobles & citiz5s1 9 ?is room4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury requirem5ts = com=t _h develop$ !mselves 9 a rem>kable degree 9 ,france4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 we h only to glance at ! inv5tories1 to read ! romances & n>ratives ( ! day1 & to /udy ) "s little c>e ! mansions & h\ses erect$ 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 ,a huge *imney admitt$ _m p]sons to ! fireside4 ,ne> ! he>? 0 plac$ ! *aire 7seat ( hon\r7 ( ! ma/] or ( ! mi/ress4 ,! b$1 :i* usually /ood 9 a corn]1 surr\nd$ by ?ick curta9s1 0 effectually scre5$1 & =m$ :at 0 !n call$ a clotet2 t is1 a sort ( small room enclos$ by tape/ry4 ,ne> ! w9d[s 7 bancals1 or b5*es ) backs cov]$ ) drap]y1 on :i* p]sons c\ld sit & talk1 read1 or "w1 :ile enjoy+ ! view4 ,a dress] 0 rang$ along "o side ( ! room1 & on its %elves 7 plac$ pieces ( valuable plate1 di%es = comfits1 & fl[]-vases4 ,small /ools1 arm-*airs1 &1 especially1 num]\s cu%ions 7 plac$ "h & !re 9 ! room4 ,flemi% c>pets1 & ^? :i* 7 call$ s>ras9ois1 cov]$ ! floor2 ?is 0 compos$ ( enamell$ tiles2 or1 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces1 ( ?ick squ>es ( poli%$ oak4 ,^! l>ge1 l(ty1 wa9scot$ rooms always communicat$ ) private /aircases1 ?r\gh dress+-rooms & w>drobes 9 :i* 7 locat$ ! dome/ics 9 imm$iate att5dance4 ,let u n[ pass f dome/ic furniture to t us$ = ecclesia/ical purposes4 ,we n[ leave ! palaces ( k+s1 ! mansions ( nobles1 & ! dwell+s ( ! ri*1 & ent] ! build+s consecrat$ to wor%ip4 ,we "k t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity religi\s c]emonies 7 *>act]is$ by ! greate/ simplicity1 & t ! build+s 9 :i* ! fai?ful 7 wont to assemble 7 = ! mo/ "p devoid ( any k9d ( decoration4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 ri* display ent]$ into *ur*es1 & pomp accompani$ ! ex]cise ( religi\s wor%ip1 especially at ! p]iod :5 ,con/ant9e ! ,great put an end to ! era ( p]secutions & proclaim$ himself ! protector ( ! new fai?4 ,x is relat$ t among ! ri* pres5ts :i* ?is emp]or di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian temples 9 ,rome1 7 a gold5 cross weigh+ two hundr$ p\nds1 pat5s ( ! same metal1 lamps repres5t+ animals1 c4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ,/4 ,eloi1 :o 0 a celebrat$ goldsmi? be=e he became ,bi%op ( ,noyon1 gave 8 :ole m9d & tal5ts to ! manufacture ( *ur* ornam5ts4 ,he enli/$ f among ! monks ( ! v>i\s mona/]ies t 7 subject to 8 episcopal au?ority1 all ^? :om he fanci$ _h an aptitude = ^! works ( art2 he in/ruct$ & direct$ !m himself1 & made !m excell5t arti/s2 he trans=m$ entire mona/]ies into gold & silv]-smi?s' work%ops2 & num]\s rem>kable works increas$ ! spl5d\r ( ! ,m]ov+ian basilicas2 su*1 = example1 7 ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 & ! tomb ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ! m>ble ro( ( :i* 0 pr(usely ornam5t$ ) gold & preci\s /ones4 8,! b\nty ( ,*>lemagne10 says ,m4 ,*>les ,l\&re1 8add$ new ri*es to ! imm5se weal? already accumulat$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,mosaics1 sculpture1 ! r>e/ k9ds ( m>ble1 7 lavi%$ on ^? basilicas = :i* ! emp]or ev9c$ p>tiality2 b all ^! treasures 7 disp]s$ by ! ,norman invasions4 ,f ! n9? to ! elev5? c5turies x w\ld seem t1 ) ! exception ( a few %r9es & crosses1 objects employ$ = ecclesia/ical purposes 7 n enri*$ by ! addition ( any?+ note-wor?y2 at any rate1 ! works ( t p]iod & ^? ( ant]ior date h n be5 h&$ d[n to u1 if we except "s r>e fragm5ts4 ,! reason is1 t1 indep5d5tly ( ! con/ant causes ( de/ruction1 ! furniture ( *ur*es 0 r5ew$ t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ! edifices !mselves 7 rebuilt2 & x is only f ! date ( ?is my/ical ,r5aissance t we beg9 to f9d 9 ! texts precise indications1 & 9 museums or temples p]fectly pres]v$ monum5ts40 ,ecclesia/ical app5dages include alt>s1 alt>-scre5s1 ! pulpit1 mon/rances1 *alices1 inc5se-burn]s1 c&le/icks or lamps1 %r9es1 reliqu>ies1 bas9s = conta9+ holy wat]1 & "s o!r objects ( less] relative importance1 z crosses1 bells1 & bann]-poles4 ,to ^! we may add votive (f]+s1 :i* 7 g5]ally ei!r ( gold or silv]4 ,9 ! infancy ( religi\s wor%ip ! alt> took two di/9ct %apes2 sometimes ! =m ( a table1 ) a top ( /one1 wood1 or metal support$ by legs or by columns2 sometimes x resembl$ an anci5t tomb1 or a long c(f]1 n>r[$ at ! base1 & surm\nt$ by a simil> cov]+1 :i* inv>iably =m$ ! upp] portion1 or ! table1 ( ! alt>4 ,9 addition to alt>s1 m or less monum5tal1 :i* 7 fixtures 9 ! *ur*es1 & :i*1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 7 plac$ "u ciboria 7a k9d ( dais or canopy support$ by columns71 small portable alt>s 7 employ$1 9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! s]vice4 ,!y 7 int5d$ to accompany ! bi%ops1 or ! ord9>y cl]gy1 :o _h to prea* ! fai? 9 c\ntries :]e no *ur*es exi/$4 ,^! alt>s1 :i* 7 allud$ to :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion _h made b slight progress1 7 no long] se5 aft] x became g5]al2 b we aga9 f9d !m at ! "t ( ! ,crusades1 :5 pi\s pilgrims1 :o j\rney$ f place to place prea*+ ! ,gospel1 7 oblig$ to say mass 9 fields & public places1 :]e ! fai?ful assembl$ to he> !m1 & to 8take up ! cross40 ,m4 ,jules ,lab>te gives ! foll[+ summ>y description ( a portable alt> ( ! twelf? c5tury3--8,x consi/s ( a slab ( luma*ella m>ble1 set 9 a box ( gilt copp]1 #cf c5timtres 9 height by #bg 9 wid?1 & #c 9 ?ickness4 ,! top ( ! box is cut 9 su* a mann] z to leave uncov]$ ! /one on :i* ! *alice 0 plac$ dur+ ! celebration ( mass40 ,?r\gh\t all ! p]iods ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ard5t fai? ( :i* seem$ to consid] suffici5t hon\r c\ld nev] be r5d]$ to ! real pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! holy sacrifice1 ! ornam5tation ( ! alt> 0 ev]y:]e look$ ^u z an object ( ! mo/ extraord9>y pomp & ( ! mo/ elevat$ arti/ic ta/e4 ,among ! m>vels ( ?is k9d we mu/ "n1 z occupy+ a lead+ place1 ! gold alt> ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 9 ,milan1 :i* dates f #hce1 & ^? ( ! ca!drals ( ,basle & ,pi/oia1 :i* belong to ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,^! gold alt>s1 wr\ght ) ! hamm]1 7 *as$ & sometimes enamell$1 & 9 addition to rem>kably well execut$ designs 9 c>v$ "w1 tak5 f religi\s books1 !y usually also _h on !m portraits ( ! donors4 ,! alt>s & tab]nacles 7 execut$ ) an equal am\nt ( art & co/l9ess2 & f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! fabrication or ! importation ( c>pets1 embroid]ies1 & gold & silv] fabrics1 we see !m employ$ = ! purpose ( cov]+1 adorn+1 & ( r5d]+ m /rik+ & impos+ ! alt> & its accessories1 to :i* ! "n ( *ancel 0 giv5 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! *alice & ! alt>-vessels1 :i* date f ! v cradle ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 s9ce )\t ^! sacr$ vases ! fundam5tal s]vices ( ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ c\ld n h be5 p]=m$1 p]haps owe x to ?is exceptional fact t !y are n spok5 ( be=e ! elev5? c5tury 7,fig4 #ba74 ,9 tru?1 n[h]e d we f9d an indication ( _! ord9>y %ape1 nor ( ! mode ( _! manufacture 9 e>ly times2 b x is reasonable to suppose t ! *alice orig9ally 0 id5tical1 z x 0 9 times approa*+ ne>] to our own1 ) ! goblet ( ! anci5ts2 or p]haps1 to def9e x m p>ticul>ly1 0 ! well-kn[n hanap 7dr9k+-cup71 ! e>lie/ type ( :i* tradition endeav\rs to trace to s e>ly a date4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 & until ! "t :5 ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod 7 call$ ^u to remodel sacr$ ornam5ts1 & !y trans=m$ !m into m>vels ( art on :i* 7 lavi%$ all ! res\rces ( ca/+1 *as+1 & glyptic1 we obs]ve t *alices cont9u$ to be manufactur$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 adorn$ ) exquisite elegance1 & enri*$ ) all ! brilliancy t art c give !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,an ,alt>-clo? embroid]$ 9 silv] on a black gr\nd1 repres5t+ ! procession ( a fri> ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury 7copi$ f ! orig9al belong+ to ,n4 ,a*ille ,jub9al74 ,all t c be said reg>d+ ! *alice applies equally to ! mon/rances & ! pyxes employ$ to conta9 & to exhibit ! consecrat$ waf]s1 z also to ! c5s]s1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ! ,jewi% =m ( wor%ip1 & :i*1 9 accordance ) ! successive epo*s ( ,*ri/ianity1 affect$ diff]5t my/ical & symbolic %apes 7,fig4 #bb74 ,( ^! ,m4 ,didron gives ! foll[+ description3--8,!y 7 fir/ =m$ ( two op5-"w sph]oids1 9 ca/ & *as$ copp]1 ornam5t$ ) figures ( animals & inscriptions40 ,orig9ally !y 7 susp5d$ by ?ree *a9s1 :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 signifi$ 8! union ( ! body1 ! s\l1 & ! div9ity 9 ,*ri/40 ,at ano!r p]iod ! c5s]s repres5t$1 9 m9iature1 *ur*es & *apels ) po9t$ ar*es4 ,aga91 at ! ,r5aissance1 !y took ! =m ( t n[ 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,an ,alt>-,tray & ,*alice1 9 enamell$ gold1 suppos$ to be ( ! ,f\r? or ,fif? ,c5tury1 f\nd at ,g\rdon1 ne> ,*alon-sur-,sane1 9 #ahdf4 7,cab9et des ,antiques1 ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is47 ,f ! fir/1 ! light+ ( *ur*es 01 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 c>ri$ out on mu* ! same pr9ciple z t employ$ 9 pr9cely abodes & important mansions4 ,fix$ or movable lamps 7 us$2 also wax c&les 9 *&eli]s1 = ! ornam5tation ( :i* pi\s donors & pi\s artisans1 ! =m] pay+ ! latt]1 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 skill & lib]ality4 ,we may "h obs]ve t ev5 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 num]\s c&le/icks 7 g5]ally employ$ bo? by day & by night4 ,! c&le/icks on ! alt> repres5t$ ! apo/les surr\nd+ ,*ri/2 ?us _! numb] ought to be twelve4 ,plac$ ar\nd ! dead1 !y signifi$ t ! ,*ri/ian f9ds light beyond ! grave4 ,to ! fai?ful !y typifi$ ! day :i* %9es brightly 9 cele/ial ,j]usalem4 ,! wor%ip ( relics1 e/abli%$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur*1 subsequ5tly l$ to ! introduction ( %r9es & reliqu>ies1 a k9d ( portable tomb :i* ! disciples ( ! ,gospel devot$ to ! memory1 & 9 hon\r1 ( m>tyrs & confessors ( ! fai?4 ,?us f ! fir/1 9 collect+ ^! holy relics1 to :i* ! fai?ful atta*$ e k9d ( miracul\s p[]s1 !y d$icat$ :at1 accord+ to ecclesia/ical writ]s1 _h be5 ! temple ( ! liv+ ,god1 a gorge\s sanctu>y1 wor?y ( s _m virtues & miracles4 ,h5ce ! introduction ( %r9es into *ur*es1 & reliqu>ies into private h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,c5s] ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 recall+ ! %ape ( ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem1 9 copp] rep\ss4 7,=m]ly 9 ,metz ,ca!dral1 n[ at ,trves47 ,ow+ to ! c>e be/[$ on "s ( ^! by ,/4 ,eloi1 f ! sev5? c5tury1 !y _h become real m>vels ( intr9sic ri*ness & arti/ic f9i%4 ,nev]!less we are unacqua9t$ ) ! %ape :i*1 9 accordance ) ! ,*ri/ian liturgy1 0 orig9ally giv5 to ! %r9es & reliqu>ies1 al?\gh ! ,lat9 ^w capsa1 f :i* ! ^w *sse 7%r9e7 is d]iv$1 conveys ! idea ( a k9d ( box or c(f]4 ,inde$ ?is %ape 0 reta9$ = a long "t by ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom2 b ! majority ( %r9es 9 gold & silv] "w :i* d n date fur!r back ?an ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury repres5t tombs1 *apels1 & ev5 ca!drals4 ,?is symbolic %ape cont9u$ 9 use to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 b ) successive modifications sugge/$ by ! ar*itectural /yle ( ea* p]iod4 ,we ?us see !re 0 no preci\s mat]ial or delicate workman%ip :i* 0 n employ$ to contribute 9 mak+ ! %r9es & reliqu>ies m magnific5t4 ,gold1 silv]1 r>e m>bles1 preci\s /ones1 7 lavi%$ on _! con/ruction2 ! *as] & enamell] embelli%$ ) figures & emblems1 ) incid5ts tak5 f ,holy ,writ & f ! lives ( sa9ts1 ! %r9es 9 :i* are deposit$ _! rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bc & #bd4--,/all & ,read+-desk 9 c>v$ wood1 f ! ,*ur* ( ,ao/a 7,fifte5? ,c5tury74 ,we "k t 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity ! rite ( baptism 0 p]=m$ by imm]sion 9 riv]s or 9 f\nta9s1 b at a p]iod ne>] to our own "t1 bas9s or vessels ( v>i\s dim5sions 7 plac$ 9 a small deta*$ edifice1 by ! side ( ! *ur*2 into ^! ! neophytes 7 plung$ :5 receiv+ ! fir/ sacram5t4 ,^! bapti/ries disappe>$ z soon z ! practice ( spr9kl+ holy wat] on ! =ehead ( ! cate*um5 0 def9itely sub/itut$ = t ( imm]sion4 ,baptismal fonts !n became :at !y n[ are1 t is1 a k9d ( small erection above ! level ( ! floor--pisc9as1 %ells 7vasques71 or bas9s1 recall+ to our m9ds1 ?\gh on a r$uc$ scale1 ! primitive bapti/ries4 ,!y 7 plac$ inside ! *ur*1 ei!r ne> ! entrance1 or 9 "o ( ! side-*apels4 ,at v>i\s p]iods !y 7 made ( /one1 m>ble1 or bronze2 & 7 ornam5t$ ) subjects relat+ to ! rite ( baptism4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! holy-wat] bas9s1 :i*1 accord+ to anci5t cu/om1 7 plac$ at ! entrance to ! *ur*1 & g5]ally assum$ ! =m ( a %ell1 or ( a l>ge amphora1 :5 n made simply ( a holl[$ /one to recall ! anci5t baptismal vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,bas-relief 9 c>v$ wood1 repres5t+ a ,dome/ic ,sc5e1 f ! ,/alls call$ 8,misricordes10 9 ! ,*oir ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,r\5 7,fifte5? ,c5tury74 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! alt> & procession-crosses1 :i*1 z be+ typical ( ! div9e emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 c\ld n fail to become real objects ( art ev5 f ! "t ( ! catacombs4 ,x w\ld be ne$less repetition to enum]ate "h ! diff]5t mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( crosses1 ! v>i\s %apes t 7 giv5 to !m1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 & ! subjects & figures !y repres5t$4 ,! sculptor1 ! modell]1 ! *as]1 ! enamell]1 & ev5 ! pa9t]1 7 associat$ ) ! goldsmi? 9 produc+ mo/ exquisite works ( ?is k9d4 ,! art ( ! wood-c>v] & t ( ! work] 9 iron1 :i* we h se5 execut+ su* m>vels = h\sehold furniture1 c\ld n fail to f9d scope 9 ! manufacture ( objects us$ = religi\s purposes4 ,x 0 especially 9 mak+ pulpits1 ornam5tal scre5s1 wa9scot+1 & /alls1 t ! art ( ! wood-c>v] became r5[n$2 he 0 no long] simply an artisan1 b became an arti/ ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,9 ! ornam5tation ( rail+s ( *oirs & tombs1 ! iron-"w on doors1 ( bolts1 locks1 & keys1 ! rem>kable tal5t ( ! locksmi?s ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 display$4 ,let u "h rem>k1 t 9 ! e>ly days ( wor%ip ! pulpit 0 simply a k9d ( /ool on :i* ! prea*] /ood 9 ord] t 8 congregation might see him4 ,by degrees ! pulpit 0 rais$ on supports or columns2 & lat] aga91 b only t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we f9d x fix$ at a great height aga9/ "o ( ! c5tral pill>s ( ! *ur*1 & usually magnific5tly c>v$1 z 0 also ! dais1 & ! s\nd+-bo>d by :i* x 0 surm\nt$4 ,to =m an idea ( ! degree ( p]fection atta9$ 9 wood-c>v+ f ! ?irte5? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 we ought to inspect ! /alls ( ,/4 ,ju/9e1 at ,padua1 ^? ( ! ca!drals ( ,milan & ,ulm1 ! *ur* ( ,ao/a 7,figs4 #bc & #bd71 c41 & ! /alls ( ! *ur*es ( ,rodez1 ,albi1 ,ami5s1 ,t\l\se1 & ,r\5 7,fig4 #be74 ,& if we w\ld exam9e a v anci5t example ( ! art atta9$ by work]s 9 iron1 we h b to notice ! h+es1 dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* /ret*1 9 arabesque designs1 ov] ! panels ( ! we/]n door ( ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,design on ! ,/alls 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b5ot-sur-,loire4 ,,tape/ry4 ,scriptural ,orig9 ( ,tape/ry4--,ne$lework ,embroid]y 9 ,anci5t ,greek & ,roman ,times4--,altalic ,c>pets4--,manufacture ( ,c>pets 9 ,cloi/]s4--,manufactory at ,poiti]s 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,bayeux ,tape/ry1 nam$ 8,de la ,re9e ,ma?ilde40--,arras ,c>pets4--,inv5tory ( ! ,tape/ries ( ,*>les ,v42 enorm\s ,value ( ^! ,embroid]$ ,hang+s4--,manufactory at ,fonta9ebleau1 "u ,francis ,i4--,! ,manufacture ( ! ,hpital de la ,tr9it1 at ,p>is4--,! ,tape/ry ,work]s1 ,dub\rg & ,laur5t1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4--,factories ( ,savonn]ie & ,gobel9s4 ,if !re is an art :i* be>s brilliant te/imony to ! indu/ry & +5uity ( mank9d 9 ! remote/ ages1 und\bt$ly x is t ( weav+1 or ( embroid]+ tape/ry2 =1 h[ev] f> back we trace ! annals ( nations1 we f9d ?is art fl\ri%+ & produc+ m>vels ( workman%ip4 ,let u fir/ op5 ! ,bible1 ! olde/ ( all hi/orical docum5ts2 we read !re9 ( wov5 fabrics1 n only work$ on ! loom1 b also made by h&1 t is1 ri*ly embroid]$ 9 ne$lework on l95 or canvas4 ,^! magnific5t fabrics1 :i* 7 labori\sly & m9utely execut$1 repres5t$ all k9ds ( designs 9 relief & 9 col\rs2 !y 7 us$ z decorations = ! holy temple1 & z ornam5tal g>m5ts = ! prie/s :o p]=m$ ! religi\s c]emonies4 ,indubitable pro( ( ?is is ! description1 9 ! book ( ,exodus1 ( ! curta9s surr\nd+ ! tab]nacle4 ,"s ( ^! embroid]ies1 9 ! manufacture ( :i* gold & silv] ?read1 comb9$ ) dy$ wools & silk1 0 us$1 7 nam$ opus plum>ii 7"w 9 imitation ( bird's plumage72 o!rs--su*1 = example1 z ! veil ( ! ,holy ( ,holies1 :i* repres5t$ *]ubim 9 ! act ( adoration--7 call$ opus artificis 7"w ( ! artisan71 because !y 7 made by ! weav] on ! loom2 &1 ) ! aid ( num]\s %uttles1 ! wo( ( wools & silks ( v>i\s hues 0 introduc$4 ,9 ! traditions ( ! magnific5t city ( ,babylon we also f9d figur$ tape/ry del9eat+ ! my/]ies ( religion1 & h&+ d[n to u ! recollection ( hi/orical incid5ts4 8,! palace ( ! k+s ( ,babylon10 says ,philo/ratus1 9 ! 8,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana10 80 ornam5t$ ) tape/ries 9 gold & silv] tissues1 :i* record$ ! ,grecian fables ( ,&rom$a1 ( ,orpheus1 c40 ,! ,greek poet ,apollonius ( ,rhodes1 :o wrote a c5tury be=e our era1 relates 9 8 poem ( 8,! ,argonauts0 t ! wom5 ( ,babylon excell$ 9 ! execution ( ^! gorge\s textures4 ,! fam\s tape/ries :i* 7 sold 9 ! "t ( ,metellus ,scipio = #hjj1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #afe1jjj francs71 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] 7 pur*as$ = ! exorbitant sum ( two million se/]ces 7ab\t #dab1jjj francs7 by ,n]o1 to place on 8 fe/ive c\*es1 7 ( ,babylonian workman%ip4 ,anci5t ,egypt1 :i* w\ld seem to h be5 ! e>ly cradle ( an advanc$ civilisation1 0 also r5[n$ = ?is m>vell\s art1 ! inv5tion ( :i* ! ,greeks attribut$ to ,m9]va1 & to :i* allusion is frequ5tly made 9 _! my?ology4 ,p5elope's web1 :]eon 7 del9eat$ ! exploits ( ,ulysses1 has rema9$ ! mo/ celebrat$ among !m all4 ,x 0 on a simil> web t ,philomela1 9 h] prison1 illu/rat$ 9 embroid]y ! n>rative ( h] mis=tunes1 aft] ,t]eus _h cut out h] tongue1 to prev5t h] tell+ h] si/] ,progne ! outrage %e _h suff]$ at 8 h&s4 ,?r\gh\t ! poems ( ,hom] we f9d embroid]y ( ?is k9d ei!r m5tion$1 or describ$ z made ) ! ne$le or loom1 & int5d$ = decorative drap]y1 or z g>m5ts = m5 & wom54 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,troy1 ,hel5 embroid]$1 ^u a f9e tissue1 ! sangu9>y combats ( ! h]oes :o 7 de/roy+ ea* o!r = h] sake4 ,! cloak ( ,ulysses repres5ts a dog pull+ d[n a fawn1 c4 ,! cu/om ( embroid]+ su* sc5es z combats & hunt+-incid5ts seems to h la/$ dur+ a long "t4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 c]ta9 races bord]+ on ! ,caspian ,sea 7 accu/om$ to h figures ( animals1 fl[]s1 & l&scapes del9eat$ on _! g>m5ts4 ,?is cu/om is m5tion$ among ! pagans by ,philo/ratus1 & among ,*ri/ians by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 also alludes to x on sev]al occasions 9 8 works4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,amasius1 ,bi%op ( ,amasia1 deplores ! folly :i* 8set a great value on ?is art ( weav+1 a va9 & useless art1 :i* by ! comb9ation ( ! w>p & wo( imitates pa9t+40 8,:5 p]sons ?us dress$ appe> 9 ! /reet10 adds ! pi\s bi%op1 8! pass]s-by look at !m z walk+ pictures1 & ! *ildr5 po9t at !m ) _! f+]4 ,we see lions1 pan!rs1 be>s1 rocks1 woods1 hunt]s2 ! religi\sly incl9$ h ,*ri/1 8 disciples1 & 8 miracles figur$ on _! g>m5ts4 ,"h we see ! w$d+ ( ,cana1 & ! pit*]s ( wat] turn$ into w9e2 !re we h ! p>alytic c>ry+ 8 b$1 or ! s9n] at ! feet ( ,jesus1 or ,laz>us be+ rais$ f ! dead40 ,we h only to look into ! works ( ! writ]s ( ! "t ( ,augu/us to le>n t ! halls 9 ! h\ses ( ! weal?y 7 always hung ) tape/ry2 & t ! tables1 or r ! b$s1 ^u :i* ! gue/s 7 seat$1 7 cov]$ ) c>pets4 ,! ,attalian c>pets1 :i* 7 ?us nam$ because !y came f ! inh]itance bequea!d to ! ,roman p by ,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamos1 7 indescribably magnific5t4 ,cic]o1 :o 0 a connoisseur 9 su* matt]s1 speaks ( !m ) en?usiasm 9 8 works4 ,"u ,!odosius ,i41 t is to say1 at ! "t ( ! decl9e ( ! great empire :i* 0 soon to break up & be sep>at$1 & at la/ to m]ge into new nationalities1 a contemporane\s hi/orian %[s u 8! y\? ( ,rome engag$ 9 mak+ tape/ry-"w40 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,fr5* hi/ory1 ?is +5i\s & delicate "w w\ld seem to h be5 ma9ly c>ri$ on by wom51 & especially by ^? ( ! highe/ rank4 ,at any rate x is a fact t ri* tape/ries 7 9 common use1 bo? 9 private h\ses & = ecclesia/ical purposes1 z e>ly z ! six? c5tury2 = ,gregory ( ,t\rs does n fail to tell u ( ! embroid]$ hang+s1 & also ( ! tape/ry1 9 mo/ ( ! c]emonies :i* he describes4 ,:5 ,k+ ,clovis r5\nc$ paganism & ask$ to be baptis$1 8?is intellig5ce 0 ! greate/ joy to ! bi%op2 he ord]s ! sacr$ fonts to be prep>$2 ! /reets ov]hung ) pa9t$ clo?s2 ! *ur*es ornam5t$ ) hang+s40 ,:5 ! abbey-*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is _h to be consecrat$1 8its walls are cov]$ ) tape/ry embroid]$ 9 gold & ornam5t$ ) pe>ls40 ,^! tape/ries 7 = a long "t pres]v$ 9 ! abbey-treasury4 ,subsequ5tly1 ?is same treasury receiv$1 z a pres5t f ,que5 ,adelaide1 ! wife ( ,hugh ,capet1 8a *asuble1 a valance1 z also "s hang+s1 work$ by h] own h&20 & ,d\blet1 ! hi/orian ( ?is anci5t abbey1 /ates t ,que5 ,b]?a 7! same :om ! old ,fr5* prov]b makes an indefatigable work] ) h] ne$le7 embroid]$ on canvas a s]ies ( hi/orical subjects1 depict+ ! glori\s de$s ( ! family4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no writt5 au?ority = ass]t+ t 9 ,france ! manufacture ( tape/ries & hang+s work$ on ! loom c be trac$ beyond ! n9? c5tury2 b at ?is p]iod1 & a little lat]1 we f9d "s docum5ts :i* are z precise z !y are curi\s--prov+ t ?is indu/ry1 ! pr9cipal object ( :i*1 at t p]iod1 0 ! ornam5tation ( *ur*es1 _h to a c]ta9 ext5t obta9$ a foot+1 & 0 fl\ri%+ 9 religi\s e/abli%m5ts4 ,! anci5t *ronicles ( ,aux]re relate t ,/4 ,an!lm1 ! bi%op ( t city1 :o di$ 9 #hbh1 caus$ to be made1 "u 8 own directions1 num]\s ri* c>pets = ! *oir ( 8 *ur*4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat] we f9d a regul> manufactory e/abli%$ at ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,flor5t1 at ,saumur4 8,9 ! "t ( ! abbot ,rob]t ,,iii410 says ! hi/orian ( ?is mona/]y1 8! ve/ry 7fabrique7 ( ! cloi/] 0 fur!r enri*$ by magnific5t pa9t+s & pieces ( sculpture1 accompani$ by leg5ds 9 v]se4 ,! above-m5tion$ abbot1 :o 0 passionately devot$ to simil> works1 s\ght = & pur*as$ a consid]able quantity ( magnific5t ornam5ts1 su* z l>ge dors]ets#a 9 wool1 curta9s1 canopies1 hang+s1 b5*-cov]s1 & o!r ornam5ts1 embroid]$ ) v>i\s devices4 ,among o!r objects1 he caus$ to be made two pieces ( tape/ry ( l>ge size & ( admirable quality1 repres5t+ elephants2 & ^! two pieces 7 jo9$ toge!r ) a r>e k9d ( silk1 by hir$ work]s 9 tape/ry4 ,he also ord]$ two dors]ets 9 wool to be manufactur$4 ,x happ5$ t1 dur+ ! "t "o ( ^! 0 be+ complet$1 ! above-m5tion$ abbot w5t to ,france4 ,! ecclesia/ic left 9 *>ge took advantage ( 8 abs5ce to =bid ! artisans to "w ! wo( accord+ to ! cu/om>y me?od4 #8,well1' said !y1 #89 ! abs5ce ( our good abbot we w n discont9ue our employm5t2 b z y ?w>t u we %all make q a diff]5t k9d ( fabric4' ,& ?is n[ admits ( pro(4 ,!y made sev]al squ>e c>pets1 repres5t+ silv] lions ^u a field ( gules 7r$71 ) a :ite bord] cov]$ ) sc>let animals & birds4 ,?is unique piece ( workman%ip 0 look$ ^u z a p]fect specim5 ( ?is k9d ( fabric1 until ! "t ( ! abbot ,william1 :5 x 0 consid]$ ! mo/ rem>kable piece ( tape/ry belong+ to ! mona/]y4 ,9 fact1 on ! occasions ( great solemnities ! abbot _h ! elephant tape/ry display$1 & "o ( ! priors %[$ t on :i* 7 ! lions40 ,f ! n9? or t5? c5tury !re 0 also a manufactory at ,poiti]s2 & its fabrics1 on :i* figur$ k+s1 emp]ors1 & sa9ts1 7 ( ,european celebrity1 z appe>s to be atte/$1 among o!r docum5ts1 by a rem>kable correspond5ce :i* took place1 9 #ajbe1 betwe5 an ,italian bi%op1 nam$ ,lon1 & ,william ,,iv41 ,c\nt ( ,poit\4 ,to und]/& rightly ?is correspond5ce1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t at ! "t ,poit\ 0 z fam\s = its mules z = tape/ry4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 ! bi%op begs ! c\nt to s5d him a mule & a piece ( tape/ry1 bo? equally m>vell\s 7mirabiles71 & = :i* he has be5 ask+ six ye>s4 ,he promises to pay :atev] !y may co/4 ,! c\nt1 :o mu/ h _h a faceti\s disposition1 repli$1 8,i _c1 at pres5t1 s5d y :at y ask1 because = a mule to m]it ! epi!t ( m>vell\s1 he w\ld require to h horns1 & ?ree tails1 or five legs--& ?is ,i %\ld n be able to f9d 9 our c\ntry4 ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself ) s5d+ y "o ( ! be/ ,i c procure4 ,z to ! tape/ry1 ,i h =gott5 ! dim5sions y desire4 ,let me h ^! p>ticul>s aga91 & x w !n soon be s5t to y40 ,b ?is co/ly indu/ry 0 n limit$ to ! ,fr5* prov9ces4 ,9 ! 8,*ronique des ,ducs de ,norm&ie10 writt5 by ,dudon1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 x is /at$ t ! ,engli% 7 clev] work]s 9 ?is art2 & :5 designat+ "s magnific5t embroid]y1 or ri* tape/ry1 x 0 describ$ z ( ,engli% "w 7opus ,anglicanum74 ,moreov]1 ! same *ronicle relates t ! wife ( ,ri*>d ,i41#b ! ,du*ess ,gonnor1 assi/$ by h] embroid]]s1 made hang+s ( l95 & ( silk1 embelli%$ ) images & figures repres5t+ ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! ,sa9ts1 to decorate ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame1 ,r\54 ,! ,ea/1 also1 :i* f ! e>lie/ times _h be5 r5[n$ = ! art ( produc+ beautiful embroid]$ fabrics1 became /ill m fam\s dur+ ! ,middle ,ages = ^? ( wool & silk1 embroid]$ ) silv] & gold4 ,x 0 f ! ,ea/ 7 br\ght ! ri* /uffs cov]$ all ov] ) emblazonm5ts1 & ) figures ( animals1 & probably also embroid]$ 9 op5-"w3 ^! fabrics 7 call$ t(fes sculptes1 or ple9es d'yeux4 ,! libr>ian ,ana/asius1 9 8 book ! 8,lives ( ! ,popes10 :i* und\bt$ly 0 writt5 be=e ! elev5? c5tury1 gives1 :5 describ+ *ur* decorations1 "s curi\s & circum/antial details reg>d+ ! subject we are n[ discuss+4 ,accord+ to him1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,*>lemagne 7eigh? c5tury71 ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 8_h a veil made ( purple work$ 9 gold1 on :i* 0 ! hi/ory ( ! ,nativity & ( ,simon1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre ! ,annunciation ( ! ,virg940 ,?is 0 to ornam5t ! pr9cipal alt> ( ! ,holy ,"m ( ,god1 at ,rome4 ,he also ord]$ = ! alt> ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 8a veil ( silk work$ 9 gold1 hav+ on x ! hi/ories ( ! ,passion ( our ,savi\r & ( ! ,resurrection40 ,he plac$ on ! alt> ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 8a veil ( purple ( a rem>kable size1 work$ 9 gold & ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones2 on "o side 0 se5 our ,savi\r giv+ ,/4 ,pet] ! p[] to b9d & to loose1 on ! o!r ! ,passion ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul40 ,9 ! same book1 sev]al o!r pieces ( tape/ry are describ$ 9 su* t]ms t x seems difficult to realise ! ri*ness & ! beauty ( f9i% ( ^! arti/ically-work$ fabrics1 :i* = ! mo/ "p came f ,asia or ,egypt4 ,x 0 only 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 aft] ! return f ! fir/ crusades _h enabl$ ,we/]n nations to admire & to appropriate to !mselves luxuries q new to !m1 t ! cu/om ( us+ tape/ry1 :ile becom+ f> m g5]al 9 *ur*es1 f\nd its way also into private dwell+s4 ,if1 9 ! cloi/]s1 ! monks1 9 ord] to f9d employm5t1 lavi%$ _! utmo/ c>e on ! weav+ ( wool & ( silk1 !re 0 ! m reason :y ?is occupation %\ld prove pleas+ to ! noble *tela9es :o 7 conf9$ to _! feudal ca/les4 ,x 0 !n1 :5 surr\nd$ by _! tire-wom51 z 9 e>li] times 7 ! ,roman matrons by _! slaves1 t ^! fair dames1 :ile li/5+ to ! read+ ( tales ( *ivalry :i* deeply int]e/$ !m1 or inspir$ by a pr(\nd fai?1 gave !mselves to ! task ( reproduc+ ) ! ne$le ei!r ! pi\s leg5ds ( ! sa9ts or ! glori\s exploits ( w>riors4 ,! b>e walls1 :5 ?us drap$ ) t\*+ incid5ts or w>like memorials1 assum$ a peculi> eloqu5ce :i* d\btless inspir$ ! m9d ) gr& visions1 & ar\s$ noble s5tim5ts 9 ! he>t4 ,among ! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is k9d is "o :i*1 ow+ to its really exquisite "*1 has escap$ :at w\ld h seem$ inevitable de/ruction4 ,we allude to ! fam\s ,bayeux tape/ry call$ 8de la ,re9e ,ma?ilde0 7( ! wife ( ,william ! ,conqu]or74 ,?is "w repres5ts ! conque/ ( ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,if we are to accept ! anci5t traditions to :i* x owes its "n1 x mu/ date f ! la/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! days we may be p]mitt$ to d\bt1 9 consequ5ce ( ! _m discussions t h tak5 place among ! le>n$1 if ?is embroid]y is z anci5t z 0 at "o "t suppos$4 ,& al?\gh we fir/ f9d x allud$ to 9 an inv5tory 7prep>$ 9 #adgf7 ( ! treasury ( ,bayeux ,ca!dral1 we may v5ture1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( confid5ce1 to believe t x 0 made 9 ! twelf? c5tury by ,engli%wom51 :o at t "t 7 p>ticul>ly fam\s = _! ne$lework2 an op9ion confirm$ by m ?an "o au?or contemporane\s ) ,william & ,matilda4 ,?is tape/ry1 :i* is #ai in*es 9 height1 by ne>ly #bab feet 9 l5g?1 is a piece ( br[n l951 on :i* are embroid]$ ) ! ne$le1 9 wool ( diff]5t col\rs 7& ^! seem to h lo/ none ( _! e>ly fre%ness71 a s]ies ( sev5ty-two gr\ps or subjects1 ) leg5ds 9 ,lat9 int]sp]s$ ) ,saxon1 embrac+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,conque/1 z relat$ by ! *ronicl]s ( ! p]iod 7,figs4 #bg & #bh74 ,at ! fir/ glance1 ?is embroid]y may seem to be b a rudely execut$ gr\p+ ( figures & animals2 nev]!less !re is "* ?r\gh\t1 & ! orig9al outl9e1 discov]able b5ea? ! int]sections ( ! wool1 is n want+ 9 a c]ta9 accuracy t br+s to our m9d ! vigor\s simplicity ( ! ,byzant9e /yle4 ,! decoration ( ! d\ble bord]1 betwe5 :i* is del9eat$ a drama :]e9 #ecj figures are introduc$1 is ! same z ^? ( ! pa9t+s 9 manuscripts ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,&1 9 %ort1 fail+ any exact pro(1 if we are det]m9$ n to deprive ?is imm5se "w ( its traditional antiquity1 x might1 ) mu* probability1 be attribut$ to a female embroid]] ( ,que5 ,matilda1 nam$ ,leviet1 ^: skill has rescu$ h] "n f oblivion4 ,x may also be well to obs]ve t at ! "t x is fir/ allud$ to 9 hi/ory1 ?is tape/ry is f\nd belong+ to ! v *ur* 9 :i* ,matilda desir$ to be buri$4 ,we h already se5 79 ! *apt] on ,furniture7 t t[>ds ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n habits & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,a piece ( ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 repres5t+ ! con/ruction ( ,boats = ,william 7) ,bord]74 cu/oms1 ! practice ( sitt+ on c>pets 0 e/abli%$ at ! c\rt ( our k+s4 ,f ?is date ri* tape/ries 7 frequ5tly us$ = mak+ t5ts = campaign+ or = hunt+4 ,!y 7 display$ on fe/ive occasions2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 pr9ces 7 ent]+ a t[n1 ! object be+ to hide ! b>e walls4 ,! d9+-halls 7 hung ) magnific5t tape/ries1 giv+ additional spl5d\r to ! int]ludes 7entremets1 or int]mdes7 p]=m$ dur+ ! repa/4 ,! *ampions 9 ! li/s saw glitt]+ ar\nd !m1 susp5d$ f ! gall]ies1 fabrics on :i* h]oic de$s 7 embroid]$4 ,la/ly1 ! cap>ison ( ! *>g] 7! w>-horse's g>b ( hon\r7 display$ its brilliant emblazon+s to ! eyes ( admir+ cr[ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,a portion ( ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 repres5t+ two m\nt$ m5 ( ,duke ,william's army arm$ f head to foot1 & 9 ! act ( fight+4 ,x 0 moreov] ! cu/om t ! tape/ries made = noblem5 %\ld be> _! respective armorial devices1 ! object be+1 no d\bt1 t x might be kn[n to :om !y belong$ :5 us$ on ! occasion ( ! entry ( royal & o!r di/+ui%$ p]sonages 9 solemn processions2 & also at j\/s & t\rnam5ts4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! manufactories ( ,fl&]s1 :i* 7 ( consid]able reputation ev5 ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 made great advance1 & ! success ( ! ,arras tape/ries became s g5]al t ! mo/ h&some hang+s 7 call$ ,arras tape/ry1 al?\gh ! great] "p ( !m did n come f t city4 ,x may "h be notic$ t ! t]m ,arrazi is1 9 ,italy1 /ill synonym\s ) valuable tape/ry 7,fig4 #bi74 ,^! fabrics 7 g5]ally work$ 9 wool1 & sometimes 9 flax & l953 b at ! same p]iod ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1 :i* _h import$ ?is indu/ry f ! ,ea/1 wove tape/ries :]e9 gold & silk 7 bl5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,m>riage ( ,l\is ,,xii4 & ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,tape/ry 9 wool & silk1 ) a mixture ( gold & silv] ?read4 ,made 9 ,fl&]s ! end ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,l5t by ,m4 ,a*ille ,jub9al47 ,an inv5tory1 dat$ #ba/ ,janu>y1 #acgi1 conta9$ 9 a manuscript n[ 9 ! 8,biblio?que ,impriale10--9 :i* are enum]at$ 8all ! jewels 9 gold & silv]1 all ! rooms ) embroid]y & tape/ries belong+ to ,*>les ,v410--gives u an idea n only ( ! multiplicity ( hang+s & tape/ries t app]ta9$ to ! p]sonal prop]ty ( royalty1 especially at ! ,htel ,sa9t-,pol1 b x also %[s u ! v>iety ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi4 ,tape/ry ( ,b]ne ( ! fifte5? ,c5tury 7,communicat$ by ,m4 ,a*ille ,jub9al47 ( subjects !re9 repres5t$4 ,a few ( ^! pieces ( tape/ry are /ill pres]v$1 b among "s :i* h be5 de/roy$ or lo/ we may m5tion ^? repres5t+ ! ,passion ( our ,savi\r1 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,!seus1 & t entitl$ ,goodness & ,beauty--all ^! 7 ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,!n aga91 ! tape/ry ( ! ,sev5 ,mortal ,s9s1 two pieces ( ! ,n9e ,bold ,knights1 t ( ! ladies hunt+ & fly+ 7qui vol5t71 9 o!r words1 hawk+2 t ( ! ,wild ,m52 two ( ,godfrey de ,b\illon2 a :ite tape/ry = a *apel1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 se5 8a compass ) a rose10 emblazon$ ) ! arms ( ,france & ( ,dauph9y1 ?is 0 ?ree y>ds squ>e2 "o l>ge h&some piece ( tape/ry1 8! k+ has b\ght1 :i* is work$ ) gold1 repres5t+ ! ,sev5 ,sci5ces & ,/4 ,augu/920 ! tape/ry ( ,judi? 7! que5 :o subsequ5tly appe>s on play+-c>ds72 a l>ge piece ( ,arras clo?1 repres5t+ ! ,battles ( ,judas ,maccabeus & ,antio*us2 ano!r ( 8! ,battle ( ! ,duke ( ,aquita9e & ( ,flor5ce20 a piece ( tape/ry 8:]eon are work$ ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>20 ano!r ( 8! ,f\nta9 ( ,j\v5t0 7,j\v5ce71 a l>ge piece ( tape/ry 8cov]$ ) azure fleurs-de-lys1 :i* said fleurs-de-lys are m+l$ ) o!r small yell[ fleurs-de-lys1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre a lion1 &1 at ! f\r corn]s1 bea/s hold+ bann]s1 c40--9 fact1 ! li/ is endless4 ,we mu/ /ill1 h[ev]1 add to ^! figur$ tape/ries ^? ) armorial be>+s1 made = ! mo/ "p ) 8,arras ?read10 & be>+ ! arms ( ,france & ,behaigne 7! latt] be+ ^? ( ! que51 daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia74 ,!re 0 also a piece ( tape/ry 8work$ ) t[]s1 fall[ bucks & does1 to put ov] ! k+'s boat40 ,! tape/ry call$ velus1 or velvet1 :i* n[ we call moquettes1 0 z commonly se5 z any o!r k9d4 ,!re 7 also to be notic$ ! ,salles d',anglet]re1 or ! tape/ries f t c\ntry1 :i*1 z we h said1 _h previ\sly acquir$ a great celebrity 9 t art4 ,among ^! "o 0 8ynde 7blue71 ) trees & wild m51 ) wild animals1 & ca/les20 o!rs 7 v]milion1 embroid]$ ) azure1 hav+ vignette bord]s1 & 9 ! c5tre lions1 eagles1 & leop>ds4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ,*>les ,v4 possess$ at 8 ca/le ( ,melun _m 8silk5 fabrics & tape/ries40 ,at ! ,l\vre "o c\ld b admire1 among o!r magnific5t pieces ( tape/ry1 8a v lovely gre5 room1 ornam5t$ ) silk cov]$ ) leaves2 & repres5t+ 9 ! c5tre a lion1 :i* two que5s 7 9 ! act ( cr[n+1 & a f\nta9 :]e9 swans 7 disport+ !mselves40 ,yet we mu/ n be l$ away ) ! idea t x 0 only ! royal palaces :i* pres5t$ su* sumptu\sness2 = x w\ld be easy to enum]ate _m in/ances simil> to ^? we h giv51 by look+ ov] ! inv5tories ( ! p]sonal prop]ty ( nobles1 or ^? ( ! treasuries ( c]ta9 *ur*es & abbeys4 ,9 "o place ! tape/ries repres5t religi\s subjects tak5 f ! ,bible1 ! ,gospels1 or ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts2 9 ano!r ! subjects are ei!r hi/orical or relat+ to *ivalry1 m especially battles or hunt+ sc5es 7,fig4 #cj74 ,we are ?us ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! luxury ( tape/ry 0 g5]al among ! high] classes4 ,an exp5sive ta/e x 02 because n only does an exam9ation ( ^! m>vell\s works %[ u t !y c\ld h be5 pur*as$ only at a v high price1 b 9 old docum5ts we f9d m ?an "o c]ta9 confirmation ( ?is fact4 ,= example1 ,amaury de ,goire1 a work] 9 tape/ry1 receiv$ 9 #acdh1 f ! ,duke ( ,norm&y & ,gui5ne1 #dib livres1 #c s\s1 #i d5i]s1 = 8a wooll5 clo?10 on :i* 7 repres5t$ sc5es f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,9 #acfh1 ,hu*on ,b>?lmy1 money-*ang]1 receiv$ #ijj gold5 francs = a piece ( 8work$ tape/ry1 repres5t+ ,la ,qute de ,/4 ,graal 7! se>* = ! blood ( ,*ri/72 & 9 #acia1 ! tape/ry exhibit+ ! hi/ory ( ,!seus1 to :i* we h already allud$1 0 pur*as$ by ,*>les ,v4 = #a1bjj livres2 all ^! sums1 consid]+ ! p]iod1 7 really exorbitant4 ,! sixte5? c5tury1 rem>kable = ! progress & ! excell5ce to :i* ! arts ( e k9d _h atta9$1 gave a r5ew$ impulse to t ( tape/ry4 ,a manufactory 0 e/abli%$ by ,francis ,i41 at ,fonta9ebleau1 :]e ! tape/ry 0 wov5 9 "o entire piece1 in/ead ( be+ made up1 z _h be5 ! practice1 ( sep>ate pieces mat*$ & sewn toge!r4 ,9 ?is new fabric gold & silv] ?reads 7 mix$ ) silk & wool4 ,:5 ,francis s5t = ! ,primate f ,italy1 he commission$ him to procure designs = sev]al pieces ( tape/ry1 to be made 9 ! work%ops ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,b1 :ile lib]ally rew>d+ ! ,italian or ,flemi% arti/s & artisans collect$ 9 ! dep5d5cies ( 8 *teau1 ! k+ /ill cont9u$ to employ ,p>isian tape/ry-work]s2 pro( ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 a receipt ( ! sieurs ,miol>d & ,pasqui]1 :o give an ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,tape/ry repres5t+ a ,hunt+ ,sc5e1 f ! ,*teau d',effiat4 7,9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,a*ille ,jub9al47 ackn[l$gm5t ( hav+ be5 paid #daj livres t\rnois1 8to beg9 ! pur*ase ( mat]ials & o!r requisites = a piece ( silk tape/ry1 :i* ! said seigneur _h ord]$ !m to make = 8 coronation1 accord+ to ! patt]ns :i* ! said seigneur has _h prep>$ = ?is purpose1 & on :i* mu/ be repres5t$ a ,l$a1 ) c]ta9 nymphs1 satyrs1 c40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,! ,weav]4 ,drawn & ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,amman4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 did ev5 m ?an ma9ta9 ! e/abli%m5t at ,fonta9ebleau2 9 addition he in/itut$1 9 compliance ) ! reque/ ( ! gu>dians ( ! ,hpital de la ,tr9it1 a manufactory ( tape/ry 9 ,p>is1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 belong+ to ! hospital 7 employ$ 9 dye+ wool & silk1 & 9 weav+ !m 9 ! loom ) a high & l[ w>p4 ,! new manufactory1 :e!r on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( its productions1 or f influ5tial patronage1 obta9$ s _m privileges t ! public peace 0 on sev]al occasions s]i\sly di/urb$ by ! jeal\sy ( ! guild ( tape/ry-work]s2 an anci5t & num]\s corporation /ill possess+ great au?ority & influ5ce4 ,! manufactory ( ! ,hpital de la ,tr9it cont9u$ to fl\ri% dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii42 & ,sauval1 9 8 8,hi/oire des ,antiquits de ,,plan ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury1 ,,) ,,?is ,,leg5d3 ,mil c9q c5ts ans qu>ante et neuf passez ,du dluge3 ,p>is le noble roy ,dix-huitime3 fonda en gr& arroy ,ville et cit de ,p>is belle assez ,devant que ,rome eu/ des g5s amassez ,six c5t c9quante et huit ans comme croy4 ,,translation4 ,"o ?\s& five hundr$ & =ty-n9e ye>s aft] ! ,deluge1 ! noble ,k+ ,p>is1 ! eighte5? ( 8 "n1 f\nd$ ) great pomp ! f9e t[n & city ( ,p>is1 ant]ior to ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 :i* took place1 z ,i ?9k1 #feh 787 ye>s be=e ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,beauvais ,tape/ry 7,communicat$ by ,m4 ,a*ille ,jub9al47 ,p>is10 in=ms u t 9 ! foll[+ reign x rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( prosp]ity4 ,9 #aeid1 ,dub\rg made 9 ^! work%ops1 f ! designs ( ,l]emb]t1 ! beautiful tape/ries :i*1 to a date v ne> our own1 decorat$ ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t-,m]ry4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 says ,sauval1 he>+ ?is "w mu* spok5 (1 desir$ to see x1 & 0 s pleas$ !re) t he resolv$ to re/ore ! manufactories 9 ,p>is1 8:i* ! disord] ( prec$+ reigns _h aboli%$40 ,he !re=e e/abli%$ ,laur5t1 a celebrat$ tape/ry-work]1 9 ! maison pr(esse ( ! ,jesuits1 :i* _h rema9$ clos$ s9ce ! trial ( ,jean ,*a/el4 ,he all[$ "o cr[n a day1 & "o hundr$ francs a ye>1 z wages to ?is skilful arti/2 8 appr5tices receiv+ t5 s\s a day1 & 8 fell[-workm5 tw5ty-five1 ?irty1 & ev5 =ty s\s1 accord+ to _! skill4 ,at a lat] p]iod ,dub\rg & ,laur5t1 :o _h ent]$ into p>tn]%ip1 7 bo? in/all$ 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,l\vre4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 foll[+ ! example ( ,francis ,i41 br\ght f ,italy skill$ work]s 9 gold & 9 silk4 ,^! he lodg$ 9 ! ,htel de la ,maque1 ,rue de la ,tiss]&]ie3 ! special works !y made 7 hang+s 9 f9e clo? ( gold & silv] 7fris74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,bann] ( ! ,tape/ry ,work]s ( ,lyons4 ,subsequ5tly to ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! tape/ries fabricat$ at ! manufactories ( ! ,savonn]ie1 ! ,gobel9s1 & at ,beauvais1 c41 al?\gh m p]fect z reg>ds ! weav+1 & !re=e pres5t+ great] regul>ity ( design & a bett] compreh5sion ( col\r & p]spective1 un=tunately lo/ ! orig9al simplicity :i* *>act]iz$ !m 9 old5 times4 ,approa*+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 "u ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool ( ,le ,brun1#c !y affect$ an imitation ( ,greek & ,roman =ms1 :i* seem out ( place 9 ,france4 ,h&some c\nt5ances are ! result1 out accompani$ by mean+less figures2 ! frankness ( tru? gives place to /aid coldness1 ! ideal usurps ! place ( nature1 conv5tionality t ( spontaneity4 ,we f9d !m +5i\s1 pretty1 & ev5 beautiful productions1 b want+ "*1 ! real s\l ( works ( art4 ,,c]amic ,,art4 ,pott]y ,work%ops 9 ! ,gallo-,romano ,p]iod4--,c]amic ,art disappe>s = sev]al ,c5turies 9 ,gaul3 is aga9 f\nd 9 ! ,t5? & ,elev5? ,c5turies4--,probable ,influ5ce ( ,arabian ,art 9 ,spa94--,orig9 ( ,majolica4--,luca della ,robbia & 8 ,successors4--,enamell$ ,tiles 9 ,france1 dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,! ,italian ,manufactories ( ,fa5za1 ,rim9i1 ,pes>o1 c4--,beauvais ,pott]y4--,inv5tion & ,works ( ,b]n>d ,palissy2 8 ,hi/ory2 8 ,*efs-d'uvre4--,! ,faence ( ,?\>s1 call$ 8,h5ri ,,ii40 ,we c assur$ly say1 ) ,m4 ,jacquem>t1 t 8! hi/ory ( ! c]amic art ( ! ,middle ,ages is %r\d$ by a veil :i* probably w always rema9 imp5etrable4 ,not)/&+ ! con/ant inve/igations ( local societies1 & ! num]\s docum5ts t h be5 br\ght to light1 no?+ has transpir$ to remove ! d\bts ( ! ar*ologi/ reg>d+ ! places :]e ! manufacture ( pott]y _h its bir? among u40 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t at ! ,gallo-,romano p]iod--t is to say1 :5 ! ,romans1 hav+ made !mselves ma/]s ( t c\ntry1 _h introduc$ _! cu/oms & _! indu/ry--,gaul possess$ num]\s & consid]able pott]y work%ops1 :i* produc$ vessels & vases ( all k9ds4 ,ma9ta9+ ! anci5t =ms & processes ( manufacture1 ^! factories cont9u$ to furni%1 till ab\t ! six? c5tury1 amphor1 bas9s1 cups on /ems1 di%es1 plates1 & bottles4 ,!y 7 made1 ) ! aid ( ! pott]'s :eel1 ( grey1 yell[1 or br[n clay4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ quality 7 cov]$ ) a brilliant v>ni%1 resembl+ r$ seal+-wax bo? 9 col\r & appe>ance2 & ^! articles 7 (t5 ornam5t$ ) mu* c>e & delicacy4 ,we f9d vases surr\nd$ ) g>l&s ( leaves1 cups embelli%$ ) figures ( m5 & animals2 ^! are s _m pro(s t ?is 0 a manufacture to :i* ! influ5ce ( art 0 by no means unkn[n4 ,yet x is also evid5t t ?is indu/ry--"o ( a suffici5tly elevat$ k9d--ne>ly disappe>$ ab\t ! p]iod ( ! invasions & w>s amid/ ! tumult ( :i* ,fr5* mon>*y _h its bir?2 & !re rema9$ b ! simple art t provid$ = ord9>y requirem5ts an assemblage ( articles rude & devoid ( "*4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! c]amic art :i* _h fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,we/ m]ely migrat$1 in/ead ( becom+ ext9ct2 & x f\nd1 l s _m o!r arts1 a new c\ntry 9 t ,byzantium de/9$ to be ! sanctu>y ( anci5t magnific5ce4 ,:atev] may be ! reason1 c]amic art disappe>$ f ! soil ( ,france dur+ a long p]iod2 & x is /ill a "q :at 0 ! real orig9 ( its revival4 ,did x revive ( itself1 or 0 x "u ! influ5ce ( example8 ,did x owe its resuscitation to any immigration ( artisans1 or to ! importation ( "s process ( manufacture8 ,^! que/ions /ill rema9 unansw]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,vases ( anci5t %ape1 repres5t$ 9 ! decorative sculpture ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b5ot1 ,p>is4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,! c]amic art1 :i* p]haps we some:at wrongly /yle mod]n1 is *>act]iz$ by ! use ( enamel1 or ov]lay+ articles ) a glaze hav+ a metallic basis2 ?is ! fire ( ! ov5 vitrifies2 x is a process ( :i* ! anci5ts 7 entirely ignorant4 ,b1 9 se>*+ ! tombs t belong$ to ! anci5t abbey ( ,jumiges 79 ,norm&y71 & :i* date f ! ye> #aabj1 !re h be5 f\nd fragm5ts ( pott]y ( a f9e b por\s clay1 cov]$ ) a glaz+ some:at simil> to t n[ us$4 ,moreov]1 we read 9 a *ronicle ( ! anci5t prov9ce ( ,alsace1 t 9 ! ye> #abhc 8di$ a pott] ( ,s*ele/adt1 :o 0 ! fir/ to cov] e>!n vessels ) glass40 ,b we also "k t at ! "t :5 ^! isolat$ attempts 7 be+ c>ri$ out 9 ,france1 ! ,p]sians & ,arm5ians _h long be=e discov]$ ! art ( mak+ magnific5t enamell$ w>e = cov]+ ! ext]ior ( _! monum5ts2 & t ! ,arabs settl$ 9 ,spa9 produc$ wond]ful examples ( pa9t$ & enamell$ e>!nw>e1 ) :i* !y decorat$ & furni%$ ^? palaces ^: gr& ru9s are /ill to u l ! fairy visions ( a dream or ( en*antm5t4 ,! vases ( ! ,alhambra1 types ( an art z orig9al z x 0 s+ul>ly +5i\s1 claim1 & d\btless w always claim1 ! admiration ( m9ds t c appreciate ! beautiful 9 :atev] =m x may pres5t itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,vases ( anci5t =m1 repres5t$ 9 ! decorative sculptures ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b5ot1 ,p>is4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,& n[1 are we to suppose t ! int]c\rse betwe5 nations & ! transactions ( comm]ce mu/ necess>ily h made we/]n ,europe acqua9t$ ) ! enamell$ di%es ( ,asia1 or ! *efs-d'uvre ( ! ,african race 9 ,spa98 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 %all we say t x 0 by a spontane\s ef=t ( inv5tion t our =efa!rs op5$ up ! road to a new doma9 ( art8 ,9 ! "o case we h ! op9ion1 des]v$ly respect$1 ( ,scalig]1 :o affirms ! fact1 app>5tly v significant1 t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !re exi/$ 9 ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s manufactories ( pott]y ( ,arab orig92 our le>n$ au?or ev5 adds1 t 9 accordance ) ! mo/ probable etymology1 ! "n ( ,majolica1 :i* 0 fir/ giv5 to ,italian w>e 7! e>lie/ 9 ! ,european revival ( ! c]amic art71 0 d]iv$ f ,majorca1 ! l>ge/1 z we "k1 ( ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 9 :i* locality ! pr9cipal manufactory ( ^! pott]y w>es 0 situat$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a comp>ative exam9ation ( ,arab & ,italian w>es excludes all idea n only ( affiliation1 b ev5 ( imitation or rem9isc5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! face ( su* contradictory co9cid5ce1 if we may say s1 x w\ld be z difficult z x w\ld be ra% to pron\nce an op9ion2 we consid] x bett]1 :ile disreg>d+ problematical indications1 to boldly face a tra9 ( facts n[ det]m9$ by hi/orical pro(4 8,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury0--we _c d bett] ?an borr[ f ,m4 ,jacquem>t a passage :i* he himself took f ! ,italian "w by ,pass]i1 on ,majolica 7,pes>o1 #ahch1 9 #hvo47--8,luca della ,robbia1 ! son ( ,simone di ,m>ro1 appr5tic$ himself to a ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 ,leon>do1 ! son ( ,giovanni2 b dislik+ ! conf9em5t ( a laboratory1 he soon became a pupil ( ! sculptor ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 :o made ! gates ( ! ,bapti/ry at ,flor5ce4 ,8 rapid progress "u s able a ma/] plac$ him 9 a position1 :5 he c\ld n h be5 m ?an fifte5 ye>s old1 to und]take ! task ( ornam5t+ a *apel = ,sigismond ,malate/a1 at ,rim9i4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,pietro di ,m$ici1 :o 0 hav+ an organ erect$ 9 ,santa-,m>ia dei ,fiori1 at ,flor5ce1 direct$ ,luca to execute "s m>ble sculptures 9 t *ur*4 ,! fame :i* he ga9$ by ^! works drew ev]ybody's att5tion to ! "y sculptor4 ,ord]s rea*$ him 9 su* numb]s t he cle>ly saw ! impossibility ( execut+ !m 9 m>ble or 9 bronze2 add$ to ?is1 he bore ) impati5ce ! re/ra9t impos$ by work+ ) su* rigid mat]ials1 ( :i* ! labori\s h&l+ trammell$ ! flights ( 8 imag9ation4 ,s(t & pla/ic clay 0 a mat]ial f> bett] suit$ to 8 read9ess ( conception4 ,at ! same "t1 ,luca dreamt ( ! future1 & ( glory2 & ?us hav+ 9 view ! object ( execut+ works :i*1 ?\gh less p]i%able1 might be rapidly execut$1 he devot$ all 8 ef=ts to discov] a coat+ :i* w\ld give to clay ! poli% & ! h>dness ( m>ble4 ,aft] _m trials1 a v>ni% made ( t9 7ta971 :i* 0 :ite1 opaque1 & ( a resi/+ nature1 furni%$ him ) ! result he hop$ =4 ,! art ( produc+ f9e e>!nw>e 0 discov]$1 :i* fir/ receiv$ ! "n ( vitrifi$ clay 7t]ra invetriata74 8,luca's enamel 0 a mo/ p]fect :ite2 he fir/ us$ x alone = figures1 9 semi-relief1 :i* 7 rais$ on a blue backgr\nd4 ,at a lat] p]iod he v5tur$ to col\r 8 figures1 & ,pietro di ,m$ici 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o enc\rag$ ?is k9d ( "w = ! decoration ( palaces4 ,! fame ( ?is novel art spread ) rapidity2 all ! *ur*es 7 anxi\s to possess "s specim5 ( ! ma/]1 s t ,luca 0 soon compell$ to associate ) himself 8 two bro!rs ,ottaviano & ,ago/9o1 9 ord] to keep pace ) ! requirem5ts ( ! public4 ,he endeav\r$1 nev]!less1 to ext5d ! application ( 8 discov]y by pa9t+ fl[]s & gr\ps ( figures on a smoo? surface2 b 9 ! ye> #adcj dea? cut %ort 8 rem>kable c>e]1 & /ay$1 9 ! h&s ( ! inv5tor1 ! progress ( enamell$ pott]y 7,fig4 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,enamell$ ,t]ra-cotta1 by ,luca della ,robbia4 8,! family ( ,luca1 h[ev]1 made public ! secret ( 8 discov]y4 ,8 two nephews1 ,luca & ,&rea1 produc$ "s figures & designs ( s+ul> m]it 9 t]ra-cotta4 ,luca ornam5t$ ! floor ( ! ,loggia ( ,raphael4 ,girolumo1 a relative ( ,luca1 come to ,france1 :]e he decorat$ ! *teau ( ,madrid1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is4 ,two females1 ,lisabetta & ,sp]anza1 add$ to ! r5[n ( ! family ,della ,robbia40 ,su* is ! hi/ory ( ! revival1 or r ( ! creation1 ( c]amic art 9 ,italy1 z briefly record$ by a man ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,an anci5t au?or1 &1 moreov]1 a compet5t writ]1 in/ances "s monum5ts ( an e>li] date2 among o!rs a tomb at ,bologna1 9 :i* 7 tiles cov]$ ) a gre5 & yell[ v>ni%1 & vessels 7cuelles7 ( ! same k9d ins]t$ 9 ! faades or porticoes ( ! *ur*es ( ,pes>o & ! abbey ( ,pomposa4 ,b to ! hon\r ( ,luca della ,robbia x may be rem>k$1 t ^! specim5s ( an e>li] indu/ry diff]$ ess5tially f 8 productions2 because ! glaz+ t cov]$ !m1 ! basis ( :i* 0 lead1 0 s transp>5t1 t ?r\gh x c\ld be se5 ei!r ! clay or ! col\rs und]nea?2 :]eas ! enamel discov]$ by ,luca1 ! basis ( :i* 0 t91 _h1 on ! contr>y1 = its ess5tial "*1 an opacity :i* may be t]m$ int5se4 ,let u obs]ve1 moreov]1 t 9 ord] to embelli% 8 productions ) pa9t+s1 ,luca 0 accu/om$ to apply col\rs to ! fir/ & g5]al coat+1 :i* became fix$ by a subsequ5t process ( bak+4 ,x is by recognis+ ! di/9ction we h j laid d[n betwe5 ^! two processes1 t ! productions ( ,italian c]amic art are ord9>ily classifi$3 ! demi-majolica1 ) transp>5t glaze1 some:at l ! ,spani%-,arabian pott]y1 & also1 p]haps1 l ,asiatic tiles2 !n ! majolica1 by :i* we und]/& f9e e>!nw>e1 :]e ! clay is cov]$ ) a coat+ ( opaque v>ni%1 di/+ui%+ ! inv5tion due to ,luca della ,robbia4 ,hav+ giv5 priority ( inv5tion to ,luca della ,robbia1 x is z well1 nev]!less1 "h to /ate1 t f ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies !re exi/$ 9 ,france a k9d ( c]amic art employ$ especially 9 ! manufacture ( v>ni%$ pott]y-tiles4 ,_m1 ( bak$ clay1 h be5 f\nd ) draw+s & designs 9 black or br[n on a :ite or yell[ gr\nd 7,plate ,,iv474 ,at a lat] p]iod ^! tiles1 ( :i* we see su* brilliant specim5s 9 ! small pictures 9 manuscripts1 especially 9 ^? ,illu/ration3 ,,pav+ ,,tiles ,,( ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,& ,,fifte5? ,,c5turies4 ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 7 embelli%$ ) designs1 emblems1 armorial be>+s1 & scrolls4 ,z already /at$1 9 ! passage f ! au?or :om we h tak5 z our guide1 ! impulse :i* ,luca della ,robbia gave to c]amic art ext5d$ itself ) rapidity 9 e direction2 & if any o!r reason 7 want+1 beyond ! intr9sic value ( ?is art1 to acc\nt = its developm5t1 we %\ld say t ! circum/ances 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,luca made 8 discov]y 7 em95tly fav\rable to its advancem5t4 ,luxuri\s display 01 at t "t1 prom95t among ! classes :o aspir$ to o/5tation4 ,:5 writ+ ( furniture1 we saw to :at a pit* ( spl5did pr(usion k+s1 pr9ces1 & nobles c>ri$ ! mania = display+ _! weal?4 ,we p>ticul>ly po9t$ out sidebo>ds 9 ! d9+-rooms1 cov]$ ) plate & all k9ds ( objects1 :i* 7 only plac$ !re to dazzle ! eyes4 ,! cu/om ( ^! displays hav+ be5 introduc$1 x c\ld nev]!less be only indulg$ 9 by ^? 9 possession ( consid]able =tunes1 & !re=e x w be readily und]/ood h[ quickly fa%ion affect$ ! productions ( c]amic art2 :i*1 9 addition to be+ recognis$ z works ( art1 7 s+ul>ly well suit$1 bo? 9 "* & by _! comp>ative *eapness1 to ! _s ( o/5tation :i* _h tak5 possession ( p ( inf]ior rank4 ,x 0 suffici5t t "s piece ( majolica %\ld h f\nd a place on ! sidebo>d ( a pr9ce amid/ ! gold & ! silv] :i* hi!rto _h alone enjoy$ ?is privilege1 = ! l[] ranks ( ! b\rgeoisie & ! ti]s-tat to adopt ! fa%ion1 9 _! d9+-rooms1 ( decorat+ !m ei!r ) majolica alone1 or associat$ ) plate4 ,& admitt+ ?is fact1 t ! productions ( c]amic art 7 ?us all[$ to f9d admittance1 &1 z x 71 9 "s measure an equally di/+ui%$ position1 amid/ plate & objects ( preci\s metals1 x result$ t ?is new indu/ry1 support$ by ! be/ arti/s1 soon became rem>kable = works :i* 7 at ! same "t mo/ beautiful & orig9al4 ,z some?+ new 9 hi/ory1 we f9d simple pieces ( pott]y--to give !m _! g5]ic "n--pass+ z valuable (f]+s among ! great1 & employ$ on v _m occasions to d5ote ard5t admiration 9 ! _w ( c\rtly gallantry4 ,x is ?us we h h&$ d[n to u1 pr9cipally on cups by r5[n$ ma/]s1 portraits ( ! beauties :o 9 ^? times adorn$ ! ranks ( ! nobility3 ! ,dianas1 ! ,francescas1 ! ,lucias1 ! ,pros]p9es1 :om _! admir]s caus$ to be portray$ 9 ord] to (f] !m _! own lik5esses4 ,x 0 at ,flor5ce1 ab\t ! ye> #adaj1 t ,luca della ,robbia fir/ introduc$ 8 inv5tion2 b z soon z ! process became kn[n1 ! great] "p ( ! t[ns ( ,italy1 especially ^? ( ,tuscany1 e/abli%$ manufactories1 among :i* a rem>kable rivalry soon arose3 ,pes>o1 ,gubbio1 ,urb9o1 ,fa5za1 ,rim9i1 ,bologna1 ,rav5na1 ,f]r>a1 ,citta ,ca/ellana1 ,bassano1 ,v5ice1 emulat$ ea* o!r1 & almo/ all succe$$ 9 giv+1 z x 71 an individual "* to _! productions4 ,pes>o--! place 7 ! e>lie/ work%ops ( ornam5tal pott]y 9 ,italy 7 seat$1 & ! processes ( :i* 7d]iv$ f ,luca della ,robbia7 seem to h bl5d$ ) ! anci5t ,spani%1 or ,majorquaises--pres5ts to u a design ( a r h>% & /iff "*4 8,! outl9es ( figures10 adds ,m4 ,jacquem>t1 8are drawn 9 manganese black1 ! fle% is ! col\r ( ! enamel1 & ! drap]y alone is ( uni=m t9t40 ,x 0 at ,pes>o t ! celebrat$ ,lanfranco fl\ri%$4 ,! c]amic museum ( ,svres has two ( 8 pieces3 x 0 he :o inv5t$ ! me?od ( apply+ gold to e>!nw>e1 at a "t :5 ! e>ly processes ( ornam5t+ ?is manufacture _h ceas$ to be employ$1 & _h giv5 place to delicate pa9t+s1 :i*1 al?\gh no long] execut$ by ! mo/ r5[n$ arti/s ( ,italy1 7 nev]!less ! "w ( intellig5t pupils :o _h receiv$ ! b5efit ( _! tea*+ & example4 ,! manufactory at ,gubbio _h = its f\nd] ,giorgio ,&reoli1 :o1 bo? z a sculptor & an arti/ 9 majolica1 execut$ works z rem>kable 9 =m z 9 effect4 8,! palette ( m9]al col\rs adopt$ by ,&reoli 0 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! p]iod2 & copp]y yell[s1 ruby r$s1 are frequ5tly us$ 9 8 works40 ,!re are /ill extant "s works sign$ by ?is ma/] 7a title (ficially conf]r$ on him by a pat5t ( nobility72 "o is a slab 9 ! ,svres collection1 & ano!r a tablet repres5t+ ! ,holy ,family4 ,urb9o--( :i* ! dukes1 especially ,guidobaldo ,,ii41 signaliz$ !mselves z ! mo/ zeal\s patrons ( c]amic art--became fam\s ?r\gh ! works ( ,francesco ,xanto1 :o execut$ hi/orical subjects on enamell$ clay4 ,xanto _h z a successor ,orazio ,fontana1 :o has be5 nam$ 8! ,raphael ( ,majolica10 & :o produc$1 among o!r magnific5t objects1 "s vases :i*1 :5 subsequ5tly se5 by ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 s impress$ h] by _! beauty t %e (f]$ to ex*ange = !m silv] vases ( equal size4 ,x 0 at ! manufactory ( ,d]uta t imag9ative subjects on majolica 7 fir/ introduc$2 ,bassano 0 fam\s = its l&scapes ) ru9s2 ,v5ice became celebrat$ = delicate w>e ) rep\ss reliefs2 ,fa5za is /ill pr\d ( h] ,guido ,salvaggio2 ,flor5ce ( h] ,flam9io ,fontana1 c4 ,majolica atta9$ to its highe/ po9t ( brilliancy "u ! ,duke ( ,urb9o :om we h already nam$1 ,guidobaldo ,,ii41 :o 0 ev] ready to make any sacrifice 9 ord] t ?is art might be introduc$ into ! manufactories "u 8 patronage4 ,he ev5 obta9$ f ,raphael & ,giulio ,romano "s orig9al draw+s to s]ve z examples2 & ?is feel+ hav+ once be5 inculcat$1 we soon f9d arti/s ( r5[n1 su* z ,bati/a ,franco & ,raphael del ,colle1 t5d]+ _! s]vices = ! ornam5tation ( majolica4 ,?us ! productions ( ?is p]iod are di/+ui%able among all o!rs = h>mony ( composition & accurate draw+1 qualities :i* r5d] !m specially notewor?y 7,fig4 #cf74 ,!n1 almo/ imm$iately1 foll[$ ! decl9e ( ?is art4 ,:ile fl\ri%+ m & m until ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! art ( mak+ majolica _h fall51 at ! t]m9ation ( t epo*1 into a k9d ( deg5]ate indu/ry1 sway$ by ! caprice ( fa%ion1 & !reby r$uc$ to mann]ism4 ,ne>ly at ! comm5cem5t ( ! r5ovation ( c]amic art1 ,italian artisans _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 v>i\s places1 :i* !n became s _m arti/ic c5tres4 ,ea/]n ,europe _h = its e>lie/ in/ructors ?ree bro!rs1 ,giovanni1 ,tiseo1 & ,lazio1 :o settl$ at ,corfu4 ,fl&]s 0 indebt$ = ! k ( ^! processes to ,guido ( ,sav9o1 :o took up 8 abode at ,antw]p4 ,& ab\t ! ye> #aebj we f9d a manufactory at ,nuremb]g1 ( :i* ! w>e1 ?\gh mat]ially diff]+ 9 "* f ,italian majolica1 may /ill v probably h be5 d]iv$ f ,italy4 ,we may add t lett]s ( ! ,k+ ( ,france m5tion t f #adef !re 7 c]ta9 rev5ues d]ivable f ! 8,beauvais ,pott]ies20 & 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( 8,pantagruel10 publi%$ 9 #aece1 ,rabelais places among ! v>i\s articles compos+ ! trophy ( ,panurge1 8a sauc]1 a salt-cell> ( clay1 & a ,beauvais goblet20 :i* proves1 z ,m4 de ,somm]>d rem>ks1 8t z e>ly z ?is date1 !re 7 manufactur$ 9 ?is city vessels ( clay suffici5tly good 9 quality to be plac$ on ! table ) silv] & pewt] ut5sils20 b x does n naturally foll[ t ,france _h n long to wait = ! man ( g5ius :o w\ld soon leave h] no?+ to covet f ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,cup1 ,italian ,w>e4 ,9 ! ,collection ( ,b>on ,alph4 ,ro?s*ild4 ,tak5 f ,,mm4 ,c>le ,delange & ,c4 ,borneman's "w4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aeaj1 9 a small village 9 ,prigord1 a *ild 0 born :o1 aft] receiv+ ! rudim5ts ( education1 0 oblig$ :ile /ill q "y to try to ga9 a livelihood by 8 own indu/ry4 ,?is *ild's "n 0 ,b]n>d ,palissy4 ,he fir/ le>nt ! trade ( a glazi]1 or r ( a glass-fitt] & pa9t]4 ,?is trade1 :ile x initiat$ him into ! pr9ciples ( draw+1 & gave him a c]ta9 insight into *emical manipulations1 at ! same "t ar\s$ 9 him a ta/e = art & ! /udy ( natural sci5ces4 ,:ile 8pa9t+ figures 9 ord] to ga9 8 daily bread10 z he himself tells u 9 "o ( ! works he has left beh9d him1 & :i* gives u ! highe/ op9ion ( 8 simple yet en]getic nature1 he appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ! true pr9ciples ( art 9 ! works ( ! great ,italian pa9t]s--! only arti/s !n 9 repute4 ,ow+ to v>i\s circum/ances ! trade ( glazi] prov+ unpr(itable1 he at once began ! /udy ( geometry1 & soon obta9$ cr$it1 9 ! "p ( ! c\ntry :]e9 he dwelt1 z 8a clev] draughtsman ( plans40 ,su* comp>atively me*anical lab\r z ?is c\ld n long suffice = ! active vig\r ( a m9d ?ir/+ aft] progress & discov]y4 ,moreov]1 ,palissy1 :ile employ$ on 8 call+ z a l&-surveyor1 _h nev] ceas$ to give close obs]vation to ! /ructure & composition ( geological /rata4 ,) ! purpose ( dispell+ ! d\bts 9 8 m9d1 & also ) ! object ( obta9+ sub/antial confirmation reg>d+ ! sy/em he _h already orig9at$1 he began to travel4 ,! result ( 8 j\rney+s 0 ! inauguration ( a !ory :i*1 aft] hav+ long be5 contemptu\sly reject$ by ! le>n$1 0 nev]!less de/9$ to =m ! f\ndation ( pr9ciples :i* are n[ consid]$ z ! basis ( mod]n geological sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,a figur$ ,bord] ( an ,enamell$ ,di%1 by ,b]n>d ,palissy4 ,b if ! c]ta9 k :i* ,palissy ?\ght he _h acquir$ z to ! e>ly convulsions ( ! globe _h succe$$ 9 satisfy+ 8 own m9d1 ! glazi]-surveyor 7:o 0 n[ a m>ri$ man ) a family7 /ill rema9$ 9 /rait5$ circum/ances1 & 0 oblig$ to f9d "s means ( avoid+ actual want4 ,we mu/ ref] to :at he himself says m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 & :5 success _h completely cr[n$ 8 ef=ts1 to le>n :at 7 8 recollections ( 8 e>ly & haz>d\s exp]im5ts 9 a new *annel4 8,"k10 says he1 9 8 expressive language1 8t x is tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce an e>!n vessel 0 %[n to me2 x 0 turn$1 enamell$1 & ( su* exquisite beauty1 t f t v mom5t ,i began to argue ) myself1 :ile rememb]+ obs]vations made d]isively to me by "s p]sons :5 ,i 0 pa9t+ figures4 ,& see+ t !y 7 beg9n+ to give up ! use ( ^! objects 9 ! c\ntry :]e ,i liv$1 & t glaz+ also 0 n 9 great dem&1 ,i set myself to ?9k t _h ,i b discov]$ ! art ( mak+ enamel1 ,i might make e>!n vessels & o!r articles ( beautiful appe>ance2 = ,god _h giv5 me ! capacity to und]/& a little ab\t c]amic pa9t+1 & f t in/ant1 )\t 9 ! lea/ reg>d+ my utt] ignorance ( silice\s sub/ances1 ,i set myself to discov] enamels l a man grop+ 9 ! d>k40 ,x has be5 mu* disput$1 b we may z well say at once to no purpose1 h[ to assign ) c]ta9ty a p>ticul> locality :5ce came ?is object :i* inspir$ ,palissy2 b :atev] may h be5 its orig91 x seems to u to be a "q ( little mom5t1 because at ! "t :5 ,palissy mu/ h se5 x1 ! ,italian manufactories1 & ev5 ^? :i* 7 aft]w>ds e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s localities1 _h succe$$ 9 dissem9at+ _! w>es f> & wide2 &1 besides ?is1 ! works ( ,palissy1 :i* we /ill see1 be> te/imony to a /yle t 0 peculi>ly 8 own1 & 9 "s measure orig9al4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 "h we h him seek+ out & gr9d+ all k9ds ( sub/ances1 mix+ !m1 & coat+ ) !m pieces ( w>e :i* he fir/ subject$ to ! action ( an ord9>y pott]'s ov51 aft]w>ds to ! m p[]ful heat employ$ by glass-mak]s4 ,!n we see him build+ an ov5 9 8 own h\se--tak+ into 8 s]vice a work+ pott]1 to :om1 on "o occasion1 :5 he has no money = ! paym5t ( wages1 he is oblig$ to give 8 own clo!s2 aga9 we f9d him turn+1 s+le-h&$1 a mill = gr9d+ 8 mat]ials :i* ord9>ily requir$ 8two p[]ful m50 to "w x2 !n aga91 w\nd+ 8 h&s 9 repair+ ! ov5 t ! fire crack$1 & ! bricks & mort> ( :i* _h become 8liquifi$ & vitrifi$20 s t he is oblig$ = sev]al days 8to eat 8 s\p ) 8 f+]s ti$ up 9 rags20 pu%+ ! consci5ti\sness & zeal ( an exp]im5tali/ s f> z to fall d[n 9 a /ate ( ins5sibility on f9d+ t ! :ole cont5ts ( an ov51 on :i* he _h be5 rely+1 prov$ to h num]\s defects4 ,9 despite ,illu/ration3 ,,bib]on ,,( ,,h5ri ,,ii ,,w>e4 ,or ,oiron fay5ce4 7,p\rtales' ,collection47 ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ,j4 ,malcolm1 ,esq4 ( 8 pov]ty we see him de/roy+ pieces ( "w t he consid]$ 7 n q p]fect1 ?\gh a fair price 0 (f]$ him = !m1 m]ely because 8!y might br+ discr$it on him & loss ( reputation20 & f9ally1 we see him break+ up & putt+ into ! fire1 = want ( o!r fuel1 ! floor+ ( 8 h\se & ! furniture ( 8 humble abode4 ,! magnific5t discov]y1 br\ght ab\t by ! s+le initiative ( an individual :o _h said t he w\ld succe$1 & :o h]oically endur$ all k9ds ( mis]y1 privations1 & humiliations1 9 ord] to atta9 8 object1 0 ! lab\r ( n less ?an fifte5 ye>s4 8,to console me10 relates ,palissy1 8ev5 ^? f :om ,i _h a "r to expect help laugh$ at me0 7he "h alludes to 8 family--8 wife1 & *ildr5--:o _h n ! same unb\nd$ fai? z himself 9 ! ultimate success ( 8 lab\rs72 8!y p>ad$ ! t[n exclaim+ t ,i 0 burn+ ! woodwork ( my h\se2 ?us 0 my cr$it injur$1 & ,i 0 look$ ^u z a fool4 ,o!rs said ,i 0 attempt+ to make base co94 ,i w5t ab\t q humiliat$1 a%am$ ( myself4 ,i ow$ money 9 sev]al qu>t]s1 & g5]ally _h two *ildr5 out at nurse1 & n able to pay ! co/4 ,all ridicul$ me1 say+3 #8,he des]ves to />ve1 because he has giv5 up 8 trade4' 8,/ruggl+ on 9 ?is way1 at ! end ( t5 ye>s ,i became s ?9 t my legs & arms _h no r\ndness ( %ape left ab\t !m2 my legs 7 all ( a size 7t\tes d'une v5ue72 s t z soon z ,i began to walk1 ! g>t]s ) :i* ,i fa/5$ my /ock+s us$ at once to slip d[n1 /ock+s & all1 on to my heels4444 ,= _m ye>s1 hav+ no?+ :]e) to cov] my ov5s1 ,i 0 expos$ all night long to ! w9ds & ! ra9s1 )\t receiv+ any help or consolation1 except f ! scree*-owls hoot+ on "o side & ! dogs h[l+ on ! o!r4444 ,sometimes ,i f\nd myself1 ) all my g>m5ts wet ?r\gh f ! ra91 go+ to b$ at midnight1 or at dawn ( day2 & :5 proce$+ 9 ?is condition to b$1 ,i w5t reel+ along )\t a light1 & /umbl+ f side to side1 l a man drunk ) w9e2 ,i 0 ov]come by previ\s sorr[1 ! m s because aft] long-cont9u$ "w ,i saw my lab\r lo/4 ,& on ent]+ my *amb] ,i f\nd a fre% p]secution await+ me--! compla9ts ( my wife--worse ?an ! fir/1 & :i* n[ makes me wond] h[ x 0 ,i did n die ( grief4444 ,i h be5 9 su* angui% t _m & _m a "t ,i fanci$ ,i 0 at dea?'s door40 ,at la/1 despite all ^! ob/acles1 disappo9tm5ts1 physical & m5tal suff]+1 ! det]m9$ exp]im5tali/ succe$$ 9 8 anticipations1 & gave to ! _w ^? works he call$ ru/ics1 & :i* 7 s orig9al & s beautiful t !y _h b to be se5 9 ord] to invite att5tion1 & to ga9 = him all ! praise1 z well z ! pr(it1 he receiv$4 ,we h j intimat$ x 0 at ,sa9tes t ,palissy1 :5 9 se>* ( immortal fame1 und]w5t 8 rude appr5tice%ip4 ,a %ort "t aft] he _h atta9$ ^! def9ite results1 religi\s que/ions hav+ caus$ "s di/urbances 9 ,sa9tonge1 ! ,con/able de ,montmor5cy1 :o _h be5 s5t to suppress ! ,hugu5ot ris+1 _h an opportunity ( see+ ,palissy's works3 he reque/$ t he %\ld be pres5t$ to him1 & at once decl>$ himself 8 fri5dly protector4 ,& we mu/ take ?is ^w protector 9 its wide/ s5se1 = ! pott]1 :o _h zeal\sly embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation1 & :o subsequ5tly pref]r$ to be imprison$ = life r ?an abjure 8 fai? 7if he did n die 9 ! ,ba/ille1 at lea/ he 0 imprison$ !re at ! "t ( ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew71 inde$ requir$ protection1 z mu* = ! ex]cise ( lib]ty ( consci5ce z = c>ry+ on 8 arti/ic lab\rs4 ,aft] ,montmor5cy _h commission$ him to execute "s consid]able works1 :i* also ga9$ him ! patronage ( sev]al important p]sonages1 he obta9$ = him ! fav\r ( royalty4 ,palissy 0 summon$ to ,p>is1 & receiv$ ! title ( 8inv5teur des ru/iques figul9es du roi et de la re9e-mre0--,h5ri ,,ii4 & ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis4 ,he 0 lodg$ 9 ! ,tuil]ies2 & 0 n long !re be=e he became r5[n$1 n only = 8 c]amic productions1 b also = 8 sci5tific k4 ,9 ! rec5t build+ op]ations at ! ,tuil]ies1 on digg+ a tr5* 9 ! g>d51 ! work%op ( ,b]n>d ,palissy 0 discov]$2 be+ recognis$ by fragm5ts & v>i\s pieces ( enamell$ pott]y ) figures 9 relievo4 ,among ^! 0 f\nd a l>ge fragm5t ( ! di% ( ,palissy1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,baptismal ,di%1 on acc\nt ( ! subject repres5t$ !reon4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfe1 :ile excavat+ 9 ! "p ( ! palace :]e ! 8,salle des ,etats0 has be5 built1 ! workm5 discov]$1 bel[ ! level ( ! surface soil1 two ov5s = bak+ pott]y1 9 a tol]ably good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,"o conta9$ pieces ( ^? muffles 7gazettes7 ,palissy is said to h inv5t$1 & :i* 7 employ$ 9 bak+ delicate pieces ( "w--impr9ts ( v>i\s k9ds ( ornam5ts1 & figures 9 altorelievo3 two ( ^! are describ$ by ,palissy himself 9 ! 8,devis d'une grotte p\r la royne1 mre du roy0 78device ( a grotto = ! que51 ! k+'s "m071 & :i* he ?us indicates 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--8,i %\ld wi% to make c]ta9 figures f nature1 foll[+ h] s closely1 ev5 to ! small hair 9 ! be>d & eyebr[s1 z to make !m ! natural size40 ,^! peculi>ities are to be se5 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! m\lds :i* h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! same page ,palissy says1 8,also !re w\ld be ano!r1 compos$ completely ( sea-%ells ( diff]5t k9ds2 t is to say1 ! two eyes ( two %ells1 ! nose1 m\?1 & *91 =ehead & *eeks1 all made out ( sea-%ells1 z well z ev5 ! rema9d] ( ! body40 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 fragm5ts1 z also a h& m\ld$ f nature1 & hold+ a sword ( anci5t make 7,fig4 #ci74 ,among ! fragm5ts m\ld$ f ! nak$ & ! drap$ =m1 is ! "o :i* we give 7,fig4 #dj72 x is ?us describ$ by ,palissy3--8,also = ! sake ( a/oni%+ mank9d1 ,i wi%$ to make ?ree or f\r 7figures7 drap$1 & ) _! hair dress$ 9 qua9t ways1 ^: dresses & head-dresses %all be ( div]s l951 clo?s1 or /rip$ mat]ials s natural t no man w\ld ?9k b x 0 ! object itself :i* ! workman _h wi%$ to imitate40#d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,ornam5tation on ,pott]y by ,b]n>d ,palissy4 ,we ?us see h[ ,palissy1 call$ 8,matre ,b]n>d des ,?uill]ies10 des]v$ ! e/eem ( ! sov]eigns :o desir$ he %\ld be ne> !m4 ,m4 ,jacquem>t says ( ,palissy w>e3--8,x is rem>kable 9 m ways ?an "o--= its :ite pa/e ) a %ade ( yell[i% grey1 = its h>dness1 & its infusibility1 equall+ t ( f9e e>!nw>e or pipe-clay4 ,^! give x a special "*1 t di/+ui%es x f ,italian productions1 ! clay ( :i* is ( a dirty & dusky r$4 ,! enamel has great brilliancy2 x is h>d1 & is n unfrequ5tly wavy 7tresaille74 ,! col\rs v>y a little1 b !y are bright--pure yell[1 yell[ o*re1 indigo blue1 grey blue1 em]ald gre5 produc$ f copp]1 yell[ gre51 violet br[n1 & manganese violet4 ,z = ! :ite1 x is some:at dull1 & _c be comp>$ ) ,luca della ,robbia w>e2 :]e=e ! mo/ p]sev]+ rese>*es ( ,palissy1 :o inv5t$ all ! processes :i* he employ$ 9 8 "w1 aim$ at ! atta9m5t ( great] brilliancy4 ,! "u "p ( ,palissy w>e is nev] ( a uni=m tone ( col\r2 x is spott$ or t9t$ ) blue1 yell[1 & violet br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ci & #dj4--;,fragm5ts ( ,figures on :i* ! m\lds h be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ,palissy's ,ov5s at ! ,tuil]ies4 8,x w\ld be exce$+ly difficult1 n to say impossible1 to enum]ate ! v>i\s %apes he 0 able to give to 8 enamell$ w>e4 ,comb9+ 9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,goblet1 by ,b]n>d ,palissy4 7,museum ( ! ,l\vre47 himself all ! arti/ic tal5t ( 8 day1 he 0 at ! same "t a skilful design] & an intellig5t modell]2 & ?us he discov]$ a ?\s& res\rces = ! display ( elegance & ri*ness2 sometimes 9 ! multiplicity ( relievos & 9 ! outl9e ( 8 vases1 sometimes 9 ! m]e application ( col\r4444 ,9 _m ( 8 productions1 p>ticul>ly di%es & b[ls1 are se5 natural objects repres5t$ ) a/oni%+ tru?fulness z to =m & col\r2 ne>ly all ^! are modell$ f nature1 & gr\p$ ) p]fect ta/e2 f ! l[] surface1 rippl$ by /reams ( wat] 9 :i* fi% ( ! riv] ,se9e are swimm+1 coil$ reptiles rise gracefully f among fossil %ells 7we mu/ rememb] t ,palissy 0 a geologi/71 f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y /rata ( ,p>is2 on ! m>li 7! slop+ edge ( ! di%71 amid/ delicate f]ns arrang$ 9 masses1 liz>ds1 crayfi%1 & l>ge-bodi$ frogs climb & jump 7,fig4 #db74 ,! accuracy ( _! movem5ts1 ! tru? ( tones produc$ by a limit$ v>iety ( col\rs--all indicate a close obs]v]4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =m our op9ion ( ,palissy f ^! ru/ic works alone1 b also f 8 vases1 :]e he introduc$ all ! ornam5tal ri*ness ( ^? times1 & on :i* he took a pleasure 9 develop+ all 8 f]tility ( composition & 8 k z a design]4444 ,on ?is po9t ,palissy foll[$ ! same law to :i* all arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 subject--he 0 a work] 9 preci\s metals4 ,by _! graceful orig9ality1 _! fr+$ 7franges7 bord]s1 _! figur$ accessories1 ^! vases put u 9 m9d ( metal4 ,h[ c\ld x h be5 o!rwise8 ,0 n ,b5v5uto ,cell9i at t "t1 we w n say ! object ( all imitations1 = ?is w\ld be an insult to ! skilful arti/s ( t p]iod1 b at all ev5ts ! ideal t[>ds :i* ! inspirations ( o!rs 7 direct$8 ,z reg>ds ! human figure1 ,palissy's con/ant endeav\r 0 to approa* ! ,italian type2 & z d\btless ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau furni%$ him ) mo/ ( 8 models1 9 ! great] "p ( 8 figures we trace t graceful elongation ( =m1 t elegant simplicity1 :i*1 9 ! works ( ,jean ,g\jon1 fall into mann]ism 7,figs4 #dc & #dd74 8,palissy did n limit himself to ! production ( small & mod]ate-siz$ vases = ornam5t+ sidebo>ds1 buffets1 tables1 & brackets2 he rais$ pott]y to ! mo/ gigantic proportions 9 8 ru/iques figul9es1 int5d$ z ornam5ts = g>d5s1 grottoes1 f\nta9s1 & ! halls ( /ately mansions4 ,! ca/les ( ,nesle & ( ,*aulnes1 ( ,reux & ( ,ec\51 & ! g>d5 ( ! ,tuil]ies1 conta9$ "s rem>kable specim5s4 ,all h p]i%$ ) ! deva/ation ( ! build+s 9 :i* !y /ood2 a s+le fragm5t ( a capital1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,svres1 proves ! tru?fulness ( ! writ]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury reg>d+ ! monum5tal creations ( ! pott] ( ,sa9tes4 8,aft] ! dea? ( ,palissy1 9 #aehi1 ! art :i* he _h creat$ ins5sibly decl9$1 until soon x almo/ completely disappe>$ 9 ,france40 ,?is latt] rem>k has ref]5ce to ! /yle :i* 0 peculi>ly ( ,palissy's own inv5tion1 & n to ! production ( c]amic works g5]ally2 ?\gh ! art fail$ n to give evid5ce ( a c]ta9 vitality1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,enamell$ ,di%1 by ,b]n>d ,palissy4 7,museum ( ! ,l\vre47 x employ$ z guides or models ! fanciful examples ( ,italian w>e1 9 pref]5ce to ! really ma/]ly specim5s ( ! ,fr5* arti/4 ,among ! diff]5t c5tres ( manufacture :i*1 at t p]iod1 7 des]v+ ( notoriety1 we mu/ specially "n ,nev]s1 :5ce came num]\s examples *>act]is$ by subjects tak5 f biblical n>ratives1 z well z f ,roman & contemporane\s times2 ,r\51 :]e ! manufacture probably 0 n ( an e>li] date ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :i* evid5tly _h to provide its full supply ( di%es = ! table :51 ow+ to ! heavy exp5ses ( w>1 ! c\rti]s1 foll[+ ! example ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 s5t _! plate to ! m9t1 & 8se mir5t en faence10 8took to e>!nw>e10 z ,sa9t-,simon says4 ,la/ly we h ,montreuil-sur-,m]1 :i*1 if we are to cr$it ! specim5s collect$ 9 ! di/rict by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 "o ( our mo/ le>n$ antiqu>ians1 possess$ a manufactory t produc$ "s rem>kable 8op5-"w0 vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,f\r-h&l$ ,wat]-jug4 ,g]man w>e ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,egg-%ap$ ,c(fee-pot4 ,g]man w>e ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,let u also m5tion ! ,dut* pott]y1 call$ ,delft w>e1 :i*1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 began to f9d a place on all sidebo>ds & dress]s4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,brongni>t1 ^! came f a manufactory f\nd$ prior1 p]haps1 to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we also in/ance ! f9e e>!nw>e1 9 relievo1 manufactur$ ) und\bt$ ability 9 ,g]many1 especially 9 ! t[n ( ,nuremb]g4 ,9 ! ,l\vre & 9 ! ,cluny ,museums may be se5 magnific5t specim5s ( enamell$ slabs & vases ( ar*itectural =ms1 ornam5t$ ) figures4 ,majolica 0 equally e/eem$ on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e4 ,_m specim5s are f\nd1 dat+ f ! late/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 :i* id5tity ( =m or simil>ity ( sigles 7e>?s or clays7 to primitive works _h l$ to _! be+1 at fir/1 classifi$ among ,italian majolica4 ,h[ev]1 ! majority ( ^! examples1 ornam5t$ ) escut*eons & arabesques1 comb9$ g5]ally ) ,lat9 or ,g]man inscriptions1 be> on ! rev]se a ciph] 9 ,go?ic lett]s1 leav+ no d\bt z to ! arti/'s c\ntry4 ,n[ a ^w on a "q we ought n to pass 9 sil5ce1 ?\gh x yet rema9s unansw]$1 & d\btless w nev] be expla9$4 ,:y is ?is "n ( faence commonly giv5 9 ,france1 almo/ f ! revival ( ! c]amic art1 to ! productions ( ! new indu/ry8 ,"s say1 8because ,fa5za 0 ! fir/ among ,italian manufactories t introduc$1 g5]ally1 pa9t$ & ornam5t$ pott]ies into ,france1 :]e x acquir$ great reputation40 ,o!rs discov] 9 ,france itself1 a small t[n call$ ,faence1 ne> ,frjus1 9 ,prov5ce1 8:]e ! manufacture ( enamell$ clays 0 9 full activity be=e !re 0 any evid5ce ( x else:]e20 & ?us x gave its "n to ! pott]y call$ majolica by ! ,italians3 ?is w\ld be no?+ less ?an to deprive ,luca della ,robbia ( ! m]it1 if n ( ! inv5tion1 at lea/ ( priority4 ,un=tunately = ?is la/ op9ion1 ^? :o /ate x _c br+ 9 support ( _! ass]tion any c]ta9 details ( ! nature ( ! productions ascrib$ to t locality1 & :i* by _! v celebrity ought to h be5 safe f de/ruction4 ,?us x is evid5t !re is "h a po9t ( dispute reg>d+ :i* x is difficult to =m a decisive op9ion4 ,?\gh1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 ly+ out ( ! prov9ce to :i* our obs]vations h hi!rto be5 limit$1 we h /ill to notice a small gr\p ( productions :i* are kn[n by connoisseurs "u ! title ( faences f9es d',h5ri ,,ii42 ( ^! !re are n m ?an =ty au!nticat$ specim5s4 ,! locality ( ?is manufacture1 :i* seems1 s to speak1 to h be5 isolat$--= ! w>e is unlike any contemporane\s productions--is q unkn[n4 8,we only "k10 says ,m4 ,jacquem>t1 8t mo/ ( ! examples came f ! s\?-we/ ( ,france1 f ,saumur1 f ,t\rs1 & especially f ,?\>s4 ,z to ! date1 x is indelibly inscrib$ on ! vases1 "s hav+ ! salam&] ( ,francis ,i41 o!rs ! arms ( ,france ) ?ree cresc5ts int]lac$1 ! emblem adopt$ by ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,!y consi/ ( cups1 ew]s1 dr9k+-vases1 oval sug>-bas9s1 salt-cell>s1 & c&le/icks4 ,! =m is ornate & pure1 & is reliev$ by elegant m\ld+s4 ,on ! clay--a yell[i% :ite1 & cov]$ ) a cry/alliz$ v>ni%1 ! basis ( :i* is lead1 & consequ5tly is transp>5t--w9d b&s ( yell[ o*re bord]$ ) d>k br[n1 & int]lac$ ) all ! inv5tive ri*ness :i* *>act]iz$ ! p]iod2 small designs 9 gre51 violet1 black1 & occasionally 9 r$1 enhance ?is decoration40 ,mu* se>* has be5 made1 b1 z yet1 )\t any reliable result1 = ! "n ( ! arti/ to :om might be attribut$ ! creation ( ^! works1 & ( ! individual /yle !y d5ote4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 if ,engl& claims ! fir/ application ( pipe-clay to f9e e>!nw>e1 ! ,fr5* c1 by %[+ h] ! faence d',h5ry ,,ii41 prove t1 two hundr$ ye>s be=e1 an unkn[n arti/ 9 ,france 0 sett+ an example 9 t art 9 :i* ,engl& n[ prides h]self4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,ornam5t ( a ,di%1 ,italian w>e4 7,collection ( ,m4 le ,b>on ,alph4 de ,ro?s*ild47 ,,arms ,,& ,,arm\r4 ,arms ( ! ,"t ( ,*>lemagne4--,arms ( ! ,normans at ! ,"t ( ! ,conque/ ( ,engl&4--,progress ( ,arm\ry "u ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,crusades4--,! ,coat ( ,mail4--,! ,crossb[4--,! ,haub]k & ! ,hoqueton4--,! ,helmet1 ! ,hat ( ,iron1 ! ,c]velire1 ! ,greaves1 & ! ,gauntlet2 ! ,brea/plate & ! ,cui%4--,! ,casque ) ,vizor4--,pla9 ,arm\r & ,ribb$ ,arm\r4--,! ,salade ,helmet4--,co/l9ess ( ,arm\r4--,inv5tion ( ,gunp[d]4--,bomb>ds4--,h&-,cannons4--,! ,culv]91 ! ,falconet4--,! ,arquebus ) ,metal-hold]1 ) ,mat*1 & ) ,:eel4--,! ,gun & ! ,pi/ol4 ,! mo/ anci5t & au!ntic docum5t t pres5ts to u a j & almo/ p]fect idea ( ! arms 9 use t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 is ! celebrat$ tape/ry ( ,bayeux1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,x is suffici5t to exam9e ) "s att5tion t complex & illu/rat$ n>rative ( ! conque/ ( ,engl& 9 #ajff1 to le>n :at 0 ! g5]al aspect ( w> at t p]iod4 ,b any "o :o has at all /udi$ ! anci5t hi/orians & ! annals ( our e>lie/ c>e] z a p1 w n fail to recognise1 z s _m con/itu5t p>ts comb9+ to =m ! equipm5t ( w>1 mo/ ( ^? weapons t 7 adopt$ among v>i\s races1 ! conte/s & ! union ( :i* 0 to give bir? to mod]n nations4 ,if we c rely on ! te/imony ( "s m9iatures 9 manuscripts ( ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 ,roman cu/oms are con/antly recall$ 9 ! co/ume & arms ( ! w>riors ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies 7,fig4 #df71 8b ) ! modifications necess>ily result+ f contemporane\s corrupt ta/e10 z obs]v$ by ,m4 de ,saulcy1 :om1 x may be rem>k$1 we foll[ /ep by /ep1 z x 71 9 ! lab\rs :i* he has consci5ti\sly devot$ to ! hi/ory ( w>like arms2 8= at t "t ! helmets1 ! buckl]s1 & ! swords _h assum$ =ms v unlike ! models :]e( !y 7 suppos$ to be an imitation4 ,"o c readily imag9e t co/ume _h become subject$ to ! same sort ( *ange z language1 corrupt$ z ?is 0 by ! admixture ( ,g]man mann]s ) ^? ( ! nations subject$ to ,rome40 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury ! ,normans disemb>k+1 possess$ !mselves ( ,neu/ria1 & introduc$ among ! ,fr5* nation1 ) :i* !y at fir/ cont5d$1 & at l5g? conclud$ a peace1 an entire s]ies ( def5sive arms entirely novel 9 =m1 if n 9 _! nature4 ,x is !n1 accord+ to c]ta9 le>n$ m51 t w>riors are se51 9 illu/rat$ manuscripts1 attir$ 9 dresses furni%$ ) small r+s or iron scales1 we>+ po9t$ helmets1 & us+ %ields cut horizontally above1 & t]m9at+ at ! base 9 a po9t m or less %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,gallo-,romano ,soldi]s4 ,fac-simile ( ,m9iatures 9 ! ,,ms4 ( ,prud5tius4 7,imp4 ,libr>y ( ,p>is47 ,9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry we see ! army ( ,william t f\ght ! battle ( ,ha/+s compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t bodies ( troops3 ! ar*]s1 light infantry1 arm$ ) arr[s & d>ts2 foot-soldi]s1 or ,heavy infantry1 us+ weighti] arms1 & clad 9 iron mail2 & cavalry1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* figures ! ,duke ,william 7,fig4 #dg74 ,! co/ume exhibits little v>iety2 only two sorts ( acc\trem5ts are obs]vable2 "o v pla91 worn by m5 :o h no helmet1 is evid5tly t ( an inf]ior soldi]2 ! o!r1 cov]$ ) iron r+s1 n int]lac$1 ext5ds f ! %\ld]s to ! knees1 & belongs only to w>riors ^: head-dress is a n>r[1 conical helmet1 m or less %>ply po9t$1 ext5d+ beh9d 7en c\vre nuque7 to cov] ! nape ( ! neck 7,fig4 #dh71 & 9 front provid$ ) a metal protector = ! face1 call$ ! nasal4 ,among ! horsem5 ?us encas$ 9 iron1 are "s :o h boots & /irrups1 o!rs are )\t !m1 & ev5 we> no spurs4 ,_! %ields are convex1 secur$ to ! arm by a lea!r /rap1 g5]ally circul> at top1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t bel[4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are polygonal & convex1 & 9 ! c5tre %[ a r long po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,k+ ,william1 z repres5t$ on 8 seal pres]v$ 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,lanc] ( ,william's ,army4 ,(f5sive arms consi/ ( swords1 axes1 lances1 javel9s1 & arr[s4 ,! swords are long1 ( uni=m wid? ne>ly to ! extremity :i* comes abruptly to a po9t1 & h heavy1 /rong hilts4 ,! axes exhibit no rem>kable peculi>ity4 ,! spe>s t]m9ate 9 an iron po9t1 probably %>p5$1 & equal 9 l5g? to "o-six? ( ! h&le4 ,we see also clubs1 maces1 &1 f9ally1 prong$ /aves 7btons f\r*us71 d\btless ! e>lie/ =m ( ! weapon2 ^! la/ 7 subsequ5tly call$ bisagu1 &1 ) maces & clubs1 7 ord9>ily us$ by s]fs & peasants2 ! sword & ! spe> be+ res]v$ = freem54 ,! sl+ is n to be f\nd 9 ! h&s ( any w>rior2 b x is rem>kable t1 9 ! bord] ( ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 x is us$ by a peasant aim+ at a bird2 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! sl+ _h become a m]e weapon = field-sport4 ,moreov]1 ?is 0 also ! case ) ! b[ among ! ,fr5*2 :i* 0 aga9 held 9 hon\r aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,normans1 especially s9ce ! latt] c\ld ascribe to x _! success at ! battle ( ,ha/+s1 :]e ,h>old1 ! oppon5t ( ,william1 0 kill$ by an arr[4 ,nev]!less1 ! /atutes ( ! ,conqu]or1 :o himself excell$ ) ! b[1 did n include t weapon among ^? ( ! nobility4 ,f ! conque/ ( ! ,normans to ! ,crusades1 we sc>cely f9d any?+ wor? notice1 except ! adoption ( a v murd]\s implem5t ( w>1 :i* acquir$ ! "n ( ! flail1 or arm$ :ip 7flau1 or f\et d'armes72 x 0 =m$ ( iron balls /udd$ ) po9ts1 & 0 atta*$ to ! end ( a /rong /aff by small *a9s4 ,b we come to a p]iod :5 ! ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 ,asia _h a consid]able influ5ce on ! arms & ! milit>y co/ume ( ,europe4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal ( ! importations due to ^? di/ant exp$itions 0 t ( ! coat ( mail1 !n 9 common use among ! ,arabs1 & :i* has s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 ! sculptures ( ! p]iod ( ! ,sassanid1 a royal race t rul$ ov] ,p]sia f ! ?ird to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,x is n affirm$ t prior to ! fir/ crusade we _h no k ( iron *a9-"w1 ( :i* ! ,ori5tals made def5sive helmets2 b we imitat$ x only 9 a heavy & clumsy mann]4 ,?is arm\r1 :i* 0 ( pond]\s weight1 &1 besides1 0 f> f r5d]+ invuln]able ^? :o 7 burd5$ ) x1 _h n displac$ ! haub]geons1 ! jacques de f]1 ! brig&9es1 ! armures macles 7,fig4 #di71 7su* 7 ! names giv5 to ! cuirasses ( lea!r & ( clo? cov]$ ) metal plates72 b :5 su* def5sive arm\r came to be bett] kn[n1 ) all its orig9al good qualities2 & :5 we _h le>n$ to make x accord+ to ! ,ori5tal me?od1 !re 0 no fur!r delay 9 adopt+ t network ( iron 7tricot7 at once flexible1 light1 &1 9 "s degree1 imp5etrable4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! manufacture ( anci5t arm\r 0 m simple1 & consequ5tly less co/ly1 x 0 n altoge!r ab&on$4 ,x is only s late z ! "t ( ,philip ,augu/us & ,l\is ,,ix4 7! ?irte5? c5tury7 t ! use ( coats ( mail became g5]al2 to ?is "s knights atta*$ mail hose1 to protect ! ?ighs1 legs1 & feet 7,fig4 #ej74 ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is le ,gros 7twelf? c5tury7 we see ! fir/ attempt at a movable vizor adapt$ to ! conical helmet ( ! ,normans2 & to ! same p]iod mu/ be ref]r$ ! inv5tion ( ! crossb[3 or1 x may r be said t a /ock1 or arbri]1 0 add$ to ! b[1 :i* af=d$ great] facility = /ret*+ ! /r+1 & also aid$ 9 direct+ ! arr[4 ,?is new weapon1 aft] be+ exclusively us$ 9 ! *ase1 appe>$ 9 w>f>e2 b1 9 #aaci1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,ii41 confirm+ ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 :i* _h condemn$ x z too de/ructive1 prohibit$ its use4 ,! crossb[ 0 n re/or$ to milit>y equipm5ts until ! ?ird crusade1 "u ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion1 :o1 hav+ p]mitt$ 8 m5 to resume ! weapon1 0 subsequ5tly assum$ to h inv5t$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,norman ,ar*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,jean ,san/]re1 z repres5t$ on 8 ,seal4 ,reproduc$ by ,meyrick4 ,dur+ ! fir/ crusade1 b>ons & knights wore a haub]k ( l9ks ( iron or /eel4 ,e w>rior _h a helmet--silv]-plat$ = royalty1 ( /eel = nobles1 & ( iron = ! private soldi]s4 ,! crusad]s us$ ! lance1 ! sword1 a k9d ( dagg] call$ misricorde1 ! club & ! battle-axe1 ! sl+ & ! b[4 ,9 ! w9d[s :i* ,sug]1 m9i/] ( ,l\is ,,vii41 caus$ to be pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ! abbey ( ,sa9t-,d5is1 & :i* repres5t$ ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( ! second crusade1 we see ! *iefs ( ! crusad]s /ill clo!d 9 haub]ks ( l9ks1 or macles 7plates ( iron72 ! helmet is conical & )\t ! nose-piece 7nasal72 &1 la/ly1 ! buckl]1 =m$ l a scut*eon1 cov]s ! brea/1 g5]ally susp5d$ f ! neck by a lea!r ?ong4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! iron brea/plate is said to h be5 introduc$2 x 0 plac$ ov] ! *e/ to support ! haub]k1 ! direct pressure ( :i* be+ f\nd detrim5tal to heal?4 ,b no description ( x is to be met ) 9 ! romances ( *ivalry1 t furni% ! be/ docum5t>y evid5ce reg>d+ ! arm\r ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,helmet ( ,don ,jaime el ,conqui/ador 7,arm]ia ,real1 ,madrid47 ,"u ,philip ,augu/us1 :o1 z we "k1 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ?ird crusade1 ! conical helmet assum$ a cyl9drical =m2 to ?is 0 occasionally add$ a vizor call$ v5tail1 int5d$ to protect ! face4 ,ri*>d ,i41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 is repres5t$ on 8 seal ) ?is k9d ( helmet2 level ) ! eyes & also at ! height ( ! m\? are two horizontal slits1 :i* admit ( see+ & brea?+4 ,/ill ! use ( ! conical helmet )\t vizor or nose-piece 0 reta9$ ev5 to ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ,spa91 z is prov$ by t worn by ,jaime ,i41 ,k+ ( ,aragon 7,fig4 #ea71 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,arm]ia ,real1 ,madrid4 ,x is ( poli%$ /eel1 is surm\nt$ by a dragon's head1 & portions ( x are ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,?us 9 ! ?ird crusade ! use ( ! 8coat-(-arms0 became g5]al1--a sort ( ov]coat1 if we may s t]m x1 ( clo? or ( silk /uff1 & ! purpose ( :i*1 at fir/1 0 only to mitigate ! insupportable effect ( ! rays ( an ,ea/]n sun on metal arm\r4 ,?is new g>m5t soon s]v$1 moreov]1 :5 made ( v>i\s col\rs1 to di/+ui% diff]5t nations m>*+ "u ! /&>d ( ! ,cross 7,fig4 #eb74 ,x became really a dress ( milit>y spl5d\r1 0 made ( ! ri*e/ /uffs1 & embroid]$ 9 gold or silv] ) excessive ref9em5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,knight 9 8 ,haub]k 7aft] ,meyrick74 ,! sl+]s1 :o _h nev] be5 o!rwise recruit$ ?an f ! l[] ord]s1 disappe>$ f ! ,fr5* armies aft] ! reign ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,z = ! ar*]s1 ^? ( ,engl& wore at t "t1 ov] ! haub]k1 a lea!r jacket1 adopt$ subsequ5tly by ! ,fr5* ar*]s1 & call$ jacque d',anglois4 ,an old au?or1 9 fact1 ?us m5tions x3-- 8,c'toit un p\rpo9t de *amois2 ,f>ci de b\rre sus et s\s2 ,un gr& vila9 jacque d',anglois1 ,qui lui p5doit jusqu'aux g5\x40 ,! jacque hav+ become ! fa%ion 9 ,france 0 soon recognis$ 9 e k9d ( mat]ial m or less co/ly2 x cont9u$ 9 use until ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 ,*>les ,,vi4 wore "o ( black velvet dur+ a j\rney he made 9 ,brittany4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,helmet ( ,hughes1 ,vidame ( ,*alons4 7,end ( ,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,t\rnam5t ,helmet1 screw$ on ! ,brea/plate4 7,end ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,! casque1 or helmet1 f t "t enclos+ ! head entirely1 assum$1 "u ,/4 ,l\is1 ! =m ( two truncat$ cones 8runis p> leurs gr&es bases40 ,9 addition to ! helmet !re 0 also worn at t "t ! *apel de f]1 :i* at fir/ 0 only a simple cap und]nea? ! hood ( ! haub]k2 b :51 curtail+ ! hood1 a brim 0 add$ to ! cap1 x ?us became a hat almo/ ( ! =m ( ! felts n[ 9 use4 ,to protect ! neck !re 0 also atta*$ to ! rim ( ! hat a tippet ( mail1 fall+ on ! %\ld]s1 & call$ camail4#e ,! iron cap !n took ,illu/ration3 ,,casque1 ,,morion1 ,,& ,,helmets4 ,) & )\t vizors1 f ! ,arm]ia ,real at ,madrid4 ! "n ( coiffre or c]velire1 & lat] x became a k9d ( rev]s$ pot conceal+ ! entire head1 & kept 9 position by its weight only 7,fig4 #ec74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,pla9 ,arm\r ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 ab\t #adfj4 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,p>is47 ,aga92 !re _h = "s "t be5 manife/$ a movem5t :i* gradually caus$ ! knights to be entirely cas$ 9 iron4 ,a k+ ( ,scotl&1 contempor>y ) ,philip ,augu/us1 is repres5t$ on 8 seal ) a plate ( arm\r int5d$ to protect ! elb[4 ,! knee-cap foll[$4 ,"u ,philip ! ,bold1 successor ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ! iron grvires 7greaves71 or half leg-pieces1 protect+ ! front ( ! legs1 7 adopt$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,philip ! ,fair we h ! fir/ example ( an iron gauntlet ) its f+]s sep>ate & jo9t$3 previ\sly x 0 m]ely an inflexible piece cov]+ ! back ( ! h&4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! c]velire1 ei!r flat or sph]ical1 became po9t$ at ! top1 & took ! "n ( bass9et2 b ?is bass9et 0 unlike ! casque :i*1 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 reta9$ t "n & 0 made completely clos$4 ,! exact p]iod ( ! transition f mail$ arm\r to t ( pla9 iron or /eel1 call$ also plate-arm\r1 dates f ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #ee74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,convex ,arm\r ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 said to be t ( ,maximilian4 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,p>is47 ,! annals ( ,flor5ce conta9 a /atute ( #acae1 requir+ e horseman s]v+ 9 a campaign to h a helmet1 a brea/plate1 gauntlets1 cui%es1 & leg-pieces1 all ( iron2 b 9 ,france & ,engl& ! :ole ( ^! pieces 7 n adopt$ until some:at lat]4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,philip ,v4 & ,*>les ,,iv4 we see ! v5tail ( ! helmet ) a grat+1 & ! vizor op5+ ) a h+e4 ,! bass9et1 light] ?an ! helmet1 0 at fir/ worn by ! knight :5 no ho/ile enc\nt] 0 anticipat$2 b subsequ5tly1 & at an e>ly date1 ! vizor 0 add$ to ! bass9et1 z well z to ! casque2 & !n x became z mu* us$ z ! helmet1 :i*1 t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 ab&on$4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod "s portions ( iron horse-arm\r began to make _! appe>ance4 ,we f9d ent]$ 9 ! inv5tory ( ! arm\r ( ,l\is ,x41 a *anfre9 7a plate ( iron fa/5$ on ! horse's =ehead74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,crossb[ ,m5 protect$ by ,%ield-be>]s4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,aft] a ,m9iature f ! ,*ronicles ( ,froiss>t4 7,,ms4 ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is47 ,! crossb[1 = "s "t prohibit$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 0 ! weapon mo/ 9 use at ! p]iod spok5 (2 z hav+ ! d\ble advantage ( be+ drawn ) m p[] ?an ! ord9>y b[1 & ( ?r[+ its arr[s to a long] di/ance ) great] precision4 ,hi/orians say t at ,crcy1 9 #acdf1 !re 7 fifte5 ?\s& crossb[ m5 9 ! ,fr5* army4 ,! ,g5oese 7 consid]$ ! mo/ skilful 9 ,europe2 & next1 ^? ( ,p>is4 ,a manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s !m we>+ iron helmets1 brassires1#f & leg-pieces2 & = body-cov]+1 jackets ) long1 hang+ sleeves4 ,:ile ! b[m5 _h bo? h&s occupi$ 9 dis*>g+ _! arr[s1 %ield-be>]s 7 employ$ to protect !m by means ( l>ge buckl]s 7,fig4 #eg74 ,9 ! ye> #acch ! use ( fire>ms is = ! fir/ "t not$ 9 ,france4 ,b we ?9k x "r to res]ve all we h to say ( ^! mod]n (f5sive weapons until our hi/ory ( ! anci5t sy/em ( arm\r is f9i%$4 ,consid]+ ! e>ly imp]fections ( fire>ms1 ! old sy/em mu/ h long cont9u$1 especially among combatants ( noble degree--= !y affect$ contempt = ! new w>like equipm5ts1 by means ( :i* p]sonal val\r became 9 a mann] useless & c\ld no long] ensure victory 9 battle4 ,"u ,john ! ,good1 t is1 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 pla9 arm\r 0 g5]ally adopt$2 ! long coat ( mail1 heavi] & less conv5i5t1 0 entirely ab&on$2 b *a9-arm\r /ill cov]$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body n yet protect$ by iron plates4 ,! bass9et1 !n v po9t$1 0 furni%$ ) mail1 cov]+ ! neck & a portion ( ! %\ld]s4 ,! upp] "p ( ! arm 0 protect$ by a half-armlet1 call$ ! paulette1 b ! l[] "p 0 provid$ ) mail4 ,ornam5ts began to be introduc$ 9 arm\r 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v42 until t "t x _h a simple & pla9 appe>ance4 ,= in/ance1 ! camail ( ! bass9et is embroid]$ on ! %\ld]s ) gold & silv]1 & ! po9t surm\nt+ x is decorat$ ) an imitation ( foliage--an ornam5t :i*1 accord+ to ! 8,*ronicle ( ,du ,guesl910 _h ! disadvantage ( pres5t+ a k9d ( h&le to an oppon5t4 ,! cuirass1 to :i* x 0 !n deem$ suffici5t to imp>t a bright poli%1 or to pa9t 9 ord9>y col\rs1 sometimes bright1 sometimes d>k1 began to be engrav$ & *as$ t[>ds ! end ( ! foll[+ reign4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,vi4 !re 0 introduc$1 = ! fir/ "t1 f\r or five flexible plates1 call$ faldes1 :i* protect$ ! l[] "p ( ! /oma* )\t imp$+ ! movem5ts ( ! body4 ,a little lat]1 tassettes 7 add$2 !y 7 atta*$ to ! top ( ! ?igh to gu>d ! hips & ! gro94 ,x appe>s t at ?is p]iod ! artisans ( ,milan1 7 especially r5[n$ = ! manufacture ( arm\r2 = ,froiss>t relates t ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 :5 ,e>l ( ,d]by1#g & prep>+ to ent] ! li/s ) ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 reque/$ arm\r f ,galeas1 ,duke ( ,milan1 :o s5t x ) f\r ,milanese arm\r]s4 ,! swords & spe>s made at ,t\l\se & at ,bordeaux 7 also held 9 great repute2 s also 7 ! d\ble-h&$ swords 9 use f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & manufactur$ at ,lubeck1 9 ,g]many4 ,! /eel helmets ( ,montauban 7 also mu* 9 reque/4 ,t[>ds ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 eng9es ( w>1 di/9ct f ^? 9 :i* p[d] 0 us$1 _h atta9$ a rem>kable degree ( p]fection4 ,:5 ,john ! ,fe>less1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 m>*$ ^u ,p>is1 9 #adaa1 !re 0 ) 8 army a consid]able numb] ( ma*9es call$ ribaudequ9s1 a species ( gigantic crossb[ drawn by a horse1 & :i* ) enorm\s /r5g? ?rew javel9s to a great di/ance4 ,"u ,*>les ,,vii41 ! brea/plate ( ! cuirass 0 compos$ ( two p>ts3 "o cov]$ ! brea/2 ! o!r1 rea*+ to ! hips1 protect$ ! /oma*1 & 0 atta*$ to ! =m] by clasps & lea!r /raps4 ,g5]ally ! brea/plate 0 convex4 ,taught by ! disa/r\s defeat ( ,ag9c\rt1--:]e t5 ?\s& m51 ( :om eight ?\s& 7 ( ! nobility1 _h fall51 ow+ to ! precision & ! cel]ity ( ! fire ( ! ,engli% ar*]s1--,*>les ,,vii4 in/itut$ 9 ,france ! franc ar*] 7,fig4 #eh71 :o wore ! salade & ! jacket or brig&9e1 & c>ri$ ! dagg]1 ! sword1 ! b[1 ! quiv] or crossb[ g>nie4 ,^! ar*]s 7 exempt f all taxes or impo/s2 _! equipm5ts 7 decl>$ n di/ra9able = debts1 & dur+ w> !y receiv$ pay at ! rate ( f\r livres a mon?4 ,! salade1 a "p ( arm\r :i* has rema9$ p>ticul>ly celebrat$1 & ! "n ( :i* has be5 appli$ subsequ5tly to helmets ( div]s =ms1 is pre-em95tly ! helmet ( ! epo* ( ,*>les ,,vii4 ,at fir/ x 0 a head-dress = w>1 compos$ ( a simple cap 7timbre71 t cov]$ ! top ( ! head1 ) a p5d5t piece ( metal ( great] or less l5g? at ! back1 :i* sometimes 0 made = protect+ ! neck1 & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,franc ,ar*]s 7,fifte5? ,c5tury71 f ! ,pa9t$ ,hang+s ( ! ,t[n ( ,rheims4 sometimes to gu>d a portion ( ! %\ld]s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury !re 0 add$ to ! salade a small vizor1 t 0 gradually l5g!n$ d[nw>ds to ne> ! upp] lip1 & 9 :i* a n>r[ op5+ 0 !n made = ! sight4 ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ! salade receiv$ a *9-piece1 ! l[] "p ( :i* 0 a gorget1 t surr\nd$ & protect$ ! neck4 ,! top ( ! cuirass _h a cord1 to :i* 0 atta*$ ! salade2 & ?is helmet1 s diff]5t to ! primitive salade1 cont9u$ to be> ! same "n 7,fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,knights 9 complete ,arm\r1 ) ! ,salade4 7,end ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,a ,s+le ,combat1 tak5 f 8,! ,triumph ( ,maximilian10 by ,burgmay]1 aft] a draw+ by ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,! brig&9e1 recall+ ! e>ly arm\r ab&on$ = ! coat ( mail1 0 compos$ ( small plates ( /eel or iron arrang$ on a /rong piece ( lea!r1 & /it*$ or fix$ ) wire1 9 ! =m ( ! scales ( a fi%4 ,a decree ( ,pet] ,,ii41 ,duke ( ,brittany1 issu$ 9 #adej1 ord]$ ! nobles to equip !mselves z ar*]s1 or 9 brig&9e1 if !y knew h[ to use arr[s2 b o!rwise1 to be provid$ ) guis>mes1 ) good salades1 & leg-arm\r2 ea* noble 0 to be att5d$ by "o c\/illi]1 & to h two good horses4 ,! guis>me 0 a sort ( two-edg$ & po9t$ javel94 ,! c\/illi] 0 a foot-soldi]1 or a horseman1 ^: duty x 0 to act z a s]vant to ! nobleman1 & to c>ry ! c\/ille1 a long1 sl5d] sword1 triangul> or squ>e1 app>5tly resembl+ ! foil 9 our f5c+-rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,arm\r ornam5t$ ) ,lions1 suppos$ to be t ( ,l\is ,,xii4 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,p>is47 ,ab\t ?is p]iod ,fr5* noblem5 display$ mu* magnific5ce 9 ! adornm5t ( ! *anfre9 ( _! horses4 ,= in/ance1 we "k t at ! siege ( ,h>fleur1 9 #addi1 ! *>g] ( ! ,c\nt de ,sa9t-,pol _h on its head a massive gold *anfre91 ( ! mo/ delicate "w1 valu$ at n less ?an tw5ty ?\s& cr[ns4 ,9 ! same ye>1 at ! siege ( ,bayonne1 ! ,c\nt de ,foix ent]$ ! conqu]$ city m\nt$ on a horse ^: *anfre9 ( poli%$ /eel 0 enri*$ ) gold & preci\s /ones to ! value ( fifte5 ?\s& gold cr[ns4 ,half a c5tury lat]--t is1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & t ( ,l\is ,,xii4--*>g]s wore1 besides ! *anfre91 ! manefaire1 protect+ ! neck1 ! poitrail1 ! cr\pire1 ! flancois1 :i* respectively cov]$ ! *e/1 ! back1 & ! flanks ( ! horse2 & to ^! 0 add$ ano!r piece ( arm\r plac$ "u ! tail4 ,( ! date ( ,l\is ,,xii41 we /ill see emboss$ suits ( arm\r ornam5t$ ) flut+1 sometimes bl5d$ ) beautiful engrav$ "w execut$ 9 ! metal by ! use ( aqua=tis1 or subjects 9 relievo produc$ by emboss+3 ornam5tation ( ?is nature elevat$ ! equipm5ts ( ! w>rior to real works ( art 7,fig4 #fj74 ,l\is ,,xii4 0 ! fir/ to admit ,greek m]c5>ies into 8 army4 ,^! 7 nam$ /radiots2 !y t5d]$ _! milit>y s]vices equally to bo? ,turks & ,*ri/ians4 ,! arm\r ( ^! troops consi/$ ( a cuirass ) sleeves & gauntlets 9 mail1 & ov] ?is a jacket2 on _! head a vizorless helmet 0 worn4 ,! /radiots 7 arm$ ) a l>ge sword1 call$ a braquem>t1 mu* resembl+ ! ,turki% sword1 b ) a cross-h&le2 ! sword & its scabb>d 7 ornam5t$ ) ,grecian devices4 ,!y c>ri$ 9 addition sev]al small arms at ! saddle-b[1 & also a zagaye1 a v long lance1 tipp$ at bo? extremities ) iron4 ,at ?is p]iod also 0 introduc$ ! p]tuisane1#h ! blade ( :i*1 wid] ?an t ( ! lance1 =m$ a cresc5t imm$iately above ! h&le4 ,!re 7 at t "t two k9ds ( cross-b[s--"o = dis*>g+ bolts1 ! o!r = bullets4 ,! b[ 0 slung by means ( a m\l9et1 a k9d ( h&-w9*4 ,emboss$ & flut$ arm\r 0 n ! only k9d us$ 9 ,france & 9 ,italy at ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,! monum5ts 9 ! =m] c\ntry ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xii41 & on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps1 %[ h[ preval5t 0 a peculi> description ( pla9 arm\r1 :]e( ! cuirass1 :i* 0 long] ?an t ( ! emboss$ arm\r1 _h a rib or rais$ l9e 9 ! middle4 ,?is rib1 :i* completely alt]$ ! "* ( ! cuirass1 9 t x s]v$ to turn aside ! ?ru/ ( ! lance1 became increas+ly di/9ctive z ! sev5te5? c5tury drew ne>4 ,9 ! reign ( ,francis ,i4 emboss$ & ribb$ arm\r 7 equally ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,damaske5$ ,arm\r ( ! end ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,portrait ( ,franois1 ,duc d',al5on1 f ,montfaucon's 8,la ,mon>*ie ,franoise407 us$ 7,fig4 #fa74 ,9 ! ,museum ( ,artill]y1 9 ,p>is1 is pres]v$ ! arm\r :i* t k+ wore at ! battle ( ,pavia4 ,! body is long] ?an 9 ! cuirass ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 ! rib 9 ! c5tre is m rais$1 ! gusset ( ! %\ld]-piece is made ( sev]al movable plates1 & ( l>ge size4 ,! casque1 a g5]ic "n giv5 s9ce ^? times to all descriptions ( head-arm\r1 assum$ a com=table & elegant %ape1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ z long z ! use ( arm\r cont9u$4 ,ano!r cuirass ( ! same date1 /ill long] 9 ! body1 0 made to turn up t[>ds ! l[] extremity1 & !n took an inw>d b5d to fit ! hip4 ,x 0 made ) movable plates ov]lapp+ f bel[2 ?is all[$ ! we>] to /oop1 :i* x 0 almo/ impossible to d :5 ! brea/-piece & ! back-piece 7 9 "o4 ,sometimes ^! plates 7 only ?ree or f\r 9 numb] ov] ! /oma*1 & ! o!rs ov] ! brea/ 7 only repres5t$1 n g5u9e plates4 ,! arm\r call$ clisse1 or crevisse1 worn at a c]ta9 p]iod by ! halb]di]s1 mu/ n be pass$ ov]2 x receiv$ ?is "n because ! cuirass 0 made ( horizontal plates 7clisses71 ?ree or f\r in*es 9 wid?1 :i*1 ?\gh !y cov]$ ! entire body1 did n 9 any way imp$e its movem5ts4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ref] to a peculi>ity 9 ?is arm\r :i* prev5t$ its g5]al adoption2 x 0 t z ! movem5t or 8play0 ( ! clisses made x conv5i5t to we>1 s f ?is flexibility x 0 f\nd t ! plates frequ5tly became disconnect$1 & ?us left a "p ( ! body def5celess4 ,9 mak+ ! clisses to ov]lap f bel[1 reg>d 0 _h to ! usual direction ( a sword-cut or dagg]-?ru/1 :i* usually came f bel[2 b !re 0 all ! m dang] f bl[s ( ! m>tel#i & battle-axe1 ! /roke ( :i* weapon 0 direct$ d[nw>ds4 ,bronz$ arm\r came 9 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 some:at commonly worn 9 #aeeh2 x 0 introduc$ on acc\nt ( its be+ f> m easily kept clean ?an poli%$ /eel4 ,= ! same reason black arm\r 0 tri$1 b ! engrav+s & *as+s1 ! gild+s & damaske5+s 7 m effective on ! gre5i% gr\nd2 consequ5tly black v>ni% 0 giv5 up 9 fav\r ( bronze4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & dur+ ! long civil w>s :i* desolat$ ,france1 arm\r took a v>iety ( %apes1 & z reg>ds ornam5tation at lea/1 !re 0 g5]ally to be se5 a /range m$ley ( ! /yle ( ! previ\s c5tury ) t ( ! p]iod 7,fig4 #fa74 ,h[ev]1 ! decl9e ( ! use ( arm\r1 :i* became 9 a measure inevitable1 0 at h&4 ,de la ,n\e1 an em95t ,hugu5ot (fic] ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ix41 says1 9 8 8,disc\rs ,militaires0--8,! p5etrat+ p[] ( pikes & arquebuses has v naturally l$ to ! adoption ( arm\r /rong] & m capable ( great resi/ance ?an =m]ly4 ,x is n[ s heavy t "o is lad5 ) anvils r ?an protect$ by arm\r4 ,our m5-at-arms & light cavalry 9 ,h5ry ,,ii4's "t pres5t$ a mu* f9] appe>ance1 ) _! helmets1 _! brass>ts1 tassets1#aj & ! morion1#aa c>ry+ ! lance ) a flag2 _! arm\r 0 n s heavy b t a /rong man 0 able to support its weight = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 b ^? ( ! pres5t day are s pond]\s t a "y knight ( ?irty has 8 %\ld]s q crippl$40 ,?us1 9 endeav\r+ to make ! resi/ance ( arm\r keep pace ) ! improvem5t 9 new w>like eng9es1 !y r5d]$ x useless2 because ! weight 0 intol]able1 especially 9 w>m wea!r1 dur+ long m>*es1 or 9 l5g!n$ combats4 ,hav+ va9ly tri$ to make suits ( arm\r invuln]able1 m5 began to leave (f we>+ su* portions z 7 ( m9or importance1 :i* by degrees 7 entirely discont9u$4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiii4 we see arm\r und]go+ fur!r modifications1 b ( fa%ion r ?an ( utility3 f9ally1 !re is e reason to ?9k t ! magnific5t arm\r pres5t$ by ! ,republic ( ,v5ice to ,l\is ,,xiv41 9 #affh1 & :i* is n[ to be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ,artill]y 9 ,p>is1 0 "o ( ! late/ sets made 9 ,europe4 ,let u n[ retrace our /eps to exam9e a s]ies ( arms1 ! gradual adoption ( :i* 0 de/9$ to completely *ange ! art ( w>f>e4 ,x is n[ ! almo/ univ]sal op9ion t ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1--assum$ to h be5 discov]$ 9 #abef1 or at all ev5ts its application to artill]y1 :i* fir/ dates f #abhj1--;is due to ,b]?old ,s*w>tz1 an ,augu/9 fri>1 born at ,frib\rg4 ,"s writ]s1 h[ev]1 make ^! dates a c5tury lat]1 & affirm t p[d] & cannons 7 fir/ kn[n f #accj to #achj4 ,nev]!less1 ! employm5t ( artill]y only became g5]al dur+ ! w>s ( ,*>les-,qu9t & ( ,francis ,i41 t is1 t[>ds #aecj1 or two c5turies aft] its inv5tion4 ,b p]haps 9 place ( giv+1 z we h done1 ! unconditional acceptation to ! ^w artill]y :i* x n[ has1 we ought p]haps to h said artill]y us$ ) gunp[d]2 = long be=e ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] ! ^w artill]y 0 employ$ :5 speak+ ( all ma*9es or eng9es ( w> 7,fig4 #fb74 ,?us 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury we f9d among ! p]sonnel ( ! artill]y a gr& ma/] ( ! crossb[ m51 ma/]s ( ! eng9es1 ( ! cannoni]s 7! ^w cannon 0 ev5 !n appli$ to ! tube =m+ "o ( ! pr9cipal portions ( an eng9e = hurl+ projectiles71 & 9 #abia we see ,philip ! ,fair appo9t+ a gr& ma/] ( ! artill]y ( ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,eng9e = hurl+ ,/ones2 tak5 f a ,m9iature ( ! ,*evali] au ,cygne4 7,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is1 ,no4 #cdj1 ,s4 ,e47 ,9 ord] to foll[ me?odically ! progress ( ! manufacture ( arms su* z we %all call novel1 we w1 9 ! fir/ place1 treat sep>ately ( ! eng9es ( l>ge calibre :i* 7 fir/ employ$1 & !n ( portable arms4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to cannons 9 ,france is f\nd 9 #acch1 9 an acc\nt ( ! treasur] ( w>1 :]e9 we read3--8,to ,h5ri de ,vaume*on1 = buy+ p[d] & o!r necess>ies = cannons10 :i* _h be5 us$ at ! siege ( ,puy-,guilhem1 9 ,prigord4 ,9 ,froiss>t1 we next f9d t1 9 #acdj1 ! inhabitants ( ,quesnoy1 :5 repell+ ! attack ( ! ,fr5*1 made use ( bomb>ds & cannon :i* hurl$ huge bolts at ! besieg]s4 ,b ! /atem5t ( ,villani1 t ! ,engli% 7 indebt$ to ! employm5t ( artill]y = ! victory ( ,crcy1 9 #acdf1 mu/ be treat$ z a pure inv5tion1 because x is c]ta9 t ! fire>ms :i* may h be5 9 use at t "t 7 9 no way suit$ to field w>f>e2 & t !y 7 only employ$ ) ! old] eng9es 9 ! attack & def5ce ( =tresses4 ,n only did _! cumbr\s weight & ! rude con/ruction ( _! c>riages r5d] !m extremely difficult ( transport1 b1 int5d$ z !y 7 to be employ$ z catapults1 !y 7 g5]ally con/ruct$ = hurl+ heavy projectiles1 by caus+ ^! to describe a curv$ l9e1 l mod]n %ells2 & _! %ape is1 9 fact1 mu* m l t ( our mort>s ?an ( cannon 7,fig4 #fc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,bomb>ds on fix$ & roll+ c>riages4 7,f ! ,,mss4 #hea & #heb1 ,bibl4 ,imp4 de ,p>is47 8,x w\ld seem10 says ,m4 de ,saulcy1 8t1 9 load+ !m1 holl[ cyl9d]s 7man*ons71 or movable *amb]s1 7 us$1 9 :i* ! *>ge 0 previ\sly laid2 & ^! fitt$1 by means ( a w$ge1 into ! body ( ! piece4 ,sometimes ^! cyl9d]s 7 at ! side1 & =m$ a "r angle ) ! axis ( ! piece1 b usually !y fitt$ into ! bree*1 ( :i* !y =m$ a prolongation40 ,! "n bomb>ds1 :i* we h j us$1 & :i* is d]iv$1 z we may conclude1 f ! ,greek bombos 7noise71 0 ! fir/ employ$ = designat+ cannon2 b ^! eng9es 7 s imp]fect 9 pr9ciple1 & s feeble 9 p[]1 t catapults1 :i* _h play$ s signal a "p 9 sieges dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 7 us$ 9 pref]5ce :5 v heavy projectiles _h to be hurl$ 7,fig4 #fd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,mangonneau2 an ,eng9e ( ,w> ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,m9iature 9 ! ,,ms4 #g1bci1 ,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is47 ,orig9ally ! piece re/$1 z x 71 fix$ly on a massive support2 b soon ! means ( sight+ _h to be consid]$2 ?us we see depict$ 9 e>ly manuscripts pieces t c\ld be mov$ up & d[n by means ( trunnions2 or :i* 7 elevat$ or depress$ = fir+ by a sort ( tail or long projection beh9d ! tube2 at o!r times ! muzzle ( ! cannon is su/a9$ by a =k m or less buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?is bomb>d1 atta*$ to a plat=m on :eels1 receiv$ ! d5om9ation ( c]botana ambulatoria2 ?is la/ ^w convey+ ! idea ( ! movability ( ! eng9e4 ,we h se5 t projectiles 7 ( /one1 b !re is no d\bt t f ! f\rte5? c5tury !y 7 also made ( metal2 t 0 no?+ new1 = anci5t eng9es ( w>1 includ+ ! sl+1 ?rew lead5 balls & masses ( r$-hot iron4 ,no d\bt x 0 ) ! object ( giv+ ! l>ge/ size possible to projectiles ( artill]y by means ( p[d] t /one 0 us$2 :i*1 9 ! /ate ( ! art at t "t1 0 mu* bett] adapt$ ?an metal = l>ge balls4 ,*ri/9e ( ,pisa1 :o wrote 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,vi4 ! 8,livre des ,faits d',armes et de ,*evalrie10 has left u a collection ( v int]e/+ details ( ! condition ( artill]y us$ ) p[d]1 :i*1 z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 _h become mu* m ext5d$ ?an w\ld be easily believ$2 moreov]1 9 ! descriptions ?is au?or gives ( armam5ts1 or ( n>ratives ( battles1 we almo/ always /ill see catapults1 ! l>ge cross-b[s1 c41 appe>+ by ! side ( cannon2 a c]ta9 pro( t ! use ( p[d] f\nd its equival5t 9 m ?an "o in/ance 9 ! anci5t means ( ! propulsion ( projectiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,e>lie/ ,models ( ,cannon4 ,9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,valturio1 an ,italian writ]1 ^: treatise on milit>y art 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #adgb1 has describ$ & drawn all ! eng9es ( w> !n 9 use4 ,cannons are n =gott54 ,we obs]ve t ! great] numb] ( ^! pieces h no long] any box =m+ a movable *amb]2 ?is implies an important advance 9 ! art ( mak+ !m2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! cannons1 b\nd ) cords to a block ( wood1 or re/+ on plat=ms1 mu/ h be5 v difficult to move4 ,at ?is p]iod pieces ( ! l>ge/ calibre1 :i* project$ enorm\s balls ( /one1 7 m commonly call$ bomb>ds2 mort>s1 ! v %ort cannons ?r[+ heat$ projectiles2 cannons1 pieces ( m$ium calibre c>ry+ iron projectiles 7,fig4 #fe72 culv]9s1 ! long pieces load$ ) lead5 balls1 :i*1 z well z ! p[d]1 7 ramm$ 9 ) an iron rod2 h&-cannons1 or btons feu 7,fig4 #ff71 7 9 a mann] portable1 = if !y 7 h&l$ by "o man1 x 0 nev] )\t 8 hav+ rec\rse to ano!r = fir+ !m4 ,?is la/-nam$ t]m1 btons feu1 l t ( cannon1 exi/$ be=e ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,z swords & lances _h (t5 be5 designat$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( btons1 x foll[$ t ! "n :i* impli$ arms 9 g5]al %\ld also be appli$ to ! e>lie/ portable fire>ms4 ,9 anci5t royal ord9ances we ev5 see ! t]m gros btons us$ to designate l>ge pieces ( artill]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,h& ,cannon 7or ,bton feu71 tak5 f a piece ( ,tape/ry belong+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame de ,nantilly1 ,saumur4 ,accord+ to ,m4 de ,saulcy1 ! mo/ important improvem5t ev] made 9 artill]y is c]ta9ly t :i* consi/$ 9 plac+ a gun ) trunnions on a c>riage flasques--upright beams ( wood1 betwe5 :i* ! gun c oscillate1 & unit$ by cross-pieces2 ?is c>riage 0 m\nt$ on :eels1 & admitt$ ( ! gun be+ incl9$ by ! simple use ( a w$ge ( wood plac$ "u ! bree*4 ,b1 /rangely en\gh1 x is mo/ difficult to /ate precisely ! date ( ?is improvem5t4 ,nev]!less1 circum/ances t5d to ! belief t x 0 betwe5 #adgf & #adid--t is1 dur+ ! reigns ( ,l\is ,,xi4 & ( ,*>les ,,viii4--t !y succe$$ 9 mak+ pieces ( all calibres c>ry+ iron %ot1 & also 9 solidly fix+ ! trunnions1 :i* n only support$ ! weight1 b also resi/$ ! recoil ( ! cannon4 ,! c>riages = ^! guns 7 m\nt$ on :eels4 ,f ?is p]iod ! art ( =tify+ t[ns und]w5t a complete revolution1 :i* sudd5ly *ang$ ! :ole sy/em4 ,:51 9 #adid1 ,*>les ,,viii4 ent]$ ,italy to conqu] ! k+dom ( ,naples1 ! ,fr5* artill]y produc$ univ]sal admiration4 ,! ,italians _h only iron guns1 drawn by bullocks 9 re> ( ! army1 & m = appe>ance ?an = use4 ,aft] ! fir/ dis*>ge x 0 "s h\rs be=e ! gun 0 ready = a second4 ,! ,fr5* _h light] cannon ( bronze1 drawn by horses1 & mov$ ) s mu* ord] t _! transport h>dly delay$ ! m>* ( ! army2 !y plant$ _! batt]ies ) incr$ible promptitude1 consid]+ ! p]iod1 & ! r\nds 7 z quickly deliv]$ z !y 7 well aim$4 ,cotemporane\s ,italian writ]s say t ! ,fr5* us$ almo/ exclusively iron %ot1 & t ! guns1 bo? ( l>ge & small calibre1 7 admirably balanc$ on _! c>riages4 ,yet no s+le specim51 or ev5 a draw+1 ( ?is rem>kable artill]y has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,! ,museum ( ,artill]y does1 inde$1 possess "o small piece1 on :i*1 betwe5 ! trunnions & ! bree*1 is ?is inscription3--8,pres5t$ by ,*>les ,,viii4 to ,b>temi1 ,"l ( ,p9s1 capta9 ( ! b&s ( artill]y1 9 #adij40 ,?is cannon pres5ts no?+ rem>kable 9 its con/ruction1 = we already recognise ! =m1 "o t has sc>cely v>i$ s9ce !n1 & :i*1 x seems1 0 def9itely adopt$ "u ,l\is ,,xii4 & ,francis ,i4 ,( ?is p]iod we /ill h two magnific5t bronze cannons4 ,!y 7 f\nd at ,algi]s 9 #ahcj2 ! porcup9e1 ! salam&]1 & ! fleur-de-lys t ornam5t !m1 made _! orig9 kn[n4 ,artill]y1 :i* 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,viii4 _h become an important arm1 & _h1 besides1 ! pre/ige ( success 9 ,italy1 became a subject to :i* p>ticul> att5tion 0 giv5 9 succe$+ reigns4 ,b1 we aga9 say1 ! true pr9ciples ( manufacture & m\nt+ 7 already well asc]ta9$1 & only improvem5ts 9 matt]s ( detail rema9$ to be discov]$4 ,! ,arm\ry ,real ( ,madrid conta9s a curi\s dragonneau1#ab ca/ at ,lige 9 #aejc1 :i* figur$ 9 ! siege ( ,sant&] 9 #aeaa 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! c>riage1 consi/+ ( a s+le piece ( c>v$ oak1 is by its delicacy & f9i% wor?y ( su/a9+ ?is ma/]piece ( bronze-"w1 :i* pres5ts a d\ble int]e/1 fir/ z reg>ds art1 & !n on acc\nt ( ! rapid advance already made 9 fire>ms2 = ?is dragonneau has a d\ble b>rel1 & is load$ at ! bree*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,d\ble-b>rell$ ,dragonneau4 ,arm\ry ,real ( ,madrid4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is po9t1 let u aga9 retrace our /eps1 9 ord] to note1 & rapidly foll[ f its orig91 ! progress ( fire>ms4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! us$ 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 call$ h&-cannon1 & 7 m]ely =m$ ( an iron tube pi]c$ ) a v5t1 )\t /ock or lock4 ,a manuscript ( t p]iod repres5ts a w>rior :o1 /&+ on "o ( ^? little movable t[]s !n =m+ "p ( ! siege matriel1 is %oot+ a /one ) a gun ( ?is description4 ,! piece is re/+ on ! p>apet4 ,by ! side a sl+ is plac$ ) its /one--a circum/ance :i* indicates ! relative p[] ( ! h&-cannon1 z no d\bt ea* eng9e 0 to be us$ alt]nately4 ,9 ano!r place is a horseman hold+ a small gun ) a prolongation2 ! muzzle is support$ by a prong fix$ on ! pommel ( ! saddle4 ,?us x 0 impossible = him to take aim1 & he appli$ ! fire ) 8 h&4 ,a little lat]1 to prev5t ! effect ( ! recoil1 !re 0 add$ bel[ ! b>rel1 a little %ort ( ! c5tre1 a sort ( hook1 int5d$ to s]ve ! purpose ( *eck+ ! piece4 ,:5 fir$1 x 0 support$ on a =k or on a wall2 h5ce ! "n ( arquebuse croc1 :i* took ! place ( t ( canon ma94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,arquebusi]4 ,drawn & ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,amman4 ,! arquebuse croc sometimes weigh$ f fifty to sixty p\nds1 measur$ f five to six feet 9 l5g?1 & 9 pr9ciple 0 *iefly adapt$ = fir+ f a wall2 x 0 light5$ a little t x might be us$ by foot-soldi]s1 :o1 h[ev]1 nev] fir$ x )\t a fix$ or a movable re/4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( apply+ fire ) ! h&1 :i*1 moreov]1 prev5t$ ! "r direction ( ! missile1 0 soon p>tially sup]s$$ by adapt+ to ! b>rel a /ock to fire f ! %\ld]1 & a lock = a mat*1 call$ a s]p5t91 :i* _h only to be let d[n to ignite ! p[d] at ! t\*-hole4 ,?is 0 ! mat*lock arquebus /ill us$ by c]ta9 ,ea/]n nations 9 our "t1 & :i* secur$ victory to ! ,spani>ds at ! battle ( ,pavia4 ,al?\gh ! mat*lock arquebus1 :i* 0 made light]1 & 0 !n call$ m\squet1 cont9u$ to be ! usual arm ( infantry until ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 _m s]i\s objections to ! use ( ! s]p5t9 cont9u$4 ,x compell$ ! soldi] always to h a light$ mat*1 or "s means ( /rik+ a light4 ,besides1 = ne>ly ea* %ot x 0 necess>y s to regulate ! mat* t ! end ( x1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! head ( ! s]p5t9 7lock71 %\ld come exactly into ! prim+-pan2 !n ! prim+-pan _h to be op5$2 ^! op]ations 71 s to speak1 impossible = m\nt$ m51 :o at ! same "t _h to manage _! horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,arquebus ) ,:eel & ,mat*4 ,ab\t #aeag ! ,g]mans inv5t$ ! screw-plate call$ r\et1--:eel-lock 7,fig4 #fi74 ,to ! ,spani>ds is due ! m]it ( ! improvem5t t foll[$1 ! type ( :i* is /ill 9 a measure p]petuat$ 9 our p]cussion guns2 :i*1 9 _! turn1 h j be5 replac$ by ! ne$le-gun4 ,! ,spani% screw-plate1 (t5 call$ ! miquelet screw-plate1 _h on ! outside a spr+1 :i* press$1 at ! extremity ( its movable limb1 on "o ( ! cat*es ( ! hamm]2 :5 ! gun 0 cock$ ! o!r cat* press$ aga9/ a p9 :i* project$ f ! inside & trav]s$ ! screw-plate2 ?is p9 c\ld be remov$1 & !n ! spr+ act$ on ! hamm]1 :i* 0 no long] held back2 ! fl9t 7= at t "t a fl9t 0 fitt$ to ! gun7 /ruck ^u a ribb$ plate ( /eel =m+ "p ( ! cov] ( ! prim+-pan1 ! action ( ! fl9t on ! plate produc$ ! fire4 ,among ! arms 9 use dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 0 "o call$ petr9al or poitr9al 7petronel71 on acc\nt ( ! b5t /ock1 :i* re/$ on ! *e/4 ,?is %ort & heavy arquebus1 :i* c\ld only ?r[ balls1 b ( a v l>ge size1 to a %ort di/ance1 0 usually susp5d$ f ! %\ld] by a /rap or a broad cross-belt4 ,light troops 7 arm$ ) ^! guns1 & took ! "n ( c>ab9s2 f ?is ! weapon 0 next call$ c>ab9e--a designation :i* s9ce !n has receiv$ q ano!r mean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,battle-axe & ,pi/ol ( ! #af? ,c5tury4 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,p>is47 ,!n foll[$ ! pi/oles & ! pi/olets1 ?us nam$1 x is said1 because !y 7 inv5t$ at ,pi/oia2 b1 ) o!r etymologi/s1 we c also believe t !y ow$ ! "n to ! fact ( _! bore be+ ( equal diamet] ) t ( ! pi/ole1 a co9 ( ! "t4 ,! e>lie/ pi/ols 7 made ) :eels 7 r\et71 & ! b>rel did n measure m ?an a foot 9 l5g?4 ,subsequ5tly !y v>i$ 9 %ape & 9 use2 "s 7 made :i* fir$ sev]al %ots 9 succession1 & 9 o!r cases !y attempt$ to comb9e a pi/ol ) ! dagg] or ! battle-axe4 7,fig4 #gj1 c47 ,?is is a notably f9e specim54 ,we mu/ n =get to note1 9 :at may be call$ les armes de luxe1 ! jo9t application ( ! mat*-hold] & ! :eel to highly-f9i%$ arms1 ?is comb9ation be+ available4 ,! screw-plate miquelet1 improv$ by ,fr5* exp]im5ts1 l$ to ! me*anism call$ fl9t-lock 7fusil74 ,!re 7 also !n pi/ols & arquebuses ) fl9t-locks1 z =m]ly !re _h be5 pi/ols & arquebuses ) :eels4 ,subsequ5tly ! explanatory became ! absolute t]m1 & ! entire weapon 0 kn[n z fusil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,bann] ( ! ,sword-cutl]s ( ,ang]s4 ,,c>riages ,,& ,,saddl]y4 ,horseman%ip among ! ,anci5ts4--,! ,rid+-horse & ! ,c>riage-horse4--,*>iots arm$ ) ,scy!s4--,vehicles ( ! ,romans1 ! ,gauls1 & ! ,franks3 ! ,c>ruca1 ! ,petoritum1 ! ,cisium1 ! ,plau/rum1 ! ,ba/]na1 ! ,c>p5tum4--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,saddle-horses 9 ! ,days ( ,*ivalry4--,! ,spur a di/9ctive ,sign ( ,nobility3 its ,orig94--,! ,saddle1 its ,orig9 & its ,modifications4--,! ,tilt]4--,c>riages4--,! ,mules ( ,magi/rates4--,corporations ( ,saddl]s & ,h>ness-mak]s1 ,lorim]s1 ,coa*mak]s1 ,*apuiseurs1 ,blazonni]s1 & ,saddle-cov]]s4 ,,! horse has be5 describ$ by ,buffon z 8! noble/ conque/ made by man40 ,hi/orians1 bo?1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 in=m u t ! conque/ dates f ! mo/ remote ages4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,job we h ?is magnific5t description3--8,!n ! ,"l said1 ,ha/ ?\ giv5 ! horse /r5g?8 ha/ ?\ clo!d 8 neck ) ?und]8 ,can/ ?\ make him afraid z a gras%opp]8 ! glory ( 8 no/rils is t]rible4 ,he pawe? 9 ! valley1 & rejoice? 9 8 /r5g?3 he goe? on to meet ! arm$ m54 ,he mocke? at fe>1 & is n affright$2 nei!r turne? he back f ! sword4 ,! quiv] rattle? aga9/ him1 ! glitt]+ spe> & ! %ield4 ,he swall[e? ! gr\nd ) fi]c5ess & rage2 nei!r believe? he t x is ! s\nd ( ! trumpet4 ,he sai? among ! trumpets1 ,ha1 ha2 & he smelle? ! battle af> (f40 ,! sacr$ writ] is "h ref]r+ expressly to ! fi]y animal tra9$ = w>1 & ob$i5t to ! ma/] :o has tra9$ him4 ,x5ophon1 9 8 8,treatise on ,horseman%ip0 & 8 8,in/ructor ( ,cavalry10 & ,diodorus 9 8 8,hi/ories10 are among ! ,greeks :o adduce ! mo/ num]\s te/imonies to ! hon\r 9 :i* eque/rian ex]cises 7 held4 ,among ! ,lat9s1 ,virgil1 9 ref]5ce to ! fun]eal games celebrat$ by ,ace/es 9 hon\r ( ,an*ises1 tells u t ! ,roman y\? 7 taught eque/rian art z practis$ by ! ,trojans4 ,! horse & *>iot races1 :i* took place at ! solemn games 9 ,greece1 h always be5 ju/ly celebrat$2 z 7 ^? :i* cont9u$ 9 ,rome & 9 all ! great cities ( ! ,roman _w until ! fif? or six? c5tury4 ,we are dispos$ to believe t ! use ( ! saddle-horse & ! c>riage-horse 0 introduc$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,b x seems t *>iots 7 r>ely m\nt$ by any b *iefs1 :o f\ght f t ambulatory elevation :ile squires manag$ ! horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,! ,c>ruca1 or ,pleasure-,c>riage1 drawn by a ,pair ( ,horses1 dat+ f ! ,fif? to ! ,t5? ,c5tury4 7,tak5 f a ,,ms4 ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels47 ,to ,cyrus ! ,great is ascrib$ ! fir/ idea ( arm+ *>iots ) scy!s1 :i* cut to pieces 9 e direction ^? :o oppos$ ! progress ( ! vehicle1 or :o 7 ?r[n d[n by ! viol5ce ( ! %ock4 ,! same w>-c>riages 7 f\nd among ! ,gauls2 = a k+ nam$ ,bituitus1 hav+ be5 tak5 prison] by ! ,romans1 appe>$ 9 8 *>iot arm$ ) scy!s 9 ! triumphal procession ( ! g5]al :o _h conqu]$ him4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,c>t drawn by ,ox51 end ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,tak5 f ! 8,*roniques de ,ha9ault10 ,,ms4 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels47 ,rid+ on horseback 0 n only practis$1 b 0 c>ri$ to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 among ! nations ( antiquity2 & ! use ( *>iots 01 9 =m] times1 almo/ g5]al 9 w> & on c]ta9 /ate occasions4 ,! ,romans1 & 9 imitation ( !m ! ,gauls :o prid$ !mselves on be+ skilful c>riage-build]s1 _h sev]al sorts ( :eel$ vehicles4 ,^? adopt$ by ! ,romans & ! ,gauls1 b disc\nt5anc$ by ! ,franks1 :o pref]r$ to ride on horseback1 7 ! c>ruca1 or c>ruque1 ) two :eels & a pair ( horses 7,fig4 #gb71 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) gold1 silv]1 & ivory2 ! pil5tum1 a f\r-:eel c>riage ) a clo? canopy2 ! petoritum1 an op5 c>riage suitable = rapid travell+2 ! cisium1 a basket-c>riage drawn by mules1 & us$ = long j\rneys2 & f9ally1 v>i\s c>ts--! plau/rum1 ! s]racum1 ! b5ne1 ! camuli 7trucks71 c4 ,^! la/1 :i* 7 *iefly employ$ z field-c>ts1 cont9u$ 9 use ev5 aft] pleasure-c>riages _h entirely disappe>$4 ,!re rema9$1 h[ev]1 indep5d5t ( mule-litt]s1 ! ba/]na & c>p5tum1 /ate-c>riages ( ! ,m]ov+ian p]iod1 b only que5s & ladies ( high rank1 :o 7 unequal to long j\rneys on horseback1 indulg$ 9 su* means ( locomotion1 :ile m5--ev5 k+s & high p]sonages--w\ld h blu%$ to be convey$ l 8holy relics10 z picturesquely express$ by "o ( ,*>lemagne's c\rti]s2 b c]ta9ly n at ! p]iod ( ! 8lazy k+s10 :51 z ,boileau has well said1-- 8,9 ,p>is1 f\r ox51 9 pace s(t & sl[1 ,drew ! indol5t mon>*1 :5 air+ he'd g40 8,*ivalry10 wrote ,m4 le ,m>quis de ,v>5ne1 8! ex]cises ( :i* 7 ! image ( w>1 r5d]$ horseman%ip a new art always indisp5sable 9 ! education ( ! nobility2 & *evali] soon became synonym\s ) a man ( good bir?40 8,! ,book ( ,facts10 by ! 8,bon ,*evali] ,messire ,jean le ,ma+re1 call$ ,baucicaut1 ,m>%al ( ,france10 writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 enum]ates ! ex]cises :i* a y\? aspir+ to ! title ( a g5tleman _h to und]go3--8,!y endeav\r$ to leap 7saill]7 ^u a *>g]1 fully arm$2 item1 leap$1 )\t plac+ ! foot 9 ! /irrup1 on a *>g] 9 all its arm\r2 item1 leap$ f ! gr\nd a-/raddle on to ! %\ld]s ( a tall man on a l>ge horse1 seiz+ ! man by ! sleeve ) "o h&1 )\t o!r assi/ance2 item1 plac+ "o h& on ! saddle-b[ ( a l>ge *>g]1 & ! o!r ne> ! e>s1 tak+ him by ! mane1 & f ! level gr\nd jump+ to ! o!r side 7ct7 ( ! *>g]40 ,! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 :ile yet page to ! ,duke ( ,savoy1 & only sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 p]=m$1 z 8 hi/orian relates1 wond]s 9 ! mead[s ( ,a9ay1 at ,lyons1 be=e ,k+ ,*>les ,,viii41 89 leap+ on 8 *>g]10 & by 8 managem5t ( x creat+ a fav\rable impression ( 8 m]its4 ,?is w suffice to %[ ! e/imation 9 :i* horseman%ip 0 held4 ,no "o 0 reg>d$ z a valiant knight until he _h prov$ 8 pr[ess 9 j\/s & t\rnam5ts 7,fig4 #gd7 9 ! rank ( squire4 ,al?\gh 8 functions 7 ess5tially ^? ( s]v+1 a squire1 :o rank$ high] ?an a page1 0 to ! knight r an auxili>y & a companion ?an a s]vant4 ,x 0 8 duty to c>ry ! arms ( ! knight1 to take *>ge ( 8 table1 8 h\se1 & 8 horses4 ,on ! field ( battle he rema9$ 9 8 re>1 ready to def5d him1 to lift him up if he 7 ov]?r[n1 & to provide him1 :5 necess>y1 ) ano!r horse or o!r arms4 ,he gu>d$ ! prison]s captur$ by ! knight1 & occasionally f\ght = him at 8 side4 ,! pr9cipal sign di/+ui%+ knights f squires consi/$ 9 ! mat]ial ( :i* _! spurs 7 made--( gold = ! =m]1 ( silv] = ! latt]4 ,x is well kn[n t1 at ! disa/r\s battle ( ,c\rtray1 ! ,flem+s collect$ aft] ! action1 f ! sla91 f\r ?\s& pairs ( gold spurs2 consequ5tly1 f\r ?\s& knights ( ! army ( ,philip ! ,fair _h fall54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,a ,knight ent]+ ! ,li/s4 7,f a ,m9iature 9 ! 8,t\rnois du ,roi ,r5407 ,9 ord] to w9 8 spurs 7( gold7--an expression become prov]bial--x 0 indisp5sable t "o :o aspir$ to ! hon\r %\ld p]=m "s valiant de$1 prov+ him wor?y ( be+ 8dubb$10 or arm$ z a knight4 ,! c]emony ( admission comm5c$ by pres5t+ ! spurs2 & :osoev] conf]r$ ! ord] ( *ivalry1 7 he k+ or pr9ce1 condesc5d$ to put on & fa/5 ! spurs = ! recipi5t4 ,9 pursuance ( ! same pr9ciple1 :5 a knight1 hav+ committ$ a fault or any c[>dly act1 _h incurr$ blame or correction1 x 0 by deprivation (1 or by *ang+ 8 spurs1 t 8 degradation comm5c$4 ,= a slight (f5ce a h]ald sub/itut$ silv] spurs = ^? ( gold1 :i* l[]$ a knight to ! grade ( squire4 ,b 9 a case ( 8=feiture10 z x 0 t]m$1 an execution] or a cook cut (f ! /raps ( 8 spurs1 or !y 7 /ruck (f on a dunghill ) an axe3 infamy 0 ! future portion ( him :o _h be5 subject$ to t public disgrace4 ,! privilege ( we>+ spurs 0 reg>d$ z a m>k ( indep5d5ce & au?ority2 s t :5 a noble t5d]$ fai? & homage to 8 sov]eign1 he 0 oblig$ to take (f 8 spurs 9 tok5 ( vassalage4 ,9 #haf1 ere *ivalry _h be5 in/itut$1 an assembly ( lords & bi%ops prohibit$ ecclesia/ics f adopt+ ! pr(ane fa%ion ( we>+ spurs !n prevail+ among ! high] classes ( ! cl]gy4 ,! use ( ! spur appe>s to date f ! mo/ anci5t times4 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w has be5 mu* disput$4 ,f ! "t ( ,l\is le ,dbonnaire x 0 call$ spuors1 :i* has become spor5 9 ,g]many1 sp]ane 9 ,italian1 spur 9 ,engli%1 p]on 9 ,fr5*4 ,! ,lat9s call$ x calc> 7:i* orig9ally signifi$ cock's spur71 d\btless f ! =m fir/ giv5 to ! spur4 ,t =m has /rangely v>i$ dur+ c5turies4 ,! olde/ kn[n %ape is t ( ! spur f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,que5 ,brunehaut1 :o di$ 9 #fac1 & :i* is simply l a skew]4 ,?is seems to h long cont9u$ to be ! =m2 b1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?irte5? to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! spur is se5 9 ! =m ( a rose1 or ( a /> ) a turn+ r[el1 & 0 mo/ly fa%ion$ 9 a v ri* & delicate mann]4 ,at ! p]iod :5 horses 7 clad 9 /eel or lea!r1 ! spurs 7 necess>ily v long1 9 ord] to rea* ! animal's flanks 7,figs4 #ge & #gf74 ,! spurs ( ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 7_! au!nticity is m or less que/ionable71 are 9 t /yle4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii4 ! "y nobles wore1 r = %[ ?an = use1 spurs ! r[el ( :i* 0 z l>ge z ! h&1 & fix$ at ! end ( a metal /em half a foot long4 ,if1 !re=e1 f "t immemorial e m\nt$ horse 8felt ! spur10 !re 0 at lea/ a p]iod :5 e sort ( spur c\ld n be indiscrim9ately appli$ to ! flanks ( ea* individual ( ! equ9e race4 8,!re are10 says ,brunetto ,lat9i1 a writ] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 8 8,treasury ( all ,?+s0--a sort ( encyclopdia ( ! age--8!re are horses ( sev]al k9ds3 *>g]s1 or tall horses1 = ! combat1 :5ce ! expression1 #8m\nt+ ! high horse2' o!rs1 = g5tle ex]cise1 use palfreys1 :i* 7 also call$ ambl]s & hackneys2 o!rs employ pack-horses1 c\rtants 7cropp$ horses71 to c>ry a load 7somme740 ,somme "h signifies a burd51 & ?is1 :i* we n[ call baggage1 consi/$ ( sp>e arms & haub]k1 :i* a knight 0 c>eful to take ) him :5 he w5t to ! w>s4 ,m>es & bt-horses 7horses c>ry+ ! bt1 or load7 7 res]v$ = agriculture & o!r field-purposes2 & x 0 cle>ly on t acc\nt t a knight 0 n all[$ to ride !m4 ,to make a knight ride ^u a m>e 01 l ! loss ( 8 spurs1 "o ( ! mo/ degrad+ puni%m5ts t c\ld be inflict$ on him1 & !nce=? 8any "o :o reg>d$ 8 own hon\r w\ld no m h t\*$ t disgrac$ knight ?an a %av5 idiot 7lep]740 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,g]man ,spur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,italian ,spur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,a ,knight arm$ & m\nt$ = ,w>4 7,museum ( ,artill]y1 ,p>is47 ,! horses ( ,fr5* knights 7 )\t e>s or mane2 ^? ( ! ,g]mans )\t tails4 ,accord+ to ,c>rion-,nisas1 ! arm\r ( ! horse1 & ! /yle 9 :i* x 0 cap>ison$1 7 ! cause ( ^! mutilations4 ,we h else:]e rem>k$ t if ! m5 7 cas$ 9 /eel _! horses 7 n less heavily cuirass$ 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! entire arm\r & appo9tm5ts ( a horse 7 call$ ! h>ness2 ! plates ( /eel or lea!r 7= lea!r also 0 (t5 us$7 7 call$ b>des4 ,we f9d enum]at$1 n only ! articles ( :i* ! h>ness consi/$--*anfre91 nasal1 flancois1 c4--b examples are cit$ to d5ote ! sumptu\sness ( ?is equipm5t ( ! horse4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 dwell long] "h on ?is subject1 t ref]s m prop]ly to ! manufacture ( arms2 b a few words mu/ be said reg>d+ ! saddle1 :i* is1 if we may use ! expression1 an implem5t ( horseman%ip1 & n a "p ( ! arm\r4 ,! use ( saddles seems to h be5 unkn[n 9 e>ly times1 & nev] to h be5 introduc$ among c]ta9 nations :i*1 by ! way1 7 mo/ fam\s 9 ! art ( tra9+ ! horse & mak+ him s]viceable4 ,! ,!ssalonians & ! ,numidians rode on ! b>e back1 )\t saddle or /irrups2 seat$ firmly on ! horse simply by ! pressure ( ! knees & ! calf ( ! legs2 a position :i* is /ill t ( ! bolde/ rid]s 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ,africa4 ,hippocrates has ascrib$ ! common & sev]e diseases ( ! hips & legs :i* afflict$ ! ,scy?ians to ! rid]'s want ( support on horseback4 ,gal5 makes ! same rem>k reg>d+ ! ,roman legions1 :o only introduc$ ! use ( a saddle ab\t ! ye> #cdj ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,gauls & ,franks us$ nei!r saddles nor /irrups2 b :5 /eel arm\r 0 adopt$1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = knights to pres]ve an equilibrium )\t ! aid ( a saddle1 or to su/a9 ! slighte/ %ock to :i* !y 7 expos$1 z arm\r r5d]$ !m 9 a mann] rigid1 or ) little flexibility on _! l>ge horses4 ,!y !re=e _h rec\rse to a high1 or r a deep1 saddle1 closely adh]+ to ! ?ighs & lo9s1 ) l>ge /irrups s]v+ z supports to ! feet4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! arm\r be+ spl5didly ornam5t$1 x foll[$ t ! saddles1 :i* also 7 expos$ to view1 7 no m neglect$ ?an o!r ornam5ts ( ! animal4 ,engrav$ & *as$1 !y 7 also gilt & pa9t$1 & ?us1 ) ! %ield1 help$ to di/+ui%1 by ! 8devices0 !y bore1 ! arm$ w>rior completely cas$ 9 8 /eel cov]+ 7,figs4 #gh to #ha74 ,z to /irrups1 ( :i* !re c]ta9ly is no trace among ! ,greeks or ! ,romans1 x may be said !y 7 coeval ) ! inv5tion ( saddles4 ,!y made _! appe>ance 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,m]ov+ian dyna/y2 & if we accept ! ,g]man etymology :i* ! le>n$ h (f]$ 7/reb51 to support "o's self71 ! "n & ! object 0 introduc$ by ! ,franks into ,gaul4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !y 7 no long] disp5s$ )1 especially 9 w>1 & :5 ! weight ( arm\r r5d]$ _! use necess>y4 ,!y 7 ( c\rse v l>ge1 v massive1 & v clumsy 9 ! days ( *ivalry4 ,:5 !y dim9i%$ 9 size & weight !y 7 wr\ght ) m c>e1 & became objects ( art1 *>g$ ) +5i\s ornam5ts1 & embelli%$ ) engrav+1 *as+1 & gild+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gh & #gi4--,t\rnam5t ,saddles1 ornam5t$ ) ,pa9t+s1 tak5 f ! ,arm\ry ,real1 ,madrid4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,communicat$ by ,m4 ,a*4 ,jub9al47 ,9 accordance ) ! op9ion held by ,m4 de la ,v>5ne1 we h already ascrib$ ! disuse ( private c>riages to ! contempt ) :i* ! ,franks reg>d$ a mode ( conveyance deem$ by !m to be effem9ate4 ,b1 foll[+ ! same au?or1 we mu/ obs]ve t a reason might also be discov]$ 9 ! wret*$ condition into :i*1 aft] ! decl9e ( ! ,romans1 ^? magnific5t roads =m$ by !m 9 all _! conqu]$ prov9ces _h fall54 ,9 t[ns1 moreov]1 ! /reets1 n>r[1 crook$1 & ) no regul> direction1 7 v frequ5tly s _m holes & quagmires4 ,philip ,augu/us ,i4 _h "s ( ! /reets ( ,p>is pav$ 9 t lutce#ac :i* already1 at ! "t ( ! ,roman conque/1 _h des]v$ ! significant epi!t ( miry4 ,! pr9ces & ! nobles :o1 z ,molire humor\sly makes ,masc>illa say1 fe>$ 8to leave ! impression ( _! %oes 9 mud10 & c\ld n )\t difficulty drive ab\t ! t[ns 9 c>riages1 consequ5tly _h rec\rse to ! horse or ! mule4 ,! ladies made use ( !m also2 b v frequ5tly1 if n c>ri$ 9 litt]s1 !y rode on a pillion beh9d ! horseman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,! ,cap>ison ( ! ,horse ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic4 7,communicat$ by ,m4 ,a*4 ,jub9al47 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury *>iots reappe>$2 b ! fa%ion did n long prevail1 = ,philip ! ,fair disc\rag$ !m1 9 "o ( ! clauses ( 8 sumptu>y ord9ance ( #abid1 by decl>+ t 8no citiz5 may h a *>iot40 ,! litt] cont9u$ to be held 9 repute = processions2 b que5s frequ5tly rode on horseback4 ,isabel ( ,bav>ia rode on a beautiful palfrey1 ) h] ladies & h] maids also on horseback1 on ! occasion ( h] ent]+ ,p>is to esp\se ,*>les ,,vi4 ,& :5 ,m>y ( ,engl&1 :o w5t to be m>ri$ to ,l\is ,,xii41 made h] entry into ,abbeville1 %e also1 z ,rob]t de la ,m>ck relates1 0 m\nt$ on a palfrey1 z 7 mo/ ( h] ladies1 8& ! rema9d] 9 *>iots2 & ! k+1 rid+ a l>ge1 pranc+ bay horse1 came to receive 8 bride1 ) all ! g5tlem5 ( 8 h\sehold & ( 8 gu>d on horseback40 ,! meet+ ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,francis ,i4 9 ! camp ( ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold1 pres5t$ ! mo/ beautiful display t _h ev] be5 se5 ( cap>ison$ horses1 decorat$ & furni%$ ) unprec$5t$ ri*ness 7,fig4 #hb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,saddle-clo?4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,*>les ,v41 9 consequ5ce ( frequ5t attacks ( g\t1 0 soon compell$ to r5\nce rid+4 ,:5 he w5t into ! c\ntry1 or on a j\rney1 he 0 g5]ally foll[$ by a litt] & a *air4 ,mules bore ! litt]1 9 :i* he c\ld recl9e1 :ile be>]s c>ri$ ! *air1 :i* 0 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,isabeau ,,( ,,bav>ia ,,into ,,p>is4 ,f a ,m9iature 9 ,froiss>t's ,*ronicles1 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 provid$ ) a movable back2 its f\r uprights c\ld be fitt$ ) a sort ( canopy ( canvas or lea!r4 ,9 #adeg ! ambassadors ( ,ladislaus ,v41 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 pres5t$ to ,m>ie ( ,anj\1 ,que5 ( ,france1 a *>iot :i* excit$ ! admiration ( ! :ole c\rt & ! inhabitants ( ,p>is1 8because10 z ! hi/orian ( ! times says1 8x 0 branlant 7susp5d$71 & v ri*40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,h5ry ,,viii4 9 ! ,camp ( ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold 7#aebj74 ,f ! ,bas-reliefs ( ! ,htel ( ! ,b\rg ,h]olde at ,r\54 ,x is difficult to reconcile ! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! ord9ance ( ,philip ! ,fair ) ! ass]tion ( _m hi/orians1 t coa*es fir/ appe>$ 9 ,france only 9 ! "t ( ,francis ,i4 ,! po9t is /ill d\btful4 ,nev]!less1 "o may suppose hi/orians to mean t coa*es1 in/ead ( be+ ! only vehicles employ$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! "t ( ,francis ,i41 7 b *>iots ( a gr&] & m gorge\s description ?an any se5 be=e t "t4 ,b we "k = c]ta9 t1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ! horse & ! mule 7 g5]ally ridd5 by ev]ybody1 by citiz5s & by nobles1 by wom5 & by m54 ,! horse-blocks fix$ 9 ! /reets--too n>r[ evid5tly1 if n = "o c>riage1 at lea/ = two to pass ea* o!r--& ! r+s fa/5$ on doors suffici5tly d5ote t x 0 s4 ,! mule 0 especially ridd5 by s$ate m51 su* z magi/rates & doctors1 :o _h to 8amble0 ?r\gh ! t[ns4 8,to take c>e ( ! mule10 a prov]bial expression signify+ to wait impati5tly1 is d]iv$ f ! cu/om ( lawy]s' s]vants rema9+ 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,palace to take *>ge ( ! rid+-horses or mules belong+ to _! ma/]s4 ,accord+ to ,sauval1 ! two fir/ coa*es se5 9 ,p>is1 & :i* call$ =? ! wond] ( ! p1 belong$1 "o to ,que5 ,claude1 ! fir/ wife ( ,francis ,i42 & ! o!r to ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 8 mi/ress4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,s$an-*air ( ,*>les ,v4 7,arm\ry ,real1 ,madrid47 ,! fa%ion 0 soon foll[$2 s mu* s1 t ev5 :]e ! sumptu>y laws 7 /ill reg>d$ z effici5t1 we f9d p>liam5t entreat+ ,*>les ,,ix4 to prohibit ! circulation ( coa*es 7co*es7 ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,! magi/rates cont9u$1 until ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to att5d at ! c\rts ( ju/ice on _! mules4 ,*ri/oph] ( ,?\1 fa!r ( ! celebrat$ hi/orian1 & fir/ ,presid5t ( ,p>liam5t1 0 ! fir/ :o came ?i!r 9 8 c>riage2 b only because he suff]$ f g\t1 = 8 wife cont9u$ to ride on horseback1 seat$ pillion-fa%ion beh9d a s]vant4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 _h only "o c>riage4 8,i %all be unable to g & see y10 he "o day wrote to ,sully1 8= my wife uses my coa* 7co*e740 ,^! coa*es 7 nei!r elegant nor conv5i5t4 ,= doors !y 7 provid$ ) lea!rn aprons1 :i* 7 drawn or op5$ = entrance or exit1 ) simil> curta9s to protect aga9/ ! ra9 or ! sun4 ,m>%al ,bassompi]re1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 _h a glass coa* made = him1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z a real m>vel3 x orig9at$ ! impulse :i* has l$ to ! productive era ( mod]n coa*-build+4 ,=m]ly !re 7 9 ,p>is1 z appe>s f num]\s docum5ts1 sev]al corporations repres5t+ ! saddl]'s trade4 ,fir/ came ! selli]s-b\rreli]s1 & ! selli]s-lormi]s-c>rossi]s4 ,! privileges ( ! fir/ secur$ to !m specially ! manufacture ( saddles & h>ness 7coll>s & o!r articles = draught74 ,! second made also c>riages1 bridles1 re9s1 c4 ,ano!r v anci5t corporation 0 t ( ! lormi]s-p]onni]s--8artisans10 says ! ,gloss>y ( ,jean de ,g>l&e1 8:om ! milit>y nobles greatly patronis$1 because !y manufactur$ silv]$ & gilt spurs1 metal brea/plates = _! horses1 & well-execut$ bits40 ,!re 7 also *apuissi]s1 :o made saddle-b[s & pack-frames = ! bea/s ( burd51 :i* 7 mo/ly manufactur$ ( ald]-wood4 ,! blaz5ni]s & cuireurs !n cov]$ ) lea!r ! packs & ! saddles prep>$ by ! *apuissi]s2 &1 f9ally1 saddle-pa9t]s 7 employ$ to ornam5t !m1 ei!r 9 compliance ) fa%ion1 :i* has always be5 omnipot5t 9 ,france1 or accord+ to ! laws ( h]aldry1 :5 int5d$ = m5 ( rank = purposes ( /ate or w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,bann] ( ! ,corporation ( ! ,saddl]s ( ,tonn]re4 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,"w4 ,its ,antiquity4--,! ,trsor de ,gu>raz>4--,! ,m]ov+ian & ,c>lov+ian ,p]iods4--,ecclesia/ical ,jewell]y4--,pre-em95ce ( ! ,byzant9e ,goldsmi?s4--,progress ( ! ,art consequ5t on ! ,crusades4--,! ,gold & ,enamels ( ,limoges4--,jewell]y ceases to be re/rict$ to ,purposes ( ,religion4--,transp>5t ,enamels4--,jean ( ,pisa1 ,agnolo ( ,si5na1 ,ghib]ti4--,great ,pa9t]s & ,sculptors f ! ,goldsmi?s' ,work%ops4--,b5v5uto ,cell9i4--,! ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! rem>ks ^u furniture1 we 7 compell$ to trespass on ! doma9 :i* we n[ aga9 approa*2 =1 hav+ to trace ! hi/ory ( secul> & religi\s luxury1 we _c b frequ5tly enc\nt] ! goldsmi?s & _! spl5did works4 ,x w ?us happ5 m ?an once t we %all h to indicate briefly c]ta9 important facts already describ$1 9 "s details1 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x is kn[n t 9 old times1 ev5 ! mo/ remote1 ! goldsmi?'s art fl\ri%$4 ,!re is sc>cely any anci5t n>rative :i* does n allude to jewels2 & e day ! discov]y ( preci\s objects1 f\nd 9 ru9s & 9 tombs1 /ill atte/s ! high /ate ( p]fection ! art ( gold & silv] "w _h atta9$ among races long s9ce ext9ct4 ,! ,gauls1 :5 "u ,roman dom9ion1 appli$ !mselves successfully to ! bus9ess ( ! gold-work]4 ,we may aga9 say t ! triumph ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 "u ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :ile enc\rag+ ! int]ior decoration ( places ( wor%ip1 add$ a fre% impulse to ! developm5t ( ?is beautiful art4 ,! popes succe$+ ,/4 ,sylve/] 7:o _h /imulat$ ! lib]ality ( ,con/ant9e7 cont9u$ to accumulate1 9 ! *ur*es at ,rome1 ! mo/ co/ly & massive articles ( gold-"w4 ,symma*us 7#dih to #ead7 alone1 accord+ to a calculation made by ,s]\x d',ag9c\rt1 enri*$ ! treasures ( ! basilicas to ! am\nt ( #acj p\nds weight ( gold1 & #a1gjj ( silv]1 =m+ ! mat]ial ( objects mo/ f9ely wr\ght4 ,x 0 f ! v c\rt ( ! ,greek emp]ors t ! examples ( ?is magnific5ce 7 d]iv$2 = we he> ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om exclaim+1 8,all our admiration is at pres5t res]v$ = ! goldsmi?s & ! weav]s20 & x is well kn[n t 9 consequ5ce ( 8 bold indiscretion 9 rebuk+ ! extravagance ( ! ,empress ,eudoxia1 ?is eloqu5t ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur* expiat$ 9 exile & p]secutions 8 ard5t zeal & 8 s9c]ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,gallic ,bracelet1 f a ,cab9et ( ,antiquities4 7,imp4 ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,! brilliant specim5s ( ! gold-"w ( ! ,visigo?s1 :i*1 9 #aheh1 7 exhum$ 9 ! field ( ,gu>raz>1 ne> ,tol$o1 & :i* h be5 obta9$ = ! ,cluny ,museum1 ?r[ a new light on ! monum5ts ( t p]iod4 ,f> f indicat+ any orig9al /yle1 !y af=d fur!r pro( t ! b>b>ians :o came f ! ,nor? became subject$1 9 ! arts1 to ,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,! mo/ rem>kable1 n only 9 its dim5sions & extreme ri*ness1 b 9 ! peculi>ity ( its ornam5ts1 is a votive cr[n1 int5d$ to be hung1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ^? times1 9 a sacr$ place--t ( ,recesv9!1 :o reign$ ov] ! ,go?s ( ,spa9 f #fec to #fgb4 ,x is compos$ ( a l>ge fillet1 jo9t$1 & =m$ ( a d\ble plate ( ! f9e/ gold4 ,?irty uncut sapphires & z _m pe>ls1 regul>ly alt]nat+1 arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s & 9 qu9cunxes1#ad are se5 on its ext]ior circle4 ,*as$ ornam5ts occupy ! spaces betwe5 ! /ones4 ,! votive cr[n ( ,k+ ,su9tila1 :i* we "h reproduce 7,fig4 #hf71 is fully z ri*1 & ab\t ?irty ye>s old]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,crosses ,,( ,a ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,go?s4 ,f\nd at ,gu>raz>4 ,sev5? ,c5tury4 7,museum ( ! ,hotel ,cluny7 7,tak5 f ! "w ( ,m4 ,f]d9& de ,la/eyrie47 ,x is ( massive gold1 ornam5t$ ) sapphires & pe>ls arrang$ 9 rose-patt]n1 & set (f by two bord]s simil>ly set ) delicate /ones4 ,b ! orig9ality ( ?is preci\s gem consi/s 9 ! lett]s hang+ z p5dants f its l[] bord]4 ,^! lett]s1 op5-work$1 are fill$ ) small pieces ( r$ glass set 9 gold2 _! comb9ation pres5ts ! foll[+ inscription3--8,su9tilanus ,rex (f]et0 7(f]+ ( ! ,k+ ,su9tila74 ,ea* ( !m is susp5d$ f ! fillet by a *a9 ) d\ble l9ks1 su/a9+ a p5dant ( violet sapphire1 pe>-%ap$4 ,f9ally1 ! cr[n is susp5d$ by f\r *a9s atta*$ to a circul> top ( rock-cry/al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,votive ,cr[n ( ,su9tila1 ,k+ ( ! ,visigo?s f #fba to #fca4 7,arm\ry ,real1 ,madrid47 8,five ( ! cr[ns s =tunately discov]$ at ,gu>raz>10 says ,m4 de ,la/eyrie1 8h crosses4 ,^!1 atta*$ by a *a9 to ! same circul> top1 7 evid5tly int5d$ to rema9 susp5d$ across ! circle ( ! cr[n40 ,! cross belong+ to ! cr[n ( ,recesv9! is by f> ! ri*e/2 eight l>ge pe>ls & six sapphires1 all m\nt$ 9 op5-"w1 adorn ! front4 ,! f\r o!r crosses are ( ! =m :i* 9 h]aldry is call$ croix pate2 b !y diff] 9 size & 9 ! ornam5ts ) :i* !y are enri*$4 ,we h already /at$ t ! k+s & gr&ees ( ! ,m]ov+ian p]iod display$ 9 _! plate & 9 "s ( _! /ate-furniture a ri*ness ( gold-"w ! pr(us5ess ( :i* 0 ord9>ily oppos$ to good ta/e4 ,we h se5 at 8 "w ! celebrat$ ,sa9t ,eloi1 bi%op-goldsmi?2 & we h m5tion$ n only 8 rem>kable productions1 b also ! endur+ influ5ce he ex]cis$ ov] a :ole hi/orical p]iod ( art4 ,f9ally1 we h obs]v$ t ,*>lemagne--^: object seems to h be5 n only to imitate ,con/ant9e1 b to surpass him--end[$ ! *ur*es magnific5tly ) works ( art1 )\t prejudice to ! numb]less spl5d\rs :i* 8 palaces conta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,! ,sword ( ,*>lemagne4 ,pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,treasury at ,vi5na4 ,accord+ to a tradition1 ! loss ( mo/ ( ! beautiful objects ( gold-"w belong+ to t mon>* may h be5 ow+ to ! circum/ance t !y 7 dispos$ ar\nd him 9 ! sepul*ral *amb] :]e ! body 0 deposit$ aft] dea?2 & ! emp]ors ( ,g]many1 8 successors1 may n h scrupl$ to appropriate ^? ri*es1 ( :i* "s r>e specim5s1 p>ticul>ly 8 diadem & sword1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,vi5na 7,figs4 #hg & #hh74 ,ecclesia/ical display1 notably ext9ct dur+ ! p]iod ( tr\ble & suff]+ ?r\gh :i* ! ,*ur* pass$ 9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies1 & to :i* ! p[] ( ,*>lemagne 0 to put an end1 manife/$ itself 9 an extraord9>y degree f t "t4 ,= example1 x 0 calculat$ t "u ,leo ,,iii41 :o occupi$ ! pontifical *air f #gie to #haf1 ! weight ( ! plate :i* ! ,pope gave to enri* ! *ur*es1 am\nt$ to n less ?an #a1jge p\nds ( gold & #bd1gdd p\nds ( silv]6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--;,diadem ( ,*>lemagne4 ,pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,treasury at ,vi5na4 ,to t p]iod belongs ! fam\s gold alt> ( ! basilica ( ,/4 ,ambrose ( ,milan1 execut$ 9 #hce1 by ord] ( ,ar*bi%op ,angilb]t1 by ,volv9ius2 & :i*1 not)/&+ its imm5se intr9sic value1 has come d[n to our "t4 8,! f\r sides ( ?is monum5t10 says ,m4 ,lab>te1 8are ( extreme ri*ness4 ,! front1 entirely ( gold1 is divid$ into ?ree panels by a bord] ( enamel4 ,! c5tre panel repres5ts a cross ( f\r equal projections1 =m$ by fillets ( ornam5ts 9 enamel1 alt]nat+ ) preci\s /ones uncut b poli%$4 ,*ri/ is seat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cross4 ,! symbols ( ! ,evangeli/s occupy its bran*es4 ,?ree ( ! ,apo/les are plac$ 9 ea* angle4 ,all ^! figures are 9 relief4 ,! "r & left panels conta9 ea* six bas-reliefs1 ! subjects ( :i* are tak5 f ! life ( ,*ri/2 !y are encircl$ by bord]s ( enamels & preci\s /ones alt]nately dispos$4 ,! two sides1 9 silv] reliev$ ) gold1 exhibit v ri* crosses1 treat$ 9 ! same /yle z ! bord]s4 ,! back1 :i* is also ( silv] reliev$ ) gold1 is likewise divid$ 9 ?ree l>ge panels2 t 9 ! c5tre conta9s f\r m$allions1 & ea* ( ! o!rs six bas-reliefs1 ( :i* ! life ( ,/4 ,ambrose suppli$ ! subjects4 ,9 "o ( ! m$allions ( ! c5tre panel is se5 ,/4 ,ambrose receiv+ ! gold alt> f ! h&s ( ,ar*bi%op ,angilb]t2 9 ! o!r1 ,/4 ,ambrose is giv+ 8 b5$iction to ,volv9ius1 ! ma/] goldsmi? 7magi/] fab]71 z he is designat$ 9 ! inscription transmitt+ to u ! "n ( ! au?or ( ?is "w1 ( :i* no description c give an exact idea40 ,x 0 n ,italy alone :i* possess$ skilful goldsmi?s1 & enc\rag$ !m4 ,we h 9 p>ticul>1 among o!r enlight5$ & active support]s ( ecclesia/ical gold-"w1 a succession ( ! bi%ops ( ,aux]re1 to :om mu/ be add$ ,h9cm>1 bi%op ( ,rheims1 :o caus$ a spl5did %r9e to be made = ! relics ( ! illu/ri\s patron ( 8 *ur*4 ,x 0 cas$ 9 plates ( silv]1 & /atues ( twelve bi%ops adorn$ its bord]s4 ,b1 not)/&+ all its arti/ic magnific5ce1 ! jewell]y ( ! ,we/ c\ld only appe> to be ! reflex ( ! wond]s produc$ at ! same epo* by ! goldsmi?s ( ! ,ea/1 or ! ,byzant9es1 to adopt a t]m g5]ally sanction$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s specim5s ( ,byzant9e art1 pres]v$ 9 ,russia1 is a gold reliqu>y l9$ ) a plate ( silv]1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is an emboss$ repres5tation ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,above ! head1 on a gilt nimbus1 is an inscription 9 ,greek1 8,jesus ,*ri/1 ,k+ ( ,glory40 ,?is treasure1 rem>kable = its extreme f9i%1 is cov]$ ) a mosaic ( preci\s /ones ( diff]5t col\rs1 9 p>titions ( gold2 ! cross be+ qu>t]$ 9 enamel1 ) silv] filigree4 ,at ! back ! names ( ! ar*im&rite ,nicolos are engrav$4 ,x is a "w ( ! t5? c5tury1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ib]ian mona/]y on ,m\nt ,a?os4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,byzant9e ,reliqu>y1 9 ,enamel1 br\ght f ,m\nt ,a?os4 ,t5? ,c5tury4 7,collection ( ,m4 ,seba/ian(47 ,if r>e specim5s only ( jewell]y h come d[n to u ( a date prior to ! elev5? c5tury1 ?is may be acc\nt$ = n m]ely by _! intr9sic value hav+ indicat$ !m to ! uncivilis$ z fit objects ( plund] dur+ ! invasions :i* took place aft] ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 b also1 z we h else:]e rem>k$1 by ! re-introduction ( *ur* furniture1 :i* 0 9 "s measure a necess>y result ( r5ovat$ ar*itecture4 ,x 0 "r to adapt ! /yle ( plate to t ( ! edifice x 0 to adorn4 ,! =ms :i* 7 !n employ$ = v>i\s objects ( *ur*-s]vice %[$ ! influ5ce ( ! sev]e /yle d]iv$ f ! orig9al ,byzant9e type2 ! latt]1 moreov]1 expla9$ itself by ! repute1 especially 9 metallurgy1 enjoy$ by ! city ( ,con/ant9e1 to :i* ! ,ea/ g5]ally _h rec\rse :5 tak+ 9 h& any "w ( importance4 ,! ,g]man s*ool p>ticul>ly w\ld acquire a ,byzant9e "*1 ow+ to ! m>riage ( ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,ii4 ) ! ,greek pr9cess ,!ophania 7#igb7--;an alliance :i* naturally b\nd ! two empires 9 clos] ties1 & attract$ a consid]able numb] ( arti/s & artisans to ,g]many f ! ,ea/4 ,( ! works ( t p]iod /ill 9 exi/5ce1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ri* gold cov] ( ! book ( ! ,gospels1 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,muni*2 on :i* are execut$1 9 ! emboss$ /yle1 v>i\s bas-reliefs ( great delicacy1 & design$ ) ! purity at t "t di/+ui%+ ! ,greek s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,alt> ( ,gold1 pres5t$ to ! anci5t ,ca!dral ( ,basle by ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 n[ 9 ! ,cluny ,museum4 ,! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 0 !re=e welcom$ 7bi5-v5u71 &1 if "o may say s1 well s]v$ by ! condition ( art 9 ,g]many1 :51 elevat$ to ! ?rone 9 #ajjb1 & inspir$ by ard5t piety1 he s\ght1 by pr9cely lib]ality to ! *ur*es1 to surpass ev5 ,con/ant9e & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--;,enamell$ ,%r9e1 9 ,limoges ,"w ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 7,museum ( ,cluny47 ,*>lemagne4 ,x is to ,h5ry t ! ,ca!dral ( ,basle owes ! decorations ( ! alt>1 to :i* none c be comp>$ = ri*ness1 except t ( ,milan2 yet )\t recall+ x by its /yle1 :i* has lo/ e trace ( ! antique1 & is a cle>ly-pron\nc$ type ( ! art :i* ! ,middle ,ages 7 to create z _! own4 ,x is "r to m5tion also ! cr[n ( ! sa9t$ emp]or1 & t ( 8 wife1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia2 bo? are 9 six jo9t$ p>ts1 mak+ a circle2 ! =m] be>s figures ( w+$ angels2 ! o!r1 /alks ) f\r leaves design$ ) correctness & grace1 & execut$ 9 a mann] :i* ev9ces ! greate/ dext]ity4 8,moreov]10 says ,m4 ,lab>te1 8! ta/e = jewell]y 0 !n g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many2 & _m prelates foll[$ ! example set by ! emp]or4 ,willigis1 ! fir/ ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce1 may be cit$2 he end[$ 8 *ur* ) a crucifix weigh+ #fjj p\nds1 ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* 7 adju/$ ) su* art t ea* c\ld be deta*$ at ! jo9ts2 & ,b]nw>d1 ,bi%op ( ,hilde%eim1 :o1 l ,/4 ,eloi1 0 himself a celebrat$ goldsmi?1 & to :om is ascrib$ a crucifix enri*$ ) preci\s /ones & filigrees1 & two magnific5t c&elabra1 :i* /ill con/itute a portion ( ! treasures ( ! *ur* :]e( he 0 ! pa/or40 ,ab\t ! same p]iod--t is1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! elev5? c5tury--a monk ( ,dreux1 nam$ ,odora91 :o _h made himself fam\s 9 ,france by 8 works 9 preci\s metals1 execut$ a l>ge numb] ( objects = ,k+ ,rob]t1 int5d$ = ! *ur*es ! mon>* _h f\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,%r9e 9 ,copp] ,gilt4 7,end ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! ,crusades gave a great impulse to ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ,europe1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great dem& = %r9es & reliqu>ies int5d$ = ! reception ( ! v5]at$ rema9s ( sa9ts :i* ! soldi]s ( ! fai? br\ght back f _! di/ant exp$itions 7,figs4 #ia & #ib74 ,! (f]+s ( consecrat$ vessels & ( alt>-fronts 7 also multipli$4 ,! ,holy ,scriptures receiv$ cases & cov]+s :i* 7 s _m spl5did works entru/$ to ! goldsmi?s4 ,to speak truly1 _h x n be5 = ! ess5tially religi\s direction :i*1 at t p]iod1 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( luxury acquir$ by ! ,crusad]s 9 ! ,ea/ _h tak51 we might p]haps h se5 ! arts1 t only 9 ! ,we/ recomm5c$ a real exi/5ce1 become ext+ui%$1 & 9 a mann] p]i% 9 ! fir/ bur/ ( _! revival4 ,x is *iefly to ! m9i/] ( ,l\is le ,gros1 ,sug]1 ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,d5is1 :o di$ 9 #aaeb1 t ! hon\r ( ?is consecration ( arts is due1 = he di/9ctively proclaim$ himself _! protector2 he endeav\r$ to r5d] legitimate _! position 9 ! ,/ate1 by oppos+ _! pi\s aims to ! too exclusive c5sures ( ,/4 ,b]n>d & 8 disciples4 ,conjo9tly ) ! p[]ful abbot1 !re is des]v+ ( special m5tion a simple monk1 ,!ophilus1 an em95t arti/ :o wrote 9 ,lat9 a description ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts ( 8 "t 7,div]s>um ,artium ,s*$ula71 & devot$ sev5ty-n9e *apt]s ( 8 book to t ( ! goldsmi?4 ,?is valuable treatise %[s u1 9 ! mo/ unmi/akable mann]1 t ! goldsmi?s ( ! twelf? c5tury mu/ h possess$ a compreh5siv5ess ( k & manipulation1 ! m]e enum]ation ( :i* surprises u ! m n[ t we see indu/ry ev]y:]e t5d+ to an almo/ inf9ite division ( lab\r4 ,at t "t ! goldsmi? 0 requir$ to be at once modell]1 sculptor1 smelt]1 enamell]1 jewel-m\nt]1 & inlay-work]4 ,he _h to ca/ 8 own models 9 wax1 z well z to lab\r ) 8 hamm] or embelli% ) 8 grav]3 he _h to make ! *alice1 ! vases1 & ! pyx1 = ! metropolitan *ur*es1 on :i* 7 lavi%$ all ! res\rces ( art2 & to produce1 by ! ord9>y process ( pun*+1 ! op5-"w or ! designs ( copp] int5d$ to ornam5t ! books ( ! poor 7libri paup]um71 c4 ,! treasury ( ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t-,d5is /ill possess$1 at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 sev]al *efs-d'uvre produc$ by ! arti/s ^: processes are describ$ by ,!ophilus2 especially ! ri* m\nt+ ( a cup ( ,ori5tal agate1 be>+ ! "n ( ,sug]1 :i* x is believ$ he us$ = ! s]vice ( mass2 & ! m\nt+ ( an anci5t s>donyx vase1 kn[n z ! cup ( ! ,ptolemies1 :i* ,*>les ! ,simple _h giv5 to ! abbey4 ,hav+ be5 deposit$1 9 #agic1 9 ! ,cab9et ( ,m$als1 ,p>is1 ! m\nt+ ( ! cup ( ! ,ptolemies & ! *alice ( ,sug] rema9$ !re until !y 7 /ol5 9 #ahjd4 ,among ! examples ( t p]iod /ill exi/+1 & :i*1 conditionally1 e "o is p]mitt$ to inspect1 we may di/+ui%1 ) ,m4 ,lab>te1--9 addition to 8! great cr[n ( lights0 susp5d$ "u ! cupola 9 ! ca!dral ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & ! magnific5t %r9e 9 :i* ,fr$]ick ,i4 collect$ ! bones ( ,*>lemagne1--9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre1 a vase ( rock-cry/al m\nt$ 9 gold & embelli%$ ) gems1 pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,vii4 by 8 wife ,eleanora2 9 ! ,cluny ,museum1 sev]al c&elabra2 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 9 ,p>is1 ! cov]+ ( a ,lat9 manuscript1 numb]$ #fbb2 a cup ( agate onyx 7,fig4 #ic71 bord]$ ) a belt ( preci\s /ones rais$ on a gr\ndwork ( filigree2 & ! beautiful gold *alice ( ,/4 ,remy 7,fig4 #id71 :i*1 aft] hav+ appe>$ 9 ! ,cab9et ( ,antiquities1 0 re/or$ 9 #ahfa to ! treasury ( ! *ur* ( ,notre-,dame1 ,rheims4 ,sev]e =ms & an elevat$ /yle 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! jewell$ works ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies2 &1 = ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( accessory embelli%m5t1 we mo/ frequ5tly see pe>ls1 preci\s /ones1 ) enamell$ divisions :i*1 accord+ to ! m9ute description ( ,!ophilus1 are only delicate mosaics ^: v>i\s col\r$ segm5ts are sep>at$ by plates ( gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,a ,dr9k+ ,cup1 call$ ,gondole1 ( ,agate2 f ! ,treasury ( ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t-,d5is4 7,cab9et ( ,antiquities1 ,imp4 ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,9 ! days ( ,/4 ,l\is1 a p]iod ( active & g5]\s piety1 !re 0 7an ass]tion :i* may appe> haz>d\s aft] :at we h said ( ! zeal ( prec$+ c5turies7 a rem>kable accession to ! numb] & ! spl5d\r ( ! gifts & (f]+s ( jewell]y to ! *ur*es4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 !n t ,bonn>d1 ,p>isian goldsmi?1 assi/$ by ! able/ artisans1 devot$ two ye>s to ! manufacture ( ! %r9e ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,*alice1 said to be ( ,/4 ,remy4 7,treasury ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,rheims47 ,/4 ,g5evive1 on :i* he exp5d$ "o hundr$ & n9ety-?ree m>ks ( silv] & sev5 & a half m>ks ( gold2 ! m>k weigh+ eight ounces4 ,! %r9e1 consecrat$ 9 #abab1 0 9 ! =m ( a little *ur*1 ) /atuettes & bas-reliefs enri*$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,x 0 deposit$ 9 ! ,fr5* m9t 9 #agic2 b ! spoil realis$ only tw5ty-?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ & ?irty livres4 ,half a c5tury e>li]1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ,g]man goldsmi?s 7 engag$ dur+ sev5te5 ye>s ^u ! fam\s reliqu>y 9 silv] gilt1 call$ ! 8,great ,relics10 :i* ! ca!dral at ,aix-la-,*apelle /ill possesses2 x 0 fabricat$ f ! gifts deposit$ 9 t space ( "t by ! fai?ful 9 ! poors'-box ( ! por*2 an edict ( ! ,emp]or ,b>b>ossa hav+ appropriat$ all ! (f]+s to t object1 8s long z x rema9$ unf9i%$40 ,moreov]1 t p]iod1 :i* may be reg>d$ z d5ot+ ! z5i? ( ! goldsmi?'s art = sacr$ purposes1 is also t :]e9 occurr$ ! important transition :i* 0 to introduce into dome/ic life ! same lavi%ness s long devot$ only to objects applicable to ecclesia/ical use4 ,b1 be=e ent]+ ^u t new phase1 we ought to m5tion1 n )\t mu* comm5dation1 ! enamell$ gold-"w ( ,limoges1 :i* 0 greatly celebrat$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,f ! ,gallo-,romano p]iod ,limoges _h acquir$ a reputation = ! works ( its goldsmi?s4 ,/4 ,eloi1 ! great goldsmi? 9 ! "t ( ! ,m]ov+ian k+s 7,fig4 #ie71 0 orig9ally f t c\ntry1 & he 0 work+ "u ,alban1 a goldsmi?1 & ma/] ( ! m9t at ,limoges1 :5 8 reputation l$ to 8 be+ call$ to ! c\rt ( ,clotaire ,,ii4 ,! anci5t ,roman colony _h reta9$ its indu/rial speciality1 & dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 rem>kable = ! production ( works ( a peculi> "*1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 fabricat$ !re prior to ! ?ird c5tury1 if we may judge f a passage 9 ,philo/ratus1 a ,greek writ] ( t p]iod4 ,?is "w consi/$ ( a mix$ /yle1 inasmu* z ! mat]ial =m+ ! gr\nd ( ! "w is copp]2 &1 moreov]1 ! pr9cipal effects are due n less to ! skill ( ! enamell] ?an to ! tal5t ( ! work] 9 metal4 ,! process ( fabrication is v simple--t is1 9 ! way ( description--yet ! execution mu/ h be5 extremely protract$ & m9ute4 8,aft] hav+ prep>$ & poli%$ a plate ( copp]10 says ,m4 ,lab>te1 ^: acc\nt we transf] to our own pages1 8! arti/ m>k$ on x all ! p>ts :i* 7 to rise to ! surface ( ! metal1 9 ord] to produce ! outl9es ( ! draw+ or ( ! figure he want$ to repres5t2 !n1 ) grav]s & scrap]s1 he dug deeply 9 ! copp] all ! space :i* ! v>i\s metals 7 to cov]4 ,9 ! holl[s ?us *amplevs 7a ^w sometimes us$ to signify ! mode ( produc+ ?is k9d ( "w71 he plac$ ! mat]ial to be vitrifi$1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds melt$ 9 a furnace4 ,:5 ! enamell$ piece 0 cold1 he poli%$ x by v>i\s means1 s z to br+ to ! surface ( ! enamel all ! l9es ( ! draw+ produc$ by ! copp]4 ,gild+ 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! p>ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,cross ( an ,alt>1 ascrib$ to ,/4 ,eloi4 ( ! metal ?us pres]v$4 ,until ! twelf? c5tury1 only ! outl9es ( ! draw+ ord9>ily rose to ! surface ( ! enamel1 & ! t9ts ( ! fle%1 z well z ! dresses1 7 produc$ by col\r$ enamel2 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury enamel 0 no long] us$ b to col\r ! gr\nd-"w4 ,! figures 7 entirely pres]v$ on ! plate ( copp]1 & ! outl9es ( ! draw+ 7 !n %[n by a delicate engrav+ on ! metal40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,an ,abbot's ,enamell$ ,crozi]1 made at ,limoges4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,a ,bi%op's ,crozi]1 :i* appe>s to be ( ,italian manufacture4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,ca!dral ( ,metz47 ,betwe5 ! enamels p>tition$ 7cloisonns7 & ! enamels *amplevs ! diff]5ce1 z we c see1 is only ! fir/ arrangem5t ( ! divisions to receive ! sev]al vitrifiable compositions4 ,mak+ all[ances = ! influ5ce ( fa%ion1 ^! two /yles ( analog\s works 7 held 9 almo/ equal e/imation4 ,nev]!less1 x seems t ! pref]5ce ought to be assign$ to ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ,limoges1 :i*1 at a "t :5 !re 0 manife/$ a dem& = private reliqu>ies & collective (f]+s to ! *ur*es1 _h ?is advantage ov] ! o!r1 t x 0 mu* less co/ly1 & consequ5tly m accessible to all classes 7,fig4 #if74 ,9 ! pres5t day !re is sc>cely a museum1 or ev5 a private collection1 t does n conta9 "s specim5 ( ! anci5t ,lim\s9e#ae indu/ry4 ,) ! f\rte5? c5tury ! spl5d\r ( ! goldsmi?'s art ceases to display1 z its exclusive object1 ecclesia/ical decoration & embelli%m5t2 b x sudd5ly became s develop$ among ! laity t ,k+ ,john 7( ,france7 desir+1 or pret5d+ to desire1 to re/ore x to ! exclusive l9e x _h till !n reta9$1 prohibit$ by an ord9ance1 9 #acef1 ! goldsmi?s f 8work+ 7fabricat+7 gold or silv] plate1 vases1 or silv] jewell]y1 ( m ?an "o m>k ( gold or silv]1 except+ = ! *ur*es40 ,b x is possible to issue ord9ances 9 ord] to %[ ! advantage ( evad+ !m1 & to b5efit exclusively by ! exception4 ,?is is :at appe>s to h !n occurr$2 =1 9 ! inv5tory ( ! treasury ( ,*>les ,v41 son & successor ( ! k+ :o sign$ ! sumptu>y edict ( #acef1 ! value ( ! v>i\s objects ( ! goldsmi?'s art is e/imat$ at n less ?an n9ete5 millions4 ,?is docum5t1 9 :i* ! great] numb] ( ! articles are describ$ to ! m9ute/ detail1 w\ld suffice 9 itself to exhibit a tru?ful hi/orical view ( ! art at t p]iod2 &1 at all ev5ts1 x af=ds a /rik+ idea ( ! arti/ic progress made 9 t direction1 & ( ! extravagance to :i* ! trade 0 subs]vi5t4 ,:5 consid]+ ! subject ( furniture 9 dome/ic life1 we indicat$ ! names & ! uses ( sev]al articles :i* 7 display$ on ! tables or sidebo>ds--platehold]s1 ew]s1 urns1 goblets1 c42 we also adv]t$ to ! num]\s & caprici\s =ms !y assum$--fl[]s1 animals1 grotesque images2 we ne$ n1 !re=e1 recur to ! matt]2 b we ought n to ov]look ! jewell]y1 ( all sorts--insignia1 or ornam5ts ( ! head-dress1 gems1 clasps1 *a9s & necklaces1 antique cameos 7,fig4 #ih71 :i* appe> 9 ! treasury ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,9 treat+ ( ecclesia/ical furniture we1 moreov]1 obs]v$ t ! goldsmi?'s art1 al?\gh devot+ itself to secul> ornam5ts1 nev]!less cont9u$ to "w m>vels 9 ! production ( objects = ecclesia/ical use2 x w\ld be m]e repetition to support ?is ass]tion by o!r examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,an ,anci5t ,cameo-sett+ ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,v4 7,cab4 ( ,ant41 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,b1 dismiss+ ^? two que/ions1 let a contempor>y poet raise a ?ird1 :i* des]ves a place "h4 ,eu/a*e ,des*amps1 :o di$ 9 #adbb1 equ]ry & u%]-at-arms to ,*>les ,v4 & ,*>les ,,vi41 enum]ates ! jewels & gems :i* ! female nobility ( ! "t aspir$ to possess4 8,x 0 indisp5sable10 he says-- 8,aux matrones1 ,nobles palais et ri*es trnes2 ,et celles qui se m>i5t ,qui m\lt tt 7bi5tt7 leurs p5s]s v>i5t1 ,elles veul5t t5ir d'usaige 444 ,ve/em5ts d'or1 de draps de soye1 ,c\ronne1 *apel et c\rroye ,de f9 or1 esp+le d'arg5t 444 ,puis c\vre*iefs or batus1 ,a pi]res et p]les dessus 444 ,encor vois-je que leurs m>is1 ,qu& ils revi5n5t de ,p>is1 ,de ,reims1 de ,r\5 et de ,troyes1 ,leur rapport5t gants et c\rroyes 444 ,tasses d'arg5t ou gobelets 444 ,b\rse de pi]r]ies1 ,c\lteaux imag9]ies1 ,esp+li]s 7tuis7 taills maux40 ,!y desir$1 moreov]1 & said t !y ought to h giv5 to !m-- 8,pigne 7peigne7 et miroir d'ivoire 444 ,et l'e/ui qui soit noble et g5t 7ri*e et beau71 ,p5du *a9es d'arg5t2 ,heures 7livres de pit7 me fault de ,notre-,dame1 ,qui soi5t de s\til 7delicat7 ouvraige1 ,d'or et d'azur1 ri*es et co9tes 7jolies71 ,bi5 ordonns et bi5 po9tes 7pe9tes71 ,de f9 drap d'or trs-bi5 c\v]tes1 ,et qu& elles s]ont ouv]tes1 ,deux f]maux 7agrafes7 d'or qui f]m]ont40 ,we ?us see t1 accord+ to ! above programme1 ! jewel-box ( a pr9cess1 or ( a lady ( rank1 mu/ h be5 really spl5did4 ,un=tunately = u1 ! specim5s ( ^! female ornam5ts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies are /ill m r>e 9 collections ?an objects ( massive plate2 & "o is almo/ left to imag9e _! appe>ance & _! ri*ness f ! entries 9 inv5tories1 t *ief s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ ! times ( :i* ! memorials h disappe>$4 ,x is !re we see ! co/l9ess ( ! f]mails1 or clasps ( cloaks & copes1 call$ also pectoraux1 because !y fa/5$ ! g>m5ts across ! brea/2 girdles1 *aplets 7head-dresses71 portable reliqu>ies1 & o!r 8little jewels 7,fig4 #ii7 p5dants et p5dre10 ! fa%ion ( :i* we h re/or$ "u ! "n ( breloques1 & :i* repres5t e v>iety ( object m or less :imsical4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 gold clasps repres5t+ a peacock1 a fleur-de-lis1 two h&s 8clasp$40 ,?is "o is embelli%$ ) six sapphires1 sixty pe>ls1 & o!r l>ge gems2 t "o ) eighte5 rubies1 & f\r em]alds4 ,f a girdle ( ,*>les ,v41 :i* is made 8( sc>let silk adorn$ ) eight gold m\nt+s10 are susp5d$ 8a knife1 scissors1 & a p5-knife10 ornam5t$ 9 gold2 ! tr9kets 7p5dants7 repres5t 8a man on horseback1 a cock hold+ a mirror 9 ! =m ( a trefoil10 or 8a /ag ( pe>ls ) enamell$ horns20 or1 aga91 a man m\nt$ on a d\ble-head$ s]p5t1 8play+ on a ,s>ac5ic horn0 7( ,s>ac5 orig974 ,f9ally1 we rem>k t 9 reliqu>ies a fa%ion long e/abli%$ 0 ma9ta9$1 :i* consi/$ ( =m+ !m ( a /atuette repres5t+ a sa9t 7,fig4 #ajj71 or ( a subject t compris$ 8 image1 & to :i* 7 atta*$1 by a small *a91 relics inlaid 9 a little tab]nacle ( gold or silv]1 preci\sly wr\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,sc5t-box 9 ,*as$ ,gold4 7,a ,fr5* ,"w ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,b n[ ! fifte5? c5tury op5s out1 & ) x a p]iod ( tumult4 ,france sudd5ly beheld t impulse to indu/ry p>alyz$1 :i*1 to prosp]1 requires a condition ( affairs v diff]5t f sangu9>y civil diss5sions & =eign invasion4 ,n only 7 ! work%ops clos$1 b pr9ces & nobles 7 m ?an once con/ra9$ to appropriate ! gorge\s decorations ( _! tables & _! collections ( gems1 to pay & arm w>riors "u _! comm&1 or ev5 to r$eem !mselves f captivity4 ,at t "t ! goldsmi?'s art fl\ri%$ 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry ( ,fl&]s1 !n quietly submissive to ! p[]ful h\se ( ,burgundy1 :i*1 ) equal ta/e & lib]ality1 enc\rag$ ! art1 :i* _h in/all$ itself 9 ! pr9cipal cities4 ,?is 0 also an epo* ( magnific5t productions ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,reliqu>y1 ,silv]-gilt1 surm\nt$ by a ,/atuette ( ! ,virg9 ) ! ,infant ,jesus1 repres5t+ ,jeanne d',evreux1 ,que5 ( ,france4 7,museum ( ,sov]eigns1 9 ! ,l\vre47 9 t c\ntry1 b n m ?an "o or two examples rema92 ^! are attribut$ to ,corneille de ,bonte1 :o work$ at ,gh5t1 & 0 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,! ,ensign ( ! ,coll> ( ! ,goldsmi?s ( ,gh5t4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ skilful goldsmi? ( 8 "t 7,figs4 #aja & #ajb74 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! /yle ( ! goldsmi?'s art ( ! fifte5? c5tury cont9u$1 z 9 ! two or ?ree prec$+ c5turies1 con=mable to ! contemporane\s /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,= in/ance1 ! %r9e ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9-des-,prs1 :i* 0 ( t p]iod1 _h ! =m ( a small ogivale#af *ur*2 & "s specim5s /ill exi/+ 9 ,b]l9 are ( ! ,go?ic "*1 ! prevail+ /yle ( ! edifices ( ^? times4 ,b an influ5ce 0 mak+ itself felt t 0 n long 9 entirely modify+ ! g5]al aspect ( ! productions ( ! trade we are consid]+4 ,t trans=mation mu/ h be5 promot$ by ,italy2 9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 9 spite ( inte/9e tr\bles & s]i\s cont5tions ) o!r nations1 a luxury & opul5ce prevail$4 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 _h long be5 s _m c5tres :]e ! ,f9e ,arts /ruggl$ = pre-em95ce & inspiration4 ,among ! majority ( ! weal?y m]*ants :o _h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,escut*eon 9 ,silv]-gilt1 execut$ by ,corneille de ,bonte1 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,museum ( ! ,htel de ,ville1 ,gh5t47 become patricians ( ^? gorge\s republics 7 f\nd s _m ,mc5ases1 "u ^: patronage fl\ri%$ great arti/s :om popes & pr9ces emul\sly c\nt5anc$4 8,f ! mom5t10 says ,m4 ,lab>te1 8:5 ! ,nicolases1 ! ,jeans ( ,pisa1 & ! ,giottos1 ?r[+ (f ! ,byzant9e yoke1 caus$ ,art to em]ge f languor & sup95ess1 t ( ! goldsmi? c\ld no long] f9d fav\r 9 ,italy b by ma9ta9+ itself on a level ) ! progress ( sculpture1 ^: daught] x 04#ag ,:5 we "k t ! great ,donatello1--,philip ,brunelles*i1 ! bold ar*itect ( ! dome ( ,flor5ce1--,ghib]ti1 ! au?or ( ! m>vell\s doors ( ! ,bapti/]y1 _h goldsmi?s = _! e>lie/ ma/]s1 we may judge :at arti/s ! ,italian goldsmi?s ( t p]iod mu/ h be540 ,! fir/ 9 date is ! celebrat$ ,jean ( ,pisa1 son ( ,nicolas1 :o1 br\ght f ,arezzo 9 #abhf1 to sculpture ! m>ble table ( ! high-alt>1 & a gr\p ( ! ,virg9 betwe5 ,/4 ,gregory & ,/4 ,donato1 desir$ to pay tribute to ! ta/e ( ! "t by ornam5t+ ! alt> ) ^? f9e *as+s on silv] col\r$ ) enamels to :i* we give ! "n ( translucid enamels 9 relief2 & also by design+ a clasp or jewel ) :i* he decorat$ ! brea/ ( ! ,virg94 ,bo? *as+s & clasp are n[ lo/4 ,to ,jean 7,giovanni7 ( ,pisa succe$$ 8 pupils ,ago/9o & ,agnolo ( ,si5a4 ,9 #acaf ,&rea ( ,ognib5e execut$1 = ! ,ca!dral ( ,pi/oia1 an alt>-front1 :i* has come d[n to u1 & mu/ h be5 foll[$ by m important works4 ,!n come ,pietro & ,paulo ( ,arezzo1 ,ugol9o ( ,si5a1 & f9ally ,ma/] ,cione1#ah ! au?or ( ! two silv] bas-reliefs /ill to be se5 on ! alt> ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce4 ,ma/] ,cione1 ^: s*ool 0 num]\s1 _h = 8 pr9cipal pupils ,=zane ( ,arezzo & ,leon>do ( ,flor5ce1 :o work$ on ! two mo/ not$ monum5ts ( ! goldsmi?'s art :i* "t & depr$ations h respect$--! alt> ( ,sa9t-,jacques at ,pi/oia1 & t same alt> ( ! ,bapti/]y to :i* ! bas-reliefs ( ,cione 7 aft]w>ds adapt$4 ,dur+ m ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! ornam5tation ( ^! two alt>s1 ( :i* no description c give an idea1 01 if we may s say1 ! ar5a :]e9 all ! mo/ fam\s goldsmi?s met4 ,at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,luca della ,robbia1 :o1 z we h se51 di/+ui%$ himself 9 c]amic art1 & aft]w>ds ,brunelles*i1 no less great z an ar*itect ?an z a sculptor1 came =? f ! /udio ( a goldsmi?4 ,at ! same p]iod %one ,bacci(orte & ,mazzano ( ,plac5tia1 ,arditi ! ,flor5t9e1 & ,b>toluccio1 ma/] ( ! fam\s sculptor ,ghib]ti1 to :om we owe ^? doors ( ! ,bapti/]y1 :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo pron\nc$ wor?y ( be+ plac$ at ! entrance to ,p>adise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,%r9e ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,collection ( ,pr9ce ,soltyk(f47 ,x is well kn[n t ! execution ( ^! doors 01 9 #adjj1 submitt$ to competition2 & x may be said1 9 hon\r ( ! goldsmi?'s art1 t ,ghib]ti1 vy+ ) ! mo/ celebrat$ competitors--= among !m 7 ,donatello & ,brunelles*i--ow$ 8 triumph1 p]haps1 to ! simple fact t he _h treat$1 z x 7 by habit1 8 model ) all ! delicacy ( ! goldsmi?'s art4 ,& x mu/ be add$1 & to ! praise ( ! great arti/1 t al?\gh 9 great reputation = sculptur$ works ( ! highe/ importance1 he adh]$ fai?fully all 8 life to 8 fir/ pr(ession1 & consid]$ x n d]ogatory ev5 to manufacture jewell]y4 ,?us1 = example1 9 #adbh he m\nt$ z a signet = ,jean de ,m$icis1 a cornelian said to h belong$ to ! treasury ( ,n]o1 & he set x z a w+$-dragon em]g+ f a clu/] ( ivy leaves2 9 #adbi1 = ,pope ,m>t9 ,v41 a button ( ! cope1 & a mitre2 & 9 #adci1 = ,pope ,eug5e ,,iv41 a gold5 mitre1 embelli%$ ) five & a half p\nds weight ( preci\s /ones1--its front repres5t+ ,*ri/ surr\nd$ by num]\s *]ubs1 & at ! back ! ,virg9 9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s employ$ 9 ! execution ( ! doors ( ! ,bapti/]y1 ,ghib]ti cont9u$ to d]ive assi/ance f sev]al goldsmi?s1 :o1 s guid$1 c\ld n fail 9 _! turn to become skilful ma/]s4 ,! li/ w\ld be long ( goldsmi?s :o1 by ! s+le =ce ( _! tal5ts1 or "u ! direction ( r5[n$ sculptors1 compet$ dur+ two c5turies 9 ! production ( ! m>vell\s works ) :i* ! *ur*es ( ,italy are /ill cr[d$2 & 9 fact x w\ld be only a monoton\s detail1 ! int]e/ ( :i* c sc>cely be enhanc$ by any description we c\ld give ( _! works4 ,nev]!less1 we may cite ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( !m3 = in/ance1 ,&rea ,v]ro*io1 9 ^: /udio ,p]ug9o & ,leon>do da ,v9ci pass$ _! "t2 ,dom5i*9o ,ghirl&ajo1 s call$ because :5 a goldsmi? he _h inv5t$ an ornam5t 9 ! =m ( g>l&s1 ( :i* ! ladies ( ,flor5ce 7 passionately fond2 he aft]w>ds rel9qui%$ ! hamm] & ! grav] = ! pa9t]'s p5cil2 ,maso ,f9igu]ra1 :o1 reput$ to be ! clev]e/ niello-work] ( 8 "t1 engrav$ a pax1 or pat51 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! cab9et ( bronzes 9 ,flor5ce2 x is ackn[l$g$ to be ! plate ( ! fir/ engrav+ pr9t$1--! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is possesses ! only e>ly pro( ( x4 ,9 #aejj 0 born ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 :o 0 to be ! embodim5t ( ! g5ius ( ! goldsmi?'s art1 & :o rais$ x to ! z5i? ( its p[]4 8,cell9i1 a ,flor5t9e citiz51 n[ a sculptor10 z 8 contempor>y ,vas>i relates1 8_h no equal 9 ! goldsmi?'s art :5 devot+ himself to x 9 8 y\?1 & 0 p]haps = _m ye>s )\t a rival1 z well z 9 ! execution ( small figures 9 full relief & 9 bas-relief1 & all works ( t nature4 ,he m\nt$ preci\s /ones s skilfully1 & deck$ !m 9 su* m>vell\s sett+s1 ) small figures s p]fect1 & sometimes s orig9al & ) su* fanciful ta/e1 t "o c\ld n imag9e any?+ bett]2 nor c we adequately praise ! m$als :i*1 :5 he 0 "y1 he engrav$ ) incr$ible c>e 9 gold & silv]4 ,at ,rome he execut$1 = ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 a fa/5+ = ! cope1 9 :i* he repres5t$ ) admirable workman%ip ! ,et]nal ,fa!r4 ,he also m\nt$ ) r>e tal5t a diamond1 cut to a po9t1 & surr\nd$ by sev]al "y *ildr5 c>v$ 9 gold4 ,clem5t ,,vii4 hav+ ord]$ a gold *alice ) its cup support$ by ! !ological attributes1 ,b5v5uto execut$ ! "w 9 a surpris+ mann]4 ,( all ! arti/s :o1 9 8 own "t1 tri$ _! h&s at engrav+ m$als ( ! ,pope1 no "o succe$$ bett]1 z ^? well "k :o possess !m or h se5 !m4 ,also to him 0 entru/$ ! execution ( ! co9s ( ,rome2 & f9] pieces 7 nev] /ruck4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,clem5t ,,vii41 ,b5v5uto return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he engrav$ ! head ( ,duke ,alex&] on ! co9s1 :i* are s beautiful t to ?is day sev]al specim5s are pres]v$ z preci\s antique m$als2 & rightly s1 = 9 !m ,b5v5uto surpass$ himself4 ,at l5g? he devot$ himself to sculpture & to ! art ( ca/+ /atues4 ,he execut$ 9 ,france1 :]e he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,francis ,i41 _m works 9 bronze1 silv]1 & 9 gold4 ,return+ to 8 native c\ntry1 he 0 employ$ by ! ,duke ,cosmo de ,m$icis1 :o at once requir$ ( him sev]al works 9 jewell]y1 & aft]w>ds "s sculptures40 ,?us1 ,b5v5uto is at ! same "t goldsmi? 7,fig4 #ajd71 engrav] 9 m$als1 & sculptor1 & he excels 9 ^! ?ree bran*es ( ! art1 z ! productions :i* h surviv$ him atte/4 ,nev]!less1 un=tunately1 ! great] "p ( 8 works 9 ! goldsmi?'s art h be5 de/roy$1 or are n[ conf\nd$ ) ^? ( 8 contempor>ies1 ^u :om ,italian ta/e1 comb9$ ) 8 orig9al g5ius1 _h ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,9 ,france !re rema9s ( 8 works only a magnific5t salt-cell>1 :i* he execut$ = ,francis ,i42 9 ,flor5ce is pres]v$ ! m\nt+ ( a cup 9 lapis-lazuli1 repres5t+ ?ree an*ors 9 gold enamell$1 height5$ by diamonds2 also ! cov]1 9 gold enamell$1 ( ano!r cup ( rock-cry/al4 ,b1 besides ! bronze bu/ ( ,cosmo ,i41 we may /ill admire1 ) ! gr\p ( ,p]seus & ,m$usa1 :i* ranks among gr& sculptures1 ! r$uc$ =m1 or r ! model ( t gr\p1 :i* 9 size approa*es goldsmi?'s "w2 & ! bronze p$e/al1 decorat$ ) /atuettes1 on :i* ,p]seus is plac$2 works t enable u to see ( :at ,cell9i 0 capable z a goldsmi?4 ,&1 let u repeat1 ! influ5ce :i* he ex]cis$ ov] 8 contempor>ies 0 imm5se1 z well 9 ,flor5ce z 9 ,rome1 z well 9 ,france z 9 ,g]many2 &1 _h 8 "w be5 ?\ght utt]ly wor?less1 he w\ld rema9 n less ju/ly celebrat$ = giv+ an impulse to 8 "t by impr9t+ on ! art :i* he pr(ess$ a movem5t z f]tile z x 0 bold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,a ,p5dant1 aft] a design by ,b5v5uto ,cell9i4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,cab9et ( ,antiquities1 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,moreov]1 9 imitation ( ! monk ,!ophilus1 8 pr$ecessor ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 aft] hav+ giv5 practical example1 desir$ t ! !ories he _h f\nd prevail+1 & ^? :i* 7 due to 8 faculty = orig9at+1 %\ld be pres]v$ = po/]ity4 ,a treatise 78,trattato intorno alle otto pr9cipali ,arti dell #8,orific]ia071 9 :i* he describes & tea*es all ! be/ processes ( work+ 9 gold1 rema9s "o ( ! mo/ valuable works on ! subject2 & ev5 9 our days goldsmi?s :o wi% to ref] back to ! true s\rces ( _! art d n neglect to consult x4 ,! arti/ic /yle ( ! celebrat$ ,flor5t9e goldsmi? is t ( a p]iod :51 by an e>ne/ return to antiquity1 ! my?ological elem5t 0 introduc$ ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian sanctu>ies4 ,! "*1 :i* we may call auto*?one1#ai ( ! pi\s & sev]e ,middle ,ages1 ceas$ to influ5ce ! production ( pla/ic works1 :5 ! models 7 tak5 f ! glori\s rema9s ( idolatr\s ,greece & ,rome4 ,! art :i* ! religion ( ,*ri/ _h awak5$ & upheld sudd5ly became aga9 ,pagan1 & ,cell9i prov$ himself "o ( ! en?usia/s ( ! anci5t temples rais$ 9 hon\r ( ! gods & goddesses ( ,paganism2 t is to say1 "u ! impulse giv5 by him1 & 9 imitation ( him1 ! phalanx ( arti/s1 ( :i* he is 9 a mann] ! *ief1 c\ld n fail to g f> on ! new road by :i* he _h travell$ among ! fir/4 ,:5 ,cell9i came to ,france he f\nd1 z he himself says 9 8 book1 t ! "w consi/$ 8m ?an else:]e 9 gross]ie0 7! gross]ie compris$ ! *ur* plate1 vessels1 & silv] images71 8& t ! works !re execut$ ) ! hamm] _h atta9$ a degree ( p]fection n[h]e else to be met )40 ,! inv5tory ( ! plate & jewels ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 among :i* 7 _m by ,b5v5uto ,cell9i--! inv5tory prep>$ at ,fonta9ebleau 9 #aefj--%[s u t1 aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,flor5t9e arti/1 ! ,fr5* goldsmi?s cont9u$ to des]ve t eulogium2 & to compreh5d ( :at !y 7 capable 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ix41 x is suffici5t to recall ! description1 pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,p>is1 ( a piece ( plate :i* ! city _h caus$ to be made to (f] z a pres5t to ! k+ on ! occasion ( 8 entry into 8 capital 9 #aega4 8,x 010 says t docum5t1 8a l>ge p$e/al1 support$ on f\r dolph9s1 & hav+ seat$ on x ,cybele1 "m ( ! gods1 repres5t+ ! "m ( ! k+1 accompani$ by ! gods ,neptune & ,pluto1 & ! goddess ,juno1 z ,messeigneurs ! bro!rs1 & ,madame ! si/]1 ( ! k+4 ,?is ,cybele 0 contemplat+ ,jupit]1 :o repres5t$ our k+1 & 0 rais$ on two columns1 ! "o ( gold1 ! o!r ( silv]1 hav+ 8 device inscrib$--#8,pietate et ,ju/itia4' ,^u ?is 0 a l>ge imp]ial cr[n1 on "o side held 9 ! beak ( an eagle p]*$ on ! cr\p ( a horse on :i* ,jupit] 0 m\nt$2 & on ! o!r side support$ by ! sceptre he held--?us be+1 z x 71 deifi$4 ,at ! f\r corn]s ( ! p$e/al 7 ! figures ( f\r k+s1 8 pr$ecessors1 all ( ! same "n--t is1 ,*>les ! ,great1 ,*>les ,v41 ,*>les ,,vii41 & ,*>les ,,viii41 :o 9 _! "t fulfill$ _! missions1 & _! reigns 7 happy1 z we hope w be t ( our k+4 ,9 ! frieze ( t p$e/al 7 ! battles & ! victories1 ( all k9ds1 9 :i* he 0 engag$2 ! :ole made ( f9e silv]1 gilt ) ducat gold1 *as$1 engrav$1 & 9 workman%ip s execut$ t ! /yle surpass$ ! mat]ial40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,cup ( ,lapis-lazuli1 m\nt$ 9 ,gold enri*$ ) ,rubies1 & a ,figure 9 ,gold enamell$4 7,italian ,"w ( ! #af? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,vase ( ,rock-cry/al1 m\nt$ 9 ,silv]-gilt & enamell$4 7,italian ,"w ( ! #af? ,c5tury47 ,t r>e piece 0 ! "w ( ,jean ,regn>d1 a ,p>isian goldsmi?2 & ! p]iod :5 su* works 7 produc$ 0 precisely t dur+ :i* religi\s w>s 7 ab\t to cause ! annihilation ( a great numb] ( ! *efs-d'uvre1 anci5t & mod]n1 ( ! goldsmi?'s art4 ,! new iconocla/s1 ! ,hugu5ots1 %att]$ & melt$ d[n1 :]ev] !y triumph$1 ! sacr$ vessels1 ! %r9es1 ! reliqu>ies4 ,!n 7 lo/ ! mo/ preci\s gold-wr\ght memorials ( ! times ( ,/4 ,eloi1 ( ,*>lemagne1 ( ,sug]1 & ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,at ! same p]iod ,g]many1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian s*ool _h made itself felt less directly1 b :i* c\ld n escape f its impulse1 possess$ also1 especially at ,nuremburg & ,augsburg1 goldsmi?s' work%ops ( high "*2 ^! furni%$ ! empire1 & ev5 =eign c\ntries1 ) rem>kable works4 ,a new c>e] op5$ to ! ,g]man goldsmi?s :5 ! cab9et-mak]s ( _! c\ntry _h inv5t$ ^? cab9ets1 :]e( we h already said some?+ 7vide ,,furniture71 & 9 ! intricate decoration ( :i* appe> /atuettes1 silv] bas-reliefs1 & inlay-"w ( gold & preci\s /ones4 ,! treasuries & ! museums ( ,g]many h succe$$ 9 pres]v+ _m ri* objects ( t p]iod2 b "o ( ! mo/ r>e collections ( ! k9d is t 9 ,b]l91 :]e1 9 sub/itution = ! orig9als 9 silv] :i* h be5 melt$ d[n1 are ga!r$ a great numb] ( beautiful bas-reliefs 9 lead1 & sev]al vases 9 t91--copies ( pieces ( plate suppos$ to be ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,& on ?is po9t x may be rem>k$ t ! high price ( ! mat]ial1 toge!r ) ! sumptu>y laws1 n always admitt+ ( ! possession ( gold or silv] vases by ! citiz5s1 x sometimes happ5$ t ! goldsmi?s manufactur$ a table-s]vice ( t91 on :i* !y be/[$ s mu* pa9s t ^! articles 7 transf]r$ f ! sidebo>ds ( citiz5s to ^? ( pr9ces4 ,! inv5tory ( ! ,c\nt d',ang\lme1 fa!r ( ,francis ,i41 alludes to a consid]able table-s]vice ( t94 ,inde$1 sev]al goldsmi?s devot$ !mselves exclusively to ?is description ( "w2 &1 to ?is day1 ! t9s ( ,franois ,briot1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 are reg>d$ z ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( plate ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,h[ev] t may be1 aft] ,cell9i1 & until ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! goldsmi?'s art did b foll[ fai?fully 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,italian ma/]4 ,elevat$ by ! impulse ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! art succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ itself 9 t high position )\t1 h[ev]1 any /rik+ individuality discov]+ itself1 until1 9 a c5tury n less illu/ri\s ?an ! sixte5?1 new ma/]s appe>$ & imp>t$ to x additional lu/re & magnific5ce4 ,^! are nam$ ,ball91 ,delaunay1 ,juli5 ,defonta9e1 ,lab>re1 ,v9c5t ,petit1 ,r\ssel1 goldsmi?s & jewell]s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o reta9$ !m 9 8 pay1 & lodg$ !m 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x 0 = t pr9ce !y produc$ an impos+ collection ( admirable works1 = :i* ,le ,brun (t5 furni%$ ! designs1 & "u an inspiration altoge!r ,fr5*1 ab&on$ ! graceful1 ?\gh r fluette =ms ( ! ,r5aissance1 & gave to !m a "* m diffuse & gr&4 ,!n1 = a %ort "t1 e article ( royal furniture proce$$ f ! h&s ( ! goldsmi?4 ,b1 alas6 once m ! majority ( ^! m>vels mu/ disappe>1 z happ5$ to s _m o!rs4 ,ev5 ! mon>* :o _h ord]$ !m despat*$ 8 acquisitions to ! crucibles ( ! m9t1 :51 ! w> hav+ exhau/$ ! public treasury1 he f\nd himself compell$1 at lea/ = example's sake1 to sacrifice 8 silv] plate & to deck 8 table ) e>!nw>e4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ?is sket* ( ! goldsmi?'s art 9 g5]al1 x may n be inappropriate to add a brief notice ( ! m special hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* goldsmi?s1 ( :i* ! weal?y corporation may be consid]$ n only z ! mo/ anci5t1 b z ! model ( all ^? t 7 =m$ among u 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b fir/1 s9ce we h already ref]r$ to ! exceptional "p tak5 by ! goldsmi?s ( ,limoges 9 ! indu/rial movem5t ( t p]iod1 we _c proce$ fur!r )\t not+ ano!r description ( works1 :i*1 al?\gh d]iv$ f ! olde/ examples1 nev]!less gave1 & ) ju/ice1 a k9d ( new lu/re to ! anci5t city :]e ! fir/ goldsmi?s ( ,france _h di/+ui%$ !mselves4 8,t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury10 says ,m4 ,lab>te1 8! ta/e = gold & silv] articles hav+ l$ to ! disuse ( plate ( enamell$ copp]1 ! ,lim\s9e enamell]s endeav\r$ to discov] a new mode ( apply+ enamel to ! reproduction ( graphic subjects4 ,_! rese>*es l$ !m to disp5se ) ! *as] = del9eat+ ! outl9es ( designs2 ! metal 0 entirely conceal$ "u ! enamel1 :i*1 spread by ! bru%1 =m$ altoge!r bo? ! draw+ & ! col\r+4 ,! fir/ attempts at ?is novel pa9t+ on copp] 7 necess>ily v imp]fect2 b ! processes gradually improv$1 until at l5g?1 9 #aedj1 !y atta9$ p]fection4 ,prior to t p]iod1 ! enamels ( ,limoges 7 almo/ exclusively devot$ to ! reproduction ( sacr$ subjects1 ( :i* ! ,g]man s*ool furni%$ ! designs4 ,b ! arrival ( ,italian arti/s at ! c\rt ( ,francis ,i41 & ! publication ( engrav+s ( ! works ( ,raphael & o!r great ma/]s ( ,italy1 gave a new direction to ! s*ool ( ,limoges1 :i* adopt$ ! /yle ( t ( ,italy4 ,il ,rosso & ,primaticcio pa9t$ c>toons = ! ,lim\s9e enamell]s2 & !n ,illu/ration3 ,,drageoir1 ,,or ,,table ,,ornam5t ,( ,enamell$ & ,gilt ,copp]4 ,g]man1 latt] "p ( ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 !y :o _h previ\sly work$ only on plates int5d$ to be set 9 dipty*s1 on caskets1 creat$ a new species ( goldsmi?'s art4 ,bas9s1 ew]s1 cups1 salt-cell>s1 vases1 & ut5sils ( all sorts1 manufactur$ ) ?9 %eet-copp] 9 ! mo/ elegant =ms 7 decorat$ ) _! ri* & brilliant pa9t+s40 ,9 ! highe/ rank ( arti/s :o h r5d]$ ?is attractive "w illu/ri\s we mu/ place ,lon>d 7,lim\s971 pa9t] to ,francis ,i41 :o 0 ! fir/ director ( ! royal manufacture ( enamels f\nd$ by t k+ at ,limoges4 ,!n foll[$ ,pi]re ,raymond 7,figs4 #ajg to #aaj71 ^: works date f #aecd to #aegh1 ! ,p5icauds1 ,c\rteys1 ,m>tial ,raymond1 ,m]ci]1 & ,jean ,lim\s91 enamell] to ,anne ( ,au/ria4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajg & #ajh4--;,faces ( an ,hexagonal ,enamell$ ,salt-cell>1 repres5t+ ! ,lab\rs ( ,h]cules4 ,execut$ at ,limoges1 = ,francis ,i41 by ,pi]re ,raymond4 ,) ! rem>k t1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,v5ice1 d\btless imitat+ ,limoges1 also manufactur$ pieces ( plate 9 enamell$ copp]1 we return to our national goldsmi?s4 ,?is celebrat$ corporation c\ld1 )\t mu* tr\ble1 be trac$ back 9 ,gaul to ! epo* ( ! ,roman occupation2 b x is unnecess>y to se>* = its orig9 beyond ,/4 ,eloi1 :o is /ill its patron1 aft] hav+ be5 its f\nd] & protector4 ,eloi1 become prime-m9i/] to ,dagob]t ,i4--?anks 9 "s measure to 8 m]its z a goldsmi?1 :i* di/+ui%$ him above all1 & ga9$ him ! hon\r ( royal fri5d%ip--cont9u$ to "w no less at 8 =ge z a simple artisan4 8,he made = ! k+10 says ! *ronicle1 8a great numb] ( gold vases enri*$ ) preci\s /ones1 & he work$ incessantly1 seat$ ) 8 s]vant ,?illon1 a ,saxon by bir?1 at 8 side1 :o foll[$ ! lessons ( 8 ma/]40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,int]ior base ( a ,salt-cell>1 execut$ at ,limoges2 ) a ,portrait ( ,francis ,i4 ,?is extract seems to indicate t already ! goldsmi?'s art 0 organis$ z a corporation1 & t x compris$ ?ree ranks ( artisans--! ma/]s1 ! j\rneym51 & ! appr5tices4 ,besides1 x is cle> t ,/4 ,eloi f\nd$ two di/9ct corporations ( goldsmi?s--"o = secul>1 ! o!r = religi\s works1 9 ord] t ! objects sacr$ to wor%ip %\ld n be manufactur$ by ! same h&s t execut$ ^? design$ = pr(ane uses or worldly /ate4 ,! seat ( ! =m] 9 ,p>is 0 fir/ ! ,cit1 ne> ! v abode ( ,/4 ,eloi long kn[n z ! maison au fvre1 & surr\nd+ ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>tial4 ,)9 ! jurisdiction ( t mona/]y 0 ! space compris$ betwe5 ! /reets ( ,la ,b>ill]ie1 ( ,la ,cal&re1 ,aux ,fves1 & ( ,la ,vieille ,drap]ie1 "u ! d5om9ation ( 8,/4 ,eloi's ,enclosure40 ,a rag+ fire de/roy$ ! entire qu>t] inhabit$ by ! goldsmi?s1 except+ ! mona/]y2 & ! lay goldsmi?s w5t =? & e/abli%$ !mselves z a colony1 /ill "u ! auspices ( _! patron sa9t1 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul des ,*amps1 :i* he _h caus$ to be con/ruct$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,se9e4 ,! assemblage ( =ges & %ops ( ^! artisans soon =m$ a sort ( suburb1 :i* 0 call$ ,clture1 or ,culture ,/4 ,eloi4 ,subsequ5tly "s ( ! goldsmi?s return$ to ! ,cit2 b !y rema9$ on ! ,gr&-,pont1 & return$ no m to ! /reets1 :]e ! cobbl]s _h e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>tial _h become1 "u ! adm9i/ration ( its fir/ abbess1 ,/4 ,anne1 a bran* ( ! goldsmi?'s s*ool :i* ! 8,seigneur ,eloi0 _h e/abli%$ 9 #fca 9 ! ,abbey ( ,solignac1 9 ! environs ( ,limoges4 ,t abbey1 ^: fir/ abbot1 ,?illon or ,?au--a pupil1 or1 z ! *ronicle expresses x1 a s]vant ( ,/4 ,eloi--0 also a skilful goldsmi?1 pres]v$ dur+ sev]al c5turies ! traditions ( its f\nd]1 & furni%$ n only models1 b also skilful workm51 to all ! mona/ic ateli]s ( ,*ri/5dom :i* exclusively manufactur$ = ! *ur*es jewell$ & enamell$ plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,ew] 9 ,enamel1 ( ,limoges1 by ,pi]re ,raymond4 ,h[ev]1 ! goldsmi?s ( ,p>is engag$ 9 secul> works cont9u$ to ma9ta9 !mselves z a corporation2 & _! privileges1 :i* !y ascrib$ to ! special reg>d ( ,dagob]t = ,/4 ,eloi1 7 recognis$1 x is said1 9 #gfh by a royal *>t]1 & confirm$ 9 #hdf 9 a capitul>y ( ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,^! goldsmi?s work$ 9 gold & silv] only = k+s & nobles1 :om ! /rictness ( ! sumptu>y laws did n rea*4 ,! ,diction>y ( ,jean de ,g>l&e in=ms u t1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 !re 7 9 ,p>is f\r classes ( workm5 9 ! goldsmi?'s trade--^? :o co9$ money 7nummul>ii71 ! clasp-mak]s 7firmacul>ii71 ! manufactur]s ( dr9k+-goblets 7ciph>ii71 & ! goldsmi?s1 prop]ly s call$ 7aurifabri74 ,! ateli]s & ! %op-w9d[s ( ^! la/ 7 on ! ,pont-au-,*ange 7,fig4 #aaa71 9 competition ) ! money-*ang]s1 :o = ! mo/ "p 7 ,lomb>ds or ,italians4 ,f t epo* a rivalry comm5c$ betwe5 ^! two trade guilds1 :i* only ceas$ on ! complete d[nfall ( ! money-*ang]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,int]ior ( ! ,ateli] ( ,eti5ne ,delaulne1 a celebrat$ goldsmi? ( ,p>is1 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,design$ & engrav$ by himself4 ,:5 ,eti5ne ,boileau1 ,provo/ ( ,p>is 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,ix41 wrote 9 ob$i5ce to ! legislative designs ( ! k+1 8 fam\s 8,livre des ,mti]s10 to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( guilds on p]man5t f\ndations1 he _h sc>cely m to d ?an to transcribe ! /atutes ( ! goldsmi?s almo/ ! same z ^? in/itut$ by ,/4 ,eloi1 ) ! modifications consequ5t on ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! ord9ances drawn up by ,l\is1 ! goldsmi?s ( ,p>is 7 exempt f ! wat*1 & f all o!r feudal s]vices2 !y elect$1 e ?ree ye>s1 two or ?ree anci5s 7s5iors7 8= ! protection ( ! trade10 & ^! anci5s ex]cis$ p]man5t vigilance ov] ! works ( _! colleagues1 & ov] ! quality ( ! gold & silv] mat]ial us$ by !m4 ,an appr5tice 0 n admitt$ z a ma/] until aft] t5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip2 & no ma/] c\ld h m ?an "o appr5tice1 9 addition to ^? belong+ to 8 own family4 ,! corporation1 s f> z conc]n$ ! frat]nity ) respect to works = *>itable & devotional purposes1 _h a seal 7,fig4 #aaf7 :i* plac$ x "u ! patronage ( ,/4 ,eloi2 b1 ) reg>d to its indu/rial association1 x impr9t$ on manufactur$ articles a se+1 or /amp1 :i* gu>ante$ ! value ( ! metal4 ,! corporation soon obta9$1 f ,philip ( ,valois1 a coat-(-arms1 :i* conf]r$ on x a sort ( pr(essional nobility2 & acquir$1 ow+ to ! di/+ui%$ protection ext5d$ to x by t k+1 a position :i* nev]!less x did n succe$ 9 pres]v+ 9 ! unit$ con/itution ( ! six m]cantile bodies2 =1 al?\gh x laid claim to ! fir/ rank on acc\nt ( its antiquity1 x 0 =c$1 not)/&+ ! und5iable sup]iority ( its works1 to be cont5t$ ) ! second1 & ev5 to desc5d to ! ?ird rank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,/amp ( ,lyons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,/amp ( ,*>tres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,/amp ( ,melun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--;,anci5t ,corporate ,seal ( ! ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,/amp ( ,orlans4 ,! goldsmi?s1 at ! "t ( ! compilation ( ! code ( pr(essions by ,eti5ne ,boileau1 7 already sep>at$1 volunt>ily or o!rwise1 f sev]al trades :i* _h long appe>$ 9 _! tra92 ! cri/alli]s1 or lapid>ies2 ! gold & silv] beat]s2 ! embroid]]s 9 orfroi 7gold-fr+e72 ! pat5tri]s 7bead-/r+]s7 9 preci\s /ones liv$ "u _! own regulations2 ! montaires 7bullion-deal]s7 rema9$ "u ! control ( ! k+ & 8 m9t2 ! hanapi]s 7dr9k+-cup mak]s71 ! f]mailleurs 7mak]s ( clasps71 ! pewt]]s1 boxmak]s1 inf]ior artisans & o!rs :o work$ 9 common metals1 _h no long] any connection ) ! goldsmi?s ( ,p>is4 ,b 9 ! prov9ces1 9 t[ns :]e ! ma/]s ( a trade 7 insuffici5t to con/itute a community or frat]nity hav+ its *iefs & its own adm9i/ration1 x 0 indisp5sable to reunite "u ! same bann] ! trades betwe5 :i* !re 0 ! mo/ agreem5t1 or r ! lea/ contr>iety4 ,?us1 9 c]ta9 localities 9 ,france & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ! goldsmi?s1 pr\d z !y might be ( ! nobility ( _! orig91 sometimes f\nd !mselves unit$ z equals ) ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,arms ( ! ,corporation ( ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is1 ) ?is device3 8,vases ,sacrs et ,c\ronnes1 voil notre uvre40 pewt]]s1 ! m]c]s1 ! brazi]s1 & ev5 ! groc]s2 & ?us x came to pass t !y comb9$ on _! bann]s ( fleurs-de-lis ! prop] arms ( ea* ( ^! sev]al trades4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we see ! bann] ( ! goldsmi?s ( ,ca/ellane 7,fig4 #aah7 unit$ ) ! retail m]c]s & tailors--x %[s a pair ( scissors1 scales1 & an ell measure2 at ,*auny 7,fig4 #aai71 a ladd]1 a hamm]1 & a vase1 indicate t ! goldsmi?s _h = compe]s ! pewt]]s & ! slat]s2 at ,guise 7,fig4 #abj71 ! association ( f>ri]s1 copp]smi?s1 & locksmi?s1 is alli$ ) ! goldsmi?s by a horse-%oe1 a mallet1 & a key2 ! brew]s ( ,h>fleur 7,fig4 #aba7 qu>t]$ 9 _! arms f\r b>rels betwe5 ! b>s ( ! cross gules *>g$ ) a goblet ( gold1 :i* 0 ! emblem ( _! associates ! goldsmi?s2 at ,m>+ues 7,fig4 #abb71 ! gold cup on a field gules surm\nts ! groc]'s c&les4 ,^! bann]s 7 display$ only on great public c]emonies1 9 solemn processions1 receptions1 m>riages1 ! obsequies ( k+s1 que5s1 pr9ces1 & pr9cesses4 ,exempt$ f milit>y s]vice1 ! goldsmi?s1 unlike o!r trade corporations1 _h n ! opportunity ( di/+ui%+ !mselves 9 ! militia ( ! communes4 ,!y1 nev]!less1 occupi$ ! fir/ place 9 ! /ate processions ( trades1 & frequ5tly fill$ po/s ( hon\r4 ,?us 9 ,p>is !y _h ! cu/ody ( ! gold & silv] plate :5 ! good city ent]ta9$ "s illu/ri\s gue/ at a banquet2 !y c>ri$ ! canopy above ! head ( ! k+ on 8 joyful accession2 or1 cr[n$ ) roses1 walk$ be>+ on _! %\ld]s ! v5]at$ %r9e ( ,/4 ,g5evive 7,fig4 #abc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,9 ! weal?y cities ( ,belgium1 :]e ! corporations 7 que5s 7re9es71 ! goldsmi?s1 by virtue ( _! privileges1 dictat$ ! law & sway$ ! p4 ,no d\bt 9 ,france !y 7 f> f enjoy+ ! same political influ5ce2 nev]!less1 "o ( !m 0 t provo/ ( m]*ants1 ,eti5ne ,m>cel1 :o1 f #acef to #aceh1 play$ s bold a "p dur+ ! reg5cy ( ! ,dauph9 ,*>les4 ,b x 0 especially 9 p]iods ( peace & prosp]ity t ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ,p>is %one 9 all its spl5d\r2 !n its bann]s incessantly wav$ 9 ! breeze = ! fe/ivals & processions ( its num]\s & weal?y bro!rhoods to ! *ur*es ( ,notre-,dame1 ,/4 ,m>tial1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,d5is ( ,montm>tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,! ,corporation ( ! ,goldsmi?s ( ,p>is c>ry+ ! ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,g5evive4 7,f an engrav+ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 ,9 #accg ! numb] ( ! w>d5s ( ! goldsmi?'s guild 9 ,p>is _h increas$ f ?ree to six4 ,!y _h _! names engrav$ & _! m>ks /amp$ on tablets ( copp]1 :i* 7 pres]v$ z ar*ives 9 ! t[n-hall4 ,e ,fr5* goldsmi?1 admitt$ a ma/] aft] ! production ( 8 pr9cipal "w1 left ! impression ( 8 sign manual1 or private m>k1 on simil> tablets ( copp] deposit$ 9 ! (fice ( ! guild2 :ile ! /amp ( ! community itself 0 requir$ to be engrav$ at ! m9t to au?orise its be+ us$4 ,e corporation ?us _h its m>k1 :i* ! w>d5s set on ! articles aft] hav+ assay$ & weigh$ ! metal4 ,^! m>ks1 at lea/ 9 ! lat] c5turies1 repres5t$ 9 g5]al ! special arms or emblems ( ! cities2 = ,lyons1 x is a lion2 = ,melun1 an eel2 = ,*>tres1 a p>tridge2 = ,orleans1 ! head ( ,joan ( ,arc1 c4 7,figs4 #aab to #aae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--;,gold ,cross1 *as$4 7,a ,fr5* ,"w ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 ,! goldsmi?s ( ,france manife/$1 & ) reason1 a jeal\sy ( _! privileges1 x be+ m indisp5sable = !m ?an = any o!r artisans to inspire t confid5ce )\t :i* ! trade w\ld h be5 lo/2 = _! works 7 requir$ to be> z au!ntic & legal a value z t ( money4 ,!re=e1 x may be und]/ood t !y ex]cis$ ke5 vigilance ov] all gold or silv] objects :i* 7 9 any way "u _! w>ranty3 h5ce ! frequ5t visits ( ! sworn ma/]s to ! ateli]s & %ops ( ! goldsmi?s2 h5ce ! p]petual lawsuits aga9/ all in/ances ( neglig5ce or fraud2 h5ce ^? qu>rels ) o!r trades :i* arrogat$ to !mselves ! "r ( work+ 9 preci\s metals )\t hav+ qualifi$ = x4 ,confiscation ( goods1 ! :ip1 ! pillory1 7 p5alties inflict$ on goldsmi?s 9 contrab& trade :o alt]$ ! /&>d1 conceal$ copp] b5ea? ! gold1 or sub/itut$ false = preci\s /ones4 ,x1 inde$1 seems rem>kable t :ile = ! mo/ "p o!r trades 7 subject to ! control ( ! goldsmi?s1 ! latt] 7 responsible only to !mselves = ! aggressions :i* !y con/antly committ$ )9 ! doma9 ( rival indu/ries4 ,:5ev] ! object to be manufactur$ 0 ( gold1 x belong$ to ! goldsmi?'s trade4 ,! goldsmi? made1 by turns1 spurs z ! spur-mak]2 arm\r & arms1 z ! arm\r]2 girdles & clasps1 z ! belt-mak] & ! clasp-mak]4 ,h[ev]1 !re is reason to believe t 9 ! fabrication ( ^! v>i\s objects1 ! goldsmi? _h rec\rse to ! assi/ance ( special artisans1 :o c\ld sc>cely fail to d]ive all possible advantage f su* =tuit\s association4 ,?us1 :5 ! gold-wr\ght sword :i* ,dunois c>ri$ :5 ,*>les ,,vii4 ent]$ ,lyons 9 #addi1 m\nt$ 9 diamonds & rubies1 & valu$ at m ?an fifte5 ?\s& cr[ns1 0 to be made1 ! "w ( ! goldsmi?s probably consi/$ only ( ! fa%ion+ & *as+ ! hilt1 :ile ! sword-cutl] _h to =ge & temp] ! blade4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 x 0 requir$ to "w a jewell$ robe1 su* z ,m>ie de ,m$icis wore at ! baptism ( h] son 9 #afjf1 ! robe be+ cov]$ ) ?irty-two ?\s& preci\s /ones & ?ree ?\s& diamonds1 ! goldsmi? _h only to m\nt ! /ones & furni% ! design = fix+ !m on ! gold or silk tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,p5dant1 adorn$ ) ,diamonds & ,preci\s ,/ones4 7,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 ,long be=e ,b5v5uto & o!r skilful ,italian goldsmi?s 7 summon$ by ,francis ,i4 to 8 c\rt1 ! ,fr5* goldsmi?s _h prov$ t !y ne$$ only a little enc\ragem5t to range !mselves on a level ) =eign arti/s4 ,b t patronage hav+ fail$ !m1 !y left ! c\ntry & e/abli%$ !mselves else:]e2 ?us at ! c\rt ( ,fl&]s1 ,anto9e ( ,bordeaux1 ,m>g]ie ( ,avignon1 & ,jean ( ,r\51 di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,x is true t 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xii41 ^: ex*equ] _h be5 exhau/$ 9 ! ,italian exp$itions1 gold & silv] _h become s sc>ce 9 ,france1 t ! k+ 0 oblig$ to prohibit ! manufacture ( all sorts ( l>ge plate 7gross]ie74 ,b ! discov]y ( ,am]ica hav+ br\ght ) x an abundance ( ! preci\s metals1 ,l\is ,,xii4 recall$ 8 ord9ance 9 #aeaj2 & !nce=? ! corporations ( goldsmi?s 7 se5 to increase & prosp]1 z luxuri\sness1 diffus$ by ! example ( ! great1 desc5d$ to ! l[] ranks ( society4 ,silv] plate soon displac$ t ( t92 & be=e long p]sonal display _h atta9$ su* a height1 8t ! wife ( a m]*ant wore on h] p]son m jewels ?an 7 se5 on ! image ( ! ,virg940 ,! numb] ( ! goldsmi?s !n became s great t 9 ! city ( ,r\5 alone !re 7 9 #aefc two hundr$ & sixty-five ma/]s hav+ ! "r ( /amp6 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abf to #aca4--;,*a9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #acb to #acf4--,r+s4 ,to sum up ?is *apt]4 ,until ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury x is ! religi\s art :i* prevails2 ! goldsmi?s are engag$ only 9 execut+ %r9es1 reliqu>ies1 & *ur* ornam5ts4 ,at ! end ( t c5tury1 & dur+ ! "o foll[+1 !y manufactur$ gold & silv] ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #acg to #ada4--,seals4 plate1 enri*+ ) _! works ! treasuries ( k+s & nobles1 & imp>t+ brilliant display to ! adornm5t ( dress4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ! goldsmi?s appli$ !mselves m to *as+1 enamell+1 & inlay-"w4 ,ev]y:]e are to be se5 m>vell\s tr9kets--necklaces1 r+s1 buckles1 *a9s1 seals 7,figs4 #abd to #adb74 ,! weight ( metal is no long] ! pr9cipal m]it2 ! skill ( ! workman is especially appreciat$1 & ! goldsmi? executes 9 gold1 9 silv]1 & 9 preci\s /ones1 ! beautiful productions ( pa9t]s & engrav]s4 ,nev]!less1 ! dem& = delicate objects _h ! disadvantage ( requir+ mu* sold] & alloy1 :i* det]iorat$ ! /&>d ( metal4 ,!n a desp]ate /ruggle comm5c$ betwe5 ! goldsmi?s & ! m9t--a /ruggle :i* 0 prosecut$ ?r\gh a maze ( legal proce$+s1 petitions1 & ord9ances1 until ! middle ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,at ! same "t ! ,italian & ,g]man goldsmi?s mak+ an irruption into ,france & introduc+ mat]ials ( a l[ /&>d1 ! old pr(essional integrity became suspect$ & 0 soon disreg>d$4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury v little plate 0 ornam5t$3 !re is a return to massive plate1 ! weight & /&>d ( :i* c\ld be easily v]ifi$4 ,gold is sc>cely any long] employ$1 except = jewels2 & silv] 9 a ?\s& =ms creeps into ! manufacture ( furniture4 ,aft] cab9ets1 cov]$ & ornam5t$ ) c>v+ 9 silv]1 came ! articles ( silv] furniture inv5t$ by ,claude ,ball94 ,b ! mass ( preci\s metal )drawn f circulation 0 soon return$ to x1 & ! fa%ion pass$ away4 ,! goldsmi?s f\nd !mselves r$uc$ to manufacture only objects ( small size2 & = ! mo/ "p !y limit$ !mselves to works ( jewell]y1 :i* subject$ !m to less annoyance f ! m9t4 ,besides1 ! art ( ! lapid>y _h almo/ *ang$ its "*1 z well z ! trade 9 preci\s /ones4 ,pi]re de ,mont>sy1 jewell] to ! k+1 effect$ a k9d ( revolution 9 8 art1 :i* ! travels ( ,*>d91 ( ,b]ni]1 & ( ,tav]ni]1 9 ! ,ea/ _h1 s to say1 enl>g$4 ,! cutt+ & m\nt+ ( preci\s /ones has n s9ce be5 excell$4 ,x may be said t ,mont>sy 0 ! fir/ jewell]1 z ,ball9 0 ! la/ goldsmi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,*as$ & ,enamell$ ,broo*1 embelli%$ ) ,pe>ls & ,diamonds4 7,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 ,,horology4 ,modes ( measur+ ,"t among ! ,anci5ts4--,! ,gnomon4--,! ,wat]-,clock4--,! ,h\r-,glass4--,! ,wat]-,clock1 improv$ by ! ,p]sians & by ! ,italians4--,g]b]t inv5ts ! ,escapem5t & ! mov+ ,weights4--,! ,/rik+-bell4--,mai/re ,jehan des ,orloges4--,jacquem>t ( ,dijon4--,! fir/ ,clock 9 ,p>is4--,e>lie/ portable ,timepiece4--,inv5tion ( ! spiral ,spr+4--,fir/ appe>ance ( ,wat*es4--,! ,wat*es1 or 8,eggs10 ( ,nuremb]g4--,inv5tion ( ! ,fusee4--,corporation ( ,clockmak]s4--,not$ ,clocks at ,j5a1 ,/rasburg1 ,lyons1 c4--,*>les-,qu9t & ,jannellus4--,! ,p5dulum4 ,among ! anci5ts !re 7 ?ree in/rum5ts = measur+ "t--! gnomon1 or sun-dial1 :i* is only1 z we "k1 a table :]eon l9es are s arrang$ z successively to meet ! %ad[ ca/ by a gnomon1#bj ?us indicat+ ! h\r ( ! day accord+ to ! height or incl9ation ( ! sun2 ! wat]-clock 7clepsydra71 :i* _h = its pr9ciple ! measur$ p]colation ( a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]2 & ! h\r-glass1 :]e9 ! liquid is ex*ang$ = s&4 ,x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e :i* ( ^! ?ree *ronometric modes c lay claim to priority4 ,!re is ?is to be said t1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 9 ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,ahaz1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 caus$ a sun-dial to be con/ruct$ at ,j]usalem2 aga91 ,h]odotus says ,anaxim&] introduc$ ! sun-dial into ,greece1 :5ce x pass$ on to ! o!r p>ts ( ! !n civilis$ _w2 & t1 9 ! ye> #bic be=e our era1 ! celebrat$ ,papirius ,cursor1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 _h a sun-dial trac$ ne> ! temple ( ,jupit] ,quir9us4 ,accord+ to ! description giv5 by ,a!na 7,a!nu871 ! wat]-clock 0 =m$ ( an e>!nw>e or metal vessel fill$ ) wat]1 & !n susp5d$ ov] a res]voir :]eon l9es 7 m>k$ indicat+ ! h\rs1 z ! wat] :i* escap$ drop by drop f ! upp] vessel came to ! level4 ,we f9d ?is in/rum5t employ$ by mo/ anci5t nations1 & 9 _m c\ntries x rema9$ 9 use until ! t5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,! ,clockmak]4 ,design$ & ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,amman4 ,9 "o ( 8 dialogues ,plato decl>es t ! philosoph]s are f> m =tunate ?an ! orators--8^! be+ ! slaves ( a mis]able wat]-clock2 :]eas ! o!rs are at lib]ty to make _! disc\rse z long z !y please40 ,to expla9 ?is passage1 we mu/ rememb] t x 0 ! practice 9 ! ,a!nian c\rts ( ju/ice1 z subsequ5tly 9 ^? ( ,rome1 to measure ! "t all[$ to ! advocates = plead+ by means ( a wat]-clock4 ,?ree equal portions ( wat] 7 put into x--"o = ! prosecutor1 "o = ! def5dant1 & ! ?ird = ! judge4 ,a man 0 *>g$ ) ! special duty ( giv+ timely notice to ea* ( ! ?ree speak]s t 8 portion 0 ne>ly run out4 ,if1 on "s unusual occasion1 ! "t = "o or o!r ( ! p>ties 0 d\bl$1 x 0 call$ 8add+ wat]-clock to wat]-clock20 & :5 witnesses 7 giv+ evid5ce1 or ! text ( "s law 0 be+ read out1 ! p]colation ( ! wat] 0 /opp$3 ?is 0 call$ aquam su/9]e 7to reta9 ! wat]74 ,! h\r-glass1 :i* is /ill 9 use to a consid]able ext5t = measur+ %ort int]vals ( "t1 _h great analogy ) ! wat]-clock1 b 0 nev] susceptible ( su* regul>ity4 ,9 fact1 at diff]5t p]iods important improvem5ts 7 appli$ to ! wat]-clock4 ,vitruvius tells u t1 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s be=e our era1 ,ctesibius1 a me*anician ( ,alex&ria1 add$ sev]al cogg$-:eels to ! wat]-clock1 "o ( :i* mov$ a h&1 %[+ ! h\r on a dial4 ,?is mu/ h be51 s f> z hi/orical docum5ts admit ( pro(1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds purely me*anical horology4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to f9d an au!ntic date 9 ! hi/ory ( horology1 we mu/ g to ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 wat]-clocks1 /ill fur!r improv$1 7 ei!r made or import$ into ,france2 among o!rs1 "o :i* ,pope ,paul ,i4 s5t to ,pep9 le ,bref4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 believe t ^! in/rum5ts c h attract$ b little att5tion1 or t !y 7 spe$ily =gott52 =1 "o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 !re appe>$ a wat]-clock at ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne1 a pres5t f ! fam\s caliph ,ar\n-al-,ras*id1 reg>d$1 inde$ almo/ celebrat$1 z a notable ev5t4 ,( ?is ,eg9h>d has left u an elaborate description4 ,x 01 he says1 9 brass1 damaske5$ ) gold1 & m>k$ ! h\rs on a dial4 ,at ! end ( ea* h\r an equal numb] ( small iron balls fell on a bell1 & made x s\nd z _m times z ! h\r indicat$ by ! ne$le4 ,twelve w9d[s imm$iately op5$1 out ( :i* 7 se5 to proce$ ! same numb] ( horsem5 arm$ cap--pie1 :o1 aft] p]=m+ div]s evolutions1 )drew into ! int]ior ( ! me*anism1 & !n ! w9d[s clos$4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,pacificus1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,v]ona1 con/ruct$ "o f> sup]ior to all t _h prec$$ x2 =1 besides giv+ ! h\rs1 x indicat$ ! date ( ! mon?1 ! days ( ! week1 ! phases ( ! moon1 c4 ,b /ill x 0 only an improv$ wat]-clock4 ,be=e horology c\ld really assume an hi/orical date1 x 0 necess>y t = motive p[] weights %\ld be sub/itut$ = wat]1 & t ! escapem5t %\ld be inv5t$2 yet x 0 only 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury t ^! important discov]ies 7 made4 8,9 ! reign ( ,hugh ,capet10 says ,m4 ,dubois1 8!re liv$ 9 ,france a man ( great tal5t & reputation nam$ ,g]b]t4 ,he 0 born 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,auv]gne1 & _h pass$ 8 *ildhood 9 t5d+ flocks ne> ,aurillac4 ,"o day "s monks ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict met him 9 ! fields3 !y conv]s$ ) him1 & f9d+ him precoci\sly intellig5t1 took him into _! conv5t ( ,/4 ,grauld4 ,!re ,g]b]t soon acquir$ a ta/e = mona/ic life4 ,eag] = k1 & devot+ all 8 sp>e mom5ts to /udy1 he became ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! community4 ,aft] he _h tak5 v[s1 a desire to add to 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts l$ him to set out = ,spa94 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s he assidu\sly frequ5t$ ! univ]sities ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,he soon f\nd himself too le>n$ = ,spa92 =1 9 spite ( 8 truly s9c]e piety1 ignorant fanatics accus$ him ( sorc]y4 ,z t accusation might h involv$ him 9 deplorable consequ5ces1 he pref]r$ n to await ! result2 & ha/ily quitt+ ! t[n ( ,salamanca1 :i* 0 8 ord9>y resid5ce1 he came to ,p>is1 :]e he v soon made himself p[]ful fri5ds & protectors4 ,at l5g?1 aft] hav+ successively be5 monk1 sup]ior ( ! conv5t ( ,bobbio1 9 ,italy1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 tutor to ,rob]t ,i41 ,k+ ( ,france1 & to ,o?o ,,iii41 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 :o appo9t$ him to ! see ( ,rav5na1 ,g]b]t rose to ! pontifical ?rone "u ! "n ( ,sylve/] ,,ii43 he di$ 9 #ajjc4 ,?is great man did hon\r to 8 c\ntry & to 8 age4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ne>ly all ! dead & liv+ languages2 he 0 a me*anician1 a/ronom]1 physician1 geometrician1 algebrai/1 c4 ,he introduc$ ! ,arab num]als into ,france4 ,9 ! seclusion ( 8 mona/ic cell1 z 9 8 ar*iepiscopal palace1 8 fav\rite relaxation 0 ! /udy ( me*anics4 ,he 0 skill$ 9 mak+ sun-dials1 wat]-clocks1 h\r-glasses1 & hydraulic organs4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ appli$ weight z a motive p[] to horology2 &1 9 all probability1 he is ! inv5tor ( t admirable me*anism call$ escapem5t--! mo/ beautiful1 z well z ! mo/ ess5tial1 ( all ! inv5tions :i* h be5 made 9 horology40 ,?is is n ! place to give a description ( ^! two me*anisms1 :i* c h>dly be expla9$ except ) ! assi/ance ( purely te*nical draw+s1 b x may be rem>k$ t weights are /ill ! sole motive p[] ( l>ge clocks1 & ! escapem5t allud$ to has be5 alone employ$ ?r\gh\t ! _w until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,not)/&+ ! importance ( ^! two inv5tions1 little use 0 made ( !m dur+ ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! wat]-clock & h\r-glass 7,fig4 #add7 cont9u$ exclusively 9 use4 ,"s 7 ornam5t$ & engrav$ ) mu* ta/e2 & !y contribut$ to ! decoration ( ap>tm5ts1 z at pres5t d our bronzes & clocks m or less co/ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,an ,h\r-glass ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1--,fr5* ,"w4 ,hi/ory does n in=m u :o 0 ! inv5tor ( ! /rik+ ma*9]y2 b x is at lea/ av]r$ t x exi/$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( x is f\nd 9 ! 8,usages de l',ordre de ,cteaux10 compil$ ab\t #aabj4 ,x is !re prescrib$ to ! sacri/an s to regulate ! clock1 t x 8s\nds & awak5s him be=e mat9s20 9 ano!r *apt] ! monk is ord]$ to prolong ! lecture until 8! clock /rikes40 ,at fir/1 9 ! mona/]ies1 ! monks took x 9 turn to wat*1 & w>n ! community ( ! h\rs = pray]2 &1 9 ! t[ns1 !re 7 night wat*m51 :o1 moreov]1 7 ma9ta9$ 9 _m places to ann\nce 9 ! /reets ! h\r d5ot$ by ! clocks1 ! wat]-clocks1 or ! h\r-glasses4 ,! ma*9]y = /rik+ once inv5t$1 we d n f9d t horology _h atta9$ to any p]fection be=e ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ x receiv$ its impulse1 & ! art f t "t cont9u$ to progress4 ,to give an idea ( :at 0 effect$ at t "t1 we w borr[ a passage f ! e>lie/ writ+s 9 :i* horology is m5tion$2 t is1 f an unpubli%$ book by ,philip de ,maizires1 entitl$ 8,le ,songe du ,vieil ,pl]930--8,x is kn[n t 9 ,italy !re is at pres5t 7ab\t #acej7 a man g5]ally celebrat$ 9 philosophy1 9 m$ic9e1 & 9 a/ronomy2 9 8 /ation1 by common report1 s+ul> & grave1 excell+ 9 ! above ?ree sci5ces1 & ( ! city ( ,padua4 ,8 surname is lo/1 & he is call$ #8,mai/re ,jehan des ,orloges1' resid+ at pres5t ) ! ,comte de ,v]tus2 &1 = ! treble sci5ces1 he has = ye>ly wages & p]quisites two ?\s& flor9s1 or !reab\ts4 ,?is ,mai/re ,jean des ,orloges has made an in/rum5t1 by "s call$ a sph]e or clock1 ( ! movem5t ( ! heav5s1 9 :i* in/rum5t are all ! motions ( ! signs 7zodiacal71 & ( ! planets1 ) _! circles & epicycles1 & multipli$ diff]5ces1 :eels 7roes7 )\t numb]1 ) all _! p>ts1 & ea* planet 9 ! said sph]e1 di/9ctly4 ,on any giv5 night1 we see cle>ly 9 :at sign & degree are ! planets & ! />s ( ! heav5s2 & ?is sph]e is s cunn+ly made1 t not)/&+ ! multitude ( :eels1 :i* _c well be numb]$ )\t tak+ ! ma*9]y to pieces1 _! entire me*anism is gov]n$ by "o s+le c\nt]poise1 s m>vell\s t ! grave a/ronom]s f di/ant regions come ) great rev]5ce to visit ! said ,mai/re ,jean & ! "w ( 8 h&s2 & all ! great cl]ks ( a/ronomy1 ( philosophy1 & ( m$ic9e1 decl>e t !re is no recollection ( a man1 ei!r 9 writt5 docum5t or o!rwise1 :o 9 ?is _w has made s +5i\s or s important an in/rum5t ( ! heav5ly movem5ts z ! said clock4444 ,mai/re ,jean made ! said clock ) 8 own h&s1 all ( brass & ( copp]1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any o!r p]son1 & did no?+ else dur+ sixte5 entire ye>s1 if ! writ] ( ! book1 :o _h a great fri5d%ip = ! said ,mai/re ,jean1 has be5 rightly in=m$40 ,x is kn[n1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! fam\s clockmak]1 ^: real "n ,maizires assumes to be lo/1 0 call$ ,jaques de ,dondis2 & t1 9 spite ( ! ass]tion ( ! writ]1 he _h only to arrange ! clock1 ! p>ts ( :i* _h be5 execut$ by an excell5t workman nam$ ,anto9e4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 plac$ at ! top ( "o ( ! t[]s ( ! palace ( ,padua1 ! clock ( ,jaques de ,dondis1 or ( 8,mai/re ,jean des ,orloges10 excit$ g5]al admiration1 & sev]al pr9ces ( ,europe be+ desir\s to h simil> clocks1 _m workm5 tri$ to imitate x4 ,9 fact1 *ur*es or mona/]ies 7 soon able to pride !mselves on possess+ simil> *efs-d'uvre4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable clocks ( t p]iod1 we mu/ ref] to t ( :i* ,froiss>t speaks1 & :i* 0 c>ri$ away f ! t[n ( ,c\rtray by ,philip ! ,bold aft] ! battle ( ,rosbecque 9 #achb4 8,! ,duke ( ,burgundy10 says our au?or1 8caus$ to be c>ri$ away f ! m>ket-place a clock t /ruck ! h\rs1 "o ( ! f9e/ :i* c\ld be f\nd on ei!r side ! sea2 & he convey$ x piece by piece 9 c>ts1 & ! bell also4 ,:i* clock 0 br\ght & c>t$ into ! t[n ( ,dijon1 9 ,burgundy1 0 !re deposit$ & put up1 & !re /rikes ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs betwe5 day & night40 ,x is ! celebrat$ clock ( ,dijon :i* !n z n[ 0 surm\nt$ by two automata ( iron1 a man & a woman1 /rik+ ! h\rs on ! bell4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,jacquem>t giv5 to ^! figures has be5 mu* disput$4 ,mnage believes t ! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 jaccom>*i>dus 7coat ( mail--attire ( w>72 & he rem9ds u t1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 ! cu/om to /ation1 on ! summit ( ! t[]s1 m5 7soldi]s we>+ ! jacque7 to give w>n+ ( ! approa* ( ! enemy1 ( fires1 c4 ,mnage adds t1 :5 m effici5t wat*]s occasion$ ! discont9uance ( ^! nocturnal s5t9els1 x 0 probably consid]$ desirable to pres]ve ! remembrance ( !m by putt+ 9 ! place !y _h occupi$ iron figures :i* /ruck ! h\rs4 ,o!r writ]s trace ! "n ev5 to ! inv5tor ( ?is description ( clocks1 :o1 accord+ to !m1 liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 0 call$ ,jacques ,m>ck4 ,f9ally1 ,gabriel ,peignot1 :o has writt5 a diss]tation on ! jacquem>t ( ,dijon1 ass]ts t 9 #adbb a p]son nam$ ,jacquem>t1 clockmak] & locksmi?1 resid+ 9 ! t[n ( ,lille1 receiv$ tw5ty-two livres f ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 = repair+ ! clock ( ,dijon2 & f t he concludes1 see+ h[ %ort ! di/ance is f ,lille to ,c\rtray1 :5ce ! clock ( ,dijon _h be5 tak51 t ?is ,jacquem>t might well be ! son or ! gr&son ( ! clockmak] :o _h con/ruct$ x ab\t #acfj2 consequ5tly ! "n ( ! jacquem>t ( ,dijon is d]iv$ f t ( its mak]1 old ,jacquem>t1 ! clockmak] ( ,lille 7,fig4 #ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,jacquem>t ( ,notre-,dame at ,dijon1 made at ,c\rtray 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,giv+ to ea* ( ^! op9ions its due weight1 we conf9e ourselves to /at+ t1 f ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury to ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?1 num]\s *ur*es 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,france already _h jacquem>ts4 ,! fir/ clock possess$ by ,p>is 0 t 9 ! turret ( ! ,palais de ,ju/ice4 ,*>les ,v4 _h x con/ruct$ 9 #acgj by a ,g]man artisan1 ,h5ri de ,vic4 ,x conta9$ a weight = mov+ p[]1 an oscillat+ piece = regulator1 & an escapem5t4 ,x 0 adorn$ ) c>v+s by ,g]ma9 ,pilon1 & 0 de/roy$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #achi1 ! clockmak] ,jean ,j\v5ce made "o = ! ,ca/le ( ,mont>gis4 ,^? ( ,s5s & ( ,aux]re1 z well z t ( ,lund 9 ,sw$51 date f ! same p]iod4 ,9 ! la/1 e h\r two cavali]s met & gave ea* o!r z _m bl[s z ! h\rs to be /ruck3 !n a door op5$1 & ! ,virg9 ,m>y appe>$ sitt+ on a ?rone1 ) ! ,infant ,jesus 9 h] arms1 receiv+ ! visit ( ! ,magi foll[$ by _! ret9ue2 ! ,magi pro/rat+ !mselves & t5d]+ _! pres5ts4 ,dur+ ! c]emony two trumpets s\nd$3 !n all vani%$1 to re-appe> ! foll[+ h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--;,clock ) ,:eels & ,weights4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,cab9et ( ,antiquities1 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,until ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 clocks 7 de/9$ exclusively ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--;,a portable ,clock ( ! "t ( ! ,valois4 to public build+s2 or !y at lea/ affect$1 if we may say s1 a monum5tal "* :i* preclud$ _! admission into private h\ses4 ,! fir/ clocks ) weights & ! fly:eel made = private use appe>$ 9 ,france1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,g]many1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b naturally !y 7 at fir/ s co/ly t only nobles & weal?y p]sons c\ld obta9 !m4 ,b an impulse 0 giv5 :i* l$ to ! manufacture ( ^! objects m economically4 ,9 fact1 x 0 n long be=e portable clocks 7 se5 9 ! mo/ unpret5ti\s abodes4 ,?is ( c\rse did n prev5t ! production ( exp5sive examples1 ei!r z reg>ds ornam5tation or c>v+1 or 9 plac+ ! clock on co/ly p$e/als or cases1 )9 :i* 7 susp5d$ ! weights 7,fig4 #adf74 ,! fifte5? c5tury has di/9ctly left its m>k on ! progress ( horology4 ,9 #adja ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville 0 enri*$ ) a magnific5t clock :i* /ruck ! h\rs4 ,9 #adjd1 ,laz>e1 a ,s]vian by bir?1 con/ruct$ a simil> "o = ,mosc[4 ,t ( ,lubeck1 :i* 0 embelli%$ ) ! figures ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 dates f #adje4 ,x is prop] to notice also ! fam\s clock :i* ,jean-,galeas ,visconti _h made = ,pavia2 & m especially t ( ,/4 ,m>c ( ,v5ice1 :i* 0 n execut$ until #adie4 ,! spiral spr+ 0 inv5t$ 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,vii43 a b& ( v f9e /eel1 roll$ up into a small drum or b>rel1 produc$1 9 unroll+1 ! effect ( ! weights on ! primitive movem5ts4 ,to ! possibility ( enclos+ t mov+ p[] 9 a conf9$ space is due ! facility ( manufactur+ v small clocks4 ,9 fact1 "o f9ds 9 c]ta9 collections1 clocks ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xi41 rem>kable n only = ! arti/ic ri*ness ( _! decoration1 b /ill m s = ! small space !y occupy1 al?\gh !y are g5]ally ( v complicat$ me*anism2 "s m>k+ ! date ( ! mon?1 /rik+ ! h\r1 & s]v+ also z al>m-clocks4 ,x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to det]m9e ! exact date ( ! inv5tion ( wat*es4 ,b1 9 tru?1 we ought p]haps to reg>d ! wat*1 especially aft] ! inv5tion ( ! spiral spr+1 z only ! la/ /ep tak5 t[>ds a portable =m ( clock4 ,x is h[ev] true1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts f\nd 9 ,pancirole & ,du ,v]di] by ! au?ors ( ! 8,encyclopdia ( ,sci5ces10 t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury wat*es 7 made no l>g] ?an an almond4 ,ev5 ! names ,myrmcides & ,c>ovagius are cit$ z ^? ( two celebrat$ artisans 9 su* "w4 ,x 0 said t ! latt] made an al>m-wat* :i* n only s\nd$ ! h\r requir$1 b ev5 /ruck a light to ignite a c&le4 ,besides1 we "k = c]ta9 t1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xi41 !re 7 wat*es v small yet p]fectly manufactur$2 & x is prov$ t1 9 #aejj1 at ,nuremb]g1 ,pet] ,hele made !m ( ! =m ( an egg1 & consequ5tly ! wat*es ( t c\ntry 7 long kn[n z ,nuremb]g eggs4 ,we le>n1 moreov]1 f hi/ory t 9 #aedb1 a wat* :i* /ruck ! h\rs1 set 9 a r+1 0 (f]$ to ,guidobaldo ( ,rov]e2 & t 9 #aege1 ,p>k]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 bequea!d to 8 bro!r ,ri*>d a cane ( ,indian wood hav+ a wat* plac$ 9 its head2 &1 f9ally1 t ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl& wore a v small wat* requir+ to be w\nd up only e eigh? day4 ,x is n inappropriate "h to rem>k t ! "t kept by ^! little ma*9es 0 n regul> until an +5i\s workman1 ^: "n has n come d[n to u1 inv5t$ ! fusee1 a k9d ( truncat$ cone2 to ! base ( ?is 0 atta*$ a small piece ( catgut :i*1 spirally roll+ itself up to ! top1 became fa/5$ to ! b>rel t enclos$ ! spr+4 ,! advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t ow+ to ! conical =m ( ! fusee1 ! traction ( ! spr+ act+ z x relaxes on a great] radius ( ! cone1 x results 9 e/abli%+ equilibrium ( p[] betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ movem5ts ( ! spr+4 ,subsequ5tly a clockmak] nam$ ,gruet sub/itut$ jo9t$ 7articules7 *a9s = catgut2 ! latt] hav+ ! great disadvantage ( be+ hygrometric & v>y+ 9 t5sion ) ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! use ( wat*es spread rapidly 9 ,france4 ,9 ! reigns ( ! ,valois1 a l>ge numb] 7 made ( v dim9utive size1 to :i* ! clockmak]s gave all sorts ( =ms1 especially ^? ( an acorn1 an almond1 a ,lat9 cross1 a %ell 7,figs4 #adh to #aej74 ,!y 7 engrav$1 *as$1 enamell$2 ! h& :i* m>k$ ! h\r 0 v frequ5tly ( delicate workman%ip1 & sometimes ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,"s ( ^! wat*es set 9 motion symbolic figures1 z well z ,"t1 ,apollo1 ,diana1 ! ,virg91 ! ,apo/les1 & ! sa9ts4 ,x may be conceiv$ t all ^! complicat$ works requir$ num]\s craftsm54 ,x 0 !re=e consid]$ prop] to unite ^! artisans 9 a community4 ,! /atutes :i* !y _h receiv$ f ,l\is ,,xi4 9 #adhc 7 confirm$ by ,francis ,i4 ,!y conta9$ a succession ( laws1 int5d$ to protect at ! same "t ! int]e/s ( memb]s ( ! corporation & ! dignity ( _! pr(ession4 ,no "o 0 admitt$ z ma/] b on pro( ( hav+ s]v$ eight ye>s ( appr5tice%ip1 & aft] hav+ produc$ a *ef-d'uvre 9 ! ,illu/ration3 ,,clock ,,( ,,damasc5$ ,,iron ,,& ,,wat*es ,( ! ,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5turies4 h\se1 or "u ! sup]vision1 ( "o ( ! inspectors ( ! corporation4 ,! visit+ inspectors1 elect$ by all ! memb]s1 z well z by ! tru/ees & ! syndics1 7 au?oris$ :5 introduc+ !mselves into ! work%ops1 to look aft] ! prop] con/ruction ( wat*es & clocks2 & if x happ5$ t !y f\nd su* z did n appe> to be made accord+ to ! rules ( art1 !y c\ld n only seize & de/roy !m1 b also impose a f9e on ! mak] = ! b5efit ( ! corporation4 ,! /atutes also gave exclusive "r to ! accr$it$ ma/]s to trade1 directly or o!rwise1 ) all ! /ock1 new or second-h&1 f9i%$ or unf9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #adh to #aej4--,wat*es ( ! ,valois ,epo*4 7,sixte5? ,c5tury47 8,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! wise in/itutions10 ,m4 ,dubois rem>ks1 8! ma/]-clockmak]s _h no fe> ( ! competition ( p]sons n belong+ to ! corporation4 ,if !y 7 affect$ by ! arti/ic sup]iority ( "s ( _! colleagues1 x 0 ) ! laudable desire to cont5d ) !m = ! fir/ places4 ,! "w ( "o day1 sup]ior to t ( ! prec$+1 0 surpass$ by t ( ! day foll[+4 ,x 0 by ?is incessant competition ( intellig5ce & k1 by ?is legitimate & invigorat+ rivalry ( all ! memb]s ( ! same indu/ri\s community1 t sci5ce itself atta9$ by degrees ! z5i? ( ! excell5t & ! sublime ( ! beautiful4 ,! ambition ( workm5 0 to rise to ! ma/]%ip1 & !y atta9$ t only by =ce ( lab\r & assidu\s ef=ts4 ,! ambition ( ! ma/]s 0 to acquire ! hon\rs ( ! syndicate--t consul> magi/racy ! mo/ hon\rable ( all1 = x 0 ! result ( election1 & ! recomp5se ( s]vices r5d]$ to art & to ! community40 ,hav+ ?us rea*$ ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & n wi%+ to exce$ ! compass assign$ to ?is sket*1 we may limit ourselves to ! m5tion ( "s ( ! rem>kable works produc$ dur+ a c5tury by an art t _h already manife/$ itself ) a p[] nev] to be dim9i%$4 ,! clock :i* ,h5ry ,,ii4 _h con/ruct$ = ! *teau ( ,anet has long be5 reg>d$ z v curi\s4 ,e "t ! h& d5otes ! h\r1 a /ag appe>s f ! inside ( ! clock1 & d>ts away foll[$ by a pack ( h\nds2 b soon ! pack & ! /ag /op1 & ! latt]1 by means ( v +5i\s me*anism1 /rikes ! h\rs ) "o ( 8 feet4 ,! clock ( ,j5a 7,fig4 #aea71 :i* is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 is n less fam\s4 ,above ! dial is a bronze head presum$ to repres5t a buffoon ( ,erne/1 ,elector ( ,saxony1 :o di$ 9 #adhf4 ,:5 ! h\r is ab\t to /rike1 ! head--s rem>kably ugly z to h giv5 ! clock ! "n ( ! mon/r\s head--op5s its v l>ge m\?4 ,a figure repres5t+ an old pilgrim (f]s x a gold5 apple on ! end ( a /ick2 b j :5 poor ,hans 7s 0 ! fool call$7 is ab\t to close 8 m\? to ma/icate & swall[ ! apple1 ! pilgrim sudd5ly )draws x4 ,on ! left ( ! head is an angel s++ 7! arms ( ! city ( ,j5a71 hold+ 9 "o h& a book1 :i* he raises t[>ds 8 eyes :5ev] ! h\rs /rike1 & ) ! o!r he r+s a h&-bell4 ,! t[n ( ,niort1 9 ,poit\1 possess$ also an extraord9>y clock1 ornam5t$ ) a great numb] ( allegorical figures--! "w ( ,b\ha91 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,clock ( ,j5a1 9 ,g]many4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 9 #aegj4 ,a mu* m fam\s clock 0 t ( ,/rasburg 7,fig4 #aeb71 con/ruct$ 9 #aegc1 & :i* 0 long consid]$ to be ! greate/ ( all wond]s4 ,x 0 entirely re/or$ 9 #ahdb by ,m4 ,s*wilgu4 ,angelo ,rocca1 9 8 8,comm5t>ium de ,campanis10 gives a description ( x4 ,its mo/ important feature 0 a mov+ sph]e1 :]eon 7 repres5t$ ! planets & ! con/ellations1 & :i* complet$ its rotation 9 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days4 ,on two sides ( ! dial & bel[ x ! pr9cipal fe/ivals ( ! ye> & ! solemnities ( ! ,*ur* 7 repres5t$ by allegorical figures4 ,o!r dials1 di/ribut$ symmetrically on ! faade ( ! t[] 9 :i* ! clock is situat$1 m>k$ ! days ( ! week1 ! date ( ! mon?1 ! signs ( ! zodiac1 ! phases ( ! moon1 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 c4 ,e h\r two angels ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,a/ronomical ,clock ( ! ,ca!dral at ,/rasburg1 con/ruct$ 9 #aegc4 s\nd$ ! trumpet4 ,:5 ! conc]t 0 f9i%$1 ! bell toll$2 !n imm$iately a cock1 p]*$ on ! summit1 spread 8 w+s noisily1 & made 8 cr[+ to be he>d4 ,! /rik+ ma*9]y1 by means ( movable trap-doors1 cyl9d]s1 & spr+s conceal$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! clock1 set 9 motion a consid]able numb] ( automata1 execut$ ) mu* skill4 ,angelo ,rocca adds t ! completion ( ?is *ef-d'uvre 0 attribut$ to ,nicolas ,cop]nicus2 & t :5 ?is able me*anician _h f9i%$ 8 "w1 ! %]iffs & consuls ( ! city _h 8 eyes put out 9 ord] to r5d] x impossible = him to execute a simil> clock = any o!r city4 ,?is la/ /atem5t is ! m des]v+ to rank among m]e leg5ds f ! fact t1 indep5d5t ( exi/+ pro( ( ! clock be+ made by ,conrad ,dasypodius1 x w\ld be v difficult to prove t ,cop]nicus ev] visit$ ,alsace1 or _h 8 eyes put out4 ,a simil> tradition is atta*$ to ! hi/ory ( ano!r clock /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & :i* 0 n less celebrat$ ?an t ( ,/rasburg4 ,we ref] to t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john at ,lyons1 made 9 #aeih by ,ni*olas ,lippius1 a clockmak] ( ,basle2 repair$ & enl>g$ subsequ5tly by ,n\risson1 an artisan ( ,lyons4 ,only ! hor>y me*anism n[ acts2 b ! clock is n on t acc\nt neglect$ by visitors1 to :om ! wor?y att5dants /ill repeat1 9 p]fect fai?1 t ,lippius 0 put to dea? z soon z he _h f9i%$ 8 *ef-d'uvre4 ,to %[ ! improbability ( ?is pret5d$ p5alty x is suffici5t to rem>k1 ) ,m4 ,dubois1 t ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury p]sons 7 n kill$ = ! crime ( mak+ *efs-d'uvre2 & !re is1 besides1 pro( t ,lippius di$ 9 peace1 & hon\r$1 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,to ^! fam\s clocks mu/ be add$ ^? ( ,/4 ,lamb]t at ,lige1 ( ,nuremb]g1 ( ,augsburg1 & ( ,basle2 t ( ,m$9a del ,campo1 9 ,spa91 & ^? :i*1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 or dur+ ! ,protector%ip ( ,cromwell1 7 manufactur$ & plac$ 9 ,engl&1 at ,/4 ,dun/an's 9 ,london1#ba & 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,cant]bury1 9 ,ed9burgh1 & 9 ,glasg[1 c4 ,be=e conclud+1 & to d ju/ice to a c5tury to :i* we h assign$ a p]iod ( decl9e1 we are b\nd to ackn[l$ge t "s ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu--t is to say1 f #afcj to #afdj--;arti/s ( ability made praisewor?y ef=ts to create a new era 9 horology4 ,b ! improvem5ts !y _h 9 view 7 direct$ mu* m to ! processes ( ! con/ruction ( ! sev]al p>ts compos+ ! clockwork ( wat*es & clocks ?an to ! beauty & +5uity ( ! workman%ip4 ,?is 0 progress ( a purely pr(essional "*1 9 ord] to create a m ready & inexp5sive supply2 a progress :i* we may reg>d z s]vices r5d]$ by art to trade4 ,! p]iod ( great con/ructions & delicate m>vels 0 pa/4 ,ornam5tal ,jacquem>ts 7 no long] plac$ 9 belfries4 ,me*anical *efs-d'uvre 7 no long] set 9 frail gems4 ,! "t 0 /ill f> (f :51 lay+ d[n ! sceptre ( t empire on :i* 8! sun nev] sets10 ! conqu]or ( ,francis ,i41 retir+ to a cloi/]1 employ$ himself 9 ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ complicat$ clockwork4 ,*>les ,v4 _h z assi/ant1 if n z tea*]1 9 8 "w ! le>n$ ma!matician1 ,jannellus ,turianus1 :om he _h induc$ to jo9 him 9 8 retreat4 ,x is said t he enjoy$ no?+ s mu* z see+ ! monks ( ,sa9t-,j /&+ amaz$ be=e 8 al>um wat*es & automaton clocks2 b x is also /at$ t he manife/$ ! greate/ despair :5 oblig$ to admit x 0 z impossible to e/abli% p]fect concord among clocks z among m54 ,9 tru?1 ,galileo _h n yet arriv$ to obs]ve & =mulate ! laws ( ! p5dulum1 :i* ,huyg5s 0 happily to apply to ! movem5ts ( horology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,top ( an ,h\r-,glass1 engrav$ & gilt4 7,a ,fr5* ,"w ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury47 ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,music 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,musical ,in/rum5ts f ! ,f\r? to ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4--,w9d ,in/rum5ts3 ! ,s+le & ,d\ble ,flute1 ! ,p&ean ,pipes1 ! ,re$-pipe1 ! ,hautboy1 ! ,flageolet1 ,trumpets1 ,horns1 ,olifants1 ! ,hydraulic ,organ1 ! ,bell[s-,organ4--,in/rum5ts ( ,p]cussion3 ! ,bell1 ! ,h&-bell1 ,cymbals1 ! ,timbrel1 ! ,triangle1 ! ,bombulum1 ,drums4--,/r+$ ,in/rum5ts3 ! ,lyre1 ! ,ci!rn1 ! ,h>p1 ! ,psalt]y1 ! ,nable1 ! ,*orus1 ! ,organi/rum1 ! ,lute & ! ,guit>1 ! ,cr\t1 ! ,rote1 ! ,viola1 ! ,gigue1 ! ,mono*ord4 ,! hi/ory ( ,music 9 ! ,middle ,ages w\ld comm5ce ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ( our era4 ,9 ! six? c5tury1 ,isidore ( ,seville1 9 8 8,s5tim5ts sur la ,musique10 writes z foll[s3--8,music is a modulation ( ! voice1 & also an accordance ( sev]al s\nds & _! simultane\s union40 ,ab\t #chd1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 :o built ! ,ca!dral ( ,milan1 regulat$ ! mode 9 :i* psalms1 hymns1 & an!ms %\ld be p]=m$1 by select+ f ,greek *ants ^? melodies he consid]$ be/ adapt$ to ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,9 #eij1 ,gregory ! ,great1 9 ord] to rem$y ! disord] :i* _h crept into ecclesia/ical s++1 collect$ all t rema9$ ( ! anci5t ,greek melodies1 ) ^? ( ,/4 ,ambrose & o!rs1 & =m$ ! antiphon>y :i* is call$ ! ,c5toni51 because x is compos$ ( *ants ( 8 selection4 ,h5ce=w>d1 ecclesia/ical *ant+ obta9$ ! "n ( ,gregorian2 x 0 adopt$ into ! :ole ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & ma9ta9$ its position almo/ unalt]$ d[n to ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x is ?\ght t orig9ally ! music ( ! antiphon>y 0 not$ 9 accordance ) ,greek & ,roman usage--a notation kn[n z ! ,boe?ian1 f ! "n ( ,boe?ius ! philosoph]1 by :om we are in=m$ t 9 8 "t 7t is1 ab\t ! end ( ! fif? c5tury7 ! notation 0 compos$ ( ! fir/ fifte5 lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! s\nds ( ! octave 7 repres5t$--! major by capital lett]s1 ! m9or by small lett]s1 z foll[s3-- ,major mode ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,m9or mode a b c d e f g ,"s fragm5ts ( music ( ! elev5? c5tury are /ill pres]v$1 9 :i* ! notation is repres5t$ by lett]s hav+ above !m ! signs ( ano!r k9d ( notation call$ neumes 7,fig4 #aed74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,lam5t compos$ %ortly aft] ! ,dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 probably ab\t #had or #hae1 & attribut$ to ,colomban1 ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,tron4 7,,ms4 de la ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,no4 #a1aed47 ,musical ,notation express$ 9 ,mod]n ,signs1 ! ,text & ,translation ( ! ,lam5t on ,*>lemagne4 ,illu/ration3 ,a s lis or tu u que ad oc ci du a ,lit to ra ma ris plan ctus pul sat pec to ra ,ul tra ma ri na ag mi na tris ,illu/ration3 ti ti a ,te ti git 9 g5s cum er ro re ni mi o ,heu me d l5s plan g6 ,fran ci ,ro ma ni at que cun cti cre du li1 ,luc tu pun gun tur et mag na mo les ti a 9 fan tes1 se nes glo ri o si pr9 ci pes ,nam clan git or bis de trim5tum ,ka ro li ,heu mi hi mi se ro6 ,a solis ortu usque ad occidua ,littora m>is1 planctus pulsat pectora2 ,ultra m>9a agm9a tri/itia ,tetigit +5s cum errore nimio4 ,heu6 me dol5s1 plango4 ,franci1 ,romani1 atque cuncti cr$uli1 ,luctu punguntor et magna mole/ia1 ,infantes1 s5es1 gloriosi pr9cipes2 ,nam clangit orbis detrim5tum ,k>oli4 ,heu6 mihi mis]o6 ,f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/]n %ores1 sorr[ agitates e he>t2 & inl&1 ?is va/ grief sadd5s armies4 ,alas6 9 my grief1 ,i1 too1 weep4 ,fr5*1 ,romans1 & all believ]s are plung$ into m\rn+ & pr(\nd grief3 *ildr51 old m51 & illu/ri\s pr9ces2 = ! :ole _w deplores ! loss ( ,*>lemagne4 ,alas6 mis]able me6 ,ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ! neumes 7 9 use 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*2 !y are spok5 ( by ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus4 ,c]ta9 modifications 9 !m 7 introduc$ by ! ,lomb>ds & ,saxons4 8,!y 7 specially 9 use f ! eigh? to ! twelf? c5tury10 says ,m4 ,c\ssemak]1 9 8 le>n$ "w1 8,hi/oire de l',h>monie au ,moy5 ,age10 8& consi/$ ( two sorts ( signs3 "s =m$ l commas1 dots1 or small incl9$ or horizontal /rokes1 :i* repres5t$ isolat$ s\nds2 o!rs 9 ! %ape ( hooks1 & /rokes v>i\sly twi/$ & jo9$1 express+ gr\ps ( s\nd compos$ ( v>i\s int]vals4 8,^! commas1 dots1 & incl9$ or horizontal /rokes 7 ! orig9 ( ! long notes1 ! breve & ! semibreve1 & aft]w>ds ( ! squ>e notation /ill 9 use 9 ! pla9-*ant ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! hook-%ap$ signs & ! v>i\sly twi/$ & jo9$ /rokes gave rise to ! ligatures & connections ( notes4 8,f ! eigh? to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury--t is1 dur+ "o ( ! brighte/ p]iods ( musical liturgy--! neumes 7 ! notation exclusively adopt$ ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 bo? 9 ecclesia/ical s++ & also 9 secul> music4 ,f ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ?is sy/em ( notation 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,spa940 ,! *ief modification to :i* ! notation ( music 0 subject at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury is due to ! monk ,guido1 ( ,arezzo4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! read+ ( ! neumes1 he inv5t$ plac+ !m on l9es1 & ^! l9es he di/+ui%$ by col\rs4 ,! second1 t ( ! fa1 0 r$2 ! f\r?1 t ( ! ut1 0 gre52 ! fir/ & ! ?ird are only trac$ on ! vellum ) a p54 ,9 ord] t ! sev5 notes %\ld be bett] impress$ ^u ! memory1 he gave z an example ! ?ree fir/ l9es ( ! ,hymn ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 9 :i* ! syllables ut1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 correspond$ to ! signs ( ! gamut3-- 8,ut queant laxis ,reson>e fibris ,mira ge/orum ,famuli tuorum1 ,solve polluti ,labii reatum1 ,sancte ,joannes40 ,! *ori/]s1 9 s++ ?is hymn1 slightly rais$ ! intonation ( ea* ( ! italicis$ syllables1 :i* 7 soon adopt$ = indicat+ six ( ! notes ( ! gamut4 ,to supply ! sev5?1 :i* 0 n nam$ 9 ?is sy/em1 ! b>b>\s !ory ( muances 7divisions7 0 introduc$1 & x 0 n until ! sev5te5? c5tury ! t]m si 0 appli$ 9 ,france4 ,b aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! t5? c5tury _m individuals1 & especially poets1 _h inv5t$ rhy?mical songs1 :i* 7 entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,*ur*4 8,h>mony =m$ by successions ( v>i\s int]vals10 z we are told by ! au?or :om we h be=e quot$1 8obta9$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury ! "n ( discantus1 9 old ,fr5* d*ant4 ,francon de ,cologne is ! mo/ anci5t au?or :o makes use ( ?is ^w4 ,dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! elev5? c5tury ! composition ( melody 0 indep5d5t ( h>mony1 & h5ce=? ! composition ( music 0 divid$ into two v di/9ct p>ts4 ,! p1 & poets & p]sons 9 high life1 con/ruct$ ! melody & ! words2 b be+ ignorant ( ! sci5ce ( music1 !y resort$ to a pr(essional musician to h _! inspirations writt5 d[n4 ,! fir/ 7 v ju/ly call$ tr\vres 7trobadori71 ! o!rs ! d*anteurs1 or h>monis]s4 ,h>mony 0 !n only adapt$ = two voices--a comb9ation ( fif?s1 & ( movem5ts 9 unison4 8,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! con/ruction ( melody cont9u$ to be 9 ! h&s ( poets4 ,! d*anteurs or h>monis]s 7 ! pr(essional musicians4 ,popul> songs became v num]\s4 ,tr\bad\rs multipli$ all ov] ,europe1 & ! greate/ lords deem$ x an hon\r to cultivate bo? poetry & music4 ,g]many _h h] #8ma/]-s+]s1' :o 7 9 reque/ at e c\rt4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,*tela9 de ,c\cy1 ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 ! ,comte de ,b?une1 ! ,comte d',anj\1 & a hundr$ o!rs acquir$ a brilliant reputation by songs1 ( :i* !y compos$ bo? ! words & ! melody4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! tr\vres 0 ,adam de la ,halle1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 #abfj40 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! "n ( c\nt]po9t 0 sub/itut$ = t ( d*ant2 & 9 #acfd1 at ! coronation ( ,*>les ,v4 at ,rheims1 a mass 0 sung :i* 0 writt5 9 f\r p>ts1 compos$ by ,guillaume de ,ma*ault1 poet & musician4 ,among ! anci5ts ! numb] ( musical in/rum5ts 0 consid]able1 b _! names 7 ev5 /ill m num]\s1 because d]iv$ f ! %ape1 ! mat]ial1 ! nature & "* ( ! in/rum5ts1 all ( :i* v>i$ inf9itely1 accord+ to ! :im ( ! mak] or ! musician4 ,add$ to ?is1 e c\ntry _h its national in/rum5ts2 & z ea* 9 its own language designat$ !m by descriptive names1 ! same in/rum5t appe>$ "u t5 diff]5t d5om9ations1 & a simil> "n 0 appli$ to t5 in/rum5ts4 ,h[ev]1 hav+ no?+ b monum5tal repres5tation to guide u1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! in/rum5ts !mselves1 an almo/ inextricable confusion arises4 ,! ,romans c>ri$ back to _! own c\ntry1 z ! results ( conque/1 specim5s ( mo/ ( ! musical in/rum5ts !y f\nd 9 use 9 ! c\ntries subdu$ by !m4 ,?us ,greece suppli$ ,rome ) ne>ly all ! s(t in/rum5ts ( ! class ( lyres & flutes4 ,g]many & ! nor!rn prov9ces1 be+ inhabit$ by w>like races1 gave to _! conqu]ors ! ta/e = l\d-s\nd+ in/rum5ts1 su* z trumpets & drums4 ,asia1 & ,juda especially1 :i* _h multipli$ v>i\s k9ds ( metal-in/rum5ts = use 9 _! religi\s c]emonies1 7 ! means ( naturalis+ 9 ,roman music deep-ton$ in/rum5ts ( ! class ( bells & tom-toms 7a k9d ( drum74 ,egypt introduc$ into ,italy ! timbrel along ) ! wor%ip ( ,isis4 ,byzantium _h no soon] inv5t$ ! fir/ pneumatic organs ?an ! new religion ( ,*ri/ took possession ( !m = exclusive consecration to its s]vice1 bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/4 ,all ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! kn[n _w _h !re=e tak5 refuge1 z x 71 9 ! capital ( ! ,roman empire2 b _! fate 0 only to disappe> & s9k into oblivion aft] !y _h play$ _! "p 9 ! la/ pomps ( t fall+ empire1 & 9 ! f9al fe/ivals ( ! anci5t my?ology4 ,9 a lett] 9 :i* he specially treats ( 8v>i\s k9ds ( musical in/rum5ts10 ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o liv$ f #cca to #dbj1 speaks ( ^? :i* 7 9 use 9 8 "t = ! requirem5ts ( religion1 w>1 c]emonial1 & art4 ,he m5tions1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! organ1 & describes x z compos$ ( fifte5 braz5 pipes1 two air-res]voirs ( elephant's sk91 & twelve l>ge sets ( bell[s1 8to imitate ! voice ( ?und]40 ,he next specifies1 "u ! g5]ic "n ( tuba1 sev]al k9ds ( trumpets3 t :i* call$ ! p toge!r1 t :i* direct$ ! m>* ( troops1 t :i* proclaim$ ! victory1 t :i* s\nd$ ! *>ge aga9/ ! enemy1 t :i* ann\nc$ ! clos+ ( ! gates1 c4 ,"o ( ^! trumpets1 ! %ape ( :i* is r difficult to ga!r f 8 description1 _h ?ree braz5 bells1 & ro>$ ?r\gh f\r air-conduits4 ,ano!r in/rum5t1 ! bombulum1 :i* mu/ h made a frightful upro>1 01 z f> z we c conjecture f ! text ( ! pi\s writ]1 a k9d ( peal ( bells atta*$ to a holl[ metallic column :i*1 by ! assi/ance ( twelve pipes1 rev]b]at$ ! s\nds ( tw5ty-f\r bells t 7 set 9 motion by "o ano!r4 ,next come ! ci?>a ( ! ,hebrews1 9 ! %ape ( a triangle1 furni%$ ) tw5ty-f\r /r+s2 ! sackbut1 ( ,*aldan orig91 a trumpet =m$ ( sev]al movable tubes ( wood1 fitt+ "o into ! o!r2 ! psalt]y1 a small h>p provid$ ) t5 /r+s2 & la/ly1 ! tympanum1 also call$ ! *orus1 a h&-drum to :i* 7 fix$ two metal flute-tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--;,conc]t2 a ,bas-relief1 tak5 f a ,capital 9 ,sa9t-,georges de ,bos*]ville1 ,norm&y4 7,a ,"w ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury47 ,a nom5clature ( a simil> k9d1 apply+ to ! n9? c5tury1 exi/s 9 a hi/ory ( ,*>lemagne1 9 ,lat9 v]se1 by ,aym]ic de ,peyrac4 ,?is %[s z t1 dur+ ! lapse ( f\r c5turies1 ! numb] ( in/rum5ts _h be5 ne>ly d\bl$1 & t ! musical influ5ce ( ,*>lemagne's reign _h made itself felt 9 ! revival & improvem5t ( sev]al in/rum5ts :i* _h be5 =m]ly ab&on$4 ,?is curi\s metrical composition enum]ates all ! /r+$1 w9d1 & pulsatile in/rum5ts :i* celebrat$ ! praise ( ! great emp]or1 ! protector & re/or] ( music4 ,! numb] ( in/rum5ts specifi$ are tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 among :i* we f9d ne>ly all ^? m5tion$ by ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,conc]t & ,musical ,in/rum5ts4 ,f a ,m9iature 9 a ,manuscript ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,! names1 !re=e1 ( musical in/rum5ts _h pass$ ?r\gh sev5 or eight c5turies )\t und]go+ any k9d ( *ange ?an t naturally result+ f v>iations 9 ! language4 ,b ! in/rum5ts !mselves1 dur+ ?is long int]val ( "t1 _h be5 (t5 modifi$ to su* ext5t t ! primitive d5om9ation n unfrequ5tly appe>$ to contradict ! musical *>act]i/ics ( ! in/rum5t to :i* x /ill cont9u$ to be atta*$4 ,?us1 ! *orus1 :i* _h be5 a f\r-/r+$ h>p1 & f its "n seems to indicate a collection ( in/rum5ts1 _h become a w9d-in/rum5t4#bb ,s also ! psalt]y1 :i* 0 orig9ally t\*$ by a plectrum 7/ick7 or ) ! f+]s1 n[ only gave =? its notes "u ! influ5ce ( a b[2 an in/rum5t t _h _h tw5ty /r+s n[ only reta9$ eight2 ano!r1 ! "n ( :i* seem$ to ref] to a squ>e %ape1 0 r\nd$2 ^? primitively made ( wood 7 n[ con/ruct$ ( metal4 ,!re is reason to believe t1 g5]ally speak+1 ^! *anges 7 made n s mu* ) ! view ( any musical improvem5t1 prop]ly s call$1 z ) an idea ( gratify+ ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,! ,tree ( ,jesse4 ,! ance/ors ( ,jesus ,*ri/ are repres5t$ ) ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 & z =m+ a ,cele/ial ,conc]t4 7,fac-simile f a ,m9iature 9 a ,manuscript ,brevi>y ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,royal ,libr>y1 ,brussels47 fancy ( ! eye 7,figs4 #aee to #aeg74 ,sc>cely any fix$ rules = ! con/ruction ( musical in/rum5ts exi/$ be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 le>n$ musicians appli$ ma!matical pr9ciples to ! !ory ( manufacture4 ,d[n to #aehi musical in/rum5ts 7 made 9 ,p>is by workm5 :o 7 organ-mak]s1 lute-mak]s1 or ev5 copp]smi?s1 "u ! inspection & gu>antee ( ! community ( musicians2 b at ?is epo* ! mak]s ( musical in/rum5ts 7 unit$ 9 a trade corporation1 & obta9$1 ?r\gh ! goodwill ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 c]ta9 privileges & special /atutes4 ,z musical in/rum5ts h always be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ticul> classes1--/r+$1 pulsatile1 & w9d in/rum5ts1--we %all adopt ?is natural division 9 pass+ "u review ! v>i\s k9ds 9 use dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 pret5d to be always able to po9t out ! precise musical value ( ^! in/rum5ts1 = 9 sev]al in/ances we h no k ( !m1 except f repres5tations m or less tru?ful4 ,! class ( w9d in/rum5ts compris$ flutes1 trumpets1 & organs2 ea* ( ^! 01 h[ev]1 subdivid$ into sev]al v di/9ct k9ds4 ,9 ! division ( flutes alone1 = in/ance1 we f9d ! /raight flute1 ! d\ble flute1 ! side-m\!d or ,g]man flute1 ! ,p&ean pipes1 ! *orus1 ! calamus1 ! bagpipes 7muse or m\sette71 ! d\c9e or hautboy1 ! flaos or flageolet1 c4 ,! flute is ! mo/ anci5t ( musical in/rum5ts2 ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages no or*e/ra 0 consid]$ complete :i* did n conta9 an entire ord] ( flutes1 diff]+ bo? 9 %ape & tone4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! simple flute1 or flte bec1 consi/$ ( a /raight pipe ( h>d & s\nd+ wood1 made 9 "o piece1 & pi]c$ ) f\r or six holes4 ,b ! numb] ( holes be+ successively increas$ to elev51 & ! pipe be+ enl>g$ to a l5g? ( sev5 or eight feet1 ! result 0 t ! f+]s 7 unable to act simultane\sly ^u all ! op5+s2 ?us1 9 ord] to close ! two holes f>!/ f ! m\?piece1 keys 7 atta*$ to ! body ( ! flute :i* ! in/rum5tali/ act$ on ) 8 foot4 ,! simple flute1 ( great] or less l5g?1 is se5 on ! figur$ monum5ts ( e epo*4 ,! d\ble flute1 :i* 0 equally 9 use1 _h1 z its "n indicates1 two pipes1 g5]ally ( unequal l5g?s2 ! left-h& tube1 :i* 0 ! %orte/ & !re=e call$ ! fem99e1 produc$ %rill s\nds1 :ile ! "r-h&1 or mascul9e1 gave ! l[ notes4 ,:e!r ^! two tubes 7 unit$ or 7 sep>ate1 ?is flute _h always two di/9ct m\?s1--al?\gh !y 7 (t5 v close toge!r--on :i* ! musician play$ alt]nately4 ,! d\ble flute 7,fig4 #aeh7 0 ! in/rum5t employ$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury by ! jongleurs or juggl]s z an accompanim5t4 ,! side-m\!d flute1 :i* 0 at fir/ v little us$1 ow$ its celebrity 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to ! improvem5ts x receiv$ f ! ,g]mans1 h5ce x acquir$ ! "n ( ! ,g]man flute 7,fig4 #afj74 ,! syr9x 0 no?+ b ! anci5t ,p&ean pipes1 compos$ g5]ally ( sev5 tubes ( wood or metal1 gradually decreas+ 9 l5g?2 !y 7 clos$ at ! bottom1 & at ! top took ! =m ( a horizontal plane1 :i* 0 t\*$ by ! lip ( ! musician z x pass$ along 7,fig4 #aei74 ,9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 ! syr9x1 :i* mu/ h produc$ v %rill & discordant music1 0 g5]ally made 9 ! %ape ( a semicircle1 & conta9$ n9e tubes 9 a metallic case pi]c$ ) ! same numb] ( holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,d\ble ,flute1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,f ,willem9's 8,fr5* ,monum5ts407 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,sev5-tub$ ,syr9x1 ,n9? or ,t5? ,c5tury4 7,ang]s ,,ms47 ,! *orus1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,j]ome 0 compos$ ( a sk9 & two tubes1 "o =m+ ! m\?1 ! o!r ! bell-end 7,fig4 #afa71 mu/ h pres5t$ a v great simil>ity to ! mod]n bagpipes4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury its %ape _h *ang$ b little1 except t we sometimes f9d two bell-ends1 & ! membran\s air-res]voir is 9 "s examples replac$ by a k9d ( case made ( metal or resonant wood 7bois sonore74 ,subsequ5tly ?is in/rum5t 0 trans=m$ into a simple dulcim]4 ,! calamus1 call$ ! *alemelle or *alemie1 :i* d]iv$ its orig9 f ! calamus or re$-pipe ( ! anci5ts1 became 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a treble to ! hautboy1 ! bomb>de be+ its c\nt]-bass & t5or1 & ! bass be+ execut$ on ! cromorne4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 q a gr\p ( hautboys4 ,! d\a9e or d\c9e1 a s(t flute1 ! great hautboy ( ,poit\ play$ ! p>ts ( t5or or ( fif?4 ,! l5g? ( ! hautboy hav+ be5 f\nd inconv5i5t1 x 0 divid$ into pieces unit$ 9 a movable clu/] 7faisceau7 kn[n by ! "n ( fagot4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 aft]w>ds call$ c\rtaut 9 ,france1 & s\rdel9e or sampogne 9 ,italy1 :]e x _h become a k9d ( bagpipe1 l ! muse or e/ive4 ,! muse de bl 0 a simple re$-pipe1 b ! muse d',aussay 7or d',ausois1 di/rict ( ,au*7 0 c]ta9ty a hautboy4 ,) reg>d to ! bagpipes1 prop]ly s call$1 !y g5]ally bore ! "n ( *evrette1 *evrie1 or *ivre1 on acc\nt ( ! sk9 ( :i* ! bag 0 made4 ,!y 7 also designat$ by ! names ( py?aule & cornemuse1 drone-pipe 7,fig4 #afb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,g]man ,musicians play+ on ! ,flute & ,goat's ,horn4 7,drawn & ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,amman47 ,! flaos de saus1 or re$-flutes1 7 no?+ b m]e :i/les1 su* z village *ildr5 are /ill 9 ! habit ( mak+ 9 ! spr+2 b !re 71 says an anci5t au?or1 m ?an tw5ty k9ds1 8z _m l\d z s(t10 :i* 7 c\pl$ by pairs 9 an or*e/ra4 ,! fi/ule1 ! s\ffle1 ! pipe1 & ! fretiau or gal\bet1 7 all small flageolets play$ on by ! left h& :ile ! "r m>k$ ! "t on a tamb\r9e or ) ! cymbals4 ,! p&orium1 :i* has be5 class$ among ! flutes )\t its %ape & "* ( tone be+ rightly det]m9$1 mu/ h pres5t$1 at lea/ at its orig91 "s simil>ity ( s\nd to ! /r+$ in/rum5t call$ p&ore 7p&ora74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--;,*orus ) s+le ,bell-end ) ,holes4 7,n9? ,c5tury1 ,,ms4 ( ,sa9t-,blaise47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--;,bagpip]1 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,sculpture on ! ,musicians' ,hall at ,rheims47 ,trumpets =m$ a mu* m num]\s class ?an ! flutes4 ,9 ,lat9 !y 7 call$ tuba1 lituus1 bucc9a1 taurea1 cornu1 cl>o1 salp9x1 c42 9 ,fr5*1 trompe1 corne1 olifant1 cornet1 buis9e1 sambute1 c4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !y d]iv$ _! "n ei!r f _! %ape1 ! s\nd :i* !y produc$1 ! mat]ial :]e( !y 7 made1 or ! use = :i* !y 7 specially int5d$4 ,?us1 among milit>y trumpets ( copp] or brass1 ! names ( "s 7cl>o1 cl>asius7 indicat+ ! pi]c+ s\nd :i* !y produc$2 ! names ( o!rs seem r to ref] to ! appe>ance ( _! bell-ends 7,fig4 #afd71 :i* imitat$ ! head ( a bird1 a horn1 a s]p5t1 c4 ,"s ( ^! trumpets 7 s long & heavy t a foot or /& 0 requir$ to support !m1 :ile ! p]=m] took ! end 9 8 m\? & blew ?r\gh x ) full p[] ( brea? 7,fig4 #afc47 ,! %eph]ds' horns1 made ( wood rimm$ ) brass1 7 a heavy & p[]ful k9d ( speak+-trumpet1 :i* 9 ! eigh? c5tury ! ,wel% h]dsm5 & ^? ( ! l&es ( ,corn\aille always c>ri$ ) !m 7,fig4 #afe47 ,:5 ! b>ons or knights desir$ to convey any signals r5d]$ necess>y ei!r 9 w> or hunt+1 !y 7 9 ! habit ( us+ horns ( a mu* m portable "*1 :i* 7 susp5d$ at _! girdles2 !y us$ !m1 also1 z dr9k+ vessels :5 occasion requir$4 ,at fir/ ^! in/rum5ts 7 g5]ally made ( no?+ b buffalo's or goat's horns2 b :5 ! fa%ion arose ( work+ delicately 9 ivory1 !y took ! "n ( olifant1 an appellation de/9$ to become fam\s 9 ! old romances ( *ivalry1 9 :i* ! olifant play$ a v important "p 7,fig4 #aff74 ,to cite only "o example among a ?\s&1 ,rol&1 :5 ov]:elm$ by numb]s 9 ! valley ( ,ronceveaux1 s\nd$ ! olifant 9 ord] to call ,*>lemagne's army to 8 aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,/raight ,trumpet ) ,/&4 7,elev5? ,c5tury4 ,cotton ,,ms41 ,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,curv$ ,trumpet4 7,elev5? ,c5tury4 ,cotton ,,ms41 ,briti% ,museum47 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 accord+ to a passage 9 a manuscript 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,b]ne1 quot$ by ,m4 ,jub9al1 !re 7 9 bodies ( troops corneurs1 trompeurs1 & buis9eurs1 :o play$ "u c]ta9 special circum/ances4 ,! trompes s\nd$ = ! movem5ts ( ! knights1 or m5-at-arms2 ! cornes = ! movem5ts ( ! bann]s or ! foot-soldi]s1 & ! buis9es1 or cl>ions1 :5 ! entire camp 7o/7 0 to m>*4 ,! h]alds-at-arms1 ^: duty x 0 to make ! ann\ncem5ts or proclamations 9 ! public ways1 7 9 ! habit ( us+ ei!r long trumpets1 call$ pot5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! =k$ /ick :]eon !y 7 support$1 or trumpets tortilles 7s]p5t9e71 ! "n ( :i* suffici5tly indicates _! %ape4 ,add$ to ?is1 ! s\nd ( ! trumpet or horn accompani$ or signalis$ ! pr9cipal acts ( ! citiz5s bo? 9 public & private life4 ,dur+ ! meals ( great m51 ! wat]1 ! w9e1 & ! bread1 7 h]ald$ by s\nd ( trumpet4 ,9 t[ns ?is in/rum5t ann\nc$ ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! gates1 ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! m>kets1 & ! "t ( curfew1 till ! "t :5 ! horn & ! copp] trumpet 7 sup]s$$ 9 ?is function by ! bells 9 *ur*-t[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--,%eph]d's ,horn4 ,eigh? ,c5tury4 7,,ms41 ,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--;,horn1 or ,olifant1 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,f ,willem9's 8,fr5* ,monum5ts407 ,polybius & ,ammianus ,m>cell9us tell u t ! anci5t ,gauls & ,g]mans _h a great passion = l>ge1 ho>se-s\nd+ trumpets4 ,at ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 & /ill m 9 ! days ( ! ,crusades1 ! int]c\rse t took place betwe5 ! m5 ( ! ,we/ & ! ,african & ,asiatic races introduc$ among ! =m] ! use ( musical in/rum5ts ( a h>% & pi]c+ tone4 ,!n x 0 t ! ,s>ac5-horns1 made ( copp]1 replac$ ! wood5 or horn trumpets4 ,at ! same p]iod sackbuts1 or sambutes 7,fig4 #afg71 made _! appe>ance 9 ,italy3 9 ^? ( ! n9? c5tury1 we f9d ! pr9ciple ( ! mod]n trombone4 ,ab\t ! same epo* ! ,g]mans introduc$ great improvem5ts into ! trumpet by adapt+ to x ! sy/em ( holes1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 ! *>act]i/ic ( flutes 7,fig4 #afh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--,sambute1 or ,sackbut1 ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,b\logne ,,ms47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,g]man ,musician s\nd+ ! ,milit>y ,trumpet4 ,drawn & ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,amman4 ,b among all ! w9d in/rum5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! organ 0 ! "o mo/ impos+ 9 its nature1 & de/9$ to ! mo/ glori\s c>e]4 ,! only in/rum5t ( ?is k9d kn[n by ! anci5ts 0 ! wat]-organ1 9 :i* a key-bo>d ( tw5ty-six keys correspond$ to ! same numb] ( pipes2 & ! air1 act$ ^u by ! pressure ( wat]1 produc$ mo/ v>i$ s\nds4 ,n]o1 x is said1 sp5t a :ole day exam9+ & admir+ ! me*anism ( an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d4 ,! wat]-organ1 al?\gh describ$ & comm5d$ by ,vitruvius1 0 n mu* 9 use 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,eg9h>d speaks ( "o con/ruct$1 9 #hbf1 by a ,v5etian prie/2 & ! la/ ( :i* m5tion is made exi/$ at ,malmesbury 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,b ?is latt] might be reg>d$ m 9 ! light ( a /eam-organ2 =1 l ! w>n+ :i/les ( our locomotives1 x 0 work$ by ! effects ( ! /eam ( boil+ wat] ru%+ into brass pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,pneumatic ,organ ( ! ,f\r? ,c5tury4 7,sculpture ( t date at ,con/ant9ople47 ,! wat]-organ 01 9 v e>ly times1 sup]s$$ by ! pneumatic or w9d-organ 7,fig4 #afi71 ! description ( :i* giv5 by ,/4 ,j]ome agrees ) ! repres5tations on ! obelisk erect$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 ! "t ( ,!odosius ! ,great4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 fix a date z late z ! eigh? c5tury = ! introduction ( ?is in/rum5t into ! ,we/1 or at lea/ into ,france4 ,9 #geg1 ,con/ant9e ,copronymus1 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 s5t to ,k+ ,pp9 a numb] ( pres5ts1 among :i* 0 an organ t excit$ ! admiration ( ! c\rt4 ,*>lemagne1 :o receiv$ a simil> pres5t f ! same mon>*1 _h sev]al organs made f ?is model4 ,^! 7 provid$1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ! monk ( ,sa9t-,gall1 ) 8braz5 pipes :i* 7 act$ on by bell[s made ( bull's hide1 & imitat$ ! ro>+ ( ?und]1 ! acc5ts ( ! lyre1 & ! clang ( cymbals40 ,^! primitive organs1 not)/&+ ! p[] & ri*ness ( _! musical res\rces1 7 ( dim5sions :i* r5d]$ !m q portable4 ,x 01 9 fact1 only 9 consequ5ce ( its almo/ exclusive application to ! solemnities ( ,ca?olic wor%ip t ! organ became develop$ on an almo/ gigantic scale4 ,9 #iea1 !re exi/$ 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral an organ :i* 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* provid$ ) its app>atus ( bell[s1 its key-bo>d1 & its organi/4 ,twelve bell[s above1 & f\rte5 bel[1 7 work$ by sev5ty /rong m51 & ! air 0 di/ribut$ by means ( =ty valves into f\r hundr$ pipes1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps or *oirs ( t51 ea* gr\p correspond+ ) "o ( ! tw5ty-f\r keys ( ea* key-bo>d 7,fig4 #agj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,great ,organ1 ) ,bell[s & d\ble ,key-bo>d1 ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 at ,cambridge47 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,g]man organ-mak]s acquir$ great r5[n4 ,! monk ,g]b]t1 :o1 z we h already rem>k$1 became pope "u ! "n ( ,sylve/] ,,ii41 & co-op]at$ s effici5tly 9 ! progress ( ! horological art1 e/abli%$ 9 ! mona/]y ( :i* he 0 abbot a work%op = ! manufacture ( organs4 ,we mu/ add1 t all ! musical treatises writt5 f ! n9? to ! twelf? c5tury ent]$ into v consid]able details conc]n+ ! arrangem5t & work+ ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! admission ( ! organ into *ur*es did n fail to meet ) e>ne/ oppon5ts among ! bi%ops & prie/s ( ! day4 ,b :ile "s compla9$ ( ! ?und] & rumbl+ ( ! organs1 o!rs appeal$ to ! examples ( k+ ,david & ! prophet ,eli%a4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! "r ( plac+ organs 9 all *ur*es 0 no long] disput$1 & ! only "q 01 :o c\ld build ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ magnific5t in/rum5ts4 ,at ,milan 0 an organ ! pipes ( :i* 7 ( silv]2 at ,v5ice "s 7 made ( pure gold4 ,! numb] ( ^! pipes 0 v>i$ & multipli$ to an inf9ite ext5t1 accord+ to ! effects ! in/rum5t 0 requir$ to produce4 ,! me*anism 01 g5]ally speak+1 r complicat$1 & ! work+ ( ! bell[s v labori\s4 ,9 l>ge organs ! key-bo>d 0 made up ( key-plates five or six in*es wide1 :i* ! organi/1 8 h&s def5d$ by ?ickly padd$ gloves1 _h to /rike ) 8 cl5*$ fi/ 9 ord] to br+ out ! notes 7,fig4 #aga74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,organ ) s+le ,key-bo>d ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,m9iature f a ,lat9 ,psalt]1 ,no4 #age1 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! organ1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 at fir/ ( a portable nature1 9 "s cases resum$ its orig9al dim5sions 7,fig4 #agb74 ,x 0 !n sometimes call$ simply portatif 7h&-organ71 & sometimes rgale or positif 7*oir-organ74 ,raphael1 9 "o ( 8 fam\s pictures1 repres5ts ,/4 ,cecilia s++ sacr$ hymns1 & accompany+ h]self on a *oir-organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--,portable ,organ ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,m9iature 9 ,v9c5t de ,beauvais' 8,miroir ,hi/orial10 ,,ms4 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! class ( pulsatile in/rum5ts 0 =m$ ( bells1 cymbals1 & drums4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,t9t9nabulum or ,h&-,bell ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,b\logne ,,ms47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,! ,saufang ( ,/4 ,cecilia's at ,cologne4 7,six? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,bell 9 a ,t[] ( ,si5a4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) l>ge bells1 h&-bells1 & /rung-bells 7grelots74 ,b we mu/ ascribe to ! requirem5ts ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip ! fir/ introduction ( ! bell1 prop]ly s call$1 =m$ ( ca/-metal 7campana or nola1 ! fir/ hav+ be5 made1 x is said1 at ,nola71 :i* 0 employ$ f ! fir/ 9 summon+ ! fai?ful to ! public s]vices4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! bell 0 m]ely held 9 ! h& & %ak5 by "s monk or ecclesia/ic :o /ood 9 front ( ! *ur*-door1 or m\nt$ a rais$ plat=m = ! purpose4 ,?is t9t9nabulum 7,fig4 #agc71 or portable bell1 subsequ5tly pass$ into ! h&s ( ! public cri]s1 ! societies ( r+]s1 & ^? :o rang knells = ! dead1 at a "t :5 mo/ ( ! *ur*es 7 provid$ ) campaniles or bell-t[]s1 :]e9 7 hung ! p>i% bells1 :i* daily assum$ dim5sions ( increas+ importance4 ,^! great bells1 ( :i* ! ,saufang ( ,cologne 7six? c5tury7 is an example 7,fig4 #agd71 7 at fir/ made ( wr\ght-iron plates laid "o ov] ! o!r1 & rivet$ toge!r4 ,b 9 ! eigh? c5tury !y began to ca/ bells ( copp] & ev5 ( silv]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t /ill exi/+ is t 9 ! t[] ( ,bisdom9i at ,si5a 7,fig4 #age74 ,x be>s ! date ( #aaei1 & is =m$ 9 ! %ape ( a cask1 be+ r m ?an a y>d high3 ! s\nd x produces is v %>p4 ,! comb9ation ( sev]al bells ( v>i\s sizes naturally produc$ ! peal or *ime2 ?is at fir/ consi/$ ( an ar* ( wood or iron :]eon 7 susp5d$ ! bells1 :i* ! play] /ruck ) a small hamm] 7,fig4 #agf74 ,! numb] & classification ( ! bells becom+ subsequ5tly r m complicat$1 ! h& ( ! *im] 0 sup]s$$ by a me*anical arrangem5t4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ^? peals ( bells = :i* !re 0 su* a dem& 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ( :i* c]ta9 t[ns are /ill s pr\d4 ,! designations ( cymbalum & flagellum 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 appli$ to small h&-*imes2 b !re 7 also regul> cymbals 7cymbala or acetabula71 sph]ical or holl[$ plates ( silv]1 brass1 or copp]4 ,"s ( ^! 7 %ak5 at ! ends ( ! f+]s1 or fa/5$ to ! knees or feet1 s z to be put 9 motion by ! movem5t ( ! body4 ,^! small cymbals1 or crotales1 7 a k9d ( rattle 7grelots71 caus+ ! danc]s to make a noise 9 _! p]=mance1 z d ! ,spani% ca/anets1 :i* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7 call$ 9 ,france m>onnettes1 & 7 ! same z ! cliquettes1 or snapp]s1 us$ by lep]s 9 =m] days4 ,small /rung-bells became s mu* ! fa%ion at a c]ta9 epo* t n only 0 ! h>ness ( horses adorn$ ) !m1 b !y 7 susp5d$ to ! clo!s bo? ( m5 & wom51 :o at ! slighte/ movem5t made a r++1 t9kl+ noise1 s\nd+ l s _m p]ambulat+ *imes4 ,! use ( pulsatile in/rum5ts produc+ a metallic s\nd increas$ greatly 9 ,europe1 especially aft] ! return f ! ,crusades4 ,b ev5 be=e ?is date ! ,egyptian timbrel 0 us$ 9 religi\s & fe/ival music2 ?is in/rum5t 0 compos$ ( a circle :]eon r+s 7 hung1 :i* t9kl$ z !y /ruck toge!r :5 ! timbrel 0 %ak54 ,! ,ori5tal triangle 0 also us$ on ^! occasions2 ?is 0 almo/ ! same !n z x is at ! pres5t day4 ,! drum has always be5 a holl[ case cov]$ ) a /ret*$ sk91 b ! %ape & size ( ?is in/rum5t h caus$ great v>iations 9 its "n1 & also 9 ! way 9 :i* x 0 us$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 call$ taborellus1 tabornum1 & tympanum4 ,x g5]ally made its appe>ance 9 fe/al music1 & especially 9 processions2 b x 0 n until ! f\rte5? c5tury t x began to take a place 9 milit>y b&s1 at lea/ 9 ,france2 ! ,arabians1 h[ev]1 h us$ x f ! e>lie/ ages4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! taburel 0 a k9d ( tamb\r9e1 play$ on ) only a drum-/ick2 9 ! tabornum we may recognise ! milit>y drum ( ! pres5t day2 & ! tympanum 0 equival5t to our tamb\r9e4 ,sometimes1 z se5 9 a sculpture 9 ! ,musicians' ,hall at ,rheims1 ?is in/rum5t 0 atta*$ to ! "r %\ld] ( ! p]=m]1 :o play$ ^u x by /rik+ x ) 8 head1 :ile at ! same "t he blew ?r\gh two metal flutes communicat+ ) ! inside ( ! drum 7,fig4 #agg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,*ime ( ,bells ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 de ,sa9t-,blaise47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--,tympanum ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,sculpture on ! ,musicians' ,hall1 ,rheims47 ,we h n[ to speak ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! :ole ( :i* may be divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal classes3 ^? play$ on by ! f+]s1 ^? t are /ruck1 & ^? :i* are rubb$ 7frottes7 by means ( "s appliance4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re are "s /r+$ in/rum5ts :i* may be said to belong to all ?ree ( ^! classes1 z all ?ree modes ( play+ ^u !m has be5 adopt$ ei!r simultane\sly or 9 succession4 ,! mo/ anci5t are d\btless ^? t are play$ on by ! f+]s1 fir/ among :i*1 9 "r ( its antiquity1 we mu/ "n ! lyre2 f ?is h sprung ! ci!rn1 ! h>p1 ! psalt]y1 ! nabulon1 c4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 h[ev]1 consid]able confusion arose f ! fact t ^! orig9al names 7 at ! "t (t5 div]t$ f _! real acceptation4 ,! lyre1 ! /r+$ in/rum5t p> excell5ce ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 pres]v$ its primitive =m z late z ! t5? c5tury4 ,! /r+s 7 g5]ally ( twi/$ gut1 b sometimes also ( brass wire1 & v>i$ 9 numb] f ?ree to eight4 ,! s\nd+-box1 :i* 0 always plac$ at ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t1 0 m (t5 made ( wood ?an ( ei!r metal or tortoise-%ell 7,fig4 #agh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--;,anci5t ,lyre4 7,ang]s ,,ms47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,lyre ( ! ,nor?4 7,n9? ,c5tury47 ,! lyre 0 held ^u ! knees1 & ! p]=m] t\*$ or rubb$ ! /r+s ) "o h&1 ei!r ) ! f+]s or by means ( a plectrum4 ,! lyre specifi$ z 8,nor!rn0 7,fig4 #agi71 0 c]ta9ly ! orig9 ( ! viol91 to ! %ape ( :i* x ev5 !n bore "s resemblance2 x 0 fa/5$ at ! top1 & _h a cordi] at ! end ( ! s\nd+-bo>d1 z well z a bridge 9 ! c5tre ( ! face ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! lyre 0 sup]s$$ by ! psalt]y & ! ci!rn4 ,! psalt]y1 :i* nev] 0 furni%$ ) few] ?an t51 or m ?an tw5ty1 /r+s1 diff]$ ess5tially f ! lyre & ! ci!rn by ! s\nd+-bo>d be+ plac$ at ! top ( ! in/rum5t4 ,psalt]ies 7 made ( a r\nd1 squ>e1 oblong1 or buckl]-%ap$ =m 7,fig4 #aha72 & sometimes ! s\nd+-box 0 l5g!n$ s z to re/ ^u ! %\ld] ( ! musician 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,! psalt]y disappe>$ 9 ! t5? c5tury & gave place to ! ci!rn 7ci?>a71 a "n :i* _h be5 at fir/ appli$ to all k9ds ( /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,! %ape ( ! ci!rn1 :i* 9 ! days ( ,/4 ,j]ome resembl$ a ,greek delta 771 v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 z is prov$ by ! epi!ts--b>b>ica1 ,teutonica1 ,anglica1 :i* we f9d at diff]5t times c\pl$ ) its g5]ic "n4 ,9 o!r places1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! local trans=mations1 x became ! nabulum1 ! *orus1 & ! salt]ion or psalt]ion 7:i* latt] mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! psalt]y1 a prim>y d]ivative ( ! lyre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,psalt]y to produce a prolong$ s\nd4 ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! nabulum#bc 7,fig4 #ahb7 0 made ei!r 9 ! %ape ( a triangle ) truncat$ corn]s1 or ( a semicircle jo9$ at ! two extremities2 its s\nd+-bo>d occupi$ ! :ole ( ! r\nd$ "p1 & left b a v limit$ space = ! twelve /r+s4 ,! *orus or *oron1 ! imp]fect repres5tation ( :i* 9 ! manuscripts ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies calls to m9d ! appe>ance ( a long semicircul> w9d[ or ( a ,go?ic capital ,n1 g5]ally _h "o ( its sides prolong$1 on :i* ! p]=m] lean$ s z to hold ! in/rum5t 9 ! same way z a h>p 7,fig4 #ahc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--;,buckl]-%ap$ ,psalt]y ) _m ,/r+s4 7,n9? ,c5tury4 ,b\logne ,,ms47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,nabulum4 ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 d',ang]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--;,*oron4 ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,b\logne ,,ms47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,psalt]ion4 ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,! psalt]ion1 :i* 0 9 use all ov] ,europe aft] ! twelf? c5tury1 & is ?\ght to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x 0 f\nd by ! ,crusad]s1 0 at fir/ compos$ ( a flat box ( s\nd+ wood1 ) two oblique sides2 x assum$ ! %ape ( a triangle truncat$ at its top1 ) twelve or sixte5 metallic /r+s ei!r ( gold or silv]1 :i* 7 play$ ^u by means ( a small b[ ( wood1 ivory1 or horn 7,fig4 #ahd72 subsequ5tly ! /r+s 7 made m sl5d]1 ! numb] be+ increas$ to z _m z tw5ty-two2 ! ?ree angles ( ! s\nd+-box 7 cut (f1 & holes 7 made1 sometimes "o only 9 ! middle1 sometimes "o at ea* angle1 & sometimes z _m z five1 symmetrically arrang$4 ,! p]=m] plac$ ! in/rum5t aga9/ 8 *e/1 & held x s z to t\* ! /r+s ei!r ) ! f+]s ( ! two h&s1 or ) a p5 or plectrum 7,fig4 #ahe74 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* 9 ! repres5tations ( poets & pa9t]s nev] fail$ to figure 9 cele/ial conc]ts1 produc$ tones ( incomp>able s(tness4 ,! old romances ( *ivalry exhau/$ all ! phrases ( admiration 9 describ+ ! psalt]ion4 ,b ! highe/ eulogium :i* c be pass$ on ?is in/rum5t is t x =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! h>psi*ord1 or ( ! /r+$ in/rum5ts /ruck or play$ on by means ( me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,p]=m] on ! ,psalt]ion4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 ,no4 #gjc 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is47 ,x is1 9 fact1 ?\ght t a k9d ( h>psi*ord ) f\r octaves1 :i* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 call$ dulcim] or dulcemelos1 & is b imp]fectly describ$1 0 no?+ else ?an a psalt]ion1 ) a s\nd+ app>atus t assum$ ! proportions ( a l>ge box1 to :i* also a key-bo>d _h be5 adapt$4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :5 x _h b ?ree octaves1 0 call$ clavicord or manicordion1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury produc$ =ty-two to fifty tones or semi-tones3 "o /r+ express$ sev]al notes1 & ?is 0 effect$ by means ( plates ( metal :i*1 s]v+ z a movable bridge to ea* /r+1 ei!r increas$ or dim9i%$ ! int5sity ( its vibration4 ,! gr&-pianos ( ! pres5t day unque/ionably h _! key-bo>ds plac$ 9 ! same position z !y 7 9 ! dulcim] & clavicorde4 ,! e>lie/ improvem5ts 9 metallic /r+$ in/rum5ts con/ruct$ ) a key-bo>d are due to ! ,italians2 ^! improvem5ts soon _h ! effect ( ?r[+ ! psalt]ion into oblivion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,organi/rum4 ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 de ,sa9t-,blaise47 ,9 ! n9? c5tury a /r+$ in/rum5t 0 9 use ! me*anism ( :i*1 al?\gh n v p]fect1 evid5tly t5d$ to an imitation ( ! key-bo>d appli$ to organs3 ?is 0 ! organi/rum 7,fig4 #ahf71 an enorm\s guit> pi]c$ ) two s\nd holes1 & provid$ ) ?ree /r+s set 9 vibration by a small w9*2 eight movable screws1 ris+ or fall+ at w along ! f+]-bo>d1 =m$ s _m keys :i* s]v$ to v>y ! tones4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance two p]sons p]=m$ on ! organi/rum--"o turn+ ! w9* :ile ! o!r t\*$ ! keys4 ,:5 its size 0 decreas$ x became ! vielle 7hurdy-gurdy7 prop]ly s call$1 :i* c\ld be manag$ by "o musician4 ,x 0 at fir/ call$ rubelle1 rebel1 & symphonie2 subsequ5tly ?is la/ "n 0 corrupt$ into *ifonie & sifonie1 & we may rem>k t ev5 n[ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( c5tral ,france ! vielle /ill be>s ! popul> "n ( *9=gne4 ,! *ifonie nev] f\nd a place 9 musical conc]ts1 & fell almo/ imm$iately into ! h&s ( ! m5dicants1 :o solicit$ alms accompani$ by ! doleful & some:at discordant notes ( ?is in/rum5t1 & !nce obta9+ ! "n ( *ifoni5s4 ,not)/&+ all ! ef=ts :i* 7 made to sub/itute :eels & key-bo>ds = ! action ( ! f+]s on ! /r+s ( in/rum5ts1 /ill ^? t 7 play$ on by ! h& only1 su* z h>ps & lutes1 did n fail to ma9ta9 ! pref]5ce among skilful musicians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,triangul> ,saxon ,h>p ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,bible ( ,*>les le ,*auve47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,fifte5-/r+$ ,h>p ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! h>p 0 c]ta9ly ,saxon 9 its orig91 al?\gh "s h imag9$ !y c\ld discov] traces ( x 9 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ev5 ,egyptian antiquities4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 at fir/ no?+ b a triangul> ci!rn 7,fig4 #ahg71 9 :i* ! s\nd+-bo>d occupi$ ! :ole ( "o side f top to bottom1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ to ! l[] angle1 z 9 ! primitive ci?>a1 or conf9$ to ! upp] "p z 9 ! psalt]y4 ,! ,engli% h>p 7ci?>a ,anglica7 ( ! n9? c5tury diff]$ b little f ! mod]n in/rum5t2 ! simplicity & good judgm5t %[n 9 its %ape be> witness to ! p]fection x _h already atta9$ 7,fig4 #ahh74 ,! numb] ( /r+s & ! %ape ( ?is in/rum5t v>i$ con/antly f "t to "t4 ,! s\nd+-box 0 sometimes made squ>e1 sometimes elongat$1 & sometimes r\nd4 ,! arms 7 sometimes /raight & sometimes curv$2 ! upp] side 0 (t5 l5g!n$ s z to repres5t an animal's head 7,fig4 #ahi7 & ! l[] angle1 on :i* ! in/rum5t re/$ on ! gr\nd1 t]m9at$ 9 a griff9's claw4 ,accord+ to ! m9iatures 9 manuscripts1 ! h>p 0 ( a size t ! top ( x did n ext5d high] ?an ! head ( ! p]=m]1 :o play$ ^u x 9 a sitt+ po/ure 7,fig4 #aij74 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 h>ps ( a light] "*1 :i* ! musician bore susp5d$ f 8 neck by a /rap1 & play$ ^u :ile /&+ up4 ,?is portable h>p 0 ! "o t may p> excell5ce be call$ noble1 & 0 ! in/rum5t on :i* ! tr\vres accompani$ _! voices :5 recit+ ballads & metrical tales 7,fig4 #aia74 ,9 ! romances ( *ivalry h>p]s are con/antly introduc$1 & _! h>ps are ev] tun$ to "s lay ( love or w>2 we f9d ?is tak+ place z well 9 ! nor? z 9 ! s\?4 8,! h>p10 says ,guillaume de ,ma*aut-- 8t\s in/rum5ts passe1 ,qu& sagem5t bi5 en j\e et compasse40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,h>p]s ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury1 f a ,m9iature 9 a ,bible4 7,,ms4 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,h>p-play] ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,f an ,enamell$ ,di% f\nd ne> ,soissons1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 x began to fall into disfav\r2 x 0 supplant$ by ! lute 7,fig4 #aib71 an in/rum5t mu* us$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & by ! guit>1 :i* 0 br\ght into fa%ion 9 ,france f ,spa9 & ,italy1 & =m$ ! delight bo? ( ! c\rt & private circles4 ,at t "t e great "l1 imitat+ k+s & pr9cesses1 wi%$ to h 8 lute or guit> play]1 & ! poet ,bonav5ture des ,pri]s1 valet de *ambre ( ,m>gu]ite de ,nav>re1 compos$ = h] 8,la ,manire de bi5 et ju/em5t ent\*] les ,lucs et ,guit]nes40 ,! lute & ! guit>1 :i* = ab\t two c5turies 7 9 high fav\r 9 :at 0 call$ 8*amb] music10 h s9ce ! above-nam$ epo* sc>cely be5 alt]$ 9 %ape4 ,) c]ta9 modifications1 h[ev]1 !y gave rise to ! !orbo & ! m&ol91 :i* nev] atta9$ m ?an a transi5t or local fav\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--,m9/rel's ,h>p1 ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 9 ! ,miroir ,hi/orial ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--;,five-/r+$ ,lute4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,/r+$ in/rum5ts t 7 play$ on by means ( b[s 7 n kn[n be=e ! fif? c5tury1 & belong$ to ! nor!rn races2 !y did n become preval5t 9 ,europe g5]ally until aft] ! ,norman invasion4 ,at fir/ !y 7 b r\ghly made & r5d]$ indiff]5t s]vice to musical art2 b f ! twelf? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 ^! in/rum5ts 7 subject to _m *anges bo? 9 =m & "n1 & 7 br\ght to p]fection accord+ z ! execution ( musicians also improv$4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^! in/rum5ts is ! cr\t 7,fig4 #aic71 :i* mu/ h produc$ ! rote1 s de> to ! m9/rels & ! tr\vres ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! cr\t1 :i* is ! in/rum5t plac$ by tradition 9 ! h&s ( ! ,armorican1 ,breton1 & ,scot* b>ds1#bd 0 compos$ ( an oblong s\nd+-box1 m or less holl[$ out at ! two sides1 ) a h&le fix$ 9 ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 9 :i* 7 made two op5+s t all[$ ! p]=m] to hold x by ! left h& & at ! same "t to t\* ! /r+s2 ^!1 z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 7 only ?ree 9 numb]4 ,subsequ5tly x _h f\r /r+s1 & !n six--two ( :i* 7 play$ op5 7 vide74 ,! musician play$ on x ) a /raight or convex b[1 provid$ ) a s+le ?read ei!r ( iron wire or ( twi/$ hair4 ,except 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! cr\t 0 national1 x did n la/ beyond ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x 0 replac$ by ! rote1 :i* 0 n1 z its "n 7app>5tly d]iv$ f rota1 a :eel7 w\ld seem to intimate1 a vielle or symphonie4 ,x w\ld be useless to seek = ! d]ivation ( ! "n ( rota1 except 9 ! ^w crotta1 ! ,lat9 =m ( ! t]m cr\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,?ree-/r+$ ,cr\t ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 ,f a ,m9iature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--,k+ ,david play+ on a ,rote4 ,f a ,pa9t$ ,w9d[ ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,*apel ( ! ,virg91 ,ca!dral ( ,troyes47 ,9 ! e>lie/ rotes 7,fig4 #aid71 ^? made 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !re is an evid5t int5tion ( comb9+ ! two modes ( play+ on ! /r+s--rubb+ ) a b[ & t\*+ ) ! f+]s4 ,! box1 :i* 0 n holl[$ out & r\nd$ at ! two ends1 0 mu* deep] at ! l[] end1 :]e ! /r+s comm5c$1 ?an high] up1 ne> ! pegs1 :]e ^! /r+s are s\nd$ op5 "u ! action ( ! f+]1 :i* rea*es !m ?r\gh an ap]ture2 ! b[ act+ on !m ne> ! /r+-bridge 9 front ( ! s\nd+-holes4 ,x mu/ h be5 difficult to t\* ) ! b[ "o /r+ alone1 b x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! h>monic ideal ( ?is in/rum5t consi/$ 9 =m+ accords by consonances ( ?irds1 fif?s1 & eigh?s4 ,! rote 0 soon develop$ into a new in/rum5t1 assum+ ! =m t our violoncellos h almo/ exactly reta9$4 ,! box 0 increas$ 9 size1 ! h&le 0 l5g!n$ beyond ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 ! numb] ( /r+s 0 r$uc$ to ?ree or f\r1 /ret*$ ov] a bridge1 & ! s\nd+-holes 7 made 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t4 ,f ?is "t ! rote acquir$ a special "* x _h n lo/ ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x became ! bass-viol4 ,?is 0 its true de/9ation4 ,! size ( ! in/rum5t dictat$ ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 held1 ei!r on ! knees or on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! legs 7,fig4 #aie74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,g]man ,musicians play+ on ! ,viol9 & ,bass-,viol4 ,drawn & ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,amman4 ,! vielle or viole1 :i* _h no aff9ity except 9 %ape ) ! vielle 7hurdy-gurdy7 ( ! pres5t day1 0 at fir/ a small rote held by ! p]=m] aga9/ 8 *9 or 8 brea/1 9 mu* ! same way z ! viol9 is n[ us$ 7,fig4 #aif74 ,! box1 :i* 0 at fir/ conical & convex1 became gradually oval 9 %ape1 & ! h&le rema9$ %ort & wide4 ,x 01 p]haps1 ?is h&le :i* t]m9at$ 9 a k9d ( ornam5tal scroll 9 ! %ape ( a violet 7viola71 t orig9at$ ! "n ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! viole1 j z ! rote1 =m$ ! accompanim5t obligato ( c]ta9 songs2 & among ! juggl]s :o play$ ^u x good p]=m]s 7 r>e 7,figs4 #aig1 #aih74 ,improvem5ts 9 ! vielle came = ! mo/ "p f ,italy1 :]e ! co-op]ation ( a numb] ( skilful lute-play]s 0 ! means ( gradually =m+ ! viol94 ,ev5 be=e ! fam\s ,dnifloprug>1 born 9 ! ,italian ,tyrol1 _h hit ^u ! model ( 8 admirable viol9s1 ! h&le ( ! vielle _h be5 l5g!n$1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--,oval ,vielle ) ,?ree ,/r+s1 ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,sculpture on ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--;,juggl] play+ on a ,vielle1 holl[$ out at ! ,sides4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 78,heures du ,roi ,r510 ,,ms4 ,no4 #aei 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ! ,ars5al1 ,p>is47 its sides holl[$ out1 & its /r+s _h receiv$ a m ext5d$ field ( action by remov+ ! /r+] 7cordi]7 f ! c5tre ( ! s\nd+-bo>d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--,play] on ! ,vielle4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,tak5 f an ,enamell$ ,di% at ,soissons47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--;,angel ,play+ on a ,?ree-/r+$ ,fiddle4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,sculpture 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s47 ,h5ce=? ! play ( ! bo>d became m free & easy1 ! p]=m] 0 able to t\* e /r+ s+ly1 & 0 9 a position to sub/itute effects m *>act]i/ic in/ead ( ! =m] monoton\s consonances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,rebec1 ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,willem94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--,long ,mono*ord play$ on ) a ,b[4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 ( ,froiss>t1 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,engl& 0 ! bir?place ( ! cr\t2 ,france inv5t$ ! rote1 & ,italy ! viole2 ,g]many orig9at$ ! gigue1#be ! "n ( :i* may p]haps be d]iv$ f ! simil>ity pres5t$ by ! %ape ( ! in/rum5t to ! ?igh ( a kid4 ,! gigue 0 provid$ ) ?ree /r+s 7,fig4 #aii71 & its special di/9ction f ! viole 01 t in/ead ( ! h&le be+ z x 7 indep5d5t ( ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 x 0 a k9d ( prolongation ( ! s\nd+-bo>d4 ,! gigue1 :i* bore a consid]able resemblance to ! mod]n m&ol91 0 an in/rum5t on :i* ! ,g]mans 7 accu/om$ to "w wond]s 9 ! way ( p]=mance2 accord+1 at lea/1 to ! /atem5t ( ,ad5s1 ! tr\vre1 :o speaks ) admiration ( ! 8gigue\rs ( ,g]many40 ,! gigue1 h[ev]1 entirely disappe>$1 at lea/ 9 ,france1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 b its "n /ill rema9$ z ! designation ( a joy\s dance1 :i* = a consid]able p]iod 0 enliv5$ by ! s\nd ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,among ! musical in/rum5ts ( ?is class 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we h /ill to m5tion ! rebec 7,fig4 #bjj71 :i* 0 s (t5 quot$ by ! au?ors ( ! day1 & yet is s little kn[n1 al?\gh x figur$ 9 ! c\rt conc]ts 9 ! "t ( ,rabelais1 :o specifies x by ! t]m aulique1 9 contra/ to ! ru/ic cornemuse 7bagpipes74 ,we mu/1 9 conclusion1 speak ( ! mono*ord 7monocordium71 :i* is always m5tion$ by ! au?ors ( ! ,middle ,ages ) feel+s ( pleasure1 al?\gh x appe>s to h be5 no?+ m ?an ! mo/ simple & primitive expression ( all ! o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts 7,fig4 #bja74 ,x 0 compos$ ( a n>r[ oblong box1 on ea* end ( ! front-bo>d 7 fix$ two immovable bridges support+ a metallic /r+ /ret*$ f "o to ! o!r1 & correspond+ to a scale ( notes trac$ out on ! in/rum5t4 ,a movable bridge1 :i* 0 %ift$ up & d[n betwe5 ! /r+ & ! scale1 produc$ :atev] notes ! p]=m] wi%$ to br+ out4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury !re 0 a k9d ( viol9 or m&ol9 furni%$ ) a s+le metallic /r+ play$ on ) a metallic b[4 ,lat] /ill1 we f9d a k9d ( h>p =m$ ( a long s\nd+-box trav]s$ by a s+le /r+1 ov] :i* ! musician mov$ a small b[ h&l$ ) a sudd5 & rapid movem5t4 ,! in/rum5ts we h nam$ d n1 h[ev]1 embrace all ^? 9 use 9 ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re c]ta9ly 7 o!rs :i*1 9 spite ( ! mo/ intellig5t inve/igations1 & ! mo/ judici\s d$uctions1 are n[ kn[n to u only by "n4 ,z reg>ds1 = in/ance1 ! nature & appe>ance ( ! les or celes1 ! *aqueil or *equi]1 ! enmora*e1 & ! micamon1 we are left to ! vague/ conjectures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--,triangle ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 ( ,sa9t-,emm]an47 ,,play+-,,c>ds4 ,suppos$ ,date ( _! ,inv5tion4--,exi/$ 9 ,india 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,_! connection ) ! ,game ( ,*ess4--,br\ght into ,europe aft] ! ,crusades4--,fir/ ,m5tion ( a ,game ) ,c>ds 9 #acgi4--;,c>ds well kn[n 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 9 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,france1 "u ! "n ( ,t>ots4--,c>ds call$ ,*>les ! ,six?'s mu/ h be5 ,t>ots4--,anci5t ,c>ds1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,g]man4--,c>ds contribut+ to ! ,inv5tion ( ,wood-,engrav+ & ,pr9t+4 ,! orig9 ( play+-c>ds has = _m ye>s pa/ =m$ a special subject ( inve/igation among s*ol>s & antiqu>ians4 ,=1 h[ev] trifl+ ! matt] may appe> 9 itself1 ?is curi\s po9t is connect$ ) two ( ! mo/ important inv5tions ( mod]n times--engrav+ & pr9t+4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 take ^u ourselves to ass]t too positively t all ! pr(\nd rese>*es1 p]sev]+ /udy1 & +5i\s d$uctions :i* h be5 appli$ to ! subject h entirely succe$$ 9 elucidat+ ! "q4 ,nev]!less1 a c]ta9 degree ( light has be5 ?r[n ^u x1 by :i* we %all endeav\r to pr(it4 ,! "q is1 at :at date are we to fix ! inv5tion ( play+-c>ds1 & to :om are we to attribute x8 ,9 ord] to solve ^! qu]ies1 !y mu/ be divid$2 =1 al?\gh ! introduction ( play+-c>ds into ,europe may n date back beyond ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! inv5tion ( our game ( piquet may n h be5 prior to ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii41 x is at lea/ ass]t$--7#a/71 t play+-c>ds exi/$ 9 ,india 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 7#bnd71 t ! anci5ts play$ at games 9 :i* c]ta9 figures & numb]s 7 repres5t$ on dice or tablets2 7#crd71 t 9 comp>atively rec5t times ! game ( *ess & ! game ( c>ds pres5t$ /rik+ aff9ities1 prov+ ! common orig9 ( ^! two games--"o connect$ ) pa9t+1 ! o!r ) sculpture4 ,if we are to believe ,h]odotus1 ! ,lydians1 9 ord] to beguile ! suff]+s ( hung] dur+ a long & cruel fam9e1 inv5t$ ne>ly e game1 especially t ( dice4 ,lat] au?ors ascribe ! hon\r ( ^! inv5tions to ! ,greeks1 :5 irritat$ at ! t$i\s delays ( ! siege ( ,troy4 ,cic]o ev5 m5tions by "n ,pyrrhus & ,palam$es z ! orig9ators ( ! 8games 9 use 9 camps0 7ludos ca/r5ses74 ,:at 7 ^! games8 ,"s say1 *ess2 o!rs1 dice or knuckle-bones4 ,c]ta9 v anci5t specim5s prove unque/ionably t ! ,indian c>ds 7 no?+ b a trans=mation ( ! game ( *ess2 = ! pr9cipal pieces 9 ?is game are reproduc$ on ! c>ds1 b 9 su* a way t eight play]s in/ead ( two c\ld take "p 9 x4 ,9 ! game ( *ess !re 7 only two armies ( pawns1 ea* hav+ at its head a k+1 a vizi] 7:o 0 aft]w>ds turn$ into a 8que5071 a knight1 an elephant 7:i* became a 8bi%op071 & a drom$>y 7aft]w>ds a 8ca/le074 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! c\rse & arrangem5t ( ^! games 7 v diff]5t2 b 9 bo? may be f\nd an orig9al aff9ity 9 ! fact t !y recall$ to m9d ! t]rible game ( w>1 9 :i* ea* adv]s>y _h to attack by means ( /ratagems1 comb9ations1 & vigilance4 ,we h n[ le>n$ f c]ta9 au?ority 7,abel de ,rmusat1 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,septemb]1 #ahbb7 t play+-c>ds1 proce$+ f ,india & ,*9a1 71 l ! game ( *ess 7,fig4 #bjc71 9 ! h&s ( ! ,arabians & ! ,s>ac5s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x is !re=e almo/ c]ta9 !y mu/ h be5 br\ght into ,europe aft] ! ,crusades1 ) ! arts1 traditions1 & cu/oms :i* ! m5 ( ! ,we/ !n d]iv$ f _! ,ori5tal antagoni/s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 e reason to believe t ! use ( c>ds spread b sl[ly2 = at an epo* :5 ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities 7 con/antly issu+ ord9ances aga9/ games ( *ance1 we d n f9d t c>ds 7 ev] ! subject ( legal proce$+s1 l dice & *ess4 ,! fir/ =mal m5tion made ( play+-c>ds is f\nd 9 a manuscript *ronicle ( ,nicolas de ,covelluzzo1 pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,vit]bo4 8,9 ! ye> #acgi10 says ! *ronicl]1 8!re 0 introduc$ at ,vit]bo ! game ( c>ds1 :i* comes f ! c\ntry ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & is call$ by ! latt] nab40 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a ,g]man book1 ! 8,jeu d',or10 pr9t$ at ,augsb\rg 9 #adgb1 :i* te/ifies to ! fact t c>ds exi/$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! ye> #acjj4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is evid5ce is n contempor>y ) ! fact alleg$2 &1 besides1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,*ess-,play]s4 ,fac-simile ( a ,m9iature ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,,ms4 #g1bff1 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 we may well suppose t ! vanity ( ! ,g]mans1 :i* _h attribut$ to !mselves ! discov]y ( pr9t+1 desir$1 ) ab\t z mu* reason1 to appropriate also ! inv5tion ( c>ds--t is1 ( wood-engrav+4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 act judici\sly 9 pay+ b little att5tion to ?is d\btful ass]tion1 & hold to ! acc\nt giv5 by ! *ronicl] ( ,vit]bo4 ,b ! latt]1 un=tunately1 furni%es u ) no details z to ! nature ( ^! c>ds4 ,0 ! game simil> to t :i* is /ill extant 9 ,india8 ,or 0 x "o peculi> to ! ,arabs8 ,^! are que/ions :i* mu/ rema9 unsolv$4 ,! only facts pres5t$ to our notice are1 t 9 #acgi c>ds made _! appe>ance 9 ,europe1 br\ght f ,arabia1 or ! c\ntry ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & t _! orig9al "n is giv54 ,! ,italians = a long "t gave to c>ds ! "n ( nabi4 ,9 ,spa9 !y are /ill call$ naypes4 ,if x be und]/ood t ! ^w nab 9 ,arabic signifies 8capta910 we %all see t ! game 9 "q 0 "o ( a milit>y "*1 l t ( *ess1 & we %all be l$ to recognise 9 ^! primitive c>ds ! t>ots :i* 7 = a long "t curr5t 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,9 #achg1 ,john ,i41 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 issu$ an ord9ance prohibit+ to play ) dice1 naypes1 or at *ess4 ,9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,audit ,(fice1 9 ,p>is1 !re =m]ly exi/$ an acc\nt ( ! treasur]1 ,p\p>t1 :o /ates t1 9 #acib1 he _h 8paid to ,jacquem9 ,gr+onneur1 pa9t]1 = ?ree packs ( c>ds 9 gold & v>i\s col\rs1 ornam5t$ ) num]\s devices1 to lay be=e ! "l ! k+ 7,*>les ,,vi47 = 8 amusem5t1 #ej sols ( ,p>is40 ,?is game1 :i* seem$ at fir/ int5d$ only = ! amusem5t ( ! k+ 9 8 m5tal d]angem5t1 subsequ5tly spread s mu* among ! p1 t ! provo/ ( ,p>is1 9 an ord9ance ( ,janu>y #bb1 #acig1 issu$ a prohibition 8to p]sons engag$ 9 trade f play+ at t5nis1 b[ls1 dice1 c>ds1 & skittles1 except on fea/-days40 ,we mu/ rem>k t1 tw5ty-eight ye>s previ\sly1 ,*>les ,v41 9 a celebrat$ ord9ance :i* enum]ates all ! games ( *ance1 did n m5tion c>ds4 ,! 8,r$ ,book0 ( ! t[n ( ,ulm1 a manuscript regi/] pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( t t[n1 conta9s an ord9ance dat$ 9 #acig1 9 :i* is convey$ a prohibition ( games ) c>ds4 ,^! facts are ! only au!nticat$ evid5ce :i* c be br\ght =w>d ) a view ( fix+ ! approximate p]iod ( ! introduction ( c>ds into ,europe4 ,"s au?ors h c]ta9ly imag9$ !y 7 9 a position to det]m9e an e>li] epo*1 b !y h gone ^u data ! value ( :i* has s9ce be5 de/roy$ by m ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re are evid5t traces bo? ( ! exi/5ce & popul>ity ( c>ds 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,france4 ,_! names1 col\rs1 & emblems1 _! numb] & =ms1 7 inde$ con/antly *ang+1 accord+ to ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 us$ & ! fancy ( ! play]s4 ,b :e!r call$ t>ots or 8,fr5* c>ds10 !y 7 9 fact no?+ b modifications ( ! primitive ,ori5tal c>ds1 & an imitation m or less fai?ful ( ! anci5t game ( *ess4 ,reckon+ f ! fifte5? c5tury1 we meet ) c>ds 9 e enum]ation ( games ( *ance2 we f9d !m also proscrib$ & condemn$ 9 ecclesia/ical & royal ord9ances4 ,! cl]gy1 too1 rais$ _! voices aga9/ !m2 b ^! measures did n prev5t ! trade 9 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjd & #bje4--;,jean ,dunois1 ,k+ ,alex&]1 ,julius ,cs>1 ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ,*>les ! ,great1 & ,godefroi de ,b\illon4 ,f anci5t col\r$ ,wood-,engrav+s2 pr9ts analog\s to ! fir/ ,play+-,c>ds ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,manuscripts47 !m f increas+1 nor great att5tion to _! improv$ manufacture4 ,poets & romance-writ]s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 speak+ ( !m2 !y appe>$ 9 ! m9iatures 9 manuscripts1 & also 9 ! fir/ attempts at engrav+ on wood & copp] 7,figs4 #bjd & #bje74 ,&1 not)/&+ ! fragile nature ( ! c>ds !mselves1 "s h be5 pres]v$ :i* belong to ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z we h already se51 c>ds _h1 9 pr9ciple1 be5 class$ among ! numb] ( *ildi% games2 b x may be safely ass]t$ t ?is c\ld n h long be5 ! case1 else h[ c\ld we expla9 ! legal /rictures & ! ecclesia/ical ana!mas ( :i* !y 7 ! subject8 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 = example1 speak+ on ! #e? ( ,m>*1 #adbc1 to ! cr[d assembl$ 9 front ( a *ur* at ,si5a1 inveigh$ ) s mu* en]gy1 & fulm9at$ ) s mu* p]suasion1 aga9/ games ( *ance1 t all :o he>d ran at once & fet*$ _! dice1 *ess1 & c>ds1 & burnt !m on ! v spot4 ,b1 adds ! *ronicle1 !re 0 a c>d-mak] :o1 be+ ru9$ by ! s]mon ( ! sa9t1 w5t to seek him1 & ) a flood ( te>s said to him3 8,fa!r1 ,i am a mak] ( c>ds1 & ,i h no o!r trade by :i* to live4 ,by prev5t+ me f foll[+ my trade1 y condemn me to die ( hung]40 8,if pa9t+ is all y are capable (10 repli$ ! prea*]1 8pa9t ?is picture40 ,& he %[$ him an image ( a radiat+ sun1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* %one ! monogram ( ,*ri/--,i4 ,h4 ,s4 ,! artisan foll[$ 8 advice1 & soon made 8 =tune by pa9t+ ?is repres5tation1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ,/4 ,b]n>d z 8 device4 ,al?\gh 9 e direction simil> c5sures 7 direct$ aga9/ c>ds1 !y nev]!less did n fail to come mu* into fa%ion1 especially 9 ,italy2 & to h a consid]able sale4 ,?us1 9 #adda1 we f9d ! ma/] c>d-mak]s at ,v5ice 8:o =m$ a r num]\s association10 claim+ & obta9+ f ! s5ate a k9d ( prohibitory ord] aga9/ 8! l>ge quantity ( pa9t$ & pr9t$ c>ds :i* 7 made out ( ,v5ice & 7 introduc$ into ! t[n1 to ! great detrim5t ( _! art40 ,x is important to notice t m5tion is made "h ( pr9t$ z well z ( pa9t$ c>ds4 ,! fact is1 t at ?is date1 n only did all ! cities 9 ,italy make _! own c>ds1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( wood-engrav+1 ,g]many & ,holl& export$ a l>ge quantity ( !m4 ,we mu/ also po9t out t docum5ts ( ! same date appe> to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 ! primitive nabi & c>ds prop]ly s call$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 af=d+ any detail$ *>act]i/ics ( ei!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 kn[n t prior to ! ye> #adai1 "o ,franois ,fibbia1 a noble ( ,pisa :o di$ 9 exile at ,bologna1 obta9$ f ! 8re=m]s0 ( ?is city1 on ! score ( 8 be+ ! inv5tor ( ! game ( t>ro*9o1 ! "r ( plac+ 8 escut*eon ( arms on ! 8que5 de bton10 & t ( 8 wife's arms on ! 8que5 de d5i]40 ,btons1 d5i]s1 ) c\pes & pes1 7 !n ! suits ( ! ,italian c>ds1 z c>reau 7diamond71 trfle 7club71 cur 7he>t71 & pique 7spade71 7 ^? ( ! ,fr5* c>ds4 ,no orig9al specim5 has be5 pres]v$ ( ! t>ots 7t>ro*i1 t>ro*9i7 or ,italian c>ds ( ?is epo*2 b we possess a pack engrav$ ab\t #adfj1 :i* is kn[n to be an exact copy ( !m4 ,add$ to ?is1 ,raphael ,maffei1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 has left 9 8 8,comm5t>ies0 a description ( t>ots1 :i* 71 he says1 8a new inv5tion10--9 comp>ison1 d\btless1 ) ! orig9 ( play+-c>ds4 ,f ^! two docum5ts--?\gh !y pres5t "s diff]5ces--we may ga!r t ! pack ( t>ots 0 !n compos$ ( f\r or five s]ies or suits1 ea* ( t5 c>ds1 be>+ consecutive numb]s1 & pres5t+ s _m d5i]s1 btons1 c\pes1 & pes1 equal 9 numb] to t ( ! c>d4 ,to ^! s]ies we mu/ add a :ole assortm5t ( figures1 repres5t+ ! ,k+1 ! ,que51 ! ,knight1 ! ,foot-travell]1 ! ,_w1 ,ju/ice1 an ,angel1 ! ,sun1 ! ,devil1 a ,ca/le1 ,dea?1 a ,gibbet1 ! ,pope1 ,love1 a ,buffoon 7,fig4 #bjf71 c4 ,x is evid5t t t>ots 7 curr5t 9 ,france long be=e ! inv5tion ( ! game ( piquet1 :i* is unque/ionably ( ,fr5* orig92 & among ^! t>ots we mu/ class ! c>ds t are call$ ^? ( ,*>les ,,vi4 7,figs4 #bjg & #bjh71 & are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,pr9t-,room ( ! ,biblio?que ,impriale 9 ,p>is2 ^! may be consid]$ z ! olde/ to be f\nd 9 any collection1 ei!r public or private4 ,! ,abb de ,longu]ue /ates t he saw ! pack ) all its c>ds complete2 b only sev5te5 h be5 pres]v$ to our day4 ,^! c>ds are pa9t$ ) delicacy1 l ! m9iatures 9 manuscripts1 on a gilt gr\nd1 fill$ ) dots =m+ a p]=at$ ornam5tation2 !y are also surr\nd$ by a silv]$ bord] 9 :i* a simil> dott+ depicts a spirally twi/$ ribbon4 ,?is dott+ is d\btless ! t>e1 a k9d ( g(f]+ produc$ by small holes prick$ out & arrang$ 9 comp>tm5ts1 to :i* ! t>ots owe _! names1 & ( :i* our pres5t c>ds /ill reta9 a k9d ( rem9isc5ce1 9 _! backs be+ cov]$ ) arabesques or dott$ ov] 9 black or v>i\s col\rs4 ,^! c>ds 7 ab\t sev5 in*es long & ?ree & a half in*es wide1 & 7 pa9t$ 9 di/emp] on c>dbo>d #jci in* ?ick4 ,! composition ( !m is +5i\s & to "s ext5t skilful1 ! draw+ correct & full ( "*1 & ! col\r+ or illum9ation brilliant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--,! ,buffoon1 a ,c>d f a ,pack ( ,t>ots4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,among ! subjects !y repres5t are "s :i* des]ve all ! m att5tion1 because !y c h>dly fail to recall to m9d a conception some:at simil> to t ( ! 8,dance ( ,dea?10 t t]rible 8morality0 :i*1 dat+ f ?is epo*1 0 de/9$ to increase m & m 9 popul>ity4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 by ! side ( ! ,emp]or1 :o is cov]$ ) silv] arm\r & holds ! globe & ! sceptre1 a ,h]mit makes 8 appe>ance z an old man muffl$ 9 a c[l & hold+ up an h\r-glass1 an emblem ( ! rapidity ( "t4 ,!n we h ! ,pope1 :o1 ) ! ti>a on 8 head1 sits betwe5 two c>d9als2 b ,dea? is also !re1 m\nt$ on a grey horse ) a r\gh & %aggy coat1 & sweep+ d[n ) 8 scy! k+s1 popes1 bi%ops1 & o!r great m5 ( ! e>?4 ,if we see ,love1 repres5t$ by ?ree c\ples ( lov]s :o embrace z !y conv]se1 :ile two cupids d>t at !m _! arr[s f a cl\d above2 we also see a ,gibbet1 on :i* hangs a gambl] susp5d$ by "o foot1 & /ill hold+ 9 8 h& a bag ( money4 ,an ,esquire1 clo!d 9 gold & sc>let1 rides gallantly along1 pr\dly wav+ 8 sword2 a ,*>iot be>s 9 triumph an (fic] 9 full arm\r2 a ,fool places 8 cap & bells "u 8 arm t he may c\nt ^u 8 f+]s4 ,f9ally1 ! la/ trumpets are wak+ up ! dead1 :o come out ( _! graves to appe> at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,illu/rations3 ,fig4 #bjg4--,! ,moon4 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,ju/ice4 7,c>ds tak5 f ! ,pack1 said to be ( ,*>les ,,vi41 pres]v$ 9 ! ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,mo/ ( ^! allegorical subjects h be5 reta9$ 9 ! t>ots1 :i* include1 indep5d5t ( ! sixte5 figures ( our piquet-pack1 tw5ty-two c>ds1 repres5t+ ! ,emp]or1 ! ,lov]1 ! ,*>iot1 ! ,h]mit1 ! ,gibbet1 ,dea?1 ! ,h\se ( ,god1 ! ,end ( ! ,_w1 c4 ,we %\ld sc>cely be ju/ifi$ 9 imag9+ t ^! t>ots1 pres5t+ z !y did a picture ( life s gloomily philosophical1 reg>d$ f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 c\ld h enjoy$ any great fav\r 9 ! c5tre ( a frivol\s & corrupt c\rt1 devot$ to little else b ftes1 masqu]ades1 & s++2 ?is1 too1 at a "t :5 ! ,/ate1 a prey to e k9d ( intrigue1 0 fall+ into ru91 & ! voice ( insurrection 0 surg+ up among a p burd5$ by taxes1 & decimat$ by pe/il5ce & fam9e4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! t>ots might well please ! imag9ation ( c]ta9 good p :o1 hav+ be5 depriv$ ( _! prop]ty 9 "s ( ! di/urbances incid5tal to ^! times1 c\ld n fail to accept z a consolation su* emblematical repres5tations ( life & dea?4 ,arti/s ( e k9d tri$ _! be/ to reproduce !m 9 all =ms2 & z ^! designs f\nd a place ev5 9 ! ornam5ts ( ! female sex1 x 0 sc>cely probable t play+-c>ds w\ld =m an exception4 ,we are 9 possession ( ! rema9s ( two anci5t packs ( c>ds1 produc$ by means ( engrav$ plates2 !y 7 discov]$1 l mo/ c>ds ( ?is date :i* h come to light1 9 ! b9d+s ( books ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! c>ds1 :i* belong to ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii41 are ess5tially ,fr5* 9 _! "*4 ,we f9d 9 !m ! k+1 ! que51 & ! knave ( ea* suit1 z 9 our pres5t pack ( piquet c>ds4 ,9 "o ( ^! anci5t packs we notice1 h[ev]1 traces ( ! ,s>ac5ic orig9 ( ! nabi2 ! ,mussulman 8cresc5t0 be+ sub/itut$ = ! 8diamond10 :ile ! 8club0 is depict$ 9 ! ,arabian or ,moori% fa%ion2 t is1 ) f\r simil> bran*es4 ,!re is also ano!r peculi>ity2 ! 8k+ ( he>ts0 is repres5t$ by a k9d ( savage1 or hairy ape1 lean+ ^u a knotty /ick4 ,! 8que50 ( ! same suit is likewise cov]$ ) hair1 & holds a tor* 9 h] h&4 ,! 8knave ( clubs10 :o is well fitt$ to s]ve z an escort to ! 8k+0 & 8que5 ( he>ts10 is also cov]$ ) hair1 & c>ries a knotty /ick on 8 %\ld]4 ,we may1 besides1 notice ! legs ( a f\r? hairy p]sonage among ^? :i* h be5 sep>at$ f _! bodies by ! knife ( ! bookb9d]4 ,b1 ) ! exception ( ^!1 all ! o!r p]sonages are clo!d accord+ to ! fa%ion or ! etiquette :i* prevail$ at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,,vii4 ,! 8que5 ( cresc5ts0 is repres5t$ 9 a co/ume simil> to t ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,*>les ,,vi4 on 8 ,?rone1 f a ,m9iature 9 ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,k+s ( ,france4 7,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,m>y ( ,anj\1 ! wife ( ! k+2 or 9 t ( ,gr>de ,grass9el1 8 mi/ress4 ,! repres5tations ( ! k+s1 ! hairy "o except$1 are id5tical ) ^? we h ( ,*>les ,,vii4 himself1 or ! nobles ( 8 suite4 ,_! co/ume 0 a velvet hat surm\nt$ by ! cr[n ornam5t$ ) fleurs-de-lis2 a robe op5 9 front & l9$ ) erm9e or m5u vair1 a tight d\blet1 & close /ock+s4 ,! 8knaves0 are copi$ f ! pages & s]geants-at-arms ( ! p]iod2 "o we>s ! plum$ flat cap & long cloak2 ano!r1 on ! contr>y1 is clad 9 a %ort dress1 & /&s erect 9 8 close-fitt+ d\blet & tightly drawn bree*es4 ,! latt] displays1 writt5 on a /ream] :i* he is unroll+1 ! "n ( ! c>d-mak]1 8,f4 ,cl]c40 ,^! are c]ta9ly c>ds ( ,fr5* inv5tion1 or1 at any rate1 ( ,fr5* manufacture2 b :at explanation are we to give ( ! pres5ce ( ! savage 8k+0 & 8que510 & ! 8hairy knave10 among ! k+s1 que5s1 & knaves all dress$ accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,,vii48 ,we may1 p]haps1 f9d a satisfactory reply by ref]r+ to ! *ronicles ( ! prec$+ reign4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y1 #acib1 !re 0 a gr& fte at ! mansion ( ,que5 ,blan*e 9 hon\r ( ! m>riage ( a ,*evali] de ,v]m&ois ) "o ( ! que5's ladies4 ,! k+1 ,*>les ,,vi41 _h only j recov]$ f 8 m5tal malady4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rites1 ,hugon9 de ,janzay1 project$ an ent]ta9m5t 9 :i* ! k+ & five lords 7 to take a "p4 8,x 010 says ,juvnal des ,urs9s1 8a masqu]ade ( wild m5 *a9$ toge!r1 & all %aggy2 _! dress 0 made to fit close to _! body1 & 0 r5d]$ r\gh by flax & t[ fa/5$ on by res9\s pit*1 greas$ s z to %9e ! bett]40 ,froiss>t1 :o 0 an eye-witness ( ?is fte1 says t ! six actors 9 ! ballet ent]$ ! hall yell+ & %ak+ _! *a9s4 ,z x 0 n kn[n :o ^! mask]s 71 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 bro!r ( ! k+1 wi%+ to f9d out1 took a light$ tor* f ! h&s ( 8 s]vant1 & held x s close to "o ( ^! /range p]sonages t 8! heat ( ! fire caught ! flax40 ,! k+ 0 =tunately sep>at$ f 8 companions1 :o 7 all burn$1 ) ! exception ( "o only1 :o ?rew himself into a tub full ( wat]4 ,al?\gh ,*>les ,,vi4 escap$ f ?is p]il1 he 0 deeply affect$ by ! ?\ght ( ! dang] to :i* he _h be5 expos$1 & ! result 0 a relapse into 8 =m] insanity4 ,?is fe>ful ballet des ard5ts left su* an impression on ! m9ds ( p g5]ally1 t sev5ty ye>s aft]w>ds a ,g]man engrav] made x ! subject ( a pr9t4 ,%\ld we1 !n1 be v5tur+ on an inadmissible hypo!sis if we attribute to a c>dmak] ( ?is epo* ! idea ( introduc+ ! same subject 9 a pack ( c>ds8 :i*1 z is abundantly prov$1 0 modifi$ accord+ to ! :im ( ! arti/4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ! co/ume ( a female savage & ! tor*1 :i* are giv5 to ! 8que5 ( he>ts10 we mu/ n =get t ,isabel ( ,bav>ia1 consort ( ,*>les ,,vi41 is accus$ ( hav+ assi/$ 9 devis+ ?is fatal masqu]ade1 :i* 0 int5d$ to get rid ( ! k+2 & ( hav+ tak5 z h] accomplice ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 h] bro!r-9-law1 :o is said to h purposely set fire to ! clo?+ ( ^! pret5d$ wild m51 among :om 0 ! k+4 ,! second pack1 or fragm5t ( a pack1 :i* is dat$ back to ?is epo*1 pres5ts a simil>ity to our pres5t c>ds ( a yet m /rik+ nature1 at lea/ 9 ! *>act]s & co/umes ( ! figures2 al?\gh ! names & devices ( ! p]sonages /ill are sugge/ive ( _! ,s>ac5ic orig94 ,we mu/ rem>k1 "u ?is head1 t = sev]al c5turies ! names c\pl$ ) ! diff]5t p]sonages 7 incessantly v>y+4 ,9 ?is pack we f9d 8k+s10 8que5s10 & 8knaves0 ( clubs1 he>ts1 spades1 & diamonds2 ! ,s>ac5ic cresc5t has disappe>$4 ,! 8k+s0 are all hold+ sceptres1 & ! 8que5s0 c>ry fl[]s4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! repres5tations is n only 9 h>mony ) ! fa%ions ( ! p]iod1 b 9 addition to ?is1 !re are no violations ei!r ( ! laws ( h]aldry or ( ! usages ( *ivalry4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ?is pack1 ! true piquet-pack1 :i* sup]s$$ ! ,italian t>ots & ! c>ds ( ,*>les ,,vi41 & soon became g5]ally us$ 9 ,france1 0 ! inv5tion ( ,eti5ne ,vignoles1 call$ ,la ,hire1 "o ( ! brave/ & mo/ active soldi]s ( t p]iod4 ,! tradition has a "r to our respect1 = ! m]e exam9ation ( ?is piquet-pack proves t x mu/ h be5 ! "w ( "s accompli%$ *evali]1 or at lea/ ( a m9d pr(\ndly imbu$ ) ! mann]s & cu/oms ( *ivalry4 ,b1 )\t any wi% to exclude ,la ,hire1 :o1 z ! hi/orians say1 8always _h 8 helmet on 8 head & 8 lance 9 8 h&1 ready to attack ! ,engli%1 & nev] re/$ until he di$ ( 8 w\nds10 we are l$ r to ascribe ! hon\r ( ?is +5i\s inv5tion to "o ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,eti5ne ,*evali]1 secret>y & treasur] to ! k+1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 skill 9 design+4 ,jacques ,cur1 ^: comm]cial relations ) ! ,ea/ br\ght ^u him ! accusation ( hav+ 8s5t arms to ! ,s>ac5s10 might well h become ! import] ( ,asiatic c>ds into ,france1 & ,*evali] might !n h amus$ himself by apply+ devices to !m or1 z 0 !n said1 by moralis+ or symbolis+ !m4 ,9 ,india x _h be5 ! game ( ! vizi] & ( w>2 ! royal treasur] turn$ x into a pack hav+ ref]5ce to ! knight & *ivalry4 ,9 ! fir/ place he plac$ on x 8 own armorial be>+s1 ! unicorn1 :i* figures 9 sev]al anci5t packs ( c>ds4 ,he did n =get ! allusive arms ( ,jacques ,cur1 & sub/itut$ 8he>ts0 = ! c\pes4 ,he made ! 8clubs0 imitate ! h]aldic fl[] ( ,agnes ,sorel2 & also *ang$ ! d5i]s into diamonds1 or arr[-heads 7,fig4 #baj71 & ! pes into spades1 to d hon\r to ! two bro!rs ,jean & ,gasp>d ,bureau1 gr&-ma/]s ( artill]y 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,anci5t ,fr5* ,c>d ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--,specim5 ( a ,pack ( ,c>ds ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,eti5ne ,*evali]1 z ! mo/ skilful design] ( emblems ( ! p]iod1 0 em95tly capable ( sub/itut+1 9 play+-c>ds1 ladies or que5s = ! ,ori5tal 8vizi]s0 or ,italian 8knights0 :i*1 on ! t>ots1 figur$ alone among ! 8k+s0 & 8knaves40 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 repeat t we h no int5tion ( depriv+ ,la ,hire ( ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion1 & only haz>d a supposition 9 addition to ! op9ion g5]ally receiv$4 ,^! c>ds1 :i* be> all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii41 mu/ be look$ ^u z ! fir/ attempts at wood-engrav+1 & at pr9t+ by means ( engrav$ blocks4 ,!y 7 probably execut$ betwe5 #adbj & #addj1 t is to say1 prior to mo/ ( ! kn[n xylographic productions4 ,play+-c>ds1 !re=e1 s]v$ z a k9d ( introduction or prelude to pr9t+ f engrav$ blocks1 an inv5tion :i* consid]ably prec$$ ! pr9t+ f movable *>act]s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we obs]ve t s e>ly z ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury play+-c>ds 7 spread all ov] ,europe1 x is b natural to imag9e t "s economical plan ( manufacture _h be5 discov]$ & employ$4 ,?us1 z we h already m5tion$1 ,jacquem9 ,gr+onneur1 9 #acib1 0 paid fifty-six sols ( ,p>is1 t is ab\t #g #as4 #h;d4 ( our pres5t money1 = ?ree packs ( t>ots1 pa9t$ = ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,"o s+le pack ( t>ots1 admirably pa9t$1 ab\t ! ye> #adae1 by ,m>ziano1 secret>y to ! ,duke ( ,milan1 co/ "o ?\s& five hundr$ gold5 cr[ns 7ab\t #fbe72 b 9 #aded1 a pack ( c>ds int5d$ = ! ,dauph9 ( ,france co/ no m ?an five s\s ( ,t\rs 7ab\t elev5 or twelve %ill+s74 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 #acib & #aded means _h be5 discov]$ ( mak+ play+-c>ds at a *eap rate1 & ( conv]t+ !m into an object ( trade2 m]c]s 7 accu/om$ to sell !m toge!r ) ! 8p9s10 :i* !n took ! place ( copp] & silv] c\nt]s2 h5ce ! ,fr5* prov]b1 8,tir] son p+le du jeu0 7to get out ( a scrape74 ,al?\gh ! use ( play+-c>ds cont9u$ to ext5d m & m1 we mu/ n imag9e t !y _h ceas$ to be ! subject ( prohibitory & condemnatory ord9ances on ! "p ( ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,on ! contr>y1 a long li/ might be made ( ! decrees laun*$ aga9/ c>ds !mselves & ^? t us$ !m4 ,pr9ces & lords1 z a matt] ( "r1 felt !mselves above ^! prohibitions2 ! l[] ord]s & ! dissolute did n fail to infr+e !m4 ,x 0 nev]!less ! case1 t 9 ! face ( ^! con/antly-r5ew$ prohibitions1 ! manufacture ( play+-c>ds c\ld only be develop$1 or r p]haps be c>ri$ on1 9 "s indirect mode4 ,?us1 we f9d ! bus9ess at fir/ 0 conceal$1 z x 71 "u t ( a /ation] or illum9ator4 ,n until ,decemb]1 #aeha--t is1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4--d we f9d ! fir/ regulation fix+ ! /atutes ( ! 8ma/]-c>dmak]s40 ,^! /atutes1 confirm$ by lett]s pat5t 9 #aehd & #afac1 rema9$ 9 =ce d[n to ! 7,fr5*7 ,revolution4 ,9 ! confirmation ( corporate privileges grant$ at ! latt] date1 x is laid d[n z a rule t h5ce=? ma/]-c>dmak]s %\ld be b\nd to place _! names1 surnames1 signs1 & devices on ! 8knave ( clubs0 7,figs4 #bab1 #bac7 ( e pack ( c>ds4 ,?is prescription appe>s to h done no?+ m ?an legalise an old cu/om--a fact :i* may be prov$ by an exam9ation ( ! curi\s collection ( anci5t c>ds 9 ! ,pr9t-,room ( ! ,biblio?que ,impriale4 ,we h already /at$ t = a p]iod ( _m ye>s ! names giv5 to ! v>i\s p]sonages 9 ! pack v>i$ con/antly1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! c>dmak]2 a m]e glance at ! collection j m5tion$ w confirm ?is ass]tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bab & #bac4--,! 8,knave ( ,clubs0 9 ! ,packs ( ,c>ds ( ,r4 ,pass]el & ,r4 ,le ,cornu4 7,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! c>ds t might be /yl$ ^? ( ,*>les ,,vii41 :i* appe> to u to convey "s rem9isc5ce ( ! ballet des ard5ts1 h no inscription b ! "n ( ! c>dmak]4 ,b 9 ! o!r pack ( ! same date ! 8knave ( clubs0 be>s z a leg5d ! ^w ,rolan2 ! 8k+ ( clubs10 ,sans ,s\ci2 ! 8que5 ( clubs10 ,tromp]ie2 ! 8k+ ( diamonds10 ,corsube2 ! 8que5 ( diamonds10 ,en toi te fie2 ! 8k+ ( spades10 ,apoll91 c4 ,?is collection ( names reveals to u ! ?reefold influ5ce ( ! ,s>ac5ic orig9 ( play+-c>ds1 ! ideas convey$ at t p]iod to ! m9d by ! read+ ( ! old romances ( *ivalry1 & ! effect ( contempor>y ev5ts4 ,9 fact1 9 ! anci5t epics1 ,apoll9 7or ,apollo7 is a deity by :om ! ,s>ac5s 7 accu/om$ to swe>2 ,corsube is a knight ( ,cordova 7,corsuba74 ,sans ,s\ci is evid5tly "o ( ^? sobriquets :i* squires acquir$ ! habit ( adopt+ at ! "t !y 7 prov+ !mselves wor?y ( ! title ( knight4 ,rol&1 ! mighty ,palad9 :o di$ at ,roncevaux fight+ aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s1 seems to h be5 plac$ ^u ! c>ds 9 ord] to oppose ! memory ( 8 glory to t ( ! infidel k+s4 ,! que5 8,en toi te fie0 might well allude to ,joan ( ,arc4 ,! que5 8,tromp]ie0 recalls to m9d ,isabel ( ,bav>ia1 :o 0 an unfai?ful wife & a cruel "m2 &1 moreov]1 _h betray$ ,france to ,engl&4 ,all ^! ideas are d\btless m]e suppositions1 b su* z a critical exam9ation ( a m m9ute & ext5d$ "* w\ld p]haps succe$ 9 *ang+ into unque/ionable c]ta9ties4 ,next aft] ! c>ds ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,,vii4 foll[1 z ! mo/ anci5t 9 po9t ( date1 two packs :i* c]ta9ly belong to ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ,"o ( ^! packs does n be> any k9d ( leg5d2 9 ! o!r ! 8k+ ( he>ts0 is call$ ,*>les2 ! 8k+ ( diamonds10 ,cs>2 ! 8k+ ( clubs10 ,ar?ur2 ! 8k+ ( spades10 ,david2 ! 8que5 ( he>ts10 ,hle9e2 ! 8que5 ( diamonds10 ,judi?2 ! 8que5 ( clubs10 ,ra*el2 ! 8que5 ( spades10 ,p]sabe 7d\btless = ,ba?%eba74 ,9 a pack ( c>ds belong+ to ! reign ( ,francis ,i41 ! 8k+ ( clubs0 becomes ,alex&]1 & ! "n ( ,judi? is transf]r$ to ! 8que5 ( he>ts20 & = ! fir/ "t 7at lea/ 9 ! specim5s :i* h be5 pres]v$7 "s ( ! 8knaves0 be> special names--! 8knave ( he>ts0 is ,la ,hire1 & ! 8knave ( diamonds0 ,hector ( ,trois 7sic74 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ab\t ! "t ( ! battle ( ,pavia & ( ! k+'s captivity1 ! influ5ce ( ,spani% & ,italian fa%ions beg9s to affect ! leg5ds on packs ( c>ds4 ,x is rem>k$ t ! 8knave ( spades10 :i* pres5ts no?+ 9 ! way ( a leg5d b ! "n ( ! c>dmak]1 is made to resemble ,*>les-,qu9t 7,fig4 #baa74 ,! ?ree o!r knaves be> ! s+ul> d5om9ations ( ,pri5 ,roman1 ,capita ,fili1 & ,capitane ,vallant4 ,! k+s are3 8he>ts10 ,julius ,cs>2 8diamonds10 ,*>les2 8clubs10 ,hector2 8spades10 ,david4 ,! que5s are3 8he>ts10 ,hle9e2 8diamonds10 ,lucresse2 8clubs10 ,p5taxle 7,p5!silea72 8spades10 ,beciabe 7,ba?%eba74 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 ! names giv5 to ! p]sonages come mu* ne>] to ! arrangem5t obs]v$ 9 our pres5t c>ds4 ,cs> is ! 8k+ ( diamonds20 ,david1 ! 8k+ ( spades20 ,alex&]1 ! 8k+ ( clubs40 ,ra*el is ! 8que5 ( diamonds20 ,arg9e1 ( 8clubs20 ,pallas1 ( 8spades40 ,hogi]1 ,hector ( ,troy1 & ,la ,hire1 are ! 8knaves0 ( 8spades10 8diamonds10 & 8he>ts10 respectively4 ,at ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o devot$ himself mu* m to regulat+ ! fa%ions ?an to gov]n+ 8 k+dom1 & 0 ! fir/ to grant /atutes to ! association ( c>dmak]s1 ! pack ( c>ds became ! mirror ( ! extravagant fa%ions ( ?is effem9ate reign4 ,! 8k+s0 h ! po9t$ be>d1 ! />*$ coll>1 ! plum$ hat1 ! bree*es puff+ out r\nd ! lo9s1 ! sla%$ d\blet1 & ! tight-fitt+ hose4 ,! 8que5s0 h _! hair drawn back & crisp$1 ! dress close r\nd ! body1 & made v]tug>de 79 ! =m ( a hoop-petticoat74 ,we see a ,dido1 an ,elizabe?1 & a ,clotilde1 make _! appe>ance 9 ! respective *>act]s ( 8que5s0 ( 8diamonds10 8he>ts10 & 8spades40 ,among ! k+s figure ,con/ant9e1 ,clovis1 ,augu/us1 & ,solomon4 ,! valiant ,barnais#bf m\nts ! ?rone1 & ! c>ds /ill reflect ! aspect ( 8 c\rt4 ,b soon ,a/rea & a :ole cortge ( t5d] & gallant h]oes beg9 to assume an influ5ce ov] ref9$ m9ds1 & we !n f9d ,cyrus & ,semiramis z 8k+ & que50 ( diamonds2 ,roxana is ! 8que5 ( he>ts0 7,fig4 #bad71 ,n9us ! 8k+ ( spades10 c4 ,9 ! reg5cy ( ,m>ie de ,m$icis1 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 or r ( ,ri*elieu1 9 ! "t ( ,anne ( ,au/ria & ,l\is ,,xiv41 play+-c>ds cont9u$ to assume ! "* ( ! p]iod1 foll[+ ! :im ( ! c\rt1 or ! fancy ( ! c>dmak]4 ,at a c]ta9 "t !y began to take an ,italian "*4 ,! 8k+ ( diamonds0 0 call$ ,c>el2 8 que51 ,lucresi2 ! 8que5 ( spades10 ,b>b]a2 ! 8que5 ( clubs10 ,p5?ame2 ! 8knave ( diamonds10 capit4 ,melu4 ,a va/ field ( inve/igation w\ld lie be=e u if1 9 trac+ out ! detail$ hi/ory ( ^! num]\s v>iations1 we 7 to endeav\r to di/+ui% & settle ! diff]5t causes :i* gave rise to !m4 ,"o fact mu/ c]ta9ly /rike any "o devot+ himself to su* inquiry2 he w\ld see t1 9 contradi/9ction to ! *anges :i* h affect$ ! p]sonages on ! c>ds & _! names1 a cont9u\s /ate ( /ability has be5 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! f\r suits 9 ! ,fr5* c>ds or ! piquet-pack1 :i* 7 adopt$ f ! v comm5cem5t1 & t no attempt has ev] be5 made aga9/ _! arrangem5t & nature4 ,cur 7he>ts71 c>reau 7diamonds71 trfle 7clubs71 & pique 7spades7--^! 7 ! divisions e/abli%$ by ,la ,hire or ,*evali]1 & !y are /ill fai?fully ma9ta9$ 9 ! pres5t day1 al?\gh at v>i\s times endeav\rs h be5 made to def9e _! symbolical signification4 ,= a long "t ! op9ion ( ,fa!r ,m5e/ri] 0 ! preval5t "o2 t 8he>ts0 7 an emblem ( ! cl]gy or ! *oir 7*ur72 8diamonds10 ( ! citiz5s1 :o _h _! rooms pav$ ) squ>e tiles2 8clubs10 ( lab\r]s2 & 8spades10 ( milit>y m54 ,b ,m5e/ri] 0 9 egregi\s error4 ,a mu* cle>] view ( ! matt] 0 tak5 by ,fa!r ,daniel1 :o1 l all s5sible int]pret]s1 recognis+ 9 c>ds a game ( an ess5tially milit>y "*1 ass]t$ t 8he>ts0 d5ot$ ! c\rage ( ! comm&]s & soldi]s2 8clubs0 7trfle--8trefoil07 ! /ores ( =age2 8spades0 & 8diamonds10 ! magaz9es ( arms4 ,?is 0 a view :i*1 z we ?9k1 comes mu* clos] to ! real int]pretation ( ! suits2 & ,bullet 0 /ill ne>] ! m>k :5 he recognis$ (f5sive arms 9 8clubs0 & 8spades10 & def5sive arms 9 8he>ts0 & 8diamonds40 ,! fir/ 7 ! sword & ! lance2 ! second1 ! t>get & ! %ield4 ,b 9 ord] to d full hon\r to ,fr5* c>ds1 we mu/ n exclude f our att5tion ! t>ots1 :i* prec$$ our game ( piquet1 & cont9u$ to be simultane\sly us$ ev5 9 ,france4 ,! ,spani% & ,italian c>dmak]s1 :o _h be5 ne>ly always e/abli%$ 9 ,france1 made a l>ge quantity ( t>ots 7,fig4 #bae72 b !y made a c]ta9 concession to ,fr5* polit5ess by sub/itut+ 8que5s0 = ! 8cavali]s0 ( _! national game4 ,we mu/ rem>k "h1 t ev5 at ! epo* ( ! conque/s ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii41 ,fr5* c>ds ) ! f\r 8que5s0 replac+ ! 8cavali]s0 nev] succe$$ 9 nationalis+ !mselves 9 ,italy1 & /ill less 9 ,spa92 on ! contr>y1 ! fact 0 t z reg>ds ?is po9t ( fa%ion1 ! vanqui%$ p obta9$ ! advantage ov] _! conqu]ors1 & ! t>ots came into full fav\r among ! victori\s soldi]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--,roxana1 ,que5 ( ,he>ts4 7,specim5 ( ! ,c>ds ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iv47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--;,c>d ( ,italian ,t>ots1 f ! ,pack ( ! m9*iate4 7,collection ( ,play+-,c>ds1 ,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! ,spani>ds mu/ c]ta9ly h receiv$ ! ,ori5tal nab f ! ,moors & ,s>ac5s a long "t prior to ! introduction ( ?is game into ,europe at ,vit]bo2 b we h no writt5 pro(s :i* c]tify to ! exi/5ce ( c>ds among ! ,s>ac5s ( ,spa94 ,! fir/ docum5t 9 :i* !y are m5tion$ is ! edict ( ,john ,i41 ( ! date ( #achg1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,c]ta9 savants h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! signification ( ! f\r suits ( ! ,spani% naypes1 & h fanci$ t !y c\ld di/+ui% 9 !m a special symbolism4 ,9 _! view1 ! d9]os1 copas1 ba/os1 & spadas1 d5ot$ ! f\r e/ates :i* compos$ ! population3 ! m]*ants1 :o h ! money2 ! prie/s1 :o hold ! *alice or cup2 ! peasantry1 :o h&le ! /aff2 & ! nobles1 :o we> ! sword4 ,?is explanation1 al?\gh +5i\s1 does n appe> to u to be bas$ on any v solid f\ndation4 ,! signs or suits ( ! num]al c>ds 7 fix$ ^u 9 ! ,ea/1 & ,spa9 z well z ,italy m]ely adopt$ !m )\t tak+ mu* tr\ble to p5etrate into _! allegorical mean+4 ,! ,spani>ds became s addict$ to ?is game t !y soon pref]r$ x to any o!r recreation2 & we "k t :5 ! companions ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 :o _h j discov]$ ,am]ica1 =m$ _! fir/ settlem5t at ,/4 ,dom+o1 !y almo/ in/antly set to "w to make play+-c>ds out ( ! leaves ( trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #baf & #bag4--,! 8,?ree0 & 8,eight0 ( 8,bells40 ,g]man ,c>ds ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is4 ,pr9t-,room47 ,!re c be no d\bt t play+-c>ds v soon made _! way f ,italy into ,g]many2 b z !y advanc$ t[>ds ! ,nor? !y almo/ imm$iately lo/ _! ,ori5tal *>act]i/ics & ,s>ac5ic "n4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no long] any etymological trace to be f\nd 9 ! old ,g]man language ( ! words nab1 nabi1 or naypes4 ,c>ds 7 call$ ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bah & #bai4--,! 8,two ( ,bells0 & ! 8,k+ ( ,acorns10 tak5 f a ,pack ( ,c>ds ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 design$ & engrav$ by a ,g]man ,ma/]4 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is4 ,pr9t-,room47 ,briefe1 t is1 lett]s2 ! game itself ,spielbriefe1 game ( lett]s2 ! e>lie/ c>dmak]s 7 ,briefmal]1 pa9t]s ( lett]s4 ,! f\r suits ( ! ,briefe 7 nei!r ,italian nor ,fr5* 9 "*2 !y bore ! "n ( ,s*ell51 8bells0 7,figs4 #baf1 #bag1 #bah71 or ro? 7r$71 grn 7gre571 & ,ei*eln 7acorns7 7,fig4 #bai74 ,! ,g]mans1 9 _! love ( symbolism1 _h compreh5d$ ! real orig9al signification ( ! game ( c>ds1 & al?\gh !y introduc$ _m m>k$ *anges1 !y made x _! /udy1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 to pres]ve its milit>y *>act]i/ics4 ,_! suits depict$1 x is said1 ! triumphs or ! hon\rs ( w>--! cr[ns ( oak-leaves or ivy1 ! bells 7 ! bright insignia ( ! ,g]man nobility1 & ! purple 0 ! recomp5se ( _! valiant w>riors4 ,! ,g]mans 7 c>eful n to admit ladies into ! ?or\ghly w>like company ( k+s1 capta9s 7ob]71 & (fic]s 7unt]74 ,! ace 0 always ! flag1 ! w>like emblem p> excell5ce2 9 addition to ?is1 ! olde/ game 0 ! ,l&skne*t1 or lansqu5et 7,fig4 #bbj71 ! di/9ctive t]m ( ! soldi]4 ,we are speak+ "h only ( ! e>lie/ ,g]man c>ds1 =1 aft] a c]ta9 date1 ! ess5tial =m & emblematical rules ( ! pack dep5d$ on no?+ b ! fancy & :im ( ! mak] or ! engrav]4 ,! figures 7 b seldom designat$ by a prop] "n1 b (t5 bore devices 9 ,g]man or ,lat94 ,among ! collections ( anci5t c>ds we f9d "o pack half ,g]man & half ,fr5*1 ) ! names ( ! ,pagan gods4 ,!re are also sev]al sets ( c>ds ) five suits 7( f\rte5 c>ds ea*71 among o!rs ^? ( 8roses0 & 8pomegranates40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--,! 8,two0 ( a ,pack ( ,g]man ,lansqu5et ,c>ds4 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--;,c>d f a ,game ( 8,logic10 inv5t$ by ,?4 ,murn]1 & copi$ f 8 8,*>tiludium ,logices40 7,crac[1 #aejg47 ,! ,g]mans 7 ! fir/ :o ent]ta9$ ! idea ( apply+ c>ds to ! in/ruction ( y\?2 &1 z x 71 ( moralis+ a game ( *ance by mak+ x express all ! categories ( s*ola/ic sci5ce4 ,?omas ,murn]1 a ,franciscan monk1 & pr(essor ( philosophy1 made 9 #aejg an attempt ( ?is k9d 7,fig4 #bba47 ,he design$ a pack ( fifty-two c>ds1 divid$ into sixte5 suits1 correspond+ to ! same numb] ( s*ola/ic treatises2 ea* c>d is cov]$ ) s _m symbols t a description w\ld resemble ! sett+ =? ( "s obscure riddle 7tnbreux logogriphe74 ,! ,g]man univ]sities1 :i* 7 f> f be+ dismay$ at a little my/icism1 7 only ! m eag] to /udy ! arcana ( gramm> & logic :ile play+ at c>ds4 ,imitations ( ,murn]'s c>ds 7 multipli$ ad inf9itum4 ,a game & pack ( c>ds attribut$ to ! celebrat$ ,m>t9 ,s*ngau]1 or to "o ( 8 pupils1 mu/ also be dat$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! c>ds are di/+ui%$ by _! =m1 numb]1 & design2 !y are r\nd 9 %ape1 & mu* resemble ,p]sian c>ds1 are pa9t$ on ivory & cov]$ ) arabesques1 fl[]s1 & birds4 ,?is pack1 only a few pieces ( :i* n[ exi/ 9 "s ( ! ,g]man collections1 0 compos$ ( fifty-two c>ds divid$ into f\r num]al s]ies ( n9e c>ds ea*1 & ) f\r figures 9 ea* s]ies--! k+1 ! que51 ! squire1 & ! knave4 ,! suits or m>ks are ! 8,h>e10 ! 8,p>rot10 ! 8,c>nation10 & ! 8,columb9e40 ,ea* ( ! aces repres5ts ! type ( ! suit1 & !y be> philosophical devices 9 ,lat94 ,! f\r figures ( ! 8,p>rot0 suit are ( ,african "*2 ^? ( ! 8,h>e0 are ,asiatic or ,turki%2 ^? ( ! 8,c>nation0 & ! 8,columb9e0 belong to ,europe4 ,! 8k+s0 & 8que5s0 are on horseback2 ! 8squires0 & 8knaves0 are s simil> t x is difficult to di/+ui% !m1 ) ! exception ( ! knaves ( 8,columb9e0 & 8,c>nation0 7,figs4 #bbb to #bbg74 ,! ,engli% also 7 9 possession ( play+-c>ds at an e>ly date1 obta9+ !m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! trade :i* !y c>ri$ on ) ! ,hanseatic t[ns & ,holl&2 b !y did n manufacture c>ds be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 = we "k t 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ! ,gov]nm5t reta9$ 9 its own h&s ! monopoly ( play+-c>ds1 8:i* 7 import$ f abroad40 ,! ,engli%1 :ile adopt+ indiscrim9ately c>ds ( a ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 or ,spani% "*1 gave to ! valet ! *>act]i/ic appellation ( 8knave40#bg ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bbb to #bbg4--;,g]man ,r\nd-%ap$ ,c>ds1 ) ! ,monogram ,t4 ,w4 #a4 8,k+ ( ,p>rots40 #b4 8,que5 ( ,c>nations40 #c4 8,knave ( ,columb9e40 #d4 8,knave ( ,h>es40 #e4 8,?ree ( ,p>rots40 #f4 8,ace ( ,c>nations40 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--,la ,damoiselle1 f a ,pack ( ,c>ds engrav$ by 8,! ,ma/] ( #adff40 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is4 ,pr9t-,room47 ,wood-engrav+1 :i* 0 inv5t$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & p]haps ev5 be=e1 mu/ h be5 appli$ at ! v fir/ & almo/ simultane\sly to ! reproduction ( sacr$ pictures & ! manufacture ( play+-c>ds4 ,holl& & ,g]many h cont5d$ = ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! cradle ( ?is inv5tion4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is1 !y h also ev5 ?\ght !mselves w>rant$ 9 lay+ claim to ! cr$it ( ! orig9al manufacture ( c>ds2 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,! ,knight1 f a ,pack ( ,c>ds engrav$ by 8,! ,ma/] ( #adff40 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ( ,p>is47 :]eas ! fact is t all !y c claim is to h be5 ! fir/ to produce !m by "s m exp$iti\s me?od ( mak+4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( sev]al savants1 ,laur5t ,co/] ( ,ha]lem 0 only an engrav] ( wood-blocks = c>ds & pictures1 be=e he became a pr9t] ( books4 ,x c]ta9ly is a fact t wood-engrav+1 :i* 0 = a long "t limit$ to a few /udios 9 ,holl& & ,upp] ,g]many1 ow$ a l>ge %>e ( its progress to ! trade 9 play+-c>ds--"o :i* 0 c>ri$ on ) su* activity t1 z we read 9 an old *ronicle ( ! city ( ,ulm1 ab\t ! ye> #acig1 8!y 7 9 ! habit ( s5d+ play+-c>ds 9 bales to ,italy1 ,sicily1 & o!r s\!rn c\ntries1 to ex*ange = groc]ies & v>i\s m]*&ise40 ,a few ye>s lat]1 engrav+ on metal or copp]-plate 0 employ$ 9 produc+ play+-c>ds ( a really arti/ic "*1 among :i* we may m5tion ^? ( 8,! ,ma/] ( #adff0 7,figs4 #bbh & #bbi71 & by 8 anonym\s rivals4 ,! pack ( c>ds ( ?is engrav] exi/s only 9 a small numb] ( pr9t-collections1 & x is 9 e case incomplete4 ,z f> z we c judge1 x mu/ h be5 compos$ ( sixty c>ds1 consi/+ ( =ty num]al c>ds divid$ into five s]ies1 & tw5ty picture-c>ds1 be+ f\r to ea* s]ies4 ,! figures are ! k+1 que51 knight1 & knave4 ,! suits1 or m>ks1 pres5t r a /range selection ( wild m51 f]oci\s quadrup$s1 de]1 birds ( prey1 & v>i\s fl[]s4 ,^! objects are num]ically gr\p$ & tol]ably well arrang$1 s z to all[ ! numb]s indicat$ to be di/+ui%$ at fir/ sight4 ,?us1 z we h se51 play+-c>ds made _! way ?r\gh ,arabia f ,india to ,europe1 :]e !y fir/ arriv$ ab\t ! ye> #acgj4 ,)9 a few ye>s !y spread f ! s\? to ! nor? ( ! latt] c\ntry2 b ^? :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( a passion = play1 _h s eag]ly welcom$ !m1 7 f> inde$ f suspect+ t ?is new game conta9$ )9 itself ! g]m ( two ( ! mo/ beautiful inv5tions ev] devis$ by ! human m9d--^? ( engrav+ & pr9t+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t play+-c>ds 7 9 use = _m a long ye>1 ere ! public voice _h proclaim$ ! almo/ simultane\s discov]y ( ! arts ( engrav+ on wood & metal1 & ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--;,coat ( ,arms ( ! ,c>dmak]s ( ,p>is4 ,,glass-,,pa9t+4 ,pa9t+ on ,glass m5tion$ by ,hi/orians 9 ! ,?ird ,c5tury ( our ,era4--,glaz$ ,w9d[s at ,bri\de 9 ! ,six? ,c5tury4--,col\r$ ,glass at ,/4 ,john ,lat]an & ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome4--,*ur*-,w9d[s ( ! ,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies 9 ,france3 ,sa9t-,d5is1 ,s5s1 ,poiti]s1 ,*>tres1 ,rheims1 c4--,9 ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies ! ,art 0 at its ,z5i?4--,jean ,c\s94--,! ,cle/9s ( ,p>is2 ,sa9t-,g]vais4--,rob]t ,p9aigri] & 8 ,sons4--,b]n>d ,palissy decorates ! ,*apel ( ! ,ca/le ( ,ec\54--,=eign ,art2 ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,we h already e/abli%$ ! fact t ! art ( manufactur+ & col\r+ glass 0 kn[n to ! mo/ anci5t nations2 &1 says ,*ampollion-,figeac1 8if we /udy ! v>i\s fragm5ts ( ?is fragile sub/ance t h be5 h&$ d[n to our "t1 if we take into consid]ation ! v>i$ ornam5tation ) :i* !y are cov]$1 ev5 ! human figures :i* "s ( !m repres5t1 x w\ld be difficult to ass]t t antiquity 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! means ( comb9+ glass ) pa9t+4 ,if antiquity did n produce :at are n[ call$ pa9t$-w9d[s1 ! real cause d\btless 0 because ! cu/om ( employ+ glass 9 w9d[s did n !n exi/40 ,"s few specim5s ( x h1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd 9 ! w9d[s ( ! h\ses exhum$ at ,pompeii2 b ?is mu/ h be5 an exception1 = ! ?ird c5tury ( our era is ! e>lie/ date 9 :i* traces are f\nd 9 hi/ory ( w9d[-glass be+ us$ 9 build+s2 & we mu/ br+ d[n our rese>*es z late z ! times ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om & ,/4 ,j]ome 7! f\r? c5tury7 9 ord] to f9d any reliable affirmation z to its adoption4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ,gregory ( ,t\rs relates t a soldi] broke ! glass-w9d[ ( a *ur* at ,bri\de 9 ord] to ent] x secretly & commit robb]y2 & we "k t :5 ?is prelate caus$ ! re/oration ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 he took c>e to fill its w9d[s ) glass 8( v>i$ col\rs40 ,ab\t ! same "t ,=tunatus1 ! poet-bi%op ( ,poiti]s1 highly extols ! spl5d\r ( ! glass-w9d[ ( a *ur* 9 ,p>is1 ! "n ( :i* he does n m5tion2 b ! le>n$ inve/igations ( ,foncemagne ) ref]5ce to ! fir/ k+s ( ,france in=m u t ! *ur* built at ,p>is by ,*ildeb]t ,i4 9 hon\r ( ! ,holy ,cross & ,/4 ,v9c5t1 z well z ! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,b\rges1 7 clos$ 9 ) glass-w9d[s4 ,du ,cange1 9 8 8,con/ant9ople ,*rti5ne10 describes ! glass-w9d[s ( ! basilica ( ,/4 ,sophia1 rebuilt by ,ju/9ian2 & ,paul1 ! ,sil5ti>y1#bh dwells ) en?usiasm on ! m>vell\s effect produc$ by ! rays ( ! sun ^u ?is assemblage ( v>i\s col\r$ glasses4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! epo* at :i* ! use ( glass-w9d[s 0 becom+ g5]al1 ! basilica ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,rome possess$ col\r$ glass-w9d[s2 & ,*>lemagne1 :o _h caus$ mosaics ( col\r$ glass to be made 9 a l>ge numb] ( *ur*es1 did n fail to avail himself ( ?is k9d ( ornam5t 9 ! ca!dral erect$ by him at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,up to ?is "t ! only me?od ( mak+ glass 0 9 small pieces1 g5]ally r\nd1 & designat$ by ! "n ( cires1 a numb] ( :i* by means ( a network ( pla/]1 wood5 frames1 or /rips ( lead1 7 us$ to fill up ! w9d[s4 ,?is mat]ial be+1 h[ev]1 v co/ly1 x c\ld only be introduc$ into edifices ( great importance4 ,add$ to ?is1 x c sc>cely be a s\rce ( wond] if1 at a "t :5 all bran*es ( art _h relaps$ into a sort ( b>b>ism1 & glass 0 only exceptionally employ$ 9 ord9>y purposes1 no "o ?\ght ( decorat+ x ) pa9t$ figures & ornam5ts4 ,) reg>d to mosaic1 ei!r 9 m>ble or col\r$ glass1 ,m>tial1 ,lucretius1 & o!r writ]s ( antiquity1 m5tion x 9 _! works4 ,egypt _h a k ( x ev5 be=e ,greece2 ! ,romans 7 accu/om$ to employ x 9 ornam5t+ ! ro(s & pavem5t ( _! temples1 & ev5 _! columns & /reets4 ,"s magnific5t specim5s ( ^! decorations h rema9$ to our "t1 & !y are consid]$ z insep>able f ! ar*itecture ( ! emp]ors4 ,"s h desir$ to attribute ! cu/om ( employ+ col\r$ glass 9 mosaics to ! r>ity ( col\r$ m>bles4 ,w\ld x n be a m probable hypo!sis t ! simultane\s use ( m>ble & glass = ?is purpose 0 ! result ( improvem5ts 9 ! art ( mak+ mosaics8 = glass t1 by metallic mixtures1 may be br\ght to a v>iety ( col\rs1 is mu* m easily adapt$ to pictorial comb9ations ?an m>ble1 ! t9ts ( :i* are ! result ( ! caprices ( nature4 ,s5eca1 allud+ to ! use ( col\r$ glasses 9 mosaic1 compla9s ( p n be+ able 8to walk except on preci\s /ones20 ?is %[s h[ preval5t ! use ( ri* mosaics _h become 9 ,rome4 ,b ?is art mu/ h s+ul>ly fall5 into decay1 = ! few examples ( ! k9d we n[ possess1 :i* date f ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 are m>k$ ) a "* ( simplicity t fully h>monises ) ! rud5ess ( ! arti/s ( ^? times4 ,among ^! specim5s mu/ be m5tion$ a pavem5t discov]$ at ,rheims1 ^u :i* are repres5t$ ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 & ,abraham's ,sacrifice2 ano!r on :i* are depict$ ,!seus & ! labyr9? ( ,crete1 9 juxtaposition ) ,david & ,golia?4 ,x is1 moreov]1 kn[n t !re exi/$ 9 ! ,=um ( ,naples a portrait 9 mosaic ( ,!odoric1 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 :o _h caus$ a repres5tation ( ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ to be execut$1 9 ! *ur* ( ,rav5na1 by ! same process4 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 describ+ ! excessive luxury ( ,cons5tius at ,n>bonne1 speaks ( ar*es & pavem5ts ornam5t$ ) mosaics4 ,! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an1 ,/4 ,clem5t1 & ,/4 ,george 9 ,velabro1 at ,rome1 /ill display mosaics ( ?is p]iod4 ,la/ly1 ,*>lemagne caus$ ! great] "p ( ! *ur*es con/ruct$ by him to be ornam5t$ ) mosaics4 ,to return to glass-"w1 we f9d t 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 9 #hfc1 m5tion is made ( two artisans1 ,rag5at & ,bald]ic1 :o became z x 7 ! heads ( ! race ( ,fr5* glass-mak]s4 ,we also le>n f ! *ronicle ( ,/4 ,b5ignus ( ,dijon1 t 9 #ajeb !re exi/$ 9 t *ur* a 8v anci5t pa9t$ w9d[10 repres5t+ ,/4 ,pas*asie1 :i* 0 said to h be5 tak5 f ! e>li] *ur*4 ,we h !re=e a "r to conclude t at ?is p]iod ! cu/om ( pa9t+ on glass _h long be5 common4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury glass-mak]s mu/ h acquir$ "s degree ( importance1 = ! reign+ ,dukes ( ,norm&y ( t era e/abli%$ c]ta9 privileges 9 _! fav\r2 b1 says ,*ampollion-,figeac1 8z all privilege 0 ! pr]ogative ( ! ord] ( nobility1 !y contriv$ to give !m to noble families ^: =tunes 7 prec>i\s4 ,f\r ,norman families obta9$ ?is di/9ction4 ,b al?\gh x 0 und]/ood t 9 devot+ !mselves to ! trade ^! titl$ individuals incurr$ no degradation1 x 0 nev] said1 z is commonly believ$1 t ! pr(ession ( ?is art conf]r$ nobility2 on ! contr>y1 a prov]b arose :i* long cont9u$ 9 use1 namely1 t #89 ord] to make a g5tleman glass-mak]1 y mu/ fir/ take a g5tleman4'0 ,al?\gh pa9t+ on glass 0 f t "t c>ri$ on ) consid]able activity1 9 _m cases x 0 /ill v f> f be+ accompli%$ by ! processes :i* 7 de/9$ to make x "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable productions ( art4 ,! application ( ! bru% to vitrifiable col\rs 0 n g5]ally adopt$4 ,9 ! examples ( ?is p]iod t rema9 to our days1 we inde$ f9d l>ge cives ca/ 9 :ite glass1 ^u :i* *>act]s 7 pa9t$ by ! arti/2 b1 z ! col\r 0 n design$ to be incorporat$ ) ! glass by ! action ( fire1 ) a view to ensure ! pres]vation ( ! pa9t+1 ano!r transp>5t b ?ick cive 0 plac$ ov] ! fir/ & closely sold]$ to x4 ,:ile glass-pa9t+ 0 ?us seek+ to p]fect its processes1 mosaic "w gradually decl9$4 ,only a v small numb] ( mosaics ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies exi/ at ! pres5t day1 & ^!1 moreov]1 are v incorrect 9 design1 & entirely want+ 9 ta/e & col\r4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury all ! arts began to revive4 ,! fe> ( ! end ( ! _w1 :i* _h ?r[n mank9d into a /range /ate ( p]turbation1 0 dissipat$4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai? ev]y:]e /irr$ up ! zeal ( its disciples4 ,magnific5t ca!drals ) impos+ ar*es sprang up 9 v>i\s places1 & ! art ( ! glass-mak] came to ! aid ( ar*itecture 9 ord] to diffuse ov] ! int]iors consecrat$ to wor%ip ! light1 bo? prismatic & h>moni\s1 :i* af=ds ! calm1 necess>y = holy m$itation4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ! pa9t$ w9d[s ( ?is p]iod1 we are =c$ to admire ! +5i\s comb9atian ( col\rs = ! rose-"w 7rose-w9d[s71 ! case is v diff]5t z reg>ds ! draw+ & col\r+ ( ! designs4 ,! figures are g5]ally trac$ 9 r\gh1 /iff l9es on glass ( a dull t9t1 :i* absorbs all ! expression ( ! heads2 ! entire drap]y ( ! co/ume is heavy2 ! figure is spoilt by ! folds ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4--,/4 ,timo?y ! ,m>tyr1 ,col\r$ ,glass ( ! end ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 f\nd 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,neuwill] 7,bas-,rh97 by ,m4 ,bswillwald4 7,f ! 8,hi/ory ( ,glass-,pa9t+10 by ,m4 ,la/eyrie47 its ve/m5ts z if x 7 enclos$ 9 a long %ea?4 ,?is is ! g5]al "* ( ! examples ( t p]iod z !y are kn[n to u 7,fig4 #bca74 ,! pa9t$ w9d[s :i* ,sug] made to adorn ! abbey-*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is1 "s ( :i* exi/ 9 our days1 date f ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! abbot made inquiries 9 e c\ntry1 & ga!r$ toge!r at a great exp5se ! be/ arti/s he c\ld f9d1 9 ord] to assi/ 9 ?is decoration4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,moses1 & v>i\s allegories1 are !re repres5t$ 9 ! *apel ( ! ,virg9 & ^? ( ,/4 ,osman & ,/4 ,hil>y4 ,among ! pr9cipal pictures may be also obs]v$ a portrait ( ,sug] himself at ! feet ( ! ,virg94 ,! bord]s surr\nd+ ! subjects may be consid]$ z models ( h>mony & good arrangem5t ( effect2 b /ill ! ta/e %[n 9 ! selection & comb9ation ( col\rs is c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! subjects !mselves1 ! designs ( :i* are v excell5t4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,maurice1 at ,ang]s1 we f9d examples ( a r e>li] date--p]haps ! mo/ anci5t specim5s ( pa9t$ w9d[s 9 ,france2 ^! are ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e & t ( ! ,virg91 :i*1 9 tru?1 are n equal 9 m]it1 z reg>ds execution & ta/e1 to ! anci5t w9d[s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,we /ill h to m5tion "s fragm5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,s]ge1 & ! *apel ( ! ,hospital1 9 ! t[n ( ,ang]s2 also a glass-w9d[ 9 ! ,abbey ( ,fontevrault2 ano!r 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 at ,dreux1 9 :i* is repres5t$ ,que5 ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,we w1 9 conclusion1 m5tion "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! *oir 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9ity1 at ,v5dme2 x repres5ts ! ,glorification ( ! ,virg91 :o be>s on h] =ehead an aureola1 ! %ape ( :i*1 call$ am&aire1#bi has furni%$ ar*ologi/s ) a subject = long discussions2 "s be+ desir\s ( prov+ t ?is aureola1 :i* does n appe> to be depict$ 9 ! same way on any o!r pa9t$ w9d[1 t5ds to %[ t ! works ( ! ,poitev9e glass-mak]s1 to :om x is attribut$1 _h be5 subject to ! influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool2 o!rs ass]t t ! almond-%ap$ cr[n is a symbol exclusively res]v$ = ! ,virg94 ,be=e we proce$ to ! examples h&$ d[n to u f ! twelf? c5tury1 we mu/ m5tion "s rema9s ( glass to be se5 at ,*>tres1 ,mans1 ,s5s1 & ,b\rges 7,fig4 #bcb71 c4 ,we may also add1 z an incid5t n )\t int]e/1 t a *apt] ( ! ord] ( ! ,ci/]cians1 consid]+ ! great exp5se to :i* ! acquisition ( pa9t$ w9d[s l$1 prohibit$ ! use ( !m 9 *ur*es "u ! rule ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--;,fragm5t ( a ,*ur*-w9d[1 repres5t+ ! 8,prodigal ,son40 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,pres5t$ to ! ,ca!dral ( ,b\rges by ! ,guild ( ,tann]s47 8,! ar*itecture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury10 accord+ to ! judici\s rem>ks ( ,*ampollion-,figeac1 8by its /yle ( m\ld+1 :i* is m sl5d] & graceful ?an ! massive =ms ( ,roman art1 op5$ a wid] & m fav\rable field = arti/s 9 glass4 ,! small pill>s !n project$1 & ext5d$ !mselves ) a novel elegance1 & ! tap]+ & delicate spires ( ! /eeples lo/ !mselves 9 ! cl\ds4 ,! w9d[s occupi$ m space1 & likewise _h ! appe>ance ( spr++ lightly & gracefully upw>ds4 ,!y 7 adorn$ ) symbolical ornam5ts1 griff9s1 & o!r fanta/ic animals2 leaves & b\ghs cross & int]tw9e ) "o ano!r1 produc+ t v>i$ rose-"w :i* is ! admiration ( mod]n glass-mak]s4 ,! col\rs are m skilfully comb9$ & bett] bl5d$ ?an 9 ! w9d[s ( ! prec$+ c5tury2 & al?\gh "s ( ! figures are /ill want+ 9 expression1 & h n ?r[n (f all ! /iffness :i* *>act]is$ !m1 ! drap]ies1 at lea/1 are light] & bett] drawn40 ,examples ( ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* h rema9$ to our "t are v num]\s4 ,!re is at ,poiti]s "s pa9t$ glass compos$ ( small roses1 & *iefly plac$ 9 "o ( ! w9d[s 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ur* & 9 ! 8,calv>y0 ( ! apse2 at ,s5s1 ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury is repres5t$ 9 a numb] ( small m$allions1 call$ v]rires lg5daires2 at ,mans is glass repres5t+ ! corporations ( trades2 at ,*>tres1 ! pa9t$ glass 9 ! ca!dral1 a "w bo? magnific5t & ext5sive1 conta9s no few] ?an "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & fifty subjects1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree w9d[s4 ,at ,rheims1 ! pa9t$ glass is p]haps less important1 b x is rem>kable bo? = ! brilliancy ( its col\rs & also = its *>act]i/ic fitness to ! /yle ( ! edifice4 ,b\rges1 ,t\rs1 ,ang]s1 & ,notre-,dame 9 ,p>is1 pres5t v beautiful specim5s4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,r\5 possesses1 to ?is day1 a w9d[ :i* be>s ! "n ( ,clem5t ( ,*>tres1 ma/] glazi]1 ! fir/ arti/ ( ?is k9d :o has left beh9d him any "w be>+ 8 signature4 ,we mu/1 9 conclusion1 m5tion ! ,sa9te-,*apelle1 ,p>is1 :i* is unque/ionably ! highe/ repres5tation ( :at ! art is capable ( produc+4 ,! designs ( ! w9d[s 9 ?is la/ edifice are leg5d>y1 & al?\gh "s few inaccuracies may be notic$ 9 ! figures1 ! fault is r$eem$ by ! /udi$ elegance ( ! ornam5tation & ! h>mony ( col\rs1 :i* comb9e to r5d] !m "o ( ! mo/ consi/5t & p]fect works ( pa9t+ on glass4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 8grisaille0 fir/ made its appe>ance2 x 0 q a new /yle1 & has be5 (t5 s9ce employ$ 9 ! bord]s & ornam5ts ( pa9t$ w9d[s4 8,grisaille10#cj ! "n ( :i* is to "s ext5t suffici5t to describe its aspect1 0 us$ simultane\sly ) ! mosaics ( v>iegat$ glass1 z we see 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ,/rasb\rg1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,freyb\rg 9 ,brisgau1 & 9 _m *ur*es ( ,b\rges4 ,! l>ge numb] ( pa9t+s on glass belong+ to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* may /ill be /udi$ 9 v>i\s *ur*es1 has giv5 rise to ! idea ( classify+ all ^! monum5ts1 & arrang+ !m "u c]ta9 s*ools1 :i* h be5 designat$ by ! names ( ,franco-,norman1 ,g]manic1 c4 ,"s h ev5 gone fur!r1 & desir$ to recognise 9 ! /yle peculi> to ! arti/s ( anci5t ,france a ,norman /yle1 a ,poitev9 /yle 7! latt] recognisable1 x is said1 by ! want ( h>mony 9 ! col\rs71 c4 ,we c h>dly admit ^! la/ di/9ctions1 & are ! less incl9$ to d s1 z ^? :o prop\nd !m seem to base _! !ories r on ! defects ?an ! good qualities ( ! arti/s4 ,besides1 at a p]iod 9 :i* a nobleman sometimes possess$ sev]al prov9ces v di/ant f ea* o!r--z1 = example1 ,anj\ & ,prov5ce--x might s happ5 t ! arti/s he took ) him to 8 diff]5t resid5ces c\ld sc>cely fail1 by ! union ( _! v>i\s works1 to cause any prov9cial influ5ces to disappe>1 & w\ld f9ally r$uce ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is call$ ! ,poitev9 /yle1 ! ,norman /yle1 c41 to a "q ( a m or less skilful manufacture1 or ( a m or less advanc$ improvem5t4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! arti/ 9 glass became sep>at$ f ! ar*itect2 al?\gh naturally subord9ate to ! design] ( ! edifice1 9 :i* ! w9d[s 7 to be only an accessory ornam5t1 he wi%$ to give effect to 8 own inspiration4 ,! :ole ( ! build+ 0 subject$ by him to ! effect ( 8 m le>n$ & correct draw+1 & 8 pur] & m /rik+ col\r+4 ,x matt]$ little to him %\ld "s "p ( ! *ur* h too mu* light1 or n light en\gh1 if a flood ( radiance delug$ ! apse or ! *oir1 in/ead ( be+ gradually diffus$ ev]y:]e1 z 9 e>li] build+s4 ,he desir$ 8 lab\r to recomm5d him1 & 8 "w to d him hon\r4 ,! c\rt-poets1 ,guillaume de ,ma*aut & ,eu/a*e ,des*amps1 celebrate 9 _! poems sev]al works 9 pa9t$ glass ( _! "t1 & ev5 give "s details 9 v]se on ! mode ( fabricat+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--,leg5d ( ! ,jew ( ! ,rue des ,billettes1 ,p>is1 pi]c+ ! ,holy ,waf] ) 8 ,knife4 7,f a ,w9d[ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,alp91 at ,*lons-sur-,m>ne4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,9 #acdg a royal ord9ance 0 proclaim$ 9 fav\r ( ! workm5 ( ,lyons4 ,! cu/om exi/$ at t "t ( adorn+ ) pa9t$ w9d[s royal & lordly habitations4 ,! arti/s produc$ _! own designs1 adapt+ !m to ! use t 0 made1 9 private life1 ( ! halls = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,"s ( ^! w9d[s repres5t+ famili> leg5ds adorn$ ev5 ! *ur*es 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,among ! mo/ important works ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 we mu/ m5tion 9 ! fir/ place ! w9d[s ( ! ca!drals ( ,mans1 ,beauvais1 vreux 7,fig4 #bcd71 & ! rose-w9d[s ( ,/4 ,?omas at ,/rasb\rg4 ,next come ! w9d[s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,nazaire at ,c>cassonne & ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,n>bonne4 ,!re are1 besides1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john at ,lyons1 9 ,notre-,dame ( ,semur1 9 ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 at ,b\rges1 & at ,metz1 *ur*-w9d[s 9 e respect wor?y ( att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--;,fragm5t ( a ,w9d[ pres5t$ to ! ,ca!dral ( ,evreux by ! ,bi%op ,guillaume de ,canti]s4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,! fifte5? c5tury only cont9ues ! traditions ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,! pr9cipal works dat+ f ?is epo* beg91 accord+ to ! ord] ( m]it1 ) ! w9d[ ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,mans1 :i* repres5ts ,yol&e#ca ( ,aragon1 & ,l\is ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,naples & ,sicily1 ance/ors ( ! good ,k+ ,r52 aft] !m we %all place ! w9d[s ( ! ,sa9te-,*apelle1 ,riom2 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,r\52 ! ,ca!dral ( ,t\rs2 & t ( ,b\rges1 repres5t+ a memorial ( ,jacques ,cur1 c4 ,! sixte5? c5tury1 al?\gh br++ ) x1 ow+ to religi\s tr\bles1 _m ravages ( new iconocla/s1 has h&$ d[n to u a v>iety ( num]\s & rem>kable *ur*-w9d[s4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 unable to m5tion !m all2 b x seems exp$i5t--adopt+ ! rule ( mo/ ar*ologi/s--to divide !m into ?ree bran*es or s*ools1 :i* are actually =m$ by ! diff]5t /yles ( ! arti/s ( t epo*2 ! ,fr5* s*ool1 ! ,g]man s*ool1 & ! ,lorra9e s*ool 7,fig4 #bce71 :i* p>takes ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! two prec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4--;,allegorical ,w9d[1 repres5t+ ! 8,citadel ( ,pallas40 7,lorra9e "w ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y at ,/rasb\rg47 ,at ! head ( ! ,fr5* s*ool figures ! celebrat$ ,jean ,c\s91 :o decorat$ ! *apel ( ,v9c5nes2 he also made = ! ,cle/9s mona/]y1 ,p>is1 a repres5tation ( ,calv>y2 = ,/4 ,g]vais1 9 #aehg1 ! w9d[s repres5t+ ! 8,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce10 ! 8,sam>itan conv]s+ ) ,*ri/10 & ! 8,p>alytic40 ,9 ^! works1 :i* belong to a high /yle ( pa9t+1 ! be/ me?od ( arrangem5t1 vigor\s draw+1 & p[]ful col\r+1 seem to reflect ! "w ( ,raphael4 ,w9d[s 9 8grisaille10 made f ! c>toons ( ,jean ,c\s91 also decorat$ ! ,ca/le ( ,anet4 ,ano!r arti/1 nam$ ,rob]t ,p9aigri]1 :o1 al?\gh inf]ior to ,c\s91 0 mu* m f]tile 9 production1 assi/$ by 8 sons ,jean1 ,ni*olas1 & ,l\is1 & sev]al ( 8 pupils1 execut$ a numb] ( w9d[s = ! *ur*es ( ,p>is1 ( :i* ! great] "p h disappe>$3 ,sa9t-,jacques la ,b\*]ie1 ! ,madele9e1 ,sa9te-,croix en la ,cit1 ,sa9t ,b>?lemy1 c4 ,magnific5t specim5s ( 8 "w /ill rema9 at ,sa9t-,m]ry1 ,sa9t-,g]vais1 ,sa9t-,eti5ne du ,mont1 & 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres4 ,p9aigri]'s works 9 ! decorations ( *teaux & ! mansions ( ! nobility are p]haps equally num]\s4 ,at ?is p]iod sev]al w9d[s 7 made f ! draw+s ( ,raphael1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ,p>migiano2 x may also be rem>k$ t two patt]ns ( ! latt]'s "w 7 us$ by ,b]n>d ,palissy1 :o 0 a glass-mak] be=e he became an enamell]1 9 =m+ w9d[s 9 8grisaille0 = ! *apel ( ! ,*teau ( ,ec\54 ,= ! same place1 foll[+ ! /yle ( ,raphael1 & f ! draw+s ( ,rosso1 call$ ,matre ,r\x1 ,b]n>d ,palissy execut$ ?irty pictures on glass1 repres5t+ ! hi/ory ( ,psy*e1 :i* are ju/ly consid]$ z rank+ among ! mo/ beautiful compositions ( ! epo*2 b x is n n[ kn[n :at has become ( ^! valuable w9d[s1 :i* at ! ,revolution 7 transport$ to ! ,museum ( ,fr5* ,monum5ts4 ,!y 71 x is said1 execut$ "u ! direction ( ,leon>d ( ,limoges1 :o1 l all ! ma/]s ( t s*ool 7,fig4 #bcf71 appli$ to pa9t+ on glass ! processes ( enamell+1 & vice v]s4 ,9 ! collections ( ! ,l\vre & ( sev]al amateurs1 !re are /ill examples ( 8 composition1 on :i* he employ$ ! be/ glass-pa9t]s ( 8 "t2 = he c\ld n himself "w on all ! objects t proce$$ f 8 /udios1 & :i* 7 almo/ exclusively de/9$ = ! k+'s palace4 ,! ,fr5* art ( glass-work+ became cosmopolitan4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 & also into ! ,l[ ,c\ntries "u ! protection ( ,*>les ,v4 & ! ,duke ( ,alba4 ,x ev5 appe>s to h cross$ ! ,alps2 = we "k t 9 #aeab a glass-pa9t] ( ! "n ( ,claude adorn$ ) 8 works ! l>ge w9d[s ( ! ,vatican2 & ,julius ,,ii4 summon$ ,guillaume ( ,m>seilles to ! ,et]nal ,city1 ! pontiff :5 occupy+ ! sees ( ,c>p5tras & ,avignon hav+ appreciat$ 8 tal5t4 ,we mu/ n omit to m5tion1 among ! ,flemi% arti/s :o escap$ ?is =eign influ5ce1 ! "n ( ,dirk ( ,ha>lem 7,fig4 #bcg71 ! mo/ celebrat$ ma/] 9 ?is art at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,/4 ,paul1 an ,enamel ( ,limoges1 by ,eti5ne ,m]ci]4 ,:ile ,fr5* art 0 ?us spread+ ov] ! cont95t1 =eign art ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--;,flemi% ,w9d[ 7,fifte5? ,c5tury71 half life-size4 ,pa9t$ 9 ,mono*rome1 reliev$ ) yell[1 by ,dirk ( ,ha>lem4 7,collection ( ,m4 ,b5oni-,v]hel/1 ,gh5t47 0 be+ introduc$ into ,france4 ,alb]t ,dr] employ$ 8 p5cil 9 pa9t+ tw5ty w9d[s 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,old ,temple1 9 ,p>is1 & produc$ a collection ( pictures *>act]is$ by vigor\s draw+1 & w>m & int5se col\r+4 ,! celebrat$ ,g]man did n "w alone--o!r arti/s assi/$ him2 &1 not)/&+ ! deva/ations :i* took place dur+ ! ,revolution1 9 _m a *ur* & mansion traces ( ^! skilful ma/]s may /ill be f\nd2 _! compositions1 :i* are g5]ally z well arrang$ z !y are execut$1 are m>k$ ) a t+e ( ,g]man simplicity v suitable to ! pi\s nature ( ! subjects !y repres5t4 ,9 #afjj1 ,ni*olas ,p9aigri] plac$ 9 ! w9d[s ( ! ,ca/le ( ,la ,briffe sev5 pictures 9 8grisaille10 copi$ f ! designs ( ,francis ,floris1 a ,flemi% ma/]1 :o 0 born 9 #aebj4 ,at ?is same p]iod ,van ,haeck1 ,h]reyn1 ,john ,dox1 & ,pelgr9 ,rs51 all belong+ to ! s*ool ( ,antw]p1 & o!r arti/s :o _h decorat$ ! w9d[s ( mo/ ( ! *ur*es 9 ,belgium1 especially ,/4 ,gudule 9 ,brussels1 influ5c$ ei!r directly or indirectly ! glass-pa9t]s ( ! ea/ & nor? ( ,france4 ,ano!r gr\p ( arti/s1 ! ,prov5als1 imitators ( ! ,italian /yle1 or r p]haps inspir$ by ! same lum9>y1 ! sun ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 trod a simil> pa? to t :i* ,jean ,c\s91 ,p9aigri]1 & ,palissy _h foll[$ ) s mu* r5[n4 ,! *iefs ( ?is s*ool 7 ,claude1 & ,guillaume ( ,m>seilles1 :o1 z we h j m5tion$1 c>ri$ _! tal5t & _! works into ,italy1 :]e !y succe$$ 9 educat+ "s clev] pupils4 ,) reg>d to ! s*ool ( ,mess9 or ,lorra9e1 x is pr9cipally repres5t$ by a disciple ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,val5t9 ,b\s*1 ! ,alsatian1 :o di$ 9 #aeda at ,metz1 :]e he _h execut$1 s9ce #aeba1 an imm5se numb] ( works4 ,! w9d[s ( ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,b>be1 ,/4 ,nicolas du ,port1 ,autrey1 & ,flavigny-sur-,moselle1 are due to ! same s*ool1 9 :i* ,israel ,h5riet 0 also br\ght up2 he became ! *ief ( a s*ool exclusively belong+ to ,lorra9e1 at ! "t :5 ,*>les ,,iii4 _h invit$ ! arts to unite "u ! patronage ( ! ducal ?rone4 ,?i]ry ,alix1 9 a 8,description 9dite de la ,lorra9e10 writt5 9 #aeij1 & m5tion$ by ,m4 ,bg91 speaks ( 8l>ge plates ( glass ( all col\rs10 made 9 8 "t 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,vosges1 :]e 8all ! h]bs & o!r ?+s necess>y to pa9t+0 7 f\nd4 ,m4 ,bg91 aft] hav+ quot$ ?is curi\s /atem5t1 adds t ! w9d[s :i* at t era 7 produc$ 9 ! /udios ( ,vosges1 & subsequ5tly c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ,europe1 con/itut$ a v active bran* ( comm]ce4 8,nev]!less10 says ,*ampollion-,figeac1 8art 0 decl9+4 ,*ri/ian art especially 0 disappe>+1 & _h almo/ come to an end1 :5 ,prote/antism /epp$ 9 & gave x ! la/ bl[2 ?is is prov$ by ! w9d[ 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,b]ne1 9 :i* ! arti/1 ,fr$]ic 8,,francis ,i4 ,,& ,,eleanor ,,8 ,,wife ,,at ,,pray]s40 ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,w9d[ ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,gudule ,,9 ,,brussels4 ,,f 8,l',,hi/oire ,,de ,,la ,,pe9ture ,,sur ,,v]re ,,en ,,europe40 ,?is magnific5t w9d[ 0 giv5 to ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,gudule by ,francis ,i4 & ,eleanor ( ,spa91 8 wife1 si/] ( ,*>les ,v41 & wid[ by h] fir/ m>riage ( ,emmanuel ! ,great1 ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,! donors are repres5t$ kneel+1 ea* "o protect$ by 8 or h] patron sa9t2 ! k+ is att5d$ by ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 :o is receiv+ 9 a vision ! impress ( ! /igmata ( ,jesus on ! ,cross2 ! que5 is accompani$ by ,/4 ,eleanor1 :o holds 9 h] h& ! palm ( ! elect4 ,?is w9d[ is f a design by ,b]n>d van ,orley4 ,francis ,i4 & ,eleanor exp5d$ on ! w9d[ two hundr$ & tw5ty-two cr[ns1 or f\r hundr$ flor9s1 an important sum 9 ^? days 7#aeae-dg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,francis ,i4 ,,& ,,eleonora ,,at ,,_! ,,devotions4 ,portion ( a ,/a9$ ,glass ,w9d[ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,gudule at ,brussels4 ,walt]1 d>$ to laun* 8 satire aga9/ doctr9e itself1 & to ridicule transub/antiation by repres5t+ a pope %ovell+ f\r evangeli/s into a mill1 f :i* come =? a numb] ( waf]s2 ^! a bi%op is receiv+ into a cup 9 ord] to di/ribute !m to ! wond]+ p4 ,any edification ( ! masses by ! p[]ful effect ( transp>5t images plac$1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! e>? & heav51 soon ceas$ to be possible1 & glass-pa9t+1 h5ce=? ali5at$ f ! special aim ( its orig91 0 de/9$ also to disappe>40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--,temptation ( ,/4 ,m>s1 a ,h]mit ( ,auv]gne1 by ! ,devil disguis$ z a ,woman4 ,fragm5t ( a ,w9d[ ( ! ,sa9te-,*apelle ( ,riom4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,f 8,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture sur ,v]re10 by ,m4 ,f4 de ,la/eyrie47 ,,fresco-,,pa9t+4 ,! ,nature ( ,fresco4--,employ$ by ! ,anci5ts4--,pa9t+s at ,pompeii4--,greek & ,roman ,s*ools4--,mural ,pa9t+s de/roy$ by ! ,iconocla/s & ,b>b>ians4--,revival ( ,fresco1 9 ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 9 ,italy4--,fresco-,pa9t]s s9ce ,guido ( ,si5a4--,pr9cipal ,works ( ^! ,pa9t]s4--,successors ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo4--,fresco 9 ,sgraffito4--,mural ,pa9t+s 9 ,france f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,go?ic ,frescoes ( ,spa94--,mural ,pa9t+s 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&4 8,too frequ5tly 9 conv]sational language & ev5 9 ! writ+s ( grave au?ors10 says ,m4 ,erne/ ,breton1 8! ^w fresco is made synonym\s ) mural pa9t+ 9 g5]al4 ,?is confusion ( t]ms has sometimes caus$ ! mo/ fatal errors4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w is ! be/ def9ition ( ! subject4 ,! ,italians give ! "n ( pa9t+s 9 fresco or a fresco1 t is to say1 frais1 or sur le frais1 to ^? works execut$ ^u damp /ucco into :i* ! col\r p5etrates to a c]ta9 dep?4 ,! anci5t ,fr5* au?ors1 pres]v+ ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! ,italian fresco & ! ,fr5* frais1 wrote ! ^w fraisque4 ,at ! pres5t day ,italian or?ography has prevail$1 & ) u ?is ^w has n[ m relation to its etymology ?an its real signification40 ,:atev] may be ! common acceptation ( ! ^w1 we mu/1 9 ord] to keep )9 ! limits ( our subject1 "h only take into consid]ation real frescoes1 or 9 o!r words1 works ( art execut$ ^u a b>e wall1 prop]ly prep>$ = ! purpose1 ) :i* !y are z x 7 incorporat$2 = 9 ! roll ( art all are exclud$ f ! catalogue ( mural pa9t+s1 rightly s call$1 :i*1 al?\gh appli$ to walls ei!r directly or by ! aid ( panels or fix$ canvas1 are produc$ o!rwise ?an ) wat]-col\rs1 & us$ 9 su* a mann] z to p5etrate ! special k9d ( pla/] ) :i* ! wall _h be5 previ\sly cov]$4 ,we w m5tion z a /rik+ example ( ?is ! fam\s 8,"l's ,supp]0 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :i* has _m times be5 call$ a fresco 7x is well kn[n to h be5 pa9t$ ^u ! wall ( ! refectory ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,gratia1 at ,milan71 b is no?+ b a pa9t+ 9 di/emp]#cb on a dry p>tition--a circum/ance1 by-!-bye1 :i* has n a little contribut$ to ! det]ioration ( ?is magnific5t "w4 ,fresco has long be5 consid]$ ! mo/ anci5t /yle ( pa9t+4 ,vas>i1 :o wrote 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says 9 apt t]ms t 8! anci5ts g5]ally practis$ pa9t+ 9 fresco1 & ! fir/ pa9t]s ( ! mod]n s*ools h only foll[$ ! antique me?ods20 &1 9 our own day1 ,mill91 9 8 8,dictionnaire des ,beaux-,arts10 ass]ts t ! great pa9t+s 9 ! 8,pcile0 ( ,a!ns & ! 8,les*e0 ( ,delphi1 by ,pannus & ,polygnotus1 spok5 ( by ,pausanias1 7 execut$ by ?is process2 ! same au?or also ranks among frescoes ! num]\s pa9t+s left by ! ,egyptians 9 _! temples & catacombs4 8,x 010 he rem>ks1 8:at ! ,romans call$ 9 udo p>iete p+]e 7to pa9t on a damp wall72 !y say 9 cretula p+]e 7to pa9t on *alk7 to designate wat]-col\r pa9t+ on a dry gr\nd40 ,"s p]sons h consid]$ ! pa9t+s f\nd at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii to be frescoes2 nev]!less ,w9ckelmann1 :o is an au?ority 9 ^! matt]s1 said1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 speak+ ( ^? works1 8,x is to be rem>k$ t ! great] "p ( ^! pictures 7 n pa9t$ on damp lime1 b ^u a dry gr\nd1 :i* is r5d]$ v evid5t by sev]al ( ! figures hav+ scal$ (f 9 su* a way z to %[ di/9ctly ! gr\nd ^u :i* !y re/40 ,! :ole mi/ake has aris5 f tak+ ! expression 89 udo p>iete10 f\nd 9 ,pl9y1 9 too lit]al a s5se2 ! error1 :i* might at all ev5ts h be5 dissipat$ by an att5tive exam9ation ( ! examples !mselves1 w\ld n h la/$ long if ! passage f ,pl9y _h be5 comp>$ ) a /atem5t ( ,vitruvius1 :i* in=ms u t !y appli$ to fre% walls uni=m t9ts ( black1 blue1 yell[1 or r$1 :i* 7 de/9$ to =m ! gr\nds ( pa9t+s1 or ev5 all[$ !m to rema9 pla91 l our pres5t col\r$ walls4 ,! employm5t ( ?is process may also be easily recognis$ 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,pompeii1 :]e ?is uni=m col\r+ has sometimes p5etrat$ ne>ly an in* into ! /ucco ( ! wall4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 :5 x 0 p]fectly dry1 ornam5tal subjects 7 pa9t$ ei!r 9 di/emp] or encau/ic4 ,?us1 !re=e1 x is %[n t ! process ( pa9t+ 9 fresco 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 & 0 inv5t$ by arti/s ( succe$+ times2 b x w\ld be difficult to assign any precise date to ?is inv5tion2 = h[ev] f> we g back1 we d n f9d any au?ors :o fix ! epo* at :i* ! new me?od 0 = ! fir/ "t foll[$4 ,we are1 !re=e1 compell$ to notice ! age ( "s p>ticul> example :i* %[s t ! discov]y _h !n tak5 place1 )\t be+ able to det]m9e ! exact date ( its comm5cem5t4 ,pa9t+1 :i* ) ! ,greeks atta9$ its greate/ height 9 ! reign ( ,alex&]1 fell1 says ,m4 ,breton1 8) ! p[] ( ,greece4 ,9 los+ its lib]ty1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,f9e ,arts lo/1 too1 ! p]ception ( ! beautiful40 ,at ,rome1 pa9t+ nev] rea*$ ! same degree ( p]fection z x did 9 ,greece2 = a long "t x 0 only practis$ by m5 ( ! l[e/ rank & by slaves4 ,a few patricians1 su* z ,amulius1 ,fabius ,pictor 7pa9t]71 & ,cornelius ,p9us1 71 at ! be/1 able to br+ ab\t only "s slight revival4 ,aft] ! twelve ,cs>s1 pa9t+ foll[$ ! movem5t ( decad5ce :i* c>ri$ away ) x all ! arts2 l !m1 x receiv$ its dea?-bl[ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 on ! day :5 ,con/ant9e1 quitt+ ,rome 9 ord] to e/abli% ! seat ( empire at ,byzantium1 took ) him into 8 new capital n only ! be/ arti/s1 b also a prodigi\s numb] ( _! productions1 & ( ^? ( ! arti/s :o prec$$ !m4 ,sev]al o!r causes may also be m5tion$ z hav+ l$ to ! decl9e ( art1 or to ! de/ruction ( examples :i* w\ld n[ be> witness to its p[] 9 remote ages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ian ,art1 :i* rose on ! ru9s ( ,paganism2 !n1 ! invasion ( b>b>ians :i* took place 9 ! fif? c5tury2 la/ly1 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 ! fury ( ! ,iconocla/s1 or ,image-break]s1 a sect at ! head ( :i* figur$ sev]al emp]ors ( ! ,ea/1 f ,leo ! ,isaurian1 :o reign$ 9 #gag1 d[n to ,mi*ael ! ,/amm]] & ,!ophilus1 :o respectively asc5d$ ! imp]ial ?rone 9 #hbj & #hbi4 ,ev5 among ! ignorant masses1 to :om we owe ! loss ( s _m *efs-d'uvre1 7 "s individuals :o =m$ hon\rable exceptions1 n only by oppos+ ! deva/ations1 b also by manife/+ a laudable cons]vative in/9ct4 ,cassiodorus tells u t ,!odoric1 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 re-e/abli%$ ! (fice ( c5turio nit5tium r]um 7gu>dian ( beautiful objects71 in/itut$ by ! emp]or ,con/antius2 & we "k t ! ,lomb>d k+s :o succe$$ ?is pr9ce & reign$ 9 ,italy = #bah ye>s1 al?\gh less zeal\s 9 ! culture ( ! arts1 did n fail to hon\r & protect !m4 ,9 ,paul ! ,deacon#cc we read t1 9 ! six? c5tury1 que5 ,teudel9de1 wife ( ,au?>is & aft]w>ds ( ,agilulphus1 caus$ ! valor\s de$s ( ! fir/ ,lomb>d k+s to be pa9t$ on ! basilica t %e _h consecrat$ at ,monza "u ! "n ( ,/4 ,john4 ,o!r pa9t+s ( ! same epo* may /ill be se5 at ,pavia4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,nazaire at ,v]ona possesses 9 its crypt pa9t+s spok5 ( by ,maffei1 :i* h be5 engrav$ by ,ciamp9i & ,frisi3 ^! mu/ date back to ! six? & sev5? c5turies4 ,la/ly1 !y h rec5tly f\nd 9 ! subt]ranean *apel ( ! basilica ( ,/4 ,clem5t1 9 ,rome1 "s admirable mural pa9t+s1 :i* ar*ologi/s ref] to ! same epo*4 ,! ,ea/]n arti/s1 driv5 away by ! p]secutions ( ! ,iconocla/s1 s\ght an asylum 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 ob$i5t to ! prescriptions ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 seem$ det]m9$ to multiply sacr$ images z mu* z possible4 ,! arrival ( ! ,grecian arti/s 9 ! ,we/ 0 also s+ul>ly promot$ by ! comm]cial relations :i* f t "t 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 all po9ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean %ore & ! m>itime or m]cantile t[ns ( ,italy--,pisa1 ,g5oa1 & ,v5ice4 ,?us 0 br\ght ab\t ! movem5t :i*1 al?\gh tak+ place on ,italian soil1 drew f an entirely ,ea/]n s\rce ! inspiration ( ! revival ( ! ,f9e ,arts2 ?us 0 cont9u$ ! s-call$ ,byzant9e s*ool1 de/9$ to be ! f\ndation ( all mod]n art4 ,9 #hag "s ,greek arti/s1 by ord] ( ,pope ,pascal ,i41 execut$ "u ! portico ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,cecilia 9 ,rome a s]ies ( frescoes1 ! subjects ( :i* 7 tak5 f ! life ( ! sa9t4 ,to ! same s*ool we are indebt$ = ! sitt+ figures ( ,*ri/ & ,8 "m 7,fig4 #bci71 9 ! old ,*ur* ( ,santa-,m>ia ,trans-,tib]ia1 9 ,rome2 ! l>ge ,madonna pa9t$ on ! walls ( ,santa-,m>ia della ,scala1 ,milan1 :i*1 at ! "t :5 ?is *ur* 0 de/roy$ & replac$ by ! !atre ( ,la ,scala1 0 tak5 away & c>ri$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,santa-,fidelia1 :]e x /ill rema9s2 a s]ies ( portraits ( ! ,popes aft] ,/4 ,leo1 a collection ( :i* a l>ge portion p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( ,/4 ,paul-extra-,muros1 ,rome 7,fig4 #bdj72 & la/ly1 ! pa9t+s 9 ! vaults ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,aquila4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--;,*ri/ & ,8 ,"m4 ,fresco-,pa9t+ ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 9 ! ,apse ( ,santa-,m>ia ,trans-,tib]ia1 ,rome4 8,! works ( ^! e>lie/ pa9t]s10 obs]ves ,m4 ,breton1 8seem to m>k ! transition f pa9t+ to sculpture3 !y are long figures z /iff z columns1 s+le or arrang$ symmetrically1 =m+ nei!r gr\ps nor compositions1 )\t p]spective or effects ( light & %ade1 & hav+ no?+ to express _! mean+ ?an a sort ( leg5d proce$+ out ( ! m\?s ( ! *>act]s4 ,^! frescoes1 :i* are s weak :5 look$ at 9 an arti/ic po9t ( view1 are rem>kable = _! mat]ial execution1 be+ extremely solid 9 _! workman%ip4 ,x is a/oni%+ to see ! wond]ful pres]vation ( "s pictures ( sa9ts t adorn ! pila/]s ( ,/4 ,ni*olas 9 ,treviso & ! walls ( ! *ur* 9 ,fiesole1 :]eon are pres]v$ ! frescoes ( ,fra ,angelico40 ,among ! pa9t+s rema9+ to our "t1 ! fir/ 9 :i* ! au?ors dep>t$ f ! uni=m /yle ( ! ,byzant9e ma/]s are ^? :i* adorn ! int]ior ( ! anci5t temple ( ,bac*us1 n[ ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,urban 9 ! ,campagna ( ,rome3 !re is no?+ ,grecian ei!r 9 ! figures or drap]ies1 & x is impossible n to recognise 9 !m an ,italian p5cil2 ! date1 h[ev]1 is #ajaa4 ,pes>o1 ,aquila1 ,orvieto1 & ,fiesole1 possess examples ( ! same epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--,portrait ( ! ,pope ,sylve/] ,i4 ,fresco-,pa9t+ 9 ,mosaic1 on a gold gr\nd1 9 ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,paul-extra-,muros1 ,rome4 ,at la/1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 not)/&+ its fi]ce inte/9e /ruggles1 ,italy1 & especially ,tuscany1 witness$ ! dawn ( ! sun ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 :i*1 aft] a long p]iod ( d>kness1 0 to %9e ) s mu* brilliancy ov] ! :ole _w4 ,pisa & ,si5a1 e>lie/ 9 ! revival1 gave bir? respectively to ,giunta & ,guido 7,palm]ucci71 ea* ( :om 9 8 "t acquir$ great r5[n2 b ! only works ( ^! arti/s :i* rema9 n[1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,assisi1 seem b to indicate a desire ( progress )\t manife/+ any real advancem5t 9 art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--,! ,apo/les 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,fresco by ,b]na1 at ,san-,gem9iano4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,to ,guido ( ,si5a succe$s1 b n imm$iately1 ! fri5d ( ,petr>*1 ,simon ,memmi1 ^: frescoes 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa te/ify to 8 p[]ful g5ius1 & d5ote ! fir/ rem>kable /age ( art4 ,9 ! collegiate *ur* ( ,san-,gem9iano#cd may be /ill se5 a fresco by ,b]na 7,fig4 #bda71 an em95t ma/] 9 ! s*ool ( ,si5a1 :o di$ 9 #acgj4 ,pass+1 b n )\t m5tion1 ,m>g>itone & ,bonav5tura ,b]l+hi]i1 :o 7 only ! timid h>b+]s ( a great individuality1 ! ,flor5t9e s*ool places 9 ! fir/ rank ( its celebrities ,cimabue 7#abdj-acjj71 ju/ly reg>d$ by ! arti/ic _w z ! true re/or] ( pa9t+4 ,cimabue po9t$ out ! pa?2 ,giotto1 8 pupil1 trod x4 ,he took nature = 8 guide1 & has be5 surnam$ 8nature's pupil40 ,real imitation 0 ! object ( 8 endeav\r1 & z he f\nd ?is sy/em m>vell\sly appli$ 9 ! beautiful antique m>bles :i* _h already inspir$1 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 ! sculptors ,john & ,nicolas ( ,pisa1 he made an e>ne/ /udy ( ^! anci5t *efs-d'uvre4 ,! impulse 0 giv51 & ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa %[s u its fir/ results 9 8,! ,dream ( ,life40 ,= two c5turies !re 0 a sl[ b always progressive improvem5t1 ow+ to ! indu/ry ( ,buffamalco1 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 ,orcagna1 ,sp9ello ( ,lucca1 & ,masol9o ( ,panicale4 ,) ! fifte5? c5tury appe>$ ,fra ,angelico ( ,fiesole 7,figs4 #bdb & #bdf71 & ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli2 !n ,masaccio1 ,pisanello1 ,mantegna1 ,z+>o1 ,p9turic*io1 & la/ly ,p]ug9o1 ! ,ma/] ( ! div9e ,raphael4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury art atta9$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,at ?is epo* ,raphael & 8 pupils pa9t$ ! 8,f>nes9a0 & ! 8,/anze0 & 8,loggie0 ( ! ,vatican 7x is kn[n t ! two fir/ pictures ( ! 8,loggie0 7,fig4 #bdc7 7 pa9t$ solely by ! h& ( ,raphael72 ,mi*ael ,angelo alone execut$ ! imm5se expanse ( ! 8,la/ ,judgm5t10 & ,paul ,v]onese pa9t$ ! ceil+s ( ! palace ( ! ,doges at ,v5ice4 ,!n ,giulio ,romano cov]$ ) 8 works ! walls ( ! ,te palace at ,mantua2 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ^? ( ! 8,annunziata0 & 8,dello ,scalzo0 at ,flor5ce4 ,daniel ( ,volt]ra pa9t$ 8 fam\s 8,desc5t f ! ,cross0 = ! ,tr9it du ,mont1 ,rome2 at ,p>ma1 ! ,p5cil ( ,correggio work$ m>vels on ! circle ( ! dome ( ! ca!dral4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 besides ! picture ( ! 8,"l's ,supp]10 :i* we be=e m5tion$ only to exclude x f ! ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,dream ,,( ,,life40 ,,fresco-,,pa9t+1 ,,by ,,orcagna1 ,,9 ,,! ,,cloi/] ,,( ,,! ,,campo ,,santo ,,( ,,pisa4 7,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury47 ,?is fresco is by ,&rea ,cione1 call$ ,orcagna1 a ,flor5t9e pa9t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :o execut$ = ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa a s]ies ( pa9t+s :i* are /ill admir$1 repres5t+ ! f\r de/9ies ( man3--8,dea?10 8,judgm5t10 8,hell10 & 8,p>adise40 ,ea* ( ^! l>ge compositions embraces sev]al sc5es2 t :i* we give belongs to ! 8,triumph ( ,dea?40 ,petr>* _h j giv5 to ! _w ! conclud+ notes ( 8 fun]eal song1 & ! wi% ( ! pa9t] seems to h be5 to call to life1 9 8 fresco1 ! /range vision ( ! poet4 ,! happy ( ?is _w are "h repres5t$ ga!r$ toge!r "u cool %ades & ^u c>pets ( v]dure2 gay lords are murmur+ magic words into ! e>s ( ! "y ladies ( ,flor5ce4 ,ev5 quiet falcons on ! wri/s ( ! lords seem captivat$ by ?is delici\s music4 ,ev]y?+ appe>s to invite =getfulness ( ! mis]ies ( life1--! ri*ness ( ! ve/m5ts1 ! beautiful sky ( ,italy1 ! p]fumes1 ! love-songs4444 ,?is is ! 8,dream ( ,life10 :i* 8,dea?0 is de/9$ to dispel ) "o sweep ( 8 mighty w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dream ,,( ,,life4 7,aft] a ,copy made = ! ,libr>y ( ,m ,ambroise ,firm9 ,didot47 ,f a fresco ,pa9t+ by ,orcagna1 9 ! ,cloi/] ( ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 numb] ( frescoes1 end[$ ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,on(rio at ,rome ) a magnific5t ,madonna1 & ! palace ( ,c>avaggio1 ne> ,b]gamo1 ) ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--;,gr\p ( ,sa9ts1 tak5 f ! l>ge ,fresco ( 8,! ,passion0 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,pa9t$ by ,fra ,angelico ( ,fiesole4 a colossal ,virg94 ,x 01 9 %ort1 ! age ( spl5did productions 9 mural pa9t+1 t 9 :i* ! great ,buon>otti exclaim$ :5 engag$ 9 en?usia/ic lab\r on "o ( 8 sublime conceptions--8,fresco is ! only pa9t+2 pa9t+ 9 oils is only ! art ( wom5 & idle & un5]getic m540 ,& yet1 at lea/ z reg>ds improvem5ts 9 ! process ( execution1 fresco _h h>dly rea*$ its climax4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! s*ool ( ,bologna1 aft] hav+ = a long "t ma9ta9$ a m]ely imitative /yle ( art1 %one =? ) indep5d5t light "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,c>racci1 :o1 summon$ to ,rome1 cov]$ ! walls ( ! ,f>nesian gall]y ) frescoes1 to :i* none o!rs c\ld be comp>$ = brilliancy & p[]ful effect4 ,z mu* mu/ be said ( ! works ( _! pupils3 ! 8,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,seba/ian10 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,angels2 ! 8,miracles ( ,/4 ,nil10 at ,grotta-,f]rata1 ne> ,rome2 ! 8,dea? ( ,/4 ,cecilia10 at ,sa9t-,l\is-des-,franais1 by ,dom5i*9o2 8,aurora10 by ,gu]c9o1 at ! ,villa ,ludovici2 ! 8,*>iot ( ! ,sun10 by ,guido1 9 ! ,rospigliosi ,palace1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--;,fir/ ,picture ( ! ,loggie ( ,raphael--8,god creat+ ! ,heav5 & ! ,e>?40 ,luca ,giordano1 a ,neapolitan pa9t]1 f\nd] ( ! gall]y ( ! ,ricci>di ,palace at ,flor5ce1 & au?or ( ! frescoes 9 num]\s *ur*es 9 ,italy & ,spa91 mu/ n be =gott52 & ) him mu/ be m5tion$ ,pietro da ,cortona1 ( ! ,roman s*ool1 :o especially di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! ceil+s ( ! ,b>b]9i ,palace1 at ,rome4 ,we /ill h to m5tion ! f]tile pa9t]s ( ! ,g5oese & ,p>mesan s*ools--,lanfranc1 ,c>loni1 & ,francavilla2 b ! h\r ( decad5ce _h come :5 ^! arti/s appe>$2 !y _h m boldness ?an tal5t1 !y aim$ at ! maje/ic1 b only succe$$ 9 atta9+ to ! gigantic2 _! p5cils 7 skilful1 b _! s\l lack$ f]v\r & conviction2 9 spite ( _! ef=ts1 fresco-pa9t+ decl9$ "u _! h&s1 & s9ce t "t has only decay$ & gradually sunk into oblivion4 ,we mu/ n quit ! classical gr\nd ( ! ,f9e ,arts )\t m5tion+ a process ( pa9t+ :i* is closely alli$ to fresco1 & be>s ! *>act]i/ic "n ( sgraffito 7lit]ally1 a scrat*74 ,?is /yle ( pa9t+1 or r ( draw+ 7= ! works _h ! appe>ance ( a l>ge draw+ 9 black crayon71 0 m g5]ally us$ = ! ext]ior ( build+s1 & 0 produc$ by cov]+ ! wall fir/ ) black /ucco1 !n ) a second lay] ( :ite1 & aft]w>ds by remov+ ) an iron in/rum5t ! second lay] s z to lay b>e1 9 places1 ! black gr\nd4 ,! mo/ important "w execut$ 9 ?is /yle is ! ornam5tation ( ! mona/ic h\se ( ! knights ( ,/4 ,/eph51 at ,pisa2 ?is "w is by ,vas>i1 to :om also has be5 attribut$--b wrongfully--! inv5tion ( sgraffito1 :i* 0 us$ long be=e 8 "t4 ,hi!rto we h *iefly conf9$ our rem>ks to ,italy & ,italian arti/s2 h[ev]1 9 ! consid]ation ( !m we h ne>ly summ$ up our brief hi/ory ( fresco4 ,if we w\ld look to ,france = any rem>kable works ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ ref] to ! epo*s 9 :i* ,italy s5t ,simon ,memmi to decorate ! palace ( ! popes at ,avignon1 & ,rosso & ,primaticcio to adorn t ( ! k+s at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,prior to ?is1 all we meet ) are1 at ! mo/1 a few primitive1 n to say b>b>\s1 subjects1 pa9t$ "h & !re1 9 di/emp]1 by unkn[n arti/s1 on ! walls ( *ur*es or mona/]ies4 ,among ^! conv5tional examples x is1 h[ev]1 only j to di/+ui% "s pictures ( p[]ful effect1 if n 9 execution1 at lea/ = ! ideas !y are int5d$ to convey2 we w\ld speak ( ! 8,dance ( ,dea?10 or 8,dance ( ! ,dead10 l t :i* exi/$ at ,p>is 9 ! ,cemet]y ( ! ,innoc5ts1 & ano!r /ill to be se5 9 ! ,abbey ( ,*aise-,dieu1 9 ,auv]gne2 leg5ds m ?an ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--8;,frat]nity ( ! ,cross-b[m540 7,fresco-,pa9t+ ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 9 ! anci5t ,*apel ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul1 ,gh5t47 pictures1 & philosophical compositions r ?an manife/ations ( art4 ,spa91 too1 has no reason to be pr\d ( h] national productions2 =1 ) ! exception ( ! ,go?ic frescoes /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 repres5t+ ! combats betwe5 ! ,moors & ! ,tol$ans 7pictures specially wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ar*ologi/s71 ! only frescoes ( ,spani% orig9 we c m5tion are ! pa9t+s ( a few ceil+s 9 ! ,escurial & 9 a *apt]-room 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o2 all ! o!r frescoes mu/ be attribut$ to ,italian arti/s4 ,:5ev] ! nor!rn arti/s1 usually s cold & me?odical 9 _! mode ( op]ation1 devot$ !mselves to mural pa9t+1 x seems to h be5 necess>y t !y %\ld enliv5 _! temp]am5t 9 ! sunny rays ( a s\!rn sky2 = :ile 9 ,holl& & ,belgium we notice b few walls cov]$ ) decorative pa9t+1 we f9d a l>ge numb] ( ,italian *ur*es & palaces :i* conta9 frescoes be>+ ! signature ( ,flemi% ma/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4--8;,dea? & ! ,jew40 ,an episode f ! 8,dance ( ,dea?40 ,pa9t$ 9 #adda1 9 ! ,cemet]y ( ! ,dom9icans1 ,basle4 7,facsimile f ! ,engrav+ ( ,m4 ,mrian47 ,!re 0 consid]able excitem5t manife/$ a few ye>s ago at ! discov]y ( ! mural pa9t+s 9 ! anci5t ,*apel ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul1 9 ,gh5t 7,fig4 #bdd74 ,^! works are ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & al?\gh satisfactory en\gh z reg>ds ! design1 !y d]ive m importance f ! subjects :i* !y repres5t ?an f any m]it ( execution4 ,9 speak+ ( ,g]many1 we %\ld n omit to m5tion ! anci5t 8,dance ( ,dea?0 7,fig4 #bde71 at ,basle1 9 ! cemet]y ( ! ,dom9icans1 pa9t$ 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 also ano!r 8,dance ( ,dea?0 mu* m fam\s1 & ! faades ( sev]al h\ses1 pa9t$ at ,basle by ,holbe94 ,we mu/ also indicate ! pa9t+s ) :i* 79 #adff7 ,israel de ,meck5heim cov]$ ! walls ( a *apel ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,capitol1 at ,cologne2 & ! frescoes ( ,/4 ,eti5ne & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 at ,vi5na4 ,b x does n foll[1 f ?is limit$ enum]ation ( works1 t ,g]many ei!r creat$ or foll[$ any special s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--;,fra ,angelico1 ( ,fiesole4 ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,wood1 ,,canvas1 ,,etc4 ,! ,rise ( ,*ri/ian ,pa9t+4--,! ,byzant9e ,s*ool4--,fir/ ,revival 9 ,italy4--,cimabue1 ,giotto1 ,fra ,angelico4--,flor5t9e ,s*ool3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4--,roman ,s*ool3 ,p]ug9o1 ,raphael4--,v5etian ,s*ool3 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 ,v]onese4--,lomb>d ,s*ool3 ,correggio1 ,p>migian9o4--,spani% ,s*ool4--,g]man & ,flemi% ,s*ools3 ,/ephan ( ,cologne1 ,john ( ,bruges1 ,lucas van ,leyd51 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,lucas van ,crana*1 ,holbe94--,pa9t+ 9 ,france dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4--,italian ,ma/]s 9 ,france4--,jean ,c\s94 ,aft] its fir/ weak manife/ations 9 ! d>k %ad[s ( ! ,catacombs--! place ( refuge to :i* ! e>lie/ believ]s _h to resort to celebrate _! holy my/]ies--,*ri/ian pa9t+ made its fir/ attempt to display itself 9 op5 day at ! "t :5 ! new fai? f\nd 9 ,con/ant9e ! high protection ( a cr[n$ disciple4 ,b ?is art felt an in/9ctive repugnance to draw its inspirations f works :i* _h be5 creat$ "u ! empire ( decay$ & contemn$ cre$s4 ,9 ! completely spiritual wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 x seem$ b natural to seek = o!r types ?an ^? :i* _h be5 consecrat$ by ! fancies ( mat]iali/ic my?ologies4 ,! s*ool ( idea1 :i* 0 sub/itut$ = ! s*ool ( =m1 desir$ to owe no?+ to its frivol\s pr$ecessor4 ,x w\ld h consid]$ x a reproa* to give ev5 ! semblance ( p]man5ce to reprobat$ traditions1 & x set itself to "w to create an art completely new 9 all its features4 ,! rule x laid d[n1 !re=e1 0 to reg>d z non-exi/5t ! *efs-d'uvre :i* recall$ to m9d ! days ( moral error2 reject+ ! inspiration to be d]iv$ f ! magnific5t relics ( ! pa/1 x resolv$ to comm5ce an era ( its own1 & to exi/ on its own ideas4 ,h5ce t pr9ciple ( en]getic simplicity :i*1 al?\gh x may h h9d]$ art f elevat+ itself to ! p]fection we call classical1 _h at lea/ ?is advantage1 t x s\ght by gradual developm5t to impr9t on ,*ri/ian art a /amp ( individuality f :i* x 0 to d]ive bo? its p[] & its glory4 ,?us1 by ! en?usiasm ( fai?1 0 call$ into exi/5ce t really primitive ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+ :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,byzant9e2 because at ! v "t :5 x obta9$ ! lib]ty ( display+ itself1 ,con/ant9e1 transf]r+ ! seat ( empire to ,byzantium1 necess>ily took ) him ! body ( arti/s ( :om he 0 ! protector2 because1 too1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 ,byzantium h5ce=? became = _m c5turies ! sole focus :5ce light radiat$ t[>ds ! ,we/1 :i* 0 n[ plung$ 9 b>b>ism4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 g back to ! ,byzant9e s*ool1 if we wi% to trace to _! orig9 all ! =ms ( ,european pa9t+4 8,allegory10 says ,m4 ,mi*iels1 80 ! fir/ language ( ,*ri/ian pa9t+2 n only did x express typically ! ,evangelical tea*+s1 b ! ,div9e p]sonages !mselves 7 metamorphos$ into symbols4 ,sometimes1 = in/ance1 ,*ri/ appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a "y %eph]d1 be>+ on 8 %\ld]s & c>ry+ back to ! fold a w&]+ %eep2 sometimes ,he 0 repres5t$ z ! ,orpheus ( ! new fai?1 *>m+ & tam+ f]oci\s animals by ! s\nd ( ,8 lute4444 ,he also 0 made to assume ! =m ( ! lamb )\t spot1 or ( a phnix spread+ its w+s1 ! conqu]or ( dea? & ! spirits ( d>kness4 ,?us 0 ! transition s(t5$ d[n2 ?us did !y escape ! raill]y ( ,pagans :o w\ld h turn$ into ridicule ! h]oic suff]+s & ! glori\s humiliations ( ! ,son ( man4 ,b ?is timidity c\ld n long cont9ue4444 ,! c\ncil held at ,con/ant9ople 9 #fib comm&$ t allegory %\ld be repudiat$1 & t ! objects ( _! v5]ation %\ld be display$ to ! fai?ful )\t ! veil hi!rto employ$4 ,n[ 0 exhibit$ to view a spectacle new inde$ to m52 a ,deity cr[n$ ) ?orns1 endur+ ! outrages ( a vile populace1 or /ret*$ ^u a cross & pi]c$ ) a lance1 turn+ ,8 sad glance to heav5 & wre/l+ ) ,8 agony4 ,! ,greeks & ,lat9s 7 b sl[ 9 adopt+ ?is mode ( repres5tation1 & did s ) regret4444 ,b ! p]ception ( moral dignity 0 de/9$ to eclipse ! va9 pomp ( ,pagan gr&eur4 ,! g5]\s suff]+s ( sacrifice 7 to become ! greate/ ( all glories40 8,*ri/ian pa9t+1 :5 once e/abli%$ z an art on ! banks ( ! ,bosphorus1 assum$ a c]ta9 immobility ( "*4 ,=ms1 attitudes1 gr\ps1 & ve/m5ts--all 7 regulat$ by ecclesia/ical prescription4 ,!re 01 z x 71 an inflexible text-book1 to :i* arti/s 7 b\nd to submit4 ,delicacy ( col\r+ & nobility ( attitude 7 ! only ?+s to recall ! beauty ( anci5t art4 ,ev5 9 our days ! ,greek & ,russian pa9t]s foll[ a simil> plan1 draw+ & arrang+ _! figures 9 ! same mann] z _! ance/ors ( ! "t ( ,honorius & ! ,palologi40 ,ev5 9 ! ,we/ ! case 0 ne>ly ! same1 s long z ! practice ( pa9t+ rema9$ almo/ exclusively conf9$ to arti/s com+ f ,con/ant9ople4 ,?us1 9 "s celebrat$ manuscripts ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies we f9d compositions t give a v exact repres5tation ( ! /ate ( ! art 9 ^! remote times1 ?\gh ! pa9t+s !mselves h be5 de/roy$ by ! ,iconocla/s4 ,9 fact1 dur+ t5 c5turies x seem$ t ! ,we/]n races resi/$ any expression ( arti/ic individuality or inv5tion4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long p]iod we f9d ,greek pa9t]s ! supreme arbit]s ( ta/e & k 9 ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe1 =c+ ^u !m _! own b>r5 /yle1 & tea*+ !m _! contract$ p]ceptions4 ,art among !m seem$ always to be b a m]e in/9ct4 ,con/ant immigrations took place :i* 7 cont9ually lead+ !m to e po9t 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 b none ( !m ev] br\ght any?+ novel 9 art beyond :at _! pr$ecessors _h already introduc$4 ,if !y took root 9 a new c\ntry1 ! son repeat$ ! works ( 8 fa!r4 ,! pupil took no means to enl>ge 8 ?\ghts2 he adopt$ z 8 model & 8 ideal no?+ b ! "w ( 8 ma/]1 & ! poor =m ( tradition 0 cont9u$ )\t en?usiasm & )\t progress 7,fig4 #bdg74 ,g5ius is altoge!r want+1 or if its sacr$ sp>k sprung =? f heav51 x 0 soon ext+ui%$ :5 x rea*$ ! e>? = want ( a s\l :i* c\ld receive x1 & be k9dl$ by its fire4 ,! ,greek ma/]s d\btless affect$ "s pride 9 ! gr&eur ( _! native "n1 b !y 7 none ! less liv+ pro(s t ! s\rces f :i* fl[$ ! inspiration ( a ,zeuxis1 a ,protog5es1 or an ,apelles1 _h s9ce ^? f>-di/ant days be5 long dri$ up4 ,! ,ea/ _h = ev] t]m9at$ its anci5t "* ( arti/ic creation1 & ! mo/ x seem$ de/9$ to a*ieve dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 to pres]ve ! g]m :i* ! ,we/ 0 to br+ aga9 into active life4 ,italy1 & m p>ticul>ly ,tuscany1 may lay claim to ! hon\r ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--8;,baptism ( ,k+ ,clovis40 7,fragm5t ( a ,pa9t+ on ,canvas at ,rheims4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 hav+ witness$1 ab\t ! end ( ! ?irte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! dawn ( ! great revival ( arti/ic light4 ,! names ( ,giunta ( ,pisa1 ,guido ( ,si5a1 & ,duccio1 _h1 h[ev]1 already comm5c$ ! glori\s li/ ( ,italian arti/s1 :o 7 ! fir/ to endeav\r to modify ! immutable ,greek mann]4 ,_! attempts1 no d\bt1 seem b insignificant1 look+ at ! imm5se progress subsequ5tly accompli%$2 b1 h[ev] slight x may appe> to be1 ! fir/ /ep made beyond ! beat5 pa? :i* has be5 trodd5 = c5turies is (t5 evid5ce ( ! mo/ c\rage\s d>+4 ,! ye> #abdj witness$ ! bir? ( ,cimabue3 z a "y man1 he became enam\r$ ( art by wat*+ ! lab\rs ( ! ,greek pa9t]s :o _h be5 summon$ to ,flor5ce to decorate ! *apel ( ! ,gondi4 ,x 0 purpos$ to make him a savant & a lawy]2 b he succe$$ 9 ab&on+ ! p5 9 fav\r ( ! p5cil1 &1 f ! lessons ( ! timid ,byzant9es1 he soon became a ma/] ^: e ?\ght 0 h5ce=? devot$ to ! emancipation ( an art t he f\nd condemn$ to a k9d ( immobility4 ,?anks to him1 ! expression ( faces1 :i* up to t "t _h be5 entirely conv5tional 9 "*1 0 animat$ by a tru] s5tim5t2 ! l9es ( draw+1 :i* _h be5 h>d & /iff1 7 brok5 up into well-ord]$ grace2 ! col\r+1 hi!rto dull & gloomy1 assum$ s(t brilliancy & h>moni\s relief4 ,x is said t ,cimabue's *ef-d'uvre1 ! 8,madonna0 :i* is /ill to be se5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa-,m>ia-,novella1 0 c>ri$ 9 procession by ! cr[d to ! place :i* x n[ occupies2 ! pa9t] 0 receiv$ ) %\ts1 &1 x is add$1 ! joy ( ! p at ! sight ( ! picture 0 s great t ! "p ( ! city :]e9 ,cimabue's /udio 0 situat$ receiv$1 aft] ?is ev5t1 ! "n ( ,borgo ,allegro 7! ,joy\s ,t[n74 ,"o day :5 ,cimabue 0 9 ! c\ntry1 he notic$ a "y %eph]d-boy :o 0 amus+ himself by sket*+ on a rock ! %eep he t5d$4 ,! pa9t] took *>ge ( ! boy2 he became 8 fav\rite pupil1 & 0 ! celebrat$ ,giotto1 :o happily p]sev]$ 9 ! re=m comm5c$ by ,cimabue4 ,giotto1 ! fir/ among ! arti/s ( 8 "t1 v5tur$ to pa9t portraits1 & succe$$ well 9 !m4 ,to him we owe our acqua9tance ) ! real features ( 8 fri5d ,dante2 & we /ill admire1 at lea/ z manife/ations ( an adv5tur\s g5ius1 ! pa9t+s he left 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,cl>a at ,naples1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,assisi1 & especially 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 :]e he pa9t$ 9 fresco ! hi/ory ( ,job4 ,giotto di$ 9 #accf1 b he left beh9d him to cont9ue 8 "w1 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 ,giott9o1 ,/efano1 ,&rea ,orcagna1 & ,simon ,memmi1 :o 7 ea* de/9$ to op5 out "s new pa? 9 art4 ,9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa we may see h[ great 0 ! p[] ( ! g5ius ( ^! ma/]s1 especially ( ,&rea ,orcagna 7#acbi-achi71 :o has !re repres5t$1 ) an equal measure ( beauty & ( sombre & t]rible en]gy1 ! 8,dream ( ,life10 fac+ ! 8,triumph ( ,dea?40 ,taddeo ,gaddi rema9$ a f]v5t disciple ( 8 ma/]1 & cont9u$ 8 delicate accuracy ( design1 & ! liv+ fre%ness ( 8 col\r+4 ,/efano succe$$ him 9 ! boldness ( 8 compositions1 9 8 /udi\s k ( ! nude1 & ( p]spective effect :i* _h be5 hi!rto neglect$4 ,giott9o inh]it$ 8 s]i\s inspirations4 ,memmi endeav\r$ to recall 8 my/ical & graceful s5tim5t4 ,orcagna1 :o 0 at once pa9t]1 sculptor1 ar*itect1 & poet1 seem$ to possess 9 turn all ! qualities :i* 8 fell[-disciples _h %>$ among !m1 & c\ld repres5t ) equal success ! t]rors ( ! inf]nal regions & ! visions ( heav54 ,! progress ( :i* ^! pa9t]s _h con/itut$ !mselves ! apo/les 0 n c>ri$ out )\t excit+ "s opposition4 ,9 addition to ! ,greek ma/]s1 :o naturally felt compell$ to cont5d ) ! innovators1 c]ta9 individuals 7 f\nd among ! ,italian arti/s :o en]getically embrac$ ! p>ty ( ! pa/4 ,we w only m5tion "o1 ,m>g>itone ( ,arezzo1 :o wore out 8 long life 9 a useless devotion to a cause :i* 0 already lo/2 ev5 8 "n we %\ld n h p>ticul>is$1 if x _h n be5 t ! art ow$ him "s gratitude = ! s]vice he r5d]$ x1 by sub/itut+ ! use ( canvas prep>$ = pa9t+ in/ead ( panels ( wood1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 exclusively employ$4 ,! ,flor5t9e s*ool 7= ?us we call ! gr\p ( arti/s :o trod 9 ! foot/eps ( ,cimabue & ,giotto7 _h = its repres5tative1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,giovanni ( ,fiesole1 surnam$ ,fra ,angelico1 ! p]sonification ( en?usiasm 9 arti/ic sublimity2 ^: works1 too1 resemble s _m hymns ( adoration4 ,born 9 ! ye> #achg1 & inh]it+ great weal?1 he 0 end[$ ) a contemplative m9d1 &1 ignorant ( ! tal5t :i* inspir$ him1 he s\ght oblivion f ! _w 9 ! g>b ( a ,dom9ican1 little suspect+ t glory await$ him 9 ! v dep? ( 8 humility4 ,at fir/1 z a k9d ( pi\s recreation1 he cov]$ ) m9iatures sev]al pages ( manuscripts2 next1 8 companions 9 ! cloi/] reque/$ him to pa9t a picture4 ,he obey$1 feel+ conv9c$ t ! inspiration :i* /irr$ )9 him 0 a manife/ation ( ! ,div9e _s1 & x 0 ) ! mo/ artless simplicity t he ref]r$ to ?is cele/ial orig9 ! *ef-d'uvre :i* proce$$ f 8 h&s4 ,8 reputation spread f> & wide4 ,at ! invitation ( ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 he repair$ to ,rome 9 ord] to pa9t "o ( ! *apels ( ! ,vatican4 ,& :5 ! pontiff1 full ( en?usiasm at 8 tal5t1 wi%$ to conf] ^u him z a rew>d ! dignity ( ar*bi%op1 ,angelico retir$ mode/ly to 8 cell 9 ord] to devote himself )\t int]ruption to t art :i* 0 to him a cont9ual pray]1 & a p]petual so>+ up to t heav5ly c\ntry on :i* he unceas+ly m$itat$ ) all ! unutt]able feel+s ( ! elect4 ,ab\t ! same era z ! 8s]aphic monk10 :o di$ full ( ye>s 9 #adee1 appe>$ ,tomaso ,guidi1 = :om a k9d ( unconsci\sness ( ev]yday life _h obta9$ ! ironical sobriquet ( ,masaccio 7! ,/upid72 :o1 h[ev]1 a/oni%$ ! _w by 8 works to su* ext5t t x 0 said conc]n+ !m1 8^? ( 8 pr$ecessors 7 pa9t$1 b 8 7 liv+40 ,masaccio 0 "o ( ! fir/ 7& ?is fact %[s h[ sl[ly art may progress ev5 9 bold h&s7 to place 9 8 pictures firmly on ! soles ( _! feet figures pres5t+ a full front1 in/ead ( mak+ !m /& ^u _! great-toes1 z 8 pr$ecessors _h done f a want ( k ( ! requisite =e%ort5+4 ,masaccio di$ 9 #addc4 ,philippo ,lippi1 :o devot$ himself m specially to ! /udy ( nature1 bo? 9 ! human physiognomy & also 9 ! accessory details ( 8 works1 m>ks z x 7 ! la/ /age ( ! art1 :5 x approa*$ ! /ate ( full vig\r 9 :i* x 0 to manife/ ! :ole ext5t ( its p[]4 ,we are n[ at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! ma/]s ( ! great ma/]s are 9 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 ,&rea ,v]ro*io :o1 at ! sight ( an angel :i* ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 8 pupil1 _h pa9t$ 9 "o ( 8 works1 = ev] ab&on$ 8 p5cil4 ,x 0 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo :o1 jeal\s ( ! sup]ior qualities :i* he recognis$ 9 8 pupil1 ! y\?ful ,buon>otti1 n only endeav\r$1 b succe$$ 9 div]t+ 8 tal5ts1 at lea/ = a "t1 to sculpture4 ,x 0 ,fra ,b>tolommeo 7#adfi-aeag7 :o 0 affect$ ) su* pr(\nd grief at ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,savon>ola1 t he embrac$ a mona/ic life4 ,baccio della ,porta 7su* 0 ! "n ( ! ,bro!r7 0 a v great pa9t] 7,fig4 #bdh72 ! vig\r & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--8,! ,patri>* ,job40 ,a ,pa9t+ on ,panel1 by ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,9 ! ,gall]y at ,flor5ce47 h>mony ( col\r+ :i* he %[$1 especially 9 8 la/ productions1 has sometimes caus$ !m to be attribut$ to ,raphael1 ) :om he 0 = "s "t unit$ 9 ! bonds ( fri5d%ip4 ,b we mu/ n conf9e ourselves to *>act]is+ ! works ( "o s+le gr\p ( arti/s2 =1 al?\gh ! revival took its rise on ! banks ( ! ,arno1 x spread f> & wide beyond ^? limits4 ,add$ to ?is1 ,giotto1 :5 visit+ ,v]ona1 ,padua1 & ,rome1 left 9 ea* place ! /ill respl5d5t traces ( 8 pres5ce4 ,:5 ,fra ,angelico w5t to adorn ! ,vatican1 8 g5ius spread ar\nd x a fruitful irradiation :i* ev]y:]e dimm$ ! anci5t r5[n ( ! ,byzant9e pa9t]s :o _h hi!rto prevail$ 9 ! ,italian cities4 ,at ,rome we f9d fl\ri%+ 9 succession ,pietro ,cavall9i1 :om ,giotto _h in/ruct$ dur+ ! soj\rn ( ! latt] 9 ! ,et]nal ,city2 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 :o drew 8 inspiration f ,fra ,angelico2 & ,pietro della ,francesca1 :o has be5 reg>d$ z ! orig9ator ( p]spective4 ,we next meet ) ,pietro ,vannucci1 call$ ,p]ug9o1 :o 0 born 9 #addf2 x 0 ow+ to no?+ b ! =ce ( 8 g5ius & 8 "* t he became "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ma/]s ( 8 "t4 ,at ! close ( 8 c>e]1 ,p]ug9o _h ! hon\r ( initiat+ into ! practice ( 8 art ,raphael ,sanzio ( ,urb9o1 :o 0 9 8 own day1 z he /ill is1 ! pr9ce ( pa9t+4 ,at ,v5ice a body ( pione]s1 /ill m num]\s & compact1 prep>$ ! way = ! new era1 de/9$ to be made illu/ri\s by ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & ,paul ,v]onese4 ,we w m5tion also ,g5tile & ,jacopo ,bell9i2 ! =m] 0 incessantly absorb$ 9 inve/igat+ ! !ories ( an art :i* he nev]!less ex]cis$ ) all ! ab&on ( an inspir$ g5ius2 ! latt] con/antly devot$ himself to ! comb9ation ( p[] & grace2 &1 at ! age ( sev5ty-five ye>s1 seem$ to rega9 a second y\? 9 foll[+ ) happy boldness ! example ( 8 pupil ,giorgione4#ce ,?is pa9t]1 :o 0 born 9 #adgg1 & di$ 9 #aeaa1 introduc$ all k9ds ( innovations 9 respect to design & col\r+1 & 0 ! ma/] ( ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 ,seba/ian del ,piombo1 ,jacques ,palma1 & ,pord5one1 fell[-pupils & sometimes rivals ( ! ?ree great arti/s by ^: works ! ,v5etian s*ool 0 to m>k its individuality4 ,at ,p>ma a local s*ool 0 repres5t$ by ,antonio ,allegri1 call$ ,correggio1 born 9 #adid2 & by ,francesco ,mazzuoli1 call$ ,p>migian9o1 born 9 #aejc4 ,9 o!r places1 too1 tal5ts ( a vigor\s or ( a graceful "* 7 develop$1 b we c only ca/ a compreh5sive glance on ?is memorable arti/ic epo*1 & are unable to (f] a detail$ review ( ! arti/s & _! works4 ,& :at fur!r lum9>ies ( art c\ld we wi% to embrace 9 our summ>y aft] hav+ display$ 9 x1 %9+1 s to speak1 at "o & ! same epo*1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,fig4 #bdi71 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 ,v]onese1 ,correggio1 & ,p>migian9o8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--,portrait ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 f a ,v5etian ,engrav+ ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,f\r pr9cipal s*ools compete ) "o ano!r--! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are tru? ( design1 en]gy ( col\r+1 & gr&eur ( conception2 ! ,roman s*ool1 :i* seeks its ideal 9 ! skilful & sob] judgm5t ( its l9es1 ! dignity ( its compositions1 propriety ( expression & beauty ( =m2 ! ,v5etian s*ool1 :i* occasionally neglect$ correctness ( draw+1 & devot$ itself m to ! brilliancy & magical effect ( col\r2 la/ly1 ! s*ool ( ,p>ma1 :i* is di/+ui%$ especially by its s(tness ( t\* & by its k ( light & %ade4 ,all su* e/imations ( ! diff]5t qualities ( ^! v>i\s gr\ps mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be look$ ^u z 9 any way absolute4 ,z *iefs ( ! fir/ s*ool we h two m51 ea* ( :om pres5ts to u "o ( ! ri*e/ organisations & ! mo/ widely ext5d+ g5ius :i* human nature has1 p]haps1 ev] produc$2 ^! 7 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 bo? ( :om 7 sculptors z well z pa9t]s2 & also ar*itects1 musicians1 & poets4 ,we w fir/ speak ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ^: /yle pres5ts two v di/9ct epo*s2 ! fir/ t5d+ to vig\r 9 ! %ad[s1 to a mi/9ess 9 reflect$ lights1 to a g5]al effect produc$ by a c]ta9 oddness1 or r by a /range repres5tation ( tru?2 a comb9ation ( qualities :i*1 z ,m4 ,mi*iels says1 makes ,leon>do ! 8mo/ nor!rly ( ! ,italian pa9t]s0 7,fig4 #bej74 ,8 second /yle1 8cle>1 s]5e1 & precise10 transports u into a 8completely s\!rn sph]e40 ,b "s secret influ5ce drew ! arti/ s =cibly t[>ds 8 e>li] mann]1 t he return$ to x at an advanc$ age 9 pa9t+ ! fam\s portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 :i* adorns ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre4 ,we mu/ n =get ! fact t we h to attribute to ,pope ,leo ,x4 ! great revival ( ! arts1 & especially ( pa9t+1 9 ,italy at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 8,9 ,mi*ael ,angelo10 /ill to quote ! words ( ,m4 ,mi*iels1 8sci5ce1 p[]1 gr&eur1 & all ! m sev]e qualities are comb9$4 ,no vulg> artifice & no affectation4 ,! pa9t] 0 imbu$ ) a sublime ideal ( maje/ic types f :i* no?+ 0 able to div]t him4 ,he felt z if !re 7 exi/+ 9 himself a :ole population ( h]oes1 :om1 by ! aid ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 he endeav\r$ to )draw f _! m5tal concealm5t1 & to embody 9 inc>nate =ms4 ,8 p]sonages sc>cely seem to belong to our race2 !y appe> to be creatures wor?y ( "s m spaci\s _w1 to ! proportions ( :i* _! physical vig\r & _! moral en]gy w\ld well respond4 ,! v wom5 d n possess ! grace ( _! sex2 we might fancy !m valiant ,amazons well capable ( ma/]+ a horse or ( cru%+ an enemy4 ,?is great man's object 0 nei!r to *>m nor to please2 8 delight r 0 to a/oni% & to /rike ) admiration or t]ror2 b x is ?is v excess ( p[] :i* enabl$ him to w9 ! approbation ( all40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4--,! ,holy ,family1 by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 f ! ,picture 9 ! ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,next we h ,raphael1 il div9o ,sanzio1 z he 0 call$ by 8 num]\s admir]s1 ^: g5ius 0 con/antly atta9+ to gr&eur by means ( simplicity1 & to p[] by means ( res]ve4 ,mi*ael ,angelo always seems z if he 7 only able to repres5t a limit$ portion ( 8 gigantic conceptions on ! wall he cov]$ ) 8 designs2 b x 0 suffici5t = ,raphael to place "s tranquil figure on a n>r[ squ>e ( canvas1 & we h be=e u ! bright image ( ! mo/ p]fect & delici\s inspiration4 ,he creat$ = himself a heav5 :i* he peopl$ ) ! pure/ & mo/ v5]at$ types ( ! human race2 & a light1 z f on high1 beams ) regal spl5d\r on ^! graceful visions4 ,9 ,raphael1 ev5 m ?an 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 x seem$ z if two arti/s ( equal sublimity succe$$ "o ano!r4 ,at fir/ we h ! *>m+ dream] :o1 9 ! fre% en?usiasm ( 8 e>ly y\?1 creates ,madonnas1 artless daught]s ( ! e>? 9 ^: look & c\nt5ance a sacr$ light %9es 9 all its ineffable purity2 next he is ! ma/] full ( ! deepe/ sci5ce1 = :om ! real beauties ( creation h no concealm5t2 :o1 9 repres5t+ nature1 succe$$ 9 trans=m+ to h] ! magnific5t ideal ( :i* 8 own s\l appe>s to h receiv$ ! impression f association ) ! div9e regions4 8,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ,raphael10 /ill foll[+ ! v j rem>ks ( ,m4 ,mi*iels1 8is ! univ]sality ( 8 fame4 ,x becomes almo/ pa9ful to he> ! vulg> cr[d con/antly repeat+ a magic "n1 ! true signification ( :i* !y d n und]/&40 ,z ! spoil$ *ild ( =tune1 ! creator ( ,virg9s & 8,! ,transfiguration10 he is almo/ )\t detractors f 8 fame2 & x is impossible to reckon ! numb] ( 8 admir]s4 8,"o circum/ance 9 8 life af=ds u an emblem ( 8 de/9y4 ,hav+ s5t to ,pal]mo ! fam\s canvas ( ! #8,spasimo1'#cf a tempe/ ov]:elm$ ! %ip :i* c>ri$ x2 b ! waves seem$ to respect ! *ef-d'uvre4 ,aft] hav+ drift$ m ?an fifty leagues ?r\gh ! sea1 ! box :i* enclos$ ! preci\s production float$ g5tly on %ore at ! port ( ,g5oa4 ,! picture 0 9 no way injur$4 ,! ,sicilian monks1 = :om x 0 int5d$1 did n fail to claim x2 & s9ce t "t1 ?anks to ! m]cy ( ! waves1 x attracts to ! foot ( ,etna num]\s pilgrims to ! %r9e ( g5ius40 ,at ,v5ice1 we fir/ h ,titian1 ! pa9t] ( ,*>les ,v4 & ,francis ,i4 8,! g5ius ( ,titian10 says ,alex&] ,l5oir1 8is always great & noble4 ,no pa9t] has ev] produc$ fle%-col\rs s beautiful & life-l4 ,9 ,titian !re is no app>5t tone2 ! col\r+ ( 8 fle% is s well bl5d$1 t x seems z difficult to imitate z ! model itself4 ,add to 8 pictures _! tru? & expression ( action1 & ! elegance & ri*ness ( ! drap]y1 & we %all h "s idea ( ! great works :i* he left beh9d him40 ,next ,jacques ,robu/i pres5ts himself1 :o1 f ! pr(ession ( 8 fa!r 0 surnam$ ,t9toretto 7! ,dy]74 ,he 0 at fir/ a pupil ( ,titian1 :o1 x is said1 f motives ( jeal\sy1 dismiss$ him f 8 /udio2 b ! f]v\r ( un9t]rupt$ lab\r 0 all t ,t9toretto requir$ 9 ord] to mature ! mo/ productive tal5t4 8,! draw+ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ! col\r+ ( ,titian0--su* 0 ! ambiti\s motto he wrote ov] ! door ( 8 humble ateli]1 & we are almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t he 0 enabl$1 by =ce ( /udy & lab\r1 to fulfil 8 aspirations1 if we look only at "s ( 8 pieces execut$ be=e a c]ta9 fev] ( exub]ant production _h seiz$ ^u & necess>ily weak5$ 8 vigor\s tal5ts4 ,to =m "s e/imate ( ! ext5t to :i* ,t9toretto 0 impell$ by ?is impulse ( creation1 we may recollect t ev5 ,paul ,v]onese reproa*$ him ) be+ unable to re/ra9 himself--,v]onese1 ! mo/ indefatigable ( produc]s6 ,) reg>d to ! latt]1 8 works are *>act]is$ n only by ! numb] ( figures 9 !m1 b also by ! /rik+ brilliancy ( ! mise en scne4 ,al?\gh he multiplies 8 actors1 !y are gr\p$ 9 p]fect ord]2 al?\gh he pa9ts a multitude1 he kn[s h[ to avoid a cr[d4 ,notice h[ a feel+ ( life pr(usely p]vades ! :ole ( 8 va/ pictures ( important ev5ts2 an idea ( space is ev]y:]e giv52 ev]y:]e light plays a p[]ful "p1 & imag9ation has full scope4 ,he is ! pa9t] p> excell5ce ( fea/s & c]emonies3 at once pomp\s & natural1 8 copi\sness is only equall$ by 8 dazzl+ facility2 & we are compell$ to =give ! errors ) :i* he m+les on ! same canvas ! religi\s ideas ( sacr$ subjects & ! pr(ane spl5d\r ( mod]n times4 ,:at %all we say ab\t ,correggio8 ,!re is no me?odical scale by :i* to measure grace2 & !re is no =mula laid d[n ( delici\s s(tness4 ,b if1 at ! ,l\vre1 we exam9e 8 8,antiope asleep10 we %all n soon =get ! fasc9at+ p[] ( ! old ,allegri 7,correggio74 ,f ,correggio to ,p>migian9o ! di/ance is ( ! k9d t admiration c easily fill up4 ,x 0 said ( ! latt] t he _h m ! appe>ance ( an angel ?an ( a man2 & ! ,romans ( 8 own day us$ to add t ! _s ( ,raphael _h pass$ into 8 body4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance 8 g5ius 0 k9dl$ by ! sun ( ,correggio1 & rip5$ 9 ! /udios ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael2 b 9 addition to ?is1 8 flexible & v>i$ tal5t enabl$ him to f9d a place by himself betwe5 ^! two ma/]s4 8,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata10 & 8,! ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e10 :i* he pa9t$ be=e he _h atta9$ 8 eighte5? ye>1 are /ill reg>d$ z equal to ! *efs-d'uvre sign$ by ,allegri4 ,x is well kn[n t a 8,/4 ,m>g>et10 execut$ by ,p>migian9o fifte5 ye>s lat] = a *ur* at ,bologna1 0 plac$ by ,guido 9 ! same rank z ! 8,/4 ,cecilia0 ( ,raphael4 ,by ! side (1 or aft]1 ^! fam\s m51 9 :om ! glory ( ,italian pa9t+ seems to h brilliantly culm9at$1 h[ _m noble names /ill rema9 to be cit$2 h[ _m rem>kable names are !re /ill to m5tion1 ev5 among ^? :o1 9 foll[+ ! glori\s pa? op5$ out = !m by ! great ma/]s1 began to %[ glimpses ( ! e>lie/ symptoms ( decay1 exhau/ion1 & lassitude6 ,x does n =m a "p ( our plan to dwell ^u ! v>i\s phases ( ?is decad5ce2 b be=e we glance at ! la/ sp>ks ( light :i* 7 %$ =?1 we mu/ n =get ! fact t ! ,italian pleiades 7 n exclusively privileg$ to illum9e ! arti/ic horizon4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! case t all ov] ,europe ! ,byzant9e tradition _h be5 ! sole possessor ( ! ?rone ( art s9ce ! e>lie/ c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ,g]many z 9 ,italy1 9 ,france z 9 ! c\ntries b\nd+ x on ! nor?1 we f9d no?+ b ! same s*ool display+ ! dead level ( its inflexibility4 ,at v>i\s epo*s1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 feeble attempts at indep5d5ce 7 "h & !re manife/$2 b ^! aspirations 7 at fir/ g5]ally isolat$1 & !re=e transi5t 9 _! "*4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 z if ! h\r ( revival _h be5 simultane\sly agre$ ^u at all po9ts ( ! intellectual _w1 ^! desires = emancipation manife/$ !mselves 9 a correspond+ ef=t to reject ! =m] too absolute =m1 & to sub/itute ! elem5t ( life = ! pr9ciple ( conv5tionality4 ,9 ,spa9 a /range combat 0 wag+ on ! soil itself1 = ! possession ( :i* two ho/ile races1 two irreconcilable fai?s1 7 9 fi]ce cont5tion4 ,! ,mahometan built ! ,alhambra1 ! halls ( :i* 7 de/9$ to be subsequ5tly adorn$ by a ,*ri/ian p5cil4 ,9 ! pa9t+s t enliv5 ! ar*es ( ?is m>vell\s edifice an art is manife/$ :i* is bo? simple & gr& 9 its "*2 b 9 ?is "o und]tak+ x appe>s to h exhau/$ ! %>e ( vitality "t _h aw>d$ to x2 = imm$iately aft]w>ds x seems to h di$ away4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any fre% ma/]s ( ! art ( pa9t+ appe>$ on ! ,ib]ian soil1 !y _h s\ght 9 ,italy ! flame ( inspiration1 or "s mighty art-pilgrim visit$ _! c\ntry4 ,we mu/ come d[n to a lat] epo*1 f ! consid]ation ( :i* we are n[ preclud$1 9 ord] to meet ) an ,h]r]a1 a ,rib]a1 a ,velasquez1 or a ,murillo1 ! glory ( :om1 al?\gh comp>atively late1 may p]haps hold its own by ! side ( ! great ,italian s*ools1 b _c pret5d to eclipse !m4 ,among ! pr$ecessors ( ^! real & di/9ct individualities1 we w1 h[ev]1 m5tion ! foll[+3--,alonzo ,b]ruguete1 born 9 #adhj1 at once pa9t]1 ar*itect1 & sculptor2 he 0 a pupil ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 9 ^: works he (t5 took a %>e2 ,p$ro ,campagna1 born 9 #aejc1 :o /udi$ "u ! same ma/]--8 *ef-d'uvre is /ill admir$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville2 ,luis de ,v>gas1 born 9 #aejb1 :o 0 able 9 _m po9ts to appropriate ! secrets ( ,sanzio1 f :om he appe>$ to h receiv$ lessons2 ,morales1 ^: pa9t+s are /ill admir$ = ! h>mony ( _! l9es & ! delicacy ( _! t\*2 ,vic5te ,juanes1 ^: purity ( design & sob] vig\r ( col\r+ obta9$ = him ! title 7c]ta9ly by "s exagg]ation ( praise7 ( ! 8,raphael ( ,val5cia20 la/ly1 ,f]n&ez ,nav>ette1 born 9 #aebf1 :o1 p]haps less hyp]bolically1 0 surnam$ ! 8,spani% ,titian20 & ,san*ez ,coello1 born ab\t #aejj1 :o1 excell+ 9 portraits1 has h&$ d[n ! lik5esses ( "s celebrat$ p]sonages ( 8 "t4 ,9 ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries we f9d simil> traces ( ! feel+ ( reg5]ation actuat+ ! m9ds ( arti/s at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,! fir/ "n :i* pres5ts itself to u beyond ! ,rh9e is t m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,limburg1 ( ! date ( #achj4 8,!re 0 !n at ,cologne10 says ! *ronicl]1 8a pa9t] nam$ ,wilhelm4 ,accord+ to ! ma/]s1 he 0 ! be/ 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,g]many2 he has pa9t$ m5 ( e description z if !y 7 alive40 ,we h no?+ left ( ! works ( ?is arti/ except "s panels )\t signature1 :i*1 9 consid]ation ( ! date !y be>1 are attribut$ to him2 an exam9ation %[s t1 consid]+ ! epo* at :i* he liv$1 ,wilhelm might ju/ly be look$ ^u z a creative g5ius4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 mo/ tal5t$ pupil1 ,matre ,/ephan4 ,a tripty* ( 8 "w may be se5 at ! ,ca!dral ( ,cologne1 repres5t+ 8,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi10 8,/4 ,g]eon10 8,/4 ,ursula10 & 8,! ,annunciation40 ,?is "w1 :i* exhibits *>m+ f9i% z well z h>moni\s simplicity1 is suffici5t evid5ce t its au?or 0 possess$ ( mu* natural ability z well z a c]ta9 ext5t ( k2 & if we make x our /udy to seek out ! relics ( ! arti/ic movem5t ( ! p]iod1 we c 9 no way feel surprise at see+ t ! influ5ce ( ?is e>ly ma/] made itself felt 9 a v ext5d$ radius4 ,b at ?is epo*1 t is1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 a city ( ,fl&]s1 a new lum9>y made its appe>ance1 :i* 0 de/9$ to eclipse ! brilliancy ( ! some:at weak ,g]man innovation4 ,two bro!rs1 ,hub]t & ,john van ,eyck1 toge!r ) _! si/] ,m>g>et1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! 8triumphant city ( ,bruges10 z x is call$ by an hi/orian2 & v soon all ! ,flemi% & ,rh5i% regions res\nd$ ) ! "n ( ,van ,eyck1 _! works be+ ! only repres5tations :i* 7 admir$ & foll[$2 & ev5 9 ^? e>ly days x 0 a title ( glory to =m a "p ( _! brilliant s*ool4 ,john1 ! y\ng] ( ! two bro!rs1 0 ! "o to :om r5[n m p>ticul>ly atta*$ 7,fig4 #bea74 ,he is reput$ to h be5 ! inv5tor ( oil-pa9t+2 b all he did 0 to improve ! me?ods employ$4 ,nev]!less1 tradition tells u t an ,italian ma/]1 ,antonello ( ,mess9a1 made a j\rney to ,fl&]s1 ) ! object ( f9d+ out ! secret ( ,john ,bruges 7by :i* "n ,van ,eyck is (t5 call$72 & t he subsequ5tly circulat$ x ?r\gh\t ! ,italian s*ools4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,john ( ,bruges1 ap>t f any simil>ity 9 mann] 7= x 0 by ! =ce ( 8 col\r+1 z mu* z by 8 new !ories ( composition1 t he succe$$ 9 revolutionis+ ! old s*ool ( pa9t+71 may be consid]$ z ! ,giotto ( ! ,nor?2 b we mu/ add t ! effects ( 8 attempts 7 mu* m rapidly decisive4 ,at "o leap1 s to speak1 ! some:at cold pa9t+ ( ! ,go?ic s*ool deck$ itself ) a spl5d\r :i* left b little = ! future ,v5etian s*ool to a*ieve beyond x2 ) "o flight ( g5ius1 /iff & me?odical conceptions became imbu$ ) suppl5ess & vital action4 ,f9ally1 we h ! fir/ notable sign ( ! true feel+ ( an art comb9+ sci5ce & grace--a k ( anatomy is %[n 9 ! life-l fle% & "u ! brilliant drap]ies4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a consid]able di/ance1 :i* _c fail to be rem>k$1 sep>at+ ! two re=m]s ( art ^: names we h j br\ght toge!r4 ,"o1 ,giotto1 desir$ to grasp ! real 9 ord] to make x conduce to ! triumph ( ! ideal2 :ile ,van ,eyck only accept$ ! ideal because he _h z yet be5 unable to appreh5d ! deepe/ secrets ( ! real4 ,all ! o!r ma/]s are b z ! fruit yield$ by ! s*ool ( ! great ,flor5t9e1 & by ^? :i* ! desc5dants ( ! ,flemi% ma/]s 7 de/9$ to produce4 ,at ,gh5t1 we /ill h z an object ( admiration1 an alt>-piece1 a *ef-d'uvre ( ,van ,eyck2 x is an imm5se composition1 "s portions ( :i* h be5 remov$2 b at fir/ x did n conta9 less ?an ?ree hundr$ figures1 repres5t+ ! 8,adoration ( ! ,pas*al ,lamb by ! ,virg9s ( ! ,apocalypse40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--8,! ,holy ,virg91 ,/4 ,george1 & ,/4 ,donat40 ,by ,john van ,eyck4 7,museum at ,antw]p47 ,john van ,eyck resid$ = "s "t at ! c\rt ( ,portugal1 :i!r he _h be5 s5t by ,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 to del9eate ,illu/ration3 8,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,& ,,/4 ,,agnes40 ,a ,,picture ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,m>g>et ,,van ,,eyck4 ,on ! left ( ! picture is se5 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,alex&ria hold+ 9 h] h&s ! in/rum5ts ( h] puni%m5t--! :eel1 :i* is brok5 into fragm5ts1 & ! sword :i* decapitat$ h]2 bel[ h] is ! head ( ! ,emp]or ,maxmilian ,,ii41 :o ord]$ h] m>tyrdom4 ,on ! "r is ,/4 ,agnes1 & a lamb1 ! emblem ( h] innoc5ce & g5tl5ess4 ,! r+ ,/4 ,agnes is pres5t+ to ,/4 ,ca!r9e d5otes ! bond :i* unites ! two virg9-m>tyrs1 & atte/s t bo? are wor?y to be sp\ses ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,& ,,/4 ,,agnes4 ,pa9t+ attribut$ to ,m>g>et ,van ,eyck4 7,m4 ,qu$eville's ,collection47 ! features ( 8 fiance1 ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe? 7#adbh74 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by 8 lab\rs is ?\ght to h br\ght ab\t t t5d5cy to brilliancy & realism :i*1 aft] its fir/ manife/ation 9 ! e>lie/ ,spani% mann]1 gave way be=e ! encroa*m5ts ( ,italian g5ius1 only to reappe> 9 all its p[] 9 ! great national s*ool4 ,among ! be/ pupils t ,van ,eyck left beh9d him at ,bruges1 we mu/ n omit ! "n ( ,hugo van d] ,goes1 ^: works are r>e4 ,rog] van d] ,weyd51 ( ^: pa9t+s b few are n[ extant1 0 ! fav\rite pupil ( ,john ( ,bruges1 & ! ma/] ( ,heml+1 ^: reputation 0 de/9$ to equal1 if n to surpass1 t ( ! *ief ( 8 s*ool4 8,heml+10 says ,m4 ,mi*iels1 s em95t a judge on ?is subject1 8^: mo/ anci5t picture be>s ! date #adej1 possesses m sweetness & grace ?an ! ,van ,eycks4 ,8 figures *>m by an ideal elegance2 8 expression nev] exce$s ! limits ( tranquil feel+ & agreeable emotion4 ,q contr>y to ,john van ,eyck1 he pref]s ! sl5d] & ri* "* ( ! ,go?ic 7,fig4 #beb7 to ! heav9ess & scanty detail ( ,roman ar*itecture4 ,8 col\r+1 al?\gh less vigor\s1 is s(t]2 ! wat]1 ! woods1 ! sites1 ! grass1 & ! di/ances ( 8 pictures cause a dream-l feel+40 ,a k9d ( in/9ctive reaction 0 manife/$ 9 ! pupil1 b ! ma/] 0 n altoge!r =gott54 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 f9d else:]e ! effects ( 8 direct influ5ce2 b 9 ord] n to h to return to ! s*ool ( ,bruges1 we w fir/ m5tion ,j]ome ,bos*1 :o1 contr>y to 8 c\ntryman ,heml+1 s\ght aft] opposition ( effects & s+ul>ities ( inv5tion2 & next ,erasmus1 ! great ?9k] & writ]1 :o 0 also a pa9t] 9 8 day2#cg la/ly1 ,cornelius ,engelbre*ts51 ! ma/] ( ,lucas van ,leyd51 born 9 #adid4 ,! latt] 0 z fam\s ) ! p5cil z ) ! grav+ tool1 & introduc$ into all 8 works a p[]ful & sometimes /range orig9ality :i* caus$ him to be look$ ^u z ! fir/ pa9t] ( 8g5re40 ,lucas van ,leyd5 mu/ close our li/ ( ! arti/s :o op5$ out ! pa?s :i* 7 de/9$ to be foll[$1 ?\gh ) _m a div]sity ( me?od & ( /yle1 by ,breughel1 ,t5i]s1 ,van ,o/ade1 ,porbus1 & ,s*ell9cks4 ,at ! head ( ^! ma/]s 0 subsequ5tly to rise ! magnific5t ,rub5s1 & ! en]getic ,rembr&t1 ! k+ ( ! palette1 ! great *ief ( ! s*ool1 :o ,illu/ration3 ,fig #beb4--8,/4 ,ursula40 ,by ,heml+4 t[]s l(tily ov] all 8 pupils1 ,g]>d ,d[1 ,f]d9& ,bol1 ,van ,eckh\t1 ,gova]t ,fl9ck1 c41 z well z ov] 8 imitators & contempor>ies--,abraham ,bloema]t1 ,g]>d ,hon?or/1 ,adrian ,brauw]1 ,segh]s1 c4 ,:5 ! ,van ,eycks made _! appe>ance1 ,g]man art--:i*1 "u ! impulse ( ,/ephan ( ,cologne1 _h appe>$ z if de/9$ to direct ! movem5t--all[$ itself to be l$ away & influ5c$ by ! ,flemi% s*ool1 )\t1 h[ev]1 entirely dive/+ itself ( ! individual *>act]i/ics :i* are1 to "s ext5t1 inh]5t 9 ! region :]e9 x fl\ri%$4 ,9 ,alsatia1 we see ! /yle peculi> to ! s*ool ( ,bruges %[+ itself 9 ,m>t9 ,s*n 7#adfj72 9 ,suabia1 x _h z its int]pret] ,fr$]ick ,h]l5 7#adfg72 at ,augsburg1 x 0 old ,holbe92 at ,nuremb]g1 x 0 fir/ ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?1 & aft] him ,alb]t ,dr] 7#adga71 ^: vigor\s individuality did n fail to reflect ! temp]am5t ( ! ,van ,eycks4 8,! works ( ,alb]t ,dr] pres5t a s+ul> comb9ation ( ! fanta/ic & ! real 7,fig4 #bec74 ,! pr9cipal t5d5cies peculi> to ! "* ( ! nor!rn m9d are always to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! arti/ are always transport+ him into a _w ( ab/raction & *im]as2 b ! ev]-pres5t consci\sness ( ! difficulties ( life "u ! cold nor!rn sky always draws him back to ! details ( exi/5ce4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 he seems to love philosophical1 & ev5 sup]natural subjects2 b1 on ! o!r1 ! m9ute details ( 8 execution b9d him d[n to e>?4 ,8 models1 8 action1 8 positions1 ! muscul> developm5t ( 8 nude subjects1 ! innum]able folds ( 8 drap]ies1 ! expression :i* he gives to joy1 grief1 & hatr$1 all seem to be> a manife/ "* ( exagg]ation4 ,add$ to ?is1 he is defici5t 9 grace2 a rud5ess entirely nor!rn 9 its "* closes ! pa? to any ( ! s(t] qualities ( art4 ,! panels ( ,alb]t ,dr] all seem to h a t\* ( ! antique b>b>ism ( ! ,g]manic hordes4 ,he himself 0 9 ! habit ( we>+ 8 hair long1 l ! anci5t ,g]man k+s4 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 8 beautiful col\r+1 ! skilful firmness ( 8 draw+1 8 gr& *>act]i/ics1 8 dep? ( ?\ght1 ! poetry1 (t5 t]rible1 ( 8 composition1 place him 9 ! fir/ rank ( ma/]s0 7,mi*iels74 ,:ile ,alb]t ,dr] 0 endeav\r+ to comb9e 9 8 works e type ( ! /range/ "*1 ,lucas van ,crana* made x 8 /udy ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--8;,jesus ,cr[n$ ) ,?orns10 pa9t$ on ,wood by ,alb]t ,dr]2 a ,fac-simile trac$ f ! orig9al ( ! same size4 7,9 ! ,collection ( ,m4 de ,qu$eville47 to repres5t ) no less success pleasant leg5ds or ! mo/ *>m+ realities4 ,he is ! pa9t] ( artless y\?s1 a]ially veil$1 & ( sportive & en*ant+ virg9s2 & if "s antique sc5e is creat$ by 8 delicate & orig9al p5cil1 x seem1 to be metamorphos$ by a happy facility into some?+ t appe>s to h ! "* ( a ,g]man rem9isc5ce 7,fig4 #bed74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--8,pr9cess ,sibylla ( ,saxony10 by ,lucas van ,crana*4 7,su]mondt ,collection47 ,betwe5 ^! two ma/]s1 s equally end[$ ) p[] 9 _! respective l9es ( art1 ! great ,holbe9 takes 8 place1 z if embody+ ! r abrupt vig\r ( ! "o1 & ! s5tim5tal delicacy ( ! o!r4 ,?is pa9t]'s arti/ic c>e] 0 c>ri$ out almo/ entirely 9 ,engl&1 b ! "* ( 8 g5ius belongs unque/ionably to ! c\ntry :]e he left beh9d him 8 8,dance ( ,dea?10 a piece ( tragic raill]y ju/ly held to be ! mo/ wond]ful among all ! creations ( fancy4 ,alb]t ,dr]1 :o di$ 9 #aebh1 & ,lucas van ,crana*1 & ,holbe91 :o di$ 9 #aeec1ch 7 de/9$ to create a race ( pa9t]s1 & a ho/ ( successors 7 soon at "w4 ,b ! movem5t1 :i* 0 imp$$ by tr\bles ( a religi\s "*1 di$ away 9 ! t]rible convulsions ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & 0 nev] aga9 r5ew$4 ,! era 9 :i* ,g]man art seem$ all at once to decl9e 0 t :]e9 ! ,italian s*ool fl\ri%$ 9 full spl5d\r1 & ex]cis$ an unrivall$ influ5ce ov] e ,european c\ntry occupi$ by ! ,lat9 races4 ,france yield$ all ! m readily to ?is =eign influ5ce1 because ! ,papal c\rt at ,avignon _h already giv5 an asylum to ,giotto 9 ! fir/ place1 & aft]w>ds to ,simon ,memmi2 bo? ( :om1 & especially ! la/1 h left ma/]-l traces ( _! pres5ce on ,fr5* soil4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 al?\gh ,fr5* pa9t+1 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a national art1 _c boa/ ( hav+ spontane\sly produc$1 z a ?+ ( home-gr[?1 any ( ^? essays ( complete indep5d5ce ( :i* ,g]many & ,italy are s pr\d2 ! memorials ( ,fr5* art at lea/ be> witness t1 dur+ ! long reign ( ,byzant9e tradition1 x nev] ceas$ to /ruggle ) "s =ce "u ! yoke2 at a "t1 inde$1 :5 ,italy & ,g]many !mselves seem$1 on ! contr>y1 to be> ! burd5 ) ! mo/ submissive s]vitude4 ,! t5? c5tury1 9 becom+ subject to ! influ5ce ( a fooli% b he>tfelt t]ror 7! fe> ( ! end ( ! _w71 m>k$ a p]iod ( fatal ob/ruction to e k9d ( ef=t1 & progress di$ away2 b if we look beyond ?is we %all p]ceive t1 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! mon>*y1 pa9t+ 0 held 9 hon\r1 & pa9t]s !mselves af=d$ pro(s ( p[]1 if n ( g5ius4 ,we %all1 = in/ance1 f9d t ! basilica ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 built by ,*ildeb]t ,i41 _h its walls decorat$ ) 8elegant pa9t+s40 ,we %all f9d ,gondebaud1 ! son ( ,clotaire1 himself h&l+ ! p5cil & 8pa9t+ ! walls & ro(s ( oratories40 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 we discov] ! texts :i* ! bi%ops & prie/s 7 compell$ to pa9t on 8! :ole int]ior surface0 ( _! *ur*es1 9 ord] t ! *>m ( ! col\r+ & ( ! compositions might aid ! f]v\r ( fai? 9 ! congregations4 ,b all ?is is b evid5ce record$ 9 ! pages ( ! anci5t *ronicles4 ,we h o!r te/imony d]iv$ f works /ill exi/+1 on :i* a judgm5t may be practically pass$4 ,"s frescoes discov]$ at ,/4 ,sav91 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,vi5ne1 & at ,nohant-,vicq1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,indre1 :i* mu/ be attribut$ to ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 atte/1 9 all _! rude simplicity1 ! ef=ts ( a ?\ghtful art1 & specially be> ! /amp ( a true _s ( indep5d5ce4 ,! ,sa9te-,*apelle1 9 ,p>is1 by its pa9t$ w9d[s & ! mural pa9t+s ( its crypt1 ass]ts ! real vitality ( an arti/ic feel+1 :i* only wait$ = ! signal ( a bold] _s to rise to l(ti] ?+s4 ,moreov]1 if o!r examples are want+1 !re are manuscripts1 on ! ornam5tation ( :i* ! mo/ skilful pa9t]s h conc5trat$ _! p[]s1 t w\ld suffice to po9t out ! t5d5cies & arti/ic /&>d ( e succe$+ age4 7,see ! article on ,,m9iature-,,pa9t+47 ,h[ev] little we may consult hi/ory1 we sc>cely ev] fail to discov] traces ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( arti/s ^: names or works h surviv$4 ,?us1 a s]ies ( pa9t+s pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s1 z well z ! 8,sacre de ,l\is ,,xii40 & ! 8,vi]ge au ,from5t10 9 ! museum at ,cluny1 prove to u ! exi/5ce1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ( ! s*ool ( ,pic>dy1 :i* possess$ skill 9 composition1 comb9$ ) a feel+ = col\r & a c]ta9 k ( h&l+4 ,?us1 too1 ! rese>*es ( ! le>n$ h trac$ out ! labori\s c>e] ( ! ,cl\et family1 sung by ,rons>d & o!rs1 b ^: works are almo/ entirely lo/2 ?us1 also1 we f9d ! names ( ,b\rdi*on1 ,p]ral1 ,f\cquet1 :o work$ = ,l\is ,,xi4 & ,*>les ,,viii41 & t ( ! peaceful ,k+ ,r5 ( ,prov5ce1 :o ?\ght x n b5ea? 8 dignity to make himself ! practical *ief ( a s*ool ^: nameless productions are /ill scatt]$ ov] ! s\? ( ,france4 ,) ! sixte5? c5tury comm5c$ ! age ( ! great ,italian pa9t]s4 ,9 #aeae1 ,francis ,i4 p]suad$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci to come to ,france1 & to af=d ! example ( 8 wond]ful g5ius4 ,b ! illu/ri\s creator ( 8,la ,gioconda0 7! fam\s portrait ( ,mona ,lisa71 bur!n$ ) ye>s & worn out ) "w1 visit$ ,france z if only to draw 8 la/ brea? 7#aeai74 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! graceful pupil ( ! sev]e ,mi*ael ,angelo1 came to ,france 9 #aeag2 b1 aft] hav+ pa9t$ = 8 royal protector a few pictures1 among :i* 0 ! magnific5t 8,*>ity0 9 ! ,l\vre1 he aga9 repair$ to ! ,italian soil1 to :i* 8 unhappy m>riage recall$ him to 8 doom4 ,9 #aebj ,raphael di$1 at ! age ( only ?irty-sev5 ye>s4 ,giulio ,pippi 7call$ ,giulio ,romano71 ,francis ,p5ni 7call$ il ,fattore71 & ,p]9o del ,vaga1 :om he nam$ z 8 heirs & *>g$ ) ! completion ( 8 unf9i%$ works1 did _! be/ to replace ! illu/ri\s dead4 ,= a %ort "t x might h be5 ?\ght t ! inspiration ( ! ma/] /ill rema9$ ) 8 pupils2 b soon a sep>ation ( ?is gr\p ( arti/s1 :o _h f\nd _! pr9cipal p[] 9 unity ( ?\ght1 took place2 &1 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s aft] ! tomb _h clos$ on ,raphael1 ! tradition ( 8 s*ool 0 no?+ m ?an a glori\s ru94 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o di$ 9 #aefc1 0 de/9$ to h a long] c>e]2 b x 0 only to become a witness ( ! rapid decad5ce ( ! great movem5t he _h help$ to call =?4 ,aft] ,daniele di ,volt]ra1 ! pa9t] ( ! 8,desc5t f ! ,cross10 :i* is class$ among ! ?ree mo/ beautiful works t ,rome possesses2 aft] ,vas>i1 :o possess$ a d\ble title to celebrity z a skilful pa9t] & ! hi/orian ( ! ,italian s*ools2 aft] ,rosso1 ^: r5[n subsequ5tly suff]$ at ! c\rt ( ,france2 & ,bronz9o1 :o s\ght success 9 ta/e & delicacy2 ! s*ool ( ! great ,buon>otti produc$ no?+ b works :i* seem$ to w&] f exagg]ation to bad ta/e4 ,! dw>fs :o attempt$ to walk 9 ! foot/eps ( ! giant 7 soon exhau/$1 & only succe$$ 9 r5d]+ !mselves ridicul\s4 ,! ,v5etian s*ool1 ! great ma/]s ( :i* did n become ext9ct be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h its p]iod ( decad5ce at a lat] epo*2 ?is w n come "u our consid]ation4 ,! ,lomb>d s*ool1 :i*1 by ! dea?s ( ,correggio & ,p>migian9o1 _h be5 left )\t its *iefs be=e ! middle ( ?is c5tury 7#aecd & #aedj71 seem$ = a mom5t z if x w\ld disappe> z x _h ris54 ,b 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,c>avaggio 7,fig4 #bee7 x met ) a p[]ful ma/]1 :o 0 able = "s "t to arre/ ! progress ( its decad5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--8,! ,tribute ,money40 ,picture by ,c>avaggio 7,sixte5? ,c5tury71 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y4 ,we h z yet done little m ?an h9t at ! pres5ce ( ,rosso1 or ,matre ,r\x1 at ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,he came 9 #aecj1 at ! invitation ( ,francis ,i41 to decorate ! ,palace ( ,fonta9ebleau4 8,8 engrav$ "w10 says ,m4 ,mi*iels1 8%[s him to be a feeble & pret5ti\s man1 devoid bo? ( ta/e & inspiration1 :o exhibit$ lab\r$ ref9em5t 9 ! place ( vig\r1 mi/ak+ want ( proportion = gr&eur1 & abs5ce ( tru? = orig9ality4 ,be+ nom9at$ by ! k+ z ,canon ( ! ,sa9te-,*apelle1 he _h z 8 assi/ants ,leon>d1 a ,flem+1 ! ,fr5*m5 ,mi*el ,samson & ,l\is ,dubreuil1 & ! ,italians ,lucca ,p5ni1 ,b>tolommeo ,m9iati1 c4 ,b 9 #aeca1 ,primaticcio arriv$ f ,mantua1 & a conte/ arose h5ce=? betwe5 !m4444 ,le ,rosso hav+ end$ 8 days by suicide1 ,primaticcio rema9$ ma/] ( ! field4 ,8 mo/ tal5t$ pupil decorat$ "u 8 direction ! magnific5t ball-room4 ,primaticcio pa9t$ ) less exagg]ation & m delicacy & elegance ?an ,rosso2 b /ill he =m$ "o ( t troop ( awkw>d & affect$ copyi/s :o exagg]at$ ! errors ( ,c>avaggio4444 ,8 empire ( =ty ye>s' duration1 9 ! mid/ ( a =eign population1 01 h[ev]1 an undi/urb$ "o4 ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,francis ,,ii41 ,*>les ,,ix41 & ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 %[$ him no less fav\r ?an ,francis ,i4 ,he di$ 9 #aegj1 load$ ) hon\rs & ri*es4 8,! numb] ( ,fr5* arti/s :o all[$ !mselves to be influ5c$ by ! ,italian me?od 0 consid]able4 ,at la/ a man ( m vigor\s "* arose :o w\ld n p]mit false ta/e to rule him1 & adopt$ all ! improvem5ts ( mod]n art1 )\t foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( c\rt fav\rites4 ,8 tal5ts inaugurat$ a new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* pa9t+4 ,we are speak+ ( ,jean ,c\s91 :o 0 born at ,s\cy1 ab\t #aecj2 he adorn$ ) 8 compositions bo? glass & canvas1 & 01 9 addition1 a skilful sculptor4 ,8 fam\s picture ( ! 8,la/ ,judgm5t10 9 ! ,l\vre1 sugge/s a high op9ion ( him4 ,! col\r+ is h>% & monoton\s1 b ! draw+ ( ! figures & ! arrangem5t ( ! piece prove t he _h ! habit ( ?\ght & also ( reckon+ on 8 own p[]s & ( seek+ out novel dispositions1 produc+ effects hi!rto unkn[n40 ,! beautiful composition we introduce "h 7,fig4 #bef7 is tak5 f ,m4 ,a4 ,firm9 ,didot's 8,notice sur ,jean ,c\s910 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( o!r subjects are reproduc$2 "s ( !m may h be5 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4--;,composition by ,jean ,c\s94 ,fir/ ,sket* ( 8 8,la/ ,judgm5t10 f a ,wood-,engrav+ 9 ! ,romance ( 8,gr>d d',euphrate40 ,p>is1 #aedi4 7,cab9et ( ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,didot47 engrav$ by ! pa9t] himself4 ,l ,alb]t ,dr] & ,holbe91 ,jean ,c\s9 did n disda9 to apply 8 tal5ts to ! ornam5tation ( books4 ,jean ,c\s9 is g5]ally look$ ^u z ! real *ief ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,aft] him1 & by 8 side1 we mu/ place ! ,janets1#ci :o al?\gh ( ,flemi% orig91 are actually ,fr5* 9 _! /yle & ! "* ( _! pictures4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( !m1 ,franois ,cl\et1 portray$1 ) a realism full ( elegance & di/9ction1 ! nobles & beautiful ladies ( ! c\rt ( ,valois4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4--,sket* ( ! ,virg9 ( ,alba4 ,*alk-draw+ by ,raphael4 ,we %\ld "h close our rem>ks1 7 x n t we might be accus$ ( an important omission 9 ?is review ( ! pr9cipal s*ools4 ,= no?+ has be5 said ( ! ,bolognese s*ool1 ^: orig91 ?\gh n its maturity1 belongs to ! epo* we h made our /udy4 ,b ! mat]ial circum/ances we n[ m5tion mu/ be our ju/ification3 al?\gh ! s*ool ( ,bologna gave signs ( its exi/5ce 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & "u ! impulse ( ,guido1 ,v5tura1 & ,ursone1 %[$ itself to be indu/ri\s1 active1 & num]\s2 & also 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "u t ( ,jacopo d',avanzo & ,lippodi ,dalmasio2 yet x di$ away1 reviv+ only at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 aga9 to become ext9ct aft] ! dea? ( ! poetic ,raibol9i1 call$ ,francia1 )\t hav+ produc$ any ( ^? great individualities to ^: glory alone we are compell$ to devote our att5tion4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 confess t ?is s*ool1 :i* sudd5ly retriev$ its position at a "t :5 all o!r s*ools 7 9 a /ate ( complete decad5ce1 f\nd ?ree illu/ri\s *iefs in/ead ( "o1 & acquir$ ! s+ul> glory ( resuscitat+1 by a k9d ( pot5t eclecticism1 ! ensemble ( ! noble/ traditions4 ,b x 0 n till ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ,bologna witness$ ! op5+ by ! ,c>racci ( t /udio :5ce 7 de/9$ to proce$ ,guido1 ,albano1 ,dom5i*9o1 ,gu]c9o1 ,c>avaggio1 ,pietro ( ,cortona & ,luca ,giordano--a magnific5t phalanx ( m5 :o1 by _! own works & ! =ce ( _! example1 7 to become ! hon\r ( an age into :i* x does n =m a portion ( our task to foll[ !m4 ,illu/ration ,,engrav+4 ,orig9 ( ,wood-,engrav+4--,! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc4--8,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ,jesus40--,! e>lie/ ,ma/]s ( ,wood-,engrav+4--,b]n>d ,milnet4--,engrav+ 9 ,camaeu4--,orig9 ( ,engrav+ on ,metal4--,! 8,pax0 ( ,maso ,f9igu]ra4--,! e>lie/ ,engrav]s on ,metal4--,niello ,"w4--,le ,matre ( #adff4--,le ,matre ( #adhf4--,m>t9 ,s*ngau]1 ,israel van ,meck51 ,w5ceslaus ( ,olmutz1 ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,m>c ,antonio1 ,lucas van ,leyd54--,jean ,duret & ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4--,! ,dut* ,s*ool4--,! ,ma/]s ( ,engrav+4 ,almo/ all au?ors :o h devot$ !mselves to inve/igate ?is subject h ass]t$1 b d\btless v errone\sly1 t engrav+ on metal 0 naturally d]iv$ f engrav+ on wood4 ,nev]!less1 any "o :o gives b a slight consid]ation to ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! two processes mu/ be l$ to ! belief t ! two arts mu/ result f two di/9ct inv5tions4 ,9 wood-engrav+1 ! impression is1 9 fact1 =m$ by ! portions ( ! block :i* are 9 relief2 :ile 9 engrav+ on metal1 ! incis$ /rokes give ! l9es ( ! pr9t4 ,n[1 no "o :o has any k ( pr(essional matt]s c = a mom5t d\bt t1 9 spite ( ! simil> appe>ance ( ! productions1 !re is a radical diff]5ce 9 ! />t+-po9ts & modes ( execution ( ^! two me?ods4 ,we c]ta9ly mu/ consid] x probable t ! appe>ance ( pr9ts produc$ by wood-engrav+ may h sugge/$ ! idea ( seek+ to obta9 a simil> or bett] result by "s o!r process2 b t a process %\ld be assimilat$1 z if by affiliation1 to ano!r diametrically oppos$ to x is a view we d n feel call$ ^u to accept )\t res]vation4 ,be ?is z x may1 c]ta9 au?ors look ^u wood-engrav+ z hav+ be5 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,o!rs h d]iv$ x f ,*9a1 :]e x 0 9 use 9 ! ye> #ajjj ( our era4 ,o!rs1 aga91 prop\nd ! op9ion t ! art ( pr9t+ /uffs by means ( engrav$ blocks 0 employ$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,asia1 to :i* x _h be5 import$ f anci5t ,egypt1 at a p]iod long be=e x 0 fir/ ?\ght ( 9 ,europe4 ,^! hypo!ses be+ admitt$1 ! :ole "q r$uces itself into an inquiry z to ! way 9 :i* ! art made its entrance into ,we/]n ,europe 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ?is be+ ! e>lie/ date at :i* we f9d engrav+s made 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4--8,! ,virg9 & ,infant ,jesus40 ,fac-simile ( a ,wood-,engrav+ ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 ,! mo/ anci5t dat$ impression kn[n ( a cut engrav$ on wood is a ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 )\t ei!r m>k or "n ( its au?or1 be>+ a ,lat9 inscription & ! date ( #adbc4 ,?is specim5 is s r\ghly engrav$1 & 9 draw+ is s faulty1 t x is only natural to assume x mu/ be "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts at wood-engrav+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an engrav+ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 repres5t+ ! ,virg9 hold+ ! ,*ild ,jesus seat$ 9 h] arms 7,fig4 #beh71 :i* may p]haps be consid]$ an e>li] specim5 ?an ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,! back ( ! ni*e is a k9d ( mosaic1 =m$ ( diamond-%ap$ quadrilat]als2 ! aureol & ornam5ts ( ! ni*e are col\r$ a yell[i% br[n4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o s+ul>ity 9 ?is engrav+ :i* te/ifies to its great antiquity2 x is pr9t$ on pap] made ( cotton1 & is unsiz$1 & ! impression s9ks s deeply into x t x may be se5 ne>ly z well on ! back ( ! pr9t z on ! front4 ,we mu/ n omit to m5tion ano!r engrav+1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,brussels2 ?is is also a 8,virg9 ) ! ,*ild ,jesus10 surr\nd$ by f\r sa9ts 7,fig4 #bei74 ,x is a composition ( a some:at gr& /yle1 & does n agree v well ) ! date1 ,,mccccxviii41 :i* is se5 at ! foot ( ! pr9t4 ,we mu/1 d\btless1 attribute to ne>ly ! same "t "s specim5s ( play+-c>ds1--^! we h already m5tion$ :5 deal+ specially ) ?is subject2 & also a s]ies ( figures ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les ) ,lat9 leg5ds1 und]nea? :i* are ! same numb] ( phrases 9 ,fr5*1 or r 9 ! anci5t dialect ( ,pic>dy1 reproduc+ ! :ole text ( ! ,decalogue2 "o ( ^! xylographic plates may be se5 9 ! *apt] on 8,,pr9t+40 ,9 ^! engrav+s ea* figure is /&+ up1 clo!d 9 a long tunic1 & cov]$ ) a wide mantle2 ! ink1 s to speak1 is bi/re1 & ! mantles are col\r$1 r$ & gre5 alt]nately4 ,! ,apo/les all be> ! symbolical sign :i* di/+ui%es !m1 & are surr\nd$ ) a long fillet1 :]eon is trac$ 9 ,lat9 ! s5t5ce ( ! ,cre$ attribut$ to ea*1 & "o ( ! t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,/4 ,pet]1 = in/ance1 has = 8 motto ?is ,fr5* s5t5ce1 8,g>deis ,dieu le roy m\lt sa920 ,/4 ,&rew1 8,ne jurets po9t son nome en va920 ,/4 ,john1 8,pre et ,mre tosj\rs honoras20 ,/4 ,james ! ,great]1 8,les fie/es et dym5g1 g>d]as10 c4 ,!re are o!r engrav+s belong+ to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury :i* make kn[n ! fact t ! art ( engrav+ 0 practis$ by sev]al arti/s 9 ,france2 & t )\t do+ any inju/ice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4--8,! ,virg9 & ,*ild40 ,a ,wood-,engrav+ ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury7874 7,bibl4 ,roy41 ,brussels47 to ,g]many we c attribute sev]al anonym\s works to ,fr5* ma/]s4 ,b we mu/ 9 any case claim ! v *>act]i/ic works ( an engrav] nam$ ,b]n>d ,milnet4 ,9 ! engrav+s ( ?is ma/] !re are nei!r l9es nor cross-hat*+2 ! gr\nd ( ! pr9t is black2 ! lights are ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--8,/4 ,ca!r9e on h] ,knees40 ,fac-simile ( an ,engrav+ on ,wood1 by ,b]n>d ,milnet1 call$ ! 8,ma/] ) ! dott$ backgr\nds40 7,bibl4 ,imp41 ,p>is47 =m$ by an inf9ite numb] ( :ite dots v>y+ 9 size accord+ to ! requirem5t & ta/e ( ! arti/4 ,?is engrav] does n appe> to h _h any imitators2 &1 to tell ! tru?1 8 mode ( op]ation mu/ h pres5t$ _m difficulties 9 execution4 ,!re are only six kn[n specim5s ( 8 "w--a 8,virg9 ) ! ,*ild ,jesus10 8,/4 ,ca!r9e ,kneel+0 7,fig4 #bfj71 ! 8,sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/10 a gr\p ( 8,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,v]onica10 a 8,/4 ,george10 & a 8,/4 ,b]n>d40 ,al?\gh engrav+s ( ?is "t are n[ extremely r>e1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t !y 7 equally sc>ce at ! dates :5 !y 7 execut$4 ,m4 ,mi*iels1 9 8 8,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture en ,fl&re10 says t1 8accord+ to anci5t cu/om1 on fea/-days ! ,laz>i/s1 & o!rs belong+ to religi\s ord]s :o 7 accu/om$ to nurse ! sick1 c>ri$ 9 ! /reets a l>ge wax c&le ornam5t$ ) m\ld+s & glass-tr9kets1 & di/ribut$ to ! *ildr5 wood-engrav+s illum9at$ ) brilliant col\rs1 & repres5t+ sacr$ subjects4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 a consid]able numb] ( ^! engrav+s40 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury wood-engrav+1 improv$ by ! pupils ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 & especially by ,john ,burgkmair 7,fig4 #bfa71 0 v ext5sively develop$2 & ! art 0 !n practis$ ) a sup]iority ( /yle :i* left f> beh9d ! timid attempts ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,! works ( mo/ ( ! wood-engrav]s ( ?is p]iod are anonym\s2 nev]!less1 ! names ( a few ( ^! arti/s h surviv$4 ,b x is only by an error t1 9 ! nom5clature ( ! latt]1 c]ta9 pa9t]s & design]s1 su* z ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,lucas van ,leyd51 & ,lucas van ,crana*1 h long be5 made to figure4 ,!re are wood-engrav+s :i* d actually be> ! signatures or monograms ( ^! ma/]s2 b ! fact is1 t ! latt] 7 (t5 9 ! habit ( draw+ _! designs on ! wood1 z is frequ5tly ! practice ) arti/s 9 our own day2 & ! engrav] 7or r ! =ms*neid]1 =m-cutt]1 to employ ! usual expression71 9 reproduc+ ! composition drawn ) a p5cil or p51 has copi$ also ! signature :i* ! design] ( ! subject add$4 ,an error (t5 committ$ by writ]s may be ?us easily set "r4 ,we mu/ n quit ! subject ( wood-engrav+ )\t m5tion+ engrav+ 9 camaeu2 a process ( ,italian orig91 9 :i* ?ree or f\r blocks1 apply+ 9 succession to ! pr9t uni=m t9ts ( m or less int5se tones1 ultimately produc$ engrav+s ( a v rem>kable effect1 imitat+ draw+s ) ! /ump or ! p5cil4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury sev]al arti/s di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ?is ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--,! ,ar*dukes & ,high ,b>ons ( ,g]many assi/+1 9 ,/ate ,co/ume1 at ! ,coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian4 ,a fragm5t tak5 f a l>ge collection ( ,engrav+s1 entitl$ ! 8,triumph ( ,maximilian ,i410 by ,j4 ,burgkmair4 7,sixte5? ,c5tury47 mode ( engrav+1 especially ,ugo di ,c>pi1 :o work$ at ,mod5a ab\t ! ye> #aeah2 ,antonio ,fantuzzi1 a pupil ( ,francis ,p>migian9o1 :o accompani$ & assi/$ ,primaticcio at ,fonta9ebleau2 ,gualti]1 & ,&rew ,&reani2 & la/ly1 ,b>?olomew ,coriolano1 ( ,bologna1 :o w\ld h be5 ! la/ engrav] 9 ?is /yle1 7 x n = ,antonio ,m4 ,zanetti1 a celebrat$ ,v5etian amateur1 :o 0 /ill ne>] to u 9 po9t ( date4 ,two or ?ree ,g]mans1 ,john ,ulri* 9 ! sixte5?1 & ,l\is ,bur+#dj 9 ! sev5te5?1 c5tury1 also made "s engrav+s 9 camaeu1 b only ) two blocks3 "o giv+ ! design ( ! subject ) ! outl9e & cross-hat*+1 ! o!r introduc+ a col\r1 usually bi/re1 on :i* all ! lights 7 tak5 out1 s z to leave ! gr\nd ( ! pap] :ite4 ,^! specim5s imitat$ a p5-&-ink draw+ on col\r$ pap]1 & f9i%$ ) ! bru% or p5cil4 ,we mu/ n[ g back to ! ye> #adeb1 :i* is g5]ally fix$ ^u z ! date ( ! inv5tion ( engrav+ on metal 7,fig4 #bfb74da ,:5 discuss+ ! subject ( 8,goldsmi?'s ,"w10 we m5tion$1 among ! pupils ( ! illu/ri\s ,ghib]ti1 ,maso ,f9igu]ra1 & /at$ t ?is arti/ _h engrav$ on silv] a 8,pax0 int5d$ = ! treasury ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john4 ,c]ta9 writ]s hav+ recognis$ 9 a pr9t n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is1 & also 9 ano!r pr9t 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,ars5al1 an exact impression ( ?is engrav+1 7 l$ to attribute to ! celebrat$ ,flor5t9e goldsmi? ! hon\r ( an inv5tion 9 :i* he might p]haps h _h no %>e at all4 ,possibly ?is process ( pr9t+ (f an impression1 :i* 0 a v natural ?+ to d1 _h be5 actually practis$ by goldsmi?s long be=e ,f9igu]ra2 !y wi%$1 d\btless1 to pres]ve a patt]n ( _! niello-"w1 or to see h[ x progress$ 9 its v>i\s /ages4 ,! pro(s1 ?us tak5 (f by h&1 hav+ be5 lo/1 ,f9igu]ra may h be5 consid]$ ! orig9ator ( a me?od :i* he only appli$ z a matt] ( c\rse to 8 goldsmi?'s "w4 ,! two circum/ances--t ! plate is made ( silv] & n ( any common metal1 & t x may be class$ among ! num]\s nielli1 engrav$ plates ( decorative goldsmi?'s "w1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u & are ( ev5 e>li] dates--w alone suffice1 9 our op9ion1 to dispose ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,! ,prophet ,isaiah1 hold+ 9 8 h& ! saw :i* 0 ! in/rum5t ( 8 m>tyrdom4 7,fac-simile f an ,engrav+ on ,copp] by an unkn[n ,italian ,ma/] ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 idea t ?is "w 0 expressly execut$ 9 ord] to furni% impressions on pap]4 ,x 0 no?+ b *ance t 9 ?is case introduc$ ! "n ( ,f9igu]ra1 :i* w\ld n h become kn[n 9 ?is connection1 if x _h n be5 = ! pres]vation ( two anci5t impressions ( 8 niello-"w2 :ile ^? tak5 f o!r & p]haps old] plates _h be5 de/roy$4 ,?us ! date1 or ! ass]t$ date1 ( ! inv5tion ( engrav+ on metal 0 fix$ by ! asc]ta9$ date ( ! piece ( goldsmi?'s "w4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! pr9t ( ! 8,pax10 or r ( ! 8,assumption10 engrav$ by ,f9igu]ra1 does n fail1 9 ! op9ion ( all writ]s & amateurs1 to be> ! title ( ! e>lie/ pr9t f metal2 a title to :i* x has a p]fect "r1 & 9 ?us reg>d+ x we are induc$ to give a brief description ( ! subject repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 seat$ on a l(ty ?rone & we>+ a cap simil> to t ( ! ,doges1 places1 ) bo? 8 h&s1 a cr[n on ! head ( ! ,virg91 :o1 ) h] h&s cross$ ^u h] brea/1 is seat$ ^u ! same ?rone2 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,ambrose are kneel+2 9 ! c5tre1 bel[1 & on ! "r1 sev]al sa9ts are /&+1 among :om we c di/+ui% ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,agnes2 on ! left1 9 ! re> ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 we see ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & o!r sa9ts2 la/ly1 on bo? sides ( ! ?rone a numb] ( angels are bl[+ trumpets2 &1 above1 are o!rs hold+ a /ream]1 on :i* we read3 8,,assvmpta4 ,,e/4 ,,m>ia4 ,,94 ,,celvm4 ,,ave4 ,,ex]citvs4 ,,angelorvm20 8,m>y is tak5 up into ,heav54 ,hail1 army ( angels60 ,! fir/ ( ! impressions ( ?is niello f\nd its way into ! ,royal ,libr>y ) ! ,m>olles ,collection1 b\ght by ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 #affg3 ! o!r 0 discov]$ only 9 #ahda1 by ,m4 ,rob]t ,dumesnil1 :o1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,ars5al1 0 turn+ ov] ! leaves ( a volume conta9+ engrav+s by ,callot & ,seba/ian ,le ,cl]c4 ,?is latt] impression1 ?\gh tak5 on inf]ior pap]1 is nev]!less 9 a mu* bett] /ate ( pres]vation ?an ! o!r2 b ! ink is ( a grey] hue1 & "o might readily fancy t1 z ,m4 ,du*esne1 ! le>n$ writ]1 ass]ts1 x 0 pr9t$ be=e ! f9al completion ( ! plate4 ,9 support ( ! op9ion :i* we be=e indirectly express$1 t ! practice ( tak+ impressions f engrav$ plates ( metal might well be a k9d ( =tuit\s result ( a m]e pr(essional tradition incid5tal to ! goldsmi?'s art1 we may rem>k t mo/ ( ! engrav+s :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u z belong+ to ! era fix$ ^u = ! inv5tion ( engrav+1 are ! "w ( ,italian goldsmi?-engrav]s4 ,m ?an f\r hundr$ specim5s ( ?is date h be5 pres]v$2 among ! arti/s we mu/ m5tion ,am]ighi1 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,b&9elli1 & ,philippo ,brunelles*i1 ( ,flor5ce2 ,=zoni ,sp9elli1 ( ,arezzo2 ,furnio1 ,gesso1 ,rossi1 & ,raibol9i1 ( ,bologna2 ,teucreo1 ( ,si5a2 ,c>adosso & ,arcioni1 ( ,milan2 ,ni*olas ,rosex1 ( ,mod5a1 ( ^: "w we h ?ree nielli & m ?an sixty engrav+s2 ,antonio ,pollajuolo1 :o engrav$ a pr9t call$ ! 8,fight ) ,cutlasses10 repres5t+ t5 nak$ m5 fight+2 la/ly1 ! mo/ skilful ( ! metal-*as+ goldsmi?s aft] ,f9igu]ra1 ,p]egr9o ( ,ces5a1 :o has left 8 "n & 8 m>k on sixty-six nielli4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--;,fac-simile ( a ,niello execut$ on ,ivory1 f ! orig9al design ( ,/radan1 repres5t+ ,columbus on bo>d 8 ,%ip1 dur+ 8 fir/ ,voyage to ! ,we/4 ,m special m5tion mu/ be made ( ,b>?olomew ,bald9i1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,baccio1 to :om we owe1 9 addition to "s l>ge engrav+s bo? ( a sacr$ & ( a my?ological "*1 tw5ty vignettes design$ = ! folio edition 7#adha7 ( ,dante's 8,inf]no20 ( ,&rea ,mantegna1 a r5[n$ pa9t]1 :o himself engrav$ _m ( 8 own compositions2 & ( ,john van d] ,/raet1 call$ ,/radan 7,fig4 #bfc71 :o execut$ at ,flor5ce _m rem>kable plates4 ,we f9d 9 ,g]many an engrav] :o dates sev]al ( 8 works 9 ! ye> #adff1 b on none ( !m has he left m ?an 8 initials1 ,e4 ,s4 ,?is has n fail$ to tax ! +5uity ( ^? :o w\ld e/abli% 8 individuality 9 "s au!ntic way4 ,"s h agre$ to call him ,edw>d ,s*n or ,/]n1 on acc\nt ( ! />s he frequ5tly introduces into ! bord]s ( ! ve/m5ts ( 8 figures2 "o ass]ts t he 0 born 9 ,bav>ia1 because 9 a specim5 ( 8 works is ! figure ( a woman hold+ a %ield emblazon$ ) ! arms ( t c\ntry2 ano!r believes him to h be5 a ,swiss1 because he twice engrav$ ! 8,pilgrimage ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,e9si$eln10 ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b ^? amateurs :o1 ^u ! :ole1 ?9k m ( ! "w ?an ! workman1 are cont5t to designate him z ! ,ma/] ( #adff4 ,?is engrav] has left beh9d him ?ree hundr$ examples1 mo/ ( !m ( small dim5sions1 among :i*1 indep5d5tly ( sundry v curi\s compositions1 we mu/ notice two important s]ies1 namely1 an ,alphabet compos$ ( grotesque figures 7,fig4 #bfd71 & a pack ( ,num]al ,c>ds1 ! great] "p ( :i* are 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,at almo/ ! same epo* ,holl& also pres5ts u ) an anonym\s engrav]1 :o might be call$ ! ,ma/] ( #adhf1 f ! date on "o only ( 8 engrav+s4 ,! works ( ?is arti/1 ^: mann] exhibits a p[]ful & orig9al /yle1 are v r>e 9 any collections n belong+ to ! c\ntry 9 :i* he work$4 ,! ,cab9et ( ,engrav+s at ,am/]dam possesses sev5ty-six ( !m1 :ile t ( ,vi5na has b two1 t ( ,b]l9 "o only1 & t ( ,p>is six1 among :i* we may rem>k 8,samson sleep+ on ! knees ( ,delilah10 & 8,/4 ,george10 on foot1 pi]c+ ) 8 sword ! ?roat ( ! dragon :i* m5ac$ ! life ( ! ,que5 ( ,lydia4 ,we h /ill ?ree comp>atively celebrat$ engrav]s to m5tion be=e rea*+ ! epo* at :i* ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi 9 ,italy1 ,alb]t ,dr] 9 ,g]many1 & ,lucas van ,leyd5 9 ,holl&1 all simultane\sly fl\ri%$4 ,m>t9 ,s*ngau]1 = "s "t designat$ by ! "n ( ,m>t9 ,s*n1 :o di$ at ,colm> 9 #adhh1 0 a good pa9t] z well z a skilful engrav]4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty specim5s ( 8 "w are kn[n1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are--8,*ri/ be>+ 8 ,cross10 8,! ,battle ( ! ,*ri/ians0 7wag$ aga9/ ! infidels by ! apo/le ,/4 ,james71 bo? v r>e compositions ( l>ge size2 ! 8,passion ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 ! 8,dea? ( ! ,virg910 & 8,/4 ,an?ony torm5t$ by ,demons10 "o pro( ( :i*1 x is said1 0 col\r$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,we mu/ add 7& ?is circum/ance %[s aga9 ! k9d ( direct relation :i* we h already not$ z exi/+ betwe5 engrav+ & goldsmi?'s "w71 t ,m>t9 ,s*ngau] also engrav$ a pa/oral /aff & a c5s]1 bo? ( v beautiful workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--;,fac-simile ( ! lett] ,n f ! 8,grotesque ,alphabet10 engrav$ by ! 8,ma/] ( #adff40 ,israel van ,meck5 7or ,meck5em71 suppos$ to be a pupil ( ,francis van ,bo*olt1 z he work$ at ,bo*olt previ\s to ! ye> #aejj1 is1 ( all ,g]man engrav]s ( ?is epo*1 ! "o ^: works are mo/ ext5sively kn[n4 ,! ,cab9et ( ,engrav+s 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 possesses ?ree volumes ( 8 engrav+s1 conta9+ two hundr$ & tw5ty-eight sup]b examples2 among ^! we mu/ especially notice a composition engrav$ on two plates ( ! same height2 8,/4 ,gregory p]ceiv+ ! ,man ( ,sorr[s at ! ,mom5t ( ! ,mass40 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! m5tion1 9 addition1 ( 8 8,/4 ,luke pa9t+ ! ,portrait ( ! ,virg920 8,/4 ,odile releas+ f ,purgatory1 by 8 pray]s1 ! ,s\l ( 8 ,fa!r1 ,duke ,eti*on20 8,h]odias0 7,fig4 #bfe72 & 8,lucretia kill+ h]self 9 ! pres5ce ( ,collat9us & o!rs10 :i* la/ is ! only subject ?is arti/ has tak5 f pr(ane hi/ory4 ,we m5tion ,w5ceslaus ( ,olmutz1 :o 0 engag$ 9 engrav+ f ! ye> #adha to #adig1 ) ! especial object ( describ+ an allegorical pr9t due to 8 bur92 x may s]ve to give a notion ( ! fanta/ic t5d5cy impress$ on ! ideas ( ! day by ! religi\s diss5sions :i* arose at ?is epo* betwe5 sev]al pr9ces ( ,g]many & ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,?is pr9t1 or r ?is graphic satire1 mo/ ( ! allusions 9 :i* are n[ lo/ to u1 repres5ts ! mon/r\s figure ( a woman entirely nak$1 se5 9 pr(ile & turn+ to ! left1 h] body cov]$ ) scales1 ) ! head & mane ( an ass2 h] "r leg t]m9ates 9 a clov5 foot1 & ! left 9 a bird's claw2 h] "r arm is t]m9at$ by ! paw ( a lion1 & ! left by a woman's h&4 ,! back ( ?is fanta/ic be+ is cov]$ ) a hairy mask1 & 9 ! place ( a tail %e has ! neck ( a *im]a1 ) a de=m$ head f :i* d>ts a s]p5t's tongue4 ,above ! engrav+ is writt51 8,roma ,caput ,mundi0 78,rome ! head ( ! _w074 ,on ! left h& is a ?ree-/ori$ t[]1 ^u :i* a flag adorn$ ) ! keys ( ,/4 ,pet] is float+4 ,on ! *teau is writt51 8,ca/elagno0 7,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo72 9 ! =egr\nd is a riv]1 ^u ^: waves is trac$ ! ^w 8,tev]e0 7! ,tib]72 l[] /ill is ! ^w 8,ianr>ii0 7,janu>y71 bel[ ! date #adif3 on ! "r1 9 ! backgr\nd1 is a squ>e t[]1 ^u :i* is writt51 8,tore ,di ,nona0 7,t[] ( ! ,nones72 on ! same side1 9 front1 is a vase ) two h&les1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] "p ! lett] ,w1 ! monogrammatic signature ( ! engrav]4 ,our int]e/ 9 ?is plate is increas$ by ! date x be>s2 =1 be+ engrav$ by means ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4--8;,h]odias10 a ,copp]-plate ,engrav+1 by ,israel van ,meck54 aqua=tis1 x proves t ,alb]t ,dr] is wrongfully reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( ?is mode ( engrav+1 m exp$iti\s ?an ) ! bur91 z ! olde/ aqua=tis "w ( ,alb]t ,dr] is dat$ #aeae1 t is to say1 n9ete5 ye>s lat] ?an t ( ,w5ceslaus ( ,olmutz4 ,we n[ come to ?ree great arti/s :o1 at a p]iod 9 :i* ! art ( engrav+ _h made ! mo/ rem>kable progress1 avail$ !mselves ( x = produc+ works :i* em95tly *>act]ise ea* ma/] respectively4 ,alb]t ,dr]1 born at ,nuremb]g 9 #adga1 0 a vigor\s pa9t]1 & 0 n less rem>kable = ! productions ( 8 bur9 & et*+-ne$le4 ,we d n int5d to describe all 8 works1 ?\gh all are wor?y ( notice1 b mu/ cont5t ourselves ) m5tion+ 8,adam & ,eve /&+ by ! ,tree ( ,k ( ,good & ,evil10 a small plate ( delicate workman%ip & admirable p]fectness ( design2 ! 8,passion ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 9 a s]ies ( sixte5 plates2 8,*ri/ pray+ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane10 ! fir/ "w execut$ by ?is ma/] by means ( aqua=tis1 !n a new me?od1 :i*1 be+ less s(t ?an ! bur91 gave rise to an idea n dispell$ = "s "t1 t ?is pr9t & sev]al o!rs 7 engrav$ on iron or t92 sev]al figures ( ! 8,virg9 ) ! ,infant ,jesus10 :i* are all rem>kable = expression & simplicity1 & h receiv$ odd sobriquets on acc\nt ( "s accessory object :i* accompanies !m 7= in/ance1 ! 8,virg9 ) ! pe>1 butt]fly1 ape10 c472 ! 8,prodigal ,son keep+ ,sw9e10 a composition 9 :i* ! pa9t] himself is repres5t$2 8,/4 ,hub]t pray+ be=e ! ,cross borne by a ,/ag0 7,fig4 #bff71 a v r>e & beautiful plate2 ! 8,*evali] & 8 ,lady20 la/ly1 ! 8,*evali] ( ,dea?10 a *ef-d'uvre1 dat$ #aeae1 & repres5t+ ,francis ( ,sick+51 :o 0 de/9$ to be ! firme/ support] ( ,lu!r's ,re=mation4#db ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 born at ,bologna ab\t ! ye> #adge1 0 fir/ a pupil ( ,francis ,raibol9i1 & aft]w>ds ( ,raphael1#dc ^: /yle he (t5 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4--8,/4 ,hub]t pray+ be=e ! ,cross borne by a ,/ag40 ,engrav$ by ,alb]t ,dr]4 foll[$1 & 9 8 compositions did 8 utmo/ to imitate 8 pure & noble mann]4 ,ev]y?+ 9 8 designs is ideally true1 & all is h>moni\s 9 ! ensemble ( 8 works4 ,mo/ ( 8 engrav+s /ill exi/+ are v mu* s\ght aft]1 & z any description we c\ld give w\ld only convey b an imp]fect idea ( ! excell5ce ( ^! works1 ! /ronge/ te/imony 9 fav\r ( _! m]it w be to m5tion ! high prices giv5 = c]ta9 pr9ts by ?is ma/] at ! public sale :i* took place 9 #ahdd4 ,= example3--8,adam & ,eve10 a pr9t aft] ,raphael1 #a1jaj francs 7#dj72 8,god comm&+ ,noah to build ! ,ark10 f ! same ma/]1 #gjj francs 7#bh72 ! 8,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts10 #a1bjj francs 7#dh72 8,/4 ,paul prea*+ at ,a!ns10 #b1ejj francs 7#ajj72 ! 8,"l's ,supp]10 #b1ijj francs 7#aaf72 ! 8,judgm5t ( ,p>is10 :i* is reg>d$ z ! *ef-d'uvre ( ,m>c ,antonio1 #c1cej francs 7#acd72 ?ree p5d5tives ( ! 8,f>nes9a10 #a1fbj francs 7#fd #ajs471 c4 ,subsequ5tly1 ^! enorm\s prices h be5 ev5 exce$$4 ,lucas van ,leyd51 born 9 #adid1 &1 l ,alb]t ,dr]1 a clev] pa9t] z well z skilful engrav]1 has left ab\t eighty plates1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* are 8,david play+ ! ,h>p be=e ,saul20 ! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi20 a l>ge 8,ecce ,homo10 engrav$ by ! arti/ at ! age ( sixte52 a 8,peasant & ,peasant-woman ) a ,c[20 ! 8,monk ,s]gius kill$ by ,mahomet20 ! 8,sev5 ,virtues20 a plate call$ ! 8,little ,milkmaid10 v r>e2 la/ly1 a 8,poor ,family travell+10 ( :i* only five pro(s are kn[n2 !y 7 b\ght = sixte5 l\is d'or by ! ,abbot ( ,m>olles1 :5 he =m$ 8 cab9et ( pr9ts1 :i* became "o ( ! ri*e/ additions to ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,9 a befitt+ rank bel[ ^! fam\s arti/s we may class a ,fr5* engrav]1 ,jean ,duret1 born at ,langres 9 #adhh1 :o 0 goldsmi? to ,h5ri ,,ii41 & execut$ sev]al beautiful allegorical plates on ! intrigues ( ! k+ & ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 z well z tw5ty-f\r compositions tak5 f ! ,apocalypse2 also ,pi]re ,woeiriot 7or ,voeiriot71 an engrav] & goldsmi? ( ,lorra9e1 born 9 #aeca1 :o produc$ num]\s f9e works d[n to ! end ( ! c5tury2 ! mo/ fam\s ( !m1 designat$ by ! "n ( ! 8,bull ( ,phal>is0 7,fig4 #bfg71 repres5ts ! tyrant ( ,agrig5tum %utt+ up human victims de/9$ to be burnt alive 9 a braz5 bull4 ,!re 7 at "w 9 ,italy at ! same epo* ,augu/9e ( ,musi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--8,phal>is1 ,tyrant ( ,agrig5tum1 caus+ ,victims de/9$ to be burnt alive to be %ut up 9 a ,braz5 ,bull40 ,engrav$ by ,p4 ,woeiriot4 7,fr5* ,s*ool ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury47 7,agu/9o de ,musis1 call$ ! ,v5etian71 ,giacomo ,c>aglio1 ! ,ghisis1#dd ,eneas ,vico2 9 ,g]many1 ,altdorf] 7,fig4 #bfh71 ,george ,p5cz1#de ,aldegrev]1 ,jacque ,b9ck1 ,b>tel & ,hans ,sebald ,beham 7,fig4 #bfi71 :o are designat$ "u ! collective "n ( ! 8,little ,ma/]s20 9 ,holl&1 ,?i]ry 7,dirk7 van ,/>54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--8,repose ( ! ,holy ,family40 ,engrav$ by ,a4 ,altdorf]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury engrav+ rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t1 & at t "t ,italy & ,g]many no long] took ! lead 9 ?is bran* ( art1 = ! mo/ skilful & r5[n$ ma/]s !n belong$ to ,holl& & ,france4 ,^? ( ,holl& 7 ,h5ry ,goltzius 7or ,goltz71 born 9 #aeeh1 & 8 pupils ,ma?am & ! ,mull]s1 ^: vigor\s grav]s might rem9d "o ( brilliant effects ( col\r )\t any loss ( purity ( design2 ! two bro!rs1 ,boetius & ,s*eltius ,bolswa]t1 s call$ f _! native t[n ,bolswa]t1 born 9 #aehj & #aehf respectively2 ,paul ,pontius & ,lucas ,vor/]man1 bo? born 9 #aeij1 ^: engrav+s s well repres5t ! *i>oscuro & col\r ( ,van ,dyck & ,jorda5s4 ,9 ,france 0 ,jacques ,callot1 born 9 #aeid1 ^: works 7 bo? num]\s & orig9al1 & enjoy$ a some:at popul> celebrity2 among !m ! mo/ wor?y ( rem>k are ! 8,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony10 ! 8,fair ( ! ,madonna d',imprunette10 8,! ,g>d50 & ! 8,p>t]re10 bo? sc5es 9 ,nancy2 z well z sev]al s]ies1 su* z ! 8,mis]ies ( ,w>10 c4 ,!re 7 also ,mi*ael ,lasne1 born 9 #aeif1 :o engrav$ a numb] ( hi/orical portraits2 & ,eti5ne 7,/eph57 ,baudet1 :o reproduc$ eight l>ge l&scapes aft] ,p\ss94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4--8;,f]d9& ,i41 ,bro!r ( ,*>les ,v40 ,engrav$ by ,b>t4 ,beham 9 #aeca4 ,a sep>ate notice is res]v$ = ,jonas ,suyd]oef1 born at ,leyd5 9 #afjj1 :o1 by comb9+ ! grav]1 ! et*+-ne$le1 & aqua=tis1 gave an exceptional "* to 8 works4 ,among ! two hundr$ engrav+s by ?is ma/] ! mo/ admir$ are ! 8,treaty ( ,mun/]10 aft] ,t]burg2 & ! 8,burgoma/]s ( ,am/]dam receiv+ ! ,news ( ! ,arrival ( ,que5 ,m>y ( ,m$icis10 aft] ,de ,keys]4 ,we are n[ t\*+ closely ^u1 ev5 if we h n already exce$$1 ! limits to :i* we are prescrib$ by ! scope ( our notices2 b z ! hi/ory ( engrav+ does n pres5t1 l t ( s _m o!r arts1 ! spectacle ( a griev\s decad5ce aft] a p]iod ( brilliancy1 we _c )\t regret come to a conclusion1 :5 m5tion might /ill be made ( _m di/+ui%$ names among ! engrav]s ( e c\ntry4 ,we %\ld also sc>cely be able to pass on to ano!r subject )\t hav+ allud$ to ^? m5 ^: works belong1 inde$1 to ! foll[+ epo*1 b ! date ( ^: bir? connects !m ) t we are consid]+4 ,we c\ld n1 9 fact1 assume to h treat$ ( engrav+ _h we pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce ,van ,dyck1 ,claude ,lorra9e1 & ,rembr&t 7,fig4 #bgj71 ^? greate/ ( ma/]s :o 7 equally celebrat$ = pa9t+ & engrav+4 ,9 tru?1 p]haps1 we c\ld n say any?+ ( !m :i* w\ld n be sup]flu\s4 ,:o is n acqua9t$ ) at lea/ "s few works by ,van ,dyck8 ,?is celebrat$ pupil ( ,rub5s has left 9 pa9t+ z _m ma/]pieces z canvases2 & 9 engrav+ he knew h[ to give to 8 et*+-ne$le s mu* v]ve & _s1 t 8 pr9ts are p]fect models to foll[1 & h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,:o is !re t does n admire ! l&scapes ( ,claude ,lorra9e1 :i* are equally rem>kable = ! light diffus$ ov] !m1 & ! mi/y atmosph]e t temp]s its brilliancy8 ,we all "k ?is ma/] produc$1 z if = recreation1 c]ta9 engrav+s :i* = tru? & melan*oly 7mlancolic7 are h>dly surpass$ by 8 m>vell\s pa9t+s4 ,& h[ c we speak ( ,rembr&t )\t seem+ to be commonplace8 ,= 8 f]tile & v>i$ tal5t no difficulty ev] seem$ to exi/2 a !me1 ! mo/ simple & common 9 appe>ance1 becomes 9 8 h&s ! basis ( a ma/]ly conception2 nature1 to :i* he seem$ to l5d a new life1 :ile seiz+ ^u its mo/ /rik+ realities1 0 = him an inexhau/ible s\rce ( p[]ful compositions4 ,! m5tion ( ^! arti/s on ! ?re%old ( an epo* into :i* we ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--8,portrait ( ,john ,lutma1 ,goldsmi? ( ,gron+540 ,design$ & ,engrav$ 9 aqua=tis by ,rembr&t4 are preclud$ f foll[+ !m1 mu/ suffice to convey "s idea ( ! height t art _h atta9$ dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 enum]ate aft] !m a few names among =eign engrav]s4 ,! ,flemi% arti/s1 ,nicolas ,b]ghem & ,paul ,pott]1 bo? great animal-pa9t]s1 h left "s pr9ts 9 aqua=tis = ! possession ( :i* amateurs cont5d2 ,w5ceslaus ,holl>1 ! ,engli%man1#df engrav$ 8,! ,que5 ( ,%eba10 aft] ,v]onese2 to ,cornelius ,viss*]1 a ,dut*man1 we owe ! fam\s 8,sell] ( ,ratsbane20 & to ,/efano della ,bella1 ( ,flor5ce1 ! 8,view f ! ,pont-,neuf1 ,p>is40 ,rup]t1 ! ,pr9ce-,palat9e 7nephew ( ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl&71 0 ! inv5tor ( ! mezzo-t9to1 or black /yle ( engrav+2 & ,william ,fai?orne1 an ,engli%man1 engrav$ sev]al portraits aft] ,van ,dyck4 ,france also pres5ts to our notice "s ju/ly celebrat$ names4 ,! views ( t[ns by ,israel ,silve/re1 ( ,nancy1 are v beautiful2 ,franois de ,poilly1 ( ,abbeville1 reproduc$ sev]al pictures by ,raphael2 ,jean ,pesne1 ( ,r\51 himself a pa9t]1 engrav$ especially aft] ,p\ss92 ,anto9e ,masson1 ( ,orleans1 has left a pr9t ( ! 8,pilgrims ( ,emmaus10 aft] ! picture by ,titian1 :i* is reg>d$ z a *ef-d'uvre4 ,la/ly1 ,rob]t ,nanteuil1 ( ,rheims1 ! fam\s portrait-pa9t]1 engrav$ ,prfixe1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 f\r times2 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims five times2 ,colb]t six times2 ,mi*el ,le ,telli]1 ,*ancellor ( ,france1 t5 times2 ,l\is ,,xiv4 elev5 times1 & ,c>d9al ,maz>9 f\rte5 times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4--8,! ,holy ,virg940 ,engrav$ by ,aldegrev] 9 #aebg4 ,,sculpture4 ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian ,sculpture4--,/atues 9 ,gold & ,silv]4--,traditions ( ,antique ,art4--,sculpture 9 ,ivory4--,iconocla/s4--,dipty*s4--,! highe/ ,/yle ( ,sculpture foll[s ! ,phases ( ,ar*itecture4--,ca!drals & ,mona/]ies f ! ,ye> #ajjj4--,s*ools ( ,burgundy1 ,*ampagne1 ,norm&y1 ,lorra9e1 c4--,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,spani%1 & ,italian ,s*ools4--,ni*olas ( ,pisa & 8 ,successors4--,position ( ,fr5* ,sculpture 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4--,flor5t9e ,sculpture & ,ghib]ti4--,fr5* ,sculptors f ! ,fifte5? to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x is an indisputable fact t ! epo* 9 :i* ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 by receiv+ baptism1 effect$ ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 develop$ a k9d ( revival 9 ! movem5t ( ! decorative arts1 ! ideas ( :i* 7 !n exclusively direct$ to ! exaltation ( ! new fai?4 ,to con/ruct num]\s basilicas1 to adorn !m magnific5tly1 & by means ( ! *isel to embody 9 a mat]ial =m ! spiritualism ( ! ,gospel1 7 ! objects ( ?is pi\s mon>*4 ,gold & silv] 7 ! less sp>$1 z m>ble 0 consid]$ too common a sub/ance 9 :i* to repres5t ! sacr$ p]sonages ( ! div9e hi]>*y4 ,at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! basilica con/ruct$ by ,con/ant9e1 !re 0 repres5t$1 on "o side ( ! apse1 a seat$ figure ( our ,savi\r surr\nd$ by ,8 twelve disciples2 on ! o!r side1 ,*ri/ 0 repres5t$ also sitt+ on a ?rone & accompani$ by f\r angels1 :o _h preci\s /ones ( ,alab&a1 inlaid1 to repres5t _! eyes4 ,all ^! figures 7 life-size1 & made ( silv] rep\ss2 ea* "o weigh+ f n9ety to a hundr$ & t5 p\nds4 ,9 ! same *ur*1 a canopy repres5t+ ! ,apo/les & *]ubim 9 relief1 ( poli%$ silv]1 weigh$ m ?an two ?\s& p\nds4 ,b ^! spl5d\rs 7 ev5 eclips$ by ^? ( ! font ( porphyry 9 :i* ,con/ant9e receiv$ baptism f ! h&s ( ,bi%op ,sylve/]4 ,! "p :5ce ! wat] fl[$ away 0 adorn$ ) massive silv] ov] an ext5t ( five feet1 & = ! purpose ?ree ?\s& p\nds ( ?is preci\s metal 7 employ$4 ,9 ! c5tre1 columns ( gold support$ a lamp ( ! same metal weigh+ fifty-two p\nds1 9 :i*1 dur+ ! fea/ ( ,ea/]1 two hundr$ p\nds ( p]fum$ oil 7 burnt4 ,! wat] 0 p\r$ into ! font ?r\gh ! image ( a lamb ( solid gold1 weigh+ ?irty p\nds4 ,on ! "r 0 a life-size repres5tation ( our ,savi\r1 weigh+ a hundr$ & sev5ty p\nds2 on ! left 0 a /atue ( ,john ! ,bapti/ ( ! same size2 :ile sev5 h9ds ( silv] plac$ ar\nd ! font1 & p\r+ wat] into ! bas91 h>monis$ 9 _! dim5sions & mat]ials ) ! o!r figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--;,alt> ( ,ca/or 7a ,gallo-,roman ,sculpture71 discov]$ 9 #agaa "u ! ,*oir ( ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is4 ,we w\ld n ass]t t ^! works1 pomp\sly enum]at$ by ,ana/asius1 ! ,libr>ian1 correspond$ 9 purity & elevation ( /yle ) ! ri*ness ( ! mat]ials employ$2 = we "k1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 ord] to comply ) ! wi%es ( ! p[]ful emp]or1 arti/s 7 f\nd :o1 by simple sub/itution ( heads1 attributes1 or inscriptions1 conv]t$ )\t any scruple a ,jupit] into ,god ! ,fa!r1 or a ,v5us into a ,virg94 ,! l>ge cities 7 n z yet depopulat$ ( ! innum]able cr[d ( /atues :i* adorn$ !m2 & x 0 only 9 prov9ces f> f ! metropolis t ! images ( ! false gods 7 buri$ "u ! fragm5ts ( _! ov]?r[n temples 7,figs4 #bgb & #bgc74 ,9 fact1 be=e ! art _h adopt$1 or r creat$1 ! sy/em ( ,*ri/ian symbolism1 x 0 absolutely necess>y to borr[ ! elem5ts ( its exi/5ce f ! glori\s mat]ials ( ! pa/1 & ev5 to imitate ! works ( ,pagan art4 ,9 ,greece m ?an else:]e--& by ,greece we include ,con/ant9ople--/atu>y pres]v$1 "u ,con/ant9o & 8 e>lie/ successors1 a c]ta9 degree ( p[] :i* we might call orig9al4 ,! design /ill adh]$ to beautiful =ms1 &1 9 ! arrangem5t ( subjects1 ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5ts 7 = a long "t appli$1 z if in/9ctively4 ,al?\gh arti/s no long] /udi$ nature1 !y 71 at all ev5ts1 surr\nd$ by excell5t models1 :i* guid$ !m ) some:at imp]i\s rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--;,alt> ( ,jupit] ,c]aunus 7,gallo-,roman ,sculpture71 discov]$ 9 #agaa1 "u ! ,*oir ( ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is4 ,we h already se5 t1 among ! b>b>ic *iefs :o invad$ ! empire ( ! ,cs>s & seat$ !mselves on ! ,imp]ial ?rone ( ,rome1 7 "s :o1 at a c]ta9 p]iod1 pr(ess$ to be1 if n ! protectors ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 :i* _h !n sunk into torpor1 at lea/ ! pres]v]s ( ! ,greek & ,roman monum5ts belong+ to ! noble/ epo* ( ,art4 ,! /atues 7 no long] brok5 d[n2 ! inscriptions & bas-reliefs ceas$ to be mutilat$2 ! triumphal ar*es 7,fig4 #bgd71 ! palaces1 & ! !atres1 7 respect$1 or1 r1 7 left /&+4 ,b a k9d ( deadness _h come ov] ! arti/ic _w1 & a few sympa!tic manife/ations ( ?is k9d 7 n suffici5t to reanimate its en]vat$ _s2 x 0 necess>y t ! p]iod ( repose %\ld be fully accompli%$--a p]iod :i*1 9 ! views ( ,provid5ce1 0 p]haps a phase ( pr(\nd contemplation or prep>atory developm5t4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh ! art :i* gives life to m>ble & bronze--a high /yle ( sculpture--0 9 a /ation>y or retrograde /ate1 ! l[] k9d1 :i* we may call dome/ic1 pres]v$ "s degree ( activity4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 !n ! cu/om = great p]sonages to s5d z pres5ts dipty*s ( ivory1 on ! out] face ( :i* 7 c>v$ bas-reliefs recall+ "s memorable ev5t4 ,mon>*s1 on _! accession1 7 9 ! habit ( conf]r+ dipty*s ( ?is k9d on ! gov]nors ( prov9ces & bi%ops2 & ! latt]1 9 ord] to te/ify to ! good und]/&+ exi/+ betwe5 ! civil & religi\s au?orities1 plac$ ! dipty* on ! alt>4 ,a m>riage1 a baptism1 or any success1 gave occasion = ! pres5tation ( dipty*s4 ,= two c5turies arti/s liv$ on no?+ b ?is k9d ( "w4 ,x ne$$ ev5ts ( "s v extraord9>y "* to cause ! production ( any monum5t ( real sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--,re/oration ( a ,roman ,triumphal ,ar*1 ) its ,bas-reliefs4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! ca!drals ( ,rome1 ,trves1 ,metz1 ,lyons1 ,rhodez1 ,arles1 ,b\rges1 & ! abbeys ( ,/4 ,md>d at ,soissons1 ,/4 ,ou5 at ,r\51 & ,/4 ,m>t9 at ,t\rs1 are m5tion$ z rem>kable2 & yet ! walls ( ^! edifices 7 no?+ b b>e /one1 )\t ei!r ornam5t or sculpture4 8,to become liv+ /ones10 says ,m4 ,j4 ,duseigneur1 8!y _h to wait = ano!r age4 ,! :ole ( ! ornam5tation 0 exclusively appli$ to ! alt> & ! baptismal font4 ,! tombs ev5 ( great p]sonages pres5t ! mo/ primitive simplicity40 7,fig4 #bge47 ,anci5t ,gaul1 9 spite ( its disa/]s1 /ill reta9$1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( its t]ritory1 m51 or r gr\ps ( m51 9 ^: he>ts ! cultivation ( ,art /ill rema9$ a liv+ pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,prov5ce1 r\nd ! ar*bi%ops ( ,arles2 9 ,au/rasia 7,metz71 ne> ! ?rone ( ,brunehaut2 9 ,burgundy1 at ! c\rt ( ,k+ ,gontran4 ,mo/ ( ! works & ev5 ! names ( ^! arti/s are n[ lo/2 b hi/ory has record$ ! movem5t1 :i* 01 z x 71 a happy l9k de/9$ to abbreviate ! solution ( cont9uity 9 arti/ic tradition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--;,a ,/one ,tomb1 ( "o ( ! fir/ ,abbots ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 ,p>is4 ,at ! "t :5 ,greek art1 9 its deg5]ate /ate1 _h sunk d[n into a dep>tm5t ( m]e goldsmi?'s "w1 ca/+ ov] ,europe only a pale & feeble light2 :5 arti/s1 9 repres5t+ sacr$ or pr(ane subjects1 cont5t$ !mselves ) simple m$allions ( bronze1 gold1 or silv]1 :i* 7 g5]ally ins]t$ 9 a %r9e1 or susp5d$ on ! walls2 across ! seas ,byzant9e art 0 spr++ into life2 an art :i* bl5d$ ,hell5ic rem9isc5ces ) ,*ri/ian s5tim5t4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! epo* ( ! upris+ ( ! ,iconocla/s aga9/ images ( all k9ds1 ,byzant9e sculpture _h acquir$ c]ta9 well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics3 rigidness ( outl9e1 meagr5ess ( =m1 elongation ( ! proportions1 comb9$ ) great pr(us5ess ( co/ume2 all 0 ! expression ( sadd5$ resignation & co/ly gr&eur4 ,! monum5tal /atu>y ( ?is age has1 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely disappe>$1 & we %\ld be ne>ly de/itute ( any accurate record z to ! /ate ( ,art = a p]iod ( sev]al c5turies1 7 x n = num]\s dipty*s :i*1 to "s ext5t1 supply ?is want4 ,_m ( ^! sacr$ dipty*s 7 exquisitely wr\ght4 ,gori1 9 8 8,trsor des ,diptyques10 writt5 9 ,lat9 & publi%$ at ,flor5ce 9 #agei1 divides ^! monum5ts into f\r classes3 dipty*s int5d$ to receive ! names ( ! newly baptis$2 ^? :]e9 7 writt5 ! names ( ! b5efactors ( ! *ur*1 sov]eigns1 & popes2 & ^? de/9$ to pres]ve ! memory ( ! fai?ful :o _h di$ 9 ! bosom ( ! *ur* 7,fig4 #bgf74 ,_! outw>d surface g5]ally repres5t$ "s sc5e tak5 f ! ,evangeli/s1 9 :i* ,*ri/ 0 especially depict$ z "y & be>dless1 8 head glorifi$ ) a nimbus )\t a cross4 ,! m ^! repres5tations 7 condemn$1 ! m !y :o paid respect to !m endeav\r$ to p]petuate _! use4 ,! ,greek arti/s1 be+ unable to f9d a livelihood 9 _! own c\ntry1 made _! way into ,italy 9 su* numb]s t ! popes ,paul ,i41 ,adrian ,i41 & ,pascal ,i41 erect$ mona/]ies to receive !m4 ,ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ?is immigration1 ,art1 :i* 9 ! ,we/ 0 g]m9at+ 9 an undecid$ /ate betwe5 a weak /yle ( orig9ality & an awkw>d mode ( imitation1 0 compell$ to assume a "* ( its own1 & ?is necess>ily 0 ! ,byzant9e "*2 t is1 a mann] :i* 0 firm1 cle>1 &1 9 g5]al1 impress$ ) a c]ta9 impos+ nobility ( /yle4 ,?is /yle atta9$ all ! m success by its be+ illu/rat$ by v em95t arti/s1 :om ,*>lemagne patronis$ z fully adequate to ! magnific5ce ( 8 ideas2 & also because ! ri*ness ( ornam5t :i* ?is /yle comb9$ ) its "w 0 likely to r5d] x pleas+ to ! populace4 ,! royal palaces ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,godd+a1 ,att9iacum1 & ,!odonis ,villa1 & ! mona/]ies ( ,/4 ,arnulph1 ,trves1 ,/4 ,gall1 ,salzb\rg1 & ,prm felt ! salut>y influ5ce :i* ,*>lemagne ex]cis$ on all k9ds ( ,art4 ,prior to #agic1 9 ^! v>i\s localities preci\s rema9s 7 /ill to be se51 rea*+ back to ! eigh? c5tury2 !y te/ifi$ to ! fact t1 ap>t f ,byzant9e influ5ce1 & be>+ ! impress ( a simple ,*ri/ian s5tim5t1 sculpture /ill clung1 ow+ to ,lomb>d asc5dancy1 to "s ( ! gr& traditions ( antiquity4 ,?is union ( pr9ciples gave rise to a numb] ( works be>+ a rem>kable "*4 ,! f\ndation ( ! abbeys ( ,/4 ,mihiel 7,lorra9e71 ,isle-,b>be 7ne> ,lyons71 ( ,amb]nay & ,romans2 ! erection ( sev]al ( ! great mona/]ies 9 ,alsace1 ,soissonnais1 ,brittany1 ,norm&y1 ,prov5ce1 ,langu$oc1 & ,aquita9e2 ! con/ruction ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4--;,dipty*s 9 ,c>v$ ,ivory ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 7,m4 ,rigollot's ,collection1 ,ami5s47 ,! fir/ comp>tm5t repres5ts ,/4 ,remy1 ,bi%op ( ,rheims1 heal+ a p>alytic2 ! second1 ,/4 ,remy heal+ a sick man by ! invocation ( ! sacram5t on ! alt>2 ! ?ird1 ,/4 ,remy1 assi/$ by a holy bi%op1 baptis+ ,k+ ,clovis 9 ! pres5ce ( ,que5 ,clotilda1 & receiv+ f ! ,holy ,_s ! sacr$ ampulla4 important *ur*es ( ,metz1 ,t\l1 ,v]dun1 ,rheims1 ,autun1 c42 ! re/orations :i* took place at ! abbeys ( ,bze1 ,/4 ,gall1 ,/4 ,b5ignus ( ,dijon1 ,remiremont1 ,/4 ,arnulphe-ls-,metz1 & ,luxeuil1 7 ( suffici5t importance to occupy an imm5se numb] ( arti/s1 ar*itects1 & sculptors1 :o1 l ! monk ,gundel&us1 abbot ( ,laure%eim1 h&l$ ! compasses & ! mallet ) z mu* au?ority z ! crucifix4 ,no?+ c\ld equal ! spl5d\r ( "s ( ! mona/]ies1 :i* 7 p]fect c5tres ( g5ius & skill1 9 :i* all ! ,f9e ,arts unit$ 7 a mutual assi/ance to "o ano!r2 direct$1 p]haps1 by a ma/] :o 0 himself inspir$ by a feel+ = elevat$ production 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,nev]!less1 ! small] examples ( sculpture & c>v+ con/itut$ ! pr9cipal "w ( ! arti/s ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 ! execution ( any l>g] objects !y 7 det]r$ by a dread ( ! ,iconocla/s1 :o /ill cont9u$ _! c\rse ( de/ruction1 nei!r 0 x mu* less aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 ow+ to ! civil w>s & invasions :i*1 9 e direction1 put a /op to or ru9$ ar*itectural works4 ,a %r9e or an alt> might p]haps be sav$1 b a *ur*-front or doorway c\ld n be protect$2 & ! h]$it>y hatr$ ) :i* pr9ces pursu$ "o ano!r did n fail to be wreak$ on _! effigies4 ,at t "t !re 7 nei!r arti/s nor monks2 e "o became a soldi]1 & ! common p]il gave "s en]gy to our al>m$ ance/ors4 ,:5 ^! invasions _h almo/ come to an end 9 ,europe1 ! v disa/]s !y _h caus$ assi/$ to "s ext5t ! progress bo? ( ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re sprang up a complete ord] ( new build+s1 orig9at$ by ! ne$ t arose = fre% edifices = ! purpose ( public wor%ip2 ! ,*ur*1 hav+ a ?\s& disa/]s to repair1 built or re/or$ a numb] ( mona/]ies :i* assum$ a decid$ "* ( individuality4 ,! ca!drals ( ,aux]re1 ,cl]mont1 ,t\l1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul at ,v]dun1 ! abbeys ( ,monti]-en-,d] & ( ,gorze1 ( ,mun/]1 ,cluny1 ,celles-sur-,*]1 c41 7 specially adorn$ ) ! sculptural *>act]i/ics ( ?is epo*4 ,crucifixes 9 high relief 7 multipli$1 ! introduction ( :i* into monum5tal sculpture did n take place be=e ! pontificate ( ,leo ,,iii4 ,9 ! ar*$ recesses ov] doorways repres5tations ( ! good & ! bad 7 plac$ opposite to "o ano!r2 ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 0 celebrat$ 9 all k9ds ( arti/ic productions2 &1 9 %ort1 sculpture 0 display$ ev]y:]e ) an extraord9>y am\nt ( ri*ness4 ,no?+ escap$1 s to speak1 its luxuri\s gr[?3 ambons1#dg seats1 ar*es1 baptismal fonts1 columns1 cornices1 bell-turrets1 & g>goyles--ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 te/ifi$ t sculpture & /one 7 n[ 9 full h>mony4 ,almo/ all ! figures 7 !n repres5t$ z clo!d 9 ! ,roman /yle1 ) a %ort tunic1 & ! *lamys clasp$ ^u ! %\ld]2 ?is /ill cont9u$ to be ! c\rt-co/ume1 & consequ5tly ! only "o suitable to ! repres5tation ( ! exalt$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--;,bas-relief 9 ! ,abbey-,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is2 a reproduction ( ! anci5t ,/atue ( ,dagob]t ,i41 de/roy$ 9 ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! monum5ts ( ?is age are g5]ally want+ bo? 9 dates & ! "n ( ! sculptor4 ,n m ?an five or six ( ! pr9cipal arti/s or directors ( arti/ic works ( ! p]iod are m5tion$ by "n 9 any hi/orical records4 ,among !m1 h[ev]1 are ,tutilon1 a monk ( ,sa9t-,gall1 :o at once poet1 sculptor1 & pa9t]1 ornam5t$ ) 8 works ! *ur*es ( ,may5ce & ,metz2 ,hugues1 ,abbot ( ,monti]-en-,d]2 ,au/e1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,arnulph1 9 ! diocese ( ,metz2 ,mor>d1 :o1 ) ! co-op]ation ( ,k+ ,rob]t1 rebuilt1 t[>ds ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 ! old *ur* ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 at ,p>is2 la/ly1 ,guillaume1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,b5ignus1 at ,dijon1 :o took "u 8 direction =ty mona/]ies1 & became *ief ( a s*ool ( ,art1 z well z _! head on religi\s matt]s4 ,! doorways ( ! *ur*es ( ,avallon1 ,nantua1 & ,v]manton1 execut$ at ?is epo*1 be> witness to ! rig\r ( an improv$ ta/e2 & x may be well said t ?is abbot ,guillaume1 :o = a long s]ies ( ye>s direct$ a numb] ( arti/s1 :o also 9 _! turn became *iefs ( s*ools1 ex]cis$ z p[]ful an influ5ce on ,fr5* art z ,ni*olas ( ,pisa on ,tuscan art 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,b al?\gh x embrac$ )9 its influ5ce a v ext5d$ sph]e1 ! s*ool ( ,burgundy did n fail to f9d on ! anci5t ,gallic soil v skilful & indu/ri\s rivals4 ,! di/ricts ( ,mess91 ,lorra9e1 ,alsace1 ,*ampagne1 ,norm&y1 & ! ,ile-de-,france1 9 %ort all ! v>i\s c5tres ( ! ,s\?1 possess$ num]\s arti/s1 ea* ( :om impress$ on _! works _! own special "* ( individuality4 ,:ile all ?is activity 0 prevail+ 9 ,france1 ,italy _h z yet tak5 s insignificant a "p 9 ! revival ( ,art1 t 9 #igf ,pet] ,orseolo1 ,doge ( ,v5ice1 hav+ =m$ ! idea ( rebuild+ ! basilica ( ,/4 ,m>k1 0 compell$ to summon f ,con/ant9ople bo? ar*itects & arti/s4 ,a p]iod ( *eck to any progress took place 9 ,france1 h[ev]1 j z 9 all ! re/ ( ,europe1 :51 at ! approa* ( ! ye> #ajjj1 ! :ole population became subject to an ideal dread t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&2 b :5 ?is date 0 once pass$1 e s*ool ( art set vigor\sly to "w1 & ! mo/ rem>kable monum5ts ( ,romanesque ar*itecture sprang up ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 e direction4 ,!n x 0 t ! arti/s ( ,burgundy built & ornam5t$1 among o!r *ur*es & mona/]ies1 ! ,abbey ( ,cluny1 ! apse ( :i* consi/$ ( a bold cupola1 support$ by six columns ?irty-six feet 9 height1 ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--,tomb ( ,dagob]t1 execut$ by ord] ( ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ! ,abbey-,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,x repres5ts ! ,k+ c>ri$ away by ,demons1 aft] 8 dea?1 t[>ds ! ,inf]nal ,b>k1 f :i* he is rescu$ by ,angels & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,cipol9 & ,p5telican m>ble1 ) captials1 cornices1 & friezes1 c>v$ pa9t$1 & decorat$ ) bronze4 ,9 ,lorra9e !y work$ at ! ca!drals ( ,t\l & ,v]dun1 & ! abbey ( ,/4 ,viton4 ,9 ! diocese ( ,metz ,gontran & ,adl>d1 celebrat$ abbots ( ,/4 ,trudon1 cov]$ ,hasbaye ) new build+s4 8,adl>d10 says a *ronicl]1 8sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( f\rte5 *ur*es1 & 8 outlay 0 s great t ! imp]ial treasury w\ld sc>cely h suffic$ = x40 ,9 ,alsace1 ! ca!dral at ,/rasb\rg & ! two *ur*es ( ,colm> & ,s*ele/adt simultane\sly arose1 & 9 ,switz]l& ! ,ca!dral ( ,basle4 ,^! magnific5t edifices are /ill /&+ to %[ ! vig\r & maje/ic simplicity ) :i* ! art ( sculpture 0 !n able to embody its ideas2 &1 by l5d+ its aid to ar*itecture1 to manife/1 s to speak1 ! fai? :i* actuat$ x4 ,x 0 9 ?is c5tury t ,fulb]t1 ,bi%op ( ,*>tres1 :o 0 d\btless a sculptor also1 sup]9t5d$ ! re/oration ( 8 *ur*1 ! spl5d\r ( :i* is /ill op5 to ! admiration ( all4 ,art1 too1 did n less di/+ui% h]self 9 ! decoration ( c]ta9 additions made at t "t to edifices already exi/+4 ,! doorways ( ! *ur*es ( ,laon1 ,*teaudun1 & ,/4 ,ay\lt ( ,prov9s1 gr& works ( ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury1 yield ! palm only to ! spl5did ext]nal ornam5tation ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 execut$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aacg & #aahj4 ,! ,abbot ,sug]1 :o 0 himself an em95t arti/1 does n "n any ( ! sculptors to ^: c>e ?is important task 0 committ$4 ,we are equally ignorant z to ! sculptors ( ! /atues ( ,dagob]t & ( ,que5 ,nan?ilde1 8 wife2 & also z to ! arti/s ( a l>ge gold5 crucifix1 ! foot ( :i* 0 enri*$ ) bas-reliefs1 & ! figure ( ,*ri/1 t pres5t$1 says ,sug]1 8an expression really div9e40 ,! names ( ! sculptors ( ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,p>is are likewise conceal$ f our admiration4 ,"o might suppose t a body ( arti/s fir$ ) ! same inspiration1 & ) a common s5tim5t bo? 9 ?\ght & action1 _h !re assembl$ to design _! works2 "s sculptur+ 9 m>ble ! s>cophagus ( ,philip ( ,france2 "s peopl+ ! rood-l(t & ! apse ) tall figures & a long gall]y ( ,biblical subjects2 o!rs decorat+ ! faade & ext]ior ) /atues1 all ( e div]sifi$ "*1 b yet all appe>+ to unite 9 ! expression ( ! same feel+s & ! same fai? 7,fig4 #bgi74 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,burgundian arti/s cont9u$ _! m>vell\s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--;,ext]nal ,bas-relief ( ,norte-,dame1 9 ,p>is1 repres5t+ ,citiz5s reliev+ ,poor ,s*ol>s4 7,! "w ( ,jean de ,*elles4 ,date #abeg47 "w4 ,! tomb ( ,hugues1 ,abbot ( ,cluny2 ! doorway ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,jean1 t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,laz>e at ,autun2 ! nave & ! we/ front ( ,semur-en-,auxois1 are all ( ?is s*ool1 & ( ?is epo*4 ,! s*ool ( ,*ampagne rais$ to ! memory ( ,c\nt ,h5ry ,i41 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,eti5ne1 at ,troyes1 a tomb surr\nd$ ) =ty-f\r columns ( gild$ bronze1 surm\nt$ by a slab ( silv] on :i* 7 plac$1 9 a recumb5t position1 ! /atues ( ! ,c\nt & ( "o ( 8 sons2 bas-reliefs1 9 bronze & silv]1 repres5t+ ! ,holy ,family1 ! cele/ial c\rt1 angels1 & prophets1 surr\nd$ ?is monum5t4 ,! tomb ( ,c\nt ,h5ry 0 a triumph ( sculpture 9 metal2 &1 at t "t1 surpass$ all o!r tombs 9 ,france1 j z ! ,ca!dral ( ,rheims 0 de/9$1 ere long1 to excel all o!rs4 ,9 ,norm&y we f9d ! same en?usiasm1 ! same zeal1 ! same skill 9 ,art2 & !re1 at lea/1 we le>n ! names ( "s ( ! arti/s3 ,o?o1 ! build] ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,sez2 ,g>ni]1 ( ,fcamp2 ,anquetil1 ( ,petit-,ville1 c4 ,! masons & sculptors1 too1 =m$ at ?is epo* a num]\s & p[]ful corporation4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,asquil9us1 ,abbot ( ,moissac1 ne> ,cahors1 ornam5t$ ) f9e /atues ! cloi/] & front ( 8 *ur*1 & affix$ to ! sides ( ! apse a ,crucifixion s skilfully c>v$1 t x 0 believ$ to h emanat$ f "s div9e h& 78ut non humano1 s$ div9o artificio facta074 ,9 ,auv]gne1 ,prov5ce1 & ,langu$oc1 _m o!r important works ( sculpture 7 execut$4 ,b ! *ief ma/]piece ( all1 :i* comb9es ! diff]5t /yles ( ! s\!rn s*ools1 is ! fam\s ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,trophimus ( ,arles1 ! front ( :i*1 :]e ! bread? & grace ( ! ,greek /yle is alli$ ) ! pure/ ,*ri/ian simplicity1 c>ries back ! imag9ation to ! brighte/ epo*s ( ! art4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? & ! comm5cem5t ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! sculptors' /udios ( ! di/ricts ( ,mess9 & ,lorra9e 7 9 full activity4 ,sev]al magnific5t *ur*es hav+ be5 de/roy$ by fire1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,v]dun1 ! :ole population assi/$1 ei!r ) money or lab\r1 9 ! re/oration ( ^! edifices4 ,x 0 a p]fect arti/ic crusade1 9 :i* sev]al bi%ops & abbots1 :o 7 clev] arti/s z well z spiritual *iefs1 took ! lead 9 ! movem5t4 ,9 ,alsace1 art ass]t$ its position 9 ! magnific5t ,ca!dral ( ,/rasb\rg1#dh a k9d ( *all5ge ?r[n out to ! arti/s on ! o!r side ( ! ,rh9e1 :o 7 unable1 ev5 at ,cologne1 to c>ry an edifice to su* an ,illu/ration3 ,,clovis ,i4 ,,& ,,clotilde ,,8 ,,wife4 ,/atues =m]ly at ! ,entrance ( ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame at ,corbeil4 ,twelf? ,c5tury4 enorm\s height1 or to adorn x ) su* a div]sifi$ multitude ( /atues4 ,al?\gh belong+ m especially to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x may be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t ( ! prodigi\s works execut$ by an association ( freemasons1 :o h m>k$ ) _! hi]oglyphic signatures ! /ones ( ?is edifice1 z ( all o!rs execut$ by !m 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 f ,dusseldorf to ! ,alps4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 l$ to believe t ,g]many also did n fail to be subject to ! influ5ce ( ?is arti/ic s*ool1 = among contempor>y monum5ts are sev]al 9 a /yle :i* manife/ly te/ifies to ! effects ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry ( ,alsace4 ,flemi% art ( t "t is exemplifi$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,gudule at ,brussels1 ! /yle ( :i* is especially ri* ) decorations borr[$ f *ur*es on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,moselle1 ! ,s>re1 & ! ,upp] ,meuse4 ,if we include 9 "o compreh5sive glance ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,flemi% sculptural works1 we %all recognise 9 all1 not)/&+ ! pr$om9ance ( any p>ticul> s*ool1 "o orig9al & special type4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is are elongat$ faces ) a calm1 contemplative1 & p5it5t expression2 /iffness ( attitude1 & a k9d ( ec/atic immobility1 r ?an any gl[ ( animation2 drap]ies ) small n>r[ folds & close-fitt+1 z if wett$2 pe>l$ fr+es or ribbons1 set (f ) gems 7,fig4 #bhj74 ,we see /atues ( l(ty proportions re>$ up2 repres5tations ( v>i\s p]sonages are multipli$ on ! tombs2 ,greek art is disappe>+ & its le>n$ !ories are giv+ way be=e ,*ri/ian s5tim5t2 ?\ght is obta9+ ! ma/]y ov] m]e =m2 symbolism makes its appe>ance & becomes a sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4--,/atue said to be ( ,clovis ,i41 =m]ly 9 ! por* ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 ,p>is4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,b let u turn our eyes t[>ds ,italy4 ,v5ice _h sc>cely rais$ h] l(ty dome ere ,pisa aspir$ to h "o also4 ,_m a ,tuscan %ip1 laun*$ ^u ! sea = conque/s ( a new k9d1 br\ght f ,greece an inf9ity ( monum5ts1 /atues1 bas-reliefs1 capitals1 friezes1 & v>i\s fragm5ts2 & ! ,tuscan p1 ! be/ organis$ race 9 ,europe = fully appreciat+ all ! beauty ( =m1 7 call$ ^u to draw _! inspiration f ! relics ( anci5t works ( ,art4 ,! en?usiasm became g5]al4 ,9 #ajaf1 ,bus*etto1 reg>d$ z ! fir/ ar*itect ( 8 "t1 und]took ! build+ ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,pisa1 :]e anci5t fragm5ts are /ill conspicu\s amid ! works ( m mod]n creation3 a k9d ( holographic te/am5t ! b5efit ( :i* ! foll[]s ( ! art ( ,phidias h ?us h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,! pupils ( ,bus*etto1 accept+ ! impulse ( 8 ma/]ly h& & reproduc+ 8 ideas1 soon spread all ov] ! p59sula1 & ! ca!drals ( ,amalfi1 ,pi/oia1 ,si5a1 & ,lucca arose1 ! ,byzant9e "* ( :i* diff]$ f ! ,lomb>d /yle pres5t$ by ! ,ca!dral ( ,milan4 ,"o might almo/ h fanci$ t ! bosom ( ! e>? br\ght =? /atues :i*1 z if by en*antm5t1 peopl$ e p$e/al2 & t f heav5 desc5d$ ! ray :i* animat$ !m ) _! sublime expression4 ,! art ( ca/+ 9 bronze1 hi!rto almo/ unkn[n 9 ,italy1 became naturalis$ !re z mu* z ! art ( c>v+ 9 /one4 ,:ile 9 ! ,we/ ! ,arts 7 mak+ su* a spr+1 9 ! ,ea/ !y _h relaps$ into ! l[e/ /age ( debasem5t1 at ! p]iod :5 ,byzantium 0 simultane\sly ?reat5$ by ! ,bulg>ians & ! ,crusad]s2 al?\gh = a "t !y _h appe>$ to revive1 ow+ to ! zeal ( ,basil ! ,mac$onian1 ,con/ant9e ,,viii41 & "s ( _! successors4 ,ea/]n sculpture disappe>$ :5 ! ,lat9s sack$ ! anci5t capital ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or 7#abjd74 ,at ! approa* ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* 0 de/9$ to be ! great age ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture & sculpture1 arti/s no long] look$1 z !y _h hi!rto done1 t[>ds ,byzantium1 !y dep5d$ on !mselves2 & al?\gh "s hesitation might /ill be felt1 !y f\nd all r\nd !m models !y c\ld imitate1 traditions !y c\ld foll[1 & ma/]s to :om !y c\ld li/54 ,*ri/ian art _h n[ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & ! v>i\s s*ools ass]t$ _! /yles 9 a way :i* became e day m cle>1 m p[]ful1 & m orig9al4 8,! /yle ( ! head ( ,*ri/ at ,ami5s0 7,fig4 #bha71 says ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 writ+ on ?is subject1 8fully des]ves ! att5tion ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4--8,! ,beau ,dieu d',ami5s20 a ,/atue ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,front ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 sculptors4 ,?is c>v+ is treat$ 9 ! same way z ! ,greek heads call$ ,eg9etic4 ,!re is ! same simplicity ( model1 ! same purity ( outl9e1 ! same /yle ( execution1 at once broad & delicate4 ,x well repres5ts ! features ( ,*ri/ z a man3 a bl5d+ ( sweetness ) firmness1 a gravity devoid ( sadness40 ,?is is n ! place to ass]t any m9ute comp>isons betwe5 diff]5t mann]s & /yles2 ev5 ! b>e enum]ation ( ! _m monum5ts to :i* ?is f]v5t age gave bir? might prove we>isome4 ,we call x a 8f]v5t age10 & fully are we ju/ifi$1 =1 at a "t :5 a :ole _w ( arti/-sculptors ( ornam5ts & figures 7 devot+ !mselves to ! mo/ delicate & m>vell\s works ( sculpture 7,fig4 #bhb71 none seem$ desir\s ( display+ 8 own p]sonal di/9ction4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 num]\s sculptors sett+ aside all claim to individual m]it1 & c>ry+ ?is self-d5ial s f> t1 in/ead ( _! own names1 !y inscrib$ t ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y on ! c>v+s ( ! *ur*es :i* !y _h enri*$ ) _! f9e/ works3 8,hoc pan!ma pia clav]at ipsa ,m>ia40 ,9 ,g]many1 ,*ri/ian art became specially en?ron$ 9 ,saxony2 & ,dresd51 :i* has be5 ju/ly /yl$ ! ,g]man ,a!ns1 c date back h] ar*itecto-sculptural adornm5ts to ! t5? c5tury4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 at ,cologne1 ,cobl5tz1 & ,may5ce1 we f9d aga9 ! s*ool ( ,sa9t-,gall1 :i*1 hav+ be5 plant$ 9 #iga1 "u ! auspices ( ,notk]1 ,bi%op ( ,laodicea1 left its /amp1 dur+ a p]iod ( two c5turies1 9 a s]ies ( rem>kable works4 ,engl&1 z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury1 _h call$ to h] aid "s ( ! ,fr5* 8ma/]s 9 /one0 & be/ workm51 & %e subsequ5tly cont9u$ to d s = ! build+ & ornam5tation ( h] f9e/ religi\s edifices4 ,william ( ,s5s1 a v skilful arti/ 7artifex subtilissimus71 proce$$1 9 #aagf1 to rebuild ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,norman & ,fr5* arti/s also re/or$ ! abbeys ( ,croyl& & ,we>m\?1 & ,york ,ca!dral1 already enri*$ ) ,byzant9e & ,fr5* sculpture4 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! soil ( :i* _h long be5 ! !atre ( an invet]ate conflict betwe5 two races embrac+ two irreconcilable religions1 7 de/9$ to inh]it f ^! v /ruggles ! creation ( a s+ul>ly *>act]i/ic /yle ( art4 ,9 adopt+ ! ,byzant9e /yle1 ! ,moors _h depriv$ x ( its "* ( simple e>ne/ness1 & made x to h>monise ) ! t5d5cies ( _! ref9$ s5sualism4 ,ev5 :5 ,*ri/ian art 0 able to ex]cise an undivid$ rule1 x c\ld n fail to be influ5c$ by ! build+s erect$ by ! ,moors2 & ! fact t ?is alliance ( ar*itectural & sculptural /yles succe$$ 9 produc+ ma/]pieces is well atte/$ by ! ca!drals ( ,cu5ca1 ,vittoria1 & "s portions ( ^? ( ,seville1 ,b>celona1 & ,lugo 9 ,galicia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--,/atues 9 ! ,s\? ,por* ( ,b\rges ,ca!dral4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,sicily & ! k+dom ( ,naples foll[$ ! movem5t made 9 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe2 b "h1 aga91 0 felt ! influ5ce ( v>i\s =eign importations4 ,"s ( !m 7 ( ,greek orig91 com+ f ,byzantium2 "s nor!rn1 f ,norm&y1 & p]haps also f ,g]many2 mo/1 h[ev]1 f ,spa91 & especially f ! important s*ool ( ,aragon4 8,nicolas ( ,pisa10 says ,em]ic ,david1 80 born t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 a t[n !n peopl$ ) ,greek ma/]s & ! pupils ( ^? ma/]s1 & full ( ,greek monum5ts ( e age2 a t[n :i* might be call$ altoge!r ,greek4 ,he _h ! good s5se to disda9 ! productions ( 8 own "t & to devote himself to ! m elevat$ contemplation ( ! *efs-d'uvre ( anci5t ,greece4 ,?is pro( ( und\bt$ disc]nm5t1 & a high degree ( ta/e on 8 "p1 c\ld n b lead to v m>k$ progress4 ,b a premature /udy ( ! antique is n s sure a guide to ! desir$ end z ! contemplation ( nature1 to :i* ,guido ( ,si5a1 8 contempor>y1 & a little lat] ,cimabue & ,giotto1 taught p]haps by 8 errors1 assidu\sly appli$ !mselves40 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t ! fir/ developm5t ( ,*ri/ian sculpture 9 ,italy mu/ unque/ionably be ref]r$ to ,nicolas ( ,pisa4 ,he _h1 nev]!less1 "s rivals :o 7 well wor?y ( compet+ ) him4 ,among ^! 7 ,fuccio1 sculptor ( ! magnific5t tomb ( ! ,que5 ( ,cyprus1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,francesco at ,flor5ce2 & also ,m>*ione ( ,arezzo1 :o 9 #abaf c>v$ 8 "n ov] ! doorway ( ! *ur* ( t t[n4 ,giovanni ( ,pisa1 son ( ,nicolas1 :o sculptur$ _m beautiful works at ,arezzo1 ,pi/oia1 & ,flor5ce1 & ev5 surpass$ himself 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable monum5t 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe1 has be5 plac$ by "s f> bel[ 8 fa!r 9 rank z a sculptor1 on acc\nt ( an accusation made aga9/ him ( hav+ ab&on$ ! ,greek /yle4 ,b ?is r5unciation 01 9 fact1 a real trait ( g5ius1 & actually con/itutes 8 glory2 =1 by neglect+ =m to "s ext5t1 he 0 enabl$ to c>ry religi\s idealism & p[] ( expression to its v highe/ limits4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 consid] ,giovanni & ,m>g>itone1 pupils ( ,nicolas2 ,&rea ,ugol9o1 pupil ( ,giovanni2 ,agnolo & ,ago/9o ( ,si5a2 & ! celebrat$ ,giotto1 :o 0 at once ar*itect1 sculptor1 & pa9t]1 z real reg5]ators ( ! art4 ,inde$1 we might call ^! great arti/s ! creators ( ,*ri/ian sculpture 9 ,italy--t art 9 :i* simultane\sly %one =? s]i\sness ( composition1 grace & ease ( attitude1 simplicity ( imitation1 elevation ( s5tim5t2 9 %ort1 all ! great h>monies ( a /yle :i* seem$ to brea! =? a hymn ( love & fai?4 ,?anks to ! /udios ( ,agnolo & ,ago/9o1 ,si5a1 a small t[n :i* calls to m9d ! anci5t ,sicyone1 s weak 9 a political po9t ( view & yet s le>n$ & poli%$1 0 = "s "t ! rival ( ,pisa1 up to ! p]iod :5 ,flor5ce absorb$ ! arti/ic spl5d\r ( ! two cities4 ,flor5ce1 z ! home ( ! ,arts1 became ! c5tre ( radiation1 :5ce arti/s took _! flight ov] ! :ole ( ,italy1 & f ,italy spread among all ! nations ( ,europe4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! *ur*es ( ,flor5ce1 on :i* ! frat]nities comb9$ _! ef=ts1 & "s ( ! civil build+s ( ?is ri* & fl\ri%+ city1 7 fill$ ) /atues4 ,! f\ndation ( ! municipal palace 9 #abhb1 & t ( ! ca!dral 9 #abih1 made ^! two wond]ful edifices real museums ( sculpture1 9 :i*1 among ! works ( ,ea/]n arti/s1 ^? ( ,giovanni ( ,arezzo & ,giotto are di/+ui%$4 ,ago/9o & ,agnolo ( ,pisa execut$ at t "t "s magnific5t examples at ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,orvieto1 ,san ,francisco 9 ,bologna1 & 9 ! subt]ranean ,*ur* ( ,assisi1 c4 ,la/ly1 ,&rea ( ,pisa1 a contempor>y ( ,giotto1 z he di$ only 9 #acde1 extract$ f antiquity all t ,*ri/ian sculpture c\ld borr[ f x2 t is1 he comb9$ sublimity bo? ( =m & expression4 ,at ,pisa1 ! *ancel ( ,santa ,m>ia a ,ponte2 at ,flor5ce1 ! campanile & ! high-alt> ( ,santa ,m>ia de' ,fiori1 & a door ( ,san ,giovanni2 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,pi/oia1 ! tomb ( ,c9o1 are all ( !m s _m ma/]pieces2 above :i*1 h[ev]1 ! old ,pisan ma/] pr\dly class$ ! works ( 8 son ,n9o4 ,?is "y arti/1 :o c>v$ ! monum5t ( ! ,scalig]s at ,v]ona1 became1 9 fact1 ! wor?y foll[] ( ! s*ool :i* recognis$ ,&rea z its *ief4 ,jacopo della ,qu]cia & ,niccolo ,aret9o enri*$ also ) magnific5t works ! t[ns ( ,si5a1 ,lucca1 ,bologna1 ,arezzo1 & ,milan1 z well z ,flor5ce4 ,b :51 9 #adbd1 ! tomb clos$ ov] ,jacopo della ,qu]cia1 ! l(ty de/9ies ( ! art seem$ to come to a t]m9ation1 & soon rapidly decl9$4 ,9 ,v5ice1 at ! dea? ( ,filippo ,cal5d>io1 :i* occurr$ 9 #acee1 ,italian sculpture _h already lo/ mu* ( its nobility & vig\r ( /yle4 ,italian sculpture 7,fig4 #bhc71 z rem>k$ by ,em]ic ,david1 rais$ itself to ! height ( ! sublime by m]ely /riv+ aft] a simple & exact imitation ( nature4 ,x 0 by ! same c\rse ( action t ,fr5* sculpture always emulat$ its ,transalp9e rival2 b1 9 ord] to atta9 ! same end1 ! imitation foll[$ a diff]5t pa?4 ,9 ,italy1 ,art rais$ itself to ! ideal by an att5tive /udy ( ,greek =ms2 :ile on ?is side ( ! ,alps1 :5 s5tim5t requir$ x1 =m 01 if n sacrific$1 at lea/ neglect$4 ,fr5* art %[$ m respect = ! or?odoxy ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght2 %e did n introduce into ! sanctu>y ( ! ,holy ( ,holies any ( ^? pr(ane & mat]ial ideas t might h be5 inspir$ by ! m>bles ( ,greece4 ,9 spite ( ! po9t$ ar*itecture :i* ev]y:]e prevail$1 ,fr5* sculpture1 replete ) a c]ta9 eloqu5t unction1 pres]v$ = a consid]able p]iod ! ,byzant9e /yle 9 ! appe>ance ( ! head & 9 ! delicacy ( drap]ies2 )\t1 h[ev]1 altoge!r r5\nc+ its individuality ( "*1 & )\t ceas+ to seek = models peculi> to its own soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4--;,bas-relief on "o ( ! ,bronze ,gates ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 repres5t+ ! ,coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,sigismund by ,pope ,eugne ,,iv41 9 #adcc4 7,sculpture ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4--,/atuette ( ,/4 ,avit1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,notre-,dame de ,corbeil1 demoli%$ 9 #ahbj4 7,elev5? ,c5tury47 ,un=tunately = ! p]sonal glory ( ! ,fr5* sculptors1 ! hi/orians ( ! "t h sc>cely tak5 ! tr\ble to record _! names4 ,9 ord] to discov] b a few ( !m1 le>n$ m5 ( mod]n days h be5 compell$ to und]take labori\s rese>*es2 :ile _m1 & ^? ! mo/ rem>kable--wor?y1 no d\bt1 to be comp>$ ) ! greate/ ,italian arti/s--are & mu/ rema9 ev] unkn[n 7,fig4 #bhd74 ,! ,italians 7 m =tunate2 to !m ,vas>i1 _! rival & contempor>y1 has rais$ a la/+ monum5t4 ,9 ,fr5* art1 ! li/ ( ! sculptors ( s _m ma/]pieces mu/ come to a close :5 we h m5tion$ ,engu]r&1 :o1 f #abja to #abab1 comm5c$ ! ,ca!dral & ! ,*ur* du ,buc1 at ,r\51 & _h = 8 successor ,gauti] de ,meulan2 ,rob]t de ,c\cy1 *ief ( ! body ( arti/s :o1 9 #abaa1 caus$ ! ,ca!dral ( ,rheims to rise l(tily f ! e>?2 ,hugues ,lib]gi]1 :o rebuilt ! anci5t basilica ( ,/4 ,jov92 ,rob]t de ,luz>*es1 ! f\nd]1 9 #abbj1 ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s1 cont9u$ aft] 8 dea? by ,?omas de ,cormont & 8 son ,regnault2 ,jean1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 :o 9 #abab und]took ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,cosme1 ,p>is2 t ( ,/4 ,juli5 le ,pauvre be+ re/or$ & adorn$ ) sculpture at ! same date1 f ! designs ( ! abbot & ! 8bre?r50 ( ,longpont 7,fig4 #bhe72 ,jean des ,*amps1 :o 9 #abdh work$ at ! anci5t ,ca!dral ( ,cl]mont2 la/ly1 ! two ,jeans de ,mont]eau1 :o at "o "t z milit>y ar*itects1 at ano!r z sculptors ( sacr$ subjects1 7 at ! comm& ( ,/4 ,l\is1 & produc$ "s extraord9>y works bo? ( con/ruction & sculpture4 ,alsace manife/$ no less en?usiasm ?an ,france = ! new ar*itectural sy/em1 & sculpture 0 also subject to a simil> developm5t4 ,f ,basle to ,may5ce1 ! slopes ( ! ,vosges & ! long valley ( ! ,rh9e1 became full ( edifices enri*$ ) sculpture & peopl$ ) /atues4 ,erw9 ( ,/e9ba* 7:o di$ 9 #acah71 assi/$ by ,sab9a1 8 daught]1 & ,william ( ,m>b\rg1 7 ! mo/ r5[n$ ma/]s 9 ^! p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--;,bas-relief =m]ly ov] ! ,doorway ( ,/4 ,juli5 le ,pauvre1 ,p>is1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,juli5 & ,/4 ,basilissa1 8 wife1 convey+ 9 _! boat ,jesus ,*ri/ "u ! figure ( a ,lep]4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,! extraord9>y advance t ,fr5* sculpture made 9 ?is age 0 assi/$--if n z reg>ds ! high] /yle ( "w1 :i* c\ld d )\t ?is help1 at lea/ 9 respect to ! m9or details ( ! art--by ! in/itution ( ! frat]nities ( ! ,conception ,notre-,dame4 ,9 _m t[ns ! sculptors ( images & ! pa9t]s1 ! m\ld]s1 ! bahuti]s1 or c>v]s 9 wood1 horn1 & ivory 7,fig4 #bhf71 7 all unit$ "u ! same bann]4 ,9 ,g]many & ,belgium also exi/$ hanses1 or guilds1 :i* 7 9 direct communication ) ^? ( ,alsace1 & :o accept$ z guides ,fr5* arti/s ( kn[n ability2 z1 = in/ance1 ,volb]t & ,gr>d1 ar*itect-sculptors1 :o 7 simultane\sly engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,apo/les1 ,cologne4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4--;,fragm5t ( a small ,r]$os1 9 c>v$ ,bone 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury74 ,pres5t$ by ,jean1 ,duc de ,b]ry1 ,bro!r ( ,*>les ,v41 to ! *ur* ( ! anci5t ,abbey ( ,poissy4 7,museum ( ! ,l\vre47 ,) respect to ! works comm5c$ or f9i%$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! only difficulty is to make a *oice among ^! wond]ful monum5ts ( ,art2 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be look$ ^u z ! la/ manife/ations ( ,*ri/ian art1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 po9t out ! poly*rome sculptures ( ,*>tres1 ( ,/4 ,remy1 ,rheims2 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,laon2 ,/4 ,yv$1 ,braisne2 ,/4 ,jean des ,vignes1 ,soissons2 ( ! ,*>treux1 ,dijon4 ,9 ?is ducal city we f9d1 9 #aceg1 ,guy le ,maon1 a celebrat$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4--8,le ,bon ,dieu10 9 ! old ,*apel ( ! ,*>ni] des ,innoc5ts1 ,p>is4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 sculptor2 at ,b\rges1 ab\t ! same date1 ,aguillon1 ( ,dr\es2 at ,montpelli]1 betwe5 #acca & #acfj1 ! two ,alamans1 ,john & ,h5ry2 at ,troyes1 ,d5isot & ,dr\9 ( ,mantes1 c4 ,beyond ,france1 ,mat?ias ( ,arras1 9 #acdc1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,prague1 :i* 0 to be cont9u$ & f9i%$ by ano!r ,fr5* arti/1 ,pi]re ( ,b\logne4 ,arre/$ z our att5tion mu/ be by ! /atues & bas-reliefs :i* 7 multipli$ "u ! por*es1 9 ! ni*es 7,fig4 #bhg71 & on all ! tombs1 we c ca/ b a v cursory glance on ! imm5se numb] ( wood-c>v+s1 figures 9 ivory1 & movable pieces ( sculpture1 execut$ by arti/s :o may be divid$ into two v di/9ct classes1 ! ,norman & ! ,rh5i%2 all ( o!r s*ools appe> to h be5 no?+ b imitators ( ^!4 ,9 #adjj ! ,matre ,pi]re ,prat1 ar*itect ( ?ree ca!drals1 :o 0 at once bo? civil eng9e] & sculptor1 & "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( :om ,france c boa/1 di$ at ,metz1 :]e he 0 int]r$ ) all ! hon\rs due to 8 wond]ful tal5ts4 ,j at ! same "t a memorable competition 0 op5$ at ,flor5ce4 ,! object 9 view 0 to f9i% ! doors ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! =mal ann\ncem5t ( ! competition1 :i* 0 made all ov] ,italy1 did n fail to call =? ! mo/ skilful arti/s4 ,sev5 ( ^! 7 select$1 on acc\nt ( _! r5[n1 to furni% designs3 !y consi/$ ( ?ree ,flor5t9es--,filippo ,brunelles*i1 ,donatello1 & ! goldsmi?1 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti2 ,jacopo della ,qu]cia ( ,si5a2 ,nicolo ,lamb]ti d',arezzo2 ,francesco da ,valdambr9a2 & ,simone da ,colle1 call$ de' ,bronzi4 ,to ea* ( ^! competitors ! republic grant$ "o ye>'s sal>y1 on condition t1 at ! end ( ! p]iod1 ea* ( !m %\ld furni% a panel ( wr\ght bronze ( ! same size z ^? ( :i* ! doors ( ,/4 ,john 7 to be compos$4 ,on ! day fix$ = ! exam9ation ( ! works1 ! mo/ celebrat$ arti/s ( ,italy 7 summon$4 ,?irty-f\r judges 7 select$1 & be=e ?is tribunal ! sev5 models 7 exhibit$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! magi/racy & ! public4 ,aft] ! judges _h audibly discuss$ ! respective m]its ( ! works1 ^? ( ,ghib]ti1 ,brunelles*i1 & ,donatello 7 pref]r$4 ,b to :om ( ! ?ree 0 ! palm to be aw>d$8 ,!y hesitat$4 ,!n ,brunelles*i & ,donatello retir$ ap>t & ex*ang$ a few words2 aft] :i* "o ( !m1 comm5c+ to address ! assembly1 said3--8,magi/rates & citiz5s1 we decl>e to y t 9 our own judgm5t ,ghib]ti has surpass$ u4 ,aw>d him ! pref]5ce1 = our c\ntry w ?us acquire ! great] glory4 ,x is less discr$it to u to make kn[n our op9ion ?an to keep sil5ce40 ,^! doors1 at :i* ,ghib]ti work$ = =ty ye>s1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 fa!r1 8 sons1 & 8 pupils1 are p]haps ! f9e/ "w we h 9 sculptur$ metal4 ,at ! date :5 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 ,donatello1 ,brunelles*i1 & _! pupils 7 ! repres5tatives ( ,flor5t9e sculpture1 ! ,fr5* s*ool also produc$ its ma/]s & its works ( ,art4 ,ni*olas ,flamel1 ! fam\s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4--8,/4 ,eloi1 ,patron ( ,goldsmi?s & ,f>ri]s40 ,a ,sculpture ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,notre-,dame d',armanon1 at ,semur1 ,burgundy4 writ] 7criva97 ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,jacques la ,b\*]ie1 ornam5t$ ! *ur*es & mortu>y *apels ( ,p>is ) my/ical & al*emical 7al*imiques7 sculptures1 ( :i* he 0 ! design] if n ! actual arti/4 ,?ury execut$ ! tombs ( ,*>les ,,vi4 & ,isabelle ( ,bav>ia2 ,claux ,slut]1 au?or ( ! 8,ruits de ,mose10 at ,dijon1 assi/$ by ,james de la ,b>re1 multipli$ ! works ( monum5tal sculpture 9 ,burgundy 7,fig4 #bhh74 ,9 ,alsace1 "u ! impulse ( ,k+ ,r51 himself an arti/1 ! sculptor's art produc$ examples be>+ ! impress ( a rem>kable individuality4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,mess91 ,h5ry de ,ranconval1 8 son ,jehan1 & ,clausse1 7 di/+ui%$4 ,9 ,t\ra9e1 ,mi*ael ,columb execut$ ! tomb ( ,francis ,,ii41 ,duke ( ,brittany2 ,jehan ,ju/e1 t ( ! *ildr5 ( ,*>les ,,viii41 z introductory to ! mausoleum ( ,l\is ,,xii41 :i* he execut$ betwe5 #aeah & #aecj1 = ! basilica ( ,/4 ,d5is2 a ,g]man1 ,conrad ( ,cologne1 assi/$ by ,laur5t ,wr9e1 ma/] ( ! ordnance to ! k+1 ca/ 9 metal ! effigy = ! tomb ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ,9 ,*ampagne appe>$ ,jean de ,vitry1 sculptor ( ! /alls ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,claude 7,jura72 9 ,b]ry1 ,jacquet ,g5dre1 ma/]-mason & figure-mak] = ! ,htel de ,ville1 ,b\rges1 c4 ,at ! end ( ! same c5tury1 ,pet] ,brucy1 ( ,brussels1 ex]cis$ 8 art at ,t\l\se2 ! inspiration ( ! ,alsacian arti/s 0 develop$ 9 ! magnific5t sculpture ( ,?ann1 ,kais]sb]g1 & ,dus5ba*2 :ile ,g]many1 a*iev+ b a late indep5d5ce1 %elt]$ ! faults ( h] e>ly g5ius "u ! illu/ri\s names ( ,lucas ,mos]1 ,pet] ,vis*]1 ,s*hle91 ,mi*el ,wohlgemu?1 ,alb]t ,dr] 7,fig4 #bhi71 c4 ,9 sculptural works1 z 9 e o!r bran* ( art1 hi/orical s5tim5t & fai? seem$ to die out ) ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,m$ival art 0 subject$ to prote/2 ! desire seem$ to be to re-create beauty ( =m by go+ back to ! antique2 b ! emphatically ,*ri/ian individuality 0 no long] rea*$1 & ?is pret5d$ r5aissance1 9 :i* ev5 e>ne/ m9ds 7 induc$ to gratify !mselves1 only s]v$ to exhibit ! feeble ef=ts ( an epo* t s\ght to reproduce ! glories ( a vani%$ age4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii41 ,lomb>de-,v5etian art1 ! affect$ & +5i\s imitation ( ! ,greek /yle1 0 introduc$ into ,france2 x suit$ ! common p1 & pleas$ m$iocre intellect4 ,! sculptors :o came at t p]iod to seek _! =tunes at ! c\rt ( ! ,fr5* k+s work$ exclusively = ! ari/ocracy1 & vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 adorn+1 ) an ard5t infatuation = ,italian art1 ! royal & ari/ocratic palaces :i* 7 be+ built or re/or$ 9 e direction1 su* z ! ,*teaux ( ,amboise & ,gaillon4 ,b !y fail$ to d any injury to ,fr5* arti/s1 :o /ill rema9$ *>g$ ) ! works ( sacr$ sculptures2 & _! /yle became b slightly1 if at all1 influ5c$ by ?is =eign immigration4 ,ev5 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i himself fail$ to ex]cise mu* effect on ! vigor\s s*ools ( ,t\rs1 ,troyes1 ,metz1 ,dijon1 & ,ang]s2 8 reputation & 8 works nev] pass$1 s to speak1 beyond ! limits ( ! c\rt ( ,france1 & ! brilliant traces !y ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4--8,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ prea*+ 9 ! ,des]t40 ,bas-relief 9 ,c>v$ ,wood by ,alb]t ,dr]4 7,brunswick ,gall]y47 left beh9d !m 7 conf9$ to ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,ere long1 "s zeal\s arti/s f all ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ! ,fr5* s*ools left _! c\ntry & betook !mselves to ,italy2 among ^! 7 ,ba*eli] ( ,langu$oc1 ,simon & ,ligi] ,ri*i] ( ,lorra9e1 ,val5t9e ,b\s* ( ,alsace1 & ,jacques ( ,ang\lme1 :o _h ! hon\r ( a victory ov] 8 ma/]1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 9 a competition ( /atu>y 7_m ( ! =m] arti/'s works n[ exi/ 9 ! ,vatican72 ,jean de ,b\logne1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,"s ( !m1 aft] !y _h become celebrat$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps1 return$ to _! native c\ntry1 br++ back to x _! own native g5ius matur$ by ! lessons ( ! ,italians4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 always a ,fr5* s*ool t pres]v$ its individual *>act]i/ics1 its g5]ic good qualities & defects1 :i* are s well repres5t$ 9 ! sculptures ( ! ,htel du ,b\rg!r\lde1 ,r\5 7,fig4 #bij74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4--;,bas-relief ( ! ,htel du ,b\rg!r\lde1 ,r\51 repres5t+ a ,sc5e 9 ! ,int]view betwe5 ,francis ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 on ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 born on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 #adge1 & di$ on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y1 #aefd1 )\t hav+ %[n any signs ( decad5ce2 great]1 possibly1 by 8 g5ius ?an by 8 works1 he is ! p]sonification ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x w\ld be1 p]haps1 irrev]5t to say t ?is age 0 an age ( decay2 we might fe> ( desecrat+ ! tomb ( ,buon>otti if we laid to 8 *>ge t 8 gr& boldness l$ ord9>y tal5ts a/ray2 & x is n a pleasant subject ( ?\ght t1 influ5c$ by two curr5ts ( ideas--"o com+ f ,italy1 ! o!r f ,g]many--! art ( ! c5tury op]at$ to its own suicide4 ,:5 ! v soil itself seem$ to be %ak51 & ! ,*ri/ian p$e/al :i* _h =m$ bo? its gr&eur & p[] ov]turn$1 :at c\ld be done 9 ! way ( opposition to ! d[nfall ( ,art by ,jean ,g\jon1 ,jean ,c\s9 7,fig4 #bia71 ,g]ma9 ,pilon1 ,franois ,m>*&1 ,pi]re ,bontemps1 ^? />s ( ,fr5* sculpture 9 ! sixte5? c5tury8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4--,/atue 9 ,alaba/] ( ,philip ,*abot1 ,admiral ( ,france1 by ,jean ,c\s94 ,=m]ly 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,cle/9s1 ,p>is1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,a f9al manife/ation ( ! old religi\s feel+ 01 h[ev]1 app>5t 9 ! tombs ( ! ,*ur* ( ,br\1 design$ by ,jean ,p]ral1 ! great pa9t] ( ,lyons1 execut$ by ,conrad ,meyt1 & c>v$ by ,g\rat & ,mi*ael ,columb2 also 9 ! mausoleum ( ,francis ,,ii41 c>v$ by ,columb & 8 family2 9 ! sepul*re ( ,/4 ,mihiel 7,fig4 #bib7 by ,ri*i]2 ( ! ,sa9ts de ,solesme1 9 ! tombs ( ,langey du ,bellay1 & ( ! ,*ancellor ,de ,birague1 by ,g]ma9 ,pilon1 c4 ,b fa%ion & ! prevail+ ta/e n[ requir$ f arti/s no?+ b pr(ane & voluptu\s compositions1 & !y adopt$ ?is l9e ( ,art all ! m readily1 see+1 z !y did e day1 mo/ beautiful works ( ,*ri/ian sculpture mutilat$ by a new tribe ( ,iconocla/s1 ! ,hugu5ots1 :o seldom %[$ m]cy to ! figur$ monum5ts 9 ,ca?olic *ur*es4 ,! /alls ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s1 by ,jean ,rup91 ! rood-l(t by ,jean ,b\d91 & a numb] ( o!r works ( ! same k9d1 te/ify to ! irruption ( ! ,greek /yle1 its implantation 9 religi\s art1 & its hybrid association ) po9t$ ar*itecture4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only due to our sculptors ( ! sixte5? c5tury to say1 t :5 !y sacrific$ !mselves to ! requirem5ts ( _! age 9 imitat+ ! ma/]pieces ( ,italy1 !y approa*$ ! natural grace ( ,raphael mu* clos] ?an ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4--8,! ,entombm5t10 by ,ri*i]1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mihiel 7,meuse74 7,sixte5? ,c5tury47 ,cell9i1 ,primaticcio1 or any ( ! o!r ,italian arti/s :o 7 settl$ 9 ,france2 t !y comb9$ 9 ! be/ possible way ! my?ological expression ( ! anci5ts ) our mod]n ideas1 & t1 ?anks to !m1 ,france is enabl$ to po9t ) pride to a natural art1 orig9al & indep5d5t1 :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to our days 9 direct succession by ,s>raza91 ,puget1 ,gir>don1 & ,coysevox4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bic1 #bid4--;,g>goyles on ! ,palace ( ,ju/ice1 ,r\54 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,,ar*itecture4 ,! ,basilica ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4--,modification ( ,anci5t ,ar*itecture4--,byzant9e ,/yle4--,=mation ( ! ,norman ,/yle4--,pr9cipal ,norman ,*ur*es4--,age ( ! ,transition f ,norman to ,go?ic4--,orig9 & ,importance ( ! ,ogive4--,pr9cipal ,edifices 9 ! pure ,go?ic ,/yle4--,! ,go?ic ,*ur*1 an ,emblem ( ! ,religi\s ,_s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,florid ,go?ic4--,flamboyant ,go?ic4--,decad5cy4--,civil & ,milit>y ,ar*itecture3 ,ca/les1 ,=tifi$ ,enclosures1 ,private ,h\ses1 ,t[n ,halls4--,italian ,r5aissance3 ,pisa1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome4--,fr5* ,r5aissance3 ,mansions & ,palaces4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian family1 humble & p]secut$1 0 beg9n+ to =m itself into congregations2 :5 x 0 =bidd5 to consecrate any special edifice to ! p]=mance ( ! s]vices ( its religion--a religion :i* oppos$ to ! gorge\s c]emonies ( poly!ism ! mo/ au/]e simplicity--any refuge might h seem$ good en\gh :i* (f]$ to ! fai?ful ! means ( assembl+ !mselves toge!r 9 security2 any retreat mu/ h appe>$ suffici5tly ornam5t$ :i* w\ld recall to ! disciples ( ! crucifi$ ,savi\r ! m\rnful ev5ts prec$+ ! glorification ( t ,div9e sacrifice4 ,b :5 ! religion proscrib$ "o day f\nd itself on ! next ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 ?+s *ang$4 ,con/ant9e1 9 ! mighty ard\r ( 8 zeal1 wi%$ to see ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god efface 9 pomp & 9 magnific5ce all ! solemnities ( ! hea!n _w4 ,9 expell+ ! idols f _! temples1 ! idea c\ld n h sugge/$ itself ( us+ ^! build+s = ! new religion1 because !y 7 g5]ally ( excessively limit$ dim5sions1 & ! plan on :i* !y 7 built w\ld h b indiff]5tly answ]$ ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian c]emonial4 ,:at 0 necess>y = ^! s]vices 0 pr9cipally a spaci\s nave1 9 :i* a l>ge congregation c\ld assemble to he> ! same ^w1 to jo9 9 ! same pray]1 & to intone ! same *ants4 ,! ,*ri/ians s\ght1 !re=e1 among ! edifices !n 9 exi/5ce 7,fig4 #bie71 = su* z w\ld be/ answ] ^! purposes4 ,! basilicas pres5t$ !mselves2 ^! build+s s]v$ at once z law-c\rts & places ( assembly = tradesm5 & money-*ang]s1 & 7 g5]ally compos$ ( "o imm5se hall1 ) lat]al gall]ies & tribunes adjo9+ x4 ,! "n ( basilica1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w basileus 7a k+71 0 giv5 !m1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 f ! fact t =m]ly ! k+s !mselves us$ to adm9i/] ju/ice )9 _! walls2 accord+ to o!rs1 because ! basilica ( ,a!ns s]v$ z a tribunal ( ! second ar*on1 :o bore ! title ( k+2 :5ce ! edifice 0 call$ /oa basilik 7royal por*71 a designation ( :i* ! ,romans pres]v$ only ! adjective1 ! sub/antive be+ und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4--;,basilica ( ,con/ant9e1 at ,trves1 trans=m$ into a ,=tress 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 8,! ,*ri/ian basilica10 says ,m4 ,vaudoy]1 9 8 le>n$ treatise on ar*itecture 9 ,france1 80 mo/ c]ta9ly an imitation ( ! hea!n basilica2 b x is ( importance to obs]ve t f "o cause or ano!r ! ,*ri/ians1 9 ! con/ruction ( _! basilicas1 v soon sub/itut$ = ! ,grecian ar*itecture ( ! anci5t basilicas a sy/em ( ar*es repos+ directly on isolat$ columns1 :i* s]v$ z _! supports2 a p]fectly new contrivance1 ( :i* !re exi/$ no previ\s example4 ,?is new mode ( con/ruction1 :i* has g5]ally be5 attribut$ to ! want ( skill 9 ! build]s ( ?is p]iod1 or to ! nature ( ! mat]ials !y _h at _! disposal1 01 h[ev]1 to become ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian art2 a pr9ciple *>act]is$ by ! break+ up ( ! range ( ar*es1 & by ! ab&onm5t ( ! sy/em ( rectil9e> con/ruction ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 8,inde$1 ! arcade1 :i* _h become ! dom9ant elem5t ( ,roman ar*itecture1 _h nev]!less rema9$ subject to ! proportions ( ! ,greek ord]s1 ( :i* ! entablature s]v$ z an indisp5sable accompanim5t2 & f ?is m$ley ( elem5ts s div]se 0 produc$ ! mix$ /yle :i* *>act]ises ! ,greco-,roman ar*itecture4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians1 9 sep>at+ or break+ up ! arcade1 9 ab&on+ ! use ( ! anci5t ord]s1 & 9 mak+ ! column ! real support ( ! ar*1 laid ! f\ndations ( a new /yle1 :i* l$ to ! exclusive employm5t ( ar*es & vaults 9 ,*ri/ian edifices4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 built by ,ju/9ian 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 af=ds ! mo/ anci5t example ( ?is sy/em ( con/ruction by ar*es & vaults 9 a ,*ri/ian *ur* ( l>ge dim5sions40 ,transport$ to ! ,ea/1 ! ,lat9 /yle !re assum$ a new "*1 ow+ especially to ! adoption & g5]alisation ( ! cupola1 ( :i* !re 7 "s examples 9 ,roman ar*itecture1 b only z an accessory2 :]eas1 9 :at is call$ ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 ?is =m became dom9ant1 &1 z x 71 fundam5tal2 ?us1 at all p]iods & at ea* "t t ! ar*itectural influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ made itself felt 9 ! ,we/1 we see ! cupola introduc$ into build+s4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,vital at ,rav5na af=ds1 9 its plan 7,fig4 #bif7 & 9 its g5]al appe>ance1 an example ( ?is influ5ce1 :i* is q ,byzant9e4 ,edifices ( ,lat9 ar*itecture1 prop]ly s call$1 are r>e1 we might almo/ say t !y h all disappe>$ 7,figs4 #big & #bih72 b if "s *ur*es 9 ,rome1 ^: f\ndation dates back to ! fif? & six? c5turies1 c be consid]$ z specim5s ( ?is fir/ p]iod ( ,*ri/ian art1 x is 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! plan mu* m ?an 9 ! details ( execution1 :i* = a long subsequ5t "t s9ce h be5 unit$ ) ! "w ( lat] p]iods4 ,9 ! days :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 s triumphantly e/abli%$ z to h no fe> nor scruple to utilise1 9 ! con/ruction ( its *ur*es1 ! ru9s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4--;,*ur* ( ,/4 ,vital1 at ,rav5na4 ,byzant9e /yle4 7,six? ,c5tury47 ( ! anci5t temples1 x g5]ally happ5$ t ! ar*itect1 con=m+ himself to new requirem5ts1 endeav\r$1 by a prud5t return t[>ds ! traditions ( ! pa/1 to avoid ^? /rik+ incongruities :i* w\ld h depriv$ ( all _! value ! magnific5t mat]ials he _h at 8 disposal4 ,h5ce arose a /yle /ill undecid$2 h5ce mix$ creations1 :i* x w suffice m]ely to m5tion4 ,!n we mu/ n =get--to say no?+ ( ! case 9 :i*1 z 9 ! old ,roman city1 ,*ri/ian basilicas might be built ) ! m>ble ( hea!n sanctu>ies--! monum5ts ( ?is same ,rome 7 /ill ! only models t pres5t$ !mselves = imitation4 ,f9ally1 = ?is ar*itecture :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 to create z its own1 x 0 obvi\s !re w\ld be an infancy1 an age ( grop+ 9 ! d>k & ( unc]ta9ty2 & at l5g? t !re %\ld be a sep>ation f ! pa/1 & a gradually exp]i5c$ feel+ ( individual /r5g?4 7,fig4 #bii47 ,?is infancy la/$ ab\t five or six c5turies2 = x 0 only ab\t ! ye> #ajjj t ! new /yle--:i* we see at fir/ made up ( 8recollections0 & weak innovations--assum$ an almo/ det]m9ate =m4 ,?is is ! p]iod call$ ,norman1#di :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,vaudoy]1 has left u "s monum5ts t are 8! noble/1 ! simple/1 & ! sev]e/ expression ( ! ,*ri/ian temple40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4--,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,agnes1 at ,rome1 ,lat9 /yle 7,fif? ,c5tury74 ,re/or$ & debas$ 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4--,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91 at ,t\rs 7,six? ,c5tury74 ,rebuilt or re/or$ 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 8,?ree ye>s aft] ! ye> #ajjj1 :i* 0 suppos$ 0 to be ! la/ ye> ( ! _w10 says ! monk ,ra\l ,glab]1 8*ur*es 7 r5ew$ 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! univ]se1 especially 9 ,italy & 9 ,gaul1 al?\gh ! great] numb] 7 /ill 9 a condition good en\gh to require ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4--,rema9s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,m\51 9 ,norm&y4 ,ar*itecture ( ! ,fif? or ,six? ,c5tury4 no repairs40 8,x 0 to ?is p]iod1 t is to say1 ! elev5? c5tury10 adds ,m4 ,vaudoy]1 8mu/ be assign$ ! great] numb] ( ! anci5t *ur*es ( ,france1 gr&] & m magnific5t ?an all ^? ( prec$+ c5turies2 x 0 !n1 also1 ! fir/ associations ( build]s 7 =m$1 :]e( ! abbots & ! prelates !mselves =m$ a portion1 & :i* 7 ess5tially compos$ ( m5 b\nd by a religi\s v[2 ! ,arts 7 cultivat$ 9 ! conv5ts1 ! *ur*es 7 built "u ! direction ( bi%ops2 ! monks co-op]at$ 9 works ( all k9ds4444 ,! plan ( ! ,we/]n *ur*es pres]v$ ! primitive arrangem5t ( ! ,lat9 basilica--t is1 ! elongat$ =m & ! lat]al gall]ies2 ! mo/ important modifications 7 ! l5g!n+ ( ! *oir & ( ! gall]ies1 or ( ! cross1 a free passage e/abli%$ r\nd ! apse 7,fig4 #cjj72 &1 la/ly1 ! comb9ation ( *apels1 :i* gr\p$ !mselves ar\nd ! sanctu>y4 ,9 ! con/ruction ! isolat$ columns ( ! nave are sometimes replac$ by pill>s1 ! spaces betwe5 :i* are fill$ up ) semicircul> ar*es1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4--,notre-,dame1 ,r\51 ogival /yle4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 & a g5]al sy/em ( vault$ ro(s is sub/itut$ = ! ceil+s & timb] ro(s ( ! anci5t ,lat9 basilicas4444 ,! use ( bells1 :i* 0 b sp>+ly adopt$ 9 ! ,ea/1 contribut$ to give to ! *ur*es ( ! ,we/ a "* & an appe>ance q _! own1 & :i* !y owe p>ticul>ly to ^? l(ty t[]s t _h become ! ess5tial "p ( _! faade40 ,! faade itself is g5]ally ( great simplicity4 ,we ent] ! edifice by "o ( ?ree doors1 above :i* runs1 9 mo/ cases1 a little gall]y =m$ ( v small columns close to ea* o!r1 support+ a range ( arcades2 & ^! arcades are (t5 ornam5t$ ) /atues1 z we f9d 9 ! *ur* ( ,notre-,dame at ,poiti]s1 :i*--toge!r ) ! *ur*es ( ,notre-,dame des ,doms1 at ,avignon2 ( ,/4 ,paul1 at ,issoire2 ( ,/4 ,s]n91 at ,t\l\se2 ( ,notre-,dame du ,port1 at ,cl]mont1 c4--may be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ complete specim5s ( ,norman ar*itecture4 ,9 *ur*es ( ?is /yle1 z = in/ance ^? ( ,/4 ,front1 at ,prigueux2 ( ,notre-,dame1 at ,puy en ,velay2 ( ,/4 ,eti5ne1 at ,nev]s1 are se5 also "s cupolas2 b we mu/ n =get t ! ,byzant9e ar*itects1 ^: migrations t[>ds ! ,we/ 7 con/antly tak+ place at ?is p]iod1 c\ld n fail to leave traces ( _! w&]+s1 & we mu/ ackn[l$ge t1 especially 9 our own c\ntry 7,france71 :]e ,ori5tal influ5ce 0 nev] m ?an p>tial1 ! union ( ! two ar*itectonic pr9ciples produc$ ! happie/ results4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,ang\lme1 = example1 is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! edifices 9 :i* ,ori5tal ta/e h>monises ! be/ ) ! ,norman /yle4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 ! bell-t[]s 7 ( v little importance2 b gradually we f9d !m ris+ high] & high]1 & atta9+ to great elevations4 ,"s ca!drals on ! bord]s ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,eti5ne at ,ca51 are examples ( ! extraord9>y height to :i* ^! t[]s 7 built4 ,9 pr9ciple1 we may add1 !re 0 only "o bell-t[] 7,fig4 #cja72 b x g5]ally happ5$ t two 7 giv5 to *ur*es built or re/or$ aft] ! ye> #ajjj3 ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs _h ?ree bell-t[]s--"o ov] ! portal1 & "o at ea* side ( ! transept2 c]ta9 *ur*es _h f\r & ev5 five bell-t[]s4 ,norman bell-t[]s are g5]ally squ>e1 exhibit+1 9 /ories1 two or ?ree ranges ( r\nd-ar*$ arcades1 & t]m9at+ 9 a pyramidal ro( re/+ on an octagonal base4 ,! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 d',aux]re possesses "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable bell-t[]s ( ! ,norman /yle2 !n come1 al?\gh built subsequ5tly to ! pr9cipal edifice1 ^? ( ! ,abbaye aux ,hommes1 at ,ca54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4--;,anci5t ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul-des-,*amps1 at ,p>is1 f\nd$1 9 ! ,sev5? ,c5tury1 by ,/4 ,eloi4 ,re/or$ & 9 "p rebuilt 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,! sun's rays p5etrat$ into ! ,norman *ur* fir/ ?r\gh ! oculus1#ej a va/ r\nd op5+ int5d$ to admit light into ! nave1 & situat$ above ! faade1 :i* g5]ally rose 9 ! =m ( a gable above "o or sev]al r[s ( small columns on ! ext]ior4 ,a s]ies ( lat]al w9d[s op5$ on ! side-aisles ( ! edifice2 ano!r 0 pi]c$ on a level ) ! gall]ies2 & a ?ird betwe5 ! vault$ ar*es ( ! nave4 ,! crypt1 a sort ( subt]ranean sanctu>y1 :i* g5]ally conta9$ ! tomb ( "s beatifi$ sa9t1 or ( "s m>tyr to :om ! edifice 0 d$icat$1 =m$ v (t5 an integral "p ( ! ,norman *ur*4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! crypt1 :i* _h = its ideal object to recall to ! m9d ! p]iod :5 ! (fices ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 7 p]=m$ 9 cav]ns & 9 catacombs1 0 g5]ally ( a massive & impos+ sev]ity1 well suit$ to express ! s5tim5t :i* mu/ h presid$ ov] ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian build+s4 ,! ,norman /yle1 t is to say1 ! primitive idea ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 fre$ f its rema9+ s]vility to ! antique1 seems to h caught a glimpse ( ! def9itive =mula ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,_m a maje/ic monum5t already atte/$ ! au/]e p[] ( ?is /yle2 & p]haps a f9al & ma/]ly inspiration w\ld h suffic$1 p]fection be+ atta9$1 to cause ! rese>*es ( ! matres d'uvre1#ea made z !y felt _! way =w>d1 to cease ( !mselves4 ,already1 too1 z a sign ( maturity1 ,norman edifices1 in/ead ( rema9+ 9 ! some:at too unadorn$ simplicity ( ! fir/ p]iod1 became gradually ornam5t$1 till 9 "t !y resembl$1 f _! base to ! summit1 a delicate "w ( embroid]y4 ,x is to ?is florid ,norman /yle1 :i* 9 ,france reigns especially to ! s\? ( ! ,loire1 t ! *>m+ faade ( ! ,*ur* ( ,notre-,dame de ,poiti]s 7,fig4 #cjb7 belongs1 :i* we h already cit$ z a p]fect type ( ! ,norman /yle itself2 ! faade ( ,/4 ,trophimus1 at ,aries 7,figs4 #cjc & #cjd71 an example 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( :i* ! same "* ( orig9al unity does n prevail2 & t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,gilles1 :i* ,m4 ,mrime cites z ! mo/ elegant expression ( ! florid ,norman4 ,9 %ort1 let u repeat x1 ! ,norman /yle1 gr&iose 9 its au/]ity1 /ill quiet & compact ev5 9 its ri*e/ phantasy1 0 on ! eve ( individualis+ = ev]1 p]haps1 ,*ri/ian ar*itecture2 its r\nd$ ar*es1 unit+ _! full s(t curves to ! simple pr(iles ( columns1 robu/ ev5 9 _! lightness1 seem$ to *>act]ise at "o & ! same "t ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4--,notre-,dame la ,gr&e ( ,poiti]s 7,twelf? ,c5tury74 elevat$ calm ( hope & ! humble gravity ( fai?4 ,b lo6 ! ogive sprang up2 n1 inde$1 z c]ta9 au?ors h ?\ght !y 7 "r 9 affirm+1 f an outbur/ ( spontane\s inv5tion1 = we f9d ! pr9ciple & ! application ( x n only 9 _m edifices ( ! ,norman p]iod1 b ev5 9 ! ar*itectural contrivances ( ! mo/ remote times4 ,& x happ5$ t ?is simple break+ up ( ! r\nd ar*1 ?is 8%>pness0 ( ! ar*1 if we may use ! expression1 :i* ! ,norman build]s _h skilfully utilis$1 giv+ m ( sl5d]ness or graceful /r5g? to vaults ( great ext5t1 became ! fundam5tal elem5t ( a /yle :i*1 9 less ?an a c5tury1 0 to %ut ! future to a tradition dat+ f six or eight c5turies1 & :i* c\ld ) ju/ice pride itself on ! mo/ beautiful ar*itectural conceptions4 7,fig4 #cje47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4--,tympanum ( ! ,portal ( ,/4 ,trophimus1 at ,arles 7,twelf? ,c5tury74 ,f ! twelf? to ! ?irte5? c5tury ! transition took place4 ,! ,norman /yle1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by its r\nd ar*1 ma9ta9$ ! /ruggle ) ! ,go?ic /yle1 ( :i* ! ogive is ! orig9al m>k4 ,9 ! *ur*es ( ?is p]iod we f9d also1 ) reg>d to ! gr\nd-plan ( edifices1 ! *oir assum+ l>g] dim5sions1 necessitat$ no d\bt by increas$ c]emonials 9 ! s]vices4 ,! ,lat9 cross1 :i* 0 ! gr\nd-plan :]eon up to ?is "t ! great] numb] ( sanctu>ies 7 built1 ceas$ to indicate z precisely z h]et(ore its outl9es2 ! nave 0 rais$ consid]ably 9 height1 ! lat]al *apels 7 multipli$1 & (t5 broke ! p]spective ( ! side-aisles2 bell-t[]s assum$ great] importance1 & ! plac+ ( imm5se organs above ! pr9cipal entrance gave rise to a new sy/em ( elevat$ gall]ies 9 ?is "p ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4--;,details ( ! ,portal ( ,/4 ,trophimus1 at ,arles4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,remy1 ,rheims2 ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is2 ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,blois2 ! ,abbey ( ,jumiges2 & ! ,ca!dral ( ,*lons-sur-,m>ne1 are ! pr9cipal examples ( ! ar*itecture ( ! mix$ /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4--;,cloi/] ( ! ,abbey ( ,moissac1 ,guy5ne4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t = a long :ile1 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 ! po9t$ ar* _h prevail$ almo/ entirely ov] ! r\nd ar*1 at ! "t :51 9 ! s\?1 ,norman tradition1 bl5d$ ) ! ,byzant9e1 /ill cont9u$ to inspire ! build]s4 ,nev]!less1 ! dem>cation _c be rigor\sly e/abli%$1 =1 at ! "t :5 edifices ( ! pure/ ,norman /yle %[$ !mselves 9 our 7,fr5*7 nor!rn c\nties 7z1 = example1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 & ! apse ( ,illu/ration3 ,,decoration ,,( ,,la ,,sa9te ,,*apelle1 ,,p>is4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,/4 ,m>t9-des-,*amps1 ,p>is71 we f9d1 at ,t\l\se1 at ,c>cassonne1 at ,montpelli]1 ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,at la/ ,go?ic ar*itecture ga9$ ! day4 8,its pr9ciple10 says ,m4 ,vitet1 8is 9 emancipation1 9 lib]ty1 9 ! _s ( association & comm]ce1 9 s5tim5ts q indig5\s & q national3 x is homely1 & m ?an t1 x is ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,teutonic1 c4 ,norman ar*itecture1 on ! contr>y1 is sac]dotal40 ,& ,m4 ,vaudoy] adds3 8,! r\nd$ ar* is ! det]m9ate & inv>iable =m2 ! po9t$ ar* is ! free & indef9ite =m :i* l5ds itself to unlimit$ modifications4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,po9t$ /yle has no long] ! au/]ity ( ! ,norman1 x is because x belongs to t second phase ( all civilisation1 9 :i* elegance & ri*ness replace ! /r5g? & ! sev]ity ( primordial types40 ,x 01 moreov]1 at ?is p]iod t ar*itecture1 l all ! o!r arts1 left ! mona/]ies to pass into ! h&s ( lay ar*itects organis$ into confrat]nities1 :o travell$ f place to place1 & ?us transmitt$ ! traditional types2 ! result ( ?is 0 t build+s rais$ at v great di/ances f ea* o!r pres5t$ a /rik+ analogy1 & (t5 ev5 a complete similitude to ea* o!r4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion n only on ! orig9 ( ! po9t$ ar*1 b also z to ! beauty & excell5ce ( its =m4 ,accord+ to "s x 0 sugge/$ by ! sight ( _m ar*es int]lac$1 & only con/itut$ "o ( ^? fanta/ical =ms :i* an art 9 que/ ( novelty adopts2 o!rs1 among :om is ,m4 ,vaudoy]1 attribute to x ! mo/ remote orig91 by mak+ x result q naturally 9 ! fir/ attempts at build+ 9 /one1--8f a succession ( c\rses ( /one s arrang$ t ea* ov]hung ! o!r20 or else 9 wood5 con/ructions1 8f ! great] facility !re 0 9 =m+ ) beams a po9t$ r ?an a p]fectly r\nd$ ar*20 o!rs consid] ! adoption ( ! ,po9t$ /yle1 z we said above1 z no?+ b a pro( ( ! religi\s indep5d5ce succe$+ ! rigid fai? ( e>li] days4 ,a ?ird op9ion1 aga91 is t ( ,m4 ,mi*iels1 :o looks on ! ,po9t$ /yle z 9 "s sort an inevitable result ( ! boldness ( ! ,norman1 & :o consid]s ! ,go?ic1 ( :i* x is ! *>act]i/ic1 z 8express+ ! _s ( a p]iod :5 religi\s feel+ _h atta9$ its mo/ p]fect maturity1 & ,ca?olic civilisation produc$ its sweete/ & mo/ agreeable fruits40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4--,may5ce ,ca!dral4 ,rh5i% ,norman4 7,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies74 ,:atev] may be ! m]its ( ^! diff]5t op9ions1 into ! discussion ( :i* we ne$ n ent]1 x is n[ g5]ally assum$ t ! ,po9t$ /yle1 prop]ly s call$1 sprang up fir/ )9 ! limits ( ! anci5t ,ile-de-,france1 :5ce x propagat$ itself by degrees t[>ds ! s\!rn & ea/]n prov9ces4 ,m4 ,mi*iels1 agree+ on ?is po9t ) ! celebrat$ ar*itect ,lassus1 po9ts out t x w\ld be z difficult to attribute ! creation ( ?is /yle to ,g]many z to ,spa94 ,x 0 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury t ! f9e/ ,go?ic build+s appe>$ 9 ,france2 :ile 9 ,g]many1 except ! *ur*es built1 z x 71 on ! ,fr5* fronti]1 we f9d no?+ at t p]iod b ,norman *ur*es 7,fig4 #cjf72 & x is reasonable to suppose t1 if we ow$ ! g5]al adoption ( ! po9t$ ar* to ,spa91 ! introduction ( x w\ld h be5 gradually made ?r\gh t "p ( ! c\ntry situat$ beyond ! ,loire1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! ,norman /yle cont9u$ to be 9 great fav\r :5 x 0 almo/ entirely ab&on$ 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,a c5tury suffic$ to br+ ! ,po9t$ /yle to its highe/ p]fection4 ,notre-,dame 7,fig4 #cjg7 & ! ,sa9te-,*apelle1 9 ,p>is2 ,notre-,dame1 ,*>tres2 ! ca!drals ( ,ami5s 7,fig4 #cjh71 ,s5s1 ,b\rges1 ,c\tances1 9 ,france2 ^? ( ,/rasb\rg1 ,frib\rg1 ,alt5b]g1 & ,cologne1 9 ,g]many1 ! dates ( ^: con/ruction succe$ ea* o!r at int]vals f ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? to ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 are s _m admirable specim5s or types ( ?is art1 :i* we may "h call relatively new4 ,to "k to :at m>vell\s v>iety ( comb9ations & effects1 by m]ely modify+ x 9 height & bread? f its orig9al type1 ?is po9t$ ar*1 :i*1 tak5 by itself1 might appe> ! simple/ ( =ms1 c atta91 "o mu/ h pass$ "s "t 9 divid+ into ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* x is compos$1 by an accurate exam9ation ( its t\t ensemble1 su* an edifice z ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is1 or z ! ,ca!dral ( ,/rasb\rg2 ! fir/ ( :i* attracts att5tion by ! su/a9$ boldness ( its l9es1 /rong z !y are graceful2 ! second1 by its p]fectly bold indep5d5ce1 seem+1 z x does1 to tap] away z by en*antm5t1 9 ord] to be> to a surpris+ height ! evid5ce ( its incompreh5sible tem]ity4 ,we mu/ rise 9 ?\ght above ! edifice to grasp ! plan ( its fir/ conception2 we mu/1 f bel[1 /udy x on all sides to p]ceive ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4--,notre-,dame1 ,p>is 7,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies74 ,view ( ! pr9cipal ,faade be=e ! re/oration execut$ by ,messrs4 ,lassus & ,viollet-le-,duc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4--;,int]ior ( ,ami5s ,ca!dral4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ) :at art its v>i\s p>ts are arrang$1 gr\p$1 plac$ at c]ta9 int]vals f ea* o!r2 we mu/ seek to discov] ! contrivance by virtue ( :i* ! imm5se vidage 7slop+7 ( num]\s buttresses1 ! height ( ! t[]s1 ! retir+ ( ! lat]als1 & ! curve ( ! apse are h>monis$2 we mu/ ent] ! *ur* & /& 9 its nave1 ) its int]m9able delicate ribs--h[ _m clu/]s ( small columns ext5d above ! sl5d] pill>s6--we mu/ contemplate ! beautiful fancies ( ! rose-w9d[s1 :i* by _! _m-col\r$ glass sob] d[n ! gl>e ( ! light pass+ ?r\gh !m2 we mu/ ga9 ! summit ( ^? t[]s1 ^? spires1 & f !m comm& ! dizzy ext5t ( arial ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4--;,capital ( a ,column 9 ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,g5evive 7de/roy$71 ,p>is4 7,elev5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4--;,capital ( a ,column 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,juli5 ! ,poor 7de/roy$71 ,p>is4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 space1 & ! l&scape /ret*+ out ar\nd !m bel[2 we mu/ foll[ att5tively ) our eye ! /rik+ly bold outl9es :i* ! turrets1 ! ornam5t$ gables1 ! guivres1 ! tops ( ! bell-t[]s trace ^u ! sky4 ,?is done1 we %\ld yet h paid b a brief tribute ( att5tion to ^! prodigi\s edifices4 ,:at1 !n1 if we wi%$ to devote suffici5t "t to ! ornam5tation ( ! details 7,figs4 #cji to #cab78 if we desir$ to obta9 a tol]ably exact idea ( ! p f ! /atues :i* sw>m f ! por* to ! p9nacle1 & ( ! flora & fauna1 real or ideal1 t give movem5t to e projection or animate e wall8 if "o c\nt$ on success 9 f9d+ out ! key to all ! cross+s & int]sections ( ! l9es1 ( ! well-adju/$ conceptions :i*1 :ile !y deceive ! eye1 contribute to ! maje/y or ! solidity ( ! :ole8 if1 f9ally1 we 7 mo/ c>eful n to lose any "o ( ! multif>i\s ?\ghts t h be5 fix$ 9 ! /ones ( ! gigantic edifice8 ,! m9d becomes confus$2 & c]ta9ly ! effect produc$ by s mu* imag9ation & s mu* ent]prise1 by s mu* skill & ta/e1 wond]fully elevates ! s\l1 :i* se>*es ) m love aft] ! ,creator :5 x sees su* a "w proce$+ f ! h&s ( ! creature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4--,ve/ige ( ! ,ar*itecture ( ! ,go?s at ,tol$o4 7,sev5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4--;,capital 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,cle/9s 7de/roy$71 ,p>is4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,:5 y approa* ! ,go?ic *ur*1 :5 y /& b5ea? its l(ty ro(1 x is z if a new c\ntry 7 receiv+ y1 possess+ y1 ca/+ ar\nd y an atmosph]e ( subdu+ rev]ie 9 :i* y feel y\r wret*$ s]vitude to worldly int]e/s vani%+ away1 & y become consci\s ( m solid1 m important ties1 spr++ up 9 y4 ,! ,deity :om our f9ite nature c figure to ourselves seems 9 fact to inhabit ?is imm5se build+1 to be will+ to put himself 9 direct communion ) ! humble ,*ri/ian :o approa*es to b[ d[n be=e ,him4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x ( ! human dwell+-place--all relat+ to our poor & mis]able exi/5ce is "h =gott52 ,he = :om ?is resid5ce 0 con/ruct$ is ! ,/rong1 ! ,great1 ! ,magnific5t1 & x is f a pat]nal condesc5sion t ,he receives u into ,8 holy habitation1 z weak1 little1 mis]able4 ,x is ! ideal ( ! fai? :i* is realis$2 all ! articles ( ! belief 9 :i* we h be5 br\ght up are "h embodi$ be=e our eyes2 x is1 la/ly1 ! *os5 spot :]e ! meet+ ( mortal no?+ness & ,div9e ,maje/y is quietly accompli%$4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,middle ,ages _h !n be5 able to f9d 9 ! ,go?ic /yle a tongue z tractable z x 0 en]getic1 z simple z x 0 +5i\s1 :i*1 = ! pi\s excitem5t ( s\ls1 0 to decl>e to ! s5ses all its ineffable poetry4 ,b z ! unb\nd$ fai?1 ( :i* x 0 ! fai?ful organ1 0 on ! next dawn ( its mo/ ard5t aspirations ab\t to decl9e1 s ?is spl5did /yle 0 almo/ z soon to lose its vig\r1 & to exhau/ itself 9 ! unre/ra9$ manife/ation ( its p[]4 ,spr++ into exi/5ce ) ! w>m en?usiasm ( ! fir/ ,crusades1 ! ,po9t$ /yle seems to foll[ 9 its diff]5t phases ! decl9e ( fai? 9 ! "t ( ^! adv5tur\s ent]prises4 ,x began by a s9c]e outbur/1 & 0 produc$ by a bold1 un%ackl$ g5ius2 !n a factiti\s or reflect$ ard\r gave bir? to elaborat5ess & mann]ism2 !n ! f]v5t zeal & ! arti/ic s5tim5t dw9dl$ away3 ?is is ! decad5cy4 ,go?ic art rais$ itself 9 less ?an a c5tury to its culm9at+ po9t2 )9 two c5turies m x 0 to rea* ! fatal po9t :]e x w\ld beg9 to decl9e4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury saw x 9 all its glory1 ) ! edifices we h m5tion$2 9 ! f\rte5? x _h become ! ,florid or ,rayonnant ,go?ic1 :i* produc$ ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,ou5 at ,r\51 & ( ,/4 ,eti5ne at ,metz4 8,!n10 says ,m4 ,a4 ,lefvre1 "o ( ! late/ hi/orians ( ar*itecture1 8no m walls2 ev]y:]e op5 scre5-"w support$ by sl5d] arcades2 no m capitals1 r[s ( foliage imitat$ directly f nature2 no m columns1 l(ty pill>s ornam5t$ ) r\nd or bevell$ m\ld+s4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no?+ weakly 9 its extreme elegance2 slim & delicate )\t be+ gaunt1 ! ,florid /yle did n 9 ! lea/ disfigure ! *ur*es ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* x b\nd$ & decorat$4 8,b aft] ! ,rayonnant ,go?ic came ! ,flamboyant1 :i*1 always "u ! pretext ( lightness & grace1 d5aturalises ! ornam5ts1 ! =ms1 & ev5 ! proportions ( ! ar*itectural memb]s4 ,x effaces ! horizontal l9es :i* us$ to give two /ories to ! w9d[s ( ! nave1 fills up ! nave ) irregul> comp>tm5ts1 curs1 s\fflets1 & flammes2 suppresses ! angles ( ! pill>s & %>p5s ! m\ld+s2 leaves ev5 to ! mo/ massive supports no?+ b an undulat+1 vani%+1 impalpable =m1 :]e %ad[ _c fix itself2 *anges ! lancet-ar*es into braces1 or into flat-ar*$ vaults m or less depress$1 & ! florid ornam5tation ( ! p9nacles into :imsical scrolls4 ,x res]v$ all its ri*es = accessory or ext]ior decorations1 /alls1 pulpits1 hang+ key-/ones1 runn+ friezes1 rood-scre5s1 & bell-t[]s4 ,visible decad5cy ( ! :ole corresponds ) great progress 9 details40 7,fig4 #cac47 ,! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,wulfran1 ,abbeville2 ( ,notre-,dame1 ,clry-sur-,loire2 ( ,/4 ,riqui]2 ( ,corbeil2 & ! ca!drals ( ,orleans & ( ,nantes1 may be cit$ z ! pr9cipal specim5s ( ! ,flamboyant /yle1 & z ! la/ notable manife/ations ( an art :i* !nce=w>d div]g$ m & m f its orig9al inspiration4 ,! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury is g5]ally fix$ z ! limit beyond :i* ! h&some ,go?ic build+s t /ill rose 7 no long]1 9 any degree1 ! normal productions ( _! p]iod1 b 7 felicit\s copies or imitations ( works already consecrat$ by ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,a rem>k may "h be made %[+ to :at ext5t religi\s feel+ pr$om9at$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 x is t at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,norman & ,go?ic ar*itects 7 design+ & produc+ s _m m>vell\s habitations = ! ,deity1 !y seem$ to be/[ sc>cely any att5tion on ! con/ruction ( com=table or luxuri\s dwell+s = man1 ev5 ^? de/9$ = ! mo/ exalt$ p]sonages ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 proportion z ?is s5tim5t ( orig9al fai? lo/ its int5sity1 ,art occupi$ itself m & m ) pr9cely & lordly habitations4 ,! middle class 0 ! la/ fav\r$ by ?is progress1 & ! feel+ ( _! position z citiz5s _h tak5 ! place ( a zeal exclusively pi\s2 s we f9d ! 8t[n-halls0 absorb+ ! spl5d\r & elegance ( :i* private h\ses rema9$ de/itute2 ^! be+ g5]ally built ( wood & pla/]1 & 9 ! he>t ( ! t[ns1 s close toge!r t !y seem$ to be disput+ = light & air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4--,saloon ( ! ,s*ools1 ,ox=d4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,ev]y:]e1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 rose ! *ur*--! home ( peace2 b ev]y:]e also t[]$ up at ! same "t ! ca/le1 t *>act]is$ ! p]man5t /ate ( w> 9 :i* feudal society liv$1 delight$1 & glori$4 8,! ca/les ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful nobles10 says ,m4 ,vaudoy]1 8consi/$ ( irregul>1 uncom=table build+s1 pi]c$ ) a few n>r[ w9d[s1 /&+ )9 "o or two =tifi$ enclosures1 & surr\nd$ by moats4 ,! donjon1 a l>ge high t[]1 g5]ally occupi$ ! c5tre1 & o!r t[]s1 m or less num]\s1 flank$ ! walls1 & s]v$ = ! def5ce ( ! place40 7,fig4 #cad74 8,^! ca/les10 adds ,m4 ,mrime1 8g5]ally pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics z ! anci5t ca/ellum2 b a c]ta9 rugg$ness1 a /rik+ qua9tness 9 plan & execution1 be> witness to a p]sonal w1 & t t5d5cy to isolation :i* is ! in/9ctive s5tim5t ( ! feudal sy/em40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4--;,anci5t ,ca/le ( ,m>c\ssis1 ne> ,ramb\illet4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,9 mo/ ( ! build+s de/9$ = ! privileg$ classes1 x seems z if x 7 deem$ unnecess>y t c>e %\ld be tak5 to secure h>mony ( =m4 ,! decorative /yle ( ! p]iod %[$ itself *iefly 9 ! int]ior ( "s ( ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts1 ! habitable qu>t]s ( ! "l ( ! ca/le & ( 8 family4 ,!re 7 va/ fireplaces ) enorm\s *imney-corn]s surm\nt$ by project+ mantelpieces2 ! vault$ ro( 0 ornam5t$ ) p5d5ts ( v>i\s devices1 & ) pa9t$ or c>v$ escut*eons4 ,n>r[ closets1 contriv$ 9 ! walls1 s]v$ z sleep+ places4 ,! embrasures ( ! w9d[s pi]c$ 9 ! excessively ?ick walls =m$ s _m little *amb]s1 rais$ a few /eps above ! floor ( ! room to :i* !y admitt$ light4 ,/one seats ran along ea* side ( ^! embrasures4 ,"h ! inmates ( ! t[] g5]ally sat :5 ! cold did n oblige !m to draw ne> to ! fireplaces4 7,figs4 #cae & #caf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4--,/aircase ( a ,t[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4--,po9t$ ,w9d[ ) ,/one ,seats4 7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,) ! exception ( ^! slight sacrifices made to ! com=ts ( life1 ev]y?+ 9 ! ca/le 0 arrang$1 contriv$1 & dispos$ ) a view to /r5g? & resi/ance2 & yet x _c be d5i$ t1 un9t5tionally1 ! build]s ( ^! sil5t 7taciturnes7 edifices h _m a "t--aid$ (t51 x is true1 by ! picturesque sites :i* encircle _! works--atta9$ to a maje/y ( height & a gr&eur ( =m truly extraord9>y4 ,if ! ,norman *ur* expresses ) g5tle sev]ity1 & ! ,go?ic *ur* ) sumptu\s fancy1 ! important & sublime doctr9es ( ! ,gospel1 we mu/ equally all[ t ! ca/le1 9 "s sort1 l\dly proclaims ! /]n & uncivilis$ notions ( ! feudal au?ority ( :i* x 0 at once ! in/rum5t & ! symbol4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4--,! ,ca/le ( ,c\cy 9 its anci5t /ate4 7,f a ,m9iature tak5 f a ,manuscript ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury47 ,plac$1 9 mo/ cases1 on natural or artificial em95ces1 x is n )\t a sort ( eloqu5t boldness t ! t[]s & ! donjons %oot into ! air1 succe$ ea* o!r at int]vals1 comm& & support ea* o!r4 ,x is frequ5tly n )\t a sort ( fanta/ic grace t ! walls scale ! ris+ gr\nd1 mak+ an inf9ity ( ! /range/ b5ds1 or coil+ !mselves ab\t ) ! supple ease ( a s]p5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4--,! ,ca/le ( ,v9c5nes1 z x 0 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,evid5tly1 if ! ca/le raises its gloomy head high into ! air1 x has no o!r object 9 do+ s ?an to secure to itself ! advantages ( di/ance & height2 b n ! less on t acc\nt does x /& out on ! sky a gr& object4 ,! masses ( its walls unsymmetrically pi]c$ ) sombre loop-holes pres5t an abrupt & nak$ appe>ance2 b ! monotony ( _! l9es is picturesquely brok5 by ! projection ( ov]hang+ turrets1 by ! corbels ( ! ma*icolat$ ar*es1 & by ! embrasures ( ! battlem5ts4 ,a va/ am\nt ( civilisation /ill exi/s = him :o recalls ! pa/ 9 ! multitude ( ru9s :i* 7 ! witnesses ( bloody feudal divisions2 & we mu/ add to ! sy/em ( isolat$ ca/les t (t5 comm&$ ! mo/ des]t$ valleys1 ! app>atus ( /r5g? & def5ce ( cities & t[ns--gates1 ramp>ts1 t[]s1 citadels1 c41 imm5se works :i*1 al?\gh inspir$ solely by ! g5ius ( /rife & diss5sion1 did n fail nev]!less1 9 _m in/ances1 to comb9e h>mony & v>iety ( detail ) ! g5]al gr&eur ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4--,t\r de ,nesle1 :i* occupi$ ! site ( ! ,ex*ange on ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 ,p>is4 7,f an ,engrav+ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 ,we may cite1 z examples ( ar*itecture purely feudal1 ! ca/les ( ,c\cy 7,fig4 #cag71 ,v9c5nes 7,fig4 #cah71 ,pi]refonds1 ! old ,l\vre1 ! ,ba/ille1 ! ,t\r de ,nesle 7,fig4 #cai71 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 ,plessis-les-,t\rs1 c42 & z specim5s ( ! =tifi$ t[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,avignon & ! city ( ,c>cassonne4 ,let u add t ,aigues-,mortes1 9 ,prov5ce2 ,n>bonne1 ,?ann 7,haut-,rh971 ,v5dme1 ,vill5euve-le-,roi1 ,m\l9s1 ,moret 7,fig4 #cbj71 ,prov9s 7,fig4 #cba71 af=d yet aga9 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic rema9s ( analog\s =tifications4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4--;,gate ( ,moret4 7,twelf? ,c5tury47 ,:ile ! nobles1 jeal\s & suspici\s1 %elt]$ !mselves 9 ! %ad[ ( _! donjons built ) _m /rategical contrivances & ( sub/antial mat]ials2 :ile ! l>ge & small t[ns 7 surr\nd$ ) deep moats1 high walls1 impregnable t[]s1 ! mo/ primitive simplicity presid$ ov] ! con/ruction ( private dwell+s4 ,/one h>dly ev]1 & brick b seldom1 figur$ among ! numb] ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,saw$ or squ>$ timb]s s]v+ z ribs1 mud or clay fill+ up ! int]/ices1 7 all t 0 at fir/ requir$ = ! erection ( h\ses z small z !y 7 com=tless1 & foll[+ ea* o!r 9 irregul> l9es along ! n>r[ /reets4 ,! beams ( ! corbels1 x is true1 began to be adorn$ ) c>v+s & pa9t+s1 ! faades ) panes 7glass7 ( diff]5t col\rs2 b we mu/ rea* ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury be=e we see ! res\rces ( ar*itecture appli$ to ! erection & ornam5tation ( private h\ses4 ,moreov]1 fai? 0 already gr[+ weak2 & no long] 0 x possible to direct all ! res\rces ( an entire prov9ce to ! hon\r ( ! ,deity by ! erection ( a *ur*2 ! use ( gunp[d]1 by revolutionis+ ! art ( w>1 came to less51 if x did n annihilate1 ! va/ /r5g? ( walls2 ! decl9e ( feudalism itself _h comm5c$2 &1 la/ly1 ! enfran*isem5t ( corporations gave rise to a p]fectly new ord] ( individuals :o took _! place 9 hi/ory4 ,we mu/ ref] to ?is p]iod ! h\se ( ,jacques ,cur1 ,b\rges2 ! ,htel de ,s5s1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #cbb72 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 ,r\52 & ^? t[n-halls 9 :i* ! belfry 0 !n consid]$ z a sort ( palladium1 9 ^: %ade ! sacr$ rights ( ! community %elt]$ !mselves4 ,x is 9 our 7,fr5*7 nor!rn t[ns--,/4 ,qu5t91 ,arras1 ,noyon2 & 9 ! anci5t cities ( ,belgium--,brussels 7,fig4 #cbc71 ,l\va91 ,ypres1 t ^! edifices assume ! mo/ sumptu\s "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba4--;,gate ( ,/4 ,john1 ) ,drawbridge1 ,prov9s4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e = a "t x reign$ almo/ exclusively1 ,go?ic art e/abli%$ ! ca!drals ( ,erfurt1 ( ,cologne1 ,frib\rg1 & ( ,vi5na2 !n x di$ away 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,flamboyant /yle4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft] hav+ left "s magnific5t examples ( pure inspiration1 x f\nd its decl9e 9 ! att5uat$ meagr5ess & ! complicat$ ornam5tation ( ! /yle call$ ,p]p5dicul> ogival4 ,if x p5etrat$ also into ,spa91 x 0 to cont5d ) difficulty aga9/ ! mighty ,moori% s*ool1 :i* _h too _m impos+ *efs-d'uvre 9 ! pa/ to surr5d] )\t resi/ance ! c\ntry ( its =m] triumphs 7,fig4 #cbd74 ,9 ,italy x cla%$ n only ) ! ,lat9 & ,byzant9e s*ools1 b also ) a /yle t1 j beg9n+ to =m itself1 0 soon to dispute ) x ! empire ( ta/e1 & to de?rone x 9 t v l& :i* _h be5 its cradle4 ,! ca!drals ( ,assisi1 ( ,si5a1 ( ,milan1 are ! spl5did works 9 :i* its influ5ce triumph$ ov] local traditions & ov] ! ,r5aissance t 0 prep>+ to foll[2 yet we mu/ n ?9k t x succe$$ ev5 !re 9 r5d]+ itself absolutely ! ma/]1 z x _h done on ! ,rh5i% or ,briti% t]ritories4 ,sacrifices 7 made 9 its fav\r2 b ^! sacrifices did n am\nt to an entire immolation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4--;,doorways ( ! ,htel de ,s5s1 at ,p>is2 ! la/ rema9+ portion ( ! ,htel ,royal de ,sa9t-,pol1 built 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,:5 we use ! ^w ,r5aissance1 we seem to be speak+ ( a return to an age already gone by1 ( ! resurrection ( a p]iod t _h pass$ away4 ,x is n /rictly 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4--;,belfry ( ,brussels 7,fifte5? ,c5tury71 f an engrav+ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,inh]it+ f ( old ! arti/ic temp]am5t ( ,greece1 r ?an spontane\sly creat+ ( h]self any /yle1 ,italy1 among all ! nations ( ,europe1 0 ! c\ntry :i* _h mo/ successfully resi/$ ! pr(\nd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4--;,int]ior ( ! ,palace ( ! ,alhambra1 at ,granada4--7,?irte5? ,c5tury47 d>kness ( b>b>ism1 & ! fir/ on :i* ! light ( mod]n civilisation %one4 ,at ! p]iod ( ?is new dawn ( g5ius1 ,italy _h only to ransack ! ru9s its fir/ magnific5ce _h bequea!d x to f9d among !m examples x might foll[2 moreov]1 x 0 ! "t :5 ! active rivalry ( its republics caus$ all ! treasures ( anci5t ,greece to fl[ into x4 ,b :ile x d]iv$ inspiration f ^! abundant manife/ations ( ano!r age1 x nev] ent]ta9$ ! idea ( ab&on+ itself exclusively to a s]vile imitation2 x _h--& 9 ?is consi/s its *ief title to glory--:ile giv+ a peculi> direction to ! revivals ( ! antique1 ! good s5se to rema9 "u ! poetic influ5ce ( t simple & cong5ial art :i* _h consol$ ! _w dur+ ! :ole cont9uance ( t protract$ infancy ( a civilisation :i* 0 at la/ advanc+ ) rapid /rides t[>ds p]fect manhood4 ,f ! twelf? c5tury1 ,pisa gave an impetus to ! art by build+ its ,duomo1 its ,bapti/]y1 its ,lean+ ,t[]1 & ! cloi/]s ( its fam\s ,campo ,santo2 s _m admirable works =m+ an era 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n art1 & 9 a brilliant mann] op5+ ! c>e] on :i* s _m di/+ui%$ m5 7 to ent]1 rivall+ ea* o!r 9 inv5tion1 9 sci5ce1 & 9 g5ius4 ,9 ^! monum5ts ! union ( ,ori5tal ta/e ) ! traditions ( ages gone by creat$ an orig9ality z gr& z x 0 graceful4 8,x is10 z ,m4 ,a4 ,lefvre po9ts out1 8! ,antique )\t its nudity1 ! ,byzant9e )\t its heav9ess1 ! f]v\r ( ! ,we/]n ,go?ic )\t its gha/l9ess0 7effroi74 ,9 #abid ! magi/rates ( ,flor5ce pass$ ! foll[+ decree1 *>g+ ! ar*itect1 ,arnolfo di ,cambio1 to conv]t into a ca!dral ! *ur*1 till !n ( little importance1 ( ,santa ,m>ia de' ,fiori3--8,=asmu*10 !y said1 8z x is 9 ! highe/ degree prud5t = a p ( illu/ri\s orig9 to proce$ 9 _! affairs 9 su* mann] t _! public works may cause _! gr&eur & wisdom to be ackn[l$g$1 ! ord] is giv5 to ,arnolfo1 ma/]-ar*itect ( our t[n1 to make plans = repair+ ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ) ! greate/ & mo/ lavi% magnific5ce1 s t ! skill & prud5ce ( m5 may nev] inv5t1 nor ev] be able to und]take1 any?+ m important or m beautiful40 ,arnolfo appli$ himself to 8 task1 & conceiv$ a plan :i* ! %ortness ( human life did n all[ him to c>ry out2 b ,giotto succe$$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4--;,int]ior ( ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome4 him1 & to ,giotto succe$$ ,orcagna1 & to ,orcagna1 ,brunelles*i1 :o design$ & almo/ complet$ t ,duomo1 ( :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo said x w\ld be difficult to equal1 & impossible to surpass1 x4 ,arnolfo1 ,giotto1 ,orcagna1 ,brunelles*i--does x n suffice to cite ^! great names = u to =m an idea ( ! movem5t go+ on at ?is p]iod8 & :i* 0 soon to produce ,alb]ti1 ,bramante1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,jacques della ,porta1 ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi1 ,antonio & ,juliano de ,sangallo1 ,giocondo1 ,vignola1 ,s]lio1 & ev5 ,raphael1 :o1 :5 he lik$1 0 z mighty an ar*itect z he 0 a m>vell\s pa9t]4 ,x 0 9 ,rome t ^! pr9ces ( ! art congregat$ toge!r1 z ! spl5d\rs ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 7,fig4 #cbe71 to m5tion only "o ( _! gr& creations1 /ill atte/2 s1 x is f ?is city t h5ce=w>d light & example are to come4 ,9 ! /yle :i* ?is ma/]ly phalanx creat$1 ! ,lat9 r\nd$ ar* rega9$ all its anci5t fav\r1 & unit$ itself to ! anci5t ord]s1 :i* became int]m+l$1 or1 at any rate1 sup]pos$4 ,! ogive 0 ab&on$1 b ! columns to decorate _! capitals1 & ! entablatures to give m grace to _! projections1 borr[$ a c]ta9 fanta/ical /yle :i* yield$ 9 no?+ to ! ogival2 ! ,grecian p$im5t reappe>$1 *ang+ sometimes ! upp] l9es ( its triangle into a depress$ semicircle2 la/ly ! cupola1 t /rik+ object :i* 0 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,byzant9e /yle1 became ! dome1 ^: ample curve defi$1 9 ! d>+ heights :]eto x rose1 ! wond]s ( ! ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic4 ,! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 n[ accompli%$1 ! ,go?ic age at an end4 ,rome & ,flor5ce s5t 9 e direction _! ar*itects1 :o1 z !y travell$ f> f ^! metropolises ( ! new /yle1 7 once m subject$ to c]ta9 t]ritorial influ5ces1 b :o knew h[ to make ! tradition ( :i* !y 7 ! apo/les triumphant4 ,x 0 !n t ,france inaugurat$ 9 its turn a ,r5aissance peculi> to h]self2 x 0 !n t1 "u ! reign ( ,*>les ,,viii41 aft] 8 exp$ition into ,italy1 began1 ) ! ,*teau de ,gaillon1 a long succession ( edifices1 :i* 9 _m cases yield$ nei!r 9 ri*ness nor 9 maje/y to ! works ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xii4 rose ! ,*teau de ,blois1 & ! ,htel de la ,c\r des ,comptes1 ,p>is1 a spl5did build+ de/roy$ by fire 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"u ,francis ,i41 ,*ambord 7,fig4 #cbf71 ,fonta9ebleau1 ,madrid 7ne> ,p>is71 magnific5t royal 8hum\rs10 cont5d$ 9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4--;,*teau de ,*ambord1 ) its ,anci5t ,moat4 7,sev5te5? ,c5tury47 elegance & grace ) ! *teaux ( ,nant\illet1 ,*5onceaux1 & ,azai-le-,rideau2 & ) ! manor-h\se ( ,ango1 ne> ,dieppe1 all sumptu\s1 lordly mansions2 ! old ,l\vre1 ! palace ( k+s1 ! cradle ( mon>*y1 0 reg5]at$ "u ! c>e ( ,pet] ,lescot2 ! ,htel de ,ville1 ,p>is1 /ill be>s witness to ! v>i$ tal5t ( ,dom9ique ,cortona1 :o1 z ,m4 ,vaudoy] said ( him1 8ju/ly und]/ood t1 9 build+ = ,france1 he %\ld act 9 a p]fectly diff]5t mann] to t 9 :i* he w\ld h act$ 9 ,italy40 ,"u ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,*>les ,,ix4 ?is activity cont9u$1 & ! ar*itects :o s\ght _! inspirations 9 ,grecian & ,roman antiquity1 z mu* z 9 ! s\v5irs ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 delight$ 9 load+ all ! elegant & graceful build+s ) ornam5ts1 ) bas-reliefs1 & ) /atues1 :i* !y seem$ to c>ve 9 ! /one1 z delicately wr\ght z a piece ( goldsmi?'s "w4 ,philib]t ,delorme built = ,diana ( ,poiti]s ! ,*teau d',anet1 t ar*itectural jewel ^: portico1 transport$ piece by piece at ! "t ( ! revolution>y disord]s1 n[ decorates ! c\rt ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts2 ,jean ,bullant built ,ec\5 = ! ,con/able ,anne de ,montmor5cy2 & ! ar*itect d',anet und]took1 by ord] ( ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 ! con/ruction ( ! ,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies1 :i*1 by a sort ( exig5cy result+ f its p>ticul> de/9ation1 seem$ typically to *>act]ise ! /yle ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4--,porte de ,hal1 ,brussels4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,we mu/ n burd5 ) details ?is summ>y ( "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( art4 ,! hi/ory ( ar*itecture is among ^? va/ doma9s :i* dem& ei!r a %ort epitome or a ?or\ghly deep inve/igation4 ,! epitome be+ alone consi/5t ) ! plan ( our "w1 we mu/ conf9e ourselves to its limits2 b we may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to ?9k t ! few rapid pages ?us devot$ to ! subject h inspir$ ! read] ) ! desire ( p5etrat+ f>!r into a /udy :i* is capable ( (f]+ him s _m agreeable surprises1 s _m rational delights4 ,illu/ration ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,pap]4 ,p>*m5t 9 ,anci5t ,times4--,papyrus4--,prep>ation ( ,p>*m5t & ,vellum 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,sale ( ,p>*m5t at ! ,fair ( ,l5dit4--,privilege ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is on ! ,sale & ,pur*ase ( ,p>*m5t4--,diff]5t ,applications ( ,p>*m5t4--,cotton ,pap] import$ f ,*9a4--,ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 conc]n+ ,pap]4--,! ,employm5t ( ,l95 ,pap] dat+ f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury4--,anci5t ,wat]-,m>ks on ,pap]4--,pap] ,manufactories 9 ,france & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,al?\gh mo/ au?ors :o speak ( p>*m5t attribute ! inv5tion ( x1 on ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 to ,eum5ius1 k+ ( ,p]gamus 7d\btlessly f ! etymology ( ! ^w by :i* x 0 designat$1 viz41 ,p]gam5a71 x seems to be prov$1 accord+ to ,peignot1 t ! use ( x is mu* m anci5t1 & t its orig9 is utt]ly lo/4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 _m passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t we f9d a ,hebrew ,^w1 9 ,lat9 volum51 :i* c only be und]/ood to mean a roll =m$ ( prep>$ sk9 or ( ! leaves ( papyrus1 & x is consequ5tly evid5t t ! ,jews1 f ! "t ( ,moses1 wrote ! tables ( ! ,law on rolls ( p>*m5t4 ,h]odotus says t ! ,ionians call$ books diph!ra 71 a prep>$ hide71 because1 at a "t :5 ! biblos 71 ! inn] b>k ( ! papyrus7 0 sc>ce1 !y wrote on sk9s ( goats or ( %eep4 ,diodorus ,siculus affirms t ! anci5t ,p]sians wrote _! annals on sk9s1 & we mu/ suppose t ,pl9y's ass]tion ref]s only to "s improvem5ts ! ,k+ ( ,p]gamus _h made 9 ! art ( prep>+ a mat]ial t c\ld supply ! place ( papyrus1 :i* ,ptolemy ,epiphanius w\ld no long] all[ to leave ,egypt4 ,! absolute defici5cy ( papyrus rais$ into activity ! fabrication ( p>*m5t1 & soon s l>ge a quantity 0 se5 to fl[ into ,p]gamus t ?is t[n 0 consid]$ z ! cradle ( ! new trade1 already s fl\ri%+4 ,!re 7 !n books ( two k9ds1 ! "o 9 rolls compos$ ( _m leaves sew$ toge!r1 on "o side ( :i* only 0 !re writ+2 ! o!rs1 squ>e-%ap$1 7 writt5 ^u bo? sides4 ,! gramm>ian ,crates1 ambassador ( ,eum5ius at ,rome1 pass$ z ! inv5tor ( vellum4 ,ord9>y p>*m5t is ! sk9 ( a goat1 %eep1 or lamb1 prep>$ 9 lime1 dress$1 scrap$1 & r5d]$ smoo? by pumice-/one4 ,its pr9cipal qualities are :it5ess1 ?9ness1 & /iffness2 b ! "w ( ! curri] mu/ h be5 =m]ly v imp]fect1 = ,hildeb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 tells u t ! writ]1 be=e beg9n+ 8 occupation1 80 9 ! habit ( cle>+ away f ! p>*m5t1 ) ! aid ( a razor1 ! rema9s ( fat & o!r gross impurities1 & !n ) pumice-/one to make ! hair & t5dons disappe>30 ?is almo/ am\nts to affirm+ t ! scribes b\ght ! hide undress$1 &1 by an elaborate prep>ation1 made !m fit = prop] use4 ,virg9 p>*m5t1 :i* 9 its gra9 & col\r resembles vellum1 0 made ( ! sk9s ( ^? lambs & goats :i* _h be5 clipp$4 ,vellum1 m poli%$1 :it]1 m transp>5t1 is made1 z its "n indicates1 ( ! hide ( ! calf4#eb ,x is probable t ) ! ,romans1 papyrus1 consid]+ ! facility !y _h ( procur+ x = !mselves1 0 m frequ5tly us$ ?an p>*m5t1 :i*1 at fir/1 0 r>e & co/ly4 ,b p>*m5t1 m durable & ( great] resi/ance ?an papyrus1 0 res]v$ = ! transcription ( ! mo/ important works4 ,cic]o1 :o _h _m books on p>*m5t 9 8 magnific5t libr>y1 said t he _h se5 ! 8,iliad0 copi$ on a scroll ( p]gam5a :i* w5t into a nut-%ell4 ,_m ( ,m>tial's epigrams prove to u t 9 ! "t ( ?is poet books ( su* k9d 7 /ill m num]\s4 ,un=tunately1 !re rema9s to u no writ+ on p>*m5t dat+ f ?is di/ant p]iod4 ,! ,virgil 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,t]5ce at ,flor5ce1 are ( ! f\r? & fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,admitt+ t "t de/roys all1 & also t ! "w ( ! rude tribes on _m occasions assi/$ ?is natural cause ( de/ruction1 we mu/ n =get t at c]ta9 p]iods1 to supply ! place ( new p>*m5t :5 x 0 sc>ce1 a plan _h be5 devis$ ( mak+ ! p>*m5t rolls :i* _h already be5 us$ = manuscripts s]ve aga9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4--,m9iature ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 repres5t+ an ,evangeli/ :o is transcrib+ ) ! ,calamus1 on ,p>*m5t1 ! ,sacr$ ,text1 ( :i* he is receiv+ ! revelation4 7,bibl4 de ,b\rgogne1 ,brussels47 = a simil> purpose1 ei!r by scrap+ & rubb+ !m ) pumice-/one1 or by boil+ !m 9 wat] or soak+ 9 lime4 ,!re is no d\bt b ! sc>c5ess & ! de>ness ( p>*m5t 0 ! cause ( ! loss ( v _m excell5t works4 ,muratori cites1 = example1 a manuscript ( ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y1 ( :i* ! writ+1 dat+ f eight or n9e c5turies back1 _h be5 sub/itut$ = ano!r ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old2 & ,maffei in=ms u t ! employm5t ( anci5t p>*m5t scrap$ & wa%$ became s g5]al1 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 t ! ,emp]ors put a /op to ?is dang]\s abuse by issu+ an ord] to ! not>ies to use no?+ b p>*m5t 8q new40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4--,view ( ! ,anci5t ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is & its ,dep5d5cies4 ,g5]ally1 ! quality ( p>*m5t s]ves to det]m9e ! date ( its manufacture4 ,! vellum ( manuscripts till ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury is v :ite & ?92 ! p>*m5t ( ! twelf? c5tury is ?ick1 r\gh1 & br[ni%1 :i* (t5 %[s x has be5 scrap$ or wa%$4 ,! great] numb] ( f9e manuscripts are on ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4--,seal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury71 aft] "o ( ! ,dies pres]v$ 9 ! ,collection ( ,m$als 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 virg9 p>*m5t1 :i* f its nature 0 suit$ to ! delicacies ( calligraphy & illum9ation4 ,moreov]1 we see f a /atute ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 dat$ #abia1 t ! p>*m5t trade _h atta9$ at t p]iod to consid]able developm5t2 s1 z a protection aga9/ ! frauds & deceptions :i* might result f ! great competition ( trad]s 9 x1 & to insure a good article be+ furni%$ to /ud5ts & arti/s1 a special privilege 0 grant$ to ! univ]sity1 :i*1 9 ! p]son ( its rector1 _h n only ! "r ( inspection1 b also ! refusal ( all p>*m5t b\ght 9 ,p>is1 no matt] :5ce x _h come4 ,besides :i*1 at ! fair ( ,l5dit1 :i* 0 held e ye> at ,sa9t-,d5is1 on ! doma9s ( ! abbey 7,fig4 #cbi71 & at ! fair ( ,sa9t-,laz>e1 ! rector likewise caus$ ! p>*m5t br\ght to !m to be exam9$1 & ! m]*ants ( ,p>is c\ld n pur*ase any till ! k+'s ag5ts1 ^? ( ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is1 & ! ma/]s & s*ol>s ( ! univ]sity1 _h provid$ !mselves ) :at !y requir$ 7,fig4 #ccj74 ,let u add t ! rector 0 paid a duty on all p>*m5t sold1 & ! result ( ?is tax 0 ! only s\rce ( income atta*$ to ! rector%ip 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh :ite p>*m5t seems to be ! be/ suit$ = writ+1 ! ,middle ,ages1 foll[+ ! example ( antiquity1 gave to ! mat]ial v>i\s t9ts1 especially purple & yell[4 ,! purple 0 *iefly int5d$ to receive *>act]s ( gold or silv]4 ,! ,emp]or ,maxim9ius1 ! y\ng]1 inh]it$ f 8 "m ! works ( ,hom] inscrib$ 9 gold on purple vellum2 & p>*m5t t9t$ 9 ?is way 01 dur+ ! fir/ c5turies1 "o ( ! pr]ogatives res]v$ = pr9ces & ! great dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is rem>kable t ! b>b>ism ( ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies did n dim9i% ! fav\r 9 :i* ^! luxuri\s manuscripts 7 held4 ,little by little1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om 7( writ+ ! entire "w 9 gold or col\rs7 dw9dl$ away4 ,scribes began by col\r+ a few pages only 9 ea* volume1 !n "s m>g9s or frontispieces2 & la/ly ?is decoration 0 re/rict$ to ! heads ( *apt]s1 or to words to :i* great prom95ce 0 to be giv51 or to capital lett]s4 ,! rubricatores 7lit]ally1 writ]s 9 r$71 workm5 :o p]=m$ ?is op]ation1 came 9 "t to be m]e pa9t]s ( lett]s or rubrics 7s call$ because !y 7 orig9ally pa9t$ r$71 ( ^: assi/ance1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ pr9t]s avail$ !mselves to rubric or col\r ! initials ( missals1 ,bibles1 & law books4 ,! dim5sions or sizes ( our books at ! pres5t day h _! orig9 9 ! sizes ( ! p>*m5t 9 old5 times4 ,! entire sk9 ( ! animal1 cut squ>e & fold$ 9 two1 repres5t$ ! 89-folio10 :i*1 moreov]1 v>i$ 9 l5g? & bread?2 & we h e reason to suppose t pap]1 f ! day x 0 inv5t$1 foll[$ ! ord9>y sizes ( ! fold$ p>*m5t4 ,z to ! dim5sions ( ! p>*m5t employ$ = diplomas1 !y v>i$ accord+ to ! "t1 ! brevity ( ! matt]1 or ! nature ( its employm5t4 ,among ! anci5ts1 :o wrote only on "o side ( ! p>*m5t1 ! sk9s 7 cut 9 b&s jo9$ toge!r s z to =m volumes or rolls1 :i* 7 unroll$ z _! cont5ts 7 read4 ,?is cu/om 0 pres]v$ = public & judicial acts = a long "t aft] ! inv5tion ( ! squ>e book 7codex7 _h caus$ ! opi/hographic writ+ to be adopt$1 by :i* is to be und]/ood writ+ on bo? sides ( ! page4 ,9 pr9ciple1 only ! f9al =mul1 or ! signatures1 7 writt5 on ! back ( ! docum5t4 ,by degrees p adopt$ ! practice ( writ+ on ! back z well z ! front ( ! page2 b x 0 n till ! sixte5? c5tury t ?is cu/om became g5]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca4--,seal ( ! ,k+ ( ,la ,baso*e4 7,?is title 0 suppress$1 ) all its pr]ogatives1 by ,h5ry ,,iii47 ,judicial acts1 compos$ sometimes ( _m sk9s sew$ toge!r1 came 9 "t to =m rolls ( tw5ty feet 9 l5g?2 to su* extreme proportions did !y rea*1 ?\gh at fir/ !y 7 s small 9 size t _! limit$ dim5sions are truly incr$ible2 = 9 #abcc & #abeb we f9d contracts ( sales ( two in*es long by five in*es wide1 & 9 #abeh a w writt5 on a piece ( p>*m5t ( two in*es by ?ree & a half4 ,x 0 by way ( comp5sat+ = ! great co/ ( p>*m5t t opi/hographic writ+ 0 adopt$ & rolls 7 put aside2 & ! "n alone rema9s z appli$ to ! rolls ( proc$ure4 ,! size t leaves %\ld assume 0 also fix$1 accord+ to ! diff]5t uses = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,= in/ance1 ! leaves ( p>liam5t>y docum5ts 7 n9e in*es & a half long by sev5 & a half wide2 ^? ( ! c\ncil1 t5 by eight2 ^? ( f9ance & ( private contracts1 twelve & a half by n9e & a half2 lett]s ( p>don1 "u ! k+'s h&1 7 to be on entire sk9s squ>$1 two feet two in*es by "o foot eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccb4--,! ,pap]-,mak]1 drawn & engrav$ 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury by ,j4 ,amman4 ,b :ile ! use ( p>*m5t 0 /ill /rictly employ$ 9 ! *ancellor's (fices & ! tribunals1 :]e ! baso*e 7a bro!rhood ( lawy]s ( all grades7 consid]$ x z "o ( _! mo/ lucrative privileges 7,fig4 #cca71 x _h = a long :ile ceas$ to be us$ any:]e else4 ,pap]1 aft] hav+ dur+ _m c5turies compet$ ) p>*m5t1 at la/ almo/ entirely replac$ x 7,fig4 #ccb72 = if less durable1 x _h ! great advantage ( co/+ mu* less4 ,=m]ly no?+ b ! anci5t papyrus ( ,egypt 0 kn[n1 & x 0 made use ( concurr5tly ) p>*m5t till !re 0 br\ght into ,europe1 t[>ds ! t5? c5tury1 cotton pap]1 :i* is g5]ally believ$ to be a ,*9ese inv5tion1 & :i* 0 at fir/ call$ ,grecian p>*m5t1 because ! ,v5etians1 :o introduc$ x into ! ,we/1 _h f\nd x 9 use 9 ,greece4 ,actually1 ?is pap] 0 at fir/ ( a v inf]ior quality1 co>se1 spongy1 dull1 & subject to ! attacks ( damp & worms2 s mu* s t ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 issu$1 9 #abba1 an ord] decl>+ null & void all docum5ts writt5 on x1 & fix+ ! t]m at two ye>s by :i* all 7 to be transcrib$ on p>*m5t4 ,! use & ! k ( ! process ( manufactur+ pap] f cotton soon l$ to ! fabrication ( pap] f l95 or rags4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to say :5 & :]e x 0 accompli%$--! ass]tions & ! te/imonies on ?is po9t are s contradictory4 ,"s ?9k t ! pap] 0 br\ght f ! ,ea/ by ! ,spani% ,s>ac5s2 o!rs say x came f ,*9a2 ^! affirm x has be5 employ$ s9ce ! t5? c5tury2 ^?1 t we c only f9d specim5s ( x z f> back z ! reign ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4--,wat]-,m>ks on ,pap]1 f ! ,f\rte5? to ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,at any rate1 ! mo/ anci5t writ+ on pap] made ( rags kn[n at ! pres5t day is a lett] f ,jo9ville to ,l\is ,x41 dat$ #acae2 we may1 moreov]1 m5tion ) c]ta9ty1 z writt5 on l95 pap]1 an inv5tory ( goods belong+ to a c]ta9 ,prior ,h5ry1 :o di$ 9 #acdj1 :i* is pres]v$ at ,cant]bury1 & _m au!ntic writ+s1 dat+ back z f> z #acce1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london4 ,! fir/ pap]-manufactory e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& 01 x is said1 at ,h]t=d1 :i* dates only f #aehh2 b important pap]-manufactories exi/$ 9 ,france f ! reign ( ,philippe de ,valois1 t is1 f ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 p>ticul>ly at ,essonne & at ,troyes4 ,! pap] :i* came f ^! manufactories bore g5]ally1 9 ! pap] itself1 diff]5t m>ks 7,fig4 #ccc7 call$ wat]-m>ks1 su* z a bull's head1 a cross1 a s]p5t1 a />1 a cr[n1 c41 accord+ to ! quality or de/9ation ( ! pap]4 ,_m o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe _h also fl\ri%+ pap]-manufactories 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,f ?is p]iod we f9d1 inde$1 a l>ge numb] ( docum5ts writt5 on pap] made ( rags1 ! use ( :i* ?us prec$$ by ab\t a c5tury ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4--;,bann] ( ! ,pap]-,mak]s ( ,p>is4 ,,manuscripts ,manuscripts 9 ,old5 ,times4--,_! ,=m4--,mat]ials ( :i* !y 7 compos$4--,_! ,de/ruction by ! ,go?s4--,r>e at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* pres]v$ & multipli$ !m4--,copyi/s4--,transcription ( ,diplomas4--,corporation ( ,scribes & ,booksell]s4--,palography4--,greek ,writ+s4--,uncial & ,cursive ,manuscripts4--,sclavonic ,writ+s4--,lat9 ,writ]s4--,tironian ,%or?&4--,lomb>dic ,*>act]s4--,diplomatic4--,capetian4--,lu dovic9ian4--,go?ic4--,runic4-- ,visigo?ic4--,anglo-,saxon4--,iri%4 ,let ! read] ref] to ! *apt]s on ,,p>*m5t & ,,b9d+1 & he w f9d a few rem>ks on ! purely mat]ial "p ( manuscripts2 we may1 !n1 "h treat ?is "q v summ>ily2 & = t purpose we %all avail ourselves ( ! rem>kable "w ( ,j4 ,j4 ,*ampollion-,figeac4 ,:5 writ+ 0 once inv5t$1 & _h pass$ into g5]al use 9 civilis$ society1 ! *oice ( sub/ances suit$ = its reception1 & to fix x 9 a durable mann]1 0 v div]sifi$1 al?\gh dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! text to be writt54 ,p wrote on /one1 on metals1 on ! b>k & leaves ( _m k9ds ( trees1 on dri$ or bak$ clay1 on wood1 on ivory1 wax1 l951 ! hides ( quadrup$s1 on p>*m5t1 ! be/ ( ^! prep>ations2 on papyrus1 :i* is ! inn] b>k ( a re$ gr[+ 9 ! ,nile2 !n on pap] made ( cotton2 & la/ly1 on pap] made f hemp & flax1 call$ rag pap]4 ,! ,roman _w _h adopt$ ! use ( papyrus1 :i* 0 a v important bran* ( comm]ce at ,alex&ria4 ,we f9d pro( ( ?is 9 ! writ]s ( antiquity3 ,/4 ,j]ome be>s witness to x z f> z reg>ds ! fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,! ,lat9 & ,greek emp]ors gave _! diplomas on papyrus4 ,popes trac$ _! mo/ anci5t bulls ^u x4 ,! *>t]s ( ! k+s ( ,france ( ! fir/ race 7 also issu$ on papyrus4 ,f ! eigh? c5tury p>*m5t cont5d$ ) papyrus2 a little lat] cotton pap] also became its competitor1 & ! elev5? c5tury is g5]ally fix$ on z ! p]iod :5 papyrus 0 entirely sup]s$$ by ! new mat]ials appropriat$ to ! pres]vation ( writ+4 ,= writ+ on papyrus ! bru% or re$ 0 employ$1 ) inks ( diff]5t col\rs2 black ink 01 h[ev]1 mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,!re grew on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 at ! "t :5 ! re$ furni%$ papyrus1 ano!r sort ( re$1 /iff] & also m flexible1 & admirably suit$ = ! manufacture ( ! calamus1 an in/rum5t supply+ ! place ( ! p51 :i* 0 n adopt$ be=e ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! size ( manuscripts 0 9 no way subject to fix$ rules1 !re 7 volumes ( all dim5sions2 ! mo/ anci5t on p>*m5t are1 9 g5]al1 long] ?an !y are broad1 or else are squ>e2 ! writ+ re/s on a l9e trac$ ) ! dry po9t ( ! calamus1 & aft]w>ds ) black-lead2 ! p>ts mak+ up a volume are compos$ ( an indet]m9ate numb] ( leaves2 a ^w or a figure1 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! la/ page ( ea* "p & at ! end ( ! volume1 s]ves z a cat*word f "o fasciculus to ano!r4 ,! emp]ors ( ,con/ant9ople us$ to sign 9 r$ ink ! acts ( _! sov]eignty2 _! fir/ secret>y 0 ! gu>dian ( ! vase conta9+ ! c9nab> 7v]milion71 :i* ! emp]or alone might use4 ,"s diplomas ( ! k+s ( ,france ( ! second race are sign$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 valuable manuscripts1 great use 0 made ( gold5 ink1 especially :5 ! p>*m5t 0 dy$ purple2 b r$ ink 0 almo/ always employ$ = capital lett]s or = ! titles ( books1 & = a long "t aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ! volumes /ill _h ! rubrics 7rub]1 r$7 pa9t$ or beautifully execut$ ) ! p54 ,! great] numb] ( ri* manuscripts1 ev5 :5 !y conta9$ ! text ( "s anci5t secul> au?or1 7 de/9$ to be pres5t$ to ! treasuries ( *ur*es & abbeys1 & ^! (f]+s 7 n made )\t great display3 ! book1 :atev] its cont5ts might be1 0 plac$ on ! alt>1 & a solemn mass 0 celebrat$ on ! occasion2 moreov]1 an inscription at ! end ( ! "w m5tion$ ! homage :i* _h be5 paid = x to ,god & to ! sa9ts 9 p>adise4 ,we mu/ n =get t 9 ?is "t ( almo/ univ]sal ignorance1 ! ,*ur* 0 ! only depository ( lit]ature & sci5ce2 %e s\ght aft] ^? hea!n au?ors :o c\ld in/ruct h] 9 eloqu5ce t might be employ$ 9 advanc+ ! fai?1 almo/ z mu* z %e s\ght = sacr$ books2 x 0 n r>e ev5 to see ,*ri/ian zeal exalt+ itself s f> z to f9d prophets ( ! ,messiah 9 writ]s v ant]ior to ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/4 ,?us ! be/ ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts ( pr(ane au?ors are ! "w ( monks1 z 7 ! ,bibles & ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! rules ( ! mo/ anci5t bro!rhoods recomm5d$ ! monks :o c\ld write & :o wi%$ to please ,god to re-copy ! manuscripts1 & ^? :o 7 illit]ate to le>n to b9d !m4 8,! "w ( ! copyi/10 said ! le>n$ ,alcu9 to 8 contempor>ies1 8is a m]itori\s "w1 :i* is pr(itable to ! s\l1 :ile ! "w ( ! pl\ghman is pr(itable only to ! belly40 ,at all p]iods ( hi/ory we f9d m5tion made ( c]ta9 celebrat$ manuscripts4 ,we w n g s f> back z ! ,greek traditions relat+ to ! works ( ,hom]1 ( :i* "s copies 7 ornam5t$ ) a ri*ness t has1 probably1 nev] be5 surpass$4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,/4 ,j]ome possess$ tw5ty-five p>ts ( ! works ( ,orig51 :i* ,pamphilus ! ,m>tyr _h copi$ ) 8 own h&4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,fulg5tius1 ,h9cm>1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 m5 z le>n$ z !y 7 pi\s1 appli$ !mselves to reproduc+ ) _! own h&s ! be/ anci5t texts4 ,a copyi/ by pr(ession 0 call$ scriba1 scriptor2 ! place 9 :i* !y g5]ally work$ 0 call$ scriptorium4 ,! capitul>ies aga9/ bad copyi/s 7 frequ5tly r5ew$4 8,we orda9 t no scribe write incorrectly10 we f9d 9 ! collection ( ,baluze4 ,we read 9 ! same collection1 9 #ghi1 8,!re %all be good ,ca?olic texts 9 all mona/]ies1 s t pray]s %all n be made to ,god 9 faulty language40 ,9 #hje1 8,if ! ,gospels1 ! ,psalt]1 or ! ,missal are to be copi$1 only c>eful middle-ag$ m5 are to be employ$2 v]bal errors may o!rwise be introduc$ into ! fai?40 ,!re 71 moreov]1 correctors :o rectifi$ ! "w ( ! copyi/s1 & atte/$ ! "w1 on ! volumes1 by ! words contuli1 em5davi 78,i h collat$1 ,i h revis$074 ,a copy ( ,orig5's works has be5 m5tion$1 correct$ by ! h& ( ,*>lemagne himself1 to :om is also attribut$ ! introduction ( full /ops & commas4 ,! same c>e presid$ ov] ! prep>ation ( royal *>t]s & diplomas2 ! ref]5d>ies or *ancellors drew !m up & sup]9t5d$ _! despat*2 ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! cr[n int]v5$1 z gu>antors or witnesses to !m1 & ^! acts 7 read publicly be=e !y 7 sign$ & seal$4 ,not>ies & witnesses gu>ante$ ! au!nticity ( private *>t]s4 ,z long z pr9t+ did n exi/ 9 ,france1 ! corporation ( scribes1 copyi/s ( *>t]s1 & copyi/s ( manuscripts1 :i* c\nt$ among !m booksell]s1 0 v num]\s & v influ5tial1 s9ce x 0 compos$ ( graduates ( ! univ]sity t patronis$ !m & plac$ !m among ! numb] ( its indisp5sable ag5ts4 ,he :o desir$ to become a booksell] _h to give pro( ( 8 in/ruction & ( 8 ability2 he 0 oblig$ to take an oa? 8n to commit any deception1 fraud1 or evil ?+ :i* might damage or prejudice ! univ]sity1 its s*ol>s & frequ5t]s1 nor to rob nor speak ill ( !m40 ,besides :i* he 0 compell$ to deposit a sum ( fifty francs 7livres p>isis7 z caution-money4 ,! rules impos$ on scribes & on booksell]s 7 always v /rict1 & ?is sev]ity 0 only too ju/ly occasion$ by ! abuses t exi/$1 & by ! sc&al\s disord] ( ! p :o ex]cis$ ^! pr(essions4 ,9 ! ye> #acbd ! univ]sity publi%$ ?is ord]3--8,!re w be admitt$ only p ( good conduct & morals1 suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! book trade1 & previ\sly approv$ by ! univ]sity4 ,! booksell] may n take a cl]k into 8 s]vice till t cl]k has sworn1 be=e ! univ]sity1 to ex]cise 8 pr(ession accord+ to ! ord9ances4 ,! booksell] mu/ give to ! univ]sity a li/ ( ! works :i* he sells2 he mu/ n refuse to let a manuscript to :omsoev] may wi% to make a copy ( x1 on paym5t ( ! indemnity fix$ by ! univ]sity4 ,he is =bidd5 to let out books t h n be5 correct$1 & ^? /ud5ts :o f9d an incorrect copy are reque/$ to d5\nce x publicly to ! rector1 s t ! booksell] :o has let x out may be puni%$1 & t ! copy may be correct$ by s*ol>es 7le>n$ m5 or s*ol>s74 ,!re %all be e ye> f\r commission]s *os5 to fix ! price ( books4 ,"o booksell] %all n sell a "w to ano!r booksell] be=e he has expos$ ! "w = sale dur+ f\r days4 ,9 any case ! sell] is oblig$ to regi/] ! "n ( ! pur*as]1 to describe him1 & to /ate ! price = :i* ! book 0 sold40 ,f c5tury to c5tury ?is legislation und]w5t v>iations1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! times3 & :5 ! pr9t+-press came1 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to *ange ! face ( ! _w1 ! corporation ( scribes rose at fir/ aga9/ ! new art :i* 0 to ru9 !m4 8,b at la/10 says ,*ampollion-,figeac1 8!y submitt$1 & tempor>y measures 7 recomm5d$ to ! public au?orities = ! def5ce ( an anci5t ord] ( ?+s :i* c\ld n long resi/ ! new40 ,n[ let u g back to ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 to resume ! "q f a palographic po9t ( view4 ,! languages & lit]ature ( mod]n ,europe are all ,greek or ,lat91 ,sclavonic or ,go?ic2 ^! f\r great families ( peoples & ( languages h exi/$ 9 spite ( ! vicissitudes ( politics4 ,su* is ! basis :]eon mu/ be f\nd all ! rese>*es by :i* we are to e/abli% ! orig9 & nature ( ! writ+ peculi> to ea* lit]ature4 ,! ,greeks ( ,con/ant9ople taught writ+ to ! ,sclavonic race1 & ) x ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,greek writ+ 7we speak ( ! ,*ri/ian era only7 0 ! capital writ+1 regul> & well-proportion$2 z x became g5]al x 0 simplifi$ m & m4 ,aft] ?is sort ( writ+1 examples ( :i* are f\nd only on /one or bronze1 we come to ! writ+ call$1 al?\gh we d n "k :y1 uncial1#ec :i*1 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! ,greek cursive 7fl[+74 ,uncial writ+ 0 employ$1 9 ,greek manuscripts1 up to ! n9? c5tury2 we may obs]ve ! transition f ! uncial to ! half-uncial1 & f ! half-uncial to ! m9uscule4#ed ,9 ! t5? c5tury manuscripts 9 m9uscule became v abundant--! ta*ygraph]'s 71 quick1 & 1 ,i write71 or ! p>tisans ( quick writ+1 ga9$ ! day2 ! caligraph]s 71 beautiful1 & ,i write7 desir$ to foll[ _! example4 ,^! employ$ a great deal ( "t 9 pa9t+ ! initials ( runn+ lett]s3 ! new me?od1 :i* produc$ m 9 ! same space ( "t1 easily got into fav\r2 ! caligraph]s ab&on$ ! uncial & adopt$ ! m9uscule *>act]s connect$ toge!r1 :i* comb9$ good =ms ) great] facility ( execution4 ,!nce=w>d1 ! uncial 0 no long] employ$ except = ! titles or head+s ( books4 ,among ! f9e specim5s ( ?is epo* :i* h be5 pres]v$1 we may m5tion1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is1 a ,book ( ! ,gospels1 call$ ,c>d9al ,maz>9's1 & ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,gregory ,nazianzus2 at ! ,laur5t9ean ,libr>y1 ,flor5ce1 are a ,plut>* & a ,book ( ! ,gospels1 writt5 ) gold ink 9 l>ge & massive m9uscule cursive *>act]s2 & la/ly1 a book ( ecclesia/ical (fices1 belong+ also to ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 9 ,p>is1 & :i* be>s ?is sup]scription 9 ,greek3--8,pray = ,eu?ymus1 a poor monk1 prie/ ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,laz>e4 ,?is volume 0 f9i%$ 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ,convocation ,s1 9 ! ye> #feae10 a date :i*1 accord+ to ! computation ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 corresponds to ! mon? ( ,may ( ! ye> #ajjg ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,to ! twelf? c5tury is assign$ ! beautiful ,greek manuscript :i* 0 aft]w>ds giv5 to ,l\is ,,xiv4 by ,*rysan!s ,noras1 ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem2 to ! ?irte5? c5tury belongs ano!r manuscript1 9 v small cursive lett]s1 ornam5t$ ) portraits1 pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or ,palologos to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,x 0 only 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury t manuscripts half ,lat9 & half ,greek1 appe>$4 ,la/ly came ,ange ,vgce1 ( ,corfu1 :o1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 made = himself1 z a ,greek caligraph]1 su* a reputation t he gave1 x is said1 rise to ! prov]b1 8crire comme un ange40 ,! ,greek alphabet1 :5 x p5etrat$ into ! c\ntries ( ! nor? ) ! ,*ri/ian religion & civilisation1 und]w5t important modifications4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,danube1 9 anci5t ,msia1 ,ulphilas1 ! desc5dant ( a ,cappadocian family =m]ly tak5 prison] by ! ,go?s1 inv5t$1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! alphabet be>+1 on t acc\nt1 ! "n ( ,ms-,go?ic1 & :i* is ( ,greek orig91 ) a mixture ( ,lat9 *>act]s & o!r peculi> signs4 ,?is writ+ is heavy1 )\t be+ elegant2 diff]+1 z if by an in/9ct ( nationality1 f ! types :i* x imitates4 ,! ,ms-,go?ic manuscripts are1 h[ev]1 v r>e2 only two or ?ree be+ kn[n4 ,! ,sclavonic writ+1 :i* is also a daught] ( ,greece1 has a hi/ory ne>ly simil> to t ( ! ,ms-,go?ic4 ,:5 ! p ( ?is family 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 !y 7 br\ght ov] to x by ,greek ,*ri/ians1 & ! ,patri>* ,cyril1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 became _! tea*]2 he taught !m1 h[ to write 7:i* !y nev] knew till !n71 & x 0 ! ,greek alphabet !y adopt$1 add+ to x1 h[ev]1 a few new signs1 s t !y might be able to express ! s\nds peculi> to _! language4 ,sclavonic manuscripts are positively num]\s 9 public libr>ies4 ,we f9d !m 9 ,p>is1 ,bologna1 & ,rome1 b above all 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! c\ntry "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,muscovite4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ is t belong+ to ! t[n ( ,rheims1 & :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( 8,texte du ,sacre10 because a tradition 7an errone\s "o1 h[ev]7 ass]ts t ! k+s ( ,france1 at ! "t ( _! coronation at ,rheims1 took ! oa?s on ?is book1 :i* 0 said to be writt5 by ! h& ( ,/4 ,procopius4 ,! ,sclavonic manuscripts 9 g5]al recomm5d !mselves less by ! elegance ( _! execution ?an by ! ri*ness ( _! b9d+s4 ,! actual ,russian alphabet is b an abridgm5t ( ! alphabet call$ ! ,cyrilian1 r$uc$ to =ty-two signs by ! ,emp]or ,pet] ,i42 s t ! ,sclavonic nations knew two ,cyrilian alphabets1 ! anci5t ,sclavonic = ! liturgical writ+s1 & ! mod]n ,sclavonic1 or ,russian1 9 g5]al use4 ,( ! fir/ no manuscripts exi/ e>li] ?an ! elev5? c5tury ( our era4 ,! manuscripts ( ! ,lat9s are1 )\t d\bt1 m num]\s & m v>i$1 because ! ,lat9 ,*ur* is m ext5sive1 & because ,roman civilisation spread itself ov] a l>g] numb] ( ,european prov9ces4 ,at ! head ( ! manuscripts ( ! ,lat9 writ+ is plac$ a fragm5t ( papyrus1 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 on :i* is inscrib$ an imp]ial edict = ! annulm5t ( a sale ( prop]ty1 agre$ ^u 9 consequ5ce ( "s viol5ce committ$ by a c]ta9 man nam$ ,isidore2 ! date ( ?is docum5t has be5 fix$ z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,= ! f\r? c5tury we h ! 8,virgil10 ) m9iatures1 :i* we m5tion else:]e 7,,m9iatures ,,( ,,manuscripts71 & a 8,t]5ce10 bo? belong+ to ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 & bo? writt5 9 capital lett]s2 9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 !y are irregul>1 & call$1 on t acc\nt1 ru/ic capitals4 ,to ! same p]iod we mu/ ref] ! 8,treatise on ! ,republic10 by ,cic]o1 :i* has b lately be5 f\nd 9 a volume f :i* ! previ\s writ+ _h be5 effac$1 z 0 (t5 ! case 7see ,,p>*m5t ,,& ,,pap]71 9 ord] to make room = ! new writ+4 ,= ! fif? c5tury we h a second 8,virgil10 ) m9iatures1 :i* pass$ f ! libr>y ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is into t ( ! ,vatican4 ,! 8,prud5ce10 :i* ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is /ill possesses1 is a v f9e manuscript ( ! six? c5tury1 writt51 9 ru/ic capitals1 qua9t b elegant4 ,two o!r k9ds ( writ+ 71 at ! same p]iod1 9 use among ! ,lat9s2 ?is same ru/ic capital1 ceas+ to be rectangul>1 & r\nd$ 9 its pr9cipal /rokes1 became ! uncial2 & = t v reason be+ mu* m exp$iti\s1 0 res]v$ especially = ! copy+ ( works2 :ile ! cursive1 al?\gh sometimes employ$ = manuscripts1 0 us$ *iefly 9 lett]-writ+4 ,( ! fir/ ( ^! two writ+s1 ! uncial1 we h two f9e specim5s ( ! six? c5tury 9 ! 8,s]mons0 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 on papyrus 7,fig4 #ccf71 & 9 a ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 writt5 9 lett]s ( silv] on purple vellum1 bo? ( :i* n[ belong to ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,9 ! same c5tury1 we f9d a k9d ( writ+ call$ half-uncial1 :i* became m & m exp$iti\s by ! *ange made 9 c]ta9 ( its =ms4 ,!re 0 !n also a ,gallican uncial1 ! =m ( :i* we c see 9 ! manuscript said to be by ,/4 ,prosp] 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is72 & an uncial ( ,italy1 among :i* figure ! ,bible ( ,mont-,amiati1 at ,flor5ce2 ! palimpse/#ee ,homilies ( ! ,vatican1 & ! admirable ,book ( ! ,gospels at ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #ccg74 ,! mo/ anci5t /yle ( cursive writ+1 employ$ 9 *>ts & diplomas1 is to be se5 9 ! de$s kn[n by ! "n ( *>t]s ( ,rav5na1 f ! "n ( ! t[n 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,we may consid] z analog\s to ^! ! writ+ ( ! ,acts ( our e>ly k+s1 v difficult to read on acc\nt ( ! exagg]at$ mann] 9 :i* ! ?9 /rokes jo9 ! lett]s toge!r1 & by ! indef9ite =ms ( ! up & d[n /rokes4 ,we give a fragm5t 7,fig4 #cch7 tak5 f an orig9al *>t1 on p>*m5t1 ( ,*ildeb]t ,,iii4 ,we see :at ! same writ+ _h become 9 #ghd by ,fig4 #cci1 copi$ f an orig9al capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs ! employm5t1 9 ord9>y use among *ancellors & not>ies1 ( a writ+ completely ta*ygraphic2 x is compos$ ( ciph]s1 "o ( :i* took ! place ( a syllable or a ^w4 ,?is writ+ 0 call$ ,tironian1 because ! inv5tion ( x is attribut$ to ,tiro1 ,cic]o's fre$-man1 :o made use ( x 9 ta*ygraph+1 or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 /5ograph+ 7%ort-h&71 ! spee*es ( ! illu/ri\s orator4 ,fig4 #cdj is tak5 f a psalt] ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ( :i* ! text is transcrib$ ) ! ta*ygraphic *>act]s ( t p]iod4 ,! "n ( ,visigo?ic is giv5 to ! writ+ ( manuscripts execut$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france & 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! rule ( ! ,go?s & ! ,visigo?s2 ?is writ+1 /ill r ,roman1 is g5]ally r\nd & embelli%$ ) fanciful /rokes1 :i* r5d] x agreeable to ! eye4 ,we also f9d 9 ,italy ! ,lomb>dic1 9 use = diplomas till ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! beautiful manuscripts on purple vellum are ( ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 :5 luxury 9 ! arts %[$ itself 9 all =ms4 ,!re is 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 a magnific5t volume1 :i* came f ! anci5t doma9 ( ,s\bise1 t conta9s ! ,epi/les & ,gospels = all ! fe/ivals ( ! ye>3 ! execution ( ?is "w is p]fect2 ! gigantic capital lett]s1 ( ,anglo-,saxon =m1 are col\r$1 & r5d]$ /ill ri*] by be+ dott$ ) gold4 ,a valuable manuscript ( ! 8,tractus ,temporum0 ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 a manuscript po/]ior by m ?an two hundr$ ye>s to ! au?or1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury1 af=ds a specim5 ( "o ( ! v>ieties ( m9uscule writ+s1 :i* 9 ,france 0 call$ ! ,lomb>dic writ+ ( books1 because x 0 9 use dur+ ! reign ( ! ,lomb>d k+s beyond ! ,alps2 x is m difficult to read ?an ! ,roman1 ?\gh simil> 9 =m1 because ! words are n sep>at$4 ,a beautiful manuscript ( 8,horace0 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is71 :i* pres5ts a mixture ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,roman writ+ ( ! p]iod1 is attribut$ to ! same c5tury4 ,we h 9 ,fig4 #cda an elegant ornam5tal capital1 tak5 f a manuscript1 8,comm5t>ies ( ,/4 ,j]ome10 also 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,we f9d specim5s ( writ+ ( ,anglo-,saxon orig91 capital lett]s1 & runn+ text1 9 _m books ( ! ,gospel4 ,! diplomatic writ+ ( ! t5? c5tury is "h repres5t$ by a *>t] ( ! k+1 ,hugh ,capet1 f :i* we borr[ ,fig4 #cdb2 x mu/ h be5 issu$ betwe5 #ihh & #iif4 ,9 ?is fragm5t1 ! fir/ l9e only is compos$ ( *>act]s v elongat$1 close toge!r1 mix$ ) "s capital lett]s & "s s+ul> =ms4 ,x be>s witness to ! fact t ! f9e ,m]ov+ian writ+ _h !n s+ul>ly deg5]at$4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ! m9uscule ( manuscripts 0 *>act]is$ by its angul> =ms1 :i* caus$ x to receive ! "n ( ,capetian4 ,!n ! ,capetian1 exagg]at$ 9 its t5d5cy t[>ds its /rokes & angles1 became ! ,ludovician1 :i* ann\nces ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & *>act]ises ! reign ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4--,scribe or ,copyi/1 9 8 ,"w-room1 surr\nd$ by ,op5 ,manuscripts1 & ,writ+ at a ,desk4 7,f a ,m9iature ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,h[ev]1 manuscripts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ab\nd1 & ! hi/ory ( ! writ+ ( ! p]iod ( ,/4 ,l\is & ( ! ?ree c5turies succe$+ x1 may be summ$ up 9 ^! words3--8,! ,capetian writ+ call$ ,ludovician1 :5 x _h come to diff] /ill m f ! beautiful =ms ( ! writ+s ( ,*>lemagne's "t or ! r5ovat$ ,roman1 0 m & m de=m$1 & ^! successive degradations became s complicat$ t ! writ+1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 result$ 9 be+ p]fectly illegible4 ,?us c be g5]alis$ all ! precepts relative to ! /ate ( writ+1 9 ! manuscripts & ! *>t]s 9 ,france1 = ?is p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s0 7,fig4 #cdc74 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! era ( ! ri*e/ manuscripts1 t 9 :i* 0 br\ght to p]fection ! art ( ornam5t+ !m1 :5 ! p5cil ( ! m9iature-pa9t] & ! p5 ( ! caligraph]1 conjo9tly1 produc$ "s ma/]pieces 7,fig4 #cdd74 ,?is 0 also ! "t :5 ! corporation ( writ]s became num]\s & p[]ful 7,fig4 #cce74 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ?is society 0 t ,ni*olas ,flamel1 ab\t :om s _m fabul\s leg5ds h be5 inv5t$4 ,we give1 z a specim5 ( 8 magnific5t cursive writ+ 7,fig4 #cde71 ! fac-simile ( "o ( ! ex libris inscriptions he plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( all ! books belong+ to ,duke ,jean de ,b]ry1 ^: secret>y & booksell] he 04#ef ,9 o!r c\ntries ?an ,france1 9 ,g]many especially1 ,go?ic writ+ 0 easily diffus$4 ,g]man manuscripts diff] little f ^? ( ,france4 ,we obs]ve only t ,g]man writ+ cont9u$ to be v f9e till ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 at :i* p]iod x became irregul>1 angul>1 & bri/l+ ) %>p po9ts4 ,t :i* has j be5 said ( ,g]many 9 p>ticul> is naturally applicable to ,ea/ & ,we/ ,fl&]s1 & to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 "u ! impulse giv5 by ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 ^: influ5ce we h already m5tion$1 ! mo/ important *ronicles1 ! be/ hi/ories !n extant1 7 magnific5tly transcrib$ 9 t beautiful ,go?ic m9uscule1 ?ick1 massive & angul>1 :i* 0 call$ lettre de =me2 & we f9d x aga9 9 "s anci5t editions ( ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #cdf71 & ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?4 ,9 m nor!rn c\ntries ! ,runic alphabet 0 made use (1 to :i* = a long :ile a m>vell\s orig9 0 attribut$1 b :i* ! ,b5$ict9es ju/ly reg>d$ z an imitation1 or r z a corruption1 ( ! ,lat9 alphabet4 ,!re exi/ 9 ! ,runic language inscriptions on /one & on wood1 "s manuscripts on vellum1 & ,iri% books on p>*m5t & on pap]4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! writ+ seems con/antly to h reflect$ ! lively & frank _s ( its inhabitants1 among :om 0 p]petuat$ ! pr(\nd impress ( ! old ,roman civilisation4 ,! m9uscule cont9u$ z high z x 0 long1 ?91 & di/9ct2 ev5 :5 x 0 alt]$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,go?ic1 x 0 /ill beautiful1 &1 above all1 legible1 z we may be conv9c$ ( by exam9+ a f9e manuscript entitl$ 8,spec*io della ,croce0 78,mirror ( ! ,cross071 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & a preci\s manuscript ( ,dante1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 bo? belong+ to ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,we may adopt = ,spa9 ! same op9ions z = ,italy4 ,!re 0 9 t c\ntry also writ+ ( great m]it1 h&$ d[n f ! ,romans1 :i* receiv$1 z we h already said1 ! "n ( ,visigo?ic4 ,! ,visigo?ic writ+ ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 ( ! elev5? especially1 is a m9uscule ( ! mo/ graceful k9d4 ,b ,go?icism1 by ! ,capetian & ! ,ludovician com+ 9 z int]m$iate ag5ts1 at la/ corrupt$ ?is elegant & delicate writ+1 z we see 9 ! collection ( ,spani% tr\bad\rs1 =m$ by ord] ( ,john ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 ab\t #addj2 a celebrat$ manuscript 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,into ,engl&1 :]e ! ,anglo-,saxon type reign$ supreme1 ! ,norman conque/ introduc$ ! ,fr5* writ+ 9 *>t]s & manuscripts4 ,& la/ly1 among ! writ+s call$ national1 we mu/ aga9 m5tion t ( ,irel&1 ( :i* !re are f9e examples rema9+2 b ^u exam9ation !y prove to be no?+ b a v>iety ( ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,x is said to h be5 9 use s9ce ! six? c5tury2 & we f9d t 9 spite ( div]s conque/s x cont9u$ to be employ$ till ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ev5 kn[n & employ$ 9 ,france1 al?\gh x by no means recomm5ds itself by its elegance1 z is atte/$1 among o!r manuscripts1 by t ( ! 8,homilies ( ,/4 ,augu/9e10 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 :i* is suppos$ to belong to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,"h our summ>y review ( palographic examples at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ,middle ,ages comes to an end4 ,we might foll[ up our inve/igations on ?is po9t1 ev5 aft] ! "t :5 ! pr9t+-press 0 inv5t$1 s9ce manuscripts are f\nd ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 b !y 7 no?+ b fanciful inutilities2 ea* c5tury1 9 ord] to %[ itself 9 its true light1 %\ld foll[ ! in/9cts & ! inspirations :i* belong to x4 ,,fac-,,simile ,,( ,,manuscripts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccf4--,writ+ ( ! ,six? ,c5tury1 ) ,capital ,lett]s1 f a ,manuscript1 on ,papyrus1 ( ! 8,s]mons ( ,/4 ,augu/9e40 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,spes no/ra e/ non de i/o tempore1 neque de mundo e/1 neque 9 ea felicitate4444 ,,translation4--,our hope is n ( ?is "t1 nor is x ( ! _w1 nor 9 t felicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccg4--,title & ,capital ,lett]s ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury1 f a ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,incipit prfatio4 ,,translation4--,"h beg9s ! ,preface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cch4--,writ+ ( ! end ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury1 aft] a ,diploma ( ,*ildeb]t ,,iii41 = ! ,gift ( a ,villa to ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is4 7,?is ,fac-simile gives only ! half ( ! l5g? ( ! l9es47 ,,text4-- ,*ildeb]?us rex ,se oportune b5eficia ad loca sanctorum quod pro juvam5 s]vorum4444 ,et hoc nobis ad et]na retributione p]t5ire confidemus4 ,ideoque4444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cci4--,writ+ ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury1 f a ,capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne1 address$ to ,pope ,adrian ,i4 9 #ghd4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,primo ,capitulo4 ,salutant vos dom9us no/]1 filius ve/]1 ,c>olus rex et filia ve/ra domna no/ra ,fa/rada1 filii et fil dom9i no/ri simul1 et omnis domus sua4 ,,ii4 ,salutant vos cuncti sac]dotes1 episcopi et abbates1 atque omnis congregatio illorum 9 ,dei s]vicio con/ituta etiam1 et univ]sus populus ,franconum4 ,,translation4--,i4 ,our "l1 y\r son1 ,k+ ,*>les & y\r daught] our ,lady ,fa/rada1 salute !e1 also ! sons & daught]s ( our ,"l1 & all 8 h\se4 ,,ii4 ,all ! prie/s1 bi%ops1 & abbots salute !e1 z also ! :ole congregation ( ^? :o are e/abli%$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 & ! :ole ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdj4--,tironian ,writ+ ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury1 f a ,lat9 ,psalt]4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,exsurge1 ,dom9e1 9 ira tua et exalt>e 9 f9ibus inimicorum meorum1 et exsurge1 ,dom9e ,deus meus1 9 precepto quod m&a/i2 et s9agoga populorum circomdabit1 te1 et propt] hanc 9 altum regr$]e4 ,,translation4--,arise1 ,o ,"l1 9 ?9e ang]1 lift up ?yself because ( ! rage ( m9e enemies3 & awake = me to ! judgm5t t ?\ ha/ comm&$4 ,s %all ! congregation ( ! p compass !e ab\t3 = _! sakes !re=e return ?\ on high4--7,psalm vii4 #f1 #g47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cda4--,writ+ ( ! ,t5? ,c5tury1 aft] a ,manuscript ( ! 8,comm5t>ies ( ,/4 ,j]ome40 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,qui nolunt int] epi/olas ,pauli eam recip]e qu ad ,filemonem scribitur aiunt non semp] apo/olum nec omnia ,*ri/o 9 se loqu5te dixisse4 ,quia neque 444 ,,translation4--,^? :o are unwill+ to receive among ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul t :i* is writt5 to ,philemon1 d5y t ! ,apo/les spoke ev]y?+ & at all times "u ! inspiration ( ,*ri/4 ,because nei!r 444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdb4--;,diplomatic ,writ+ ( ! ,t5? ,c5tury1 f a ,*>t] ( ,hugh ,capet4 7,ar*ives ( ! ,empire47 ,?is ,fac-simile gives only half ! l5g? ( ! l9es4 ,,text 7completely re/or$47--,9 nom9e sanct et individu ,tr9itatis1 ,hugo gratia ,dei ,francorum rex4 ,mos et consuetudo regum prdecessorum no/rorum semp] ex/itit ut ecclesias ,dei sublim>5t et ju/is petitionibus s]vorum ,dei clem5t] fav]5t1 et oppressionem eorum b5igne sublev>5t1 ut ,deum propitium hab]5t1 eujus amore id feciss5t4 ,hujus rei gratia1 auditis clamoribus v5]abilis ,abbonis abbatis mona/]ii ,s4 ,m>i1 ,s4 ,petri et ,s4 ,b5$icti ,floriac5sis et mona*orum sub eo deg5tium1 no/ram pres5tiam adeuntium1 pro malis consuetudinibus et assiduis rap9is 444 ,,translation4--,9 ! "n ( ! holy & indivisible ,tr9ity1 ,hugh1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ,k+ ( ! ,francs4 ,! cu/om & habit ( ! k+s our pr$ecessors has always be5 to hon\r ! *ur*es ( ,god1 & to %[ !mselves m]cifully fav\rable to ! j petitions ( ! s]vants ( ,god1 & to deliv] !m k9dly f oppression1 s t ,god might be propiti\s to !m1 = ! love ( :om !y ?us act$4 ,= ?is cause1 hav+ he>d ! compla9ts ( ! v5]able ,abbon1 ,abbot ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,our ,lady1 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ( ,fleury-sur-,loire1 & ^? ( ! monks liv+ "u 8 direction1 & :o came into our pres5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! bad cu/oms & cont9ual rap9es 444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4--;,cursive ,writ+ ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 aft] an ,orig9al ,lett]1 tak5 f 8,recueil des ,lettres de ,rois40 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,messeigneurs et fr]es1 si tres humblem5t que faire puis a voz bonnes graces me recomm&e4 ,messeigneurs1 j'ay receu1 voz lettres p> le pres5t porteur3 ensemble la reque/e et arre/ de la c\rt p> icelle ensuivy4 ,j'ay le t\t communiqu a messeigneurs les g5]aulx de ,langue doil et ,norm&ie1 et n\s avons s\uant e/ ensemble4 ,ilz tr\u5t bi5 e/range1 aussi font daultres1 qui zel5t le bi5 et honneur de la *ambre ausquelz p>eillem5t 444 ,,translation4--,my lords & bro!rs1 ,i comm5d myself z humbly z possible to y\r good graces4 ,my lords1 ,i receiv$ y\r lett]s by ! be>] ( ?is1 toge!r ) ! petition & ! decree ( ! c\rt accompany+ !m4 ,i communicat$ ! :ole to my lords ! g5]als ( ,la ,langue d',oil & ( ,norm&y1 & we h (t5 conf]r$ toge!r on ! matt]4 ,!y ?9k x v /range1 z d o!rs also1 :o are zeal\s = ! good & ! hon\r ( ! *amb]1 to :i* equally 444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4--,writ+ ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 aft] a ,manuscript ( 8,l',hi/oire ,roma9e20 be+ a p>aphrase ( ! text ( ,val]ius ,maximus4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,eadem1 c4--,,glose4 ,ce/e hi/oire t\*e ,titus ,liuius ou qu9t liure4 ,p\rquoy il e/ assauoir que ou temps que les ,gals auoi5t prise ,romme et assis le ,capitole1 si comme il e/ dit deuant1 il y auoit d$5s le ,capitole un jeune homme qui auoit non ,gayus ,fabius qui e/oit de la lignie des ,fabi5s4 ,et p\r auoir la congnoissance de ce/e lignie e/ assauoir aussi que il y ot asses pres de ,romme jadis une cite qui e/oit appelee ,gab9ia3 laquele cite apres m\lt de inconu5i5s se r5di a ,romme p> tel conu5ant que il s]oi5t citoi5s de ,romme4 ,,translation4--,eadem1 c4--,,glose4 ,livy1 9 8 fif? book1 t\*es on ?is hi/ory4 ,we mu/ "k t at ! "t :5 ! ,gauls _h tak5 ,rome & besieg$ ! ,capitol1 z 0 said above1 !re 0 9 ! ,capitol a "y man nam$ ,caius ,fabius1 & :o 0 ( ! ,fabian race2 & to "k ?is race we mu/ also "k t !re 0 =m]ly ne> ,rome a t[n call$ ,gab9ia2 :i* t[n1 aft] _m vicissitudes1 surr5d]$ to ,rome1 on ! condition t all its inhabitants %\ld be consid]$ z citiz5s ( ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cde4--;,fac-simile ( ! ,inscription ,ex libris1 c41 9 ! beg9n+ ( a ,manuscript execut$ by ,john ,flamel1 ,scribe & ,libr>ian to ! ,duke de ,b]ry1 at ! end ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,,text4--,ce/e ,bible e/ a ,monseigneur le ,duc de ,b]ry4 ,,flamel4 ,,translation4--,?is ,bible belongs to ,monseigneur ! ,duke de ,b]ry4 ,,flamel4 ,,note4--,! ,duke de ,b]ry1 ,john1 bro!r ( ,k+ ,*>les ,v41 & uncle to ,k+ ,*>les ,,vi41 0 a great amateur ( f9e books4 ,he sp5t v l>ge sums 9 hav+ manuscripts copi$ & illum9at$4 ,! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 pres]ves a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ valuable ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdf4--,writ+ ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 aft] ! ,fir/ ,page ( a ,brevi>y4 7,royal ,libr>y1 ,brussels47 ,,text4--,sabbato 9 adu5tu ,dom9i1 ad vesp]as1 sup] psalmos antiphona1 ,b5$ictus1 psalmus1 ipsum cum cet]is antiphonis et psalmis4 ,infra capitulum4 ,ecce dies v5iunt1 dicit ,dom9us1 et suscitabo ,dauid g]m54 ,,translation4--,on ,saturday 9 ,adv5t1 at vesp]s1 be=e ! psalms *ant$ alt]nately1 7comes7 ! hymn ,b5$ictus1 ) ! o!r antiphons & psalms4 ,aft] ! lesson 444 8,behold ! days are com+1 sai? ! ,"l1 & ,i w re/ore ! se$ ( ,david40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4--;,design ( a ,caligraphic ,ornam5t tak5 f a ,*>t] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,,m9iatures ,,9 ,,manuscripts4 ,m9iatures at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,! two 8,vatican0 ,virgils4--,pa9t+ ( ,manuscripts "u ,*>lemagne & ,l\is le ,dbonnaire4--,tradition ( ,greek ,art 9 ,europe4--,decl9e ( ! ,m9iature 9 ! ,t5? ,c5tury4--,orig9 ( ,go?ic ,art4--,f9e ,manuscript ( ! "t ( ,/4 ,l\is4--,cl]ical & ,lay ,m9iature-,pa9t]s4--,c>icature & ! ,grotesque4--,m9iatures 9 ,mono*rome & 9 ,grisaille4--,illum9ators at ! ,c\rt ( ,france & to ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy4--,s*ool ( ,john ,f\quet4--,italian ,m9iature-,pa9t]s4--,giulo ,clovio4--,fr5* ,s*ool "u ,l\is ,,xii4 ,contemporane\s1 almo/1 ) ! idea :i* fir/ caus$ oral traditions1 *ronicles1 spee*es1 & poetry to be collect$ toge!r "u ! =m & "n ( book1 is ! art ( ornam5t+ manuscripts ) m9iatures4 ,our int5tion is n to g back to ! s\rces--z obscure z !y are di/ant--( t art1 b only to po9t out its pr9cipal phases ( improvem5t or ( decay dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! mo/ anci5t kn[n m9iatures date f ! v comm5cem5t ( t p]iod :i* is g5]ally call$ ! ,middle ,ages2 t is to say1 f ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,^! pa9t+s1 ( :i* !re exi/ b two or ?ree specim5s 9 ! libr>ies ( ,europe1 nev]!less (f]1 9 _! correctness & ma/]ly beauty1 ! great *>act]i/ics ( anci5t ,art4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ are ^? ( ! 8,virgil10 pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y 7,fig4 #cdh71 a manuscript long celebrat$ among le>n$ m5 = ! au!nticity ( its text4 ,ano!r 8,virgil10 ( ! date ( ab\t a c5tury lat]1 & :i*1 be=e its pres5tation to ! ,pope1 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ornam5ts ( ! anci5t libr>y ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 9 ,france1 conta9s pa9t+s n less rem>kable 9 respect ( col\r1 b v inf]ior z f> z draw+ & ! /yle ( ! compositions are conc]n$4 ,^! two incomp>able examples are suffici5t 9 !mselves to %[ ! /ate ( ! pa9t+ ( manuscripts at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh4--,m9iature tak5 f ! 8,virgil0 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican1 ,rome4 7,?ird or ,f\r? ,c5tury47 ,! six? & sev5? c5turies h left u no books ) m9iatures2 ! utmo/ we f9d at t p]iod are "s capital lett]s embelli%$ by caligraphy4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 on ! contr>y1 ! ornam5ts 7 multipli$1 & "s r elegant pa9t+s c be po9t$ out2 ! fact is1 "u ! reign ( ,*>lemagne a movem5t ( r5ovation took place 9 ! ,arts z 9 lit]ature3 ! ,lat9 writ+1 :i* _h become illegible1 0 re=m$1 & ! /yle ( pa9t+ manuscripts assum$ some?+ ( ! =m ( ! f9e antique examples /ill extant at t p]iod4 7,fig4 #cej47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdi4--,pa9t$ ,capital lett]s1 tak5 f ,manuscripts ( ! ,eigh? or ,n9? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cej4--;,bord]1 tak5 f a ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury4 7,libr>y ( ,vi5na74 ,if we w\ld h an idea ( ! heav9ess & ! ungraceful "* ( ! writ+ & ( ! ornam5ts :i* accompani$ x be=e ! p]iod ( ,*>lemagne1 x w suffice to exam9e ,fig4 #cdi4 8,x 0 !n q "t10 says ,m4 ,aim ,*ampollion-,figeac1 8t ! salut>y influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! illu/ri\s mon>* made itself felt 9 ! ,arts z well z 9 lett]s40 ,! fir/ manuscripts :i* seem to be> witness to ?is progress are fir/ a sacram5t>y1 said to be t ( ,gellonius1 ! allegorical pa9t+s ( :i* are ( great int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian symbolism2 & a ,book ( ! ,gospels1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre3 ! latt] is said to h belong$ to ! great emp]or himself1 & we reproduce "o ( ! pa9t+s f x 7,fig4 #cea74 ,we may m5tion1 z ( ! n9? c5tury1 _m ,books ( ! ,gospels1 9 "o ( :i*1 giv5 by ,l\is le ,dbonnaire to ! ,abbey ,/4 ,md>d de ,soissons1 ! pure/ ,byzant9e /yle %[s itself2 !n ! ,bible call$ ! 8,metz0 ,bible1 9 :i* are pa9t+s ( l>ge dim5sions1 rem>kable = ! felicit\s gr\p+s ( ! figures & = ! beauty ( ! drap]ies4 ,"o ( ^! m9iatures excites an int]e/ q peculi>1 inasmu* z ,k+ ,david1 :o is repres5t$ 9 x1 is b a copy ( an anci5t ,apollo1 r\nd :om ! arti/ has p]sonifi$ ,c\rage1 ,ju/ice1 ,prud5ce1 c4 ,let u m5tion /ill fur!r two ,bibles & a book ( pray]s1 ! la/ conta9+ a v f9e portrait ( ! k+1 ,*>les ! ,bald1 to :om x belong$2 & la/ly1 two books really wor? att5tion1 on acc\nt ( ! delicacy & fre$om ( ! outl9e draw+s1 = ! attitudes ( ! *>act]s repres5t$1 & = ! drap]ies1 :i* resemble ^? ( anci5t /atues4 ,^! books are a 8,t]5ce10 pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 numb] #g1hii 9 ! catalogue2 & a 8,lection>y ( ! ,ca!dal ( ,metz10 f :i* ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cea4--,m9iature f ! ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ,*>lemagne4 7,manuscript 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,l\vre47 bord] 7,fig4 #ceb7 is tak54 ,:ile 9 ,france ! art ( pa9t+ manuscripts _h progress$ s mu* z to produce "s p]fect models ( delicacy & ta/e1 ,g]many _h nev] got beyond ! simple/ compositions1 z we see 9 ! 8,p>aphrase on ! ,gospels10 9 ,!otisc 7! old ,teutonic language71 belong+ to ! ,libr>y ( ,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceb4--;,bord] ( a ,lection>y 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,metz4 7,n9? ,c5tury47 ,! arti/ic traditions ( ! anci5ts 9 ! n9? c5tury are atte/$ by ! manuscripts ( ,*ri/ian ,greece1 :]e( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 possesses _m magnific5t specim5s1 at ! head ( :i* we mu/ place ! 8,comm5t>ies ( ,gregory ,nazianzus10 ornam5t$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( pa9t+s1 9 :i* all ! res\rces ( anci5t art are appli$ to ! repres5tation ( ,*ri/ian subjects 7,fig4 #cec74 ,! heads ( ! *>act]s portray$ are admirably expressive1 & ( ! f9e/ /yle2 ! col\r+ ( ! m9iatures is w>m & s(t2 ! co/umes1 ! repres5tations ( build+s & ( ! accessories1 (f]1 moreov]1 v int]e/+ subjects ( /udy4 ,un=tunately1 ^! pa9t+s 7 execut$ on a v crumbl+ surface1 :i* has 9 _m places peel$ (f3 x is sad to see "o ( ! mo/ preci\s monum5ts ( ,greek & ,*ri/ian ,art 9 a deplorable /ate ( dilapidation4 ,! ma/]piece ( ! t5? c5tury1 :i* aga9 is due to ! arti/s ( ,greece1 is a 8,psalt]1 ) ,comm5t>ies10 belong+ also to ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 7numb] #aci among ! ,greek manuscripts71 a "w 9 :i* ! m9iature-pa9t] seems n to h be5 able to dis5gage himself f ! ,pagan cre$s 9 illu/rat+ ,biblical episodes4 ,two celebrat$ manuscripts ( ! same "t1 b execut$ 9 ,france1 & pres]v$ 9 ! same collection1 %[1 by ! /iffness & incorrectness ( ! draw+1 t ! impetus giv5 by ! g5ius ( ,*>lemagne _h abat$3 ^! are ! 8,bible de ,noailles10 & ! 8,bible de ,/4 ,m>tial10 ( ,limoges 7,fig4 #cee74 ,to speak truly1 if 9 ,france !re 0 a decad5cy1 ! ,anglo-,saxon & ,visigo?ic arti/s ( ?is p]iod ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cec4--,m9iature ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 extract$ f ! 8,comm5t>ies ( ,gregory ,nazianzus10 repres5t+ ! consecration ( a ,bi%op4 7,l>ge folio ,manuscript 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 7 also v inf]ior1 to judge f a ,lat9 ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ! t5? c5tury pa9t$ 9 ,engl& 7,fig4 #cef72 x1 h[ev]1 proves t ! art ( ornam5t+ books _h deg5]at$ less ?an t ( draw+ ! human figure4 ,ano!r manuscript ) pa9t+s1 call$ ,visigo?ic1 conta9+ ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 gives1 9 its fanta/ic ornam5ts & animals1 an example ( ! /range /yle adopt$ by a c]ta9 s*ool ( m9iature-pa9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ced4--;,fac-smile ( a ,m9iature drawn ) ! p51 tak5 f a ,bible ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cee4--;,bord] tak5 f ! ,bible ( ,/4 ,m>tial ( ,limoges4 7,t5? ,c5tury47 ,g]many n[ began to improve 9 ! art ( pa9t+ m9iatures4 ,x ow$ ?is happy result to ! emigration ( ,greek arti/s1 :o came to ! ,g]man c\rt to take refuge f ! tr\bles ( ! ,ea/4 ,! progress accompli%$ 9 ?is "p ( ,europe %[s itself 9 ! draw+ ( ! figures ( a ,g]man ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 a "w v sup]ior to t ( ! ,teutonic ,book ( ! ,gospels j ref]r$ to4 ,! bord] ( :i* we give a fac-simile 9 ,fig4 #ceg %[s also a c]ta9 degree ( improvem5t2 x is tak5 f a ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ! same p]iod1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,muni*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4--;,bord] tak5 f a ,book ( ! ,gospels 9 ,lat91 execut$ 9 ,engl&4 7,t5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4--;,bord] tak5 f a ,book ( ! ,gospels ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,muni*4 ,b 9 ,france1 to =eign invasions & to mis=tunes ( all k9ds1 :i*1 s9ce ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 _h afflict$ ! c\ntry1 0 add$ ! t]ror caus$ by ! g5]al expectation t ! _w 0 com+ to an end at ! expiration ( ! fir/ mill5nial4 ,p 71 !re=e1 o!rwise employ$ ?an 9 ornam5t+ books4 ,accord+ly1 ?is epo* is "o ( ! mo/ b>r5 9 religi\s or o!r pa9t+s4 ,fig4 #ceh repres5ts ! la/ degree ( abasem5t 9 ?is art4 ,no?+ 9 ! _w c\ld be m b>b>\s1 nor f>!r remov$ f all s5tim5t ( ! beautiful1 & ev5 f ! in/9ctive idea ( draw+4 ,ornam5tation1 h[ev]1 rema9$ suffici5tly good1 al?\gh "u v heavy =ms1 z ! ,sacram5t>y ( !lg>1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,r\51 %[s 7,fig4 #cei74 ,! decad5cy1 h[ev]1 seems to h come to a /op 9 ,france t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 if we judge ( ! art f pa9t+s1 execut$ 9 #ajfj1 & conta9$ 9 a ,lat9 manuscript1 be>+ ! numb] #hah1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4--,m9iature tak5 f a ,missal ( ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 ,no4 #hba47 ,9 ! manuscripts ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,crusades made itself already felt4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! ,ea/ reg5]at$ 9 "s sort ! ,we/ 9 all t conc]n$ arts1 sci5ces1 & lit]ature4 ,_m examples witness t ! pa9t+ ( manuscripts 0 n ! la/ to und]go ?is s+ul> trans=mation4 ,ev]y?+ ! imag9ation c\ld inv5t ( ! mo/ fanta/ic 0 p>ticul>ly br\ght into play to give to ! ,lat9 lett]s a peculi> "*--imitat$1 moreov]1 f ! ornam5ts ( ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture4 ,?is practice 0 ev5 appli$ to public acts & docum5ts1 z ,fig4 #cfj proves2 x repres5ts "s ( ! initial lett]s 9 ! 8,r\leau ,mortuaire0 ( ,/4 ,vital4 ,callot1 9 8 8,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony10 has1 we ?9k1 imag9$ no?+ /rang] ?an ! figure we give2 a demon /&+ on ! back ( ,c]b]us =ms ! v]tical l9e 9 ! lett] ,t2 :ile two o!r demons1 ^: feet are 9 ! m\? ( ! fir/1 =m ! two lat]al bran*es ( ! lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4--;,bord] tak5 f ! ,sacram5t>y ( !lg>4 7,r\5 ,libr>y47 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,s>ac5ic or ,go?ic art univ]sally prevail$4 ,ev]y:]e figures assum$ gaunt1 elongat$ =ms2 coats-(-arms invad$ ! m9iatures2 b ! col\r+ 0 ( m>vell\s purity & brightness2 burni%$ gold1 appli$ ) ! greate/ skill1 /ood out f blue or purple backgr\nds :i* ev5 9 our own day h lo/ no?+ ( _! orig9al fre%ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfj4--;,initial ,lett]s extract$ f ! 8,r\leau ,mortuaire0 ( ,/4 ,vital1 ,twelf? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,ar*ives ( ,france47 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable manuscripts ( ?is c5tury we mu/ m5tion a ,psalt] 9 five col\rs1 conta9+ ! ,fr5*1 ,hebrew1 & ,roman v]sions1 ) "s comm5t>ies 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,no4 #a1acb bis74 ,"o %\ld analyse ! great] numb] ( subjects depict$ 9 ?is manuscript to und]/& all _! importance2 we w m5tion only t among !m are sieges ( t[ns1 ,go?ic =tresses1 int]iors ( ,italian bank+-h\ses1 v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1 c4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no o!r manuscript :i* equals ?is 9 ! ri*ness1 ! beauty1 & multiplicity ( its pa9t+s3 x conta9s n9ety-n9e l>ge m9iatures1 indep5d5tly ( n9ety-six ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfa4--;,facsimile ( a ,m9iature ( a ,psalt]1 ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 repres5t+ w>like1 sci5tific1 comm]cial1 & agricultural ,works4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 m$allions repres5t+ div]s episodes sugge/$ by ! text ( ! ,psalms 7,fig4 #cfa74 ,aft] ?is psalt] we mu/ place ! ,brevi>y ( ,/4 ,l\is1 or r ( ,que5 ,blan*e1 =m]ly pres]v$ 9 ! ,ars5al ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 & n[ 9 ! ,muse des ,s\v]a9s2 a celebrat$ manuscript :i* has1 on folio #aia1 ?is inscription3 8,c'e/ le ,psauti] monseigneur ,/4 ,loys1 lequel fu sa mre40#eg ,b ! volume is n ri* 9 l>ge m9iatures4 ,we obs]ve 9 x1 h[ev]1 a cal5d> ornam5t$ ) small subjects v delicately execut$1 repres5t+ ! lab\rs appropriate to ea* mon?1 accord+ to ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! "* ( ! pa9t+s exhibits a /yle ant]ior to ! reign ( ,l\is ,,ix42 & x is suppos$1 inde$1 t ?is book fir/ belong$ to ! "m ( t k+4 ,we mu/ n[ m5tion ano!r ,psalt]1 :i* 0 actually us$ by ,/4 ,l\is2 z is prov$ n only by an inscription at ! beg9n+ ( ! volume1 b /ill fur!r by ! fleurs-de-lis ( ! k+1 ! arms ( ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 8 "m1 & p]haps also les pals de gueules ( ,m>g>et ( ,prov5ce1 8 wife4 ,no?+ c equal ! beautiful pres]vation ( ! m9iatures 9 ?is volume1 :i* conta9s sev5ty-eight subjects1 ) z _m explanatory texts 9 ,fr5*4 ,! heads ( ! *>act]s1 ?\gh almo/ microscopic1 h nev]!less1 g5]ally1 a f9e expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4--;,a ,bord] tak5 f a ,gospel 9 ,lat91 ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,! 8,livre de ,cl]gie10 :i* be>s ! date ( #abfj1 m]its f> less att5tion3 s does ! 8,roman du ,roi ,artus10 ,no4 #f1ifc1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 execut$ 9 #abgf4 ,b we mu/ po9t out two ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( ?is p]iod1 a ,book ( ! ,gospels 9 ,lat91 ,no4 #ffe 9 ! ,supplem5t1 ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 f :i* we h borr[$ an elegant bord] 7,fig4 #cfb71 & ! 8,roman du ,sa9t-,graal10 ,no4 #f1gfi1 also 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,italy 0 !n at ! head ( civilisation 9 ev]y?+2 x _h p>ticul>ly inh]it$ ! gr& traditions ( pa9t+ :i* _h gone to sleep = ev] 9 ,greece only to wake up aga9 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4--;,facsimile ( a ,m9iature ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 repres5t+ a sc5e ( an old ,romance3 ! beautiful ,josiane1 disguis$ z a female juggl]1 play+ a ,wel% air on ! ,rote 7,fiddle71 to make h]self kn[n to h] fri5d ,bewis4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,"h we mu/ introduce a rem>k1 ! result ( a g5]al exam9ation ( ! manuscripts bequea!d to u by ! ?irte5? c5tury2 namely1 t ! m9iatures 9 sacr$ books are mu* m beautifully & c>efully execut$ ?an ^? ( ! romances ( *ivalry & ! *ronicles ( ! same p]iod 7,figs4 #cfc & #cfd74 ,mu/ we attribute ?is sup]iority to ! p[] ( religi\s inspiration8 ,mu/ we suppose t 9 ! mona/]ies alone clev] arti/s met ) suffici5t remun]ation8 ,be=e answ]+ ^! que/ions1 or r z an answ] to !m1 let u rememb] t 9 ^? days religi\s in/itutions absorb$ ne>ly all ! social intellectual movem5t1 z well z ! effective possession ( mat]ial ri*es1 if n ( t]ritorial prop]ty4 ,solely occupi$ ) di/ant w>s or inte/9e qu>rels :i* impov]i%$ !m1 ! nobles 7 altoge!r unable to become protectors ( lit]ature & ,art4 ,9 ! abbeys & conv5ts 7 lay-bre?r5 :o sometimes _h tak5 no v[1 b ^: f]v5t spirits1 burn+ ) poetical imag9ation1 s\ght 9 ! mona/ic retreat r$emption f _! pa/ s9s3 ^! m5 ( fai? 7 happy to consecrate _! :ole exi/5ce to ! ornam5tation ( a s+le sacr$ book de/9$ = ! community :i* gave !m 9 ex*ange all ! necess>ies ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cfd4--,! ,f\r ,sons ( ,aymon on _! good ,/e$1 ,bay>t4 ,f a ,m9iature 9 ! ,romance ( ! 8,f\r ,sons ( ,aymon10 a ,manuscript ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,?is expla9s ! abs5ce ( ! names ( ! m9iature-pa9t]s 9 anci5t manuscripts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :i* are writt5 9 ,lat94 ,h[ev]1 :5 romances & *ronicles 9 ! vulg> tongue began to come into fa%ion1 arti/s ( great tal5t eag]ly pres5t$ !mselves to be engag$ by pr9ces & nobles :o wi%$ to h ?is sort ( books ornam5t$2 b ! anonym\s :i* ^! lay arti/s g5]ally pres]v$ is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t 9 mo/ cases !y 7 consid]$ only z arti/ic assi/ants 9 ! lordly h\ses :]e !y 7 employ$1 & 9 :i* !y fulfill$ "s o!r dome/ic duty2 = in/ance1 ,col>d de ,laon1 ! fav\rite pa9t] ( ,l\is ( ,orleans1 0 also valet-de-*ambre to ?is pr9ce2 ,pietro ,&rea1 ano!r arti/1 d\btless an ,italian1 to judge f 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 0 g5tleman-u%]2 & we see ?is ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4--,m9iature tak5 f ! 8,roman de ,fauvel0 7,fifte5? ,c5tury71 repres5t+ ,fauvel1 or ! ,fox1 reprim&+ a ,wid[ :o has m>ri$ aga91 & to :om is be+ giv5 a ,s]5ade ( ,r\gh ,music4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 same pa9t] 8s5t f ,blois to ,t\rs1 to procure c]ta9 matt]s = ! acc\*m5t ( ,madame ! ,du*ess20 or aga91 8f ,blois to ,romorant91 to inquire aft] ,madame d',ang\lesme1 :o 0 report$ to be v unwell40 ,c]ta9 arti/s1 h[ev]1 :o !n took ! mode/ "n ( illum9ators1 liv$ entirely by _! pr(ession2 work+ at tableaux b5ots 7bless$ pictures71 or popul> pa9t+s1 :i* 7 sold at ! *ur*-doors4 ,o!rs1 aga91 7 paid assi/ants ( ! recognis$ pa9t]s to pr9ces or nobles2 & ! anonym\s 0 q naturally impos$ ^u !m by _! subord9ate position1 if n by ! simple mode/y :i* 0 = a long "t ! accompanim5t ( tal5t4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! /udy ( m9iatures is peculi>ly int]e/+1 on acc\nt ( ! sc5es ( public & private life1 ( mann]s & cu/oms1 we f9d reproduc$ 9 !m4 ,portraits aft] life1 d'aprs le vif1 z !y 7 call$ 9 ^? days1 made _! appe>ance2 & c>icature1 at all times s p[]ful 9 ,france1 already began to %[ itself ) a d>+ :i*1 occupy+ itself ) ! cl]gy1 wom51 & *ivalry1 /opp$ only be=e ! pre/ige ( royalty4 ,! m9iatures ( a ,fr5* manuscript1 dat$ #acac 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 ,no4 #h1ejd1 ,f4 ,l471 des]ve to be m5tion$1 especially on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s subjects !y repres5t2 =1 besides ! c]emony ( ! reception ( ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re into ! ord] ( *ivalry1 we see 9 x philosoph]s discuss+1 judges adm9i/]+ ! law1 v>i\s sc5es ( conjugal life1 s+]s accompany+ !mselves on div]s in/rum5ts ( music1 villag]s engag$ 9 ! lab\rs ( c\ntry life1 c4 ,we mu/ m5tion also a manuscript ( ! 8,roman de ,fauvel10 9 :i* is especially prom95t ! v orig9al sc5e ( a popul> conc]t ( r\gh music1 by mask$ p]=m]s1 giv51 accord+ to an old cu/om1 to a wid[ :o _h m>ri$ a second "t 7,fig4 #cfe74 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ,*>les ,v4 occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,france is "o ( ^? t produc$ ! f9e/ specim5s ( manuscript-pa9t+4 ,?is mon>*1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,libr>y1 0 an admir] ( illu/rat$ books1 & _h accumulat$1 at great co/1 a l>ge collection 9 ! great t[] ( ! ,l\vre4 ,a royal pr9ce1 :om we h already m5tion$ z be+ excessively devot$ to arti/ic luxuries1 0 ! rival ( ,*>les ,v4 9 ?is respect3 ?is 0 8 bro!r1 ! ,duke ,jean de ,b]ry1 :o devot$ enorm\s sums to ! pur*ase & production ( manuscripts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cff4--;,bord] tak5 f a ,pray]-book belong+ to ,l\is ( ,france1 ,duke ( ,anj\1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 ( ,sicily1 & ( ,j]usalem4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfg4--,m9iature tak5 f 8,les ,femmes ,illu/res10 translat$ f ,boccacio4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,ev5 "u ,*>les ,,vi4 ?is impulse did n abate1 & ! art ( pa9t+ manuscripts 0 nev] 9 a m fl\ri%+ condition4 ,! bord] tak5 f ! 8,livre d',heures10 or pray]-book1 ( ! ,duke d',anj\1 uncle ( ! k+ 7,fig4 #cff71 is an example ( ?is4 ,we might m5tion1 z specim5s ( illu/rat$ works ( ?is p]iod1 ! book ( ! 8,dem&es et ,rponses10 by ,pet] ,salmon1 a manuscript execut$ = ! k+1 & ornam5t$ ) exquisite m9iatures1 9 :i* all ! *>act]s are true hi/orical portraits1 beautifully f9i%$4 ,nev]!less1 ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,fr5* s*ool at ?is p]iod %[ !mselves 9 ! m9iatures ( two translations ( ,boccacio's 8,de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus0 78,beautiful ,wom507 7,fig4 #cfg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4--,m9iature ( ! ,psalt] ( ,john1 ,duke ( ,b]ry1 repres5t+ ! ,man ( ,sorr[1 or ,*ri/1 %[+ ! ,sign ( ! ,cross4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfi4--;,bord] tak5 f ! ,bible call$ ,clem5t ,,vii4's4 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,at t "t two new /yles appe>$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( manuscripts3 m9iatures en camaeu 79 "o col\r only71 & m9iatures en grisaille 79 two col\rs1 viz41 a light col\r %ad$1 g5]ally ) br[n74 ,( ! fir/ k9d1 we may in/ance 8,les ,petites ,heures0 ( ,john1 ,duke de ,b]ry 7,fig4 #cfh71 & 8,les ,miracles de ,notre-,dame40 ,g]many did n 9 ?is respect rise to ! height ( ,france2 b m9iature-pa9t+ 9 ,italy progress$ m & m t[>ds p]fection4 ,a rem>kable specim5 ( ,italian art ( ?is p]iod is ! ,bible call$ ,clem5t ,,vii4's 7,fig4 #cfi71 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,b !re exi/s "o m admirable /ill 9 ! same e/abli%m5t1 s ri* 9 curiosities1 ( ! manuscript ( 8,! ,in/itution ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/10 an ord] ( *ivalry f\nd$ at ,naples 9 #aceb1 by ,l\is de ,t>5to1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 dur+ a fea/ on ! day ( ,p5teco/2 x is 9 ?is sup]b manuscript1 execut$ by ,italian or ,fr5* arti/s1 may1 p]haps1 be f\nd ! mo/ exquisite m9iatures ( t day 7,fig4 #cgj72 especially rem>kable are ! beautiful portraits 9 camaeu ( ,k+ ,l\is & 8 wife1 ,jane ,i41 ,que5 ( ,naples4 ,a valuable copy ( ! romance ( 8,lancelot du ,lac10 ( ! same date1 recomm5ds itself to ! att5tion ( connoisseurs by a r>e peculi>ity3 "o c foll[ 9 x ! successive op]ations ( ! pa9t] 9 m9iature2 ?us are pres5t$ to u consecutively ! outl9e-draw+1 !n ! fir/ t9ts1 g5]ally uni=m1 execut$ by ! illum9ator2 next ! surface on :i* ! gold is to be appli$2 !n ! real "w ( ! m9iature-pa9t] 9 ! heads1 co/umes1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgj4--,m9iature f a ,manuscript ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 repres5t+ ,l\is de ,t>5to1 second ,husb& ( ,que5 ,jane ( ,naples1 in/itut+ ! ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,france1 9 spite ( ! great tr\bles :i* agitat$ h]1 & ! w>s %e _h to ma9ta9 ) =eign p[]s dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 saw1 nev]!less1 ! art ( ! pa9t] improve v consid]ably4 ,! f9e copy ( ,froiss>t 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #cga71 might alone suffice to prove ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,! "n ( ,john ,f\cquet1 pa9t] to ,k+ ,l\is ,,xi41 des]ves to be m5tion$ ) eulogy1 z t ( "o ( ! arti/s :o contribut$ mo/ to ! progress ( pa9t+ on manuscripts4 ,ev]y?+ !nce=w>d ann\nc$ ! ,r5aissance :i* 0 to take place 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & if we wi% to foll[ ! onw>d progress ( art f ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury till ! "t ,illu/ration3 ,,coronation ,,( ,,*>les ,v41 ,,k+ ,,( ,,france4 ,m9iature f ,froiss>t's ,*ronicles 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cga4--;,bord] tak5 f 8,froiss>t's ,*ronicles10 a ,fr5* ,manuscript ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgb4--;,bord] tak5 f an 8,ovid40 ,an ,italian ,manuscript ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 ( ,raphael1 x is 9 ! m9iatures ( manuscripts we %all f9d ! be/ evid5ces ( x4 ,let u obs]ve1 by ! way1 t ! ,flemi% s*ool ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy ex]cis$ great influ5ce ov] ?is m>vell\s art = a p]iod ( m ?an a c5tury4 ,spa9 0 also progress+2 b x is to ! ,italian arti/s we mu/1 f t "t =w>d1 look = ! mo/ rem>kable works4 ,! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is possesses _m manuscripts :i* be> witness to ! m>k$ improvem5t 9 m9iature-pa9t+ at ?is p]iod2 among o!rs an 8,ovid0 ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #cgb72 b 9 ord] to see ! highe/ expression ( ! art1 we mu/ exam9e an incomp>able copy ( ,dante's works1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican1 a manuscript proce$+ f ! h&s ( ,giulio ,clovio 7,fig4 #cgc71 an illu/ri\s pa9t]1 pupil & imitator ( ,raphael3 8 m9iatures are rem>kable = beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgc4--,m9iature1 pa9t$ by ,giulio ,clovio1 ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 tak5 f ,dante's 8,p>adise10 repres5t+ ! ,poet & ,beatrice transport$ to ! ,moon1 ! abode ( ,wom5 devot$ to ,*a/ity4 7,manuscript 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 ,rome47 ,la/ly1 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xii41 ! complete reg5]ation ( ! ,arts 0 effect$4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 m5tion t at ?is p]iod !re 7 two v di/9ct s*ools3 "o ^: /yle /ill %[$ ! influ5ce ( anci5t ,go?ic traditions1 ! o!r entirely dep5d5t on ,italian ta/e4 ,! ,missal ( ,pope ,paul ,v4 emanat$ f ?is la/ s*ool 7,fig4 #cgd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4--;,bord] tak5 f ! ,missal ( ,pope ,paul ,v4 7,an ,italian ,manuscript ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury47 ,?is imm5se progress1 :i* %[$ itself simultane\sly 9 ,france & 9 ,italy by ! production ( _m orig9al works1 seems to h atta9$ its climax 9 ! execution ( a ju/ly celebrat$ manuscript1 kn[n by ! "n ( 8,heures d',anne de ,bretagne0 7,fig4 #cge74 ,among ! num]\s pictures :i* decorate ?is book ( pray]s1 _m w\ld n be unwor?y ( ,raphael's p5cil3 ! expression 9 ! face ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y is1 ) _m o!rs1 rem>kable = its sweetness2 ! heads ( ! angels h some?+ div9e 9 !m2 & ! ornam5ts :i* occupy ! m>g9 ( ea* page are compos$ ( fl[]s1 fruits1 & insects1 repres5t$ ) all ! fre%ness & brilliancy ( nature4 ,?is inimitable ma/]piece 01 l a sort ( sublime te/am5t1 to m>k ! glori\s b\nd>y-l9e ( an art :i* mu/ necess>ily deg5]ate n[ t ! pr9t+-press 0 caus+ ! num]\s class ( scribes & illum9ators ( ! ,middle ,ages to disappe>4 ,x has nev] reviv$ s9ce1 b at int]vals2 & !n m to meet ! requirem5ts ( fancy ?an to be ( any real use4 ,a few manuscripts adorn$ ) m9iatures ( ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury may /ill be m5tion$1 especially two 8,livres d',heures0 7pray]-books7 pa9t$ 9 grisaille1 :i* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cge4--,m9iature f ! ,pray]-book ( ,anne de ,bretagne1 repres5t+ ! ,ar*angel ,/4 ,mi*ael4 7,muse des ,s\v]a9s47 belong$ to ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,france 7n[ 9 ! ,muse des ,s\v]a9s71 & ! 8,livre d',heures10 execut$ = ! ,m>grave ( ,bad5 by a pa9t] ( ,lorra9e or ( ,metz nam$ ,br5tel 7,fig4 #cgf71 :o1 h[ev]1 did no?+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgf4--,m9iature 9 ! 8,livre d',heures0 belong+ to ! ,m>grave ( ,bad51 repres5t+ ! ,portrait ( ! bless$ ,b]n>d ( ,bad51 :o di$ 9 ! od\r ( ,sanctity1 on ,july #ae1 #adeh4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is47 b put toge!r designs copi$ f ! great ma/]s ( ,italy & ,fl&]s4 ,!re 71 nev]!less1 good m9iature-pa9t]s 9 ,france up to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to illu/rate ! manuscripts execut$ ) s mu* ta/e by ! fam\s ,j>ry & ! caligraph]s ( 8 s*ool4 ,! la/ manife/ation ( ! art %9es =?1 = example1 9 ! magnific5t 8,livre d',heures0 pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xiv4 by ! p5sion]s ( ! ,htel des ,invalides1 a rem>kable "w1 b yet unwor?y to appe> by ! side ( ! 8,livre d',heures d',anne de ,bretagne10 :i* ! pa9t] seems to h adopt$ z 8 model4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgg4--;,escut*eon ( ,france1 tak5 f "s ,ornam5ts 9 ! ,manuscript ( ! 8,in/itution ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/40 7,f\rte5? ,c5tury47 ,,bookb9d+ ,primitive ,b9d+ ( ,books4--,bookb9d+ among ! ,romans4--,bookb9d+ ) ,goldsmi?'s ,"w f ! ,fif? ,c5tury4--,*a9$ ,books4--,corporation ( ,lieurs1 or ,bookb9d]s4--,books b\nd 9 ,wood1 ) ,metal ,corn]s & ,clasps4--,fir/ ,b9d+s 9 ,lea!r1 honeycomb$ 7waffl$87 & gilt4--,description ( "s celebrat$ ,b9d+s ( ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies4--,s\rces ( ,mod]n ,bookb9d+4--,john ,grolli]4--,presid5t ,de ,?\4--,k+s & ,que5s ( ,france ,bibliomaniacs4--,sup]iority ( ,bookb9d+ 9 ,france4 ,z soon z ! anci5ts _h made squ>e books1 m conv5i5t to read ?an ! rolls1 b9d+--t is to say1 ! art ( reunit+ ! leaves /it*$ or /uck 7ligati7 into a movable back1 betwe5 two squ>e pieces ( wood1 ivory1 metal1 or lea!r--bookb9d+ 0 inv5t$4 ,?is primitive b9d+1 :i* _h no o!r object ?an t ( pres]v+ ! books1 no o!r m]it ?an ?an ( solidity1 0 n long ere x became associat$ ) ornam5t1 & ?us put itself 9 relation ) ! luxury ( ,greek & ,roman civilisation4 ,n cont5t$ ) plac+ on ea* side ( ! volume a little tablet ( c$>-wood or ( oak1 on :i* 0 writt5 ! title ( ! book 7= books 7 !n laid flat on ! %elves ( ! libr>y71 a piece ( lea!r 0 /ret*$ ov] ! edge to pres]ve x f du/1 if ! book 0 valuable1 & ! volume 0 ti$ up ) a /rap pass$ r\nd x _m times1 & :i* 0 subsequ5tly replac$ by clasps4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances ! volume 0 envelop$ 9 ?ick clo?1 & ev5 enclos$ 9 a case ( wood or lea!r4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( bookb9d+ 9 anci5t times4 ,!re 7 !n1 z n[1 good & bad bookb9d]s4 ,cic]o1 9 8 lett]s to ,atticus1 asks = two ( 8 slaves :o 7 v clev] ligatores librorum 7bookb9d]s74 ,bookb9d+1 h[ev]1 0 n an art v g5]ally kn[n1 = squ>e books1 not)/&+ ! conv5i5ce ( _! %ape1 _h n yet sup]s$$ rolls2 b we see1 9 ! ,notices ( ! ,dignities ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire 78,notitia ,dignitatum ,imp]ii71 writt5 t[>ds #dej1 t ?is accessory art _h already made imm5se progress2 s9ce c]ta9 (fic]s ( ! empire us$ to c>ry1 9 ! public c]emonies1 l>ge squ>e books conta9+ ! adm9i/rative in/ructions ( ! emp]or3 ^! books 7 b\nd1 cov]$ ) gre51 r$1 blue1 or yell[ lea!r1 clos$ by means ( lea!rn /raps or by hooks1 & ornam5t$ ) little gold5 rods dispos$ horizontally1 or loz5gewise1 ) ! portrait ( ! sov]eign pa9t$ or gilt on _! sides4 ,f ! fif? c5tury goldsmi?s & lapid>ies ornam5t$ b9d+ ) great ri*ness4 ,& s we he> ,/4 ,j]ome exclaim+3--8,y\r books are cov]$ ) preci\s /ones1 & ,*ri/ di$ nak$ be=e ! gate ( 8 temple60 8,! ,book ( ! ,gospels10 9 ,greek1 giv5 to ! basilica ( ,monza by ,!odel9da1 que5 ( ! ,lomb>ds1 ab\t #fjj1 has /ill "o ( ^! co/ly b9d+s4 ,a specim5 ( ,byzant9e art1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 is a sort ( small plate1 :i* is suppos$ to be "o ( ! sides ( ! cov] ( a book2 on x we f9d execut$ 9 bas-relief ! 8,visit ( ! ,holy ,wom5 to ! ,tomb10 & sev]al o!r sc5es f ! ,gospels4 ,9 ?is example ! beauty ( ! figures1 ! ta/e :i* dictat$ ! arrangem5t ( ! drap]ies1 & ! f9i% 9 ! execution1 furni% u ) evid5ce t1 9 ! indu/rial arts1 ! ,greeks _h ma9ta9$ till ! twelf? c5tury _! pre-em95ce ov] all ! p ( ,europe4 ,9 ^? days ! b9d+ ( ord9>y books 0 execut$ )\t any ornam5tation1 ?is be+ res]v$ = sacr$ books4 ,if1 9 ! treasures ( *ur*es1 abbeys1 & palaces1 a few manuscripts cov]$ ) gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones 7 kept z relics1 books 9 common use 7 simply cov]$ 9 bo>ds or lea!r2 b n )\t mu* att5tion be+ giv5 to ! b9d+1 :i* 0 m]ely int5d$ to pres]ve ! volumes4 ,_m docum5ts be> witness to ! great c>e & precision ) :i*1 9 c]ta9 mona/]ies1 books 7 b\nd & pres]v$4 ,all sorts ( sk9s 7 employ$ 9 cov]+ !m :5 !y _h be5 once press$ & jo9$ toge!r betwe5 bo>ds ( h>d wood t w\ld n readily decay3 9 ! ,nor?1 ev5 ! sk9s ( seals & ( %>ks 7 employ$1 b pig-sk9 seems to h be5 us$ 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panel ,,( ,a ,,book ,,cov]4 ,bas-relief 9 ,gold ,rep\ss4 ,n9? ,c5tury4 79 ! ,l\vre47 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t we1 p]haps1 owe to _! ri* b9d+s1 :i* 7 well calculat$ to tempt ?ieves1 ! de/ruction ( a numb] ( valuable manuscripts :5 t[ns or mona/]ies 7 sack$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sumptu\s b9d+s ) :i* k+s & nobles cov]$ ,bibles1 ! ,gospels1 antiphon>ies1#eh & missals1 h c]ta9ly pres]v$ to u v _m curi\s examples t1 )\t !m1 w\ld by degrees h det]iorat$1 or w\ld n h escap$ all ! *ances ( de/ruction to :i* !y 7 expos$4 ,x is ?us1 = in/ance1 t ! fam\s manuscript ( ,s5s has desc5d$ to u1 :i* conta9s 8,la ,messe des ,f\s10 set to music 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 x is b\nd betwe5 two pieces ( ivory1 ) bas-relief c>v+s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 repres5t+ ! fe/ivals ( ,bac*us4 ,all great public collections %[ ) pride "s ( ^! r>e & v5]able b9d+s1 decorat$ ) gold1 silv]1 or copp]1 engrav$1 *as$1 or inlaid ) preci\s /ones or col\r$ glass1 ) cameos or antique ivories 7,fig4 #cgh74 ,! great] numb] ( ri* books ( ! ,gospels m5tion$ 9 hi/ory date back z f> z ! p]iod ( ,*>lemagne1 & among ^! we mu/ m5tion1 above all1 "o giv5 by ! emp]or himself to ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,riqui]1 8cov]$ ) plates ( silv]1 & ornam5t$ ) gold & gems20 t ( ,/4 ,maxim9ius ( ,treves1 :i* came f ,ada1 daught] ( ,pep91 si/] ( ,*>lemagne1 & 0 ornam5t$ ) an engrav$ agate repres5t+ ,ada1 ! emp]or1 & 8 sons2 & la/ly1 "o t 0 to be se5 z late z #agbg 9 ! conv5t ( ,hautvill]s1 ne> ,ep]nay1 & :i* 0 b\nd 9 c>v$ ivory4 ,sometimes ^! sumptu\s volumes 7 enclos$ 9 an envelope made ( ri* /uff2 or1 9 pursuance ( an anci5t cu/om1 a casket n less gorge\sly decorat$ ?an ! b9d+1 conta9$ x4 ,! ,pray]-book ( ,*>lemagne1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,l\vre1 is kn[n to h be5 orig9ally enclos$ 9 a small casket ( silv] gilt1 on :i* 7 repres5t$ 9 relief ! 8,my/]ies ( ! ,passion40 ,^! books1 h[ev]1 b\nd ) goldsmi?'s "w1 7 n ^? t 7 *a9$ 9 *ur*es & 9 c]ta9 libr>ies 7,fig4 #cgi71 z "s volumes /ill 9 exi/5ce %[1 ) ! r+s ?r\gh :i* pass$ ! *a9 t fa/5$ !m to ! desk4 ,^! cat5ati 7*a9$ books7 7 g5]ally ,bibles & missals1 b\nd 9 wood & heavily ornam5t$ ) metallic corn]s2 :i*1 :ile plac$ at ! disposition ( ! fai?ful & ( ! public 9 g5]al1 _! own]s wi%$ to gu>antee aga9/ be+ /ol54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4--;,b9d+ 9 ,gold1 adorn$ ) preci\s ,/ones :i* cov]$ a 8,book ( ! ,gospels0 ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 repres5t+ ,jesus ,crucifi$1 ) ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john at ! ,foot ( ! ,cross4 7,muse du ,l\vre74 ,we mu/ n =get to m5tion1 among ! mo/ beautiful b9d+s ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 ! cov]+s ( books 9 enamell$ copp] 7,fig4 #chj74 ,! ,museum ( ,cluny possesses two plates ( incru/$ enamel ( ,limoges1 :i* mu/ h belong$ to "o ( ^! b9d+s3 ! fir/ has = its subject ! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi20 ! o!r ,illu/ration3 ,,ivory ,,dipty* ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,empire4 ,s]v+ z a ,book ,cov]1 8l',(fice des f\s404 7,9 ! ,libr>y ( ,s5s7 repres5ts ! monk ,eti5ne de ,muret1 f\nd] ( ! ord] ( ,gr&mont 79 ! twelf? c5tury71 conv]s+ ) ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,milan conta9s 9 its treasury ! cov]+ ( a book /ill m anci5t & mu* ri*]1 ab\t f\rte5 in*es long by twelve in*es wide1 & pr(usely cov]$ ) incru/$ enamel1 m\nt$ & ornam5t$ ) poli%$1 b uncut1 preci\s /ones ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4--,libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 9 :i* all ! ,books 7 *a9$1 ev5 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,b all ^! 7 only ! "w ( enamell]s1 goldsmi?s1 illum9ators1 & clasp-mak]s4 ,! b9d]s1 or bookb9d]s prop]ly s call$1 fa/5$ toge!r ! leaves ( books1 & plac$ !m betwe5 two bo>ds1 :i* !y !n cov]$ ) lea!r1 sk91 /uff1 or p>*m5t2 !y add$ to ^! cov]+s sometimes lea!rn /raps1 sometimes metal clasps1 sometimes hooks1 to keep ! volume firmly clos$1 & almo/ always nails1 ^: r\nd & project+ heads pres]v$ ! flat surface ( ! b9d+ f be+ rubb$4 ,9 ! ye> #abii1 :5 ! tax 0 impos$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ,p>is = ! exig5cies ( ! k+1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! numb] ( bookb9d]s !n actually 9 ! t[n am\nt$ only to sev5te51 :o1 z well z ! scribes & booksell]s1 7 directly dep5d5t on ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chj4--,l>ge ,pa9t$ ,initial ,lett] 9 a ,manuscript 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,brussels1 %[+ ! arrangem5t ( ! ,b9d+1 9 enamell$ ,metal1 ( a book ( ! ,gospels4 7,n9? or ,t5? ,c5tury47 ,univ]sity1 ! au?orities ( :i* plac$ !m "u ! surveillance ( f\r sworn bookb9d]s1 :o 7 consid]$ ! ag5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,we mu/ except1 h[ev]1 f ?is jurisdiction ! ackn[l$g$ bookb9d] to ! 8,*ambre des ,comptes10 :o1 be=e he c\ld be appo9t$ to ?is (fice1 _h to make an affirmation t he c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,9 ! mu/]s1 or processions1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ! bookb9d]s came aft] ! booksell]s4 ,to expla9 ! relatively small numb] ( pr(ess$ bookb9d]s1 we mu/ rememb] t at ?is p]iod ! majority ( s*ol>s b\nd _! own books1 z div]s passages ( anci5t au?ors prove2 :ile ! mona/]ies1 :i* 7 ! pr9cipal c5tres ( bookmak]s1 _h "o or _m memb]s ( _! community ^: special function x 0 to b9d ! works writt5 )9 _! walls4 ,tri!imius1 ,abbot ( ,spanheim at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 does n =get ! bookb9d]s 9 ! enum]ation he makes ( ! diff]5t employm5ts ( 8 monks3--8,let t "o10 says he1 8fa/5 ! leaves toge!r1 & b9d ! book ) bo>ds4 ,y1 prep>e ^? bo>ds2 y1 dress ! lea!r2 y1 ! metal plates1 :i* are to adorn ! b9d+40 ,^! b9d+s are repres5t$ on ! seal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 7,fig4 #cha71 & on ! bann]s ( "s ,fr5* corporation ( pr9t]s & booksell]s 7,figs4 #chb & #chf74 ,! metal plates1 ! corn]s1 ! nails1 ! clasps ) :i* ^! volumes 7 !n lad5 r5d]$ !m s heavy t1 9 ord] to enable ! read] to turn ov] ! leaves ) facility1 !y 7 plac$ on "o ( ^? revolv+ desks hav+ space = _m op5 folios at ! same "t1 & :i* 7 capable ( accommodat+ _m read]s simultane\sly4 ,x is said t ,petr>* _h caus$ a volume conta9+ ! 8,epi/les ( ,cic]o10 transcrib$ by himself1 to be b\nd s massively1 t z he 0 cont9ually read+ x1 he (t5 let x fall & injur$ 8 leg2 s badly once t he 0 ?reat5$ ) amputation4 ,?is manuscript 9 ,petr>*'s h&writ+ is /ill to be se5 9 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y at ,flor5ce2 x is b\nd 9 wood1 ) edges & clasps ( copp]4 ,! ,crusades1 :i* introduc$ into ,europe _m luxuri\s cu/oms1 mu/ h _h great influ5ce on bookb9d+1 s9ce ! ,arabs _h = a long :ile kn[n ! art ( prep>+1 dye+1 /amp+1 & gild+ ! sk9s !y employ$ to make cov]s = books3 ^! cov]s took ! "n ( al 7! w+s71 no d\bt f ! resemblance betwe5 !m & ! w+s ( a bird ( ri* plumage4 ,! ,crusad]s hav+ br\ght back f _! exp$itions specim5s ( ,ori5tal b9d+1 our ,european workm5 did n fail to turn _! brilliant models to acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cha4--,seal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 9 :i* is a ,book b\nd ) ,corn]s & ,clasps4 ,an entire revolution1 moreov]1 :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! =mation ( royal & pr9cely libr>ies1 0 to produce a revolution 9 b9d+ also4 ,bibles1 missals1 reproductions ( anci5t au?ors1 treatises on !ology1 7 no long] ! only books 9 common use4 ,! new language _h giv5 rise to hi/ories1 romances1 & poems1 :i* 7 ! delight ( a society becom+ m & m poli%$ e day4 ,= ! pleasure ( read]s1 ! gallant ( "o sex & ! fair ( ! o!r1 books 7 requir$ m agreeable to ! eye1 & less r\gh to ! t\*1 ?an ^? us$ = ! edification ( monks or ! in/ruction ( s*ol>s4 ,& fir/ ( all 7 sub/itut$1 = ! purpose ( manuscripts1 sizes m portable ?an ! grave folio4 ,!n f9e & smoo? vellum 0 us$ = writ+1 & books 7 cov]$ 9 velvet1 silk1 or wooll5 /uffs4 ,moreov]1 pap]1 a rec5t inv5tion1 op5$ up a new era = libr>ies2 b two c5turies 7 to elapse be=e pa/ebo>d _h entirely tak5 ! place ( wood5 cov]s4 ,x is 9 ! inv5tories1 9 ! acc\nts1 & 9 ! ar*ives ( k+s & pr9ces1 we mu/ look = ! hi/ory ( bookb9d+ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7,fig4 #chc74 ,we %all limit ourselves to giv+ a description ( "s co/ly b9d+s1 tak5 f ! inv5tories ( ! magnific5t libr>ies ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy & ( ,orleans1 n[ p>tly de/roy$1 & p>tly scatt]$ ab\t among ! great public collections ( ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chb4--;,bann] ( ! ,corporation ( ,pr9t]s-,booksell]s ( ,ang]s4 ,belong+ to ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 ,philip ! ,bold1 ,jean sans ,peur1 & ,philip ! ,good1 we see a small ,book ( ! ,gospels & ( ! 8,heures de la ,croix0 7a k9d ( pray]-book71 ) 8a b9d+ embelli%$ ) gold & fifty-eight l>ge pe>ls1 9 a case made ( camlet1 ) "o l>ge pe>l & a clu/] ( small pe>ls20 ! romance ( ! 8,moralit des ,hommes sur le ,ju 7jeu7 des ,es*i]s0 7! game ( *ess71 8cov]$ 9 silk1 ) :ite & r$ fl[]s1 & silv]-gilt nails1 on a gre5 gr\nd20 a ,book ( ,orisons1 8cov]$ 9 r$ lea!r1 ) silv]-gilt nails20 a ,psalt]1 8hav+ two silv]-gilt clasps1 b\nd 9 blue1 ) a gold5 eagle ) two heads & r$ talons1 to :i* is atta*$ a little silv]-gilt in/rum5t = turn+ ov] ! leaves1 ) ?ree escut*eons ( ! same arms1 cov]$ ) a r$ velvet *emise40#ei ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chc4--;,fragm5t ( an engrav$ & /amp$ ,b9d+ 9 an unkn[n ,mat]ial 7,fifte5? ,c5tury71 repres5t+ ! my/ical ,*ase ( ! ,unicorn1 :i* is tak+ refuge 9 ! lap ( ! ,virg94 7,public ,libr>y1 ,r\547 ,! *emise 0 a sort ( pocket 9 :i* c]ta9 valuable books 7 envelop$4 ,! 8,heures de ,/4 ,l\is0 7,/4 ,l\is's ,pray]-book71 n[ 9 ! ,muse des ,s\v]a9s1 is /ill 9 its *emise ( r$ s&al-wood4 ,belong+ to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 bro!r ( ,*>les ,,vi41 we f9d ,vgce's book1 8,on ,*ivalry10 8cov]$ 9 r$ lea!r inlaid1 :i* has two little brass clasps20 ! book ( 8,meliadus10 8cov]$ 9 gre5 velvet1 ) two silv]-gilt clasps1 enamell$ ) ! arms ( 8 ,royal ,highness20 ! book ( ,boce1 8,on ,consolation10 8cov]$ 9 figur$ silk20 8,! ,gold5 ,leg5d10 8cov]$ 9 black velvet1 )\t clasps20 ! 8,heures de ,notre-,dame10 8cov]$ 9 :ite lea!r40 ,! same inv5tories give an acc\nt ( ! prices paid = "s b9d+s & _! accessories4 ,?us1 9 #achf1 ,m>t9 ,lhuilli]1 a booksell] at ,p>is1 receiv$ f ! ,duke ( ,burgundy #af francs 7equival5t to ab\t #aad francs ,fr5* money ( ! pres5t "t71 8= b9d+ eight books1 ( :i* six 7 cov]$ 9 gra9$ lea!r20 on ,sept4 #ai1 #acid1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans paid to ,pet] ,blondel1 goldsmi?1 #ab livres #ae sols1 8= hav+ wr\ght1 besides ! duke's silv] seal1 two clasps0 = ! book ( ,boce2 & on ,jan4 #ae1 #acih1 to melot de ,rub]t1 an embroid]ess at ,p>is1 #ej sols t\rnois1 8= hav+ cut out & work$ 9 gold & silk two cov]s ( gre5 ,dampmas clo?1 "o = ! ,brevi>y1 ! o!r = ! ,book ( ,h\rs ( ! a=esaid nobleman1 & = hav+ made fifte5 m>k]s 7s9ets7 & f\r pair ( silk & gold /raps = ! said books40 ,! old /yle ( ?ick1 heavy1 9 "s sort arm\r-plat$1 b9d+1 c\ld n exi/ long aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 :i*1 :ile multiply+ books1 dim9i%$ _! weight1 r$uc$ _! size1 &1 moreov]1 gave !m a less intr9sic value4 ,wood5 bo>ds 7 replac$ by compress$ c>dbo>d1 nails & clasps 7 gradually laid aside1 & /uffs ( diff]5t k9ds no long] us$2 only sk91 lea!r1 & p>*m5t 7 employ$4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( mod]n b9d+2 b bookb9d]s 7 z yet b me*anics work+ = ! booksell]s1 :o1 :5 !y _h on _! premises a bookb9d+-room 7,fig4 #chd71 assum$1 9 _! editions1 ! d\ble title ( libraire-relieur 7booksell]-bookb9d]7 7,fig4 #che74 ,9 #aegh1 ,ni*olas ,eve /ill plac$ on 8 books & 8 sign-bo>d1 8,booksell] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is & ,bookb9d] to ! ,k+40 ,no volume 0 sold unb\nd4 ,f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 al?\gh bookb9d+ 0 always consid]$ z an adjunct to ! booksell]'s %op1 c]ta9 amateurs :o _h a ta/e = art requir$ ri*] & m re*]* ext]iors = _! books4 ,italy set u ! example ( beautiful b9d+s 9 morocco1 /amp$ & gilt2 imitat$1 h[ev]1 f ^? ( ! ,koran & o!r ,arabian manuscripts1 :i* ,v5etian navigators frequ5tly br\ght back ) !m f ! ,ea/4 ,! exp$ition ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ! w>s ( ,l\is ,,xii4 introduc$ into ,france n only ,italian b9d+s1 b ,italian b9d]s also4 ,)\t r5\nc+1 h[ev]1 at lea/ = ! livres d'heures1 ! b9d+s ornam5t$ ) goldsmi?'s "w & gems1 ,france _h v soon b9d]s ( h] own1 surpass+ ^? :o _h be5 to !m z initiators or ma/]s4 ,jean ,grolli]1 ( ,lyons1 lov$ books too mu* n to wi% to give !m an ext]ior ornam5tation wor?y ( ! weal? ( k !y conta9$4 ,treasur] ( ,w>1 & ,int5dant ( ! ,milanese be=e ! battle ( ,pavia1 he _h begun to create a libr>y1 :i* he subsequ5tly transport$ into ,france1 & did n cease to enl>ge & to enri* till 8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ 9 #aefe4 ,8 books 7 b\nd 9 morocco f ! ,levant1 ) su* c>e & ta/e t1 "u ! sup]vision ( ?is exact+ amateur1 bookb9d+ seem$ to h already atta9$ p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chd4--;,bookb9d]s' ,"w-room1 drawn & engrav$ 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 by ,j4 ,amman4 ,pr9ces & ladies ( ! c\rt prid$ !mselves on _! love ( books & ! desire to acquire !m2 !y f\nd$ libr>ies1 & enc\rag$ ! works & inv5tions ( good bookb9d]s :o produc$ ma/]pieces ( pati5ce & ability 9 decorat+ ! cov]s ( books1 ei!r ) enamell$ pa9t+s1 or ) mosaics made ( diff]5t pieces inlaid1 or ) pla9 gild+s /amp$ on ! surface ) small irons4 ,x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate ! spl5did b9d+s 9 all /yles t ! ,fr5* bookb9d]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury h left u1 & :i* h nev] be5 surpass$ s9ce4 ,! pa9t]1 ! engrav]1 & ev5 ! goldsmi?1 co-op]at$ ) ! bookb9d] 9 8 art1 by furni%+ him ) designs = ornam5ts4 ,we n[ see reappe>+ "s plates obta9$ f hot or cold dies1 repres5t+ v>i\s subjects1 & ! designs f :i* !y 7 tak51 reproduc$ f ^? t _h be5 9 fa%ion t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 (t5 drawn by di/+ui%$ arti/s1 su* z ,jean ,c\s91 ,/eph5 de ,laulne1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che4--,m>k ( ,william ,eu/ace 7#aeab71 ,booksell] & ,b9d]1 ,p>is4 ,ne>ly all ! ,fr5* k+s1 especially ! ,valois1 7 passionately fond ( spl5did b9d+s4 ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis 0 su* a connoisseur ( f9ely-b\nd books1 t au?ors & booksell]s1 :o eag]ly pres5t$ h] ) copies ( _! works1 tri$ to di/+ui% !mselves 9 ! *oice & beauty ( ! b9d+s :i* !y _h made expressly = h]4 ,h5ry ,,iii41 :o appreciat$ h&somely-b\nd books no less ?an 8 "m1 inv5t$ a v s+ul> b9d+1 :5 he _h in/itut$ ! ,ord] ( 8,p5it5ts20 ?is consi/$ ( dea?'s heads & cross bones1 te>s1 crosses1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion1 gilt or /amp$ on black morocco lea!r1 & hav+ ! foll[+ device1 8,spes mea ,deus0 78,god is my hope071 ) or )\t ! arms ( ,france4 ,x is impossible to associate ^! sup]b b9d+s ) ! usual & common "w execut$ at ! booksell]s' %ops1 & "u _! sup]9t5d5ce4 ,"s booksell]s ( ,p>is & ( ,lyons1 ! h\ses ( ,gryphe & ,t\rnes1 ( ,e/i5ne & ,vascosan1 paid a little m att5tion1 h[ev]1 ?an o!rs ( ! frat]nity1 to ! b9d+ ( books :i* !y sold to ! read+ public2 !y adopt$ patt]ns ( dun-col\r$ calf1 9 comp>tm5ts2 or :ite vellum1 ) fillets & arabesques 9 gold1 f9e specim5s ( :i* are n[ v r>e4 ,at ?is p]iod ,italian bookb9d+ _h rea*$ ! mo/ complete /ate ( decad5cy1 :ile 9 ,g]many & o!r p>ts ( ,europe ! old massive b9d+s1--b9d+s 9 wood1 lea!r1 & p>*m5t1 ) fa/5+s ( iron or brass1--/ill held _! gr\nd4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 ! b9d]s1 :om ! booksell]s kept 9 a /ate ( obscurity & s]vitude1 _h n ev5 be5 able to =m !mselves into a guild or frat]nity4 ,!y might produce ma/]pieces ( _! art1 b 7 n all[$ to app5d _! names to _! works2 & we mu/ come d[n z f> z ! fam\s ,gascon 7#afda7 be=e we c introduce ! "n ( any illu/ri\s bookb9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chf4--;,bann] ( ! ,corporation ( ,pr9t]s-,booksell]s ( ,autun4 ,,pr9t+ ,:o 0 ! ,inv5tor ( ,pr9t+8--,movable ,lett]s 9 ,anci5t ,times4--,block ,pr9t+4--,laur5t ,co/]4--,donati & ,specula4--,gut5b]g's ,process4--,p>tn]%ip ( ,gut5b]g & ,fau/4--,s*oeff]4--,! ,may5ce ,bible4--,! ,psalt] ( #adeg4--,! 8,rationale0 ( #adei4--;,gut5burg pr9ts by himself4--,! 8,ca?olicon0 ( #adfj4--,pr9t+ at ,cologne1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,v5ice1 & ,p>is4--,l\is ,,xi4 & ,ni*olas ,j5son4--,g]man ,pr9t]s at ,rome4--,incunabula4--,col>t ,mansion4--,caxton4--,improvem5t ( ,typographical ,processes up to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,fifte5 t[ns h laid claim to ! hon\r ( be+ ! bir?place ( pr9t+1 & writ]s :o h appli$ !mselves to se>* out ! orig9 ( ?is admirable inv5tion1 f> f com+ to any agreem5t on ! po9t 9 _! endeav\rs to cle> up ! "q1 h only confus$ x4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 aft] _m c5turies ( le>n$ & e>ne/ controv]sy1 !re only rema9 ?ree antagoni/ic propositions1 ) ?ree names ( t[ns1 f\r names ( inv5tors1 & ?ree diff]5t dates4 ,! ?ree places are ,ha>lem1 ,/rasb\rg1 & ,may5ce2 ! f\r inv5tors1 ,laur5t ,co/]1 ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/1 & ,s*oeff]2 ! ?ree dates :i* are assign$ to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ are #adbj1 #addj1 #adej4 ,9 our op9ion ^! ?ree propositions1 :i* "s try to combat & de/roy by oppos+ ea* to ! o!r1 ought1 on ! contr>y1 to be bl5d$ into "o1 & comb9$ *ronologically 9 su* a mann] z to repres5t ! ?ree pr9cipal p]iods ( ! discov]y ( pr9t+4 ,!re is no d\bt t pr9t+ exi/$ 9 ! g]m 9 anci5t times2 t x 0 kn[n & made use ( by ! anci5ts4 ,!re 7 /amps & seals be>+ leg5ds trac$ ! wrong way1 f :i* positive impressions 7 obta9$ on papyrus or p>*m5t1 9 wax1 ink1 or col\r4 ,we are %[n1 9 museums1 plates ( copp] or ( c$>-wood1 cov]$ ) *>act]s c>v$ or cut out 9 !m1 :i* seem to h be5 int5d$ = ! purpose ( pr9t+1 & :i* resemble ! block plates ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chg4--;,anci5t ,wood-block ,pr9t1 cut 9 ,fl&]s be=e #addj1 repres5t+ ,jesus ,*ri/ aft] 8 ,flagellation4 7,delbecq's ,collection1 ,gh5t47 ,some?+ v mu* l ! process ( pr9t+ 9 movable type is describ$ by ,cic]o 9 a passage 9 :i* he refutes ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus on ! creation ( ! _w by atoms3 8,:y n believe1 also1 t by ?r[+ toge!r1 indiscrim9ately1 innum]able =ms ( lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ei!r 9 gold or 9 any o!r sub/ance1 "o c pr9t ) ^! lett]s1 on ! gr\nd1 ! ,annals ( ,ennius80 ,! movable lett]s possess$ by ! anci5ts 7 c>v$ 9 box-wood or ivory2 b !y 7 only employ$ = tea*+ *ildr5 to read1 z ,qu9ctilian te/ifies 9 8 8,oratorical ,in/itutions10 & ,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 8,epi/les40 ,!re 0 !n only want+ a =tunate *ance to cause ?is c>v$ alphabet to create ! typographic art fifte5 c5turies e>li] ?an its actual bir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chh4--;,fac-simile ( an ,engrav+ on ,wood1 by an anci5t ,flemi% ,engrav] 7ab\t #adch72 :i* 0 ins]t$1 aft] ! mann] ( a ,m9iature1 9 a ,manuscript ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 conta9+ ,pray]s = ! use ( ! ,p4 7,delbecq's ,collection1 ,gh5t47 8,! art ( tak+ impressions once discov]$10 says ,m4 ,lon de ,laborde1 8& appli$ to engrav+ 9 relief1 gave rise to pr9t+1 :i* 0 only ! p]fection to :i* a natural & rapid progression ( attempts & ef=ts w\ld naturally lead40 8,b x 0 only10 adds ,m4 ,ambroise-,firm9 ,didot1 8:5 ! art ( mak+ pap]--t art famili> to ! ,*9ese f ! beg9n+ ( our era--spread 9 ,europe & became g5]ally kn[n1 t ! reproduction1 by press+1 ( texts1 figures1 play+-c>ds1 c41 fir/ by ! tabul> process1 call$ xylography 7block-pr9t+71 !n ) movable types1 became easy1 & 0 consequ5tly to appe> simultane\sly 9 diff]5t places40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chi4--,wood-block1 cut 9 ,france1 ab\t #addj1 repres5t+ an ,image ( ,/4 ,james ! ,great1 ) "o ( ! ,comm&m5ts z a ,text4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 ,collection ( ,pr9ts47 ,b1 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 at ,ha>lem1 9 ,holl&1 wood-engrav+ _h be5 discov]$1 & consequ5tly tabul> impression1 ) :i* ! ,*9ese1 x is said1 7 already acqua9t$ ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! mod]n era4 ,p]haps x 0 "s ,*9ese book or pack ( c>ds br\ght to ,ha>lem by a m]*ant or a navigator1 t reveal$ to ! c>dmak]s & pr9tsell]s ( ! indu/ri\s ,ne!rl&s a process ( impress+ m exp$iti\s & m economical4 ,xylography began on ! day :5 a leg5d 0 engrav$ on a wood-block2 ?is leg5d1 limit$ at fir/ to a few l9es1 v soon occupi$ a :ole page2 !n ?is page 0 n long 9 becom+ a volume 7,fig4 #chg to #chi74 ,"h is an extract f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,adrian ,junius1 9 8 ,lat9 "w entitl$ 8,batavia10 ( ! discov]y ( pr9t+ at ,ha>lem1 writt5 9 #aegb3--8,m ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty-two ye>s ago !re liv$ at ,ha>lem1 close to ! royal palace1 "o ,john ,laur5t1 surnam$ ,co/] 7or gov]n]71 = ?is hon\rable po/ came to him by inh]itance1 be+ h&$ d[n 9 8 family f fa!r to son4 ,"o day1 ab\t #adbj1 z he 0 walk+ aft] d9n] 9 a wood ne> ! t[n1 he set to "w & cut ! b>k ( bee*-trees into ! %ape ( lett]s1 ) :i* he trac$1 on pap]1 by press+ "o aft] ! o!r ^u x1 a model compos$ ( _m l9es = ! in/ruction ( 8 *ildr54 ,enc\rag$ by ?is success1 8 g5ius took a high] flight1 & !n1 9 conc]t ) 8 son-9-law1 ,?omas ,pi]re1 he inv5t$ a species ( ink m glut9\s & t5aci\s ?an t employ$ 9 writ+1 & he ?us pr9t$ figures 7images7 to :i* he add$ 8 wood5 lett]s4 ,i h myself se5 _m copies ( ?is fir/ attempt at pr9t+4 ,! text is on "o side only ( ! pap]4 ,! book pr9t$ 0 writt5 9 ! vulg> tongue1 by an anonym\s au?or1 hav+ z its title #8,speculum no/r ,salutis' 7#8,! ,mirror ( our ,salvation'74 ,lat]1 ,laur5t ,co/] *ang$ 8 wood5 types into lead51 !n ^! into pewt]4 ,laur5t's new inv5tion1 enc\rag$ by /udi\s m51 attract$ f all p>ts an imm5se conc\rse ( pur*as]s4 ,! love ( ! art increas$1 ! lab\rs ( 8 work%op increas$ also1 & ,laur5t 0 oblig$ to add hir$ workm5 to ! memb]s ( 8 family1 to assi/ 9 8 op]ations4 ,among ^! workm5 !re 0 a c]ta9 ,john1 :om ,i suspect ( be+ none o!r ?an ,fau/1 :o 0 trea*]\s & fatal to 8 ma/]4 ,initiat$1 "u ! seal ( an oa?1 into all ! secrets ( pr9t+1 & hav+ become v exp]t 9 ca/+ type1 9 sett+ x up1 & 9 ! o!r processes ( 8 trade1 ?is ,john took advantage ( a ,*ri/mas ev5+1 :ile e "o 0 9 *ur*1 to rifle 8 ma/]'s work%op & to c>ry (f 8 typographical implem5ts4 ,he fl$ ) 8 booty to ,am/]dam1 !nce to ,cologne1 & aft]w>ds to ,may5ce1 :]e he e/abli%$ himself2 & calculat+ ^u safety "h1 set up a pr9t+-(fice4 ,9 t v same ye>1 #adbb1 he pr9t$ ) ! type :i* ,laur5t _h employ$ at ,ha>lem1 a gramm> !n 9 use1 call$ #8,alex&ri ,galli ,doctr9ale1' & a #8,treatise ( ,pet] ! ,spani>d' 7#8,petri ,hispani ,tractatus'740 ,?is acc\nt1 :i* came1 inde$1 r late1 al?\gh ! au?or ref]r$ to ! mo/ respectable au?orities 9 support ( x1 met at fir/ ) no?+ b incr$ulity & contempt4 ,at ?is p]iod ! "r ( ,may5ce to be consid]$ ! bir?place ( pr9t+ c\ld only be s]i\sly c\nt]balanc$ by ! "r ,/rasb\rg _h to be s consid]$4 ,! ?ree names ( ,gut5b]g1 ( ,fau/1 & ( ,s*ff] 7 already consecrat$ by univ]sal gratitude4 ,ev]y:]e1 !n1 except 9 ,holl&1 ?is new te/imony 0 reject$2 ev]y:]e ! new inv5tor1 ^: claim _h j be5 made = a %>e ( ! hon\r1 0 reject$ z an apocryphal or leg5d>y be+4 ,b v soon1 h[ev]1 criticism1 rais+ itself above ! influ5ces ( nationality1 took up ! "q1 discuss$ ! acc\nt giv5 by ,junius1 exam9$ t fam\s 8,speculum0 :i* no "o _h yet po9t$ out1 prov$ ! exi/5ce ( xylographic impressions1 s\ght = ^? :i* c\ld be attribut$ to ,co/]1 & oppos$ to ! ,abb ,tri!im 7or ,tri!mius71 :o _h writt5 on ! orig9 ( pr9t+ f in=mation furni%$ by ,pet] ,s*ff] himself1 ! m dis9t]e/$ te/imony ( ! anonym\s *ronicl] ( ,cologne 9 #adfe1 :o _h le>n$ f ,ulric ,zell1 "o ( ,gut5b]g's workm51 & ! fir/ pr9t] ( ,cologne 9 #adfe1 ?is important peculi>ity3--8,al?\gh ! typographic art 0 inv5t$ at ,may5ce10 says he1 8nev]!less ! fir/ r\gh sket* ( ?is art 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&1 & x is 9 imitation ( ! #8,donatus' 7! ,lat9 syntax by ,clius ,donatus1 a gramm>ian ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a book !n 9 use 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe71 :i* long be=e t "t 0 pr9t$ !re2 x is 9 imitation ( ?is1 & on acc\nt ( x1 t ! said art began "u ! auspices ( ,gut5b]g40 ,if ,gut5b]g imitat$ ! 8,donatus10 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ,holl& be=e ! "t he himself pr9t$ at ,may5ce1 ,gut5b]g 0 n ! inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,x 0 9 #adej t ,gut5b]g began to pr9t at ,may5ce 7,fig4 #cij72 b f z e>ly a date z #adcf he _h tri$ to pr9t at ,/rasb\rg2 &1 be=e 8 fir/ attempts1 !re _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1--at ,ha>lem1 & ,dordre*t1--8,specula0 & 8,donati0 on wood5 bo>ds2 a process kn[n by ! "n ( xylography 7engrav+ on wood71 :ile ! attempts at typography 7pr9t+ ) movable type7 made by ,gut5b]g entirely diff]$ f ! o!r2 s9ce ! lett]s1 engrav$ at fir/ on /eel po9ts 7po9ons71 & aft]w>ds =c$ into a copp] matrix reproduc$ by means ( ca/+ 9 a metal m fusible ?an copp] ! impress ( ! po9t on %anks 7tiges7 made ( pewt] or lead1 h>d5$ by an alloy 7,fig4 #cia74 ,n[1 a r s+ul> circum/ance comes to corroborate :at 0 said by ,adrian ,junius4 ,a ,lat9 edition ( ! 8,speculum10 an 9-folio ( sixty-?ree leaves1 ) wood engrav+s 9 two comp>tm5ts at ! head ( ea* leaf1 consi/s ( a mixture ( tw5ty xylographic leaves1 & ( =ty-"o leaves pr9t$ ) movable type1 b v imp]fect1 & ca/ 9 m\lds :i* 7 probably made ( bak$ e>?3 an edition ( a ,dut* 8,speculum10 9 folio1 has also two pages 9 a type small] & clos] ?an ! re/ ( ! text4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ^! anomalies8 ,on ! "o h&1 a mixture ( xylography & typography2 on ! o!r1 a comb9ation ( two diff]5t k9ds ( movable type4 ,my hypo!sis is1 if inde$ ! details giv5 by ,junius1 op5 to suspicion z !y are1 be correct1 t ! di%one/ workman :o1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 /ole ! implem5ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cij4--;,fac-simile ( a ,page ( ! mo/ anci5t ,xylographie 8,donatus0 7,*apt] on ,prepositions71 pr9t$ at ,may5ce1 by ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g1 ab\t #adej4 employ$ 9 ! work%op ( ,laur5t ,co/]1 & :o mu/ h act$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( precipitation1 cont5t$ himself ) c>ry+ (f "s =ms ( ! 8,speculum0 j ready = ! press4 ,! type employ$ = tw5ty or tw5ty-two pages 0 suffici5t to s]ve z models = a c\nt]feit edition1 & also = a book ( small ext5t1 su* z ! 8,alex&ri ,galli ,doctr9ale10 & ! 8,petri ,hispani ,tractatus40 ,x is probable t ! ,lat9 & ,dut* editions ( ! 8,speculum0 7 bo? entirely compos$1 set up1 & prep>$ = ! text to be /ruck (f1 :5 ! ?ief took at haz>d ! tw5ty-two =ms1 :i* he det]m9$ to turn to acc\nt1 at any rate z a model = ! c\nt]feit edition he int5d$ to publi%4 ,9 ca/-iron type1 ^! =ms c\ld n h weigh$ m ?an sixty p\nds2 9 wood5 type1 n half z mu*2 if we add to ^! ! compos+-/icks1 ! p9c]s1 ! galleys1 & o!r indisp5sable elem5ts ( ! trade1 we %all f9d t ! booty 0 n beyond ! /r5g? ( a man to c>ry easily on 8 %\ld]s4 ,z = ! press1 ab\t t !re c\ld be no "q1 s9ce ! impressions produc$ at ,ha>lem 7 made ) a pad & by h&1 z is /ill ! case ) play+-c>ds & pr9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cia4--,portrait ( ,gut5b]g1 f an ,engrav+ ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 7,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is1 ,pr9t ,room47 ,x rema9s n[ to discov] :o 0 ?is ,john :o appropriat$ ! secret ( pr9t+1 & took x f ,ha>lem to ,may5ce4 ,0 x ,john ,fu/ or ,fau/1 z ,adrian ,junius suspect$8 ,0 x ,john ,gut5b]g1 z _m ,dut* writ]s h alleg$8 or 0 x n r ,john ,g5sfleis* ! eld]1 a relation ( ,gut5b]g1 z1 f a v explicit passage ( ! le>n$ ,joseph ,wimpfel+1 8 contempor>y1 ! late/ def5d]s ( ! ,ha>lem tradition ?9k8 ,! "q is /ill undecid$4 ,! 8,speculum10 h[ev]1 is n ! only book ( ! k9d :i* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cib4--;,fac-simile ( ! ,tw5ty-eigh? ,xylographic ,page ( ! 8,biblia ,paup]um20 repres5t+1 ) ,texts tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,david slay+ ,golia?1 & ,*ri/ caus+ ! ,s\ls ( ! ,patri>*s & ,prophets to come out ( ,purgatory4 _h appe>$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries be=e ! p]iod assign$ to ! discov]y ( pr9t+ 9 ,holl&4 ,"s ( ^! 7 evid5tly xylographic1 o!rs %[ signs ( hav+ be5 pr9t$ ) movable type ( wood1 n ( metal4 ,all h engrav+s ( ! same "* z ^? ( ! 8,speculum10 especially ! 8,biblia ,paup]um0 78,poor ,m5's ,bible07 7,fig4 #cib71 ! 8,ars ,mori5di0 78,! ,art ( ,dy+07 7,fig4 #cic7 ! 8,ars ,memor&i0 78,! ,art ( ,rememb]+071 :i* _h a v wide circulation4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,laur5t ,co/]1 not)/&+ ! progress he _h made ) 8 inv5tion1 0 c]ta9ly ignorant ( its importance4 ,9 ^? days ! only libr>ies 7 ^? belong+ to conv5ts & to a few nobles ( lit]>y acquirem5ts2 private individuals1 ) ! exception ( "s le>n$ m5 :o 7 ri*] ?an _! fell[s1 possess$ no books at all4 ,! copyi/s & illum9ators by pr(ession 7 employ$ exclusively 9 reproduc+ 8,livres d',heures0 7pray]-books71 & s*ool books3 ! fir/ 7 sumptu\s volumes1 objects ( an indu/ry q exceptional2 ! second1 de/9$ = *ildr51 7 always simply execut$1 & compos$ ( a few leaves ( /rong pap] or p>*m5t4 ,! pupils limit$ !mselves to writ+ passages ( _! lessons f ! dictation ( _! tea*]s2 to ! monks 0 assign$ ! task ( transcrib+1 at full l5g?1 ! sacr$ & pr(ane au?ors4 ,co/] c\ld n ev5 h ?\ght ( reproduc+ ^! works1 ! sale ( :i* w\ld h seem$ to him impossible1 & he at fir/ fell back ^u ! 8,specula10 religi\s books :i* address$ !mselves to all ! fai?ful1 ev5 to ^? :o c\ld n read1 by means ( ! /ories or illu/rations 7images7 ( :i* ^! books 7 compos$2 !n he occupi$ himself ) ! 8,donati10 :i* he repr9t$ _m times f xylographic plates1 if n ) movable type1 & = :i* he mu/ h f\nd a consid]able dem&4 ,x 0 "o ( ^! 8,donati0 t1 fall+ "u ! eyes ( ,gut5b]g1 reveal$ to him1 accord+ to ! 8,*ronique de ,cologne10 ! secret ( pr9t+4 ,?is secret 0 kept fai?fully = fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s by ! workm5 employ$ 9 8 pr9t+-h\se1 :o 7 n initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! new art till !y _h s]v$ a c]ta9 "t ( probation & appr5tice%ip3 a t]rible oa? b\nd toge!r ^? :om ! ma/] _h consid]$ wor?y ( ent]+ into p>tn]%ip ) him2 = on ! pres]vation ( ! secret dep5d$ ! prosp]ity or ! ru9 ( ! inv5tor & 8 coadjutors1 s9ce all pr9t$ books 7 !n sold z manuscripts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cic4--;,fac-simile ( ! fif? ,page ( ! fir/ ,xylographic ,edition ( ! 8,ars ,mori5di10 repres5t+ ! ,s9n] on 8 ,dea?-b$ surr\nd$ by 8 ,family4 ,two ,demons are :isp]+ into 8 e>1 8,?9k ( ?y treasure10 & 8,di/ribute x to ?y fri5ds40 ,b :ile ! secret 0 s scrupul\sly ma9ta9$ by ! fir/ ,dut* pr9t] & 8 p>tn]s1 a lawsuit 0 br\ght be=e ! sup]ior c\rt ( ,/rasb\rg :i*1 ?\gh ! motives = x 7 app>5tly b ( private int]e/1 0 nev]!less to give ! public ! key to ! my/]i\s trade ( ! typograph]4 ,?is lawsuit1--! curi\s docum5ts relat+ to :i* 7 f\nd only 9 #agfj1 9 an old t[] at ,/rasb\rg1--0 br\ght aga9/ ,john ,g5sfleis*1 call$ ,gut5b]g 7:o 0 born at ,may5ce1 b 0 exil$ f 8 native t[n dur+ ! political tr\bles1 & _h settl$ at ,/rasb\rg s9ce #adbj71 by ,george & ,ni*olas ,dritzeh51 :o1 z heirs ( ! deceas$ ,&rew ,dritzeh51 _! bro!r1 & =m]ly ,gut5b]g's p>tn]1 desir$ to be admitt$ z 8 repres5tatives into an association ( ^: object !y 7 ignorant1 b f :i* !y no d\bt knew _! bro!r expect$ to d]ive "s b5eficial results4 ,x 01 9 %ort1 pr9t+ itself :i* 0 on its trial at ,/rasb\rg t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #adci2 t is1 m ?an f\rte5 ye>s be=e ! p]iod at :i* pr9t+ is kn[n to h be5 fir/ employ$ 9 ,may5ce4 ,"h is a summ>y1 z we f9d !m 9 ! docum5ts relat+ to ?is lawsuit1 ( ! facts /at$ be=e ! judge4 ,gut5b]g1 an +5i\s b a poor man1 possess$ div]s secrets = becom+ ri*4 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 came to him ) a reque/ t he w\ld tea* him _m arts4 ,gut5b]g !reupon initiat$ him into ! art ( poli%+ /ones1 & ,&rew 8d]iv$ great pr(it f ?is secret40 ,subsequ5tly1 ) ! object ( c>ry+ out ano!r art dur+ ! pilgrimage ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1#fj ,gut5b]g agre$ ) ,hans ,riff51 mayor ( ,li*t5au1 to =m a company1 :i* ,&rew ,dritzeh5 & a man nam$ ,&rew ,heilman desir$ to jo94 ,gut5b]g cons5t$ to ?is on condition t !y w\ld toge!r pur*ase ( him ! "r to a ?ird ( ! pr(its1 = a sum ( #afj flor9s1 payable on ! day ( ! contract1 & #hj flor9s payable at a lat] date4 ,! agreem5t be+ made1 he taught !m ! art :i* !y 7 to ex]cise at ! prop] p]iod 9 ,aix-la-,*apelle2 b ! pilgrimage 0 po/pon$ to ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! p>tn]s requir$ ( ,gut5b]g t he %\ld n conceal f !m any ( ! arts & inv5tions ( :i* he 0 cognisant4 ,new /ipulations 7 ent]$ ^u :]eby ! p>tn]s pl$g$ !mselves to pay an additional sum1 & 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t ! art %\ld be c>ri$ on = ! b5efit ( ! f\r p>tn]s dur+ ! space ( five ye>s2 & t1 9 ! ev5t ( "o ( !m dy+1 all ! implem5ts ( ! art1 & all ! works already produc$1 %\ld belong to ! surviv+ p>tn]s2 ! heirs ( ! deceas$ be+ entitl$ to receive no m ?an an indemnity ( #ajj flor9s at ! expiration ( ! said five ye>s4 ,gut5b]g accord+ly (f]$ to pay ! heirs ( 8 late p>tn] ! /ipulat$ sum2 b !y dem&$ ( him an acc\nt ( ! capital inve/$ by ,&rew ,dritzeh51 :i*1 z !y alleg$1 _h be5 absorb$ 9 ! speculation4 ,!y m5tion$ especially a c]ta9 acc\nt = lead1 = :i* _! bro!r _h made himself responsible4 ,)\t d5y+ ?is acc\nt1 ,gut5b]g refus$ to satisfy _! dem&s4 ,num]\s witnesses gave evid5ce1 & _! depositions = & aga9/ ! object ( ! association %[ u a fai?ful picture ( :at mu/ h be5 ! inn] life ( f\r p>tn]s exhau/+ !mselves & _! money 9 ef=ts to realise a s*eme ! nature ( :i* !y 7 v c>eful to conceal1 b f :i* !y expect$ to d]ive ! mo/ spl5did results4 ,we f9d !m work+ by night2 we he> !m answ]+ ^? :o que/ion$ !m on ! object ( _! "w1 t !y 7 8mirror-mak]s0 7spiegel-ma*]72 we f9d !m borr[+ money1 because !y _h 9 h& 8some?+ 9 :i* !y c\ld n inve/ too mu* money40 ,&rew ,dritzeh51 9 ^: c>e ! press 0 left1 be+ dead1 ,gut5b]g's fir/ object 0 to s5d to ! deceas$'s h\se a man he c\ld tru/1 :o 0 commission$ to unscrew ! press1 s t ! pieces 7or =ms71 :i* 7 fix$ closely toge!r by x1 might become deta*$ f ea* o!r1 & !n to place ^! =ms 9 or on ! press 89 su* a mann] t no "o might be able to und]/& :at !y 740 ,gut5b]g regrets t 8 s]vant did n br+ him back all ! =ms1 _m ( :i* 87 n to be f\nd40 ,la/ly1 we f9d figur+ among ! witnesses a turn]1 a timb]-m]*ant1 & a goldsmi? :o decl>$ t he _h work$ dur+ ?ree ye>s = ,gut5b]g1 & t he _h ga9$ m ?an #ajj flor9s by prep>+ = him 8! ?+s belong+ to pr9t+0 7das zu dem ,truck5 gehoret74 ,truck5--pr9t+6 ,?us ! gr& ^w 0 pron\nc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! lawsuit1 b c]ta9ly )\t produc+ ! lea/ effect on ! audi5ce1 :o wond]$ :at 0 ?is occult art :i* ,gut5b]g & 8 p>tn]s _h c>ri$ on ) s mu* tr\ble1 & at su* great exp5se4 ,h[ev]1 x is q c]ta9 t1 ) ! exception ( ! indiscretion1 really v insignificant1 ( ! goldsmi?1 ,gut5b]g's secret rema9$ undiscov]$1 = x 0 suppos$ x _h to d ) ! poli%+ ( /ones & ! manufacture ( mirrors4 ,! judge1 be+ in=m$ z to ! good fai? ( ,gut5b]g1 pron\nc$ ! (f]s he made to ! pla9tiffs satisfactory1 decid$ aga9/ ! heirs ( ,&rew ,dritzeh51 & ! ?ree o!r p>tn]s rema9$ sole proprietors ( _! process1 & cont9u$ to c>ry x out4 ,if we /udy ) "s att5tion ! docum5ts relat+ to ?is s+ul> trial at ,/rasb\rg1 & if we also notice1 t our ^w mirror is ! translation ( ! ,g]man ^w spiegel & ( ! ,lat9 ^w speculum1 x is impossible n to recognise all ! processes1 all ! implem5ts made use ( 9 pr9t+1 ) ! names !y h n ceas$ to be>1 & :i* 7 giv5 to !m z soon z !y 7 inv5t$2 ! =ms1 ! screw 7:i* is n ! pr9t+-press1 = !y pr9t$ 9 ^? days ) ! frotton1 or rubb]1 b ! frame 9 :i* ! types 7 press$71 ! lead1 ! "w1 ! art1 c4 ,we see ,gut5b]g accompani$ by a turn] :o made ! screw = ! press1 ! timb] m]*ant :o _h suppli$ ! planks ( box or ( pe> wood1 ! goldsmi? :o _h engrav$ or ca/ ! type4 ,!n we asc]ta9 t ^! 8mirrors10 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* ! p>tn]s 7 occupi$1 & :i* 7 to be sold at ! pilgrimage ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 7 no o!r ?an ! future copies ( ! 8,speculum ,human ,salvationis10 an imitation m or less p]fect ( ! fam\s book ( illu/rations ( :i* ,holl& _h already publi%$ ?ree or f\r editions1 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,dut*4 ,we "k1 on ! o!r h&1 t ^! 8,mirrors0 or 8,specula0 71 9 ! e>lie/ days ( pr9t+1 s mu* 9 reque/1 t 9 e place ! fir/ pr9t]s rivall$ ea* o!r 9 execut+ & publi%+ diff]5t editions ( ! book ) illu/rations4 ,"h1 !re 0 ! repr9t ( ! 8,speculum10 abridg$ by ,l4 ,co/]2 !re1 ! 8,speculum0 ( ,gut5b]g1 tak5 entirely f manuscripts2 n[ x 0 ! 8,speculum ,vit ,human10 by ,rod]ick1 ,bi%op ( ,zamora2 !n ! 8,speculum ,consci5ci10 ( ,arnold ,gheylov52 !n ! 8,speculum ,sac]dotum10 or aga91 ! volum9\s 8,speculum0 ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 c4 ,x _c n[ any long] be assum$ t ,gut5b]g really made mirrors or look+-glasses at ,/rasb\rg1 & t ^? pieces 8laid 9 a press10 ^? 8=ms :i* came to pieces10 t lead sold or wr\ght by a goldsmi?1 71 z !y wi%$ x to be suppos$1 only int5d$ to be us$ 8= pr9t+ ornam5ts on ! frames ( look+-glasses60 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cid4--;,int]ior ( a ,pr9t+-(fice 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 by ,j4 ,amman4 ,w\ld x n h be5 surpris+ t ! pilgrims :o 7 to visit ,aix-la-,*apelle on ! occasion ( ! gr& jubilee ( #addj1 %\ld be s anxi\s to buy ornam5t$ mirrors8 ,z to ! art 8( poli%+ /ones10 :i* ,gut5b]g _h taught at fir/ to ,&rew ,dritzeh51 :o d]iv$ f x 8s mu* pr(it10 hav+ any?+ to d ) pr9t+ 01 no d\bt1 also que/ionable2 b we h n be5 able to solve ! enigma1 & wait to cle> up ! difficulty till a new incunable 7incunabula1 8a cradle10 ! ^w is appli$ to ! fir/ editions ev] pr9t$7 is discov]$1 ! "w ( "s ,pet] 7 8a /one07 or o!r2 z1 = example1 ! ,lat9 s]mons ( ,h]mann de ,petra on ! ,"l's ,pray]2 = ,gut5b]g1 :5 speak+ ( poli%+ /ones1 might h enigmatically designat$ a book he 0 pr9t+2 j z 8 p>tn]1 9 answ] to ! judge1 aft] hav+ rais$ 8 h& on high & sworn to give true evid5ce1 c\ld call himself a mak] ( mirrors1 )\t tell+ a falsehood1 )\t committ+ p]jury4 ,! secret ( pr9t+ 0 to be religi\sly kept by ^? :o knew x4 ,9 %ort1 x results f all ?is t ,gut5b]g1 8an +5i\s man & a man ( inv5tion10 hav+ se5 a xylographie 8,donatus10 _h endeav\r$ to imitate x1 & _h succe$$ 9 do+ s1 ! secret be+ confid$ to ,&rew ,dritzeh52 t ! o!r arts1 :i* ,gut5b]g at fir/ kept to himself1 b :i* he subsequ5tly communicat$ to 8 p>tn]s1 consi/$ 9 ! idea ( sub/itut+ movable type = tabul> pr9t+2 a sub/itution t c\ld only be effect$ aft] num]\s exp]im5ts _h be5 made1 & :i* 7 j ab\t to be cr[n$ ) success :5 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 di$4 ,we may !n consid] x z ne>ly c]ta9 t pr9t+ 0 9 "s sort discov]$ twice successively--! fir/ "t by ,laur5t ,co/]1 ^: small pr9t$ books1 or books 9 lett]press 7en m\le71 attract$ ! att5tion ( ,gut5b]g2 & ! second "t by ,gut5b]g1 :o rais$ ! art to a degree ( p]fection su* z _h nev] be5 atta9$ by 8 pr$ecessor4 ,x 0 aft] ! ,/rasb\rg lawsuit betwe5 ! ye>s #addj or #addb1 z /at$ by _m hi/orians1 t ,gut5b]g w5t to ,holl&1 & !re became a workman 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,co/]2 ?is is ass]t$ 9 ord] t !y might be able to accuse him ( ! !ft :i* ,junius has laid to ! acc\nt ( a c]ta9 man ^: "n 0 ,john4 ,only--& ! co9cid5ce is n1 9 ?is case1 unwor?y ( rem>k--two un$it$ *ronicles ( ,/rasb\rg & ! ,alsatian ,wimpfel+ relate1 almo/ at ! same "t1 a robb]y ( type & implem5ts us$ 9 pr9t+1 b m5tion+ ,/rasb\rg in/ead ( ,ha>lem1 ,gut5b]g in/ead ( ,laur5t ,co/]1 & nam+ ! ?ief ,john ,g5sfieis*4 ,b1 accord+ to ! ,/rasb\rg tradition1 ?is ,john ,g5sfieis* ! eld]1 relat$ to & employ$ by ,gut5b]g1 robb$ him ( 8 secret & 8 tools1 aft] hav+ be5 8 rival 9 ! discov]y ( pr9t+1 & e/abli%$ himself at ,may5ce1 :]e1 by a j visitation ( ,provid5ce1 he 0 soon /ruck bl9d4 ,x 0 !n1 adds ! tradition1 t 9 8 rep5tance he s5t = 8 =m] ma/] to come to ,may5ce1 & gave up to him ! bus9ess he _h f\nd$4 ,b ?is la/ "p ( ! tradition seems to sav\r too mu* ( ! moral d$uctions ( a /ory2 & z x is v improbable1 moreov]1 t two !fts ( ! same k9d 7 committ$ at ! same p]iod1 & "u ! same circum/ances1 we are incl9$ to believe t ! ,john m5tion$ by ,junius 01 9 fact1 ,gut5b]g's relative1 :o w5t to ,ha>lem to p]fect himself 9 ! art ( pr9t+1 & robb$ ,co/]2 = !re really exi/$ at ,may5ce1 at ! "t m5tion$1 a ,john ,g5sfleis*1 :o might h pr9t$1 be=e ,gut5b]g w5t to jo9 him !re1 ! two s*ool books1 8,doctr9ale ,alex&ri ,galli10 & 8,petri ,hispani ,tractatus40 ,?is is r5d]$ /ill m probable f ! fact t1 aft] se>* _h be5 long made = ^! books1 :i* 7 absolutely unkn[n :5 ,junius m5tion$ !m1 ?ree fragm5ts ( ! 8,doctr9ale10 pr9t$ on vellum ) ! type ( ! ,dut* 8,speculum10 7 at l5g? f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ,gut5b]g _h n succe$$ ) 8 pr9t+ at ,/rasb\rg4 ,:5 he quitt$ ! t[n1 :]e he left su* pupils z ,john ,m5tell & ,h5ry ,egge/e91 he remov$ to ,may5ce1 & e/abli%$ himself 9 ! h\se ( ,zum ,jung54 ,!re he aga9 pr9t$1 b he exhau/$ 8 means 9 exp]im5ts1 alt]nately tak+ up & lay+ aside ! v>i\s processes he _h employ$--xylography1 movable types ( wood1 lead1 & ca/ iron4 ,he us$1 = pr9t+1 a h&-press :i* he _h made on ! same pr9ciple z a w9e-press2 he inv5t$ new tools2 he began t5 works & c\ld f9i% none4 ,at la/1 8 res\rces all gone1 & himself 9 a /ate ( despair1 he 0 j go+ to give up ! art altoge!r1 :5 *ance s5t him a p>tn]1 ,john ,fu/ or ,fau/1 a ri* goldsmi? ( ,may5ce4 ,?is p>tn]%ip took place 9 #adej4 ,fu/1 by a de$ prop]ly drawn up by a not>y1 promis$ ,gut5b]g to advance him #hjj gold flor9s = ! manufacture ( implem5ts & tools1 & #cjj = o!r exp5ses--s]vants' wages1 r5t1 fir+1 p>*m5t1 pap]1 ink1 c4 ,besides ! 8,specula0 & 8,donati0 already 9 circulation1 :i* ,gut5b]g probably cont9u$ to pr9t1 ! object ( ! p>tn]%ip 0 ! pr9t+ ( a ,bible 9 folio ( two columns1 9 l>ge type1 ) initial lett]s engrav$ on wood2 an important "w requir+ a great outlay4 ,a caligraph] 0 atta*$ to ,gut5b]g's pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 ei!r to trace on wood ! *>act]s to be engrav$1 or to rubricate ! pr9t$ pages2 9 o!r words1 to write 9 r$ ink1 to pa9t ) a bru% or to illum9ate 7au frott\7 ! initials1 ! capital lett]s1 & ! head+s ( *apt]s4 ,?is caligraph] 0 probably ,pet] ,s*ff] or ,s*oiff]1 ( ,g]n%eim1 a small t[n 9 ! diocese ( ,d>m/adt1 a cl]k ( ! diocese ( ,may5ce1 z he /yles himself1 & p]haps a ,g]man /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is2 s9ce a manuscript copi$ by him1 & pres]v$ at ,/rasb\rg1 is t]m9at$ by an inscription 9 :i* he te/ifies t he himself wrote x 9 ! ye> #addi1 9 8! v glori\s ,univ]sity ( ,p>is40 ,s*ff] 0 n only a lit]>y man1 b 0 also a man ( +5uity & prud5ce 7+5iosus et prud5s74 ,hav+ ent]$ ,gut5b]g's e/abli%m5t1 on :om ,fu/ _h =c$ him1 9 #adeb1 to take "p 9 ! new association !y 7 !n =m+1 ,s*ff] inv5t$ an improv$ m\ld ) :i* he c\ld ca/ sep>ately all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 metal1 :]eas up to ?is "t !y _h be5 oblig$ to engrave ! type ) a bur94 ,he conceal$ 8 discov]y f ,gut5b]g1 :o w\ld naturally h avail$ himself ( x2 b he confid$ ! secret to ,fu/1 :o1 be+ v exp]i5c$ 9 ca/+ metals1 c>ri$ out 8 idea4 ,x 0 evid5tly ) ?is ca/ type1 :i* resi/$ ! action ( ! press1 t ,s*ff] compos$ & execut$ a 8,donatus10 ( :i* f\r leaves1 9 p>*m5t1 7 f\nd at ,treves 9 #ahjc1 9 ! int]ior ( an old bookcov]1 & 7 deposit$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,p>is4 ,an inscription 9 ?is edition1 pr9t$ 9 r$1 ann\nces =mally t ,pet] ,s*ff] alone _h execut$ x1 ) its type & its initial lett]s1 accord+ to ! 8new art ( ! pr9t]1 )\t ! help ( ! p540 ,t 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ public disclosure ( ! exi/5ce ( pr9t+1 :i* up to ?is "t _h pass$ (f its productions z ! "w ( caligraph]s4 ,x seems t ,s*ff] ?us desir$ to m>k ! date & to appropriate to himself ! inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,fu/1 allur$ by ! results ,s*ff] _h obta9$1 secretly ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) him1 &1 9 ord] to get rid ( ,gut5b]g1 pr(it$ by ! p[] :i* 8 bond gave him ov] t un=tunate individual4 ,gut5b]g1 summon$ to dissolve ! p>tn]%ip & to return ! sums he _h receiv$1 :i* he 0 q incapable ( pay+1 0 oblig$1 9 ord] to satisfy ! dem&s ( 8 pitiless cr$itor1 to give up to him 8 pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ) all ! mat]ials x conta9$2 among !m 0 includ$ ?is same ,bible1 ! la/ leaves ( :i* 71 p]haps1 9 ! press at ! mom5t :5 !y robb$ him ( ! fruits ( 8 long-protract$ lab\rs4 ,gut5b]g evict$1 ,pet] ,s*ff]1 & ,fu/1 :o _h giv5 ,s*ff] 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 complet$ ! great ,bible1 :i* 0 ready = sale 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #adef4 ,?is ,bible1 be+ pass$ (f z a manuscript1 mu/ h comm&$ a v high price4 ,?is acc\nts = ! non-appe>ance on x ( any inscription to %[ by :at means ?is imm5se "w _h be5 execut$2 let u add t 9 any case we may well suppose ,s*ff] & ,fu/ 7 n will+ to give to ,gut5b]g a %>e ( ! glory :i* !y d>$ n yet appropriate to !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cie4--;,fac-simile ( ! ,bible ( #adef 7#a ,samuel xix1 #a-e71 pr9t$ at ,may5ce by ,gut5b]g4 ,! ,lat9 ,bible1 )\t date1 :i* all bibliograph]s agree 9 consid]+ z t ( ,gut5b]g1 is a l>ge 9-folio ( six hundr$ & =ty-"o leaves1 divid$ into two1 or ?ree1 or ev5 f\r volumes4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 d\ble columns1 ( =ty-two l9es ea* 9 ! full pages1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ t51 :i* consi/$ ( only =ty or =ty-"o l9es 7,fig4 #cie74 ,! *>act]s are ,go?ic2 ! leaves are all numb]$1 & h nei!r signatures nor cat*words4 ,"s copies ( x are on vellum1 o!rs on pap]4 ,! numb] ( copies :i* 7 pr9t$ ( ?is ,bible may be e/imat$ at "o hundr$ & fifty--a consid]able numb] = t p]iod4 ,! simultane\s publication ( s _m ,bibles1 exactly alike1 did n contribute less ?an ! lawsuit ( ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ to make kn[n ! discov]y ( pr9t+4 ,besides :i*1 ,fu/ & 8 new p>tn]1 al?\gh !y _h mutually agre$ to keep ! secret z long z possible1 7 ! fir/ to reveal x1 9 ord] to get all ! cr$it ( ! inv5tion = !mselves1 :5 public rum\r all[$ !m no long] to conceal x )9 _! pr9t+-(fice4 ,x 0 !n !y pr9t$ ! 8,psalmorum ,codex0 7,collection ( ,psalms71 ! e>lie/ book be>+ _! names1 & :i* fix$1 9 a mann]1 = ! fir/ "t1 a date = ! new art !y _h s mu* improv$4 ,! colophon1 or inscription at ! end ( ! 8,psalmorum ,codex10 ann\nces t ! book 0 execut$ 8)\t ! help ( ! p51 by an +5i\s process1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #adeg40 ,?is magnific5t ,psalt]1 :i* w5t ?r\gh ?ree editions )\t any consid]able alt]ations be+ made 9 x 9 ! space ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 is a l>ge 9-folio volume ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five leaves1 pr9t$ 9 r$ & black *>act]s1 imitat$ f ^? us$ 9 ! liturgical manuscripts ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re exi/s1 h[ev]1 ( ! r>e/ edition ( ?is book b six or sev5 copies on vellum 7,fig4 #cif74 ,f ?is p]iod pr9t+1 in/ead ( conceal+ itself1 endeav\r$1 on ! contr>y1 to make itself g5]ally kn[n4 ,b x does n z yet seem to h occurr$ to any "o t x c\ld be appli$ to ! reproduction ( o!r books ?an ,bibles1 psalt]s1 & missals1 because ^! 7 ! only books t comm&$ a quick & ext5sive sale4 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] !n und]took ! pr9t+ ( a volum9\s "w1 :i* s]v$ z a liturgical manual to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 ! celebrat$ 8,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum0 78,manual ( ,div9e ,(fices071 by ,william ,dur&1 ,bi%op ( ,m5de1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x suffices to glance ov] ?is 8,rationale10 & to comp>e x ) ! co>se 8,specula0 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 to be conv9c$ t 9 ! ye> #adei pr9t+ _h rea*$ ! highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,?is edition1 dat$ f ,may5ce 7,mogunti71 0 no long] int5d$ = a small numb] ( buy]s2 x 0 address$ to ! entire ,ca?olic _w1 & copies ( x on vellum & on pap] 7 dissem9at$ s rapidly ov] ! :ole ( ,europe z to cause ! belief1 !nce=w>d1 t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ at ,may5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4--;,fac-simile ( a page ( ! ,psalt] ( #adei1 second edition1 or ! second copy t 0 /ruck (f4 ,pr9t$ at ,may5ce1 by ,j4 ,fu/ & ,p4 ,s*ff]4 ,! f\r? "w pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*ff]1 & dat$ #adfj1 is ! collection ( ! ,con/itutions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 kn[n by ! "n ( 8,clem5t9es0--a l>ge 9-folio 9 d\ble columns1 hav+ sup]b initial lett]s pa9t$ 9 gold & col\rs 9 ! small numb] ( copies /ill extant4 ,b ,gut5b]g1 ?\gh depriv$ ( 8 typographic app>atus1 _h n r5\nc$ ! art ( :i* he consid]$ himself1 & ) reason1 ! pr9cipal inv5tor4 ,he 01 above all1 anxi\s to prove himself z capable z 8 =m] p>tn]s ( produc+ books 8)\t ! help ( ! p540 ,he =m$ a new association1 & fitt$ up a pr9t+-(fice :i*1 we "k by tradition1 0 actively at "w till #adfj1 ! ye> :]e9 appe>$ ! 8,ca?olicon0 7a k9d ( encyclopdia ( ! ?irte5? c5tury71 by ,john ,balbi1 ( ,g5oa1 ! only important "w ! pr9t+ ( :i* c be attribut$ to ,gut5b]g 7,fig4 #cig71 & :i* c be> comp>ison ) ! editions ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff]4 ,gut5b]g1 :o _h imitat$ ! ,dut* 8,donati0 & 8,specula10 d\btless felt a repugnance at appropriat+ to himself ! cr$it ( an inv5tion he _h only improv$2 accord+ly1 9 ! long & explicit anonym\s inscription plac$ at ! end ( ! volume1 he attribut$ to ,god alone ! glory ( ?is div9e inv5tion1 decl>+ t ! 8,ca?olicon0 _h be5 pr9t$ )\t ! assi/ance ( re$1 /ylus1 or p51 b by a m>vell\s comb9ation ( po9ts1 matrices1 & lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cig4--;,fac-simile ( ! 8,ca?olicon0 at #adfj1 pr9t$ at ,may5ce by ,gut5b]g4 ,?is und]tak+ br\ght to a happy t]m9ation1 ,gut5b]g1 no d\bt we>y ( ! annoyances incid5t to bus9ess1 transf]r$ 8 pr9t+-(fice to 8 workm51 ,h5ry & ,ni*olas ,be*t]muncze1 ,weig& ,spyes1 & ,ulric ,zell4 ,!n1 hav+ retir$ ne> to ,adolphus ,,ii41 elector & ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce1 :]e he occupi$ ! po/ ( g5tleman ( ! ecclesia/ical c\rt ( t pr9ce1 he cont5t$ himself ) ! mode/ /ip5d atta*$ to t (fice1 & di$ at a date n au!ntically det]m9$1 b :i* _c be lat] ?an ,febru>y #bd1 #adfh4 ,8 fri5d1 ,adam ,gel?1 erect$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,rcollets at ,may5ce1 a monum5t to 8 memory1 ) an epitaph /yl+ him =mally 8! inv5tor ( ! typographic art40 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] did n ! less cont9ue to pr9t books ) indefatigable ard\r4 ,9 #adfb !y complet$ a new edition ( ! ,bible1 mu* m p]fect ?an t ( #adef1 & ( :i* copies 7 probably sold1 z 7 ^? ( ! fir/ edition1 z manuscripts1 especially 9 c\ntries :]e1 z 9 ,france1 pr9t+ did n already exi/4 ,x seems t ! appe>ance 9 ,p>is ( ?is ,bible1 7call$ ! ,may5ce ,bible71 greatly excit$ ! community ( scribes & booksell]s1 :o saw 9 ! new me?od ( produc+ books1 )\t ! aid ( ! p51 8! de/ruction ( _! trade40 ,!y *>g$1 x is said1 ! sell]s ( ^! books ) magic2 b x is m probable ! latt] 7 proce$$ aga9/1 & condemn$ to f9e & imprisonm5t1 = hav+ omitt$ to procure f ! ,univ]sity au?ority = ! sale ( _! ,bible2 su* p]mission be+ !n indisp5sable = ! sale ( e k9d ( book4 ,9 ! meantime ! t[n ( ,may5ce _h be5 tak5 by assault & giv5 up to pillage 7,octob] #bg1 #adfb74 ,?is ev5t1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! pr9t+-(fice ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] rema9$ %ut up = two ye>s1 result$ 9 ! dissem9ation ov] ! :ole ( ,europe ( pr9t]s & ! art ( pr9t+4 ,cologne1 ,hamburg1 & ,/rasb\rg appe> to h be5 ! fir/ t[ns 9 :i* ! emigrants e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,:5 ^! pr9t]s left ,may5ce1 & c>ri$ _! art else:]e1 x _h nev] produc$ any book ( classic lit]ature2 b x _h prov$ by important publications1 su* z ! ,bible & ! 8,ca?olicon10 t x c\ld create entire libr>ies1 & ?us propagate1 ad inf9itum1 ! ma/]pieces ( human g5ius4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! pr9t+-(fice ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] to set ! example 9 t direction1 & ( pr9t+ ! fir/ classical "w4 ,9 #adfe1 ,cic]o's treatise 8,de ,(ficiis10 issu$ f ! press ( ^! two fai?ful associates1 & m>k$1 z we may say1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! pr9t+ ( books = libr>ies1 & ) s great success t 9 ! foll[+ ye> a new edition ( ! treatise 0 publi%$1 9 qu>to4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ,fu/ himself came to ,p>is1 :]e he e/abli%$ a dpt ( pr9t$ books1 b left ! managem5t ( ! conc]n to "o ( 8 own fell[-c\ntrym54 ,?is p]son dy+ soon aft]w>ds1 ! books f\nd 9 8 h\se1 be+ ! prop]ty ( a =eign]1 7 sold by "r ( =feiture1 = ! k+'s b5efit4 ,b ^u ! petition ( ,pet] ,s*ff]1 back$ up by ! ,elector ( ,may5ce1 ! ,k+1 ,l\is ,,xi41 grant$ to ! petition]s a sum ( #b1dbe gold5 doll>s1 89 consid]ation ( ! tr\ble & lab\r :i* ! said petition]s _h tak5 = ! said art & trade ( pr9t+1 & ( ! b5efit & utility :i* result$ & may result f ?is art to ! :ole _w1 z well by increas+ k z 9 o!r ways40 ,?is memorable decree ( ! ,k+ ( ,france be>s date ,april #ba1 #adge4 ,we mu/ m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ab\t ! ye> #adfb1 ,l\is ,,xi41 inquisitive & uneasy at :at he _h he>d ( ! inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g1 s5t to ,may5ce ,ni*olas ,j5son1 a clev] engrav]1 atta*$ to ! m9t at ,t\rs1 8to obta9 secret in=mation ( ! cutt+ ( ! po9ts & type1 by means ( :i* ! r>e/ manuscripts c\ld be multipli$1 & to c>ry (f surreptiti\sly ! inv5tion & introduce x into ,france40 ,ni*olas ,j5son1 aft] hav+ succe$$ 9 8 mission1 did n return to ,france 7x 0 nev] kn[n :y71 b w5t to ,v5ice & e/abli%$ himself !re z a pr9t]4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ,l\is ,,xi41 n disc\rag$ at ! ill success ( 8 attempt1 despat*$1 x is said1 ano!r envoy1 less ent]pris+ b m consci5ti\s ?an ! fir/1 to discov] ! secrets ( pr9t+4 ,9 #adfi1 ?ree ,g]man pr9t]s1 ,ulric ,g]+1 ,m>t9 ,crantz1 & ,mi*ael ,friburg]1 began to pr9t 9 ,p>is1 9 a room ( ! ,sorbonne1 ( :i* _! fell[-c\ntryman1 ,john ,heyl91 nam$ ,de la ,pi]re1 0 !n ! prior2 9 ! foll[+ ye> !y d$icat$ to ! k+1 8_! protector10 "o ( _! editions1 revis$ by ! le>n$ ,william ,fi*et2 & 9 ! space ( f\r ye>s !y publi%$ ab\t fifte5 works1 qu>tos & folios1 ! majority be+ pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,!n1 :5 !y 7 =c$ to leave ! ,sorbonne1 because ,john de la ,pi]re1 :o _h return$ to ,g]many1 _h no long] au?ority ov] ! in/itution1 !y set up 9 ! ,rue ,sa9t-,jacques a new pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 ^: sign-bo>d 0 ! 8,soleil d',or10 f :i*1 dur+ ! next five ye>s1 7 issu$ twelve o!r important works4 ,! ,sorbonne !n1 l ! ,univ]sity1 0 ! cradle & ! fo/]-"m 9 ,p>is ( ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* soon atta9$ to a n\ri%+ condition1 & produc$1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! f\rte5?#fa c5tury1 num]\s f9e books ( hi/ory1 poetry1 lit]ature1 & devotion1 "u ! direction ( ! able & le>n$ ,pi]re ,c>on1 ,pasqui] ,bonhomme1 ,an?ony ,vr>d1 ,simon ,vo/re 7,fig4 #cih71 c4 ,aft] ! capture ( ,may5ce1 two workm51 :o _h be5 dismiss$ f ! e/abli%m5t ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff]1 ,conrad ,sweynheim & ,arnold ,pann>tz1 c>ri$ beyond ! ,alps ! secret t _h be5 confid$ to !m "u ! gu>antee ( an oa?4 ,!y rema9$ = a "t 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,subiaco1 ne> ,rome1 9 :i* 7 "s ,g]man monks1 & !re !y organis$ a pr9t+ app>atus1 & pr9t$ _m f9e editions ( ,lactantius1 ,cic]o1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 c4 ,!y 7 soon invit$ to ,rome1 & met ) an asylum 9 ! h\se ( ! illu/ri\s family ( ,massimi2 b !y f\nd an oppon5t 9 ! city 9 "o ( _! own workm5 f ! conv5t1 :o _h come to ,rome & engag$ himself z pr9t] to ! c>d9al ,john ( ,torquemada4 ,h5ce=w>d sprang up betwe5 ! two pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts a rivalry :i* %[$ itself 9 unp>allel$ zeal & activity on bo? sides4 ,9 t5 ye>s ! great] numb] ( ! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,lat9 au?ors1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 manuscripts m or less r>e1 pass$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,9 #adgf !re 7 9 ,rome m ?an tw5ty pr9t]s1 :o employ$ ab\t a hundr$ presses1 & ^: great object 0 to surpass ea* o!r 9 ! rapidity ) :i* !y produc$ _! publications2 s t ! day soon arriv$ :5 ! mo/ preci\s manuscripts reta9$ any value only because !y conta9$ :at _h n be5 already made public by pr9t+4 ,^? ( :i* pr9t$ editions already exi/$ 7 s univ]sally disreg>d$1 t we mu/ ref] to ?is p]iod ! de/ruction ( a l>ge numb]4 ,!y 7 us$1 :5 writt5 on p>*m5t1 = b9d+ ! new books2 & to ?is circum/ance may be attribut$ ! loss ( c]ta9 celebrat$ works :i* pr9t+ 9 n[ise t5d$ to pres]ve f ! knife ( ! b9d]4 ,:ile pr9t+ 0 display+ su* prodigi\s activity 9 ,rome1 x 0 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cih4--;,fac-simile ( a page ( a 8,livre d',heures0 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is1 9 #aeab1 by ,simon ,vo/re4 n less active 9 ,v5ice1 :]e x seems to h be5 import$ by t ,ni*olas ,j5son :om ,l\is ,,xi4 _h s5t to ,gut5b]g1 & :om = a long "t ev5 ! ,v5etians look$ on z ! inv5tor ( ! art ) :i* he _h cl&e/9ely become acqua9t$ at ,may5ce4 ,f ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cii4--,! ,m>k ( ,gr>d ,lecu1 ,pr9t] at ,g\we 7#adhb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djj4--,! ,m>k ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff]1 ,pr9t]s4 7,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ye> #adfi1 h[ev]1 ,j5son _h no long] ! monopoly ( pr9t+ 9 ,v5ice1 :]e ,john de ,spire _h arriv$1 br++ also f ,may5ce all ! improvem5ts ,gut5b]g & ,s*ff] _h obta9$4 ,?is art hav+ ceas$ to be a secret 9 ! city ( ! ,doges1 great ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dja4--,m>k ( ,arnold de ,keys]1 ,pr9t] at ,gh5t4 7#adhj47 competition arose among pr9t]s1 :o flock$ to ,v5ice1 :]e !y f\nd a m>ket = _! volumes :i* a ?\s& %ips c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at ?is p]iod important & admirable publications issu$ f ! num]\s rival pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ,v5ice4 ,*ri/oph] ,waltdorf]1 ( ,ratisbon1 publi%$ 9 #adga ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,decam]on0 ( ,boccaccio1 ( :i* a copy 0 sold = #b1jhj at ! ,roxburgh sale2 ,john ( ,cologne publi%$1 9 ! same ye>1 ! fir/ dat$ edition ( 8,t]5ce20 ,adam ( ,amb]g repr9t$1 f ! ,roman editions1 8,lactantius0 & 8,virgil10 c4 ,f9ally1 ,v5ice already possess$ m ?an two hundr$ pr9t]s1 :5 9 #adid ! great ,aldo ,manuzio made 8 appe>ance1 ! precursor ( ! ,e/i5nes1#fb :o 7 ! glory ( ,fr5* pr9t+4 ,f e "p ( ,europe pr9t+ spread itself & fl\ri%$ 7,figs4 #cii to #daa72 ! pr9t]s1 h[ev]1 (t5 neglect$1 p]haps int5tionally1 to date _! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djb4--,m>k ( ,col>d ,mansion1 ,pr9t] at ,bruges4 7#adgg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djc4--,m>k ( ,tre*sel1 ,pr9t] at ,lyons4 7#adhi47 productions4 ,9 ! c\rse ( #adfi !re 7 only two t[ns1 ,v5ice & ,milan1 t reveal$1 by _! dat$ editions1 ! "t at :i* pr9t+ 0 fir/ e/abli%$ )9 _! walls2 9 #adgj1 five t[ns--,nuremb]g1 ,p>is1 ,foligno1 ,treviso1 & ,v]ona2 9 #adga1 eight t[ns--,/rasb\rg1 ,spires1 ,treviso1 ,bologna1 ,f]r>a1 ,naples1 ,pavia1 & ,flor5ce2 9 #adgb1 eight o!rs--,cremona1 ,felizzano1 ,padua1 ,mantua1 ,montreuil1 ,jesi1 ,mun/]1 & ,p>ma2 9 #adgc1 t5--,brescia1 ,mess9a1 ,ulm1 ,bude1 ,lau+51 ,m]seb\rg1 ,alo/1 ,utre*t1 ,lyons1 & ,/4 ,ursio1 ne> ,vic5za2 9 #adgd1 ?irte5 t[ns1 among :i* are ,val5tia 79 ,spa97 & ,london2 9 #adge1 twelve t[ns1 c4 ,ea* ye> we f9d ! art ga9+ gr\nd1 & ea* ye> an increase 9 ! numb] ( books newly edit$1 r5d]+ sci5ce & lit]ature popul> by consid]ably dim9i%+ ! price ( books4 ,?us1 = example1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! illu/ri\s ,poggio sold 8 f9e manuscript ( 8,livy10 to raise money en\gh to buy himself a villa ne> ,flor5ce2 ,an?ony ( ,pal]mo mortgag$ 8 e/ate 9 ord] to be able to pur*ase a manuscript ( ! same hi/orical writ]1 valu$ at a hundr$ & tw5ty-five doll>s2 yet a few ye>s lat] ! 8,livy10 pr9t$ at ,rome by ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz1 9 "o folio volume on vellum1 0 wor? only five gold5 doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djd4--,m>k ( ,simon ,vo/re1 ,pr9t] at ,p>is1 9 #aeca1 liv+ 9 ! ,rue ,neuve ,no/re-,dame1 at ! ,sign ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dje4--,m>k ( ,galliot du ,pr1 ,booksell] at ,p>is4 7#aeca47 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( ! e>ly editions resembl$ ea* o!r1 = !y 7 g5]ally pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic *>act]s1 or lettres de somme--lett]s :i* bri/l$ ) po9ts & angul> app5dices4 ,^! *>act]s1 :5 pr9t+ 0 only j inv5t$1 _h pres]v$ 9 ,holl& & 9 ,g]many _! orig9al =m2 & ! celebrat$ pr9t] ( ,bruges1 ,col>d ,mansion1 only improv$ on !m 9 8 valuable publications1 :i* 7 almo/ contemporane\s ) ,gut5b]g's 8,ca?olicon20 b !y _h already "u-gone 9 ,france a semi metamorphosis 9 gett+ rid ( _! angul>ities & _! mo/ extravagant features4 ,^! lettres de somme 7 !n adopt$ "u ! "n ( bt>de 7ba/>d7 or ronde 7r\nd71 9 ! fir/ books pr9t$ 9 ,france1 & :5 ,ni*olas ,j5son e/abli%$ himself 9 ,v5ice ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djf4--,m>k ( ,philippe le ,noir1 ,pr9t]1 ,booksell]1 & ,bookb9d]1 at ,p>is1 #aecf1 liv+ 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques1 at ! sign ( ! 8,rose ,c\ronne40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djg4--,m>k ( ,temporal1 ,pr9t] at ,lyons1 #aeej-aeei1 ) two devices2 "o 9 ,lat91 8,& 9 ! mean:ile "t flie?1 flie? irrep>ably20 ! o!r 9 ,greek1 8,m>k1 or "k1 ,"t40 7,obs]ve ! play ^u ! words tempus1 & ,temporal47 he us$ ! ,roman1 :i* 7 only an elegant v>iety ( ! lettres de somme ( ,france 7,go?ic *>act]s74 ,aldo ,manuzio1 ) ! sole object ( insur+ t ,v5ice %\ld n owe its national type to a ,fr5*man1 adopt$ ! ,italic "*1 r5ew$ f ! writ+ call$ cursive or de *ancell]ie 7( ! *ancellor's (fice71 :i* 0 nev] g5]ally us$ 9 pr9t+1 not)/&+ ! f9e editions ( ,aldo4 ,h]eaft] ! ,cic]onean "* 0 to come into use1 s call$ because x _h be5 employ$ at ,rome 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,epi/ol ,famili>es0 7,famili> ,lett]s7 ( ,cic]o1 9 #adfg4 ,! "* call$ 8,/4 ,augu/9ian10 :i* appe>$ lat]1 likewise owes its "n to ! l>ge edition ( ! works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 publi%$ at ,basle 9 #aejf4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ?is fir/ p]iod 9 :i* ea* pr9t] engrav$1 or caus$ to be engrav$ "u 8 own directions1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djh4--,m>k ( ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 ,pr9t] at ,p>is1 #aecf4 8,d n aspire to "k high ?+s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dji4--,m>k ( ,gryphe1 ,pr9t] at ,lyons1 #aebi4 8,virtue my ,lead]1 ,=tune my ,companion40 ! *>act]s he made use (1 !re 0 an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t types4 ,! regi/]1 a table indicative ( ! quires :i* compos$ ! book1 0 necess>y to po9t out 9 :at ord] ^! 7 to be arrang$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daj4--,m>k ( ,plant91 ,pr9t]1 at ,antw]p1 #aeeg4 8,*ri/ ! true ,v9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daa4--,m>k ( ,j4 ,le ,noble1 ,pr9t] at ,troyes4 7#aeie47 & b\nd toge!r4 ,aft] ! regi/] came ! cat*words1 :i*1 at ! end ( ea* quire or ( ea* leaf1 7 de/9$ to s]ve an analog\s purpose2 & ! signatures1 indicat+ ! place ( quires or ( leaves by lett]s or figures2 b signatures & cat*words exi/$ already 9 ! manuscripts1 & typograph]s _h only to reproduce !m 9 _! editions4 ,!re 0 at fir/ a p]fect id5tity betwe5 ! manuscripts & ! books pr9t$ f !m4 ,! typographic art seems to h consid]$ x imp]ative to respect ! abbreviations ) :i* ! manuscripts 7 s encumb]$ z (t5 to become un9telligible2 b1 z x 0 n easy to transf] !m precisely f ! manuscripts1 !y 7 soon express$ 9 su* a way1 & 9 s complicat$ a mann]1 t 9 #adhc a special explanatory treatise _h to be publi%$ to r5d] !m intelligible4 ,! punctuation 0 g5]ally v caprici\sly pres5t$3 "h1 x 0 ne>ly nil2 !re1 x admitt$ only ( ! full /op 9 v>i\s positions2 ! re/s 7 (t5 indicat$ by oblique /rokes2 sometimes ! full /op 0 r\nd1 sometimes squ>e1 & we f9d also ! /> or a/]isk employ$ z a sign ( punctuation4 ,! new p>agraphs1 or breaks1 are plac$ indiff]5tly 9 ! same l9e ) ! re/ ( ! text1 project+ beyond x or n rea*+ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dab4--;,bord] f ! 8,livre d',heures0 ( ,an?ony ,vr>d 7#adhh71 repres5t+ ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,apo/les & ,holy ,wom51 & at ! bottom ( ! page two ,my/ical ,figures4 ,! book1 on leav+ ! press1 w5t1 l its pr$ecessor ! manuscript1 fir/ into ! h&s ( ! corrector1 :o revis$ ! text1 rectify+ wrong lett]s1 & re/or+ ^? ! press _h left 9 blank2 !n into ! h&s ( ! rubricator1 :o pr9t$ 9 r$1 blue1 or o!r col\rs1 ! initial lett]s1 ! capitals1 & ! new p>agraphs4 ,! leaves1 be=e ! adoption ( signatures1 7 numb]$ by h&4 ,at fir/1 ne>ly all books 7 pr9t$ 9 folio & qu>to sizes1 ! result ( fold+ ! %eet ( pap] 9 two or 9 f\r respectively2 b ! l5g? & bread? ( ^! sizes v>i$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( typography & ! dim5sions ( ! press4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! advantages ( ! octavo 7 already appreciat$1 :i* soon became 9 ,france ! sex-decimo1 & 9 ,italy ! duo-decimo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dac4--;,bord] tak5 f ! 8,livre d',heures0 ( ,ge(froi ,tory 7#aebe74 ,pap] & ink employ$ by ! e>lie/ pr9t] seem to h requir$ no improvem5t z ! art ( pr9t+ progress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dad--8,livre d',heures10 by ,guillaume ,roville 7#aeea71 a composition 9 ! /yle ( ! s*ool ( ,lyons1 ) ,c>yatides repres5t+ female ,sa9ts semi-veil$4 ,! ink 0 black1 bright1 indelible1 unalt]able1 p5etrat+ deeply into ! pap]1 & compos$1 z already 7 ! col\rs1 ( oil-pa9t4 ,! pap]1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly r grey or yell[1 & (t5 co>se & r\gh1 _h ! advantage ( be+ /rong1 durable1 & 0 almo/ fit1 9 virtue ( ^! qualities1 to replace p>*m5t & vellum1 bo? ( :i* mat]ials 7 sc>ce & too exp5sive4 ,editors cont5t$ !mselves ) hav+ /ruck (f on membrane 7a ?9 & :ite vellum7 a small numb] ( copies ( ea* edition2 nev] exce$+ ?ree hundr$4 ,^! sumptu\s copies1 rubricat$1 illum9at$1 b\nd ) c>e1 resembl+ 9 e respect ! f9e/ manuscripts1 7 g5]ally pres5t$ to k+s1 pr9ces1 & great p]sonages1 ^: patronage or assi/ance ! pr9t] s\ght4 ,nor 0 any exp5se sp>$ to add to typography all ! ornam5ts :i* wood-engrav+s c\ld conf] ^u x2 & f ! ye> #adge1 num]\s illu/rat$ editions1 ( :i* an example 0 f\nd 9 ! fir/ 8,specula10 especially ^? pr9t$ 9 ,g]many1 7 enri*$ ) figures1 portraits1 h]aldic escut*eons1 & a multitude ( ornam5t$ m>g9s 7,figs4 #dab to #dae74 ,= m ?an a c5tury ! pa9t]s & engrav]s work$ h& 9 h& ) ! pr9t]s & booksell]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dae4--;,bord] employ$ by ,john ( ,t\rnes1 9 #aeeg1 ornam5t$ ) ,antique ,masks & ,allegorical ,p]sonages be>+ ,baskets conta9+ ,laurel ,bran*es4 ,! ta/e = books spread ov] ! :ole ( ,europe2 ! numb] ( buy]s & ( amateurs 0 e day increas+4 ,9 ! libr>ies ( pr9ces1 s*ol>s1 or monks1 pr9t$ books 7 collect$ z =m]ly 7 manuscripts4 ,h5ce=? pr9t+ f\nd ev]y:]e ! same protection1 ! same enc\ragem5ts1 ! same rivalry4 ,typograph]s sometimes travell$ ) _! app>atus1 op5$ a pr9t+-(fice 9 a small t[n1 & !n w5t on else:]e aft] !y _h sold "o edition4 ,f9ally1 su* 0 ! incr$ible activity ( typography1 f its orig9 till #aejj1 t ! numb] ( editions publi%$ 9 ,europe 9 ! space ( half a c5tury am\nt$ to sixte5 ?\s&4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable result ( pr9t+ 0 ! important "p x play$ 9 ! movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 f :i* result$ ! trans=mation ( ! arts1 ( lit]ature1 & sci5ce2 ! discov]ies ( ,laur5t ,co/] & ( ,gut5b]g _h ca/ a new light ov] ! _w1 & ! press made its appe>ance to modify pr(\ndly ! conditions ( ! intellectual life ( peoples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daf4--,m>k ( ,bonav5ture & ,abraham ,elsevi]1 ,pr9t]s at ,leyd51 #afbj4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,virtue ,,& ,,co41 ,,city ,,road4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,dors]ets1 cov]s to backs ( *airs1 b$s1 c4 #b ,ri*>d ,i41 surnam$ ,sans-peur1 ?ird ,duke ( ,norm&y1 0 natural son ( ,william ,i41 & gr&son ( ,rollo4 ,he di$ 9 #iif4--;,,ed4 #c ,*>les le ,brun1 a di/+ui%$ pa9t] ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 fl\ri%$ dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! son ( a sculptor1 :o plac$ him "u ,simon ,v\et1 ! "y arti/ made su* progress t at ! age ( fifte5 he pa9t$ a rem>kable picture1 8,h]cules ,de/roy+ ! ,horses ( ,diom$e10 :i* br\ght him at once into public notice4 ,le ,brun's patron1 ! ,*ancellor ,segui]1 s5t him to ,italy1 ) an introduction to ,ni*olas ,p\ss91 ^: pure & correct ta/e1 h[ev]1 seems to h _h little influ5ce on ! ,fr5* arti/1 :o1 ?\gh possess+ an inv5tive & some:at elevat$ g5ius1 (t5 %[$ himself a mann]i/4--,,ed4 #d 8,hi/orical ,topography ( ,anci5t ,p>is 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,l\vre & ,tuil]ies40 ,by ,b]ty & ,legr&4 #e ,probably an abbreviation1 or corruption1 ( cap-mail4--,,ed4 #f ,or brass>ts--pieces to protect ! upp] "p ( ! arms4--,,ed4 #g ,?is title is n *ronologically correct4 ,h5ry ( ,bol+broke _h be5 creat$ ,duke ( ,h]e=d ne>ly a ye> be=e 8 int5d$ combat ) ,norfolk1 at ,cov5try1 9 #acih2 :5 ! k+1 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 int]f]$1 & bani%$ bo? nobles f ! k+dom4--,,ed4 #h ,anglic1 p>tisan--a k9d ( pike or lance4--,,ed4 #i ,m>tel-de-f]--a weapon comb9+ a hamm] & pick2 us$ by cavalry 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 to damage & de/roy arm\r4 ,x 0 g5]ally hung at ! saddle-b[4--,,ed4 #aj ,tassets--p>ts ( ! cuirass4 #aa ,morion--a k9d ( helmet1 usually worn by foot-soldi]s4--,,ed4 #ab ,s call$1 x may be presum$1 f its =m & make4--,,ed4 #ac ,lat91 ,luteus--muddy4--,,ed4 #ad ,qu9cunx ord] is a me?od ( arrang+ five objects1 or pieces1 9 ! =m ( a squ>e2 "o be+ 9 ! c5tre1 & "o at ea* corn]4--,,ed4 #ae ,lim\s9e--a t]m appli$ to enamell+1 & d]iv$1 z "s writ]s assume1 f ,leon>d ,lim\s91 a fam\s arti/ 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 resid5t at ,limoges4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m probable x came f ! prov9ce ,lim\s91 or ,limos91 ( :i* ,limoges 0 ! capital2 & t ,leon>d acquir$ ! surname ( ,lim\s9 f 8 place ( bir? or resid5ce2 j z _m ( ! old pa9t]s are be/ kn[n by !irs4--,,ed4 #af ,ogivale--a t]m us$ by ,fr5* ar*itects to d5ote ! ,go?ic vault1 ) its ribs & cross-spr+]s1 c4 ,x is also employ$ to d5ote ! po9t$ ar*4--,,gwilt',s ,encyclopdia ( ,ar*itecture4--,,ed4 #ag ,?is is a lit]al r5d]+ ( ! text ( ,m4 ,lab>te2 b ! arti/s to :om allusion is made 7 only two1 ,niccola & ,giovanni1 sculptors & ar*itects ( ,pisa4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 ,niccola1 fa!r ( ,giovanni 7,jean or ,john71 fir/ work$ "u c]ta9 ,greek sculptors :o 7 execut+ ! figures & o!r sculptural ornam5ts ( ! ,duomo ( ,pisa & ! ,*apel ( ,san ,giovanni4--,,ed4 #ah ,&rea di ,cione ,orcagna4--,,ed4 #ai ,auto*?one--relat+ to ! aborig9al inhabitants ( a c\ntry3 ! use ( ! ^w "h is n v intelligible4--,,ed4 #bj ,gnomon--lit]ally ! upright piece ( wood or metal :i* projects ! %ad[ on ! plane ( ! dial4--,,ed4 #ba ,?is clock1 z _m read]s d\btless "k1 0 remov$ "s ye>s ago1 :5 ,/4 ,dun/an's ,*ur*1 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 0 rebuilt4--,,ed4 #bb ,! read] w notice a discrepancy betwe5 ?is description ( ! *orus & t giv5 9 a prec$+ p>agraph4 ,we h reta9$ bo?1 ma9ly because x is n[ impossible to det]m9e :at ! in/rum5t really 03 no m5tion ( x appe>s 9 any book we h consult$4--,,ed4 #bc ,nabulum--a "n evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew ^w nebel1 g5]ally translat$ 9 ! ,scriptures z a psalt]y4--,,ed4 #bd ,! ,wel% or ,scot* ,crwd4--,,tr4 #be ,9 ,g]man ,geige1 8fiddle40--,,tr4 #bf ,h5ry ,,iv41 born at ,pau1 9 ! ,barn4--,,ed4 #bg ,! ,engli% 8knave0 is only our old equival5t = ! ,g]man knabe1 & _h orig9ally ! same mean+ ( s]vant2 x is also ne>ly simil> 9 s5se to ! ,fr5* valet4--,,tr4 #bh ,paul1 ! ,sil5ti>y1 is s nam$ f hold+ 9 ! c\rt ( ,ju/9ian ! (fice ( *ief ( ! ,sil5ti>ii1 p]sons :o _h ! c>e ( ! palace4 ,he wrote a poem on ! rebuild+ ( ,/4 ,sophia1 at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* 0 translat$ f ,greek into ,lat91 & publi%$ ) notes1 by ,du ,cange1 ( ,p>is1 9 #afgj4 ,x is ?is to :i* ,m4 ,lecroix ref]s 9 ! text4--,,ed4 #bi ,am&aire--almond-%ap$4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! aureola is ! nimbus ( ! :ole body1 z ! nimbus is ! aureola ( ! head4 ,9 ,fairholt's 8,diction>y ( ,t]ms 9 ,art0 is an engrav+ %[+ a sa9t /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( an almond-%ap$ aureola--,,ed4 #cj ,grisaille--:ite & black4--,,ed4 #ca ,probably ,alfonso is ?us designate64--,,ed4 #cb ,?is is obvi\sly a misconception4 ,lanzi1 allud+ to ! picture1 says1 8,_h ,leon>do desir$ to foll[ ! practice ( 8 age 9 pa9t+ 9 di/emp]1 ! art at ?is "t w\ld h be5 9 possession ( ?is treasure4 ,b be+ always fond ( attempt+ new me?ods1 he pa9t$ ?is ma/]piece ^u a peculi> gr\nd1 =m$ ( di/ill$ oils1 :i* 0 ! reason t x gradually deta*$ itself f ! wall10 c4 ,& a lat] au?ority1 ,kugl]1 ?us writes3 8,! det]m9ation ( ,leon>do to execute ! "w 9 oil-col\rs in/ead ( fresco1 9 ord] to h ! p[] ( f9i%+ ! m9ute/ details 9 s great an und]tak+1 appe>s to h be5 un=tunate40 ,di/emp] diff]s f fresco 9 t x is pa9t$ on a dry1 & n a damp1 wall2 b 9 bo? ! vehicle us$ is ( an aque\s1 & n an oily1 nature4--,,ed4 #cc ,deacon ( ! ,*ur* at ,aquila1 & aft]w>ds atta*$ to ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne4 ,paul1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #gii1 0 di/+ui%$ z a poet & hi/orian4--,,ed4 #cd ,or ,san-,gemignano1 a small t[n betwe5 ,flor5ce & ,si5a4--,,ed4 #ce ,giorgione /udi$ "u ,giovanni ,bell9i1 y\ng] bro!r ( ,g5tile1 & son ( ,jacopo4 ,m4 ,lacroix does n ev5 m5tion ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ?\gh he is g5]ally e/eem$ be=e 8 fa!r & bro!r1 besides be+ ! ma/] ( two ( ! greate/ pa9t]s ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 ,titian & ,giorgione2 :o1 h[ev]1 soon ca/ aside ! antiquat$ /yle ( _! e>ly in/ructor4--,,ed4 #cf ,! fam\s picture1 an alt>-piece1 repres5t+ 8,*ri/ be>+ 8 ,cross10 kn[n by ! "n ( ,lo ,spasimo di ,sicilia1 f its hav+ be5 pa9t$ = ! conv5t ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,spasimo at ,pal]mo1 9 ,sicily4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,madrid4--,,ed4 #cg ,we c f9d no au?ority to support ?is /atem5t4--,,ed4 #ch ,holbe9 di$ ( ! plague :i* prevail$ 9 ,london 9 #aeed4--;,,ed4 #ci ,?is "n is g5]ally writt5 ,jeannet1 &1 accord+ to ,wornum's 8,epo*s ( ,pa9t+10 seems to h be5 appli$ indiscrim9ately almo/ to ! two pa9t]s1 ,jehannet or ,jehan ,cl\et1 fa!r & son4 ,m4 ,lacroix appe>s also to include ,franois "u ! same g5]al cognom52 :i*1 inde$1 appe>s to h be5 a species ( surname4--,,ed4 #dj ,buziack is ! "n by :i* ?is old wood-engrav] is g5]ally kn[n4--,,ed4 #da ,! leg5d :i* accompanies ?is engrav+ is 9 old ,italian2 x relates to ! fam\s prophecy ( ,isaiah z to ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 7,isaiah vii4 #ad74 #db ,we presume ?is plate to be t commonly kn[n among collectors ( pr9ts z 8,dea?'s ,horse20 x repres5ts a knight on horseback foll[$ by ,dea?4 ,! be/ impressions ( ?is plate are prior to ! date #aeac4 ,x is also call$ 8,! ,*ri/ian ,knight10 & 8,! ,knight1 ,dea?1 & ! ,devil40--,,ed4 #dc ,t ,m>c ,antonio /udi$ pa9t+ "u ,raphael1 z is "h impli$1 is m ?an d\btful1 ?\gh he engrav$ a v l>ge numb] ( 8 v>i\s compositions1 & 0 highly e/eem$ by ! great ma/]4--,,ed4 #dd ,giovanni ,b4 ,b4 ,ghisi2 ,giorgio & ,adams1 8 two sons2 & ,diana1 8 daught]4--,,ed4 #de ,?is engrav]1 g5]ally kn[n by ! s+le "n ( ,george1 usually sign$ 8 plates ) ! surname ,pe9s or ,p5tz4--,,ed4 #df ,he 0 born at ,prague1 al?\gh mo/ ( 8 works 7 execut$ 9 ,engl&4--,,tr4 #dg ,ambons--a k9d ( pulpit 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es4--,,ed4 #dh ,/rasb\rg spire is #dfh feet 9 height1 ! highe/ 9 ! _w4 ,ami5s1 ! next1 a m]e fl*e1 is #dbb feet4--,,tr4 #di ,m4 ,lacroix uses ! ^w ,romane ?r\gh\t1 ) ref]5ce to ?is /yle ( ar*itecture3 we h adopt$ ,norman z t mo/ commonly associat$ ) x1 & because x is a g5]ic t]m compreh5d+ ,romanesque1 ,lomb>dic1 & ev5 ,byzant9e4--,,ed4 #ej ,oculus 7eye74--,?is ^w is n kn[n 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,engli% ar*itects2 b x is evid5tly int5d$ to signify a circul> w9d[4--,,ed4 #ea ,(fic]s :o _h jurisdiction ov]1 & 7 inspectors (1 works ( masonry & c>p5try4 #eb ,! ^w is d]iv$ f vellus1 :i* m]ely signifies ! sk9 ( any bea/1 n ( a calf only4--,,ed4 #ec ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 uncialis1 & is appli$ to lett]s ( a r\nd or hook-%ap$ =m3 su* 7 us$ by ! anci5ts z num]als1 or = words 9 abbreviat$ inscriptions4--,,ed4 #ed ,m9uscule4--,less or little4 ,! t]m is evid5tly "h int5d$ to di/+ui% small lett]s f capitals4--,,ed4 #ee ,palimpse/--a k9d ( p>*m5t f :i* any?+ writt5 c\ld easily be eras$4--,,ed4 #ef ,libr>ian probably2 ?\gh libraire means only a booksell]1 biblio?caire be+ ! ,fr5* = a libr>ian4--,,tr4 #eg ,translation3 8,?is is ,monseigneur ,/4 ,l\is' ,psalt]1 :i* belong$ to 8 "m40 #eh ,antiphon>ies--books conta9+ ! responses1 c41 us$ 9 ,ca?olic *ur*-s]vices4--,,ed4 #ei 8,g>ni de deux f]maulx d'arg5t1 dorez1 armoiez d'azur une aigle d'or deux te/es1 ongl de gueulles1 auquel a ung tuyau d'arg5t dor p\r t\rn] les feuilles1 trois escussons desdites armes1 c\v]t d'une *emise de veluyau v]meil40 #fj ,probably ?is 8pilgrimage0 ref]s to "s "o ( ! great ,european ,c\ncils or ,diets held 9 ! city dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 z 7 ,congresses 9 lat] times4--,,ed4 #fa ,sic2 b x %\ld evid5tly be ! fifte5? c5tury4--,,ed4 #fb ,anglic1 ,/eph5s1 by :i* "n ?is illu/ri\s family ( s*ol>s & pr9t]s is mo/ popul>ly kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 t5 9 numb]1 :o fl\ri%$ betwe5 #aeab & ab\t #affj4 ,an?ony1 ! la/ di/+ui%$ repres5tative ( ! family1 di$ 9 pov]ty at ! ,htel ,dieu1 ,p>is1 9 #afgd1 at ! age ( eighty-two4--,,ed4