,,state ,,of ,,illinois ,,department ,,of ,,registration ,,and ,,education ,,how ,,to ,,collect ,,and ,,preserve ,,insects ,h4 ,h4 ,,ross ,illustration3 ,,seal ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,illinois 99 ,,aug #bfth #ahah ,printed by ,authority of the ,state of ,illinois ,,natural ,,history ,,survey ,,division ,george ,sprugel1 ,jr41 ,chief ,circular #ci ,urbana ,november1 #aiff 7,eighth ,printing7 ,,state ,,of ,,illinois ,,department ,,of ,,registration ,,and ,,education ,,board ,,of ,,natural ,,resources ,,and ,,conservation ,john ,c4 ,watson1 ,chairman2 ,thomas ,park1 ,ph4,d41 ,biology2 ,l4 ,l4 ,sloss1 ,ph4,d41 ,geology2 ,roger ,adams1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,chemistry2 ,robert ,h4 ,anderson1 ,b4,s4,c4,e41 ,engineering2 ,charles ,e4 ,olmsted1 ,ph4,d41 ,forestry2 ,w4 ,l4 ,everitt1 ,e4,e41 ,ph4,d41 ,representing the ,president of the ,university of ,illinois2 ,delyte ,w4 ,morris1 ,ph4,d41 ,president of ,southern ,illinois ,university4 ,,natural ,,history ,,survey ,,division1 ,urbana1 ,illinois ,,scientific ,,and ,,technical ,,staff ,george ,sprugel1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,chief ,herbert ,h4 ,ross1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,chief ,robert ,o4 ,watson1 ,b4,s41 ,assistant to the ,chief ,section of ,economic ,entomology ,william ,h4 ,luckmann1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologist and ,head ,willis ,n4 ,bruce1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologist ,ronald ,h4 ,meyer1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,entomologist ,james ,e4 ,appleby1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,entomologist ,robert ,d4 ,pausch1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,entomologist ,ralph ,e4 ,sechriest1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,entomologist ,delmar ,broersma1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,entomologist ,joseph ,v4 ,maddox1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,entomologist ,edward ,j4 ,armbrust1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,entomologist ,dannel ,mc,collum1 ,b4,a41 ,technical ,assistant ,gregory ,p4 ,marsh1 ,b4,s41 ,technical ,assistant ,sue ,e4 ,watkins1 ,junior ,scientific ,assistant ,h4 ,b4 ,petty1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologist in ,extension#a ,stevenson ,moore1 ,,iii1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologist in ,extension#a ,roscoe ,randell1 ,m4,s41 ,technical ,assistant in ,extension#a ,clarence ,e4 ,white1 ,b4,s41 ,technical ,assistant in ,extension#a ,stanley ,rachesky1 ,m4,s41 ,technical ,assistant in ,extension#a ,d4 ,e4 ,kuhlman1 ,m4,s41 ,technical ,assistant in ,extension#a ,amal ,c4 ,banerjee1 ,ph4,d41 ,research ,associate#a ,jean ,g4 ,wilson1 ,b4,a41 ,research ,associate#a ,ranu ,banerjee1 ,b4,a41 ,research ,assistant#a ,ayten ,hatidoglu1 ,b4,s41 ,research ,assistant#a ,keun ,s4 ,park1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,assistant#a ,keturah ,reinbold1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,assistant#a ,section of ,faunistic ,surveys and ,insect ,identification ,h4 ,h4 ,ross1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,chief and ,head ,milton ,w4 ,sanderson1 ,ph4,d41 ,taxonomist ,lewis ,j4 ,stannard1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,taxonomist ,philip ,w4 ,smith1 ,ph4,d41 ,taxonomist ,leonora ,k4 ,gloyd1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,taxonomist ,wallace ,e4 ,la,berge1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,taxonomist ,robert ,t4 ,allen1 ,m4,s41 ,technical ,assistant ,bernice ,sweeney1 ,technical ,assistant ,bess ,white1 ,a4,b41 ,technical ,assistant ,john ,d4 ,unzicker1 ,ph4,d41 ,research ,assistant#a ,section of ,aquatic ,biology ,george ,w4 ,bennett1 ,ph4,d41 ,aquatic ,biologist and ,head ,william ,c4 ,starrett1 ,ph4,d41 ,aquatic ,biologist ,r4 ,w4 ,larimore1 ,ph4,d41 ,aquatic ,biologist ,david ,h4 ,buck1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,aquatic ,biologist ,robert ,c4 ,hiltibran1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,biochemist ,donald ,f4 ,hansen1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,aquatic ,biologist ,william ,f4 ,childers1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,aquatic ,biologist ,david ,l4 ,thomas1 ,b4,s41 ,research ,assistant ,maryfran ,martin1 ,technical ,assistant ,claude ,russell ,rose1 ,field ,assistant ,dennis ,dooley1 ,field ,assistant ,charles ,f4 ,thoits1 ,,iii1 ,b4,a41 ,research ,associate#a ,david ,krulac1 ,project ,assistant#a ,section of ,applied ,botany and ,plant ,pathology ,j4 ,cedric ,carter1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pathologist and ,head ,j4 ,l4 ,forsberg1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pathologist ,robert ,a4 ,evers1 ,ph4,d41 ,botanist ,robert ,dan ,neely1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pathologist ,e4 ,b4 ,himelick1 ,ph4,d41 ,plant ,pathologist ,walter ,hartstirn1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,plant ,pathologist ,d4 ,f4 ,schoeneweiss1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,plant ,pathologist ,david ,russell ,vance1 ,technical ,assistant ,robert ,j4 ,slattery1 ,b4,s41 ,technical ,assistant ,robert ,s4 ,perry1 ,b4,s41 ,technical ,assistant ,betty ,s4 ,nelson1 ,technical ,assistant ,sylvia ,p4 ,brockstein1 ,m4,s41 ,technical ,assistant ,section of ,wildlife ,research ,glen ,c4 ,sanderson1 ,ph4,d41 ,wildlife ,specialist and ,head ,f4 ,c4 ,bellrose1 ,b4,s41 ,wildlife ,specialist ,h4 ,c4 ,hanson1 ,ph4,d41 ,wildlife ,specialist ,richard ,r4 ,graber1 ,ph4,d41 ,wildlife ,specialist ,ronald ,f4 ,labisky1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,wildlife ,specialist ,william ,r4 ,edwards1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,wildlife ,specialist ,william ,w4 ,cochran1 ,,jr41 ,assistant ,wildlife ,specialist ,robert ,e4 ,greenberg1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,assistant ,helen ,c4 ,schultz1 ,m4,a41 ,technical ,assistant ,lucinda ,janis1 ,technical ,assistant ,robert ,d4 ,crompton1 ,field ,assistant ,ronald ,duzan1 ,laboratory ,assistant ,mary ,ann ,johnson1 ,laboratory ,assistant ,william ,j4 ,francis1 ,ph4,d41 ,research ,associate#a ,jack ,a4 ,ellis1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,associate#a ,james ,a4 ,bailey1 ,ph4,d41 ,research ,associate#a ,gerald ,g4 ,montgomery1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,associate#a ,william ,l4 ,anderson1 ,m4,a41 ,research ,associate#a ,george ,b4 ,joselyn1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,associate#a ,gerald ,l4 ,storm1 ,m4,s41 ,field ,ecologist#a ,ronald ,l4 ,westemeier1 ,b4,s41 ,research ,associate#a ,stanley ,l4 ,etter1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,assistant#a ,robert ,e4 ,hawkins1 ,b4,s41 ,research ,assistant#a ,jeffrey ,c4 ,hanson1 ,m4,s41 ,research ,assistant#a ,keith ,t4 ,dauphin1 ,project ,assistant#a ,section of ,publications and ,public ,relations ,owen ,f4 ,glissendorf1 ,m4,s41 ,technical ,editor and ,head ,robert ,m4 ,zewadski1 ,m4,s41 ,associate ,technical ,editor ,nancy ,k4 ,ginzel1 ,b4,s41 ,assistant ,technical ,editor ,wilmer ,d4 ,zehr1 ,technical ,photographer ,william ,l4 ,taylor1 ,technical ,assistant ,technical ,library ,doris ,f4 ,dodds1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,s4,l4,s41 ,technical ,librarian ,patricia ,f4 ,stenstrom1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,s4,l4,s41 ,assistant ,technical ,librarian ,,consultants3 ,herpetology1 ,hobart ,m4 ,smith1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,zoology1 ,university of ,illinois2 ,parasitology1 ,norman ,d4 ,levine1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,veterinary ,parasitology and ,veterinary ,research1 ,university of ,illinois2 ,wildlife ,research1 ,willard ,d4 ,klimstra1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,zoology and ,director of ,cooperative ,wildlife ,research1 ,southern ,illinois ,university2 ,statistics1 ,horace ,w4 ,norton1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,statistical ,design and ,analysis1 ,university of ,illinois4 #a;,employed on cooperative projects with one of several agencies3 ,university of ,illinois1 ,illinois ,agricultural ,extension ,service1 ,illinois ,department of ,conservation1 ,national ,science ,foundation1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,united ,states ,fish and ,wildlife ,service1 ,united ,states ,public ,health ,service1 and others4 ,this paper is a contribution from the ,section of ,faunistic ,surveys and ,insect ,identification4 7#ccgaa--aj,m--#aj-ff7cj ,where to ,collect #a ,what to ,use #b ,nets #c ,killing ,bottles #f ,aspirators or ,suckers #i ,sifter #ab ,berlese ,funnel #ab ,equipment for ,collecting ,aquatic ,insects #af ,how to ,handle ,unmounted ,specimens #ag ,temporary ,cases #ag ,relaxing ,boxes and ,jars #ai ,how to ,mount and ,preserve ,specimens #bj ,preservation by ,pinning #bj ,spreading ,board for ,moths and ,butterflies #bd ,preservation in ,fluid #bf ,how to ,label the ,specimens #bf ,housing the ,collection ,permanently #bg ,insect ,boxes #bg ,precaution ,against ,pests #bg ,the ,insect ,world #bh ,how to ,identify ,specimens #cd ,synopsis of ,illinois ,insect ,orders #ce ,primitive ,wingless ,insects #ce ,diplura #cf ,protura #cf ,collembola #cf ,microcoryphia #cf ,thysanura #ch ,primitive ,winged ,insects #ch ,ephemeroptera #ch ,odonata #ch ,folding-,wing ,insects #dj ,cursoria #db ,isoptera #dc ,orthoptera #dc ,dermaptera #dd ,plecoptera #de ,zoraptera #de ,corrodentia #de ,phthiraptera #de ,mallophaga #dg ,anoplura #dg ,thysanoptera #dg ,hemiptera #dh ,megaloptera #eb ,neuroptera #eb ,coleoptera #ec ,hymenoptera #ed ,mecoptera #ee ,trichoptera #eg ,lepidoptera #eh ,diptera #fj ,siphonaptera #fa ,relatives of ,insects #fb ,isopoda #fb ,amphipoda #fb ,scorpionida #fd ,pseudoscorpionida #fd ,phalangida #fd ,araneida #fe ,acarina #fe ,diplopoda #ff ,chilopoda #fg ,the ,state ,insect ,collection #fg ,reports on ,illinois ,insects #fi ,useful ,books #gj ,how to ,ship ,specimens #gj ,where to ,buy ,supplies #ga ,printed by ,authority of the ,state of ,illinois1 ,ch4 #abg4 ,,irs1 ,par4 #eh4bb4 ,illustration3 ,illinois streams are a source of many insects of interest to the amateur collector4 ,shown here is the ,salt ,fork ,river1 south of ,oakwood4 ,,how ,,to ,,collect ,,and ,,preserve ,,insects ,h4 ,h4 ,,ross ,with rather simple equipment1 the amateur as well as the trained entomologist can make a worthwhile collection of insects4 ,the making of such a collection may have educational and recreational as well as scientific values4 ,developing this hobby is one of the finest ways for students1 especially those in agricultural districts1 to become acquainted with the large number of injurious and beneficial insects that they encounter about the home and in the fields4 ,high school classes in biology find excellent laboratory material in the many insects available for rearing and study4 ,both old and young collectors find a great deal of pleasure in working with the showy and beautiful insects1 such as beetles1 moths1 and butterflies2 the satisfaction derived comes both from having relaxation from the day's work and from making real contributions to scientific knowledge4 ,many entomological museums welcome the opportunity to examine carefully prepared and labeled collections4 ,these collections supply distribution records for insect species1 in addition to other information of value to technical entomologists4 ,also1 the amateur collector profits from his contact with specialists who can help him identify his specimens and advise him at any stage of his work4 ,it is hoped that this circular will show how easy it is to make a start in insect collecting and will give the student helpful ideas on how and where to begin4 ,,where ,,to ,,collect ,in late spring1 in summer1 and in early fall1 insects are very abundant in fields and woods1 and large numbers of them may be caught by sweeping through the grass and branches with a strong insect net4 ,flowers of all descriptions are favorite visiting places of many bees1 flies1 beetles1 and other insects1 and will afford good collecting4 ,woods along the banks of streams1 open glades in deep woods1 and brush along forest edges offer some of the best opportunities for collecting by the sweeping method4 ,in early spring1 when insects can be taken only sparingly in the open1 the collector frequently finds sheltered hollows where they may be caught in large numbers4 ,a certain kind of insect may live only on a certain kind of plant1 and to obtain the insect the collector must search or sweep the plant1 called the host plant4 ,many obscure places harbor insects seldom found elsewhere4 ,among these are leaf mold and debris on the surface of the soil1 particularly in woods2 rotten logs and stumps1 which should be turned over to reveal insects that hide under or around them1 and then carefully searched or torn apart for others that live inside2 in1 under1 and around dead animals2 under boards and stones4 ,trees sometimes yield valuable specimens4 ,if part of a tree1 under which has been spread a large white sheet1 is struck with a heavy1 padded stick1 many insects1 such as weevils1 will fall to the sheet and play possum4 ,they can be picked off quite easily4 ,lights attract large numbers of certain nocturnal insects1 such as ,june beetles and many kinds of moths2 at night these insects may be collected at street or porch lights1 on windows and screens of lighted rooms1 or at light traps put up especially to attract them4 ,swarms of aquatic insects come to street lights of towns along rivers1 sometimes in such numbers as to pile up in a crawling mass under each light4 ,collecting at this source is best on warm1 cloudy nights2 wind or cold keeps most nocturnal insects fairly inactive4 ,different species of moths and beetles visit the lights in different seasons so that collecting by this method alone yields many kinds of insects4 ,insects that live in the water may be collected with heavy dip nets swept through the water at various levels and through the mud and debris at the bottom4 ,in shallow water1 many insects will be found if stones and logs are turned over and leaf tufts pulled apart4 ,in winter1 insect galls or cocoons may be gathered4 ,if these are placed in jars with cheesecloth covers tied over them1 kept in a warm room1 but away from radiators and all intense heat1 many insects will emerge from them before spring4 ,,what ,,to ,,use ,for making even a fairly large insect collection1 only a small amount of equipment is required4 ,a net and killing bottle are essential1 and good work may be done with these alone4 ,a greater variety of insects may be collected and with better results if a few more items are added to the list4 ,here is an outfit that will be found very satisfactory in the field4 #a4 ,a strong beating net for general sweeping and an additional light net to be used for moths and butterflies4 #b4 ,killing bottles1 several small and one or two large ones4 #c4 ,a pair of flexible forceps1 #aj to #ab centimeters 7about #d to #e inches7 long1 with slender prongs4 #d4 ,one or two camel's-hair brushes for picking up minute insects4 #e4 ,a few vials or small bottles containing fluid preservative4 #f4 ,folded papers for butterflies4 #g4 ,a few small tins or boxes lined with cellucotton4 ,these items may be purchased from commercial supply houses such as those listed on page #ga4 ,many items1 however1 may be made by the collector at nominal cost4 ,nets ,nets are the most important items in the collecting kit of the entomologist4 ,for this reason nets should be rigidly constructed and handled with care4 ,construction4--,nets may easily be made at home4 ,the necessary parts are a handle1 a loop or ring to be attached to it1 and a cloth bag to be hung from the loop1 figs4 #a and #b4 ,the handle should be strong and fairly light4 ,at the net end1 fig4 #a;a1 a groove is cut down each side to receive the arms of the loop4 ,the grooves are as deep as the thickness of the wire used in the loop2 one groove is #c inches long and the other #b inches2 and each ends in a hole through the handle at right angles to the length4 ,the loop1 fig4 #a;b1 is made of steel wire1 preferably three-eighths-inch piano wire1 which if bent by rough usage springs back into shape and will stand a great deal of hard wear4 ,the wire is shaped1 as the figure shows1 to form a loop with two straight arms1 the tips of which are bent at right angles toward each other4 ,the arms and hooks thus formed must be exactly long enough to fit along the grooves and into the holes in the handle4 ,after the bag or net has been attached to the loop1 and the wire has been fitted to the handle1 the joint may either be wrapped tightly with wire1 fig4 #a;c1 or bound by a metal cylinder or ferrule slipped over the arms of the loop1 fig4 #a;d4 ,the bag1 about twice as long as the diameter of the loop1 should be tapered at the bottom4 ,it is made from four pieces of cloth1 each cut in the shape of fig4 #b;a1 and a narrow strip or band of stout muslin or light canvas1 #b;b1 which is to bind the bag to the wire loop4 ,the four pieces are sewed together to form a cone-shaped bag1 and one edge of the band is sewed to the top edge of the bag4 ,the bag may be attached to the wire loop in either of two ways4 ,the band may be folded over the loop and sewed so that the attachment is permanent2 or it may be folded over1 sewed1 and then slipped on the loop before the latter is fastened to the handle4 ,in the latter case the bag must be open along one seam just below the handle a sufficient distance to allow the band to slip on and around the loop2 this vent may be closed with a string lacing after the net is on the loop1 and the whole fastened to the handle4 ,a combination of this arrangement with a ferrule binding the loop to the handle is most convenient1 for it allows the bag to be removed at will and a lighter or heavier one substituted according to the needs of the collector4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,net loop and handle4 ,the short grooves cut opposite each other at the small end of the handle1 a1 end in holes through the handle that receive the hooks of the loop arms1 b4 ,the loop may be permanently bound to the handle with wire1 c1 or a removable joint may be effected with a metal ferrule that can be slipped up and down1 d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,bag and completed net4 ,the bag is cut from four pieces shaped as in a1 and the top edge of the bag is bound with a narrow strip of stout muslin or light canvas1 b1 by means of which the bag is attached to the loop4 ,after the bag is on the loop1 the back vent may be closed with a string lacing1 as shown in the figure4 ,this closing1 which keeps the back of the net from gaping1 prevents the escape of the most active insects through the back opening4 ,the handle pictured here is a removable type1 fig4 #a d4 ,general ,purpose ,net4--,loop1 heavy wire1 #ab inches in diameter2 bag1 strong unbleached muslin or light duck1 #bj to #bd inches long2 handle1 hardwood stick1 #bd to #cj inches long4 ,butterfly ,net4--,as above but with a longer handle and a bag of good quality marquisette or fine nylon netting4 ,combination ,net4--,a net that includes the features and uses of the two nets described above and is a better collecting instrument may be conveniently made instead1 although at slightly higher cost because of the better materials4 ,its loop1 of #g gauge 7three-eighths inch7 piano wire1 is #ae inches in diameter and allows a greater area to be covered with each sweep4 ,the bag1 of finest bolter's silk or best quality marquisette1 is #bd inches long and serves equally well for the capture of delicate insects and for beating4 ,the handle1 of straight-grained hickory or ash1 is #dj inches long and permits the collector to cover greater areas in sweeping4 ,if a cheaper net is desired1 one of unbleached muslin will be satisfactory for general use4 ,care and ,use4--,all nets are easily ripped and for this reason should be kept away from barbed wire and from thorny trees1 such as locust and red haw4 ,also1 they should be kept dry4 ,moisture rots the fabric1 making it more easily torn4 ,most insects caught in a net while it is wet are unfit for a collection4 ,flowers1 herbs1 and boughs should be swept with a sidewise motion4 ,a sidewise sweep will collect more insects than an upward or downward sweep and at the same time mutilate less4 ,if care is taken not to damage flowers or foliage1 the same patch of plants may be visited several times with profit4 ,the contents of the bag should be removed after every few sweeps or strokes4 ,this practice will prevent damage to the insects caused by being jostled about in the net with a large amount of debris4 ,killing ,bottles ,the best killing agents for use in bottles are either potassium cyanide or calcium cyanide4 ,these compounds give a concentration of deadly fumes sufficient to kill most insects in a very short time1 which is desirable4 ,generally1 two sizes of bottles are used1 and in either of them one of these cyanides may give good results4 ,only a small supply should be purchased at a time1 as they deteriorate rapidly4 ,construction4--,a pyrex glass test tube or strong ring-necked vial1 about three-quarters inch wide and #d to #f inches long1 makes a good cyanide bottle of the smaller size1 fig4 #c4 ,put about three-quarters inch of granular potassium cyanide or calcium cyanide flakes in the tube or vial4 ,cover with a tight plug of cellucotton1 on top of which put one or two loose plugs4 ,instead of cellucotton1 you may use sawdust and a plaster of ,paris batter4 ,in the latter case1 cover the cyanide with one-quarter inch of sawdust and over it pour one-quarter inch of newly mixed1 thick batter of plaster of ,paris and water4 ,allow the batter to harden for a few hours2 then keep the bottle tightly corked except when it is being used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,cyanide killing bottles4 ,the lethal chemical1 #a1 is potassium cyanide or calcium cyanide and is covered with a layer of cellucotton1 #b1 or sawdust1 #c1 and plaster of ,paris1 #d4 ,the rest of the bottle is filled with soft1 loosely crumpled1 lint-free paper1 which should be changed whenever it gets damp4 ,the bottles should be tightly corked and labeled ,,poison4 ,the collector should not test their strength by smelling4 ,the larger cyanide bottle1 fig4 #c1 which should be sturdy1 may range in capacity from one-half pint to a quart4 ,in the larger bottle1 the cyanide should always have the plaster of ,paris covering4 ,the layer of sawdust and plaster should be a little thicker than that for the smaller bottle4 ,care and ,use4--,label all killing bottles and other containers of cyanide conspicuously with the word ,,poison2 keep them tightly corked and away from children or adults who do not realize the extreme deadliness of the compounds4 ,never test the strength of a killing bottle by taking the cork out and smelling the contents4 ,as an added precaution and safeguard to the collector1 tape the bottom of the cyanide bottle to protect it against breakage4 ,the bottle should be almost entirely filled with loosely crumpled1 soft paper1 which should be changed whenever it gets damp4 ,this paper will help keep the specimens from rubbing against each other inside the bottle and thereby being damaged4 ,each collector should have several cyanide bottles and follow carefully these practices4 #a4 ,transfer insects from net to bottle by holding the uncorked bottle in a fold or corner of the net and crowding one or more of the specimens into it1 or running the open bottle up the side of the net beneath the specimen or specimens4 ,most insects can be maneuvered into the bottle easily and the opening temporarily closed by the thumb1 or the stopper can be put on4 ,in obstinate cases1 it may be desirable to stopper the bottle through the cloth of the net until the specimen is stupefied1 after which the insect will drop to the bottom of the bottle4 #b4 ,keep small1 delicate insects in a bottle by themselves4 ,such insects as large beetles are apt to mutilate small flies and other delicate insects in the same bottle4 #c4 ,keep a special bottle for moths and butterflies4 ,when these die they shed large quantities of scales1 which stick to and partially spoil other insects4 #d4 ,keep the inside of the bottle dry4 ,cyanide bottles sweat2 that is1 moisture both from the insects and the plaster condenses on the inside of the bottle4 ,moisture will mat the hair and appendages of insects and discolor the bodies4 ,do not crowd the bottle with large insects1 especially juicy ones like grasshoppers4 ,change the paper frequently4 ,wipe out the bottle with paper or cloth1 which should be carefully disposed of in such a way that it cannot poison persons or pets4 ,keep the killing chemical out of cuts and mouth4 ,wash hands with care after handling the chemical4 #e4 ,take insects out of the bottles soon after they are dead4 ,cyanide fumes quickly turn many yellows to red or orange1 and also make small specimens brittle so that legs and other parts break off easily4 #f4 ,empty the insects out of the bottles before they have accumulated in a ball at the bottom4 ,to do so will prevent damage to the smaller specimens and discoloration due to sweating4 #g4 ,dispose of a cyanide bottle when it will no longer kill insects quickly4 ,substitute a fresh bottle and you will save time in the field4 ,be sure to dispose of old bottles in such a way that their deadly contents are out of reach of children and pets4 ,aspirators or ,suckers ,small1 rapidly moving insects1 such as leafhoppers1 diminutive beetles1 and flies1 may be collected by using an aspirator or sucker1 figs4 #d and #e4 ,construction4--,an aspirator can be made from a capsule vial 7available from a drugstore7 or from a piece of glass tubing4 ,a small olive bottle may be substituted for the vial4 ,the following items are needed for the vial aspirator1 fig4 #d3 a vial1 #a inches in diameter and #c or more inches long1 a two-hole rubber stopper with openings to fit one-fourth-inch diameter glass tubing1 #af inches of one-fourth-inch diameter glass tubing1 rubber tubing #bd inches long to fit over the glass tubing1 a small metal file 7the triangular type is best71 a small piece of cheesecloth1 some string1 and a bunsen burner4 ,construct the vial aspirator according to the following directions and as shown in fig4 #d4 #a4 ,cut the glass tubing into three pieces1 #c inches1 #h inches1 and #e inches in length4 ,to cut the tubing1 score it with an edge of the metal file2 then hold the tubing with both hands so that the thumb of each hand is on the side of the tubing opposite to the scored mark2 break the tubing away from the body by exerting pressure with the thumbs4 #b4 ,make a slight bend in the center of the #h-;inch piece of tubing and a right angle bend in the #e-;inch piece1 as follows3 hold one piece of glass tubing with both hands and place the center of it in the blue flame of the bunsen burner2 rotate the tubing slowly4 ,when the glass glows yellow1 it begins to soften4 ,bend the tubing to the desired angle4 ,then quickly withdraw the tubing from the flame4 #c4 ,heat one end of the #h-;inch piece of glass tubing in the bunsen burner1 slowly rotating the tubing so that the sharp edges melt slightly and round out2 then allow the tubing to cool4 ,heat one end of the #c-;inch tubing in the same manner4 ,smooth the remaining rough edges of the glass tubing by heating them slightly4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,vial type of aspirator or sucker4 ,end g is placed in the mouth2 c is used to pick up the insects4 ,shown also is a cyanide cork1 h-i1 which is used to kill insects in the aspirator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,tubing type of aspirator4 ,parts for this aspirator should be compared with equivalent parts for the aspirator shown in fig4 #d4 ,noted especially should be the position of the glass tube1 c1 and the length of the rubber tube1 f4 #d4 ,insert the #h-;inch and #e-;inch pieces of glass tubing into the rubber stopper4 ,the longer piece1 fig4 #d;c1 should project about #a inches into the vial4 ,the shorter piece1 fig4 #d;d1 should project about three-fourths inch4 #e4 ,over one end of the #e-;inch piece of glass tubing1 fig4 #d;e1 tie two thicknesses of cheesecloth securely with string4 #f4 ,over the other end of the #e-;inch piece1 slip one end of the rubber tubing1 fig4 #d;f4 #g4 ,into the other end of the rubber tubing slip the #c-;inch piece of glass tubing1 fig4 #d;g1 so that the rounded end of glass is exposed4 #h4 ,complete the assembly of the aspirator by placing the rubber stopper snugly into the vial4 ,the vial aspirator is now ready for use4 ,if a piece of glass tubing #a inches in diameter and #h inches long is available1 then a tube aspirator can be made1 fig4 #e4 ,in making a tube aspirator1 use two one-hole rubber stoppers1 #e;b4 ,cut the pieces of glass tubing as shown in fig4 #e;c1 #e;e1 and #e;g4 ,using a piece of rubber tubing1 #e;f1 complete the minor details as described for the vial aspirator1 not forgetting the cheesecloth1 #e;e1 and assemble the parts as shown in fig4 #e4 ,use and ,care4--,to catch an insect with the aspirator shown in fig4 #d or fig4 #e1 put end piece1 g1 in your mouth1 grasp the vial or tube1 a1 in your dexterous hand1 aim the intake tube1 c1 at the insect and almost touching it2 suck suddenly and hard4 ,the air current pulls the insect in2 the insect usually does not find its way into the intake tube to crawl out4 ,the cheesecloth1 e1 prevents the insect from being sucked into your mouth4 ,to kill insects in the aspirator1 use a small cyanide bottle1 #d;i1 which is inserted in a cork1 #d;h1 that has been partially bored through to receive it4 ,this cork should be the exact size of the vial or tube for which it is intended4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,sifter with hand grips4 ,debris containing insects is sifted over a piece of white oilcloth4 ,the sifter1 not more than half full1 is shaken gently at first and then violently4 ,finally the debris that cannot be shaken through the sifter is emptied on the oilcloth1 and specimens too large to go through the mesh of the sifter are captured4 ,patience is required to get the best results with the sifter1 which provides one of the best methods for winter collecting4 ,to use the cyanide cork with the vial aspirator shown in fig4 #d1 simply exchange the corks4 ,if the glass tube aspirator is used1 plug the intake tube1 #e;c1 with a tapered paper plug or a leaf1 jar the insects away from the stopper at the opposite end1 remove this stopper cautiously1 and quickly insert in its place the cyanide cork4 ,when the specimens are stupefied1 they may be transferred to another bottle4 ,the cyanide corks are highly poisonous4 ,between times of use with an aspirator1 keep each of these corks inserted tightly in a bottle or vial labeled ,,poison1 as in fig4 #c4 ,sifter ,perhaps no special collecting method results in more interesting1 rare1 and diverse kinds of insects than that involved in sifting rotten logs1 leaf mold1 and other forest and prairie ground cover4 ,to do this type of collecting1 provide yourself with the following3 #a4 ,a stout sifting sieve about #ab by #ab inches and #d to #f inches deep1 fig4 #f4 ,the bottom may be wire screen of any desired mesh2 usually #h1 #aj1 or #ab meshes to the inch give good results4 #b4 ,a sturdy piece of white oilcloth about #ah inches or #b feet square4 #c4 ,collecting equipment1 including an aspirator1 camel's-hair brush1 forceps1 vials1 and killing bottle4 ,material such as leaf mold is placed in the sieve and this is shaken over the white oilcloth1 which has been spread on a level spot on the ground4 ,the small insects fall on the cloth and can be picked up with the aspirator or the camel's-hair brush4 ,many insects feign death when they fall to the oilcloth and they are difficult to detect in the bits of sifted material until they revive and start to move4 ,in late fall and winter1 sifting provides one of the most profitable types of collecting2 in any season1 it will turn up such things as rare spiders and beetles4 ,sifting is most successful for finding large1 active insects4 ,for small1 slow-moving forms1 ,berlese funnels offer a better collecting method4 ,berlese ,funnel ,when you are wandering through woods or fields1 do you realize that you are stepping on more insects than you ever see8 ,the ground cover and soil are inhabited by a vast assemblage of little animals that are seldom seen by the casual collector4 ,because many of these animals are exceedingly minute1 they are difficult to see and collect by ordinary methods4 ,construction4--,the most efficient method for collecting this fauna is by the use of ,berlese funnels1 named after the ,italian entomologist ,berlese 7pronounced ,bur-lazy71 who first used them extensively4 ,a ,berlese funnel is a very simple apparatus1 consisting of a fairly long funnel1 suspended wide end up1 with1 a screen placed about a third of the way down the funnel2 heat is applied either around the upper portion or over the top of the funnel1 and a container of preservative1 preferably #hj per cent ethyl alcohol1 is placed at the small bottom opening4 ,leaf mold or other material is placed on the screen1 the heat source is turned on1 and soon the animals begin to leave the drying sample and migrate downward1 dropping into the preservative4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,diagrammatic cross section of a ,berlese funnel4 ,the central figure shows an arrangement for a steam coil1 the lower left for an electric light4 ,fig4 #g illustrates a funnel that has proved very satisfactory2 it is #ae inches from top to bottom1 and the top has a diameter of #ab inches4 ,the bottom opening1 seven-eighths inch in diameter1 fits into the mouth of the bottle containing the preservative4 ,three angled brackets or hangers are soldered inside the funnel to provide a rest for the screen1 which is made of quarter-inch or eighth-inch mesh hardware cloth2 the mesh used depends upon the type of sample4 ,a battery of several funnels in a rack1 fig4 #h1 will allow the collector to sample several kinds of material at the same time4 ,if steam is used as a source of heat1 the small copper lines that conduct it act as a partial support for the funnel by encircling it about halfway between the screen and the top2 a piece of cloth is tied tightly over the top of the funnel to prevent the upward escape of animals4 ,if an electric light is used for heating1 it should be hung directly over the center of the funnel1 no cloth should be tied over the top1 and the light should have a reflector nearly as wide as the top of the funnel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,berlese funnel in position on rack4 ,each funnel rests inside a double ring of copper tubing 7visible at extreme lower left71 through which live steam flows4 ,the steam produces heat that dries out the sample of leaf mold in the funnel and drives animals into a bottle of preservative below4 ,cotton or a small rag is tamped between the end of the funnel and the mouth of the bottle to prevent escape of specimens4 ,care must be taken not to heat the sample too rapidly4 ,otherwise1 either moisture will condense in the lower part of the funnel and trap many of the animals working their way toward the bottom1 or the heat will kill many of the organisms before they have an opportunity to move out of the sample4 ,an application of heat sufficient to dry the sample in #d or #e days is usually satisfactory4 ,the ,berlese funnel is extremely useful for collecting many groups of beetles 7particularly ,staphylinidae71 thrips1 springtails1 many groups of parasitic ,hymenoptera1 ants1 mites1 pseudoscorpions1 millipedes1 centipedes1 and a wide range of other minute animals that live in soil1 surface cover1 logs1 or bark4 ,collecting ,berlese ,samples4--,many different habitats and micro-habitats provide good samples for the ,berlese funnel4 ,you will find that1 for general collecting1 various types of ground cover are excellent2 for leaf mold samples1 scrape off and discard the dry surface leaves and scoop up the lower1 rotted layers of leaves together with an inch or two of the adjacent soil4 ,you may encounter especially good samples where leaves have blown in along the edge of a log4 ,in such a situation1 take some of the log bark with the sample4 ,collect rotten log samples in large hunks and break them up just before putting them in the funnel4 ,from either standing stumps or fallen logs in which the wood is still too hard to break up1 collect the loose bark1 as it is often quite productive4 ,frequently1 if you roll a log over1 you may find animal runs under it2 the debris and earth under and around these runs1 together with animal nests1 frequently give unusual catches1 such as larvae and adults of fleas and rare ticks4 ,especially productive are samples taken from the interior of a standing hollow tree2 from the bottom of the hollow you can scoop out a foot or more of fine1 rotten1 woody material rich in rare insects4 ,certain items placed in the funnel may produce distinctive and unusual catches4 ,recently deserted birds' nests will give mites and1 frequently1 rare beetles1 flies1 and their larvae2 mature or overmature mushrooms and bracket fungi are often rich in beetles1 thrips1 and maggots2 bark of living trees may produce unusual thrips1 springtails1 and psocids2 debris from aquatic habitats and from the wet edges of ponds and tiny streams may be productive of rare aquatic and semiaquatic forms4 ,moss is a good source of peculiar species of springtails1 thrips1 and beetles2 the moss should be rolled up carefully while being transported4 ,handling ,berlese ,collections4--,in the field1 put samples of leaf mold or other material in tightly woven cloth bags or strong paper bags for transportation4 ,it is convenient to have small paper bags for mushrooms1 nests1 and other small items1 and larger bags for ground cover1 moss1 and the like4 ,when collecting ground cover and similar material1 put in each bag enough of a sample so that it will not shake around loosely1 but do not pack it tightly4 ,be sure that samples do not overheat while being transported4 ,samples may be collected at any season4 ,if collected during warm weather1 they should be taken to a laboratory and placed in the funnels within a day or two2 otherwise1 considerable loss of population occurs within the samples4 ,if collected during cold weather1 they may be kept in cold storage for a week or two with little loss of fauna4 ,in putting material in the funnel1 lay it carefully on the screen to a depth of a few inches4 ,moss and sod should be placed upside down in a single layer on the screen4 ,in the case of dense material1 pile the sample chiefly around the sides of the funnel and leave an opening in the middle1 as shown in fig4 #g4 ,after the funnel is loaded1 place it in the rack1 put the bottle of preservative under it1 and apply the heat4 ,by substituting a different kind of collecting bottle at the bottom of the funnel1 you may obtain live material for rearing4 ,the exact changes necessary to obtain live material will depend upon your ingenuity and the type of material you desire4 ,equipment for ,collecting ,aquatic ,insects ,hundreds of different kinds of insects are aquatic and offer rich collecting possibilities4 ,in all instances1 the immature stage lives in water1 but in most of them the adult stage emerges on land or flies in the air4 ,for this reason several types of collecting are needed to obtain a good sampling of aquatic insects4 ,night ,collecting of ,adult ,insects4--,collecting at lights on warm1 cloudy nights1 or warm nights without moonlight1 gives best results4 ,two simple methods are as follows3 ,drive your car to a spot overlooking a stream or lake and turn on the bright lights4 ,into a shallow pan1 such as a pie pan1 pour enough alcohol to cover the bottom with one-eighth to one-fourth inch of fluid4 ,hold the pan directly under a headlight4 ,if aquatic insects are on the wing1 they will come to the light and eventually drop in the fluid1 which traps them4 ,with a small piece of wet cardboard1 you can scrape the entire insect contents of the pan into a small bottle of alcohol1 which you should then label1 giving date1 name of collector1 and location4 ,lights in signs and store windows 7especially blue neon signs7 near fresh water attract large numbers of aquatic insects4 ,you may capture an insect easily by dipping an index finger in a bottle of alcohol1 scooping up the insect rapidly on the wet surface1 and then dipping it in the bottle4 ,an aspirator also can be used with success4 ,day ,collecting of ,adult ,insects4--,during the day1 aquatic insects frequently rest on or under bridges1 window ledges1 and similar places1 and show a preference for dense trees in shaded situations4 ,they are especially numerous in those spots where the heavily leaved branches hang low over the water and form humid1 protected areas in the heat of the day4 ,here sweeping with a stout and fairly wide-mouthed net is very effective4 ,aquatic insects may often be picked off stones in such places1 especially early in the season4 ,collecting ,larvae4--,practically every stream or lake has some aquatic insect larvae which may be collected by various methods1 some simple and others requiring specialized and complicated apparatus4 ,for general collecting1 the following suggestions may be of value3 #a4 ,look under logs and stones4 ,search out crevices in them2 some insects hide away and demand of the collector a keen and careful search4 #b4 ,tear apart bunches of leaves1 roots1 and other debris that may have piled up in front of a rock or log1 or that may have accumulated at the end of a root or branch dangling in the water4 #c4 ,pick out bunches of aquatic plants and search through them carefully4 #d4 ,sift mud1 sand1 or gravel taken from the bottom of a lake or stream4 ,remember that some insects build cases in which they hide when disturbed4 ,it takes a practiced eye to see a motionless case4 ,after an insect has dried out a little1 it partially emerges from the case and drags it along in search of water2 moving in this way1 it is easy to see4 ,,how ,,to ,,handle ,,unmounted ,,specimens ,soon after insects are killed they dry out1 become very brittle1 and are damaged easily4 ,small1 fragile insects especially are susceptible to breakage and1 when dry1 break up readily into fragments4 ,hard-shelled insects1 such as beetles1 may appear to be sufficiently durable to withstand handling when dry1 but even these insects have fragile legs1 antennae1 and other parts which snap off readily when handled dry4 ,newly killed material should be either mounted or put in temporary storage before it has dried out4 ,if collected material dries out before it can be mounted or stored1 it should be relaxed by special techniques so that the specimens can again be handled without danger of breakage4 ,temporary ,cases ,if it is not convenient to mount the specimens when they are taken from the killing bottle1 the moths and butterflies should be put in papers and other insects in cellucotton4 ,papers are simply rectangular strips of paper of convenient size folded as in fig4 #i4 ,a moth or butterfly1 with its wings folded1 is placed in a paper1 the edges of which are then crimped over to lock it shut4 ,for insects other than moths or butterflies1 cardboard pillboxes containing cellucotton make good temporary housing1 fig4 #aj4 ,a layer of cellucotton is laid in the bottom1 a layer of insects placed on it1 and another layer of cellucotton placed over the insects4 ,the lid should fit fairly snugly over all4 ,cigar boxes and other boxes of like size also may be used in the same way4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,papers4 ,these are temporary means of keeping dragonflies1 moths1 butterflies1 and small insects of other kinds until they can be relaxed and mounted4 ,a rectangular piece of paper1 of a size suited to the insect it is to contain1 is folded along the dotted lines and in the directions indicated by arrows1 as shown in a1 b1 and c4 ,great care must be taken that sufficient cellucotton is put in the box to take up all moisture in the insect bodies4 ,if the specimens are large1 they should be allowed to dry moderately uncovered before being placed in cellucotton in storage containers4 ,if insects become damp in the containers they quickly mold or rot4 ,the containers should be wood or cardboard boxes1 for they will not sweat1 as will a metal box4 ,the insects should be packed tightly enough to prevent their rolling around and breaking4 ,relaxing ,boxes and ,jars ,at any desired time the dry specimens may be relaxed and mounted4 ,a relaxing box or jar is easily made4 ,in the bottom of a wide-mouthed jar with a screw-on lid1 put an inch or two of clean sand2 saturate the sand with water containing a small amount of phenol 7carbolic acid7 and place over it a piece of cork1 cardboard1 or wood cut to fit the jar4 ,place the dry specimens on the cork or other material1 and cover the jar tightly with the screw-on lid4 ,the lid must be practically airtight4 ,in a day or two the specimens will be soft and pliable enough for pinning or spreading1 the next steps toward permanent arrangement of the collection4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,pillbox for temporary storage of insects4 ,enough cotton packing is placed in the box to keep the specimen from rattling about but not so much that it crushes the specimen4 ,the relaxer will sweat if kept in too hot a room and will spoil the specimens4 ,also1 the insects will be spoiled if left in the relaxer too long4 ,the correct length of time varies with each relaxer and can be learned only by experience4 ,,how ,,to ,,mount ,,and ,,preserve ,,specimens ,most adult insects in collections are mounted on pins4 ,most medium-sized to large insects1 such as grasshoppers1 butterflies1 moths1 flies1 bees1 and many beetles should be pinned directly through the body from top to bottom4 ,many small insects1 such as leafhoppers1 plant bugs1 small beetles1 and the like1 should be glued on card points4 ,immature insects and the adults of some groups are best preserved in fluid4 ,preservation by ,pinning ,hard-bodied insects1 such as beetles1 flies1 and wasps1 are preserved as dry specimens on pins better than in fluid4 ,the pinned specimens are more convenient to study and they retain their natural coloring better4 ,flies and butterflies are covered with hairs or scales that clot or break off if the specimens are preserved in fluid1 and for this reason they should be pinned4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,pinning4 ,medium- to hard-shelled insects are mounted by being pinned through the body in the manner shown at a4 ,the black spots show the location of the pin in the case of bees1 flies1 and wasps1 b2 stink bugs1 c2 grasshoppers1 d2 and beetles1 e4 ,common household pins are too thick and short for pinning insects4 ,longer1 slender pins called insect pins are necessary and may be purchased from various supply houses4 ,they should be of spring steel2 a brass pin will corrode and be destroyed by acids in the insect's body4 ,the pins are available in numbered sizes1 of which #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d will be found of most general use1 and sizes #j and #jj of advantage in special cases4 ,medium to ,large ,insects4--,medium to large hard-shelled insects such as moths1 beetles1 flies1 bees1 and wasps1 should be pinned vertically through the body1 fig4 #aa;a4 ,it is essential that the pin pass through a fairly solid part of the body1 and1 to insure this1 the following standard procedures should be adopted3 #a4 ,bees1 wasps1 flies4--,pin through thorax between bases of front wings slightly to right of middle line1 fig4 #aa;b4 #b4 ,stink bugs4--,pin just to right of middle line of the scutellum or large triangle between the bases of the front wings1 fig4 #aa;c4 #c4 ,grasshoppers4--,pin through back part of prothorax 7the saddle behind the head7 just to right of middle line1 fig4 #aa;d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,pinning4 ,moths1 a1 and butterflies1 b1 are pinned through the center of the thorax 7instead of to the right of the median line7 between the bases of the front wings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,pinning block4 ,the block is #a x #a x #b inches1 with holes drilled to the depths shown and having diameters only slightly greater than the largest pin that will be used4 ,a specimen is pinned and the pin inserted into one of the holes until the pin touches bottom2 thus1 insects may be pinned uniformly at a desired height4 #d4 ,beetles4--,pin near front margin of right wing cover near middle line1 fig4 #aa;e4 #e4 ,moths1 butterflies1 dragonflies1 damselflies4--,pin through the center of the thorax between the bases of the front wings1 fig4 #ab4 ,the insect should be pushed about three-quarters of the distance up the pin1 but not so close to the top that no room is left for easy handling of the pin with the fingers4 ,it is well to have all insects the same distance from the top of the pin4 ,to insure a uniform distance1 the collector should use a pinning block4 ,this is a small piece of wood or metal usually in the form shown in fig4 #ac1 into the top of which are drilled holes slightly larger than the pin diameters4 ,such a block may be fashioned of wood with holes made by small nails and covered with a cardboard rectangle through which have been stabbed holes the exact size of those in the wood4 ,the depths of the holes in the block should be three-eighths inch1 three-quarters inch1 and #a-a_/h inches1 respectively4 ,to use the block1 pin the insect and insert the pin into whichever hole allows the specimen to be pushed up the pin and still leave room1 allowing for the thickness of the insect's body1 for handling at the top4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,pinning small insects and labeling4 ,the insect may be glued to a card point1 a1 which has been crimped to meet the right side of the body1 b1 c2 or it may be pinned with a minuten pin1 d1 to a piece of cork or pith1 which in turn is regularly pinned4 ,all pinned insects should be labeled1 as at e4 ,in the case of some small insects1 such as tiny moths1 the minuten pin may be run down through the body and then into the cork2 in the case of others1 such as mosquitoes1 it is often desirable to run the minuten pin up through the cork first and then impale the specimen on the point of the pin4 ,tiny ,insects4--,very small insects should be mounted on card points or on minuten pins4 ,regular pins would break too many of the insects' body parts4 ,card points are small triangles of cardboard or plastic pinned through one of the sides and crimped over at the opposite apex2 a spot of strong glue is put on the angled tip1 and the right side of the insect is pressed against the glued surface1 fig4 #ad4 ,the slant of the crimp depends on the angle of the insect's side2 the desired product is the insect mounted with its top surface horizontal and its head forward2 legs1 wings1 and antennae should be in view and as little of the body as possible hidden by the glue or card point4 ,very little glue should be used2 a small amount holds well and gives a better specimen for study than a large amount4 ,the points may be cut uniformly with a hand punch1 and they should be about three-eighths inch long4 ,good material for making these points is #b-ply ,bristol board4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,pinning crane flies4 ,because of their unwieldy legs1 these insects should have a double card point mount1 and the legs should be kept away from the pin so that they will not be broken in handling4 ,minuten pins are short1 extremely delicate steel pins1 fig4 #ad;d4 ,one of these is thrust through the body of the insect and into a small piece of cork1 pith1 or similar substance1 which is in turn pinned in the regular way a card point is4 ,this method is especially desirable for tiny moths4 ,insects ,hard to ,pin4--,wasps1 lacewings1 damselflies1 and similar insects have an abdomen that sags readily when the specimen is killed and pinned4 ,this unwanted drooping can be prevented in three simple ways4 7#a7 ,stick the pinned insect on a vertical surface of a block so that the body by its own weight dries in normal position4 7#b7 ,pin the insect on a horizontal surface and run a stiff paper on the pin beneath the body in such a way as to support it in a natural position until the insect dries4 7#c7 ,brace the abdomen by crossing two pins beneath it and thrusting them into the block1 allowing the specimen to dry in the angle of the cross4 ,crane flies are unwieldy and so are best pinned on a double card point mount1 fig4 #ae4 ,the legs should be directed away from the pin to avoid breakage in handling4 ,spreading ,board for ,moths and ,butterflies ,moths and butterflies should have their wings spread before being put into the collection4 ,to do this well1 it is necessary to have spreading boards that are accurately made but that are not necessarily complicated or expensive4 ,construction4--,a convenient board for medium-sized insects can be made at home of the following materials3 #a4--;,a hardwood base1 #d x #ab x inch4 #b4--,two hardwood end pieces1 #d x x inch4 #c4--,two softwood top pieces1 #a-g_/h x #ab x inch1 with the top surface planed at an angle1 so that the thickness at one edge is inch and at the other #c_/h inch4 #d4--,two flat cork pieces #a x #aa x #c_/af inch4 ,nail the top pieces to the ends so that the slanting surfaces of the tops are uppermost and the narrower edges parallel and one-quarter inch apart1 fig4 #af4 ,glue one strip of cork beneath the top pieces1 covering the opening between and fitting snugly at each end4 ,glue the other cork piece flat to the upper side of the base1 lengthwise along the middle1 and extending to within one-half inch of each end4 ,finally1 nail the base across the bottoms of the end pieces1 so that the two corks face each other4 ,use4--,before spreading the specimen1 relax it as described under ,relaxing ,boxes and ,jars4 ,then pin it1 keeping in mind fig4 #ab and the directions given under ,preservation by ,pinning4 ,thrust the pin1 with the insect on it1 through the upper cork of the board and into the cork on the base4 ,insert the insect body in the groove so that the wing bases are level with the near edge of each top piece4 ,hold the wings at the top level by two narrow strips of paper and pull them forward until the hind margin of the front wing is at right angles to the body axis1 and the front margin of the hind wing is just under the front wing1 fig4 #af4 ,pin the wings temporarily in this position by inserting a pin1 size #j or #jj1 near the front margin at the base of each wing4 ,when the wings on both sides of the insect are thus adjusted1 lay strong pieces of paper over them and pin them down securely with large pins inserted close to the wings but not through them4 ,here you may use large common pins1 but still better are the large-headed dressmaker's pins about #a inches long4 ,finally1 remove the original adjusting pins and put the specimen in a dry1 pest-proof container for #b or #c weeks4 ,it will then have set sufficiently to be removed from the board4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,spreading board for moths and butterflies4 ,the insect is pinned with its body in the groove and1 temporarily1 with all its wings drawn forward and pinned as shown for the right wings4 ,then all wings are pinned as shown for the left wings1 and the insect is allowed to dry4 ,the inset shows a view of spreading board construction4 ,the top pieces of the board must be smooth and of soft wood4 ,first grade pine is satisfactory4 ,for good results1 spreading boards with grooves of various widths are necessary2 a specimen should be spread on a board with a groove that fits the body4 ,the width of the top pieces should vary to accommodate different wingspreads4 ,the slope of the top pieces should be about as described4 ,preservation in ,fluid ,caterpillars and other immature stages of insects should be preserved in #hj per cent grain alcohol4 ,caterpillars1 grubs1 and maggots should first be heated #e to #aj minutes in water just at the boiling point4 ,this treatment sterilizes the specimens and prevents their discoloration by bacteria in the digestive system4 ,many soft-bodied adult insects1 including bristletails1 springtails1 stoneflies1 and caddisflies1 also should be preserved in fluid4 ,if pinned1 they shrivel to such an extent that few identifying characters can be seen4 ,the preserving fluid in the vials in which insects have been placed should be changed at the end of the first day or two4 ,some hard-shelled insects may be preserved in fluid4 ,ants and beetles may be thus treated temporarily and later pinned and dried4 ,,how ,,to ,,label ,,the ,,specimens ,to be useful to the entomologist and others interested in the scientific relations of insects1 as well as to furnish the collector with a complete record of his hours in the field and make more valuable the work he has already accomplished1 the specimens should be labeled4 ,the important information to be put on the label of each specimen is the locality and date of capture1 but greater scientific value will be attached to the specimen by adding the name of the collector and the host on which the insect was found1 or the particular habitat in which the insect was caught4 ,labels should be made of a good grade of white paper stiff enough to stay flat when pierced and pushed up the pins4 ,a very satisfactory high quality paper is available under the name substance #cf ledger4 ,the labels may be printed by hand with a crow-quill pen and black ,india ink1 or they may be purchased completely or partially printed from a biological supply house4 ,they should be as small as possible and of nearly uniform size4 ,they should be pushed up the pins1 fig4 #ad1 not too near the specimens1 and they should project from the pins in the same direction as the specimens4 ,to keep the labels small1 yet to include all desirable information1 it is often well to record the locality1 collection date1 and collector on one label1 and the host plant or other pertinent information on a second label1 fig4 #ad4 ,when the specimen is identified1 its name should be recorded on still another label1 which should be kept low on the pin4 ,sample identification labels are illustrated by the bottom labels in fig4 #ad4 ,,housing ,,the ,,collection ,,permanently ,after the specimens have been pinned and labeled1 they should be housed in boxes or cases having a soft bottom or inner layer that will allow easy pinning4 ,such housing not only insures the safety of the collection but makes for easily handled units once the specimens have been named4 ,insect ,boxes ,several satisfactory types of boxes for housing insect specimens may be bought from commercial supply companies4 ,these are usually much better than boxes of home construction1 being more nearly dustproof and pestproof4 ,homemade boxes1 however1 are quite practical for the beginning collector1 due to their ease of construction and extremely low cost4 ,cigar boxes #b inches deep or more make ideal insect boxes if a layer of cork or balsa wood or two layers of soft1 corrugated cardboard are glued in the bottom4 ,other wooden or cardboard boxes may be provided with such a bottom pinning surface and used for storing specimens4 ,boxes of this type1 however1 afford the specimens no protection against pests1 and great care must be exercised in keeping the boxes fumigated4 ,manufactured boxes1 cabinets1 and cases may be selected from catalogs that various scientific supply firms send free upon application4 ,precaution ,against ,pests ,certain insects1 such as flour beetles and carpet beetles1 feed upon dried insects1 and unless precautions are taken these may entirely destroy a collection4 ,to guard against them1 various chemical repellents may be placed in the boxes containing specimens4 ,naphthalene1 of which ordinary mothballs are composed1 is one of the best repellents4 ,a few mothballs may be put in a cloth bag pinned securely in one corner of the box1 or the heads of common pins may be inserted into naphthalene mothballs1 and the points stuck in the corners of the box1 fig4 #ag4 ,naphthalene is chiefly repellent in action2 its odor keeps out pests1 but1 if they are already in the specimen boxes1 naphthalene will usually not kill these pests1 and some other substance must be used4 ,paradichlorobenzene1 called ,,pdb1 is a good fumigant to use on pests in the collection4 ,it should be used in a nearly airtight container1 such as a tight trunk1 bin1 or case1 at the rate of #a pound of ,,pdb to #be cubic feet of space4 ,the boxes of specimens1 with lids open or removed1 should be placed in the container1 the fumigant scattered or spread on a piece of cloth or paper above them1 and the container sealed for about a week4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,a naphthalene mothball mounted on a common pin4 ,it serves as a repellent to keep away from the collection live insects that might cause damage4 ,to insert the pin1 stick the point in a cork1 heat the head in a flame1 and then push the head into a mothball4 ,the pin will melt its way into the naphthalene1 which will cool and harden again almost immediately4 ,,the ,,insect ,,world ,when the insects have been collected1 mounted or preserved1 and labeled1 the next step is to identify or name them4 ,this is no easy task1 because there are so many different kinds of insects4 ,in the whole world there are well over #a million different kinds and in ,illinois alone probably #bj1jjj different kinds4 ,the identification of insects is simplified somewhat by the fact that many species are closely related and can be classified into a number of major groups4 ,insects as a whole constitute what is called a class of animals1 the ,insecta4 ,the crabs1 shrimps1 and their allies constitute a class called the ,crustacea2 the snakes1 turtles1 lizards1 and their allies constitute another class called the ,reptilia2 and so on4 ,the entire insect class is divided into orders1 such as the ,coleoptera1 or beetles1 the ,diptera1 or flies1 and the ,siphonaptera1 or fleas4 ,each of these orders may contain several dozen to #be1jjj different kinds of insects in ,north ,america alone4 ,these orders are divided into families1 each of which may contain one species to many thousands of species4 ,the family names always end in -idae1 as in ,pentatomidae1 the name for the stink bugs4 ,the families are divided into genera 7the plural for genus71 and the various species 7the word is the same for both singular and plural7 or kinds are placed in the genera4 ,the house fly bears the name ,musca domestica ,linnaeus2 this means that the species name is domestica1 that the name was first applied to the species by ,carolus ,linnaeus 7known as the describer of the insect or the author of the name71 and that the species domestica is in the genus ,musca4 ,the genus ,musca belongs to the family ,muscidae1 which1 in turn1 belongs to the order ,diptera of the class ,insecta4 ,scientists may decide that a certain species belongs in another genus4 ,when the species is transferred from the genus in which it was originally described to another genus1 the name of the author is placed in parentheses4 ,for example1 the chinch bug was originally described by ,thomas ,say in the genus ,lygaeus and had the name ,lygaeus leucopterus ,say4 ,later the species leucopterus was transferred to the genus ,blissus1 and ,say's name was placed in parentheses1 thus3 ,blissus leucopterus 7,say74 ,in the process of growth1 insects go through a series of interesting stages4 ,when the immature insect reaches a certain size1 its outside skin covering or cuticle will not stretch further and the insect then acquires a larger cuticle by a process called molting4 ,molting consists of a definite sequence of steps3 7#a7 ,a goodly portion of the inside layer of the cuticle is dissolved by special glands situated among cells immediately below the cuticle2 7#b7 the cells under the cuticle then exude material which forms a new cuticle beneath what is left of the old cuticle2 7#c7 when the new cuticle is completely formed1 the insect breaks a slit in the old cuticle1 crawls out of it1 and leaves it behind in the form of a cast skin2 7#d7 the insect goes through many contortions1 during which the soft parts of the new cuticle are stretched to a larger size than the corresponding parts of the old one2 7#e7 the cuticle becomes set and unstretchable almost immediately1 and the insect resumes its normal activities4 ,during the molting process1 the hard plates of each new cuticle are formed a size larger than the corresponding parts of the old cuticle1 and the soft parts are stretched a size larger than the old4 ,when the insect resumes its normal activities immediately after a molt1 the soft parts of the cuticle fall into a large number of pleats or folds between the hard parts4 ,as the insect grows larger following a molt1 the body can lengthen by the unfolding of these pleated areas4 ,the stages of the insect between molts are called instars4 ,among the different orders of insects the number of instars in the life history may vary1 and various instars may have different forms4 ,these characteristics of molting and instars are therefore important items in the classification of insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,a family tree representing current ideas of how the orders of insects evolved4 ,the early1 primitive orders are at the bottom of the tree and the later1 more highly specialized orders at the top4 ,it is customary to list the orders of insects in this sequence1 from primitive to specialized4 ,larvae and pupae evolved ,,moths1 ,,butterflies ,,flies ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,wasps ,,beetles ,,caddisflies ,,lacewings ,,fleas ,,scorpionflies ,,alderflies ,wing folding evolved ,,bugs ,,grasshoppers ,,thrips ,,earwigs ,,lice ,,termites ,,barklice ,,mantids ,,cockroaches ,,zorapterans ,,stoneflies ,wings evolved ,,dragonflies ,,mayflies ,primitive wingless insects ,,springtails ,,proturans ,,silverfish ,,campodeids ,,bristletails ,the insect orders are arranged in a classification based on the sequence in which the orders are believed to have evolved1 fig4 #ah4 ,measured by geological time1 insects are among the oldest of land animals1 having first evolved from an earlier1 centipede-like ancestor about #djj million years ago4 ,the first insects had no wings and differed from the many-legged centipede-like creatures of that time chiefly in having only three pairs of functional legs4 ,the legs were situated on the three segments immediately behind the head2 the three distinctive segments are together called the thorax4 ,the part of the body behind the thorax is called the abdomen4 ,in contrast to this arrangement1 a centipede has a pair of legs on each of its many segments for the whole length of the body4 ,the slow evolutionary change from such a many-legged ancestral form to a typical insect undoubtedly occurred by a gradual enlargement and strengthening of the front three pairs of legs and a reduction of the legs posterior to these4 ,evidence supporting this idea is found in insect embryos1 which normally have rudimentary leg structures on the abdominal segments1 and in some of the extremely primitive insects1 which have rudimentary legs called styli on some segments of the abdomen4 ,the result of this evolutionary development is a body having the front part1 the thorax1 specialized for locomotion and the back part1 the abdomen1 serving chiefly as a container for the vital organs1 such as those of the digestive and reproductive systems4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,diagram of a typical adult winged insect4 ,this illustrates many of the parts that are useful in identifying these creatures4 7,drawing adapted from ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass47 ,,head ,antenna ,ocelli ,eye ,,thorax #a ,front leg #b ,front wing ,middle leg #c ,hind wing ,hind leg ,,abdomen ,cercus ,five existing orders of insects1 all found in ,illinois1 are representative of the primeval wingless insects4 ,in all five1 the individual molts at intervals1 even after becoming adult and sexually mature1 and the old and young are extremely similar4 ,three of the primitive orders1 the campodeids1 proturans1 and springtails1 belong to a specialized early branch of the insect family tree1 fig4 #ah1 in which the cheeks have grown forward to form a pouch surrounding the mouthparts4 ,in the other two primitive orders1 the bristletails and silverfish1 the mouthparts are in a normally exposed condition1 but the legs are larger and the insects are rapid runners4 ,from one of these ancestral1 silverfish-like insects arose a form in which wings evolved4 ,in birds and bats1 the wings are converted front legs with membranes or feathers attached to form planing or flying surfaces4 ,in insects1 on the other hand1 the wings are outgrowths of the edge of the body where the sides and top come together1 fig4 #ai4 ,the wings probably began as side flanges of the thorax and permitted a certain amount of planing4 ,whatever their origin1 two pairs of flying wings did evolve1 one pair on the second and another on the third segment of the thorax4 ,in the early winged forms1 the wings could not be folded back in repose over the body1 but were held out from the sides like airplane wings or together above the body like sails4 ,two living orders of insects represent this type1 the mayflies and the dragonflies4 ,in both of these1 as in other winged insects1 the wings form as small pads during the early stages of the individual2 then at a final molt they are unfolded as functional units4 ,in the mayflies1 one more molt occurs after the wings are formed2 in this molt the old outside covering of the wings is shed along with that of the rest of the insect4 ,in all other winged insects no molt occurs after the wings are formed and the individual becomes sexually mature4 ,insects having erect1 nonfolding wings were abundant some #cjj million years ago4 ,fossil remains of many of these early forms have been found in the ,mazon ,creek area in ,illinois1 fig4 #bj4 ,from one of these early winged types a form evolved in which the wings could be folded compactly over the body2 this form gave rise to a great many of our present-day insects4 ,in the first insects that evolved from this form the wing pads of the immature stages1 called nymphs1 grew as external and often inconspicuous flaps held close to the body4 ,these primitive insects comprise three distinctive groups1 characterized mainly by differences in leg and body structure4 ,one group contains the cockroaches1 grasshoppers1 and their allies2 the second includes only the stoneflies2 and the third group includes the barklice1 true lice1 bugs1 and their allies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,an insect fossil from an iron nodule or concretion found at ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois2 hind leg of an ancestral mayfly1 ,lithoneura mirifica ,carpenter4 ,actual length of wing about one-half inch4 ,this fossil represents an insect which lived during the ,pennsylvanian period1 about #bej million years ago4 7,photograph courtesy of ,illinois ,state ,museum47 ,one of the primitive lines of wing-folding insects1 possibly an offshoot from the base of the barklouse-bug line1 evolved into a distinctly different type in which the wing pads of the immature stages developed internally and appeared as external pads only in the stage before the adult form4 ,the type was characterized by a marked difference of appearance between the various stages of the life history2 these stages have been given distinctive names4 ,the first immature stage1 which is without external wing pads1 is called a larva2 the single stage with the external wing pads is called the pupa2 and the final winged1 sexually mature stage is called the adult4 ,the larva is essentially a growing stage1 the pupa is a quiescent stage of internal reorganization1 and the adult is the egg-producing stage4 ,this type of insect gradually gave rise to the orders which now contain the largest number of species1 including the beetles1 moths1 and flies4 ,in many lines of this neuropteroid branch1 as it is called1 the larva has become adapted to a mode of life quite different from that of the adult4 ,many fly larvae1 for example1 live in rotting organic material or live as parasites within the tissues of other kinds of insects1 whereas the adult flies often feed at flowers on pollen and nectar1 visiting the site of the larval habitat only to lay eggs4 ,as a result of this type of evolution1 members of the neuropteroid orders exhibit many bizarre and complicated life histories4 ,occasionally certain groups of winged insects evolved new types which had small wings or were wingless4 ,the new types resulted because the groups were subjected to environmental situations where wings were of little survival value4 ,within the groups1 individuals with smaller wings were favored2 they survived and reproduced in greater numbers than other individuals4 ,over many generations then1 the wings in some groups became very small or were entirely lost4 ,sometimes this loss of wings occurred in all the adult forms1 as in the fleas4 ,individuals of only one sex may be wingless1 as are the females of two ,illinois moths1 one of which produces bagworms and the other cankerworms4 ,in two groups1 the termites and the ants1 a wingless worker or soldier caste is produced2 in these groups the normal adults which swarm and reproduce are fully winged4 ,these winged forms establish new colonies4 ,wings were lost in the evolutionary development of two insect groups that became parasites of warm-blooded animals1 both birds and mammals4 ,each of these insect groups developed into a large1 distinctive order4 ,one order1 the true lice1 evolved from the barklice1 and the other1 the fleas1 evolved possibly from a primeval fly group4 ,although these two orders1 the lice and the fleas1 are without wings1 the structure of their bodies and their life histories provide adequate testimony of their evolutionary affinities4 ,the following synopsis of ,illinois insects treats the various kinds in the sequence in which we believe they evolved1 from the extremely primitive bristletails to the highly specialized flies4 ,,how ,,to ,,identify ,,specimens ,as an aid to the beginner in making preliminary identification of his specimens and also as an aid in arranging his collection1 a short descriptive synopsis of the orders of living insects is given below4 ,in this description are noted the most distinctive features of the common insects occurring in ,illinois4 ,there are rare and obscure forms1 seldom met by the collector1 that require a more technical key for their identification2 for these the collector will need to consult some of the more nearly complete books listed on page #gj4 ,the collector will find1 however1 that this synopsis will afford a beginning for his classification of the common forms4 ,various characters are used to identify an insect to family1 genus1 and species4 ,among these characters are the antennae1 wings 7if present71 legs1 and mouthparts4 ,frequently important for identification are such minute details as hair or scales covering the body or wings and the texture of these parts4 ,in most cases good microscopic equipment is necessary to see clearly the characters used in the diagnosis of insects4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,illinois ,,insect ,,orders ,of the #bh orders of insects recognized in ,north ,america1 #bf have been collected in ,illinois4 ,the two orders not found here are the ,embioptera or webspinners1 a tropical and subtropical order1 and the ,raphidiodea or snakeflies1 which occur in the western mountainous region of the continent4 ,the ,illinois fauna thus contains a remarkable variety of insects1 including forms such as the bristletails1 mayflies1 and cockroaches1 which are practically living fossils of insects that lived hundreds of millions of years ago4 ,primitive ,wingless ,insects ,only five orders of primitive wingless insects are known2 species of each order occur in ,illinois4 ,these orders represent the stages in insect evolution before wings had appeared4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,diplura4 ,a campodeid belonging to the genus ,campodea1 found under stones in moist places4 ,actual length of adult about #j4a inch4 7,drawing from ,e4 ,o4 ,essig47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,protura4 ,acerentulus barberi1 a proturan found on sticks and leaves in the leaf mold of forests4 ,actual length of adult about #j4jb inch4 7,drawing from ,h4 ,e4 ,ewing47 ,diplura ,campodeids1 ,japygids ,small1 wingless1 fragile1 blind1 whitish insects that run fairly rapidly4 ,they have long antennae and either two fairly long tails or a pair of forceps-like structures at the end of the abdomen4 ,they are terrestrial and are found chiefly under stones in humid and shady situations4 ,fig4 #ba shows a common campodeid1 a species of ,campodea1 occurring commonly in ,illinois4 ,the ,diplura feed on fungi and other soil microorganisms4 ,although they are found most frequently under stones1 they live also in the soil and in matted leaves or duff on the floor of woods4 ,about a dozen species of ,diplura occur in ,illinois4 ,protura ,proturans ,minute1 wingless1 blind insects that never grow to more than #j4je inch long4 ,they have no antennae and use the front legs to some extent for feeling4 ,they are terrestrial and are found inhabiting dead twigs and leaves on the forest floor4 ,fig4 #bb shows ,acerentulus barberi ,ewing1 a member of a genus which occurs in many localities in ,illinois4 ,only a few species of proturans have been taken in the state4 ,collembola ,springtails ,small1 wingless insects that jump and crawl when disturbed4 ,they have short antennae and usually a springing structure on the under side near the posterior end of the body4 ,they live in moist places and are abundant under leaf mold and similar material4 ,illustrated in fig4 #bc is ,achorutes armatus ,nicolet1 which often becomes a major pest in mushroom cellars and greenhouses4 ,about a hundred different species of ,collembola occur in ,illinois2 they include some of our smallest insects4 ,a few never grow longer than #j4jjg inch2 the largest approach half an inch in length4 ,these hardy animals are active all year and are surprisingly resistant to cold4 ,certain species occur on snow in winter4 ,in ,illinois a small1 bluish gray species1 ,podura aquatica ,linnaeus1 is found on the surface of still water at the margins of ponds and small streams4 ,microcoryphia ,bristletails ,wingless1 somewhat cylindrical insects that run and jump with extreme rapidity4 ,they have long antennae and three long tails4 ,the under side of the abdomen bears several pairs of short projections called styli1 which are vestiges of abdominal legs4 ,bristletails live in rocky places or in ground cover4 ,a type occurring in some parts of ,illinois is shown in fig4 #bd4 ,it often occurs on rocky exposures1 where it resembles the lichens and is difficult to detect4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,collembola4 ,a1 ,isotoma andrei2 ,b1 ,achorutes armatus2 ,c1 ,neosminthurus clavatus4 ,a and ,c are found in woodland leaf molds2 ,b is frequently abundant in commercial mushroom cellars4 ,actual length of adults ranges from #j4jc to #j4je inch4 7,drawings ,a and ,c after ,harlow ,b4 ,mills47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,microcoryphia4 ,a bristletail belonging to the genus ,machilis1 often found on lichen-covered1 shaded rocks4 ,actual length including tail is sometimes #j4e inch4 7,drawing after ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,thysanura4 ,thermobia domestica1 a common ,silverfish4 ,actual length about #j4c inch4 ,thysanura ,silverfish ,wingless1 flat insects that run rapidly4 ,they have long antennae and three long tails4 ,they are terrestrial and are commonly found in dwellings4 ,fig4 #be shows one of the common ,silverfish1 ,thermobia domestica 7,packard72 it frequently eats book bindings and other starchy materials4 ,some out-of-door rare forms live in the soil and are seldom collected4 ,primitive ,winged ,insects ,the primitive winged insects cannot fold their wings1 which in repose are held erect over the body or straight out from the sides1 as illustrated in figs4 #bf and #bi4 ,although many types of these insects lived in bygone ages1 only two orders have survived to the present4 ,both occur abundantly in ,illinois4 ,ephemeroptera ,mayflies ,a group of insects in which the nymphs or young live in streams and lakes2 the adults are found along the edges of the streams or lakes from which they have emerged4 ,mayflies are unique in that the full-grown nymphs molt into winged insects that are not quite mature and that molt again1 usually the next day1 when they emerge as fully mature adults4 ,the nymphs are varied in shape and have short antennae1 long legs1 which are often flattened1 and three tails at the end of the body4 ,the adult flies have very long front legs1 short antennae1 practically no mouthparts1 usually two pairs of wings1 and two or three long tails4 ,when a mayfly is at rest1 the wings are held together above the body4 ,hexagenia limbata 7,serville71 figs4 #bf and #bg1 is one of the very common ,illinois mayflies and is an important factor in the food economy of many fish4 ,mayflies1 formerly called ,plectoptera1 together with stoneflies1 caddisflies1 and midges1 constitute a very large portion of the life of our lakes and streams2 all four groups are important as fish food4 ,odonata ,dragonflies1 ,damselflies ,another order in which the nymphs develop in streams1 lakes1 or ponds1 and in which the adults are aerial4 ,the nymphs have short antennae1 long legs1 and either a stout body with no tail1 as in ,anax junius 7,drury71 fig4 #bh 7dragonfly nymph71 or a slender body with three large leaflike gills projecting from the end of the body 7damselfly nymph74 ,a most distinctive feature of this order is an extensile1 highly modified lower lip that fits like a mask over the face of a nymph4 ,the lower lip is hinged to extend forward and seize the small animals upon which the nymph lives4 ,the adults are large1 often beautifully colored1 as is the ,tramea lacerata ,hagen1 fig4 #bi4 ,they have chewing mouthparts and two pairs of large wings1 very finely and intricately netted with veins4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,ephemeroptera4 ,hexagenia limbata1 the adult form2 this mayfly is also called shadfly or willowfly4 ,mayflies sometimes emerge in great swarms and congregate in piles around bridge or city lights4 ,actual length about #a4j inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,ephemeroptera4 ,hexagenia limbata1 the nymphal form of the mayfly in fig4 #bf2 in this stage the mayfly lives in water1 emerging when full grown4 ,actual length about #a4j inch4 ,the order is divided into two types2 the adult flies are told apart as follows3 ,body stout1 wings broad at base1 the front and ,suborder hind wings different in shape4 ,strong fliers4 ,anisoptera ,dragonflies ,body slender1 wings narrowed at base1 the front ,suborder ,zygoptera and hind wings similar in shape4 ,weaker fliers than dragonflies but nonetheless elusive4 ,damselflies ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,odonata4 ,nymph of ,anax junius1 a dragonfly widely distributed in ,illinois4 ,actual length of full-grown nymph about #b4c inches4 7,drawing courtesy of ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,odonata4 ,tramea lacerata1 a dragonfly commonly found near ponds and drainage ditches in ,illinois4 ,wingspread about #c4b inches4 7,drawing courtesy of ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,folding-,wing ,insects ,almost all insects in this category can fold their wings in repose back over their bodies1 as illustrated in fig4 #ca4 ,a few kinds1 notably some of the moths and butterflies1 have lost this wing action and in repose hold their wings erect4 ,in some of these kinds1 the male is winged and the female is wingless2 in others1 certain generations may be wingless and others winged2 and1 in still others1 the species may be wingless in all stages4 ,no members of the orders of folding-wing insects molt after becoming winged or sexually mature4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,cursoria4 ,supella supellectilium1 the brown-banded cockroach4 ,actual length about #j4f inch4 7,drawing courtesy of ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,cursoria4 ,stagmomantis carolina1 a praying mantis4 ,common in southern and central ,illinois4 ,actual length of adult about #a4e to #b4j inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,cursoria4 ,diapheromera femorata1 a walkingstick insect4 ,this insect lacks wings4 ,actual length about #c4j inches4 7,drawing courtesy of ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,cursoria ,cockroaches1 ,mantids1 ,walkingsticks ,an order that includes three groups of terrestrial insects1 each group markedly different in appearance from the others3 7#a7 rapidly running insects usually having two pairs of wings1 each with a dense network of fine veins1 the front pair of wings thick and leathery1 fig4 #cj 7cockroaches72 7#b7 winged insects having long1 grasping front legs1 fig4 #ca 7praying mantids72 and long1 wingless insects resembling sticks1 fig4 #cb 7walkingsticks74 ,the mouthparts are fitted for chewing4 ,the young look and act like the adults except that they do not have wings4 ,the cockroaches are omnivorous1 feeding chiefly on organic foods rich in carbohydrates1 or on fungus growth4 ,cockroaches are among our most persistent indoor pests1 eating a wide variety of domestic foods4 ,the praying mantids feed on other insects1 which they capture in their enlarged front legs4 ,the walkingsticks eat leaves4 ,the cockroaches and mantids lay eggs that are glued together and form pods or capsules1 each containing #cj or more eggs4 ,the walkingsticks lay their eggs singly4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,isoptera4 ,reticulitermes flavipes1 the commonest kind of termite found in ,illinois3 ,a1 first form queen with wings spread1 many times natural size 7this is the form that lays eggs72 ,b1 worker nymph1 natural size2 ,c1 first form queen1 approximately natural size1 with wings placed in their natural resting position4 7,drawing courtesy of ,c4 ,o4 ,mohr47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,orthoptera4 ,melanoplus bilituratus1 the migratory locust1 a common ,illinois grasshopper4 ,actual length about #a4j inch4 ,isoptera ,termites ,fragile or soft insects with chewing mouthparts4 ,the mating forms are dark brown and have two similar pairs of wings2 both pairs are delicate and have a fine network of veins4 ,the workers are white and soft bodied4 ,termites1 which live in colonies in wood1 are also called white ants1 although they are not true ants4 ,the common native species in ,illinois is ,reticulitermes flavipes 7,kollar71 fig4 #cc1 which lives in rotten logs and is destructive to buildings of wooden construction throughout ,illinois2 it is most destructive in the southern part of the state4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,orthoptera4 ,ceuthophilus maculatus1 a wingless cave cricket4 ,crickets of this kind are found in caves1 under rocks1 and in basements4 ,actual length about #a4j inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,dermaptera4 ,labia minor1 an earwig frequently abundant in ,illinois4 ,actual length of adult about #j4b inch4 ,orthoptera ,grasshoppers1 ,crickets ,terrestrial insects usually with two pairs of wings1 each wing with a very fine1 dense network of veins1 the front pair thick and leathery1 the hind pair delicate and fanlike4 ,the mouthparts1 fitted for chewing1 have stout mandibles4 ,the young look and act like the adults but do not have wings4 ,this order includes all the grasshoppers1 crickets1 and katydids4 ,fig4 #cd shows the migratory locust or grasshopper1 ,melanoplus bilituratus 7,walker74 ,adults of several of the groups of ,orthoptera never develop wings4 ,these include such odd forms as the cave crickets1 exemplified by ,ceuthophilus maculatus 7,harris71 fig4 #ce4 ,dermaptera ,earwigs ,insects with two pairs of wings1 the front pair forming short1 hard covers1 the second pair large1 membranous1 many-veined1 and in repose folded intricately beneath the front pair4 ,the abdomen ends in a pair of pincer-like structures4 ,a common ,illinois form is ,labia minor 7,linnaeus71 shown in fig4 #cf4 ,of the half-dozen species known from ,illinois1 all but one were originally from ,europe or ,asia4 ,earwig females lay eggs in chambers in the ground and guard them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,plecoptera4 ,isoperla confusa1 one of the typical stoneflies found in ,illinois2 adult form4 ,actual length about #j4h inch4 ,illinois stoneflies range in length from #j4be inch to #a4e inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,plecoptera4 ,isoperla confusa2 the nymph of the species shown in fig4 #cg4 ,the nymph lives in streams4 ,actual length about #j4f inch4 ,plecoptera ,stoneflies ,insects that pass the young or nymphal stage in streams4 ,they have slender1 soft bodies and long tails2 they move about rapidly4 ,the adults are terrestrial in habit and occur along streams4 ,in most species1 the adults have two pairs of wings that are folded flat over the back2 the number of crossveins varies from many to few4 ,the antennae are long2 the mouthparts are of the chewing type but greatly reduced4 ,of exceptional interest are stonefly adults that emerge in winter and are active from ,november through ,march4 ,the winter forms can often be collected on bridges4 ,figs4 #cg and #ch illustrate a spring species1 ,isoperla confusa ,frison4 ,zoraptera ,zorapterans ,small1 whitish insects1 about a twelfth of an inch long1 that run rapidly4 ,they live in small colonies in rotting sawdust1 in rotten logs1 and under the bark of stumps4 ,they have fairly long antennae1 chewing mouthparts1 and a pair of short1 inconspicuous tails4 ,most members of a colony are wingless1 but occasionally there occurs a darker specimen having two pairs of wings4 ,these wings have only a few veins4 ,in ,illinois only a single rare species has been found2 it is called ,zorotypus hubbardi ,caudell1 fig4 #ci4 ,corrodentia ,booklice1 ,barklice ,small1 rounded or flattened insects1 rarely a quarter-inch long1 usually about #j4ac inch4 ,in many species1 adults have two pairs of wings1 which have only a few zigzagging veins4 ,winged forms1 such as ,psocus striatus ,walker1 fig4 #dj1 are found in crevices of bark and on dead leaves4 ,common species found in houses and on stored grain are usually wingless and louselike1 similar in general appearance to fig4 #da4 ,corrodentia eat fungus growth on bark1 dead leaves1 moldy grain1 damp books1 and similar materials4 ,some of the outdoor species become very abundant on drying corn leaves during autumn and may breed in immense numbers4 ,they do little harm1 feeding chiefly on fungus strands4 ,phthiraptera ,chewing ,lice1 ,sucking ,lice ,wingless1 blind1 flattened insects with short antennae1 short legs1 inconspicuous mouthparts1 and no tails on the posterior end of body4 ,they are found exclusively on the bodies of birds and other warm-blooded animals4 ,the young have the same general shape and habits as the adults and are found with them4 ,illinois species of lice belong to two distinct suborders1 which may be differentiated through use of the following key3 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,zoraptera4 ,zorotypus hubbardi1 the only zorapteron recorded from ,illinois4 ,the specimen on the left is a winged adult female2 the specimen on the right is a wingless adult female4 ,actual length of adults about #j4jh inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,corrodentia4 ,psocus striatus1 a common bark louse found on many trees4 ,actual length #j4b inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--,phthiraptera4 ,suborder ,mallophaga4 ,cuclotogaster heterographus1 a chewing louse found on the heads of poultry4 ,actual length about #j4a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--,phthiraptera4 ,suborder ,anoplura4 ,haematopinus asini1 the blood-sucking horse louse4 ,actual length #j4a inch4 ,legs fitted for running1 as in fig4 #da1 without ,suborder large pincers at their ends2 mouthparts situated ,mallophaga near the middle of under side of the head and fitted for chewing4 ,occurring on birds and mammals4 ,the chewing lice ,legs fitted for clinging to hairs1 each leg ,suborder ,anoplura ending in a large pincer1 as in fig4 #db2 mouthparts retracted within head1 consisting of a set of thin1 needle-like parts fitted for sucking blood4 ,normally occurring only on mammals4 ,the sucking lice ,suborder ,mallophaga4 ,individuals of many species of chewing lice move about with considerable rapidity4 ,many of them are very prettily banded and colored1 as is the chicken head louse1 ,cuclotogaster heterographus 7,nitzsch71 fig4 #da4 ,anyone who has worked with domestic fowls or animals has seen members of this order scurrying among the feathers or hair4 ,these insects feed on what they can chew from the surface of the skin and in some cases are known to injure their hosts4 ,suborder ,anoplura4 ,the sucking lice are sluggish insects that usually cling to hairs4 ,human lice are often found clinging to clothing4 ,various species occur on native and domestic species of mammals in ,illinois4 ,fig4 #db shows the horse louse1 ,haematopinus asini 7,linnaeus74 ,thysanoptera ,thrips ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,thysanoptera4 ,thrips tabaci1 onion thrips4 ,actual length less than #j4a inch4 ,small1 active insects1 usually about #j4a inch long1 rarely a quarter-inch long1 very slender1 usually each with two pairs of narrow wings and with the under side of the head forming a sharp1 conelike sucking structure4 ,each wing has a long fringe on the hind margin2 each front wing may have one or two veins running the length of the wing4 ,the young of these insects are somewhat similar to the adults but are softer bodied4 ,fig4 #dc shows an adult of ,thrips tabaci ,lindeman1 the onion thrips4 ,thrips suck the juice from plants4 ,because of their minute size1 they are seldom noticed1 but they can be collected in large numbers from blossoms of almost any plant4 ,a few species of thrips1 such as the onion thrips and the privet thrips1 attack agricultural or horticultural plants and inflict considerable damage4 ,a few species occasionally bite human beings4 ,hemiptera ,true ,bugs and ,their ,allies ,insects usually with two pairs of wings and with the mouthparts formed for sucking4 ,the order contains two distinct suborders1 the ,heteroptera and the ,homoptera4 ,all species of ,hemiptera in ,north ,america fall readily into one suborder or the other1 but certain species in other parts of the world are intermediate between the two suborders4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,hemiptera4 ,a typical stink bug of the family ,pentatomidae1 showing attachment of beak and arrangement of wings4 ,actual length about #j4d inch4 ,in the suborder ,heteroptera1 containing the stink bugs1 the chinch bugs1 and their allies1 the beak is attached to the under side of the front part of the head2 the base of the front pair of wings is hardened1 and only the apical portion is membranous or delicate2 the entire hind pair is delicate4 ,in repose1 the wings are folded over and flat against the body1 the hind pair underneath4 ,these characters are shown in fig4 #dd1 which pictures a stink bug belonging to the family ,pentatomidae4 ,the young have the same general appearance and habits as the adults1 but they lack wings4 ,this suborder includes many common kinds1 such as the water bugs1 the water striders 7these seldom develop wings even in the adult stage71 the ambush bugs1 and the lace bugs1 as well as the stink bugs and the chinch bugs4 ,the chief pest of this group is the chinch bug1 ,blissus leucopterus 7,say71 fig4 #de4 ,other pests include many kinds of plant bugs1 of which ,lygus lineolaris 7,beauvois7 is shown in fig4 #df4 ,the bed bugs1 another group never developing functional wings1 also belong in this suborder4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,hemiptera4 ,blissus leucopterus1 the chinch bug4 ,actual length about #j4a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,hemiptera4 ,lygus lineolaris1 the tarnished plant bug4 ,actual length about #j4b inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,hemiptera4 ,anuraphis maidiradicis1 the corn root aphid4 ,the form at the left is the winged form2 that at the right is the wingless form4 ,all of the plant lice have these two forms4 ,this species1 as well as other kinds of plant lice1 is frequently attended by ants1 which feed on the honeydew produced by the aphids4 ,actual length less than #j4a inch4 ,members of one family1 the ,reduviidae or assassin bugs1 prey on other insects4 ,a few species called kissing bugs1 some of them an inch long1 occasionally attack people1 inflicting an extremely painful bite and causing considerable bleeding4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,hemiptera4 ,aspidiotus perniciosus1 the destructive ,san ,jose scale4 ,the scale is cut away on upper specimen to show insect proper beneath4 ,diameter less than #j4a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,hemiptera4 ,empoasca fabae1 the potato leafhopper4 ,this species is pale green4 ,some species are distinguished by bright red or yellow markings4 ,actual length about #j4a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,megaloptera4 ,the larva of a species of ,sialis1 an alderfly4 ,this form is aquatic4 ,actual length #j4g inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,megaloptera4 ,the adult of ,sialis mohri1 an alderfly4 ,other members of this order reach a length of #a or #b inches4 ,they are mostly black1 black and white1 or mottled gray in color4 ,actual length #j4e inch4 ,the suborder ,homoptera contains the cicadas1 aphids1 and their allies4 ,all these insects have sucking mouthparts1 but in each the beak is attached at the back of the head instead of the front of the head as in the suborder ,heteroptera4 ,in many species of the ,homoptera1 each individual has two pairs of wings1 both of which are membranous4 ,probably as many species are without wings1 however1 as with them4 ,the nymphs are in most respects similar to the adults4 ,sexual characters1 and in some forms wings1 gradually develop as the insects approach the adult stage1 when development is complete4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,neuroptera4 ,chrysopa nigricornis1 a green lacewing4 ,when handled1 members of this genus give out a very penetrating and disagreeable odor4 ,actual length #j4f inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,neuroptera4 ,a larva of the genus ,chrysopa4 ,this form uses the long jaws to impale aphids and suck their body juices4 ,actual length #j4e inch4 ,this suborder contains a large number of economic pests1 including scale insects and leafhoppers1 as well as many aphids4 ,in many species of aphids each insect has a pair of tubular structures near the end of the body2 these are called cornicles and can be seen in fig4 #dg1 showing the corn root aphid1 ,anuraphis maidiradicis 7,forbes74 ,in most species of scale insects each individual produces a tough scale1 which covers and protects its delicate body1 as in fig4 #dh1 showing the destructive ,san ,jose scale1 ,aspidiotus perniciosus ,comstock4 ,leafhoppers of many kinds1 such as ,empoasca fabae 7,harris71 fig4 #di1 are among the destructive pests of beans1 potatoes1 grapes1 apples1 and other plants4 ,the treehoppers1 spittlebugs1 and lanternflies also belong to this suborder4 ,megaloptera ,alderflies1 ,dobsonflies ,in this and in the following orders of insects1 the life history includes four distinct stages1 the egg1 the larva1 the pupa1 and the adult4 ,in the ,megaloptera1 which include alderflies and dobsonflies1 the larvae are caterpillar-like or grublike1 and the pupae represent a transformation stage in which the tissues of the larvae are converted to those of the adults4 ,the larvae never have external wing pads2 in winged species1 these pads first appear externally in the pupae4 ,the adults have long antennae1 two similar pairs of net-veined wings1 and chewing mouthparts4 ,they are moderately strong fliers4 ,the larvae1 fig4 #ej1 live in streams and lakes2 when fully grown they migrate to dry land and pupate in the ground or under the bark of rotten logs4 ,typical of the appearance of ,illinois alderflies is the adult of ,sialis mohri ,ross1 shown in fig4 #ea4 ,well known to the fisherman is the hellgrammite1 the tough1 ferocious1 leathery larva found under rocks in streams and prized for bait4 ,this larva matures into the large dobsonfly1 ,corydalis cornuta 7,linnaeus71 which often attains a wingspread of #d inches4 ,neuroptera ,lacewings and ,their ,allies ,insects with two pairs of wings1 both pairs about the same size and shape and intricately netted with veins2 antennae long and slender1 mouthparts fitted for chewing1 posterior end of body without tails4 ,the green lacewings1 including ,chrysopa nigricornis ,burmeister1 fig4 #eb1 are our commonest members of this order4 ,the young or larvae of this order are entirely unlike the adults and are somewhat grublike in form4 ,the aphid lion1 the interesting larva of ,chrysopa1 fig4 #ec1 is frequently collected by the sweeping method4 ,another interesting larva of this order is the doodlebug or ant lion1 of ,huckleberry ,finn fame4 ,the adult insects that mature from these ant lion larvae are very similar in appearance to the chrysopids or lacewings4 ,the larva of each of these insects sinks its long1 sharp1 curved mandibles into the body of its prey and sucks out the body juices4 ,the female ,chrysopa has the curious habit of forming a long1 slender stalk under each egg2 the bottom of the stalk is fastened to the upper side of a leaf4 ,the stalks are thought to have the effect of keeping the first larvae of a hatch from devouring the eggs placed nearby4 ,when the larva is mature1 it spins a globular1 silken cocoon or cell around itself and in this changes into the pupal1 or quiescent1 stage4 ,while the pupa itself does not appear active1 within it the larval tissues are reorganized into the structures of the adult1 and the final growth of the wings and reproductive organs occurs4 ,when this change is completed1 the adult insect emerges from the cocoon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,coleoptera4 ,copris minutus1 one of the scarab beetles4 ,the drawing shows one of the elytra upraised and illustrates the method of folding the hind pair of wings under the elytra4 ,actual length #j4d inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,coleoptera4 ,a weevil belonging to the genus ,curculio1 which feeds on nuts and acorns4 ,in this genus the beak is exceptionally long4 ,in most of the ,illinois weevils the beak is shorter and stouter4 ,actual length #j4d inch4 ,coleoptera ,beetles1 ,weevils ,insects with two pairs of wings1 the second pair delicate and folded under the first pair1 which are hard and thickened and folded back against the body1 touching each other along the midline to form a hard shell1 as shown in ,copris minutus 7,drury71 fig4 #ed4 ,the upper wings are not used for locomotion1 but form part of the body armor and are called elytra4 ,in most beetles they cover the entire posterior part of the body2 in many others they are abbreviated and cover only part of the abdomen4 ,the immature stages of the beetles are wormlike or grublike and have a great variety of food habits4 ,some of them defoliate plants1 others attack roots1 and still others feed on other insects4 ,a great many of the serious insect pests1 including kinds that attack field crops1 stored products1 and household goods1 are beetles4 ,beetles of one group having the front of the head produced into a snoutlike structure1 as in the genus ,curculio1 fig4 #ee1 are called weevils or snout beetles4 ,this group has maggot-like larvae and contains many of our worst pests1 such as the plum curculio1 cotton boll weevil1 alfalfa weevil1 and clover weevil4 ,bizarre and striking forms occur in many beetle groups1 notably among the scarab and long-horn beetles4 ,the largest in ,illinois is the rhinoceros beetle1 ,dynastes tityus 7,linnaeus72 the males 7one shown on the cover of this circular7 have long projections on both head and thorax2 the larvae live in rotten wood4 ,tree-boring beetle larvae are destructive to many orchard1 ornamental1 and native trees4 ,these include chiefly the round-headed borers1 adults of which are long-horn beetles2 flat-headed borers1 adults of which are metallic wood borers2 and engraver or shot-hole types1 adults of which are small and bullet shaped and are called bark beetles4 ,in a few families of beetles1 both the adults and larvae are fitted for aquatic life4 ,well known among these are the shining whirligig beetles4 ,hymenoptera ,bees1 ,wasps1 ,ants1 ,sawflies ,insects typically with two pairs of wings2 antennae of various lengths2 chewing mouthparts2 without tails4 ,a typical member of this group is the wasp ,vespula maculata 7,linnaeus71 fig4 #ef4 ,many adult members of the group are atypical in that they lack wings2 these include all the true ants1 fig4 #eg1 which are without wings except for the sexual forms produced at the time of the nuptial flights4 ,forms of one species1 ,lasius interjectus ,mayr1 are shown in fig4 #eh4 ,the wings1 when developed1 are without scales2 the venation is much less extensive than in the ,neuroptera2 and the hind wings differ in shape and size from the front wings4 ,the young stages of the ,hymenoptera are caterpillar-like or grublike1 entirely different from the adults4 ,this very large order includes such well-known forms as the bees1 as well as the wasps and the ants1 mentioned above4 ,in addition1 it includes the sawflies1 whose caterpillar-like larvae are extensive defoliators of a large number of native and cultivated plants and shrubs2 the large and varied groups of parasitic wasps that exert great influence in the natural control of a tremendous number of other insects2 and a large number of gall-making wasps1 whose galls are especially conspicuous on oak trees4 ,a parasitic wasp of the genus ,opius is shown in fig4 #ei4 ,the parasitic wasps are extremely diverse in size1 shape1 and habits4 ,they range in size between #j4jb and #b4j inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,hymenoptera4 ,vespula maculata1 the common bald-faced hornet4 ,actual length #j4h inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,hymenoptera4 ,a worker ant belonging to the genus ,formica4 ,this form lacks wings4 ,actual length #j4c inch4 ,mecoptera ,scorpionflies ,insects typically with two similar pairs of delicate wings1 each wing with a network of veins4 ,in repose the wings are laid either tentlike over the back or almost flat4 ,the mouthparts are fitted for chewing and usually are lengthened into a beaklike structure1 as in ,panorpa chelata ,carpenter1 fig4 #fj4 ,the larvae1 seldom found1 live in damp woods4 ,the adults of most winged species occurring in ,illinois are about #j4e inch long4 ,they are active in early summer in shady woods1 flying through the undergrowth4 ,adults of the genus ,boreus are smaller and they have very short1 veinless wings4 ,they emerge in the winter and early spring2 these little metallic black insects often hop around on late winter snow4 ,in certain genera1 the adult male genitalia form a bulb-like structure at the end of the body1 as in fig4 #fj4 ,this structure is harmless but1 because it resembles a scorpion's sting1 insects of these genera are given the name scorpionflies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,hymenoptera4 ,lasius interjectus1 a harmless winged ant1 the yellow ant1 with which the winged termite is often confused3 ,a1 queen with wings spread1 many times natural size2 ,b1 worker ant1 natural size2 ,c1 queen1 approximately natural size1 with wings partially closed and as usually seen4 ,ant has a narrower waist and shorter wings than termite4 ,actual length of queen about #j4c inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,hymenoptera4 ,a parasitic wasp1 ,opius1 sp4 ,actual length #j4a inch4 7,drawing from ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,mecoptera4 ,panorpa chelata1 one of about #ae ,illinois species of scorpionflies4 ,only the male has the scorpion tail4 ,actual length of insect about #j4e inch4 ,trichoptera ,caddisflies ,insects with two pairs of wings1 poorly developed mouthparts of the chewing type1 and long antennae2 without tails on the posterior end of the body4 ,in repose1 the wings are held rooflike over the body and have only a moderate number of longitudinal veins1 which are not connected by crossveins into any resemblance of a network4 ,neither body nor wings are covered with scales4 ,the larvae are wormlike and they live in streams1 ponds1 and lakes4 ,many of them build cases of sticks1 stones1 or sand and move about with only the front end of the body protruding from the case4 ,when disturbed1 the larvae withdraw completely into the cases and are then very difficult to see4 ,the adult fly and larva of ,rhyacophila fenestra ,ross illustrate this order1 figs4 #fa and #fb4 ,in many aquatic situations1 caddisflies are the predominant small animal life and are an important factor in fish food economy4 ,also1 they are stream pollution indicators4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,trichoptera4 ,rhyacophila fenestra2 the adult form of this caddisfly is shown here4 ,actual length about #j4d inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,trichoptera4 ,rhyacophila fenestra2 the larva1 shown here1 is aquatic and builds no case4 ,the larvae of some other kinds of caddisflies live in cases made of sticks and stones4 ,lepidoptera ,butterflies1 ,moths ,insects typically with two pairs of wings1 with long antennae1 and with mouthparts forming a long sucking tube4 ,the body and wings are covered with a dense mass of scales1 which are characteristic of this order1 fig4 #fc4 ,the young are known as caterpillars or grubs4 ,the larval stage in this order is well exemplified by the fairly smooth1 cylindrical caterpillar of the fall armyworm1 ,laphygma frugiperda 7,smith71 fig4 #fd4 ,some other larvae are hairy2 still others are sluglike4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,lepidoptera4 ,a typical moth1 showing scales on wings and body1 and sucking tube1 which is coiled up under the head when not in use4 ,species of this order occurring in ,illinois include specimens that vary in size from #j4a inch to several inches4 ,the largest of these insects have a wingspread of over #e inches4 ,to this order belong not only a very large number of species1 but also a very large number that are especially injurious to agriculture4 ,these include such species as the codling moth1 cabbage moth1 butterflies1 the entire cutworm group1 and a host of others4 ,in addition1 the various clothes moths1 which are a constant source of loss to householders1 and various species of meal moths1 which cause tremendous damage to stored grain every year1 are members of this order4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,lepidoptera4 ,laphygma frugiperda1 the fall armyworm3 ,a1 egg mass on leaf2 ,b1 top and side view of individual eggs2 ,c1 adult2 ,d1 larva2 ,e1 pupae4 ,wing span of adult about #a4e inches4 7,drawing from ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a47 ,in one group of moths1 there are clear windows on the wings1 but these are always surrounded by areas or lines of scales4 ,a few species of the ,lepidoptera are very odd in having wingless females4 ,examples are the bagworms and some of the cankerworms4 ,in these species1 however1 the body of the female is densely clothed with scales1 which will serve to identify her as one of the ,lepidoptera4 ,the habits of ,lepidoptera larvae are very diverse4 ,most of these larvae are leaf eaters1 but some bore into trunks of trees and stems of herbaceous plants4 ,some of the small ones mine within leaf tissue1 others live in the ground1 where they eat roots1 and a few are aquatic1 living in clear1 rapidly flowing streams4 ,diptera ,flies1 ,mosquitoes1 and ,their ,allies ,insects with only one pair of wings1 each wing with a limited number of veins4 ,other characters of the order1 including antennae and mouthparts1 are extremely varied4 ,most immature stages are wormlike or maggot-like4 ,they live in protected situations1 such as within the tissues of a plant1 in water1 in leaf mold1 or in the tissues of animals4 ,a typical life cycle is that shown for the house fly1 ,musca domestica ,linnaeus1 fig4 #fe4 ,the ubiquitous house fly is undoubtedly the best known representative of this order4 ,it is also one of the most persistent and dangerous insect pests1 being a possible carrier of many diseases4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,diptera4 ,musca domestica1 the house fly4 ,the fly has only a single pair of wings2 the pale1 maggot-like larva is without legs2 the darker1 egg-shaped puparium contains the pupal or quiescent stage4 ,length of adult #j4b inch4 7,drawing by ,alice ,ann ,prickett47 ,mosquitoes1 punkies1 black flies1 and horse flies are likewise well known members of this order4 ,in addition to economic forms1 the order ,diptera includes midges1 crane flies1 bee flies1 robber flies1 bluebottle flies1 and a great assortment of other kinds of insects4 ,interesting are the bee flies1 which mimic other insects such as honey bees1 bumble bees1 and wasps to an extent that wins them immunity from the attention of many beginning collectors4 ,siphonaptera ,fleas ,wingless insects that evolved from folding-wing insects2 conspicuously flattened from side to side2 with stout spiny legs1 and with numerous spines over the body2 without conspicuous antennae or tails or a forked posterior appendage like that of the springtails2 usually hard2 ranging in color from yellowish brown to almost black4 ,the human flea1 ,pulex irritants ,linnaeus1 and a widespread ,illinois rat flea1 ,nosopsyllus fasciatus 7,bosc71 are shown in fig4 #ff4 ,all the fleas1 which feed on the blood of birds and other animals1 have sucking mouthparts4 ,they are powerful jumpers4 ,the young stages are slender1 white larvae1 fig4 #fg1 which live in the nests of various animals2 these larvae are seldom collected4 ,the fleas are found on the animals themselves or around their nests4 ,several species of fleas1 including the cat and dog flea1 the human flea1 and the rat fleas1 attack man4 ,one of the rat fleas1 ,xenopsylla cheopis 7,rothschild7 is the common transmitter of the organism causing bubonic plague4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,siphonaptera4 ,pulex irritans1 human flea 7left71 and ,nosopsyllus fasciatus1 one of the rat fleas4 ,actual length of body about #j4a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,siphonaptera4 ,larva of flea found in mouse nest4 ,length about #j4ab inch4 ,,relatives ,,of ,,insects ,there are many small animals that belong to the same general group as insects and that are frequently collected with them4 ,spiders1 centipedes1 and amphipods are a few of many examples of such animals4 ,together with insects1 they form the animal phylum called ,arthropoda1 characterized by having segmented bodies and jointed legs4 ,a brief description is included here of the common groups of these insect relatives found in ,illinois4 ,isopoda ,sowbugs1 ,pillbugs ,convex1 many-legged animals having conspicuous antennae2 several of the posterior segments short and joined rather closely to form an abdomen4 ,of the ,illinois forms1 about one-half are aquatic1 living in streams and ponds4 ,the others live in terrestrial situations that are humid and dark4 ,they are frequently found under boards and in soil in greenhouses4 ,one species of this group is ,armadillidium vulgare 7,latreille71 fig4 #fh1 which possesses the ability to curl up in a hard shell-like ball when disturbed4 ,the isopods1 relatives of crabs1 shrimps1 and crayfish1 belong to the general group known as crustaceans4 ,the crustacean groups are abundant in the ocean4 ,in past geologic ages1 the early ancestors of such predominantly terrestrial groups as insects and spiders resembled ancestors of the present crustacean marine forms4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,isopoda4 ,armadillidium vulgare1 a common pillbug or sowbug 7two views74 ,actual length #j4c inch4 7,drawings from ,u4,s4,d4,a47 ,amphipoda ,small ,water ,shrimps ,humpbacked1 many-legged crustaceans1 fig4 #fi1 that are1 unlike the isopods1 flattened from side to side like the fleas4 ,they are all aquatic but are seldom found swimming in open water2 they prefer to live in tangled masses of vegetation1 under stones or logs1 and among debris in the very shallow water where it touches the bank4 ,these little shrimps are never more than about one-half inch long and are frequently collected in large numbers along with aquatic beetles4 ,as is the case with the aquatic sowbugs1 certain species of amphipod shrimps occur in subterranean water sources and frequently are found in wells4 ,most of these species are blind4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,amphipoda4 ,gammarus sp41 a common small water shrimp4 ,actual length #j4d inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,scorpionida4 ,centruroides vittatus1 the only scorpion known to occur in ,illinois4 ,actual length #b4j inches4 7,drawing by ,alice ,ann ,prickett47 ,scorpionida ,scorpions ,animals belonging to the spider group2 characterized by a pair of stout pincers at the end of each front leg and a long tail-like extension of the abdomen ending in a sharp sting1 as in ,centruroides vittatus 7,say71 fig4 #gj4 ,they have fairly long bodies and five pairs of legs each1 including the chelate pair4 ,during the day they live under stones and bark1 moving about at night in search of insects and other small organisms on which they prey4 ,many species occur in the ,southwest2 the range of one of these extends as far northeastward as southwestern ,illinois4 ,pseudoscorpionida ,pseudoscorpions ,animals belonging to the spider group2 characterized by a pair of stout pincers at the end of the front legs1 as in ,larca granulata 7,banks71 fig4 #ga4 ,they have short1 stout bodies1 each with five pairs of legs including the chelate front pair1 but unlike the true scorpions they have no tails or stings4 ,the pseudoscorpions are sometimes found indoors in old books1 looking for their prey of small insects4 ,they occur in greater numbers in wooded areas4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,pseudoscorpionida4 ,larca granulata1 a native ,illinois pseudoscorpion4 ,actual length #j4a inch4 ,phalangida ,daddy ,longlegs1 ,harvestmen ,spider-like forms1 each animal with a short1 round body and four pairs of walking legs that in most species are very long1 fig4 #gb4 ,they occur chiefly in woods and may be found in numbers walking over foliage and logs2 they are often found on bluffs and in shady places4 ,they feed on decaying humus4 ,a few ,illinois forms that occur chiefly on bark have considerably shorter legs than the species that range more widely4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,phalangida4 ,a common harvestman or daddy longlegs4 ,actual length of body #j4c inch4 ,araneida ,spiders ,varied and well-known animals1 each with four pairs of walking legs and a body divided into a cephalothorax 7which combines the head and thorax7 and abdomen4 ,the spiders present a tremendous variety of shapes1 some being round and fat1 like the black widow1 ,latrodectus mactans 7,fabricius71 fig4 #gc1 others being long and slender1 mimicking ants4 ,others are crablike in shape2 some that are long and slender are extremely rapid in their movements4 ,spiders appear practically everywhere4 ,certain species are domestic and are found only in houses4 ,in ,illinois the only poisonous species of any importance are the black widow spider1 which is found in a variety of situations1 and the recluse spider1 ,loxosceles reclusa ,gertsch ,mulaik1 which has been found in house basements in southern ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,araneida4 ,latrodectus mactans1 the black widow spider4 ,actual length of body #j4d inch4 ,acarina ,ticks1 ,mites ,animals somewhat like the spiders but having no marked division between the cephalothorax and the abdomen4 ,each adult has four pairs of walking legs1 although an individual of the very young stages has only three pairs4 ,the mites are generally very minute and seldom are seen by the beginning collector4 ,they vary greatly in general appearance4 ,many species are extremely destructive to stored produce1 to live domestic animals1 and to many groups of plants4 ,adults of the harvest mite and early stages of the chigger mite attack man persistently4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,acarina4 ,dermacentor variabilis1 the common dog tick of ,illinois and vector of ,rocky ,mountain spotted fever4 ,when engorged1 the tick looks like a red berry4 ,actual length #j4b inch4 7,drawing from ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a47 ,ticks are larger than mites4 ,all the species feed on warm-blooded animals1 including birds and mammals4 ,the commonest ,illinois tick is ,dermacentor variabilis 7,say71 fig4 #gd1 which transmits the organism causing the often fatal disease called ,rocky ,mountain spotted fever4 ,although this disease occurs only infrequently in ,illinois1 hikers and others exposed to ticks on excursions into the out-of-doors should carefully examine their clothing and bodies and promptly remove any ticks they find4 ,diplopoda ,millipedes ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,diplopoda4 ,parajulus impressus1 a common ,illinois millipede4 ,actual length #a4e inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,chilopoda4 ,scutigera forceps1 the house centipede1 commonly found in dark basements4 ,actual length of body #a4j inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,chilopoda4 ,a common type of woodland centipede found in leaf mold and rotten logs4 ,actual length #a4j inch4 7,drawing from ,r4 ,e4 ,snodgrass47 ,elongate animals each having a distinct head and a long1 many-segmented body with two pairs of legs on every segment4 ,the commonest ,illinois representative is the large ,parajulus impressus 7,say71 fig4 #ge1 a robust1 cylindrical1 reddish species commonly found in rotten logs or moist leaf mold4 ,most species feed on decaying vegetable matter4 ,a few occasionally do considerable damage in greenhouses4 ,chilopoda ,centipedes ,elongate animals1 similar in general appearance to the millipedes but with only one pair of legs on each body segment4 ,many species are predacious1 feeding on insects and other small animals in rotten logs and humus4 ,most familiar to the city dweller is the house centipede1 ,scutigera forceps ,rafinesque1 fig4 #gf2 this is a common inhabitant of dark places in houses1 where it runs about with incredible speed in search of the small insects upon which it feeds4 ,other species may be encountered under boards and stones in gardens1 fig4 #gg4 ,some ,illinois centipedes found in woody or rocky situations are #b inches or more long4 ,no chilopod group in this state is dangerous to human beings1 but to the south occur centipedes nearly a foot long that may inflict serious bites4 ,,the ,,state ,,insect ,,collection ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,the ,natural ,resources ,building4 ,this building1 on the campus of the ,university of ,illinois1 is the home of the ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey and houses the state insect collection on the second floor of the west wing4 7,photograph from ,illinois ,geological ,survey47 ,illinois is one of the very few states that maintain a large research insect collection4 ,this collection is under the care and guidance of the ,section of ,faunistic ,surveys and ,insect ,identification of the ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey4 ,it is housed in the west part of the fireproof ,natural ,resources ,building on the ,university of ,illinois campus at ,urbana1 fig4 #gh4 ,begun about #ahhj1 the collection has grown steadily until now it is the most extensive representative collection of the insect fauna of any state in the nation4 ,the collection consists of over #e1ejj1jjj specimens of insects housed in steel cabinets1 fig4 #gi4 ,the pinned collection includes about #gej1jjj specimens in trays4 ,the collection preserved in alcohol contains over #c1ejj1jjj insects including not only a great number of valuable adult insects but also a very useful collection of immature insects4 ,the slide collection contains nearly #bej1jjj specimens mounted as permanent microscopic preparations4 ,the papered and boxed material comprises more than #a1jjj1jjj specimens of dried insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,a view of the main insect collection room of the ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey4 ,in the steel cabinets and hardwood trays shown here are arranged pinned insect specimens4 ,similar cabinets contain material in liquid preservative4 ,adjoining this collection room are offices and laboratories of the ,section of ,faunistic ,surveys and ,insect ,identification1 where records of insect distribution and habits are kept on file4 ,the most important use of the collection is for identification of insects known to damage crops1 stored grains1 and household articles1 or to threaten human health4 ,important also is its use as a storehouse of information regarding the ecology1 host relationships1 and distribution of ,illinois insects4 ,so large is the field of insect classification that many important gaps exist in our knowledge of the ,illinois fauna4 ,for maximum usefulness1 the collection should contain a complete representation of the ,illinois insect fauna1 supplemented with as much additional ,north ,american material as can be obtained4 ,this additional comparison material is frequently necessary to evaluate correctly the species occurring in the state4 ,it is estimated that there are about #bj1jjj different species of insects in ,illinois and #aej1jjj in ,north ,america4 ,the collection contains representatives of over #ae1jjj ,illinois species1 and a great many other ,north ,american species useful as comparison material in the identification of ,illinois forms4 ,gifts to the collection of well-prepared material are greatly appreciated4 ,many of those already received have made vital contributions to the collection and added valuable records to the ,natural ,history ,survey files of insect distribution4 ,,reports ,,on ,,illinois ,,insects ,as a result of the accumulation of material and information in the faunistic collection1 the ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey has published a number of reports dealing with various groups of insects and other animals in ,illinois2 other reports in this series are being prepared or planned4 ,these reports are designed primarily for use of the advanced student in zoology and entomology4 ,they contain information regarding the characteristics1 habits1 and distribution of the various species in the state1 keys for their identification1 and illustrations to assist in diagnosis of the structures used in identification4 ,because of their great abundance in both species and numbers1 and their importance as pests1 insects have been studied extensively and much has been written about them4 ,the following reports of ,illinois insects and their relatives have been published by the ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey4 ,those marked out of print are unavailable at the ,survey1 but may be consulted at libraries or obtained from book dealers4 ,interested persons may obtain publications by writing to the ,chief1 ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,illinois #fahja4 ,the ,oribatoidea of ,illinois ,mites1 by ,henry ,e4 ,ewing4 ,out of print4 ,the ,chironomidae1 or ,midges1 of ,illinois1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,malloch4 ,out of print4 ,a ,preliminary ,classification of ,diptera1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,malloch4 ,out of print4 ,the ,north ,american ,species of the ,genus ,tiphia ,wasps1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,malloch4 ,out of print4 ,the ,pentatomoidea of ,illinois ,stink ,bugs1 by ,charles ,arthur ,hart4 ,out of print4 ,forest ,insects in ,illinois3 ,i4 ,the ,subfamily ,ochthiphilinae 7,diptera1 ,family ,agromyzidae71 by ,j4 ,r4 ,malloch4 ,out of print4 ,fall and ,winter ,stoneflies1 or ,plecoptera1 of ,illinois1 by ,theodore ,h4 ,frison4 ,out of print4 ,the ,plant ,lice1 or ,aphiidae1 of ,illinois1 by ,frederick ,c4 ,hottes and ,theodore ,h4 ,frison4 ,out of print4 ,the ,dermaptera and ,orthoptera of ,illinois1 by ,morgan ,hebard4 ,the ,stoneflies1 or ,plecoptera1 of ,illinois1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,frison4 ,nearctic ,alder ,flies of the ,genus ,sialis 7,megaloptera1 ,sialidae71 by ,h4 ,h4 ,ross4 ,out of print4 ,the ,plant ,bugs1 or ,miridae1 of ,illinois1 by ,harry ,h4 ,knight4 ,studies of ,north ,american ,plecoptera1 ,with ,special ,reference to the ,fauna of ,illinois1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,frison4 ,the ,caddis ,flies1 or ,trichoptera1 of ,illinois1 by ,herbert ,h4 ,ross4 ,out of print4 ,the ,leafhoppers1 or ,cicadellidae1 of ,illinois1 by ,d4 ,m4 ,de,long4 ,the ,pseudoscorpions of ,illinois1 by ,c4 ,clayton ,hoff4 ,the ,mayflies1 or ,ephemeroptera1 of ,illinois1 by ,b4 ,d4 ,burks4 ,a ,synopsis of the ,mosquitoes of ,illinois 7,diptera1 ,culicidae71 by ,herbert ,h4 ,ross and ,william ,r4 ,horsfall4 ,,useful ,,books ,a considerable number of books can be of great help to the beginner in naming his specimens4 ,the following are perhaps the most easily used4 ,others are being published from time to time4 ,an ,introduction to ,entomology1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,comstock4 ,the ,comstock ,publishing ,company1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,butterfly ,book1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,holland4 ,doubleday1 ,doran ,company1 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,moth ,book1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,holland4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,company1 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,out of print1 but may be obtained from secondhand book dealers4 ,how to ,know the ,insects1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,jaques4 ,h4 ,e4 ,jaques1 #gji ,north ,main ,street1 ,mount ,pleasant1 ,iowa4 ,insects3 ,a ,guide to ,familiar ,american ,insects1 by ,herbert ,s4 ,zim and ,clarence ,cottam4 ,simon and ,schuster1 ,inc41 ,rockefeller ,center1 ,new ,york #bj1 ,n4 ,y4 ,field ,book of ,ponds and ,streams1 by ,ann ,haven ,morgan4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,insect ,guide1 by ,ralph ,b4 ,swain4 ,doubleday ,company1 ,inc41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,college ,entomology1 by ,e4 ,o4 ,essig4 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,entomology for ,introductory ,courses1 by ,robert ,matheson4 ,the ,comstock ,publishing ,company1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a ,textbook of ,entomology1 #crd ed41 by ,herbert ,h4 ,ross4 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,inc41 #ddj ,park ,avenue ,south1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,understanding ,evolution1 by ,herbert ,h4 ,ross4 ,spectrum ,books3 ,prentice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,n4 ,j4 #jgfcb4 ,,how ,,to ,,ship ,,specimens ,specimens which the collector is unable to name may be sent to specialists or entomological museums for identification4 ,names and addresses of specialists can be furnished by agricultural agents1 teachers1 or museum curators4 ,the arrangements under which these specialists will undertake the work vary1 but experts often will study well preserved and labeled collections in return for duplicate specimens which they may keep4 ,however1 the identification of many insects is so difficult and laborious that rapid service is not always to be expected by collectors sending in material4 ,specimens need special preparation and care to guard against breakage if they are to be shipped to a specialist4 ,see that all pins used in mounting specimens are thrust securely into the cork on the bottom of the box4 ,thrust extra pins of the same height in each corner1 and over the whole lay a piece of thin cardboard that has been cut to fit the inside of the box snugly2 then place over this a layer of cotton wool or cellucotton thick enough to press firmly against the cardboard when the top is closed4 ,wrap the box in paper and then pack it in a larger box1 protected on all sides by a layer of excelsior or crumpled paper at least #b inches thick4 ,,where ,,to ,,buy ,,supplies ,the following list1 by no means complete1 contains names and addresses of companies that furnish entomological supplies4 ,most of these companies will send catalogs and price lists on request4 ,american ,optical ,company1 ,scientific ,instrument ,division1 ,box ,a1 ,buffalo #ae1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bausch and ,lomb ,optical ,company1 ,rochester #b1 ,n4 ,y4 ,central ,scientific ,company1 #agjj ,irving ,park ,road1 ,chicago #ac1 ,illinois4 ,general ,biological ,supply ,house1 ,inc41 #hbjj ,south ,hoyne ,avenue1 ,chicago #bj1 ,illinois4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sargent and ,company1 #dfdg ,west ,foster ,avenue1 ,chicago #cj1 ,illinois4 ,ward's ,natural ,science ,establishment1 ,inc41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agdi1 ,rochester #c1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,endpapers ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4