,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,page numb]s are reta9$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,,japan ,,an ,,attempt ,,at ,,int]pretation ,,by ,,lafcadio ,,he>n #aijd ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,difficulties4444444444444444444444444# a ,,ii4 ,,/rang5ess ,,& ,,*>m4444444444444444#e ,,iii4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,cult44444444444444444444#ba ,,iv4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,home444444444444#cc ,v4 ,,! ,,japanese ,,family44444444444444444#ee ,,vi4 ,,! ,,communal ,,cult4444444444444444444#ha ,,vii4 ,,developm5ts ,,( ,,%9to4444444444444#ajg ,,viii4 ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,purification44444444444#acc ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,! ,,dead444444444444444#aeg ,x4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,buddhism4444444#ahc ,,xi4 ,,! ,,high] ,,buddhism4444444444444444#bjg ,,xii4 ,,! ,,social ,,organization444444444444#bbi ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,milit>y ,,p[]44444#bei ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,loyalty444444444444#bhc ,,xv4 ,,! ,,jesuit ,,p]il4444444444444444444#cjc ,,xvi4 ,,feudal ,,integration44444444444444444#cdc ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,%9to ,,revival44444444444444444#cfg ,,xviii4 ,,survivals44444444444444444444444444#ch a ,,xix4 ,,mod]n ,,re/ra9ts444444444444444444#cie ,,xx4 ,,(ficial ,,education44444444444444444#dai ,,xxi4 ,,indu/rial ,,dang]444444444444444444#ddc ,,xxii4 ,,reflections444444444444444444444444#de g ,,app5dix444444444444444444444444444#dha ,,bibliographical ,,notes44444444444444#dhg ,,index444444444444444444444444444444#dh i ,p]haps all v m>k$ national *>act]s c be trac$ back to a "t ( rigid & p]vad+ discipl9e--,,walt] ,,bagehot4 #a ,,difficulties ,a ?\s& books h be5 writt5 ab\t ,japan2 b among ^!1--sett+ aside arti/ic publications & works ( a purely special "*1--! really preci\s volumes w be f\nd to numb] sc>cely a score4 ,?is fact is due to ! imm5se difficulty ( p]ceiv+ & compreh5d+ :at und]lies ! surface ( ,japanese life4 ,no "w fully int]pret+ t life1--no "w pictur+ ,japan )9 & )\t1 hi/orically & socially1 psy*ologically & e?ically1--c be writt5 = at lea/ ano!r fifty ye>s4 ,s va/ & intricate ! subject t ! unit$ lab\r ( a g5]ation ( s*ol>s c\ld n exhau/ x1 & s difficult t ! numb] ( s*ol>s will+ to devote _! "t to x mu/ always be small4 ,ev5 among ! ,japanese !mselves1 no sci5tific k ( _! own hi/ory is yet possible2 because ! means ( obta9+ t k h n yet be5 prep>$1--?\gh m\nta9s ( mat]ial h be5 collect$4 ,! want ( any good hi/ory ^u a mod]n plan is b "o ( _m disc\rag+ wants4 ,data = ! /udy ( sociology #b are /ill inaccessible to ! ,we/]n inve/igator4 ,! e>ly /ate ( ! family & ! clan2 ! hi/ory ( ! diff]5tiation ( classes2 ! hi/ory ( ! diff]5tiation ( political f religi\s law2 ! hi/ory ( re/ra9ts1 & ( _! influ5ce ^u cu/om2 ! hi/ory ( regulative & coop]ative conditions 9 ! developm5t ( indu/ry2 ! hi/ory ( e?ics & ae/hetics1--all ^! & _m o!r matt]s rema9 obscure4 ,?is essay ( m9e c s]ve 9 "o direction only z a contribution to ! ,we/]n k ( ,japan4 ,b ?is direction is n "o ( ! lea/ important4 ,hi!rto ! subject ( ,japanese religion has be5 writt5 ( *iefly by ! sworn enemies ( t religion3 by o!rs x has be5 almo/ entirely ignor$4 ,yet :ile x cont9ues to be ignor$ & misrepres5t$1 no real k ( ,japan is possible4 ,any true compreh5sion ( social conditions requires m ?an a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) religi\s conditions4 ,ev5 ! indu/rial hi/ory ( a p _c be und]/ood )\t "s k ( ^? religi\s traditions & cu/oms :i* regulate indu/rial life dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( its developm5t 4444 ,or take ! subject ( art4 ,art 9 ,japan is s intimately associat$ ) religion t any attempt to /udy x )\t ext5sive k ( ! #c beliefs :i* x reflects1 7 m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,by art ,i d n mean only pa9t+ & sculpture1 b e k9d ( decoration1 & mo/ k9ds ( pictorial repres5tation1--! image on a boy's kite or a girl's battl$ore1 n less ?an ! design ^u a lacqu]$ casket or enamell$ vase1--! figures ^u a workman's t[el n less ?an ! patt]n ( ! girdle ( a pr9cess1--! %ape ( ! pap]-dog or ! wood5 rattle b\ght = a baby1 n less ?an ! =ms ( ^? colossal ,ni-,o :o gu>d ! gateways ( ,buddhi/ temples 4444 ,& surely !re c nev] be any j e/imate made ( ,japanese lit]ature1 until a /udy ( t lit]ature %all h be5 made by "s s*ol>1 n only able to und]/& ,japanese beliefs1 b able also to sympa?ize ) !m to at lea/ ! same ext5t t our great humani/s c sympa?ize ) ! religion ( ,euripides1 ( ,p9d>1 & ( ,!ocritus4 ,let u ask ourselves h[ mu* ( ,engli% or ,fr5* or ,g]man or ,italian lit]ature c\ld be fully und]/ood )\t ! slighte/ k ( ! anci5t & mod]n religions ( ! ,occid5t4 ,i d n ref] to di/9ctly religi\s creators1--to poets l ,milton or ,dante1--b only to ! fact t ev5 "o ( ,%akespe>e's plays mu/ rema9 incompreh5sible to a p]son kn[+ no?+ ei!r ( ,*ri/ian beliefs or ( ! beliefs :i* prec$$ !m4 ,! real ma/]y ( any ,european tongue is impossible #d )\t a k ( ,european religion4 ,! language ( ev5 ! unlett]$ is full ( religi\s mean+3 ! prov]bs & h\sehold-phrases ( ! poor1 ! songs ( ! /reet1 ! spee* ( ! work%op1--all are infus$ ) significations unimag9able by any "o ignorant ( ! fai? ( ! p4 ,nobody kn[s ?is bett] ?an a man :o has pass$ _m ye>s 9 try+ to tea* ,engli% 9 ,japan1 to pupils ^: fai? is utt]ly unlike our own1 & ^: e?ics h be5 %ap$ by a totally diff]5t social exp]i5ce4 #e ,,/rang5ess ,,& ,,*>m ,! majority ( ! fir/ impressions ( ,japan record$ by travell]s are pleasurable impressions4 ,inde$1 !re mu/ be some?+ lack+1 or some?+ v h>%1 9 ! nature to :i* ,japan c make no emotional appeal4 ,! appeal itself is ! clue to a problem2 & t problem is ! "* ( a race & ( its civilization4 ,my own fir/ impressions ( ,japan1--,japan z se5 9 ! :ite sun%9e ( a p]fect spr+ day1--_h d\btless mu* 9 common ) ! av]age ( su* exp]i5ces4 ,i rememb] especially ! wond] & ! delight ( ! vision4 ,! wond] & ! delight h nev] pass$ away3 !y are (t5 reviv$ = me ev5 n[1 by "s *ance happ5+1 aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( soj\rn4 ,b ! reason ( ^! feel+s 0 difficult to le>n1--or at lea/ to guess2 = ,i _c yet claim to "k mu* ab\t ,japan 4444 ,long ago ! be/ & de>e/ ,japanese fri5d ,i ev] _h said to me1 a little be=e 8 dea?3 ,:5 y f9d1 9 f\r or five ye>s m1 t y _c und]/& ! ,japanese at #f all1 !n y w beg9 to "k some?+ ab\t !m4 ,aft] hav+ realiz$ ! tru? ( my fri5d's pr$iction1--aft] hav+ discov]$ t ,i _c und]/& ! ,japanese at all1--,i feel bett] qualifi$ to attempt ?is essay4 ,z fir/ p]ceiv$1 ! outw>d /rang5ess ( ?+s 9 ,japan produces 79 c]ta9 m9ds1 at lea/7 a que] ?rill impossible to describe1--a feel+ ( weirdness :i* comes to u only ) ! p]ception ( ! totally unfamili>4 ,y f9d y\rself mov+ ?r\gh que] small /reets full ( odd small p1 we>+ robes & s&als ( extraord9>y %apes2 & y c sc>cely di/+ui% ! sexes at sight4 ,! h\ses are con/ruct$ & furni%$ 9 ways ali5 to all y\r exp]i5ce2 & y are a/oni%$ to f9d t y _c conceive ! use or mean+ ( numb]less ?+s on display 9 ! %ops4 ,food-/uffs ( unimag9able d]ivation2 ut5sils ( enigmatic =ms2 emblems incompreh5sible ( "s my/]i\s belief2 /range masks & toys t commemorate leg5ds ( gods or demons2 odd figures1 too1 ( ! gods !mselves1 ) mon/r\s e>s & smil+ faces1--all ^! y may p]ceive z y w&] ab\t2 ?\gh y mu/ also notice telegraph-poles & type-writ]s1 electric lamps & sew+ ma*9es4 ,ev]y:]e on signs & hang+s1 & on ! backs ( p pass+ by1 y w obs]ve wond]ful ,*9ese #g *>act]s2 & ! wiz>dry ( all ^! texts makes ! dom9ant tone ( ! spectacle4 ,fur!r acqua9tance ) ?is fanta/ic _w w 9 n[ise dim9i% ! s5se ( /rang5ess evok$ by ! fir/ vision ( x4 ,y w soon obs]ve t ev5 ! physical actions ( ! p are unfamili>1--t _! "w is done 9 ways ! opposite ( ,we/]n ways4 ,tools are ( surpris+ %apes1 & are h&l$ aft] surpris+ me?ods3 ! blacksmi? squats at 8 anvil1 wield+ a hamm] su* z no ,we/]n smi? c\ld use )\t long practice2 ! c>p5t] pulls1 in/ead ( pu%+1 8 extraord9>y plane & saw4 ,always ! left is ! "r side1 & ! "r side ! wrong2 & keys mu/ be turn$1 to op5 or close a lock1 9 :at we are accu/om$ to ?9k ! wrong direction4 ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell has tru?fully obs]v$ t ! ,japanese speak backw>ds1 read backw>ds1 write backw>ds1--& t ?is is only ! abc ( _! contr>iety4 ,= ! habit ( writ+ backw>ds !re are obvi\s evolutional reasons2 & ! requirem5ts ( ,japanese calligraphy suffici5tly expla9 :y ! arti/ pu%es 8 bru% or p5cil in/ead ( pull+ x4 ,b :y1 in/ead ( putt+ ! ?read ?r\gh ! eye ( ! ne$le1 %\ld ! ,japanese maid5 slip ! eye ( ! ne$le ov] ! po9t ( ! ?read8 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable1 out ( a hundr$ possible examples ( antipodal action1 is furni%$ by ! ,japanese art ( f5c+4 ,! #h swordsman1 deliv]+ 8 bl[ ) bo? h&s1 does n pull ! blade t[>ds him 9 ! mom5t ( /rik+1 b pu%es x f him4 ,he uses x1 inde$1 z o!r ,asiatics d1 n on ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge1 b ( ! saw2 yet !re is a pu%+ motion :]e we %\ld expect a pull+ motion 9 ! /roke 4444 ,^! & o!r =ms ( unfamili> action are /range en\gh to sugge/ ! notion ( a humanity ev5 physically z little relat$ to u z might be ! population ( ano!r planet1--! notion ( "s anatomical unlik5ess4 ,no su* unlik5ess1 h[ev]1 appe>s to exi/2 & all ?is opposit5ess probably implies1 n s mu* ! outcome ( a human exp]i5ce entirely indep5d5t ( ,aryan exp]i5ce1 z ! outcome ( an exp]i5ce evolutionally y\ng] ?an our own4 ,yet t exp]i5ce has be5 "o ( no mean ord]4 ,its manife/ations d n m]ely />tle3 !y also delight4 ,! delicate p]fection ( workman%ip1 ! light /r5g? & grace ( objects1 ! p[] manife/ to obta9 ! be/ results ) ! lea/ mat]ial1 ! a*iev+ ( me*anical ends by ! simple/ possible means1 ! compreh5sion ( irregul>ity z ae/hetic value1 ! %apel9ess & p]fect ta/e ( ev]y?+1 ! s5se display$ ( h>mony 9 t9ts or col\rs1--all ?is mu/ conv9ce y at once t our ,occid5t has mu* to le>n f ?is remote civilization1 n only 9 matt]s ( art & ta/e1 b 9 matt]s likewise ( #i economy & utility4 ,x is no b>b>ian fancy t appeals to y 9 ^? amaz+ porcela9s1 ^? a/oni%+ embroid]ies1 ^? wond]s ( lacqu] & ivory & bronze1 :i* educate imag9ation 9 unfamili> ways4 ,no3 ^! are ! products ( a civilization :i* became1 )9 its own limits1 s exquisite t none b an arti/ is capable ( judg+ its manufactures1--a civilization t c be t]m$ imp]fect only by ^? :o w\ld also t]m imp]fect ! ,greek civilization ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b ! und]ly+ /rang5ess ( ?is _w1--! psy*ological /rang5ess1--is mu* m />tl+ ?an ! visible & sup]ficial4 ,y beg9 to suspect ! range ( x aft] hav+ discov]$ t no adult ,occid5tal c p]fectly ma/] ! language4 ,ea/ & ,we/ ! fundam5tal p>ts ( human nature--! emotional bases ( x--are mu* ! same3 ! m5tal diff]5ce betwe5 a ,japanese & a ,european *ild is ma9ly pot5tial4 ,b ) gr[? ! diff]5ce rapidly develops & wid5s1 till x becomes1 9 adult life1 inexpressible4 ,! :ole ( ! ,japanese m5tal sup]/ructure evolves into =ms hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ,we/]n psy*ological developm5t3 ! expression ( ?\ght becomes regulat$1 & ! expression ( emotion inhibit$ 9 ways t bewild] & a/\nd4 ,! ideas ( ?is p are n our #aj ideas2 _! s5tim5ts are n our s5tim5ts _! e?ical life repres5ts = u regions ( ?\ght & emotion yet unexplor$1 or p]haps long =gott54 ,any "o ( _! ord9>y phrases1 translat$ into ,we/]n spee*1 makes hopeless nons5se2 & ! lit]al r5d]+ into ,japanese ( ! simple/ ,engli% s5t5ce w\ld sc>cely be compreh5d$ by any ,japanese :o _h nev] /udi$ a ,european tongue4 ,c\ld y le>n all ! words 9 a ,japanese diction>y1 y\r acquisition w\ld n help y 9 ! lea/ to make y\rself und]/ood 9 speak+1 unless y _h le>n$ also to ?9k l a ,japanese1--t is to say1 to ?9k backw>ds1 to ?9k upside-d[n & inside-out1 to ?9k 9 directions totally =eign to ,aryan habit4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! acquisition ( ,european languages c help y to le>n ,japanese ab\t z mu* z x c\ld help y to acquire ! language spok5 by ! inhabitants ( ,m>s4 ,to be able to use ! ,japanese tongue z a ,japanese uses x1 "o w\ld ne$ to be born aga91 & to h "o's m9d completely recon/ruct$1 f ! f\ndation upw>ds4 ,x is possible t a p]son ( ,european p>5tage1 born 9 ,japan1 & accu/om$ f infancy to use ! v]nacul>1 might reta9 9 aft]-life t in/9ctive k :i* c\ld alone enable him to adapt 8 m5tal relations to ! relations ( any ,japanese environm5t4 ,!re is actually an ,engli%man nam$ ,black1 born 9 ,japan1 ^: pr(ici5cy #aa 9 ! language is prov$ by ! fact t he is able to e>n a fair income z a pr(essional /orytell] 7hana%ika74 ,b ?is is an extraord9>y case 4444 ,z = ! lit]>y language1 ,i ne$ only obs]ve t to make acqua9tance ) x requires v mu* m ?an a k ( sev]al ?\s& ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,x is safe to say t no ,occid5tal c und]take to r5d] at sight any lit]>y text laid be=e him--inde$ ! numb] ( native s*ol>s able to d s is v small2--& al?\gh ! le>n+ display$ 9 ?is direction by v>i\s ,europeans may ju/ly compel our admiration1 ! "w ( none c\ld h be5 giv5 to ! _w )\t ,japanese help4 ,b z ! outw>d /rang5ess ( ,japan proves to be full ( beauty1 s ! inw>d /rang5ess appe>s to h its *>m1--an e?ical *>m reflect$ 9 ! common life ( ! p4 ,! attractive aspects ( t life d n inde$ imply1 to ! ord9>y obs]v]1 a psy*ological diff]5tiation measurable by scores ( c5turies3 only a sci5tific m9d1 l t ( ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell1 imm$iately p]ceives ! problem pres5t$4 ,! less gift$ /rang]1 if naturally sympa!tic1 is m]ely pleas$ & puzzl$1 & tries to expla91 by 8 own exp]i5ce ( happy life on ! o!r side ( ! _w1 ! social conditions t *>m him4 ,let u suppose t he has ! good =tune ( be+ able to #ab live = six mon?s or a ye> 9 "s old-fa%ion$ t[n ( ! int]ior4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ?is soj\rn he c sc>cely fail to be impress$ by ! app>5t k9dl9ess & joy\sness ( ! exi/5ce ab\t him4 ,9 ! relations ( ! p to ea* o!r1 z well z 9 all _! relations to himself1 he w f9d a con/ant am5ity1 a tact1 a good-nature su* z he w else:]e h met ) only 9 ! fri5d%ip ( exclusive circles4 ,ev]ybody greets ev]ybody ) happy looks & pleasant words2 faces are always smil+2 ! commone/ incid5ts ( ev]yday life are transfigur$ by a c\rtesy at once s artless & s faultless t x appe>s to spr+ directly f ! he>t1 )\t any tea*+4 ,"u all circum/ances a c]ta9 outw>d *e]fulness nev] falls3 no matt] :at tr\bles may come1--/orm or fire1 flood or e>?quake1--! laught] ( greet+ voices1 ! bright smile & graceful b[1 ! k9dly inquiry & ! wi% to please1 cont9ue to make exi/5ce beautiful4 ,religion br+s no gloom into ?is sun%9e3 be=e ! ,buddhas & ! gods folk smile z !y pray2 ! temple-c\rts are playgr\nds = ! *ildr52 & )9 ! enclosure ( ! great public %r9es--:i* are places ( fe/ivity r ?an ( solemnity--danc+-plat=ms are erect$4 ,family exi/5ce w\ld seem to be ev]y:]e *>act]iz$ by g5tl5ess3 !re is no visible qu>rell+1 no l\d h>%ness1 no te>s & reproa*es4 ,cruelty1 ev5 #ac to animals1 appe>s to be unkn[n3 "o sees f>m]s1 com+ to t[n1 trudg+ pati5tly beside _! horses or ox51 aid+ _! dumb companions to be> ! burd51 & us+ no :ips or goads4 ,driv]s or pull]s ( c>ts w turn out ( _! way1 "u ! mo/ provok+ circum/ances1 r ?an ov]run a lazy dog or a /upid *ick5 4444 ,= no inconsid]able "t "o may live 9 ! mid/ ( appe>ances l ^!1 & p]ceive no?+ to spoil ! pleasure ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse ! conditions ( :i* ,i speak are n[ pass+ away2 b !y are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! remot] di/ricts4 ,i h liv$ 9 di/ricts :]e no case ( !ft _h occurr$ = hundr$s ( ye>s1--:]e ! newly-built prisons ( ,meiji rema9$ empty & useless1--:]e ! p left _! doors unfa/5$ by night z well z by day4 ,^! facts are famili> to e ,japanese4 ,9 su* a di/rict1 y might recognize t ! k9dness %[n to y1 z a /rang]1 is ! consequ5ce ( (ficial comm&2 b h[ expla9 ! goodness ( ! p to ea* o!r8 ,:5 y discov] no h>%ness1 no rud5ess1 no di%one/y1 no break+ ( laws1 & le>n t ?is social condition has be5 ! same = c5turies1 y are tempt$ to believe t y h ent]$ into ! doma9 ( a morally sup]ior humanity4 ,all ?is s(t urbanity1 impeccable hone/y1 +5u\s k9dl9ess ( spee* & act1 y might naturally int]pret #ad z conduct direct$ by p]fect goodness ( he>t4 ,& ! simplicity t delights y is no simplicity ( b>b>ism4 ,"h e "o has be5 taught2 e "o kn[s h[ to write & speak beautifully1 h[ to compose poetry1 h[ to behave politely2 !re is ev]y:]e cleanl9ess & good ta/e2 int]iors are bright & pure2 ! daily use ( ! hot ba? is univ]sal4 ,h[ refuse to be *>m$ by a civilization 9 :i* e relation appe>s to be gov]n$ by altruism1 e action direct$ by duty1 & e object %ap$ by art8 ,y _c help be+ delight$ by su* conditions1 or feel+ indignant at he>+ !m d5\nc$ z hea!n4 ,& accord+ to ! degree ( altruism )9 y\rself1 ^! good folk w be able1 )\t any app>5t ef=t1 to make y happy4 ,! m]e s5sation ( ! milieu is a placid happ9ess3 x is l ! s5sation ( a dream 9 :i* p greet u exactly z we l to be greet$1 & say to u all t we l to he>1 & d = u all t we wi% to h done1--p mov+ s\ndlessly ?r\gh spaces ( p]fect repose1 all ba!d 9 vap\ry light4 ,yes--= no little "t ^! fairy-folk c give y all ! s(t bliss ( sleep4 ,b soon] or lat]1 if y dwell long ) !m1 y\r cont5tm5t w prove to h mu* 9 common ) ! happ9ess ( dreams4 ,y w nev] =get ! dream1--nev]2 b x w lift at la/1 l ^? vap\rs ( spr+ :i* l5d pret]natural #ae lovel9ess to a ,japanese l&scape 9 ! =5oon ( radiant days4 ,really y are happy because y h ent]$ bodily into ,fairyl&1--into a _w t is n1 & nev] c\ld be y\r own4 ,y h be5 transport$ out ( y\r own c5tury--ov] spaces enorm\s ( p]i%$ "t--into an era =gott51 into a vani%$ age1--back to some?+ anci5t z ,egypt or ,n9eveh4 ,t is ! secret ( ! /rang5ess & beauty ( ?+s1--! secret ( ! ?rill !y give1--! secret ( ! elfi% *>m ( ! p & _! ways4 ,=tunate mortal6 ! tide ( ,"t has turn$ = y6 ,b rememb] t "h all is en*antm5t1--t y h fall5 "u ! spell ( ! dead1--t ! lights & ! col\rs & ! voices mu/ fade away at la/ into empt9ess & sil5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ( u1 at lea/1 h (t5 wi%$ t x 7 possible to live = a season 9 ! beautiful vani%$ _w ( ,greek culture4 ,inspir$ by our fir/ acqua9tance ) ! *>m ( ,greek art & ?\ght1 ?is wi% comes to u ev5 be=e we are capable ( imag9+ ! true conditions ( ! antique civilization4 ,if ! wi% c\ld be realiz$1 we %\ld c]ta9ly f9d x impossible to accommodate ourselves to ^? conditions1--n s mu* because ( ! difficulty ( le>n+ ! environm5t1 z because ( ! mu* great] difficulty ( feel+ j z p us$ to feel "s ?irty c5turies #af ago4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 done = ,greek /udies s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 we are /ill unable to und]/& _m aspects ( ! old ,greek life3 no mod]n m9d c really feel1 = example1 ^? s5tim5ts & emotions to :i* ! great trag$y ( ,o$ipus made appeal4 ,nev]!less we are mu* 9 advance ( our =efa!rs ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z reg>ds ! k ( ,greek civilization4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 x 0 ?\ght possible to ree/abli% 9 ,france ! conditions ( a ,greek republic1 & to educate *ildr5 accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,sp>ta4 ,to-day we are well aw>e t no m9d develop$ by mod]n civilization c\ld f9d happ9ess "u any ( ^? sociali/ic despotisms :i* exi/$ 9 all ! cities ( ! anci5t _w be=e ! ,roman conque/4 ,we c\ld no m m+le ) ! old ,greek life1 if x 7 resurrect$ = u1--no m become a "p ( x1--?an we c\ld *ange our m5tal id5tities4 ,b h[ mu* w\ld we n give = ! delight ( behold+ x1--= ! joy ( att5d+ "o fe/ival 9 ,cor9?1 or ( witness+ ! ,pan-,hell5ic games8 444 ,& yet1 to witness ! revival ( "s p]i%$ ,greek civilization1--to walk ab\t ! v ,crotona ( ,py?agoras1--to w&] ?r\gh ! ,syracuse ( ,!ocritus1--7 n any m ( a privilege ?an is ! opportunity actually af=d$ u to /udy ,japanese life4 ,inde$1 f ! evolutional #ag po9t ( view1 x 7 less ( a privilege1--s9ce ,japan (f]s u ! liv+ spectacle ( conditions old]1 & psy*ologically mu* f>!r away f u1 ?an ^? ( any ,greek p]iod ) :i* art & lit]ature h made u closely acqua9t$4 ,! read] sc>cely ne$s to be rem9d$ t a civilization less evolv$ ?an our own1 & intellectually remote f u1 is n on t acc\nt to be reg>d$ z necess>ily inf]ior 9 all respects4 ,hell5ic civilization at its be/ repres5t$ an e>ly /age ( sociological evolution2 yet ! arts :i* x develop$ /ill furni% our supreme & unapproa*able ideals ( beauty4 ,s1 too1 ?is mu* m ar*aic civilization ( ,old ,japan atta9$ an av]age ( ae/hetic & moral culture well wor?y ( our wond] & praise4 ,only a %all[ m9d--a v %all[ m9d--w pron\nce ! be/ ( t culture inf]ior4 ,b ,japanese civilization is peculi> to a degree = :i* !re is p]haps no ,we/]n p>allel1 s9ce x (f]s u ! spectacle ( _m successive lay]s ( ali5 culture sup]impos$ above ! simple indig5\s basis1 & =m+ a v bewild]m5t ( complexity4 ,mo/ ( ?is ali5 culture is ,*9ese1 & be>s b an indirect relation to ! real subject ( ^! /udies4 ,! peculi> & surpris+ fact is t1 9 spite ( all sup]imposition1 ! orig9al "* ( ! p & ( _! society %\ld /ill rema9 recognizable4 #ah ,! wond] ( ,japan is n to be s\ght 9 ! c\ntless borr[+s ) :i* %e has clo!d h]self1--mu* z a pr9cess ( ! old5 "t w\ld don twelve c]emonial robes1 ( div]s col\rs & qualities1 fold$ "o ^u ! o!r s z to %[ _! _m-t9t$ edges at ?roat & sleeves & skirt2--no1 ! real wond] is ! ,we>]4 ,= ! int]e/ ( ! co/ume is mu* less 9 its beauty ( =m & t9t ?an 9 its significance z idea1--z repres5t+ some?+ ( ! m9d t devis$ or adopt$ x4 ,& ! supreme int]e/ ( ! old--,japanese civilization lies 9 :at x expresses ( ! race-"*1--t "* :i* yet rema9s ess5tially un*ang$ by all ! *anges ( ,meiji4 ,sugge/s 7 p]haps a bett] ^w ?an expresses1 = ?is race-"* is r to be div9$ ?an recogniz$4 ,our compreh5sion ( x might be help$ by "s def9ite k ( orig9s2 b su* k we d n yet possess4 ,e?nologi/s are agre$ t ! ,japanese race has be5 =m$ by a m+l+ ( peoples1 & t ! dom9ant elem5t is ,mongolian2 b ?is dom9ant elem5t is repres5t$ 9 two v diff]5t types1--"o sl5d] & almo/ fem99e ( aspect2 ! o!r1 squat & p[]ful4 ,*9ese & ,korean elem5ts are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! populations ( c]ta9 di/ricts2 &1 !re appe>s to h be5 a l>ge infusion ( ,a9o blood4 ,:e!r !re be #ai any ,malay or ,polynesian elem5t also has n be5 decid$4 ,?us mu* only c be safely affirm$1--t ! race1 l all good races1 is a mix$ "o2 & t ! peoples :o orig9ally unit$ to =m x h be5 s bl5d$ toge!r z to develop1 "u long social discipl9e1 a tol]ably uni=m type ( "*4 ,?is "*1 ?\gh imm$iately recognizable 9 "s ( ,its aspects1 pres5ts u ) _m enigmas t are v difficult to expla94 ,nev]!less1 to und]/& x bett] has become a matt] ( importance4 ,japan has ent]$ into ! _w's competitive /ruggle2 & ! wor? ( any p 9 t /ruggle dep5ds ^u "* q z mu* z ^u =ce4 ,we c le>n some?+ ab\t ,japanese "* if we are able to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! conditions :i* %ap$ x1--! great g5]al facts ( ! moral exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,& ^! facts we %\ld f9d express$ or sugge/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! national beliefs1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? social in/itutions d]iv$ f & develop$ by religion4 #bj #ba ,,! ,,anci5t ,,cult ,! real religion ( ,japan1 ! religion /ill pr(ess$ 9 "o =m or o!r1 by ! entire nation1 is t cult :i* has be5 ! f\ndation ( all civiliz$ religion1 & ( all civiliz$ society1--,ance/or-wor%ip4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ?is orig9al cult has und]gone modifications1 & has assum$ v>i\s %apes2 b ev]y:]e 9 ,japan its fundam5tal "* rema9s un*ang$4 ,)\t includ+ ! diff]5t ,buddhi/ =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip1 we f9d ?ree di/9ct rites ( purely ,japanese orig91 subsequ5tly modifi$ to "s degree by ,*9ese influ5ce & c]emonial4 ,^! ,japanese =ms ( ! cult are all class$ toge!r "u ! "n ( ,%9to1 :i* signifies1 ,! ,way ( ! ,gods4 ,x is n an anci5t t]m2 & x 0 fir/ adopt$ only to di/+ui% ! native religion1 or ,way f ! =eign religion ( ,buddhism call$ ,butsudo1 or ,! ,way ( ! ,buddha4 ,! ?ree =ms ( ! ,%9to wor%ip ( ance/ors are ! ,dome/ic ,cult1 ! ,communal ,cult1 & ! ,/ate ,cult2--or1 9 o!r words1 ! wor%ip ( family ance/ors1 ! wor%ip ( clan or tribal ance/ors1 #bb & ! wor%ip ( imp]ial ance/ors4 ,! fir/ is ! religion ( ! home2 ! second is ! religion ( ! local div9ity1 or tutel> god2 ! ?ird is ! national religion4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r =ms ( ,%9to wor%ip2 b !y ne$ n be consid]$ = ! pres5t4 ,( ! ?ree =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip above m5tion$1 ! family-cult is ! fir/ 9 evolutional ord]1--! o!rs be+ lat] developm5ts4 ,b1 9 speak+ ( ! family-cult z ! olde/1 ,i d n mean ! home-religion z x exi/s to-day2--nei!r d ,i mean by family any?+ correspond+ to ! t]m h\sehold4 ,! ,japanese family 9 e>ly times meant v mu* m ?an h\sehold3 x might include a hundr$ or a ?\s& h\seholds3 x 0 some?+ l ! ,greek 7,greek g5os72 or ! ,roman g5s1--! patri>*al family 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 prehi/oric ,japan ! dome/ic cult ( ! h\se-ance/or probably did n exi/2--! family-rites w\ld appe> to h be5 p]=m$ only at ! burial-place4 ,b ! lat] dome/ic cult1 hav+ be5 develop$ out ( ! primal family-rite1 indirectly repres5ts ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! religion1 & %\ld !re=e be consid]$ fir/ 9 any /udy ( ,japanese social evolution4 ,! evolutional hi/ory ( ance/or-wor%ip has be5 v mu* ! same 9 all c\ntries2 & t #bc ( ! ,japanese cult (f]s rem>kable evid5ce 9 support ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s exposition ( ! law ( religi\s developm5t4 ,to compreh5d ?is g5]al law1 we mu/1 h[ev]1 g back to ! orig9 ( religi\s beliefs4 ,"o %\ld be> 9 m9d t1 f a sociological po9t ( view1 x is no m correct to speak ( ! exi/+ ance/or-cult 9 ,japan z primitive1 ?an x w\ld be to speak ( ! dome/ic cult ( ! ,a!nians 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles z primitive4 ,no p]si/5t =m ( ance/or-wor%ip is primitive2 & e e/abli%$ dome/ic cult has be5 develop$ out ( "s irregul> & non-dome/ic family-cult1 :i*1 aga91 mu/ h gr[n out ( /ill m anci5t fun]al-rites4 ,our k ( ance/or-wor%ip1 z reg>ds ! e>ly ,european civilizations1 _c be said to ext5d to ! primitive =m ( ! cult4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 our k ( ! subject dates f a p]iod at :i* a dome/ic religion _h long be5 e/abli%$2 & we h docum5t>y evid5ce z to ! "* ( t religion4 ,b ( ! e>li] cult t mu/ h prec$$ ! home-wor%ip1 we h little te/imony2 & we c surmise its nature only by /udy ( ! natural hi/ory ( ance/or-wor%ip among peoples n yet arriv$ at a /ate ( civilization4 ,! true dome/ic cult beg9s ) a settl$ civilization4 ,n[ :5 ! ,japanese race fir/ e/abli%$ itself 9 ,japan1 x does n appe> to h #bd br\ght ) x any civilization ( ! k9d :i* we w\ld call settl$1 nor any well-develop$ ance/or-cult4 ,! cult c]ta9ly exi/$2 b its c]emonies w\ld seem to h be5 irregul>ly p]=m$ at graves only4 ,! dome/ic cult prop] may n h be5 e/abli%$ until ab\t ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 ! _s-tablet is suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,! e>lie/ ance/or-cult1 z we %all pres5tly see1 0 develop$ out ( ! primitive fun]al-rites & propitiatory c]emonies4 ,! exi/+ family religion is !re=e a comp>atively mod]n developm5t2 b x is at lea/ z old z ! true civilization ( ! c\ntry1 & x cons]ves beliefs & ideas :i* are indubitably primitive1 z well z ideas & beliefs d]iv$ f ^!4 ,be=e treat+ fur!r ( ! cult itself1 x w be necess>y to consid] "s ( ^! old] beliefs4 ,! e>lie/ ance/or-wor%ip1--! root ( all religions1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] calls x1--0 probably coeval ) ! e>lie/ def9ite belief 9 gho/s4 ,z soon z m5 7 able to conceive ! idea ( a %ad[y inn] self1 or d\ble1 s soon1 d\btless1 ! propitiatory cult ( spirits began4 ,b ?is e>lie/ gho/-wor%ip mu/ h long prec$$ t p]iod ( m5tal developm5t 9 :i* m5 fir/ became capable ( =m+ ab/ract ideas4 ,! #be primitive ance/or-wor%ipp]s c\ld n h =m$ ! notion ( a supreme deity2 & all evid5ce exi/+ z to ! fir/ =ms ( _! wor%ip t5ds to %[ t !re prim>ily exi/$ no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 ! conception ( gho/s & ! conception ( gods4 ,!re 71 consequ5tly1 no def9ite beliefs 9 any future /ate ( rew>d or ( puni%m5t1--no ideas ( any heav5 or hell4 ,ev5 ! notion ( a %ad[y und]world1 or ,hades1 0 ( mu* lat] evolution4 ,at fir/ ! dead 7 ?\ght ( only z dwell+ 9 ! tombs provid$ = !m1--:5ce !y c\ld issue1 f "t to "t1 to visit _! =m] habitations1 or to make app>ition 9 ! dreams ( ! liv+4 ,_! real _w 0 ! place ( burial1--! grave1 ! tumulus4 ,aft]w>ds !re sl[ly develop$ ! idea ( an und]world1 connect$ 9 "s my/]i\s way ) ! place ( sepulture4 ,only at a mu* lat] "t did ?is dim und]world ( imag9ation exp& & divide into regions ( gho/ly bliss & woe 4444 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ,japanese my?ology nev] evolv$ ! ideas ( an ,elysium or a ,t>t>us1--nev] develop$ ! notion ( a heav5 or a hell4 ,ev5 to ?is day ,%9to belief repres5ts ! pre-,hom]ic /age ( imag9ation z reg>ds ! sup]natural4 ,among ! ,indo-,european races likewise !re appe>$ to h be5 at fir/ no diff]5ce betwe5 gods & gho/s1 nor any rank+ ( gods z great] #bf & less]4 ,^! di/9ctions 7 gradually develop$4 ,! spirits ( ! dead1 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 =m+1 9 a primitive tribe1 an ideal gr\p ! memb]s ( :i* are b little di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 w gr[ m & m di/+ui%$2--& z societies advance1 & z traditions1 local & g5]al1 accumulate & complicate1 ^! once simil> human s\ls1 acquir+ 9 ! popul> m9d diff]5ces ( "* & importance1 w div]ge--until _! orig9al community ( nature becomes sc>cely recognizable4 ,s 9 antique ,europe1 & s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 7 ! great] gods ( nations evolv$ f gho/-cults2 b ^? e?ics ( ance/or-wor%ip :i* %ap$ alike ! e>lie/ societies ( ,we/ & ,ea/1 date f a p]iod be=e ! "t ( ! great] gods1--f ! p]iod :5 all ! dead 7 suppos$ to become gods1 ) no di/9ction ( rank4 ,no m ?an ! primitive ance/or-wor%ipp]s ( ,aryan race did ! e>ly ,japanese ?9k ( _! dead z asc5d+ to "s extra-mundane region ( light & bliss1 or z desc5d+ into "s realm ( torm5t4 ,!y ?\ght ( _! dead z /ill inhabit+ ?is _w1 or at lea/ z ma9ta9+ ) x a con/ant communication4 ,_! e>lie/ sacr$ records d1 inde$1 make m5tion ( an und]world1 :]e my/]i\s ,?und]-gods & evil gobl9s dwelt 9 corruption2 b ?is vague _w ( ! dead communicat$ ) ! _w ( ! liv+2 #bg & ! _s !re1 ?\gh 9 "s sort atta*$ to its decay+ envelope1 c\ld /ill receive ^u e>? ! homage & ! (f]+s ( m54 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ,buddhism1 !re 0 no idea ( a heav5 or a hell4 ,! gho/s ( ! dep>t$ 7 ?\ght ( z con/ant pres5ces1 ne$+ propitiation1 & able 9 "s way to %>e ! pleasures & ! pa9s ( ! liv+4 ,!y requir$ food & dr9k & light2 & 9 return = ^!2 !y c\ld conf] b5efits4 ,_! bodies _h melt$ into e>?2 b _! _s-p[] /ill l+]$ 9 ! upp] _w1 ?rill$ its sub/ance1 mov$ 9 its w9ds & wat]s4 ,by dea? !y _h acquir$ my/]i\s =ce2--!y _h become sup]ior ones1 ,kami1 gods4 ,t is to say1 gods 9 ! olde/ ,greek & ,roman s5se4 ,be x obs]v$ t !re 7 no moral di/9ctions1 ,ea/ or ,we/1 9 ?is deification4 ,all ! dead become gods1 wrote ! great ,%9to comm5tator1 ,hirata4 ,s likewise1 9 ! ?\ght ( ! e>ly ,greeks & ev5 ( ! late ,romans1 all ! dead became gods4 ,m4 de ,c\langes obs]ves1 9 ,la ,cite ,antique3 ,?is k9d ( apo!osis 0 n ! privilege ( ! great alone4 no di/9ction 0 made 4444 ,x 0 n ev5 necess>y to h be5 a virtu\s man3 ! wick$ man became a god z well z ! good man1--only t 9 ?is aft]-exi/5ce1 he reta9$ ! evil incl9ations ( 8 =m] life4 ,su* also #bh 0 ! case 9 ,%9to belief3 ! good man became a b5efic5t div9ity1 ! bad man an evil deity1--b all alike became ,kami4 ,& s9ce !re are bad z well z good gods1 wrote ,mot[ori1 x is necess>y to propitiate !m ) (f]+s ( agreeable food1 play+ ! h>p1 bl[+ ! flute1 s++ & danc+ & :atev] is likely to put !m 9 a good hum\r4 ,! ,lat9s call$ ! malefic5t gho/s ( ! dead1 ,l>vae1 & call$ ! b5efic5t or h>mless gho/s1 ,l>es1 or ,manes1 or ,g5ii1 accord+ to ,apuleius4 ,b all alike 7 gods1--dii-manes2 & ,cic]o admoni%$ 8 read]s to r5d] to all dii-manes ! rightful wor%ip3 ,!y are m51 he decl>$1 :o h dep>t$ f ?is life2-consid] !m div9e be+s 4444 ,9 ,%9to1 z 9 old ,greek belief1 to die 0 to ent] into ! possession ( sup]human p[]1 to become capable ( conf]r+ b5efit or ( inflict+ mis=tune by sup]natural means 4444 ,b ye/]day1 su* or su* a man 0 a common toil]1 a p]son ( no importance2--to-day1 be+ dead1 he becomes a div9e p[]1 & 8 *ildr5 pray to him = ! prosp]ity ( _! und]tak+s4 ,?us also we f9d ! p]sonages ( ,greek trag$y1 su* z ,alce/is1 sudd5ly trans=m$ into div9ities by dea?1 & address$ 9 ! language ( wor%ip or pray]4 ,b1 9 despite ( _! sup]natural #bi p[]1 ! dead are /ill dep5d5t ^u ! liv+ = happ9ess4 ,?\gh viewless1 save 9 dreams1 !y ne$ e>?ly n\ri%m5t & homage1--food & dr9k1 & ! rev]5ce ( _! desc5dants4 ,ea* gho/ mu/ rely = su* com=t ^u its liv+ k9dr$2--only ?r\gh ! devotion ( t k9dr$ c x ev] f9d repose4 ,ea* gho/ mu/ h %elt]1--a fitt+ tomb2--ea* mu/ h (f]+s4 ,:ile hon\rably %elt]$ & prop]ly n\ri%$ ! _s is pleas$1 & w aid 9 ma9ta9+ ! good-=tune ( its propitiators4 ,b if refus$ ! sepul*ral home1 ! fun]al rites1 ! (f]+s ( food & fire & dr9k1 ! _s w suff] f hung] & cold & ?ir/1 &1 becom+ ang]$1 w act malevol5tly & contrive mis=tune = ^? by :om x has be5 neglect$ 4444 ,su* 7 ! ideas ( ! old ,greeks reg>d+ ! dead2 & su* 7 ! ideas ( ! old ,japanese4 ,al?\gh ! religion ( gho/s 0 once ! religion ( our own =efa!rs--:e!r ( ,nor!rn or ,s\!rn ,europe1--& al?\gh practices d]iv$ f x1 su* z ! cu/om ( decorat+ graves ) fl[]s1 p]si/ to-day among our mo/ advanc$ communities1--our modes ( ?\ght h s *ang$ "u ! influ5ces ( mod]n civilization t x is difficult = u to imag9e h[ p c\ld ev] h suppos$ t ! happ9ess ( ! dead dep5d$ ^u mat]ial food4 ,b x #cj is probable t ! real belief 9 anci5t ,european societies 0 mu* l ! belief z x exi/s 9 mod]n ,japan4 ,! dead are n suppos$ to consume ! sub/ance ( ! food1 b only to absorb ! invisible ess5ce ( x4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ance/or-wor%ip ! food-(f]+s 7 l>ge2 lat] on !y 7 made small] & small] z ! idea grew up t ! spirits requir$ b little su/5ance ( ev5 ! mo/ vap\ry k9d4 ,b1 h[ev] small ! (f]+s1 x 0 ess5tial t !y %\ld be made regul>ly4 ,^u ^! %ad[y repa/s dep5d$ ! well-be+ ( ! dead2 & ^u ! well-be+ ( ! dead dep5d$ ! =tunes ( ! liv+4 ,nei!r c\ld disp5se ) ! help ( ! o!r4 ! visible & ! invisible worlds 7 =ev] unit$ by bonds innum]able ( mutual necessity2 & no s+le relation ( t union c\ld be brok5 )\t ! dire/ consequ5ces4 ,! hi/ory ( all religi\s sacrifices c be trac$ back to ?is anci5t cu/om ( (f]+s made to gho/s2 & ! :ole ,indo-,aryan race _h at "o "t no o!r religion ?an ?is religion ( spirits4 ,9 fact1 e advanc$ human society has1 at "s p]iod ( its hi/ory1 pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( ance/or-wor%ip2 b x is to ! ,f> ,ea/ t we mu/ took to-day 9 ord] to f9d ! cult coexi/+ ) an elaborate civilization4 ,n[ ! ,japanese ance/or-cult--?\gh repres5t+ ! beliefs ( a #ca non-,aryan p1 & (f]+ 9 ! hi/ory ( its developm5t v>i\s int]e/+ peculi>ities--/ill embodies mu* t is *>act]i/ic ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 g5]al4 ,!re survive 9 x especially ^! ?ree beliefs1 :i* und]lie all =ms ( p]si/5t ance/or-wor%ip 9 all climes & c\ntries3-- ,i4--,! dead rema9 9 ?is _w1--haunt+ _! tombs1 & also _! =m] homes1 & %>+ invisibly 9 ! life ( _! liv+ desc5dants2-- ,,ii4--,all ! dead become gods1 9 ! s5se ( acquir+ sup]natural p[]2 b !y reta9 ! *>act]s :i* di/+ui%$ !m dur+ life2-- ,,iii4--,! happ9ess ( ! dead dep5ds ^u ! respectful s]vice r5d]$ !m by ! liv+2 & ! happ9ess ( ! liv+ dep5ds ^u ! fulfilm5t ( pi\s duty to ! dead4 ,to ^! v e>ly beliefs may be add$ ! foll[+1 probably ( lat] developm5t1 :i* at "o "t mu/ h ex]cis$ imm5se influ5ce3-- ,,iv4--,e ev5t 9 ! _w1 good or evil1--fair seasons or pl5tiful h>ve/s1--flood & fam9e1--tempe/ & tidal-wave & e>?quake1--is ! "w ( ! dead4 ,v4--,all human actions1 good or bad1 are controll$ by ! dead4 ,! fir/ ?ree beliefs survive f ! dawn ( civilization1 or be=e x1--f ! "t 9 :i* #cb ! dead 7 ! only gods1 )\t di/9ctions ( p[]4 ,! latt] two w\ld seem r ( ! p]iod 9 :i* a true my?ology--an enorm\s poly!ism--_h be5 develop$ out ( ! primitive gho/-wor%ip4 ,!re is no?+ simple 9 ^! beliefs3 !y are awful1 trem5d\s beliefs2 & be=e ,buddhism help$ to dissipate !m1 _! pressure ^u ! m9d ( a p dwell+ 9 a l& ( cataclysms1 mu/ h be5 l an endless weight ( nightm>e4 ,b ! eld] beliefs1 9 s(t5$ =m1 are yet a fundam5tal "p ( ! exi/+ cult4 ,?\gh ,japanese ance/or-wor%ip has und]gone _m modifications 9 ! pa/ two ?\s& ye>s1 ^! modifications h n trans=m$ its ess5tial "* 9 relation to conduct2 & ! :ole framework ( society re/s ^u x1 z on a moral f\ndation4 ,! hi/ory ( ,japan is really ! hi/ory ( h] religion4 ,no s+le fact 9 ?is connection is m significant ?an ! fact t ! anci5t ,japanese t]m = gov]nm5t--matsuri-goto--signifies lib]ally matt]s ( wor%ip4 ,lat] on we %all f9d t n only gov]nm5t1 b almo/ ev]y?+ 9 ,japanese society1 d]ives directly or indirectly f ?is ance/or-cult2 & t 9 all matt]s ! dead1 r ?an ! liv+1 h be5 ! rul]s ( ! nation &--! %ap]s ( its de/9ies4 #cc ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,home ,?ree /ages ( ance/or-wor%ip are to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( religi\s & social evolution2 & ea* ( ^! f9ds illu/ration 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese society4 ,! fir/ /age is t :i* exi/s be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( a settl$ civilization1 :5 !re is yet no national rul]1 & :5 ! unit ( society is ! great patri>*al family1 ) its eld]s or w>-*iefs = lords4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! spirits ( ! family-ance/ors only are wor%ipp$2--ea* family propitiat+ its own dead1 & recogniz+ no o!r =m ( wor%ip4 ,z ! patri>*al families1 lat] on1 become gr\p$ into tribal clans1 !re gr[s up ! cu/om ( tribal sacrifice to ! spirits ( ! clan-rul]s2--?is cult be+ sup]add$ to ! family-cult1 & m>k+ ! second /age ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,f9ally1 ) ! union ( all ! clans or tribes "u "o supreme head1 !re is develop$ ! cu/om ( propitiat+ ! spirits ( national1 rul]s4 ,?is ?ird =m ( ! cult becomes ! obligatory religion #cd ( ! c\ntry2 b x does n replace ei!r ( ! prec$+ cults3 ! ?ree cont9ue to exi/ toge!r4 ,?\gh1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! evolution 9 ,japan ( ^! ?ree /ages ( ance/or-wor%ip is b fa9tly traceable1 we c div9e tol]ably well1 f v>i\s records1 h[ ! p]man5t =ms ( ! cult 7 fir/ develop$ out ( ! e>li] fun]al-rites4 ,betwe5 ! anci5t ,japanese fun]al cu/oms & ^? ( antique ,europe1 !re 0 a va/ diff]5ce1--a diff]5ce indicat+1 z reg>ds ,japan1 a f> m primitive social condition4 ,9 ,greece & 9 ,italy x 0 an e>ly cu/om to bury ! family dead )9 ! limits ( ! family e/ate2 & ! ,greek & ,roman laws ( prop]ty grew out ( ?is practice4 ,sometimes ! dead 7 buri$ close to ! h\se4 ,! au?or ( ',la ,cite ,antique' cites1 among o!r anci5t texts be>+ ^u ! subject1 an int]e/+ invocation f ! trag$y ( ,hel51 by ,euripides3--,all hail6 my fa!r's tomb6 ,i buri$ !e1 ,proteus1 at ! place :]e m5 pass out1 t ,i might (t5 greet !e2 & s1 ev5 z ,i g out & 91 ,i1 ?y son ,!oclym5us1 call ^u !e1 fa!r6 444 ,b 9 anci5t ,japan1 m5 fl$ f ! neighb\rhood ( dea?4 ,x 0 long ! cu/om to ab&on1 ei!r tempor>ily1 or p]man5tly1 ! h\se 9 :i* a dea? occurr$2 #ce & we c sc>cely suppose t1 at any "t1 x 0 ?\ght desirable to bury ! dead close to ! habitation ( ! surviv+ memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,"s ,japanese au?orities decl>e t 9 ! v e>lie/ ages !re 0 no burial1 & t corpses 7 m]ely convey$ to desolate places1 & !re ab&on$ to wild creatures4 ,be ?is z x may1 we h docum5t>y evid5ce1 ( an unmi/akable sort1 conc]n+ ! e>ly fun]al-rites z !y exi/$ :5 ! cu/om ( bury+ _h become e/abli%$1--rites weird & /range1 & hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ! practices ( settl$ civilization4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! family-dwell+ 0 at fir/ p]man5tly1 n tempor>ily1 ab&on$ to ! dead2 & 9 view ( ! fact t ! dwell+ 0 a wood5 hut ( v simple /ructure1 !re is no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition4 ,at all ev5ts ! corpse 0 left = a c]ta9 p]iod1 call$ ! p]iod ( m\rn+1 ei!r 9 ! ab&on$ h\se :]e ! dea? occurr$1 or 9 a %elt] especially built = ! purpose2 &1 dur+ ! m\rn+ p]iod1 (f]+s ( food & dr9k 7 set be=e ! dead1 & c]emonies p]=m$ )\t ! h\se4 ,"o ( ^! c]emonies consi/$ 9 ! recital ( poems 9 praise ( ! dead1--:i* poems 7 call$ %9obigoto4 ,!re 0 music also ( flutes & drums1 & danc+2 & at night a fire 0 kept burn+ be=e ! h\se4 ,aft] all ?is _h be5 #cf done = ! fix$ p]iod ( m\rn+--eight days1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 f\rte5 accord+ to o!rs--! corpse 0 int]r$4 ,x is probable t ! des]t$ h\se may !reaft] h become an ance/ral temple1 or gho/-h\se1--prototype ( ! ,%9to miya4 ,at an e>ly "t1--?\gh :5 we d n "k1--x c]ta9ly became ! cu/om to erect a moya1 or m\rn+-h\se 9 ! ev5t ( a dea?2 & ! rites 7 p]=m$ at ! m\rn+-h\se prior to ! int]m5t4 ,! mann] ( burial 0 v simple3 !re 7 yet no tombs 9 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! t]m1 & no tomb/ones4 ,only a m\nd 0 ?r[n up ov] ! grave2 & ! size ( ! m\nd v>i$ accord+ to ! rank ( ! dead4 ,! cu/om ( des]t+ ! h\se 9 :i* a dea? took place w\ld accord ) ! !ory ( a nomadic ance/ry = ! ,japanese p3 x 0 a practice totally incompatible ) a settl$ civilization l t ( ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans1 ^: cu/oms 9 reg>d to burial presuppose small l&hold+s 9 p]man5t occupation4 ,b !re may h be51 ev5 9 e>ly times1 "s exceptions to g5]al cu/om--exceptions made by necessity4 ,to-day1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & p]haps m p>ticul>ly 9 di/ricts remote f temples1 x is ! cu/om = f>m]s to bury _! dead ^u _! own l&s4 #cg--;,at regul> int]vals aft] burial1 c]emonies 7 p]=m$ at ! graves2 & food & dr9k 7 !n s]v$ to ! spirits4 ,:5 ! _s-tablet _h be5 introduc$ f ,*9a1 & a true dome/ic cult e/abli%$1 ! practice ( mak+ (f]+s at ! place ( burial 0 n discont9u$4 ,x survives to ! pres5t "t1--bo? 9 ! ,%9to & ! ,buddhi/ rite2 & e spr+ an ,imp]ial mess5g] pres5ts at ! tomb ( ! ,emp]or ,jimmu1 ! same (f]+s ( birds & fi% & seawe$1 rice & rice-w9e1 :i* 7 made to ! _s ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,empire tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b be=e ! p]iod ( ,*9ese influ5ce ! family w\ld seem to h wor%ipp$ its dead only be=e ! mortu>y h\se1 or at ! grave2 & ! spirits 7 yet suppos$ to dwell especially 9 _! tombs1 ) access to "s my/]i\s subt]ranean _w4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to ne$ o!r ?+s besides n\ri%m5t2 & x 0 cu/om>y to place 9 ! grave v>i\s articles = _! gho/ly use1--a sword1 = example1 9 ! case ( a w>rior2 a mirror 9 ! case ( a woman1--toge!r ) c]ta9 objects1 especially priz$ dur+ life1--su* z objects ( preci\s metal1 & poli%$ /ones or gems 4444 ,at ?is /age ( ance/or-wor%ip1 :5 ! spirits are suppos$ to require %ad[y s]vice ( a sort correspond+ to t exact$ dur+ _! life-"t 9 ! body1 we %\ld expect to he> ( #ch human sacrifices z well z ( animal sacrifices4 ,at ! fun]als ( great p]sonages su* sacrifices 7 common4 ,ow+ to beliefs ( :i* all k has be5 lo/1 ^! sacrifices assum$ a "* mu* m cruel ?an t ( ! immolations ( ! ,greek ,hom]ic epo*4 ,! human victims99 7 buri$ up to ! neck 9 a circle ab\t ! grave1 & ?us left to p]i% "u ! beaks ( birds & ! tee? ( wild bea/s4 99,h[ ! horses & o!r animals 7 sacrific$1 does n cle>ly appe>4 ,! t]m appli$ to ?is =m ( immolation1--hitogaki1 or human h$ge1--implies a consid]able numb] ( victims 9 ea* case4 ,?is cu/om 0 aboli%$1 by ! ,emp]or ,su991 ab\t n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ! ,nihongi decl>es t x 0 !n an anci5t cu/om4 ,be+ griev$ by ! cry+ ( ! victims int]r$ 9 ! fun]al m\nd erect$ ov] ! grave ( 8 bro!r1 ,yamato-hiko-no-mikoto1 ! ,emp]or is record$ to h said3 ,x is a v pa9ful ?+ to =ce ^? :om "o has lov$ 9 life to foll[ "o 9 dea?4 ,?\gh x be an anci5t cu/om1 :y foll[ x1 if x is bad8 ,f ?is "t =w>d take c\nsel to put a /op to ! foll[+ ( ! dead4 ,nomi-no-,sukune1 a c\rt-noble--n[ apo!osiz$ z ! patron ( wre/l]s--!n sugge/$ ! sub/itution ( e>!n images ( m5 & horses = ! liv+ victims2 & 8 sugge/ion 0 approv$4 ,! hitogaki1 0 ?us aboli%$2 b compulsory z well z volunt>y foll[+ ( ! #ci dead c]ta9ly cont9u$ = _m hundr$ ye>s aft]1 s9ce we f9d ! ,emp]or ,kotoku issu+ an edict on ! subject 9 ! ye> #fdf ,a4,d43-- ,:5 a man dies1 !re h be5 cases ( p sacrific+ !mselves by /rangulation1 or ( /rangl+ o!rs by way ( sacrifice1 or ( compell+ ! dead man's horse to be sacrific$1 or ( bury+ valuables 9 ! grave 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 or ( cutt+ (f ! hair & /abb+ ! ?ighs & 9 t condition pron\nc+ a eulogy on ! dead4 ,let all su* old cu/oms be entirely discont9u$4--,nihongi2 ,a/on's translation4 ,z reg>d$ compulsory sacrifice & popul> cu/om1 ?is edict may h _h ! imm$iate effect desir$2 b volunt>y human sacrifices 7 n def9itively suppress$4 ,) ! rise ( ! milit>y p[] !re gradually came into exi/5ce ano!r cu/om ( jun%i1 or foll[+ "o's "l 9 dea?1--suicide by ! sword4 ,x is said to h begun ab\t #accc1 :5 ! la/ ( ! ,hojo reg5ts1 ,takatoki1 p]=m$ suicide1 & a numb] ( 8 reta9]s took _! own lives by h>akiri1 9 ord] to foll[ _! ma/]4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is incid5t really e/abli%$ ! practice4 ,b by ! sixte5? c5tury jun%i _h c]ta9ly become an hon\r$ cu/om among ! samurai4 ,loyal reta9]s e/eem$ x a duty to kill !mselves aft] ! dea? ( _! "l1 9 ord] to att5d ^u him dur+ 8 gho/ly j\rney4 ,a ?\s& ye>s #dj ( ,buddhi/ tea*+ _h n !re=e suffic$ to eradicate all primitive notions' ( sacrificial duty4 ,! practice cont9u$ into ! "t ( ! ,tokugawa %ogunate1 :5 ,iyeyasu made laws to *eck x4 ,^! laws 7 rigidly appli$1--! entire family ( ! suicide be+ held responsible = a case ( jun%i3 yet ! cu/om _c be said to h become ext9ct until consid]ably aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! era ( ,meiji4 ,ev5 dur+ my own "t !re h be5 survivals1--"s ( a v t\*+ k9d3 suicides p]=m$ 9 hope ( be+ able to s]ve or aid ! _s ( ma/] or husb& or p>5t 9 ! invisible _w4 ,p]haps ! /range/ case 0 t ( a boy f\rte5 ye>s old1 :o kill$ himself 9 ord] to wait ^u ! _s ( a *ild1 8 ma/]'s little son4 ,! peculi> "* ( ! e>ly human sacrifices at graves1 ! "* ( ! fun]al-rites1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! h\se 9 :i* dea? _h occurr$4--all prove t ! e>ly ance/or-wor%ip 0 ( a decid$ly primitive k9d4 ,?is is sugge/$ also by ! peculi> ,%9to horror ( dea? z pollution3 ev5 at ?is day to att5d a fun]al1--unless ! fun]al be conduct$ aft] ! ,%9to rite1--is religi\s defilem5t4 ,! anci5t leg5d ( ,izanagi's desc5t to ! ne!r _w1 9 se>* ( 8 lo/ sp\se1 illu/rates ! t]rible beliefs t once exi/$ z to gobl9-p[]s presid+ ov] decay4 #da ,betwe5 ! horror ( dea? z corruption1 & ! apo!osis ( ! gho/1 !re is no?+ incongru\s3 we mu/ und]/& ! apo!osis itself z a propitiation4 ,?is e>lie/ ,way ( ! ,gods 0 a religion ( p]petual fe>4 ,n ord9>y homes only 7 des]t$ aft] a dea?3 ev5 ! ,emp]ors1 dur+ _m c5turies1 7 wont to *ange _! capital aft] ! dea? ( a pr$ecessor4 ,b1 gradually1 out ( ! primal fun]al-rites1 a high] cult 0 evolv$4 ,! m\rn+-h\se1 or moya1 became trans=m$ into ! ,%9to temple1 :i* /ill reta9s ! %ape ( ! primitive hut4 ,!n "u ,*9ese influ5ce1 ! ance/ral cult became e/abli%$ 9 ! home2 & ,buddhism at a lat] day ma9ta9$ ?is dome/ic cult4 ,by degrees ! h\sehold religion became a religion ( t5d]ness z well z ( duty1 & *ang$ & s(t5$ ! ?\ghts ( m5 ab\t _! dead4 ,z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury1 ance/or-wor%ip appe>s to h develop$ ! ?ree pr9cipal =ms "u :i* x /ill exi/s2 & !reaft] ! family-cult began to assume a "* :i* (f]s _m resemblances to ! dome/ic religion ( ! old ,european civilizations4 ,let u n[ glance at ! exi/+ =ms ( ?is dome/ic cult1--! univ]sal religion ( ,japan4 ,9 e home !re is a %r9e devot$ to x4 ,if ! family pr(ess only ! ,%9to belief1 ?is %r9e1 #db or mitamaya99 7augu/-_s-dwell+71--t9y model ( a ,%9to temple1--is plac$ ^u a %elf fix$ aga9/ ! wall ( "s inn] *amb]1 at a height ( ab\t six feet f ! floor4 ,su* a %elf is call$ ,mitama-,san-no-tana1 or--,%elf ( ! augu/ spirits4 99,x is m popul>ly t]m$ miya1 augu/ h\se1--a "n giv5 to ! ord9>y ,%9to temples4 ,9 ! %r9e are plac$ ?9 tablets ( :ite wood1 inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! h\sehold dead4 ,su* tablets are call$ by a "n signify+ _s-sub/itutes 7mitama%iro71 or by a probably old] "n signify+ _s-/icks4 444 ,if ! family wor%ips its ance/ors accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ rite1 ! mortu>y tablets are plac$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ h\sehold-%r9e1 or ,butsudan1 :i* usually occupies ! upp] %elf ( an alcove 9 "o ( ! inn] ap>tm5ts4 ,buddhi/ mortu>y-tablets 7) "s exceptions7 are call$ ihai1--a t]m signify+ s\l-commemoration4 ,!y are lacqu]$ & gild$1 usually hav+ a c>v$ lotos-fl[] z p$e/al2 & !y d n1 z a rule1 be> ! real1 b only ! religi\s & po/hum\s "n ( ! dead4 ,n[ x is important to obs]ve t1 9 ei!r cult1 ! mortu>y tablet actually sugge/s a m9iature tomb/one--:i* is a fact ( "s evolutional int]e/1 ?\gh ! evolution itself %\ld be ,*9ese r ?an ,japanese4 ,! pla9 grave/ones 9 ,%9to cemet]ies resemble 9 =m ! simple #dc wood5 gho/-/icks1 or _s-/icks2 :ile ! ,buddhi/ monum5ts 9 ! old-fa%ion$ ,buddhi/ gravey>ds are %ap$ l ! ihai1 ( :i* ! =m is slightly v>i$ to indicate sex & age1 :i* is also ! case ) ! tomb/one4 ,! numb] ( mortu>y tablets 9 a h\sehold %r9e does n g5]ally exce$ five or six1--only gr&p>5ts & p>5ts & ! rec5tly dead be+ ?us repres5t$2 b ! "n ( remot] ance/ors are inscrib$ ^u scrolls1 :i* are kept 9 ! ,butsudan or ! mitamaya4 ,:atev] be ! family rite1 pray]s are repeat$ & (f]+s are plac$ be=e ! ance/ral tablets e day4 ,! nature ( ! (f]+s & ! "* ( ! pray]s dep5d ^u ! religion ( ! h\sehold2 b ! ess5tial duties ( ! cult are ev]y:]e ! same4 ,^! duties are n to be neglect$ "u any circum/ances2 _! p]=mance 9 ^! times is usually intru/$ to ! eld]s1 or to ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold499 99,n1 h[ev]1 ^u any public occasion1--su* z a ga!r+ ( relatives at ! home = a religi\s anniv]s>y3 at su* times ! rites are p]=m$ by ! head ( ! h\sehold4 ,speak+ ( ! anci5t cu/om 7once preval5t 9 e ,japanese h\sehold1 & /ill obs]v$ 9 ,%9to homes7 ( mak+ (f]+s to ! deities ( ! cook+ range & ( food1 ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[ obs]ves3 ,! rites 9 hon\r ( ^! gods 7 at fir/ p]=m$ by ! head ( ! h\sehold2 b 9 aft]-times ! duty came to he delegat$ to ! wom5 ( ! family 7,anci5t ,japanese ,rituals74 ,we may inf] t 9 reg>d to ! ance/ral rites likewise1 ! same transf] ( duties occurr$ at an e>ly "t1 = obvi\s reasons ( conv5i5ce4 ,:5 ! duty devolves ^u ! eld]s ( ! family--gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r--x is usually ! gr&mo!r :o att5ds to ! (f]+s4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,roman h\sehold ! p]=mance ( ! dome/ic rites appe>s to h be5 obligatory ^u ! head ( ! h\sehold2 b we "k t ! wom5 took "p 9 !m4 #dd ,!re is no long c]emony1 no imp]ative rule ab\t pray]s1 no?+ solemn3 ! food-(f]+s are select$ out ( ! family cook+2 ! murmur$ or :isp]$ invocations are %ort & few4 ,b1 trifl+ z ! rites may seem1 _! p]=mance mu/ nev] be ov]look$4 ,n to make ! (f]+s is a possibility undream$ (3 s long z ! family exi/s !y mu/ be made4 ,to describe ! details ( ! dome/ic rite w\ld require mu* space1--n because !y are complicat$ 9 !mselves1 b because !y are ( a sort unfamili> to ,we/]n exp]i5ce1 & v>y accord+ to ! sect ( ! family4 ,b to consid] ! details w n be necess>y3 ! important matt] is to consid] ! religion & its beliefs 9 relation to conduct & "*4 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ t no religion is m s9c]e1 no fai? m t\*+ ?an ?is dome/ic wor%ip1 :i* reg>ds ! dead z cont9u+ to =m a "p ( ! h\sehold life1 & ne$+ /ill ! affection & ! respect ( _! *ildr5 & k9dr$4 ,orig9at+ 9 ^? dim ages :5 fe> 0 /rong] ?an love1--:5 ! wi% to please ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$ mu/ h be5 *iefly inspir$ by dread ( _! ang]1--! cult at la/ develop$ into a religion ( affection2 & ?is x yet rema9s4 ,! belief t ! dead #de ne$ affection1 t to neglect !m is a cruelty1 t _! happ9ess dep5ds ^u duty1 is a belief t has almo/ ca/ out ! primitive fe> ( _! displeasure4 ,!y are n ?\ght ( z dead3 !y are believ$ to rema9 among ^? :o lov$ !m4 ,unse5 !y gu>d ! home1 & wat* ov] ! welf>e ( its inmates3 !y hov] nightly 9 ! gl[ ( ! %r9e-lamp2 & ! /irr+ ( its flame is ! motion ( !m4 ,!y dwell mo/ly )9 _! lett]$ tablets2--sometimes !y c animate a tablet1--*ange x into ! sub/ance ( a human body1 & return 9 t body to active life1 9 ord] to succ\r & console4 ,f _! %r9e !y obs]ve & he> :at happ5s 9 ! h\se2 !y %>e ! family joys & sorr[s2 !y delight 9 ! voices & ! w>m? ( ! life ab\t !m4 ,!y want affection2 b ! morn+ & ! ev5+ greet+s ( ! family are en\gh to make !m happy4 ,!y require n\ri%m5t2 b ! vap\r ( food cont5ts !m4 ,!y are exact+ only z reg>ds ! daily fulfilm5t ( duty4 ,!y 7 ! giv]s ( life1 ! giv]s ( weal?1 ! mak]s & tea*]s ( ! pres5t3 !y repres5t ! pa/ ( ! race1 & all its sacrifices2--:atev] ! liv+ possess is f !m4 ,yet h[ little d !y require 9 return6 ,sc>cely m ?an to be ?ank$1 z ! f\nd]s & gu>dians ( ! home1 9 simple words l ^!3--,= aid receiv$1 by day & by night1 accept1 ,augu/ ,ones1 our rev]5tial gratitude4444 #df ,to =get or neglect !m1 to treat !m ) rude indiff]5ce1 is ! pro( ( an evil he>t2 to cause !m %ame by ill-conduct1 to disgrace _! "n by bad actions1 is ! supreme crime4 ,!y repres5t ! moral exp]i5ce ( ! race3 :osoev] d5ies t exp]i5ce d5ies !m also1 & falls to ! level ( ! bea/1 or bel[ x4 ,!y repres5t ! unwritt5 law1 ! traditions ( ! commune1 ! duties ( all to all3 :osoev] (f5ds aga9/ ^!1 s9s aga9/ ! dead4 ,&1 f9ally1 !y repres5t ! my/]y ( ! invisible3 to ,%9to belief1 at lea/1 !y are gods4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 ( c\rse1 t ! ,japanese ^w = gods1 ,kami1 does n imply1 any m ?an did ! old ,lat9 t]m1 dii-manes1 ideas l ^? :i* h become associat$ ) ! mod]n notion ( div9ity4 ,! ,japanese t]m might be m closely r5d]$ by "s su* expression z ! ,sup]iors1 ! ,high] ,ones2 & x 0 =m]ly appli$ to liv+ rul]s z well z to deities & gho/s4 ,b x implies consid]ably m ?an ! idea ( a disembodi$ _s2 =1 accord+ to old ,%9to tea*+ ! dead became _w-rul]s4 ,!y 7 ! cause ( all natural ev5ts1--( w9ds1 ra9s1 & tides1 ( budd+s & rip5+s1 ( gr[? & decay1 ( ev]y?+ desirable or dreadful4 ,!y =m$ a k9d ( subtl] elem5t1--an ance/ral ae!r1--univ]sally ext5d+ & #dg unceas+ly op]at+4 ,_! p[]s1 :5 unit$ = any purpose1 7 resi/less2 & 9 "t ( national p]il !y 7 invok$ en masse = aid aga9/ ! foe 4444 ,?us1 to ! eyes ( fai?1 beh9d ea* family gho/ !re ext5d$ ! measureless %ad[y p[] ( c\ntless ,kami2 & ! s5se ( duty to ! ance/or 0 deep5$ by dim awe ( ! =ces controll+ ! _w1--! :ole invisible ,va/4 ,to primitive ,%9to conception ! univ]se 0 fill$ ) gho/s2--to lat] ,%9to conception ! gho/ly condition 0 n limit$ by place or "t1 ev5 9 ! case ( individual spirits4 ,al?\gh1 wrote ,hirata1 ! home ( ! spirits is 9 ! ,_s-h\se1 !y are equally pres5t :]ev] !y are wor%ipp$1--be+ gods1 & !re=e ubiquit\s4 ,! ,buddhi/ dead are n call$ gods1 b ,buddhas 7,hotoke71--:i* t]m1 ( c\rse1 expresses a pi\s hope1 r ?an a fai?4 ,! belief is t !y are only on _! way to "s high] /ate ( exi/5ce2 & !y %\ld n be invok$ or wor%ipp$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,%9to gods3 pray]s %\ld be said ,,= !m1 n1 z a rule1 ,,to !m499 99,c]ta9 ,buddhi/ rituals prove exceptions to ?is tea*+4 ,b ! va/ majority ( ,japanese ,buddhi/s are also foll[]s ( ,%9to2 & ! two fai?s1 ?\gh seem+ly incongru\s1 h long be5 reconcil$ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,! ,buddhi/ doctr9e has #dh !re=e modifi$ ! ideas atta*+ to ! cult mu* less deeply ?an might be suppos$4 ,9 all patri>*al societies ) a settl$ civilization1 !re is evolv$1 out ( ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 a ,religion ( ,filial ,piety4 ,filial piety /ill rema9s ! supreme virtue among civiliz$ peoples possess+ an ance/or-cult4444 ,by filial piety mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 :at is commonly signifi$ by ! ,engli% t]m1--! devotion ( *ildr5 to p>5ts4 ,we mu/ und]/& ! ^w piety r 9 its classic mean+1 z ! pietas ( ! e>ly ,romans1--t is to say1 z ! religi\s s5se ( h\sehold duty4 ,rev]5ce = ! dead1 z well z ! s5tim5t ( duty t[>ds ! liv+2 ! affection ( *ildr5 to p>5ts1 & ! affection ( p>5ts to *ildr52 ! mutual duties ( husb& & wife2 ! duties likewise ( sons-9-law & daught]s-9-law to ! family z a body2 ! duties ( s]vant to ma/]1 & ( ma/] to dep5d5t1--all ^! 7 includ$ "u ! t]m4 ,! family itself 0 a religion2 ! ance/ral home a temple4 ,& s we f9d ! family & ! home to be 9 ,japan1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,filial piety 9 ,japan does n mean only ! duty ( *ildr5 to p>5ts & gr&p>5ts3 x means /ill m1 ! cult ( ! ance/ors1 rev]5tial s]vice to ! dead1 ! gratitude ( ! pres5t to ! pa/1 & ! conduct ( ! individual 9 relation #di to ! entire h\sehold4 ,hirata !re=e decl>$ t all virtues d]iv$ f ! wor%ip ( ance/ors2 & 8 words1 z translat$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[1 des]ve p>ticul> att5tion3-- ,x is ! duty ( a subject to be dilig5t 9 wor%ipp+ 8 ance/ors1 ^: m9i/] he %\ld consid] himself to be4 ,! cu/om ( adoption arose f ! natural desire ( hav+ "s "o to p]=m sacrifices2 & ?is desire ought n to be r5d]$ ( no avail by neglect4 ,devotion to ! memory ( ance/ors is ! ma9spr+ ( all virtues4 ,no "o :o dis*>ges 8 duty to !m w ev] be disrespectful to ! gods or to 8 liv+ p>5ts4 ,su* a man also w be fai?ful to 8 pr9ce1 loyal to 8 fri5ds1 & k9d & g5tle to 8 wife & *ildr54 ,= ! ess5ce ( ?is devotion is inde$ filial piety4 ,f ! sociologi/'s po9t ( view1 ,hirata is "r3 x is unque/ionably true t ! :ole sy/em ( ,f>-,ea/]n e?ics d]ives f ! religion ( ! h\sehold4 ,by aid ( t cult h be5 evolv$ all ideas ( duty to ! liv+ z well z to ! dead1--! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce1 ! s5tim5t ( loyalty1 ! _s ( self-sacrifice1 & ! _s ( patriotism4 ,:at filial piety signifies z a religi\s =ce c be/ be imag9$ f ! fact t y c buy life 9 ! ,ea/--t x has its price 9 ! m>ket4 ,?is religion is ! religion ( ,*9a1 & ( c\ntries adjac5t2 & life is = sale 9 ,*9a4 ,x 0 ! filial piety ( ,*9a t r5d]$ #ej possible ! completion ( ! ,panama railroad1 :]e to /rike ! soil 0 to lib]ate dea?1--:]e ! l& dev\r$ lab\r]s by ! ?\s&1 until :ite & black lab\r c\ld no m be procur$ 9 quantity suffici5t = ! "w4 ,b lab\r c\ld be obta9$ f ,*9a--any am\nt ( lab\r--at ! co/ ( life2 & ! co/ 0 paid2 & multitudes ( m5 came f ! ,ea/ to toil & die1 9 ord] t ! price ( _! lives might be s5t to _! families4444 ,i h no d\bt t1 7 ! sacrifice imp]atively dem&$1 life c\ld be z readily b\ght 9 ,japan1--?\gh n1 p]haps1 s *eaply4 ,:]e ?is religion prevails1 ! individual is ready to give 8 life1 9 a majority ( cases1 = ! family1 ! home1 ! ance/ors4 ,& ! filial piety impell+ su* sacrifice becomes1 by ext5sion1 ! loyalty t w sacrifice ev5 ! family itself = ! sake ( ! "l1--or1 by yet fur!r ext5sion1 ! loyalty t prays1 l ,kusunoki ,masa%ige1 = sev5 successive lives to lay d[n on behalf ( ! sov]eign4 ,out ( filial piety inde$ has be5 develop$ ! :ole moral p[] t protects ! /ate1--! p[] also t has seldom fail$ to impose ! rightful re/ra9ts ^u (ficial despotism :5ev] t despotism grew dang]\s to ! common weal4 ,probably ! filial piety t c5tr$ ab\t ! dome/ic alt>s ( ! anci5t ,we/ diff]$ 9 little #ea f t :i* yet rules ! mo/ ea/]n ,ea/4 ,b we miss 9 ,japan ! ,aryan he>?1 ! family alt> ) its p]petual fire4 ,! ,japanese home-religion repres5ts1 app>5tly1 a mu* e>li] /age ( ! cult ?an t :i* exi/$ )9 hi/oric "t among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! home/ead 9 ,old ,japan 0 n a /able in/itution l ! ,greek or ! ,roman home2 ! cu/om ( bury+ ! family dead ^u ! family e/ate nev] became g5]al2 ! dwell+ itself nev] assum$ a sub/antial & la/+ "*4 ,x c\ld n be lit]ally said ( ! ,japanese w>rior1 z ( ! ,roman1 t he f\ght pro aris et focis4 ,!re 0 nei!r alt> nor sacr$ fire3 ! place ( ^! 0 tak5 by ! _s-%elf or %r9e1 ) its t9y lamp1 k9dl$ afre% ea* ev5+2 &1 9 e>ly times1 !re 7 no ,japanese images ( div9ities4 ,= ,l>es & ,p5ates !re 7 only ! mortu>y-tablets ( ! ance/ors1 & c]ta9 little tablets be>+ names ( o!r gods--tutel> gods 4444 ,! pres5ce ( ^! frail wood5 objects /ill makes ! home2 & !y may be1 ( c\rse1 transport$ any:]e4 ,to appreh5d ! full mean+ ( ance/or-wor%ip z a family religion1 a liv+ fai?1 is n[ difficult = ! ,we/]n m9d4 ,we are able to imag9e only 9 ! vague/ way h[ our ,aryan =efa!rs felt & ?\ght ab\t _! dead4 ,b 9 ! #eb liv+ beliefs ( ,japan we f9d mu* to sugge/ ! nature ( ! old ,greek piety4 ,ea* memb] ( ! family supposes himself1 or h]self1 "u p]petual gho/ly surveillance4 ,_s-eyes are wat*+ e act2 _s-e>s are li/5+ to e ^w4 ,?\ghts too1 n less ?an de$s1 are visible to ! gaze ( ! dead3 ! he>t mu/ be pure1 ! m9d mu/ be "u control1 )9 ! pres5ce ( ! spirits4 ,probably ! influ5ce ( su* beliefs1 un9t]rupt$ly ex]t$ ^u conduct dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 did mu* to =m ! *>m+ side ( ,japanese "*4 ,yet !re is no?+ /]n or solemn 9 ?is home-religion to-day1--no?+ ( t rigid & unv>y+ discipl9e suppos$ by ,fu/el de ,c\langes to h especially *>act]iz$ ! ,roman cult4 ,x is a religion r ( gratitude & t5d]ness2 ! dead be+ s]v$ by ! h\sehold z if !y 7 actually pres5t 9 ! body 4444 ,i fancy t if we 7 able to ent] = a mom5t into ! vani%$ life ( "s old ,greek city1 we %\ld f9d ! dome/ic religion !re n less *e]ful ?an ! ,japanese home-cult rema9s to-day4 ,i imag9e t ,greek *ildr51 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 mu/ h wat*$1 l ! ,japanese *ildr5 ( to-day1 = a *ance to /eal "s ( ! good ?+s (f]$ to ! gho/s ( ! ance/ors2 & ,i fancy t ,greek p>5ts mu/ h *idd5 q z g5tly z ,japanese p>5ts #ec *ide 9 ?is era ( ,meiji1--m+l+ repro( ) in/ruction1 & h9t+ ( weird possibilities499 99,food pres5t$ to ! dead may aft]w>ds be eat5 by ! eld]s ( ! h\sehold1 or giv5 to pilgrims2 b x is said t if *ildr5 eat ( x1 !y w gr[ ) feeble memories1 & incapable ( becom+ s*ol>s4 #ed #ee ,,! ,,japanese ,,family ,! great g5]al idea1 ! fundam5tal idea1 und]ly+ e p]si/5t ance/or-wor%ip1 is t ! welf>e ( ! liv+ dep5ds ^u ! welf>e ( ! dead4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is idea1 & ( ! cult bas$ ^u x1 7 develop$ ! e>ly organization ( ! family1 ! laws reg>d+ prop]ty & succession1 ! :ole /ructure1 9 %ort1 ( anci5t society1--:e!r 9 ! ,we/]n or ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,b be=e consid]+ h[ ! social /ructure 9 old ,japan 0 %ap$ by ! ance/ral cult1 let me aga9 rem9d ! read] t !re 7 at fir/ no o!r gods ?an ! dead4 ,ev5 :5 ,japanese ance/or-wor%ip evolv$ a my?ology1 its gods 7 only transfigur$ gho/s1--& ?is is ! hi/ory ( all my?ology4 ,! ideas ( heav5 & hell did n exi/ among ! primitive ,japanese1 nor any notion ( metempsy*osis4 ,! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( rebir?--a late borr[+--0 totally inconsi/5t ) ! ar*aic ,japanese beliefs1 & requir$ an elaborate metaphysical sy/em to support x4 ,b we may suppose ! e>ly ideas ( ! ,japanese ab\t ! dead to h be5 mu* #ef l ^? ( ! ,greeks ( ! pre-,hom]ic era4 ,!re 0 an und]gr\nd _w to :i* spirits desc5d$2 b !y 7 suppos$ to haunt by pref]5ce _! own graves1 or _! gho/-h\ses4 ,only by sl[ degrees did ! notion ( _! p[] ( ubiquity become evolv$4 ,b ev5 !n !y 7 ?\ght to be p>ticul>ly atta*$ to _! tombs1 %r9es1 & home/eads4 ,hirata wrote1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,! spirits ( ! dead cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! unse5 _w :i* is ev]y:]e ab\t u2 & !y all become gods ( v>y+ "* & degrees ( influ5ce4 ,"s reside 9 temples built 9 _! hon\r2 o!rs hov] ne> _! tombs2 & !y cont9ue to r5d] s]vice to _! pr9ce1 p>5ts1 wives1 & *ildr51 z :5 9 ! body4 ,evid5tly ! unse5 _w 0 ?\ght to be 9 "s sort a duplicate ( ! visible _w1 & dep5d5t ^u ! help ( ! liv+ = its prosp]ity4 ,! dead & ! liv+ 7 mutually dep5d5t4 ,! all-important necessity = ! gho/ 0 sacrificial wor%ip2 ! all-important necessity = ! man 0 to provide = ! future cult ( 8 own _s2 & to die )\t assurance ( a cult 0 ! supreme calamity 4444 ,rememb]+ ^! facts we c und]/& bett] ! organization ( ! patri>*al family1--%ap$ to ma9ta9 & to provide = ! cult ( its dead1 any neglect ( :i* cult 0 believ$ to involve mis=tune4 #eg ,! read] is d\btless aw>e t 9 ! old ,aryan family ! bond ( union 0 n ! bond ( affection1 b a bond ( religion1 to :i* natural affection 0 altoge!r subord9ate4 ,?is condition *>act]izes ! patri>*al family :]ev] ance/or-wor%ip exi/s4 ,n[ ! ,japanese family1 l ! anci5t ,greek or ,roman family1 0 a religi\s society 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m2 & a religi\s society x yet rema9s4 ,its organization 0 prim>ily %ap$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ance/or-wor%ip2 its lat] import$ doctr9es ( filial piety _h be5 already develop$ 9 ,*9a to meet ! ne$s ( an old] & simil> religion4 ,we might expect to f9d 9 ! /ructure1 ! laws1 & ! cu/oms ( ! ,japanese family _m po9ts ( lik5ess to ! /ructure & ! traditional laws ( ! old ,aryan h\sehold1--because ! law ( sociological evolution admits ( only m9or exceptions4 ,& _m su* po9ts ( lik5ess are obvi\s4 ,! mat]ials = a s]i\s comp>ative /udy h n yet be5 collect$3 v mu* rema9s to be le>n$ reg>d+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,japanese family4 ,b1 along c]ta9 g5]al l9es1 ! resemblances betwe5 dome/ic in/itutions 9 anci5t ,europe & dome/ic in/itutions 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ c be cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,alike 9 ! e>ly ,european & 9 ! old ,japanese civilization x 0 believ$ t ! prosp]ity #eh ( ! family dep5d$ ^u ! exact fulfilm5t ( ! duties ( ! ance/ral cult2 &1 to a consid]able degree1 ?is belief rules ! life ( ! ,japanese family to-day4 ,x is /ill ?\ght t ! good =tune ( ! h\sehold dep5ds on ! obs]vance ( its cult1 & t ! greate/ possible calamity is to die )\t leav+ a male heir to p]=m ! rites & to make ! (f]+s4 ,! p>am\nt duty ( filial piety among ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans 0 to provide = ! p]petuation ( ! family cult2 & celibacy 0 !re=e g5]ally =bidd51--! obligation to m>ry be+ en=c$ by op9ion :]e n en=c$ by legislation4 ,among ! free classes ( ,old ,japan1 m>riage 0 also1 z a g5]al rule1 obligatory 9 ! case ( a male heir3 o!rwise1 :]e celibacy 0 n condemn$ by law1 x 0 condemn$ by cu/om4 ,to die )\t (fspr+ 01 9 ! case ( a y\ng] son1 *iefly a p]sonal mis=tune2 to die )\t leav+ a male heir1 9 ! case ( an eld] son & successor1 0 a crime aga9/ ! ance/ors1--! cult be+ !reby ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,no excuse exi/$ = rema9+ *ildless3 ! family law 9 ,japan1 precisely z 9 anci5t ,europe1 hav+ amply provid$ aga9/ su* a cont+5cy4 ,9 case t a wife prov$ b>r51 %e might be divorc$4 ,9 case t !re 7 reasons = n divorc+ h]1 a concub9e might be tak5 = ! purpose ( obta9+ an heir4 ,fur!rmore1 e family repres5tative 0 privileg$ #ei to adopt an heir4 ,an unwor?y son1 aga91 might be dis9h]it$1 & ano!r "y man adopt$ 9 8 place4 ,f9ally1 9 case t a man _h daught]s b no son1 ! succession & ! cont9uance ( ! cult c\ld be assur$ by adopt+ a husb& = ! elde/ daught]4 ,b1 z 9 ! antique ,european family1 daught]s c\ld n inh]it3 desc5t be+ 9 ! male l9e1 x 0 necess>y to h a male heir4 ,9 old ,japanese belief1 z 9 old ,greek & ,roman belief1 ! fa!r1 n ! "m1 0 ! life-giv]2 ! creative pr9ciple 0 mascul9e2 ! duty ( ma9ta9+ ! cult re/$ ) ! man1 n ) ! woman499 99,:]ev]1 among ance/or-wor%ipp+ races1 desc5t is 9 ! male l9e1 ! cult foll[s ! male l9e4 ,b ! read] is d\btless aw>e t a /ill m primitive =m ( society ?an ! patri>*al--! matri>*al--is suppos$ to h _h its ance/or-wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] obs]ves3 ,:at has happ5$ :5 desc5t 9 ! female l9e obta9s1 is n cle>4 ,i h met ) no /atem5t %[+ t1 9 societies *>act]iz$ by ?is usage1 ! duty ( adm9i/]+ to ! d\ble ( ! dead man devolv$ on "o ( 8 *ildr5 r ?an on o!rs1--,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 section #fja4 ,! woman %>$ ! cult2 b %e c\ld n ma9ta9 x4 ,besides1 ! daught]s ( ! family1 be+ de/9$1 z a g5]al rule1 to m>ry into o!r h\seholds1 c\ld be> only a tempor>y relation to ! home-cult4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! religion ( ! wife %\ld be ! religion ( ! husb&2 & ! ,japanese1 l ! ,greek woman1 on m>ry+ into ano!r h\sehold1 necess>ily became atta*$ to ! cult ( h] husb&'s family4 ,= ?is reason especially ! females 9 ! patri>*al #fj family are n equal to ! males2 ! si/] _c rank ) ! bro!r4 ,x is true t ! ,japanese daught]1 l ! ,greek daught]1 c\ld rema9 atta*$ to h] own family ev5 aft] m>riage1 provid+ t a husb& 7 adopt$ = h]1--t is to say1 tak5 into ! family z a son4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case1 %e c\ld only %>e 9 ! cult1 :i* x !n became ! duty ( ! adopt$ husb& to ma9ta94 ,! con/itution ( ! patri>*al family ev]y:]e d]ives f its ance/ral cult2 & be=e consid]+ ! subjects ( m>riage & adoption 9 ,japan1 x w be necess>y to say some?+ ab\t ! anci5t family-organization4 ,! anci5t family 0 call$ uji1--a ^w said to h orig9ally signifi$ ! same ?+ z ! mod]n t]m u*i1--int]ior1 or h\sehold1 b c]ta9ly us$ f v e>ly times 9 ! s5se ( "n--clan-"n especially4 ,!re 7 two k9ds ( uji3 ! o-uji1 or great families1 & ! ko-uji1 or less] families1--ei!r t]m signify+ a l>ge body ( p]sons unit$ by k9%ip1 & by ! cult ( a common ance/or4 ,! o-uji correspond$ 9 "s degree to ! ,greek 7,greek g5os7 or ! ,roman g5s3 ! ko-uji 7 its bran*es1 & subord9ate to x4 ,! unit ( society 0 ! uji4 ,ea* o-uji1 ) its dep5d5t ko-uji1 repres5t$ some?+ l a phratry or curia2 & all ! l>g] gr\ps mak+ #fa up ! primitive ,japanese society 7 b multiplications ( ! uji1--:e!r we call !m clans1 tribes1 or hordes4 ,) ! adv5t ( a settl$ civilization1 ! great] gr\ps necess>ily divid$ & subdivid$2 b ! smalle/ subdivision /ill reta9$ its primal organization4 ,ev5 ! mod]n ,japanese family p>tly reta9s t organization4 ,x does n mean only a h\sehold3 x means r :at ! ,greek or ,roman family became aft] ! dissolution ( ! g5s4 ,) ourselves ! family has be5 dis9tegrat$3 :5 we talk ( a man's family1 we mean 8 wife & *ildr54 ,b ! ,japanese family is /ill a l>ge gr\p4 ,z m>riages take place e>ly1 x may consi/1 ev5 z a h\sehold1 ( great-gr&p>5ts1 gr&p>5ts1 p>5ts1 & *ildr5--sons & daught]s ( sev]al g5]ations2 b x commonly ext5ds mu* beyond ! limits ( "o h\sehold4 ,9 e>ly times x might con/itute ! entire population ( a village or t[n2 & !re are /ill 9 ,japan l>ge communities ( p]sons all be>+ ! same family "n4 ,9 "s di/ricts x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to keep all ! *ildr51 z f> z possible1 )9 ! orig9al family gr\p--husb&s be+ adopt$ = all ! daught]s4 ,! gr\p might ?us consi/ ( sixty or m p]sons1 dwell+ "u ! same ro(2 & ! h\ses 7 ( c\rse con/ruct$1 by successive ext5sion1 s z to meet ! requirem5t4 7,i am m5tion+ ^! curi\s facts #fb only by way ( illu/ration47 ,b ! great] uji1 aft] ! race _h settl$ d[n1 rapidly multipli$2 & al?\gh !re are said to be h\se-communities /ill 9 "s remote di/ricts ( ! c\ntry1 ! primal patri>*al gr\ps mu/ h be5 brok5 up almo/ ev]y:]e at "s v e>ly p]iod4 ,!reaft] ! ma9 cult ( ! uji did n cease to be ! cult also ( its sub-divisions3 all memb]s ( ! orig9al g5s cont9u$ to wor%ip ! common ance/or1 or uji-no-kami1 ! god ( ! uji4 ,by degrees ! gho/-h\se ( ! uji-no-kami became trans=m$ into ! mod]n ,%9to p>i%-temple2 & ! ance/ral _s became ! local tutel> god1 ^: mod]n appellation1 ujigami1 is b a %ort5$ =m ( 8 anci5t title1 uji-no-kami4 ,mean:ile1 aft] ! g5]al e/abli%m5t ( ! dome/ic cult1 ea* sep>ate h\sehold ma9ta9$ ! special cult ( its own dead1 9 addition to ! communal cult4 ,?is religi\s condition /ill cont9ues4 ,! family may include sev]al h\seholds2 b ea* h\sehold ma9ta9s ! cult ( its dead4 ,& ! family-gr\p1 :e!r l>ge or small1 pres]ves its anci5t con/itution & "*2 x is /ill a religi\s society1 exact+ ob$i5ce1 on ! "p ( all its memb]s1 to traditional cu/om4 ,s mu* hav+ be5 expla9$1 ! cu/oms reg>d+ m>riage & adoption1 9 _! relation #fc to ! family hi]>*y1 c be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,b a ^w fir/ reg>d+ ?is hi]>*y1 z x exi/s to-day4 ,!oretically ! p[] ( ! head ( ! family is /ill supreme 9 ! h\sehold4 ,all mu/ obey ! head4 ,fur!rmore ! females mu/ obey ! males--! wives1 ! husb&s2 & ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! family are subject to ! eld] memb]s4 ,! *ildr5 mu/ n only obey ! p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 b mu/ obs]ve among !mselves ! dome/ic law ( s5iority3 ?us ! y\ng] bro!r %\ld obey ! eld] bro!r1 & ! y\ng] si/] ! eld] si/]4 ,! rule ( prec$5ce is en=c$ g5tly1 & is *e]fully obey$ ev5 9 small matt]s3 = example1 at meal-"t1 ! eld] boy is s]v$ fir/1 ! second son next1 & s on1--an exception be+ made 9 ! case ( a v "y *ild1 :o is n oblig$ to wait4 ,?is cu/om acc\nts = an amus+ popul> t]m (t5 appli$ 9 je/ to a second son1 ,ma/] ,cold-,rice 7,hiame%i-,san72 z ! second son1 hav+ to wait until bo? infants & eld]s h be5 s]v$1 is n likely to f9d 8 portion desirably hot :5 x rea*es him 4444 ,legally1 ! family c h b "o responsible head4 ,x may be ! gr&fa!r1 ! fa!r1 or ! elde/ son2 & x is g5]ally ! elde/ son1 because accord+ to a cu/om ( ,*9ese orig91 ! old folks usually resign _! active au?ority z soon z ! elde/ son is able to take *>ge ( affairs4 #fd ,! subord9ation ( "y to old1 & ( females to males1--9 fact ! :ole exi/+ con/itution ( ! family1--sugge/s a great deal 9 reg>d to ! probably /rict] organization ( ! patri>*al family1 ^: *ief 0 at once rul] & prie/1 ) almo/ unlimit$ p[]s4 ,! organization 0 prim>ily1 & /ill rema9s1 religi\s3 ! m>ital bond did n con/itute ! family2 & ! relation ( ! p>5t to ! h\sehold dep5d$ ^u 8 or h] relation to ! family z a religi\s body4 ,to-day also1 ! girl adopt$ into a h\sehold z wife ranks only z an adopt$ *ild3 m>riage signifies adoption4 ,%e is call$ fl[]-daught] 7hana-yome74 ,9 l mann]1 & = ! same reasons1 ! "y man receiv$ into a h\sehold z a husb& ( "o ( ! daught]s1 ranks m]ely z an adopt$ son4 ,! adopt$ bride or bridegroom is necess>ily subject to ! eld]s1 & may be dismiss$ by _! decision4 ,z = ! adopt$ husb&1 8 position is bo? delicate & difficult1--z an old ,japanese prov]b be>s witness3 ,konuka san-g areba1 mukoyo%i to n>una 7,:ile y h ev5 ?ree g99 ( rice-bran left1 d n become a son-9-law74 99,a g is some?+ m ?an a p9t4 ,jacob does n h to wait = ,ra*el3 he is giv5 to ,ra*el on dem&2 & 8 s]vice !n beg9s4 ,& aft] twice sev5 ye>s ( s]vice1 ,jacob may be s5t away4 ,9 t ev5t 8 *ildr5 d n any m belong to him4 #fe b to ! family4 ,8 adoption may h _h no?+ to d ) affection2 & 8 dismissal may h no?+ to d ) misconduct4 ,su* matt]s1 h[ev] !y may be settl$ 9 law1 are really decid$ by family int]e/s--int]e/s relat+ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! h\se & ( its cult49999 9999,rec5t legislation has be5 9 fav\r ( ! mukoyo%i2 b1 z a rule1 ! law is seldom resort$ to except by m5 dismiss$ f ! family = misconduct1 & anxi\s to make pr(it by ! dismissal4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t1 al?\gh a daught]-9-law or a son-9-law c\ld 9 =m] times be dismiss$ almo/ at w1 ! "q ( m>riage 9 ! old ,japanese family 0 a matt] ( religi\s importance1--m>riage be+ "o ( ! *ief duties ( filial piety4 ,?is 0 also ! case 9 ! e>ly ,greek & ,roman family2 & ! m>riage c]emony 0 p]=m$1 z x is n[ p]=m$ 9 ,japan1 n at a temple1 b 9 ! home4 ,x 0 a rite ( ! family religion1--! rite by :i* ! bride 0 adopt$ into ! cult 9 ! suppos$ pres5ce ( ! ance/ral spirits4 ,among ! primitive ,japanese !re 0 probably no correspond+ c]emony2 b aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! dome/ic cult1 ! m>riage c]emony became a religi\s rite1 & ?is x /ill rema9s4 ,ord9>y m>riages are n1 h[ev]1 p]=m$ be=e ! h\sehold %r9e or 9 front ( ! ance/ral tablets1 except "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,! rule1 z reg>ds su* ord9>y m>riages1 seems to be t #ff if ! p>5ts ( ! bridegroom are yet alive1 ?is is n done2 b if !y are dead1 !n ! bridegroom leads 8 bride be=e _! mortu>y tablets1 :]e %e makes obeisance4 ,among ! nobility1 9 =m] times at lea/1 ! m>riage c]emony appe>s to h be5 m di/9ctly religi\s1--judg+ f ! foll[+ curi\s relation 9 ! book ,%orei-,hikki1 or ,record ( ,c]emonies993 ,at ! w$d+s ( ! great1 ! bridal-*amb] is compos$ ( ?ree rooms ?r[n into "o by removal ( ! slid+-scre5s ord9>ily sep>at+ !m1 & newly decorat$ 4444 ,! %r9e = ! image ( ! family-god is plac$ ^u a %elf adjo9+ ! sleep+-place4 ,x is notewor?y also t ,imp]ial m>riages are always (ficially ann\nc$ to ! ance/ors2 & t ! m>riage ( ! heir-app>5t1 or o!r male (fspr+ ( ! ,imp]ial h\se1 is p]=m$ be=e ! ,ka%iko-dokoro1 or imp]ial temple ( ! ance/ors1 :i* /&s )9 ! palace-gr\nds49999 9999,t 0 ! case at ! m>riage ( ! pres5t ,cr[n-,pr9ce4 ,z a g5]al rule x w\ld appe> t ! evolution ( ! m>riage-c]emony 9 ,japan *iefly foll[$ ,*9ese prec$5t2 & 9 ! ,*9ese patri>*al family ! c]emony is 9 its own way q z mu* ( a religi\s rite z ! e>ly ,greek or ,roman m>riage4 ,& ?\gh ! relation ( ! ,japanese #fg rite to ! family cult is less m>k$1 x becomes suffici5tly cle> ^u inve/igation4 ,! alt]nate dr9k+ ( rice-w9e1 by bridegroom & bride1 f ! same vessels1 corresponds 9 a sort to ! ,roman conf>reatio4 ,by ! w$d+-rite ! bride is adopt$ into ! family religion4 ,%e is adopt$ n only by ! liv+ b by ! dead2 %e mu/ !reaft] rev]e ! ance/ors ( h] husb& z h] own ance/ors2 & %\ld !re be no eld]s 9 ! h\sehold1 x w become h] duty to make ! (f]+s1 z repres5tative ( h] husb&4 ,) ! cult ( h] own family %e has no?+ m to d2 & ! fun]al c]emonies p]=m$ ^u h] dep>ture f ! p>5tal ro(1--! solemn sweep+-out ( ! h\se-rooms1 ! light+ ( ! dea?-fire be=e ! gate1--are significant ( ?is religi\s sep>ation4 99,! translation is ,mr4 ,mit=d's4 ,!re are no images ( ! family-god1 & ,i suppose t ! family's ,%9to-%r9e is meant1 ) its ance/ral tablets4 ,speak+ ( ! ,greek & ,roman m>riage1 ,m4 de ,c\langes obs]ves3--,une telle religion ne p\vait pas admettre la polygamie4 ,z relat+ to ! highly develop$ dome/ic cult ( ^? communities consid]$ by ! au?or ( ,la ,cite ,antique1 8 /atem5t w sc>cely be call$ 9 "q4 ,b z reg>ds ance/or-wor%ip 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be incorrect2 s9ce polygamy or polygyny1 & poly&ry may coexi/ ) rud] =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! ,we/]n-,aryan societies1 9 ! epo* /udi$ by ,m4 de ,c\langes1 7 practically #fh monogamic4 ,! anci5t ,japanese society 0 polygyn\s2 & polygyny p]si/$1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! dome/ic cult4 ,9 e>ly times1 ! m>ital relation itself w\ld seem to h be5 indef9ite4 ,no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! wife & ! concub9es3 !y 7 class$ toge!r z 'wom54'99 99,sat[3 ,! ,revival ( ,pure ,%9tau ,probably "u ,*9ese influ5ce ! di/9ction 0 aft]w>ds %>ply drawn2 & ) ! progress ( civilization1 ! g5]al t5d5cy 0 t[>ds monogamy1 al?\gh ! rul+ classes rema9$ polygyn\s4 ,9 ! #ed? article ( ,iyeyasu's legacy1 ?is phase ( ! social condition is cle>ly express$1--a condition :i* prevail$ d[n to ! pres5t era3-- ,! position a wife holds t[>ds a concub9e is ! same z t ( a "l to 8 vassal4 ,! ,emp]or has twelve imp]ial concub9es4 ,! pr9ces may h eight concub9es4 ,(fic]s ( ! highe/ class may h five mi/resses4 ,a ,samurai may h two h&maids4 ,all bel[ ?is are ord9>y m>ri$ m54 ,?is w\ld sugge/ t concub9age _h long be5 7) "s possible exceptions7 an exclusive privilege2 & t x %\ld h p]si/$ d[n to ! p]iod ( ! abolition ( ! daimiates & ( ! milit>y class1 is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! militant "* ( ! anci5t society499 ,?\gh #fi x is untrue t dome/ic ance/or-wor%ip _c coexi/ ) polygamy or polygyny 7,mr4 ,sp5c]'s t]m is ! mo/ inclusive71 x is at lea/ true t su* wor%ip is fav\r$ by ! monogamic relation1 & t5ds !re=e to e/abli% x1--s9ce monogamy insures to ! family succession a /ability t no o!r relation c (f]4 ,we may say t1 al?\gh ! old ,japanese society 0 n monogamic1 ! natural t5d5cy 0 t[>ds monogamy1 z ! condition be/ accord+ ) ! religion ( ! family1 & ) ! moral feel+ ( ! masses4 99,see especially ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s *apt]1 ,! ,family1 9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 section #cae4 ,once t ! dome/ic ance/or-cult _h become univ]sally e/abli%$1 ! "q ( m>riage1 z a duty ( filial pity1 c\ld n be judici\sly left to ! w ( ! "y p !mselves4 ,x 0 a matt] to be decid$ by ! family1 n by ! *ildr52 = mutual incl9ation c\ld n be suff]$ to int]f]e ) ! requirem5ts ( ! h\sehold religion4 ,x 0 n a "q ( affection1 b ( religi\s duty2 & to ?9k o!rwise 0 impi\s4 ,affection might & ought to spr+ up f ! relation4 ,b any affection p[]ful en\gh to endang] ! cohesion ( ! family w\ld be condemn$4 ,a wife might !re=e be divorc$ because h] husb& _h become too mu* atta*$ to h]2 an adopt$ husb& might be divorc$ because ( 8 p[] to ex]cise1 ?r\gh affection1 too #gj great an influ5ce ^u ! daught] ( ! h\se4 ,o!r causes w\ld probably he f\nd = ! divorce 9 ei!r case--b !y w\ld n be difficult to f9d4 ,= ! same reason t connubial affection c\ld be tol]at$ only )9 limits1 ! natural rights ( p>5?ood 7z we und]/& !m7 7 necess>ily re/rict$ 9 ! old ,japanese h\sehold4 ,m>riage be+ = ! purpose ( obta9+ heirs to p]petuate ! cult1 ! *ildr5 7 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! family r ?an to ! fa!r & "m4 ,h5ce1 9 case ( divorc+ ! son's wife1 or ! adopt$ son-9-law1--or ( dis9h]it+ ! m>ri$ son1--! *ildr5 w\ld be reta9$ by ! family4 ,= ! natural "r ( ! "y p>5ts 0 consid]$ subord9ate to ! religi\s rights ( ! h\se4 ,9 opposition to ^? rights1 no o!r rights c\ld be tol]at$4 ,practically1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to m or less =tunate circum/ances1 ! individual might enjoy fre$om "u ! pat]nal ro(2 b !oretically & legally !re 0 no fre$om 9 ! old ,japanese family = any memb] ( x1--n except+ ev5 its ackn[l$g$ *ief1 ^: responsibilities 7 great4 ,e p]son1 f ! y\nge/ *ild up to ! gr&fa!r1 0 subject to somebody else2 & e act ( dome/ic life 0 regulat$ by traditional cu/om4 ,l ! ,greek or ,roman fa!r1 ! patri>* ( ! ,japanese family appe>s to h _h 9 e>ly #ga times p[]s ( life & dea? ov] all ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,9 ! rud] ages ! fa!r might ei!r kill or sell 8 *ildr52 & aft]w>ds1 among ! rul+ classes 8 p[]s rema9$ almo/ unlimit$ until mod]n times4 ,all[+ = c]ta9 local exceptions1 explicable by tradition1 or class-exceptions1 explicable by conditions ( s]vitude1 x may be said t orig9ally ! ,japanese pat]familias 0 at once rul]1 prie/1 & magi/rate )9 ! family4 ,he c\ld compel 8 *ildr5 to m>ry or =bid !m to m>ry2 he c\ld dis9h]it or repudiate !m2 he c\ld orda9 ! pr(ession or call+ :i* !y 7 to foll[2 & 8 p[] ext5d$ to all memb]s ( ! family1 & to ! h\sehold dep5d5ts4 ,at diff]5t epo*s limits 7 plac$ to ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y p2 b 9 ! milit>y class1 ! patria pote/as 0 almo/ unre/rict$4 ,9 its extreme =m1 ! pat]nal p[] controll$ ev]y?+1--! "r to life & lib]ty1--! "r to m>ry1 or to keep ! wife or husb& already esp\s$1--! "r to "o's own *ildr51--! "r to hold prop]ty1--! "r to hold (fice1--! "r to *oose or foll[ an occupation4 ,! family 0 a despotism4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ! absolutism prevail+ 9 ! patri>*al family has its ju/ification 9 a religi\s belief1--9 ! conviction t ev]y?+ %\ld be sacrific$ = ! sake #gb ( ! cult1 & e memb] ( ! family %\ld be ready to give up ev5 life1 if necess>y1 to assure ! p]petuity ( ! succession4 ,rememb]+ ?is1 x becomes easy to und]/& :y1 ev5 9 communities o!rwise advanc$ 9 civilization1 x %\ld h seem$ "r t a fa!r c\ld kill or sell 8 *ildr54 ,! crime ( a son might result 9 ! ext9ction ( a cult ?r\gh ! ru9 ( ! family1--especially 9 a militant society l t ( ,japan1 :]e ! entire family 0 held responsible = ! acts ( ea* ( its memb]s1 s t a capital (f5ce w\ld involve ! p5alty ( dea? on ! :ole ( ! h\sehold1 includ+ ! *ildr54 ,aga91 ! sale ( a daught]1 9 "t ( extreme ne$1 might save a h\se f ru92 & filial piety exact$ submission to su* sacrifice = ! sake ( ! cult4 ,z 9 ! ,aryan family199 prop]ty desc5d$ by "r ( primog5iture f fa!r to son2 ! elde/-born1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! o!r prop]ty 0 to be divid$ among ! *ildr51 always inh]it+ ! home/ead4 ,! home/ead prop]ty 01 h[ev]1 family prop]ty2 & x pass$ to ! elde/ son z repres5tative1 n z individual4 ,g5]ally speak+1 sons c\ld n hold prop]ty1 )\t ! fa!r's cons5t1 dur+ su* "t z he reta9$ 8 #gc head%ip4 ,z a rule1--to :i* !re 7 v>i\s exceptions1--a daught] c\ld n inh]it2 & 9 ! case ( an only daught]1 = :om a husb& _h be5 adopt$1 ! home/ead prop]ty w\ld pass to ! adopt$ husb&1 because 7until )9 rec5t times7 a woman c\ld n become ! head ( a family4 ,?is 0 ! case also 9 ! ,we/]n ,aryan h\sehold1 9 ance/or-wor%ipp+ times4 99,! laws ( succession 9 ,old ,japan diff]$ consid]ably accord+ to class1 place1 & era2 ! entire subject has n yet be5 fully treat$2 & only a few safe g5]al /atem5ts c be v5tur$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,to mod]n ?9k+1 ! position ( woman 9 ! old ,japanese family appe>s to h be5 ! rev]se ( happy4 ,z a *ild %e 0 subject1 n only to ! eld]s1 b to all ! male adults ( ! h\sehold4 ,adopt$ into ano!r h\sehold z wife1 %e m]ely pass$ into a simil> /ate ( subjection1 unalleviat$ by ! affection :i* p>5tal & frat]nal ties assur$ h] 9 ! ance/ral home4 ,h] ret5tion 9 ! family ( h] husb& did n dep5d ^u 8 affection1 b ^u ! w ( ! majority1 & especially ( ! eld]s4 ,divorc$1 %e c\ld n claim h] *ildr53 !y belong$ to ! family ( ! husb&4 ,9 any ev5t h] duties z wife 7 m try+ ?an ^? ( a hir$ s]vant4 ,only 9 old age c\ld %e hope to ex]cise "s au?ority2 b ev5 9 old age %e 0 "u tutelage--?r\gh\t h] entire life %e 0 9 tutelage4 ,a woman c h no h\se ( h] own 9 ! ,?ree ,univ]ses1 decl>$ an old ,japanese prov]b4 ,nei!r c\ld %e h a cult ( h] own3 !re 0 no special cult = ! wom5 ( a family #gd--no ance/ral rite di/9ct f t ( ! husb&4 ,& ! high] ! rank ( ! family into :i* %e ent]$ by m>riage1 ! m difficult w\ld be h] position4 ,= a woman ( ! ari/ocratic class no fre$om exi/$3 %e c\ld n ev5 pass beyond h] own gate except 9 a palanqu9 7kago7 or "u escort2 & h] exi/5ce z a wife 0 likely to be embitt]$ by ! pres5ce ( concub9es 9 ! h\se4 ,su* 0 ! patri>*al family 9 old times2 yet x is probable t conditions 7 really bett] ?an ! laws & ! cu/oms w\ld sugge/4 ,! race is a joy\s & k9dly "o2 & x discov]$1 long c5turies ago1 _m ways ( smoo?+ ! difficulties ( life1 & ( modify+ ! h>%] exactions ( law & cu/om4 ,! great p[]s ( ! family-head 7 probably b seldom ex]cis$ 9 cruel directions4 ,he might h legal rights ( ! mo/ =midable "*2 b ^! 7 requir$ by reason ( 8 responsibilities1 & 7 n likely to be us$ aga9/ communal judgm5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! individual 0 n legally consid]$ 9 =m] times3 ! family only 0 recogniz$2 & ! head ( x legally exi/$ only z repres5tative4 ,if he err$1 ! :ole family 0 liable to suff] ! p5alty ( 8 error4 ,fur!rmore1 e extreme ex]cise ( 8 au?ority involv$ proportionate responsibilities4 ,he c\ld #ge divorce 8 wife1 or compel 8 son to divorce ! adopt$ daught]-9-law2 b 9 ei!r case he w\ld h to acc\nt = ?is action to ! family ( ! divorc$2 & ! divorce-"r1 especially 9 ! samurai class1 0 greatly re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( family res5tm5t2 ! unju/ dismissal ( a wife be+ c\nt$ z an insult to h] k9dr$4 ,he might dis9h]it an only son2 b 9 t ev5t he w\ld be oblig$ to adopt a k9sman4 ,he might kill or sell ei!r son or daught]2 b unless he belong$ to "s abject class1 he w\ld h to ju/ify 8 action to ! community499 ,he might be reckless 9 8 managem5t ( ! family prop]ty2 b 9 t case an appeal to communal au?ority 0 possible1 & ! appeal might result 9 8 deposition4 ,s f> z we are able to judge f ! rema9s ( old ,japanese law :i* h be5 /udi$1 x w\ld seem to h be5 ! g5]al rule t ! family-head c\ld n sell or ali5ate ! e/ate4 ,?\gh ! family-rule 0 despotic1 x 0 ! rule ( a body r ?an ( a *ief2 ! family-head really ex]cis+ au?ority 9 ! "n ( ! re/ 4444 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! family /ill rema9s a despotism2 b ! p[]s ( its legal head are n[ *eck$1 f )9 z well z f )\t1 #gf by lat] cu/om4 ,! acts ( adoption1 dis9h]itance1 m>riage1 or divorce1 are decid$ usually by g5]al cons5t2 & ! decision ( ! h\sehold & k9dr$ is requir$ 9 ! tak+ ( any important /ep to ! disadvantage ( ! individual4 99,samurai fa!rs might kill a daught] convict$ ( un*a/ity1 or kill a son guilty ( any action calculat$ to disgrace ! family "n4 ,b !y w\ld n sell a *ild4 ,! sale ( daught]s 0 practis$ only by ! abject classes1 or by families ( o!r ca/es r$uc$ to desp]ate extremities4 ,a girl might1 h[ev]1 sell h]self = ! sake ( h] family4 ,( c\rse ! old family-organization _h c]ta9 advantages :i* comp5sat$ ! individual = 8 /ate ( subjection4 ,x 0 a society ( mutual help2 & x 0 n less p[]ful to give aid1 ?an to en=ce ob$i5ce4 ,e memb] c\ld d some?+ to assi/ ano!r memb] 9 case ( ne$3 ea* _h a "r to ! protection ( all4 ,?is rema9s true ( ! family to-day4 ,9 a well-conduct$ h\sehold1 :]e e act is p]=m$ accord+ to ! old =ms ( c\rtesy & k9dness1--:]e no h>% ^w is ev] spok51 :]e ! "y look up to ! ag$ ) affectionate respect1--:]e ^? :om ye>s h incapacitat$ = m active duty1 take ^u !mselves ! c>e ( ! *ildr51 & r5d] priceless s]vice 9 tea*+ & tra9+1--an ideal condition has be5 realiz$4 ,! daily life ( su* a home1--9 :i* ! endeav\r ( ea* is to make exi/5ce z pleasant z possible = all41--9 :i* ! bond ( union is really love & gratitude1--repres5ts religion 9 ! be/ & pure/ s5se2 & ! place is holy 4444 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! dep5dants 9 ! #gg anci5t family4 ,?\gh ! fact has n yet be5 fully e/abli%$1 x is probable t ! fir/ dome/ics 7 slaves or s]fs2 & ! condition ( s]vants 9 lat] times1--especially ( ^? 9 families ( ! rul+ classes1--0 mu* l t ( slaves 9 ! e>ly ,greek & ,roman families4 ,?\gh necess>ily treat$ z inf]iors1 !y 7 reg>d$ z memb]s ( ! h\sehold3 !y 7 tru/$ famili>s1 p]mitt$ to %>e 9 ! pleasures ( ! family1 & to be pres5t at mo/ ( its reunions4 ,!y c\ld legally be dealt ) h>%ly2 b !re is little d\bt t1 z a rule1 !y 7 treat$ k9dly1--absolute loyalty be+ expect$ f !m4 ,! be/ indication ( _! /atus 9 pa/ times is furni%$ by yet surviv+ cu/oms4 ,?\gh ! p[] ( ! family ov] ! s]vant no long] exi/s 9 law or 9 fact1 ! pleasant features ( ! old relation cont9ue2 & !y are ( no little int]e/4 ,! family takes a s9c]e int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( its dome/ics1--almo/ su* int]e/ z w\ld be %[n 9 ! case ( poor] k9dr$4 ,=m]ly ! family furni%+ s]vants to a h\sehold ( high] rank1 /ood to ! latt] 9 ! relation ( vassal to liege-"l2 & betwe5 ! two !re exi/$ a real bond ( loyalty & k9dl9ess4 ,! occupation ( s]vant 0 !n h]$it>y2 *ildr5 7 tra9$ = ! duty f an e>ly age4 ,aft] ! man-s]vant or maids]vant _h arriv$ at a c]ta9 age1 p]mission to #gh m>ry 0 accord$2 & ! relation ( s]vice !n ceas$1 b n ! bond ( loyalty4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! m>ri$ s]vants w\ld be s5t1 :5 old en\gh1 to "w 9 ! h\se ( ! ma/]1 & w\ld leave x only :5 ! "t also came = !m to m>ry4 ,relations ( ?is k9d /ill exi/ betwe5 c]ta9 ari/ocratic families & =m] vassal-families1 & cons]ve "s *>m+ traditions & cu/oms ( h]$it>y s]vice1 un*ang$ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,9 feudal times1 ( c\rse1 ! bond betwe5 ma/] & s]vant 0 ( ! mo/ s]i\s k9d2 ! latt] be+ expect$1 9 case ( ne$1 to sacrifice life & all else = ! sake ( ! ma/] or ( ! ma/]'s h\sehold4 ,?is also 0 ! loyalty dem&$ ( ! ,greek & ,roman dome/ic1--be=e !re _h yet come into exi/5ce t inhuman =m ( s]vitude :i* r$uc$ ! toil] to ! condition ( a bea/ ( burd52 & ! relation 0 p>tly a religi\s "o4 ,!re does n seem to h be5 9 anci5t ,japan any cu/om correspond+ to t1 describ$ by ,m4 de ,c\langes1 ( adopt+ ! ,greek or ,roman s]vant into ! h\sehold cult4 ,b z ! ,japanese vassal-families furni%+ dome/ics 71 z vassals1 necess>ily atta*$ to ! clan-cult ( _! "l1 ! relation ( ! s]vant to ! family 0 to "s ext5t a religi\s bond4 #gi ,! read] w be able to und]/&1 f ! facts ( ?is *apt]1 to :at ext5t ! individual 0 sacrific$ to ! family1 z a religi\s body4 ,f s]vant to ma/]--up ?r\gh all degrees ( ! h\sehold hi]>*y--! law ( duty 0 ! same3 ob$i5ce absolute to cu/om & tradition4 ,! ance/ral cult p]mitt$ no individual fre$om3 nobody c\ld live accord+ to 8 or h] pleasure2 e "o _h to live accord+ to rule4 ,! individual did n ev5 h a legal exi/5ce2--! family 0 ! unit ( society4 ,ev5 its patri>* exi/$ 9 law z repres5tative only1 responsible bo? to ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,8 public responsibility1 h[ev]1 0 n det]m9$ m]ely by civil law4 ,x 0 det]m9$ by ano!r religi\s bond1--t ( ! ance/ral cult ( ! clan or tribe2 & ?is public =m ( ance/or-wor%ip 0 ev5 m exact+ ?an ! religion ( ! home4 #hj #ha ,,! ,,communal ,,cult ,z by ! religion ( ! h\sehold ea* individual 0 rul$ 9 e action ( dome/ic life1 s1 by ! religion ( ! village or di/rict ! family 0 rul$ 9 all its relations to ! out] _w4 ,l ! religion ( ! home1 ! religion ( ! commune 0 ance/or-wor%ip4 ,:at ! h\sehold %r9e repres5t$ to ! family1 ! ,%9to p>i%-temple repres5t$ to ! community2 & ! deity !re wor%ipp$ z tutel> god 0 call$ ,ujigami1 ! god ( ! ,uji1 :i* t]m orig9ally signifi$ ! patri>*al family or g5s1 z well z ! family "n4 ,"s obscurity /ill atta*es to ! "q ( ! orig9al relation ( ! community to ! ,uji-god4 ,hirata decl>es ! god ( ! ,uji to h be5 ! common ance/or ( ! clan-family1--! gho/ ( ! fir/ patri>*2 & ?is op9ion 7all[+ = sundry exceptions7 is almo/ c]ta9ly correct4 ,b x is difficult to decide :e!r ! ,uji-ko1 or *ildr5 ( ! family 7z ,%9to p>i%ion]s are /ill t]m$7 at fir/ includ$ only ! desc5dants ( ! clan-ance/or1 or also ! :ole ( ! inhabitants #hb ( ! di/rict rul$ by ! clan4 ,x is c]ta9ly n true at ! pres5t "t t ! tutel> deity ( ea* ,japanese di/rict repres5ts ! common ance/or ( its inhabitants1--?\gh1 to ?is g5]al rule1 !re might be f\nd exception 9 "s ( ! remot] prov9ces4 ,mo/ probably ! god ( ! ,uji 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ by ! p ( ! di/rict r z ! _s ( a =m] rul]1 or ! patron-god ( a rul+ family1 ?an z ! _s ( a common ance/or4 ,x has be5 tol]ably well prov$ t ! bulk ( ! ,japanese p 7 9 a /ate ( s]vitude f be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 & s rema9$ until )9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! subject-classes may n h _h at fir/ a cult ( _! own3 _! religion w\ld mo/ likely h be5 t ( _! ma/]s4 ,9 lat] times ! vassal 0 c]ta9ly atta*$ to ! cult ( ! "l4 ,b x is difficult z yet to v5ture any g5]al /atem5t z to ! e>lie/ phase ( ! communal cult 9 ,japan2 = ! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese nation is n t ( a s+le p ( "o blood1 b a hi/ory ( _m clan-gr\ps1 ( diff]5t orig91 gradually br\ght toge!r to =m "o huge patri>*al society4 ,h[ev]1 x is q safe to assume1 ) ! be/ native au?orities1 t ! ,ujigami 7 orig9ally clan-deities1 & t !y 7 usually1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 wor%ipp$ z clan-ance/ors4 #hc ,"s ,ujigami belong to ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,! w> god ,ha*iman1 = example1--to :om p>i%-temples are d$icat$ 9 almo/ e l>ge city1--is ! apo!osiz$ _s ( ! ,emp]or ,oj91 patron ( ! fam$ ,m9amoto clan4 ,?is is an example ( ,ujigami wor%ip 9 :i* ! clan-god is n an ance/or4 ,b 9 _m in/ances ! ,ujigami is really ! ance/or ( an ,uji2 z 9 ! case ( ! great deity ( ,kasuga1 f :om ! ,fujiw>a clan claim$ desc5t4 ,altoge!r !re 7 9 anci5t ,japan1 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric era1 #aahb clans1 great & small2 & ^! appe> to h e/abli%$ ! same numb] ( cults4 ,we f9d1 z might be expect$1 t ! temples n[ call$ ,ujigami--:i* is to say1 ,%9to p>i%-temples 9 g5]al--are always d$icat$ to a p>ticul> class ( div9ities1 & nev] d$icat$ to c]ta9 o!r gods4 ,also1 x is significant t 9 e l>ge t[n !re are ,%9to temples d$icat$ to ! same ,uji-gods1--prov+ ! transf] ( communal wor%ip f its place ( orig94 ,?us ! ,izumo wor%ipp] ( ,kasuga-,sama c f9d 9 ,osaka1 ,kyoto1 ,tokyo1 p>i%-temples d$icat$ to 8 patron3 ! ,kyu%u wor%ipp] ( ,ha*iman-,sama c place himself "u ! protection ( ! same deity 9 ,musa%i q z well z 9 ,higo or ,bungo4 ,ano!r fact wor? obs]v+ is t ! ,ujigami temple is n necess>ily ! mo/ important ,%9to temple 9 ! p>i%3 x is ! p>i%-temple1 #hd & important to ! communal wor%ip2 b x may be outrank$ & ov]%ad[$ by "s adjac5t temple d$icat$ to high] ,%9to gods4 ,?us 9 ,kitzuki ( ,izumo1 = example1 ! great ,izumo temple is n ! ,ujigami1--n ! p>i%-temple2 ! local cult is ma9ta9$ at a mu* small] temple 4444 ,( ! high] cults ,i %all speak fur!r on2 = ! pres5t let u consid] only ! communal cult1 9 its relation to communal life4 ,f ! social conditions repres5t$ by ! wor%ip ( ! ,ujigami to-day1 mu* c be inf]r$ z to its influ5ce 9 pa/ times4 ,almo/ e ,japanese village has its ,ujigami2 & ea* di/rict ( e l>ge t[n or city also has its ,ujigami4 ,! wor%ip ( ! tutel> deity is ma9ta9$ by ! :ole body ( p>i%ion]s1 ! ,ujiko1 or *ildr5 ( ! tutel> god4 ,e su* p>i%-temple has its holy days1 :5 all ,ujiko are expect$ to visit ! temple1 & :51 z a matt] ( fact1 e h\sehold s5ds at lea/ "o repres5tative to ! ,ujigami4 ,!re are great fe/ival-days & ord9>y fe/ival-days2 !re are processions1 music1 danc+1 & :atev] 9 ! way ( popul> amusem5t c s]ve to make ! occasion attractive4 ,! p ( adjac5t di/ricts vie ) ea* o!r 9 r5d]+ _! respective temple-fe/ivals 7matsuri7 enjoyable3 e h\sehold contributes accord+ to its means4 #he ,! ,%9to p>i%-temple has an intimate relation to ! life ( ! community z a body1 & also to ! individual exi/5ce ( e ,ujiko4 ,z a baby he or %e is tak5 to ! ,ujigami--7at ! expiration ( ?irty-"o days aft] bir? if a boy1 or ?irty-?ree days aft] bir? if a girl7--& plac$ "u ! protection ( ! god1 9 ^: suppos$ pres5ce ! little "o's "n is record$4 ,!reaft] ! *ild is regul>ly tak5 to ! temple on holy days1 & ( c\rse to all ! big fe/ivals1 :i* are made delightful to "y fancy by ! display ( toys on sale 9 tempor>y boo?s1 & by ! amus+ spectacles to be witness$ 9 ! temple gr\nds1--arti/s =m+ pictures on ! pavem5t ) col\r$ s&s1--sweetmeat-sell]s m\ld+ animals & mon/]s out ( sug>-pa/e1--conjurors & tumbl]s exhibit+ _! skill4444 ,lat]1 :5 ! *ild becomes /rong en\gh to run ab\t1 ! temple g>d5s & groves s]ve = a playgr\nd4 ,s*ool-life does n sep>ate ! ,ujiko f ! ,ujigami 7unless ! family %\ld p]man5tly leave ! di/rict72 ! visits to ! temple are /ill cont9u$ z a duty4 ,gr[n-up & m>ri$1 ! ,ujiko regul>ly visits ! gu>dian-god1 accompani$ by wife or husb&1 & br+s ! *ildr5 to pay obeisance4 ,if oblig$ to make a long j\rney1 or to quit ! di/rict =ev]1 ! ,ujiko pays a f>ewell visit to ! ,ujigami1 z well z to ! tombs ( ! family ance/ors2 & on return+ to "o's native place aft] prolong$ #hf abs5ce1 ! fir/ visit is to ! god 4444 ,i h m ?an once be5 t\*$ by ! spectacle ( soldi]s at pray] be=e lonesome little temples 9 c\ntry places1--soldi]s b j return$ f ,korea1 ,*9a1 or ,=mosa3 _! fir/ ?\ght on rea*+ home 0 to utt] _! ?anks to ! god ( _! *ildhood1 :om !y believ$ to h gu>d$ !m 9 ! h\r ( battle & ! season ( pe/il5ce4 ,! be/ au?ority on ! local cu/oms & laws ( ,old ,japan1 ,john ,h5ry ,wigmore1 rem>ks t ! ,%9to cult _h few relations ) local adm9i/ration4 ,9 8 op9ion ! ,ujigami 7 ! deifi$ ance/ors ( c]ta9 noble families ( e>ly times2 & _! temples cont9u$ to be 9 ! patronage ( ^? families4 ,! (fice ( ! ,%9to prie/1 or god-ma/] 7kannu%i7 01 & /ill is1 h]$it>y2 &1 z a rule1 any kannu%i c trace back 8 desc5t f ! family ( :i* ! ,ujigami 0 orig9ally ! patron-god4 ,b ! ,%9to prie/s1 ) "s few exceptions1 7 nei!r magi/rates nor adm9i/rators2 & ,pr(essor ,wigmore ?9ks t ?is may h be5 due to ! lack ( adm9i/rative organization )9 ! cult itself499 #hg ,?is w\ld be an adequate explanation4 ,b 9 spite ( ! fact t !y ex]cis$ no civil function1 ,i believe x c be %[n t ,%9to prie/s _h1 & /ill h1 p[]s above ! law4 ,_! relation to ! community 0 ( an extremely important k9d3 _! au?ority 0 only religi\s b x 0 heavy & irresi/ible4 99,! vague "* ( ! ,%9to hi]>*y is probably be/ expla9$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 ,*apt] ,,viii ( ! ?ird volume ( ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology3 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an ecclesia/ical organization sep>ate f ! political organization1 b ak9 to x 9 its /ructure1 appe>s to be l>gely det]m9$ by ! rise ( a decid$ di/9ction 9 ?\ght betwe5 ! affairs ( ?is _w & ^? ( a suppos$ o!r _w4 ,:]e ! two are conceiv$ z exi/+ 9 cont9uity1 or z intimately relat$1 ! organizations appropriate to _! respective adm9i/rations rema9 ei!r id5tical or imp]fectly di/+ui%$ 4444 if ! ,*9ese are rem>kable = ! complete abs5ce ( a prie/ly ca/e1 x is because1 along ) _! univ]sal & active ance/or-wor%ip1 !y h pres]v$ t inclusion ( ! duties ( prie/ 9 ! duties ( rul]1 :i* ance/or-wor%ip 9 its simple =m %[s u4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] rem>ks 9 ! same p>agraph on ! fact t 9 anci5t ,japan religion & gov]nm5t 7 ! same4 ,a di/9ct ,%9to hi]>*y 0 !re=e nev] evolv$4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ rememb] t ! ,%9to prie/ repres5t$ ! religi\s s5tim5t ( 8 di/rict4 ,! social bond ( ea* community 0 id5tical ) ! religi\s bond1--! cult ( ! local tutel> god4 ,x 0 to ! ,ujigami t pray]s 7 made = success 9 all communal und]tak+s1 = protection aga9/ sickness1 = ! triumph ( ! "l 9 "t ( w>1 = succ\r 9 ! season ( fam9e or epidemic4 ,! ,ujigami 0 ! giv] ( all good ?+s1--! special help] & gu>dian ( ! p4 ,t ?is belief /ill prevails may be v]ifi$ by any "o :o /udies ! peasant-life ( ,japan4 ,x is n to ! ,buddhas t ! f>m] prays = b\ntiful h>ve/s1 or = ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght2 x is n to ! ,buddhas #hh t ?anks are r5d]$ = a pl5tiful rice-crop--b to ! anci5t local god4 ,& ! cult ( ! ,ujigami embodies ! moral exp]i5ce ( ! community1--repres5ts all its *]i%$ traditions & cu/oms1 its unwritt5 laws ( conduct1 its s5tim5t ( duty 4444 ,n[ j z an (f5ce aga9/ ! e?ics ( ! family mu/1 9 su* a society1 be reg>d$ z an impiety t[>ds ! family-ance/or1 s any brea* ( cu/om 9 ! village or di/rict mu/ be consid]$ z an act ( disrespect to its ,ujigami4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! family dep5ds1 x is ?\ght1 ^u ! obs]vance ( filial piety1 :i* is id5tifi$ ) ob$i5ce to ! traditional rules ( h\sehold conduct2 &1 9 l mann]1 ! prosp]ity ( ! commune is suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! obs]vance ( ance/ral cu/om1--^u ob$i5ce to ^? unwritt5 laws ( ! di/rict1 :i* are taught to all f ! "t ( _! *ildhood4 ,cu/oms are id5tifi$ ) morals4 ,any (f5ce aga9/ ! cu/oms ( ! settlem5t is an (f5ce aga9/ ! gods :o protect x1 & !re=e a m5ace to ! public weal4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! community is endang]$ by ! crime ( any ( its memb]s3 e memb] is !re=e held acc\ntable by ! community = 8 conduct4 ,e action mu/ con=m to ! traditional usages ( ! ,ujiko3 indep5d5t exceptional conduct is a public (f5ce4 ,:at ! obligations ( ! individual to ! #hi community signifi$ 9 anci5t times may !re=e be imag9$4 ,he _h c]ta9ly no m "r to himself ?an _h ! ,greek citiz5 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1--probably n s mu*4 ,to-day1 ?\gh laws h be5 greatly *ang$1 he is practically 9 mu* ! same condition4 ,! m]e idea ( ! "r to d z "o pleases 7)9 su* limits z are impos$ on conduct by ,engli% & ,am]ican societies1 = example7 c\ld n ent] into 8 m9d4 ,su* fre$om1 if expla9$ to him1 he w\ld probably consid] z a condition morally comp>able to t ( birds & bea/s4 ,among ourselves1 ! social regulations = ord9>y p *iefly settle :at mu/ n be done4 ,b :at "o mu/ n d 9 ,japan--?\gh repres5t+ a v wide range ( prohibition means mu* less ?an half ( ! common obligation3 :at "o mu/ d1 is /ill m necess>y to le>n 4444 ,let u briefly consid] ! re/ra9ts :i* cu/om places ^u ! lib]ty ( ! individual4 ,fir/ ( all1 be x obs]v$ t ! communal w re9=ces ! w ( ! h\sehold1--compels ! obs]vance ( filial piety4 ,ev5 ! conduct ( a boy1 :o has pass$ ! age ( *ildhood1 is regulat$ n only by ! family1 b by ! public4 ,he mu/ obey ! h\sehold2 & he mu/ also obey public op9ion 9 reg>d to 8 dome/ic relations4 ,any m>k$ act ( disrespect1 inconsi/5t #ij ) filial piety1 w\ld be judg$ & rebuk$ by1 all4 ,:5 old en\gh to beg9 "w or /udy1 a lad's daily conduct is obs]v$ & criticis$2 & at ! age :5 ! h\sehold law fir/ tight5s ab\t him1 he also comm5ces to feel ! pressure ( common op9ion4 ,on com+ ( age1 he has to m>ry2 & ! idea ( p]mitt+ him to *oose a wife = himself is q out ( ! "q3 he is expect$ to accept ! companion select$ = him4 ,b %\ld reasons be f\nd = hum\r+ him 9 ! ev5t ( an irresi/ible av]sion1 !n he mu/ wait until ano!r *oice has be5 made by ! family4 ,! community w\ld n tol]ate insubord9ation 9 su* matt]s3 "o example ( filial revolt w\ld con/itute too dang]\s a prec$5t4 ,:5 ! "y man at la/ becomes ! head ( a h\sehold1 & responsible = ! conduct ( its memb]s1 he is /ill con/ra9$ by public s5tim5t to accept advice 9 8 direction ( dome/ic affairs4 ,he is n free to foll[ 8 own judgm5t1 9 c]ta9 cont+5cies4 ,= example1 he is b\nd by cu/om to furni% help to relatives2 & he is oblig$ to accept arbitration 9 ! ev5t ( tr\ble ) !m4 ,he is n p]mitt$ to ?9k ( 8 own wife & *ildr5 only1--su* conduct w\ld be deem$ intol]ably selfi%3 he mu/ be able to act1 to outw>d seem+ at lea/1 z if un9flu5c$ by pat]nal or m>ital affection 9 8 public conduct4 ,ev5 suppos+ t1 lat] 9 life1 he %\ld be #ia appo9t$ to ! position ( village or di/rict headman1 8 "r ( action & judgm5t w\ld be "u j z mu* re/riction z be=e4 ,inde$1 ! range ( 8 p]sonal fre$om actually decreases 9 proportion to 8 asc5t 9 ! social scale4 ,nom9ally he may rule z headman3 practically 8 au?ority is only l5t to him by ! commune1 & x w rema9 to him j s long z ! commune pleases4 ,= he is elect$ to en=ce ! public w1 n to impose 8 own1--to s]ve ! common int]e/s1 n to s]ve 8 own1--to ma9ta9 & confirm cu/om1 n to break ) x4 ,?us1 ?\gh appo9t$ *ief1 he is only ! public s]vant1 & ! lea/ free man 9 8 native place4 ,v>i\s docum5ts translat$ & publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,wigmore1 9 8 ,notes on ,l& ,t5ure & ,local ,in/itutions 9 ,old ,japan1 give a />tl+ idea ( ! m9ute regulation ( communal life 9 c\ntry-di/ricts dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,tokujawa ,%oguns4 ,mu* ( ! regulation 0 c]ta9ly impos$ by high] au?ority2 b x is likely t a consid]able portion ( ! rules repres5t$ old local cu/om4 ,su* docum5ts 7 call$ ,kumi-*o or ,kumi99-enactm5ts3 !y e/abli%$ ! rules ( conduct to be obs]v$ by all ! memb]s ( a village-community1 & _! social int]e/ is v great4 ,by p]sonal inquiry ,i h le>n$ t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 rules mu* l ^? record$ 9 ! ,kumi-*o1 are /ill en=c$ by village cu/om4 ,i select a few examples f ,pr(essor ,wigmore's translation3-- 99,d[n to ! close ( ! feudal p]iod1 ! mass ( ! population ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 9 ! great cities z well z 9 ! villages1 0 adm9i/ratively ord]$ by gr\ps ( families1 or r ( h\seholds1 call$ ,kumi1 or companies4 ,! g5]al numb] ( h\seholds 9 a ,kumi 0 five2 b !re 7 9 "s prov9ces ,kumi consi/+ ( six1 & ( t51 h\seholds4 ,! heads ( ! h\seholds compos+ a ,kumi elect$ "o ( _! numb] z *ief1--:o became ! responsible repres5tative ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,kumi4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,kumi-sy/em is obscure3 a simil> sy/em exi/s 9 ,*9a & 9 ,korea4 7,pr(essor ,wigmore's reasons = d\bt+ t ! ,japanese ,kumi-sy/em _h a milit>y orig91 appe> to be cog5t47 ,c]ta9ly ! sy/em greatly facilitat$ adm9i/ration4 ,to sup]ior au?ority ! ,kumi 0 responsible1 n ! s+le h\sehold4 #ib ,if !re be any ( our numb] :o are unk9d to p>5ts1 or neglectful or disob$i5t1 we w n conceal x or condone x1 b w report x 4444 ,we %all require *ildr5 to respect _! p>5ts1 s]vants to obey _! ma/]s1 husb&s & wives & bro!rs & si/]s to live toge!r 9 h>mony1 & ! y\ng] p to rev]e & to *]i% _! eld]s 4444 ,ea* kumi gr\p ( five h\seholds %all c>efully wat* ov] ! conduct ( its memb]s1 s z to prev5t wrongdo+4 ,if any memb] ( a kumi1 :e!r f>m]1 m]*ant1 or artizan1 is lazy1 & does n att5d prop]ly to 8 bus9ess1 ! ban-ga%ira *ief (fic] w advise him1 w>n him1 & lead him into bett] ways4 ,if ! p]son does n li/5 to ?is advice1 & becomes angry & ob/9ate1 he is to be report$ to ! to%iyori village eld] 4444 ,:5 m5 :o are qu>relsome & :o l to #ic indulge 9 late h\rs away f home w n li/5 to admonition1 we w report !m4 ,if any o!r kumi neglects to d ?is1 x w be "p ( our duty to d x = !m 4444 ,all ^? :o qu>rel ) _! relatives1 & refuse to li/5 to _! good advice1 or disobey _! p>5ts1 or are unk9d to _! fell[-villag]s1 %all be report$ to ! village (fic]s 4444 ,danc+1 wre/l+1 & o!r public %[s %all be =bidd54 ,s++ & danc+-girls & pro/itutes %all n be all[$ to rema9 a s+le night 9 ! mura village4 ,qu>rels among ! p %all be =bidd54 ,9 case ( dispute ! matt] %all be report$4 ,if ?is is n done1 all p>ties %all be indiscrim9ately puni%$ 4444 ,speak+ disgraceful ?+s ( ano!r man1 or publicly po/+ him z a bad man1 ev5 if he is s1 is =bidd54 ,filial piety & fai?ful s]vice to a ma/] %\ld be a matt] ( c\rse2 b :5 !re is any "o :o is especially fai?ful & dilig5t 9 ^! ?+s1 we promise to report him 444 = recomm5dation to ! gov]nm5t 4444 ,z memb]s ( a kumi we w cultivate fri5dly feel+ ev5 m ?an ) our relatives1 & w promote ea* o!r's happ9ess1 z well z %>e ea* o!r's griefs4 ,if !re is an unpr9cipl$ or lawless p]son 9 a kumi1 we w all %>e ! responsibility = him499 99,notes on ,l& ,t5ure & ,local ,in/itutions 9 ,old ,japan 7,transactions ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,"p ,i7 ,i h *os5 ! quotations f diff]5t kumi-*o1 & arrang$ !m illu/ratively4 #id ,! above are samples ( ! moral regulations only3 !re 7 ev5 m m9ute regulations ab\t o!r duties4--= in/ance3-- ,:5 a fire occurs1 ! p %all imm$iately ha/5 to ! spot1 ea* br++ a bucketful ( wat]1 & %all endeav\r1 "u direction ( ! (fic]s1 to put ! fire out 4444 ,^? :o abs5t !mselves %all be deem$ culpable4 ,:5 a /rang] comes to reside "h1 enquiries %all be made z to ! mura :5ce he came1 & a surety %all be furni%$ by him 4444 ,no travell] %all lodge1 ev5 = a s+le night1 9 a h\se o!r ?an a public inn4 ,news ( robb]ies & night attacks %all be giv5 by ! r++ ( bells or o!rwise2 & all :o he> %all jo9 9 pursuit1 until ! (f5d] is tak54 ,any "o wilfully refra9+1 %all1 on inve/igation1 be puni%$4 ,f ^! same ,kumi-*o1 x appe>s t no "o c\ld leave 8 village ev5 = a s+le night1 )\t p]mission1--or take s]vice else:]e1 or m>ry 9 ano!r prov9ce1 or settle 9 ano!r place4 ,puni%m5ts 7 sev]e1--a t]rible flogg+ be+ ! common mode ( *a/isem5t by ! high] au?ority4444 ,to-day1 !re are no su* puni%m5ts2 &1 legally1 a man c g :]e he pleases4 ,b z a matt] ( fact he c n[h]e d z he pleases2 = individual lib]ty is /ill l>gely re/rict$ by ! survival ( communal s5tim5t & old-fa%ion$ cu/om4 ,9 any c\ntry community x w\ld be unwise to proclaim su* a doctr9e z t #ie a man has ! "r to employ 8 leisure & 8 means z he may ?9k prop]4 ,no man's "t or money or ef=t c be consid]$ exclusively 8 own1--nor ev5 ! body t 8 gho/ inhabits4 ,8 "r to live 9 ! community re/s solely ^u 8 will+ness to s]ve ! community2 & :oev] may ne$ 8 help or sympa?y has ! privilege ( dem&+ x4 ,t a man's h\se is 8 ca/le _c be ass]t$ 9 ,japan--except 9 ! case ( "s high pot5tate4 ,no ord9>y p]son c %ut 8 door to lock out ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,ev]ybody's h\se mu/ be op5 to visitors3 to close its gates by day w\ld be reg>d$ z an insult to ! community1--sickness af=d+ no excuse4 ,only p]sons 9 v great au?ority h ! "r ( mak+ !mselves inaccessible4 ,& to displease ! community 9 :i* "o lives1--especially if ! community be a rural "o1--is a s]i\s matt]4 ,:5 a community is displeas$1 if acts z an individual4 ,x may consi/ ( five hundr$1 a ?\s&1 or sev]al ?\s& p]sons2 b ! ?9k+ ( all is ! ?9k+ ( "o4 ,by a s+le s]i\s mi/ake a man may f9d himself sudd5ly plac$ 9 solit>y opposition to ! common w1--isolat$1 & mo/ effectively o/raciz$4 ,! sil5ce & ! s(tness ( ! ho/ility only r5d] x all ! m al>m+4 ,?is is ! ord9>y =m ( puni%m5t = a grave (f5ce aga9/ cu/om3 viol5ce is r>e1 & :5 resort$ to is int5d$ 7except 9 #if "s extraord9>y cases pres5tly to be notic$7 z a m]e correction1 ! puni%m5t ( a blund]4 ,9 c]ta9 r\gh communities1 blund]s endang]+ life are imm$iately puni%$ by physical *a/isem5t1--n 9 ang]1 b on traditional pr9ciple4 ,once ,i witness$ at a fi%+-settlem5t1 a *a/isem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,m5 7 kill+ tunny 9 ! surf2 ! "w 0 bloody & dang]\s2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! excitem5t1 "o ( ! fi%]m5 /ruck 8 kill+-spike into ! head ( a boy4 ,ev]ybody knew t x 0 a pure accid5t2 b accid5ts involv+ dang] to life are rudely dealt )1 & ?is blund]] 0 in/antly knock$ s5seless by ! m5 ne>e/ him1--!n dragg$ out ( ! surf & flung d[n on ! s& to recov] himself z be/ he might4 ,no ^w 0 said ab\t ! matt]2 & ! kill+ w5t on z be=e4 ,"y fi%]m51 ,i am told1 are r\ghly h&l$ by _! fell[s on bo>d a %ip1 9 ! case ( any error involv+ risk to ! vessel4 ,b1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 only /upidity is puni%$ 9 ?is fa%ion2 & o/racism is mu* m dread$ ?an viol5ce4 ,!re is1 inde$1 only "o yet heavi] puni%m5t ?an o/racism--namely1 bani%m5t1 ei!r = a t]m ( ye>s or = life4 ,bani%m5t mu/ 9 old feudal times h be5 a v s]i\s p5alty2 x is a s]i\s p5alty ev5 to-day1 "u ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 =m] ye>s ! man expell$ f 8 native place by ! #ig communal w--ca/ out f 8 home1 8 clan1 8 occupation --f\nd himself face to face ) mis]y absolute4 ,9 ano!r community !re w\ld be no place = him1 unless he happ5$ to h relatives !re2 & ^! w\ld be oblig$ to consult ) ! local au?orities1 & also ) ! (ficials ( ! fugitive's native place1 be=e v5tur+ to h>b\r him4 ,no /rang] 0 suff]$ to settle 9 ano!r di/rict ?an 8 own )\t (ficial p]mission4 ,old docum5ts are extant :i* record ! puni%m5ts inflict$ ^u h\seholds = hav+ giv5 %elt] to a /rang] "u pret5ce ( relation%ip4 ,a bani%$ man 0 homeless & fri5dless4 ,he might be a skill$ craftsman2 b ! "r to ex]cise 8 craft dep5d$ ^u ! cons5t ( ! guild repres5t+ t craft 9 ! place to :i* he might g2 & bani%$ m5 7 n receiv$ by ! guilds4 ,he might try to become a s]vant2 b ! commune 9 :i* he s\ght refuge w\ld "q ! "r ( any ma/] to employ a fugitive & a /rang]4 ,8 religi\s connexions c\ld n s]ve him 9 ! lea/3 ! code ( communal life 0 decid$ n by ,buddhi/1 b by ,%9to e?ics4 ,s9ce ! gods ( 8 bir?place _h ca/ him out1 & ! gods ( any o!r locality _h no?+ to d ) 8 orig9al cult1 !re 0 no religi\s help = him4 ,besides1 ! m]e fact ( 8 be+ a refugee 0 itself pro( t he mu/ h (f5d$ aga9/ 8 own cult4 #ih ,9 any ev5t no /rang] c\ld look = sympa?y among /rang]s4 ,ev5 n[ to take a wife f ano!r prov9ce is condemn$ by local op9ion 7x 0 =bidd5 9 feudal times73 "o is /ill expect$ to live1 "w1 & m>ry 9 ! place :]e "o has be5 born1--?\gh1 9 c]ta9 cases1 & ) ! public approval ( "o's own p1 adoption into ano!r community is tol]at$4 ,"u ! feudal sy/em !re 0 incomp>ably less likelihood ( sympa?y = ! /rang]2 & bani%m5t signifi$ hung]1 solitude1 & privation unspeakable4 ,= be x rememb]$ t ! legal exi/5ce ( ! individual1 at t p]iod1 ceas$ entirely outside ( 8 relation to ! family & to ! commune4 ,ev]ybody liv$ & work$ = "s h\sehold2 e h\sehold = "s clan2 outside ( ! h\sehold1 & ! relat$ aggregate ( h\seholds1 !re 0 no life to be liv$--except ! life ( crim9als1 begg>s1 & p>iahs4 ,save ) (ficial p]mission1 "o c\ld n ev5 become a ,buddhi/ monk4 ,! v outca/s--su* z ! ,eta classes--=m$ self-gov]n+ communities1 ) traditions ( _! own1 & w\ld n volunt>ily accept /rang]s4 ,s ! bani%$ man 0 mo/ (t5 doom$ to become a h991--"o ( t wret*$ class ( w&]+ p>iahs :o 7 (ficially t]m$ n-m51 & liv$ by begg>y1 or by ! ex]cise ( "s vulg> pr(ession1 su* z t ( ambulant musician or #ii m\ntebank4 ,9 m anci5t days a bani%$ man c\ld h sold himself into slav]y2 b ev5 ?is poor privilege seems to h be5 )drawn dur+ ! ,tokugawa era4 ,we c sc>cely imag9e to-day ! conditions ( su* bani%m5t3 to f9d a ,we/]n p>allel we mu/ g back to anci5t ,greek & ,roman times long prec$+ ! ,empire4 ,bani%m5t !n signifi$ religi\s excommunication1 & practically expulsion f all civiliz$ society1--s9ce !re yet exi/$ no idea ( human bro!rhood1 no conception ( any claim ^u k9dness except ! claim ( k9%ip4 ,! /rang] 0 ev]y:]e ! enemy4 ,n[ 9 ,japan1 z 9 ! ,greek city ( old "t1 ! religion ( ! tutel> god has always be5 ! religion ( a gr\p only1 ! cult ( a community3 x nev] became ev5 ! religion ( a prov9ce4 ,! high] cults1 on ! o!r h&1 did n conc]n !mselves ) ! individual3 8 religion 0 only ( ! h\sehold & ( ! village or di/rict2 ! cults ( o!r h\seholds & di/ricts 7 entirely di/9ct2 "o c\ld belong to !m only by adoption1 & /rang]s1 z a rule1 7 n adopt$4 ,)\t a h\sehold or a clan-cult1 ! individual 0 morally & socially dead2 = o!r cults & clans exclud$ him4 ,:5 ca/ out by ! dome/ic cult t regulat$ 8 private life1 & by ! local cult t ord]$ 8 life 9 relation to ! community1 he simply ceas$ to exi/ 9 relation to human society4 #ajj ,h[ small 7 ! *ances 9 pa/ times = p]sonality to develop & ass]t itself may be imag9$ f ! =ego+ facts4 ,! individual 0 completely & pitilessly sacrific$ to ! community4 ,ev5 n[ ! only safe rule ( conduct 9 a ,japanese settlem5t is to act 9 all ?+s accord+ to local cu/om2 = ! slighte/ div]g5ce f rule w be obs]v$ ) disfav\r4 ,privacy does n exi/2 no?+ c be hidd52 ev]ybody's vices or virtues are kn[n to ev]ybody else4 ,unusual behavi\r is judg$ z a dep>ture f ! traditional /&>d ( conduct2 all oddities are condemn$ z dep>tures f cu/om2 & tradition & cu/om /ill h ! =ce ( religi\s obligations4 ,inde$1 !y really are religi\s & obligatory1 n only by reason ( _! orig91 b by reason ( _! relation also to ! public cult1 :i* signifies ! wor%ip ( ! pa/4 ,x is !re=e easy to und]/& :y ,%9to nev] _h a writt5 code ( morals1 & :y its greate/ s*ol>s h decl>$ t a moral code is unnecess>y4 ,9 t /age ( religi\s evolution :i* ance/or-wor%ip repres5ts1 !re c be no di/9ction betwe5 religion & e?ics1 nor betwe5 e?ics & cu/om4 ,gov]nm5t & religion are ! same2 cu/om & law are id5tifi$4 ,! e?ics ( ,%9to 7 all includ$ 9 con=mity to cu/om4 ,! traditional rules ( ! h\sehold1 ! traditional laws ( ! commune--^! 7 #aja ! morals ( ,%9to3 to obey !m 0 religion2 to disobey !m1 impiety 4444 ,&1 aft] all1 ! true significance ( any religi\s code1 writt5 or unwritt51 lies 9 its expression ( social duty1 its doctr9e ( ! "r & wrong ( conduct1 its embodim5t ( a p's moral exp]i5ce4 ,really ! diff]5ce betwe5 any mod]n ideal ( conduct1 su* z ! ,engli%1 & ! patri>*al ideal1 su* z t ( ! e>ly ,greeks or ( ! ,japanese1 w\ld be f\nd on exam9ation to consi/ ma9ly 9 ! m9ute ext5sion ( ! old] conception to all details ( individual life4 ,assur$ly ! religion ( ,%9to ne$$ no writt5 comm&m5t3 x 0 taught to ev]ybody f *ildhood by precept & example1 & any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce c\ld le>n x4 ,:5 a religion is capable ( r5d]+ x dang]\s = anybody to act outside ( rules1 ! fram+ ( a code w\ld be obvi\sly sup]flu\s4 ,we ourselves h no writt5 code ( conduct z reg>ds ! high] social life1 ! exclusive circles ( civiliz$ exi/5ce1 :i* are n rul$ m]ely by ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,! k ( :at to d 9 ^? zones1 & ( h[ to d x1 c come only by tra9+1 by exp]i5ce1 by obs]vation1 & by ! intuitive recognition ( ! reason ( ?+s4 ,& n[ to return to ! "q ( ! au?ority ( ! ,%9to prie/ z repres5tative ( communal #ajb s5tim5t1--an au?ority :i* ,i believe to h be5 always v great 4444 ,/rik+ pro( t ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by a community ^u its err+ memb]s 7 orig9ally inflict$ 9 ! "n ( ! tutel> god is furni%$ by ! fact t manife/ations ( communal displeasure /ill assume1 9 v>i\s c\ntry di/ricts1 a religi\s "*4 ,i h witness$ su* manife/ations1 & ,i am assur$ t !y /ill occur 9 mo/ ( ! prov9ces4 ,b x is 9 remote c\ntry-t[ns or isolat$ villages1 :]e traditions h rema9$ almo/ un*ang$1 t "o c be/ obs]ve ^! survivals ( antique cu/om4 ,9 su* places ! conduct ( e resid5t is closely wat*$ & rigidly judg$ by all ! re/4 ,little1 h[ev]1 is said ab\t misdemean\rs ( a m9or sort until ! "t ( ! great local ,%9to fe/ival1--! annual fe/ival ( ! tutel> god4 ,x is !n t ! community gives its w>n+s or inflicts its p5alties3 ?is at lea/ 9 ! case ( conduct (f5sive to local e?ics4 ,! god1 on ! occasion ( ?is fe/ival1 is suppos$ to visit ! dwell+s ( 8 ,ujiko2 & 8 portable %r9e1--a weighty /ructure borne by ?irty or =ty m51--is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,! be>]s are suppos$ to act accord+ to ! w ( ! god1--to g :i!rsoev] 8 div9e _s directs !m 4444 ,i may describe ! incid5ts ( ! procession z ,i saw x 9 a seacoa/ village1 n once1 b sev]al times4 #ajc ,be=e ! procession a b& ( "y m5 advance1 leap+ & wildly danc+ 9 circles3 ^! "y m5 cle> ! way2 & x is unsafe to pass ne> !m1 = !y :irl ab\t z if mov$ by fr5zy 4444 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw su* a b& ( danc]s1 ,i c\ld imag9e myself wat*+ "s old ,dionysiac revel2--_! furi\s gyrations c]ta9ly realiz$ ,greek acc\nts ( ! antique sacr$ fr5zy4 ,!re 71 inde$1 no ,greek heads2 b ! bronz$ li! figures1 nak$ save = lo9-clo? & s&als1 & mo/ sculpturesquely muscl$1 might well h inspir$ "s vase-design ( danc+ fauns4 ,aft] ^! god-possess$ danc]s--^: passage swept ! /reets cle>1 scatt]+ ! cr[d to "r & left--came ! virg9 prie/ess1 :ite-rob$ & veil$1 rid+ ^u a horse1 & foll[$ by sev]al m\nt$ prie/s 9 :ite g>m5ts & high black caps ( c]emony4 ,beh9d !m advanc$ ! pond]\s %r9e1 sway+ above3 ! heads ( its be>]s l a junk 9 a /orm4 ,scores ( brawny arms 7 pu%+ x to ! "r2 o!r scores 7 pu%+ x to ! left3 beh9d & be=e1 also1 !re 0 furi\s pull+ & pu%+2 & ! ro> ( voices utt]+ invocations made x impossible to he> any?+ else4 ,by immemorial cu/om ! upp] /ories ( all ! dwell+s _h be5 tightly clos$3 woe to ! ,peep+ ,tom :o %\ld be detect$1 on su* a day1 9 ! impi\s act ( look+ d[n ^u ! god6444 #ajd ,n[ ! %r9e-be>]s1 z ,i h said1 are suppos$ to be mov$ by ! _s ( ! god--7probably by 8 ,r\gh ,_s2 = ! ,%9to god is multiple72 & all ?is pu%+ & pull+ & sway+ signifies only ! deity's inspection ( ! dwell+s on ei!r h&4 ,he is look+ ab\t to see :e!r ! he>ts ( 8 wor%ipp]s are pure1 & is decid+ :e!r x w be necess>y to give a w>n+1 or to inflict a p5alty4 ,8 be>]s w c>ry him :i!rsoev] he *ooses to g--?r\gh solid walls if necess>y4 ,if ! %r9e /rikes aga9/ any h\se1--ev5 aga9/ an awn+ only1--t is a sign t ! god is n pleas$ ) ! dwell]s 9 t h\se4 ,if ! %r9e breaks "p ( ! h\se1 t is a s]i\s w>n+4 ,b x may happ5 t ! god wills to ent] a h\se1--break+ 8 way4 ,!n woe to ! inmates1 unless !y flee at once ?r\gh ! back-door2 & ! wild procession1 ?und]+ 91 w wreck & r5d & sma% & spl9t] ev]y?+ on ! premises be=e ! god cons5ts to proce$ ^u 8 r\nd4 ,^u enquir+ into ! reasons ( two wreck+s ( :i* ,i witness$ ! results1 ,i le>n$ en\gh to assure me t f ! communal po9t ( view1 bo? aggressions 7 morally ju/ifiable4 ,9 "o case a fraud _h be5 practis$2 9 ! o!r1 help _h be5 refus$ to ! family ( a dr[n$ resid5t4 ,?us "o (f5ce _h be5 legal2 ! o!r only moral4 ,a c\ntry community #aje w n h& ov] its del9qu5ts to ! police except 9 case ( inc5di>ism1 murd]1 !ft1 or o!r s]i\s crime4 ,x has a horror ( law1 & nev] invokes x :5 ! matt] c be settl$ by any o!r means4 ,?is 0 ! rule also 9 anci5t times1 & ! feudal gov]nm5t enc\rag$ its ma9t5ance4 ,b :5 ! tutel> deity has be5 displeas$1 he insi/s ^u ! puni%m5t or disgrace ( ! (f5d]2 & ! (f5d]'s entire family1 z by feudal cu/om1 is held responsible4 ,! victim c invoke ! new law1 if he d>es1 & br+ ! wreck]s ( 8 home into c\rt1 & recov] damages1 = ! mod]n police-c\rts are n rul$ by ,%9to4 ,b only a v ra% man w invoke ! new law aga9/ ! communal judgm5t1 = t action 9 itself w\ld be condemn$ z a gross brea* ( cu/om4 ,! community is always ready1 ?r\gh its c\ncil1 to d ju/ice 9 cases :]e innoc5ce c be prov$4 ,b if a man really guilty ( ! faults *>g$ to 8 acc\nt %\ld try to av5ge himself by appeal to a non-religi\s law1 !n x 7 well = him to remove himself & 8 family1 z soon z possible !reaft]1 to "s f>-away place4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ,old ,japan1 ! life ( ! individual 0 "u two k9ds ( religi\s control4 ,all 8 acts 7 regulat$ accord+ to ! traditions ei!r ( ! dome/ic or ( ! communal #ajf cult2 & ^! conditions probably began ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a settl$ civilization4 ,we h also se5 t ! communal religion took ^u itself to en=ce ! obs]vance ( ! h\sehold religion4 ,! fact w n seem /range if we rememb] t ! und]ly+ idea 9 ei!r cult 0 ! same1--! idea t ! welf>e ( ! liv+ dep5d$ ^u ! welf>e ( ! dead4 ,neglect ( ! h\sehold rite w\ld provoke1 x 0 believ$1 ! malevol5ce ( ! spirits2 & _! malevol5ce might br+ ab\t "s public mis=tune4 ,! gho/s ( ! ance/ors controll$ nature2--fire & flood1 pe/il5ce & fam9e 7 at _! disposal z means ( v5geance4 ,"o act ( impiety 9 a village might1 !re=e1 br+ ab\t mis=tune to all4 ,& ! community consid]$ itself responsible to ! dead = ! ma9t5ance ( filial piety 9 e home4 #ajg ,,developm5ts ,,( ,,%9to ,! tea*+ ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] t ! great] gods ( a p--^? figur+ 9 popul> imag9ation z creators1 or z p>ticul>ly direct+ c]ta9 elem5tal =ces--repres5t a lat] developm5t ( ance/or-wor%ip1 is g5]ally accept$ to-day4 ,ance/ral gho/s1 consid]$ z m or less alike 9 ! "t :5 primitive society _h n yet develop$ class di/9ctions ( any important "*1 subsequ5tly become diff]5tiat$1 z ! society itself diff]5tiates1 into great] & less]4 ,ev5tually ! wor%ip ( "s "o ance/ral _s1 or gr\p ( spirits1 ov]%ad[s t ( all ! re/2 & a supreme deity1 or gr\p ( supreme deities1 becomes evolv$4 ,b ! diff]5tiations ( ! ance/or-cult mu/ be und]/ood to proce$ 9 a great v>iety ( directions4 ,p>ticul> ance/ors ( families engag$ 9 h]$it>y occupations may develop into tutel> deities presid+ ov] ^? occupations--patron gods ( crafts & guilds4 ,out ( o!r ance/ral cults1 ?r\gh v>i\s processes ( m5tal association1 may be evolv$ ! wor%ip ( deities ( /r5g?1 ( heal?1 ( long life1 ( p>ticul> products1 ( p>ticul> localities4 #ajh ,:5 m light %all h be5 ?r[n ^u ! "q ( ,japanese orig9s1 x w probably be f\nd t _m ( ! less] tutel> or patron gods n[ wor%ipp$ 9 ! c\ntry 7 orig9ally ! gods ( ,*9ese or ,korean craftsm52 b ,i ?9k t ,japanese my?ology1 z a :ole1 w prove to (f] few important exceptions to ! evolutional law4 ,inde$1 ,%9to pres5ts u ) a my?ological hi]>*y ( :i* ! developm5t c be satisfactorily expla9$ by t law alone4 ,besides ! ,ujigami1 !re are myriads ( sup]ior & ( inf]ior deities4 ,!re are ! primal deities1 ( :om only ! names are m5tion$1--app>itions ( ! p]iod ( *aos2 & !re are ! gods ( creation1 :o gave %ape to ! l&4 ,!re are ! gods ( e>?1 &1 sky1 & ! gods ( ! sun & moon4 ,also !re are gods1 beyond c\nt+1 suppos$ to preside ov] all ?+s good or evil 9 human life1--bir? & m>riage & dea?1 ri*es & pov]ty1 /r5g? & disease 4444 ,x c sc>cely be suppos$ t all ?is my?ology 0 develop$ out ( ! old ance/or-cult 9 ,japan itself3 m probably its evolution began on ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,b ! evolution ( ! national cult--t =m ( ,%9to :i* became ! /ate religion--seems to h be5 ,japanese1 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?is cult is ! wor%ip ( ! gods f :om ! emp]ors claim desc5t1--! wor%ip ( ! imp]ial ance/ors4 #aji ,x appe>s t ! e>ly emp]ors ( ,japan--! heav5ly sov]eigns1 z !y are call$ 9 ! old records--7 n emp]ors at all 9 ! true mean+ ( ! t]m1 & did n ev5 ex]cise univ]sal au?ority4 ,!y 7 only ! *iefs ( ! mo/ p[]ful clan1 or ,uji1 & _! special ance/or-cult _h probably 9 t "t no dom9ant influ5ce4 ,b ev5tually1 :5 ! *iefs ( ?is great clan really became supreme rul]s ( ! l&1 _! clan-cult spread ev]y:]e1 & ov]%ad[$1 )\t aboli%+1 all ! o!r cults4 ,!n arose ! national my?ology4 ,we !re=e see t ! c\rse ( ,japanese ance/or-wor%ip1 l t ( ,aryan ance/or-wor%ip1 exhibits ^? ?ree successive /ages ( developm5t be=e m5tion$4 ,x may be assum$ t on com+ f ! cont95t to _! pres5t isl& home1 ! race br\ght ) !m a rude =m ( ance/or-wor%ip1 consi/+ ( little m ?an rites & sacrifices p]=m$ at ! graves ( ! dead4 ,:5 ! l& _h be5 portion$ out among ! v>i\s clans1 ea* ( :i* _h its own ance/or cult1 all ! p ( ! di/rict belong+ to any p>ticul> clan w\ld ev5tually adopt ! religion ( ! clan ance/or2 & ?us arose ! ?\s& cults ( ! ,ujigami4 ,/ill lat]1 ! special cult ( ! mo/ p[]ful clan develop$ into a national religion1--! wor%ip ( ! goddess ( ! sun1 #aaj f :om ! supreme rul] claim$ desc5t4 ,!n1 "u ,*9ese influ5ce1 ! dome/ic =m ( ance/or-wor%ip 0 e/abli%$ 9 lieu ( ! primitive family-cult3 !reaft] (f]+s & pray]s 7 made regul>ly 9 ! home1 :]e ! ance/ral tablets repres5t$ ! tombs ( ! family dead4 ,b (f]+s 7 /ill made1 on special occasions1 at ! graves2 & ! ?ree ,%9to =ms ( ! cult1 toge!r ) lat] =ms ( ,buddhi/ introduction1 cont9u$ to exi/2 & !y rule ! life ( ! nation to-day4 ,x 0 ! cult ( ! supreme rul] t fir/ gave to ! p a writt5 acc\nt ( traditional beliefs4 ,! my?ology ( ! reign+ h\se furni%$ ! scriptures ( ,%9to1 & e/abli%$ ideas l9k+ toge!r all ! exi/+ =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,all ,%9to traditions 7 by ^! writ+s bl5d$ into "o my?ological hi/ory1--expla9$ ^u ! basis ( "o leg5d4 ,! :ole my?ology is conta9$ 9 two books1 ( :i* ,engli% translations h be5 made4 ,! olde/ is entitl$ ,ko-ji-ki1 or ,records ( ,anci5t ,matt]s2 & x is suppos$ to h be5 compil$ 9 ! ye> #gab ,a4,d4 ,! o!r & mu* l>g] "w is call$ ,nihongi1 ,*ronicles ( ,nihon ,japan1 & dates f ab\t #gbj ,a4,d4 ,bo? works pr(ess to be hi/ories2 b a l>ge portion ( !m is my?ological1 & ei!r beg9s ) a /ory ( creation4 #aaa ,!y 7 compil$1 mo/ly1 f oral tradition we are told1 by imp]ial ord]4 ,x is said t a yet e>li] "w1 dat+ f ! sev5? c5tury1 may h be5 drawn ^u2 b ?is has be5 lo/4 ,no great antiquity c1 !re=e1 be claim$ = ! texts z !y /&2 b !y conta9 traditions :i* mu/ be v mu* old]1--possibly ?\s&s ( ye>s old]4 ,! ,ko-ji-ki is said to h be5 writt5 f ! dictation ( an old man ( m>vell\s memory2 & ! ,%9to !ologian ,hirata w\ld h u believe t traditions ?us pres]v$ are especially tru/wor?y4 ,x is probable1 he wrote1 t ^? anci5t traditions1 pres]v$ = u by ex]cise ( memory1 h = t v reason come d[n to u 9 great] detail ?an if !y _h be5 record$ 9 docum5ts4 ,besides1 m5 mu/ h _h mu* /rong] memories 9 ! days be=e !y acquir$ ! habit ( tru/+ to writt5 *>act]s = facts :i* !y wi%$ to rememb]1--z is %[n at ! pres5t "t 9 ! case ( ! illit]ate1 :o h to dep5d on memory alone4 ,we mu/ smile at ,hirata's good fai? 9 ! *angelessness ( oral tradition2 b ,i believe t folk-lori/s w\ld discov] 9 ! "* ( ! old] my?s1 intr9sic evid5ce ( imm5se antiquity4--,*9ese influ5ce is disc]nible 9 bo? works2 yet c]ta9 p>ts h a p>ticul> quality n to be f\nd1 ,i imag9e1 9 any?+ ,*9ese1--a primeval artlessness1 a weirdness1 & a /rang5ess #aab hav+ no?+ 9 common ) o!r my?ical lit]ature4 ,= example1 we h1 9 ! /ory ( ,izanagi1 ! _w-mak]1 visit+ ! %ades to recall 8 dead sp\se1 a my? t seems to be purely ,japanese4 ,! ar*aic naivete ( ! recital mu/ impress anybody :o /udies ! lit]al translation4 ,i %all pres5t only ! sub/ance ( ! leg5d1 :i* has be5 record$ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t v]sions399-- 99,see = ^! diff]5t v]sions ,a/on's translation ( ! ,nihongi1 ,vol ,i4 ,:5 ! "t came = ! ,fire-god1 ,kagu-,tsu*i1 to be born1 8 "m1 ,izanami-no-,mikoto1 0 burnt1 & suff]$ *ange1 & dep>t$4 ,!n ,izanagi-no-,mikoto1 0 wro? & said1 ,oh6 t ,i %\ld h giv5 my lov$ y\ng] si/] 9 ex*ange = a s+le *ild6 ,he crawl$ at h] head & he crawl$ at h] feet1 weep+ & lam5t+2 & ! te>s :i* he %$ fell d[n & became a deity 4444 ,!reaft] ,izanagi-no-,mikoto w5t aft] ,izanami-no-,mikoto into ! ,l& ( ,yomi1 ! _w ( ! dead4 ,!n ,izanami-no-,mikoto1 appe>+ /ill z %e 0 :5 alive1 lift$ ! curta9 ( ! palace 7( ! dead71 & came =? to meet him2 & !y talk$ toge!r4 ,& ,izanagi-no-,mikoto said to h]3 ,i h come because ,i sorr[$ = !e1 my lovely y\ng] si/]4 ,o my lovely y\ng] si/]1 ! l&s t ,i & ?\ 7 mak+ toge!r are n #aac yet f9i%$2 !re=e come back6 ,!n ,izanami-no-,mikoto made answ]1 say+1 ,my augu/ "l & husb&1 lam5table x is t ?\ did/ n come soon]1--= n[ ,i h eat5 ( ! cook+-range ( ,yomi4 ,nev]!less1 z ,i am ?us delightfully hon\r$ by ?9e entry "h1 my lovely eld] bro!r1 ,i wi% to return ) !e to ! liv+ _w4 ,n[ ,i g to discuss ! matt] ) ! gods ( ,yomi4 ,wait ?\ "h1 & look n ^u me4 ,s hav+ spok51 %e w5t back2 & ,izanagi wait$ = h]4 ,b %e t>ri$ s long )9 t he became impati5t4 ,!n1 tak+ ! wood5 comb t he wore 9 ! left bun* ( 8 hair1 he broke (f a too? f "o end ( ! comb & light$ x1 & w5t 9 to look = ,izanami-no-,mikoto4 ,b he saw h] ly+ swoll5 & fe/]+ among worms2 & eight k9ds ( ,?und]-,gods sat ^u h] 4444 ,& ,izanagi1 be+ ov]aw$ by t sight1 w\ld h fl$ away2 b ,izanami rose up1 cry+3 ,?\ ha/ put me to %ame6 ,:y did/ ?\ n obs]ve t :i* ,i *>g$ !e8444 ,?\ ha/ se5 my nak$ness2 n[ ,i w see ?9e6 ,& %e bade ! ,ugly ,females ( ,yomi to foll[ aft] him1 & slay him2 & ! eight ,?und]s also pursu$ him1 & ,izanami h]self pursu$ him 4444 ,!n ,izanagi-no-,mikoto drew 8 sword1 & fl\ri%$ x beh9d him z he ran4 ,b !y foll[$ close ^u him4 ,he took (f 8 black headdress & flung x d[n2 #aad & x became *ang$ into grapes2 & :ile ! ,ugly ,ones 7 eat+ ! grapes1 he ga9$ ^u !m4 ,b !y foll[$ quickly2 & he !n took 8 comb & ca/ x d[n1 & x became *ang$ into bamboo spr\ts2 & :ile ! ,ugly ,ones 7 dev\r+ ! spr\ts1 he fl$ on until he rea*$ ! m\? ( ,yomi4 ,!n tak+ a rock :i* x w\ld h requir$ ! /r5g? ( a ?\s& m5 to lift1 he block$ !re) ! entrance z ,izanami came up4 ,& /&+ beh9d ! rock1 he began to pron\nce ! words ( divorce4 ,!n1 f ! o!r side ( ! rock1 ,izanami cri$ out to him1 ,my de> "l & ma/]1 if ?\ do/ s1 9 "o day w ,i /rangle to dea? a ?\s& ( ?y p6 ,& ,izanagi-no-,mikoto answ]$ h]1 say+1 ,my belov$ y\ng] si/]1 if ?\ do/ s1 ,i w cause 9 "o day to be born fifte5 hundr$ 4444 ,b ! deity ,kukuri-hime-no-,kami !n came1 & spake to ,izanami "s ^w :i* %e seem$ to approve1 & !reaft] %e vani%$ away 4444 ,! /range m+l+ ( pa?os ) nightm>e-t]ror 9 ?is my?1 ( :i* ,i h n v5tur$ to pres5t all ! />tl+ naiveti1 suffici5tly proves its primitive "*4 ,x is a dream t "s "o really dream$1--"o ( ^? bad dreams 9 :i* ! figure ( a p]son belov$ becomes horribly trans=m$2 & x has a p>ticul> int]e/ z #aae express+ t fe> ( dea? & ( ! dead in=m+ all primitive ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! :ole pa?os & weirdness ( ! my?1 ! vague mon/rosity ( ! fancies1 ! =mal use ( t]ms ( ende>m5t 9 ! mom5t ( utt]mo/ loa?+ & fe>1--all impress "o z unmi/akably ,japanese4 ,sev]al o!r my?s sc>cely less rem>kable are to be f\nd 9 ! ,ko-ji-ki & ,nihongi2 b !y are m+l$ ) leg5ds ( s light & graceful a k9d t x is sc>cely possible to believe ^! latt] to h be5 imag9$ by ! same race4 ,! /ory ( ! magical jewels & ! visit to ! sea-god's palace1 = example1 9 ! second book ( ! ,nihongi1 s\nds oddly l an ,indian fairy-tale2 & x is n unlikely t ! ,ko-ji-ki & ,nihongi bo? conta9 my?s d]iv$ f v>i\s ali5 s\rces4 ,at all ev5ts _! my?ical *apt]s pres5t u ) "s curi\s problems :i* yet rema9 unsolv$4 ,o!rwise ! books are dull read+1 9 spite ( ! light :i* !y %$ ^u anci5t cu/oms & beliefs2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ,japanese my?ology is unattractive4 ,b to dwell "h ^u ! my?ology1 at any l5g?1 is unnecess>y2 = its relation to ,%9to c be summ$ up 9 ! space ( a s+le brief p>agraph-- ,9 ! beg9n+ nei!r =ce nor =m 0 manife/2 & ! _w 0 a %apeless mass t float$ #aaf l a jelly-fi% ^u wat]4 ,!n1 9 "s way--we are n told h[--e>? & heav5 became sep>at$2 dim gods appe>$ & disappe>$2 & at la/ !re came into exi/5ce a male & a female deity1 :o gave bir? & %ape to ?+s4 ,by ?is pair1 ,izanagi & ,izanami1 7 produc$ ! isl&s ( ,japan1 & ! g5]ations ( ! gods1 & ! deities ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,! desc5dants ( ^! creat+ deities1 & ( ! gods :om !y br\ght into be+1 7 ! eight ?\s& 7or eighty ?\s&7 myriads ( gods wor%ipp$ by ,%9to4 ,"s w5t to dwell 9 ! blue ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav52 o!rs rema9$ on e>? & became ! ance/ors ( ! ,japanese race4 ,su* is ! my?ology ( ! ,ko-ji-ki & ! ,nihongi1 /at$ 9 ! briefe/ possible way4 ,at fir/ x appe>s t !re 7 two classes ( gods recogniz$3 ,cele/ial & ,t]re/rial2 & ! old ,%9to rituals 7norito7 ma9ta9 ?is di/9ction4 ,b x is a curi\s fact t ! cele/ial gods ( ?is my?ology d n repres5t cele/ial =ces2 & t ! gods :o are really id5tifi$ ) cele/ial ph5om5a are class$ z t]re/rial gods1--hav+ be5 born or produc$ ^u e>?4 ,! ,sun & ,moon1 = example1 are said to h be5 born 9 ,japan1--?\gh aft]w>ds plac$ 9 heav52 ! ,sun-goddess1 ,ama-t]asu-no-oho-,kami1 hav+ be5 produc$ f ! left eye ( ,izanagi1 & ! #aag ,moon-god1 ,tsuki-yomi-no-,mikoto1 hav+ be5 produc$ f ! "r eye ( ,izanagi :51 aft] 8 visit to ! "u-_w1 he wa%$ himself at ! m\? ( a riv] 9 ! isl& ( ,tsuku%i4 ,! ,%9to s*ol>s ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies e/abli%$ "s ord] 9 ?is *aos ( fancies by d5y+ all di/9ction betwe5 ! ,cele/ial & ,t]re/rial gods1 except z reg>d$ ! accid5t ( bir?4 ,!y also d5i$ ! old di/9ction betwe5 ! s-call$ ,age ( ! ,gods 7,kami-yo71 & ! subsequ5t p]iod ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,x 0 true1 !y said1 t ! e>ly rul]s ( ,japan 7 gods2 b s 7 also ! lat] rul]s4 ,! :ole ,imp]ial l9e1 ! ,sun's ,succession1 repres5t$ "o unbrok5 desc5t f ! ,goddess ( ! ,sun4 ,hirata wrote3 ,!re exi/s no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! ,age ( ! ,gods & ! pres5t age--& !re exi/s no ju/ification :atev] = draw+ "o1 z ! ,nihongi does4 ,( c\rse ?is position involv$ ! doctr9e ( a div9e desc5t = ! :ole race1--inasmu* z1 accord+ to ! old my?ology1 ! fir/ ,japanese 7 all desc5dants ( gods1--& t doctr9e ,hirata boldly accept$4 ,all ! ,japanese1 he av]r$1 7 ( div9e orig91 & = t reason sup]ior to ! p ( all o!r c\ntries4 ,he ev5 held t _! div9e desc5t c\ld be prov$ )\t difficulty4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,! desc5dants ( ! gods :o accompani$ ,n9igi-no-,mikoto gr&son ( ! ,sun-goddess1 #aah & suppos$ f\nd] ( ! ,imp]ial h\se1--z well z ! (fspr+ ( ! successive ,mikados1 :o ent]$ ! ranks ( ! subjects ( ! ,mikados1 ) ! names ( ,taira1 ,m9amoto1 & s =?1--h gradually increas$ & multipli$4 ,al?\gh numb]s ( ,japanese _c /ate ) c]ta9ty f :at gods !y are desc5d$1 all ( !m h tribal names 7kabane71 :i* 7 orig9ally be/[$ on !m by ! ,mikados2 & ^? :o make x _! prov9ce to /udy g5ealogies c tell f a man's ord9>y surname1 :o 8 remote/ ance/or mu/ h be54 ,all ! ,japanese 7 gods 9 ?is s5se2 & _! c\ntry 0 prop]ly call$ ! ,l& ( ! ,gods1--,%9koku or ,kami-no-kuni4 ,are we to und]/& ,hirata lit]ally8 ,i ?9k s--b we mu/ rememb] t !re exi/$ 9 feudal times l>ge classes ( p1 outside ( ! classes (ficially recogniz$ z =m+ ! nation1 :o 7 n c\nt$ z ,japanese1 nor ev5 z human be+s3 ^! 7 p>iahs1 & reckon$ z little bett] ?an animals4 ,hirata probably ref]r$ to ! f\r great classes only--samurai1 f>m]s1 artizans1 & m]*ants4 ,b ev5 9 t case :at are we to ?9k ( 8 ascription ( div9ity to ! race1 9 view ( ! moral & physical feebl5ess ( human nature8 ,! moral side ( ! "q is answ]$ by ! ,%9to !ory ( evil deities1 gods ( crook$ness1 :o 7 alleg$ to h orig9at$ f ! impurities contract$ by #aai ,izanagi dur+ 8 visit to ! "u-_w4 ,z = ! physical weakness ( m51 t is expla9$ by a leg5d ( ,n9igi-no-,mikoto1 div9e f\nd] ( ! imp]ial h\se4 ,! ,goddess ( ,long ,life1 ,iha-naga-hime 7,rock-long-pr9cess71 0 s5t to him = wife2 b he reject$ h] because ( h] ugl9ess2 & t unwise proce$+ br\ght ab\t ! pres5t %ortness ( ! lives ( m54 ,mo/ my?ologies ascribe va/ duration to ! lives ( e>ly patri>*s or rul]s3 ! f>!r we g back into my?ological hi/ory1 ! long]-liv$ are ! sov]eigns4 ,to ?is g5]al rule ,japanese my?ology pres5ts no exception4 ,! son ( ,n9igi-no-,mikoto is said to h liv$ five hundr$ & eighty ye>s at 8 palace ( ,taka*iho2 b t1 rem>ks ,hirata1 0 a %ort life comp>$ ) ! lives ( ^? :o liv$ be=e him4 ,!reaft] m5's bodies decl9$ 9 =ce2 life gradually became %ort] & %ort]2 yet 9 spite ( all deg5]ation ! ,japanese /ill %[ traces ( _! div9e orig94 ,aft] dea? !y ent] into a high] div9e condition1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ab&on+ ?is _w 4444 ,su* 7 ,hirata's views4 ,accept+ ! ,%9to !ory ( orig9s1 ?is ascription ( div9ity to human nature proves less inconsi/5t ?an x appe>s at fir/ sight2 & ! mod]n ,%9toi/ may discov] a g]m ( sci5tific tru? 9 ! doctr9e :i* traces back ! beg9n+s ( life to ! ,sun4 #abj ,m ?an any o!r ,japanese writ]1 ,hirata has enabl$ u to und]/& ! hi]>*y ( ,%9to my?ology1--correspond+ closely1 z we might h expect$1 to ! anci5t ord9ation ( ,japanese society4 ,9 ! l[]mo/ ranks are ! spirits ( common p1 wor%ipp$ only at ! h\sehold %r9e or at graves4 ,above ^! are ! g5tile gods or ,ujigami1--gho/s ( old rul]s n[ wor%ipp$ z tutel> gods4 ,all ,ujigami1 ,hirata tells u1 are "u ! control ( ! ,great ,god ( ,izumo1--,oho-kuni-nu%i-no-,kami1--&1 act+ z 8 ag5ts1 !y rule ! =tunes ( human be+s be=e _! bir?1 dur+ _! life1 & aft] _! dea?4 ,?is means t ! ord9>y gho/s obey1 9 ! _w invisible1 ! comm&s ( ! clan-gods or tutel> deities2 t ! conditions ( communal wor%ip dur+ life cont9ue aft] dea?4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,hirata w be f\nd ( int]e/1--n only z %[+ ! suppos$ relation ( ! individual to ! ,ujigami1 b also z sugge/+ h[ ! act ( ab&on+ "o's bir?place 0 =m]ly judg$ by common op9ion3-- ,:5 a p]son removes 8 resid5ce1 8 orig9al ,ujigami has to make arrangem5ts ) ! ,ujigami ( ! place :i!r he transf]s 8 abode4 ,on su* occasions x is prop] to take leave ( ! old god1 & to pay a visit to ! temple ( ! new god z soon z possible aft] com+ )9 8 jurisdiction4 ,! app>5t reasons :i* a man imag9es to h induc$ him to *ange 8 #aba abode may be _m2 b ! real reasons _c be o!rwise ?an t ei!r he has (f5d$ 8 ,ujigami1 & is !re=e expell$1 or t ! ,ujigami ( ano!r place has negotiat$ 8 transf] 444499 99,translat$ by ,sat[4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t e p]son 0 suppos$ to be ! subject1 s]vant1 or reta9] ( "s ,ujigami1 bo? dur+ life & aft] dea?4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 v>i\s grades ( ^! clan-gods1 j z !re 7 v>i\s grades ( liv+ rul]s1 lords ( ! soil4 ,above ord9>y ,ujigami rank$ ! deities wor%ipp$ 9 ! *ief ,%9to temples ( ! v>i\s prov9ces1 :i* temples 7 t]m$ ,i*i-no-miya1 or temples ( ! fir/ grade4 ,^! deities appe> to h be5 9 _m cases spirits ( pr9ces or great] daimyo1 =m]ly1 rul+ ext5sive di/ricts2 b all 7 n ( ?is category4 ,among !m 7 deities ( elem5ts or elem5tal =ces1--,w9d1 ,fire1 & ,sea1--deities also ( longevity1 ( de/9y1 & ( h>ve/s1--clan-gods1 p]haps1 orig9ally1 ?\gh _! real hi/ory _h be5 long =gott54 ,b above all o!r ,%9to div9ities rank$ ! gods ( ! ,imp]ial ,cult1--! suppos$ ance/ors ( ! ,mikados4 ,( ! high] =ms ( ,%9to wor%ip1 t ( ! imp]ial ance/ors prop] is ! mo/ important1 be+ ! ,/ate cult2 b x is n ! olde/4 ,!re are two supreme cults3 t ( ! ,sun-goddess1 #abb repres5t$ by ! fam\s %r9es ( ,ise2 & ! ,izumo cult1 repres5t$ by ! great temple ( ,kitzuki4 ,?is ,izumo temple is ! c5tre ( ! m anci5t cult4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,oho-kuni-nu%i-no-,kami1 fir/ rul] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ! ,gods1 & (fspr+ ( ! bro!r ( ! ,sun-goddess4 ,dispossess$ ( 8 realm 9 fav\r ( ! f\nd] ( ! imp]ial dyna/y1 ,oho-kuni-nu%i-no-,kami became ! rul] ( ! ,unse5 ,_w1--t is to say ! ,_w ( ,gho/s4 ,unto 8 %ad[y dom9ion ! spirits ( all m5 proce$ aft] dea?2 & he rules ov] all ( ! ,ujigami4 ,we may !re=e t]m him ! ,emp]or ( ! ,dead4 ,y _c hope1 ,hirata says1 to live m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances2 b z y w g to ! ,unse5 ,realm ( ,oho-kuni-nu%i-no-,kami aft] dea?1 & be subject to him1 le>n betimes to b[ d[n be=e him4 444 ,t weird fancy express$ 9 ! wond]ful fragm5t by ,col]idge1 ,! ,w&]+s ( ,ca91 w\ld !re=e seem to h actually =m$ an article ( anci5t ,%9to fai?3 ,! ,"l is ,god ( ! liv+ only3 ! dead h ano!r ,god4 444 ,! ,god ( ! ,liv+ 9 ,old ,japan 01 ( c\rse1 ! ,mikado1--! deity inc>nate1 ,arahito-gami1--& 8 palace 0 ! national sanctu>y1 ! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,)9 ! prec9cts ( t #abc palace 0 ! ,ka%iko-,dokoro 7,place ( ,awe71 ! private %r9e ( ! ,imp]ial ,ance/ors1 :]e only ! c\rt c\ld wor%ip1--! public =m ( ! same cult be+ ma9ta9$ at ,ise4 ,b ! ,imp]ial ,h\se wor%ipp$ also by deputy 7& /ill s wor%ips7 bo? at ,kitzuki & ,ise1 & likewise at v>i\s o!r great sanctu>ies4 ,=m]ly a great numb] ( temples 7 ma9ta9$1 or p>tly ma9ta9$1 f ! imp]ial rev5ues4 ,all ,%9to temples ( importance us$ to be class$ z great] & less] %r9es4 ,!re 7 #cjd ( ! fir/ rank1 & #bhbh ( ! second rank4 ,b multitudes ( temples 7 n includ$ 9 ?is (ficial classification1 & dep5d$ ^u local support4 ,! record$ total ( ,%9to %r9es to-day is upw>ds ( #aie1jjj4 ,we h ?us--)\t c\nt+ ! great ,izumo cult ( ,oho-kuni-nu%i-no-,kami--f\r classes ( ance/or-wor%ip3 ! dome/ic religion1 ! religion ( ! ,ujigami1 ! wor%ip at ! *ief %r9es ,i*i-no-miya ( ! sev]al prov9ces1 & ! national cult at ,ise4 ,all ^! cults are n[ l9k$ toge!r by tradition2 & ! dev\t ,%9toi/ wor%ips ! div9ities ( all1 collectively1 9 8 daily morn+ pray]4 ,occasionally he visits ! *ief %r9e ( 8 prov9ce2 & he makes a pilgrimage to ,ise if he c4 ,e ,japanese is expect$ to visit ! %r9es ( ,ise once 9 8 lifetime1 #abd or to s5d ?i!r a deputy4 ,inhabitants ( remote di/ricts are n all able1 ( c\rse1 to make ! pilgrimage2 b !re is no village :i* does n1 at c]ta9 int]vals1 s5d pilgrims ei!r to ,kitzuki or to ,ise on behalf ( ! community1 ! exp5se ( su* repres5tation be+ defray$ by local subscription4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 e ,japanese c wor%ip ! supreme div9ities ( ,%9to 9 8 own h\se1 :]e ^u a god-%elf 7,kamidana7 are tablets inscrib$ ) ! assurance ( _! div9e protection1--holy *>ms obta9$ f ! prie/s ( ,ise or ( ,kitzuki4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ise cult1 su* tablets are commonly made f ! wood ( ! holy %r9es !mselves1 :i*1 accord+ to primal cu/om1 mu/ be rebuilt e tw5ty ye>s1--! timb] ( ! demoli%$ /ructures be+ !n cut into tablets = di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r developm5t ( ance/or-wor%ip--! cult ( gods presid+ ov] crafts & call+s--des]ves special /udy4 ,un=tunately we are z yet little in=m$ ^u ! subject4 ,anci5tly ?is wor%ip mu/ h be5 m def9itely ord]$ & ma9ta9$ ?an x is n[4 ,occupations 7 h]$it>y2 artizans 7 gr\p$ into guilds--p]haps we might ev5 say ca/es2--& ea* guild or ca/e !n probably _h 9 patron-deity4 ,9 "s cases ! craft-gods may h be5 ance/ors #abe ( ,japanese craftsm52 9 o!r cases !y 7 p]haps ( ,korean or ,*9ese orig91--ance/ral gods ( immigrant artizans1 :o br\ght _! cults ) !m to ,japan4 ,n mu* is kn[n ab\t !m4 ,b x is tol]ably safe to assume t mo/1 if n all ( ! guilds1 7 at "o "t religi\sly organiz$1 & t appr5tices 7 adopt$ n only 9 a craft1 b into a cult4 ,!re 7 corporations ( weav]s1 pott]s1 c>p5t]s1 arr[-mak]s1 b[-mak]s1 smi?s1 boat-build]s1 & o!r tradesm52 & ! pa/ religi\s organization ( ^! is sugge/$ by ! fact t c]ta9 occupations assume a religi\s "* ev5 to-day4 ,= example1 ! c>p5t] /ill builds accord+ to ,%9to tradition3 he dons a prie/ly co/ume at a c]ta9 /age ( ! "w1 p]=ms rites1 & *ants invocations1 & places ! new h\se "u ! protection ( ! gods4 ,b ! occupation ( ! swordsmi? 0 9 old days ! mo/ sacr$ ( crafts3 he work$ 9 prie/ly g>b1 & practis$ ,%9to7 rites ( purification :ile engag$ 9 ! mak+ ( a good blade4 ,be=e 8 smi?y 0 !n susp5d$ ! sacr$ rope ( rice-/raw 7%ime-nawa71 :i* is ! olde/ symbol ( ,%9to3 none ev5 ( 8 family might ent] !re1 or speak to him2 & he ate only ( food cook$ ) holy fire4 ,! #aie1jjj %r9es ( ,%9to repres5t1 h[ev]1 m ?an clan-cults or guild-cults or national-cults 4444 #abf ,_m are d$icat$ to diff]5t spirits ( ! same god2 = ,%9to holds t ! _s ( ei!r a man or a god may divide itself into sev]al spirits1 ea* ) a diff]5t "*4 ,su* sep>at$ spirits are call$ waka-mi-tama 7augu/-divid$-spirits74 ,?us ! _s ( ! ,goddess ( ,food1 ,toyo-uke-bime1 sep>at$ itself into ! ,god ( ,trees1 ,kukuno*i-no-,kami1 & into ! ,goddess ( ,grasses1 ,kayanu-hime-no-,kami4 ,gods & m5 7 suppos$ to h also a ,r\gh ,_s & a ,g5tle ,_s2 & ,hirata rem>ks t ! ,r\gh ,_s ( ,oho-kuni-nu%i-no-,kami 0 wor%ipp$ at "o temple1 & 8 ,g5tle ,_s at ano!r499444 ,also we h to rememb] t great numb]s ( ,ujigami temples are d$icat$ to ! same div9ity4 ,^! duplications or multiplications are aga9 (fset by ! fact t 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal temples a multitude ( diff]5t deities are en%r9$4 ,?us ! numb] ( ,%9to temples 9 actual exi/5ce af=ds no indication :atev] ( ! actual numb] ( gods wor%ipp$1 nor ( ! v>iety ( _! cults4 ,almo/ e deity m5tion$ 9 ! ,ko-ji-ki or ,nihongi has a %r9e some:]e2 & hundr$s ( o!rs--includ+ _m lat] apo!oses--h _! temples4 ,numb]s ( temples h be5 d$icat$1 = example1 to #abg hi/orical p]sonages1--to spirits ( great m9i/]s1 capta9s1 rul]s1 s*ol>s1 h]oes1 & /atesm54 ,! fam\s m9i/] ( ! ,empress ,j+o1 ,tak5o-uji-no-,sukune1--:o s]v$ "u six successive sov]eigns1 & liv$ to ! age ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s1--is n[ invok$ 9 _m a temple z a giv] ( long life & great wisdom4 ,! _s ( ,sugiw>a-no-,mi*izane1 once m9i/] to ! ,emp]or ,daigo1 is wor%ipp$ z ! god ( calligraphy1 "u ! "n ( ,t5j91 or ,temmangu3 *ildr5 ev]y:]e (f] to him ! fir/ examples ( _! h&writ+1 & deposit 9 receptacles1 plac$ be=e 8 %r9e1 _! worn-out writ+-bru%es4 ,! ,soga bro!rs1 victims & h]oes ( a fam\s twelf?-c5tury trag$y1 h become gods to :om p pray = ! ma9t5ance ( frat]nal h>mony4 ,kato ,kiyomasa1 ! det]m9$ enemy ( ,jesuit ,*ri/ianity1 & ,hideyo%i's greate/ capta91 has be5 apo!osiz$ bo? by ,buddhism & by ,%9to4 ,iyeyasu is wor%ipp$ "u ! appellation ( ,to%ogu4 ,9 fact mo/ ( ! great m5 ( ,japanese hi/ory h _h temples erect$ to !m2 & ! spirits ( ! daimyo 71 9 =m] ye>s1 regul>ly wor%ipp$ by ! subjects ( _! desc5dants & successors4 99,ev5 m5 _h ! ,r\gh & ! ,g5tle ,_s2 b a god _h ?ree di/9ct spirits1--! ,r\gh1 ! ,g5tle1 & ! ,be/[+1--respectively t]m$ ,ara-mi-tama1 ,nigi-mi-tama1 & ,saki-mi-tama4--,see ,,sat['s ,revival ( ,pure ,%9tau4 ,besides temples to deities presid+ ov] indu/ries & agriculture1--or deities especially invok$ by ! peasants1 su* z ! goddess ( silkworms1 #abh ! goddess ( rice1 ! gods ( w9d & wea!r1--!re are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry :at ,i may call propitiatory temples4 ,^! latt] ,%9to %r9es h be5 erect$ by way ( comp5sation to spirits ( p]sons :o suff]$ great inju/ice or mis=tune4 ,9 ^! cases ! wor%ip assumes a v curi\s "*1 ! wor%ipp] always appeal+ = protection aga9/ ! same k9d ( calamity or tr\ble z t f :i* ! apo!osiz$ p]son suff]$ dur+ life4 ,9 ,izumo1 = example1 ,i f\nd a temple d$icat$ to ! _s ( a woman1 once a pr9ce's fav\rite4 ,%e _h be5 driv5 to suicide by ! intrigues ( jeal\s rivals4 ,! /ory is t %e _h v beautiful hair2 b x 0 n q black1 & h] enemies us$ to reproa* h] ) its color4 ,n[ mo!rs hav+ *ildr5 ) br[ni% hair pray to h] t ! br[n may be *ang$ to black2 & (f]+s are made to h] ( tresses ( hair & ,tokyo col\r$ pr9ts1 = x is /ill rememb]$ t %e 0 fond ( su* pr9ts4 ,9 ! same prov9ce !re is a %r9e erect$ to ! _s ( a "y wife1 :o p9$ away = grief at ! abs5ce ( h] "l4 ,%e us$ to climb a hill to wat* = 8 return1 & ! %r9e 0 built ^u ! place :]e %e wait$2 & wives pray !re to h] = ! safe return ( abs5t husb&s 4444 ,an almo/ simil> k9d ( propitiatory wor%ip is practis$ 9 cemet]ies4 ,public pity seeks to apo!osize ^? #abi urg$ to suicide by cruelty1 or ^? execut$ = (f5ces :i*1 al?\gh legally crim9al1 7 inspir$ by patriotic or o!r motives comm&+ sympa?y4 ,be=e _! graves (f]+s are laid & pray]s are murmur$4 ,spirits ( unhappy lov]s are commonly invok$ by "y p :o suff] f ! same cause 4444 ,&1 among o!r =ms ( propitiatory wor%ip ,i mu/ m5tion ! old cu/om ( erect+ small %r9es to spirits ( animals1--*iefly dome/ic animals1--ei!r 9 recognition ( dumb s]vice r5d]$ & ill-rew>d$1 or z a comp5sation = pa9 unju/ly inflict$4 ,yet ano!r class ( tutel> div9ities rema9s to be notic$1--^? :o dwell )9 or ab\t ! h\ses ( m54 ,"s are m5tion$ 9 ! old my?ology1 & are probably developm5ts ( ,japanese ance/or-wor%ip2 "s are ( ali5 orig92 "s d n appe> to h any temples2 & "s repres5t little m ?an :at is call$ ,animism4 ,?is class ( div9ities corresponds r to ! ,roman dii g5itales ?an to ! ,greek 7,greek daemones74 ,suij9-,s>na1 ! ,god ( ,wells2 ,koj91 ! ,god ( ! ,cook+-range 79 almo/ e kit*5 !re is ei!r a t9y %r9e = him1 or a writt5 *>m be>+ 8 "n72 ! gods ( ! ,cauldron & ,saucepan1 ,kudo-no-,kami & ,kobe-no-,kami 7anci5tly call$ ,okitsuhiko & ,okitsuhime72 ! ,ma/] ( ,ponds1 ,ike-no-,nu%i1 #acj suppos$ to make app>ition 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t2 ! ,goddess ( ! ,rice-pot1 ,o-,kama-,sama2 ! ,gods ( ! ,latr9a1 :o fir/ taught m5 h[ to f]tilize _! fields 7^! are commonly repres5t$ by little figures ( pap]1 hav+ ! =ms ( a man & a woman1 b faceless72 ! ,gods ( ,wood & ,fire & ,metal2 ! ,gods likewise ( ,g>d5s1 ,fields1 ,sc>ecr[s1 ,bridges1 ,hills1 ,woods1 & ,/reams2 & also ! ,spirits ( ,trees 7= ,japanese my?ology has its dryads73 mo/ ( ^! are und\bt$ly ( ,%9to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! roads "u ! protection ( ,buddhi/ deities *iefly4 ,i h n be5 able to le>n any?+ reg>d+ gods ( b\nd>ies1--t]mes1 z ! ,lat9s call$ !m2 & "o sees only images ( ! ,buddhas at ! limits ( village t]ritories4 ,b 9 almo/ e g>d51 on ! nor? side1 !re is a little ,%9to %r9e1 fac+ :at is call$ ! ,ki-,mon1 or ,demon-,gate1--t is to say1 ! direction f :i*1 accord+ to ,*9ese tea*+1 all evils come2 & ^! little %r9es1 d$icat$ to v>i\s ,%9to deities1 are suppos$ to protect ! home f evil spirits4 ,! belief 9 ! ,ki-,mon is obvi\sly a ,*9ese importation4 ,"o may d\bt1 h[ev]1 if ,*9ese influ5ce alone develop$ ! belief t e "p ( a h\se1--e beam ( x1--& e dome/ic ut5sil has its invisible gu>dian4 ,consid]+ ?is belief1 x is n surpris+ t ! build+ ( a #aca h\se--unless ! h\se be 9 =eign /yle--is /ill a religi\s act1 & t ! functions ( a ma/]-build] include ^? ( a prie/4 ,?is br+s u to ! subject ( ,animism4 7,i d\bt :e!r any evolutioni/ ( ! contempor>y s*ool holds to ! old-fa%ion$ notion t animism prec$$ ance/or-wor%ip1--a !ory involv+ ! assumption t belief 9 ! spirits ( inanimate objects 0 evolv$ be=e ! idea ( a human gho/ _h yet be5 develop$47 ,9 ,japan x is n[ z difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 animi/ic beliefs & ! l[e/ =ms ( ,%9to1 z to e/abli% a dem>cation betwe5 ! vegetable & ! animal worlds2 b ! e>lie/ ,%9to lit]ature gives no evid5ce ( su* a develop$ animism z t n[ exi/+4 ,probably ! developm5t 0 gradual1 & l>gely influ5c$ by ,*9ese beliefs4 ,/ill1 we read 9 ! ,ko-ji-ki ( evil gods :o glitt]$ l fireflies or 7 disord]ly z mayflies1 & ( demons :o made rocks1 & /umps ( trees1 & ! foam ( ! gre5 wat]s to speak1--%[+ t animi/ic or feti*i/ic notions 7 preval5t to "s ext5t be=e ! p]iod ( ,*9ese influ5ce4 ,& x is significant t :]e animism is associat$ ) p]si/5t wor%ip 7z 9 ! matt] ( ! rev]5ce paid to /rangely %ap$ /ones or trees71 ! =m ( ! wor%ip is1 9 mo/ cases1 ,%9to4 ,be=e su* objects !re is usually #acb to be se5 ! model ( a ,%9to gateway1--torii4444 ,) ! developm5t ( animism1 "u ,*9ese & ,korean influ5ce1 ! man ( ,old ,japan f\nd himself truly 9 a _w ( spirits & demons4 ,!y spoke to him 9 ! s\nd ( tides & ( cat>acts 9 ! moan+ ( w9d & ! :isp]s ( leafage1 9 ! cry+ ( birds1 & ! trill+ ( insects1 9 all ! voices ( nature4 ,= him all visible motion--:e!r ( waves or grasses or %ift+ mi/ or drift+ cl\d--0 gho/ly2 & ! nev] mov+ rocks--nay1 ! v /ones by ! wayside--7 in=m$ ) viewless & awful be+4 #acc ,,wor%ip ,,& ,,purification ,we h se5 t1 9 ,old ,japan1 ! _w ( ! liv+ 0 ev]y:]e rul$ by ! _w ( ! dead1--t ! individual1 at e mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 0 "u gho/ly sup]vision4 ,9 8 home he 0 wat*$ by ! spirits ( 8 fa!rs2 )\t x1 he 0 rul$ by ! god ( 8 di/rict4 ,all ab\t him1 & above him1 & b5ea? him 7 invisible p[]s ( life & dea?4 ,9 8 conception ( nature all ?+s 7 ord]$ by ! dead1--light & d>kness1 wea!r & season1 w9ds & tides1 mi/ & ra91 gr[? & decay1 sickness & heal?4 ,! viewless atmosph]e 0 a phantom-sea1 an ocean ( gho/2 ! soil t he till$ 0 p]vad$ by _s-ess5ce2 ! trees 7 haunt$ & holy2 ev5 ! rocks & ! /ones 7 infus$ ) consci\s life 4444 ,h[ might he dis*>ge 8 duty to ! inf9ite conc\rse ( ! invisible8 ,few s*ol>s c\ld rememb] ! names ( all ! great] gods1 n to speak ( ! less]2 & no mortal c\ld h f\nd "t to address ^? great] gods by _! respective names 9 8 daily #acd pray]4 ,! lat] ,%9to tea*]s propos$ to simplify ! duties ( ! fai? by prescrib+ "o brief daily pray] to ! gods 9 g5]al1 & special pray]s to a few gods 9 p>ticul>2 & 9 ?us do+ !y 7 mo/ likely confirm+ a cu/om already e/abli%$ by necessity4 ,hirata wrote3 ,z ! numb] ( ! gods :o possess diff]5t functions is v great1 x w be conv5i5t to wor%ip by "n ! mo/ important only1 & to include ! re/ 9 a g5]al petition4 ,he prescrib$ t5 pray]s = p]sons hav+ "t to repeat !m1 b light5$ ! duty = busy folk1--obs]v+3 ,p]sons ^: daily affairs are s multitud9\s t !y h n "t to g ?r\gh all ! pray]s1 may cont5t !mselves ) ador+ 7#a7 ! resid5ce ( ! ,emp]or1 7#b7 ! dome/ic god-%elf1--kamidana1 7#c7 ! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 7#d7 _! local patron-god1 ,ujigami1 7#e7 ! deity ( _! p>ticul> call+4 ,he advis$ t ! foll[+ pray] %\ld be daily repeat$ be=e ! god-%elf3-- ,rev]5tly ador+ ! great god ( ! two palaces ( ,ise 9 ! fir/1 place1--! eight hundr$ myriads ( cele/ial gods1--! eight hundr$ myriads ( t]re/rial gods1--! fifte5 hundr$ myriads ( gods to :om are consecrat$ ! great & small temples 9 all prov9ces1 all isl&s1 & all places ( ! ,great ,l& ( ,eight ,isl&s1--! fifte5 hundr$ myriads ( gods :om !y cause to s]ve !m1 & ! gods ( bran*-palaces & bran*-temples1 #ace--;& ,sohodo-no-,kami99 :om ,i h invit$ to ! %r9e set up on ?is div9e %elf1 & to :om ,i (f] praises day by day1--,i pray ) awe t !y w deign to correct ! unwill+ faults :i*1 he>d & se5 by !m1 ,i h committ$2 & t1 bless+ & fav\r+ me accord+ to ! p[]s :i* !y sev]ally wield1 !y w cause me to foll[ ! div9e example1 & to p]=m good works 9 ! ,way49999 99,sohodo-no-,kami is ! god ( sc>ecr[s1--protector ( ! fields4 9999,translat$ by ,sat[4 ,?is text is int]e/+ z an example ( :at ,%9to's greate/ exp\nd] ?\ght a ,%9to pray] %\ld be2 &1 except+ ! ref]5ce to ,s-ho-d-no-,kami1 ! sub/ance ( x is t ( ! morn+ pray] /ill repeat$ 9 ,japanese h\seholds4 ,b ! mod]n pray] is v mu* %ort]4444 ,9 ,izumo1 ! olde/ ,%9to prov9ce1 ! cu/om>y morn+ wor%ip (f]s p]haps ! be/ example ( ! anci5t rules ( devotion4 ,imm$iately ^u ris+1 ! wor%ipp] p]=ms 8 ablutions2 & aft] hav+ wa%$ 8 face & r9s$ 8 m\?1 he turns to ! sun1 claps 8 h&s1 & ) b[$ head rev]5tly utt]s ! simple greet+3 ,hail to !e ?is day1 ,augu/ ,"o6 ,9 ?us ador+ ! sun he is also fulfill+ 8 duty z a subject1 pay+ obeisance to ! ,imp]ial ,ance/or 4444 ,! act is p]=m$ out ( doors1 n kneel+1 b /&+2 & ! spectacle ( ?is simple wor%ip is impressive4 ,i c n[ see 9 memory1-- #acf j z pla9ly z ,i saw ) my eyes _m ye>s ago1 (f ! wild ,oki coa/1--! nak$ figure ( a "y fi%]man erect at ! pr[ ( 8 boat1 clapp+ 8 h&s 9 salutation to ! ris+ sun1 ^: ruddy gl[ trans=m$ him into a /atue ( bronze4 ,also ,i reta9 a vivid memory ( pilgrim-figures pois$ ^u ! topmo/ crags ( ! summit ( ,fuji1 clapp+ _! h&s 9 pray]1 ) faces to ! ,ea/ 4444 ,p]haps t5 ?\s&--tw5ty ?\s&-ye>s ago all humanity s wor%ipp$ ! ,"l ( ,day 4444 ,aft] hav+ salut$ ! sun1 ! wor%ipp] returns to 8 h\se1 to pray be=e ! ,kamidana & be=e ! tablets ( ! ance/ors4 ,kneel+1 he invokes ! great gods ( ,ise or ( ,izumo1 ! gods ( ! *ief temples ( 8 prov9ce1 ! god ( 8 p>i%-temple also 7,ujigami71 & f9ally all ! myriads ( ! deities ( ,%9to4 ,^! pray]s are n said al\d4 ,! ance/ors are ?ank$ = ! f\ndation ( ! home2 ! high] deities are invok$ = aid & protection 4444 ,z = ! cu/om ( b[+ 9 ! direction ( ! ,emp]or's palace1 ,i am n able to say to :at ext5t x survives 9 ! remot] di/ricts2 b ,i h (t5 se5 ! rev]5ce p]=m$4 ,once1 too1 ,i saw rev]5ce done imm$iately 9 front ( ! gates ( ! palace 9 ,tokyo by c\ntry-folk on a visit to ! capital4 ,!y knew me1 because ,i _h (t5 soj\rn$ 9 _! village2 & on rea*+ ,tokyo #acg !y s\ght me out1 & f\nd me1 ,i took !m to ! palace2 & be=e ! ma9 entrance !y remov$ _! hats1 & b[$1 & clapp$ _! h&s1 j z !y w\ld h done :5 salut+ ! gods or ! ris+ sun1--& ?is ) a simple & dignifi$ rev]5ce t t\*$ me n a little4 ,! duties ( morn+ wor%ip1 :i* include ! plac+ ( (f]+s be=e ! tablets1 are n ! only duties ( ! dome/ic cult4 ,9 a ,%9to h\sehold1 :]e ! ance/ors & ! high] gods are sep>ately wor%ipp$1 ! ance/ral %r9e may be said to correspond ) ! ,roman l>>ium2 :ile ! god-%elf1 ) its taima or o-nusa 7symbols ( ^? high] gods especially rev]$ by ! family71 may be comp>$ ) ! place accord$ by ,lat9 cu/om to ! wor%ip ( ! ,p5ates4 ,bo? ,%9to cults h _! p>ticul> fea/-days2 &1 9 ! case ( ! ance/or-cult1 ! fea/-days are occasions ( religi\s assembly1--:5 ! relatives ( ! family %\ld ga!r to celebrate ! dome/ic rite 4444 ,! ,%9toi/ mu/ also take "p 9 ! celebration ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,ujigami1 & mu/ at lea/ aid 9 ! celebration ( ! n9e great national holidays relat$ to ! national cult2 ^! n9e1 out ( a total elev51 be+ occasions ( imp]ial ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! nature ( ! public rites v>i$ accord+ to #ach ! rank ( ! gods4 ,(f]+s & pray]s 7 made to all2 b ! great] deities 7 wor%ipp$ ) exce$+ c]emony4 ,to-day ! (f]+s usually consi/ ( food & rice-w9e1 toge!r ) symbolic articles repres5t+ ! co/li] gifts ( wov5 /uffs pres5t$ by anci5t cu/om4 ,! c]emonies include processions1 music1 s++1 & danc+4 ,at ! v small %r9es !re are few c]emonies1--only (f]+s ( food are pres5t$4 ,b at ! great temples !re are hi]>*ies ( prie/s & prie/esses 7miko7--usually daught]s ( prie/s2 & ! c]emonies are elaborate & solemn4 ,x is p>ticul>ly at ! temples ( ,ise 7:]e1 d[n to ! f\rte5? c5tury ! high-prie/ess 0 a daught] ( emp]ors71 or at ! great temple ( ,izumo1 t ! ar*aic "* ( ! c]emonial c be /udi$ to mo/ advantage4 ,!re1 9 spite ( ! passage ( t huge wave ( ,buddhism1 :i* = a p]iod almo/ subm]g$ ! m anci5t fai?1 all ?+s rema9 z !y 7 a score ( c5turies ago2--,"t1 9 ^? haunt$ prec9cts1 w\ld seem to h slept1 z 9 ! en*ant$ palaces ( fairy-tale4 ,! m]e %apes ( ! build+s1 weird & tall1 />tle by _! unfamili>ity4 ,)91 all is sev]ely pla9 & pure3 !re are no images1 no ornam5ts1 no symbols visible--except ^? /range pap]-cutt+s 7gohei71 susp5d$ to upright rods1 :i* are symbols ( (f]+s & also tok5s ( ! #aci viewless4 ,by ! numb] ( !m 9 ! sanctu>y1 y "k ! numb] ( ! deities to :om ! place is consecrate4 ,!re is no?+ impos+ b ! space1 ! sil5ce1 & ! sugge/ion ( ! pa/4 ,! inn]mo/ %r9e is veil$3 x conta9s1 p]haps1 a mirror ( bronze1 an anci5t sword1 or o!r object enclos$ 9 multiple wrapp+s3 t is all4 ,= ?is fai?1 old] ?an icons1 ne$s no images3 its gods are gho/s2 & ! void /illness ( its %r9es compels m awe ?an tangible repres5tation c\ld inspire4 ,v /range1 to ,we/]n eyes at lea/1 are ! rites1 ! =ms ( ! wor%ip1 ! %apes ( sacr$ objects4 ,n by any mod]n me?od mu/ ! sacr$ fire be light$1--! fire t cooks ! food ( ! gods3 x c be k9dl$ only 9 ! mo/ anci5t ( ways1 ) a wood5 fire-drill4 ,! *ief prie/s are rob$ 9 ! sacr$ col\r1--:ite1--& we> headdresses ( a %ape no long] se5 else:]e3 high caps ( ! k9d =m]ly worn by lords & pr9ces4 ,_! assi/ants we> v>i\s col\rs1 accord+ to grade2 & ! faces ( none are completely %av52--"s we> full be>ds1 o!rs ! mu/a*e only4 ,! actions & attitudes ( ^! hi]ophants are dignifi$1 yet ar*aic1 9 a degree difficult to describe4 ,ea* movem5t is regulat$ by tradition2 & to p]=m well ! functions ( a ,kannu%i1 a long discipl9>y prep>ation is necess>y4 ,! (fice is h]$it>y2 ! tra9+ beg9s 9 boyhood2 & #adj ! impassive deportm5t ev5tually acquir$ is really a wond]ful ?+4 ,(ficiat+1 ! ,kannu%i seems r a /atue ?an a man1--an image mov$ by invisible /r+s2--&1 l ! gods1 he nev] w9ks4 ,n at lea/ obs]vably4444 ,once1 dur+ a great ,%9to procession1 sev]al ,japanese fri5ds1 & ,i myself1 und]took to wat* a "y prie/ on horseback1 9 ord] to see h[ long he c\ld keep f w9k+2 & none ( u 7 able to detect ! slighte/ movem5t ( eyes or eyelids1 not)/&+ t ! prie/'s horse became re/ive dur+ ! "t t we 7 wat*+4 ,! pr9cipal incid5ts ( ! fe/ival c]emonies )9 ! great temples are ! pres5tation ( ! (f]+s1 ! repetition ( ! ritual1 & ! danc+ ( ! prie/esses4 ,ea* ( ^! p]=mances reta9s a special "* rigidly fix$ by tradition4 ,! food-(f]+s are s]v$ ^u ar*aic vessels ( unglaz$ pott]y 7r$ e>!nw>e mo/ly73 boil$ rice press$ into cones ( ! =m ( a sug>-loaf1 v>i\s prep>ations ( fi% & ( edible sea-we$1 fruits & f[ls1 rice-w9e pres5t$ 9 j>s ( immemorial %ape4 ,^! (f]+s are c>ri$ into ! temple ^u :ite wood5 trays ( curi\s =m1 & laid ^u :ite wood5 tables ( equally curi\s =m2--! faces ( ! be>]s be+ cov]$1 bel[ ! eyes1 ) %eets ( :ite pap]1 9 ord] t _! brea? may #ada n contam9ate ! food ( ! gods2 & ! trays1 = l reason1 mu/ be borne at arms' l5g? 4444 ,9 anci5t times ! (f]+s w\ld seem to h includ$ ?+s mu* m co/ly ?an food1--if we may cr$it ! te/imony ( :at are probably ! olde/ docum5ts extant 9 ! ,japanese tongue1 ! ,%9to rituals1 or norito499 ,! foll[+ exc]pt f ,sat['s translation ( ! ritual pray] to ! ,w9d-gods ( ,tatsuta is int]e/+1 n only z a f9e example ( ! language ( ! norito1 b also z indicat+ ! "* ( ! great c]emonies 9 e>ly ages1 & ! nature ( ! (f]+s3-- 99,sev]al h be5 translat$ by ,sat[1 ^: op9ion ( _! antiquity is "h cit$2 & translations h also be5 made into ,g]man4 ,z ! great (f]+s set up = ! ,y\?-god1 ,i set up v>i\s sorts ( (f]+s3 = ,clo!s1 bright clo?1 glitt]+ clo?1 s(t clo?1 & co>se clo?1--& ! five k9ds ( ?+s1 a mantlet1 a spe>1 a horse furni%$ ) a saddle2--= ! ,maid5-god ,i set up v>i\s sorts ( (f]+s--provid+ ,clo!s1 a gold5 ?read-box1 a gold5 tat>i1 a gold5 ske9-hold]1 bright clo?1 glitt]+ clo?1 s(t clo?1 & co>se clo?1 & ! five k9ds ( ?+s1 a horse furni%$ ) a saddle2--z to ,liquor1 ,i raise high ! be]-j>s1 fill & range-9-a-r[ ! bellies ( ! be]-j>s2 s(t gra9 & co>se gra92--z to ?+s :i* dwell 9 ! hills1 ?+s s(t ( hair & ?+s co>se ( hair2--z to ?+s :i* gr[ 9 ! great field--pla91 sweet h]bs & bitt] h]bs2--z to ?+s :i* dwell 9 ! blue sea-pla91 ?+s broad ( f9 & ?+s n>r[ ( f9--d[n to ! we$s ( ! (f+ & we$s ( ! #adb %ore4 ,& if ! sovran gods w take ^! great (f]+s :i* ,i set up1--pil+ !m up l a range ( hills1--peacefully 9 _! he>ts1 z peaceful (f]+s & satisfactory (f]+s2 & if ! sovran gods1 deign+ n to visit ! ?+s produc$ by1 ! great ,p ( ! region "u heav5 ) bad w9ds & r\gh wat]s1 w op5 & bless !m1--,i w at ! autumn s]vice set up ! fir/ fruits1 rais+ high ! be]-j>s1 fill+ & rang+-9-r[s ! bellies ( ! be]-j>s1--& draw+ !m hi!r 9 juice & 9 e>1 9 _m hundr$ rice-plants & a ?\s& rice-plants4 ,& = ?is purpose ! pr9ces & c\ncillors & all ! function>ies1 ! s]vants ( ! six f>ms ( ! c\ntry ( ,yamato--ev5 to ! males & females ( !m--h all come & assembl$ 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ?is ye>1 &1 plung+ d[n ! root ( ! neck cormorant-wise 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sovran gods1 fulfil _! praise z ! ,sun ( to-day rises 9 glory4444 ,! (f]+s are no long] pil$ up l a range ( hills1 nor d !y include all ?+s dwell+ 9 ! m\nta9s & 9 ! sea2 b ! impos+ ritual rema9s1 & ! c]emony is always impressive4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( x is ! sacr$ dance4 ,:ile ! gods are suppos$ to be p>tak+ ( ! food & w9e set out be=e _! %r9es1 ! girl-prie/esses1 rob$ 9 crimson & :ite1 move gracefully to ! s\nd ( drums & flutes1--wav+ fans1 or %ak+ bun*es ( t9y bells z !y circle ab\t ! sanctu>y4 ,accord+ to our ,we/]n notions4 ! p]=mance ( ! #adc miko c\ld sc>cely be call$ danc+2 b x is a graceful spectacle1 & v curi\s1--= e /ep & attitude is regulat$ by traditions ( unkn[n antiquity4 ,z = ! pla9tive music1 no ,we/]n e> c disc]n 9 x any?+ resembl+ a real melody2 b ! gods %\ld f9d delight 9 x1 because x is c]ta9ly p]=m$ = !m to-day exactly z x us$ to be p]=m$ tw5ty c5turies ago4 ,i speak ( ! c]emonies especially z ,i h witness$ !m 9 ,izumo3 !y v>y some:at accord+ to cult & prov9ce4 ,at ! %r9es ( ,ise1 ,kasuga1 ,kompira1 & sev]al o!rs :i* ,i visit$1 ! ord9>y prie/esses are *ildr52 & :5 !y h rea*$ ! nubile age1 !y retire f ! s]vice4 ,at ,kitzuki ! prie/esses are gr[n-up wom53 _! (fice is h]$it>y2 & !y are p]mitt$ to reta9 x ev5 aft] m>riage4 ,=m]ly ! ,miko 0 m ?an a m]e (ficiant3 ! songs :i* %e is /ill oblig$ to le>n indicate t %e 0 orig9ally (f]$ to ! gods z a bride4 ,ev5 yet h] t\* is holy2 ! gra9 s[n by h] h& is bless$4 ,at "s "t 9 ! pa/ %e seems to h be5 also a py?oness3 ! spirits ( ! gods possess$ h] & spoke ?r\gh h] lips4 ,all ! poetry ( ?is mo/ anci5t ( religions c5tres 9 ! figure ( its little ,ve/al1--*ild-bride ( gho/s1--z %e flutt]s1 #add l "s wond]ful :ite-&-crimson butt]fly1 be=e ! %r9e ( ! ,invisible4 ,ev5 9 ^! ye>s ( *ange1 :5 %e mu/ g to ! public s*ool1 %e cont9ues to repres5t all t is delightful 9 ,japanese girlhood2 = h] special home-tra9+ keeps h] rev]5t1 innoc5t1 da9ty 9 all h] little ways1 & wor?y to rema9 ! pet ( ! gods4 ,! hi/ory ( ! high] =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 o!r c\ntries w\ld lead u to suppose t ! public c]emonies ( ! ,%9to-cult mu/ include "s rite ( purification4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! mo/ important ( all ,%9to c]emonies is ! c]emony ( purification1--o-h>ai1 z x is call$1 :i* t]m signifies ! ca/+-out or expulsion ( evils 4444 ,9 anci5t ,a!ns a correspond+ c]emony took place e ye>2 9 ,rome1 e f\r ye>s4 ,! o-h>ai is p]=m$ twice e ye>1--9 ! six? mon? & ! twelf? mon? by ! anci5t cal5d>4 ,x us$ to be n less obligatory ?an ! ,roman lu/ration2 & ! idea beh9d ! obligation 0 ! same z t :i* inspir$ ! ,roman laws on ! subject 4444 ,s long z m5 believe t ! welf>e ( ! liv+ dep5ds ^u ! w ( ! dead1--t all happ5+s 9 ! _w are ord]$ by spirits ( diff]5t *>act]s1 evil z well z good1--t e bad action l5ds additional p[] to ! viewless #ade =ces ( de/ruction1 & !re=e endang]s ! public prosp]ity1--s long w ! necessity ( a public purification rema9 an article ( common fai?4 ,! pres5ce 9 any community ( ev5 "o p]son :o has (f5d$ ! gods1 consci\sly or unwill+ly1 is a public mis=tune1 a public p]il4 ,yet x is n possible = all m5 to live s well z nev] to vex ! gods by ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$1--?r\gh passion or ignorance or c>elessness4 ,e "o1 decl>es ,hirata1 is c]ta9 to commit accid5tal (f5ces1 h[ev] c>eful he may be444 ,evil acts & words are ( two k9ds3 ^? ( :i* we are consci\s1 & ^? ( :i* we are n consci\s 4444 ,x is bett] to assume t we h committ$ su* unconsci\s (f5ces4 ,n[ x %\ld be rememb]$ t = ! man ( ,old ,japan1--z = ! ,greek or ! ,roman citiz5 ( e>ly times1--religion consi/$ *iefly 9 ! exact obs]vance ( multitud9\s cu/om2 & t x 0 !re=e difficult to "k :e!r1 9 p]=m+ ! duties ( ! sev]al cults1 "o _h n inadv]t5tly displeas$ ! ,unse54 ,z a means ( ma9ta9+ & assur+ ! religi\s purity ( ! p p]iodical lu/ration 0 consequ5tly deem$ indisp5sable4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod ,%9to exact$ scrupul\s cleanl9ess --inde$1 we might say t x reg>d$ physical impurity z id5tical ) moral impurity1 & intol]able to ! gods4 ,x has #adf always be51 & /ill rema9s1 a religion ( ablutions4 ,! ,japanese love ( cleanl9ess--indicat$ by ! univ]sal practice ( daily ba?+1 & by ! irreproa*able condition ( _! homes has be5 ma9ta9$1 & 0 probably initiat$1 by _! religion4 ,spotless cleanl9ess be+ requir$ by ! rites ( ance/or-wor%ip1--9 ! temple1 9 ! p]son ( ! (ficiant1 & 9 ! home1--?is rule ( purity 0 naturally ext5d$ by degrees to all ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,& besides ! great p]iodical c]emonies ( purification1 a multitude ( m9or lu/rations 7 exact$ by ! cult4 ,?is 0 ! case also1 x w be rememb]$ 9 ! e>ly ,greek & ,roman civilizations--! citiz5 _h to submit to purification ^u almo/ e important occasion ( exi/5ce4 ,!re 7 lu/rations indisp5sable at bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?2 lu/rations on ! eve ( battle2 lu/rations at regul> p]iods1 ( ! dwell+1 e/ate1 di/rict1 or city4 ,&1 z 9 ,japan1 no "o c\ld approa* a temple )\t a prelim9>y wa%+ ( h&s4 ,b anci5t ,%9to exact$ m ?an ! ,greek or ! ,roman cult3 x requir$ ! erection ( special h\ses = bir?1 --p>turition-h\ses2 special h\ses = ! consummation ( m>riage1--nuptial-huts2 & special build+s = ! dead1--m\rn+-h\ses4 ,=m]ly wom5 7 oblig$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m5/ruation1 z well z dur+ ! "t ( conf9em5t1 to live ap>t4 ,^! h>%] ar*aic cu/oms #adg h almo/ disappe>$1 except 9 "o or two remote di/ricts1 & 9 ! case ( c]ta9 prie/ly families2 b ! g5]al rules z to purification1 & z to ! times & circum/ances =bidd+ approa* to holy places1 are /ill ev]y:]e obey$4 ,purity ( he>t is n less insi/$ ^u ?an physical purity2 & ! great rite ( lu/ration1 p]=m$ e six mon?s1 is ( c\rse a moral purification4 ,x is p]=m$ n only at ! great temples1 & at all ! ,ujigami1 b likewise 9 e home 99,on ! kamidana1 or god-%elf1 !re is usually plac$ a k9d ( oblong pap]-box conta9+ fragm5ts ( ! w&s us$ by ! prie/s ( ,ise at ! great national purification-c]emony1 or o-h>ai4 ,?is box is commonly call$ by ! "n ( ! c]emony1 o-h>ai1 or augu/ purification1 & is inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! great gods ( ,ise4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is object is suppos$ to protect ! home2 b x %\ld be replac$ by a new o-h>ai at ! expiration ( six mon?s2 = ! virtue ( ! *>m is suppos$ to la/ only dur+ ! int]val betwe5 two (ficial purifications4 ,?is di/ribution to ?\s&s ( homes ( fragm5ts ( ! w&s1 us$ to drive away evils at ! "t ( ! ,ise lu/ration1 repres5ts ( c\rse ! suppos$ ext5sion ( ! high-prie/'s protection to ^? homes until ! "t ( ! next o-h>ai4 ,! mod]n dome/ic =m ( ! h>ai is v simple4 ,ea* ,%9to p>i%-temple furni%es to all its ,ujiko1 or p>i%ion]s1 small pap]-cutt+s call$ hitogata 7mank9d-%apes71 repres5t+ figures ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 z 9 silh\ette1--only t ! pap] is :ite1 & fold$ curi\sly4 ,ea* h\sehold receives a numb] ( hitogata correspond+ to ! numb] ( its memb]s1--m5-%apes = ! m5 & boys1 wom5-%apes #adh = ! wom5 & girls4 ,ea* p]son 9 ! h\se t\*es 8 head1 face1 limbs1 & body ) "o ( ^! hitogata2 repeat+ ! :ile a ,%9to invocation1 & pray+ t any mis=tune or sickness incurr$ by reason ( (f5ces involunt>ily committ$ aga9/ ! gods 7= 9 ,%9to belief sickness & mis=tune are div9e puni%m5ts7 may be m]cifully tak5 away4 ,^u ea* hitogata is !n writt5 ! age & sex 7n ! "n7 ( ! p]son = :om x 0 furni%$2 & :5 ?is has be5 done1 all are return$ to ! p>i%-temple1 & !re burnt1 ) rites ( purification4 ,?us ! community is lu/rat$ e six ,mon?s4 ,9 ! old ,greek & ,lat9 cities lu/ration 0 accompani$ ) regi/ration4 ,! att5dance ( e citiz5 at ! c]emony 0 held to be s necess>y t "o :o wilfully fail$ to att5d might be :ipp$ & sold z a slave4 ,non-att5dance involv$ loss ( civic rights4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,old ,japan also e memb] ( a community 0 oblig$ to be pres5t at ! rite2 b ,i h n be5 able to le>n :e!r any regi/ration 0 made ^u su* occasions4 ,probably x w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s3 ! ,japanese individual 0 n (ficially recogniz$2 ! family-gr\p alone 0 responsible1 & ! att5dance ( ! sev]al memb]s w\ld h be5 assur$ by ! responsibility ( ! gr\p4 ,! use ( ! hitogata1 on :i* ! "n is n writt51 b only ! sex & age #adi ( ! wor%ipp]1 is probably mod]n1 & ( ,*9ese orig94 ,(ficial regi/ration exi/$1 ev5 9 e>ly times2 b x appe>s to h _h no p>ticul> relation to ! o-h>ai2 & ! regi/]s 7 kept1 x seems1 n by ! ,%9to1 b by ! ,buddhi/ p>i%-prie/s 4444 ,9 conclud+ ^! rem>ks ab\t ! o-h>ai1 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t special rites 7 p]=m$ 9 cases ( accid5tal religi\s defilem5t1 & t any p]son judg$ to h s9n$ aga9/ ! rules ( ! public cult _h to submit to c]emonial purification4 ,closely relat$ by orig9 to ! rites ( purification are sundry ascetic practices ( ,%9to4 ,x is n an ess5tially ascetic religion3 x (f]s fle% & w9e to its gods2 & x prescribes only su* =ms ( self-d5ial z anci5t cu/om & dec5cy require4 ,nev]!less1 "s ( its vot>ies p]=m extraord9>y au/]ities on special occasions1--au/]ities :i* always include mu* cold-wat] ba?+4 ,x is n uncommon = ! v f]v5t wor%ipp] to invoke ! gods z he /&s nak$ "u ! ice-cold ru% ( a cat>act 9 midw9t] 4444 ,b ! mo/ curi\s phase ( ?is ,%9to asceticism is repres5t$ by a cu/om /ill preval5t 9 remote di/ricts4 ,accord+ to ?is cu/om a community ye>ly appo9ts "o ( its citiz5s to devote himself :olly to ! gods on behalf ( ! re/4 ,dur+ ! t]m ( 8 consecration1 ?is communal repres5tative #aej mu/ sep>ate f 8 family1 mu/ n approa* wom51 mu/ avoid all places ( amusem5t1 mu/ eat only food cook$ ) sacr$ fire1 mu/ ab/a9 f w9e1 mu/ ba! 9 fre% cold wat] sev]al times a day1 mu/ repeat p>ticul> pray]s at c]ta9 h\rs1 & mu/ keep vigil ^u c]ta9 nights4 ,:5 he has p]=m$ ^! duties ( ab/95ce & purification = ! specifi$ "t1 he becomes religi\sly free2 & ano!r man is !n elect$ to take 8 place4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! settlem5t is suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! exact obs]vance by its repres5tative ( ! duties prescrib$3 %\ld any public mis=tune occur1 he w\ld be suspect$ ( hav+ brok5 8 v[s4 ,anci5tly1 9 ! case ( a common mis=tune1 ! repres5tative 0 put to dea?4 ,9 ! little t[n ( ,mionoseki1 :]e ,i fir/ le>n$ ( ?is cu/om1 ! communal repres5tative is call$ i*i-n5-gannu%i 7"o-ye> god-ma/]72 & 8 full t]m ( vic>i\s atonem5t is twelve mon?s4 ,i 0 told t eld]s are usually appo9t$ = ?is duty1--"y m5 v seldom4 ,9 anci5t times su* a communal repres5tative 0 call$ by a "n signify+ ab/a9]4 ,ref]5ces to ! cu/om h be5 f\nd 9 ,*9ese notices ( ,japan dat+ f a "t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,japanese au!ntic hi/ory4 ,e p]si/5t =m ( ance/or-wor%ip has its #aea sy/em or sy/ems ( div9ation2 & ,%9to exemplifies ! g5]al law4 ,:e!r div9ation ev] obta9$ 9 anci5t ,japan ! (ficial importance :i* x assum$ among ! ,greeks & ! ,romans is at pres5t d\btful4 ,b long be=e ! introduction ( ,*9ese a/rology1 magic1 & =tune-tell+1 ! ,japanese practis$ v>i\s k9ds ( div9ation1 z is prov$ by _! anci5t poetry1 _! records1 & _! rituals4 ,we f9d m5tion also ( (ficial div9]s1 atta*$ to ! great cults4 ,!re 0 div9ation by bones1 by birds1 by rice1 by b>ley-gruel1 by footpr9ts1 by rods plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & by li/5+ 9 public ways to ! spee* ( p pass+ by4 ,ne>ly all--probably all--( ^! old me?ods ( div9ation are /ill 9 popul> use4 ,b ! e>lie/ =m ( (ficial div9ation 0 p]=m$ by scor*+ ! %\ld]-blade ( a de]1 or o!r animal1 & obs]v+ ! cracks produc$ by ! heat499 ,tortoise-%ells 7 aft]w>ds us$ = ! same purpose4 ,div9]s 7 especially atta*$1 x appe>s1 to ! imp]ial palace2 & ,mot[ori1 writ+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 speaks ( div9ation z /ill be+1 9 t epo*1 a "p ( ! imp]ial function4 ,to ! end ( "t1 he said1 ! ,mikado is ! *ild ( ! ,sun-goddess4 ,8 m9d is 9 p]fect h>mony ( ?\ght & feel+ ) h]s4 ,he does n seek out new inv5tions2 b he rules 9 accordance ) prec$5ts :i* date f ! ,age ( ! ,gods2 & if he is ev] 9 d\bt1 he has rec\rse to div9ation1 :i* reveals to him ! m9d ( ! great goddess4 99,conc]n+ ?is =m ( div9ation1 ,sat[ rem>ks t x 0 practis$ by ! ,mongols 9 ! "t ( ,g5ghis ,khan1 & is /ill practis$ by ! ,khirghiz ,t>t>s1--facts ( /rong int]e/ 9 view ( ! probable orig9 ( ! e>ly ,japanese tribes4 ,= in/ances ( anci5t (ficial div9ation see ,a/on's translation ( ! ,nihongi1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeg1 #ahi1 #bbg1 #bii1 #bcg4 #aeb ,)9 hi/oric times at lea/1 div9ation w\ld n seem to h be5 mu* us$ 9 w>f>e1--c]ta9ly n to ! ext5t t x 0 us$ by ! ,greek & ,roman armies4 ,! greate/ ,japanese capta9s1--su* z ,hideyo%i & ,nobunaga--7 decid$ly irrev]5t z to om5s4 ,probably ! ,japanese1 at an e>ly p]iod ( _! long milit>y hi/ory1 le>n$ by exp]i5ce t ! g5]al :o conducts 8 campaign accord+ to om5s mu/ always be at a hopeless disadvantage 9 deal+ ) a skilful enemy :o c>es no?+ ab\t om5s4 ,among ! anci5t popul> =ms ( div9ation :i* /ill survive1 ! mo/ commonly practis$ 9 h\seholds is div9ation by dry rice4 ,= ! public1 ,*9ese div9ation is /ill 9 great fav\r2 b x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! ,japanese =tune-tell] inv>iably invokes ! ,%9to gods be=e consult+ 8 ,*9ese books1 & ma9ta9s a ,%9to %r9e 9 8 reception-room4 #aec ,we h se5 t ! developm5ts ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,japan pres5t rem>kable analogies ) ! developm5ts ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 anci5t ,europe1--especially 9 reg>d to ! public cult1 ) its obligatory rites ( purification4 ,b ,%9to seems nev]!less to repres5t conditions ( ance/or-wor%ip less develop$ ?an ^? :i* we are accu/om$ to associate ) e>ly ,greek & ,roman life2 & ! co]cion :i* x ex]cis$ appe>s to h be5 proportionally m rigid4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! individual wor%ipp] 0 ord]$ n m]ely 9 relation to ! family & ! community1 b ev5 9 relation to inanimate ?+s4 ,:atev] 8 occupation might be1 "s god presid$ ov] x2 :atev] tools he might use1 !y _h to be us$ 9 su* mann] z tradition prescrib$ = all admitt$ to ! craft-cult4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! c>p5t] %\ld s p]=m 8 "w z to hon\r ! deity ( c>p5t]s1--t ! smi? %\ld fulfil 8 daily task s z to hon\r ! god ( ! bell[s1--t ! f>m] %\ld nev] fail 9 respect to ! e>?-god1 & ! food-god1 & ! sc>e-cr[ god1 & ! spirits ( ! trees--ab\t 8 habitation4 ,ev5 ! dome/ic ut5sils 7 sacr$3 ! s]vant c\ld n d>e to =get ! pres5ce ( ! deities ( ! cook+-range1 ! he>?1 ! cauldron1 ! brazi]1--or ! supreme necessity ( keep+ ! fire pure4 ,! pr(essions1 n less #aed ?an ! trades1 7 "u div9e patronage3 ! physician1 ! tea*]1 ! arti/--ea* _h 8 religi\s duties to obs]ve1 8 special traditions to obey4 ,! s*ol>1 = example1 c\ld n d>e to treat 8 writ+-implem5ts ) disrespect1 or put writt5 pap] to vulg> uses3 su* conduct w\ld (f5d ! god ( calligraphy4 ,nor 7 wom5 rul$ less religi\sly ?an m5 9 _! v>i\s occupations3 ! sp9n]s & weav+-maid5s 7 b\nd to rev]e ! ,weav+-goddess & ! ,goddess ( ,silkworms2 ! sew+-girl 0 taught to respect h] ne$les2 & 9 all homes !re 0 obs]v$ a c]ta9 holiday ^u :i* (f]+s 7 made to ! ,spirits ( ,ne$les4 ,9 ,samurai families ! w>rior 0 comm&$ to consid] 8 arm\r & 8 weapons z holy ?+s3 to keep !m 9 beautiful ord] 0 an obligation ( :i* ! neglect might br+ mis=tune 9 ! "t ( combat2 & on c]ta9 days (f]+s 7 set be=e ! b[s & spe>s1 arr[s & swords1 & o!r w>-implem5ts1 9 ! alcove ( ! family gue/-room4 ,g>d5s1 too1 7 holy2 & !re 7 rules to be obs]v$ 9 _! managem5t1 le/ (f5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! gods ( trees & fl[]s4 ,c>efulness1 cleanl9ess1 du/lessness1 7 ev]y:]e en=c$ z religi\s obligations4 444 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ 9 ^! latt] days t ! ,japanese d n keep _! public (fices1 _! railway /ations1 _! new factory-build+s1 #aee ?us scrupul\sly clean4 ,b edifices built =eign /yle1 ) =eign mat]ial1 "u =eign sup]vision1 & contr>y to e local tradition1 mu/ seem to old-fa%ion$ ?9k+ ,god-=sak5 places2 & s]vants amid su* unhall[$ surr\nd+s d n feel ! invisible ab\t !m1 ! weight ( pi\s cu/om1 ! sil5t claim ( beautiful & simple ?+s to human respect4 #aef #aeg ,,! ,,rule ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,x %\ld n[ be evid5t to ! read] t ! e?ics ( ,%9to 7 all compris$ 9 ! doctr9e ( unqualifi$ ob$i5ce to cu/oms orig9at+1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! family cult4 ,e?ics 7 n diff]5t f religion2 religion 0 n diff]5t f gov]nm5t2 & ! v ^w = gov]nm5t signifi$ matt]s-(-religion4 ,all gov]nm5t c]emonies 7 prec$$ by pray] & sacrifice2 & f ! highe/ rank ( society to ! l[e/ e p]son 0 subject to ! law ( tradition4 ,to obey 0 piety2 to disobey 0 impi\s2 & ! rule ( ob$i5ce 0 en=c$ ^u ea* individual by ! w ( ! community to :i* he belong$4 ,anci5t morality consi/$ 9 ! m9ute obs]vance ( rules ( conduct reg>d+ ! h\sehold1 ! community1 & ! high] au?ority4 ,b ^! rules ( behavi\r mo/ly repres5t$ ! outcome ( social exp]i5ce2 & x 0 sc>cely possible to obey !m fai?fully1 & yet to rema9 a bad man4 ,!y comm&$ rev]5ce t[>d ! ,unse51 respect = au?ority1 affection to p>5ts1 #aeh t5d]ness to wife & *ildr51 k9dness to neighb\rs1 k9dness to dep5dants1 dilig5ce & exactitude 9 lab\r1 ?rift & cleanl9ess 9 habit4 ,?\gh at fir/ morality signifi$ no m ?an ob$i5ce to tradition1 tradition itself gradually became id5tifi$ ) true morality4 ,to imag9e ! consequ5t social condition is1 ( c\rse1 some:at difficult = ! mod]n m9d4 ,among ourselves1 religi\s e?ics & social e?ics h long be5 practically dissociat$2 & ! latt] h become1 ) ! gradual weak5+ ( fai?1 m imp]ative & important ?an ! =m]4 ,mo/ ( u le>n1 soon] or lat] 9 life1 t x is n en\gh to keep ! t5 comm&m5ts1 & t x is mu* less dang]\s to break mo/ ( ! comm&m5ts 9 a quiet way ?an to violate social cu/om4 ,b 9 ,old ,japan !re 0 no di/9ction tol]at$ betwe5 e?ics & cu/om--betwe5 moral requirem5ts & social obligations3 conv5tion id5tifi$ bo?1 & to conceal a brea* ( ei!r 0 impossible1--z privacy did n exi/4 ,moreov] ! unwritt5 comm&m5ts 7 n limit$ to t52 !y 7 numb]$ by hundr$s1 & ! lea/ infr+em5t 0 puni%able1 n m]ely z a blund]1 b z a s94 ,nei!r 9 8 own home nor any:]e else c\ld ! ord9>y p]son d z he pleas$2 & ! extraord9>y p]son 0 "u ! surveillance ( zeal\s dep5dants ^: con/ant duty 0 to reprove any brea* ( usage4 ,! religion capable #aei ( regulat+ e act ( exi/5ce by ! =ce ( common op9ion requires no cate*ism4 ,e>ly moral cu/om mu/ be co]cive cu/om4 ,b z _m habits1 at fir/ pa9fully =m$ "u compulsion only1 become easy ?r\gh con/ant repetition1 & at la/ automatic1 s ! conduct compell$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations by religi\s & civil au?ority1 t5ds ev5tually to become almo/ in/9ctive4 ,mu* dep5ds1 no d\bt1 ^u ! degree to :i* religi\s compulsion is h9d]$ by ext]ior causes1--by long-protract$ w>1 = example1--& 9 ,old ,japan !re 0 int]f]5ce extraord9>y4 ,nev]!less1 ! influ5ce ( ,%9to accompli%$ wond]ful ?+s1--evolv$ a national type ( "* wor?y1 9 _m ways1 ( e>ne/ admiration4 ,! e?ical s5tim5t develop$ 9 t "* diff]$ widely f our own2 b x 0 exactly adapt$ to ! social requirem5ts4 ,= ?is national type ( moral "* 0 inv5t$ ! "n ,yamato-dama%i 7or ,yamato-gokoro71--! ,s\l ( ,yamato 7or ,he>t ( ,yamato71--! appellation ( ! old prov9ce ( ,yamato1 seat ( ! e>ly emp]ors1 be+ figuratively us$ = ! entire c\ntry4 ,we might correctly1 ?\gh less lit]ally1 int]pret ! expression ,yamato-dama%i z ,! ,s\l ( ,old ,japan4 ,x 0 9 ref]5ce to ?is ,s\l ( ,old ,japan t ! great ,%9to s*ol>s ( ! eighte5? #afj & n9ete5? c5turies put =? _! bold ass]tion t consci5ce alone 0 a suffici5t e?ical guide4 ,!y decl>$ ! high quality ( ! ,japanese consci5ce a pro( ( ! div9e orig9 ( ! race4 ,human be+s1 wrote ,mot[ori1 hav+ be5 produc$ by ! spirits ( ! two ,creative ,deities1 are naturally end[$ ) ! k ( :at !y ought to d1 & ( :at !y ought to refra9 f do+4 ,x is unnecess>y = !m to tr\ble _! m9ds ) sy/ems ( morality4 ,if a sy/em ( morals 7 necess>y1 m5 w\ld be inf]ior to animals1--all ( :om are end[$ ) ! k ( :at !y ought to d1 only 9 an inf]ior degree to m5499444 99,all ( ^! extracts are quot$ f ,sat['s great essay on ! ,%9to revival4 ,mabu*i1 at an e>li] day1 _h made a comp>ison betwe5 ,japanese & ,*9ese morality1 greatly to ! disadvantage ( ! latt]4 ,9 anci5t times1 said ,mabu*i1 :5 m5's dispositions 7 /raight=w>d1 a complicat$ sy/em ( morals 0 unnecess>y4 ,x w\ld naturally happ5 t bad actions might be occasionally committ$2 b ! /raight=w>dness ( m5's dispositions w\ld prev5t ! evil f be+ conceal$ & s gr[+ 9 ext5t4 ,s 9 ^? days x 0 unnecess>y to h a doctr9e ( "r & wrong4 ,b ! ,*9ese1 be+ bad at he>t1 9 spite ( ! tea*+ :i* !y got1 7 good #afa only on ! outside2 s _! bad acts became ( su* magnitude t society 0 ?r[n into disord]4 ,! ,japanese1 be+ /raight=w>d1 c\ld d )\t tea*+4 ,mot[ori repeat$ ^! ideas 9 a slightly diff]5t way3 ,x is because ! ,japanese 7 truly moral 9 _! practice1 t1 !y requir$ no !ory ( morals2 & ! fuss made by ! ,*9ese ab\t !oretical morals is ow+ to _! laxity1 9 practice4444 ,to h le>n$ t !re is no ,way e?ical sy/em to be le>n$ & practis$1 is really to h le>n$ to practise ! ,way ( ! ,gods4 ,at a lat] day ,hirata wrote ,le>n to /& 9 awe ( ! ,unse51 & t w prev5t y f do+ wrong4 ,cultivate ! consci5ce implant$ 9 y !n y w nev] w&] f ! ,way4 ,?\gh ! sociologi/ may smile at ^! decl>ations ( moral sup]iority 7especially z bas$ on ! assumption t ! race _h be5 bett] 9 primeval times1 :5 yet fre% f ! h&s ( ! gods71 !re 0 9 !m a gra9 ( tru?4 ,:5 ,mabu*i & ,mot[ori wrote1 ! nation _h be5 long subject$ to a discipl9e ( almo/ incr$ible m9ut5ess 9 detail1 & ( extraord9>y rig\r 9 application4 ,& ?is discipl9e _h actually br\ght into exi/5ce a wond]ful av]age ( "*1--a "* ( surpris+ pati5ce1 unselfi%ness1 hone/y1 k9dl9ess1 & docility comb9$ ) high c\rage4 ,b only ! evolutioni/ #afb c imag9e :at ! co/ ( develop+ t "* mu/ h be54 ,x is necess>y "h to obs]ve t ! discipl9e to :i* ! nation _h be5 subject$ up to ! age ( ! great ,%9to writ]s1 seems to h _h a curi\s evolutional hi/ory ( its own4 ,9 primitive times x _h be5 mu* less uni=m1 less complex1 less m9utely organiz$1 ?\gh n less implacable2 & x _h cont9u$ to develop & elaborate m & m ) ! gr[? & consolidation ( society1 until1 "u ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate ! possible maximum ( regulation 0 rea*$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! yoke _h be5 made heavi] & heavi] 9 proportion to ! gr[? ( ! national /r5g?1--9 proportion to ! p[] ( ! p to be> x4444 ,we h se5 t1 f ! beg9n+ ( ?is civilization1 ! :ole life ( ! citiz5 0 ord]$ = him3 8 occupation1 8 m>riage1 8 rights ( fa!rhood1 8 rights to hold or to dispose ( prop]ty1--all ^! matt]s 7 settl$ by religi\s cu/om4 ,we h also se5 t outside z well z inside ( 8 home1 8 actions 7 "u sup]vision1 & t a s+le grave brea* ( usage might cause 8 social ru91--9 :i* case he w\ld be giv5 to und]/& t he 0 n m]ely a social1 b also a religi\s (f5d]2 t ! communal god 0 angry ) him2 & t to p>don 8 fault might #afc provoke ! div9e v5geance aga9/ ! entire settlem5t4 ,b x yet rema9s to be se5 :at rights 7 left him by ! c5tral au?ority rul+ 8 di/rict1--:i* au?ority repres5t$ a ?ird =m ( religi\s despotism f :i* !re 0 no appeal 9 ord9>y cases4 ,mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! old laws & cu/oms h n yet be5 collect$ 9 suffici5t quantity to yield u full in=mation z to ! conditions ( all classes be=e ,meiji4 ,b a great deal ( preci\s "w has be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is direction by ,am]ican s*ol>s2 & ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,wigmore & ( ! late ,dr4 ,simmons h furni%$ docum5t>y evid5ce f :i* mu* c be le>n$ ab\t ! legal /atus ( ! masses dur+ ! ,tokugawa p]iod4 ,?is1 z ,i h said1 0 ! p]iod ( ! mo/ elaborat$ regulation4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! p 7 controll$ c be be/ inf]r$ f ! nature & numb] ( ! sumptu>y laws to :i* !y 7 subject$4 ,sumptu>y laws 9 ,old ,japan probably exce$$ 9 multitude & m9ut5ess any?+ ( :i* ,we/]n legal hi/ory yields record4 ,rigidly z ! family-cult dictat$ behavi\r 9 ! home1 /rictly z ! commune en=c$ its /&>ds ( communal duty1--j s rigidly & /rictly did ! rul]s ( ! nation dictate h[ ! individual--man1 woman1 or *ild--%\ld dress1 walk1 sit1 #afd speak1 "w1 eat1 dr9k4 ,amusem5ts 7 n less unm]cifully regulat$ ?an 7 lab\rs4 ,e class ( ,japanese society 0 "u sumptu>y regulation1--! degree ( regulation v>y+ 9 diff]5t c5turies2 & ?is k9d ( legislation appe>s to h be5 e/abli%$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,x is record$ t1 9 ! ye> #fha ,a4,d41 ! ,emp]or ,temmu regulat$ ! co/umes ( all classes1--f ! ,pr9ces ( ! ,blood d[n to ! common p1--& ! we>+ ( headdresses & girdles1 z well z ( all k9ds ( col\r$ /uffs1--accord+ to a scale499 99 ,see ,nihongi ,a/on's translation1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdc1 #cdi1 #cej4 ,! co/umes & ! col\rs to be worn by prie/s & nuns _h be5 already fix$1 by an edict issu$ 9 #fgi ,a4,d4 ,aft]w>ds ^! regulations 7 greatly multipli$ & detail$4 ,b x 0 "u ! ,tokugawa rul]s1 a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 t sumptu>y laws obta9$ _! mo/ rem>kable developm5t2 & ! nature ( !m is be/3 indicat$ by ! regulations apply+ to ! peasantry4 ,e detail ( ! f>m]'s exi/5ce 0 prescrib$ = by law1--f ! size1 =m1 & co/ ( 8 dwell+1 d[n ev5 to su* trifl+ matt]s z ! numb] & ! quality ( ! di%es to be s]v$ to him at meal-times4 ,a f>m] ) an income ( #ajj koku ( rice--7let u say #ij to #ajj p\nds p] annum7--might build a h\se #fj feet long1 b no long]3 he 0 =bidd5 to con/ruct x ) a room conta9+ an alcove2 & he 0 n #afe all[$--except by special p]mission--to ro( x ) tiles4 ,none ( 8 family 7 p]mitt$ to we> silk2 & 9 case ( ! m>riage ( 8 daught] to a p]son legally entitl$ to we> silk1 ! bridegroom 0 to be reque/$ n to we> silk at ! w$d+4 ,?ree k9ds ( vi&s only 7 to be s]v$ at ! w$d+ ( su* a f>m]'s daught] or son2 & ! quality z well z ! quantity ( ! s\p1 fi%1 or sweetmeats (f]$ to ! w$d+-gue/s1 7 legally fix$4 ,s likewise ! numb] ( ! w$d+-gifts3 ev5 ! co/ ( ! pres5ts1 ( rice-w9e & dri$ fi% 0 prescrib$1 & ! quality ( ! s+le fan :i* x 0 p]missible to (f] ! bride4 ,at no "t 0 a f>m] all[$ to make any valuable pres5ts to 8 fri5ds4 ,at a fun]al he might s]ve ! gue/s ) c]ta9 k9ds ( pla9 food2 b if rice-w9e 7 s]v$ x 0 n to be s]v$ 9 w9e-cups1--only 9 s\p-cups6 7,! latt] regulation probably ref]r$ to ,%9to fun]als 9 especial47 ,on ! occasion ( a *ild's bir?1 ! gr&p>5ts 7 all[$ to make only f\r pres5ts 7accord+ to cu/om71--includ+ "o cotton baby-dress2 & ! values ( ! pres5ts 7 fix$4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,boy's ,fe/ival1 ! pres5ts to be giv5 to ! *ild by ! :ole family1 includ+ gr&p>5ts1 7 limit$ by law to "o pap]-flag1 & two toy-spe>s4 444 ,a f>m] ^:1 prop]ty 0 assess$ at #ej koku 0 =bidd5 to #aff build a h\se m ?an #de feet long4 ,at ! w$d+ ( 8 daught] ! gift-girdle 0 n to exce$ #ej s5 9 value2 & x 0 =bidd5 to s]ve m ?an "o k9d ( s\p at ! w$d+-fea/4444 ,a f>m] ) a prop]ty assess$ at #bj koku 0 n all[$ to build a h\se m ?an #cf feet long1 or to use 9 build+ x su* sup]ior qualities ( wood z keyaki or h9oki4 ,! ro( ( 8 h\se 0 to be made ( bamboo-?at* or /raw2 & he 0 /rictly =bidd5 ! com=t ( floor-mats4 ,on ! occasion ( ! w$d+ ( 8 daught] he 0 =bidd5 to h fi% or any roa/$ food s]v$ at ! w$d+-fea/4 ,! wom5 ( 8 family 7 n all[$ to we> lea!r s&als3 !y might we> only /raw-s&als or wood5 clogs2 & ! ?ongs ( ! s&als or ! clogs 7 to be made ( cotton4 ,! wom5 7 fur!r =bidd5 to we> hair-b9d+s ( silk1 or hair-ornam5ts ( tortoise-%ells2 b !y might we> wood5 combs & combs ( bone--n ivory4 ,! m5 7 =bidd5 to we> /ock+s1 & _! s&als 7 to be made ( bamboo499 99,!re are s&als or clogs made ( bamboo-wood1 b ! mean+ "h is bamboo-grass4 ,!y 7 also =bidd5 to use sun-%ades --hi-gasa--or pap]-umbrellas4444 ,a f>m] assess$ at #aj koku 0 =bidd5 to build a h\se m ?an #cj feet long4 ,! wom5 ( 8 family 7 requir$ to we> s&als ) ?ongs ( #afg bamboo-grass4 ,at ! w$d+ ( 8 son or daught] "o pres5t only 0 all[$1--a quilt-*e/4 ,at ! bir? ( 8 *ild "o pres5t only 0 to be made3 namely1 "o toy-spe>1 9 ! case ( a boy2 or "o pap]-doll1 or "o mud-doll1 9 ! case ( a girl444 ,z = ! m un=tunate class ( f>m]s1 hav+ no l& ( _! own1 & (ficially t]m$ mizunomi1 or wat]-dr9k]s1 x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t ^! 7 /ill m sev]ely re/rict$ 9 reg>d to food1 app>el1 etc4 ,!y 7 n ev5 all[$1 = example1 to h a quilt-*e/ z a w$d+-pres5t4 ,b a fair idea ( ! complexity ( ^! humiliat+ re/rictions c only be obta9$ by read+ ! docum5ts publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,wigmore1 :i* *iefly consi/ ( p>agraphs l ^!3-- ,! coll> & ! sleeve-ends ( ! clo!s may be ornam5t$ ) silk1 & an obi 7s(t girdle7 ( silk or crepe-silk may be worn--b n 9 public4 444 ,a family rank+ less ?an #bj koku mu/ use ! ,tak$a-wan 7,tak$a rice-b[l71 & ! ,nikko-z5 7,nikko tray7444 7,^! 7 ut5sils ( ! *eape/ k9d ( lacqu]-w>e47 ,l>ge f>m]s or *iefs ( ,kumi may use umbrellas2 b small f>m]s & f>m-lab\r]s mu/ use only m9o 7/raw-ra9coats71 & broad /raw-hats4 444 ,^! docum5ts publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,wigmore conta9 only ! regulations issu$ = ! daimiate ( ,maizuru2 b regulations equally #afh m9ute & vexati\s appe> to h be5 en=c$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry4 ,9 ,izumo ,i f\nd t1 prior to ,meiji1 !re 7 sumptu>y laws prescrib+ n only ! mat]ial ( ! dresses to be worn by ! v>i\s classes1 b ev5 ! col\rs ( !m1 & ! designs ( ! patt]ns4 ,! size ( rooms1 z well z ! size ( h\ses1 0 fix$ !re by law1--also ! height ( build+s & ( f5ces1 ! numb] ( w9d[s1 ! mat]ial ( con/ruction4444 ,x is difficult = ! ,we/]n m9d to und]/& h[ human be+s c\ld pati5tly submit to laws t regulat$ n only ! size ( "o's dwell+1 & ! co/ ( its furniture1 b ev5 ! sub/ance & "* ( clo?+1--n only ! exp5se ( a w$d+ outfit1 b ! quality ( ! m>riage-fea/1 & ! quality ( ! vessels 9 :i* ! food 0 to be s]v$1--n only ! k9d ( ornam5ts to be worn 9 a woman's hair1 b ! mat]ial ( ! ?ongs ( h] s&als1--n only ! price ( pres5ts to be made to fri5ds1 b ! "* & ! co/ ( ! *eape/ toy to be giv5 to a *ild4 ,& ! peculi> con/itution ( society made x possible to en=ce ?is sumptu>y legislation by communal w2 ! p 7 oblig$ to co]ce !mselves6 ,ea* community1 z we h se51 _h be5 organiz$ 9 gr\ps ( five or m h\seholds1 call$ kumi2 & ! heads ( ! h\seholds =m+ a kumi elect$ "o ( _! numb] z kumi-ga%ira1 or gr\p-*ief1 directly #afi responsible to ! high] au?ority4 ,! kumi 0 acc\ntable = ! conduct ( ea* & all ( its memb]s2 & ea* memb] 0 9 "s sort responsible = ! re/4 ,e memb] ( a kumi1 decl>es "o ( ! docum5ts above m5tion$1 mu/ c>efully wat* ! conduct ( 8 fell[-memb]s4 ,if any "o violates ^! regulations1 )\t due excuse1 he is to be puni%$2 & 8 kumi w also be held responsible4 ,responsible ev5 = ! s]i\s (f5ce ( giv+ m ?an "o pap]-doll to a *ild6 444 ,b we %\ld rememb] t 9 e>ly ,greek & ,roman societies !re 0 mu* legislation ( a simil> k9d4 ,! laws ( ,sp>ta regulat$ ! way 9 :i* a woman %\ld dress h] hair2 ! laws ( ,a!ns fix$ ! numb] ( h] robes4 ,at ,rome1 9 e>ly times1 wom5 7 =bidd5 to dr9k w9e2 & a simil> law exi/$ 9 ! ,greek cities ( ,miletus & ,massilia4 ,9 ,rhodes & ,byzantium ! citiz5 0 =bidd5 to %ave2 9 ,sp>ta he 0 =bidd5 to we> a m\/a*e4 7,i ne$ sc>cely ref] to ! lat] ,roman laws regulat+ ! co/ ( m>riage-fea/s1 & ! numb] ( gue/s t might be invit$ to a banquet2 = ?is legislation 0 direct$ *iefly aga9/ luxury47 ,! a/oni%m5t evok$ by ,japanese sumptu>y laws1 p>ticul>ly z inflict$ ^u ! peasantry1 is ju/ifi$ less by _! g5]al "* ?an by _! implacable m9ut5ess1--_! f]ocity ( detail4444 #agj ,:]e a man's life 0 legally ord]$ ev5 to ! lea/ p>ticul>s1--ev5 to ! quality ( 8 foot-ge> & head-ge>1 ! co/ ( 8 wife's hairp9s1 & ! price ( 8 *ild's doll1--"o c\ld h>dly suppose t fre$om ( spee* w\ld h be5 tol]at$4 ,x did n exi/2 & ! degree to :i* spee* became regulat$ c be imag9$ only by ^? :o h /udi$ ! spok5 tongue4 ,! hi]>*ical organization ( society 0 fai?fully reflect$ 9 ! conv5tional organization ( language1--9 ! ord9ation ( pron\ns1 n\ns1 & v]bs1--9 ! grades conf]r$ ^u adjectives by prefixes or suffixes4 ,) ! same m]ciless exactitude :i* prescrib$ rules = dress1 diet1 & mann] ( life1 all utt]ance 0 regulat$ bo? negatively & positively1--b positively mu* m ?an negatively4 ,!re 0 little insi/5ce ^u :at 0 n to be said2 b rules innum]able decid$ exactly :at %\ld be said1--! ^w to be *os51 ! phrase to be us$4 ,e>ly tra9+ en=c$ caution 9 ?is reg>d3 ev]ybody _h to le>n t only c]ta9 v]bs & n\ns & pron\ns 7 lawful :5 address+ sup]iors1 & o!r words p]missible only :5 speak+ to equals or to inf]iors4 ,ev5 ! un$ucat$ 7 oblig$ to le>n some?+ ab\t ?is4 ,b education cultivat$ a sy/em ( v]bal etiquette s multi=m t only ! tra9+ ( ye>s c\ld enable any "o to ma/] x4 ,among ! #aga high] classes ?is etiquette develop$ almo/ inconceivable complexity4 ,grammatical modifications ( language1 :i*1 by implication1 exalt$ ! p]son address$ or humbly depreciat$ ! p]son address+1 mu/ h come into g5]al use at "s v e>ly p]iod2 b "u subsequ5t ,*9ese influ5ce ^! =ms ( propitiatory spee* multipli$ exce$+ly4 ,f ! ,mikado himself--:o /ill makes use ( p]sonal pron\ns1 or at lea/ pronom9al expressions1 =bidd5 to any o!r mortal--d[n ?r\gh all ! grades ( society1 ea* class _h an ,i peculi>ly its own4 ,( t]ms correspond+ to y or ?\ !re are /ill sixte5 9 use2 b =m]ly !re 7 _m m4 ,!re are yet eight diff]5t =ms ( ! second p]son s+ul> us$ only 9 address+ *ildr51 pupils1 or s]vants499 ,honorific or humble =ms ( n\ns indicat+ relation%ip 7 simil>ly multipli$ & grad$3 !re are /ill 9 use n9e t]ms signify+ fa!r1 n9e t]ms signify+ "m1 elev5 t]ms = wife1 elev5 t]ms = son1 n9e t]ms = daught]1 & sev5 t]ms = husb&4 ,! rules ( ! v]b1 above all1 7 complicat$ by ! exig5cies ( etiquette to a #agb degree ( :i* no idea c be giv5 9 any brief /atem5t4444 ,at n9ete5 or tw5ty ye>s ( age a p]son c>efully tra9$ f *ildhood might h le>n$ all ! necess>y v]bal usages ( respectable society2 b = a ma/]y ( ! etiquette ( sup]ior conv]se _m m ye>s ( /udy & exp]i5ce 7 requir$4 ,) ! unceas+ multiplication ( ranks & classes !re came into exi/5ce a correspond+ v>iety ( =ms ( language3 x 0 possible to asc]ta9 to :at class a man or a woman belong$ by li/5+ to 8 or to h] conv]sation4 ,! writt51 l ! spok5 tongue1 0 regulat$ by /rict conv5tion3 ! =ms us$ by wom5 7 n ^? us$ by m52 & ^? diff]5ces 9 v]bal etiquette aris+ f ! diff]5t tra9+ ( ! sexes result$ 9 ! creation ( a special epi/ol>y /yle1--a woman's language1 :i* rema9s 9 use4 ,& ?is sex-diff]5tiation ( language 0 n conf9$ to lett]-writ+3 !re 0 a woman's language also ( conv]se1 v>y+ accord+ to class4 ,ev5 to-day1 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 an educat$ woman makes use ( words & phrases n employ$ by m54 ,samurai wom5 especially _h _! p>ticul> =ms ( expression 9 feudal times2 & x is /ill possible to decide1 f ! spee* ( any woman br\ght up accord+ to ! old home-tra9+1 :e!r %e belongs to a ,samurai family4 99,! sociologi/ w ( c\rse und]/& t ^! facts are n by any means inconsi/5t ) t v sp>+ use ( pron\ns s amus+ly discuss$ 9 ,p]cival ,l[ell's ,s\l ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,9 societies :]e subjection is extreme !re is an avoidance ( ! use ( p]sonal pron\ns1 ?\gh1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] po9ts out 9 illu/rat+ ?is law1 x is j among su* societies t ! mo/ elaborate di/9ctions 9 pronom9al =ms ( address are to be f\nd4 #agc ,( c\rse ! matt] z well z ! mann] ( conv]se 0 re/rict$2 & ! nature ( ! re/ra9ts ^u free spee* c be inf]r$ f ! nature ( ! re/ra9ts ^u fre$om ( demean\r4 ,demean\r 0 mo/ elaborately & m]cilessly regulat$1 n m]ely z to obeisances1 ( :i* !re 7 c\ntless grades1 v>y+ accord+ to sex z well z class1--b ev5 9 reg>d to facial expression1 ! mann] ( smil+1 ! conduct ( ! brea?1 ! way ( sitt+1 /&+1 walk+1 ris+4 ,ev]ybody 0 tra9$ f infancy 9 ?is etiquette ( expression & deportm5t4 ,at :at p]iod x fir/ became a m>k ( disrespect to betray1 by look or ge/ure1 any feel+ ( grief or pa9 9 ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior1 we _c "k2 !re is reason to believe t ! mo/ p]fect self-control 9 ?is reg>d 0 en=c$ f prehi/oric times4 ,b !re 0 gradually develop$--p>tly1 p]haps1 "u ,*9ese tea*+--a mo/ elaborate code ( deportm5t :i* exact$ v mu* m ?an impassiv5ess4 ,x requir$ n only t any s5se ( ang] or pa9 %\ld be d5i$ all outw>d expression1 b t ! suff]]'s face & mann] %\ld indicate ! contr>y feel+4 ,sull5 submission 0 an (f5ce2 m]e impassive ob$i5ce inadequate3 ! prop] degree ( submission %\ld manife/ itself by a pleasant smile1 & by a s(t & happy tone ( voice4 ,! smile1 h[ev]1 0 also regulat$4 #agd ,"o _h to be c>eful ab\t ! quality ( ! smile3 x 0 a mortal (f5ce1 = example1 s to smile 9 address+ a sup]ior1 t ! back tee? c\ld be se54 ,9 ! milit>y class especially ?is code ( demean\r 0 ru?lessly en=c$4 ,samurai wom5 7 requir$1 l ! wom5 ( ,sp>ta1 to %[ signs ( joy on he>+ t _! husb&s or sons _h fall5 9 battle3 to betray any natural feel+ "u ! circum/ances 0 a grave brea* ( decorum4 ,& 9 all classes demean\r 0 regulat$ s sev]ely t ev5 to-day ! mann]s ( ! p ev]y:]e /ill reveal ! nature ( ! old discipl9e4 ,! /range/ fact is t ! old-fa%ion$ mann]s appe> natural r ?an acquir$1 in/9ctive r ?an made by tra9+4 ,! b[1--! sibilant 9 draw+ ( ! brea? :i* accompanies ! pro/ration1 & is practis$ also 9 pray+ to ! gods1--! position ( ! h&s ^u ! floor 9 ! mom5t ( greet+ or ( f>ewell1--! way ( sitt+ or ris+ or walk+ 9 pres5ce ( a gue/1--! mann] ( receiv+ or pres5t+ any?+1--all ^! ord9>y actions h a *>m ( seem+ naturalness t m]e tea*+ seems incapable ( produc+4 ,& ?is is /ill m true ( ! high] etiquette1--! exquisite etiquette ( ! old-"t tra9+ 9 cultivat$ classes1 --p>ticul>ly z display$ by wom54 ,we mu/ suppose t ! capacity to acquire su* mann]s dep5ds consid]ably ^u inh]itance1--t x c\ld only h #age be5 =m$ by ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( ! race "u discipl9e4 ,:at su* discipl9e1 z reg>ds polit5ess1 mu/ h signifi$ = ! mass ( ! p1 may be inf]r$ f ! enactm5t ( ,iyeyasu au?oriz+ a ,samurai to kill any p]son ( ! ?ree inf]ior classes guilty ( rud5ess4 ,be x obs]v$ t ,iyeyasu 0 c>eful to qualify ! mean+ ( rude3 he said t ! ,japanese t]m = a rude fell[ signifi$ an o!r-?an-expect$ p]son--s t to commit an (f5ce wor?y ( dea? x 0 only necess>y to act 9 an unexpect$ mann]2 t is to say1 contr>y to prescrib$ etiquette3-- ,! ,samurai are ! ma/]s ( ! f\r classes4 ,agriculturi/s1 artizans1 & m]*ants may n behave 9 a rude mann] t[>ds ,samurai4 ,! t]m = a rude man is an 'o!r-?an-expect$ fell['2 & a ,samurai is n to be int]f]$ ) 9 cutt+ d[n a fell[ :o has behav$ to him 9 a mann] o!r ?an is expect$4 ,! ,samurai are gr\p$ into direct reta9]s1 second>y reta9]s1 & nobles & reta9]s ( high & l[ grade2 b ! same l9e ( conduct is equally all[able to !m all t[>ds an o!r-?an-expect$ fell[4--,art4 #de4 ,b !re is little reason to suppose t ,iyeyasu creat$ any new privilege ( slaught]3 he probably did no m ?an confirm by enactm5t c]ta9 long e/abli%$ milit>y rights4 ,/]n rules ab\t ! conduct ( inf]iors to sup]iors w\ld seem to h be5 pitilessly en=c$ long be=e ! rise ( ! #agf milit>y p[]4 ,we read t ! ,emp]or ,yuriaku1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 kill$ a /ew>d = ! misdemean\r ( rema9+ sil5t1 ?r\gh fe>1 :5 spok5 to3 we also f9d x record$ t he /ruck d[n a maid-(-hon\r :o _h br\ght him a cup ( w9e1 & t he w\ld h cut (f h] head b = ! extraord9>y pres5ce ( m9d :i* enabl$ h] to improvise a poetical appeal = m]cy4 ,h] only fault _h be5 t1 9 c>ry+ ! w9e-cup1 %e fail$ to notice t a leaf _h fall5 into x1--probably because c\rt-cu/om oblig$ h] to c>ry ! cup 9 su* a way z n to brea! ^u x2 = emp]ors & high nobles 7 s]v$ aft] ! mann] ( gods4 ,x is true t ,yuriaku 0 9 ! habit ( kill+ p = little mi/akes2 b x is evid5t t1 9 ! cases cit$1 su* mi/akes 7 reg>d$ z brea*es ( long-e/abli%$ decorum4 ,probably be=e z well z aft] ! introduction ( ! ,*9ese p5al codes1--! s-call$ ,m+ & ,ts+ codes1 by :i* ! c\ntry 0 rul$ "u ! ,%oguns1--! bulk ( ! nation 0 lit]ally "u ! rod4 ,common folk 7 puni%$ by cruel :ipp+s = ! mo/ trifl+ (f5ces4 ,= s]i\s (f5ces1 dea? by torture 0 an ord9>y p5alty2 & !re 7 extraord9>y p5alties z savage1 or almo/ z savage1 z ^? e/abli%$ dur+ our own m$ieval p]iod1--#agg burn+s & crucifixions & qu>t]+s & boil+ alive 9 oil4 ,! docum5ts regulat+ ! life ( village-folk d n conta9 any indication ( ! sev]ity ( legal discipl9e3 ! ,kumi-*o decl>ations t su* & su* conduct %all be puni%$ sugge/ no?+ t]rible to ! read] :o has n made himself famili> ) ! anci5t codes4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! t]m puni%m5t 9 a ,japanese legal docum5t might1 signify any?+ f a trifl+ f9e up to burn+ alive4444 ,"s evid5ce ( ! sev]ity us$ to repress qu>rell+ ev5 z late z ! "t ( ,iyeyasu1 may be f\nd 9 a curi\s lett] ( ,capta9 ,s>is1 :o visit$ ,japan 9 #afac4 ,! fir/ ( ,july1 wrote ! ,capta91 two ( our ,company happ5$ to qu>rell ! "o ) ! o!r1 & 7 v likely to haue gone into ! field i4e4 to h f\ght a duel to ! endang]+ ( vs all4 ,= x is a cu/ome "h t :osoev] drawes a weapon 9 ang]1 al?\gh he d noe h>me !re)1 hee is pres5tly cut 9 peeces2 &1 do+ b small hurt1 n only !mselues are s execut$1 b _! :ole g5]ation4 444 ,! lit]al mean+ ( cut 9 peeces he expla9s lat] on1 :5 rec\nt+ 9 ! same lett] an execution t came "u 8 obs]vation3-- ,! eigh?1 ?ree ,iaponians 7 execut$1 viz41 two m5 & "o woman3 ! cause ?is1--! woman1 none ( ! hone/e/ 7h] husb& be+ trauell$ f home7 #agh _h appo9t$ ^! two _! sev]al h\rs to repair vnto h]4 ,! latt] man1 n kn[+ ( ! =m]1 & comm+ 9 be=e ! h\re appo9t$1 f\nd ! fir/ man1 & enrag$ !reat1 he :ipp$ out 8 cattan katana & w\nd$ bo? ( !m v sorely1--hau+ v ne]e hewn ! *9e ( ! mans back 9 two4 ,b z well z hee might he cle>$ himselfe1 & rec\]+ 8 cattan1 w\nd$ ! o!r4 ,! /reet1 tak+ notice ( ! fray1 =?) seas$ vpon !m1 l$ !m aside1 & acqua9t$ ,k+ ,foyne !re)1 & s5t to "k 8 pleasure1 7= accord+ to 8 w1 ! p>tie is execut$71 :o pres5tly gaue ord] t !y %\ld cut (f _! heads3 :i* done1 eu]y man t li/$ 7z v _m did7 came to try ! %>pness ( _! cattans vpon ! corps1 s t1 be=e !y left (f1 !y _h hewne !m all ?ree into peeces z small z a mans h&1--& yet not)/&+1 did n !n giue ov]1 b1 plac+ ! peeces "o vpon ano!r1 w\ld try h[ _m ( !m !y c\ld /rike ?r\gh at a bl[2 & ! peeces are left to ! f[les to deu\re4 4444 ,evid5tly ! execution 0 9 ?is case ord]$ = cause m s]i\s ?an ! (f5ce ( fight+2 b x is true t qu>rels 7 /rictly =bidd5 & rigor\sly puni%$4 ,?\gh privileg$ to cut d[n o!r-?an-expect$ p ( inf]ior rank1 ! milit>y class itself _h to endure a discipl9e ev5 m sev]e ?an t :i* x ma9ta9$4 ,! p5alty = a ^w or a look t displeas$1 or = a trifl+ mi/ake 9 p]=mance ( duty1 might be dea?4 ,9 #agi mo/ cases ! ,samurai 0 p]mitt$ to be 8 own execution]2 & ! "r ( self-de/ruction 0 deem$ a privilege2 b ! obligation to ?ru/ a dagg] deeply into "o's belly on ! left side1 & !n draw ! blade sl[ly & /eadily across to ! "r side1 s z to sev] all ! entrails1 0 c]ta9ly n less cruel ?an ! vulg> puni%m5t ( crucifixion1 or r1 d\ble-transfixion4 ,j z all matt]s relat+ to ! mann] ( ! individual's life 7 regulat$ by law1 s 7 all matt]s relat+ to 8 dea?1--! quality ( 8 c(f91 ! exp5ses ( 8 int]m5t1 ! ord] ( 8 fun]al1 ! =m ( 8 tomb4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury laws 7 pass$ to ! effect t no "o %\ld be buri$ ) unseemly exp5se2 & ^! laws fix$ ! co/ ( fun]als accord+ to rank & grade4 ,subsequ5t edicts decid$ ! dim5sions & mat]ial ( c(f9s1 & ! size ( graves4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury e detail ( fun]als1 = all classes ( p]sons f pr9ce to peasant1 0 fix$ by decree4 ,o!r laws1 & modifications ( laws1 7 made ^u ! subject 9 lat] c5turies2 b !re appe>s to h always be5 a g5]al t5d5cy to extravagance 9 ! matt] ( fun]als1--a t5d5cy s /rong t1 9 spite ( c5turies ( sumptu>y legislation1 x rema9s to-day a social dang]4 ,?is c easily be und]/ood if we rememb] ! beliefs reg>d+ duty to ! dead1 & ! consequ5t #ahj desire to hon\r & to please ! _s ev5 at ! risk ( family impov]i%m5t4 ,mo/ ( ! legislation to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made mu/ appe> to mod]n m9ds tyrannical2 & "s ( ! regulations seem to u /rangely cruel4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 no way ( evad+ or %irk+ ^! obligations ( law & cu/om3 :oev] fail$ to fulfil !m 0 doom$ to p]i% or to become an outca/2 implicit ob$i5ce 0 ! condition ( survival4 ,! t5d5cy ( su* regulation 0 necess>ily to suppress all m5tal & moral diff]5tiation1 to numb p]sonality1 to e/abli% "o uni=m & un*ang+ type ( "*2 & su* 0 ! actual result4 ,to ?is day e ,japanese m9d reveals ! l9es ( t antique m\ld by :i* ! ance/ral m9d 0 compress$ & limit$4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ,japanese psy*ology )\t kn[+ some?+ ( ! laws t help$ to =m x1--or1 r1 to cry/allize x "u pressure4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e?ical effects ( ?is iron discipl9e 7 unque/ionably excell5t4 ,x compell$ ea* succe$+ g5]ation to practise ! frugality ( ! =efa!rs2 & t--compulsion 0 p>tly ju/ifi$ by ! great pov]ty ( ! nation4 ,x r$uc$ ! co/ ( liv+ to a figure f> bel[ our ,we/]n compreh5sion ( ! necess>y2 x cultivat$ sobriety1 simplicity1 economy2 x en=c$ #aha cleanl9ess1 c\rtesy1 & h>dihood4 ,&--/range z ! fact may seem--x did n make ! p mis]able3 !y f\nd ! _w beautiful 9 spite ( all _! tr\ble2 & ! happ9ess ( ! old life 0 reflect$ 9 ! old ,japanese art1 mu* z ! joy\sness ( ,greek life yet laughs to u f ! vase-designs ( =gott5 pa9t]s4 ,& ! explanation is n difficult4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! co]cion 0 n ex]cis$ only f )\t3 x 0 really ma9ta9$ f )94 ,! discipl9e ( ! race 0 self-impos$4 ,! p _h gradually creat$ _! own social conditions1 & !re=e ! legislation cons]v+ ^? conditions2 & !y believ$ t legislation ! be/ possible4 ,!y believ$ x to be ! be/ possible = ! excell5t reason t x _h be5 f\nd$ ^u _! own moral exp]i5ce2 & !y c\ld greatly endure because !y _h great fai?4 ,only religion c\ld h enabl$ any p to be> su* discipl9e )\t deg5]at+ into mopes & c[>ds2 & ! ,japanese nev] s deg5]at$3 ! traditions t compell$ self-d5ial & ob$i5ce1 also cultivat$ c\rage1 & insi/$ ^u *e]fulness4 ,! p[] ( ! rul] 0 unlimit$ because ! p[] ( all ! dead support$ him4 ,laws1 says ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :e!r writt5 or unwritt51 =mulate ! rule ( ! dead ov] ! liv+4 ,9 addition to t p[] :i* pa/ g5]ations ex]cise ov] pres5t g5]ations1 by transmitt+ #ahb _! natures1--bodily & m5tal1--& 9 addition to ! p[] !y ex]cise ov] !m by bequea!d habits & modes ( life1 !re is ! p[] !y ex]cise ?r\gh _! regulations = public conduct1 h&$ d[n orally1 or 9 writ+4444 ,i emphasize ^! tru?s1--he adds1--= ! purpose ( %[+ t !y imply a tacit ance/or-wor%ip4 444 ,( no o!r laws 9 ! hi/ory ( human civilization are ^! obs]vations m true ?an ( ! laws ( ,old ,japan4 ,mo/ /rik+ly did !y =mulate ! rule ( ! dead ov] ! liv+4 ,& ! h& ( ! dead 0 heavy3 x is heavy ^u ! liv+ ev5 to-day4 #ahc ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,buddhism ,! nature ( ! opposition :i* ! anci5t religion ( ,japan c\ld (f] to ! introduction ( any ho/ile ali5 cre$1 %\ld n[ be obvi\s4 ,! family be+ f\nd$ ^u ance/or-wor%ip1 ! commune be+ regulat$ by ance/or-wor%ip1 ! clan-gr\p or tribe be+ gov]n$ by ance/or-wor%ip1 & ! ,supreme ,rul] be+ at once ! high-prie/ & deity ( an ance/ral cult :i* unit$ all ! o!r cults 9 "o common tradition1 x mu/ be evid5t t ! promulgation ( any religion ess5tially oppos$ to ,%9to w\ld h signifi$ no?+ less ?an an attack ^u ! :ole sy/em ( society4 ,consid]+ ^! circum/ances1 x may well seem /range t ,buddhism %\ld h succe$$1 aft] "s prelim9>y /ruggles 7:i* includ$ "o bloody battle71 9 gett+ itself accept$ z a second national fai?4 ,b al?\gh ! orig9al ,buddhi/ doctr9e 0 ess5tially 9 disaccord ) ,%9to beliefs1 ,buddhism _h le>n$ 9 ,india1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,korea1 & 9 div]s adjac5t c\ntries1 h[ to meet ! spiritual ne$s ( peoples ma9ta9+ a p]si/5t ance/or-wor%ip4 #ahd ,intol]ance ( ance/or-wor%ip w\ld h long1 ago result$ 9 ! ext9ction ( ,buddhism2 = its va/ conque/s h all be5 made among ance/or-wor%ipp+ races4 ,nei!r 9 ,india nor 9 ,*9a nor 9 ,korea1--nei!r 9 ,siam nor ,burmah nor ,annam1--did x attempt to ext+ui% ance/or-wor%ip1 ,ev]y:]e x made itself accept$ z an ally1 n[h]e z an enemy1 ( social cu/om4 ,9 ,japan x adopt$ ! same policy :i* _h secur$ its progress on ! cont95t2 & 9 ord] to =m any cle> conception ( ,japanese religi\s conditions1 ?is fact mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,z ! olde/ extant ,japanese texts--) ! probable exception ( "s ,%9to rituals--date f ! eigh? c5tury1 x is only possible to surmise ! social conditions ( t e>li] epo* 9 :i* !re 0 no =m ( religion b ance/or-wor%ip4 ,only by imag9+ ! abs5ce ( all ,*9ese & ,korean influ5ces1 c we =m "s vague idea ( ! /ate ( ?+s :i* exi/$ dur+ ! s-call$ ,age ( ! ,gods1--& x is difficult to decide at :at p]iod ^! influ5ces began to op]ate4 ,confucianism appe>s to h prec$$ ,buddhism by a consid]able int]val2 & its progress1 z an organiz+ p[]1 0 mu* m rapid4 ,buddhism 0 fir/ introduc$ f ,korea1 ab\t #eeb ,a4,d42 b ! mission accompli%$ little4 ,by ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury #ahe ! :ole fabric ( ,japanese adm9i/ration _h be5 reorganiz$ ^u ! ,*9ese plan1 "u ,confucian influ5ce2 b x 0 n until well into ! n9? c5tury t ,buddhism really began to spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,ev5tually x ov]-%ad[$ ! national life1 & col\r$ all ! national ?\ght4 ,yet ! extraord9>y cons]vatism ( ! anci5t ance/or-cult--its inh]5t p[] ( resi/+ fusion--0 exemplifi$ by ! read9ess ) :i* ! two religions fell ap>t on ! dise/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism 9 #ahga4 ,aft] hav+ be5 lit]ally ov]laid by ,buddhism = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s1 ,%9to imm$iately reassum$ its ar*aic simplicity1 & ree/abli%$ ! unalt]$ =ms ( its e>lie/ rites4 ,b ! attempt ( ,buddhism to absorb ,%9to seem$ at "o p]iod to h almo/ succe$$4 ,! me?od ( ! absorption is said to h be5 devis$1 ab\t ! ye> #hjj1 by ! fam\s f\nd] ( ! ,%+on sect1 ,kukai or ,kobodai%i 7z he is popul>ly call$71 :o fir/ decl>$ ! high] ,%9to gods to be inc>nations ( v>i\s ,buddhas4 ,b 9 ?is matt]1 ( c\rse1 ,kobodai%i 0 m]ely foll[+ prec$5ts ( ,buddhi/ policy4 ,"u ! "n ( ,ryobu-,%9to199 ! new comp\nd ( ,%9to & ,buddhism obta9$ imp]ial approval & support4 99,! t]m ,ryobu signifies two-dep>tm5ts or two religions4 ,!reaft]1 9 hundr$s ( #ahf places1 ! two religions 7 domicil$ )9 ! same prec9ct--sometimes ev5 )9 ! same build+3 !y seem$ to h be5 v]itably amalgamat$4 ,& nev]!less !re 0 no real fusion2--aft] t5 c5turies ( su* contact !y sep>at$ aga91 z lightly z if !y _h nev] t\*$4 ,x 0 only 9 ! dome/ic =m ( ! ance/or-cult t ,buddhism really affect$ p]man5t modifications2 yet ev5 ^! 7 nei!r fundam5tal nor univ]sal4 ,9 c]ta9 prov9ces !y 7 n made2 & almo/ ev]y:]e a consid]able "p ( ! population pref]r$ to foll[ ! ,%9to =m ( ! ance/or-cult4 ,yet ano!r l>ge class ( p]sons1 conv]ts to ,buddhism1 cont9u$ to pr(ess ! old] cre$ z well2 &1 :ile practis+ _! ance/or-wor%ip accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ rite1 ma9ta9$ sep>ately also ! dome/ic wor%ip ( ! eld] gods4 ,9 mo/ ,japanese h\ses to-day1 ! god-%elf & ! ,buddhi/ %r9e c bo? be f\nd2 bo? cults be+ ma9ta9$ "u ! same ro(499 444 ,b ,i am m5tion+ ^! facts only z illu/rat+ ! cons]vative vitality ( ,%9to1 n z indicat+ any weakness 9 ! ,buddhi/ propag&a4 ,unque/ionably ! influ5ce :i* ,buddhism ex]t$ ^u ,japanese #ahg civilization 0 imm5se1 pr(\nd1 multi=m1 incalculable2 & ! only wond] is t x %\ld n h be5 able to /ifle ,%9to =ev]4 ,to /ate1 z v>i\s writ]s h c>elessly /at$1 t ,buddhism became ! popul> religion1 :ile ,%9to rema9$ ! (ficial religion1 is altoge!r mislead+4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,buddhism became z mu* an (ficial religion z ,%9to itself1 & influ5c$ ! lives ( ! highe/ classes n less ?an ! lives ( ! poor4 ,x made monks ( ,emp]ors1 & nuns ( _! daught]s2 x decid$ ! conduct ( rul]s1 ! nature ( decrees1 & ! adm9i/ration ( laws4 ,9 e community ! ,buddhi/ p>i%-prie/ 0 a public (ficial z well z a spiritual tea*]3 he kept ! p>i% regi/]1 & made report to ! au?orities ^u local matt]s ( importance4 99,! ance/or-wor%ip & ! fun]al rites are ,buddhi/1 z a g5]al rule1 if ! family be ,buddhi/2 b ! ,%9to gods are also wor%ipp$ 9 mo/ ,buddhi/ h\seholds1 except ^? atta*$ to ! ,%9 sect4 ,_m foll[]s ( ev5 ! ,%9 sect1 h[ev]1 appe> to foll[ ! anci5t religion likewise2 & !y h _! ,ujigami4 ,by introduc+ ! love ( le>n+1 ,confucianism _h p>tly prep>$ ! way = ,buddhism4 ,z e>ly ev5 z ! fir/ c5tury !re 7 "s ,*9ese s*ol>s 9 ,japan2 b x 0 t[>d ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury t ! /udy ( ,*9ese lit]ature fir/ really became fa%ionable among ! rul+ classes4 ,confucianism1 h[ev]1 did n repres5t a new religion3 x 0 a sy/em ( e?ical tea*+s f\nd$ ^u an ance/or-wor%ip mu* l t ( ,japan4 ,:at x _h to (f] 0 a k9d ( social philosophy1--an explanation ( ! #ahh et]nal reason ( ?+s4 ,x re9=c$ & exp&$ ! doctr9e ( filial piety2 x regulat$ & elaborat$ preexi/+ c]emonial2 & x sy/ematiz$ all ! e?ics ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! education ( ! rul+ classes x became a great p[]1 & has s rema9$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,its doctr9es 7 humane1 9 ! be/ mean+ ( ! ^w2 & /rik+ evid5ce ( its humaniz+ effect on gov]nm5t policy may be f\nd 9 ! laws & ! maxims ( t wise/ ( ,japanese rul]s--,iyeyasu4 ,b ! religion ( ! ,buddha br\ght to ,japan ano!r & a wid] humaniz+ influ5ce1--a new gospel ( t5d]ness1--toge!r ) a multitude ( new beliefs t 7 able to accommodate !mselves to ! old1 9 spite ( fundam5tal dissimil>ity4 ,9 ! highe/ mean+ ( ! t]m1 x 0 a civiliz+ p[]4 ,besides tea*+ new respect = life1 ! duty ( k9dness to animals z well z to all human be+s1 ! consequ5ce ( pres5t acts ^u ! conditions ( a future exi/5ce1 ! duty ( resignation to pa9 z ! inevitable result ( =gott5 error1 x actually gave to ,japan ! arts & ! indu/ries ( ,*9a4 ,ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 engrav+1 pr9t+1 g>d5+--9 %ort1 e art & indu/ry t help$ to make life beautiful--develop$ fir/ 9 ,japan "u ,buddhi/ tea*+4 ,!re are _m =ms ( ,buddhism2 & 9 #ahi mod]n ,japan !re are twelve pr9cipal ,buddhi/ sects2 b1 = pres5t purposes1 x w be en\gh to speak1 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 ( popul> ,buddhism only1 z di/+ui%$ f philosophical ,buddhism1 :i* ,i %all t\* ^u 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! high] ,buddhism c\ld n1 at any "t or 9 any c\ntry1 h _h a l>ge popul> foll[+2 & x is a mi/ake to suppose t its p>ticul> doctr9es--su* z ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana--7 taught to ! common p4 ,only su* =ms ( doctr9e 7 prea*$ z c\ld be made intelligible & attractive to v simple m9ds4 ,!re is a ,buddhi/ prov]b3 ,fir/ obs]ve ! p]son2 !n prea* ! ,law1--t is to say1 ,adapt y\r in/ruction to ! capacity ( ! li/5]4 ,9 ,japan1 z 9 ,*9a1 ,buddhism _h to adapt its in/ruction to ! m5tal capacity ( l>ge classes ( p yet unaccu/om$ to ab/ract ideas4 ,ev5 to ?is day ! masses d n "k s mu* z ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,nirvana 7,nehan73 !y h be5 taught only ! simpl] =ms ( ! religion2 & 9 dwell+ ^u ^!1 x w be ne$less to consid] diff]5ces ( sect & dogma4 ,to appreciate ! direct influ5ce ( ,buddhi/ tea*+ ^u ! m9ds ( ! common p1 we mu/ rememb] t 9 ,%9to !re 0 no doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 ! spirits ( ! dead1 accord+ to anci5t ,japanese ?9k+1 cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ! _w3 !y #aij m+l$ someh[ ) ! viewless =ces ( nature1 & act$ ?r\gh !m4 ,ev]y?+ happ5$ by ! ag5cy ( ^! spirits--evil or good4 ,^? :o _h be5 wick$ 9 life rema9$ wick$ aft] dea?2 ^? :o _h be5 good 9 life became good gods aft] dea?2 b all 7 to be propitiat$4 ,no idea ( future rew>d or puni%m5t exi/$ be=e ! com+ ( ,buddhism3 !re 0 no notion ( any heav5 or hell4 ,! happ9ess ( gho/s & gods alike 0 suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! wor%ip & ! (f]+s ( ! liv+4 ,) ^! anci5t beliefs ,buddhism attempt$ to int]f]e only by exp&+ & exp\nd+ !m1--by int]pret+ !m 9 a totally new light4 ,modifications 7 effect$1 b no suppressions3 we might ev5 say t ,buddhism accept$ ! :ole body ( ! old beliefs4 ,x 0 true1 ! new tea*+ decl>$1 t ! dead cont9u$ to exi/ invisibly2 & x 0 n wrong to suppose t !y became div9ities1 s9ce all ( !m 7 de/9$1 soon] or lat]1 to ent] ^u ! way to ,buddhahood--! div9e condition4 ,buddhism ackn[l$g$ likewise ! great] gods ( ,%9to1 ) all _! attributes & dignities1--decl>+ !m inc>nations ( ,buddhas or ,bodhisattvas3 ?us ! goddess ( ! sun 0 id5tifi$ ) ,dai-,ni*i-,nyorai 7! ,ta?agata ,mahavairokana72 ! deity ,ha*iman 0 id5tifi$ ) ,amida 7,amitabha74 ,nor did ,buddhism d5y ! exi/5ce ( gobl9s #aia & evil gods3 ^! 7 id5tifi$ ) ! ,pretas & ! ,m]akayikas2 & ! ,japanese popul> t]m = gobl91 ,ma1 to-day rem9ds u ( ?is id5tification4 ,z = wick$ gho/s1 !y 7 to be ?\ght ( z ,pretas only1--,gaki1--self-doom$ by ! errors ( =m] lives to ! ,circle ( ,p]petual ,hung]4 ,! anci5t sacrifices to ! v>i\s gods ( disease & pe/il5ce--gods ( fev]1 small-pox1 dys5t]y1 consumption1 c\ghs1 & colds--7 cont9u$ ) ,buddhi/ approval2 b conv]ts 7 bidd5 to consid] su* malefic5t be+s z ,pretas1 & to pres5t !m ) only su* food-(f]+s z are be/[$ ^u ,pretas--n = propitiation1 b = ! purpose ( reliev+ gho/ly pa94 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( ! ance/ral spirits1 ,buddhism prescrib$ t ! pray]s to be repeat$ 7 to be said = ! sake ( ! haunt]s1 r ?an to !m4444 ,! read] may be rem9d$ ( ! fact t ,roman ,ca?olicism1 by mak+ a simil> provision1 /ill practically tol]ates a cont9uance ( ! anci5t ,european ance/or-wor%ip4 ,& we _c consid] t wor%ip ext9ct 9 any ( ^? ,we/]n c\ntries :]e ! peasants /ill fea/ _! dead ^u ! ,night ( ,all ,s\ls4 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 did m ?an tol]ate ! old rites4 ,x cultivat$ & elaborat$ !m4 ,"u its tea*+ a new & beautiful =m ( ! dome/ic cult came into exi/5ce2 & all ! #aib t\*+ poetry ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 mod]n ,japan c be trac$ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,buddhi/ mission>ies4 ,?\gh ceas+ to reg>d _! dead z gods 9 ! anci5t s5se1 ! ,japanese conv]ts 7 enc\rag$ to believe 9 _! pres5ce1 & to address !m 9 t]ms ( rev]5ce & affection4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! doctr9e ( ,pretas gave new =ce to ! anci5t fe> ( neglect+ ! dome/ic rites4 ,gho/s unlov$ might n become evil gods 9 ! ,%9to mean+ ( ! t]m2 b ! malevol5t ,gaki 0 ev5 m to be dread$ ?an ! malevol5t ,kami1--= ,buddhism def9$ 9 appall+ ways ! nature ( ! ,gaki's p[] to h>m4 ,9 v>i\s ,buddhi/ fun]al-rites1 ! dead are actually address$ z ,gaki1--be+s to be piti$ b also to be fe>$1--mu* ne$+ human sympa?y & succ\r1 b able to recomp5se ! food-giv] by gho/ly help4 ,"o p>ticul> attraction ( ,buddhi/ tea*+ 0 its simple & +5i\s int]pretation ( nature4 ,c\ntless matt]s :i* ,%9to _h nev] attempt$ to expla91 & c\ld n h expla9$1 ,buddhism exp\nd$ 9 detail1 ) mu* app>5t consi/5cy4 ,its explanations ( ! my/]ies ( bir?1 life1 & dea? 7 at once consol+ to pure m9ds1 & :olesomely discom=t+ to bad consci5ces4 ,x taught t ! dead 7 happy or unhappy n directly because ( ! att5tion or ! #aic neglect %[n !m by ! liv+1 b because ( _! pa/ conduct :ile 9 ! body499 ,x did n attempt to tea* ! high] doctr9e ( successive rebir?s1--:i* ! p c\ld n possibly h und]/ood1--b ! m]ely symbolic doctr9e ( transmigration1 :i* ev]ybody c\ld und]/&4 ,to die 0 n to melt back into nature1 b to be re9c>nat$2 & ! "* ( ! new body1 z well z ! conditions ( ! new exi/5ce1 w\ld dep5d ^u ! quality ( "o's de$s & ?\ghts 9 ! pres5t body4 ,all /ates & conditions ( be+ 7 ! consequ5ce ( pa/ actions4 ,su* a man 0 n[ ri* & p[]ful1 because 9 previ\s lives he _h be5 g5]\s & k9dly2 su* ano!r man 0 n[ sickly & poor1 because 9 "s previ\s exi/5ce he _h be5 s5sual & selfi%4 ,?is woman 0 happy 9 h] husb& & h] *ildr51 because 9 ! "t ( a =m] bir? %e _h prov$ h]self a lov+ daught] & a fai?ful sp\se2 ?is o!r 0 wret*$ & *ildless1 because 9 "s ant]ior exi/5ce %e _h be5 a jeal\s wife & a cruel "m4 ,to hate y\r enemy1 ! ,buddhi/ prea*] w\ld proclaim1 is #aid fooli% z well z wrong3 he is n[ y\r enemy only because ( "s trea*]y t y practis$ ^u him 9 a previ\s life1 :5 he desir$ to be y\r fri5d4 ,resign y\rself to ! injury :i* he n[ does y accept x z ! expiation ( y\r =gott5 fault444 ,! girl :om y hop$ to m>ry has be5 refus$ y by h] p>5ts1--giv5 away to ano!r4 ,b once1 9 ano!r exi/5ce1 %e 0 y\rs by promise2 & y broke ! pl$ge !n giv54444 ,pa9ful inde$ ! loss ( y\r *ild2 b ?is loss is ! consequ5ce ( hav+1 9 "s =m] life1 refus$ affection :]e affection 0 due4444 ,maim$ by mi%ap1 y c no long] e>n y\r liv+ z be=e4 ,yet ?is mi%ap is really due to ! fact t 9 "s previ\s exi/5ce y wantonly inflict$ bodily injury4 ,n[ ! evil ( y\r own act has return$ ^u y3 rep5t ( y\r crime1 & pray t its ,k>ma may be exhau/$ by ?is pres5t suff]+4 444 ,all ! sorr[s ( m5 7 ?us expla9$ & consol$4 ,life 0 exp\nd$ z repres5t+ b "o /age ( a measureless j\rney1 ^: way /ret*$ back ?r\gh all ! night ( ! pa/1 & =w>d ?r\gh all ! my/]y ( ! future1--out ( et]nities =gott5 into ! et]nities to be2 & ! _w itself 0 to be ?\ght ( only z a travell]'s re/+-place1 an inn by ! roadside4 99,! read] w d\btless wond] h[ ,buddhism c\ld reconcile its doctr9e ( successive rebir?s ) ! ideas ( ance/or-wor%ip1 ,if "o di$ only to be born aga91 :at c\ld be ! use ( (f]+ food or address+ any k9d ( pray] to ! re9c>nat$ _s8 ,?is difficulty 0 met by ! tea*+ t ! dead 7 n imm$iately reborn 9 mo/ cases1 b ent]$ into a p>ticul> condition call$ ,*u-,u4 ,!y might rema9 9 ?is disembodi$ condition = ! "t ( "o hundr$ ye>s1 aft] :i* !y 7 re9c>nat$4 ,! ,buddhi/ s]vices = ! dead are consequ5tly limit$ to ! "t ( "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,in/ead ( prea*+ to ! p ab\t ,nirvana1 #aie ,buddhism disc\rs$ to !m ( blisses to be won & pa9s to be avoid$3 ! ,p>adise ( ,amida1 ,"l ( ,immeasurable ,light2 ! eight hot hells call$ ,to-kwatsu1 & ! eight icy hells call$ ,abuda4 ,on ! subject ( future puni%m5t ! tea*+ 0 v horrible3 ,i %\ld advise no "o ( delicate n]ves to read ! ,japanese1 or r ! ,*9ese acc\nts ( hell4 ,b hell 0 ! p5alty = supreme wick$ness only3 x 0 n et]nal2 & ! demons !mselves w\ld at la/ be sav$4444 ,heav5 0 to be ! rew>d ( good de$s3 ! rew>d might inde$ be delay$1 ?r\gh _m successive rebir?s1 by reason ( l+]+ ,k>ma2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x might be atta9$ by virtue ( a s+le holy act 9 ?is pres5t life4 ,besides1 prior to ! p]iod ( supreme rew>d1 ea* succe$+ rebir? c\ld be made happi] ?an ! prec$+ "o by p]si/5t ef=t 9 ! holy ,way4 ,ev5 z reg>d$ conditions 9 ?is transitory _w1 ! results ( virtu\s conduct 7 n to be despis$4 ,! begg> ( to-day might to-morr[ be reborn 9 ! palace ( a daimyo2 ! bl9d %ampoo] might become1 9 8 v next life1 an imp]ial m9i/]4 ,always ! recomp5se w\ld be proportionate to ! sum ( m]it4 ,9 ?is l[] _w to practise ! highe/ virtue 0 difficult2 & ! great rew>ds 7 h>d to w94 ,b = all good de$s a recomp5se 0 sure2 & !re 0 no "o :o c\ld n acquire m]it4 #aif ,ev5 ! ,%9to doctr9e ( consci5ce--! god-giv5 s5se ( "r & wrong--0 n d5i$ by ,buddhism4 ,b ?is consci5ce 0 int]pret$ z ! ess5tial wisdom ( ! ,buddha dormant 9 e human creature1--wisdom d>k5$ by ignorance1 clogg$ by desire1 fett]$ by ,k>ma1 b de/9$ soon] or lat] to fully awak51 & to flood ! m9d ) light4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,buddhi/ tea*+ ( ! duty ( k9dness to all liv+ creatures1 & ( pity = all suff]+1 _h a p[]ful effect ^u national habit & cu/om1 long be=e ! new religion f\nd g5]al acceptance4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #fge1 a decree 0 issu$ by ! ,emp]or ,temmu =bidd+ ! p to eat ! fle% ( k9e1 horses1 dogs1 monkeys1 or b>n-door f[ls1 & prohibit+ ! use ( traps or ! mak+ ( pitfalls 9 cat*+ game499 99,see ,a/on's translation ( ! ,nihongi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cbi4 ,! fact t all k9ds ( fle%-meat 7 n =bidd5 is probably expla9$ by ?is ,emp]or's zeal = ! ma9t5ance ( bo? cre$s2--an absolute prohibition might h int]f]$ ) ,%9to usages1 & w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 incompatible ) ,%9to traditions4 ,b1 al?\gh fi% nev] ceas$ to be an article ( food = ! laity1 we may say t f ab\t ?is "t ! mass ( ! nation ab&on$ its habits ( diet1 & =swore ! eat+ ( meat1 9 accordance ) #aig ,buddhi/ tea*+4444 ,?is tea*+ 0 bas$ ^u ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( all s5ti5t exi/5ce4 ,buddhism expla9$ ! :ole visible _w by its doctr9e ( ,k>ma1--simplify+ t doctr9e s z to adapt x to popul> compreh5sion4 ,! =ms ( all creatures1--bird1 reptile1 or mammal2 insect or fi%1--repres5t$ only diff]5t results ( ,k>ma3 ! gho/ly life 9 ea* 0 "o & ! same2 &1 9 ev5 ! l[e/1 "s sp>k ( ! div9e exi/$4 ,! frog or ! s]p5t1 ! bird or ! bat1 ! ox or ! horse1--all _h _h1 at "s pa/ "t1 ! privilege ( human 7p]haps ev5 sup]human7 %ape3 _! pres5t conditions repres5t$ only ! consequ5ce ( anci5t faults4 ,any human be+ also1 by reason ( l faults1 might h]eaft] be r$uc$ to ! same dumb /ate1--might be reborn z a reptile1 a fi%1 a bird1 or a bea/ ( burd54 ,! consequ5ce ( wanton cruelty to any animal might cause ! p]petrator ( t cruelty to be reborn z an animal ( ! same k9d1 de/9$ to suff] ! same cruel treatm5t4 ,:o c\ld ev5 be sure t ! goad$ ox1 ! ov]-driv5 horse1 or ! slaught]$ bird1 _h n =m]ly be5 a human be+ ( close/ k91--ance/or1 p>5t1 bro!r1 si/]1 or *ild8 444 ,n by words only 7 all ^! ?+s taught4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,%9to _h no art3 its gho/-h\ses1 sil5t & void1 7 n ev5 #aih decorat$4 ,b ,buddhism br\ght 9 its tra9 all ! arts ( c>v+1 pa9t+1 & decoration4 ,! images ( its ,bodhisattvas1 smil+ 9 gold1--! figures ( its heav5ly gu>dians & inf]nal judges1 its fem99e angels & mon/r\s demons1--mu/ h />tl$ & amaz$ imag9ations yet unaccu/om$ to any k9d ( art4 ,great pa9t+s hung 9 ! temples1 & frescoes limn$ ^u _! walls or ceil+s1 expla9$ bett] ?an words ! doctr9e ( ! ,six ,/ates ( ,exi/5ce1 & ! dogma ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,9 r[s ( kakemono1 susp5d$ side by side1 7 display$ ! incid5ts ( a ,s\l's j\rney to ! realm ( judgm5t1 & all ! horrors ( ! v>i\s hells4 ,"o pictur$ ! gho/s ( fai?less wives1 = ages doom$ to pluck1 ) ble$+ f+]s1 ! rasp+ bamboo-grass t gr[s by ! ,spr+s ( ,dea?2 ano!r %[$ ! torm5t ( ! sl&]]1 ^: tongue 0 torn by demon-p9c]s2 9 a ?ird appe>$ ! spectres ( lu/ful m51 va9ly seek+ to flee ! embraces ( wom5 ( fire1 or climb+1 9 fr5zi$ t]ror1 ! slopes ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ,swords4 ,pictur$ also 7 ! circles ( ! ,preta-_w1 & ! pangs ( ! ,hungry ,gho/s1 & likewise ! pa9s ( rebir? 9 ! =m ( reptiles & ( bea/s4 ,& ! art ( ^! e>ly repres5tations--_m ( :i* h be5 pres]v$--0 an art ( no mean ord]4 ,we c h>dly conceive ! effect ^u inexp]i5c$ imag9ation ( ! crimson fr[n ( ,emma #aii 7,yama71 ,judge ( ! dead1--or ! vision ( t weird ,mirror :i* reflect$1 to e _s ! misde$s ( its life 9 ! body1--or ! mon/r\s fancy ( t d\ble-fac$ ,head be=e ! judgm5t seat1 repres5t+ ! visage ( ! woman ,mirume1 ^: eyes behold all secret s92 & ! vision ( ! man ,kaguhana1 :o smells all od\rs ( evil-do+4444 ,p>5tal affection mu/ h be5 deeply t\*$ by ! pa9t$ leg5d ( ! _w ( *ildr5's gho/s1--! little gho/s t mu/ toil1 "u demon-surveillance1 9 ! ,dry ,b$ ( ! ,riv] ( ,s\ls4444 ,b pictur$ t]rors 7 (fset by pictur$ consolations1--by ! beautiful figure ( ,kwannon1 :ite ,goddess ( ,m]cy1--by ! compassionate smile ( ,jizo1 ! playmate ( infant-gho/s1--by ! *>m also ( cele/ial nymphs1 float+ on iridesc5t w+s 9 light ( azure4 ,! ,buddhi/ pa9t] op5$ to simple fancy ! palaces ( heav51 & guid$ hope1 ?r\gh g>d5s ( jewel-trees1 ev5 to ! %ores ( t lake :]e ! s\ls ( ! bless$ are reborn 9 lotos-blossoms1 & t5d$ by angel-nurses4 ,moreov]1 = p accu/om$ only to su* simple ar*itecture z t ( ! ,%9to miya1 ! new temples erect$ by ! ,buddhi/ prie/s mu/ h be5 a/oni%m5ts4 ,! colossal ,*9ese gates1 gu>d$ by giant /atues2 ! lions & lant]ns ( bronze & /one2 ! enorm\s susp5d$ #bjj bells1 s\nd$ by sw++-beams2 ! sw>m+ ( dragon-%apes "u ! caves ( ! va/ ro(s2 ! glimm]+ spl5d\r ( ! alt>s2 ! c]emonial likewise1 ) its *ant+ & its inc5se-burn+ & its weird ,*9ese music1--_c h fail$ to inspire ! wond]-lov+ ) delight & awe4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! e>lie/ ,buddhi/ temples 9 ,japan /ill rema91 ev5 to ,we/]n eyes1 ! mo/ impressive4 ,! ,temple ( ! ,f\r ,deva ,k+s at ,osaka--:i*1 ?\gh m ?an once rebuilt1 pres]ves ! orig9al plan--dates f #fjj ,a4,d42 ! yet m rem>kable temple call$ ,horyuji1 ne> ,n>a1 dates f ab\t ! ye> #fjg4 ,( c\rse ! fam\s pa9t+s & ! great /atues c\ld be se5 at ! temples only2 b ! ,buddhi/ image-mak]s soon began to p ev5 ! mo/ desolate places ) /one images ( ,buddhas & ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,!n fir/ 7 made ^? icons ( ,jizo1 :i* /ill smile ^u ! travell] f e roadside1--& ! images ( ,ko%91 protector ( highways1 ) 8 ?ree symbolic ,apes1--& ! figure ( t ,bato-,kwannon1 :o protects ! horses ( ! peasant1--) o!r figures 9 ^: rude b impressive art sugge/ions ( ,indian orig9 are yet recognizable4 ,gradually ! gravey>ds became ?rong$ ) dream+ ,buddhas or ,bodhisattvas1--holy gu>dians ( ! dead1 ?ron$ ^u lotos-fl[]s ( #bja /one1 & smil+ ) clos$ eyes ! smile ( ! ,calm ,supreme4 ,9 ! cities ev]y:]e ,buddhi/ sculptors op5$ %ops1 to furni% pi\s h\seholds ) images ( ! *ief div9ities wor%ipp$ by ! v>i\s ,buddhi/ sects2 & ! mak]s ( ihai1 or ,buddhi/ mortu>y tablets1 z well z ! mak]s ( h\sehold %r9es1 multipli$ & prosp]$4 ,mean:ile ! p 7 left free to wor%ip _! ance/ors accord+ to ei!r cre$2 & if a majority ev5tually gave pref]5ce to ! ,buddhi/ rite1 ?is pref]5ce 0 due 9 l>ge measure to ! peculi> emotional *>m :i* ,buddhism _h infus$ into ! cult4 ,except 9 m9or details1 ! two rites diff]$ sc>cely at all2 & !re 0 no conflict :atev] betwe5 ! old ideas ( filial piety & ! ,buddhi/ ideas atta*+ to ! new ance/or-wor%ip1 ,buddhism taught t ! dead might be help$ & made happi] by pray]1 & t mu* gho/ly com=t c\ld be giv5 !m by food-(f]+s4 ,!y 7 n to be (f]$ fle% or w9e2 b x 0 prop] to gratify !m ) fruits & rice & cakes & fl[]s & ! smoke ( inc5se4 ,besides1 ev5 ! simple/ food-(f]+s might be transmut$1 by =ce ( pray]1 into cele/ial nect> & ambrosia4 ,b :at especially help$ ! new ance/or-cult to popul> fav\r1 0 ! fact t x includ$ _m beautiful & t\*+ cu/oms n kn[n to ! old4 ,ev]y:]e #bjb ! p soon le>n$ to k9dle ! hundr$ & eight fires ( welcome = ! annual visit ( _! dead1--to supply ! spirits ) little figures made ( /raw1 or made out ( vegetables1 to-s]ve = ox5 or horses199--also to prep>e ! gho/-%ips 7%oryobune71 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! ance/ors 7 to return1 ov] ! sea1 to _! "u-_w4 ,!n too 7 in/itut$ ! ,bon-odori1 or ,dances ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,dead19999 & ! cu/om ( susp5d+ :ite lant]ns at graves1 & col\r$ lant]ns at h\se-gates1 to light ! co9+ & ! go+ ( ! visit+ dead4 99,an eggplant1 ) f\r pegs ( wood /uck into x1 to repres5t legs1 usually /&s = an ox2 & a cucumb]1 ) f\r pegs1 s]ves = a horse4444 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! fact t1 at "s ( ! anci5t ,greek sacrifices1 simil> sub/itutes = real animals 7 us$4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( ,apollo1 at ,!bes1 apples ) wood5 pegs /uck into !m1 to repres5t feet & horns1 7 (f]$ z sub/itutes = %eep4 9999,! dances !mselves--v curi\s & v attractive to witness--are mu* old] ?an ,buddhism2 b ,buddhism made !m a feature ( ! fe/ival ref]r$ to1 :i* la/s = ?ree days4 ,no p]son :o has n witness$ a ,bon-odori c =m ! lea/ idea ( :at ,japanese danc+ means3 x is some?+ utt]ly diff]5t f :at usually goes by ! "n1--some?+ indescribably ar*aic1 weird1 & nev]!less fasc9at+4 ,i h repeat$ly sat up all night to wat* ! peasants danc+4 ,japanese danc+ girls1 be x obs]v$1 d n dance3 !y pose4 ,! peasants dance4 ,b p]haps ! greate/ value ( ,buddhism to ! nation 0 educational4 ,! ,%9to prie/s 7 n tea*]s4 ,9 e>ly times !y 7 mo/ly ari/ocrats1 religi\s repres5tatives ( ! clans2 & ! idea ( educat+ ! common p c\ld n ev5 h occurr$ to !m4 ,buddhism1 on #bjc ! o!r h&1 (f]$ ! boon ( education to all1--n m]ely a religi\s education1 b an education 9 ! arts & ! le>n+ ( ,*9a4 ,! ,buddhi/ temples ev5tually became common s*ools1 or _h s*ools atta*$ to !m2 & at ea* p>i% temple ! *ildr5 ( ! community 7 taught1 at a m]ely nom9al co/1 ! doctr9es ( ! fai?1 ! wisdom ( ! ,*9ese classics1 calligraphy1 draw+1 & mu* besides4 ,by degrees ! education ( almo/ ! :ole nation came "u ,buddhi/ control2 & ! moral effect 0 ( ! be/4 ,= ! milit>y class inde$ !re 0 ano!r & special sy/em ( education2 b ,samurai s*ol>s s\ght to p]fect _! k "u ,buddhi/ tea*]s ( r5[n2 & ! imp]ial h\sehold itself employ$ ,buddhi/ in/ructors4 ,= ! common p ev]y:]e ! ,buddhi/ prie/ 0 ! s*oolma/]2 & by virtue ( 8 occupation z tea*]1 n less ?an by reason ( 8 religi\s (fice1 he rank$ ) ! samurai4 ,mu* ( :at rema9s mo/ attractive1 9 ,japanese "*--! w9n+ & graceful aspects ( x--seems to h be5 develop$ "u ,buddhi/ tra9+4 ,x 0 natural en\gh t to 8 functions ( public in/ructor1 ! ,buddhi/ prie/ %\ld h add$ ^? ( a public regi/r>4 ,until ! p]iod ( dis5d[m5t1 ! ,buddhi/ cl]gy rema9$1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 public z well z religi\s (ficials4 ,!y kept ! p>i% records1 & furni%$ #bjd at ne$ c]tificates ( bir?1 dea?1 or family desc5t4 ,to give any j conception ( ! imm5se civiliz+ influ5ce :i* ,buddhism ex]t$ 9 ,japan w\ld require _m volumes4 ,ev5 to summ>ize ! results ( t influ5ce by /at+ only ! mo/ g5]al facts1 is sc>cely possible1--= no g5]al /atem5t c embody ! :ole tru? ( ! "w accompli%$4 ,z a moral =ce1 ,buddhism /r5g!n$ au?ority & cultivat$ submission1 by its capacity to inspire l>g] hopes & fe>s ?an ! m anci5t religion c\ld create4 ,z tea*]1 x educat$ ! race1 f ! highe/ to ! humble/1 bo? 9 e?ics & 9 e/hetics4 ,all t c be class$ "u ! "n ( art 9 ,japan 0 ei!r introduc$ or develop$ by ,buddhism2 & ! same may be said reg>d+ ne>ly all ,japanese lit]ature possess+ real lit]>y quality1--except+ "s ,%9to rituals1 & "s fragm5ts ( ar*aic poetry4 ,buddhism introduc$ drama1 ! high] =ms ( poetical composition1 & fiction1 & hi/ory1 & philosophy4 ,all ! ref9em5ts ( ,japanese life 7 ( ,buddhi/ introduction1 & at lea/ a majority ( its div]sions & pleasures4 ,!re is ev5 to-day sc>cely "o int]e/+ or beautiful ?+1 produc$ 9 ! c\ntry1 = :i* ! nation is n 9 "s sort indebt$ to ,buddhism4 ,p]haps ! be/ & briefe/ way ( #bje /at+ ! range ( su* indebt$ness1 is simply to1 say t ,buddhism br\ght ! :ole ( ,*9ese civilization into ,japan1 & !reaft] pati5tly modifi$ & re%ap$ x to ,japanese requirem5ts4 ,! eld] civilization 0 n m]ely sup]impos$ ^u ! social /ructure1 b fitt$ c>efully into x1 comb9$ ) x s p]fectly t ! m>ks ( ! weld+1 ! l9es ( ! juncture1 almo/ totally disappe>$4 #bjg ,,! ,,high] ,,buddhism ,philosphical ,buddhism requires "s brief consid]ation 9 ?is place1--= two reasons4 ,! fir/ is t misappreh5sion or ignorance ( ! subject has r5d]$ possible ! *>ge ( a!ism aga9/ ! intellectual classes ( ,japan4 ,! second reason is t "s p]sons imag9e ! ,japanese common p--t is to say1 ! great] "p ( ! nation--believ]s 9 ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana z ext9ction 7?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 ! mean+ ( ! ^w is unkn[n to ! masses71 & q resign$ to vani% f ! face ( ! e>?1 because ( t incapacity = /ruggle :i* ! doctr9e is suppos$ to create4 ,a little s]i\s ?9k+ ought to conv9ce any intellig5t man t no su* cre$ c\ld ev] h be5 ! religion ( ei!r a savage or a civiliz$ p4 ,b myriads ( ,we/]n m9ds are ready at all times to accept /atem5ts ( impossibility )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to ?9k ab\t !m2 & if ,i c %[ "s ( my read]s h[ f> beyond popul> compreh5sion ! doctr9es ( ! high] ,buddhism really are1 some?+ w h be5 accompli%$ = ! cause ( tru? & #bjh common-s5se4 ,& besides ! reasons already giv5 = dwell+ ^u ! subject1 !re is ?is ?ird & special reason1--t x is "o ( extraord9>y int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( mod]n philosophy4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 ,i mu/ rem9d y t ! metaphysics ( ,buddhism c be /udi$ any:]e else q z well z 9 ,japan1 s9ce ! m important sutras h be5 translat$ into v>i\s ,european languages1 & mo/ ( ! untranslat$ texts edit$ & publi%$4 ,! texts ( ,japanese ,buddhism are ,*9ese2 & only ,*9ese s*ol>s are compet5t to ?r[ light ^u ! m9or special phases ( ! subject4 ,ev5 to read ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ canon ( #gjjj volumes is commonly reg>d$ z an impossible feat1--?\gh x has c]ta9ly be5 accompli%$ 9 ,japan4 ,!n !re are ! comm5t>ies1 ! v>i$ int]pretations ( diff]5t sects1 ! multiplications ( lat] doctr9e1 to heap confusion ^u confusion4 ,! complexities ( ,japanese ,buddhism are incalculable2 & ^? :o try to unravel !m soon become1 z a g5]al rule1 hopelessly lo/ 9 ! maze ( detail4 ,all ?is has no?+ to d ) my pres5t purpose1 ,i %all h v little to say ab\t ,japanese ,buddhism z di/+ui%$ f o!r ,buddhism1 & no?+ at all to say ab\t sect-diff]5ces4 ,i %all keep to g5]al facts z reg>ds ! high] doctr9e1--select+ f among su* facts only ^? mo/ suitable #bji = ! illu/ration ( t doctr9e4 ,& ,i %all n take up ! subject ( ,nirvana1 9 spite ( its great importance1--hav+ treat$ x z fully z ,i 0 able 9 my ,glean+s 9 ,buddha-,fields1 --b conf9e myself to ! topic ( c]ta9 analogies betwe5 ! conclusions ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics & ! conclusions ( contempor>y ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,9 ! be/ s+le volume yet produc$ 9 ,engli% on ! subject ( ,buddhism199 ! late ,mr4 ,h5ry ,cl>ke ,w>r5 obs]v$3 ,a l>ge "p ( ! pleasure t ,i h exp]i5c$ 9 ! /udy ( ,buddhism has aris5 f :at ,i may call ! /rang5ess ( ! intellectual l&scape4 99,buddhism 9 ,translations1 by ,h5ry ,cl>ke ,w>r5 7,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 #ahif74 ,publi%$ by ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,all ! ideas1 ! modes ( argum5t1 ev5 ! po/ulates assum$ & n argu$ ab\t1 h always seem$ s /range1 s diff]5t f any?+ to :i* ,i h be5 accu/om$1 t ,i felt all ! "t z ?\gh walk+ 9 ,fairyl&4 ,mu* ( ! *>m t ! ,ori5tal ?\ghts & ideas h = me appe>s to be because !y s seldom fit into ,we/]n categories4 444 ,! s]i\s attraction ( ,buddhi/ philosophy c\ld n be bett] sugge/$3 x is inde$ ! /rang5ess ( ! intellectual l&scape1 z ( a _w inside-out & upside-d[n1 t has *iefly int]e/$ ,we/]n #baj ?9k]s h]et(ore4 ,yet aft] all1 !re is a class ( ,buddhi/ concepts :i* c be fitt$1 or v ne>ly fitt$1 into ,we/]n categories4 ,! high] ,buddhism is a k9d ( ,monism2 & x includes doctr9es t accord1 9 ! mo/ surpris+ mann]1 ) ! sci5tific !ories ( ! ,g]man & ! ,engli% moni/s4 ,to my ?9k+1 ! mo/ curi\s "p ( ! subject1 & its ma9 int]e/1 is repres5t$ j by ^! accordances1--p>ticul>ly 9 view ( ! fact t ! ,buddhi/ conclusions h be5 rea*$ ?r\gh m5tal processes unkn[n to ,we/]n ?9k+1 & unaid$ by any k ( sci5ce4444 ,i v5ture to call myself a /ud5t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 & x 0 because ( my acqua9tance ) ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy t ,i came to f9d 9 ,buddhi/ philosophy a m ?an romantic int]e/4 ,= ,buddhism is also a !ory ( evolution1 ?\gh ! great c5tral idea ( our sci5tific evolution 7! law ( progress f homog5eity to het]og5eity7 is n correspond+ly impli$ by ,buddhi/ doctr9e z reg>ds ! life ( ?is _w4 ,! c\rse ( evolution z we conceive x1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,huxley1 mu/ describe a trajectory l t ( a ball fir$ f a mort>2 & ! s9k+ half ( t c\rse is z mu* a "p ( ! g5]al process ( evolution z ! ris+4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! trajectory w\ld repres5t :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls ,equilibration1--! supreme po9t ( developm5t prec$+ ! p]iod #baa ( decl9e2 b1 9 ,buddhi/ evolution1 ?is supreme po9t vani%es into ,nirvana4 ,i c be/ illu/rate ! ,buddhi/ position by ask+ y to imag9e ! trajectory l9e upside-d[n1--a c\rse desc5d+ out ( ! inf9ite1 t\*+ gr\nd1 & asc5d+ aga9 to my/]y4444 ,nev]!less1 "s ,buddhi/ ideas d (f] ! mo/ />tl+ analogy ) ! evolutional ideas ( our own "t2 & ev5 ^? ,buddhi/ concepts mo/ remote f ,we/]n ?\ght c be be/ int]pret$ by ! help ( illu/rations & ( language borr[$ f mod]n sci5ce4 ,i ?9k t we may consid] ! mo/ rem>kable tea*+s ( ! high] ,buddhism1--exclud+ ! doctr9e ( ,nirvana1 = ! reason already giv51--to be ! foll[+3-- ,t !re is b "o ,reality2-- ,t ! ,consci\sness is n ! real ,self2-- ,t ,matt] is an aggregate ( ph5om5a creat$ by ! =ce ( acts & ?\ghts2-- ,t all objective & subjective exi/5ce is made by ,k>ma1-- ! pres5t be+ ! creation ( ! ,pa/1 & ! actions ( ! pres5t & ! pa/1 9 comb9ation1 det]m9+ ! conditions ( ! future4444 7,or1 9 o!r words1 t ! univ]se ( ,matt]1 & ! univ]se ( condition$ ,m9d1 repres5t 9 _! evolution a /rictly moral ord]47 ,x w he wor? :ile n[ to briefly consid] #bab ^! doctr9es 9 _! relation to mod]n ?\ght1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/1 :i* is ,monism3-- ,all ?+s hav+ =m or "n1--,buddhas1 gods1 m51 & all liv+ creatures1--suns1 worlds1 moons1 ! :ole visible cosmos1--are transitory ph5om5a4444 ,assum+1 ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t ! te/ ( reality is p]man5ce1 "o c sc>cely "q ?is position2 x diff]s little f ! /atem5t ) :i* ! clos+ *apt] ( ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples concludes3-- ,?\gh ! relation ( subject & object r5d]s necess>y to u ^! anti!tical conceptions ( ,_s & ,matt]1 ! "o is no less ?an ! o!r to be reg>d$ z b a sign ( ! ,unkn[n ,reality :i* und]lies bo?4--,edition ( #ahid4 ,= ,buddhism ! sole reality is ! ,absolute1--,buddha z uncondition$ & ,inf9ite ,be+4 ,!re is no o!r v]itable exi/5ce1 :e!r ( ,matt] or ( ,m9d2 !re is no real individuality or p]sonality2 ! ,i & ! ,n-,i are ess5tially n[ise diff]5t4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s position1 t x is "o & ! same ,reality :i* is manife/$ to u bo? subjectively & objectively4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] goes on to say3 ,subject & ,object1 z actually exi/+1 c nev] be conta9$ 9 ! consci\sness produc$ by ! coop]ation ( ! two1 ?\gh !y are necess>ily #bac impli$ by x2 & ! anti!sis ( ,subject & ,object1 nev] to be transc5d$ :ile consci\sness la/s1 r5d]s impossible all k ( t ,ultimate ,reality 9 :i* ,subject & ,object are unit$4444 ,i d n ?9k t a ma/] ( ! high] ,buddhism w\ld dispute ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( ,transfigur$ ,realism4 ,buddhism does n d5y ! actuality ( ph5om5a z ph5om5a1 b d5ies _! p]man5ce1 & ! tru? ( ! appe>ances :i* !y pres5t to our imp]fect s5ses4 ,be+ transitory1 & n :at !y seem1 !y are to be consid]$ 9 ! nature ( illusions1--imp]man5t manife/ations ( ! only p]man5t ,reality4 ,b ! ,buddhi/ position is n agno/icism3 x is a/oni%+ly diff]5t1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] /ates t we _c "k ! ,reality s long z consci\sness la/s1--because :ile consci\sness la/s we _c transc5d ! anti!sis ( ,object & ,subject1 & x is ?is v anti!sis :i* makes consci\sness possible4 ,v true1 ! ,buddhi/ metaphysician w\ld reply2 we _c "k ! sole ,reality :ile consci\sness la/s4 ,b de/roy consci\sness1 & ! ,reality becomes cognizable4 ,annihilate ! illusion ( ,m9d1 & ! light w come4 ,?is de/ruction ( consci\sness signifies ,nirvana1--! ext9ction ( all t we call ,self4 ,self is bl9dness3 de/roy x1 & ! ,reality w be reveal$ z inf9ite vision & inf9ite peace4 #bad ,we h n[ to ask :at1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ philosophy1 is ! mean+ ( ! visible univ]se z ph5om5on1 & ! nature ( ! consci\sness t p]ceives4 ,h[ev] transitory1 ! ph5om5on makes an impression ^u consci\sness2 & consci\sness itself1 ?\gh transitory1 has exi/5ce2 & its p]ceptions1 h[ev] delusive1 are p]ceptions ( actual relation4 ,buddhism answ]s t bo? ! univ]se & ! consci\sness are m]ely aggregates ( ,k>ma--complexities incalculable ( conditions %ap$ by acts & ?\ghts ?r\gh "s enorm\s pa/4 ,all sub/ance & all condition$ m9d 7z di/+ui%$ f uncondition$ m9d7 are products ( acts & ?\ghts3 by acts & ?\ghts ! atoms ( bodies h be5 integrat$2 & ! aff9ities ( ^? atoms--! pol>ities ( !m1 z a sci5ti/ might say--repres5t t5d5cies %ap$ 9 c\ntless vani%$ lives4 ,i may quote "h f a mod]n ,japanese treatise on ! subject3-- ,! aggregate actions ( all s5ti5t be+s give bir? to ! v>ieties ( m\nta9s1 riv]s1 c\ntries1 etc4 ,!y are caus$ by aggregate actions1 & s are call$ aggregate fruits4 ,our pres5t life is ! reflection ( pa/ actions4 ,m5 consid] ^! reflections z _! real selves4 ,_! eyes1 noses1 e>s1 tongues1 & bodies--z well z _! g>d5s1 woods1 f>ms1 resid5ces1 s]vants1 & maids--m5 imag9e to be _! own possessions2 b1 9 fact1 !y are only results endlessly produc$ by innum]able #bae actions4 ,9 trac+ e ?+ back to ! ultimate limits ( ! pa/1 we _c f9d a beg9n+3 h5ce x is said t dea? & bir? h no beg9n+4 ,aga91 :5 seek+ ! ultimate limit ( ! future1 we _c f9d ! end499 99,outl9es ( ! ,mahey5a ,philosophy1 by ,s4 ,kuroda4 ,?is tea*+ t all ?+s are =m$ by ,k>ma--:atev] is good 9 ! univ]se repres5t+ ! results ( m]itori\s acts or ?\ghts2 & :at ev] is evil1 ! results ( evil acts or ?\ghts--has ! approval ( five ( ! great sects2 & we may accept x z a lead+ doctr9e ( ,japanese ,buddhism4444 ,! cosmos is1 !n1 an aggregate ( ,k>ma2 & ! m9d ( man is an aggregate ( ,k>ma2 & ! beg9n+s !re( are unkn[n1 & ! end _c be imag9$4 ,!re is a spiritual evolution1 ( :i* ! goal is ,nirvana2 b we h no decl>ation z to a f9al /ate ( univ]sal re/1 :5 ! %ap+ ( sub/ance & ( m9d w h ceas$ =ev]4444 ,n[ ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy assumes a v simil> position z reg>ds ! evolution ( ,ph5om5a3 !re is no beg9n+ to evolution1 nor any conceivable end4 ,i quote f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reply to a critic 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review3 ,t 'absolute comm5cem5t ( organic life ^u ! globe1' :i* ! review] says ,i '_c evade ! admission (1' ,i di/9ctly d5y4 ,! affirmation ( #baf univ]sal evolution is 9 itself ! negation ( an absolute comm5cem5t ( any?+4 ,con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( evolution1 e k9d ( be+ is conceiv$ z a product ( modification wr\ght by ins5sible gradations ^u a preexi/+ k9d ( be+2 & ?is holds z fully ( ! suppos$ 'comm5cem5t ( organic life' z ( all subsequ5t developm5ts ( organic life4444 ,t organic matt] 0 n produc$ all at once1 b 0 rea*$ ?r\gh /eps1 we are well w>rant$ 9 believ+ by ! exp]i5ces ( *emi/s499 444 99,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhb4 ,( c\rse x %\ld be und]/ood t ! ,buddhi/ sil5ce1 z to a beg9n+ & an end1 conc]ns only ! production ( ph5om5a1 n any p>ticul> exi/5ce ( gr\ps ( ph5om5a4 ,t ( :i* no beg9n+ or end c be pr$icat$ is simply ! ,et]nal ,becom+4 ,&1 l ! old] ,indian philosophy f :i* x sprang1 ,buddhism tea*es ! alt]nate app>ition & disp>ition ( univ]ses4 ,at c]ta9 prodigi\s p]iods ( "t1 ! :ole cosmos ( "o hundr$ ?\s& times t5 millions ( worlds vani%es away1--consum$ by fire or o!rwise de/roy$1--b only to be re=m$ aga94 ,^! p]iods are call$ ,_w-,cycles1 & ea* ,_w-,cycle is divid$ into f\r ,imm5sities1--b we ne$ n "h consid] ! details ( ! doctr9e4 ,x is only ! fundam5tal idea ( a evolutional rhy?m t is really int]e/+4 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d ! read] t #bag ! alt]nate dis9tegration & re9tegration ( ! cosmos is also a sci5tific conception1 & a commonly accept$ article ( evolutional belief4 ,i may quote1 h[ev]1 = o!r reasons1 ! p>agraph express+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s views ^u ! subject3-- ,app>5tly ! univ]sally coexi/5t =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 :i*1 z we h se51 necessitate rhy?m 9 all m9or *anges ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se1 also necessitate rhy?m 9 ! totality ( *anges1--produce n[ an immeasurable p]iod dur+ :i* ! attractive =ces1 pr$om9at+1 cause univ]sal conc5tration2 & !n an immeasurable p]iod dur+ :i* ! repulsive =ces1 pr$om9at+1 cause diffusion1--alt]nate eras ( ,evolution & ,dissolution4 ,& ?us !re is sugge/$ to u ! conception ( a pa/ dur+ :i* !re h be5 successive ,evolutions analog\s to t :i* is n[ go+ on2 & a future dur+ :i* successive o!r su* ,evolutions may g on-ev] ! same 9 pr9ciple1 b nev] ! same 9 concrete result4--,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,section #ahc99 99,?is p>agraph1 f ! f\r? edition1 has be5 consid]ably qualifi$ 9 ! def9itive edition ( #aijj4 ,fur!r on1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has po9t$ out ! va/ logical consequ5ce involv$ by ?is hypo!sis3-- ,if1 z we saw reason to ?9k1 !re is an alt]nation ( ,evolution & ,dissolution 9 ! totality ( ?+s1--if1 z we are oblig$ to inf] f ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 ! arrival at ei!r limit ( ?is va/ rhy?m br+s ab\t ! conditions "u :i* a c\nt]-movem5t comm5ces1 #bah--;if we are h5ce compell$ to ent]ta9 ! conception ( ,evolutions t h fill$ an immeasurable pa/1 & ,evolutions t w fill an immeasurable future1--we c no long] contemplate ! visible creation z hav+ a def9ite beg9n+ or end1 or z be+ isolat$4 ,x becomes unifi$ ) all exi/5ce be=e & aft]2 & ! ,=ce :i* ! ,univ]se pres5ts falls into ! same category ) its ,space & ,"t z admitt+ ( no limitation 9 ?\ght499--,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,section #aij4 99,cond5s$ & some:at modifi$ 9 ! def9itive edition ( #aijj2 b1 = pres5t purposes ( illu/ration1 ! text ( ! f\r? edition has be5 pref]r$4 ,! =ego+ ,buddhi/ positions suffici5tly imply t ! human consci\sness is b a tempor>y aggregate1--n an et]nal entity4 ,!re is no p]man5t self3 !re is b "o et]nal pr9ciple 9 all life1--! supreme ,buddha4 ,mod]n ,japanese call ?is ,absolute ! ,ess5ce ( ,m9d4 ,! fire f$ by faggots1 writes "o ( ^!1 dies :5 ! faggots h be5 consum$2 b ! ess5ce ( fire is nev] de/roy$4444 ,all ?+s 9 ! ,univ]se are ,m9d4 ,s /at$1 ! position is unsci5tific2 b z = ! conclusion rea*$1 we may rememb] t ,mr4 ,wallace has /at$ almo/ exactly ! same ?+1 & t !re are n a few mod]n prea*]s ( ! doctr9e ( a univ]se ( m9d-/uff4 ,! hypo!sis is un?9kable4 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s ?9k] w agree ) ! ,buddhi/ ass]tion t ! relation ( all ph5om5a to ! unkn[able is m]ely t ( waves to sea4 ,e #bai feel+ & ?\ght be+ b transitory1 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 an entire life made up ( su* feel+s & ?\ghts be+ b transitory1--nay1 ! objects amid :i* life is pass$1 ?\gh less transitory1 be+ sev]ally 9 c\rse ( los+ _! individualities quickly or sl[ly1--we le>n t ! "o ?+ p]man5t is ! ,unkn[n ,reality hidd5 "u all ^! *ang+ %apes4 ,"h ! ,engli% & ! ,buddhi/ philosoph]s are 9 accord2 b !reaft] !y sudd5ly "p company4 ,= ,buddhism is n agno/icism1 b gno/icism1 & pr(esses to "k ! unkn[able4 ,! ?9k] ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s s*ool _c make assumptions z to ! nature ( ! sole ,reality1 nor z to ! reason ( its manife/ations4 ,he mu/ confess himself intellectually incapable ( compreh5d+ ! nature ( =ce1 matt]1 or motion4 ,he feels ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ! hypo!sis t all kn[n elem5ts h be5 evolv$ f "o primordial undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance1--! *emical evid5ce = ?is hypo!sis be+ v /rong4 ,b he c]ta9ly w\ld n call t primordial sub/ance a sub/ance ( m9d1 nor attempt to expla9 ! "* ( ! =ces t effect$ its integration4 ,aga91 ?\gh ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld probably ackn[l$ge t we "k ( matt] only z an aggregate ( =ces1 & ( atoms only z =ce-c5tres1 or knots ( =ce1 he w\ld n decl>e t an atom is a =ce-c5tre1 & no?+ else4444 ,b we f9d evolutioni/s #bbj ( ! ,g]man s*ool tak+ a position v simil> to ! ,buddhi/ position1--:i* implies a univ]sal s5ti5cy1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 a univ]sal pot5tial-s5ti5cy4 ,haeckel & o!r ,g]man moni/s assume su* a condition = all sub/ance4 ,!y are n agno/ics1 !re=e1 b gno/ics2 & _! gno/icism v mu* resembles t ( ! high] ,buddhism4 ,accord+ to ,buddhism !re is no reality save ,buddha3 all ?+s else are b ,k>ma4 ,!re is b "o ,life1 "o ,self3 human individuality & p]sonality are b ph5om5al conditions ( t ,self1 ,matt] is ,k>ma2 ,m9d is ,k>ma--t is to say1 m9d z we "k x3 ,k>ma1 z visibility1 repres5ts to u mass & quality2 ,k>ma1 z m5tality1 signifies "* & t5d5cy4 ,! primordial sub/ance--correspond+ to ! protyle ( our ,moni/s--is compos$ ( ,five ,elem5ts1 :i* are my/ically id5tifi$ ) ,five ,buddhas1 all ( :om are really b diff]5t modes ( ! ,"o4 ,) ?is idea ( a primordial sub/ance !re is necess>ily associat$ ! idea ( a univ]sal s5ti5cy4 ,matt] is alive4 ,n[ to ! ,g]man moni/s also matt] is alive4 ,on ! ph5om5a ( cell-physiology1 ,haeckel claims to base 8 conviction t ev5 ! atom is n )\t rudim5t>y =m ( s5sation & w1--or1 z x is bett] express$1 ( feel+ 7ae/hesis71 & ( incl9ation 7tropesis71--t is to #bba say1 a univ]sal s\l ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,i may quote also f ,haeckel's ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se ! foll[+ p>agraph express+ ! moni/ic notion ( sub/ance z held by ,vogt & o!rs3-- ,! two fundam5tal =ms ( sub/ance1 pond]able matt] & e!r1 are n dead & only mov$ by extr9sic =ce2 b !y are end[$ ) s5sation & w 7?\gh1 naturally1 ( ! l[e/ grade72 !y exp]i5ce an incl9ation = cond5sation1 a dislike ( /ra92 !y /rive aft] ! "o1 & /ruggle aga9/ ! o!r4 ,less l a revival ( ! dreams ( ! ,al*emi/s is ! v probable hypo!sis ( ,s*neid]1 t s5ti5cy beg9s ) ! =mation ( c]ta9 comb9ations1--t feel+ is evolv$ f ! non-feel+ j z organic be+ has be5 evolv$ f inorganic sub/ance4 ,b all ^! moni/ ideas ent] into surpris+ comb9ation ) ! ,buddhi/ tea*+ ab\t matt] z integrat$ ,k>ma2 & = t reason !y are well wor? cit+ 9 ?is relation4 ,to ,buddhi/ conception all matt] is s5ti5t1--! s5ti5cy v>y+ accord+ to condition3 ev5 rocks & /ones1 a ,japanese ,buddhi/ text decl>es1 c wor%ip ,buddha4 ,9 ! ,g]man monism ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's s*ool1 ! p>ticul> qualities & aff9ities ( ! atom repres5t feel+ & incl9ation1 a s\l ( ! simple/ k9d2 9 ,buddhism ^! qualities are made by #bbb ,k>ma1--t is to say1 !y repres5t t5d5cies =m$ 9 previ\s /ates ( exi/5ce4 ,! hypo!ses appe> to be v simil>4 ,b !re is only imm5se1 all-important diff]5ce1 betwe5 ! ,occid5tal & ! ,ori5tal monism4 ,! =m] w\ld attribute ! qualities ( ! atom m]ely to a sort ( h]$ity1--to ! p]si/5cy ( t5d5cies develop$ "u *ance--influ5ces op]at+ ?r\gh\t an incalculable pa/4 ,! latt] decl>es ! hi/ory ( ! atom to be purely moral6 ,all matt]1 accord+ to ,buddhism1 repres5ts aggregat$ s5ti5cy1 mak+1 by its inh]5t t5d5cies1 t[>d conditions ( pa9 or pleasure1 evil or good4 ,pure actions1 writes ! au?or ( ,outl9es ( ! ,mahey5a ,philosophy1 br+ =? ! ,pure ,l&s ( all ! qu>t]s ( ! univ]se2 :ile impure de$s produce ! ,impure ,l&s4 ,t is to say1 ! matt] integrat$ by ! =ce ( moral acts goes to ! mak+ ( blissful worlds2 & ! matt] =m$ by ! =ce ( immoral acts goes to ! mak+ ( mis]able worlds4 ,all sub/ance1 l all m9d1 has its ,k>ma2 planets1 l m51 are %ap$ by ! creative p[] ( acts & ?\ghts2 & e atom goes to its appo9t$ place1 soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! moral or immoral quality ( ! t5d5cies t in=m x4 ,y\r good or bad ?\ght or de$ w n only affect y\r next rebir?1 b w likewise affect 9 "s sort ! nature ( worlds yet unevolv$1 :]e91 aft] innum]able cycles1 #bbc y may h to live aga94 ,( c\rse1 ?is trem5d\s idea has no c\nt]p>t 9 mod]n evolutional philosophy4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s position is well kn[n2 b ,i mu/ quote him = ! purpose ( emphasiz+ ! contra/ betwe5 ,buddhi/ & sci5tific ?\ght3-- 444,we h no e?ics ( nebul> cond5sation1 or ( sid]eal movem5t1 or ( planet>y evolution2 ! conception is n relevant to inorganic matt]4 ,nor1 :5 we turn to organiz$ ?+s1 d we f9d t x has any relation to ! ph5om5a ( plant-life2 ?\gh we ascribe to plants sup]iorities & inf]iorities1 lead+ to successes & failures 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 we d n associate ) !m praise or blame4 ,x is only ) ! rise ( s5ti5cy 9 ! animal _w t ! subject-matt] ( e?ics orig9ates4--,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,section #cbf4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be se51 ,buddhism actually tea*es :at we may call1 to borr[ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s phrase1 ! e?ics ( nebul> cond5sation1--?\gh to ,buddhi/ a/ronomy1 ! sci5tific mean+ ( ! t]m nebul> cond5sation 0 nev] kn[n4 ,( c\rse ! hypo!sis is beyond ! p[] ( human intellig5ce to prove or to disprove4 ,b x is int]e/+1 = x proclaims a purely moral ord] ( ! cosmos1 & atta*es almo/ inf9ite consequ5ce to ! lea/ ( human acts4 ,_h ! old ,buddhi/ metaphysicians be5 acqua9t$ ) ! facts ( mod]n *emi/ry1 !y #bbd might h appli$ _! doctr9e1 ) appall+ success1 to ! int]pretation ( ^? facts4 ,!y might h expla9$ ! dance ( atoms1 ! aff9ities ( molecules1 ! vibrations ( e!r1 9 ! mo/ fasc9at+ & t]rify+ way by _! !ory ( ,k>ma4444 ,"h is a univ]se ( sugge/ion1--mo/ weird sugge/ion--= anybody able & will+ to d>e ! exp]im5t ( mak+ a new religion1 or at lea/ a new & trem5d\s sy/em ( ,al*emy1 bas$ ^u ! notion ( a moral ord] 9 ! inorganic _w6 ,b ! metaphysics ( ,k>ma 9 ! high] ,buddhism include mu* t is h>d] to und]/& ?an any al*emical hypo!sis ( atom-comb9ations4 ,z taught by popul> ,buddhism1 ! doctr9e ( rebir? is simple en\gh1--signify+ no m ?an transmigration3 y h liv$ millions ( times 9 ! pa/1 & y are likely to live aga9 millions ( times 9 ! future1--all ! conditions ( ea* rebir? dep5d+ ^u pa/ conduct4 ,! common notion is t aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( bodiless soj\rn 9 ?is _w1 ! _s is guid$ someh[ to ! place ( its next inc>nation4 ,! p1 ( c\rse1 believe 9 s\ls4 ,b !re is no?+ ( all ?is 9 ! high] doctr9e1 :i* d5ies transmigration1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 d5ies p]sonality4 ,!re is no ,self to be reborn2 !re is no transmigration--& yet !re #bbe is rebir?6 ,!re is no real ,i t suff]s or is glad--& yet !re is new suff]+ to be borne or new happ9ess to be ga9$6 ,:at we call ! ,self1--! p]sonal consci\sness1--dissolves at ! dea? ( ! body2 b ! ,k>ma1 =m$ dur+ life1 !n br+s ab\t ! integration ( a new body & a new consci\sness4 ,y suff] 9 ?is exi/5ce because ( acts done 9 a previ\s exi/5ce---yet ! au?or ( ^? acts 0 n id5tical ) y\r pres5t self6 ,are y1 !n1 responsible = ! faults ( ano!r p]son8 ,! ,buddhi/ metaphysician w\ld answ] ?us3 ,! =m ( y\r "q is wrong1 because x assumes ! exi/5ce ( p]sonality1--& !re is no p]sonality4 ,!re is really no su* individual z ! 'y' ( ! inquiry4 ,! suff]+ is inde$ ! result ( errors committ$ 9 "s ant]ior exi/5ce or exi/5ces2 b !re is no responsibility = ! acts ( ano!r p]son1 s9ce !re is no p]sonality4 ,! ',i' t 0 & ! ',i' t is repres5t 9 ! *a9 ( transitory be+ aggregations mom5t>ily creat$ by acts & ?\ghts2 & ! pa9 belongs to ! aggregates z condition result+ f quality4 ,all ?is s\nds extremely obscure3 to und]/& ! real !ory we mu/ put away ! notion ( p]sonality1 :i* is a v difficult ?+ to d4 ,successive bir?s d n mean transmigration 9 ! common s5se ( t ^w1 b only ! self-propagation ( #bbf ,k>ma3 ! p]petual multiply+ ( c]ta9 conditions by a k9d ( gho/ly gemmation1--if ,i may borr[ a biological t]m4 ,! ,buddhi/ illu/ration1 h[ev]1 is t ( flame communicat$ f "o lamp-wick to ano!r3 a hundr$ lamps may ?us be light$ f "o flame1 & ! hundr$ flames w all be diff]5t1 ?\gh ! orig9 ( all 0 ! same4 ,)9 ! holl[ flame ( ea* transitory life is enclos$ a "p ( ! only ,reality2 b ?is is n a s\l t transmigrates4 ,no?+ passes f bir? to bir? b ,k>ma1--"* or condition4 ,"o w naturally ask h[ c su* a doctr9e ex]t any moral influ5ce :atev]8 ,if ! future be+ %ap$ by my ,k>ma is to be 9 n[ise id5tical ) my pres5t self1--if ! future consci\sness evolv$ by my ,k>ma is to be ess5tially ano!r consci\sness1--h[ c ,i =ce myself to feel anxi\s ab\t ! suff]+s ( t unborn p]son8 ,aga9 y\r "q is wrong1 a ,buddhi/ w\ld answ]3 to und]/& ! doctr9e y mu/ get rid ( ! notion ( individuality1 & ?9k1 n ( p]sons1 b ( successive /ates ( feel+ & consci\sness1 ea* ( :i* buds out ( ! o!r1--a *a9 ( exi/5ces int]dep5d5tly unit$4 444 ,i may attempt ano!r illu/ration4 ,e individual1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 is cont9ually *ang+4 ,all ! /ructures ( ! body are con/antly und]go+ wa/e & repair2 & ! #bbg body t y h at ?is h\r is n1 z to sub/ance1 ! same body t y _h t5 ye>s ago4 ,physically y are n ! same p]son3 yet y suff] ! same pa9s1 & feel ! same pleasures1 & f9d y\r p[]s limit$ by ! same conditions4 ,:atev] dis9tegrations & recon/ructions ( tissue h tak5 place )9 y1 y h ! same physical & m5tal peculi>ities t y _h t5 ye>s ago4 ,d\btless ! cells ( y\r bra9 h be5 decompos$ & recompos$3 yet y exp]i5ce ! same emotions1 recall ! same memories1 & ?9k ! same ?\ghts4 ,ev]y:]e ! fre% sub/ance has assum$ ! qualities & t5d5cies ( ! sub/ance replac$4 ,?is p]si/5ce ( condition is l ,k>ma4 ,! transmission ( t5d5cy rema9s1 ?\gh ! aggregate is *ang$4444 ,^! few glimpses into ! fanta/ic _w1 ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics w suffice1 ,i tru/1 to conv9ce any intellig5t read] t ! high] ,buddhism 7to :i* belongs ! mu*-discuss$ & little-compreh5d$ doctr9e ( ,nirvana7 c\ld nev] h be5 ! religion ( millions almo/ incapable ( =m+ ab/ract ideas1--! religion ( a population ev5 yet 9 a comp>atively e>ly /age ( religi\s evolution4 ,x 0 nev] und]/ood by ! p at all1 nor is x ev] taught to !m to-day4 ,x is a religion ( metaphysicians1 a #bbh religion ( s*ol>s1 a religion s difficult to be und]/ood1 ev5 by p]sons ( "s philosophical tra9+1 t x might well be mi/ak5 = a sy/em ( univ]sal negation4 ,yet ! read] %\ld n[ be able to p]ceive t1 because a man disbelieves 9 a p]sonal ,god1 9 an immortal s\l1 & 9 any cont9uation ( p]sonality aft] dea?1 x does n foll[ t we are ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ him an irreligi\s ,p]son1--especially if he happ5 to be an ,ori5tal4 ,! ,japanese s*ol> :o believes 9 ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se1 ! e?ical responsibility ( ! pres5t to all ! future1 ! immeasurable consequ5ce ( e ?\ght & de$1 ! ultimate disp>ition ( evil1 & ! p[] ( atta9m5t to conditions ( inf9ite memory & inf9ite vision1--_c be t]m$ ei!r an a!i/ or a mat]iali/1 except by bigotry & ignorance4 ,pr(\nd z may be ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 religion & our own1 9 respect ( symbols & modes ( ?\ght1 ! moral conclusions rea*$ 9 ei!r case are v mu* ! same4 #bbi ,,! ,,social ,,organization ,! late ,pr(essor ,fiske1 9 8 ,outl9e ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 made a v int]e/+ rem>k ab\t societies l ^? ( ,*9a1 anci5t ,egypt1 & anci5t ,assyria4 ,i am express+1 he said1 some?+ m ?an an analogy1 ,i am describ+ a real homology s f> z conc]ns ! process ( developm5t1--:5 ,i say t ^! communities simulat$ mod]n ,european nations1 mu* 9 ! same way t a tree-f]n ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod simulat$ ! exog5\s trees ( ! pres5t "t4 ,s f> z ?is is true ( ,*9a1 x is likewise true ( ,japan4 ,! con/itution ( ! old ,japanese society 0 no m ?an an amplification ( ! con/itution ( ! family1--! patri>*al family ( primitive times4 ,all mod]n ,we/]n societies h be5 develop$ out ( a l patri>*al condition3 ! e>ly civilizations ( ,greece & ,rome 7 simil>ly con/ruct$1 ^u a less] scale4 ,b ! patri>*al family 9 ,europe 0 dis9tegrat$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago2 ! g5s & ! curia dissolv$ & disappe>$2 ! orig9ally di/9ct classes became fus$ toge!r2 & a total reorganization ( society 0 gradually #bcj effect$1 ev]y:]e result+ 9 ! sub/itution ( volunt>y = compulsory coop]ation4 ,indu/rial types ( society develop$2 & a /ate-religion ov]%ad[$ ! anci5t & exclusive local cults4 ,b society 9 ,japan nev]1 till )9 ! pres5t era1 became "o coh]5t body1 nev] develop$ beyond ! clan-/age4 ,x rema9$ a loose agglom]ate ( clan-gr\ps1 or tribes1 ea* religi\sly & adm9i/ratively indep5d5t ( ! re/2 & ?is huge agglom]ate 0 kept toge!r1 n by volunt>y coop]ation1 b by /rong compulsion4 ,d[n to ! p]iod ( ,meiji1 & ev5 = "s "t aft]w>d1 x 0 liable to split & fall asund] at any mom5t t ! c5tral co]cive p[] %[$ signs ( weakness4 ,we may call x a feudalism2 b x resembl$ ,european feudalism only z a tree-f]n resembles a tree4 ,let u fir/ briefly consid] ! nature ( ! anci5t ,japanese society4 ,its orig9al unit 0 n ! h\sehold1 b ! patri>*al family1--t is to say1 ! g5s or clan1 a body ( hundr$s or ?\s&s ( p]sons claim+ desc5t f a common ance/or1 & s religi\sly unit$ by a common ance/or-wor%ip1--! cult ( ! ,ujigami4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 !re 7 two classes ( ^! patri>*al families3 ! ,o-uji1 or ,great ,clans2 & ! ,ko-uji1 or ,little ,clans4 ,! less] 7 bran*es ( ! great]1 & subord9ate to #bca !m1--s t ! gr\p =m$ by an ,o-uji ) its ,ko-uji might be loosely comp>$ ) ! ,roman curia or ,greek phratry4 ,l>ge bodies ( s]fs or slaves appe> to h be5 atta*$ to ! v>i\s great ,uji2 & ! numb] ( ^!1 ev5 at a v e>ly p]iod1 seems to h exce$$ t ( ! memb]s ( ! clans prop]4 ,! diff]5t names giv5 to ^! subject-classes indicate diff]5t grades & k9ds ( s]vitude4 ,"o "n 0 tomobe1 signify+ b\nd to a place1 or di/rict2 ano!r 0 yakabe1 signify+ b\nd to a family2 a ?ird 0 kakibe1 signify+ b\nd to a close1 or e/ate2 yet ano!r & m g5]al t]m 0 tami1 :i* anci5tly signifi$ dep5dants1 b is n[ us$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! ,engli% ^w folk4 444 ,!re is little d\bt t ! bulk ( ! p 7 9 a condition ( s]vitude1 & t !re 7 _m =ms ( s]vitude4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has po9t$ out t a g5]al di/9ction betwe5 slav]y & s]fdom1 9 ! s5se commonly atta*$ to ea* ( ^? t]ms1 is by no means easy to e/abli%2 ! real /ate ( a subject-class1 especially 9 e>ly =ms ( society1 dep5d+ mu* m ^u ! "* ( ! ma/]1 & ! actual conditions ( social developm5t1 ?an ^u matt]s ( privilege & legislation4 ,9 speak+ ( e>ly ,japanese in/itutions1 ! di/9ction is p>ticul>ly h>d to draw3 we are /ill b little in=m$ z to ! condition ( ! subject #bcb classes 9 anci5t times4 ,x is safe to ass]t1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 !n really b two great classes1--a rul+ olig>*y1 divid$ into _m grades2 & a subject population1 also divid$ into _m grades4 ,slaves 7 tattoo$1 ei!r on ! face or "s "p ( ! body1 ) a m>k indicat+ _! own]%ip4 ,until )9 rec5t ye>s ?is sy/em ( tattoo+ appe>s to h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,satsuma1--:]e ! m>ks 7 put especially ^u ! h&s2 & 9 _m o!r prov9ces ! l[] classes 7 g5]ally m>k$ by a tattoo on ! face4 ,slaves 7 b\ght & sold l cattle 9 e>ly times1 or pres5t$ z tribute by _! own]s1--a practice con/antly ref]r$ to 9 ! anci5t records4 ,_! unions 7 n recogniz$3 a fact :i* rem9ds u ( ! di/9ction among ! ,romans betwe5 connubium & contub]nium2 & ! *ildr5 ( a slave-"m by a free fa!r rema9$ slaves499 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 private slaves 7 decl>$ /ate-prop]ty1 & great numb]s 7 #bcc !n emancipat$1--includ+ ne>ly all--probably all--:o 7 artizans or foll[$ useful call+s4 ,gradually a l>ge class ( fre$m5 came into exi/5ce2 b until mod]n times ! great mass ( ! common p appe> to h rema9$ 9 a condition analog\s to s]fdom4 ,! great] numb] c]ta9ly _h no family names1--:i* is consid]$ evid5ce ( a =m] slave-condition4 ,slaves prop] 7 regi/]$ 9 ! names ( _! own]s3 !y d n seem to h _h a cult ( _! own1--9 e>ly times1 at lea/4 ,b1 prior to ,meiji1 only ! ari/ocracy1 samurai1 doctors1 & tea*]s--) p]haps a few o!r exceptions--c\ld use a family "n4 ,ano!r que] bit ( evid5ce or1 ! subject1 furni%$ by ! late ,dr4 ,simmons1 relates to ! mode ( we>+ ! hair among ! subject-classes4 ,up to ! "t ( ! ,a%ikaga %ogunate 7#accd ,a4,d471 all classes except+ ! nobility1 samurai1 ,%9to prie/s1 & doctors1 %av$ ! great] "p ( ! head1 & wore queues2 & ?is fa%ion ( we>+ ! hair 0 call$ yakko-atama or dorei-atama--t]ms signify+ slave-head1 & indicat+ t ! fa%ion orig9at$ 9 a p]iod ( s]vitude4 99,9 ! ye> #fde1 ! ,emp]or ,kotoku issu$ ! foll[+ edict on ! subject3-- ,! law ( m5 & wom5 %all be t ! *ildr5 born ( a free man & a free woman %all belong to ! fa!r2 if a free man takes to wife a slave-woman1 h] *ildr5 %all belong to ! "m2 if a free woman m>ries a slave-man1 ! *ildr5 %all belong to ! fa!r2 if !y are slaves ( two h\ses1 ! *ildr5 %all belong to ! "m4 ,! *ildr5 ( temple-s]fs %all foll[ ! rule = freem54 ,b 9 reg>d to o!rs :o become slaves1 !y %all be treat$ accord+ to ! rule = slaves4--,a/on's translation ( ! ,nihongi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjb4 ,ab\t ! orig9 ( ,japanese slav]y1 mu* rema9s to be le>n$4 ,!re are evid5ces ( successive immigrations2 & x is possible t "s1 at lea/1 ( ! e>li] ,japanese settl]s 7 r$uc$ by lat] invad]s to ! /atus ( s]vitude4 ,aga91 #bcd !re 0 a consid]able immigration ( ,koreans & ,*9ese1 "s ( :om might h volunt>ily s\ght s]vitude z a refuge f worse evils4 ,b ! subject rema9s obscure4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t degradation to slav]y 0 a common puni%m5t 9 e>ly times2 also1 t debtors unable to pay became ! slaves ( _! cr$itors2 also1 t ?ieves 7 s5t5c$ to become ! slaves ( ^? :om !y _h robb$499 ,evid5tly !re 7 great diff]5ces 9 ! conditions ( s]vitude4 ,! m un=tunate class ( slaves 7 sc>cely bett] (f ?an dome/ic animals2 b !re 7 s]fs :o c\ld n be b\ght or sold1 nor employ$ at o!r ?an special "w2 ^! 7 ( k9 to _! lords1 & may h ent]$ volunt>ily into s]vitude = ! sake ( su/5ance & protection4 ,_! relation to _! ma/]s rem9ds u ( t ( ! ,roman cli5t to ! ,roman patron4 99,an edict issu$ by ! ,empress ,jito1 9 #fij1 enact$ t a fa!r c\ld sell 8 son into real slav]y2 b t debtors c\ld be sold only into a k9d ( s]fdom4 ,! edict ran ?us3 ,if a y\ng] bro!r ( ! common p is sold by 8 eld] bro!r1 he %\ld be class$ ) freem52 if a *ild is sold by 8 p>5ts1 he %\ld be class$ ) slaves2 p]sons confiscat$ into slav]y1 by way ( paym5t ( int]e/ on debts1 are to be class$ ) freem52 & _! *ildr51 ?\gh born ( a union ) a slave1 are to be all class$ ) freem54--,a/on's ,nihongi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p1 #djb4 ,z yet x is difficult to e/abli% any cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! fre$m5 & ! freem5 ( anci5t ,japanese society2 b we "k t ! free population1 rank+ bel[ ! rul+ class1 #bce consi/$ ( two great divisions3 ! kunitsuko & ! tomonotsuko4 ,! fir/ 7 f>m]s1 desc5dants p]haps ( ! e>lie/ ,mongol invad]s1 & 7 p]mitt$ to hold _! own l&s indep5d5tly ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t3 !y 7 lords ( _! own soil1 b n nobles4 ,! tomonotsuko 7 artizans1--probably ( ,korean or ,*9ese desc5t1 = ! mo/ "p1--& numb]$ no less ?an #ahj clans4 ,!y foll[$ h]$it>y occupations2 & _! clans 7 atta*$ to ! imp]ial clans1 = :i* !y 7 requir$ to furni% skill$ lab\r4 ,orig9ally ea* ( ! ,o-uji & ,ko-uji _h its own t]ritory1 *iefs1 dep5dants1 s]fs1 & slaves4 ,! *iefta9%ips 7 h]$it>y1--desc5d+ f fa!r to son 9 direct succession f ! orig9al patri>*4 ,! *ief ( a great clan 0 "l ov] ! *iefs ( ! subclans atta*$ to x3 8 au?ority 0 bo? religi\s & milit>y4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t religion & gov]nm5t 7 consid]$ id5tical4 ,all ,japanese clan-families 7 class$ "u ?ree heads1--,kobetsu1 ,%9betsu1 & ,bambetsu4 ,! ,kobetsu 7,imp]ial ,bran*7 repres5t$ ! s-call$ imp]ial families1 claim+ desc5t f ! ,sun-goddess2 ! ,%9betsu 7,div9e ,bran*7 7 clans claim+ desc5t f o!r deities1 t]re/rial or cele/ial2 ! ,bambetsu 7,=eign ,bran*7 repres5t$ ! mass ( ! p4 #bcf ,?us x w\ld seem t1 by ! rul+ classes1 ! common p 7 orig9ally consid]$ /rang]s1--,japanese only by adoption4 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k t ! t]m ,bambetsu 0 at fir/ giv5 to s]fs or fre$m5 ( ,*9ese or ,korean desc5t4 ,b ?is has n be5 prov$4 ,x is only c]ta9 t all society 0 divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ance/ry2 t two ( ^! classes con/itut$ a rul+ olig>*y299 & t ! ?ird1 or =eign class repres5t$ ! bulk ( ! nation1--! plebs4 99,dr4 ,flor5z acc\nts = ! di/9ction betwe5 ,kobetsu & ,%9betsu z due to ! exi/5ce ( two milit>y rul+ classes1--result+ f two successive waves ( invasion or immigration4 ,! ,kobetsu 7 ! foll[]s ( ,jimmu ,t5no2 ! ,%9betsu 7 e>li] conqu]ors :o _h settl$ 9 ,yamato prior to ! adv5t ( ,jimmu4 ,^! fir/ conqu]ors1 he ?9ks1 7 n dispossess$4 ,!re 0 a division also into ca/es--kabane or sei4 7,i use ! t]m ca/es1 foll[+ ,dr4 ,flor5z1 a lead+ au?ority on anci5t ,japanese civilization1 :o gives ! mean+ ( sei z equival5t to t ( ! ,sanscrit v>na1 signify+ ca/e or col\r47 ,e family 9 ! ?ree great divisions ( ,japanese society belong$ to "s ca/e2 & ea* ca/e repres5t$ at fir/ "s occupation or call+4 ,ca/e w\ld n seem to h develop$ any v rigid /ructure 9 ,japan2 & !re 7 e>ly t5d5cies to a confusion ( ! kabane4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ! confusion became s great t ! ,emp]or ,temmu ?\ght x necess>y to reorganize ! sei2 & by him all ! clan-families 7 regr\p$ into eight new ca/es4 #bcg ,su* 0 ! primal con/itution ( ,japanese society2 & t society 01 !re=e1 9 no true s5se ( ! t]m1 a fully =m$ nation4 ,nor c ! title ( ,emp]or be correctly appli$ to its e>ly rul]s4 ,! ,g]man s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,flor5z1 0 ! fir/ to e/abli% ^! facts1 contr>y to ! assumption ( ,japanese hi/orians4 ,he has %[n t ! heav5ly sov]eign ( ! e>ly ages 0 ! h]$it>y *ief ( "o ,uji only1--:i* ,uji1 be+ ! mo/ p[]ful ( all1 ex]cis$ influ5ce ov] _m ( ! o!rs4 ,! au?ority ( ! heav5ly sov]eign did n ext5d ov] ! c\ntry4 ,b ?\gh n ev5 a k+1--outside ( 8 own l>ge gr\p ( patri>*al families1--he enjoy$ ?ree imm5se pr]ogatives4 ,! fir/ 0 ! "r ( repres5t+ ! diff]5t ,uji be=e ! common ance/ral deity1--:i* implies ! privileges & p[]s ( a high prie/4 ,! second 0 ! "r ( repres5t+ ! diff]5t ,uji 9 =eign relations3 t is to say1 he c\ld make peace or decl>e w> 9 ! "n ( all ! clans1 & !re=e ex]cis$ ! supreme milit>y au?ority4 ,8 ?ird pr]ogative includ$ ! "r to settle disputes betwe5 clans2 ! "r to nom9ate a clan-patri>*1 9 case t ! l9e ( direct succession to ! *iefta9%ip ( any ,uji came to an end2 ! "r to e/abli% new ,uji2 & ! "r to aboli% an ,uji guilty ( s act+ z to endang] ! welf>e ( ! re/4 ,he 01 !re=e1 ,supreme ,pontiff1 ,supreme ,milit>y ,comm&]1 #bch ,supreme ,arbitrator1 & ,supreme ,magi/rate4 ,b he 0 n yet supreme k+3 8 p[]s 7 ex]cis$ only by cons5t ( ! clans4 ,lat] he 0 to become ! ,great ,khan 9 v fact1 & ev5 mu* m1--! ,prie/-,rul]1 ! ,god-,k+1 ! ,deity-,inc>nate4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( 8 dom9ion1 x became m & m difficult = him to ex]cise all ! functions orig9ally comb9$ 9 8 au?ority2 &1 z a consequ5ce ( deput+ ^? functions1 8 temporal sway 0 doom$ to decl9e1 ev5 :ile 8 religi\s p[] cont9u$ to augm5t4 ,! e>lie/ ,japanese society 0 n1 !re=e1 ev5 a feudalism 9 ! mean+ :i* we commonly atta* to t ^w3 x 0 a union ( clans at fir/ comb9$ = def5ce & (f5ce1--ea* clan hav+ a religion ( its own4 ,gradually "o clan-gr\p1 by p[] ( weal? & numb]s1 obta9$ su* dom9ation t x 0 able to impose its cult ^u all ! re/1 & to make its h]$it>y *ief ,supreme ,high ,pontiff4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,sun-goddess s became a race-cult2 b ?is wor%ip did n dim9i% ! relative importance ( ! o!r clan-cults1--x only furni%$ !m ) a common tradition4 ,ev5tually a nation =m$2 b ! clan rema9$ ! real unit ( society2 & n until ! pres5t era ( ,meiji 0 its dis9tegration effect$--at lea/ 9 s f> z legislation c\ld accompli%4 #bci ,we may call t p]iod dur+ :i* ! clans became really unit$ "u "o head1 & ! national cult 0 e/abli%$1 ! ,fir/ ,p]iod ( ,japanese ,social ,evolution4 ,h[ev]1 ! social organism did n develop to ! limit ( its type until ! era ( ! ,tokugawa %oguns1--s t1 9 ord] to /udy x z a complet$ /ructure1 we mu/ turn to mod]n times4 ,yet x _h tak5 on ! vague outl9e ( its de/9$ =m z e>ly z ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,temmu1 ^: accession is g5]ally dat$ #fgc ,a4,d4 ,dur+ t reign ,buddhism appe>s to h become a p[]ful influ5ce at c\rt2 = ! ,emp]or practically impos$ a veget>ian diet ^u ! p--pro( positive ( supreme p[] 9 fact z well z 9 !ory4 ,ev5 be=e ?is "t society _h be5 arrang$ into ranks & grades1--ea* ( ! upp] grades be+ di/+ui%$ by ! =m & quality ( ! (ficial head-dresses worn2 b ! ,emp]or ,temmu e/abli%$ _m new grades1 & reorganiz$ ! :ole adm9i/ration1 aft] ! ,*9ese mann]1 9 "o hundr$ & eight dep>tm5ts4 ,japanese society !n assum$1 z to its upp] ranks1 ne>ly all ! hi]>*ical =ms :i* x pres5t$ d[n to ! era ( ! ,tokugawa %oguns1 :o consolidat$ ! sy/em )\t s]i\sly *ang+ its fundam5tal /ructure4 ,we may say t f ! close ( ! ,fir/ ,p]iod ( its social evolution1 ! nation rema9$ practically sep>at$ into two classes3 ! #bdj gov]n+ class1 includ+ all ord]s ( ! nobility & milit>y2 & ! produc+ class1 compris+ all ! re/4 ,! *ief ev5t ( ! ,second ,p]iod ( ! social evolution 0 ! rise ( ! milit>y p[]1 :i* left ! imp]ial religi\s au?ority intact1 b usurp$ all ! adm9i/rative functions 7?is subject w be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]74 ,! society ev5tually cry/alliz$ by ?is milit>y p[] 0 a v complex /ructure--outw>dly resembl+ a huge feudalism1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 b intr9sically diff]5t f any ,european feudalism t ev] exi/$4 ,! diff]5ce lay especially 9 ! religi\s organization ( ! ,japanese communities1 ea* ( :i*1 reta9+ its p>ticul> cult & patri>*al adm9i/ration1 rema9$ ess5tially sep>ate f e o!r4 ,! national cult 0 a bond ( tradition1 n ( cohesion3 !re 0 no religi\s unity4 ,buddhism1 ?\gh widely accept$1 br\ght no real *ange into ?is ord] ( ?+s2 =1 :atev] ,buddhi/ cre$ a commune might pr(ess1 ! real social bond rema9$ ! bond ( ! ,ujigami4 ,s t1 ev5 z fully develop$ "u ! ,tokugawa rule1 ,japanese society 0 /ill b a great aggregate ( clans & subclans1 kept toge!r by milit>y co]cion4 ,at ! head ( ?is va/ aggregate 0 ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign1 ! ,liv+ ,god ( ! race1--,prie/-,emp]or & ,pontiff ,supreme1 --repres5t+ ! olde/ dyna/y 9 ! _w4 #bda ,next to him /ood ! ,kuge1 or anci5t nobility1--desc5dants ( emp]ors & ( gods4 ,!re 71 9 ! "t ( ! ,tokugawa1 #aee families ( ?is high nobility4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,nakatomi1 held1 & /ill holds1 ! highe/ h]$it>y prie/hood3 ! ,nakatomi 71 "u ! ,emp]or1 ! *iefs ( ! ance/ral cult4 ,all ! great clans ( e>ly ,japanese hi/ory--su* z ! ,fujiw>a1 ! ,taira1 ! ,m9amoto--7 ,kuge2 & mo/ ( ! great reg5ts & %oguns ( lat] hi/ory 7 ei!r ,kuge or desc5dants ( ,kuge4 ,next to ! ,kuge rank$ ! ,buke1 or milit>y class1--also call$ ,mon(ufu1 ,was>au1 or ,samurahi 7accord+ to ! anci5t writ+ ( ^! names71--) an ext5sive hi]>*y ( its own4 ,b ! diff]5ce1 9 mo/ cases1 betwe5 ! lords & ! w>riors ( ! ,buke 0 a diff]5ce ( rank bas$ ^u income & title3 all alike 7 samurai1 & ne>ly all 7 ( ,kobetsu or ,%9betsu desc5t4 ,9 e>ly times ! head ( ! milit>y class 0 appo9t$ by ! ,emp]or1 only z a tempor>y comm&]-9-*ief3 aft]w>ds1 ^! comm&]s-9-*ief1 by usurpation ( p[]1 made _! (fice h]$it>y1 & became v]itable imp]atores1 9 ! ,roman s5se4 ,_! title ( %ogun is well kn[n to ,we/]n read]s4 ,! %ogun rul$ ov] betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ lords ( prov9ces or di/ricts1 ^: p[]s & privileges v>i$ accord+ to income & grade4 ,"u ! ,tokugawa #bdb %ogunate !re 7 #bib ( ^! lords1 or daimyo4 ,be=e t "t ea* "l ex]cis$ supreme rule ov] 8 own doma92 & x is n surpris+ t ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 z well z ! e>ly ,dut* & ,engli% trad]s %\ld h call$ ! daimyo k+s4 ,! despotism ( ! daimyo 0 fir/ *eck$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! ,tokugawa dyna/y1 ,iyeyasu1 :o s re/rict$ _! p[]s t !y became1 ) "s exceptions1 liable to lose _! e/ates if prov$ guilty ( oppression & cruelty4 ,he rank$ !m all 9 f\r great classes3 7#a7 ,sanke1 or ,g-,sanke1 ! ,?ree ,exalt$ ,families 7^? f :om a successor to ! %ogunate might be *os51 9 case ( ne$72 7#b7 ,koku%u1 ,lords ( ,prov9ces2 7#c7 ,tozama1 ,outside-,lords2 7#d7 ,fudai1 ,successful ,families3 a "n giv5 to ^? families promot$ to lord%ip or o!rwise rew>d$ = fealty to ,iyeyasu4 ,( ! ,sanke1 !re 7 ?ree clans1 or families3 ( ! ,koku%u1 eighte52 ( ! ,tozama1 eighty-six2 & ( ! ,fudai1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six4 ,! income ( ! lea/ ( ^! daimyo 0 #aj1jjj koku ( rice 7we may say ab\t #aj1jjj p\nds1 ?\gh ! value ( ! koku diff]$ greatly at diff]5t p]iods72 & ! income ( ! greate/1 ! ,"l ( ,kaga1 0 e/imat$ at #a1jbg1jjj koku4 ,! great daimyo _h _! great] & less] vassals2 & ea* ( ^!1 aga91 _h 8 =ce ( tra9$ samurai1 or fight+ g5try4 ,!re 0 #bdc also a p>ticul> class ( soldi]-f>m]s1 call$ go%i1 "s ( :om possess$ privileges & p[]s exce$+ ^? ( ! less] daimyo4 ,^! go%i1 :o 7 indep5d5t l&[n]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 =m$ a k9d ( yeomanry2 b !re 7 _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! social position ( ! go%i & t ( ! ,engli% yeom54 ,besides reorganiz+ ! milit>y class1 ,iyeyasu creat$ sev]al new subclasses4 ,! m important ( ^! 7 ! hatamoto & ! gok594 ,! hatamoto1 ^: appellation signifies bann]-support]s1 numb]$ ab\t #bjjj1 & ! gok59 ab\t #ejjj4 ,^! two bodies ( samurai =m$ ! special milit>y =ce ( ! %ogun2 ! hatamoto be+ great] vassals1 ) l>ge incomes2 & ! gok59 less] vassals1 ) small incomes1 :o rank$ above o!r common samurai only because ( be+ directly atta*$ to ! %ogun's s]vice4444 ,! total numb] ( samurai ( all grades 0 ab\t #b1jjj1jjj4 ,!y 7 exempt$ f taxation1 & privileg$ to we> two swords4 ,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 0 ! g5]al ord9ation ( ^? noble & milit>y classes by :om ! nation 0 rul$ ) great sev]ity4 ,! bulk ( ! common p 7 divid$ into ?ree classes 7we might ev5 say ca/es1 b = ,indian ideas long associat$ ) ! t]m73 ,f>m]s1 ,artizans1 & ,m]*ants4 #bdd ,( ^! ?ree classes1 ! f>m]s 7hyaku%o7 7 ! highe/2 rank+ imm$iately aft] ! samurai4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to draw a l9e betwe5 ! samurai class & ! f>m+-class1--because _m samurai 7 f>m]s also1 & because "s f>m]s held a rank consid]ably above t ( ord9>y samurai4 ,p]haps we %\ld limit ! t]m hyaku%o 7f>m]s1 or peasantry7 to ^? till]s ( ! soil :o liv$ only by agriculture1 & 7 nei!r ( ,kobetsu nor ,%9betsu desc5t4444 ,at all ev5ts1 ! occupation ( ! peasant 0 consid]$ hon\rable3 a f>m]'s daught] might become a s]vant 9 ! imp]ial h\sehold itself--?\gh %e c\ld occupy only an humble position 9 ! s]vice4 ,c]ta9 f>m]s 7 privileg$ to we> swords4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,japanese society !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 f>m]s & w>riors3 all able-bodi$ f>m]s 7 !n tra9$ fight+-m51 ready = w> at any mom5t1--a condition p>allel$ 9 old ,sc&9avian society4 ,aft] a special milit>y class _h be5 evolv$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 f>m] & samurai /ill rema9$ vague 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,satsuma & 9 ,tosa1 = example1 ! samurai cont9u$ to f>m d[n to ! pres5t era3 ! be/ ( ! ,kyu%u samurai 7 ne>ly all f>m]s2 & _! sup]ior /ature & /r5g? 7 commonly attribut$ to _! ru/ic occupations4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 z 9 ,izumo1 f>m+ 0 =bidd5 to samurai3 #bde !y 7 n ev5 all[$ to hold rice-l&1 ?\gh !y might own =e/-l&4 ,b 9 v>i\s prov9ces !y 7 p]mitt$ to f>m1 ev5 :ile /rictly =bidd5 to foll[ any o!r occupation1--any trade or craft4444 ,at no "t did any degradation atta* to ! pursuit ( agriculture4 ,"s ( ! e>ly emp]ors took a p]sonal int]e/ 9 f>m+2 & 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace at ,akasaka may ev5 n[ be se5 a little rice-field4 ,by religi\s tradition1 immemorially old1 ! fir/ %eaf ( rice gr[n )9 ! imp]ial gr\nds %\ld be reap$ & (f]$ by ! imp]ial h& to ! div9e ance/ors z a h>ve/ (f]+1 on ! occasion ( ! ,n9? ,fe/ival1--,%9-,%o-,sai499 99,at ?is fe/ival ! fir/ new silk ( ! ye>1 z well z ! fir/ ( ! new rice-crop1 is /ill (f]$ to ! ,sun-goddess by ! ,emp]or 9 p]son4 ,bel[ ! peasantry rank$ ! artizan-class 7,%okun971 includ+ smi?s1 c>p5t]s1 weav]s1 pott]s1--all crafts1 9 %ort4 ,highe/ among ^! 7 reckon$1 z we might expect1 ! sword-smi?s4 ,sword-smi?s n infrequ5tly rose to dignities f> beyond _! class3 "s _h conf]r$ ^u !m ! high title ( ,kami1 writt5 ) ! same "* us$ 9 ! title ( a daimyo1 :o 0 usually t]m$ ! ,kami ( 8 prov9ce or di/rict4 ,naturally !y enjoy$ ! patronage ( ! highe/1--emp]ors & ,kuge4 ,! ,emp]or ,g-,toba is kn[n to h work$ at sword-mak+ 9 a smi?y #bdf ( 8 own4 ,religi\s rites 7 practis$ dur+ ! =g+ ( a blade d[n to mod]n times4444 ,all ! pr9cipal crafts _h guilds2 &1 z a g5]al rule1 trades 7 h]$it>y4 ,!re are good hi/orical gr\nds = suppos+ t ! ance/ors ( ! ,%okun9 7 mo/ly ,koreans & ,*9ese4 ,! comm]cial class 7,ak9do71 includ+ bank]s1 m]*ants1 %opkeep]s1 & trad]s ( all k9ds1 0 ! l[e/ (ficially recogniz$4 ,! bus9ess ( money-mak+ 0 held 9 contempt by ! sup]ior classes2 & all me?ods ( pr(it+ by ! pur*ase & re-sale ( ! produce ( lab\r 7 reg>d$ z di%on\rable4 ,a milit>y ari/ocracy w\ld naturally look d[n ^u ! trad+-classes2 & !re is g5]ally1 9 militant societies1 small respect = ! common =ms ( lab\r4 ,b 9 ,old ,japan ! occupations ( ! f>m] & ! artizan 7 n despis$3 trade alone appe>s to h be5 consid]$ degrad+1--& ! discrim9ation may h be5 p>tly a moral "o4 ,! relegation ( ! m]cantile class to ! l[e/ place 9 ! social scale mu/ h produc$ "s curi\s results4 ,h[ev] ri*1 = example1 a rice-deal] might be1 he rank$ bel[ ! c>p5t]s or pott]s or boat-build]s :om he might employ1--unless x happ5$ t 8 family orig9ally belong$ to ano!r class4 ,9 lat] times #bdg ! ,ak9do includ$ _m p]sons ( o!r ?an ,ak9do desc5t2 & ! class ?us virtually retriev$ itself4 ,( ! f\r great classes ( ! nation--,samurai1 ,f>m]s1 ,artizans1 & ,m]*ants 7! ,%i-,no-,ko-,%o1 z !y 7 briefly call$1 aft] ! initial *>act]s ( ! ,*9ese t]ms us$ to designate !m7--! la/ ?ree 7 c\nt$ toge!r "u ! g5]al appellation ( ,heim91 common folk4 ll heim9 7 subject to ! samurai2 any samurai be+ privileg$ to kill ! heim9 %[+ him disrespect4 ,b ! heim9 7 actually ! nation3 !y alone creat$ ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 produc$ ! rev5ues1 paid ! taxes1 support$ ! nobility & milit>y & cl]gy4 ,z = ! cl]gy1 ! ,buddhi/ 7l ! ,%9to7 prie/s1 ?\gh =m+ a class ap>t1 rank$ ) ! samurai1 n ) ! heim94 ,outside ( ! ?ree classes ( common]s1 & hopelessly bel[ ! l[e/ ( !m1 l>ge classes ( p]sons exi/$ :o 7 n reckon$ z ,japanese1 & sc>cely acc\nt$ human be+s4 ,(ficially !y 7 m5tion$ g5]ically z *ori1 & 7 c\nt$ ) ! peculi> num]als us$ 9 c\nt+ animals3 ippiki1 nihiki1 sambiki1 etc4 ,ev5 to-day !y are commonly ref]r$ to1 n z p]sons 7hito71 b z ?+s 7mono74 ,to ,engli% read]s 7*iefly ?r\gh ,mr4 ,mit=d's yet unrivall$ ,tales ( ,old #bdh ,japan7 !y are kn[n z ,eta2 b _! appellations v>i$ accord+ to _! call+s4 ,!y 7 p>iah-p3 ,japanese writ]s h d5i$1 ^u app>5tly good gr\nds1 t ! *ori belong to ! ,japanese race4 ,v>i\s tribes ( ^! outca/s foll[$ occupations 9 ! monopoly ( :i* !y 7 legally confirm$3 !y 7 well-digg]s1 g>d5-sweep]s1 /raw-work]s1 s&al-mak]s1 accord+ to local privileges4 ,"o class 0 employ$ (ficially 9 ! capacity ( tortur]s & execution]s2 ano!r 0 employ$ z night-wat*m52 a ?ird z grave-mak]s4 ,b mo/ ( ! ,eta foll[$ ! bus9ess ( tann]s & lea!r-dress]s4 ,!y alone _h ! "r to slaught] & flay animals1 to prep>e v>i\s k9ds ( lea!r1 & to manufacture lea!r s&als1 /irrup-/raps1 & drumheads1--! mak+ ( drumheads be+ a lucrative occupation 9 a c\ntry :]e drums 7 us$ 9 a hundr$ ?\s& temples4 ,! ,eta _h _! own laws1 & _! own *iefs1 :o ex]cis$ p[]s ( life & dea?4 ,!y liv$ always 9 ! suburbs or imm$iate neighb\rhood ( t[ns1 b only 9 sep>ate settlem5ts ( _! own4 ,!y c\ld ent] ! t[n to sell _! w>es1 or to make pur*ases2 b !y c\ld n ent] any %op1 except ! %op ( a deal] 9 footge>499 99,?is is /ill ! rule 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,z pr(essional s+]s !y 7 tol]at$2 b !y 7 =bidd5 to ent] any h\se--s !y c\ld p]=m _! music or s+ #bdi _! songs only 9 ! /reet1 or 9 a g>d54 ,any occupations o!r ?an _! h]$it>y call+s 7 /rictly =bidd5 to !m4 ,betwe5 ! l[e/ ( ! comm]cial classes & ! ,eta1 ! b>ri] 0 impassable z any creat$ by ca/e-tradition 9 ,india2 & nev] 0 ,ghetto m sep>at$ f ! re/ ( a ,european city by walls & gates1 ?an an ,eta settlem5t f ! re/ ( a ,japanese t[n by social prejudice4 ,no ,japanese w\ld dream ( ent]+ an ,eta settlem5t unless oblig$ to d s 9 "s (ficial capacity4444 ,at ! pretty little seaport ( ,mionoseki1 ,i saw an ,eta settlem5t1 =m+ "o t]m9ation ( ! cresc5t ( /reets ext5d+ r\nd ! bay4 ,mionoseki is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ anci5t t[ns 9 ,japan2 & ! ,eta village atta*$ to x mu/ be v old4 ,ev5 to-day1 no ,japanese habitant ( ,mionoseki w\ld ?9k ( walk+ ?r\gh t settlem5t1 ?\gh its /reets are cont9uations ( ! o!r /reets3 *ildr5 nev] pass ! unm>k$ b\nd>y2 & ! v dogs w n cross ! prejudice-l9e4 ,= all t ! settlem5t is clean1 well built1--) g>d5s1 ba?s1 & temples ( its own4 ,x looks l any well-kept ,japanese village4 ,b = p]haps a ?\s& ye>s !re has be5 no fell[%ip betwe5 ! p ( ^? contigu\s communities4444 ,nobody c n[ tell ! hi/ory ( ^! outca/ folk3 ! cause ( _! social excommunication has long be5 =gott54 #bej ,besides ! ,eta prop]1 !re 7 p>iahs call$ h991--a "n signify+ n-human-be+s4 ,"u ?is appellation 7 includ$ pr(essional m5dicants1 w&]+ m9/rels1 actors1 c]ta9 classes ( pro/itutes1 & p]sons outlaw$ by society4 ,! h99 _h _! own *iefs1 & _! own laws4 ,any p]son expell$ f a ,japanese community might jo9 ! h992 b t signifi$ good-by to ! re/ ( humanity4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 too %rewd to p]secute ! h994 ,_! gipsy-exi/5ce sav$ a _w ( tr\ble4 ,x 0 unnecess>y to keep petty (f5d]s 9 jail1 or to provide = p incapable ( e>n+ an hone/ liv+1 s long z ^! c\ld be driv5 into ! h99 class4 ,!re ! incorrigible1 ! vagrant1 ! begg>1 w\ld be kept "u discipl9e ( a sort1 & w\ld practically disappe> f (ficial cognizance4 ,! kill+ ( a h99 0 n consid]$ murd]1 & 0 puni%$ only by a f9e4 ,! read] %\ld n[ be able to =m an approximately correct idea ( ! "* ( ! old ,japanese society4 ,b ! ord9ation ( t society 0 mu* m complex ?an ,i h be5 able to indicate1--s complex t volumes w\ld be requir$ to treat ! subject 9 detail4 ,once fully evolv$1 :at we may /ill call ,feudal ,japan1 = want ( a bett] "n1 pres5t$ mo/ ( ! features ( a d\bly-comp\nd society ( ! militant type1 ) #bea c]ta9 m>k$ approa*es t[>d ! trebly-comp\nd type4 ,a /rik+ peculi>ity1 ( c\rse1 is ! abs5ce ( a true ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1--due to ! fact t ,gov]nm5t nev] became dissociat$ f religion4 ,!re 0 at "o "t a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ,buddhism to e/abli% a religi\s hi]>*y indep5d5t ( c5tral au?ority2 b !re 7 two fatal ob/acles 9 ! way ( su* a developm5t4 ,! fir/ 0 ! condition ( ,buddhism itself1--divid$ into a numb] ( sects1 "s bitt]ly oppos$ to o!rs4 ,! second ob/acle 0 ! implacable ho/ility ( ! milit>y clans1 jeal\s ( any religi\s p[] capable ( int]f]+1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ) _! policy4 ,s soon z ! =eign religion began to prove itself =midable 9 ! _w ( action1 ru?less measures 7 decid$2 & ! frightful massacres ( prie/s by ,nobunaga1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 end$ ! political aspirations ( ,buddhism 9 ,japan4 ,o!rwise ! regim5tation ( society resembl$ t ( all antique civilizations ( ! militant type1--all action be+ bo? positively & negatively regulat$4 ,! h\sehold rul$ ! p]son2 ! five-family gr\p2 ! h\sehold2 ! community1 ! gr\p2 ! "l ( ! soil1 ! community2 ! ,%ogun1 ! "l4 ,ov] ! :ole body ( ! produc+ classes1 two million samurai _h p[] ( life & dea?2 ov] ^! samurai ! daimyo held a l p[]2 & ! daimyo 7 subject to ! ,%ogun4 #beb ,nom9ally ! ,%ogun 0 subject to ! ,emp]or1 b n 9 fact3 milit>y usurpation di/urb$ & %ift$ ! natural ord] ( ! high] responsibility4 ,h[ev]1 f ! nobility d[nw>ds1 ! regulative discipl9e 0 mu* re9=c$ by ?is *ange 9 gov]nm5t4 ,among ! produc+ classes !re 7 c\ntless comb9ations--guilds ( all sorts2 b ^! 7 only despotisms )9 despotisms--despotisms ( ! communi/ic ord]2 ea* memb] be+ gov]n$ by ! w ( ! re/2 & ent]prise1 :e!r comm]cial or indu/rial1 be+ impossible outside ( "s corporation4444 ,we h already se5 t ! individual 0 b\nd to ! commune--c\ld n leave x )\t a p]mit1 c\ld n m>ry out ( x4 ,we h se5 also t ! /rang] 0 a /rang] 9 ! old ,greek & ,roman s5se1--t is to say an enemy1 a ho/is1--& c\ld ent] ano!r community only by be+ religi\sly adopt$ into x4 ,z reg>ds exclusiv5ess1 !re=e1 ! social conditions 7 l ^? ( ! e>ly ,european communities2 b ! militant conditions resembl$ r ^? ( ! great ,asiatic empires4 ,( c\rse su* a society _h no?+ 9 common ) any mod]n =m ( ,occid5tal civilization4 ,x 0 a huge mass ( clan-gr\ps1 loosely unit$ "u a du>*y1 9 :i* ! milit>y head 0 omnipot5t1 & ! religi\s head only an object ( #bec wor%ip1--! liv+ symbol ( a cult4 ,h[ev] ?is organization might outw>dly resemble :at we are accu/om$ to call feudalism1 its /ructure 0 r l t ( anci5t ,egyptian or ,p]uvian society1--m9us ! prie/ly hi]>*y4 ,! supreme figure is n an ,emp]or 9 our mean+ ( ! ^w1--n a k+ ( k+s & vic]eg5t ( heav51--b a ,god inc>nate1 a race-div9ity1 an ,inca desc5d$ f ! ,sun4 ,ab\t 8 sacr$ p]son1 we see ! tribes rang$ 9 obeisance1--ea* tribe1 nev]!less1 ma9ta9+ its own ance/ral cult2 & ! clans =m+ ^! tribes1 & ! communities =m+ ^! clans1 & ! h\seholds =m+ ^! communities1 h all _! sep>ate cults2 & out ( ! mass ( ^! cults h be5 d]iv$ ! cu/oms & ! laws4 ,yet ev]y:]e ! cu/oms & ! laws diff] m or less1 because ( ! v>iety ( _! orig9s3 !y h ?is only 9 common1--t !y exact ! mo/ humble & implicit ob$i5ce1 & regulate e detail ( private & public life4 ,p]sonality is :olly suppress$ by co]cion2 & ! co]cion is *iefly f )91 n f )\t1--! life ( e individual be+ s ord]$ by ! w ( ! re/ z to r5d] free action1 free speak+1 or free ?9k+1 out ( ! "q4 ,?is means some?+ incomp>ably h>%] ?an ! sociali/ic tyranny ( e>ly ,greek society3 x means religi\s communism d\bl$ ) a milit>y despotism ( #bed ! mo/ t]rible k9d4 ,! individual did n legally exi/1--except = puni%m5t2 & f ! :ole ( ! produc+-classes1 :e!r s]fs or freem51 ! mo/ s]vile submission 0 ru?lessly exact$4 ,x is difficult to believe t any intellig5t man ( mod]n times c\ld endure su* conditions & live 7except "u ! protection ( "s p[]ful rul]1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% pilot ,w ,adams1 creat$ a samurai by ,iyeyasu73 ! incessant & multi=m con/ra9t ^u m5tal & moral life w\ld ( itself be en\gh to kill4444 ,^? :o write to-day ab\t ! extraord9>y capacity ( ! ,japanese = organization1 & ab\t ! democratic _s ( ! p z natural pro( ( _! fitness = repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 ! ,we/]n s5se1 mi/ake appe>ances = realities4 ,! tru? is t ! extraord9>y capacity ( ! ,japanese = communal organization1 is ! /ronge/ possible evid5ce ( _! unfitness = any mod]n democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,sup]ficially ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,japanese social organization1 & local self-gov]nm5t 9 ! mod]n ,am]ican1 or ! ,engli% colonial mean+ ( ! t]m1 appe>s slight2 & we may ju/ly admire ! p]fect self-discipl9e ( a ,japanese community4 ,b ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is fundam5tal1 prodigi\s1--measurable only by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 compulsory & free #bee coop]ation1--! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mo/ despotic =m ( communism1 f\nd$ ^u ! mo/ anci5t =m ( religion1 & ! mo/ highly evolv$ =m ( indu/rial union1 ) unlimit$ individual "r ( competition4 ,!re exi/s a popul> error to ! effect t :at we call communism & socialism 9 ,we/]n civilization are mod]n gr[?s1 repres5t+ aspiration t[>d "s p]fect =m ( democracy4 ,z a matt] ( fact ^! movem5ts repres5t rev]sion1--rev]sion t[>d ! primitive conditions ( human society4 ,"u e =m ( anci5t despotism we f9d exactly ! same capacity ( self-gov]nm5t among ! p3 x 0 manife/$ by ! old ,egyptians & ,p]uvians z well z by ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans2 x is exhibit$ to-day by ,h9doo & ,*9ese communities2 x may be /udi$ 9 ,siamese or ,annamese villages q z well z 9 ,japan4 ,x means a religi\s communi/ic despotism1--a supreme social tyranny suppress+ p]sonality1 =bidd+ ent]prise1 & mak+ competition a public (f5ce4 ,su* self-gov]nm5t also has its advantages3 x 0 p]fectly adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ,japanese life s long z ! nation c\ld rema9 isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,yet x mu/ be obvi\s t any society ^: e?ical traditions =bid ! individual to pr(it at ! co/ ( 8 fell[-m5 w be plac$ at an enorm\s disadvantage :5 =c$ into ! #bef indu/rial /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ communities ^: self-gov]nm5t p]mits ( ! greate/ possible p]sonal fre$om1 & ! wide/ range ( competitive ent]prise4 ,we might suppose t p]petual & univ]sal co]cion1 moral & physical1 w\ld h br\ght ab\t a /ate ( univ]sal sam5ess1--a dismal uni=mity & monotony 9 all life's manife/ations4 ,b su* monotony exi/$ only z to ! life ( ! commune1 n z to t ( ! race4 ,! mo/ wond]ful v>iety *>act]iz$ ?is qua9t civilization1 z x also *>act]iz$ ! old ,greek civilization1 & = precisely ! same reasons4 ,9 e patri>*al civilization rul$ by ance/or-wor%ip1 all t5d5cy to absolute sam5ess1 to g5]al uni=mity1 is prev5t$ by ! "* ( ! aggregate itself1 :i* nev] becomes homog5e\s & pla/ic4 ,e unit ( t aggregate1 ea* "o ( ! multitude ( petty despotisms compos+ x1 mo/ jeal\sly gu>ds its own p>ticul> traditions & cu/oms1 & rema9s self-suffic+4 ,h5ce results1 soon] or lat]1 incomp>able v>iety ( detail1 small detail1 arti/ic1 indu/rial1 ar*itectural1 me*anical4 ,9 ,japan su* diff]5tiation & specialization 0 ?us ma9ta9$1 t y w h>dly f9d 9 ! :ole c\ntry ev5 two villages :]e ! cu/oms1 indu/ries1 & me?ods ( production are exactly ! same4444 ,! cu/oms #beg ( ! fi%+-villages w1 p]haps1 be/ illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,9 e coa/ di/rict ! v>i\s fi%+-settlem5ts h _! own traditional ways ( con/ruct+ nets & boats1 & _! own p>ticul> me?ods ( h&l+ !m4 ,n[1 9 ! "t ( ! great tidal-wave ( #ahif1 :5 ?irty ?\s& p p]i%$1 & scores ( coa/-villages 7 wreck$1 l>ge sums ( money 7 collect$ 9 ,kobe & else:]e = ! b5efit ( ! survivors2 & well-mean+ =eign]s attempt$ to supply ! want ( boats & fi%+ implem5ts by pur*as+ quantities ( locally made nets & boats1 & s5d+ !m to ! afflict$ di/ricts4 ,b x 0 f\nd t ^! pres5ts 7 ( no use to ! m5 ( ! nor!rn prov9ces1 :o _h be5 accu/om$ to boats & nets ( a totally diff]5t k9d2 & x 0 fur!r discov]$ t e fi%+-hamlet _h special requirem5ts ( its own 9 ?is reg>d4444 ,n[ ! diff]5tiations ( habit & cu/om1 ?us exhibit$ 9 ! life ( ! fi%+-communities1 is p>allel$ 9 _m crafts & call+s4 ,! way ( build+ h\ses1 & ( ro(+ !m1 diff]s 9 almo/ e prov9ce1 also ! me?ods ( agriculture & ( horticulture1 ! mann] ( mak+ wells1 ! me?ods ( weav+ & lacqu]+ & pott]y-mak+ & tile-bak+4 ,ne>ly e t[n & village ( importance boa/s ( "s special production1 be>+ ! "n ( ! place1 & unlike any?+ made else:]e4444 #beh ,no d\bt ! ance/ral cults help$ to cons]ve & to develop su* local specialization ( indu/ries3 ! craft-ance/ors1 ! patron-gods ( ! guild1 7 suppos$ to desire t ! "w ( _! desc5dants & wor%ipp]s %\ld ma9ta9 a p>ticul> "* ( its own4 ,?\gh individual ent]prise 0 *eck$ by communal regulation1 ! specialization ( local production 0 enc\rag$ by diff]5ce ( cults4 ,family-cons]vatism or guild-cons]vatism w\ld tol]ate small improvem5ts or modifications sugge/$ by local exp]i5ce1 b w\ld be w>y1 p]haps sup]/iti\s likewise1 ab\t accept+ ! results ( /range exp]i5ce4 ,/ill1 = ! ,japanese !mselves1 n ! lea/ pleasure ( travel 9 ,japan is ! pleasure ( /udy+ ! curi\s v>iety 9 local production1--! pleasure ( f9d+ ! novel1 ! unexpect$1 ! unimag9$4 ,ev5 ^? arts or indu/ries ( ,old ,japan1 prim>ily borr[$ f ,korea or f ,*9a1 appe> to h develop$ & cons]v$ innum]able que] =ms "u ! influ5ce ( ! numb]less local cults4 #bei ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,milit>y ,,p[] ,almo/ ! :ole ( au!ntic ,japanese hi/ory is compris$ 9 "o va/ episode3 ! rise & fall ( ! milit>y p[]4444 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to speak ( ,japanese hi/ory z beg9n+ ) ! accession ( ,jimmu ,t5no1 alleg$ to h reign$ f #ffj to #ehe ,b4,c41 & to h liv$ = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,be=e ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,jimmu 0 ! ,age ( ! ,gods1--! p]iod ( my?ology4 ,b tru/wor?y hi/ory does n beg9 = a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! accession ( ,jimmu ,t5no2 & ! *ronicles ( ^? ?\s& ye>s mu/ be reg>d$ z little bett] ?an fairy-tales4 ,!y conta9 records ( fact2 b fact & my? are s int]wov5 t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,we h leg5ds1 = example1 ( an alleg$ conque/ ( ,korea 9 ! ye> #bjb ,a4,d41 by ! ,empress ,j+o2 & x has be5 tol]ably well prov$ t no su* conque/ took place499 99,see ,a/on's pap]1 ,e>ly ,japanese ,hi/ory1 9 ! translations ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 ,! lat] records are some:at less my?ical ?an ! e>li]4 ,we h traditions app>5tly f\nd$ on #bfj fact1 ( ,korean immigration 9 ! "t ( ! fifte5? rul]1 ! ,emp]or ,oj92 !n lat] traditions1 also f\nd$ on fact1 ( e>ly ,*9ese /udies 9 ,japan2 !n "s vague acc\nts ( a di/urb$ /ate ( society1 :i* appe>s to h cont9u$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,buddhism 0 introduc$ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury foll[+2 & we h record ( ! fi]ce opposition (f]$ to ! new cre$ by a ,%9to faction1 & ( a miracul\s victory won by ! help ( ! ,f\r ,deva ,k+s1 at ! pray] ( ,%otoku ,tai%i1--! great f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 & reg5t ( ! ,empress ,suiko4 ,) ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism 9 ! reign ( t ,empress 7#eic-fbh ,a4,d471 we rea* ! p]iod ( au!ntic hi/ory1 & ( ! ?irty-?ird ,japanese sov]eign c\nt+ f ,jimmu ,t5no4 ,b al?\gh ev]y?+ prior to ! sev5? c5tury rema9s obscur$ = u by ! mi/s ( fable1 mu* c be inf]r$1 ev5 f ! half-my?ical records1 conc]n+ social conditions dur+ ! reigns ( ! fir/ ?irty-?ree ,emp]ors & ,empresses4 ,x appe>s t ! e>ly ,mikado liv$ v simply--sc>cely bett]1 inde$1 ?an _! subjects4 ,! ,%9to s*ol> ,mabu*i tells u t !y dwelt 9 huts ) mud walls & ro(s ( %+le2 t !y wore hemp5 clo!s2 t !y c>ri$ _! swords 9 simple wood5 scabb>ds1 b\nd r\nd ) ! t5drils ( a wild #bfa v9e2 t !y walk$ ab\t freely among ! p2 t !y c>ri$ _! own b[s & arr[s :5 !y w5t to hunt4 ,b z society develop$ weal? & p[]1 ?is e>ly simplicity disappe>$1 & ! gradual introduction ( ,*9ese cu/oms & etiquette effect$ great *anges4 ,! ,empress ,suiko introduc$ ,*9ese c\rt-c]emonies1 & fir/ e/abli%$ among ! nobility ! ,*9ese grades ( rank4 ,*9ese luxury1 z well z ,*9ese le>n+1 soon made its appe>ance at c\rt2 & !reaft] ! imp]ial au?ority appe>s to h be5 less & less directly ex]t$4 ,! new c]emonialism mu/ h r5d]$ ! p]sonal ex]cise ( ! multi=m imp]ial functions m difficult ?an be=e2 & x is probable t ! temptation to act m or less by deputy w\ld h be5 /rong ev5 9 ! case ( an en]getic rul]4 ,at all ev5ts we f9d t ! real adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t began ab\t ?is "t to pass into ! h&s ( deputies1--all ( :om 7 memb]s ( ! great ,kuge clan ( ! ,fujiw>a4 ,?is clan1 :i* includ$ ! highe/ h]$it>y prie/hood1 repres5t$ a majority ( ! anci5t nobility1 claim+ div9e desc5t4 ,n9ety-five out ( ! total "o hundr$ & fifty-five families ( ,kuge belong$ to x1--includ+ ! five families1 ,g-,sekke1 f :i* alone ! ,emp]or 0 by tradition all[$ to *oose 8 ,empress4 ,its hi/oric "n dates only f ! reign ( ! ,emp]or #bfb ,kwammu 7#ghb-hjf ,a4,d471 :o be/[$ x z an hon\r ^u ,nakatomi no ,kamat>i2 b ! clan _h long previ\sly held ! highe/ positions at ,c\rt4 ,by ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury mo/ ( ! executive p[] _h pass$ into its h&s4 ,lat] ! (fice ( ,kwambaku1 or ,reg5t1 0 e/abli%$1 & rema9$ h]$it>y 9 ! h\se d[n to mod]n times--ages aft] all real p[] _h be5 tak5 f ! desc5dants ( ,nakatomi no ,kamat>i4 ,b dur+ almo/ five c5turies ! ,fujiw>a rema9$ ! v]itable reg5ts ( ! c\ntry1 & took e possible advantage ( _! position4 ,all ! civil (fices 7 9 ! h&s ( ,fujiw>a m52 all ! wives & fav\rites ( ! ,emp]ors 7 ,fujiw>a wom54 ,! :ole p[] ( gov]nm5t 0 ?us kept 9 ! h&s ( ! clan2 & ! political au?ority ( ! ,emp]or ceas$ to exi/4 ,moreov] ! succession 0 regulat$ entirely by ! ,fujiw>a2 & ev5 ! duration ( ea* reign 0 made to dep5d ^u _! policy4 ,x 0 deem$ advisable to compel ,emp]ors to abdicate at an e>ly age1 & aft] abdicat+ to become ,buddhi/ monks1--! successor *os5 be+ (t5 a m]e *ild4 ,!re is record ( an ,emp]or asc5d+ ! ?rone at ! age ( two1 & abdicat+ at ! age ( f\r2 ano!r ,mikado 0 appo9t$ at ! age ( five2 sev]al at ! age ( t54 ,yet ! religi\s dignity ( ! ?rone rema9$ undim9i%$1 or1 r1 cont9u$ #bfc to gr[4 ,! m ! ,mikado 0 )drawn f public view by policy & by c]emonial1 ! m did 8 seclusion & inaccessibility s]ve to deep5 ! awe ( ! div9e leg5d4 ,l ! ,lama ( ,?ibet ! liv+ deity 0 made invisible to ! multitude2 & gradually ! belief arose t to look ^u 8 face 0 dea?4444 ,x is said t ! ,fujiw>a 7 n satisfi$ ev5 ) ^! despotic means ( assur+ _! own dom9ation1 & t luxuri\s =ms ( corruption 7 ma9ta9$ )9 ! palace = ! purpose ( weak5+ ! "* ( "y emp]ors :o might o!rwise h f\nd ! en]gy to ass]t ! anci5t rights ( ! ?rone4 ,p]haps ?is usurpation--:i* prep>$ ! way = ! rise ( ! milit>y p[]--has nev] be5 rightly int]pret$4 ,! hi/ory ( all ! patri>*al societies ( anci5t ,europe w be f\nd to illu/rate ! same phase ( social evolution4 ,at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ea* we f9d ! same ?+ happ5+1--! )drawal ( all political au?ority f ! ,prie/-,k+1 :o is suff]$1 nev]!less1 to reta9 ! religi\s dignity4 ,x may be a mi/ake to judge ! policy ( ! ,fujiw>a z a policy ( m]e ambition & usurpation4 ,! ,fujiw>a 7 a religi\s ari/ocracy1 claim+ div9e orig91--clan-*iefs ( a society 9 :i* religion & gov]nm5t 7 id5tical1 & hold+ to t society mu* ! same relation z t ( ! #bfd ,eupatridae to ! anci5t ,attic society4 ,! ,mikado _h orig9ally become supreme magi/rate1 milit>y comm&]1 & religi\s head by cons5t ( a majority ( ! clan-*iefs1--ea* ( :om repres5t$ to 8 own foll[+ :at ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign repres5t$ to ! social aggregate4 ,b z ! p[] ( ! rul] ext5d$ ) ! gr[? ( ! nation1 ^? :o _h =m]ly unit$ to ma9ta9 t p[] began to f9d x dang]\s4 ,!y decid$ to deprive ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign ( all political & legal au?ority1 )\t di/urb+ 9 any way 8 religi\s supremacy4 ,at ,a!ns1 at ,sp>ta1 at ,rome1 & else:]e 9 anci5t ,europe1 ! same policy 0 c>ri$ out1 = ! same reasons1 by religi\s s5ates4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,rome1 z int]pret$ by ,m4 de ,c\langes1 be/ illu/rates ! nature ( ! antagonism develop$ betwe5 ! prie/-rul] & ! religi\s ari/ocracy2 b ! same ?+ took place 9 all ! ,greek communities1 ) ab\t ! same result4 ,ev]y:]e political p[] 0 tak5 away f ! e>ly k+s2 b !y 7 mo/ly left 9 possession ( _! religi\s dignities & privileges3 !y rema9$ supreme prie/s aft] hav+ ceas$ to be rul]s4 ,?is 0 ! case also 9 ,japan2 & ,i imag9e t future ,japanese hi/orians w be able to give u an entirely new int]pretation ( ! ,fujiw>a episode1 z review$ 9 ! light ( mod]n sociology4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re c be little d\bt #bfe t1 9 curtail+ ! p[]s ( ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign1 ! religi\s ari/ocracy mu/ h be5 actuat$ by cons]vative precaution z well z by ambition4 ,!re _h be5 v>i\s ,emp]ors :o made *anges 9 ! laws & cu/oms--*anges :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 view$ ) fav\r by _m ( ! anci5t nobility2 !re _h be5 an ,emp]or ^: div]sions c to-day be writt5 ( only 9 ,lat92 !re _h ev5 be5 an ,emp]or--,kotoku--:o1 ?\gh ,god ,inc>nate1 & *ief ( ! anci5t fai?1 despis$ ! ,way ( ! ,gods1 & cut d[n ! holy grove ( ! %r9e ( ,iku-kuni-dama4 ,kotoku1 = all 8 ,buddhi/ piety 7p]haps1 inde$1 because ( x71 0 "o ( ! wise/ & be/ ( rul]s2 b ! example ( a heav5ly sov]eign despis+ ! ,way ( ! ,gods1 mu/ h giv5 ! prie/ly clan matt] = s]i\s reflection4444 ,besides1 !re is ano!r important fact to be notic$4 ,! ,imp]ial h\sehold prop] _h become1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 entirely deta*$ f ! ,uji2 & ! omnipot5ce ( ?is unit1 indep5d5t ( all o!r units1 con/itut$ 9 itself a grave dang] to ari/ocratic privileges & e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,too mu* might dep5d ^u ! p]sonal "* & w ( an omnipot5t ,god-,k+1 capable ( break+ ) all clan-cu/om1 & ( abrogat+ clan-privileges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 safety = all alike "u ! patri>*al rule ( ! clan1 :i* #bff c\ld *eek e t5d5cy on ! "p ( any ( its memb]s to ex]t pr$om9ant influ5ce at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,b = obvi\s reasons ! ,imp]ial cult--traditional s\rce ( all au?ority & privilege--c\ld n be t\*$3 x 0 only by ma9ta9+ & re9=c+ x t ! religi\s nobility c\ld expect to keep ! real p[] 9 _! h&s4 ,!y actually kept x = ne>ly five c5turies4 ,! hi/ory ( all ! ,japanese reg5cies1 h[ev]1 amply illu/rates ! g5]al rule t inh]it$ au?ority is ev] & ev]y:]e liable to f9d itself supplant$ by deput$ au?ority4 ,! ,fujiw>a appe> to h ev5tually become ! victims ( t luxury :i* !y _h !mselves1 = reasons ( policy1 introduc$ & ma9ta9$4 ,deg5]at+ into a m]e c\rt-nobility1 !y made little ef=t to ex]t any direct au?ority 9 o!r ?an civil directions1 entru/+ milit>y matt]s almo/ :olly to ! ,buke4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ! di/9ction betwe5 milit>y & civil organization _h be5 made ^u ! ,*9ese plan2 ! great milit>y class !n came into exi/5ce1 & began to ext5d its p[] rapidly4 ,( ! milit>y clans prop]1 ! mo/ p[]ful 7 ! ,m9amoto & ! ,taira4 ,by deput+ to ^! clans ! conduct ( all important matt]s relat+ to w>1 ! ,fujiw>a ev5tually lo/ _! high position & influ5ce4 ,z soon #bfg z ! ,buke f\nd !mselves /rong en\gh to lay h&s ^u ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1--:i* happ5$ ab\t ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1--! ,fujiw>a supremacy became a ?+ ( ! pa/1 al?\gh memb]s ( ! clan cont9u$ = c5turies to occupy positions ( importance "u v>i\s reg5ts4 ,b ! ,buke c\ld n realize _! ambition )\t a bitt] /ruggle among !mselves1--! longe/ & ! fi]ce/ w> 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,! ,m9amoto & ! ,taira 7 bo? ,kuge2 bo? claim$ imp]ial desc5t4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! conte/ ! ,taira c>ri$ all be=e !m2 & x seem$ t no p[] c\ld h9d] !m f ext]m9at+ ! rival clan4 ,b =tune turn$ at la/ 9 fav\r ( ! ,m9amoto2 & at ! fam\s sea-fight ( ,dan-no-ura1 9 #aahe1 ! ,taira 7 !mselves ext]m9at$4 ,!n began ! reign ( ! ,m9amoto reg5ts1 or r %ogun4 ,i h else:]e said t ! title %ogun orig9ally signifi$1 z did ! ,roman milit>y t]m ,imp]ator1 only a comm&]-9-*ief3 x n[ became ! title ( ! supreme rul] de facto1 9 8 d\ble capacity ( civil & milit>y sov]eign1--! ,k+ ( k+s4 ,f ! accession ( ! ,m9amoto to p[] ! hi/ory ( ! %ogunate--! long hi/ory ( ! milit>y supremacy--really beg9s2 ,japan !reaft]1 d[n to ! pres5t era ( ,meiji1 hav+ really two ,emp]ors3 #bfh ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign1 or ,deity ,inc>nate1 repres5t+ ! religion ( ! race2 & ! v]itable ,imp]ator1 :o wield$ all ! p[]s ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,no "o s\ght to occupy by =ce ! ?rone ( ! ,sun's ,succession1 :5ce all au?ority 0 at lea/ suppos$ to be d]iv$4 ,reg5t or %ogun b[$ d[n be=e x3 div9ity c\ld n be usurp$4 ,yet peace did n foll[ ^u ! battle ( ,dan-no-ura3 ! clan-w>s initiat$ by ! great /ruggle ( ! ,m9amoto & ! ,taira1 cont9u$1 at irregul> int]vals1 = five c5turies m2 & ! nation rema9$ dis9tegrat$4 ,nor did ! ,m9amoto long keep ! supremacy :i* !y _h s de>ly won4 ,deput+ _! p[]s to ! ,hojo family1 !y 7 supplant$ by ! ,hojo1 j z ! ,fujiw>a _h be5 supplant$ by ! ,taira4 ,?ree only ( ! ,m9amoto %ogun really ex]cis$ rule4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds1 ! ,hojo cont9u$ to gov]n ! c\ntry2 & x is notewor?y t ^! reg5ts nev] assum$ ! title ( %ogun1 b pr(ess$ to be m]ely %ogunal deputies4 ,?us a triple-head$ gov]nm5t appe>$ to exi/2 = ! ,m9amoto kept up a k9d ( c\rt at ,kamakura4 ,b !y fad$ into m]e %ad[s1 & are yet rememb]$ by ! significant appellation ( ,%ad[-,%ogun1 or ,puppet ,%ogun4 ,!re 0 no?+ %ad[y1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,hojo1 #bfi--m5 ( imm5se en]gy & ability4 ,by !m ,emp]or or %ogun c\ld be depos$ & bani%$ )\t scruple2 & ! helplessness ( ! %ogunate c be inf]r$ f ! fact1 t ! sev5? ,hojo reg5t1 be=e depos+ ! sev5? %ogun1 s5t him home 9 a palanqu91 head d[nw>ds & heels upw>ds4 ,nev]!less ! ,hojo suff]$ ! phantom-%ogunate to l+] on1 until #accc4 ,?\gh unscrupul\s 9 _! me?ods1 ^! reg5ts 7 capable rul]s2 & prov$ !mselves able to save ! c\ntry 9 a great em]g5cy1--! fam\s invasion attempt$ by ,kublai ,khan 9 #abha4 ,aid$ by a =tunate typhoon1 :i* is said to h de/roy$ ! ho/ile fleet 9 answ] to pray] (f]$ up at ! national %r9es1 ! ,hojo c\ld repel ?is invasion4 ,!y 7 less successful 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 dome/ic disord]s1--especially ^? fom5t$ by ! turbul5t ,buddhi/ prie/hood4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,buddhism _h develop$ into a great milit>y p[]1--/rangely l t *ur*-militant ( ! ,european middle ages3 ! p]iod ( soldi]-prie/s & fight+-bi%ops4 ,! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies _h be5 conv]t$ into =tresses fill$ ) m5-at arms2 ,buddhi/ m5ace _h m ?an once c>ri$ t]ror into ! sacr$ seclusion ( ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,at an e>ly day1 ,yoritomo1 ! f>-see+ f\nd] ( ! ,m9amoto dyna/y1 _h obs]v$ a militant t5d5cy 9 ,buddhism1 & _h attempt$ to *eck #bgj x by =bidd+ all prie/s & monks ei!r to be> arms1 or to ma9ta9 arm$ reta9]s4 ,b 8 successors _h be5 c>eless ab\t en=c+ ^! prohibitions2 & ! ,buddhi/ milit>y p[] develop$ 9 consequ5ce s rapidly t ! %rewde/ ,hojo 7 d\btful ( _! ability to cope ) x4 ,ev5tually ?is p[] prov$ capable ( giv+ !m s]i\s tr\ble4 ,! n9ety-six? ,mikado1 ,g-,daigo1 f\nd c\rage to revolt aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! ,hojo2 & ! ,buddhi/ soldi]y took "p ) him4 ,he 0 promptly defeat$1 & bani%$ to ! isl&s ( ,oki2 b 8 cause 0 soon esp\s$ by p[]ful lords1 :o _h long *af$ "u ! despotism ( ! reg5cy4 ,^! assembl$ _! =ces1 re/or$ ! bani%$ ,emp]or1 & comb9$ 9 a desp]ate attack ^u ! reg5t's capital1 ,kamakura4 ,! city 0 /orm$ & burn$2 & ! la/ ( ! ,hojo rul]s1 aft] a brave b va9 def5ce1 p]=m$ h>akiri4 ,?us %ogunate & reg5cy vani%$ toge!r1 9 #accc4 ,= ! mom5t ! :ole p[] ( adm9i/ration _h be5 re/or$ to ! ,mikado4 ,un=tunately = himself & = ! c\ntry1 ,g-,daigo 0 too feeble ( "* to avail himself ( ?is great opportunity4 ,he reviv$ ! dead %ogunate by appo9t+ 8 own son %ogun2 he weakly ignor$ ! s]vices ( ^? ^: loyalty & c\rage _h re/or$ him2 & he fooli%ly /r5g!n$ #bga ! h&s ( ^? :om he _h e reason to fe>4 ,z a consequ5ce !re happ5$ ! mo/ s]i\s political cata/rophe 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japan1 a division ( ! imp]ial h\se aga9/ itself4 ,! unscrupul\s despotism ( ! ,hojo reg5ts _h prep>$ ! possibility ( su* an ev5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !re 7 liv+ at ! same "t 9 ,kyoto1 besides ! reign+ ,mikado1 no less ?an ?ree depos$ emp]ors4 ,to br+ ab\t a conte/ = ! succession 01 !re=e1 an easy matt]2 & ?is 0 soon accompli%$ by ! trea*]\s g5]al ,a%ikaga ,takeuji1 to :om ,g-,daigo _h unwisely %[n especial fav\r4 ,a%ikaga _h betray$ ! ,hojo 9 ord] to help ! re/oration ( ,g-,daigo3 he subsequ5tly w\ld h betray$ ! tru/ ( ,g-,daigo1 9 ord] to seize ! adm9i/rative p[]4 ,! ,emp]or discov]$ ?is treasonable purpose :5 too late1 & s5t aga9/ ,a%ikaga an army :i* 0 defeat$4 ,aft] "s fur!r conte/ ,a%ikaga ma/]$ ! capital1 drove ,g-,daigo a second "t into exile1 set up a rival ,emp]or1 & e/abli%$ a new %ogunate4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t1 two bran*es ( ! ,imp]ial family1 ea* support$ by p[]ful lords1 cont5d$ = ! "r ( succession4 ,t ( :i* ,g-,daigo rema9$ ! act+ repres5tative1 is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,s\!rn ,bran* 7,nan*o71 & by ,japanese hi/orians is held to be ! only legitimate bran*4 #bgb ,! o!r 0 call$ ! ,nor!rn ,bran* 7,hoku*o71 & 0 ma9ta9$ at ,kyoto by ! p[] ( ! ,a%ikaga clan2 :ile ,g-,daigo1 f9d+ refuge 9 a ,buddhi/ mona/]y1 reta9$ ! insignia ( empire4 ,!reaft]1 = a p]iod ( fifty-six ye>s ,japan cont9u$ to h two ,mikado2 & ! result+ disord] 0 su* z to imp]il ! national integrity4 ,x w\ld h be5 no easy matt] = ! p to decide :i* ,emp]or possess$ ! bett] claim4 ,hi!rto ! imp]ial pres5ce _h repres5t$ ! national div9ity2 & ! imp]ial palace _h be5 reg>d$ z ! temple ( ! national religion3 ! division ma9ta9$ by ! ,a%ikaga usurp]s !re=e signifi$ no?+ less ?an ! break+ up ( ! :ole tradition ^u :i* exi/+ society _h be5 built4 ,! confusion became great] & great]1 ! dang] increas$ m & m1 until ! ,a%ikaga !mselves took al>m4 ,!y manag$ !n to end ! tr\ble by p]suad+ ! fif? ,mikado ( ! ,s\!rn ,dyna/y1 ,g ,kameyama1 to surr5d] 8 insignia to ! reign+ ,mikado ( ! ,nor!rn ,dyna/y1 ,g-,komatsu4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 9 #acib1 ,g-,kameyama 0 hon\r$ ) ! title ( retir$ ,emp]or1 & ,g-,komatsu 0 nationally ackn[l$g$ z legitimate ,emp]or4 ,b ! names ( ! o!r f\r ,emp]ors ( ! ,nor!rn ,dyna/y are /ill exclud$ f ! (ficial li/4 ,! ,a%ikaga %ogunate ?us av]t$ ! supreme #bgc p]il2 b ! p]iod ( ?is milit>y dom9ation1 :i* endur$ until #aegc1 0 de/9$ to rema9 ! d>ke/ 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,! ,a%ikaga gave ! c\ntry fifte5 rul]s1 sev]al ( :om 7 m5 ( great ability3 !y tri$ to enc\rage indu/ry2 !y cultivat$ lit]ature & ! arts2 b !y c\ld n give peace4 ,fre% disputes arose2 & lords :om ! %ogunate c\ld n subdue made w> ^u ea* o!r4 ,to su* a condition ( t]ror 0 ! capital r$uc$ t ! c\rt nobility fl$ f x to take refuge ) daimyo p[]ful en\gh to af=d !m protection4 ,robb]y became rife ?r\gh\t ! l&2 & piracy t]roriz$ ! seas4 ,! %ogunate itself 0 r$uc$ to ! humiliation ( pay+ tribute to ,*9a4 ,agriculture & indu/ry at la/ ceas$ to exi/ outside ( ! doma9s ( c]ta9 p[]ful lords4 ,prov9ces became wa/e2 & fam9e1 e>?quake1 & pe/il5ce add$ _! horror to ! mis]y ( ceaseless w>4 ,! pov]ty prevail+ may be be/ imag9$ f ! fact t :5 ! ,emp]or kn[n to hi/ory z ,g-,tsu*i-mikado--"o hundr$ & second ( ! ,sun's ,succession --di$ 9 ! ye> #aejj1 8 corpse _h to be kept at ! gates ( ! palace =ty days1 because ! exp5ses ( ! fun]al c\ld n be defray$4 ,until #aegc ! mis]y cont9u$2 & ! %ogunate mean:ile deg5]at$ into insignificance4 ,!n a /rong capta9 arose & end$ ! h\se ( ,a%ikaga1 & seiz$ ! re9s ( p[]4 #bgd ,?is usurp] 0 ,oda ,nobunaga2 & ! usurpation 0 amply provok$4 ,_h x n occurr$1 ,japan might nev] h ent]$ ^u an era ( peace4 ,= !re _h be5 no peace s9ce ! fif? c5tury4 ,no emp]or or reg5t or %ogun _h ev] be5 able to impose 8 rule firmly ^u ! :ole c\ntry4 ,some:]e or o!r1 !re 7 always w>s ( clan ) clan4 ,by ! "t ( ! sixte5? c5tury p]sonal safety c\ld be f\nd only "u ! protection ( "s milit>y lead]1 able to exact 8 own t]ms = ! fav\r ( su* protection4 ,! "q ( ! imp]ial succession1--:i* _h almo/ wreck$ ! empire dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1--might be rais$ aga9 at any "t by "s reckless faction1 ) ! probable result ( ru9+ civilization1 & =c+ ! nation back to its primitive /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,nev] did ! future ( ,japan appe> s d>k z at ! mom5t :5 ,oda ,nobunaga sudd5ly f\nd himself ! /ronge/ man 9 ! empire1 & lead] ( ! mo/ =midable ,japanese army t _h ev] obey$ a s+le head4 ,?is man1 a desc5dant ( ,%9to prie/s1 0 above all ?+s a patriot4 ,he did n seek ! title ( %ogun1 & nev] receiv$ x4 ,8 hope 0 to save ! c\ntry2 & he saw t ?is c\ld be done only by c5traliz+ all feudal p[] "u "o control1 & /r5u\sly en=c+ law4 ,look+ ab\t him = ! ways & means ( effect+ #bge ?is c5tralization1 he p]ceiv$ t "o ( ! v fir/ ob/acles to be remov$ 0 t creat$ by ! p[] ( ,buddhism militant1--! feudal ,buddhism develop$ "u ! ,hojo reg5cy1 & especially repres5t$ by ! great ,%9 & ,t5dai sects4 ,z bo? _h already giv5 aid to 8 enemies1 x 0 easy to f9d a cause = qu>rel2 & he fir/ proce$$ aga9/ ! ,t5dai4 ,! campaign 0 conduct$ ) f]oci\s vig\r2 ! mona/]y-=tresses ( ,hiyei-san 7 /orm$ & raz$1 & all ! prie/s1 ) all _! adh]5ts1 put to ! sword--no m]cy be+ %[n ev5 to wom5 & *ildr54 ,by nature ,nobunaga 0 n cruel2 b 8 policy 0 ru?less1 & he knew :5 & :y to /rike h>d4 ,! p[] ( ! ,t5dai sect be=e ?is massacre may be imag9$ f ! fact t ?ree ?\s& mona/]y build+s 7 burnt at ,hiyei-san4 ,! ,%9 sect ( ! ,hongwanji1 ) headqu>t]s at ,osaka1 0 sc>cely less p[]ful2 & its mona/]y1 occupy+ ! site ( ! pres5t ,osaka ca/le1 0 "o ( ! /ronge/ =tresses 9 ! c\ntry4 ,nobunaga wait$ sev]al ye>s1 m]ely to prep>e = ! attack4 ,! soldi]-prie/s def5d$ !mselves well2 upw>ds ( fifty ?\s& lives are said to h be5 lo/ 9 ! siege2 yet only ! p]sonal int]v5tion ( ! ,emp]or prev5t$ ! /orm+ ( ! /ronghold1 & ! slaught] ( e be+ )9 its walls4 ,?r\gh respect = ! ,emp]or1 ,nobunaga agre$ #bgf to sp>e ! lives ( ! ,%9 prie/s3 !y 7 only dispossess$ & scatt]$1 & _! p[] =ev] brok54 ,buddhism hav+ be5 ?us effectually crippl$1 ,nobunaga 0 able to turn 8 att5tion to ! w>r+ clans4 ,support$ by ! greate/ g5]als t ! nation ev] produc$1--,hideyo%i & ,iyeyasu1--he proce$$ to en=ce pacification & ord]2 & 8 gr& purpose w\ld probably h be5 soon accompli%$1 b = ! rev5geful trea*]y ( a subord9ate1 :o br\ght ab\t 8 dea? 9 #aehc4 ,nobunaga1 ) ,taira blood 9 8 ve9s1 _h be5 ess5tially an ari/ocrat1 inh]it+ all ! aptitudes ( 8 great race = adm9i/ration1 & v]s$ 9 all ! traditions ( diplomacy4 ,8 av5g] & successor1 ,hideyo%i1 0 a totally diff]5t type ( soldi]3 a son ( peasants1 an untra9$ g5ius :o _h won 8 way to high comm& by %rewdness & c\rage1 natural skill ( arms1 & imm5se inborn capacity = all ! *ess-play ( w>4 ,) ! great purpose ( ,nobunaga he _h always be5 9 sympa?y2 & he actually c>ri$ x out1--subdu+ ! entire c\ntry1 f nor? to s\?1 9 ! "n ( ! ,emp]or1 by :om he 0 appo9t$ ,reg5t 7,kwambaku74 ,?us univ]sal peace 0 tempor>ily e/abli%$4 ,b ! va/ milit>y p[]s :i* ,hideyo%i _h collect$ & discipl9$1 ?reat5$ to become refractory4 ,he f\nd employm5t = !m by decl>+ unprovok$ #bgg w> aga9/ ,korea1 :5ce he hop$ to effect ! conque/ ( ,*9a4 ,! w> ) ,korea op5$ 9 #aeib1 & dragg$ on unsatisfactorily until #aeih1 :5 ,hideyo%i di$4 ,he _h prov$ himself "o ( ! greate/ soldi]s ev] born1 b n "o ( ! be/ among rul]s4 ,p]haps ! issue ( ! w> 9 ,korea w\ld h be5 m =tunate1 if he c\ld h v5tur$ to conduct x himself4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x m]ely exhau/$ ! =ce ( bo? c\ntries2 & ,japan _h little to %[ = h] de>ly b\ght victories abroad except ! ,mimidzuka or ,e>-,monum5t at ,n>a1--m>k+ ! spot :]e ?irty ?\s& pairs ( =eign e>s1 cut f ! pickl$ heads ( sla91 7 buri$ 9 ! gr\nds ( ! temple ( ,daibutsu4444 ,into ! vacant place ( p[] !n /epp$ ! mo/ rem>kable man t ,japan ev] produc$1--,tokugawa ,iyeyasu4 ,iyeyasu 0 ( ,m9amoto desc5t1 & an ari/ocrat to ! m>r[ ( 8 bones4 ,z a soldi] he 0 sc>cely inf]ior to ,hideyo%i1 :om he once defeat$1--b he 0 mu* m ?an a soldi]1 a f>-sight$ /atesman1 an incomp>able diplomat1 & some?+ ( a s*ol>4 ,cool1 cauti\s1 secretive1--di/ru/ful1 yet g5]\s1--/]n1 yet humane1--by ! range & ! v]satility ( 8 g5ius he might be n unfav\rably contra/$ ) ,julius ,caes>4 ,all t ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i _h wi%$ to d1 & fail$ to #bgh d1 ,iyeyasu spe$ily accompli%$4 ,aft] fulfill+ ,hideyo%i's dy+ injunction1 n to leave ! troops 9 ,korea to become gho/s haunt+ a =eign l&1--t is to say1 9 ! condition ( spirits )\t a cult1--,iyeyasu _h to face a =midable league ( lords resolv$ to dispute 8 claim to rule4 ,! t]rific battle ( ,sekigah>a left him ma/] ( ! c\ntry2 & he at once took measures to consolidate 8 p[]1 & to p]fect1 ev5 to ! lea/ detail1 all ! ma*9]y ( milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,z %ogun1 he reorganiz$ ! daimiates1 r$i/ribut$ a majority ( fiefs2 among ^? :om he c\ld tru/1 creat$ new milit>y grades1 & ord]$ & s balanc$ ! p[]s ( ! great] daimyo z to make x next to impossible = !m to d>e a revolt4 ,lat] on ! daimyo 7 ev5 requir$ to furni% security = _! good behavi\r3 !y 7 oblig$ to pass a c]ta9 "t ( ! ye>99 9 ! %ogun's capital1 leav+ _! families z ho/ages dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,! entire adm9i/ration 0 readju/$ ^u a simple & sagaci\s plan2 & ! ,laws ( ,iyeyasu prove him to h be5 an excell5t legislator4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,japanese hi/ory ! nation 0 integrat$1--integrat$1 at lea/1 9 s f> z ! peculi> nature ( ! social unit r5d]$ possible4 ,! c\nsels #bgi ( ! f\nd] ( ,y$o 7 foll[$ by 8 successors2 & ! ,tokugawa %ogunate1 :i* la/$ until #ahfg1 gave ! c\ntry fifte5 milit>y sov]eigns4 ,"u ^!1 ,japan enjoy$ bo? peace & prosp]ity = ! "t ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s2 & h] society 0 ?us enabl$ to evolve to ! full limit ( its peculi> type4 ,indu/ries & arts develop$ 9 new & wond]ful ways2 lit]ature f\nd augu/ patronage4 ,! national cult 0 c>efully ma9ta9$2 & all precautions 7 tak5 to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ano!r su* conte/ = ! imp]ial succession z _h ne>ly ru9$ ! c\ntry 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 99,! p]iod ( obligatory resid5ce 9 ,y$o 0 n ! same = all daimyo4 ,9 "s cases ! obligation seems to h ext5d$ to six mon?s2 9 o!rs1 ! requirem5t 0 to pass e alt]nate ye> 9 ! capital4 ,we h se5 t ! hi/ory ( milit>y rule 9 ,japan embraces ne>ly ! :ole p]iod ( au!ntic hi/ory1 d[n to mod]n times1 & closes ) ! second p]iod ( national integration4 ,! fir/ p]iod _h be5 rea*$ :5 ! clans fir/ accept$ ! lead]%ip ( ! *ief ( ! greate/ clan1--!reaft] rev]$ z ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign1 ,supreme ,pontiff1 ,supreme ,arbit]1 ,supreme ,comm&]1 & ,supreme ,magi/rate4 ,h[ long a "t 0 requir$ = ?is primal integration1 "u a patri>*al mon>*y1 we _c "k2 b we h le>n$ t ! lat] integration1 "u a du>*y1 occupi$ consid]ably m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4444 ,n[ ! extraord9>y fact to note is t1 dur+ all ^? c5turies1 ! imp]ial #bhj cult 0 c>efully ma9ta9$ by ev5 ! enemies ( ! ,mikado2 ! only legitimate rul] be+1 9 national belief1 ! ,t5%i1 ,son ( ,heav51--! ,t5no1 ,heav5ly ,k+4 ,?r\gh e p]iod ( disord] ! ,(fspr+ ( ! ,sun 0 ! object ( national wor%ip1 & 8 palace ! temple ( ! national fai?4 ,great capta9s might co]ce ! imp]ial w2 b !y /yl$ !mselves1 none ! less1 ! wor%ipp]s & slaves ( ! inc>nate deity2 & !y w\ld no m h ?\ght ( try+ to occupy 8 ?rone1 ?an !y w\ld h ?\ght ( try+ to aboli% all religion by decree4 ,once only1 by ! arbitr>y folly ( ! ,a%ikaga %ogun1 ! imp]ial cult _h be5 s]i\sly int]f]$ )2 & ! social e>?quake consequ5t ^u t division ( ! imp]ial h\se1 appris$ ! usurp]s ( ! enormity ( _! blund]4444 ,only ! integrity ( ! imp]ial succession1 ! un9t]rupt$ ma9t5ance ( ! imp]ial wor%ip1 made x possible ev5 = ,iyeyasu to clamp toge!r ! indissoluble units ( society4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has taught ! /ud5t ( sociology to recognize t religi\s dyna/ies h extraord9>y p[]s ( longevity1 because !y possess extraord9>y p[] to resi/ *ange2 :]eas milit>y dyna/ies1 dep5d+ = _! p]petuity ^u ! individual "* ( _! sov]eigns1 are p>ticul>ly liable to dis9tegration4 ,! imm5se duration ( ! ,japanese imp]ial dyna/y1 z contra/$ #bha ) ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s %ogunates & reg5cies repres5t+ a m]ely milit>y dom9ation1 illu/rates ?is tea*+ 9 a mo/ rem>kable way4 ,back ?r\gh tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s we c foll[ ! l9e ( ! imp]ial succession1 till x vani%es out ( sight into ! my/]y ( ! pa/4 ,"h we h evid5ce ( t extreme p[] ( resi/+ all *anges :i* is inh]5tly *>act]i/ic ( religi\s cons]vatism2 on ! o!r h&1 ! hi/ory ( %ogunates & reg5cies proves ! t5d5cy to dis9tegration ( in/itutions hav+ no religi\s f\ndation1 & !re=e no religi\s p[] ( cohesion4 ,! rem>kable duration ( ! ,fujiw>a rule1 z comp>$ ) o!rs1 may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! ,fujiw>a repres5t$ a religi\s1 r ?an a milit>y1 ari/ocracy4 ,ev5 ! m>vell\s milit>y /ructure devis$ by ,iyeyasu _h begun to decay be=e ali5 aggression precipitat$ its inevitable collapse4 #bhc ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,loyalty ,militant societies1 says ! au?or ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 mu/ h a patriotism :i* reg>ds ! triumph ( _! society z ! supreme end ( action2 !y mu/ possess ! loyalty :5ce fl[s ob$i5ce to au?ority1--&1 t !y may be ob$i5t1 !y mu/ h abundant fai?4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,japanese p /rongly exemplifies ^! tru?s4 ,among no o!r p has loyalty ev] assum$ m impressive & extraord9>y =ms2 & among no o!r p has ob$i5ce ev] be5 n\ri%$ by a m abundant fai?1--t fai? d]iv$ f ! cult ( ! ance/ors4 ,! read] w und]/& h[ filial piety--! dome/ic religion ( ob$i5ce--wid5s 9 range ) social evolution1 & ev5tually diff]5tiates bo? into t political ob$i5ce requir$ by ! community1 & t milit>y ob$i5ce exact$ by ! w>-"l1--ob$i5ce imply+ n only submission1 b affectionate submission1--n m]ely ! s5se ( obligation1 b ! s5tim5t ( duty4 ,9 its orig9 su* dutiful ob$i5ce is ess5tially religi\s2 &1 z express$ 9 loyalty1 x reta9s ! #bhd religi\s "*1--becomes ! con/ant manife/ation ( a religion ( self-sacrifice4 ,loyalty is develop$ e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( a militant p2 & we f9d t\*+ examples ( x 9 ! e>lie/ ,japanese *ronicles4 ,we f9d also t]rible ones1--/ories ( self-immolation4 ,to 8 div9ely desc5d$ "l1 ! reta9] ow$ ev]y?+--9 fact1 n less ?an 9 !ory3 goods1 h\sehold1 lib]ty1 & life4 ,any or all ( ^! he 0 expect$ to yield up )\t a murmur1 on dem&1 = ! sake ( ! "l4 ,& duty to ! "l1 l ! duty to ! family ance/or1 did n cease ) dea?4 ,z ! gho/s ( p>5ts 7 to be suppli$ ) food by _! liv+ *ildr51 s ! _s ( ! "l 0 to be wor%ipfully s]v$ by ^? :o1 dur+ 8 lifetime1 ow$ him direct ob$i5ce4 ,x c\ld n be p]mitt$ t ! _s (--! rul] %\ld ent] unatt5d$ into ! _w ( %ad[s3 "s1 at lea/1 ( ^? :o s]v$ him liv+ 7 b\nd to foll[ him 9 dea?4 ,?us 9 e>ly societies arose ! cu/om ( human sacrifices1--sacrifices at fir/ obligatory1 aft]w>ds volunt>y4 ,9 ,japan1 z /at$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 !y rema9$ an indisp5sable feature ( great fun]als1 up to ! fir/ c5tury1 :5 images ( bak$ clay 7 fir/ sub/itut$ = ! (ficial victims4 ,i h already m5tion$ h[1 aft] ?is abolition ( obligatory #bhe jun%i1 or foll[+ ( "o's "l 9 dea?1 ! practice ( volunt>y jun%i cont9u$ up to ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x actually became a milit>y fa%ion4 ,at ! dea? ( a daimyo x 0 !n common = fifte5 or tw5ty ( 8 reta9]s to disemb[el !mselves4 ,iyeyasu det]m9$ to put an end to ?is cu/om ( suicide1 :i* is ?us consid]$ 9 ! #gf? article ( 8 celebrat$ ,legacy3-- ,al?\gh x is und\bt$ly ! anci5t cu/om = a vassal to foll[ 8 ,"l 9 dea?1 !re is n ! slighte/ reason 9 ! practice4 ,confucius has ridicul$ ! mak+ ( ,yo effigies buri$ ) ! dead4 ,^! practices are /rictly =bidd51 m especially to prim>y reta9]s1 b to second>y reta9]s likewise1 ev5 ( ! l[e/ rank4 ,he is ! rev]se ( a fai?ful s]vant :o disreg>ds ?is prohibition4 ,8 po/]ity %all be impov]i%$ by ! confiscation ( 8 prop]ty1 z a w>n+ = ^? :o disobey ! laws4 ,iyeyasu's comm& end$ ! practice ( jun%i among 8 own vassals2 b x cont9u$1 or reviv$ aga91 aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 #affd ! %ogunate issu$ an edict proclaim+ t ! family ( any p]son p]=m+ jun%i %\ld be puni%$2 & ! %ogunate 0 9 e>ne/4 ,:5 ?is edict 0 disobey$ by "o ,uyemon no ,hyoge1 :o disemb[ell$ himself at ! dea? ( 8 "l1 ,okudaira ,tadamasa1 ! gov]nm5t promptly confiscat$ ! l&s ( ! family ( ! suicide1 execut$ two ( #bhf 8 sons1 & s5t ! re/ ( ! h\sehold into exile4 ,?\gh cases ( jun%i h occurr$ ev5 )9 ?is pres5t era ( ,meiji1 ! det]m9$ attitude ( ! ,tokugawa gov]nm5t s f> *eck$ ! practice t ev5 ! mo/ f]vid loyalty latt]ly made its sacrifices ?r\gh religion1 z a rule4 ,in/ead ( p]=m+ h>akiri1 ! reta9] %av$ 8 head at ! dea? ( 8 "l1 & became a ,buddhi/ monk4 ,! cu/om ( jun%i repres5ts b "o aspect ( ,japanese loyalty3 !re 7 o!r cu/oms equally1 if n ev5 m1 significant1--= example1 ! cu/om ( milit>y suicide1 n z jun%i1 b z a self-inflict$ p5alty exact$ by ! traditions ( samurai discipl9e4 ,aga9/ h>akiri1 z punitive suicide1 !re 0 no legislative enactm5t1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is =m ( self-de/ruction 0 n kn[n to ! ,japanese 9 e>ly ages2 x may h be5 introduc$ f ,*9a1 ) o!r milit>y cu/oms4 ,! anci5t ,japanese usually p]=m$ suicide by /rangulation1 z ! ,nihongi be>s witness4 ,x 0 ! milit>y class t e/abli%$ ! h>akiri z a cu/om & privilege4 ,previ\sly1 ! *iefs ( a r\t$ army1 or ! def5d]s ( a ca/le tak5 by /orm1 w\ld ?us end !mselves to avoid fall+ into ! enemy's h&s1--a cu/om :i* cont9u$ into ! pres5t era4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! #bhg milit>y cu/om ( p]mitt+ any samurai to p]=m h>akiri1 in/ead ( subject+ him to ! %ame ( execution1 appe>s to h be5 g5]ally e/abli%$4 ,aft]w>ds x became ! recogniz$ duty ( a samurai to kill himself at ! ^w ( comm&4 ,all samurai 7 subject to ?is discipl9>y law1 ev5 lords ( prov9ces2 & 9 samurai families1 *ildr5 ( bo? sexes 7 tra9$ h[ to p]=m suicide :5ev] p]sonal hon\r or ! w ( a liege-"l1 might require x4444 ,wom51 ,i %\ld obs]ve1 did n p]=m h>akiri1 b jigai1--t is to say1 pi]c+ ! ?roat ) a dagg] s z to sev] ! art]ies by a s+le ?ru/-&-cut movem5t4444 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! h>akiri c]emony h become s well kn[n ?r\gh ,mit=d's translation ( ,japanese texts on ! subject1 t ,i ne$ n t\* ^u !m4 ,! important fact to rememb] is t hon\r & loyalty requir$ ! samurai man or woman to be ready at any mom5t to p]=m self-de/ruction by ! sword4 ,z = ! w>rior1 any brea* ( tru/ 7volunt>y or involunt>y71 failure to execute a difficult mission1 a clumsy mi/ake1 & ev5 a look ( displeasure f "o's liege1 7 suffici5t reasons = h>akiri1 or1 z ! ari/ocrats pref]r$ to call x1 by ! ,*9ese t]m1 seppuku4 ,among ! highe/ class ( reta9]s1 x 0 also a duty to make prote/ aga9/ misconduct on ! "p ( _! "l by p]=m+ seppuku1 :5 all o!r means ( br++ him to reason _h #bhh fail$1--:i* h]oic cu/om has be5 made ! subject ( sev]al popul> dramas f\nd$ ^u fact4 ,9 ! case ( m>ri$ wom5 ( ! samurai class1--directly responsible to _! husb&s1 n to ! "l1--jigai 0 resort$ to mo/ (t5 z a means ( pres]v+ hon\r 9 "t ( w>1 ?\gh x 0 sometimes p]=m$ m]ely z a sacrifice ( loyalty to ! _s ( ! husb&1 aft] 8 untimely dea?499 99,! ,japanese morali/ ,yekk5 wrote ',a woman has no feudal "l3 %e mu/ rev]5ce & obey h] husb&4' ,9 ! case ( girls x 0 n uncommon = o!r reasons1--samurai maid5s (t5 ent]+ into ! s]vice ( noble h\seholds1 :]e ! cruelty ( intrigue might easily br+ ab\t a suicide1 or :]e loyalty to ! wife ( ! "l might exact x4 ,= ! samurai maid5 9 s]vice 0 b\nd by loyalty to h] mi/ress n less closely ?an ! w>rior to ! "l2 & ! h]o9es ( ,japanese feudalism 7 _m4 ,9 ! e>ly ages x appe>s to h be5 ! cu/om = ! wives ( (ficials condemn$ to dea? to kill !mselves ! anci5t *ronicles are full ( examples4 ,b ?is cu/om is p]haps to be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! anci5t law1 :i* held ! h\sehold ( ! (f5d] equally responsible ) him = ! (f5ce1 indep5d5tly ( ! facts 9 ! case4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 c]ta9ly also common en\gh = a b]eav$ wife to p]=m suicide1 n ?r\gh despair1 b ?r\gh ! wi% to foll[ h] #bhi husb& into ! o!r _w1 & !re to wait ^u him z 9 life4 ,in/ances ( female suicide1 repres5t+ ! old ideal ( duty to a dead husb&1 h occurr$ 9 rec5t times4 ,su* suicides are usually p]=m$ accord+ to ! feudal rules1--! woman rob+ h]self 9 :ite = ! occasion4 ,at ! "t ( ! late w> ) ,*9a !re occurr$ 9 ,tokyo "o rem>kable suicide ( ?is k9d2 ! victim be+ ! wife ( ,lieut5ant ,asada1 :o _h fall5 9 battle4 ,%e 0 only tw5ty-"o4 ,on he>+ ( h] husb&'s dea?1 %e at once began to make prep>ations = h] own1--writ+ lett]s ( f>ewell to h] relatives1 putt+ h] affairs 9 ord]1 & c>efully clean+ ! h\se1 accord+ to old-"t rule4 ,!reaft] %e donn$ h] dea?-robe2 laid matt+s d[n opposite to ! alcove 9 ! gue/-room2 plac$ h] husb&'s portrait 9 ! alcove1 & set (f]+s be=e x4 ,:5 ev]y?+ _h be5 arrang$1 %e seat$ h]self be=e ! portrait1 took up h] dagg]1 & ) a s+le skilful ?ru/ divid$ ! art]ies ( h] ?roat4 ,besides ! duty ( suicide = ! sake ( pres]v+ hon\r1 !re 0 also1 = ! samurai woman1 ! duty ( suicide z a moral prote/4 ,i h already said t among ! highe/ class ( reta9]s x 0 ?\ght a moral duty to p]=m h>akiri z a remon/rance aga9/ %ameless conduct on ! "p ( "o's "l1 :5 all o!r means ( p]suasion #bij _h be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,among samurai wom5--taught to consid] _! husb&s z _! lords1 9 ! feudal mean+ ( ! t]m--x 0 held a moral obligation to p]=m jigai1 by way ( prote/1 aga9/ disgraceful behavi\r ^u ! "p ( a husb& :o w\ld n li/5 to advice or repro(4 ,! ideal ( wifely duty :i* impell$ su* sacrifice /ill survives2 & m ?an "o rec5t example might be cit$ ( a g5]\s life ?us laid d[n 9 rebuke ( "s moral wrong4 ,p]haps ! mo/ t\*+ in/ance occurr$ 9 #ahib1 at ! "t ( ! di/rict elections 9 ,nagano prefecture4 ,a ri* vot] nam$ ,i%ijima1 aft] hav+ publicly pl$g$ himself to aid 9 ! election ( a c]ta9 c&idate1 transf]r$ 8 support to ! rival c&idate4 ,on le>n+ ( ?is brea* ( promise1 ! wife ( ,i%ijima1 rob$ h]self 9 :ite1 & p]=m$ jigai aft] ! old samurai mann]4 ,! grave ( ?is brave woman is /ill decorat$ ) fl[]s by ! p ( ! di/rict2 & inc5se is burn$ be=e h] tomb4 ,to kill oneself at comm&--a duty :i* no loyal samurai w\ld h dream$ ( call+ 9 "q--appe>s to u mu* less difficult ?an ano!r duty1 also fully accept$3 ! sacrifice ( *ildr51 wife1 & h\sehold = ! sake ( ! "l4 ,mu* ( ,japanese popul> trag$y is devot$ to incid5ts ( su* sacrifice made by reta9]s or #bia dep5d5ts ( daimyo1--m5 or wom5 :o gave _! *ildr5 to dea? 9 ord] to save ! *ildr5 ( _! ma/]s499 99,see1 = a good example1 ! translation ( ! drama ,t]akoya1 publi%$1 ) admirable illu/rations1 by ,t4 ,hasegawa 7,tokyo74 ,nor h we any reason to suppose t ! facts h be5 exagg]at$ 9 ^! dramatic compositions1 mo/ ( :i* are bas$ ^u feudal hi/ory4 ,! incid5ts1 ( c\rse1 h be5 re>rang$ & exp&$ to meet !atrical requirem5ts2 b ! g5]al pictures ?us giv5 ( ! anci5t society are probably ev5 less grim ?an ! vani%$ reality4 ,! p /ill love ^! trag$ies2 & ! =eign critic ( _! dramatic lit]ature is wont to po9t out only ! blood-spots1 & to comm5t ^u !m z evid5ce ( a public ta/e = gory spectacles1--z pro( ( "s innate f]ocity 9 ! race4 ,r1 ,i ?9k1 is ?is love ( ! old trag$y pro( ( :at =eign critics try always to ignore z--mu* z possible1--! deeply religi\s "* ( ! p4 ,^! plays cont9ue to give delight1--n because ( _! horror1 b because ( _! moral tea*+1--because ( _! exposition ( ! duty ( sacrifice & c\rage1 ! religion ( loyalty4 ,!y repres5t ! m>tyrdoms ( feudal society = its noble/ ideals4 ,all d[n ?r\gh t society1 9 v>y+ =ms1 ! same _s--( loyalty _h its manife/ations4 ,z ! samurai to 8 liege-"l1 s ! appr5tice 0 b\nd to ! patron1 & ! cl]k to ! #bib m]*ant4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 tru/1 because ev]y:]e !re exi/$ ! l s5tim5t ( mutual duty betwe5 s]vant & ma/]4 ,ea* indu/ry & occupation _h its religion ( loyalty1--requir+1 on ! "o side1 absolute ob$i5ce & sacrifice at ne$2 & on ! o!r1 k9dl9ess & aid4 ,& ! rule ( ! dead 0 ov] all4 ,n less anci5t ?an ! duty ( dy+ = p>5t or "l 0 ! social obligation to av5ge ! kill+ ( ei!r4 ,ev5 be=e ! beg9n+s ( settl$ society1 ?is duty is recogniz$4 ,! olde/ *ronicles ( ,japan teem ) in/ances ( obligatory v5geance4 ,confucian e?ics m ?an affirm$ ! obligation1--=bidd+ a man to live "u ! same heav5 ) ! slay] ( 8 "l1 or p>5t1 or bro!r2 & fix+ all ! degrees ( k9%ip1 or o!r relation%ip1 )9 :i* ! duty ( v5geance 0 to be consid]$ imp]ative4 ,confucian e?ics1 x w be rememb]$1 became at an e>ly date ! e?ics ( ! ,japanese rul+-classes1 & s rema9$ d[n to rec5t times4 ,! :ole ,confucian sy/em1 z ,i h rem>k$ else:]e1 0 f\nd$ ^u ance/or-wor%ip1 & repres5t$ sc>cely m ?an an amplification & elaboration ( filial piety3 x 0 !re=e 9 complete accord ) ,japanese moral exp]i5ce4 ,z ! milit>y p[] develop$ 9 ,japan1 ! ,*9ese code ( v5geance became univ]sally accept$2 & x 0 su/a9$ #bic by law z well z by cu/om 9 lat] ages4 ,iyeyasu himself ma9ta9$ x--exact+ only t prelim9>y notice ( an int5d$ v5detta %\ld be giv5 9 writ+ to ! di/rict crim9al c\rt4 ,! text ( 8 article on ! subject is int]e/+3-- ,9 respect to av5g+ injury done to ma/] or fa!r1 x is ackn[l$g$ by ! ,wise & ,virtu\s ,confucius t y & ! injur] _c live toge!r "u ! canopy ( heav54 ,a p]son h>b\r+ su* v5geance %all give notice 9 writ+ to ! crim9al c\rt2 & al?\gh no *eck or h9drance may be (f]$ to ! c>ry+ out ( 8 design )9 ! p]iod all[$ = t purpose1 x is =bidd5 t ! *a/isem5t ( an enemy be att5d$ ) riot4 ,fell[s :o neglect to give notice ( _! int5d$ rev5ge are l wolves ( pretext399 _! puni%m5t or p>don %\ld dep5d ^u ! circum/ances ( ! case4 99,or hypocritical wolves4--t is to say brutal murd]]s seek+ to excuse _! crime on ! pretext ju/ifiable v5geance4 7,! translation is by ,l[d]47 ,k9dr$1 z well z p>5ts2 tea*]s1 z well z lords1 7 to be rev5g$4 ,a consid]able proportion ( popul> romance & drama is devot$ to ! subject ( v5geance tak5 by wom52 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 wom51 & ev5 *ildr51 sometimes became av5g]s :5 !re 7 no m5 ( a wrong$ family left to p]=m ! duty4 ,appr5tices av5g$ _! ma/]s2 & ev5 sworn fri5ds 7 b\nd to av5ge ea* o!r4 #bid ,:y ! duty ( v5geance 0 n conf9$ to ! circle ( natural k9%ip is explicable1 ( c\rse1 by ! peculi> organization ( society4 ,we h se5 t ! patri>*al family 0 a religi\s corporation2 & t ! family-bond 0 n ! bond ( natural affection1 b ! bond ( ! cult4 ,we h also se5 t ! relation ( ! h\sehold to ! community1 & ( ! community to ! clan1 & ( ! clan to ! tribe1 0 equally a religi\s relation4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ! e>li] cu/oms ( v5geance 7 regulat$ by ! bond ( ! family1 communal1 or tribal cult1 z well z by ! bond ( blood2 & ) ! introduction ( ,*9ese e?ics1 & ! developm5t ( militant conditions1 ! idea ( rev5ge z duty took a wid] range4 ,! son or ! bro!r by adoption 0 9 respect ( obligation ! same z ! son or bro!r by blood2 & ! tea*] /ood to 8 pupil 9 ! relation ( fa!r to *ild4 ,to /rike "o's natural p>5t 0 a crime puni%able by dea?3 to /rike "o's tea*] 01 be=e ! law1 an equal (f5ce4 ,?is notion ( ! tea*]'s claim to filial rev]5ce 0 ( ,*9ese importation3 an ext5sion ( ! duty ( filial piety to ! fa!r ( ! m9d4 ,!re 7 o!r su* ext5sions2 & ! orig9 ( all1 ,*9ese or ,japanese1 may be trac$ alike to ance/or-wor%ip4 ,n[1 :at has nev] be5 prop]ly insi/$ ^u1 9 any ( ! books treat+ ( anci5t #bie ,japanese cu/oms1 is ! orig9ally religi\s significance ( ! kataki-u*i4 ,t a religi\s orig9 c be f\nd = all cu/oms ( v5detta e/abli%$ 9 e>ly societies is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n2 b a peculi> int]e/ atta*es to ! ,japanese v5detta 9 view ( ! fact t x cons]v$ its religi\s "* un*ang$ d[n to ! pres5t era4 ,! kataki-u*i 0 ess5tially an act ( propitiation1 z is prov$ by ! rite ) :i* x t]m9at$1--! plac+ ( ! enemy's head ^u ! tomb ( ! p]son av5g$1 z an (f]+ ( atonem5t4 ,& "o ( ! mo/ impressive features ( ?is rite1 z =m]ly practis$1 0 ! deliv]y ( an address to ! gho/ ( ! p]son av5g$4 ,sometimes ! address 0 only spok52 sometimes x 0 also writt51 & ! manuscript left ^u ! tomb4 ,!re is probably none ( my read]s unacqua9t$ ) ,mit=d's ev]-delightful ,tales ( ,old ,japan1 & 8 translation ( ! true /ory ( ! ,=ty-,sev5 ,ron9s4 ,b ,i d\bt :e!r _m p]sons h notic$ ! significance ( ! wa%+ ( ,kira ,kotsuke-no-,suke's sev]$ head1 or ! significance ( ! address inscrib$ to _! dead "l by ! brave m5 :o _h s long wait$ & wat*$ = ! *ance to av5ge him4 ,?is address1 ( :i* ,i quote ,mit=d's translation1 0 laid ^u ! tomb ( ! ,"l ,asano4 ,x is /ill pres]v$ at ! temple call$ ,s5gakuji3-- #bif ,! fifte5? ye> ( ,g5roku #agjca1 ! twelf? mon?1 ! fifte5? day4--,we h come ?is day to d homage "h3 =ty-sev5 m5 9 all1 f ,oi%i ,kuranosuke d[n to ! foot-soldi] ,t]asaka ,ki*iyemon1--all *e]fully ab\t to lay d[n our lives on y\r behalf4 ,we rev]5tly ann\nce ?is to ! hon\r$ _s ( our dead ma/]4 ,on ! f\rte5? day ( ! ?ird mon? ( la/ ye>1 our hon\r$ ma/] 0 pleas$ to attack ,kira ,kotsuke-no-,suke1 = :at reason we "k n4 ,our hon\r$ ma/] put an end to 8 own life2 b ,kira ,kotsuke-no-,suke liv$4 ,al?\gh we fe> t aft] ! decree issu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ?is plot ( ours w be displeas+ to our hon\r$ ma/]1 /ill we1 :o h eat5 ( y\r food1 c\ld n )\t blu%+ repeat ! v]se1 ,?\ %alt n live "u ! same heav51 nor tread ! same e>? ) ! enemy ( ?y fa!r or "l1 nor c\ld we h d>$ to leave hell ,hades & pres5t ourselves be=e y 9 ,p>adise1 unless we _h c>ri$ out ! v5geance :i* y began4 ,e day t we wait$ seem$ z ?ree autumns to u4 ,v]ily we h trodd5 ! sn[ = "o day1 nay1 = two days1 & h ta/$ food b once4 ,! old & decrepit1 ! sick & ! ail+1 h come =? gladly to lay d[n _! lives4 ,m5 might laugh at u1 z at gras%opp]s tru/+ 9 ! /r5g? ( _! arms1 & ?us %ame our hon\r$ "l2 b we c\ld n halt 9 our de$ ( v5geance4 ,hav+ tak5 c\nsel toge!r la/ night1 we h escort$ my ,"l ,kotsuke-no-,suke hi!r to y\r tomb4 ,?is dirk1 by :i* our hon\r$ "l set great /ore la/ ye>1 & entru/$ to our c>e1 we n[ br+ back4 ,if y\r noble _s be n[ pres5t be=e ?is tomb1 we pray y1 z a #big sign1 to take ! dirk1 &1 /rik+ ! head ( y\r enemy ) x a second "t1 to dispel y\r hatr$ =ev]4 ,?is is ! respectful /atem5t ( =ty-sev5 m54 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ,"l ,asano is address$ z if he 7 pres5t & visible4 ,! head ( ! enemy has be5 c>efully wa%$1 accord+ to ! rule conc]n+ ! pres5tation ( heads to a liv+ sup]ior4 ,x is laid ^u ! tomb toge!r ) ! n9e-in* sword1 or dagg]1 orig9ally us$ by ! ,"l ,asano 9 p]=m+ h>akiri at ,gov]nm5t comm&1 & aft]w>ds us$ by ,oi%i ,kuranosuke 9 cutt+ (f ! head ( ,kira ,kotsuke-no-,suke2--& ! _s ( ! ,"l ,asano is reque/$ to take up ! weapon & to /rike ! head1 s t ! pa9 ( gho/ly ang] may be dissipat$ =ev]4 ,!n1 hav+ be5 !mselves all s5t5c$ to p]=m h>akiri1 ! =ty-sev5 reta9]s jo9 _! "l 9 dea?1 & are buri$ 9 front ( 8 tomb4 ,be=e _! graves ! smoke ( inc5se1 (f]$ by admir+ visitors1 has be5 asc5d+ daily = two hundr$ ye>s499 99,x has be5 long ! cu/om also = visitors to leave _! c>ds ^u ! tombs ( ! ,=ty-sev5 ,ron94 ,:5 ,i la/ visit$ ,s5gakuji1 ! gr\nd ab\t ! tombs 0 :ite ) visit+-c>ds4 ,"o mu/ h liv$ 9 ,japan1 & h be5 able to feel ! true _s ( ! old ,japanese life1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! :ole ( ?is romance ( loyalty2 b ,i ?9k t :oev] c>efully reads ,mr4 ,mit=d's v]sion ( x1 & 8 translation ( ! #bih au!ntic docum5ts relat+ to x1 w confess himself mov$4 ,t address especially t\*es1--because ( ! affection & ! fai? to :i* x te/ifies1 & ! s5se ( duty beyond ?is life4 ,h[ev] mu* rev5ge mu/ be condemn$ by our mod]n e?ics1 !re is a noble side to _m ( ! old ,japanese /ories ( loyal v5geance2 & ^! /ories affect u by ! expression ( :at has no?+ to d ) vulg> rev5ge1--by _! exposition ( gratitude1 self-d5ial1 c\rage 9 fac+ dea?1 & fai? 9 ! unse54 ,& ?is means1 ( c\rse1 t we are1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 impress$ by _! religi\s quality4 ,m]e individual rev5ge--! po/pon$ retaliation = "s p]sonal injury--repels our moral feel+3 we h le>n$ to reg>d ! emotion inspir+ su* rev5ge z simply brutal --some?+ %>$ by man ) l[] =ms ( animal life4 ,b 9 ! /ory ( a homicide exact$ by ! s5tim5t ( duty or gratitude to a dead ma/]1 !re may be circum/ances :i* c make appeal to our high] moral sympa?ies1--to our s5se ( ! =ce & beauty ( unselfi%ness1 unsw]v+ fidelity1 un*ang+ affection4 ,& ! /ory ( ! ,=ty-,sev5 ,ron9 is "o ( ?is class4444 ,yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! old ,japanese religion ( loyalty1 :i* f\nd its supreme manife/ation 9 ^? ?ree t]rible cu/oms ( #bii jun%i1 h>akiri1 & kataki-u*i1 0 n>r[ 9 its range4 ,x 0 limit$ by ! v con/itution ( society4 ,?\gh ! nation 0 rul$1 ?r\gh all its gr\ps1 by notions ( duty ev]y:]e simil> 9 "*1 ! circle ( t duty1 = ea* individual1 did n ext5d beyond ! clan-gr\p to :i* he belong$4 ,= 8 own "l ! reta9] 0 always ready to die2 b he did n feel equally b\nd to sacrifice himself = ! milit>y gov]nm5t1 unless he happ5$ to belong to ! special milit>y foll[+ ( ! ,%ogun4 ,8 fa!rl&1 8 c\ntry1 8 _w1 ext5d$ only to ! b\nd>y ( 8 *ief's doma94 ,outside ( t doma9 he c\ld be only a w&]]1--a ron91 or wave-man1 z ! ma/]less samurai 0 t]m$4 ,"u su* conditions t l>g] loyalty :i* id5tifies itself ) love ( k+ & c\ntry1--:i* is patriotism 9 ! mod]n1 n 9 ! n>r[] antique s5se1--c\ld n fully evolve4 ,"s common p]il1 "s dang] to ! :ole race--su* z ! attempt$ ,t>t> conque/ ( ,japan--might tempor>ily ar\se ! true s5tim5t ( patriotism2 b o!rwise t s5tim5t _h little opportunity = developm5t4 ,! ,ise cult repres5t$1 inde$1 ! religion ( ! nation1 z di/+ui%$ f ! clan or tribal wor%ip2 b ea* man _h be5 taught to believe t 8 fir/ duty 0 to 8 "l4 ,"o _c effici5tly s]ve two ma/]s2 & feudal gov]nm5t practically #cjj suppress$ any t5d5cies 9 t direction4 ,! lord%ip s completely own$ ! individual1 body & s\l1 t ! idea ( any duty to ! nation1 outside ( ! duty to ! *ief1 _h nei!r "t nor *ance to def9e itself 9 ! m9d ( ! vassal4 ,to ! ord9>y samurai1 = example1 an imp]ial ord] w\ld n h be5 law3 he recogniz$ no law above ! law ( 8 daimyo4 ,z = ! daimyo1 he might ei!r disobey or obey an imp]ial comm& accord+ to circum/ances3 8 direct sup]ior 0 ! %ogun2 & he 0 oblig$ to make = himself a politic di/9ction betwe5 ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign z deity1 & ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign z a human p]sonality4 ,be=e ! ultimate c5tralization ( ! milit>y p[]1 !re 7 _m in/ances ( lords sacrific+ !mselves = _! emp]or2 b !re 7 ev5 m cases ( op5 rebellion by lords aga9/ ! imp]ial w4 ,"u ! ,tokugawa rule1 ! "q ( obey+ or resi/+ an imp]ial comm& w\ld h dep5d$ ^u ! attitude ( ! %ogun2 & no daimyo w\ld h risk$ su* ob$i5ce to ! c\rt at ,kyoto z might h signifi$ disob$i5ce to ! c\rt at ,y$o4 ,n at lea/ until ! %ogunate _h fall5 into decay4 ,9 ,iyemitsu's "t ! daimyo 7 /rictly =bidd5 to approa* ! imp]ial palace on _! way to ,y$o1--ev5 9 response to an imp]ial comm&2 & !y 7 also =bidd5 to make any direct appeal to ! #cja ,mikado4 ,! policy ( ! %ogunate 0 to prev5t all direct communication betwe5 ! ,kyoto c\rt & ! daimyo4 ,?is policy p>alyz$ intrigue = two hundr$ ye>s2 b x prev5t$ ! developm5t ( patriotism4 ,& = t v reason1 :5 ,japan at la/ f\nd h]self face to face ) ! unexpect$ p]il ( ,we/]n aggression1 ! abolition ( ! dairmates 0 felt to be a matt] ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! supreme dang] requir$ t ! social units %\ld be fus$ into "o coh]5t mass1 capable ( uni=m action1--t ! clan & tribal gr\p+s %\ld be p]man5tly dissolv$1--t all au?ority %\ld imm$iately be c5tr$ 9 ! repres5tative ( ! national religion1--t ! duty ( ob$i5ce to ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign %\ld replace1 at once & =ev]1 ! feudal duty ( ob$i5ce to ! t]ritorial "l4 ,! religion ( loyalty1 evolv$ by a ?\s& ye>s ( w>1 c\ld n be ca/ away--prop]ly utiliz$1 x w\ld prove a national h]itage ( incalculable wor?1--a moral p[] capable ( miracles if direct$ by "o wise w to a s+le wise end4 ,de/roy$ by recon/ruction x c\ld n be2 b x c\ld be div]t$ & trans=m$4 ,div]t$1 !re=e1 to nobl] ends --exp&$ to l>g] ne$s1--x became ! new national s5tim5t ( tru/ & duty3 ! mod]n s5se ( patriotism4 ,:at wond]s x has wr\ght1 )9 ! space ( ?irty ye>s1 ! _w is n[ oblig$ to confess3 :at #cjb m x may be able to accompli% rema9s to be se54 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is c]ta91---t ! future ( ,japan mu/ dep5d ^u ! ma9t5ance ( ?is new religion ( loyalty1 evolv$1 ?r\gh ! old1 f ! anci5t religion ( ! dead4 #cjc ,,! ,,jesuit ,,p]il ,! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury is ! mo/ int]e/+ p]iod 9 ,japanese hi/ory--= ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 because x witness$ ! app>ition ( ^? mighty capta9s1 ,nobunaga1 ,hideyo%i1 & ,iyeyasu1--types ( m5 t a race seems to evolve = supreme em]g5cies only1--types requir+ = _! production n m]ely ! highe/ aptitudes ( numb]less g5]ations1 b likewise an extraord9>y comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,secondly1 ?is p]iod is all-important because x saw ! fir/ complete integration ( ! anci5t social sy/em1--! def9itive union ( all ! clan-lord%ips "u a c5tral milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,& la/ly1 ! p]iod is ( special int]e/ because ! incid5t ( ! fir/ attempt to *ri/ianize ,japan--! /ory ( ! rise & fall ( ! ,jesuit p[]--prop]ly belongs to x4 ,! sociological significance ( ?is episode is in/ructive4 ,except+1 p]haps1 ! division ( ! imp]ial h\se aga9/ itself 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! greate/ dang] t ev] ?reat5$ ,japanese national integrity 0 ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity #cjd by ! ,portuguese ,jesuits4 ,! nation sav$ itself only by ru?less measures1 at ! co/ ( incalculable suff]+ & ( myriads ( lives4 ,x 0 dur+ ! p]iod ( great disord] prec$+ ,nobunaga's ef=t to c5tralize au?ority1 t ?is unfamili> di/urb+ factor 0 introduc$ by ,xavi] & 8 foll[]s4 ,xavi] l&$ at ,kago%ima 9 #aedi2 & by #aeha ! ,jesuits _h upw>ds ( two hundr$ *ur*es 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is fact alone suffici5tly indicates ! rapidity ) :i* ! new religion spread2 & x seem$ de/9$ to ext5d ov] ! entire empire4 ,9 #aehe a ,japanese religi\s embassy 0 receiv$ at ,rome2 & by t date no less ?an elev5 daimyo1--or k+s1 z ! ,jesuits n inaptly t]m$ !m--_h become conv]t$4 ,among ^! 7 sev]al v p[]ful lords4 ,! new cre$ _h made rapid way among ! common p also3 x 0 becom+ popul>1 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,:5 ,nobunaga rose to p[]1 he fav\r$ ! ,jesuits 9 _m ways--n because ( any sympa?y ) _! cre$1 = he nev] dream$ ( becom+ a ,*ri/ian1 b because he ?\ght t _! influ5ce w\ld be ( s]vice to him 9 8 campaign aga9/ ,buddhism4 ,l ! ,jesuits !mselves1 ,nobunaga _h no scruple ab\t means 9 8 pursuit ( ends4 ,m ru?less ?an ,william ! ,conqu]or1 he did n hesitate to put to dea? #cje 8 own bro!r & 8 own fa!r-9-law1 :5 !y d>$ to oppose 8 w4 ,! aid & protection :i* he ext5d$ to ! =eign prie/s1 = m]ely political reasons1 enabl$ !m to develop _! p[] to a degree :i* soon gave him cause = rep5tance4 ,mr4 ,gubb9s1 9 8 ,review ( ! ,introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ,*9a & ,japan1 quotes f a ,japanese "w1 call$ ,ibuki ,mogusa1 an int]e/+ extract on ! subject3-- ,nobunaga n[ began to regret 8 previ\s policy 9 p]mitt+ ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he accord+ly assembl$ 8 reta9]s1 & said to !m3--',! conduct ( ^! mission>ies 9 p]suad+ p to jo9 !m by giv+ money1 does n please me4 ,h[ w\ld x be1 ?9k y1 if we 7 to demoli% ,nambanji ,! ,temple ( ! ,s\!rn ,savages--s ! ,portuguese *ur* 0 call$8' ,to ?is ,may$a ,tokuz59 repli$4 ',x is n[ too late to demoli% ! ,temple ( ! ,namban4 ,to endeav\r to arre/ ! p[] ( ?is religion n[ is l try+ to arre/ ! curr5t ( ! ocean4 ,nobles1 bo? great & small1 h become adh]5ts ( x4 ,if y w\ld ext]m9ate ?is religion n[1 !re is fe> t di/urbance %\ld be creat$ among y\r own reta9]s4 ,i am !re=e ( op9ion t y %\ld ab&on y\r int5tion ( de/roy+ ,nambanji4' ,nobunaga 9 consequ5ce regrett$ exce$+ly 8 previ\s action 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & set ab\t ?9k+ h[ he c\ld root x out4 ,! assass9ation ( ,nobunaga 9 #aehf may h prolong$ ! p]iod ( tol]ation4 ,8 successor #cjf ,hideyo%i1 :o judg$ ! influ5ce ( ! =eign prie/s dang]\s1 0 = ! mom5t occupi$ ) ! great problem ( c5traliz+ ! milit>y p[]1 s z to give peace to ! c\ntry4 ,b ! furi\s intol]ance ( ! ,jesuits 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces _h already made !m _m enemies1 eag] to av5ge ! cruelties ( ! new cre$4 ,we read 9 ! hi/ories ( ! missions ab\t conv]t$ daimyo burn+ ?\s&s ( ,buddhi/ temples1 de/roy+ c\ntless works ( art1 & slaught]+ ,buddhi/ prie/s2--& we f9d ! ,jesuit writ]s prais+ ^! crusades z evid5ce ( holy zeal4 ,at fir/ ! =eign fai? _h be5 only p]suasive2 aft]w>ds1 ga!r+ p[] "u ,nobunaga's enc\ragem5t1 x became co]cive & f]oci\s4 ,a reaction aga9/ x set 9 ab\t a ye> aft] ,nobunaga's dea?4 ,9 #aehg ,hideyo%i de/roy$ ! mission *ur*es 9 ,kyoto1 ,osaka1 & ,sakai1 & drove ! ,jesuits f ! capital2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he ord]$ !m to assemble at ! port ( ,hirado1 & prep>e to leave ! c\ntry4 ,!y felt !mselves /rong en\gh to disobey3 in/ead ( leav+ ,japan1 !y scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 plac+ !mselves "u ! protection ( v>i\s ,*ri/ian daimyo4 ,hideyo%i probably ?\ght x impolitic to pu% matt]s fur!r3 ! prie/s kept quiet1 & ceas$ to prea* publicly2 & _! self-effacem5t s]v$ !m well until #aeia4 ,9 t ye> ! adv5t ( #cjg c]ta9 ,spani% ,franciscans *ang$ ! /ate ( affairs4 ,^! ,franciscans arriv$ 9 ! tra9 ( an embassy f ! ,philipp9es1 & obta9$ leave to /ay 9 ! c\ntry on condition t !y 7 n to prea* ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y broke _! pl$ge1 ab&on$ all prud5ce1 & ar\s$ ! wra? ( ,hideyo%i4 ,he resolv$ to make an example2 & 9 #aeig he _h six ,franciscans1 ?ree ,jesuits1 & sev]al o!r ,*ri/ians tak5 to ,nagasaki & !re crucifi$4 ,! attitude ( ! great ,taiko t[>d ! =eign cre$ _h ! effect ( quick5+ ! reaction aga9/ x1--a reaction :i* _h already begun to %[ itself 9 v>i\s prov9ces4 ,b ,hideyo%i's dea? 9 #aeih enabl$ ! ,jesuits to hope = bett] =tune4 ,8 successor1 ! cold & cauti\s ,iyeyasu1 all[$ !m to hope1 & ev5 to ree/abli% !mselves 9 ,kyoto1 ,osaka1 & else:]e4 ,he 0 prep>+ = ! great conte/ :i* 0 to be decid$ by ! battle ( ,sekigah>a2--he knew t ! ,*ri/ian elem5t 0 divid$1--"s ( its lead]s be+ on 8 own side1 & "s on ! side ( 8 enemies2--& ! "t w\ld h be5 ill *os5 = any repressive policy4 ,b 9 #afjf1 aft] hav+ solidly e/abli%$ 8 p[]1 ,iyeyasu = ! fir/ "t %[$ himself decid$ly oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity by issu+ an edict =bidd+ fur!r mission "w1 & proclaim+ t ^? :o _h adopt$ ! =eign religion mu/ ab&on x4 ,nev]!less ! propag&a #cjh w5t on--conduct$ no long] by ,jesuits only1 b also by ,dom9icans & ,franciscans4 ,! numb] ( ,*ri/ians !n 9 ! empire is said1 ) gross exagg]ation1 to h be5 ne>ly two millions4 ,b ,iyeyasu nei!r took1 nor caus$ to be tak51 any sev]e measures ( repression until #afad1--;f :i* date ! great p]secution may be said to h begun4 ,previ\sly !re _h be5 local p]secutions only1 conduct$ by indep5d5t daimyo1--n by ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,! local p]secutions 9 ,kyu%u1 = example1 w\ld seem to h be5 natural consequ5ces ( ! intol]ance ( ! ,jesuits 9 ! days ( _! p[]1 :5 conv]t$ daimyo burn$ ,buddhi/ temples & massacr$ ,buddhi/ prie/s2 & ^! p]secutions 7 mo/ pitiless 9 ^? v di/ricts su* z ,bungo1 ,omura1 & ,higo --:]e ! native religion _h be5 mo/ fi]cely p]secut$ at ,jesuit in/igation4 ,b f #afad--;at :i* date !re rema9$ only eight1 out ( ! total sixty-f\r prov9ces ( ,japan1 into :i* ,*ri/ianity _h n be5 introduc$--! suppression ( ! =eign cre$ became a gov]nm5t matt]2 & ! p]secution 0 conduct$ sy/ematically & un9t]rupt$ly until e outw>d trace ( ,*ri/ianity _h disappe>$4 ,! fate ( ! missions1 !re=e1 0 really settl$ by ,iyeyasu & 8 imm$iate successors2 #cji & x is ! "p tak5 by ,iyeyasu t especially dem&s att5tion4 ,( ! ?ree great capta9s1 all _h1 soon] or lat]1 become suspici\s ( ! =eign propag&a2 b only ,iyeyasu c\ld f9d bo? ! "t & ! ability to deal ) ! social problem :i* x _h ar\s$4 ,ev5 ,hideyo%i _h be5 afraid to complicate exi/+ political tr\bles by any rigor\s measures ( an ext5sive "*4 ,iyeyasu long hesitat$4 ,! reasons = 8 hesitation 7 d\btless complex1 & *iefly diplomatic4 ,he 0 ! la/ ( m5 to act ha/ily1 or suff] himself to be influ5c$ by prejudice ( any sort2 & to suppose him timid w\ld be contr>y to all t we "k ( 8 "*4 ,he mu/ h recogniz$1 ( c\rse1 t to extirpate a religion :i* c\ld claim1 ev5 9 exagg]ation1 m ?an a million ( adh]5ts1 0 no light und]tak+1 & w\ld involve an imm5se am\nt ( suff]+4 ,to cause ne$less mis]y 0 n 9 8 nature3 he _h always prov$ himself humane1 & a fri5d ( ! common p4 ,b he 0 fir/ ( all a /atesman & patriot2 & ! ma9 "q = him mu/ h be5 ! probable relation ( ! =eign cre$ to political & social conditions 9 ,japan4 ,?is "q requir$ long & pati5t inve/igation2 & he appe>s to h giv5 x all possible att5tion4 ,at la/ he decid$ t ,roman ,*ri/ianity con/itut$ a grave political dang] & t its extirpation w\ld be an unavoidable necessity4 #caj ,! fact t ! sev]e measures :i* he & 8 successors en=c$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity--measures /eadily ma9ta9$ = upw>ds ( two hundr$ ye>s--fail$ to completely eradicate ! cre$1 proves h[ deeply ! roots _h /ruck4 ,sup]ficially1 all trace ( ,*ri/ianity vani%$ to ,japanese eyes2 b 9 #ahfe !re 7 discov]$ ne> ,nagasaki "s communities :i* _h secretly pres]v$ among !mselves traditions ( ! ,roman =ms ( wor%ip1 & /ill made use ( ,portuguese & ,lat9 words relat+ to religi\s matt]s4 ,to rightly e/imate ! decision ( ,iyeyasu--"o ( ! %rewde/1 & also "o ( ! mo/ humane /atesm5 t ev] liv$1--x is necess>y to consid]1 f a ,japanese po9t ( view1 ! nature ( ! evid5ce ^u :i* he 0 impell$ to act4 ,( ,jesuit intrigues 9 ,japan he mu/ h _h ample k--sev]al ( !m hav+ be5 direct$ aga9/ himself2--b he w\ld h be5 m likely to consid] ! ultimate object & probable result ( su* intrigues1 ?an ! m]e fact ( _! occurr5ce4 ,religi\s intrigues 7 common among ! ,buddhi/s1 & w\ld sc>cely attract ! notice ( ! milit>y gov]nm5t except :5 !y int]f]$ ) /ate policy or public ord]4 ,b religi\s intrigues hav+ = _! object ! ov]?r[ ( gov]nm5t1 & a sect>ian dom9ation ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld be gravely consid]$4 #caa ,nobunaga _h taught ,buddhism a sev]e lesson ab\t ! dang] ( su* intrigu+4 ,iyeyasu decid$ t ! ,jesuit intrigues _h a political object ( ! mo/ ambiti\s k9d2 b he 0 m pati5t ?an ,nobunaga4 ,by #afjc he1 _h e di/rict ( ,japan "u 8 yoke2 b he did n issue 8 f9al edict until elev5 ye>s lat]4 ,x pla9ly decl>$ t ! =eign prie/s 7 plott+ to get control ( ! gov]nm5t1 & to obta9 possession ( ! c\ntry3-- ,! ,kiri%itan b& h come to ,japan1 n only s5d+ _! m]*ant-vessels to ex*ange commodities1 b also long+ to dissem9ate an evil law1 to ov]?r[ "r doctr9e1 s t !y may *ange ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 & obta9 possession ( ! l&4 ,?is is ! g]m ( great disa/]1 & mu/ be cru%$44444 ,japan is ! c\ntry ( ! gods & ( ! ,buddha3 x hon\rs ! gods1 & rev]es ! ,buddha4444 ,! faction ( ! ,bat]599 disbelieve 9 ! ,way ( ! ,gods1 & blaspheme ! true ,law1 --violate "r-do+1 & injure ! good4444 ,!y truly are ! enemies ( ! gods & ( ! ,buddha4444 ,if ?is be n spe$ily prohibit$1 ! safety ( ! /ate w1 assur$ly h]eaft] be imp]ill$2 & if ^? :o are *>g$ ) ord]+ its affairs d n put a /op to ! evil1 !y w expose !mselves to ,heav5's rebuke4 99,bat]51 a corruption ( ! ,portuguese padre1 is /ill ! t]m us$ = ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s1 ( any d5om9ation4 ,^! mission>ies mu/ be in/antly swept out1 s t n an in* ( soil rema9s to !m 9 ,japan on :i* #cab to plant _! feet2 & if !y refuse to obey ?is comm&1 !y %all suff] ! p5alty4444 ,let ,heav5 & ! ,f\r ,seas he> ?is4 ,obey699 99,! entire proclamation1 :i* is ( consid]able l5g?1 has be5 translat$ by ,sat[1 & may be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,,vi1 "p ,i1 ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re are two di/9ct *>ges made aga9/ ! ,bat]5 9 ?is docum5t1--t ( political conspiracy "u ! guise ( religion1 ) a view to gett+ possession ( ! gov]nm5t2 & t ( intol]ance1 t[>ds bo? ! ,%9to & ! ,buddhi/ =ms ( native wor%ip4 ,! intol]ance is suffici5tly prov$ by ! writ+s ( ! ,jesuits !mselves4 ,! *>ge ( conspiracy 0 less easy to prove2 b :o c\ld reasonably h d\bt$ t1 7 opportunity (f]$1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ord]s w\ld attempt to control ! g5]al gov]nm5t precisely z !y _h be5 able to control local gov]nm5t already 9 ! lord%ips ( conv]t$ daimyo4 ,besides1 we may be sure t by ! "t at :i* ! edict 0 issu$1 ,iyeyasu mu/ h he>d ( _m matt]s likely to give him a mo/ evil op9ion ( ,roman ,ca?olicism3--! /ory ( ! ,spani% conque/s 9 ,am]ica1 & ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,we/ ,indian races2 ! /ory ( ! p]secutions 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ( ! "w ( ! ,inquisition else:]e2 ! /ory ( ! attempt ( ,philip ,,ii to conqu] ,engl&1 & ( ! loss ( ! two great #cac ,armadas4 ,! edict 0 issu$ 9 #afad1 & ,iyeyasu _h f\nd opportunity to in=m himself ab\t "s ( ^! matt]s z e>ly z #afjj4 ,9 t ye> ! ,engli% pilot ,w ,adams _h arriv$ at ,japan 9 *>ge ( a ,dut* %ip1 ,adams _h />t$ on ?is ev5tful voyage 9 ! ye> #aeih1--t is to say1 j t5 ye>s aft] ! defeat ( ! fir/ ,spani% ,armada1 & "o ye> aft] ! ru9 ( ! second4 ,he _h se5 ! spaci\s times ( great ,elizabe?--:o 0 yet alive2--he _h v probably se5 ,h[>d & ,seym\r & ,drake & ,hawk9s & ,frobi%] & ,sir ,ri*>d ,gr5ville1 ! h]o ( #aeia4 ,= ?is ,w ,adams 0 a ,k5ti% man1 :o _h s]u$ = ,ma/] & ,pilott 9 h] ,maje/ies %ips 444 ,! ,dut* vessel 0 seiz$ imm$iately ^u h] arrival at ,kyu%u2 & ,adams & 8 %ipmates 7 tak5 into cu/ody by ! daimyo ( ,bungo1 :o report$ ! fact to ,iyeyasu4 ,! adv5t ( ^! ,prote/ant sailors 0 consid]$ an important ev5t by ! ,portuguese ,jesuits1 :o _h _! own reasons = dread+ ! results ( an int]view betwe5 su* h]etics & ! rul] ( ,japan4 ,b ,iyeyasu also happ5$ to ?9k ! ev5t an important "o2 & he ord]$ t ,adams %\ld be s5t to him at ,osaka4 ,! malevol5t anxiety ( ! ,jesuits ab\t ! matt] _h n escap$ ,iyeyasu's p5etrat+ obs]vation4 ,!y endeav\r$ aga9 & aga9 to h ! sailors kill$1 accord+ to ! #cad writt5 /atem5t ( ,adams himself1 :o 0 c]ta9ly no li>2 & !y _h be5 able--9 ,bungo to fright5 two sc\ndrels ( ! %ip's company into giv+ false te/imony499 ,! ,iesuites & ! ,port+alls1 wrote ,adams1 gaue _m euid5ces aga9/ me & ! re/ to ! ,emp]\r ,iyeyasu1 t we 7 !eues & robb]s ( all nations1--& t 7 we suff]$ to liue1--x %\ld be aga9/ ! pr(it ( 8 ,highnes1 & ! l&4 ,b ,iyeyasu 0 p]haps all ! m fav\rably incl9$ t[>ds ,adams by ! eag]ness ( ! ,jesuits to h him kill$--cross$ crucifi$1 z ,adams call$ x1--! cu/ome ( iu/ice 9 ,japan1 z hang+ is 9 our l&4 ,he gave !m answ]1 says ,adams1 t we _h z yet n do5 to him nor to none ( 8 l&e any h>me or dammage3 !re=e aga9/ ,reason & ,iu/ice to put vs to dea?4 444 ,& !re came to pass precisely :at ! ,jesuits _h mo/ fe>$1--:at !y _h va9ly endeav\r$ by intimidation1 by sl&]1 by all possible intrigue to prev5t1--an int]view betwe5 ,iyeyasu & ! h]etic ,adams4 #cae ,soe t z soon z ,i came be=e him1 wrote ,adams1 he dem&$ ( me ( :at c\ntrey we 73 s ,i answ]$ him 9 all po9ts2 = !re 0 no?+ t he dem&$ n1 bo? conc]n+ w>re & peace betwe5 c\ntrey & c\ntrey3 s t ! p>ticul>s "h to wryte w\ld be too t$i\s4 ,& = t "t ,i 0 comm&$ to prison1 be+ well vs$1 ) "o ( our m>9]s t cam ) me to s]ue me4 ,f ano!r lett] ( ,adams x w\ld seem t ?is int]view la/$ f> into ! night1 & t ,iyeyasu's que/ions ref]r$ especially to politics & religion4 ,he ask$1 says ,adams1 :e!r our c\ntrey _h w>res8 ,i answ]$ him yea1 ) ! ,spani>ds & ,portugals--bee+ 9 peace ) all o!r nations4 ,fur!r he ask$ me 9 :at ,i did beleeue8 ,i said1 9 ,god1 t made heau5 & e>?4 ,he ask$ me div]se o!r que/ions ( ?+s ( religion1 & _m o!r ?+s3 ,z1 :at way we came to ! c\ntry8 ,hav+ a *>t ( ! :ole _w1 ,i %ew$ him ?r\gh ! ,/raight ( ,magellan4 ,at :i* he wondr$1 & ?\ght me to lie4 ,?us1 f "o ?+ to ano!r1 ,i abode ) him till midnight4 444 ,! two m5 lik$ ea* o!r at sight1 x appe>s4 ,( ,iyeyasu1 ,adams significantly obs]ves3 ,he view$ me well1 & seem$ to be wond]ful fav\rable4 ,two days lat] ,iyeyasu aga9 s5t = ,adams1 & cross-que/ion$ him j ab\t ^? matt]s :i* ! #caf ,jesuits want$ to rema9 9 ! d>k4 ,he demaund$ also z cons]n+ ! w>res betwe5 ! ,spani>d or ,port+all & our c\ntrey1 & ! reasons3 ! :i* ,i gaue him to vnd]/& ( all ?+s1 :i* he 0 glad to he>e1 z x seem$ to me4 ,9 ! end ,i 0 commaund$ to prisson age91 b my lodg+ 0 bett]$4 ,adams did n see ,iyeyasu aga9 = ne>ly six weeks3 !n he 0 s5t =1 & cross-que/ion$ a ?ird "t4 ,! result 0 lib]ty & fav\r4 ,!reaft]1 at int]vals1 ,iyeyasu us$ to s5d = him2 & pres5tly we he> ( him tea*+ ! great /atesman "s po9ts ( jeometry1 & und]/&+ ( ! art ( ma!matickes1 ) o!r ?+s4 444 ,iyeyasu gave him _m pres5ts1 z well z a good liv+1 & commission$ him to build "s %ips = deep-sea sail+4 ,ev5tually1 ! poor pilot 0 creat$ a samurai1 & giv5 an e/ate4 ,be+ employ$ 9 ! ,emp]\r's s]uice1 he wrote1 he ha? giv5 me a liu+1 l vnto a lord%ip 9 ,engl&1 ) eightie or n9etie husb&m5 t be z my slaues or s]u5ts3 ! :i*1 or ! l presid5t prec$5t1 0 neu] "h be=e gev5 to any /rang]4 444 ,witness to ! influ5ce ( ,adams ) ,iyeyasu is furni%$ by ! correspond5ce ( ,capta9 ,cock1 ( ! ,engli% factory1 :o ?us wrote home ab\t him 9 #afad3 ,! tru? is ! ,emp]\r e/eeme? hym mu*1 & he may goe 9 & speake ) hym at all times1 :5 #cag kynges & pr9ces are kept ovt49999 ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is influ5ce t ! ,engli% 7 all[$ to e/abli% _! factory at ,hirado4 ,!re is no /rang] sev5te5?-c5tury romance ?an t ( ?is pla9 ,engli% pilot1--) only 8 simple hone/y & common-s5se to help him1--ris+ to su* extraord9>y fav\r ) ! greate/ & %rewde/ ( all ,japanese rul]s4 ,adams 0 nev] all[$1 h[ev]1 to return to ,engl&1--p]haps because 8 s]vices 7 deem$ too preci\s to lose4 ,he says himself 9 8 lett]s t ,iyeyasu nev] refus$ him any?+ t he ask$ =1999999 except ! privilege ( revisit+ ,engl&3 :5 he ask$ t1 once too (t51 ! ould ,emp]\r rema9$ sil5t4 99,daily m & m ! ,portugalls inc5s$ ! ju/ices & ! p aga9/ vs4 ,& two ( our m51 z traytors1 gaue !mselves 9 s]uice to ! k+ daimyo1 bee+ all 9 all ) ! ,portugals1 hau+ by !m _! liues w>rant$4 ,! "o 0 call$ ,gilb]t de ,conn+1 ^: "m dwelle? at ,middlebor\gh1 :o gaue himself out to be m>*ant ( all ! goods 9 ! %ippe4 ,! o!r 0 call$ ,iobn ,abelson ,van ,owat]4 ,^! trait\rs s\ght all mann] ( wayes to get ! goods into _! h&s1 & made kn[n vnto !m all ?+s t _h pass$ 9 our voyage4 ,n9e dayes aft] our arriuall1 ! great k+ ( ! l& ,iyeyasu s5t = me to come vnto him4 --,lett] ( ,w ,adams to 8 wife4 9999,x has pless$ ,god to br+ ?+s to pass1 s z 9 ye eyes ( ye _w mu/ seem /range2 = ! ,spaynn>d & ,port+all ha? b9 my bitt] enemies to dea?2 & n[ !ay mu/ seek to me1 an unwor?y wret*2 = ! ,spayn>d z well z ! ,port+all mu/ haue all _! negos%es negotiations g ?or\gh my h&4-- ,lett] ( ,adams dat$ ,janu>y #ab1 #afac4 999999,ev5 fav\rs = ! p :o _h s\ght to br+ ab\t 8 dea?4 ,i pleas$ him s1 wrote ,adams1 t :at ,i said he w\ld n contr>ie4 ,at :i* my =m] enemies did wond]2 & at ?is "t mu/ entreat me to d !m a fri5d%ip1 :i* to bo? ,spani>ds & ,port+als h ,i do53 recomp5c+ !m good = euill4 ,s1 to passe my "t to get my liu+1 x ha? co/ mee great lab\r & tr\ble at ! fir/1 b ,god ha? bless$ my lab\r4 ,! correspond5ce ( ,adams proves t ,iyeyasu disda9$ no means ( obta9+ direct in=mation ab\t =eign affairs 9 reg>d to religion & politics4 ,z = affairs 9 ,japan1 he _h at 8 disposal ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( espionage ev] #cah e/abli%$2 & he knew all t 0 go+ on4 ,yet he wait$1 z we h se51 f\rte5 ye>s be=e he issu$ 8 edict4 ,hideyo%i's edict 01 inde$1 r5ew$ by him 9 #afjf2 b t ref]r$ p>ticul>ly to ! public prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 & :ile ! mission>ies outw>dly con=m$ to ! law1 he cont9u$ to suff] !m )9 8 own dom9ions4 ,p]secutions 7 be+ c>ri$ on else:]e2 b ! secret propag&a 0 also be+ c>ri$ on1 & ! mission>ies c\ld /ill hope4 ,yet !re 0 m5ace 9 ! air1 l ! heav9ess prec$+ /orms4 ,capta9 ,s>is1 writ+ f ,japan 9 #afac1 records a pa!tic incid5t :i* is v sugge/ive4 ,i gaue leaue1 he says1 to div]s wom5 ( ! bett] sort to come into my ,cabb91 :]e ! picture ( ,v5us1 ) h] sonne ,cupid1 did hang some:at wantonly set out 9 a l>ge frame4 ,!y1 ?9k+ x to bee ,our ,ladie & h] sonne1 fell d[ne & wor%ipp$ x1 ) %ewes ( great deuotion1 tell+ me 9 a :isp]+ mann] 7t "s ( _! own companions1 :i* 7 n s1 might n he>e71 t !y 7 ,*ri/ianos3 :]eby we p]ceiv$ !m to be ,*ri/ians1 conu]t$ by ! ,portugall ,iesuits4 444 ,:5 ,iyeyasu fir/ took /rong measures1 !y 7 direct$1 n aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 b aga9/ a m imprud5t ord]1--z we "k f ,adams's correspond5ce4 ,9 ! ye] #afab1 he says1 is put d[ne all ! sects ( ! ,franciscannes4 ,! ,jes\ets hau #cai :at priuil$ge 444 !>e be+e 9 ,nangasaki1 9 :i* place only may be s manny z w ( all sectes3 9 o!r places n s _m p]mitt$4444 ,roman ,ca?olicism 0 giv5 two m ye>s' grace aft] ! ,franciscan episode4 ,:y ,iyeyasu %\ld h t]m$ x a false & corrupt religion1 bo? 9 8 ,legacy & else:]e1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,f ! ,f>-,ea/]n po9t ( view he c\ld sc>cely h judg$ x o!rwise1 aft] an imp>tial inve/igation4 ,x 0 ess5tially oppos$ to all ! beliefs & traditions ^u :i* ,japanese society _h be5 f\nd$4 ,! ,japanese ,/ate 0 an aggregate ( religi\s communities1 ) a ,god-,k+ at its head2--! cu/oms ( all ^! communities _h ! =ce ( religi\s laws1 & e?ics 7 id5tifi$ ) ob$i5ce to cu/om2 filial piety 0 ! basis ( social ord]1 & loyalty itself 0 d]iv$ f filial piety4 ,b ?is ,we/]n cre$1 :i* taught t a husb& %\ld leave 8 p>5ts & cleave to 8 wife1 held filial piety to be at be/ an inf]ior virtue4 ,x proclaim$ t duty to p>5ts1 lords1 & rul]s rema9$ duty only :5 ob$i5ce involv$ no action oppos$ to ,roman tea*+1 & t ! supreme duty ( ob$i5ce 0 n to ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign at ,kyoto1 b to ! ,pope at ,rome4 ,_h n ! ,gods & ! ,buddhas be5 call$ devils by ^! mission>ies f ,portugal & ,spa98 ,assur$ly su* doctr9es 7 subv]sive1 #cbj no matt] h[ a/utely !y might be int]pret$ by _! apologi/s4 ,besides1 ! wor? ( a cre$ z a social =ce might be judg$ f its fruits4 ,?is cre$ 9 ,europe _h be5 a ceaseless cause ( disord]s1 w>s1 p]secutions1 atroci\s cruelties4 ,?is cre$1 9 ,japan1 _h fom5t$ great di/urbances1 _h in/igat$ political intrigues1 _h wr\ght almo/ immeasurable mis*ief4 ,9 ! ev5t ( future political tr\ble1 x w\ld ju/ify ! disob$i5ce ( *ildr5 to p>5ts1 ( wives to husb&s1 ( subjects to lords1 ( lords to %ogun4 ,! p>am\nt duty ( gov]nm5t 0 n[ to compel social ord]1 & to ma9ta9 ^? conditions ( peace & security )\t :i* ! nation c\ld nev] recov] f ! exhau/ion ( a ?\s& ye>s ( /rife4 ,b s long z ?is =eign religion 0 suff]$ to attack & to sap ! f\ndations ( ord]1 !re nev] c\ld be peace4444 ,convictions l ^! mu/ h be5 well e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d ( ,iyeyasu :5 he issu$ 8 fam\s edict4 ,! only wond] is t he %\ld h wait$ s long4 ,v possibly ,iyeyasu1 :o nev] did any?+ by halves1 0 wait+ until ,*ri/ianity %\ld f9d itself )\t "o ,japanese lead] ( ability4 ,9 #afaa he _h in=mation ( a ,*ri/ian conspiracy 9 ! isl& ( ,sado 7a convict m9+-di/rict7 ^: gov]nor1 ,okubo1 _h be5 induc$ to adopt ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 to be made rul] ( ! c\ntry if #cba ! plot prov$ successful4 ,b /ill ,iyeyasu wait$4 ,by #afad ,*ri/ianity _h sc>cely ev5 an ,okubo to lead ! =lorn hope4 ,! daimyo conv]t$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7 dead or dispossess$ or 9 bani%m5t2 ! great ,*ri/ian g5]als _h be5 execut$2 ! few rema9+ conv]ts ( importance _h be5 plac$ "u surveillance1 & 7 practically helpless4 ,! =eign prie/s & native cate*i/s 7 n cruelly treat$ imm$iately aft] ! proclamation ( #afad4 ,"s ?ree hundr$ ( !m 7 put into %ips & s5t out ( ! c\ntry1--toge!r ) v>i\s ,japanese suspect$ ( religi\s political intrigues1 su* z ,takayama1 =m] daimyo ( ,aka%i1 :o 0 call$ ,ju/o ,ucondono by ! ,jesuit writ]s1 & :o _h be5 dispossess$ & degrad$ by ,hideyo%i = ! same reasons4 ,iyeyasu set no example ( unnecess>y sev]ity4 ,b h>%] measures foll[$ ^u an ev5t :i* took place 9 #afae1--! v ye> aft] ! issu+ ( ! edict4 ,hideyori1 ! son ( ,hideyo%i1 _h be5 supplant$--=tunately = ,japan--by ,iyeyasu1 to ^: tutelage ! "y man _h be5 confid$4 ,iyeyasu took all c>e ( him1 b _h no int5tion ( suff]+ him to direct ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1--a task sc>cely )9 ! capacity ( a lad ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,9 spite ( v>i\s political intrigues 9 :i* ,hideyori 0 kn[n to h tak5 "p1 ,iyeyasu _h left him 9 possession #cbb ( l>ge rev5ues1 & ( ! /ronge/ =tress 9 ,japan1--t mighty ca/le ( ,osaka1 :i* ,hideyo%i's g5ius _h r5d]$ almo/ impregnable4 ,hideyori1 unlike 8 fa!r1 fav\r$ ! ,jesuits3 & he made ! ca/le a refuge = adh]5ts ( ! false & corrupt sect4 ,in=m$ by gov]nm5t spies ( a dang]\s intrigue !re prep>+1 ,iyeyasu resolv$ to /rike2 & he /ruck h>d4 ,9 spite ( a desp]ate def5ce1 ! great =tress 0 /orm$ & burnt--,hideyori p]i%+ 9 ! conflagration4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& lives are said to h be5 lo/ 9 ?is siege4 ,adams wrote ?us qua9tly ( ,hideyori's fate1 & ! results ( 8 conspiracy3-- ,hee mad w>res ) ! ,emp]\r 444 allso by ! ,jessvits & ,ffri]s1 :i* mad belleeue he %\ld be fauord ) mirrackles & w\nd]s2 b 9 fyne x pr\$ ! contr>i4 ,= ! ould ,emp]\r aga9/ him press5tlly make? 8 =ces r$dy by sea & l&1 & compasse? 8 ca/ell t he 0 92 al?\gh ) loss ( multitudes on bo? sides1 yet 9 ! end rasse? ! ca/ell walles1 sette? x on fyre1 & burne? hym 9 x4 ,?us end$ ! w>res4 ,n[ ! ,emp]\r he]+ ( !es ,jessvets & fri]s be+ 9 ! ca/ell ) 8 ennemis1 & /ill f tym to tym agayn/ hym1 c\m&e? all romis*e sorte ( m5 to dep>t ovt ( 8 c\ntri--!> *ur*es pulld do\n1 & burn$4 ,?is fol[$ 9 ! ould ,emp]\r's #cbc daies4 ,n[ ?is yee>1 #afaf1 ! old ,emp]\r he di$4 ,8 son raigne? 9 8 place1 & hee is m hot agayn/e ! romi% relligion !n 8 ffa!r wass3 = he ha? =bidd5 ?or\gh all 8 domynions1 on pa9e ( de?1 none ( 8 subjects to be romi% *ri/iane2 :i* romi% seckt to prev5t eu]i wayes t he maye1 he ha? =bidd5 t no /rang] m]*ant %all abid 9 any ( ! great citties4 444 ,! son "h ref]r$ to 0 ,hidetada1 :o1 9 #afag1 issu$ an ord9ance s5t5c+ to dea? e ,roman prie/ or fri> discov]$ 9 ,japan1--an ord9ance provok$ by ! fact t _m prie/s expell$ f ! c\ntry _h secretly return$1 & t o!rs _h rema9$ to c>ry on _! propag&a "u v>i\s disguises4 ,mean:ile1 9 e city1 t[n1 village1 & hamlet ?r\gh\t ! empire1 measures _h be5 tak5 = ! extirpation ( ,roman ,*ri/ianity4 ,e community 0 made responsible = ! exi/5ce 9 x ( any p]son belong+ to ! =eign cre$2 & special magi/rates1 or inquisitors1 7 appo9t$1 call$ ,kiri%itan-bugyo1 to seek out & puni% memb]s ( ! prohibit$ religion499 ,*ri/ians #cbd :o freely recant$ 7 n puni%$1 b only kept "u surveillance3 ^? :o refus$ to recant1 ev5 aft] torture1 7 degrad$ to ! condition ( slaves1 or else put to dea?4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 extraord9>y cruelty 0 practis$1 & e =m ( torture us$ to compel recantation4 ,b x is tol]ably c]ta9 t ! m atroci\s episodes ( ! p]secution 7 due to ! individual f]ocity ( local gov]nors or magi/rates--z 9 ! case ( ,tak5aka ,uneme-no-,kami1 :o 0 compell$ by ! gov]nm5t to p]=m h>akiri = abus+ 8 p[]s at ,nagasaki1 & mak+ p]secution a means ( extort+ money4 ,be t z x may1 ! p]secution at la/ ei!r provok$1 or help$ to br+ ab\t a ,*ri/ian rebellion 9 ! daimiate ( ,arima1--hi/orically rememb]$ z ! ,%imab>a ,revolt4 ,9 #afcf a ho/ ( peasants1 driv5 to desp]ation by ! tyranny ( _! lords--! daimyo ( ,arima & ! daimyo ( ,k>atsu 7conv]t-di/ricts7--rose 9 arms1 burnt all ! ,japanese temples 9 _! vic9ity1 & proclaim$ religi\s w>4 ,_! bann] bore a cross2 _! lead]s 7 conv]t$ samurai4 ,!y 7 soon #cbe jo9$ by ,*ri/ian refugees f e "p ( ! c\ntry1 until _! numb]s swell$ to ?irty or =ty ?\s&4 ,on ! coa/ ( ! ,%imab>a p59sula !y seiz$ an ab&on$ ca/le1 at a place call$ ,h>a1 & !re =tifi$ !mselves4 ,! local au?orities c\ld n cope ) ! upris+2 & ! rebels m ?an held _! own until gov]nm5t =ces1 aggregat+ ov] #afj1jjj m51 7 despat*$ aga9/ !m4 ,aft] a brave def5ce ( "o hundr$ & two days1 ! ca/le 0 /orm$ 9 #afch1 & its def5d]s1 toge!r ) _! wom5 & *ildr51 put to ! sword4 ,(ficially ! occurr5ce 0 treat$ z a peasant revolt2 & ! p]sons consid]$ responsible = x 7 sev]ely puni%$2--! "l ( ,%imab>a 7,arima7 0 fur!r s5t5c$ to p]=m h>akiri4 ,japanese hi/orians /ate t ! ris+ 0 fir/ plann$ & l$ by ,*ri/ians1 :o design$ to seize ,nagasaki1 subdue ,kyu%u1 invite =eign milit>y help1 & compel a *ange ( gov]nm5t2--! ,jesuit writ]s w\ld h u believe !re 0 no plot4 ,"o ?+ c]ta9 is t a revolution>y appeal 0 made to ! ,*ri/ian elem5t1 & 0 l>gely respond$ to ) al>m+ consequ5ces4 ,a /rong ca/le on ! ,kyu%u coa/1 held by ?irty or =ty ?\s& ,*ri/ians1 con/itut$ a s]i\s dang]1--a po9t ( vantage f :i* a ,spani% invasion ( ! c\ntry might h be5 attempt$ ) "s #cbf *ance ( success4 ,! gov]nm5t seems to h recogniz$ ?is dang]1 & to h despat*$ 9 consequ5ce an ov]:elm+ =ce to ,%imab>a4 ,if =eign help c\ld h be5 s5t to ! rebels1 ! result might h be5 a prolong$ civil w>4 ,z = ! :olesale slaught]1 x repres5t$ no m ?an ! en=cem5t ( ,japanese law3 ! puni%m5t ( ! peasant revolt+ aga9/ 8 "l1 "u any circum/ances :atev]1 be+ dea?4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! policy ( su* massacre1 x may be rememb]$ t1 ) less provocation1 ,nobunaga ext]m9at$ ! ,t5dai ,buddhi/s at ,hiyei-san4 ,we h e reason to pity ! brave m5 :o p]i%$ at ,%imab>a1 & to sympa?ize ) _! revolt aga9/ ! atroci\s cruelty ( _! rul]s4 ,b x is necess>y1 z a simple matt] ( ju/ice1 to consid] ! :ole ev5t f ! ,japanese political po9t ( view4 99,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t none ( ^! edicts 7 direct$ aga9/ ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity3 ! ,dut* 7 n consid]$ ,*ri/ians 9 ! s5se ( ! ord9ances1 nor 7 ! ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ extract f a typical village1 ,kumi*o1 or code ( communal regulations1 %[s ! responsibility impos$ ^u all communities reg>d+ ! pres5ce 9 _! mid/ ( ,roman ,ca?olic conv]ts or believ]s3-- ,e ye>1 betwe5 ! fir/ & ! ?ird mon?1 we w r5ew our ,%umon-*o ,if we "k ( any p]son :o belongs to a prohibit$ sect1 we w imm$iately in=m ! ,daikwan4444 ,s]vants & lab\r]s %all give to _! ma/]s a c]tificate decl>+ t !y are n ,*ri/ians4 ,9 reg>d to p]sons :o h be5 ,*ri/ians1 b h recant$1--if su* p]sons come to or leave ! village1 we promise to report x4--,see ,pr(essor ,wigmore's ,notes on ,l&-,t5ure & ,local ,in/itutions 9 ,old ,japan4 ,! ,dut* h be5 d5\nc$ = help+ to cru% ! rebellion ) %ips & cannon3 !y fir$1 by _! own ackn[l$gm5t1 #dbf %ot into ! ca/le4 ,h[ev]1 ! extant correspond5ce ( ! ,dut* factory at ,hirado proves beyond "q t !y 7 =c$1 "u m5ace1 to ?us act4 ,9 any ev5t1 x w\ld be difficult to discov] a good reason = ! m]ely religi\s d5unciations ( _! conduct1--al?\gh t conduct w\ld be op5 to criticism f ! humane #cbg po9t ( view4 ,dut*m5 c\ld n reasonably h refus$ to assi/ ! ,japanese au?orities 9 suppress+ a revolt1 m]ely because a l>ge proportion ( ! rebels happ5$ to pr(ess ! religion :i* _h be5 burn+ alive z h]etics ! m5 & wom5 ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,v possibly1 n a few p]sons ( k9 to ^? v ,dut* _h suff]$ 9 ! days ( ,alva4 ,:at w\ld h happ5$ to all ! ,engli% & ,dut* 9 ,japan1 if ! ,portuguese & ,spani% cl]gy c\ld h got full control ( gov]nm5t1 ought to be obvi\s4 ,) ! massacre ( ,%imab>a ends ! real hi/ory ( ! ,portuguese & ,spani% missions4 ,aft] t ev5t1 ,*ri/ianity 0 sl[ly1 /eadily1 implacably /amp$ out ( visible exi/5ce4 ,x _h be5 tol]at$1 or half-tol]at$1 = only sixty-five ye>s3 ! entire hi/ory ( its propagation & de/ruction occupies a p]iod ( sc>cely n9ety ye>s4 ,p ( ne>ly e rank1 f pr9ce to paup]1 suff]$ = x2 ?\s&s endur$ tortures = its sake--tortures s frightful t ev5 ?ree ( ^? ,jesuits :o s5t multitudes to useless m>tyrdom 7 =c$ to d5y _! fai? "u ! infliction299 & t5d] wom51 s5t5c$ to1 ! /ake1 c>ri$ #cbh _! little ones ) !m into ! fire1 r ?an utt] ! words t w\ld h sav$ bo? "m & *ild4 ,yet ?is religion1 = :i* ?\s&s va9ly di$1 _h br\ght to ,japan no?+ b evil disord]s1 p]secutions1 revolts1 political tr\bles1 & w>4 ,ev5 ^? virtues ( ! p :i* _h be5 evolv$ at unutt]able co/ = ! protection & cons]vation ( society1--_! self-d5ial1 _! fai?1 _! loyalty1 _! con/ancy & c\rage1--7 by ?is black cre$ di/ort$1 div]t$1 & trans=m$ into =ces direct$ to ! de/ruction ( t society4 ,c\ld t de/ruction h be5 accompli%$1 & a new ,roman ,ca?olic empire h be5 f\nd$ ^u ! ru9s1 ! =ces ( t empire w\ld h be5 us$ = ! fur!r ext5sion ( prie/ly tyranny1 ! spread ( ! ,inquisition1 ! p]petual ,jesuit w>f>e aga9/ fre$om ( consci5ce & human progress4 ,well may we pity ! victims ( ?is pitiless fai?1 & ju/ly admire _! useless c\rage3 yet :o c regret t _! cause 0 lo/8 444 ,view$ f ano!r /&po9t ?an t ( religi\s bias1 & simply judg$ by its results1 ! ,jesuit ef=t to ,*ri/ianize ,japan mu/ be reg>d$ z a crime aga9/ humanity1 a lab\r ( deva/ation1 a calamity comp>able only1--by reason ( ! mis]y & de/ruction :i* x wr\ght1--to an e>?quake1 a tidal-wave1 a volcanic eruption4 99,francisco ,cassola1 ,p$ro ,m>quez1 & ,giuseppe ,*i>a4 ,two ( ^!--probably "u compulsion--m>ri$ ,japanese wom54 ,= _! aft]-hi/ory1 see a pap] by ,sat[ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,"p ,i4 #cbi ,! policy ( isolation1--( %utt+ (f ,japan f ! re/ ( ! _w1--z adopt$ by ,hidetada & ma9ta9$ by 8 successors1 suffici5tly indicates ! fe> t religi\s intrigues _h inspir$4 ,n only 7 all =eign]s1 except+ ! ,dut* trad]s1 expell$ f ! c\ntry2 all half-bre$ *ildr5 ( ,portuguese or ,spani% blood 7 also expatriat$1 ,japanese families be+ =bidd5 to adopt or conceal any ( !m1 "u p5alties to be visit$ ^u all ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold disobey+4 ,9 #afcf two hundr$ & eighty-sev5 half-bre$ *ildr5 7 %ipp$ to ,macao4 ,x is possible t ! capacity ( half-bre$ *ildr5 to act z int]pret]s 0 p>ticul>ly dread$2 b !re c be little d\bt t1 at ! "t :5 ?is ord9ance 0 issu$1 race-hatr$ _h be5 fully ar\s$ by religi\s antagonism4 ,aft] ! ,%imab>a episode all ,we/]n =eign]s1 )\t exception1 7 reg>d$ ) unconceal$ di/ru/499 99,! ,*9ese trad]s1 h[ev]1 7 all[$ mu* m lib]ty ?an ! ,dut*4 ,! ,portuguese & ,spani% trad]s 7 replac$ by ! ,dut* 7! ,engli% factory hav+ be5 clos$ "s ye>s previ\sly72 b ev5 9 ! case ( ^!1 extraord9>y precautions 7 tak54 ,!y 7 compell$ to ab&on _! good qu>t]s at ,hirado1 & transf] _! factory to ,de%ima1--a t9y isl& only six hundr$ feet long1 by two hundr$ & =ty feet wide4 ,!re !y 7 kept "u con/ant gu>d1 l prison]s2 !y 7 n #ccj p]mitt$ to g among ! p2 no man c\ld visit !m )\t p]mission1 & no woman1 except a pro/itute1 0 all[$ to ent] _! res]vation "u any circum/ances4 ,b !y _h a monopoly ( ! trade ( ! c\ntry2 & ,dut* pati5ce endur$ ^! conditions1 = ! pr(it's sake1 dur+ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s4 ,o!r comm]ce ) =eign c\ntries ?an t ma9ta9$ by ! ,dut* factory1 & by ! ,*9ese1 0 entirely suppress$4 ,= any ,japanese to leave ,japan 0 a capital (f5ce2 & any "o :o might succe$ 9 leav+ ! c\ntry by /eal?1 0 to be put to dea? ^u 8 return4 ,! purpose ( ?is law 0 to prev5t ,japanese1 s5t abroad by ! ,jesuits = mission>y tra9+1 f return+ to ,japan 9 ! disguise ( laym54 ,x 0 =bidd5 also to con/ruct %ips capable ( long voyages2 & all %ips exce$+ a dim5sion fix$ by ! gov]nm5t 7 brok5 up1 ,look\ts 7 e/abli%$ along ! coa/ to wat* = /range vessels2 & any ,european %ips ent]+ a ,japanese port1 except+ ! %ips ( ! ,dut* company1 7 to be attack$ & de/roy$4 ,! great success at fir/ a*iev$ by ! ,portuguese missions rema9s to be consid]$4 ,9 our pres5t comp>ative ignorance ( ,japanese social hi/ory1 x is n easy to und]/& ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian episode4 ,!re are pl5ty ( ,jesuit-mission>y #cca records2 b ! ,japanese contempor>y *ronicles yield u scanty in=mation ab\t ! missions--probably = ! reason t an edict 0 issu$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury int]dict+1 n only all books on ! subject ( ,*ri/ianity1 b any book conta9+ ! words ,*ri/ian or ,=eign4 ,:at ! ,jesuit books d n expla91 & :at we %\ld r h expect$ ,japanese hi/orians to expla91 _h !y be5 all[$1 is h[ a society f\nd$ on ance/or-wor%ip1 & app>5tly possess+ imm5se capacity = resi/ance to outw>d assault1 c\ld h be5 s quickly p5etrat$ & p>tly dissolv$ by ,jesuit en]gy4 ,! "q ( all que/ions t ,i %\ld l to see answ]$1 by ,japanese evid5ce1 is ?is3 ,to :at ext5t did ! mission>ies int]f]e ) ! ance/or-cult8 ,x is an important "q4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! ,jesuits 7 quick to p]ceive t ! p[] ( resi/ance to proselytism lay 9 ance/or-wor%ip2 & !y %rewdly endeav\r$ to tol]ate x1 some:at z ,buddhism be=e !m _h be5 oblig$ to d4 ,_h ! ,papacy support$ _! policy1 ! ,jesuits might h *ang$ ! hi/ory ( ,*9a2 b o!r religi\s ord]s fi]cely oppos$ ! compromise1 & ! *ance 0 lo/4 ,h[ f> ! ance/or-cult 0 tol]at$ by ! ,portuguese mission>ies 9 ,japan is a matt] ( mu* sociological int]e/ = inve/igation4 ,! supreme cult 01 ( c\rse1 left alone1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,x is difficult to suppose t ! #ccb dome/ic cult 0 attack$ !n z implacably z x is attack$ n[ by ,prote/ant & ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies alike2--is difficult to suppose1 = example1 t ,conv]ts 7 compell$ to ca/ away or to de/roy _! ance/ral tablets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are yet 9 d\bt z to :e!r _m ( ! poor] conv]ts--s]vants & o!r common folk--possess$ a dome/ic ance/or-cult4 ,! outca/ classes1 among :om _m conv]ts 7 made1 ne$ n be consid]$1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is relation4 ,be=e ! matt] c be fairly judg$1 mu* rema9s to be le>n$ ab\t ! religi\s condition ( ! heim9 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,anyh[1 :atev] me?ods 7 foll[$1 ! e>ly success ( ! missions 0 a/oni%+4 ,_! "w1 ow+ to ! p>ticul> "* ( ! social organization1 necess>ily began f ! top3 ! subject c\ld *ange 8 cre$ only by p]mission ( 8 "l4 ,f ! outset ?is p]mission 0 freely grant$4 ,9 "s cases ! p 7 (ficially notifi$ t !y 7 at lib]ty to adopt ! new religion2 9 o!r cases1 conv]t$ lords ord]$ !m to d s4 ,x w\ld seem t ! =eign fai? 0 at fir/ mi/ak5 = a new k9d ( ,buddhism2 & 9 ! extant (ficial grant ( l& at ,yamagu*i to ! ,portuguese mission1 9 #aeeb1 ! ,japanese text pla9ly /ates t ! grant 7:i* appe>s to h includ$ a temple call$ ,daidoji7 0 made to ! /rang]s t !y might prea* #ccc ! ,law ( ,buddha --,buppo %oryo no tame4 ,! orig9al docum5t is ?us translat$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[1 :o reproduc$ x 9 facsimile3-- ,) respect to ,daidoji 9 ,yamagu*i ,agata1 ,yo%iki dep>tm5t1 prov9ce ( ,suwo4 ,?is de$ witnesses t ,i h giv5 p]mission to ! prie/s :o h come to ?is c\ntry f ! ,we/]n regions1 9 accordance ) _! reque/ & desire1 t !y may f\nd & erect a mona/]y & h\se 9 ord] to develope ! ,law ( ,buddha4 ,! #bh? day ( ! #h? mon? ( ! #ba/ ye> ( ,tembun4 ,,suwo ,,no ,,suke4 ,augu/ ,seal99 99,9 ! ,lat9 & ,portuguese translations1 or r pret5d$ translations ( ?is docum5t1 !re is no?+ ab\t prea*+ ! ,law ( ,buddha2 & !re are _m ?+s add$ :i* d n exi/ 9 ! ,japanese text at all4 ,see ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 7,vol4 ,,viii1 ,"p ,,ii7 = ,sat['s comm5t on ?is docum5t & ! false translation made ( x4 ,if ?is error or deception8 c\ld h occurr$ at ,yamagu*i1 x is reasonable to suppose t x also occurr$ 9 o!r places4 ,ext]iorly ! ,roman rites resembl$ ^? ( popul> ,buddhism3 ! p w\ld h obs]v$ b little t 0 unfamili> to !m 9 ! =ms ( ! s]vice1 ! ve/m5ts1 ! beads1 ! pro/rations1 ! images1 ! bells1 & ! inc5se4 ,! virg9s & ! sa9ts w\ld h be5 f\nd to resemble ! aureol$ ,boddhisattvas & ,buddhas2 ! angels & ! demons w\ld h be5 at once id5tifi$ ) ! ,t5n9 #ccd & ! ,oni4 ,all t pleas$ popul> imag9ation 9 ! ,buddhi/ c]emonial c\ld be witness$1 "u slightly diff]5t =m1 9 ^? temples :i* _h be5 h&$ ov] to ! ,jesuits1 & consecrat$ by !m z *ur*es or *apels4 ,! fa?omless abyss really sep>at+ ! two fai?s c\ld n h be5 p]ceiv$ by ! common m9d2 b ! outw>d resemblances 7 imm$iately obs]vable4 ,!re 7 fur!rmore "s attractive novelties4 ,x appe>s1 = example1 t ! ,jesuits us$ to h miracle-plays p]=m$ 9 _! *ur*es = ! purpose ( attract+ popul> att5tion4444 ,b outw>d attractions ( :atev] sort1 or outw>d resemblances to ,buddhism1 c\ld only assi/ ! spread ( ! new religion2 !y c\ld n expla9 ! rapid progress ( ! propag&a4 ,co]cion might p>tly expla9 x1--co]cion ex]cis$ by conv]t$ daimyo ^u _! subjects4 ,populations ( prov9ces are kn[n to h foll[$1 "u /rong compulsion1 ! religion ( _! conv]t$ lords2 & hundr$s--p]haps ?\s&s--( p]sons mu/ h done ! same ?+ ?r\gh m]e habit ( loyalty4 ,9 ^! cases x is wor? :ile to consid] :at sort ( p]suasion 0 us$ ^u ! daimyo4 ,we "k t "o great help to ! mission>y "w 0 f\nd 9 ,portuguese comm]ce1--especially ! trade 9 fire>ms & ammunition4 ,9 ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry #cce prec$+ ! adv5t to p[] ( ,hideyo%i1 ?is trade 0 a p[]ful bribe 9 religi\s negotiation ) prov9cial lords4 ,! daimyo able to use fire>ms w\ld necess>ily possess "s advantage ov] a rival "l hav+ no su* weapons2 & ^? lords able to monopolize ! trade c\ld increase _! p[] at ! exp5se ( _! neighb\rs4 ,n[ ?is trade 0 actually (f]$ = ! privilege ( prea*+2 & sometimes mu* m ?an t privilege 0 dem&$ & obta9$4 ,9 #aegb ! ,portuguese presum$ to ask = ! :ole t[n ( ,nagasaki1 z a gift to _! *ur*1--) p[] ( jurisdiction ov] ! same2 ?reat5+1 9 case ( refusal1 to e/abli% !mselves else:]e4 ,! daimyo1 ,omura1 at fir/ demurr$1 b ev5tually yield$2 & ,nagasaki !n became ,*ri/ian t]ritory1 directly gov]n$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,v soon ! fa!rs began to prove ! "* ( _! cre$ by furi\s attacks ^u ! local religion4 ,!y set fire to ! great ,buddhi/ temple1 ,j+uji1 & attribut$ ! fire to ! wra? ( ,god1--aft] :i* act1 by ! zeal ( _! conv]ts1 "s eighty o!r temples1 9 or ab\t ,nagasaki1 7 burnt4 ,)9 ,nagasaki t]ritory ,buddhism 0 totally suppress$1--its prie/s be+ p]secut$ & driv5 away4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,bungo ! ,jesuit p]secution ( ,buddhism 0 f> m viol5t1 & conduct$ ^u an ext5sive scale4 ,otomo ,sor9 ,mune*ika1 ! reign+ daimyo1 n #ccf only de/roy$ all ! ,buddhi/ temples 9 8 dom9ion 7to ! numb]1 x is said1 ( ?ree ?\s&71 b _h _m ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s put to dea?4 ,= ! de/ruction ( ! great temple ( ,hikozan1 ^: prie/s 7 report$ to h pray$ = ! tyrant's dea?1 he is said to h malici\sly *os5 ! six? day ( ! fif? mon? 7#aegf71--! fe/ival ( ! ,bir?day ( ! ,buddha6 ,co]cion1 ex]cis$ by _! lords ^u a docile p tra9$ to implicit ob$i5ce1 w\ld expla9 some?+ ( ! initial success ( ! missions2 b x w\ld leave _m o!r matt]s unexpla9$3 ! lat] success ( ! secret propag&a1 ! f]v\r & c\rage ( ! conv]ts "u p]secution1 ! long-cont9u$ indiff]5ce ( ! *iefs ( ! ance/or-cult to ! progress ( ! ho/ile fai?4444 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity fir/ began to spread ?r\gh ! ,roman empire1 ! ance/ral religion _h fall5 into decay1 ! /ructure ( society _h lo/ its orig9al =m1 & !re 0 no religi\s cons]vatism really capable ( successful resi/ance4 ,b 9 ! ,japan ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ! religion ( ! ance/ors 0 v mu* alive2 & society 0 only ent]+ ^u ! second p]iod ( its yet imp]fect integration4 ,! ,jesuit conv]sions 7 n made among a p already los+ _! anci5t fai?1 b 9 "o ( ! mo/ int5sely religi\s & cons]vative societies t ev] exi/$4 ,*ri/ianity ( any sort c\ld n #ccg h be5 introduc$ into su* a society )\t effect+ /ructural dis9tegrations1--dis9tegrations1 at lea/1 ( a local "*4 ,h[ f> ^! dis9tegrations ext5d$ & p5etrat$ we d n "k2 & we h yet no adequate explanation ( ! long in]tia ( ! native religi\s in/9ct 9 ! face ( dang]4 ,b !re are c]ta9 hi/orical facts :i* appe> to ?r[ at lea/ a side-light ^u ! subject4 ,! e>ly ,jesuit policy 9 ,*9a1 z e/abli%$ by ,ricci1 _h be5 to leave conv]ts free to practise ! ance/ral rites4 ,s long z ?is policy 0 foll[$1 ! missions prosp]$4 ,:51 9 consequ5ce ( ?is compromise1 diss5sions arose1 ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ,rome4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,x decid$ = intol]ance by a bull issu$ 9 #afde2 & ! ,jesuit missions 7 !reby practically ru9$ 9 ,*9a4 ,pope ,innoc5t's decision 0 inde$ rev]s$ ! v next ye> by a bull ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,viii2 b aga9 & aga9 conte/s 7 rais$ by ! religi\s bodies ov] ?is "q ( ance/or-wor%ip1 until 9 #afic ,pope ,clem5t ,,xi def9itively prohibit$ conv]ts f practis+ ! ance/ral rites "u any =m :atsoev]4444 ,all ! ef=ts ( all ! missions 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ h ev] s9ce !n fail$ to advance ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! sociological reason is pla94 ,we h se51 !n1 t up to ! ye> #afde ! ance/or-cult _h be5 tol]at$ by ! ,jesuits #cch 9 ,*9a1 ) promis+ results2 & x is probable t an id5tical policy ( tol]ance 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ,japan dur+ ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,japanese missions began 9 #aedi1 & _! hi/ory ends ) ! ,%imab>a slaught] 9 #afch1--;ab\t sev5 ye>s be=e ! fir/ ,papal decision aga9/ ! tol]ance ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! ,jesuit mission-"w seems to h prosp]$ /eadily1 9 spite ( all opposition1 until x 0 int]f]$ ) by less cauti\s & m uncompromis+ zealots4 ,by a bull issu$ 9 #aehe by ,gregory ,,xiii1 & confirm$ 9 #afjj by ,clem5t ,,iii1 ! ,jesuits alone 7 au?oriz$ to d mission>y-"w 9 ,japan2 & x 0 n until aft] _! privileges _h be5 ignor$ by ,franciscan zeal t tr\ble ) ! gov]nm5t began4 ,we h se5 t 9 #aeic ,hideyo%i _h six ,franciscans execut$4 ,!n ! issue ( a new ,papal bull 9 #afjh1 by ,paul ,v1 all[+ ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies ( all ord]s to "w 9 ,japan1 probably ru9$ ! ,jesuit int]e/s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,iyeyasu suppress$ ! ,franciscans 9 #afab1--;a pro( t _! exp]i5ce ) ,hideyo%i _h pr(it$ !m little4 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s m ?an likely t bo? ,dom9icans & ,franciscans recklessly m$dl$ ) matt]s :i* ! ,jesuits 7:om !y accus$ ( timidity7 _h be5 wise en\gh to leave alone1 & t ?is int]f]5ce ha/5$ ! inevitable ru9 ( ! missions4 #cci ,we may reasonably d\bt :e!r !re 7 a million ,*ri/ians 9 ,japan at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury3 ! m probable claim ( six hundr$ ?\s& c be accept$4 ,9 ?is era ( tol]ation ! ef=ts ( all ! =eign mission>y bodies comb9$1 & ! ye>ly exp5diture ( imm5se sums 9 support ( _! "w1 h enabl$ !m to a*ieve b>ely "o-fif? f ! success attribut$ to _! ,portuguese pr$ecessors1 ^u a n incr$ible e/imate4 ,! sixte5?-c5tury ,jesuits 7 inde$ able to ex]cise1 ?r\gh v>i\s lords1 ! mo/ =cible sort ( co]cion ^u :ole populations ( prov9ces2 b ! mod]n missions c]ta9ly enjoy advantages educational1 f9ancial1 & legislative1 mu* outweigh+ ! d\btful value ( ! p[] to co]ce2 & ! smallness ( ! results :i* !y h a*iev$ seems to require explanation4 ,! explanation is n difficult4 ,ne$less attacks ^u ! ance/or-cult are necess>ily attacks ^u ! con/itution ( society2 & ,japanese society in/9ctively resi/s ^! assaults ^u its e?ical basis4 ,= x is an error to suppose t ?is ,japanese society has yet arriv$ ev5 at su* a condition z ,roman society pres5t$ 9 ! second or ?ird c5tury ( our era4 ,r x rema9s at a /age resembl+ t ( a ,greek or ,lat9 society _m c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! introduction ( railroads1 telegraphs1 mod]n arms ( precision1 mod]n appli$ sci5ce ( all k9ds1 has n yet #cdj suffic$ to *ange ! fundam5tal ord] ( ?+s1 ,sup]ficial dis9tegrations are rapidly proce$+2 new /ructures are =m+2 b ! social condition /ill rema9s mu* l t :i*1 9 s\!rn ,europe1 long prec$$ ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?\gh e =m ( religion holds some?+ ( undy+ tru?1 ! evolutioni/ mu/ classify religions4 ,he mu/ reg>d a mono!i/ic fai? z repres5t+1 9 ! progress ( human ?\ght1 a v consid]able advance ^u any poly!i/ic cre$2 mono!ism signify+ ! fusion & expansion ( c\ntless gho/ly beliefs into "o va/ concept ( unse5 omnipot5t p[]4 ,&1 f ! /&po9t ( psy*ological evolution1 he mu/ ( c\rse consid] pan!ism z an advance ^u mono!ism1 & mu/ fur!r reg>d agno/icism z an advance ^u bo?4 ,b ! value ( a cre$ is necess>ily relative1 & ! "q ( its wor? is to be decid$1 n by its adaptability to ! intellectual developm5ts ( a s+le cultur$ class1 b by its l>g] emotional relation to ! :ole society ( :i* x embodies ! moral exp]i5ce4 ,its value to any o!r society mu/ dep5d ^u its p[] ( self-adaptation to ! e?ical exp]i5ce ( t society4 ,we may grant t ,roman ,ca?olicism 01 by sole virtue ( its mono!i/ic conception1 a /age 9 advance ( ! primitive ance/or-wor%ip4 ,b x 0 adapt$ only to a =m ( society at #cda :i* nei!r ,*9ese nor ,japanese civilization _h arriv$1--a =m ( society 9 :i* ! anci5t family _h be5 dissolv$1 & ! religion ( filial piety =gott54 ,unlike t subtl] & incomp>ably m humane cre$ ( ,india1 :i* _h le>n$ ! secret ( mission>y-success a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,loyola1 ! religion ( ! ,jesuits c\ld nev] h adapt$ itself to ! social conditions ( ,japan2 & by ! fact ( ?is incapacity ! fate ( ! missions 0 really decid$ 9 advance4 ,! intol]ance1 ! intrigues1 ! savage p]secutions c>ri$ on1--all ! trea*]ies & cruelties ( ! ,jesuits1--may simply be consid]$ z ! manife/ations ( su* incapacity2 :ile ! repressive measures tak5 by ,iyeyasu & 8 successors signify sociologically no m ?an ! national p]ception ( supreme dang]4 ,x 0 recogniz$ t ! triumph ( ! =eign religion w\ld involve ! total dis9tegration ( society1 & ! subjection ( ! empire to =eign dom9ation4 ,nei!r ! arti/ nor ! sociologi/1 at lea/1 c regret ! failure ( ! missions4 ,_! extirpation1 :i* enabl$ ,japanese society to evolve to its type-limit1 pres]v$ = mod]n eyes ! m>vell\s _w ( ,japanese art1 & ! yet m m>vell\s _w ( its traditions1 beliefs1 & cu/oms4 ,roman ,ca?olicism1 triumphant1 w\ld h swept all ?is out ( exi/5ce4 ,! natural antagonism #cdb ( ! arti/ to ! mission>y may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! latt] is always1 & mu/ be1 an unsp>+ de/roy]4 ,ev]y:]e ! developm5ts ( art are associat$ 9 "s sort ) religion2 & by s mu* z ! art ( a p reflects _! beliefs1 t art w be hateful to ! enemies ( ^? beliefs4 ,japanese art1 ( ,buddhi/ orig91 is especially an art ( religi\s sugge/ion1--n m]ely z reg>ds pa9t+ & sculpture1 b likewise z reg>ds decoration1 & almo/ e product ( ae/hetic ta/e4 ,!re is some?+ ( religi\s feel+ associat$ ev5 ) ! ,japanese delight 9 trees & fl[]s1 ! *>m ( g>d5s1 ! love ( nature & ( nature's voices1--) all ! poetry ( exi/5ce1 9 %ort4 ,mo/ assur$ly ! ,jesuits & _! allies w\ld h end$ all ?is1 e detail ( x1 )\t ! slighte/ qualm4 ,ev5 c\ld !y h und]/ood & felt ! mean+ ( t _w ( /range beauty1--result ( a race-exp]i5ce nev] to be repeat$ or replac$1--!y w\ld n h hesitat$ a mom5t 9 ! "w ( oblit]ation & effacem5t4 ,to-day1 inde$1 t wond]ful art-_w is be+ surely & irretrievably de/roy$ by ,we/]n indu/rialism4 ,b indu/rial influ5ce1 ?\gh pitiless1 is n fanatic2 & ! de/ruction is n be+ c>ri$ on ) su* f]oci\s rapidity b t ! fad+ /ory ( beauty c be record$ = ! future b5efit ( human civilization4 #cdc ,,feudal ,,integration ,x 0 "u ! lat] ,tokugawa ,%ogun--dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! mod]n regime--t ,japanese civilization rea*$ ! limit ( its developm5t4 ,no fur!r evolution 0 possible1 except ?r\gh social recon/ruction4 ,! conditions ( ?is integration *iefly repres5t$ ! re9=cem5t & def9ition ( conditions preexi/+1--sc>cely any?+ 9 ! way ( fundam5tal *ange4 ,m ?an ev] be=e ! old compulsory sy/ems ( coop]ation 7 /r5g!n$2 m ?an ev] be=e all details ( c]emonial conv5tion 7 insi/$ ^u ) m]ciless exactitude4 ,9 prec$+ ages !re _h be5 m h>%ness2 b at no previ\s p]iod _h !re be5 less lib]ty4 ,nev]!less1 ! results ( ?is increas$ re/riction 7 n )\t e?ical value3 ! "t 0 yet f> (f at :i* p]sonal lib]ty c\ld prove a p]sonal advantage2 & ! pat]nal co]cion ( ! ,tokugawa rule help$ to develop & to acc5tuate mu* ( :at is mo/ attractive 9 ! national "*4 ,c5turies ( w>f>e _h previ\sly all[$ small opportunity = ! cultivation ( ! m delicate qualities ( t "*3 ! ref9em5ts1 ! #cdd +5u\s k9dl9ess1 ! joy 9 life t aft]w>d l5t s r>e a *>m to ,japanese exi/5ce4 ,b dur+ two hundr$ ye>s ( peace1 prosp]ity1 & national isolation1 ! graceful & w9n+ side ( ?is human nature f\nd *ance to bloom2 & ! multi=m re/ra9ts ( law & cu/om !n quick5$ & curi\sly %ap$ ! blossom+1--z ! g>d5]'s untir+ art evolves ! fl[]s ( ! *rysan!mum into a hundr$ =ms ( fanta/ic beauty4444 ,?\gh ! g5]al social t5d5cy "u pressure 0 t[>d rigidity1 con/ra9t left room1 9 special directions1 = moral & ae/hetic cultivation4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! social condition1 x w be necess>y to consid] ! nature ( ! pat]nal rule 9 its legal aspects4 ,to mod]n imag9ation ! old ,japanese laws may well seem intol]able2 b _! adm9i/ration 0 really less uncompromis+ ?an t ( our ,we/]n laws4 ,besides1 al?\gh weigh+ heavily ^u all classes1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 ! legal burd5 0 proportion$ to ! respective /r5g? ( ! be>]s2 ! application ( law be+ made less & less rigid z ! social scale desc5d$4 ,9 !ory at lea/1 f ! e>lie/ times1 ! poor & un=tunate _h be5 consid]$ z entitl$ to pity2 & ! duty ( %[+ !m all possible m]cy 0 insi/$ ^u 9 ! olde/ extant moral code ( ,japan1--! ,laws ( ,%otoku ,tai%i4 #cde ,b ! mo/ /rik+ example ( su* discrim9ation appe>s 9 ! ,legacy ( ,iyeyasu1 :i* repres5ts ! conception ( ju/ice 9 a "t :5 society _h become mu* m develop$1 its in/itutions m firmly fix$1 & all its bonds tight5$4 ,?is /]n & wise rul]1 :o decl>$ t ! p are ! f\ndation ( ! ,empire1 comm&$ l5i5cy 9 deal+ ) ! humble4 ,he orda9$ t any "l1 no matt] :at 8 rank1 convict$ ( break+ laws to ! injury ( ! p1 %\ld be puni%$ by ! confiscation ( 8 e/ates4 ,p]haps ! humane _s ( ! legislator is mo/ /rongly %[n 9 8 enactm5ts reg>d+ crime1 z1 = example1 :]e he deals ) ! "q ( adult]y--necess>ily a crime ( ! fir/ magnitude 9 any society bas$ on ance/or-wor%ip4 ,by ! #ej? article ( ! ,legacy1 ! injur$ husb& is confirm$ 9 8 anci5t "r to kill1--b ) ?is important provision1 t %\ld he kill b "o ( ! guilty p>ties1 he mu/ himself be held z guilty z ei!r ( !m4 ,%\ld ! (f5d]s be br\ght up = trial1 ,iyeyasu advises t1 9 ! case ( common p1 p>ticul> delib]ation be giv5 to ! matt]3 he rem>ks ^u ! weakness ( human nature1 & sugge/s t1 among ! "y & simple-m9d$1 "s mom5t>y impulse ( passion may lead to folly ev5 :5 ! p>ties are n naturally deprav$4 ,b 9 ! next article1 #cdf ,no4 #ea1 he ord]s t no m]cy :atev] be %[n to m5 & wom5 ( ! upp] classes :5 convict$ ( ! same crime4 ,^!1 he decl>es1 are expect$ to "k bett] ?an to occasion di/urbance by violat+ exi/+ regulations2 & su* p]sons1 break+ ! laws by lewd trifl+ or illicit int]c\rse1 %all at once be puni%$ )\t delib]ation or consultation499 99,t is to say1 imm$iately put to dea?4 ,x is n ! same 9 ?is case z 9 ! case ( f>m]s1 artizans1 & trad]s4 444 ,?r\gh\t ! entire code1 ?is t5d5cy to tight5 ! bonds ( law 9 ! case ( ! milit>y classes1 & to loos5 !m m]cifully = ! l[] classes1 is equally visible4 ,iyeyasu /rongly disapprov$ ( unnecess>y puni%m5ts2 & held t ! frequ5cy ( puni%m5ts 0 pro(1 n ( ! ill-conduct ( subjects1 b ( ! ill-conduct ( (ficials4 ,! #ia/ article ( 8 code puts ! matt] ?us pla9ly1 ev5 z reg>d$ ! ,%ogunate3 ,:5 puni%m5ts & executions ab\nd 9 ! ,empire1 x is a pro( t ! milit>y rul] is )\t virtue & deg5]ate4 ,he devis$ p>ticul> enactm5ts to protect ! peasantry & ! poor f ! cruelty or ! rapacity ( p[]ful lords4 ,! great daimyo 7 /rictly =bidd51 :5 mak+ _! obligatory j\rneys to ,y$o1 to di/urb or h>ass ! p at ! po/-h\ses1 or suff] !mselves to be puff$ up ) milit>y pride4 #cdg ,! private1 n less ?an ! public conduct ( ^! great lords1 0 "u ,gov]nm5t surveillance2 & !y 7 actually liable to puni%m5t = immorality6 ,conc]n+ debau*]y among !m1 ! legislator rem>k$ t ev5 ?\gh ?is c h>dly be pron\nc$ insubord9ation1 x %\ld be judg$ & puni%$ accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* x con/itutes a bad example = ! l[] classes 7,art4 #hh7499 ,z to v]itable insubord9ation !re 0 no p>don3 ! sev]ity ( ! law on ?is subject all[$ ( no exception or mitigation4 ,! #ecrd section ( ! ,legacy proves ?is to h be5 reg>d$ z ! supreme crime3 ,! guilt ( a vassal murd]+ 8 suz]a9 is 9 pr9ciple ! same z t ( an ar*-traitor to ! ,emp]or4 ,8 imm$iate companions1 8 relations1--all ev5 to 8 mo/ di/ant connexions1--%all be cut (f1 hewn to atoms1 root & fibre4 ,! guilt ( a vassal only lift+ 8 h& aga9/ 8 ma/]1 ev5 ?\gh he does n assass9ate him1 is ! same4 ,9 /rong contra/ to ?is grim ord9ance is ! _s ( all ! regulations t\*+ ! adm9i/ration ( law among ! l[] classes4 ,=g]y1 inc5di>ism1 & poison+ 7 inde$ crimes ju/ify+ ! p5alty ( burn+ or crucifixion2 b judges 7 in/ruct$ to act ) z mu* l5i5cy z circum/ances p]mitt$ 9 ! case ( ord9>y (f5ces4 ,) reg>d to m9ute details affect+ individuals ( ! inf]ior classes1 says ! #gc;d article ( ! code1 le>n ! wide b5evol5ce ( ,koso ( ! ,han ,*9ese dyna/y4 ,x 0 fur!r ord]$ t magi/rates ( ! crim9al & civil c\rts %\ld be *os5 only f a class ( m5 :o are upright & pure1 di/+ui%$ = *>ity & b5evol5ce4 ,all magi/rates 7 kept "u close sup]vision1 & _! conduct regul>ly report$ by gov]nm5t spies4 99,?\gh ev5 daimyo 7 liable to suff] = debau*]y1 ,iyeyasu did n believe 9 ! exp$i5cy ( attempt+ to suppress all vice by law4 ,!re is a /rangely mod]n r+ 9 8 rem>ks ^u ?is subject1 9 ! #gc;d section ( ! ,legacy3 ,virtu\s m5 h said1 bo? 9 poetry & 9 classic works1 t h\ses ( debau*1 = wom5 ( pleasure & = /reet-walk]s1 are ! worm-eat5 spots ( cities & t[ns4 ,b ^! are necess>y evils1 & if !y be =cibly aboli%$1 m5 ( unrighte\s pr9ciples w become l ravell$ ?read1 & !re w be no end to daily puni%m5ts & flogg+s4 ,9 _m ca/le-t[ns1 h[ev]1 su* h\ses 7 nev] all[$--probably 9 view ( ! l>ge milit>y =ce1 assembl$ 9 su* t[ns1 :i* _h to be ma9ta9$ "u iron discipl9e4 #cdh ,ano!r humane aspect ( ,tokugawa legislation is furni%$ by its dictates 9 reg>d to ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,al?\gh concub9age 0 tol]at$ 9 ! ,samurai class1 = reasons relat+ to ! cont9uance ( ! family-cult1 ,iyeyasu d5\nces ! indulg5ce ( ! privilege = m]ely selfi% reasons3 ,silly & ignorant m5 neglect _! true wives = ! sake ( a lov$ mi/ress1 & ?us di/urb ! mo/ important relation4444 ,m5 s f> sunk z ?is may always be kn[n z ,samurai )\t fidelity or s9c]ity4 ,celibacy1 condemn$ by public #cdi op9ion1--except 9 ! case ( ,buddhi/ prie/s1--0 equally condemn$ by ! code4 ,"o %\ld n live alone aft] sixte5 ye>s ( age1 decl>es ! legislator2 all mank9d recognize m>riage z ! fir/ law ( nature4 ,! *ildless man 0 oblig$ to adopt a son2 & ! #dg? article ( ! ,legacy orda9$ t ! family e/ate ( a p]son dy+ )\t male issue1 & )\t hav+ adopt$ a son1 %\ld be =feit$ )\t any reg>d to 8 relatives or connexions4 ,?is law1 ( c\rse1 0 made 9 support ( ! ance/or-cult1 ! cont9uance ( :i* x 0 deem$ ! p>am\nt duty ( ea* man to provide =2 b ! gov]nm5t regulations conc]n+ adoption enabl$ ev]ybody to fulfil ! legal requirem5t1 )\t difficulty4 ,consid]+ t ?is code :i* inculcat$ humanity1 repress$ moral laxity1 prohibit$ celibacy1 & rigor\sly ma9ta9$ ! family-cult1 0 drawn up 9 ! "t ( ! extirpation ( ! ,jesuit missions1 ! position assum$ 9 reg>d to religi\s fre$om appe>s to u "o ( s+ul> lib]ality4 ,high & l[ alike1 proclaims ! #ca/ article1 may foll[ _! own incl9ations ) respect to religi\s t5ets :i* h obta9$ d[n to ! pres5t "t1 except z reg>ds ! false & corrupt s*ool ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,religi\s disputes h ev] prov$ ! bane & mis=tune ( ?is ,empire1 & mu/ be firmly1 suppress$4 444 ,b ! seem+ lib]ality ( ?is article mu/ n be mis9t]pret$3 #cej ! legislator :o made s rigid an enactm5t 9 reg>d to ! religion ( ! family 0 n ! man to proclaim t any ,japanese 0 free to ab&on ! fai? ( 8 race = an ali5 cre$4 ,"o mu/ c>efully read ! entire ,legacy 9 ord] to und]/& ,iyeyasu's real position1--:i* 0 simply ?is3 t any man 0 free to adopt any religion tol]at$ by ! ,/ate1 9 addition to 8 ance/or-cult4 ,iyeyasu 0 himself a memb] ( ! ,jodo sect ( ,buddhism1 & a fri5d ( ,buddhism 9 g5]al4 ,b he 0 fir/ ( all a ,%9toi/2 & ! ?ird article ( 8 code comm&s devotion to ! ,kami z ! fir/ ( duties3--,keep y\r he>t pure2 & s long z y\r body %all exi/1 be dilig5t 9 pay+ hon\r & v5]ation to ! ,gods4 ,t he plac$ ! anci5t cult above ,buddhism %\ld be evid5t f ! text ( ! #eb;d article ( ! ,legacy1 9 :i* he decl>es t no "o %\ld suff] himself to neglect ! national fai? because ( a belief 9 any o!r =m ( religion4 ,?is text is ( p>ticul> int]e/3 ,my body1 & ! bodies ( o!rs1 be+ born 9 ! ,empire ( ! ,gods1 to accept unres]v$ly ! tea*+s ( o!r c\ntries1--su* z ,confucian1 ,buddhi/1 or ,taoi/ doctr9es1--& to apply "o's :ole & undivid$ att5tion to !m1 w\ld be1 9 %ort1 to des]t "o's own ma/]1 & transf] "o's loyalty to ano!r4 ,is n ?is to =get ! orig9 ( "o's be+8 #cea ,( c\rse ! ,%ogun1 pr(ess+ to d]ive 8 au?ority f ! desc5dant ( ! eld] gods1 c\ld n ) consi/5cy h proclaim$ ! "r ( fre$om to d\bt ^? gods3 8 (ficial religi\s duty p]mitt$ ( no compromise4 ,b ! int]e/ atta*+ to 8 op9ions1 z express$ 9 ! ,legacy1 re/s ^u ! fact t ! ,legacy 0 n a public1 b a /rictly private docum5t1 int5d$ = ! p]usal & guidance ( 8 successors only4 ,altoge!r 8 religi\s position 0 mu* l t ( ! lib]al ,japanese /atesman ( to-day1--respect = :atev] is good 9 ,buddhism1 qualifi$ by ! patriotic conviction t ! fir/ religi\s duty is to ! cult ( ! ance/ors1 ! anci5t cre$ ( ! race4444 ,iyeyasu _h pref]5ces reg>d+ ,buddhism2 b ev5 9 ?is he %[$ no n>r[ness4 ,?\gh he wrote 9 8 ,legacy1 ,let my po/]ity ev] be ( ! hon\r$ sect ( ,jodo1 he greatly rev]5c$ ! high-prie/ ( ! ,t5dai temple1 ,yeizan1 :o _h be5 "o ( 8 in/ructors1 & obta9$ = him ! highe/ c\rt-(fice possible = a ,buddhi/ prie/ to obta91 z well z ! head%ip ( ! ,t5dai sect4 ,moreov] ! ,%ogun visit$ ,yeizan to make !re (ficial pray] = ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re is e reason to believe t )9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,%ogunate prop]1 compris+ ! great] "p ( ! ,empire1 ! adm9i/ration ( #ceb ord9>y crim9al law 0 humane1 & t ! infliction ( puni%m5t 0 made1 9 ! case ( ! common p1 to dep5d l>gely ^u circum/ances4 ,ne$less sev]ity 0 a crime be=e ! high] milit>y law1 :i*1 9 su* cases1 made no di/9ctions ( rank4 ,al?\gh ! r+-lead]s ( a peasant-revolt1 = example1 w\ld be s5t5c$ to dea?1 ! "l ?r\gh ^: oppression ! upris+ 0 provok$1 w\ld be depriv$ ( a "p or ! :ole ( 8 e/ates1 or degrad$ 9 rank1 or p]haps ev5 s5t5c$ to p]=m h>akiri4 ,pr(essor ,wigmore1 ^: /udies ( ,japanese law fir/ %$ light ^u ! subject1 has giv5 u an excell5t review ( ! _s ( ! anci5t legal me?ods4 ,he po9ts out t ! adm9i/ration ( law 0 nev] made imp]sonal 9 ! mod]n s5se2 t unb5d+ law did n1 = ! p at lea/1 exi/ 9 relation to m9or (f5ces4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon idea ( inflexible law is ! idea ( a ju/ice imp>tial & pitiless z fire3 :oev] breaks ! law mu/ suff] ! consequ5ce1 j z surely z ! p]son :o puts 8 h& into fire mu/ exp]i5ce pa94 ,b 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! old ,japanese law1 ev]y?+ 0 tak5 into consid]ation3 ! condition ( ! (f5d]1 8 intellig5ce1 8 degree ( education1 8 previ\s conduct1 8 motives1 suff]+ endur$1 provocation receiv$1 & s =?2 & f9al judgm5t 0 decid$ by moral common s5se r ?an by legal enactm5t #cec or prec$5t4 ,fri5ds & relatives 7 all[$ to make plea = ! (f5d]1 & to help him 9 :atev] hone/ way !y c\ld4 ,if a man 7 falsely accus$1 & prov$ innoc5t ^u trial1 he w\ld n only be consol$ by k9d words1 b1 w\ld probably receive sub/antial comp5sation2 & x appe>s t judges 7 accu/om$1 at ! end ( important trials1 to rew>d good conduct z well z to puni% crime499 444 ,on ! o!r h&1 litigation 0 (ficially disc\rag$4 ,ev]y?+ possible 0 done to prev5t any cases f be+ tak5 into c\rt1 :i* c\ld be settl$ or compromis$ by communal arbitration2 & ! p 7 taught to consid] ! c\rt only z ! la/ possible resort4 99,! foll[+ extracts f a s5t5ce said to h be5 pass$ by ! fam\s judge1 ,ooka ,tadasuke1 at ! close ( a celebrat$ crim9al trial1 are illu/rative3 ,musa%iya ,*obei & ,goto ,han%iro1 ^! actions ( y\rs are wor?y ( ! highe/ praise3 z a remun]ation ,i aw>d t5 silv] ryo to ea* ( y4444 ,tami1 y1 = ma9ta9+ y\r bro!r1 are to be comm5d$3 = ?is y are to receive ! am\nt ( five kwammon4 ,ko1 daught] ( ,*oha*i1 y are ob$i5t to y\r p>5ts3 9 consid]ation ( ?is1 ! sum ( five silv] ryo is aw>d$ to y4--7,see ,d5+'s ,japan 9 ,days ( ,yore47 ,! good old cu/om ( rew>d+ notable cases ( filial piety1 c\rage1 g5]osity1 etc41 ?\gh n n[ practis$ 9 ! c\rts1 is /ill ma9ta9$ by ! local gov]nm5ts4 ,! rew>ds are small2 b ! public hon\r :i* !y conf] ^u ! recipi5t is v great4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! ,tokugawa rule c be to "s degree inf]r$ f ! =ego+ facts4 ,x 0 9 no s5se a reign ( t]ror t compell$ peace & enc\rag$ indu/ry = two hundr$ & #ced fifty ye>s4 ,?\gh ! national civilization 0 re/ra9$1 prun$1 clipp$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 x 0 at ! same "t cultivat$1 ref9$1 & /r5g!n$4 ,! long peace e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire :at _h nev] be=e exi/$1--a univ]sal feel+ ( security4 ,! individual 0 b\nd m ?an ev] by law & cu/om2 b he 0 also protect$3 he c\ld move )\t anxiety to ! l5g? ( 8 *a9s4 ,?\gh co]c$ by 8 fell[s1 !y help$ him to be> ! co]cion *e]fully3 ev]ybody aid$ ev]ybody else to fulfil ! obligations & to support ! burd5s ( communal life4 ,conditions t5d$1 !re=e1 t[>d ! g5]al happ9ess z well z t[>d ! g5]al prosp]ity4 ,!re 0 n1 9 ^? ye>s1 any /ruggle = exi/5ce1--n at lea/ 9 our mod]n mean+ ( ! phrase4 ,! requirem5ts ( life 7 easily satisfi$2 e man _h a ma/] to provide = him or to protect him2 competition 0 repress$ or disc\rag$2 !re 0 no ne$ = supreme ef=t ( any sort1--no ne$ = ! /ra9+ ( any faculty4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 little or no?+ to /rive aft]3 = ! va/ majority ( ! p1 !re 7 no prizes to w94 ,ranks & incomes 7 fix$2 occupations 7 h]$it>y2 & ! desire to accumulate weal? mu/ h be5 *eck$ or numb$ by ^? regulations :i* limit$ ! ri* man's "r to use 8 money z he might please4 ,ev5 a great "l--ev5 ! ,%ogun himself #cee --c\ld n d :at he pleas$4 ,z = any common p]son1--f>m]1 craftsman1 or %opkeep]1--he c\ld n build a h\se z he lik$1 or furni% x z he lik$1 or procure = himself su* articles ( luxury z 8 ta/e might incl9e him to buy4 ,! ri*e/ heim91 :o attempt$ to indulge himself 9 any ( ^! ways1 w\ld at once h be5 =cibly rem9d$ t he mu/ n attempt to imitate ! habits1 or to assume ! privileges1 ( 8 bett]s4 ,he c\ld n ev5 ord] c]ta9 k9ds ( ?+s to be made = him4 ,! artizans or arti/s :o creat$ objects ( luxury1 to gratify ae/hetic ta/e1 7 little dispos$ to accept commissions f p ( l[ rank3 !y work$ = pr9ces1 or great lords1 & c\ld sc>cely af=d to take ! risk ( displeas+ _! patrons4 ,e man's pleasures 7 m or less regulat$ by 8 place 9 society1 & to pass f a l[] into a high] rank 0 no easy matt]4 ,extraord9>y m5 7 sometimes able to d ?is1 by attract+ ! fav\r ( ! great4 ,b _m p]ils att5d$ ^u su* di/9ction2 & ! wise/ policy = ! heim9 0 to rema9 satisfi$ ) 8 position1 & try to f9d z mu* happ9ess 9 life z ! law all[$4 ,p]sonal ambition be+ ?us re/ra9$1 & ! co/ ( exi/5ce r$uc$ to a m9imum mu* bel[ our ,we/]n ideas ( ! necess>y1 !re 7 really e/abli%$ conditions highly fav\rable to c]ta9 =ms ( culture1 9 despite ( sumptu>y #cef regulations4 ,! national m9d 0 oblig$ to seek solace = ! monotony ( exi/5ce1 ei!r 9 amusem5t or /udy4 ,tokugawa policy _h left imag9ation p>tly free 9 ! directions ( lit]ature & art--! *eap] art2 & )9 ^? two directions repress$ p]sonality f\nd means to utt] itself1 & fancy became creative4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( dang] att5dant ^u ev5 su* intellectual indulg5ces2 & mu* 0 d>$4 ,ae/hetic ta/e1 h[ev]1 mo/ly foll[$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,obs]vation conc5trat$ itself ^u ! int]e/ ( ev]yday life1--^u incid5ts :i* might be wat*$ f a w9d[1 or /udi$ 9 a g>d51--^u famili> aspects ( nature 9 v>i\s seasons1--^u trees1 fl[]s1 birds1 fi%es1 or reptiles1--^u insects & ! ways ( !m1 --^u all k9ds ( small details1 delicate trifles1 amus+ curiosities4 ,!n x 0 t ! race-g5ius produc$ mo/ ( t que] bric-a-brac :i* /ill =ms ! delight ( ,we/]n collectors4 ,! pa9t]1 ! ivory-c>v]1 ! decorator1 7 left almo/ untr\bl$ 9 _! production ( fairy-pictures1 exquisite grotesqu]ies1 miracles ( liliputian art 9 metal & enamel & lacqu]-(-gold4 ,9 all su* small matt]s !y c\ld feel free2 & ! results ( t fre$om are n[ treasur$ 9 ! museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is true t mo/ ( ! arts 7ne>ly all ( ,*9ese orig97 7 consid]ably develop$ be=e ! ,tokugawa era2 b x 0 !n t !y #ceg began to assume ^? inexp5sive =ms :i* plac$ ae/hetic gratification )9 rea* ( ! common p4 ,sumptu>y legislation or rule might yet apply to ! use & possession ( co/ly production1 b n to ! enjoym5t ( =m2 & ! beautiful1 :e!r %ap$ 9 pap] or 9 ivory1 9 clay or gold1 is always a p[] = culture4 ,x has be5 said t 9 a ,greek city ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 e h\sehold ut5sil1 ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ object1 0 9 respect ( design an object ( art2 & ! same fact is true1 ?\gh 9 ano!r & a /rang] way1 ( all ?+s 9 a ,japanese home3 ev5 su* articles ( common use z a bronze c&le/ick1 a brass lamp1 an iron kettle1 a pap] lant]n1 a bamboo curta91 a wood5 pill[1 a wood5 tray1 w reveal to educat$ eyes a s5se ( beauty & fitness entirely unkn[n to ,we/]n *eap production4 ,& x 0 especially dur+ ! ,tokugawa p]iod t ?is s5se ( beauty began to in=m ev]y?+ 9 common life4 ,!n also 0 develop$ ! art ( illu/ration2 !n came into exi/5ce ^? wond]ful col\r-pr9ts 7! mo/ beautiful made 9 any age or c\ntry7 :i* are n[ s eag]ly collect$ by weal?y dilettanti4 ,lit]ature also ceas$1 l art1 to be ! enjoym5t ( ! upp] classes only3 x develop$ a multitude ( popul> =ms4 ,?is 0 ! age ( popul> fiction1 ( *eap books1 ( popul> drama1 ( /orytell+ = "y & old4444 ,we may c]ta9ly #ceh call ! ,tokugawa p]iod ! happie/ 9 ! long life ( ! nation4 ,! m]e increase ( population & ( weal? w\ld prove ! fact1 irrespective ( ! g5]al int]e/ awak5$ 9 matt]s lit]>y & ae/hetic4 ,x 0 an age ( popul> enjoym5t1 also ( g5]al culture & social ref9em5t4 ,cu/oms spread d[nw>d f ! top ( society4 ,dur+ ! ,tokugawa p]iod1 v>i\s div]sions or accompli%m5ts1 =m]ly fa%ionable 9 upp] circles only1 became common prop]ty4 ,?ree ( ^! 7 ( a sort indicat+ a high degree ( ref9em5t3 poetical conte/s1 tea-c]emonies1 & ! complex art ( fl[]-arrangem5t4 ,all 7 introduc$ into ,japanese society long be=e ! ,tokugawa regime2--! fa%ion ( poetical competitions mu/ be z old z ,japanese au!ntic hi/ory4 ,b x 0 "u ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate t su* amusem5ts & accompli%m5ts became national4 ,!n ! tea-c]emonies 7 made a feature ( female education ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,_! elaborate "* c\ld be expla9$ only by ! help ( _m pictures2 & x requires ye>s ( tra9+ & practice to graduate 9 ! art ( !m4 ,yet ! :ole ( ?is art1 z to detail1 signifies no m ?an ! mak+ & s]v+ ( a cup ( tea4 ,h[ev]1 x is a real art--a mo/ exquisite art4 ,! actual mak+ ( ! infusion is a matt] ( no consequ5ce 9 itself3 ! supremely important matt] is t ! act be p]=m$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect1 #cei mo/ polite1 mo/ graceful1 mo/ *>m+ mann] possible4 ,ev]y?+ done--f ! k9dl+ ( ! *>coal fire to ! pres5tation ( ! tea--mu/ be done accord+ to rules ( supreme etiquette3 rules requir+ natural grace z well z great pati5ce to fully ma/]4 ,!re=e a tra9+ 9 ! tea-c]emonies is /ill held to be a tra9+ 9 polit5ess1 9 self-control1 9 delicacy1--a discipl9e 9 deportm5t4444 ,q z elaborate is ! art ( arrang+ fl[]s4 ,!re are _m diff]5t s*ools2 b ! object ( ea* sy/em is simply to display sprays ( leaves & fl[]s 9 ! mo/ beautiful mann] possible1 & accord+ to ! irregul> graces ( ,nature h]self4 ,?is art also requires ye>s to le>n2 & ! tea*+ ( x has a moral z well z an ae/hetic value4 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod also t etiquette 0 cultivat$ to its utt]mo/1--t polit5ess became diffus$ ?r\gh\t all ranks1 n m]ely z a fa%ion1 b z an art4 ,9 all civiliz$ societies ( ! militant type polit5ess becomes a national *>act]i/ic at an e>ly p]iod2 & x mu/ h be5 a common obligation among ! ,japanese1 z _! ar*aic tongue be>s witness1 be=e ! hi/orical epo*4 ,public enactm5ts on ! subject 7 made z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury by ! f\nd] ( ,japanese ,buddhism1 ! pr9ce-reg5t1 ,%otoku ,tai%i4 ,m9i/]s & function>ies1 he proclaim$1 #cfj %\ld make decor\s behavi\r99 _! lead+ pr9ciple2 = _! lead+ pr9ciple ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! p consi/s 9 decor\s behavi\r4 ,if ! sup]iors d n behave ) decorum1 ! inf]iors are disord]ly3 if inf]iors are want+ 9 prop] behavi\r1 !re mu/ necess>ily be (f5ces4 ,!re=e x is t :5 "l & vassal behave ) propriety1 ! di/9ctions ( rank are n confus$ :5 ! p behave ) propriety1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,commonweal? proce$s ( itself4 ,some?+ ( ! same old ,*9ese tea*+ we f9d ree*o$1 a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 9 ! ,legacy ( ,iyeyasu3 ,! art ( gov]n+ a c\ntry consi/s 9 ! manife/ation ( due def]5ce on ! "p ( a suz]a9 to 8 vassals4 ,"k t if y turn y\r back ^u ?is1 y w be assass9at$2 & ! ,empire w be lo/4 ,we h already se5 t etiquette 0 rigidly en=c$ ^u all classes by ! milit>y rule3 = at lea/ t5 c5turies be=e ,iyeyasu1 ! nation _h be5 discipl9$ 9 polit5ess1 "u ! edge ( ! sword4 ,b "u ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate polit5ess became p>ticul>ly a popul> *>act]i/ic1--a rule ( conduct ma9ta9$ by ev5 ! l[e/ classes 9 _! daily relations4 ,among ! high] classes x became ! art ( beauty 9 life4 ,all ! ta/e1 ! grace1 ! #cfa nicety :i* !n in=m$ arti/ic production 9 preci\s mat]ial1 equally in=m$ e detail ( spee* & action4 ,c\rtesy 0 a moral & ae/hetic /udy1 c>ri$ to su* incomp>able p]fection t e trace ( ! artificial disappe>$4 ,grace & *>m seem$ to h become habit1--inh]5t qualities ( ! human fibre1--& d\btless1 9 ! case ( "o sex at lea/1 did s become4 99,or1 c]emony3 ! ,*9ese t]m us$ signify+ ev]y?+ relat+ to g5tlemanly & upright conduct4 ,! translation is ,mr4 ,a/on's 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p1 #acj1 ( 8 translation ( ! ,nihongi74 ,= x has well be5 said t ! mo/ wond]ful ae/hetic products ( ,japan are n its ivories1 nor its bronzes1 nor its porcela9s1 nor its swords1 nor any ( its m>vels 9 metal or lacqu]--b its wom54 ,accept+ z p>tly true ! /atem5t t woman ev]y:]e is :at man has made h]1 we might say t ?is /atem5t is m true ( ! ,japanese woman ?an ( any o!r4 ,( c\rse x requir$ ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s to make h]2 b ! p]iod ( :i* ,i am speak+ beheld ! "w complet$ & p]fect$4 ,be=e ?is e?ical creation1 criticism %\ld hold its brea?2 = !re is "h no s+le fault save ! fault ( a moral *>m unsuit$ to any _w ( selfi%ness & /ruggle4 ,x is ! moral arti/ t n[ comm&s our praise1--! realiz] ( an ideal beyond ,occid5tal rea*4 ,h[ frequ5tly has x be5 ass]t$ t1 z a moral be+1 ! ,japanese woman does n seem to belong to ! same race z ! ,japanese man6 ,consid]+ t h]$ity is limit$ by sex1 !re is reason 9 ! ass]tion3 ! ,japanese woman is an e?ically diff]5t #cfb be+ f ! ,japanese man4 ,p]haps no su* type ( woman w appe> aga9 9 ?is _w = a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s3 ! conditions ( indu/rial civilization w n admit ( h] exi/5ce4 ,! type c\ld n h be5 creat$ 9 any society %ap$ on mod]n l9es1 nor 9 any society :]e ! competitive /ruggle takes ^? unmoral =ms ) :i* we h become too famili>4 ,only a society "u extraord9>y regulation & regim5tation1--a society 9 :i* all self-ass]tion 0 repress$1 & self-sacrifice made a univ]sal obligation1--a society 9 :i* p]sonality 0 clipp$ l a h$ge1 p]mitt$ to bud & bloom f )91 nev] f )\t1--9 %ort1 only a society f\nd$ ^u ance/or-wor%ip1 c\ld h produc$ x4 ,x has no m 9 common ) ! humanity ( ?is tw5tie? c5tury ( ours--p]haps v mu* less--?an has ! life depict$ ^u old ,greek vases4 ,its *>m is ! *>m ( a vani%$ _w--a *>m /range1 allur+1 indescribable z ! p]fume ( "s fl[] ( :i* ! species became ext9ct 9 our ,occid5t be=e ! mod]n languages 7 born4 ,transplant$ successfully x _c be3 "u a =eign sun its =ms rev]t to some?+ altoge!r diff]5t1 its col\rs fade1 its p]fume passes away4 ,! ,japanese woman c be kn[n only 9 h] own c\ntry1--! ,japanese woman z prep>$ & p]fect$ by ! old-"t education = t /range society 9 :i* ! *>m #cfc ( h] moral be+1--h] delicacy1 h] supreme unselfi%ness1 h] *ild-l piety & tru/1 h] exquisite tactful p]ception ( all ways & means to make happ9ess ab\t h]1--c be compreh5d$ & valu$4 ,i h spok5 only ( h] moral *>m3 x requires "t = ! unaccu/om$ =eign eye to disc]n ! physical *>m4 ,beauty1 accord+ to our ,we/]n /&>ds1 c sc>cely be said to exi/ 9 ?is race1--or1 %all we say t x has nev] yet be5 develop$8 ,"o seeks 9 va9 = a facial angle satisfy+ ,we/]n ae/hetic canons4 ,x is seldom t "o meets ev5 ) a f9e example ( t physical elegance1--t manife/ation ( ! economy ( =ce1--:i* we call grace1 9 ! ,greek mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,yet !re is *>m--great *>m--bo? ( face & =m3 ! *>m ( *ildhood--*ildhood ) its e feature yet s(tly & vaguely outl9$ 7efface1 z a ,fr5* arti/ w\ld call x71--*ildhood be=e ! limbs h fully l5g!n$1--slight &1 da9ty1 ) admirable little h&s & feet4 ,! eyes at fir/ surprise u1 by ! /rang5ess ( _! lids1 s unlike ,aryan eyelids1 & fold+ ^u ano!r plan4 ,yet !y are (t5 v *>m+2 & a ,we/]n arti/ w\ld n fail to appreciate ! graceful t]ms1 inv5t$ by ,japanese or ,*9ese art1 to designate p>ticul> beauties 9 ! l9es ( ! eyelids4 ,ev5 if %e _c be call$ h&some1 accord+ to ,we/]n #cfd /&>ds1 ! ,japanese woman mu/ be confess$ pretty1--pretty l a comely *ild2 & if %e be seldom graceful 9 ! ,occid5tal s5se1 %e is at lea/ 9 all h] ways incomp>ably graceful3 h] e motion1 ge/ure1 or expression be+1 9 its own ,ori5tal mann]1 a p]fect ?+1--an act p]=m$1 or a look conf]r$1 9 ! mo/ easy1 ! mo/ graceful1 ! mo/ mode/ way possible4 ,by anci5t cu/om1 %e is n p]mitt$ to display h] grace 9 ! /reet3 %e mu/ walk 9 a p>ticul> %r9k+ mann]1 turn+ h] feet inw>d z %e patt]s along ^u h] wood5 s&als4 ,b to wat* h] at home1 :]e %e is free to be comely1--m]ely to see h] p]=m+ any h\sehold duty1 or wait+ ^u gue/s1 or arrang+ fl[]s1 or play+ ) h] *ildr51--is an education 9 ,f> ,ea/]n ae/hetics = :oev] has ! head & ! he>t to le>n4444 ,b is %e n1 !n1 "o may ask1 an artificial product1--a =c$ gr[? ( ,ori5tal civilization8 ,i w\ld answ] bo? ,yes & ,no4 ,%e is an artificial product 9 only ! same evolutional s5se t all "* is an artificial product2 & x requir$ t5s ( c5turies to m\ld h]4 ,%e is n1 on ! o!r h&1 an artificial type1 because %e has be5 p>ticul>ly tra9$ to be h] true self at all times :5 circum/ances all[1--or1 9 o!r words1 to be delightfully natural4 ,! old-fa%ion$ education ( h] sex 0 direct$ to ! developm5t #cfe ( e quality ess5tially fem99e1 & to ! suppression ( ! opposite quality4 ,k9dl9ess1 docility1 sympa?y1 t5d]ness1 da9t9ess--^! & o!r attributes 7 cultivat$ into incomp>able blossom+4 ,be good1 sweet maid1 & let :o w be clev]3 d noble ?+s1 n dream !m1 all day long--^? words ( ,k+sley really embody ! c5tral idea 9 h] tra9+4 ,( c\rse ! be+1 =m$ by su* tra9+ only1 mu/ be protect$ by society2 & by ! old ,japanese society %e 0 protect$4 ,exceptions did n affect ! rule4 ,:at ,i mean is t %e 0 able to be purely h]self1 )9 c]ta9 limits ( emotional etiquette1 9 all security4 ,h] success 9 life 0 made to dep5d on h] p[] to w9 affection by g5tl5ess1 ob$i5ce1 k9dl9ess2--n ! affection m]ely ( a husb&1 b ( ! husb&'s p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 & bro!rs-9-law & si/]s-9-law1--9 %ort ( all ! memb]s ( a /range h\sehold4 ,?us to succe$ requir$ angelic goodness & pati5ce2 & ! ,japanese woman realiz$ at lea/ ! ideal ( a ,buddhi/ angel4 ,a be+ work+ only = o!rs1 ?9k+ only = o!rs1 happy only 9 mak+ pleasure = o!rs1--a be+ incapable ( unk9dness1 incapable ( selfi%ness1 incapable ( act+ contr>y to h] own inh]it$ s5se ( "r1--& 9 spite ( ?is s(tness & g5tl5ess ready1 at any mom5t1 to lay d[n h] life1 to #cff sacrifice ev]y?+ at ! call ( duty3 su* 0 ! "* ( ! ,japanese woman4 ,mo/ /range may seem ! comb9ation1 9 ?is *ild-s\l1 ( g5tl5ess & =ce1 t5d]ness & c\rage1--yet ! explanation is n f> to seek4 ,/rong] )9 h] ?an wifely affection or p>5tal affection or ev5 mat]nal affection1--/rong] ?an any womanly emotion1 0 ! moral conviction born ( h] great fai?4 ,?is religi\s quality ( "* c be f\nd among ourselves only )9 ! %ad[ ( cloi/]s1 :]e x is cultivat$ at ! exp5se ( all else2 & ! ,japanese woman has be5 !re=e comp>$ to a ,si/] ( ,*>ity4 ,b %e _h to be v mu* m ?an a ,si/] ( ,*>ity1--daught]-9-law & wife & "m1 & to fulfil )\t reproa* ! multi=m duties ( h] triple "p4 ,r might %e be comp>$ to ! ,greek type ( noble woman1--to ,antigone1 to ,alce/is4 ,) ! ,japanese woman1 z =m$ by ! anci5t tra9+1 ea* act ( life 0 an act ( fai?3 h] exi/5ce 0 a religion1 h] home a temple1 h] e ^w & ?\ght ord]$ by ! law ( ! cult ( ! dead4444 ,?is wond]ful type is n ext9ct--?\gh surely doom$ to disappe>4 ,a human creature s %ap$ = ! s]vice ( gods & m5 t e beat ( h] he>t is duty1 t e drop ( h] blood is moral feel+1 7 n less out ( place 9 ! future _w ( competitive selfi%ness1 ?an an angel 9 hell4 #cfg ,,! ,,%9to ,,revival ,! sl[ weak5+ ( ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate 0 due to causes n unlike ^? :i* _h br\ght ab\t ! decl9e ( previ\s reg5cies3 ! race deg5]at$ dur+ t long p]iod ( peace :i* its rule _h inaugurat$2 ! /rong build]s 7 succe$$ by feebl] & feebl] m54 ,nev]!less ! ma*9]y ( adm9i/ration1 a/utely devis$ by ,iyeyasu1 & fur!r p]fect$ by ,iyemitsu1 work$ s well t ! enemies ( ! ,%ogunate c\ld f9d no opportunity = a successful attack until =eign aggression unexpect$ly came to _! aid4 ,! mo/ dang]\s enemies ( ! gov]nm5t 7 ! great clans ( ,satsuma & ,*o%u4 ,iyeyasu _h n v5tur$ to weak5 !m beyond a c]ta9 po9t3 ! risks ( ! und]tak+ w\ld h be5 great2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! alliance ( ^? clans 0 = ! "t be+ a matt] ( va/ political importance4 ,he only took measures to pres]ve a safe balance ( p[]1 plac+ betwe5 ^? =midable allies new lord%ips 9 ^: rul]s he c\ld put tru/1--a tru/ bas$ fir/ ^u int]e/1 secondly ^u k9%ip4 ,b he always felt t dang] to ! ,%ogunate #cfh might come f ,satsuma & ,*o%u2 & he left to 8 successors c>eful in/ructions ab\t ! policy to be foll[$ 9 deal+ ) su* possible enemies4 ,he felt t 8 "w 0 n p]fect1--t c]ta9 outly+ blocks ( ! /ructure _h n be5 prop]ly clamp$ to ! re/4 ,he c\ld n d m 9 ! direction ( consolidation1 simply because ! mat]ial ( society _h n yet suffici5tly evolv$1 _h n yet become pla/ic en\gh1 to p]mit ( p]fect & p]man5t cohesion4 ,9 ord] to effect t1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to dissolve ! clans4 ,b ,iyeyasu did all t human =esight c\ld h safely attempt$ "u ! circum/ances2 & no "o 0 m ke5ly consci\s ?an himself ( ! weak po9ts 9 8 wond]ful organization4 ,= m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ! ,satsuma & ,*o%u clans1 & sev]al o!rs ready to league ) !m1 submitt$ to ! discipl9e ( ! ,tokugawa rule4 ,b !y *af$ "u x1 & wat*$ = a *ance to break ! yoke4 ,all ! :ile ?is *ance 0 be+ sl[ly creat$ = !m--n by any political *anges1 b by ! pati5t toil ( ,japanese m5 ( lett]s4 ,?ree among ^!--! greate/ s*ol>s t ,japan ev] produc$--especially prep>$ ! way1 by _! intellectual lab\rs1 = ! abolition ( ! ,%ogunate4 ,!y 7 ,%9to s*ol>s2 & !y repres5t$ ! n unnatural reaction ( native cons]vatism aga9/ ! #cji long tyranny ( ali5 ideas & ali5 beliefs1--aga9/ ! lit]ature & philosophy & bureaucracy ( ,*9a1--aga9/ ! prepond]ant influ5ce ^u education ( ! =eign religion ( ,buddhism4 ,to all ?is !y oppos$ ! old native lit]ature ( ,japan1 ! anci5t poetry1 ! anci5t cult1 ! e>ly traditions & rites ( ,%9to4 ,! names ( ^! ?ree rem>kable m5 7 ,mabu*i 7#afig-agfi71 ,mot[ori 7#agcj-ahja71 & ,hirata 7#aggf-ahdc74 ,_! ef=ts actually result$ 9 ! dise/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism1 & 9 ! great ,%9to revival ( #ahga4 ,! intellectual revolution made by ^! s*ol>s c\ld h be5 prep>$ only dur+ a long era ( peace1 & by m5 enjoy+ ! protection & patronage ( memb]s ( ! rul+ class4 ,by a /range *ance1 x 0 ! h\se ( ,tokugawa itself :i* fir/ gave to lit]ature su* enc\ragem5t & aid z made possible ! lab\rs ( ! ,%9to s*ol>s4 ,iyeyasu _h be5 a lov] ( le>n+2 & _h devot$ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life--pass$ 9 retirem5t at ,%idzuoka--to ! collection ( anci5t books & manuscripts4 ,he bequea!d 8 ,japanese books to 8 eigh? son1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,ow>i2 & 8 ,*9ese books to ano!r son1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,ki%u4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,ow>i himself compos$ sev]al works ^u ,japanese e>ly lit]ature4 ,o!r desc5dants ( ,iyeyasu1 inh]it$ ! great #cgj ,%ogun's love ( lett]s3 "o ( 8 gr&sons1 ,mitsukuni1 ! second ,pr9ce ( ,mito 7#afbb-agjj71 compil$1 ) ! aid ( v>i\s s*ol>s1 ! fir/1 important hi/ory ( ,japan1--! ,dai-,nihon-,%i1 9 #bdj books4 ,also he compil$ a "w ( #ejj volumes ^u ! c]emonies & ! etiquette ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 & set aside f 8 rev5ues a sum equal to ab\t #cj1jjj p\nds p] annum1 to cov] ! co/ ( publi%+ ! spl5did productions4444 ,"u ! patronage ( great lords l ^!--collectors ( libr>ies--!re gradually develop$ a new s*ool ( m5-(-lett]s3 m5 :o turn$ away f ,*9ese lit]ature to ! /udy ( ! ,japanese classics4 ,!y re$it$ ! anci5t poetry & *ronicles2 !y republi%$ ! sacr$ records1 ) ample comm5t>ies4 ,!y produc$ :ole libr>ies ( works ^u religi\s1 hi/orical1 & philological subjects2 !y made gramm>s & diction>ies2 !y wrote treatises on ! art ( poetry1 on popul> errors1 on ! nature ( ! gods1 on gov]nm5t1 on ! mann]s & cu/oms ( anci5t days4444 ,! f\ndations ( ?is new s*ol>%ip 7 laid by two ,%9to prie/s1--,kada & ,mabu*i4 ,! high patrons ( le>n+ nev] suspect$ ! possible results ( ^? rese>*es :i* !y _h enc\rag$ & aid$4 ,! /udy ( ! anci5t records1 ! /udy ( ,japanese lit]ature1 ! /udy ( ! e>ly political & religi\s conditions1 #cga naturally l$ m5 to consid] ! hi/ory ( ^? =eign lit]>y influ5ces :i* _h well-nigh /ifl$ native le>n+1 & to consid] also ! hi/ory ( ! =eign cre$ :i* _h ov]:elm$ ! religion ( ! ance/ral gods4 ,*9ese e?ics1 ,*9ese c]emonial1 & ,*9ese ,buddhism _h r$uc$ ! anci5t fai? to ! /ate ( a m9or belief--almo/ to ! /ate ( a sup]/ition4 ,! ,%9to gods1 exclaim$ "o ( ! s*ol>s ( ! new s*ool1 h become ! s]vants ( ! ,buddhas6 ,b ^? ,%9to gods 7 ! ance/ors ( ! race1--! fa!rs ( its emp]ors & pr9ces1--& _! degradation c\ld n b involve ! degradation ( ! imp]ial tradition4 ,already1 inde$1 ! emp]ors _h be5 depriv$ n only ( _! immemorial rights & privileges1 b ( _! rev5ues3 _m _h be5 depos$ & bani%$ & insult$4 ,j z ! gods _h be5 admitt$ only z inf]ior p]sonages to ! ,buddhi/ pan!on1 s _! liv+ desc5dants 7 n[ p]mitt$ to reign only z ! dep5dants ( milit>y usurp]s4 ,by sacr$ law ! :ole soil ( ! empire belong$ to ! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign3 yet !re _h be5 great pov]ty at times 9 ! imp]ial palace2 & ! rev5ues1 allott$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,mikado1 _h (t5 be5 insuffici5t to relieve 8 family f want4 ,assur$ly all ?is 0 wrong4 ,! ,%ogunate _h inde$ e/abli%$ peace & inaugurat$ prosp]ity2 b :o c\ld =get t #cgb x _h orig9at$ 9 a milit>y usurpation ( imp]ial rights8 ,only by ! re/oration ( ! ,son ( ,heav5 to 8 anci5t position ( p[]1 & by ! relegation ( ! milit>y *iefs to _! prop] /ate ( subord9ation1 c\ld ! be/ int]e/s ( ! nation be really s]v$4444 ,all ?is 0 ?\ght & felt & /rongly sugge/$2 b n all ( x 0 op5ly proclaim$4 ,to h publicly prea*$ aga9/ ! milit>y gov]nm5t z a usurpation w\ld h be5 to invite de/ruction4 ,! ,%9to s*ol>s d>$ only s mu* z ! politics & ! temp] ( _! "t seem$ to p]mit1--?\gh !y closely approa*$ ! dang]-l9e4 ,by ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 _! tea*+ _h creat$ a /rong p>ty 9 fav\r ( ! (ficial revival ( ! anci5t religion1 ! re/oration ( ! ,mikado to supreme p[]1 & ! repression1 if n suppression1 ( ! milit>y p[]4 ,yet x 0 n until ! ye> #ahda t ! ,%ogunate took al>m1 & proclaim$ its disquiet by bani%+ f ! capital ! great s*ol> ,hirata1 & =bidd+ him to write any?+ m4 ,n long aft]w>ds he di$4 ,b he _h be5 able to tea* = =ty ye>s2 he _h writt5 & publi%$ sev]al hundr$ volumes2 & ! s*ool ( :i* he 0 ! la/ & greate/ !ologian already ex]t$ f>-rea*+ influ5ce4 ,! re/ive lords ( ,*o%u1 ,satsuma1 ,tosa1 & ,hiz5 7 wat*+ & wait+4 ,!y p]ceiv$ #cgc ! wor? ( ! new ideas to _! own policy2 !y enc\rag$ ! new ,%9toism2 !y felt t a "t 0 com+ :5 !y c\ld hope to %ake (f ! dom9ation ( ! ,tokugawa4 ,& _! opportunity came at la/ ) ! adv5t to ,japan ( ,commodore ,p]ry's fleet4 ,! ev5ts ( t "t are well kn[n1 & ne$ n "h be dwelt ^u at any l5g?4 ,suffice to say t aft] ! ,%ogunate _h be5 t]rifi$ into mak+ comm]cial treaties ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r p[]s1 & practically compell$ to op5 sundry ports to =eign trade1 great discont5t arose & 0 fom5t$ z mu* z possible by ! enemies ( ! milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,mean:ile ! ,%ogunate _h asc]ta9$ = itself ! impossibility ( resi/+ =eign aggression3 x 0 fairly well in=m$ z to ! /r5g? ( ,we/]n c\ntries4 ,! imp]ial c\rt 0 n[ise in=m$2 & ! ,%ogunate naturally dread$ to furni% ! in=mation4 ,to ackn[l$ge incapacity to resi/ ,occid5tal aggression w\ld be to invite ! ru9 ( ! ,tokugawa h\se2 to resi/1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld be to invite ! de/ruction ( ! ,empire4 ,! enemies ( ! ,%ogunate !n p]suad$ ! imp]ial c\rt to ord] ! expulsion ( ! =eign]s2 & ?is ord]--:i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 ess5tially a religi\s ord]1 emanat+ f ! s\rce ( all ackn[l$g$ au?ority--plac$ ! milit>y gov]nm5t 9 a s]i\s dilemma4 #cgd ,x tri$ to effect by diplomacy :at x c\ld n accompli% by =ce2 b :ile x 0 negotiat+ = ! )drawal ( ! =eign' settl]s1 matt]s 7 sudd5ly =c$ to a crisis by ! ,pr9ce ( ,*o%u1 :o fir$ ^u v>i\s %ips belong+ to ! =eign p[]s4 ,?is action provok$ ! bomb>dm5t ( ,%imonoseki1 & ! dem& ( an indemnity ( ?ree million doll>s4 ,! ,%ogun ,iyemo*i attempt$ to *a/ise ! daimyo ( ,*o%u = ?is act ( ho/ility2 b ! attempt only prov$ ! weakness ( ! milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,iyemo*i di$ soon aft] ?is defeat2 & 8 successor ,hitotsuba%i _h no *ance to d any?+1--= ! n[ evid5t feebl5ess ( ! ,%ogunate gave its enemies c\rage to /rike a fatal bl[4 ,pressure 0 br\ght ^u ! imp]ial c\rt to proclaim ! abolition ( ! ,%ogunate2 & ! ,%ogunate 0 aboli%$ by decree4 ,hitotsuba%i submitt$2 & ! ,tokugawa regime ?us came to an end1--al?\gh its m devot$ foll[]s w>r$ = two ye>s aft]w>ds1 aga9/ hopeless odds1 to ree/abli% x4 ,9 #ahfg ! entire adm9i/ration 0 reorganiz$2 ! supreme p[]1 bo? milit>y & civil1 be+ re/or$ to ! ,mikado4 ,soon aft]w>d ! ,%9to cult1 (ficially reviv$ 9 its primal simplicity1 0 decl>$ ! ,religion ( ,/ate2 & ,buddhism 0 dis5d[$4 ,?us ! ,empire 0 ree/abli%$ ^u ! anci5t l9es2 & all t ! lit]>y p>ty _h #cge hop$ = seem$ to be realiz$--except "o ?+4444 ,be x "h obs]v$ t ! adh]5ts ( ! lit]>y p>ty want$ to g mu* fur!r ?an ! great f\nd]s ( ! new ,%9toism _h dream$ ( go+4 ,^! lat] en?usia/s 7 n satisfi$ ) ! abolition ( ! ,%ogunate1 ! re/oration ( imp]ial p[]1 & ! revival ( ! anci5t cult3 !y want$ a return ( all society to ! simplicity ( primitive times2 !y desir$ t all =eign influ5ce %\ld be got rid (1 & t ! (ficial c]emonies1 ! future education1 ! future lit]ature1 ! e?ics1 ! laws1 %\ld be purely ,japanese4 ,!y 7 n ev5 satisfi$ ) ! dis5d[m5t ( ,buddhism3 !re 0 a vigor\s proposal made = its total suppression6 ,& all ?is w\ld h signifi$1 9 m ways ?an "o1 a social retrogression t[>ds b>b>ism4 ,! great s*ol>s _h nev] propos$ to ca/ away ,buddhism & all ,*9ese le>n+2 !y _h only insi/$ t ! native religion & culture %\ld h prec$5ce4 ,b ! new lit]>y p>ty desir$ :at w\ld h be5 equival5t to ! de/ruction ( a ?\s& ye>s' exp]i5ce4 ,happily ! clansm5 :o _h brok5 d[n ! ,%ogunate saw bo? pa/ & future 9 ano!r light4 ,!y und]/ood t ! national exi/5ce 0 9 p]il1 & t resi/ance to =eign pressure w\ld be hopeless4 ,satsuma _h witness$ ! bomb>dm5t ( ,kago%ima 9 #cgf #ahfc2 ,*o%u1 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,%imonoseki 9 #ahfd4 ,evid5tly ! only *ance ( be+ able to face ,we/]n p[] w\ld be ?r\gh ! pati5t /udy ( ,we/]n sci5ce2 & ! survival ( ! ,empire dep5d$ ^u ! ,europeanization ( society4 ,by #ahga ! daimiates 7 aboli%$2 9 #ahgc ! edicts aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 7 )drawn2 9 #ahgf ! we>+ ( swords 0 prohibit$4 ,! samurai1 z a milit>y body1 7 suppress$2 & all classes 7 decl>$ !nce=w>d equal be=e ! law4 ,new codes 7 compil$2 a new army & navy organiz$2 a new police sy/em e/abli%$2 a new sy/em ( education introduc$ at ,gov]nm5t exp5se2 & a new con/itution promis$4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahia1 ! fir/ ,japanese p>liam5t 7/rictly speak+7 0 convok$4 ,by t "t ! entire framework ( society _h be5 remodell$1 s f> z laws c\ld remodel x1 ^u a ,european patt]n4 ,! nation _h fairly ent]$ ^u its ?ird p]iod ( integration4 ,! clan _h be5 legally dissolv$2 ! family 0 no long] ! legal unit ( society3 by ! new con/itution ! individual _h be5 recogniz$4 ,:5 we consid] ! hi/ory ( "s va/ & sudd5 political *ange 9 its details only1--! factors ( ! movem5t1 ! comb9ations ( imm$iate cause & effect1 ! influ5ces ( /rong p]sonality1 ! conditions impell+ individual action1 #cgg--!n ! trans=mation is apt to appe> to u ! "w & ! triumph ( a few sup]ior m9ds4 ,we =get1 p]haps1 t ^? m9ds !mselves 7 ! product ( _! epo*1 & t e su* rapid *ange mu/ repres5t ! work+ ( a national or race-in/9ct q z mu* z ! op]ation ( individual intellig5ce4 ,! ev5ts ( ! ,meiji recon/ruction /rangely illu/rate ! action ( su* in/9ct 9 ! face ( p]il1--! readju/m5t ( int]nal relations to sudd5 *anges ( environm5t4 ,! nation _h f\nd its old political sy/em p[]less be=e ! new conditions2 & x trans=m$ t sy/em4 ,x _h f\nd its milit>y organization incapable ( def5d+ x2 & x recon/ruct$ t organization4 ,x _h f\nd its educational sy/em useless 9 ! pres5ce ( un=ese5 necessities2 & x replac$ t sy/em1--simultane\sly crippl+ ! p[] ( ,buddhism1 :i* might o!rwise h (f]$ s]i\s opposition to ! new developm5ts requir$4 ,& 9 t h\r ( greate/ dang] ! national in/9ct turn$ back at once to ! moral exp]i5ce ^u :i* x c\ld be/ rely1--! exp]i5ce embodi$ 9 its anci5t cult1 ! religion ( unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,rely+ ^u ,%9to tradition1 ! p ralli$ ab\t _! rul]1 desc5dant ( ! anci5t gods1 & await$ 8 w ) unconqu]able zeal ( fai?4 ,by /rict ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s ! p]il might be av]t$1--nev] o!rwise3 ?is 0 #cgh ! national conviction4 ,& ! imp]ial ord] 0 simply t ! nation %\ld /rive by /udy to make itself1 z f> z possible1 ! intellectual equal ( its enemies4 ,h[ fai?fully t comm& 0 obey$1--h[ well ! old moral discipl9e ( ! race s]v$ x 9 ! p]iod ( t supreme em]g5cy1--,i ne$ sc>cely say4 ,japan1 by "r ( self-acquir$ /r5g?1 has ent]$ into ! circle ( ! mod]n civiliz$ p[]s1--=midable by h] new milit>y organization1 respectable ?r\gh h] a*ievem5ts 9 ! doma9 ( practical sci5ce4 ,& ! =ce to effect ?is a/oni%+ self-improvem5t1 )9 ! "t ( ?irty ye>s1 %e owes assur$ly to ! moral habit d]iv$ f h] anci5t cult1--! religion ( ! ance/ors4 ,to fairly measure ! feat1 we %\ld rememb] t ,japan 0 evolutionally y\ng] ?an any mod]n ,european nation1 by at lea/ tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 :5 %e w5t to s*ool6 444 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has %[n t ! great value to society ( ecclesia/ical in/itutions lies 9 _! p[] to give cohesion to ! mass1--to /r5g!n rule by en=c+ ob$i5ce to cu/om1 & by oppos+ innovations likely to supply any elem5t ( dis9tegration4 ,9 o!r words1 ! value ( a religion1 f ! sociological /&po9t1 lies 9 its cons]vatism4 ,v>i\s writ]s h alleg$ t ! #cgi ,japanese national religion prov$ itself weak by incapacity to resi/ ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ,buddhism4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! entire social hi/ory ( ,japan yields pro( to ! contr>y4 ,?\gh ,buddhism did = a long p]iod appe> to h almo/ entirely absorb$ ,%9to1 by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,%9to s*ol>s !mselves2 ?\gh ,buddhi/ emp]ors reign$ :o neglect$ or despis$ ! cult ( _! ance/ors2 ?\gh ,buddhism direct$1 dur+ t5 c5turies1 ! education ( ! nation1 ,%9to rema9$ all ! :ile s v mu* alive t x 0 able n only to dispossess its rival at la/1 b to save ! c\ntry f =eign dom9ation4 ,to ass]t t ! ,%9to revival signifi$ no m ?an a /roke ( policy imag9$ by a gr\p ( /atesm51 is to ignore all ! antec$5ts ( ! ev5t4 ,no su* *ange c\ld h be5 wr\ght by m]e decree _h n ! national s5tim5t welcom$ x4444 ,moreov]1 !re are ?ree important facts to be rememb]$ 9 reg>d to ! =m] ,buddhi/ pr$om9ation3 7#a7 ,buddhism cons]v$ ! family-cult1 modify+ ! =ms ( ! rite2 7#b7 ,buddhism nev] really supplant$ ! ,ujigami cults1 b ma9ta9$ !m2 7#c7 ,buddhism nev] int]f]$ ) ! imp]ial cult4 ,n[ ^! ?ree =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip1--! dome/ic1 ! communal1 & ! national1--con/itute all t is vital 9 ,%9to4 ,no s+le ess5tial ( ! anci5t fai? _h ev] be5 weak5$1 #chj mu* less aboli%$1 "u ! long pressure ( ,buddhism4 ,! ,supreme ,cult is n n[ ! ,/ate ,religion by reque/ ( ! *iefs ( ,%9to1 x is n ev5 (ficially class$ z a religion4 ,obvi\s reasons ( /ate policy decid$ ?is c\rse4 ,hav+ fulfill$ its gr& task1 ,%9to abdicat$4 ,b z repres5t+ all ^? traditions :i* appeal to race-feel+1 to ! s5tim5t ( duty1 to ! passion ( loyalty1 & ! love ( c\ntry1 x yet rema9s an imm5se =ce1 a p[] to :i* appeal w n be va9ly made 9 ano!r h\r ( national p]il4 #cha ,,survivals ,9 ! g>d5s ( c]ta9 ,buddhi/ temples !re are trees :i* h be5 fam\s = c5turies1--trees tra9$ & clipp$ into extraord9>y %apes4 ,"s h ! =m ( dragons2 o!rs h ! =m ( pagodas1 %ips1 umbrellas4 ,suppos+ t "o ( ^! trees 7 ab&on$ to its own natural t5d5cies1 x w\ld ev5tually lose ! que] %ape s long impos$ ^u x2 b ! outl9e w\ld n be alt]$ = a consid]able "t1 z ! new leafage w\ld at fir/ unfold only 9 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance3 t is to say1 )9 limits orig9ally e/abli%$ by ! %e>s & ! prun+-knife4 ,by sword & law ! old ,japanese society _h be5 prun$ & clipp$1 b5t & b\nd1 j l su* a tree2 & aft] ! recon/ructions ( ! ,meiji p]iod1--aft] ! abolition ( ! daimiates1 & ! suppression ( ! milit>y class1 x /ill ma9ta9$ its =m] %ape1 j z ! tree w\ld cont9ue to d :5 fir/ ab&on$ by ! g>d5]4 ,?\gh deliv]$ f ! bonds ( feudal law1 releas$ f ! %e>s ( milit>y rule1 ! great bulk ( ! social /ructure pres]v$ its anci5t #chb aspect2 & ! r>e spectacle bewild]$ & delight$ & delud$ ! ,we/]n obs]v]4 ,"h inde$ 0 ,elf-l&1--! /range1 ! beautiful1 ! grotesque1 ! v my/]i\s1--totally unlike aught ( /range & attractive ev] beheld else:]e4 ,x 0 n a _w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 b a _w ( _m c5turies be=e ,*ri/3 yet ?is fact--! wond] ( wond]s--rema9$ unrecogniz$2 & x rema9s unrecogniz$ by mo/ p ev5 to ?is day4 ,=tunate inde$ 7 ^? privileg$ to ent] ?is a/oni%+ fairyl& ?irty odd ye>s ago1 be=e ! p]iod ( sup]ficial *ange1 & to obs]ve ! unfamili> aspects ( its life3 ! univ]sal urbanity1 ! smil+ sil5ce ( cr[ds1 ! pati5t delib]ation ( toil1 ! abs5ce ( mis]y & /ruggle4 ,ev5 yet1 9 ^? remot] di/ricts :]e ali5 influ5ce has wr\ght b little *ange1 ! *>m ( ! old exi/5ce l+]s & amazes2 & ! ord9>y travell] c little und]/& :at x means4 ,t all are polite1 t nobody qu>rels1 t ev]ybody smiles1 t pa9 & sorr[ rema9 invisible1 t ! new police h no?+ to d1 w\ld seem to prove a morally sup]ior humanity4 ,b = ! tra9$ sociologi/ x w\ld prove some?+ diff]5t1 & sugge/ some?+ v t]rible4 ,x w\ld prove to him t ?is society _h be5 m\ld$ "u imm5se co]cion1 & t ! co]cion mu/ h be5 ex]t$ un9t]rupt$ly #chc = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,he w\ld imm$iately p]ceive t e?ics & cu/om _h n yet become dissociat$1 & t ! conduct ( ea* p]son 0 regulat$ by ! w ( ! re/4 ,he w\ld "k t p]sonality c\ld n develop 9 su* a social m$ium1--t no individual sup]iority d>e ass]t itself1 t no competition w\ld be tol]at$4 ,he w\ld und]/& t ! outw>d *>m ( ?is life--its s(tness1 its smil+ sil5ce z ( dreams--signifi$ ! rule ( ! dead4 ,he w\ld recognize t betwe5 ^? m9ds & ! m9ds ( 8 own epo* no k9%ip ( ?\ght1 no community ( s5tim5t1 no sympa?y :atev] c\ld exi/1--t ! sep>at+ gulf 0 n to be measur$ by ?\s&s ( leagues1 b only by ?\s&s ( ye>s1--t ! psy*ological int]val 0 hopeless z ! di/ance f planet to planet4 ,yet ?is k probably w\ld n--c]ta9ly %\ld n--bl9d him to ! intr9sic *>m ( ?+s4 ,n to feel ! beauty ( ?is ar*aic life is to prove oneself ins5sible to all beauty4 ,ev5 t ,greek _w1 = :i* our s*ol>s & poets pr(ess su* lov+ admiration1 mu/ h be5 9 _m ways a _w ( ! same k9d1 ^: daily m5tal exi/5ce no mod]n m9d c\ld %>e4 ,n[ t ! great social tree1 s wond]fully clipp$ & c>$ = dur+ _m c5turies1 #chd is los+ its fanta/ic %ape1 let u try to see h[ mu* ( ! orig9al design c /ill be trac$4 ,"u all ! outw>d aspects ( individual activity t mod]n ,japan pres5ts to ! visitor's gaze1 ! anci5t conditions really p]si/ to an ext5t t no obs]vation c\ld reveal4 ,/ill ! immemorial cult rules all ! l&4 ,/ill ! family-law1 ! communal law1 & 7?\gh 9 a m irregul> mann]7 ! clan-law1 control e action ( exi/5ce4 ,i d n ref] to any writt5 law1 b only to ! old unwritt5 religi\s law1 ) its ho/ ( obligations d]iv+ f ance/or-wor%ip4 ,x is true t _m *anges--&1 9 ! op9ion ( ! wise1 too _m *anges--h be5 made 9 civil legislation2 b ! anci5t prov]b1 ,gov]nm5t-laws are only sev5-day laws1 /ill repres5ts popul> s5tim5t 9 reg>d to ha/y re=ms4 ,! old law1 ! law ( ! dead1 is t by :i* ! millions pref] to act & ?9k4 ,?\gh anci5t social gr\p+s h be5 (ficially aboli%$1 re-gr\p+s ( a correspond+ sort h be5 =m$1 in/9ctively1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,9 !ory ! individual is free2 9 practice he is sc>cely m free ?an 7 8 =efa!rs4 ,old p5alties = brea* ( cu/om h be5 abrogat$2 yet communal op9ion is able to compel ! anci5t ob$i5ce4 ,legal enactm5ts c n[h]e effect imm$iate #che *ange ( s5tim5t & long-e/abli%$ usage1--lea/ ( all among a p ( su* fixity ( "* z ! ,japanese4 ,"y p]sons are no m at lib]ty n[1 ?an 7 _! fa!rs & mo!rs "u ! ,%ogunate1 to m>ry at w1 to inve/ _! means & ef=ts 9 und]tak+s n sanction$ by family approval1 to consid] !mselves 9 any way enfran*is$ f family au?ority2 & x is probably bett] = ! pres5t t !y are n4 ,no man is yet complete ma/] ( 8 activities1 8 "t1 or 8 means4 ,?\gh ! individual is n[ regi/]$1 & made directly acc\ntable to ! law1 :ile ! h\sehold has be5 reliev$ f its anci5t responsibility = ! acts ( its memb]s1 /ill ! family practically rema9s ! social unit1 reta9+ its patri>*al organization & its p>ticul> cult4 ,n unwisely1 ! mod]n legislators h protect$ ?is dome/ic religion3 to weak5 its bond at ?is "t 7 to weak5 ! f\ndations ( ! national moral life1--to introduce dis9tegrations into ! mo/ deeply seat$ /ructures ( ! social organism4 ,! new codes =bid ! man :o becomes by succession ! head ( a h\se to aboli% t h\se3 he is n p]mitt$ to suppress a cult4 ,no legal presumptive heir to ! head%ip ( a family c ent] into ano!r family z adopt$ son or husb&2 nor c he ab&on ! pat]nal h\se to e/abli% an indep5d5t #chf family ( 8 own499 ,provision has be5 made to meet extraord9>y cases2 b no individual is all[$1 )\t good & suffici5t reason1 to free himself f ^? traditional obligations :i* ! family-cult imposes4 ,z reg>ds adoption1 ! new law ma9ta9s ! _s ( ! old1 ) fre% provision = ! cons]vation ( ! family religion1--p]mitt+ any p]son ( legal age to adopt a son1 on ! simple condition t ! p]son adopt$ %all be y\ng] ?an ! adopt]4 ,! new divorce-laws d n p]mit ! dismissal ( a wife = /]ility alone 7& divorce = su* cause _h long be5 condemn$ by ,japanese s5tim5t72 b1 9 view ( ! facilities giv5 = adoption1 ?is re=m does n endang] ! cont9uance ( ! cult4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! law /ill protects ance/or-wor%ip is furni%$ by ! fact t an ag$ & *ildless wid[1 la/ repres5tative ( h] family1 is n p]mitt$ to rema9 )\t an heir4 ,%e mu/ adopt a son if %e c3 if %e _c1 because ( pov]ty1 or = o!r reasons1 #chg ! local au?orities w provide a son = h]1--t is to say1 a male heir to ma9ta9 ! family-wor%ip4 ,su* (ficial int]f]5ce w\ld seem to u tyrannical3 x is simply pat]nal1 & repres5ts ! cont9uance ( an anci5t regulation int5d$ to protect ! b]eav$ aga9/ :at ,ea/]n fai? /ill deems ! supreme mis=tune1--! ext9ction ( ! home-cult4444 ,9 o!r respects ! lat] codes all[ ( individual lib]ty unkn[n 9 previ\s g5]ations4 ,b ! ord9>y p]son w\ld n dream ( attempt+ to claim a legal "r oppos$ to common op9ion4 ,family & public s5tim5t are /ill m pot5t ?an law4 ,! ,japanese newspap]s frequ5tly record trag$ies result+ f ! prev5tion or dissolution ( unions2 & ^! trag$ies af=d /rong pro( t mo/ "y p w\ld pref] ev5 suicide to ! probable consequ5ce ( a successful appeal to law aga9/ family decision4 99,t is to say1 he _c sep>ate himself f ! family 9 law2 b he is free to live 9 a sep>ate h\se4 ,! t5d5cy to fur!r dis9tegration ( ! family is %[n by a cu/om :i* has be5 gr[+ ( late ye>s1--especially 9 ,tokyo3 ! cu/om ( dem&+1 z a condition ( m>riage1 t ! bride %all n be oblig$ to live 9 ! same h\se ) ! p>5ts ( ! bridegroom4 ,?is cu/om is yet conf9$ to c]ta9 classes1 & has be5 adv]sely criticis$4 ,_m "y m51 on m>ry+1 leave ! p>5tal home to beg9 indep5d5t h\sekeep+1--?\gh rema9+ legally atta*$ to _! p>5ts' families1 ( c\rse4444 ,x w p]haps be ask$1 ,:at becomes ( ! cult 9 su* cases8 ,! cult rema9s 9 ! p>5tal home4 ,:5 ! p>5ts die1 !n ! ance/ral tablets are transf]r$ to ! home ( ! m>ri$ son4 ,! communal =m ( co]cion is less app>5t 9 ! l>ge cities2 b ev]y:]e x endures to "s ext5t1 & 9 ! agricultural di/ricts x rema9s supreme4 ,betwe5 ! new conditions & ! old !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t ! man :o f9ds ! yoke ( 8 di/rict h>d to be> c flee f x3 he c\ld n d s fifty ye>s ago4 ,b he c flee f x only to ent] into ano!r /ate ( subord9ation ( ne>ly ! same k9d4 ,full #chh advantage1 nev]!less1 has be5 tak5 ( ?is mod]n lib]ty ( movem5t3 ?\s&s ye>ly ?rong to ! cities2 o!r ?\s&s travel ov] ! c\ntry1 f prov9ce to prov9ce2 work+ = a ye> or a season 9 "o place1 !n go+ to ano!r1 ) little m to hope = ?an exp]i5ce ( *ange4 ,emigration also has be5 tak+ place ^u an ext5sive scale2 b = ! common class ( emigrants1 at lea/1 ! advantage ( emigration is *iefly repres5t$ by ! *ance ( e>n+ l>g] wages4 ,a ,japanese emigrant community abroad organizes itself ^u ! home-plan299 & ! individual emigrant probably f9ds himself z mu* "u communal co]cion 9 ,canada1 ,hawaii1 or ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 z he c\ld ev] h be5 9 8 native prov9ce4 ,ne$less to say t 9 =eign c\ntries su* co]cion is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! aid & protection :i* ! communal organization insures4 ,b ) ! con/antly increas+ numb] ( re/less spirits at home1 & ! ev] wid5+ exp]i5ce ( ,japanese emigrants abroad1 x w\ld seem likely t ! p[] ( ! commune = compulsory coop]ation mu/ become consid]ably weak5$ 9 ! ne> future4 99,except z reg>ds ! communal cult1 p]haps4 ,! dome/ic cult is transplant$2 emigrants :o g abroad1 accompani$ by _! families1 take ! ance/ral tablets ) !m4 ,to :at ext5t ! communal cult may h be5 e/abli%$ 9 emigrant communities1 ,i h n yet be5 able to le>n4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! abs5ce ( ,ujigami 9 c]ta9 emigrant settlem5ts is to be acc\nt$ = solely by ! pecuni>y difficulty ( con/ruct+ su* temples & ma9ta9+ compet5t (ficials4 ,9 ,=mosa1 = example1 ?\gh ! dome/ic ance/or-cult is ma9ta9$ 9 ! homes ( ! ,japanese settl]s1 ,ujigami h n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,! gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 has erect$ sev]al important ,%9to temples2 & ,i am told t "s ( ^! w probably be conv]t$ into ,ujigami :5 ! ,japanese population has increas$ en\gh to ju/ify ! measure4 #chi ,z = ! tribal or clan law1 x survives to ! degree ( rema9+ almo/ omnipot5t 9 adm9i/rative circles1 & 9 all politics4 ,vot]s1 (ficials1 legislators1 d n foll[ pr9ciples 9 our s5se ( ! ^w3 !y foll[ m51 & obey comm&s4 ,9 ^! sph]es ( action ! p5alties ( disob$i5ce to ord]s are endless z well z s]i\s3 by a s+le su* (f5ce "o may array aga9/ oneself p[]s t w cont9ue _! ho/ile op]ation = ye>s & ye>s1--unreason+ly1 implacably1 bl9dly1 ) ! weight & p]si/5ce ( natural =ces1--( w9ds or tides4 ,any compreh5sion ( ! hi/ory ( ,japanese politics dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s is n possible )\t "s k ( clan-hi/ory4 ,a political lead]1 fully acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( clan-p>ties1 & _! (f%oots1 c accompli% m>vell\s ?+s2 & ev5 =eign resid5ts1 ) long exp]i5ce ( ,japanese life1 h be5 able1 by press+ ^u clan-int]e/s1 to ex]cise a v real p[] 9 gov]nm5t circles4 ,b to ! ord9>y =eign]1 ,japanese contempor>y politics mu/ appe> a *aos1 a dis9tegration1 a hopeless flux4 ,! tru? is t mo/ ?+s rema91 "u v>y+ outw>d =ms1 z all 7 ord]$1 ages s9ce1--?\gh ! #cij %ift+s h become m rapid1 & ! results less obvi\s1 9 ! ha/e ( an era ( /eam & electricity4 ,! greate/ ( liv+ ,japanese /atesm51 ! ,m>quis ,ito1 long ago p]ceiv$ t ! t5d5cy ( political life to agglom]ations1 to clan-gr\p+s1 pres5t$ ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to ! successful work+ ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,he und]/ood t ?is t5d5cy c\ld be oppos$ only by consid]ations weighti] ?an clan-int]e/s1 consid]ations wor?y ( supreme sacrifice4 ,he !re=e =m$ a p>ty ( :i* e memb] 0 pl$g$ to pass ov] clan-int]e/s1 clique-int]e/s1 p]sonal & e o!r k9d ( int]e/s1 = ! sake ( national int]e/s4 ,br\ght into collision ) a ho/ile cab9et 9 #aijc1 ?is p>ty a*iev$ ! feat ( controll+ its animosities ev5 to ! ext5t ( ma9ta9+ its foes 9 p[]2 b l>ge fragm5ts broke (f 9 ! process4 ,s pr(\ndly is ! gr\p+-t5d5cy1 ! clan-s5tim5t1 id5tifi$ ) national "*1 t ! ultimate success ( ,m>quis ,ito's policy mu/ /ill be consid]$ d\btful4 ,only a national dang]--! dang] ( w>1--has yet be5 able to weld all p>ties toge!r1 to make all wills "w z "o4 ,n only politics1 b ne>ly all phases ( mod]n life1 yield evid5ce t ! dis9tegration ( ! old society has be5 sup]ficial r ?an fundam5tal4 ,/ructures dissolv$ h recry/alliz$1 tak+ =ms #cia dissimil> 9 aspect to ! orig9al =ms1 b inw>dly built ^u ! same plan4 ,= ! dissolutions really effect$ repres5t$ only a sep>ation ( masses1 n a break+ up ( sub/ance into indep5d5t units2 & ^! masses1 aga9 coh]+1 cont9ue to act only z masses4 ,indep5d5ce ( p]sonal action1 9 ! ,we/]n s5se1 is /ill almo/ inconceivable4 ,! individual ( e class above ! l[e/ mu/ cont9ue to be at once co]c] & co]c$4 ,l an atom )9 a solid body1 he c vibrate2 b ! orbit ( 8 vibration is fix$4 ,he mu/ act & be act$ ^u 9 ways diff]+ little f ^? ( anci5t "t4 ,z = be+ act$ ^u1 ! av]age man is "u ?ree k9ds ( pressure3 pressure f above1 exemplifi$ 9 ! w ( 8 sup]iors2 pressure ab\t him1 repres5t$ by ! common w ( 8 fell[s & equals2 pressure f bel[1 repres5t$ by ! g5]al s5tim5t ( 8 inf]iors4 ,& ?is la/ sort ( co]cion is n ! lea/ =midable4 ,individual resi/ance to ! fir/ k9d ( pressure--t repres5t$ by au?ority--is n ev5 to be ?\ght (2 because ! sup]ior repres5ts a clan1 a class1 an exce$+ly multiple p[] ( "s description2 & no solit>y individual1 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 c /rive aga9/ a comb9ation4 ,to resi/ inju/ice he mu/ f9d ample support1 9 #cib :i* case 8 resi/ance does n repres5t individual action4 ,resi/ance to ! second k9d ( pressure--communal co]cion --signifies ru91 loss ( ! "r to =m a "p ( ! social body4 ,resi/ance to ! ?ird sort ( pressure1 embodi$ 9 ! common s5tim5t ( inf]iors1 may result 9 almo/ any?+1--f mom5t>y annoyance to sudd5 dea?1--accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 all =ms ( society ^! ?ree k9ds ( pressure are ex]t$ to "s degree2 b 9 ,japanese society1 ow+ to inh]it$ t5d5cy1 & traditional s5tim5t1 _! p[] is trem5d\s4 ,?us1 9 e direction1 ! individual f9ds himself confront$ by ! despotism ( collective op9ion3 x is impossible = him to act ) safety except z "o unit ( a comb9ation4 ,! fir/ k9d ( pressure deprives him ( moral fre$om1 exact+ unlimit$ ob$i5ce to ord]s2 ! second k9d ( pressure d5ies him ! "r to use 8 be/ faculties 9 ! be/ way = 8 own advantage 7t is to say1 d5ies him ! "r ( free competition72 ! ?ird k9d ( pressure compels him1 9 direct+ ! actions ( o!rs1 to foll[ tradition1 to =be> innovations1 to avoid mak+ any *anges1 h[ev] b5eficial1 :i* d n f9d will+ acceptance on ! "p ( 8 inf]iors4 ,^! are ! social conditions :i*1 "u #cic normal circum/ances1 make = /ability1 = cons]vation2 & !y repres5t ! w ( ! dead4 ,!y are inevitable to a militant /ate2 !y make ! /r5g? ( t /ate2 !y r5d] facile ! creation & ma9t5ance ( =midable armies4 ,b !y are n conditions fav\rable to success 9 ! future int]national competition1--9 ! indu/rial /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ societies incomp>ably m pla/ic1 & ( high] m5tal en]gy4 #cid #cie ,,mod]n ,,re/ra9ts ,= ev5 a vague und]/&+ ( mod]n ,japan1 x w be necess>y to consid] ! effect ( ! ?ree =ms ( social co]cion1 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 z re/ra9ts ^u individual en]gy & capacity4 ,all ?ree repres5t survivals ( ! anci5t religi\s responsibility4 ,i %all treat ( !m 9 ord] inv]se1 beg9n+ ) ! "u-pressure4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ by =eign obs]v]s t ! real p[] 9 ,japan is ex]cis$ n f above1 b f bel[4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is ass]tion1 b n all ! tru?3 ! conditions are mu* too complex to be cov]$ by any g5]al /atem5t4 ,:at _c be ga9said is t sup]ior au?ority has always be5 m or less re/ra9$ by t5d5cies to resi/ance f bel[4444 ,at no "t 9 ,japanese hi/ory1 = example1 d ! peasants appe> to h be5 left )\t rec\rse aga9/ excessive oppression1--not)/&+ all ! humiliat+ regulations impos$ on _! exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 suff]$ to frame _! own village-laws1 to e/imate ! possible am\nt ( #cif _! tax-paym5ts1--& to make prote/--?r\gh (ficial *annels--aga9/ unm]ciful exaction4 ,!y 7 made to pay z mu* z !y c\ld2 b !y 7 n r$uc$ to bankruptcy or />vation2 & _! hold+s 7 mo/ly secur$ to !m by laws =bidd+ ! sale or ali5ation ( family prop]ty4 ,su* 0 at lea/ ! g5]al rule4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 wick$ daimyo1 :o treat$ _! f>m]s ) extreme cruelty1 & f\nd ways to prev5t compla9ts or prote/s f rea*+ ! high] au?orities4 ,! almo/ inv>iable result ( su* tyranny 0 revolt2 & ! tyrant 0 !n made responsible = ! disord]1 & puni%$4 ,?\gh d5i$ 9 !ory1 ! "r ( ! peasant to rebel aga9/ oppression 0 respect$ 9 practice2 ! revolt 0 puni%$1 b ! oppressor 0 likewise puni%$4 ,daimyo 7 oblig$ to reckon ) _! f>m]s 9 reg>d to any fre% imposition ( taxes or =c$ lab\r4 ,we also f9d t al?\gh heim9 7 made subject to ! milit>y class1 x 0 possible = artizans & comm]cial folk to =m1 9 ! great cities1 /rong associations by :i* milit>y tyranny 0 kept 9 *eck4 ,ev]y:]e ! rev]5tial def]5ce ( ! common p to au?ority1 z ex]cis$ 9 usual directions1 seems to h be5 accompani$ by an extraord9>y read9ess to defy au?ority ex]cis$ 9 o!r directions4 ,x may seem /range t a society 9 :i* religion #cig & gov]nm5t1 e?ics & cu/om1 7 practically id5tical1 %\ld furni% /rik+ examples ( resi/ance to au?ority4 ,b ! religi\s fact itself supplies ! explanation4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod !re 0 firmly e/abli%$1 9 ! popul> m9d1 ! conviction t implicit ob$i5ce to au?ority 0 ! univ]sal duty "u all ord9>y circum/ances4 ,b ) ?is conviction !re 0 unit$ ano!r1--t resi/ance to au?ority 7except+ ! sacr$ au?ority ( ! ,supreme ,rul]7 0 equally a duty "u extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,& ^! seem+ly oppos$ convictions 7 n really inconsi/5t4 ,s long z rule foll[$ prec$5t1--s long z its comm&s1 h[ev] h>%1 did n conflict ) s5tim5t & tradition1--t rule 0 reg>d$ z religi\s1 & !re 0 absolute submission4 ,b :5 rul]s presum$ to break ) e?ical usage1--9 a _s ( reckless cruelty or gre$1--!n ! p might feel x a religi\s obligation to resi/ ) all ! zeal ( volunt>y m>tyrdom4 ,! dang]-l9e = e =m ( local tyranny 0 dep>ture f prec$5t4 ,ev5 ! conduct ( reg5ts & pr9ces 0 mu* re/ra9$ by ! common op9ion ( _! reta9]s1 & by ! k t c]ta9 k9ds ( arbitr>y conduct 7 likely to provoke assass9ation4 ,def]5ce to ! s5tim5t ( vassals & reta9]s 0 f anci5t "t a necess>y policy ) ,japanese rul]s1--n m]ely because ( ! p]il involv$ #cih by ne$less oppression1 b mu* m because ( ! recognition t duties are well p]=m$ only :5 subord9ates feel assur$ t _! ef=ts w be fairly consid]$1 & t sudd5 ne$less *anges w n be made to _! disadvantage4 ,?is old policy /ill *>act]izes ,japanese adm9i/ration2 & ! def]5ce ( high au?ority to collective op9ion a/oni%es & puzzles ! =eign obs]v]4 ,he p]ceives only t ! cons]vative p[] ( s5tim5t1 z ex]cis$ by gr\ps ( subord9ates1 rema9s successfully oppos$ to ^? conditions ( discipl9e :i* we ?9k indisp5sable to social progress4 ,j z 9 ,old ,japan ! rul] ( a di/rict 0 held1 responsible = ! behavi\r ( 8 subjects1 s to-day1 9 ,new ,japan1 e (ficial 9 *>ge ( a dep>tm5t is held responsible = ! smoo? work+ ( its r\t9e4 ,b ?is does n mean t he is responsible only = ! effici5cy ( a s]vice3 x means t he is held responsible likewise = failure to satisfy ! wi%es ( 8 subord9ates1 or at lea/ ! majority ( 8 subord9ates4 ,if ?is majority be displeas$ ) _! m9i/]1 gov]nor1 presid5t1 manag]1 *ief1 or director1 ! fact is consid]$ pro( ( adm9i/rative incompet5cy4444 ,p]haps educational circles af=d ! mo/ curi\s examples ( ?is old idea ( responsibility4 ,a /ud5t-revolt is commonly suppos$ to mean1 n t ! /ud5ts are intractable1 b t ! sup]9t5d5t or tea*] does n "k #cii 8 bus9ess4 ,?us ! pr9cipal ( a college1 ! director ( a s*ool1 holds 8 (fice only on ! condition t 8 rule gives satisfaction to a majority ( ! /ud5ts4 ,9 ! high] gov]nm5t in/itutions1 ea* pr(essor or lectur] is made responsible = ! success ( 8 lectures4 ,no matt] h[ great may be 8 ability 9 o!r directions1 ! (ficial in/ructor1 unable to make himself lik$ by 8 pupils1 w be got rid ( 9 %ort ord]--unless "s p[]ful protectors int]f]e on 8 behalf4 ,! ef=ts ( ! man w nev] be judg$ 7(ficially7 by any accept$ /&>d ( excell5ce1--nev] e/imat$ by _! intr9sic wor?2 !y w be consid]$ only accord+ to _! direct effect ^u ! av]age ( m9ds499 ,almo/ ev]y:]e ?is antique sy/em ( responsibility is ma9ta9$4 ,a m9i/] ( /ate is by public s5tim5t made responsible n only = ! results ( 8 adm9i/ration1 b likewise = any sc&als or tr\bles t may occur 9 8 dep>tm5t1 indep5d5tly ( ! "q :e!r he c\ld or c\ld n h prev5t$ !m4 ,to a consid]able degree1 !re=e1 x is true t ! ultimate #djj p[] is bel[4 ,! highe/ (ficial is n able ) impunity to impose 8 p]sonal w 9 c]ta9 directions2 &1 = ! "t be+1 x is probably bett] t 8 p[]s are ?us re/ra9$4 99,unju/ z ?is policy mu/ appe> to ! ,we/]n read] 7a policy :i* c]ta9ly presupposes e?ical conditions v diff]5t f our own71 x 0 probably at "o "t ! be/ possible "u ! new ord]4 ,consid]+ ! extraord9>y *anges sudd5ly made 9 ! educational sy/em1 x w be obvi\s t a tea*]'s imm$iate value 0 likely---tw5ty ye>s ago--to dep5d on 8 ability to make 8 tea*+ attractive4 ,if he attempt$ to tea* ei!r above or bel[ ! av]age capacity ( 8 pupils1 or if he made 8 in/ruction unpalatable to m9ds gre$y = new k1 b innoc5t z to me?od1 8 inexp]i5ce c\ld be correct$ by ! w ( 8 class4 ,f above d[nw>ds ?r\gh all ! grades ( society1 ! same sy/em ( responsibility1 & ! same re/ra9ts ^u individual ex]cise ( w1 p]si/ "u v>y+ =ms4 ,! conditions )9 ! h\sehold diff] b little 9 ?is reg>d f ! conditions 9 a gov]nm5t dep>tm5t3 no h\sehold]1 = example1 c impose 8 w1 beyond c]ta9 fix$ limits1 ev5 ^u 8 own s]vants or dep5d5ts4 ,nei!r = love nor money c a good s]vant be induc$ to break ) traditional cu/om2 & ! old op9ion1 t ! value ( a s]vant is prov$ by su* inflexibility1 has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies4 ,popul> s5tim5t rema9s cons]vative2 & ! app>5t zeal = sup]ficial innovation af=ds no indication ( ! real ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,fa%ions & =malities1 h\se-int]iors & /reet-vi/as1 habits & me?ods1 & all ! out] aspects ( life are *ang$2 b ! old regim5tation ( society p]si/s "u all ^! surface-%ift+s2 & ! national "* rema9s little affect$ by all ! trans=mations ( ,meiji4 ,! second k9d ( co]cion to :i* ! individual is subject$ --! communal1 or communi/ic--#dja seems likely to prove mis*iev\s 9 ! ne> future1 z x signifies practical suppression ( ! "r to compete4444 ,! ev]yday life ( any ,japanese city (f]s numb]less sugge/ions ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! masses cont9ue to ?9k & to act by gr\ps4 ,b no m famili> & =cible illu/ration ( ! fact c be cit$ ?an t :i* is furni%$ by ! code ( ! kurumaya or j9riki%a-m54 ,accord+ to its t]ms1 "o runn] mu/ n attempt to pass by ano!r go+ 9 ! same direction4 ,exceptions h be5 made1 grudg+ly1 9 fav\r ( runn]s 9 private employ1--m5 select$ = /r5g? & spe$1 :o are expect$ to use _! physical p[]s to ! utmo/4 ,b among ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( public kurumaya1 x is ! rule t a "y & active man mu/ n pass by an old & feeble man1 nor ev5 by a ne$lessly sl[ & lazy man4 ,to take advantage ( "o's own sup]ior en]gy1 s z to =ce competition1 is an (f5ce aga9/ ! call+1 & c]ta9 to be res5t$4 ,y engage a good runn]1 :om y ord] to make all spe$3 he spr+s away spl5didly1 & keeps up ! pace until he happ5s to ov]take "s weak or lazy pull]1 :o seems to be mov+ z sl[ly z ! gait p]mits4 ,!re)1 in/ead ( b\nd+ by1 y\r man drops imm$iately beh9d ! sl[-go+ vehicle1 & slack5s 8 pace almo/ to a walk4 ,= half an h\r1 or m1 y may be ?us delay$ by ! regulation :i* obliges ! /rong & #djb swift to wait = ! weak & sl[4 ,an angry appeal is made to ! runn] :o d>es to pass ano!r2 & ! idea beh9d ! words might be ?us express$3--,y "k t y are break+ ! rule1--t y are act+ to ! disadvantage ( y\r comrades6 ,?is is a h>d call+2 & our lives w\ld be made h>d] ?an !y are1 if !re 7 no rules to prev5t selfi% competition6 ,( c\rse !re is no ?\ght ( ! consequ5ces ( su* rules to bus9ess int]e/s at l>ge4444 ,n[ x is n unju/ to say t ?is moral code ( ! kurumaya exemplifies an unwritt5 law :i* has be5 always impos$1 9 v>y+ =ms1 ^u e class ( work]s 9 ,japan3 ,y mu/ n try1 )\t special au?orization1 to pass y\r fell[s4 444 ,la c>ri]e e/ ouv]te aux tal5ts--mais la concurr5ce e/ def5due6 ,( c\rse ! mod]n communal re/ra9t ^u free competition repres5ts ! survival & ext5sion ( t altrui/ic _s :i* rul$ ! anci5t society1--n ! m]e cont9uance ( any fix$ cu/om4 ,9 feudal times !re 7 no kurumaya2 b all craftsm5 & all lab\r]s =m$ guilds or companies2 & ! discipl9e ma9ta9$ by ^? guilds or companies prohibit$ competition z und]tak5 = m]ely p]sonal advantage4 ,simil> or ne>ly simil> =ms ( organization are ma9ta9$ by artizans & lab\r]s to-day2 & ! relation #djc ( any outside employ] to skill$ lab\r is regulat$1 by ! guild or company1 9 ! old communi/ic mann]4444 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 t y wi% to h a good h\se built4 ,= t und]tak+1 y w h to deal ) a v intellig5t class ( skill$ lab\r2 = ! ,japanese h\se-c>p5t] may be rank$ ) ! arti/ almo/ z mu* z ) ! artizan4 ,y may apply to a build+-company2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 y w d bett] by apply+ to a ma/]-c>p5t]1 :o comb9es 9 himself ! functions ( ar*itect1 contractor1 & build]4 ,9 any ev5t y _c select & hire workm53 guild-regulations =bid4 ,y c only make y\r contract2 & ! ma/]-c>p5t]1 :5 8 plans h be5 approv$1 w und]take all ! re/1--pur*ase & transport ( mat]ial1--hire ( c>p5t]s1 pla/]]s1 til]s1 mat-mak]s1 scre5-fitt]s1 brass-work]s1 /one-cutt]s1 locksmi?s1 & glazi]s4 ,= ea* ma/]-c>p5t] repres5ts mu* m ?an 8 own craft-guild3 he has 8 cli5ts 9 e trade relat$ to h\se-build+ & h\se-furni%+2 & y mu/ n dream ( try+ to int]f]e ) 8 claims & privileges4 ,he builds y\r h\se accord+ to contract2 b t is only ! beg9n+ ( ! relation4 ,y h really made ) him an agreem5t :i* y mu/ n break1 )\t good & suffici5t reason1 = ! re/ ( y\r life4 ,:atev] aft]w>ds may happ5 to any "p #djd ( y\r h\se1--walls1 floor1 ceil+1 ro(1 f\ndation1--y mu/ arrange = repairs ) him1 nev] ) anybody else4 ,%\ld ! ro( leak1 = in/ance1 y mu/ n s5d = ! ne>e/ til] or t9smi?2 if ! pla/] cracks1 y mu/ n s5d = a pla/]]4 ,! man :o built y\r h\se holds himself responsible = its condition2 & he is jeal\s ( t responsibility3 none b he has ! "r to s5d = ! pla/]]1 ! ro(]1 ! t9smi?4 ,if y int]f]e ) t "r1 y may h "s unpleasant surprises4 ,if y make appeal to ! law aga9/ t "r1 y w f9d t y c get no c>p5t]1 til]1 or pla/]] to "w = y at any t]ms4 ,compromise is always possible2 b ! guilds w res5t a ne$less appeal to ! law4 ,& aft] all1 ^! craft-guilds are usually fai?ful p]=m]s1 & well wor? conciliat+4 ,or take ! occupation ( l&scape-g>d5+4 ,y want a pretty g>d52 & y hire a pr(essional g>d5] :o comes to y well recomm5d$4 ,he makes ! g>d52 & y pay 8 price4 ,b y\r g>d5] really repres5ts a company2 & by engag+ him x is und]/ood t ei!r he1 or "s o!r memb] ( ! g>d5]s' corporation to :i* he belongs1 w cont9ue to take c>e ( y\r g>d5 z long z y own x4 ,at ea* season he w pay y\r g>d5 a visit1 & put ev]y?+ to rights--he w clip ! h$ges1 prune ! fruit trees1 #dje repair ! f5ces1 tra9 ! climb+-plants1 look aft] ! fl[]s1--putt+ up pap] awn+s to protect delicate %rubs f ! sun dur+ ! hot season1 or mak+ little t5ts ( /raw to %elt] !m 9 "t ( fro/2--he w d a hundr$ useful & +5i\s ?+s = a v small remun]ation4 ,y _c dismiss him1 h[ev]1 )\t good reason1 & hire ano!r g>d5] to take 8 place4 ,no o!r g>d5] w\ld s]ve y at any price1 unless assur$ t ! orig9al relation _h be5 dissolv$ by mutual cons5t4 ,if y h j cause = compla9t1 ! matt] c be settl$ ?r\gh arbitration2 & ! guild w see t y h no fur!r tr\ble4 ,b y _c dismiss y\r g>d5] )\t cause1 m]ely to engage ano!r4 ,! above examples w suffice to %[ ! "* ( ! old communi/ic organization :i* is yet ma9ta9$ 9 a hundr$ =ms4 ,?is communism suppress$ competition1 except z betwe5 gr\ps2 b x insur$ good "w1 & secur$ easy conditions = ! workman4 ,x 0 ! be/ sy/em possible 9 ^? ages ( isolation :5 !re 0 no su* ?+ z want1 & :5 ! population1 = yet undet]m9$ causes1 appe>s to h rema9$ always bel[ ! num]ical level at :i* s]i\s pressure beg9s4444 ,ano!r int]e/+ survival is repres5t$ by exi/+ conditions ( appr5tice%ip #djf & s]vice1--conditions :i* also orig9at$ 9 ! patri>*al organization1 & impos$ o!r k9ds ( re/ra9t ^u competition4 ,"u ! old regime s]vice 01 = ! mo/ "p1 unsal>i$4 ,boys tak5 into a comm]cial h\se to le>n ! bus9ess1 or appr5tices b\nd to a ma/]-workman1 7 bo>d$1 lodg$1 clo!d1 & ev5 educat$ by _! patron1 ) :om !y might hope to pass ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,b !y 7 n paid wages until !y _h le>n$ ! bus9ess or ! trade ( _! employ]1 & 7 fully capable ( manag+ a bus9ess or a work%op ( _! own4 ,to a consid]able degree ^! conditions /ill prevail 9 comm]cial c5tres1--?\gh ! m]*ant or patron seldom n[ f9ds x necess>y to s5d 8 cl]k or appr5tice to s*ool4 ,_m ( ! great comm]cial h\ses pay sal>ies only to m5 ( great exp]i5ce3 o!r employes are only tra9$ & c>$ = until _! t]m ( s]vice ends1 :5 ! mo/ clev] among !m w be re5gag$ z exp]ts1 & ! o!rs help$ to />t 9 bus9ess = !mselves4 ,9 l mann] ! appr5tice to a trade1 :5 8 t]m expires1 may be re5gag$ by 8 ma/] z a hir$ j\rneyman1 or help$ to f9d p]man5t employ else:]e4 ,^! pat]nal & filial relations betwe5 employ] & employ$ h help$ to make life pleasant & lab\r *e]ful2 & ! quality ( all indu/rial production mu/ suff] mu* :5 !y disappe>4 #djg ,ev5 9 private dome/ic s]vice ! patri>*al sy/em /ill prevails to a degree t is little imag9$2 & ?is subject des]ves m ?an a pass+ m5tion4 ,i ref] especially to female s]vice4 ,! maid-s]vant1 accord+ to ! old cu/om1 is n prim>ily responsible to h] employ]s1 b to h] own family2 & ! t]ms ( h] s]vice mu/ be arrang$ ) h] family1 :o pl$ge !mselves = _! daught]'s good behavi\r4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a nice girl does n seek dome/ic s]vice = ! sake ( ! wages 7:i* x is n[ ! cu/om to pay71 nor = ! sake ( a liv+1 b *iefly to prep>e h]self = m>riage2 & ?is prep>ation is desir$ z mu* 9 ! hope ( do+ cr$it to h] own family1 z 9 ! hope ( bett] fitt+ h]self = memb]%ip 9 ! family ( h] future husb&4 ,! be/ s]vants are c\ntry girls2 & !y are sometimes put out to s]vice v "y4 ,p>5ts are c>eful ab\t *oos+ ! family into :i* _! daught] ?us ent]s3 !y p>ticul>ly desire t ! h\se be "o 9 :i* a girl c le>n nice ways1--!re=e a h\se 9 :i* ?+s are ord]$ accord+ to ! old etiquette4 ,a good girl expects to be treat$ r z a help] ?an z a hirel+1--to be k9dly consid]$1 & tru/$1 & lik$4 ,9 an old-fa%ion$ h\sehold ! maid is inde$ s treat$2 & ! relation is n a brief "o--f ?ree to five ye>s be+ ! t]m ( s]vice usually agre$ ^u4 ,b :5 a girl is #djh tak5 into s]vice at ! age ( elev5 or twelve1 %e w probably rema9 = eight or t5 ye>s4 ,besides wages1 %e is entitl$ to receive f h] employ]s ! gift ( a dress1 twice e ye>1 besides o!r necess>y articles ( clo?+2 & %e is entitl$ also to a c]ta9 numb] ( holidays4 ,su* wages1 or pres5ts 9 money1 z %e receives1 %\ld enable h] to provide h]self1 by degrees1 ) a good w>drobe4 ,except 9 ! ev5t ( "s extraord9>y mis=tune1 h] p>5ts w make no claim ^u h] wages2 b %e rema9s subject to !m2 & :5 %e is call$ home to be m>ri$1 %e mu/ g4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( h] s]vice1 ! s]vices ( h] family are also at ! disposal ( h] employ]s4 ,ev5 if ! mi/ress or ma/] desire no recognition ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 ! girl1 "s recognition w c]ta9ly be made4 ,if ! s]vant be a f>m]'s daught]1 x is probable t gifts ( vegetables1 fruits1 or fruit trees1 g>d5-plants or o!r c\ntry products1 w be s5t to ! h\se at int]vals fix$ by cu/om2--if ! p>5ts belong to ! artizan-class1 x is likely t "s cr$itable example ( h&icraft w be pres5t$ z a tok5 ( gratitude4 ,! gratitude ( ! p>5ts is n = ! wages or ! dresses giv5 to _! daught]1 b = ! practical education %e receives1 & = ! moral & mat]ial c>e tak5 ( h]1 z a tempor>ily adopt$ *ild ( ! h\se4 ,! employ]s may reciprocate su* att5tions #dji on ! "p ( ! p>5ts by contribut+ to ! girl's w$d+ outfit4 ,! relation1 x w be obs]v$1 is entirely betwe5 families1 n betwe5 individuals2 & x is a p]man5t relation4 ,su* a relation1 9 feudal ages1 might cont9ue ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,! patri>*al conditions :i* ^! survivals exemplify help$ to make exi/5ce easy & happy4 ,only f a mod]n po9t ( view is x possible to criticise !m4 ,! wor/ t c be said ab\t !m is t _! moral value 0 *iefly cons]vative1 & t !y t5d$ to repress ef=t 9 new directions4 ,b :]e !y /ill endure1 ,japanese life keeps some?+ ( its anci5t *>m2 & :]e !y h disappe>$1 t *>m has vani%$ =ev]4 ,!re rema9s to be consid]$ a ?ird =m ( re/ra9t1--t ex]cis$ ^u ! individual by (ficial au?ority4 ,?is also pres5ts u ) v>i\s survivals1 :i* h _! bright z well z _! d>k aspects4 ,we h se5 t ! individual has be5 legally fre$ f mo/ ( ! obligations impos$ by ! anci5t law4 ,he is no long] oblig$ to foll[ a p>ticul> occupation2 he is able to travel2 he is at lib]ty to m>ry into a high] or a l[] class ?an 8 own2 he is n ev5 =bidd5 to *ange 8 religion2 he c d a great _m ?+s--at 8 own #daj risk4 ,b :]e ! law leaves him free1 ! family & ! community d n2 & ! p]si/5ce ( old s5tim5t & cu/om nullifies _m ( ! rights legally conf]r$4 ,precisely 9 ! same way1 8 relations to high] au?ority are /ill controll$ by traditions :i* ma9ta91 9 despite ( con/itutional law1 _m ( ! anci5t re/ra9ts1 & n a little ( ! anci5t co]cion4 ,9 !ory any man ( great tal5t & en]gy may rise1 f rank to rank1 up to ! highe/ positions4 ,b z private life is /ill controll$ to no small degree by ! old communism1 s public life is yet controll$ by survivals ( class or clan despotism4 ,! *ances = ability to rise )\t assi/ance1 to w9 its way to rank & p[]1 are extraord9>ily small2 s9ce to cont5d alone aga9/ an opposition t ?9ks by gr\ps1 & acts by masses1 mu/ be almo/ hopeless4 ,only comm]cial or indu/rial life n[ (f]s really fair opportunities to capable m54 ,! few tal5t$ p]sons ( humble orig9 :o d succe$ 9 (ficial directions owe _! success *iefly to p>ty-help or clan-patronage3 9 ord] to =ce any recognition ( p]sonal ability1 gr\p mu/ be oppos$ to gr\p4 ,alone1 no man is likely to accompli% any?+ by m]e =ce ( competition1 outside ( trade or comm]ce4444 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t individual tal5t mu/ 9 e c\ntry enc\nt] _m =ms ( opposition4 ,x is likewise true t ! malevol5ce ( envy & ! brutalities ( class-prejudice #daa h _! sociological wor?3 !y help to make x impossible = any b ! mo/ gift$ to w9 & to keep success4 ,b 9 ,japan ! peculi> con/itution ( society l5ds excessive p[] to social intrigues direct$ aga9/ obscure ability1 & makes !m highly injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( ! nation2--= at no previ\s "t 9 h] hi/ory has ,japan ne$$1 s mu* z n[1 ! be/ capacities ( h] be/ m51 irrespective ( class or condition4 ,b all ?is 0 inevitable 9 ! p]iod ( recon/ruction4 ,m significant is ! fact t 9 no s+le dep>tm5t ( its multitud9\s s]vice does ! ,gov]nm5t yet (f] sub/antial rew>d to ris+ m]it4 ,no matt] h[ well a man may /rive to w9 ,gov]nm5t approbation1 he mu/ /rive = little m ?an hon\r & ! b>e means ( exi/5ce4 ,! co/lie/ ef=ts are no m highly paid 9 proportion to _! wor? ?an ! *eape/2 ! mo/ invaluable s]vices are sc>cely bett] recogniz$ ?an ^? mo/ easily disp5s$ ) or replac$4 7,!re h be5 "s rem>kable exceptions3 ,i am /at+ only ! g5]al rule47 ,by extraord9>y en]gy1 pati5ce1 & clev]ness1 "o may rea*1 ) class-help1 "s position :i* 9 ,europe w\ld assure com=t z well z hon\r2 b ! emolum5ts ( su* a position 9 ,japan w sc>cely cov] ! actual co/ ( liv+4 ,:e!r 9 ! army or 9 ! navy1 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ju/ice1 ( education1 ( communications1 or ( #dab home affairs1--! diff]5ces 9 remun]ation n[h]e repres5t ! diff]5ces 9 capacity & responsibility4 ,to rise f grade to grade signifies pecuni>ily almo/ no?+1--= ! exp5ses ( ea* high] position augm5t out ( all proportion to ! sal>ies fix$ by law4 ,! g5]al rule has be5 to exact ev]y:]e ! greate/ possible am\nt ( s]vice = ! lea/ possible am\nt ( pay499 ,any "o unacqua9t$ ) ! social hi/ory #dac ( ! c\ntry might suppose t ! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t t[>d its employes consi/$ 9 sub/itut+ empty hon\rs = mat]ial advantages4 ,b ! tru? is t ! ,gov]nm5t has simply ma9ta9$1 "u mod]n =ms1 ! anci5t feudal condition ( s]vice1--s]vice 9 ex*ange = ! means ( simple b hon\rable liv+4 ,9 feudal times ! f>m] 0 expect$ to pay all t he c\ld pay = ! "r to exi/2 ! arti/ or artizan 0 expect$ to cont5t himself ) ! good =tune ( hav+ a di/+ui%$ patron2 ev5 ! ord9>y samurai 7 suppli$ ) b>ely m ?an ! necess>y by _! liege-lords4 ,to receive consid]ably m ?an ! necess>y signifi$ extraord9>y fav\r2 & ! gift 0 usually accompani$ by promotion4 ,b al?\gh ! same policy is yet successfully ma9ta9$ by ,gov]nm5t1 "u ! mod]n sy/em ( money-paym5ts1 ! conditions ev]y:]e1 outside ( comm]cial life1 are incomp>ably h>d] ?an 9 feudal times4 ,!n ! poore/ samurai 0 secur$ aga9/ want1 & n liable to be dismiss$ f 8 po/ )\t fault4 ,!n ! tea*] receiv$ no sal>y2 b ! respect ( ! community & ! gratitude ( 8 pupils assur$ him ( ! means to live #dad respectably4 ,!n ! artizans 7 patroniz$ by great lords :o vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( humble g5ius4 ,!y might expect ! g5ius to be satisfi$ ) m]ely nom9al paym5t1 s f> z money 0 conc]n$2 b !y secur$ him aga9/ want or discom=t1 all[$ him ample leisure to p]fect 8 "w1 made him happy 9 ! c]ta9ty t 8 be/ w\ld be priz$ & prais$4 ,b n[ t ! co/ ( liv+ has tripl$ or quadrupl$1 ev5 ! arti/ & ! artizan h small enc\ragem5t to d _! be/3 *eap rapid "w is replac+ ! beautiful leisurely "w ( ! old days2 & ! be/ traditions ( ! crafts are doom$ to p]i%4 ,x _c ev5 be said t ! /ate ( ! agricultural classes to-day is happi] or bett] ?an 9 ! "t :5 a f>m]'s l& c\ld n legally be tak5 f him4 ,& z ! co/ ( life cont9ues always to increase1 x is evid5t t at no di/ant "t1 ! pres5t pati5t ord] ( ?+s w become impossible4 99,sal>ies ( judges range f #gj p\nds to #ejj p\nds p] annum1--! latt] figure repres5t+ ! highe/ possible emolum5t4 ,! highe/ sal>y all[$ to a ,japanese pr(essor 9 ! imp]ial univ]sities has be5 fix$ at #abj p\nds4 ,! wages ( employees 9 ! po/al dep>tm5ts is b>ely suffici5t to meet ! co/ ( liv+4 ,! police are paid f #a p\nd to #a p\nd #ajs4 p] mon?1 accord+ to locality2 & ! av]age pay ( s*ool-tea*]s is yet l[] 7be+ #i y5 #ej s51 or ab\t #ais4 p] mon?71--_m receiv+ less ?an #gs4 a mon?4 ,read]s may be int]e/$ 9 ! foll[+ table ( army-paym5ts 7#aijd73-- ,,mon?ly ,,pay ,,all[ance ,,= ,,total ,,h\se-,,r5t y5 y5 y5 ,g5]al #ejj 7#ej p\nds7 #be3jj #ebe3jj ,lieut5ant-,g5]al #ccc #ah3ge #cea3ge ,major-,g5]al #bfc #ab3ej #bge3ej ,colonel #agi #aj3jj #ahi3jj ,lieut5ant-,colonel #adf #h3ge #aed3ge ,major #ajb #g3ej #aji3ej ,capta9 7#a/ grade7 #gj #d3ge #gd3ge 7#bnd grade7 #fj #d3ge #fd3ge ,lieut5ant 7#a/ grade7 #de #d3jj #di3jj 7#bnd grade7 #cd #d3jj #ch3jj ,second ,lieut5ant #cj #c3ej #cc3ej ,:5 ^! rates ( pay 7 fix$1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 h\se-r5t 0 *eap3 a good h\se c\ld be r5t$ any:]e at #c ,y5 or #d ,y5 p] mon?4 ,to-day 9 ,tokyo an (fic] c sc>cely r5t ev5 a v small h\se at less ?an #ai y5 or #bj y52 & prices ( food-/uffs h tripl$4 ,yet !re h be5 v few compla9ts4 ,(fic]s ^: pay w n all[ !m to r5t h\ses hire rooms :]ev] !y c4 ,_m suff] h>d%ip2 b all are pr\d ( ! privilege ( s]v+1 & no "o dreams ( resign+4 ,to _m x w\ld seem t a wise gov]nm5t mu/ recognize ! impracticability ( indef9itely ma9ta9+ its pres5t dem& = self-sacrifice1 mu/ p]ceive ! necessity ( enc\rag+ tal5t1 invit+ fair competition1 & mak+ ! prizes ( life l>ge en\gh to /imulate heal?y egoism4 ,b x is possible t ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 act+ m wisely ?an outw>d appe>ances w\ld indicate4 ,sev]al ye>s ago a ,japanese (ficial made 9 #dae my pres5ce ?is curi\s obs]vation3 ,our ,gov]nm5t does n wi% to enc\rage competition beyond ! necess>y4 ,! p are n prep>$ = x2 & if x 7 /rongly enc\rag$1 ! wor/ side ( "* w\ld came to ! surface4 ,h[ f> ?is /atem5t really express$ any policy ,i d n "k4 ,b e "o is aw>e t free competition c be made z cruel & z pitiless z w>1--?\gh we are apt to =get :at exp]i5ce mu/ h be5 und]gone be=e ,occid5tal free competition c\ld become z comp>atively m]ciful1 z x is4 ,among a p tra9$ = c5turies to reg>d all selfi% competition z crim9al1 & all pr(it-seek+ despicable1 any sudd5 /imulation ( ef=t = purely p]sonal advantage might well be impolitic4 ,evid5ce z to h[ little ! nation 0 prep>$1 twelve or ?irte5 ye>s ago1 = ,we/]n =ms ( free gov]nm5t1 has be5 furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( ! e>li] di/rict-elections & ( ! fir/ p>liam5t>y sessions4 ,!re 0 really no p]sonal enmity 9 ^? furi\s election-conte/s1 :i* co/ s _m lives2 !re 0 sc>cely any p]sonal antagonism 9 ^? p>liam5t>y debates ( :i* ! viol5ce a/oni%$ /rang]s4 ,! political /ruggles 7 n really betwe5 individuals1 b betwe5 clan-int]e/s1 or p>ty-int]e/s2 & ! devot$ foll[]s ( ea* clan or p>ty und]/ood ! new politics only z a new k9d ( w>1--a w> ( loyalty to be f\ght = ! lead]'s sake1 #daf--;a w> n to be int]f]$ ) by any ab/ract notions ( "r or ju/ice4 ,suppose t a p h be5 always accu/om$ to ?9k ( loyalty 9 relation to p]sons r ?an to pr9ciples1--loyalty z involv+ ! duty ( self-sacrifice reg>dless ( consequ5ce1--x is obvi\s t ! fir/ exp]im5ts ( su* a p ) p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t w n reveal any compreh5sion ( fair play 9 ! ,we/]n s5se4 ,ev5tually t compreh5sion may come2 b x w n come quickly4 ,& if y c p]suade su* a p t 9 o!r matt]s e man has a "r to act accord+ to 8 own convictions1 & = 8 own advantage1 indep5d5tly ( any gr\p to :i* he may belong1 ! imm$iate result w n be =tunate1--because ! s5se ( individual moral responsibility has n yet be5 suffici5tly cultivat$ outside ( ! gr\p-relation4 ,! probable tru? is t ! /r5g? ( ! gov]nm5t up to ! pres5t "t has be5 *iefly due to ! cons]vation ( anci5t me?ods1 & to ! survival ( ! anci5t _s ( rev]5tial submission4 ,lat] on1 no d\bt1 great *anges w h to be made2 mean:ile1 mu* mu/ be bravely endur$4 ,p]haps ! future hi/ory ( mod]n civilization w hold record ( no?+ m t\*+ ?an ! pati5t h]oism ( ^? myriads ( ,japanese patriots1 cont5t to accept1 "u legal #dag conditions ( fre$om1 ! (ficial s]vitude ( feudal days1--satisfi$ to give _! tal5t1 _! /r5g?1 _! utmo/ ef=t1 _! lives1 = ! simple privilege ( obey+ a gov]nm5t t /ill accepts all sacrifices 9 ! feudal _s--z a matt] ( c\rse1--z a national duty4 ,& z a national duty1 inde$1 ! sacrifices are made4 ,all "k t ,japan is 9 dang]1 betwe5 ! t]rible fri5d%ip ( ,engl& & ! t]rible enmity ( ,russia1--t %e is poor1--t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ h] armam5ts is /ra9+ h] res\rces1--t x is ev]ybody's duty to be cont5t ) z little z possible4 ,s ! compla9ts are n _m4444 ,nor has ! simple ob$i5ce ( ! nation at l>ge be5 less t\*+1--especially1 p]haps1 z reg>ds ! imp]ial ord] to acquire ,we/]n k1 to le>n ,we/]n languages1 to imitate ,we/]n ways4 ,only ^? :o h liv$ 9 ,japan dur+ or be=e ! e>ly n9eties are qualifi$ to speak ( ! loyal eag]ness t made self-de/ruction by ov]-/udy a common =m ( dea?1--! passionate ob$i5ce t impell$ ev5 *ildr5 to ru9 _! heal? 9 ! ef=t to ma/] tasks too difficult = _! little m9ds 7tasks devis$ by well-mean+ advis]s ) no k ( ,f>-,ea/]n psy*ology71--& ! /range c\rage ( p]si/5ce 9 p]iods ( e>?quake & conflagration1 :5 boys & girls us$ ! tiles ( _! ru9$ homes = s*ool-slates1 & bits ( fall5 pla/] = p5cils4 ,:at #dah trag$ies ,i might relate ev5 ( ! high] educational life ( univ]sities6--( f9e bra9s giv+ way "u pressure ( "w beyond ! capacity ( ! av]age ,european /ud5t1--( triumphs won 9 ! tee? ( dea?1--( /range f>ewells f pupils 9 ! "t ( ! dread$ exam9ations1 z :5 "o said to me3 ,sir1 ,i am v mu* afraid t my pap] is bad1 because ,i came out ( ! hospital to make x--!re is some?+ ! matt] ) my he>t4 7,8 diploma 0 plac$ 9 8 h&s sc>cely an h\r be=e he di$47 444 ,& all ?is /riv+--/riv+ n only aga9/ difficulties ( /udy1 b 9 mo/ cases aga9/ difficulties ( pov]ty1 & und]fe$+1 & discom=t--has be5 only = duty1 & ! means to live4 ,to e/imate ! ,japanese /ud5t by 8 errors1 8 failures1 8 incapacity to compreh5d s5tim5ts & ideas ali5 to ! exp]i5ce ( 8 race1 is ! mi/ake ( ! %all[3 to judge him rightly "o mu/ h le>n$ to "k ! sil5t moral h]oism ( :i* he is capable4 #dai ,,(ficial ,,education ,! ext5t to :i* national "* has be5 fix$ by ! discipl9e ( c5turies1 & ! ext5t or its extraord9>y capacity to resi/ *ange1 is p]haps mo/ /rik+ly indicat$ by c]ta9 results ( ,/ate education4 ,! :ole nation is be+ educat$1 ) ,gov]nm5t help1 ^u a ,european plan2 & ! full programme includes ! *ief subjects ( ,we/]n /udy1 except+ ,greek & ,lat9 classics4 ,f ,k9d]g>t5 to ,univ]sity ! entire sy/em is mod]n 9 outw>d seem+2 yet ! effect ( ! new education is mu* less m>k$ 9 ?\ght & s5tim5t ?an might be suppos$4 ,?is fact is n to be expla9$ m]ely by ! l>ge place :i* old ,*9ese /udy /ill occupies 9 ! obligatory programme1 nor by diff]5ces ( belief--x is mu* m due to ! fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! ,japanese & ! ,european conceptions ( education z means to an end4 ,9 spite ( new sy/em & programme ! :ole ( ,japanese education is /ill conduct$ ^u a traditional plan almo/ ! exact opposite ( ! ,we/]n plan4 ,) u1 ! repressive "p ( moral tra9+ beg9s 9 e>ly *ildhood--! ,european or ,am]ican tea*] is /rict ) ! little #dbj ones2 we ?9k t x is important to inculcate ! duties ( behavi\r1--! mu/ & ! mu/ n ( individual obligation1--z soon z possible4 ,lat] on1 m lib]ty is all[$4 ,! well-gr[n boy is made to und]/& t 8 future w dep5d ^u 8 p]sonal ef=t & capacity2 & he is !reaft] left1 9 a great measure1 to take c>e ( himself1 be+ occasionally admoni%$ or w>n$1 z seems ne$ful4 ,f9ally1 ! adult /ud5t ( promise & "* may become ! intimate1 or1 "u happy circum/ances1 ev5 ! fri5d ( 8 tutor1 to :om he c look = c\nsel 9 all difficult situations4 ,& ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( m5tal & moral tra9+ competition is n only expect$1 b requir$4 ,b x is m & m requir$ z discipl9e is m & m relax$1 ) ! pass+ ( boyhood into manhood4 ,! aim ( ,we/]n education is ! cultivation ( individual ability & p]sonal "*1--! creation ( an indep5d5t & =ceful be+4 ,n[ ,japanese education has always be5 conduct$1 &1 9 spite ( sup]ficial appe>ances1 is /ill be+ conduct$1 mo/ly ^u ! rev]se plan4 ,its object nev] has be5 to tra9 ! individual = indep5d5t action1 b to tra9 him = coop]ative action1--to fit him to occupy an exact place 9 ! me*anism ( a rigid society4 ,con/ra9t among ourselves beg9s ) *ildhood1 & gradually relaxes2 con/ra9t 9 ,f>-,ea/]n tra9+ beg9s lat]1 #dba & !reaft] gradually tight5s2 & x is n a con/ra9t impos$ directly by p>5ts or tea*]s--:i* fact1 z we %all pres5tly see1 makes an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 results4 ,n m]ely up to ! age ( s*ool-life1--suppos$ to beg9 at six ye>s1--b consid]ably beyond x1 a ,japanese *ild enjoys a degree ( lib]ty f> great] ?an is all[$ to ,occid5tal *ildr54 ,exceptional cases are common1 ( c\rse2 b ! g5]al rule is t ! *ild be p]mitt$ to d z he pleases1 provid+ t 8 conduct c cause no injury to himself or to o!rs4 ,he is gu>d$1 b n con/ra9$2 admoni%$1 b r>ely compell$4 ,9 %ort1 he is all[$ to be s mis*iev\s t1 z a ,japanese prov]b says1 ev5 ! holes by ! roadside hate a boy ( sev5 or eight ye>s old99 99,by =m] cu/om a newly-born *ild 0 said to be "o ye> old2 & 9 ?is case ! words sev5 or eight ye>s old mean six or sev5 ye>s old4 7,nanatsu1 yatsu--mi*ibata no ana desaimon nikumu74 ,puni%m5t is adm9i/]$ only :5 absolutely necess>y2 & on su* occasions1 by anci5t cu/om1 ! entire h\sehold--s]vants & all--int]c$e = ! (f5d]2 ! little bro!rs & si/]s1 if any !re be1 begg+ 9 turn to be> ! p5alty in/ead4 ,:ipp+ is n a common puni%m5t1 except among ! r\ghe/ classes2 ! moxa is pref]r$ z a det]r5t2 & x is a sev]e "o4 ,to fright5 a *ild by l\d h>% words1 or angry looks1 is condemn$ by g5]al op9ion3 all puni%m5t ought #dbb to be inflict$ z quietly z possible1 ! puni%] calmly admoni%+ ! :ile4 ,to slap a *ild ab\t ! head1 = any reason1 is a pro( ( vulg>ity & ignorance4 ,x is n cu/om>y to puni% by re/ra9+ f play1 or by a *ange ( diet1 or by any d5ial ( accu/om$ pleasures4 ,to be p]fectly pati5t ) *ildr5 is ! e?ical law4 ,at s*ool ! discipl9e beg9s2 b x is at fir/ s v light t x c h>dly be call$ discipl9e3 ! tea*] does n act z a ma/]1 b r z an eld] bro!r2 & !re is no puni%m5t beyond a public admonition4 ,:atev] re/ra9t exi/s is *iefly ex]t$ on ! *ild by ! common op9ion ( 8 class2 & a skilful tea*] is able to direct t op9ion4 ,also ea* class is nom9ally gov]n$ by "o or two little capta9s1 select$ = "* & intellig5ce2 & :5 a disagreeable ord] has to be giv51 x is ! *ild-capta91 ! kyu*o1 :o is commission$ ) ! duty ( giv+ x4 7,^! little details are wor?y ( note3 ,i cite !m only to %[ h[ e>ly 9 s*ool-life beg9s ! discipl9e ( op9ion1 ! pressure ( ! common w1 & h[ p]fectly ?is policy accords ) ! e?ical traditions ( ! race47 ,9 high] classes ! pressure slightly increases2 & 9 high] s*ools x is v mu* /rong]2 ! rul+ p[] always be+ class-s5tim5t1 n ! individual w ( ! tea*]4 ,9 middle s*ools ! pupils become s]i\s3 class-op9ion !re atta9s a =ce to :i* ! tea*] #dbc himself mu/ b5d1 z x is q capable ( expell+ him = any attempt to ov]ride x4 ,ea* middle-s*ool class has its elect$ (fic]s1 :o repres5t & en=ce ! moral code ( ! majority1--! traditional /&>d ( conduct4 7,?is moral /&>d is det]iorat+2 b x survives ev]y:]e to "s degree47 ,fight+ or bully+ are yet unkn[n 9 ,japanese s*ools ( ?is grade = obvi\s reasons3 !re c be little indulg5ce ( p]sonal ang]1 & no attempt at p]sonal dom9ation1 "u a discipl9e en=c+ a uni=m mann] ( behavi\r4 ,x is nev] ! dom9ation ( ! "o ov] ! _m t regulates class-life3 x is always ! rule ( ! _m ov] ! "o1--& ! p[] is =midable4 ,! /ud5t :o consci\sly or unconsci\sly (f5ds class-s5tim5t w sudd5ly f9d himself isolat$1--condemn$ to absolute solitude4 ,no "o w speak to him or notice him ev5 outside ( ! s*ool1 until su* "t z he decides to make a public apology1 :5 8 p>don w dep5d ^u a majority-vote4 ,su* tempor>y o/racism is n unreasonably fe>$1 because x is reg>d$ ev5 outside ( /ud5t-circles z a disgrace2 & ! memory ( x w cl+ to ! (f5d] dur+ ! re/ ( 8 c>e]4 ,h[ev] high he may rise 9 (ficial or pr(essional life 9 aft] ye>s1 ! fact t he 0 once condemn$ by ! g5]al op9ion ( 8 s*oolmates w n be =gott51--?\gh circum/ances may occur #dbd :i* w turn ! fact to 8 cr$it4444 ,9 ! great ,gov]nm5t s*ools--to "o ( :i* ! /ud5t may proce$ aft] graduat+ f a middle-s*ool--class-discipl9e is /ill m sev]e4 ,! in/ructors are mo/ly (ficials look+ = promotion3 ! /ud5ts are gr[n m51 prep>+ = ! ,univ]sity1 & de/9$1 ) few exceptions1 = public (fice4 ,9 ?is quietly & coldly ord]$ _w !re is little place = ! joy ( y\?1 & small opportunity = sympa!tic expansion4 ,!re are ga!r+s & societies2 b ^! are arrang$ or e/abli%$ = practical purposes--*iefly 9 relation to p>ticul> bran*es ( /udy2 !re is little "t = m]ry-mak+1 & less incl9ation4 ,"u all circum/ances1 a c]ta9 =mal demean\r is exact$ by tradition1--a tradition old] by f> ?an any public s*ool4 ,ev]ybody wat*es ev]ybody3 ecc5tricities or s+ul>ities are quickly m>k$ & quietly suppress$4 ,! results ( ?is class-discipl9e1 z ma9ta9$ 9 "s in/itutions1 mu/ seem to ! =eign obs]v] discom=t+4 ,:at mo/ impress$ me ab\t ^! high] (ficial s*ools 0 ! s9i/] sil5ce ( !m4 ,9 "o :]e ,i taught = sev]al ye>s--! mo/ cons]vative s*ool 9 ! c\ntry--!re 7 m ?an a ?\s& "y m51 full ( life & en]gy2 yet dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 classes1 or dur+ recreation-h\rs 9 ! playgr\nd1 ! g>d51 & ! gymna/ic hall1 ! g5]al hu% gave "o a /range s5se ( #dbe oppression4 ,"o might wat* a game ( foot-ball be+ play$1 & he> no?+ b ! ?ud ( ! kick+2 or "o might wat* wre/l+-conte/s 9 ! jiujutsu-room1 & he> no ^w spok5 = half an h\r at a "t4 7,! rules ( jiujutsu1 x is true1 require n only sil5ce1 b ! total suppression ( all visible emotional int]e/ on ! "p ( ! spectators47 ,all ?is repression at fir/ seem$ to me v /range--?\gh ,i knew t ?irty ye>s previ\sly1 ! tra9+ at samurai-s*ools compell$ ! same impassiv5ess & retic5ce4 ,at la/ ! ,univ]sity is rea*$1--! great gate ( c]emony to public (fice4 ,"h ! /ud5t f9ds himself releas$ f ! re/ra9ts previ\sly impos$ ^u 8 private life199 ?\gh ! class-w cont9ues to rule him 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,z a rule1 ! /ud5t passes into (ficial life aft] hav+ graduat$1 m>ries1 & becomes ! head1 or ! #dbf prospective head1 ( a h\sehold4 ,h[ sudd5 ! trans=mation ( ! man at ?is epo* ( 8 c>e]1 only ^? :o h obs]v$ ! trans=mation c imag9e4 ,x is !n t ! full significance ( ,japanese education reveals itself4 99,?is release is ( rec5t date2 & ! results1 by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! /ud5ts !mselves1 h n be5 good4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ,univ]sity /udy 0 s s]i\sly ?\ght ab\t t a s*ol> :o fail$1 ?r\gh 8 own fault1 w\ld h be5 consid]$ a crim9al4 ,!re 0 !n a ,*9ese poem 9 vogue1 :i* us$ to be sung at ! dep>ture ( y\?s = ! ,univ]sity ( t "t 7,daigaku ,nanko7 by _! fri5ds & relations3-- ,danji kokoroza%i wo tatete1 kyokwan wo idzu2 ,gaku mo%i n>azunba1 %isudomo ka]adzu1 ,! "y man1 hav+ made a firm resolve1 leaves 8 native home4 ,if he fail to acquire le>n+1 !n1 ev5 ?\gh he die1 he mu/ nev] return4 ,9 ^? ye>s also x 0 obligatory ^u /ud5ts to live & dress simply1 & to ab/a9 f all self-indulg5ce4 ,few incid5ts ( ,japanese life are m surpris+ ?an ! metamorphosis ( ! gawky /ud5t into ! dignifi$1 impassive1 easy-mann]$ (ficial4 ,b a little "t ago he 0 respectfully ask+1 cap 9 h&1 ! explanation ( "s text1 ! mean+ ( "s =eign idiom2 to-day1 p]haps1 he is judg+ cases 9 "s c\rt1 or manag+ diplomatic correspond5ce "u m9i/]ial sup]vision1 or direct+ ! managem5t ( "s public s*ool4 ,:atev] y may h ?\ght ( 8 p>ticul> capacity z a /ud5t1 y w sc>cely d\bt 8 p>ticul> fitness = ! position to :i* he has be5 call$4 ,success 9 /udy 0 at be/ a second>y consid]ation 9 ! matt] ( 8 appo9tm5t1--?\gh he _h to succe$4 ,he 0 put ?r\gh "s special c\rse1 "u high protection1 aft] hav+ be5 select$ = c]ta9 qualities ( "*1--or at lea/ = ! promise ( su* qualities4 ,!re may h be5 fav\ritism 9 8 case2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 capable m5 are appo9t$ to positions ( tru/3 ! ,gov]nm5t seldom makes s]i\s mi/akes4 ,?is man has value beyond :at m]e /udy c\ld make = him1--"s capacity 9 ! direction ( managem5t or ( organization1 #dbg--"s natural =ce or tal5t :i* 8 tra9+ has s]v$ to cultivate4 ,accord+ to ! quality ( 8 wor?1 8 position 0 *os5 = him 9 advance4 ,8 long1 h>d s*ool+ has taught him m ?an books c tea*1 & m ?an a /upid p]son c ev] le>n3 h[ to read m9ds & motives1--h[ to rema9 impassive "u all circum/ances1--h[ to rea* a tru? quickly by simple que/ion+1--h[ to live ^u 8 gu>d 7ev5 aga9/ ! mo/ intimate ( old acqua9tances71--h[ to rema91 ev5 :5 mo/ amiable1 secretive & inscrutable4 ,he has graduat$ 9 ! art ( worldly wisdom4 ,he is really a wond]ful p]son1 a highly develop$ type ( 8 race2 & no inexp]i5c$ ,occid5tal is capable ( judg+ him1 because 8 visible acquirem5ts c\nt = v little 9 ! measure ( 8 relative value4 ,8 ,univ]sity /udy--8 ,engli% or ,fr5* or ,g]man k--s]ves him only z s mu* oil to make easy ! work+ ( c]ta9 (ficial ma*9]y3 he e/eems ?is le>n+ only z means to "s adm9i/rative end2 8 real le>n+1 consid]ably deep]1 repres5ts ! developm5t ( ! ,japanese s\l ( him4 ,betwe5 t m9d & any ,we/]n m9d ! di/ance has become immeasurable4 ,& n[1 less ?an ev] be=e1 does he belong to himself4 ,he belongs to a family1 to a p>ty1 to a gov]nm5t3 privately he is b\nd by cu/om2 publicly he mu/ act accord+ to ord] only1 & nev] dream ( yield+ to #dbh any impulses at v>iance ) ord]1 h[ev] g5]\s or s5sible su* impulses may be4 ,a ^w might ru9 him3 he has le>n$ to use no words unnecess>ily4 ,by sil5t submission & tireless obs]vance ( duty he may rise1 & rise quickly3 he may become ,gov]nor1 ,*ief ju/ice1 ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y2 b ! high] he rises1 ! heavi] w 8 bonds become4 ,long tra9+ 9 caution & self-control is inde$ an indisp5sable prep>ation = (ficial exi/5ce2 ! ability ei!r to keep a position won1 or to resign x ) hon\r1 dep5d+ mu* ^u su* tra9+4 ,! mo/ s9i/] circum/ance ( (ficial life is ! abs5ce ( moral fre$om1--! abs5ce ( ! "r to act accord+ to "o's own convictions ( ju/ice4 ,! subord9ate1 :o desires above all ?+s to keep 8 place1 is n suppos$ to h p]sonal convictions or sympa?ies--save by p]mission4 ,he is n ! slave ( a man1 b ( a sy/em--a sy/em z old z ,*9a4 ,7 human nature p]fect1 t sy/em w\ld be p]fect2 b s long z human nature rema9s :at x is n[1 ! sy/em leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,ev]y?+ may dep5d ^u ! p]sonal "* ( ^? tempor>ily intru/$ ) high] p[]2 & ! only *oice left = ! mo/ capable s]vant "u a bad ma/] may be to resign or to d wrong4 ,! /rong man faces ! problem bravely & resigns2 b = "o /rong man !re are fifty timid ones4 #dbi ,probably ! prospect ( a brok5 c>e] is mu* less t]rify+ ?an ! anci5t idea ( crime atta*+ to any =m ( insubord9ation4 ,z ! =ms ( a religion survive aft] ! fai? 9 doctr9e has pass$ away1 s ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5t to co]ce ev5 consci5ce /ill rema9s1 ?\gh religion is no long] id5tifi$ ) ,gov]nm5t4 ,! sy/em ( secrecy1 implacably en=c$1 helps to ma9ta9 ! vague awe t has always atta*$ to ! idea ( adm9i/rative au?ority2 & su* au?ority is practically omnipot5t )9 ^? limits :i* ,i h already indicat$4 ,to be fav\r$ by au?ority means to exp]i5ce all ! illusive pleasure ( a sudd5ly creat$ popul>ity3 an entire community1 a :ole city1 is made by a ^w to turn all ! amiable side ( its human nature t[>d ! fav\rite1--to *>m him into ! belief t he is wor?y ( ! be/ t ! _w c give him4 ,b suppose t ! mov+ p[]s happ51 latt] on1 to f9d ! fav\r$ man 9 ! way ( "s policy--lo6 at ano!r :isp]$ ^w he f9ds himself1 )\t kn[+ :y1 ! public enemy4 ,none speak to him or salute him or smile ^u him--save ironically3 long-e/eem$ fri5ds pass him by )\t recognition1 or1 if pursu$1 reply to 8 mo/ e>ne/ que/ions ) all possible brevity & caution4 ,mo/ likely !y d n "k ! :y ( ! matt]3 !y only "k t ord]s h be5 giv51 & t into ! #dcj reason ( ord]s x is n good to enquire4 ,ev5 ! /reet-*ildr5 "k ?is mu*1 & mock ! despond5t victim ( =tune2 ev5 ! dogs seem in/9ctively to div9e ! *ange & b>k at him z he passes by4444 ,su* is ! p[] ( (ficial displeasure2 & ! p5alty ( a blund] or a brea* ( discipl9e may ext5d consid]ably fur!r--b 9 feudal times ! (f5d] w\ld h be5 simply told to p]=m h>akiri4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! wrong m5 get into p[]1 ! =ce ( au?ority may be us$ = malevol5t ends2 & 9 su* ev5t x requires n a little c\rage to disobey an ord] to act aga9/ consci5ce4 ,:at sav$ ,japanese society 9 =m] ages f ! wor/ results ( ?is =m ( tyranny1 0 ! moral s5tim5t ( ! mass1--! common feel+ t und]lay all submission to au?ority1 & rema9$ always capable1 if press$ ^u too brutally1 ( compell+ a reaction4 ,conditions to-day are m fav\rable to ju/ice2 b x requires mu* tact1 /ead9ess1 & resolution on ! "p ( a ris+ (ficial to /e] himself safely among ! reefs & ! :irlpools ( ! new political life4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read] w n[ be able to und]/& ! g5]al "*1 aim1 & results ( (ficial education z a sy/em4 ,x w be also wor? :ile to consid] 9 detail c]ta9 phases ( /ud5t-life1 :i* equally prove ! survival ( old conditions & old #dca traditions4 ,i c speak ab\t ^! matt]s f p]sonal exp]i5ce z a tea*]1--an exp]i5ce ext5d+ ov] ne>ly ?irte5 ye>s4 ,read]s ( ,goe! w rememb] ! tru/ful docility ( ! /ud5t receiv$ by ,doctor ,mephi/opheles 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,fau/1 & ! v diff]5t demean\r ( ! same /ud5t :5 he reappe>s1 9 ! ,second ,"p1 z ,baccalaureus4 ,m ?an "o =eign pr(essor 9 ,japan mu/ h be5 rem9d$ ( t contra/ by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & mu/ h wond]$ :e!r "s "o ( ! e>ly educational advis]s to ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t did n play1 )\t malice prep5se1 ! v role ( ,mephi/opheles4444 ,! g5tle boy :o1 ) innoc5t rev]5ce1 makes 8 visit ( c\rtesy to ! =eign tea*]1 br++ = gift a clu/] ( iris-fl[]s or odor\s spray ( plum-blossoms1--! boy :o does :atev] he is told1 & *>ms by an e>ne/ness1 a tru/fulness1 a grace ( mann] r>ely met ) among ,we/]n lads ( ! same age1--is de/9$ to und]go ! /range/ ( trans=mations long be=e becom+ a baccalaureus4 ,y may meet ) him a few ye>s lat]1 9 ! uni=m ( "s ,high] ,s*ool1 & f9d x difficult to recognize y\r =m] pupil1--n[ graceless1 taciturn1 secretive1 & incl9$ to dem& z a "r :at c\ld sc>cely1 ) propriety1 be reque/$ z a fav\r4 ,y may f9d #dcb him patroniz+1--possibly some?+ worse4 ,lat] on1 at ! ,univ]sity1 he becomes m =mally correct1 b also m f> away1--s v f> away f 8 boyhood t ! remot5ess is a pa9 to "o :o rememb]s t boyhood4 ,! ,pacific is less wide & deep ?an ! invisible gulf n[ ext5d+ betwe5 ! m9d ( ! /rang] & ! m9d ( ! /ud5t4 ,! =eign pr(essor is n[ reg>d$ m]ely z a tea*+-ma*9e2 & he is m ?an likely to regret any ef=t made to ma9ta9 an intimate relation ) 8 pupils4 ,inde$ ! :ole =mal sy/em ( (ficial education is oppos$ to ! developm5t ( any su* relation4 ,i am speak+ ( g5]al facts 9 ?is connexion1 n ( m]ely p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,no matt] :at ! =eign] may d 9 ! hope ( f9d+ 8 way into t\* ) ! emotional life ( 8 /ud5ts1 or 9 ! hope ( evok+ t int]e/ 9 c]ta9 /udies :i* r5d]s possible an intellectual tie1 he mu/ toil 9 va94 ,p]haps 9 two or ?ree cases out ( a ?\s& he may obta9 some?+ preci\s1--a la/+ & k9dly e/eem1 bas$ ^u moral compreh5sion2 b %\ld he wi% = m he mu/ rema9 9 ! /ate ( ! ,ant>ctic explor]1 seek+1 mon? aft] mon?1 to no purpose1 "s inlet ?r\gh endless cliffs ( ev]la/+ ice4 ,n[ ! case ( ! ,japanese pr(essor proves ! b>ri] natural1 to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! ,japanese pr(essor c ask = extraord9>y ef=ts &1 #dcc obta9 !m2 he c af=d to be easily famili> ) 8 /ud5ts outside ( class2 & he c get :at no /rang] c obta91--_! devotion4 ,! diff]5ce has be5 attribut$ to race-feel+2 b x _c be s easily & vaguely expla9$4 ,some?+ ( race-s5tim5t !re c]ta9ly is2 x 7 impossible t !re %\ld n be4 ,no inexp]i5c$ =eign] c conv]se = "o half h\r ) any ,japanese--at lea/ ) any ,japanese :o has n soj\rn$ abroad---& avoid say+ some?+ t j>s ^u ,japanese good ta/e or s5tim5t2 & few--p]haps1 none--among untravell$ ,japanese c ma9ta9 a brief conv]sation 9 any ,european tongue )\t mak+ "s />tl+ impression ^u ! =eign li/5]4 ,sympa!?ic und]/&+1 betwe5 m9ds s diff]5tly con/ruct$1 is next to impossible4 ,b ! =eign pr(essor :o looks = ! impossible--:o expects f ,japanese /ud5ts ! same quality ( intellig5t compreh5sion t he might reasonably expect f ,we/]n /ud5ts--is naturally di/urb$4 ,:y mu/ !re always1 rema9 ! wid? ( a _w betwe5 u8 is a "q (t5 ask$ & r>ely answ]$4 ,"s ( ! reasons %\ld by ?is "t be obvi\s to my read]2 b "o among !m & ! mo/1 curi\s--w n4 ,be=e /at+ x ,i mu/ obs]ve t :ile ! relation betwe5 =eign #dcd in/ructor & ! ,japanese /ud5t is artificial1 t betwe5 ! ,japanese tea*] & ! /ud5t is traditionally "o ( sacrifice & obligation4 ,! in]tia enc\nt]$ by ! /rang]1 ! indiff]5ce :i* *ills him at all times1 are due 9 great "p to ! misappreh5sion aris+ f totally opposite conceptions ( duty4 ,old s5tim5t l+]s long aft] old =ms h pass$ away2 & h[ mu* ( feudal ,japan survives 9 mod]n ,japan1 no /rang] c readily div9e4 ,probably ! bulk ( exi/+ s5tim5t is h]$it>y s5tim5t3 ! anci5t ideals h n yet be5 replac$ by fre% ones4444 ,9 feudal times ! tea*] taught )\t sal>y3 he 0 expect$ to devote all 8 "t1 ?\ght1 & /r5g? to 8 pr(ession4 ,high hon\r 0 atta*$ to t pr(ession2 & ! matt] ( remun]ation 0 n discuss$1--! in/ructor tru/+ :olly to ! gratitude ( p>5ts & pupils4 ,public s5tim5t b\nd !m to him ) a bond t c\ld n be brok54 ,!re=e a g5]al1 ^u ! eve ( an assault1 w\ld take c>e t 8 =m] tea*] %\ld h an opportunity to escape f ! place beleagu]$4 ,! tie betwe5 tea*] & pupil 0 9 =ce second only to ! tie betwe5 p>5t & *ild4 ,! tea*] sacrific$ ev]y?+ = 8 pupil3 ! pupil 0 ready at all times to die = 8 tea*]4 ,n[1 inde$1 ! h>d & selfi% aspects ( ,japanese "* are com+ to ! surface4 ,b a #dce s+le fact w suffici5tly indicate h[ mu* ( ! old e?ical s5tim5t p]si/s "u ! new & r\gh] surface3 ,ne>ly all ! high] educational "w accompli%$ 9 ,japan repres5ts1 ?\gh aid$ by ,gov]nm5t1 ! results ( p]sonal sacrifice4 ,f ! summit ( society to ! base1 ?is sacrificial _s rules4 ,t a l>ge "p ( ! private income ( _! ,imp]ial ,maje/ies has1 = _m ye>s1 be5 devot$ to public education is well kn[n2 b t e p]son ( rank or weal? or high position educates /ud5ts at 8 private exp5se1 is n g5]ally kn[n4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ?is help is entirely gratuit\s2 9 a m9ority ( cases1 ! exp5ses ( ! /ud5t are advanc$ only1 to be repaid by in/alm5ts at "s future "t4 ,! read] is d\btless aw>e t ! daimyo 9 =m] times us$ to dispose ( ! bulk ( _! incomes 9 support+ & help+ _! reta9]s2 supply+ hundr$s1 9 "s cases ?\s&s1 & 9 "s few cases1 ev5 t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( p]sons ) ! necess>ies ( life2 & exact+ 9 return milit>y s]vice1 loyalty1 & ob$i5ce4 ,^? =m] daimyo or _! successors--p>ticul>ly ^? :o are /ill l>ge l&hold]s--n[ vie ) ea* o!r 9 assi/+ education4 ,all :o c af=d x are educat+ sons or gr&sons or desc5dants ( =m] reta9]s2 ! subjects ( ?is patronage be+ annually select$ f among ! /ud5ts ( #dcf s*ools e/abli%$ 9 ! =m] daimiates4 ,x is only ! ri* noble :o c n[ support a numb] ( /ud5ts gratuit\sly1 ye> aft] ye>2 ! poor] m5 ( rank _c c>e = _m4 ,b all1 or v ne>ly all1 ma9ta9 "s1--& ?is ev5 9 cases :]e ! patron's income is s small t ! exp5se c\ld n be borne unless ! /ud5t 7 pl$g$ to repay x aft] graduation4 ,9 "s in/ances1 half ( ! co/ is borne by ! patron2 ! /ud5t be+ requir$ to repay ! re/4 ,n[ ^! ari/ocratic examples are ext5sively foll[$ ?r\gh o!r grades ( society4 ,m]*ants1 bank]s1 & manufactur]s--all ri* m5 ( ! comm]cial & indu/rial classes--are educat+ /ud5ts4 ,milit>y (fic]s1 civil s]vice (ficials1 physicians1 lawy]s1 m5 ( e pr(ession1 9 %ort1 are do+ ! same ?+4 ,p]sons ^: incomes are too small to p]mit ( mu* g5]osity are able to help /ud5ts by employ+ !m z door-keep]s1 mess5g]s1 tutors1--giv+ !m bo>d & lodg+1 & a little pocket-money at times1 9 return1 = light s]vices4 ,9 ,tokyo1 & 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge cities1 almo/ e l>ge h\se is gu>d$ by /ud5ts :o are be+ ?us assi/$4 ,z = :at ! tea*]s d--t requires special m5tion4 ,! majority ( tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools d n receive sal>ies enabl+ !m to help /ud5ts ) money2 b all tea*]s e>n+ m ?an ! #dcg b>e necess>y give aid ( "s sort4 ,among ! in/ructors & pr(essors ( ! high] educational e/abli%m5ts1 ! help+ ( /ud5ts seems to be ?\ght ( z a matt] ( c\rse1--s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t we might suspect a new tyranny ( cu/om1 especially 9 view ( ! smallness ( (ficial sal>ies4 ,b no tyranny ( cu/om w\ld expla9 ! pleasure ( sacrifice & ! /range p]si/5ce ( feudal idealism :i* are reveal$ by "s extraord9>y facts4 ,= example3 ,a c]ta9 ,univ]sity pr(essor is kn[n to h support$ & educat$ a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts by divid+ among !m1 dur+ _m ye>s1 ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 sal>y4 ,he lodg$1 clo!d1 bo>d$1 & educat$ !m1 b\ght _! books1 & paid _! fees1--res]v+ = himself only ! co/ ( 8 liv+1 & r$uc+ ev5 t co/ by liv+ ^u hot sweet potatoes4 7,fancy a =eign pr(essor 9 ,japan putt+ himself ^u a diet ( bread & wat] = ! purpose ( educat+ gratuit\sly a numb] ( poor "y m567 ,i "k ( two o!r cases ne>ly z rem>kable2 ! help]1 9 "o in/ance1 be+ an old man ( m ?an sev5ty1 :o /ill devotes all 8 means1 "t1 & k to 8 anci5t ideal ( duty4 ,h[ mu* obscure sacrifice ( ?is k9d has be5 p]=m$ by ^? lea/ able to af=d x nev] w be kn[n3 inde$1 ! publication ( ! facts w\ld only give pa94 ,i am guilty ( "s indiscretion 9 m5tion+ #dah ev5 ! cases br\ght to my att5tion--?\gh human nature is hon\r$ by ! m5tion4444 ,n[ x %\ld be evid5t t :ile ,japanese /ud5ts are accu/om$ to witness self-d5ial ( ?is sort on ! "p ( native pr(essors1 !y _c be mu* impress$ by any manife/ation ( int]e/ or sympa?y on ! "p ( ! =eign pr(essor1 :o1 ?\gh receiv+ a high] sal>y ?an 8 ,japanese colleagues1 has no reason & small incl9ation to imitate _! example4 ,surely ?is h]oic fact ( education su/a9$ by p]sonal sacrifices1 9 ! face ( unimag9able difficulties1 is en\gh to r$eem mu* humbug & wrong4 ,9 spite ( ! corruption :i* has be5 ( late ye>s rife 9 educational circles1--9 spite ( (ficial sc&als1 intrigues1 & %ams1--all ne$$ re=ms c be hop$ = :ile ! _s ( g5]\s self-d5ial cont9ues to rule ! _w ( tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,i c v5ture also ! op9ion t mo/ ( ! (ficial sc&als & failures h result$ f ! int]f]5ce ( politics ) mod]n education1 or f attempt+ to imitate =eign conv5tional me?ods totally at v>iance ) national moral exp]i5ce4 ,:]e ,japan has rema9$ true to h] old moral ideals %e has done nobly & well3 :]e %e has ne$lessly dep>t$ f !m1 sorr[ & tr\ble h be5 ! natural consequ5ces4 ,!re are yet o!r facts 9 mod]n education #dci sugge/+ ev5 m =cibly h[ mu* ( ! old life rema9s hidd5 "u ! new conditions1 & h[ rigidly race-"* has become fix$ 9 ! high] types ( m9d4 ,i ref] *iefly to ! results ( ,japanese education abroad1--a high] special tra9+ 9 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 or ,am]ican ,univ]sities4 ,9 "s directions ^! results1 to =eign obs]vation at lea/1 appe> to be almo/ negative4 ,consid]+ ! imm5se psy*ological diff]5tiation1--! total opposit5ess ( m5tal /ructure & habit1--x is a/oni%+ t ,japanese /ud5ts h be5 able to d :at !y actually h done at =eign ,univ]sities4 ,to graduate at any ,european or ,am]ican ,univ]sity ( m>k1 ) a m9d %ap$ by ,japanese culture1 fill$ ) ,*9ese le>n+1 cramm$ ) ideographs1--is a prodigi\s feat3 sc>cely less ( a feat ?an x w\ld be = an ,am]ican /ud5t to graduate at a ,*9ese ,univ]sity4 ,c]ta9ly ! m5 s5t abroad to /udy are c>efully select$ = ability2 & "o indisp5sable requisite = ! mission is a p[] ( memory incomp>ably sup]ior to ! av]age ,occid5tal memory1 & diff]5t altoge!r z to quality1--a memory = details2--nev]!less1 ! feat is amaz+4 ,b ) ! return to ,japan ( ^! "y s*ol>s1 !re is commonly an end ( ef=t 9 ! direction ( ! speciality /udi$1--unless x happ5s to h be5 a purely practical subject4 ,does ?is signify incapacity = indep5d5t "w #ddj ^u ,occid5tal l9es8 incapacity = creative ?\ght8 lack ( con/ructive imag9ation8 dis9cl9ation or indiff]5ce8 ,! hi/ory ( t t]rible m5tal & moral discipl9e to :i* ! race 0 s long subject$ w\ld c]ta9ly sugge/ su* limitations 9 ! mod]n ,japanese m9d4 ,p]haps ^! que/ions _c yet be answ]$1--except1 ,i imag9e1 z reg>ds ! indiff]5ce1 :i* is self-evid5t & undisguis$4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( any "q ( capacity or incl9ation1 !re is ?is fact to be consid]$1--t prop] enc\ragem5t has n yet be5 giv5 to home-s*ol>%ip4 ,! pla9 tru? is t "y m5 are s5t to =eign seats ( le>n+ = o!r ends ?an to le>n h[ to devote ! re/ ( _! lives to ! /udy ( psy*ology1 philology1 lit]ature1 or mod]n philosophy4 ,!y are s5t abroad to fit !m = high] po/s 9 ,gov]nm5t-s]vice2 & _! =eign /udy is b "o obligatory episode 9 _! (ficial c>e]4 ,ea* has to qualify himself = special duty by le>n+ h[ ,we/]n p /udy & ?9k & feel 9 c]ta9 directions1 & by asc]ta9+ ! range ( educational progress 9 ^? directions2 b he is n ord]$ to ?9k or to feel l ,we/]n p--:i* w\ld1 9 any ev5t1 be impossible = him4 ,he has n1 & probably c\ld n h1 any deep p]sonal int]e/ 9 ,we/]n le>n+ outside ( ! doma9 ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,8 bus9ess is to le>n h[ to und]/& su* matt]s f ! #dda ,japanese1 n f ! ,occid5tal1 po9t ( view4 ,b he p]=ms 8 "p well1 does exactly :at he has be5 told to d1 & r>ely any?+ m4 ,8 value to 8 ,gov]nm5t is d\bl$ or quadrupl$ by 8 allott$ exp]i5ce2 b at home--except dur+ a few ye>s ( expect$ duty z pr(essor or lectur]--he w probably use t exp]i5ce only z a psy*ological co/ume ( c]emony1--a m5tal uni=m to be donn$ :5 (ficial occasion may require4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ! case ( m5 s5t abroad = sci5tific /udies requir+1 n only intellig5ce & memory1 b natural quickness ( h& & eye1--surg]y1 m$ic9e1 milit>y specialities4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! av]age effici5cy ( ,japanese surgeons c be surpass$4 ,! /udy ( w>1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 is "o = :i* ! national m9d & "* h inh]it$ aptitude4 ,b m5 s5t abroad m]ely to w9 a =eign ,univ]sity-degree1 & de/9$1 aft] a t]m ( educational duty1 to high] (ficial life1 appe> to set small value ^u _! =eign acquirem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if !y c\ld w9 di/9ction 9 ,europe by fur!r ef=t at home1 t ef=t w\ld h to be made at a s]i\s pecuni>y sacrifice1 & its results c\ld n z yet be fairly appreciat$ by _! own c\ntrym54 ,"s ( u h wond]$ at times :at ! old ,egyptians or ! old ,greeks w\ld h done if #ddb sudd5ly br\ght into dang]\s contact ) a civilization l our own1--a civilization ( appli$ ma!matics1 ) sci5ces & bran*-sci5ces ( :i* ! m]e names w\ld fill a diction>y4 ,i ?9k t ! hi/ory ( mod]n ,japan sugge/s v cle>ly :at any wise p1 ) a civilization bas$ ^u ance/or-wor%ip1 w\ld h done4 ,!y w\ld h spe$ily recon/ruct$ _! patri>*al society to meet ! sudd5 p]il2 !y w\ld h adopt$1 ) a/oni%+ success1 all ! sci5tific ma*9]y t !y c\ld use2 !y w\ld h creat$ a =midable army & a highly effici5t navy2 !y w\ld h s5t _! "y ari/ocrats abroad to /udy ali5 conv5tion1 & to qualify = diplomatic duty2 !y w\ld h e/abli%$ a new sy/em ( education1 & oblig$ all _! *ildr5 to /udy _m new ?+s2--b t[>d ! high] emotional & intellectual life ( t ali5 civilization1 !y w\ld naturally exhibit indiff]5ce3 its be/ lit]ature1 its philosophy1 its broad] =ms ( tol]ant religion c\ld make no pr(\nd appeal to _! moral & social exp]i5ce4 #ddc ,,indu/rial ,,dang] ,ev]y:]e ! c\rse ( human civilization has be5 %ap$ by ! same evolutional law2 & z ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,european communities c help u to und]/& ! social conditions ( ,old ,japan1 s a lat] p]iod ( ! same hi/ory c help u to div9e some?+ ( ! probable future ( ! ,new ,japan4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! au?or ( ,la ,cite ,antique t ! hi/ory ( all ! anci5t ,greek & ,lat9 communities includ$ f\r revolution>y p]iods499 ,! fir/ revolution _h ev]y:]e = its issue ! )drawal ( political p[] f ! prie/-k+2 :o 0 nev]!less all[$ to reta9 ! religi\s au?ority4 ,! second revolution>y p]iod witness$ ! break+ up ( ! g5s or 7,greek g5os74 ! enfran*isem5t ( ! cli5t f ! au?ority ( ! patron1 & sev]al important *anges 9 #ddd ! legal con/itution ( ! family4 ,! ?ird revolution>y p]iod saw ! weak5+ ( ! religi\s & milit>y ari/ocracy1 ! entrance ( ! common p into ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 & ! rise ( a democracy ( weal?1--pres5tly to be oppos$ by a democracy ( pov]ty4 ,! f\r? revolution>y p]iod witness$ ! fir/ bitt] /ruggles betwe5 ri* & poor1 ! f9al triumph ( an>*y1 & ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( a new & horrible =m ( despotism1--! despotism ( ! popul> ,tyrant4 99,n except+ ,sp>ta4 ,! ,sp>tan society 0 evolutionally mu* 9 advance ( ! ,ionian societies2 ! ,dorian patri>*al clan hav+ be5 dissolv$ at "s v e>ly p]iod4 ,sp>ta kept its ,k+s2 b affairs ( civil ju/ice 7 regulat$ by ! ,s5ate1 & affairs ( crim9al ju/ice by ! ephors1 :o also _h ! p[] to decl>e w> & to make treaties ( peace4 ,aft] ! fir/ great revolution ( ,sp>tan hi/ory ! ,k+ 0 depriv$ ( p[] 9 civil matt]s1 9 crim9al matt]s1 & 9 milit>y matt]s3 he reta9$ 8 sac]dotal (fice4 ,see = details4 ,la ,cite ,antique1 pp1 #bhe-bhg4 ,to ^! f\r revolution>y p]iods1 ! social hi/ory ( ,old ,japan pres5ts b two correspond5ces4 ,! fir/ ,japanese revolution>y p]iod 0 repres5t$ by ! ,fujiw>a usurpation ( ! imp]ial civil & milit>y au?ority1--aft] :i* ev5t ! ari/ocracy1 religi\s & milit>y1 really gov]n$ ,japan d[n to our own "t4 ,all ! ev5ts ( ! rise ( ! milit>y p[] & ! conc5tration ( au?ority "u ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate prop]ly belong to ! fir/ revolution>y p]iod4 ,at ! "t ( ! op5+ ( ,japan1 society _h n evolutionally advanc$ beyond a /age correspond+ to t ( ! antique ,we/]n societies 9 ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! second revolution>y p]iod really began only ) ! recon/ruction ( society 9 #ahga4 ,b )9 ! space ( a s+le g5]ation !reaft]1 ,japan ent]$ ^u h] ?ird revolution>y #dde p]iod4 ,already ! influ5ce ( ! eld] ari/ocracy is ?reat5$ by ! sudd5 rise ( a new olig>*y ( weal?1--a new indu/rial p[] probably de/9$ to become omnipot5t 9 politics4 ,! dis9tegration 7n[ proce$+7 ( ! clan1 ! *anges 9 ! legal con/itution ( ! family1 ! entrance ( ! p into ! enjoym5t ( political rights1 mu/ all t5d to ha/5 ! com+ transf] ( p[]4 ,!re is e indication t1 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 ! ?ird revolution>y p]iod w run its c\rse rapidly2 & !n a f\r? revolution>y p]iod1 fraught ) s]i\s dang]1 w\ld be 9 imm$iate prospect4 ,consid] ! bewild]+ rapidity ( rec5t *anges1--f ! recon/ruction ( society 9 #ahga to ! op5+ ( ! fir/ national p>liam5t 9 #ahia4 ,d[n to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! nation _h rema9$ 9 ! condition common to ,european patri>*al communities tw5ty-six hundr$ ye>s ago3 society _h inde$ ent]$ ^u a second p]iod ( integration1 b _h trav]s$ only "o great revolution4 ,& !n ! c\ntry 0 sudd5ly hurri$ ?r\gh two m social revolutions ( ! mo/ extraord9>y k9d1--signaliz$ by ! abolition ( ! daimiates1 ! suppression ( ! milit>y class1 ! sub/itution ( a plebeian = an ari/ocratic army1 popul> enfran*isem5t1 ! rapid =malism ( a new commonalty4 indu/rial #ddf expansion1 ! rise ( a new ari/ocracy ( weal?1 & popul> repres5tation 9 gov]nm5t6 ,old ,japan _h nev] develop$ a weal?y & p[]ful middle class3 %e _h n ev5 approa*$ t /age ( indu/rial developm5t :i*1 9 ! anci5t ,european societies1 naturally br\ght ab\t ! fir/ political /ruggles betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,h] social organization made indu/rial oppression impossible3 ! comm]cial classes 7 kept at ! bottom ( society1--"u ! feet ev5 ( ^? :o1 9 m highly evolv$ communities1 are mo/ at ! m]cy ( money-p[]4 ,b n[ ^? comm]cial classes1 set free & highly privileg$1 are sil5tly & swiftly ou/+ ! ari/ocratic rul+-class f p[]1--are becom+ supremely important4 ,& "u ! new ord] ( ?+s1 =ms ( social mis]y1 nev] be=e kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 are be+ develop$4 ,"s idea ( ?is mis]y may be obta9$ f ! fact t ! numb] ( poor p 9 ,tokyo unable to pay _! annual resid5t-tax is upw>ds ( #ej1jjj2 yet ! am\nt ( ! tax is only ab\t #bj s51 or #e p5ce ,engli% money4 ,prior to ! accumulation ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( a m9ority !re 0 nev] any su* want 9 any "p ( ,japan1--except1 ( c\rse1 z a tempor>y consequ5ce ( w>4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,european civilization supplies analogies4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 communities1 up to ! "t ( ! dissolution ( ! g5s1 !re #ddg 0 no pov]ty 9 ! mod]n mean+ ( t ^w4 ,slav]y4 ) "s few exceptions1 exi/$ only 9 ! mild dome/ic =m2 !re 7 yet no comm]cial olig>*ies1 & no indu/rial oppressions2 & ! v>i\s cities & /ates 7 rul$1 aft] political p[] _h be5 tak5 f ! e>ly k+s1 by milit>y ari/ocracies :i* also ex]cis$ religi\s functions4 ,!re 0 yet little trade 9 ! mod]n signification ( ! t]m2 & money1 z curr5t co9age1 came into circulation only 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,mis]y did n exi/4 ,"u any patri>*al sy/em1 bas$ ^u ance/or-wor%ip1 !re is no mis]y1 z a consequ5ce ( pov]ty1 except su* z may be tempor>ily creat$ by deva/ation or fam9e4 ,if want ?us comes1 x comes to all alike4 ,9 su* a /ate ( society ev]ybody is 9 ! s]vice ( somebody1 & receives 9 ex*ange = s]vice all ! necess>ies ( life3 !re is no ne$ = any "o to tr\ble himself ab\t ! "q ( liv+4 ,also1 9 su* a patri>*al community1 :i* is self-suffic+1 !re is little ne$ ( money3 b>t] takes ! place ( trade4444 ,9 all ^! respects1 ! condition ( ,old ,japan (f]$ a close p>allel to ! conditions ( patri>*al society 9 anci5t ,europe4 ,:ile ! uji or clan exi/$1 !re 0 no mis]y except z a result ( w>1 fam9e1 or pe/il5ce4 ,?r\gh\t society--except+ ! small comm]cial class--! ne$ ( money 0 r>e2 & su* co9age z exi/$ #ddh 0 little suit$ to g5]al circulation4 ,taxes 7 paid 9 rice & o!r produce4 ,z ! "l n\ri%$ 8 reta9]s1 s ! samurai c>$ = 8 dep5dants1 ! f>m] = 8 lab\r]s1 ! artizan = 8 appr5tices & j\rneym51 ! m]*ant = 8 cl]ks4 ,ev]ybody 0 f$2 & !re 0 no ne$1 9 ord9>y times at lea/1 = any "o to g hungry4 ,x 0 only ) ! break+-up ( ! clan-sy/em 9 ,japan t ! possibilities ( />vation = ! work] fir/ came into exi/5ce4 ,& z1 9 antique ,europe1 ! enfran*is$ cli5t-class & plebeian-class develop$1 "u l conditions1 into a democracy clam\r+ = suffrage & all political rights1 s 9 ,japan h ! common p develop$ ! political in/9ct1 9 self-protection4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[1 9 ,greek & ,roman society1 ! ari/ocracy f\nd$ ^u religi\s tradition & milit>y p[] _h to give way to an olig>*y ( weal?1 & h[ !re subsequ5tly came into exi/5ce a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t1--democratic1 n 9 ! mod]n1 b 9 ! old ,greek mean+4 ,at a yet lat] day ! results ( popul> suffrage 7 ! break+-up ( ?is democratic gov]nm5t1 & ! initiation ( an atroci\s /ruggle betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,aft] t /rife _h begun !re 0 no m security = life or prop]ty until ! ,roman conque/ en=c$ ord]4444 ,n[ x seems n unlikely t !re w he witness$ 9 ,japan1 at no v #ddi di/ant day1 a /rong t5d5cy to repeat ! hi/ory ( ! old ,greek an>*ies4 ,) ! con/ant increase ( pov]ty & pressure ( population1 & ! concomitant accumulation ( weal? 9 ! h&s ( a new indu/rial class1 ! p]il is obvi\s4 ,?us f> ! nation has pati5tly borne all *anges4 rely+ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( its pa/1 & tru/+ implicitly to its rul]s4 ,b %\ld wret*$ness be s p]mitt$ to augm5t t ! "q ( h[ to keep f />v+ becomes imp]ative = ! millions1 ! long pati5ce & ! long tru/ may fail4 ,& !n1 to repeat a figure effectively us$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ! ,primitive ,man1 f9d+ t ! ,moral ,man has l&$ him 9 ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 may rise up to take ! managem5t ( affairs into 8 own h&s1 & fight savagely = ! "r ( exi/5ce4 ,z popul> in/9ct is n too dull to div9e ! fir/ cause ( ?is mis]y 9 ! introduction ( ,we/]n indu/rial me?ods1 x is unpleasant to reflect :at su* an upheaval might signify4 ,b no?+ ( mom5t has yet be5 done to ameliorate ! condition ( ! wret*$ class ( op]atives1 n[ e/imat$ to exce$ half a million4 ,m4 de ,c\langes has po9t$ out99 t ! abs5ce ( individual lib]ty 0 ! real cause ( ! disord]s & ! f9al ru9 ( ! ,greek societies4 99,la ,cite ,antique4 pp1 #djj-dja4 #dej ,rome suff]$ less1 & surviv$1 & dom9at$1--because )9 h] b\nd>ies ! rights ( ! individual _h be5 m respect$4444 ,n[ ! abs5ce ( individual fre$om 9 mod]n ,japan w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to be no?+ less ?an a national dang]4 ,= ^? v habits ( unque/ion+ ob$i5ce1 & loyalty1 & respect = au?ority1 :i* made feudal society possible1 are likely to r5d] a true democratic regime impossible1 & w\ld t5d to br+ ab\t a /ate ( an>*y4 ,only races long accu/om$ to p]sonal lib]ty1--lib]ty to ?9k ab\t matt]s ( e?ics ap>t f matt]s ( gov]nm5t1--lib]ty to consid] que/ions ( "r & wrong1 ju/ice & inju/ice1 indep5d5tly ( political au?ority1--are able to face )\t risk ! p]il n[ m5ac+ ,japan4 ,= %\ld social dis9tegration take 9 ,japan ! same c\rse :i* x foll[$ 9 ! old ,european societies1--un*eck$ by any precaution>y legislation1--& s br+ ab\t ano!r social revolution1 ! consequ5ce c\ld sc>cely be less ?an utt] ru94 ,9 ! antique _w ( ,europe1 ! total dis9tegration ( ! patri>*al sy/em occupi$ c5turies3 x 0 sl[1 & x 0 normal--n hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t by ext]nal =ces4 ,9 ,japan1 on ! contr>y1 ?is dis9tegration is tak+ place "u enorm\s outside pressure1 op]at+ ) ! rapidity ( electricity & /eam4 ,9 ,greek societies ! *anges 7 effect$ 9 ab\t ?ree #dea hundr$ ye>s2 9 ,japan x is h>dly m ?an ?irty ye>s s9ce ! patri>*al sy/em 0 legally dissolv$ & ! indu/rial sy/em re%ap$2 yet already ! dang] ( an>*y is 9 sight1 & ! population--a/oni%+ly augm5t$ by m ?an t5 millions--already beg9s to exp]i5ce all ! =ms ( mis]y develop$ by want "u indu/rial conditions4 ,x 0 p]haps inevitable t ! greate/ fre$om accord$ "u ! new ord] ( ?+s %\ld h be5 giv5 9 ! direction ( greate/ dang]4 ,?\gh ! ,gov]nm5t _c be said to h done mu* = any =m ( competition )9 ! sph]e ( its own direct control1 x has done ev5 m ?an c\ld h be5 reasonably expect$ on behalf ( national indu/rial competition4 ,loans h be5 lavi%ly advanc$4 subsidies g5]\sly all[$2 &1 9 spite ( v>i\s panics & failures1 ! results h be5 prodigi\s4 ,)9 ?irty ye>s ! value ( articles manufactur$ = export has ris5 f half a million to five hundr$ million y54 ,b ?is imm5se developm5t has be5 effect$ at s]i\s co/ 9 o!r directions4 ,! old me?ods ( family production--& !re=e mo/ ( ! beautiful indu/ries & arts1 = :i* ,japan has be5 s long fam$--n[ seem doom$ beyond hope2 & in/ead ( ! anci5t k9dly relations betwe5 ma/] & work]s1 !re h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce--) no legislation to re/ra9 #deb inhumanity--all ! horrors ( factory-life at its wor/4 ,! new comb9ations ( capital h actually ree/abli%$ s]vitude1 "u h>%] =ms ?an ev] 7 imag9$ "u ! feudal era2 ! mis]y ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 subject$ to t s]vitude is a public sc&al1 & proves /range possibilities ( cruelty on ! "p ( a p once r5[n$ = k9dness1--k9dness ev5 to animals4 ,!re is n[ a humane outcry = re=m2 & e>ne/ ef=ts h be5 made1 & w be made1 to secure legislation = ! protection ( op]atives4 ,b1 z might be expect$1 ^! ef=ts h be5 hi!rto /rongly oppos$ by manufactur+ companies & syndicates ) ! decl>ation t any ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) factory managem5t w greatly hamp]1 if n cripple1 ent]prise1 & h9d] competition ) =eign indu/ry4 ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ! v same argum5ts 7 us$ 9 ,engl& to oppose ! ef=ts !n be+ made to improve ! condition ( ! indu/rial classes2 & t opposition 0 *all5g$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 a noble address1 :i* e ,japanese legislator w\ld d well to read to-day4 ,speak+ ( ! re=ms 9 progress dur+ #ahhh4 ! pr(essor said3 ,if x is said t ! c>ry+ out ( su* arrangem5ts z ^? indicat$ mu/ enhance ! co/ ( production1 & ?us h&icap ! produc] 9 ! race ( competition4 ,i v5ture1 9 ! fir/ place4 to d\bt ! fact2 b1 if x be #dec s1 x results t indu/rial society has to face a dilemma1 ei!r alt]native ( :i* ?reat5s de/ruction4 ,on ! "o h&1 a population1 ! lab\r ( :i* is suffici5tly remun]at$1 may be physically & morally heal?y1 & socially /able1 b may fail 9 indu/rial competition by reason ( ! de>ness ( its produce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a population1 ! lab\r ( :i* is insuffici5tly remun]at$1 mu/ become physically & morally unheal?y1 & socially un/able2 & ?\gh x may succe$ = a :ile 9 competition1 by reason ( ! *eapness ( its produce1 x mu/ 9 ! end fall1 ?r\gh hide\s mis]y & degradation1 to utt] ru94 ,well1 if ^! be ! only alt]natives1 let u = ourselves & our *ildr5 *oose ! =m]1 &1 if ne$ be1 />ve l m54 ,b ,i d n believe t a /able society1 made up ( heal?y1 vigor\s1 in/ruct$1 & self-rul+ p w\ld ev] incur s]i\s risk ( t fate4 ,!y are n likely to be tr\bl$ ) _m competitors ( ! same "* j yet2 & !y may be safely tru/$ to f9d ways ( hold+ _! own499 99,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce 9 ,human ,society4 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 pp1 #aac--bai4 ,if ! future ( ,japan c\ld dep5d ^u h] army & h] navy1 ^u ! high c\rage ( h] p & _! read9ess to die by ! hundr$ ?\s& = ideals ( hon\r & ( duty1 !re w\ld be small cause = al>m 9 ! pres5t /ate ( affairs4 ,un=tunately h] future mu/ dep5d ^u o!r qualities ?an c\rage1 o!r abilities ?an ^? ( #ded sacrifice2 & h] /ruggle h]eaft] mu/ be "o 9 :i* h] social traditions w place h] at an imm5se disadvantage4 ,! capacity = indu/rial competition _c be made to dep5d ^u ! mis]y ( wom5 & *ildr52 x mu/ dep5d ^u ! intellig5t fre$om ( ! individual2 & ! society :i* suppresses ?is fre$om1 or suff]s x to be suppress$1 mu/ rema9 too rigid = competition ) societies 9 :i* ! lib]ties ( ! individual are /rictly ma9ta9$4 ,:ile ,japan cont9ues to ?9k & to act by gr\ps1 ev5 by gr\ps ( indu/rial companies1 s long %e mu/ always cont9ue incapable ( h] be/4 ,h] anci5t social exp]i5ce is n suffici5t to avail h] = ! future int]national /ruggle1--r x mu/ sometimes imp$e h] z s mu* dead weight4 ,dead1 9 ! gho/lie/ s5se ( ! ^w1--! viewless pressure ^u h] life ( numb]less vani%$ g5]ations4 ,%e w h n only to /rive aga9/ colossal odds 9 h] rivalry ) m pla/ic & m =ceful societies2 %e w h to /rive mu* m aga9/ ! p[] ( h] phantom pa/4 ,yet x 7 a griev\s error to imag9e t %e has no?+ fur!r to ga9 f h] ance/ral fai?4 ,all h] mod]n successes h be5 aid$ by x2 & all h] mod]n failures h be5 m>k$ by ne$less break+ ) its e?ical cu/om4 ,%e c\ld compel h] p1 by a simple fiat1 to adopt ! #dee civilization ( ! ,we/1 ) all its pa9 & /ruggle1 only because t p _h be5 tra9$ = ages 9 submission & loyalty & sacrifice2 & ! "t has n yet come 9 :i* %e c af=d to ca/ away ! :ole ( h] moral pa/4 ,m fre$om inde$ %e requires1--b fre$om re/ra9$ by wisdom2 fre$om to ?9k & act & /rive = self z well z = o!rs1--n fre$om to oppress ! weak1 or to exploit ! simple4 ,& ! new cruelties ( h] indu/rial life c f9d no ju/ification 9 ! traditions ( h] anci5t fai?1 :i* exact$ absolute ob$i5ce f ! dep5dant1 b equally requir$ ! duty ( k9dness f ! ma/]4 ,9 s f> z %e has p]mitt$ h] p to dep>t f ! way ( k9dness1 %e h]self has surely dep>t$ f ! ,way ( ! ,gods4444 ,& ! dome/ic future appe>s d>k4 ,born ( t d>kness1 an evil dream comes (t5times to ^? :o love ,japan3 ! fe> t all h] ef=ts are be+ direct$1 ) desp]ate h]oism1 only to prep>e ! l& = ! soj\rn ( peoples old] by c5turies 9 comm]cial exp]i5ce2 t h] ?\s&s ( miles ( railroads & telegraphs1 h] m9es & =ges1 h] ars5als & factories1 h] docks & fleets1 are be+ put 9 ord] = ! use ( =eign capital2 t h] admirable army & h] h]oic navy may be doom$ to make _! la/ sacrifices 9 hopeless conte/ aga9/ "s comb9ation ( gre$y /ates4 provok$ or enc\rag$ to aggression #def by circum/ances beyond ! p[] ( ,gov]nm5t to control4444 ,b ! /atesman%ip t has already guid$ ,japan ?r\gh _m /orms %\ld prove able to cope ) ?is ga!r+ p]il4 #deg ,,reflections ,9 ! prec$+ pages ,i h endeav\r$ to sugge/ a g5]al idea ( ! social hi/ory ( ,japan1 & a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ^? =ces :i* %ap$ & temp]$ ! "* ( h] p4 ,c]ta9ly ?is attempt leaves mu* to be desir$3 ! "t is yet f> away at :i* a satisfactory "w ^u ! subject c be prep>$4 ,b ! fact t ,japan c be und]/ood only ?r\gh ! /udy ( h] religi\s & social evolution has be51 ,i tru/1 suffici5tly indicat$4 ,%e af=ds u ! amaz+ spectacle ( an ,ea/]n society ma9ta9+ all ! outw>d =ms ( ,we/]n civilization2 us+1 ) unque/ionable effici5cy1 ! appli$ sci5ce ( ! ,occid5t2 accompli%+1 by prodigi\s ef=t1 ! "w ( c5turies )9 ! "t ( ?ree decades1--yet sociologically rema9+ at a /age correspond+ to t :i*1 9 anci5t ,europe1 prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian era by hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,b no sugge/ion ( orig9s & causes %\ld dim9i% ! pleasure ( contemplat+ ?is curi\s _w1 psy*ologically /ill s f> away f u 9 ! c\rse ( human evolution4 ,! wond] & #deh ! beauty ( :at rema9s ( ! ,old ,japan _c be less5$ by any k ( ! conditions t produc$ !m4 ,! old k9dl9ess & grace ( mann]s ne$ n cease to *>m u because we "k t su* mann]s 7 cultivat$1 = a ?\s& ye>s1 "u ! edge ( ! sword4 ,! common polit5ess :i* appe>$1 b a few ye>s ago1 to be almo/ univ]sal1 & ! r>ity ( qu>rels1 %\ld n prove less agreeable because we h le>n$ t1 = g5]ations & g5]ations1 all qu>rels among ! p 7 puni%$ ) extraord9>y rig\r2 & t ! cu/om ( ! v5detta1 :i* r5d]$ necess>y su* repression1 also made ev]ybody cauti\s ( ^w & de$4 ,! popul> smile %\ld n seem less w9n+ because we h be5 told ( a p]iod1 9 ! pa/ ( ! subject-classes1 :5 n to smile 9 ! tee? ( pa9 might co/ life itself4 ,& ! ,japanese woman1 z cultivat$ by ! old home-tra9+1 is n less sweet a be+ because %e repres5ts ! moral ideal ( a vani%+ _w1 & because we c fa9tly surmise ! co/1--! incalculable co/ 9 pa91--( produc+ h]4 ,no3 :at rema9s ( ?is eld] civilization is full ( *>m1--*>m unspeakable1--& to witness its gradual de/ruction mu/ be a grief = :omsoev] has felt t *>m4 ,h[ev] intol]able may seem1 to ! m9d ( ! arti/ or poet1 ^? c\ntless re/rictions :i* once rul$ all ?is fairy-_w #dei & %ap$ ! s\l ( x1 he _c b admire & love _! be/ results3 ! simplicity ( old cu/om1--! amiability ( mann]s1--! da9t9ess ( habits1--! delicate tact display$ 9 pleasure-giv+1--! /range p[] ( pres5t+ outw>dly1 "u any circum/ances1 only ! be/ & brighte/ aspects ( "*4 ,:at emotional poetry1 = ev5 ! lea/ believ+1 9 ! anci5t home-religion1--9 ! lamplet nightly k9dl$ be=e ! names ( ! dead1 ! t9y (f]+s ( food & dr9k1 ! welcome-fires light$ to guide ! visit+ gho/s1 ! little %ips prep>$ to be>--!m back to _! re/6 ,& ?is immemorial doctr9e ( filial piety1--exact+ all t is noble1 n less ?an all t is t]rible1 9 duty1 9 gratitude1 9 self-d5ial1--:at /range appeal does x make to our l+]+ religi\s in/9cts2 & h[ close to ! div9e appe> to u ! f9] natures =g$ by x6 ,:at que] weird attraction 9 ^? p>i%-temple fe/ivals1 ) _! happy m+l+ ( m]rim5t & devotion 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods6 ,:at a univ]se ( romance 9 t ,buddhi/ art :i* has left its impress ^u almo/ e product ( indu/ry1 f ! toy ( a *ild to ! heirloom ( a pr9ce2--:i* has peopl$ ! solitudes ) /atues1 & *isell$ ! wayside rocks ) texts ( sutras6 ,:o c =get ! s(t en*antm5t ( ?is ,buddhi/ atmosph]e8--! deep music ( ! great bells8--! #dfj gre5 peace ( g>d5s haunt$ by fe>less ?+s1 doves t flutt] d[n at call1 fi%es ris+ to be f$8 444 ,despite our incapacity to ent] into ! s\l-life ( ?is anci5t ,ea/1 --despite ! c]ta9ty t "o might z well hope to rem\nt ! ,riv] ( ,"t & %>e ! vani%$ exi/5ce ( "s old ,greek city1 z to %>e ! ?\ghts & ! emotions ( ,old ,japan1--we f9d ourselves bewit*$ =ev] by ! vision1 l ^? w&]]s ( folk-tale :o ra%ly visit$ ,elf-l&4 ,we "k t !re is illusion1--n z to ! reality ( ! visible1 b z to its mean+s1--v mu* illusion4 ,yet :y %\ld ?is illusion attract u1 l "s glimpse ( ,p>adise8--:y %\ld we feel oblig$ to confess ! e?ical glam\r ( a civilization z f> away f u 9 ?\ght z ! ,egypt ( ,ramses8 ,are we really *>m$ by ! results ( a social discipl9e t refus$ to recognize ! individual8--enam\r$ ( a cult t exact$ ! suppression ( p]sonality8 ,no3 ! *>m is made by ! fact t ?is vision ( ! pa/ repres5ts to u mu* m ?an pa/ or pres5t1--t x =e%ad[s ! possibilities ( "s high] future1 9 a _w ( ,p]fect sympa?y4 ,aft] _m a ?\s& ye>s !re may be develop$ a humanity able to a*ieve1 ) nev] a %ad[ ( illusion1 ^? e?ical conditions prefigur$ by ! ideals ( ,old ,japan3 in/9ctive unselfi%ness1 #dfa a common desire to f9d ! joy ( life 9 mak+ happ9ess = o!rs1 a univ]sal s5se ( moral beauty4 ,& :5ev] m5 %all h s f> ga9$ ^u ! pres5t z to ne$ no o!r code ?an ! tea*+ ( _! own he>ts1 !n inde$ ! anci5t ideal ( ,%9to w f9d its supreme realization4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! social /ate1 ^: results ?us attract u1 really produc$ mu* m ?an a beautiful mirage4 ,simple *>act]s ( great *>m1 ?\gh necess>ily ( great fixity1 7 develop$ by x 9 multitude4 ,old ,japan came ne>] to ! a*ievem5t ( ! highe/ moral ideal ?an our f> m evolv$ societies c hope to d = _m a hundr$ ye>s4 ,& b = ^? t5 c5turies ( w> :i* foll[$ ^u ! rise ( ! milit>y p[]1 ! e?ical end to :i* all social discipl9e t5d$ might h be5 mu* m closely approa*$4 ,yet if ! bett] side ( ?is human nature _h be5 fur!r develop$ at ! co/ ( d>k] & /]n] qualities1 ! consequ5ce might h prov$ un=tunate = ! nation4 ,no p s rul$ by altruism z to lose its capacities = aggression & cunn+ c\ld hold _! own1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 aga9/ races h>d5$ by ! discipl9e ( competition z well z by ! discipl9e ( w>4 ,! future ,japan mu/ rely ^u ! lea/ #dfb amiable qualities ( h] "* = success 9 ! univ]sal /ruggle2 & %e w ne$ to develop !m /rongly4 99 99 99 ,h[ /rongly %e has be5 able to develop !m 9 "o direction1 ! pres5t w> ) ,russia be>s />tl+ witness4 ,b x is c]ta9ly to ! long discipl9e ( ! pa/ t %e owes ! moral /r5g? beh9d ?is unexpect$ display ( aggressive p[]4 ,no sup]ficial obs]vation c\ld disc]n ! sil5t en]gies mask$ by ! resignation ( ! p to *ange1--! unconsci\s h]oism in=m+ ?is mass ( =ty million s\ls1 ! compress$ =ce ready to exp& at ,imp]ial bidd+ ei!r = con/ruction or de/ruction4 ,f ! lead]s ( a nation ) su* a milit>y & political hi/ory1 "o might expect ! manife/ation ( all ^? abilities ( supreme importance 9 diplomacy & w>4 ,b su* capacities c\ld prove ( little wor? 7 x n = ! "* ( ! masses1--! quality ( ! mat]ial t moves to comm& ) ! p[] ( w9ds & tides4 ,! v]itable /r5g? ( ,japan /ill lies 9 ! moral nature ( h] common p1--h] f>m]s & fi%]s1 artizans & lab\r]s1--! pati5t quiet folk "o sees toil+ 9 ! rice-fields1 or occupi$ ) ! humble/ ( crafts & call+s 9 city by-ways4 ,all ! unconsci\s h]oism ( ! race is 9 ^!1 & all its spl5did c\rage1--a #dfc c\rage t does n mean indiff]5ce to life1 b ! desire to sacrifice life at ! bidd+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,ma/] :o raises ! rank ( ! dead4 ,f ! ?\s&s ( "y m5 n[ be+ summon$ to ! w>1 "o he>s no expression ( hope to return to _! homes ) glory2--! common wi% utt]$ is only to w9 remembrance at ! ,%okon%a--t ,_s-,invok+ ,temple1 :]e ! s\ls ( all :o die = ,emp]or & fa!rl& are believ$ to ga!r4 ,at no "t 0 ! anci5t fai? /rong] ?an 9 ?is h\r ( /ruggle2 & ,russian p[] w h v mu* m to fe> f t fai? ?an f repeat+ rifles or ,:itehead torp$oes499 ,%9to1 z a religion ( patriotism1 is a =ce t %\ld suffice1 if p]mitt$ fair-play1 to affect n only ! de/9ies ( ! :ole ,f> ,ea/1 b ! future ( civilization4 ,no m irrational ass]tion 0 ev] made ab\t ! ,japanese ?an ! /atem5t ( _! indiff]5ce to religion4 ,religion is /ill1 z x has #dfd ev] be51 ! v life ( ! p1--! motive & ! direct+ p[] ( _! e action3 a religion ( do+ & suff]+1 a religion )\t cant & hypocrisy4 ,& ! qualities especially develop$ by x are j ^? qualities :i* h />tl$ ,russia1 & may yet cause h] _m a pa9ful surprise4 ,%e has discov]$ al>m+ =ce :]e %e imag9$ *ildi% weakness2 %e has enc\nt]$ h]oism :]e %e expect$ to f9d timidity & helplessness49999 99,! foll[+ reply1 made by ,admiral ,togo ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,japanese fleet1 to an ,imp]ial message ( comm5dation receiv$ aft] ! second attempt to block ! entrance to ,port ,ar?ur1 is *>act]i/ically ,%9to3-- ,! w>m message :i* ,y\r imp]ial ,maje/y condesc5d$ to grant u ) reg>d to ! second attempt to seal ,port ,ar?ur1 has n only ov]:elm$ u ) gratitude1 b may also influ5ce ! patriotic manes ( ! dep>t$ h]oes to hov] long ov] ! battle-field & give unse5 protection to ! ,imp]ial =ces4444 ,translat$ 9 ! ,,japan ,,times ( ,m>* #ca/1 #aijd4 --,su* ?\ghts & hopes ab\t ! brave dead might h be5 utt]$ by a ,greek w>rior be=e ! battle ( ,salamis4 ,! fai? & c\rage :i* help$ ! ,greeks to repel ! ,p]sian invasion 7 ( precisely ! same quality z t religi\s h]oism :i* n[ helps ! ,japanese to *all5ge ! p[] ( ,russia4 9999,! case ( ! ,japanese (fic]s & m5 on ! transport ,k9%u ,m>u1 sank by ! ,russian w>%ips on ! #bf? ( la/ ,april1 %\ld h giv5 ! enemy matt] = reflection4 ,al?\gh all[$ an h\r's "t = consid]ation1 ! soldi]s refus$ to surr5d]1 & op5$ fire ) _! rifles on ! battle%ips4 ,!n1 be=e ! ,k9%u ,m>u 0 bl[n 9 two by a torp$o1 a numb] ( ! ,japanese (fic]s & m5 p]=m$ h>akiri4444 ,?is /rong display ( ! fi]ce old feudal _s sugge/s h[ de>ly a ,russian success w\ld be b\ght4 99 99 99 ,= c\ntless reasons ?is t]rible w> 7( :i* no man c yet see ! end7 is unspeakably to be regrett$2 & ( ^! reasons n ! lea/ are indu/rial4 ,w> mu/ tempor>ily *eck all t5d5cies t[>ds ! developm5t ( t heal?y individualism )\t :i* no mod]n nation c become prosp]\s & weal?y4 ,ent]prise is numb$1 m>kets p>alyz$1 manufactures /opp$4 ,yet1 9 ! extraord9>y case ( ?is extraord9>y p1 x is possible t ! social effects ( ! conte/ w prove to "s degree b5eficial4 ,prior to ho/ilities1 !re _h be5 a visible t5d5cy to #dfe ! premature dissolution ( in/itutions f\nd$ ^u c5turies ( exp]i5ce1--a s]i\s likelihood ( moral dis9tegration4 ,t great *anges mu/ h]eaft] be made1--t ! future well-be+ ( ! c\ntry requires !m1--w\ld seem to admit ( no argum5t4 ,b x is necess>y t su* *anges be effect$ by degrees1--n ) su* inopportune ha/e z to imp]il ! moral con/itution ( ! nation4 ,a w> = indep5d5ce1--a w> t obliges ! race to /ake its all ^u ! issue1--mu/ br+ ab\t a tight5+ ( ! old social bonds1 a /rong quick5+ ( ! anci5t s5tim5ts ( loyalty & duty1 a re9=cem5t ( cons]vatism4 ,?is w signify retrogression 9 "s directions2 b x w also mean invigoration 9 o!rs4 ,be=e ! ,russian m5ace1 ! ,s\l ( ,yamato revives aga94 ,out ( ! conte/ ,japan w come1 if successful1 morally /rong] ?an be=e2 & a new s5se ( self-confid5ce1 a new _s ( indep5d5ce1 might !n reveal itself 9 ! national attitude t[>d =eign policy & =eign pressure4 --,!re w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 ! dang] ( ov]confid5ce4 ,a p able to defeat ,russian p[] on l& & sea might be tempt$ to believe !mselves equally able to cope ) =eign capital ^u _! own t]ritory2 & e means w\ld c]ta9ly be tri$ ( p]suad+ or bully+ ! gov]nm5t #dff into "s fatal compromise on ! "q ( ! "r ( =eign]s to hold l&4 ,ef=ts 9 ?is direction h be5 c>ri$ on p]si/5tly & sy/ematically = ye>s2 & ^! ef=ts seem to h receiv$ "s support f a class ( ,japanese politicians1 app>5tly incapable ( und]/&+ :at enorm\s tyranny a s+le privileg$ syndicate ( =eign capital w\ld be capable ( ex]cis+ 9 su* a c\ntry4 ,x appe>s to me t any p]son compreh5d+1 ev5 9 ! vague/ way1 ! nature ( money-p[] & ! av]age conditions ( life ?r\gh\t ,japan1 mu/ recognize ! c]ta9ty t =eign capital1 ) "r ( l&-t5ure1 w\ld f9d means to control legislation1 to control gov]nm5t1 & to br+ ab\t a /ate ( affairs t w\ld result 9 ! practical dom9ation ( ! empire by ali5 int]e/s4 ,i _c resi/ ! conviction t :5 ,japan yields to =eign indu/ry ! "r to pur*ase l&1 %e is lo/ beyond hope4 ,! self-confid5ce t might tempt to su* yield+1 9 view ( imm$iate advantages1 w\ld be fatal4 ,japan has incomp>ably m to fe> f ,engli% or ,am]ican capital ?an f ,russian battle%ips & bayonets4 ,beh9d h] milit>y capacity is ! discipl9$ exp]i5ce ( a ?\s& ye>s2 beh9d h] indu/rial & comm]cial p[]1 ! exp]i5ce ( half-a-c5tury4 ,b %e has be5 fully w>n$2 & if %e *ooses h]eaft] to invite h] own ru91 x w n h #dfg be5 = lack ( c\nsel1--s9ce %e _h ! wise/ man 9 ! _w to advise h]499 99,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,to ! read] ( ^! pages1 at lea/1 ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ! new social organization--its great capacities = (f5sive or def5sive action 9 milit>y directions1 & its comp>ative feebl5ess 9 o!r directions--%\ld n[ be evid5t4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! m>vel is t ,japan %\ld h be5 s well able to hold h] own2 & x 0 assur$ly no common wisdom t guid$ h] fir/ un/eady ef=ts 9 new & p]il\s ways4 ,c]ta9ly h] p[] to accompli% :at %e has accompli%$ 0 d]iv$ f h] old religi\s & social tra9+3 %e 0 able to keep /rong because1 "u ! new =ms ( rule & ! new conditions ( social activity1 %e c\ld /ill ma9ta9 a great deal ( ! anci5t discipl9e4 ,b ev5 ?us x 0 only by ! firme/ & %rewde/ policy t %e c\ld av]t disa/]1--c\ld prev5t ! disruption ( h] :ole social /ructure "u ! weight ( ali5 pressure4 ,x 0 imp]ative t va/ *anges %\ld be made1 b equally imp]ative t !y %\ld n be ( a "* to endang] ! f\ndations2 & x 0 above all ?+s necess>y1 :ile prep>+ = imm$iate necessities1 to provide aga9/ future p]ils4 ,nev] be=e1 p]haps1 9 ! hi/ory ( human civilization1 did any rul]s f9d !mselves #dfh oblig$ to cope ) problems s trem5d\s1 s complicat$1 & s inexorable4 ,& ( ^! problems ! mo/ inexorable rema9s to be solv$4 ,x is furni%$ by ! fact t al?\gh all ! successes ( ,japan h be5 s f> due to unselfi% collective action1 su/a9$ by ! old ,%9to ideals ( duty & ob$i5ce1 h] indu/rial future mu/ dep5d ^u egoi/ic individual action ( a totally opposite k9d6 99 99 99 ,:at !n w become ( ! anci5t morality8--! anci5t cult8 --,9 ?is mom5t ! conditions are abnormal4 ,b x seems c]ta9 t !re w be1 "u normal conditions1 a fur!r gradual loos5+ ( ! old family-bonds2 & ?is w\ld br+ ab\t a fur!r dis9tegration4 ,by ! te/imony ( ! ,japanese !mselves1 su* dis9tegration 0 spread+ rapidly among ! upp] & middle classes ( ! great cities1 prior to ! pres5t w>4 ,among ! p ( ! agricultural di/ricts1 & ev5 9 ! c\ntry t[ns1 ! old e?ical ord] ( ?+s has yet be5 little affect$4 ,& !re are o!r influ5ces ?an legislative *ange or social necessity :i* are work+ = dis9tegration4 ,old beliefs h be5 rudely %ak5 by ! introduction ( l>g] k3 a new g5]ation is be+ taught1 9 tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& prim>y s*ools1 ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce & ! mod]n conception ( ! univ]se4 ,! #dfj ,buddhi/ cosmology1 ) its fanta/ic pictures ( ,m\nt ,m]u1 has become a nurs]y-tale2 ! old ,*9ese nature-philosophy f9ds believ]s only among ! little educat$1 or ! survivors ( ! feudal era2 & ! y\nge/ s*oolboy has le>n$ t ! con/ellations are nei!r gods nor ,buddhas1 b f>-(f gr\ps ( suns4 ,no long] c popul> fancy picture ! ,milky ,way z ! ,riv] ( ,heav52 ! leg5d ( ! ,weav+-,maid51 & h] wait+ lov]1 & ! ,bridge ( ,birds1 is n[ told only to *ildr52 & ! "y fi%]man1 ?\gh /e]+1 l 8 fa!rs1 by ! light ( />s1 no long] disc]ns 9 ! nor!rn sky ! =m ( ,miok5 ,bosatsu4 ,yet x 7 easy to mis9t]pret ! weak5+ ( a c]ta9 class ( old beliefs1 or ! visible t5d5cy to social *ange4 ,"u any circum/ances a religion decays sl[ly2 & ! mo/ cons]vative =ms ( religion are ! la/ to yield to dis9tegration4 ,x 7 a grave mi/ake to suppose t ! ance/or-cult has yet be5 appreciably affect$ by ext]ior influ5ces ( any k9d1 or to imag9e t x cont9ues to exi/ m]ely by =ce ( hall[$ cu/om1 & n because ! majority /ill believe4 ,no religion--& lea/ ( all ! religion ( ! dead--c\ld ?us sudd5ly lose its hold ^u ! affections ( ! race t evolv$ x4 ,ev5 9 o!r directions ! new scepticism is sup]ficial3 x has n spread d[nw>ds into ! core ( ?+s4 ,!re is inde$ #dgj a gr[+ class ( "y m5 ) :om scepticism ( a c]ta9 sort is ! fa%ion1 & scorn ( ! pa/ an affectation1--b ev5 among ^! no ^w ( disrespect conc]n+ ! religion ( ! home is ev] he>d4 ,prote/s aga9/ ! old obligations ( filial piety1 compla9ts ( ! gr[+ weight ( ! family yoke1 are sometimes utt]$2 b ! dome/ic cult is nev] spok5 ( lightly4 ,z = ! communal & o!r public =ms ( ,%9to1 ! vig\r ( ! old religion is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! cont9ually increas+ numb] ( temples4 ,9 #ahig !re 7 #aia1ifb ,%9to temples2 9 #aija !re 7 #aie1bef4 ,x seems probable t su* *anges z mu/ occur 9 ! ne> future w be social r ?an religi\s2 & !re is little reason to believe t ^! *anges--h[ev] !y may t5d to weak5 filial piety 9 sundry directions--w s]i\sly affect ! ance/or-cult itself4 ,! weight ( ! family-bond1 aggravat$ by ! increas+ difficulty & co/ ( life1 may be m & m light5$ = ! individual2 b no legislation c aboli% ! s5tim5t ( duty to ! dead4 ,:5 t s5tim5t utt]ly fails1 ! he>t ( a nation w h ceas$ to beat4 ,belief 9 ! old gods1 z gods1 may sl[ly pass2 b ,%9to may live on z ! ,religion ( ! ,fa!rl&1 a religion ( h]oes & patriots2 & ! likelihood ( su* future modification is indicat$ by ! memorial "* ( _m new temples4 #dga--;,x has be5 mu* ass]t$ ( late ye>s 7*iefly because ( ! pr(\nd impression made by ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell's ,s\l ( ! ,f> ,ea/7 t ,japan is desp]ately 9 ne$ ( a ,gospel ( ,individualism2 & _m pi\s p]sons assume t ! conv]sion ( ! c\ntry to ,*ri/ianity w\ld suffice to produce ! ,individualism4 ,?is assumption has no?+ to re/ on except ! old sup]/ition t national cu/oms & habits & modes ( feel+1 sl[ly %ap$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 c be sudd5ly trans=m$ by a m]e act ( fai?4 ,^? fur!r dissolutions ( ! old ord] :i* w\ld r5d] possible1 "u normal conditions1 a high] social en]gy1 c be safely br\ght ab\t ?r\gh indu/rialism only1--?r\gh ! work+ ( necessities t en=ce competitive ent]prise & comm]cial expansion4 ,a long peace w be requir$ = su* heal?y trans=mation2 & x is n impossible t an indep5d5t & progressive ,japan w\ld !n consid] que/ions ( religi\s *ange f ! /&po9t ( political exp$i5cy4 ,obs]vation & /udy abroad may h unduly impress$ ,japanese /atesm5 ) ! half-tru? s =cibly utt]$ by ,mi*elet1--t money has a religion1--t capital is ,prote/ant1--t ! p[] & weal? & intellectual en]gy ( ! _w belong to ! races :o ca/ (f ! yoke ( ,rome1 & fre$ !mselves f ! cre$ ( ! ,middle #dgb ,ages499 ,a ,japanese /atesman is said to h lately decl>$ t 8 c\ntrym5 7 rapidly drift+ t[>ds ,*ri/ianity6 ,newspap] reports ( em95t utt]ances are n (t5 tru/wor?y2 b ! report 9 ?is case is probably accurate1 & ! utt]ance int5d$ to sugge/ possibilities4 ,s9ce ! decl>ation ( ! ,anglo-,japanese alliance1 !re has be5 a rem>kable s(t5+ 9 ! attitude ( safe cons]vatism :i* ! gov]nm5t =m]ly ma9ta9$ t[>d ,we/]n religion4444 ,b z = ! "q :e!r ! ,japanese nation w ev] adopt an ali5 cre$ "u (ficial enc\ragem5t1 ,i ?9k t ! sociological answ] is evid5t4 ,any und]/&+ ( ! fundam5tal /ructure ( society %\ld make equally obvi\s ! imprud5ce ( attempt+ ha/y trans=mations1 & ! impossibility ( effect+ !m4 ,= ! pres5t1 at lea/1 ! religi\s "q 9 ,japan is a "q ( social integrity2 & any ef=ts to precipitate ! natural c\rse ( *ange c result only 9 provok+ reaction & disord]4 ,i believe t ! "t is f> away at :i* ,japan c v5ture to ab&on ! policy ( #dgc caution t has s]v$ h] s well4 ,i believe t ! day on :i* %e adopts a ,we/]n cre$1 h] immemorial dyna/y is doom$2 & ,i _c help fe>+ t :5ev] %e yields to =eign capital ! "r to hold s mu* z "o rood ( h] soil1 %e signs away h] bir?right beyond hope ( recov]y4 99,no inf]5ces c be safely drawn f ! app>5t attitude ( ! gov]nm5t t[>ds religi\s bodies 9 ,japan4 ,( late ye>s ! seem+ policy has be5 to enc\rage ! less tol]ant =ms ( ,we/]n religion4 ,9 curi\s contra/ to ?is attitude is ! non-tol]ation ( ,freemasonry4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,freemasonry is n all[$ 9 ,japan--al?\gh1 s9ce ! abolition ( ext]ritoriality1 ! =eign lodges at ! op5 ports h be5 p]mitt$ 7or r1 suff]$7 to exi/ ^u c]ta9 conditions4 ,a ,japanese 9 ,europe or ,am]ica is free to become a ,mason2 b he _c become a ,mason 9 ,japan1 :]e ! proce$+s ( all societies mu/ rema9 op5 to (ficial surveillance4 99 99 99 ,) a few g5]al rem>ks ^u ! religion ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 9 its relation to ,occid5tal aggressions1 ?is attempt at int]pretation may fitly conclude4 --,all ! societies ( ! ,f> ,ea/ are f\nd$1 l t ( ,japan1 ^u ance/or-wor%ip4 ,?is anci5t religion1 9 v>i\s =ms1 repres5ts _! moral exp]i5ce2 & x (f]s ev]y:]e to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 z n[ intol]antly prea*$1 ob/acles ( ! mo/ s]i\s k9d4 ,attacks ^u x mu/ seem1 to ^? ^: lives are direct$ by x1 ! greate/ ( outrages & ! mo/ unp>donable ( crimes4 ,a religion = :i* e memb] ( a community believes x 8 duty to die at call1 is a religion = :i* he w fight4 ,8 pati5ce ) attacks ^u x w dep5d ^u ! degree ( 8 intellig5ce & ! nature ( 8 tra9+4 ,all ! races ( ! ,f> ,ea/ h n ! intellig5ce ( ! ,japanese1 nor h !y be5 equally well tra9$1 "u ages ( milit>y discipl9e1 to adapt _! conduct to circum/ances4 ,= #dgd ! ,*9ese peasant1 9 especial1 attacks ^u 8 religion are intol]able4 ,8 cult rema9s ! mo/ preci\s ( 8 possessions1 & 8 supreme guide 9 all matt]s ( social "r & wrong4 ,! ,ea/ has be5 tol]ant ( all cre$s :i* d n assault ! f\ndations ( its societies2 & if ,we/]n missions _h be5 wise en\gh to leave ^? f\ndations alone1--to deal ) ! ance/or-cult z ,buddhism did1 & to %[ ! same _s ( tol]ance 9 o!r directions1--! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity ^u a v ext5sive scale %\ld h prov$ a matt] ( no difficulty4 ,t ! result w\ld h be5 a ,*ri/ianity diff]+ consid]ably f ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity is obvi\s1--! /ructure ( ,f>-,ea/]n society n admitt+ ( sudd5 trans=mations2--b ! ess5tials ( doctr9e might h be5 widely propagat$1 )\t excit+ social antagonism1 mu* less race-hatr$4 ,to-day x is probably impossible to undo :at ! /]ile lab\r ( intol]ance has already done4 ,! hatr$ ( ,we/]n religion 9 ,*9a & adjac5t c\ntries is und\bt$ly due to ! ne$less & implacable attacks :i* h be5 made ^u ! ance/or-cult4 ,to dem& ( a ,*9ese or an ,annamese t he ca/ away or de/roy 8 ance/ral tablets is n less irrational & inhuman ?an x w\ld be to dem& ( an ,engli%man or a ,fr5*man t he de/roy 8 "m's tomb/one 9 pro( ( 8 devotion to ,*ri/ianity4 #dge ,nay1 x is mu* m inhuman1--= ! ,european atta*es to ! fun]al monum5t no su* idea ( sacr$ness z t :i* atta*es1 9 ,ea/]n belief1 to ! simple tablet inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! dead p>5t4 ,f old "t ^! attacks ^u ! dome/ic fai? ( docile & peaceful communities h provok$ massacres2 &1 if p]si/$ 91 !y w cont9ue to provoke massacres :ile ! p h /r5g? left to /rike4 ,h[ =eign religi\s aggression is answ]$ by native religi\s aggression2 & h[ ,*ri/ian milit>y p[] av5ges ! =eign victims ) t5fold slaught] & /rong robb]y1 ne$ n "h be record$4 ,x has n be5 9 ^! ye>s only t ance/or-wor%ipp+ peoples h be5 slaught]$1 impov]i%$1 or subjugat$ 9 rev5ge = ! upris+s t mission>y intol]ance provokes4 ,b :ile ,we/]n trade & comm]ce directly ga9 by ^! rev5ges1 ,we/]n public op9ion w suff] no discussion ( ! "r ( provocation or ! ju/ice ( retaliation4 ,! less tol]ant religi\s bodies call x a wick$ness ev5 to raise ! "q ( moral "r2 & aga9/ ! imp>tial obs]v]1 :o d>es to lift 8 voice 9 prote/1 fanaticism turns z f]oci\sly z if he 7 prov$ an enemy ( ! human race4 ,f ! sociological po9t ( view ! :ole mission>y sy/em1 irrespective ( sect & cre$1 repres5ts ! skirmi%+-=ce ( ,we/]n civilization 9 its g5]al attack ^u all civilizations ( ! #dgf anci5t type1--! fir/ l9e 9 ! =w>d movem5t ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ highly evolv$ societies ^u ! weak] & less evolv$4 ,! consci\s "w ( ^! fight]s is t ( prea*]s & tea*]s2 _! unconsci\s "w is t ( sapp]s & de/roy]s4 ,! subjugation ( weak races has be5 aid$ by _! "w to a degree little imag9$2 & by no o!r conceivable means c\ld x h be5 accompli%$ s quickly & s surely4 ,= de/ruction !y lab\r unkn[+ly1 l a =ce ( nature4 ,yet ,*ri/ianity does n appreciably exp&4 ,!y p]i%2 & !y really lay d[n _! lives1 ) m ?an ! c\rage ( soldi]s1 n1 z !y hope1 to assi/ ! spread ( t doctr9e :i* ! ,ea/ mu/ /ill ( necessity refuse1 b to help indu/rial ent]prise & ,occid5tal aggr&izem5t4 ,! real & av[$ object ( missions is defeat$ by p]si/5t indiff]5ce to sociological tru?s2 & ! m>tyrdoms & sacrifices are utiliz$ by ,*ri/ian nations = ends ess5tially oppos$ to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,ne$less to say t ! aggressions ( race ^u race are fully 9 accord ) ! univ]sal law ( /ruggle1--t p]petual /ruggle 9 :i* only ! m capable survive4 ,inf]ior races mu/ become subs]vi5t to high] races1 or disappe> be=e !m2 & anci5t types ( civilization1 too rigid = progress1 mu/ yield to ! pressure ( m effici5t & #dgg m complex civilizations4 ,! law is pitiless & pla93 its op]ations may be m]cifully modifi$1 b nev] prev5t$1 by humane consid]ation4 ,yet = no g5]\s ?9k] c ! e?ical que/ions involv$ be ?us easily settl$4 ,we are n ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t ! inevitable is morally orda9$1--mu* less t1 because ! high] races happ5 to be on ! w9n+ side 9 ! _w-/ruggle1 might c ev] con/itute "r4 ,human progress has be5 a*iev$ by d5y+ ! law ( ! /rong]1--by battl+ aga9/ ^? impulses to cru% ! weak1 to prey ^u ! helpless1 :i* rule 9 ! _w ( ! brute1 & are no less 9 accord ) ! natural ord] ?an are ! c\rses ( ! />s4 ,all virtues & re/ra9ts mak+ civilization possible h be5 develop$ 9 ! tee? ( natural law4 ,^? races :i* lead are ! races :o fir/ le>n$ t ! highe/ p[] is acquir$ by ! ex]cise ( =be>ance1 & t lib]ty is be/ ma9ta9$ by ! protection ( ! weak1 & by ! /rong repression ( inju/ice4 ,unless we be ready to d5y ! :ole ( ! moral exp]i5ce ?us ga9$1--unless we are will+ to ass]t t ! religion 9 :i* x has be5 express$ is only ! cre$ ( a p>ticul> civilization1 & n a religion ( humanity1--x 7 difficult to imag9e any e?ical ju/ification = ! aggressions made ^u ali5 peoples 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity & enlight5m5t4 ,c]ta9ly ! results 9 ,*9a ( su* aggression #dgh h n be5 ,*ri/ianity nor enlight5m5t1 b revolts1 massacres1 dete/able cruelties1--! de/ruction ( cities1 ! deva/ation ( prov9ces1 ! loss ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( lives1 ! extortion ( hundr$s ( millions ( money4 ,if all ?is be "r1 !n might is might inde$2 & our pr(ess$ religion ( humanity & ju/ice is prov$ to be z exclusive z any primitive cult1 & int5d$ to regulate conduct only z betwe5 memb]s ( ! same society4 ,b to ! evolutioni/1 at lea/1 ! matt] appe>s 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,! pla9 tea*+ ( sociology is t ! high] races _c ) impunity ca/ aside _! moral exp]i5ce 9 deal+ ) feebl] races1 & t ,we/]n civilization w h to pay1 soon] or lat]1 ! full p5alty ( its de$s ( oppression4 ,nations t1 :ile refus+ to endure religi\s intol]ance at home1 /eadily ma9ta9 religi\s intol]ance abroad1 mu/ ev5tually lose ^? rights ( intellectual fre$om :i* co/ s _m c5turies ( atroci\s /ruggle to w94 ,p]haps ! p]iod ( ! p5alty is n v f> away4 ,) ! return ( all ,europe to militant conditions1 !re has set 9 a va/ ecclesia/ical revival ( :i* ! m5ace to human lib]ty is unmi/akable2 ! _s ( ! ,middle ,ages ?reat5s to prevail aga92 & anti-semitism has actually become a factor 9 ! politics ( ?ree ,cont95tal p[]s4444 #dgi--;,x has be5 well said t no man c e/imate ! =ce ( a religi\s conviction until he has tri$ to oppose x4 ,probably no man c imag9e ! wick$ side ( conv5tion ^u ! subject ( missions until ! mask$ batt]ies ( its malevol5ce h be5 tra9$ aga9/ him4 ,yet ! "q ( mission-policy _c be answ]$ ei!r by secret sl&] or by public abuse ( ! p]son rais+ x4 ,to-day x has become a "q t conc]ns ! peace ( ! _w1 ! future ( comm]ce1 & ! int]e/s ( civilization4 ,! integrity ( ,*9a dep5ds ^u x2 & ! pres5t w> is n =eign to x4 ,p]haps ?is book1 9 spite ( _m %ortcom+s1 w n fail to conv9ce "s ?\ghtful p]sons t ! con/itution ( ,f>-,ea/]n society pres5ts insup]able ob/acles to ! propag&a ( ,we/]n religion1 z hi!rto conduct$2 t ^! ob/acles n[ dem&1 m ?an at any previ\s epo*1 ! mo/ c>eful & humane consid]ation2 & t ! fur!r ne$less ma9t5ance ( an uncompromis+ attitude t[>ds !m c result 9 no?+ b evil4 ,:atev] ! religion ( ance/ors may h be5 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 to-day ?r\gh\t ! ,f> ,ea/ x is ! religion ( family affection & duty2 & by inhumanly ignor+ ?is fact1 ,we/]n zealots c sc>cely fail to provoke a few m ,box] upris+s4 ,! real p[] to =ce ^u ! _w a p]il f ,*9a 7n[ t ! *ance seems lo/ = ,russia7 %\ld #dhj n be suff]$ to re/ ) ^? :o dem& religi\s tol]ance = ! purpose ( prea*+ intol]ance4 ,nev] w ! ,ea/ turn ,*ri/ian :ile dogmatism requires ! conv]t to d5y 8 anci5t obligation to ! family1 ! community1 & ! gov]nm5t1--& fur!r insi/s t he prove 8 zeal = an ali5 cre$ by de/roy+ ! tablets ( 8 ance/ors1 & outrag+ ! memory ( ^? :o gave him life4 #dha ,,app5dix ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,advice ,,to ,,japan ,"s five ye>s ago ,i 0 told by an ,am]ican pr(essor1 !n resid+ 9 ,tokyo1 t aft] ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s dea? !re w\ld be publi%$ a lett] ( advice1 :i* ! philosoph] _h address$ to a ,japanese /atesman1 conc]n+ ! policy by :i* ! ,empire might be able to pres]ve its indep5d5ce4 ,i 0 n able to obta9 any fur!r in=mation2 b ,i felt tol]ably sure1 rememb]+ ! /atem5t reg>d+ ,japanese social dis9tegration 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 7section #agh71 t ! advice w\ld prove to h be5 ( ! mo/ cons]vative k9d4 ,z a matt] ( fact x 0 ev5 m cons]vative ?an ,i _h imag9$4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] di$ on ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #h?1 #aijc 7:ile ?is book 0 9 c\rse ( prep>ation72 & ! lett]1 address$ to ,b>on ,kaneko ,k5t>o1 "u circum/ances ) :i* ! public h already be5 made famili>1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,times ( ,janu>y #ah?1 #aijd4 ,,fairfield1 ,,pewsey1 ,,wilts1 ,aug4 #bf1 #ahib4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,y\r proposal to s5d translations ( my two lett]s99 to ,c\nt ,ito1 ! newly-appo9t$ ,prime ,m9i/]1 is q satisfactory4 ,i v will+ly give my ass5t4 99,^! lett]s h n z yet be5 made public4 ,respect+ ! fur!r que/ions y ask1 let me1 9 ! fir/ place1 answ] g5]ally t ! ,japanese policy %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be t ( keep+ ,am]icans & ,europeans z mu* z possible at arm's l5g?4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! m p[]ful races y\r position is "o ( *ronic dang]1 & y %\ld take e precaution to give z little foo?old z possible to =eign]s4 #dhb ,x seems to me t ! only =ms ( int]c\rse :i* y may ) advantage p]mit are ^? :i* are indisp5sable = ! ex*ange ( commodities--importation & exportation ( physical & m5tal products4 ,no fur!r privileges %\ld be all[$ to p ( o!r races1 & especially to p ( ! m p[]ful races1 ?an is absolutely ne$ful = ! a*ievem5t ( ^! ends4 ,app>5tly y are propos+ by revision ( ! treaty ) ! ,p[]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica to op5 ! :ole ,empire to =eign]s & =eign capital4 ,i regret ?is z a fatal policy4 ,if y wi% to see :at is likely to happ51 /udy ! hi/ory ( ,india4 ,once let "o ( ! m p[]ful races ga9 a po9t d'appui & !re w inevitably 9 c\rse ( "t gr[ up an aggressive policy :i* w lead to collisions ) ! ,japanese2 ^! collisions w be repres5t$ z attacks by ! ,japanese :i* mu/ be av5g$1 z ! case may be2 a portion ( t]ritory w be seiz$ & requir$ to be made ov] z a =eign settlem5t2 & f ?is !re w gr[ ev5tually subjugation ( ! entire ,japanese ,empire4 ,i believe t y w h great difficulty 9 avoid+ ?is fate 9 any case1 b y w make ! process easy if y all[ ( any privileges to =eign]s beyond ^? :i* ,i h indicat$4 ,9 pursuance ( ! advice ?us g5]ally indicat$1 ,i %\ld say1 9 answ] to y\r fir/ "q1 t !re %\ld be1 n only a prohibition ( =eign p]sons to hold prop]ty 9 l&1 b also a refusal to give !m leases1 & a p]mission only to reside z annual t5ants4 ,to ! second "q ,i %\ld say decid$ly prohibit to =eign]s ! work+ ( ! m9es own$ or work$ by ,gov]nm5t4 ,"h !re w\ld be obvi\sly liable to arise gr\nds ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,europeans or ,am]icans :o work$ !m & ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ^! gr\nds ( qu>rel w\ld be foll[$ by invocations to ! ,engli% or ,am]ican ,gov]nm5ts or o!r ,p[]s to s5d =ces to insi/ on :atev] ! ,european work]s claim$1 = always ! habit "h & else:]e among ! civiliz$ peoples is to believe :at _! ag5ts or sell]s abroad repres5t to !m4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 9 pursuance ( ! policy ,i h indicat$1 y ought also to keep ! coa/+ trade 9 y\r own h&s & =bid =eign]s to engage 9 x4 ,?is coa/+ trade is cle>ly n includ$ 9 ! requirem5t ,i h indicat$ z ! sole "o to be recogniz$--a requirem5t to facilitate exportation & importation #dhc ( commodities4 ,! di/ribution ( commodities br\ght to ,japan f o!r places may be prop]ly left to ! ,japanese !mselves1 & %\ld be d5i$ to =eign]s1 = ! reason t aga9 ! v>i\s transactions involv$ w\ld become s _m doors op5 to qu>rels & result+ aggressions4 ,to y\r rema9+ "q respect+ ! int]m>riage ( =eign]s & ,japanese1 :i* y say is n[ v mu* agitat$ among our s*ol>s & politicians & :i* y say is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems1 my reply is t1 z rationally answ]$1 !re is no difficulty at all4 ,x %\ld be positively =bidd54 ,x is n at root a "q ( social philosophy4 ,x is at root a "q ( biology4 ,!re is abundant pro(1 alike furni%$ by ! int]m>riages ( human races & by ! int]bre$+ ( animals1 t :5 ! v>ieties m+l$ div]ge beyond a c]ta9 slight degree ! result is inevitably a bad "o 9 ! long run4 ,i h myself be5 9 ! habit ( look+ at ! evid5ce be>+ on ?is matt] = _m ye>s pa/1 & my conviction is bas$ on num]\s facts d]iv$ f num]\s s\rces4 ,?is conviction ,i h )9 ! la/ half-h\r v]ifi$1 = ,i happ5 to be /ay+ 9 ! c\ntry ) a g5tleman :o is well kn[n & has _h mu* exp]i5ce respect+ ! int]bre$+ ( cattle2 & he has j1 on inquiry1 fully confirm$ my belief t :51 say ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( %eep1 !re is an int]bre$+ ( ^? :i* are widely unlike1 ! result1 especially 9 ! second g5]ation1 is a bad "o--!re arise an incalculable mixture ( traits1 & :at may be call$ a *aotic con/itution4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s among human be+s--! ,eurasians 9 ,india1 ! half-bre$s 9 ,am]ica1 %[ ?is4 ,! physiological basis ( ?is exp]i5ce appe>s to be t any "o v>iety ( creature 9 c\rse ( _m g5]ations acquires a c]ta9 con/itutional adaptation to its p>ticul> =m ( life1 & e o!r v>iety simil>ly acquires its own special adaptation4 ,! consequ5ce is t1 if y mix ! con/itution ( two widely div]g5t v>ieties :i* h sev]ally become adapt$ to widely div]g5t modes ( life1 y get a con/itution :i* is adapt$ to ! mode ( life ( nei!r--a con/itution :i* w n "w prop]ly1 because x is n fitt$ = any set ( conditions :atev]4 ,by all means1 !re=e1 p]emptorily int]dict m>riages ( ,japanese ) =eign]s4 ,i h = ! reasons indicat$ entirely approv$ ( ! regulations :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica = re/ra9+ ! ,*9ese immigration1 & _h ,i ! p[] ,i w\ld re/rict !m #dhd to ! smalle/ possible am\nt1 my reasons = ?is decision be+ t "o ( two ?+s mu/ happ54 ,if ! ,*9ese are all[$ to settle ext5sively 9 ,am]ica1 !y mu/ ei!r1 if !y rema9 unmix$1 =m a subject race /&+ 9 ! position1 if n ( slaves1 yet ( a class approa*+ to slaves2 or if !y mix !y mu/ =m a bad hybrid4 ,9 ei!r case1 suppos+ ! immigration to be l>ge1 imm5se social mis*ief mu/ arise1 & ev5tually social disorganization4 ,! same ?+ w happ5 if !re %\ld be any consid]able mixture ( ,european or ,am]ican races ) ! ,japanese4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t my advice is /rongly cons]vative 9 all directions1 & ,i end by say+ z ,i began--keep o!r races at arm's l5g? z mu* z possible4 ,i give ?is advice 9 confid5ce4 ,i wi% t x %\ld n transpire publicly1 at any rate dur+ my life1 = ,i d n desire to r\se ! animosity ( my fell[-c\ntrym54 ,i am s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,p4,s4--,( c\rse1 :5 ,i say ,i wi% ?is advice to be 9 confid5ce1 ,i d n int]dict ! communication ( x to ,c\nt ,ito1 b r wi% t he %\ld h ! opportunity ( tak+ x into consid]ation4 ,h[ fairly ,h]b]t ,sp5c] und]/ood ! prejudices ( 8 c\ntrym5 has be5 %[n by ! comm5ts ( ! ,times ^u ?is lett]1--comm5ts *iefly *>act]iz$ by t unreason+ quality ( abuse ) :i* ! ,engli% conv5tional m9d commonly res5ts ! pa9 ( a new idea oppos$ to imm$iate int]e/s4 ,yet "s k ( ! real facts 9 ! case %\ld s]ve to conv9ce ev5 ! ,times t if ,japan is able 9 ?is mom5t to fight = ! cause ( civilization 9 g5]al1 & = ,engli% int]e/s 9 p>ticul>1 x is precisely because ! ,japanese /atesm5 ( a wis] g5]ation ma9ta9$ a s\nd cons]vative policy ^u ! v l9es indicat$ 9 t lett]--s unju/ly call$ a pro( ( colossal egotism4 ,:e!r ! advice itself directly s]v$ at any "t to influ5ce gov]nm5t policy1 ,i d n "k4 ,b t x fully accord$ ) ! national in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 is %[n by ! hi/ory #dhe ( t fi]ce opposition :i* ! advocates ( ! abolition ( extra-t]ritoriality _h to enc\nt]1 & by ! nature ( ! precaution>y legislation enact$ 9 reg>d to ^? v matt]s dwelt ^u 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s lett]1 ,?\gh extra-t]ritoriality has be5 7unavoidably1 p]haps7 aboli%$1 =eign capital has n be5 left free to exploit ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry2 & =eign]s are n all[$ to own l&4 ,?\gh m>riages betwe5 ,japanese & =eign]s h nev] be5 =bidd5199 !y h nev] be5 enc\rag$1 & c take place only "u special legal re/rictions4 ,if =eign]s c\ld h acquir$1 ?r\gh m>riage1 ! "r to hold ,japanese real e/ate1 a consid]able am\nt ( su* e/ate w\ld soon h pass$ into ali5 h&s4 ,b ! law has wisely provid$ t ! ,japanese woman m>ry+ a =eign] !reby becomes a =eign]1 & t ! *ildr5 by su* a m>riage rema9 =eign]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any =eign] adopt$ by m>riage into a ,japanese family becomes a ,japanese2 & ! *ildr5 9 su* ev5t rema9 ,japanese4 ,b !y also rema9 "u c]ta9 disabilities3 !y are preclud$ f hold+ high (fices ( /ate2 & !y _c ev5 become (fic]s ( ! army or navy except by special p]mission4 7,?is p]mission appe>s to h be5 accord$ 9 "o or two cases47 ,f9ally1 x is to be obs]v$ t ,japan has kept h] coa/+-trade 9 h] own h&s4 99,! numb] ( families 9 ,tokyo repres5t+ su* unions is said to be ov] "o hundr$4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x may be said t ,japanese policy foll[$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! c\rse sugge/$ 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s lett] ( advice2 & x is mu* to be regrett$1 9 my humble op9ion1 t ! advice c\ld n h be5 foll[$ m closely4 ,c\ld ! philosoph] h liv$ to he> ( ! rec5t ,japanese victories1--! defeat ( a p[]ful ,russian fleet )\t ! loss ( a s+le ,japanese vessel1 & ! r\t ( ?irty ?\s& ,russian troops on ! ,yalu1--,i d n ?9k t he w\ld h *ang$ 8 c\nsel by a hair's-bread?4 ,p]haps he w\ld h comm5d$1 #dhf s f> z 8 humanit>ian consci5ce p]mitt$1 ! ?or\ghness ( ! ,japanese /udy ( ! new sci5ce ( w>3 he might h prais$ ! high c\rage display$1 & ! triumph ( ! anci5t discipl9e2--8 sympa?ies w\ld h be5 on ! side ( ! c\ntry compell$ to *oose betwe5 ! necessities ( invit+ a protectorate or fight+ ,russia4 ,b _h he be5 que/ion$ aga9 z to ! policy ( ! future1 9 case ( victory1 he w\ld probably h rem9d$ ! que/ion] t milit>y effici5cy is a v diff]5t ?+ f indu/rial p[]1 & h vigor\sly repeat$ 8 w>n+4 ,und]/&+ ! /ructure & ! hi/ory ( ,japanese society1 he c\ld cle>ly p]ceive ! dang]s ( =eign contact1 & ! directions f :i* attempts to take advantage ( ! indu/rial weakness ( ! c\ntry 7 likely to be made4444 ,9 ano!r g5]ation ,japan w be able1 )\t p]il1 to ab&on mu* ( h] cons]vatism2 b1 = ! "t be+1 h] cons]vatism is h] salvation4 #dhg ,,bibliographical ,,notes ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is essay1 ,i h be5 mu* indebt$ to ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 & especially to ! foll[+ contributions3-- 7,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,%9to7 ,! ,revival ( ,pure ,%9to1 by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[1--,app5dix to ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,! ,%9to ,temples ( ,ise1 by ,sat[1--,vol4 ,,ii4 ,anci5t ,japanese ,rituals1 by ,sat[1--,vols4 ,,vii & ,,ix4 ,japanese ,fun]al ,rites1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,lay1--,vol4 ,,xix4 7,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,law ,,& ,,cu/om7 ,notes on ,l& ,t5ure & ,local ,in/itutions 9 ,old ,japan1 by ,dr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,simmons4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,wigmore1--,vol4 ,,xix4 ,mat]ials = ! ,/udy ( ,private ,law 9 ,old ,japan1 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,wigmore1--,vol4 ,,xx1 ,supplem5ts #a1 #b1 #c1 #e4 7,,on ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,episode ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies7 ,! ,*ur* at ,yamagu*i f #aeej to #aehf1 by ,sat[1--,vol4 ,,vii4 ,review ( ! ,introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ,*9a & ,japan1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,gubb9s1--,vol4 ,,vi4 ,hi/orical ,notes on ,nagasaki1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,wooley1--,vol4 ,,ix4 ,! ,arima ,rebellion1 by ,dr4 ,ge]tz1--,vol4 ,,ix4 #dhh 7,,on ,,japanese ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,sociology7 ,e>ly ,japanese ,hi/ory1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1--,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,! ,feudal ,sy/em ( ,japan "u ! ,tokugawa ,%oguns1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,gubb9s1--,vol4 ,,xv4 --,! extracts quot$ f ,! ,legacy ( ,iyeyasu h be5 tak5 f ! translation made by ,j4 ,f4 ,l[d]4 --,i regret n hav+ be5 able1 9 prep>+ ?is essay1 to avail myself ( ! v rem>kable ,hi/ory ( ,japan dur+ ! ,c5tury ( ,e>ly ,=eign ,int]c\rse 7#aedb-afea71--;by ,james ,murdo* & ,isoh ,yamagata1--:i* 0 publi%$ at ,kobe la/ w9t]4 ,?is important "w conta9s mu* docum5t>y mat]ial nev] be=e pr9t$1 & ?r[s new light ^u ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! p]iod4 ,! au?ors are incl9$ to believe t1 all[+ = num]\s apo/asies1 ! total numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,japan at no "t mu* exce$$ #cjj1jjj2 & ! reasons giv5 = ?is op9ion1 if n conclusive1 are at lea/ v /rong4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s are ^? deal+ ) ! ,ma*iavellian policy ( ,hideyo%i 9 8 attitude to ! =eign religion & its prea*]s1 b !re are few dull pages 9 ! book4 ,help to a correct und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! "t is furni%$ by an excell5t set ( maps1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( ! great fiefs & ! political p>tition ( ! c\ntry be=e & aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate4 ,n ! lea/ m]it ( ! "w is its absolute fre$om f religi\s bias ( any sort4 ,,index ,ability1 slight opportunity =1 to rise1 #daj-daa4 ,adams1 ,w1 #bed1 #cac2 int]view$ by ,iyeyasu1 #cad-caf1 fav\r$ by ! ,emp]or1 #caf-cag2 quot$ conc]n+ ,hideyori's intrigues & fate4 #cbb-cbc4 ,adoption1 cu/om (1 9 patri>*al family1 #ei1 #fd-fe2 m>riage signifi$ m]ely1 #fd2 mod]n practices reg>d+1 #chf4 ,adult]y1 enactm5ts ( ,iyeyasu reg>d+1 #cde-cdf4 ,affection1 limitations plac$ on1 #fi ff4 ,age ( ! ,gods1 p]iod call$ !1 #bei4 ,agno/icism1 ,buddhism is n4 #bac1 #bbj4 ,agriculture1 gods (1 #abf1 #aec-aed2 no degradation atta*$ to pursuit (1 #bde4 ,ak9do1 ! comm]cial class1 #bdf-bdg4 ,see ,comm]ce4 ,alce/is1 ! ,japanese woman might be comp>$ to1 #cff4 ,ance/ors1 imp]ial1 wor%ip ( !1 #ajh-abc1 #bgi-bhj4 ,ance/or-wor%ip1 introduction to religion (1 #ba-cb2 ! real religion ( ,japan1 #ba2 summ>y ( ! ?ree =ms (1 #ba-bb2 ! family-cult (1 #ba-bb1 #be-bf2 *>act]i/ics ( e>lie/1 #bd ff42 /ability (1 9 ,japan = two ?\s& ye>s1 #cb2 summ>y ( beliefs surviv+ f1 #ca2 ?ree /ages (1 #cc-cd2 evolution ( p]man5t =m f fun]al-rites1 #cd-ea3 *>act]i/ics ( religion (1 to-day1 #ea-ec2 be>+ (1 on family-organization (1 #ee ff4 2 m>riage "u ! religion (1 #ajg ff4 2 f\r classes (1 to-day1 #abc-abd2 accommodation ( ,buddhism to1 #ahc-ahd2 tol]ation ( anci5t ,european1 by ,roman ,ca?olicism1 #aia2 ,buddhi/ !ory ( rebir?s reconcil$ to1 #aie n42 ,confucian sy/em f\nd$ on1 #agg-agh1 #bib2 ne$less attacks on1 acc\nt = smallness ( result1 ( mod]n missions1 #cci1 #dgc-dge2 protection (1 by mod]n laws1 #che-chh2 ob/acles pres5t$ to ,*ri/ianity by1 #dgc-dge4 ,anci5t ,japanese ,rituals1 #dc n4 ,see ,sat[4 ,animals1 abs5ce ( cruelty to1 #ab-ac2 k9dness to1 taught by ,buddhism1 #aif-aig4 ,animism1 developm5t (1 #aca-acb4 ,antigone1 comp>ison ( ! ,japanese woman to1 #cff4 ,apes1 images ( ,ko%9's symbolic1 #bjj4 ,appr5tices1 obligation (1 to av5ge ma/]s1 #bic2 pa/ & pres5t position (1 #djf4 ,ar*itecture1 display$ 9 ,buddhi/ temples1 #aii-bjj4 ,arima1 "l ( ,%imab>a1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,army1 bir? ( mod]n1 #cgf3 pay ( (fic]s 91 #dab4 ,art1 k ( ,japanese religion necess>y to und]/&+ (1 #b-c2 introduction by ,buddhism1 #aig-aih1 #bjd1 #dei2 =ms (1 9 ,buddhi/ temples1 #aih-aii2 expulsion ( ,jesuits1 a =tunate ?+ =1 #cda-cdb2 causes :i* t5d$ to production ( a multitude ( objects (1 #cef2 effect ( mod]n indu/rial conditions on1 #dea4 ,artizans1 gods (1 #abd-abe2 clans (1 #bce2 position (1 "u quasi-feudal sy/em1 #bde-bdf2 organizations (1 see ,guilds4 ,arts1 develop$ 9 ,japan "u ,buddhi/ tea*+1 #ahh2 progress ( !1 "u ,iyeyasu1 #bgi4 ,asada1 ,lieut5ant1 suicide ( wid[ (1 #bhi4 ,asceticism1 ,%9to1 #adi-aej4 ,a%ikaga %ogunate1 #bga-bgc4 ,sec undo ,iyeyasu4 ,a/on1 ,w4,g41 translation ( ! ,nihongi by1 cit$1 #ch1 #ci1 #aab n41 #aea n41 #afd n41 #bcb n41 #bcd n42 ,e>ly ,japanese ,hi/ory by1 cit$1 #bei n4 ,bambetsu1 ,=eign ,bran*1 ! mass ( p1 #bce-bcf4 ,bani%m5t1 puni%m5t by1 #if-ii4 ,bann]-support]s 7hatamoto71 #bdc4 ,bat]51 ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s1 #caa n4 ,bato-,kwannon1 images (1 #bjj4 ,behavi\r1 sumptu>y regulations z to1 #agc-agd2 proclamation ( ,%otoku ,tai%i reg>d+1 #cei-cfj4 ,bir?s1 regulations z to pres5ts on occasions (1 #afe2 regi/ration (1 by ,buddhi/ prie/s1 #bjc-bjd4 ,black1 an ,engli%man1 z a ,japanese /ory-tell]1 #aj-aa4 ,bon-odori1 dances ( ! fe/ival ( ! dead1 #bjb4 ,b\nd>ies1 gods (1 #acj4 ,b[1 etiquette ( !1 #agd4 ,boys1 conduct (1 regulat$ by ! community1 #hi-ij2 prov]b reg>d+ mis*iev\sness (1 #dba4 ,buddhism1 ,japanese "n = 7,butsudo71 #ba2 mortu>y tablets (1 #db-dc1 #bja2 ! dead accord+ to1 & ,%9to1 #dg-dh2 entry (1 into ,japan1 #ahc-ahd2 dise/abli%m5t ( 7#ahga71 #ajg-aji2 *>m (1 to ,we/]n ?9k]s1 #bji-baj2 summ>y ( tea*+s (1 "u ,emp]or ,temmu1 #bci2 ob/acles to e/abli%m5t ( religi\s hi]>*y by1 #bea2 milit>y developm5t (1 #bfi-bgj2 viol5t end to militant1 #bge-bgf2 jesuitism mi/ak5 = a new k9d (1 #ccb-ccd2 no ess5tial ( ,%9to weak5$ by1 #cgi-chj4 ,buke1 ! milit>y class1 #bda4 ,butsudan1 h\sehold-%r9e1 #db4 ,butsudo1 ,! ,way ( ! ,buddha1 #ba4 ,capital1 dang] to ,japan f =eign1 #dfe-dff1 #dgc4 ,c>p5t]s1 religi\s rites pre=m$ by1 #abe2 organizations (1 #djc-djd4 ,ca/es1 division ( society into1 #bcf4 ,cauldron & saucepan1 god ( !1 #abi4 ,celibacy1 =bidd5 by e>ly religion1 #eh2 condemn$ by code ( ,iyeyasu1 #cdi4 ,*>ms1 to protect h\ses1 #adg n4 ,*a/isem5t1 puni%m5t by1 #ie-if1 #dba4 ,*i>a1 ,giuseppe1 #cbg n4 ,*iefta9%ip1 h]$it>y1 #bce4 ,*9a1 date ( introduction ( _s-tablet f1 #bd2 religion ( filial piety 91 #di-ej2 belief z to ! 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leg5d conc]n+1 #dj1 #aab-aag4 ,izumo1 f>m+ =bidd5 to samurai 91 #bdd-bde4 ,izumo temple1 !1 #abb2 wor%ip at1 #ach1 #aci1 #adb-adc4 ,jesuitism1 effect (1 on ,japan1 #cbh3 causes ( e>ly success (1 #ccj-ccg2 policy (1 9 ,*9a1 #cca1 #ccg2 inability (1 to adapt itself to ,japanese social conditions1 #cda4 ,jesuits1 arrival (1 9 ,japan1 #cjd2 fav\r$ by ,nobunaga1 #cjd-cje2 p]secutions (1 #cjd-cje1 #cjg-cjh2 p>tial expulsion (1 #cba2 revolt ( peasantry manag$ by1 #cbd-cbe2 f9al cru%+ (1 #cbg4 ,jigai1 me?od ( suicide = wom51 #bhg4 ,jimmu1 ,emp]or1 #bei2 (f]+s at tomb (1 #cg4 ,j+o1 ,emp]or1 leg5d ( ,korean conque/ by1 #bei4 ,j9riki%a-m51 code (1 #dja-djb4 ,jito1 ,empress1 edict (1 conc]n+ slav]y1 #bcd n4 ,jizo1 playmate ( infant gho/s1 #aii2 fir/ production ( icons (1 #bjj4 ,joy\sness ( exi/5ce1 ,japanese1 #ab-ac4 ,jun%i1 volunt>y self-sacrifice1 #ci-dj2 decree ( ,iyeyasu puts /op to1 #bhe-bhf4 ,kami1 gods1 #bg2 significance (1 #df-dg2 devotion to1 ! fir/ ( duties accord+ to ,iyeyasu1 #cej4 ,kannu%i1 (fice (1 #ach-adj4 ,k>ma1 metaphysics (1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd4 ,kasuga1 ! deity (1 #hc4 ,kataki-u*i1 cu/om (1 #bid-bie4 ,kiyomasa1 ,kato1 apo!osis (1 #abg4 ,kobetsu1 imp]ial families1 #bce4 ,kobodai%i1 #ahe4 ,ko-ji-ki1 ,record ( ,anci5t ,matt]s1 #aaj-aaa1 #abf1 #aca2 extracts f1 #aab-aad4 ,korea1 ,buddhism br\ght into ,japan f 7#eeb ,a4,d471 #ahd2 ,hideyo%i's w> aga9/1 #bgg4 ,ko%91 protector ( highways1 #bjj4 ,kotoku1 ,emp]or1 #ci1 #bfe2 edict (1 conc]n+ slaves1 #bcb n4 ,ko-uji1 less] families1 #fj1 #bcj4 ,kublai ,khan1 invasion by1 #bfi4 ,kuge1 noble families1 #bda4 ,kukai1 f\nd] ( ,%+on sect1 #ahe4 ,kumi-enactm5t's (1 #ia-ib4 ,kumi-sy/em1 !1 #ia-id1 #afh-afi4 ,kwambaku1 reg5t1 (fice ( !1 e/abli%$1 #bfb4 ,kwannon1 ,goddess ( ,m]cy1 #aii4 ,la ,cite ,antique1 de ,c\langes'1 cit$1 #bg1 #cd1 #fg1 #ddc1 #ddi4 ,l&scape-g>d5]s1 union ( !1 #djd-dje4 ,language1 impossibility ( ma/]+1 by adult ,occid5tal1 #i2 conv5tional organization (1 #agj-agb2 rules gov]n+ use (1 #aga-agb4 ,law1 me?od & mann] ( adm9i/ration1 #cea-cec4 ,laws1 sumptu>y1 #afd-ahj4 ,laws ( ,iyeyasu1 !1 #bgh4 ,laws ( ,%otoku ,tai%i1 #cdd-cde4 ,legacy ( ,iyeyasu1 #fh1 #cai1 #cde-cea1 #cfj4 ,libr>ies "u ! 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