,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/humespoli tical#jj;humeu(t ,"s *>act]s might n display prop]ly 9 ?is ,,utf-#h text file 7e4g41 empty squ>es74 ,if s1 ! read] %\ld consult ! orig9al page images not$ above4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,orig9al small capitals are n[ upp]case 7b "s small capital /yl+ has be5 disc>d$74 ,footnotes h be5 relabel$ #a-aag1 conv]t$ to endnotes1 & mov$ to ! ends ( ! relevant *apt]s4 ,! ,scott ,libr>y4 ,,hume',s ,,political ,,disc\rses4 ,= ,full ,li/ ( ! ,volumes 9 ,?is ,s]ies1 ,see ,catalogue at ,end ( ,book4 ,,hume',s ,,political ,,disc\rses4 ,) an ,introduction by ,william ,bell ,rob]tson1 ,au?or ( 8,f\ndations ( ,political ,economy10 8,slav]y ( ,lab\r10 ,etc4 ,! ,walt] ,scott ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,london & ,fell+-on-,tyne4 ,new ,york3 #c ,ea/ #ad? ,/reet4 ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction vii ,( ,comm]ce #a ,( ,ref9em5t 9 ! ,arts #ae ,( ,money #bg ,( ,int]e/ #ci ,( ! ,balance ( ,trade #ea ,( ! ,jeal\sy ( ,trade #fg ,( ! ,balance ( ,p[] #ga ,( ,taxes #gh ,( ,public ,cr$it #hc ,( "s ,rem>kable ,cu/oms #ih ,( ! ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations #ajf ,( ! ,orig9al ,contract #agd ,( ,passive ,ob$i5ce #aib ,( ! ,coalition ( ,p>ties #aif ,( ! ,prote/ant ,succession #bjc ,idea ( a ,p]fect ,commonweal? #bad ,t ,politics may be ,r$uc$ to a ,sci5ce #bbi ,( ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,gov]nm5t #bdc ,( ,political ,society #bdg ,alphabetical ,arrangem5t ( ,au?orities cit$ by ,hume #bec ,,introduction4 ,regrett+ ! meagre records ( ! life ( ,adam ,smi?1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,r4 ,b4 ,haldane1 ,m4,p41#a rem>ks3--8,we ?9k ( him1 9 ! ma91 & we ?9k ( him rightly1 z ! bosom fri5d ( ,david ,hume0 7b4 #agaa1 d4 #aggg74 ,naturally1 incid5ts 9 ! life ( a philosoph] are nei!r num]\s nor /irr+4 ,x is unreasonable to expect !m1 & su* /ories z are h&$ d[n reg>d+ great ?9k]s are be/ n to be accept$ unres]v$ly4 ,i leave ,hume1 !re=e1 to pres5t 8 own picture z drawn 9 ,my own ,life--! picture he wi%$ po/]ity to h--:i* consequ5tly foll[s ?is introduction1 & is itself foll[$ by ,adam ,smi?'s celebrat$ lett] to ,mr4 ,/rahan1 ,hume's publi%]1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ,hume's dea?4 ,x is *iefly z a political economi/ t ,hume conc]ns u "h1 z x is 9 ! ,political ,disc\rses1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ageb1 8 economic pr9ciples are set =?4 ,:at ! read] may expect to f9d 9 ^! ,disc\rses ,i pref] to let writ]s ( r5[n tell4 ,?us ,"l ,br\gham-- 8,( ! ,political ,disc\rses x w\ld be difficult to speak 9 t]ms ( too great comm5dation4 ,!y comb9e almo/ e excell5ce :i* c belong to su* a p]=mance4 ,! reason+ is cle>1 & un5cumb]$ ) m words or m illu/rations ?an are necess>y = br++ out ! doctr9es4 ,! le>n+ is ext5sive1 accurate1 & pr(\nd1 n only z to sy/ems ( philosophy1 b z to hi/ory1 :e!r mod]n or anci5t4 4 4 4 ,! great m]it1 h[ev]1 ( ^! ,disc\rses is _! orig9ality1 & ! new sy/em ( politics & political economy :i* !y unfold4 ,mr4 ,hume is1 beyond all d\bt1 ! au?or ( ! mod]n doctr9es :i* n[ rule ! _w ( sci5ce1 :i* are to a great ext5t ! guide ( practical /atesm51 & are only prev5t$ f be+ appli$ 9 _! fulle/ ext5t to ! affairs ( nations by ! cla%+ int]e/s & ! ignorant prejudices ( c]ta9 p[]ful classes40 ,?us1 aga91 ,j4 ,hill ,burton1#b ,hume's biograph]-- 8,^! ,disc\rses are 9 tru? ! cradle ( political economy2 & mu* z t sci5ce has be5 inve/igat$ & exp\nd$ 9 lat] times1 ^! e>lie/1 %orte/1 & simple/ developm5ts ( its pr9ciples are /ill read ) delight ev5 by ^? :o are ma/]s ( all ! lit]ature ( ?is great subject4 ,b !y possess a quality :i* m elaborate economi/s h /riv5 aft] 9 va91 9 be+ a pleas+ object ( /udy n only to ! initiat$1 b to ! ord9>y popul> read]1 & ( be+ admitt$ z j & true by _m :o _c or w n und]/& ! views ( lat] writ]s on political economy4 ,!y h ?us ! r>ely conjo9$ m]it t1 z !y 7 ! fir/ to direct ! way to ! true s\rces ( ?is dep>tm5t ( k1 ^? :o h gone f>!r1 in/ead ( sup]s$+ !m1 h 9 ! g5]al case confirm$ _! accuracy40 ,! ,disc\rses1 9 ,hume's own words1 0 8! only "w ( m9e t 0 successful on ! fir/ publication10 & its success 0 great4 ,translat$ into ,fr5* imm$iately1 8!y conf]r$10 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 8a ,european reputation ^u _! au?or2 &1 :at 0 m to ! purpose1 influ5c$ ! lat] s*ool ( economi/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury40 ,on ! same head ,burton says--8,z no ,fr5*man _h previ\sly approa*$ ! subject ( political economy ) a philosophical p51 ?is little book 0 a ma9 in/rum5t1 ei!r by caus+ ass5t or provok+ controv]sy1 9 produc+ ! ho/ ( ,fr5* works publi%$ betwe5 ! "t ( its translation & ! publication ( ,smi?'s ,weal? ( ,nations 9 #aggf4 ,! "w ( ! eld] ,mirabeau 9 p>ticul>--,l'ami des ,hommes--0 9 a great measure a controv]sial exam9ation ( ,hume's op9ions on population40 ,pr(essor ,knight ( ,/4 ,&rews1 aga91 e*oes simil> s5tim5ts4 8,! m]it ( ! ,disc\rses10 he rem>ks1 8is n only great1 b !y are unrivall$ to ?is day2 & x is n too mu* to affirm t !y prep>$ ! way = all ! subsequ5t economic lit]ature ( ,engl&1 includ+ ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 9 :i* ,smi? laid d[n ! broad & durable f\ndations ( ! sci5ce4 4 4 4 ,! effect produc$ by ^! ,disc\rses 0 great4 ,imm$iately translat$ into ,fr5*1 !y pass$ ?r\gh five editions 9 f\rte5 ye>s4 ,!y 7 a di/9ctive addition to ,engli% lit]ature1 & 7 /rictly sci5tific1 ?\gh n te*nical4 ,!y at once float$ ,hume into fame1 br++ him to ! front1 bo? z a ?9k] & z a man ( lett]s2 & po/]ity has ratifi$ ?is judgm5t ( ! h\r4 4 4 4 ,!y conta9 _m orig9al g]ms ( economic tru?4 ,! effect !y _h on practical /atesm51 su* z ,pitt1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x 0 p]haps an advantage t ! economic doctr9es1 bo? ( ,hume & ,smi?1 7 publi%$ at t p>ticul> "t1 z !y l$ naturally & easily to sev]al re=ms1 )\t be+ develop$ to extremes1 z 0 subsequ5tly ! case 9 ,france40 ,all ?is te/imony z to ! m]its ( ! ,disc\rses--te/imony f m5 ( widely div]g5t views--is suffici5t ju/ification = (f]+ !m 9 popul> =m to ! public at a "t l ! pres5t1 :5 ! f\ndations ( political economy are1 "o might say1 be+ re-laid4#c ,we h already h9t$ at ! fri5d%ip t exi/$ betwe5 ,hume & ,adam ,smi?4 ,hume 0 ,smi?'s s5ior by twelve ye>s1 & seems to h _h ! latt] br\ght "u 8 notice by ,hut*eson1 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,9 a lett] to ,hut*eson1 dat$ ,m>* #d?1 #agdj1 he says--8,my booksell] has s5t to ,mr4 ,smi? a copy ( my book1#d :i* ,i hope he has receiv$ z well z y\r lett]40 8,! ,smi? "h m5tion$10 ,burton says1 8we may fairly conclude1 not)/&+ ! univ]sality ( ! "n1 to be ,adam ,smi?1 :o 0 !n a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 & n q sev5te5 ye>s old4 ,x may be inf]r$ t ,hut*eson _h m5tion$ ,smi? z a p]son on :om x w\ld s]ve "s good purpose to be/[ a copy ( ! ,treatise2 & we h "h evid5tly ! fir/ introduction to ea* o!r's notice ( two fri5ds1 ( :om x c be said !re 0 no ?ird p]son writ+ ! ,engli% language dur+ ! same p]iod :o has _h s mu* influ5ce ^u ! op9ions ( mank9d z ei!r ( ^! two m540 ,hume's influ5ce ^u ,adam ,smi? 0 great4 ,ev5 9 ! r+ ( ! phraseology ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations ,i sometimes fancy ,i c he> ,hume4 ,anyway1 ! book ref]r$ to 9 ! above lett] z s5t to ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,haldane consid]s z 89 all probability0 ! det]m9+ factor 9 mak+ ,smi? ab&on 8 orig9al int5tion ( ent]+ ! ,*ur*4 8,:e!r ,hume c\ld h be5 b = ,smi? we _c n[ say2 b we "k t1 b = ,hume1 ,smi? c\ld nev] h be540#e ,:ile agree+ t 8b = ,hume ,smi? c\ld nev] h be510 ,i see no reason to "q t ,hume c\ld h be5 )\t ,smi?4 ,hume _h )9 him :at may "h be call$ ! div9e light1 & x _h to come out4 ,t is :y1 89 pov]ty & ri*es1 9 heal? & sickness1 9 labori\s obscurity & amid/ ! blaze ( fame10 8 rul+ passion--a passion = lit]ature--nev] abat$4 ,no man c /rike out = himself an orig9al l9e & /ick to x l ?is1 8?r\gh ?ick & ?910 unless he h assurance ( ! tru? ( t t is 9 him4 ,hume _h ?is assurance4 ,true1 he s\ght fame--& he a*iev$ fame2 n = its own sake--t is inconceivable 9 s great a ?9k]1 a ?9k] ) su* a true notion ( ! relation ( ?+s--b = ! sake ( ! tru?s he _h to promulgate2 = ! high] 8 em95ce ! wid] & m att5tive w\ld be 8 audi5ce4 ,( c\rse1 he s\ght fame1 & he f\nd gratification 9 x4 ,x 0 n ! gratification ( vanity1 h[ev]1 t writ]s on ,hume usually int]pret x z2 x 0 ! gratification aris+ f ! k t "o has hit ! m>k--t "o has n lab\r$ 9 va94 ,! petty vanity ascrib$ to ,hume w\ld n h suff]$ him z 8! p>5t ( ! fir/ elucidations ( political economy to see 8 own (fspr+ eclips$1 & to see x ) pride0--8 attitude1 accord+ to ,burton1 on ! successful reception ( ,! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,vanity1 aga91 w\ld h prev5t$ betwe5 ^! two m5 t unalloy$ fri5d%ip s *>m+ to contemplate4 ,9 #aggf1 ! ye> be=e ,hume's dea?1 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations appe>$1 & "h is h[ ,hume writes to ! au?or3-- 8,febru>y #h1 #aggf4 8,,de> ,,smi?1--,i am z lazy a correspond5t z y1 yet my anxiety ab\t y makes me write4 ,by all acc\nts y\r book has be5 pr9t$ long ago2 yet x has nev] be5 s mu* z adv]tiz$4 ,:at is ! reason8 ,if y wait till ! fate ( ,am]ica be decid$1 y may wait long4 8,by all acc\nts y int5d to settle ) u ?is spr+2 yet we he> no m ( x4 ,:at is ! reason8 ,y\r *amb] 9 my h\se is always unoccupi$4 ,i am always at home4 ,i expect y to l& "h4 8,i h be51 am1 & %all be probably 9 an indiff]5t /ate ( heal?4 ,i weigh$ myself t'o!r day1 & f9d ,i h fall5 five complete /ones4 ,if y delay mu* long] ,i %all probably disappe> altoge!r4 8,! ,duke ( ,buccleu* tells me t y are v zeal\s 9 ,am]ican affairs4 ,my notion is t ! matt] is n s important z is commonly imag9$4 ,if ,i be mi/ak51 ,i %all probably correct my error :5 ,i see y or read y4 ,our navigation & g5]al comm]ce may suff] m ?an our manufactures4 ,%\ld ,london fall z mu* 9 its size z ,i h done1 x w be ! bett]4 ,x is no?+ b a hulk ( bad & unclean hum\rs40 ,at la/ ! book appe>s1 & ,hume writes 8 fri5d1 ,april #a/1 #aggf3-- 8,i am mu* pleas$ ) y\r p]=mance2 & ! p]usal ( x has tak5 me f a /ate ( great anxiety4 ,x 0 a "w ( s mu* expectation by y\rself1 by y\r fri5ds1 & by ! public1 t ,i trembl$ = its fir/ appe>ance1 b am n[ mu* reliev$4 ,n b t ! read+ ( x necess>ily requires s mu* att5tion1 & ! public is dispos$ to give s little1 t ,i %all /ill d\bt = "s "t ( its be+ at fir/ v popul>4 ,b x has dep? & solidity & acut5ess1 & is s mu* illu/rat$ by curi\s facts t x mu/ at la/ take ! public att5tion4 ,x is probably mu* improv$ by y\r la/ abode 9 ,london4 ,if y 7 "h at my fireside1 ,i %\ld dispute "s ( y\r pr9ciples4 ,i _c ?9k t ! r5t ( f>ms makes any "p ( ! price ( produce1#f b t ! price is det]m9$ altoge!r by ! quantity & ! dem&4 4 4 4 ,b ^! & a hundr$ o!r po9ts are fit only to be discuss$ 9 conv]sation40 ,hume1 ?\gh he 8took a p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! company ( mode/ wom51 & _h no reason to be displeas$ ) ! reception he met ) f !m10 di$ unm>ri$4 ,adam ,smi? also di$ unm>ri$1 8?\gh he 0 = sev]al ye>s10 accord+ to ,dugald ,/ew>t1 8atta*$ to a "y lady ( great beauty & accompli%m5t40 ,hume1 9 ! ,essay 8,( ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory10 speaks ( be+ desir$ once by 8a "y beauty = :om ,i _h "s passion to s5d h] "s novels & romances = h] amusem5t40 ,david 0 a 8canny0 man ?\gh4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! foll[+ playful sally 9 a lett] f ,hume to ,mrs4 ,dys>t1 ( ,eccles1 a relative1 may h int]e/3--8,:at ari?metic w s]ve to fix ! proportion betwe5 good & bad wives1 & rate ! diff]5t classes ( ea*8 ,sir ,isaac ,newton himself1 :o c\ld measure ! c\rse ( ! planets & weigh ! e>? z 9 a pair ( scales--ev5 he _h n algebra en\gh to r$uce t amiable "p ( our species to a j equation2 & !y are ! only heav5ly bodies ^: orbits are z yet unc]ta940 ,! =ego+ are m]e glimpses ( ?is truly great man1 & are (f]$ ) a view to awak5+ & /imulat+ among/ g5]al read]s a desire = fir/-h& k ( ,david ,hume4 ,w4 ,b4 ,r4 ,may #aijf4 ,,my ,,own ,,life4 ,x is difficult = a man to speak long ( himself )\t vanity2 !re=e1 ,i %all be %ort4 ,x may be ?\ght an in/ance ( vanity t ,i pret5d at all to write my life2 b ?is n>rative %all conta9 little m ?an ! ,hi/ory ( my ,writ+s2 z1 inde$1 almo/ all my life has be5 sp5t 9 lit]>y pursuits & occupations4 ,! fir/ success ( mo/ ( my writ+s 0 n su* z to be an object ( vanity4 ,i 0 born ! #bf? ( ,april #agaa1 old /yle1 at ,ed9burgh4 ,i 0 ( a good family1 bo? by fa!r & "m4 ,my fa!r's family is a bran* ( ! ,e>l ( ,home's or ,hume's2 & my ance/ors _h be5 proprietors ( ! e/ate1 :i* my bro!r possesses1 = sev]al g5]ations4 ,my "m 0 daught] ( ,sir ,david ,falcon]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,ju/ice2 ! title ( ,halk]ton came by succession to h] bro!r4 ,my family1 h[ev]1 0 n ri*2 &1 be+ myself a y\ng] bro!r1 my patrimony1 accord+ to ! mode ( my c\ntry1 0 ( c\rse v sl5d]4 ,my fa!r1 :o pass$ = a man ( p>ts1 di$ :5 ,i 0 an infant1 leav+ me1 ) an eld] bro!r & a si/]1 "u ! c>e ( our "m1 a woman ( s+ul> m]it1 :o1 ?\gh "y & h&some1 devot$ h]self entirely to ! re>+ & educat+ ( h] *ildr54 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ! ord9>y c\rse ( education ) success1 & 0 seiz$ v e>ly ) a passion = lit]ature1 :i* has be5 ! rul+ passion ( my life1 & ! great s\rce ( my enjoym5ts4 ,my /udi\s disposition1 my sobriety1 & my indu/ry gave my family a notion t ! law 0 a prop] pr(ession = me2 b ,i f\nd an insurm\ntable av]sion to ev]y?+ b ! pursuits ( philosophy & g5]al le>n+2 & :ile !y fanci$ ,i 0 por+ ^u ,voet & ,v9nius1 ,cic]o & ,virgil 7 ! au?ors :i* ,i 0 secretly dev\r+4 ,my v sl5d] =tune1 h[ev]1 be+ unsuitable to ?is plan ( life1 & my heal? be+ a little brok5 by my ard5t application1 ,i 0 tempt$1 or r =c$1 to make a v feeble trial = ent]+ into a m active sc5e ( life4 ,9 #agcd ,i w5t to ,bri/ol1 ) "s recomm5dations to em95t m]*ants1 b 9 a few mon?s f\nd t sc5e totally unsuitable to me4 ,i w5t ov] to ,france1 ) a view ( prosecut+ my /udies 9 a c\ntry retreat1 & ,i !re laid t plan ( life :i* ,i h /eadily & successfully pursu$4 ,i resolv$ to make a v rigid frugality supply my defici5cy ( =tune1 to ma9ta9 unimpair$ my indep5d5cy1 & to reg>d e object z contemptible except ! improvem5t ( my tal5ts 9 lit]ature4 ,dur+ my retreat 9 ,france1 fir/ at ,rheims1 b *iefly at ,la ,fle*e1 9 ,anj\1 ,i compos$ my ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,aft] pass+ ?ree ye>s v agreeably 9 t c\ntry1 ,i came ov] to ,london 9 #agcg4 ,9 ! end ( #agch ,i publi%$ my ,treatise1 & imm$iately w5t d[n to my "m & my bro!r1 :o liv$ at 8 c\ntry-h\se1 & 0 employ+ himself v judici\sly & successfully 9 ! improvem5t ( 8 =tune4 ,nev] lit]>y attempt 0 m un=tunate ?an my ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,x fell dead-born f ! press1 )\t rea*+ su* di/9ction z ev5 to excite a murmur among ! zealots4 ,b be+ naturally ( a *e]ful & sangu9e temp]1 ,i v soon recov]$ ! bl[1 & prosecut$ ) great ard\r my /udies 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #agdb ,i pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh ! fir/ "p ( my ,essays3 ! "w 0 fav\rably receiv$1 & soon made me entirely =get my =m] disappo9tm5t4 ,i cont9u$ ) my "m & bro!r 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 t "t recov]$ ! k ( ! ,greek language1 :i* ,i _h too mu* neglect$ 9 my e>ly y\?4 ,9 #agde ,i receiv$ a lett] f ! ,m>quis ( ,ann&ale1 invit+ me to come & live ) him 9 ,engl&2 ,i f\nd also t ! fri5ds & family ( t "y nobleman 7 desir\s ( putt+ him "u my c>e & direction1 = ! /ate ( 8 m9d & heal? requir$ x4 ,i liv$ ) him a twelvemon?4 ,my appo9tm5ts dur+ t "t made a consid]able accession to my small =tune4 ,i !n receiv$ an invitation f ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair to att5d him z a secret>y to 8 exp$ition1 :i* 0 at fir/ meant aga9/ ,canada1 b end$ 9 an incursion on ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,next ye>--to wit1 #agdg--;,i receiv$ an invitation f ! ,g5]al to att5d him 9 ! same /ation 9 8 milit>y embassy to ! c\rts ( ,vi5na & ,tur94 ,i !n wore ! uni=m ( an (fic]1 & 0 introduc$ at ^! c\rts z aide-de-camp to ! ,g5]al1 along ) ,sir ,h>ry ,ersk9e & ,capta9 ,grant1 n[ ,g5]al ,grant4 ,^! two ye>s 7 almo/ ! only int]ruptions :i* my /udies h receiv$ dur+ ! c\rse ( my life4 ,i pass$ !m agreeably1 & 9 good company2 & my appo9tm5ts1 ) my frugality1 _h made me rea* a =tune1 :i* ,i call$ indep5d5t1 ?\gh mo/ ( my fri5ds 7 incl9$ to smile :5 ,i said s2 9 %ort1 ,i 0 n[ ma/] ( ne> a ?\s& p\nds4 ,i _h always ent]ta9$ a notion t my want ( success 9 publi%+ ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature _h proce$$ m f ! mann] ?an ! matt]1 & t ,i _h be5 guilty ( a v usual indiscretion 9 go+ to ! press too e>ly4 ,i1 !re=e1 ca/ ! fir/ "p ( t "w anew 9 ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* 0 publi%$ :ile ,i 0 at ,tur94 ,b ?is piece 0 at fir/ little m successful ?an ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,on my return f ,italy1 ,i _h ! mortification to f9d all ,engl& 9 a f]m5t on acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,middleton's ,free ,inquiry1 :ile my p]=mance 0 entirely ov]look$ & neglect$4 ,a new edition1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ at ,london1 ( my ,essays1 ,moral & ,political1 met n ) a mu* bett] reception4 ,su* is ! =ce ( natural temp]1 t ^! disappo9tm5ts made little or no impression on me4 ,i w5t d[n 9 #agdi & liv$ two ye>s ) my bro!r at 8 c\ntry-h\se1 = my "m 0 n[ dead4 ,i !re compos$ ! second "p ( my ,essays1 :i* ,i call$ ,political ,disc\rses1 & also my ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 :i* is ano!r "p ( my ,treatise t ,i ca/ anew4 ,mean:ile1 my booksell]1 ,a4 ,mill>1 in=m$ me t my =m] publications 7all b ! un=tunate ,treatise7 7 beg9n+ to be ! subject ( conv]sation2 t ! sale ( !m 0 gradually increas+1 & t new editions 7 dem&$4 ,answ]s by ,rev]5ds & ,"r ,rev]5ds came out two or ?ree 9 a ye>2 & ,i f\nd1 by ,dr4 ,w>burton's rail+1 t ! books 7 beg9n+ to be e/eem$ 9 good company4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _h a fix$ resolution1 :i* ,i inflexibly ma9ta9$1 nev] to reply to anybody2 & n be+ v irascible 9 my temp]1 ,i h easily kept myself cle> ( all lit]>y squabbles4 ,^! symptoms ( a ris+ reputation gave me enc\ragem5t1 z ,i 0 ev] m dispos$ to see ! fav\rable ?an unfav\rable side ( ?+s2 a turn ( m9d :i* x is m happy to possess ?an to be born to an e/ate ( t5 ?\s& a ye>4 ,9 #agea ,i remov$ f ! c\ntry to ! t[n1 ! true sc5e = a man ( lett]s4 ,9 #ageb 7 publi%$ at ,ed9burgh1 :]e ,i !n liv$1 my ,political ,disc\rses1 ! only "w ( m9e t 0 successful on ! fir/ publication4 ,x 0 well receiv$ abroad & at home4 ,9 ! same ye> 0 publi%$ at ,london my ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals2 :i*1 9 my own op9ion 7:o ought n to judge on t subject71 is ( all my writ+s1 hi/orical1 philosophical1 or lit]>y1 incomp>ably ! be/4 ,x came unnotic$ & unobs]v$ into ! _w4 ,9 #ageb ! ,faculty ( ,advocates *ose me _! ,libr>ian1 an (fice f :i* ,i receiv$ little or no emolum5t1 b :i* gave me ! comm& ( a l>ge libr>y4 ,i !n =m$ ! plan ( writ+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&2 b be+ fright5$ ) ! notion ( cont9u+ a n>rative ?r\gh a p]iod ( sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s1 ,i comm5c$ ) ! accession ( ! ,h\se ( ,/u>t1 an epo* :51 ,i ?\ght1 ! misrepres5tations ( faction began *iefly to take place4 ,i 01 ,i own1 sangu9e 9 my expectations ( ! success ( ?is "w4 ,i ?\ght t ,i 0 ! only hi/orian t _h at once neglect$ pres5t p[]1 int]e/1 & au?ority1 & ! cry ( popul> prejudices2 & z ! subject 0 suit$ to e capacity1 ,i expect$ proportional applause4 ,b mis]able 0 my disappo9tm5t3 ,i 0 assail$ by "o cry ( reproa*1 disapprobation1 & ev5 dete/ation2 ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & ,iri%1 ,:ig & ,tory1 ,*ur*man & ,sect>y1 ,free?9k] & ,religioni/1 ,patriot & ,c\rti]1 unit$ 9 _! rage aga9/ ! man :o _h presum$ to %$ a g5]\s te> = ! fate ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d2 & aft] ! fir/ ebullitions ( _! fury 7 ov]1 :at 0 /ill m mortify+1 ! book seem$ to s9k into oblivion4 ,mr4 ,mill> told me t 9 a twelvemon?1 he sold only =ty-five copies ( x4 ,i sc>cely1 inde$1 he>d ( "o man 9 ! ?ree k+doms1 consid]able = rank or lett]s1 t c\ld endure ! book4 ,i mu/ only except ! ,primate ( ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,h]r+1 & ! ,primate ( ,irel&1 ,dr4 ,/one1 :i* seem two odd exceptions4 ,^! dignifi$ prelates sep>ately s5t me messages n to be disc\rag$4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 ,i confess1 disc\rag$2 & _h n ! w> be5 at t "t break+ out betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 ,i _h c]ta9ly retir$ to "s prov9cial t[n ( ! =m] k+dom1 h *ang$ my "n1 & nev] m h return$ to my native c\ntry4 ,b z ?is s*eme 0 n n[ practicable1 & ! subsequ5t volume 0 consid]ably advanc$1 ,i resolv$ to pick up c\rage1 & to p]sev]e4 ,9 ?is int]val ,i publi%$ at ,london my ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 along ) "s o!r small pieces4 ,its public entry 0 r obscure1 except only t ,dr4 ,hurd wrote a pamphlet aga9/ x1 ) all ! illib]al petulance1 arrogance1 & scurrility :i* di/+ui% ! ,w>burtonian s*ool4 ,?is pamphlet gave me "s consolation = ! o!rwise indiff]5t reception ( my p]=mance4 ,9 #agef1 two ye>s aft] ! fall ( ! fir/ volume1 0 publi%$ ! second volume ( my ,hi/ory1 conta9+ ! p]iod f ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 till ! ,revolution4 ,?is p]=mance happ5$ to give less displeasure to ! ,:igs1 & 0 bett] receiv$4 ,x n only rose itself1 b help$ to buoy up its un=tunate bro!r4 ,b ?\gh ,i _h be5 taught1 by exp]i5ce1 t ! ,:ig p>ty 7 9 possession ( be/[+ all places1 bo? 9 ! ,/ate & 9 lit]ature1 ,i 0 s little incl9$ to yield to _! s5seless clam\r1 t 9 ab\t a hundr$ alt]ations :i* fur!r /udy1 read+1 or reflection engag$ me to make 9 ! reigns ( ! two fir/ ,/u>ts1 ,i h made all ( !m inv>iably to ! ,tory side4 ,x is ridicul\s to consid] ! ,engli% con/itution be=e t p]iod z a regul> plan ( lib]ty4 ,9 #agei ,i publi%$ my ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,tudor4 ,! clam\r aga9/ ?is p]=mance 0 almo/ equal to t aga9/ ! hi/ory ( ! two fir/ ,/u>ts4 ,! reign ( ,elizabe? 0 p>ticul>ly obnoxi\s4 ,b ,i 0 n[ call\s aga9/ ! impressions ( public folly1 & cont9u$ v peaceably & cont5t$ly 9 my retreat at ,ed9burgh1 to f9i%1 9 two volumes1 ! m e>ly "p ( ! ,engli% ,hi/ory1 :i* ,i gave to ! public 9 #agfa1 ) tol]able1 & b tol]able success4 ,b not)/&+ ?is v>iety ( w9ds & seasons1 to :i* my writ+s _h be5 expos$1 !y _h /ill be5 mak+ su* advances t ! copy-money giv5 me by ! booksell]s mu* exce$$ any?+ =m]ly kn[n 9 ,engl&2 ,i 0 become n only indep5d5t1 b opul5t4 ,i retir$ to my native c\ntry ( ,scotl&1 det]m9$ nev] m to set my foot out ( x2 & reta9+ ! satisfaction ( nev] hav+ pref]r$ a reque/ to "o great man1 or ev5 mak+ advances ( fri5d%ip to any ( !m4 ,z ,i 0 n[ turn$ ( fifty1 ,i ?\ght ( pass+ all ! re/ ( my life 9 ?is philosophical mann]1 :5 ,i receiv$1 9 #agfc1 an invitation f ! ,e>l ( ,h]t=d1 ) :om ,i 0 n 9 ! lea/ acqua9t$1 to att5d him on 8 embassy to ,p>is1 ) a ne> prospect ( be+ appo9t$ ,secret>y to ! embassy1 &1 9 ! mean:ile1 ( p]=m+ ! functions ( t (fice4 ,?is (f]1 h[ev] invit+1 ,i at fir/ decl9$1 bo? because ,i 0 reluctant to beg9 connections ) ! great1 & because ,i 0 afraid ! civilities & gay company ( ,p>is w\ld prove disagreeable to a p]son ( my age & hum\r2 b on 8 lord%ip's repeat+ ! invitation1 ,i accept$ ( x4 ,i h e reason1 bo? ( pleasure & int]e/1 to ?9k myself happy 9 my connections ) t nobleman1 z well z aft]w>ds ) 8 bro!r1 ,g5]al ,conway4 ,^? :o h n se5 ! /range effects ( ,modes1 w nev] imag9e ! reception ,i met ) at ,p>is1 f m5 & wom5 ( all ranks & /ations4 ,! m ,i resil$ f _! excessive civilities1 ! m ,i 0 load$ ) !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a real satisfaction 9 liv+ 9 ,p>is1 f ! great numb] ( s5sible1 kn[+1 & polite company ) :i* t city ab\nds above all places 9 ! univ]se4 ,i ?\ght once ( settl+ !re = life4 ,i 0 appo9t$ ,secret>y to ! embassy2 & 9 summ] #agfe1 ,"l ,h]t=d left me1 be+ appo9t$ ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&4 ,i 0 *>g d'affaires till ! arrival ( ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #agff ,i left ,p>is1 & next summ] w5t to ,ed9burgh1 ) ! same view z =m]ly1 ( bury+ myself 9 a philosophical retreat4 ,i return$ to t place1 n ri*]1 b ) mu* m money1 & a mu* l>g] income1 by means ( ,"l ,h]t=d's fri5d%ip1 ?an ,i left x2 & ,i 0 desir\s ( try+ :at sup]fluity c\ld produce1 z ,i _h =m]ly made an exp]im5t ( a compet5cy4 ,b 9 #agfg ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,conway an invitation to be ,"u ,secret>y2 & ?is invitation1 bo? ! "* ( ! p]son & my connections ) ,"l ,h]t=d prev5t$ me f decl9+4 ,i return$ to ,ed9burgh 9 #agfi1 v opul5t 7= ,i possess$ a rev5ue ( #ajjj a ye>71 heal?y1 &1 ?\gh some:at /rick5 9 ye>s1 ) ! prospect ( enjoy+ long my ease1 & ( see+ ! increase ( my reputation4 ,9 spr+ #agge1 ,i 0 /ruck ) a disord] 9 my b[els1 :i* at fir/ gave me no al>m1 b has s9ce1 z ,i appreh5d x1 become mortal & incurable4 ,i n[ reckon ^u a spe$y dissolution4 ,i h suff]$ v little pa9 f my disord]2 & :at is m /range1 h1 not)/&+ ! great decl9e ( my p]son1 nev] suff]$ a mom5t's abatem5t ( my spirits2 insomu*1 t 7 ,i to "n ! p]iod ( my life :i* ,i %\ld mo/ *oose to pass ov] aga91 ,i might be tempt$ to po9t to ?is lat] p]iod4 ,i possess ! same ard\r z ev] 9 /udy1 & ! same gaiety 9 company4 ,i consid]1 besides1 t a man ( sixty-five1 by dy+1 cuts (f only a few ye>s ( infirmities2 & ?\gh ,i see _m symptoms ( my lit]>y reputation's break+ out at la/ ) additional lu/re1 ,i knew t ,i c\ld h b few ye>s to enjoy x4 ,x is difficult to be m deta*$ f life ?an ,i am at pres5t4 ,to conclude hi/orically ) my own "*4 ,i am1 or r 0 7= t is ! /yle ,i mu/ n[ use 9 speak+ ( myself1 :i* embold5s me ! m to speak my s5tim5ts7--,i 01 ,i say1 a man ( mild dispositions1 ( comm& ( temp]1 ( an op51 social1 & *e]ful hum\r1 capable ( atta*m5t1 b little susceptible ( enmity1 & ( great mod]ation 9 all my passions4 ,ev5 my love ( lit]>y fame1 my rul+ passion1 nev] s\r$ my temp]1 not)/&+ my frequ5t disappo9tm5ts4 ,my company 0 n unacceptable to ! "y & c>eless1 z well z to ! /udi\s & lit]>y2 & z ,i took a p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! company ( mode/ wom51 ,i _h no reason to be displeas$ ) ! reception ,i met ) f !m4 ,9 a ^w1 ?\gh mo/ m5 anywise em95t h f\nd reason to compla9 ( calumny1 ,i nev] 0 t\*$1 or ev5 attack$ by h] baleful too?3 & ?\gh ,i wantonly expos$ myself to ! rage ( bo? civil & religi\s factions1 !y seem$ to be dis>m$ 9 my behalf ( _! wont$ fury4 ,my fri5ds nev] _h occasion to v9dicate any "o circum/ance ( my "* & conduct3 n b t ! zealots1 we may well suppose1 w\ld h be5 glad to inv5t & propagate any /ory to my disadvantage1 b !y nev] c\ld f9d any :i* !y ?\ght w\ld we> ! face ( probability4 ,i _c say !re is no vanity 9 mak+ ?is fun]al oration ( myself1 b ,i hope x is n a misplac$ "o2 & ?is is a matt] ( fact :i* is easily cle>$ & asc]ta9$4 ,april #ah1 #aggf4 ,,adam ,,smi?',s ,,celebrat$ ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,hume',s ,,dea?4 8,,kirkcaldy1 ,,fife%ire1 ,nov4 #i1 #aggf4 8,,de> ,,sir1--,x is ) a real1 ?\gh a v melan*oly pleasure1 t ,i sit d[n to give y "s acc\nt ( ! behavi\r ( our excell5t fri5d1 ,mr4 ,hume1 dur+ 8 la/ illness4 8,?\gh1 9 8 own judgm5t1 8 disease 0 mortal & incurable1 yet he all[$ himself to be prevail$ ^u1 by ! entreaty ( 8 fri5ds1 to try :at might be ! effects ( a long j\rney4 ,a few days be=e he set out he wrote t acc\nt ( 8 own life :i*1 toge!r ) 8 o!r pap]s1 he has left to y\r c>e4 ,my acc\nt1 !re=e1 %all beg9 :]e 8 ends4 8,he set out = ,london t[>ds ! end ( ,april1 & at ,morpe? met ) ,mr4 ,john ,home & myself1 :o _h bo? come d[n f ,london to see him1 expect+ to h f\nd him 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,mr4 ,home return$ ) him1 & att5d$ him dur+ ! :ole ( 8 /ay 9 ,engl&1 ) t c>e & att5tion :i* might be expect$ f a temp] s p]fectly fri5dly & affectionate4 ,z ,i _h writt5 to my "m t %e might expect me 9 ,scotl&1 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( cont9u+ my j\rney4 ,8 disease seem$ to yield to ex]cise & *ange ( air1 & :5 he arriv$ 9 ,london he 0 app>5tly 9 mu* bett] heal? ?an :5 he left ,ed9burgh4 ,he 0 advis$ to g to ,ba? to dr9k ! wat]s1 :i* appe>$ = "s "t to h s good an effect ^u him t ev5 he himself began to ent]ta91 :at he 0 n apt to d1 a bett] op9ion ( 8 own heal?4 ,8 symptoms1 h[ev]1 soon return$ ) _! usual viol5ce1 & f t mom5t he gave up all ?\ghts ( recov]y1 b submitt$ ) ! utmo/ *e]fulness1 & ! mo/ p]fect complac5cy & resignation4 ,^u 8 return to ,ed9burgh1 ?\gh he f\nd himself mu* weak]1 yet 8 *e]fulness nev] abat$1 & he cont9u$ to div]t himself z usual1 ) correct+ 8 own works = a new edition1 & read+ books ( amusem5t1 ) ! conv]sation ( 8 fri5ds1 &1 sometimes 9 ! ev5+1 ) a p>ty at 8 fav\rite game ( :i/4 ,8 *e]fulness 0 s great1 8 conv]sation & amusem5ts ran s mu* 9 _! usual /ra9 t1 not)/&+ all bad symptoms1 _m p c\ld n believe he 0 dy+4 #8,i %all tell y\r fri5d1 ,colonel ,edmond/one1' said ,doctor ,dundas to him "o day1 #8t ,i left y mu* bett]1 & 9 a fair way ( recov]y4' #8,doctor1' said he1 #8z ,i believe y w\ld n *oose to tell any?+ b ! tru?1 y _h bett] tell him t ,i am dy+ z fa/ z my enemies1 if ,i h any1 c\ld wi%1 & z easily & z *e]fully z my be/ fri5ds c\ld desire4' ,colonel ,edmond/one soon aft]w>ds came to see him1 & took leave ( him2 & on 8 way home he c\ld n =be> writ+ him a lett] bidd+ him once m an et]nal adieu1 & apply+ to him1 z a dy+ man1 ! beautiful ,fr5* v]ses 9 :i* ! ,abb ,*aulieu1 9 expectation ( 8 own dea?1 lam5ts 8 approa*+ sep>ation f 8 fri5d1 ! ,m>quis de la ,f>e4 ,mr4 ,hume's magnanimity & firmness 7 su*1 t 8 mo/ affectionate fri5ds knew t !y haz>d$ no?+ 9 talk+ or writ+ to him z to a dy+ man1 & t1 s f> f be+ hurt by ?is frankness1 he 0 r pleas$ & flatt]$ by x4 ,i happ5$ to come into 8 room :ile he 0 read+ ?is lett]1 :i* he _h j receiv$1 & :i* he imm$iately %[$ me4 ,i told him t ?\gh ,i 0 s5sible h[ v mu* he 0 weak5$1 & t appe>ances 7 9 _m respects v bad yet 8 *e]fulness 0 /ill s great1 ! _s ( life seem$ /ill to be s v /rong 9 him1 t ,i c\ld n help ent]ta9+ "s fa9t hopes4 ,he answ]$--#8,y\r hopes are gr\ndless4 ,an habitual di>rha ( m ?an a ye>'s /&+ w\ld be a v bad disease at any age3 at my age x is a mortal "o4 ,:5 ,i lie d[n 9 ! ev5+1 ,i feel myself weak] ?an :5 ,i rose 9 ! morn+2 & :5 ,i rise 9 ! morn+1 weak] ?an :5 ,i lay d[n 9 ! ev5+4 ,i am s5sible1 besides1 t "s ( my vital p>ts are affect$1 s t ,i mu/ soon die4' #8,well1' said ,i1 #8if x mu/ be s1 y h at lea/ ! satisfaction ( leav+ all y\r fri5ds1 y\r bro!r's family 9 p>ticul>1 9 great prosp]ity4' ,he said t he felt t satisfaction s s5sibly1 t :5 he 0 read+ a few days be=e1 ,lucian's ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 among all ! excuses :i* are alleg$ to ,*>on = n ent]+ readily into 8 boat1 he c\ld n f9d "o t fitt$ him3 he _h no h\se to f9i%1 he _h no daught] to provide =1 he _h no enemies ^u :om he wi%$ to rev5ge himself4 #8,i c\ld n well imag9e1' said he1 #8:at excuse ,i c\ld make to ,*>on 9 ord] to obta9 a little delay4 ,i h done ev]y?+ ( consequ5ce :i* ,i ev] meant to d2 & ,i c\ld at no "t expect to leave my relations & fri5ds 9 a bett] situation ?an t 9 :i* ,i am n[ l to leave !m2 ,i !re=e h all reason to die cont5t$4' ,he !n div]t$ himself ) inv5t+ sev]al jocul> excuses1 :i* he suppos$ he might make to ,*>on1 & ) imag9+ ! v surly answ]s :i* x might suit ! "* ( ,*>on to return to !m4 #8,^u fur!r consid]ation1' said he1 #8,i ?\ght ,i might say to him1 good ,*>on1 ,i h be5 correct+ my works = a new edition2 all[ me a little "t t ,i may see h[ ! public receives ! alt]ations4' ,b ,*>on w\ld answ]1 #8,:5 y h se5 ! effect ( ^!1 y w be = mak+ o!r alt]ations4 ,!re w be no end ( su* excuses2 s1 hone/ fri5d1 please /ep into ! boat4' ,b ,i might /ill urge1 #8,h a little pati5ce1 good ,*>on2 ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to op5 ! eyes ( ! public4 ,if ,i live a few ye>s long]1 ,i may h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! d[nfall ( "s ( ! prevail+ sy/ems ( sup]/ition4' ,b ,*>on w\ld !n lose all temp] & dec5cy4 #8,y loit]+ rogue2 t w n happ5 ^! _m hundr$ ye>s4 ,d y fancy ,i w grant y a lease = s long a t]m8 ,get into ! boat ?is in/ant1 y lazy1 loit]+ rogue4' 8,b ?\gh ,mr4 ,hume always talk$ ( 8 approa*+ dissolution ) great *e]fulness1 he nev] affect$ to make any p>ade ( 8 magnanimity4 ,he nev] m5tion$ ! subject b :5 ! conv]sation naturally l$ to x1 & nev] dwelt long] ^u x ?an ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation happ5$ to require2 x 0 a subject1 inde$1 :i* occurr$ pretty frequ5tly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! inquiries :i* 8 fri5ds :o came to see him naturally made conc]n+ ! /ate ( 8 heal?4 ,! conv]sation :i* ,i m5tion$ above1 & :i* pass$ on ,?ursday ! #h? ( ,augu/1 0 ! la/ except "o t ,i ev] _h ) him4 ,he _h n[ become s v weak t ! company ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds fatigu$ him2 = 8 *e]fulness 0 /ill s great1 8 complaisance & social disposition 7 /ill s entire1 t :5 any fri5d 0 ) him he c\ld n help talk+ m1 & ) great] ex]tion ?an suit$ ! weakness ( 8 body4 ,at 8 own desire1 !re=e1 ,i agre$ to leave ,ed9burgh1 :]e ,i 0 /ay+ p>tly ^u 8 acc\nt1 & return$ to my "m's h\se "h1 at ,kirkcaldy1 ^u condition t he w\ld s5d = me :5ev] he wi%$ to see me2 ! physician :o saw him mo/ frequ5tly1 ,dr4 ,black1 und]tak+ 9 ! meantime to write me occasionally an acc\nt ( ! /ate ( 8 heal?4 8,on ! #bbnd ( ,augu/ ! doctor wrote me ! foll[+ lett]3-- 8#8,s9ce my la/ ,mr4 ,hume has pass$ 8 "t pretty easily1 b is mu* weak]4 ,he sits up1 goes d[n/airs once a day1 & amuses himself ) read+1 b seldom sees anybody4 ,he f9ds t ev5 ! conv]sation ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds fatigues & oppresses him2 & x is happy t he does n ne$ x1 = he is q free f anxiety1 impati5ce1 or l[ spirits1 & passes 8 "t v well ) ! assi/ance ( amus+ books4' 8,i receiv$ ! day aft] a lett] f ,mr4 ,hume himself1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an extract3-- 8#8,,ed9burgh1 ,augu/ #bc1 #aggf4 8#8,,my ,,de>e/ ,,fri5d1--,i am oblig$ to make use ( my nephew's h& 9 writ+ to y1 z ,i d n rise to-day4 8#8,i g v fa/ to decl9e1 & la/ night _h a small fev]1 :i* ,i hop$ might put a quick] p]iod to ?is t$i\s illness2 b unluckily x has1 9 a great measure1 gone (f4 ,i _c submit to y\r com+ ov] "h on my acc\nt1 z x is possible = me to see y s small a "p ( ! day1 b ,dr4 ,black c bett] in=m y conc]n+ ! degree ( /r5g? :i* may f "t to "t rema9 ) me4 ,adieu1 etc4' 8,?ree days aft] ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ lett] f ,dr4 ,black3-- 8#8,,ed9burgh1 ,augu/ #bf?1 #aggf4 8#8,,de> ,,sir1--,ye/]day1 ab\t f\r o'clock aft]noon1 ,mr4 ,hume expir$4 ,! ne> approa* ( 8 dea? became evid5t 9 ! night betwe5 ,?ursday & ,friday1 :5 8 disease became excessive1 & soon weak5$ him s mu* t he c\ld no long] rise out ( 8 b$4 ,he cont9u$ to ! la/ p]fectly s5sible1 & free f mu* pa9 or feel+ ( di/ress4 ,he nev] dropp$ ! smalle/ expression ( impati5ce1 b :5 he _h occasion to speak to ! p ab\t him always did x ) affection & t5d]ness4 ,i ?\ght x improp] to write to br+ y ov]1 especially z ,i he>d t he _h dictat$ a lett] to y desir+ y n to come4 ,:5 he became v weak x co/ him an ef=t to speak1 & he di$ 9 su* a happy composure ( m9d t no?+ c\ld exce$ x6' 8,?us di$ our mo/ excell5t & nev]-to-be-=gott5 fri5d1 conc]n+ ^: philosophical op9ions m5 w1 no d\bt1 judge v>i\sly1 e "o approv+ or condemn+ !m accord+ z !y happ5 to co9cide or disagree ) 8 own2 b conc]n+ ^: "* & conduct !re c sc>ce be a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,8 temp]1 inde$1 seem$ to be m happily balanc$--if ,i may be all[$ su* an expression--?an t p]haps ( any o!r man ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( 8 =tune 8 great & necess>y frugality nev] h9d]$ him f ex]cis+1 ^u prop] occasions1 acts bo? ( *>ity & g5]osity4 ,x 0 a frugality f\nd$ n ^u av>ice b ^u ! love ( indep5d5cy4 ,! extreme g5tl5ess ( 8 nature nev] weak5$ ei!r ! firmness ( 8 m9d or ! /ead9ess ( 8 resolutions4 ,8 con/ant pleasantry 0 ! g5u9e effusion ( good-nature & good-hum\r temp]$ ) delicacy & mode/y1 & )\t ev5 ! slighte/ t9cture ( malignity--s frequ5tly ! disagreeable s\rce ( :at is call$ wit 9 o!r m54 ,x nev] 0 ! mean+ ( 8 raill]y to mortify1 & !re=e1 f> f (f5d+1 x seldom fail$ to please & delight ev5 ^? :o 7 ! object ( x4 ,to 8 fri5ds--:o 7 frequ5tly ! object ( x--!re 0 n p]haps any "o ( all 8 great & amiable qualities :i* contribut$ m to ende> 8 conv]sation4 ,& t gaiety ( temp]1 s agreeable 9 society1 b :i* is s (t5 accompani$ ) frivol\s & sup]ficial qualities1 0 9 him c]ta9ly att5d$ ) ! mo/ sev]e application1 ! mo/ ext5sive le>n+1 ! greate/ dep? ( ?\ght1 & a capacity 9 e respect ! mo/ compreh5sive4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i h always consid]$ him1 bo? 9 8 lifetime & s9ce 8 dea?1 z approa*+ z ne>ly to ! idea ( a p]fectly wise & virtu\s man z p]haps ! nature ( human frailty w p]mit4 8,i ev] am1 de> sir1 mo/ affectionately y\rs1 8,,adam ,,smi?40 8,x is a usual fallacy10 says ,hume 9 8,( ! ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations10 8to consid] all ! ages ( antiquity z "o p]iod40 ,! dates giv5 9 ! ,app5dix may s]ve z a corrective 9 ?is reg>d4 ,,notes1 ,,introduction4 #a ,life ( ,adam ,smi?1 8,great ,writ]s0 s]ies4 #b ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,david ,hume1 #ahdf4 #c ,see ,f\ndations ( ,political ,economy1 ,! ,walt] ,scott ,publi%+ ,company1 ,limit$4 #d ,8 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 reg>d+ ! publication ( :i* he wrote 9 #agea to ,sir ,gilb]t ,elliot1 ( ,m9to--8,i 0 c>ri$ away by ! heat ( y\? & inv5tion to publi% too precipitately4 ,s va/ an und]tak+1 plann$ be=e ,i 0 "o-&-tw5ty1 & compos$ be=e ,i 0 tw5ty-five1 mu/ necess>ily be v defective4 ,i h rep5t$ my ha/e a hundr$ & a hundr$ times40 #e ,haldane1 ,life ( ,adam ,smi?1 8,great ,writ]s0 s]ies4 #f ,hume's view is ! ju/] "h4 ,,hume',s ,,political ,,disc\rses ,illu/ration1 ornam5tal ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,! greate/ "p ( mank9d may be divid$ into two classes3 t ( %all[ ?9k]s1 :o fall %ort ( ! tru?2 & t ( ab/ruse ?9k]s1 :o g beyond x4 ,! latt] class are by f> ! mo/ uncommon2 & ,i may add1 by f> ! mo/ useful & valuable4 ,!y sugge/ h9ts1 at lea/1 & />t difficulties1 :i* !y want1 p]haps1 skill to pursue2 b :i* may produce v f9e discov]ies1 :5 h&l$ by m5 :o h a m j way ( ?9k+4 ,at wor/1 :at !y say is uncommon2 & if x %\ld co/ "s pa9s to compreh5d x1 "o has1 h[ev]1 ! pleasure ( he>+ some?+ t is new4 ,an au?or is little to be valu$ :o tells u no?+ b :at we c le>n f e c(fee-h\se conv]sation4 ,all p ( %all[ ?\ght are apt to decry ev5 ^? ( solid und]/&+1 z ab/ruse ?9k]s1 & metaphysicians1 & ref9]s2 & nev] w all[ any?+ to be j :i* is beyond _! own weak conceptions4 ,!re are "s cases1 ,i own1 :]e an extraord9>y ref9em5t af=ds a /rong presumption ( falsehood1 & :]e no reason+ is to be tru/$ b :at is natural & easy4 ,:5 a man delib]ates conc]n+ 8 conduct 9 any p>ticul> affair1 & =ms s*emes 9 politics1 trade1 economy1 or any bus9ess 9 life1 he nev] ought to draw 8 argum5ts too f9e1 or connect too long a *a9 ( consequ5ces toge!r4 ,some?+ is sure to happ5 t w disconc]t 8 reason+1 & produce an ev5t diff]5t f :at he expect$4 ,b :5 we reason ^u g5]al subjects1 "o may ju/ly affirm t our speculations c sc>ce ev] be too f9e1 provid$ !y be j2 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a common man & a man ( g5ius is *iefly se5 9 ! %all[ness or dep? ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y proce$4 ,g5]al reason+s seem intricate1 m]ely because !y are g5]al2 nor is x easy = ! bulk ( mank9d to di/+ui%1 9 a great numb] ( p>ticul>s1 t common circum/ance 9 :i* !y all agree1 or to extract x1 pure & unmix$1 f ! o!r sup]flu\s circum/ances4 ,e judgm5t or conclusion1 ) !m1 is p>ticul>4 ,!y _c enl>ge _! view to ^? univ]sal propositions :i* compreh5d "u !m an inf9ite numb] ( individuals1 & include a :ole sci5ce 9 a s+le !orem4 ,_! eye is conf\nd$ ) su* an ext5sive prospect2 & ! conclusions d]iv$ f x1 ev5 ?\gh cle>ly express$1 seem intricate & obscure4 ,b h[ev] intricate !y may seem1 x is c]ta9 t g5]al pr9ciples1 if j & s\nd1 mu/ always prevail 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s1 ?\gh !y may fail 9 p>ticul> cases2 & x is ! *ief bus9ess ( philosoph]s to reg>d ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s4 ,i may add t x is also ! *ief bus9ess ( politicians2 especially 9 ! dome/ic gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 :]e ! public good1 :i* is1 or ought to be1 _! object1 dep5ds on ! concurr5ce ( a multitude ( cases2 n1 z 9 =eign politics1 on accid5ts & *ances1 & ! caprices ( a few p]sons4 ,?is !re=e makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 p>ticul> delib]ations & g5]al reason+s1 & r5d]s subtlety & ref9em5t mu* m suitable to ! latt] ?an to ! =m]4 ,i ?\ght ?is introduction necess>y be=e ! foll[+ disc\rses on comm]ce1 money1 int]e/1 balance ( trade1 etc41 :]e1 p]haps1 !re w occur "s pr9ciples :i* are uncommon1 & :i* may seem too ref9$ & subtle = su* vulg> subjects4 ,if false1 let !m be reject$2 b no "o ought to ent]ta9 a prejudice aga9/ !m m]ely because !y are out ( ! common road4 ,! greatness ( a /ate1 & ! happ9ess ( its subjects1 h[ev] indep5d5t !y may be suppos$ 9 "s respects1 are commonly all[$ to be insep>able ) reg>d to comm]ce2 & z private m5 receive great] security 9 ! possession ( _! trade & ri*es f ! p[] ( ! public1 s ! public becomes p[]ful 9 proportion to ! ri*es & ext5sive comm]ce ( private m54 ,?is maxim is true 9 g5]al1 ?\gh ,i _c =be> ?9k+ t x may possibly admit ( "s exceptions1 & t we (t5 e/abli% x ) too little res]ve & limitation4 ,!re may be "s circum/ances :]e ! comm]ce1 & ri*es1 & luxury ( individuals1 in/ead ( add+ /r5g? to ! public1 w s]ve only to ?9 its armies1 & dim9i% its au?ority among ! neighb\r+ nations4 ,man is a v v>iable be+1 & susceptible ( _m diff]5t op9ions1 pr9ciples1 & rules ( conduct4 ,:at may be true :ile he adh]es to "o way ( ?9k+ w be f\nd false :5 he has embrac$ an opposite set ( mann]s & op9ions4 ,! bulk ( e /ate may be divid$ into husb&m5 & manufactur]s4 ,! =m] are employ$ 9 ! culture ( ! l&2 ! latt] "w up ! mat]ials furni%$ by ! =m]1 into all ! commodities :i* are necess>y & ornam5tal to human life4 ,z soon z m5 quit _! savage /ate1 :]e !y live *iefly by hunt+ & fi%+1 !y mu/ fall into ^! two classes2 ?\gh ! arts ( agriculture employ at fir/ ! mo/ num]\s "p ( ! society4#g ,"t & exp]i5ce improve s mu* ^! arts1 t ! l& may easily ma9ta9 a mu* great] numb] ( m5 ?an ^? :o are imm$iately employ$ 9 its cultivation1 or :o furni% ! m necess>y manufactures to su* z are s employ$4 ,if ^! sup]flu\s h&s apply !mselves to ! f9] arts1 :i* are commonly d5om9at$ ! arts ( luxury1 !y add to ! happ9ess ( ! /ate1 s9ce !y af=d to _m ! opportunity ( receiv+ enjoym5ts ) :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h be5 unacqua9t$4 ,b may n ano!r s*eme be propos$ = ! employm5t ( ^! sup]flu\s h&s8 ,may n ! sov]eign lay claim to !m1 & employ !m 9 fleets & armies1 to increase ! dom9ions ( ! /ate abroad1 & spread its fame ov] di/ant nations8 ,x is c]ta9 t ! few] desires & wants are f\nd 9 ! proprietors & lab\r]s ( l&1 ! few] h&s d !y employ2 & consequ5tly ! sup]fluities ( ! l&1 in/ead ( ma9ta9+ tradesm5 & manufactur]s1 may support fleets & armies to a mu* great] ext5t ?an :]e a great _m arts are requir$ to m9i/] to ! luxury ( p>ticul> p]sons4 ,"h !re=e seems to be a k9d ( opposition betwe5 ! greatness ( ! /ate & ! happ9ess ( ! subjects4 ,a /ate is nev] great] ?an :5 all its sup]flu\s h&s are employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,! ease & conv5i5ce ( private p]sons require t ^! h&s %\ld be employ$ 9 _! s]vice4 ,! "o c nev] be satisfi$ b at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,z ! ambition ( ! sov]eign mu/ entr5* on ! luxury ( individuals1 s ! luxury ( individuals mu/ dim9i% ! =ce & *eck ! ambition ( ! sov]eign4 ,nor is ?is reason+ m]ely *im]ical1 b is f\nd$ on hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,! republic ( ,sp>ta 0 c]ta9ly m p[]ful ?an any /ate n[ 9 ! _w1 consi/+ ( an equal numb] ( p1 & ?is 0 ow+ entirely to ! want ( comm]ce & luxury4 ,! ,helotes 7 ! lab\r]s3 ! ,sp>tans 7 ! soldi]s or g5tlem54 ,x is evid5t t ! lab\r ( ! ,helotes c\ld n h ma9ta9$ s great a numb] ( ,sp>tans1 _h ^! latt] liv$ 9 ease & delicacy & giv5 employm5t to a great v>iety ( trades & manufactures4 ,! l policy may be rem>k$ 9 ,rome4 ,& inde$1 ?r\gh all anci5t hi/ory1 x is obs]vable t ! smalle/ republics rais$ & ma9ta9$ great] armies ?an /ates consi/+ ( triple ! numb] ( inhabitants are able to support at pres5t4 ,x is comput$ t 9 all ,european nations ! proportion betwe5 soldi]s & p does n exce$ "o to a hundr$4 ,b we read t ! city ( ,rome alone1 ) its small t]ritory1 rais$ & ma9ta9$1 9 e>ly times1 t5 legions aga9/ ! ,lat9s4 ,a!ns1 ^: :ole dom9ions 7 n l>g] ?an ,york%ire1 s5t to ! exp$ition aga9/ ,sicily ne> =ty ?\s& m54 ,dionysius ! eld]1 x is said1 ma9ta9$ a /&+ army ( a hundr$ ?\s& foot & t5 ?\s& horse1 besides a l>ge fleet ( f\r hundr$ sail1#h ?\gh 8 t]ritories ext5d$ no f>!r ?an ! city ( ,syracuse1 ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! isl& ( ,sicily1 & "s seaport t[ns or g>risons on ! coa/ ( ,italy & ,illyricum4 ,x is true ! anci5t armies1 9 "t ( w>1 subsi/$ mu* ^u plund]2 b did n ! enemy plund] 9 _! turn8 :i* 0 a m ru9\s way ( levy+ tax ?an any o!r t c\ld be devis$4 ,9 %ort1 no probable reason c be assign$ = ! great p[] ( ! m anci5t /ates above ! mod]n b _! want ( comm]ce & luxury4 ,few artisans 7 ma9ta9$ by ! lab\r ( ! f>m]s1 & !re=e m soldi]s might live ^u x4 ,titus ,livius says t ,rome1 9 8 "t1 w\ld f9d x difficult to raise z l>ge an army z t :i*1 9 h] e>ly days1 %e s5t out aga9/ ! ,gauls & ,lat9s4 ,in/ead ( ^? soldi]s :o f\ght = lib]ty & empire 9 ,camillus's "t1 !re 7 9 ,augu/us's days musicians1 pa9t]s1 cooks1 play]s1 & tailors2 & if ! l& 0 equally cultivat$ at bo? p]iods1 x is evid5t x c\ld ma9ta9 equal numb]s 9 ! "o pr(ession z 9 ! o!r4 ,!y add$ no?+ to ! m]e necess>ies ( life 9 ! latt] p]iod m ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,x is natural on ?is occasion to ask :e!r sov]eigns may n return to ! maxims ( anci5t policy1 & consult _! own int]e/ 9 ?is respect m ?an ! happ9ess ( _! subjects4 ,i answ] t x appe>s to me almo/ impossible2 & t because anci5t policy 0 viol5t1 & contr>y to ! m natural & usual c\rse ( ?+s4 ,x is well kn[n ) :at peculi> laws ,sp>ta 0 gov]n$1 & :at a prodigy t republic is ju/ly e/eem$ by e "o :o has consid]$ human nature1 z x has display$ itself 9 o!r nations & o!r ages4 ,7 ! te/imony ( hi/ory less positive & circum/antial1 su* a gov]nm5t w\ld appe> a m]e philosophical :im or fiction1 & impossible ev] to be r$uc$ to practice4 ,& ?\gh ! ,roman & o!r anci5t republics 7 support$ on pr9ciples some:at m natural1 yet 0 !re a v extraord9>y concurr5ce ( circum/ances to make !m submit to su* griev\s burd5s4 ,!y 7 free /ates2 !y 7 small ones2 & ! age be+ m>tial1 all ! neighb\r+ /ates 7 cont9ually 9 arms4 ,fre$om naturally begets public _s1 especially 9 small /ates2 & ?is public _s1 ?is amor patri1 mu/ increase :5 ! public is almo/ 9 cont9ual al>m1 & m5 are oblig$ e mom5t to expose !mselves to ! greate/ dang]s = its def5ce4 ,a cont9ual succession ( w>s makes e citiz5 a soldi]3 he takes ! field 9 8 turn1 & dur+ 8 s]vice is *iefly ma9ta9$ by himself4 ,& not)/&+ t 8 s]vice is equival5t to a v sev]e tax1 x is less felt by a p addict$ to arms1 :o fight = hon\r & rev5ge m ?an pay1 & are unacqua9t$ ) ga9 & indu/ry z well z pleasure4#i ,n to m5tion ! great equality ( =tunes among/ ! inhabitants ( ! anci5t republics1 :]e e field belong+ to a diff]5t proprietor 0 able to ma9ta9 a family1 & r5d]$ ! numb]s ( citiz5s v consid]able1 ev5 )\t trade & manufactures4 ,b ?\gh ! want ( trade & manufactures1 among/ a free & v m>tial p1 may sometimes h no o!r effect ?an to r5d] ! public m p[]ful1 x is c]ta9 t1 9 ! common c\rse ( human affairs1 x w h a q contr>y t5d5cy4 ,sov]eigns mu/ take mank9d z !y f9d !m1 & _c pret5d to introduce any viol5t *ange 9 _! pr9ciples & ways ( ?9k+4 ,a long c\rse ( "t1 ) a v>iety ( accid5ts & circum/ances1 is requisite to produce ^? great revolutions :i* s mu* div]sify ! face ( human affairs4 ,& ! less natural any set ( pr9ciples are :i* support a p>ticul> society1 ! m difficulty w a legislator meet ) 9 rais+ & cultivat+ !m4 ,x is 8 be/ policy to comply ) ! common b5t ( mank9d1 & give x all ! improvem5ts ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! mo/ natural c\rse ( ?+s1 indu/ry1 & arts1 & trade increase ! p[] ( ! sov]eign z well z ! happ9ess ( ! subjects2 & t policy is viol5t :i* aggr&izes ! public by ! pov]ty ( individuals4 ,?is w easily appe> f a few consid]ations1 :i* w pres5t to u ! consequ5ces ( slo? & b>b>ity4 ,:]e manufactures & me*anic arts are n cultivat$1 ! bulk ( ! p mu/ apply !mselves to agriculture2 & if _! skill & indu/ry increase1 !re mu/ arise a great sup]fluity f _! lab\r beyond :at suffices to ma9ta9 !m4 ,!y h no temptation1 !re=e1 to increase _! skill & indu/ry2 s9ce !y _c ex*ange t sup]fluity = any commodities :i* may s]ve ei!r to _! pleasure or vanity4 ,a habit ( indol5ce naturally prevails4 ,! great] "p ( ! l& lies uncultivat$4 ,:at is cultivat$ yields n its utmo/1 = want ( skill or assiduity 9 ! f>m]4 ,if at any "t ! public exig5cies require t great numb]s %\ld be employ$ 9 ! public s]vice1 ! lab\r ( ! p furni%es n[ no sup]fluities by :i* ^! numb]s c be ma9ta9$4 ,! lab\r]s _c increase _! skill & indu/ry on a sudd54 ,l&s uncultivat$ _c be br\ght into tillage = "s ye>s4 ,! armies1 mean:ile1 mu/ ei!r make sudd5 & viol5t conque/s1 or disb& = want ( subsi/5ce4 ,a regul> attack or def5ce1 !re=e1 is n to be expect$ f su* a p1 & _! soldi]s mu/ be z ignorant & unskilful z _! f>m]s & manufactur]s4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is pur*as$ by lab\r1 & our passions are ! only causes ( lab\r4 ,:5 a nation ab\nds 9 manufactures & me*anic arts1 ! proprietors ( l&1 z well z ! f>m]s1 /udy agriculture z a sci5ce1 & r$\ble _! indu/ry & att5tion4 ,! sup]fluity :i* arises f _! lab\r is n lo/1 b is ex*ang$ ) ! manufactur]s = ^? commodities :i* m5's luxury n[ makes !m covet4 ,by ?is means l& furni%es a great deal m ( ! necess>ies ( life ?an :at suffices = ^? :o cultivate x4 ,9 times ( peace & tranquillity ?is sup]fluity goes to ! ma9t5ance ( manufactur]s1 & ! improv]s ( lib]al arts4 ,b x is easy = ! public to conv]t _m ( ^! manufactur]s into soldi]s1 & ma9ta9 !m by t sup]fluity :i* arises f ! lab\r ( ! f>m]s4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ?is is ! case 9 all civiliz$ gov]nm5ts4 ,:5 ! sov]eign raises an army1 :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,he imposes a tax4 ,?is tax obliges all ! p to retr5* :at is lea/ necess>y to _! subsi/5ce4 ,^? :o lab\r 9 su* commodities mu/ ei!r enli/ 9 ! troops or turn !mselves to agriculture1 & !reby oblige "s lab\r]s to enli/ = want ( bus9ess4 ,& to consid] ! matt] ab/ractly1 manufactures increase ! p[] ( ! /ate only z !y /ore up s mu* lab\r1 & t ( a k9d to :i* ! public may lay claim1 )\t depriv+ any "o ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! m lab\r1 !re=e1 is employ$ beyond m]e necess>ies1 ! m p[]ful is any /ate2 s9ce ! p]sons engag$ 9 t lab\r may easily be conv]t$ to ! public s]vice4 ,9 a /ate )\t manufactures !re may be ! same numb] ( h&s2 b !re is n ! same quantity ( lab\r1 nor ( ! same k9d4 ,all ! lab\r is !re be/[$ ^u necess>ies1 :i* c admit ( little or no abatem5t4 ,?us ! greatness ( ! sov]eign & ! happ9ess ( ! /ate are1 9 a great measure1 unit$ ) reg>d to trade & manufactures4 ,x is a viol5t me?od1 & 9 mo/ cases impracticable1 to oblige ! lab\r] to toil 9 ord] to raise f ! l& m ?an :at subsi/s himself & family4 ,furni% him ) manufactures & commodities1 & he w d x ( himself4 ,aft]w>ds y w f9d x easy to seize "s "p ( 8 sup]flu\s lab\r1 & employ x 9 ! public s]vice1 )\t giv+ him 8 wont$ return4 ,be+ accu/om$ to indu/ry1 he w ?9k ?is less griev\s ?an if1 at once1 y oblig$ him to an augm5tation ( lab\r )\t any rew>d4 ,! case is ! same ) reg>d to ! o!r memb]s ( ! /ate4 ,! great] is ! /ock ( lab\r ( all k9ds1 ! great] quantity may be tak5 f ! heap )\t mak+ any s5sible alt]ation ^u x4 ,a public gran>y ( corn1 a /oreh\se ( clo?1 a magaz9e ( arms2 all ^! mu/ be all[$ real ri*es & /r5g? 9 any /ate4 ,trade & indu/ry are really no?+ b a /ock ( lab\r1 :i*1 9 "t ( peace & tranquillity1 is employ$ = ! ease & satisfaction ( individuals2 b 9 ! exig5cies ( /ate1 may1 9 "p1 be turn$ to public advantage4 ,c\ld we conv]t a city into a k9d ( =tifi$ camp1 & infuse into ea* brea/ s m>tial a g5ius1 & su* a passion = public good1 z to make e "o will+ to und]go ! greate/ h>d%ips = ! sake ( ! public1 ^! affections might n[1 z 9 anci5t times1 prove alone a suffici5t spur to indu/ry1 & support ! community4 ,x w\ld !n be advantage\s1 z 9 camps1 to bani% all arts & luxury2 &1 by re/rictions on equipage & tables1 make ! provisions & =age la/ long] ?an if ! army 7 load$ ) a numb] ( sup]flu\s reta9]s4 ,b z ^! pr9ciples are too dis9t]e/$ & too difficult to support1 x is requisite to gov]n m5 by o!r passions1 & animate !m ) a _s ( av>ice & indu/ry1 art & luxury4 ,! camp is1 9 ?is case1 load$ ) a sup]flu\s ret9ue2 b ! provisions fl[ 9 proportionately l>g]4 ,! h>mony ( ! :ole is /ill support$1 & ! natural b5t ( ! m9d be+ m compli$ )1 individuals1 z well z ! public1 f9d _! acc\nt 9 ! obs]vance ( ^? maxims4 ,! same me?od ( reason+ w let u see ! advantage ( =eign comm]ce1 9 augm5t+ ! p[] ( ! /ate1 z well z ! ri*es & happ9ess ( ! subjects4 ,x increases ! /ock ( lab\r 9 ! nation1 & ! sov]eign may conv]t :at %>e ( x he f9ds necess>y to ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,=eign trade1 by its imports1 furni%es mat]ials = new manufactures2 & by its exports1 x produces lab\r 9 p>ticul> commodities :i* c\ld n be consum$ at home4 ,9 %ort1 a k+dom t has a l>ge import & export mu/ ab\nd m ) indu/ry1 & t employ$ ^u delicacies & luxuries1 ?an a k+dom :i* re/s cont5t$ ) its native commodities4 ,x is1 !re=e1 m p[]ful1 z well z ri*] & happi]4 ,! individuals reap ! b5efit ( ^! commodities1 s f> z !y gratify ! s5ses & appetites4 ,& ! public is also a ga9]1 :ile a great] /ock ( lab\r is1 by ?is means1 /or$ up aga9/ any public exig5cy2 t is1 a great] numb] ( labori\s m5 are ma9ta9$1 :o may be div]t$ to ! public s]vice )\t robb+ any "o ( ! necess>ies or ev5 ! *ief conv5i5ces ( life4 ,if we consult hi/ory1 we %all f9d t 9 mo/ nations =eign trade has prec$$ any ref9em5t 9 home manufactures1 & giv5 bir? to dome/ic luxury4 ,! temptation is /rong] to make use ( =eign commodities1 :i* are ready = use1 & :i* are entirely new to u1 ?an to make improvem5ts on any dome/ic commodity1 :i* always advance by sl[ degrees1 & nev] affect u by _! novelty4 ,! pr(it is also v great 9 export+ :at is sup]flu\s at home1 & :at be>s no price1 to =eign nations1 ^: soil or climate is n fav\rable to t commodity4 ,?us m5 become acqua9t$ ) ! pleasures ( luxury & ! pr(its ( comm]ce2 & _! delicacy & indu/ry1 be+ once awak5$1 c>ry !m to f>!r improvem5ts 9 e bran* ( dome/ic z well z =eign trade4 ,& ?is p]haps is ! *ief advantage :i* arises f a comm]ce ) /rang]s4 ,x r\ses m5 f _! indol5ce2 & pres5t+ ! gay] & m opul5t "p ( ! nation ) objects ( luxury1 :i* !y nev] be=e dream$ (1 raises 9 !m a desire ( a m spl5did way ( life ?an :at _! ance/ors enjoy$2 & at ! same "t ! few m]*ants :o possess ! secret ( ?is importation & exportation make exorbitant pr(its1 & becom+ rivals 9 weal? to ! anci5t nobility1 tempt o!r adv5tur]s to become _! rivals 9 comm]ce4 ,imitation soon diffuses all ^? arts2 :ile dome/ic manufactur]s emulate ! =eign 9 _! improvem5ts1 & "w up e home commodity to ! utmo/ p]fection ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,_! own /eel & iron1 9 su* labori\s h&s1 becomes equal to ! gold & rubies ( ! ,indies4 ,:5 ! affairs ( ! society are once br\ght to ?is situation1 a nation may lose mo/ ( its =eign trade1 & yet cont9ue a great & p[]ful p4 ,if /rang]s w n take any p>ticul> commodity ( ours1 we mu/ cease to lab\r 9 x4 ,! same h&s w turn !mselves t[>ds "s ref9em5t 9 o!r commodities :i* may be want$ at home4 ,& !re mu/ always be mat]ials = !m to "w ^u2 till e p]son 9 ! /ate1 :o possesses ri*es1 enjoys z great pl5ty ( home commodities1 & ^? 9 z great p]fection1 z he desires2 :i* c nev] possibly happ54 ,*9a is repres5t$ z "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ empires 9 ! _w1 ?\gh x has v little comm]ce beyond its own t]ritories4 ,x w n1 ,i hope1 be consid]$ z a sup]flu\s digression1 if ,i "h obs]ve1 t z ! multitude ( me*anical arts is advantage\s1 s is ! great numb] ( p]sons to ^: %>e ! productions ( ^! arts fall4 ,a too great disproportion among ! citiz5s weak5s any /ate4 ,e p]son1 if possible1 ought to enjoy ! fruits ( 8 lab\r1 9 a full possession ( all ! necess>ies1 & _m ( ! conv5i5ces ( life4 ,no "o c d\bt b su* an equality is mo/ suitable to human nature1 & dim9i%es mu* less f ! happ9ess ( ! ri* ?an x adds to t ( ! poor4 ,x also augm5ts ! p[] ( ! /ate1 & makes any extraord9>y taxes or impositions be paid ) mu* m *e]fulness4 ,:]e ! ri*es are engross$ by a few1 ^! mu/ contribute v l>gely to ! supply+ ! public necessities4 ,b :5 ! ri*es are disp]s$ among multitudes1 ! burd5 feels light on e %\ld]1 & ! taxes make n a v s5sible diff]5ce on any "o's way ( liv+4 ,add to ?is1 t :]e ! ri*es are 9 few h&s ^! mu/ enjoy all ! p[]1 & w readily conspire to lay ! :ole burd5 on ! poor1 & oppress !m /ill f>!r1 to ! disc\ragem5t ( all indu/ry4 ,9 ?is circum/ance consi/s ! great advantage ( ,engl& above any nation at pres5t 9 ! _w1 or t appe>s 9 ! records ( /ory4 ,x is true1 ! ,engli% feel "s disadvantages 9 =eign trade by ! high price ( lab\r1 :i* is 9 "p ! effect ( ! ri*es ( _! artisans1 z well z ( ! pl5ty ( money2 b z =eign trade is n ! mo/ mat]ial circum/ance1 x is n to be put 9 competition ) ! happ9ess ( s _m millions4 ,& if !re 7 no m to ende> to !m t free gov]nm5t "u :i* !y live1 ?is alone 7 suffici5t4 ,! pov]ty ( ! common p is a natural1 if n an infallible effect ( absolute mon>*y2 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r x be always true1 on ! o!r h&1 t _! ri*es are an infallible result ( lib]ty4 ,lib]ty mu/ be att5d$ ) p>ticul> accid5ts1 & a c]ta9 turn ( ?9k+1 9 ord] to produce t effect4 ,"l ,bacon1 acc\nt+ = ! great advantages obta9$ by ! ,engli% 9 _! w>s ) ,france1 ascribes !m *iefly to ! sup]ior ease & pl5ty ( ! common p among/ ! =m]2 yet ! gov]nm5ts ( ! two k+doms 71 at t "t1 pretty mu* alike4 ,:]e ! lab\r]s & artisans are accu/om$ to "w = l[ wages1 & to reta9 b a small "p ( ! fruits ( _! lab\r1 x is difficult = !m1 ev5 9 a free gov]nm5t1 to bett] _! condition1 or conspire among !mselves to height5 _! wages4 ,b ev5 :]e !y are accu/om$ to a m pl5tiful way ( life1 x is easy = ! ri*1 9 a despotic gov]nm5t1 to conspire aga9/ !m1 & ?r[ ! :ole burd5 ( ! taxes on _! %\ld]s4 ,x may seem an odd position1 t ! pov]ty ( ! common p 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa9 is1 9 "s measure1 ow+ to ! sup]ior ri*es ( ! soil & happ9ess ( ! climate2 & yet !re want n _m reasons to ju/ify ?is p>adox4 ,9 su* a f9e m\ld or soil z t ( ^? m s\!rn regions1 agriculture is an easy art2 & "o man1 ) a c\ple ( sorry horses1 w be able1 9 a season1 to cultivate z mu* l& z w pay a pretty consid]able r5t to ! proprietor4 ,all ! art1 :i* ! f>m] kn[s1 is to leave 8 gr\nd fall[ = a ye>1 s soon z x is exhau/$2 & ! w>m? ( ! sun alone & temp]ature ( ! climate enri* x1 & re/ore its f]tility4 ,su* poor peasants1 !re=e1 require only a simple ma9t5ance = _! lab\r4 ,!y h no /ock nor ri*es1 :i* claim m2 & at ! same "t1 !y are = ev] dep5d5t on _! l&lord1 :o gives no leases1 nor fe>s t 8 l& w be spoil$ by ! ill me?ods ( cultivation4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! l& is ri*1 b co>se2 mu/ be cultivat$ at a great exp5se2 & produces sl5d] crops1 :5 n c>efully manag$1 & by a me?od :i* gives n ! full pr(it b 9 a c\rse ( sev]al ye>s4 ,a f>m]1 !re=e1 9 ,engl& mu/ h a consid]able /ock & a long lease2 :i* beget proportional pr(its4 ,! f9e v9ey>ds ( ,*ampagne & ,burgundy1 t (t yield to ! l&lord above five p\nds p] acre1 are cultivat$ by peasants :o h sc>ce bread2 & ! reason is1 t su* peasants ne$ no /ock b _! own limbs1 ) in/rum5ts ( husb&ry :i* !y c buy = tw5ty %ill+s4 ,! f>m]s are commonly 9 "s bett] circum/ances 9 ^? c\ntries2 b ! grazi]s are mo/ at _! ease ( all ^? :o cultivate ! l&4 ,! reason is /ill ! same4 ,m5 mu/ h pr(its proportionable to _! exp5se & haz>d4 ,:]e s consid]able a numb] ( lab\r+ poor z ! peasants & f>m]s are 9 v l[ circum/ances1 all ! re/ mu/ p>take ( _! pov]ty :e!r ! gov]nm5t ( t nation be mon>*ical or republican4 ,we may =m a simil> rem>k ) reg>d to ! g5]al hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,:at is ! reason :y no p liv+ betwe5 ! tropics c\ld ev] yet atta9 to any art or civility1 or rea* ev5 any police 9 _! gov]nm5t1 & any milit>y discipl9e2 :ile few nations 9 ! temp]ate climates h be5 altoge!r depriv$ ( ^! advantages8 ,x is probable t "o cause ( ?is ph5om5on is ! w>m? & equality ( wea!r 9 ! torrid zone1 :i* r5d] clo!s & h\ses less requisite = ! inhabitants1 & !reby remove1 9 "p1 t necessity :i* is ! great spur to indu/ry & inv5tion4 ,curis acu5s mortalia corda4 ,n to m5tion t ! few] goods or possessions ( ?is k9d any p enjoy1 ! few] qu>rels are likely to arise among/ !m1 & ! less necessity w !re be = a settl$ police or regul> au?ority to protect & def5d !m f =eign enemies1 or f ea* o!r4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,comm]ce4 #g ,monsieur ,melon1 9 8 political essay on comm]ce1 ass]ts t ev5 at pres5t1 if y divide ,france into tw5ty p>ts1 sixte5 are lab\r]s or peasants1 two only artisans1 "o belong+ to ! law1 *ur*1 & milit>y1 & "o m]*ants1 f9anci]s1 & b\rgeois4 ,?is calculation is c]ta9ly v errone\s4 ,9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & inde$ mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 half ( ! inhabitants live 9 cities2 & ev5 ( ^? :o live 9 ! c\ntry1 a v great numb] are artisans1 p]haps above a ?ird4 #h ,diod4 ,sic41 lib4 #b4 ,?is acc\nt1 ,i own1 is some:at suspici\s1 n to say worse1 *iefly because ?is army 0 n compos$ ( citiz5s1 b ( m]c5>y =ces4 #i ,! m anci5t ,romans liv$ 9 p]petual w> ) all _! neighb\rs2 & 9 old ,lat9 ! t]m 8ho/is0 express$ bo? a /rang] & an enemy4 ,?is is rem>k$ by ,cic]o2 b by him is ascrib$ to ! humanity ( 8 ance/ors1 :o s(t5$1 z mu* z possible1 ! d5om9ation ( an enemy by call+ him by ! same appellation :i* signifi$ a /rang]4 7,de ,(f41 lib4 #b47 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m probable1 f ! mann]s ( ! times1 t ! f]ocity ( ^? p 0 s great z to make !m reg>d all /rang]s z enemies1 & call !m by ! same "n4 ,x is n1 besides1 consi/5t ) ! mo/ common maxims ( policy or ( nature t any /ate %\ld reg>d its public enemies ) a fri5dly eye1 or pres]ve any su* s5tim5ts = !m z ! ,roman orator w\ld ascribe to 8 ance/ors4 ,n to m5tion t ! e>ly ,romans really ex]cis$ piracy1 z we le>n f _! fir/ treaties ) ,c>?age1 pres]v$ by ,polybius1 lib4 #c1 & consequ5tly1 l ! ,sallee & ,alg]9e rov]s1 7 actually at w> ) mo/ nations1 & a /rang] & an enemy 7 ) !m almo/ synonym\s4 ,,( ,,ref9em5t ,,9 ,,! ,,arts4 ,luxury is a ^w ( a v unc]ta9 signification1 & may be tak5 9 a good z well z 9 a bad s5se4 ,9 g5]al1 x means great ref9em5t 9 ! gratification ( ! s5ses1 & any degree ( x may be innoc5t or blameable1 accord+ to ! age1 or c\ntry1 or condition ( ! p]son4 ,! b\nds betwe5 ! virtue & ! vice _c "h be fix$ exactly1 m ?an 9 o!r moral subjects4 ,to imag9e t ! gratify+ any ( ! s5ses1 or ! indulg+ any delicacy 9 meats1 dr9ks1 or app>el1 is 9 itself a vice1 c nev] ent] into a head t is n disord]$ by ! fr5zies ( en?usiasm4 ,i h1 inde$1 he>d ( a monk abroad :o1 because ! w9d[s ( 8 cell op5$ ^u a v noble prospect1 made a cov5ant ) 8 eyes nev] to turn t way1 or receive s s5sual a gratification4 ,& su* is ! crime ( dr9k+ *ampagne or burgundy1 pref]ably to small be] or port]4 ,^! indulg5ces are only vices :5 !y are pursu$ at ! exp5se ( "s virtue1 z lib]ality or *>ity2 9 l mann] z !y are follies :5 = !m a man ru9s 8 =tune1 & r$uces himself to want & begg>y4 ,:]e !y entr5* ^u no virtue1 b leave ample subject :5ce to provide = fri5ds1 family1 & e prop] object ( g5]osity or compassion1 !y are entirely innoc5t1 & h 9 e age be5 ackn[l$g$ su* by almo/ all morali/s4 ,to be entirely occupi$ ) ! luxury ( ! table1 = in/ance1 )\t any reli% = ! pleasures ( ambition1 /udy1 or conv]sation1 is a m>k ( gross /upidity1 & is incompatible ) any vig\r ( temp] or g5ius4 ,to conf9e "o's exp5se entirely to su* a gratification1 )\t reg>d to fri5ds or family1 is an indication ( a he>t entirely devoid ( humanity or b5evol5ce4 ,b if a man res]ve "t suffici5t = all laudable pursuits1 & money suffici5t = all g5]\s purposes1 he is free f e %ad[ ( blame or reproa*4 ,s9ce luxury may be consid]$ ei!r z innoc5t or blameable1 "o may be surpris$ at ^? prepo/]\s op9ions :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ conc]n+ x2 :ile m5 ( lib]t9e pr9ciples be/[ praises ev5 on vici\s luxury1 & repres5t x z highly advantage\s to society2 & on ! o!r h&1 m5 ( sev]e morals blame ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t luxury1 & reg>d x z ! s\rce ( all ! corruptions1 disord]s1 & factions incid5t to civil gov]nm5t4 ,we %all "h endeav\r to correct bo? ^! extremes1 by prov+1 fir/1 t ! ages ( ref9em5t are bo? ! happie/ & mo/ virtu\s2 secondly1 t :]ev] luxury ceases to be innoc5t1 x also ceases to be b5eficial2 & :5 c>ri$ a degree too f>1 is a quality p]nici\s1 ?\gh p]haps n ! mo/ p]nici\s1 to political society4 ,to prove ! fir/ po9t1 we ne$ b consid] ! effects ( ref9em5t bo? on private & on public life4 ,human happ9ess1 accord+ to ! mo/ receiv$ notions1 seems to consi/ 9 ?ree +r$i5ts3 action1 pleasure1 & indol5ce2 & ?\gh ^! +r$i5ts ought to be mix$ 9 diff]5t proportions1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> dispositions ( ! p]son1 yet no "o +r$i5t c be entirely want+ )\t de/roy+1 9 "s measure1 ! reli% ( ! :ole composition4 ,indol5ce or repose1 inde$1 seems n ( itself to contribute mu* to our enjoym5t2 b1 l sleep1 is requisite z an indulg5ce to ! weakness ( human nature1 :i* _c support an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( bus9ess or pleasure4 ,t quick m>* ( ! spirits :i* takes a man f himself1 & *iefly gives satisfaction1 does 9 ! end exhau/ ! m9d1 & requires "s int]vals ( repose1 :i*1 ?\gh agreeable = a mom5t1 yet1 if prolong$1 beget a languor & le?>gy t de/roy all enjoym5t4 ,education1 cu/om1 & example h a mighty influ5ce 9 turn+ ! m9d to any ( ^! pursuits2 & x mu/ be own$1 t :]e !y promote a reli% = action & pleasure1 !y are s f> fav\rable to human happ9ess4 ,9 times :5 indu/ry & arts fl\ri%1 m5 are kept 9 p]petual occupation1 & enjoy1 z _! rew>d1 ! occupation itself1 z well z ^? pleasures :i* are ! fruits ( _! lab\r4 ,! m9d acquires new vig\r2 enl>ges its p[]s & faculties2 & by an assiduity 9 hone/ indu/ry1 bo? satisfies its natural appetites & prev5ts ! gr[? ( unnatural ones1 :i* commonly spr+ up :5 n\ri%$ ) ease & idl5ess4 ,bani% ^? arts f society1 y deprive m5 bo? ( action & ( pleasure2 & leav+ no?+ b indol5ce 9 _! place1 y ev5 de/roy ! reli% ( indol5ce1 :i* nev] is agreeable b :5 x succe$s to lab\r1 & recruits ! spirits1 exhau/$ by too mu* application & fatigue4 ,ano!r advantage ( indu/ry & ( ref9em5ts 9 ! me*anical arts is t !y commonly produce "s ref9em5ts 9 ! lib]al2 nor c ! "o be c>ri$ to p]fection )\t be+ accompani$1 9 "s degree1 ) ! o!r4 ,! same age :i* produces great philosoph]s & politicians1 r5[n$ g5]als & poets1 usually ab\nds ) skilful weav]s & %ip-c>p5t]s4 ,we _c reasonably expect t a piece ( wooll5 clo? w be wr\ght to p]fection 9 a nation :i* is ignorant ( a/ronomy1 or :]e e?ics are neglect$4 ,! _s ( ! age affects all ! arts2 & ! m9ds ( m51 be+ once r\s$ f _! le?>gy & put into a f]m5tation1 turn !mselves on all sides1 & c>ry improvem5ts into e art & sci5ce4 ,pr(\nd ignorance is totally bani%$1 & m5 enjoy ! privilege ( rational creatures1 to ?9k z well z to act1 to cultivate ! pleasures ( ! m9d z well z ^? ( ! body4 ,! m ^! ref9$ arts advance1 ! m sociable d m5 become2 nor is x possible t1 :5 enri*$ ) sci5ce & possess$ ( a fund ( conv]sation1 !y %\ld be cont5t$ to rema9 9 solitude1 or live ) _! fell[-citiz5s 9 t di/ant mann] :i* is peculi> to ignorant & b>b>\s nations4 ,!y flock into cities2 love to receive & communicate k2 to %[ _! wit or _! bre$+2 _! ta/e 9 conv]sation or liv+1 9 clo!s or furniture4 ,curiosity allures ! wise2 vanity ! fooli%2 & pleasure bo?4 ,p>ticul> clubs & societies are ev]y:]e =m$1 bo? sexes meet 9 an easy & sociable mann]1 & ! temp]s ( m51 z well z _! behavi\r1 ref9e apace4 ,s t1 besides ! improvem5ts :i* !y receive f k & ! lib]al arts1 x is impossible b !y mu/ feel an increase ( humanity f ! v habit ( conv]s+ toge!r & contribut+ to ea* o!r's pleasure & ent]ta9m5t4 ,?us indu/ry1 k1 & humanity are l9k$ toge!r by an indissoluble *a91 & are f\nd1 f exp]i5ce z well z reason1 to be peculi> to ! m poli%$1 &1 :at are commonly d5om9at$1 ! m luxuri\s ages4 ,nor are ^! advantages att5d$ ) disadvantages :i* be> any proportion to !m4 ,! m m5 ref9e ^u pleasure ! less w !y indulge 9 excesses ( any k9d1 because no?+ is m de/ructive to true pleasure ?an su* excesses4 ,"o may safely affirm t ! ,t>t>s are (t5] guilty ( bea/ly gluttony :5 !y fea/ on _! dead horses ?an ,european c\rti]s ) all _! ref9em5ts ( cook]y4 ,& if lib]t9e love1 or ev5 infidelity to ! m>riage-b$1 be m frequ5t 9 polite ages1 :5 x is (t5 reg>d$ only z a piece ( gallantry1 drunk5ness1 on ! o!r h&1 is mu* less common--a vice m odi\s & m p]nici\s bo? to m9d & body4 ,& 9 ?is matt] ,i w\ld appeal n only to an ,ovid or a ,petronius1 b to a ,s5eca or a ,cato4 ,we "k t ,cs>1 dur+ ,catil9e's conspiracy1 be+ necessitat$ to put into ,cato's h&s a billet-d\x :i* discov]$ an intrigue ) ,s]vilia1 ,cato's own si/]1 t /]n philosoph] ?rew x back to him ) indignation1 &1 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 wra?1 gave him ! appellation ( drunk>d1 z a t]m m opprobri\s ?an t ) :i* he c\ld m ju/ly h reproa*$ him4 ,b indu/ry1 k1 & humanity are n advantage\s 9 private life alone2 !y diffuse _! b5eficial influ5ce on ! public1 & r5d] ! gov]nm5t z great & fl\ri%+ z !y make individuals happy & prosp]\s4 ,! increase & consumption ( all ! commodities :i* s]ve to ! ornam5t & pleasure ( life are advantage\s to society1 because at ! same "t t !y multiply ^? innoc5t gratifications to individuals1 !y are a k9d ( /oreh\se ( lab\r1 :i*1 9 ! exig5cies ( /ate1 may be turn$ to ! public s]vice4 ,9 a nation :]e !re is no dem& = su* sup]fluities m5 s9k into indol5ce1 lose all ! enjoym5t ( life1 & are useless to ! public1 :i* _c ma9ta9 nor support its fleets & armies f ! indu/ries ( su* slo?ful memb]s4 ,! b\nds ( all ! ,european k+doms are at pres5t pretty ne> ! same !y 7 two hundr$ ye>s ago2 b :at a diff]5ce is !re 9 ! p[] & gr&eur ( ^? k+doms6 ,:i* c be ascrib$ to no?+ b ! increase ( art & indu/ry4 ,:5 ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france invad$ ,italy1 he c>ri$ ) him ab\t #bj1jjj m52 & yet ?is armam5t s exhau/$ ! nation1 z we le>n f ,guicci>d91 t = "s ye>s x 0 n able to make s great an ef=t4 ,! late ,k+ ( ,france1 9 "t ( w>1 kept 9 pay above #djj1jjj m51#aj ?\gh f ,maz>9's dea? to 8 own he 0 engag$ 9 a c\rse ( w>s t la/$ ne> ?irty ye>s4 ,?is indu/ry is mu* promot$ by ! k insep>able f ! ages ( art & ref9em5t2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is k enables ! public to make ! be/ advantage ( ! indu/ry ( its subjects4 ,laws1 ord]1 police1 discipl9e--^! c nev] be c>ri$ to any degree ( p]fection be=e human reason has ref9$ itself by ex]cise1 & by an application to ! m vulg> arts1 at lea/1 ( comm]ce & manufactures4 ,c we expect t a gov]nm5t w be well modell$ by a p :o "k n h[ to make a sp9n+-:eel1 or to employ a loom to advantage8 ,n to m5tion t all ignorant ages are infe/$ ) sup]/ition1 :i* ?r[s ! gov]nm5t (f its bias1 & di/urbs m5 9 ! pursuit ( _! int]e/ & happ9ess4 ,k 9 ! arts ( gov]nm5t naturally begets mildness & mod]ation1 by in/ruct+ m5 9 ! advantages ( humane maxims above rig\r & sev]ity1 :i* drive subjects into rebellion1 & r5d] ! return to submission impracticable1 by cutt+ (f all hopes ( p>don4 ,:5 ! temp]s ( m5 are s(t5$ z well z _! k improv$1 ?is humanity appe>s /ill m conspicu\s1 & is ! *ief *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es a civiliz$ age f times ( b>b>ity & ignorance4 ,factions are !n less invet]ate1 revolutions less tragical1 au?ority less sev]e1 & s$itions less frequ5t4 ,ev5 =eign w>s abate ( _! cruelty2 & aft] ! field ( battle1 :]e hon\r & int]e/ /eel m5 aga9/ compassion z well z fe>1 ! combatants dive/ !mselves ( ! brute1 & resume ! man4 ,nor ne$ we fe> t m51 by los+ _! f]ocity1 w lose _! m>tial _s1 or become less undaunt$ & vigor\s 9 def5ce ( _! c\ntry or _! lib]ty4 ,! arts h no su* effect 9 en]vat+ ei!r ! m9d or body4 ,on ! contr>y1 indu/ry1 _! insep>able att5dant1 adds new =ce to bo?4 ,& if ang]1 :i* is said to be ! :et/one ( c\rage1 loses some:at ( its asp]ity by polit5ess & ref9em5t1 a s5se ( hon\r1 :i* is a /rong]1 m con/ant1 & m gov]nable pr9ciple1 acquires fre% vig\r by t elevation ( g5ius :i* arises f k & a good education4 ,add to ?is t c\rage c nei!r h any duration nor be ( any use :5 n accompani$ ) discipl9e & m>tial skill1 :i* are seldom f\nd among a b>b>\s p4 ,! anci5ts rem>k$ t ,datames 0 ! only b>b>ian t ev] knew ! art ( w>4 ,& ,pyrrhus1 see+ ! ,romans m>%al _! army ) "s art & skill1 said ) surprise1 8,^! b>b>ians h no?+ b>b>\s 9 _! discipl9e60 ,x is obs]vable t z ! old ,romans1 by apply+ !mselves solely to w>1 7 ! only unciviliz$ p t ev] possess$ milit>y discipl9e1 s ! ,italians are ! only civiliz$ p among ,europeans t ev] want$ c\rage & a m>tial _s4 ,^? :o w\ld ascribe ?is effem9acy ( ! ,italians to _! luxury or polit5ess1 or application to ! arts1 ne$ b consid] ! ,fr5* & ,engli%1 ^: brav]y is z inconte/able z _! love = luxury & _! assiduity 9 comm]ce4 ,! ,italian hi/orians give u a m satisfactory reason = ?is deg5]acy ( _! c\ntrym54 ,!y %[ u h[ ! sword 0 dropp$ at once by all ! ,italian sov]eigns2 :ile ! ,v5etian ari/ocracy 0 jeal\s ( its subjects1 ! ,flor5t9e democracy appli$ itself entirely to comm]ce2 ,rome 0 gov]n$ by prie/s1 & ,naples by wom54 ,w> !n became ! bus9ess ( soldi]s ( =tune1 :o sp>$ "o ano!r1 &1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! _w1 c\ld engage a :ole day 9 :at !y call$ a battle1 & return at night to _! camp )\t ! lea/ blood%$4 ,:at has *iefly induc$ sev]e morali/s to declaim aga9/ ref9em5t 9 ! arts is ! example ( anci5t ,rome1 :i*1 jo9+ to its pov]ty & ru/icity1 virtue & public _s1 rose to su* a surpris+ height ( gr&eur & lib]ty2 b hav+ le>n$ f its conqu]$ prov9ces ! ,asiatic luxury1 fell into e k9d ( corruption1 :5ce arose s$ition & civil w>s1 att5d$ at la/ ) ! total loss ( lib]ty4 ,all ! ,lat9 classics1 :om we p]use 9 our infancy1 are full ( ^! s5tim5ts1 & univ]sally ascribe ! ru9 ( _! /ate to ! arts & ri*es import$ f ! ,ea/3 insomu* t ,sallu/ repres5ts a ta/e = pa9t+ z a vice no less ?an lewdness & dr9k+4 ,& s popul> 7 ^! s5tim5ts dur+ ! latt] ages ( ! republic1 t ?is au?or ab\nds 9 praises ( ! old rigid ,roman virtue1 ?\gh himself ! mo/ egregi\s in/ance ( mod]n luxury & corruption2 speaks contemptu\sly ( ! ,grecian eloqu5ce1 ?\gh ! mo/ eloqu5t writ] 9 ! _w2 nay1 employs prepo/]\s digressions & declamations to ?is purpose1 ?\gh a model ( ta/e & correctness4 ,b x w\ld be easy to prove t ^! writ]s mi/ook ! cause ( ! disord]s 9 ! ,roman /ate1 & ascrib$ to luxury & ! arts :at really proce$$ f an ill-modell$ gov]nm5t & ! unlimit$ ext5t ( conque/s4 ,ref9em5t on ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life has no natural t5d5cy to beget v5ality & corruption4 ,! value :i* all m5 put ^u any p>ticul> pleasure dep5ds on comp>ison & exp]i5ce2 nor is a port] less gre$y ( money1 :i* he sp5ds on bacon & br&y1 ?an a c\rti]1 :o pur*ases *ampagne & ortolans4 ,ri*es are valuable at all times1 & to all m51 because !y always pur*ase pleasures su* z m5 are accu/om$ to & desire2 nor c any?+ re/ra9 or regulate ! love ( money b a s5se ( hon\r & virtue1 :i*1 if x be n ne>ly equal at all times1 w naturally ab\nd mo/ 9 ages ( k & ref9em5t4 ,( all ,european k+doms1 ,pol& seems ! mo/ defective 9 ! arts ( w>1 z well z peace1 me*anical z well z lib]al2 & yet x is !re t v5ality & corruption d mo/ prevail4 ,! nobles seem to h pres]v$ _! cr[n elective = no o!r purpose b regul>ly to sell x to ! highe/ bidd]2 ?is is almo/ ! only species ( comm]ce ) :i* t p are acqua9t$4 ,! lib]ties ( ,engl&1 s f> f decay+ s9ce ! improvem5ts 9 ! arts1 h nev] fl\ri%$ s mu* z dur+ t p]iod4 ,& ?\gh corruption may seem to increase ( late ye>s1 ?is is *iefly to be ascrib$ to our e/abli%$ lib]ty1 :5 our pr9ces h f\nd ! impossibility ( gov]n+ )\t p>liam5ts1 or ( t]rify+ p>liam5ts by ! phantom ( pr]ogative4 ,n to m5tion t ?is corruption or v5ality prevails inf9itely m among ! electors ?an ! elect$1 & !re=e _c ju/ly be ascrib$ to any ref9em5ts 9 luxury4 ,if we consid] ! matt] 9 a prop] light1 we %all f9d t improvem5ts 9 ! arts are r fav\rable to lib]ty1 & h a natural t5d5cy to pres]ve1 if n produce a free gov]nm5t4 ,9 rude1 unpoli%$ nations1 :]e ! arts are neglect$1 all ! lab\r is be/[$ on ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd2 & ! :ole society is divid$ into two classes--proprietors ( l& & _! vassals or t5ants4 ,! latt] are necess>ily dep5d5t1 & fitt$ = slav]y & subjection2 especially :]e !y possess no ri*es1 & are n valu$ = _! k 9 agriculture1 z mu/ always be ! case :]e ! arts are neglect$4 ,! =m] naturally erect !mselves into petty tyrants1 & mu/ ei!r submit to an absolute ma/] = ! sake ( peace & ord]1 or if !y w pres]ve _! indep5d5cy1 l ! anci5t b>ons1 !y mu/ fall into feuds & conte/s among !mselves1 & ?r[ ! :ole society into su* confusion z is p]haps worse ?an ! mo/ despotic gov]nm5t4 ,b :]e luxury n\ri%es comm]ce & indu/ry1 ! peasants1 by a prop] cultivation ( ! l&1 become ri* & indep5d5t2 :ile ! tradesm5 & m]*ants acquire a %>e ( ! prop]ty1 & draw au?ority & consid]ation to t middl+ rank ( m51 :o are ! be/ & firme/ basis ( public lib]ty4 ,^! submit n to slav]y1 l ! poor peasants1 f pov]ty & meanness ( _s2 & hav+ no hopes ( tyranniz+ ov] o!rs1 l ! b>ons1 !y are n tempt$1 = ! sake ( t gratification1 to submit to ! tyranny ( _! sov]eign4 ,!y covet equal laws1 :i* may secure _! prop]ty1 & pres]ve !m f mon>*ical z well z ari/ocratical tyranny4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons is ! support ( our popul> gov]nm5t1 & all ! _w ackn[l$ges t x ow$ its *ief influ5ce & consid]ation to ! increase ( comm]ce1 :i* ?rew su* a balance ( prop]ty into ! h&s ( ! commons4 ,h[ inconsi/5t !n is x to blame s viol5tly a ref9em5t 9 ! arts1 & to repres5t x z ! bane ( lib]ty & public _s6 ,to declaim aga9/ pres5t times1 & magnify ! virtue ( remote ance/ors1 is a prop5sity almo/ inh]5t 9 human nature3 & z ! s5tim5ts & op9ions ( civiliz$ ages alone are transmitt$ to po/]ity1 h5ce x is t we meet ) s _m sev]e judgm5ts pron\nc$ aga9/ luxury1 & ev5 sci5ce2 & h5ce x is t at pres5t we give s ready an ass5t to !m4 ,b ! fallacy is easily p]ceiv$ f comp>+ diff]5t nations t are contempor>ies1 :]e we bo? judge m imp>tially & c bett] set 9 opposition ^? mann]s ) :i* we are suffici5tly acqua9t$4 ,trea*]y & cruelty1 ! mo/ p]nici\s & mo/ odi\s ( all vices1 seem peculi> to unciviliz$ ages2 & by ! ref9$ ,greeks & ,romans 7 ascrib$ to all ! b>b>\s nations :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,!y might ju/ly1 !re=e1 h presum$ t _! own ance/ors1 s highly celebrat$1 possess$ no great] virtue1 & 7 z mu* inf]ior to _! po/]ity 9 hon\r & humanity z 9 ta/e & sci5ce4 ,an anci5t ,frank or ,saxon may be highly extoll$2 b ,i believe e man w\ld ?9k 8 life or =tune mu* less secure 9 ! h&s ( a ,moor or ,t>t> ?an 9 ^? ( a ,fr5* or ,engli% g5tleman1 ! rank ( m5 ! mo/ civiliz$ 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ nations4 ,we come n[ to ! second position :i* we propos$ to illu/rate--viz41 t z innoc5t luxury1 or a ref9em5t 9 ! arts & conv5i5ces ( life1 is advantage\s to ! public1 s1 :]ev] luxury ceases to be innoc5t1 x also ceases to be b5eficial2 & :5 c>ri$ a degree f>!r1 beg9s to be a quality p]nici\s1 ?\gh p]haps n ! mo/ p]nici\s1 to political society4 ,let u consid] :at we call vici\s luxury4 ,no gratification1 h[ev] s5sual1 c ( itself be e/eem$ vici\s4 ,a gratification is only vici\s :5 x engrosses all a man's exp5se1 & leaves no ability = su* acts ( duty & g5]osity z are requir$ by 8 situation & =tune4 ,suppose t he correct ! vice1 & employ "p ( 8 exp5se 9 ! education ( 8 *ildr51 9 ! support ( 8 fri5ds1 & 9 reliev+ ! poor1 w\ld any prejudice result to society8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! same consumption w\ld arise1 & t lab\r :i* at pres5t is employ$ only 9 produc+ a sl5d] gratification to "o man1 w\ld relieve ! necessit\s1 & be/[ satisfaction on hundr$s4 ,! same c>e & toil :i* raise a di% ( peas at ,*ri/mas w\ld give bread to a :ole family dur+ six mon?s4 ,to say t1 )\t a vici\s luxury1 ! lab\r w\ld n h be5 employ$ at all1 is only to say t !re is "s o!r defect 9 human nature1 su* z indol5ce1 selfi%ness1 inatt5tion to o!rs1 = :i* luxury 9 "s measure provides a rem$y1 z "o poison may be an antidote to ano!r4 ,b virtue1 l :olesome food1 is bett] ?an poisons1 h[ev] correct$4 ,suppose ! same numb] ( m5 t are at pres5t 9 ,brita91 ) ! same soil & climate3 ,i ask1 is x n possible = !m to be happi]1 by ! mo/ p]fect way ( life :i* c be imag9$1 & by ! greate/ re=mation :i* ,omnipot5ce itself c\ld "w 9 _! temp] & disposition8 ,to ass]t t !y _c appe>s evid5tly ridicul\s4 ,z ! l& is able to ma9ta9 m ?an all its inhabitants1 !y c\ld nev]1 9 su* a ,utopian /ate1 feel any o!r ills ?an ^? :i* arise f bodily sickness2 & ^! are n ! half ( human mis]ies4 ,all o!r ills spr+ f "s vice1 ei!r 9 ourselves or o!rs2 & ev5 _m ( our diseases proce$ f ! same orig94 ,remove ! vices1 & ! ills foll[4 ,y mu/ only take c>e to remove all ! vices4 ,if y remove "p1 y may r5d] ! matt] worse4 ,by bani%+ vici\s luxury1 )\t cur+ slo? & an indiff]5ce to o!rs1 y only dim9i% indu/ry 9 ! /ate1 & add no?+ to m5's *>ity or _! g5]osity4 ,let u1 !re=e1 re/ cont5t$ ) ass]t+ t two opposite vices 9 a /ate may be m advantage\s ?an ei!r ( !m alone2 b let u nev] pron\nce vice 9 itself advantage\s4 ,is x n v inconsi/5t = an au?or to ass]t 9 "o page t moral di/9ctions are inv5tions ( politicians = public int]e/1 & 9 ! next page ma9ta9 t vice is advantage\s to ! public8#aa ,& inde$ x seems1 ^u any sy/em ( morality1 little less ?an a contradiction 9 t]ms to talk ( a vice :i* is 9 g5]al b5eficial to society4 ,prodigality is n to be conf\nd$ ) a ref9em5t 9 ! arts4 ,x ev5 appe>s t t vice is mu* less frequ5t 9 ! cultivat$ ages4 ,indu/ry & ga9 beget frugality1 among ! l[] & middle ranks ( m51 & 9 all ! busy pr(essions4 ,m5 ( high rank1 inde$1 x may be pret5d$1 are m allur$ by ! pleasures1 :i* become m frequ5t4 ,b idl5ess is ! great s\rce ( prodigality at all times1 & !re are pleasures & vanities 9 e age1 :i* allure m5 equally :5 !y are unacqua9t$ ) bett] enjoym5ts4 ,n to m5tion t ! high int]e/ paid 9 rude times quickly consumes ! =tunes ( ! l&$ g5try1 & multiplies _! necessities4 ,i ?\ght ?is reason+ necess>y 9 ord] to give "s light to a philosophical "q :i* has be5 mu* disput$ 9 ,brita94 ,i call x a philosophical "q1 n a political "o2 = :atev] may be ! consequ5ce ( su* a miracul\s trans=mation ( mank9d z w\ld end[ !m ) e species ( virtue & free !m f e species ( vice1 ?is conc]ns n ! magi/rate1 :o aims only at possibilities4 ,he _c cure e vice by sub/itut+ a virtue 9 its place4 ,v (t5 he c only cure "o vice by ano!r1 & 9 t case he ought to pref] :at is lea/ p]nici\s to society4 ,luxury1 :5 excessive1 is ! s\rce ( _m ills2 b x is 9 g5]al pref]able to slo? & idl5ess1 :i* w\ld commonly succe$ 9 its place1 & are m p]nici\s bo? to private p]sons & to ! public4 ,:5 slo? reigns1 a mean1 uncultivat$ way ( life prevails among/ individuals1 )\t society1 )\t enjoym5t4 ,& if ! sov]eign1 9 su* a situation1 dem&s ! s]vice ( 8 subjects1 ! lab\r ( ! /ate suffices only to furni% ! necess>ies ( life to ! lab\r]s1 & c af=d no?+ to ^? :o are employ$ 9 ! public s]vice4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,ref9em5t ,,9 ,,! ,,arts4 #aj ,! inscription on ! ,place de ,v5dme says #ddj1jjj4 #aa ,fable ( ! ,bees4 ,,( ,,money4 ,money is n1 prop]ly speak+1 "o ( ! subjects ( comm]ce1 b only ! in/rum5t :i* m5 h agre$ ^u to facilitate ! ex*ange ( "o commodity = ano!r4 ,x is none ( ! :eels ( trade2 x is ! oil :i* r5d]s ! motion ( ! :eels m smoo? & easy4 ,if we consid] any "o k+dom by itself1 x is evid5t t ! great] or less pl5ty ( money is ( no consequ5ce1 s9ce ! prices ( commodities are always proportion$ to ! pl5ty ( money1 & a cr[n 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's "t s]v$ ! same purpose z a p\nd does at pres5t4 ,x is only ! public :i* draws any advantage f ! great] pl5ty ( money1 & t only 9 its w>s & negotiations ) =eign /ates4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y all ri* & trad+ c\ntries1 f ,c>?age to ,brita9 & ,holl&1 h employ$ m]c5>y troops1 :i* !y hir$ f _! poor] neighb\rs4 ,7 !y to make use ( _! native subjects1 !y w\ld f9d less advantage f _! sup]ior ri*es1 & f _! great pl5ty ( gold & silv]1 s9ce ! pay ( all _! s]vants mu/ rise 9 proportion to ! public opul5ce4 ,our small army 9 ,brita9 ( #bj1jjj m5 is ma9ta9$ at z great exp5se z a ,fr5* army ?rice z num]\s4 ,! ,engli% fleet1 dur+ ! late w>1 requir$ z mu* money to support x z all ! ,roman legions :i* kept ! :ole _w 9 subjection dur+ ! "t ( ! emp]ors4#ab ,! great] numb] ( p & _! great] indu/ry are s]viceable 9 all cases--at home & abroad1 9 private & 9 public4 ,b ! great] pl5ty ( money is v limit$ 9 its use1 & may ev5 sometimes be a loss to a nation 9 its comm]ce ) =eign]s4 ,!re seems to be a happy concurr5ce ( causes 9 human affairs :i* *ecks ! gr[? ( trade & ri*es1 & h9d]s !m f be+ conf9$ entirely to "o p1 z might naturally at fir/ be dread$ f ! advantages ( an e/abli%$ comm]ce4 ,:]e "o nation has got ! />t ( ano!r 9 trade x is v difficult = ! latt] to rega9 ! gr\nd x has lo/1 because ( ! sup]ior indu/ry & skill ( ! =m]1 & ! great] /ocks ( :i* its m]*ants are possess$1 & :i* enable !m to trade = s mu* small] pr(its4 ,b ^! advantages are comp5sat$1 9 "s measure1 by ! l[ price ( lab\r 9 e nation :i* has n an ext5sive comm]ce1 & does n v mu* ab\nd 9 gold & silv]4 ,manufactures1 !re=e1 gradually %ift _! places1 leav+ ^? c\ntries & prov9ces :i* !y h already enri*$1 & fly+ to o!rs1 :i!r !y are allur$ by ! *eapness ( provisions & lab\r1 till !y h enri*$ ^! also & are aga9 bani%$ by ! same causes4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 we may obs]ve t ! de>ness ( ev]y?+1 f pl5ty ( money1 is a disadvantage :i* att5ds an e/abli%$ comm]ce1 & sets b\nds to x 9 e c\ntry by enabl+ ! poor] /ates to "u-sell ! ri*] 9 all =eign m>kets4 ,?is has made me ent]ta9 a great d\bt conc]n+ ! b5efit ( banks & pap]-cr$it1 :i* are s g5]ally e/eem$ advantage\s to e nation4 ,t provisions & lab\r %\ld become de> by ! increase ( trade & money is1 9 _m respects1 an inconv5i5ce2 b an inconv5i5ce t is unavoidable1 & ! effect ( t public weal? & prosp]ity :i* are ! end ( all our wi%es4 ,x is comp5sat$ by ! advantages :i* we reap f ! possession ( ^! preci\s metals1 & ! weight :i* !y give ! nation 9 all =eign w>s & negotiations4 ,b !re appe>s no reason = increas+ t inconv5i5ce by a c\nt]feit money1 :i* =eign]s w n accept 9 any paym5t1 & :i* any great disord] 9 ! /ate w r$uce to no?+4 ,!re are1 x is true1 _m p 9 e ri* /ate :o1 hav+ l>ge sums ( money1 w\ld pref] pap] ) good security1 z be+ ( m easy transport & m safe cu/ody4 ,if ! public provide n a bank1 private bank]s w take advantage ( ?is circum/ance2 z ! goldsmi?s =m]ly did 9 ,london1 or z ! bank]s d at pres5t 9 ,dubl92 & !re=e x is bett]1 x may be ?\ght1 t a public company %\ld enjoy ! b5efit ( ! pap]-cr$it :i* always w h place 9 e opul5t k+dom4 ,b to endeav\r artificially to increase su* a cr$it c nev] be ! int]e/ ( any trad+ nation2 b mu/ lay !m "u disadvantages1 by increas+ money beyond its natural proportion to lab\r & commodities1 & !reby height5+ _! price to ! m]*ant & manufactur]4 ,& 9 ?is view1 x mu/ be all[$ t no bank c\ld be m advantage\s ?an su* a "o z lock$ up all ! money x receiv$1#ac & nev] augm5t$ ! circulat+ co91 z is usual1 by return+ "p ( its treasure into comm]ce4 ,a public bank by ?is exp$i5t might cut (f mu* ( ! deal+s ( private bank]s & money-jobb]s2 & ?\gh ! /ate bore ! *>ge ( sal>ies to ! directors & tell]s ( ?is bank 7=1 accord+ to ! prec$+ supposition1 x w\ld h no pr(it f its deal+s71 ! national advantage1 result+ f ! l[ price ( lab\r & ! de/ruction ( pap]-cr$it1 w\ld be a suffici5t comp5sation4 ,n to m5tion t s l>ge a sum1 ly+ ready at comm&1 w\ld be a great conv5i5ce 9 times ( public dang] & di/ress2 & :at "p ( x 0 us$ might be replac$ at leisure1 :5 peace & tranquillity 7 re/or$ to ! nation4 ,b ( ?is subject ( pap]-cr$it we %all treat m l>gely h]eaft]1 & ,i %all f9i% ?is essay on money by propos+ & expla9+ two obs]vations1 :i* may p]haps s]ve to employ ! ?\ghts ( our speculative politicians1 = to ^! only ,i all along address myself4 ,x is en\gh t ,i submit to ! ridicule sometimes 9 ?is age atta*$ to ! "* ( a philosoph]1 )\t add+ to x t :i* belongs to a projector4 ,x 0 a %rewd obs]vation ( ,ana*>sis ! ,scy?ian1 :o _h nev] se5 money 9 8 own c\ntry1 t gold & silv] seem$ to him ( no use to ! ,greeks b to assi/ !m 9 num]ation & ari?metic4 ,x is inde$ evid5t t money is no?+ b ! repres5tation ( lab\r & commodities1 & s]ves only z a me?od ( rat+ or e/imat+ !m4 ,:]e co9 is 9 great] pl5ty1 z a great] quantity ( x is requir$ to repres5t ! same quantity ( goods1 x c h no effect1 ei!r good or bad1 tak+ a nation )9 itself2 no m ?an x w\ld make any alt]ation on a m]*ant's books if1 in/ead ( ! ,arabian me?od ( notation1 :i* requires few *>act]s1 he %\ld make use ( ! ,roman1 :i* requires a great _m4 ,nay1 ! great] quantity ( money1 l ! ,roman *>act]s1 is r inconv5i5t1 & requires great] tr\ble bo? to keep & transport x4 ,b not)/&+ ?is conclusion1 :i* mu/ be all[$ j1 x is c]ta9 t s9ce ! discov]y ( m9es 9 ,am]ica indu/ry has increas$ 9 all ! nations ( ,europe1 except 9 ! possessors ( ^? m9es2 & ?is may ju/ly be ascrib$1 among/ o!r reasons1 to ! increase ( gold & silv]4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t 9 e k+dom into :i* money beg9s to fl[ 9 great] abundance ?an =m]ly ev]y?+ takes a new face2 lab\r & indu/ry ga9 life1 ! m]*ant becomes m ent]pris+1 ! manufactur] m dilig5t & skilful1 & ev5 ! f>m] foll[s 8 pl\gh ) great] alacrity & att5tion4 ,?is is n easily to be acc\nt$ =1 if we consid] only ! influ5ce :i* a great] abundance ( co9 has 9 ! k+dom itself1 by height5+ ! price ( commodities1 & oblig+ e "o to pay a great] numb] ( ^! little yell[ or :ite pieces = ev]y?+ he pur*ases4 ,& z to =eign trade1 x appe>s t great pl5ty ( money is r disadvantage\s1 by rais+ ! price ( e k9d ( lab\r4 ,to acc\nt1 !n1 = ?is ph5om5on1 we mu/ consid] t ?\gh ! high price ( commodities be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! increase ( gold & silv]1 yet x foll[s n imm$iately ^u t increase2 b "s "t is requir$ be=e ! money circulates ?r\gh ! :ole /ate1 & makes its effects be felt on all ranks ( p4 ,at fir/1 no alt]ation is p]ceiv$2 by degrees ! price rises1 fir/ ( "o commodity !n ( ano!r1 till ! :ole at la/ rea*es a j proportion ) ! new quantity ( specie :i* is 9 ! k+dom4 ,9 my op9ion1 x is only 9 ?is int]val or int]m$iate situation1 betwe5 ! acquisition ( money & rise ( prices1 t ! increas+ quantity ( gold & silv] is fav\rable to indu/ry4 ,:5 any quantity ( money is import$ into a nation1 x is n at fir/ disp]s$ into _m h&s1 b is conf9$ to ! c(f]s ( a few p]sons1 :o imm$iately seek to employ x to ! be/ advantage4 ,"h are a set ( manufactur]s or m]*ants1 we %all suppose1 :o h receiv$ returns ( gold & silv] = goods :i* !y s5t to ,cadiz4 ,!y are !reby enabl$ to employ m workm5 ?an =m]ly1 :o nev] dream ( dem&+ high] wages1 b are glad ( employm5t f su* good payma/]s4 ,if workm5 become sc>ce1 ! manufactur] gives high] wages1 b at fir/ requires an increase ( lab\r2 & ?is is will+ly submitt$ to by ! artisan1 :o c n[ eat & dr9k bett]1 to comp5sate 8 additional toil & fatigue4 ,he c>ries 8 money to m>ket1 :]e he f9ds ev]y?+ at ! same price z =m]ly1 b returns ) great] quantity & ( bett] k9ds1 = ! use ( 8 family4 ,! f>m] & g>d5]1 f9d+ t all commodities are tak5 (f1 apply !mselves ) alacrity to ! rais+ m2 & at ! same "t c af=d to take bett] & m clo!s f _! tradesm51 ^: price is ! same z =m]ly1 & _! indu/ry only :ett$ by s mu* new ga94 ,x is easy to trace ! money 9 its progress ?r\gh ! :ole commonweal?2 :]e we %all f9d t x mu/ fir/ quick5 ! dilig5ce ( e individual1 be=e x increase ! price ( lab\r4 ,& t ! specie may increase to a consid]able pit* be=e x h ?is latt] effect appe>s1 among/ o!r in/ances1 f ! frequ5t op]ations ( ! ,fr5* k+ on ! money2 :]e x 0 always f\nd t ! augm5t+ ! num]>y value did n produce a proportional rise ( ! prices1 at lea/ = "s "t4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 money 0 rais$ ?ree-sev5?s1 b prices augm5t$ only "o4 ,corn 9 ,france is n[ sold at ! same price1 or = ! same numb] ( livres x 0 9 #afhc2 ?\gh silv] 0 !n at ?irty livres ! m>k1 & is n[ at fifty2#ad n to m5tion ! great addition ( gold & silv] :i* may h come into t k+dom s9ce ! =m] p]iod4 ,f ! :ole ( ?is reason+ we may conclude t x is ( no mann] ( consequ5ce1 ) reg>d to ! dome/ic happ9ess ( a /ate1 :e!r money be 9 a great] or less quantity4 ,! good policy ( ! magi/rate consi/s only 9 keep+ x1 if possible1 /ill increas+2 because1 by t means1 he keeps alive a _s ( indu/ry 9 ! nation1 & increases ! /ock ( lab\r1 9 :i* consi/s all real p[] & ri*es4 ,a nation ^: money decreases is actually1 at t "t1 mu* weak] & m mis]able ?an ano!r nation :i* possesses no m money b is on ! increas+ h&4 ,?is w be easily acc\nt$ = if we consid] t ! alt]ations 9 ! quantity ( money1 ei!r on ! "o side or ! o!r1 are n imm$iately att5d$ ) proportionable alt]ations 9 ! prices ( commodities4 ,!re is always an int]val be=e matt]s be adju/$ to _! new situation1 & ?is int]val is z p]nici\s to indu/ry :5 gold & silv] are dim9i%+ z x is advantage\s :5 ^! metals are increas+4 ,! workman has n ! same employm5t f ! manufactur] & m]*ant1 ?\gh he pays ! same price = ev]y?+ 9 ! m>ket2 ! f>m] _c dispose ( 8 corn & cattle1 ?\gh he mu/ pay ! same r5t to 8 l&lord4 ,! pov]ty1 & begg>y1 & slo? :i* mu/ ensue are easily =ese54 ,! second obs]vation :i* ,i propos$ to make ) reg>d to money may be expla9$ aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,!re are "s k+doms1 & _m prov9ces 9 ,europe 7& all ( !m 7 once 9 ! same condition71 :]e money is s sc>ce t ! l&lord c get none at all f 8 t5ants1 b is oblig$ to take 8 r5t 9 k9d1 & ei!r to consume x himself1 or transport x to places :]e he may f9d a m>ket4 ,9 ^? c\ntries ! pr9ce c levy few or no taxes b 9 ! same mann]2 & z he w receive v small b5efit f impositions s paid1 x is evid5t t su* a k+dom has v little =ce ev5 at home1 & _c ma9ta9 fleets & armies to ! same ext5t z if e "p ( x ab\nd$ 9 gold & silv]4#ae ,!re is surely a great] disproportion betwixt ! =ce ( ,g]many at pres5t & :at x 0 ?ree c5turies ago1 ?an !re is 9 its indu/ry1 p1 & manufactures4 ,! ,au/rian dom9ions 9 ! empire are 9 g5]al well peopl$ & well cultivat$1 & are ( great ext5t1 b h n a proportionable weight 9 ! balance ( ,europe2 proce$+1 z is commonly suppos$1 f ! sc>city ( money4 ,h[ d all ^! facts agree ) t pr9ciple ( reason1 t ! quantity ( gold & silv] is 9 itself altoge!r indiff]5t8 ,accord+ to t pr9ciple1 :]ev] a sov]eign has numb]s ( subjects1 & ^! h pl5ty ( commodities1 he %\ld ( c\rse be great & p[]ful1 & !y ri* & happy1 indep5d5t ( ! great] or less] abundance ( ! preci\s metals4 ,^! admit ( divisions & subdivisions to a great ext5t2 & :]e !y w\ld become s small z to be 9 dang] ( be+ lo/1 x is easy to mix !m ) a bas] metal1 z is practis$ 9 "s c\ntries ( ,europe1 & by t means raise !m to a bulk m s5sible & conv5i5t4 ,!y /ill s]ve ! same purposes ( ex*ange1 :atev] _! numb] may be1 or :atev] col\r !y may be suppos$ to h4 ,to ^! difficulties1 ,i answ] t ! effect "h suppos$ to fl[ f sc>city ( money really arises f ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! inhabitants1 & t we mi/ake1 z is too usual1 a collat]al effect = a cause4 ,! contradiction is only app>5t1 b x requires "s ?\ght & reflection to discov] ! pr9ciples by :i* we c reconcile reason to exp]i5ce4 ,x seems a maxim almo/ self-evid5t t ! prices ( ev]y?+ dep5d on ! proportion betwe5 commodities & money1 & t any consid]able alt]ation on ei!r ( ^! has ! same effect1 ei!r ( height5+ or l[]+ ! prices4 ,increase ! commodities1 !y become *eap]2 increase ! money1 !y rise 9 _! value4 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 a dim9ution ( ! =m] & t ( ! latt] h contr>y t5d5cies4 ,x is also evid5t t ! prices d n s mu* dep5d on ! absolute quantity ( commodities & t ( money :i* are 9 a nation1 z 9 t ( ! commodities :i* come or may come to m>ket1 & ( ! money :i* circulates4 ,if ! co9 be lock$ up 9 *e/s1 x is ! same ?+ ) reg>d to prices z if x 7 annihilat$2 if ! commodities be ho>d$ 9 gran>ies1 a l effect foll[s4 ,z ! money & commodities1 9 ^! cases1 nev] meet1 !y _c affect ea* o!r4 ,7 we1 at any "t1 to =m conjectures conc]n+ ! price ( provisions1 ! corn :i* ! f>m] mu/ res]ve = ! ma9t5ance ( himself & family ought nev] to ent] into ! e/imation4 ,x is only ! ov]plus1 comp>$ to ! dem&1 t det]m9es ! value4 ,to apply ^! pr9ciples1 we mu/ consid] t 9 ! fir/ & m uncultivat$ ages ( any /ate1 ere fancy has conf\nd$ h] wants ) ^? ( nature1 m51 cont5t$ ) ! productions ( _! own fields1 or ) ^? rude prep>ations :i* !y !mselves c "w ^u !m1 h little occasion = ex*ange1 or at lea/ = money1 :i*1 by agreem5t1 is ! common measure ( ex*ange4 ,! wool ( ! f>m]'s own flock1 spun 9 8 own family1 & wr\ght by a neighb\r+ weav]1 :o receives 8 paym5t 9 corn or wool1 suffices = furniture or clo?+4 ,! c>p5t]1 ! smi?1 ! mason1 ! tailor are reta9$ by wages ( a l nature2 & ! l&lord himself1 dwell+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 is cont5t$ to receive 8 r5t 9 ! commodities rais$ by ! f>m]4 ,! greate/ "p ( ^! he consumes at home1 9 ru/ic hospitality2 ! re/1 p]haps1 he disposes ( = money to ! neighb\r+ t[n1 :5ce he draws ! few mat]ials ( 8 exp5se & luxury4 ,b aft] m5 beg9 to ref9e on all ^! enjoym5ts1 & live n always at home1 nor are cont5t$ ) :at c be rais$ 9 _! neighb\rhood1 !re is m ex*ange & comm]ce ( all k9ds1 & m money ent]s into t ex*ange4 ,! tradesm5 w n be paid 9 corn1 because !y want some?+ m ?an b>ley to eat4 ,! f>m] goes beyond 8 own p>i% = ! commodities he pur*ases1 & _c always c>ry 8 commodities to ! m]*ant :o supplies him4 ,! l&lord lives 9 ! capital1 or 9 a =eign c\ntry1 & dem&s 8 r5t 9 gold & silv]1 :i* c easily be transport$ to him4 ,great und]tak]s1 & manufactur]s1 & m]*ants arise 9 e commodity2 & ^! c conv5i5tly deal 9 no?+ b 9 specie4 ,& consequ5tly1 9 ?is situation ( society1 ! co9 ent]s into _m m contracts1 & by t means is mu* m employ$ ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,! necess>y effect is1 t1 provid$ ! money does n increase 9 ! nation1 ev]y?+ mu/ become mu* *eap] 9 times ( indu/ry & ref9em5t ?an 9 rude1 uncultivat$ ages4 ,x is ! proportion betwe5 ! circulat+ money & ! commodities 9 ! m>ket :i* det]m9es ! prices4 ,goods t are consum$ at home1 or ex*ang$ ) o!r goods 9 ! neighb\rhood1 nev] come to m>ket2 !y affect n 9 ! lea/ ! curr5t specie2 ) reg>d to x !y are z if totally annihilat$2 & consequ5tly ?is me?od ( us+ !m s9ks ! proportion on ! side ( ! commodities & increases ! prices4 ,b aft] money ent]s into all contracts & sales1 & is ev]y:]e ! measure ( ex*ange1 ! same national ca% has a mu* great] task to p]=m3 all commodities are !n 9 ! m>ket2 ! sph]e ( circulation is enl>g$2 x is ! same case z if t individual sum 7 to s]ve a l>g] k+dom2 & !re=e1 ! proportion be+ "h less5$ on ! side ( ! money1 ev]y?+ mu/ become *eap]1 & ! prices gradually fall4 ,by ! mo/ exact computations t h be5 =m$ all ov] ,europe1 aft] mak+ all[ance = ! alt]ation 9 ! num]>y value or ! d5om9ation1 x is f\nd t ! prices ( all ?+s h only ris5 ?ree1 or at mo/1 f\r times1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,b w any "o ass]t t !re is n mu* m ?an f\r times ! co9 9 ,europe t 0 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & ! c5turies prec$+ x8 ,! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese f _! m9es1 ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,dut* by _! ,african trade1 & by _! int]lop]s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 br+ home six millions a ye>1 ( :i* n above a ?ird "p goes to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,?is sum alone 9 t5 ye>s w\ld probably d\ble ! anci5t /ock ( money 9 ,europe4 ,& no o!r satisfactory reason c be giv5 :y all prices h n ris5 to a mu* m exorbitant height1 except t d]iv$ f a *ange ( cu/oms & mann]s4 ,besides t m commodities are produc$ by additional indu/ry1 ! same commodities come m to m>ket aft] m5 dep>t f _! anci5t simplicity ( mann]s2 & ?\gh ?is increase has n be5 equal to t ( money1 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 consid]able1 & has pres]v$ ! proportion betwe5 co9 & commodities ne>] ! anci5t /&>d4 ,7 ! "q propos$1 ,:i* ( ^! me?ods ( liv+ 9 ! p1 ! simple or ref9$1 is mo/ advantage\s to ! /ate or public8 ,i %\ld1 )\t mu* scruple1 pref] ! latt]1 9 a view to politics at lea/2 & %\ld produce ?is z an additional reason = ! enc\ragem5t ( trade & manufactures4 ,:5 m5 live 9 ! anci5t simple mann]1 & supply all _! necess>ies f dome/ic indu/ry or f ! neighb\rhood1 ! sov]eign c levy no taxes 9 money f a consid]able "p ( 8 subjects2 & if he w impose on !m any burd5s1 he mu/ take 8 paym5t 9 commodities1 ) :i* alone !y ab\nd--a me?od att5d$ ) su* great & obvi\s inconv5i5ces1 t !y ne$ n "h be insi/$ on4 ,all ! money he c pret5d to raise mu/ be f 8 pr9cipal cities1 :]e alone x circulates2 & ^!1 x is evid5t1 _c af=d him s mu* z ! :ole /ate c\ld1 did gold & silv] circulate ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,b besides ?is obvi\s dim9ution ( ! rev5ue1 !re is also ano!r cause ( ! pov]ty ( ! public 9 su* a situation4 ,n only ! sov]eign receives less money1 b ! same money goes n s f> z 9 times ( indu/ry & g5]al comm]ce4 ,ev]y?+ is de>] :]e ! gold & silv] are suppos$ equal1 & t because few] commodities come to m>ket1 & ! :ole co9 be>s a high] proportion to :at is to be pur*as$ by x1 :5ce alone ! prices ( ev]y?+ are fix$ & det]m9$4 ,"h !n we may le>n ! fallacy ( ! rem>k1 (t5 to be met ) 9 hi/orians1 & ev5 9 common conv]sation1 t any p>ticul> /ate is weak1 ?\gh f]tile1 popul\s1 & well cultivat$1 m]ely because x wants money4 ,x appe>s t ! want ( money c nev] injure any /ate )9 itself3 = m5 & commodities are ! real /r5g? ( any community4 ,x is ! simple mann] ( liv+ :i* "h hurts ! public1 by conf9+ ! gold & silv] to few h&s & prev5t+ its univ]sal diffusion & circulation4 ,on ! contr>y1 indu/ry & ref9em5ts ( all k9ds incorporate x ) ! :ole /ate1 h[ev] small its quantity may be2 !y dige/ x into e ve91 s to speak1 & make x ent] into e transaction & contract4 ,no h& is entirely empty ( x4 ,& z ! prices ( ev]y?+ fall by t means1 ! sov]eign has a d\ble advantage3 he may draw money by 8 taxes f e "p ( ! /ate1 & :at he receives goes f>!r 9 e pur*ase & paym5t4 ,we may inf]1 f a comp>ison ( prices1 t money is n m pl5tiful 9 ,*9a ?an x 0 9 ,europe ?ree c5turies ago2 b :at imm5se p[] is t empire possess$ (1 if we may judge by ! civil & milit>y li/ ma9ta9$ by x6 ,polybius tells u t provisions 7 s *eap 9 ,italy dur+ 8 "t t 9 "s places ! /at$ club#af at ! inns 0 a semis a head1 little m ?an a f>?+6 ,yet ! ,roman p[] _h ev5 !n subdu$ ! :ole kn[n _w4 ,ab\t a c5tury be=e t p]iod ! ,c>?ag9ian ambassador said1 by way ( raill]y1 t no p liv$ m sociably among/ !mselves ?an ! ,romans1 = t 9 e ent]ta9m5t :i*1 z =eign m9i/]s1 !y receiv$ !y /ill obs]v$ ! same plate at e table4 ,! absolute quantity ( ! preci\s metals is a matt] ( great indiff]5ce4 ,!re are only two circum/ances ( any importance--viz41 _! gradual increase & _! ?or\gh concoction & circulation ?r\gh ! /ate2 & ! influ5ce ( bo? ^! circum/ances has be5 "h expla9$4 ,9 ! foll[+ essay we %all see an in/ance ( a l fallacy z t above m5tion$1 :]e a collat]al effect is tak5 = a cause1 & :]e a consequ5ce is ascrib$ to ! pl5ty ( money2 ?\gh x be really ow+ to a *ange 9 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,money4 #ab ,a private soldi] 9 ! ,roman infantry _h a d5>ius a day1 some:at less ?an eightp5ce4 ,! ,roman emp]ors _h commonly #be legions 9 pay1 :i*1 all[+ #ejjj m5 to a legion1 makes #abe1jjj4 7,tacitus1 ,ann4 lib4 #d47 ,x is true !re 7 also auxili>ies to ! legions1 b _! numb]s are unc]ta9 z well z _! pay4 ,to consid] only ! legion>ies1 ! pay ( ! private m5 c\ld n exce$ #a1fjj1jjj4 ,n[1 ! ,p>liam5t 9 ! la/ w> commonly all[$ = ! fleet #b1ejj1jjj4 ,we h !re=e #ijj1jjj ov] = ! (fic]s & o!r exp5ses ( ! ,roman legions4 ,!re seem to h be5 b few (fic]s 9 ! ,roman armies 9 comp>ison ( :at are employ$ 9 all our mod]n troops1 except "s ,swiss corps4 ,& ^! (fic]s _h v small pay3 a c5turion1 = in/ance1 only d\ble a common soldi]4 ,& z ! soldi]s f _! pay 7,tacitus1 ,ann4 lib4 #a7 b\ght _! own clo!s1 arms1 t5ts1 & baggage1 ?is mu/ also dim9i% consid]ably ! o!r *>ges ( ! army4 ,s little exp5sive 0 t mighty ,gov]nm5t1 & s easy 0 its yoke ov] ! _w4 ,&1 inde$1 ?is is ! m natural conclusion f ! =ego+ calculations2 = money1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,egypt1 seems to h be5 ne>ly 9 z great pl5ty at ,rome z x is at pres5t 9 ! ri*e/ ( ! ,european k+doms4 #ac ,?is is ! case ) ! bank ( ,am/]dam4 #ad ,^! facts ,i give ^u ! au?ority ( ,monsieur du ,tot 9 8 ,reflexions politiques1 an au?or ( reputation2 ?\gh ,i mu/ confess t ! facts :i* he advances on o!r occasions are (t5 s suspici\s z to make 8 au?ority less 9 ?is matt]4 ,h[ev]1 ! g5]al obs]vation t ! augm5t+ ! money 9 ,france does n at fir/ proportionably augm5t ! prices is c]ta9ly j4 ,by ! by1 ?is seems to be "o ( ! be/ reasons :i* c be giv5 = a gradual & univ]sal augm5tation ( ! money1 ?\gh x has be5 entirely ov]look$ 9 all ^? volumes :i* h be5 writt5 on t "q by ,melon1 ,du ,tot1 & ,p>is de ,v]ney4 ,7 all our money1 = in/ance1 reco9$1 & a p5ny's wor? ( silv] tak5 f e %ill+1 ! new %ill+ w\ld probably pur*ase ev]y?+ t c\ld h be5 b\ght by ! old2 ! prices ( ev]y?+ w\ld !reby be ins5sibly dim9i%$2 =eign trade enliv5$2 & dome/ic indu/ry1 by ! circulation ( a great] numb] ( p\nds & %ill+s1 w\ld receive "s increase & enc\ragem5t4 ,9 execut+ su* a project1 x w\ld be bett] to make ! new %ill+ pass = tw5ty-f\r half-p5ce1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! illusion1 & make x be tak5 = ! same4 ,& z a reco9age ( our silv] beg9s to be requisite1 by ! cont9ual we>+ ( our %ill+s & six-p5ces1 x may be d\btful :e!r we ought to imitate ! example 9 ,k+ ,william's reign1 :5 ! clipp$ money 0 rais$ to ! old /&>d4 #ae ,! ,italians gave to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ! nickname ( ,po*i-,dan>i4 ,none ( ! ent]prises ( t pr9ce ev] succe$$1 = want ( money4 ,,( ,,int]e/4 ,no?+ is e/eem$ a m c]ta9 sign ( ! fl\ri%+ condition ( any nation ?an ! l[ness ( int]e/2 & ) reason1 ?\gh ,i believe ! cause is some:at diff]5t f :at is commonly appreh5d$4 ,! l[ness ( int]e/ is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! pl5ty ( money2 b money1 h[ev] pl5tiful1 has no o!r effect1 if fix$1 ?an to raise ! price ( lab\r4 ,silv] is m common ?an gold1 & !re=e y receive a great quantity ( x = ! same commodities4 ,b d y pay less int]e/ = x8 ,int]e/ 9 ,batavia & ,jamaica is at #aj p] c5t41 9 ,portugal at #f2 ?\gh ^! places1 z we may le>n f ! prices ( ev]y?+1 ab\nd mu* m 9 gold & silv] ?an ei!r ,london or ,am/]dam4 ,7 all ! gold 9 ,engl& annihilat$ at once1 & "o-&-tw5ty %ill+s sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( e gu9ea1 w\ld money be m pl5tiful & int]e/ l[]8 ,no surely2 we %\ld only use silv] in/ead ( gold4 ,7 gold r5d]$ z common z silv]1 & silv] z common z copp]1 w\ld money be m pl5tiful & int]e/ l[]8 ,we may assur$ly give ! same answ]4 ,our %ill+s w\ld !n be yell[1 & our halfp5ce :ite2 & we %\ld h no gu9eas4 ,no o!r diff]5ce w\ld ev] be obs]v$2 no alt]ation on comm]ce1 manufactures1 navigation1 or int]e/2 unless we imag9e t ! col\r ( ! metal is ( any consequ5ce4 ,n[1 :at is s visible 9 ^! great] v>iations ( sc>city or abundance ( ! preci\s metals mu/ hold 9 all inf]ior *anges4 ,if ! multiply+ gold & silv] fifte5 times makes no diff]5ce1 mu* less c ! d\bl+ or tripl+ !m4 ,all augm5tation has no o!r effect ?an to height5 ! price ( lab\r & commodities2 & ev5 ?is v>iation is little m ?an t ( a "n4 ,9 ! progress t[>ds ^! *anges ! augm5tation may h "s influ5ce by excit+ indu/ry2 b aft] ! prices are settl$1 suitable to ! new abundance ( gold & silv]1 x has no mann] ( influ5ce4 ,an effect always holds proportion ) its cause4 ,prices h ris5 ab\t f\r times s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ,indies1 & x is probable t gold & silv] h multipli$ mu* m2 b int]e/ has n fall5 mu* above a half4 ,! rate ( int]e/1 !re=e1 is n d]iv$ f ! quantity ( ! preci\s metals4 ,money hav+ m]ely a fictiti\s value1 aris+ f ! agreem5t & conv5tion ( m51 ! great] or less pl5ty ( x is ( no consequ5ce1 if we consid] a nation )9 itself2 & ! quantity ( specie1 :5 once fix$1 ?\gh nev] s l>ge1 has no o!r effect ?an to oblige e "o to tell out a great] numb] ( ^? %9+ bits ( metal = clo!s1 furniture1 or equipage1 )\t increas+ any "o conv5i5ce ( life4 ,if a man borr[s money to build a h\se1 he !n c>ries home a great] load2 because ! /one1 timb]1 lead1 glass1 etc41 ) ! lab\r ( ! masons & c>p5t]s1 are repres5t$ by a great] quantity ( gold & silv]4 ,b z ^! metals are consid]$ m]ely z repres5tations1 !re c no alt]ation arise f _! bulk or quantity1 _! weight or col\r1 ei!r ^u _! real value or _! int]e/4 ,! same int]e/1 9 all cases1 be>s ! same proportion to ! sum4 ,& if y l5t me s mu* lab\r & s _m commodities1 by receiv+ #e p] c5t4 y receive always proportional lab\r & commodities1 h[ev] repres5t$1 :e!r by yell[ or :ite co91 :e!r by a p\nd or an ounce4 ,x is 9 va91 !re=e1 to look = ! cause ( ! fall or rise ( int]e/ 9 ! great] or less quantity ( gold & silv] :i* is fix$ 9 any nation4 ,high int]e/ arises f ?ree circum/ances3 ,a great dem& = borr[+2 little ri*es to supply t dem&2 & great pr(its aris+ f comm]ce4 ,& ^! circum/ances are a cle> pro( ( ! small advance ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 n ( ! sc>city ( gold & silv]4 ,l[ int]e/1 on ! o!r h&1 proce$s f ! ?ree opposite circum/ances3 ,a small dem& = borr[+2 great ri*es to supply t dem&2 & small pr(its aris+ f comm]ce4 ,& ^! circum/ances are all connect$ toge!r1 & proce$ f ! increase ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 n ( gold & silv]4 ,we %all endeav\r to prove ^! po9ts z fully & di/9ctly z possible1 & %all beg9 ) ! causes & ! effects ( a great or small dem& = borr[+4 ,:5 ! p h em]g$ ev] s little f a savage /ate1 & _! numb]s h increas$ beyond ! orig9al multitude1 !re mu/ imm$iately arise an inequality ( prop]ty2 & :ile "s possess l>ge tracts ( l&1 o!rs are conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits1 & "s are entirely )\t any l&$ prop]ty4 ,^? :o possess m l& ?an !y c lab\r employ ^? :o possess none1 & agree to receive a det]m9ate "p ( ! product4 ,?us ! l&$ int]e/ is imm$iately e/abli%$2 nor is !re any settl$ gov]nm5t1 h[ev] rude1 9 :i* affairs are n on ?is foot+4 ,( ^! proprietors ( l&1 "s mu/ pres5tly discov] !mselves to be ( diff]5t temp]s f o!rs2 & :ile "o w\ld will+ly /ore up ! product ( 8 l& = futurity1 ano!r desires to consume at pres5t :at %\ld suffice = _m ye>s4 ,b z ! sp5d+ a settl$ rev5ue is a way ( life entirely )\t occupation1 m5 h s mu* ne$ ( some:at to fix & engage !m1 t pleasures1 su* z !y are1 w be ! pursuit ( ! greate/ "p ( ! l&hold]s1 & ! prodigals among/ !m w always be m num]\s ?an ! mis]s4 ,9 a /ate1 !re=e1 :]e !re is no?+ b a l&$ int]e/1 z !re is little frugality1 ! borr[]s mu/ be v num]\s1 & ! rate ( int]e/ mu/ hold proportion to x4 ,! diff]5ce dep5ds n on ! quantity ( money1 b on ! habits & mann]s :i* prevail4 ,by ?is alone ! dem& = borr[+ is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,7 money s pl5tiful z to make an egg be sold = sixp5ce1 s long z !re are only l&$ g5try & peasants 9 ! /ate1 ! borr[]s mu/ be num]\s & int]e/ high4 ,! r5t = ! same f>m w\ld be heavi] & m bulky1 b ! same idl5ess ( ! l&lord1 ) ! high] prices ( commodities1 w\ld dissipate x 9 ! same "t1 & produce ! same necessity & dem& = borr[+4 ,nor is ! case diff]5t ) reg>d to ! second circum/ance :i* we propos$ to consid]--viz41 ! great or little ri*es to supply ?is dem&4 ,?is effect also dep5ds on ! habits & ways ( liv+ ( ! p1 n on ! quantity ( gold & silv]4 ,9 ord] to h 9 any /ate a great numb] ( l5d]s1 x is n suffici5t nor requisite t !re be great abundance ( ! preci\s metals4 ,x is only requisite t ! prop]ty or comm& ( t quantity :i* is 9 ! /ate1 :e!r great or small1 %\ld be collect$ 9 p>ticul> h&s1 s z to =m consid]able sums1 or compose a great money$ int]e/4 ,?is begets a numb] ( l5d]s & s9ks ! rate ( usury2 & ?is1 ,i %all v5ture to affirm1 dep5ds n on ! quantity ( specie1 b on p>ticul> mann]s & cu/oms1 :i* make ! specie ga!r into sep>ate sums or masses ( consid]able value4 ,= suppose t1 by miracle1 e man 9 ,brita9 %\ld h five p\nds slipp$ into 8 pocket 9 "o night3 ?is w\ld mu* m ?an d\ble ! :ole money t is at pres5t 9 ! k+dom2 & yet !re w\ld n next day1 nor = "s "t1 be any m l5d]s1 nor any v>iation on ! int]e/4 ,& 7 !re no?+ b l&lords & peasants 9 ! /ate1 ?is money1 h[ev] abundant1 c\ld nev] ga!r into sums2 & w\ld only s]ve to increase ! prices ( ev]y?+1 )\t any fur!r consequ5ce4 ,! prodigal l&lord dissipates x z fa/ z he receives x2 & ! begg>ly peasant has no means1 nor view1 nor ambition ( obta9+ above a b>e livelihood4 ,! ov]plus ( borr[]s above t ( l5d]s cont9u+ /ill ! same1 !re w foll[ no r$uction ( int]e/4 ,t dep5ds ^u ano!r pr9ciple1 & mu/ proce$ f an increase ( indu/ry & frugality1 ( arts & comm]ce4 ,ev]y?+ useful to ! life ( man arises f ! gr\nd2 b few ?+s arise 9 t condition :i* is requisite to r5d] !m useful4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 besides ! peasants & ! proprietors ( l&1 be ano!r rank ( m51 :o1 receiv+ f ! =m] ! rude mat]ials1 "w !m into _! prop] =m1 & reta9 "p = _! own use & subsi/5ce4 ,9 ! infancy ( society1 ^! contracts betwixt ! artisans & ! peasants1 & betwixt "o species ( artisans & ano!r1 are commonly ent]$ into imm$iately by ! p]sons !mselves1 :o1 be+ neighb\rs1 are easily acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r's necessities1 & c l5d _! mutual assi/ance to supply !m4 ,b :5 m5's indu/ry increases1 & _! views enl>ge1 x is f\nd t ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ! /ate c assi/ ea* o!r z well z ! m contigu\s1 & t ?is int]c\rse ( good (fices may be c>ri$ on to ! greate/ ext5t & intricacy4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( m]*ants1 ! mo/ useful race ( m5 9 ! :ole society1 :o s]ve z ag5ts betwe5 ^? p>ts ( ! /ate t are :olly unacqua9t$ & are ignorant ( ea* o!r's necessities4 ,"h are 9 a city fifty workm5 9 silk & l951 & a ?\s& cu/om]s2 & ^! two ranks ( m51 s necess>y to ea* o!r1 c nev] rightly meet till "o man erects a %op1 to :i* all ! workm5 & all ! cu/om]s repair4 ,9 ?is prov9ce grass rises 9 abundance3 ! inhabitants ab\nd 9 *eese1 & butt]1 & cattle2 b want bread & corn1 :i*1 9 a neighb\r+ prov9ce1 are 9 too great abundance = ! use ( ! inhabitants4 ,"o man discov]s ?is4 ,he br+s corn f ! "o prov9ce1 & returns ) cattle2 & supply+ ! wants ( bo?1 he is1 s f>1 a common b5efactor4 ,z ! p increase 9 numb]s & indu/ry1 ! difficulty ( _! int]c\rse increases3 ! bus9ess ( ! ag5cy or m]*&ise becomes m intricate1 & divides1 subdivides1 comp\nds1 & mixes to a great] v>iety4 ,9 all ^! transactions x is necess>y1 & reasonable1 t a consid]able "p ( ! commodities & lab\r %\ld belong to ! m]*ant1 to :om1 9 a great measure1 !y are ow+4 ,& ^! commodities he w sometimes pres]ve 9 k9d1 or m commonly conv]t into money1 :i* is _! common repres5tation4 ,if gold & silv] h increas$ 9 ! /ate toge!r ) ! indu/ry1 x w require a great quantity ( ^! metals to repres5t a great quantity ( commodities & lab\r2 if indu/ry alone has increas$1 ! prices ( ev]y?+ mu/ s9k1 & a v small quantity ( specie w s]ve z a repres5tation4 ,!re is no crav+ or dem& ( ! human m9d m con/ant & insatiable ?an t = ex]cise & employm5t1 & ?is desire seems ! f\ndation ( mo/ ( our passions & pursuits4 ,deprive a man ( all bus9ess & s]i\s occupation1 he runs re/less f "o amusem5t to ano!r2 & ! weight & oppression :i* he feels f idl5ess is s great t he =gets ! ru9 :i* mu/ foll[ f 8 immod]ate exp5ses4 ,give him a m h>mless way ( employ+ 8 m9d or body1 he is satisfi$1 & feels no long] t insatiable ?ir/ aft] pleasure4 ,b if ! employm5t y give him be pr(itable1 especially if ! pr(it be atta*$ to e p>ticul> ex]tion ( indu/ry1 he has ga9 s (t5 9 8 eye t he acquires1 by degrees1 a passion = x1 & kn[s no su* pleasure z t ( see+ ! daily increase ( 8 =tune4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y trade increases frugality1 & :y1 among m]*ants1 !re is ! same ov]plus ( mis]s above prodigals z1 among ! possessors ( l&1 !re is ! contr>y4 ,comm]ce increases indu/ry1 by convey+ x readily f "o memb] ( ! /ate to ano!r1 & all[+ none ( x to p]i% or become useless4 ,x increases frugality1 by giv+ occupation to m51 & employ+ !m 9 ! arts ( ga91 :i* soon engage _! affection & remove all reli% = pleasure & exp5se4 ,x is an infallible consequ5ce ( all indu/ri\s pr(essions to beget frugality1 & make ! love ( ga9 prevail ov] ! love ( pleasure4 ,among lawy]s & physicians :o h any practice !re are _m m :o live )9 _! income ?an :o exce$ x1 or ev5 live up to x4 ,b lawy]s & physicians beget no indu/ry1 & x is ev5 at ! exp5se ( o!rs !y acquire _! ri*es2 s t !y are sure to dim9i% ! possessions ( "s ( _! fell[-citiz5s z fa/ z !y increase _! own4 ,m]*ants1 on ! contr>y1 beget indu/ry1 by s]v+ z canals to convey x ?r\gh e corn] ( ! /ate2 & at ! same "t1 by _! frugality1 !y acquire great p[] ov] t indu/ry1 & collect a l>ge prop]ty 9 ! lab\r & commodities :i* !y are ! *ief in/rum5ts 9 produc+4 ,!re is no o!r pr(ession1 !re=e1 except m]*&ise1 :i* c make ! money$ int]e/ consid]able1 or1 9 o!r words1 c increase indu/ry1 &1 by also increas+ frugality1 give a great comm& ( t indu/ry to p>ticul> memb]s ( ! society4 ,)\t comm]ce1 ! /ate mu/ consi/ *iefly ( l&$ g5try1 ^: prodigality & exp5se make a cont9ual dem& = borr[+1 & ( peasants1 :o h no sums to supply t dem&4 ,! money nev] ga!rs into l>ge /ocks or sums :i* c be l5t at int]e/4 ,x is disp]s$ into numb]less h&s1 :o ei!r squ&] x 9 idle %[ & magnific5ce1 or employ x 9 ! pur*ase ( ! common necess>ies ( life4 ,comm]ce alone assembles x into consid]able sums2 & ?is effect x has m]ely f ! indu/ry :i* x begets & ! frugality :i* x inspires1 indep5d5t ( t p>ticul> quantity ( preci\s metal :i* may circulate 9 ! /ate4 ,?us an increase ( comm]ce1 by a necess>y consequ5ce1 raises a great numb] ( l5d]s1 & by t means produces a l[ness ( int]e/4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h[ f> ?is increase ( comm]ce dim9i%es ! pr(its aris+ f t pr(ession1 & gives rise to ! ?ird circum/ance requisite to produce a l[ness ( int]e/4 ,x may be prop] to obs]ve on ?is head t l[ int]e/ & l[ pr(its ( m]*&ise are two ev5ts t mutually =w>d ea* o!r1 & are bo? orig9ally d]iv$ f t ext5sive comm]ce :i* produces opul5t m]*ants & r5d]s ! money$ int]e/ consid]able4 ,:]e m]*ants possess great /ocks1 :e!r repres5t$ by few or _m pieces ( metal1 x mu/ frequ5tly happ5 t :5 !y ei!r become tir$ ( bus9ess or h heirs unwill+ or unfit to engage 9 comm]ce1 a great deal ( ^! ri*es w seek an annual & secure rev5ue4 ,! pl5ty dim9i%es ! price1 & makes ! l5d]s accept ( a l[ int]e/4 ,?is consid]ation obliges _m to keep _! /ocks 9 trade1 & r be cont5t ) l[ pr(its ?an dispose ( _! money at an "u value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 comm]ce has become v ext5sive1 & employs v l>ge /ocks1 !re mu/ arise rival%ips among ! m]*ants1 :i* dim9i% ! pr(its ( trade1 at ! same "t t !y increase ! trade itself4 ,! l[ pr(its ( m]*&ise induce ! m]*ants to accept m will+ly ( a l[ int]e/1 :5 !y leave (f bus9ess & beg9 to indulge !mselves 9 ease & indol5ce4 ,x is ne$less1 !re=e1 to inquire :i* ( ^! circum/ances--viz41 l[ int]e/ or l[ pr(its1 is ! cause1 & :i* ! effect4 ,!y bo? arise f an ext5sive comm]ce1 & mutually =w>d ea* o!r4 ,no man w accept ( l[ pr(its :]e he c h high int]e/1 & no man w accept ( l[ int]e/ :]e he c h high pr(its4 ,an ext5sive comm]ce1 by produc+ l>ge /ocks1 dim9i%es bo? int]e/ & pr(its2 & is always assi/$ 9 its dim9ution ( ! "o by ! proportional s9k+ ( ! o!r4 ,i may add1 t z l[ pr(its arise f ! increase ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 !y s]ve 9 _! turn to ! fur!r increase ( comm]ce1 by r5d]+ ! commodities *eap]1 enc\rag+ ! consumption1 & height5+ ! indu/ry4 ,& ?us1 if we consid] ! :ole connection ( causes & effects1 int]e/ is ! true b>omet] ( ! /ate1 & its l[ness is a sign almo/ infallible ( ! fl\ri%+ ( a p4 ,x proves ! increase ( indu/ry1 & its prompt circulation ?r\gh ! :ole /ate1 little inf]ior to a demon/ration4 ,& ?\gh1 p]haps1 x may n be impossible b a sudd5 & a great *eck to comm]ce may h a mom5t>y effect ( ! same k9d1 by ?r[+ s _m /ocks out ( trade1 x mu/ be att5d$ ) su* mis]y & want ( employm5t 9 ! poor t1 besides its %ort duration1 x w n be possible to mi/ake ! "o case = ! o!r4 ,^? :o h ass]t$ t ! pl5ty ( money 0 ! cause ( l[ int]e/ seem to h tak5 a collat]al effect = a cause1 s9ce ! same indu/ry :i* s9ks ! int]e/ does commonly acquire great abundance ( ! preci\s metals4 ,a v>iety ( f9e manufactures1 ) vigilant1 ent]pris+ m]*ants1 w soon draw money to a /ate if x be any:]e to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,! same cause1 by multiply+ ! conv5i5ces ( life & increas+ indu/ry1 collects great ri*es into ! h&s ( p]sons :o are n proprietors ( l&1 & produces by t means a l[ness ( int]e/4 ,b ?\gh bo? ^! effects--pl5ty ( money & l[ int]e/--naturally arise f comm]ce & indu/ry1 !y are altoge!r indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,= suppose a nation remov$ into ! ,pacific ,ocean1 )\t any =eign comm]ce1 or any k ( navigation3 suppose t ?is nation possesses always ! same /ock ( co91 b is cont9ually increas+ 9 its numb]s & indu/ry3 x is evid5t t ! price ( e commodity mu/ gradually dim9i% 9 t k+dom1 s9ce x is ! proportion betwe5 money & any species ( goods :i* fixes _! mutual value2 &1 "u ! pres5t supposition1 ! conv5i5ces ( life become e day m abundant1 )\t any alt]ation on ! curr5t specie4 ,a less quantity ( money1 !re=e1 among/ ?is p w make a ri* man1 dur+ ! times ( indu/ry1 ?an w\ld s]ve to t purpose 9 ignorant & slo?ful ages4 ,less money w build a h\se1 portion a daught]1 buy an e/ate1 support a manufactory1 or ma9ta9 a family & equipage4 ,^! are ! uses = :i* m5 borr[ money1 & !re=e ! great] or less quantity ( x 9 a /ate has no influ5ce on ! int]e/4 ,b x is evid5t t ! great] or less /ock ( lab\r & commodities mu/ h a great influ5ce1 s9ce we really & 9 effect borr[ ^! :5 we take money ^u int]e/4 ,x is true1 :5 comm]ce is ext5d$ all ov] ! globe ! mo/ indu/ri\s nations always ab\nd mo/ ) ! preci\s metals2 s t l[ int]e/ & pl5ty ( money are 9 fact almo/ insep>able4 ,b /ill x is ( consequ5ce to "k ! pr9ciple :5ce any ph5om5on arises1 & to di/+ui% betwe5 a cause & a concomitant effect4 ,besides t ! speculation is curi\s1 x may frequ5tly be ( use 9 ! conduct ( public affairs4 ,at lea/1 x mu/ be own$ t no?+ c be ( m use ?an to improve1 by practice1 ! me?od ( reason+ on ^! subjects1 :i* ( all o!rs are ! mo/ important2 ?\gh !y are commonly treat$ 9 ! loose/ & mo/ c>eless mann]4 ,ano!r reason ( ?is popul> mi/ake ) reg>d to ! cause ( l[ int]e/ seems to be ! in/ance ( "s nations1 :]e1 aft] a sudd5 acquisition ( money or ! preci\s metals by means ( =eign conque/1 ! int]e/ has fall5 n only among !m b 9 all ! neighb\r+ /ates z soon z t money 0 disp]s$ & _h ins9uat$ itself into e corn]4 ,?us1 int]e/ 9 ,spa9 fell ne>ly a half imm$iately aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 z we are in=m$ by ,g>cilasso de la ,vega2 & x has be5 ev] s9ce s9k+ 9 e k+dom ( ,europe4 ,int]e/ 9 ,rome1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,egypt1 fell f #f to #d p] c5t41 z we le>n f ,dion4 ,! causes ( ! s9k+ ( int]e/ ^u su* an ev5t seem diff]5t 9 ! conqu]+ c\ntry & 9 ! neighb\r+ /ates1 b 9 nei!r ( !m c we ju/ly ascribe t effect m]ely to ! increase ( gold & silv]4 ,9 ! conqu]+ c\ntry x is natural to imag9e t ?is new acquisition ( money w fall into a few h&s1 & be ga!r$ into l>ge sums :i* seek a secure rev5ue1 ei!r by ! pur*ase ( l& or by int]e/2 & consequ5tly ! same effect foll[s1 = a little "t1 z if !re _h be5 a great accession ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,! increase ( l5d]s above ! borr[]s s9ks ! int]e/1 & s mu* ! fa/] if ^? :o h acquir$ ^? l>ge sums f9d no indu/ry or comm]ce 9 ! /ate1 & no me?od ( employ+ _! money b by l5d+ x at int]e/4 ,b aft] ?is new mass ( gold & silv] has be5 dige/$1 & has circulat$ ?r\gh ! :ole /ate1 affairs w soon return to _! =m] situation1 :ile ! l&lords & new money-hold]s1 liv+ idly1 squ&] above _! income1 & ! =m] daily contract debt1 & ! latt] encroa* on _! /ock till its f9al ext9ction4 ,! :ole money may /ill be 9 ! /ate1 & make itself be felt by ! increase ( prices1 b n be+ n[ collect$ into any l>ge masses or /ocks1 ! disproportion betwe5 ! borr[]s & l5d]s is ! same z =m]ly1 & consequ5tly ! high int]e/ returns4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d 9 ,rome t s e>ly z ,tib]ius's "t int]e/ _h aga9 m\nt$ to #f p] c5t41 ?\gh no accid5t _h happ5$ to dra9 ! empire ( money4 ,9 ,trajan's "t money l5t on mortgages 9 ,italy bore #f p] c5t42 on common securities 9 ,bi?ynia1 #ab4 ,& if int]e/ 9 ,spa9 has n ris5 to its old pit*1 ?is c be ascrib$ to no?+ b ! cont9uance ( ! same cause t sunk x--viz41 ! l>ge =tunes cont9ually made 9 ! ,indies1 :i* come ov] to ,spa9 f "t to "t & supply ! dem& ( ! borr[]s4 ,by ?is accid5tal & extrane\s cause m money is to be l5t 9 ,spa9--t is1 m money is collect$ into l>ge sums ?an w\ld o!rwise be f\nd 9 a /ate :]e !re are s little comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,z to ! r$uction ( int]e/ :i* has foll[$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & o!r k+doms ( ,europe t h no m9es1 x has be5 gradual1 & has n proce$$ f ! increase ( money1 consid]$ m]ely 9 itself1 b f ! increase ( indu/ry1 :i* is ! natural effect ( ! =m] increase1 9 t int]val1 be=e x raises ! price ( lab\r & provisions4 ,= to return to ! =ego+ supposition1 if ! indu/ry ( ,engl& _h ris5 z mu* f o!r causes 7& t rise might easily h happ5$ ?\gh ! /ock ( money _h rema9$ ! same71 mu/ n all ! same consequ5ces h foll[$ :i* we obs]ve at pres5t8 ,! same p w\ld1 9 t case1 be f\nd 9 ! k+dom1 ! same commodities1 ! same indu/ry1 manufactures1 & comm]ce1 & consequ5tly ! same m]*ants ) ! same /ocks--t is1 ) ! same comm& ov] lab\r & commodities1 only repres5t$ by a small] numb] ( :ite or yell[ pieces1 :i*1 be+ a circum/ance ( no mom5t1 w\ld only affect ! waggon]1 port]1 & trunk-mak]4 ,luxury1 !re=e1 manufactures1 arts1 indu/ry1 frugality fl\ri%+ equally z at pres5t1 x is evid5t t int]e/ mu/ also h be5 z l[1 s9ce t is ! necess>y result ( all ^! circum/ances1 s f> z !y det]m9e ! pr(its ( comm]ce & ! proportion betwe5 ! borr[]s & l5d]s 9 any /ate4 ,,note1 ,,( ,,int]e/4 #af ,price = a meal4 ,,( ,,! ,,balance ,,( ,,trade4 ,x is v usual 9 nations ignorant ( ! nature ( comm]ce to prohibit ! exportation ( commodities1 & to pres]ve among !mselves :atev] !y ?9k valuable & useful4 ,!y consid] n t 9 ?is prohibition !y act directly contr>y to _! int5tion1 & t ! m is export$ ( any commodity ! m w be rais$ at home1 ( :i* !y !mselves w always h ! fir/ (f]4 ,x is well kn[n to ! le>n$ t ! anci5t laws ( ,a!ns r5d]$ ! exportation ( figs crim9al1 t be+ suppos$ a species ( fruit s excell5t 9 ,attica t ! ,a!nians e/eem$ x too delici\s = ! palate ( any =eign]2 & 9 ?is ridicul\s prohibition !y 7 s mu* 9 e>ne/ t in=m]s 7 !nce call$ 8sycophants0 among !m1 f two ,greek words :i* signify figs & discov]]4 ,!re are pro(s 9 _m old ,acts ( ,p>liam5t ( ! same ignorance 9 ! nature ( comm]ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii42 & to ?is day 9 ,france ! exportation ( corn is almo/ always prohibit$--9 ord]1 z !y say1 to prev5t fam9es1 ?\gh x is evid5t t no?+ contributes m to ! frequ5t fam9es :i* s mu* di/ress t f]tile c\ntry4 ,! same jeal\s fe> ) reg>d to money has also prevail$ among sev]al nations1 & x requir$ bo? reason & exp]i5ce to conv9ce any p t ^! prohibitions s]ve to no o!r purpose ?an to raise ! ex*ange aga9/ !m & produce a /ill great] exportation4 ,^! errors1 "o may say1 are gross & palpable2 b !re /ill prevails1 ev5 9 nations well acqua9t$ ) comm]ce1 a /rong jeal\sy ) reg>d to ! balance ( trade1 & a fe> t all _! gold & silv] may be leav+ !m4 ,?is seems to me1 almo/ 9 e case1 a v gr\ndless appreh5sion1 & ,i %\ld z soon dread t all our spr+s & riv]s %\ld be exhau/$ z t money %\ld ab&on a k+dom :]e !re are p & indu/ry4 ,let u c>efully pres]ve ^! latt] advantages1 & we ne$ nev] be appreh5sive ( los+ ! =m]4 ,x is easy to obs]ve t all calculations conc]n+ ! balance ( trade are f\nd$ on v unc]ta9 facts & suppositions4 ,! cu/om-h\se books are all[$ to be an insuffici5t gr\nd ( reason+2 nor is ! rate ( ex*ange mu* bett]1 unless we consid] x ) all nations1 & "k also ! proportion ( ! sev]al sums remitt$1 :i* "o may safely pron\nce impossible4 ,e man :o has ev] reason$ on ?is subject has always prov$ 8 !ory1 :atev] x 01 by facts & calculations1 & by an enum]ation ( all ! commodities s5t to all =eign k+doms4 ,! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,gee /ruck ! nation ) a univ]sal panic :5 !y saw x pla9ly demon/rat$ by a detail ( p>ticul>s t ! balance 0 aga9/ !m = s consid]able a sum z mu/ leave !m )\t a s+le %ill+ 9 five or six ye>s4 ,b luckily tw5ty ye>s h s9ce elaps$1 ) an exp5sive =eign w>1 & yet x is commonly suppos$ t money is /ill m pl5tiful among u ?an 9 any =m] p]iod4 ,no?+ c be m ent]ta9+ on ?is head ?an ,dr4 ,swift1 an au?or s quick 9 disc]n+ ! mi/akes & absurdities ( o!rs4 ,he says1 9 8 ,%ort ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,irel&1 t ! :ole ca% ( t k+dom am\nt$ b to #ejj1jjj2 t out ( ?is !y remitt$ e ye> a neat million to ,engl&1 & _h sc>ce any o!r s\rce f :i* !y c\ld comp5sate !mselves1 & little o!r =eign trade b ! importation ( ,fr5* w9es1 = :i* !y paid ready money4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is situation1 :i* mu/ be own$ to be disadvantage\s1 0 t 9 a c\rse ( ?ree ye>s ! curr5t money ( ,irel& f #ejj1jjj 0 r$uc$ to less ?an two2 & at pres5t1 ,i suppose1 9 a c\rse ( ?irty ye>s1 x is absolutely no?+4 ,yet ,i "k n h[ t op9ion ( ! advance ( ri*es 9 ,irel&1 :i* gave ! ,doctor s mu* indignation1 seems /ill to cont9ue & ga9 gr\nd ) ev]ybody4 ,9 %ort1 ?is appreh5sion ( ! wrong balance ( trade appe>s ( su* a nature t x discov]s itself :]ev] "o is out ( hum\r ) ! m9i/ry1 or is 9 l[ spirits2 & z x c nev] be refut$ by a p>ticul> detail ( all ! exports :i* c\nt]balance ! imports1 x may "h be prop] to =m a g5]al argum5t :i* may prove ! impossibility ( t ev5t z long z we pres]ve our p & our indu/ry4 ,suppose f\r-fif?s ( all ! money 9 ,brita9 to be annihilat$ 9 "o night1 & ! nation r$uc$ to ! same condition1 ) reg>d to specie1 z 9 ! reigns ( ! ,h>rys & ,edw>ds1 :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce8 ,mu/ n ! price ( all lab\r & commodities s9k 9 proportion1 & ev]y?+ be sold z *eap z !y 7 9 ^? ages8 ,:at nation c\ld !n dispute ) u 9 any =eign m>ket1 or pret5d to navigate or to sell manufactures at ! same price :i* to u w\ld af=d suffici5t pr(it8 ,9 h[ little "t1 !re=e1 mu/ ?is br+ back ! money :i* we _h lo/1 & raise u to ! level ( all ! neighb\r+ nations8 :]e1 aft] we h arriv$1 we imm$iately lose ! advantage ( ! *eapness ( lab\r & commodities1 & ! fur!r fl[+ 9 ( money is /opp$ by our fulness & repletion4 ,aga91 suppose t all ! money ( ,brita9 7 multipli$ fivefold 9 a night1 mu/ n ! contr>y effect foll[8 ,mu/ n lab\r & commodities rise to su* an exorbitant height t no neighb\r+ nations c\ld af=d to buy f u1 :ile _! commodities1 on ! o!r h&1 became s *eap 9 comp>ison t1 9 spite ( all ! laws :i* c\ld be =m$1 !y w\ld be run 9 ^u u1 & our money fl[ out till we come to a level ) =eign]s1 & lose t great sup]iority ( ri*es :i* _h laid u "u su* disadvantages8 ,n[1 x is evid5t t ! same causes :i* w\ld correct ^! exorbitant inequalities1 7 !y to happ5 miracul\sly1 mu/ prev5t _! happ5+ 9 ! common c\rse ( nature1 & mu/ = ev]1 9 all ! neighb\r+ nations1 pres]ve money ne>ly proportionable to ! art & indu/ry ( ea* nation4 ,all wat]1 :]ev] x communicates1 rema9s always at a level4 ,ask naturali/s ! reason3 !y tell y t 7 x to be rais$ 9 any "o place1 ! sup]ior gravity ( t "p n be+ balanc$1 mu/ depress x till x meets a c\nt]poise2 & t ! same cause :i* r$resses ! inequality :5 x happ5s mu/ = ev] prev5t x )\t "s viol5t ext]nal op]ation4#ag ,c "o imag9e t x _h ev] be5 possible1 by any laws1 or ev5 by any art or indu/ry1 to h kept all ! money 9 ,spa9 :i* ! galleons h br\ght f ! ,indies8 or t all commodities c\ld be sold 9 ,france = a t5? ( ! price :i* !y w\ld yield on ! o!r side ( ! ,pyr5ees1 )\t f9d+ _! way ?i!r1 & dra9+ f t imm5se treasure8 ,:at o!r reason1 inde$1 is !re :y all nations at pres5t ga9 9 _! trade ) ,spa9 & ,portugal1 b because x is impossible to heap up money1 m ?an any fluid1 beyond its prop] level8 ,! sov]eigns ( ^! c\ntries h %[n t !y want$ n incl9ation to keep _! gold & silv] to !mselves _h x be5 9 any degree practicable4 ,b z any body ( wat] may be rais$ above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ elem5t1 if ! =m] has no communication ) ! latt]1 s 9 money1 if ! communication be cut (f by any mat]ial or physical imp$im5t 7= all laws alone are ineffectual71 !re may1 9 su* a case1 be a v great inequality ( money4 ,?us ! imm5se di/ance ( ,*9a1 toge!r ) ! monopolies ( our ,india companies1 ob/ruct+ ! communication1 pres]ve 9 ,europe ! gold & silv]1 especially ! latt]1 9 mu* great] pl5ty ?an !y are f\nd 9 t k+dom4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is great ob/ruction1 ! =ce ( ! causes above-m5tion$ is /ill evid5t4 ,! skill & +5uity ( ,europe 9 g5]al surpasses p]haps t ( ,*9a ) reg>d to manual arts & manufactures1 yet are we nev] able to trade ?i!r )\t great disadvantage2 & 7 x n = ! cont9ual recruits :i* we receive f ,am]ica1 money w\ld v soon s9k 9 ,europe & rise 9 ,*9a1 till x came ne>ly to a level 9 bo? places4 ,nor c any reasonable man d\bt b t indu/ri\s nation1 7 !y z ne> u z ,pol& or ,b>b>y1 w\ld dra9 u ( ! ov]plus ( our specie1 & draw to !mselves a l>g] %>e ( ! ,we/ ,indian treasures4 ,we ne$ h no rec\rse to a physical attraction to expla9 ! necessity ( ?is op]ation2 !re is a moral attraction aris+ f ! int]e/s & passions ( m5 :i* is full z pot5t & infallible4 ,h[ is ! balance kept 9 ! prov9ces ( e k+dom among !mselves b by ! =ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* makes x impossible = money to lose its level1 & ei!r to rise or s9k beyond ! proportion ( ! lab\r & commodities :i* is 9 ea* prov9ce8 ,did n long exp]i5ce make p easy on ?is head1 :at a fund ( gloomy reflections might calculations af=d a melan*oly ,york%ireman :ile he comput$ & magnifi$ ! sums drawn to ,london by taxes1 abs5tees1 commodities1 & f\nd on comp>ison ! opposite articles s mu* inf]ior8 ,& no d\bt1 _h ! ,hept>*y subsi/$ 9 ,engl&1 ! legislature ( ea* /ate _h be5 cont9ually al>m$ by ! fe> ( a wrong balance2 & x is probable t ! mutual hatr$ ( ^! /ates w\ld h be5 extremely viol5t on acc\nt ( _! close neighb\rhood2 !y w\ld h load$ & oppress$ all comm]ce by a jeal\s & sup]flu\s caution4 ,s9ce ! ,union has remov$ ! b>ri]s betwe5 ,scotl& & ,engl&1 :i* ( ^! nations ga9s f ! o!r by ?is free comm]ce8 ,or if ! =m] k+dom has receiv$ any increase ( ri*es1 c x be reasonably acc\nt$ = by any?+ b ! increase ( its art & indu/ry8 ,x 0 a common appreh5sion 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,union1 z we le>n f ,l',abbe du ,bos1 t ,scotl& w\ld soon dra9 !m ( _! treasure 7 an op5 trade all[$2 & on ! o!r side ( ! ,twe$ a contr>y appreh5sion prevail$--) :at ju/ice 9 bo? "t has %[n4 ,:at happ5s 9 small portions ( mank9d mu/ take place 9 great]4 ,! prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire no d\bt kept _! balance ) ea* o!r1 & ) ,italy1 indep5d5t ( ! legislature1 z mu* z ! sev]al c\nties ( ,brita9 or ! sev]al p>i%es ( ea* c\nty4 ,& any man :o travels ov] ,europe at ?is day may see by ! prices ( commodities t money1 9 spite ( ! absurd jeal\sy ( pr9ces & /ates1 has br\ght itself ne>ly to a level1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o k+dom & ano!r is n great] 9 ?is respect ?an x is (t5 betwe5 diff]5t prov9ces ( ! same k+dom4 ,m5 naturally flock to capital cities1 seaports1 & navigable riv]s4 ,!re we f9d m m51 m indu/ry1 m commodities1 & consequ5tly m money2 b /ill ! latt] diff]5ce holds proportion ) ! =m]1 & ! level is pres]v$4#ah ,our jeal\sy & our hatr$ ( ,france are )\t b\nds1 & ! =m] s5tim5t at lea/ mu/ be ackn[l$g$ v reasonable & well-gr\nd$4 ,^! passions h occasion$ innum]able b>ri]s & ob/ructions ^u comm]ce1 :]e we are accus$ ( be+ commonly ! aggressors4 ,b :at h we ga9$ by ! b>ga98 ,we lo/ ! ,fr5* m>ket = our wooll5 manufactures1 & transf]r$ ! comm]ce ( w9e to ,spa9 & ,portugal1 :]e we buy mu* worse liquor at a high] price4 ,!re are few ,engli%m5 :o w\ld n ?9k _! c\ntry absolutely ru9$ 7 ,fr5* w9es sold 9 ,engl& s *eap & 9 su* abundance z to supplant1 9 "s measure1 all ale & home-brew$ liquors2 b w\ld we lay aside prejudice1 x w\ld n be difficult to prove t no?+ c\ld be m innoc5t1 p]haps advantage\s4 ,ea* new acre ( v9ey>d plant$ 9 ,france1 9 ord] to supply ,engl& ) w9e1 w\ld make x requisite = ! ,fr5* to take ! produce ( an ,engli% acre1 s[n 9 :eat or b>ley1 9 ord] to subsi/ !mselves2 & x is evid5t t we h !reby got comm& ( ! bett] commodity4 ,!re are _m edicts ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ prohibit+ ! plant+ ( new v9ey>ds1 & ord]+ all ^? already plant$ to be grubb$ up1 s s5sible are !y 9 t c\ntry ( ! sup]ior value ( corn above e o!r product4 ,m>es*al ,vauban compla9s (t51 & ) reason1 ( ! absurd duties :i* load ! entry ( ^? w9es ( ,langu$oc1 ,gui5ne1 & o!r s\!rn prov9ces t are import$ into ,brittany & ,norm&y4 ,he ent]ta9$ no d\bt b ^! latt] prov9ces c\ld pres]ve _! balance not)/&+ ! op5 comm]ce :i* he recomm5ds4 ,& x is evid5t t a few leagues m navigation to ,engl& w\ld make no diff]5ce2 or if x did1 t x mu/ op]ate alike on ! commodities ( bo? k+doms4 ,!re is inde$ "o exp$i5t by :i* x is possible to s9k1 & ano!r by :i* we may raise1 money beyond its natural level 9 any k+dom2 b ^! cases1 :5 exam9$1 w be f\nd to resolve into our g5]al !ory1 & to br+ additional au?ority to x4 ,i sc>ce "k any me?od ( s9k+ money bel[ its level b ^? in/itutions ( banks1 funds1 & pap]-cr$it :i* are s mu* practis$ 9 ?is k+dom4 ,^! r5d] pap] equival5t to money1 circulate x ?r\gh ! :ole /ate1 make x supply ! place ( gold & silv]1 raise proportionally ! price ( lab\r & commodities1 & by t means ei!r bani% a great "p ( ^? preci\s metals1 or prev5t _! fur!r increase4 ,:at c be m %ort-sight$ ?an our reason+s on ?is head8 ,we fancy1 because an individual w\ld be mu* ri*] 7 8 /ock ( money d\bl$1 t ! same good effect w\ld foll[ 7 ! money ( e "o increas$1 n consid]+ t ?is w\ld raise z mu* ! price ( e commodity1 & r$uce e man 9 "t to ! same condition z be=e4 ,x is only 9 our public negotiations & transactions ) =eign]s t a great] /ock ( money is advantage\s2 & z our pap] is !re absolutely insignificant1 we feel1 by its means1 all ! ill effects aris+ f a great abundance ( money )\t reap+ any ( ! advantages4#ai ,suppose t !re are twelve millions ( pap] :i* circulate 9 ! k+dom z money 7= we are n to imag9e t all our enorm\s funds are employ$ 9 t %ape71 & suppose ! real ca% ( ! k+dom to be eighte5 millions3 "h is a /ate :i* is f\nd by exp]i5ce able to hold a /ock ( ?irty millions4 ,i say1 if x be able to hold x1 x mu/ ( necessity h acquir$ x 9 gold & silv] _h we n ob/ruct$ ! entrance ( ^! metals by ?is new inv5tion ( pap]4 ,:5ce w\ld x h acquir$ t sum8 ,f all ! k+doms ( ! _w4 ,b :y8 ,because1 if y remove ^! twelve millions1 money 9 ?is /ate is bel[ its level comp>$ ) our neighb\rs2 & we mu/ imm$iately draw f all ( !m till we be full & saturate1 s to speak1 & c hold no m4 ,by our pres5t politics we are z c>eful to /uff ! nation ) ?is f9e commodity ( bank-bills & *equ] notes z if we 7 afraid ( be+ ov]burd5$ ) ! preci\s metals4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ b ! great pl5ty ( bullion 9 ,france is1 9 a great measure1 ow+ to ! want ( pap]-cr$it4 ,! ,fr5* h no banks2 m]*ants' bills d n !re circulate z ) u2 usury or l5d+ on int]e/ is n directly p]mitt$1 s t _m h l>ge sums 9 _! c(f]s2 great quantities ( plate are us$ 9 private h\ses1 & all ! *ur*es are full ( x4 ,by ?is means provision & lab\r /ill rema9 mu* *eap] among !m ?an 9 nations t are n half s ri* 9 gold & silv]4 ,! advantages ( ?is situation 9 po9t ( trade1 z well z 9 great public em]g5cies1 are too evid5t to be disput$4 ,! same fa%ion a few ye>s ago prevail$ 9 ,g5oa :i* /ill has place 9 ,engl& & ,holl&1 ( us+ s]vices ( *9a w>e in/ead ( plate2 b ! ,s5ate1 wisely =esee+ ! consequ5ce1 prohibit$ ! use ( t brittle commodity beyond a c]ta9 ext5t1 :ile ! use ( silv] plate 0 left unlimit$4 ,& ,i suppose1 9 _! late di/resses1 !y felt ! good effect ( ?is ord9ance4 ,our tax on plate is1 p]haps1 9 ?is view1 some:at impolitic4 ,be=e ! introduction ( pap]-money into our colonies1 !y _h gold & silv] suffici5t = _! circulation4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( t commodity1 ! lea/ inconv5i5cy t has foll[$ is ! total bani%m5t ( ! preci\s metals4 ,& aft] ! abolition ( pap]1 c x be d\bt$ b money w return1 :ile ^! colonies possess manufactures & commodities1 ! only ?+ valuable 9 comm]ce1 & = ^: sake alone all m5 desire money8 ,:at pity ,lycurgus did n ?9k ( pap]-cr$it :5 he want$ to bani% gold & silv] f ,sp>ta6 ,x w\ld h s]v$ 8 purpose bett] ?an ! lumps ( iron he made use ( z money1 & w\ld also h prev5t$ m effectually all comm]ce ) /rang]s1 z be+ ( s mu* less real & intr9sic value4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$ t1 z all ^! que/ions ( trade & money are extremely complicat$1 !re are c]ta9 lights 9 :i* ?is subject may be plac$ s z to repres5t ! advantages ( pap]-cr$it & banks to be sup]ior to _! disadvantages4 ,t !y bani% specie & bullion f a /ate is und\bt$ly true1 & :oev] looks no f>!r ?an ?is circum/ance does well to condemn !m2 b specie & bullion are n ( s great consequ5ce z n to admit ( a comp5sation1 & ev5 an ov]balance f ! increase ( indu/ry & ( cr$it :i* may be promot$ by ! "r use ( pap]-money4 ,x is well kn[n ( :at advantage x is to a m]*ant to be able to disc\nt 8 bills ^u occasion2 & ev]y?+ t facilitates ?is species ( traffic is fav\rable to ! g5]al comm]ce ( a /ate4 ,b private bank]s are enabl$ to give su* cr$it by ! cr$it !y receive f ! deposit+ ( money 9 _! %ops2 & ! ,bank ( ,engl& 9 ! same mann]1 f ! lib]ty !y h to issue _! notes 9 all paym5ts4 ,!re 0 an inv5tion ( ?is k9d :i* 0 fall5 ^u "s ye>s ago by ! banks ( ,ed9burgh1 & :i*1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ideas t has be5 execut$ 9 comm]ce1 has also be5 f\nd v advantage\s to ,scotl&4 ,x is !re call$ a bank-cr$it1 & is ( ?is nature3 ,a man goes to ! bank & f9ds surety to ! am\nt1 we %all suppose1 ( five ?\s& p\nds4 ,?is money1 or any "p ( x1 he has ! lib]ty ( draw+ out :5ev] he pleases1 & he pays only ! ord9>y int]e/ = x :ile x is 9 8 h&s4 ,he may1 :5 he pleases1 repay any sum s small z tw5ty p\nds1 & ! int]e/ is disc\nt$ f ! v day ( ! repaym5t4 ,! advantages result+ f ?is contrivance are manifold4 ,z a man may f9d surety ne>ly to ! am\nt ( 8 sub/ance1 & 8 bank-cr$it is equival5t to ready money1 a m]*ant does h]eby 9 a mann] co9 8 h\ses1 8 h\sehold furniture1 ! goods 9 8 w>eh\se1 ! =eign debts due to him1 8 %ips at sea2 & c1 ^u occasion1 employ !m 9 all paym5ts z if !y 7 ! curr5t money ( ! c\ntry4 ,if a man borr[s five ?\s& p\nds f a private h&1 besides t x is n always to be f\nd :5 requir$1 he pays int]e/ = x :e!r he be us+ x or n2 8 bank-cr$it co/s him no?+ except dur+ ! v mom5t 9 :i* x is ( s]vice to him1 & ?is circum/ance is ( equal advantage z if he _h borr[$ money at mu* l[] int]e/4 ,m]*ants likewise f ?is inv5tion acquire a great facility 9 support+ ea* o!r's cr$it1 :i* is a consid]able security aga9/ bankruptcies4 ,a man1 :5 8 own bank-cr$it is exhau/$1 goes to any ( 8 neighb\rs :o is n 9 ! same condition1 & he gets ! money1 :i* he replaces at 8 conv5i5ce4 ,aft] ?is practice _h tak5 place dur+ "s ye>s at ,ed9burgh1 sev]al companies ( m]*ants at ,glasg[ c>ri$ ! matt] f>!r4 ,!y associat$ !mselves into diff]5t banks & issu$ notes s l[ z t5 %ill+s1 :i* !y us$ 9 all paym5ts = goods1 manufactures1 tradesm51 lab\r ( all k9ds2 & ^! notes1 f ! e/abli%$ cr$it ( ! companies1 pass$ z money 9 all paym5ts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,by ?is means a /ock ( five ?\s& p\nds 0 able to p]=m ! same op]ations z if x 7 t51 & m]*ants 7 !reby enabl$ to trade to a great] ext5t1 & to require less pr(it 9 all _! transactions4 ,9 ,newca/le & ,bri/ol1 z well z o!r trad+ places1 ! m]*ants h s9ce in/itut$ banks ( a l nature1 9 imitation ( ^? 9 ,glasg[4 ,b :atev] o!r advantages result f ^! inv5tions1 x mu/ /ill be all[$ t !y bani% ! preci\s metals2 & no?+ c be a m evid5t pro( ( x ?an a comp>ison ( ! pa/ & pres5t condition ( ,scotl& 9 t p>ticul>4 ,x 0 f\nd1 ^u ! reco9age made aft] ! ,union1 t !re 0 ne> a million ( specie 9 t c\ntry2 b not)/&+ ! great increase ( ri*es1 comm]ce & manufactures ( all k9ds1 x is ?\ght t1 ev5 :]e !re is no extraord9>y dra9 made by ,engl&1 ! curr5t specie w n n[ am\nt to a fif? ( t sum4 ,b z our projects ( pap]-cr$it are almo/ ! only exp$i5t by :i* we c s9k money bel[ its level1 s1 9 my op9ion1 ! only exp$i5t by :i* we c raise money above its level is a practice :i* we %\ld all exclaim aga9/ z de/ructive--viz41 ! ga!r+ l>ge sums into a public treasure1 lock+ !m up1 & absolutely prev5t+ _! circulation4 ,! fluid n communicat+ ) ! neighb\r+ elem5t may1 by su* an artifice1 be rais$ to :at height we please4 ,to prove ?is we ne$ only return to our fir/ supposition ( ! annihilat+ ! half or any "p ( our ca%1 :]e we f\nd t ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( su* an ev5t w\ld be ! attraction ( an equal sum f all ! neighb\r+ k+doms4 ,nor does !re seem to be any necess>y b\nds set by ! nature ( ?+s to ?is practice ( ho>d+4 ,a small city l ,g5eva1 cont9u+ ?is policy = ages1 might engross n9e-t5?s ( ! money ( ,europe4 ,!re seems1 inde$1 9 ! nature ( man an inv9cible ob/acle to t imm5se gr[? ( ri*es4 ,a weak /ate ) an enorm\s treasure w soon become a prey to "s ( its poor] b m p[]ful neighb\rs2 a great /ate w\ld dissipate its weal? 9 dang]\s & ill-conc]t$ projects1 & probably de/roy ) x :at is mu* m valuable--! indu/ry1 morals1 & numb] ( its p4 ,! fluid 9 ?is case1 rais$ to too great a height1 bur/s & de/roys ! vessel t conta9s x1 & mix+ itself ) ! surr\nd+ elem5t1 soon falls to its prop] level4 ,s little are we commonly acqua9t$ ) ?is pr9ciple t1 ?\gh all hi/orians agree 9 relat+ uni=mly s rec5t an ev5t z ! imm5se treasure amass$ by ,h>ry ,,vii4 7:i* !y make am\nt to #a1gjj1jjj71 we r reject _! concurr+ te/imony ?an admit ( a fact :i* agrees s ill ) our invet]ate prejudices4 ,x is inde$ probable t t sum might be ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! money 9 ,engl&2 b :]e is ! difficulty t su* a sum might be amass$ 9 tw5ty ye>s by a cunn+1 rapaci\s1 frugal1 & almo/ absolute mon>*8 ,nor is x probable t ! dim9ution ( circulat+ money 0 ev] s5sibly felt by ! p1 or ev] did !m any prejudice4 ,! s9k+ ( ! prices ( all commodities w\ld imm$iately replace x1 by giv+ ,engl& ! advantage 9 its comm]ce ) all ! neighb\r+ k+doms4 ,h we n an in/ance 9 ! small republic ( ,a!ns ) its allies1 :o 9 ab\t fifty ye>s betwe5 ! ,m$ian & ,peloponnesian ,w>s amass$ a sum great] ?an t ( ,h>ry ,,vii48#bj = all ! ,greek hi/orians & orators agree t ! ,a!nians collect$ 9 ! citadel m ?an #aj1jjj tal5ts1 :i* !y aft]w>ds dissipat$1 to _! own ru91 9 ra% & imprud5t ent]prises4 ,b :5 ?is money 0 set a-runn+1 & began to communicate ) ! surr\nd+ fluid1 :at 0 ! consequ5ce8 ,did x rema9 9 ! /ate8 ,no2 = we f9d by ! memorable c5sus m5tion$ by ,demo/h5es & ,polybius t1 9 ab\t fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! :ole value ( ! republic1 compreh5d+ l&s1 h\ses1 commodities1 slaves1 & money 0 less ?an #fjjj tal5ts4 ,:at an ambiti\s1 high-spirit$ p 0 ?is1 to collect & keep 9 _! treasury1 ) a view to conque/s1 a sum :i* x 0 e day 9 ! p[] ( ! citiz5s1 by a s+le vote1 to di/ribute among !mselves1 & :i* w\ld g ne> to triple ! ri*es ( e individual2 = we mu/ obs]ve t ! numb]s & private ri*es ( ! ,a!nians are said by anci5t writ]s to h be5 no great] at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> ?an at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mac$onian4 ,money 0 little m pl5tiful 9 ,greece dur+ ! age ( ,philip & ,p]seus ?an 9 ,engl& dur+ t ( ,h>ry ,,vii41 yet ^! two mon>*s 9 ?irty ye>s collect$ f ! small k+dom ( ,mac$on a mu* l>g] treasure ?an t ( ! ,engli% mon>*4 ,paulus milius br\ght to ,rome ab\t #a1gjj1jjj /]l+--,pl9y says #b1djj1jjj--;& t 0 b a "p ( ! ,mac$onian treasure2 ! re/ 0 dissipat$ by ! resi/ance & flight ( ,p]seus4 ,we may le>n f ,/anyan t ! ,canton ( ,b]ne _h #cjj1jjj l5t at int]e/1 & _h above six times z mu* 9 _! treasury4 ,"h1 !n1 is a sum ho>d$ ( #a1hjj1jjj /]l+1 :i* is at lea/ quadruple ( :at %\ld naturally circulate 9 su* a petty /ate2 & yet no "o :o travels into ! ,pais de ,vaux1 or any "p ( t canton1 obs]ves any want ( money m ?an c\ld be suppos$ 9 a c\ntry ( t ext5t1 soil1 & situation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are sc>ce any inl& prov9ces 9 ! c\ntries ( ,france or ,g]many :]e ! inhabitants are at ?is "t s opul5t1 ?\gh t canton has va/ly increas$ its treasure s9ce #agad1 ! "t :5 ,/anyan wrote 8 judici\s acc\nt ( ,switz]l&4#ba ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,appian ( ! treasure ( ! ,ptolemies is s prodigi\s t "o _c admit ( x1 & s mu* ! less because ! hi/orian says ! o!r successors ( ,alex&] 7 all s frugal1 & _h _m ( !m treasures n mu* inf]ior2 = ?is sav+ hum\r ( ! neighb\r+ pr9ces mu/ necess>ily h *eck$ ! frugality ( ! ,egyptian mon>*s1 accord+ to ! =ego+ !ory4 ,! sum he m5tions is #gdj1jjj tal5ts1 or #aia1aff1fff #acs4 #d;d41 accord+ to ,dr4 ,arbu?not's computation2 & yet ,appian says t he extract$ 8 acc\nt f ! public records1 & he 0 himself a native ( ,alex&ria4 ,f ^! pr9ciples we may le>n :at judgm5t we ought to =m ( ^? numb]less b>s1 ob/ructions1 & impo/s :i* all nations ( ,europe1 & none m ?an ,engl&1 h put ^u trade1 f an exorbitant desire ( amass+ money1 :i* nev] w heap up beyond its level :ile x circulates2 or f an ill-gr\nd$ appreh5sion ( los+ _! specie1 :i* nev] w s9k bel[ x4 ,c\ld any?+ scatt] our ri*es1 x w\ld be su* impolitic contrivances4 ,b ?is g5]al ill effect1 h[ev]1 results f !m1 t !y deprive neighb\r+ nations ( t free communication & ex*ange :i* ! ,au?or ( ! _w has int5d$1 by giv+ !m soils1 climates1 & g5iuses s diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,our mod]n politics embrace ! only me?od ( bani%+ money--! us+ pap]-cr$it2 !y reject ! only me?od ( amass+ x1 ! practice ( ho>d+2 & !y adopt a hundr$ contrivances :i* s]ve to no purpose b to *eck indu/ry1 & rob ourselves & our neighb\rs ( ! common b5efits ( art & nature4 ,all taxes1 h[ev]1 ^u =eign commodities are n to be reg>d$ z prejudicial or useless1 b ^? only :i* are f\nd$ on ! jeal\sy above m5tion$4 ,a tax on ,g]man l95 enc\rages home manufactures1 & !reby multiplies our p & indu/ry2 a tax on br&y increases ! sale ( rum1 & supports our s\!rn colonies4 ,& z x is necess>y impo/s %\ld be levi$ = ! support ( gov]nm5t1 x may be ?\ght m conv5i5t to lay !m on =eign commodities1 :i* c easily be int]cept$ at ! port & subject$ to ! impo/4 ,we ought1 h[ev]1 always to rememb] ! maxim ( ,dr4 ,swift1 t1 9 ! ari?metic ( ! cu/oms1 two & two make n f\r1 b (t5 make only "o4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ b if ! duties on w9e 7 l[]$ to a ?ird1 !y w\ld yield mu* m to ! ,gov]nm5t ?an at pres5t2 our p might !reby af=d to dr9k commonly a bett] & m :olesome liquor1 & no prejudice w\ld ensue to ! balance ( trade1 ( :i* we are s jeal\s4 ,! manufacture ( ale beyond ! agriculture is b inconsid]able1 & gives employm5t to few h&s4 ,! transport ( w9e & corn w\ld n be mu* inf]ior4 ,b are !re n frequ5t in/ances1 y w say1 ( /ates & k+doms :i* 7 =m]ly ri* & opul5t1 & are n[ poor & begg>ly8 ,has n ! money left !m ) :i* !y =m]ly ab\nd$8 ,i answ]1 if !y lose _! trade1 indu/ry1 & p1 !y _c expect to keep _! gold & silv]1 = ^! preci\s metals w hold proportion to ! =m] advantages4 ,:5 ,lisbon & ,am/]dam got ! ,ea/ ,india trade f ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 !y also got ! pr(its & money :i* arose f x4 ,:]e ! seat ( gov]nm5t is transf]r$1 :]e exp5sive armies are ma9ta9$ at a di/ance1 :]e great funds are possess$ by =eign]s1 !re naturally foll[s f ^! causes a dim9ution ( ! specie4 ,b ^!1 we may obs]ve1 are viol5t & =cible me?ods ( c>ry+ away money1 & are 9 "t commonly att5d$ ) ! transport ( p & indu/ry2 b :]e ^! rema91 & ! dra9 is n cont9u$1 ! money always f9ds its way back aga91 by a hundr$ canals ( :i* we h no notion or suspicion4 ,:at imm5se treasures h be5 sp5t1 by s _m nations1 9 ,fl&]s s9ce ! revolution1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree long w>s6 ,m money p]haps ?an ! half ( :at is at pres5t 9 all ,europe4 ,b :at has n[ become ( x8 ,is x 9 ! n>r[ compass ( ! ,au/rian prov9ces8 ,no1 surely2 x has mo/ ( x return$ to ! sev]al c\ntries :5ce x came1 & has foll[$ t art & indu/ry by :i* at fir/ x 0 acquir$4 ,= above a ?\s& ye>s ! money ( ,europe has be5 fl[+ to ,rome by an op5 & s5sible curr5t2 b x has be5 empti$ by _m secret & ins5sible canals1 & ! want ( indu/ry & comm]ce r5d]s at pres5t ! papal dom9ions ! poore/ t]ritories 9 all ,italy4 ,9 %ort1 a gov]nm5t has great reason to pres]ve ) c>e its p & its manufactures4 ,its money x may safely tru/ to ! c\rse ( human affairs1 )\t fe> or jeal\sy2 or if x ev] give att5tion to ?is latt] circum/ance1 x ought only to be s f> z x affects ! =m]4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,! ,,balance ,,( ,,trade4 #ag ,!re is ano!r cause1 ?\gh m limit$ 9 its op]ation1 :i* *ecks ! wrong balance ( trade1 to e p>ticul> nation to :i* ! k+dom trades4 ,:5 we import m goods ?an we export1 ! ex*ange turns aga9/ u1 & ?is becomes a new enc\ragem5t to export1 z mu* z ! *>ge ( c>riage & insurance ( ! money :i* becomes due w\ld am\nt to4 ,= ! ex*ange c nev] rise high] ?an t sum4 #ah ,x mu/ c>efully be rem>k$ t ?r\gh\t ?is disc\rse1 :]ev] ,i speak ( ! level ( money ,i mean always its proportional level to ! commodities1 lab\r1 indu/ry1 & skill :i* is 9 ! sev]al /ates2 & ,i ass]t t :]e ^! advantages are d\ble1 treble1 quadruple to :at !y are 9 ! neighb\r+ /ates1 ! money infallibly w also be d\ble1 treble1 quadruple4 ,! only circum/ance t c ob/ruct ! exactness ( ^! proportions is ! exp5se ( transport+ ! commodities f "o place to ano!r1 & ?is exp5se is sometimes unequal4 ,?us ! corn1 cattle1 *eese1 butt] ( ,d]by%ire _c draw ! money ( ,london s mu* z ! manufactures ( ,london draw ! money ( ,d]by%ire4 ,b ?is objection is only a seem+ "o1 = s f> z ! transport ( commodities is exp5sive1 s f> is ! communication betwe5 ! places ob/ruct$ & imp]fect4 #ai ,we obs]v$ 9 essay ,( ,money1 t money1 :5 increas+1 gives enc\ragem5t to indu/ry dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! increase ( money & ! rise ( ! prices4 ,a good effect ( ?is nature may foll[ too f pap]-cr$it2 b x is dang]\s to precipitate matt]s at ! risk ( los+ all by ! fail+ ( t cr$it1 z mu/ happ5 ^u any viol5t %ock 9 public affairs4 #bj ,!re 7 ab\t eight ounces ( silv] 9 a p\nd /]l+ 9 ,h>ry ,,vii4's "t4 #ba ,! pov]ty :i* ,/anyan speaks ( is only to be se5 9 ! mo/ m\nta9\s cantons1 :]e !re is no commodity to br+ money2 & ev5 !re ! p are n poor] ?an 9 ! diocese ( ,saltsburg on ! "o h&1 or ,savoy on ! o!r4 ,,( ,,! ,,jeal\sy ,,( ,,trade4 ,hav+ endeav\r$ to remove "o species ( ill-f\nd$ jeal\sy :i* is s preval5t among comm]cial nations1 x may n be amiss to m5tion ano!r :i* seems equally gr\ndless4 ,no?+ is m usual1 among /ates :i* h made "s advances 9 comm]ce1 ?an to look on ! progress ( _! neighb\rs ) a suspici\s eye1 to consid] all trad+ /ates z _! rivals1 & to suppose t x is impossible = any ( !m to fl\ri% b at _! exp5se4 ,9 opposition to ?is n>r[ & malignant op9ion1 ,i w v5ture to ass]t t ! increase ( ri*es & comm]ce 9 any "o nation1 in/ead ( hurt+1 commonly promotes ! ri*es & comm]ce ( all its neighb\rs2 & t a /ate c sc>cely c>ry its trade & indu/ry v f> :]e all ! surr\nd+ /ates are buri$ 9 ignorance1 slo?1 & b>b>ism4 ,x is obvi\s t ! dome/ic indu/ry ( a p _c be hurt by ! greate/ prosp]ity ( _! neighb\rs2 & z ?is bran* ( comm]ce is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important 9 any ext5sive k+dom1 we are s f> remov$ f all reason ( jeal\sy4 ,b ,i g f>!r1 & obs]ve t :]e an op5 communication is pres]v$ among nations1 x is impossible b ! dome/ic indu/ry ( e "o mu/ receive an increase f ! improvem5ts ( ! o!rs4 ,comp>e ! situation ( ,great ,brita9 at pres5t ) :at x 0 two c5turies ago4 ,all ! arts1 bo? ( agriculture & manufactures1 7 !n extremely rude & imp]fect4 ,e improvem5t :i* we h s9ce made has aris5 f our imitation ( =eign]s1 & we ought s f> to e/eem x happy t !y _h previ\sly made advances 9 arts & +5uity4 ,b ?is int]c\rse is /ill upheld to our great advantage4 ,not)/&+ ! advanc$ /ate ( our manufactures1 we daily adopt 9 e art ! inv5tions & improvem5ts ( our neighb\rs4 ,! commodity is fir/ import$ f abroad1 to our great discont5t1 :ile we imag9e t x dra9s u ( our money2 aft]w>ds ! art itself is gradually import$1 to our visible advantage4 ,yet we cont9ue /ill to rep9e t our neighb\rs %\ld possess any art1 indu/ry1 & inv5tion1 =gett+ t _h !y n fir/ in/ruct$ u we %\ld h be5 at pres5t b>b>ians1 & did !y n /ill cont9ue _! in/ructions1 ! arts mu/ fall into a /ate ( languor1 & lose t emulation & novelty :i* contribute s mu* to _! advancem5t4 ,! increase ( dome/ic indu/ry lays ! f\ndation ( =eign comm]ce4 ,:]e a great numb] ( commodities are rais$ & p]fect$ = ! home-m>ket !re w always be f\nd "s :i* c be export$ ) advantage4 ,b if our neighb\rs h no art nor cultivation1 !y _c take !m1 because !y w h no?+ to give 9 ex*ange4 ,9 ?is respect1 /ates are 9 ! same condition z individuals4 ,a s+le man c sc>ce be indu/ri\s :]e all 8 fell[-citiz5s are idle4 ,! ri*es ( ! sev]al memb]s ( a community contribute to increase my ri*es1 :atev] pr(ession ,i may foll[4 ,!y consume ! produce ( my indu/ry1 & af=d me ! produce ( !irs 9 return4 ,nor ne$ any /ate ent]ta9 appreh5sions t _! neighb\rs w improve to su* a degree 9 e art & manufacture z to h no dem& f !m4 ,nature1 by giv+ a div]sity ( g5iuses1 climates1 & soils to diff]5t nations1 has secur$ _! mutual int]c\rse & comm]ce1 z long z !y all rema9 indu/ri\s & civiliz$4 ,nay1 ! m ! arts increase 9 any /ate1 ! m w be its dem&s f its indu/ri\s neighb\rs4 ,! inhabitants1 hav+ become opul5t & skilful1 desire to h e commodity 9 ! utmo/ p]fection2 & z !y h pl5ty ( commodities to give 9 ex*ange1 !y make l>ge importations f e =eign c\ntry4 ,! indu/ry ( ! nations f :om !y import receives enc\ragem5t2 _! own is also increas$ by ! sale ( ! commodities :i* !y give 9 ex*ange4 ,b :at if a nation has any /aple commodity1 su* z ! wooll5 manufacture is to ,engl&8 ,mu/ n ! int]f]+ ( _! neighb\rs 9 t manufacture be a loss to !m8 ,i answ] t :5 any commodity is d5om9at$ ! /aple ( a k+dom1 x is suppos$ t t k+dom has "s peculi> & natural advantages = rais+ ! commodity2 & if1 not)/&+ ^! advantages1 !y lose su* a manufactory1 !y ought to blame _! own idl5ess or bad gov]nm5t1 n ! indu/ry ( _! neighb\rs4 ,x ought also to be consid]$ t by ! increase ( indu/ry among ! neighb\r+ nations ! consumption ( e p>ticul> species ( commodity is also increas$2 & ?\gh =eign manufactures int]f]e ) u 9 ! m>ket1 ! dem& = our product may /ill cont9ue1 or ev5 increase4 ,& ev5 %\ld x dim9i%1 ought ! consequ5ce to be e/eem$ s fatal8 ,if ! _s ( indu/ry be pres]v$1 x may easily be div]t$ f "o bran* to ano!r1 & ! manufactures ( wool1 = in/ance1 be employ$ 9 l951 silk1 iron1 or o!r commodities = :i* !re appe>s to be a dem&4 ,we ne$ n appreh5d t all ! objects ( indu/ry w be exhau/$1 or t our manufactur]s1 :ile !y rema9 on an equal foot+ ) ^? ( our neighb\rs1 w be 9 dang] ( want+ employm5t2 ! emulation among rival nations s]ves r to keep indu/ry alive 9 all ( !m4 ,& any p is happi] :o possess a v>iety ( manufactures1 ?an if !y enjoy$ "o s+le great manufacture1 9 :i* !y are all employ$4 ,_! situation is less prec>i\s1 & !y w feel less s5sibly ^? revolutions & unc]ta9ties to :i* e p>ticul> bran* ( comm]ce w always be expos$4 ,! only comm]cial /ate :i* ought to dread ! improvem5ts & indu/ry ( _! neighb\rs is su* a "o z ,holl&1 :i* enjoy+ no ext5t ( l&1 nor possess+ any native commodity1 fl\ri%es only by be+ ! brok]s1 & factors1 & c>ri]s ( o!rs4 ,su* a p may naturally appreh5d t z soon z ! neighb\r+ /ates come to "k & pursue _! int]e/1 !y w take into _! own h&s ! managem5t ( _! affairs1 & deprive _! brok]s ( t pr(it :i* !y =m]ly reap$ f x4 ,b ?\gh ?is consequ5ce may naturally be dread$1 x is v long be=e x takes place2 & by art & indu/ry x may be w>d$ (f = _m g5]ations1 if n :olly elud$4 ,! advantage ( sup]ior /ocks & correspond5ce is s great t x is n easily ov]come2 & z all ! transactions increase by ! increase ( indu/ry 9 ! neighb\r+ /ates1 ev5 a p ^: comm]ce /&s on ?is prec>i\s basis may at fir/ reap a consid]able pr(it f ! fl\ri%+ condition ( _! neighb\rs4 ,! ,dut*1 hav+ mortgag$ all _! rev5ues1 make n su* a figure 9 political transactions z =m]ly2 b _! comm]ce is surely equal to :at x 0 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 !y 7 reckon$ among ! great p[]s ( ,europe4 ,7 our n>r[ & malignant politics to meet ) success1 we %\ld r$uce all our neighb\r+ nations to ! same /ate ( slo? & ignorance t prevails 9 ,morocco & ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y4 ,b :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce8 ,!y c\ld s5d u no commodities1 !y c\ld take none f u4 ,our dome/ic comm]ce itself w\ld langui% = want ( emulation1 example1 & in/ruction2 & we ourselves %\ld soon fall into ! same abject condition to :i* we _h r$uc$ !m4 ,i %all !re=e v5ture to ackn[l$ge t n only z a man1 b z a ,briti% subject1 ,i pray = ! fl\ri%+ comm]ce ( ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ev5 ,france itself4 ,i am at lea/ c]ta9 t ,great ,brita9 & all ^! nations w\ld fl\ri% m did _! sov]eigns & m9i/]s adopt su* enl>g$ & b5evol5t s5tim5ts t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,,( ,,! ,,balance ,,( ,,p[]4 ,x is a "q :e!r ! idea ( ! balance ( p[] be ow+ entirely to mod]n policy1 or :e!r ! phrase only has be5 inv5t$ 9 ^! latt] ages4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,x5ophon1 9 8 in/itution ( ,cyrus1 repres5ts ! comb9ation ( ! ,asiatic p[]s to h aris5 f a jeal\sy ( ! increas+ =ce ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians2 & ?\gh t elegant composition %\ld be suppos$ altoge!r a romance1 ?is s5tim5t1 ascrib$ by ! au?or to ! ,ea/]n pr9ces1 is at lea/ a pro( ( ! prevail+ notions ( anci5t times4 ,9 all ! politics ( ,greece ! anxiety ) reg>d to ! balance ( p[] is mo/ app>5t1 & is expressly po9t$ out to u ev5 by ! anci5t hi/orians4 ,?ucydides repres5ts ! league :i* 0 =m$ aga9/ ,a!ns1 & :i* produc$ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 z entirely ow+ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,& aft] ! decl9e ( ,a!ns1 :5 ! ,!bans & ,lac$emonians disput$ = sov]eignty1 we f9d t ! ,a!nians 7z well z _m o!r republics7 ?rew !mselves always into ! light] scale1 & endeav\r$ to pres]ve ! balance4 ,!y support$ ,!bes aga9/ ,sp>ta1 till ! great victory ga9$ by ,epam9ondas at ,leuctra1 aft] :i* !y imm$iately w5t ov] to ! conqu]$1 f g5]osity z !y pret5d$1 b 9 reality f _! jeal\sy ( ! conqu]ors4 ,:oev] w read ,demo/h5es' oration = ! ,megalopolitans may see ! utmo/ ref9em5ts on ?is pr9ciple :i* ev] ent]$ into ! head ( a ,v5etian or ,engli% speculati/2 & ^u ! fir/ rise ( ! ,mac$onian p[]1 ?is orator imm$iately discov]$ ! dang]1 s\nd$ ! al>m ?r\gh all ,greece1 & at la/ assembl$ t conf$]acy "u ! bann]s ( ,a!ns :i* f\ght ! great & decisive battle ( ,*ronea4 ,x is true ! ,grecian w>s are reg>d$ by hi/orians z w>s ( emulation r ?an ( politics1 & ea* /ate seems to h _h m 9 view ! hon\r ( lead+ ! re/ ?an any well-gr\nd$ hopes ( au?ority & dom9ion4 ,if we consid]1 inde$1 ! small numb] ( inhabitants 9 any "o republic comp>$ to ! :ole1 ! great difficulty ( =m+ sieges 9 ^? times1 & ! extraord9>y brav]y & discipl9e ( e freeman among t noble p1 we %all conclude t ! balance ( p[] 0 ( itself suffici5tly secur$ 9 ,greece1 & ne$$ n to be gu>d$ ) t caution :i* may be requisite 9 o!r ages4 ,b :e!r we ascribe ! %ift+ sides 9 all ! ,grecian republics to jeal\s emulation or cauti\s politics1 ! effects 7 alike1 & e prevail+ p[] 0 sure to meet ) a conf$]acy aga9/ x1 & t (t5 compos$ ( its =m] fri5ds & allies4 ,! same pr9ciple--call x envy or prud5ce--:i* produc$ ! o/racism ( ,a!ns & petalism ( ,syracuse1 & expell$ e citiz5 ^: fame or p[] ov]topp$ ! re/--! same pr9ciple1 ,i say1 naturally discov]$ itself 9 =eign politics1 & soon rais$ enemies to ! lead+ /ate1 h[ev] mod]ate 9 ! ex]cise ( its au?ority4 ,! ,p]sian mon>* 0 really1 9 8 =ce1 a petty pr9ce comp>$ to ! ,grecian republics1 & !re=e x behov$ him1 f views ( safety m ?an f emulation1 to int]e/ himself 9 _! qu>rels1 & to support ! weak] side 9 e conte/4 ,?is 0 ! advice giv5 by ,alcibiades to ,tissaph]nes1 & x prolong$ ne> a c5tury ! date ( ! ,p]sian empire2 till ! neglect ( x = a mom5t1 aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! aspir+ g5ius ( ,philip1 br\ght t l(ty & frail edifice to ! gr\nd ) a rapidity ( :i* !re are few in/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! successors ( ,alex&] %[$ an inf9ite jeal\sy ( ! balance ( p[]1 a jeal\sy f\nd$ on true politics & prud5ce1 & :i* pres]v$ di/9ct = sev]al ages ! p>titions made aft] ! dea? ( t fam\s conqu]or4 ,! =tune & ambition ( ,antigonus ?reat5$ !m anew ) a univ]sal mon>*y1 b _! comb9ation & _! victory at ,ipsus sav$ !m2 & 9 aft] times we f9d t z ! ,ea/]n pr9ces consid]$ ! ,greeks & ,mac$onians z ! only real milit>y =ce ) :om !y _h any int]c\rse1 !y kept always a wat*ful eye ov] t "p ( ! _w4 ,! ,ptolemies1 9 p>ticul>1 support$ fir/ ,aratus & ! ,a*ans1 & !n ,cleom5es ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 f no o!r view ?an z a c\nt]balance to ! ,mac$onian mon>*s2 = ?is is ! acc\nt :i* ,polybius gives ( ! ,egyptian politics4 ,! reason :y x is suppos$ t ! anci5ts 7 entirely ignorant ( ! balance ( p[] seems to be drawn f ! ,roman hi/ory m ?an ! ,grecian1 & z ! transactions ( ! =m] are g5]ally ! mo/ famili> to u1 we h !nce =m$ all our conclusions4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ! ,romans nev] met ) any su* g5]al comb9ation or conf$]acy aga9/ !m z might naturally be expect$ f _! rapid conque/s & decl>$ ambition1 b 7 all[$ peaceably to subdue _! neighb\rs1 "o aft] ano!r1 till !y ext5d$ _! dom9ion ov] ! :ole kn[n _w4 ,n to m5tion ! fabul\s hi/ory ( _! ,italic w>s1 !re 01 ^u ,hannibal's invasion ( ! ,roman /ate1 a v rem>kable crisis :i* ought to h call$ up ! att5tion ( all civiliz$ nations4 ,x appe>$ aft]w>ds 7nor 0 x difficult to be obs]v$ at ! "t#bb7 t ?is 0 a conte/ = univ]sal empire1 & yet no pr9ce or /ate seems to h be5 9 ! lea/ al>m$ ab\t ! ev5t or issue ( ! qu>rel4 ,philip ( ,mac$on rema9$ neut] till he saw ! victories ( ,hannibal1 & !n mo/ imprud5tly =m$ an alliance ) ! conqu]or1 ^u t]ms /ill m imprud5t4 ,he /ipulat$ t he 0 to assi/ ! ,c>?ag9ian /ate 9 _! conque/ ( ,italy1 aft] :i* !y engag$ to s5d ov] =ces into ,greece1 to assi/ him 9 subdu+ ! ,grecian commonweal?s4 ,! ,rhodean & ,a*an republics are mu* celebrat$ by anci5t hi/orians = _! wisdom & s\nd policy2 yet bo? ( !m assi/$ ! ,romans 9 _! w>s aga9/ ,philip & ,antio*us4 ,& :at may be e/eem$ /ill a /rong] pro( t ?is maxim 0 n famili>ly kn[n 9 ^? ages1 no anci5t au?or has ev] rem>k$ ! imprud5ce ( ^! measures1 nor has ev5 blam$ t absurd treaty above-m5tion$ made by ,philip ) ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,pr9ces & /atesm5 may 9 all ages be bl9d$ 9 _! reason+s ) reg>d to ev5ts be=eh&1 b x is some:at extraord9>y t hi/orians aft]w>ds %\ld n =m a s\nd] judgm5t ( !m4 ,mass9issa1 ,attalus1 ,prusias1 9 satisfy+ _! private passions1 7 all ( !m ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,roman greatness1 & nev] seem to h suspect$ t !y 7 =g+ _! own *a9s :ile !y advanc$ ! conque/s ( _! ally4 ,a simple treaty & agreem5t betwe5 ,mass9issa & ! ,c>?ag9ians1 s mu* requir$ by mutual int]e/1 b>r$ ! ,romans f all entrance into ,africa1 & pres]v$ lib]ty to mank9d4 ,! only pr9ce we meet ) 9 ! ,roman hi/ory :o seems to h und]/ood ! balance ( p[] is ,hi]o1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse4 ,?\gh ! ally ( ,rome1 he s5t assi/ance to ! ,c>?ag9ians dur+ ! w> ( ! auxili>ies3 8,e/eem+ x requisite10 says ,polybius1 8bo? 9 ord] to reta9 8 dom9ions 9 ,sicily & to pres]ve ! ,roman fri5d%ip1 t ,c>?age %\ld be safe2 le/ by its fall ! rema9+ p[] %\ld be able1 )\t contra/ or opposition1 to execute e purpose & und]tak+4 ,& "h he act$ ) great wisdom & prud5ce2 = t is nev]1 on any acc\nt1 to be ov]look$1 nor ought su* a =ce ev] to be ?r[n into "o h& z to incapacitate ! neighb\r+ /ates f def5d+ _! rights aga9/ x40 ,"h is ! aim ( mod]n politics po9t$ out 9 express t]ms4 ,9 %ort1 ! maxim ( pres]v+ ! balance ( p[] is f\nd$ s mu* on common s5se & obvi\s reason+ t x is impossible x c\ld altoge!r h escap$ antiquity1 :]e we f9d1 9 o!r p>ticul>s1 s _m m>ks ( deep p5etration & disc]nm5t4 ,if x 0 n s g5]ally kn[n & ackn[l$g$ z at pres5t1 x _h at lea/ an influ5ce on all ! wis] & m exp]i5c$ pr9ces & politicians2 & inde$1 ev5 at pres5t1 h[ev] g5]ally kn[n & ackn[l$g$ among speculative reason]s1 x has n1 9 practice1 an au?ority mu* m ext5sive among ^? :o gov]n ! _w4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire ! =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! nor!rn conqu]ors incapacitat$ !m 9 a great measure f fur!r conque/s1 & long ma9ta9$ ea* /ate 9 its prop] b\nd>ies2 b :5 vassalage & ! feudal militia 7 aboli%$ mank9d 7 anew al>m$ by ! dang] ( univ]sal mon>*y1 f ! union ( s _m k+doms & pr9cipalities 9 ! p]son ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les4 ,b ! p[] ( ! h\se ( ,au/ria1 f\nd$ on ext5sive b divid$ dom9ions1 & _! ri*es1 d]iv$ *iefly f m9es ( gold & silv]1 7 m likely to decay1 ( !mselves1 f int]nal defects1 ?an to ov]?r[ all ! bulw>ks rais$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 less ?an a c5tury ! =ce ( t viol5t & haughty race 0 %att]$1 _! opul5ce dissipat$1 _! spl5d\r eclips$4 ,a new p[] succe$$1 m =midable to ! lib]ties ( ,europe1 possess+ all ! advantages ( ! =m] & lab\r+ "u none ( its defects1 except a %>e ( t _s ( bigotry & p]secution ) :i* ! h\se ( ,au/ria 7 s long & /ill are s mu* infatuat$4 ,europe has n[1 = above a c5tury1 rema9$ on ! def5sive aga9/ ! greate/ =ce t ev] p]haps 0 =m$ by ! civil or political comb9ation ( mank9d4 ,& su* is ! influ5ce ( ! maxim "h treat$ (1 t ?\gh t ambiti\s nation 9 ! five la/ g5]al w>s has be5 victori\s 9 f\r1#bc & unsuccessful only 9 "o1#bd !y h n mu* enl>g$ _! dom9ions1 nor acquir$ a total asc5dant ov] ,europe4 ,!re rema9s r room to hope t by ma9ta9+ ! resi/ance "s "t ! natural revolutions ( human affairs1 toge!r ) un=ese5 ev5ts & accid5ts1 may gu>d u aga9/ univ]sal mon>*y1 & pres]ve ! _w f s great an evil4 ,9 ! ?ree la/ ( ^! g5]al w>s ,brita9 has /ood =emo/ 9 ! glori\s /ruggle1 & %e /ill ma9ta9s h] /ation z gu>dian ( ! g5]al lib]ties ( ,europe1 & patron ( mank9d4 ,beside h] advantages ( ri*es & situation1 h] p are animat$ ) su* a national _s1 & are s fully s5sible ( ! ine/imable bless+s ( _! gov]nm5t1 t we may hope _! vig\r nev] w langui% 9 s necess>y & s j a cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we may judge by ! pa/1 _! passionate ard\r seems r to require "s mod]ation1 & !y h (t5] err$ f a laudable excess ?an f a blameable defici5cy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we seem to h be5 m possess$ ) ! anci5t ,greek _s ( jeal\s emulation ?an actuat$ ) ! prud5t views ( mod]n politics4 ,our w>s ) ,france h be5 begun ) ju/ice1 & ev51 p]haps1 f necessity2 b h always be5 too f> pu%$ f ob/9acy & passion4 ,! same peace :i* 0 aft]w>ds made at ,ryswick 9 #afig 0 (f]$ s e>ly z ! n9ety-two2 t conclud$ at ,utre*t 9 #agab might h be5 f9i%$ on z good conditions at ,g]truyt5b]g 9 ! eight2 & we might h giv5 at ,frank=t 9 #agdc ! same t]ms :i* we 7 glad to accept ( at ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 ! =ty-eight4 ,"h !n we see t above half ( our w>s ) ,france1 & all our public debts1 are ow+ m to our own imprud5t vehem5ce ?an to ! ambition ( our neighb\rs4 ,9 ! second place1 we are s decl>$ 9 our opposition to ,fr5* p[]1 & s al]t 9 def5ce ( our allies1 t !y always reckon ^u our =ce z ^u _! own1 & expect+ to c>ry on w> at our exp5se1 refuse all reasonable t]ms ( accommodation4 ,hab5t subjectos1 tanquam suos2 viles1 ut ali5os4 ,all ! _w kn[s t ! facti\s vote ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ ,p>liam5t1 ) ! pr(ess$ hum\r ( ! nation1 made ! ,que5 ( ,hung>y inflexible 9 h] t]ms1 & prev5t$ t agreem5t ) ,prussia :i* w\ld imm$iately h re/or$ ! g5]al tranquillity ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we are su* true combatants t1 :5 once engag$1 we lose all conc]n = ourselves & our po/]ity1 & consid] only h[ we may be/ annoy ! enemy4 ,to mortgage our rev5ues at s deep a rate 9 w>s :]e we are only accessories 0 surely ! mo/ fatal delusion t a nation1 :o _h any pret5sion to politics & prud5ce1 has ev] yet be5 guilty (4 ,t rem$y ( fund+--if x be a rem$y & n r a poison--ought1 9 all reason1 to be res]v$ to ! la/ extremity1 & no evil b ! greate/ & mo/ urg5t %\ld ev] induce u to embrace s dang]\s an exp$i5t4 ,^! excesses to :i* we h be5 c>ri$ are prejudicial1 & may p]haps 9 "t become /ill m prejudicial ano!r way1 by begett+1 z is usual1 ! opposite extreme1 & r5d]+ u totally c>eless & sup9e ) reg>d to ! fate ( ,europe4 ,! ,a!nians1 f ! mo/ bu/l+1 intrigu+1 w>like p ( ,greece1 f9d+ _! error 9 ?ru/+ !mselves into e qu>rel1 ab&on$ all att5tion to =eign affairs1 & 9 no conte/ ev] took p>ty on ei!r side1 except by _! flatt]ies & complaisance to ! victor4 ,enorm\s mon>*ies are probably de/ructive to human nature--9 _! progress1 9 _! cont9uance1#be & ev5 9 _! d[nfall1 :i* nev] c be v di/ant f _! e/abli%m5t4 ,! milit>y g5ius :i* aggr&iz$ ! mon>*y soon leaves ! c\rt1 ! capital1 & ! c5tre ( su* a gov]nm5t2 :ile ! w>s are c>ri$ on at a great di/ance1 & int]e/ s small a "p ( ! /ate4 ,! anci5t nobility1 ^: affections atta* !m to _! sov]eign1 live all at c\rt2 & nev] w accept ( milit>y employm5ts :i* w\ld c>ry !m to remote & b>b>\s fronti]s1 :]e !y are di/ant bo? f _! pleasures & _! =tune4 ,! arms ( ! /ate mu/ !re=e be tru/$ to m]c5>y /rang]s1 )\t zeal1 )\t atta*m5t1 )\t hon\r1 ready on e occasion to turn !m aga9/ ! pr9ce1 & jo9 ea* desp]ate malcont5t :o (f]s pay & plund]4 ,?is is ! necess>y progress ( human affairs2 ?us human nature *ecks itself 9 its airy elevations1 ?us ambition bl9dly lab\rs = ! de/ruction ( ! conqu]or1 ( 8 family1 & ( ev]y?+ ne> & de> to him4 ,! ,b\rbons1 tru/+ to ! support ( _! brave1 fai?ful1 & affectionate nobility1 w\ld pu% _! advantage )\t res]ve or limitation4 ,^!1 :ile fir$ ) glory & emulation1 c be> ! fatigues & dang]s ( w>2 b nev] w\ld submit to langui% 9 ! g>risons ( ,hung>y or ,li?uania1 =got at c\rt1 & sacrific$ to ! intrigues ( e m9ion or mi/ress :o approa*es ! pr9ce4 ,! troops are fill$ ) ,cravates & ,t>t>s1 ,huss>s & ,cossacks1 int]m+l$ p]haps ) a few soldi]s ( =tune f ! bett] prov9ces2 & ! melan*oly fate ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 f ! same cause1 is r5ew$ ov] & ov] aga9 till ! f9al dissolution ( ! mon>*y4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,! ,,balance ,,( ,,p[]4 #bb ,x 0 obs]v$ by "s1 z appe>s f ! spee* ( ,agelaus ( ,naupactum1 9 ! g5]al congress ( ,greece4 ,see ,polyb41 lib4 #e1 cap4 #ajd4 #bc ,^? conclud$ by ! ,peace ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,nimegu51 ,ryswick1 & ,aix-la-,*apelle4 #bd ,t conclud$ by ! ,peace ( ,utre*t4 #be ,if ! ,roman ,empire 0 ( advantage1 x c\ld only proce$ f ?is1 t mank9d 7 g5]ally 9 a v disord]ly1 unciviliz$ condition be=e its e/abli%m5t4 ,,( ,,taxes4 ,!re is a maxim t prevails among ^? :om 9 ?is c\ntry we call 8ways & means0 m51 & :o are d5om9at$ f9anci]s & maltoti]s 9 ,france1 t e new tax creates a new ability 9 ! subject to be> x1 & t ea* increase ( public burd5s increases proportionably ! indu/ry ( ! p4 ,?is maxim is ( su* a nature z is mo/ likely to be extremely abus$1 & is s mu* ! m dang]\s1 z its tru? _c be altoge!r d5i$2 b x mu/ be own$1 :5 kept )9 c]ta9 b\nds1 to h "s f\ndation 9 reason & exp]i5ce4 ,:5 a tax is laid ^u commodities :i* are consum$ by ! common p1 ! necess>y consequ5ce may seem to be t ei!r ! poor mu/ retr5* some?+ f _! way ( liv+1 or raise _! wages s z to make ! burd5 ( ! tax fall entirely ^u ! ri*4 ,b !re is a ?ird consequ5ce :i* v (t5 foll[s ^u taxes--viz41 t ! poor increase _! indu/ry1 p]=m m "w1 & live z well z be=e )\t dem&+ m = _! lab\r4 ,:]e taxes are mod]ate1 are laid on gradually1 & affect n ! necess>ies ( life1 ?is consequ5ce naturally foll[s2 & x is c]ta9 t su* difficulties (t5 s]ve to excite ! indu/ry ( a p1 & r5d] !m m opul5t & labori\s ?an o!rs :o enjoy ! greate/ advantages4 ,= we may obs]ve1 z a p>allel in/ance1 t ! mo/ comm]cial nations h n always possess$ ! greate/ ext5t ( f]tile l&2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !y h lab\r$ "u _m natural disadvantages4 ,tyre1 ,a!ns1 ,c>?age1 ,rhodes1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 ,holl& are /rong examples to ?is purpose2 & 9 all hi/ory we f9d only ?ree in/ances ( l>ge & f]tile c\ntries :i* h possess$ mu* trade--! ,ne!rl&s1 ,engl&1 & ,france4 ,! two =m] seem to h be5 allur$ by ! advantages ( _! m>itime situation1 & ! necessity !y lay "u ( frequ5t+ =eign ports 9 ord] to procure :at _! own climate refus$ !m2 & z to ,france1 trade has come v late into ! k+dom1 & seems to h be5 ! effect ( reflection & obs]vation 9 an +5i\s & ent]pris+ p1 :o rem>k$ ! imm5se ri*es acquir$ by su* ( ! neighb\r+ nations z cultivat$ navigation & comm]ce4 ,! places m5tion$ by ,cic]o z possess$ ( ! greate/ comm]ce ( 8 "t are ,alex&ria1 ,col*os1 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ,&ros1 ,cyprus1 ,pamphylia1 ,lycia1 ,rhodes1 ,*ios1 ,byzantium1 ,lesbos1 ,smyrna1 ,miletum1 ,coos4 ,all ^!1 except ,alex&ria1 7 ei!r small isl&s or n>r[ t]ritories2 & t city ow$ its trade entirely to ! happ9ess ( its situation4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 "s natural necessities or disadvantages may be ?\ght fav\rable to indu/ries1 :y may n artificial burd5s h ! same effect8 ,sir ,william ,temple1#bf we may obs]ve1 ascribes ! indu/ry ( ! ,dut* entirely to necessity1 proce$+ f _! natural disadvantages2 & illu/rates 8 doctr9e by a v /rik+ comp>ison ) ,irel&1 8:]e10 says he1 8by ! l>g5ess & pl5ty ( ! soil1 & sc>city ( p1 all ?+s necess>y to life are s *eap t an indu/ri\s man by two days' lab\r may ga9 en\gh to fe$ him ! re/ ( ! week4 ,:i* ,i take to be a v pla9 gr\nd ( ! laz9ess attribut$ to ! p4 ,= m5 naturally pref] ease be=e lab\r1 & w n take pa9s if !y c live idle2 ?\gh :51 by necessity1 !y h be5 inur$ to x1 !y _c leave x1 be+ gr[n a cu/om necess>y to _! heal?1 & to _! v ent]ta9m5t4 ,nor p]haps is ! *ange h>d] f con/ant ease to lab\r ?an f con/ant lab\r to ease40 ,aft] :i* ! au?or proce$s to confirm 8 doctr9e by enum]at+ z above ! places :]e trade has mo/ fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 & :i* are commonly obs]v$ by su* n>r[1 conf9$ t]ritories z beget a necessity = indu/ry4 ,x is always obs]v$ 9 ye>s ( sc>city1 if x be n extreme1 t ! poor lab\r m & really live bett] ?an 9 ye>s ( great pl5ty1 :5 !y indulge !mselves 9 idl5ess & riot4 ,i h be5 told by a consid]able manufactur] t 9 ! ye> #agdj1 :5 bread & provisions ( all k9ds 7 v de>1 8 workm5 n only made a %ift to live1 b paid debts :i* !y _h contract$ 9 =m] ye>s t 7 mu* m fav\rable & abundant4 ,?is doctr9e1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to taxes may be admitt$ to "s degree1 b bew>e ( ! abuse4 ,exorbitant taxes1 l extreme necessity1 de/roy indu/ry by produc+ despair2 & ev5 be=e !y rea* ?is pit* !y raise ! wages ( ! lab\r] & manufactur]1 & height5 ! price ( all commodities4 ,an att5tive1 dis9t]e/$ legislature w obs]ve ! po9t :5 ! emolum5t ceases & ! prejudice beg9s2 b z ! contr>y "* is mu* m common1 x is to be fe>$ t taxes all ov] ,europe are multiply+ to su* a degree z w entirely cru% all art & indu/ry2 ?\gh p]haps _! fir/ increase1 toge!r ) circum/ances1 might h contribut$ to ! gr[? ( ^! advantages4 ,! be/ taxes are su* z are levi$ ^u consumptions1 especially ^? ( luxury1 because su* taxes are less felt by ! p4 ,!y seem1 9 "s measure1 volunt>y1 s9ce a man may *oose h[ f> he w use ! commodity :i* is tax$3 !y are paid gradually & ins5sibly1 & be+ conf\nd$ ) ! natural price ( ! commodity1 !y are sc>cely p]ceiv$ by ! consum]s4 ,_! only disadvantage is t !y are exp5sive 9 ! levy+4 ,taxes ^u possessions are levi$ )\t exp5se1 b h e o!r disadvantage4 ,mo/ /ates1 h[ev]1 are oblig$ to h rec\rse to !m1 9 ord] to supply ! defici5cies ( ! o!r4 ,b ! mo/ p]nici\s ( all taxes are ^? :i* are arbitr>y4 ,!y are commonly conv]t$ by _! managem5t into puni%m5ts on indu/ry2 & also by _! unavoidable inequality are m griev\s ?an by ! real burd5 :i* !y impose4 ,x is surpris+1 !re=e1 to see !m h place among any civiliz$ p4 ,9 g5]al1 all poll-taxes1 ev5 :5 n arbitr>y--:i* !y commonly are--may be e/eem$ dang]\s2 because x is s easy = ! sov]eign to add a little m & a little m to ! sum dem&$1 t ^! taxes are apt to become altoge!r oppressive & intol]able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a duty ^u commodities *ecks itself1 & a pr9ce w soon f9d t an increase ( ! impo/ is no increase ( 8 rev5ue4 ,x is n easy1 !re=e1 = a p to be altoge!r ru9$ by su* taxes4 ,hi/orians in=m u t "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman /ate 0 ! alt]ation :i* ,con/ant9e introduc$ into ! f9ances1 by sub/itut+ a univ]sal poll-tax 9 lieu ( almo/ all ! ti!s1 cu/oms1 & excises :i* =m]ly compos$ ! rev5ue ( ! empire4 ,! p 9 all ! prov9ces 7 s gr9d$ & oppress$ by ! publicans t !y 7 glad to take refuge "u ! conqu]+ arms ( ! b>b>ians1 ^: dom9ion1 z !y _h few] necessities & less art1 0 f\nd pref]able to ! ref9$ tyranny ( ! ,romans4 ,!re is a prevail+ op9ion t all taxes1 h[ev] levi$1 fall ^u ! l& at la/4 ,su* an op9ion may be useful 9 ,brita91 by *eck+ ! l&$ g5tlem51 9 ^: h&s our legislature is *iefly lodg$1 & mak+ !m pres]ve great reg>d = trade & indu/ry2 b ,i mu/ confess t ?is pr9ciple1 ?\gh fir/ advanc$ by a celebrat$ writ]1 has s little appe>ance ( reason t 7 x n = 8 au?ority x _h nev] be5 receiv$ by anybody4 ,e man1 to be sure1 is desir\s ( pu%+ (f f himself ! burd5 ( any tax :i* is impos$1 & lay+ x ^u o!rs2 b z e man has ! same incl9ation1 & is ^u ! def5sive1 no set ( m5 c be suppos$ to prevail altoge!r 9 ?is conte/4 ,& :y ! l&$ g5tleman %\ld be ! victim ( ! :ole1 & %\ld n be able to def5d himself z well z o!rs are1 ,i _c readily imag9e4 ,all tradesm51 inde$1 w\ld will+ly prey ^u him & divide him among !m if !y c\ld2 b ?is incl9ation !y always h1 ?\gh no taxes 7 levi$2 & ! same me?ods by :i* he gu>ds aga9/ ! imposition ( tradesm5 be=e taxes w s]ve him aft]w>ds1 & make !m %>e ! burd5 ) him4 ,no lab\r 9 any commodities t are export$ c be v consid]ably rais$ 9 ! price )\t los+ ! =eign m>ket2 & z "s "p ( almo/ e manufactory is export$1 ?is circum/ance keeps ! price ( mo/ species ( lab\r ne>ly ! same aft] ! imposition ( taxes4 ,i may add t x has ?is effect ^u ! :ole1 = 7 any k9d ( lab\r paid beyond its proportion all h&s w\ld flock to x1 & w\ld soon s9k x to a level ) ! re/4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject ) obs]v+ t we h ) reg>d to taxes an in/ance ( :at frequ5tly happ5s 9 political in/itutions1 t ! consequ5ce ( ?+s are diametrically opposite to :at we %\ld expect on ! fir/ appe>ance4 ,x is reg>d$ z a fundam5tal maxim ( ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t t ! ,gr& ,seignior1 ?\gh absolute ma/] ( ! lives & =tunes ( ea* individual1 has no au?ority to impose a new tax2 & e ,ottoman pr9ce :o has made su* an attempt ei!r has be5 oblig$ to retract1 or has f\nd ! fatal effects ( 8 p]sev]ance4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t ?is prejudice or e/abli%$ op9ion 7 ! firme/ b>ri] 9 ! _w aga9/ oppression1 yet x is c]ta9 t its effect is q contr>y4 ,! emp]or1 hav+ no regul> me?od ( increas+ 8 rev5ue1 mu/ all[ all ! pa%as & gov]nors to oppress & abuse ! subjects1 & ^! he squeezes aft] _! return f _! gov]nm5t2 :]eas1 if he c\ld impose a new tax1 l our ,european pr9ces1 8 int]e/ w\ld s f> be unit$ ) t ( 8 p t he w\ld imm$iately feel ! bad effects ( ^! disord]ly levies ( money1 & w\ld f9d t a p\nd rais$ by g5]al imposition w\ld h less p]nici\s effects ?an a %ill+ tak5 9 s unequal & arbitr>y a mann]4 ,,note1 ,,( ,,taxes4 #bf ,acc\nt ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 *ap4 vi4 ,,( ,,public ,,cr$it4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ! common practice ( antiquity to make provision 9 times ( peace = ! necessities ( w>1 & to ho>d up treasures be=eh& z ! in/rum5ts ei!r ( conque/ or def5ce1 )\t tru/+ to extraord9>y impo/s1 mu* less to borr[+1 9 times ( disord] & confusion4 ,besides ! imm5se sums above m5tion$#bg :i* 7 amass$ by ,a!ns1 & by ! ,ptolemies & o!r successors ( ,alex&]1 we le>n f ,plato t ! frugal ,lac$emonians _h also collect$ a great treasure2 & ,arrian & ,plut>*#bh specify ! ri*es :i* ,alex&] got possession ( on ! conque/ ( ,susa & ,ecbatana1 & :i* 7 res]v$1 "s ( !m1 f ! "t ( ,cyrus4 ,if ,i rememb] "r1 ! ,scripture also m5tions ! treasure ( ,hezekiah & ! ,jewi% pr9ces1 z pr(ane hi/ory does t ( ,philip & ,p]seus1 k+s ( ,mac$on4 ,! anci5t republics ( ,gaul _h commonly l>ge sums 9 res]ve4 ,e "o kn[s ! treasure seiz$ 9 ,rome by ,julius ,cs> dur+ ! civil w>s1 & we f9d aft]w>ds t ! wis] emp]ors1 ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius1 ,vespasian1 ,sev]us1 etc41 always discov]$ ! prud5t =esight ( sav+ great sums aga9/ any public exig5cy4 ,on ! contr>y1 our mod]n exp$i5t1 :i* has become v g5]al1 is to mortgage ! public rev5ues1 & to tru/ t po/]ity dur+ peace w pay (f ! encumbrances contract$ dur+ ! prec$+ w>2 & !y1 hav+ be=e _! eyes s good an example ( _! wise fa!rs1 h ! same prud5t reliance on _! po/]ity1 :o at la/1 f necessity m ?an *oice1 are oblig$ to place ! same confid5ce 9 a new po/]ity4 ,b n to wa/e "t 9 declaim+ aga9/ a practice :i* appe>s ru9\s beyond ! evid5ce ( a hundr$ demon/rations1 x seems pretty app>5t t ! anci5t maxims are 9 ?is respect mu* m prud5t ?an ! mod]n2 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] _h be5 conf9$ )9 "s reasonable b\nds1 & _h ev]1 9 any "o in/ance1 be5 att5d$ ) su* frugality 9 "t ( peace z to dis*>ge ! debts incurr$ by an exp5sive w>4 ,= :y %\ld ! case be s v diff]5t betwe5 ! public & an individual z to make u e/abli% su* diff]5t maxims ( conduct = ea*8 ,if ! funds ( ! =m] be great]1 its necess>y exp5ses are proportionably l>g]2 if its res\rces be m num]\s1 !y are n inf9ite2 & z its frame %\ld be calculat$ = a mu* long] duration ?an ! date ( a s+le life1 or ev5 ( a family1 x %\ld embrace maxims1 l>ge1 durable1 & g5]\s1 agreeable to ! suppos$ ext5t ( its exi/5ce4 ,to tru/ to *ances & tempor>y exp$i5ts is inde$ :at ! necessity ( human affairs frequ5tly r$uces x to1 b :oev] volunt>ily dep5d on su* res\rces h n necessity b _! own folly to accuse = _! mis=tunes :5 any su* befall !m4 ,if ! abuses ( treasures be dang]\s1 ei!r by engag+ ! /ate 9 ra% ent]prises or mak+ x neglect milit>y discipl9e 9 confid5ce ( its ri*es1 ! abuses ( mortgag+ are m c]ta9 & inevitable--pov]ty1 impot5ce1 & subjection to =eign p[]s4 ,accord+ to mod]n policy1 w> is att5d$ ) e de/ructive circum/ance3 loss ( m51 increase ( taxes1 decay ( comm]ce1 dissipation ( money1 deva/ation by sea & l&4 ,accord+ to anci5t maxims1 ! op5+ ( ! public treasure1 z x produc$ an uncommon afflu5ce ( gold & silv]1 s]v$ z a tempor>y enc\ragem5t to indu/ry1 & aton$ 9 "s degree = ! inevitable calamities ( w>4 ,:at !n %all we say to ! new p>adox1 t public encumbrances are1 ( !mselves1 advantage\s1 indep5d5t ( ! necessity ( contract+ !m2 & t any /ate1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 n press$ by a =eign enemy1 c\ld n possibly h embrac$ a wis] exp$i5t = promot+ comm]ce & ri*es ?an to create funds1 & debts1 & taxes )\t limitation8 ,disc\rses su* z ^! might naturally h pass$ = trials ( wit among rhetoricians1 l ! panegyrics on folly & a fev]1 on ,busiris & ,n]o1 _h we n se5 su* absurd maxims patroniz$ by great m9i/]s & by a :ole p>ty among u2 & ^! puzzl+ argum5ts 7= !y des]ve n ! "n ( speci\s71 ?\gh !y c\ld n be ! f\ndation ( ,"l ,or=d's conduct1 = he _h m s5se1 s]v$ at lea/ to keep 8 p>tisans 9 c\nt5ance & p]plex ! und]/&+ ( ! nation4 ,let u exam9e ! consequ5ces ( public debts1 bo? 9 our dome/ic managem5t by _! influ5ce on comm]ce & indu/ry1 & 9 our =eign transactions by _! effect on w>s & negotiations4 ,!re is a ^w :i* is "h 9 ! m\? ( ev]ybody1 & :i* ,i f9d has also got abroad & is mu* employ$ by =eign writ]s#bi 9 imitation ( ! ,engli%--& ?is is 8circulation40 ,?is ^w s]ves z an acc\nt ( ev]y?+1 & ?\gh ,i confess t ,i h s\ght = its mean+ 9 ! pres5t subject ev] s9ce ,i 0 a s*oolboy1 ,i h nev] yet be5 able to discov] x4 ,:at possible advantage is !re :i* ! nation c reap by ! easy transf]5ce ( /ock f h& to h&8 ,or is !re any p>allel to be drawn f ! circulation ( o!r commodities to t ( *equ] notes & ,india bonds8 ,:]e a manufactur] has a quick sale ( 8 goods to ! m]*ant1 ! m]*ant to ! %opkeep]1 ! %opkeep] to 8 cu/om]s1 ?is enliv5s indu/ry & gives new enc\ragem5t to ! fir/ deal] or ! manufactur] & all 8 tradesm51 & makes !m produce m & bett] commodities ( ! same species4 ,a /agnation is "h p]nici\s1 :]ev] x happ5s1 because x op]ates backw>ds1 & /ops or b5umbs ! indu/ri\s h& 9 its production ( :at is useful to human life4 ,b :at production we owe to ,*ange-alley1 or ev5 :at consumption1 except t ( c(fee1 & p51 ink1 & pap]1 ,i h n yet le>n$2 nor c "o =esee ! loss or decay ( any "o b5eficial comm]ce or commodity1 ?\gh t place & all its inhabitants 7 = ev] buri$ 9 ! ocean4 ,b ?\gh ?is t]m has nev] be5 expla9$ by ^? :o insi/ s mu* on ! advantages t result f a circulation1 !re seems1 h[ev]1 to be "s b5efit ( a simil> k9d aris+ f our encumbrances--z1 inde$1 :at human evil is !re :i* is n att5d$ ) "s advantage8 ,?is we %all endeav\r to expla91 t we may e/imate ! weight :i* we ought to all[ x4 ,public securities are ) u become a k9d ( money1 & pass z readily at ! curr5t price z gold or silv]4 ,:]ev] any pr(itable und]tak+ (f]s itself1 h[ev] exp5sive1 !re are nev] want+ h&s en\gh to embrace x2 nor ne$ a trad] :o has sums 9 ! public /ocks fe> to laun* out into ! mo/ ext5sive trade1 s9ce he is possess$ ( funds :i* w answ] ! mo/ sudd5 dem& t c be made ^u him4 ,no m]*ant ?9ks x necess>y to keep by him any consid]able ca%4 ,bank-notes or ,india bonds1 especially ! latt]1 s]ve all ! same purposes2 because he c dispose ( !m or pl$ge !m to a bank] 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r2 & at ! same "t !y are n idle1 ev5 :5 9 8 escritoire1 b br+ him 9 a con/ant rev5ue4 ,9 %ort1 our national debts furni% m]*ants ) a species ( money t is cont9ually multiply+ 9 _! h&s1 & produces sure ga9 besides ! pr(its ( _! comm]ce4 ,?is mu/ enable !m to trade ^u less pr(it4 ,! small pr(it ( ! m]*ant r5d]s ! commodity *eap]1 causes a great] consumption1 quick5s ! lab\r ( ! common p1 & helps to spread arts & indu/ry ?r\gh ! :ole society4 ,!re are also1 we may obs]ve1 9 ,engl& & 9 all /ates :i* h bo? comm]ce & public debts1 a set ( m5 :o are half m]*ants1 half /ock-hold]s1 & may be suppos$ will+ to trade = small pr(its2 because comm]ce is n _! pr9cipal or sole support1 & _! rev5ues 9 ! funds are a sure res\rce = !mselves & _! families4 ,7 !re no funds great m]*ants w\ld h no exp$i5t = realiz+ or secur+ any "p ( _! pr(it b by mak+ pur*ases ( l&1 & l& has _m disadvantages 9 comp>ison ( funds4 ,requir+ m c>e & inspection1 x divides ! "t & att5tion ( ! m]*ant2 ^u any tempt+ (f] or extraord9>y accid5t 9 trade1 x is n s easily conv]t$ into money2 & z x attracts too mu*1 bo? by ! _m natural pleasures x af=ds & ! au?ority x gives1 x soon conv]ts ! citiz5 into ! c\ntry g5tleman4 ,m m51 !re=e1 ) l>ge /ocks & incomes1 may naturally be suppos$ to cont9ue 9 trade :]e !re are public debts2 & ?is1 x mu/ be own$1 is ( "s advantage to comm]ce by dim9i%+ its pr(its1 promot+ circulation1 & enc\rag+ indu/ry4 ,b1 9 opposition to ^! two fav\rable circum/ances1 p]haps ( no v great importance1 weigh ! _m disadvantages :i* att5d our public debts 9 ! :ole int]ior economy ( ! /ate2 y w f9d no comp>ison betwe5 ! ill & ! good :i* result f !m4 ,fir/1 x is c]ta9 t national debts cause a mighty conflu5ce ( p & ri*es to ! capital1 by ! great sums :i* are levi$ 9 ! prov9ces to pay ! int]e/ ( ^? debts2 & p]haps1 too1 by ! advantages 9 trade above m5tion$1 :i* !y give ! m]*ants 9 ! capital above ! re/ ( ! k+dom4 ,! "q is1 :e!r1 9 our case1 x be = ! public int]e/ t s _m privileges %\ld be conf]r$ on ,london1 :i* has already arriv$ at su* an enorm\s size & seems /ill increas+8 ,"s m5 are appreh5sive ( ! consequ5ces4 ,= my "p1 ,i _c =be> ?9k+ t ?\gh ! head is und\bt$ly too big = ! body1 yet t great city is s happily situat$ t its excessive bulk causes less inconv5i5ce ?an ev5 a small] capital to a great] k+dom4 ,!re is m diff]5ce betwe5 ! prices ( all provisions 9 ,p>is & ,langu$oc ?an betwe5 ^? 9 ,london & ,york%ire4 ,secondly1 public /ocks1 be+ a k9d ( pap]-cr$it1 h all ! disadvantages att5d+ t species ( money4 ,!y bani% gold & silv] f ! mo/ consid]able comm]ce ( ! /ate1 r$uce !m to common circulation1 & by t means r5d] all provisions & lab\r de>] ?an o!rwise !y w\ld be4 ,?irdly1 ! taxes :i* are levi$ to pay ! int]e/s ( ^! debts are apt to be a *eck ^u indu/ry1 to height5 ! price ( lab\r1 & to be an oppression on ! poor] sort4 ,f\r?ly1 z =eign]s possess a %>e ( our national funds1 !y r5d] ! public 9 a mann] tribut>y to !m1 & may 9 "t occasion ! transport ( our p & our indu/ry4 ,fif?ly1 ! greate/ "p ( public /ock be+ always 9 ! h&s ( idle p1 :o live on _! rev5ue1 our funds give great enc\ragem5t to a useless & inactive life4 ,b ?\gh ! injury :i* arises to comm]ce & indu/ry f our public funds w appe>1 ^u balanc+ ! :ole1 v consid]able1 x is trivial 9 comp>ison ( ! prejudice :i* results to ! /ate consid]$ z a body politic1 :i* mu/ support itself 9 ! society ( nations1 & h v>i\s transactions ) o!r /ates1 9 w>s & negotiations4 ,! ill !re is pure & unmix$1 )\t any fav\rable circum/ance to atone = x1 & x is an ill too ( a nature ! highe/ & mo/ important4 ,we h1 inde$1 be5 told t ! public is no weak] ^u acc\nt ( its debts1 s9ce !y are mo/ly due among ourselves1 & br+ z mu* prop]ty to "o z !y take f ano!r4 ,x is l transf]r+ money f ! "r h& to ! left1 :i* leaves ! p]son nei!r ri*] nor poor] ?an be=e4 ,su* loose reason+s & speci\s comp>isons w always pass :]e we judge n ^u pr9ciples4 ,i ask1 is x possible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 to ov]burd5 a nation ) taxes1 ev5 :]e ! sov]eign resides among !m8 ,! v d\bt seems extravagant1 s9ce x is requisite 9 e commonweal? t !re be a c]ta9 proportion obs]v$ betwe5 ! labori\s & ! idle "p ( x4 ,b if all our pres5t taxes be mortgag$1 mu/ we n inv5t new ones8 & may n ?is matt] be c>ri$ to a l5g? t is ru9\s & de/ructive8 ,9 e nation !re are always "s me?ods ( levy+ money m easy ?an o!rs1 agreeable to ! way ( liv+ ( ! p & ! commodities !y make use (4 ,9 ,brita9 ! excises ^u malt & be] af=d a v l>ge rev5ue1 because ! op]ations ( malt+ & brew+ are v t$i\s1 & are impossible to be conceal$2 & at ! same "t1 ^! commodities are n s absolutely necess>y to life z t ! rais+ _! price w\ld v mu* affect ! poor] sort4 ,^! taxes be+ all mortgag$1 :at difficulty to f9d new ones6 :at vexation & ru9 ( ! poor6 ,duties ^u consumptions are m equal & easy ?an ^? ^u possessions4 ,:at a loss to ! public t ! =m] are all exhau/$1 & t we mu/ h rec\rse to ! m griev\s me?od ( levy+ taxes6 ,7 all ! proprietors ( l& only /ew>ds to ! public1 mu/ n necessity =ce !m to practise all ! arts ( oppression us$ by /ew>ds1 :]e ! abs5ce or neglig5ce ( ! proprietor r5d] !m secure aga9/ inquiry8 ,x w sc>ce be ass]t$ t no b\nds ought ev] to be set to national debts1 & t ! public w\ld be no weak] 7 twelve or fifte5 %ill+s 9 ! p\nd l&-tax mortgag$1 ) ! pres5t cu/oms & excises4 ,!re is some?+ !re=e 9 ! case beside ! m]e transf]r+ ( prop]ty f "o h& to ano!r4 ,9 #ejj ye>s ! po/]ity ( ^? n[ 9 ! coa*es & ( ^? ^u ! boxes w probably h *ang$ places1 )\t affect+ ! public by ^! revolutions4 ,suppose ! public once fairly br\ght to t condition to :i* x is ha/5+ ) su* amaz+ rapidity2 suppose ! l& to be tax$ eighte5 or n9ete5 %ill+s 9 ! p\nd 7= x c nev] be> ! :ole tw5ty72 suppose all ! excises & cu/oms to be screw$ up to ! outmo/ :i* ! nation c be>1 )\t entirely los+ its comm]ce & indu/ry2 & suppose t all ^? funds are mortgag$ to p]petuity1 & t ! inv5tion & wit ( all our projectors c f9d no new imposition :i* may s]ve z ! f\ndation ( a new loan2 & let u consid] ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ?is situation4 ,?\gh ! imp]fect /ate ( our political k & ! n>r[ capacities ( m5 make x difficult to =etell ! effects :i* w result f any untri$ measure1 ! se$s ( ru9 are "h scatt]$ ) su* pr(usion z n to escape ! eye ( ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,9 ?is unnatural /ate ( society1 ! only p]sons :o possess any rev5ue beyond ! imm$iate effects ( _! indu/ry are ! /ockhold]s1 :o draw almo/ all ! r5t ( ! l& & h\ses1 besides ! produce ( all ! cu/oms & excises4 ,^! are m5 :o h no connections 9 ! /ate1 :o c enjoy _! rev5ue 9 any "p ( ! _w 9 :i* !y *oose to reside1 :o w naturally bury !mselves 9 ! capital1 or 9 great cities1 & :o w s9k into ! le?>gy ( a /upid & pamp]$ luxury1 )\t _s1 ambition1 or enjoym5t4 ,adieu to all ideas ( nobility1 g5try1 & family4 ,! /ocks c be transf]r$ 9 an in/ant1 & be+ 9 su* a fluctuat+ /ate1 w seldom be transmitt$ dur+ ?ree g5]ations f fa!r to son4 ,or 7 !y to rema9 ev] s long 9 "o family1 !y convey no h]$it>y au?ority or cr$it to ! possessors2 & by ?is means1 ! sev]al ranks ( m51 :i* =m a k9d ( indep5d5t magi/racy 9 a /ate1 in/itut$ by ! h& ( nature1 are entirely lo/1 & e man 9 au?ority d]ives 8 influ5ce f ! commission alone ( ! sov]eign4 ,no exp$i5t rema9s = prev5t+ or suppress+ insurrections b m]c5>y armies2 no exp$i5t at all rema9s = resi/+ tyranny2 elections are sway$ by brib]y & corruption alone2 & ! middle p[] betwe5 k+ & p be+ totally remov$1 a horrible despotism mu/ infallibly prevail4 ,! l&hold]s1 despis$ = _! pov]ty & hat$ = _! oppressions1 w be utt]ly unable to make any opposition to x4 ,?\gh a resolution %\ld be =m$ by ! legislature nev] to impose any tax :i* hurts comm]ce & disc\rages indu/ry1 x w be impossible = m51 9 subjects ( su* extreme delicacy1 to reason s ju/ly z nev] to be mi/ak51 or amid/ difficulties s urg5t1 nev] to be s$uc$ f _! resolution4 ,! cont9ual fluctuations 9 comm]ce require cont9ual alt]ations 9 ! nature ( ! taxes1 :i* exposes ! legislature e mom5t to ! dang] bo? ( wilful & involunt>y error2 & any great bl[ giv5 to trade1 :e!r by injudici\s taxes or by o!r accid5ts1 ?r[s ! :ole sy/em ( ! gov]nm5t into confusion4 ,b :at exp$i5t is ! public n[ to fall ^u1 ev5 suppos+ trade to cont9ue 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ condition1 to support its =eign w>s & ent]prises1 & to def5d its own hon\r & int]e/s or ^? ( its allies8 ,i d n ask h[ ! public is to ex]t su* a prodigi\s p[] z x has ma9ta9$ dur+ our late w>s1 :]e we h s mu* exce$$1 n only our own natural /r5g?1 b ev5 t ( ! greate/ empires4 ,?is extravagance is ! abuse compla9$ (1 z ! s\rce ( all ! dang]s to :i* we are at pres5t expos$4 ,b s9ce we mu/ /ill suppose great comm]ce & opul5ce to rema9 ev5 aft] e fund is mortgag$1 ^? ri*es mu/ be def5d$ by proportionable p[]1 & :5ce is ! public to d]ive ! rev5ue :i* supports x8 ,x mu/ pla9ly be f a cont9ual taxation ( ! annuitants1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 f mortgag+ anew on e exig5cy a c]ta9 "p ( _! annuity1 & ?us mak+ !m contribute to _! own def5ce & to t ( ! nation2 b ! difficulties att5d+ ?is sy/em ( policy w easily appe>1 :e!r we suppose ! k+ to h become absolute ma/] or to be /ill controll$ by national c\ncils1 9 :i* ! annuitants !mselves mu/ necess>ily be> ! pr9cipal sway4 ,if ! pr9ce has become absolute1 z may naturally be expect$ f ?is situation ( affairs1 x is s easy = him to increase 8 exactions ^u ! annuitants1 :i* am\nt only to ! reta9+ money 9 8 own h&s1 t ?is species ( prop]ty w soon lose all its cr$it1 & ! :ole income ( e individual 9 ! /ate mu/ lie entirely at ! m]cy ( ! sov]eign--a degree ( despotism :i* no ori5tal mon>*y has ev] yet atta9$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! cons5t ( ! annuitants be requisite = e taxation1 !y w nev] be p]suad$ to contribute suffici5tly ev5 to ! support ( gov]nm5t1 z ! dim9ution ( _! rev5ue mu/ 9 t case be v s5sible1 w\ld n be disguis$ "u ! appe>ance ( a bran* ( excise or cu/oms1 & w\ld n be %>$ by any o!r ord] ( ! /ate1 :o are already suppos$ to be tax$ to ! utmo/4 ,!re are in/ances 9 "s republics ( a hundr$? p5ny1 & sometimes ( ! fiftie?1 be+ giv5 to ! support ( ! /ate2 b ?is is always an extraord9>y ex]tion ( p[]1 & c nev] become ! f\ndation ( a con/ant national def5ce4 ,we h always f\nd1 :]e a gov]nm5t has mortgag$ all its rev5ues1 t x necess>ily s9ks into a /ate ( languor1 inactivity1 & impot5ce4 ,su* are ! inconv5i5ces :i* may reasonably be =ese5 ( ?is situation to :i* ,great ,brita9 is visibly t5d+1 n to m5tion ! numb]less inconv5i5ces :i* _c be =ese51 & :i* mu/ result f s mon/r\s a situation z t ( mak+ ! public ! sole proprietor ( l&1 besides inve/+ x ) e bran* ( cu/oms & excise :i* ! f]tile imag9ation ( m9i/]s & projectors h be5 able to inv5t4 ,i mu/ confess t !re is a /range sup95ess1 f long cu/om1 crept into all ranks ( m5 ) reg>d to public debts1 n unlike :at div9es s vehem5tly compla9 ( ) reg>d to _! religi\s doctr9es4 ,we all own t ! mo/ sangu9e imag9ation _c hope ei!r t ?is or any future m9i/ry w be possess$ ( su* rigid & /eady frugality z to make any consid]able progress 9 ! paym5t ( our debts1 or t ! situation ( =eign affairs w1 = any long "t1 all[ !m leisure & tranquillity = su* an und]tak+4#cj ,:at !n is to become ( u8 ,7 we ev] s good ,*ri/ians & ev] s resign$ to ,provid5ce1 ?is1 me?9ks1 7 a curi\s "q1 ev5 consid]$ z a speculative "o1 & :at x might n be altoge!r impossible to =m "s conjectural solution (4 ,! ev5ts "h w dep5d little ^u ! cont+5cies ( battles1 negotiations1 intrigues1 & factions4 ,!re seems to be a natural progress ( ?+s :i* may guide our reason+4 ,z x w\ld h requir$ b a mod]ate %>e ( prud5ce :5 we fir/ began ?is practice ( mortgag+ to h =etold1 f ! nature ( m5 & ( m9i/]s1 t ?+s w\ld necess>ily be c>ri$ to ! l5g? we see1 s n[ t !y h at la/ happily rea*$ x1 x may n be difficult to guess at ! consequ5ces4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be "o ( ^! two ev5ts--ei!r ! nation mu/ de/roy public cr$it1 or public cr$it w de/roy ! nation4 ,x is impossible !y c bo? subsi/ aft] ! mann] !y h be5 hi!rto manag$1 9 ?is z well z 9 "s o!r nations4 ,!re 0 inde$ a s*eme = ! paym5t ( our debts :i* 0 propos$ by an excell5t citiz51 ,mr4 ,hut*9son1 above ?irty ye>s ago1 & :i* 0 mu* approv$ ( by "s m5 ( s5se1 b nev] 0 likely to take effect4 ,he ass]t$ t !re 0 a fallacy 9 imag9+ t ! public ow$ ?is debt1 = t really e individual ow$ a proportional %>e ( x1 & paid1 9 8 taxes1 a proportional %>e ( ! int]e/1 beside ! exp5ses ( levy+ ^! taxes4 ,_h we n bett]1 !n1 says he1 make a proportional di/ribution ( ! debt among u1 & ea* ( u contribute a sum suitable to 8 prop]ty1 & by t means dis*>ge at once all our funds & public mortgages8 ,he seems n to h consid]$ t ! labori\s poor pay a consid]able "p ( ! taxes by _! annual consumptions1 ?\gh !y c\ld n advance at once a proportional "p ( ! sum requir$2 n to m5tion t prop]ty 9 money & /ock 9 trade might easily be conceal$ or disguis$1 & t visible prop]ty 9 l&s & h\ses w\ld really at la/ answ] = ! :ole--an inequality & oppression :i* nev] w\ld be submitt$ to4 ,b ?\gh ?is project is nev] likely to take place1 x is n altoge!r improbable t :5 ! nation become he>tily sick ( _! debts1 & are cruelly oppress$ by !m1 "s d>+ projector may arise ) vision>y s*emes = _! dis*>ge4 ,& z public cr$it w beg91 by t "t1 to be a little frail1 ! lea/ t\* w de/roy x1 z happ5$ 9 ,france2 & 9 ?is mann] x w die ( ! doctor4#ca ,b x is m probable t ! brea* ( national fai? w be ! necess>y effect ( w>s1 defeats1 mis=tunes1 & public calamities1 or ev5 p]haps ( victories & conque/s4 ,i mu/ confess1 :5 ,i see pr9ces & /ates fight+ & qu>rell+1 amid/ _! debts1 funds1 & public mortgages1 x always br+s to my m9d a mat* ( cudgel-play+ f\ght 9 a *9a-%op4 ,h[ c x be expect$ t sov]eigns w sp>e a species ( prop]ty :i* is p]nici\s to !mselves & to ! public1 :5 !y h s little compassion on lives & prop]ties :i* are useful to bo?8 ,let ! "t come 7& surely x w come7 :5 ! new funds creat$ = ! exig5cies ( ! ye> are n subscrib$ to1 & raise n ! money project$4 ,suppose ei!r t ! ca% ( ! nation is exhau/$1 or t our fai?1 :i* has hi!rto be5 s ample1 beg9s to fail u2 suppose t 9 ?is di/ress ! nation is ?reat5$ ) an invasion2 a rebellion is suspect$ or brok5 out at home2 a squadron _c be equipp$ = want ( pay1 victuals1 or repairs2 or ev5 a =eign subsidy _c be advanc$--:at mu/ a pr9ce or m9i/] d 9 su* an em]g5ce8 ,! "r ( self-pres]vation is unali5able 9 e individual1 mu* m 9 e community2 & ! folly ( our /atesm5 mu/ !n be great] ?an ! folly ( ^? :o fir/ contract$ debt1 or1 :at is m1 ?an t ( ^? :o tru/$1 or cont9ue to tru/ ?is security1 if ^! /atesm5 h ! means ( safety 9 _! h&s & d n employ !m4 ,! funds1 creat$ & mortgag$1 w by t "t br+ 9 a l>ge ye>ly rev5ue1 suffici5t = ! def5ce & security ( ! nation4 ,money is p]haps ly+ 9 ! ex*equ]1 ready = ! dis*>ge ( ! qu>t]ly int]e/4 ,necessity calls1 fe> urges1 reason exhorts1 compassion alone exclaims2 ! money w imm$iately be seiz$ = ! curr5t s]vice--"u ! mo/ solemn prote/ations1 p]haps1 ( be+ imm$iately replac$4 ,b no m is requisite2 ! :ole fabric1 already tott]+1 falls to ! gr\nd1 & buries ?\s&s 9 its ru9s4 ,& ?is1 ,i ?9k1 may be call$ ! natural dea? ( public cr$it2 = to ?is p]iod x t5ds z naturally z an animal body to its dissolution & de/ruction4#cb ,^! two ev5ts suppos$ above are calamit\s1 b n ! mo/ calamit\s4 ,?\s&s are h]eby sacrific$ to ! safety ( millions2 b we are n )\t dang] t ! contr>y ev5t may take place1 & t millions may be sacrific$ = ev] to ! tempor>y safety ( ?\s&s4#cc ,our popul> gov]nm5t p]haps w r5d] x difficult or dang]\s = a m9i/] to v5ture on s desp]ate an exp$i5t z t ( a volunt>y bankruptcy2 & ?\gh ! ,h\se ( ,lords be altoge!r compos$ ( ! proprietors ( l&s1 & ! ,h\se ( ,commons *iefly1 & consequ5tly nei!r ( !m c be suppos$ to h great prop]ty 9 ! funds1 yet ! connections ( ! memb]s may be s great ) ! proprietors z to r5d] !m m t5aci\s ( public fai? ?an prud5ce1 policy1 or ev5 ju/ice1 /rictly speak+1 requires4 ,& p]haps1 too1 our =eign enemies1 or r enemy 7= we h b "o to dread7 may be s politic z to discov] t our safety lies 9 despair1 & may n !re=e %[ ! dang] op5 & b>efac$ till x be inevitable4 ,! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe1 our gr&fa!rs1 our fa!rs1 & we1 h all ju/ly e/eem$ too unequal to be pres]v$ )\t our att5tion & assi/ance4 ,b our *ildr51 we>y ) ! /ruggle1 & fett]$ ) encumbrances1 may sit d[n secure & see _! neighb\rs oppress$ & conqu]$1 till at la/ !y !mselves & _! cr$itors lie bo? at ! m]cy ( ! conqu]or4 ,& ?is may prop]ly en\gh be d5om9at$ ! viol5t dea? ( our public cr$it4 ,^! seem to be ! ev5ts :i* are n v remote1 & :i* reason =esees z cle>ly almo/ z %e c d any?+ t lies 9 ! womb ( "t4 ,& ?\gh ! anci5ts ma9ta9$ t1 9 ord] to rea* ! gift ( prophecy1 a c]ta9 div9e fury or madness 0 requisite1 "o may safely affirm t1 9 ord] to deliv] su* prophecies z ^!1 no m is necess>y ?an m]ely to be 9 "o's s5ses1 free f ! influ5ce ( popul> madness & delusion4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,public ,,cr$it4 #bg ,essay ,( ! ,balance ( ,trade4 #bh ,plut4 9 ,vita ,alex4 ,he makes ^! treasures am\nt to #hj1jjj tal5ts1 or ab\t #ae millions /]l+4 ,qu9tus ,curtius 7lib4 #e1 cap4 #b7 says t ,alex&] f\nd 9 ,susa above #ej1jjj tal5ts4 #bi ,melon1 ,du ,tot1 ,law1 9 ! pamphlets publi%$ 9 ,france4 #cj ,9 times ( peace & security1 :5 alone x is possible to pay debt1 ! money$ int]e/ are av]se to receive p>tial paym5ts1 :i* !y "k n h[ to dispose ( to advantage1 & ! l&$ int]e/ are av]se to cont9ue ! taxes requisite = t purpose4 ,:y !re=e %\ld a m9i/] p]sev]e 9 a measure s disagreeable to all p>ties8 ,= ! sake1 ,i suppose1 ( a po/]ity :i* he w nev] see1 or ( a few reasonable1 reflect+ p ^: unit$ int]e/ p]haps w n be able to secure him ! smalle/ bor\gh 9 ,engl&4 ,x is n likely we %all ev] f9d any m9i/] s bad a politician4 ,) reg>d to ^! n>r[1 de/ructive maxims ( politics all m9i/]s are exp]t en\gh4 #ca ,"s neighb\r+ /ates practise an easy exp$i5t1 by :i* !y light5 _! public debts4 ,! ,fr5* h a cu/om 7z ! ,romans =m]ly _h7 ( augm5t+ _! money1 & ?is ! nation has be5 s mu* famili>iz$ to t x hurts n public cr$it1 ?\gh x be really cutt+ (f at once1 by an edict1 s mu* ( _! debts4 ,! ,dut* dim9i% ! int]e/ )\t ! cons5t ( _! cr$itors2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 !y arbitr>ily tax ! funds z well z o!r prop]ty4 ,c\ld we practise ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 we ne$ nev] be oppress$ by ! national debt2 & x is n impossible b "o ( ^!1 or "s o!r me?od1 may1 at all adv5tures1 be tri$1 on ! augm5tation ( our encumbrances & difficulties4 ,b p 9 ?is c\ntry are s good reason]s ^u :atev] reg>ds _! int]e/1 t su* a practice w deceive nobody1 & public cr$it w probably tumble at once by s dang]\s a trial4 #cb ,s great dupes are ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 t not)/&+ su* a viol5t %ock to public cr$it z a volunt>y bankruptcy 9 ,engl& w\ld occasion1 x w\ld n probably be long ere cr$it w\ld aga9 revive 9 z fl\ri%+ a condition z be=e4 ,! pres5t ,k+ ( ,france1 dur+ ! late w>1 borr[$ money at l[] int]e/ ?an ev] 8 gr&fa!r did1 & z l[ z ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 comp>+ ! natural rate ( int]e/ 9 bo? k+doms4 ,& ?\gh m5 are commonly m gov]n$ by :at !y h se5 ?an by :at !y =esee1 ) :atev] c]ta9ty1 yet promises1 prote/ations1 fair appe>ances1 ) ! allurem5ts ( pres5t int]e/1 h su* p[]ful influ5ce z few are able to resi/4 ,mank9d are1 9 all ages1 caught by ! same baits4 ,! same tricks1 play$ ov] & ov] aga91 /ill trepan !m4 ,! heights ( popul>ity & patriotism are /ill ! beat5 road to p[] & tyranny2 flatt]y to trea*]y2 /&+ armies to arbitr>y gov]nm5t2 & ! glory ( ,god to ! temporal int]e/ ( ! cl]gy4 ,! fe> ( an ev]la/+ de/ruction ( cr$it1 all[+ x to be an evil1 is a ne$less bugbe>4 ,a prud5t man1 9 reality1 w\ld r l5d to ! public imm$iately aft] !y _h tak5 a sponge to _! debts1 ?an at pres5t2 z mu* z an opul5t knave1 ev5 ?\gh "o c\ld n =ce him to pay1 is a pref]able debtor to an hone/ bankrupt2 = ! =m]1 9 ord] to c>ry on bus9ess1 may f9d x 8 int]e/ to dis*>ge 8 debts1 :]e !y are n exorbitant4 ,! latt] has x n 9 8 p[]4 ,! reason+ ( ,tacitus 7,hi/4 lib4 #c71 z x is et]nally true1 is v applicable to our pres5t case3 8,s$ vulgus ad magnitud9em b5eficiorum ad]at3 ,/ultissimus quisque pecuniis m]cabatur3 ,apud sapi5tes cassa habebantur1 qu neque d>i neque accipi1 salva republica1 pot]ant40 ,! public is a debtor1 :om no man c oblige to pay4 ,! only *eck :i* ! cr$itors h on x is ! int]e/ ( pres]v+ cr$it2 an int]e/ :i* may easily be ov]balanc$ by a v great debt1 & by a difficult & extraord9>y em]g5ce1 ev5 suppos+ t cr$it irrecov]able4 ,n to m5tion t a pres5t necessity (t5 =ces /ates into measures :i* are1 /rictly speak+1 aga9/ _! int]e/4 #cc ,i h he>d x has be5 comput$ t all ! cr$itors ( ! public1 natives & =eign]s1 am\nt only to #ag1jjj4 ,^! make a figure at pres5t on _! income2 b 9 case ( a public bankruptcy w\ld 9 an in/ant become ! l[e/1 z well z ! mo/ wret*$ ( ! p4 ,! dignity & au?ority ( ! l&$ g5try & nobility is mu* bett] root$1 & w\ld r5d] ! cont5tion v unequal1 if ev] we come to t extremity4 ,"o w\ld incl9e to assign to ?is ev5t a v ne> p]iod1 su* z half a c5tury1 _h n our fa!rs' prophecies ( ?is k9d be5 already f\nd fallaci\s by ! duration ( our public cr$it s mu* beyond all reasonable expectation4 ,:5 ! a/rolog]s 9 ,france 7 e ye> =etell+ ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 8,^! fell[s10 says he1 8mu/ be "r at la/40 ,we %all !re=e be m cauti\s ?an to assign any precise date1 & %all cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out ! ev5t 9 g5]al4 ,,( ,,"s ,,rem>kable ,,cu/oms4 ,i %all obs]ve ?ree rem>kable cu/oms 9 ?ree celebrat$ gov]nm5ts1 & %all conclude f ! :ole t all g5]al maxims 9 politics ought to be e/abli%$ ) great res]ve1 & t irregul> & extraord9>y appe>ances are frequ5tly discov]$ 9 ! moral z well z 9 ! physical _w4 ,! =m] p]haps c we bett] acc\nt = aft] !y happ51 f spr+s & pr9ciples ( :i* e "o has )9 himself1 or f obvi\s obs]vation1 ! /ronge/ assurance & conviction2 b x is (t5 fully z impossible = human prud5ce be=eh& to =esee & =etell !m4 ,i4 ,"o w\ld ?9k x ess5tial to e supreme c\ncil or assembly :i* debates1 t entire lib]ty ( spee* %\ld be grant$ to e memb]1 & t all motions or reason+s %\ld be receiv$ :i* c any way t5d to illu/rate ! po9t "u delib]ation4 ,"o w\ld conclude1 ) /ill great] assurance1 t aft] a motion 0 made1 :i* 0 vot$ & approv$ by t assembly 9 :i* ! legislative p[] is lodg$1 ! memb] :o made ! motion mu/ = ev] be exempt$ f fur!r trial or inquiry4 ,b no political maxim c at fir/ sight appe> m undisputable ?an t he mu/ at lea/ be secur$ f all inf]ior jurisdiction1 & t no?+ less ?an ! same supreme legislative assembly1 9 _! subsequ5t meet+s1 c\ld r5d] him acc\ntable = ^? motions & h>angues :i* !y _h be=e approv$ (4 ,b ^! axioms1 h[ev] irrefragable !y may appe>1 h all fail$ 9 ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t1 f causes1 & pr9ciples too1 :i* appe> almo/ inevitable4 ,by ! 1 or 8indictm5t ( illegality0 7?\gh x has n be5 rem>k$ by antiqu>ies or comm5tators71 any man 0 tri$ & puni%$ by any common c\rt ( judicature = any law :i* _h pass$ ^u 8 motion 9 ! assembly ( ! p1 if t law appe>$ to ! c\rt unju/ or prejudicial to ! public4 ,?us ,demo/h5es1 f9d+ t %ip-money 0 levi$ irregul>ly1 & t ! poor bore ! same burd5 z ! ri* 9 equipp+ ! galleys1 correct$ ?is inequality by a v useful law1 :i* proportion$ ! exp5se to ! rev5ue & income ( ea* individual4 ,he mov$ = ?is law 9 ! assembly1 he prov$ its advantages1#cd he conv9c$ ! p1 ! only legislature 9 ,a!ns1 ! law pass$ & 0 c>ri$ into execution2 & yet he 0 tri$ 9 a crim9al c\rt = t law ^u ! compla9t ( ! ri*1 :o res5t$ ! alt]ation he _h introduc$ into ! f9ances4 ,he 0 inde$ acquitt$ ^u prov+ anew ! usefulness ( 8 law4 ,ctesiphon mov$ 9 ! assembly ( ! p t p>ticul> hon\rs %\ld be conf]r$ on ,demo/h5es1 z on a citiz5 affectionate & useful to ! commonweal?4 ,! p1 conv9c$ ( ?is tru?1 vot$ ^? hon\rs2 yet 0 ,ctesiphon tri$ by ! 4 ,x 0 ass]t$1 among o!r topics1 t ,demo/h5es 0 n a good citiz51 nor affectionate to ! commonweal?1 & ! orator 0 call$ ^u to def5d 8 fri5d1 & consequ5tly himself1 :i* he execut$ by t sublime piece ( eloqu5ce t has ev] s9ce be5 ! admiration ( mank9d4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,*ronea a law 0 pass$1 ^u ! motion ( ,hyp]ides1 giv+ lib]ty to slaves & enroll+ !m 9 ! troops4#ce ,on acc\nt ( ?is law ! orator 0 aft]w>ds tri$ by ! indictm5t above m5tion$1 & def5d$ himself1 among o!r topics1 by t /roke celebrat$ by ,plut>* & ,long9us4 8,x 0 n ,i10 said he1 8t mov$ = ?is law3 x 0 ! necessities ( w>2 x 0 ! battle ( ,*ronea40 ,! orations ( ,demo/h5es ab\nd ) _m in/ances ( trials ( ?is nature1 & prove cle>ly t no?+ 0 m commonly practis$4 ,! ,a!nian ,democracy 0 su* a tumultu>y gov]nm5t z we c sc>ce =m a notion ( 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w4 ,! :ole collective body ( ! p vot$ 9 e law )\t any limitation ( prop]ty1 )\t any di/9ction ( rank1 )\t control ( any magi/racy or s5ate2#cf & consequ5tly )\t reg>d to ord]1 ju/ice1 or prud5ce4 ,! ,a!nians soon became s5sible ( ! mis*iefs att5d+ ?is con/itution1 b be+ av]se to ! *eck+ !mselves by any rule or re/riction1 !y resolv$ at lea/ to *eck _! demagogues or c\nsellors by ! fe> ( future puni%m5t & inquiry4 ,!y accord+ly in/itut$ ?is rem>kable law1 a law e/eem$ s ess5tial to _! gov]nm5t t s*9es insi/s on x z a kn[n tru?1 t 7 x aboli%$ or neglect$ x 7 impossible = ! ,democracy to subsi/4#cg ,! p fe>$ n any ill consequ5ce to lib]ty f ! au?ority ( ! crim9al c\rts1 because ^! 7 no?+ b v num]\s juries1 *os5 by lot f among ! p2 & !y consid]$ !mselves ju/ly z 9 a /ate ( p]petual pupilage1 :]e !y _h an au?ority1 aft] !y came to ! use ( reason1 n only to retract & control :atev] _h be5 det]m9$1 b to puni% any gu>dian = measures :i* !y _h embrac$ by 8 p]suasion4 ,! same law _h place 9 ,!bes1 & = ! same reason4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a usual practice 9 ,a!ns1 on ! e/abli%m5t ( any law e/eem$ v useful or popul>1 to prohibit = ev] its abrogation & repeal4 ,?us ! demagogue :o div]t$ all ! public rev5ues to ! support ( %[s & spectacles1 made x crim9al s mu* z to move = a repeal ( ?is law2 ?us ,lept9es mov$ = a law1 n only to recall all ! immunities =m]ly grant$1 b to deprive ! p = ! future ( ! p[] ( grant+ any m2 ?us all bills ( atta9d] 7 =bid1 or laws t affect$ "o ,a!nian )\t ext5d+ to ! :ole commonweal?4 ,^! absurd clauses1 by :i* ! legislature va9ly attempt$ to b9d itself = ev]1 proce$$ f a univ]sal s5se ( ! levity & incon/ancy ( ! p4 ,,ii4 ,a :eel )9 a :eel1 su* z we obs]ve 9 ! ,g]man ,empire1 is consid]$ by ,"l ,%aftesbury#ch z an absurdity 9 politics2 b :at mu/ we say to two equal :eels :i* gov]n ! same political ma*9e )\t any mutual *eck1 control1 or subord9ation1 & yet pres]ve ! greate/ h>mony & concord8 ,to e/abli% two di/9ct legislatures1 ea* ( :i* possesses full & absolute au?ority )9 itself1 & /&s 9 no ne$ ( ! o!r's assi/ance1 9 ord] to give validity to its acts1 ?is may appe> be=eh& altoge!r impracticable z long z m5 are actuat$ by ! passions ( ambition1 emulation1 & av>ice1 :i* h be5 hi!rto _! *ief gov]n+ pr9ciples4 ,& %\ld ,i ass]t t ! /ate ,i h 9 my eye 0 divid$ into two di/9ct factions1 ea* ( :i* pr$om9at$ 9 a di/9ct legislature1 & yet produc$ no cla%+ 9 ^! indep5d5t p[]s1 ! supposition may appe> almo/ incr$ible2 & if1 to augm5t ! p>adox1 ,i %\ld affirm t ?is disjo9t$1 irregul> gov]nm5t 0 ! mo/ active1 triumphant1 & illu/ri\s commonweal? t ev] yet appe>$ on ! /age ( ! _w1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly be told t su* a political *im]a 0 z absurd z any vision ( ! poets4 ,b !re is no ne$ = se>*+ long 9 ord] to prove ! reality ( ! =ego+ suppositions1 = ?is 0 actually ! case ) ! ,roman republic4 ,! legislative p[] 0 !re lodg$ 9 ! comitia c5turiata & comitia tributa4 ,9 ! =m]1 x is well kn[n1 ! p vot$ accord+ to _! c5sus2 s t :5 ! fir/ class 0 unanim\s1 ?\gh x conta9$ n p]haps ! hundr$? "p ( ! commonweal?1 x det]m9$ ! :ole1 &1 ) ! au?ority ( ! s5ate1 e/abli%$ a law4 ,9 ! latt]1 e vote 0 alike2 & z ! au?ority ( ! s5ate 0 n !re requisite1 ! l[] p entirely prevail$ & gave law to ! :ole /ate4 ,9 all p>ty divisions1 at fir/ betwe5 ! ,patricians & ,plebeians1 aft]w>ds betwe5 ! nobles & ! p1 ! int]e/ ( ! ari/ocracy 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! fir/ legislature1 t ( ! democracy 9 ! second4 ,! "o c\ld always de/roy :at ! o!r _h e/abli%$2 nay1 ! "o by a sudd5 & un=ese5 motion might take ! />t ( ! o!r & totally annihilate its rival by a vote1 :i*1 f ! nature ( ! con/itution1 _h ! full au?ority ( a law4 ,b no su* conte/ or /ruggle is obs]v$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome3 no in/ance ( a qu>rel betwe5 ^! two legislatures1 ?\gh _m betwe5 ! p>ties t gov]n$ 9 ea*4 ,:5ce arose ?is concord1 :i* may seem s extraord9>y8 ,! legislature e/abli%$ at ,rome by ! au?ority ( ,s]vius ,tullius 0 ! comitia c5turiata1 :i*1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s1 r5d]$ ! gov]nm5t = "s "t altoge!r ari/ocratical4 ,b ! p1 hav+ numb]s & =ce on _! side1 & be+ elat$ ) frequ5t conque/s & victories 9 _! =eign w>s1 always prevail$ :5 pu%$ to extremities1 & fir/ extort$ f ! s5ate ! magi/racy ( ! tribunes1 & !n ! legislative p[] ( ! comitia tributa4 ,x !n behov$ ! nobles to be m c>eful ?an ev] n to provoke ! p1 = beside ! =ce :i* ! latt] 7 always possess$ (1 !y _h n[ got possession ( legal au?ority1 & c\ld in/antly break 9 pieces any ord] or in/itution :i* directly oppos$ !m4 ,by intrigue1 by influ5ce1 by money1 by comb9ation1 & by ! respect paid _! "*1 ! nobles might (t5 prevail & direct ! :ole ma*9e ( gov]nm5t2 b _h !y op5ly set _! comitia c5turiata 9 opposition to ! tributa1 !y _h soon lo/ ! advantage ( t in/itution1 toge!r ) _! consuls1 prtors1 ediles1 & all ! magi/rates elect$ by x4 ,b ! comitia tributa1 n hav+ ! same reason = respect+ ! c5turiata1 frequ5tly repeal$ laws fav\rable to ! ari/ocracy2 !y limit$ ! au?ority ( ! nobles1 protect$ ! p f oppression1 & controll$ ! actions ( ! s5ate & magi/racy4 ,! c5turiata f\nd x conv5i5t always to submit2 & ?\gh equal 9 au?ority1 yet be+ inf]ior 9 p[]1 dur/ nev] directly give any %ock to ! o!r legislature1 ei!r by repeal+ its laws or e/abli%+ laws1 :i*1 x =esaw1 w\ld soon be repeal$ by x4 ,no in/ance is f\nd ( any opposition or /ruggle betwe5 ^! comitia1 except "o slight attempt ( ?is k9d m5tion$ by ,appian 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,civil ,w>s4 ,m>k ,antony1 resolv+ to deprive ,decimus ,brutus ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 rail$ 9 ! =um1 & call$ "o ( ! comitia 9 ord] to prev5t ! meet+ ( ! o!r :i* _h be5 ord]$ by ! s5ate2 b affairs 7 !n fall5 into su* confusion1 & ! ,roman con/itution 0 s ne> its f9al dissolution1 t no inf]5ce c be drawn f su* an exp$i5t4 ,?is conte/1 besides1 0 f\nd$ m on =m ?an p>ty4 ,x 0 ! s5ate :o ord]$ ! comitia tributa t !y might ob/ruct ! meet+ ( ! c5turiata1 :i*1 by ! con/itution1 or at lea/ =ms ( ! gov]nm5t1 c\ld alone dispose ( prov9ces4 ,cic]o 0 recall$ by ! comitia c5turiata1 ?\gh bani%$ by ! tributa--t is1 by a plebiscitum4 ,b 8 bani%m5t1 we may obs]ve1 nev] 0 consid]$ z a legal de$1 aris+ f ! free *oice & incl9ation ( ! p4 ,x 0 always ascrib$ to ! viol5ce alone ( ,clodius1 & to ! disord]s introduc$ by him into ! gov]nm5t4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird cu/om :i* we propos$ to obs]ve reg>ds ,engl&1 & ?\gh x be n s important z ^? :i* we h po9t$ out 9 ,a!ns & ,rome1 x is no less s+ul> & rem>kable4 ,x is a maxim 9 politics :i* we readily admit z undisput$ & univ]sal1 t a p[]1 h[ev] great1 :5 grant$ by law to an em95t magi/rate is n s dang]\s to lib]ty z an au?ority1 h[ev] consid]able1 :i* he acquires f viol5ce & usurpation2 =1 besides t ! law always limits e p[] :i* x be/[s1 ! v receiv+ x z a concession e/abli%es ! au?ority :5ce x is d]iv$ & pres]ves ! h>mony ( ! con/itution4 ,by ! same "r t "o pr]ogative is assum$ )\t law ano!r may also be claim$1 & ano!r ) /ill great] facility2 :ile ! fir/ usurpations bo? s]ve z prec$5ts to ! foll[+1 & give =ce to ma9ta9 !m4 ,h5ce ! h]oism ( ,hampd51 :o su/a9$ ! :ole viol5ce ( royal prosecution r ?an pay a tax ( tw5ty %ill+s n impos$ by ,p>liam5t2 h5ce ! c>e ( all ,engli% patriots to gu>d aga9/ ! fir/ encroa*m5ts ( ! cr[n1 & h5ce alone ! exi/5ce at ?is day ( ,engli% lib]ty4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o occasion :]e ! ,p>liam5t has dep>t$ f ?is maxim1 & ?is is 9 ! press+ ( seam54 ,! ex]cise ( an illegal p[] is "h tacitly p]mitt$ 9 ! cr[n1 & ?\gh x has frequ5tly be5 "u delib]ation h[ t p[] might be r5d]$ legal & grant$ "u prop] re/rictions to ! sov]eign1 no safe exp$i5t c\ld ev] be propos$ = t purpose1 & ! dang] to lib]ty always appe>$ great] f law ?an f usurpation4 ,:ile ?is p[] is ex]cis$ to no o!r end ?an to man ! ,navy m5 will+ly submit to x f a s5se ( its use & necessity1 & ! sailors1 :o are alone affect$ by x1 f9d nobody to support !m 9 claim+ ! rights & privileges :i* ! law grants )\t di/9ction to all ,engli% subjects4 ,b 7 ?is p[] on any occasion made an in/rum5t ( faction or m9i/]ial tyranny1 ! opposite faction1 & inde$ all lov]s ( _! c\ntry1 w\ld imm$iately take ! al>m & support ! injur$ p>ty4 ,! lib]ty ( ,engli%m5 w\ld be ass]t$2 juries w\ld be implacable2 & ! tools ( tyranny act+ bo? aga9/ law & equity w\ld meet ) ! sev]e/ v5geance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7 ! ,p>liam5t to grant su* an au?ority1 !y w\ld probably fall into "o ( ^! two inconv5i5ces3 !y w\ld ei!r be/[ x "u s _m re/rictions z w\ld make x lose its effects by cramp+ ! au?ority ( ! cr[n1 or !y w\ld r5d] x s l>ge & compreh5sive z might give occasion to great abuses1 = :i* we c\ld 9 t case h no rem$y4 ,! v illegality ( ! p[] at pres5t prev5ts its abuses1 by af=d+ s easy a rem$y aga9/ !m4 ,i pret5d n by ?is reason+ to exclude all possibility ( contriv+ a regi/] = seam51 :i* might man ! ,navy )\t be+ dang]\s to lib]ty4 ,i only obs]ve t no satisfactory s*eme ( t nature has yet be5 propos$4 ,r ?an adopt any project hi!rto inv5t$1 we cont9ue a practice seem+ly ! mo/ absurd & unacc\ntable4 ,au?ority1 9 times ( full int]nal peace & concord1 is arm$ aga9/ law4 ,a cont9u$ & op5 usurpation ( ! cr[n is p]mitt$ amid/ ! greate/ jeal\sy & wat*fulness 9 ! p2 nay1 proce$+ f ^? v pr9ciples1 lib]ty1 9 a c\ntry ( ! highe/ lib]ty1 is left entirely to its own def5ce )\t any c\nt5ance or protection2 ! wild /ate ( nature is r5ew$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ civiliz$ societies ( mank9d2 & great viol5ces & disord]s among ! p1 ! mo/ human & ! be/-natur$1 are committ$ ) impunity2 :ile ! "o p>ty pleads ob$i5ce to ! supreme magi/rate1 ! o!r ! sanction ( fundam5tal laws4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,"s ,,rem>kable ,,cu/oms4 #cd ,8 h>angue = x is /ill extant3 4 #ce ,plut>*us 9 vita decem oratorum4 ,demo/h5es gives a diff]5t acc\nt ( ?is law4 7,contra ,ari/ogiton1 ,orat4 ,,ii47 ,he says t its purport 0 to r5d] ! 1 or to re/ore ! privilege ( be>+ (fices to ^? :o _h be5 decl>$ incapable4 ,p]haps ^! 7 bo? clauses ( ! same law4 #cf ,! s5ate ( ! ,bean 0 only a less num]\s mob *os5 by lot f among ! p1 & _! au?ority 0 n great4 #cg ,9 ,ctesiphontem4 ,x is rem>kable t ! fir/ /ep aft] ! dissolution ( ! ,democracy by ,critias & ! ,?irty 0 to annul ! 1 z we le>n f ,demo/h5es 4 ,! orator 9 ?is oration gives u ! words ( ! law e/abli%+ ! 1 p4 #big1 ex edit4 ,aldi4 ,& he acc\nts = x f ! same pr9ciples we "h reason ^u4 #ch ,essay on ! ,fre$om ( ,wit & ,hum\r1 "p #c1 #b4 ,,( ,,! ,,popul\sness ,,( ,,anci5t ,,nations4#ci ,!re is v little gr\nd1 ei!r f reason or exp]i5ce1 to conclude ! univ]se et]nal or incorruptible4 ,! cont9ual & rapid motion ( matt]1 ! viol5t revolutions ) :i* e "p is agitat$1 ! *anges rem>k$ 9 ! heav5s1 ! pla9 traces z well z tradition ( a univ]sal deluge1--all ^! prove /rongly ! mortality ( ?is fabric ( ! _w1 & its passage1 by corruption or dissolution1 f "o /ate or ord] to ano!r4 ,x mu/ !re=e1 z well z ea* individual =m :i* x conta9s1 h its infancy1 y\?1 manhood1 & old age2 & x is probable t 9 all ^! v>iations man1 equally ) e animal & vegetable1 w p>take4 ,9 ! fl\ri%+ age ( ! _w x may be expect$ t ! human species %\ld possess great] vig\r bo? ( m9d & body1 m prosp]\s heal?1 high] spirits1 long] life1 & a /rong] incl9ation & p[] ( g5]ation4 ,b if ! g5]al sy/em ( ?+s1 & human society ( c\rse1 h any su* gradual revolutions1 !y are too sl[ to be disc]nible 9 t %ort p]iod :i* is compreh5d$ by hi/ory & tradition4 ,/ature & =ce ( body1 l5g? ( life1 ev5 c\rage & ext5t ( g5ius1 seem hi!rto to h be5 naturally 9 all ages pretty mu* ! same4 ,! arts & sci5ces1 inde$1 h fl\ri%$ 9 "o p]iod & h decay$ 9 ano!r2 b we may obs]ve t at ! "t :5 !y rose to greate/ p]fection among "o p !y 7 p]haps totally unkn[n to all ! neighb\r+ nations1 & ?\gh !y univ]sally decay$ 9 "o age1 yet 9 a succe$+ g5]ation !y aga9 reviv$ & diffus$ !mselves ov] ! _w4 ,z f>1 !re=e1 z obs]vation rea*es !re is no univ]sal diff]5ce disc]nible 9 ! human species1 & ?\gh x 7 all[$ t ! univ]se1 l an animal body1 _h a natural progress f infancy to old age2 yet1 z x mu/ /ill be unc]ta9 :e!r at pres5t x be advanc+ to its po9t ( p]fection or decl9+ f x1 we _c !nce presuppose any decay 9 human nature4#dj ,to prove1 !re=e1 or acc\nt = ! great] popul\sness ( antiquity by ! imag9>y y\? or vig\r ( ! _w w sc>cely be admitt$ by any j reason]2 ^! g5]al physical causes ought entirely to be exclud$ f t "q4 ,!re are inde$ "s m p>ticul> physical causes ( great importance4 ,diseases are m5tion$ 9 antiquity :i* are almo/ unkn[n to mod]n m$ic9e1 & new diseases h aris5 & propagat$ !mselves ( :i* !re are no traces 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,& 9 ?is p>ticul> we may obs]ve1 ^u comp>ison1 t ! disadvantage is v mu* on ! side ( ! mod]ns4 ,n to m5tion "s o!rs ( less importance1 ! smallpox commits su* ravages z w\ld almo/ alone acc\nt = ! great sup]iority ascrib$ to anci5t times4 ,! t5? or ! twelf? "p ( mank9d de/roy$ e g5]ation %\ld make a va/ diff]5ce1 x may be ?\ght1 9 ! numb]s ( ! p2 & :5 jo9$ to v5]eal di/emp]s1 a new plague diffus$ ev]y:]e1 ?is disease is p]haps equival5t1 by its con/ant op]ation1 to ! ?ree great sc\rges ( mank9d--w>1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e4 ,7 x c]ta91 !re=e1 t anci5t times 7 m popul\s ?an ! pres5t1 & c\ld no moral causes be assign$ = s great a *ange1 ^! physical causes alone1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 w\ld be suffici5t to give u satisfaction on t head4 ,b is x c]ta9 t antiquity 0 s mu* m popul\s z is pret5d$8 ,! extravagancies ( ,vossius ) reg>d to ?is subject are well kn[n2 b an au?or ( mu* great] g5ius & disc]nm5t has v5tur$ to affirm t1 accord+ to ! be/ computations :i* ^! subjects w admit (1 !re are n n[ on ! face ( ! e>? ! fiftie? "p ( mank9d :i* exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,x may easily be obs]v$ t ! comp>isons 9 ?is case mu/ be v imp]fect1 ev5 ?\gh we conf9e ourselves to ! sc5e ( anci5t hi/ory--,europe & ! nations ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we "k n exactly ! numb]s ( any ,european k+dom1 or ev5 city1 at pres5t2 h[ c we pret5d to calculate ^? ( anci5t cities & /ates :]e hi/orians h left u su* imp]fect traces8 ,= my "p1 ! matt] appe>s to me s unc]ta9 t1 z ,i int5d to ?r[ toge!r "s reflections on t head1 ,i %all int]m+le ! inquiry conc]n+ causes ) t conc]n+ facts1 :i* ought nev] to be admitt$ :]e ! facts c be asc]ta9$ ) any tol]able assurance4 ,we %all fir/ consid] :e!r x be probable1 f :at we "k ( ! situation ( society 9 bo? p]iods1 t antiquity mu/ h be5 m popul\s2 secondly1 :e!r 9 reality x 0 s4 ,if ,i c make x appe> t ! conclusion is n s c]ta9 z is pret5d$ 9 fav\r ( antiquity1 x is all ,i aspire to4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve t ! "q ) reg>d to ! comp>ative popul\sness ( ages or k+doms implies v important consequ5ces1 & commonly det]m9es conc]n+ ! pref]5ce ( _! :ole police1 _! mann]s1 & ! con/itution ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,= z !re is 9 all m51 bo? male & female1 a desire & p[] ( g5]ation m active ?an is ev] univ]sally ex]t$1 ! re/ra9ts :i* !y lie "u mu/ proce$ f "s difficulties 9 _! situation1 :i* x belongs to a wise legislature c>efully to obs]ve & remove4 ,almo/ e man :o ?9ks he c ma9ta9 a family w h "o1 & ! human species at ?is rate ( propagation w\ld m ?an d\ble e g5]ation4 ,h[ fa/ d mank9d multiply 9 e colony or new settlem5t1 :]e x is an easy matt] to provide = a family1 & :]e m5 are n[ise /raight5$ or conf9$ z 9 long e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts8 ,hi/ory tells u frequ5tly ( plagues :i* h swept away ! ?ird or f\r? "p ( a p2 yet 9 a g5]ation or two ! de/ruction 0 n p]ceiv$1 & ! society _h aga9 acquir$ _! =m] numb]4 ,! l&s :i* 7 cultivat$1 ! h\ses built1 ! commodities rais$1 ! ri*es acquir$1 enabl$ ! p :o escap$ imm$iately to m>ry & to re> families1 :i* suppli$ ! place ( ^? :o _h p]i%$4#da ,& = a l reason e wise1 j1 & mild gov]nm5t1 by r5d]+ ! condition ( its subjects easy & secure1 w always ab\nd mo/ 9 p1 z well z 9 commodities & ri*es4 ,a c\ntry1 inde$1 ^: climate & soil are fitt$ = v9es w naturally be m popul\s ?an "o :i* is only fitt$ = pa/urage2 b if ev]y?+ else be equal1 x seems natural to expect t :]ev] !re are mo/ happ9ess & virtue & ! wise/ in/itutions1 !re w also be mo/ p4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! popul\sness ( anci5t & mod]n times be+ all[$ ( great importance1 x w be requisite1 if we w\ld br+ x to "s det]m9ation1 to comp>e bo? ! dome/ic & political situation ( ^! two p]iods1 9 ord] to judge ( ! facts by _! moral causes1 :i* is ! fir/ view 9 :i* we propos$ to consid] !m4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! dome/ic economy ( ! anci5ts & t ( ! mod]ns consi/s 9 ! practice ( slav]y :i* prevail$ among ! =m]1 & :i* has be5 aboli%$ = "s c5turies ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe4 ,"s passionate admir]s ( ! anci5ts & zeal\s p>tisans ( civil lib]ty 7= ^! s5tim5ts1 z !y are bo? ( !m 9 ! ma9 extremely j1 are f\nd to be almo/ insep>able7 _c =be> regrett+ ! loss ( ?is in/itution2 & :il/ !y br& all submission to ! gov]nm5t ( a s+le p]son ) ! h>% d5om9ation ( slav]y1 !y w\ld gladly r$uce ! greate/ "p ( mank9d to real slav]y & subjection4 ,b to "o :o consid]s coolly on ! subject x w appe> t human nature 9 g5]al really enjoys m lib]ty at pres5t1 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 ?an x ev] did dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( anci5t times4 ,z mu* z submission to a petty pr9ce1 ^: dom9ions ext5d n beyond a s+le city1 is m griev\s ?an ob$i5ce to a great mon>*1 s mu* is dome/ic slav]y m cruel & oppressive ?an any civil subjection :atsoev]4 ,! m ! ma/] is remov$ f u 9 place & rank ! great] lib]ty we enjoy1 ! less are our actions inspect$ & controll$1 & ! fa9t] t cruel comp>ison becomes betwe5 our own subjection & ! fre$om & ev5 dom9ion ( ano!r4 ,! rema9s t are f\nd ( slav]y 9 ! ,am]ican colonies & among "s ,european nations w\ld nev] surely create a desire ( r5d]+ x m univ]sal4 ,! little humanity commonly obs]v$ 9 p]sons accu/om$ f _! infancy to ex]cise s great au?ority ov] _! fell[-creatures & to trample ^u human nature 7 suffici5t alone to disgu/ u ) t au?ority4 ,nor c a m probable reason be giv5 = ! sev]e1 ,i might say b>b>\s mann]s ( anci5t times1 ?an ! practice ( dome/ic slav]y1 by :i* e man ( rank 0 r5d]$ a petty tyrant & educat$ amid/ ! flatt]y1 submission1 & l[ debasem5t ( 8 slaves4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t practice1 all *ecks 7 on ! inf]ior1 to re/ra9 him to ! duty ( submission2 none on ! sup]ior1 to engage him to ! reciprocal duties ( g5tl5ess & humanity4 ,9 mod]n times a bad s]vant f9ds n easily a good ma/]1 nor a bad ma/] a good s]vant1 & ! *ecks are mutual1 suitable to ! inviolable & et]nal laws ( reason & equity4 ,! cu/om ( expos+ old1 useless1 or sick slaves 9 an isl& ( ! ,tib]1 !re to />ve1 seems to h be5 pretty common 9 ,rome1 & :oev] recov]$ aft] hav+ be5 s expos$ _h 8 lib]ty giv5 him by an edict ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 :]e x 0 likewise =bid to kill any slave m]ely = old age or sickness4 ,b suppos+ t ?is edict 0 /rictly obey$1 w\ld x bett] ! dome/ic treatm5t ( slaves or r5d] _! lives mu* m com=table8 ,we may imag9e :at o!rs w\ld practise :5 x 0 ! pr(ess$ maxim ( ! eld] ,cato to sell 8 sup]annuat$ slaves = any price r ?an ma9ta9 :at he e/eem$ a useless burd54 ,! erga/ula1 or dungeons1 :]e slaves 9 *a9s 7 =c$ to "w1 7 v common all ov] ,italy4 ,columella advises t !y be always built "u gr\nd1 & recomm5ds x z ! duty ( a c>eful ov]se] to call ov] e day ! names ( ^! slaves1 l ! mu/]+ ( a regim5t or %ip's company1 9 ord] to "k pres5tly :5 any ( !m _h des]t$4 ,a pro( ( ! frequ5cy ( ^! erga/ula & ( ! great numb] ( slaves usually conf9$ 9 !m4 ,a *a9$ slave = a port] 0 usual 9 ,rome1 z appe>s f ,ovid & o!r au?ors4 ,_h n ^! p %ak5 (f all s5se ( compassion t[>ds t unhappy "p ( _! species1 w\ld !y h pres5t$ all _! fri5ds at ! fir/ entrance ) su* an image ( ! sev]ity ( ! ma/] & mis]y ( ! slave8 ,no?+ s common 9 all trials1 ev5 ( civil causes1 z to call = ! evid5ce ( slaves1 :i* 0 always extort$ by ! mo/ exquisite torm5ts4 ,demo/h5es says t :]e x 0 possible to produce = ! same fact ei!r freem5 or slaves z witnesses1 ! judges always pref]r$ ! tortur+ ( slaves z a m c]ta9 & infallible evid5ce4#db ,s5eca draws a picture ( t disord]ly luxury :i* *anges day into night & night into day1 & inv]ts e /at$ h\r ( e (fice 9 life4 ,among o!r circum/ances1 su* z displac+ ! meals & times ( ba?+1 he m5tions t regul>ly ab\t ! ?ird h\r ( ! night ! neighb\rs ( "o :o indulges ?is false ref9em5t he> ! noise ( :ips & la%es1 & ^u inquiry f9d t he is !n tak+ an acc\nt ( ! conduct ( 8 s]vants & giv+ !m due correction & discipl9e4 ,?is is n rem>k$ z an in/ance ( cruelty1 b only ( disord]1 :i*1 ev5 9 actions ! mo/ usual & me?odical1 *anges ! fix$ h\rs t an e/abli%$ cu/om _h assign$ !m4#dc ,b our pres5t bus9ess is only to consid] ! influ5ce ( slav]y on ! popul\sness ( a /ate4 ,x is pret5d$ t 9 ?is p>ticul> ! anci5t practice _h inf9itely ! advantage1 & 0 ! *ief cause ( t extreme popul\sness :i* is suppos$ 9 ^? times4 ,at pres5t all ma/]s disc\rage ! m>ry+ ( _! male s]vants1 & admit n by any means ! m>riage ( ! female1 :o are !n suppos$ altoge!r incapacitat$ = _! s]vice2 b :]e ! prop]ty ( ! s]vants is lodg$ 9 ! ma/]1 _! m>riage & f]tility =m 8 ri*es1 & br+ him a succession ( slaves t supply ! place ( ^? :om age & infirmity h disabl$4 ,he enc\rages1 !re=e1 _! propagation z mu* z t ( 8 cattle1 re>s ! "y ) ! same c>e1 & educates !m to "s art or call+1 :i* may r5d] !m m useful or valuable to him4 ,! opul5t are1 by ?is policy1 int]e/$ 9 ! be+ at lea/1 ?\gh n ! well-be+ ( ! poor2 & enri* !mselves by increas+ ! numb] & indu/ry ( ^? :o are subject$ to !m4 ,ea* man1 be+ a sov]eign 9 8 own family1 has ! same int]e/ ) reg>d to x z ! pr9ce ) reg>d to ! /ate2 & has n1 l ! pr9ce1 any opposite motive ( ambition or va+lory :i* may lead him to depopulate 8 little sov]eignty4 ,all ( x is1 at all times1 "u 8 eye1 & he has leisure to inspect ! mo/ m9ute detail ( ! m>riage & education ( 8 subjects4#dd ,su* are ! consequ5ces ( dome/ic slav]y1 accord+ to ! fir/ aspect & appe>ance ( ?+s2 b if we ent] m deeply into ! subject1 we %all p]haps f9d reason to retract our ha/y det]m9ations4 ,! comp>ison is %ock+ betwe5 ! managem5t ( human creatures & t ( cattle2 b be+ extremely j :5 appli$ to ! pres5t subject1 x may be prop] to trace ! consequ5ces ( x4 ,at ! capital1 ne> all great cities1 9 all popul\s1 ri*1 indu/ri\s prov9ces1 few cattle are br$4 ,provisions1 lodg+1 att5dance1 lab\r are !re de>1 & m5 f9d bett] _! acc\nt 9 buy+ ! cattle1 aft] !y come to a c]ta9 age1 f ! remot] & *eap] c\ntries4 ,^! are consequ5tly ! only bre$+ c\ntries = cattle2 & by a p>ity ( reason1 = m5 too1 :5 ! latt] are put on ! same foot+ ) ! =m]4 ,to re> a *ild 9 ,london till he c\ld be s]viceable w\ld co/ mu* de>] ?an to buy "o ( ! same age f ,scotl& or ,irel&1 :]e he _h be5 rais$ 9 a cottage1 cov]$ ) rags1 & f$ on oatmeal or potatoes4 ,^? :o _h slaves1 !re=e1 9 all ! ri*] or m popul\s c\ntries w\ld disc\rage ! pregnancy ( ! females1 & ei!r prev5t or de/roy ! bir?4 ,! human species w\ld p]i% 9 ^? places :]e x ought to increase ! fa/e/1 & a p]petual recruit be ne$$ f all ! poor] & m des]t prov9ces4 ,su* a cont9u$ dra9 w\ld t5d mightily to depopulate ! /ate1 & r5d] great cities t5 times m de/ructive ?an ) u1 :]e e man is ma/] ( himself1 & provides = 8 *ildr5 f ! p[]ful in/9ct ( nature--n ! calculations ( sordid int]e/4 ,if ,london at pres5t1 )\t increas+1 ne$s a ye>ly recruit f ! c\ntry ( #ejjj p1 z is commonly comput$1 :at mu/ x require if ! greate/ "p ( ! tradesm5 & common p 7 slaves1 & 7 h9d]$ f bre$+ by _! av>ici\s ma/]s8 ,all anci5t au?ors tell u t !re 0 a p]petual flux ( slaves to ,italy f ! remot] prov9ces1 p>ticul>ly ,syria1 ,cilicia1#de ,cappadocia1 & ! ,less] ,asia1 ,?race1 & ,egypt2 yet ! numb] ( p did n increase 9 ,italy1 & writ]s compla9 ( ! cont9ual decay ( indu/ry & agriculture4 ,:]e !n is t extreme f]tility ( ! ,roman slaves :i* is commonly suppos$8 ,s f> f multiply+1 !y c\ld n1 x seems1 s mu* z keep up ! /ock )\t imm5se recruits4 ,& ?\gh great numb]s 7 cont9ually manumitt$ & conv]t$ into ,roman citiz5s1 ! numb]s ev5 ( ^! did n increase till ! fre$om ( ! city 0 communicat$ to =eign prov9ces4 ,! t]m = a slave born & br$ 9 ! family 0 v]na2#df & ^! slaves seem to h be5 entitl$ by cu/om to privileges & indulg5ces beyond o!rs--a suffici5t reason :y ! ma/]s w\ld n be fond ( re>+ _m ( t k9d4#dg ,:oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! maxims ( our plant]s w ackn[l$ge ! ju/ness ( ?is obs]vation4#dh ,atticus is mu* prais$ by 8 hi/orian = ! c>e :i* he took 9 recruit+ 8 family f ! slaves born 9 x4#di ,may we n !nce inf] t t practice 0 n !n v common8 ,! names ( slaves 9 ! ,greek com$ies--,syrus1 ,mysus1 ,geta1 ,?rax1 ,davus1 ,lydus1 ,phyrx1 etc41 af=d a presumption t at ,a!ns1 at lea/1 mo/ ( ! slaves 7 import$ f =eign nations4 ,! ,a!nians1 says ,/rabo1 gave to _! slaves ei!r ! names ( ! nations :5ce !y 7 b\ght1 z ,lydus1 ,syrus2 or ! names t 7 mo/ common among ^? nations1 z ,manes or ,midas to a ,phrygian1 ,tibias to a ,paphlagonian4 ,demo/h5es1 aft] hav+ m5tion$ a law :i* =bid any man to /rike ! slave ( ano!r1 praises ! humanity ( ?is law1 & adds t if ! b>b>ians f :om slaves 7 b\ght _h in=mation t _! c\ntrym5 met ) su* g5tle treatm5t1 !y w\ld ent]ta9 a great e/eem = ! ,a!nians4 ,isocrates1 too1 ins9uates t ! slaves ( ! ,greeks 7 g5]ally or v commonly b>b>ians4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 ,politics1 pla9ly supposes t a slave is always a =eign]4 ,! anci5t comic writ]s repres5t$ ! slaves z speak+ a b>b>\s language4 ,?is 0 an imitation ( nature4 ,x is well kn[n t ,demo/h5es1 9 8 nonage1 _h be5 defraud$ ( a l>ge =tune by 8 tutors1 & t aft]w>ds he recov]$1 by a prosecution ( law1 ! value ( 8 patrimony4 ,8 orations on t occasion /ill rema91 & conta9 a v exact detail ( ! :ole sub/ance left by 8 fa!r1 9 money1 m]*&ise1 h\ses1 & slaves1 toge!r ) ! value ( ea* p>ticul>4 ,among ! re/ 7 #eb slaves1 h&icraftsm5--viz41 #cb sword-cutl]s & #bj cab9et-mak]s1#ej all males2 n a ^w ( any wives1 *ildr51 or family1 :i* !y c]ta9ly w\ld h _h _h x be5 a common cu/om at ,a!ns to bre$ f ! slaves2 & ! value ( ! :ole mu/ h dep5d$ v mu* on t circum/ance4 ,no female slaves are ev5 s mu* z m5tion$1 except "s h\semaids :o belong$ to 8 "m4 ,?is argum5t has great =ce1 if x be n altoge!r decisive4 ,consid] ?is passage ( ,plut>*1 speak+ ( ! eld] ,cato3--8,he _h a great numb] ( slaves1 :om he took c>e to buy at ! sales ( prison]s ( w>2 & he *ose !m "y1 t !y might easily be accu/om$ to any diet or mann] ( life1 & be in/ruct$ 9 any bus9ess or lab\r1 z m5 tea* any?+ to "y dogs or horses4 ,& e/eem+ love ! *ief s\rce ( all disord]s1 he all[$ ! male slaves to h a comm]ce ) ! female 9 8 family1 ^u pay+ a c]ta9 sum = ?is privilege2 b he /rictly =bade all intrigues out ( 8 family40 ,are !re any symptoms 9 ?is n>ration ( t c>e :i* is suppos$ 9 ! anci5ts1 ( ! m>riage & propagation ( _! slaves8 ,if t 0 a common practice1 f\nd$ on g5]al int]e/1 x w\ld surely h be5 embrac$ by ,cato1 :o 0 a great economi/1 & liv$ 9 times :5 ! anci5t frugality & simplicity ( mann]s 7 /ill 9 cr$it & reputation4 ,x is expressly rem>k$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,roman law t sc>ce any ev] pur*ase slaves ) a view ( bre$+ f !m4#ea ,our lackeys & h\semaids1 ,i own1 d n s]ve mu* to multiply _! species2 b ! anci5ts1 besides ^? :o att5d$ on _! p]son1 _h all _! lab\r p]=m$ by slaves1 :o liv$1 _m ( !m1 9 _! family2 & "s great m5 possess$ to ! numb] ( #aj1jjj4 ,if !re be any suspicion1 !re=e1 t ?is in/itution 0 unfav\rable to propagation 7& ! same reason1 at lea/ 9 "p1 holds ) reg>d to anci5t slaves z well z mod]n s]vants71 h[ de/ructive mu/ slav]y h prov$6 ,hi/ory m5tions a ,roman nobleman :o _h #djj slaves "u ! same ro( ) him2 & hav+ be5 assass9at$ at home by ! furi\s rev5ge ( "o ( !m1 ! law 0 execut$ ) rig\r1 & all )\t exception 7 put to dea?4 ,_m o!r ,roman noblem5 _h families equally1 or m num]\s1 & ,i believe e "o w all[ t ?is w\ld sc>cely be practicable 7 we to suppose all ! slaves m>ri$ & ! females to be bre$]s4#eb ,s e>ly z ! poet ,hesiod m>ri$ slaves1 :e!r male or female1 7 e/eem$ v inconv5i5t4 ,h[ mu* m :]e families _h increas$ to su* an enorm\s size1 z 9 ,rome1 & :]e simplicity ( mann]s 0 bani%$ f all ranks ( p8 ,x5ophon 9 8 ,economics1 :]e he gives directions = ! managem5t ( a f>m1 recomm5ds a /rict c>e & att5tion ( lay+ ! male & ! female slaves at a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,he seems n to suppose t !y are ev] m>ri$4 ,! only slaves among ! ,greeks t appe> to h cont9u$ _! own bre$ 7 ! ,helotes1 :o _h h\ses ap>t1 & 7 m ! slaves ( ! public ?an ( individuals4 ,! same au?or tells u t ,nicias's ov]se]1 by an agreem5t ) 8 ma/]1 0 oblig$ to pay him an obolus a day = ea* slave1 besides ma9ta9+ !m & keep+ up ! numb]4 ,_h ! anci5t slaves be5 all bre$]s1 ?is la/ circum/ance ( ! contract _h be5 sup]flu\s4 ,! anci5ts talk s frequ5tly ( a fix$1 /at$ portion ( provisions assign$ to ea* slave1 t we are naturally l$ to conclude t slaves liv$ almo/ all s+le1 & receiv$ t portion z a k9d ( bo>d-wages4 ,! practice1 inde$1 ( m>ry+ ! slaves seems n to h be5 v common ev5 among ! c\ntry-lab\r]s1 :]e x is m naturally to be expect$4 ,cato1 enum]at+ ! slaves requisite to lab\r a v9ey>d ( a hundr$ acres1 makes !m to am\nt to fifte5--! ov]se] & 8 wife 7villicus & villica7 & ?irte5 male slaves2 = an olive plantation ( #bdj acres1 ! ov]se] & 8 wife & elev5 male slaves2 & s 9 proportion to a great] or less plantation or v9ey>d4 ,v>ro1 cit+ ?is passage ( ,cato1 all[s 8 computation to be j 9 e respect except ! la/4 8,= z x is requisite10 says he1 8to h an ov]se] & 8 wife1 :e!r ! v9ey>d or plantation be great or small1 ?is mu/ alt] ! exactness ( ! proportion40 ,_h ,cato's computation be5 errone\s 9 any o!r respect x _h c]ta9ly be5 correct$ by ,v>ro1 :o seems fond ( discov]+ s trivial an inaccuracy4 ,! same au?or1 z well z ,columella1 recomm5ds x z requisite to give a wife to ! ov]se] 9 ord] to atta* him ! m /rongly to 8 ma/]'s s]vice4 ,?is 0 !re=e a peculi> indulg5ce grant$ to a slave 9 :om s great a confid5ce 0 repos$4 ,9 ! same place ,v>ro m5tions x z a useful precaution n to buy too _m slaves f ! same nations1 le/ !y beget factions & s$itions 9 ! family2 a presumption t 9 ,italy ! greate/ "p1 ev5 ( ! c\ntry-lab\r+ slaves--= he speaks ( no o!r--7 b\ght f ! remot] prov9ces4 ,all ! _w kn[s t ! family-slaves 9 ,rome1 :o 7 in/rum5ts ( %[ & luxury1 7 commonly import$ f ! ea/4 8,hoc pr(ec]e10 says ,pl9y1 speak+ ( ! jeal\s c>e ( ma/]s1 8mancipiorum legiones1 et 9 domo turba ext]na ac s]vorum quoque causa nom5clator adhib5dus40 ,x is inde$ recomm5d$ by ,v>ro to propagate "y %eph]ds 9 ! family f ! old ones2 = z graz+ f>ms 7 commonly 9 remote & *eap places1 & ea* %eph]d liv$ 9 a cottage ap>t1 8 m>riage & increase 7 n liable to ! same inconv5i5ces z 9 de>] places & :]e _m s]vants liv$ 9 a family1 :i* 0 univ]sally ! case 9 su* ( ! ,roman f>ms z produc$ w9e or corn4 ,if we consid] ?is exception ) reg>d to ! %eph]ds1 & weigh ! reasons ( x1 x w s]ve = a /rong confirmation ( all our =ego+ suspicions4 ,columella1 ,i own1 advises ! ma/] to give a rew>d1 & ev5 lib]ty to a female slave t _h re>$ him above ?ree *ildr51 a pro( t sometimes ! anci5ts propagat$ f _! slaves1 :i*1 inde$1 _c be d5i$4 ,7 x o!rwise ! practice ( slav]y1 be+ s common 9 antiquity1 mu/ h be5 de/ructive to a degree :i* no exp$i5t c\ld repair4 ,all ,i pret5d to inf] f ^! reason+s is t slav]y is 9 g5]al disadvantage\s bo? to ! happ9ess & popul\sness ( mank9d1 & t its place is mu* bett] suppli$ by ! practice ( hir$ s]vants4 ,! laws1 or1 z "s writ]s call !m1 ! s$itions ( ! ,grac*i1 7 occasion$ by _! obs]v+ ! increase ( slaves all ov] ,italy1 & ! dim9ution ( free citiz5s4 ,appian ascribes ?is increase to ! propagation ( ! slaves2 ,plut>* to ! pur*as+ ( b>b>ians1 :o 7 *a9$ & imprison$1 4 ,x is to be presum$ t bo? causes concurr$4 ,sicily1 says ,florus1 0 full ( erga/ula1 & 0 cultivat$ by lab\r]s 9 *a9s4 ,eunus & ,a!nio excit$ ! s]vile w> by break+ up ^! mon/r\s prisons & giv+ lib]ty to #fj1jjj slaves4 ,! y\ng] ,pompey augm5t$ 8 army 9 ,spa9 by ! same exp$i5t4 ,if ! c\ntry-lab\r]s ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire 7 s g5]ally 9 ?is situation1 & if x 0 difficult or impossible to f9d sep>ate lodg+s = ! families ( ! city-s]vants1 h[ unfav\rable to propagation1 z well z to humanity1 mu/ ! in/itution ( dome/ic slav]y be e/eem$4 ,con/ant9ople at pres5t requires ! same recruits ( slaves f all ! prov9ces :i* ,rome did ( old1 & ^! prov9ces are ( consequ5ce f> f be+ popul\s4 ,egypt1 accord+ to ,monsieur ,maillet1 s5ds cont9ual colonies ( black slaves to ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,turki% ,empire1 & receives annually an equal return ( :ite2 ! "o br\ght f ! inl& p>ts ( ,africa1 ! o!r f ,m+rella1 ,circassia1 & ,t>t>y4 ,our mod]n conv5ts are no d\bt v bad in/itutions1 b !re is reason to suspect t anci5tly e great family 9 ,italy1 & probably 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 0 a species ( conv5t4 ,& ?\gh we h reason to dete/ all ^? popi% in/itutions z nurs]ies ( ! mo/ abject sup]/ition1 burd5some to ! public & oppressive to ! poor prison]s1 male z well z female1 yet may x be que/ion$ :e!r !y be s de/ructive to ! popul\sness ( a /ate z is commonly imag9$4 ,7 ! l& :i* belongs to a conv5t be/[$ on a nobleman1 he w\ld sp5d its rev5ue on dogs1 horses1 grooms1 footm51 cooks1 & h\semaids1 & 8 family w\ld n furni% _m m citiz5s ?an ! conv5t4 ,! common reason :y p>5ts ?ru/ _! daught]s into nunn]ies is t !y may n be ov]burd5$ ) too num]\s a family2 b ! anci5ts _h a me?od almo/ z innoc5t & m effectual to t purpose--viz41 ! expos+ _! *ildr5 9 ! e>lie/ infancy4 ,?is practice 0 v common1 & is n m5tion$ by any au?or ( ^? times ) ! horror x des]ves1 or sc>ce#ec ev5 ) disapprobation4 ,plut>*--! humane1 good-natur$ ,plut>*#ed--recomm5ds x z a virtue 9 ,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 t he murd]$1 or1 if y w1 expos$ all 8 own *ildr5 9 ord] to leave 8 cr[n to ! son ( 8 bro!r1 ,eum5es1 signalis+ 9 ?is mann] 8 gratitude & affection to ,eum5es1 :o _h left him 8 heir pref]able to t son4 ,x 0 ,solon1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! sages ( ,greece1 :o gave p>5ts p]mission by law to kill _! *ildr54 ,%all we !n all[ ^! two circum/ances to comp5sate ea* o!r--viz41 mona/ic v[s & ! expos+ ( *ildr51 & to be unfav\rable 9 equal degrees to ! propagation ( mank9d8 ,i d\bt ! advantage is "h on ! side ( antiquity4 ,p]haps1 by an odd connection ( causes1 ! b>b>\s practice ( ! anci5ts might r r5d] ^? times m popul\s4 ,by remov+ ! t]rors ( too num]\s a family x w\ld engage _m p 9 m>riage1 & su* is ! =ce ( natural affection t v few 9 comp>ison w\ld h resolution en\gh to c>ry into execution _! =m] int5tions4 ,*9a1 ! only c\ntry :]e ?is cruel practice ( expos+ *ildr5 prevails at pres5t1 is ! mo/ popul\s c\ntry we "k1 & e man is m>ri$ be=e he is tw5ty4 ,su* e>ly m>riages c\ld sc>cely be g5]al _h n m5 ! prospect ( s easy a me?od ( gett+ rid ( _! *ildr54 ,i own t ,plut>* speaks ( x z a v univ]sal maxim ( ! poor to expose _! *ildr51 & z ! ri* 7 !n av]se to m>riage on acc\nt ( ! c\rt%ip !y met ) f ^? :o expect$ legacies f !m1 ! public mu/ h be5 9 a bad situation betwe5 !m4#ee ,( all sci5ces !re is none :]e fir/ appe>ances are m deceitful ?an 9 politics4 ,hospitals = f\ndl+s seem fav\rable to ! increase ( numb]s1 & p]haps may be s :5 kept "u prop] re/rictions2 b :5 !y op5 ! door to e "o1 )\t di/9ction1 !y h probably a contr>y effect1 & are p]nici\s to ! /ate4 ,x is comput$ t e n9? *ild born at ,p>is is s5t to ! hospital1 ?\gh x seems c]ta91 accord+ to ! common c\rse ( human affairs1 t x is n a hundr$? "p ^: p>5ts are altoge!r incapacitat$ to re> & educate !m4 ,! inf9ite diff]5ce1 = heal?1 indu/ry1 & morals1 betwe5 an education 9 an hospital & t 9 a private family %\ld induce u n to make ! entrance into an hospital too easy & engag+4 ,to kill "o's own *ild is %ock+ to nature1 & mu/ !re=e be pretty unusual2 b to turn ov] ! c>e ( him ^u o!rs is v tempt+ to ! natural indol5ce ( mank9d4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! dome/ic life & mann]s ( ! anci5ts comp>$ to ^? ( ! mod]ns1 :]e 9 ! ma9 we seem r sup]ior s f> z ! pres5t "q is conc]n$1 we %all n[ exam9e ! political cu/oms & in/itutions ( bo? ages1 & weigh _! influ5ce 9 ret>d+ or =w>d+ ! propagation ( mank9d4 ,be=e ! increase ( ! ,roman p[]1 or r till its full e/abli%m5t1 almo/ all ! nations :i* are ! sc5e ( anci5t hi/ory 7 divid$ into small t]ritories or petty commonweal?s1 :]e ( c\rse a great equality ( =tune prevail$1 & ! c5tre ( ! gov]nm5t 0 always v ne> its fronti]s4 ,?is 0 ! situation ( affairs n only 9 ,greece & ,italy1 b also 9 ,spa91 ,gaul1 ,g]many1 ,africa1 & a great "p ( ! ,less] ,asia4 ,& x mu/ be own$ t no in/itution c\ld be m fav\rable to ! propagation ( mank9d2 = ?\gh a man ( an ov]gr[n =tune1 n be+ able to consume m ?an ano!r1 mu/ %>e x ) ^? :o s]ve & att5d him1 yet _! possession be+ prec>i\s1 !y h n ! same enc\ragem5t to m>riage z if ea* _h a small =tune secure & indep5d5t4 ,enorm\s cities are1 besides1 de/ructive to society1 beget vice & disord] ( all k9ds1 />ve ! remot] prov9ces1 & ev5 />ve !mselves by ! prices to :i* !y raise all provisions4 ,:]e ea* man _h 8 little h\se & field to himself1 & ea* c\nty _h its capital1 free & indep5d5t1 :at a happy situation ( mank9d6 ,h[ fav\rable to indu/ry & agriculture1 to m>riage & propagation6 ,! prolific virtue ( m51 7 x to act 9 its full ext5t1 )\t t re/ra9t :i* pov]ty & necessity imposes on x1 w\ld d\ble ! numb] e g5]ation2 & no?+ surely c give x m lib]ty ?an su* small commonweal?s1 & su* an equality ( =tune among ! citiz5s4 ,all small /ates naturally produce equality ( =tune because !y af=d no opportunities ( great increase1 b small commonweal?s mu* m by t division ( p[] & au?ority :i* is ess5tial to !m4 ,:5 ,x5ophon return$ aft] ! fam\s exp$ition ) ,cyrus1 he hir$ himself & #fjjj ( ! ,greeks into ! s]vice ( ,seu!s1 a pr9ce ( ,?race2 & ! articles ( 8 agreem5t 7 t ea* soldi] %\ld receive a d>ic a mon?1 ea* capta9 two d>ics1 & he himself1 z g5]al1 f\r2 a regulation ( pay :i* w\ld n a little surprise our mod]n (fic]s4 ,demo/h5es & s*9es1 ) eight m1 7 s5t ambassadors to ,philip ( ,mac$on1 & _! appo9tm5ts = above f\r mon?s 7 a ?\s& dra*mas1 :i* is less ?an a dra*ma a day = ea* ambassador4 ,b a dra*ma a day--nay1 sometimes two1 0 ! pay ( a common foot-soldi]4 ,a c5turion among ! ,romans _h only d\ble pay to a private man 9 ,polybius's "t1 & we accord+ly f9d ! gratuities aft] a triumph regulat$ by t proportion4 ,b ,m>k ,an?ony & ! triumvirate gave ! c5turions five times ! rew>d ( ! o!r2 s mu* _h ! increase ( ! commonweal? increas$ ! inequality among ! citiz5s4#ef ,x mu/ be own$ t ! situation ( affairs 9 mod]n times ) reg>d to civil lib]ty1 z well z equality ( =tune1 is n ne> s fav\rable ei!r to ! propagation or happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,europe is %>$ out mo/ly into great mon>*ies1 & su* p>ts ( x z are divid$ into small t]ritories are commonly gov]n$ by absolute pr9ces1 :o ru9 _! p by a mimicry ( ! great] mon>*s 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! c\rt & numb] ( _! =ces4 ,switz]l& alone & ,holl& resemble ! anci5t republics1 & ?\gh ! =m] is f> f possess+ any advantage ei!r ( soil1 climate1 or comm]ce1 yet ! numb]s ( p ) :i* x ab\nds1 not)/&+ _! enli/+ !mselves into e s]vice 9 ,europe1 prove suffici5tly ! advantages ( _! political in/itutions4 ,! anci5t republics d]iv$ _! *ief or only security f ! numb]s ( _! citiz5s4 ,! ,tra*9ians hav+ lo/ great numb]s ( _! p1 ! rema9d]1 in/ead ( enri*+ !mselves by ! inh]itance ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 appli$ to ,sp>ta1 _! metropolis1 = a new /ock ( inhabitants4 ,! ,sp>tans imm$iately collect$ t5 ?\s& m51 among :om ! old citiz5s divid$ ! l&s ( :i* ! =m] proprietors _h p]i%$4 ,aft] ,timoleon _h bani%$ ,dionysius f ,syracuse & _h settl$ ! affairs ( ,sicily1 f9d+ ! cities ( ,syracuse & ,sell9untium extremely depopulat$ by tyranny1 w>1 & faction1 he invit$ ov] f ,greece "s new inhabitants to repeople !m4 ,imm$iately =ty ?\s& m5 7,plut>* says sixty ?\s&7 (f]$ !mselves1 & he di/ribut$ s _m lots ( l& among !m1 to ! great satisfaction ( ! anci5t inhabitants2 a pro( at once ( ! maxims ( anci5t policy1 :i* affect$ popul\sness m ?an ri*es1 & ( ! good effects ( ^! maxims 9 ! extreme popul\sness ( t small c\ntry ,greece1 :i* c\ld at once supply s l>ge a colony4 ,! case 0 n mu* diff]5t ) ! ,romans 9 e>ly times4 8,he is a p]nici\s citiz510 said ,m4 ,curius1 8:o _c be cont5t$ ) sev5 acres40#eg ,su* ideas ( equality c\ld n fail ( produc+ great numb]s ( p4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] :at disadvantages ! anci5ts lay "u ) reg>d to popul\sness1 & :at *ecks !y receiv$ f _! political maxims & in/itutions4 ,!re are commonly comp5sations 9 e human condition1 & ?\gh ^! comp5sations be n always p]fectly equal1 yet !y s]ve1 at lea/1 to re/ra9 ! prevail+ pr9ciple4 ,to comp>e !m & e/imate _! influ5ce is inde$ v difficult1 ev5 :]e !y take place 9 ! same age1 & 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries2 b :]e sev]al ages h int]v5$1 & only scatt]$ lights are af=d$ u by anci5t au?ors1 :at c we d b amuse ourselves by talk+1 pro & con1 on an int]e/+ subject1 & !reby correct+ all ha/y & viol5t det]m9ations8 ,fir/1 we may obs]ve t ! anci5t republics 7 almo/ 9 p]petual w>1 a natural effect ( _! m>tial _s1 _! love ( lib]ty1 _! mutual emulation1 & t hatr$ :i* g5]ally prevails among nations t live 9 a close neighb\rhood4 ,n[1 w> 9 a small /ate is mu* m de/ructive ?an 9 a great "o1 bo? because all ! inhabitants 9 ! =m] case mu/ s]ve 9 ! armies1 & because ! /ate is all fronti] & all expos$ to ! inroads ( ! enemy4 ,! maxims ( anci5t w> 7 mu* m de/ructive ?an ^? ( mod]n1 *iefly by ! di/ribution ( plund]1 9 :i* ! soldi]s 7 indulg$4 ,! private m5 9 our armies are su* a l[ set ( p t we f9d any abundance beyond _! simple pay bre$s confusion & disord]1 & a total dissolution ( discipl9e4 ,! v wret*$ness & meanness ( ^? :o fill ! mod]n armies r5d] !m less de/ructive to ! c\ntries :i* !y invade2 "o in/ance1 among _m1 ( ! deceitfulness ( fir/ appe>ances 9 all political reason+s4#eh ,anci5t battles 7 mu* m bloody by ! v nature ( ! weapons employ$ 9 !m4 ,! anci5ts drew up _! m5 sixte5 or tw5ty1 sometimes fifty m5 deep1 :i* made a n>r[ front1 & x 0 n difficult to f9d a field 9 :i* bo? armies might be m>%all$ & might engage ) ea* o!r4 ,ev5 :]e any body ( ! troops 0 kept (f by h$ges1 hillocks1 woods1 or holl[ ways1 ! battle 0 n s soon decid$ betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties b t ! o!rs _h "t to ov]come ! difficulties :i* oppos$ !m & take "p 9 ! engagem5t4 ,& z ! :ole armies 7 ?us engag$1 & ea* man closely buckl$ to 8 antagoni/1 ! battles 7 commonly v bloody1 & great slaught] 0 made on bo? sides1 especially on ! vanqui%$4 ,! long ?9 l9es requir$ by fire>ms1 & ! quick decision ( ! fray1 r5d] our mod]n engagem5ts b p>tial r5c\nt]s1 & enable ! g5]al :o is foil$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! day to draw (f ! greate/ "p ( 8 army1 s\nd & entire4 ,c\ld ,fol>d's project ( ! column take place 7:i* seems impracticable#ei7 x w\ld r5d] mod]n battles z de/ructive z ! anci5t4 ,! battles ( antiquity1 bo? by _! duration & _! resemblance ( s+le combats1 7 wr\ght up to a degree ( fury q unkn[n to lat] ages4 ,no?+ c\ld !n engage ! combatants to give qu>t] b ! hopes ( pr(it by mak+ slaves ( _! prison]s4 ,9 civil w>s1 z we le>n f ,tacitus1 ! battles 7 ! mo/ bloody1 because ! prison]s 7 n slaves4 ,:at a /\t resi/ance mu/ be made :]e ! vanqui%$ expect$ s h>d a fate6 ,h[ invet]ate ! rage :]e ! maxims ( w> 71 9 e respect1 s bloody & sev]e6 ,in/ances are v frequ5t 9 anci5t hi/ory ( cities besieg$ ^: inhabitants1 r ?an op5 _! gates1 murd]$ _! wives & *ildr51 & ru%$ !mselves on a volunt>y dea?1 sweet5$ p]haps ) a little prospect ( rev5ge ^u ! enemy4 ,greeks z well z b>b>ians h be5 (t5 wr\ght up to ?is degree ( fury4 ,& ! same det]m9$ _s & cruelty mu/1 9 _m o!r in/ances less rem>kable1 h be5 extremely de/ructive to human society 9 ^? petty commonweal?s :i* liv$ 9 a close neighb\rhood1 & 7 engag$ 9 p]petual w>s & cont5tions4 ,sometimes ! w>s 9 ,greece1 says ,plut>*1 7 c>ri$ on entirely by inroads & robb]ies & piracies4 ,su* a me?od ( w> mu/ be m de/ructive 9 small /ates ?an ! bloodie/ battles & sieges4 ,by ! laws ( ! twelve tables1 possession = two ye>s =m$ a prescription = l&2 "o ye> = movables2#fj an indication t !re 0 n 9 ,italy dur+ t p]iod mu* m ord]1 tranquillity1 & settl$ police ?an !re is at pres5t among ! ,t>t>s4 ,! only c>tel ,i rememb] 9 anci5t hi/ory is t betwe5 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes & ! ,rhodians1 :5 x 0 agre$ t a free citiz5 %\ld be re/or$ = #ajjj dra*mas1 a slave be>+ arms = #ejj4 ,b1 secondly1 x appe>s t anci5t mann]s 7 m unfav\rable ?an ! mod]n1 n only 9 times ( w> b also 9 ^? ( peace2 & t too 9 e respect1 except ! love ( civil lib]ty & equality1 :i* is1 ,i own1 ( consid]able importance4 ,to exclude faction f a free gov]nm5t is v difficult1 if n altoge!r impracticable2 b su* invet]ate rage betwe5 ! factions & su* bloody maxims are f\nd1 9 mod]n times1 among/ religi\s p>ties alone1 :]e bigot$ prie/s are ! accus]s1 judges1 & execution]s4 ,9 anci5t hi/ory we may always obs]ve1 :]e "o p>ty prevail$1 :e!r ! nobles or p 7= ,i c obs]ve no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect#fa71 t !y imm$iately but*]$ all ( ! opposite p>ty :o fell into _! h&s1 & bani%$ su* z _h be5 s =tunate z to escape _! fury4 ,no =m ( process1 no law1 no trial1 no p>don4 ,a f\r?1 a ?ird1 p]haps ne> a half ( ! city 7 slaught]$ or expell$ e revolution2 & ! exiles always jo9$ =eign enemies & did all ! mis*ief possible to _! fell[-citiz5s1 till =tune put x 9 _! p[] to take full rev5ge by a new revolution4 ,& z ^! 7 v frequ5t 9 su* viol5t gov]nm5ts1 ! disord]1 diffid5ce1 jeal\sy1 enmity :i* mu/ prevail are n easy = u to imag9e 9 ?is age ( ! _w4 ,!re are only two revolutions ,i c recollect 9 anci5t hi/ory :i* pass$ )\t great sev]ity & great effusion ( blood 9 massacres & assass9ations--viz41 ! re/oration ( ! ,a!nian democracy by ,?rasybulus1 & ! subdu+ ! ,roman republic by ,cs>4 ,we le>n f anci5t hi/ory t ,?rasybulus pass$ a g5]al amne/y = all pa/ (f5ces1 & fir/ introduc$ t ^w z well z practice into ,greece4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f _m orations ( ,lysias1 t ! *ief1 & ev5 "s ( ! subalt]n (f5d]s 9 ! prec$+ tyranny 7 tri$ & capitally puni%$4 ,?is is a difficulty n cle>$ up1 & ev5 n obs]v$ by antiqu>ians & hi/orians4 ,& z to ,cs>'s clem5cy1 ?\gh mu* celebrat$1 x w\ld n ga9 great applause 9 ! pres5t age4 ,he but*]$1 = in/ance1 all ,cato's s5ate1 :5 he became ma/] ( ,utica2 & ^!1 we may readily believe1 7 n ! mo/ wor?less ( ! p>ty4 ,all ^? :o _h borne arms aga9/ t usurp] 7 =feit$1 &1 by ,hirtius's law1 decl>$ incapable ( all public (fices4 ,^! p 7 extremely fond ( lib]ty1 b seem n to h und]/ood x v well4 ,:5 ! ,?irty ,tyrants fir/ e/abli%$ _! dom9ion at ,a!ns1 !y began ) seiz+ all ! sycophants & in=m]s :o _h be5 s tr\blesome dur+ ! ,democracy1 & putt+ !m to dea? by an arbitr>y s5t5ce & execution4 8,e man10 says ,sallu/ & ,lysias1#fb 8rejoic$ at ^! puni%m5ts20 n consid]+ t lib]ty 0 f t mom5t annihilat$4 ,! utmo/ en]gy ( ! n]v\s /yle ( ,?ucydides1 & ! copi\sness & expression ( ! ,greek language1 seem to s9k "u t hi/orian :5 he attempts to describe ! disord]s :i* arose f faction ?r\gh\t all ! ,greek commonweal?s4 ,y w\ld imag9e t he /ill lab\rs ) a ?\ght great] ?an he c f9d words to communicate1 & he concludes 8 pa!tic description ) an obs]vation :i* is at once v ref9$ & v solid4 8,9 ^! conte/s10 says he1 8^? :o 7 dulle/ & mo/ /upid1 & _h ! lea/ =esight1 commonly prevail$2 = be+ consci\s ( ?is weakness1 & dread+ to be ov]-rea*$ by ^? ( great] p5etration1 !y w5t to "w ha/ily1 )\t prem$itation1 by ! sword & poni>d1 & !reby prev5t$ _! antagoni/s1 :o 7 =m+ f9e s*emes & projects = _! de/ruction40#fc ,n to m5tion ,dionysius ! eld]1 :o is comput$ to h but*]$ 9 cold blood above #aj1jjj ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 nor ,aga?ocles1 ,nabis1 & o!rs /ill m bloody ?an he1 ! transactions1 ev5 9 free gov]nm5ts1 7 extremely viol5t & de/ructive4 ,at ,a!ns1 ! ,?irty ,tyrants & ! nobles 9 a twelvemon? murd]$1 )\t trial1 ab\t #abjj ( ! p1 & bani%$ above ! half ( ! citiz5s t rema9$4#fd ,9 ,argos1 ne> ! same "t1 ! p kill$ #abjj ( ! nobles1 & aft]w>ds _! own demagogues1 because !y _h refus$ to c>ry _! prosecutions fur!r4 ,! p also 9 ,corcyra kill$ #aejj ( ! nobles & bani%$ a ?\s&4 ,^! numb]s w appe> ! m surpris+ if we consid] ! extreme smallness ( ^! /ates4 ,b all anci5t hi/ory is full ( su* in/ances4#fe ,:5 ,alex&] ord]$ all ! exiles to be re/or$ ?r\gh all ! cities1 x 0 f\nd t ! :ole am\nt$ to #bj1jjj m51 ! rema9s probably ( /ill great] slaught]s & massacres4 ,:at an a/oni%+ multitude 9 s n>r[ a c\ntry z anci5t ,greece6 ,& :at dome/ic confusion1 jeal\sy1 p>tiality1 rev5ge1 he>t-burn+s mu/ te> ^? cities1 :]e factions 7 wr\ght up to su* a degree ( fury & despair6 8,x w\ld be easi]10 says ,isocrates to ,philip1 8to raise an army 9 ,greece at pres5t f ! vagabonds ?an f ! cities40 ,ev5 :]e affairs came n to su* extremities 7:i* !y fail$ n to d almo/ 9 e city twice or ?rice e c5tury71 prop]ty 0 r5d]$ v prec>i\s by ! maxims ( anci5t gov]nm5t4 ,x5ophon1 9 ! banquet ( ,socrates1 gives u a v natural1 unaffect$ description ( ! tyranny ( ! ,a!nian p4 8,9 my pov]ty10 says ,*>mides1 8,i am mu* m happy ?an ev] ,i 0 :ile possess$ ( ri*es2 z mu* z x is happi] to be 9 security ?an 9 t]rors1 free ?an a slave1 to receive ?an to pay c\rt1 to be tru/$ ?an suspect$4 ,=m]ly ,i 0 oblig$ to c>ess e in=m]1 "s imposition 0 cont9ually laid ^u me1 & x 0 nev] all[$ me to travel or be abs5t f ! city4 ,at pres5t1 :5 ,i am poor1 ,i look big & ?reat5 o!rs4 ,! ri* are afraid ( me1 & %[ me e k9d ( civility & respect1 & ,i am become a k9d ( tyrant 9 ! city40 ,9 "o ( ! plead+s ( ,lysias1 ! orator v coolly speaks ( x1 by ! by1 z a maxim ( ! ,a!nian p1 t :5ev] !y want$ money !y put to dea? "s ( ! ri* citiz5s z well z /rang]s1 = ! sake ( ! =feiture4 ,9 m5tion+ ?is1 he seems to h no int5tion ( blam+ !m1 /ill less ( provok+ !m :o 7 8 audi5ce & judges4 ,:e!r a man 0 a citiz5 or a /rang] among t p1 x seems inde$ requisite ei!r t he %\ld impov]i% himself or ! p w\ld impov]i% him1 & p]haps kill him into ! b>ga94 ,! orator la/ m5tion$ gives a pleasant acc\nt ( an e/ate laid out 9 ! public s]vice#ff--t is1 above ! ?ird ( x 9 r>ee-%[s & figur$ dances4 ,i ne$ n insi/ on ! ,greek tyrannies1 :i* 7 altoge!r horrible4 ,ev5 ! mix$ mon>*ies1 by :i* mo/ ( ! anci5t /ates ( ,greece 7 gov]n$ be=e ! introduction ( republics1 7 v unsettl$4 ,sc>ce any city b ,a!ns1 says ,isocrates1 c\ld %[ a succession ( k+s = f\r or five g5]ations4 ,besides _m o!r obvi\s reasons = ! in/ability ( anci5t mon>*ies1 ! equal division ( prop]ty among ! bro!rs 9 private families mu/1 by a necess>y consequ5ce1 contribute to unsettle & di/urb ! /ate4 ,! univ]sal pref]5ce giv5 to ! eld] by mod]n laws1 ?\gh x increases ! inequality ( =tunes1 has1 h[ev]1 ?is good effect1 t x accu/oms m5 to ! same idea ( public succession1 & cuts (f all claim & pret5sion ( ! y\ng]4 ,! new settl$ colony ( ,h]aclea1 fall+ imm$iately into factions1 appli$ to ,sp>ta1 :o s5t ,h]ipidas ) full au?ority to quiet _! diss5sions4 ,?is man1 n provok$ by any opposition1 n inflam$ by p>ty rage1 knew no bett] exp$i5t ?an imm$iately putt+ to dea? ab\t #ejj ( ! citiz5s4 ,a /rong pro( h[ deeply root$ ^! viol5t maxims ( gov]nm5t 7 ?r\gh\t all ,greece4 ,if su* 0 ! disposition ( m5's m9ds among t ref9$ p1 :at may be expect$ 9 ! commonweal?s ( ,italy1 ,africa1 ,spa91 & ,gaul1 :i* 7 d5om9at$ b>b>\s8 ,:y o!rwise did ! ,greeks s mu* value !mselves on _! humanity1 g5tl5ess1 & mod]ation above all o!r nations8 ,?is reason+ seems v natural2 b unluckily ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman commonweal? 9 its e>li] times1 if we give cr$it to ! receiv$ acc\nts1 /&s aga9/ u4 ,no blood 0 ev] %$ 9 any s$ition at ,rome till ! murd] ( ! ,grac*i4 ,dionysius ,halic>nassu1 obs]v+ ! s+ul> humanity ( ! ,roman p 9 ?is p>ticul>1 makes use ( x z an argum5t t !y 7 orig9ally ( ,grecian extraction2 :5ce we may conclude t ! factions & revolutions 9 ! b>b>\s republics 7 usually m viol5t ?an ev5 ^? ( ,greece above m5tion$4 ,if ! ,romans 7 s late 9 com+ to bl[s1 !y made ample comp5sation aft] !y _h once ent]$ ^u ! bloody sc5e2 & ,appian's hi/ory ( _! civil w>s conta9s ! mo/ frightful picture ( massacres1 proscriptions1 & =feitures t ev] 0 pres5t$ to ! _w4 ,:at pleases mo/ 9 t hi/orian is t he seems to feel a prop] res5tm5t ( ^! b>b>\s proce$+s1 & talks n ) t provok+ coolness & indiff]5ce :i* cu/om _h produc$ 9 _m ( ! ,greek hi/orians4#fg ,! maxims ( anci5t politics conta91 9 g5]al1 s little humanity & mod]ation t x seems sup]flu\s to give any p>ticul> reason = ! viol5ces committ$ at any p>ticul> p]iod2 yet ,i _c =be> obs]v+ t ! laws 9 ! latt] ages ( ! ,roman commonweal? 7 s absurdly contriv$ t !y oblig$ ! heads ( p>ties to h rec\rse to ^! extremities4 ,all capital puni%m5ts 7 aboli%$4 ,h[ev] crim9al1 or1 :at is m1 h[ev] dang]\s any citiz5 might be1 he c\ld n regul>ly be puni%$ o!rwise ?an by bani%m5t2 & x became necess>y 9 ! revolutions ( p>ty to draw ! sword ( private v5geance2 nor 0 x easy1 :5 laws 7 once violat$1 to set b\nds to ^! sangu9>y proce$+s4 ,_h ,brutus himself prevail$ ov] ! ,triumvirate1 c\ld he1 9 common prud5ce1 h all[$ ,octavius & ,an?ony to live1 & h cont5t$ himself ) bani%+ !m to ,rhodes or ,m>seilles1 :]e !y might /ill h plott$ new commotions & rebellions8 ,8 execut+ ,c4 ,antonius1 bro!r to ! ,triumvir1 %[s evid5tly 8 s5se ( ! matt]4 ,did n ,cic]o1 ) ! approbation ( all ! wise & virtu\s ( ,rome1 arbitr>ily put to dea? ,catil9e's associates contr>y to law & )\t any trial or =m ( process8 ,& if he mod]at$ 8 executions1 did x n proce$ ei!r f ! clem5cy ( 8 temp] or ! conjunctures ( ! times8 ,a wret*$ security 9 a gov]nm5t :i* pret5ds to laws & lib]ty6 ,?us1 "o extreme produces ano!r4 ,9 ! same mann] z excessive sev]ity 9 ! laws is apt to beget great relaxation 9 _! execution1 s _! excessive l5ity naturally produces cruelty & b>b>ity4 ,x is dang]\s to =ce u1 9 any case1 to pass _! sacr$ b\nd>ies4 ,"o g5]al cause ( ! disord]s s frequ5t 9 all anci5t gov]nm5ts seems to h consi/$ 9 ! great difficulty ( e/abli%+ any ari/ocracy 9 ^? ages1 & ! p]petual discont5ts & s$itions ( ! p :5ev] ev5 ! meane/ & mo/ begg>ly 7 exclud$ f ! legislature & f public (fices4 ,! v quality ( freeman gave su* a rank1 be+ oppos$ to t ( slave1 t x seem$ to entitle ! possessor to e p[] & privilege ( ! commonweal?4 ,solon's laws exclud$ no freeman f votes or elections1 b conf9$ "s magi/racies to a p>ticul> c5sus2 yet 7 ! p nev] satisfi$ till ^? laws 7 repeal$4 ,by ! treaty ) ,antipat]1 no ,a!nian _h a vote ^: c5sus 0 less ?an #bjjj dra*mas 7ab\t #fj /]l+74 ,& ?\gh su* a gov]nm5t w\ld to u appe> suffici5tly democratical1 x 0 s disagreeable to t p t above two-?irds ( !m imm$iately left _! c\ntry4 ,cass&] r$uc$ t c5sus to ! half1 yet /ill ! gov]nm5t 0 consid]$ z an olig>*ical tyranny & ! effect ( =eign viol5ce4 ,s]vius ,tullius's laws seem v equal & reasonable1 by fix+ ! p[] 9 proportion to ! prop]ty1 yet ! ,roman p c\ld nev] be br\ght quietly to submit to !m4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no m$ium betwe5 a sev]e1 jeal\s ari/ocracy1 rul+ ov] discont5t$ subjects1 & a turbul5t1 facti\s1 tyrannical democracy4 ,b1 ?irdly1 !re are _m o!r circum/ances 9 :i* anci5t nations seem inf]ior to ! mod]n1 bo? = ! happ9ess & increase ( mank9d4 ,trade1 manufactures1 indu/ry 7 n[h]e 9 =m] ages s fl\ri%+ z !y are at pres5t 9 ,europe4 ,! only g>b ( ! anci5ts1 bo? = males & females1 seems to h be5 a k9d ( flannel :i* !y wore commonly :ite or gray1 & :i* !y sc\r$ z (t5 z x grew dirty4 ,tyre1 :i* c>ri$ on1 aft] ,c>?age1 ! greate/ comm]ce ( any city 9 ! ,m$it]ranean be=e x 0 de/roy$ by ,alex&]1 0 no mighty city1 if we cr$it ,arrian's acc\nt ( its inhabitants4#fh ,a!ns is commonly suppos$ to h be5 a trad+ city2 b x 0 z popul\s be=e ! ,m$ian ,w> z at any "t aft] x1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1#fi & yet its comm]ce at t "t 0 s inconsid]able t1 z ! same hi/orian obs]ves1 ev5 ! neighb\r+ coa/s ( ,asia 7 z little frequ5t$ by ! ,greeks z ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules--= beyond ^! he conceiv$ no?+4 ,great int]e/ ( money & great pr(its ( trade are an infallible indication t indu/ry & comm]ce are b 9 _! infancy4 ,we read 9 ,lysias ( #ajj p] c5t4 pr(it made ( a c>go ( two tal5ts1 s5t to no great] di/ance ?an f ,a!ns to ! ,adriatic4 ,nor is ?is m5tion$ z an in/ance ( exorbitant pr(it4 ,antidorus1 says ,demo/h5es1 paid ?ree tal5ts & a half = a h\se :i* he let at a tal5t a ye>2 & ! orator blames 8 own tutors = n employ+ 8 money to l advantage4 8,my =tune10 says he1 89 elev5 ye>s m9ority ought to h be5 tripl$40 ,! value ( tw5ty ( ! slaves left by 8 fa!r he computes at #dj m9as1 & ! ye>ly pr(it ( _! lab\r at #ab4 ,! mo/ mod]ate int]e/ at ,a!ns 7= !re 0 high] (t5 paid7 0 #ab p] c5t41 & t paid mon?ly4 ,n to insi/ ^u ! exorbitant int]e/ ( #cd p] c5t4 to :i* ! va/ sums di/ribut$ 9 elections _h rais$ money at ,rome1 we f9d t ,v]res1 be=e t facti\s p]iod1 /at$ #bd p] c5t4 = money1 :i* he left 9 ! publicans' h&s4 ,& ?\gh ,cic]o declaims aga9/ ?is article1 x is n on acc\nt ( ! extravagant usury1 b because x _h nev] be5 cu/om>y to /ate any int]e/ on su* occasions4 ,int]e/1 inde$1 sunk at ,rome aft] ! settlem5t ( ! empire2 b x nev] rema9$ any consid]able "t s l[ z 9 ! comm]cial /ates ( mod]n ages4 ,among ! o!r inconv5i5ces :i* ! ,a!nians felt f ! =tify+ ,decelia by ! ,lac$emonians1 x is repres5t$ by ,?ucydides z "o ( ! mo/ consid]able t !y c\ld n br+ ov] _! corn f ,eubea by l&1 pass+ by ,oropus2 b 7 oblig$ to emb>k x & to sail ab\t ! promontory ( ,sunium--a surpris+ in/ance ( ! imp]fection ( anci5t navigation1 = ! wat]-c>riage is n "h above d\ble ! l&4 ,i d n rememb] any passage 9 any anci5t au?or :]e ! gr[? ( any city is ascrib$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a manufacture4 ,! comm]ce :i* is said to fl\ri% is *iefly ! ex*ange ( ^? commodities = :i* diff]5t soils & climates 7 suit$4 ,! sale ( w9e & oil into ,africa1 accord+ to ,diodorus ,siculus1 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ri*es ( ,agrig5tum4 ,! situation ( ! city ( ,syb>is1 accord+ to ! same au?or1 0 ! cause ( its imm5se popul\sness1 be+ built ne> ! two riv]s1 ,cra?ys & ,syb>is4 ,b ^! two riv]s1 we may obs]ve1 are n navigable1 & c\ld only produce "s f]tile valleys = agriculture & husb&ry--an advantage s inconsid]able t a mod]n writ] w\ld sc>cely h tak5 notice ( x4 ,! b>b>ity ( ! anci5t tyrants1 toge!r ) ! extreme love ( lib]ty :i* animat$ ^? ages1 mu/ h bani%$ e m]*ant & manufactur]1 & h q depopulat$ ! /ate1 _h x subsi/$ ^u indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,:ile ! cruel & suspici\s ,dionysius 0 c>ry+ on 8 but*]ies1 :o t 0 n deta9$ by 8 l&$ prop]ty1 & c\ld h c>ri$ ) him any art or skill to procure a subsi/5ce 9 o!r c\ntries1 w\ld h rema9$ expos$ to su* implacable b>b>ity8 ,! p]secutions ( ,philip ,,ii4 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 fill$ all ,europe ) ! manufactur]s ( ,fl&]s & ( ,france4 ,i grant t agriculture is ! species ( indu/ry :i* is *iefly requisite to ! subsi/5ce ( multitudes1 & x is possible t ?is indu/ry may fl\ri% ev5 :]e manufactures & o!r arts are unkn[n & neglect$4 ,switz]l& is at pres5t a v rem>kable in/ance1 :]e we f9d at once ! mo/ skilful husb&m5 & ! mo/ bungl+ tradesm5 t are to be met ) 9 all ,europe4 ,t agriculture fl\ri%$ 9 ,greece & ,italy1 at lea/ 9 "s p>ts ( !m1 & at "s p]iods1 we h reason to presume2 & :e!r ! me*anical arts _h rea*$ ! same degree ( p]fection may n be e/eem$ s mat]ial1 especially if we consid] ! great equality 9 ! anci5t republics1 :]e ea* family 0 oblig$ to cultivate ) ! greate/ c>e & indu/ry its own little field 9 ord] to its subsi/5ce4 ,b is x j reason+1 because agriculture may 9 "s in/ances fl\ri% )\t trade or manufactures1 to conclude t1 9 any great ext5t ( c\ntry & = any great tract ( "t1 x w\ld subsi/ alone8 ,! mo/ natural way surely ( enc\rag+ husb&ry is fir/ to excite o!r k9ds ( indu/ry1 & !reby af=d ! lab\r] a ready m>ket = 8 commodities & a return ( su* goods z may contribute to 8 pleasure & enjoym5t4 ,?is me?od is infallible & univ]sal1 & z x prevails m 9 mod]n gov]nm5t ?an 9 ! anci5t1 x af=ds a presumption ( ! sup]ior popul\sness ( ! =m]4 ,e man1 says ,x5ophon1 may be a f>m]2 no art or skill is requisite3 all consi/s 9 ! indu/ry & att5tion to ! execution4 ,a /rong pro(1 z ,columella h9ts1 t agriculture 0 b little kn[n 9 ! age ( ,x5ophon4 ,all our lat] improvem5ts & ref9em5ts1 h !y op]at$ no?+ t[>ds ! easy subsi/5ce ( m51 & consequ5tly t[>ds _! propagation & increase8 ,our sup]ior skill 9 me*anics1 ! discov]y ( new worlds1 by :i* comm]ce has be5 s mu* enl>g$1 ! e/abli%m5t ( po/s1 & ! use ( bills ( ex*ange3 ^! seem all extremely useful to ! enc\ragem5t ( art1 indu/ry1 & popul\sness4 ,7 we to /rike (f ^!1 :at a *eck %\ld we give to e k9d ( bus9ess & lab\r1 & :at multitudes ( families w\ld imm$iately p]i% f want & hung]6 ,& x seems n probable t we c\ld supply ! place ( ^! new inv5tions by any o!r regulation or in/itution4 ,h we reason to ?9k t ! police ( anci5t /ates 0 any wise comp>able to t ( mod]n1 or t m5 _h !n equal security ei!r at home or 9 _! j\rneys by l& or wat]8 ,i "q n b e imp>tial exam9] w\ld give u ! pref]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,?us1 ^u comp>+ ! :ole1 x seems impossible to assign any j reason :y ! _w %\ld h be5 m popul\s 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n times4 ,! equality ( prop]ty among ! anci5ts1 lib]ty1 & ! small divisions ( _! /ates1 7 inde$ fav\rable to ! propagation ( mank9d2 b _! w>s 7 m bloody & de/ructive1 _! gov]nm5ts m facti\s & unsettl$1 comm]ce & manufactures m feeble & langui%+1 & ! g5]al police m loose & irregul>4 ,^! latt] disadvantages seem to =m a suffici5t c\nt]balance to ! =m] advantages1 & r fav\r ! opposite op9ion to t :i* commonly prevails ) reg>d to ?is subject4 ,b !re is no reason+1 x may be said1 aga9/ matt] ( fact4 ,if x appe> t ! _w 0 !n m popul\s ?an at pres5t1 we may be assur$ t our conjectures are false1 & t we h ov]look$ "s mat]ial circum/ance 9 ! comp>ison4 ,?is ,i readily own3 all our prec$+ reason+s ,i ackn[l$ge to be m]e trifl+1 or1 at lea/1 small skirmi%es & frivol\s r5c\nt]s :i* decide no?+4 ,b unluckily ! ma9 combat1 :]e we comp>e facts1 _c be r5d]$ mu* m decisive4 ,! facts deliv]$ by anci5t au?ors are ei!r s unc]ta9 or s imp]fect z to af=d u no?+ positive 9 ?is matt]4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,! v facts :i* we mu/ oppose to !m 9 comput+ ! greatness ( mod]n /ates are f> f be+ ei!r c]ta9 or complete4 ,_m gr\nds ( calculation proce$$ on by celebrat$ writ]s are little bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,emp]or ,heliogabalus1 :o =m$ an e/imate ( ! imm5se greatness ( ,rome f t5 ?\s& p\nd weight ( cobwebs :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 t city4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t all k9ds ( numb]s are unc]ta9 9 anci5t manuscripts1 & h be5 subject to mu* great] corruptions ?an any o!r "p ( ! text1 & t = a v obvi\s reason4 ,any alt]ation 9 o!r places commonly affects ! s5se or gramm>1 & is m readily p]ceiv$ by ! read] & transcrib]4 ,few enum]ations ( inhabitants h be5 made ( any tract ( c\ntry by any anci5t au?or ( good au?ority s z to af=d u a l>ge en\gh view = comp>ison4 ,x is probable t !re 0 =m]ly a good f\ndation = ! numb] ( citiz5s assign$ to any free city1 because !y ent]$ = a %>e ( ! gov]nm5t1 & !re 7 exact regi/]s kept ( !m4 ,b z ! numb] ( slaves is seldom m5tion$1 ?is leaves u 9 z great unc]ta9ty z ev] ) reg>d to ! popul\sness ev5 ( s+le cities4 ,! fir/ page ( ,?ucydides is1 9 my op9ion1 ! comm5cem5t ( real hi/ory4 ,all prec$+ n>rations are s int]mix$ ) fable t philosoph]s ought to ab&on !m1 9 a great measure1 to ! embelli%m5t ( poets & orators4#gj ,) reg>d to remote times1 ! numb]s ( p assign$ are (t5 ridicul\s1 & lose all cr$it & au?ority4 ,! free citiz5s ( ,syb>is1 able to be> arms & actually drawn out 9 battle1 7 #cjj1jjj4 ,!y enc\nt]$ at ,siagra ) #ajj1jjj citiz5s ( ,crotona1 ano!r ,greek city contigu\s to !m1 & 7 defeat$4 ,?is is ,diodorus ,siculus's acc\nt1 & is v s]i\sly insi/$ on by t hi/orian4 ,/rabo also m5tions ! same numb] ( ,syb>ites4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 enum]at+ ! inhabitants ( ,agrig5tum1 :5 x 0 de/roy$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 says t !y am\nt$ to #bj1jjj citiz5s1 #bjj1jjj /rang]s1 besides slaves1 :o1 9 s opul5t a city z he repres5ts x1 w\ld probably be at lea/ z num]\s4 ,we mu/ rem>k t ! wom5 & ! *ildr5 are n includ$1 & t !re=e1 ^u ! :ole1 ! city mu/ h conta9$ ne> two millions ( inhabitants4#ga ,& :at 0 ! reason ( s imm5se an increase6 ,!y 7 v indu/ri\s 9 cultivat+ ! neighb\r+ fields1 n exce$+ a small ,engli% c\nty2 & !y trad$ ) _! w9e & oil to ,africa1 :i*1 at t "t1 _h none ( ^! commodities4 ,ptolemy1 says ,!ocritus1 comm&$ #cc1cci cities4 ,i suppose ! s+ul>ity ( ! numb] 0 ! reason ( assign+ x4 ,diodorus ,siculus assigns ?ree millions ( inhabitants to ,egypt1 a v small numb]2 b !n he makes ! numb] ( _! cities am\nt to #ah1jjj--;an evid5t contradiction4 ,he says ! p 7 =m]ly sev5 millions4 ,?us remote times are always mo/ envi$ & admir$4 ,t ,x]xes's army 0 extremely num]\s ,i c readily believe1 bo? f ! great ext5t ( 8 empire & f ! fooli% practice ( ! ,ea/]n nations ( encumb]+ _! camp ) a sup]flu\s multitude2 b w any rational man cite ,h]odotus's wond]ful n>rations z an au?ority8 ,!re is some?+ v rational1 ,i own1 9 ,lysias's argum5t ^u ?is subject4 ,_h n ,x]xes' army be5 incr$ibly num]\s1 says he1 he _h nev] built a bridge ov] ! ,hellespont3 x _h be5 mu* easi] to h transport$ 8 m5 ov] s %ort a passage1 ) ! num]\s %ipp+ ( :i* he 0 ma/]4 ,polybius says t ! ,romans1 betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,punic ,w>s1 be+ ?reat5$ ) an invasion f ! ,gauls1 mu/]$ all _! own =ces & ^? ( _! allies1 & f\nd !m am\nt to sev5 hundr$ ?\s& m5 able to be> arms4 ,a great numb] surely1 & :i*1 :5 jo9$ to ! slaves1 is probably n less1 if n r m ?an t ext5t ( c\ntry af=ds at pres5t4#gb ,! enum]ation too seems to h be5 made ) "s exactness1 & ,polybius gives u ! detail ( ! p>ticul>s2 b might n ! numb] be imag9$ 9 ord] to enc\rage ! p8 ,diodorus ,siculus makes ! same enum]ation am\nt to ne> a million4 ,^! v>iations are suspici\s4 ,he pla9ly1 too1 supposes t ,italy 9 8 "t 0 n s popul\s1 ano!r v suspici\s circum/ance2 = :o c believe t ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry dim9i%$ f ! "t ( ! fir/ ,punic ,w> to t ( ! ,triumvirates8 ,julius ,cs>1 accord+ to ,appian1 enc\nt]$ f\r millions ( ,gauls1 kill$ "o million1 & took ano!r million prison]s4#gc ,suppos+ ! numb] ( ! enemy's army & ( ! kill$ c\ld be exactly assign$1 :i* nev] is possible1 h[ c\ld x be kn[n h[ (t5 ! same man return$ into ! armies1 or h[ di/+ui% ! new f ! old levi$ soldi]s8 ,no att5tion ought ev] to be giv5 to su* loose1 exagg]at$ calculations2 especially :]e ! au?or tells u n ! m$iums ^u :i* ! calculations 7 f\nd$4 ,pat]culus makes ! numb] kill$ by ,cs> am\nt only to #djj1jjj3 a mu* m probable acc\nt1 & m easily reconcil$ to ! hi/ory ( ^! w>s giv5 by t conqu]or himself 9 8 ,comm5t>ies4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t e circum/ance ( ! life & actions ( ,dionysius ! eld] might be reg>d$ z au!ntic & free f all fabul\s exagg]ation1 bo? because he liv$ at a "t :5 lett]s fl\ri%$ mo/ 9 ,greece & because 8 *ief hi/orian 0 ,phili/us1 a man all[$ to be ( great g5ius1 & :o 0 a c\rti] & m9i/] ( t pr9ce4 ,b c we admit t he _h a /&+ army ( #ajj1jjj foot1 #aj1jjj horse1 & a fleet ( #djj galleys8 ,^!1 we may obs]ve1 7 m]c5>y =ces1 & subsi/$ ^u _! pay1 l our armies 9 ,europe4 ,= ! citiz5s 7 all dis>m$2 & :5 ,dion aft]w>ds invad$ ,sicily & call$ on 8 c\ntrym5 to v9dicate _! lib]ty1 he 0 oblig$ to br+ arms along ) him1 :i* he di/ribut$ among ^? :o jo9$ him4 ,9 a /ate :]e agriculture alone fl\ri%es !re may be _m inhabitants1 & if ^! be all arm$ & discipl9$1 a great =ce may be call$ out ^u occasion2 b great numb]s ( m]c5>y troops c nev] be ma9ta9$ )\t ei!r trade & manufactures1 or v ext5sive dom9ions4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces nev] 7 ma/]s ( su* a =ce by sea & l& z t :i* is said to belong to ,dionysius2 yet !y possess z l>ge a t]ritory1 p]fectly well cultivat$1 & h inf9itely m res\rces f _! comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,diodorus ,siculus all[s t1 ev5 9 8 "t1 ! army ( ,dionysius appe>$ incr$ible2 t is1 z ,i int]pret x1 x 0 entirely a fiction1 & ! op9ion arose f ! exagg]at$ flatt]y ( ! c\rti]s1 & p]haps f ! vanity & policy ( ! tyrant himself4 ,x is a v usual fallacy to consid] all ! ages ( antiquity z "o p]iod1 & to compute ! numb]s conta9$ 9 ! great cities m5tion$ by anci5t au?ors z if ^! cities _h be5 all contempor>y4 ,! ,greek colonies fl\ri%$ extremely 9 ,sicily dur+ ! age ( ,alex&]2 b 9 ,augu/us's "t !y 7 s decay$ t almo/ all ! product ( t f]tile isl& 0 consum$ 9 ,italy4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! numb]s ( inhabitants assign$ to p>ticul> cities 9 antiquity1 & omitt+ ! numb]s ( ,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 & ! ,egyptian ,!bes1 let u conf9e ourselves to ! sph]e ( real hi/ory1 to ! ,grecian & ,roman /ates4 ,i mu/ own1 ! m ,i consid] ?is subject ! m am ,i incl9$ to scepticism ) reg>d to ! great popul\sness ascrib$ to anci5t times4 ,a!ns is said by ,plato to be a v great city2 & x 0 surely ! greate/ ( all ! ,greek#gd cities1 except ,syracuse1 :i* 0 ne>ly ab\t ! same size 9 ,?ucydides' "t1 & aft]w>ds increas$ beyond x2 = ,cic]o#ge m5tions x z ! greate/ ( all ! ,greek cities 9 8 "t1 n compreh5d+1 ,i suppose1 ei!r ,antio* or ,alex&ria "u t d5om9ation4 ,a!nu says t1 by ! enum]ation ( ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 !re 7 9 ,a!ns #ba1jjj citiz5s1 #aj1jjj /rang]s1 & #djj1jjj slaves4 ,?is numb] is v mu* insi/$ on by ^? ^: op9ion ,i call 9 "q1 & is e/eem$ a fundam5tal fact to _! purpose2 b1 9 my op9ion1 !re is no po9t ( criticism m c]ta9 ?an t ,a!nu & ,ctesicles1 :om he cites1 are "h mi/ak51 & t ! numb] ( slaves is augm5t$ by a :ole cyph]1 & ought n to be reg>d$ z m ?an #dj1jjj4 ,fir/ly1 :5 ! numb] ( citiz5s is said to be #ba1jjj by ,a!nu1#gf m5 ( full age are only und]/ood4 ,= 7#a7 ,h]odotus says t ,ari/agoras1 ambassador f ! ,ionians1 f\nd x h>d] to deceive "o ,sp>tan ?an #cj1jjj ,a!nians1 mean+ 9 a loose way ! :ole /ate1 suppos$ to be met 9 "o popul> assembly1 exclud+ ! wom5 & *ildr54 7#b7 ,?ucydides says t1 mak+ all[ance = all ! abs5tees 9 ! fleet1 army1 g>risons1 & = p employ$ 9 _! private affairs1 ! ,a!nian ,assembly nev] rose to five ?\s&4 7#c7 ,! =ces enum]at$ by ! same hi/orian1#gg be+ all citiz5s1 & am\nt+ to #ac1jjj heavy-arm$ infantry1 prove ! same me?od ( calculation1 z also ! :ole t5or ( ! ,greek hi/orians1 :o always und]/& m5 ( full age :5 !y assign ! numb] ( citiz5s 9 any republic4 ,n[1 ^! be+ b ! f\r? ( ! inhabitants1 ! free ,a!nians 7 by ?is acc\nt #hd1jjj1 ! /rang]s #dj1jjj1 & ! slaves1 calculat+ by ! small] numb]1 & all[+ t !y m>ri$ & propagat$ at ! same rate ) freem51 7 #afj1jjj1 & ! :ole inhabitants #bhd1jjj--;a l>ge en\gh numb] surely4 ,! o!r numb]1 #a1gbj1jjj1 makes ,a!ns l>g] ?an ,london & ,p>is unit$4 ,secondly1 !re 7 b #aj1jjj h\ses 9 ,a!ns4 ,?irdly1 ?\gh ! ext5t ( ! walls1 z giv5 u by ,?ucydides1 be great 7viz41 eighte5 miles1 beside ! sea-coa/71 yet ,x5ophon says !re 0 mu* wa/e gr\nd )9 ! walls4 ,!y seem$ inde$ to h jo9$ f\r di/9ct & sep>ate cities4#gh ,f\r?ly1 no insurrection ( ! slaves1 nor suspicion ( insurrection1 are ev] m5tion$ by hi/orians1 except "o commotion ( ! m9]s4 ,fif?ly1 ! ,a!nians' treatm5t ( _! slaves is said by ,x5ophon1 & ,demo/h5es1 & ,plautus to h be5 extremely g5tle & indulg5t1 :i* c\ld nev] h be5 ! case _h ! disproportion be5 tw5ty to "o4 ,! disproportion is n s great 9 any ( our colonies1 & yet we are oblig$ to ex]cise a v rigor\s milit>y gov]nm5t ov] ! negroes4 ,six?ly1 no man is ev] e/eem$ ri* = possess+ :at may be reckon$ an equal di/ribution ( prop]ty 9 any c\ntry1 or ev5 triple or quadruple t weal?4 ,?us1 e p]son 9 ,engl& is comput$ by "s to sp5d sixp5ce a day2 yet is he e/imat$ b poor :o has five times t sum4 ,n[1 ,tim>*us is said by s*9es to h be5 left 9 easy circum/ances1 b he 0 ma/] only ( t5 slaves employ$ 9 manufactures4 ,lysias & 8 bro!r1 two /rang]s1 7 proscrib$ by ! ,?irty = _! great ri*es1 ?\gh !y _h b sixty apiece4 ,demo/h5es 0 left v ri* by 8 fa!r1 yet he _h no m ?an fifty-two slaves4 ,8 workh\se1 ( tw5ty cab9et-mak]s1 is said to h be5 a v consid]able manufactory4 ,sev5?ly1 dur+ ! ,decelian ,w>1 z ! ,greek hi/orians call x1 #bj1jjj slaves des]t$ & br\ght ! ,a!nians to great di/ress1 z we le>n f ,?ucydides4 ,?is c\ld n h happ5$ _h !y be5 only ! tw5tie? "p4 ,! be/ slaves w\ld n des]t4 ,eigh?ly1 ,x5ophon proposes a s*eme = ent]ta9+ by ! public #aj1jjj slaves4 8,& t s great a numb] may possibly be support$ any "o w be conv9c$10 says he1 8:o consid]s ! numb]s we possess$ be=e ! ,decelian ,w>0--a way ( speak+ altoge!r incompatible ) ! l>g] numb] ( ,a!nu4 ,n9?ly1 ! :ole c5sus ( ! /ate ( ,a!ns 0 less ?an #fjjj tal5ts2 & ?\gh numb]s 9 anci5t manuscripts be (t5 suspect$ by critics1 yet ?is is unexceptionable1 bo? because ,demo/h5es1 :o gives x1 gives also ! detail1 :i* *ecks him1 & because ,polybius assigns ! same numb] & reasons ^u x4 ,n[1 ! mo/ vulg> slave c\ld yield by 8 lab\r an obolus a day1 ov] & above 8 ma9t5ance1 z we le>n f ,x5ophon1 :o says t ,nicias's ov]se] paid 8 ma/] s mu* = slaves1 :om he employ$ 9 digg+ ( m9es4 ,if y w take ! pa9s to e/imate an obolus a day & ! slaves at #djj1jjj1 comput+ only at f\r ye>s' pur*ase1 y w f9d ! sum above #ab1jjj tal5ts1 ev5 ?\gh all[ance be made = ! great numb] ( holidays 9 ,a!ns4 ,besides1 _m ( ! slaves w\ld h a mu* great] value f _! art4 ,! l[e/ t ,demo/h5es e/imates any ( 8 fa!r's slaves is two m9as a head2 & ^u ?is supposition x is a little difficult1 ,i confess1 to reconcile ev5 ! numb] ( #dj1jjj slaves ) ! c5sus ( #fjjj tal5ts4 ,t5?ly1 ,*ios is said by ,?ucydides to conta9 m slaves ?an any ,greek city except ,sp>ta4 ,sp>ta !n _h m ?an ,a!ns1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( citiz5s4 ,! ,sp>tans 7 #ijjj 9 ! t[n1 #cj1jjj 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! male slaves1 !re=e1 ( full age1 mu/ h be5 m ?an #ghj1jjj2 ! :ole m ?an #c1abj1jjj--;a numb] impossible to be ma9ta9$ 9 a n>r[ b>r5 c\ntry su* z ,laconia1 :i* _h no trade4 ,_h ! ,helotes be5 s v num]\s1 ! murd] ( #bjjj m5tion$ by ,?ucydides w\ld h irritat$ !m )\t weak5+ !m4 ,besides1 we are to consid] t ! numb] assign$ by ,a!nu1#gi :atev] x is1 compreh5ds all ! inhabitants ( ,attica z well z ^? ( ,a!ns4 ,! ,a!nians affect$ mu* a c\ntry life1 z we le>n f ,?ucydides1 & :5 !y 7 all *as$ into t[n by ! invasion ( _! t]ritory dur+ ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ! city 0 n able to conta9 !m1 & !y 7 oblig$ to lie 9 ! porticoes1 temples1 & ev5 /reets1 = want ( lodg+4 ,! same rem>k is to be ext5d$ to all ! o!r ,greek cities1 & :5 ! numb] ( ! citiz5s is assign$ we mu/ always und]/& x ( ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry z well z ( ! city4 ,yet1 ev5 ) ?is all[ance1 x mu/ be confess$ t ,greece 0 a popul\s c\ntry & exce$$ :at we c\ld imag9e ( s n>r[ a t]ritory1 naturally n v f]tile1 & :i* drew no supplies ( corn f o!r places2 =1 except+ ,a!ns1 :i* trad$ to ,pontus = t commodity1 ! o!r cities seem to h subsi/$ *iefly f _! neighb\r+ t]ritory4#hj ,rhodes is well kn[n to h be5 a city ( ext5sive comm]ce & ( great fame & spl5d\r1 yet x conta9$ only #fjjj citiz5s able to be> arms :5 x 0 besieg$ by ,demetrius4 ,!bes 0 always "o ( ! capital cities ( ,greece1 b ! numb] ( its citiz5s exce$$ n ^? ( ,rhodes4#ha ,phliasia is said to be a small city by ,x5ophon1 yet we f9d t x conta9$ #fjjj citiz5s4 ,i pret5d n to reconcile ^! two facts4 ,p]haps ,x5ophon calls ,phliasia a small t[n because x made b a small figure 9 ,greece & ma9ta9$ only a subord9ate alliance ) ,sp>ta2 or p]haps ! c\ntry belong+ to x 0 ext5sive1 & mo/ ( ! citiz5s 7 employ$ 9 ! cultivation ( x & dwelt 9 ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,mant9ea 0 equal to any city 9 ,arcadia1 consequ5tly x 0 equal to ,megalopolis1 :i* 0 fifty /adia1 or sixty miles & a qu>t] 9 circumf]5ce4 ,b ,mant9ea _h only #cjjj citiz5s4 ,! ,greek cities1 !re=e1 conta9$ (t5 fields & g>d5s1 toge!r ) ! h\ses1 & we _c judge ( !m by ! ext5t ( _! walls4 ,a!ns conta9$ no m ?an #aj1jjj h\ses1 yet its walls1 ) ! sea-coa/1 7 ab\t tw5ty miles 9 ext5t4 ,syracuse 0 tw5ty-two miles 9 circumf]5ce1 yet 0 sc>cely ev] spok5 ( by ! anci5ts z m popul\s ?an ,a!ns4 ,babylon 0 a squ>e ( fifte5 miles1 or sixty miles 9 circuit2 b x conta9$ l>ge cultivat$ fields & enclosures1 z we le>n f ,pl9y4 ,?\gh ,aurelian's wall 0 fifty miles 9 circumf]5ce1 ! circuit ( all ! ?irte5 divisions ( ,rome1 tak5 ap>t1 accord+ to ,publius ,victor1 0 only ab\t =ty-?ree miles4 ,:5 an enemy invad$ ! c\ntry all ! inhabitants retir$ )9 ! walls ( ! anci5t cities1 ) _! cattle & furniture & in/rum5ts ( husb&ry1 & ! great height to :i* ! walls 7 rais$ enabl$ a small numb] to def5d !m ) facility4 8,sp>ta10 says ,x5ophon1#hb 8is "o ( ! cities ( ,greece t has ! fewe/ inhabitants40 ,yet ,polybius says t x 0 =ty-eight /adia 9 circumf]5ce1 & 0 r\nd4 ,all ! tolians able to be> arms 9 ,antipat]'s "t1 d$uct+ "s few g>risons1 7 b t5 ?\s& m54 ,polybius tells u t ! ,a*an league might1 )\t any inconv5i5ce1 m>* ?irty or =ty ?\s& m52 & ?is acc\nt seems v probable1 = t league compreh5d$ ! greate/ "p ( ,peloponnesus4 ,yet ,pausanias1 speak+ ( ! same p]iod1 says t all ! ,a*ans able to be> arms1 ev5 :5 sev]al manumitt$ slaves 7 jo9$ to !m1 did n am\nt to fifte5 ?\s&4 ,! ,!ssalians1 till _! f9al conque/ by ! ,romans1 7 9 all ages turbul5t1 facti\s1 s$iti\s1 disord]ly4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 natural to suppose t t "p ( ,greece ab\nd$ mu* 9 p4 ,we are told by ,?ucydides t ! "p ( ,peloponnesus adjo9+ to ,pylos 0 des]t & uncultivat$4 ,h]odotus says t ,mac$onia 0 full ( lions & wild bulls1 animals :i* c only inhabit va/ unpeopl$ =e/s4 ,^! 7 ! two extremities ( ,greece4 ,all ! inhabitants ( ,epirus1 ( all ages1 sexes1 & conditions1 :o 7 sold by ,paulus milius1 am\nt$ only to #aej1jjj4 ,yet ,epirus might be d\ble ! ext5t ( ,york%ire4 ,ju/9 tells u t :5 ,philip ( ,mac$on 0 decl>$ head ( ! ,greek conf$]acy he call$ a congress ( all ! /ates1 except ! ,lac$emonians1 :o refus$ to concur2 & he f\nd ! =ce ( ! :ole1 ^u computation1 to am\nt to #bjj1jjj infantry & #ae1jjj cavalry4 ,?is mu/ be und]/ood to be all ! citiz5s capable ( be>+ arms1 = z ! ,greek republics ma9ta9$ no m]c5>y =ces1 & _h no militia di/9ct f ! :ole body ( ! citiz5s1 x is n conceivable :at o!r m$ium !re c\ld be ( computation4 ,t su* an army c\ld ev] by ,greece be br\ght into ! field1 & c\ld be ma9ta9$ !re1 is contr>y to all hi/ory4 ,^u ?is supposition1 !re=e1 we may ?us reason4 ,! free ,greeks ( all ages & sexes 7 #hfj1jjj4 ,! slaves1 e/imat+ !m by ! numb] ( ,a!nian slaves z above1 :o seldom m>ri$ or _h families1 7 d\ble ! male citiz5s ( full age--viz41 #dcj1jjj4 ,& all ! inhabitants ( anci5t ,greece1 except+ ,laconia1 7 ab\t #a1bij1jjj--no mighty numb]1 nor exce$+ :at may be f\nd at pres5t 9 ,scotl&1 a c\ntry ( ne>ly ! same ext5t1 & v indiff]5tly peopl$4 ,we may n[ consid] ! numb]s ( p 9 ,rome & ,italy1 & collect all ! lights af=d$ u by scatt]$ passages 9 anci5t au?ors4 ,we %all f9d1 ^u ! :ole1 a great difficulty 9 fix+ any op9ion on t head1 & no reason to support ^? exagg]at$ calculations s mu* insi/$ on by mod]n writ]s4 ,dionysius ,halic>nassu says t ! anci5t walls ( ,rome 7 ne>ly ( ! same compass ) ^? ( ,a!ns1 b t ! suburbs ran out to a great ext5t1 & x 0 difficult to tell :]e ! t[n end$ or ! c\ntry began4 ,9 "s places ( ,rome1 x appe>s f ! same au?or1 f ,juv5al1 & f o!r anci5t writ]s1#hc t ! h\ses 7 high1 & families liv$ 9 sep>ate /oreys1 "o above ano!r2 b x is probable t ^! 7 only ! poor] citiz5s1 & only 9 "s few /reets4 ,if we may judge f ! y\ng] ,pl9y's#hd acc\nt ( 8 h\se1 & f ,b>toli's plans ( anci5t build+s1 ! m5 ( quality _h v spaci\s palaces2 & _! build+s 7 l ! ,*9ese h\ses at ?is day1 :]e ea* ap>tm5t is sep>at$ f ! re/1 & rises no high] ?an a s+le /orey4 ,to :i*1 if we add t ! ,roman nobility mu* affect$ porticoes1 & ev5 woods1 9 t[n1 we may p]haps all[ ,vossius 7?\gh !re is no mann] ( reason = x7 to read ! fam\s passage ( ! eld] ,pl9y#he 8 own way1 )\t admitt+ ! extravagant consequ5ces :i* he draws f x4 ,! numb] ( citiz5s :o receiv$ corn by ! public di/ribution 9 ,augu/us's "t 0 #bjj1jjj4 ,?is "o w\ld e/eem a pretty c]ta9 gr\nd ( calculation1 yet x is att5d$ ) su* circum/ances z ?r[ u back into d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,did ! poor] citiz5s only receive ! di/ribution8 ,x 0 calculat$1 to be sure1 *iefly = _! b5efit2 b x appe>s f a passage 9 ,cic]o t ! ri* might also take _! portion1 & t x 0 e/eem$ no reproa* 9 !m to apply = x4 ,to :om 0 ! corn giv5--:e!r only to heads ( families1 or to e man1 woman1 & *ild8 ,! portion e mon? 0 five modii to ea* 7ab\t five-six?s ( a bu%el74 ,?is 0 too little = a family1 & too mu* = an individual4 ,a v accurate antiqu>ian !re=e inf]s t x 0 giv5 to e man ( full ye>s1 b he all[s ! matt] to be unc]ta94 ,0 x /rictly inquir$ :e!r ! claimant liv$ )9 ! prec9cts ( ,rome1 or 0 x suffici5t t he pres5t$ himself at ! mon?ly di/ribution8 ,?is la/ seems m probable4#hf ,7 !re no false claimants8 ,we are told t ,cs> /ruck (f at once #agj1jjj1 :o _h crept 9 )\t a j title2 & x is v little probable t he rem$i$ all abuses4 ,b1 la/ly1 :at proportion ( slaves mu/ we assign to ^! citiz5s8 ,?is is ! mo/ mat]ial "q1 & ! mo/ unc]ta94 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ,a!ns c be e/abli%$ z a rule = ,rome4 ,p]haps ! ,a!nians _h m slaves1 because !y employ$ !m 9 manufactures1 = :i* a capital city l ,rome seems n s prop]4 ,p]haps1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,romans _h m slaves1 on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior luxury & ri*es4 ,!re 7 exact bills ( mortality kept at ,rome2 b no anci5t au?or has giv5 u ! numb] ( burials1 except ,suetonius1 :o tells u t 9 "o season !re 7 #cj1jjj dead c>ri$ into ! temple ( ,libet9a2 b ?is 0 dur+ a plague1 :i* c af=d no c]ta9 f\ndation = any inf]5ce4 ,! public corn1 ?\gh di/ribut$ only to #bjj1jjj citiz5s1 affect$ v consid]ably ! :ole agriculture ( ,italy1 a fact no way reconcilable to "s mod]n exagg]ations ) reg>d to ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry4 ,! be/ gr\nd ( conjecture ,i c f9d conc]n+ ! greatness ( anci5t ,rome is ?is3 ,we are told by ,h]odian t ,antio* & ,alex&ria 7 v little inf]ior to ,rome4 ,x appe>s f ,diodorus ,siculus t "o /raight /reet ( ,alex&ria1 rea*+ f port to port1 0 five miles long2 & z ,alex&ria 0 mu* m ext5d$ 9 l5g? ?an bread?1 x seems to h be5 a city ne>ly ( ! bulk ( ,p>is1#hg & ,rome might be ab\t ! size ( ,london4 ,!re liv$ 9 ,alex&ria1 9 ,diodorus ,siculus's "t1 #cjj1jjj free p1 compreh5d+1 ,i suppose1 wom5 & *ildr54#hh ,b :at numb] ( slaves8 ,_h we any j gr\nd to fix ^! at an equal numb] ) ! free inhabitants1 x w\ld fav\r ! =ego+ calculation4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,h]odian :i* is a little surpris+4 ,he says positively t ! palace ( ! emp]or 0 z l>ge z all ! re/ ( ! city4 ,?is 0 ,n]o's gold5 h\se1 :i* is inde$ repres5t$ by ,suetonius & ,pl9y#hi z ( an enorm\s ext5t1 b no p[] ( imag9ation c make u conceive x to be> any proportion to su* a city z ,london4 ,we may obs]ve t1 _h ! hi/orian be5 relat+ ,n]o's extravagance1 & _h he made use ( su* an expression1 x w\ld h _h mu* less weight1 ^! rhetorical exagg]ations be+ s apt to creep into an au?or's /yle ev5 :5 ! mo/ *a/e & correct2 b x is m5tion$ by ,h]odian only by ! by1 9 relat+ ! qu>rels betwe5 ,geta & ,c>acalla4 ,x appe>s f ! same hi/orian t !re 0 !n mu* l& uncultivat$ & put to no mann] ( use1 & he ascribes x z a great praise to ,p]t9ax t he all[$ e "o to take su* l& ei!r 9 ,italy or else:]e & cultivate x z he pleas$1 )\t pay+ any taxes4 ,l&s uncultivat$ & put to no mann] ( use6 ,?is is n he>d ( 9 any "p ( ,*ri/5dom1 except p]haps 9 "s remote p>ts ( ,hung>y1 z ,i h be5 in=m$4 ,& x surely corresponds v ill ) t idea ( ! extreme popul\sness ( antiquity s mu* insi/$ on4 ,we le>n f ,vopiscus t !re 0 9 ,etruria mu* f]tile l& uncultivat$1 :i* ! ,emp]or ,aurelian int5d$ to conv]t into v9ey>ds1 9 ord] to furni% ! ,roman p ) a gratuit\s di/ribution ( w9e3 a v prop] exp$i5t to dispeople /ill fur!r t capital & all ! neighb\r+ t]ritories4 ,x may n be amiss to take notice ( ! acc\nt :i* ,polybius gives ( ! great h]ds ( sw9e to be met ) 9 ,tuscany & ,lomb>dy1 z well z 9 ,greece1 & ( ! me?od ( fe$+ !m :i* 0 !n practis$4 8,!re are great h]ds ( sw9e10 says he1 8?r\gh\t all ,italy1 p>ticul>ly 9 =m] times1 ?r\gh ,etruria & ,cisalp9e ,gaul4 ,& a h]d frequ5tly conta9s a ?\s& or m sw9e4 ,:5 "o ( ^! h]ds 9 fe$+ meets ) ano!r !y mix toge!r1 & ! sw9eh]ds h no o!r exp$i5t to sep>ate !m ?an to g to diff]5t qu>t]s1 :]e !y s\nd _! horn1 & ^! animals1 be+ accu/om$ to t signal1 run imm$iately ea* to ! horn ( 8 own keep]4 ,:]eas 9 ,greece1 if ! h]ds ( sw9e happ5 to mix 9 ! =e/s1 he :o has ! greate/ flock takes cunn+ly ! opportunity ( driv+ all away4 ,& ?ieves are v apt to purlo9 ! /raggl+ hogs :i* h w&]$ to a great di/ance f _! keep] 9 se>* ( food40 ,may we n inf] f ?is acc\nt t ! ,nor? ( ,italy 0 !n mu* less peopl$ & worse cultivat$ ?an at pres5t8 ,h[ c\ld ^! va/ h]ds be f$ 9 a c\ntry s ?ick ( enclosures1 s improv$ by agriculture1 s divid$ by f>ms1 s plant$ ) v9es & corn int]m+l$ toge!r8 ,i mu/ confess t ,polybius's relation has m ! air ( t economy :i* is to be met ) 9 our ,am]ican colonies ?an ! managem5t ( a ,european c\ntry4 ,we meet ) a reflection 9 ,ari/otle's#ij ,e?ics :i* seems to me unacc\ntable on any supposition1 & by prov+ too mu* 9 fav\r ( our pres5t reason+1 may be ?\ght really to prove no?+4 ,t philosoph]1 treat+ ( fri5d%ip1 & obs]v+ t t relation ought nei!r to be contract$ to ! v few nor ext5d$ ov] a great multitude1 illu/rates 8 op9ion by ! foll[+ argum5t4 8,9 l mann]10 says he1 8z a city _c subsi/ if x ei!r h s few inhabitants z t51 or s _m z a hundr$ ?\s&1 s is !re a m$iocrity requir$ 9 ! numb] ( fri5ds1 & y de/roy ! ess5ce ( fri5d%ip by runn+ into ei!r extreme40 ,:at6 impossible t a city c conta9 a hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants6 ,_h ,ari/otle nev] se5 nor he>d ( a city :i* 0 ne> s popul\s8 ,?is1 ,i mu/ own1 passes my compreh5sion4 ,pl9y tells u t ,seleucia1 ! seat ( ! ,greek empire 9 ! ,ea/1 0 report$ to conta9 #fjj1jjj p4 ,c>?age is said by ,/rabo to h conta9$ #gjj1jjj4 ,! inhabitants ( ,pek9 are n mu* m num]\s4 ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,con/ant9ople may admit ( ne>ly ! same computation2 at lea/1 ! two latt] cities d n exce$ x4 ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 ,antio* we h already spoke (4 ,f ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ & pres5t ages "o might conjecture t !re is a k9d ( impossibility t any city c\ld ev] rise mu* beyond ?is proportion4 ,:e!r ! gr&eur ( a city be f\nd$ on comm]ce or on empire1 !re seems to be inv9cible ob/acles :i* prev5t its fur!r progress4 ,! seats ( va/ mon>*ies1 by introduc+ extravagant luxury1 irregul> exp5se1 idl5ess1 dep5d5ce1 & false ideas ( rank & sup]iority1 are improp] = comm]ce4 ,ext5sive comm]ce *ecks itself by rais+ ! price ( all lab\r & commodities4 ,:5 a great c\rt engages ! att5dance ( a num]\s nobility possess$ ( ov]gr[n =tunes1 ! middl+ g5try rema9 9 _! prov9cial t[ns1 :]e !y c make a figure on a mod]ate income4 ,& if ! dom9ions ( a /ate arrive at an enorm\s size1 !re necess>ily arise _m capitals 9 ! remot] prov9ces1 :i!r all ! inhabitants except a few c\rti]s repair = education1 =tune1 & amusem5t4#ia ,london1 by unit+ ext5sive comm]ce & middl+ empire1 has p]haps arriv$ at a greatness :i* no city w ev] be able to exce$4 ,*oose ,dov] or ,calais = a c5tre3 draw a circle ( two hundr$ miles radius2 y compreh5d ,london1 ,p>is1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 & "s ( ! be/ cultivat$ c\nties ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,x may safely1 ,i ?9k1 be affirm$ t no spot ( gr\nd c be f\nd 9 antiquity1 ( equal ext5t1 :i* conta9$ ne> s _m great & popul\s cities1 & 0 s /ock$ ) ri*es & inhabitants4 ,to balance1 9 bo? p]iods1 ! /ates :i* possess$ mo/ art1 k1 civility1 & ! be/ police seems ! true/ me?od ( comp>ison4 ,x is an obs]vation ( ,l',abb du ,bos t ,italy is w>m] at pres5t ?an x 0 9 anci5t times4 8,! annals ( ,rome tell u10 says he1 8t 9 ! ye> #dhj ,a4,u4,c4 ! w9t] 0 s sev]e t x de/roy$ ! trees4 ,! ,tib] froze 9 ,rome1 & ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[ = =ty days4 ,:5 ,juv5al describes a sup]/iti\s woman1 he repres5ts h] z break+ ! ice ( ! ,tib] t %e might p]=m h] ablutions4 8#8,hyb]num fracta glacie desc5det 9 amnem1 ,t] matut9o ,tyb]i m]getur4' 8,he speaks ( t riv]'s freez+ z a common ev5t4 ,_m passages ( ,horace suppose ! /reets ( ,rome full ( sn[ & ice4 ,we %\ld h m c]ta9ty ) reg>d to ?is po9t _h ! anci5ts kn[n ! use ( !rmomet]s2 b _! writ]s1 )\t int5d+ x1 give u in=mation suffici5t to conv9ce u t ! w9t]s are n[ mu* m temp]ate at ,rome ?an =m]ly4 ,at pres5t ! ,tib] no m freezes at ,rome ?an ! ,nile at ,cairo4 ,! ,romans e/eem ! w9t] v rigor\s if ! sn[ lies two days1 & if "o sees = eight-&-=ty h\rs a few icicles hang f a f\nta9 t has a nor? exposition40 ,! obs]vation ( ?is +5i\s critic may be ext5d$ to o!r ,european climates4 ,:o c\ld discov] ! mild climate ( ,france 9 ,diodorus ,siculus's description ( t ( ,gaul8 8,z x is a nor!rn climate10 says he1 8x is infe/$ ) cold to an extreme degree4 ,9 cl\dy wea!r1 in/ead ( ra91 !re fall great sn[s1 & 9 cle> wea!r x !re freezes s excessive h>d t ! riv]s acquire bridges ( _! own sub/ance1 ov] :i* n only s+le travell]s may pass1 b l>ge armies1 accompani$ ) all _! baggage & load$ waggons4 ,& !re be+ _m riv]s 9 ,gaul--! ,rhone1 ! ,rh9e1 etc4--almo/ all ( !m are froz5 ov]1 & x is usual1 9 ord] to prev5t fall+1 to cov] ! ice ) *aff & /raw at ! places :]e ! road passes40 8,cold] ?an a ,gallic w9t]0 is us$ by ,petronius z a prov]bial expression4 8,nor? ( ! ,cev5nes10 says ,/rabo1 8,gaul produces n figs & olives1 & ! v9es :i* h be5 plant$ be> n grapes t w rip540 ,ovid positively ma9ta9s1 ) all ! s]i\s affirmation ( prose1 t ! ,eux9e ,sea 0 froz5 ov] e w9t] 9 8 "t1 & he appeals to ,roman gov]nors1 :om he names1 = ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion4 ,?is seldom or nev] happ5s at pres5t 9 ! latitude ( ,tomi1 :i!r ,ovid 0 bani%$4 ,all ! compla9ts ( ! same poet seem to m>k a rig\r ( ! seasons :i* is sc>ce exp]i5c$ at pres5t 9 ,pet]sburg or ,/ockholm4 ,t\rne=t1 a ,prov5al1 :o _h travell$ into ! same c\ntries1 obs]ves t !re is n a f9] climate 9 ! _w2 & he ass]ts t no?+ b ,ovid's melan*oly c\ld h giv5 him su* dismal ideas ( x4 ,b ! facts m5tion$ by t poet are too circum/antial to be> any su* int]pretation4 ,polybius says t ! climate 9 ,arcadia 0 v cold1 & ! air moi/4 8,italy10 says ,v>ro1 8is ! mo/ temp]ate climate 9 ,europe4 ,! inl& p>ts0 7,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,pannonia1 no d\bt7 8h almo/ p]petual w9t]40 ,! nor!rn p>ts ( ,spa91 accord+ to ,/rabo1 are b ill inhabit$ because ( ! great cold4 ,all[+1 !re=e1 ?is rem>k to be j1 t ,europe is become w>m] ?an =m]ly1 h[ c we acc\nt = x8 ,pla9ly by no o!r me?od ?an by suppos+ t ! l& is at pres5t mu* bett] cultivat$1 & t ! woods are cle>$ :i* =m]ly ?rew a %ade ^u ! e>? & kept ! rays ( ! sun f p5etrat+ to x4 ,our nor!rn colonies 9 ,am]ica become m temp]ate 9 proportion z ! woods are fell$1#ib b 9 g5]al1 e "o may rem>k t cold /ill makes itself m sev]ely felt bo? 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?an 9 places "u ! same latitude 9 ,europe4 ,sas]na1 quot$ by ,columella1 affirm$ t ! disposition ( ! heav5s 0 alt]$ be=e 8 "t1 & t ! air _h become mu* mild] & w>m]4 8,z appe>s h5ce10 says he1 8t _m places n[ ab\nd ) v9ey>ds & olive plantations :i* =m]ly1 by reason ( ! rig\r ( ! climate1 c\ld raise none ( ^! productions40 ,su* a *ange1 if real1 w be all[$ an evid5t sign ( ! bett] cultivation & peopl+ ( c\ntries be=e ! age ( ,sas]na2#ic & if x be cont9u$ to ! pres5t times1 is a pro( t ^! advantages h be5 cont9ually increas+ ?r\gh\t ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,let u n[ ca/ our eye ov] all ! c\ntries :i* 7 ! sc5e ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory1 & comp>e _! pa/ & pres5t situation4 ,we %all n1 p]haps1 f9d su* f\ndation = ! compla9t ( ! pres5t empt9ess & depopulation ( ! _w4 ,egypt is repres5t$ by ,maillet1 to :om we owe ! be/ acc\nt ( x1 z extremely popul\s1 ?\gh he e/eems ! numb] ( its inhabitants to be dim9i%$4 ,syria1 & ! ,less] ,asia1 z well z ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y1 ,i c really own to be v des]t 9 comp>ison ( _! anci5t condition4 ,! depopulation ( ,greece is also v obvi\s4 ,b :e!r ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,turkey 9 ,europe may n1 9 g5]al1 conta9 z _m inhabitants z dur+ ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,greece may be a little d\btful4 ,! ,?racians seem !n to h liv$ l ! ,t>t>s at pres5t1 by pillage & plund]2 ! ,getes 7 /ill m unciviliz$1 & ! ,illyrians 7 no bett]4 ,^! occupy n9e-t5?s ( t c\ntry1 & ?\gh ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,turks be n v fav\rable to indu/ry & propagation1 yet x pres]ves at lea/ peace & ord] among ! inhabitants1 & is pref]able to t b>b>\s1 unsettl$ condition 9 :i* !y anci5tly liv$4 ,pol& & ,muscovy 9 ,europe are n popul\s1 b are c]ta9ly mu* m s ?an ! anci5t ,s>matia & ,scy?ia1 :]e no husb&ry or tillage 0 ev] he>d (1 & pa/urage 0 ! sole art by :i* ! p 7 ma9ta9$4 ,! l obs]vation may be ext5d$ to ,d5m>k & ,sw$54 ,no "o ought to e/eem ! imm5se sw>ms ( p :i* =m]ly came f ! ,nor?1 & ov]ran all ,europe1 to be any objection to ?is op9ion4 ,:]e a :ole nation1 or ev5 half ( x1 remove _! seat1 x is easy to imag9e :at a prodigi\s multitude !y mu/ =m1 ) :at desp]ate val\r !y mu/ make _! attacks1 & h[ ! t]ror !y /rike into ! invad$ nations w make ^! magnify1 9 _! imag9ation1 bo? ! c\rage & multitude ( ! invad]s4 ,scotl& is nei!r ext5sive nor popul\s1 b 7 ! half ( its inhabitants to seek new seats !y w\ld =m a colony z l>ge z ! ,teutons & ,cimbri1 & w\ld %ake all ,europe1 suppos+ x 9 no bett] condition = def5ce ?an =m]ly4 ,g]many has surely at pres5t tw5ty times m inhabitants ?an 9 anci5t times1 :5 !y cultivat$ no gr\nd1 & ea* tribe valu$ itself on ! ext5sive desolation :i* x spread ar\nd1 z we le>n f ,cs>1 & ,tacitus1 & ,/rabo4 ,a pro( t ! division into small republics w n alone r5d] a nation popul\s1 unless att5d$ ) ! _s ( peace1 ord]1 & indu/ry4 ,! b>b>\s condition ( ,brita9 9 =m] times is well kn[n1 & ! ?9ness ( its inhabitants may easily be conjectur$1 bo? f _! b>b>ity & f a circum/ance m5tion$ by ,h]odian1 t all ,brita9 0 m>%y1 ev5 9 ,sev]us's "t1 aft] ! ,romans _h be5 fully settl$ 9 x above a :ole c5tury4 ,x is n easily imag9$ t ! ,gauls 7 anci5tly mu* m advanc$ 9 ! arts ( life ?an _! nor!rn neighb\rs1 s9ce !y travell$ to ?is isl& = _! education 9 ! my/]ies ( ! religion & philosophy ( ! ,druids4#id ,i _c !re=e ?9k t ,gaul 0 !n ne> s popul\s z ,france is at pres5t4 ,7 we to believe1 inde$1 & jo9 toge!r ! te/imony ( ,appian & t ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 we mu/ admit an incr$ible popul\sness 9 ,gaul4 ,! =m] hi/orian says t !re 7 #djj nations 9 t c\ntry2 ! latt] affirms t ! l>ge/ ( ! ,gallic nations consi/$ ( #bjj1jjj m51 besides wom5 & *ildr51 & ! lea/ ( #ej1jjj4 ,calculat+ !re=e at a m$ium1 we mu/ admit ( ne> #bjj1jjj1jjj ( p 9 a c\ntry :i* we e/eem popul\s at pres5t1 ?\gh suppos$ to conta9 little m ?an tw5ty4#ie ,su* calculations !re=e by _! extravagance lose all mann] ( au?ority4 ,we may obs]ve t t equality ( prop]ty1 to :i* ! popul\sness ( antiquity may be ascrib$1 _h no place among ! ,gauls4 ,_! inte/9e w>s also1 be=e ,cs>'s "t1 7 almo/ p]petual4 ,& ,/rabo obs]ves t ?\gh all ,gaul 0 cultivat$1 yet x 0 n cultivat$ ) any skill or c>e1 ! g5ius ( ! inhabitants lead+ !m less to arts ?an arms1 till _! slav]y to ,rome produc$ peace among !mselves4 ,cs> enum]ates v p>ticul>ly ! great =ces :i* 7 levi$ at ,belgium to oppose 8 conque/s1 & makes !m am\nt to #bjh1jjj4 ,^! 7 n ! :ole p able to be> arms 9 ,belgium2 = ! same hi/orian tells u t ! ,bellovaci c\ld h br\ght a hundr$ ?\s& m5 into ! field1 ?\gh !y engag$ only = sixty4 ,tak+ ! :ole1 !re=e1 9 ?is proportion ( t5 to six1 ! sum ( fight+ m5 9 all ! /ates ( ,belgium 0 ab\t #cej1jjj2 all ! inhabitants a million & a half4 ,& ,belgium be+ ab\t ! f\r? ( ,gaul1 t c\ntry might conta9 six millions1 :i* is n ! ?ird ( its pres5t inhabitants4#if ,we are in=m$ by ,cs> t ! ,gauls _h no fix$ prop]ty 9 l&2 b t ! *iefta9s1 :5 any dea? happ5$ 9 a family1 made a new division ( all ! l&s among ! sev]al memb]s ( ! family4 ,?is is ! cu/om ( ,tani/ry1 :i* s long prevail$ 9 ,irel&1 & :i* reta9$ t c\ntry 9 a /ate ( mis]y1 b>b>ism1 & desolation4 ,! anci5t ,helvetia 0 #bej miles 9 l5g? & #ahj 9 bread?1 accord+ to ! same au?or1 yet conta9$ only #cfj1jjj inhabitants4 ,! ,canton ( ,b]ne alone has at pres5t z _m p4 ,aft] ?is computation ( ,appian & ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,i "k n :e!r ,i d>e affirm t ! mod]n ,dut* are m num]\s ?an ! anci5t ,batavi4 ,spa9 is decay$ f :at x 0 ?ree c5turies ago2 b if we /ep backw>d two ?\s& ye>s & consid] ! re/less1 turbul5t1 unsettl$ condition ( its inhabitants1 we may probably be incl9$ to ?9k t x is n[ mu* m popul\s4 ,_m ,spani>ds kill$ !mselves :5 depriv$ ( _! arms by ! ,romans4 ,x appe>s f ,plut>* t robb]y & plund] 7 e/eem$ hon\rable among ! ,spani>ds4 ,hirtius repres5ts 9 ! same light ! situation ( t c\ntry 9 ,cs>'s "t1 & he says t e man 0 oblig$ to live 9 ca/les & wall$ t[ns = 8 security4 ,x 0 n till its f9al conque/ "u ,augu/us t ^! disord]s 7 repress$4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,/rabo & ,ju/9 give ( ,spa9 corresponds exactly ) ^? above m5tion$4 ,h[ mu* !re=e mu/ x dim9i% f our idea ( ! popul\sness ( antiquity :5 we f9d t ,cic]o1 comp>+ ,italy1 ,africa1 ,gaul1 ,greece1 & ,spa91 m5tions ! great numb] ( inhabitants z ! peculi> circum/ance :i* r5d]$ ?is latt] c\ntry =midable4#ig ,italy1 x is probable h[ev]1 has decay$2 b h[ _m great cities does x /ill conta98 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 ,pavia1 ,tur91 ,milan1 ,naples1 ,flor5ce1 ,leghorn1 :i* ei!r subsi/$ n 9 anci5t times1 or 7 !n v inconsid]able4 ,if we reflect on ?is1 we %all n be apt to c>ry matt]s to s great an extreme z is usual ) reg>d to ?is subject4 ,:5 ! ,roman au?ors compla9 t ,italy1 :i* =m]ly export$ corn1 became dep5d5t on all ! prov9ces = its daily bread1 !y nev] ascribe ?is alt]ation to ! increase ( its inhabitants1 b to ! neglect ( tillage & agriculture4 ,a natural effect ( t p]nici\s practice ( import+ corn 9 ord] to di/ribute x gratis among ! ,roman citiz5s1 & a v bad means ( multiply+ ! inhabitants ( any c\ntry4#ih ,! sportula1 s mu* talk$ ( by ,m>tial & ,juv5al1 be+ pres5ts regul>ly made by ! great lords to _! small] cli5ts1 mu/ h _h a l t5d5cy to produce idl5ess1 debau*]y1 & a cont9ual decay among ! p4 ,! p>i%-rates h at pres5t ! same bad consequ5ces 9 ,engl&4 ,7 ,i to assign a p]iod :5 ,i imag9e ?is "p ( ! _w might possibly conta9 m inhabitants ?an at pres5t1 ,i %\ld pit* ^u ! age ( ,trajan & ! ,anton9es1 ! great ext5t ( ! ,roman ,empire be+ !n civiliz$ & cultivat$1 settl$ almo/ 9 a pr(\nd peace bo? =eign & dome/ic1 & liv+ "u ! same regul> police & gov]nm5t4#ii ,b we are told t all ext5sive gov]nm5ts1 especially absolute mon>*ies1 are de/ructive to population1 & conta9 a secret vice & poison1 :i* de/roy ! effect ( all ^! promis+ appe>ances4 ,to confirm ?is1 !re is a passage cit$ f ,plut>*1 :i* be+ some:at s+ul>1 we %all "h exam9e x4 ,t au?or1 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( _m ( ! oracles1 says t x may be ascrib$ to ! pres5t desolation ( ! _w1 proce$+ f =m] w>s & factions1 :i* common calamity1 he adds1 has fall5 heavi] ^u ,greece ?an on any o!r c\ntry2 insomu* t ! :ole c\ld sc>ce at pres5t furni% ?ree ?\s& w>riors1 a numb] :i*1 9 ! "t ( ! ,m$ian ,w>1 7 suppli$ by ! s+le city ( ,meg>a4 ,! gods1 !re=e1 :o affect works ( dignity & importance1 h suppress$ _m ( _! oracles1 & deign n to use s _m int]pret]s ( _! w to s dim9utive a p4 ,i mu/ confess t ?is passage conta9s s _m difficulties t ,i "k n :at to make ( x4 ,y may obs]ve t ,plut>* assigns = a cause ( ! decay ( mank9d n ! ext5sive dom9ion ( ! ,romans1 b ! =m] w>s & factions ( ! sev]al nations1 all :i* 7 quiet$ by ! ,roman arms4 ,plut>*'s reason+1 !re=e1 is directly contr>y to ! inf]5ce :i* is drawn f ! fact he advances4 ,polybius supposes t ,greece _h become m prosp]\s & fl\ri%+ aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman yoke2#ajj & ?\gh t hi/orian wrote be=e ^! conqu]ors _h deg5]at$ f be+ ! patrons to be ! plund]]s ( mank9d1 yet z we f9d f ,tacitus t ! sev]ity ( ! emp]ors aft]w>ds *eck$ ! lic5ce ( ! gov]nors1 we h no reason to ?9k t ext5sive mon>*y s de/ructive z x is s (t5 repres5t$4 ,we le>n f ,/rabo t ! ,romans1 f _! reg>d to ! ,greeks1 ma9ta9$1 to 8 "t1 mo/ ( ! privileges & lib]ties ( t celebrat$ nation1 & ,n]o aft]w>ds r increas$ !m4 ,h[ !re=e c we imag9e t ! ,roman yoke 0 s burd5some ov] t "p ( ! _w8 ,! oppression ( ! proconsuls 0 re/ra9$1 & ! magi/racies 9 ,greece be+ all be/[$ 9 ! sev]al cities by ! free votes ( ! p1 !re 0 no great necessity = ! competitors to att5d ! emp]or's c\rt4 ,if great numb]s w5t to seek _! =tunes 9 ,rome1 & advance !mselves by le>n+ or eloqu5ce1 ! commodities ( _! native c\ntry1 _m ( !m w\ld return ) ! =tunes :i* !y _h acquir$1 & !reby enri* ! ,grecian commonweal?s4 ,b ,plut>* says t ! g5]al depopulation _h be5 m s5sibly felt 9 ,greece ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,h[ is ?is reconcilable to its sup]ior privileges & advantages8 ,besides1 ?is passage by prov+ too mu* really proves no?+4 ,only ?ree ?\s& m5 able to be> arms 9 all ,greece6 ,:o c admit s /range a proposition1 especially if we consid] ! great numb] ( ,greek cities ^: names /ill rema9 9 hi/ory1 & :i* are m5tion$ by writ]s long aft] ! age ( ,plut>*8 ,!re are !re surely t5 times m p at pres5t1 :5 !re sc>ce rema9s a city 9 all ! b\nds ( anci5t ,greece4 ,t c\ntry is /ill tol]ably cultivat$1 & furni%es a sure supply ( corn 9 case ( any sc>city 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 or ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,we may obs]ve t ! anci5t frugality ( ! ,greeks1 & _! equality ( prop]ty1 /ill subsi/$ dur+ ! age ( ,plut>*1 z appe>s f ,lucian4 ,nor is !re any gr\nd to imag9e t t c\ntry 0 possess$ by a few ma/]s & a great numb] ( slaves4 ,x is probable1 inde$1 t milit>y discipl9e1 be+ entirely useless1 0 extremely neglect$ 9 ,greece aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & if ^! commonweal?s1 =m]ly s w>like & ambiti\s1 ma9ta9$ ea* ( !m a small city-gu>d to prev5t mobbi% disord]s1 x is all !y _h occasion =2 & ^!1 p]haps1 did n am\nt to ?ree ?\s& m5 ?r\gh\t all ,greece4 ,i own t if ,plut>* _h ?is fact 9 8 eye1 he is "h guilty ( a v gross p>alogism1 & assigns causes n[ise proportion$ to ! effects4 ,b is x s great a prodigy t an au?or %\ld fall into a mi/ake ( ?is nature8#aja ,b :atev] =ce may rema9 9 ?is passage ( ,plut>*1 we %all endeav\r to c\nt]balance x by z rem>kable a passage 9 ,diodorus ,siculus1 :]e ! hi/orian1 aft] m5tion+ ,n9us's army ( #a1gjj1jjj foot & #bjj1jjj horse1 endeav\rs to support ! cr$ibility ( ?is acc\nt by "s po/]ior facts2 & adds t we mu/ n =m a notion ( ! anci5t popul\sness ( mank9d f ! pres5t empt9ess & depopulation :i* is spread ov] ! _w4 ,?us an au?or1 :o liv$ at t v p]iod ( antiquity :i* is repres5t$ z mo/ popul\s1#ajb compla9s ( ! desolation :i* !n prevail$1 gives ! pref]5ce to =m] times1 & has rec\rse to anci5t fables z a f\ndation = 8 op9ion4 ,! hum\r ( blam+ ! pres5t & admir+ ! pa/ is /rongly root$ 9 human nature1 & has an influ5ce ev5 on p]sons endu$ ) ! mo/ pr(\nd judgm5t & mo/ ext5sive le>n+4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,! ,,popul\sness ,,( ,,anci5t ,,nations4 #ci ,an +5i\s writ] has hon\r$ ?is disc\rse ) an answ] full ( polit5ess1 erudition1 & good s5se4 ,s le>n$ a refutation w\ld h made ! au?or suspect t 8 reason+s 7 entirely ov]?r[n1 _h he n us$ ! precaution f ! beg9n+ to keep himself on ! sceptical side2 & hav+ tak5 ?is advantage ( ! gr\nd1 he 0 enabl$1 ?\gh ) mu* inf]ior =ces1 to pres]ve himself f a total defeat4 ,t rev]5d g5tleman w always f9d1 :]e 8 antagoni/ is s entr5*$1 t x w be difficult to en=ce him4 ,v>ro1 9 su* a situation1 c\ld def5d himself aga9/ ,hannibal1 ,ph>naces aga9/ ,cs>4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 v will+ly ackn[l$ges t 8 antagoni/ has detect$ _m mi/akes bo? 9 8 au?orities & reason+s2 & x 0 ow+ entirely to t g5tleman's indulg5ce t _m m errors 7 n rem>k$4 ,9 ?is edition advantage has be5 tak5 ( 8 le>n$ animadv]sions1 & ! essay has be5 r5d]$ less imp]fect ?an =m]ly4 #dj ,columella says 7lib4 #c1 cap4 #h7 t 9 ,egypt & ,africa ! be>+ ( tw9s 0 frequ5t & ev5 cu/om>y2 gem9i p>tus famili>es1 ac pne sol5nes sunt4 ,if ?is 0 true1 !re is a physical diff]5ce bo? 9 c\ntries & ages1 = travell]s make no su* rem>ks ( ^! c\ntries at pres5t2 on ! contr>y1 we are apt to suppose ! nor!rn nations m f]tile4 ,z ^? two c\ntries 7 prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 x is difficult1 ?\gh n altoge!r absurd1 to suppose t su* a man z ,columella might be mi/ak5 ) reg>d to !m4 #da ,?is too is a good reason :y ! smallpox does n depopulate c\ntries s mu* z may at fir/ sight be imag9$4 ,:]e !re is room = m p !y w always arise1 ev5 )\t ! assi/ance ( naturalisation bills4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,don ,g]onimo de ,u/>iz t ! prov9ces ( ,spa9 :i* s5d mo/ p to ! ,indies are mo/ popul\s1 :i* proce$s f _! sup]ior ri*es4 #db ,! same practice 0 common 9 ,rome1 b ,cic]o seems n to ?9k ?is evid5ce s c]ta9 z ! te/imony ( free citiz5s4 7,pro ,clio47 #dc ,epi/le #abb4 ,! inhuman sports exhibit$ at ,rome may ju/ly be consid]$ too z an effect ( ! p's contempt = slaves1 & 0 also a great cause ( ! g5]al inhumanity ( _! pr9ces & rul]s4 ,:o c read ! acc\nts ( ! amphi!atrical ent]ta9m5ts )\t horror8 ,or :o is surpris$ t ! emp]ors %\ld treat t p 9 ! same way ! p treat$ _! inf]iors8 ,"o's humanity on t occasion is apt to r5ew ! b>b>\s wi% ( ,caligula1 t ! p _h b "o neck4 ,a man c\ld almo/ be pleas$ by a s+le bl[ to put an end to su* a race ( mon/]s4 8,y may ?ank ,god10 says ! au?or above cit$ 7,epi/le #g71 address+ himself to ! ,roman p1 8t y h a ma/] 7viz41 ! mild & m]ciful ,n]o7 :o is incapable ( le>n+ cruelty f y\r example40 ,?is 0 spok5 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign2 b he fitt$ !m v well aft]w>ds1 & no d\bt 0 consid]ably improv$ by ! sight ( ! b>b>\s objects to :i* he _h f 8 infancy be5 accu/om$4 #dd ,we may "h obs]ve t if dome/ic slav]y really increas$ popul\sness1 x w\ld be an exception to ! g5]al rule1 t ! happ9ess ( any society & its popul\sness are necess>y att5dants4 ,a ma/]1 f hum\r or int]e/1 may make 8 slaves v unhappy1 & yet be c>eful1 f int]e/1 to increase _! numb]4 ,_! m>riage is n a matt] ( *oice ) !m1 no m ?an any o!r action ( _! life4 #de ,t5 ?\s& slaves 9 a day h be5 (t5 sold = ! use ( ! ,romans at ,delus 9 ,cilicia4--,/rabo1 lib4 #ad4 #df ,z s]vus 0 ! "n ( ! g5us1 & v]na ( ! species1 )\t any correlative1 ?is =ms a /rong presumption t ! latt] 7 by f> ! lea/ num]\s4 ,x is a univ]sal obs]vation :i* we may =m ^u language t :]e two relat$ p>ts ( a :ole be> any proportion to ea* o!r 9 numb]s1 rank1 or consid]ation1 !re are always correlative t]ms inv5t$ :i* answ] to bo? ! p>ts1 & express _! mutual relation4 ,if !y be> no proportion to ea* o!r1 ! t]m is only inv5t$ = ! less1 & m>ks its di/9ction f ! :ole4 ,?us man & woman1 ma/] & s]vant1 fa!r & son1 pr9ce & subject1 /rang] & citiz5 are correlative t]ms2 b ! words--seaman1 c>p5t]1 smi?1 tailor1 etc41 h no correspond5t t]ms :i* express ^? :o are no seaman1 no c>p5t]1 etc4 ,languages diff] v mu* ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> words :]e ?is di/9ction obta9s1 & may !nce af=d v /rong inf]5ces conc]n+ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( diff]5t nations4 ,! milit>y gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman emp]ors _h exalt$ ! soldi]y s high t !y balanc$ all ! o!r ord]s ( ! /ate2 h5ce miles & paganus became relative t]ms1 a ?+ till !n unkn[n to anci5t1 & /ill s to mod]n languages4 ,mod]n sup]/ition has exalt$ ! cl]gy s high t !y ov]balance ! :ole /ate2 h5ce cl]gy & laity are t]ms oppos$ 9 all mod]n languages1 & 9 ^! alone4 ,& f ! same pr9ciples ,i inf] t if ! numb] ( slaves b\ght by ! ,romans f =eign c\ntries _h n extremely exce$$ ^? br$ at home1 v]na w\ld h _h a correlative :i* w\ld h express$ ! =m] species ( slaves2 b ^!1 x w\ld seem1 compos$ ! ma9 body ( ! anci5t slaves1 & ! latt] 7 b a few exceptions4 #dg ,v]na is us$ by ! ,roman writ]s z a ^w equival5t to scurra1 on acc\nt ( ! petulance & impud5ce ( ^? slaves4 7,m>t41 lib4 #a1 ep4 #db47 ,horace also m5tions ! v]n procaces2 & ,petronius 7cap4 #bd71 v]nula urbanitas4 ,s5eca 7de provid41 cap4 #a71 v]nul>um lic5tia4 #dh ,x is comput$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies t a /ock ( slaves gr[ worse five p] c5t4 e ye> unless new slaves be b\ght to recruit !m4 ,!y are n able to keep up _! numb] ev5 9 ^? w>m c\ntries :]e clo!s & provisions are s easily got4 ,h[ mu* m mu/ ?is happ5 9 ,european c\ntries1 & 9 or ne> great cities8 #di ,corn4 ,nepos 9 ,vita ,attici4 ,we may rem>k t ,atticus's e/ate lay *iefly 9 ,epirus1 :i* be+ a remote1 desolate place1 w\ld r5d] x pr(itable = him to re> slaves !re4 #ej 1 mak]s ( ^? b$s :i* ! anci5ts lay ^u at meals4 #ea 8,non tem]e ancill ejus rei causa comp>antur ut p>iant0 7,dige/4 lib4 #e1 tit4 #c1 de hr$4 petit4 lex #bg74 ,! foll[+ texts are to ! same purpose3--8,spadonem morbosum non esse1 neque vitiosum1 v]ius mihi videtur2 s$ sanum esse1 sicuti illum qui unum te/iculum habet1 qui etiam g5]>e pote/0 7,dige/4 lib4 #b1 tit4 #a1 de dilitio edicto1 lex #f1 #b74 8,s9 autem quis ita spado sit1 ut tam necess>ia p>s corporis p5itus absit1 morbosus e/0 7,id4 lex #g74 ,8 impot5ce1 x seems1 0 only reg>d$ s f> z 8 heal? or life might be affect$ by x2 9 o!r respects he 0 full z valuable4 ,! same reason+ is employ$ ) reg>d to female slaves4 8,quritur de ea muli]e qu semp] mortuos p>it1 an morbosa sit8 et ait ,sab9us1 si vulv vitio hoc cont+it1 morbosam esse0 7,id4 lex #ad74 ,x has ev5 be5 d\bt$ :e!r a woman pregnant 0 morbid or vitiat$1 & x is det]m9$ t %e is s\nd1 n on acc\nt ( ! value ( h] (fspr+1 b because x is ! natural "p or (fice ( wom5 to be> *ildr54 8,si muli] prgnans v5]it1 int] omnes conv5it sanam eam esse4 ,maximum enim ac prcipuum munus fm9>um accip]e ac tu]i conceptum4 ,pu]p]am quoque sanam esse2 si modo nihil extr9secus acc$it1 quod corpus ejus 9 aliquam valetud9em immitt]et4 ,de /]ili ,clius di/+u]e ,trebatium dicit1 ut si natura /]ilis sit1 sana sit2 si vitio corporis1 contra0 7,id474 #eb ,! slaves 9 ! great h\ses _h little rooms assign$ !m1 call$ cell2 :5ce ! "n ( cell 0 transf]r$ to ! monk's room 9 a conv5t4 ,see fur!r on ?is head1 ,j4 ,lipsius1 ,saturn4 #a1 cap4 #ad4 ,^! =m /rong presumptions aga9/ ! m>riage & propagation ( ! family slaves4 #ec ,tacitus blames x--,de morib4 ,g]m4 #ed ,de frat]no amore4 ,s5eca also approves ( ! expos+ ( sickly1 infirm *ildr5 7,de ira1 lib4 i4 cap4 #ae74 #ee ,! practice ( leav+ great sums ( money to fri5ds1 ?\gh "o _h ne> relations1 0 common 9 ,greece z well z ,rome1 z we may ga!r f ,lucian4 ,?is practice prevails mu* less 9 mod]n times2 & ,b5 ,jonson's ,volpone is !re=e almo/ entirely extract$ f anci5t au?ors1 & suits bett] ! mann]s ( ^? times4 ,x may ju/ly be ?\ght t ! lib]ty ( divorces 9 ,rome 0 ano!r disc\ragem5t to m>riage4 ,su* a practice prev5ts n qu>rels f hum\r1 b r increases !m2 & occasions also ^? f int]e/1 :i* are mu* m dang]\s & de/ructive4 ,p]haps too ! unnatural lu/s ( ! anci5ts ought to be tak5 into consid]ation z ( "s mom5t4 #ef ,cs> gave ! c5turions t5 times ! gratuity ( ! common soldi]s 7,de bell4 ,gallico1 lib4 viii474 ,9 ! ,rhodian c>tel1 m5tion$ aft]w>ds1 no di/9ction 9 ! ransom 0 made on acc\nt ( ranks 9 ! army4 #eg ,pl94 lib4 #ah1 cap4 #c4 ,! same au?or1 9 cap4 #f1 says1 8,v]umque fat5tibus latifundia p]did]e ,italiam2 jam v]o et prov9cias4 ,sex domo semissem ,afric possidebant1 cum int]fecit eos ,n]o pr9ceps40 ,9 ?is view ! b>b>\s but*]y committ$ by ! fir/ ,roman emp]ors 0 n p]haps s de/ructive to ! public z we may imag9e4 ,^! nev] ceas$ till !y _h ext+ui%$ all ! illu/ri\s families :i* _h enjoy$ ! plund] ( ! _w dur+ ! latt] ages ( ! republic4 ,! new nobles :o rose 9 _! place 7 less spl5did1 z we le>n f ,tacit4 ,ann4 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ee4 #eh ,! anci5t soldi]s1 be+ free citiz5s above ! l[e/ rank1 7 all m>ri$4 ,our mod]n soldi]s are ei!r =c$ to live unm>ri$1 or _! m>riages turn to small acc\nt t[>ds ! increase ( mank9d--a circum/ance :i* ought1 p]haps1 to be tak5 into consid]ation1 z ( "s consequ5ce 9 fav\r ( ! anci5ts4 #ei ,:at is ! advantage ( ! column aft] x has brok5 ! enemy's l9e8 ,only t x !n takes !m 9 flank1 & dissipates :atev] /&s ne> x by a fire f all sides2 b till x has brok5 !m1 does x n pres5t a flank to ! enemy1 & t expos$ to _! musketry1 &1 :at is mu* worse1 to _! cannon8 #fj ,in/4 lib4 #b1 cap4 #f4 ,x is true ! same law seems to h be5 cont9u$ till ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 b abuses introduc$ by b>b>ism are n always correct$ by civility4 #fa ,lysias1 :o 0 himself ( ! popul> faction & v n>r[ly escap$ f ! ,?irty ,tyrants1 says t ! democracy 0 z viol5t a gov]nm5t z ! olig>*y4 ,orat4 #bd1 de /atu4 popul4 #fb ,orat4 #bd4 ,& 9 ,orat4 #bi he m5tions ! facti\s _s ( ! popul> assemblies z ! only cause :y ^! illegal puni%m5ts %\ld displease4 #fc ,lib4 #c4 ,! c\ntry 9 ,europe 9 :i* ,i h obs]v$ ! factions to be mo/ viol5t1 & p>ty hatr$ ! /ronge/1 is ,irel&4 ,?is goes s f> z to cut (f ev5 ! mo/ common int]c\rse ( civilities betwe5 ! ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics4 ,_! cruel insurrections1 & ! sev]e rev5ges :i* !y h tak5 ( ea* o!r1 are ! causes ( ?is mutual ill-w1 :i* is ! *ief s\rce ( ! disord]1 pov]ty1 & depopulation ( t c\ntry4 ,! ,greek factions ,i imag9e to h be5 inflam$ /ill to a high] degree ( rage1 ! revolutions be+ commonly m frequ5t1 & ! maxims ( assass9ation mu* m av[$ & ackn[l$g$4 #fd ,diod4 ,sic41 lib4 #ad4 ,isocrates says !re 7 only #ejjj bani%$4 ,he makes ! numb] ( ^? kill$ am\nt to #aejj4 ,areop4 s*9es contra ,ctesiph4 assigns precisely ! same numb]4 ,s5eca 7,de tranq4 anim4 cap4 #e7 says #acjj4 #fe ,we %all m5tion f ,diodorus ,siculus alone a few :i* pass$ 9 ! c\rse ( sixty ye>s dur+ ! mo/ %9+ age ( ,greece4 ,!re 7 bani%$ f ,syb>is #ejj ( ! nobles & _! p>tisans 7lib4 #ab p4 #gg1 ex edit4 ,rhodomanni72 ( ,*ians1 #fjj citiz5s bani%$ 7lib4 #ac p4 #ahi72 at ,ephesus1 #cdj kill$1 #ajjj bani%$ 7lib4 #ac p4 #bbc72 ( ,cyr5ians1 #ejj nobles kill$1 all ! re/ bani%$ 7lib4 #ad p4 #bfc72 ! ,cor9?ians kill$ #abj1 bani%$ #ejj 7lib4 #ad p4 #cjd72 ,phbidas ! ,sp>tan bani%$ #cjj ,botians 7lib4 #ae p4 #cdb74 ,^u ! fall ( ! ,lac$emonians1 democracies 7 re/or$ 9 _m cities1 & sev]e v5geance tak5 ( ! nobles1 aft] ! ,greek mann]4 ,b matt]s did n end !re1 = ! bani%$ nobles1 return+ 9 _m places1 but*]$ _! adv]s>ies at ,phial 9 ,cor9?1 9 ,meg>a1 9 ,phliasia4 ,9 ?is la/ place !y kill$ #cjj ( ! p2 b ^! aga9 revolt+1 kill$ above #fjj ( ! nobles & bani%$ ! re/ 7lib4 #ae p4 #ceg74 ,9 ,arcadia #adjj bani%$1 besides _m kill$4 ,! bani%$ retir$ to ,sp>ta & ,pallantium4 ,! latt] deliv]$ up to _! c\ntrym51 & all kill$ 7lib4 #ae p4 #cgc74 ,( ! bani%$ f ,argos & ,!bes !re 7 #ejj 9 ! ,sp>tan army 7id4 p4 #cgd74 ,"h is a detail ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,aga?ocles' cruelties f ! same au?or4 ,! p be=e 8 usurpation _h bani%$ #fjj nobles 7lib4 #ai p4 #fee74 ,aft]w>ds t tyrant1 9 concurr5ce ) ! p1 kill$ #djjj nobles & bani%$ #fjjj 7id4 p4 #fdg74 ,he kill$ #djjj p at ,gela 7id4 p4 #gda74 ,by ,aga?ocles' bro!r #hjjj bani%$ f ,syracuse 7lib4 #bj p4 #geg74 ,! inhabitants ( ge/a1 to ! numb] ( #dj1jjj1 7 kill$--man1 woman1 & *ild2 & ) tortures1 = ! sake ( _! money 7id4 p4 #hjb74 ,all ! relations--viz41 fa!r1 bro!r1 *ildr51 gr&fa!r1 ( 8 ,libyan army1 kill$ 7id4 p4 #ajc74 ,he kill$ #gjjj exiles aft] capitulation 7id4 p4 #haf74 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,aga?ocles 0 a man ( great s5se & c\rage2 8 viol5t tyranny1 !re=e1 is a /rong] pro( ( ! mann]s ( ! age4 #ff ,9 ord] to recomm5d 8 cli5t to ! fav\r ( ! p1 he enum]ates all ! sums he _h exp5d$4 ,:5 1 #cj m9as2 ^u a *orus ( m51 #bj m9as2 1 #h m9as2 1 #ej m9as2 1 #c m9as2 sev5 times tri]>*1 :]e he sp5t #f tal5ts3 taxes1 once #cj m9as1 ano!r "t #dj2 1 #ab m9as2 1 #ae m9as2 1 #ah m9as2 1 #g m9as2 1 #ae m9as2 1 #cj m9as4 ,9 ! :ole1 t5 tal5ts #ch m9as--an imm5se sum = an ,a!nian =tune1 & :at alone w\ld be e/eem$ great ri*es 7,orat4 #bj74 ,x is true1 he says1 ! law did n oblige him absolutely to be at s mu* exp5se1 n above a f\r?2 b )\t ! fav\r ( ! p nobody 0 s mu* z safe1 & ?is 0 ! only way to ga9 x4 ,see fur!r1 ,orat4 #bd1 de pop4 /atu4 ,9 ano!r place1 he introduces a speak] :o says t he _h sp5t 8 :ole =tune--& an imm5se "o1 eighty tal5ts--= ! p 7,orat4 #be1 de prob4 ,ev&ri74 ,! 1 or /rang]s1 f9d1 says he1 if !y d n contribute l>gely en\gh to ! p's fancy1 t !y h reason to rep5t 7,orat4 #cj1 contra ,phil474 ,y may see ) :at c>e ,demo/h5es displays 8 exp5ses ( ?is nature1 :5 he pleads = himself de corona2 & h[ he exagg]ates ,midias's /+9ess 9 ?is p>ticul>1 9 8 accusation ( t crim9al4 ,all ?is1 by ! by1 is ! m>k ( a v iniquit\s judicature3 & yet ! ,a!nians valu$ !mselves on hav+ ! mo/ legal & regul> adm9i/ration ( any p 9 ,greece4 #fg ,! au?orities cit$ above are all hi/orians1 orators1 & philosoph]s ^: te/imony is unque/ion$4 ,x is dang]\s to rely ^u writ]s :o deal 9 ridicule & satire4 ,:at w po/]ity1 = in/ance1 inf] f ?is passage ( ,dr4 ,swift8 8,i told him t 9 ! k+dom ( ,tribnia 7,brita971 by ! natives call$ ,langdon 7,london71 :]e ,i _h soj\rn$ "s "t 9 my travels1 ! bulk ( ! p consi/ 9 a mann] :olly ( discov]]s1 witnesses1 in=m]s1 accus]s1 prosecutors1 evid5ces1 swe>]s1 toge!r ) _! sev]al subs]vi5t & subalt]n in/rum5ts1 all "u ! col\rs1 ! conduct1 & pay ( m9i/]s ( /ate & _! deputies4 ,! plots 9 t k+dom are usually ! workman%ip ( ^? p]sons10 etc4 7,gulliv]'s ,travels47 ,su* a repres5tation might suit ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns1 b n t ( ,engl&1 :i* is a prodigy ev5 9 mod]n times = humanity1 ju/ice1 & lib]ty4 ,yet ! ,doctor's satire1 ?\gh c>ri$ to extremes1 z is usual ) him1 ev5 beyond o!r satirical writ]s1 did n altoge!r want an object4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 :o 0 8 fri5d1 & ( ! same p>ty1 _h be5 bani%$ a little be=e by a bill ( atta9d] ) great ju/ice1 b )\t su* a pro( z 0 legal1 or accord+ to ! /rict =ms ( common law4 #fh ,lib4 #b4 ,!re 7 #hjjj kill$ dur+ ! siege1 & ! :ole captives am\nt$ to #cj1jjj4 ,diodorus ,siculus 7lib4 #ag7 says only #ac1jjj2 b he acc\nts = ?is small numb] by say+ t ! ,tyrians _h s5t away be=eh& "p ( _! wives & *ildr5 to ,c>?age4 #fi ,lib4 #e4 ,he makes ! numb] ( ! citiz5s am\nt to #cj1jjj4 #gj ,9 g5]al !re is m c&\r & s9c]ity 9 anci5t hi/orians1 b less exactness & c>e1 ?an 9 ! mod]ns4 ,our speculative factions1 especially ^? ( religion1 ?r[ su* an illusion ov] our m9ds t m5 seem to reg>d imp>tiality to _! adv]s>ies & to h]etics z a vice or weakness2 b ! commonness ( books1 by means ( pr9t+1 has oblig$ mod]n hi/orians to be m c>eful 9 avoid+ contradictions & incongruities4 ,diodorus ,siculus is a good writ]1 b x is ) pa9 ,i see 8 n>ration contradict 9 s _m p>ticul>s ! two mo/ au!ntic pieces ( all ,greek hi/ory--viz41 ,x5ophon's ,exp$ition & ,demo/h5es' ,orations4 ,plut>* & ,appian seem sc>ce ev] to h read ,cic]o's ,epi/les4 #ga ,diog5es ,la]tius 79 vita ,emp$oclis7 says t ,agrig5tum conta9$ only #hjj1jjj inhabitants4 #gb ,! c\ntry t suppli$ ?is numb] 0 n above a ?ird ( ,italy--viz41 ! ,pope's dom9ions1 ,tuscany1 & a "p ( ! k+dom ( ,naples2 b p]haps 9 ^? e>ly times !re 7 v few slaves except 9 ,rome1 or ! great cities4 #gc ,plut>* 79 vita ,cs47 makes ! numb] t ,cs> f\ght ) am\nt only to ?ree millions2 ,julian 79 ,cs>ibus7 to two4 #gd ,argos seems also to h be5 a great city1 = ,lysias cont5ts himself ) say+ t x did n exce$ ,a!ns4 7,orat4 #cd47 #ge ,orat4 contra ,v]em1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #eb4 ,/rabo1 lib4 #f1 says x 0 tw5ty-two miles 9 compass2 b !n we are to consid] t x conta9$ two h>b\rs )9 x1 "o ( :i* 0 a v l>ge "o1 & might be reg>d$ z a k9d ( bay4 #gf ,demo/h5es assigns #bj1jjj4 #gg ,lib4 #b4 ,diodorus ,siculus's acc\nt p]fectly agrees 7lib4 #ab74 #gh ,we are to obs]ve t :5 ,dionysius ,halic>nassu says t if we reg>d ! anci5t walls ( ,rome ! ext5t ( ! city w n appe> great] ?an t ( ,a!ns1 he mu/ mean ! ,acropolis & high t[n only4 ,no anci5t au?or ev] speaks ( ! ,pyrum1 ,phal]us1 & ,muny*ia z ! same ) ,a!ns2 mu* less c x be suppos$ t ,dionysius w\ld consid] ! matt] 9 t light aft] ! walls ( ,cimon & ,p]icles 7 de/roy$ & ,a!ns 0 entirely sep>at$ f ^! o!r t[ns4 ,?is obs]vation de/roys all ,vossius's reason+s & introduces common s5se into ^! calculations4 #gi ,! same au?or affirms t ,cor9? _h once #dfj1jjj slaves1 g9a #dgj1jjj2 b ! =ego+ argum5ts hold /rong] aga9/ ^! facts1 :i* are inde$ entirely absurd & impossible4 ,x is h[ev] rem>kable t ,a!nu cites s great an au?ority z ,ari/otle = ?is la/ fact2 & ! s*olia/ on ,p9d> m5tions ! same numb] ( slaves 9 g9a4 #hj ,demo/4 contra ,lept4 ,! ,a!nians br\ght ye>ly f ,pontus #djj1jjj m$imni or bu%els ( corn1 z appe>$ f ! cu/om-h\se books2 & ?is 0 ! greate/ "p ( _! importation4 ,?is1 by ! by1 is a /rong pro( t !re is "s great mi/ake 9 ! =ego+ passage ( ,a!nu1 = ,attica itself 0 s b>r5 9 corn t x produc$ n en\gh ev5 to ma9ta9 ! peasants4 ,tit4 ,liv41 lib4 #dc2 cap4 #f1 ,lucian1 9 8 navigium sive vota1 says t a %ip1 :i* by ! dim5sions he gives seems to h be5 ab\t ! size ( our ?ird rates1 c>ri$ z mu* corn z w\ld ma9ta9 all ,attica = a twelvemon?4 ,b p]haps ,a!ns 0 decay$ at t "t1 & besides x is n safe to tru/ su* loose rhetorical calculations4 #ha ,diod4 ,sic41 lib4 #ag4 ,:5 ,alex&] attack$ ,!bes we may safely conclude t almo/ all ! inhabitants 7 pres5t4 ,:oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! _s ( ! ,greeks1 especially ( ! ,!bans1 w nev] suspect t any ( !m w\ld des]t _! c\ntry :5 x 0 r$uc$ to su* extreme p]il & di/ress4 ,z ,alex&] took ! t[n by /orm1 all ^? :o bore arms 7 put to ! sword )\t m]cy1 & !y am\nt$ only to #fjjj m54 ,among ^! 7 "s /rang]s & manumitt$ slaves4 ,! captives1 consi/+ ( old m51 wom51 *ildr51 & slaves1 7 sold1 & !y am\nt$ to #cj1jjj4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! free citiz5s 9 ,!bes1 ( bo? sexes & all ages1 7 ne> #bd1jjj1 ! /rang]s & slaves ab\t #ab1jjj1 ,^! la/1 we may obs]ve1 7 some:at few] 9 proportion ?an at ,a!ns2 z is reasonable to imag9e f ?is circum/ance1 t ,a!ns 0 a t[n ( m trade to support slaves1 & ( m ent]ta9m5t to allure /rang]s4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t ?irty-six ?\s& 0 ! :ole numb] ( p1 bo? 9 ! city ( ,!bes & ! neighb\r+ t]ritory2 a v mod]ate numb]1 x mu/ be confess$1 & ?is computation be+ f\nd$ 9 facts :i* appe> undisputable1 mu/ h great weight 9 ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,! above-m5tion$ numb] ( ,rhodians1 too1 7 all ! inhabitants ( ! isl& :o 7 free & able to be> arms4 #hb ,de rep4 ,lac$4 ,?is passage is n easily reconcil$ ) t ( ,plut>* above1 :o says t ,sp>ta _h #ijjj citiz5s4 #hc ,/rabo1 lib4 #e1 says t ! ,emp]or ,augu/us prohibit$ ! rais+ h\ses high] ?an sev5ty feet4 ,9 ano!r passage1 lib4 #af1 he speaks ( ! h\ses ( ,rome z rem>kably high4 ,see also to ! same purpose ,vitruvius1 lib4 #b1 cap4 #h4 ,ari/ides ! ,sophi/1 9 8 oration 1 says t ,rome consi/$ ( cities on ! top ( cities2 & t if "o 7 to spread x out & unfold x1 x w\ld cov] ! :ole surface ( ,italy4 ,:]e an au?or indulges himself 9 su* extravagant declamations1 & gives s mu* 9 to ! hyp]bolical /yle1 "o kn[s n h[ f> he mu/ be r$uc$4 ,b ?is reason+ seems natural3 if ,rome 0 built 9 s scatt]$ a mann] z ,dionysius says1 & ran s mu* into ! c\ntry1 !re mu/ h be5 v few /reets :]e ! h\ses 7 rais$ s high4 ,x is only = want ( gr\nd t anybody builds 9 t inconv5i5t mann]4 #hd ,lib4 #b1 epi/4 #af2 lib4 #e1 epi/4 #f4 ,x is true ,pl9y !re describes a c\ntry h\se2 b s9ce t 0 ! idea :i* ! anci5ts =m$ ( a magnific5t & conv5i5t build+1 ! great m5 w\ld c]ta9ly build ! same way 9 t[n4 8,9 laxitatem ruris excurrunt10 says ,s5eca ( ! ri* & voluptu\s1 epi/4 #aad4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #d1 speak+ ( ,c9c9natus' field ( f\r acres1 says3 8,augu/us se habit>e nunc putat1 cujus domus tantum patet quantum ,c9c9nati rura patu]ant40 ,to ! same purpose see lib4 #cf1 cap4 #ae2 also lib4 #ah1 cap4 #b4 #he 8,mnia ejus 7,rom7 colleg]e ambitu imp]atoribus1 c5soribusque ,vespasianis1 ,a4,u4,c4 #hbh1 pass4 xiii4 ,,mcc1 complexa montes septem1 ipsa dividitur 9 regiones quatuordecim1 compita e>um #bfe4 ,ejusdem spatii m5sura1 curr5te a milli>io 9 capite ,rom4 ,=i /atuto1 ad s+ulas portas1 qu sunt hodie num]o #cg1 ita ut duodecim port semel num]5tur1 prt]eanturque ex vet]ibus septem1 qu esse desi]unt1 efficit passuum p] directum #cj1gge4 ,ad extrema v]o tectorum cum ca/ris prtoris ab eodem ,milli>io1 p] vicos omnium vi>um1 m5sura collegit paulo amplius septuag9ta millia passuum4 ,quo si quis altitud9em tectorum addat1 dignam pr(ecto1 /imationem concipiat1 fateaturque nullius urbis magnitud9em 9 toto orbe potuisse ei comp>>i40 7,pl9y1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #e47 ,all ! be/ manuscripts ( ,pl9y read ! passage z "h cit$1 & fix ! compass ( ! walls ( ,rome to be ?irte5 miles4 ,! "q is1 :at ,pl9y means by #cj1gge paces1 & h[ t numb] 0 =m$8 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,i conceive x is ?is3 ,rome 0 a semicircul> area ( ?irte5 miles circumf]5ce4 ,! ,=um1 & consequ5tly ! ,milli>ium1 we "k 0 situat$ on ! banks ( ! ,tib]1 & ne> ! c5tre ( ! circle1 or ^u ! diamet] ( ! semicircul> area4 ,?\gh !re 7 ?irty-sev5 gates to ,rome1 yet only twelve ( !m _h /raight /reets1 lead+ f !m to ! ,milli>ium4 ,pl9y1 !re=e1 hav+ assign$ ! circumf]5ce ( ,rome1 & kn[+ t t alone 0 n suffici5t to give u a j notion ( its surface1 uses ?is fur!r me?od4 ,he supposes all ! /reets lead+ f ! ,milli>ium to ! twelve gates to be laid toge!r into "o /raight l9e1 & supposes we run along t l9e s z to c\nt ea* gate once1 9 :i* case1 he says t ! :ole l9e is #cj1gge paces2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ea* /reet or radius ( ! semicircul> area is ^u an av]age two miles & a half1 & ! :ole l5g? ( ,rome is five miles1 & its bread? ab\t half z mu*1 besides ! scatt]$ suburbs4 ,pre ,h>d\9 und]/&s ?is passage 9 ! same mann]1 ) reg>d to ! lay+ toge!r ! sev]al /reets ( ,rome into "o l9e 9 ord] to compose #cj1gge paces2 b !n he supposes t /reets l$ f ! ,milli>ium to e gate1 & t no /reet exce$$ #hjj paces 9 l5g?4 ,b 7#a7 a semicircul> area ^: radius 0 only #hjj paces c\ld nev] h a circumf]5ce ne> ?irte5 miles1 ! compass ( ,rome z assign$ by ,pl9y4 ,a radius ( two miles & a half =ms v ne>ly t circumf]5ce4 7#b7 ,!re is an absurdity 9 suppos+ a city s built z to h /reets runn+ to its c5tre f e gate 9 its circumf]5ce4 ,^! /reets mu/ int]f]e z !y approa*4 7#c7 ,?is dim9i%es too mu* f ! greatness ( anci5t ,rome1 & r$uces t city bel[ ev5 ,bri/ol or ,rott]dam4 ,! s5se :i* ,vossius1 9 8 ,obs]vationes ,v>i1 puts on ?is passage ( ,pl9y errs widely 9 ! o!r extreme4 ,"o manuscript ( no au?ority1 in/ead ( ?irte5 miles1 has assign$ ?irty miles = ! compass ( ! walls ( ,rome2 & ,vossius und]/&s ?is only ( ! curvil9e> "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 suppos+ t1 z ! ,tib] =m$ ! diamet]1 !re 7 no walls built on t side4 ,b 7#a7 ?is read+ is all[$ contr>y to almo/ all ! manuscripts4 7#b7 ,:y %\ld ,pl9y1 a concise writ]1 repeat ! compass ( ! walls ( ,rome 9 two successive s5t5ces8 7#c7 ,:y repeat x ) s s5sible a v>iation8 7#d7 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ,pl9y's m5tion+ twice ! ,milli>ium if a l9e 0 measur$ t _h no dep5d5ce on ! ,milli>ium8 7#e7 ,aurelian's wall is said by ,vopiscus to h be5 drawn laxiore ambitu1 & to h compreh5d$ all ! build+s & suburbs on ! nor? side ( ! ,tib]1 yet its compass 0 only fifty miles2 & ev5 "h critics suspect "s mi/ake or corruption 9 ! text4 ,x is n probable t ,rome w\ld dim9i% f ,augu/us to ,aurelian4 ,x rema9$ /ill ! capital ( ! same empire2 & none ( ! civil w>s 9 t long p]iod1 except ! tumults on ! dea? ( ,maximus & ,balb9us1 ev] affect$ ! city4 ,c>acalla is said by ,aurelius ,victor to h increas$ ,rome4 7#f7 ,!re are no rema9s ( anci5t build+s :i* m>k any su* greatness ( ,rome4 ,vossius's reply to ?is objection seems absurd--t ! rubbi% w\ld s9k sixty or sev5ty feet bel[ gr\nd4 ,x appe>s f ,sp>tian 79 vita ,sev]i7 t ! five-mile /one 9 via ,lavicana 0 out ( ! city4 7#g7 ,olympiodorus & ,publius ,victor fix ! numb] ( h\ses 9 ,rome to be betwe5 =ty & fifty ?\s&4 7#h7 ,! v extravagance ( ! consequ5ces drawn by ?is critic1 z well z ,lipsius1 if !y be necess>y1 de/roys ! f\ndation on :i* !y are gr\nd$--t ,rome conta9$ f\rte5 millions ( inhabitants1 :ile ! :ole k+dom ( ,france conta9s only five1 accord+ to 8 computation1 etc4 ,! only objection to ! s5se :i* we h affix$ above to ! passage ( ,pl9y seems to lie 9 ?is1 t ,pl9y1 aft] m5tion+ ! ?irty-sev5 gates ( ,rome1 assigns only a reason = suppress+ ! sev5 old ones1 & says no?+ ( ! eighte5 gates1 ! /reets lead+ f :i* t]m9at$1 accord+ to my op9ion1 be=e !y rea*$ ! ,=um4 ,b z ,pl9y 0 writ+ to ! ,romans1 :o p]fectly knew ! disposition ( ! /reets1 x is n /range he %\ld take a circum/ance = grant$ :i* 0 s famili> to ev]ybody4 ,p]haps1 too1 _m ( ^! gates l$ to :>ves ^u ! riv]4 #hf ,n to take ! p too mu* f _! bus9ess1 ,augu/us orda9$ ! di/ribution ( corn to be made only ?rice a ye>2 b ! p1 f9d+ ! mon?ly di/ribution m conv5i5t 7z pres]v+1 ,i suppose1 a m regul> economy 9 _! family71 desir$ to h !m re/or$4 7,sueton4 ,augu/4 cap4 #dj47 ,_h n "s ( ! p come f "s di/ance = _! corn1 ,augu/us's precaution seems sup]flu\s4 #hg ,qu9tus ,curtius says its walls 7 only t5 miles 9 circumf]5ce :5 f\nd$ by ,alex&] 7lib4 #d1 cap4 #h74 ,/rabo1 :o _h travell$ to ,alex&ria1 z well z ,diodorus ,siculus1 says x 0 sc>ce f\r miles long1 & 9 mo/ places ab\t a mile broad 7lib4 #ag74 ,pl9y says x resembl$ a ,mac$onian cassock1 /ret*+ out 9 ! corn]s 7lib4 #e1 cap4 #aj74 ,not)/&+ ?is bulk ( ,alex&ria1 :i* seems b mod]ate1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 speak+ ( its circuit z drawn by ,alex&] 7:i* x nev] exce$$1 z we le>n f ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 lib4 #bb1 cap4 #af71 says x 0 1 extremely great 7ibid474 ,! reason :y he assigns = its surpass+ all cities ( ! _w 7= he excepts n ,rome7 is t x conta9$ #cjj1jjj free inhabitants4 ,he also m5tions ! rev5ues ( ! k+s--viz41 #fjjj tal5ts--z ano!r circum/ance to ! same purpose1 no su* mighty sum 9 our eyes1 ev5 ?\gh we make all[ances = ! diff]5t value ( money4 ,:at ,/rabo says ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry means only t x 0 well peopl$1 4 ,might n "o affirm1 )\t any great hyp]bole1 t ! :ole banks ( ! riv] f ,graves5d to ,w9dsor are "o city8 ,?is is ev5 m ?an ,/rabo says ( ! banks ( ! lake ,m>eotis1 & ( ! canal to ,canopus4 ,x is a vulg> say+ 9 ,italy t ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia has b "o t[n 9 ,pi$mont--= x is all a t[n4 ,agrippa 9 ,josephus 7de bello ,judaie1 lib4 #b1 cap4 #af71 to make 8 audi5ce compreh5d ! excessive greatness ( ,alex&ria1 :i* he endeav\rs to magnify1 describes only ! compass ( ! city z drawn by ,alex&]1 a cle> pro( t ! bulk ( ! inhabitants 7 lodg$ !re1 & t ! neighb\r+ c\ntry 0 no m ?an :at might be expect$ ab\t all great t[ns1 v well cultivat$ & well peopl$4 #hh ,he says 1 n 1 :i* la/ expression mu/ h be5 und]/ood ( citiz5s alone1 & gr[n m54 #hi ,he says 79 ,n]one1 cap4 #cj7 t a portico or piazza ( x 0 #cjjj feet long2 8tanta laxitas ut porticus triplices milli>ias hab]et40 ,he _c mean ?ree miles1 = ! :ole ext5t ( ! h\se f ! ,palat9e to ! ,esquil9e 0 n ne> s great4 ,s :5 ,vopiscus1 9 ,aureliano1 m5tions a portico ( ,sallu/'s g>d5s1 :i* he calls porticus milli>i5sis1 x mu/ be und]/ood ( a ?\s& feet4 ,s also ,horace-- 8,nulla decemp$is ,metata privatis opacam ,porticus excipiebat ,arcton40 7,lib4 ii4 ode #ae47 ,s also 9 lib4 i4 ,satyr4 #h-- 8,mille p$es 9 fronte1 trec5tos cippus 9 agrum ,hic dabat40 #ij ,lib4 ix4 cap4 #aj4 ,8 expression is 1 n 2 inhabitant1 n citiz54 #ia ,su* 7 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 ,c>?age1 ,ephesus1 ,lyons1 etc41 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,su* are ev5 ,bordeaux1 ,t\l\se1 ,dijon1 ,r5nes1 ,r\51 ,aix1 etc41 9 ,france2 ,dubl91 ,ed9burgh1 ,york1 9 ! ,briti% dom9ions4 #ib ,! w>m s\!rn colonies also become m heal?ful2 & x is rem>kable t 9 ! ,spani% hi/ories ( ! fir/ discov]y & conque/ ( ^! c\ntries !y appe> to h be5 v heal?ful1 be+ !n well peopl$ & cultivat$4 ,no acc\nt ( ! sickness or decay ( ,cortes's or ,piz>ro's small armies4 #ic ,he seems to h liv$ ab\t ! "t ( ! y\ng] ,africanus4 7,lib4 i4 cap4 #a47 #id ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 lib4 #af4 ,/rabo 7lib4 #g7 says ! ,gauls 7 n mu* m improv$ ?an ! ,g]mans4 #ie ,anci5t ,gaul 0 m ext5sive ?an mod]n ,france4 #if ,x appe>s f ,cs>'s acc\nt t ! ,gauls _h no dome/ic slaves1 :o =m$ a diff]5t ord] f ! ,plebes4 ,! :ole common p 7 inde$ a k9d ( slaves to ! nobility1 z ! p ( ,pol& are at ?is day2 & a nobleman ( ,gaul _h sometimes t5 ?\s& dep5dants ( ?is k9d4 ,nor c we d\bt t ! armies 7 compos$ ( ! p z well z ( ! nobility4 ,an army ( #ajj1jjj noblem5 f a v small /ate is incr$ible4 ,! fight+ m5 among/ ! ,helvetii 7 ! f\r? "p ( ! :ole inhabitants--a cle> pro( t all ! males ( milit>y age bore arms4 ,see ,cs>1 ,de bello ,gall41 lib4 #a4 ,we may rem>k t ! numb]s 9 ,cs>'s comm5t>ies c be m dep5d$ on ?an ^? ( any o!r anci5t au?or1 because ( ! ,greek translation :i* /ill rema9s1 & :i* *ecks ! ,lat9 orig9al4 #ig 8,nec num]o ,hispanos1 nec robore ,gallos1 nec calliditate ,pnos1 nec artibus ,grcos1 nec d5ique hoc ipso hujus g5tis1 ac t]r dome/ico nativoque s5su1 ,italos ipsos ac ,lat9os--sup]avimus40 7,de h>usp4 resp41 cap4 #i47 ,! disord]s ( ,spa9 seem to h be5 almo/ prov]bial3 8,nec impacatos a t]go horrebis ,ib]os40 7,virg4 ,georg41 lib4 #c47 ,! ,ib]i are "h pla9ly tak5 by a poetical figure = robb]s 9 g5]al4 #ih ,?\gh ! obs]vations ( l',abb du ,bos %\ld be admitt$ t ,italy is n[ w>m] ?an 9 =m] times1 ! consequ5ce may n be necess>y t x is m popul\s or bett] cultivat$4 ,if ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe 7 m savage & woody1 ! cold w9ds t blew f !m might affect ! climate ( ,italy4 #ii ,! inhabitants ( ,m>seilles lo/ n _! sup]iority ov] ! ,gauls 9 comm]ce & ! me*anic arts till ! ,roman dom9ion turn$ ! latt] f arms to agriculture & civil life4 7,see ,/rabo1 lib4 #d47 ,t au?or1 9 sev]al places1 repeats ! obs]vation conc]n+ ! improvem5t aris+ f ! ,roman arts & civility1 & he liv$ at ! "t :5 ! *ange 0 new & w\ld be m s5sible4 ,s also ,pl9y3 8,quis enim non1 communicato orbe t]r>um1 maje/ate ,romani imp]ii1 pr(ecisse vitam putet1 comm]cio r]um ac societate fe/ae pacis1 omniaque etiam1 quae occulta antea fu]ant1 9 promiscuo usu facta40 7,lib4 #ad1 prom47 8,num9e deum electa speak+ ( ,italy quae coelum ipsum cl>ius fac]et1 sp>sa congreg>et imp]ia1 ritusque molliret1 et tot populorum discordes1 f]asque l+uas f]monis comm]cio contrah]et ad colloquia1 et humanitatem hom9i d>et2 brevit]que1 una cunct>um g5tium 9 toto orbe patria fi]et40 7,lib4 #b1 cap4 #e47 ,no?+ c be /rong] to ?is purpose ?an ! foll[+ passage f ,t]tullian1 :o liv$ ab\t ! age ( ,sev]us3--8,c]te quidem ipse orbis 9 promptu e/1 cultior de die et in/ructior pri/9o4 ,omnia jam p]via1 omnia nota1 omnia negotiosa4 ,solitud9es famosas retro fundi amo5issimi oblit]av]unt1 silvas arva domu]unt1 f]as pecora fugav]unt2 ar5ae s]untur1 saxa panguntur1 paludes eliquantur1 tantae urbes1 quantae non casae quondam4 ,jam nec insulae horr5t1 nec scopuli t]r5t2 ubique domus1 ubique populus1 ubique respublica1 ubique vita4 ,summum te/imonium frequ5tiae humanae1 on]osi sumus mundo1 vix nobis elem5ta sufficiunt2 et necessitates arctiores1 et qua]elae apud omnes1 dum jam nos natura non su/9et40 7,de anima1 cap4 #cj47 ,! air ( rhetoric & declamation :i* appe>s 9 ?is passage dim9i%es some:at f its au?ority1 b does n entirely de/roy x4 ,! same rem>k may be ext5d$ to ! foll[+ passage ( ,ari/ides ! ,sophi/1 :o liv$ 9 ! age ( ,adrian4 8,! :ole _w10 says he1 address+ himself to ! ,romans1 8seems to keep "o holiday1 & mank9d1 lay+ aside ! sword :i* !y =m]ly wore1 n[ betake !mselves to fea/+ & to joy4 ,! cities1 =gett+ _! anci5t cont5tions1 pres]ve only "o emulation1 :i* %all embelli% itself mo/ by e art & ornam5t8 ,!atres ev]y:]e arise1 amphi!atres1 porticoes1 aqu$ucts1 temples1 s*ools1 academies2 & "o may safely pron\nce t ! s9k+ _w has be5 aga9 rais$ by y\r auspici\s empire4 ,nor h cities alone receiv$ an increase ( ornam5t & beauty2 b ! :ole e>?1 l a g>d5 or p>adise1 is cultivat$ & adorn$2 insomu* t su* ( mank9d z are plac$ out ( ! limits ( y\r empire 7:o are b few7 seem to m]it our sympa?y & compassion40 ,x is rem>kable t ?\gh ,diodorus ,siculus makes ! inhabitants ( ,egypt1 :5 conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 am\nt only to ?ree millions1 yet ,josephus 7,de bello ,jud41 lib4 #b1 cap4 #af7 says t its inhabitants1 exclud+ ^? ( ,alex&ria1 7 sev5 millions & a half 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 & he expressly says t he drew ?is acc\nt f ! books ( ! ,roman publicans :o levi$ ! poll-tax4 ,/rabo 7lib4 #ag7 praises ! sup]ior police ( ! ,romans ) reg>d to ! f9ances ( ,egypt above t ( its =m] mon>*s1 & no "p ( adm9i/ration is m ess5tial to ! happ9ess ( a p2 yet we read 9 ,a!nu 7lib4 #a1 cap4 #be71 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! reign ( ! ,anton9es1 t ! t[n ,m>eia1 ne> ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 =m]ly a l>ge city1 _h dw9dl$ into a village4 ,?is is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a contradiction4 ,suidas 7,augu/7 says t ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 hav+ numb]$ ! :ole ,roman ,empire1 f\nd x conta9$ only #d1aja1jag m5 774 ,!re is "h surely "s great mi/ake1 ei!r 9 ! au?or or transcrib]2 b ?is au?ority1 feeble z x is1 may be suffici5t to c\nt]balance ! exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ,h]odotus & ,diodorus ,siculus ) reg>d to m e>ly times4 #ajj ,lib4 #b1 cap4 #fb4 ,x may p]haps be imag9$ t ,polybius1 be+ dep5d5t on ,rome1 w\ld naturally extol ! ,roman dom9ion2 b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,polybius1 ?\gh "o sees sometimes in/ances ( 8 caution1 discov]s no symptoms ( flatt]y4 ,secondly1 ?is op9ion is only deliv]$ 9 a s+le /roke1 by ! by1 :ile he is int5t ^u ano!r subject1 & x is all[$1 if !re be any suspicion ( an au?or's ins9c]ity1 t ^! oblique propositions discov] 8 real op9ion bett] ?an 8 m =mal & direct ass]tions4 #aja ,i mu/ confess t t disc\rse ( ,plut>* conc]n+ ! sil5ce ( ! oracles is 9 g5]al ( s odd a texture1 & s unlike 8 o!r productions1 t "o is at a loss :at judgm5t to =m ( x4 ,x is writt5 9 dialogue1 :i* is a me?od ( composition t ,plut>* commonly little affects4 ,! p]sonages he introduces advance v wild1 absurd1 & contradictory op9ions1 m l vision>y sy/ems or rav+s ( ,plato ?an ! solid s5se ( ,plut>*4 ,!re runs also ?r\gh ! :ole an air ( sup]/ition & cr$ulity :i* resembles v little ! _s t appe>s 9 o!r philosophical compositions ( t au?or2 = x is rem>kable t ?\gh ,plut>* be an hi/orian z sup]/iti\s z ,h]odotus or ,livy1 yet !re is sc>cely 9 all antiquity a philosoph] less sup]/iti\s1 except+ ,cic]o & ,lucian4 ,i mu/ !re=e confess t a passage ( ,plut>*1 cit$ f ?is disc\rse1 has mu* less au?ority ) me ?an if x _h be5 f\nd 9 mo/ ( 8 o!r compositions4 ,!re is only "o o!r disc\rse ( ,plut>* liable to l objections--viz41 t conc]n+ ^? ^: puni%m5t is delay$ by ! ,deity4 ,x is also writt5 9 dialogue1 conta9s l sup]/iti\s1 wild visions1 & seems to h be5 *iefly compos$ 9 rival%ip to ,plato1 p>ticul>ly 8 la/ book1 ,de ,republica4 ,& "h ,i _c b obs]ve t ,monsieur ,font5elle1 a writ] em95t = c&\r1 seems to h dep>t$ a little f 8 usual "* :5 he endeav\rs to ?r[ a ridicule ^u ,plut>* on acc\nt ( passages to be met ) 9 ?is dialogue conc]n+ oracles4 ,! absurdities "h put into ! m\?s ( ! sev]al p]sonages are n to be ascrib$ to ,plut>*4 ,he makes !m refute ea* o!r1 & 9 g5]al he seems to int5d ! ridicul+ ( ^? v op9ions :i* ,font5elle w\ld ridicule him = ma9ta9+4 7,see ,hi/oires des ,oracles47 #ajb ,he 0 contempor>y ) ,cs> & ,augu/us4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,contract4 ,z no p>ty1 9 ! pres5t age1 c support itself )\t a philosophical or speculative sy/em ( pr9ciples annex$ to its political or practical "o1 we accord+ly f9d t ea* ( ! p>ties into :i* ?is nation is divid$ has re>$ up a fabric ( ! =m] k9d1 9 ord] to protect & cov] t s*eme ( actions :i* x pursues4 ,! p be+ commonly v rude build]s1 especially 9 ?is speculative way1 & m especially /ill :5 actuat$ by p>ty zeal1 x is natural to imag9e t _! workman%ip mu/ be a little un%apely1 & discov] evid5t m>ks ( t viol5ce & hurry 9 :i* x 0 rais$4 ,! "o p>ty1 by trac+ up ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t to ! ,deity1 endeav\r to r5d] gov]nm5t s sacr$ & inviolate t x mu/ be little less ?an sacrilege1 h[ev] disord]ly x may become1 to t\* or invade x 9 ! smalle/ article4 ,! o!r p>ty1 by f\nd+ gov]nm5t altoge!r on ! cons5t ( ! p1 suppose t !re is a k9d ( orig9al contract by :i* ! subjects h res]v$ ! p[] ( resi/+ _! sov]eign :5ev] !y f9d !mselves aggriev$ by t au?ority ) :i* !y h1 = c]ta9 purposes1 volunt>ily entru/$ him4 ,^! are ! speculative pr9ciples ( ! two p>ties1 & ^! too are ! practical consequ5ces d$uc$ f !m4 ,i %all v5ture to affirm t bo? ^! sy/ems ( speculative pr9ciples are j1 ?\gh n 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ! p>ties2 & t bo? ! s*emes ( practical consequ5ces are prud5t1 ?\gh n 9 ! extremes to :i* ea* p>ty1 9 opposition to ! o!r1 has commonly endeav\r$ to c>ry !m4 ,t ! ,deity is ! ultimate au?or ( all gov]nm5t w nev] be d5i$ by any :o admits a g5]al provid5ce1 & all[s t all ev5ts 9 ! univ]se are conduct$ by a uni=m plan & direct$ to wise purposes4 ,z x is impossible = ! human race to subsi/1 at lea/ 9 any com=table or secure /ate1 )\t ! protection ( gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 int5d$ by t b5efic5t ,be+1 :o means ! good ( all ,8 creatures2 & z x has univ]sally1 9 fact1 tak5 place 9 all c\ntries & all ages1 we may conclude1 ) /ill great] c]ta9ty1 t x 0 int5d$ by t omnisci5t ,be+1 :o c nev] be deceiv$ by any ev5t or op]ation4 ,b s9ce he gave rise to x1 n by any p>ticul> or miracul\s int]position b by 8 conceal$ & univ]sal efficacy1 a sov]eign _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be call$ 8 viceg]5t 9 any o!r s5se ?an e p[] or =ce be+ d]iv$ f him may be said to act by 8 commission4 ,:atev] actually happ5s is compreh5d$ 9 ! g5]al plan or int5tion ( provid5ce2 nor has ! greate/ & mo/ lawful pr9ce any m reason1 ^u t acc\nt1 to plead a peculi> sacr$ness or inviolable au?ority1 ?an an inf]ior magi/rate1 or ev5 a usurp]1 or ev5 a robb] & a pirate4 ,! same div9e sup]9t5d5t :o1 = wise purposes1 inve/$ an ,elizabe? or a ,h5ry#ajc ) au?ority1 did also1 = purposes no d\bt equally wise1 ?\gh unkn[n1 be/[ p[] on a ,borgia or an ,angria4 ,! same causes :i* gave rise to ! sov]eign p[] 9 e /ate1 e/abli%$ likewise e petty jurisdiction 9 x1 & e limit$ au?ority4 ,a con/able !re=e1 no less ?an a k+1 acts by a div9e commission1 & possesses an indefeasible "r4 ,:5 we consid] h[ ne>ly equal all m5 are 9 _! bodily =ce1 & ev5 9 _! m5tal p[]s & faculties1 till cultivat$ by education1 we mu/ necess>ily all[ t no?+ b _! own cons5t c\ld at fir/ associate !m toge!r1 & subject !m to any au?ority4 ,! p1 if we trace gov]nm5t to its fir/ orig9 9 ! woods & des]ts1 are ! s\rce ( all p[] & jurisdiction1 & volunt>ily1 = ! sake ( peace & ord]1 ab&on$ _! native lib]ty1 & receiv$ laws f _! equal & companion4 ,! conditions ^u :i* !y 7 will+ to submit 7 ei!r express$1 or 7 s cle> & obvi\s t x might well be e/eem$ sup]flu\s to express !m4 ,if ?is1 !n1 be meant by ! orig9al contract1 x _c be d5i$ t all gov]nm5t is at fir/ f\nd$ on a contract1 & t ! mo/ anci5t rude comb9ations ( mank9d 7 =m$ entirely by t pr9ciple4 ,9 va9 are we s5t to ! records to seek = ?is *>t] ( our lib]ties4 ,x 0 n writt5 on p>*m5t1 nor yet on leaves or b>ks ( trees4 ,x prec$$ ! use ( writ+ & all ! o!r civiliz$ arts ( life4 ,b we trace x pla9ly 9 ! nature ( man1 & 9 ! equality :i* we f9d 9 all ! individuals ( t species4 ,! =ce :i* n[ prevails1 & :i* is f\nd$ on fleets & armies1 is pla9ly political1 & d]iv$ f au?ority1 ! effect ( e/abli%$ gov]nm5t4 ,a man's natural =ce consi/s only 9 ! vig\r ( 8 limbs & ! firmness ( 8 c\rage1 :i* c\ld nev] subject multitudes to ! comm& ( "o4 ,no?+ b _! own cons5t1 & _! s5se ( ! advantages ( peace & ord]1 c\ld h _h t influ5ce4 ,b philosoph]s :o h embrac$ a p>ty 7if t be n a contradiction 9 t]ms7 are n cont5t$ ) ^! concessions4 ,!y ass]t1 n only t gov]nm5t 9 its e>lie/ infancy arose f cons5t or ! volunt>y comb9ation ( ! p1 b also t1 ev5 at pres5t1 :5 x has atta9$ its full maturity1 x re/s on no o!r f\ndation4 ,!y affirm t all m5 are /ill born equal1 & owe allegiance to no pr9ce or gov]nm5t unless b\nd by ! obligation & sanction ( a promise4 ,& z no man1 )\t "s equival5t1 w\ld =go ! advantages ( 8 native lib]ty & subject himself to ! w ( ano!r1 ?is promise is always und]/ood to be conditional1 & imposes on him no obligation unless he meets ) ju/ice & protection f 8 sov]eign4 ,^! advantages ! sov]eign promises him 9 return1 & if he fails 9 ! execution1 he has broke1 on 8 "p1 ! articles ( engagem5t1 & has !reby fre$ 8 subjects f all obligations to allegiance4 ,su*1 accord+ to ^! philosoph]s1 is ! f\ndation ( au?ority 9 e gov]nm5t1 & su* ! "r ( resi/ance possess$ by e subject4 ,b w\ld ^! reason]s look abroad into ! _w !y w\ld meet ) no?+ t 9 ! lea/ corresponds to _! ideas1 or c w>rant s ref9$ & philosophical a !ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d ev]y:]e pr9ces :o claim _! subjects z _! prop]ty1 & ass]t _! indep5d5t "r ( sov]eignty f conque/ or succession4 ,we f9d also ev]y:]e subjects :o ackn[l$ge ?is "r 9 _! pr9ces1 & suppose !mselves born "u obligations ( ob$i5ce to a c]ta9 sov]eign1 z mu* z "u ! ties ( rev]5ce & duty to c]ta9 p>5ts4 ,^! connections are always conceiv$ to be equally indep5d5t ( our cons5t1 9 ,p]sia & ,*9a2 9 ,france & ,spa92 & ev5 9 ,holl& & ,engl&1 :]ev] ! doctr9es above m5tion$ h n be5 c>efully inculcat$4 ,ob$i5ce or subjection becomes s famili> t mo/ m5 nev] make any inquiry ab\t its orig9 or cause1 m ?an ab\t ! pr9ciple ( gravity1 resi/ance1 or ! mo/ univ]sal laws ( nature4 ,or if curiosity ev] move !m1 s soon z !y le>n t !y !mselves & _! ance/ors h = sev]al ages1 or f "t immemorial1 be5 subject to su* a gov]nm5t or su* a family1 !y imm$iately acquiesce & ackn[l$ge _! obligation to allegiance4 ,7 y to prea*1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 t political connections are f\nd$ altoge!r on volunt>y cons5t or a mutual promise1 ! magi/rate w\ld soon imprison y1 z s$iti\s1 = loos5+ ! ties ( ob$i5ce2 if y\r fri5ds did n %ut y up1 z deliri\s1 = advanc+ su* absurdities4 ,x is /range t an act ( ! m9d :i* e individual is suppos$ to h =m$--& aft] he came to ! use ( reason too1 o!rwise x c\ld h no au?ority--t ?is act1 ,i say1 %\ld be s unkn[n to all ( !m1 t ov] ! face ( ! :ole e>? !re sc>ce rema9 any traces or memory ( x4 ,b ! contract on :i* gov]nm5t is f\nd$ is said to be ! orig9al contract1 & consequ5tly may be suppos$ too old to fall "u ! k ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,if ! agreem5t by :i* savage m5 fir/ associat$ & conjo9$ _! =ce be "h meant1 ?is is ackn[l$g$ to be real2 b be+ s anci5t1 & be+ oblit]at$ by a ?\s& *anges ( gov]nm5t & pr9ces1 x _c n[ be suppos$ to reta9 any au?ority4 ,if we w\ld say any?+ to ! purpose1 we mu/ ass]t t e p>ticul> gov]nm5t :i* is lawful1 & :i* imposes any duty ( allegiance on ! subject1 0 at fir/ f\nd$ on cons5t & a volunt>y compact4 ,b besides t ?is supposes ! cons5t ( ! fa!rs to b9d ! *ildr51 ev5 to ! mo/ remote g5]ations 7:i* republican writ]s w nev] all[71 besides ?is1 ,i say1 x is n ju/ifi$ by hi/ory or exp]i5ce 9 any age or c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,almo/ all ! gov]nm5ts :i* exi/ at pres5t1 or ( :i* !re rema9s any record 9 /ory1 h be5 f\nd$ orig9ally ei!r on usurpation or conque/1 or bo?1 )\t any pret5ce ( a fair cons5t or volunt>y subjection ( ! p4 ,:5 an artful & bold man is plac$ at ! head ( an army or faction1 x is (t5 easy = him1 by employ+ sometimes viol5ce1 sometimes false pret5ces1 to e/abli% 8 dom9ion ov] a p a hundr$ times m num]\s ?an 8 p>tisans4 ,he all[s no su* op5 communication t 8 enemies c "k ) c]ta9ty _! numb] or =ce4 ,he gives !m no leisure to assemble toge!r 9 a body to oppose him4 ,ev5 all ^? :o are ! in/rum5ts ( 8 usurpation may wi% 8 fall1 b _! ignorance ( ea* o!r's int5tions keeps !m 9 awe1 & is ! sole cause ( 8 security4 ,by su* arts z ^! _m gov]nm5ts h be5 e/abli%$1 & ?is is all ! orig9al contract !y h to boa/ (4 ,! face ( ! e>? is cont9ually *ang+ by ! increase ( small k+doms into great empires1 by ! dissolution ( great empires into small] k+doms1 by ! plant+ ( colonies1 by ! migration ( tribes4 ,is !re any?+ discov]able 9 all ^! ev5ts b =ce & viol5ce8 ,:]e is ! mutual agreem5t or volunt>y association s mu* talk$ (8 ,ev5 ! smoo!/ way by :i* a nation may receive a =eign ma/]1 by m>riage or a w1 is n extremely hon\rable = ! p2 b supposes !m to be dispos$ (1 l a d[ry or a legacy1 accord+ to ! pleasure or int]e/ ( _! rul]s4 ,b :]e no =ce int]poses1 & election takes place1 :at is ?is election s highly vaunt$8 ,x is ei!r ! comb9ation ( a few great m5 :o decide = ! :ole1 & w all[ no opposition1 or x is ! fury ( a rabble t foll[ a s$iti\s lead]1 :o is n kn[n1 p]haps1 to a doz5 among !m1 & :o owes 8 advancem5t m]ely to 8 own impud5ce1 or to ! mom5t>y caprice ( 8 fell[s4 ,are ^! disord]ly elections1 :i* are r>e too1 ( su* mighty au?ority z to be ! only lawful f\ndation ( all gov]nm5t & allegiance8 ,9 reality !re is n a m t]rible ev5t ?an a total dissolution ( gov]nm5t1 :i* gives lib]ty to ! multitude1 & makes ! det]m9ation or *oice ( a new e/abli%m5t dep5d ^u a numb] :i* ne>ly approa*es ! body ( ! p2 = x nev] comes entirely to ! :ole body ( !m4 ,e wise man1 !n1 wi%es to see1 at ! head ( a p[]ful & ob$i5t army1 a g5]al :o may spe$ily seize ! prize & give to ! p a ma/]1 :i* !y are s unfit to *oose = !mselves4 ,s little correspond5t is fact & reality to ^? philosophical notions4 ,let n ! e/abli%m5t at ! ,revolution deceive u1 or make u s mu* 9 love ) a philosophical orig9 to gov]nm5t z to imag9e all o!rs mon/r\s & irregul>4 ,ev5 t ev5t 0 f> f correspond+ to ^! ref9$ ideas4 ,x 0 only ! succession1 & t only 9 ! regal "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 !n *ang$2 & x 0 only ! majority ( sev5 hundr$ :o det]m9$ t *ange = ne> t5 millions4 ,i d\bt n1 inde$1 b ! bulk ( ^! t5 millions acquiesc$ will+ly 9 ! det]m9ation2 b 0 ! matt] left1 9 ! lea/1 to _! *oice8 ,0 x n ju/ly suppos$ to be f t mom5t decid$1 & e man puni%$ :o refus$ to submit to ! new sov]eign8 ,h[ o!rways c\ld ! matt] h ev] be5 br\ght to any issue or conclusion8 ,! ,republic ( ,a!ns 01 ,i believe1 ! mo/ ext5sive democracy :i* we read ( 9 hi/ory4 ,yet if we make ! requisite all[ances = ! wom51 ! slaves1 & ! /rang]s1 we %all f9d t t e/abli%m5t 0 n at fir/ made1 nor any law ev] vot$1 by a t5? "p ( ^? :o 7 b\nd to pay ob$i5ce to x2 n to m5tion ! isl&s & =eign dom9ions :i* ! ,a!nians claim$ z !irs by "r ( conque/4 ,& z x is well kn[n t popul> assemblies 9 t city 7 always full ( lic5ce & disord]1 not)/&+ ! =ms & laws by :i* !y 7 *eck$1 h[ mu* m disord]ly mu/ !y be :]e !y =m n ! e/abli%$ con/itution1 b meet tumultu\sly on ! dissolution ( ! anci5t gov]nm5t 9 ord] to give rise to a new "o8 ,h[ *im]ical mu/ x be to talk ( a *oice 9 any su* circum/ances8 ,! ,a*ans enjoy$ ! free/ & mo/ p]fect democracy ( all antiquity2 yet !y employ$ =ce to oblige "s cities to ent] into _! league1 z we le>n f ,polybius4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl& _h really no o!r title to ! ?rone b a p>liam5t>y election2 yet !y nev] w\ld ackn[l$ge x1 = fe> ( weak5+ _! au?ority4 ,/range6 if ! only real f\ndation ( all au?ority be cons5t & promise4 ,x is va9 to say t all gov]nm5ts are1 or %\ld be1 at fir/1 f\nd$ on popul> cons5t1 z mu* z ! necessity ( human affairs w admit4 ,?is fav\rs entirely my pret5sion4 ,i ma9ta9 t human affairs w nev] admit ( ?is cons5t2 seldom ( ! appe>ance ( x4 ,b t conque/ or usurpation--t is1 9 pla9 t]ms1 =ce--by dissolv+ ! anci5t gov]nm5ts1 is ! orig9 ( almo/ all ! new ones :i* ev] 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! _w2 & t 9 ! few cases1 :]e cons5t may seem to h tak5 place1 x 0 commonly s irregul>1 s conf9$1 or s mu* int]mix$ ei!r ) fraud or viol5ce1 t x _c h any great au?ority4 ,my int5tion "h is n to exclude ! cons5t ( ! p f be+ "o j f\ndation ( gov]nm5t :]e x has place4 ,x is surely ! be/ & mo/ sacr$ ( any4 ,i only pret5d t x has v seldom _h place 9 any degree1 & nev] almo/ 9 its full ext5t2 & t !re=e "s o!r f\ndation ( gov]nm5t mu/ also be admitt$4 ,7 all m5 possess$ ( s inflexible a reg>d to ju/ice t1 ( !mselves1 !y w\ld totally ab/a9 f ! prop]ties ( o!rs1 !y _h = ev] rema9$ 9 a /ate ( absolute lib]ty )\t subjection to any magi/rates or political society2 b ?is is a /ate ( p]fection1 ( :i* human nature is ju/ly e/eem$ incapable4 ,aga91 7 all m5 possess$ ( s j an und]/&+ z always to "k _! own int]e/1 no =m ( gov]nm5t _h ev] be5 submitt$ to b :at 0 e/abli%$ on cons5t1 & 0 fully canvass$ by ea* memb] ( ! society2 b ?is /ate ( p]fection is likewise mu* sup]ior to human nature4 ,reason1 hi/ory1 & exp]i5ce %[ u t all political societies h _h an orig9 mu* less accurate & regul>2 & 7 "o to *oose a p]iod ( "t :5 ! p's cons5t 0 lea/ reg>d$ 9 public transactions1 x w\ld be precisely on ! e/abli%m5t ( a new gov]nm5t4 ,9 a settl$ con/itution _! incl9ations are (t5 /udi$2 b dur+ ! fury ( revolutions1 conque/s1 & public convulsions1 milit>y =ce or political craft usually decides ! controv]sy4 ,:5 a new gov]nm5t is e/abli%$1 by :atev] means1 ! p are commonly dissatisfi$ ) x1 & pay ob$i5ce m f fe> & necessity ?an f any idea ( allegiance or ( moral obligation4 ,! pr9ce is wat*ful & jeal\s1 & mu/ c>efully gu>d aga9/ e beg9n+ or appe>ance ( insurrection4 ,"t1 by degrees1 removes all ^! difficulties1 & accu/oms ! nation to reg>d1 z _! lawful or native pr9ces1 t family :om at fir/ !y consid]$ z usurp]s or =eign conqu]ors4 ,9 ord] to f\nd ?is op9ion1 !y h no rec\rse to any notion ( volunt>y cons5t or promise1 :i*1 !y "k1 nev] 0 9 ?is case ei!r expect$ or dem&$4 ,! orig9al e/abli%m5t 0 =m$ by viol5ce1 & submitt$ to f necessity4 ,! subsequ5t adm9i/ration is also support$ by p[]1 & acquiesc$ 9 by ! p1 n z a matt] ( *oice1 b ( obligation4 ,!y imag9e n t _! cons5t gives _! pr9ce a title2 b !y will+ly cons5t because !y ?9k t1 f long possession1 he has acquir$ a title indep5d5t ( _! *oice or incl9ation4 ,%\ld x be said t by liv+ "u ! dom9ion ( a pr9ce :i* "o might leave1 e individual has giv5 a tacit cons5t to 8 au?ority1 & promis$ him ob$i5ce1 x may be answ]$ t su* impli$ cons5t c only take place :]e a man imag9es t ! matt] dep5ds on 8 *oice4 ,b :]e he ?9ks 7z all mank9d d :o are born "u e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts7 t by 8 bir? he owes allegiance to a c]ta9 pr9ce or c]ta9 gov]nm5t1 x w\ld be absurd to inf] a cons5t or *oice1 :i* he expressly1 9 ?is case1 r5\nces & abjures4 ,c we s]i\sly say t a poor peasant or artisan has a free *oice to leave 8 own c\ntry1 :5 he kn[s no =eign language or mann]s1 & lives f day to day by ! same small wages :i* he acquires8 ,we may z well ass]t t a man1 by rema9+ 9 a vessel1 freely cons5ts to ! dom9ion ( ! ma/]1 ?\gh he 0 c>ri$ on bo>d :ile asleep1 & mu/ leap into ! ocean & p]i% ! mom5t he leaves h]4 ,:at if ! pr9ce =bid 8 subjects to quit 8 dom9ions1 z 9 ,tib]ius's "t x 0 reg>d$ z a crime 9 a ,roman knight t he _h attempt$ to fly to ! ,p>?ians1 9 ord] to escape ! tyranny ( t emp]or8 ,or z ! anci5t ,muscovites prohibit$ all travell+ "u pa9 ( dea?8 ,& did a pr9ce obs]ve t _m ( 8 subjects 7 seiz$ ) ! fr5zy ( transport+ !mselves to =eign c\ntries1 he w\ld d\btless1 ) great reason & ju/ice1 re/ra9 !m1 9 ord] to prev5t ! depopulation ( 8 own k+dom4 ,w\ld he =feit ! allegiance ( all 8 subjects by s wise & reasonable a law8 ,yet ! fre$om ( _! *oice is surely1 9 t case1 ravi%$ f !m4 ,a company ( m5 :o %\ld leave _! native c\ntry 9 ord] to p "s un9habit$ region might dream ( recov]+ _! native fre$om2 b !y w\ld soon f9d t _! pr9ce /ill laid claim to !m1 & call$ !m 8 subjects1 ev5 9 _! new settlem5t4 ,& 9 ?is he w\ld b act con=mably to ! common ideas ( mank9d4 ,! true/ tacit cons5t ( ?is k9d :i* is ev] obs]v$ is :5 a =eign] settles 9 any c\ntry1 & is be=eh& acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ce & gov]nm5t & laws to :i* he mu/ submit2 yet is 8 allegiance1 ?\gh m volunt>y1 mu* less expect$ or dep5d$ on ?an t ( a natural born subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 native pr9ce /ill ass]ts a claim to him4 ,& if he puni%es n ! r5egade :5 he seizes him 9 w> ) 8 new pr9ce's commission1 ?is clem5cy is n f\nd$ on ! municipal law1 :i* 9 all c\ntries condemns ! prison]1 b on ! cons5t ( pr9ces :o h agre$ to ?is indulg5ce 9 ord] to prev5t reprisals4 ,suppose a usurp]1 aft] hav+ bani%$ 8 lawful pr9ce & royal family1 %\ld e/abli% 8 dom9ion = t5 or a doz5 ye>s 9 any c\ntry1 & %\ld pres]ve su* exact discipl9e 9 8 troops & s regul> a disposition 9 8 g>risons t no insurrection _h ev] be5 rais$1 or ev5 murmur he>d1 aga9/ 8 adm9i/ration1 c x be ass]t$ t ! p1 :o 9 _! he>ts abhor 8 treason1 h tacitly cons5t$ to 8 au?ority & promis$ him allegiance m]ely because1 f necessity1 !y live "u 8 dom9ion8 ,suppose aga9 _! natural pr9ce re/or$1 by means ( an army :i* he assembles 9 =eign c\ntries1 !y receive him ) joy & exultation1 & %[ pla9ly ) :at reluctance !y _h submitt$ to any o!r yoke4 ,i may n[ ask ^u :at f\ndation ! pr9ce's title /&s8 ,n on popul> cons5t surely2 = ?\gh ! p will+ly acquiesce 9 8 au?ority1 !y nev] imag9e t _! cons5t makes him sov]eign4 ,!y cons5t because !y appreh5d him to be already1 by bir?1 _! lawful sov]eign4 ,& z to t tacit cons5t1 :i* may n[ be inf]r$ f _! liv+ "u 8 dom9ion1 ?is is no m ?an :at !y =m]ly gave to ! tyrant & usurp]4 ,:5 we ass]t t all lawful gov]nm5t arises f ! p1 we c]ta9ly d !m m hon\r ?an !y des]ve1 or ev5 expect & desire f u4 ,aft] ! ,roman dom9ions became too unwieldy = ! republic to gov]n1 ! p ov] ! :ole kn[n _w 7 extremely grateful to ,augu/us = t au?ority :i*1 by viol5ce1 he _h e/abli%$ ov] !m2 & !y %[$ an equal disposition to submit to ! successor :om he left !m by 8 la/ w & te/am5t4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds _! mis=tune t !re nev] 0 9 "o family any long1 regul> succession2 b t _! l9e ( pr9ces 0 cont9ually broke1 ei!r by private assass9ation or public rebellion4 ,! prtorean b&s1 on ! failure ( e family1 set up "o emp]or1 ! legions 9 ! ,ea/ a second1 ^? 9 ,g]many p]haps a ?ird2 & ! sword alone c\ld decide ! controv]sy4 ,! condition ( ! p 9 t mighty mon>*y 0 to be lam5t$1 n because ! *oice ( ! emp]or 0 nev] left to !m1 = t 0 impracticable1 b because !y nev] fell "u any succession ( ma/]s1 :o might regul>ly foll[ ea* o!r4 ,z to ! viol5ce & w>s & blood%$ occasion$ by e new settlem5t1 ^? 7 n blameable1 because !y 7 inevitable4 ,! h\se ( ,lanca/] rul$ 9 ?is isl& ab\t sixty ye>s1 yet ! p>tisans ( ! :ite rose seem$ daily to multiply 9 ,engl&4 ,! pres5t e/abli%m5t has tak5 place dur+ a /ill long] p]iod4 ,h all views ( "r 9 ano!r family be5 ext+ui%$1 ev5 ?\gh sc>ce any man n[ alive _h arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion :5 x 0 expell$1 or c\ld h cons5t$ to its dom9ion1 or h promis$ x allegiance8 ,a suffici5t indication surely ( ! g5]al s5tim5t ( mank9d on ?is head4 ,= we blame n ! p>tisans ( ! abdicat$ family m]ely on acc\nt ( ! long "t dur+ :i* !y h pres]v$ _! imag9>y fidelity2 we blame !m = adh]+ to a family :i*1 we affirm1 has be5 ju/ly expell$1 & :i*1 f ! mom5t ! new settlem5t took place1 _h =feit$ all title to au?ority4 ,b w\ld we h a m regul>1 at lea/ a m philosophical1 refutation ( ?is pr9ciple ( an orig9al contract or popul> cons5t1 p]haps ! foll[+ obs]vations may suffice4 ,all moral duties may be divid$ into two k9ds4 ,! fir/ are ^? to :i* m5 are impell$ by a natural in/9ct or imm$iate prop5sity :i* op]ates 9 !m1 indep5d5t ( all ideas ( obligation & ( all views1 ei!r to public or private utility4 ,( ?is nature are love ( *ildr51 gratitude to b5efactors1 pity to ! un=tunate4 ,:5 we reflect on ! advantage :i* results to society f su* humane in/9cts1 we pay !m ! j tribute ( moral approbation & e/eem2 b ! p]son actuat$ by !m feels _! p[] & influ5ce antec$5t to any su* reflection4 ,! second k9d ( moral duties are su* z are n support$ by any orig9al in/9ct ( nature1 b are p]=m$ entirely f a s5se ( obligation1 :5 we consid] ! necessities ( human society & ! impossibility ( support+ x if ^! duties 7 neglect$4 ,x is ?us ju/ice or a reg>d to ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 fidelity or ! obs]vance ( promises1 become obligatory & acquire an au?ority ov] mank9d4 ,= z x is evid5t t e man loves himself bett] ?an any o!r p]son1 he is naturally impell$ to ext5d 8 acquisitions z mu* z possible2 & no?+ c re/ra9 him 9 ?is prop5sity b reflection & exp]i5ce1 by :i* he le>ns ! p]nici\s effects ( t lic5ce & ! total dissolution ( society :i* mu/ ensue f x4 ,8 orig9al incl9ation1 !re=e1 or in/9ct1 is "h *eck$ & re/ra9$ by a subsequ5t judgm5t or obs]vation4 ,! case is precisely ! same ) ! political or civil duty ( allegiance z ) ! natural duties ( ju/ice & fidelity4 ,our prim>y in/9cts lead u ei!r to indulge ourselves 9 unlimit$ lib]ty or to seek dom9ion ov] o!rs2 & x is ?is reflection only :i* engages u to sacrifice su* /rong passions to ! int]e/s ( peace & ord]4 ,a v small degree ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation suffices to tea* u t society _c possibly be ma9ta9$ )\t ! au?ority ( magi/rates1 & t ?is au?ority mu/ soon fall into contempt :]e exact ob$i5ce is n paid to x4 ,! obs]vation ( ^! g5]al & obvi\s int]e/s is ! s\rce ( all allegiance1 & ( t moral obligation :i* we attribute to x4 ,:at necessity1 !re=e1 is !re to f\nd ! duty ( allegiance or ob$i5ce to magi/rates on t ( fidelity or a reg>d to promises1 & to suppose t x is ! cons5t ( ea* individual :i* subjects him to gov]nm5t1 :5 x appe>s t bo? allegiance & fidelity /& precisely on ! same f\ndation1 & are bo? submitt$ to by mank9d1 on acc\nt ( ! app>5t int]e/s & necessities ( human society8 ,we are b\nd to obey our sov]eign1 x is said1 because we h giv5 a tacit promise to t purpose4 ,b :y are we b\nd to obs]ve our promise8 ,x mu/ "h be ass]t$ t ! comm]ce & int]c\rse ( mank9d1 :i* are ( su* mighty advantage1 c h no security :]e m5 pay no reg>d to _! engagem5ts4 ,9 l mann] may x be said t m5 c\ld n live at all 9 society1 at lea/ 9 a civiliz$ society1 )\t laws & magi/rates & judges to prev5t ! encroa*m5ts ( ! /rong ^u ! weak1 ( ! viol5t ^u ! j & equitable4 ,! obligation to allegiance be+ ( l =ce & au?ority ) ! obligation to fidelity1 we ga9 no?+ by resolv+ ! "o into ! o!r4 ,! g5]al int]e/s or necessities ( society are suffici5t to e/abli% bo?4 ,if ! reason is ask$ ( t ob$i5ce :i* we are b\nd to pay to gov]nm5t1 ,i readily answ]1 because society c\ld n o!rwise subsi/4 ,& ?is answ] is cle> & intelligible to all mank9d4 ,y\r answ] is1 because we %\ld keep our ^w4 ,b besides t1 nobody1 till tra9$ 9 a philosophical sy/em1 c ei!r compreh5d or reli% ?is answ]2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 y f9d y\rself emb>rass$ :5 x is ask$ :y we are b\nd to keep our ^w1 & y c give no o!r answ] b :at w\ld imm$iately1 )\t any circuit1 h acc\nt$ = our obligation to allegiance4 ,b to :om is allegiance due8 ,& :o are our lawful sov]eigns8 ,?is "q is (t5 ! mo/ difficult ( any1 & liable to inf9ite discussions4 ,:5 p are s happy t !y c answ]1 8,our pres5t sov]eign1 :o inh]its1 9 a direct l9e1 f ance/ors t h gov]n$ u = _m ages10 ?is answ] admits ( no reply1 ev5 ?\gh hi/orians1 9 trac+ up to ! remote/ antiquity ! orig9 ( t royal family1 may f9d1 z commonly happ5s1 t its fir/ au?ority 0 d]iv$ f usurpation & viol5ce4 ,x is confess$ t private ju/ice1 or ! ab/95ce f ! prop]ties ( o!rs1 is a mo/ c>d9al virtue2 yet reason tells u t !re is no prop]ty 9 durable objects1 su* z l&s or h\ses1 :5 c>efully exam9$ 9 pass+ f h& to h&1 b mu/ 9 "s p]iod h be5 f\nd$ on fraud & inju/ice4 ,! necessities ( human society1 nei!r 9 private nor public life1 w all[ ( su* an accurate inquiry2 & !re is no virtue or moral duty b :at may ) facility be ref9$ away if we indulge 9 a false philosophy1 9 sift+ & scrut9iz+ x1 by e capti\s rule ( logic1 9 e light or position 9 :i* x may be plac$4 ,! que/ions ) reg>d to public prop]ty h fill$ inf9ite volumes ( law & philosophy1 if 9 bo? we add ! comm5tators to ! orig9al text2 & 9 ! end we may safely pron\nce t _m ( ! rules !re e/abli%$ are unc]ta91 ambigu\s1 & arbitr>y4 ,! l op9ion may be =m$ ) reg>d to ! successions & rights ( pr9ces & =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,_m cases no d\bt occur1 especially 9 ! infancy ( any gov]nm5t1 :i* admit ( no det]m9ation f ! laws ( ju/ice & equity2 & our hi/orian ,rap9 all[s t ! controv]sy betwe5 ,edw>d ,,iii4 & ,philip de ,valois 0 ( ?is nature1 & c\ld be decid$ only by an appeal to heav5--t is1 by w> & viol5ce4 ,:o %all tell me :e!r ,g]manicus or ,drusus ought to h succe$$ ,tib]ius _h he di$ :ile !y 7 bo? alive )\t nam+ ei!r ( !m = 8 successor8 ,ought ! "r ( adoption to be receiv$ z equival5t to t ( blood 9 a nation :]e x _h ! same effect 9 private families1 & _h already 9 two in/ances tak5 place 9 ! public8 ,ought ,g]manicus to be e/eem$ ! elde/ son because he 0 born be=e ,drusus1 or ! y\ng] because he 0 adopt$ aft] ! bir? ( 8 bro!r8 ,ought ! "r ( ! eld] to be reg>d$ 9 a nation :]e ! elde/ bro!r _h no advantage 9 ! succession ( private families8 ,ought ! ,roman ,empire at t "t to be e/eem$ h]$it>y because ( two examples1 or ought x ev5 s e>ly to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! /rong] or pres5t possessor z be+ f\nd$ on s rec5t a usurpation8 ,commodus m\nt$ ! ?rone aft] a pretty long succession ( excell5t emp]ors1 :o _h acquir$ _! title1 n by bir? or public election1 b by ! fictiti\s rite ( adoption4 ,t bloody debau*ee be+ murd]$ by a conspiracy sudd5ly =m$ betwe5 8 w5* & h] gallant1 :o happ5$ at t "t to be ,prtorian ,prefect1 ^! imm$iately delib]at$ ab\t *oos+ a ma/] to humank9d1 to speak 9 ! /yle ( ^? ages2 & !y ca/ _! eyes on ,p]t9ax4 ,be=e ! tyrant's dea? 0 kn[n ! ,prefect w5t sil5tly to t s5ator1 :o1 on ! appe>ance ( ! soldi]s1 imag9$ t 8 execution _h be5 ord]$ by ,commodus4 ,he 0 imm$iately salut$ ,emp]or by ! (fic] & 8 att5dants2 *e]fully proclaim$ by ! populace2 unwill+ly submitt$ to by ! gu>ds2 =mally recognis$ by ! s5ate2 & passively receiv$ by ! prov9ces & armies ( ! ,empire4 ,! discont5t ( ! ,prtorian b&s soon broke out 9 a sudd5 s$ition1 :i* occasion$ ! murd] ( t excell5t pr9ce2 & ! _w be+ n[ )\t a ma/] & )\t gov]nm5t1 ! gu>ds ?\ght prop] to set ! ,empire =mally to sale4 ,julian1 ! pur*as]1 0 proclaim$ by ! soldi]s1 recogniz$ by ! s5ate1 & submitt$ to by ! p1 & mu/ also h be5 submitt$ to by ! prov9ces _h n ! envy ( ! legions begot opposition & resi/ance4 ,pesc5nius ,nig] 9 ,syria elect$ himself ,emp]or1 ga9$ ! tumultu>y cons5t ( 8 army1 & 0 att5d$ ) ! secret good-w ( ! s5ate & p ( ,rome4 ,alb9us 9 ,brita9 f\nd an equal "r to set up 8 claim2 b ,sev]us1 :o gov]n$ ,pannonia1 prevail$ 9 ! end above bo? ( !m4 ,t able politician & w>rior1 f9d+ 8 own bir? & dignity too mu* inf]ior to ! imp]ial cr[n1 pr(ess$ at fir/ an int5tion only ( rev5g+ ! dea? ( ,p]t9ax4 ,he m>*$ z g5]al into ,italy1 defeat$ ,julian1 & )\t our be+ able to fix any precise comm5cem5t ev5 ( ! soldi]s' cons5t1 he 0 f necessity ackn[l$g$ ,emp]or by ! s5ate & p1 & fully e/abli%$ 9 8 viol5t au?ority by subdu+ ,nig] & ,alb9us4 8,int] hc ,gordianus ,cs>10 says ,capitol9us1 speak+ ( ano!r p]iod1 8sublatus a militibus1 ,imp]ator1 e/ appellatus1 quia non erat alius 9 prs5ti40 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,gordian 0 a boy ( f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,frequ5t in/ances ( a l nature occur 9 ! hi/ory ( ! emp]ors2 9 t ( ,alex&]'s successors1 & ( _m o!r c\ntries4 ,nor c any?+ be m unhappy ?an a despotic gov]nm5t ( t k9d1 :]e ! succession is disjo9t$ & irregul>1 & mu/ be det]m9$ on e occasion by =ce or election4 ,9 a free gov]nm5t ! matt] is (t5 unavoidable1 & is also mu* less dang]\s4 ,! int]e/s ( lib]ty may !re frequ5tly lead ! p 9 _! own def5ce to alt] ! succession ( ! cr[n1 & ! con/itution be+ comp\nd$ ( p>ts1 may /ill ma9ta9 a suffici5t /ability by re/+ on ! ari/ocratical or democratical memb]s1 ?\gh ! mon>*ical be alt]$ f "t to "t 9 ord] to accommodate x to ! =m]4 ,9 an absolute gov]nm5t :5 !re is no legal pr9ce :o has a title to ! ?rone1 x may safely be det]m9$ to belong to ! fir/ occupi]4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are b too frequ5t1 especially 9 ! ,ea/]n mon>*ies4 ,:5 any race ( pr9ces expires ! w or de/9ation ( ! la/ sov]eign w be reg>d$ z a title4 ,?us ! edict ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o call$ ! ba/>d pr9ces to ! succession 9 case ( ! failure ( all ! legitimate pr9ces1 w\ld1 9 su* an ev5t1 h "s au?ority4#ajd ,?us ! w ( ,*>les ,,ii4 dispos$ ( ! :ole ,spani% mon>*y4 ,! cession ( ! anci5t proprietor1 especially :5 jo9$ to conque/1 is likewise e/eem$ a v good title4 ,! g5]al bond ( obligation :i* unites u to gov]nm5t is ! int]e/ & necessities ( society1 & ?is obligation is v /rong4 ,! det]m9ation ( x to ?is or t p>ticul> pr9ce or =m ( gov]nm5t is frequ5tly m unc]ta9 & dubi\s4 ,pres5t possession has consid]able au?ority 9 ^! cases1 & great] ?an 9 private prop]ty1 because ( ! disord]s :i* att5d all revolutions & *anges ( gov]nm5t4#aje ,we %all only obs]ve1 be=e we conclude1 t ?\gh an appeal to g5]al op9ion may ju/ly1 9 ! speculative sci5ces ( metaphysics1 natural philosophy1 or a/ronomy1 be e/eem$ unfair & inconclusive1 yet 9 all que/ions ) reg>d to morals1 z well z criticism1 !re is really no /&>d by :i* any controv]sy c ev] be decid$4 ,& no?+ is a cle>] pro( t a !ory ( ?is k9d is errone\s ?an to f9d t x leads to p>adoxes :i* are repugnant to ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d & to g5]al practice & op9ion4 ,! doctr9e :i* f\nds all lawful gov]nm5t on an orig9al contract1 or cons5t ( ! p1 is pla9ly ( ?is k9d2 nor has ! able/ ( its p>tisans 9 prosecution ( x scrupl$ to affirm t absolute mon>*y is inconsi/5t ) civil society1 & s c be no =m ( civil gov]nm5t at all1#ajf & t ! supreme p[] 9 a /ate _c take f any man by taxes & impositions any "p ( 8 prop]ty )\t 8 own cons5t or t ( 8 repres5tatives4#ajg ,:at au?ority any moral reason+ c h :i* leads to op9ions s wide ( ! g5]al practice ( mank9d 9 e place b ?is s+le k+dom x is easy to det]m9e4#ajh ,,notes1 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,contract4 #ajc ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france4 #ajd ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! remon/rance ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rbon & ! legitimate pr9ces aga9/ ?is de/9ation ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! doctr9e ( ! orig9al contract is insi/$ on1 ev5 9 t absolute gov]nm5t4 ,! ,fr5* nation1 say !y1 *oos+ ,hugh ,capet & 8 po/]ity to rule ov] !m & _! po/]ity1 :]e ! =m] l9e fails1 !re is a tacit "r res]v$ to *oose a new royal family2 & ?is "r is invad$ by call+ ! ba/>d pr9ces to ! ?rone )\t ! cons5t ( ! nation4 ,b ! ,comte de ,b\la9villi]s1 :o wrote 9 def5ce ( ! ba/>d pr9ces1 ridicules ?is notion ( an orig9al contract1 especially :5 appli$ to ,hugh ,capet2 :o m\nt$ ! ?rone1 says he1 by ! same arts :i* h ev] be5 employ$ by all conqu]ors & usurp]s4 ,he got 8 title1 inde$1 recogniz$ by ! /ates aft] he _h put himself 9 possession4 ,b is ?is a *oice or contract8 ,! ,comte de ,b\la9villi]s1 we may obs]ve1 0 a not$ republican2 b be+ a man ( le>n+1 & v conv]sant 9 hi/ory1 he knew ! p 7 nev] almo/ consult$ 9 ^! revolutions & new e/abli%m5ts1 & t "t alone be/[$ "r & au?ority on :at 0 commonly at fir/ f\nd$ on =ce & viol5ce4 7,see tat de la ,france1 vol4 iii47 #aje ,! crime ( rebellion among/ ! anci5ts 0 commonly m>k$ by ! t]ms 1 novas res moliri4 #ajf ,see ,locke on ,gov]nm5t1 *ap4 #g1 #ij4 #ajg ,locke on ,gov]nm5t1 *ap4 #aa1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj4 #ajh ,! only passage ,i meet ) 9 antiquity :]e ! obligation ( ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t is ascrib$ to a promise is 9 ,plato--9 ,critone1 :]e ,socrates refuses to escape f prison1 because he _h tacitly promis$ to obey ! laws4 ,?us he builds a ,tory consequ5ce ( passive ob$i5ce on a ,:ig f\ndation ( ! orig9al contract4 ,new discov]ies are n to be expect$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,if no man1 till v lately1 ev] imag9$ t gov]nm5t 0 f\nd$ on contract1 x is c]ta9 x _c1 9 g5]al1 h any su* f\ndation4 ,,( ,,passive ,,ob$i5ce4 ,9 ! =m] essay we endeav\r$ to refute ! speculative sy/ems ( politics advanc$ 9 ?is nation1 z well ! religi\s sy/em ( ! "o p>ty z ! philosophical ( ! o!r4 ,we come n[ to exam9e ! practical consequ5ces d$uc$ by ea* p>ty ) reg>d to ! measures ( submission due to sov]eigns4 ,z ! obligation to ju/ice is f\nd$ entirely on ! int]e/s ( society1 :i* require mutual ab/95ce f prop]ty1 9 ord] to pres]ve peace among mank9d1 x is evid5t t1 :5 ! execution ( ju/ice w\ld be att5d$ ) v p]nici\s consequ5ces1 t virtue mu/ be susp5d$1 & give place to public utility 9 su* extraord9>y & su* press+ em]g5cies4 ,! maxim1 fiat ,ju/itia1 ruat ,clum 7let ju/ice be p]=m$ ?\gh ! univ]se be de/roy$71 is app>5tly false1 & by sacrific+ ! end to ! means %[s a prepo/]\s idea ( ! subord9ation ( duties4 ,:at gov]nor ( a t[n makes any scruple ( burn+ ! suburbs :5 !y facilitate ! advances ( ! enemy8 ,or :at g5]al ab/a9s f plund]+ a neutral c\ntry :5 ! necessities ( w> require x1 & he _c o!rwise ma9ta9 8 army8 ,! case is ! same ) ! duty ( allegiance2 & common s5se tea*es u1 t z gov]nm5t b9ds u to ob$i5ce only on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to public utility1 t duty mu/ always1 9 extraord9>y cases1 :5 public ru9 w\ld evid5tly att5d ob$i5ce1 yield to ! prim>y & orig9al obligation4 ,salus populi suprema ,lex 7! safety ( ! p is ! supreme law74 ,?is maxim is agreeable to ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 all ages2 nor is any "o1 :5 he reads ( ! insurrections aga9/ a ,n]o1 or a ,philip1 s infatuat$ ) p>ty-sy/ems z n to wi% success to ! ent]prise & praise ! und]tak]s4 ,ev5 our high mon>*ical p>ty1 9 spite ( _! sublime !ory1 are =c$ 9 su* cases to judge & feel & approve 9 con=mity to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,resi/ance1 !re=e1 be+ admitt$ 9 extraord9>y em]g5cies1 ! "q c only be among good reason]s ) reg>d to ! degree ( necessity :i* c ju/ify resi/ance & r5d] x lawful or comm5dable4 ,& "h ,i mu/ confess t ,i %all always incl9e to _! side :o draw ! bond ( allegiance ! close/ possible1 & consid] an infr+em5t ( x z ! la/ refuge 9 desp]ate cases :5 ! public is 9 ! highe/ dang] f viol5ce & tyranny2 = besides ! mis*iefs ( a civil w>1 :i* commonly att5ds insurrection1 x is c]ta9 t :]e a disposition to rebellion appe>s among any p x is "o *ief cause ( tyranny 9 ! rul]s1 & =ces !m into _m viol5t measures :i* !y nev] w\ld h embrac$ _h e "o seem$ incl9$ to submission & ob$i5ce4 ,x is ?us ! tyrannicide or assass9ation1 approv$ ( by anci5t maxims1 in/ead ( keep+ tyrants & usurp]s 9 awe1 made !m t5 times m fi]ce & unrel5t+2 & is n[ ju/ly1 ^u t acc\nt1 aboli%$ by ! laws ( nations1 & univ]sally condemn$ z a base & trea*]\s me?od ( br++ to ju/ice ^! di/urb]s ( society4 ,besides1 we mu/ consid] t1 z ob$i5ce is our duty 9 ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 x ought *iefly to be inculcat$2 nor c any?+ be m prepo/]\s ?an an anxi\s c>e & solicitude 9 /at+ all ! cases 9 :i* resi/ance may be all[$4 ,?us1 ?\gh a philosoph] reasonably ackn[l$ges 9 ! c\rse ( an argum5t t ! rules ( ju/ice may be disp5s$ ) 9 cases ( urg5t necessity1 :at %\ld we ?9k ( a prea*] or casui/ :o %\ld make x 8 *ief /udy to f9d out su* cases & en=ce !m ) all ! vehem5ce ( argum5t & eloqu5ce8 ,w\ld he n be bett] employ$ 9 inculcat+ ! g5]al doctr9e ?an 9 display+ ! p>ticul> exceptions1 :i* we are1 p]haps1 b too mu* incl9$ ( ourselves to embrace & ext5d8 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two reasons :i* may be plead$ 9 def5ce ( t p>ty among u :o h1 ) s mu* indu/ry1 propagat$ ! maxims ( resi/ance--maxims :i*1 x mu/ be confess$1 are 9 g5]al s p]nici\s & s de/ructive ( civil society4 ,! fir/ is t _! antagoni/s c>ry+ ! doctr9e ( ob$i5ce to su* an extravagant height z n only nev] to m5tion ! exceptions 9 extraord9>y cases 7:i* might p]haps be excusable71 b ev5 positively to exclude !m1 x became necess>y to insi/ on ^! exceptions1 & def5d ! rights ( injur$ tru? & lib]ty4 ,! second & p]haps bett] reason is f\nd$ on ! nature ( ! ,briti% con/itution & =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is almo/ peculi> to our con/itution to e/abli% a fir/ magi/rate ) su* high pre-em95ce & dignity t1 ?\gh limit$ by ! laws1 he is 9 a mann]1 s f> z reg>ds 8 own p]son1 above ! laws1 & c nei!r be que/ion$ nor puni%$ = any injury or wrong :i* may be committ$ by him4 ,8 m9i/]s alone1 or ^? :o act by 8 commission1 are obnoxi\s to ju/ice2 & :ile ! pr9ce is ?us allur$ by ! prospect ( p]sonal safety to give ! laws _! free c\rse1 an equal security is 9 effect obta9$ by ! puni%m5t ( less] (f5d]s1 & at ! same "t a civil w> is avoid$1 :i* w\ld be ! infallible consequ5ce 7 an attack at e turn made directly ^u ! sov]eign4 ,b ?\gh ! con/itution pays ?is salut>y complim5t to ! pr9ce1 x c nev] reasonably be und]/ood by t maxim to h det]m9$ its own de/ruction1 or to h e/abli%$ a tame submission :]e he protects 8 m9i/]s1 p]sev]es 9 inju/ice1 & usurps ! :ole p[] ( ! commonweal?4 ,?is case1 inde$1 is nev] expressly put by ! laws1 because x is impossible = !m 9 _! ord9>y c\rse to provide a rem$y = x1 or e/abli% any magi/rate ) sup]ior au?ority to *a/ise ! exorbitancies ( ! pr9ce4 ,b z a "r )\t rem$y w\ld be ! greate/ ( all absurdities1 ! rem$y 9 ?is case is ! extraord9>y "o ( resi/ance1 :5 affairs come to t extremity t ! con/itution c be def5d$ by x alone4 ,resi/ance1 !re=e1 mu/ ( c\rse become m frequ5t 9 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ?an 9 o!rs :i* are simpl] & consi/ ( few] p>ts & movem5ts4 ,:]e ! k+ is an absolute sov]eign1 he has little temptation to commit su* enorm\s tyranny z may ju/ly provoke rebellion2 b :]e he is limit$1 8 imprud5t ambition1 )\t any great vices1 may run him into t p]il\s situation4 ,?is is commonly suppos$ to h be5 ! case ) ,*>les ,i41 & if we may n[ speak tru?1 aft] animosities are laid1 ?is 0 also ! case ) ,james ,,ii4 ,^! 7 h>mless1 if n1 9 _! private "*1 good m52 b mi/ak+ ! nature ( our con/itution1 & engross+ ! :ole legislative p[]1 x became necess>y to oppose !m ) "s vehem5ce1 & ev5 to deprive ! latt] =mally ( t au?ority :i* he _h us$ ) su* imprud5ce & indiscretion4 ,,( ,,! ,,coalition ,,( ,,p>ties4 ,to aboli% all di/9ctions ( p>ty may n be practicable1 p]haps n desirable1 9 a free gov]nm5t4 ,! only p>ties :i* are dang]\s are su* z ent]ta9 opposite views ) reg>d to ! ess5tials ( gov]nm5t1 ! succession ( ! cr[n1 or ! m consid]able privileges belong+ to ! sev]al memb]s ( ! con/itution2 :]e !re is no room = any compromise or accommodation1 & :]e ! controv]sy may appe> s mom5t\s z to ju/ify ev5 an opposition by arms to ! pret5sions ( antagoni/s4 ,( ?is nature 0 ! animosity cont9u$ = above a c5tury betwe5 ! p>ties 9 ,engl&--an animosity :i* broke out sometimes into civil w>1 :i* occasion$ viol5t revolutions1 & :i* cont9ually endang]$ ! peace & tranquillity ( ! nation4 ,b z !re has appe>$ ( late ! /ronge/ symptoms ( a univ]sal desire to aboli% ^! p>ty di/9ctions1 ?is t5d5cy to a coalition af=ds ! mo/ agreeable prospect ( future happ9ess1 & ought to be c>efully *]i%$ & promot$ by e lov] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,!re is n a m effectual me?od ( promot+ s good an end ?an to prev5t all unreasonable insult & triumph ( ! "o p>ty ov] ! o!r1 to enc\rage mod]ate op9ions1 to f9d ! prop] m$ium 9 all disputes1 to p]suade ea* t its antagoni/ may possibly be sometimes 9 ! "r1 & to keep a balance 9 ! praise & blame :i* we be/[ on ei!r side4 ,! two =m] essays1 conc]n+ ! orig9al contract & passive ob$i5ce1 are calculat$ = ?is purpose ) reg>d to ! philosophical controv]sies betwe5 ! p>ties1 & t5d to %[ t nei!r side are 9 ^! respects s fully support$ by reason z !y endeav\r to flatt] !mselves4 ,we %all proce$ to ex]cise ! same mod]ation ) reg>d to ! hi/orical disputes1 by prov+ t ea* p>ty 0 ju/ifi$ by plausible topics1 t !re 7 on bo? sides wise m5 :o meant well to _! c\ntry1 & t ! pa/ animosity betwe5 ! factions _h no bett] f\ndation ?an n>r[ prejudice or int]e/$ passion4 ,! popul> p>ty1 :o aft]w>ds acquir$ ! "n ( ,:igs1 might ju/ify by v speci\s argum5ts t opposition to ! cr[n1 f :i* our pres5t free con/itution is d]iv$4 ,?\gh oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t prec$5ts 9 fav\r ( pr]ogative _h uni=mly tak5 place dur+ _m reigns be=e ,*>les ,i41 !y ?\ght t !re 0 no reason = submitt+ any long] to s dang]\s an au?ority4 ,su* might h be5 _! reason+4 ,! rights ( mank9d are s sacr$ t no prescription ( tyranny or arbitr>y p[] c h au?ority suffici5t to aboli% !m4 ,lib]ty is ! mo/ ine/imable ( all bless+s1 & :]ev] !re appe>s any probability ( recov]+ x1 a nation may will+ly run _m haz>ds1 & ought n ev5 to rep9e at ! greate/ effusion ( blood or dissipation ( treasure4 ,all human in/itutions1 & none m ?an gov]nm5t1 are 9 cont9ual fluctuation4 ,k+s are sure to embrace e opportunity ( ext5d+ _! pr]ogatives1 & if fav\rable incid5ts be n also laid hold ( to ext5d & secure ! privileges ( ! p1 a univ]sal despotism mu/ = ev] prevail among mank9d4 ,! example ( all ! neighb\r+ nations proves t x is no long] safe to entru/ ) ! cr[n ! same exorbitant pr]ogatives :i* _h =m]ly be5 ex]cis$ dur+ rude & simple ages4 ,& ?\gh ! example ( _m late reigns may be plead$ 9 fav\r ( a p[] 9 ! pr9ce some:at arbitr>y1 m remote reigns af=d in/ances ( /rict] limitations impos$ on ! cr[n1 & ^? pret5sions ( ! ,p>liam5t1 n[ br&$ ) ! title ( innovations1 are only a recov]y ( ! j rights ( ! p4 ,^! views1 f> f be+ odi\s1 are surely l>ge & g5]\s & noble4 ,to _! preval5ce & success ! k+dom owes its lib]ty1 p]haps its le>n+1 its indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & naval p[]4 ,by !m *iefly ! ,engli% "n is di/+ui%$ among ! society ( nations1 & aspires to a rival%ip ) t ( ! free/ & mo/ illu/ri\s commonweal?s ( antiquity4 ,b z all ^! mighty consequ5ces c\ld n reasonably be =ese5 at ! "t :5 ! conte/ began1 ! royali/s ( t age want$ n speci\s argum5ts on _! side1 by :i* !y c\ld ju/ify _! def5ce ( ! !n e/abli%$ pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n4 ,we %all /ate ! "q1 z x might appe> to !m at ! assembl+ ( t ,p>liam5t1 :i* by _! viol5t encroa*m5ts on ! cr[n1 began ! civil w>s4 ,! only rule ( gov]nm5t1 !y might h said1 kn[n & ackn[l$g$ among m51 is use & practice4 ,reason is s unc]ta9 a guide t x w always be expos$ to d\bt & controv]sy4 ,c\ld x ev] r5d] itself preval5t ov] ! p1 m5 _h always reta9$ x z _! sole rule ( conduct2 !y _h /ill cont9u$ 9 ! primitive1 unconnect$ /ate ( nature1 )\t submitt+ to political gov]nm5t1 ^: sole basis is n pure reason1 b au?ority & prec$5t4 ,dissolve ^! ties1 y break all ! bonds ( civil society1 & leave e man at lib]ty to consult 8 p>ticul> int]e/1 by ^? exp$i5ts :i* 8 appetite1 disguis$ "u ! appe>ance ( reason1 %all dictate to him4 ,! _s ( innovation is 9 itself p]nici\s1 h[ev] fav\rable its p>ticul> object may sometimes appe>4 ,a tru? s obvi\s t ! popul> p>ty !mselves are s5sible ( x1 & !re=e cov] _! encroa*m5ts on ! cr[n by ! plausible pret5ce ( _! recov]+ ! anci5t lib]ties ( ! p4 ,b ! pres5t pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n1 all[+ all ! suppositions ( t p>ty1 h be5 inconte/ably e/abli%$ ev] s9ce ! accession ( ! h\se ( ,tudor1 a p]iod :i*1 z x n[ compreh5ds a hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 may be all[$ suffici5t to give /ability to any con/itution4 ,w\ld x n h appe>$ ridicul\s 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,adrian to talk ( ! con/itution ( ! republic z ! rule ( gov]nm5t1 or to suppose t ! =m] rights ( ! s5ate & consuls & tribunes 7 /ill subsi/+8 ,b ! pres5t claims ( ! ,engli% mon>*s are inf9itely m fav\rable ?an ^? ( ! ,roman emp]ors dur+ t age4 ,! au?ority ( ,augu/us 0 a pla9 usurpation1 gr\nd$ only on milit>y viol5ce1 & =ms su* an era 9 ! ,roman hi/ory z is obvi\s to e read]4 ,b if ,h5ry ,,vii4 really1 z "s pret5d1 enl>g$ ! p[] ( ! cr[n1 x 0 only by ins5sible acquisitions :i* escap$ ! appreh5sion ( ! p1 & h sc>cely be5 rem>k$ ev5 by hi/orians & politicians4 ,! new gov]nm5t1 if x des]ves ! "n1 is an imp]ceptible transition f ! =m]2 is entirely engraft$ on x2 d]ives its title fully f t root2 & is to be consid]$ only z "o ( ^? gradual revolutions to :i* human affairs 9 e nation w be = ev] subject4 ,! ,h\se ( ,tudor1 & aft] !m t ( ,/u>t1 ex]cis$ no pr]ogatives1 b :at _h be5 claim$ & ex]cis$ by ! ,plantag5ets4 ,n a s+le bran* ( _! au?ority c be said to be altoge!r an innovation4 ,! only diff]5ce is t p]haps ! m anci5t k+s ex]t$ ^! p[]s only by int]vals1 & 7 n able1 by reason ( ! opposition ( _! b>ons1 to r5d] !m s /eady a rule ( adm9i/ration4#aji ,b ! sole inf]5ce f ?is fact is t ^? times 7 m turbul5t & s$iti\s1 & t ! laws h happily ( late ga9$ ! asc5dant4 ,"u :at pret5ce c ! popul> p>ty n[ talk ( recov]+ ! anci5t con/itution8 ,! =m] control ov] ! k+s 0 n plac$ 9 ! commons1 b 9 ! b>ons4 ,! p _h no au?ority1 & ev5 little or no lib]ty1 till ! cr[n1 by suppress+ ^! facti\s tyrants1 en=c$ ! execution ( ! laws1 & oblig$ all ! subjects equally to respect ea* o!r's rights1 privileges1 & prop]ties4 ,if we mu/ return to ! anci5t b>b>\s & ,go?ic con/itution1 let ^? g5tlem51 :o n[ behave !mselves ) s mu* insol5ce to _! sov]eign1 set ! fir/ example4 ,let !m make c\rt to be admitt$ z reta9]s to a neighb\r+ b>on1 & by submitt+ to slav]y "u him1 acquire "s protection to !mselves1 toge!r ) ! p[] ( ex]cis+ rap9e & oppression ov] _! inf]ior slaves & villa9s4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ! commons among _! remote ance/ors4 ,b h[ f> back %all we g1 9 hav+ rec\rse to anci5t con/itutions & gov]nm5ts8 ,!re 0 a con/itution /ill m anci5t ?an t to :i* ^! innovators affect s mu* to appeal4 ,dur+ t p]iod !re 0 no ,magna ,*>ta4 ,! b>ons !mselves possess$ few regul>1 /at$ privileges1 & ! ,h\se ( ,commons probably _h n an exi/5ce4 ,x is pleasant to he> a h\se1 :ile !y are usurp+ ! :ole p[] ( ! gov]nm5t1 talk ( reviv+ anci5t in/itutions4 ,is x n kn[n t1 ?\gh ! repres5tatives receiv$ wages f _! con/itu5ts1 to be a memb] ( _! h\se 0 always consid]$ z a burd51 & a fre$om f x z a privilege8 ,w !y p]suade u t p[]1 :i* ( all human acquisitions is ! mo/ covet$1 & 9 comp>ison ( :i* ev5 reputation & pleasure & ri*es are slight$1 c\ld ev] be reg>d$ z a burd5 by any man8 ,! prop]ty acquir$ ( late by ! commons1 x is said1 entitles !m to m p[] ?an _! ance/ors enjoy$4 ,b to :at is ?is increase ( _! prop]ty ow+1 b to an increase ( _! lib]ty & _! security8 ,let !m !re=e ackn[l$ge t _! ance/ors1 :ile ! cr[n 0 re/ra9$ by ! s$iti\s b>ons1 really enjoy$ less lib]ty ?an !y !mselves h atta9$1 aft] ! sov]eign acquir$ ! asc5dant1 & let !m enjoy t lib]ty ) mod]ation1 & n =feit x by new exorbitant claims1 & by r5d]+ x a pret5ce = endless innovations4 ,! true rule ( gov]nm5t is ! pres5t e/abli%$ practice ( ! age4 ,t has mo/ au?ority1 because x is rec5t4 ,x is also bett] kn[n = ! same reason4 ,:o has assur$ ^? tribunes t ! ,plantag5ets did n ex]cise z high acts ( au?ority z ! ,tudors8 ,! hi/orians1 !y say1 d n m5tion !m2 b ! hi/orians are also sil5t ) reg>d to ! *ief ex]tions ( pr]ogative by ! ,tudors4 ,:]e any p[] or pr]ogative is fully & und\bt$ly e/abli%$1 ! ex]cise ( x passes = a ?+ ( c\rse1 & readily escapes ! notice ( hi/ory & annals4 ,_h we no o!r monum5ts ( ,elizabe?'s reign ?an :at are pres]v$ ev5 by ,camd51 ! mo/ copi\s1 judici\s1 & exact ( our hi/orians1 we %\ld be entirely ignorant ( ! mo/ important maxims ( h] gov]nm5t4 ,0 n ! pres5t mon>*ical gov]nm5t to its full ext5t au?oriz$ by lawy]s1 recomm5d$ by div9es1 ackn[l$g$ by politicians1 acquiesc$ 9--nay1 passionately *]i%$--by ! p 9 g5]al2 & all ?is dur+ a p]iod ( at lea/ a hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 & till ( late1 )\t ! lea/ murmur or controv]sy8 ,?is g5]al cons5t surely1 dur+ s long a "t1 mu/ be suffici5t to r5d] a con/itution legal & valid4 ,if ! orig9 ( all p[] be d]iv$1 z is pret5d$1 f ! p1 "h is _! cons5t 9 ! fulle/ & mo/ ample t]ms t c be desir$ or imag9$4 ,b ! p mu/ n pret5d1 because !y c1 by _! cons5t1 lay ! f\ndations ( gov]nm5t1 t !re=e !y are to be p]mitt$1 at _! pleasure1 to ov]?r[ & subv]t !m4 ,!re is no end ( ^! s$iti\s & arrogant claims4 ,! p[] ( ! cr[n is n[ op5ly /ruck at2 ! nobility are also 9 visible p]il2 ! g5try w soon foll[2 ! popul> lead]s1 :o w !n assume ! "n ( g5try1 w next be expos$ to dang]2 & ! p !mselves1 hav+ become incapable ( civil gov]nm5t1 & ly+ "u ! re/ra9t ( no au?ority1 mu/1 = ! sake ( peace1 admit1 in/ead ( _! legal & mild mon>*s1 a succession ( milit>y & despotic tyrants4 ,^! consequ5ces are ! m to be dread$1 z ! pres5t fury ( ! p1 ?\gh gloss$ ov] by pret5sions to civil lib]ty1 is 9 reality incit$ by ! fanaticism ( religion1 a pr9ciple ! mo/ bl9d1 head/rong1 & ungov]nable by :i* human nature c ev] possibly be actuat$4 ,popul> rage is dreadful1 f :atev] motive d]iv$1 b mu/ be att5d$ ) ! mo/ p]nici\s consequ5ces :5 x arises f a pr9ciple :i* disclaims all control by human law1 reason1 or au?ority4 ,^! are ! argum5ts :i* ea* p>ty may make use ( to ju/ify ! conduct ( _! pr$ecessors dur+ t great crisis4 ,! ev5t has %[n t ! reason+s ( ! popul> p>ty 7 bett] f\nd$2 b p]haps1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ maxims ( lawy]s & politicians1 ! views ( ! royali/s ought be=eh& to h appe>$ m solid1 m safe1 & m legal4 ,b ?is is c]ta91 t ! great] mod]ation we n[ employ 9 repres5t+ pa/ ev5ts1 ! ne>] we %all be to produce a full coalition ( ! p>ties & an entire acquiesc5ce 9 our pres5t happy e/abli%m5t4 ,mod]ation is ( advantage to e e/abli%m5t2 no?+ b zeal c ov]turn a settl$ p[]1 & an ov]-active zeal 9 fri5ds is apt to beget a l _s 9 antagoni/s4 ,! transition f a mod]ate opposition aga9/ an e/abli%m5t to an entire acquiesc5ce 9 x is easy & ins5sible4 ,!re are _m inv9cible argum5ts :i* %\ld induce ! malcont5t p>ty to acquiesce entirely 9 ! pres5t settlem5t ( ! con/itution4 ,!y n[ f9d t ! _s ( civil lib]ty1 ?\gh at fir/ connect$ ) religi\s fanaticism1 c\ld purge itself f t pollution1 & appe> "u a m g5u9e & engag+ aspect--a fri5d to tol]ation1 & an enc\rag] ( all ! enl>g$ & g5]\s s5tim5ts t d hon\r to human nature4 ,!y may obs]ve t ! popul> claims c\ld /op at a prop] p]iod1 & aft] retr5*+ ! exorbitant pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n1 c\ld /ill ma9ta9 a due respect to mon>*y1 to nobility1 & to all anci5t in/itutions4 ,above all1 !y mu/ be s5sible t ! v pr9ciple :i* made ! /r5g? ( _! p>ty1 & f :i* x d]iv$ its *ief au?ority1 has n[ des]t$ !m & gone ov] to _! antagoni/s4 ,! plan ( lib]ty is settl$1 its happy effects are prov$ by exp]i5ce1 a long tract ( "t has giv5 x /ability1 & :oev] w\ld attempt to ov]turn x1 & to recall ! pa/ gov]nm5t or abdicat$ family1 w\ld1 besides o!r m crim9al imputations1 be expos$ 9 _! turn to ! reproa* ( faction & innovation4 ,:ile !y p]use ! hi/ory ( pa/ ev5ts1 !y ought to reflect1 bo? t ! rights ( ! cr[n are long s9ce annihilat$1 & t ! tyranny & viol5ce & oppression to :i* !y (t5 gave rise are ills f :i* ! e/abli%$ lib]ty ( ! con/itution has n[ at la/ happily protect$ ! p4 ,^! reflections w prove a bett] security to our fre$om & privileges ?an to d5y1 contr>y to ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( facts1 t su* regal p[]s ev] _h any exi/5ce4 ,!re is n a m effectual me?od ( betray+ a cause ?an to lay ! /r5g? ( ! argum5t on a wrong place1 & by disput+ an unt5able po/ inure ! adv]s>ies to success & victory4 ,,note1 ,,( ,,! ,,coalition ,,( ,,p>ties4 #aji ,! au?or believes t he 0 ! fir/ writ] :o advanc$ t ! family ( ,tudor possess$ 9 g5]al m au?ority ?an _! imm$iate pr$ecessors--an op9ion :i*1 he hopes1 w be support$ by hi/ory1 b :i* he proposes ) "s diffid5ce4 ,!re are /rong symptoms ( arbitr>y p[] 9 "s =m] reigns1 ev5 aft] sign+ ( ! *>t]s4 ,! p[] ( ! cr[n 9 t age dep5d$ less on ! con/itution ?an on ! capacity & vig\r ( ! pr9ce :o wore x4 ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,succession4 ,i suppose t a memb] ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,william or ,que5 ,anne1 :ile ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,prote/ant ,succession 0 yet unc]ta91 7 delib]at+ conc]n+ ! p>ty he w\ld *oose 9 t important "q1 & weigh+ ) imp>tiality ! advantages & disadvantages on ea* side4 ,i believe ! foll[+ p>ticul>s w\ld h ent]$ into 8 consid]ation4 ,he w\ld easily p]ceive ! great advantages result+ f ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>t family1 by :i* we %\ld pres]ve ! succession cle> & undisput$1 free f a pret5d]1 ) su* a speci\s title z t ( blood1 :i* ) ! multitude is always ! claim ! /ronge/ & mo/ easily compreh5d$4 ,x is 9 va9 to say1 z _m h done1 t ! "q ) reg>d to gov]nors1 indep5d5t ( gov]nm5t1 is frivol\s & little wor? disput+1 mu* less fight+ ab\t4 ,! g5]ality ( mank9d nev] w ent] into ^! s5tim5ts2 & x is mu* happi]1 ,i believe1 = society t !y d n1 b r cont9ue 9 _! natural prejudices & prepossessions4 ,h[ c\ld /ability be pres]v$ 9 any mon>*ical gov]nm5t 7:i*1 ?\gh p]haps n ! be/1 is1 & always has be51 ! mo/ common ( any7 unless m5 _h s passionate a reg>d = ! true heir ( _! royal family1 & ev5 ?\gh he be weak 9 und]/&+1 or infirm 9 ye>s1 gave him s great a pref]5ce above p]sons ! mo/ accompli%$ 9 %9+ tal5ts or celebrat$ = great a*ievem5ts8 ,w\ld n e popul> lead] put 9 8 claim at e vacancy1 or ev5 )\t any vacancy1 & ! k+dom become ! !atre ( p]petual w>s & convulsions8 ,! condition ( ! ,roman ,empire surely 0 n 9 ?is respect mu* to be envi$1 nor is t ( ! ,ea/]n nations1 :o pay little reg>d to ! title ( _! sov]eigns1 b sacrifice !m e day to ! caprice or mom5t>y hum\r ( ! populace or soldi]y4 ,x is b a fooli% wisdom :i* is s c>efully display$ 9 "u-valu+ pr9ces & plac+ !m on a level ) ! meane/ ( mank9d4 ,to be sure1 an anatomi/ f9ds no m 9 ! greate/ mon>* ?an 9 ! l[e/ peasant or day-lab\r]1 & a morali/ may p]haps frequ5tly f9d less4 ,b :at d all ^! reflections t5d to8 ,we all ( u /ill reta9 ^! prejudices 9 fav\r ( bir? & family1 & nei!r 9 our s]i\s occupations nor mo/ c>eless amusem5ts c we ev] get entirely rid ( !m4 ,a trag$y t %\ld repres5t ! adv5tures ( sailors or port]s1 or ev5 ( private g5tlem51 w\ld pres5tly disgu/ u2 b "o t introduces k+s & pr9ces acquires 9 our eyes an air ( importance & dignity4 ,or %\ld a man be able1 by 8 sup]ior wisdom1 to get entirely above su* prepossessions1 he w\ld soon1 by means ( ! same wisdom1 aga9 br+ himself d[n to !m = ! sake ( society1 ^: welf>e he w\ld p]ceive to be intimately connect$ ) !m4 ,f> f endeav\r+ to undeceive ! p 9 ?is p>ticul>1 he w\ld *]i% su* s5tim5ts ( rev]5ce to _! pr9ces z requisite to pres]ve a due subord9ation 9 society4 ,& ?\gh ! lives ( tw5ty ?\s& m5 be (t5 sacrific$ to ma9ta9 a k+ 9 possession ( 8 ?rone1 or pres]ve ! "r ( succession undi/urb$1 he ent]ta9s no indignation at ! loss on pret5ce t e individual 0 p]haps 9 himself z valuable z ! pr9ce he s]v$4 ,he consid]s ! consequ5ces ( violat+ ! h]$it>y "r ( k+s--consequ5ces :i* may be felt = _m c5turies2 :ile ! loss ( sev]al ?\s& m5 br+s s little prejudice to a l>ge k+dom t x may n be p]ceiv$ a few ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,! advantages ( ! ,hanov] succession are ( an opposite nature1 & arise f ?is v circum/ance1 t x violates h]$it>y "r1 & places on ! ?rone a pr9ce to :om bir? gave no title to t dignity4 ,x is evid5t to any "o :o consid]s ! hi/ory ( ?is isl& t ! privileges ( ! p h dur+ ! la/ two c5turies be5 cont9ually ^u ! increase1 by ! division ( ! *ur*-l&s1 by ! ali5ations ( ! b>ons' e/ates1 by ! progress ( trade1 & above all by ! happ9ess ( our situation1 :i* = a long "t gave u suffici5t security )\t any /&+ army or milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 public lib]ty has1 almo/ 9 e o!r nation ( ,europe1 be5 dur+ ! same p]iod extremely ^u ! decl9e1 :ile ! p 7 disgu/$ at ! h>d%ips ( ! old feudal militia1 & *ose r to entru/ _! pr9ce ) m]c5>y armies1 :i* he easily turn$ aga9/ !mselves4 ,x 0 no?+ extraord9>y1 !re=e1 t "s ( our ,briti% sov]eigns mi/ook ! nature ( ! con/itution & g5ius ( ! p2 & z !y embrac$ all ! fav\rable prec$5ts left !m by _! ance/ors1 !y ov]look$ all ^? :i* 7 contr>y1 & :i* suppos$ a limitation 9 our gov]nm5t4 ,!y 7 enc\rag$ 9 ?is mi/ake by ! example ( all ! neighb\r+ pr9ces1 :o1 be>+ ! same title or appellation1 & be+ adorn$ ) ! same ensigns ( au?ority1 naturally l$ !m to claim ! same p[]s & pr]ogatives4#aaj ,! flatt]y ( c\rti]s fur!r bl9d$ !m1 & above all t ( ! cl]gy1 :o f sev]al passages ( ,scripture1 & ^! wre/$ too1 _h erect$ a regul> & av[$ sy/em ( tyranny & despotic p[]4 ,! only me?od ( de/roy+ at once all ^! exorbitant claims & pret5sions 0 to dep>t f ! true h]$it>y l9e1 & *oose a pr9ce :o1 be+ pla9ly a creature ( ! public1 & receiv+ ! cr[n on conditions1 express$ & av[$1 f\nd 8 au?ority e/abli%$ on ! same bottom ) ! privileges ( ! p4 ,by elect+ him 9 ! royal l9e we cut (f all hopes ( ambiti\s subjects :o might 9 future em]g5cies di/urb ! gov]nm5t by _! cabals & pret5sions2 by r5d]+ ! cr[n h]$it>y 9 8 family we avoid$ all ! inconv5i5ces ( elective mon>*y2 & by exclud+ ! l9eal heir we secur$ all our con/itutional limitations1 & r5d]$ our gov]nm5t uni=m & ( a piece4 ,! p *]i% mon>*y because protect$ by x1 ! mon>* fav\rs lib]ty because creat$ by x4 ,& ?us e advantage is obta9$ by ! new e/abli%m5t1 z f> z human skill & wisdom c ext5d itself4 ,^! are ! sep>ate advantages ( fix+ ! succession1 ei!r 9 ! h\se ( ,/u>t or 9 t ( ,hanov]4 ,!re are also disadvantages on ea* e/abli%m5t1 :i* an imp>tial patriot w\ld pond] & exam9e1 9 ord] to =m a j judgm5t ^u ! :ole4 ,! disadvantages ( ! ,prote/ant ,succession consi/ 9 ! =eign dom9ions :i* are possess$ by ! pr9ces ( ! ,hanov] l9e1 & :i* x might be suppos$ w\ld engage u 9 ! intrigues & w>s ( ! ,cont95t1 & lose u 9 "s measure ! ine/imable advantage we possess ( be+ surr\nd$ & gu>d$ by ! sea :i* we comm&4 ,! disadvantages ( recall+ ! abdicat$ family consi/ *iefly 9 _! religion1 :i* is m prejudicial to society ?an t e/abli%$ among u is contr>y to x1 & af=ds no tol]ation1 or peace1 or security to any o!r religion4 ,x appe>s to me t all ^! advantages & disadvantages are all[$ on bo? sides2 at lea/1 by e "o :o is at all susceptible ( argum5t or reason+4 ,no subject1 h[ev] loyal1 pret5ds to d5y t ! disput$ title & =eign dom9ions ( ! pres5t royal family are a loss2 nor is !re any p>tisan ( ! ,/u>t family b w confess t ! claim ( h]$it>y1 indefeasible "r1 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 are also disadvantages 9 t family4 ,x belongs1 !re=e1 to a philosoph] alone1 :o is ( nei!r p>ty1 to put all ^! circum/ances 9 ! scale & to assign to ea* ( !m its prop] poise & influ5ce4 ,su* a "o w readily1 at fir/1 ackn[l$ge t all political que/ions are inf9itely complicat$1 & t !re sc>ce ev] occurs 9 any delib]ation a *oice :i* is ei!r purely good or purely ill4 ,consequ5ces1 mix$ & v>i$1 may be =ese5 to fl[ f e measure--& _m consequ5ces un=ese5 d always1 9 fact1 result f x4 ,hesitation1 & res]ve1 & susp5se are !re=e ! only s5tim5t he br+s to ?is essay or trial2 or if he indulges any passion x is t ( d]ision & ridicule aga9/ ! ignorant multitude1 :o are always clamor\s & dogmatical ev5 9 ! nice/ que/ions1 ( :i*1 f want ( temp]1 p]haps /ill m ?an ( und]/&+1 !y are altoge!r unfit judges4 ,b to say some?+ m det]m9ate on ?is head1 ! foll[+ reflections w1 ,i hope1 %[ ! temp]1 if n ! und]/&+ ( a philosoph]4 ,7 we to judge m]ely by fir/ appe>ances & by pa/ exp]i5ce1 we mu/ all[ t ! advantages ( a p>liam5t>y title ( ! h\se ( ,hanov] are mu* great] ?an ^? ( an undisput$ h]$it>y title 9 ! h\se ( ,/u>t1 & t our fa!rs act$ wisely 9 pref]r+ ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,s long z ! h\se ( ,/u>t reign$ 9 ,brita91 :i*1 ) "s int]ruption1 0 above eighty ye>s1 ! gov]nm5t 0 kept 9 a cont9ual fev] by ! cont5tions betwe5 ! privileges ( ! p & ! pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n4 ,if arms 7 dropp$1 ! noise ( disputes cont9u$2 or1 if ^! 7 sil5c$1 jeal\sy /ill corrod$ ! he>t1 & ?rew ! nation into an unnatural f]m5t & disord]4 ,& :ile we 7 ?us occupi$ 9 dome/ic cont5tions1 a =eign p[]1 dang]\s1 if n fatal1 to public lib]ty1 erect$ itself 9 ,europe )\t any opposition f u1 & ev5 sometimes ) our assi/ance4 ,b dur+ ^! la/ sixty ye>s1 :5 a p>liam5t>y e/abli%m5t has tak5 place1 :atev] factions may h prevail$ ei!r among ! p or 9 public assemblies1 ! :ole =ce ( our con/itution has always fall5 to "o side1 & an un9t]rupt$ h>mony has be5 pres]v$ betwe5 our pr9ces & our p>liam5ts4 ,public lib]ty1 ) int]nal peace & ord]1 has fl\ri%$ almo/ )\t int]ruption2 trade & manufactures & agriculture h increas$2 ! arts & sci5ces & philosophy h be5 cultivat$4 ,ev5 religi\s p>ties h be5 necessitat$ to lay aside _! mutual ranc\r1 & ! glory ( ! nation has spread itself all ov] ,europe2 :ile we /& ! bulw>k aga9/ oppression1 & ! great antagoni/ ( t p[] :i* ?reat5s e p ) conque/ & subjection4 ,s long & s glori\s a p]iod no nation almo/ c boa/ (2 nor is !re ano!r in/ance 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d t s _m millions ( p h dur+ su* a space ( "t be5 held toge!r 9 a mann] s free1 s rational1 & s suitable to ! dignity ( human nature4 ,b ?\gh ?is rec5t in/ance seems cle>ly to decide 9 fav\r ( ! pres5t e/abli%m5t1 !re are "s circum/ances to be ?r[n into ! o!r scale1 & x is dang]\s to regulate our judgm5t by "o ev5t or example4 ,we h _h two rebellions dur+ ! fl\ri%+ p]iod above m5tion$1 besides plots & conspiracies )\t numb]2 &1 if none ( ^! h produc$ any v fatal ev5t1 we may ascribe our escape *iefly to ! n>r[ g5ius ( ^? pr9ces :o disput$ our e/abli%m5t1 & may e/eem ourselves s f> =tunate4 ,b ! claims ( ! bani%$ family1 ,i fe>1 are n yet antiquat$1 & :o c =etell t _! future attempts w produce no great] disord]8 ,! disputes betwe5 privilege & pr]ogative may easily be compos$ by laws1 & votes1 & conf]5ces1 & concessions1 :]e !re is tol]able temp] or prud5ce on bo? sides1 or on ei!r side4 ,among cont5d+ titles ! "q c only be det]m9$ by ! sword1 & by deva/ation1 & by civil w>4 ,a pr9ce :o fills ! ?rone ) a disput$ title d>es n arm 8 subjects1 ! only me?od ( secur+ a p fully1 bo? aga9/ dome/ic oppression & =eign conque/4 ,not)/&+ all our ri*es & r5[n1 :at a critical escape did we lately make f dang]s1 :i* 7 ow+1 n s mu* to bad conduct & ill success 9 w>1 z to ! p]nici\s practice ( mortgag+ our f9ances1 & ! /ill m p]nici\s maxim ( nev] pay+ (f our encumbrances8 ,su* fatal measures c\ld nev] h be5 embrac$ _h x n be5 to secure a prec>i\s e/abli%m5t4#aaa ,b to conv9ce u t an h]$it>y title is to be embrac$ r ?an a p>liam5t>y "o1 :i* is n support$ by any o!r views or motives1 a man ne$s only transport himself back to ! era ( ! ,re/oration1 & suppose t he _h _h a seat 9 t ,p>liam5t :i* recall$ ! royal family1 & put a p]iod to ! greate/ disord]s t ev] arose f ! opposite pret5sions ( pr9ce & p4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ?\ght ( "o t _h propos$ at t "t to set aside ,*>les ,,ii4 & settle ! cr[n on ! ,duke ( ,york or ,gl\ce/]1 m]ely 9 ord] to exclude all high claims l ^? ( _! fa!r & gr&fa!r8 ,w\ld n su* a "o h be5 reg>d$ z a v extravagant projector1 :o lov$ dang]\s rem$ies1 & c\ld tamp] & play ) a gov]nm5t & national con/itution l a quack ) a sickly pati5t8 ,! advantages :i* result f a p>liam5t>y title1 pref]ably to an h]$it>y "o1 ?\gh !y are great1 are too ref9$ ev] to ent] into ! conception ( ! vulg>4 ,! bulk ( mank9d w\ld nev] all[ !m to be suffici5t = committ+ :at w\ld be reg>d$ z an inju/ice to ! pr9ce4 ,!y mu/ be support$ by "s gross1 popul>1 & famili> topics2 & wise m51 ?\gh conv9c$ ( _! =ce1 w\ld reject !m 9 compliance ) ! weakness & prejudices ( ! p4 ,an encroa*+ tyrant or delud$ bigot alone1 by 8 misconduct1 is able to enrage ! nation & r5d] practicable :at 0 always p]haps desirable4 ,9 reality1 ! reason assign$ by ! nation = exclud+ ! race ( ,/u>t1 & s _m o!r bran*es ( ! royal family1 is n on acc\nt ( _! h]$it>y title 7:i*1 h[ev] j 9 itself1 w\ld1 to vulg> appreh5sions1 h appe>$ altoge!r absurd71 b on acc\nt ( _! religion1 :i* leads u to comp>e ! disadvantages above m5tion$ ( ea* e/abli%m5t4 ,i confess t1 consid]+ ! matt] 9 g5]al1 x 7 mu* to be wi%$ t our pr9ce _h no =eign dom9ions1 & c\ld conf9e all 8 att5tion to ! gov]nm5t ( ?is isl&4 ,=1 n to m5tion "s real inconv5i5ces t may result f t]ritories on ! ,cont95t1 !y af=d su* a h&le = calumny & defamation z is gre$ily seiz$ by ! p1 :o are always dispos$ to ?9k ill ( _! sup]iors4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$ t ,hanov] is p]haps ! spot ( gr\nd 9 ,europe ! lea/ inconv5i5t = a ,k+ ( ,brita94 ,x lies 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many1 at a di/ance f ! ,great ,p[]s :i* are our natural rivals2 x is protect$ by ! laws ( ! ,empire z well z by ! arms ( its own sov]eign1 & x s]ves only to connect u m closely ) ! h\se ( ,au/ria1 :i* is our natural ally4 ,9 ! la/ w> x has be5 ( s]vice to u1 by furni%+ u ) a consid]able body ( auxili>y troops1 ! brave/ & mo/ fai?ful 9 ! _w4 ,! ,elector ( ,hanov] is ! only consid]able pr9ce 9 ! ,empire :o has pursu$ no sep>ate end1 & has rais$ up no /ale pret5sions dur+ ! late commotions ( ,europe1 b has act$ all along ) ! dignity ( a ,k+ ( ,brita94 ,& ev] s9ce ! accession ( t family x w\ld be difficult to %[ any h>m we h ev] receiv$ f ! electoral dom9ions1 except t %ort disgu/ 9 #agah1 ) ,*>les ,,xii41 :o1 regulat+ himself by maxims v diff]5t f ^? ( o!r pr9ces1 made a p]sonal qu>rel ( e public injury4#aab ,! religi\s p]suasion ( ! h\se ( ,/u>t is an inconv5i5ce ( a mu* deep] dye1 & w\ld ?reat5 u ) mu* m dismal consequ5ces4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 ) its huge tra9 ( prie/s & fri>s1 is va/ly m exp5sive ?an ours4 ,ev5 ?\gh unaccompani$ ) its natural att5dants ( inquisitors1 & /akes1 & gibbets1 x is less tol]at+2 & n cont5t$ ) divid+ ! sac]dotal f ! regal (fice 7:i* mu/ be prejudicial to any /ate71 x be/[s ! =m] on a =eign]1 :o has always a sep>ate1 & may (t5 h an opposite int]e/ to t ( ! public4 ,b 7 ?is religion ev] s advantage\s to society1 x is contr>y to t :i* is e/abli%$ among u1 & :i* is likely to keep possession = a long "t ( ! m9ds ( ! p2 & ?\gh x is mu* to be hop$ t ! progress ( reason & philosophy w1 by degrees1 abate ! virul5t acrimony ( opposite religions all ov] ,europe1 yet ! _s ( mod]ation has z yet made too sl[ advances to be entirely tru/$4 ,! conduct ( ! ,saxon family1 :]e ! same p]son c be a ,ca?olic ,k+ & ,prote/ant ,elector1 is p]haps ! fir/ in/ance 9 mod]n times ( s reasonable & prud5t a behavi\r4 ,& ! gradual progress ( ! ,ca?olic sup]/ition does1 ev5 !re1 progno/icate a spe$y alt]ation2 aft] :i* x is ju/ly to be appreh5d$ t ! p]secutions w put a spe$y p]iod to ! ,prote/ant religion 9 ! place ( its nativity4 ,?us1 ^u ! :ole1 ! advantages ( ! settlem5t 9 ! family ( ,/u>t1 :i* frees u f a disput$ title1 seem to be> "s proportion ) ^? ( ! settlem5t 9 ! family ( ,hanov]1 :i* frees u f ! claims ( pr]ogative2 b at ! same "t its disadvantages1 by plac+ on ! ?rone a ,roman ,ca?olic1 are mu* great] ?an ^? ( ! o!r e/abli%m5t1 9 settl+ ! cr[n on a =eign pr9ce4 ,:at p>ty an imp>tial patriot1 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,william or ,que5 ,anne1 w\ld h *os5 amid/ ^! opposite views may p]haps to "s appe> h>d to det]m9e4 ,= my "p1 ,i e/eem lib]ty s invaluable a bless+ 9 society1 t :atev] fav\rs its progress & security c sc>ce be too fondly *]i%$ by e "o :o is a lov] ( humank9d4 ,b ! settlem5t 9 ! h\se ( ,hanov] has actually tak5 place4 ,! pr9ces ( t family1 )\t intrigue1 )\t cabal1 )\t solicitation on _! "p1 h be5 call$ to m\nt our ?rone by ! unit$ voice ( ! :ole legislative body4 ,!y h1 s9ce _! accession1 display$ 9 all _! actions ! utmo/ mildness1 equity1 & reg>d to ! laws & con/itution4 ,our own m9i/]s1 our own p>liam5ts1 ourselves h gov]n$ u1 & if aught ill has befall5 u we c only blame =tune or ourselves4 ,:at a reproa* mu/ we become among nations if1 disgu/$ ) a settlem5t s delib]ately made1 & ^: conditions h be5 s religi\sly obs]v$1 we %\ld ?r[ ev]y?+ aga9 into confusion1 & by our levity & rebelli\s disposition prove ourselves totally unfit = any /ate b t ( absolute slav]y & subjection8 ,! greate/ inconv5i5ce att5d+ a disput$ title is t x br+s u 9 dang] ( civil w>s & rebellions4 ,:at wise man1 to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 w\ld run directly ^u a civil w> & rebellion8 ,n to m5tion t s long possession1 secur$ by s _m laws1 mu/ ere ?is "t1 9 ! appreh5sion ( a great "p ( ! nation1 h begot a title 9 ! h\se ( ,hanov] indep5d5t ( _! pres5t possession1 s t n[ we %\ld n1 ev5 by a revolution1 obta9 ! end ( avoid+ a disput$ title4 ,no revolution made by national =ces w ev] be able1 )\t "s o!r great necessity1 to aboli% our debts & encumbrances1 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( s _m p]sons is conc]n$4 ,& a revolution made by =eign =ces is a conque/--a calamity ) :i* ! prec>i\s balance ( p[] ?reat5s u1 & :i* our civil diss5sions are likely1 above all o!r circum/ances1 to br+ ^u u4 ,,notes1 ,,( ,,! ,,prote/ant ,,succession4 #aaj ,x appe>s f ! spee*es & proclamations & :ole tra9 ( ,k+ ,james ,i4's actions1 z well z 8 son's1 t !y consid]$ ! ,engli% gov]nm5t z a simple mon>*y1 & nev] imag9$ t any consid]able "p ( _! subjects ent]ta9$ a contr>y idea4 ,?is made !m discov] _! pret5sions )\t prep>+ any =ce to support !m1 & ev5 )\t res]ve or disguise1 :i* are always employ$ by ^? :o ent] ^u any new project1 or endeav\r to innovate 9 any gov]nm5t4 ,k+ ,james told 8 ,p>liam5t pla9ly1 :5 !y m$dl$ 9 ,/ate affairs1 8,ne sutor ultra crepidam40 ,he us$ also at 8 table1 9 promiscu\s companies1 to advance 8 notions 9 a mann] /ill m undignifi$1 z we may le>n f a /ory told 9 ! life ( ,mr4 ,wall]1 & :i* t poet us$ frequ5tly to repeat4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,wall] 0 "y1 he _h ! curiosity to g to c\rt2 & he /ood 9 ! circle & saw ,k+ ,james d9e :]e1 among/ o!r company1 !re sat at table two bi%ops4 ,! ,k+1 op5ly & al\d1 propos$ ?is "q3 8,:e!r he might n take 8 subjects' money1 :5 he _h occasion = x1 )\t all ?is =mality ( ,p>liam5t80 ,! "o bi%op readily repli$1 8,god =bid y %\ld n1 = y are ! brea? ( our no/rils40 ,! o!r bi%op decl9$ answ]+1 & said he 0 n skill$ 9 ,p>liam5t>y cases2 b ^u ! ,k+'s urg+ him1 & say+ he w\ld admit ( no evasion1 8 lord%ip repli$ v pleasantly1 8,:y1 !n1 ,i ?9k y\r ,maje/y may lawfully take my bro!r's money1 = he (f]s x40 ,9 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's preface to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w !re is ?is rem>kable passage3 8,philip ,,ii41 by /rong h& & ma9 =ce1 attempt$ to make himself n only an absolute mon>* ov] ! ,ne!rl&s1 l unto ! k+s & sov]eigns ( ,engl& & ,france1 b1 ,turk-l1 to tread "u 8 feet all _! natural & fundam5tal laws1 privileges & anci5t rights40 ,sp5s]1 speak+ ( "s grants ( ! ,engli% k+s to ! ,iri% corporations1 says3 8,all :i*1 ?\gh at ! "t ( _! fir/ grant !y 7 tol]able1 & p]haps reasonable1 yet n[ are mo/ unreasonable & inconv5i5t4 ,b all ^! w easily be cut (f ) ! sup]ior p[] ( h] ,maje/y's pr]ogative1 aga9/ :i* h] own grants are n to be plead$ or en=c$40 7,/ate ( ,irel&1 p4 #aecg1 edit4 #agjf47 ,z ^! 7 v common1 if n p]haps ! univ]sal notions ( ! times1 ! two fir/ pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,/u>t 7 ! m excusable = _! mi/ake4 ,& ,rap91 suitable to 8 usual malignity & p>tiality1 seems to treat !m ) too mu* sev]ity ^u acc\nt ( x4 #aaa ,^? :o consid] h[ univ]sal ?is p]nici\s practice ( fund+ has become all ov] ,europe may p]haps dispute ?is la/ op9ion1 b we lay "u less necessity ?an o!r ,/ates4 #aab ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ageb4 ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,p]fect ,,commonweal?4 ,( all mank9d !re are none s p]nici\s z political projectors1 if !y h p[]1 nor s ridicul\s if !y want x2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 a wise politician is ! mo/ b5eficial "* 9 nature if accompani$ ) au?ority2 & ! mo/ innoc5t1 & n altoge!r useless1 ev5 if depriv$ ( x4 ,x is n ) =ms ( gov]nm5t z ) o!r artificial contrivances1 :]e an old eng9e may be reject$1 if we c discov] ano!r m accurate & commodi\s1 or :]e trials may safely be made1 ev5 ?\gh ! success be d\btful4 ,an e/abli%$ gov]nm5t has an inf9ite advantage1 by t v circum/ance ( its be+ e/abli%$2 ! bulk ( mank9d be+ gov]n$ by au?ority1 n reason1 & nev] attribut+ au?ority to any?+ t has n ! recomm5dation ( antiquity4 ,to tamp]1 !re=e1 9 ?is affair1 or try projects m]ely ^u ! cr$it ( suppos$ argum5t & philosophy1 c nev] be ! "p ( a wise magi/rate1 :o w be> a rev]5ce to :at c>ries ! m>ks ( age2 & ?\gh he may attempt "s improvem5ts = ! public good1 yet w he adju/ 8 innovations z mu* z possible to ! anci5t fabric1 & pres]ve entire ! *ief pill>s & supports ( ! con/itution4 ,! ma!maticians 9 ,europe h be5 mu* divid$ conc]n+ t figure ( a %ip :i* is ! mo/ commodi\s = sail+2 & ,huyg5s1 :o at la/ det]m9$ ?is controv]sy1 is ju/ly ?\ght to h oblig$ ! le>n$1 z well z comm]cial _w2 ?\gh ,columbus _h sail$ to ,am]ica1 & ,sir ,francis ,drake made ! t\r ( ! _w1 )\t any su* discov]y4 ,z "o =m ( gov]nm5t mu/ be all[$ m p]fect ?an ano!r1 indep5d5t ( ! mann]s & hum\rs ( p>ticul> m51 :y may we n inquire :at is ! mo/ p]fect ( all1 ?\gh ! common bot*$ & inaccurate gov]nm5ts seem to s]ve ! purposes ( society1 & ?\gh x be n s easy to e/abli% a new gov]nm5t z to build a vessel ^u a new plan8 ,! subject is surely ! mo/ wor?y curiosity ( any ! wit ( man c possibly devise4 ,& :o kn[s1 if ?is controv]sy 7 fix$ by ! univ]sal cons5t ( ! le>n$1 b 9 "s future age an opportunity might be af=d$ ( r$uc+ ! !ory to practice1 ei!r by a dissolution ( ! old gov]nm5ts1 or ! comb9ation ( m5 to =m a new "o 9 "s di/ant "p ( ! _w8 ,9 all cases x mu/ be advantage\s to "k :at is mo/ p]fect 9 ! k9d1 t we may be able to br+ any real con/itution or =m ( gov]nm5t z ne> x z possible1 by su* g5tle alt]ations & innovations z may n give too great di/urbance to society4 ,all ,i pret5d to 9 ! pres5t essay is to revive ?is subject ( speculation1 & !re=e ,i %all deliv] my s5tim5ts 9 z few words z possible4 ,a long diss]tation on t head w\ld n1 ,i appreh5d1 be v acceptable to ! public1 :o w be apt to reg>d su* disquisitions bo? z useless & *im]ical4 ,all plans ( gov]nm5t :i* suppose great re=mation 9 ! mann]s ( mank9d are pla9ly imag9>y4 ,( ?is nature are ! ,republic ( ,plato & ! ,utopia ( ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,! ,oceana is ! only valuable model ( a commonweal? t has z yet be5 (f]$ to ! public4 ,! *ief defects ( ! ,oceana seem to be ^!--,fir/1 its rotation is inconv5i5t1 by ?r[+ m51 ( :atev] ability1 by int]vals1 out ( public employm5ts4 ,secondly1 its ,agr>ian is impracticable4 ,m5 w soon le>n ! art1 :i* 0 practis$ 9 anci5t ,rome1 ( conceal+ _! possessions "u o!r p's names1 till at la/ ! abuse w become s common1 t !y w ?r[ (f ev5 ! appe>ance ( re/ra9t4 ,?irdly1 ! ,oceana provides n a suffici5t security = lib]ty1 or ! r$ress ( grievances4 ,! s5ate mu/ propose1 & ! p cons5t2 by :i* means ! s5ate h n only a negative ^u ! p1 b1 :at is ( inf9itely great] consequ5ce1 _! negative goes be=e ! votes ( ! p4 ,7 ! k+'s negative ( ! same nature 9 ! ,engli% con/itution1 & c\ld he prev5t any bill f com+ into ,p>liam5t1 he w\ld be an absolute mon>*4 ,z 8 negative foll[s ! votes ( ! ,h\ses1 x is ( little consequ5ce2 su* a diff]5ce is !re 9 ! mann] ( plac+ ! same ?+4 ,:5 a popul> bill has be5 debat$ 9 ! two ,h\ses1 is br\ght to maturity1 all its conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces weigh$ & balanc$1 if aft]w>ds x be pres5t$ = ! ,royal ass5t1 few pr9ces w v5ture to reject ! unanim\s desire ( ! p4 ,b c\ld ! k+ cru% a disagreeable bill 9 embryo 7z 0 ! case1 = "s "t1 9 ! ,scots ,p>liam5t1 by means ( ! ,lords ( ! ,articles7 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t w\ld h no balance1 nor w\ld grievances ev] be r$ress$4 ,& x is c]ta9 t exorbitant p[] proce$s n1 9 any gov]nm5t1 f new laws s mu* z f neglect+ to rem$y ! abuses :i* frequ5tly rise f ! old ones4 ,a gov]nm5t1 says ,ma*iavel1 mu/ (t5 be br\ght back to its orig9al pr9ciples4 ,x appe>s !n1 t 9 ! ,oceana ! :ole legislature may be said to re/ 9 ! s5ate2 :i* ,h>r+ton w\ld own to be an inconv5i5t =m ( gov]nm5t1 especially aft] ! ,agr>ian is aboli%$4 ,"h is a =m ( gov]nm5t to :i* ,i _c1 9 !ory1 discov] any consid]able objection1 ,let ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 or any t]ritory ( equal ext5t1 be divid$ into a hundr$ c\nties1 & ea* c\nty into a hundr$ p>i%es1 mak+ 9 all t5 ?\s&4 ,if ! c\ntry purpos$ to be erect$ into a commonweal? be ( m n>r[ ext5t1 we may dim9i% ! numb] ( c\nties2 b nev] br+ !m bel[ ?irty4 ,if x be ( great] ext5t1 x 7 bett] to enl>ge ! p>i%es1 or ?r[ m p>i%es into a c\nty1 ?an increase ! numb] ( c\nties4 ,let all ! freehold]s ( t5 p\nds a ye> 9 ! c\ntry1 & all ! h\sehold]s wor? two hundr$ p\nds 9 ! t[n p>i%es1 meet annually 9 ! p>i% *ur*1 & *oose1 by ballot1 "s freehold] ( ! c\nty = _! memb]1 :om we %all call ! c\nty repres5tative4 ,let ! hundr$ c\nty repres5tatives1 two days aft] _! election1 meet 9 ! c\nty-t[n1 & *oose by ballot1 f _! own body1 t5 c\nty magi/rates & "o s5ator4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 ! :ole commonweal?1 "o hundr$ s5ators1 elev5 hundr$ c\nty magi/rates1 & t5 ?\s& c\nty repres5tatives2 = we %all be/[ on all s5ators ! au?ority ( c\nty magi/rates1 & on all c\nty magi/rates ! au?ority ( c\nty repres5tatives4 ,let ! s5ators meet 9 ! capital1 & be end[$ ) ! :ole executive p[] ( ! commonweal?2 ! p[] ( peace & w>1 ( giv+ ord]s to g5]als1 admirals1 & ambassadors1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! pr]ogatives ( a ,briti% k+1 except 8 negative4 ,let ! c\nty repres5tatives meet 9 _! p>ticul> c\nties1 & possess ! :ole legislative p[] ( ! commonweal?2 ! greate/ numb] ( c\nties decid+ ! "q2 & :]e ^! are equal1 let ! s5ate h ! ca/+ vote4 ,e new law mu/ fir/ be debat$ 9 ! s5ate2 & ?\gh reject$ by x1 if t5 s5ators insi/ & prote/1 x mu/ be s5t d[n to ! c\nties4 ,! s5ate may jo9 to ! copy ( ! law _! reasons = receiv+ or reject+ x4 ,because x w\ld be tr\blesome to assemble all ! c\nty repres5tatives = e trivial law t may be requisite1 ! s5ate h _! *oice ( s5d+ d[n ! law ei!r to ! c\nty magi/rates or c\nty repres5tatives4 ,! magi/rates1 ?\gh ! law be ref]r$ to !m1 may1 if !y please1 call ! repres5tatives1 & submit ! affair to _! det]m9ation4 ,:e!r ! law be ref]r$ by ! s5ate to ! c\nty magi/rates or repres5tatives1 a copy ( x1 & ( ! s5ate's reasons1 mu/ be s5t to e repres5tative eight days be=e ! day appo9t$ = ! assembl+1 9 ord] to delib]ate conc]n+ x4 ,& ?\gh ! det]m9ation be1 by ! s5ate1 ref]r$ to ! magi/rates1 if five repres5tatives ( ! c\nty ord] ! magi/rates to assemble ! :ole c\rt ( repres5tatives1 & submit ! affair to _! det]m9ation1 !y mu/ obey4 ,ei!r ! c\nty magi/rates or repres5tatives may give to ! s5ator ( ! c\nty ! copy ( a law to be propos$ to ! s5ate2 & if five c\nties concur 9 ! same ord]1 ! law1 ?\gh refus$ by ! s5ate1 mu/ come ei!r to ! c\nty magi/rates or repres5tatives1 z is conta9$ 9 ! ord] ( ! five c\nties4 ,any tw5ty c\nties1 by a vote ei!r ( _! magi/rates or repres5tatives1 may ?r[ any man out ( all public (fices = a ye>4 ,?irty c\nties = ?ree ye>s4 ,! s5ate has a p[] ( ?r[+ out any memb] or numb] ( memb]s ( its own body1 n to be re-elect$ = t ye>4 ,! s5ate _c ?r[ out twice 9 a ye> ! s5ator ( ! same c\nty4 ,! p[] ( ! old s5ate cont9ues = ?ree weeks aft] ! annual election ( ! c\nty repres5tatives4 ,!n all ! new s5ators are %ut up 9 a conclave1 l ! c>d9als1 & by an intricate ballot1 su* z t ( ,v5ice or ,malta1 !y *oose ! foll[+ magi/rates3--,a protector1 :o repres5ts ! dignity ( ! commonweal? & presides 9 ! s5ate1 two secret>ies ( /ate1 ^! six c\ncils3 a c\ncil ( /ate1 a c\ncil ( religion & le>n+1 a c\ncil ( trade1 a c\ncil ( laws1 a c\ncil ( w>1 a c\ncil ( ! admiralty1 ea* c\ncil consi/+ ( five p]sons2 toge!r ) six commission]s ( ! treasury & a fir/ commission]4 ,all ^! mu/ be s5ators4 ,! s5ate also names all ! ambassadors to =eign c\rts1 :o may ei!r be s5ators or n4 ,! s5ate may cont9ue any or all ( ^!1 b mu/ re-elect !m e ye>4 ,! protector & two secret>ies h session & suffrage 9 ! c\ncil ( /ate4 ,! bus9ess ( t c\ncil is all =eign politics4 ,! c\ncil ( /ate has session & suffrage 9 all ! o!r c\ncils4 ,! c\ncil ( religion & le>n+ inspects ! univ]sities & cl]gy4 ,t ( trade inspects ev]y?+ t may affect comm]ce4 ,t ( laws inspects all ! abuses ( laws by ! inf]ior magi/rates1 & exam9es :at improvem5ts may be made ( ! municipal law4 ,t ( w> inspects ! militia & its discipl9e1 magaz9es1 /ores1 etc41 & :5 ! republic is 9 w>1 exam9es into ! prop] ord]s = g5]als4 ,! c\ncil ( admiralty has ! same p[] ) reg>d to ! navy1 toge!r ) ! nom9ation ( ! capta9s & all inf]ior (fic]s4 ,none ( ^! c\ncils c give ord]s !mselves1 except :]e !y receive su* p[]s f ! s5ate4 ,9 o!r cases1 !y mu/ communicate ev]y?+ to ! s5ate4 ,:5 ! s5ate is "u adj\rnm5t1 any ( ! c\ncils may assemble x be=e ! day appo9t$ = its meet+4 ,besides ^! c\ncils or c\rts1 !re is ano!r call$ ! c\rt ( competitors1 :i* is ?us con/itut$3--,if any c&idates = ! (fice ( s5ator h m votes ?an a ?ird ( ! repres5tatives1 t c&idate :o has mo/ votes next to ! s5ator elect$1 becomes incapable = "o ye> ( all public (fices1 ev5 ( be+ a magi/rate or repres5tative2 b he takes 8 seat 9 ! c\rt ( competitors4 ,"h !n is a c\rt :i* may sometimes consi/ ( a hundr$ memb]s1 sometimes h no memb]s at all1 & by t means be = a ye> aboli%$4 ,! c\rt ( competitors has no p[] 9 ! commonweal?4 ,x has only ! inspection ( ! public acc\nts & ! accus+ any man be=e ! s5ate4 ,if ! s5ate acquit him1 ! c\rt ( competitors may1 if !y please1 appeal to ! p1 ei!r magi/rates or repres5tatives4 ,^u t appeal ! magi/rates or repres5tatives meet at ! day appo9t$ by ! c\rt ( competitors1 & *oose 9 ea* c\nty ?ree p]sons1 f :i* numb] e s5ator is exclud$4 ,^! to ! numb] ( ?ree hundr$ meet 9 ! capital1 & br+ ! p]son accus$ to a new trial4 ,! c\rt ( competitors may propose any law to ! s5ate1 & if refus$1 may appeal to ! p--t is to ! magi/rates or repres5tatives1 :o exam9e x 9 _! c\nties4 ,e s5ator :o is ?r[n out ( ! s5ate by a vote ( ! c\rt1 takes 8 seat 9 ! c\rt ( competitors4 ,! s5ate possesses all ! judicative au?ority ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords--t is1 all ! appeals f ! inf]ior c\rts4 ,x likewise nom9ates ! ,"l ,*ancellor & all ! (fic]s ( ! law4 ,e c\nty is a k9d ( republic )9 itself1 & ! repres5tatives may make c\nty-laws1 :i* h no au?ority until ?ree mon?s aft] !y are vot$4 ,a copy ( ! law is s5t to ! s5ate & to e o!r c\nty4 ,! s5ate or any s+le c\nty may at any "t annul any law ( ano!r c\nty4 ,! repres5tatives h all ! au?ority ( ! ,briti% ju/ices ( peace 9 trials1 commitm5ts1 etc4 ,! magi/rates h ! nom9ation ( all ! (fic]s ( ! rev5ue 9 ea* c\nty4 ,all causes ) reg>d to ! rev5ue are appeal$ ultimately to ! magi/rates4 ,!y pass ! acc\nts ( all ! (fic]s1 b mu/ h all _! own acc\nts exam9$ & pass$ at ! end ( ! ye> by ! repres5tatives4 ,! magi/rates "n rectors or m9i/]s to all ! p>i%es4 ,! ,presbyt]ian gov]nm5t is e/abli%$1 & ! highe/ ecclesia/ical c\rt is an assembly or synod ( all ! presbyt]s ( ! c\nty4 ,! magi/rates may take any cause f ?is c\rt1 & det]m9e x !mselves4 ,! magi/rates may try & depose or susp5d any presbyt]4 ,! militia is e/abli%$ 9 imitation ( t ( ,switz]l&1 :i*1 be+ well kn[n1 we %all n insi/ ^u x4 ,x w only be prop] to make ?is addition1 t an army ( #bj1jjj m5 be annually drawn out by rotation1 paid & encamp$ dur+ six weeks 9 summ]1 t ! duty ( a camp may n be altoge!r unkn[n4 ,! magi/rates nom9ate all ! colonels & d[nw>ds4 ,! s5ate all upw>ds4 ,dur+ w>1 ! g5]al nom9ates ! colonel & d[nw>ds1 & 8 commission is good = a twelvemon?2 b aft] t1 x mu/ be confirm$ by ! magi/rates ( ! c\nty to :i* ! regim5t belongs4 ,! magi/rates may break any (fic] 9 ! c\nty regim5t1 & ! s5ate may d ! same to any (fic] 9 ! s]vice4 ,if ! magi/rates d n ?9k prop] to confirm ! g5]al's *oice1 !y may nom9ate ano!r (fic] 9 ! place ( him !y reject4 ,all crimes are tri$ )9 ! c\nty by ! magi/rates & a jury2 b ! s5ate c /op any trial1 & br+ x be=e !mselves4 ,any c\nty may indict any man be=e ! s5ate = any crime4 ,! protector1 ! two secret>ies1 ! c\ncil ( /ate1 ) any five m t ! s5ate appo9ts on extraord9>y em]g5cies1 are possess$ ( dictatorial p[] = six mon?s4 ,! protector may p>don any p]son condemn$ by ! inf]ior c\rts4 ,9 "t ( w>1 no (fic] ( ! army t is 9 ! field c h any civil (fice 9 ! commonweal?4 ,! capital1 :i* we %all call ,london1 may be all[$ f\r memb]s 9 ! s5ate4 ,x may !re=e be divid$ into f\r c\nties4 ,! repres5tatives ( ea* ( ^! *oose "o s5ator & t5 magi/rates4 ,!re are !re=e 9 ! city f\r s5ators1 =ty-f\r magi/rates1 & f\r hundr$ repres5tatives4 ,! magi/rates h ! same au?ority z 9 ! c\nties4 ,! repres5tatives also h ! same au?ority2 b !y nev] meet 9 "o g5]al c\rt4 ,!y give _! votes 9 _! p>ticul> c\nty or division ( hundr$s4 ,:5 !y enact any city-law1 ! greate/ numb] ( c\nties or divisions det]m9es ! matt]2 & :]e ^! are equal1 ! magi/rates h ! ca/+ vote4 ,! magi/rates *oose ! mayor1 %]iff1 record]1 & o!r (fic]s ( ! city4 ,9 ! commonweal?1 no repres5tative1 magi/rate1 or s5ator1 z su*1 has any sal>y4 ,! protector1 secret>ies1 c\ncils1 & ambassadors h sal>ies4 ,! fir/ ye> 9 e c5tury is set ap>t to correct all inequalities :i* "t may h produc$ 9 ! repres5tative4 ,?is mu/ be done by ! legislature4 ,! foll[+ political aphorisms may expla9 ! reason ( ^! ord]s4 ,! l[] sort ( p & small proprietors are good en\gh judges ( "o n v di/ant f !m 9 rank or habitation1 & !re=e1 9 _! p>o*ial meet+s1 w probably *oose ! be/1 or ne>ly ! be/ repres5tative2 b !y are :olly unfit = c\nty-meet+s & = elect+ into ! high] (fices ( ! republic4 ,_! ignorance gives ! gr&ees an opportunity ( deceiv+ !m4 ,t5 ?\s&1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 n annually elect$1 are a l>ge en\gh basis = any free gov]nm5t4 ,x is true ! nobles 9 ,pol& are m ?an #aj1jjj1 & yet ^! oppress ! p2 b z p[] cont9ues !re always 9 ! same p]sons & families1 ?is makes !m1 9 a mann]1 a diff]5t nation f ! p4 ,besides1 ! nobles are !re unit$ "u a few heads ( families4 ,all free gov]nm5ts mu/ consi/ ( two c\ncils1 a less & a great]2 or1 9 o!r words1 ( a s5ate & p4 ,! p1 z ,h>r+ton obs]ves1 w\ld want wisdom )\t ! s5ate2 ! s5ate )\t ! p w\ld want hone/y4 ,a l>ge assembly ( #ajjj1 = in/ance1 to repres5t ! p1 if all[$ to debate1 w\ld fall into disord]4 ,if n all[$ to debate1 ! s5ate has a negative ^u !m1 & ! wor/ k9d ( negative--t be=e resolution4 ,"h !re=e is an inconv5i5ce :i* no gov]nm5t has yet fully rem$i$1 b :i* is ! easie/ to be rem$i$ 9 ! _w4 ,if ! p debate1 all is confusion2 if !y d n debate1 !y c only resolve1 & !n ! s5ate c>ves = !m4 ,divide ! p into _m sep>ate bodies1 & !n !y may debate ) safety1 & e inconv5i5ce seems to be prev5t$4 ,c>d9al de ,retz says t all num]\s assemblies1 h[ev] compos$1 are m]e mob1 & sway$ 9 _! debates by ! lea/ motive4 ,?is we f9d confirm$ by daily exp]i5ce4 ,:5 an absurdity /rikes a memb]1 he conveys x to 8 neighb\r1 & s on till ! :ole be infect$4 ,sep>ate ?is great body1 & ?\gh e memb] be only ( middl+ s5se1 x is n probable t any?+ b reason c prevail ov] ! :ole4 ,influ5ce & example be+ remov$1 good s5se w always get ! bett] ( bad among a numb] ( p4 ,good s5se is "o ?+2 b follies are numb]less1 & e man has a diff]5t "o4 ,! only way ( mak+ a p wise is to keep !m f unit+ into l>ge assemblies4 ,!re are two ?+s to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 e s5ate--its comb9ation & its division4 ,its comb9ation is mo/ dang]\s1 & aga9/ ?is inconv5i5ce we h provid$ ! foll[+ rem$ies3--#a4 ,! great dep5d5ce ( ! s5ators on ! p by annual election1 & t n by an undi/+ui%+ rabble1 l ! ,engli% electors1 b by m5 ( =tune & education4 #b4 ,! small p[] !y are all[$4 ,!y h few (fices to dispose (4 ,almo/ all are giv5 by ! magi/rates 9 ! c\nties4 #c4 ,! c\rt ( competitors :i*1 be+ compos$ ( m5 t are _! rivals next to !m 9 int]e/ & uneasy 9 _! pres5t situation1 w be sure to take all advantages aga9/ !m4 ,! division ( ! s5ate is prev5t$--#a4 ,by ! smallness ( _! numb]4 #b4 ,z faction supposes a comb9ation to a sep>ate int]e/1 x is prev5t$ by _! dep5d5ce on ! p4 #c4 ,!y h a p[] ( expell+ any facti\s memb]4 ,x is true :5 ano!r memb] ( ! same _s comes f ! c\nty1 !y h no p[] ( expell+ him2 nor is x fit !y %\ld1 = t %[s ! hum\r to be 9 ! p1 & probably arises f "s ill-conduct 9 public affairs4 #d4 ,almo/ any man 9 a s5ate s regul>ly *os5 by ! p may be suppos$ fit = any civil (fice4 ,x w\ld be prop]1 !re=e1 = ! s5ate to =m "s g5]al resolutions ) reg>d to ! dispos+ ( (fices among ! memb]s1 :i* resolutions w\ld n conf9e !m 9 critical times1 :5 extraord9>y p>ts on ! "o h&1 or extraord9>y /upidity on ! o!r1 appe>s 9 any s5ator2 b yet !y w\ld be suffici5t to prev5t intrigue & faction1 by mak+ ! disposal ( ! (fices a ?+ ( c\rse4 ,= in/ance1 let x be a resolution3--,t no man %all enjoy any (fice till he has sat f\r ye>s 9 ! s5ate2 t1 except ambassadors1 no man %all be 9 (fice two ye>s foll[+2 t no man %all atta9 ! high] (fices b ?r\gh ! l[]2 t no man %all be protector twice1 etc4 ,! s5ate ( ,v5ice gov]n !mselves by su* resolutions4 ,9 =eign politics ! int]e/ ( ! s5ate c sc>ce ev] be divid$ f t ( ! p1 & !re=e x is fit to make ! s5ate absolute ) reg>d to !m1 o!rwise !re c\ld be no secrecy nor ref9$ policy4 ,besides1 )\t money no alliance c be execut$1 & ! s5ate is /ill suffici5tly dep5d5t4 ,n to m5tion t ! legislative p[] be+ always sup]ior to ! executive1 ! magi/rates or repres5tatives may int]pose1 :5ev] !y ?9k prop]4 ,! *ief support ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t is ! ,opposition ( int]e/s2 b t1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 s]viceable1 bre$s endless factions4 ,9 ! =ego+ plan1 x does all ! good )\t any ( ! h>m4 ,! competitors h no p[] ( controll+ ! s5ate2 !y h only ! p[] ( accus+ & appeal+ to ! p4 ,x is necess>y1 likewise1 to prev5t bo? comb9ation & division 9 ! ?\s& magi/rates4 ,?is is done suffici5tly by ! sep>ation ( places & int]e/s4 ,b le/ t %\ld n be en\gh1 _! dep5d5ce on ! #aj1jjj = _! elections s]ves to ! same purpose4 ,nor is t all3 = ! #aj1jjj may resume ! p[] :5ev] !y please2 & n only :5 !y all please1 b :5 any five ( a hundr$ please1 :i* w happ5 ^u ! v fir/ suspicion ( a sep>ate int]e/4 ,! #aj1jjj are too l>ge a body ei!r to unite or divide1 except :5 !y meet 9 "o place1 & fall "u ! guidance ( ambiti\s lead]s4 ,n to m5tion _! annual election by ! :ole body ( ! p t are ( any consid]ation4 ,a small commonweal? is ! happie/ gov]nm5t 9 ! _w )9 itself1 because ev]y?+ lies "u ! eye ( ! rul]s2 b x may be subdu$ by great =ce f )\t4 ,?is s*eme seems to h all ! advantages bo? ( a great & a little commonweal?4 ,e c\nty-law may be annull$ ei!r by ! s5ate or ano!r c\nty1 because t %[s an opposition ( int]e/3 9 :i* case no "p ought to decide = itself4 ,! matt] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! :ole1 :i* w be/ det]m9e :at agrees ) g5]al int]e/4 ,z to ! cl]gy & militia1 ! reasons ( ^! ord]s are obvi\s4 ,)\t ! dep5d5ce ( ! cl]gy on ! civil magi/rates1 & )\t a militia1 x is folly to ?9k any free gov]nm5t w ev] h security or /ability4 ,9 _m gov]nm5ts ! inf]ior magi/rates h no rew>ds b :at arise f _! ambition1 vanity1 or public _s4 ,! sal>ies ( ! ,fr5* judges am\nt n to ! int]e/ ( ! sums !y pay = _! (fices4 ,! ,dut* burgoma/]s h little m imm$iate pr(it ?an ! ,engli% ju/ices ( peace1 or ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons =m]ly4 ,b le/ any %\ld suspect t ?is w\ld beget neglig5ce 9 ! adm9i/ration 7:i* is little to be fe>$1 consid]+ ! natural ambition ( mank9d71 let ! magi/rates h compet5t sal>ies4 ,! s5ators h access to s _m hon\rable & lucrative (fices t _! att5dance ne$s n be b\ght4 ,!re is little att5dance requir$ ( ! repres5tatives4 ,t ! =ego+ plan ( gov]nm5t is practicable no "o c d\bt1 :o consid]s ! resemblance x be>s to ! commonweal? ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 =m]ly "o ( ! wise/ & mo/ r5[n$ gov]nm5ts 9 ! _w4 ,! alt]ations 9 ! pres5t s*eme are all evid5tly to ! bett]4 #a4 ,! repres5tation is m equal4 #b4 ,! unlimit$ p[] ( ! burgoma/]s 9 ! t[ns1 :i* =ms a p]fect ari/ocracy 9 ! ,dut* commonweal?1 is correct$ by a well-temp]$ democracy1 9 giv+ to ! p ! annual election ( ! c\nty repres5tatives4 #c4 ,! negative1 :i* e prov9ce & t[n has ^u ! :ole body ( ! ,dut* republic1 ) reg>d to alliances1 peace & w>1 & ! imposition ( taxes1 is "h remov$4 #d4 ,! c\nties1 9 ! pres5t plan1 are n s indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 nor d !y =m sep>ate bodies s mu* z ! sev5 prov9ces2 :]e ! jeal\sy & envy ( ! small] prov9ces & t[ns aga9/ ! great]1 p>ticul>ly ,holl& & ,am/]dam1 h frequ5tly di/urb$ ! gov]nm5t4 #e4 ,l>g] p[]s1 ?\gh ( ! safe/ k9d1 are entru/$ to ! s5ate ?an ! ,/ates-,g5]al possess2 by :i* means ! =m] may become m exp$iti\s & secret 9 _! resolutions ?an x is possible = ! latt]4 ,! *ief alt]ations t c\ld be made on ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to br+ x to ! mo/ p]fect model ( liv+ mon>*y1 seem to be ! foll[+3--,fir/1 ,! plan ( ! ,republican ,p>liam5t ought to be re/or$1 by mak+ ! repres5tation equal1 & by all[+ none to vote 9 ! c\nty elections :o possess n a prop]ty ( #bjj p\nds value4 ,secondly1 ,z su* a ,h\se ( ,commons w\ld be too weighty = a frail ,h\se ( ,lords l ! pres5t1 ! bi%ops & ,scots pe]s ought to be remov$1 ^: behavi\r1 9 =m] ,p>liam5ts1 de/roy$ entirely ! au?ority ( t ,h\se4 ,! numb] ( ! ,upp] ,h\se ought to be rais$ to ?ree or f\r hundr$2 _! seats n h]$it>y1 b dur+ life4 ,!y ought to h ! election ( _! own memb]s2 & no common] %\ld be all[$ to refuse a seat t 0 (f]$ him4 ,by ?is means ! ,h\se ( ,lords w\ld consi/ entirely ( ! m5 ( *ief cr$it1 ability1 & int]e/ ( ! nation2 & e turbul5t lead] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons might be tak5 (f & connect$ 9 int]e/ ) ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s4 ,su* an ari/ocracy w\ld be a spl5did b>ri] bo? to ! mon>*y & aga9/ x4 ,at pres5t ! balance ( our ,gov]nm5t dep5ds 9 "s measure on ! ability & behavi\r ( ! sov]eign1 :i* are v>iable & unc]ta9 circum/ances4 ,i all[ t ?is plan ( limit$ mon>*y1 h[ev] correct$1 is /ill liable to ?ree great inconv5i5ces4 ,fir/1 x removes n entirely1 ?\gh x may s(t51 ! p>ties ( c\rt & c\ntry2 secondly1 ! k+'s p]sonal "* mu/ /ill h a great influ5ce on ! ,gov]nm5t2 ?irdly1 ! sword is 9 ! h&s ( a s+le p]son1 :o w always neglect to discipl9e ! militia1 9 ord] to h a pret5ce = keep+ up a /&+ army4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is a mortal di/emp] 9 ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 ( :i* x mu/ at la/ inevitably p]i%4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 confess t ,sw$5 seems 9 "s measure to h rem$i$ ?is inconv5i5ce1 & to h a militia1 ) its limit$ mon>*y1 z well z a /&+ army1 :i* is less dang]\s ?an ! ,briti%4 ,we %all conclude ?is subject ) obs]v+ ! falsehood ( ! common op9ion t no l>ge /ate1 su* z ,france or ,brita91 c\ld ev] be modell$ into a commonweal?1 b t su* a =m ( gov]nm5t c only take place 9 a city or small t]ritory4 ,! contr>y seems evid5t4 ,?\gh x is m difficult to =m a republican gov]nm5t 9 an ext5sive c\ntry ?an 9 a city1 !re is m facility1 :5 once x is =m$1 ( pres]v+ x /eady & uni=m1 )\t tumult & faction4 ,x is n easy = ! di/ant p>ts ( a l>ge /ate to comb9e 9 any plan ( free gov]nm5t2 b !y easily conspire 9 ! e/eem & rev]5ce ( a s+le p]son1 :o1 by means ( ?is popul> fav\r1 may seize ! p[]1 & =c+ ! m ob/9ate to submit1 may e/abli% a mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a city readily concurs 9 ! same notions ( gov]nm5t1 ! natural equality ( prop]ty fav\rs lib]ty1 & ! ne>ness ( habitation enables ! citiz5s mutually to assi/ ea* o!r4 ,ev5 "u absolute pr9ces ! subord9ate gov]nm5t ( cities is commonly republican2 :ile t ( c\nties & prov9ces is mon>*ical4 ,b ^! same circum/ances1 :i* facilitate ! erection ( commonweal?s 9 cities1 r5d] _! con/itution m frail & unc]ta94 ,democracies are turbul5t4 ,= h[ev] ! p may be sep>at$ or divid$ into small p>ties1 ei!r 9 _! votes or elections1 _! ne> habitation 9 a city w always make ! =ce ( popul> tides & curr5ts v s5sible4 ,ari/ocracies are bett] adapt$ = peace & ord]1 & accord+ly 7 mo/ admir$ by anci5t writ]s2 b !y are jeal\s & oppressive4 ,9 a l>ge gov]nm5t1 :i* is modell$ ) ma/]ly skill1 !re is compass & room en\gh to ref9e ! democracy f ! l[] p1 :o may be admitt$ into ! fir/ elections or fir/ concoction ( ! commonweal? to ! high] magi/rates :o direct all ! movem5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 ! p>ts are s di/ant & remote t x is v difficult1 ei!r by intrigue1 prejudice1 or passion1 to hurry !m into any measures aga9/ ! public int]e/4 ,x is ne$less to inquire :e!r su* a gov]nm5t w\ld be immortal4 ,i all[ ! ju/ness ( ! poet's exclamation on ! endless projects ( human race1 8,man & = ev]60 ,! _w itself probably is n immortal4 ,su* consum+ plagues may arise z w\ld leave ev5 a p]fect gov]nm5t a weak prey to its neighb\rs4 ,we "k n to :at l5g?s en?usiasm or o!r extraord9>y motions ( ! human m9d may transport m51 to ! neglect ( all ord] & public good4 ,:]e diff]5ce ( int]e/ is remov$1 :imsical & unacc\ntable factions (t5 arise f p]sonal fav\r or enmity4 ,p]haps ru/ may gr[ to ! spr+s ( ! mo/ accurate political ma*9e & disord] its motions4 ,la/ly1 ext5sive conque/s1 :5 pursu$1 mu/ be ! ru9 ( e free gov]nm5t2 & ( ! m p]fect gov]nm5ts soon] ?an ( ! imp]fect1 because ( ! v advantages :i* ! =m] possess above ! latt]4 ,& ?\gh su* a /ate ought to e/abli% a fundam5tal law aga9/ conque/s1 yet republics h ambition z well z individuals1 & pres5t int]e/ makes m5 =getful ( _! po/]ity4 ,x is a suffici5t incitem5t to human endeav\rs t su* a gov]nm5t w\ld fl\ri% = _m ages1 )\t pret5d+ to be/[ on any "w ( man t immortality :i* ! ,almighty seems to h refus$ to 8 own productions4 ,,t ,,politics ,,may ,,be ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,x is a "q ) _m :e!r !re be any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 "o =m ( gov]nm5t & ano!r8 & :e!r e =m may n become good or bad accord+ z x is well or ill adm9i/]$8#aac ,7 x once admitt$ t all gov]nm5ts are alike1 & t ! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! "* & conduct ( ! gov]nors1 mo/ political disputes w\ld be at an end1 & all zeal = "o con/itution above ano!r mu/ be e/eem$ m]e bigotry & folly4 ,b1 ?\gh a fri5d to mod]ation1 ,i _c =be> condemn+ ?is s5tim5t1 & %\ld be sorry to ?9k t human affairs admit ( no great] /ability ?an :at !y receive f ! casual hum\rs & *>act]s ( p>ticul> m54 ,x is true1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! goodness ( all gov]nm5t consi/s 9 ! goodness ( ! adm9i/ration1 may cite _m p>ticul> in/ances 9 hi/ory :]e ! v same gov]nm5t 9 diff]5t h&s has v>i$ sudd5ly into ! two opposite extremes ( good & bad4 ,comp>e ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t "u ,h5ry ,,iii4 & "u ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,oppression1 levity1 artifice on ! "p ( ! rul]s2 faction1 s$ition1 trea*]y1 rebellion1 disloyalty on ! "p ( ! subjects3 ^! compose ! "* ( ! =m] mis]able era4 ,b :5 ! patriot & h]oic pr9ce :o succe$$ 0 once firmly seat$ on ! ?rone1 ! gov]nm5t1 ! p1 ev]y?+ seem$ to be totally *ang$2 & all f ! diff]5ce ( ! temp] & s5tim5ts ( ^! two sov]eigns4 ,an equal diff]5ce ( a contr>y k9d may be f\nd on comp>+ ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james--at lea/ ) reg>d to =eign affairs2 & in/ances ( ?is k9d may be multipli$ almo/ )\t numb] f anci5t z well z mod]n hi/ory4 ,b "h ,i w\ld beg leave to make a di/9ction4 ,all absolute gov]nm5ts 7& su*1 9 a great measure1 0 t ( ,engl& till ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 not)/&+ ! num]\s panegyrics on anci5t ,engli% lib]ty7 mu/ v mu* dep5d on ! adm9i/ration2 & ?is is "o ( ! great inconv5i5ces ( t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b a republican & free gov]nm5t w\ld be a mo/ obvi\s absurdity if ! p>ticul> *ecks & controls provid$ by ! con/itution _h really no influ5ce1 & made x n ! int]e/1 ev5 ( bad m51 to op]ate = ! public good4 ,su* is ! int5tion ( ^! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & su* is _! real effect :]e !y are wisely con/itut$3 z1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are ! s\rces ( all disord] & ( ! blacke/ crimes :]e ei!r skill or hone/y has be5 want+ 9 _! orig9al frame & in/itution4 ,s great is ! =ce ( laws & ( p>ticul> =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & s little dep5d5ce h !y on ! hum\rs & temp]s ( m51 t consequ5ces almo/ z g5]al & c]ta9 may be d$uc$ f !m on mo/ occasions z any :i* ! ma!matical sci5ces af=d u4 ,! ,roman gov]nm5t gave ! :ole legislative p[] to ! commons1 )\t all[+ a negative ei!r to ! nobility or consuls4 ,?is unb\nd$ p[] ! commons possess$ 9 a collective1 n 9 a repres5tative body4 ,! consequ5ces 7--:5 ! p1 by success & conque/1 _h become v num]\s & _h spread !mselves to a great di/ance f ! capital1 ! city tribes1 ?\gh ! mo/ contemptible1 c>ri$ almo/ e vote4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 mo/ cajol$ by e "o :o affect$ popul>ity2 !y 7 support$ 9 idl5ess by ! g5]al di/ribution ( corn1 & by p>ticul> bribes1 :i* !y receiv$ f almo/ e c&idate4 ,by ?is means !y became e day m lic5ti\s1 & ! ,campus ,m>tius 0 a p]petual sc5e ( tumult & s$ition3 arm$ slaves 7 introduc$ among ^! rascally citiz5s1 s t ! :ole gov]nm5t fell into an>*y1 & ! greate/ happ9ess :i* ! ,romans c\ld look = 0 ! despotic p[] ( ! ,cs>s4 ,su* are ! effects ( democracy )\t a repres5tative4 ,a nobility may possess ! :ole or any "p ( ! legislative p[] ( a /ate 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,ei!r e nobleman %>es ! p[] z "p ( ! :ole body1 or ! :ole body enjoys ! p[] z compos$ ( p>ts :i* h ea* a di/9ct p[] & au?ority4 ,! ,v5etian ari/ocracy is an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d ( gov]nm5t2 ! ,poli% ( ! second4 ,9 ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t ! :ole body ( nobility possesses ! :ole p[]1 & no nobleman has any au?ority :i* he receives n f ! :ole4 ,9 ! ,poli% gov]nm5t e nobleman1 by means ( 8 fiefs1 has a peculi> h]$it>y au?ority ov] 8 vassals1 & ! :ole body has no au?ority b :at x receives f ! concurr5ce ( its p>ts4 ,! di/9ct op]ations & t5d5cies ( ^! two species ( gov]nm5t might be made mo/ app>5t ev5 priori4 ,a ,v5etian nobility is inf9itely pref]able to a ,poli%1 let ! hum\rs & education ( m5 be ev] s mu* v>i$4 ,a nobility :o possess _! p[] 9 common w pres]ve peace & ord] bo? among !mselves & _! subjects1 & no memb] c h au?ority en\gh to control ! laws = a mom5t4 ,! nobles w pres]ve _! au?ority ov] ! p1 b )\t any griev\s tyranny or any brea* ( private prop]ty1 because su* a tyrannical gov]nm5t promotes n ! int]e/ ( ! :ole body1 h[ev] x may t ( "s individuals4 ,!re w be a di/9ction ( rank betwe5 ! nobility & p1 b ?is w be ! only di/9ction 9 ! /ate4 ,! :ole nobility w =m "o body1 & ! :ole p ano!r1 )\t any ( ^? private feuds & animosities :i* spread ru9 & desolation ev]y:]e4 ,x is easy to see ! disadvantages ( a ,poli% nobility 9 e "o ( ^! p>ticul>s4 ,x is possible s to con/itute a free gov]nm5t z t a s+le p]son--call him doge1 pr9ce1 or k+--%all possess a v l>ge %>e ( p[]1 & %all =m a prop] balance or c\nt]poise to ! o!r p>ts ( ! legislature4 ,?is *ief magi/rate may be ei!r elective or h]$it>y1 & ?\gh ! =m] in/itution may1 to a sup]ficial view1 appe> ! mo/ advantage\s1 yet a m accurate inspection w discov] 9 x great] inconv5i5ces ?an 9 ! latt]1 & su* z are f\nd$ on causes & pr9ciples et]nal & immutable4 ,! fill+ ( ! ?rone 9 su* a gov]nm5t is a po9t ( too great & too g5]al int]e/ n to divide ! :ole p into factions1 f :5ce a civil w>1 ! greate/ ( ills1 may be appreh5d$ almo/ ) c]ta9ty ^u e vacancy4 ,! pr9ce elect$ mu/ be ei!r a =eign] or a native2 ! =m] w be ignorant ( ! p :om he is to gov]n1 suspici\s ( 8 new subjects & suspect$ by !m1 giv+ 8 confid5ce entirely to /rang]s1 :o w h no o!r c>e b ( enri*+ !mselves 9 ! quicke/ mann]1 :ile _! ma/]'s fav\r & au?ority are able to support !m4 ,a native w c>ry into ! ?rone all 8 private animosities & fri5d%ips1 & w nev] be reg>d$1 9 8 elevation1 )\t excit+ ! s5tim5ts ( envy 9 ^? :o =m]ly consid]$ him z _! equal4 ,n to m5tion t a cr[n is too high a rew>d ev] to be giv5 to m]it alone1 & w always induce ! c&idates to employ =ce1 or money1 or intrigue to procure ! votes ( ! electors2 s t su* an election w give no bett] *ance = sup]ior m]it 9 ! pr9ce ?an if ! /ate _h tru/$ to bir? alone = det]m9+ _! sov]eign4 ,x may !re=e be pron\nc$ z a univ]sal axiom 9 politics t a h]$it>y pr9ce1 a nobility )\t vassals1 & a p vot+ by _! repres5tatives =m ! be/ mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy4 ,b 9 ord] to prove m fully t politics admit ( g5]al tru?s :i* are inv>iable by ! hum\r or education ei!r ( subject or sov]eign1 x may n be amiss to obs]ve "s o!r pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce :i* may seem to des]ve t "*4 ,x may easily be obs]v$ t ?\gh free gov]nm5ts h be5 commonly ! mo/ happy = ^? :o p>take ( _! fre$om1 yet are !y ! mo/ ru9\s & oppressive to _! prov9ces2 & ?is obs]vation may1 ,i believe1 be fix$ z a maxim ( ! k9d we are "h speak+ (4 ,:5 a mon>* ext5ds 8 dom9ions by conque/ he soon le>ns to consid] 8 old & 8 new subjects z on ! same foot+1 because1 9 reality1 all 8 subjects are to him ! same1 except ! few fri5ds & fav\rites ) :om he is p]sonally acqua9t$4 ,he does n1 !re=e1 make any di/9ction betwe5 !m 9 8 g5]al laws1 & at ! same "t is no less c>eful to prev5t all p>ticul> acts ( oppression on ! "o z on ! o!r4 ,b a free /ate necess>ily makes a great di/9ction1 & mu/ always d s1 till m5 le>n to love _! neighb\rs z well z !mselves4 ,! conqu]ors1 9 su* a gov]nm5t1 are all legislators1 & w be sure s to contrive matt]s1 by re/rictions ( trade & by taxes1 z to draw "s private1 z well z public advantage f _! conque/s4 ,prov9cial gov]nors h also a bett] *ance 9 a republic to escape ) _! plund] by means ( brib]y & int]e/2 & _! fell[-citiz5s1 :o f9d _! own /ate to be enri*$ by ! spoils ( ! subject-prov9ces1 w be ! m incl9$ to tol]ate su* abuses4 ,n to m5tion t x is a necess>y precaution 9 a free /ate to *ange ! gov]nors frequ5tly1 :i* obliges ^! tempor>y tyrants to be m exp$iti\s & rapaci\s1 t !y may accumulate suffici5t weal? be=e !y give place to _! successors4 ,:at cruel tyrants 7 ! ,romans ov] ! _w dur+ ! "t ( _! commonweal?6 ,x is true !y _h laws to prev5t oppression 9 _! prov9cial magi/rates1 b ,cic]o in=ms u t ! ,romans c\ld n bett] consult ! int]e/ ( ! prov9ces ?an by repeal+ ^! v laws4 8,= 9 t case10 says he1 8our magi/rates1 hav+ entire impunity1 w\ld plund] no m ?an w\ld satisfy _! own rapaci\sness2 :]eas at pres5t !y mu/ also satisfy t ( _! judges1 & ( all ! great m5 ( ,rome ^: protection !y /& 9 ne$ (40 ,:o c read ( ! cruelties & oppressions ( ,v]res )\t horror & a/oni%m5t8 ,& :o is n t\*$ ) indignation to he> t aft] ,cic]o _h exhau/$ on t ab&on$ crim9al all ! ?und]s ( 8 eloqu5ce1 & _h prevail$ s f> z to get him condemn$ to ! utmo/ ext5t ( ! laws1 yet t cruel tyrant liv$ peaceably to old age 9 opul5ce & ease1 & ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds 0 put into ! proscription by ,m>k ,an?ony on acc\nt ( 8 exorbitant weal?1 :]e he fell1 ) ,cic]o himself1 & all ! mo/ virtu\s m5 ( ,rome8 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! commonweal? ! ,roman yoke became easi] ^u ! prov9ces1 z ,tacitus in=ms u2 & x may be obs]v$ t _m ( ! wor/ emp]ors--,domitian1 = in/ance--7 v c>eful to prev5t all oppression ( ! prov9ces4 ,9 ,tib]ius's "t ,gaul 0 e/eem$ ri*] ?an ,italy itself2 nor d ,i f9d dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! ,roman mon>*y t ! empire became less ri* or popul\s 9 any ( its prov9ces1 ?\gh inde$ its val\r & milit>y discipl9e 7 always ^u ! decl9e4 ,! oppression & tyranny ( ! ,c>?ag9ians ov] _! subject-/ates 9 ,africa w5t s f>1 z we le>n f ,polybius1 t1 n cont5t ) exact+ ! half ( all ! produce ( ! gr\nd1 :i* ( itself 0 a v high r5t1 !y also load$ !m ) _m o!r taxes4 ,if we pass f anci5t to mod]n times1 we %all always f9d ! obs]vation to hold4 ,! prov9ces ( absolute mon>*ies are always bett] treat$ ?an ^? ( free /ates4 ,comp>e ! ,pas conquis ( ,france ) ,irel&1 & y w be conv9c$ ( ?is tru?2 ?\gh ?is latt] k+dom1 be+ 9 a good measure peopl$ f ,engl&1 possesses s _m rights & privileges z %\ld naturally make x *all5ge bett] treatm5t ?an t ( a conqu]$ prov9ce4 ,corsica is also an obvi\s in/ance to ! same purpose4 ,!re is an obs]vation ( ,ma*iavel1 ) reg>d to ! conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :i* ,i ?9k may be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? et]nal political tru?s :i* no "t nor accid5ts c v>y4 ,x may seem /range1 says t politician1 t su* sudd5 conque/s z ^? ( ,alex&] %\ld be settl$ s peaceably by 8 successors1 & t ! ,p]sians1 dur+ all ! confusions & civil w>s ( ! ,greeks1 nev] made ! smalle/ ef=t t[>ds ! recov]y ( _! =m] indep5d5t gov]nm5t4 ,to satisfy u conc]n+ ! cause ( ?is rem>kable ev5t1 we may consid] t a mon>* may gov]n 8 subjects 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,he may ei!r foll[ ! maxims ( ! ea/]n pr9ces1 & /ret* 8 p[] s f> z to leave no di/9ction ( ranks among 8 subjects1 b :at proce$s imm$iately f himself--no advantages ( bir?2 no h]$it>y hon\rs & possessions2 &1 9 a ^w1 no cr$it among ! p except f 8 commission alone4 ,or a mon>* may ex]t 8 p[] aft] a mild] mann]1 l our ,european pr9ces1 & leave o!r s\rces ( hon\r1 beside 8 smile & fav\r3 bir?1 titles1 possessions1 val\r1 integrity1 k1 or great & =tunate a*ievem5ts4 ,9 ! =m] species ( gov]nm5t1 aft] a conque/1 x is impossible ev] to %ake (f ! yoke1 s9ce no "o possesses among ! p s mu* p]sonal cr$it & au?ority z to beg9 su* an ent]prise2 :]eas1 9 ! latt]1 ! lea/ mis=tune or discord ( ! victors w enc\rage ! vanqui%$ to take arms1 :o h lead]s ready to prompt & conduct !m 9 e und]tak+4#aad ,su* is ! reason+ ( ,ma*iavel1 :i* seems to me v solid & conclusive1 ?\gh ,i wi% he _h n mix$ falsehood ) tru? 9 ass]t+ t mon>*ies gov]n$ accord+ to ! ,ea/]n policy1 ?\gh m easily kept :5 once subdu$1 yet are ! mo/ difficult to subdue1 s9ce !y _c conta9 any p[]ful subject ^: discont5t & faction may facilitate ! ent]prises ( an enemy4 ,= besides t su* a tyrannical gov]nm5t en]vates ! c\rage ( m5 & r5d]s !m indiff]5t t[>ds ! =tunes ( _! sov]eign2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 we f9d by exp]i5ce t ev5 ! tempor>y & delegat$ au?ority ( ! g5]als & magi/rates be+ always1 9 su* gov]nm5ts1 z absolute )9 its sph]e z t ( ! pr9ce himself1 is able1 ) b>b>ians accu/om$ to a bl9d submission1 to produce ! mo/ dang]\s & fatal revolutions4 ,s t1 9 e respect1 a g5tle gov]nm5t is pref]able1 & gives ! greate/ security to ! sov]eign z well z to ! subject4 ,legislators1 !re=e1 ought n to tru/ ! future gov]nm5t ( a /ate entirely to *ance1 b ought to provide a sy/em ( laws to regulate ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs to ! late/ po/]ity4 ,effects w always correspond to causes1 & wise regulations 9 any commonweal? are ! mo/ valuable legacy :i* c be left to future ages4 ,9 ! smalle/ c\rt or (fice ! /at$ =ms & me?ods by :i* bus9ess mu/ be conduct$ are f\nd to be a consid]able *eck on ! natural depravity ( mank9d4 ,:y %\ld n ! case be ! same 9 public affairs8 ,c we ascribe ! /ability & wisdom ( ! ,v5etian ,gov]nm5t ?r\gh s _m ages to any?+ b ! =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,& is x n easy to po9t out ^? defects 9 ! orig9al con/itution :i* produc$ ! tumultu\s gov]nm5ts ( ,a!ns & ,rome1 & end$ at la/ 9 ! ru9 ( ^! two fam\s republics8 ,& s little dep5d5ce has ?is affair on ! hum\rs & education ( p>ticul> m5 t "o "p ( ! same republic may be wisely conduct$ & ano!r weakly1 by ! v same m51 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( ! =ms & in/itutions by :i* ^! p>ts are regulat$4 ,hi/orians in=m u t ?is 0 actually ! case ) ,g5oa2 = :ile ! /ate 0 always full ( s$ition1 & tumult1 & disord]1 ! bank ( ,/4 ,george1 :i* _h become a consid]able "p ( ! p1 0 conduct$ = sev]al ages ) ! utmo/ integrity & wisdom4 ,! ages ( greate/ public _s are n always mo/ em95t = private virtue4 ,good laws may beget ord] & mod]ation 9 ! gov]nm5t :]e ! mann]s & cu/oms h in/ill$ little humanity or ju/ice into ! temp]s ( m54 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s p]iod ( ! ,roman hi/ory1 consid]$ 9 a political view1 is t betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ & ! end ( ! la/ ,punic ,w>2 ! due balance betwe5 ! nobility & p be+ !n fix$ by ! conte/s ( ! tribunes1 & n be+ yet lo/ by ! ext5t ( conque/s4 ,yet at ?is v "t ! horrid practice ( poison+ 0 s common t1 dur+ "p ( ! season1 a prtor puni%$ capitally = ?is crime above ?ree ?\s& p]sons 9 a "p ( ,italy1 & f\nd in=mations ( ?is nature /ill multiply+ ^u him4 ,!re is a simil>1 or r a worse in/ance 9 ! m e>ly times ( ! commonweal?2 s deprav$ 9 private life 7 t p1 :om 9 _! hi/ories we s mu* admire4 ,i d\bt n b !y 7 really m virtu\s dur+ ! "t ( ! two ,triumvirates1 :5 !y 7 te>+ _! common c\ntry to pieces1 & spread+ slaught] & desolation ov] ! face ( ! e>? m]ely = ! *oice ( tyrants4 ,"h1 !n1 is a suffici5t inducem5t to ma9ta91 ) ! utmo/ zeal1 9 e free /ate1 ^? =ms & in/itutions by :i* lib]ty is secur$1 ! public good consult$1 & ! av>ice or ambition ( p>ticul> m5 re/ra9$ & puni%$4 ,no?+ does m hon\r to human nature ?an to see x susceptible ( s noble a passion1 z no?+ c be a great] indication ( meanness ( he>t 9 any man ?an to see him devoid ( x4 ,a man :o loves only himself1 )\t reg>d to fri5d%ip & m]it1 is a dete/able mon/]2 & a man :o is only susceptible ( fri5d%ip1 )\t public _s or a reg>d to ! community1 is defici5t 9 ! mo/ mat]ial "p ( virtue4 ,b ?is is a subject :i* ne$s n be long] insi/$ on at pres5t4 ,!re are en\gh ( zealots on bo? sides :o k9dle up ! passions ( _! p>tisans1 & "u ! pret5ce ( public good pursue ! int]e/s & ends ( _! p>ticul> faction4 ,= my "p ,i %all always be m fond ( promot+ mod]ation ?an zeal1 ?\gh p]haps ! sure/ way ( produc+ mod]ation 9 e p>ty is to increase our zeal = ! public4 ,let u !re=e try1 if x be possible1 f ! =ego+ doctr9e to draw a lesson ( mod]ation ) reg>d to ! p>ties into :i* our c\ntry is at pres5t divid$2 at ! same "t1 t we all[ n ?is mod]ation to abate ! indu/ry & passion ) :i* e individual is b\nd to pursue ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,^? :o ei!r attack or def5d a m9i/] 9 su* a gov]nm5t z ours1 :]e ! utmo/ lib]ty is all[$1 always c>ry matt]s to an extreme1 & exagg]ate 8 m]it or dem]it ) reg>d to ! public4 ,8 enemies are sure to *>ge him ) ! greate/ enormities1 bo? 9 dome/ic & =eign managem5t1 & !re is no meanness or crime ( :i*1 9 _! acc\nt1 he is n capable4 ,unnecess>y w>s1 sc&al\s treaties1 pr(usion ( public treasure1 oppressive taxes1 e k9d ( mal-adm9i/ration is ascrib$ to him4 ,to aggravate ! *>ge1 8 p]nici\s conduct1 x is said1 w ext5d its baleful influ5ce ev5 to po/]ity1 by und]m9+ ! be/ con/itution 9 ! _w1 & disord]+ t wise sy/em ( laws1 in/itutions1 & cu/oms by :i* our ance/ors = s _m c5turies h be5 s happily gov]n$4 ,he is n only a wick$ m9i/] 9 himself1 b has remov$ e security provid$ aga9/ wick$ m9i/]s = ! future4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>tisans ( ! m9i/] make 8 panegyric run z high z ! accusation aga9/ him1 & celebrate 8 wise1 /eady1 & mod]ate conduct 9 e "p ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,! hon\r & int]e/ ( ! nation support$ abroad1 public cr$it ma9ta9$ at home1 p]secution re/ra9$1 faction subdu$3 ! m]it ( all ^! bless+s is ascrib$ solely to ! m9i/]4 ,at ! same "t he cr[ns all 8 o!r m]its by a religi\s c>e ( ! be/ con/itution 9 ! _w1 :i* he has pres]v$ 9 all its p>ts1 & has transmitt$ entire to be ! happ9ess & security ( ! late/ po/]ity4 ,:5 ?is accusation & panegyric are receiv$ by ! p>tisans ( ea* p>ty1 no wond] !y beget a mo/ extraord9>y f]m5t on bo? sides1 & fill ! nation ) ! mo/ viol5t animosities4 ,b ,i w\ld fa9 p]suade ^! p>ty-zealots t !re is a flat contradiction bo? 9 ! accusation & panegyric1 & t x 7 impossible = ei!r ( !m to run s high 7 x n = ?is contradiction4 ,if our con/itution be really t noble fabric1 ! pride ( ,brita91 ! envy ( our neighb\rs1 rais$ by ! lab\r ( s _m c5turies1 repair$ at ! exp5se ( s _m millions1 & cem5t$ by su* a pr(usion ( blood--,i say1 if our con/itution does 9 any degree des]ve ^! eulogies1 x w\ld nev] h suff]$ a wick$ & weak m9i/] to gov]n triumphantly = a c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s1 :5 oppos$ by ! greate/ g5iuses ( ! nation1 :o ex]cis$ ! utmo/ lib]ty ( tongue & p51 9 ,p>liam5t & 9 _! frequ5t appeals to ! p4 ,b if ! m9i/] be wick$ & weak to ! degree s /r5u\sly insi/$ on1 ! con/itution mu/ be faulty 9 its orig9al pr9ciples1 & he _c consi/5tly be *>g$ ) und]m9+ ! be/ con/itution 9 ! _w4 ,a con/itution is only s f> good z x provides a rem$y aga9/ mal-adm9i/ration1 & if ! ,briti% con/itution1 :5 9 its greate/ vig\r1 & repair$ by two su* rem>kable ev5ts z ! ,revolution & ,accession1 by :i* our anci5t royal family 0 sacrific$ to x--if our con/itution1 ,i say1 ) s great advantages does n1 9 fact1 provide any su* rem$y1 we are r behold5 to any m9i/] :o und]m9es x & af=ds u an opportunity ( erect+ 9 its place a bett] con/itution4 ,i w\ld make use ( ! same topics to mod]ate ! zeal ( ^? :o def5d ! m9i/]4 ,is our con/itution s excell5t8 ,!n a *ange ( m9i/ry c be no su* dreadful ev5t1 s9ce x is ess5tial to su* a con/itution1 9 e m9i/ry1 bo? to pres]ve itself f violation & to prev5t all enormities 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,is our con/itution v bad8 ,!n s extraord9>y a jeal\sy & appreh5sion on acc\nt ( *anges is ill-plac$1 & a man %\ld no m be anxi\s 9 ?is case ?an a husb&1 :o _h m>ri$ a wife f ! /ews1 %\ld be wat*ful to prev5t h] infidelity4 ,public affairs 9 su* a con/itution mu/ necess>ily g to confusion1 by :atev] h&s !y are conduct$1 & ! zeal ( patriots is mu* less requisite 9 t case ?an ! pati5ce & submission ( philosoph]s4 ,! virtue & good int5tions ( ,cato & ,brutus are highly laudable1 b to :at purpose did _! zeal s]ve8 ,to no?+ b to ha/5 ! fatal p]iod ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 & r5d] its convulsions & dy+ agonies m viol5t & pa9ful4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to mean t public affairs des]ve no c>e & att5tion at all4 ,w\ld m5 be mod]ate & consi/5t1 _! claims might be admitt$--at lea/ might be exam9$4 ,! c\ntry-p>ty might /ill ass]t t our con/itution1 ?\gh excell5t1 w admit ( mal-adm9i/ration to a c]ta9 degree1 & !re=e1 if ! m9i/] be bad1 x is prop] to oppose him ) a suitable degree ( zeal4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! c\rt-p>ty may be all[$1 ^u ! supposition t ! m9i/] 7 good1 to def5d1 & ) "s zeal too1 8 adm9i/ration4 ,i w\ld only p]suade m5 n to cont5d1 z if !y 7 fight+ pro aris et focis1 & *ange a good con/itution into a bad "o by ! viol5ce ( _! factions4#aae ,i h n "h consid]$ any?+ t is p]sonal 9 ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,9 ! be/ civil con/itution1 :]e e man is re/ra9$ by ! mo/ rigid laws1 x is easy to discov] ei!r ! good or bad int5tions ( a m9i/]1 & to judge :e!r 8 p]sonal "* des]ves love or hatr$4 ,b su* que/ions are ( little importance to ! public1 & lay ^? :o employ _! p5s ^u !m "u a j suspicion ei!r ( malevol5ce or flatt]y4 ,,notes1 ,,politics ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,a ,,sci5ce4 #aac 8,= =ms ( gov]nm5t let fools conte/2 ,:ate'er is be/ adm9i/]'d is be/40 ,essay on ,man1 ,book iii4 #aad ,i h tak5 x = grant$1 accord+ to ! supposition ( ,ma*iavel1 t ! anci5t ,p]sians _h no nobility1 ?\gh !re is reason to suspect t ! ,flor5t9e secret>y1 :o seems to h be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,roman ?an ! ,greek au?ors1 0 mi/ak5 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! m anci5t ,p]sians1 ^: mann]s are describ$ by ,x5ophon1 7 a free p1 & _h nobility4 ,_! 7 pres]v$ ev5 aft] ! ext5d+ ( _! conque/s & ! consequ5t *ange ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,arrian m5tions !m 9 ,d>ius's "t 7,de exp$4 ,alex41 lib4 #b74 ,hi/orians also speak (t5 ( ! p]sons 9 comm& z m5 ( family4 ,tygranes1 :o 0 g5]al ( ! ,m$es "u ,x]xes1 0 ( ! race ( ,a*mnes 7,h]od41 lib4 #g1 cap4 #fb74 ,arta*z1 :o direct$ ! cutt+ ( ! canal ab\t ,m\nt ,a?os1 0 ( ! same family 7id41 cap4 #aag74 ,megabyzus 0 "o ( ! sev5 em95t ,p]sians :o conspir$ aga9/ ! ,magi4 ,8 son ,zopyrus 0 9 ! highe/ comm& "u ,d>ius1 & deliv]$ ,babylon to him4 ,8 gr&son ,megabyzus comm&$ ! army defeat$ at ,m>a?on4 ,8 great gr&son ,zopyrus 0 also em95t1 & 0 bani%$ ,p]sia 7,h]od41 lib4 #c2 ,?uc41 lib4 #a74 ,rosaces1 :o comm&$ an army 9 ,egypt "u ,artax]xes1 0 also desc5d$ f "o ( ! sev5 conspirators 7,diod4 ,sic41 lib4 #af74 ,agesilaus 79 ,x5ophon1 ,hi/4 ,grc4 lib4 #d71 be+ desir\s ( mak+ a m>riage betwixt ,k+ ,cotys1 8 ally1 & ! daught] ( ,spi?ridates1 a ,p]sian ( rank :o _h des]t$ to him1 fir/ asks ,cotys :at rank ,spi?ridates is (4 ,"o ( ! mo/ consid]able 9 ,p]sia1 says ,cotys4 ,ariu1 :5 (f]$ ! sov]eignty by ,cle>*us & ! t5 ?\s& ,greeks1 refus$ x z ( too l[ a rank1 & said t s _m em95t ,p]sians w\ld nev] endure 8 rule 7id41 ,de exp$4 lib4 #b74 ,"s ( ! families1 desc5d$ f ! sev5 ,p]sians above m5tion$1 rema9$ dur+ all ,alex&]'s successors2 & ,mi?ridates1 9 ,antio*us's "t1 is said by ,polybius to be desc5d$ f "o ( !m 7lib4 #e1 cap4 #dc74 ,artabazus 0 e/eem$1 z ,arrian says1 7lib4 #c74 ,& :5 ,alex&] m>ri$ 9 "o day eighty ( 8 capta9s to ,p]sian wom51 8 int5tion pla9ly 0 to ally ! ,mac$onians ) ! mo/ em95t ,p]sian families 7id41 lib4 #g74 ,diodorus ,siculus says !y 7 ( ! mo/ noble bir? 9 ,p]sia 7lib4 #ag74 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,p]sia 0 despotic1 & conduct$ 9 _m respects aft] ! ,ea/]n mann]1 b 0 n c>ri$ s f> z to extirpate all nobility1 & conf\nd all ranks & ord]s4 ,x left m5 :o 7 /ill great1 by !mselves & _! family1 indep5d5t ( _! (fice & commission4 ,& ! reason :y ! ,mac$onians kept s easily dom9ion ov] !m 0 ow+ to o!r causes easy to be f\nd 9 ! hi/orians1 ?\gh x mu/ be own$ t ,ma*iavel's reason+ 0 9 itself j1 h[ev] d\btful its application to ! pres5t case4 #aae ,:at our au?or's op9ion 0 ( ! fam\s m9i/] "h po9t$ at may be le>n$ f t essay1 pr9t$ 9 ! =m] editions1 "u ! title ( 8,a ,"* ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole40 ,x 0 z foll[s3--8,!re nev] 0 a man ^: actions & "* h be5 m e>ne/ly & op5ly canvass$ ?an ^? ( ! pres5t m9i/]1 :o1 hav+ gov]n$ a le>n$ & free nation = s long a "t1 amid/ su* mighty opposition1 may make a l>ge libr>y ( :at has be5 writt5 = & aga9/ him1 & is ! subject ( above half ! pap] t has be5 blott$ 9 ! nation )9 ^! tw5ty ye>s4 ,i wi%1 = ! hon\r ( our c\ntry1 t any "o "* ( him _h be5 drawn ) su* judgm5t & imp>tiality z to h cr$it ) po/]ity1 & to %[ t our lib]ty has1 once at lea/1 be5 employ$ to good purpose4 ,i am only afraid ( fail+ 9 ! =m] quality ( judgm5t2 b if x %\ld be s1 x is b "o page m ?r[n away1 aft] a hundr$ ?\s&1 ^u ! same subject1 t h p]i%$ & become useless4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i %all flatt] myself ) ! pleas+ imag9ation t ! foll[+ "* w be adopt$ by future hi/orians3-- 8,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,great ,brita91 is a man ( ability1 n a g5ius2 good-natur$1 n virtu\s2 con/ant1 n magnanim\s2 mod]ate1 n equitable4#aaf ,8 virtues1 9 "s in/ances1 are free f ! alloy ( ^? vices :i* usually accompany su* virtues4 ,he is a g5]\s fri5d1 )\t be+ a bitt] enemy4 ,8 vices1 9 o!r in/ances1 are n comp5sat$ by ^? virtues :i* are ne>ly alli$ to !m3 8 want ( ent]prise is n att5d$ ) frugality4 ,! private "* ( ! man is bett] ?an ! public1 8 virtues m ?an 8 vices1 8 =tune great] ?an 8 fame4 ,) _m good qualities he has incurr$ ! public hatr$2 ) good capacity he has n escap$ ridicule4 ,he w\ld h be5 e/eem$ m wor?y ( 8 high /ation _h he nev] possess$ x2 & is bett] qualifi$ = ! second ?an = ! fir/ place 9 any ,gov]nm5t4 ,8 m9i/ry has be5 m advantage\s to 8 family ?an to ! public1 bett] = ?is age ?an = po/]ity1 & m p]nici\s by bad prec$5ts ?an by real grievances4 ,dur+ 8 "t trade has fl\ri%$1 lib]ty decl9$1 & le>n+ gone to ru94 ,z ,i am a man1 ,i love him2 z ,i am a s*ol>1 ,i hate him2 z ,i am a ,briton1 ,i calmly wi% 8 fall4 ,& 7 ,i a memb] ( ei!r ,h\se ,i w\ld give my vote = remov+ him f ,/4 ,james's1 b %\ld be glad to see him retire to ,h\ghton ,hall1 to pass ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9 ease & pleasure40 ,! au?or is pleas$ to f9d t aft] animosities are laid1 & calumny has ceas$1 ! :ole nation almo/ h return$ to ! same mod]ate s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ?is great man1 if !y are n r become m fav\rable to him1 by a v natural transition f "o extreme to ano!r4 ,! au?or w\ld n oppose ^? humane s5tim5ts t[>ds ! dead1 ?\gh he _c =be> obs]v+ t ! n pay+ m ( our public debts 01 z h9t$ 9 ?is "*1 a great1 & ! only great error 9 t long adm9i/ration4 #aaf ,mod]ate 9 ! ex]cise ( p[]1 n equitable 9 engross+ x4 ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 ,no?+ is m surpris+ to ^? :o consid] human affairs ) a philosophical eye1 ?an to see ! eas9ess ) :i* ! _m are gov]n$ by ! few2 & to obs]ve ! implicit submission ) :i* m5 resign _! own s5tim5ts & passions to ^? ( _! rul]s4 ,:5 we inquire by :at means ?is wond] is br\ght ab\t1 we %all f9d t1 z =ce is always on ! side ( ! gov]n$1 ! gov]nors h no?+ to support !m b op9ion4 ,x is !re=e on op9ion only t gov]nm5t is f\nd$1 & ?is maxim ext5ds to ! mo/ despotic & mo/ milit>y gov]nm5ts1 z well z to ! mo/ free & mo/ popul>4 ,! ,soldan ( ,egypt1 or ! ,emp]or ( ,rome1 might drive 8 h>mless subjects l brute bea/s aga9/ _! s5tim5ts & incl9ation2 b he mu/1 at lea/1 h l$ 8 mamalukes1 or prtorian b&s1 l m51 by _! op9ion4 ,op9ion is ( two k9ds--viz41 op9ion ( int]e/ & op9ion ( "r4 ,by op9ion ( int]e/1 ,i *iefly und]/& ! s5se ( ! public advantage :i* is reap$ f gov]nm5t1 toge!r ) ! p]suasion t ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t :i* is e/abli%$ is equally advantage\s ) any o!r t c\ld easily be settl$4 ,:5 ?is op9ion prevails among ! g5]ality ( a /ate1 or among ^? :o h ! =ce 9 _! h&s1 x gives great security to any gov]nm5t4 ,"r is ( two k9ds--"r to p[] & "r to prop]ty4 ,:at preval5ce op9ion ( ! fir/ k9d has ov] mank9d may easily be und]/ood by obs]v+ ! atta*m5t :i* all nations h to _! anci5t gov]nm5t1 & ev5 to ^? names :i* h _h ! sanction ( antiquity4 ,antiquity always begets ! op9ion ( "r1 & :atev] disadvantage\s s5tim5ts we may ent]ta9 ( mank9d1 !y are always f\nd to be prodigal bo? ( blood & treasure 9 ! ma9t5ance ( public ju/ice4 ,?is passion we may d5om9ate en?usiasm1 or we may give x :at appellation we please2 b a politician :o %\ld ov]look its influ5ce on human affairs w\ld prove himself b ( a v limit$ und]/&+4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no p>ticul> 9 :i* at fir/ sight !re may appe> a great] contradiction 9 ! frame ( ! human m9d ?an ! pres5t4 ,:5 m5 act 9 a faction !y are apt1 )\t any %ame or remorse1 to neglect all ! ties ( hon\r & morality 9 ord] to s]ve _! p>ty2 & yet :5 a faction is =m$ ^u a po9t ( "r or pr9ciple1 !re is no occasion :]e m5 discov] a great] ob/9acy & a m det]m9$ s5se ( ju/ice & equity4 ,! same social disposition ( mank9d is ! cause ( bo? ^! contradictory appe>ances4 ,x is suffici5tly und]/ood t ! op9ion ( "r to prop]ty is ( ! greate/ mom5t 9 all matt]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,a not$ au?or has made prop]ty ! f\ndation ( all gov]nm5t2 & mo/ ( our political writ]s seem incl9$ to foll[ him 9 t p>ticul>4 ,?is is c>ry+ ! matt] too f>2 b /ill x mu/ be own$ t ! op9ion ( "r to prop]ty has a great influ5ce 9 ?is subject4 ,^u ^! ?ree op9ions1 !re=e1 ( public int]e/1 ( "r to p[]1 & ( "r to prop]ty1 are all gov]nm5ts f\nd$1 & all au?ority ( ! few ov] ! _m4 ,!re are inde$ o!r pr9ciples :i* add =ce to ^!1 & det]m9e1 limit1 or alt] _! op]ation2 su* z self-int]e/1 fe>1 & affection4 ,b /ill we may ass]t t ^! o!r pr9ciples c h no influ5ce alone1 b suppose ! antec$5t influ5ce ( ^? op9ions above m5tion$4 ,!y are !re=e to be e/eem$ ! second>y1 n ! orig9al pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,=1 fir/1 z to self-int]e/1 by :i* ,i mean ! expectation ( p>ticul> rew>ds1 di/9ct f ! g5]al protection :i* we receive f gov]nm5t1 x is evid5t t ! magi/rate's au?ority mu/ be antec$5tly e/abli%$1 or at lea/ be hop$ =1 9 ord] to produce ?is expectation4 ,! prospect ( rew>d may augm5t ! au?ority ) reg>d to "s p>ticul> p]sons1 b c nev] give bir? to x ) reg>d to ! public4 ,m5 naturally look = ! greate/ fav\rs f _! fri5ds & acqua9tance1 & !re=e ! hopes ( any consid]able numb] ( ! /ate w\ld nev] c5tre 9 any p>ticul> set ( m5 if ^! m5 _h no o!r title to magi/racy1 & _h no sep>ate influ5ce ov] ! op9ions ( mank9d4 ,! same obs]vation may be ext5d$ to ! o!r two pr9ciples ( fe> & affection4 ,no man w\ld h any reason to fe> ! fury ( a tyrant if he _h no au?ority ov] any b f fe>2 s9ce z a s+le man 8 bodily =ce c rea* b a small way1 & all fur!r p[] he possesses mu/ be f\nd$ ei!r on our op9ion or on ! presum$ op9ion ( o!rs4 ,& ?\gh affection to wisdom & virtue 9 a sov]eign ext5ds v f> & has great influ5ce1 yet he mu/ be antec$5tly suppos$ inve/$ ) a public "*1 o!rwise ! public e/eem w s]ve him 9 no /ead1 nor w 8 virtue h any influ5ce beyond a n>r[ sph]e4 ,a gov]nm5t may endure = sev]al ages1 ?\gh ! balance ( p[] & ! balance ( prop]ty d n agree4 ,?is *iefly happ5s :]e any rank or ord] ( ! /ate has acquir$ a l>ge %>e ( ! prop]ty1 b f ! orig9al con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t has no %>e ( ! p[]4 ,"u :at pretext w\ld any individual ( t ord] assume au?ority 9 public affairs8 ,z m5 are commonly mu* atta*$ to _! anci5t gov]nm5t1 x is n to be expect$ t ! public w\ld ev] fav\r su* usurpations4 ,b :]e ! orig9al con/itution all[s any %>e ( p[]1 ?\gh small1 to an ord] ( m5 :o possess a l>ge %>e ( ! prop]ty1 x is easy = !m gradually to /ret* _! au?ority & br+ ! balance ( p[] to co9cide ) t ( prop]ty4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,engl&4 ,mo/ writ]s :o h treat$ ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t h suppos$ t z ! ,h\se ( ,commons repres5ts all ! commons ( ,great ,brita91 s its weight 9 ! scale is proportion$ to ! prop]ty & p[] ( all :om x repres5ts4 ,b ?is pr9ciple mu/ n be receiv$ z absolutely true4 ,= ?\gh ! p are apt to atta* !mselves m to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?an to any o!r memb] ( ! con/itution--t ,h\se be+ *os5 by !m z _! repres5tatives & z ! public gu>dians ( _! lib]ty--yet are !re in/ances :]e ! ,h\se1 ev5 :5 9 opposition to ! ,cr[n1 has n be5 foll[$ by ! p2 z we may p>ticul>ly obs]ve ( ! ,tory ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,william4 ,7 ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se oblig$ to receive in/ructions f _! con/itu5ts1 l ! ,dut* deputies1 ?is w\ld entirely alt] ! case2 & if su* imm5se p[] & ri*es z ^? ( ! :ole commons ( ,brita9 7 br\ght into ! scale1 x is n easy to conceive t ! ,cr[n c\ld ei!r influ5ce ! multitude ( p or )/& t ov]balance ( prop]ty4 ,x is true ! ,cr[n has great influ5ce ov] ! collective body ( ,brita9 9 ! elections ( memb]s2 b 7 ?is influ5ce1 :i* at pres5t is only ex]t$ once 9 sev5 ye>s1 to be employ$ 9 br++ ov] ! p to e vote1 x w\ld soon be wa/$1 & no skill1 popul>ity or rev5ue1 c\ld support x4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be ( op9ion t an alt]ation 9 ?is p>ticul> w\ld introduce a total alt]ation 9 our gov]nm5t1 & w\ld soon r$uce x to a pure republic2 & p]haps to a republic ( no inconv5i5t =m4 ,= ?\gh ! p collect$ 9 a body l ! ,roman tribes be q unfit = gov]nm5t1 yet :5 disp]s$ 9 small bodies !y are m susceptible bo? ( reason & ord]2 ! =ce ( popul> curr5ts & tides is 9 a great measure brok52 & ! public int]e/ may be pursu$ ) "s me?od & con/ancy4 ,b x is ne$less to reason any fur!r conc]n+ a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is nev] likely to h place 9 ,brita91 & :i* seems n to be ! aim ( any p>ty among/ u4 ,let u *]i% & improve our anci5t gov]nm5t z mu* z possible1 )\t enc\rag+ a passion = su* dang]\s novelties4 ,,( ,,political ,,society4 ,_h e man suffici5t sagacity to p]ceive at all times ! /rong int]e/ :i* b9ds him to ! obs]vance ( ju/ice & equity1 & /r5g? ( m9d suffici5t to p]sev]e 9 a /eady adh]5ce to a g5]al & a di/ant int]e/1 9 opposition to ! allurem5ts ( pres5t pleasure & advantage--!re _h nev]1 9 t case1 be5 any su* ?+ z gov]nm5t or political society1 b ea* man foll[+ 8 natural lib]ty _h liv$ 9 entire peace & h>mony ) all o!rs4 ,:at ne$ ( positive laws :]e natural ju/ice is1 ( itself1 a suffici5t re/ra9t8 ,:y create magi/rates :]e !re nev] arises any disord] or iniquity8 ,:y abridge our native fre$om :51 9 e in/ance1 ! utmo/ ex]tion ( x is f\nd innoc5t & b5eficial8 ,x is evid5t t if gov]nm5t 7 totally useless x nev] c\ld h place1 & t ! sole f\ndation ( ! duty ( allegiance is ! advantage :i* x procures to society by pres]v+ peace & ord] among mank9d4 ,:5 a numb] ( political societies are erect$1 & ma9ta9 a great int]c\rse toge!r1 a new set ( rules are imm$iately discov]$ to be useful 9 t p>ticul> situation1 & accord+ly take place "u ! title ( 8,laws ( ,nations40 ,( ?is k9d are ! sacr$ness ( ! p]sons ( ambassadors1 ab/a9+ f poison$ arms1 qu>t] 9 w>1 ) o!rs ( t k9d1 :i* are pla9ly calculat$ = ! advantage ( /ates & k+doms 9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,! rules ( ju/ice1 su* z prevail among individuals1 are n entirely susp5d$ among political societies4 ,all pr9ces pret5d a reg>d to ! rights ( o!rs2 & "s1 no d\bt1 )\t hypocrisy4 ,alliances & treaties are e day made betwe5 indep5d5t /ates1 :i* w\ld only be s mu* wa/e ( p>*m5t if !y 7 n f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 to h "s influ5ce & au?ority4 ,b "h is ! diff]5ce betwe5 k+doms & individuals4 ,human nature _c by any means subsi/ )\t ! association ( individuals2 & t association nev] c\ld h place 7 no reg>d paid to ! laws ( equity & ju/ice4 ,disord]1 confusion1 ! w> ( all aga9/ all1 are ! necess>y consequ5ces ( su* a lic5ti\s conduct4 ,b nations c subsi/ )\t int]c\rse4 ,!y may ev5 subsi/1 9 "s degree1 "u a g5]al w>4 ,! obs]vance ( ju/ice1 ?\gh useful among !m1 is n gu>d$ by s /rong a necessity z among individuals2 & ! moral obligation holds proportion ) ! usefulness4 ,all politicians w all[1 & mo/ philosoph]s1 t reasons ( /ate may1 9 p>ticul> em]g5cies1 disp5se ) ! rules ( ju/ice1 & invalidate any treaty or alliance :]e ! /rict obs]vance ( x w\ld be prejudicial 9 a consid]able degree to ei!r ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,b no?+ less ?an ! extreme/ necessity1 x is confess$1 c ju/ify individuals 9 a brea* ( promise1 ,or an invasion ( ! prop]ties ( o!rs4 ,9 a conf$]at$ commonweal?1 su* z ! ,a*an ,republic ( old1 or ! ,swiss ,cantons & ,unit$ ,prov9ces 9 mod]n times2 z ! league has "h a peculi> utility1 ! conditions ( union h a peculi> sacr$ness & au?ority1 & a violation ( !m w\ld be equally crim9al1 ,or ev5 m crim9al ?an any private injury or inju/ice4 ,! long & helpless infancy ( man requires ! comb9ation ( p>5ts = ! subsi/5ce ( _! "y1 & t comb9ation requires ! virtue ( *a/ity or fidelity to ! m>riage-b$4 ,)\t su* a utility1 x w readily be own$ t su* a virtue w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (4 ,an infidelity ( ?is nature is mu* m p]nici\s 9 wom5 ?an 9 m52 h5ce ! laws ( *a/ity are mu* /rict] ov] ! "o sex ?an ov] ! o!r4 ,^! rules h all a ref]5ce to g5]ation1 & yet wom5 pa/ *ild-be>+ are no m suppos$ to be exempt$ f !m ?an ^? 9 ! fl[] ( _! y\? & beauty4 ,g5]al rules are (t5 ext5d$ beyond ! pr9ciple :5ce !y fir/ arise1 & ?is holds 9 all matt]s ( ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,x is a vulg> /ory at ,p>is t dur+ ! rage ( ! ,mississippi a hump-back$ fell[ w5t e day into ! ,rue de ,qu9cempoix1 :]e ! /ock-jobb]s met 9 great cr[ds1 & 0 well paid = all[+ !m to make use ( 8 hump z a desk 9 ord] to sign _! contracts ^u x4 ,w\ld ! =tune :i* he rais$ by ?is inv5tion make him a h&some fell[1 ?\gh x be confess$ t p]sonal beauty arises v mu* f ideas ( utility8 ,! imag9ation is influ5c$ by association ( ideas1 :i*1 ?\gh !y arise at fir/ f ! judgm5t1 are n easily alt]$ by e p>ticul> exception t occurs to u4 ,to :i* we may add1 9 ! pres5t case ( *a/ity1 t ! example ( ! old w\ld be p]nici\s to ! "y1 & t wom51 cont9ually ?9k+ t a c]ta9 "t w\ld br+ !m ! lib]ty ( indulg5ce1 w\ld naturally advance t p]iod & ?9k m lightly ( ?is :ole duty s requisite to society4 ,^? :o live 9 ! same family h su* frequ5t opportunities ( lic5ce ( ?is k9d t no?+ c\ld pres]ve purity ( mann]s 7 m>riage all[$ among ! ne>e/ relations1 or 7 any int]c\rse ( love betwe5 !m ratifi$ by law & cu/om4 ,ince/1 !re=e1 be+ p]nici\s 9 a sup]ior degree1 has also a sup]ior turpitude & moral de=mity annex$ to x4 ,:at is ! reason :y1 by ! ,a!nian laws1 "o might m>ry a half-si/] by ! fa!r b n by ! "m8 ,pla9ly ?is3--,! mann]s ( ! ,a!nians 7 s res]v$ t a man 0 nev] p]mitt$ to approa* ! wom5's ap>tm5t1 ev5 9 ! same family1 unless :]e he visit$ 8 own "m4 ,8 /ep-"m & h] *ildr5 7 z mu* %ut up f him z ! wom5 ( any o!r family1 & !re 0 z little dang] ( any crim9al correspond5ce betwe5 !m4 ,uncles & nieces1 = a l reason1 might m>ry at ,a!ns1 b nei!r ^! nor half-bro!rs & si/]s c\ld contract t alliance at ,rome1 :]e ! int]c\rse 0 m op5 betwe5 ! sexes4 ,public utility is ! cause ( all ^! v>iations4 ,to repeat to a man's prejudice any?+ t escap$ him 9 private conv]sation1 or to make any su* use ( 8 private lett]s1 is highly blam$4 ,! free & social int]c\rse ( m9ds mu/ be extremely *eck$ :]e no su* rules ( fidelity are e/abli%$4 ,ev5 9 repeat+ /ories1 :5ce we c see no ill consequ5ces to result1 ! giv+ "o's au?ors is reg>d$ z a piece ( indiscretion1 if n ( immorality4 ,^! /ories1 9 pass+ f h& to h& & receiv+ all ! usual v>iations1 frequ5tly come ab\t to ! p]sons conc]n$ & produce animosities & qu>rels among p ^: int5tions are ! mo/ innoc5t & in(f5sive4 ,to pry into secrets1 to op5 or ev5 read ! lett]s ( o!rs1 to play ! spy ^u _! words & looks & actions--:at habits m inconv5i5t 9 society8 :at habits1 ( consequ5ce1 m blameable8 ,?is pr9ciple is also ! f\ndation ( mo/ ( ! laws ( good mann]s1 a k9d ( less] morality calculat$ = ! ease ( company & conv]sation4 ,too mu* or too little c]emony are bo? blam$1 & ev]y?+ :i* promotes ease )\t an indec5t famili>ity is useful & laudable4 ,con/ancy 9 fri5d%ips1 atta*m5ts1 & intimacies is commonly v comm5dable1 & is requisite to support tru/ & good correspond5ce 9 society4 ,b 9 places ( g5]al ?\gh casual conc\rse1 :]e ! pursuit ( heal? & pleasure br+s p promiscu\sly toge!r1 public conv5i5cy has disp5s$ ) ?is maxim1 & cu/om !re promotes an unres]v$ conv]sation = ! "t by indulg+ ! privilege ( dropp+ aft]w>ds e indiff]5t acqua9tance )\t brea* ( civility or good mann]s4 ,ev5 9 societies :i* are e/abli%$ on pr9ciples ! mo/ immoral & ! mo/ de/ructive to ! int]e/s ( ! g5]al society !re are requir$ c]ta9 rules :i* a species ( false hon\r z well z private int]e/ engages ! memb]s to obs]ve4 ,robb]s & pirates1 x has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 c\ld n ma9ta9 _! p]nici\s conf$]acy did !y n e/abli% a new di/ributive ju/ice among !mselves & recall ^? laws ( equity :i* !y h violat$ ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 8,i hate a dr9k+ companion10 says ! ,greek prov]b1 8:o nev] =gets40 ,! follies ( ! la/ debau* %\ld be buri$ 9 et]nal oblivion1 9 ord] to give full scope to ! follies ( ! next4 ,among nations :]e an immoral gallantry1 if cov]$ ) a ?9 veil ( my/]y1 is 9 "s degree au?oriz$ by cu/om1 !re imm$iately arise a set ( rules calculat$ = ! conv5i5cy ( t atta*m5t4 ,! fam\s c\rt or p>liam5t ( love 9 ,prov5ce decid$ =m]ly all difficult cases ( ?is nature4 ,9 societies = play !re are laws requir$ = ! conduct ( ! game1 & ^! laws are diff]5t 9 ea* game4 ,! f\ndation1 ,i own1 ( su* societies is frivol\s1 & ! laws are 9 a great measure1 ?\gh n altoge!r1 caprici\s & arbitr>y4 ,s f> is !re a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! rules ( ju/ice1 fidelity & loyalty4 ,! g5]al societies ( m5 are absolutely requisite = ! subsi/5ce ( ! species1 & ! public conv5i5cy1 :i* regulates morals1 is inviolably e/abli%$ 9 ! nature ( man & ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,! comp>ison1 !re=e1 9 ^! respects is v imp]fect4 ,we may only le>n f x ! necessity ( rules :]ev] m5 h any int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,!y _c ev5 pass ea* o!r on ! road )\t rules4 ,waggon]s1 coa*m51 & po/ilions h pr9ciples by :i* !y give way1 & ^! are *iefly f\nd$ on mutual ease & conv5i5ce4 ,sometimes also !y are arbitr>y1 at lea/ dep5d5t on a k9d ( caprici\s analogy1 l _m ( ! reason+s ( lawy]s4#aag ,to c>ry ! matt] fur!r1 we may obs]ve t x is impossible = m5 s mu* z to murd] ea* o!r )\t /atutes & maxims & an idea ( ju/ice & hon\r4 ,w> has its laws z well z peace1 & ev5 t sportive k9d ( w> c>ri$ on among wre/l]s1 box]s1 cudgel-play]s1 gladiators1 is regulat$ by fix$ pr9ciples4 ,common int]e/ & utility beget infallibly a /&>d ( "r & wrong among ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,,note1 ,,( ,,political ,,society4 #aag ,t ! light] ma*9e yields to ! heavi]1 & 9 ma*9es ( ! same k9d1 t ! empty yields to ! load$--?is rule is f\nd$ on conv5i5ce4 ,t ^? :o are go+ to ! capital take place ( ^? :o are com+ f x--?is seems to be f\nd$ on "s idea ( ! dignity ( ! great city1 & ( ! pref]5ce ( ! future to ! pa/4 ,f l reasons1 among foot-walk]s1 ! "r-h& entitles a man to ! wall & prev5ts jo/l+1 :i* peaceable p f9d v disagreeable & inconv5i5t4 ,,alphabetical ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,,by ,,hume4 ,,milius1 ,,paulus1 ,roman g5]al1 ,b4,c4 #bcj-aeg4 ,defeat$ ,p]seus ( ,mac$onia4 ,,aga?ocles1 tyrant ( ,syracuse1 born circa ,b4,c4 #cfa1 di$ #bhi4 ,,alcibiades1 ,a!nian g5]al & /atesman1 born ,b4,c4 #dej1 di$ ,b4,c4 #djd4 ,a disciple ( ,socrates1 & not$ = dissolut5ess4 ,,alex&] ! ,great1 born ,b4,c4 #cef1 di$ #cbc4 ,,ana*>sis1 ,scy?ian philosoph]1 ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,mu* e/eem$ by ,solon4 ,,an?ony1 ,,m>k1 ,triumvir1 born circa ,b4,c4 #he1 di$ ,b4,c4 #cj4 ,be/ kn[n ?r\gh 8 association ) ,cleopatra4 ,,antigonus1 "o ( ! greate/ g5]als ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,sla9 9 #cja at ,ipsus4 ,,antipat]1 m9i/] ( ,philip ( ,mac$on & ,alex&] ! ,great1 di$ ,b4,c4 #cai4 ,,appianus 7,appian71 belong$ to ! "t ( ,trajan1 & wrote ! hi/ory ( ,rome 9 ,greek4 ,,aratus1 g5]al ( ! ,a*an ,league1 born ,b4,c4 #bga1 di$ #bac4 ,,arbu?not1 ,,john1 physician1 born #afge1 di$ #agce4 ,associate ( ,pope & ,swift1 & wrote on anci5t measures1 weights1 & co9s4 ,,ari/otle1 philosoph]1 ! ,/agirite1 born ,b4,c4 #chd1 di$ #ccb4 ,tutor ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,,arrianus1 ,greek hi/orian1 resid$ at ,rome 9 ! second c5tury1 a disciple ( ,epictetus1 di$ circa ,a4,d4 #afj4 ,,a!n,,u1 gramm>ian1 born 9 ,egypt 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 di$ ,b4,c4 #aig4 ,,augu/us1 fir/ ,roman ,emp]or1 born ,b4,c4 #fc1 gr&nephew ( ,julius ,cs>1 di$ ,a4,d4 #ad4 ,c,,s>1 ,,caius ,,julius1 ,b4,c4 #ajj-dd1 ,roman w>rior & adm9i/rator1 kn[n to e s*oolboy f 8 ,comm5t>ies4 ,,camillus1 ,,m>cus ,,furius1 di$ ,b4,c4 #cfe1 ,roman w>rior1 six times milit>y tribune & five times dictator4 ,,c>acalla1 bro!r ( ,geta1 :om he murd]$ ,a4,d4 #bab4 ,,catal9a1 ,,lucius ,,s]gius 7,catil9e71 di$ ,b4,c4 #fb1 not$ = 8 deprav$ habits & 8 conspiracy t drew f ,cic]o 8 fam\s orations4 ,,cato1 ,,m>cus ,,porcius1 surnam$ f ,utica1 8 bir?place1 ,utic5sis1 di$ ,b4,c4 #df4 ,,cato1 ! eld]1 born ,b4,c4 #bcd1 di$ #adi1 not$ = 8 c\rage & temp]ance4 ,,cic]o1 ,,m>cus ,,tullius1 ,roman orator1 born ,b4,c4 #ajf1 di$ #dc4 ,,claudius1 ,roman ,emp]or1 born ,b4,c4 #i1 di$ ,a4,d4 #ed4 ,visit$ ,brita9 ,a4,d4 #dc4 ,,cleom5es1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 di$ ,b4,c4 #bbj4 ,,clodius1 enemy ( ,cic]o1 di$ ,b4,c4 #eb4 ,us$ to g ab\t ,rome ) an intimidat+ b& ( gladiators4 ,,columella1 native ( ,spa91 resid$ at ,rome 9 ! reign ( ,claudius1 ,a4,d4 #da-ed4 ,,commodus1 ,roman ,emp]or1 son ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 born ,a4,d4 #afa1 di$ #aib4 ,,ctesiphon4 ,9 8 def5ce ,demo/h5es deliv]$ 8 fam\s oration 8,on ! ,cr[n0 9 ,b4,c4 #ccj4 ,,demetrius ,,phal]eus1 ,greek orator & /atesman1 born ,b4,c4 #cde1 di$ circa #bhc4 ,,demo/h5es1 ,greek orator1 ,b4,c4 #che-cbb1 ^: spee*es aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,philip ( ,mac$on h giv5 ! g5]al t]m 8philippics0 to p[]ful invective4 ,,dion ,,cassius1 circa #bjj-bej1 wrote hi/ory ( ,rome 9 ,greek4 ,,dionysius ,,halic>nass,,u1 ,greek rhetorician & hi/orian1 born ,b4,c4 #bi1 di$ ,b4,c4 #g4 ,*ief "w1 ,roman ,ar*ology4 ,,dionysius1 ! eld]1 tyrant ( ,syracuse1 ,b4,c4 #dcj-cfg2 besides be+ a w>rior1 0 a patron ( lit]>y m5 & arti/s4 ,built ,lautumi1 ! fam\s prison1 call$ also ! 8,e> ( ,dionysius40 ,,diodorus ,,siculus1 wrote a univ]sal hi/ory1 fl\ri%$ circa ,b4,c4 #ej4 ,,drusus1 ,roman consul1 born ,b4,c4 #ch4 ,,epam9ondas1 ,!ban /atesman & g5]al1 di$ ,b4,c4 #cfb4 ,,florus1 ,roman hi/orian1 liv$ 9 ! reigns ( ,trajan & ,hadrian4 ,,fol>d1 ,,jean ,,*>les1 milit>y tactician1 born at ,avignon #affi1 di$ #ageb1 publi%$ an edition ( ,polybius4 ,,g>cilasso ,,de ,,la ,,vega1 call$ ! ,inca because desc5d$ f ! royal family ( ,p]u 7#aecj-afbj71 wrote ,hi/ory ( ,p]u & ,hi/ory ( ,florida4 ,,gee1 ,,jo%ua1 eighte5?-c5tury ,london m]*ant1 wrote ,trade & ,navigation ( ,great ,brita9 7#agcj74 ,,g]manicus1 son ( ,n]o1 di$ ,a4,d4 #ai1 ag$ #cd4 ,,geta1 second son ( ,emp]or ,sev]us1 born ,a4,d4 #ahi1 di$ #bab4 ,,guicci>d9i1 ,,francisco1 ,italian hi/orian 7#adhb-aedj74 ,,hannibal1 great ,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 born ,b4,c4 #bdg1 di$ #ahc4 ,,heliogabalus1 ,roman emp]or1 born circa ,a4,d4 #bje1 di$ #bbb4 ,,h]odian1 fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 wrote 9 ,greek a hi/ory ( ! p]iod f ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius to #bch4 ,,hesiod1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,greek poets1 suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 8,works & ,days0 is 8 be/ kn[n poem4 ,,hi]o ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 di$ ,b4,c4 #bae1 ag$ #ib4 ,ar*im$es liv$ 9 8 reign4 ,,hirtius1 ,roman consul1 contempor>y ) ,cs> & ,cic]o2 is said to be ! au?or ( ! eigh? book ( ,cs>'s ,comm5t>ies4 ,,hyp]ides1 ,a!nian orator1 di$ ,b4,c4 #cbb1 disciple ( ,plato4 ,,isocrates1 ,greek orator1 born ,b4,c4 #dcf1 di$ #cch4 ,,ju/91 a ,lat9 hi/orian1 liv$ 9 second or ?ird c5tury1 epitomiz$ ,hi/ori ,philippic ( ,trogus ,pompeius1 a native ( ,gaul4 ,,livius1 ,,titus 7,livy71 hi/orian ( ,rome 7,b4,c4 #ei-ag74 ,( 8 #adb books1 only #ce h be5 pres]v$4 ,,long9us1 ,,dionysius1 ,greek philosoph]1 di$ ,b4,c4 #bgc4 ,8 ext5sive k e>n$ him ! title ( 8,! liv+ libr>y40 ,,lucian1 ,greek writ]1 liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,,lycurgus1 ,sp>tan lawgiv]1 ^: sev]e regulations made ! ,sp>tans a race ( w>riors1 is said to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,lysias1 ,greek orator1 born ,b4,c4 #deh1 di$ #cgc1 wrote #bcj orations1 ( :i* only #ce rema94 ,,ma*iavelli1 ,flor5t9e /atesman & hi/orian1 born #adfi1 di$ #aebg4 ,,maillet1 ,fr5* writ]1 born #afef1 di$ #agch1 consul 9 ,egypt & at ,leghorn4 ,,m>tial1 ,roman poet1 born ,a4,d4 #dc4 ,,mass9issa1 ,k+ ( ,numidia1 born ,b4,c4 #bch1 di$ #adh4 ,,maz>91 ,,jules1 c>d9al1 & fir/ m9i/] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7#afjb-fa74 ,,nabis1 ,sp>tan tyrant1 di$ ,b4,c4 #aib1 not$ = 8 cruelty4 ,,n]o1 ,roman emp]or1 born ,a4,d4 #cg1 di$ #fg4 ,,octavius1 became ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,,ovidius ,,publius ,,naso 7,ovid71 ,roman poet1 ,b4,c4 #dc-;,a4,d4 #ah1 enjoy$ ! patronage ( ,augu/us until bani%$ ,a4,d4 #h4 ,*ief works--,amores1 ,de ,arte ,am&i1 ,fa/i4 ,,pat]culus1 ,roman hi/orian1 born circa ,b4,c4 #ai1 di$ ,a4,d4 #ca4 ,,pausanias1 ,greek writ]1 fl\ri%$ circa ,a4,d4 #abj-adj4 ,,p]seus1 or ,,p]ses1 la/ ,k+ ( ,mac$onia4 ,asc5d$ ! ?rone ,b4,c4 #agh4 ,,pesc5ius ,,nig]1 became ,roman ,emp]or 9 #aic4 ,,petronius1 di$ ,a4,d4 #ff1 ,roman au?or1 liv$ at ! c\rt ( ,n]o1 & acquir$ celebrity = 8 lic5ti\sness4 ,,philip ( ,mac$on1 born #chb1 assass9at$ #ccf4 ,,plato1 born ,b4,c4 #dbi1 di$ #cdg4 ,,plautus1 ,roman com$y writ]1 born circa ,b4,c4 #bee1 di$ #ahd4 ,,pl9y4 ,!re 7 two ,pl9ys--"o born ,a4,d4 #bc1 ! o!r1 nephew ( ! prec$+1 ,a4,d4 #fb4 ,! =m] 0 a naturali/2 ! latt] a plead] & soldi]1 ^: *ief writ+s are 8 acc\nt ( ! ,*ri/ians & ,epi/les4 ,,plut>*1 celebrat$ biograph]1 di$ circa ,b4,c4 #abj4 ,,polybius1 ,greek hi/orian1 ,b4,c4 #bjd-abb4 ,8 hi/ory deals ) ,greece & ,rome dur+ ! p]iod #bbj-adf1 & is ( great importance4 ,,pompey ! y\ng]1 born ,b4,c4 #ge4 ,,prusias1 ,k+ ( ,bi?ynia1 circa ,b4,c4 #aij4 ,,pyrrhus1 ,k+ ( ,epirus1 ,b4,c4 #cah-bgb1 "o ( ! greate/ w>riors ( anci5t days4 ,,sallu/ius1 ,,crispus ,,caius1 ,roman hi/orian1 ,b4,c4 #hf-ce1 exclud$ f ! ,s5ate on acc\nt ( 8 debau*]y4 ,,s5eca1 ,,lucius ,,ann,,u1 ,roman philosoph]1 ,a4,d4 #c-fe1 belong$ to ! ,/oic s*ool1 & 0 believ$ to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,/4 ,paul4 ,,s]vius ,,tullius1 six? ,k+ ( ,rome1 *ang$ ! con/itution s t ! plebs obta9$ political p[]4 ,,sev]us1 ,roman ,emp]or1 born ,a4,d4 #adf1 di$ at ,york #baa4 ,wrote hi/ory ( 8 own reign4 ,,solon1 celebrat$ ,a!nian legislator1 di$ circa ,b4,c4 #eeh1 ag$ eighty4 ,e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple t prop]ty1 n bir?1 %\ld entitle to /ate hon\rs & (fices4 ,,/rabo1 ,greek hi/orian & geograph]1 born circa ,b4,c4 #ej1 di$ circa ,a4,d4 #bj4 ,8 *ief "w 9 sev5te5 books gives a description ( diff]5t c\ntries1 mann]s & cu/oms1 p>ticul>s ( _! hi/ory1 & em95t m54 ,,suetonius1 ,roman hi/orian1 born circa ,a4,d4 #ge1 di$ circa #afj4 ,,tacitus1 ,roman hi/orian1 born circa ,a4,d4 #ed4 ,8 ,annales cov] ! p]iod ,a4,d4 #ad-fh4 ,,!ocritus1 ,greek poet1 liv$ ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 consid]$ ! fa!r ( pa/oral poetry4 ,visit$ ! c\rt ( ,ptolemu ,sot]4 ,,?rasybulus1 ,a!nian naval comm&]1 di$ ,b4,c4 #chi4 ,,?ucydides1 ,greek hi/orian1 born ,b4,c4 #dga1 di$ circa #dja4 ,8 great "w1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 is ! fir/ example ( philosophical hi/ory4 ,,tib]ius1 ,,claudius ,,n]o1 ,roman ,emp]or1 ,b4,c4 #db-;,a4,d4 #cg1 succe$$ ,augu/us ,a4,d4 #ad4 ,,timoleon1 ,greek g5]al1 born 9 ,cor9? circa ,b4,c4 #djj1 di$ #ccg4 ,resid$ at ,syracuse4 ,,tissaph]nes1 ,p]sian satrap1 di$ ,b4,c4 #cie4 ,an intimate fri5d ( ,alcibiades4 ,,trajanus1 ,,m>cus ,,ulpius 7,trajan71 ,roman ,emp]or1 ,a4,d4 #eb-aag4 ,succe$$ to ! ?rone 9 #ih1 & surnam$ by ! ,s5ate 8,optimus40 ,,v>ro1 ,roman writ]1 born ,b4,c4 #aaf1 di$ #bh4 ,reput$ ! mo/ le>n$ among ! ,romans1 & wrote #dij books4 ,,vauban1 ,s,,ba/i5 ,,le ,,pre/re ,,de1 ,m>%al ( ,france & great milit>y eng9e]1 #afcc-agjg4 ,publi%$ works on sieges1 fronti]s1 etc41 & left twelve folio volumes ( ,,ms41 & 0 pron\nc$ ! mo/ upright1 simple1 true1 & mode/ man ( 8 age4 ,,vespasian1 ,,titus ,,flavius1 ,roman ,emp]or1 born ,a4,d4 #i1 di$ #gi4 ,,vopiscus1 ,syracusan1 fl\ri%$ circa ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,wrote hi/ories4 ,,x5ophon1 ,greek hi/orian1 born circa ,b4,c4 #dej1 a disciple & fri5d ( ,socrates4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,! ,,walt] ,,scott ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,fell+-,,on-,,tyne4 ,,adv]tisem5ts1 f ! ,walt] ,scott ,publi%+ ,company1 ,limit$1 ,london & ,fell+-on-,tyne4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,lit]>y ,,ma/]pieces4 ,! ,scott ,libr>y4 ,m>oon ,clo?1 ,gilt4 ,price #as4 net p] ,volume4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issu$-- #a ,malory's ,romance ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & ! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail4 ,edit$ by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #b ,?oreau's ,wald54 ,) ,introductory ,note by ,w ,h4 ,dircks4 #c ,?oreau's 8,week40 ,) ,prefatory ,note by ,w ,h4 ,dircks4 #d ,?oreau's ,essays4 ,edit$1 ,) an ,introduction1 by ,w ,h4 ,dircks4 #e ,confessions ( an ,engli% ,opium-eat]1 ,etc4 ,by ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey4 ,) ,introductory ,note by ,william ,%>p4 #f ,l&or's ,imag9>y ,conv]sations4 ,select$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,havelock ,ellis4 #g ,plut>*'s ,lives 7,langhorne74 ,) ,introductory ,note by ,b4 ,j4 ,snell1 ,m4,a4 #h ,br[ne's ,religio ,m$ici1 etc4 ,) ,introduction by ,j4 ,add+ton ,symonds4 #i ,%elley's ,essays & ,lett]s4 ,edit$1 ) ,introductory ,note1 by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #aj ,swift's ,prose ,writ+s4 ,*os5 & ,arrang$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,walt] ,lew94 #aa ,my ,/udy ,w9d[s4 ,by ,james ,russell ,l[ell4 ,) ,introduction by ,r4 ,g>nett1 ,,ll4,d4 #ab ,l[ell's ,essays on ! ,engli% ,poets4 ,) a new ,introduction by ,mr4 ,l[ell4 #ac ,! ,bigl[ ,pap]s4 ,by ,james ,russell ,l[ell4 ,) a ,prefatory ,note by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #ad ,great ,engli% ,pa9t]s4 ,select$ f ,cunn+ham's ,lives4 ,edit$ by ,william ,%>p4 #ae ,byron's ,lett]s & ,j\rnals4 ,select$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,ma?ilde ,bl9d4 #af ,leigh ,hunt's ,essays4 ,) ,introduction & ,notes by ,ar?ur ,symons4 #ag ,longfell['s 8,hyp]ion10 8,kavanagh10 & 8,! ,tr\v]es40 ,) ,introduction by ,w4 ,tirebuck4 #ah ,great ,musical ,compos]s4 by ,g4 ,f4 ,f]ris4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,mrs4 ,william ,%>p4 #ai ,! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,edit$ by ,alice ,zimm]n4 #bj ,! ,tea*+ ( ,epictetus4 ,translat$ f ! ,greek1 ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on4 #ba ,selections f ,s5eca4 ,) ,introduction by ,walt] ,clode4 #bb ,specim5 ,days 9 ,am]ica4 ,by ,walt ,:itman4 ,revis$ by ! ,au?or1 ) fre% ,preface4 #bc ,democratic ,vi/as1 & ,o!r ,pap]s4 ,by ,walt ,:itman4 7,publi%$ by arrangem5t ) ! ,au?or47 #bd ,:ite's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne1 ) a ,preface by ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies4 #be ,defoe's ,capta9 ,s+leton4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,h4 ,halliday ,sp>l+4 #bf ,mazz9i's ,essays3 ,lit]>y1 ,political1 & ,religi\s4 ,) ,introduction by ,william ,cl>ke4 #bg ,prose ,writ+s ( ,he9e4 ,) ,introduction by ,havelock ,ellis4 #bh ,reynolds's ,disc\rses4 ,) ,introduction by ,hel5 ,zimm]n4 #bi ,pap]s ( ,/eele & ,addison4 ,edit$ by ,walt] ,lew94 #cj ,burns's ,lett]s4 ,select$ & ,arrang$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,j4 ,logie ,rob]tson1 ,m4,a4 #ca ,volsunga ,saga4 ,william ,morris4 ,) ,introduction by ,h4 ,h4 ,sp>l+4 #cb ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,) ,introduction by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #cc ,select ,writ+s ( ,em]son ) ,introduction by ,p]cival ,*ubb4 #cd ,autobiography ( ,"l ,h]b]t4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,w ,h4 ,dircks4 #ce ,engli% ,prose1 ,f ,maundeville to ,?ack]ay4 ,*os5 & ,edit$ by ,ar?ur ,galton4 #cf ,! ,pill>s ( ,society1 & ,o!r ,plays4 ,by ,h5rik ,ibs54 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,havelock ,ellis4 #cg ,iri% ,fairy & ,folk ,tales4 ,edit$ & ,select$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats4 #ch ,essays ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 ) ,biographical ,introduction & ,notes by ,/u>t ,j4 ,reid4 #ci ,essays ( ,william ,hazlitt4 ,select$ & ,edit$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,frank ,c>r4 #dj ,l&or's ,p5tam]on1 & ,o!r ,imag9>y ,conv]sations4 ,edit$1 ) a ,preface1 by ,h4 ,ellis4 #da ,poe's ,tales & ,essays4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #db ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,by ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,edit$1 ) ,preface1 by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #dc ,political ,orations1 f ,w5twor? to ,macaulay4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,william ,cl>ke4 #dd ,! ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/-table4 ,by ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 #de ,! ,poet at ! ,breakfa/-table4 ,by ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 #df ,! ,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/-table4 ,by ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 #dg ,"l ,*e/]field's ,lett]s to 8 ,son4 ,select$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,*>les ,sayle4 #dh ,/ories f ,c>leton4 ,select$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,w4 ,yeats4 #di ,jane ,eyre4 ,by ,*>lotte ,bront4 ,edit$ by ,clem5t ,k4 ,%ort]4 #ej ,elizabe?an ,engl&4 ,edit$ by ,lo?rop ,)+ton1 ) a ,preface by ,dr4 ,furnivall4 #ea ,! ,prose ,writ+s ( ,?omas ,davis4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on4 #eb ,sp5ce's ,anecdotes4 ,a ,selection4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,john ,und]hill4 #ec ,m's ,utopia1 & ,life ( ,edw>d ,v4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,maurice ,adams4 #ed ,sadi's ,guli/an1 or ,fl[] ,g>d54 ,translat$1 ) an ,essay1 by ,james ,ross4 #ee ,engli% ,fairy & ,folk ,tales4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,sidney ,h>tl&4 #ef ,nor!rn ,/udies4 ,by ,edmund ,gosse4 ,) a ,note by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #eg ,e>ly ,reviews ( ,great ,writ]s4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,/ev5son4 #eh ,ari/otle's ,e?ics4 ,) ,george ,h5ry ,lewes's ,essay on ,ari/otle prefix$4 #ei ,l&or's ,p]icles & ,aspasia4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,havelock ,ellis4 #fj ,annals ( ,tacitus4 ,?omas ,gordon's ,translation4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,ar?ur ,galton4 #fa ,essays ( ,elia4 ,by ,*>les ,lamb4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #fb ,balzac's ,%ort] ,/ories4 ,translat$ by ,william ,wilson & ! ,c\nt ,/5bock4 #fc ,com$ies ( de ,musset4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introductory ,note1 by ,s4 ,l4 ,gwynn4 #fd ,coral ,reefs4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,williams4 #fe ,%]idan's ,plays4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,rudolf ,dircks4 #ff ,our ,village4 ,by ,miss ,mit=d4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #fg ,ma/] ,humphrey's ,clock1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by ,*>les ,dick5s4 ,) ,introduction by ,frank ,t4 ,m>zials4 #fh ,ox=d ,movem5t1 ,!4 ,be+ a ,selection f 8,tracts = ! ,times40 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,william ,g4 ,hut*ison4 #fi ,essays & ,pap]s by ,d\glas ,j]rold4 ,edit$ by ,walt] ,j]rold4 #gj ,v9dication ( ! ,rights ( ,woman4 ,by ,m>y ,woll/onecraft4 ,introduction by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,rob9s ,p5nell4 #ga 8,! ,a!nian ,oracle40 ,a ,selection4 ,edit$ by ,john ,und]hill1 ) ,prefatory ,note by ,walt] ,besant4 #gb ,essays ( ,sa9te-beuve4 ,translat$ & ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,elizabe? ,lee4 #gc ,selections f ,plato4 ,f ! translation ( ,syd5ham & ,taylor4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on4 #gd ,he9e's ,italian ,travel ,sket*es1 etc4 ,translat$ by ,elizabe? ,a4 ,%>p4 ,) an ,introduction f ! ,fr5* ( ,!ophile ,gauti]4 #ge ,s*ill]'s ,maid ( ,orleans4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,major-,g5]al ,patrick ,maxwell4 #gf ,selections f ,sydney ,smi?4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #gg ,! ,new ,_s4 ,by ,havelock ,ellis4 #gh ,! ,book ( ,m>vell\s ,adv5tures4 ,f ! 8,morte d',ar?ur40 ,edit$ by ,erne/ ,rhys4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ,no4 #a1 =ms ! complete 8,morte d',ar?ur40 #gi ,essays & ,aphorisms4 ,by ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps4 ,) an ,introduction by ,e4 ,a4 ,helps4 #hj ,essays ( ,montaigne4 ,select$1 ) a ,prefatory ,note1 by ,p]cival ,*ubb4 #ha ,! ,luck ( ,b>ry ,lyndon4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,?ack]ay4 ,edit$ by ,f4 ,t4 ,m>zials4 #hb ,s*ill]'s ,william ,tell4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,major-,g5]al ,patrick ,maxwell4 #hc ,c>lyle's ,essays on ,g]man ,lit]ature4 ,) an ,introduction by ,erne/ ,rhys4 #hd ,plays & ,dramatic ,essays ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,rudolf ,dircks4 #he ,! ,prose ( ,wordswor?4 ,select$ & ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,pr(essor ,william ,knight4 #hf ,essays1 ,dialogues1 & ,?\ghts ( ,c\nt ,giacomo ,leop>di4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,major-,g5]al ,patrick ,maxwell4 #hg ,! ,inspector-g5]al4 ,a ,russian ,com$y4 ,by ,nikolai ,v4 ,gogol4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,ar?ur ,a4 ,sykes4 #hh ,essays & ,apo!gms ( ,francis1 ,"l ,bacon4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,john ,bu*an4 #hi ,prose ( ,milton4 ,select$ & ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,ri*>d ,g>nett1 ,,ll4,d4 #ij ,! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,translat$ by ,?omas ,taylor1 ) an ,introduction by ,!odore ,wratislaw4 #ia ,passages f ,froiss>t4 ,) an ,introduction by ,frank ,t4 ,m>zials4 #ib ,! ,prose & ,table ,talk ( ,col]idge4 ,edit$ by ,w ,h4 ,dircks4 #ic ,he9e 9 ,art & ,lett]s4 ,translat$ by ,elizabe? ,a4 ,%>p4 #id ,select$ ,essays ( de ,qu9cey4 ,) an ,introduction by ,sir ,george ,d\glas1 ,b>t4 #ie ,vas>i's ,lives ( ,italian ,pa9t]s4 ,select$ & ,prefac$ by ,havelock ,ellis4 #if ,laocoon1 & o!r ,prose ,writ+s ( ,less+4 ,a new ,translation by ,w4 ,b4 ,rnnfeldt4 #ig ,pelleas & ,melis&a1 & ! ,sightless4 ,two ,plays by ,maurice ,maet]l9ck4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,laur5ce ,alma ,tadema4 #ih ,! ,complete ,angl] ( ,walton & ,cotton4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,*>les ,hill ,dick4 #ii ,less+'s ,na?an ! ,wise4 ,translat$ by ,major-,g5]al ,patrick ,maxwell4 #ajj ,! ,poetry ( ! ,celtic ,races1 & o!r ,essays ( ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,hut*ison4 #aja ,criticisms1 ,reflections1 & ,maxims ( ,goe!4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,rnnfeldt4 #ajb ,essays ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,rudolf ,dircks4 ,) an ,introduction4 #ajc ,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,william ,g4 ,hut*ison4 #ajd ,! ,confessions ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,ar?ur ,symons4 #aje ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,success 9 ,lit]ature4 ,by ,george ,h5ry ,lewes4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,%>p] ,kn[lson4 #ajf ,! ,lives ( ,dr4 ,john ,donne1 ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,hook]1 ,mr4 ,george ,h]b]t1 & ,dr4 ,rob]t ,s&]son4 ,by ,izaac ,walton4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,*>les ,hill ,dick4 #ajh ,r5an's ,anti*ri/4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,hut*ison4 #aji ,orations ( ,cic]o4 ,select$ & ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,norris4 #aaj ,reflections on ! ,revolution 9 ,france4 ,by ,edmund ,burke4 ,) an ,introduction by ,george ,sampson4 #aaa ,! ,lett]s ( ! ,y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,s]ies ,i4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introductory ,essay1 by ,john ,b4 ,fir?1 ,b4,a41 ,late ,s*ol> ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d4 #aab ,! ,lett]s ( ! ,y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,s]ies ,,ii4 ,translat$ by ,john ,b4 ,fir?1 ,b4,a4 #aac ,select$ ,?\ghts ( ,blaise ,pascal4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,g]trude ,bur=d ,rawl+s4 #aad ,scots ,essayi/s3 f ,/irl+ to ,/ev5son1 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,oliphant ,smeaton4 #aae ,on ,lib]ty4 ,by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,) an ,introduction by ,w4 ,l4 ,c\rtney4 #aaf ,! ,disc\rse on ,me?od & ,metaphysical ,m$itations ( ,r5 ,desc>tes4 ,translat$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,g]trude ,b4 ,rawl+s4 #aag ,klidsa's ,sakuntal1 ,etc4 ,edit$1 ,) ,an ,introduction1 by ,t4 ,holme4 #aah ,newman's ,univ]sity ,sket*es4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,george ,sampson4 #aai ,newman's ,select ,essays4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,george ,sampson4 #abj ,r5an's ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,translat$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,william ,g4 ,hut*ison4 #aba ,fr\de's ,nemesis ( ,fai?4 ,) an ,introduction by ,william ,g4 ,hut*ison4 #abb ,:at is ,art8 ,by ,leo ,tol/oy4 ,translat$ f ! ,orig9al ,russian ,,ms41 ) ,introduction1 by ,alym] ,maude4 #abc ,hume's ,political ,essays4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,w4 ,b4 ,rob]tson4 ,,o!r ,,volumes ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,,9 ,,"o ,,volume4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,ri*ly ,gilt4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,musicians ,wit1 ,hum\r1 & ,anecdote3 ,be+ on ,dits ( ,compos]s1 ,s+]s1 & ,in/rum5tali/s ( ,all ,times4 ,by ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,cr[e/1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,great ,tone ,poets10 8,! ,/ory ( ,briti% ,music02 ,editor ( 8,! ,ma/] ,musicians0 ,s]ies1 etc41 etc4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,qua9t ,draw+s by ,j4 ,p4 ,donne4 ,,:at ,,! ,,review]s ,,say3-- 8,x is "o ( ^? delightful m$leys ( anecdote ( all times1 seasons1 & p]sons1 9 e page ( :i* !re is a new specim5 ( hum\r1 /range adv5ture1 & qua9t say+40--,t4 ,p4 ,o',connor 9 ,t4 ,p4's ,weekly4 8,a rem>kable collection ( good /ories :i* mu/ h tak5 ye>s ( p]sev]ance to get toge!r40--,morn+ ,lead]4 8,a book :i* %\ld prove acceptable to two l>ge sections ( ! public--^? :o are int]e/$ 9 musicians & ^? :o h an adequate s5se ( ! comic40--,globe4 ,! ,mak]s ( ,briti% ,art4 ,a ,,new ,,s]ies ,,( ,,monographs ,,( ,,briti% ,,pa9t]s4 ,ea* volume illu/rat$ ) ,tw5ty ,full-page ,reproductions & a ,photogravure ,portrait4 ,squ>e ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,top1 ,deckl$ ,edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,volumes ,,ready4 ,l&se]1 ,sir ,edw94 ,by ! ,editor4 8,?is little volume may rank z ! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ,l&se] t ! _w is likely to possess40--,times4 ,reynolds1 ,sir ,jo%ua4 ,by ,elsa d',e/]re-,keel+4 8,to ! s]ies entitl$ #8,! ,mak]s ( ,briti% ,art' ,miss ,elsa d',e/]re-,keel+ contributes an admirable little volume on ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,miss ,keel+'s /yle is sprightly & epigrammatic1 & h] judgm5ts are well consid]$40--,daily ,telegraph4 ,turn]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,by ,rob]t ,*ignell1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,life & ,pa9t+s ( ,vicat ,cole1 ,r4,a40 ,romney1 ,george4 ,by ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,p4 8,likely to rema9 ! be/ acc\nt ( ! pa9t]'s life40--,a!num4 ,wilkie1 ,sir ,david4 ,by ,pr(essor ,bayne4 ,con/able1 ,john4 ,by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,"l ,w9dsor4 ,raeburn1 ,sir ,h5ry4 ,by ,edw>d ,p9n+ton4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,?omas4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,flet*]4 ,hog>?1 ,william4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,baldw9 ,br[n4 ,moore1 ,h5ry4 ,by ,frank ,j4 ,maclean4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,,millais--,,leighton--,,morl&4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ab\t #cej pp4 ea*1 ,clo? ,cov]1 #b_/f p] ,vol42 ,half-,poli%$ ,morocco1 ,gilt ,top1 #es4 ,c\nt ,tol/oy's ,works4 ,! foll[+ ,volumes are already issu$-- ,a ,russian ,proprietor4 ,! ,cossacks4 ,ivan ,ilyit*1 & ,o!r ,/ories4 ,my ,religion4 ,life4 ,my ,confession4 ,*ildhood1 ,boyhood1 ,y\?4 ,! ,physiology ( ,w>4 ,anna ,k>n9a4 #c_/f4 ,:at to ,d8 ,w> & ,peace4 7#d vols47 ,! ,long ,exile1 etc4 ,seva/opol4 ,! ,kreutz] ,sonata1 & ,family ,happ9ess4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god ,is ,)9 ,y4 ,"w ,:ile ,ye ,h ! ,light4 ,! ,gospel 9 ,brief4 ,uni=m ) ! above-- ,impressions ( ,russia4 ,by ,dr4 ,georg ,br&es4 ,po/ #dto1 ,clo?1 ,price #as4 ,patriotism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,to :i* is app5d$ a ,reply to ,criticisms ( ! ,"w4 ,by ,c\nt ,tol/oy4 #a_/ ,booklets by ,c\nt ,tol/oy4 ,b\nd 9 ,:ite ,gra9$ ,bo>ds1 ) ,gilt ,lett]+4 ,:]e ,love is1 ,!re ,god is ,also4 ,! ,two ,pilgrims4 ,:at ,m5 ,live by4 ,! ,godson4 ,if ,y ,neglect ! ,fire1 ,y ,don't ,put x ,out4 ,:at ,%all x ,pr(it a ,man8 #b_/ ,booklets by ,c\nt ,tol/oy4 ,new ,editions1 ,revis$4 ,small #abmo1 ,clo?1 ) ,emboss$ ,design on ,cov]1 ea* conta9+ ,two ,/ories by ,c\nt ,tol/oy1 & ,two ,draw+s by ,h4 ,r4 ,mill>4 ,9 ,box1 ,price #bs4 ea*4 ,volume ,i4 conta9s-- ,:]e ,love is1 ,!re ,god is ,also4 ,! ,godson4 ,volume ,,ii4 conta9s-- ,:at ,m5 ,live by4 ,:at ,%all x ,pr(it a ,man8 ,volume ,,iii4 conta9s-- ,! ,two ,pilgrims4 ,if ,y ,neglect ! ,fire1 ,y ,don't ,put x ,out4 ,volume ,,iv4 conta9s-- ,ma/] & ,man4 ,volume ,v4 conta9s-- ,tol/oy's ,p>ables4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*2 "s vols41 #fs4 ,! ,contempor>y ,sci5ce ,s]ies4 ,edit$ by ,havelock ,ellis4 ,illu/rat$ ,vols4 betwe5 #cjj & #djj pp4 ea*4 ,evolution ( ,sex4 ,by ,pr(essors ,g$des & ,?omson4 #fs4 ,electricity 9 ,mod]n ,life4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 de ,tunzelmann4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans4 ,by ,dr4 ,taylor4 ,physiognomy & ,expression4 ,by ,p4 ,mantegazza4 ,evolution & ,disease4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,sutton4 ,! ,village ,community4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,gomme4 ,! ,crim9al4 ,by ,havelock ,ellis4 ,new ,edition4 #fs4 ,sanity & ,insanity4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,m]ci]4 ,hypnotism4 ,by ,dr4 ,alb]t ,moll 7,b]l974 ,manual ,tra9+4 ,by ,dr4 ,woodw>d 7,/4 ,l\is74 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&4 ,primitive ,folk4 ,by ,elie ,reclus4 ,evolution ( ,m>riage4 ,by ,*4 ,let\rneau4 ,bact]ia & ,_! ,products4 ,by ,dr4 ,woodhead4 ,education & ,h]$ity4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,guyau4 ,! ,man ( ,g5ius4 ,by ,pr(4 ,lombroso4 ,prop]ty3 ,its ,orig94 ,by ,*4 ,let\rneau4 ,volcanoes ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,by ,pr(4 ,hull4 ,public ,heal? ,problems4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,sykes4 ,mod]n ,meteorology4 ,by ,frank ,waldo1 ,ph4,d4 ,! ,g]m-plasm4 ,by ,pr(essor ,weismann4 #fs4 ,! ,indu/ries ( ,animals4 ,by ,f4 ,h\ssay4 ,man & ,woman4 ,by ,havelock ,ellis4 #fs4 ,mod]n ,capitalism4 ,by ,john ,a4 ,hobson1 ,m4,a4 ,?\ght-,transf]5ce4 ,by ,f4 ,podmore1 ,m4,a4 ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,l4 ,morgan1 ,f4,r4,s4 #fs4 ,! ,orig9s ( ,inv5tion4 ,by ,o4 ,t4 ,mason4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,bra94 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson4 ,evolution 9 ,art4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,halluc9ations & ,illusions4 ,by ,e4 ,p>i%4 #fs4 ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions4 ,by ,pr(4 ,ribot4 #fs4 ,! ,new ,psy*ology4 ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,scripture4 #fs4 ,sleep3 ,its ,physiology1 ,pa?ology1 ,hygi5e1 & ,psy*ology4 ,by ,m>ie de ,manacne4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,dige/ion4 ,by ,a4 ,lockh>t ,gillespie1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,ed41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ed4 #fs4 ,deg5]acy3 ,its ,causes1 ,signs1 & ,results4 ,by ,pr(4 ,eug5e ,s4 ,talbot1 ,m4,d41 ,*icago4 #fs4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,european ,fauna4 ,by ,r4 ,f4 ,s*>ff1 ,b4,sc41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,z4,s4 #fs4 ,! ,races ( ,man3 ,a ,sket* ( ,e?nography & ,an?ropology4 ,by ,j4 ,d5ik]4 #fs4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion4 ,by ,pr(4 ,/>buck4 #fs4 ,! ,*ild4 ,by ,alex&] ,francis ,*amb]la91 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 #fs4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,race4 ,by ,pr(4 ,s]gi4 #fs4 ,! ,/udy ( ,religion4 ,by ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jun41 ,ph4,d4 #fs4 ,hi/ory ( ,geology & ,palontology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,k>l ,alfr$ von ,zittel1 ,muni*4 #fs4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,citiz5s3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,comp>ative ,education4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,hughes1 ,m4,a4 #fs4 ,morals3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,psy*o-,sociological ,bases ( ,e?ics4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,l4 ,duprat4 ,e>?quakes1 a ,/udy ( ,rec5t4 ,by ,pr(4 ,*>les ,davison1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4 #fs4 ,,special ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,cant]bury ,,poets4 ,squ>e #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,top ,elegant1 ,price #bs4 ,ea* ,volume ) a ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure4 ,*ri/ian ,ye>4 ,) ,portrait ( ,john ,keble4 ,longfell[4 ,) ,portrait ( ,longfell[4 ,%elley4 ,) ,portrait ( ,%elley4 ,wordswor?4 ,) ,portrait ( ,wordswor?4 ,:itti]4 ,) ,portrait ( ,:itti]4 ,burns4 ,songs ) ,portrait ( ,burns1 & ,view ( 8,! ,auld ,brig o' ,doon40 ,burns4 ,poems ) ,portrait ( ,burns1 & ,view ( 8,! ,auld ,brig o' ,doon40 ,keats4 ,) ,portrait ( ,keats4 ,em]son4 ,) ,portrait ( ,em]son4 ,sonnets ( ?is ,c5tury4 ,portrait ( ,p4 ,b4 ,m>/on4 ,:itman4 ,) ,portrait ( ,:itman4 ,love ,lett]s ( a ,viol9i/4 ,portrait ( ,eric ,mackay4 ,scott4 ,lady ( ! ,lake1 etc4 ) ,portrait ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 & ,view ( 8,! ,silv] ,/r&1 ,lo* ,katr9e40 ,scott4 ,m>mion1 etc4 ) ,portrait ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 & ,view ( 8,! ,silv] ,/r&1 ,lo* ,katr9e40 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,poets4 ,) an ,engrav+ ( 8,! ,orphans10 by ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,sonnets ( ,europe4 ,) ,portrait ( ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds4 ,sydney ,dobell4 ,) ,portrait ( ,sydney ,dobell4 ,h]rick4 ,) ,portrait ( ,h]rick4 ,ballads & ,rondeaus4 ,portrait ( ,w4 ,e4 ,h5ley4 ,iri% ,m9/relsy4 ,) ,portrait ( ,?omas ,davis4 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,) ,portrait ( ,milton4 ,fairy ,music4 ,engrav+ f ,draw+ by ,c4 ,e4 ,brock4 ,gold5 ,treasury4 ,) ,engrav+ ( ,virg9 ,"m4 ,am]ican ,sonnets4 ,) ,portrait ( ,j4 ,r4 ,l[ell4 ,imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,) ,engrav+1 8,ecce ,homo40 ,pa9t] ,poets4 ,) ,portrait ( ,walt] ,crane4 ,wom5 ,poets4 ,) ,portrait ( ,mrs4 ,br[n+4 ,poems ( ,hon4 ,rod5 ,noel4 ,portrait ( ,hon4 ,r4 ,noel4 ,am]ican ,humor\s ,v]se4 ,portrait ( ,m>k ,twa94 ,songs ( ,fre$om4 ,) ,portrait ( ,william ,morris4 ,scotti% ,m9or ,poets4 ,) ,portrait ( ,r4 ,tannahill4 ,contempor>y ,scotti% ,v]se4 ,) ,portrait ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4 ,p>adise ,rega9$4 ,) ,portrait ( ,milton4 ,cavali] ,poets4 ,) ,portrait ( ,suckl+4 ,humor\s ,poems4 ,) ,portrait ( ,hood4 ,h]b]t4 ,) ,portrait ( ,h]b]t4 ,poe4 ,) ,portrait ( ,poe4 ,ow5 ,m]$i?4 ,) ,portrait ( late ,"l ,lytton4 ,love ,lyrics4 ,) ,portrait ( ,raleigh4 ,g]man ,ballads4 ,) ,portrait ( ,s*ill]4 ,campbell4 ,) ,portrait ( ,campbell4 ,canadian ,poems4 ,) ,view ( ,m\nt ,/eph54 ,e>ly ,engli% ,poetry4 ,) ,portrait ( ,e>l ( ,surrey4 ,allan ,ramsay4 ,) ,portrait ( ,ramsay4 ,sp5s]4 ,) ,portrait ( ,sp5s]4 ,*att]ton4 ,) ,engrav+1 8,! ,dea? ( ,*att]ton40 ,c[p]4 ,) ,portrait ( ,c[p]4 ,*auc]4 ,) ,portrait ( ,*auc]4 ,col]idge4 ,) ,portrait ( ,col]idge4 ,pope4 ,) ,portrait ( ,pope4 ,byron4 ,miscellane\s ) ,portraits ( ,byron4 ,byron4 ,don ,juan ) ,portraits ( ,byron4 ,jacobite ,songs4 ,) ,portrait ( ,pr9ce ,*>lie4 ,bord] ,ballads4 ,) ,view ( ,neidpa? ,ca/le4 ,au/ralian ,ballads4 ,) ,portrait ( ,a4 ,l4 ,gordon4 ,hogg4 ,) ,portrait ( ,hogg4 ,goldsmi?4 ,) ,portrait ( ,goldsmi?4 ,moore4 ,) ,portrait ( ,moore4 ,dora ,gre5well4 ,) ,portrait ( ,dora ,gre5well4 ,blake4 ,) ,portrait ( ,blake4 ,poems ( ,nature4 ,) ,portrait ( ,&rew ,lang4 ,pra$4 ,) ,portrait4 ,s\!y4 ,) ,portrait4 ,hugo4 ,) ,portrait4 ,goe!4 ,) ,portrait4 ,b]ang]4 ,) ,portrait4 ,he9e4 ,) ,portrait4 ,sea ,music4 ,) ,view ( ,corbire ,rocks1 ,j]sey4 ,song-tide4 ,) ,portrait ( ,philip ,b\rke ,m>/on4 ,lady ( ,lyons4 ,) ,portrait ( ,bulw] ,lytton4 ,%akespe>e3 ,songs & ,sonnets4 ,) ,portrait4 ,b5 ,jonson4 ,) ,portrait4 ,horace4 ,) ,portrait4 ,crabbe4 ,) ,portrait4 ,cradle ,songs4 ,) ,engrav+ f ,draw+ by ,t4 ,e4 ,mackl94 ,ballads ( ,sport4 ,) ,engrav+ f ,draw+ by ,t4 ,e4 ,mackl94 ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,) ,portrait4 ,au/9's ,days ( ! ,ye>1 ,) ,portrait4 ,cl\gh's ,bo?ie1 & o!r ,poems4 ,) ,view4 ,br[n+'s ,pippa ,passes1 etc4 ,) ,portrait4 ,br[n+'s ,blot 9 ! ',scut*eon1 etc4 ,) ,portrait4 ,br[n+'s ,dramatic ,lyrics4 ,) ,portrait4 ,mackay's ,lov]'s ,missal4 ,) ,portrait4 ,kirke ,:ite's ,poems4 ,) ,portrait4 ,lyra ,nicotiana4 ,) ,portrait4 ,aurora ,leigh4 ,) ,portrait ( ,e4 ,b4 ,br[n+4 ,naval ,songs4 ,) ,portrait ( ,"l ,nelson4 ,t5nyson3 ,9 ,memoriam1 ,maud1 etc4 ,) ,portrait4 ,t5nyson3 ,engli% ,idyls1 ,! ,pr9cess1 etc4 ,) ,view ( ,f>r+=d ,h\se4 ,w> ,songs4 ,) ,portrait ( ,"l ,rob]ts4 ,james ,?omson4 ,) ,portrait4 ,alex&] ,smi?4 ,) ,portrait4 ,! ,music ,/ory ,s]ies4 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lit]>y-,,musical ,,monographs4 ,edit$ by ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,cr[e/1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,great ,tone ,poets10 etc41 etc4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,photogravure & ,collotype ,portraits1 ,half-tone & ,l9e ,pictures1 ,facsimiles1 etc4 ,squ>e ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,volumes ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,! ,/ory ( ,oratorio4 ,by ,annie ,w4 ,patt]son1 ,b4,a41 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,! ,/ory ( ,notation4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,abdy ,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,mus4 ,bac4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,organ4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,abdy ,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,au?or ( 8,ba*0 & 8,h&el0 78,ma/] ,musicians' ,s]ies074 ,! ,/ory ( ,*amb] ,music4 ,by ,n4 ,kilburn ,mus4 ,bac4 7,cantab471 ,conductor ( ! ,middlesbr\gh1 ,sund]l&1 & ,bi%op ,auckl& ,musical ,societies4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,viol94 ,by ,paul ,/oev+1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,viol91 ,guildhall ,s*ool ( ,music1 ,london4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,h>p4 ,by ,william ,h4 ,grattan ,flood1 ,au?or ( 8,hi/ory ( ,iri% ,music40 ,! ,/ory ( ,organ ,music4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,abdy ,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,mus4 ,bac4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,pian(orte4 ,by ,alg]non ,s4 ,rose1 ,au?or ( 8,talks ) ,b&sm540 ,! ,/ory ( ,engli% ,m9/relsy4 ,by ,edmond/\ne ,duncan4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,or*e/ra4 ,by ,/ew>t ,macph]son1 ,fell[ & ,pr(essor1 ,royal ,academy ( ,music4 ,! ,/ory ( ,musical ,s\nd4 ,by ,*ur*ill ,sibley1 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,! ,/ory ( ,*ur* ,music4 ,by ,! ,editor4 ,etc41 ,etc41 ,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,page xi4 ,! phrase ,wea? 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