,,/ate ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,regi/ration ,,& ,,education ,,h[ ,,to ,,collect ,,& ,,pres]ve ,,insects ,h4 ,h4 ,,ross ,illu/ration3 ,,seal ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,ill9ois 99 ,,aug #bf? #ahah ,pr9t$ by ,au?ority ( ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,survey ,,division ,george ,sprugel1 ,jr41 ,*ief ,circul> #ci ,urbana ,novemb]1 #aiff 7,eigh? ,pr9t+7 ,,/ate ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,regi/ration ,,& ,,education ,,bo>d ,,( ,,natural ,,res\rces ,,& ,,cons]vation ,john ,c4 ,watson1 ,*airman2 ,?omas ,p>k1 ,ph4,d41 ,biology2 ,l4 ,l4 ,sloss1 ,ph4,d41 ,geology2 ,rog] ,adams1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,*emi/ry2 ,rob]t ,h4 ,&]son1 ,b4,s4,c4,e41 ,eng9e]+2 ,*>les ,e4 ,olm/$1 ,ph4,d41 ,=e/ry2 ,w4 ,l4 ,ev]itt1 ,e4,e41 ,ph4,d41 ,repres5t+ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,delyte ,w4 ,morris1 ,ph4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,s\!rn ,ill9ois ,univ]sity4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,survey ,,division1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,te*nical ,,/aff ,george ,sprugel1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,*ief ,h]b]t ,h4 ,ross1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,*ief ,rob]t ,o4 ,watson1 ,b4,s41 ,assi/ant to ! ,*ief ,section ( ,economic ,entomology ,william ,h4 ,luckmann1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologi/ & ,head ,willis ,n4 ,bruce1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologi/ ,ronald ,h4 ,mey]1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,entomologi/ ,james ,e4 ,appleby1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,entomologi/ ,rob]t ,d4 ,paus*1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,entomologi/ ,ralph ,e4 ,se*rie/1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,entomologi/ ,delm> ,bro]sma1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,entomologi/ ,joseph ,v4 ,maddox1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,entomologi/ ,edw>d ,j4 ,armbru/1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,entomologi/ ,dannel ,mc,collum1 ,b4,a41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,gregory ,p4 ,m>%1 ,b4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,sue ,e4 ,watk9s1 ,junior ,sci5tific ,assi/ant ,h4 ,b4 ,petty1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologi/ 9 ,ext5sion#a ,/ev5son ,moore1 ,,iii1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologi/ 9 ,ext5sion#a ,roscoe ,r&ell1 ,m4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant 9 ,ext5sion#a ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,:ite1 ,b4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant 9 ,ext5sion#a ,/anley ,ra*esky1 ,m4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant 9 ,ext5sion#a ,d4 ,e4 ,kuhlman1 ,m4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant 9 ,ext5sion#a ,amal ,c4 ,ban]jee1 ,ph4,d41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,jean ,g4 ,wilson1 ,b4,a41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,ranu ,ban]jee1 ,b4,a41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,ayt5 ,hatidoglu1 ,b4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,keun ,s4 ,p>k1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,keturah ,re9bold1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,section ( ,fauni/ic ,surveys & ,insect ,id5tification ,h4 ,h4 ,ross1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,*ief & ,head ,milton ,w4 ,s&]son1 ,ph4,d41 ,taxonomi/ ,lewis ,j4 ,/ann>d1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,taxonomi/ ,philip ,w4 ,smi?1 ,ph4,d41 ,taxonomi/ ,leonora ,k4 ,gloyd1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,taxonomi/ ,wallace ,e4 ,la,berge1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,taxonomi/ ,rob]t ,t4 ,all51 ,m4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,b]nice ,swe5ey1 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,bess ,:ite1 ,a4,b41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,john ,d4 ,unzick]1 ,ph4,d41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,section ( ,aquatic ,biology ,george ,w4 ,b5nett1 ,ph4,d41 ,aquatic ,biologi/ & ,head ,william ,c4 ,/>rett1 ,ph4,d41 ,aquatic ,biologi/ ,r4 ,w4 ,l>imore1 ,ph4,d41 ,aquatic ,biologi/ ,david ,h4 ,buck1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,aquatic ,biologi/ ,rob]t ,c4 ,hiltibran1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,bio*emi/ ,donald ,f4 ,hans51 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,aquatic ,biologi/ ,william ,f4 ,*ild]s1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,aquatic ,biologi/ ,david ,l4 ,?omas1 ,b4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant ,m>yfran ,m>t91 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,claude ,russell ,rose1 ,field ,assi/ant ,d5nis ,dooley1 ,field ,assi/ant ,*>les ,f4 ,?oits1 ,,iii1 ,b4,a41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,david ,krulac1 ,project ,assi/ant#a ,section ( ,appli$ ,botany & ,plant ,pa?ology ,j4 ,c$ric ,c>t]1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pa?ologi/ & ,head ,j4 ,l4 ,=sb]g1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pa?ologi/ ,rob]t ,a4 ,ev]s1 ,ph4,d41 ,botani/ ,rob]t ,dan ,neely1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pa?ologi/ ,e4 ,b4 ,himelick1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pa?ologi/ ,walt] ,h>t/irn1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,plant ,pa?ologi/ ,d4 ,f4 ,s*o5eweiss1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,plant ,pa?ologi/ ,david ,russell ,vance1 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,rob]t ,j4 ,slatt]y1 ,b4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,rob]t ,s4 ,p]ry1 ,b4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,betty ,s4 ,nelson1 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,sylvia ,p4 ,brock/e91 ,m4,s41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,section ( ,wildlife ,rese>* ,gl5 ,c4 ,s&]son1 ,ph4,d41 ,wildlife ,speciali/ & ,head ,f4 ,c4 ,bellrose1 ,b4,s41 ,wildlife ,speciali/ ,h4 ,c4 ,hanson1 ,ph4,d41 ,wildlife ,speciali/ ,ri*>d ,r4 ,grab]1 ,ph4,d41 ,wildlife ,speciali/ ,ronald ,f4 ,labisky1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,wildlife ,speciali/ ,william ,r4 ,edw>ds1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,wildlife ,speciali/ ,william ,w4 ,co*ran1 ,,jr41 ,assi/ant ,wildlife ,speciali/ ,rob]t ,e4 ,gre5b]g1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant ,hel5 ,c4 ,s*ultz1 ,m4,a41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,luc9da ,janis1 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,rob]t ,d4 ,crompton1 ,field ,assi/ant ,ronald ,duzan1 ,laboratory ,assi/ant ,m>y ,ann ,johnson1 ,laboratory ,assi/ant ,william ,j4 ,francis1 ,ph4,d41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,jack ,a4 ,ellis1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,james ,a4 ,bailey1 ,ph4,d41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,g]ald ,g4 ,montgom]y1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,william ,l4 ,&]son1 ,m4,a41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,george ,b4 ,joselyn1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,g]ald ,l4 ,/orm1 ,m4,s41 ,field ,ecologi/#a ,ronald ,l4 ,we/emei]1 ,b4,s41 ,rese>* ,associate#a ,/anley ,l4 ,ett]1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,rob]t ,e4 ,hawk9s1 ,b4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,jeffrey ,c4 ,hanson1 ,m4,s41 ,rese>* ,assi/ant#a ,kei? ,t4 ,dauph91 ,project ,assi/ant#a ,section ( ,publications & ,public ,relations ,ow5 ,f4 ,gliss5dorf1 ,m4,s41 ,te*nical ,editor & ,head ,rob]t ,m4 ,zewadski1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,te*nical ,editor ,nancy ,k4 ,g9zel1 ,b4,s41 ,assi/ant ,te*nical ,editor ,wilm] ,d4 ,zehr1 ,te*nical ,photograph] ,william ,l4 ,taylor1 ,te*nical ,assi/ant ,te*nical ,libr>y ,doris ,f4 ,dodds1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,s4,l4,s41 ,te*nical ,libr>ian ,patricia ,f4 ,/5/rom1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,s4,l4,s41 ,assi/ant ,te*nical ,libr>ian ,,consultants3 ,h]petology1 ,hob>t ,m4 ,smi?1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,p>asitology1 ,norman ,d4 ,lev9e1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,vet]9>y ,p>asitology & ,vet]9>y ,rese>*1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,wildlife ,rese>*1 ,will>d ,d4 ,klim/ra1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,director ( ,coop]ative ,wildlife ,rese>*1 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois ,univ]sity2 ,/ati/ics1 ,horace ,w4 ,norton1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,/ati/ical ,design & ,analysis1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 #a;,employ$ on coop]ative projects ) "o ( sev]al ag5cies3 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,ill9ois ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 ,ill9ois ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation1 ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% & ,wildlife ,s]vice1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 & o!rs4 ,?is pap] is a contribution f ! ,section ( ,fauni/ic ,surveys & ,insect ,id5tification4 7#ccgaa--aj,m--#aj-ff7cj ,:]e to ,collect #a ,:at to ,use #b ,nets #c ,kill+ ,bottles #f ,aspirators or ,suck]s #i ,sift] #ab ,b]lese ,funnel #ab ,equipm5t = ,collect+ ,aquatic ,insects #af ,h[ to ,h&le ,unm\nt$ ,specim5s #ag ,tempor>y ,cases #ag ,relax+ ,boxes & ,j>s #ai ,h[ to ,m\nt & ,pres]ve ,specim5s #bj ,pres]vation by ,p9n+ #bj ,spread+ ,bo>d = ,mo?s & ,butt]flies #bd ,pres]vation 9 ,fluid #bf ,h[ to ,label ! ,specim5s #bf ,h\s+ ! ,collection ,p]man5tly #bg ,insect ,boxes #bg ,precaution ,aga9/ ,pe/s #bg ,! ,insect ,_w #bh ,h[ to ,id5tify ,specim5s #cd ,synopsis ( ,ill9ois ,insect ,ord]s #ce ,primitive ,w+less ,insects #ce ,diplura #cf ,protura #cf ,collembola #cf ,microcoryphia #cf ,?ysanura #ch ,primitive ,w+$ ,insects #ch ,ephem]opt]a #ch ,odonata #ch ,fold+-,w+ ,insects #dj ,cursoria #db ,isopt]a #dc ,or?opt]a #dc ,d]mapt]a #dd ,plecopt]a #de ,zorapt]a #de ,corrod5tia #de ,ph?irapt]a #de ,mallophaga #dg ,anoplura #dg ,?ysanopt]a #dg ,hemipt]a #dh ,megalopt]a #eb ,neuropt]a #eb ,coleopt]a #ec ,hym5opt]a #ed ,mecopt]a #ee ,tri*opt]a #eg ,lepidopt]a #eh ,dipt]a #fj ,siphonapt]a #fa ,relatives ( ,insects #fb ,isopoda #fb ,amphipoda #fb ,scorpionida #fd ,pseudoscorpionida #fd ,phalangida #fd ,araneida #fe ,ac>9a #fe ,diplopoda #ff ,*ilopoda #fg ,! ,/ate ,insect ,collection #fg ,reports on ,ill9ois ,insects #fi ,useful ,books #gj ,h[ to ,%ip ,specim5s #gj ,:]e to ,buy ,supplies #ga ,pr9t$ by ,au?ority ( ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 ,*4 #abg4 ,,irs1 ,p>4 #eh4bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,ill9ois /reams are a s\rce ( _m insects ( int]e/ to ! amateur collector4 ,%[n "h is ! ,salt ,=k ,riv]1 s\? ( ,oakwood4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,collect ,,& ,,pres]ve ,,insects ,h4 ,h4 ,,ross ,) r simple equipm5t1 ! amateur z well z ! tra9$ entomologi/ c make a wor?:ile collection ( insects4 ,! mak+ ( su* a collection may h educational & recreational z well z sci5tific values4 ,develop+ ?is hobby is "o ( ! f9e/ ways = /ud5ts1 especially ^? 9 agricultural di/ricts1 to become acqua9t$ ) ! l>ge numb] ( injuri\s & b5eficial insects t !y enc\nt] ab\t ! home & 9 ! fields4 ,high s*ool classes 9 biology f9d excell5t laboratory mat]ial 9 ! _m insects available = re>+ & /udy4 ,bo? old & "y collectors f9d a great deal ( pleasure 9 work+ ) ! %[y & beautiful insects1 su* z beetles1 mo?s1 & butt]flies2 ! satisfaction d]iv$ comes bo? f hav+ relaxation f ! day's "w & f mak+ real contributions to sci5tific k4 ,_m entomological museums welcome ! opportunity to exam9e c>efully prep>$ & label$ collections4 ,^! collections supply di/ribution records = insect species1 9 addition to o!r in=mation ( value to te*nical entomologi/s4 ,also1 ! amateur collector pr(its f 8 contact ) speciali/s :o c help him id5tify 8 specim5s & advise him at any /age ( 8 "w4 ,x is hop$ t ?is circul> w %[ h[ easy x is to make a />t 9 insect collect+ & w give ! /ud5t helpful ideas on h[ & :]e to beg94 ,,:]e ,,to ,,collect ,9 late spr+1 9 summ]1 & 9 e>ly fall1 insects are v abundant 9 fields & woods1 & l>ge numb]s ( !m may be caught by sweep+ ?r\gh ! grass & bran*es ) a /rong insect net4 ,fl[]s ( all descriptions are favorite visit+ places ( _m bees1 flies1 beetles1 & o!r insects1 & w af=d good collect+4 ,woods along ! banks ( /reams1 op5 glades 9 deep woods1 & bru% along =e/ edges (f] "s ( ! be/ opportunities = collect+ by ! sweep+ me?od4 ,9 e>ly spr+1 :5 insects c be tak5 only sp>+ly 9 ! op51 ! collector frequ5tly f9ds %elt]$ holl[s :]e !y may be caught 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( insect may live only on a c]ta9 k9d ( plant1 & to obta9 ! insect ! collector mu/ se>* or sweep ! plant1 call$ ! ho/ plant4 ,_m obscure places h>bor insects seldom f\nd else:]e4 ,among ^! are leaf mold & debris on ! surface ( ! soil1 p>ticul>ly 9 woods2 rott5 logs & /umps1 :i* %\ld be turn$ ov] to reveal insects t hide "u or ar\nd !m1 & !n c>efully se>*$ or torn ap>t = o!rs t live inside2 91 "u1 & ar\nd dead animals2 "u bo>ds & /ones4 ,trees sometimes yield valuable specim5s4 ,if "p ( a tree1 "u :i* has be5 spread a l>ge :ite %eet1 is /ruck ) a heavy1 padd$ /ick1 _m insects1 su* z weevils1 w fall to ! %eet & play possum4 ,!y c be pick$ (f q easily4 ,lights attract l>ge numb]s ( c]ta9 nocturnal insects1 su* z ,june beetles & _m k9ds ( mo?s2 at night ^! insects may be collect$ at /reet or por* lights1 on w9d[s & scre5s ( light$ rooms1 or at light traps put up especially to attract !m4 ,sw>ms ( aquatic insects come to /reet lights ( t[ns along riv]s1 sometimes 9 su* numb]s z to pile up 9 a crawl+ mass "u ea* light4 ,collect+ at ?is s\rce is be/ on w>m1 cl\dy nights2 w9d or cold keeps mo/ nocturnal insects fairly inactive4 ,diff]5t species ( mo?s & beetles visit ! lights 9 diff]5t seasons s t collect+ by ?is me?od alone yields _m k9ds ( insects4 ,insects t live 9 ! wat] may be collect$ ) heavy dip nets swept ?r\gh ! wat] at v>i\s levels & ?r\gh ! mud & debris at ! bottom4 ,9 %all[ wat]1 _m insects w be f\nd if /ones & logs are turn$ ov] & leaf tufts pull$ ap>t4 ,9 w9t]1 insect galls or cocoons may be ga!r$4 ,if ^! are plac$ 9 j>s ) *eeseclo? cov]s ti$ ov] !m1 kept 9 a w>m room1 b away f radiators & all int5se heat1 _m insects w em]ge f !m be=e spr+4 ,,:at ,,to ,,use ,= mak+ ev5 a fairly l>ge insect collection1 only a small am\nt ( equipm5t is requir$4 ,a net & kill+ bottle are ess5tial1 & good "w may be done ) ^! alone4 ,a great] v>iety ( insects may be collect$ & ) bett] results if a few m items are add$ to ! li/4 ,"h is an outfit t w be f\nd v satisfactory 9 ! field4 #a4 ,a /rong beat+ net = g5]al sweep+ & an additional light net to be us$ = mo?s & butt]flies4 #b4 ,kill+ bottles1 sev]al small & "o or two l>ge ones4 #c4 ,a pair ( flexible =ceps1 #aj to #ab c5timet]s 7ab\t #d to #e in*es7 long1 ) sl5d] prongs4 #d4 ,"o or two camel's-hair bru%es = pick+ up m9ute insects4 #e4 ,a few vials or small bottles conta9+ fluid pres]vative4 #f4 ,fold$ pap]s = butt]flies4 #g4 ,a few small t9s or boxes l9$ ) cellucotton4 ,^! items may be pur*as$ f comm]cial supply h\ses su* z ^? li/$ on page #ga4 ,_m items1 h[ev]1 may be made by ! collector at nom9al co/4 ,nets ,nets are ! mo/ important items 9 ! collect+ kit ( ! entomologi/4 ,= ?is reason nets %\ld be rigidly con/ruct$ & h&l$ ) c>e4 ,con/ruction4--,nets may easily be made at home4 ,! necess>y p>ts are a h&le1 a loop or r+ to be atta*$ to x1 & a clo? bag to be hung f ! loop1 figs4 #a & #b4 ,! h&le %\ld be /rong & fairly light4 ,at ! net end1 fig4 #a;a1 a groove is cut d[n ea* side to receive ! arms ( ! loop4 ,! grooves are z deep z ! ?ickness ( ! wire us$ 9 ! loop2 "o groove is #c in*es long & ! o!r #b in*es2 & ea* ends 9 a hole ?r\gh ! h&le at "r angles to ! l5g?4 ,! loop1 fig4 #a;b1 is made ( /eel wire1 pref]ably ?ree-eigh?s-in* piano wire1 :i* if b5t by r\gh usage spr+s back into %ape & w /& a great deal ( h>d we>4 ,! wire is %ap$1 z ! figure %[s1 to =m a loop ) two /raight arms1 ! tips ( :i* are b5t at "r angles t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! arms & hooks ?us =m$ mu/ be exactly long en\gh to fit along ! grooves & into ! holes 9 ! h&le4 ,aft] ! bag or net has be5 atta*$ to ! loop1 & ! wire has be5 fitt$ to ! h&le1 ! jo9t may ei!r be wrapp$ tightly ) wire1 fig4 #a;c1 or b\nd by a metal cyl9d] or f]rule slipp$ ov] ! arms ( ! loop1 fig4 #a;d4 ,! bag1 ab\t twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! loop1 %\ld be tap]$ at ! bottom4 ,x is made f f\r pieces ( clo?1 ea* cut 9 ! %ape ( fig4 #b;a1 & a n>r[ /rip or b& ( /\t musl9 or light canvas1 #b;b1 :i* is to b9d ! bag to ! wire loop4 ,! f\r pieces are sew$ toge!r to =m a cone-%ap$ bag1 & "o edge ( ! b& is sew$ to ! top edge ( ! bag4 ,! bag may be atta*$ to ! wire loop 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,! b& may be fold$ ov] ! loop & sew$ s t ! atta*m5t is p]man5t2 or x may be fold$ ov]1 sew$1 & !n slipp$ on ! loop be=e ! latt] is fa/5$ to ! h&le4 ,9 ! latt] case ! bag mu/ be op5 along "o seam j bel[ ! h&le a suffici5t di/ance to all[ ! b& to slip on & ar\nd ! loop2 ?is v5t may be clos$ ) a /r+ lac+ aft] ! net is on ! loop1 & ! :ole fa/5$ to ! h&le4 ,a comb9ation ( ?is arrangem5t ) a f]rule b9d+ ! loop to ! h&le is mo/ conv5i5t1 = x all[s ! bag to be remov$ at w & a light] or heavi] "o sub/itut$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! collector4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,net loop & h&le4 ,! %ort grooves cut opposite ea* o!r at ! small end ( ! h&le1 a1 end 9 holes ?r\gh ! h&le t receive ! hooks ( ! loop arms1 b4 ,! loop may be p]man5tly b\nd to ! h&le ) wire1 c1 or a removable jo9t may be effect$ ) a metal f]rule t c be slipp$ up & d[n1 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,bag & complet$ net4 ,! bag is cut f f\r pieces %ap$ z 9 a1 & ! top edge ( ! bag is b\nd ) a n>r[ /rip ( /\t musl9 or light canvas1 b1 by means ( :i* ! bag is atta*$ to ! loop4 ,aft] ! bag is on ! loop1 ! back v5t may be clos$ ) a /r+ lac+1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?is clos+1 :i* keeps ! back ( ! net f gap+1 prev5ts ! escape ( ! mo/ active insects ?r\gh ! back op5+4 ,! h&le pictur$ "h is a removable type1 fig4 #a d4 ,g5]al ,purpose ,net4--,loop1 heavy wire1 #ab in*es 9 diamet]2 bag1 /rong unblea*$ musl9 or light duck1 #bj to #bd in*es long2 h&le1 h>dwood /ick1 #bd to #cj in*es long4 ,butt]fly ,net4--,z above b ) a long] h&le & a bag ( good quality m>quisette or f9e nylon nett+4 ,comb9ation ,net4--,a net t includes ! features & uses ( ! two nets describ$ above & is a bett] collect+ in/rum5t may be conv5i5tly made in/ead1 al?\gh at slightly high] co/ because ( ! bett] mat]ials4 ,its loop1 ( #g gauge 7?ree-eigh?s in*7 piano wire1 is #ae in*es 9 diamet] & all[s a great] area to be cov]$ ) ea* sweep4 ,! bag1 ( f9e/ bolt]'s silk or be/ quality m>quisette1 is #bd in*es long & s]ves equally well = ! capture ( delicate insects & = beat+4 ,! h&le1 ( /raight-gra9$ hickory or a%1 is #dj in*es long & p]mits ! collector to cov] great] areas 9 sweep+4 ,if a *eap] net is desir$1 "o ( unblea*$ musl9 w be satisfactory = g5]al use4 ,c>e & ,use4--,all nets are easily ripp$ & = ?is reason %\ld be kept away f b>b$ wire & f ?orny trees1 su* z locu/ & r$ haw4 ,also1 !y %\ld be kept dry4 ,moi/ure rots ! fabric1 mak+ x m easily torn4 ,mo/ insects caught 9 a net :ile x is wet are unfit = a collection4 ,fl[]s1 h]bs1 & b\ghs %\ld be swept ) a sidewise motion4 ,a sidewise sweep w collect m insects ?an an upw>d or d[nw>d sweep & at ! same "t mutilate less4 ,if c>e is tak5 n to damage fl[]s or foliage1 ! same pat* ( plants may be visit$ sev]al times ) pr(it4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bag %\ld be remov$ aft] e few sweeps or /rokes4 ,?is practice w prev5t damage to ! insects caus$ by be+ jo/l$ ab\t 9 ! net ) a l>ge am\nt ( debris4 ,kill+ ,bottles ,! be/ kill+ ag5ts = use 9 bottles are ei!r potassium cyanide or calcium cyanide4 ,^! comp\nds give a conc5tration ( deadly fumes suffici5t to kill mo/ insects 9 a v %ort "t1 :i* is desirable4 ,g5]ally1 two sizes ( bottles are us$1 & 9 ei!r ( !m "o ( ^! cyanides may give good results4 ,only a small supply %\ld be pur*as$ at a "t1 z !y det]iorate rapidly4 ,con/ruction4--,a pyrex glass te/ tube or /rong r+-neck$ vial1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s in* wide & #d to #f in*es long1 makes a good cyanide bottle ( ! small] size1 fig4 #c4 ,put ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s in* ( granul> potassium cyanide or calcium cyanide flakes 9 ! tube or vial4 ,cov] ) a tight plug ( cellucotton1 on top ( :i* put "o or two loose plugs4 ,in/ead ( cellucotton1 y may use sawdu/ & a pla/] ( ,p>is batt]4 ,9 ! latt] case1 cov] ! cyanide ) "o-qu>t] in* ( sawdu/ & ov] x p\r "o-qu>t] in* ( newly mix$1 ?ick batt] ( pla/] ( ,p>is & wat]4 ,all[ ! batt] to h>d5 = a few h\rs2 !n keep ! bottle tightly cork$ except :5 x is be+ us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,cyanide kill+ bottles4 ,! le?al *emical1 #a1 is potassium cyanide or calcium cyanide & is cov]$ ) a lay] ( cellucotton1 #b1 or sawdu/1 #c1 & pla/] ( ,p>is1 #d4 ,! re/ ( ! bottle is fill$ ) s(t1 loosely crumpl$1 l9t-free pap]1 :i* %\ld be *ang$ :5ev] x gets damp4 ,! bottles %\ld be tightly cork$ & label$ ,,poison4 ,! collector %\ld n te/ _! /r5g? by smell+4 ,! l>g] cyanide bottle1 fig4 #c1 :i* %\ld be /urdy1 may range 9 capacity f "o-half p9t to a qu>t4 ,9 ! l>g] bottle1 ! cyanide %\ld always h ! pla/] ( ,p>is cov]+4 ,! lay] ( sawdu/ & pla/] %\ld be a little ?ick] ?an t = ! small] bottle4 ,c>e & ,use4--,label all kill+ bottles & o!r conta9]s ( cyanide conspicu\sly ) ! ^w ,,poison2 keep !m tightly cork$ & away f *ildr5 or adults :o d n realize ! extreme deadl9ess ( ! comp\nds4 ,nev] te/ ! /r5g? ( a kill+ bottle by tak+ ! cork out & smell+ ! cont5ts4 ,z an add$ precaution & safegu>d to ! collector1 tape ! bottom ( ! cyanide bottle to protect x aga9/ breakage4 ,! bottle %\ld be almo/ entirely fill$ ) loosely crumpl$1 s(t pap]1 :i* %\ld be *ang$ :5ev] x gets damp4 ,?is pap] w help keep ! specim5s f rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r inside ! bottle & !reby be+ damag$4 ,ea* collector %\ld h sev]al cyanide bottles & foll[ c>efully ^! practices4 #a4 ,transf] insects f net to bottle by hold+ ! uncork$ bottle 9 a fold or corn] ( ! net & cr[d+ "o or m ( ! specim5s into x1 or runn+ ! op5 bottle up ! side ( ! net b5ea? ! specim5 or specim5s4 ,mo/ insects c be maneuv]$ into ! bottle easily & ! op5+ tempor>ily clos$ by ! ?umb1 or ! /opp] c be put on4 ,9 ob/9ate cases1 x may be desirable to /opp] ! bottle ?r\gh ! clo? ( ! net until ! specim5 is /upefi$1 aft] :i* ! insect w drop to ! bottom ( ! bottle4 #b4 ,keep small1 delicate insects 9 a bottle by !mselves4 ,su* insects z l>ge beetles are apt to mutilate small flies & o!r delicate insects 9 ! same bottle4 #c4 ,keep a special bottle = mo?s & butt]flies4 ,:5 ^! die !y %$ l>ge quantities ( scales1 :i* /ick to & p>tially spoil o!r insects4 #d4 ,keep ! inside ( ! bottle dry4 ,cyanide bottles sweat2 t is1 moi/ure bo? f ! insects & ! pla/] cond5ses on ! inside ( ! bottle4 ,moi/ure w mat ! hair & app5dages ( insects & discolor ! bodies4 ,d n cr[d ! bottle ) l>ge insects1 especially juicy ones l gras%opp]s4 ,*ange ! pap] frequ5tly4 ,wipe out ! bottle ) pap] or clo?1 :i* %\ld be c>efully dispos$ ( 9 su* a way t x _c poison p]sons or pets4 ,keep ! kill+ *emical out ( cuts & m\?4 ,wa% h&s ) c>e aft] h&l+ ! *emical4 #e4 ,take insects out ( ! bottles soon aft] !y are dead4 ,cyanide fumes quickly turn _m yell[s to r$ or orange1 & also make small specim5s brittle s t legs & o!r p>ts break (f easily4 #f4 ,empty ! insects out ( ! bottles be=e !y h accumulat$ 9 a ball at ! bottom4 ,to d s w prev5t damage to ! small] specim5s & discoloration due to sweat+4 #g4 ,dispose ( a cyanide bottle :5 x w no long] kill insects quickly4 ,sub/itute a fre% bottle & y w save "t 9 ! field4 ,be sure to dispose ( old bottles 9 su* a way t _! deadly cont5ts are out ( rea* ( *ildr5 & pets4 ,aspirators or ,suck]s ,small1 rapidly mov+ insects1 su* z leafhopp]s1 dim9utive beetles1 & flies1 may be collect$ by us+ an aspirator or suck]1 figs4 #d & #e4 ,con/ruction4--,an aspirator c be made f a capsule vial 7available f a drug/ore7 or f a piece ( glass tub+4 ,a small olive bottle may be sub/itut$ = ! vial4 ,! foll[+ items are ne$$ = ! vial aspirator1 fig4 #d3 a vial1 #a in*es 9 diamet] & #c or m in*es long1 a two-hole rubb] /opp] ) op5+s to fit "o-f\r?-in* diamet] glass tub+1 #af in*es ( "o-f\r?-in* diamet] glass tub+1 rubb] tub+ #bd in*es long to fit ov] ! glass tub+1 a small metal file 7! triangul> type is be/71 a small piece ( *eeseclo?1 "s /r+1 & a buns5 burn]4 ,con/ruct ! vial aspirator accord+ to ! foll[+ directions & z %[n 9 fig4 #d4 #a4 ,cut ! glass tub+ into ?ree pieces1 #c in*es1 #h in*es1 & #e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,to cut ! tub+1 score x ) an edge ( ! metal file2 !n hold ! tub+ ) bo? h&s s t ! ?umb ( ea* h& is on ! side ( ! tub+ opposite to ! scor$ m>k2 break ! tub+ away f ! body by ex]t+ pressure ) ! ?umbs4 #b4 ,make a slight b5d 9 ! c5t] ( ! #h-;in* piece ( tub+ & a "r angle b5d 9 ! #e-;in* piece1 z foll[s3 hold "o piece ( glass tub+ ) bo? h&s & place ! c5t] ( x 9 ! blue flame ( ! buns5 burn]2 rotate ! tub+ sl[ly4 ,:5 ! glass gl[s yell[1 x beg9s to s(t54 ,b5d ! tub+ to ! desir$ angle4 ,!n quickly )draw ! tub+ f ! flame4 #c4 ,heat "o end ( ! #h-;in* piece ( glass tub+ 9 ! buns5 burn]1 sl[ly rotat+ ! tub+ s t ! %>p edges melt slightly & r\nd out2 !n all[ ! tub+ to cool4 ,heat "o end ( ! #c-;in* tub+ 9 ! same mann]4 ,smoo? ! rema9+ r\gh edges ( ! glass tub+ by heat+ !m slightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,vial type ( aspirator or suck]4 ,end g is plac$ 9 ! m\?2 c is us$ to pick up ! insects4 ,%[n also is a cyanide cork1 h-i1 :i* is us$ to kill insects 9 ! aspirator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,tub+ type ( aspirator4 ,p>ts = ?is aspirator %\ld be comp>$ ) equival5t p>ts = ! aspirator %[n 9 fig4 #d4 ,not$ especially %\ld be ! position ( ! glass tube1 c1 & ! l5g? ( ! rubb] tube1 f4 #d4 ,ins]t ! #h-;in* & #e-;in* pieces ( glass tub+ into ! rubb] /opp]4 ,! long] piece1 fig4 #d;c1 %\ld project ab\t #a in*es into ! vial4 ,! %ort] piece1 fig4 #d;d1 %\ld project ab\t ?ree-f\r?s in*4 #e4 ,ov] "o end ( ! #e-;in* piece ( glass tub+1 fig4 #d;e1 tie two ?icknesses ( *eeseclo? securely ) /r+4 #f4 ,ov] ! o!r end ( ! #e-;in* piece1 slip "o end ( ! rubb] tub+1 fig4 #d;f4 #g4 ,into ! o!r end ( ! rubb] tub+ slip ! #c-;in* piece ( glass tub+1 fig4 #d;g1 s t ! r\nd$ end ( glass is expos$4 #h4 ,complete ! assembly ( ! aspirator by plac+ ! rubb] /opp] snugly into ! vial4 ,! vial aspirator is n[ ready = use4 ,if a piece ( glass tub+ #a in*es 9 diamet] & #h in*es long is available1 !n a tube aspirator c be made1 fig4 #e4 ,9 mak+ a tube aspirator1 use two "o-hole rubb] /opp]s1 #e;b4 ,cut ! pieces ( glass tub+ z %[n 9 fig4 #e;c1 #e;e1 & #e;g4 ,us+ a piece ( rubb] tub+1 #e;f1 complete ! m9or details z describ$ = ! vial aspirator1 n =gett+ ! *eeseclo?1 #e;e1 & assemble ! p>ts z %[n 9 fig4 #e4 ,use & ,c>e4--,to cat* an insect ) ! aspirator %[n 9 fig4 #d or fig4 #e1 put end piece1 g1 9 y\r m\?1 grasp ! vial or tube1 a1 9 y\r dext]\s h&1 aim ! intake tube1 c1 at ! insect & almo/ t\*+ x2 suck sudd5ly & h>d4 ,! air curr5t pulls ! insect 92 ! insect usually does n f9d its way into ! intake tube to crawl out4 ,! *eeseclo?1 e1 prev5ts ! insect f be+ suck$ into y\r m\?4 ,to kill insects 9 ! aspirator1 use a small cyanide bottle1 #d;i1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 a cork1 #d;h1 t has be5 p>tially bor$ ?r\gh to receive x4 ,?is cork %\ld be ! exact size ( ! vial or tube = :i* x is int5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,sift] ) h& grips4 ,debris conta9+ insects is sift$ ov] a piece ( :ite oilclo?4 ,! sift]1 n m ?an half full1 is %ak5 g5tly at fir/ & !n viol5tly4 ,f9ally ! debris t _c be %ak5 ?r\gh ! sift] is empti$ on ! oilclo?1 & specim5s too l>ge to g ?r\gh ! me% ( ! sift] are captur$4 ,pati5ce is requir$ to get ! be/ results ) ! sift]1 :i* provides "o ( ! be/ me?ods = w9t] collect+4 ,to use ! cyanide cork ) ! vial aspirator %[n 9 fig4 #d1 simply ex*ange ! corks4 ,if ! glass tube aspirator is us$1 plug ! intake tube1 #e;c1 ) a tap]$ pap] plug or a leaf1 j> ! insects away f ! /opp] at ! opposite end1 remove ?is /opp] cauti\sly1 & quickly ins]t 9 its place ! cyanide cork4 ,:5 ! specim5s are /upefi$1 !y may be transf]r$ to ano!r bottle4 ,! cyanide corks are highly poison\s4 ,betwe5 times ( use ) an aspirator1 keep ea* ( ^! corks ins]t$ tightly 9 a bottle or vial label$ ,,poison1 z 9 fig4 #c4 ,sift] ,p]haps no special collect+ me?od results 9 m int]e/+1 r>e1 & div]se k9ds ( insects ?an t involv$ 9 sift+ rott5 logs1 leaf mold1 & o!r =e/ & prairie gr\nd cov]4 ,to d ?is type ( collect+1 provide y\rself ) ! foll[+3 #a4 ,a /\t sift+ sieve ab\t #ab by #ab in*es & #d to #f in*es deep1 fig4 #f4 ,! bottom may be wire scre5 ( any desir$ me%2 usually #h1 #aj1 or #ab me%es to ! in* give good results4 #b4 ,a /urdy piece ( :ite oilclo? ab\t #ah in*es or #b feet squ>e4 #c4 ,collect+ equipm5t1 includ+ an aspirator1 camel's-hair bru%1 =ceps1 vials1 & kill+ bottle4 ,mat]ial su* z leaf mold is plac$ 9 ! sieve & ?is is %ak5 ov] ! :ite oilclo?1 :i* has be5 spread on a level spot on ! gr\nd4 ,! small insects fall on ! clo? & c be pick$ up ) ! aspirator or ! camel's-hair bru%4 ,_m insects feign dea? :5 !y fall to ! oilclo? & !y are difficult to detect 9 ! bits ( sift$ mat]ial until !y revive & />t to move4 ,9 late fall & w9t]1 sift+ provides "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable types ( collect+2 9 any season1 x w turn up su* ?+s z r>e spid]s & beetles4 ,sift+ is mo/ successful = f9d+ l>ge1 active insects4 ,= small1 sl[-mov+ =ms1 ,b]lese funnels (f] a bett] collect+ me?od4 ,b]lese ,funnel ,:5 y are w&]+ ?r\gh woods or fields1 d y realize t y are /epp+ on m insects ?an y ev] see8 ,! gr\nd cov] & soil are inhabit$ by a va/ assemblage ( little animals t are seldom se5 by ! casual collector4 ,because _m ( ^! animals are exce$+ly m9ute1 !y are difficult to see & collect by ord9>y me?ods4 ,con/ruction4--,! mo/ effici5t me?od = collect+ ?is fauna is by ! use ( ,b]lese funnels1 nam$ aft] ! ,italian entomologi/ ,b]lese 7pron\nc$ ,bur-lazy71 :o fir/ us$ !m ext5sively4 ,a ,b]lese funnel is a v simple app>atus1 consi/+ ( a fairly long funnel1 susp5d$ wide end up1 )1 a scre5 plac$ ab\t a ?ird ( ! way d[n ! funnel2 heat is appli$ ei!r ar\nd ! upp] portion or ov] ! top ( ! funnel1 & a conta9] ( pres]vative1 pref]ably #hj p] c5t e?yl alcohol1 is plac$ at ! small bottom op5+4 ,leaf mold or o!r mat]ial is plac$ on ! scre51 ! heat s\rce is turn$ on1 & soon ! animals beg9 to leave ! dry+ sample & migrate d[nw>d1 dropp+ into ! pres]vative4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,diagrammatic cross section ( a ,b]lese funnel4 ,! c5tral figure %[s an arrangem5t = a /eam coil1 ! l[] left = an electric light4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates a funnel t has prov$ v satisfactory2 x is #ae in*es f top to bottom1 & ! top has a diamet] ( #ab in*es4 ,! bottom op5+1 sev5-eigh?s in* 9 diamet]1 fits into ! m\? ( ! bottle conta9+ ! pres]vative4 ,?ree angl$ brackets or hang]s are sold]$ inside ! funnel to provide a re/ = ! scre51 :i* is made ( qu>t]-in* or eigh?-in* me% h>dw>e clo?2 ! me% us$ dep5ds ^u ! type ( sample4 ,a batt]y ( sev]al funnels 9 a rack1 fig4 #h1 w all[ ! collector to sample sev]al k9ds ( mat]ial at ! same "t4 ,if /eam is us$ z a s\rce ( heat1 ! small copp] l9es t conduct x act z a p>tial support = ! funnel by encircl+ x ab\t halfway betwe5 ! scre5 & ! top2 a piece ( clo? is ti$ tightly ov] ! top ( ! funnel to prev5t ! upw>d escape ( animals4 ,if an electric light is us$ = heat+1 x %\ld be hung directly ov] ! c5t] ( ! funnel1 no clo? %\ld be ti$ ov] ! top1 & ! light %\ld h a reflector ne>ly z wide z ! top ( ! funnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,b]lese funnel 9 position on rack4 ,ea* funnel re/s inside a d\ble r+ ( copp] tub+ 7visible at extreme l[] left71 ?r\gh :i* live /eam fl[s4 ,! /eam produces heat t dries out ! sample ( leaf mold 9 ! funnel & drives animals into a bottle ( pres]vative bel[4 ,cotton or a small rag is tamp$ betwe5 ! end ( ! funnel & ! m\? ( ! bottle to prev5t escape ( specim5s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to heat ! sample too rapidly4 ,o!rwise1 ei!r moi/ure w cond5se 9 ! l[] "p ( ! funnel & trap _m ( ! animals work+ _! way t[>d ! bottom1 or ! heat w kill _m ( ! organisms be=e !y h an opportunity to move out ( ! sample4 ,an application ( heat suffici5t to dry ! sample 9 #d or #e days is usually satisfactory4 ,! ,b]lese funnel is extremely useful = collect+ _m gr\ps ( beetles 7p>ticul>ly ,/aphyl9idae71 ?rips1 spr+tails1 _m gr\ps ( p>asitic ,hym5opt]a1 ants1 mites1 pseudoscorpions1 millip$es1 c5tip$es1 & a wide range ( o!r m9ute animals t live 9 soil1 surface cov]1 logs1 or b>k4 ,collect+ ,b]lese ,samples4--,_m diff]5t habitats & micro-habitats provide good samples = ! ,b]lese funnel4 ,y w f9d t1 = g5]al collect+1 v>i\s types ( gr\nd cov] are excell5t2 = leaf mold samples1 scrape (f & disc>d ! dry surface leaves & scoop up ! l[]1 rott$ lay]s ( leaves toge!r ) an in* or two ( ! adjac5t soil4 ,y may enc\nt] especially good samples :]e leaves h bl[n 9 along ! edge ( a log4 ,9 su* a situation1 take "s ( ! log b>k ) ! sample4 ,collect rott5 log samples 9 l>ge hunks & break !m up j be=e putt+ !m 9 ! funnel4 ,f ei!r /&+ /umps or fall5 logs 9 :i* ! wood is /ill too h>d to break up1 collect ! loose b>k1 z x is (t5 q productive4 ,frequ5tly1 if y roll a log ov]1 y may f9d animal runs "u x2 ! debris & e>? "u & ar\nd ^! runs1 toge!r ) animal ne/s1 frequ5tly give unusual cat*es1 su* z l>vae & adults ( fleas & r>e ticks4 ,especially productive are samples tak5 f ! int]ior ( a /&+ holl[ tree2 f ! bottom ( ! holl[ y c scoop out a foot or m ( f9e1 rott51 woody mat]ial ri* 9 r>e insects4 ,c]ta9 items plac$ 9 ! funnel may produce di/9ctive & unusual cat*es4 ,rec5tly des]t$ birds' ne/s w give mites &1 frequ5tly1 r>e beetles1 flies1 & _! l>vae2 mature or ov]mature mu%rooms & bracket fungi are (t5 ri* 9 beetles1 ?rips1 & maggots2 b>k ( liv+ trees may produce unusual ?rips1 spr+tails1 & psocids2 debris f aquatic habitats & f ! wet edges ( ponds & t9y /reams may be productive ( r>e aquatic & semiaquatic =ms4 ,moss is a good s\rce ( peculi> species ( spr+tails1 ?rips1 & beetles2 ! moss %\ld be roll$ up c>efully :ile be+ transport$4 ,h&l+ ,b]lese ,collections4--,9 ! field1 put samples ( leaf mold or o!r mat]ial 9 tightly wov5 clo? bags or /rong pap] bags = transportation4 ,x is conv5i5t to h small pap] bags = mu%rooms1 ne/s1 & o!r small items1 & l>g] bags = gr\nd cov]1 moss1 & ! l4 ,:5 collect+ gr\nd cov] & simil> mat]ial1 put 9 ea* bag en\gh ( a sample s t x w n %ake ar\nd loosely1 b d n pack x tightly4 ,be sure t samples d n ov]heat :ile be+ transport$4 ,samples may be collect$ at any season4 ,if collect$ dur+ w>m wea!r1 !y %\ld be tak5 to a laboratory & plac$ 9 ! funnels )9 a day or two2 o!rwise1 consid]able loss ( population occurs )9 ! samples4 ,if collect$ dur+ cold wea!r1 !y may be kept 9 cold /orage = a week or two ) little loss ( fauna4 ,9 putt+ mat]ial 9 ! funnel1 lay x c>efully on ! scre5 to a dep? ( a few in*es4 ,moss & sod %\ld be plac$ upside d[n 9 a s+le lay] on ! scre54 ,9 ! case ( d5se mat]ial1 pile ! sample *iefly ar\nd ! sides ( ! funnel & leave an op5+ 9 ! middle1 z %[n 9 fig4 #g4 ,aft] ! funnel is load$1 place x 9 ! rack1 put ! bottle ( pres]vative "u x1 & apply ! heat4 ,by sub/itut+ a diff]5t k9d ( collect+ bottle at ! bottom ( ! funnel1 y may obta9 live mat]ial = re>+4 ,! exact *anges necess>y to obta9 live mat]ial w dep5d ^u y\r +5uity & ! type ( mat]ial y desire4 ,equipm5t = ,collect+ ,aquatic ,insects ,hundr$s ( diff]5t k9ds ( insects are aquatic & (f] ri* collect+ possibilities4 ,9 all in/ances1 ! immature /age lives 9 wat]1 b 9 mo/ ( !m ! adult /age em]ges on l& or flies 9 ! air4 ,= ?is reason sev]al types ( collect+ are ne$$ to obta9 a good sampl+ ( aquatic insects4 ,night ,collect+ ( ,adult ,insects4--,collect+ at lights on w>m1 cl\dy nights1 or w>m nights )\t moonlight1 gives be/ results4 ,two simple me?ods are z foll[s3 ,drive y\r c> to a spot ov]look+ a /ream or lake & turn on ! bright lights4 ,into a %all[ pan1 su* z a pie pan1 p\r en\gh alcohol to cov] ! bottom ) "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? in* ( fluid4 ,hold ! pan directly "u a headlight4 ,if aquatic insects are on ! w+1 !y w come to ! light & ev5tually drop 9 ! fluid1 :i* traps !m4 ,) a small piece ( wet c>dbo>d1 y c scrape ! entire insect cont5ts ( ! pan into a small bottle ( alcohol1 :i* y %\ld !n label1 giv+ date1 "n ( collector1 & location4 ,lights 9 signs & /ore w9d[s 7especially blue neon signs7 ne> fre% wat] attract l>ge numb]s ( aquatic insects4 ,y may capture an insect easily by dipp+ an index f+] 9 a bottle ( alcohol1 scoop+ up ! insect rapidly on ! wet surface1 & !n dipp+ x 9 ! bottle4 ,an aspirator also c be us$ ) success4 ,day ,collect+ ( ,adult ,insects4--,dur+ ! day1 aquatic insects frequ5tly re/ on or "u bridges1 w9d[ l$ges1 & simil> places1 & %[ a pref]5ce = d5se trees 9 %ad$ situations4 ,!y are especially num]\s 9 ^? spots :]e ! heavily leav$ bran*es hang l[ ov] ! wat] & =m humid1 protect$ areas 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,"h sweep+ ) a /\t & fairly wide-m\!d net is v effective4 ,aquatic insects may (t5 be pick$ (f /ones 9 su* places1 especially e>ly 9 ! season4 ,collect+ ,l>vae4--,practically e /ream or lake has "s aquatic insect l>vae :i* may be collect$ by v>i\s me?ods1 "s simple & o!rs requir+ specializ$ & complicat$ app>atus4 ,= g5]al collect+1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be ( value3 #a4 ,look "u logs & /ones4 ,se>* out crevices 9 !m2 "s insects hide away & dem& ( ! collector a ke5 & c>eful se>*4 #b4 ,te> ap>t bun*es ( leaves1 roots1 & o!r debris t may h pil$ up 9 front ( a rock or log1 or t may h accumulat$ at ! end ( a root or bran* dangl+ 9 ! wat]4 #c4 ,pick out bun*es ( aquatic plants & se>* ?r\gh !m c>efully4 #d4 ,sift mud1 s&1 or gravel tak5 f ! bottom ( a lake or /ream4 ,rememb] t "s insects build cases 9 :i* !y hide :5 di/urb$4 ,x takes a practic$ eye to see a motionless case4 ,aft] an insect has dri$ out a little1 x p>tially em]ges f ! case & drags x along 9 se>* ( wat]2 mov+ 9 ?is way1 x is easy to see4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,h&le ,,unm\nt$ ,,specim5s ,soon aft] insects are kill$ !y dry out1 become v brittle1 & are damag$ easily4 ,small1 fragile insects especially are susceptible to breakage &1 :5 dry1 break up readily into fragm5ts4 ,h>d-%ell$ insects1 su* z beetles1 may appe> to be suffici5tly durable to )/& h&l+ :5 dry1 b ev5 ^! insects h fragile legs1 ant5nae1 & o!r p>ts :i* snap (f readily :5 h&l$ dry4 ,newly kill$ mat]ial %\ld be ei!r m\nt$ or put 9 tempor>y /orage be=e x has dri$ out4 ,if collect$ mat]ial dries out be=e x c be m\nt$ or /or$1 x %\ld be relax$ by special te*niques s t ! specim5s c aga9 be h&l$ )\t dang] ( breakage4 ,tempor>y ,cases ,if x is n conv5i5t to m\nt ! specim5s :5 !y are tak5 f ! kill+ bottle1 ! mo?s & butt]flies %\ld be put 9 pap]s & o!r insects 9 cellucotton4 ,pap]s are simply rectangul> /rips ( pap] ( conv5i5t size fold$ z 9 fig4 #i4 ,a mo? or butt]fly1 ) its w+s fold$1 is plac$ 9 a pap]1 ! edges ( :i* are !n crimp$ ov] to lock x %ut4 ,= insects o!r ?an mo?s or butt]flies1 c>dbo>d pillboxes conta9+ cellucotton make good tempor>y h\s+1 fig4 #aj4 ,a lay] ( cellucotton is laid 9 ! bottom1 a lay] ( insects plac$ on x1 & ano!r lay] ( cellucotton plac$ ov] ! insects4 ,! lid %\ld fit fairly snugly ov] all4 ,cig> boxes & o!r boxes ( l size also may be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,pap]s4 ,^! are tempor>y means ( keep+ dragonflies1 mo?s1 butt]flies1 & small insects ( o!r k9ds until !y c be relax$ & m\nt$4 ,a rectangul> piece ( pap]1 ( a size suit$ to ! insect x is to conta91 is fold$ along ! dott$ l9es & 9 ! directions indicat$ by arr[s1 z %[n 9 a1 b1 & c4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t suffici5t cellucotton is put 9 ! box to take up all moi/ure 9 ! insect bodies4 ,if ! specim5s are l>ge1 !y %\ld be all[$ to dry mod]ately uncov]$ be=e be+ plac$ 9 cellucotton 9 /orage conta9]s4 ,if insects become damp 9 ! conta9]s !y quickly mold or rot4 ,! conta9]s %\ld be wood or c>dbo>d boxes1 = !y w n sweat1 z w a metal box4 ,! insects %\ld be pack$ tightly en\gh to prev5t _! roll+ ar\nd & break+4 ,relax+ ,boxes & ,j>s ,at any desir$ "t ! dry specim5s may be relax$ & m\nt$4 ,a relax+ box or j> is easily made4 ,9 ! bottom ( a wide-m\!d j> ) a screw-on lid1 put an in* or two ( clean s&2 saturate ! s& ) wat] conta9+ a small am\nt ( ph5ol 7c>bolic acid7 & place ov] x a piece ( cork1 c>dbo>d1 or wood cut to fit ! j>4 ,place ! dry specim5s on ! cork or o!r mat]ial1 & cov] ! j> tightly ) ! screw-on lid4 ,! lid mu/ be practically airtight4 ,9 a day or two ! specim5s w be s(t & pliable en\gh = p9n+ or spread+1 ! next /eps t[>d p]man5t arrangem5t ( ! collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,pillbox = tempor>y /orage ( insects4 ,en\gh cotton pack+ is plac$ 9 ! box to keep ! specim5 f rattl+ ab\t b n s mu* t x cru%es ! specim54 ,! relax] w sweat if kept 9 too hot a room & w spoil ! specim5s4 ,also1 ! insects w be spoil$ if left 9 ! relax] too long4 ,! correct l5g? ( "t v>ies ) ea* relax] & c be le>n$ only by exp]i5ce4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,m\nt ,,& ,,pres]ve ,,specim5s ,mo/ adult insects 9 collections are m\nt$ on p9s4 ,mo/ m$ium-siz$ to l>ge insects1 su* z gras%opp]s1 butt]flies1 mo?s1 flies1 bees1 & _m beetles %\ld be p9n$ directly ?r\gh ! body f top to bottom4 ,_m small insects1 su* z leafhopp]s1 plant bugs1 small beetles1 & ! l1 %\ld be glu$ on c>d po9ts4 ,immature insects & ! adults ( "s gr\ps are be/ pres]v$ 9 fluid4 ,pres]vation by ,p9n+ ,h>d-bodi$ insects1 su* z beetles1 flies1 & wasps1 are pres]v$ z dry specim5s on p9s bett] ?an 9 fluid4 ,! p9n$ specim5s are m conv5i5t to /udy & !y reta9 _! natural color+ bett]4 ,flies & butt]flies are cov]$ ) hairs or scales t clot or break (f if ! specim5s are pres]v$ 9 fluid1 & = ?is reason !y %\ld be p9n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,p9n+4 ,m$ium- to h>d-%ell$ insects are m\nt$ by be+ p9n$ ?r\gh ! body 9 ! mann] %[n at a4 ,! black spots %[ ! location ( ! p9 9 ! case ( bees1 flies1 & wasps1 b2 /9k bugs1 c2 gras%opp]s1 d2 & beetles1 e4 ,common h\sehold p9s are too ?ick & %ort = p9n+ insects4 ,long]1 sl5d] p9s call$ insect p9s are necess>y & may be pur*as$ f v>i\s supply h\ses4 ,!y %\ld be ( spr+ /eel2 a brass p9 w corrode & be de/roy$ by acids 9 ! insect's body4 ,! p9s are available 9 numb]$ sizes1 ( :i* #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d w be f\nd ( mo/ g5]al use1 & sizes #j & #jj ( advantage 9 special cases4 ,m$ium to ,l>ge ,insects4--,m$ium to l>ge h>d-%ell$ insects su* z mo?s1 beetles1 flies1 bees1 & wasps1 %\ld be p9n$ v]tically ?r\gh ! body1 fig4 #aa;a4 ,x is ess5tial t ! p9 pass ?r\gh a fairly solid "p ( ! body1 &1 to insure ?is1 ! foll[+ /&>d proc$ures %\ld be adopt$3 #a4 ,bees1 wasps1 flies4--,p9 ?r\gh ?orax betwe5 bases ( front w+s slightly to "r ( middle l9e1 fig4 #aa;b4 #b4 ,/9k bugs4--,p9 j to "r ( middle l9e ( ! scutellum or l>ge triangle betwe5 ! bases ( ! front w+s1 fig4 #aa;c4 #c4 ,gras%opp]s4--,p9 ?r\gh back "p ( pro?orax 7! saddle beh9d ! head7 j to "r ( middle l9e1 fig4 #aa;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,p9n+4 ,mo?s1 a1 & butt]flies1 b1 are p9n$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ?orax 7in/ead ( to ! "r ( ! m$ian l9e7 betwe5 ! bases ( ! front w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,p9n+ block4 ,! block is #a x #a x #b in*es1 ) holes drill$ to ! dep?s %[n & hav+ diamet]s only slightly great] ?an ! l>ge/ p9 t w be us$4 ,a specim5 is p9n$ & ! p9 ins]t$ into "o ( ! holes until ! p9 t\*es bottom2 ?us1 insects may be p9n$ uni=mly at a desir$ height4 #d4 ,beetles4--,p9 ne> front m>g9 ( "r w+ cov] ne> middle l9e1 fig4 #aa;e4 #e4 ,mo?s1 butt]flies1 dragonflies1 damselflies4--,p9 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ?orax betwe5 ! bases ( ! front w+s1 fig4 #ab4 ,! insect %\ld be pu%$ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! di/ance up ! p91 b n s close to ! top t no room is left = easy h&l+ ( ! p9 ) ! f+]s4 ,x is well to h all insects ! same di/ance f ! top ( ! p94 ,to insure a uni=m di/ance1 ! collector %\ld use a p9n+ block4 ,?is is a small piece ( wood or metal usually 9 ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #ac1 into ! top ( :i* are drill$ holes slightly l>g] ?an ! p9 diamet]s4 ,su* a block may be fa%ion$ ( wood ) holes made by small nails & cov]$ ) a c>dbo>d rectangle ?r\gh :i* h be5 /abb$ holes ! exact size ( ^? 9 ! wood4 ,! dep?s ( ! holes 9 ! block %\ld be ?ree-eigh?s in*1 ?ree-qu>t]s in*1 & #a-a_/h in*es1 respectively4 ,to use ! block1 p9 ! insect & ins]t ! p9 into :i*ev] hole all[s ! specim5 to be pu%$ up ! p9 & /ill leave room1 all[+ = ! ?ickness ( ! insect's body1 = h&l+ at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,p9n+ small insects & label+4 ,! insect may be glu$ to a c>d po9t1 a1 :i* has be5 crimp$ to meet ! "r side ( ! body1 b1 c2 or x may be p9n$ ) a m9ut5 p91 d1 to a piece ( cork or pi?1 :i* 9 turn is regul>ly p9n$4 ,all p9n$ insects %\ld be label$1 z at e4 ,9 ! case ( "s small insects1 su* z t9y mo?s1 ! m9ut5 p9 may be run d[n ?r\gh ! body & !n into ! cork2 9 ! case ( o!rs1 su* z mosquitoes1 x is (t5 desirable to run ! m9ut5 p9 up ?r\gh ! cork fir/ & !n impale ! specim5 on ! po9t ( ! p94 ,t9y ,insects4--,v small insects %\ld be m\nt$ on c>d po9ts or on m9ut5 p9s4 ,regul> p9s w\ld break too _m ( ! insects' body p>ts4 ,c>d po9ts are small triangles ( c>dbo>d or pla/ic p9n$ ?r\gh "o ( ! sides & crimp$ ov] at ! opposite apex2 a spot ( /rong glue is put on ! angl$ tip1 & ! "r side ( ! insect is press$ aga9/ ! glu$ surface1 fig4 #ad4 ,! slant ( ! crimp dep5ds on ! angle ( ! insect's side2 ! desir$ product is ! insect m\nt$ ) its top surface horizontal & its head =w>d2 legs1 w+s1 & ant5nae %\ld be 9 view & z little ( ! body z possible hidd5 by ! glue or c>d po9t4 ,v little glue %\ld be us$2 a small am\nt holds well & gives a bett] specim5 = /udy ?an a l>ge am\nt4 ,! po9ts may be cut uni=mly ) a h& pun*1 & !y %\ld be ab\t ?ree-eigh?s in* long4 ,good mat]ial = mak+ ^! po9ts is #b-ply ,bri/ol bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,p9n+ crane flies4 ,because ( _! unwieldy legs1 ^! insects %\ld h a d\ble c>d po9t m\nt1 & ! legs %\ld be kept away f ! p9 s t !y w n be brok5 9 h&l+4 ,m9ut5 p9s are %ort1 extremely delicate /eel p9s1 fig4 #ad;d4 ,"o ( ^! is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! body ( ! insect & into a small piece ( cork1 pi?1 or simil> sub/ance1 :i* is 9 turn p9n$ 9 ! regul> way a c>d po9t is4 ,?is me?od is especially desirable = t9y mo?s4 ,insects ,h>d to ,p94--,wasps1 lacew+s1 damselflies1 & simil> insects h an abdom5 t sags readily :5 ! specim5 is kill$ & p9n$4 ,?is unwant$ droop+ c be prev5t$ 9 ?ree simple ways4 7#a7 ,/ick ! p9n$ insect on a v]tical surface ( a block s t ! body by its own weight dries 9 normal position4 7#b7 ,p9 ! insect on a horizontal surface & run a /iff pap] on ! p9 b5ea? ! body 9 su* a way z to support x 9 a natural position until ! insect dries4 7#c7 ,brace ! abdom5 by cross+ two p9s b5ea? x & ?ru/+ !m into ! block1 all[+ ! specim5 to dry 9 ! angle ( ! cross4 ,crane flies are unwieldy & s are be/ p9n$ on a d\ble c>d po9t m\nt1 fig4 #ae4 ,! legs %\ld be direct$ away f ! p9 to avoid breakage 9 h&l+4 ,spread+ ,bo>d = ,mo?s & ,butt]flies ,mo?s & butt]flies %\ld h _! w+s spread be=e be+ put into ! collection4 ,to d ?is well1 x is necess>y to h spread+ bo>ds t are accurately made b t are n necess>ily complicat$ or exp5sive4 ,con/ruction4--,a conv5i5t bo>d = m$ium-siz$ insects c be made at home ( ! foll[+ mat]ials3 #a4--;,a h>dwood base1 #d x #ab x in*4 #b4--,two h>dwood end pieces1 #d x x in*4 #c4--,two s(twood top pieces1 #a-g_/h x #ab x in*1 ) ! top surface plan$ at an angle1 s t ! ?ickness at "o edge is in* & at ! o!r #c_/h in*4 #d4--,two flat cork pieces #a x #aa x #c_/af in*4 ,nail ! top pieces to ! ends s t ! slant+ surfaces ( ! tops are upp]mo/ & ! n>r[] edges p>allel & "o-qu>t] in* ap>t1 fig4 #af4 ,glue "o /rip ( cork b5ea? ! top pieces1 cov]+ ! op5+ betwe5 & fitt+ snugly at ea* end4 ,glue ! o!r cork piece flat to ! upp] side ( ! base1 l5g?wise along ! middle1 & ext5d+ to )9 "o-half in* ( ea* end4 ,f9ally1 nail ! base across ! bottoms ( ! end pieces1 s t ! two corks face ea* o!r4 ,use4--,be=e spread+ ! specim51 relax x z describ$ "u ,relax+ ,boxes & ,j>s4 ,!n p9 x1 keep+ 9 m9d fig4 #ab & ! directions giv5 "u ,pres]vation by ,p9n+4 ,?ru/ ! p91 ) ! insect on x1 ?r\gh ! upp] cork ( ! bo>d & into ! cork on ! base4 ,ins]t ! insect body 9 ! groove s t ! w+ bases are level ) ! ne> edge ( ea* top piece4 ,hold ! w+s at ! top level by two n>r[ /rips ( pap] & pull !m =w>d until ! h9d m>g9 ( ! front w+ is at "r angles to ! body axis1 & ! front m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ is j "u ! front w+1 fig4 #af4 ,p9 ! w+s tempor>ily 9 ?is position by ins]t+ a p91 size #j or #jj1 ne> ! front m>g9 at ! base ( ea* w+4 ,:5 ! w+s on bo? sides ( ! insect are ?us adju/$1 lay /rong pieces ( pap] ov] !m & p9 !m d[n securely ) l>ge p9s ins]t$ close to ! w+s b n ?r\gh !m4 ,"h y may use l>ge common p9s1 b /ill bett] are ! l>ge-head$ dressmak]'s p9s ab\t #a in*es long4 ,f9ally1 remove ! orig9al adju/+ p9s & put ! specim5 9 a dry1 pe/-pro( conta9] = #b or #c weeks4 ,x w !n h set suffici5tly to be remov$ f ! bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,spread+ bo>d = mo?s & butt]flies4 ,! insect is p9n$ ) its body 9 ! groove &1 tempor>ily1 ) all its w+s drawn =w>d & p9n$ z %[n = ! "r w+s4 ,!n all w+s are p9n$ z %[n = ! left w+s1 & ! insect is all[$ to dry4 ,! inset %[s a view ( spread+ bo>d con/ruction4 ,! top pieces ( ! bo>d mu/ be smoo? & ( s(t wood4 ,fir/ grade p9e is satisfactory4 ,= good results1 spread+ bo>ds ) grooves ( v>i\s wid?s are necess>y2 a specim5 %\ld be spread on a bo>d ) a groove t fits ! body4 ,! wid? ( ! top pieces %\ld v>y to accommodate diff]5t w+spreads4 ,! slope ( ! top pieces %\ld be ab\t z describ$4 ,pres]vation 9 ,fluid ,cat]pill>s & o!r immature /ages ( insects %\ld be pres]v$ 9 #hj p] c5t gra9 alcohol4 ,cat]pill>s1 grubs1 & maggots %\ld fir/ be heat$ #e to #aj m9utes 9 wat] j at ! boil+ po9t4 ,?is treatm5t /]ilizes ! specim5s & prev5ts _! discoloration by bact]ia 9 ! dige/ive sy/em4 ,_m s(t-bodi$ adult insects1 includ+ bri/letails1 spr+tails1 /oneflies1 & caddisflies1 also %\ld be pres]v$ 9 fluid4 ,if p9n$1 !y %rivel to su* an ext5t t few id5tify+ *>act]s c be se54 ,! pres]v+ fluid 9 ! vials 9 :i* insects h be5 plac$ %\ld be *ang$ at ! end ( ! fir/ day or two4 ,"s h>d-%ell$ insects may be pres]v$ 9 fluid4 ,ants & beetles may be ?us treat$ tempor>ily & lat] p9n$ & dri$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,label ,,! ,,specim5s ,to be useful to ! entomologi/ & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! sci5tific relations ( insects1 z well z to furni% ! collector ) a complete record ( 8 h\rs 9 ! field & make m valuable ! "w he has already accompli%$1 ! specim5s %\ld be label$4 ,! important in=mation to be put on ! label ( ea* specim5 is ! locality & date ( capture1 b great] sci5tific value w be atta*$ to ! specim5 by add+ ! "n ( ! collector & ! ho/ on :i* ! insect 0 f\nd1 or ! p>ticul> habitat 9 :i* ! insect 0 caught4 ,labels %\ld be made ( a good grade ( :ite pap] /iff en\gh to /ay flat :5 pi]c$ & pu%$ up ! p9s4 ,a v satisfactory high quality pap] is available "u ! "n sub/ance #cf l$g]4 ,! labels may be pr9t$ by h& ) a cr[-quill p5 & black ,india ink1 or !y may be pur*as$ completely or p>tially pr9t$ f a biological supply h\se4 ,!y %\ld be z small z possible & ( ne>ly uni=m size4 ,!y %\ld be pu%$ up ! p9s1 fig4 #ad1 n too ne> ! specim5s1 & !y %\ld project f ! p9s 9 ! same direction z ! specim5s4 ,to keep ! labels small1 yet to include all desirable in=mation1 x is (t5 well to record ! locality1 collection date1 & collector on "o label1 & ! ho/ plant or o!r p]t95t in=mation on a second label1 fig4 #ad4 ,:5 ! specim5 is id5tifi$1 its "n %\ld be record$ on /ill ano!r label1 :i* %\ld be kept l[ on ! p94 ,sample id5tification labels are illu/rat$ by ! bottom labels 9 fig4 #ad4 ,,h\s+ ,,! ,,collection ,,p]man5tly ,aft] ! specim5s h be5 p9n$ & label$1 !y %\ld be h\s$ 9 boxes or cases hav+ a s(t bottom or inn] lay] t w all[ easy p9n+4 ,su* h\s+ n only insures ! safety ( ! collection b makes = easily h&l$ units once ! specim5s h be5 nam$4 ,insect ,boxes ,sev]al satisfactory types ( boxes = h\s+ insect specim5s may be b\ght f comm]cial supply companies4 ,^! are usually mu* bett] ?an boxes ( home con/ruction1 be+ m ne>ly du/pro( & pe/pro(4 ,homemade boxes1 h[ev]1 are q practical = ! beg9n+ collector1 due to _! ease ( con/ruction & extremely l[ co/4 ,cig> boxes #b in*es deep or m make ideal insect boxes if a lay] ( cork or balsa wood or two lay]s ( s(t1 corrugat$ c>dbo>d are glu$ 9 ! bottom4 ,o!r wood5 or c>dbo>d boxes may be provid$ ) su* a bottom p9n+ surface & us$ = /or+ specim5s4 ,boxes ( ?is type1 h[ev]1 af=d ! specim5s no protection aga9/ pe/s1 & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! boxes fumigat$4 ,manufactur$ boxes1 cab9ets1 & cases may be select$ f catalogs t v>i\s sci5tific supply firms s5d free ^u application4 ,precaution ,aga9/ ,pe/s ,c]ta9 insects1 su* z fl\r beetles & c>pet beetles1 fe$ ^u dri$ insects1 & unless precautions are tak5 ^! may entirely de/roy a collection4 ,to gu>d aga9/ !m1 v>i\s *emical repell5ts may be plac$ 9 ! boxes conta9+ specim5s4 ,naph?al5e1 ( :i* ord9>y mo?balls are compos$1 is "o ( ! be/ repell5ts4 ,a few mo?balls may be put 9 a clo? bag p9n$ securely 9 "o corn] ( ! box1 or ! heads ( common p9s may be ins]t$ into naph?al5e mo?balls1 & ! po9ts /uck 9 ! corn]s ( ! box1 fig4 #ag4 ,naph?al5e is *iefly repell5t 9 action2 its odor keeps out pe/s1 b1 if !y are already 9 ! specim5 boxes1 naph?al5e w usually n kill ^! pe/s1 & "s o!r sub/ance mu/ be us$4 ,p>adi*lorob5z5e1 call$ ,,pdb1 is a good fumigant to use on pe/s 9 ! collection4 ,x %\ld be us$ 9 a ne>ly airtight conta9]1 su* z a tight trunk1 b91 or case1 at ! rate ( #a p\nd ( ,,pdb to #be cubic feet ( space4 ,! boxes ( specim5s1 ) lids op5 or remov$1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! conta9]1 ! fumigant scatt]$ or spread on a piece ( clo? or pap] above !m1 & ! conta9] seal$ = ab\t a week4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,a naph?al5e mo?ball m\nt$ on a common p94 ,x s]ves z a repell5t to keep away f ! collection live insects t might cause damage4 ,to ins]t ! p91 /ick ! po9t 9 a cork1 heat ! head 9 a flame1 & !n pu% ! head into a mo?ball4 ,! p9 w melt its way into ! naph?al5e1 :i* w cool & h>d5 aga9 almo/ imm$iately4 ,,! ,,insect ,,_w ,:5 ! insects h be5 collect$1 m\nt$ or pres]v$1 & label$1 ! next /ep is to id5tify or "n !m4 ,?is is no easy task1 because !re are s _m diff]5t k9ds ( insects4 ,9 ! :ole _w !re are well ov] #a million diff]5t k9ds & 9 ,ill9ois alone probably #bj1jjj diff]5t k9ds4 ,! id5tification ( insects is simplifi$ some:at by ! fact t _m species are closely relat$ & c be classifi$ into a numb] ( major gr\ps4 ,insects z a :ole con/itute :at is call$ a class ( animals1 ! ,insecta4 ,! crabs1 %rimps1 & _! allies con/itute a class call$ ! ,cru/acea2 ! snakes1 turtles1 liz>ds1 & _! allies con/itute ano!r class call$ ! ,reptilia2 & s on4 ,! entire insect class is divid$ into ord]s1 su* z ! ,coleopt]a1 or beetles1 ! ,dipt]a1 or flies1 & ! ,siphonapt]a1 or fleas4 ,ea* ( ^! ord]s may conta9 sev]al doz5 to #be1jjj diff]5t k9ds ( insects 9 ,nor? ,am]ica alone4 ,^! ord]s are divid$ into families1 ea* ( :i* may conta9 "o species to _m ?\s&s ( species4 ,! family names always end 9 -idae1 z 9 ,p5tatomidae1 ! "n = ! /9k bugs4 ,! families are divid$ into g5]a 7! plural = g5us71 & ! v>i\s species 7! ^w is ! same = bo? s+ul> & plural7 or k9ds are plac$ 9 ! g5]a4 ,! h\se fly be>s ! "n ,musca dome/ica ,l9naeus2 ?is means t ! species "n is dome/ica1 t ! "n 0 fir/ appli$ to ! species by ,c>olus ,l9naeus 7kn[n z ! describ] ( ! insect or ! au?or ( ! "n71 & t ! species dome/ica is 9 ! g5us ,musca4 ,! g5us ,musca belongs to ! family ,muscidae1 :i*1 9 turn1 belongs to ! ord] ,dipt]a ( ! class ,insecta4 ,sci5ti/s may decide t a c]ta9 species belongs 9 ano!r g5us4 ,:5 ! species is transf]r$ f ! g5us 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally describ$ to ano!r g5us1 ! "n ( ! au?or is plac$ 9 p>5!ses4 ,= example1 ! *9* bug 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,?omas ,say 9 ! g5us ,lygaeus & _h ! "n ,lygaeus leucopt]us ,say4 ,lat] ! species leucopt]us 0 transf]r$ to ! g5us ,blissus1 & ,say's "n 0 plac$ 9 p>5!ses1 ?us3 ,blissus leucopt]us 7,say74 ,9 ! process ( gr[?1 insects g ?r\gh a s]ies ( int]e/+ /ages4 ,:5 ! immature insect rea*es a c]ta9 size1 its outside sk9 cov]+ or cuticle w n /ret* fur!r & ! insect !n acquires a l>g] cuticle by a process call$ molt+4 ,molt+ consi/s ( a def9ite sequ5ce ( /eps3 7#a7 ,a goodly portion ( ! inside lay] ( ! cuticle is dissolv$ by special gl&s situat$ among cells imm$iately bel[ ! cuticle2 7#b7 ! cells "u ! cuticle !n exude mat]ial :i* =ms a new cuticle b5ea? :at is left ( ! old cuticle2 7#c7 :5 ! new cuticle is completely =m$1 ! insect breaks a slit 9 ! old cuticle1 crawls out ( x1 & leaves x beh9d 9 ! =m ( a ca/ sk92 7#d7 ! insect goes ?r\gh _m contortions1 dur+ :i* ! s(t p>ts ( ! new cuticle are /ret*$ to a l>g] size ?an ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! old "o2 7#e7 ! cuticle becomes set & un/ret*able almo/ imm$iately1 & ! insect resumes its normal activities4 ,dur+ ! molt+ process1 ! h>d plates ( ea* new cuticle are =m$ a size l>g] ?an ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! old cuticle1 & ! s(t p>ts are /ret*$ a size l>g] ?an ! old4 ,:5 ! insect resumes its normal activities imm$iately aft] a molt1 ! s(t p>ts ( ! cuticle fall into a l>ge numb] ( pleats or folds betwe5 ! h>d p>ts4 ,z ! insect gr[s l>g] foll[+ a molt1 ! body c l5g!n by ! unfold+ ( ^! pleat$ areas4 ,! /ages ( ! insect betwe5 molts are call$ in/>s4 ,among ! diff]5t ord]s ( insects ! numb] ( in/>s 9 ! life hi/ory may v>y1 & v>i\s in/>s may h diff]5t =ms4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( molt+ & in/>s are !re=e important items 9 ! classification ( insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,a family tree repres5t+ curr5t ideas ( h[ ! ord]s ( insects evolv$4 ,! e>ly1 primitive ord]s are at ! bottom ( ! tree & ! lat]1 m highly specializ$ ord]s at ! top4 ,x is cu/om>y to li/ ! ord]s ( insects 9 ?is sequ5ce1 f primitive to specializ$4 ,l>vae & pupae evolv$ ,,mo?s1 ,,butt]flies ,,flies ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,wasps ,,beetles ,,caddisflies ,,lacew+s ,,fleas ,,scorpionflies ,,ald]flies ,w+ fold+ evolv$ ,,bugs ,,gras%opp]s ,,?rips ,,e>wigs ,,lice ,,t]mites ,,b>klice ,,mantids ,,cockroa*es ,,zorapt]ans ,,/oneflies ,w+s evolv$ ,,dragonflies ,,mayflies ,primitive w+less insects ,,spr+tails ,,proturans ,,silv]fi% ,,campodeids ,,bri/letails ,! insect ord]s are arrang$ 9 a classification bas$ on ! sequ5ce 9 :i* ! ord]s are believ$ to h evolv$1 fig4 #ah4 ,measur$ by geological "t1 insects are among ! olde/ ( l& animals1 hav+ fir/ evolv$ f an e>li]1 c5tip$e-l ance/or ab\t #djj million ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ insects _h no w+s & diff]$ f ! _m-legg$ c5tip$e-l creatures ( t "t *iefly 9 hav+ only ?ree pairs ( functional legs4 ,! legs 7 situat$ on ! ?ree segm5ts imm$iately beh9d ! head2 ! ?ree di/9ctive segm5ts are toge!r call$ ! ?orax4 ,! "p ( ! body beh9d ! ?orax is call$ ! abdom54 ,9 contra/ to ?is arrangem5t1 a c5tip$e has a pair ( legs on ea* ( its _m segm5ts = ! :ole l5g? ( ! body4 ,! sl[ evolution>y *ange f su* a _m-legg$ ance/ral =m to a typical insect und\bt$ly occurr$ by a gradual enl>gem5t & /r5g!n+ ( ! front ?ree pairs ( legs & a r$uction ( ! legs po/]ior to ^!4 ,evid5ce support+ ?is idea is f\nd 9 insect embryos1 :i* normally h rudim5t>y leg /ructures on ! abdom9al segm5ts1 & 9 "s ( ! extremely primitive insects1 :i* h rudim5t>y legs call$ /yli on "s segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,! result ( ?is evolution>y developm5t is a body hav+ ! front "p1 ! ?orax1 specializ$ = locomotion & ! back "p1 ! abdom51 s]v+ *iefly z a conta9] = ! vital organs1 su* z ^? ( ! dige/ive & reproductive sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,diagram ( a typical adult w+$ insect4 ,?is illu/rates _m ( ! p>ts t are useful 9 id5tify+ ^! creatures4 7,draw+ adapt$ f ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass47 ,,head ,ant5na ,ocelli ,eye ,,?orax #a ,front leg #b ,front w+ ,middle leg #c ,h9d w+ ,h9d leg ,,abdom5 ,c]cus ,five exi/+ ord]s ( insects1 all f\nd 9 ,ill9ois1 are repres5tative ( ! primeval w+less insects4 ,9 all five1 ! individual molts at int]vals1 ev5 aft] becom+ adult & sexually mature1 & ! old & "y are extremely simil>4 ,?ree ( ! primitive ord]s1 ! campodeids1 proturans1 & spr+tails1 belong to a specializ$ e>ly bran* ( ! insect family tree1 fig4 #ah1 9 :i* ! *eeks h gr[n =w>d to =m a p\* surr\nd+ ! m\?p>ts4 ,9 ! o!r two primitive ord]s1 ! bri/letails & silv]fi%1 ! m\?p>ts are 9 a normally expos$ condition1 b ! legs are l>g] & ! insects are rapid runn]s4 ,f "o ( ^! ance/ral1 silv]fi%-l insects arose a =m 9 :i* w+s evolv$4 ,9 birds & bats1 ! w+s are conv]t$ front legs ) membranes or fea!rs atta*$ to =m plan+ or fly+ surfaces4 ,9 insects1 on ! o!r h&1 ! w+s are outgr[?s ( ! edge ( ! body :]e ! sides & top come toge!r1 fig4 #ai4 ,! w+s probably began z side flanges ( ! ?orax & p]mitt$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( plan+4 ,:atev] _! orig91 two pairs ( fly+ w+s did evolve1 "o pair on ! second & ano!r on ! ?ird segm5t ( ! ?orax4 ,9 ! e>ly w+$ =ms1 ! w+s c\ld n be fold$ back 9 repose ov] ! body1 b 7 held out f ! sides l airplane w+s or toge!r above ! body l sails4 ,two liv+ ord]s ( insects repres5t ?is type1 ! mayflies & ! dragonflies4 ,9 bo? ( ^!1 z 9 o!r w+$ insects1 ! w+s =m z small pads dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! individual2 !n at a f9al molt !y are unfold$ z functional units4 ,9 ! mayflies1 "o m molt occurs aft] ! w+s are =m$2 9 ?is molt ! old outside cov]+ ( ! w+s is %$ along ) t ( ! re/ ( ! insect4 ,9 all o!r w+$ insects no molt occurs aft] ! w+s are =m$ & ! individual becomes sexually mature4 ,insects hav+ erect1 nonfold+ w+s 7 abundant "s #cjj million ye>s ago4 ,fossil rema9s ( _m ( ^! e>ly =ms h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,mazon ,creek area 9 ,ill9ois1 fig4 #bj4 ,f "o ( ^! e>ly w+$ types a =m evolv$ 9 :i* ! w+s c\ld be fold$ compactly ov] ! body2 ?is =m gave rise to a great _m ( our pres5t-day insects4 ,9 ! fir/ insects t evolv$ f ?is =m ! w+ pads ( ! immature /ages1 call$ nymphs1 grew z ext]nal & (t5 inconspicu\s flaps held close to ! body4 ,^! primitive insects comprise ?ree di/9ctive gr\ps1 *>act]iz$ ma9ly by diff]5ces 9 leg & body /ructure4 ,"o gr\p conta9s ! cockroa*es1 gras%opp]s1 & _! allies2 ! second includes only ! /oneflies2 & ! ?ird gr\p includes ! b>klice1 true lice1 bugs1 & _! allies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,an insect fossil f an iron nodule or concretion f\nd at ,mazon ,creek1 ,ill9ois2 h9d leg ( an ance/ral mayfly1 ,li?oneura mirifica ,c>p5t]4 ,actual l5g? ( w+ ab\t "o-half in*4 ,?is fossil repres5ts an insect :i* liv$ dur+ ! ,p5nsylvanian p]iod1 ab\t #bej million ye>s ago4 7,photograph c\rtesy ( ,ill9ois ,/ate ,museum47 ,"o ( ! primitive l9es ( w+-fold+ insects1 possibly an (f%oot f ! base ( ! b>kl\se-bug l9e1 evolv$ into a di/9ctly diff]5t type 9 :i* ! w+ pads ( ! immature /ages develop$ int]nally & appe>$ z ext]nal pads only 9 ! /age be=e ! adult =m4 ,! type 0 *>act]iz$ by a m>k$ diff]5ce ( appe>ance betwe5 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! life hi/ory2 ^! /ages h be5 giv5 di/9ctive names4 ,! fir/ immature /age1 :i* is )\t ext]nal w+ pads1 is call$ a l>va2 ! s+le /age ) ! ext]nal w+ pads is call$ ! pupa2 & ! f9al w+$1 sexually mature /age is call$ ! adult4 ,! l>va is ess5tially a gr[+ /age1 ! pupa is a quiesc5t /age ( int]nal reorganization1 & ! adult is ! egg-produc+ /age4 ,?is type ( insect gradually gave rise to ! ord]s :i* n[ conta9 ! l>ge/ numb] ( species1 includ+ ! beetles1 mo?s1 & flies4 ,9 _m l9es ( ?is neuropt]oid bran*1 z x is call$1 ! l>va has become adapt$ to a mode ( life q diff]5t f t ( ! adult4 ,_m fly l>vae1 = example1 live 9 rott+ organic mat]ial or live z p>asites )9 ! tissues ( o!r k9ds ( insects1 :]eas ! adult flies (t5 fe$ at fl[]s on poll5 & nect>1 visit+ ! site ( ! l>val habitat only to lay eggs4 ,z a result ( ?is type ( evolution1 memb]s ( ! neuropt]oid ord]s exhibit _m biz>re & complicat$ life hi/ories4 ,occasionally c]ta9 gr\ps ( w+$ insects evolv$ new types :i* _h small w+s or 7 w+less4 ,! new types result$ because ! gr\ps 7 subject$ to environm5tal situations :]e w+s 7 ( little survival value4 ,)9 ! gr\ps1 individuals ) small] w+s 7 favor$2 !y surviv$ & reproduc$ 9 great] numb]s ?an o!r individuals4 ,ov] _m g5]ations !n1 ! w+s 9 "s gr\ps became v small or 7 entirely lo/4 ,sometimes ?is loss ( w+s occurr$ 9 all ! adult =ms1 z 9 ! fleas4 ,individuals ( only "o sex may be w+less1 z are ! females ( two ,ill9ois mo?s1 "o ( :i* produces bagworms & ! o!r cank]worms4 ,9 two gr\ps1 ! t]mites & ! ants1 a w+less work] or soldi] ca/e is produc$2 9 ^! gr\ps ! normal adults :i* sw>m & reproduce are fully w+$4 ,^! w+$ =ms e/abli% new colonies4 ,w+s 7 lo/ 9 ! evolution>y developm5t ( two insect gr\ps t became p>asites ( w>m-blood$ animals1 bo? birds & mammals4 ,ea* ( ^! insect gr\ps develop$ into a l>ge1 di/9ctive ord]4 ,"o ord]1 ! true lice1 evolv$ f ! b>klice1 & ! o!r1 ! fleas1 evolv$ possibly f a primeval fly gr\p4 ,al?\gh ^! two ord]s1 ! lice & ! fleas1 are )\t w+s1 ! /ructure ( _! bodies & _! life hi/ories provide adequate te/imony ( _! evolution>y aff9ities4 ,! foll[+ synopsis ( ,ill9ois insects treats ! v>i\s k9ds 9 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* we believe !y evolv$1 f ! extremely primitive bri/letails to ! highly specializ$ flies4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,id5tify ,,specim5s ,z an aid to ! beg9n] 9 mak+ prelim9>y id5tification ( 8 specim5s & also z an aid 9 arrang+ 8 collection1 a %ort descriptive synopsis ( ! ord]s ( liv+ insects is giv5 bel[4 ,9 ?is description are not$ ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! common insects occurr+ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,!re are r>e & obscure =ms1 seldom met by ! collector1 t require a m te*nical key = _! id5tification2 = ^! ! collector w ne$ to consult "s ( ! m ne>ly complete books li/$ on page #gj4 ,! collector w f9d1 h[ev]1 t ?is synopsis w af=d a beg9n+ = 8 classification ( ! common =ms4 ,v>i\s *>act]s are us$ to id5tify an insect to family1 g5us1 & species4 ,among ^! *>act]s are ! ant5nae1 w+s 7if pres5t71 legs1 & m\?p>ts4 ,frequ5tly important = id5tification are su* m9ute details z hair or scales cov]+ ! body or w+s & ! texture ( ^! p>ts4 ,9 mo/ cases good microscopic equipm5t is necess>y to see cle>ly ! *>act]s us$ 9 ! diagnosis ( insects4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,insect ,,ord]s ,( ! #bh ord]s ( insects recogniz$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bf h be5 collect$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! two ord]s n f\nd "h are ! ,embiopt]a or websp9n]s1 a tropical & subtropical ord]1 & ! ,raphidiodea or snakeflies1 :i* occur 9 ! we/]n m\nta9\s region ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,ill9ois fauna ?us conta9s a rem>kable v>iety ( insects1 includ+ =ms su* z ! bri/letails1 mayflies1 & cockroa*es1 :i* are practically liv+ fossils ( insects t liv$ hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ago4 ,primitive ,w+less ,insects ,only five ord]s ( primitive w+less insects are kn[n2 species ( ea* ord] occur 9 ,ill9ois4 ,^! ord]s repres5t ! /ages 9 insect evolution be=e w+s _h appe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,diplura4 ,a campodeid belong+ to ! g5us ,campodea1 f\nd "u /ones 9 moi/ places4 ,actual l5g? ( adult ab\t #j4a in*4 7,draw+ f ,e4 ,o4 ,essig47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,protura4 ,ac]5tulus b>b]i1 a proturan f\nd on /icks & leaves 9 ! leaf mold ( =e/s4 ,actual l5g? ( adult ab\t #j4jb in*4 7,draw+ f ,h4 ,e4 ,ew+47 ,diplura ,campodeids1 ,japygids ,small1 w+less1 fragile1 bl9d1 :iti% insects t run fairly rapidly4 ,!y h long ant5nae & ei!r two fairly long tails or a pair ( =ceps-l /ructures at ! end ( ! abdom54 ,!y are t]re/rial & are f\nd *iefly "u /ones 9 humid & %ady situations4 ,fig4 #ba %[s a common campodeid1 a species ( ,campodea1 occurr+ commonly 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! ,diplura fe$ on fungi & o!r soil microorganisms4 ,al?\gh !y are f\nd mo/ frequ5tly "u /ones1 !y live also 9 ! soil & 9 matt$ leaves or duff on ! floor ( woods4 ,ab\t a doz5 species ( ,diplura occur 9 ,ill9ois4 ,protura ,proturans ,m9ute1 w+less1 bl9d insects t nev] gr[ to m ?an #j4je in* long4 ,!y h no ant5nae & use ! front legs to "s ext5t = feel+4 ,!y are t]re/rial & are f\nd inhabit+ dead twigs & leaves on ! =e/ floor4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ,ac]5tulus b>b]i ,ew+1 a memb] ( a g5us :i* occurs 9 _m localities 9 ,ill9ois4 ,only a few species ( proturans h be5 tak5 9 ! /ate4 ,collembola ,spr+tails ,small1 w+less insects t jump & crawl :5 di/urb$4 ,!y h %ort ant5nae & usually a spr++ /ructure on ! "u side ne> ! po/]ior end ( ! body4 ,!y live 9 moi/ places & are abundant "u leaf mold & simil> mat]ial4 ,illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #bc is ,a*orutes armatus ,nicolet1 :i* (t5 becomes a major pe/ 9 mu%room cell>s & gre5h\ses4 ,ab\t a hundr$ diff]5t species ( ,collembola occur 9 ,ill9ois2 !y include "s ( our smalle/ insects4 ,a few nev] gr[ long] ?an #j4jjg in*2 ! l>ge/ approa* half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,^! h>dy animals are active all ye> & are surpris+ly resi/ant to cold4 ,c]ta9 species occur on sn[ 9 w9t]4 ,9 ,ill9ois a small1 blui% gray species1 ,podura aquatica ,l9naeus1 is f\nd on ! surface ( /ill wat] at ! m>g9s ( ponds & small /reams4 ,microcoryphia ,bri/letails ,w+less1 some:at cyl9drical insects t run & jump ) extreme rapidity4 ,!y h long ant5nae & ?ree long tails4 ,! "u side ( ! abdom5 be>s sev]al pairs ( %ort projections call$ /yli1 :i* are ve/iges ( abdom9al legs4 ,bri/letails live 9 rocky places or 9 gr\nd cov]4 ,a type occurr+ 9 "s p>ts ( ,ill9ois is %[n 9 fig4 #bd4 ,x (t5 occurs on rocky exposures1 :]e x resembles ! li*5s & is difficult to detect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,collembola4 ,a1 ,isotoma &rei2 ,b1 ,a*orutes armatus2 ,c1 ,neosm9?urus clavatus4 ,a & ,c are f\nd 9 woodl& leaf molds2 ,b is frequ5tly abundant 9 comm]cial mu%room cell>s4 ,actual l5g? ( adults ranges f #j4jc to #j4je in*4 7,draw+s ,a & ,c aft] ,h>l[ ,b4 ,mills47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,microcoryphia4 ,a bri/letail belong+ to ! g5us ,ma*ilis1 (t5 f\nd on li*5-cov]$1 %ad$ rocks4 ,actual l5g? includ+ tail is sometimes #j4e in*4 7,draw+ aft] ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,?ysanura4 ,!rmobia dome/ica1 a common ,silv]fi%4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4c in*4 ,?ysanura ,silv]fi% ,w+less1 flat insects t run rapidly4 ,!y h long ant5nae & ?ree long tails4 ,!y are t]re/rial & are commonly f\nd 9 dwell+s4 ,fig4 #be %[s "o ( ! common ,silv]fi%1 ,!rmobia dome/ica 7,pack>d72 x frequ5tly eats book b9d+s & o!r />*y mat]ials4 ,"s out-(-door r>e =ms live 9 ! soil & are seldom collect$4 ,primitive ,w+$ ,insects ,! primitive w+$ insects _c fold _! w+s1 :i* 9 repose are held erect ov] ! body or /raight out f ! sides1 z illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #bf & #bi4 ,al?\gh _m types ( ^! insects liv$ 9 bygone ages1 only two ord]s h surviv$ to ! pres5t4 ,bo? occur abundantly 9 ,ill9ois4 ,ephem]opt]a ,mayflies ,a gr\p ( insects 9 :i* ! nymphs or "y live 9 /reams & lakes2 ! adults are f\nd along ! edges ( ! /reams or lakes f :i* !y h em]g$4 ,mayflies are unique 9 t ! full-gr[n nymphs molt into w+$ insects t are n q mature & t molt aga91 usually ! next day1 :5 !y em]ge z fully mature adults4 ,! nymphs are v>i$ 9 %ape & h %ort ant5nae1 long legs1 :i* are (t5 flatt5$1 & ?ree tails at ! end ( ! body4 ,! adult flies h v long front legs1 %ort ant5nae1 practically no m\?p>ts1 usually two pairs ( w+s1 & two or ?ree long tails4 ,:5 a mayfly is at re/1 ! w+s are held toge!r above ! body4 ,hexag5ia limbata 7,s]ville71 figs4 #bf & #bg1 is "o ( ! v common ,ill9ois mayflies & is an important factor 9 ! food economy ( _m fi%4 ,mayflies1 =m]ly call$ ,plectopt]a1 toge!r ) /oneflies1 caddisflies1 & midges1 con/itute a v l>ge portion ( ! life ( our lakes & /reams2 all f\r gr\ps are important z fi% food4 ,odonata ,dragonflies1 ,damselflies ,ano!r ord] 9 :i* ! nymphs develop 9 /reams1 lakes1 or ponds1 & 9 :i* ! adults are a]ial4 ,! nymphs h %ort ant5nae1 long legs1 & ei!r a /\t body ) no tail1 z 9 ,anax junius 7,drury71 fig4 #bh 7dragonfly nymph71 or a sl5d] body ) ?ree l>ge leaflike gills project+ f ! end ( ! body 7damselfly nymph74 ,a mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ?is ord] is an ext5sile1 highly modifi$ l[] lip t fits l a mask ov] ! face ( a nymph4 ,! l[] lip is h+$ to ext5d =w>d & seize ! small animals ^u :i* ! nymph lives4 ,! adults are l>ge1 (t5 beautifully color$1 z is ! ,tramea lac]ata ,hag51 fig4 #bi4 ,!y h *ew+ m\?p>ts & two pairs ( l>ge w+s1 v f9ely & intricately nett$ ) ve9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,ephem]opt]a4 ,hexag5ia limbata1 ! adult =m2 ?is mayfly is also call$ %adfly or will[fly4 ,mayflies sometimes em]ge 9 great sw>ms & congregate 9 piles ar\nd bridge or city lights4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #a4j in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,ephem]opt]a4 ,hexag5ia limbata1 ! nymphal =m ( ! mayfly 9 fig4 #bf2 9 ?is /age ! mayfly lives 9 wat]1 em]g+ :5 full gr[n4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #a4j in*4 ,! ord] is divid$ into two types2 ! adult flies are told ap>t z foll[s3 ,body /\t1 w+s broad at base1 ! front & ,subord] h9d w+s diff]5t 9 %ape4 ,/rong fli]s4 ,anisopt]a ,dragonflies ,body sl5d]1 w+s n>r[$ at base1 ! front ,subord] ,zygopt]a & h9d w+s simil> 9 %ape4 ,weak] fli]s ?an dragonflies b none!less elusive4 ,damselflies ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,odonata4 ,nymph ( ,anax junius1 a dragonfly widely di/ribut$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,actual l5g? ( full-gr[n nymph ab\t #b4c in*es4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ( ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,odonata4 ,tramea lac]ata1 a dragonfly commonly f\nd ne> ponds & dra9age dit*es 9 ,ill9ois4 ,w+spread ab\t #c4b in*es4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ( ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,fold+-,w+ ,insects ,almo/ all insects 9 ?is category c fold _! w+s 9 repose back ov] _! bodies1 z illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ca4 ,a few k9ds1 notably "s ( ! mo?s & butt]flies1 h lo/ ?is w+ action & 9 repose hold _! w+s erect4 ,9 "s ( ^! k9ds1 ! male is w+$ & ! female is w+less2 9 o!rs1 c]ta9 g5]ations may be w+less & o!rs w+$2 &1 9 /ill o!rs1 ! species may be w+less 9 all /ages4 ,no memb]s ( ! ord]s ( fold+-w+ insects molt aft] becom+ w+$ or sexually mature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,cursoria4 ,supella supellectilium1 ! br[n-b&$ cockroa*4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4f in*4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ( ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,cursoria4 ,/agmomantis c>ol9a1 a pray+ mantis4 ,common 9 s\!rn & c5tral ,ill9ois4 ,actual l5g? ( adult ab\t #a4e to #b4j in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,cursoria4 ,diaph]om]a femorata1 a walk+/ick insect4 ,?is insect lacks w+s4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #c4j in*es4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ( ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,cursoria ,cockroa*es1 ,mantids1 ,walk+/icks ,an ord] t includes ?ree gr\ps ( t]re/rial insects1 ea* gr\p m>k$ly diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! o!rs3 7#a7 rapidly runn+ insects usually hav+ two pairs ( w+s1 ea* ) a d5se network ( f9e ve9s1 ! front pair ( w+s ?ick & lea!ry1 fig4 #cj 7cockroa*es72 7#b7 w+$ insects hav+ long1 grasp+ front legs1 fig4 #ca 7pray+ mantids72 & long1 w+less insects resembl+ /icks1 fig4 #cb 7walk+/icks74 ,! m\?p>ts are fitt$ = *ew+4 ,! "y look & act l ! adults except t !y d n h w+s4 ,! cockroa*es are omnivor\s1 fe$+ *iefly on organic foods ri* 9 c>bohydrates1 or on fungus gr[?4 ,cockroa*es are among our mo/ p]si/5t indoor pe/s1 eat+ a wide v>iety ( dome/ic foods4 ,! pray+ mantids fe$ on o!r insects1 :i* !y capture 9 _! enl>g$ front legs4 ,! walk+/icks eat leaves4 ,! cockroa*es & mantids lay eggs t are glu$ toge!r & =m pods or capsules1 ea* conta9+ #cj or m eggs4 ,! walk+/icks lay _! eggs s+ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,isopt]a4 ,reticulit]mes flavipes1 ! commone/ k9d ( t]mite f\nd 9 ,ill9ois3 ,a1 fir/ =m que5 ) w+s spread1 _m times natural size 7?is is ! =m t lays eggs72 ,b1 work] nymph1 natural size2 ,c1 fir/ =m que51 approximately natural size1 ) w+s plac$ 9 _! natural re/+ position4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ( ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,or?opt]a4 ,melanoplus bilituratus1 ! migratory locu/1 a common ,ill9ois gras%opp]4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #a4j in*4 ,isopt]a ,t]mites ,fragile or s(t insects ) *ew+ m\?p>ts4 ,! mat+ =ms are d>k br[n & h two simil> pairs ( w+s2 bo? pairs are delicate & h a f9e network ( ve9s4 ,! work]s are :ite & s(t bodi$4 ,t]mites1 :i* live 9 colonies 9 wood1 are also call$ :ite ants1 al?\gh !y are n true ants4 ,! common native species 9 ,ill9ois is ,reticulit]mes flavipes 7,koll>71 fig4 #cc1 :i* lives 9 rott5 logs & is de/ructive to build+s ( wood5 con/ruction ?r\gh\t ,ill9ois2 x is mo/ de/ructive 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,or?opt]a4 ,ceu?ophilus maculatus1 a w+less cave cricket4 ,crickets ( ?is k9d are f\nd 9 caves1 "u rocks1 & 9 basem5ts4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #a4j in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,d]mapt]a4 ,labia m9or1 an e>wig frequ5tly abundant 9 ,ill9ois4 ,actual l5g? ( adult ab\t #j4b in*4 ,or?opt]a ,gras%opp]s1 ,crickets ,t]re/rial insects usually ) two pairs ( w+s1 ea* w+ ) a v f9e1 d5se network ( ve9s1 ! front pair ?ick & lea!ry1 ! h9d pair delicate & fanlike4 ,! m\?p>ts1 fitt$ = *ew+1 h /\t m&ibles4 ,! "y look & act l ! adults b d n h w+s4 ,?is ord] includes all ! gras%opp]s1 crickets1 & katydids4 ,fig4 #cd %[s ! migratory locu/ or gras%opp]1 ,melanoplus bilituratus 7,walk]74 ,adults ( sev]al ( ! gr\ps ( ,or?opt]a nev] develop w+s4 ,^! include su* odd =ms z ! cave crickets1 exemplifi$ by ,ceu?ophilus maculatus 7,h>ris71 fig4 #ce4 ,d]mapt]a ,e>wigs ,insects ) two pairs ( w+s1 ! front pair =m+ %ort1 h>d cov]s1 ! second pair l>ge1 membran\s1 _m-ve9$1 & 9 repose fold$ intricately b5ea? ! front pair4 ,! abdom5 ends 9 a pair ( p9c]-l /ructures4 ,a common ,ill9ois =m is ,labia m9or 7,l9naeus71 %[n 9 fig4 #cf4 ,( ! half-doz5 species kn[n f ,ill9ois1 all b "o 7 orig9ally f ,europe or ,asia4 ,e>wig females lay eggs 9 *amb]s 9 ! gr\nd & gu>d !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,plecopt]a4 ,isop]la confusa1 "o ( ! typical /oneflies f\nd 9 ,ill9ois2 adult =m4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4h in*4 ,ill9ois /oneflies range 9 l5g? f #j4be in* to #a4e in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,plecopt]a4 ,isop]la confusa2 ! nymph ( ! species %[n 9 fig4 #cg4 ,! nymph lives 9 /reams4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4f in*4 ,plecopt]a ,/oneflies ,insects t pass ! "y or nymphal /age 9 /reams4 ,!y h sl5d]1 s(t bodies & long tails2 !y move ab\t rapidly4 ,! adults are t]re/rial 9 habit & occur along /reams4 ,9 mo/ species1 ! adults h two pairs ( w+s t are fold$ flat ov] ! back2 ! numb] ( crossve9s v>ies f _m to few4 ,! ant5nae are long2 ! m\?p>ts are ( ! *ew+ type b greatly r$uc$4 ,( exceptional int]e/ are /onefly adults t em]ge 9 w9t] & are active f ,novemb] ?r\gh ,m>*4 ,! w9t] =ms c (t5 be collect$ on bridges4 ,figs4 #cg & #ch illu/rate a spr+ species1 ,isop]la confusa ,frison4 ,zorapt]a ,zorapt]ans ,small1 :iti% insects1 ab\t a twelf? ( an in* long1 t run rapidly4 ,!y live 9 small colonies 9 rott+ sawdu/1 9 rott5 logs1 & "u ! b>k ( /umps4 ,!y h fairly long ant5nae1 *ew+ m\?p>ts1 & a pair ( %ort1 inconspicu\s tails4 ,mo/ memb]s ( a colony are w+less1 b occasionally !re occurs a d>k] specim5 hav+ two pairs ( w+s4 ,^! w+s h only a few ve9s4 ,9 ,ill9ois only a s+le r>e species has be5 f\nd2 x is call$ ,zorotypus hubb>di ,caudell1 fig4 #ci4 ,corrod5tia ,booklice1 ,b>klice ,small1 r\nd$ or flatt5$ insects1 r>ely a qu>t]-in* long1 usually ab\t #j4ac in*4 ,9 _m species1 adults h two pairs ( w+s1 :i* h only a few zigzagg+ ve9s4 ,w+$ =ms1 su* z ,psocus /riatus ,walk]1 fig4 #dj1 are f\nd 9 crevices ( b>k & on dead leaves4 ,common species f\nd 9 h\ses & on /or$ gra9 are usually w+less & l\selike1 simil> 9 g5]al appe>ance to fig4 #da4 ,corrod5tia eat fungus gr[? on b>k1 dead leaves1 moldy gra91 damp books1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,"s ( ! outdoor species become v abundant on dry+ corn leaves dur+ autumn & may bre$ 9 imm5se numb]s4 ,!y d little h>m1 fe$+ *iefly on fungus /r&s4 ,ph?irapt]a ,*ew+ ,lice1 ,suck+ ,lice ,w+less1 bl9d1 flatt5$ insects ) %ort ant5nae1 %ort legs1 inconspicu\s m\?p>ts1 & no tails on ! po/]ior end ( body4 ,!y are f\nd exclusively on ! bodies ( birds & o!r w>m-blood$ animals4 ,! "y h ! same g5]al %ape & habits z ! adults & are f\nd ) !m4 ,ill9ois species ( lice belong to two di/9ct subord]s1 :i* may be diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh use ( ! foll[+ key3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,zorapt]a4 ,zorotypus hubb>di1 ! only zorapt]on record$ f ,ill9ois4 ,! specim5 on ! left is a w+$ adult female2 ! specim5 on ! "r is a w+less adult female4 ,actual l5g? ( adults ab\t #j4jh in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,corrod5tia4 ,psocus /riatus1 a common b>k l\se f\nd on _m trees4 ,actual l5g? #j4b in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,ph?irapt]a4 ,subord] ,mallophaga4 ,cuclotoga/] het]ographus1 a *ew+ l\se f\nd on ! heads ( p\ltry4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,ph?irapt]a4 ,subord] ,anoplura4 ,haematop9us as9i1 ! blood-suck+ horse l\se4 ,actual l5g? #j4a in*4 ,legs fitt$ = runn+1 z 9 fig4 #da1 )\t ,subord] l>ge p9c]s at _! ends2 m\?p>ts situat$ ,mallophaga ne> ! middle ( "u side ( ! head & fitt$ = *ew+4 ,occurr+ on birds & mammals4 ,! *ew+ lice ,legs fitt$ = cl++ to hairs1 ea* leg ,subord] ,anoplura end+ 9 a l>ge p9c]1 z 9 fig4 #db2 m\?p>ts retract$ )9 head1 consi/+ ( a set ( ?91 ne$le-l p>ts fitt$ = suck+ blood4 ,normally occurr+ only on mammals4 ,! suck+ lice ,subord] ,mallophaga4 ,individuals ( _m species ( *ew+ lice move ab\t ) consid]able rapidity4 ,_m ( !m are v prettily b&$ & color$1 z is ! *ick5 head l\se1 ,cuclotoga/] het]ographus 7,nitzs*71 fig4 #da4 ,anyone :o has work$ ) dome/ic f[ls or animals has se5 memb]s ( ?is ord] scurry+ among ! fea!rs or hair4 ,^! insects fe$ on :at !y c *ew f ! surface ( ! sk9 & 9 "s cases are kn[n to injure _! ho/s4 ,subord] ,anoplura4 ,! suck+ lice are sluggi% insects t usually cl+ to hairs4 ,human lice are (t5 f\nd cl++ to clo?+4 ,v>i\s species occur on native & dome/ic species ( mammals 9 ,ill9ois4 ,fig4 #db %[s ! horse l\se1 ,haematop9us as9i 7,l9naeus74 ,?ysanopt]a ,?rips ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,?ysanopt]a4 ,?rips tabaci1 onion ?rips4 ,actual l5g? less ?an #j4a in*4 ,small1 active insects1 usually ab\t #j4a in* long1 r>ely a qu>t]-in* long1 v sl5d]1 usually ea* ) two pairs ( n>r[ w+s & ) ! "u side ( ! head =m+ a %>p1 conelike suck+ /ructure4 ,ea* w+ has a long fr+e on ! h9d m>g92 ea* front w+ may h "o or two ve9s runn+ ! l5g? ( ! w+4 ,! "y ( ^! insects are some:at simil> to ! adults b are s(t] bodi$4 ,fig4 #dc %[s an adult ( ,?rips tabaci ,l9deman1 ! onion ?rips4 ,?rips suck ! juice f plants4 ,because ( _! m9ute size1 !y are seldom notic$1 b !y c be collect$ 9 l>ge numb]s f blossoms ( almo/ any plant4 ,a few species ( ?rips1 su* z ! onion ?rips & ! privet ?rips1 attack agricultural or horticultural plants & inflict consid]able damage4 ,a few species occasionally bite human be+s4 ,hemipt]a ,true ,bugs & ,_! ,allies ,insects usually ) two pairs ( w+s & ) ! m\?p>ts =m$ = suck+4 ,! ord] conta9s two di/9ct subord]s1 ! ,het]opt]a & ! ,homopt]a4 ,all species ( ,hemipt]a 9 ,nor? ,am]ica fall readily into "o subord] or ! o!r1 b c]ta9 species 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w are int]m$iate betwe5 ! two subord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,hemipt]a4 ,a typical /9k bug ( ! family ,p5tatomidae1 %[+ atta*m5t ( beak & arrangem5t ( w+s4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4d in*4 ,9 ! subord] ,het]opt]a1 conta9+ ! /9k bugs1 ! *9* bugs1 & _! allies1 ! beak is atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! front "p ( ! head2 ! base ( ! front pair ( w+s is h>d5$1 & only ! apical portion is membran\s or delicate2 ! entire h9d pair is delicate4 ,9 repose1 ! w+s are fold$ ov] & flat aga9/ ! body1 ! h9d pair und]nea?4 ,^! *>act]s are %[n 9 fig4 #dd1 :i* pictures a /9k bug belong+ to ! family ,p5tatomidae4 ,! "y h ! same g5]al appe>ance & habits z ! adults1 b !y lack w+s4 ,?is subord] includes _m common k9ds1 su* z ! wat] bugs1 ! wat] /rid]s 7^! seldom develop w+s ev5 9 ! adult /age71 ! ambu% bugs1 & ! lace bugs1 z well z ! /9k bugs & ! *9* bugs4 ,! *ief pe/ ( ?is gr\p is ! *9* bug1 ,blissus leucopt]us 7,say71 fig4 #de4 ,o!r pe/s include _m k9ds ( plant bugs1 ( :i* ,lygus l9eol>is 7,beauvois7 is %[n 9 fig4 #df4 ,! b$ bugs1 ano!r gr\p nev] develop+ functional w+s1 also belong 9 ?is subord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,hemipt]a4 ,blissus leucopt]us1 ! *9* bug4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,hemipt]a4 ,lygus l9eol>is1 ! t>ni%$ plant bug4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4b in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,hemipt]a4 ,anuraphis maidiradicis1 ! corn root aphid4 ,! =m at ! left is ! w+$ =m2 t at ! "r is ! w+less =m4 ,all ( ! plant lice h ^! two =ms4 ,?is species1 z well z o!r k9ds ( plant lice1 is frequ5tly att5d$ by ants1 :i* fe$ on ! honeydew produc$ by ! aphids4 ,actual l5g? less ?an #j4a in*4 ,memb]s ( "o family1 ! ,r$uviidae or assass9 bugs1 prey on o!r insects4 ,a few species call$ kiss+ bugs1 "s ( !m an in* long1 occasionally attack p1 inflict+ an extremely pa9ful bite & caus+ consid]able ble$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,hemipt]a4 ,aspidiotus p]niciosus1 ! de/ructive ,san ,jose scale4 ,! scale is cut away on upp] specim5 to %[ insect prop] b5ea?4 ,diamet] less ?an #j4a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,hemipt]a4 ,empoasca fabae1 ! potato leafhopp]4 ,?is species is pale gre54 ,"s species are di/+ui%$ by bright r$ or yell[ m>k+s4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,megalopt]a4 ,! l>va ( a species ( ,sialis1 an ald]fly4 ,?is =m is aquatic4 ,actual l5g? #j4g in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,megalopt]a4 ,! adult ( ,sialis mohri1 an ald]fly4 ,o!r memb]s ( ?is ord] rea* a l5g? ( #a or #b in*es4 ,!y are mo/ly black1 black & :ite1 or mottl$ gray 9 color4 ,actual l5g? #j4e in*4 ,! subord] ,homopt]a conta9s ! cicadas1 aphids1 & _! allies4 ,all ^! insects h suck+ m\?p>ts1 b 9 ea* ! beak is atta*$ at ! back ( ! head in/ead ( ! front ( ! head z 9 ! subord] ,het]opt]a4 ,9 _m species ( ! ,homopt]a1 ea* individual has two pairs ( w+s1 bo? ( :i* are membran\s4 ,probably z _m species are )\t w+s1 h[ev]1 z ) !m4 ,! nymphs are 9 mo/ respects simil> to ! adults4 ,sexual *>act]s1 & 9 "s =ms w+s1 gradually develop z ! insects approa* ! adult /age1 :5 developm5t is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,neuropt]a4 ,*rysopa nigricornis1 a gre5 lacew+4 ,:5 h&l$1 memb]s ( ?is g5us give out a v p5etrat+ & disagreeable odor4 ,actual l5g? #j4f in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,neuropt]a4 ,a l>va ( ! g5us ,*rysopa4 ,?is =m uses ! long jaws to impale aphids & suck _! body juices4 ,actual l5g? #j4e in*4 ,?is subord] conta9s a l>ge numb] ( economic pe/s1 includ+ scale insects & leafhopp]s1 z well z _m aphids4 ,9 _m species ( aphids ea* insect has a pair ( tubul> /ructures ne> ! end ( ! body2 ^! are call$ cornicles & c be se5 9 fig4 #dg1 %[+ ! corn root aphid1 ,anuraphis maidiradicis 7,=bes74 ,9 mo/ species ( scale insects ea* individual produces a t\gh scale1 :i* cov]s & protects its delicate body1 z 9 fig4 #dh1 %[+ ! de/ructive ,san ,jose scale1 ,aspidiotus p]niciosus ,com/ock4 ,leafhopp]s ( _m k9ds1 su* z ,empoasca fabae 7,h>ris71 fig4 #di1 are among ! de/ructive pe/s ( beans1 potatoes1 grapes1 apples1 & o!r plants4 ,! treehopp]s1 spittlebugs1 & lant]nflies also belong to ?is subord]4 ,megalopt]a ,ald]flies1 ,dobsonflies ,9 ?is & 9 ! foll[+ ord]s ( insects1 ! life hi/ory includes f\r di/9ct /ages1 ! egg1 ! l>va1 ! pupa1 & ! adult4 ,9 ! ,megalopt]a1 :i* include ald]flies & dobsonflies1 ! l>vae are cat]pill>-l or grublike1 & ! pupae repres5t a trans=mation /age 9 :i* ! tissues ( ! l>vae are conv]t$ to ^? ( ! adults4 ,! l>vae nev] h ext]nal w+ pads2 9 w+$ species1 ^! pads fir/ appe> ext]nally 9 ! pupae4 ,! adults h long ant5nae1 two simil> pairs ( net-ve9$ w+s1 & *ew+ m\?p>ts4 ,!y are mod]ately /rong fli]s4 ,! l>vae1 fig4 #ej1 live 9 /reams & lakes2 :5 fully gr[n !y migrate to dry l& & pupate 9 ! gr\nd or "u ! b>k ( rott5 logs4 ,typical ( ! appe>ance ( ,ill9ois ald]flies is ! adult ( ,sialis mohri ,ross1 %[n 9 fig4 #ea4 ,well kn[n to ! fi%]man is ! hellgrammite1 ! t\gh1 f]oci\s1 lea!ry l>va f\nd "u rocks 9 /reams & priz$ = bait4 ,?is l>va matures into ! l>ge dobsonfly1 ,corydalis cornuta 7,l9naeus71 :i* (t5 atta9s a w+spread ( #d in*es4 ,neuropt]a ,lacew+s & ,_! ,allies ,insects ) two pairs ( w+s1 bo? pairs ab\t ! same size & %ape & intricately nett$ ) ve9s2 ant5nae long & sl5d]1 m\?p>ts fitt$ = *ew+1 po/]ior end ( body )\t tails4 ,! gre5 lacew+s1 includ+ ,*rysopa nigricornis ,burmei/]1 fig4 #eb1 are our commone/ memb]s ( ?is ord]4 ,! "y or l>vae ( ?is ord] are entirely unlike ! adults & are some:at grublike 9 =m4 ,! aphid lion1 ! int]e/+ l>va ( ,*rysopa1 fig4 #ec1 is frequ5tly collect$ by ! sweep+ me?od4 ,ano!r int]e/+ l>va ( ?is ord] is ! doodlebug or ant lion1 ( ,huckleb]ry ,f9n fame4 ,! adult insects t mature f ^! ant lion l>vae are v simil> 9 appe>ance to ! *rysopids or lacew+s4 ,! l>va ( ea* ( ^! insects s9ks its long1 %>p1 curv$ m&ibles into ! body ( its prey & sucks out ! body juices4 ,! female ,*rysopa has ! curi\s habit ( =m+ a long1 sl5d] /alk "u ea* egg2 ! bottom ( ! /alk is fa/5$ to ! upp] side ( a leaf4 ,! /alks are ?\ght to h ! effect ( keep+ ! fir/ l>vae ( a hat* f dev\r+ ! eggs plac$ ne>by4 ,:5 ! l>va is mature1 x sp9s a globul>1 silk5 cocoon or cell ar\nd itself & 9 ?is *anges into ! pupal1 or quiesc5t1 /age4 ,:ile ! pupa itself does n appe> active1 )9 x ! l>val tissues are reorganiz$ into ! /ructures ( ! adult1 & ! f9al gr[? ( ! w+s & reproductive organs occurs4 ,:5 ?is *ange is complet$1 ! adult insect em]ges f ! cocoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,coleopt]a4 ,copris m9utus1 "o ( ! sc>ab beetles4 ,! draw+ %[s "o ( ! elytra uprais$ & illu/rates ! me?od ( fold+ ! h9d pair ( w+s "u ! elytra4 ,actual l5g? #j4d in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,coleopt]a4 ,a weevil belong+ to ! g5us ,curculio1 :i* fe$s on nuts & acorns4 ,9 ?is g5us ! beak is exceptionally long4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,ill9ois weevils ! beak is %ort] & /\t]4 ,actual l5g? #j4d in*4 ,coleopt]a ,beetles1 ,weevils ,insects ) two pairs ( w+s1 ! second pair delicate & fold$ "u ! fir/ pair1 :i* are h>d & ?ick5$ & fold$ back aga9/ ! body1 t\*+ ea* o!r along ! midl9e to =m a h>d %ell1 z %[n 9 ,copris m9utus 7,drury71 fig4 #ed4 ,! upp] w+s are n us$ = locomotion1 b =m "p ( ! body armor & are call$ elytra4 ,9 mo/ beetles !y cov] ! entire po/]ior "p ( ! body2 9 _m o!rs !y are abbreviat$ & cov] only "p ( ! abdom54 ,! immature /ages ( ! beetles are wormlike or grublike & h a great v>iety ( food habits4 ,"s ( !m defoliate plants1 o!rs attack roots1 & /ill o!rs fe$ on o!r insects4 ,a great _m ( ! s]i\s insect pe/s1 includ+ k9ds t attack field crops1 /or$ products1 & h\sehold goods1 are beetles4 ,beetles ( "o gr\p hav+ ! front ( ! head produc$ into a sn\tlike /ructure1 z 9 ! g5us ,curculio1 fig4 #ee1 are call$ weevils or sn\t beetles4 ,?is gr\p has maggot-l l>vae & conta9s _m ( our wor/ pe/s1 su* z ! plum curculio1 cotton boll weevil1 alfalfa weevil1 & clov] weevil4 ,biz>re & /rik+ =ms occur 9 _m beetle gr\ps1 notably among ! sc>ab & long-horn beetles4 ,! l>ge/ 9 ,ill9ois is ! rh9oc]os beetle1 ,dyna/es tityus 7,l9naeus72 ! males 7"o %[n on ! cov] ( ?is circul>7 h long projections on bo? head & ?orax2 ! l>vae live 9 rott5 wood4 ,tree-bor+ beetle l>vae are de/ructive to _m or*>d1 ornam5tal1 & native trees4 ,^! include *iefly ! r\nd-head$ bor]s1 adults ( :i* are long-horn beetles2 flat-head$ bor]s1 adults ( :i* are metallic wood bor]s2 & engrav] or %ot-hole types1 adults ( :i* are small & bullet %ap$ & are call$ b>k beetles4 ,9 a few families ( beetles1 bo? ! adults & l>vae are fitt$ = aquatic life4 ,well kn[n among ^! are ! %9+ :irligig beetles4 ,hym5opt]a ,bees1 ,wasps1 ,ants1 ,sawflies ,insects typically ) two pairs ( w+s2 ant5nae ( v>i\s l5g?s2 *ew+ m\?p>ts2 )\t tails4 ,a typical memb] ( ?is gr\p is ! wasp ,vespula maculata 7,l9naeus71 fig4 #ef4 ,_m adult memb]s ( ! gr\p are atypical 9 t !y lack w+s2 ^! include all ! true ants1 fig4 #eg1 :i* are )\t w+s except = ! sexual =ms produc$ at ! "t ( ! nuptial flights4 ,=ms ( "o species1 ,lasius int]jectus ,mayr1 are %[n 9 fig4 #eh4 ,! w+s1 :5 develop$1 are )\t scales2 ! v5ation is mu* less ext5sive ?an 9 ! ,neuropt]a2 & ! h9d w+s diff] 9 %ape & size f ! front w+s4 ,! "y /ages ( ! ,hym5opt]a are cat]pill>-l or grublike1 entirely diff]5t f ! adults4 ,?is v l>ge ord] includes su* well-kn[n =ms z ! bees1 z well z ! wasps & ! ants1 m5tion$ above4 ,9 addition1 x includes ! sawflies1 ^: cat]pill>-l l>vae are ext5sive defoliators ( a l>ge numb] ( native & cultivat$ plants & %rubs2 ! l>ge & v>i$ gr\ps ( p>asitic wasps t ex]t great influ5ce 9 ! natural control ( a trem5d\s numb] ( o!r insects2 & a l>ge numb] ( gall-mak+ wasps1 ^: galls are especially conspicu\s on oak trees4 ,a p>asitic wasp ( ! g5us ,opius is %[n 9 fig4 #ei4 ,! p>asitic wasps are extremely div]se 9 size1 %ape1 & habits4 ,!y range 9 size betwe5 #j4jb & #b4j in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,hym5opt]a4 ,vespula maculata1 ! common bald-fac$ hornet4 ,actual l5g? #j4h in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,hym5opt]a4 ,a work] ant belong+ to ! g5us ,=mica4 ,?is =m lacks w+s4 ,actual l5g? #j4c in*4 ,mecopt]a ,scorpionflies ,insects typically ) two simil> pairs ( delicate w+s1 ea* w+ ) a network ( ve9s4 ,9 repose ! w+s are laid ei!r t5tlike ov] ! back or almo/ flat4 ,! m\?p>ts are fitt$ = *ew+ & usually are l5g!n$ into a beaklike /ructure1 z 9 ,panorpa *elata ,c>p5t]1 fig4 #fj4 ,! l>vae1 seldom f\nd1 live 9 damp woods4 ,! adults ( mo/ w+$ species occurr+ 9 ,ill9ois are ab\t #j4e in* long4 ,!y are active 9 e>ly summ] 9 %ady woods1 fly+ ?r\gh ! und]gr[?4 ,adults ( ! g5us ,boreus are small] & !y h v %ort1 ve9less w+s4 ,!y em]ge 9 ! w9t] & e>ly spr+2 ^! little metallic black insects (t5 hop ar\nd on late w9t] sn[4 ,9 c]ta9 g5]a1 ! adult male g5italia =m a bulb-l /ructure at ! end ( ! body1 z 9 fig4 #fj4 ,?is /ructure is h>mless b1 because x resembles a scorpion's /+1 insects ( ^! g5]a are giv5 ! "n scorpionflies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,hym5opt]a4 ,lasius int]jectus1 a h>mless w+$ ant1 ! yell[ ant1 ) :i* ! w+$ t]mite is (t5 confus$3 ,a1 que5 ) w+s spread1 _m times natural size2 ,b1 work] ant1 natural size2 ,c1 que51 approximately natural size1 ) w+s p>tially clos$ & z usually se54 ,ant has a n>r[] wai/ & %ort] w+s ?an t]mite4 ,actual l5g? ( que5 ab\t #j4c in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,hym5opt]a4 ,a p>asitic wasp1 ,opius1 sp4 ,actual l5g? #j4a in*4 7,draw+ f ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,mecopt]a4 ,panorpa *elata1 "o ( ab\t #ae ,ill9ois species ( scorpionflies4 ,only ! male has ! scorpion tail4 ,actual l5g? ( insect ab\t #j4e in*4 ,tri*opt]a ,caddisflies ,insects ) two pairs ( w+s1 poorly develop$ m\?p>ts ( ! *ew+ type1 & long ant5nae2 )\t tails on ! po/]ior end ( ! body4 ,9 repose1 ! w+s are held ro(like ov] ! body & h only a mod]ate numb] ( longitud9al ve9s1 :i* are n connect$ by crossve9s into any resemblance ( a network4 ,nei!r body nor w+s are cov]$ ) scales4 ,! l>vae are wormlike & !y live 9 /reams1 ponds1 & lakes4 ,_m ( !m build cases ( /icks1 /ones1 or s& & move ab\t ) only ! front end ( ! body protrud+ f ! case4 ,:5 di/urb$1 ! l>vae )draw completely into ! cases & are !n v difficult to see4 ,! adult fly & l>va ( ,rhyacophila f5e/ra ,ross illu/rate ?is ord]1 figs4 #fa & #fb4 ,9 _m aquatic situations1 caddisflies are ! pr$om9ant small animal life & are an important factor 9 fi% food economy4 ,also1 !y are /ream pollution indicators4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,tri*opt]a4 ,rhyacophila f5e/ra2 ! adult =m ( ?is caddisfly is %[n "h4 ,actual l5g? ab\t #j4d in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,tri*opt]a4 ,rhyacophila f5e/ra2 ! l>va1 %[n "h1 is aquatic & builds no case4 ,! l>vae ( "s o!r k9ds ( caddisflies live 9 cases made ( /icks & /ones4 ,lepidopt]a ,butt]flies1 ,mo?s ,insects typically ) two pairs ( w+s1 ) long ant5nae1 & ) m\?p>ts =m+ a long suck+ tube4 ,! body & w+s are cov]$ ) a d5se mass ( scales1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ?is ord]1 fig4 #fc4 ,! "y are kn[n z cat]pill>s or grubs4 ,! l>val /age 9 ?is ord] is well exemplifi$ by ! fairly smoo?1 cyl9drical cat]pill> ( ! fall armyworm1 ,laphygma frugip]da 7,smi?71 fig4 #fd4 ,"s o!r l>vae are hairy2 /ill o!rs are sluglike4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,lepidopt]a4 ,a typical mo?1 %[+ scales on w+s & body1 & suck+ tube1 :i* is coil$ up "u ! head :5 n 9 use4 ,species ( ?is ord] occurr+ 9 ,ill9ois include specim5s t v>y 9 size f #j4a in* to sev]al in*es4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! insects h a w+spread ( ov] #e in*es4 ,to ?is ord] belong n only a v l>ge numb] ( species1 b also a v l>ge numb] t are especially injuri\s to agriculture4 ,^! include su* species z ! codl+ mo?1 cabbage mo?1 butt]flies1 ! entire cutworm gr\p1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,9 addition1 ! v>i\s clo!s mo?s1 :i* are a con/ant s\rce ( loss to h\sehold]s1 & v>i\s species ( meal mo?s1 :i* cause trem5d\s damage to /or$ gra9 e ye>1 are memb]s ( ?is ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,lepidopt]a4 ,laphygma frugip]da1 ! fall armyworm3 ,a1 egg mass on leaf2 ,b1 top & side view ( individual eggs2 ,c1 adult2 ,d1 l>va2 ,e1 pupae4 ,w+ span ( adult ab\t #a4e in*es4 7,draw+ f ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a47 ,9 "o gr\p ( mo?s1 !re are cle> w9d[s on ! w+s1 b ^! are always surr\nd$ by areas or l9es ( scales4 ,a few species ( ! ,lepidopt]a are v odd 9 hav+ w+less females4 ,examples are ! bagworms & "s ( ! cank]worms4 ,9 ^! species1 h[ev]1 ! body ( ! female is d5sely clo!d ) scales1 :i* w s]ve to id5tify h] z "o ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 ,! habits ( ,lepidopt]a l>vae are v div]se4 ,mo/ ( ^! l>vae are leaf eat]s1 b "s bore into trunks ( trees & /ems ( h]bace\s plants4 ,"s ( ! small ones m9e )9 leaf tissue1 o!rs live 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e !y eat roots1 & a few are aquatic1 liv+ 9 cle>1 rapidly fl[+ /reams4 ,dipt]a ,flies1 ,mosquitoes1 & ,_! ,allies ,insects ) only "o pair ( w+s1 ea* w+ ) a limit$ numb] ( ve9s4 ,o!r *>act]s ( ! ord]1 includ+ ant5nae & m\?p>ts1 are extremely v>i$4 ,mo/ immature /ages are wormlike or maggot-l4 ,!y live 9 protect$ situations1 su* z )9 ! tissues ( a plant1 9 wat]1 9 leaf mold1 or 9 ! tissues ( animals4 ,a typical life cycle is t %[n = ! h\se fly1 ,musca dome/ica ,l9naeus1 fig4 #fe4 ,! ubiquit\s h\se fly is und\bt$ly ! be/ kn[n repres5tative ( ?is ord]4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t & dang]\s insect pe/s1 be+ a possible c>ri] ( _m diseases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,dipt]a4 ,musca dome/ica1 ! h\se fly4 ,! fly has only a s+le pair ( w+s2 ! pale1 maggot-l l>va is )\t legs2 ! d>k]1 egg-%ap$ pup>ium conta9s ! pupal or quiesc5t /age4 ,l5g? ( adult #j4b in*4 7,draw+ by ,alice ,ann ,prickett47 ,mosquitoes1 punkies1 black flies1 & horse flies are likewise well kn[n memb]s ( ?is ord]4 ,9 addition to economic =ms1 ! ord] ,dipt]a includes midges1 crane flies1 bee flies1 robb] flies1 bluebottle flies1 & a great assortm5t ( o!r k9ds ( insects4 ,int]e/+ are ! bee flies1 :i* mimic o!r insects su* z honey bees1 bumble bees1 & wasps to an ext5t t w9s !m immunity f ! att5tion ( _m beg9n+ collectors4 ,siphonapt]a ,fleas ,w+less insects t evolv$ f fold+-w+ insects2 conspicu\sly flatt5$ f side to side2 ) /\t sp9y legs1 & ) num]\s sp9es ov] ! body2 )\t conspicu\s ant5nae or tails or a =k$ po/]ior app5dage l t ( ! spr+tails2 usually h>d2 rang+ 9 color f yell[i% br[n to almo/ black4 ,! human flea1 ,pulex irritants ,l9naeus1 & a widespread ,ill9ois rat flea1 ,nosopsyllus fasciatus 7,bosc71 are %[n 9 fig4 #ff4 ,all ! fleas1 :i* fe$ on ! blood ( birds & o!r animals1 h suck+ m\?p>ts4 ,!y are p[]ful jump]s4 ,! "y /ages are sl5d]1 :ite l>vae1 fig4 #fg1 :i* live 9 ! ne/s ( v>i\s animals2 ^! l>vae are seldom collect$4 ,! fleas are f\nd on ! animals !mselves or ar\nd _! ne/s4 ,sev]al species ( fleas1 includ+ ! cat & dog flea1 ! human flea1 & ! rat fleas1 attack man4 ,"o ( ! rat fleas1 ,x5opsylla *eopis 7,ro?s*ild7 is ! common transmitt] ( ! organism caus+ bubonic plague4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,siphonapt]a4 ,pulex irritans1 human flea 7left71 & ,nosopsyllus fasciatus1 "o ( ! rat fleas4 ,actual l5g? ( body ab\t #j4a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,siphonapt]a4 ,l>va ( flea f\nd 9 m\se ne/4 ,l5g? ab\t #j4ab in*4 ,,relatives ,,( ,,insects ,!re are _m small animals t belong to ! same g5]al gr\p z insects & t are frequ5tly collect$ ) !m4 ,spid]s1 c5tip$es1 & amphipods are a few ( _m examples ( su* animals4 ,toge!r ) insects1 !y =m ! animal phylum call$ ,ar?ropoda1 *>act]iz$ by hav+ segm5t$ bodies & jo9t$ legs4 ,a brief description is includ$ "h ( ! common gr\ps ( ^! insect relatives f\nd 9 ,ill9ois4 ,isopoda ,s[bugs1 ,pillbugs ,convex1 _m-legg$ animals hav+ conspicu\s ant5nae2 sev]al ( ! po/]ior segm5ts %ort & jo9$ r closely to =m an abdom54 ,( ! ,ill9ois =ms1 ab\t "o-half are aquatic1 liv+ 9 /reams & ponds4 ,! o!rs live 9 t]re/rial situations t are humid & d>k4 ,!y are frequ5tly f\nd "u bo>ds & 9 soil 9 gre5h\ses4 ,"o species ( ?is gr\p is ,armadillidium vulg>e 7,latreille71 fig4 #fh1 :i* possesses ! ability to curl up 9 a h>d %ell-l ball :5 di/urb$4 ,! isopods1 relatives ( crabs1 %rimps1 & crayfi%1 belong to ! g5]al gr\p kn[n z cru/aceans4 ,! cru/acean gr\ps are abundant 9 ! ocean4 ,9 pa/ geologic ages1 ! e>ly ance/ors ( su* pr$om9antly t]re/rial gr\ps z insects & spid]s resembl$ ance/ors ( ! pres5t cru/acean m>9e =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,isopoda4 ,armadillidium vulg>e1 a common pillbug or s[bug 7two views74 ,actual l5g? #j4c in*4 7,draw+s f ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,amphipoda ,small ,wat] ,%rimps ,humpback$1 _m-legg$ cru/aceans1 fig4 #fi1 t are1 unlike ! isopods1 flatt5$ f side to side l ! fleas4 ,!y are all aquatic b are seldom f\nd swimm+ 9 op5 wat]2 !y pref] to live 9 tangl$ masses ( vegetation1 "u /ones or logs1 & among debris 9 ! v %all[ wat] :]e x t\*es ! bank4 ,^! little %rimps are nev] m ?an ab\t "o-half in* long & are frequ5tly collect$ 9 l>ge numb]s along ) aquatic beetles4 ,z is ! case ) ! aquatic s[bugs1 c]ta9 species ( amphipod %rimps occur 9 subt]ranean wat] s\rces & frequ5tly are f\nd 9 wells4 ,mo/ ( ^! species are bl9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,amphipoda4 ,gamm>us sp41 a common small wat] %rimp4 ,actual l5g? #j4d in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,scorpionida4 ,c5truroides vittatus1 ! only scorpion kn[n to occur 9 ,ill9ois4 ,actual l5g? #b4j in*es4 7,draw+ by ,alice ,ann ,prickett47 ,scorpionida ,scorpions ,animals belong+ to ! spid] gr\p2 *>act]iz$ by a pair ( /\t p9c]s at ! end ( ea* front leg & a long tail-l ext5sion ( ! abdom5 end+ 9 a %>p /+1 z 9 ,c5truroides vittatus 7,say71 fig4 #gj4 ,!y h fairly long bodies & five pairs ( legs ea*1 includ+ ! *elate pair4 ,dur+ ! day !y live "u /ones & b>k1 mov+ ab\t at night 9 se>* ( insects & o!r small organisms on :i* !y prey4 ,_m species occur 9 ! ,s\?we/2 ! range ( "o ( ^! ext5ds z f> nor!a/w>d z s\?we/]n ,ill9ois4 ,pseudoscorpionida ,pseudoscorpions ,animals belong+ to ! spid] gr\p2 *>act]iz$ by a pair ( /\t p9c]s at ! end ( ! front legs1 z 9 ,l>ca granulata 7,banks71 fig4 #ga4 ,!y h %ort1 /\t bodies1 ea* ) five pairs ( legs includ+ ! *elate front pair1 b unlike ! true scorpions !y h no tails or /+s4 ,! pseudoscorpions are sometimes f\nd indoors 9 old books1 look+ = _! prey ( small insects4 ,!y occur 9 great] numb]s 9 wood$ areas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,pseudoscorpionida4 ,l>ca granulata1 a native ,ill9ois pseudoscorpion4 ,actual l5g? #j4a in*4 ,phalangida ,daddy ,longlegs1 ,h>ve/m5 ,spid]-l =ms1 ea* animal ) a %ort1 r\nd body & f\r pairs ( walk+ legs t 9 mo/ species are v long1 fig4 #gb4 ,!y occur *iefly 9 woods & may be f\nd 9 numb]s walk+ ov] foliage & logs2 !y are (t5 f\nd on bluffs & 9 %ady places4 ,!y fe$ on decay+ humus4 ,a few ,ill9ois =ms t occur *iefly on b>k h consid]ably %ort] legs ?an ! species t range m widely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,phalangida4 ,a common h>ve/man or daddy longlegs4 ,actual l5g? ( body #j4c in*4 ,araneida ,spid]s ,v>i$ & well-kn[n animals1 ea* ) f\r pairs ( walk+ legs & a body divid$ into a cephalo?orax 7:i* comb9es ! head & ?orax7 & abdom54 ,! spid]s pres5t a trem5d\s v>iety ( %apes1 "s be+ r\nd & fat1 l ! black wid[1 ,latrodectus mactans 7,fabricius71 fig4 #gc1 o!rs be+ long & sl5d]1 mimick+ ants4 ,o!rs are crablike 9 %ape2 "s t are long & sl5d] are extremely rapid 9 _! movem5ts4 ,spid]s appe> practically ev]y:]e4 ,c]ta9 species are dome/ic & are f\nd only 9 h\ses4 ,9 ,ill9ois ! only poison\s species ( any importance are ! black wid[ spid]1 :i* is f\nd 9 a v>iety ( situations1 & ! recluse spid]1 ,loxosceles reclusa ,g]ts* ,mulaik1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 h\se basem5ts 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,araneida4 ,latrodectus mactans1 ! black wid[ spid]4 ,actual l5g? ( body #j4d in*4 ,ac>9a ,ticks1 ,mites ,animals some:at l ! spid]s b hav+ no m>k$ division betwe5 ! cephalo?orax & ! abdom54 ,ea* adult has f\r pairs ( walk+ legs1 al?\gh an individual ( ! v "y /ages has only ?ree pairs4 ,! mites are g5]ally v m9ute & seldom are se5 by ! beg9n+ collector4 ,!y v>y greatly 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,_m species are extremely de/ructive to /or$ produce1 to live dome/ic animals1 & to _m gr\ps ( plants4 ,adults ( ! h>ve/ mite & e>ly /ages ( ! *igg] mite attack man p]si/5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,ac>9a4 ,d]mac5tor v>iabilis1 ! common dog tick ( ,ill9ois & vector ( ,rocky ,m\nta9 spott$ fev]4 ,:5 engorg$1 ! tick looks l a r$ b]ry4 ,actual l5g? #j4b in*4 7,draw+ f ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a47 ,ticks are l>g] ?an mites4 ,all ! species fe$ on w>m-blood$ animals1 includ+ birds & mammals4 ,! commone/ ,ill9ois tick is ,d]mac5tor v>iabilis 7,say71 fig4 #gd1 :i* transmits ! organism caus+ ! (t5 fatal disease call$ ,rocky ,m\nta9 spott$ fev]4 ,al?\gh ?is disease occurs only infrequ5tly 9 ,ill9ois1 hik]s & o!rs expos$ to ticks on excursions into ! out-(-doors %\ld c>efully exam9e _! clo?+ & bodies & promptly remove any ticks !y f9d4 ,diplopoda ,millip$es ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,diplopoda4 ,p>ajulus impressus1 a common ,ill9ois millip$e4 ,actual l5g? #a4e in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,*ilopoda4 ,scutig]a =ceps1 ! h\se c5tip$e1 commonly f\nd 9 d>k basem5ts4 ,actual l5g? ( body #a4j in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,*ilopoda4 ,a common type ( woodl& c5tip$e f\nd 9 leaf mold & rott5 logs4 ,actual l5g? #a4j in*4 7,draw+ f ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass47 ,elongate animals ea* hav+ a di/9ct head & a long1 _m-segm5t$ body ) two pairs ( legs on e segm5t4 ,! commone/ ,ill9ois repres5tative is ! l>ge ,p>ajulus impressus 7,say71 fig4 #ge1 a robu/1 cyl9drical1 r$di% species commonly f\nd 9 rott5 logs or moi/ leaf mold4 ,mo/ species fe$ on decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,a few occasionally d consid]able damage 9 gre5h\ses4 ,*ilopoda ,c5tip$es ,elongate animals1 simil> 9 g5]al appe>ance to ! millip$es b ) only "o pair ( legs on ea* body segm5t4 ,_m species are pr$aci\s1 fe$+ on insects & o!r small animals 9 rott5 logs & humus4 ,mo/ famili> to ! city dwell] is ! h\se c5tip$e1 ,scutig]a =ceps ,raf9esque1 fig4 #gf2 ?is is a common inhabitant ( d>k places 9 h\ses1 :]e x runs ab\t ) incr$ible spe$ 9 se>* ( ! small insects ^u :i* x fe$s4 ,o!r species may be enc\nt]$ "u bo>ds & /ones 9 g>d5s1 fig4 #gg4 ,"s ,ill9ois c5tip$es f\nd 9 woody or rocky situations are #b in*es or m long4 ,no *ilopod gr\p 9 ?is /ate is dang]\s to human be+s1 b to ! s\? occur c5tip$es ne>ly a foot long t may inflict s]i\s bites4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,insect ,,collection ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,! ,natural ,res\rces ,build+4 ,?is build+1 on ! campus ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 is ! home ( ! ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey & h\ses ! /ate insect collection on ! second floor ( ! we/ w+4 7,photograph f ,ill9ois ,geological ,survey47 ,ill9ois is "o ( ! v few /ates t ma9ta9 a l>ge rese>* insect collection4 ,?is collection is "u ! c>e & guidance ( ! ,section ( ,fauni/ic ,surveys & ,insect ,id5tification ( ! ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey4 ,x is h\s$ 9 ! we/ "p ( ! firepro( ,natural ,res\rces ,build+ on ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois campus at ,urbana1 fig4 #gh4 ,begun ab\t #ahhj1 ! collection has gr[n /eadily until n[ x is ! mo/ ext5sive repres5tative collection ( ! insect fauna ( any /ate 9 ! nation4 ,! collection consi/s ( ov] #e1ejj1jjj specim5s ( insects h\s$ 9 /eel cab9ets1 fig4 #gi4 ,! p9n$ collection includes ab\t #gej1jjj specim5s 9 trays4 ,! collection pres]v$ 9 alcohol conta9s ov] #c1ejj1jjj insects includ+ n only a great numb] ( valuable adult insects b also a v useful collection ( immature insects4 ,! slide collection conta9s ne>ly #bej1jjj specim5s m\nt$ z p]man5t microscopic prep>ations4 ,! pap]$ & box$ mat]ial comprises m ?an #a1jjj1jjj specim5s ( dri$ insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,a view ( ! ma9 insect collection room ( ! ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey4 ,9 ! /eel cab9ets & h>dwood trays %[n "h are arrang$ p9n$ insect specim5s4 ,simil> cab9ets conta9 mat]ial 9 liquid pres]vative4 ,adjo9+ ?is collection room are (fices & laboratories ( ! ,section ( ,fauni/ic ,surveys & ,insect ,id5tification1 :]e records ( insect di/ribution & habits are kept on file4 ,! mo/ important use ( ! collection is = id5tification ( insects kn[n to damage crops1 /or$ gra9s1 & h\sehold articles1 or to ?reat5 human heal?4 ,important also is its use z a /oreh\se ( in=mation reg>d+ ! ecology1 ho/ relation%ips1 & di/ribution ( ,ill9ois insects4 ,s l>ge is ! field ( insect classification t _m important gaps exi/ 9 our k ( ! ,ill9ois fauna4 ,= maximum usefulness1 ! collection %\ld conta9 a complete repres5tation ( ! ,ill9ois insect fauna1 supplem5t$ ) z mu* additional ,nor? ,am]ican mat]ial z c be obta9$4 ,?is additional comp>ison mat]ial is frequ5tly necess>y to evaluate correctly ! species occurr+ 9 ! /ate4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are ab\t #bj1jjj diff]5t species ( insects 9 ,ill9ois & #aej1jjj 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! collection conta9s repres5tatives ( ov] #ae1jjj ,ill9ois species1 & a great _m o!r ,nor? ,am]ican species useful z comp>ison mat]ial 9 ! id5tification ( ,ill9ois =ms4 ,gifts to ! collection ( well-prep>$ mat]ial are greatly appreciat$4 ,_m ( ^? already receiv$ h made vital contributions to ! collection & add$ valuable records to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey files ( insect di/ribution4 ,,reports ,,on ,,ill9ois ,,insects ,z a result ( ! accumulation ( mat]ial & in=mation 9 ! fauni/ic collection1 ! ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey has publi%$ a numb] ( reports deal+ ) v>i\s gr\ps ( insects & o!r animals 9 ,ill9ois2 o!r reports 9 ?is s]ies are be+ prep>$ or plann$4 ,^! reports are design$ prim>ily = use ( ! advanc$ /ud5t 9 zoology & entomology4 ,!y conta9 in=mation reg>d+ ! *>act]i/ics1 habits1 & di/ribution ( ! v>i\s species 9 ! /ate1 keys = _! id5tification1 & illu/rations to assi/ 9 diagnosis ( ! /ructures us$ 9 id5tification4 ,because ( _! great abundance 9 bo? species & numb]s1 & _! importance z pe/s1 insects h be5 /udi$ ext5sively & mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t !m4 ,! foll[+ reports ( ,ill9ois insects & _! relatives h be5 publi%$ by ! ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey4 ,^? m>k$ out ( pr9t are unavailable at ! ,survey1 b may be consult$ at libr>ies or obta9$ f book deal]s4 ,int]e/$ p]sons may obta9 publications by writ+ to ! ,*ief1 ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois #fahja4 ,! ,oribatoidea ( ,ill9ois ,mites1 by ,h5ry ,e4 ,ew+4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,*ironomidae1 or ,midges1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,mallo*4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,classification ( ,dipt]a1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,mallo*4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,species ( ! ,g5us ,tiphia ,wasps1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,mallo*4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,p5tatomoidea ( ,ill9ois ,/9k ,bugs1 by ,*>les ,ar?ur ,h>t4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,=e/ ,insects 9 ,ill9ois3 ,i4 ,! ,subfamily ,o*?iphil9ae 7,dipt]a1 ,family ,agromyzidae71 by ,j4 ,r4 ,mallo*4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,fall & ,w9t] ,/oneflies1 or ,plecopt]a1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,!odore ,h4 ,frison4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,plant ,lice1 or ,aphiidae1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,fr$]ick ,c4 ,hottes & ,!odore ,h4 ,frison4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,d]mapt]a & ,or?opt]a ( ,ill9ois1 by ,morgan ,heb>d4 ,! ,/oneflies1 or ,plecopt]a1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,frison4 ,ne>ctic ,ald] ,flies ( ! ,g5us ,sialis 7,megalopt]a1 ,sialidae71 by ,h4 ,h4 ,ross4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,plant ,bugs1 or ,miridae1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,h>ry ,h4 ,knight4 ,/udies ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,plecopt]a1 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,fauna ( ,ill9ois1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,frison4 ,! ,caddis ,flies1 or ,tri*opt]a1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,h]b]t ,h4 ,ross4 ,out ( pr9t4 ,! ,leafhopp]s1 or ,cicadellidae1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,d4 ,m4 ,de,long4 ,! ,pseudoscorpions ( ,ill9ois1 by ,c4 ,clayton ,h(f4 ,! ,mayflies1 or ,ephem]opt]a1 ( ,ill9ois1 by ,b4 ,d4 ,burks4 ,a ,synopsis ( ! ,mosquitoes ( ,ill9ois 7,dipt]a1 ,culicidae71 by ,h]b]t ,h4 ,ross & ,william ,r4 ,horsfall4 ,,useful ,,books ,a consid]able numb] ( books c be ( great help to ! beg9n] 9 nam+ 8 specim5s4 ,! foll[+ are p]haps ! mo/ easily us$4 ,o!rs are be+ publi%$ f "t to "t4 ,an ,introduction to ,entomology1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,com/ock4 ,! ,com/ock ,publi%+ ,company1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,butt]fly ,book1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,holl&4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,doran ,company1 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,mo? ,book1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,holl&4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company1 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,out ( pr9t1 b may be obta9$ f secondh& book deal]s4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,insects1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,jaques4 ,h4 ,e4 ,jaques1 #gji ,nor? ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,m\nt ,pleasant1 ,i[a4 ,insects3 ,a ,guide to ,famili> ,am]ican ,insects1 by ,h]b]t ,s4 ,zim & ,cl>5ce ,cottam4 ,simon & ,s*u/]1 ,inc41 ,rockefell] ,c5t]1 ,new ,york #bj1 ,n4 ,y4 ,field ,book ( ,ponds & ,/reams1 by ,ann ,hav5 ,morgan4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,insect ,guide1 by ,ralph ,b4 ,swa94 ,d\bl$ay ,company1 ,inc41 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,college ,entomology1 by ,e4 ,o4 ,essig4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,entomology = ,introductory ,c\rses1 by ,rob]t ,ma!son4 ,! ,com/ock ,publi%+ ,company1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a ,textbook ( ,entomology1 #crd ed41 by ,h]b]t ,h4 ,ross4 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,inc41 #ddj ,p>k ,av5ue ,s\?1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,und]/&+ ,evolution1 by ,h]b]t ,h4 ,ross4 ,spectrum ,books3 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,n4 ,j4 #jgfcb4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,%ip ,,specim5s ,specim5s :i* ! collector is unable to "n may be s5t to speciali/s or entomological museums = id5tification4 ,names & addresses ( speciali/s c be furni%$ by agricultural ag5ts1 tea*]s1 or museum curators4 ,! arrangem5ts "u :i* ^! speciali/s w und]take ! "w v>y1 b exp]ts (t5 w /udy well pres]v$ & label$ collections 9 return = duplicate specim5s :i* !y may keep4 ,h[ev]1 ! id5tification ( _m insects is s difficult & labori\s t rapid s]vice is n always to be expect$ by collectors s5d+ 9 mat]ial4 ,specim5s ne$ special prep>ation & c>e to gu>d aga9/ breakage if !y are to be %ipp$ to a speciali/4 ,see t all p9s us$ 9 m\nt+ specim5s are ?ru/ securely into ! cork on ! bottom ( ! box4 ,?ru/ extra p9s ( ! same height 9 ea* corn]1 & ov] ! :ole lay a piece ( ?9 c>dbo>d t has be5 cut to fit ! inside ( ! box snugly2 !n place ov] ?is a lay] ( cotton wool or cellucotton ?ick en\gh to press firmly aga9/ ! c>dbo>d :5 ! top is clos$4 ,wrap ! box 9 pap] & !n pack x 9 a l>g] box1 protect$ on all sides by a lay] ( excelsior or crumpl$ pap] at lea/ #b in*es ?ick4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,buy ,,supplies ,! foll[+ li/1 by no means complete1 conta9s names & addresses ( companies t furni% entomological supplies4 ,mo/ ( ^! companies w s5d catalogs & price li/s on reque/4 ,am]ican ,optical ,company1 ,sci5tific ,in/rum5t ,division1 ,box ,a1 ,buffalo #ae1 ,n4 ,y4 ,baus* & ,lomb ,optical ,company1 ,ro*e/] #b1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,company1 #agjj ,irv+ ,p>k ,road1 ,*icago #ac1 ,ill9ois4 ,g5]al ,biological ,supply ,h\se1 ,inc41 #hbjj ,s\? ,hoyne ,av5ue1 ,*icago #bj1 ,ill9ois4 ,e4 ,h4 ,s>g5t & ,company1 #dfdg ,we/ ,fo/] ,av5ue1 ,*icago #cj1 ,ill9ois4 ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t1 ,inc41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agdi1 ,ro*e/] #c1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,endpap]s ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4