,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,,reg9ald ,,bateman ,,tea*] ,,& ,,soldi] ,a ,,memorial ,,volume ,,( ,,selections ,,f ,,8 ,,lectures ,,& ,,o!r ,,writ+s ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,saskat*ewan1 ,,saskatoon1 ,,canada ,,& ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,by ,,h5ry ,,so!ran ,,& ,,co4 ,,london #aibb ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,,*iswick ,,press 3 ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,griggs 7,,pr9t]s71 ,,ltd4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,! purpose ( ?is volume is to commemorate ! life & dea? ( ,reg9ald ,john ,godfrey ,bateman1 fir/ ,pr(essor ( ,engli% at ! ,univ]sity ( ,saskat*ewan4 ,x 0 felt by ! ,gov]nors & ,faculty ( ! ,univ]sity t 8 fri5ds & old /ud5ts w\ld value a repres5tative selection f ! lectures deliv]$ by him )9 ! ,univ]sity & to ! outside public4 ,includ$ 9 ! selection are a few poems :i* 7 f\nd among 8 pap]s4 ,! lectures & essays :i* are publi%$ "h1 be+ writt5 = popul> audi5ces or lit]>y ga!r+s inside ! ,univ]sity1 7 nev] int5d$ by _! au?or = publication z ! orig9al & consid]$ critical "w ( a ,pr(essor ( ,engli%2 d\btless1 if su* _h be5 8 purpose1 mu* t is pr9t$ "h1 orig9ally hurri$ly prep>$ dur+ ! busy ru% ( a college session1 w\ld h be5 alt]$ & reca/4 ,:ile orig9ality 0 "o ( ,pr(essor ,bateman's mo/ m>k$ qualities1 ! memb]s ( ! committee entru/$ ) ! prep>ation ( ?is volume = ! press h n1 9 e case1 reg>d$ orig9ality ( ?\ght z a necess>y qualification = inclusion4 ,9 mak+ _! selection !y h r be5 guid$ by ! desire to give to 8 fri5ds & old /ud5ts :at1 :e!r orig9al 9 ?\ght or n1 appe>$ to be 9 treatm5t & pres5tation mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! man & tea*]4 ,w>--& h]e9 lies its greate/ trag$y--always takes heavy toll ( ! promise & lat5t greatness ( a nation1 its y\? & vigor\s "y manhood4 ,l _m o!rs :o risk$ all & gave all 9 ! ,great ,w>1 ,reg9ald ,bateman 0 cut (f 9 8 prime4 ,he 0 born 9 ,irel& "s ?irty-eight ye>s ago4 ,8 s*ooldays 7 sp5t "u ,dr4 ,biggs1 (t5 call$ ! ,iri% ,arnold1 at ,portora ,royal ,s*ool1 p]haps ! greate/ ( ,iri% public s*ools1 ) a tradition ( s*ol>%ip :i* is c5turies old4 ,on leav+ s*ool he ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 :]e he graduat$ ) ! ,highe/ ,hon\rs 9 ,mod]n ,lit]ature4 ,9 college 8 activities & int]e/s 7 wide1 & he 0 an out/&+ example ( ! /ud5t :o comb9es ) di/9ction 9 s*ol>%ip1 prom95ce 9 a?letics & a broad & human outlook on life4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r respects he 0 a wor?y repres5tative ( ! _s ( 8 ,univ]sity4 ,aft] a few ye>s' exp]i5ce ( tea*+ 9 ,irel&1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( ,engli% at ! ,univ]sity ( ,saskat*ewan1 be+ "o ( ! orig9al f\r pr(essors :o1 ) ,presid5t ,murray1 laun*$ ! ,univ]sity on its educational c>e] 9 #aiji4 ,:5 a peaceful & unsuspect+ _w 0 plung$1 9 ,augu/ #aiad1 into ! horrors ( ! mo/ /up5d\s w> 9 its hi/ory1 ,pr(essor ,bateman quickly decid$ t 8 place 0 9 ! fight+ l9e1 & he enli/$ 9 ! #bh? ,battalion 9 ,septemb] #aiad1 9 company ) ano!r pr(essor & _m memb]s ( our /ud5t body4 ,8 ability to h&le m51 quickly became app>5t2 he soon won 8 s]geant's /ripes1 & w5t to ,france ) t rank4 ,9 #aiaf he 0 recall$ to ,canada to take comm& ( ! ,saskat*ewan ,company ( ! ,we/]n ,univ]sities' ,battalion4 ,he proce$$ to ,engl& ) ! rank ( major1 & 9 #aiag rev]t$ to ! rank ( lieut5ant 9 ord] to get aga9 to ,france1 :]e he 0 w\nd$ 9 action4 ,he 0 hold+ ! rank ( capta9 9 ! #df? ,battalion :5 he 0 kill$ on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #aiah4 ,he _h tak5 "p 9 ! fight+ t[>d ! end ( ,augu/ :5 ! ,canadians made ! fir/ brea* 9 ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e4 ,! major ( 8 battalion has writt5 t on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] ,capta9 ,bateman gallantly l$ 8 company into action4 ,dury 0 tak5 t day1 & ne> t place on ! night ( ,septemb] #crd he 0 kill$ by a %ell at ! ,regim5tal ,headqu>t]s1 :i* 7 be+ held 9 a *alk qu>ry4 ,on ! #d? ( ,septemb] ! *apla9 ( ! regim5t ga!r$ toge!r a p>ty :o1 amid ! ro> ( guns & scream ( %ells paid _! la/ respects to a v gallant comrade & "o ( ! be/ lov$ m5 9 ! ,battalion4 ,^? :o s]v$ "u him z an (fic] be> witness t he _h won n only ! m5's implicit confid5ce by qualities ( lead]%ip ( ! highe/ ord]1 b also _! v great affection by 8 p]sonal qualities4 ,! affection & respect :i* 7 ! ,univ]sity's tribute to 8 "* 7 also ! tribute ( 8 comrades 9 circum/ances :]e a man's s\l is /ripp$ ( all pret5ces 9 ! con/ant pres5ce ( dea?1 & :]e ! dread arbitram5t ( w> mu/ reveal ! good or evil t may lie hidd5 b5ea? ! conv5tionalities ( ord9>y life4 ,/rong 9 body & fe>less 9 _s1 ,reg9ald ,bateman possess$ t c\rage :i* is nei!r ! product ( discipl9e & rigor\s tra9+1 nor ! m]e animal quality :i* 7to quote an e>ly writ] on ! w>7 is our inh]itance f a pa/ 9 :i* m5 f\ght ea* "o = himself t !y might survive1 b t f9] quality ( c\rage :i* w face ! mo/ appall+ horrors because x has a vision ( ! future & a fai? 9 ! de/9y ( mank9d4 ,if ,pr(essor ,bateman _h surviv$1 8 c>e] z a soldi] w\ld h be5 b a glori\s int]lude 9 8 life's "w4 ,dur+ ! ye>s sp5t by him at ! ,univ]sity1 8 "* & atta9m5ts _h made him an out/&+ figure1 & gave promise ( a future ev5 ri*] 9 a*ievem5t4 ,intellectually1 he 0 a signal example ( ! union ( great ability & imag9ation ) ! mode/y ( a f9e _s & a sane & p5etrat+ outlook on life4 ,he 0 possess$ ( a bread? ( outlook t gave him cle> insight 9 lit]>y matt]s4 ,8 judgm5ts 7 always j1 because bas$ on ess5tials1 :ile 8 humanity enabl$ him to c\ple ) ! m9utiae ( s*ol>%ip a ca?olicity ( int]pretation & a sanity ( criticism :i* is n always f\nd 9 ^? :o are mo/ deeply v]s$ 9 _! subject4 ,! respect ( 8 colleagues & ( 8 /ud5ts is def9ite pro( ( 8 great ability z a tea*]4 ,x 0 manife/ to all t he gave himself :olehe>t$ly to 8 "w ) t enjoym5t & appreciation :i* are ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a true tea*]4 ,! loss t ! ,univ]sity 9 g5]al has su/a9$ by ,pr(essor ,bateman's dea? f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! p]sonal sorr[ ( 8 fri5ds4 ,^? :o 7 privileg$ to "k him well are left immeasurably poor] by 8 dea? b enri*$ by a memory t w always rema9 ) !m4 ,= 8 /ory lives on wov5 into ! /uff ( o!r m5's lives4 ,8 wide human int]e/s br\ght him into sympa!tic t\* ) _m phases ( life & gave him /r5g? & tol]ance4 ,8 true manl9ess1 s9c]ity ( "*1 & sociable nature ende>$ him to all4 ,he 0 a delightful comrade1 & _m ( 8 colleagues mu/ rememb] "s fla% ( true hum\r :i* lit up ! prosaic t5or ( an ord9>y conv]sation or ( "s inord9ately dull ,faculty ,meet+4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity too %>$ 9 8 fri5d%ip4 ,8 nev]-flagg+ int]e/ 9 _! activities1 :e!r lit]>y1 musical1 or a?letic1 w always be rememb]$4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,saskat*ewan lo/ 9 ! ,great ,w> _m ( its f9e/ spirits1 & its losses rea*$ _! culm9ation 9 ! dea? ( ,reg9ald ,bateman4 ,^u su* sacrifices ,! gods !mselves ?r[ inc5se4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,reg9ald ,,bateman--,,/ud5t ,,& ,,tea*] ,francis ,?ompson ,milton ,to ! ,memory ( ,dr4 ,biggs ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli% ,my ,la/ ,du*ess ,*ri/mas ,%opp+ ,realism 9 ,wordswor? & ,br[n+ ,synge--a ,fragm5t ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay ,pessimism ,bra9s & ,intellect ,! ,et]nal ,sil5ce ,,"p ,,ii ,,reg9ald ,,bateman--,,soldi] ,! ,w> ,9 ! ,tr5*es ,on ! ,dea? ( a ,comrade ,illu/ration3 ,reg9ald ,bateman ,,"p ,i ,,reg9ald ,,bateman ,,/ud5t ,,& ,,tea*] ,,francis ,,?ompson ,a pap] giv5 be=e ! ,faculty ,club 9 #aiac ,! rec5t publication1 ,april #aiac1 ( ! fir/ collect$ edition ( ,francis ,?ompson's works1 foll[$ 9 ,augu/ by an au!ntic biography ( ! poet1 has focuss$ g5]al att5tion ^u ! man & 8 "w4 ,hi!rto1 if kn[n to ! g5]al read] at all1 he has be5 kn[n ma9ly by "o poem1 ,! ,h\nd ( ,heav51 & ! majority ( ! read+ public has n yet discov]$ t ,?ompson is ! au?or ( a l>ge body ( poetry fully wor?y to rank ) ,! ,h\nd ( ,heav5 9 poetical quality4 ,ev5 to ! few :o are famili> ) 8 poetry1 ! /ory ( 8 life1 "o ( ! mo/ romantic 9 ! annals ( our lit]ature1 came z a revelation4 ,to ! inn] circle ( lit]>y p ,?ompson z a poet has be5 kn[n = tw5ty ye>s4 ,) 8 fir/ volume ( poems1 publi%$ #ahic1 ,?ompson1 z "o admir] express$ x1 rea*$ ! peak ( ,p>nassus at a b\nd4 ,! critics1 usually s cons]vative 9 _! e/imate ( a new poet1 7 n only fav\rable1 b 9 mo/ cases s f> =got !mselves z to become en?usia/ic4 ,= p>allels to ! au/]e passion & purity ( ,?ompson's love-poetry1 to ! ri*ness & /rang5ess ( 8 imag]y1 ! spl5d\r & luxuriance ( 8 vocabul>y1 & ! l(t9ess ( 8 inspiration1 !y turn$ )\t apology to ! greate/ names ( our lit]ature4 ,f ?is unusually fav\rable fir/ op9ion !re 0 naturally a reaction4 ,?ompson's second volume ( #ahie1 ,si/] ,songs1 & /ill m 8 ?ird volume ( #ahig1 ,new ,poems1 ) its increas$ symbolism & my/icism1 met ) vici\s abuse z well z g5]\s praise4 ,by #aijg1 h[ev]1 ! date ( ,?ompson's dea?1 8 reputation 0 well e/abli%$1 & f t "t to ! pres5t1 ! tide ( criticism seems to h set /rongly 9 8 fav\r4 ,to-day few critics w\ld d5y him to be ! mo/ rem>kable ( rec5t poets4 ,a fre% wave ( int]e/ 0 ar\s$ la/ ye> :5 ! complete & f9al edition ( 8 works 0 publi%$4 ,?is reawak5$ int]e/ is likely to h ! effect ( pass+ 8 m]it aga9 "u review1 & we %all h "s opportunity ( judg+ :e!r he is to fade f ! sight ( m5 l a brilliant b unla/+ meteor1 :e!r he is to be l ,keats & ,%elley1 ! *os5 poet ( a small & select circle ( read]s1 or :e!r1 l ,t5nyson & ,br[n+1 he is to w9 ! suffrages ( ! man on ! /reet4 ,p]sonally1 :ile ,i believe t ,?ompson w ultimately take a place among ! greate/ ( our n9ete5? c5tury poets1 ,i ?9k x extremely unlikely t he w ev] be popul>4 ,! atmosph]e he lives 9 is too r>e = ! ord9>y man to brea! ) com=t4 ,8 emotions are too subtle1 8 passion too au/]e1 8 h>monies too ref9$ to cat* ! e> ( ! cr[d4 ,a few ( 8 poems1 l ,! ,h\nd ( ,heav51 :i* is already widely kn[n1 may become popul>1 b ,i c recall no o!r :i* seems to me likely to make an univ]sal appeal4 ,be=e pass+ to a sket* ( ,?ompson's romantic c>e]1 let me dwell = a %ort :ile on ! m /rik+ qualities ( 8 g5ius4 ,my fir/ impressions ( ,?ompson h to d m ) /yle ?an ) subject matt]4 ,to ! lit]>y critic mak+ ! acqua9tance ( a new poet x matt]s less1 p]haps1 :at ! poet says ?an h[ he says x4 ,h>mony1 rhy?m1 language1 te*nique--^! ?+s are ( vital importance4 ,x is true t we may (t5 desire ( our poets m matt] & less art1 b on ! o!r h& matt] )\t art has nev] won ! "n ( great poetry4 ,!re is a l>g5ess & f9ality ( utt]ance1 an appe>ance ( inevitability ab\t ! be/ "w ( ! great ma/]s1 t is unmi/akable4 ,x is z if ! ,muse ( ,poetry h]self _h spok5 & n a m]e mortal man4 ,la/ came & la/ did g ,! ,pilot ( ! ,galilean lake4 ,su* words z ^! gr[ n ^u mortal soil4 ,:at "o looks =1 !n1 fir/ ( all 9 a new poet is ! gr& /yle1 ! au!ntic note1 ! phrases /amp$ ) ! tool ( ! et]nal grav]4 ,9 ! se>* = x1 "o's only guide is in/9ct1 an in/9ct =m$ by con/ant /udy ( :at is admitt$ly ! be/4 ,& ! se>* = ?is di/9ction ( /yle is doom$ s (t5 to be disappo9t$ t ev5 a l9e or a phrase :i* seems to possess x is gladly welcom$4 ,b 9 ,?ompson's case ! inspiration is n conf9$ to occasional fla%es4 ,no matt] :]e ,i op5$ 8 book1 almo/ e l9e seem$ to me to be> ! hall-m>k ( great poetry4 ,take ev5 ! six l9es ( ! d$ication ( ,new ,poems to ,cov5try ,patmore2 y f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t !y r+ true1 t !y h ! great utt]ance4 ,lo1 my book ?9ks to look ,"t's leagu] d[n1 ,"u ! bann] ( y\r spread r5[n6 ,or if ^! levies ( impuissant rhyme ,fall to ! ov]?r[ ( assault+ ,"t1 ,yet ?is "o page %all f9d oblivi\s %ame1 ,arm$ ) y\r cre/$ & prevail+ ,"n4 ,9 read+ ,?ompson's poems "o has nei!r1 z 9 ! case ( mo/ mod]ns1 to adju/ oneself to a completely new & p]haps freaki% /yle1 nor to reconcile oneself to a m or less obvi\s imitation ( our greate/ rec5t poets4 ,?ompson is n at all mod]n2 to "o famili> ) sev5te5? c5tury ,engli% lit]ature he comes l an old fri5d2 & yet he is no imitator2 he is absolutely individual4 ,if a /ud5t ( lit]ature 7 giv5 ! poems )\t be+ told ! au?or1 he w\ld probably get ! impression t "s =gott5 poet ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h be5 re-discov]$4 ,= ,?ompson's poems d n smack ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 !y h few e*oes ( ,t5nyson or ,br[n+ or ,sw9burne or any n9ete5? c5tury poet except1 p]haps1 ,%elley2 !y h r a /rong flav\r ( our eld] poetry1 & :ile ri*1 p]haps ov]-ri*1 9 imag]y1 give "o an impression ( close-knit1 s9ewy /r5g? v diff]5t f ! milk-&-wat]y mildness or ! s5su\s lusci\sness ( mu* mod]n v]se4 ,?is effect is enhanc$ by _! vocabul>y1 :i* conta9s _m words /range to ! mod]n e>1 & :i* takes "o back to ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 ,milton1 ,c[ley1 & ,cra%aw4 ,! ,ode to ! ,sett+ ,sun & ! ,an!m ( ,e>? illu/rate to "s ext5t ano!r v prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ,?ompson1 t he is a d>+ & successful exp]im5t] 9 metre & language4 ,he does n foll[ slavi%ly 9 ! beat5 track ( o!r poets2 he frames metrical m\lds = himself to suit ! quality ( 8 own gl[+ ?\ght4 ,! poems are full ( new & difficult metres1 h&l$ ) p]fect ma/]y2 !y are full ( exp]im5ts ) language :i* mo/ mod]n poets w\ld n d>e to make1 b :i* 9 ,?ompson ne>ly always seem to ju/ify !mselves4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ ab\t ,?ompson's poetry is ! quality ( 8 imag]y4 ,a great poet mu/ be ri* 9 imag]y1 = x is ! imag]y ( poetry t discloses to u its hidd5 s\l4 ,?ompson's imag]y at once a/oni%es by its +5uity & captivates by its beauty4 ,9 ! =m] quality he rivals ,c[ley & ,cra%aw1 9 ! latt] he is f> beyond !m4 ,"o critic rem>k$ t ,?ompson mu/ surely be ,cra%aw born aga91 b born great]4 ,if ,?ompson's imag]y has a fault1 x is t !re is too mu* ( x2 he himself recogniz$ ?is fault & endeav\r$ to correct x4 ,alice ,meynell rem>k$ t _m poets c\ld be furni%$ ) imag]y1 n f ! abundance ( ,?ompson's1 b f its sup]-abundance4 ,"h are a few samples1 *os5 almo/ at r&om1 ( ! quality ( ,?ompson's imag]y3 ,& n[ my he>t is z a brok5 f\nt1 ,:]e9 te>-dripp+s /agnate1 spilt d[n ev] ,f ! dank ?\ghts t %iv] ,^u ! sighful bran*es ( my m9d4 ,"u my ru9$ passions fall5 & s]e ,! wild dreams /ir1 l little radiant girls1 ,:om 9 ! m\lt$ plumage ( ! ye>1 ,_! comrades sweet h buri$ to ! curls4 ,9 a m commonplace /yle ( imag]y1 b /ill spl5didly h&l$1 is ! foll[+ f ,si/] ,songs3 ,or may ?is treasure-galleon ( my v]se1 ,fraught ) its gold5 passion1 o>$ ) cad5t rhyme1 ,set ) a t[]+ press ( fantasies1 ,drop safely d[n ! "t1 ,leav+ m9e isl$ self beh9d x f>1 ,soon to be sunk5 9 ! abysm ( seas1 7,z d[n ! ye>s ! spl5d\r voyages ,f "s long-ru9$ & night-subm]g$ />74 ,! =ego+ extracts impress "o also ) ano!r notewor?y & v important quality ( ,?ompson's v]se--its rem>kable metrical effects4 ,watts-,dunton rightly says t 9 addition to intellectual & emotional life1 great poetry mu/ h rhy?mic life4 ,unless ! rhy?m ( any metrical passage is s vivid1 s natural1 & s free t x seems z ?\gh x c\ld live1 if ne$ 71 by its rhy?m alone1 t passage1 accord+ to ,watts-,dunton1 has no "r to exi/ z poetry4 ,"o sign by :i* "o may "k t poetry possesses rhy?mic life is t passages ( x w s+ !mselves 9 "o's head = days aft] read+ !m4 ,arnold ,b5nett tells u t aft] read+ ,si/] ,songs he w5t ab\t = days repeat+ su* passages z3 ,! innoc5t moon1 t no?+ does b %9e1 ,moves all ! lab\r+ surges ( ! _w4 ,aft] read+ ,?ompson fir/1 ,i w5t ab\t = days repeat+ ov] & ov] aga9 passages f 8 poems1 n = _! mean+1 = ! mean+ 9 _m cases 0 n cle>1 b j = ! s\nd & beat ( !m1 su* passages z3 ,on ,ar>at !re grew a v9e444 or ,i am ,daniel's my/ic m\nta9444 ,ev]yone kn[s ,kipl+'s picture ( sunrise 9 ,m&alay3 ,an' ! dawn comes up l ?und] out] ,*9a 'cro/ ! ,bay4 ,?is is commonplace beside ,?ompson's v]sion ( ! same ?\ght 9 ,! ,mi/ress ( ,vision3 ,ea/1 ah1 ea/ ( ,himalay ,dwell ! nations und]gr\nd2 ,hid+ f ! %ock ( ,day1 ,= ! sun's upris+ s\nd3 ,d>e n issue f ! gr\nd ,at ! tumults ( ! ,day1 ,s fe>fully ! sun do? s\nd1 ,clang+ up beyond ,ca?ay1 ,= ! great e>?-quak+ sunrise roll+ up beyond ,ca?ay4 ,la/ly1 ,?ompson's poetry impresses "o ) a s5se ( sublimity1 9 ! /rict1 lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w1 :i* is uplift$ness4 ,?ompson seems always uplift$ to a high level ( inspiration2 8 w+ seems nev] to flag nor 8 voice to tire4 ,! reason = ?is consi/5t l(t9ess ( ,?ompson's poetry is probably t to ,?ompson ! writ+ ( poetry 0 an act ( wor%ip1 & t ! ma9 spr+ ( 8 inspiration is religi\s en?usiasm4 ,he nev] wrote except :5 he felt t he mu/ write4 ,he 0 only1 he says1 ! conduit-pipe ?r\gh :i* fl[$ ! div9e utt]ance4 ,speak+ ( poets he says3 ,we speak a lesson taught we "k n h[1 ,& :at x is t f u fl[s ,! he>] bett] ?an ! utt]] kn[s4 ,9 e l9e ( ,?ompson's v]se "o f9ds evid5ce ( ! vision & ! faculty div9e1 & :5 aft] 8 brief p]iod ( song t vision fad$ & t faculty fail$1 he wrote no m4 ,?ompson wrote because he mu/ write4 ,l ,keats he 0 haunt$ p]petually by an image ( ! ideal ,beauty1 to :i* he 0 ev] /riv+ to atta94 ,poetry sometimes seems to him 8 curse1 & n 8 bless+4 ,deaf is he to ! _w's tongue2 ,he scorne? = 8 song ,! l\d ,%\ts ( ! cr[d4 ,he measure? _w's pleasure ,_w's ease1 z ,sa9ts might measure2 ,= hire ,j love entire4 ,he asks1 n grudg+ pa92 ,& kn[s 8 ask+ va91 ,& cries ,love1 love1 & dies1 ,9 gu]don ( long duty ,un[n$ by ,love or ,beauty2 ,& goes-- ,tell1 tell :o kn[s4 ,francis ,?ompson 0 accu/om$ to cre/ all 8 manuscripts ) ! sign ( ! cross2 & j z all 8 v]se may be said to h be5 writt5 "u ! inspiration ( ! cross1 s 8 life may be said to h be5 liv$ "u its %ad[4 ,! ,h& t wr\ght out 8 de/9y mu/ h plac$ ov] its f9i%$ "w ! sign ( m+l$ %ame & glory1 ( suff]+ & triumph4 ,life 0 too /rong = ,?ompson2 x cru%$ him b5ea? its hurry+ feet2 x /unn$ him ) its tumults2 x )held f him ! love = :i* 8 s\l crav$2 b out ( ! defeat ( 8 life rose ! triumph ( 8 v]se4 ,x seems t ,?ompson sank to ! l[e/ dep?s ( life's mis]y t he might rise to its highe/ p9nacle ( inspiration4 ,x 0 :5 pitiless ,london _h almo/ cru%$ ! life out ( him1 & :5 8 eyes 7 bl9d$ ) pa9 to ! ?+s ar\nd him1 t ! heav5ly vision 0 cle>e/4 ,on ! day :5 he1 poor ?ief ( song1 0 nail$ to 8 bitt]e/ cross1 he he>d mo/ cle>ly a voice say+1 ,to-day ?\ %alt be ) me 9 ,p>adise4 ,x 0 9 recollection ( "s su* mood1 exp]i5c$ z an outca/ on ! ,london /reets1 t he wrote ! v]ses1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god1 f\nd 9 manuscript among 8 pap]s aft] 8 dea?1 :i* illu/rate z well z any o!r s+le poem ! extraord9>y int]-bl5d+ ( ! se5 & ! unse5 9 8 poetry4 ,8 own words ab\t ,%elley apply ) equal =ce to himself3 ,he /ood at ! v junction l9es ( ! visible & invisible1 & c\ld %ift ! po9ts z he will$4 ,francis ,?ompson 0 born at ,pre/on1 ,lanca%ire1 9 #ahei1 ! son ( ,*>les ,?ompson1 a doctor1 aft]w>ds 9 practice at ,a%ton-"u-,lyne4 ,8 lit]>y g5ius _c be expla9$ on any !ory ( h]$ity4 ,! fact t 8 fa!r seem$ absolutely 7& almo/ culpably7 bl9d to 8 son's arti/ic nature seems to me to acc\nt 9 l>ge measure = ! trag$y ( ,?ompson's y\?4 ,lat]1 :5 ! son became fam\s1 no "o 0 m surpris$ ?an ,*>les ,?ompson1 b ?\gh ! success ( 8 son's poetry mu/ h t\*$ 8 pride1 x did n p5etrate to 8 intellect1 = he confess$ t he 0 q unable to und]/& x4 ,we mu/1 !n1 acquit ,*>les ,?ompson ( hav+ any act or "p 9 8 son's lit]>y atta9m5ts2 & f all acc\nts1 8 "m 0 equally innoc5t ( lit]>y tal5t4 ,b1 ?\gh ! poet ow$ none ( 8 g5ius to 8 p>5ts1 he ow$ !m some?+ m important1 some?+ :i* prov$ to be ! v life-spr+ ( t g5ius1 namely1 8 religi\s en?usiasm4 ,?ompson is fir/ & la/ a religi\s poet4 ,9 him & 8 contempor>y1 ,patmore1 ,roman ,ca?olicism1 :i* _h = c5turies1 almo/1 9 fact1 s9ce ! days ( ,dante1 rel9qui%$ to poets ( o!r fai?s ! *ief glories ( song1 f\nd a voice4 ,! my/]ies ( religion 7 ,?ompson's *ief inspiration1 ! int]pretation ( !m 8 highe/ task4 ,8 fa!r & "m1 & ! majority ( 8 uncles & aunts 7 conv]ts to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b :]eas _! _s ( wor%ip 0 dumb1 9 ,?ompson all t is be/ 9 ,roman ,ca?olicism is glorifi$ 9 %9+ v]se4 ,?ompson1 h[ev]1 is n a sect>ian poet4 ,he is too great = t4 ,x is ! _s ( univ]sal religion t brea!s 9 8 v]se4 ,! poetry ( ! ,victorian era1 :i* = _m ye>s _h be5 grop+ aft] religi\s fai?1 f\nd ) ,?ompson ! note ( absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! p t walk$ 9 d>kness saw 9 him a great light4 ,to be ! poet ( ! return to ,patmore is some:at1 he said1 b ,i w\ld be ! poet ( ! return to ,god4 ,?ompson1 a s5sitive1 delicate *ild1 0 br\ght up ) 8 two si/]s1 & seems to h be5 rem>kable 9 *ildhood *iefly = 8 g5tl5ess & capacity = make-believe4 ,at ! age ( elev5 he left ! %elt] ( 8 home = ,u%aw1 a ,roman ,ca?olic college ne> ,durham1 :]e he endur$ at fir/ ! same mis]ies z fall to ! lot ( mo/ high-/rung1 s5sitive boys1 :5 expos$ to ! brutalities ( a l>ge ,engli% bo>d+ s*ool4 ,8 0 ! fate ( ,c[p] & ,%elley1 & 9 ,?ompson's ,essay on ,%elley1 :i* 7leav+ aside its magnific5ce z a piece ( prose writ+7 is valuable less = its comm5ts on ,%elley ?an = ! light :i* x ?r[s on ,?ompson himself1 ! rem>ks on ! p]secution endur$ at s*ool by ,%elley are sugge/$ by ,?ompson's own exp]i5ces4 ,probably none ( ei!r ,?ompson's tea*]s or s*oolfell[s p]ceiv$ 9 him ! tok5s ( future greatness4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh 8 s*ool-days1 z 9 ! ma9 he pass$ ?r\gh life1 ) 8 true self hidd5 f all obs]v]s "u an imp5etrable res]ve4 ,?ompson's fa!r int5d$ him = ! prie/hood1 & to t end 8 /udies 7 direct$ dur+ ! :ole sev5 ye>s ( 8 /ay at ,u%aw4 ,probably ! tra9+ he receiv$1 p>ticul>ly 8 /udy ( ! ,missal & hymns ( ! ,*ur*1 _h no small effect ^u 8 lat] v]se4 ,?\gh he took a high place 9 8 lit]>y classes1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engli%1 & ?\gh 8 tea*]s ?\ght highly ( 8 ability1 !y became gradually conv9c$ t 8 n]v\s timidity & con/itutional indol5ce r5d]$ him unfit = ! prie/hood4 ,! pr9cipal ( ! college wrote to t effect to 8 fa!r 9 #ahgg1 :ile at ! same "t express+ 8 belief t if ,?ompson c\ld %ake (f 8 natural indol5ce he _h ability to succe$ 9 any c>e]4 ,?ompson !re=e return$ home 9 #ahgg1 to ! great disappo9tm5t ( 8 p>5ts4 ,! indol5ce :i* prov$ 8 undo+ 01 says 8 biograph]1 ,ev]>d ,meynell1 only "o "n ( _m = ! ab/ractions ( ,?ompson's m9d & ! inactivities ( 8 body4 ,aga9/ ?is indol5ce he /ruggl$ nobly all 8 life4 ,n a lifetime ( morn+s sp5t 9 b$ kill$ 8 desire to be up & do+4 ,ev5 9 ! trembl+ h& ( 8 la/ mon?s he wrote out 9 big capitals on pages torn f ex]cise books su* texts z 7 calculat$ to fright5 him into 8 clo!s4 ,9 ! morn+ :5 he woke 8 eyes fell ^u su* words z ^!1 ,?\ wilt n he ab$ :5 ! la/ trump bl[s1 ,?y sleep ) ! worms w be long en\gh1 & s on1 b all 9 va94 ,?ompson's indol5ce 0 n a m5tal b a physical *>act]i/ic4 ,8 poor1 disord]$ body refus$ ex]tion & 0 too sluggi% = all ,?ompson's spiritual en]gy to r\se4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 ?is indol5ce & abs5ce ( m9d w\ld h caus$ ,?ompson to fail 9 any regul> pr(ession1 & p]haps 8 fa!r is z mu* to be piti$ z blam$ = 8 next /r5u\s attempt to make ,francis capable ( e>n+ 8 own livelihood4 ,aft] ,?ompson's failure at ,u%aw1 8 fa!r decid$ to prep>e 8 son = 8 own pr(ession1 & s5t him to take a m$ical c\rse at ,ow5's ,college1 ,man*e/]4 ,= ! foll[+ six ye>s ,?ompson pret5d$ to /udy m$ic9e4 ,he made ! j\rney f home to lectures e morn+ "u compulsion1 b once out ( sight ( ! p>5tal eye 8 day 0 8 own1 & 0 sp5t any:]e r ?an at ! lecture or 9 ! dissect+ room4 ,he w&]$ ab\t ,man*e/]1 an untidy1 ab/ract$ figure ) trail+ %oe-laces & c>eless dress1 indiff]5t to pass]s-by1 & mutt]+ a cont9ual soliloquy4 ,he haunt$ ! libr>ies1 museums1 & gall]ies ( ! city1 & :ile 8 fa!r ?\ght 8 son 0 prep>+ himself to e>n a compet5ce z a respectable practis+ physician1 ! son 0 really equipp+ himself all unconsci\sly = ! c>e] :i* 0 to w9 him1 n inde$ a compet5ce1 b an undy+ "n 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 9 por+ ov] our sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury writ]s1 t ,?ompson acquir$ 8 wond]ful vocabul>y1 :i* conta9s s _m =gott5 words t ! critics lat] accus$ him ( :olesale co9age1 & :i* gives 8 v]se t ri* flav\r ( antiquity :i* is no small "p ( its *>m4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 ,?ompson made ! acqua9tance ( ,de ,qu9cey1 8 v own ,de ,qu9cey1 a writ] to ^: c>e] ,?ompson's 9 _m respects be>s an extraord9>y resemblance4 ,de ,qu9cey naturally drew 8 att5tion to opium1 ) disa/r\s results4 ,opium-eat+ 0 9 ! air ( ,man*e/]1 ! cotton-sp9n]s be+ mu* addict$ to its use1 & ,?ompson became a victim4 ,) a %ort int]val he 0 a us] ( opium to ! end ( 8 days4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! effect ( ! drug habit on ,?ompson's writ+s2 p]sonally1 ,i d\bt t x _h any effect4 ,x c]ta9ly _h no direct effect1 = we h 8 own solemn assurance t none ( 8 publi%$ v]se 7except "o poem1 ,! ,dream ,try/7 0 writt5 "u its influ5ce4 ,9 fact1 8 fir/ outbur/ ( poetry came app>5tly z a result ( 8 tempor>y break+-(f ( ! drug habit1 aft] he _h be5 rescu$ f ! ,london /reets2 & dur+ ! few ye>s ( 8 poetic productiv5ess he seems to h fre$ himself f ! influ5ce ( opium4 ,?ompson ?\ght too highly ( poetry & ( 8 mission z a poet to use opium z a /imulus to v]se-mak+4 ,9 ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life he w5t back aga9 to ! drug z a relief f incessant physical weakness & mis]y1 & :o t has n suff]$ equally c blame him8 ,b ?\gh opium affect$ ,?ompson's g5ius little1 if at all1 x c]ta9ly affect$ 8 "*1 & made :atev] 0 weak & slack1 weak] & slack]4 ,he prov$ a complete failure at ,ow5's ,college1 & 0 giv5 a trial at ,glasg[ ) simil> results4 ,8 fa!r 0 9 despair4 ,hundr$s ( p\nds f 8 scanty income _h be5 sp5t = lectures to :i* 8 son _h n li/5$1 = ! fees ( exam9]s :o got no pap]s to exam9e1 & = c\rses 9 dissection dur+ :i* ,francis _h n be5 once to ! dissect+ table4 ,opium1 h[ev]1 _c be blam$ = ,?ompson's failure2 he mu/ h fail$ anyway2 x only made 8 failure m complete & hopeless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _h und\bt$ly 9 "o way a b5eficial physical effect4 ,on ?is subject 8 biograph] rem>ks3 ,x /av$ (f ! assaults ( tub]culosis2 x gave him ! wav]+ /r5g? t made life j possible = him1 :e!r on ! /reets1 or ?r\gh all ^? o!r di/resses & discom=ts t x 0 8 "* deeply to res5t1 b n to remove by any normal c\rses4 ,dr4 ,?ompson took ,francis away f college & next set him to "w ) a surgical in/rum5t mak]4 ,!re he rema9$ two weeks4 ,8 next attempt at "w 0 z ag5t = a new encyclopa$ia4 ,?is book x took him two mon?s to read ?r\gh1 & he did n sell a s+le copy4 ,8 fa!r !n told him t he mu/ enli/4 ,?ompson obey$ )\t a ^w4 ,he 0 reject$ z physically unfit1 b n be=e he _h gone ?r\gh a we>y p]iod ( m>*+ & drill 9 ! endeav\r to exp& 8 *e/ to ! necess>y in*es4 ,?ompson once m return$ home1 z he did f ea* successive failure1 say+ simply1 ,i h n succe$$1 & v\*saf+ no explanation4 ,!re 7 app>5tly no confid5ces betwe5 ,?ompson & 8 fa!r2 ,dr4 ,?ompson knew no?+ ( 8 son's lit]>y ambitions4 ,8 comm5t :5 lat] he f\nd 8 son welcom$ z a poet 03 ,if ! lad _h b told me6 b x is d\btful1 z ,mr4 ,mills says1 t ! wor?y doctor reg>d$ ! gre5e/ ( poetic laurels z a fair ex*ange = a ?riv+ m$ical practice4 ,?is "t ,?ompson's reception seems to h be5 unusually *ill+1 & 9 a hopeless mood he left home )\t say+ good-bye1 & />t$ = ,london ) no money b 8 f>e1 & ) no baggage b a volume ( ,blake 9 "o pocket & ,aes*ylus 9 ano!r4 ,fri5dless1 incompet5t1 aimless1 he ?rew himself into ! maw ( ! great city :i* has dev\r$ s _m poets1 & soon plumb$ ! v dep?s ( pov]ty & despair4 ,= ?ree ye>s he drift$ ab\t ,london1 s9k+ cont9ually l[]1 & ! a/oni%+ ?+ is t he came ?r\gh ! ordeal alive4 ,8 feeble attempts at f9d+ & do+ "w soon ceas$1 & !n he knew :at x meant to walk 9 rags & h]d ) ! outca/s ( ! /reet1 to sleep 9 a f\rp5ny doss-h\se1 or1 if he _h no money1 on ! ,embankm5t1 to suff] hung] & pa9 & cold4 ,an attempt to e/abli% himself z a boot-black met ) ! usual ill-success t att5d$ all ,?ompson's practical ef=ts1 & ! "t came :51 = a week1 8 only e>n+ 0 sixp5ce = hold+ a horse's head4 ,lat] /ill1 he 0 on ! /reets day & night successively = fifte5 days1 & sank into a k9d ( /upor1 mov+ ab\t 9 a sort ( half-consci\sness z 9 a walk+ nightm>e4 ,f ?is pitiable /ate he 0 rescu$ tempor>ily by a ,mr4 ,mc,master1 a pi\s & k9dly boot-mak] :o made a practice ( assi/+ su* un=tunates4 ,he _h designs on ,?ompson's s\l1 b :5 ,?ompson1 ev5 9 8 de/itute condition1 refus$ to all[ 8 s\l to be tamp]$ )1 ,mc,master wisely conclud$ t ! next be/ ?+ 0 to save ,?ompson's body2 & he did s4 ,?ompson 0 tak5 into ! %op1 & prov+ hopeless at boot-mak+1 0 made err&-boy at five %ill+s a week4 ,"h he got a *ance to write1 & cov]$ ! bootmak]'s disc>d$ acc\nt books ) prose & poetry2 &1 accord+ to ,mc,master1 ev5 submitt$ manuscripts to sev]al magaz9es1 b app>5tly )\t success4 ,opium1 ! effects ( :i* 7 mi/ak5 by ,mc,master = ^? ( dr9k1 lo/ ,?ompson ?is situation1 & he 0 aga9 ?r[n on ! /reets to s9k ev5 l[] ?an be=e4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t he receiv$ ! indelible impressions ( ! ,london /reets :i* he record$ ye>s aft] 9 8 review ( ,g5]al ,boo?'s ,d>ke/ ,engl&3 ,a region ^: h$g][s h set to brick1 ^: soil is *ill$ to /one2 :]e fl[]s are sold & wom52 :]e ! m5 )] & ! />s2 ^: /reets to me on ! mo/ glitt]+ day are black4 ,= ,i unveil _! secret mean+s4 ,i read _! human hi]oglyphs4 ,i diagnose f a hundr$ occult signs ! disease :i* p]turbs _! popul\s pulses4 ,mis]y cries out to me f ! k]b-/one2 despair passes me by 9 ! ways2 ,i disc]n limbs lad5 ) fett]s impalpable b n impond]able2 ,i he> ! %ak+ ( invisible la%es2 ,i see m5 dabbl$ ) _! own ooz+ life4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,?ompson1 l ,de ,qu9cey1 0 befri5d$ by a girl ( ! /reets1 :o notic$ 8 =lorn condition & ^: mo!rly in/9cts 7 r\s$ by 8 helplessness4 ,weakness & confid5ce1 humility & rev]5ce1 7 gifts unkn[n to h] except at 8 h&s1 & %e repaid !m ) graces z lovely z a *ild's1 & z unhesitat+ z a sa9t's4 ,:5 ,?ompson 0 f9ally rescu$ by ,wilfrid ,meynell1 %e fl$ f him1 fe>+ t 8 fri5d%ip ) h] might prejudice 8 *ances ( bett] ?+s4 ,!y w n und]/& our fri5d%ip1 %e said1 & !n1 ,i always knew y 7 a g5ius4 ,%e *ang$ h] lodg+s & ,?ompson s\ght h] 9 va94 ,9 ,si/] ,songs1 9 a passage address$ to ,sylvia 7t is1 little ,madel9e ,meynell7 he pays a beautiful tribute to ! *ildi%ness ( ?is girl4 ,once--9 t nightm>e-"t :i* /ill do? haunt ,my dreams1 a grim1 unbidd5 visitant-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,i wait$ ! inevitable la/4 ,!n !re came pa/ ,a *ild2 l !e1 a spr+-fl[]2 b a fl[] ,fall5 f ! budd$ coronal ( ,spr+1 ,& ?r\gh ! city-/reets bl[n )]+4 ,%e pass$1--,o brave1 sad1 lov+e/1 t5d] ?+6 ,& ( h] own scant pittance did %e give1 ,t ,i might eat & live3 ,!n fl$1 a swift & trackless fugitive4 ,!re=e ,i kiss$ 9 !e ,! he>t ( ,*ildhood1 s div9e = me2 ,& h]1 ?r\gh :at sore ways1 ,& :at un*ildi% days1 ,borne f me n[1 z !n1 a trackless fugitive4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahhg came ! crisis ( ,?ompson's fate4 ,at t "t ,?ompson scrap$ toge!r a few %ill+s someh[ & began to deciph] & put toge!r ! half-oblit]at$ manuscript ( 8 article on ,paganism1 ,old & ,new1 writt51 ,i suppose1 at ,mc,master's4 ,i came simultane\sly to my la/ page & my la/ halfp5ny1 says ,?ompson1 & w5t =? to drop ! manuscript 9 ! lett]-box ( ! ,ca?olic magaz9e1 ,m]rie ,engl&4 ,next day ,i sp5t ! halfp5ny on two boxes ( mat*es & began ! /ruggle = life4 ,among all ! important lett]s t h be5 po/$ s9ce man became a lett]-writ+ animal1 t lett] ( ,?ompson's to ! editor ( ,m]rie ,engl& holds1 x seems to me1 a prom95t place4 ,"o trembles to ?9k :at might h happ5$ if t manuscript _h nev] rea*$ ! editor or be5 ov]look$ by him4 ,9 all probability ,?ompson w\ld h di$ ( />vation 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 & a poet :o may prove to be "o ( ! fir/ 9 our lit]ature w\ld h gone mute & +lori\s to an outca/'s grave4 ,b ?\gh x lay pigeon-hol$ = six mon?s )\t receiv+ ! att5tion ( a busy editor1 9 due c\rse ! lett] & accompany+ manuscript 7 read4 ,to no bett] man c\ld ,?ompson h appeal$ ?an ! editor ( ,m]rie ,engl&1 ,wilfrid ,meynell1 a man ^: h& 0 ev] /ret*$ out to help ! un=tunate4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 he knew no?+ ( ,?ompson except t 8 essay %[$ a ma/]-h&4 ,aft] "s difficulty ,meynell manag$ to get into communication ) ! au?or ?r\gh a druggi/ to :om ,?ompson ow$ money = opium1 & _m days aft]1 ,mr4 ,meynell1 9 8 workroom1 0 told t ,mr4 ,?ompson wi%$ to see him4 ,%[ him up1 he said1 & 0 left alone4 ,:at foll[s is told 9 ! words ( ,ev]>d ,meynell3 ,!n ! door op5$ & a /range h& 0 ?ru/ 94 ,! door clos$ b ,?ompson _h n ent]$4 ,aga9 x op5$1 aga9 x %ut4 ,at ! ?ird attempt1 a v waif ( a man came 94 ,no su* figure _h be5 look$ =2 m ragg$ & unkempt ?an ! av]age begg>1 ) no %irt b5ea? 8 coat1 & b>e feet 9 brok5 %oes1 he f\nd my fa!r at a loss = words4 ,wilfrid ,meynell !n1 ) imm5se pati5ce & k9dness1 set ab\t ! task ( rescu+ ,?ompson4 ,?ompson 0 n an easy man to rescue4 ,res]v$ & secretive by habit1 he made no confid5ces & ask$ no fav\rs4 ,he did n seem at fir/ to realize t salvation = him 0 possible1 & t he c\ld e>n 8 liv+ by writ+4 ,at any rate1 x 0 only by ! ex]cise ( consid]able tact & pati5ce t ,mr4 ,meynell succe$$ 9 obta9+ any ( 8 confid5ce4 ,physically1 ,?ompson _h suff]$ sev]ely 9 8 long /ruggle ) />vation4 ,he w n live1 0 ! doctor's v]dict1 & y ha/5 8 dea? by d5y+ 8 :ims & opium4 ,meynell1 h[ev]1 took ! risk & s5t ,?ompson to a private hospital4 ,! exp]im5t succe$$4 ,?ompson secur$ a fre% lease ( life1 &1 = ! "t1 r5\nc$ opium4 ,all lov]s ( lit]ature owe a debt ( gratitude to ,meynell = 8 a/oni%+ k9dness & unselfi%ness t[>ds ,?ompson at ?is "t & to ! end ( ! poet's life4 ,few w\ld h tak5 ! tr\ble1 amid ! c>es ( a busy life1 to look aft] ,?ompson1 :o 9 _m ways 0 z incapable ( manag+ 8 own affairs z a *ild4 ,meynell f\nd him "w1 & = ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life ,?ompson secur$ a scanty liv+ by 8 p54 ,8 poetry br\ght him little1 b review "w & occasional articles = su* magaz9es z ! ,a!num gave him g5]ally en\gh to live on1 & any?+ t 0 lack+ 0 suppli$ by ,meynell4 ,soon aft] ,?ompson's rescue comes ! extraord9>y spectacle ( ! outbur/ ( 8 poetic tal5t4 ,"h 0 a man ( lett]s ( ! fir/ rank ^: g5ius _h blossom$ fre% & fair f ! fil? ( ! ,london /reets4 ,8 long proximity ) vice & degradation ( ! wor/ k9d _h n ca/ ev5 a %ad[ on ! purity ( ,?ompson's _s2 & 8 poetry rose f ! slums ( ,london z /a9less z ,v5us f ! ocean4 ,! ,meynells furni%$ ,?ompson ) mu* ( 8 poetic inspiration4 ,meynell _h introduc$ ,?ompson to 8 own family4 ,8 wife1 ,alice ,meynell1 ! poetess1 became ! sa9t ( ,?ompson's adoration1 two ( ! *ildr51 ,monica & ,madel9e1 7 revelations to him ( ! beauty ( girlhood2 & he repaid ! %elt]+ c>e & att5tion %[n him by ! family by conf]r+ on !m all he _h to give1 ! be/ fruits ( 8 g5ius4 ,to ,mrs4 ,meynell he address$ ! beautiful poems ( 8 fir/ volume1 entitl$ ,love 9 ,dian's ,lap2 to ,monica ,meynell sev]al ( ! be/ poems 9 t volume2 & to ,monica & ,madel9e 8 second volume entitl$ ,si/] ,songs4 ,8 affection = ,wilfrid ,meynell is express$ 9 a few l9es entitl$ ,to ,w4 ,m4 ,o ,tree ( _m bran*es6 ,"o ?\ ha/ ,?\ b>e/ n1 b graft$/ on !e4 ,n[ ,%\ld all m5's ?und]s break on !e1 & leave ,!e reft ( b\gh & blossom1 t "o bran* ,%all cl+ to !e1 my ,fa!r1 ,bro!r1 ,fri5d1 ,%all cl+ to !e unto ! end ( end4 ,?ompson's v]ses 7 all he _h to give 9 return = ! ,meynells' k9dness1 & to my m9d !y 7 a ri* recomp5se = ! cont9ual tr\ble1 anxiety1 & petty annoyances :i* he dealt out to 8 fri5ds ) lavi% h&s4 ,9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse & bus9ess ( daily life1 ,francis ,?ompson 0 n only defici5t1 he 0 impossible4 ,! practice ( ! elem5t>y habits ( ord] & me?od1 :i* to o!r m5 are ! necessities & commonplaces ( daily life1 0 to ,?ompson an insurm\ntable difficulty4 ,8 life is "o long record ( brok5 promises1 unkept appo9tm5ts1 & o!r trials ( ! pati5ce & temp]s ( all :o _h to d ) him4 ,he w\ld keep an appo9tm5t any:]e f an h\r or m to two or ?ree days late1 & be full ( contrition1 excuses1 & explanations4 ,! inh]5t sweetness & loveabl5ess ( ! man aton$ = mu*1 b /ill we _c b praise ! ,meynells = _! unwav]+ k9dness to ?is difficult g5ius4 ,wilfrid ,meynell _h to act cont9ually z a buff] betwe5 ,?ompson & irate l&ladies1 impati5t editors1 exasp]at$ publi%]s1 & disappo9t$ int]view]s4 ,he _h to see t ! poet's r5t 0 paid1 & t he _h ! :]e)al to clo! & fe$ himself4 ,?ompson's incurable %abb9ess & ecc5tricities made x difficult to introduce him into polite society1 ev5 if he _h be5 capable ( arriv+ 9 "t = any social function2 & ?\gh a brilliant talk] :5 tte--tte ) a sympa!tic li/5]1 9 ord9>y conv]sation he 0 m rem>kable = ! futility ( 8 endless repetitions ?an = any?+ else4 ,& yet he 0 nev] unc\? or awkw>d4 ,8 mann]s 7 g5tle2 8 spee* 0 t ( a poli%$ g5tleman2 8 worn face c\ld light up ) beautiful ard\r1 & 8 frail body nev] lo/ its ess5tial dignity4 ,8 laugh1 too1 0 always ready at ! slighte/ pleasantry4 ,he made a wildly picturesque figure z he w&]$ ?r\gh ! ,london /reets 9 ^! latt] days1 g5]ally completely unconsci\s ( 8 surr\nd+s1 & ) a cont9ual mutt]$ soliloquy4 ,) 8 old br[n cape1 :i* he wore 9 ! hotte/ wea!r1 8 disa/r\s hat1 8 old sat*el = review books slung ov] 8 %\ld]1 & 8 wild worn face1 he look$ l "s picturesque p$l> :o _h j /epp$ out ( a romance ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 all ! c\ntless times t ,ev]>d ,meynell met ,?ompson 9 ! /reets ( ,london he nev] once surpris$ him 9 a consci\s mom5t4 ,t ,?ompson ev] took ! "r turn+ or f\nd 8 way home safely is a fact = :i* 8 fri5ds c\ld (f] no adequate explanation4 ,mr4 ,lewis ,h9d1 editor ( ,! ,academy :ile ,?ompson 0 a contributor1 says3 ,9 memory ,i see him "o mis]able ,novemb] aft]noon1 commun+ ) ! ,s]aphim & frolick+ ) ! "y-ey$ ,*]ubim 9 ,*anc]y ,lane4 ,! roads 7 ankle-deep 9 slu%2 a ?9 icy ra9 0 fall+2 ! yell[ fog enwrapp$ ! p$e/rians squel*+ d[n ! lane1 & go+ ?r\gh !m 9 a n>r[ pa?1 ,i saw ,francis ,?ompson1 wet & mud-spatt]$4 ,b he 0 n unhappy4 ,:at is a day ( unpleasant wea!r to "o :o lives 9 et]nity8 ,8 lips 7 mov+1 8 head 0 rais$1 = above ! ro( ( ! ,*anc]y ,lane ,safe ,deposit ,company1 9 ! murk ( ! fog1 he saw beatific visions4 ,?ompson's affection = 8 few fri5ds 0 p]haps ! brighte/ spot 9 ?is latt] "p ( 8 life4 ,= ! re/1 ! record ( x is ma9ly "o ( lonel9ess & pov]ty4 ,he ate at poor tables ( bo>d+-h\se or re/aurant f>e1 he liv$ 9 com=tless rooms r5d]$ m com=tless /ill by 8 untid9ess1 he _h no possessions1 n ev5 books4 ,all t he left at 8 dea? 0 a t9 box ( rubbi%1 pipes t w\ld n draw1 p5s t w\ld n write1 unop5$ lett]s1 a lamp )\t a wick4 ,x w\ld n be "r to reg>d ,?ompson z an entirely unhappy man4 ,i %\ld ?9k 8 h\rs ( joy 7 at lea/ z _m z 8 h\rs ( sorr[1 & z int5se4 ,"o obs]v] speaks ( him ?us3 ,he gave me ! impression ( conceal+ )9 him two inexhau/ible res]voirs ( sorr[ & joy2 ebullitions f ea* appe> 9 8 poetry2 b 9 8 talks ) me he r>ely drew except f ! f\nta9 ( joy4 ,he practis$ 9 8 life ! />k doctr9e ( r5unciation :i* alone c lead man to ! high] levels ( inspiration1 & :i* he has /at$ = u 9 ,! ,mi/ress ( ,vision4 ,9 ?is poem ! ,l& ( ,lu?any repres5ts = ,?ompson ! poet's supreme vision4 ,?ompson's wor/ trial 0 n be+ able to write poetry4 ,= ! la/ six ye>s ! consolations ( poetry1 z well z ! pa9s ( poetry1 7 d5i$ him4 ,aft] ! volume ( #ahig 8 ,muse des]t$ him1 & he w\ld n s+ )\t inspiration4 ,) ! exception ( a few occasional pieces1 he wrote1 9 ^! lat] ye>s1 no?+ b prose1 prose z f9e 9 its way z 8 poetry4 ,9 ,novemb] #aijg ,?ompson's r>e _s 0 set free f ! fett]s ( 8 wor?less body4 ,he left to ^? :o lov$ him1 said ,meynell1 ! memory ( an unique p]sonality & to ,engli% poetry an imp]i%able "n4 ,i %all conclude ) a v brief review ( ,?ompson's "w4 ,francis ,?ompson's writ+s are n rem>kable = _! bulk4 ,?ree fair-siz$ volumes hold !m all4 ,:at is rem>kable ab\t !m is ! consi/5tly high quality ( bo? prose & poetry2 !y bo? possess ! /amp ( di/9ction1 ! ma/]-t\*1 ! great utt]ance4 ,( ! prose p]haps ! f9e/ ?+ is ! ,essay on ,%elley1 b ,?ompson seem$ incapable ( writ+ any?+ t 0 n f9e4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits he seems to me to be a critic ( ! v highe/ calibre4 ,a complete & s\nd lit]>y !ory c\ld be put toge!r f 8 critical essays4 ,! poetry 0 publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes dur+ ,?ompson's lifetime4 ,we saw t x 0 ! fir/ volume ( #ahic t took ! lit]>y _w by /orm1 & ju/ly s4 ,x is ne>ly all magnific5t4 ,besides ,! ,h\nd ( ,heav51 by g5]al cons5t ! greate/ religi\s poem & "o ( ! greate/ odes 9 ! language1 & ,! ,dead ,c>d9al ( ,we/m9/]1 x conta9s a s]ies ( love-poems ( ! v highe/ quality address$ to ,alice ,meynell1 "s exquisite v]ses on *ildr51 & _m o!r gems4 ,?ompson's love-poems are among ! f9e/ 9 our language1 b are n1 ( c\rse1 love-poems 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y express1 z "o critic said1 a sort ( sublimat$ en?usiasm = ! beauty ( womanhood1 & _! en?usiasm 0 l9k$ to ,?ompson's religion by be+ = him an e>?ly type ( 8 adoration ( ! ,virg9 ,"m1 ! cr[n & p9nacle ( idealiz$ womanhood4 ,! second volume1 publi%$ 9 #ahie1 consi/$ ( "o long poem 9 two p>ts1 ,si/] ,songs1 address$ to ! si/]s ,monica & ,madel9e ,meynell4 ,! fir/ "p seems to me to be spoil$ by ov]-luxuriance1 b ! second is gr& poetry4 ,"o %ort quotation mu/ suffice3 ,eve no g5tli] lays h] cool+ *eek ,on ! burn+ br[ ( ! sick e>?1 ,sick ) dea?1 & sick ) bir?1 ,aeon to aeon1 9 secul> fev] twirl$1 ,?an ?y %ad[ soo!s ?is weak ,& di/emp]$ be+ ( m9e4 ,9 all ,i "w1 my h& include? ?9e2 ,?\ ru%e/ d[n 9 e /ream ,^: passion frets my _s's deep5+ gorge2 ,unhood'/ m9e eyas-he>t1 & flie/ my dream2 ,?\ sw+'/ ! hamm]s ( my =ge6 ,z ! innoc5t moon1 t no?+ does b %9e1 ,moves all ! lab\r+ surges ( ! _w4 ,pi]ce :]e ?\ wilt ! spr++ ?\ght 9 me ,& !re ?y pictur$ c\nt5ance lies enfurl$1 ,z 9 ! cut f]n lies ! imag$ tree4 ,?is poor song t s+s ( !e1 ,?is fragile song1 is b a curl$ ,%ell outga!r$ f ?y sea1 ,& murmur\s /ill ( its nativity4 ,?ompson's ?ird & la/ volume 0 publi%$ 9 #ahig1 "u ! title ,new ,poems4 ,?is volume conta9s "s ( 8 longe/ & mo/ elaborate compositions4 ,l _m ( ! poems 9 ,volume ,"o outside ^? already notic$1 ! mo/ important poems ( ,volume ,?ree are expressions ( ,?ompson's religi\s my/icism1 & ) ?is is comb9$ a free use ( symbolism d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew ,prophets & ! ,ea/]n my?ologies4 ,al?\gh no "o c fail to recognize ! spl5d\r ( ! poetry 9 ?is ?ird volume1 a full appreciation ( x requires a some:at special equipm5t4 ,! ma9 region ( ,mr4 ,?ompson's poetry1 says ,patmore1 is ! inexhau/ible & hi!rto almo/ unwork$ m9e ( ,ca?olic philosophy4 ,to "o n specially v]s$ 9 t philosophy1 an attempt to give an appreciation ( ! poems is a dang]\s task1 & "o full ( pitfalls4 ,suffice x to say t ,?ompson's my/icism is n an app>5tly aimless plung+ ab\t 9 ! d>kness ( ! void l t ( ,maet]l9ck & o!r mod]n my/ics4 ,?ompson's my/icism 0 kept )9 b\nds & giv5 a def9ite direction by common s5se & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,dante1 he said1 is a p]fect rebuke to ^? :o believe t a my/ical g5ius mu/ be dissociat$ f common s5se4 ,e su* poet %\ld be able to give a cle> & logical prose rsum ( 8 tea*+ z t]se z a page ( s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,& s we f9d t ! rule ( ,?ompson's practice is summ$ up 9 ! words1 ,to ! ,poet life is full ( visions1 to ! ,my/ic x is "o vision4 ,hav+ reg>d$ ! visions z a poet1 & set !m d[n z a my/ic1 he w\ld call !m "o4 ,! "o great vision enfold$ & expla9$ !m all4 ,su* is ! explanation ( 8 poems1 ,! ,ori5t ,ode1 ,! ,an!m ( ,e>?1 & ,! ,ode to ! ,sett+ ,sun4 ,to treat ,?ompson fairly "o %\ld give 8 deep] poems c>eful /udy1 b ,?ompson does n always write ( deep & d\btful ?+s4 ,m (t5 inde$ 8 fai? is z ! fai? ( a little *ild4 ,we are told on high au?ority t we mu/ become z little *ildr5 if we are to ent] ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,x 0 z a little *ild t ,?ompson s\ght to ent] !re1 & x is among ! *ildr5 ( ,heav5 t ,?ompson w\ld take 8 place4 ,to 8 god*ild he writes3 ,& :51 immortal mortal1 droops y\r head1 ,& y1 ! *ild ( dea?less song1 are dead2 ,!n1 z y se>* ) unaccu/om$ glance ,! ranks ( ,p>adise = my c\nt5ance1 ,turn n y\r tread along ! ,uranian sod ,among ! be>d$ c\nsellors ( ,god2 ,= if 9 ,ed5 z on e>? are we1 ,i sure %all keep a y\ng] company3 ,pass :]e b5ea? _! rangd gonfalons ,! />ry cohorts %ake _! %ield$ suns1 ,! dreadful mass ( _! enridgd spe>s2 ,pass :]e maje/ical ! et]nal pe]s1 ,! /ately *oice ( ! great ,sa9tdom1 meet-- ,a silv]n segregation1 glob$ complete ,9 s&all$ %ad[ ( ! ,triune feet2 ,pass by :]e wait1 "y poet-wayf>]1 ,y\r c\s9$ clu/]s1 emul\s to %>e ,) y ! roseal lightn+s burn+ 'mid _! hair2 ,pass ! cry/all9e sea1 ! ,lampads sev53-- ,look = me 9 ! nurs]ies ( ,heav54 ,,milton ,,an ,,und]graduate ,,poem ,f out ! d>kness ( ! vani%$ ye>s1 ,! voice ( ,milton peals2 8 mighty song ,r+s d[n ! c5turies1 its note /ill /rong ,z :5 x bur/ ^u our fa!rs' e>s4 ,amid ! unnumb]'d h>monies t swell ,f b>ds ( e>? to break r\nd heav5's ?rone1 ,8 "p1 cle> he>d amid ! m+l$ tone1 ,rolls full & solemn1 l a deep-voic$ bell4 ,a _s /rong ) m ?an mortal /r5g?1 ,:5 9 life's battle he _h borne 8 %>e1 ,he pass$ f out ! tumult & ! c>e1 ,& climb$ ^u ! m\nta9 tops at l5g?4 ,!re1 ) bl9d eyes turn$ to ! ,promis$ ,l&1 ,wait+ ! dawn ( an un5d+ day1 ,8 s\l w5t =? 9 t trem5d\s lay ,! et]nal heights & bread?s & dep?s :i* spann$4 ,poor1 lonely & =got1 ?\gh he endur$ ,! bitt] ?\ght ( lab\r sp5t 9 va91 ,& saw invad$ by a godless tra9 ,! l& ^: lib]ty he deem$ assur$2 ,yet n = t did he abate "o jot ,( he>t or hope2 scorn+ to cr+e or c[]1 ,/eadfa/ he /ood l "s maje/ic t[]1 ,t feels ! tempe/'s bla/1 b wav]s n4 ,f rul]s ( ! e>? he ask$ no grace1 ,nor lean$ ^u ! love ( human he>t1 ,l(ty & passionless he drew ap>t1 ,& commun$ ) ! ,highe/ face to face4 ,f> f ! d9 & toil ( mortal k9d ,8 _s's b>que 0 borne2 s]5e & high ,he brood$ on ! unfa?om$ my/]y ,( ?\ghts t burd5 ! ,et]nal ,m9d4 ,= ,fre$om he _h /ood1 9 h] def5ce ,8 be/ _h giv52 :]e'er ! fight 0 ke51 ,ev] amid ! =emo/ _h he be5 ,d[n-be>+ tyranny's battalions d5se4 ,= t he left 8 ease & hopes ( fame2 ,endur$ ! heat & burd5 ( ! day2 ,& :ile 8 lyre mute & =gott5 lay1 ,lab\r$ to cle> f wrong 8 c\ntry's "n4 ,& n[1 t task fulfill$1 8 voice once m ,breaks =? into a full]1 ri*] song1 ,n *ang$ to ho>se or mute1 sublime & /rong1 ,! noble/ he>d among ! sons ( m54 ,a /ra9 full wor?y ( 8 subject high-- ,s91 ,dea?1 & ,hell1 & our et]nal woe2 ,! gloomy maje/y ( ,heav5's great foe1 ,hurl+ defiance to ! vault$ sky2 ,! "w ( ,*ri/1 ,immortal ,son ( ,god1 ,! w>r+ ho/s ( fi5ds to d>kness hurl'd1 ,creation & ! bir? ( ?is r\nd _w1 ,& man br\ght l[ b5ea? ?' ,almighty rod4 ,8 ?rone is set :]e ! immortals are1 ,:]e ,dante1 cr[n$ ) laurel1 smiles s]5e1 ,& ,virgil we>s 8 g>l& ev] gre51 ,& ,hom] %9es undimm$1 a fadeless />4 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,dr4 ,,biggs ,,an ,,und]graduate ,,poem ,an old ,portora boy's tribute to ! late ,dr4 ,biggs 7accid5tally dr[n$ 9 ,l\gh ,erne1 ,july #aijd7 ,calm 0 ! ev5+2 & ! lake z calm ,%[$ n a ripple on its placid brea/2 ,peaceful 0 ,nature1 :5 ! "o we lov$ ,pass$ quietly to 8 re/4 ,n rack$ by pa91 nor m>r$ by fell disease1 ,he b[$ b5ea? ! ,almighty's *a/5+ rod--- ,) he>t at ease1 & praise ^u 8 lips1 ,he w5t to meet 8 ,god4 ,! te>s & angui% ( ! b$ ( dea? ,a lov+ ,fa!r sp>$ 8 clos+ eye-- ,! g5tle murmur+ wat]s sang 8 dirge2 ,! s(t w9ds brea!d a sigh4 ,n f> 7 ready h&s & lov+ he>ts-- ,8 voice !y he>d n1 nor 8 p]il knew2 ,alone ,god met him2 & t solemn sc5e ,0 veil$ f human view4 ,o raise him g5tly f ! wat'ry dep?s2 ,& gaze ) rev]5ce on t noble head ,/amp$ ) ! beauty ( a l(ty s\l1 ,a _s t is fl$4 ,all l9es ( grief1 all trace ( human c>e ,dea?'s k9dly h& has smoo!d f 8 br[2 ,& p]fect peace alone & holy calm ,are se5 !re n[4 ,weep ye no m1 sad m\rn]s2 let u cease ,to wail ! sudd5 /roke ) idle brea?2 ,pure 0 8 life2 8 s\l sev5 times ref9$ ,& ripe = dea?4 ,) eyes t /rove to pi]ce ! veil ( "t ,& view ! ,unse51 he ran 8 mortal race2 ,! veil is pass$2 ) cle>] vision n[ ,he sees ,him face to face4 ,p]haps "s com+ grief1 "s sorr[ dread ,or wa/+ sickness1 fraught ) heavy woe1 ,! ,all-see+ saw1 & /ret*$ ,8 sav+ arm ,to snat* him f ! bl[4 ,weep n = him1 b = ourselves b]eft ,( a /rong *ampion 9 ?is e>?ly /rife2 ,a rock to :i* 8 weak] bre?r5 clung ,amid ! /orms ( life4 ,weep n = him1 b m\rn = ^? "y lives ,orphan$ s soon ( tea*] & ( guide2 ,! flock left %eph]dless1 _! lov$ "o's =m ,torn quickly f _! side4 ,:]e1 9 ! wide _w1 %all we f9d aga9 ,s wise a c\nsellor1 a fri5d s true8 ,nay1 cease regrets1 b let u up & /rive1 ,z he has done1 to d4 ,/ill f ! grave he speaks2 reveal$ by dea?1 ,%9es cle>] =? ! beauty ( 8 life2 ,/ill ! good fight he f\ght gives u new /r5g? ,to conqu] 9 ! /rife4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,engli% ,two ,lectures giv5 to ! ,class 9 ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ,,lecture ,i ,9 ?is lecture ,i propose to tell y n h[ ,engli% ought to be taught1 b simply h[ ,i tea* ,engli%4 ,i "k no?+ ( p$agogy2 ,i h nev] att5d$ a ,normal ,s*ool2 ,i h read v few books on tea*+ 9 g5]al1 & only "o on ! tea*+ ( ,engli% 9 p>ticul>2 ,i "k no?+ ( ! me?ods :i* y y\rselves are be+ taught to employ4 ,i ask y1 !n1 to take my lectures simply z a p]sonal docum5t1 a relation ( :at ,i h ga!r$ f my own exp]i5ce4 ,su* a docum5t1 if s9c]e1 mu/ be valuable1 & ,i ne$1 ,i ?9k1 make no apology if ,i m5tion z discov]ies ( my own1 me?ods & pr9ciples :i* are1 p]haps1 commonplaces ) ! educationali/4 ,9 ! matt] ( tea*+ e man mu/ "w out 8 own salvation2 ,i believe t he _c take 8 me?ods ready-made f ano!r4 ,! me?od :i* suits me & gets me ! be/ result may n suit y4 ,& s1 ?\gh ,i believe t e tea*] ( ,engli% ought to foll[ c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* ,i w try to lay d[n1 ,i believe also t x is a fatal mi/ake = any man to attempt to model 8 way ( tea*+ exactly ^u t ( ano!r4 ,to-day1 !n1 ,i propose simply to tell y ( "s ( ! ?+s :i* ,i discov]$ = myself1 "s ( ! difficulties ,i met )1 "s ( ! faults :i* ,i h ov]come1 or am /ill try+ to ov]come4 ,i see be=e myself /ill a long & we>y road1 :i* mu/ be travell$ be=e ,i rea* any?+ approa*+ my ideal4 ,9 fact1 ,i hope1 z e tea*] ought to hope1 t ,i %all nev] rea* a po9t :]e ,i c say ,i am satisfi$1 = z sure z ,i d1 ,i %all "k t ,i h ceas$ to make progress4 ,z long z a man /ruggles1 he is advanc+2 :5 he ceases to /ruggle1 he has ceas$ to advance2 & :5 he ceases to advance1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t he has comm5c$ to g backw>d4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is lecture ,i %all take ! tea*+ ( ,engli% to mean ! tea*+ ( ,engli% lit]ature only4 ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ( ,high ,s*ool "w1 & !re=e my rem>ks ref] to ! tea*+ ( av]age ,univ]sity /ud5ts ( ! fir/ or second ye>1 v mu* ! same sort ( /ud5ts z y h to deal ) 9 y\r ,high ,s*ools4 ,! me?ods ,i adopt ) my ,hon\r ,classes diff] widely f ^? ,i use ) pass /ud5ts4 ,be=e "o attempts to describe 8 me?od ( tea*+1 he %\ld make v cle> 8 conception ( ! object = :i* ! subject is /udi$4 ,"o may read a piece ( lit]ature1 = example1 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,"o may treat x z a piece ( art1 a record ( life1 a tru? t "s fell[-man has se5 9 a mom5t ( cle>-sight$ness1 has snat*$ f ! et]nal sil5ce1 & has set d[n t we may see x too4 ,aga91 "o may read x ) a view to its /ructure1 z an example ( lit]>y te*nique2 or "o may treat x z an hi/orical docum5t1 a reflection ( ! _s ( ! age :i* produc$ x2 or1 aga91 z an ex]cise 9 philology1 z mat]ial = ! /udy ( words4 ,accord+ z "o object or ano!r pr$om9ates1 s w ! me?od ( tea*+ *ange2 if "o object is s\ght to ! exclusion ( all o!rs1 ! me?od ( tea*+ w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) ! object 9 view4 ,! philologi/ w subord9ate ev]y?+ to ! /udy ( philology2 ! hi/orian w fa/5 all 8 att5tion on ! evid5ces ( date1 ! local ref]5ces1 ! flav\r ( contempor>y philosophy1 politics1 religion1 or :atev] x may be2 ! te*nician w be entirely occupi$ ) =m1 metre1 /ructure4 ,hamlet1 = example1 may be treat$ z a "w ( art1 z ! hi/ory ( a man doom$ to de/ruction ?r\gh an inh]5t & fatal flaw1 a human s\l caught 9 ! web ( circum/ance & tortur$ to dea?2 or x may be treat$ z a /udy 9 ! language ( ! ,elizabe?ans2 or z an example ( ! /agecraft ( ,%akespe>e2 or ev5 z mat]ial = con/ruct+ +5i\s ciph] messages reveal+ ! fact t1 z ,%akespe>e 0 utt]ly unable to write plays = himself1 ,bacon k9dly wrote !m = him4 ,! fir/ "q :i* ! tea*] ( lit]ature mu/ ask is1 :at is ! relative importance ( all ^! objects = :i* lit]ature may be /udi$4 ,:i* %\ld be ! ma9 end ( our tea*+1 & :i* %\ld be subord9ate8 ,on ! answ] he gives to t "q w dep5d ! me?od ( 8 tea*+4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h no d\bt :atev] z to :i* ( ^! ?+s is ! mo/ important1 al?\gh ,i may h "s d\bts z to ! relative importance ( ! o!rs4 ,to me a piece ( lit]ature is fir/ & =emo/ a "w ( art1 a record ( life 9 =ms ( tru? & beauty1 a spiritual revelation2 x speaks to my intellect1 b only t1 ?r\gh my intellect1 x may rea* my he>t4 ,if x rea*es my intellect only1 if x p5etrates no f>!r1 if x does n become "p ( my be+1 if ! exp]i5ce x records does n become my exp]i5ce1 !n x is ( little value to me1 x is n my piece ( lit]ature1 & ,i want no lit]ature t ,i _c make my own4 ,i wi% s9c]ely t we c\ld root out = ev] & utt]ly aboli% ! false notion t mo/ /ud5ts & _m tea*]s h1 t ,lit]ature is n an important subject1 t x is only a side-l9e1 v nice to "k some?+ ab\t1 b n 9 ! same class ) useful & practical subjects l hi/ory & sci5ce4 ,?is is a trem5d\s & a fatal misconception4 ,x is by ,art & ,art alone t ,humanity progresses2 progress 9 ,sci5ce or 9 m]e k does n necess>ily mean progress 9 any ( ^? ?+s 9 :i* ,man /&s supreme above ! re/ ( creation1 ^? spiritual qualities :i* raise him to ! level ( ! ,div9e4 ,we "k t a man may take a c\rse 9 ,sci5ce1 or any purely intellectual subject1 & come out at ! end ( x /ill uncultur$ & co>se-m9d$1 ) l[ ideals1 ) ! high] in/9cts undevelop$2 he may g ?r\gh a c\rse ( ,lit]ature1 too1 x is true1 & em]ge 9 a simil> condition1 b n if ! ,lit]ature has be5 prop]ly pres5t$ to him1 & if he has really assimilat$ ! be/ ?\ghts ( ! highe/ m9ds4 ,art is ! s\rce ( our highe/ pleasure1 ! capacity = :i* raises u above ! bea/4 ,)\t t capacity1 m5 are no bett] ?an %eep or goats :o n\ri% a bl9d life )9 ! bra94 ,a ?+ ( beauty is a joy = ev]1 ,its lovel9ess increases2 x w nev] ,pass into no?+ness2 b /ill w keep ,a b[] quiet = u1 & a sleep1 ,full ( sweet dreams1 & heal?1 & quiet brea?+4 ,n only is ,lit]ature ! s\rce ( our highe/ pleasure1 b x is ! s\rce ( our highe/ developm5t4 ,x is ! mo/ pot5t factor 9 ! sl[ process ( rais+ ,humanity to a high] spiritual level2 x is ! true motive p[] ( ! _w4 ,well might ! poet say ( himself & 8 fell[ poets3 ,we are ! music-mak]s1 ,we are ! dream]s ( dreams1 ,w&]+ by lone sea-break]s1 ,& sitt+ by desolate /reams2-- ,_w-los]s & _w-=sak]s1 ,on :om ! pale moon gleams3 ,we are ! mov]s & ! %ak]s ,( ! _w = ev] x seems4 ,"o man ) a dream1 at pleasure1 ,%all g =? & conqu] a cr[n3 ,& ?ree ) a new song's measure ,c trample a k+dom d[n4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! appreciation ( lit]ature z art1 z ! record ( spiritual exp]i5ce1 is ! pr9cipal ?+ to be ga9$ f its /udy1 ! "q arises h[ is su* an appreciation to be taught8 ,9 :at ,i am go+ to say on ?is subject1 ,i w speak ( poetry1 & y w und]/& my rem>ks to apply 9 a less] degree to prose4 ,poetry is ! f9e/ fl[] ( ! human m9d2 & !re=e ! mo/ difficult ( all ?+s to appreciate4 ,9 writ+ poetry ! :ole ( a man's be+ is 9 a /ate ( int5se activity4 ,8 intellect1 8 emotion1 8 imag9ation1 are all r\s$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,he is lift$ = ! "t be+ to a plane ( exp]i5ce mu* high] ?an ! normal2 he is giv+ out ! v be/ t is 9 him4 ,wordswor? has describ$ = u h[ ! poetic mood drove him di/ract$ ) int5sity ( ?\ght ov] hill & dale1 & h[ :5 ! mood _h pass$ he w\ld return to 8 fri5ds pale & utt]ly exhau/$ bo? 9 m9d & body4 ,8 own m9d did l a tempe/ /rong ,come to him ?us & drove ! we>y wight along4 ,all poetry wor? read+ is ! result ( "s su* exalt$ mood z t1 & poetry s writt5 _c be read 9 cold blood4 ,poetry :i* leaves y cold1 ) y\r emotions unt\*$1 :i* does n 9 "s measure lift y out ( y\rself1 is ei!r n poetry at all1 or else poetry :i* y h n ! capacity to appreciate4 ,"o appreciates a poem only 9 s f> z "o reproduces x sympa!tically 9 oneself2 t is1 only s f> z "o feels ov] aga9 ! emotions :i* ! writ] :o produc$ x felt z he gave !m expression4 ,9 o!r words1 by ! appreciation ( lit]ature "o ga9s at second-h& ! highe/ spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,x foll[s t "o c appreciate poetry only to ! ext5t to :i* "o is capable ( su* exp]i5ce4 ,no "o c appreciate fully all k9ds ( poetry2 if any "o c\ld d s1 x w\ld mean t he 0 a univ]sal g5ius1 s9ce ! :ole range ( emotional exp]i5ce w\ld h to be )9 8 control4 ,! ext5t ( ! av]age man's p[]s ( appreciation is di/9ctly limit$2 "s c sympa?ize only ) ! m obvi\s & elem5tal emotions1 :ile "s are capable ( appreciat+ m subtle & ref9$ %ades ( feel+4 ,t is :y ne>ly e "o c appreciate to "s ext5t a poet l ,%akespe>e1 :o always deals ) big1 elem5tal emotions1 al?\gh1 s9ce ,%akespe>e is at ! same "t able to express ! mo/ subtle feel+s1 !re are few :o c appreciate him 9 full4 ,?is is :y x is m difficult to appreciate ,wordswor? ?an ,%akespe>e--,wordswor?'s emotions are m out ( ! range ( ord9>y exp]i5ce--& /ill m difficult to appreciate ,%elley1 ^: range ( emotion is (t5 entirely ali5 f exp]i5ce4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t a tea*] c tea* prop]ly only poetry :i* he himself is capable ( appreciat+1 & !re=e lit]ature is ! mo/ difficult ( all subjects to tea*1 s9ce x requires 9 ! individual c]ta9 qualifications beyond ! m]ely intellectual4 ,= ! lack ( ^! qualifications1 no brilliancy ( intellect c comp5sate4 ,! tea*] :o kn[s a piece ( poetry ) 8 head only c nev] tea* x z x ought to be taught4 ,he may be able to repeat x ^w = ^w1 he may "k all ab\t its hi/ory1 its philology1 its /ructure1 b if he has n felt x1 if he has n reproduc$ x sympa!tically )9 himself1 he _c tea* x4 ,simil>ly ! /ud5t1 unless he is capable ( sympa?iz+ ) su* emotions z are record$ 9 poetry1 w be unable to get m ?an a head k ( x4 ,if ?is p[] ( sympa?iz+ is pres5t 9 ev] s small a degree1 x c be indef9itely develop$ "u ! inspiration ( a good tea*]4 ,:at foll[s !n8 ,fir/1 t a tea*] :o lacks ! high] appreciation ( lit]ature c c]ta9ly nev] tea* x to o!rs1 al?\gh probably ?irty or =ty p] c5t4 ( 8 pupils1 m gift$ ?an himself by ,nature 9 ?is respect1 w get an appreciation 9 spite ( him4 ,secondly1 t ev5 suppos+ a tea*] has ?is appreciation1 x w be ( little use to him1 unless he has ! p[] ( communicat+ x to o!rs1 t is1 ( awak5+ 9 !m sympa?y ) :at he himself feels4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! tea*] has ?is appreciation1 :at is ! be/ way ( communicat+ x8 ,!re are1 p]haps1 only two possible ways4 ,"o is by talk+ ab\t ! poem1 by try+ to describe its effect ^u "o2 b ! bett] & m effective way is by read+1 by vocal int]pretation4 ,all lit]ature1 b especially poetry1 is writt5 n = ! eye1 b = ! e>4 ,its appeal1 !n1 %\ld be made1 n ?r\gh ! eye b ?r\gh ! e>4 ,! s\nd ( ! words1 n s+ly1 b 9 gr\ps1 ! rhy?m1 ! intonation1 all ^! give ! atmosph]e ( a poem4 ,s\nd is to a poem :at col\r is to a picture4 ,get away f ! pr9t$ ^w1 ! m]e symbol2 x means some?+ = ! head1 x is true1 b no?+ = ! he>t until x is translat$ into s\nd4 ,! fir/ ?+ a tea*] ( lit]ature mu/ d1 !n1 is to le>n to read4 ,he ne$ n take a c\rse 9 elocution2 /amp+1 ge/iculat+1 wav+ 8 arms1 %\t+1 :isp]+1 hiss+1 & o!r tricks ( ! pr(essional elocutioni/ w b5efit him little2 all t is necess>y is t he %\ld be able1 by ! intonation ( 8 voice1 to convey to 8 /ud5ts ! effect :i* a poem has made ^u himself4 ,dilig5t practice1 ! subjection ( ! voice to ! w--^! are :at he ne$s4 ,! av]age man _c hope to rea* any v high degree ( effici5cy z a read]1 b all t ! tea*] ne$s is to be able to read cle>ly1 ) a voice well controll$ & capable ( express+ v>i\s %ades ( emotion1 ) a good s5se ( rhy?m & ! gr\p+ ( v[el s\nds4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 = "o :o w\ld tea* lit]ature is to endeav\r to rea* at lea/ t /age ( vocal culture :i* ,i h describ$4 ,( c\rse1 a good deal may be done 9 ! way ( convey+ appreciation ( a poem by talk+ ab\t x1 b to talk ab\t a poem well is almo/ z difficult z to read x well1 & at ! be/ is n ne>ly s effective4 ,assum+ t a man is equipp$ ) ^! ess5tials1 a true appreciation ( lit]ature & ! p[] ( communicat+ 8 appreciation to o!rs1 h[ is he to approa* ! tea*+ ( a piece ( lit]ature8 ,! fir/ ?+ he mu/ d is to assimilate x ?or\ghly himself1 to g ov] x aga9 & aga91 to practise aga9 & aga9 ! vocal int]pretation ( x1 to be sure t he has caught ! _s n only ( ! :ole1 b ( ! smalle/ "p1 t no %ade ( mean+1 h[ev] subtle1 has escap$ him4 ,we mu/ long inhale1 says ,corson1 ! *oral atmosph]e ( a "w ( g5ius be=e we attempt1 if we attempt at all1 any intellectual =mulation ( x2 :i* =mulation mu/ necess>ily be comp>atively limit$1 because g5ius1 z g5ius1 is transc5d5tal1 & !re=e outside ! doma9 ( ! intellect4 ,!n1 hav+ assimilat$ x1 let him g fur!r & get a backgr\nd = x4 ,let him "k1 if possible1 its hi/ory1 :at sugge/$ x1 "u :at circum/ances x 0 compos$1 its relation to o!r writ+s ( ! poet & ( ! age1 :at ! be/ critics h said ab\t x1 & s on4 ,let him endeav\r to neglect no scrap ( in=mation :i* w increase 8 own appreciation & und]/&+ ( ! poem4 ,:5 he has done all ?is1 !n1 & n till !n1 is he ready to tea* x4 ,if he has pl5ty ( "t & a small class1 he w probably beg9 by try+ to f9d out h[ f> 8 pupils h assimilat$ ! _s ( ! poem4 ,8 task is !n to int]pret ! piece ( lit]ature1 to try to give ! /ud5t ! impression x has made on him1 :at x means to him1 :at emotions x ar\ses 9 him4 ,?is is to be done by read+ x1 or1 if ! piece is long1 by read+ su* p>ts ( x z w =m a connect$ :ole1 fill+ 9 ) descriptive n>rative4 ,9 _m cases x w be necess>y be=e attempt+ an int]pretation to say a few words :i* w enable ! pupil to li/5 to ! read+ 9 ! prop] frame ( m9d1 & w create ! prop] atmosph]e = him4 ,:5 ! fir/ impression has be5 made1 ! "w has only j begun4 ,suppose "o has hit ! "r keynote1 t ! class has caught ! _s ( ! poem2 !re w /ill be mu* ( x :i* is un9telligible or mi/y to !m4 ,n realiz+ ?is1 ,i us$ to make a mi/ake :5 ,i fir/ began to tea*4 ,i ?\ght x 0 necess>y t ! pupils %\ld und]/& ! poem 9 detail be=e !y c\ld get ! g5]al effect4 ,i us$1 !re=e1 to beg9 by analysis1 by pull+ ! poem to pieces1 %[+ its /ructure1 ! ord] ( ideas1 ! mean+ ( words1 & :5 ,i ?\ght ev]y?+ 0 p]fectly cle> ,i w\ld give ! g5]al effect1 or v (t5 w\ld leave t to ! /ud5ts !mselves4 ,?is 0 a fatal mi/ake4 ,by go+ ?r\gh ! process ( analysis fir/1 ,i _h r5d]$ an appreciation ( ! piece z a :ole ev] s mu* m difficult2 :ile if ,i _h begun by try+ to get ! g5]al effect1 & _h succe$$1 no am\nt ( analysis c\ld h de/roy$ t fir/ impression4 ,on ?is po9t ,pr(essor ,corson says3 ,! spiritual appeals :i* are made by e =m ( art1 be x 9 col\r1 9 s\nd1 9 /one1 9 poetry1 or :atev] may be ! m$ium employ$1 mu/ be respond$ to directly1 imm$iately 79 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w71 or n at all4 ,( c\rse1 ! ext5t ( ! response may be indef9itely increas$4 ,b !re mu/ be1 to beg9 )1 a direct1 imm$iate response1 h[ev] limit$ x may be4 ,!re is no r\ndab\t way to su* appeals4 ,! inductive me?od is n applicable to spiritual matt]s4 ,! v ^w induction1 is absurd1 9 connection ) ! spiritual4 ,x belongs exclusively to ! intellectual doma94 ,:5 ! fir/ impression has be5 made1 !n w come ! analysis1 & ,i am conv9c$ t ?is analys+ process is "o :i* ! /ud5t1 especially ! "y /ud5t1 _c disp5se )1 & :i* is an exce$+ly valuable m5tal tra9+4 ,! analysis w include a treatm5t n only ( ! lit]>y =m ( ! poem1 b a ?or\gh /udy ( its language1 ( ! hi/orical & lit]>y allusions conta9$ 9 x1 ( any images or metaphors :i* may be obscure1 &1 9 fact1 any?+ :i* w contribute to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! poem z a :ole4 ,! tea*] w n[ probably ask3 ,h[ f> is ?is process ( analysis to g8 ,mu/ "o /udy ! philology ( e ^w1 mu/ "o analyse ! metre ( e poem8 ,i h already giv5 ! answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,i said t ! analysis w\ld include a /udy ( any?+ :i* w contribute to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! poem z a :ole4 ,!re is ! secret4 ,! total effect mu/ nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,! metre is to be /udi$ only to an ext5t :i* w enable ! /ud5t to cat* ! rhy?m & read ! poem correctly = himself4 ,names & te*nicalities matt] n a :it4 ,he may nev] h he>d ( an iambic p5tamet]1 or an anapae/1 or a tro*ee1 b z long z he grasps ! rhy?m & sees ! relations ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! lit]>y /ructure1 he kn[s all t is necess>y = a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! poem z a :ole4 ,simil>ly1 ! d]ivation ( a ^w %\ld nev] be giv5 unless x helps to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! s5se ( ! ^w z t ^w is us$ 9 ! p>ticul> passage "u discussion2 o!rwise ! obtrusion ( ! etymology is simply an imp]t95ce4 ,"s tea*]s make int]pretation by p>aphrase a prom95t "p ( ?is analytical process2 ?is %\ld be avoid$4 ,x may be necess>y sometimes to p>aphrase difficult passages1 b n "o-t5? z (t5 z mo/ tea*]s & editors consid] x necess>y4 ,a p>aphrase is at be/ an inf]ior r5d]+1 a sub/itution ( some?+ simil>1 b ( a l[] k9d1 (t5 a sub/itution ( ! balde/ prose = ! highe/ poetry4 ,i pray !e avoid x4 ,"s editors are ov]-fond ( analysis2 probably because !y wi% to %[ !y are e>n+ ! money !y get = edit+4 ,let ! poem1 z f> z possible1 tell its own /ory 9 its own words4 ,:5 ! analytic or discursive process has be5 complet$1 :at rema9s8 ,a return to ! g5]al4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! poem 9 its p>ts1 "o n[ endeav\rs to reproduce ! effect ( ! poem z a :ole1 b ?is "t1 if ! analysis has be5 well done1 ! effect ought to be greatly height5$4 ,! /ud5t w n[ see1 n ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 b w meet ! poet face to face4 ,!re are two ?+s to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ?is process f ! g5]al1 ?r\gh ! discursive1 back to ! g5]al aga94 ,"o is t ! processes %\ld1 if possible1 be kept sep>ate2 t "o %\ld keep1 if possible1 at ! same level ?r\gh\t any "o lesson4 ,?is _c be done if "o *anges f appreciation to analysis & back aga9 on ! same day4 ,! second is t ! analytic process is be/ left z f> z possible to ! /ud5t himself4 ,i myself us$ to make ! mi/ake ( do+ too mu* = ! /ud5t2 ,i us$ to try to analyse ! poem ?or\ghly = him 9 class4 ,i n[ ?9k x bett] simply to po9t out difficulties & leave !m to ! /ud5t to solve1 to sugge/ que/ions & leave !m to ! /ud5t to answ]4 ,! "w may n be s ?or\ghly done1 b ! /ud5t receives a valuable /imulus :i* he w\ld o!rwise miss4 ,i always give an opportunity = any difficulties :i* ! /ud5t is unable to solve = himself to be br\ght to me4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,9 my la/ lecture ,i tri$ to emphasize :at ,i consid]$ to be ! mo/ important objects ( lit]>y /udy1 i4e41 ! appreciation ( lit]ature z art4 ,i said t ,i ?\ght x necess>y t ! tea*] ( ,engli% %\ld h bo? a true appreciation ( lit]ature himself & ! capacity = ar\s+ appreciation 9 o!rs4 ,i po9t$ out t ! tea*]'s fir/ duty 0 to awak5 9 8 /ud5ts a response to ! inn] life or s\l ( ! piece ( lit]ature ) :i* he 0 deal+1 t ! be/ way ( do+ s 0 by a good vocal int]pretation2 & t x 0 !re=e ! duty ( e tea*] ( ,engli% to le>n to read well4 ,i sugge/$ t aft] ! fir/ response _h be5 ga9$1 !re %\ld come a ?or\gh analysis1 a /udy ( =m1 /ructure1 philology1 & exact mean+1 b t ?is process ( analysis %\ld be c>ri$ only s f> z 0 necess>y to a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,i n[ come to ! "q ( h[ f> a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature is desirable = ! ord9>y /ud5t1 ,i mean ! /ud5t :o does n desire to specialize 9 ! subject4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am a firm believ] 9 ! hi/orical me?od ( deal+ ) lit]ature1 n only because ,i ?9k t a k ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature greatly height5s "o's appreciation ( lit]>y works1 b because ,i believe t _m /ud5ts1 :o w\ld o!rwise nev] d s1 are by ?is me?od l$ to take an int]e/ 91 & s gradually acquire a ta/e =1 lit]ature4 ,"s books 7us+ ! ^w book 9 ! s5se ( any lit]>y "w7 are = all "t--,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 ,milton1 ,%akespe>e2 "s books are = _! own "t only2 "s books are = _! own "t & a limit$ p]iod aft]w>ds4 ,b :atev] be ! vitality ( a book1 no matt] to :i* ( ^! classes x belongs1 !re is no d\bt t x belongs 9 ! fir/ in/ance to its own "t1 & _c help be+ to "s degree a reflection ( ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,?is means t n only may ! book be us$ z an hi/orical docum5t1 z a means ( cat*+ ! _s ( its age1 b t1 conv]sely1 a /udy ( ! epo* at :i* x 0 produc$ _c fail to illum9ate to a great] or less degree ! mean+ ( ! book4 ,critics l ,ta9e & ,sa9te-,beuve look$ on books z prim>ily hi/orical docum5ts4 ,beh9d ! book "o look$ = ! man1 beh9d ! man "o f\nd ! innum]able circum/ances :i* w5t to m\ld 8 p]sonality4 ,9 ?is way ( look+ at ?+s ! individual becomes ( comp>atively small importance2 he is int]e/+ ma9ly because he is a type ( 8 age2 8 book is int]e/+ because x reveals ! type4 ,mu* c be said = ?is det]m9i/ic way ( look+ at lit]ature1 & "s excell5t results h be5 produc$ by ,ta9e's /yle ( criticism1 b few critics ( to-day w\ld look on x ) fav\r4 ,to-day1 ! book is ( prim>y importance2 ! man & ! age are /udi$ t !y may ?r[ light on ! book4 ,h[ev] exagg]at$ ! hi/orical me?od1 z c>ri$ out by ,ta9e1 may appe>1 ,i ?9k we mu/ admit t 9 a modifi$ =m x may be ( v great value4 ,we all "k t a lit]>y "w is flav\r$ by ! p]sonality ( ! writ]4 ,f our exp]i5ce z tea*]s we le>n t we c read a p]sonal docum5t m sympa!tically if we "k :o wrote x4 ,i h sometimes comm5c$ to read an essay "u ! impression t x 0 writt5 by a /ud5t ,a1 & h be5 annoy$ at c]ta9 ways ( ?9k+ & me?ods ( expression t seem$ to me =c$ & unnatural2 ,i h turn$ to ! back ( ! essay1 se5 ! "n ( ! writ]1 discov]$ my mi/ake1 & re-read ! essay ) ! p]sonality ( ,b in/ead ( ,a at ! back ( my m9d1 & !n ! essay seem$ to me to g smoo?ly1 & to be *>act]i/ic ( ! writ]4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! book takes a di/9ct & peculi> t+e f ! p]sonality ( ! au?or1 & !re=e to get ! prop] atmosph]e1 to read a book ) ?or\gh sympa?y1 we %\ld f9d out all t we possibly c ab\t ! man :o wrote x4 ,( c\rse1 ! ?+ works bo? ways4 ,we /udy ! man t we may bett] appreciate 8 book2 we /udy ! book to f9d ! man4 ,h[ little c be done 9 "s cases t[>ds det]m9+ ! p]sonality ( ! man f 8 book is %[n by ! out/&+ in/ance ( ,%akespe>e4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s' /udy ( t m>vell\s book has entirely fail$ to reveal ! p]sonality ( ! au?or2 ^u t "q critics are /ill 9 hopeless conflict4 ,aga91 s9ce ! p]sonality ( a man is und\bt$ly m\ld$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 by 8 age & environm5t1 we %\ld g f>!r back /ill1 & hav+ /udi$ our man1 we %\ld relate him to 8 age4 ,no writ] is s individuali/ic t he c :olly escape ! t+e ( 8 epo*4 ,i w v5ture to say t no "o :o has be5 accu/om$ to /udy lit]ature by ! hi/orical me?od1 & to recognize 9 books ! contempor>y flav\r1 w\ld be likely to take1 say1 a piece ( prose writt5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury = ! product ( ! eighte5? or n9ete5? c5tury1 or c\ld possibly mi/ake a typical sixte5?-c5tury lyric = a typical n9ete5?-c5tury "o4 ,if we /udy our lit]ature1 !n1 hi/orically z well z arti/ically1 our books w be to u n only works ( art1 b some?+ m2 !y w become l9k$ to long tra9s ( association1 :i* w c>ry u out into ! life & happ9ess & suff]+ ( our fell[-m51 & fur!r /ill1 out into ! %ock & sway ( great _w-movem5ts1 into ! sph]e :]e ! ,"t-_s weaves unceas+ly ! web ( life4 ,let me give y an example ( h[ ?is way ( treat+ lit]ature c be c>ri$ out ) ev5 a junior class4 ,i h be5 /udy+ ) ! ,fre%m5 "s ( ,goldsmi?'s poetry1 ,! ,travell] & ,! ,des]t$ ,village4 ,we fir/ took ! poems 9 !mselves1 /udi$ !m z works ( art1 read !m1 tri$ to get ! _s1 !n analys$ & /udi$ !m 9 detail4 ,we next w5t on to a /udy ( ! life ( ,goldsmi?4 ,we foll[$ 8 /range & romantic c>e]1 foll[$ him 9 8 suff]+s & /ruggles & triumphs1 saw him 9 8 weakness & 9 8 /r5g?4 ,fur!r ?an t1 we saw him 9 relation to 8 contempor>ies4 ,we became acqua9t$ ?r\gh him ) ! fam\s circle ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 ! circle ( wits & s*ol>s t ga!r$ r\nd ,johnson--,burke1 ,reynolds1 ,g>rick1 & ! re/4 ,we !n le>n$ some?+ ( ! lit]>y ideals ( t s*ool1 & h[ !y det]m9$ ! =m ( ,goldsmi?'s "w4 ,we saw1 too1 h[ ,johnson & ,goldsmi? help$ to set lit]ature free f ! bonds ( patronage4 ,we saw some?+ ( ! politics & ! social conditions ( ! age4 ,my claim is t1 9 consequ5ce ( t /udy1 ^? /ud5ts1 :5 !y return to ,! ,travell] & ,! ,des]t$ ,village to read !m aga9 = _! own pleasure or to review !m = _! exam9ation1 w f9d _! pleasure 9 !m greatly enhanc$ by hav+ at ! back ( _! m9ds ! p]sonality ( ! au?or & ! _s ( 8 "t4 ,?+s t seem$ /iff & p$antic to !m be=e w be =giv5 or pass$ ov] n[1 because !y w "k t !y d n belong to ,goldsmi? himself1 b are only a condition ( 8 writ+ impos$ on him by 8 age2 !y w appreciate bett] all ^? passages 9 :i* ! k9dl9ess & sympa?y & g5]osity ( ! au?or are /rongly m>k$1 & f9ally !y w feel hov]+ ar\nd ^! liv+ docum5ts n only ! _s ( ! dead au?or1 b ! _s ( ! great old ,doctor ,johnson1 ) ! spook ( ,boswell probably /ill 9 att5dance1 & all t noble & witty company :o walk$ & talk$ on e>? s _m ye>s ago4 ,i h he>d p object to ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature by "y /ud5ts on ?is gr\nd--t x mu/ mean to a l>ge ext5t a memoriz+ ( names & dates1 a m]e empty repetition ( facts ab\t works t h nev] be5 read4 ,to t objection ,i d n n[ atta* v mu* weight1 al?\gh at "o "t ,i did4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /udy ne$ n be a m]e empty repetition4 ,a skilful description ( ! cont5ts ( a "w w give a /ud5t a v fair idea ( its _s & mean+1 & (t5 ar\se 9 him a desire to read x = himself4 ,9 ! second place1 x is good = him t he %\ld h ! b5efit ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ compet5t /ud5ts & critics ( ,engli% lit]ature1 s t he may "k :at is be/ wor? read+1 & s t :5 he comes to cont9ue 8 /udies = himself1 if he ev] does1 he may sp5d 8 "t to ! be/ advantage4 ,"o does n object to /udy+ ! map ( a c\ntry1 ev5 if !re is no int5tion ( visit+ all ! places m>k$ !reon4 ,i w\ld say1 !n1 t ! be/ plan ) ! "y /ud5t :o has _h "s elem5t>y tra9+ 9 ! appreciation ( lit]ature is to take "s repres5tative works ( a p>ticul> p]iod1 & ?r\gh a c>eful /udy ( !m 9 ! way ,i h describ$1 rea* out & grasp ! :ole p]iod 9 its ess5tial features4 ,s mu* = ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,n[ to retrace our /eps1 & return to :at ,i said 9 my fir/ lecture ab\t ! me?od ( attack+ a p>ticul> lit]>y "w4 ,i d>esay x s\nd$ simple & easy en\gh2 fir/ get y\r g5]al effect1 let ! poem make its own impression z a unit1 z a "w ( art2 !n w come y\r analysis1 & !n a return to ! g5]al4 ,b x is 9 ! application ( ?is simple pr9ciple to diff]5t k9ds ( lit]ature t ! tea*] w f9d 8 greate/ problems4 ,e new "w w provide a new puzzle4 ,h[ mu* ne$ ,i say ab\t ?is by way ( introduction8 ,:at is ! be/ way to pres5t ?is8 ,:at illu/rative extracts %\ld ,i make f ?is8 ,h[ mu* help %\ld ,i give ! /ud5t ) ?is8 ,a tea*] has to tea* ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,he has ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r or an h\r to make 8 fir/ impression2 on t fir/ impression may dep5d ! :ole success ( 8 tea*+4 ,x is obvi\s t ) "y /ud5ts x w n d to plunge /raight into a read+ ( ! poem2 !y mu/ be prep>$ = ! read+2 an atmosph]e mu/ be creat$2 !y mu/ come to ! read+ 9 a prop]1 receptive attitude4 ,h[ mu* introduction is necess>y8 ,p]sonally1 ,i sp5d "o :ole h\r talk+ ab\t ! poem4 ,i po9t out z well z ,i c ! plan ( ! :ole poem1 & h[ t plan is c>ri$ out1 s z to get ! relation ( ! ,fir/ ,book to ! :ole2 ,i talk a little ab\t epic poetry 9 g5]al & :at "o is to expect f an epic poem2 ,i po9t out ! magnitude ( ,milton's task1 ! _s 9 :i* he approa*$ 8 "w1 ! purpose & mean+ ( t "w1 & 9 e way ,i try to ar\se an attitude ( int]e/ & expectancy4 ,! next day1 ,i d n beg9 to take up ,book ,i 9 fragm5ts1 b ,i give a read+ design$ to give ! /ory ( ! :ole book 9 a s]ies ( ! mo/ /rik+ passages1 /rung toge!r by connect+ n>rative4 ,we are n[ ready to /udy ! poem analytically1 & z we take up ea* "p & dissect x1 ! /ud5ts always h 9 view ! relation ( ea* "p to ! :ole book1 &1 f ! fir/ lecture1 to ! :ole poem4 ,h[ to tea* a play ( ,%akespe>e is a subject t might well dem& a :ole lecture to itself4 ,%akespe>e is und\bt$ly ! be/ mat]ial = tea*+ lit]ature t we h1 & is suitable = all grades1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,( c\rse1 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ! me?od ( treatm5t & pres5tation = hon\r /ud5ts w naturally diff] entirely f t appropriate to beg9n]s4 ,b !re is "o ?+ c]ta91 t a play ( ,%akespe>e1 :e!r "o tea*es x to beg9n]s or to advanc$ /ud5ts1 dem&s on ! "p ( ! tea*] a mo/ int5se /udy4 ,he mu/ be soak$ 9 x2 he mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) x d[n to ! smalle/ detail2 he mu/ h ?\ght out ! sett+ ( e sc5e2 he mu/ h =m$ a cle> conception ( e "*2 he mu/ h decid$ def9itely ! exact tone & emphasis ) :i* e spee* %\ld be deliv]$2 & la/ly1 he mu/ decide h[ he may mo/ effectively pres5t x to 8 /ud5ts4 ,b ?is1 y w say1 is putt+ too big a dem& ^u ! tea*]4 ,x is a dem& :i* few ( u are able to fulfil1 b ,i am conv9c$ myself t e tea*] %\ld keep su* an ideal 9 view1 & "w t[>d x pati5tly4 ,i h be5 /udy+ ,hamlet (f & on myself = t5 ye>s1 ,i h be5 tea*+ x = f\r1 & ,i am only j beg9n+ to get "s confid5ce ab\t x n[4 ,i hope p]haps if ,i /udy x = t5 ye>s m to be able to tea* x ) "s success4 ,! great actor ,salv9i /udi$ ! "p ( ,le> = eight ye>s be=e he made any attempt to commit x to memory4 ,%akespe>e is ?us1 9 a s5se1 ! mo/ difficult ( all au?ors to tea*1 = "o c nev] exhau/ him2 9 ano!r s5se he is ! easie/1 = ev5 ! poore/ tea*] _c help mak+ "s effect ) him4 ,! latt] fact1 h[ev]1 %\ld n make u cont5t ) slov5ly "w4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may say t ,i am conv9c$ t ! greate/ aid to success on ! "p ( ! tea*] ( ,engli% lit]ature is pa9/ak+ & exact /udy = himself--n to be cont5t ) some?+ t w d1 b to absorb & reabsorb ! _s ( ! be/ works1 & nev] to be satisfi$ t he kn[s !m well en\gh4 ,! numb] ( works t he c "k ?us ?or\ghly w be limit$ at fir/1 b _! range w be con/antly increas+2 & !re=e ! "w t he w be compell$ to d 9 a m or less imp]fect fa%ion w be con/antly decreas+4 ,z an example ( h[ a s+le poem c be made sometimes to s]ve z an introduction to ! :ole ( an au?or's "w or to a l>ge portion ( x1 let u take a v %ort & simple poem ( ,br[n+ & see :at c be made ( x4 ,let me read to y ,a ,woman's ,la/ ,^w4 ,probably ?is poem1 l _m ( ,br[n+'s1 produces at ! fir/ read+ only a vague & indef9ite impression1 a sort ( grop+ s5sation1 9 %ort1 a wond] z to :at x is all ab\t4 ,let u analyse x4 ,:5ce did ! difficulty arise8 ,evid5tly n f ! language4 ,x 0 f ! fact t we did n "k :at w5t be=e2 t f :at is giv5 u "h1 a m]e scrap ( exp]i5ce1 we _h to con/ruct ! :ole2 & f ! fact t we _h to foll[ a sequ5ce ( ?\ghts sugge/$ by circum/ances unkn[n to u1 in/ead (1 z is usual 9 poetry1 a s]ies ( actions or ev5ts :i* s]ve z a backbone or sub/ructure = ! ?\ght4 ,h]e9 lie ! two ma9 difficulties ( appreciat+ t l>ge class ( ,br[n+ poetry kn[n "u ! head+1 dramatic monologues4 ,!y are dramatic because !y are spok5 n 9 ! p]son ( ! au?or1 b 9 t ( "s imag9>y "*1 ^: p]sonality ! au?or assumes1 b !y diff] f drama1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood1 fir/1 because !y are monologues1 n dialogues2 secondly1 ! circum/ances1 occasions1 & sett+s ( ! monologues1 in/ead ( be+ sugge/$ at ! outset1 are only indicat$ f "t to "t1 & h to be pick$ up z we g along2 ?irdly1 we h to foll[ a sequ5ce ( ?\ghts )\t any help f accompany+ ev5ts or actions2 & la/ly1 we are giv5 no in=mation1 except incid5tally1 z to :at goes be=e & comes aft]4 ,9 o!r dramatic monologues ( ,br[n+ ! problem becomes m complicat$1 fir/1 f ! fact t 9 mo/ ( !m he attempts to reveal a "*1 n m]ely a psy*ological situation1 z 9 ,a ,woman's ,la/ ,^w2 secondly1 f ! extraord9>y v>iety ( ! *>act]s he attempts to pres5t4 ,! *>act]s into ^: m\?s ,br[n+ puts 8 poems are a v v>i$ assortm5t4 ,9 "o poem1 p]haps1 x is a ,greek philosoph] :o speaks1 9 ! next a mod]n ,engli% div9e2 n[ x is an ,italian duke ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & n[ an ,italian patriot ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ea* ( ^! p]sonages has a def9ite atmosph]e & a typical environm5t1 & t atmosph]e & environm5t we mu/ con/ruct = ourselves be=e we c appreciate ! poem prop]ly4 ,take1 = example1 ! two poems1 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi & ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,ea* ( ^! deals n only ) ! "* & "s ( ! hi/ory ( an individual ,italian pa9t]1 b sets =? 9 addition a p>ticul> phase 9 ! developm5t ( ,italian art1 & at ! same "t gives u an insight into ,br[n+'s !ory ( art4 ,to appreciate ^! poems1 !n1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! hi/oric p]sonages :o are repres5t$ z speak+1 some?+ ( ! ,italy ( _! "t2 we mu/ "k 9 outl9e at lea/ some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ,italian art1 & h "s k ( ! te*nicalities ( pa9t+4 ,v _m ( ,br[n+'s poems are conc]n$ ) p]iods & p]sonages ab\t :om ! ord9>y read] kn[s no?+1 h5ce ! absolute ne$ ( "s sort ( a comm5t>y1 or ( con/ant rec\rse to an encyclopa$ia 9 read+ him4 ,!re is ano!r difficulty connect$ ) ,br[n+'s fav\rite =m1 ! dramatic monologue4 ,mo/ ( ^! poems are only scraps ( exp]i5ce2 we get no in=mation1 except by h9ts1 ( :at has gone be=e2 we are equally left to guess :at comes aft]4 ,! problem be=e u is some?+ l t ( recon/ruct+ a :ole conv]sation ( :i* we h ov]he>d only a small "p4 ,aga91 _m ( ! poems d n describe a s]ies ( ev5ts1 b only a s]ies ( ?\ghts or reflections4 ,h5ce !re is no?+ or v little to guide u 9 grasp+ ! connection betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! poem1 & _m ( ! poems h to be read & re-read _m times be=e ! mean+ beg9s to dawn on u4 ,9 ,a ,woman's ,la/ ,^w !re is n a s+le difficult phrase4 ,! :ole difficulty arises f ! fact t x is a scrap1 & f ! fact t x is a s]ies ( ?\ghts )\t any action to ?read !m toge!r & to make !m def9ite4 ,br[n+'s poems are sometimes difficult to read because ! ideas :i* he is express+ are pr(\nd & difficult to grasp2 b f> m (t5 !y are difficult because ( 8 extraord9>y way ( express+ p]fectly simple & easy ideas4 ,= example1 "h is a p]fectly easy & obvi\s ?\ght--t e day we see m5 w9n+ money & reputation by m]e imitation ( "s /yle t has caught ! public ta/e1 :ile ! orig9al inv5tor or discov]] ( t /yle lives 9 obscurity & neglect4 ,h[ does ,br[n+ express x8 ,hobbs h9ts blue--/raight he turtle eats1 ,nobbs pr9ts blue--cl>et cr[ns 8 cup1 ,nokes outd>es ,/okes 9 azure feats-- ,bo? gorge4 ,:o f9i%$ ! murex up8 ,:at porridge _h ,john ,keats8 ,! po9t ab\t ! murex 9 ?is extract illu/rates ano!r difficulty ) ,br[n+1 8 assumption ( k on ! "p ( 8 read] ( all sorts ( curi\s & out-(-!-way in=mation4 ,he is full ( allusions to te*nical po9ts 9 su* ?+s z pa9t+1 music1 m$ic9e1 & classical s*ol>%ip :i* are z a rule kn[n to only speciali/s 9 ^! p>ticul> subjects4 ,i might m5tion la/ly 9 ?is connection a peculi>ity ( ,br[n+'s ?\ght1 namely1 its trem5d\s rapidity4 ,let me illu/rate4 ,a beg9n] works out a problem 9 ma!matics2 he feels 8 way /ep by /ep2 he puts d[n ev]y?+ 9 ord]1 & 9 go+ ov] ! "q we c foll[ easily e detail ( ! reason+4 ,a ma/] ma!matician confront$ ) ! same problem w\ld see 8 way f ! beg9n+ "r ?r\gh to ! end2 he w\ld leave out half ( ! int]m$iate /eps because to him !y 7 q obvi\s & n wor? putt+ d[n1 & :5 we came to look ov] 8 "w we might completely fail to see h[ he _h rea*$ 8 conclusion4 ,s ) ,br[n+4 ,br[n+ skips f ?\ght to ?\ght ) great rapidity1 leav+ int]m$iate /eps to be fill$ 9 by ! intellig5ce ( ! read]4 ,z ,*e/]ton says1 if ,br[n+ _h to describe a qu>rel betwe5 two m5 :i* culm9at$ 9 "o call+ ! o!r a li> & knock+ him d[n/airs1 he w\ld probably d x some?+ l ?is3 ,:at !n8 ,y lie--& doormat bel[ /airs ,takes bump f back4 ,t is to say1 he w\ld be 9 su* a hurry to get 8 man to ! bottom ( ! /airs t he w\ld leave out half ( ! int]m$iate /eps4 ,i h giv5 y ?is fairly full discussion z an example ( h[ a r difficult ?+ may be done1 namely1 h[ a s+le poem may sometimes be us$ to give an introduction to a poet & prep>e a class = read+ ! rema9d] ( 8 "w4 ,be=e ,i close let me give y a c\ple ( ?+s ,i h discov]$ ab\t tea*+ :i* may be useful to y4 ,fir/1 x is m important to be physically fit ?an to be well prep>$4 ,if y feel well & look x1 y\r class w be 9 good hum\r ev5 if y are n well prep>$4 ,be worri$ & tir$1 & y\r class w soon become worri$ & tir$ too4 ,secondly1 x is bett] to tea* too little ?an too mu*4 ,d n subject y\r class to m5tal indige/ion4 ,?irdly1 "o %\ld always try to appe> int]e/$4 ,la/ly1 "o %\ld nev] appe> to be 9 a hurry4 ,no?+ annoys a class m ?an to be ru%$ madly f po9t to po9t )\t a brea?+ space4 ,,my ,,la/ ,,du*ess ,a pap] giv5 9 #aiaa to a ,*ur* ,society t wi%$ guidance = lit]>y /udy ,9 ?is poem ,br[n+ takes 8 subject f ! mid/ ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod 9 ,italy1 a p]iod :5 ! revival ( classical le>n+ 0 accompani$ by a breakd[n 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! conv5tions ( ages 7 swept away 9 a few ye>s1 & side by side ) ! new culture1 scepticism1 cynicism1 robb]y1 lu/1 & murd] prevail$ 9 high places1 ev5 9 ! palaces ( ! ,popes !mselves4 ,"u a ?9 v5e] ( culture1 society became rott5 to ! core4 ,! ^w ,f]r>a at ! head ( ! poem gives u ! clue to ! p]iod4 ,f]r>a is an anci5t ,italian t[n1 & 0 at "o "t ! seat ( a p[]ful du*y4 ,! anci5t ducal palace /ill fr[ns d[n f its em95ce ^u ! c\ntry ar\nd4 ,! ,duke ( ,f]r>a at ! p]iod ( our poem 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful noblem5 ( ,italy4 ,! speak] 9 ?is monologue is ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 a typical ,r5aissance product1 cultur$ & cold & cruel4 ,he is %[+ ! picture ( 8 late wife to an envoy f "s ,c\nt or o!r :o has s5t to negotiate a m>riage = 8 daught] ) ! wid[$ ,duke4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d ) a poem l ?is is to make x live4 ,we w read x4 ,! "* we h repres5t$ "h is "o probably n uncommon at ! p]iod4 ,! ,duke is a man ( intellect1 imbu$ ) ! new culture1 a critic & collector ( art treasures4 ,he comb9es ) ?is appreciation ( art1 an utt] selfi%ness & cynicism4 ,8 he>t is incapable ( t5d]ness or emotion4 ,he has an imm5se pride 9 8 rank & 9 8 anci5t "n1 & an impati5ce ( any?+ t w\ld d]ogate f 8 dignity4 ,c y picture him1 ! poli%$ old villa91 z he /&s be=e ! picture ( ! girl he has cruelly done to dea? & po9ts out its beauties ) delicate jewell$ f+]8 ,on 8 cultur$ b s5sual features ! critical appreciation ( a connoisseur = ! skill ( ! arti/ m+les ) "s recollection ( & pride 9 ! beauty ( 8 =m] du*ess2 b ( affection !re is n a sign1 ( remorse n a trace4 ,he m>ri$ a "y girl :o probably 0 contract$ to him by h] p>5ts )\t hav+ any voice 9 ! matt]4 ,he be/[s on h] 8 "n & rank1 & 9 return dem&s--ev]y?+1 h] abject submission to 8 e :im1 h] complete indiff]5ce to ev]y?+ & ev]ybody b himself4 ,x 0 too mu*4 ,! poor girl c\ld n cru% all ! humanity out ( h] he>t1 nor ! vitality out ( h] body4 ,! ,duke saw1 ) cold disapproval1 h] fre% int]e/ & pleasure 9 all ar\nd h]1 h] delight 9 e att5tion t 0 (f]$ h]1 h] ev]-ready smile4 ,he want$ all ^! ?+s = himself1 & = nobody else4 ,t smile mu/ be = him alone4 ,b un=tunately ! ,du*ess lik$ :atev] %e look$ on1 & h] looks w5t ev]y:]e1 %e _h a k9d ^w & glance = ev]ybody4 ,?is grew2 ,i gave comm&s2 ,!n all smiles /opp$ toge!r4 ,9 o!r words1 he did away ) h]1 _h h] murd]$1 an easy ?+ = a man ( 8 p[] at ?is epo*4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 he _h h] portrait pa9t$4 ,if he c\ld n h ! ,du*ess all to himself1 he c\ld at lea/ h h] picture entirely 8 own1 444 s9ce none puts by ,! curta9 ,i h drawn = y1 b ,i4 ,he is ?9k+ n[ ( m>ry+ aga94 ,"s ,c\nt snaps at ! bait1 ! *ance ( ?is magnific5t alliance = 8 daught]4 ,bett] to kill h] ) 8 own h& ?an to let h] pass into ! clut*es ( ! ,duke4 ,! ,duke's object 9 %[+ ! envoy ! picture is probably p>tly to get ! opportunity ( lett+ him "k 9 "t :at he expects f 8 wife1 s t :5 ! mess5g] returns he may w>n 8 "y lady to keep h] smiles "u /rict control4 ,notice h[ ,br[n+ indicates ! attitude ( ! envoy4 ,fir/ he is /ruck by ! m>vell\s face ( ! ,du*ess-- ,! dep? & passion ( its e>ne/ glance4 ,at la/ he essays a ^w 9 h] def5ce1 ,:o'd /oop to blame ,?is sort ( trifl+8 & :5 ! ,duke has f9i%$1 he sits a little /upefi$ at ! revelation t has be5 made1 & /ill gaz+ at ! picture4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,duke rises he does n /ir1 & ! latt] has to r\se him1 a little impati5tly1 ,w't please y rise8 ,to me ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ ab\t ?is poem is its sugge/iv5ess4 ,x sugge/s inf9itely m ?an x expresses4 ,x expresses m]ely a fragm5t ( a conv]sation2 x sugge/s a :ole trag$y4 ,br[n+ has1 9 ^! few l9es1 ) delicate & curi\s skill1 giv5 u fir/ ! ,r5aissance atmosph]e1 a mixture ( culture & ref9em5t1 delight 9 art & beauty1 ) immorality & crime2 he has sugge/$ to u ! *>act]s ( ! two actors 9 ! drama f :i* ?is poem is b a fragm5t1 ! poli%$ & cynical ,duke & ! girl :o is sacrific$ to 8 position & weal?2 he has ev5 sugge/$ ! mixture ( def]5ce1 loa?+1 & fe> ) :i* ! envoy li/5s to ! ,duke's description4 ,!re are anatomi/s :o f a s+le bone ( any animal w con/ruct ! :ole skeleton2 & s f ?is scrap :i* ,br[n+ has "h giv5 u we c con/ruct ! complete drama4 ,! poem is1 z ,i h rem>k$1 typical ( a :ole class ( ,br[n+'s poetry4 ,^! poems are usually call$ dramatic monologues1 b p]haps ! title giv5 to !m by ,/op=d ,brooke is on ! :ole m sugge/ive4 ,he calls !m imag9ative repres5tations4 ,^! poems are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! utt]ance ( "o p]son1 at a s+le "t1 & 9 "o place4 ,"s individual is influ5c$ or induc$ by "s unusual opportunity or circum/ance to reveal himself4 ,! veil :i* conceals 8 inmo/ he>t is lift$ = a mom5t & we get a glimpse into its dep?s4 ,!y h a c]ta9 dramatic elem5t4 ,br[n+ himself /yl$ ?is poem a dramatic romance4 ,!y are dramatic 9 t !y are objective z reg>ds ! au?or2 ! poet is n utt]+ 8 own ?\ghts4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! monologue is spok5 are usually dramatic 7i4e41 su* z a playwright might *oose to br+ out "s trait ( "*71 ! backgr\nd1 sc5]y1 & ev5 ! action is vividly sugge/$1 & !re are usually subsidi>y figures ^: attitude t[>ds ! c5tral actor is c>efully indicat$4 ,! *ief po9t to notice ab\t ^! poems is t ! poet /udies n m]ely an individual z su*1 ! work+ out ( passion 9 a s+le s\l1 b he takes t individual z a type ( "s special p]iod1 "s phase ( hi/orical developm5t1 "s special era ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 ,br[n+'s way ( us+ hi/ory = poetical purposes1 & x 0 completely 8 own4 ,?is poem is n a v good example1 because ! p]sonages & ev5ts describ$ are n peculi> to any "o epo*1 b may occur :]ev] !re are two p unhappily m>ri$4 ,b ev5 "h we h 9 ! ,duke n only an int5sely int]e/+1 ev5 if objectionable1 type ( human be+1 b ! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( a c]ta9 side ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,br[n+1 9 8 s]ies ( imag9ative repres5tations has cov]$ a big field4 ,artemis ,prologuiz]1 ,caliban on ,setebos1 ,! ,bi%op ,ord]s 8 ,tomb1 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi1 ,a ,dea? 9 ! ,des]t1 ,cleon1 & _m o!rs cov] an imm5se range1 f ,greek my?ology ?r\gh e>ly & late ,r5aissance d[n to ! mod]n life ( ,europe4 ,! poet c place u ) ease & tru? at ,cor9?1 ,a!ns or ,rome1 9 ,p>is1 ,vi5na or ,london1 & :]ev] we g ) him we are at home4 ,sc5]y1 "*1 "t1 place1 & action are all suitably & h>moni\sly bl5d$1 ! *>act]s are vividly alive4 ,! qualifications :i* ,br[n+ br\ght to ^! poems 71 fir/1 a wide hi/orical k1 n s mu* ( sep>ate ev5ts z ( ! ma9 tr5d ( ?\ght 9 a giv5 p]iod2 an int5se imag9ative p[]2 a wide k ( human nature2 & la/1 b n lea/1 9 8 ,italian poems1 a famili> acqua9tance ) a multitude ( small intimate details ( ! cu/oms1 clo?+1 ar*itecture1 popul> dress1 talk & sc5]y ( ! t[ns & c\ntry ( ,italy f ! ?irte5? c5tury to mod]n times4 ,! poem "u consid]ation gives u only a glimpse ( ! skill ) :i* ,br[n+ h&les ?is p>ticul> type2 b ,i hope x w be suffici5t to induce ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ,br[n+'s o!r "w to /udy x fur!r4 ,,*ri/mas ,,%opp+ ,o :i!r are y go+1 ,my fri5d1 ,i'd fa9 be kn[+1 ,o :i!r are y go+ ,) t air ( d-&-d>e8 ,o :at ! de/9ation ,( y\r grim det]m9ation1 ,( y\r bloody resolution ,& y\r fi]ce defiant />e8 ,i am go+ ,*ri/mas %opp+1 ,said ! h]o1 freely mopp+ ,beads ( n]v\s p]spiration ,f 8 broad & gallant br[1 ,i am go+ =? to-day ,9 ?is bellicose array ,to d my ,*ri/mas %opp+1 ,or to p]i% 9 ! fray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o :5ce are y return+1 ,my fri5d1 ,i'd fa9 be le>n+1 ,o :5ce are y return+ ,) t blood/a9$ we>y air8 ,) t batt]$ %irt & coll> ,& )\t a s+le doll>1 ,& ) piles ( useless lumb] ,t w\ld make a du/man />e8 ,i h done my ,*ri/mas %opp+1 ,said ! h]o1 almo/ dropp+1 ,y may s5d to fet* ! doctor1 ,?\gh ,i _c pay 8 fee2 ,my /ory is romantic1 ,= ! fight 0 fi]ce & frantic1 ,& ,i b\ght a lot ( articles ,i didn't ev5 see2 ,b ,i've done my ,*ri/mas %opp+ 7,= ,i take a lot ( /opp+71 ,i h done my ,*ri/mas %opp+1 ,& t's en\gh = me4 ,,realism ,,9 ,,wordswor? ,,& ,,br[n+ ,a pap] read to ! ,faculty ,club dur+ ! session #aiaa-ab ,:at is ,realism8 ,realism means :at x says--tru? to reality & fact4 ,! reali/ expresses imag9ative conceptions 9 t]ms ( ! actual _w ar\nd him1 9 t]ms ( ! objects :i* he c see & describe accurately2 ! ideali/ gets away f fact1 & creates an imag9ative _w :i* diff]s f ! real4 ,! ideali/ :o writes ( love1 talks ab\t raptures & bliss & gates ( heav52 ! reali/ describes ! wave ( ! girl's hair1 ! col\r ( h] dress1 ! way 9 :i* ! man /&s & looks1 & leaves ! read] to supply ! emotional backgr\nd4 ,! ideali/ :o writes ( dea? talks ab\t a%es to a%es1 du/ to du/1 ! common goal ( mortality1 ! gate ( ev]la/+ life2 ! reali/ describes ! sick man's gha/ly pallor1 8 wav]+ pulse1 8 gasp+ brea?1 ! clock tick+ out ! m9utes 9 ! sil5ce ( ! *amb] ( dea?4 ,a reali/ 9 fiction l ,balzac or ,flaub]t or _! imitator1 ,arnold ,b5nett1 seems almo/ photographic 9 ! accuracy ( 8 descriptions2 & yet s arti/ic is ! selection ( ! details describ$ t ?\gh we get ! impression ( absolute reality1 ! emotional atmosph]e is (t5 int5se4 ,realism1 :5 well done1 is an admirable lit]>y me?od1 b x may & (t5 does deg5]ate into a vice4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,zola x becomes a m$ium = ! conveyance ( sick5+1 sordid1 or disgu/+ detail4 ,! k9d ( realism ) :i* ,i wi% to deal is realism 9 poetry--! phrase seems almo/ a contradiction 9 t]ms--& ,i am tak+ = my purpose c]ta9 phases ( ! "w ( ,wordswor? & ,br[n+4 ,wordswor? & ,br[n+1 two poets 9 _m respects direct anti!ses ( "o ano!r1 are n usually class$ toge!r 9 any way4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o class ( poetry :i* ,br[n+ 0 ! fir/ to develop to a l>ge ext5t1 9 :i* ,wordswor? may be said to h be5 a pione]2 9 fact1 ,br[n+ actually succe$$ 9 a k9d ( poetry ( :i* ,wordswor? b>ely saw ! possibility4 ,i d n mean to sugge/ t ,br[n+ 0 9 any way a disciple or consci\s imitator ( ,wordswor?2 b t we see 9 full fl[] 9 ,br[n+'s poetry a c]ta9 arti/ic me?od ( :i* 9 ,wordswor?'s poetry we c j p]ceive ! g]m4 ,! k9d ( poetry to :i* ,i ref] is "o :i* is frequ5t 9 ,br[n+1 & :i*1 9 fact1 has (t5 be5 reg>d$ z n poetry at all--,i mean su* utt]ly unpret5ti\s1 prosaic1 unc\?1 r\gh1 or at times ev5 grotesque v]se z we f9d 9 poems l ,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology1 ,mr4 ,sludge ! ,m$ium1 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1 ,ma/] ,hugues ( ,saxe-,go?a1 mu* ( ,! ,r+ & ! ,book1 & ,br[n+'s lat] "w g5]ally4 ,su* v]se produces ! effect ( an exact reproduction ( ! actual4 ,x is s reali/ic t x seems at times lack+ 9 art4 ,no "w :i* is an exact1 or ne>ly exact1 reproduction ( ! actual c be a "w ( art4 ,a "w ( art is bas$ on man's exp]i5ce ( :at is1 b is always modifi$ & alt]$ by 8 conception ( :at ought to be4 ,x 0 "h t ,wordswor? fail$4 ,8 reali/ic poetry is too close to ! actual4 ,! int5sely reali/ic effect ( ,br[n+'s poems is an illusion2 o!rwise 8 claim to be a poetic arti/ disappe>s 9 s f> z ^! poems are conc]n$4 ,i wi% to indicate ! nature ( ^! effects1 & to inquire h[ f> ,br[n+ 0 anticipat$ by ,wordswor?4 ,wordswor? 0 p]haps ! *ief repres5tative ( ! ,romantic ,s*ool--! title giv5 to ! gr\p ( poets :o dom9at$ ,engli% ,lit]ature at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! _s ( ! age to :i* _! "w gave expression 0 "o ( "q & revolt1 ! _s :i* f\nd its mo/ rem>kable political expression 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,"q ( e/abli%$ beliefs1 revolt aga9/ e/abli%$ rules & conv5tions1 0 ! keynote ( lit]>y z well z ( social & political life4 ,! attitude ( ! ,romantic ,s*ool is indicat$ by its "n4 ,romance is t elem5t 9 lit]ature :i* appeals to ! s5se ( ! m>vell\s 9 man1 :i* awak5s 8 capacity = wond]4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 "u ! rgime ( ,pope & ! ,classical ,s*ool1 wond] _h be5 dead4 ,x 0 an age ( acceptance & submission2 acceptance ( c]ta9 def9ite conv5tions1 submission to c]ta9 fix$ rules4 ,correctness 0 m desir$ ?an imag9ation1 & poli% ?an orig9ality4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! b>r5 conv5tions & n>r[ outlook ( ! ,classical ,s*ool t ,wordswor? & 8 fell[s revolt$4 ,! _s ( wond] t[>d ,nature & t[>d ,man sprang into new life4 ,my mean+ w be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ l9es3 ,a primrose by a riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m4 ,!y might h be5 writt5 ( ,pope4 ,:at 0 ! primrose to ,wordswor?8 ,to me ! meane/ fl[] t bl[s c give ,?\ghts t d (t5 lie too deep = te>s4 ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to talk to-night ( ,wordswor?'s attitude t[>ds ,nature4 ,x is ) j two aspects ( ! ,romantic ,revolt t ,i h to deal1 "o relat+ to subject matt]1 ! o!r to =m4 ,! poet's eye 9 ,%akespe>e's "t ,do? glance f heav5 to e>?1 f e>? to heav52 ,& z imag9ation bodies =? ,! =ms ( ?+s unkn[n1 ! poet's p5 ,turns !m to %apes & gives to airy no?+ ,a local habitation & a "n4 ,) ,pope1 poetry 0 conf9$ ma9ly to man z he exi/s 9 society1 & 0 l>gely conc]n$ ) satiriz+ social defects2 ,wordswor? dealt ) m5 z human be+s1 z my/]i\s manife/ations ( ! inf9ite1 creatures trail+ cl\ds ( glory1 com+ we "k n :5ce1 go+ we "k n :i!r4 ,to him1 z to ,burns1 rank & /ation 7 no?+4 ,any human be+1 h[ev] humble1 0 wor?y to be ! poet's !me4 ,he claim$ = ! mis=tunes ( ,lucy ,gray or ! mis]able "m1 ! ,idiot ,boy or ,pet] ,bell1 ! same consid]ation z ,sophocles = ! sorr[s ( ,o,edipus & ! l(ty l9e ( ,!bes4 ,gray1 an eighte5? c5tury poet 9 :om romantic t5d5cies are f\nd1 %[s ! same _s 9 ! ,elegy :5 he writes ( ! humble dead :o lie b5ea? ! soil3 ,let n ,ambition mock _! useful toil1 ,_! homely joys1 & de/9y obscure2 ,nor ,gr&eur he> ) a disda9ful smile ,! %ort & simple annals ( ! poor4 ,wordswor?1 !n1 enl>g$ ! scope ( poetry to include any human exp]i5ce1 h[ev] humble4 ,!re 0 ano!r side to ,wordswor?'s revolt4 ,he revolt$ n only aga9/ ! limitations ( subject impos$ on ! poets by eighte5?-c5tury ideals1 b also aga9/ ! limitations ( =m4 ,pope & 8 foll[]s _h be5 poets ( practically a s+le metre1 ! h]oic c\plet4 ,_! tricks1 mann]isms1 & phraseology _h be5 exalt$ into a poetic diction1 or1 r1 j>gon1 by c\ntless imitators1 & poems writt5 9 any o!r /yle 7 n all[$ admission to ! be/ company4 ,a field1 = example1 _h to be ei!r a v]dant mead or a grassy sw>d1 or x c\ld n dec5tly make its appe>ance 9 poetry4 ,z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a ra9b[ is to ,campbell ,heav5's e!real b[1 & a musket becomes1 9 poetical dress1 a glitt]+ tube4 ,wordswor? claim$ = ! poet ! "r ( us+ ! language ( ev]yday life1 pla91 simple1 & unadorn$4 ,su* is a v brief & insuffici5t outl9e ( ! two ma9 po9ts 9 ,wordswor?'s poetic !ory1 :i* 7 develop$ at great l5g? by ,wordswor? himself 9 8 prefaces & by ,col]idge 9 ! ,biographia ,lit]>ia4 ,x is to j "o small "p ( ,wordswor?'s poetic practice t ,i wi% to draw y\r att5tion4 ,i mean c]ta9 /udi\sly simple & reali/ic poems writt5 9 delib]ate illu/ration ( 8 !ories4 ,! fir/ ( !m 7 publi%$ 9 ! fam\s ,lyrical ,ballads ( #agih1 a "w :i* bur/ l a bomb%ell ^u an a/oni%$ lit]>y _w1 & ar\s$ m scorn1 indignation1 & controv]sy ?an p]haps any o!r volume ( poetry ev] publi%$4 ,! ,lyrical ,ballads 0 9 ! nature ( a *all5ge4 ,x conta9$ an ann\ncem5t ( ,wordswor?'s new !ories1 toge!r ) illu/rations ( !m by himself & ,col]idge4 ,_m ( ! poems 7 admirable1 b 9 _m o!rs ,wordswor? is at 8 wor/4 ,a g5]ation br\ght up 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,pope & n\ri%$ on su* v]se z ,! ,pleasures ( ,hope c\ld n away ) poems l ,! ,idiot ,boy1 or ,alice ,fell1 or ev5 ,we ,are ,sev54 ,!re is no d\bt t ,wordswor? w5t mu* too f> 9 8 zeal = ! new !ories1 & 0 un=tunately )\t a s5se ( hum\r :i* might h sav$ him f absurdities4 ,z an illu/ration ( ,wordswor? at 8 wor/1 let u take ,! ,idiot ,boy1 "o ( ! poems 9 ! ,lyrical ,ballads4 ,! v outl9e ( ! plot w\ld make ! gho/ ( ,pope rise 9 indignation f ! grave4 ,old ,susan ,gale1 a peasant woman1 is v ill4 ,h] neighb\r1 ,betty ,foy1 comes to att5d on h]1 accompani$ by h] only son1 ,johnny1 an idiot4 ,susan gets worse1 & ! doctor mu/ be s5t =4 ,betty d>e n leave h]1 & s ! only alt]native is to s5d ! idiot boy to fet* him4 ,i ne$ n complete ! /ory1 b w quote a few /anzas f ! poem3 ,b :5 ! pony mov$ 8 legs1 ,oh6 !n = ! poor idiot boy6 ,= joy he _c hold ! bridle1 ,= joy 8 head & heels are idle1 ,he's idle all = v joy4 ,& ,susan's gr[+ worse & worse1 ,& ,betty's 9 a sad qu&>y2 ,& !n !re's nobody to say ,if %e mu/ g1 or %e mu/ /ay6 ,%e's 9 a sad qu&>y4 ,oh ,doctor6 ,doctor6 :]e's my ,johnny8 ,i'm "h1 :at is't y want ) me8 ,oh sir6 y "k ,i'm ,betty ,foy ,& ,i h lo/ my poor de> boy ,y "k him--him y (t5 see2 ,he's n s wise z "s folks be4 ,! ,devil take 8 wisdom6 said ,! ,doctor look+ some:at grim1 ,:at1 woman1 %\ld ,i "k ( him8 ,& grumbl+1 he w5t back to b$4 ,?is f a poet :o c\ld write ,! ,solit>y ,reap] or ,milton1 ?\ %\ld'/ be liv+ at ?is h\r1 or su* magnific5t philosophical poetry z we f9d 9 ,! ,prelude1 ,t9t]n ,abbey1 & ,! ,excursion1 :]e ,wordswor? treats ( ! m9d ( man1 ,! haunt & ! ma9 region ( my song2 or su* spl5did descriptive passages z are scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh 8 works1 visions wor?y to rank ) ,%akespe>e's ,cl\d-capp$ t[]s & gorge\s palaces4 ,o!r examples ( ,wordswor?'s simple /yle are all too num]\s1 & may be f\nd 9 su* poems z ,pet] ,bell1 :i* relates ! /ory ( a t9k] & a donkey 79 p>ts an admirable poem71 ,alice ,fell1 :i* tells ! sorr[ ( a little girl = h] tatt]$ cloak1 ,! ,bro!rs1 & ,mi*ael4 ,^! are n1 by any means1 all bad2 9 fact1 :5 ,wordswor? c =get = a :ile t he is writ+ to illu/rate a !ory1 fla%es ( 8 natural /yle break out1 produc+ odd effects ( incongruity4 ,"s ( ! poems :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,lyrical ,ballads are admirable1 su* z ,h] ,eyes are ,wild & ,! ,affliction ( ,m>g>et4 ,to u :o h1 s9ce ,wordswor?'s "t1 be5 tra9$ to a wid] scope ( appreciation 9 poetry1 x w seem /range t ev5 ! wor/ ( !m %\ld h ar\s$ su* adv]se criticism1 b ev5 to u x is evid5t t ,wordswor? 9 !m is n at 8 be/1 t he is writ+ a /yle :i* is n natural to him4 ,& yet x 0 ^! poems :i*1 = a "t1 attract$ mo/ att5tion f ,wordswor?'s contempor>ies1 & prejudic$ ,byron1 ,horace ,smi?1 ,peacock1 & _m o!rs aga9/ 8 great] poetry4 ,wordswor?1 ?\gh he fail$ 9 8 attempt1 _h got hold ( a true idea--t ! mo/ common ?+s 9 life are pregnant ) poetry1 & t !re are _m subjects1 n susceptible ( ord9>y poetical treatm5t1 :i* may yet be h&l$ 9 su* a simple1 unpret5ti\s way z to reta9 _! ess5tial outl9es1 :ile ! emotional elem5t is subtly indicat$ r ?an actually express$4 ,z a v ord9>y l&scape w be trans=m$ into a ?+ ( beauty "u ! rays ( ! sett+ sun1 s commonplace subjects may take on a new appe>ance "u ! influ5ce ( ! poet's imag9ation4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 n to idealize too mu*4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 = example1 to lift su* a subject z ,! ,idiot ,boy into ! realm ( ! ideal4 ,n[ if we turn to ,br[n+1 we f9d t he also deals ) subjects ( ?is k9d4 ,let u consid] 8 treatm5t ( "o or two ( !m4 ,9 ,! ,spani% ,cloi/] he takes z 8 subject ! mean & petty jeal\sy ( "o commonplace monk = ano!r4 ,or1 aga91 he takes a sick man1 /ret*$ on 8 dea?-b$1 putt+ aside impati5tly ! m9i/rations ( ! p>son1 z 8 half-daz$ ?\ghts g back to a r sordid love affair :i* 0 yet ! brighte/ spot 9 8 pa/4 ,o!r examples are ,sludge ! ,m$ium1 & ! cynical & worldly ,bi%op ,bl\gram endeav\r+ aft] d9n] ov] ! nuts & w9e to ju/ify 8 appe>ance ( or?odoxy to ,gigadibs1 ! scribbl] & %all[ rationali/3 ,s1 y despise me1 ,mr4 ,gigadibs4 ,no deprecation--nay1 ,i beg y1 sir6 ,beside 'tis our engagem5t3 don't y "k1 ,i promis$1 if y'd wat* a d9n] out1 ,we'd see tru? dawn toge!r8--tru? t peeps ,ov] ! glass's edge :5 d9n]'s done1 ,& body gets its sop & holds its noise ,& leaves s\l free a little4 ,n['s ! "t-- ',tis break ( day6 ,y d despise me !n4 ,& if ,i say1 despise me1--nev] fe>-- ,i "k y d n 9 a c]ta9 s5se-- ,n 9 my arm-*air = example3 "h1 ,i well imag9e y respect my place 7,/atus1 ent\rage1 worldly circum/ance7 ,q to its value---v mu* inde$ --,are up to ! prote/+ eyes ( y ,9 pride at be+ seat$ "h = once-- ,y'll turn x to su* capital acc\nt6 ,:5 somebody1 ?r\gh ye>s & ye>s to come1 ,h9ts ( ! bi%op--names me--t's en\gh-- ,bl\gram8 ,i knew him--7into x y slide7 ,d9$ ) him once1 a ,corpus ,*ri/i ,day1 ,all alone1 we two--he's a clev] man-- ,& aft] d9n]--:y1 ! w9e y "k-- ,oh1 !re 0 w9e1 & good6--:at ) ! w9e444 ',fai?1 we began ^u all sorts ( talk6 ,he's no bad fell[1 ,bl\gram--he _h se5 ,some?+ ( m9e he reli%$--"s review-- ,he's q above _! humbug 9 8 he>t1 ,half-said z mu*1 inde$--! ?+'s 8 trade-- ,i w>rant1 ,bl\gram 's sceptical at times-- ,h[ o!rwise8 ,i lik$ him1 ,i confess6 ,*e *'1 my de> sir1 z we say at ,rome1 ,don't y prote/ n[6 ,x's fair give & take2 ,y h _h y\r turn & spok5 y\r home tru?s-- ,! h&'s m9e n[1 & "h y foll[ suit4 ,c\ld any?+ be m easy1 conv]sational1 reali/ic8 ,& yet e n[ & !n we f9d ?r\gh\t ! poem t\*es ( ! noble/ poetry introduc$ s skilfully t !re is no s5se ( incongruity4 ,= example1 ! ,bi%op 9 ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t says t absolute unbelief is j z impossible z absolute fai?4 ,& n[ :at are we8 unbeliev]s bo?1 ,calm & complete1 det]m9ately fix$ ,to-day1 to-morr[1 & = ev]1 pray8 ,y'll gu>antee me t8 ,n s1 ,i ?9k4 ,9 no-wise6 all we've ga9$ is1 t belief1 ,z unbelief be=e1 %akes u by fits1 ,conf\nds u l its pr$ecessor4 ,:]e's ,! ga98 h[ c we gu>d our unbelief8 ,make x be> fruit to u8--! problem "h4 ,j :5 we are safe/1 !re's a sunset-t\*1 ,a fancy f a fl[]-bell1 "s "o's dea?1 ,a *orus-end+ f ,euripides-- ,& t's en\gh = fifty hopes & fe>s ,z old & new at once z ,nature's self1 ,to rap & knock & ent] 9 our s\l1 ,take h&s & dance !re1 a fanta/ic r+1 ,r\nd ! anci5t idol1 on 8 base aga9-- ,! gr& ,p]haps6 we look on helplessly-- ,!re ! old misgiv+s1 crook$ que/ions are-- ,?is good ,god--:at he c\ld d1 if he w\ld1 ,w\ld1 if he c\ld--!n mu/ h done long s9ce3 ,if s1 :51 :]e1 & h[8 "s way mu/ be-- ,once feel ab\t1 & soon or late y hit ,"s s5se1 9 :i* x might be1 aft] all4 ,:y n1 ,! ,way1 ! ,tru?1 ! ,life8 ,br[n+'s love poetry does n prop]ly ent] into ?is discussion1 s9ce love is a common !me ( poets1 & ?is discussion deals ) ,br[n+'s treatm5t ( app>5tly unpoetical !mes2 b ,br[n+'s *oice & treatm5t ( situation 9 8 love poems are s unusual z to br+ !m into ! same class z 8 o!r reali/ic poems4 ,take z an example3 ,see1 h[ %e looks n[1 dre/ ,9 a sl$g+-cap & ve/4 ',tis a huge fur cloak-- ,l a re9de]'s yoke ,falls ! lappet along ! brea/3 ,sleeves = h] arms to re/1 ,or to hang1 z my love likes be/4 ,^! few examples w s]ve to %[ t ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ,br[n+'s realism & ,wordswor?'s are ! same4 ,br[n+1 l ,wordswor?1 claim$ = poetry a great] lic5ce bo? 9 subject matt] & 9 =m1 b he w5t f>!r ?an ,wordswor? 9 bo?4 ,wordswor? took = 8 new subjects ! humble joys & sorr[s ( ! poor--b all 0 fi% t came to ,br[n+'s net4 ,any psy*ological situation1 any out-(-!-way corn] ( human exp]i5ce1 became 9 8 h&s matt] = poetry4 ,!n z to =m1 ,wordswor? m]ely refra9$ f ! conv5tional language ( poetry1 b ,br[n+ boldly us$ language t 0 frankly unpoetical--unc\?1 unmusical1 r\gh1 rhym+ grotesquely1 acc5t$ outrage\sly4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ important advance on ,wordswor? 0 9 ! use ( ! dramatic =m--ne>ly all ,br[n+'s poems ( ! sort describ$ are dramatic monologues--= :5 ! speak] is pr(ess$ly n ! poet1 we are less incl9$ to f9d an incongruity 9 unpoetical language4 ,br[n+1 by adopt+ ! dramatic =m1 gets at ?+s f ! subjective po9t ( view1 f ! inside4 ,wordswor? tri$ to describe !m objectively f ! po9t ( view ( a spectator4 ,br[n+1 !n1 practically discov]$ a new poetical =m :i* enabl$ him to br+ )9 ! scope ( poetical treatm5t subjects nev] s treat$ be=e4 ,he f\nd a new field = poetry & f\nd new =ms to suit x4 ,he ent]$ l& :i* ,wordswor? _h only beheld f af>1 & :i*1 inde$1 ,wordswor? nev] c\ld h ent]$4 ,br[n+ saw t famili> objects1 ev]yday do+s & say+s1 commonplace happ5+s :i* seem to ! ord9>y obs]v] prosaic & b>r51 are1 to ! poet1 pregnant ) und]ly+ emotion4 ,ord9>y poetry deals ) ! obvi\sly poetical ?+s1 or conv]ts ! ev]yday ?+s ( life into poetry by depriv+ !m ( "s ( _! actuality4 ,br[n+ contrives to give u ?+s z !y are1 ) all ! h>%ness & crud5ess ( real life1 & yet to make u feel ! und]ly+ elem5t ( poetry4 ,ab\t 8 mo/ brutally reali/ic poem1 !re is a subtle atmosph]e ( emotion4 ,br[n+1 l ,%akespe>e1 d>es to place side by side ! grotesque1 ! beautiful1 ! tragic1 ! ludicr\s4 ,he c d x by virtue ( 8 unassum+ =m4 ,take1 = example1 ,old ,pictures 9 ,flor5ce4 ,!re we get ! dirt ( ! old /reets1 ! v mu/ & smell ( ! second-h& deal]'s /ores1 ! fil?y canvas & peel+ fresco1 b we get also ! trag$y ( ! wrong$ ,old ,ma/]s1 & a noble conception ( ! developm5t ( art4 ,9 ,bi%op ,bl\gram we get ! w9e1 ! nuts1 ! plausible conv]sation1 b we get also ! spectacle1 pregnant ) emotional possibilities1 ( two human midgets 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,almighty1 ! "o d>+ lightly to comp\nd ) 8 ,mak]1 ! o!r lightly to d5y ,him4 ,! value ( ?is inquiry1 if x h any value1 is to %[ t ^? poetical =ms :i* are (t5 assum$ to be due to a radical defect 9 ,br[n+'s "w z poetry1 7 really a delib]ate arti/ic me?od1 delib]ate 9 ! s5se t ,c>lyle's /yle is delib]ate4 ,! /yle1 ) bo? ,c>lyle & ,br[n+1 is inde$ ! man1 b ea* _h to f9d ! /yle :i* w\ld express him be/4 ,c>lyle1 9 8 e>ly "w1 wrote l ,macaulay2 ,br[n+1 9 8 e>ly "w1 wrote l ,%elley4 ,& :5ev] ,br[n+1 9 8 lat] poems1 met ) a subject capable ( conv5tional poetical treatm5t1 he did n hesitate s to treat x4 ,i ne$ only in/ance su* poems z ,saul1 ,abt ,vogl]1 ,! ,gu>dian ,angel1 & ,prospice4 ,i %all quote ! la/ ( ^! poems3 ,fe> dea?8--to feel ! fog 9 my ?roat1 ,! mi/ 9 my face1 ,:5 ! sn[s beg91 & ! bla/s d5ote ,i am ne>+ ! place1 ,! p[] ( ! night1 ! press ( ! /orm1 ,! po/ ( ! foe2 ,:]e he /&s1 ! ,ar* ,fe> 9 a visible =m1 ,yet ! /rong man mu/ g2 ,= ! j\rney is done & ! summit atta9$1 ,& ! b>ri]s fall1 ,?\gh a battle's to fight ere ! gu]don be ga9$1 ,! rew>d ( x all4 ,i 0 ev] a fight]1 s--"o fight m1 ,! be/ & ! la/6 ,i w\ld hate t dea? b&ag$ my eyes1 & =bore1 ,& bade me creep pa/4 ,no6 let me ta/e ! :ole ( x1 f>e l my pe]s1 ,! h]oes ( old1 ,be> ! brunt1 9 a m9ute pay glad life's arre>s ,( pa91 d>kness1 & cold4 ,= sudd5 ! wor/ turns ! be/ to ! brave1 ,! black m9ute's at end1 ,& ! elem5ts' rage1 ! fi5d-voices t rave1 ,%all dw9dle1 %all bl5d1 ,%all *ange1 %all become a peace out ( pa91 ,!n a light1 !n ?y brea/1 ,o ?\ s\l ( my s\l6 ,i %all clasp !e aga91 ,& ) ,god be at re/6 ,c anyone aft] he>+ t poem ma9ta9 t ,br[n+ 0 incapable1 :5 he wi%$1 ( disp5s+ ) ecc5tricities8 ,9 conclusion1 ,i %\ld l to say t ! subject ,i h be5 treat+ has no?+ to d ) ! obscurity ( ,br[n+'s poetry4 ,8 obscurity has no?+ to d ) 8 realism4 ,,synge ,incomplete notes ( an ,address to a ,/udy ,club ,?ree ye>s ago1 9 ,july #aiaj1 di$ ,john ,mill+ton ,synge1 ,iri% dramati/1 ^: "n w probably be bett] kn[n tw5ty ye>s h5ce1 p]haps "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s h5ce1 ?an x is to-day4 ,^? :o "k ,irel& only by he>say1 or f books1 or ev5 f ! /age1 w be sl[ at fir/ to appreciate 8 "w2 b we :o "k & love ! real ,irel&1 we1 :o h w&]$ ?r\gh h] gl5s & by h] /reams1 & look$ ^u h] wond]ful skies1 :o h felt )9 ourselves h] sadness1 h] mir?1 & h] poetry1 mu/ at once ackn[l$ge t 9 ! "w ( ,synge ! s\l ( ,irel& has1 = ! fir/ "t1 receiv$ adequate expression4 ,9 t small isl&1 a gre5 speck 9 ! tumbl+ bill[s ( ! ,atlantic1 "r 9 ! he>t ( ! b>r5 conv5tionalism ( mod]n civilization1 !re /ill rema9s1 if "o kn[s :]e to look = x1 ! ,celtic _s 9 all its orig9al purity2 !re is /ill to be f\nd a glam\r & a my/]y z f9e z any t l+]s on ! %ores ( old ,romance4 ,_m h f\nd & felt ^! ?+s1 b !y h be5 sil5t1 = !y h be5 re/ra9$ f spee* by a s5se t su* ?+s c\ld n be int]pret$ 9 words4 ,synge 0 ! fir/ to f9d ! m$ium by :i* !y might be express$4 ,he 0 a solit>y1 undemon/rative man1 says 8 fri5d ,yeats1 nev] ask+ pity1 nor compla9+1 nor seek+ sympa?y2 all fold$ up 9 brood+ intellect1 kn[+ no?+ ( new books & newspap]s1 read+ ! great ma/]s alone2 & he 0 b ! m hat$ because he gave 8 c\ntry :at x ne$$1 an unmov$ m9d1 :]e !re is a p]petual la/ day1 a trumpet+ & com+ up to judgm5t4 ,?us1 x seems to me1 ,synge w be sl[ 9 w9n+ recognition f ! masses ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he saw !m too cle>ly1 & pa9t$ too accurate a portrait ( !m to be flatt]+2 !y recognize _! weaknesses & are indignant1 :ile !y fail to see t he has pa9t$ also _! f9e poetical qualities1 _! romance1 & _! t5d]ness4 ,aga9 ! same writ]3 ,9 ,irel&1 he lov$ only :at 0 wild 9 its p & 9 ! grey w9try sides ( _m gl5s4 ,all ! re/1 all t "o reason$ ov]1 f\ght =1 read ( 9 lead+ articles1 all t came f ,education1 all t came d[n f "y ,irel&--ar\s$ 9 him little int]e/4 ,p]haps its only effect on him 0 to awak5 9 him fir/ t irony :i*1 once awak5$1 he turn$ ^u ! :ole ( life4 ,! sc5e ( ,synge's lat] lit]>y "w--! "w :i* c\nts--0 ! ,abbey ,!atre1 a small & unpret5ti\s build+1 hidd5 away 9 a side /reet ne> ! ,dubl9 quays4 ,"h is a c5tral po9t = ! ,iri% ,dramatic ,movem5t1 a movem5t recogniz$ by all compet5t critics z be+ "o ( ! mo/ significant ?+s 9 mod]n lit]ature4 ,lov]s ( lit]ature ( ! pres5t g5]ation :o h be5 walk+ 9 a va9 %ad[1 grop+ _! way uneasily amid reali/ic novels1 p>adoxical problem plays1 pale poems1 & epigrammatic essays1 turn ) relief to a lit]ature :i* is reali/ic1 & at ! same "t ri* & poetical1 & :i* %[s unmi/akable signs ( real vitality4 ,at ! ,abbey ,!atre "o may see ! peasant life ( mod]n ,irel& & he> ! beautiful leg5ds ( h] pa/ portray$ by native actors1 ) a fidelity & a =ce :i* h nev] be5 surpass$ on any /age4 ,_! act+ is a true hold+ ( ! mirror up to ,nature--!re are no /age tricks1 no declamations1 no poses1 no s\nd & fury--! sc5e is p]haps ! rude int]ior ( a peasant cottage 9 "s ,iri% village1 or ( a hut 9 "s lonely gl51 or ! side ( a w9dy hill or op5 field1 :]e ! sun %9es & ! air is mild & ! breeze fre% & k9dly4 ,! figures t fill ! sc5e be> no resemblance to ! traditional buffoon1 :o1 on mo/ /ages1 is made to d duty = an ,iri%man2 _! spee* is q unlike ! traditional brogue :i* is commonly suppos$ to be ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ,iri% peasants2 ! *>act]s repres5t$ are primitive b poetical1 wild b noble2 _! dialogue is ri* ) hum\r & imag9ation1 & is spok5 ) a *>m+ & musical intonation4 ,9 ! movem5ts & words ( ! p we see on ! /age1 !re is no appe>ance ( act+2 !y talk easily & naturally1 _! ge/ures are few & altoge!r free f exagg]ation or /riv+ aft] effect4 ,_! :ole p]=mance is simple & app>5tly )\t ef=t2 & yet ,i h aga9 & aga9 be5 f> m pr(\ndly /irr$ by ?is unpret5ti\s act+1 ,i h _h a f> deep] s5se ( ! trag$y & com$y & my/]y ( life 9 ?is little ,abbey ,!atre ?an ,i h ev] receiv$ f ! elaborate productions ( ! ,london /age4 ,! ,iri% ,national ,!atre 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahii by ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats & ,lady ,gregory1 :o1 ev] s9ce its inception1 h devot$ _! "t & ?\ght & "w almo/ exclusively to p]fect+ ?is new drama4 ,! result has amply ju/ifi$ _! fai?ful lab\r4 ,! ,iri% ,national ,!atre has already giv5 to ! _w an entirely orig9al /yle ( act+1 a company ( actors unrivall$ 9 ! quality :i* !y pr(ess1 & n[ kn[n n only 9 ,irel&1 b all ov] ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 & also sev]al dramati/s ( extraord9>y m]it4 ,( ^! dramati/s ,synge is und\bt$ly ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,8 production is small & ext5ds ov] only a few ye>s1 b x is ( a quality unkn[n 9 ,engli% lit]ature s9ce ,elizabe?an times4 ,x has be5 claim$ = him1 says ,mr4 ,bickley1 t he is ! greate/ imag9ative dramati/ :o has writt5 ,engli% s9ce ,%akespe>e1 or at lea/ s9ce ! ,puritans clos$ ! !atres 9 #afdb4 ,?is claim may at fir/ sight seem extravagant1 especially to ^? :o "k ! v limit$ range & quantity ( ,synge's "w1 b on reflection x is cle> t if "o admits t ,synge is a great dramati/1 "o is =c$ also to admit t he is ! fir/ s9ce ,%akespe>e4 ,:at h we _h 9 drama s9ce ,%akespe>e8 ,a numb] ( classical or pseudo-,%akespe>ean v]se plays1 mo/ ( !m extremely dre>y1 f ,addison to ,sw9burne1 ! brilliant b tawdry com$y ( intrigue ( ! ,re/oration1 ! lat] eighte5?-c5tury society com$y ( ,goldsmi? & ,%]idan1 & ! mod]n draw+-room dramas ( ,%aw & ,wilde--to none ( :i* ! t]m great c prop]ly be appli$4 ,a /udy ( ! causes ( ! decay ( ! drama w\ld be a mo/ int]e/+ "o1 b ! topic is too l>ge & too difficult to be attempt$ 9 a %ort pap]4 ,suffice x to say1 t ,synge appe>$ to believe t ! mod]n drama suff]$ f two ma9 defects4 ,ei!r x lack$ reality1 or x lack$ poetry4 ,! drama :i* 0 imag9ative & poetical 0 ali5 f real life1 ! drama :i* attempt$ a reali/ic picture ( life 0 flat & joyless & anaemic4 ,accord+ to ?is idea two ma9 ?+s 7 necess>y to a re-creation ( ! drama4 ,fir/1 ! type ( life 9 :i* !re /ill rema9$ "s vig\r1 col\r1 & poetry2 :]e conv5tion _h n cru%$ out all elem5tal emotions & produc$ a b>r5 artificial uni=mity2 secondly1 an arti/ic language by :i* t life might be express$4 ,synge f\nd bo? ^! requisites among ! ,iri% peasantry ( ,connem>a & ! ,aran ,isl&s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bickley's books we le>n h[ ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats f\nd ,synge4 ,synge 0 !n tw5ty-six4 ,he _h w&]$ among p ^: life is z picturesque z t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 play+ 8 fiddle to ,italian sailors & li/5+ to /ories 9 ,bav>ian woods1 b life _h ca/ no light into 8 writ+s4 ,foll[+ ,yeats' advice1 ,synge left ,france & w5t to live at ,aran1 a gr\p ( /ony isl&s at ! entrance ( ,galway ,bay4 ,!re he liv$ ! peasants' life1 le>n$ _! language & discov]$ 8 own possibilities4 ,9 ! ,aran peasants he f\nd a p ) an imag9ation1 fi]y & magnific5t & t5d]1 & at ! same "t ) ! elem5tal emotions /rongly 9 evid5ce1 a j mixture ( ,god & brute4 ,synge f\nd spl5did mat]ial = a drama at once human & beautiful2 9 _! language1 ,engli% spok5 by m5 :o ?\ght 9 ,gaelic1 t is1 ,engli% col\r$ by ,celtic imag9ation1 he f\nd 8 m$ium ( expression4 ,! result 0 ! half-doz5 plays :i* w probably survive mo/ ( ! o!r writ+ ( ?is g5]ation4 ,to f9d ! ,irel& ( romance1 ,synge return$ aga9 & aga9 to ,aran1 to ,k]ry & to ! ,blaskets4 ,he 0 a drift+1 sil5t man1 full ( hidd5 passion1 & lov$ wild isl&s1 because !re1 set out 9 ! light ( day1 he saw :at lay hidd5 9 himself4 ,he lik$ to ent] ! h\ses ( ! p & sit quietly li/5+ to _! talk4 ,9 ! dialect ( ,aran ! cad5ce is long & m$itative z befits ! ?\ght ( m5 :o are mu* alone1 & :o1 :5 !y meet 9 ea* o!r's h\ses--z is _! way at ! day's end--li/5 pati5tly1 ea* man speak+ 9 turn = "s little "t1 & tak+ pleasure 9 ! vagu] mean+ ( ! words & 9 _! s\nds4 ,_! ?\ght1 :5 n m]ely practical1 is z full ( traditional wisdom & extravagant pictures z "s ,aes*ylean *orus4 ,synge wrote d[n words & phrases :]ev] he w5t1 & f\nd ! ,iri% dialect s ri* a ?+ t he _h begun translat+ into x fragm5ts ( ! great lit]atures ( ! _w & _h plann$ a complete v]sion ( ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,he atta*$ great importance to ! discov]y ( ?is dramatic dialect4 ,9 ,synge's plays is n to be f\nd any def9ite philosophy2 he 0 t r>e/ ( ?+s--a pure arti/4 ,he loves all t has edge1 all t is salt 9 ! m\?1 all t is r\gh to ! h&1 all t height5s ! emotions by contra/1 all t /+s into life ! s5se ( trag$y4 ,all 8 plays1 except ! beautiful ,deirdre1 9 :i* he goes back to ,iri% leg5d = 8 plot1 deal ) mod]n peasant life 9 ,irel&1 & range f ! rollick+ com$y ( ! ,t9k]'s ,w$d+1 ?r\gh ! irony ( ! ,playboy ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1 & ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,gl51 to ! pure & magnific5t trag$y ( ,rid]s to ! ,sea4 ,i %all nev] =get ! impression made ^u me by ! latt] play :5 ,i saw x act$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,abbey ,!atre 9 ,dubl91 act$ z only ! ,iri% play]s c act x4 ,i h se5 x (t5 s9ce1 & nev] )\t be+ deeply /irr$1 b t fir/ p]=mance 0 a revelation & op5$ up a new _w ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,rid]s to ! ,sea is a %ort1 simple1 "o-act play1 tak+1 p]haps1 tw5ty m9utes to act2 b 9 t tw5ty m9utes ! spectator plunges deep into ! my/]y & trag$y ( life1 be=e him black & bottomless dep?s ( suff]+2 he becomes aw>e ( ,de/9y hov]+1 a grim unse5 pres5ce1 ov] ! little lives ( m54 ,! backgr\nd ( ! little play is ! va/ remorseless sea1 & ov] x broods ,et]nity4 ,,dick5s ,,& ,,?ack]ay ,an ,essay f\nd among ,pr(essor ,bateman's e>ly pap]s ,to attempt any?+ l an adequate discussion ( two lit]>y giants l ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay 9 a %ort pap] ( ?is k9d is l und]tak+ to empty ,niag>a ) a qu>t pot4 ,x is obvi\s t ,i c hope to d no m ?an indicate 9 a r sket*y way "s ( ! ma9 po9ts ( diff]5ce & resemblance 9 our two au?ors4 ,9 do+ s ,i %all naturally pay some:at m att5tion to ,dick5s ?an to ,?ack]ay4 ,) ! exception ( ,esmond1 ,?ack]ay's "w is all v mu* ( ! same k9d1 & displays a consid]ably small] degree ( v>iety & v]satility ?an t ( ,dick5s4 ,"o requires less guidance = an intellig5t appreciation ( ,?ack]ay ?an = an intellig5t appreciation ( ,dick5s4 ,! m]its ( ,?ack]ay's "w are easily se5 & easily def9$2 a recognition ( !m is l>gely a matt] ( reason1 & c confid5tly be expect$ f any intellig5t read]4 ,b ,dick5s is an au?or mu* m difficult to und]/&4 ,8 faults z well z 8 m]its are gigantic2 b !n he frequ5tly gets cr$it = faults :i* are n !re1 & sometimes ev5 "s ( 8 greate/ m]its are con/ru$ z faults4 ,! true appreciation ( ,dick5s requires a l>g] ex]cise ( ! imag9ation ?an 9 ! case ( ,?ack]ay4 ,9 o!r words1 x is m a matt] ( feel+ ?an ( reason4 ,ask _m a lov] ( ,dick5s to give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 him1 & he may f9d x difficult to satisfy y4 ,take1 = example1 ,dick5s's humor\s *>act]s4 ,!re are "s :o _c be got to admit t ,mr4 ,toots1 ,sim ,tapp]tit1 ,sairey ,gamp1 & o!rs ( t ilk are div9ely humor\s & inspir$ creations2 "s w only admit t at be/ !y are b excell5t fool+2 o!rs w ev5 *>act]ize !m z m]e buffoon]y4 ,x is an inf]ior class ( m9d1 h[ev]1 :i* rejects ! abnormal m]ely on acc\nt ( its abnormality1 & votes ! improbable impossible1 because x fails to fit 9 ) previ\sly conceiv$ ideas ( "r & wrong4 ,criticism is useless 9 ! case ( p :o hold su* a view4 ,i may ass]t1 ) all ! =ce ( :i* ,i am capable1 t ,mr4 ,toots is ! be/ ?+ 9 ,dombey2 t age _c )] ,sairey ,gamp any m ?an ,cleopatra1 & t %e w blossom 9 p]5nial fre%ness :ile ! language endures2 b if y ask me = a reason1 ,i c give none4 ,x is no m possible to give a reason = lik+ ,sairey ,gamp ?an = dislik+ ,dr4 ,fell4 ,we c enjoy ) ,?ack]ay ! skilful dissection ( a "* l t ( ,becky ,%>p1 & p5etrate ) him ! inn]mo/ recesses ( h] mighty little s\l2 b ,dick5s himself c\ld n h p5etrat$ ! secret ( ! composition ( ,sairey ,gamp4 ,9 h] pres5ce criticism is dumb4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to /& 9 humble & rev]5t admiration & satisfy ourselves ) exclaim+1 ,behold1 x is v good4 ,i %all return aga9 to ?is po9t ( *>act]ization1 b ,i mu/ n[ say some?+ ( ! position held by ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! novel4 ,?\gh und\bt$ly ! two greate/ noveli/s ( ! ,e>ly ,victorian s*ool1 ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay are alike 9 ex]cis+ v little app>5t influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! contempor>y novel ( mann]s4 ,!y bo? look back r ?an =w>d4 ,!y set ! cr[n & consummation on ! "w ( ! e>ly eighte5?-c5tury gr\p ( writ]s4 ,dick5s d]ives f ,smollett1 & ,?ack]ay f ,field+4 ,:5 ,dick5s z a boy discov]$ 9 an old g>ret t preci\s pile ( du/y eighte5?-c5tury books1 ,p]egr9e ,pickle1 ,humphrey ,cl9k] & ! re/1 :i* he absorb$ ) su* lov+ eag]ness1 he little ?\ght t he 0 de/9$ to be a second & a great] ,smollett4 ,! *>act]i/ic type ( ,engli% novel 0 def9$ by ,ri*>dson1 ,field+1 & _! s*ool at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x aim$ at a dramatic repres5tation ( contempor>y life & mann]s2 x took1 9 fact1 ! place ( ! drama z ! popul> =m ( lit]ature4 ,) ! decay ( ! ,field+ novel came a reaction1 & oppos$ to ! lu/y & vivid realism ( ,tom ,jones & ,humphrey ,cl9k] we get ! %am m$iaevalism1 ! dungeon-keeps1 ! e*o+ *amb]s1 ! holl[-voic$ spectres1 & ! absurd s5tim5t ( ,horace ,walpole's ,ca/le ( ,otranto1 & its imitators4 ,?is 0 a sort ( side /ream 9 ! hi/ory ( ! novel1 :i* nev]!less creat$ ! ta/e = hi/orical romance1 f$ lat] by ! novels ( ,scott4 ,scott /&s ap>t f ! ma9 /ream ( ,engli% fiction1 ?\gh 8 /yle ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce on lat] noveli/s4 ,aft] ! m$iaeval relapse1 ! contempor>y novel ( mann]s 0 cont9u$ at ! end ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by ,fanny ,burney & ,jane ,au/54 ,! latt] di$ 9 #ahag2 betwe5 #ahad & #ahcb ,scott's novels fill ! field ( fiction2 & !n1 betwe5 ab\t #ahce & #ahfj1 come ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay ) _! contempor>ies1 ( :om p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable 7 ,lytton & ,disraeli4 ,9 none ( ^! writ]s1 h[ev]1 mu/ we look = ! f\ndation ( ! *>act]i/ic ,victorian novel--! novel ( ,george ,eliot & ,george ,m]$i?4 ,! f\nd] ( t novel 0 ,*>lotte ,bront4 ,h] ,jane ,eyre & ,?ack]ay's ,vanity ,fair 7 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 #ahdh1 & 7 review$ toge!r 9 a fam\s numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly4 ,! two works repres5t two di/9ct s*ools ( fiction4 ,betwe5 ! ,dick5s-,?ack]ay novel & ! ,bront-,eliot novel !re is a great gulf fix$4 ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay /& out f _! "t l two solit>y giants4 ,p]haps n[ x might be well to rem9d y briefly ( ! ma9 facts 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! two m54 ,dick5s's fir/ great "w1 ,pickwick1 appe>$ 9 #ahcg1 five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,scott4 ,x 0 at once receiv$ ) acclamation4 ,8 next book1 ,oliv] ,twi/1 ?\gh x mu/ h come z a sort ( %ock aft] ,pickwick1 did n /em ! tide ( appreciation4 ,l ,oliv] himself1 e "o 0 soon ask+ = m4 ,!y did n ask 9 va94 ,dur+ ! next two decades1 ! =ties & fifties1 ,dick5s p\r$ =? novel aft] novel ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,pickwick1 ,sam ,well]1 ,fag91 ,sque]s1 ,micawb] soon became h\sehold words4 ,dick5s won a popul>ity ( :i* we c =m no true conception4 ,!re has be5 no?+ l x 9 our "t4 ,engl& & ,am]ica 7 tak5 by /orm2 ev5 ,france 0 infect$ ) ! prevail+ en?usiasm4 ,dur+ ! days ( ,dick5s' e>ly popul>ity a clev] "y man _h be5 mak+ a "n = himself z a humori/ & satiri/ 9 ! pages ( ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,pun*1 & simil> j\rnals4 ,?is 0 ,william ,makepeace ,?ack]ay4 ,9 #ahch1 ! ye> aft] ,pickwick1 ,?ack]ay began a s]ies kn[n z ! ,yell[ ,plu% ,pap]s2 dur+ ! next t5 ye>s he produc$ a great v>iety ( j\rnali/ic "w1 %ort /ories1 sket*es & essays1 & wrote1 9 addition1 two satirical novels1 ,ca!r9e & ,b>ry ,lyndon4 ,9 #ahdh he bur/ on ! _w z a great noveli/ ) ,vanity ,fair1 & )9 t5 ye>s m he _h publi%$ ,p5d5nis1 ,esmond1 ,! ,newcomes1 & ,! ,virg9ians4 ,?is br+s u up to #ahei4 ,by t ye> ,dick5s _h produc$ 8 be/ "w2 ,?ack]ay _h only f\r m ye>s to live2 & he 0 foll[$ to ! grave by ,dick5s 9 #ahgj4 ,f ?is acc\nt x is app>5t t ,dick5s made a mu* bigg] /ir ?an ,?ack]ay 9 ! contempor>y lit]>y _w4 ,he 0 ! levia?an :o frolick$ at w 9 ! sea ( popul> appreciation4 ,?ack]ay 0 a mu* small] fi%4 ,consid]+ ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay fir/ /rictly z noveli/s1 we f9d a po9t ( resemblance 9 ! fact t1 f ! po9t ( view ( =m1 !y are bo? uncommonly bad noveli/s4 ,a good novel1 l any o!r "w ( art1 mu/ h "s unity ab\t x4 ,! incid5ts mu/ n be bundl$ 9 pell-mell1 b mu/ all contribute to ! work+ out ( "s c5tral idea or situation4 ,!n we mu/ h an elem5t ( romance1 & ?is ought to regulate ! subord9ation ( ! *>act]s4 ,! *>act]s 9 e romance are ess5tially ?ree1 z ,*e/]ton puts x1 ,/4 ,george1 ! ,pr9cess1 & ! ,dragon2 t is1 ,/4 ,george1 some?+ t loves & fights2 ! ,pr9cess1 some?+ t is lov$ & f\ght =2 :ile ! ,dragon repres5ts ! opposition4 ,o!r *>act]s besides ^! ?ree !re may & mu/ be1 b !y s]ve z m]e ma*9]y or sc5]y z f> z ! romance is conc]n$4 ,n[ let u consid] ! novels ( ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay f ^! po9ts ( view4 ,z reg>ds incid5t !y are almo/ :olly lack+ 9 unity4 ,we _c exactly d5y !m plots4 ,!y develop /ories & int]e/+ /ories1 b x is n an ord]ly developm5t4 ,dick5s /r+s 8 incid5ts toge!r almo/ haphaz>d1 & s1 to a l>ge ext5t1 does ,?ack]ay4 7,by ! way1 9 ^! rem>ks on ,?ack]ay ,i d n include ,esmond1 :i* is magnific5t1 b is n really ,?ack]ay47 ,9 ! great] "p ( 8 writ+ ,dick5s _h no c5tral aim or motive 9 view2 he wrote1 s to speak1 f h& to m\?4 ,mo/ ( 8 books 9 fact 7 writt5 = p]iodicals 9 mon?ly p>ts1 & x is safe to say t nobody1 & lea/ ( all ,dick5s himself1 knew exactly :at a mon? w\ld br+ =?4 ,i am "h aga9 speak+ g5]ally2 !re are "s exceptions1 notably ! ,tale ( ,two ,cities--:i* /&s almo/ z mu* ap>t f ! re/ ( ,dick5s's "w z ,esmond does f ! re/ ( ,?ack]ay's--& ! unf9i%$ ,edw9 ,drood4 ,( ,?ack]ay we may say t he may h _h "s c5tral aim or motive 9 8 novels1 b if s1 he paid little att5tion to x1 & did n all[ x to imp$e 8 rambl+ progress 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,we may take x1 !n1 z g5]ally true t ! novels ( ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay are r\gh-hewn & sometimes %apeless4 ,9 ! case ( ,dick5s ?is *>act]i/ic seldom annoys1 b x is o!rwise ) ,?ack]ay4 ,i d\bt1 = example1 if !re is anyone "h :o has read & enjoy$ e ^w ( t fe>fully digressive & dropsical novel1 ,! ,newcomes4 ,aga91 z reg>ds *>act]s1 9 nei!r noveli/ d we get an ord]ly subord9ation4 ,dick5s1 p]haps1 is ! wor/ (f5d] 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ,?ack]ay1 ! h]o & h]o9e are usually 9 a s5se ! mo/ important p]sonages1 ?\gh cr[ds ( p]sonages :o h really no?+ to d ) ! /ory bulk v l>gely1 & ?\gh 9 ,vanity ,fair !re is no h]o at all4 ,b 9 ,dick5s1 ! p]sonages :o ought to be mo/ important h frequ5tly v little to d ) ! novel4 ,z a rule1 ! lead+ *>act]s1 h]o1 h]o9e1 & villa91 are lifeless & un9t]e/+1 & only s]ve to connect loosely a great am\nt ( /rictly second>y matt]4 ,! really important *>act]s 9 ,dick5s are ! unimportant ones1 ^? :o are introduc$ en passant1 & :o might z well be any:]e else z f> z ! /ory is conc]n$4 ,9 ,ni*olas ,nickleby ,ni*olas himself does n int]e/ me1 nei!r does 8 si/]1 nei!r d ,madel9e ,bray & ,mr4 ,bray1 nei!r does ,ralph ,nickleby4 ,! p :o d int]e/ me are p l ,mrs4 ,nickleby1 ,mantal9i1 ! ,sque]s family1 ! ,k5wigs1 & ,v9c5t ,crummies4 ,9 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit ! lea/ important "* is ,m>t9 himself1 b 8 life s]ves z a /r+ ^u :i* are hung ,pecksniff1 ,todg]'s ,bo>d+ ,h\se & all t !re9 01 ,*evy ,slime1 ,esq41 ,sairey ,gamp1 ,betsy ,prigg1 ,mr4 ,m\ld1 ,elijah ,pogram1 & _m o!rs 9 ^: company !re is endless delight4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 might j z well h be5 hung on ! /r+ ( ,ni*olas ,nickleby or ,david ,copp]field or ,bleak ,h\se or almo/ any ( ! o!r books4 ,simil>ly all ?r\gh4 ,9 ,dombey ,flor5ce is a non5tity1 ,walt] ,gay is a non5tity1 ,dombey himself is a made "*1 well-made1 b n creat$4 ,9 ,david ,copp]field ,david beg9s by be+ a reality1 b tails (f into an ab/raction4 ,9 ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities ,d>nay does n exi/1 & ,lucie ,manette only b>ely exi/s4 ,9 bo? ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay1 9 fact1 ! romantic elem5t is really subord9ate1 9 ,dick5s v mu* s2 & 9 nei!r writ] d ,/4 ,george1 ! ,pr9cess1 & ! ,dragon ev] become all-important4 ,bo? writ]s1 9 fact1 are to be judg$ piece-meal1 z creators ( situations & *>act]s1 r ?an 9 ! bulk z creators ( novels4 ,! keynote ( ! "w ( bo? our au?ors 0 /ruck 9 two ( _! fir/ works ( any note4 ,9 #ahdh ,?ack]ay publi%$ 9 ,pun* ! s]ies ( pap]s entitl$ ! ,book ( ,snobs1 :i* m>ks 8 d$ication to ! especial task ( unmask+ ! pret5ce & %am :i* und]lay ! :ole ( ,engli% public & private life4 ,8 def9ition ( ! ^w snob 0 compreh5sive4 ,! snob1 says ,?ack]ay1 is a *ild ( ari/ocratical societies4 ,p]*$ on 8 /ep ( ! long social ladd]1 he respects ! man on ! /ep above & despises ! man on ! /ep bel[1 )\t enquir+ :at !y are wor?1 solely on acc\nt ( _! position2 9 8 inn]mo/ he>t he f9ds x natural to kiss ! boots ( ! fir/1 & to kick ! second4 ,/>t+ ) ?is def9ition1 ,?ack]ay la%$ unsp>+ly all classes ( society f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4 ,he discov]$ & unmask$ snobs ( all descriptions1 *ur* snobs1 milit>y snobs1 lit]>y snobs1 c\ntry snobs1 political snobs1 ,cont95tal snobs4 ,9 ?is book ,?ack]ay appe>s z ! cau/ic satiri/ ( e sort ( social hypocrisy1 & ?is "* he ma9ta9s 9 8 novels4 ,p5d5nis1 ,vanity ,fair1 & ,! ,newcomes are l>gely ,books ( ,snobs work$ into ! =m ( novels4 ,dick5s's fir/ important "w 0 8 ,sket*es by ,boz1 a s]ies ( pap]s 9 :i* he describes v>i\s aspects & phases ( ! life ( ! ,engli% l[] middle class4 ,?\gh some:at crude 9 /yle & occasionally ev5 vulg> 9 tone1 ^! pap]s are seldom completely commonplace1 & _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! mature ,dick5s c be disc]n$ !re 9 embryo4 ,!y h a di/9ction ( mann] & a sugge/ion ( creative p[] :i* is unmi/akable1 & !y m>k ! d$ication ( ,dick5s to 8 especial task1 ! sympa!tic ?\gh exagg]at$ pa9t+ ( ! poor] middle classes4 ,:ile ,?ack]ay took 8 /& on ! univ]sal %am & corruption ( our social sy/em1 la%+ hypocrisy & %[+ up ! rott5ness :i* lay hidd5 b5ea? ! :it$ sepul*res ( society1 ,dick5s reveal$ ! treasures :i* 7 buri$ b5ea? ! rubbi%-heap designat$ z ! poor] middle classes4 ,j z ,?ack]ay's novels are glorifi$ ,books ( ,snobs1 s ,dick5s's novels are1 = ! mo/ "p1 glorifi$ ,sket*es by ,boz4 ,8 e>ly works1 ?\gh call$ novels1 are undisguis$ly a s]ies ( sket*es loosely /rung toge!r4 ,pickwick1 ( c\rse1 is absolutely episodic4 ,x 0 begun to supply ! lett]press to a s]ies ( draw+s by a popul> arti/1 & :5 ,dick5s comm5c$ he _h no aim except to get 8 *>act]s into su* amus+ situations z w\ld af=d scope to ! illu/rator4 ,z ! book goes on1 h[ev]1 x beg9s to get hold ( ,dick5s1 & ! *ange is se5 especially 9 ! "* ( ,pickwick1 :o beg9s z an eld]ly crank ab\t :om ,dick5s does n c>e a jot1 b develops into "o ( ! mo/ lovable old g5tlem5 ( fiction4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact rema9s t ,pickwick has n ! remote/ ve/ige ( a plot1 & c by no /ret* ( ! imag9ation be call$ a novel4 ,aga91 ,oliv] ,twi/1 z ,*e/]ton rem>ks1 is really n a novel1 & might1 )\t los+ mu*1 h be5 publi%$ z a s]ies ( pap]s entitl$ ,! ,workh\se1 ,a ,?ieves' ,d51 & s on4 ,ni*olas ,nickleby might simil>ly h be5 publi%$ z a s]ies ( pap]s entitl$ ,a ,york%ire ,s*ool1 ,a ,prov9cial ,!atre1 & s on4 ,! fact t all ^! sket*es are /rung toge!r on ! lives ( ^? %ad[y p]sonages ,oliv] ,twi/ & ,ni*olas ,nickleby does n at all affect _! real "*4 ,aft] ,ni*olas ,nickleby ! books beg9 to lose1 to "s ext5t1 ?is sket*9ess1 t is1 ! episodes are m closely & skilfully int]wov5 into a connect$ :ole1 b /ill ,dick5s1 ! noveli/1 nev] q em]ges f ,boz1 ! essayi/4 ,^! rem>ks ab\t ,dick5s naturally lead me to say some?+ ab\t ! developm5t ( our two au?ors4 ,ab\t ,?ack]ay ,i _c say v mu*4 ,by ! "t he em]ges f ! und]curr5t ( j\rnali/ic "w1 all ! ess5tials ( ! mature ,?ack]ay seem almo/ fully develop$4 ,b>ry ,lyndon is almo/ z mature 9 /yle z ,vanity ,fair4 ,vanity ,fair itself1 ,?ack]ay's fir/ "w ( importance1 is also 8 greate/ "w4 ,t is1 in/ead ( work+ up to a climax z a noveli/1 ,?ack]ay began at ! top & work$ d[nw>ds4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ rememb] t :5 he wrote x he _h rea*$ ! age ( ?irty-sev54 ,! subsequ5t novels1 ) ! exception ( ,esmond1 m>k a det]ioration1 & n an advance4 ,i mu/ "h make a slight digression to speak ( ,esmond4 ,into ?is brilliant hi/orical pat* ,?ack]ay ?rew all 8 great k (1 & love =1 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 soak$ 9 eighte5?-c5tury lit]ature & hi/ory--witness 8 ,f\r ,georges & ,engli% ,hum\ri/s2 & 9 ,esmond he assum$ ) consummate skill ! eighte5?-c5tury mann]4 ,9 ?is novel ,?ack]ay ca/s (f completely 8 mask ( cynicism1 & appe>s z a man ( noble feel+ & deep sympa?y1 :o c\ld write a poli%$1 pure1 & /raight=w>d ,engli% /yle4 ,we feel1 h[ev]1 t ! book is aft] all only a brilliant freak1 & t ! real ,?ack]ay is ! cynical1 ! satirical1 & ! cau/ic ,?ack]ay ( ,vanity ,fair4 ,esmond /&s to ! re/ ( ,?ack]ay's "w some:at 9 ! relation ( ,romola to ,george ,eliot's o!r novels4 ,9 bo? ! atmosph]e is artificial1 ! result ( long & c>eful /udy1 & 9 bo? ! deception is s p]fect t ! artificiality is almo/ impossible to detect4 ,9 two ( 8 novels ,dick5s took hi/orical subjects1 namely 9 ,b>naby ,rudge & ! ,tale ( ,two ,cities4 ,! latt] is ! acme ( ,dick5s's atta9m5ts 9 ! descriptive /yle1 & is p]haps m re/ra9$ & arti/ic ?an any ( 8 o!r works4 ,9 brilliant imag9ation & vivid repres5tation ( an hi/orical phase he m ?an equals ,?ack]ay1 ?\gh 8 novel falls %ort ( ,esmond 9 *>act]ization4 ,esmond1 ,beatrix1 & ,lady ,ca/lewood are mu* bett] ?an ,d>nay1 ,lucie1 & ! ,doctor1 ?\gh ,sidney ,c>ton1 p]haps1 is z f9e z any?+ 9 ,?ack]ay4 ,to return to ! "q ( developm5t1 we may say t ,?ack]ay's /yle 0 fully develop$ dur+ 8 c>e] z a j\rnali/1 essayi/1 & writ] ( %ort /ories1 & t we f9d its culm9at+ po9t 9 ,vanity ,fair4 ,9 ! case ( ,dick5s1 h[ev]1 we c trace a well-m>k$1 if rapid1 advance4 ,sket*es by ,boz are di/9ctly crude4 ,pickwick ,pap]s are a />tl+ advance on "o side ( ,dick5s's art4 ,we f9d 9 !m ! vig\r1 v]satility1 & exub]ance ( a y\?ful & trem5d\s imag9ation4 ,!y display inexhau/ible res\rce & gigantic hum\r4 ,dick5s lavi%$ en\gh g5ius on !m to d t5 ord9>y m5 = a lifetime1 & yet he did x ) p]fect ease4 ,we feel t he enjoy$ himself 9 writ+ !m1 t he revell$ 9 ! task4 ,e "*1 d[n to ! smalle/1 lives4 ,mr4 ,john ,swank] & ,mr4 ,cyrus ,bantam1 = example1 are z real to u z ,mr4 ,sam ,well] & ,mr4 ,pickwick4 ,pickwick is "o ( ! greate/ ( humor\s portraits 9 lit]ature4 ,x is z great z ! ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,x is wond]ful t a "y writ] :o 9 ,sket*es by ,boz _h only be5 feel+ 8 way %\ld1 at "o b\nd1 rea* ! height ( excell5ce :i* we f9d 9 ,pickwick4 ,! incid5ts are commonplace en\gh4 ,! jokes are ! sort ( jokes :i* are /ill ! /ock-9-trade ( ! ha'p5ny comic--jokes ab\t mo!rs-9-law1 r$-nos$ curates1 & fall+ on ! ice1 ab\t gett+ drunk1 & fight+1 & fatness1 & sitt+ ^u "o's hat4 ,b :at a diff]5ce betwe5 ! treatm5t ( ,dick5s & t ( ! un9spir$ humori/s4 ,pickwick1 h[ev]1 z ,i h said1 repres5ts only "o side ( ,dick5s's art1 b p]haps ! greate/ side1 ! humor\s del9eation ( "*4 ,!re is z yet no trace ( ,dick5s ! noveli/ 7= by no /ret* ( ! imag9ation c ,pickwick be call$ a novel71 ( ,dick5s ! ma/] ( pa?os1 ( ,dick5s ! descriptive arti/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd 9 ,pickwick traces ( a y\?ful phase 9 ,dick5s's "*1 a some:at morbid lean+ t[>ds ! horrible & crim9al1 aft]w>ds ton$ d[n & correct$ by 8 /rong common s5se1 b nev] :olly abs5t4 ,?is trait is to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! %ort /ories ins]t$ 9 ,pickwick1 notably ,! ,madman's ,tale4 ,! latt] /ory might h s]v$ z a w>n+ to "s v disc]n+ critic ( ! />tl+ *ange to be f\nd 9 ,dick5s's next book1 ,oliv] ,twi/4 ,9 ?is "w ! lavi% hum\r ( ,pickwick dw9dles d[n to v small proportions1 & is decid$ly ov]weigh$ by ! horrible & morbid4 ,! murd] ( ,nancy & ! dea? ( ,bill ,sykes are only equall$ = vivid awfulness a c\ple ( times 9 ,dick5s's lat] books1 notably 9 ,bleak ,h\se & 9 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit4 ,9 ,oliv] ,twi/ appe>s a new elem5t :i* 0 to take a prom95t place 9 ,dick5s's future "w1 ! elem5t ( social re=m4 ,social re=m _h already produc$ ! workh\se4 ,dick5s />t$ 8 re=m by attack+ ! workh\se4 ,b ,dick5s is n yet a noveli/4 ,! romantic elem5t is abs5t 9 ,oliv] ,twi/2 ! h]o is only a *ild4 ,x 0 9 8 f\r? book1 ,ni*olas ,nickleby1 t we f9d ,dick5s def9itely decid+ to write romance4 ,accord+ly he introduces an impossibly good ,/4 ,george1 ?r[s 9 a ,pr9cess & a ,dragon half-way ?r\gh = 8 b5efit1 & tries to make an or?odox novel4 ,he succe$s1 h[ev]1 9 mak+ only a v poor imitation ( "o4 ,ni*olas himself is a hopelessly badly-drawn "*2 & 9 fact ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ! /ory t ,dick5s tries to be def9itely romantic & or?odox he s9ks bel[ ! level ( ! ha'p5ny novelette4 ,9 8 next book1 ,! ,old ,curiosity ,%op 7#ahdj71 he almo/ ab&ons 8 good int5tions =m$ ) ,ni*olas ,nickleby1 & we return to ! realm ( sket*es & sket*9ess4 ,he is progress+1 h[ev]1 9 ! use ( =cible & re/ra9$ language4 ,b>naby ,rudge 7#ahda7 is spl5did ( its k9d1 ! be/ bit ( actual writ+ ,dick5s _h yet done1 ?\gh x is r a s]ies ( brilliant pictures ?an an or?odox novel4 ,! h]o is an idiot1 b nev]!less n s idiotic z 0 ,ni*olas ,nickleby4 ,9 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit 7#ahdd7 we get an attempt at romance4 ,m>t9 is a h]o a little m life-l ?an ! mu*-abus$ ,ni*olas4 ,9 ?is book ,dick5s's p[]s ( satire come out at _! be/ 9 8 pictures ( ,am]ican society1 & 8 p[] ( humor\s *>act]ization is also at its height 9 ,pecksniff1 ,sairey ,gamp1 & _m ( ! m9or *>act]s4 ,! melodramatic side ( ,dick5s's art un=tunately comes out unpleasantly /rong 9 ! description ( old ,*uzzlewit & 8 hopeful son1 ,jonas4 ,at ?is po9t all ,dick5s's *>act]i/ic traits may be said to be fully develop$4 ,f ?is "t1 except 9 ,david ,copp]field1 :i* m>ks ! culm9ation ( 8 p[]s1 & 9 ! ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 !re is a di/9ct decl9e4 ,dombey is 9 p>ts magnific5t1 b a sort ( gloom hangs ov] mo/ ( ! book1 reliev$ only by su* bright pat*es z ,mr4 ,toots1 ,bunsby1 & ,susan ,nipp]4 ,major ,bag/ock is ! mo/ unpleasant ( ,dick5s's humor\s *>act]s4 ,9 ?is novel ,dick5s trespass$ on ,?ack]ay's pres]ves ) disa/r\s results4 ,8 attempt$ satire on fa%ionable society & fa%ionable m>riages1 9 ! ,cleopatra-,edi?-,c>k] episodes1 %\ld be comp>$ ) ,?ack]ay's treatm5t ( a simil> subject 9 ,! ,newcomes4 ,/ill1 !re is no?+ crude ab\t ! /yle ( ,dombey2 x has ! /r5g? & =ce ( maturity4 ,aft] ,david ,copp]field1 :i* is kn[n & lov$ by e "o1 & :i* is ! mo/ purely natural & :olly lovable ( ,dick5s's books1 we get a s]ies ( :at may be call$ spl5did failures 9 ,bleak ,h\se1 ,little ,dorrit1 ,h>d ,times1 ,our ,mutual ,fri5d1 & ,great ,expectations4 ,!y all conta9 magnific5t pat*es1 b !y fail to impress "o l ! e>li] books4 ,x is "s "t n[ s9ce ,i read ,bleak ,h\se1 & ,i mu/ say ,i h v fa9t recollections ( ! great] "p ( x1 :]eas ! e>li] works are un=gettable4 ,proce$+ n[ to a consid]ation ( ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay z humori/s1 we may say1 9 a g5]al way1 t ,?ack]ay's hum\r is l>gely incid5tal to 8 /yle1 :]eas ! hum\r is ! v root & gr\ndwork ( ,dick5s's be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic writ+4 ,x is difficult to def9e hum\r1 b x seems to me t x consi/s1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 an unexpect$ ov]?r[ ( ! /rictly logical4 ,mr4 ,micawb]1 ! weak & fooli%1 ! obvi\s failure 9 life1 logically ought to be ! mo/ despair+ & mis]able ( m54 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t s f> f h>b\r+ self-contempt1 ,mr4 ,micawb] has a self-confid5ce :i* no?+ c de/roy1 & t s f> f retir+ ) disgu/ f a _w :i* (f]s him no?+ b kicks1 he has ! mo/ *ildlike fai? 9 8 ultimate acquirem5t ( unlimit$ halfp5ce1 /rikes u z be+ su* a curi\s & bless$ rev]sal ( ! logical ord] ( ?+s t we are pleas$ ) ,mr4 ,micawb]4 ,in/ead ( despis+ him1 we love him4 ,micawb] is und\bt$ly a fool4 ,ne>ly all ,dick5s's great *>act]s are fools4 ,!y are p]sons :om we %\ld avoid 9 real life2 b ! gospel ( ,dick5s1 z ,*e/]ton says1 is to suff] fools gladly4 ,e in/ant we neglect a great fool m]ely because he is fooli%4 ,e day we neglect ,tootses & ,swivell]s1 ,guppys & ,jobl+s4 ,e day we are miss+ a mon/] :om we might love1 & an imbecile :om we %\ld c]ta9ly admire4 ,! hum\r ( ,dick5s took ! failures ( life & turn$ !m into successes4 ,true hum\r is seldom f> sep>at$ f pa?os1 & ) ,dick5s1 ev5 :ile we laugh1 we pity & we love4 ,) ,?ack]ay we laugh1 b z a rule we d n love nor pity1 we despise4 ,! elem5t ( pa?os is 9 g5]al abs5t f ,?ack]ay's hum\r2 h5ce x is n really true hum\r at all2 x is an inv]t$ way ( look+ at ?+s :i* /rikes u z be+ funny4 ,b ! critic is always ) ,?ack]ay1 hidd5 b5ea? ! humori/4 ,x is impossible = him to produce a lovable fool1 = x is impossible = him to conceal ! fact t he kn[s 8 "* is a fool1 & despises him accord+ly4 ,take ,jos4 ,s$ley 9 ,vanity ,fair4 ,! big ,anglo-,indian 0 j ! /uff ( :i* a good ,dick5s's "* is made4 ,he is j ! "r sort ( fool4 ,b ,?ack]ay goes out ( 8 way to make him z contemptible z he is laughable1 & 9 ! end we are extremely glad to be rid ( ,mr4 ,jos4 ,9 o!r words1 ) ,?ack]ay ! hum\r is ne>ly always ov]weigh$ by ! satire4 ,?ack]ay is always consid]$ z a satiri/ p> excell5ce4 ,b ,dick5s also is a satiri/ ( ano!r & p]haps a m effective k9d4 ,?ack]ay's satire is ! ke51 cold1 pitiless dissection ( a surgeon4 ,he lays b>e e motive1 e contemptible little spr+ ( action4 ,he tries1 inde$1 by 8 humor\s mann] to conv9ce u t he is n all ! "t desp]ately 9 e>ne/1 b beh9d x all we feel ! prea*] w>n+ u1 hold+ up examples = u1 implor+ u n to be or d likewise4 ,9 ! "* ( ,mr4 ,osborne1 = example1 we h ! city magnate1 self-made & able1 b ! slave ( money4 ,he is "u ! impression t money c make up = ! vulg>ity & co>s5ess ( :i* he is vaguely consci\s4 ,:5 poor ,s$ley1 8 old fri5d1 is brok51 he ca/s him (f )\t pity2 along ) ,s$ley's money1 all 8 value 9 ,osborne's eyes _h disappe>$4 ,! latt] lavi%$ 8 weal? 9 try+ to make 8 son a g5tleman1 & ! result is t mis]able cad1 ,george ,osborne1 :o despises 8 fa!r1 disappo9ts 8 wi%es out ( ob/9acy1 m>ries ,amelia out ( bravado1 tires ( h] & proce$s to flirt ) ,becky ,%>p1 & dies a h]o's dea? at ,wat]loo because he _c help himself4 ,?ack]ay %[s x all up )\t m]cy1 & he is always %[+ up simil> ?+s 9 great pr(usion4 ,8 satire dep5ds l>gely = its effect on 8 mann]4 ,he conceals f u 8 indignation & contempt = ! vices he describes1 & writes ( !m c>elessly1 almo/ flippantly1 z if !y 7 ! mo/ natural ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,?is is ano!r effect ga9$ by ! rev]sal ( ! logical4 ,b is su* satire effective8 ,i d\bt x4 ,i d\bt t all ,?ack]ay's analysis ( ! vice & rott5ness ( fa%ionable society ev] turn$ "o s9n] f ! evil ( 8 ways4 ,p d n m9d be+ %[n up1 al?\gh !y hate to be made ridicul\s4 ,n[ ,dick5s's me?od ( satiriz+ 0 to make ! objects :i* he attack$ ridicul\s4 ,he took ! weak po9ts ( a man or an in/itution1 c>ri$ !m to extremes & %[$ _! logical absurdity4 ,:5 p saw 9 ! p]son ( ,bumble :at workh\se beadles 7--n bad1 n vici\s--b absurd in/itutions1 !y desir$ to get rid ( !m4 ,dick5s might h abus$ ,york%ire s*ools till he 0 blue 9 ! face1 h analys$ & %[n up _! weak po9ts1 & writt5 to ! pap]s1 & yet might h done little good4 ,in/ead1 he drew ,sque]s1 & :ile p laugh$ consum$ly1 !y also made a m5tal note t su* p]sons z ,sque]s 7 an absurd blot on our social sy/em & %\ld =?) be aboli%$4 ,:5 ,dick5s wi%$ to satirize ,am]ica1 he did n make an exhau/ive analysis ( ! ,am]ican sy/em4 ,he simply accept$ its absurdities1 exagg]at$ !m to ! utmo/ limit1 embodi$ !m 9 ,elijah ,pogram1 ,jeff]son ,brick1 & _! fell[s1 & drew a cru%+ satirical picture ( a /ate ( society eat5 up ) self-conceit4 ,:5 a man beholds 8 natural face 9 a di/ort+ mirror1 he is n q s pleas$ ) himself z be=e2 & :5 ! ,am]icans beheld !mselves 9 ! mirror ( ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit !y 7 n pleas$ ei!r4 ,if ,?ack]ay _h tak5 on himself to analyse & expose _! moral corruption1 !y w\ld probably h felt flatt]$4 ,dick5s's me?od ( satire 0 ! r$uctio ad absurdum1 & appeal$ to ! imag9ation4 ,fur!r1 ,?ack]ay's satire 0 g5]ally aim$ at individuals & _h = its object moral re=m4 ,we mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 9 fav\r ( ,?ack]ay's me?od t x produc$ brilliant1 consi/5t1 & life-l pictures ( society su* z ,dick5s 0 :olly incapable ( draw+4 ,if y want real life1 g to ,?ack]ay2 b if y wi% to get out ( ?is _w = a :ile1 & take a %ort holiday 9 ano!r & a m pleasant _w1 g to ,dick5s4 ,i hope no "o w ?9k t ,i am "h belittl+ ! g5ius ( ,?ack]ay4 ,vanity ,fair w ev] /& z "o ( ! mo/ brilliant works ( fiction 9 ! language4 ,x is m consi/5tly good ?an any?+ ,dick5s ev] did4 ,z a humor\s &1 at ! same "t1 dreadfully cau/ic picture ( society x is incomp>able4 ,9 bread? ( view & v>iety ( incid5t x rivals ,tom ,jones2 9 m9ute obs]vation ( detail x rem9ds "o ( ,jane ,au/54 ,x is z a creator ( "* t1 9 my op9ion1 ,dick5s has 8 greate/ advantage ov] ,?ack]ay4 ,! man :o ma9ta9s t ,dick5s is a g5ius ( ! fir/ ord] mu/ be f9ally driv5 to take 8 /& on ,dick5s's *>act]s4 ,?ack]ay's *>act]s are photographic2 !y are excell5t copies ( life4 ,yet1 admirable z _m ( !m are1 we c nev] q get away f ! suspicion t !y 7 made = a purpose4 ,?ack]ay takes !m to pieces ) su* skill t we are half incl9$ to ?9k t he also puts !m toge!r4 ,b ,dick5s's *>act]s are pure creatures ( ! imag9ation4 ,!y are n /udies (1 b spl5did additions to1 ! human race4 ,dick5s does n analyse _! motives1 & c\ld n if he w\ld4 ,he describes !m1 & we feel t !y are alive4 ,! v smalle/ ( !m is indelibly impress$ on our imag9ation4 ,dick5s conqu]$ ,?ack]ay completely 9 8 m9or *>act]s4 ,i h read ,! ,newcomes rec5tly1 = example1 b ,i h no cle> idea ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ,mrs4 ,brian ,newcome & ,mrs4 ,hobson ,newcome2 ,i h read ,*uzzlewit less rec5tly1 b ,i am q cle> ab\t ,mr4 ,*evy ,slime & ,mr4 ,tigg4 ,?ack]ay produc$ a trem5d\s v>iety ( *>act]s1 b ! l>ge majority ( !m1 ,i %\ld say1 are unpleasant4 ,?ack]ay1 :5 all is said & done1 0 fir/ & la/ a morali/2 & x 0 8 aim z a morali/ to make 8 *>act]s unpleasant4 ,!re are few lovable *>act]s 9 ,p5d5nis2 !re are none 9 ,vanity ,fair4 ,! few respectable *>act]s are all figure-heads1 & z = ! rema9d]1 if x 7 n = ! hum\r & dramatic =ce ) :i* !y are pictur$ to u1 ! description ( su* p z ,becky ,%>p1 ,sir ,pitt ,crawley1 ,"l ,/eyne1 & ,jos4 ,s$ley c\ld give little pleasure4 ,z x is1 "o feels t outside ! pages ( ,?ack]ay "o w\ld give a good deal to avoid meet+ !m4 ,b :o w\ld n give 8 de>e/ possession = ! privilege ( behold+ 9 ! fle% ,sam ,well]1 ,mr4 ,micawb]1 ,sairey ,gamp1 ,mr4 ,dick1 & ev5 su* unmitigat$ sc\ndrels z ,j+le & ,sque]s4 ,!re are 9 ,dick5s _m sorts ( *>act]s1 b only "o sort is great--! *>act]s :om ,dick5s himself f\nd amus+4 ,! *>act]s he admir$1 su* z ,ni*olas1 are wood52 ! *>act]s he hat$ are too hateful2 b ! *>act]s1 :e!r pleasant or unpleasant1 9 :om he f\nd some?+ amus+ are all at lea/ int]e/+4 ,^? :om he f\nd amus+ & at ! same "t lovable are 8 greate/ *>act]s4 ,! p]sons 9 ,dick5s's pages :om ,i call 8 great *>act]s are frequ5tly accus$ ( be+ impossible4 ,y might z well say t a hippopotamus or a duck-bill$ platypus is impossible because x does n suit y\r ideas ( :at is "r & prop]4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! hippopotamus is its ju/ification1 & x is s also ) a ,dick5s "*4 ,x is obvi\sly n copi$1 nor is x a m]e ab/raction4 ,x is vividly alive4 ,y c\ld n h creat$ x1 & y "k t nobody else b ,dick5s c\ld4 ,i ?9k x q possible t a v clev] man might produce a ,colonel ,newcome1 or a ,blan*e ,amory1 or ev5 a ,becky ,%>p2 b ,i ass]t t no "o b ,dick5s c\ld produce a ,sairey ,gamp or a ,mr4 ,toots1 & t nobody w\ld be mad en\gh to try4 ,dick5s's *>act]s are improbable1 t ,i grant y4 ,b any man ) a m>k$ individuality is improbable4 ,x is all ! p 9 ! _w to "o aga9/ 8 be+ :at he is4 ,dick5s's *>act]s are j a little m improbable1 t is all4 ,dick5s's "w is call$ by ,*e/]ton r my?ology ?an hi/ory or fiction1 ! my?ology ( ! l[] middle class4 ,micawb] & ,pecksniff1 l ,fal/aff & ,le>1 ,hector & ,a*illes1 are immortal realities1 an undy+ possession ( humanity4 ,_! alleg$ impossibility is1 9 fact1 _! passport to immortality4 ,?ack]ay's exact copies ( life may gr[ fad$ & out ( date2 b ,dick5s's creations w nev] be any m impossible ?an :5 he creat$ !m4 ,!y w nev] be too impossible = our acceptance4 ,! glories ( a ,toots & a ,swivell] 7 veil$ f ! eyes ( ,?ack]ay4 ,if he c\ld h conceiv$ su* *>act]s1 he w\ld h expos$ _! weaknesses 7an easy task71 & cov]$ !m ) ridicule & contempt4 ,b z depict$ by ! k9dly h& ( ,dick5s1 :o is n ready to own !m z fell[ creatures & admit t !y are lovable8 ,! m5tion ( ,pecksniff rem9ds me t ,dick5s is sometimes accus$ ( m]ely atta*+ a label to 8 *>act]s1 ( mak+ !m liv+ embodim5ts ( "s trait or peculi>ity2 9 o!r words1 t ,dick5s1 l ,b5 ,jonson1 made 8 *>act]s m]e illu/rations ( "s p>ticul> hum\r4 ,?us ,m>k ,tapley may be designat$ by ! ^w jolly1 ,micawb] w always be hop+ = some?+ to turn up1 ,pecksniff w always be play+ ! hypocrite4 ,b ?\gh ,pecksniff is fir/ & =emo/ a hypocrite1 & ?\gh ,dick5s's purpose is und\bt$ly to impress on u & exagg]ate 8 hypocrisy1 he has all ! o!r ess5tials ( a human be+4 ,he c1 = example1 get drunk4 ,let me read a few extracts f t m>vell\s sc5e f ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit :5 ,mr4 ,pecksniff gets tipsy at ,todg]s' ,bo>d+ ,h\se4 ,if any "o1 aft] read+ x1 c /ill ass]t t x is an ab/raction or impossible1 ,i give him up 9 despair4 ,! g5tlem51 aft] ! toa/s h be5 drunk1 rejo9 ! ladies3 ,mr4 ,pecksniff _h foll[$ 8 y\ng] fri5ds up-/airs & tak5 a *air at ! side ( ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,he _h also spilt a cup ( c(fee ov] 8 legs )\t appe>+ to be aw>e ( ! circum/ance2 nor did he seem to "k t !re 0 muff9 on 8 knee4 ,& h[ h !y us$ y d[n-/airs1 sir8 ask$ ! ho/ess4 ,_! conduct has be5 su*1 my de> madam1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 z ,i c nev] ?9k ( )\t emotion1 or rememb] )\t a te>4 ,oh1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s6 ,my goodness6 exclaim$ ! lady4 ,h[ l[ y are 9 y\r spirits1 sir6 ,i am a man1 my de> madam1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 %$d+ te>s1 & speak+ ) an imp]fect articulation1 b ,i am also a fa!r4 ,i am also a wid[]4 ,my feel+s1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s1 w n cons5t to be entirely smo!r$1 l ! "y *ildr5 9 ! ,t[]4 ,!y are gr[n up1 & ! m ,i press ! bol/] on !m1 ! m !y look r\nd ! corn] ( x4 ,he sudd5ly became consci\s ( ! bit ( muff91 & />$ at x int5tly3 %ak+ 8 head ! :ile1 9 a =lorn & imbecile mann]1 z if he reg>d$ x z 8 evil g5ius1 & mildly reproa*$ x4 ,%e 0 beautiful1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s1 he said1 turn+ 8 glaz$ eye aga9 ^u h]1 )\t ! lea/ prelim9>y notice4 ,%e _h a small prop]ty4 ,s ,i h he>d1 said ,mrs4 ,todg]s ) great sympa?y4 ,^? are h] daught]s1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 po9t+ out ! "y ladies1 ) increas$ emotion4 ,mrs4 ,todg]s _h no d\bt ab\t x4 ,m]cy & ,*>ity1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 ,*>ity & ,m]cy4 ,n unholy names1 ,i hope8 ,mr4 ,pecksniff6 cri$ ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,:at a gha/ly smile6 ,are y ill1 sir8 ,he press$ 8 h& ^u h] arm1 & answ]$ 9 a solemn mann]1 & a fa9t voice1 ,*ronic4 ,*ronic8 cri$ ! fright5$ ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,*ron-ic1 he repeat$ ) "s difficulty4 ,*ronic4 ,a *ronic disord]4 ,i h be5 its victim f *ildhood4 ,x is c>ry+ me to my grave4 ,heav5 =bid6 cri$ ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,yes1 x is1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 reckless ) despair4 ,i am r glad ( x1 ^u ! :ole4 ,y are l h]1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,don't squeeze me s tight1 pray1 ,mr4 ,pecksniff4 ,if any ( ! g5tlem5 %\ld notice u4 ,= h] sake1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff4 ,p]mit me4 ,9 hon\r ( h] memory4 ,= ! sake ( a voice f ! tomb4 ,y are v l h]1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s6 ,:at a _w ?is is6 ,ah6 ,inde$ y may say t6 cri$ ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,i am afraid x is a va9 & ?\ghtless _w1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 ov]fl[+ ) despond5cy4 ,^! "y p ab\t u4 ,oh6 :at s5se h !y ( _! responsibilities8 ,none4 ,give me y\r o!r h&1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,! lady hesitat$1 & said %e didn't l4 ,has a voice f ! grave no influ5ce8 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff ) dismal t5d]ness4 ,?is is irreligi\s6 ,my de> creature4 ,hu%6 urg$ ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,really y mu/n't4 ,x's n me1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff4 ,don't suppose x's me3 x's ! voice2 x's h] voice4 ,mrs4 ,pecksniff1 deceas$1 mu/ h _h an unusually ?ick & husky voice = a lady1 & r a /utt]+ voice1 & to say ! tru? some:at ( a drunk5 voice1 if x _h ev] borne mu* resemblance to t 9 :i* ,mr4 ,pecksniff spoke j !n4 ,b p]haps ?is 0 delusion on 8 "p4 ,x has be5 a day ( enjoym5t1 ,mrs4 ,todg]s1 b /ill x has be5 a day ( torture4 ,x has rem9d$ me ( my lonel9ess4 ,:at am ,i 9 ! _w8 ,an excell5t g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 said ,mrs4 ,todg]s4 ,!re is consolation 9 t too1 cri$ ,mr4 ,pecksniff4 ,am ,i8 ,!re is no bett] man liv+1 said ,mrs4 ,todg]s1 ,i am sure4 ,mr4 ,pecksniff smil$ ?r\gh 8 te>s1 & slightly %ook 8 head4444 ,*ronic--*ronic6 ,let's h a little drop ( some?+ to dr9k4 ,bless my life1 ,miss ,pecksniffs6 cri$ ,mrs4 ,todg]s1 al\d1 y\r de> pa 's took v poorly6 ,mr4 ,pecksniff /raight5$ himself by a surpris+ ef=t1 z e "o turn$ ha/ily t[>ds him2 & /&+ on 8 feet1 reg>d$ ! assembly ) a look ( ineffable wisdom4 ,gradually x gave place to a smile2 a feeble1 helpless1 melan*oly smile2 bl& almo/ to sickl9ess4 ,d n rep9e1 my fri5ds1 said ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 t5d]ly4 ,d n weep = me4 ,x is *ronic4 ,& ) ^! words1 aft] mak+ a futile attempt to pull (f 8 %oes1 he fell into ! fireplace4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i am sorry t ,i h n "t to discuss ! actual /yle ( our two writ]s4 ,i _h hop$ to dwell a little on ,dick5s's descriptive p[]1 9 :i* he f> excels ,?ack]ay2 on t wond]ful photographic imag9ation ( 8 :i* impresses on our m9ds ! sc5]y ( 8 novels d[n to ! smalle/ details z vividly z x 0 impress$ on 8 own1 on 8 spl5did h&l+ ( cr[ds & big /age effects4 ,i am afraid t 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks ,i h dwelt too mu* on ,dick5s's /rong po9ts2 ,i h said no?+ ( 8 *eap melodrama1 8 maudl9 pa?os1 8 frequ5t bad ta/e2 b aft] all1 ^! are b comp>atively small blots on a great g5ius1 & !y ne>ly always occur :]e ,dick5s is try+ to impress u 9 a way t does n come naturally to him4 ,i am afraid1 also1 t ,i h emphasiz$ ma9ly ,?ack]ay's weak po9ts & neglect$ 8 /rong ones4 ,i set (f1 h[ev]1 av[$ly z a *ampion ( ,dick5s1 & ,i %\ld f9d x h>d to pose z an imp>tial judge1 = :ile ,i only admire ,?ack]ay1 ,i love ,dick5s4 ,,pessimism ,?is poem & ! poem entitl$ ,et]nal ,sil5ce 7 f\nd among ,pr(essor ,bateman's pap]s4 ,:ile !re is "s d\bt z to _! au?or%ip1 !re are indications t !y are probably 8 workman%ip4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,end ,,to ,,:i* ,,all ,,?+s ,,progress8 ,no man w ev] "k2 ,n ?\gh = c\ntless ye>s ,n ?\gh ) toil & te>s ,millions ( human bra9s ,ev] m /rong & cle>1 ,rise on ?is planet "h2 ,& ) m p]fect skill1 ,) cunn+ great] /ill ,?an any yet atta9s1 ,probe = ! my/]y4 ,:y all ^! burn+ suns ,r+$ ) _! planets ,driv+ ?r\gh endless space8 ,by :at /range accid5t ,rose !re to consci\sness ,on ?is poor ball ( e>? ,a be+ aw>e1 ,:o c wond] & "q8 ,a speck 9 ! ,univ]se1 ,:o looks up agha/ ,at ! glitt]+ riddle ,t night ev] br+s him8 ,"o speck t diss5ts ,f ! law ( ! ,:ole1 ,! "o int]ruption ,to ! balanc$ p]fection1 ,! voiceless & passionless life ,( ! mean+less ,:ole8 ,& :51 9 c\ntless ye>s1 ,at la/ comes ! mom5t ,:5 ?is little sy/em1 ,! sun & ! moon & ! />s t are sev51 ,%all cra% to its doom ',ga9/ "s on-com+ sph]e-_w1 ,& ) inf9ite ro>+ ,& hide\s combu/ion1 ,bur/ all into atoms ,& see?+ abysses ,( nebulae1 fi]y & :irl+1 ,!n1 ) x %all p]i% ,! la/ fad+ traces ,( life & ( love ,& ( human endeav\r ,t are left on ?is cold1 lifeless e>?-/>2 ,& s %all g on ,= ev] & ev] ,?r\gh inf9ite spaces1 ,_w mak+ & break+1 ,& ,man's little mom5t1 ,8 life on ?is planet1 ,a drop 9 ! ages1 ,%all pass unlam5t$1 ,%all pass unrecurr+1 ,a /range inexplicable *ance ,9 ! mean+less ,:ole4 ,,bra9s ,,& ,,intellect ,a fugitive production--occasion unkn[n ,accept+ ! well-kn[n dictum ( ,appius ,claudius t ! gov]nm5t is ! belly ( ! body-politic1 & ! g5]al mob ( citiz5s ! limbs & outw>d fl\ri%es1 :at section ( ! community1 %all we say1 con/itutes ! bra9s8 ,we might1 at fir/1 be incl9$ to assign ! role ( bra9s to ^? memb]s ( ! community :o are p>ticul>ly occupi$ ) ! pursuit ( le>n+1 su* z1 = example 7to take a l>ge & repres5tative class71 ,univ]sity pr(essors4 ,a little reflection1 h[ev]1 suffices to %[ t we %\ld be mi/ak54 ,! m5 :o are usually spok5 ( z ! bra9s ( ! community are ( a v diff]5t type f ,univ]sity pr(essors4 ,!y are m5 :o ma9ta9 fair r\nd bellies & expansive wat* *a9s1 :o ride 9 automobiles & smoke impos+ cig>s4 ,cle>ly1 ,univ]sity pr(essors are n 9 ?is class4 ,:]e1 !n1 %all we place ^? memb]s ( ! community :o make ! pursuit ( k = its own sake _! *ief occupation8 ,x may help u t[>ds ! solution ( ?is weighty problem if we make a di/9ction betwe5 bra9s & intellect1 & call su* p z pr(essors1 philosoph]s1 & poets ! intellect ( ! community4 ,we %all !n h to def9e cle>ly :at we mean by bra9s1 & :at we mean by intellect4 ,bra9s are :at a man uses :5 he has "s practical end 9 view1 su* z m money 9 8 pocket1 bett] food to eat1 bett] clo!s to we>2 intellect deals ) problems 7usually class$ z academic7 :i* h no imm$iate comm]cial value--su* z :e!r ! sun goes r\nd ! e>? or ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 or :y an apple falls to ! gr\nd4 ,bra9s are g5]ally admir$1 because ev]ybody c see ! results :i* !y a*ieve2 intellect is usually treat$ ) neglect or indiff]5ce because x works 9 a sph]e :i* is f> out ( range ( ! common vision4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ju/ification = ! ma9t5ance 9 a community ( a purely intellectual class ( p1 occupi$ ) problems :i* h no?+ to d ) actual life1 & :i* app>5tly contribute no?+ to ! common /ock ( useful k1 ! k9d ( k t c be turn$ into money4 ,:y1 = example1 d we ma9ta9 at great exp5se 9 our univ]sities pr(essors ( lit]ature1 philosophy1 & pure sci5ce to devote _! "t to ! /udy ( m]ely academic problems1 & to tea* our sons & daught]s su* a smatt]+ ( ^! ?+s z is ( no practical use to !m :atev]1 & :i* causes mo/ ( !m a good deal ( tr\ble & annoyance8 ,x is easy to und]/& :y we %\ld ma9ta9 pr(essors ( su* subjects z eng9e]+1 d5ti/ry1 & agriculture1 = eng9es & tee? are bo? ?+s t w n all[ !mselves to be neglect$1 & x is und\bt$ly a good ?+ to make two blades ( grass gr[ :]e only "o grew be=e4 ,b :y %\ld a man be afraid to devote 8 "t to mak+ an appreciation ( ,greek trag$y gr[ :]e none grew be=e1 or to try to ar\se an int]e/ 9 su* a problem z ! psy*ology ( metre4 ,x may be argu$1 ( c\rse1 t ,univ]sity pr(essors provide a good deal ( amusem5t = _! /ud5ts1 t _! p]sonal peculi>ities1 c>efully obs]v$ ?r\gh f\r ye>s ( class-room "w1 (t5 furni% ri* ent]ta9m5t at convivial ga!r+s4 ,or1 aga91 x may be urg$ t ! /udy ( pr(essors 79 s f> z pr(essors c be reg>d$ z human7 is ! /udy ( human nature1 & t /ud5ts :o obs]ve _! pr(essors c>efully are ga9+ an acqua9tance ) a practical bran* ( ! sci5ce ( an?ropology4 ,b nei!r ( ^! answ]s to our "q c be reg>d$ z :olly satisfactory4 ,let u consid] briefly ! function ( intellect 9 ! individual1 & see if x w ?r[ any light on ! function ( ! intellectual class 9 ! community4 ,:5 intellect is develop$ at all 9 ! av]age citiz51 its sole function seems to be to make him ei!r uncom=table or objectionable4 ,= suppose a small puny gr[? ( intellect does appe> 9 a man1 x g5]ally has "o ( two effects2 ei!r x makes him dissatisfi$ ) himself1 tr\bl$ ) vague ye>n+s aft] a high] life1 worri$ ) misgiv+s on religi\s que/ions1 annoy$ by ! feel+ t he ought to be able to enjoy books & pictures & music :i* af=d him no real enjoym5t2 or1 he becomes abnormally satisfi$ ) himself1 prop\nds half-bak$ !ories ( ! univ]se1 teems ) criticisms ( books :i* he has n read or does n und]/&1 or bubbles ov] ) solutions ( problems ^u :i* he has nev] s]i\sly pond]$4 ,! "o ?+ t su* m5 c seldom be got to d is to set to "w to develop t little gr[? ( intellect1 to fe$ & n\ri% x by ! /udy ( lit]ature & philosophy1 s t !y may at la/ be enabl$ to ?9k out problems = !mselves1 or at lea/ to appreciate intellig5tly ! solutions ( !m :i* great ?9k]s h plac$ on record4 ,:51 oh :51 w m5 und]/& t intellectual ?+s are n an amusem5t nor a hobby1 to be tak5 up z a side-l9e 9 "o's sp>e "t1 b t ! appreciation ( ! ?+s ( ! intellect is ! rew>d ( ! mo/ difficult & baffl+ ( all k9ds ( lab\r2 t "o w appreciate ,plato or ,sophocles1 ,%akespe>e or ,milton1 ,desc>tes or ,newton1 precisely 9 proportion to ! di/ance :i* "o has climb$ along ! rugg$ pa? :i* leads to ! intellectual peaks ^u :i* ^? giants ( ?\ght sit et]nally ?ron$1 t ! cultivation ( ! intellect is n ! "w ( f\r ye>s or =ty ye>s1 b ( a lifetime1 nay1 ( _m lifetimes8 ,to sp5d unc\nt$ ye>s ( pa91 ,aga91 aga91 & yet aga91 ,9 work+ out 9 he>t & bra91 ,! problem ( our be+ "h1 ,to ga!r facts f f> & ne>1 ,^u ! m9d to hold !m cle> ,& kn[+ m may yet appe>1 ,unto "o's late/ brea? to fe>1 ,! premature result to draw-- ,is ! object1 end & law1 ,& purpose ( our be+ "h8 asks ,cl\gh1 & to ?is "q all our greate/ ?9k]s h answ]$--,yes4 ,x is ! few :o are conv9c$ ( ! value & s]i\sness ( intellectual ?+s1 & :o d n fl9* f ! self-sacrifice & app>5tly fruitless lab\r :i* ! pursuit ( su* ?+s involves1 t humanity z a :ole owes its progress4 ,if x 7 n = ^! m51 :om ,bunyan w\ld call ! intellectual ,grea!>ts ( ! community1 we %\ld /ill1 z a race1 be sunk 9 b>b>ism4 ,intellect 9 ! av]age man is all[$ to atrophy2 9 ! small p]c5tage :o /rive aft] culture x accompli%es no?+ ( value1 b x is ! latt] p :o =m ! rank & file ( ! intellectual army4 ,gradually1 little by little1 t army is advanc+24 e n[ & !n "s great g5]al appe>s--a ,plato1 a ,%akespe>e1 a ,newton1 a ,kant1 a ,d>w9--& "u 8 lead]%ip a victory is won2 n[ ?is outpo/ ( ! ho/s ( d>kness is captur$1 n[ t1 & ! flag ( ! human intellect is rais$ ^u its ramp>ts4 ,mean:ile1 ! mass ( mank9d trudges on heavily1 (t5 two or ?ree c5turies beh9d4 ,next arrive ! inv5tors1 ! re=m]s1 ! m5 ( con/ructive intellect1 :o take ! results ( ! great ?9k]s & plan _! application to life2 & la/ly come ! m5 ( bra9s 9 _! fur coats & fair r\nd bellies1 promote _! companies1 organize _! indu/ries1 make _! political spee*es1 & f9ally ga!r 9 ! %ekels1 & also mo/ ( ! hon\r & glory4 ,by ?is "t ! intellectual army is aga9 f> ahead1 attack+ ! next outpo/ ( ! k+dom ( *aos & ,old ,night4 ,& s humanity moves onw>d & upw>d4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! function ( ! academic class 9 ! community8 ,simply to keep ! flag ( human intellect fly+1 a "w :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 involves "s self-sacrifice 9 ^? :o devote !mselves to x4 ,a pr(essor1 = example1 ?\gh a man ( intellect1 is n necess>ily devoid ( bra9s1 & he might well turn ^? bra9s to advantage 9 "s m lucrative pr(ession4 ,z x is1 he is compell$ to a l>ge ext5t to sacrifice 8 individuality1 to degrade 8 intellect ) drudg]y :i* is b5ea? x1 to /& z a m]e int]m$i>y or conduit-pipe betwe5 ! /ud5t & k4 ,at ! same "t1 if1 out ( ! hundr$s ( /ud5ts :o pass ?r\gh 8 h&s 9 "o academic ye>1 he succe$s 9 inspir+ ev5 a s+le individual ) a true desire = culture1 8 exi/5ce = t ye> is fully ju/ifi$1 = has he n add$ "o memb] to ! b& ( intellectual pione]s :o w f9ally1 we hope1 take possession1 9 ! "n ( humanity1 ( ! :ole univ]se ( ?\ght8 ,come1 my fri5ds1 ,pu% (f1 & sitt+ well 9 ord]1 smite ,! s\nd+ furr[s1 = our purpose holds ,to sail beyond ! sunset1 & ! ba?s ,( all ! we/]n />s until we die4 ,x may be t ! gulfs w wa% u d[n2 ,x may be we %all t\* ! ,happy ,isles ,& see ! great ,a*illes1 :om we knew4 ,,! ,,et]nal ,,sil5ce ,ar\nd ?is roll+ sph]e ( ,man ,!re lies a va/ ,unkn[n1 ,beyond ! space t he c scan ,) tracts ( />light s[n4 ,b5ea? ! %ad[ ( ?' ,unkn[n ,f age to age he /&s1 ,& to ! ,void 9 wav]+ hope ,he /ret*es pray+ h&s4 ,b 9 ! ,void no signs appe>1 ,x /&s unbrok5 /ill1 ,& f ! void no ^w ( *e]1 ,b sil5ce deep & *ill4 ,& :5 ! up/>t race ( m5 ,has ceas$ f all ?is e>?1 ,:5 pa/ is _! brave /rife ) ,fate1 ,:5 pa/ are ,dea? & ,bir?2 ,:5 lifeless1 sightless1 blank & cold ,! home ( man's poor brea?2 ,/ill w ?is ball ?r\gh space be roll$1 ,9 ,sil5ce deep z dea?4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,reg9ald ,,bateman ,,soldi] ,illu/ration3 ,reg9ald ,bateman ,,! ,,w> ,?is address1 :i* ar\s$ mu* criticism 9 ! press1 is compil$ f a newspap] report & "s notes f\nd among ,pr(essor ,bateman's pap]s4 ,x is probably incomplete1 b is includ$ because ( ! int]e/ atta*+ to x4 ,! address 0 deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ,y4,m4,c4,a4 on ,sunday1 #be ,octob] #aiad1 on ! eve ( ! dep>ture ( ,pr(essor ,bateman's battalion4 ,?is 0 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 be=e ! magnitude ( ! /ruggle _h be5 g5]ally realiz$1 & !re 7 ^? :o _h tri$ to p]suade ,pr(essor ,bateman t 8 high] duty lay at home4 ,8 address 0 prompt$ 9 "p by ?is circum/ance1 & 0 a v9dication ( 8 enli/+4 ,x 0 also prompt$ by a colleague's address f ! same plat=m contra/+ ,samuel1 :o hew$ ,agag 9 pieces1 ) ,*ri/1 ,:o comm&$ ,pet] to put up ! sword--a plea = ! peaceful settlem5t ( p]sonal & national disputes4 ,pr(essor ,bateman _h = sev]al ye>s decl9$ to address ! ,univ]sity ,y4,m4,c4,a41 because he _h nev] be=e felt t he _h a message = !m4 ,s1 al?\gh !re is "h mu* ( ! "y man glory+ 9 8 /r5g? & rejoic+ to run ! race1 ! address 0 n p5n$ )\t ?\ght & consid]ation4 ,we he> mu*1 p]haps too mu*1 at ! pres5t "t ( ! horrors ( w>2 ,i wi% to-day to speak to y ( its bless+s4 ,f> be x f me to m9imize ! d>k side ( w>4 ,only ^? :o h actually exp]i5c$ w>f>e c =m an adequate idea ( ! horrors ( campaigns & battlefields4 ,b ,i wi% to impress on y to-day ! fact t w> has comp5sations1 & t x is by no means an unmitigat$ evil4 ,! ,p[] ,:o manife/s ,himself to u 9 ! ph5om5a ( ?is ,univ]se has app>5tly decre$ t w> %\ld be ! supreme te/ ( bo? ! nation & ! individual4 ,biologically1 /ruggle & self-sacrifice by "o g5]ation on behalf ( ! next are ! conditions ( ! p]petuation ( a species4 ,a simil> law ( competition seems to hold = ^? aggregates ( m5 :i* we call nations4 ,hi/ory tea*es t once a nation ceases to /ruggle or to be prep>$ to /ruggle = its exi/5ce1 once x loses its milit>y _s & ! will+ness to fight to ! dea?1 if ne$ be1 = its national hon\r1 its greatness inv>iably decl9es1 & its gr[? ceases4 ,( c\rse1 competition among nations may be c>ri$ on by o!r means ?an by w>4 ,comm]cial rivalry1 diplomatic rivalry1 arti/ic rivalry1 are all important means ( progress1 b w> is ! "o supreme1 ! only entirely adequate te/ ( a nation's spiritual quality4 ,read9ess = w> is a tok5 ( national righte\sness4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use ! words1 read9ess = w> does n mean a national _s ( milit>ism & aggressiv5ess1 ! _s :i* has s (t5 prov$ ! d[nfall ( great milit>y p[]s4 ,x is a read9ess :i* is ! result ( a clean & vigor\s national life dur+ times ( peace2 a read9ess :i* spr+s n s mu* f direct milit>y tra9+ z f a high national idea ( physical & m5tal fitness4 ,! ideal soldi] is n he :o has be5 drill$ into a milit>y ma*9e 9 times ( peace1 b he :o is physically & m5tally fit to become an effici5t soldi]1 if ne$ be1 on %ort notice 9 "t ( w>4 ,self-sacrifice1 self-d5ial1 temp]ance1 h>dihood1 discipl9e1 ob$i5ce1 ord]1 me?od1 organiz+ p[]1 intellig5ce1 purity ( public life1 *a/ity1 indu/ry1 resolution are "s only ( ! national & individual attributes :i* g t[>ds produc+ ! effici5cy ( mod]n armam5ts4 ,! broad rule :i* "o d$uces f a g5]al survey ( ! hi/ory ( human progress--a rule to :i*1 no d\bt1 "s exceptions c be f\nd--is t ! failure ( nations to meet ! te/ ( w> has always be5 ! result ( ! decay ( national morality1 & t success 9 w> has be5 an indication ( national virtue4 ,"r has n1 inde$1 always be5 might1 b "r has always t5d$ to create might4 ,rome conqu]$ ,greece because h] sons 7 h>di]1 /rong]1 & m imbu$ ) ! _s ( self-sacrifice2 ,rome h]self1 c5turies lat]1 fell a victim to ! inroads ( ! ,go?s because ( ! corruption ( h] national virtue & ! decay ( h] milit>y _s ?r\gh self-indulg5ce & immorality4 ,! ref9$ s5suality ( ! ,roman c\ld n )/& ! rude virtue ( ! b>b>ian4 ,& g5]ally1 to quote ,h>old ,wyatt1 hi/ory has repeat$ly prov$ t effici5cy 9 w>1 or = w>1 is ,god's te/ ( a nation's s\l4 ,by t te/ x /&s1 or by t te/ x falls4 ,?is is ! e?ical cont5t ( competition4 ,?is is ! det]m9+ factor ( human hi/ory4 ,?is is ! ju/ification ( w>4 ,! t]rible puni%m5t provid$ by w> = national depravity has be51 p]haps1 ! *ief /imulus 9 ! progress ( mank9d4 ,beh9d ! horror & havoc ( ! field ( battle1 !re=e1 is work+ a ,p[] :i* makes = righte\sness1 & :i* has orda9$ t ! nation :i*1 f ! righte\sness ( its cause & its fitness to def5d t cause1 be/ des]ves ! victory1 %all w9 x4 ,su* is app>5tly ! law ( human progress1 & we mu/ accept x z we accept o!r seem+ly unpleasant facts ( our pres5t exi/5ce2 z we accept1 = example1 ! fact ( dea?4 ,x is only by dea? t life is possible2 x is only by /ruggle & self-sacrifice t national progress is possible4 ,d n1 !re=e1 be lull$ into a s5se ( false security by ! talk ( univ]sal peace1 or by ass]tions t ! pres5t w> mu/ be ! la/ 9 human hi/ory2 b det]m9e t1 %\ld y h ! opportunity1 y w d y\r "p to make ! nation to :i* y belong fit = its supreme te/1 ! te/ ( w>4 ,if y d n1 y are a traitor to ! pa/ g5]ations :o won by /ruggle & self-sacrifice ! h]itage :i* y n[ enjoy1 & to ! future g5]ations1 :o dem& t y %all pass on t h]itage1 n dim9i%$1 b increas$4 ,b take c>e t y d n mi/ake a national _s ( gre$ & aggressiv5ess = virtue4 ,rememb] ,kipl+'s w>n+ t milit>y =ce %\ld be us$ only = ! def5ce or en=cem5t ( j rights or = ^? :i* y truly & firmly believe to be j4 ,! tumult & ! %\t+ dies2 ,! capta9s & ! k+s dep>t2 ,/ill /&s ,?9e anci5t sacrifice1 ,an humble & a contrite he>t4 ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s1 be ) u yet1 ,le/ we =get--le/ we =get6 ,if1 drunk ) sight ( p[]1 we loose ,wild tongues t h n ,!e 9 awe1 ,su* boa/+s z ! ,g5tiles use1 ,or less] bre$s )\t ! ,law-- ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s1 be ) u yet1 ,le/ we =get--le/ we =get6 ,= hea!n he>t t puts h] tru/ ,9 reek+ tube & iron %>d1 ,all valiant du/ t builds on du/ ,&1 gu>d+1 calls n ,!e to gu>d1 ,= frantic boa/ & fooli% ^w-- ,?y ,m]cy on ,?y ,p1 ,"l6 ,national gre$ & aggressiv5ess mu/1 soon] or lat]1 br+ _! own puni%m5t4 ,n[ let u look at w> f ! /&po9t ( ! individual4 ,! sacrifice ( individual lives is = _m m5 ! mo/ prom95t fact ( w>4 ,!y look ^u a field ( battle1 & are fill$ ) dismay at ! sight ( heap$-up c>nage & g>m5ts roll$ 9 blood1 b fail to f9d !re ! radiance ( high endeav\r & ! gl[ ( great a*ievem5t4 ,l ,c>lyle1 9 8 fam\s r$uctio ad absurdum ( w> 9 ! ,s>tor1 !y see only ! physical side ( w>1 & neglect its e?ical & spiritual cont5t4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is a piece ( p]v]sity on ,c>lyle's "p4 ,:at1 speak+ 9 q un(ficial language1 is ! net-purport & up%ot ( w>8 ,to my own k1 = example1 !re dwell & toil1 9 ! ,briti% village ( ,dumdrudge usually "s five hundr$ s\ls4 ,f ^!1 by c]ta9 ,natural ,enemies ( ! ,fr5*1 !re are successively select$1 dur+ ! ,fr5* w>1 say ?irty able-bodi$ m53 ,dumdrudge1 at h] own exp5se1 has suckl$ & nurs$ !m3 %e has1 n )\t difficulty & sorr[1 f$ !m up to manhood1 & ev5 tra9$ !m to crafts1 s t "o c weave1 ano!r build1 ano!r hamm]1 & ! weake/ c /& "u ?irty /one avoirdupois4 ,nev]!less1 amid mu* weep+ & swe>+1 !y are select$2 all dress$ 9 r$2 & %ipp$ away1 at ! public *>ges1 "s two-?\s& miles1 or say only to ! s\? ( ,spa92 & f$ !re till want$4 ,& n[ to t same spot1 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 are ?irty simil> ,fr5* artisans1 f a ,fr5* ,dumdrudge1 9 l mann] w5d+3 till at l5g?1 aft] inf9ite ef=t1 ! two p>ties come into actual juxtaposition3 & ,?irty /&s front+ ,?irty1 ea* ) a gun 9 8 h&4 ,/raightway ! ^w ,fire6 is giv53 & !y bl[ ! s\ls out ( "o ano!r2 & 9 place ( sixty brisk useful craftsm5 ! _w has sixty dead c>casses1 :i* x mu/ bury1 & anew %$ te>s =4 ,_h ^! m5 any qu>rel8 ,busy z ! ,devil is1 n ! smalle/6 ,!y liv$ f> en\gh ap>t2 7 ! entire/ /rang]s2 nay1 9 s wide a ,univ]se1 !re 0 ev51 unconsci\sly1 by ,comm]ce1 "s mutual helpfulness betwe5 !m4 ,h[ !n8 ,simpleton6 _! ,gov]nors _h fall5-out2 & in/ead ( %oot+ "o ano!r1 _h ! cunn+ to make ^! poor blockheads %oot4 ,alas1 s x is 9 ,deuts*l&1 & hi!rto 9 all o!r l&s2 /ill z ( old1 :at devilry soev] ,k+s d1 ! ,greeks mu/ pay ! pip]6 ,9 t fiction ( ! ,engli% ,smollett1 x is true1 ! f9al ,cessation ( ,w> is p]haps prophetically %ad[$ =?2 :]e ! two ,natural ,enemies1 9 p]son1 take ea* a ,tobacco-pipe1 fill$ ) ,brim/one2 light ! same1 & smoke 9 "o ano!r's faces1 till ! weak] gives 93 b f su* pr$ict$ ,peace-,era1 :at blood-fill$ tr5*es1 & cont5ti\s c5turies1 may /ill divide u6 ,b :at if ^! m5 ( ,dumdrudge are n blockheads at all1 b high-s\l$1 cle>-sight$ m58 ,:at if !y d n g to ! w> because _! rul]s tell !m to1 b because !y believe 9 ! ju/ice ( _! cause1 & consid] x n only a duty b a privilege to lay d[n _! lives1 if necess>y1 to ma9ta9 x8 ,t5nyson gets a ne>] view ( ! tru? 9 ,maud1 :5 he repres5ts w> z ! purifi] :i* purges ! corruption ( a too-long-cont9u$ peace1 & :i* saves nation & individual alike f slo? & selfi%ness4 ,peace "u a j & b5efic5t gov]nm5t is surely a bless+ ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,b ^? :o enjoy x1 & surely ?is applies to u1 mu/ nev] =get at :at price t bless+ 0 b\ght & at :at price x mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,!y mu/ n gr[ petty & self-indulg5t1 & =get t !y possess a h]itage won = !m by ! sacrifice ( o!rs4 ,is x n f> bett] t !y %\ld feel a ?rill ( patriotism at ! rude t\* ( w>1 & die /rik+ a bl[ = fre$om1 ?an t !y %\ld live to a di%on\r$ old age1 seek+ begg>ly ga98 ,let u h less talk ( ! horrors ( w> & m talk ( its bless+s4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o speak ( ! horrors ( w> fail to recognize t x is ^? horrors :i* give w> its great1 its ine/imable value4 ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be v pleasant if w> c\ld be conduct$ 9 a polite & g5tlemanly way1 if x c\ld be arrang$ t nobody w\ld get kill$1 & t w\nds & blood%$ w\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,if t 7 s1 we c\ld all play at ! game4 ,b :]e w\ld be our h]oes1 our he>ts ( triple /eel8 ,:]e w\ld be _! victories ov] dea? & ! fe> ( dea?1 & _! lead+ ( captivity captive8 ,we c\ld !n1 l ,fal/aff1 fill up our armies ) toa/s-&-butt]1 ) he>ts 9 _! bellies no bigg] ?an p9s' heads1 & nobody w\ld be a jot ! worse4 ,b w> robb$ ( its t]ror w\ld be w> )\t glory1 & "o ( ! greate/ & gr&e/ ( exp]i5ces :i* ,de/9y all[s to man w\ld no long] be possible4 ,to endure gladly ! mo/ sev]e lab\r & h>d%ip1 to grapple ) a mortal foe 9 deadly /rife1 a /rife )\t m]cy & )\t remorse1 to pass ?r\gh ,hell unt]rifi$1 to wre/ "o's life by ma9 =ce f ! v jaws ( dea?1 & to d all ?is1 n = pay1 b = "o's c\ntry1 ?is is1 p]haps1 ! v climax ( human endeav\r4 ,& :at ( ! _m :o d n w9 ?r\gh1 b mu/ leave _! bodies ^u ! field ( battle8 ,we may n agree ) ,horace t su* a dea? is sweet & becom+1 b surely x is sweet] & m becom+ ?an ! majority ( dea?s :i* m5 are call$ on to endure4 ,:o w\ld n r die 9 ! fullness ( /r5g?1 ) ! %\t ( battle ^u 8 lips1 ?an succumb to ! attacks ( "s disease :i* degrades ! body & unh+es ! m9d1 & pass away at la/ f a fle%ly h\se t is no long] fit = ! s\l to inhabit1 wr++ ! he>ts ( ! by/&]s ) incoh]5t babbl+s8 ,! dea? roll ( w>1 /ill f> f complete1 rea*es back into ! unfa?omable pa/ :i* lies f> beyond ! k5 ( man4 ,! imm5sity ( t dea? roll is dreadful to contemplate4 ,b a pa/ un/a9$ by ! blood ( human /rife w\ld be m dreadful /ill4 ,no d\bt !re w\ld be to-day m p liv+ 9 ! _w1 b ^? high virtues :i* are realiz$ to ! full 9 w> & w> alone--c\rage & self-sacrifice--w\ld be dead beyond all hope ( resurrection4 ,x 0 w> :i* gave bir? to ! ideals ( *ivalry & hon\r2 x is w> :i* keeps ^? ideals alive 9 an age ( sordid comm]cialism4 ,x is ! possibility ( w>1 h[ev] remotely realiz$1 :i* makes our "y m5 keep _! bodies clean & /rong1 & _! s\ls free f t l[e/ =m ( selfi%ness1 ! selfi%ness ( ,p>olles1 :i* puts life be=e hon\r1 :i* says3 ,let me live1 sir1 9 a dungeon1 9 ! /ocks1 or any:]e1 s ,i may live4 ,:5 ! m dang]\s ( l[] animals h be5 tam$ or ext]m9at$1 :5 locomotion by l&1 air1 & sea has become safe & easy1 :5--greate/ bless+ ( all--w> has ceas$ to exi/1 !n surely we %all see ! return ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,p]haps s1 b x w be a ,gold5 ,age enjoy$ by a sp9eless & emasculat$ race ( be+s1 :o h =gott5 ! mean+ ( ! words c\rage1 hon\r1 & self-sacrifice4 ,,9 ,,! ,,tr5*es ,an address giv5 9 ,saskatoon to a numb] ( return$ m5 & colleagues on ! fir/ anniv]s>y ( ! battle ( ,/4 ,juli54 ,pr(essor ,bateman _h be5 recall$ f ,france to take comm& ( ! ,saskat*ewan ,company ( ! ,we/]n ,univ]sities' ,battalion4 ,twelve mon?s ago1 on ,april #bbnd1 :5 day broke ^u ! battlefields ( ,fl&]s1 ! new ,canadian army1 :i* _h wall[$ all w9t] 9 ! mud ( ,salisbury1 _h yet to prove _! mettle z fight+ m54 ,ere ! sun set t day1 !y _h already won ! title1 giv5 !m ?r\gh\t ! ,empire :5 ! /ory ( ! fight 0 kn[n1 ( ,glori\s ,canadians4 ,! reputation won at ,ypres & ,/4 ,juli5 0 fully ma9ta9$ at ! battles ( ,fe/ub]t & ,giv5*y4 ,al?\gh we soldi]s ( ! ,second ,cont+5t exp]i5c$ fight+ on a small] scale ?an our comrades ( ! ,fir/1 we _h q en\gh to enable u to realize1 z "o :o has n be5 !re nev] c1 a great deal ( :at ! fir/ lot w5t ?r\gh4 ,i ?9k x is no exagg]ation to say t no soldi]s ( ! ,second or succe$+ cont+5ts ?9k x necess>y to look any:]e b to ! ,fir/ ,canadians = _! highe/ example ( self-sacrifice & devotion to duty4 ,i h he>d p at home compla9 t !y f9d x h>d to get any in=mation f return$ soldi]s z to _! exp]i5ce1 or to get any real idea ( :at ! fight+ is l4 ,i ?9k ! reason is t we are afraid ( giv+ p a false impression1 & t x is impossible to make p grasp ! reality ( conditions ( w>f>e :i* h no p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,ev]ybody at home expects a tale ( glory & h]oism1 b ! days ( pomp & circum/ance ( battle are ov]1 & x is only ! ideals = :i* we are fight+ t c dignify ! mean & ugly reality ( pres5t-day w>4 ,besides1 :5 ,i look back ^u ! "o or two little affairs out ( ! common 9 :i* ,i h tak5 "p1 my impressions are a curi\s mixture ( di/9ctness & vagu5ess1 z ( a dream or nightm>e r ?an ( a real exp]i5ce1 & su* impressions are difficult to put into words4 ,i 0 9 & out ( ! tr5*es = six mon?s z an ,n4,c4,o41 & 0 9 ! front l9e e "t b "o1 s t z f> z ! ord9>y r\t9e ( tr5* life goes1 ,i am qualifi$ to speak4 ,! %orte/ phrase ,i "k ( :i* attempts to sum up life 9 ! tr5*es is ,days ( un5durable monotony & mom5ts ( indescribable fe>4 ,t phrase1 z f> z x goes1 is a good description1 b x leaves out two important aspects ( tr5* life1 ! humor\s & ! picturesque4 ,x is only a s5se ( hum\r t c make ! monotony ( tr5* life endurable4 ,any man :o w5t up to ! front l9e expect+ to f9d ! h]oic def5d]s grimly defiant & s]i\s ov] _! task w\ld probably be m %ock$ ?an amus$ to f9d m5 busy argu+ ov] ! division ( a pot ( jam :ile ,fritz 0 g5]\sly spray+ our l9e ) %rapnel2 or to discov] t "s fell[ 0 m elat$ ov] hav+ swip$ someone else's brazi] ?an if he _h bayonett$ a doz5 ,fritzes2 or to discov] t ! break+ ( a rum j> 0 consid]$ a great] calamity by ! :ole company ?an if our tr5* _h be5 bl[n to pieces4 ,i h (t5 sat 9 my dug-out1 j a little way d[n ! communication tr5*1 & li/5$ to a ration p>ty go+ up to ! front l9e 9 ! d>k ) _! heavy loads1 wad+ ?r\gh mud1 plung+ into holes1 fall+ ov] brok5 tr5* mats1 & ,i h he>d ) great pleasure ! fl[ ( language2 x 0 imm5se1 no?+ l x is to be he>d f any o!r troops 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,& !n !re 0 ! picturesque side4 ,my recollections ( ! tr5*es come back to me *iefly z a s]ies ( pictures4 ,i see ! velvety blackness ( ! night1 cut by /reaks ( light z ! fl>es g up cont9ually along ! front1 z f> z ! eye c see1 !n %$ _! weird radiance ov] ! my/]i\s region ( ,no ,man's ,l&1 :ile e mov+ ?+ b5ea? _! light lies /ill z dea? till d>kness comes aga9 to hide !m f ! se>*+ eyes t nev] cease to scan ! space betwe5 ! tr5*es4 ,i see ! muffl$ s5tries at _! po/s on ! fir+ /ep2 ,i he> ! irregul> crack1 crack ( rifle fire along ! l9e z !y %oot at a fla% f ! o!r tr5*1 or at "s mov+ object dimly se5 ?r\gh ! d>kness2 !n comes ! %>p crackle ( rifle fire or ! rat-a-tat-tat ( ! ma*9e-gun z we op5 ^u "o ( ,fritz's work+ p>ties4 ,i see ! fla% & he> ! bang ( bur/+ %rapnel1 or ! di/ant woo% & cr-r-rump ( ! high explosive2 or !re is ! dull pop f ,fritz's l9e1 & high 9 ! air a tract ( light makes its way t[>ds our tr5*4 ,we he> ! famili> :oo-oo-oo-oo%1 & we "k t "o ( ! dread$ a]ial torp$oes is on its way2 we wait ) horrible susp5se = ! sick5+ ?ud & ro> ( ! explosion1 & wond] :e!r x has got anyone ?is "t1 & :e!r ! next is com+ our way2 or we are r\ghly awak5$ f ! deep sleep ( exhau/ion by someone excit$ly pull+ at our legs & %\t+1 ,gas6 ,we crawl quickly out ( ! dug-out into ! d>kness to f9d our comrades /&+ to all along ! tr5* 9 _! weird gas helmets1 & pres5tly discov] ) relief t a n]v\s li/5+ po/ has mi/ak5 ! mi/1 :i* is roll+ up f ,fritz's tr5*1 = ! dread$ *lor9e4 ,or we turn f our po/s z we he> ! %uffle ( ! /ret*]-be>]s along ! tr5*1 & we wi% "s unlucky 7or lucky7 comrade a safe passage to ,blighty4 ,!n !re are nights to look back ^u ar\nd ! batt]$ old brazi] 9 ! dug-out1 :5 ?+s 7 quiet1 & we smok$ a pipe or sang a song1 & ?\ght ( :at we %\ld d :5 we got t leave t nev] seem$ to come1 or ! re/ :i* _h be5 promis$ u e "t we came out ( ! tr5*es = ! la/ ?ree mon?s4 ,& !n !re 0 ! tramp back to billets ?r\gh ! %ell-torn /reets ( a des]t$ ,flemi% village1 & ! bless$ relief ( fl++ d[n ! pack & roll+ up 9 our blankets = ! fir/ /raight sleep ( _m nights4 ,b be/ ( all to look back ^u are ! good comrades we f\nd 9 ! tr5*es1 :om we knew we c\ld tru/ to ! dea?1 if ne$ be4 ,h[ev] mu* we appreciate ! com=t ( home & ! k9dness ( fri5ds "h1 ! deepe/ ?\ghts ( e return$ soldi] are n[1 & w ev] be :ile ?is w> la/s1 ) ! boys !y left beh9d !m1 hold+ ! l9e4 ,,on ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,a ,,comrade ,writt5 9 ,engl& :ile impati5tly wait+ to get back to ,france4 ,pr(essor ,bateman _h be5 recall$ f ! tr5*es1 :]e he 0 s]geant1 to become major ( ! ,we/]n ,univ]sities' ,battalion1 & !n 0 =c$ to wait 9 ,engl& aft] ?is unit 0 brok5 up1 :ile 9 ,france 8 =m] battalion 0 prep>+ = ,vimy4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 %ortly aft] its capture4 ,april #bi?1 #aiag4 ,de> ,j4 ,v41 ,lett] receiv$ & cont5ts not$4 ,i c und]/& h[ y feel ab\t ,maunsell's dea?4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h long ago giv5 up !oriz+ ab\t :at may or may n be at ! back ( ph5om5a4 ,i conf9e myself to :at ,i c see & "k & reason ab\t1 & ,i f9d t ,i h q z mu* z ,i c h&le ev5 9 t n>r[ sph]e4 ,once "o gets into ! region ( ! sup]natural1 "o man's dream or speculation is j z good or z wor?less z ano!r's1 = nei!r has any f\ndation 9 exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce gives u our only possible basis = ! con/ruction ( !ories ab\t life4 ,s1 ?\gh y may all[ y\r ?\ghts at times to get out ( h& & w&] ab\t grop+ly 9 a nebul\s unkn[n1 y ought n to all[ any baseless !ories t result to di/urb y\r peace ( m9d4 ,if y atta* any importance to su* propositions ab\t ! unkn[n1 y c f9d pl5ty ( com=t+ ones evolv$ by great] bra9s ?an y\rs1 :i* y w\ld d bett] to accept ?an all[ y\rself to be worri$ & made less effective = ! bus9ess ( life by ! pessimi/ic result ( y\r own ?9k+4 ,con/ant bra9 "w has a t5d5cy to make a man morbid 9 8 speculations4 ,a free1 op5-air life1 practical problems & contact ) m5 :o d ?+s r ?an !orize ab\t !m is a great corrective4 ,no "o yet has gone any:]e ne> solv+ ! riddle ( ! unkn[n1 & x may fairly be suppos$ t ! human bra9 is at pres5t incapable ( tackl+ ! problem successfully4 ,x may be t ! p]petual /ruggle aft] a solution may1 9 ages to come1 result 9 ! evolution ( a bra9 :i* c f9d an answ] to ! riddle ( life1 9 ! same way z ! con/ant rea*+ ( ! giraffe aft] food result$ 9 ! production ( a neck suffici5tly long to solve ! giraffe's food problem4 ,meantime1 we mu/ be cont5t to get along ) su* k z we h1 or else accept a sup]natural revelation :i* is b\nd at ! be/ to be a bit dim & unsatisfactory1 because x is communicat$ to u by means ( ! same imp]fect bra94 ,p]sonally1 ,i don't ?9k x matt]s v mu* :at y believe ab\t ! sup]natural if y base y\r actions ^u a sane view ( :at exp]i5ce has %[n to be be/4 ,to get & give z mu* happ9ess z possible seems to be our pla9 duty1 & if abnormalities on a trem5d\s scale l ?is w> crop up1 x is ! duty ( e "o to get to "w & sacrifice1 if necess>y1 8 own *ance ( happ9ess 9 ord] to re/ore a /ate ( ?+s :]e happ9ess is possible = o!rs4 7,by happ9ess1 ,i mean cont5tm5t1 usually tempor>y1 ) ?+s z !y are47 ,exp]i5ce has giv5 u ample pro( ( :]e happ9ess is to be f\nd z f> z x c be realiz$ 9 ?is life1 & e "o ought to be able to avoid ^? actions :i* w\ld seem to br+ happ9ess1 b :i* h be5 %[n by exp]i5ce to result 9 ! long run 9 dissatisfaction4 ,( c\rse1 v few are wise en\gh to accept ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 & mo/ m5 h to get /ung _m times ov] be=e !y le>n ! lessons :i* c\ntless billions be=e !m le>n$ 9 precisely ! same way4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! highe/ happ9ess ( :i* humans are capable seems to be f\nd 9 ! sacrifice ( self4 ,maunsell's magnific5t devotion to duty & spl5did dea? are ( f> great] value to u ?an 8 cont9u+ to live c\ld h be51 & ?\gh he c\ld n h fully realiz$ t fact himself1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h be5 happy if he _h decl9$ ! privilege ( giv+ up 8 own happ9ess t g5]al happ9ess might be secur$ = ! _w1 !reby p>adoxically f9d+ ! greate/ happ9ess ( all4 ,if he /ill cont9ues to live1 & c look back on e>?ly exp]i5ces1 he w\ld probably n desire to *ange 8 own fate4 ,y c see f all ?is t my desire to get back to ! front is1 9 ! ma91 selfi%4 ,i simply _c be cont5t to /ay "h h&l+ a job :i* absorbs sc>cely any ( my ability or en]gy1 & :i* c\ld be z well or bett] done by "s "o :o is n fit to fight4 ,i w5t away f ! front ) ! full int5tion ( return+ !re ) m5 :om ,i _h tra9$ to take _! "p 9 ! scrap4 ,i h be5 prev5t$ by circum/ances f c>ry+ out my s*eme1 & ,i %all always regret t ,i did n consid] t ^? :o 7 actually at ! front ) me _h a great] claim on me ?an any o!rs4 ,if ,i _h /ay$ on1 ,i %\ld h got my commission & %\ld h valu$ x mu* m ?an ! "o ,i actually did get4 ,i might h be5 kill$1 b ,i 0 prep>$ = t1 & ,i ?9k !re is no bett] way a man c die4 ,x is comp>atively seldom 9 ! _w's hi/ory t a man gets ! *ance to die spl5didly4 ,mo/ dea?s are some:at +lori\s end+s to n v glori\s c>e]s4 ,a w> l ! pres5t gives a man a *ance to cancel at "o /roke all ! pett9ess ( 8 life4 ,!re=e ,i ?9k x is up to me to d all ,i c to get back to ,france & f9i% :at ,i began4 ,if ,i fail to get !re1 x won't be my fault1 & ,i won't worry ab\t x4 ,if ,i dep5d$ on ! p[]s t be1 ,i %\ld probably be "h = ! duration ( ! w>1 & x is possible t ,i may be4 ,b ,i am det]m9$ t x is n go+ to be my fault if ,i am4 ,i did n int5d1 :5 ,i sat d[n1 to write y m ?an a brief note4 ,i ?9k my fir/ s5t5ce %[s t4 ,all ! re/ came ( itself1 & ,i hope y won't be bor$ /iff by read+ x4 ,be/ ( luck 9 ! ,wall199 ,y\rs ev]1 ,,reg4 ,if y are ev] up aga9/ x = ca%1 or if !re is any o!r way t ,i c help y1 ,i %all be v sore ) y if y don't let me "k4 ,if y want "s good light read+ to take y\r m9d (f ,syriac & o!r anci5t noises by :i* p communicat$ "o ) ! o!r1 try "s ( ,o4 ,h5ry's books--,! ,f\r ,million1 ,options1 ,:irligigs 7v light read+ & amus+71 ,hodd] & ,/\ghton4 99 ,wall ,biblical ,s*ol>%ip1 ,dubl9 ,univ]sity4 ,,london3 ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,griggs 7,,pr9t]s71 ,,ltd4 ,,*iswick ,,press1 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane4