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hi/orical developm5ts ( decoration & workman%ip4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i tru/ t ! cont5ts ( ^! pages w be helpful to /ud5ts 9 art s*ools1 & to o!rs :o may desire to h an introduction to ! fasc9at+ /udy ( ,hi/oric ,ornam5t4 ,j4 ,,w>d4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introductory ,,*apt] #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prehi/oric ,,ornam5t--,,pal,,oli?ic ,,p]iod ,,or ,,e>ly ,,/one ,,age--,,riv] #g ,,drift ,,& ,,cave-,,m5 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,neoli?ic ,,/one ,,p]iod #ad ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bronze ,,age #ba ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,iron ,,age #ce ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lake ,,dwell+s ,,( ,,switz]l& ,,& ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,europe #dh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,egyptian ,,art--,,hi/ory--,,ar*itecture--,,indu/r ial ,,arts #ee ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,*aldean ,,& ,,assyrian ,,art--,,hi/ory--,,ar*itecture--,,indu/r ial ,,art #aab ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ph,,nician ,,art--,,hi/ory--,,trad+--,,ar*itecture- -,,indu/rial ,,art--,,art ,,9 #aeh ,,cyprus ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,p]sia--,,hi/ory--,,ar*itecture--,,deco ration #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,grecian ,,art--,,p--,,my?ology #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,art ,,9 ,,primitive #bbe ,,greece--,,myc5--,,troy--,,tiryns--,,ar *itecture--,,indu/rial ,,art ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,ord]s ,,( ,,ar*itecture--,,lycian ,,tombs--,,greek #bdb ,,ord]s--,,etruscan ,,ar*itecture--,,roman ,,ord]s ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,ar*itectural ,,ornam5t--,,pompeian ,,ar*itecture #bfb ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,indian ,,art ,,& ,,ar*itecture #bga ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,japanese ,,ar*itecture #bha ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,ar*itecture--,,byzant9e ,,ar*itecture #bhe ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t #cja ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,romanesque ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t #ccj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t #cdh ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t #cfi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates ,frontispiece #bgh4 ,alaba/] ,frieze #bbg #bgi4 ,alaba/] ,frieze ,plan #bbg #cdc4 ,alhambra ,diap]1 ,sup]pos$ ,ornam5t #cje #cca4 ,ambo or ,pulpit f ,/4 ,george's at ,salonica #bhg #hc4 ,am5 or ,ammon #eh #ic4 ,am5ophis ,,iii4 ,pres5t+ an ,(f]+ to ,am5 #fg #cai4 ,anci5t ,panel1 ,flor5ce #bfg #aic4 ,&ro-,sph9x1 ,robe ( ,assurbanipal #add #afb4 ,an\1 or ,dagon1 ,nimr\d #abj #cad4 ,an!mion1 ,c>v$ #bfd #ga4 ,animal ,ornam5t$ ,patt]ns1 ,corrupt$ ,figures #dd ( ,lions #gb4 0 0 0 0 #dd #gc4 0 0 0 0 #dd #acb4 ,antelope & ,papyrus #ig #bgj4 ,apollo ,belv$]e #bah #cda4 ,arabesque ,ornam5t f ! ,wekla ( ,kx ,bey #cjb #cej4 ,arcades 9 ! ,mosque ( ,ibn-,tln #cab #ceb4 ,ar*es3 a1 ,ogee2 b1 ,horse%oe2 c1 #cac ,po9t$ #bhb4 ,ar*itrave & ,frieze1 ,myc5ian ,palace #bbi #afa4 ,assyrian ,/&>d #abj #ahj4 ,assyrian ,base 9 ,lime/one #acf #afc4 ,assurbanipal ,attack$ by ,lions #aba #aha4 ,assyrian ,capital #acg #ahc4 ,assurbanipal & 8 ,que5 aft] 8 ,victory #acg ov] ,teuman #ahe4 ,assyrian ,/ool #aci #bag4 ,a/>te1 ,t]ra-cotta #afd #bfh4 ,a!ne ,polias 7,villa ,albani7 #baf #afi4 ,babylonian ,brick #abi #fb4 ,b>b>ian ,copy ( a ,roman ,m$allion #dj #bec4 ,base ( ,pill> at ,susa #aif #bed4 ,base & ,capital f ,p]sepolis1 ,propyla #aih #bee4 ,base & ,capital1 f ,hypo/yle ,hall ( #aii ,x]xes1 ,p]sepolis #cjg4 ,bas-,relief on ! ,ar* ( ,titus #beh #chb4 ,b]keley ,ca/le1 ,gl\ce/]%ire #cda #djj;,a4 ,bi%op/one ,*ur*1 ,wilts1 ,prie/s' ,entrance #cfa #bcd4 ,bottle ) ,incis$ ,ornam5t1 f ,cesnola #agf #bce4 ,bottle ) ,geometric ,decoration #agf #bcg4 ,b[l 9 ! ,piot ,collection #agh #aif4 ,b\quet ( ,fl[]s & ,buds #adf #abe4 ,bord] f ,!bes #ic #da4 ,brea/-plate1 ) ,spiral ,ornam5ts #bd #bh4 ,bronze ,axes1 ,paal/abs1 & ,m\lds #bb #bi4 0 0 #bb #cj4 0 0 #bb #ca4 0 0 #bb #cb4 0 0 #bb #cc4 0 0 #bb #cd4 0 0 #bb #ce4 ,bronze ,swords & ,spe>-head #bc #cf4 0 0 #bc #cg4 0 0 #bc #ch4 0 0 #bc #ci4 ,bronze ,button = ,sword ,belt #bd #dj4 0 0 #bd #de4 ,bronze ,b[l f\nd 9 ,sw$5 #bf #dg4 ,bronze ,hat*et f\nd 9 ,sw$5 #bg #ej4 ,bronze ,horn #bi #ed4 0 #cb #eg4 ,bronze & ,gold ,buttons #cc #eh4 0 0 #cc #fc4 ,bracteate1 ,gold5 #dj #fd4 0 #da #ahf4 ,bronze ,foot ( a ,piece ( ,furniture #adj #bjd4 ,bronze ,platt] #aec #bje4 ,bronze ,cups #aed #bjf4 ,bronze ,cup1 ,bord] ( #aee #bji4 ,bronze ,bucket #aeg #cbf4 ,brahm9ical ,rock ,temple at ,ellora #bge #agj4 ,brick f ,ere* #abi #cci4 ,byzant9e ,capital f ,santa ,sophia #bih #bfd4 ,cameo ( ,a!nion #baa #agg4 ,capital ( ,temple1 ,assyrian #ace #agh4 0 0 #ace #bba4 ,capital1 ,cypriot #afh #bbb4 0 #afh #bbc4 ,capital at ,djezza1 ,lime/one #afi #bbd4 ,capital f ,kition #afi #bbe4 ,capital f ,golgos #agj #cjb4 ,capital ( ! ,lysikrates ,monum5t #bea #ccf4 ,capital f ,santa ,sophia #big #ccg4 ,capital f ,/4 ,demetrius at ,salonica #big #cch4 ,capital f ,/4 ,demetrius #big #cgb4 ,capital f ,w>tburg #cce #cgh4 ,capital f ,palace ( ,b>b>ossa #cch #cgi4 ,capital f ,/4 ,cross1 ,w9*e/] #cch #adh4 ,c>p5t]s ,mak+ ,*airs #ajh #bab4 ,c>?ag9ian ,co91 ,silv] #afa #bac4 ,c>?ag9ian ,co91 ,electrum #afa #chh4 ,ca!dral ( ,ntre ,dame1 ,p>is #cdi #abc4 ,ceil+ ,decoration at ,!bes #ib #dca4 ,ceil+ by ,s]lio #dja #dcb4 ,ceil+ by ,sansov9o #djb #daj4 ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 portion ( #cgf #adf4 ,*air1 ,egyptian #ajg #adg4 0 #ajg #aia4 ,*>iot ,horses #adb #dbf4 ,c9quec5to ,ornam5t #cih #dbh4 0 0 #cii #dbi4 0 0 #djj #dcj4 0 0 #djj #baf4 ,co9 ( ,byblos1 ,enl>g$1 ) ,sacr$ ,cone #afc #bfe4 ,co9s ( ,elis1 ) ! ,phidian ,zeus #bab #adi4 ,c(f] 9 ,wood #ajh #ee4 ,coll> ( ,bronze #cc #cij4 ,cologne ,ca!dral1 ,w9d[ ,gable #ceb #aji4 ,column ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 f ! ,ambulatory #hc ( ,?o?mes #aaj4 ,column f ,hypo/yle ,hall ( ! ,ramesseum #hd #aah4 ,column f ,bas-,relief #hh #beb4 ,column ) ,volute ,capital1 ,p]sepolis #aif #ahi4 ,combat betwe5 a ,lion & a ,unicorn #adb #cce4 ,cornice f ,santa ,sophia #bif #fi4 ,corrupt$ ,figures ( ,lions #dd #gj4 0 0 #dd #cig4 ,crockets1 ,l9coln #cei #beh4 ,cr[+ ,wall ( ! 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( ,france #cdb #aij4 ,dog us$ = ,lion ,hunt+ #adb #cii4 ,dog's ,too? ,ornam5t1 ,/one ,*ur*1 ,k5t #cfj #g;,a4 ,draw+ ( ,human & ,animal ,=ms by ,bu%m5 #ab #g;,b4 ,draw+ ( ,animals by ,bu%m5 #ac #aeg4 ,eagle-head$ ,div9ity f ,nimrod1 ) ,sacr$ #aag ,tree #bcc4 ,e>r+1 ,gold1 f ,cesnola #age #ba4 ,e>!nw>e ( ! ,new ,/one ,age #ah #bb4 0 0 0 #ah #bc4 0 0 0 #ah #bd4 0 0 0 #ah #cde4 ,ea/ ,colonnade ( ! ,mosque ( ',amr #cjg #aeb4 ,egyptian ,%ip #aaj #bdh4 ,elevations & ,sections ( ,doorways & #aib ,w9d[s ( a ,palace at ,p]sepolis #afb;,a4 ,embroid]y f a ,royal ,mantle1 ,assyrian #abc #afc;,a4 ,embroid]y on ! ,upp] ,"p ( a ,k+'s #abd ,mantle #afd4 ,embroid]y ,detail ( ,upp] ,"p ( ,k+'s #abe ,mantle #afe4 0 0 0 #abe #bfj4 ,enamell$ ,ornam5t on ,bricks f ,susa #bjd #adj4 ,enamell$ ,e>!nw>e ,di% #ajb #ada4 ,enamell$ ,e>!nw>e ,b[l #ajb #bbj4 ,entablature f a ,temple at ,byblos #afg #bhc4 ,entablature ,re/or$1 ,myc5ian ,palace #bcj #bhd4 ,entablature ( ,c4 ,sel9\s' ,temple #bca #cja4 ,entablature1 ,capital1 & ,base ( ,greek ,ionic #bdi ,temple #cjf4 ,entablature ( ,jupit] ,tonans #beg #if4 ,entrance to ,hypo/yle1 ,hall ( ,temple ,am5 #ga #d4 ,esquimaux ,c>v+ #i #e4 ,et*+ ( ,re9de] on ,bone #aj #f4 ,et*+ ( ,re9de] on ,slate #aa #g4 ,et*+ ( ,mammo? on a ,piece ( ,mammo? ,ivory #aa #cjc4 ,etruscan ,door #beb #ih4 ,faade ( ! ,great ,rock-cut ,temple1 ,ipsamb\l #gc #aib4 ,fanta/ic ,animal #adc #dji4 ,f>nese ,palace1 ,upp] ,/ory ( #cge #ahd4 ,fea/ ( ,assurbanipal1 ,enl>g$ ,detail #ach #ff4 ,fibula 9 ,gilt ,bronze #dc #fg4 0 0 #dc #aeh4 ,figure ( a ,goddess 9 ,act ( ,adoration #aah #bde4 ,fire ,alt>s at ,nak%-i-,ru/em #ahi #abf4 ,flatt5$ =m ( ,lotus-,leaf ,ornam5t #ic #djd4 ,flamboyant ,panel #cfe #dje4 ,flamboyant ,panell+ #cfe #h4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod #ae #i4 0 0 0 #ae #aj4 0 0 0 #ae #aa4 0 0 0 #ae #ab4 0 0 0 #af #ac4 0 0 0 #af #ad4 0 0 0 #af #ae4 0 0 0 #ag #af4 0 0 0 #ag #dbd4 ,floral ,ornam5t1 ,italian #cif #cif4 ,flor5ce ,ca!dral1 ,w9d[ ,gable #ceh #add4 ,fragm5t ( an ,ivory ,ca/anet #aje #afg4 ,fragm5t ( ,bord] ( ,fig4 #aff2 f a #abg ,?re%old ( ,khorsabad #agi4 ,fragm5t ( an ,assyrian ,build+1 f a #acf ,bas-,relief #bdg4 ,fragm5t ( ,door ,frame1 f ,hypo/yle ,hall1 #aia ,susa #bha4 ,fragm5t ( ,frieze1 ,myc5 #bbh #caj4 ,frets1 ,greek #bfb #caa4 ,fret1 ,greek1 ,c>v$ #bfc #bdd4 ,fun]al ,t[] at ,nak%-i-,ru/em #ahg #aga4 ,gates ( ! ,h>um at ,dur ,s>g9i #acj #ccj4 ,gateway ( ,temple ( ,confucius #bhb #bg4 ,giant's ,tomb1 ,s>d9ia #bj #hf4 ,goddess ,ba/ or ,pa%t #fj #ec4 ,gold ,b[l #cb #ei4 ,gold-plat$ ,ornam5t #ch #adc4 ,gold5 ,hawk1 ,egyptian #ajd #bcj4 ,gold ,bracelet1 f ,?>ros #agd #bia4 ,gold ,p5dant1 f ,troy #bcg #bib4 ,gold ,ornam5ts1 f ,troy #bcg #bic4 ,gold ,plate1 f ,troy #bch #bid4 ,gold ,disc1 f ,troy #bch #bie4 0 0 #bci #bif4 ,gold ,cup1 f ,troy #bdj #big4 ,gold ,ew]1 f ,troy #bda #aja4 8,gorge10 ,egyptian #gf #djf4 ,go?ic ,ar*es #cff #djg4 ,go?ic ,trac]y #cfg #dja4 ,go?ic ,m\ld+s #cfb #ajb4 ,g5]al ,appe>ance ( an ,egyptian ,temple #gg #hg4 ,great ,pyramid ( ,kheops #fb #ia4 ,great ,sph9x #fe #cae4 ,greek ,bord] ) ,fret ,b&s #bfe #caf4 ,greek ,ivy ,me&] ,bord] #bfe #aef4 ,griff9 9 ,egyptian ,/yle #aaf #bjj4 ,guillo*e ,ornam5t on ,enamell$ ,brick #adi #cab4 ,guillo*e1 ,treble ,ornam5t #bfc #cac4 ,guillo*e1 ,ornam5t1 ,d\ble #bfd #cjd4 ,half ,capital1 ,m>s ,ultor #bed #fe4 ,h>ness 9 ,gilt ,bronze1 ,fibula ,decorations #db #aad4 ,ha?oric ,pi] #he #abj4 ,ha?or-head$ ,campani=m ,capital1 ,temple ( #hi ,nectanebo1 at ,phil #bfc4 ,head ( "o ( ! ,lions f ,frieze at ,susa #bjg #bfg4 ,head ( ,h]a #bad #bgb4 ,h]mes1 ,/atue ( #bbj #dad4 ,holl& ,h\se1 ,anci5t ,p>l\r ( #che #a4 ,horse1 ,upp] ,cave ,e>?1 ,rob9 ,hood ,cave #h #abg4 ,hunt+ 9 a ,m>%1 f a ,bas-,relief 9 ! #id ,tomb ( ,ti #aca4 ,hunt+ 9 ! ,des]t #if #b4 ,ibex ,c>v$ on an ,antl] #h #hj4 ,ideal ,lake ,settlem5t #eb #cfj4 ,illum9at$ ,koran ( ! ,sultan ,%a' ,ban #cba #bda4 ,intaglio on ,*alc$ony #ahb #dbg4 ,italian ,panel #cih #agb4 ,int]ior ( a ,temple aft] ,lay>d's #aca ,re/oration #cbi4 ,int]ior ( ! ,palace at ,delhi #bgi #cfi4 ,int]sect+ ,bl9d ,arcade #ccc #hb4 ,isis ,nurs+ h] ,son ,horus #ef #ade4 ,ivory ,plaque #ajf #bja4 0 #aej #bjb4 ,ivory ,plaque f\nd at ,nimr\d #aea #bjc4 ,ivory ,fragm5t 9 ,briti% ,museum #aeb #bhj4 ,ivory ,plaque f ,myc5 #bbh #cjh4 ,jewi% ,c&le/ick f ,ar* ( ,titus #bei #ig4 ,khita1 ,r\t ( ! #gb #cfb4 ,kufic ,writ+1 f ! ,alhambra #cbc #gh4 ,lacu/r9e ,habitation 9 ,lake ,mohrya1 ,c5tral #di ,africa #gi4 ,lake ,dwell+s1 ,sections & ,plans #ej #che4 ,l&grave's ,room at ,w>tburg #cdd #ha4 ,lake ,dwell+s1 ,objects f #ec #cef4 ,lattice-"w1 ,s>ac5ic #cag #ceg4 0 0 #cah #ceh4 0 0 #cah #ach4 ,lion f a ,!ban ,bas-,relief #aja #ahg4 ,lion com+ out ( 8 ,cage #adj #ahh4 ,lion & ,lioness 9 a ,p>k #ada #bfb4 ,lion f ! ,lion ,frieze 9 ,enamell$ ,bricks #bjf at ,susa #bgg4 ,lion's ,gate1 ,myc5 #bbf #abb4 ,lotus1 ,draw+ f ! ,tomb ( ,ptah-,hotep #ia #abd4 ,lotus & ,wat]-,leaf ,ornam5t #ic #ajf4 ,luxor1 ,plan ( ,temple #hj #ajg4 ,luxor1 z ,re/or$1 ,bird's-eye ,view #ha #bih4 ,lycian ,rock-built ,tomb #bdc #bii4 0 0 0 #bdd #cie4 ,m>i5b]g ,t[n ,hall #ceg #bij4 ,m>seilles ,ew] #bcf #cdh4 ,mausoleum at ,cairo #cji #bbh4 ,m$allion f a ,cup f ,griffi #agc #bgd4 ,melpom5e1 ,vatican #bbb #bf4 ,m5hirs1 ,s>d9ia #ai #ib4 ,memnon at ,!bes1 ,/atues (1 ,colossi ( #ff ,am5ophis ,,iii4 #cdg4 ,m9>et ( ! ,mosque at ,kal\m1 ,cairo #cji #aje4 ,model ( an ,egyptian ,h\se #gi #fj4 ,m\nt+s1 ,metal #ci #fa4 0 0 #ci #bah4 ,model ( a ,small ,temple 9 ,t]ra ,cotta #afe #cea4 ,moori% ,capital #cac #cdi4 ,mosque ( ,kx ,bey1 ,cairo #caj #acj4 ,mummy-,case1 ,pa9t+ on #if #dbj4 ,mural ,pa9t+1 ,pompeii #cib #cbc4 ,mural ,pa9t+1 f ,pompeii #bgj #bdb4 ,nak%-i-,ru/em1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,rock-cut #ahd ,tombs #daf4 ,ne/ ( ,scroll1 ,roman #chh #acc4 ,nett+ ,birds1 f a ,tomb #ih #cha4 ,norman ,doorway1 ,semp]+ham ,*ur*1 #cdj ,l9coln%ire #aba4 ,nympha ,nelumbo #ij #ajd4 ,oblong ,build+1 ,egyptian #gh #bci4 no*1 ,new ,york ,museum #ahj #bdj4 0 0 0 0 #aha #cbb4 ,ogee ,decorat$--,a/ragal1 ,jupit] ,/ator #bfi #cbd4 ,ornam5t f ,asoka's ,pill> #bgb #cfa4 ,ornam5t f ! ,portal ( ,sultan ,hasan #cbb #dbb4 ,ornam5t1 ,ghib]ti ,gates #cic #cfe4 ,ornam5t on an ,ar* ( ! ,wekla ,kx ,bey #cbf #dci4 ,ornam5t f ,doorway1 ,crewe ,hall #djg #cba4 ,ogee & ,flut$ ,cavetto ,m\ld+2 ,jupit] #bfh ,tonans #he4 ,osiris #fj #cah4 ,ovolo ) ,egg & ,tongue1 f ! ,erec!um #bff #cbj4 ,ovolo & ,a/ragal ,m\ld+s1 ,roman #bfh #ccd4 ,opus ,alex&r9um ,pavem5t #bic #aih4 ,pa9t$ ,ornam5t on ,pla/] #adh #ccb4 ,pa9t+ f ! ,catacombs ( ,/4 ,agnese #bhi #bfi4 ,pallus ,a!ne1 ,naples #bag #aai4 ,palm ,capital f ,sesebi #hh #cjj4 ,p>!non2 ,greek ,doric #bdg #cff4 ,panel f ! ,m>i/an ( ,kalaun #cbh #cfg4 0 0 0 0 #cbh #dcd4 ,panel1 ,c>v$1 ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,/yle #djd #dce4 0 0 0 0 #djd #dcf4 0 0,fr5*1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #djd #dcg4 0 0f ,l\vre #dje #ddj4 0 0,elizabe?an #djg #dch4 ,panell+1 ,elizabe?an #djf #bbg4 ,pat]a f ,curium #agb #adb4 ,pectoral2 ,egyptian #ajc #djb4 ,p$e/al1 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel #cfc #bcb4 ,p5dant1 ,wild ,goat2 ,gold #age #aej4 ,p]fume ,spoons #aji #aea4 0 0 #aji #bdc4 ,p]sepolis2 ,tomb on ! ,nor?-ea/ #ahe #bdf4 ,p]sepolis2 ,/aircase ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius #aij #bdi4 ,p]sepolis2 ,doorway to ,royal ,tomb #aic #aac4 ,pi] ) ,capital #he #dcc4 ,pila/]s1 ,l\is ,,xii4 #djc #dba4 ,pila/] by ,donatello #cic #bhg4 ,pilgrim ,bottle #bcd #aae4 ,pill>1 ,octagonal1 ,b5i-,hassan #hf #aaf4 ,pill>1 ,sixte5-sid$1 ,flut$ #hf #aag4 ,pill> ,osiride1 f ,m$9et-,ab\ #hg #cbh4 ,pill> & ,bracket1 ,doorway ( a ,pagoda #bgh #baj4 ,phnician ,m]*ant ,galley #aei #baa4 ,phnician ,w> ,galley #afj #bbf4 ,phnician ,silv] ,platt] #aga #ea4 ,p9ak or ,plate1 f ,rhodes #cj #aci4 ,pit*] ( ,r$ ,e>? #ajb #djc4 ,place ,h\se1 ,cornwall #cfd #afh4 ,plan & ,elevation ( a "p ( a ,faade at #abh ,worka #cdf4 ,plan ( ! ,mosque ( ',amr #cjh #chc4 ,po9t$ ,arcad+ f ! ,ca!dral ( ,pal]mo #cda #ag4 ,poli%$ ,/one ,hamm] & ,celts1 ,neoli?ic #ag ,p]iod #ah4 0 0 0 0 0 #ag #ai4 0 0 0 0 0 #ag #bj4 0 0 0 0 0 #ag #dag4 ,pompeian ,objects #chi #cga4 ,por* ( ! ,heilsbronn ,mona/]y #ccd #chj4 ,por* ( ,/4 ,z5o at ,v]ona #cci #gf4 ,pott]y ( ! ,iron ,age #df #c4 ,prehi/oric ,c>v+ #i #ii4 ,pr9cipal ,hall 9 ! ,great ,temple #gd #ajh4 ,pr9cipal ,faade ( ! ,temple ( ,luxor #hb #hd4 ,ptah #eh #ced4 ,pulpit ( ! ,sultan ,kx ,bey #cae #cfd4 ,pulpit 9 ! ,mosque ( ,b>kuk2 ,/one #cbh #aaa4 ,quadrangul> ,pi] #hd #aab4 ,quadrangul> ,pi]1 ,tap]+ #he #acd4 ,quadrup$ ) ,head ( a ,bird #ih #acf4 ,ram or ,krisosph9x #ajj #ajj4 ,rameses ,,ii41 ,l\vre1 ,portrait ( #ge #fh4 ,rim ( ,fig4 #fg1 ,"p ( #dc #aec4 ,riv] ,transport ( a ,mummy #aaj #cje4 ,roman ,cor9?ian1 ,pan!on #bee #cgc4 ,romanesque ,%aft & ,base #cce #cge4 ,romanesque ,ornam5t1 late #cce #cgf4 ,romanesque ,m\ld+ ,ornam5ts #ccf #chf4 ,romanesque ,ornam5t f ,h+e f 8,notre #cde ,dame0 #chg4 ,romanesque ,panel f a ,*ur* at ,bonn #cdf #cgd4 ,ro( ,cornice ( ,*ur* at ,al/adt #cce #cgj4 ,rose ,w9d[ #ccc #cdb4 ,rosette 9 ,mosque ( ,suyurghatmi% #cjc #aie4 ,rosette ( ,lotus ,fl[]s & ,buds #adf #dae4 ,rosette f ,trajan's ,scroll #chg #cfh4 ,r\nd-,ar* ,frieze #ccc #cji4 ,roman ,composite ,ord]2 ,ar* ( ,titus #bfj #bae4 ,sacr$ ,emblems f ,c>?ag9ian ,votive ,/ele #afb #daa4 ,san ,m>co ,libr>y #cgg #cbe4 ,san*i ,tope2 ,bhopal1 ,c5tral ,india #bgd #agd4 ,s>gon's ,palace #acc #age4 ,s>gon's ,palace1 a ,b$room 9 ! ,h>em #acd #bea4 ,s>vi/an1 ,palace (1 ,pr9cipal ,faade #aie #hh4 ,section ?r\gh ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,kheops #fc #ie4 ,seti ) ,attributes ( ,osiris betwe5 ,am5 #gj & ,*n\m #aff4 ,sill ( a ,door f ,khorsabad #abf #bca4 ,silv] ,p92 ,cesnola #age #eb4 ,silv] ,broo* #ca #gd4 ,silv] ,goblet1 ) ,gold-plat$ ,decorations #de #ij4 ,s\!rn ,pyramid ( ,da%\r #fd #id4 ,sol>-,disk1 ,adoration (1 by ,am5ophis ,,iv4 #fi #ajc4 ,squ>e ,build+2 ,egyptian #gh #beg4 ,/aircase ,wall ( ! ,palace ( ,x]xes at #bja ,p]sepolis #cdd4 ,/alactite ,vault+ #cjf #hi4 ,/epp$ ,pyramid #fd #dab4 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,l\is faade #cha #cdj4 ,/4 ,ni*olas at ,mosc[ #bii #djh4 ,/rozzi ,palace1 portion ( #cgd #cee4 ,/reet 9 ,cairo #caf #dh4 ,sun ,signs #bg #di4 ,sun ,snakes #bg #djj4 ,sp&rel1 ,/one ,*ur*1 ,k5t #cfj #ace4 ,sph9x1 or ,man-head$ ,lion2 f ,tanis #ii #acg4 ,sph9x ) ,human ,h&s #aja #cia4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,por* ( #cec #cib4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,int]ior ( #ced #cic4 ,/4 ,sebaldus1 ,%r9e ( #cee #cid4 ,/4 ,sebaldus1 ,bride's ,door ( #cef #aig4 ,tab]nacle f ! ,balwt ,gates #adg #dbc4 ,tab]nacle1 ,fifte5? ,c5tury #cie #agf4 ,temple on ! ,bank ( a ,riv]1 ,khorsabad #ace #bei4 ,temple 9 a ,royal ,p>k #bjc #cbg4 ,temple ( ,biskurma at ,ellora #bgf #cih4 ,temple ,*ur*1 ,f ! #cei #bai4 ,tomb at ,amrit1 re/or$ #aff #cgg4 ,t[]s & ,r\nd-,ar* ,frieze1 ,abbey ( ,komb]g #ccg #aii4 ,tree ( ,life1 ,upp] ,portion ( #adi #agc4 ,triumphal ,gate at ,entrance ( ! ,palace #acb #bhh4 ,?ree-h&l$ ,amphora #bcd #ge4 ,"u ,side ( a ,fibula #de #db4 ,urns ( ! ,bronze ,age #be #dc4 0 0 0 0 #be #dd4 0 0 0 0 #be #df4 ,urn ( ! ,/one ,age1 f\nd 9 ,sw$i% ,dolm5 #bf #bfa4 ,upp] ,"p ( ,p>apet ,wall ( ,/aircase1 ,susa #bje #bef4 ,upright ( ,royal ,?rone1 ,nak%-i-,ru/em #bjj #bhe4 ,vase 9 ,woman's ,=m #bcb #bhf4 0 0 0 0 #bcc #bhi4 ,vase ) ,geometric ,decoration #bce #bga4 ,v5us ( ,milo #bbj #dbe4 ,v5etian ,panel #cig #bbi4 ,vessels ,figur$ 9 ,tomb ( ,rekhm>a #agd #bcf4 ,vessel 9 ,%ape ( a ,goat #agg #bgf4 ,victory1 ,figure ( #bbd #bej4 ,view ( a ,gr\p ( ,dom$ ,build+s1 f an #aid ,assyrian ,bas-,relief #bad4 ,votive ,/ele f ,c>?age1 ) ,sacr$ #afb ,emblems #abh4 ,vultures on a ,ceil+ #ie #ccc4 ,wall ,pa9t+1 f ,catacombs ( ,s4 ,calixtus #bij #dah4 ,wall ,pa9t+1 ,pompeii #cij #dai4 ,wall ,pa9t+1 ,h]culaneum #cia #chi4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey #cea #abi4 ,w+$ ,globe ) ,uru #ie #aed4 ,w+$ ,bull1 ,assyria #aad #aei4 ,w+$ ,globe1 ) ! ,figure ( a ,god #aai #afj4 ,w+$ ,globe #aai #ahb4 ,w+$ ,sph9x c>ry+ ,base ( ,capital #acg #dac4 ,wollaton ,h\se #chd #gg4 ,wooll5 ,clo? ) ,gold & ,silv] ,?reads1 #df ,piece ( #bff4 ,zeus ( ,otricoli #bac ,,hi/oric ,,ornam5t4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t1 = ! education ( ! /ud5t 9 ornam5tal design1 or 9 ar*itecture1 a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ornam5t & a k ( ! pr9cipal hi/oric /yles ( ar*itecture is indisp5sable4 ,hi/oric /yles ( ornam5t rema9 = u1 va/ accumulations ( tri$ exp]im5ts1 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! "* ( conv5tional r5d]+s ( natural =ms2 = h[ev] remote f nature "s ( ^! may be1 !y c1 z a g5]al rule1 be trac$ back )\t mu* difficulty to _! natural orig91 :]e 9 mo/ cases !y 7 us$ symbolically4 ,ev5 ! mo/ arbitr>y =ms--= in/ance1 ^? f\nd 9 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t--7 only developm5ts f natural =ms1 & ! innoc5t ,greek key patt]n1 t has e>n$ ! reputation ( be+ ! ornam5t mo/ unlike any?+ 9 nature1 is suppos$ by "s to be b a rectil9eal developm5t ( ! rippl+ waves2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is ! hypo!sis t x is develop$ f ! fylfot1 a sacr$ sign t is suppos$ to symbolize ! rot>y motion ( ! planets4 ,!re is no ornam5t m common or s univ]sal 9 prehi/oric1 savage1 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian & ,m$ival decoration ?an ! ubiquit\s zigzag1 or *evron1 & ?\gh extremely simple 9 itself1 at lea/ two-?irds ( all conv5tional ornam5t is bas$ or con/ruct$ on its l9es3 yet ?is simple ornam5t has be5 us$ z a symbol ( totally opposite & diff]5t ?+s1 by ne>ly all ! v>i\s tribes & nations t h us$ x 9 decoration4 ,) ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians x has be5 a symbol ( wat]1 ) "s savage tribes x d5otes lightn+1 ) o!rs x does duty = a s]p5t1 ) "s o!rs x repres5ts a s]ies ( bats1 birds1 & butt]flies2 z ) ! orig9al tribes ( ,brazil1 ) ! magic-lov+ ,semang tribes ( ,ea/ ,malacca1 x means a frog1 & 9 "s in/ances ! bran*es ( trees2 & la/ly1 ) ! natives ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&s1 x symbolizes ! human figure :5 plac$ 9 duplicate p>allel r[s4 7,= a full] description1 & illu/rations ( ?is & cognate savage ornam5t1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,haddon's 8,evolution 9 ,art10 #ahie47 ,we c h>dly ?9k ( an ornam5t m simple or m common ?an ! zigzag1 & yet h[ v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries are ! s\rces f :i* x spr+s4 ,?is may be tak5 z a w>n+ t x is n safe to accept ! same =ms z always hav+ ! same orig91 :5 we f9d !m 9 ! art ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,ap>t f ! symbolic orig9 ( ornam5tal =ms1 /ud5ts ( to-day may le>n1 f examples ( ! pa/1 h[ f> !y c g1 9 ! conv]t+ ( natural =ms to conv5tional ornam5t1 )\t absolutely adapt+ su* examples to _! pres5t ne$s4 ,! pa/ /yles 9 ornam5t h1 9 "o s5se1 di$ out ) ! nations t creat$ !m1 & c nev] be satisfactorily reviv$1 al?\gh1 z we h (t5 se51 a new /yle may be built on _! f\ndations4 ,! t5d5cy ( to-day is to und]value ! tea*+s ( hi/oric art1 &1 z a result1 we see mu* "w 9 :i* bo? fitness & beauty are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,9 any notice ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ornam5tal art1 ! concurr5t /yles ( ar*itecture %\ld1 9 _! g5]al features at lea/1 be illu/rat$1 = x is n always possible to divorce ornam5t f ar*itecture1 & x is h>dly possible to design or con/ruct good ornam5t o!rwise ?an accord+ to ! laws t gov]n good ar*itecture4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ admit t "s v beautiful ornam5t1 or r decoration1 has be5 design$ o!rwise ?an on ar*itectural l9es1 b ?is k9d ( decoration has its beauty ( te*nique & execution to recomm5d x1 r ?an its con/ructive qualities4 ,*9ese & ,japanese ornam5t w occur to ! read] z examples ( ?is k9d ( "w1 b ! be/ ornam5t ! _w has ev] se5 has be5 con/ruct$ & is bas$ on ! laws t gov]n good ar*itecture4 ,"s ( ^! laws1 su* z /ability1 repose1 v>iety1 & proportion1 are d]iv$ f nature4 ,z all ar*itectural /yles1 h[ev]1 possess !m m or less 9 common1 we mu/ look else:]e = ! s\rces f :i* ! peculi> *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% ! /yles are develop$ & d]iv$4 ,! causes & =ces are s subtle & ! developm5ts s gradual1 t x is almo/ impossible to arrive at a satisfactory explanation1 z religions1 inv5tive faculty1 & symbolism play an important rle 9 /yle developm5t4 ,x is r to ! inv5tive faculties ( man1 ?an to h9ts suppli$ by nature1 t we mu/ look = ! orig9 & developm5t ( :at is call$ /yle 9 ar*itecture or ornam5t4 ,9 e case ?is is arriv$ at by a sl[ process1 & by ! ext5sive & p]si/5t use ( di/+ui%+ features select$ accord+ to ! ne$s & requirem5ts ( ! "t1 to satisfy ! prevail+ ta/es4 8,/yle0 is !n ! some?+ t man has inv5t$ or creat$2 x may be call$ ! s\l ( ar*itecture1 )\t :i*1 a build+1 h[ev] pret5ti\s1 ceases to exi/ z an arti/ic conception4 ,ap>t f ! greate/ or m /rik+ features 9 ! v>i\s divisions ( hi/oric ar*itecture1 su* z ! horizontal beam 9 ,greek1 ! r\nd ar* 9 ,roman & ,romanesque1 ! po9t$ ar* 9 ,go?ic & ,mohammadan build+s1 !re are ! m\ld+s t are s important 9 det]m9+ ! p]iod--!y alone ( !mselves w (t5 det]m9e ! /yle or date ( a build+--& ^! features1 above all o!rs1 are ! lea/ d]iv$ f nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! decoration ( m\ld+s1 ?\gh sugge/$ by _! cont\rs1 is g5]ally d]iv$ f natural =ms4 ,! 8be/ p]iod0 9 ! life ( hi/oric /yles & its duration corresponds ) t ( ! highe/ culture & religi\s ?\ght ( ! p1 at _! settl$ & mo/ fl\ri%+ epo*s4 ,:5 a *ange or revolution 9 ! ord] ( ?+s sets 91 we f9d g5]ally ! /yle ( ar*itecture *ang+ also to adapt itself to ! new laws & new ?\ght4 ,?is illu/rates1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! reason :y ! s-call$ ,victorian ,go?ic has n develop$ to any great ext5t 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh "s ( our be/ ar*itects s\ght to revive ! e>li] ,go?ic "s ye>s ago4 ,! ,m$ival my/icism1 love = symbolism1 & rev]5ce are want+ 9 ! mass ( ! p ( ?is c5tury1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! p ( ,europe 9 ! palmy days ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,x has always be5 f\nd t :atev] ! p ask = ! arti/ is g5]ally able to give1 al?\gh he may n be always will+2 b he mu/ satisfy ! popul> dem& if he is to live by 8 "w1 o!rwise he mu/ make way = o!rs :o are will+ to produce "w t w reflect ! ta/e ( ! p]iod4 ,we are h&icapp$ 9 ! developm5t ( any?+ new 9 ! way ( an ar*itectural /yle by traditions ( ! pa/4 ,our k ( :at has be5 done 9 ! pa/1 p>adoxical z x may appe>1 has prov$ itself a great /umbl+-block to ! progress ( new ideas4 ,?is p>tly acc\nts = ! sl[ness ( /yle-developm5t 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,if fa%ion does n /ep 9 & di/urb ! m>* ( ev5ts 9 ! imm$iate future1 we may hope = some?+ di/9ct1 if n exactly new1 z an ar*itectural /yle1 9 :i* a mixture ( ,go?ic & ,r5aissance =ms w be se51 ! latt] p]haps pr$om9at+4 ,x may happ5 t lat] g5]ations w look back & be able to disc]n some?+ di/9ct 9 ! way ( /yle 9 build+s erect$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury1 9 ! mid/ ( mu* t is some:at *aotic & confus$4 ,9 a book l ?is1 :i* is int5d$ *iefly z an introduction to ! /udy ( hi/oric ornam5t1 "o _c pret5d to criticise ! v>i\s /yles ( ornam5t1 ei!r f an arti/ic or sci5tific /&po9t4 ,x w be en\gh to attempt to po9t out ! pr9cipal beauties or *>act]i/ics1 to trace ! hi/ory & ov]lapp+ ( "o /yle ) ano!r1 & to trace1 :]e possible1 "s units ( ornam5tal =ms to _! symbolic ance/ry4 ,x is absurd to criticise ! ornam5t ( any p]iod or c\ntry dogmatically1 = we mu/ rememb]1 t al?\gh c]ta9 =ms ( art may n con=m to ! critics' idiosyncrasy1 !y may be q or?odox & good art :5 judg$ by ! arti/ic laws ( _! own c\ntry4 ,! diff]5ce 9 race1 religion1 mann]s1 & cu/oms1 mu/ always be tak5 into acc\nt1 be=e we beg9 to criticise ! art ( a nation to :i* we d n belong4 ,z already rem>k$1 we are hamp]$ by tradition 9 our attempts to produce orig9ality 9 ornam5t1 b !re is v little tradition = ! absolute copy+ ( a p>ticul> /yle1 except f nations :o h _h no decid$ art ( _! own4 ,z f> z we "k ( ! hi/ory & practice 9 ! :ole field ( ornam5tal design1 f its remote beg9n+s x has be5 mo/ly all along a s]ies ( sy/ems ( developm5ts1 sometimes = good & sometimes = ! opposite1 b r>ely1 if ev]1 a sy/em ( copy+4 ,"s notable exceptions to ?is may be notic$1 z :51 = ! exp$i5cies kn[n z 8tricks ( ! trade10 ! ,phnicians made ivory c>v+s 9 exact imitation ( ,egyptian designs1 & sold !m to ! ,assyrians2 & likewise bronze b[ls & platt]s 9 bo? ,assyrian & ,egyptian imitations1 & trad$ ) !m ?r\gh\t ! gean & ,m$it]ranean1 or :5 ! ,siculo-,arabian silks 7 made at ,pal]mo 9 imitation ( ,s>ac5 designs1 ) mock-,s>ac5ic inscriptions1 & sold = ! real articles4 ,o!r in/ances might be cit$1 b ^! 7 among ! mo/ successful4 ,z reg>ds ! purity ( /yles x may be safely said1 t1 ) r>e exceptions1 x is well-nigh impossible to f9d a well-design$ & complete s*eme ( decoration1 or a build+ t w /& ! te/ ( hav+ p]fect unity 9 /yle2 9 fact1 x may be m arti/ic on acc\nt ( its incomplet5ess 9 ?is respect1 = any "w ( art t is design$ by receipt1 l ! ,egyptian temples or ,mohammadan ornam5t1 is r we>isome4 ,x is pleasant to see at times a little bit %[+ "h & !re ( ! design]'s individuality4 ,:5 ! monoton\s repetition ( ! laws peculi> to any arbitr>y /yle are brok5 by a wilful &1 p]haps1 s9ful arti/1 we (t5 get a refre%+ & orig9al r5d]+ t is n by any means displeas+4 ,9 transitional design f "o /yle to ano!r1 mu* beautiful "w may be se54 ,9 connection ) ?is ! ,byzant9e /yle may be m5tion$1 ) its ,classic & ,ori5tal =ms1 ,elizabe?an1 ,jacobean1 ,lomb>d ,go?ic1 & ! ,fr5* /yles ( ,h5ri ,deux & ,franois #a;er1 9 mo/ ( :i* ,go?ic & ,r5aissance =ms are happily bl5d$2 & 9 ! beautiful ,siculo-,arabian textiles1 :]e ,italian & ,s>ac5ic =ms make an int]e/+ union4 ,we le>n f ^! examples t ! successful design] ( ornam5t %\ld h a ?or\gh k ( ! hi/oric /yles1 n = ! purpose ( reproduc+ _! =ms1 b 9 ord] to discov] = himself ! me?ods by :i* ! old arti/s arriv$ at ! successful treatm5t ( nature & ( =m] /yles1 s t by ! application ( 8 k1 d]iv$ f ! /udy ( nature & ! works ( =m] arti/s1 he may be enabl$ to give to ! _w "s orig9al & int]e/+ "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prehi/oric ,,ornam5t--,,pal,,oli?ic ,,p]iod ,,or ,,e>ly ,,/one ,,age--,,riv] ,,drift ,,& ,,cave-,,m54 ,! fir/ indications ( ! pres5ce ( man 9 ,brita9 0 br\ght to light 9 ! %ape ( a fl9t flake f\nd by ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,fi%]1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pr(essor ,w4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 9 ! l[] brick e>? ( ! ,/oneham pit at ,cray=d1 9 ,k5t1 9 ! ye> #ahgb4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgf a second flake 0 f\nd 9 a simil> situation at ,eri?1 9 ,k5t1 consid]ably worn by use4 ,?is =m ( implem5t 0 us$ 9 ! late ,plei/oc5e age1 & also 9 ! ,neoli?ic 7,new] ,/one age7 & ,bronze ages4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 ! hi/oric ages by ! ,egyptians1 & by ! ,romaniz$ ,britons ( ,sussex1 9 ^: tombs x has be5 f\nd4 ,?is implem5t is ! late/ survival ( ! ,paloli?ic age4 ,geologi/s h prov$ t ,irel&1 ,engl& & ,europe 7 unit$ 9 ! ,paloli?ic age1 & ?is acc\nts = ! simil>ity ( /one implem5ts & o!r rema9s f\nd 9 ! riv]-drift deposits1 9 caves1 & o!r situations 9 ! riv] valley ov] ?is va/ area4 ,! r\ghly *ipp$ fl9t implem5ts are t]m$ ,paloli?ic1 or ( ! ,old ,/one age1 9 contradi/9ction to ! smoo!r1 f9] *ipp$1 or poli%$ implem5ts ( ! ,neoli?ic or ,new] ,/one age4 ,x seems highly probable t ! ,asiatic ,paloli?ic man fir/ sw>m$ (f ! great plateau ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* 9 lat] times 0 ! home ( all ^? tribes t invad$ ,europe1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 & c]ta9ly 7 ( a race t is n[ z ext9ct z ! prehi/oric ,mammo? itself4 ,! relation betwe5 ! ,riv]-drift m5 ( ,asia & ,europe is d\btful4 ,we may n be able to ref] ! ,paloli?ic ,cave-m5 to any pres5t bran* ( ! human race1 b z reg>ds _! arti/ic abilities1 ! only savage p t be> any analogy to !m 9 ! pres5t day is ! ,s\? ,african tribe ( ,bu%m54 ,^! p1 h[ev]1 are mu* inf]ior z arti/s to ! e>ly ,cave-m51 :i* may be se5 by comp>+ ! "w ( bo? 7,figs4 #g;,a & #g;,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,horse1 ,upp] ,cave ,e>?1 ,rob9 ,hood ,cave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,ibex ,c>v$ on ,antl]4 ,f ! draw+s ( animals :i* h be5 f\nd et*$ & c>v$ on bone1 horn1 & /ones1 we c judge ( ! high qualifications ( ! ,cave-m5 z arti/s4 ,_! "w 9 animal draw+ ranks high] ?an t ( any hi/oric savage race1 & z arti/s !y 7 inf9itely ( a high] ord] ?an _! m sci5tific successors1 ! ,neoli?ic m51 or ! m5 ( ! ,bronze age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,prehi/oric ,c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,esquimaux ,c>v+4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! discov]y ( ^! bone & ivory et*+s t geologi/s 7 able to def9itely connect ! ,cave-m5 ( ! ,?ames ,valley ) ^? ( ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,switz]l&4 ,at ,cresswell ,crags1 9 ,d]by%ire1 9 ! caves1 cav]ns1 & fissures kn[n z ! ,p9 ,hole1 ,rob9 ,hood's ,cave1 ,"m ,grundy's ,p>l\r1 a great quantity ( bones h be5 f\nd1 "s ( :i* 7 brok5 by ! h& ( man1 & among/ ^! "s fl9t implem5ts 9 ! l[] cave e>?4 ,above ?is 9 ! /alagmatic breccia m bones 7 f\nd & implem5ts made ( qu>tzite & fl9t1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( *>coal4 ,lance heads1 fl9t bor]s1 a bone awl1 & a fragm5t ( bone ornam5t$ ) a zigzag or *evron patt]n--probably ! olde/ bit ( ornam5t kn[n--7 f\nd toge!r ) ! mo/ important f9d ( all1 namely1 a piece ( rib bone ) an et*+ ( a horse's head & neck ) a hogg$ mane 7,fig4 #a71 ! fir/ in/ance ( an animal =m f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,^! objects may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,et*+ ( ,re9de] on ,bone1 ,kessl]lo* ,cav]n4 ,evid5ces ( ! ,paloli?ic m5 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,m5dip ,hill caves 9 ,som]set1 & at ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> ,torquay1 ,devon4 ,h>poons ( de]s' antl]s1 b>b$ on "o or bo? sides1 also hamm] /ones1 half sph]ical 9 %ape1 h be5 br\ght to light f ^! places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,et*+ ( ,re9de] on ,slate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,et*+ ( ,mammo? on a piece ( ,mammo? ,ivory4 ,! ,riv]-drift m5 prec$$ ! ,cave-m51 z two diff]5t sets ( implem5ts f\nd at diff]5t dep?s te/ify4 ,^? f\nd at ! greate/ dep?s are r\gh]1 r\nd]1 & m massive 9 "*1 ) ! out] surface ( fl9t or qu>tzite nodule /ill rema9+1 z se5 9 "s w$ge-%ap$ h*es & hamm] /ones1 !y consequ5tly belong to ! ,old] ,drift p]iod2 :ile ! oval c>efully *ipp$ all r\nd1 & occasionally poli%$ implem5ts1 belong to a mu* lat] & high] cultur$ /ate ( ! ,paloli?ic p]iod4 ,bo? ! ,riv]-drift m5 & ! ,cave-m5 liv$ 9 cav]ns 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,france1 z "s savages d n[4 ,implem5ts ( ! ,paloli?ic age h be5 f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 ,asia ,m9or & ,india4 ,! e>li] ,riv]-drift man 0 a savage & liv$ by hunt+1 z no evid5ce ( culture has be5 f\nd t c be ascrib$ to him4 ,aft] unkn[n ages p]haps _h elaps$ ! ,cave-m5 appe> ) m p]fect in/rum5ts1 & at lea/ cultur$ 9 ! k ( draw+ & c>v+1 :i* !y did1 z c be judg$ by ! illu/ration giv51 ) a/oni%+ ability4 ,! accurate =ms ( animals1 z horses1 mammo?s1 be>s1 auro*s1 elks1 re9de]s1 fi%1 seals1 c41 & ev5 attempts at ! human figure1 are evid5ces ( ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g;,a4--,human & ,animal ,=m1 drawn by ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,"s au?ors see a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 ! ,cave-m5 & ! ,esquimaux ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 arti/ic culture1 h[ev]1 ! ,cave-m5 are immeasurably sup]ior to ! latt]1 z may be se5 by comp>+ _! respective ef=ts 7,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e74 ,! ,cave-m5 disappe>$ f ,brita9 aft] x became an isl&4 ,simil> discov]ies ( implem5ts & o!r rema9s 9 ,europe & ,brita9 prove t ! ,cave-m5 ( bo? c\ntries 7 9 ! same /age ( culture4 ,pott]y has nev] be5 f\nd 9 connection ) ! rema9s ( ^! p4 ,9 ,france _m important f9ds h be5 br\ght to light illu/rat+ ! art "w ( ! ,european ,cave-m54 ,9 ! caves at ,p]igord1 at ,bruniquel on ! ,aveyron1 at ,le ,m\/i]1 at ,la ,madela9e 9 ! ,dordogne1 & 9 ! ,duru?y cave at ,laug]ie ,basse1 9 ! ,we/]n ,pyr5ees1 h be5 f\nd _m engrav+s ( animals1 & c>v+s on bone1 smoo? tee?1 & antl]s1 also on s&/one1 slate1 & s*i/4 ,evid5ces ( ! ,cave-m5 us+ sk9s = clo?+ is inf]r$ f ! engrav+ ( sk9-gloves & o!r ?+s f\nd incis$ on ! tee? ( ! great cave-be> 9 ! ,duru?y caves4 ,hunt+ sc5es 7 (t5 engrav$ ) great fidelity1 & c>v$ dagg]-h&les made f ! antl]s ( de]1 ) ! animal itself sometimes c>v$ on !m4 ,"o ( ! highe/ art examples yet f\nd is t ( a re9de] graz+1 & is ! only object on :i* an attempt is made to repres5t h]bage1 & p]haps wat] 7,fig4 #e74 ,?is int]e/+ relic 0 f\nd 9 ! ,kessl]lo* ,cav]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g;,b4--,animal ,=ms1 drawn by ,bu%m54 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,neoli?ic ,,/one ,,p]iod4 ,?is p]iod is divid$ f ! ,paloli?ic ,/one age by a great unkn[n gap4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! ,lat] or ,new] ,/one age4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! fl9t implem5ts 7 bett] %ap$1 _m ( !m 7 gr\nd & poli%$ 7,figs4 #ag1 #ah74 ,"s ( ! fl9t & o!r /one implem5ts 7 v l 9 =m to ^? ( ! ,bronze p]iod1 & z ^! implem5ts 7 made1 & cont9u$ to be us$1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe aft] ! ,bronze p]iods ( ! ,ea/ _h develop$1 x is q possible t !y 7 copi$ f ! bronze objects 7,figs4 #aj1 #aa1 #ag1 #ah74 ,a rem>kable sickle or knife f\rte5 in*es long is se5 at ,fig4 #aa2 a fl9t saw 7,fig4 #ab71 semicircul> knives or saws at ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 & a bone & fl9t h>poon at ,fig4 #i4 ,"s ( ! /one hamm]s or axes are ( great beauty 9 %ape & 9 workman%ip 7,figs4 #ag1 #ah72 also pott]y slightly burnt1 b well decorat$ by incis$ /raight l9es & zigzags 7,figs4 #ba to #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,figs4 #h to #aa4--;,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4--;,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,figs4 #ae1 #af4--;,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,figs4 #ag to #bj4--,poli%$ ,/one ,hamm]s & ,celts1 ,neoli?ic ,p]iod4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,figs4 #ba to #bd4--,pott]y ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,! cultivation ( l&1 ! bre$+ & re>+ ( dome/ic animals1 plait+1 & weav+ 0 kn[n & practis$ by ^! p4 ,amb]1 bone beads1 & %ells 7 us$ z p]sonal adornm5ts4 ,_! burials 7 ) or )\t cremation4 ,! burial-places ( ^! p are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 9 ,europe1 ,japan1 ,india1 & o!r p>ts ( ,asia1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y are nam$ 8,cromle*s0 7/one circles71 8,dolm50 7/one tables7 7,fig4 #be71 8,m5hir0 7long /one74 ,! burial-place1 call$ a 8,tumulus10 is a great m\nd ( e>?1 usually conta9+ a burial *amb] con/ruct$ 9 /one 9 ! c5tre ( ! m\nd4 ,! illu/rations ( ! 8,m5hir0 7long /ones7 7,fig4 #bf71 & ( ! s-call$ ,giants' ,tombs 7,fig4 #bg7 belong to ! ,/one age1 & are f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,dolm5 at ,hesbon 7,p4 ,c474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,m5hirs1 ,s>d9ia 7,p4 ,c474 ,we h se5 t ! ,paloli?ic m5 7 hunt]s1 & evid5tly _h a lot ( leisure "t on _! h&s1 :i* !y turn$ to good acc\nt by devot+ "s ( x to _! arti/ic culture2 :ile ! ,neoli?ic m5 7 m ( a race ( me*anics & f>m]s1 :o _h nei!r "t nor incl9ation = ! cultivation ( art1 b 7 altoge!r m sci5tific & me*anical ?an ! m5 ( ! ,paloli?ic p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,giants' ,tomb1 ,s>d9ia 7,p4 ,c474 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bronze ,,age4 ,! p ( ! ,bronze age introduc$ a high] civilisation into ! _w ?an _! pr$ecessors ( ! ,/one ages4 ,!re appe>s to be a great ov]lap betwe5 ! ,neoli?ic1 ,bronze1 & ,iron ages ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 & ! hi/oric p]iods ( ! ,ea/]n c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we h evid5ce t great p]iods ( "t mu/ h m>k$ ! epo*s ( ! prehi/oric ages1 & t ! ,bronze age1 l ! ,/one & ,iron ages1 began at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! tribes :o br\ght ) !m ! age ( ,bronze into ,europe compos$ ! ,celtic van ( ! ,aryan race4 ,! e>lie/ productions ( ?is p]iod 7 ! simple w$ges resembl+ flat /one axes1 ! sides ( :i* are slightly ?ick5$ to =m ridges or flanges2 ! c5tres are also rais$1 :i* produces a ridge to prev5t ! head f go+ 9 too f> 9 ! h&le2 9 "s ! flanges are mu* develop$1 & h also a loop ca/ on ! side = ! purpose ( ty+ x on to ! haft4 ,"s are made ) a socket & loop2 ^! h be5 call$ 8,paal/abs10 & h a flat *isel-l %ape 7,figs4 #bh1 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,figs4 #bh to #cj4--;,bronze & ,paal/abs4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,figs4 #ca to #cd4--;,bronze ,axes1 ,paal/abs1 & ,m\lds4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,figs4 #ce to #ch4--;,bronze ,swords & ,spe>-,head4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ci & #dj4--;,bronze ,button = ,sword ,belt4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,^! e>li] implem5ts are (t5 made ( pure copp]4 ,bronze is a mixture ( copp] & t91 g5]ally f two to f\r p] c5t4 ( t91 & is consequ5tly h>d] ?an copp]4 ,knives1 hamm]s1 g\ges1 sickles1 dagg]s1 spe>s1 swords1 %ields1 _m k9ds ( vessels1 & articles ( p]sonal adornm5t made 9 bronze1 belong to ! e>li] "t ( ! ,bronze p]iod1 & simil> articles 7 made 9 ?is mat]ial 9 ! prehi/oric ,bronze ages all ov] ! kn[n _w 7,figs4 #ce to #dj74 ,an int]e/+ object is a brea/-plate1 belong+ to ?is e>ly ,bronze p]iod2 x is decorat$ ) zigzags 9 b&s1 & a well-arrang$ s*eme ( spiral ornam5tation 7,fig4 #da74 ,urns ( e>!nw>e1 sometimes decorat$ ) zigzags & sacr$ signs1 h be5 f\nd 9 graves4 ,^! urns conta9$ a%es ( ! dead 7,figs4 #dc1 #dd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,brea/-plate1 ) ,spiral ,ornam5ts4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,_m ( ! bronze implem5ts & o!r articles h be5 f\nd 9 tombs1 9 caves 9 great quantities1 bo? f9i%$ & unf9i%$1 9 8,kit*5 ,midd5s10 or refuse heaps1 9 riv]-b$s1 & 9 bogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,figs4 #db1 #dc1 & #dd4--,urns ( ! ,bronze ,age 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,bronze ,b[l f\nd 9 ,sw$54 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,urn ( ! ,/one ,age f\nd 9 ,sw$i% ,dolm54 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,"s ( ! objects f\nd 9 ,nor? ,g]many1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway1 are exce$+ly beautiful 9 _! %ape & decoration4 ,f n[h]e else 9 ! _w come s _m objects1 & s mu* t is *>act]i/ic ( ! prehi/oric ,bronze age4 ,?is p]iod has be5 ably treat$1 & at great l5g?1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,a4 ,worsaae1 9 8 8,dani% ,arts10 & by ,mr4 ,hans ,hildebr&1 9 8 8,arts ( ,sc&9avia10 to :i* books we are indebt$ = ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,x may be notic$ t mu* ( ! decoration on ^! objects consi/s ( a few simple elem5ts ) mu* geometric repetition4 ,! v>i$ =ms are *iefly spirals int]lock+ at regulat$ di/ances1 conc5tric r+s1 triangles1 zigzag l9es1 & b&s =m$ ( l9es :i* are rem9isc5ces ( ! e>li] )y la%+s1 ) :i* ! /one celts 7 fa/5$ to _! hafts4 ,! rais$1 z well z ! flat twi/$-l b&s1 are d]ivatives f ! twi/$ /r+s t w\ld naturally be ti$ ar\nd ! pott]y ( an e>ly date to c>ry x by 7,fig4 #de74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,bronze ,hat*et f\nd 9 ,sw$54 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,! spirals1 zigzags1 r+-crosses1 :eels1 triskeles1 reciprocal me&]s1 semicircles1 c41 are geometrical developm5ts ( sun-snake1 lightn+1 ! sun itself1 cl\d-=ms1 moon-=ms1 />-=ms1 & ! sacr$ fylfot or swa/ika1 all ( :i* _h _! orig9 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,c5tral ,asia1 or ,greece4 ,at fir/ !y 7 us$ z isolat$ signs1 or pictographs1 to repres5t physical ph5om5a1 t 7 objects ( ,nature-wor%ip ) almo/ all ! nations ( ! _w aft] ! dawn ( civilisation1 & :5 ^! signs migrat$ into ! art ( o!r nations or lat] peoples1 :o 7 ei!r ignorant ( _! mean+ or und]/ood !m 9 an imp]fect way1 !y ceas$ to be employ$ z isolat$ signs ( ! v>i\s div9ities !y orig9ally repres5t$1 & 7 copi$1 & repeat$1 z requir$1 to fill 9 a geometrical way ! space at h& to be ornam5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,sun ,signs4 ,a1 ,:eel ,cross or ,:eel2 ,b1 ,sun ,god ,signs2 ,c1 ,fylfot1 or ,swa/ika2 ,d1 ,triskele2 ,e1 ,/>s or ,sun ,signs4 ,a beautiful piece ( workman%ip is ! bronze horn 7,fig4 #ej74 ,worsaae ?9ks t ?is horn 0 us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods 9 ! e>ly ,bronze age1 ow+ to ! great numb] ( sacr$ signs engrav$ on x4 ,sun-:eels1 sun-snakes1 & sun-boats1 develop$ into spiral ornam5t1 may be se5 on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,sun ,signs4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,f1 ,sun-snakes2 ,g4 ,swa/ika2 ,h1 ,triskele2 ,i1 ,/> or ,sun4 ,n4,b4--,! ,swa/ika "h is evid5tly a d\ble ,sun-snake4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,bronze ,horn or ,trumpet1 f\nd at ,wism>1 9 ,meckl5burg4 7,f ,dani% ,arts47 ,!re is "o ornam5t t plays an important "p 9 ! ,bronze & ,iron p]iods1 ( :i* mu* has be5 writt51 ! 8fylfot0 or 8swa/ika40 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! anci5t _w1 except ,egypt & ,assyria1 bo? 9 savage ornam5t & 9 ! art ( cultur$ races4 ,! 8fylfot0 or 8_m0 or 8full-foot$0 cross 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 x is also kn[n by ! names ( 8gammadion10 8croix gamme10 8croix crampone10 8tetraskele10 c4 ,! ,indian "n = x is ! 8swa/ika0 or 8sva/ika10 :i* means 8good luck10 or 8x is well40 ,! fylfot1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( _m ar*ologi/s1 0 orig9ally ! sign ( ! sun1 & us$ z a sacr$ symbol 9 ! wor%ip ( ! sun2 o!rs ?9k x 0 a sign us$ to symbolize ! rotatory motion ( ! planets2 x is q likely x has be5 us$ by diff]5t e>ly peoples = bo?4 ,x has be5 associat$ ) o!r sun signs1 z ! circle1 conc5tric circles1 ) ! ,s-%ap$ sun-snakes1 z on ! prehi/oric :orls f ,hiss>lik1 & v frequ5tly ) ! sol> div9ities1 z ! horse1 bo>1 ram1 lion1 ibex1 & goose1 c4 ,x is f\nd on ,cyprian & ,rhodian pott]y & on ! 8geometric0 pott]y ( ,greece4 ,its appe>ance on _m objects ( e>ly ,*ri/ian art c be acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ^! cases ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies p]mitt$ ! cont9u$ use ( x to _! pagan conv]ts1 b !y !mselves atta*$ a new mean+ to x1 reg>d+ x z m]ely a sub/itute = ! symbol ( ! cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,p9ak or ,plate1 ,ar*aic ,p]iod1 f ,camiros1 ,rhodes1 %[+ ,fylfot1 & ,sun ,signs1 & ,sacr$ ,bo>4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,"s writ]s h argu$1 ) a good deal ( plausibility1 t ! ,greek fret patt]n1 ,*9ese & ,japanese frets1 7 only developm5ts f ! fylfot4 ,?is is purely conjectural1 = z reg>ds ! ,greek fret1 x is m likely t x _h an ,egyptian s\rce1 z s _m ( ! ,greek ornam5ts are b developm5ts ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian =ms4 ,! fret us$ by ! ,greeks has be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt 9 ! ceil+ ornam5t ( tombs m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e x appe>$ 9 ,greece4 ,! ,*9ese frets may h 9 "s in/ances a fylfot orig91 b at pres5t ?is is d\btful1 z x has n yet be5 prov$4 ,! draw+ ( ! ar*aic ,greek plate 7p9ak71 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 giv5 at ,fig4 #ea1 f ! ,greek colony ( ,rhodes1 is v int]e/+1 z x %[s a well-develop$ fylfot betwe5 ! legs ( ! bo>1 & an e>ly ,greek fret b&2 ! fret "h may only be a wat]-sign1 or a riv]-edge repres5tation4 ,! spaces ar\nd ! bo> 7animal sacr$ to ! sun7 are fill$ up ) sun-signs & />-signs2 ev5 ! l>ge segm5t ( radiat+ l9es1 & ! =m ov] ! animal's back may typify ! sun4 ,! :ole decoration has a high religi\s mean+ 9 ref]5ce to sun-wor%ip1 & is evid5tly a copy by a ,greek arti/ ( an ori5tal embroid]y motive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,silv] ,broo*1 ,plat$ ) ,gold1 9 ! =m ( a ,d\ble ,sun-snake or ,swa/ika2 f\nd 9 ,icel&4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,gold ,b[l1 ) ,bronze ,h&le & ,sacr$ ,horse's ,head4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,bronze ,horn f\nd 9 ,d5m>k4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,! fylfot has be5 f\nd /amp$ on ! pott]y ( ! lake dwell+s ( ! ,zuni1 ,yucatan1 & o!r ,am]ican pott]y1 & on objects f ,icel&1 ,irel&1 & ,sc&9avia4 ,a circul> =m ( x is se5 on ! gold ,sc&9avian ornam5t 7,fig4 #eb74 ,:e!r x orig9ally 0 a pure sun-sign1 or :e!r x signifi$ ! axial rotation ( ! e>? r\nd ! ,nor? ,pole1 x is full ( rem>kable int]e/1 & ent]s m ?an any o!r symbolic sign into hi/oric ornam5t g5]ally4 ,9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 x has be5 mu* us$2 ?is 0 ow+ to ! spread ( ! ,buddhi/ religion 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x is f\nd on ! toes ( ! 8,footpr9t0 ( ,buddha1 at ! ,am>vati ,tope1 ,india2 & ow+ to its great religi\s significance 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,ceylon1 we f9d x /amp$ on ! acc\nt books1 co9s & dresses ( bo? ! liv+ & ! dead1 z a univ]sal sign ( good luck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,coll> ( ,bronze f\nd 9 ,sw$54 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,dani% ,bronze ,knives1 decorat$ ) ,sun-%ips & o!r ,sacr$ ,figures4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,figs4 #eg & #eh4--;,bronze & ,gold ,buttons f\nd 9 ,wom5's ,graves1 ) ! ,triskele1 ,moon-,signs1 & ,sun ,snakes4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,! swa/ika1 bo? /raight & curv$-arm$ v>iety1 0 us$ indiscrim9ately 9 ! decoration ( objects ( ! ,iron age1 :e!r 9 bronze1 iron1 gold1 silv]1 wood1 or /one4 ,x 0 ! sign among ! ,romans ( ,jupit] ,tonans1 :o wield$ ! ?und] & lightn+2 0 ! sign us$ = ,?or1 ! god ( ?und] & lightn+1 ) ! e>ly ,g]man peoples1 & ! curv$ v>iety ( x 0 us$ z a symbol ( _! highe/ div9ity by ! nor!rn nations ( ,sc&9avia4 ,f ?is widespread use ( ! swa/ika x is conjectur$ t x is an ,aryan symbol1 br\ght by ! p ( ! ,bronze age f _! primitive home 9 ! plateau ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,iron ,,age4 ,! age ( ,iron1 l ! ,bronze ages1 v>ies v mu* 9 po9t ( "t 9 ,europe z comp>$ ) ,asia1 & also !re is a great ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! times ( ! ,iron age 9 ! nor!rn1 middle1 & s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is safe to say t ! e>ly "p ( ?is age belongs to prehi/oric times z f> z ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe is conc]n$1 & al?\gh ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago & ,we/]n ,asia 7 9 a high /ate ( civilis$ culture five or six c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( iron1 x is cle> t ! ext5sive employm5t & decoration ( iron implem5ts & arms 7 *iefly 9 ,switz]l&1 ,nor!rn ,italy1 & 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,danube4 ,?is iron culture soon spread ov] to ,gaul & ,spa91 & to ! ,briti% ,isl&s 9 ! ,we/1 & ,sc&9avia 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! ,romans1 "u _! fir/ emp]ors1 import$ _! swords & o!r arms f ,spa9 & ! ,we/ on acc\nt ( _! good workman%ip4 ,f ! _m 8f9ds0 t h be5 br\ght to light 9 ! above c\ntries x is evid5t t1 = five or six c5turies be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re 0 a great activity go+ on 9 ! manufacture ( iron objects 9 ^! c\ntries1 pr9cipally swords & o!r w>like arms4 ,! two mo/ important 8f9ds0 are ! 8,hal/aat0 9 ,au/ria1 & ! ,la ,tne 8f9ds0 ne> ,m>91 ,lake ,neu*tel4 ,! ,hal/aat f9d 0 compos$ ( _m gold & bronze articles1 pott]y1 & a few iron weapons4 ,! place :]e ^! ?+s 7 f\nd 0 a ,celtic tomb1 & ! iron articles f\nd 9 x are among ! e>lie/ kn[n 9 ,europe1 :i* proves !m to h be5 made at ! transition p]iod f ! ,bronze to ! ,iron ages4 ,besides ! purely geometric "w ! decoration on ^! articles consi/s ( sun & moon signs1 :eel crosses1 half moons1 ! sacr$ %ip1 ! swa/ika1 triskele1 c42 crude repres5tations ( m5 & animals1 z horses1 ox51 /ags1 he-goats1 & geese1 all ( :i* h a religi\s & symbolic mean+4 ,all ^! =ms 7 us$ 9 ! ,bronze & ,iron ages alike4 ,! f9d at ,la ,tne1 ne> ,m>91 ,lake ,neu*tel1 belongs to a lat] p]iod & is m important f an art po9t ( view1 = besides ! usual sacr$ decorations engrav$ on ! objects1 "s ( ! sword h&les & %ea?s are beautifully sculptur$ or *isell$ 9 iron1 ) well-design$ ornam5t & animal =ms4 7,see ,fig4 #ha1 ,d1 ( ,gauli% or late ,celtic workman%ip47 ,! %apes & mat]ials ( ! weapons f\nd at ,la ,tne1 or ( :at is call$ ! 8,la ,tne ,p]iod10 d n be> mu* resemblance to ! weapons ( ! ,bronze age1 & ! %ea?s ( ! swords & dagg]s are sometimes bronze & sometimes iron1 b ! blades are ( iron4 ,communication ) ! ,etruscans & ! ,greeks by ! p ( ,c5tral ,europe is prov$ by ! co9s1 vases1 & objects ( p]sonal ornam5t1 & by ! imitations ( ,greek & ,mac$onian co9s f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ,middle & ,we/]n ,europe & 9 ,brita91 t belong to ?is late ,celtic p]iod4 ,?is acc\nts = ! m 8advanc$0 nature ( ! decoration on ! ,m>9 swords & dagg]s ( ! 8,la ,tne ,p]iod10 & ?is p>ticul> culture-wave br\ght ) x ! beg9n+s ( t ornam5t :i*1 9 lat] c5turies1 develop$ into ! peculi> ,celtic & ,runic twi/+s & int]lac+s t are s common to ,dani%1 ,norwegian1 ,sw$i%1 ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% phases ( decorative art1 t 0 practis$ s l>gely f ! fir/ to ! twelf? c5turies ( our era4 ,?is ,celtic int]lac+1 ?\gh (t5 m di/ress+ ?an a ,*9ese puzzle1 & 9 "s in/ances b>b>\s 9 ! extreme1 yet is (t5 v int]e/+ & beautiful 9 execution4 ,mo/ ( x c be trac$ to its orig9 9 sacr$ signs & animal =ms 9 classical ornam5t4 ,x w be int]e/+ to trace briefly "s ( ^! developm5ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,runic & ,celtic art ( ! ,iron age4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ne>ly all hi/oric art1 we f9d t ! religi\s aspirations ( man 7 ! *ief factors4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,asia1 ,europe1 or ,am]ica1 :]ev] art _h an individuality1 ! greate/ monum5ts 7 erect$1 & ! f9e/ works ( art 7 creat$ = ! hon\r ( ! nation's gods4 ,we h se5 h[ ! =ms ( ornam5t 7 g5]ally d]iv$ f ! figurative signs ( sacr$ animals1 plants1 & o!r my/ic symbols ( a religi\s mean+1 & 7 9 ! end conv]t$ 9 mean+less b /hetic ornam5t4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( n9e-t5?s ( hi/oric ornam5t t has surviv$ ! decay ( nations4 ,! anci5t religion & beliefs ( ! pre-,*ri/ian peoples 7 ^? :i* !y _h br\ght ) !m :5 !y fir/ migrat$ f _! ,asiatic home1 namely1 ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 moon1 & lightn+4 ,cs> m5tions 9 8 8,de ,bello ,gallico10 ,,vi41 #ba1 t ! 8,g]mani p wor%ipp$ ! visible help+ gods1 ! sun1 moon1 & fire1 & knew no?+ :atev] ( o!r div9ities40 ,! symbolic signs & animal =ms sacr$ to ^! ph5om5a1 already m5tion$1 are f\nd m or less on ! ut5sils & weapons ( ! ,gallic-,g]man peoples ( ! ,iron age1 & 9 addition to ^! we see ! repres5tation ( ! ,nor!rn gods1 ! ,tr9ity ( ! ,nor?1 ,?or1 ,od9 & ,frey1 ) & )\t ! sacr$ animals peculi> to ea*4 ,9 ! e>li] times close int]c\rse ) ! ,romans br\ght ab\t a high degree ( culture to ! b>b>ian p ( ! ,rh9e ,valley & m nor!rn places2 _m /atuettes ( bronze inlaid ) gold & silv]1 repres5t+ ,roman gods1 h be5 dug up 9 ,d5m>k & o!r places 9 ! nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,gold-plat$ ,ornam5t f\nd at ,?orsb]g4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,^! /atuettes 7 trans=mations ( ! ,roman & ,etruscan gods t s]v$ = ! ,gallo-,g]manic gods4 ,an illu/ration ( ! ,roman influ5ce is se5 9 a r\nd ornam5t ( ?is p]iod plat$ ) gold1 f\nd at ,?orsb]g1 ,slesvig4 ,x is ! decoration ( an iron coat ( mail4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is 7,fig4 #ei7 is tak5 f ,worsaae's 8,dani% ,arts10 & is ?us describ$ by him3 8,five suns are plac$ crosswise1 & betwe5 two ( ! out] ones is se5 a b>b>is$ figure ( ,jupit] ) horns on 8 helmet2 ! sun 9 ! c5tre is surr\nd$ by a circle ( helmet$ heads4 ,j z ?is recalls to our m9ds ! ,g]manic & ,sc&9avian god ( ?und]1 ,?or1 :o1 lat]1 0 (t5 repres5t$ ) a helmet on 8 head1 s ! ?9 b>b>ic gold5 figures ( horses1 geese1 & fi%1 rivet$ on ! ornam5t or broo* itself1 rem9d u ( ! sun-god ,frey40 ,! ,figs4 #fj & #fa are metal m\nt+s decorat$ ) ! triskele =m$ ( sun-snakes1 ! swa/ika ) /raight arms1 & ! comp\nd v>iety ( ! fylfot on ! l>g] m\nt+4 ,^! illu/rate a transition ( ! sacr$ sun =m to m purely ornam5tal designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4#fa ,figs4 #fj & #fa4--,metal ,m\nt+s f ,?orsb]g4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,! imitation ( ,roman co9s & m$allions ( ! "t ( ,con/ant9e to ornam5ts t h be5 call$ 8bracteates0 0 ext5sively c>ri$ on by ! ,g]manic p4 ,^! bracteates h ! design on "o side only1 ) a loop or r+ at ! top to susp5d !m ar\nd ! neck z an amulet4 ,^! gold5 bracteates h be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ,sc&9avia & ,d5m>k1 & sc>cely any:]e else1 :i* proves !y 7 indig5\s to ^! c\ntries4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice h[ !y h be5 trans=m$ f _! ,roman & ,byzant9e orig9als to purely sacr$ ,celtic amulets ( a new national type ( ornam5t4 ,fig4 #fb1 f ,hildebr&'s 8,sc&9avian ,arts10 is a b>b>ic copy ( a ,roman m$allion4 ,x is a poor attempt to copy ! ,imp]ial head1 & ! inscription is badly & mean+lessly copi$4 ,on ! rev]se is a figure ( ,victory1 ) signs ( ! cross1 surr\nd$ by a wrea? & leg5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,b>b>ian ,copy ( a ,roman ,m$allion f\nd 9 ,sw$54 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,x appe>s t aft] ! age ( ! ,con/ant9es1 ! int]c\rse ( ! ,g]manic p ) ! ,romans 0 brok51 ow+ to ! invasion ( ! ,huns1 & = a long "t aft]w>ds !y 7 left to !mselves )\t =eign influ5ce1 & 7 enabl$ to develop _! national art on ! f\ndation ( ,roman culture1 at ! same "t sub/itut+ _! own emblems ( _! national gods 9 place ( ! classic ones 9 _! decorative "w4 ,we c safely ga!r f ?is t ! ,hunnic invasion ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 ! indirect means ( giv+ to ,nor!rn ,europe a di/9ct national /yle ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,gold5 ,bracteate f ,sc&9avia4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,! illu/rations ( ! gold5 bracteates "h giv5 7,figs4 #fc1 #fd7 p>tly %[ h[ ?is developm5t began4 ,on ,fig4 #fc is ,?or's head ) 8 ti>a or helmet1 ! he-goat sacr$ to ,?or1 ! triad ?ree dots1 & ! swa/ika4 ,on ! bord] is ! triskele 7,od9's sign71 ,frey's cross1 & ! zigzag or lightn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--;,gold5 ,bracteate f ,sc&9avia4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,! l>g] bracteate 7,fig4 #fd7 has ,?or ) ! he-goat surr\nd$ by ! swa/ika1 triskele1 & ! cross 7f\r suns =m+ ! cross71 ! signs = ,?or1 ,od91 & ,frey4 ,! inn] bord] has ! ?ree dots1 or triad2 next bord]1 ,?or's head2 & ! out] bord] is compos$ ( he-goats4 ,on ! loop are signs ( ! sun & moon1 & "u x sun-snakes 7develop$ into spirals74 ,! above descriptions ( ! bracteates are *iefly tak5 f ! 8,dani% ,arts40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,p>ts ( ,h>ness 9 ,gilt ,bronze1 ,gotl&4 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,*>act]i/ic ornam5t ( ?is p]iod is %[n at ,fig4 #fe1 :i* are p>ts ( a h>ness 9 gilt bronze f a tomb 9 ,gotl&2 ! patt]ns are compos$ ( corrupt$ animal & bird =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,fibula 9 ,gilt ,bronze1 ,gotl&4 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,fibula 9 ,gilt ,bronze1 ,gotl&4 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,figs4 #ff to #fh are fibula decorations ( ! int]lac+ animal =ms1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! m att5uat$ & lat] developm5t ( ,sc&9avian art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,"p ( ,rim ( ,fig4 #fg4 ,! s]ies ( designs1 ,figs4 #fi to #gc1 are ( great int]e/ 9 %[+ ! developm5t ( patt]ns f lion =ms to ! twi/$ snake ornam5t4 ,! figures are tak5 f ,hildebr&'s 8,sc&9avian ,arts40 ,accord+ to t au?or1 ,fig4 #fi is a ,sc&9avian copy or adaptation ( a ,roman design1 :i* consi/s ( two lions c\*ant4 ,! o!r patt]ns 7,figs4 #gj to #gc7 are fur!r developm5ts ( corrupt$ lion =ms4 ,x is q possible t ! peculi> int]lac+s ( ,sc&9avian ornam5t may h be5 ! result ( imp]fect copy+ ( lion & bird =ms4 ,!y 7 nev] int5d$ = snake =ms1 z _m ( ^! h legs & feet1 & s]p5ts & snakes 7 unkn[n 9 ! nor?4 ,_m /rang] d]ivatives ( ornam5t h exi/$ 9 ! ornam5t ( savage tribes4,a ,:5 ! ,gotl&ic arti/ _h r$uc$ 8 lion =ms to snakes he c>ri$ 8 "w to ! v]ge ( monotony ) int]m9able int]lac+s4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,haddon's 8,evolution ( ,ornam5tal ,art10 #ahie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,figs4 #fi & #gj4--;,corrupt$ ,figures ( ,lions4 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,figs4 #ga1 #gb1 #gc4--;,animal ,ornam5tal ,patt]ns1 ,corrupt$ ,figures ( ,lions4 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,silv] ,goblet1 ) ,gold-plat$ ,decoration1 f\nd 9 ,zeel&4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,"u ,side ( a ,fibula4 7,sc&4 ,arts47 ,! decoration on ! goblet 7,fig4 #gd7 is ! sun-god ,frey1 ) 8 horse & geese2 ! masks are int5d$ = ^? ( ,?or2 8 he-goat & sun signs are also se54 ,?is goblet 0 evid5tly us$ 9 ! sun-wor%ip fe/ivals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,pott]y ( ! ,iron ,age4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,piece ( ,wooll5 ,clo? ) ,gold & ,silv] ,?reads1 ,vik+ ,p]iod4 7,dani% ,arts47 ,a re/ra9$ & agreeable design is se5 on ! "u side ( a fibula 7,fig4 #ge72 a well-%ap$ e>!n pot is decorat$ ) zigzag "w1 & has ! symbolical triad m>k impress$ on x 7,fig4 #gf72 & a remnant ( wooll5 clo?1 wov5 ) silv] & gold ?reads1 has ! swa/ika & ! hamm] ( ,?or z decoration4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 a grave at ,r&]s ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,x belongs to ! ,vik+ p]iod ( ! ,iron age 7,fig4 #gg74 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lake ,,dwell+s ,,( ,,switz]l& ,,& ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,europe4 ,9 ,switz]l& & 9 ,upp] ,italy evid5ces h be5 f\nd ( num]\s lake dwell+s1 & 9 ,irel& & ,scotl& analog\s dwell+s on isl&s 9 lakes & morasses h be5 f\nd1 to :i* ! "n ( 8crannoges0 78wood5 isl&s07 has be5 giv54 ,! exact age ( ^! dwell+s has n be5 accurately def9$1 b an approximate date has be5 assign$ to !m4 ,f ! nature1 k9d1 & decoration ( ! num]\s articles t h be5 dug up f ! f\ndation relic b$s 9 ! lakes ( ,switz]l&1 x appe>s t ! duration ( ! 8lake dwell+s0 p]iod 0 f ab\t ! "t ( ! lat] ,/one age to ! e>ly ,iron age2 x !re=e embraces portions ( ! ,/one age1 ! ,bronze age1 & e>ly ,iron ages ( ,europe4 ,! lake dwell+s 7 erect$ by c]ta9 tribes ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,europe1 = ! bett] security ( !mselves & _! prop]ty f ! savage animals ( ! ma9l&1 & f _! enemies1 ! /ill m savage fell[-m54 ,z f> z c be made out f ! rema9s f\nd 9 ! lakes1 ! lake dwell]s 7 m civilis$ & less w>like ?an _! neighb\rs t liv$ on l&4 ,! lake dwell+s are ! mo/ anci5t evid5ces ( man's fir/ con/ructive capabilities 9 ! art ( build+4 ,h]odotus tells u ( a settlem5t on ,lake ,prasias 7,ta*yus71 9 ,rumelia1 :]e 8m5 live on plat=ms support$ by tall piles40 ,"s tribes ( ! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea /ill live on pile dwell+s4 ,! lacu/r9e habitation 7,fig4 #gh71 f 8,les ,races ,sauvages10 by ,m4 ,b]tillon1 is a repres5tation ( a pile dwell+ on ! ,lake ,mohrya1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,lacu/r9e ,habitation 9 ,lake ,mohrya1 ,c5tral ,africa4 7,f ,les ,races ,sauvages1 by ,m4 ,b]tillon47 ,! sub/ructures1 ,fig4 #gi1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 tak5 f ,kell]'s 8,lake ,dwell+s10 w give g5]al ideas ( ! f\ndations ( ! dwell+s 9 ,switz]l& & ,upp] ,italy4 ,at ,a is se5 ! e>lie/ type1 :i* reveals ! section ( ! piles1 upp] floor+1 wat]-l9e1 & slop+ bank ( ! lake4 ,! piles 7 sometimes compos$ ( split trees or /ems1 b m (t5 ( /ems ) ! b>k on1 & 7 ( v>i\s k9ds ( wood2 !y 7 %>p5$ at ! end by /one hat*ets1 & 9 lat] times by bronze or iron axes1 & 7 driv5 into ! s& or mud at a %ort di/ance f ! %ore4 ,! heads ( ! piles 7 br\ght to a level1 & planks or :ole trees 7 fa/5$ on !m z beams2 sometimes !y 7 fa/5$ on by wood5 p9s1 & sometimes 7 8not*$0 into ! heads ( ! piles4 ,cross-beams 7 (t5 =c$ 9 betwe5 ! uprights "u ! plat=m to /eady ! /ructure1 & outside !re 0 (t5 fa/5$ a clo?+ ( wattle-"w to act z a f5d] f v>i\s accid5ts4 ,if x 7 f\nd difficult to drive ! piles into ! b$ ( ! lake to any great dep?1 artificial rais+ ( ! bottom 0 resort$ to1 by br++ c>goes ( /ones 9 boats & dropp+ !m betwe5 ! piles1 !reby secur+ a p]fectly secure sub/ructure 7,fig4 #gi1 ,b74 ,^! artificial ris+s are call$ 8/e9-b]gs40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,section & ,plans1 ,lake ,dwell+ ,sub/ructures f ,kell]4 ,a1 ,g5]al idea ( arrangem5t ( ,piles2 ,b1 %[s ! ,piles driv5 into ! mud1 ) /ones ?r[n betwe5 !m2 ,c1 ,section ( ,fasc9e ,dwell+2 ,d1 ,diagram ( ,floor ,fasc9e ,con/ruction f ,ni$]wyl2 ,e1 ,section ( ,iri% ,crannoge 9 ,ardakill9 ,l\gh2 ,f1 ,con/ruction ( ,wood5 ,=m 7,ni$]wyl72 ,g1 ,section ( ,lake ,dwell+ ,b$s at ,rob5haus54 ,ano!r & lat] v>iety ( sub/ructure is kn[n z 8fasc9e-"w0 7,fig4 #gi1 ,c74 ,probably ?is fasc9e con/ruction 0 ! safe/ :5 ! wat] ( ! lake rose 9 height4 ,x consi/$ ( lay]s ( small trees or /ems laid l5g?wise1 built f ! bottom ( ! lake2 ^! /icks or trees 7 int]wov51 & at int]vals upright piles 7 driv5 9 to keep !m 9 position1 & on ! top ( ?is /ructure1 above high-wat] m>k1 ! floor+ plat=m 0 laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,an ,ideal ,lake ,settlem5t or ,t[n4 7,f ,kell]'s ,lake ,dwell+s47 ,! 8crannoges0 or 8wood5 isl&s10 ( ,irel& & ,scotl&1 resemble v mu* ! ,swiss fasc9e dwell+s4 ,! ,iri% 8crannoges0 7 (t5 plac$ on natural isl&s1 or on %all[s or l\ghs1 b sometimes 7 built up1 l ^? 9 ,switz]l&1 f ! bottom ( ! lake4 ,^! 8crannoges0 7 us$ z *iefta9s' fa/nesses or places ( retreat4 ,!y 7 built *iefly 9 ! ,/one age1 & 7 us$ long aft] ! age ( ,iron4 ,at ,fig4 #gi1 ,e1 may be se5 a section ( an ,iri% 8crannoge0 9 ,ardakill9 ,l\gh4 ,at ,fig4 #gi1 ,f & ,d1 are %[n diagrams ( plat=m & floor con/ruction respectively ( a lake dwell+ at ,ni$]wyl1 ,switz]l&4 ,on ! top ( ?is floor a pla/] made ( mud1 loam1 & gravel1 0 laid & beat5 firmly d[n4 ,z f> z c be asc]ta9$ f ! rema9s ( upright corn] po/s t h be5 f\nd 9 position1 ! h\ses 7 rectangul>1 ?\gh "s may h be5 r\nd l ! huts ( ! contempor>y p on ! ma9l&4 ,! walls ( ! h\ses are suppos$ to h be5 built ( wattle-"w pla/]$ ov] ) mud & ?at*$1 z evid5ces ( ?is are se5 9 ! l>ge pieces ( burnt clay ) wattle impression on x t h be5 f\nd2 ?is also po9ts out ! fact ( ! h\ses or settlem5ts be+ burnt d[n4 ,9 "s cases ! walls 7 ( fasc9e con/ruction4 ,e hut 0 provid$ ) its he>?1 :i* consi/$ ( ?ree or f\r l>ge flat /ones4 ,clay weights us$ = ! loom h be5 f\nd 9 great quantities1 :i* proves1 toge!r ) _m fragm5ts ( flax clo? & wov5 8ba/0 :i* h come to light1 t weav+ 0 kn[n & practis$ by ! lake dwell]s 7,fig4 #ha1 ,k74 ,pott]y has be5 f\nd 9 ! relic b$s1 b is usually ( a v co>se description4 ,_m brok5 bits ( pott]y h be5 f\nd ornam5t$ ) l9es1 *evrons1 or zigzags1 & (t5 ) ! 8rope0 ornam5t1 rais$ or impress$ by a twi/$ /r+ or rope2 ?is k9d ( decoration is evid5tly sugge/$ by ! b& ( /r+ ti$ ar\nd ! primitive vessels ( clay to keep !m toge!r1 or = c>ry+ purposes4 ,see ,fig4 #ha1 ,b1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 & ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,objects f ! ,lake ,dwell+s 7f ,kell]74 ,a1 ,bronze ,knife 7,lake ( ,bi5ne72 ,b1 ,ornam5t$ ,pott]y2 ,c1 ,moon ,image ( e>!nw>e2 ,d1 ,"p ( an ,iron ,sword 7,gauli% "w72 ,e1 ,moon ,image ( bronze2 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,e>!nw>e ,vessels2 ,k1 ,embroid]$ ,clo?4 ,! build]s ( ! lake dwell+s are suppos$ to h be5 a bran* ( ! ,celtic population ( ,switz]l&1 belong+ to prehi/oric times1 & 0 9 its la/ /age ( decad5ce be=e ! ,celts took _! place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,al?\gh _m rema9s ( bronze & iron implem5ts h be5 br\ght to light f ! relic b$s ( ! lake dwell+s1 ?is does n prove t ! inhabitants 7 acqua9t$ ) _! manufacture1 = mo/ ( ! articles 7 probably obta9$ by b>t] f ! p ( ! ma9l&4 ,a beautiful bronze knife is se5 at ,fig4 #ha1 ,a1 f\nd 9 ! lake ( ,bi5ne1 & "p ( a sword 9 iron1 ( ,gauli%1 or 8late ,celtic0 workman%ip1 f ,m>91 ,lake ,neu*tel 7,fig4 #ha1 ,d74 ,highly int]e/+ are ! 8moon-/ones0 & 8moon-images0 ( ?is p]iod1 made 9 /one1 e>!nw>e1 & bronze4 ,^! cresc5t moon-images h a religi\s significance1 & h d\btless be5 us$ to decorate ! tops ( _! entrance doors 7,kell]7 or o!r conspicu\s places 9 _! dwell+s1 z emblematic images ( _! wor%ip ( ! moon4 ,! figure at ,c repres5ts an e>!nw>e moon-image ) a flat base = /&+ purposes4 ,! decoration on ?is is peculi>ly int]e/+1 z %[+ "o ( ! e>lie/ fasc9e patt]ns1 d\btless d]iv$ f ! floor con/ruction ( ! dwell+s1 or f ! la%+s ( )y b&s us$ to fa/5 ! /one axes & celts to _! hafts4 ,?is k9d ( ornam5t has be5 us$ v mu* 9 ! ,bronze age weapons1 implem5ts1 & o!r objects4 ,! moon-image at ,e is made ( bronze1 ) a h&le & a r+ to hang x by4 ,x 0 probably worn z an amulet or decoration susp5d$ f ! neck ( a ,celtic prie/4 ,rema9s ( _m k9ds ( plants1 se$s1 corn1 & fruit h be5 f\nd1 usually 9 co>se e>!n pots2 also cakes & loaves ( bread1 & mill-/one 8cru%]s0 = gr9d+ corn4 ,dome/ic animals1 su* z c[s1 goats1 & dogs1 7 kept by ! lake dwell]s4 ,fi%+ & fi%-cur+1 z may be easily inf]r$1 0 an important indu/ry ) ^! int]e/+ p4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,egyptian ,,art4 ,accord+ to _! mo/ anci5t traditions1 ! ,egyptian race desc5d$ f a po9t high up on ! ,nile1 or ! l& ( ,e?iopia1 b mod]n sci5ce proves !m to belong to a ,caucasian race1 & n ( ! ,negro type4 ,! "n ,egypt has be5 d]iv$ f 8,het-ka-,ptah10 "o ( ! titles ( ! city ( ,memphis1 :i* means 8,! ,temple ( ! ,g5ius ( ,ptah10 & has be5 int]pret$ by ! ,greeks z 8,aiguptos10 ! latt] be+ ! old "n = ! ,nile4 ,on ! s\? ( ,egypt dwelt ! ,nubians or ,e?iopians2 on ! we/ ! ,libyans1 a fair-sk9n$ race1 :o1 be+ a w>like p1 7 employ$ by ! ,egyptians z m]c5>y troops2 & on ! nor?-ea/ ! nomadic ,semitic tribes ( ,edom & ,s\!rn ,syria4 ,! latt] p (t5 w&]$ we/ to fe$ _! flocks 9 ! ,delta ( ,l[] ,egypt1 & 9 c\rse ( "t =m$1 ) ! ,phnician trad]s1 a l>ge proportion ( ! population ( ! l[] k+dom ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 on ! nor?-ea/ fronti]1 on ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 t ,egypt _h mo/ to fe> f h] =eign enemies4 ,ne>ly all ! art ( ! v>i\s peoples & nations ( ! _w 0 develop$ 9 relation to _! religion1 & mo/ ( x--z else:]e /at$--orig9at$ 9 symbolic signs t repres5t$1 "u v>i\s =ms1 human or o!rwise1 ! orig9al objects or ph5om5a :i* !y wor%ipp$4 ,?is 0 ! case especially s 9 ,egypt2 & ?is mu/ be our plea to describe "h briefly ! pr9cipal outl9es ( ! ,egyptian religion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,isis nurs+ h] ,son1 ,horus4 7,p4 ,c47 ,height1 #ai ins4 ,! religion ( ! ,egyptians _h two developm5ts1 "o t5d+ t[>ds ,mono!ism1 & ! o!r to ,poly!ism4 ,!y believ$ 9 "o god1 :o 0 ! k+ ( all gods2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y _h _! my?ical gods1 :o p]sonifi$ :atev] 0 p]man5t 9 natural ph5om5a1 su* z ! sun1 moon1 sky1 />s1 e>?1 light1 d>kness1 floods1 ! seasons1 ! ye>1 & ! h\rs4 ,! goddess ,nut repres5t$ ! sky1 & 0 kn[n also "u ! names ( ,nei?1 ,isis1 ,ha?or1 ,sekhet1 c41 :i* 7 ! names ( ! sky at sunrise or sunset 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! sun _h names )\t numb]1 z ,r1 ,horus1 ,ptah1 ,tmu1 ,setek1 ,am51 c4 7,figs4 #hc1 #hd74 ,osiris & ,sekru are names ( ! sun aft] he has set1 or is 8dead & buri$0 7,fig4 #he74 ,osiris is k+ ( ! dead1 &1 9 my?ological language1 he is sla9 by 8 bro!r ,set1 :o p]sonifi$ night1 :o 9 8 turn is sla9 by ,horus 7,fig4 #hb71 :o is ! heir ( ,osiris4 ,horus signifies ! 8"o above10 & ,am5-,r1 ! great k+ ( all ! gods1 signifies 8! "o :o hides himself40 ,! great ,am5-,r 0 ! mightie/ god 9 all ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,he 0 ! great god ( ,!bes4 ,! gods 7 repres5t$ 9 human %ape1 & also m animal =m4 ,! animals1 or animal comb9ations1 7 simply symbolical ( ! gods on acc\nt ( c]ta9 attributes common to ea*1 or 9 "s cases because !y bore ! same "n4 ,! ,egyptians 7 int5se believ]s 9 a future /ate1 h5ce ! great c>e be/[$ on _! dead1 = !y believ$ t ! body %\ld be pres]v$ 9 ord] to insure a /ate ( bliss = ! s\l 9 ! future _w4 ,e human be+ _h its 8d\ble10 or gho/ 8,ka10 z well z its gho/ 8,ba10 :i* we (t5 f9d repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a human be+ ) a hawk's head4 ,sometimes ! image ( a man 0 buri$ ) him4 ,?is 0 to repres5t 8 8d\ble10 & is1 !re=e1 call$ a 8,ka0 /atue1 or image4 ,! 8,ba10 or s\l1 0 suppos$ to be 8lum9\s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,am51 or ,ammon1 bronze4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,ptah1 f a bronze ,actual ,size4 7,p4 ,c47 ,x is suppos$ t _m ( ! animals & animal =ms buri$ ) & pa9t$ on ! c(f9s ( ! ,egyptian dead 71 9 remote times1 ! sacr$ animals or 8,totems0 belong+ to ! dead man's family4 8,totem wor%ip0 may h be5 ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! ,egyptian religion4 ,! ,temple ( ,buba/is 79 ! ,delta7 0 sacr$ to ! goddess ,ba/1 or ,pa%t1 ! cat-head$ goddess 7,fig4 #hf74 ,! cat 01 !re=e1 a sacr$ animal or a 8,totem10 9 anci5t ,egypt1 l ! ibis1 hawk1 asp1 beetle1 c41 totems2 & s 9 ! di/rict or t[n ( ,buba/is ! ,cat ,clan1 or wor%ipp]s ( ! cat-head$ goddess ,pa%t1 built ! rock-cut temple call$ ,speos ,artemidos1 ne> ,b5i-,hasan1 & d$icat$ x to h] wor%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,osiris4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,! ,goddess ,ba/1 or ,pa%t4 ,actual ,size4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! writ+ ( ! ,egyptians is classifi$ "u ?ree heads3 ! 8,hi]oglyphic10 or ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s on ! monum5ts2 ! 8,hi]atic10 or prie/ly writ+1 z us$ on ! papyrus docum5ts2 & ! 8,demotic10 a cursive or runn+ k9d ( writ+ simil> to ! ,hi]atic1 & a lat] developm5t ( x4 ,9 ! ye> #agih ! fam\s 8,rosetta ,/one10 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 f\nd ne> ! ,rosetta m\? ( ! ,nile by a ,fr5* (fic]4 ,x pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,briti% 9 #ahjb4 ,on ?is /one is inscrib$ a decree ( ! prie/s ( ,memphis conf]r+ div9e hon\rs on ,ptolemy ,v41 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 ,b4,c4 #aie4 ,! inscription is 9 ?ree =ms1 ! ,hi]oglyphic1 ! ,demotic1 & 9 ,greek *>act]s4 ,f ?is inscription 0 fir/ obta9$ ! key to ! deciph]m5t ( ! hi]oglyphics1 & int]pretation ( ! anci5t language ( ,egypt1 & ! names ( ! k+s :i* 9 ! hi]oglyphics are enclos$ 9 c>t\*es or oblong r+s4 ,?us ! clue 0 obta9$ to ! id5tification ( ! lett]s ( ! ,egyptian alphabet1 :i* _h hi!rto baffl$ all ! attempts ( ,egyptologi/s to f9d out4 ,! cr$it ( ! id5tification is *iefly due to ! ,fr5* savant1 ,*ampollion1 b a consid]able %>e ( ! hon\r mu/ be giv5 to ,?omas ,"y1 :o 0 ! fir/ to f9d out ! correct value ( _m ( ! phonetic signs4 ,! ,egyptians1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod kn[n1 7 acqua9t$ ) & skill$ 9 m$ic9e1 9 a/ronomy1 9 ma!matics1 philosophy1 poetry1 & fiction4 ,! olde/ lit]>y papyrus at pres5t kn[n dates f ! ,?ird to ! ,fif? ,dyna/ies 7#ciff to #cccc ,b4,c474 ,egyptian art 0 at its be/ 9 ! e>lie/ ,dyna/ies4 ,! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 0 ! great pyramid-build+ p]iod1 & ! /atues ( ?is great epo* 7 m natural & arti/ic1 & altoge!r 7 less conv5tional ?an ^? ( lat] times4 ,x is notable t 9 ! ,eighte5? & ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/ies1 aft] a long p]iod ( art depression1 ! arti/s w5t back = inspiration & bett] models to ! "w ( ! m5 ( ! ,f\r? & ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4 ,! hi/ory ( ,egypt c be trac$ back f #d1djj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & is divid$ into ?irty ,dyna/ies1 ^: succession 0 ! result ( failure 9 any ( ! orig9al l9es ( m>riage1 or m>riage ) a female ( l[] rank1 or ( a revolution4 ,! ?irty ,dyna/ies are divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3-- ,dyna/ies ,i4-,,xi4 7,b4,c4 #ddjj-bdff7 ,! ,anci5t ,empire4 0 ,,xii4-,,xix4 7,b4,c4 #bdff-abjj7 ,! ,middle ,empire4 0 ,,xx4-,,xxx4 7,b4,c4 #abjj-cdj7 ,! ,new ,empire4 ,^! dates & arrangem5ts are =mulat$ *iefly on ! basis ( a "w writt5 9 ,greek1 & compil$ by ,mane?o1 an ,egyptian prie/ :o liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt h be5 nam$ ,ph>aohs f ! title 8,p]aa0--great h\se4 ,! seat or c5tre ( ! gov]nm5t %ift$ its position accord+ to dyna/ic reasons1 or f policy4 ,dur+ ! anci5t empire x 0 fir/ at ,memphis1 & !n mov$ to ,abydos & o!r places 9 ! s\? z ! empire ext5d$4 ,:5 ,egypt 0 9 ! height ( its glory ! c5tre ( gov]nm5t 0 *iefly at ,!bes1 b mov+ (t5 accord+ to revolution or =eign oppression4 ,rameses & 8 ne> successors held _! c\rt at ! nor!rn city ( ,san1 or ,tanis4 ,! "t ( ! ,new ,empire 0 *iefly a p]iod ( =eign rule & sl[ decad5ce1 ! seat ( ! empire %ift$ to ne>ly all ! =m] places or capitals & to ,buba/is or ,sais ) ea* political *ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,! ,great ,pyramid ( ,kheops1 & ,small ,pyramids2 f ,p]r+4 7,p4 ,c47 ,m5es 0 ! fir/ hi/orical k+ ( ,egypt1 & 0 suppos$ to h f\nd$ ,memphis1 :]e ! wor%ip ( ! god ,ptah1 8,creator ( gods & m510 0 fir/ in/itut$1 z well z t ( ,apis or ,hapi1 ! sacr$ bull--! ,s]apis ( ! ,greeks4 ,= ! next six hundr$ ye>s we "k sc>cely any?+ ( ,egyptian hi/ory except ! names ( ! k+s1 until we come to ! great p]iod ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #cgff-ceff74 ,s5ef]u 0 ! f\nd] ( ?is ,dyna/y4 ,he conqu]$ ! p59sula ( ,s9ai1 & work$ ! valuable m9es ( copp] & turquoise f\nd 9 t c\ntry4 ,8 son & successor1 ,khufu1 bett] kn[n z ,kheops 7,b4,c4 #cgcc-cgjj71 0 ! build] ( ! ,great ,pyramid at ,gizeh 7,fig4 #hg71 :i* he erect$ = 8 tomb4 ,! k+ ,kha-f-,r 7,kephr57 7,b4,c4 #cfff-cfjj71 built ! ,second ,pyramid1 & 8 son1 ,m5-kau-,r 7,myk]9os7 0 ! build] ( ! ,?ird ,pyramid4 ,m5-kau-,r 0 a wise & humane sov]eign1 & x is record$ to 8 hon\r1 z an exceptional qualification1 t 8he did n oppress 8 p40 ,9 ?is he 0 diff]5t to mo/ ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,8 mummifi$ rema9s are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,sph9x1 or man-head$ lion1 c>v$ out ( ! solid rock1 is ne> ! ,great ,pyramid1 & is suppos$ to be ! "w ( a mu* e>li] p]iod 7,fig4 #ia74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,section ?r\gh ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,kheops4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,fif? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #ceff-ccjj7 is n an important "o z f> z art is conc]n$4 ,! ,six? 7,b4,c4 #ccjj-cajj7 0 not$ = ! erection ( its pyramid tombs & = ! religi\s texts t 7 inscrib$ on _! int]ior walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,! ,/epp$ ,pyramid4 7,p4 ,c47 ,suppos$ to be ! mo/ anci5t build+ 9 ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,! ,s\!rn ,pyramid ( ,da%\r4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,! ,great ,sph9x4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,colossi ( ,am5ophis ,,iii4 ,/atues ( ,memnon at ,!bes4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--;,am5ophis ,,iii4 ,pres5t+ an ,(f]+ to ,am54 7,p4 ,c47 ,f ! ,sev5? to ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #cajj-bdff7 is a p]iod ^: hi/ory is almo/ lo/4 ,x meant to ! ,egyptians a p]iod ( m ?an six hundr$ ye>s ( tribal jeal\sies & fight+1 at ! end ( :i* ,egypt 0 consolidat$ f nor? to s\?1 & a p[]ful ,dyna/y succe$$ ^! int]nal /ruggles4 ,! ,twelf? ,dyna/y 0 a brilliant "o = ! arts1 & = great works ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,! names ( ! ,ph>aohs ( ?is dyna/y1 ,am5emht & ,us]ts51 are among ! mo/ r5[n$ 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,great temples 7 re/or$ or newly built at ,!bes1 ,heliopolis1 ,tanis1 & ,abydos4 ,! great artificial lake1 ,mauur 7,mo]is ( ! ,greeks71 or 8great wat]10 0 con/ruct$ to receive ! surplus wat]s ( ! ,nile1 & to control its floods4 ,! ,arabs call ?is lake 8,el-,fayyum10 f ano!r ( its ,egyptian names 8,phiom10 ! sea4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 ! reign ( ,am5emht ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #bcjj-bbff74 ,! same k+ built ! celebrat$ ,labyr9?1 ! 8,erpa-re-h5t10 or 8,temple at ! entrance ( ! ,lake10 9 :i* ! k+ himself 0 int]r$4 ,8 successor 0 ! la/ k+ ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,! ,?irte5? & ,f\rte5? ,dyna/ies are d>k p]iods 9 :i* ! invasion ( ! ,elamites & ! ,nomad tribes f ,syria & ,we/]n ,asia took place4 ,! ,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,dyna/ies are ! 8,hyksos0 dyna/ies4 ,! ,hyksos1 or ,%eph]d ,k+s1 7 ! *ief ( ! above ,nomad ,asiatic tribes1 & consequ5tly usurp]s ( ! native rule4 ,a revolt took place 9 ! reign ( "o ( ^! k+s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,dyna/y1 & "u ,amsis ,i41 ! f\nd] ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 ! ,%eph]d ,k+s 7 f9ally driv5 out ( ,egypt4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! ,hyksos rule ! patri>* ,joseph 0 sold into ,egypt4 ,k+ ,nubti 7,b4,c4 #agej7 is suppos$ to h be5 ! ,ph>aoh ( t "t1 & ! ,hyksos k+1 ,apepa ,,ii41 is suppos$ to h be5 ! k+ t rais$ ,joseph to p[]4 ,! explor]1 ,m4 ,jacques de ,morgan1 expresses ! op9ion t ! ,%eph]d ,k+s 7 ! tomb-robb]s1 :o1 ei!r f cupidity1 or a wi% to annihilate ! la/ traces ( a conqu]$ race1 pillag$ e pyramid ( its dead1 & ! treasures !re conceal$1 = n a s+le pyramid has be5 f\nd unviolat$ t 0 built be=e ! ,hyksos ,dyna/y4 ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #afjj7 0 a p[]ful & w>like k+ :o compell$ ,assyria to pay him tribute4 ,9 ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 ,egypt 0 m p[]ful ?an at any o!r p]iod ( h] hi/ory4 ,! great ,temples ( ,!bes1 ,k>nak1 & ,luxor 7 built dur+ ?is dyna/y4 ,a lat] mon>* ( ?is dyna/y1 ,am5ophis ,,iii41 erect$ on ! we/ ( ! ,nile at ,!bes two colossal /atues ( himself1 t ! ,greeks h nam$ ! /atues ( ,memnon1 ! fabl$ k+ ( ,egypt t 0 suppos$ to h be5 sla9 9 ! ,trojan w>s 7,fig4 #ib74 ,ano!r k+ ( ?is dyna/y1 ,am5ophis ,,iv41 made himself exce$+ly notori\s by try+ to introduce a new religion1 & = ?is he _h 8 memory execrat$1 & 0 deeply curs$ z a h]etic by prie/s & p ( ! succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x appe>s he _h imbib$ f 8 "m1 ,ti1 :o 0 an ,assyrian pr9cess1 c]ta9 religi\s op9ions :i* he det]m9$ to =ce on 8 own p4 ,9 ord] to d ?is he remov$ 8 capital f ,!bes1 :]e ! national wor%ip ( ! great god ,am5 0 celebrat$1 to ,khu-en-at51 ! mod]n ,tell-el-,am>na1 :i* "n he took = himself1 & :i* means ! 8spl5d\r ( ! sun-disk02 !re he set up ! sun-disk god1 ,at5 7! radiant sun74 ,! new religion1 h[ev]1 0 obnoxi\s to ! cons]vative ,egyptians1 & soon di$ out 7,fig4 #id74 ,! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #adjj-abjj7 0 f\nd$ by ,rameses ,i4 ,he 0 a successful k+1 b 8 son ,seti 7,fig4 #ie7 0 a great] "o1 & _h ! reputation ( be+ a great build]4 ,x 0 he :o built ! great 8,hall ( ,columns10 at ,k>nak1 :i* jo9s ! pylon ( ,am5ophis ,,iii4 7,fig4 #if74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,! ,adoration ( ! ,sol>-disk by ,am5ophis ,,iv4 7,p47 ,he also built ! temple at ,krnah1 & rema9s ( 8 "w is se5 at ,abydos1 ,memphis1 & ,heliopolis4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 fam\s son ,rameses ,,ii41 ! ,seso/ris ( ! ,greeks1 ! suppos$ oppressor ( ! ,israelites4 ,he 0 a v p[]ful mon>*1 &1 f all acc\nts1 9 ord] to glorify himself 9 ! eyes ( po/]ity1 did n scruple to erase ! names ( =m] k+s f (f _! c>t\*es on _! monum5ts & inscribe 8 own 9 _! place4 ,t he has accompli%$ ! end he _h 9 view by s do+ !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt1 = no mon>* ( ,egypt is bett] kn[n ?an he4 ,b ap>t f ?is he 0 c]ta9ly a mighty *iefta91 :o 8enri*$ ! l& ) memorials ( 8 "n40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,seti ) ,attributes ( ,osiris betwe5 ,am5 & ,*uoam4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! greate/ ( 8 _m battles 7he 0 always fight+7 0 f\ght ) ! ,khita 7,hittites71 "u ! walls ( ,kade%1 9 ! valley ( ! ,orontes4 ,8 =ces 7 almo/ defeat$ :5 by 8 p]sonal val\r he turn$ ! tide ( ! battle & entirely r\t$ ! ,khita 7,fig4 #ig74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,entrance to ! ,hypo/yle ,hall ( ! ,temple ( ,am5 at ,k>nak4 7,m47 ,! mo/ fam\s build+ ( 8 "t is ! rock-hewn temple1 ! 8,great ,temple10 t he built & d$icat$ to ,am51 ,ptah1 & ,h>ma*is1 :i* faces ! ,nile at ,ipsamb\l1 9 ,nubia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,! ,r\t ( ! ,khita2 ,egyptians to ! left1 ! ,khita to ! "r4 7,m47 ,on ! faade ( ?is temple are sculptur$ 9 situ f\r seat$ colossal figures ( ,rameses1 two on ea* side ( ! doorway4 ,f ! soles ( ! feet to ! top ( ! ps*5t on ! head measures sixty-five feet2 !y are ! l>ge/ /atues 9 ,egypt1 & ! workman%ip is c>eful 9 f9i%4 ,ov] ! entrance is c>v$ 9 relief on ! rock a colossal figure ( ! god ,r1 & on ei!r side ( x are s+le figures 9 l[-relief ( ,rameses 9 ! act ( adoration 7,fig4 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,faade ( ! ,great ,rock-cut ,temple at ,ipsamb\l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,pr9cipal ,hall 9 ! ,great ,temple4 7,h42 ,p4 ,c47 ,m5eph?ah 7,b4,c4 #acjj-abff7 0 ! successor ( ,rameses ,,ii4 & 8 successor 0 ,seti ,,ii4 ,! latt] 0 ! la/ k+ ( ! ,middle ,empire4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y ! ,new ,empire dates 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #abjj-ceh74 ,t[>ds ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #iff-ggf7 ,egypt began to pass into a /ate ( dissolution4 ,9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #gcc-gjj7 %e 0 at ! m]cy ( ,assyria on ! nor? & ,e?iopia on ! s\?4 ,9 #fgb ,b4,c4 ! ,assyrian ,k+ ,es>haddon invad$ ,egypt & occupi$ ! :ole ( ! ,delta1 aft]w>ds captur+ ,memphis & ,!bes1 :i* he pillag$4 ,! ,assyrian k+ di$ sudd5ly1 & ,tah>ka1 a native usurp]1 succe$$ 9 driv+ out ! ,assyrians1 b soon aft] ,egypt 0 aga9 conqu]$ by ,a%urbanipal1 a p[]ful ,assyrian ,k+ 7,b4,c4 #fff74 ,! ,assyrians1 h[ev]1 aft] a %ort "t ( occupation )drew f ,egypt1 ow+ to _! tr\bles at home ) ! ,m$es1 :o 7 lay+ siege to ,n9eveh1 & ,egypt aga9 reviv$4 ,"u ,amsis ! c\ntry enjoy$ peace = ab\t =ty ye>s 7,b4,c4 #egb-ebh74 ,! ,egyptians possess$ a fleet at ?is "t ) :i* !y advanc$ to ! ,phnician coa/ & took ! city ( ,sidon1 & also annex$ ! isl& ( ,cyprus to ,egyptian rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,portrait ( ,rameses ,,ii4 7,l\vre2 ,p4 ,c47 ,egypt submitt$ to ! ,p]sian army "u ,cambyses 9 ,b4,c4 #ebg1 & 0 = m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds a m]e vassal ( ,p]sia4 ,! ,tw5ty-sev5? ,dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #ebg-dbd7 0 compos$ solely ( ,p]sian k+s4 ,a successful revolt broke out 9 ! la/ ,p]sian k+'s reign1 ,d>ius ,,ii41 :5 ,egypt 0 free once m4 ,am5rut 0 ! only k+ ( ! ,tw5ty-eigh? ,dyna/y1 & aft] ! ,tw5ty-n9? & ,?irtie? ,dyna/ies 7 end$1 ! latt]1 by ! conque/ ( ,egypt once m by ! ,p]sians "u ,artax]xes ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #cdj71 we f9d ! c\ntry "u ,p]sian rule = ! space ( eight ye>s4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,p]sian mon>* 0 defeat$ by ,alex&] ! ,great1 :i* br\ght ,egypt "u ! ,greek rule4 ,at ! dea? ( ,alex&] ,egypt 0 gov]n$ by ! ,mac$onian k+s1 ! ,ptolemies1 f #ccj to #cj ,b4,c4 ,aft] ! ,roman w>s & ! dea? ( ,cleopatra1 ,egypt f\nd itself a ,roman prov9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,! ,egyptian 8,gorge40 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fch ! ,arabs "u ,om> conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 & x 0 rul$ by !m till #aeag1 :5 x pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,turks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,g5]al ,appe>ance ( an ,egyptian ,temple4 ,! ,pyramids ( ,egypt h d\btless d]iv$ _! %ape f ! prehi/oric grave m\nds4 ,al?\gh elaborately & +5i\sly contriv$ = ! concealm5t ( ! rema9s ( ! k+s1 & are /up5d\s monum5ts ( build+ skill1 !y are n examples ( ar*itecture 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ examples ( ,egyptian ar*itecture1 prop]ly speak+1 are se5 9 ! anci5t %r9es1 ) slop+ walls & flat ro(1 & hav+ ! peculi> cavetto cornice m\ld+ call$ ! ,egyptian 8,gorge0 7,figs4 #aja & #aji74 ,horizontally is ! great feature ( ,egyptian ar*itecture1 :i* is typically express$ by ! illu/ration ,fig4 #ajb1 an ideal g5]alisation ( an ,egyptian temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,squ>e ,build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,oblong ,build+4 ,z h>dly any1 or no1 ra9 falls 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,egypt1 a slop+ ro( 0 n a necessity4 ,! ext]nal walls 9 ! case ( a squ>e build+ are 9 ! =m ( a trapezium1 mak+ ! :ole edifice ( ! %ape ( a truncat$ pyramid1 & pyramid-l 9 ei!r ! squ>e or rectangul>-plann$ build+s 7,figs4 #ajc & #ajd71 except :5 ! end walls are v]tical 7,fig4 #ajd71 !n x t5ds t[>d ! ridge-=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,model ( an ,egyptian ,h\se4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,luxor4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 reg>d to ! sc>city ( voids & n>r[ slop+ doorways1 ! simil>ity 9 ,egyptian build+s ( e k9d is v /rik+ 7,fig4 #aje74 ,?is abs5ce ( voids gives a d>k & gloomy "* to ! build+s1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ar*itecture ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! horizontal elem5t & solidity ( con/ruction imp>t a look ( p[]ful /r5g? & ( deep repose to ! ,egyptian temple4 ,ev5 ! tall & sl5d] obelisks plac$ 9 front ( ! mighty pylons h little1 if any1 effect 9 remov+ ! horizontal appe>ance ( ! :ole build+4 ,we give ! gr\nd plan1 p]spective view1 & front elevation ( ! great ,temple ( ,luxor1 z a typical illu/ration ( an ,egyptian temple f re/orations by ,*ipiez 7,figs4 #ajf1 #ajg1 & #ajh74 ,its con/ruction is describ$ by ,*ampollion z ! 8,ar*itecture ( giants40 ,?is d\ble-temple 0 ! "w ( two k+s4 ,f ! second pylon to ! fur!r end ( ! ,temple is ! portion built fir/1 by ! ,k+ ,am5ophis ,,iii4 ,! o!r portion1 f fir/ to ! second pylon1 is ! "p built by ,rameses ,,ii4 ,! sanctu>y is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a hall1 surr\nd$ by small *amb]s4 ,x has two doors1 "o at ei!r end1 & on ! axis ( ! build+ x has a ve/ibule 9 front & a hall beyond1 support$ by twelve columns4 ,ano!r hall 9 front ( ! ,naos 7or int]ior ap>tm5t7 is support$ by ?irty-two l(ty columns4 ,9 front ( ?is aga9 is a l>ge squ>e op5 c\rt4 ,?is c\rt is connect$ to ! l>g] front p]i/yl> c\rt by a gr& & l(ty gall]y1 simil> to a hypo/yle hall4 ,x is #agf ft4 long1 enclos$ & cov]$1 & ri*ly decorat$ l ! hypo/yle hall at ,k>nak 7,fig4 #if74 ,f\r colossal seat$ /atues are 9 front ( ! fir/ pylon1 & two obelisks1 "o on ea* side ( ! door-way4 ,f\r l>ge flag/affs & a d\ble r[ ( sph9xes 9 front ( ! temple complete ! accessories to ?is great edifice4 ,! :ole build+ & obelisks 7 cov]$ ov] ) bas-reliefs & inscriptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,bird's-eye ,view ( ,luxor1 z re/or$ by ,*ipiez4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,pr9cipal ,faade ( ! ,temple ( ,luxor1 re/or$ by ,*ipiez4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,column ( ,?o?mes ,,iii42 f ! ,ambulatory ( ,?o?mes at ,k>nak4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,column ( ! ,hypo/yle ,hall ( ! ,ramesseum2 f ,horeau4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! typical ,egyptian columns or supports are ( two di/9ct & well-m>k$ k9ds1 ! lotus-head$ & ! campani=m or bell-%ap$4 ,! =m] is s call$ f its resemblance to a clos$ lotus-bud 7,fig4 #aji71 & ! latt] f its resemblance to a bell ) ! m\? upp]mo/ 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,an e>li] & simpl] =m ( column or support is ! quadrangul> pi] 7,fig4 #aaa71 & ! next developm5t is ! tap]+ quadrangul> pi] 7,fig4 #aab71 bo? undecorat$4 ,next we h ! pi] ) a capital :i*1 9 pr(ile1 is a simple cavetto or 8gorge10 & squ>e abacus 7,fig4 #aac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,quadrangul> ,pi] 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,tap]+ ,quadrangul> ,pi]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,betwe5 ! abacus & ! entablature or beam is a squ>e ?ickness ( /one2 ?is is ! great defect 9 ! ,egyptian ord]s1 & di/+ui%es ! latt] f ! ,greek ord]s4 ,?is space betwe5 ! abacus & ! ar*itrave is bad1 bo? f a sci5tific & arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,x robs ! capital ( its legitimate appe>ance z a support+ memb]4 ,?is pi]1 ) capital & ! ,ha?oric pi] 7,fig4 #aad71 ) ! head ( ! goddess ,ha?or1 are bo? decorat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,pi] ) ,capital4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--;,ha?oric ,pi]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,we next come to ! octagonal 7,fig4 #aae71 & ! sixte5-sid$ pill>s 7,fig4 #aaf71 :i* are almo/ ,greek 9 _! classic simplicity2 ! latt] is flut$4 ,all =ms ( ,egyptian columns h ei!r squ>e slabs or circul> discs z bases1 on :i* ! column re/s4 ,! two latt] m5tion$ pill>s are exceptional1 & !re=e n typical ,egyptian1 9 hav+ ! abacus directly "u ! ar*itrave2 ! sixte5-sid$ pill> is especially ,doric-l 9 ?is respect1 & also 9 its flut$ %aft 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,octagonal ,pill>1 ,b5i-,hassan4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,sixte5-sid$ ,pill>2 ,flut$4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,osiride ,pill> f ,m$9et-,ab\4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,column f ,bas-,relief4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! supports kn[n z 8,osiride0 pill>s are *iefly ( ! date ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4 ,!y h a k9d ( analogy to ! c>yatid ,grecian pill>s1 b are unlike !m 9 respect t !y d n support ! entablature1 z !y are only plac$ 9 front ( ! quadrangul> support+ pi] = purposes ( decoration1 & are usually meant z repres5tations ( ! k+s :o erect$ ! temples !y decorate1 ) a head-dress ornam5t consi/+ ( ! attributes ( ,osiris 7,fig4 #aag74 ,ano!r v>iety ( column has a fanciful comb9ation ( floral =ms = its capital 7,fig4 #aah74 ,?is & o!rs ( fanciful design are f ! bas-reliefs & wall-pa9t+s1 & rem9d u ( simil> creations ( ! arti/'s p5cil1 z se5 9 ! ,pompeian wall decorations4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! capital are developm5ts f ! calyx ( ! lotus1 ) ! sepals curl$ outw>ds1 & look v mu* l ! fir/ notions ( ! ,greek ,ionic capital1 z inde$ we %all f9d ! ,ionic volute to be a developm5t ( ! lotus calyx m ?an any?+ else4 ,an example ( ! faggot-%ap$ column1 ) its base1 lotus-capital1 & entablature1 is giv5 at ,fig4 #aji4 ,! ornam5tal p>ts ( ?is column 7 pa9t$ 9 bright yell[ & blue1 &1 z a rule1 ! sculptur$ ornam5t ( ! ,egyptian columns1 ar*itrave1 & cornices 7 reliev$ by ! pa9t] 9 bright col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,palm-,capital f ,sesebi4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! illu/ration at ,fig4 #aai is t ( ! palm-%ap$ capital f ,sesebi4 ,?is type ( capital is a frank imitation ( a bun* ( palm-leaves ti$ by ! circul> b&s ar\nd ! top ( a column4 ,a lat] developm5t ( ! palm capital %[s ! bell %ape ) a m complicat$ decoration1 & has ! ,ha?or-head$ abacus1 surm\nt$ by a ,naos 7,fig4 #abj74 ,,egyptian ,,ornam5t ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,ha?or-head$ ,campani=m ,capitals1 ,temple ( ,neetanebo1 at ,phil4 7,p4 ,c47 ,a great "p ( ,egyptian ornam5t & decoration is compos$ ( symbolic =ms1 ! rema9d] is made up ( geometrical ornam5t1 su* z *eck]s1 me&]s1 frets1 rosettes1 diap]s ( lotus & o!r =ms4 ,natural =ms ( fl[]s & foliage 7 n copi$ direct1 b only us$ 9 %ape ( geometric ab/ractions1 & _! arrangem5t z diap]s 9 surface decoration 0 d]iv$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! old] arts ( weav+ & matt+4 ,! old ,egyptians 7 skill$ 9 weav+ bo? pla9 & figur$ fabrics1 *iefly f flax & hemp fibre4 ,! lotus =m 0 pre-em95tly ! lead+ motive 9 ,egyptian floral ornam5t4 ,! papyrus 7f :i* our ^w pap] is d]iv$7 & ! palm are next 9 importance z motives f :i* ,egyptian ornam5t is d]iv$4 ,! lotus-plant 7,nympha nelumbo7 ! v>iety 9 :i* ! leaves gr[ up out ( ! wat] & d n lie on its surface1 is %[n at ,fig4 #aba1 & draw+s1 evid5tly f nature1 at ,fig4 #abb1 f ! tomb ( ,ptah-,hotep4 ,! lotus fl[] 9 ornam5t may be se5 9 ! ceil+ decorations f tombs at ,fig4 #abc1 ,nos4 #c & #e2 at ,figs4 #aah1 #abd2 & 9 ! pa9t$ frieze f ,!bes 7,fig4 #abe71 :]e ! simil>ity betwe5 ?is & ! ,assyrian lotus1 fir-cone & daisy may be notic$ 7see ,fig4 #afg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,! ,nympha nelumbo2 ,fl[]1 ,leaf1 & ,fruit4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! bi-lat]al r5d]+ ( ! lotus plant is n common 9 ,egyptian ornam5t1 ?\gh x is ! olde/ =m ( ! lotus kn[n1 z x occurs on ! prehi/oric pott]y ( ,koptos1 & on tombs ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 7,fig4 #abf71 & e>li]4 ,two lotus fl[]s are "h se5 ti$ toge!r2 ! g5]al outl9e ( ! fl[] is only r5d]$ :i* w\ld enclose ! sepals & petals :5 se5 9 a side view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,draw+s ( ! ,lotus f ! ,tomb ( ,ptah-,hotep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! lotus fl[] & bud alt]nat+ 9 a bord] ornam5t may be reg>d$ z ! prototype ( ! ,greek palmate bord]s4 ,we are incl9$ to believe 9 ,pr(essor ,goodye>'s !ory1 t ! egg & tongue decoration on ! ,greek ovolo m\ld+ is no?+ m ?an a disrupt$ lotus & bud ornam5t develop$ 9 transition ?r\gh ! ,rhodian pott]y decoration4 ,! %ells & ! tongue 7 orig9ally ! lotus calyx1 & ! egg or pebble ! lotus bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,specim5s ( ,ceil+ ,decoration at ,!bes2 f ,prisse4 7,p4 ,c47 ,o!r plants1 z ! ?i/le1 convolvulus1 daisy1 v9es1 & grapes1 c41 7 us$ v mu* 9 decoration1 especially dur+ ! ,akh5at5 p]iod 7,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,dyna/ies71 :5 ! decoration 0 ( a florid k9d4 ,! papyrus is se5 9 ! ceil+ ornam5t ,fig4 #abc1 ,no #f1 at ,fig4 #abg1 & on ! p]fume spoon ( c>v$ wood 7,fig4 #aea74 ,! ceil+ decorations 7,fig4 #abc71 f ! ,!ban tombs1 %[ ! f9e s5se & feel+ ! ,egyptians _h = ! appropriate decoration ( flat surfaces1 & ! judici\s balance ma9ta9$ 9 ! contra/+ units ( ! ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,lotus & ,wat] ,ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,pa9t$ ,bord]3 f ,!bes1 aft] ,prisse4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,flatt5$ ,=m ( ,lotus-leaf ,ornam5t2 ,front ,view & ,section #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 animal =ms f\nd 9 ,egyptian decoration !re are a few di/9ct & typical v>ieties1 t h be5 us$ times )\t numb]1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & 9 c>v+ 9 ! r\nd1 & 9 ! bas-reliefs ( /one1 wood1 & 9 gold1 silv]1 ivory1 & bronze4 ,among ! mo/ frequ5t is ! vulture1 ) out/ret*$ w+s1 hav+ sacr$ symbols 9 8 claws4 ,x has be5 us$ appropriately 9 ?is =m z ceil+ decoration 9 ! great temples at ,!bes1 on a blue gr\nd diap]$ ) gold5 />s2 ! ceil+s ?us are symbolic repres5tations ( ! heav5s at night 7,fig4 #abh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,hunt+ 9 a ,m>%2 f a ,bas-,relief 9 ! ,tomb ( ,ti4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,vultures on a ,ceil+4 7,p4 ,c47 ,simil> out/ret*$ w+s h be5 add$ to ! sc>abs or sacr$ beetles4 ,^! w+$ sc>abs1 toge!r ) simil> w+$-globe & uru creations1 h be5 us$ z ceil+ decorations 9 tombs & on mummy-cases1 & sometimes ! goddess ,isis1 or ,nep??ys1 0 furni%$ ) ^! w+s z gu>dian ( ! tomb 7,figs4 #abi & #acj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,w+$-,globe ) ,uru4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,uru & w+$-globe 0 a fav\rite decoration = cornices & = heads ( doorways 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,! col\r+ ( ! w+$-globe decoration 0 g5]ally1 9 ! case ( ! globe1 a r$ col\r1 z ! emblem ( ! sun2 ! w+s gre51 & ! /rip$ gr\nd beh9d ! figure 0 pa9t$ 9 alt]nat+ /ripes ( r$1 blue1 & :ite1 :i* produc$ an effective arrangem5t ( col\r4 ,! ,egyptians excell$ 9 ! draw+ ( animals & birds 9 outl9e1 & 9 bas-relief c>v+s ( !m1 "s examples ( :i* are giv5 at ,figs4 #aca1 #acb1 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,pa9t+ on ,mummy-,case4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,hunt+ 9 ! ,des]t4 7,m47 ,_m *im]ical animals or mon/]s 7 us$ 9 ,egyptian decoration1 z sph9xes1 or imag9>y animals ( ! des]t1 :i* 7 really fanciful creations ( ! arti/'s p5cil 7,figs4 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg74 ,_! repres5tations ( lions always h an expression ( dignity1 ?\gh m mild 9 aspect ?an ! ,assyrian lion 9 art 7,fig4 #ach74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,antelope & ,papyrus4 7,p4 ,c47 ,pott]y1 glass1 & e>!nw>e 7 manufactur$ 9 ,egypt f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! c\ntry 0 well suppli$ ) good pott]'s clay2 bricks 7 made & dri$ 9 ! sun1 n burn$1 & 7 us$ v mu* 9 build+4 ,! common pott]y 0 unglaz$1 & _! decorat$ pott]y 0 9 glaz$ e>!nw>e1 b n s highly decorat$ z _m o!r objects ( indu/rial art4 ,fig4 #aci is a common pit*] ( fairly good =m1 9 r$ e>?4 ,! decoration on ! enamell$ e>!nw>e di% 7,fig4 #adj7 is compos$ ( b\quets ( lotus fl[]s2 & t on ! l>g] bas9 or b[l is a design ( lotus & my/ic signs 7,fig4 #ada74 ,! ?ree objects are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,nett+ ,birds2 f a ,tomb4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,quadrup$ ) ,head ( a ,bird4 7,p4 ,c47 ,rosettes & plaques h be5 f\nd enamell$ 9 col\rs1 & probably us$ = floor or wall tiles4 ,! doorway to ! /epp$ pyramid at ,sakk>ah is decorat$ ) r[s ( convex-%ap$ rectangul> plaques ( enamell$ e>!nw>e ( a gre5i%-blue glaze4 ,"s are black 9 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,sph9x or ,man-,head$ ,lion1 9 ,black ,granite1 f ,tanis4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,egyptians 7 p>ticul>ly skilful 9 glass mak+1 b !y nev] produc$ q a cle> glass2 x 0 always slightly opaque1 b g5]ally bright & ri* 9 col\r4 ,vases1 cups1 pat]1 /atuettes1 necklaces1 goblets1 bracelets1 &1 above all1 enorm\s quantities ( beads1 :i* !y us$ to make a network ( to cov] _! dead4 ,great quantities ( glass objects 7 export$ 9 trade ) ! ,phnicians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,ram1 or ,kriosph9x1 f ,k>nak4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,v5etians dur+ ! ,middle ,ages import$ soda 9 l>ge quantities f ,alex&ria1 = purposes ( glass mak+1 ! soda ( ,egypt be+ fam$ = ?is purpose1 z x 0 prep>$ f ! _m m>%-lov+ plants t grew luxuriantly 9 ! ,delta4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,sph9x ) ,human ,h&s2 ,bas-,relief f ,prisse4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,lion f a ,!ban ,bas-,relief4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,pit*] ( ,r$ ,e>?1 ,briti% ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,enamell$ ,e>!nw>e ,di%1 ,briti% ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--;,enamell$ ,e>!nw>e ,b[l1 ,briti% ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,gold _h always be5 m pl5tiful ?an silv] 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! hills ( ,e?iopia1 b silv] _h to be import$ f ,asia4 ,?is acc\nts = ! great quantities ( gold objects & ornam5ts t h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs1 & ! sc>city ( silv] ornam5ts4 ,! ,egyptian goldsmi?s made all k9ds ( vessels & p]sonal jewell]y 9 gold1 set ) lapis lazuli & o!r preci\s /ones4 ,we %all h to be cont5t ) giv+1 z examples ( ?is art1 ! fam\s pectoral ( ,kha-em-uas1 son ( ,rameses ,,ii4 7,fig4 #adb71 & ! gold5 hawk 7,fig4 #adc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,pectoral2 ,actual ,size4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,gold5 ,hawk2 ,actual ,size4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! =m] is a spl5did & unique specim5 ( a pectoral1 or brea/ ornam5t = ! dead4 ,^! pectorals h be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s1 made ( wood1 metal1 & e>!nw>e4 ,! g5]al %ape is t ( a naos1 or little temple4 ,! ,kha-em-uas pectoral is made ( gold inlaid ) lapis lazuli1 & is ?us describ$ by ,m4 ,pi]ret3 8,jewel 9 ! =m ( a naos1 9 :i* a vulture & an uru are plac$ side by side2 above !m floats a hawk ) ext5d$ w+s1 9 8 claws are seals1 emblems ( et]nity4 ,"u ! frieze ( ! naos an oval1 ) ! pr5om5 ( ,rameses ,,ii41 is introduc$4 ,two tet 7or dad1 symbol ( /ability7 are plac$ 9 ! l[] angles ( ! frame40 ,! gold5 hawk is a simil> k9d ( ornam5t1 ) cresc5t w+s & seals 9 its claws1 emblems ( reproduction & et]nity4 ,! workman%ip 9 ^! articles looks l t ( cloisonn enamels1 b !y are n enamels4 ,! ?9 ribs ( gold t surr\nd ! lapis lazuli /ones 9 ! pectoral & hawk are cloisons1 b ! /ones are cut to fit into ! spaces accurately1 & are !re=e inlaid1 :ile 9 ! true enamels ! enamel is put 9 ! cells & fus$ to ! metal by fire aft]w>ds4 ,enamell+ z kn[n to ! ,*9ese 0 n practis$ 9 ,egypt4 ,z ivory c\ld be obta9$ f ,e?iopia 9 great quantities1 x 0 natural t ! ,egyptians w\ld make good use ( x4 ,x 0 a fav\rite mat]ial ) ! sculptors1 & _m f9e examples ( ivory c>v+s & incis$ "w h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,! incis$ outl9es on ! ivory 7 usually fill$ 9 ) black 7,figs4 #add & #ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,fragm5t ( an ,ivory ,ca/anet1 ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,ivory ,plaque2 ,late ,"w4 7,p4 ,c47 ,gold1 silv]1 ivory1 & ebony 7 work$ 9 usually by ! same ,egyptian arti/1 z we le>n f an inscription on a /ele ( ,irites51 an ,egyptian sculptor1 ?us translat$ by ,masp]o3 8,ah6 !re is no "o excels at ?is "w except myself1 & ! elde/ ( my legitimate sons4 ,god decid$ t he %\ld excel1 & ,i h se5 ! p]fection ( 8 h&iwork z an arti/1 z ! *ief ( ^? :o "w 9 preci\s /ones1 9 gold1 silv]1 ivory1 & ebony40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--;,egyptian ,*air4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--;,*air or ,?rone4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,! ,c>p5t]s ,mak+ ,*airs4 7,m47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,c(f] 9 ,wood4 7,p4 ,c47 ,judg+ f ! small rema9s left to u1 ! furniture & woodwork ( ! ,egyptians mu/ h be5 ( an excell5t description4 ,we h evid5ce also ( ?is 9 ! wall pa9t+s & bas-reliefs t give repres5tations ( tables1 *airs1 & c\*es4 ,"s ( ! *airs or ?rones are ( special beauty 7,figs4 #adf & #adg74 ,a c>p5t]'s %op %[+ ! workm5 mak+ *airs is se5 at ,fig4 #adh1 & a c(f] 7,fig4 #adi74 ,! feet ( *airs & ?rones 7 usually imitat$ f ^? ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aej-ea4--,p]fume ,spoons1 ,l\vre4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 wood-c>v+ no?+ c\ld be da9ti] ?an ! p]fume spoons ) figures & wat] plants decoratively treat$ 7,figs4 #aej1 #aea74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,an ,egyptian ,%ip1 ,sail+ & ,r[+4 7,m47 ,! ,egyptian %ips 7 s+ul>ly beautiful 9 _! outl9es1 ) _! pr[s & /]ns end+ usually 9 a metal /alk & c>v$ lotus fl[] or ram's head 7,figs4 #aeb1 #aec74 ,! 8b>i10 or sacr$ boat :i* transport$ ! dead1 decorat$ at ea* end ) ! c>v$ metal lotus1 & pavilion or *apel 9 ! c5tre1 ) its freight ( ! mummy & ! m\rn]s 7,fig4 #aeb71 is repres5t$ z x sails (f t[>ds ,abydos1 ! city ( ! dead1 to ! we/ ( ,!bes1 & ! cr[ds ( fri5ds on ! banks ( ! riv] w salute ! dead1 say+3 8,9 peace1 9 peace t[>ds ,abydos6 ,desc5d 9 peace t[>ds ,abydos1 t[>ds ! ,we/]n ,sea60 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,! ,riv] ,transport ( a ,mummy f ,masp]o4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,*aldean ,,& ,,assyrian ,,art4 ,! ,*aldeans or ,babylonians & ! ,assyrians came f "o great /ock1 ! ,assyrians be+ mo/ly coloni/s f ,babylonia4 ,! orig9al inhabitants ( ,*aldea spoke a ,semitic dialect4 ,at an e>ly date ,ea/]n ,*aldea 0 invad$ by ! ,sum]ians or ,accadians1 a ,turanian race :i* is suppos$ to h come f ! plateau ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! two languages 7 us$ side by side1 ! ,semitic z ! common tongue1 & ! ,accadian z a lit]>y language4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n k+ ( ,*aldea 0 nam$ ,eannadu 7,b4,c4 #dejj74 ,! ,*aldeans advanc$ sl[ly along ! ,tigris & pu%$ _! k+dom t[>ds ,assyria 9 ! nor?1 :]e !y built ! cities ( ,a%ur 7,kal'at ,%]kt71 ,calah 7,nimr\d71 & ,n9ua 7,n9eveh74 ,! nor!rn portion ( ! ,*aldeo-,assyrian empire ass]t$ its indep5d5ce ab\t #agjj ,b4,c41 & ,assyria became a sep>ate k+dom4 ,f ,b4,c4 #abge1 :5 ,tukulti-,ad> ,i41 ! ,assyrian k+1 conqu]$ ,babylonia1 d[n to ! de/ruction ( ,n9eveh1 ,b4,c4 #fji1 ! ,*aldean k+dom took a place ( second>y importance1 :ile ,assyria became ! greate/ p[] ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,tigla?-,piles] ,i4 7,b4,c4 #aajj71 & ,a%ur-nasir-pal 7,b4,c4 #hhe71 7 among/ ! greate/ k+s ( ,assyria4 ,! latt] 0 a great build]4 ,he built ! great palace at ,calah 7,nimr\d71 ! place to :i* he remov$ 8 seat ( gov]nm5t f ,a%ur4 ,assyrian art rea*$ a high /ate ( developm5t 9 8 reign4 ,8 son & successor1 ,%almanes] ,,ii4 7,b4,c4 #hfj-hbe7 0 no less p[]ful2 he ext5d$ 8 k+dom by w>s f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! ,arm5ian m\nta9s1 & f ,m$ia to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,jehu1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 s5t him tribute4 ,aft] 8 dea? ,assyria decl9$ & %rank )9 its bord]s1 b "u ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii4 rega9$ its lo/ gr\nd aga9 7,b4,c4 #gde74 ,s>gon1 ! 8,son ( no "o0 7,b4,c4 #gbb-gje71 usurps ! ?rone1 makes great w>s1 is ! fir/ ,k+ ( ,assyria t comes 9 contact ) ! ,egyptians4 ,he built ! great palace at ,khorsabad1 :i* 9 late ye>s has be5 excavat$4 ,s5na*]ib1 8 son1 succe$$ him1 ^: w>s ) ,hezekiah1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 are record$ 9 ! ,bible 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s4 ,he built a great palace at ,n9eveh1 _m ( ! wall slabs ( :i* are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! dea? ( ! succe$+ mon>*1 ,es>haddon1 took place be=e he _h complet$ 8 great palace at ,calah 7,nimr\d74 ,ano!r palace suppos$ to be 8 has lately be5 excavat$ at ,n9eveh4 ,x lies buri$ "u ! m\nd ( ,nebi ,yunus4 ,! ,assyrian k+s 7 great build]s ( palaces4 ,ea* "o1 x appe>s1 ?\ght x 8 duty ei!r to add a l>ge portion to a palace ( 8 pr$ecessor1 or to build a new "o = himself4 ,a%ur-bani-pal1 :o reign$ = =ty-two ye>s 7,b4,c4 #ffh-fbf71 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ cruel ( all ! ,assyrian mon>*s4 ,8 victory ov] ! ,elamites is depict$ on ! sculptur$ slabs t enri* ! ,n9evite gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,at 8 dea? ! ,assyrian p[] 0 brok5 up1 p>tly by ! ,scy?ian hordes t swept ov] t "p ( ,asia1 & p>tly by ! ,m$es4 ,n9eveh 0 besieg$ by ,cyax>es ( ,m$ia1 & by ,nabopolass>1 an ,assyrian g5]al :o held comm& 9 ,babylonia4 ,x 0 at l5g? captur$ & de/roy$ 7,b4,c4 #fji74 ,! :ole empire 0 !n divid$ betwe5 ! ,m$es & ! ,babylonians4 ,! new ,babylonian empire la/$ sev5ty ye>s1 & 9 ! reign ( its la/ k+1 ,nabonidus1 :5 "u ! comm& ( ,bel%azz>1 8 son1 ,babylon 0 captur$ by ,cyrus ( ,p]sia 7,b4,c4 #eci74 ,f ?is "t until its subjugation by ,alex&] ! ,great ,babylon 0 "u ! ,p]sians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--;,a ,w+$ ,bull1 ,assyria4 7,m7 ,! religion ( ! ,*aldeo-,assyrian nation 0 ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 moon1 />s1 & ! v>i\s p[]s ( nature4 ,_! *ief gods 7 ,%ama%1 ! sun2 ,s91 ! moon2 ,m>duk1 a sun-god1 ! c>ri] ( pray]s f e>? to heav52 ,anum1 ! sky god2 ,bel1 ! god ( ! e>?2 & ,ea1 ! god ( great k3 ! la/ ?ree 7 ! ,tr9ity4 ,o!r gods 7 ,dagon1 ! fi%-god2 ,i%t>1 _! ,v5us2 ,nabu1 _! ,m]cury & scribe ( ! gods2 ,rammnu1 ! god ( w9d & ?und]2 & ,negral1 ! god ( w> & hunt+4 ,! ,assyrian & ,babylonian p h a prov]bial "n = be+ a w>like & cruel race1 9 opposition to _! contempor>ies1 ! m peaceful & g5tle ,egyptians4 ,at ! same "t !y h ! reputation ( be+ highly skill$ 9 arts & sci5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--;,demons1 f ! ,palace ( ,assurbanipal1 ,briti% ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! greatness ( ! ,*aldeans 9 a/ronomy1 9 a/rology1 & z wise m5 g5]ally1 is too well kn[n to be repeat$4 ,_! skill 9 ! arts ( build+1 sculpture1 9 ! use ( metals1 9 pott]y1 tiles1 gem cutt+1 pa9t+1 embroid]y & weav+1 excites our wond] & admiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,a ,griffon 9 ! ,egyptian ,/yle4 7,m47 ,! art ( ! ,assyrians is int5sely e>ne/ & full ( realism1 vigor\s 9 ! highe/ degree1 & true art ( its k9d4 ,x is ! art ( a p :o 7 brave & p[]ful1 & ( pr9ces t 7 despotic & /]n4 ,! keynote ( _! art 0 =ce1 :e!r display$ 9 its physical & reali/ic aspects1 9 ! sculptural repres5tations ( f]oci\s animals1 z _! lions & dogs1 or embodi$ 9 _! my/]i\s & wond]ful creations ( human-head$ bulls1 & o!r mon/]s & demons 7,figs4 #aed1 #aee71 or 9 ! haughty self-consci\sness ( /r5g? & p[]1 ) :i* _! sculptors s\ght to inve/ ! repres5tations ( ! mon>*s go+ =? to battle or to ! lion hunt 7,fig4 #afc72 ev]y:]e1 9 ! high] aspects ( ,assyrian art1 physical =ce1 or p]sonal =ce ( w1 is ! culm9at+ po9t ( expression aim$ at 9 all _! ef=ts4 ,! sculptur$ lion ( ! ,egyptians is c\*ant1 half slumb]+2 ! ,assyrian lion is rampant & ro>+ = 8 prey4 ,! simile may be us$ to illu/rate ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce ( ! ,art ( bo? c\ntries4 ,! ,assyrian made 8 art m9i/] to 8 worldly uses & delights1 ! ,egyptian lavi%$ 8 on ! tomb & = ! h]eaft]4 ,! ,assyrian religion & ! ,*aldean magicians' & a/rolog]s' exposition ( its my/]ies1 d\btless gave ! subject-matt] = ! creation ( ^? /range comb9ations ( *im]as1 mon/]s1 & bi-=m deities t are s common 9 ,assyrian art4 ,! griffons & o!r curi\s hybrid creatures ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ^? t adorn ! ,go?ic build+s ( our own days1 c be trac$ to _! bir?place 9 ,assyrian art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg--;,eagle-head$ ,div9ity f ,nimr\d1 ) ! ,sacr$ ,tree4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,figure ( a ,goddess 9 ,act ( ,adoration1 ,briti% ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! great god ( ! ,assyrians 0 nam$ ,assur1 ! all-p[]ful god ( battles4 ,9 8 "n all k9ds ( cruelty & torture 7 practis$ on h]etics & apo/ates1 & 9 8 "n1 & to ext5d 8 k+dom ( ,assyria1 ! ,n9evite k+s f\nd _! excuses to make w> ) nations f> & ne>4 ,he seems to h be5 a lat] creation ( ! ,assyrian gods1 b became supreme z ,n9eveh rose 9 p[]4 ,he 0 suppos$ to h desc5d$ f ,s91 ! moon-god4 ,! w+$-globe1 ) ! god 9 ! c5tre hold+ ! b[ & arr[1 or ?und]-bolt 7,fig4 #aei71 is by "s ?\ght to be a repres5tation ( ,assur4 ,a simil> figure is se5 at ! top ( ! ,assyrian /&>d1 z ! 8,director ( ,armies0 7,fig4 #afa74 ,?is figure 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+ or sol> disk1 :o is evid5tly div9e1 by reason ( 8 fea!r$ l[] g>m5t1 & 8 w+s t raise him 9 mid-air1 above all humanity1 is q likely to be ! orig9al type ( ! lat] ,p]sian supreme god1 ,a?ur-,mazda 7see ,fig4 #bdc71 & ! emblematic symbol ( 8 div9ity is q likely to h be5 design$ & adapt$ f ! w+$ disk or 8globe0 ( ! ,egyptians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei--,! ,w+$ ,globe ) ! ,figure ( a ,god4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,! ,w+$ ,globe2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! w+$ globe 7,fig4 #afj7 ( ! ,assyrians is an imitation ( t ( ,egypt2 ?is emblem hav+ f\nd its way into ,assyria on _m c>v+s 9 ivory & on articles 9 bronze1 c>ri$ hi!r by ! trad+ ,phnicians f ,egypt1 & ! emblem 9 "q 01 accord+ to ,p]rot1 appropriat$ by ! ,assyrians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,! ,assyrian ,/&>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--;,dagon1 ! ,fi%-,god4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 _! ornam5t & decoration !y 7 m free & natural ?an ! ,egyptians1 & ! execution 0 c>eful & ref9$1 z witness$ by _! bronze b[ls1 gem-engrav+1 & ! patt]ns on ! enamell$ bricks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--;,assurbanipal ,attack$ by ,lions1 ,briti% ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! bronze gates f ,balwt 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are examples ( highly skilful rep\ss "w4 ,_! palaces mu/ h pres5t$ a gorge\s & glitt]+ appe>ance 9 _! ri* col\r+ & enamell$ brilliancy4 ,al?\gh n a s+le specim5 ( ,assyrian weav+ has be5 discov]$1 we h abundant & suffici5t evid5ce f ! sculptur$ patt]ns ( textiles & embroid]ies on ! k+s' robes & wall decorations t bo? weav+ & embroid]y mu/ h be5 "o ( _! mo/ glori\s arts4 ,! ,asiatic love ( col\r w\ld lead u to suppose t ^! embroid]ies 7 excessively ri* 9 col\r 7,figs4 #afb;,a1 #afc;,a1 #afd1 #afe7 z !y 7 9 design4 ,! details ( ?is embroid]y design 7,fig4 #afb;,a7 are well drawn1 & ! design is full ( ri* v>iety )\t heav9ess or too mu* cr[d+4 ,! k+ is se5 twice repres5t$ 9 ! circle do+ homage to ! sacr$ tree & to ! w+$ disk2 & 9 o!r places he is betwe5 two g5ii or deities2 combats ( lions & bulls1 palmate bord]s1 fir-cones1 & spirals1 ) b&s t divide ! "w 9 v>i$ spaces1 complete ^! ri* designs 9 embroid]y1 :i* are among ! v f9e/ ef=ts ( ,assyrian decorative art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb;,a4--,embroid]y ^u a ,royal ,mantle2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc;,a4--,embroid]y on ! upp] "p ( a ,royal ,mantle2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,details ( embroid]y patt]ns are %[n at ,figs4 #afd1 #afe4 ,! sills or ?re%olds ( ! doors ( ! palaces 7 sometimes sculptur$ 9 l[ relief on l>ge slabs ( alaba/] /one4 ,! design is evid5tly copi$ f an embroid]$ c>pet2 p]haps ! c5tral "p ( ! "o giv5 7,fig4 #aff7 is a copy f a fabric wov5 9 ! loom1 & ! bord]1 enl>g$ at ,fig4 #afg1 w\ld h its orig9al 9 embroid]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,detail ( ,embroid]y2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,detail ( ,embroid]y2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! figure ( ! plan & elevation ( "p ( a ,*aldean faade 9 enamell$ bricks1 f ,w>ka1 is decorat$ ) patt]ns t1 no d\bt1 _h _! orig9 9 weav+ & matt+ 7,fig4 #afh74 ,! surface ( ?is faade is compos$ ( t]ra-cotta cones1 ) _! bases turn$ outw>ds4 ,^! bases 7 previ\sly dipp$ 9 enamell$ col\rs be=e !y 7 ins]t$ into ! clay cem5t2 s !y =m a k9d ( t]ra-cotta mosaic "w 7,l(tus74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,sill ( a ,door f ,khorsabad3 ,l5g?1 #dj ins4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! l& ( ,*aldea 0 devoid ( /one = build+ purposes1 b extremely ri* 9 imm5se banks ( clay1 :i* 0 us$ = brick mak+ f ! e>lie/ times 9 ,*aldea4 ,! ,*aldean brick is r m ?an "o ,engli% foot squ>e1 & ab\t f\r in*es 9 ?ickness2 ( a d>k r$ col\r to light yell[4 ,ne>ly all ( !m h an inscription ) ! "n ( ! k+1 c4 7,fig4 #afi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,fragm5t ( ,bord] ( ,fig4 #aff2 f a ,?re%old ( ,khorsabad4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! brick f ,ere*1 or anci5t ,w>ka1 gives a good idea ( "o ( ! olde/ =ms ( ,*aldean writ+ kn[n 7,fig4 #agj74 ,x consi/s ( an abridgm5t ( ! repres5tation ( natural objects1 z all alphabets 9 _! orig9al /ate 7 m]ely pictures or pictographs4 ,?is inscription %[s ! /age ( conv5tional signs or ideographic writ+ be=e x und]w5t ! *ange into ! cunei=m1 or w$ge-%ap$ writ+ ( ! ,assyrians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--,plan & ,elevation ( ,"p ( a ,faade at ,w>ka2 f ,l(tus4 7,p4 ,c47 ,"s ( ! bricks 7 made w$ge-%ap$1 = use 9 ! build+ ( ar*es & vaults4 ,! common bricks 7 sometimes us$ 9 ! crude /ate1 or unburnt1 & burnt4 ,enamell$ bricks 7 greatly us$ 9 ,*aldea1 b ! clay ( :i* !y 7 made 0 s(t] & m friable4 ,?is 0 us$ purposely1 s t ! enamel w\ld s9k deep] into ! s(t mat]ial1 & !reby make a m la/+ surface protection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--;,babylonian ,brick1 #af ins4 squ>e1 #d ins4 ?ick4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,brick f ,ere*4 7,p4 ,c47 ,assyria copi$ mo/ ( h] art & sci5ces f h] old] si/] 9 civilisation1 & _h ! advantage ov] ,*aldea 9 a good supply ( build+ /one1 t =m$ ! sub/ructural b$ = ! clay deposits4 ,?is 0 a sulphate ( *alk kn[n z alaba/]1 grey 9 col\r1 & easy to "w4 ,! great wall slabs us$ = ! bas-reliefs & ! w+$ bulls & o!r /atu>y1 7 c>v$ out ( ?is mat]ial2 b ! ,assyrians us$ bricks = ! ma9 /ructure ( _! build+s1 l ! ,*aldeans4 ,timb] 0 sc>ce 9 ,assyria1 b 0 us$ v mu* 9 ! palaces4 ,x 0 br\ght f ! m\nta9s ( ,upp] ,mesopotamia1 on ! left bank ( ! ,tigris1 &1 lat]1 c$> & o!r woods 7 transport$ f ! =e/s ( ,lebanon = ! beams ( ! palaces & temples4 ,all k9ds ( metals1 burni%$ & unburni%$1 7 us$ z decorative accessories1 especially by ! ,*aldeans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,"o ( ! ,gates ( ! ,h>umat1 ,dur-,s>g9u4 7,m47 ,! hi/orians' descriptions1 ! f\ndations t h be5 excavat$1 & ! sculptur$ build+s on ! bas-reliefs1 are ! mat]ials1 toge!r ) well-pres]v$ fragm5ts ( ar*itecture1 :i* ar*ologi/s & ar*itects h us$ to enable !m to re/ore "s ( ! wond]ful temples & palaces ( anci5t ,assyria 7,fig4 #agb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,int]ior ( a ,temple1 aft] ,lay>d's ,re/oration4 ,! bird's-eye view ( ! palace ( ,dur-,s>g9u w give a good idea ( ! typical ,assyrian palaces 7,fig4 #agd71 & ! triumphal gate ) its man-head$ w+$ bulls at ! base & sides 7,fig4 #agc71 & also ! o!r gate at ,fig4 #agb1 bo? ) _! cr5allat$ battlem5ts1 s]ve to %[ ! impos+ "* ( ^! edifices4 ,x w be notic$ f ! bird's-eye view & ! gateways t ! g5]al "* ( ,assyrian ar*itecture 0 rectangul> 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,! ar* & vault$ /ructures 7 kn[n to ! ,assyrians1 :o us$ !m to great advantage 7,figs4 #age & #bej71 & mu* m s ?an ! ,egyptians1 al?\gh ! latt] p occasionally employ$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,triumphal ,gate at ! entrance ( ! ,palace4 7,m47 ,! ,*aldeans1 z w\ld naturally be expect$1 us$ ! ar* con/ruction v mu* 9 _! brick build+s1 z x w\ld be ! only means ( c>ry+ ro(s & upp] floors1 :]e /one & timb] c\ld n easily be obta9$ 7,fig4 #age74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,! ,royal ,palace ( ,dur-,s>g9u 7,s>gon's ,palace72 re/or$ by ,*ipiez4 7,m47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,a ,b$room 9 ! ,h>em at ,dur-,s>g9u 7,s>gon's ,palace74 7,m47 ,! use ( ! column 9 ,*aldea is prov$ by ! bas-reliefs be=e x develop$ itself 9 ,assyria2 b 9 ei!r c\ntry x 0 n an important feature 9 ! ar*itecture1 be+ mo/ly us$ = awn+s support+ light t5ts or tab]nacles2 sometimes1 inde$1 us$ 9 a dis5gag$ way1 z prov$ by ! views ( small temples on ! bas-reliefs 7,figs4 #agf1 #agg1 #agh74 ,! use ( ! column 0 n 9 accord ) ! pr9ciples ( _! ar*itecture1 & 0 only to be f\nd 9 small por*es1 or 9 an engag$ way aga9/ out] walls & pi]s 7,fig4 #agi74 ,! only capital f\nd 9 a fragm5t1 & re/or$ by ,place1 is %[n at ,fig4 #aha1 & two bases 7,figs4 #ahj & #ahb74 ,f ^! rema9s x is assum$ t ! %aft 0 smoo? & cyl9drical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--,temple on ! bank ( a riv]1 ,khorsabad1 f ,batta4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,capital ( ,temple at ,fig4 #agf4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--;,capital4 7,p4 ,c47 ,an incipi5t =m ( ! ,ionic volute is se5 at ,fig4 #agg 9 ! capital ( ! small columns to ! little temple 7,fig4 #agf74 ,! k+s ( ,assyria _h 9 _! palaces a great deal ( luxuri\s furniture4 ,! c\*es1 *airs1 & tables 7 made ( wood1 ) bronze fitt+s1 & decorat$ ) ivory1 gold1 & lapis lazuli4 ,! bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum repres5t+ ,assurbanipal & 8 que5 at a banquet 7,figs4 #ahc & #ahd7 w give a good idea ( ! extreme ri*ness 9 design & decoration ( ^! sumptu\s articles ( furniture 7,fig4 #ahe74 ,bronze sockets 7,fig4 #ahf7 & all k9ds ( fragm5ts 9 metal & ivory fitt+s1 & decorations correspond+ to ! designs on ! bas-reliefs1 all indicate t ! ana!mas ( ! prophet ,nahum 7,nahum ii4 #i7 gave a good picture ( ,n9eveh's ri*ness 9 ! sumptu>y arts4 8,take ye ! spoil ( silv]10 he exclaims1 8take ! spoil ( gold2 = !re is none end ( ! /ore & glory out ( all ! pleasant furniture40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--;,fragm5t ( an ,assyrian ,build+ f a bas-relief1 ,b4,m4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,ornam5t$ ,base ( ,lime/one4 7,p4 ,c47 ,animals h be5 repres5t$ ) su* fai?fulness1 especially 9 _! mo/ vigor\s & f]oci\s aspects1 by ! sculptors ( ,assyria1 t 9 any notice ( ,assyrian art !y mu/ h a place4 ,lions especially 7 r5d]$ 9 all _! f]oci\sness1 & 7 ! fav\rite game = k+ly sport 7,figs4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi74 ,lions 7 kept 9 cages1 & let out :5 ! mon>* decid$ to h a day's hunt+ 7,fig4 #ahg74 ,dogs 7 specially tra9$ = lion-hunt+ 7,fig4 #aij74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--;,assyrian ,capital compil$ f ,place4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,w+$ ,sph9x c>ry+ ,base ( ,capital4 ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--;,assurbanipal & 8 ,que5 fea/+ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,h>em aft] ! battle4 ,! head ( ,teuman1 ! ,elamite ,k+1 hangs on ! left on ! sacr$ tree4 7,m47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,! ,fea/ ( ,assurbanipal4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,enl>g$ detail ( ,fig4 #ahc1 %[+ ! ,assyrian ,furniture4 ,drawn by ,gauti]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--;,assyrian ,/ool2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,we add two illu/rations ( ! sph9x v>iety ( fanta/ic animals2 "o is ! mo/ rem>kable creation ( all ! fanta/ic animals ( ,assyria 7,fig4 #aib74 ,x has ! horns ( a ram1 a bull's head1 a bird's beak2 body1 tail1 & =e-legs ( a lion2 & ! h9d-legs & w+s ( ! eagle4 ,! ,&ro-,sph9x 7,fig4 #aic7 f ! robe ( ,assurbanipal =e%ad[s ! fabul\s c5taurs ( ,grecian art4 ,o!r bi-=m creations h be5 f\nd 9 ,assyrian art be>+ a close resemblance to ! ,greek c5taur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--;,bronze ,foot ( a ,piece ( ,furniture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,lion com+ out ( 8 ,cage4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! purely ornam5tal =ms f ! vegetable _w t h be5 us$ 9 ,assyrian & ,*aldean art are limit$ 9 numb]4 ,! daisy or rosette is ! commone/ 7,figs4 #aid & #aih74 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! 8,lion & ,lioness 9 a ,p>k0 7,fig4 #ahh7 ! daisy is beautifully ?\gh conv5tionally r5d]$2 ! l>ge leaves at ! bottom are typically ! common daisy leaves2 ! v9e is no less well execut$1 & ! lioness on ! same bas-relief is treat$ ) consummate skill4 ,! v9e is also se5 to great advantage 9 its conv5tional treatm5t at ,figs4 #ahd & #ahh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--,lion & ,lioness 9 a ,p>k4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,combat betwe5 a ,lion & a ,unicorn2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,dog us$ = ,lion ,hunt+4 7,m47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--;,*>iot ,horses2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--;,fanta/ic ,animal1 drawn by ,gauti]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,!re is an ,assyrian ornam5t call$ ! 8knop & fl[]0 ornam5t1 :i* occurs 9 v>i\s =ms & 9 endless pr(usion 9 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 & ,greek1 & ev5 is copi$ d[n to ,indian & ,roman ornam5t4 ,x may be native1 or "s =ms ( x at lea/1 to ,assyrian ornam5t1 b is und\bt$ly ,egyptian 9 its e>lie/ s\rce2 we h spok5 ( x be=e 9 our notice ( ,egyptian ornam5t z be+ d]iv$ f ! lotus 7page #ij74 ,x appe>s on ! ri* bord] ( ! c>v$ ?re%old 7,fig4 #afg72 ! fl[] !re is und\bt$ly a lotus1 & ! bud or 8knop0 may be a repres5tation ( a 8fir-cone10 or may be meant = ! clos$ lotus-bud4 ,ano!r =m ( ! same elem5ts occurs at ,fig4 #aie1 9 a beautiful design enclos$ 9 a squ>e1 =m+ "o ( ! c5tral patt]ns ( a simil> sill or ?re%old1 & ?is =m ( x w\ld d\btless also be us$ = a ceil+ decoration ( ! palaces4 ,a b\quet ( simil> fl[]s is se5 at ,fig4 #aif ( ! date ( ,assurbanipal 7#hhe-hfj ,b4,c474 ,x is v difficult to say :e!r ?is b\quet repres5ts ! lotus or n1 z1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,lay>d1 ! lotus fl[] is only to be f\nd on ! mo/ rec5t ( ,assyrian monum5ts dat+ f ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies ,b4,c41 at ! "t :5 ,assyria _h invad$ & occupi$ ! ,delta ( ,egypt4 ,if n ! lotus fl[]1 some?+ v l has be5 f\nd on monum5ts 9 ,assyria mu* old] ?an ^! dates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--;,&ro-,sph9x1 ,robe ( ,assurbanipal2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,detail f ! ,enamell$ ,ar*ivolt1 ,khorsabad2 f ,place4 7,p4 ,c47 ,z ! result ( "s rec5t sci5tific exam9ations into ! orig9 ( patt]n1 "s inve/igators h decid$ t ! 8knop & fl[]0 patt]ns ( ,assyrian ornam5t 7,figs4 #afg1 #aie1 & #aih7 are b evolutions ( tassels1 & knott$ fr+es ( matt+ & embroid]ies1 j because !y be> a n v cle> resemblance to su* trimm+s z we see on ! tab]nacle on ! ,balwt gates 7,fig4 #aig71 c4 ,we admit t !re is a fanci$ resemblance 9 _m ornam5tal =ms to patt]ns t h be5 evolv$ f con/ruct$ articles1 especially f wov5 & matt$ examples1 b x is an insult to ! intellig5ce ( an arti/ to ask him to believe t ! beautiful & cle>ly di/9ctive floral bud & palmate bord]s 9 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 & ,greek art h result$ f ty+s & knott+s ( ! fr+$ ends ( mats1 :5 "o c cle>ly see ! daisy--9 "s cases turn$ to a disk--! palm1 &1 above all1 ! lotus1 almo/ naturally drawn & modell$2 ev5 ! connect+ l9es ( fl[] & buds1 :]e sci5tific connection ) ! fr+$-end idea seems ! /ronge/ 9 ! eyes ( ! evolutioni/1 w be f\nd on exam9ation to be always us$ 9 ! exact rev]se way to t :i* is =m$ by ! con/ructive jo9+s ( ! knott$ fr+e4 7,see ,figs4 #aih & #afg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--,rosette ( ,lotus ,fl[]s & ,buds4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--;,b\quet ( ,fl[]s & ,buds2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,tab]nacle f ! ,balwt ,gates4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,date1 ,b4,c4 #hei to #hbd4 ,x w require an amaz+ quantity ( sci5tific pro( to get rid ( ! lotus 9 ,egyptian ornam5t1 & mu* also to turn x & ! daisy into tassel knots 9 ,assyrian ornam5t1 :5 we h ov]:elm+ evid5ce z to ! natural repres5tations ( su* floral =ms1 z well z ! conv5tional designs d]iv$ f !m1 on ! v olde/ monum5ts 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--,pa9t$ ,ornam5t on ,pla/]2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! 8,sacr$ ,tree10 or 8,tree ( ,life10 is (t5 repres5t$ 9 ,assyrian art1 & "u diff]5t =ms1 b g5]ally ) a k+ or "s div9ity on ei!r side ( x1 pay+ homage 7,figs4 #aeg1 #afb;,a1 #bjh74 ,an enl>g$ portion ( x is se5 at ,fig4 #aii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--,upp] ,portion ( a ,tree ( ,life2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! exact mean+ ( ! 8,sacr$ ,tree0 has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 b1 at any rate1 x seems likely en\gh t x repres5ts a palm-tree1 %[n by ! palmate head & by ! conv5tional m>k+s on ! trunk1 no d\bt meant = ! b>k r\gh5+ l9es4 ,! surr\nd+ palmates may be meant to repres5t a leafy enclosure = ! sacr$ tree 9 ! c5tre1 or ! :ole ?+ may be a conv5tional picture ( a sacr$ grove4 ,ow+ to ! comp>ative lat5ess ( ! univ]sal use ( ! lotus 9 ,assyrian art1 we c well imag9e t ?is fl[] =m 0 introduc$ into ,assyria by ! articles 9 bronze1 ivory1 & o!r mat]ial by ! ,phnician trad]s1 t 7 bo? ( ,egyptian & ,phnician design1 z !re 0 sc>cely an article ( comm]ce on :i* ! lotus 0 n repres5t$ 9 ^? e>ly days ( ,phnician trade 7#ijj to #cjj ,b4,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--;,guillo*e ,ornam5t on ,enamell$ ,brick4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,ivory ,plaque2 ,actual ,size4 ,drawn by ,gauti]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,ano!r v *>act]i/ic ornam5t ( ! ,assyrian decorations is ! d\ble-int]lac+ me&]1 or guillo*e 7,figs4 #bjj & #bja74 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r ornam5ts j spok5 (1 bo? on tiles & 9 ivory engrav+4 ,x is sometimes call$ 8cable ornam5t0 or 8sn>e-"w10 f ! appe>ance x has to a rope or cable twi/$ ar\nd ! eyes ( po/s4 ,x has be5 us$ v mu* by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,ivory ,plaque f\nd at ,nimr\d4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! art ( ivory c>v+ & engrav+ 0 practis$ 9 ,assyria1 judg+ f "s plaques & c>v+s t h be5 f\nd t are di/9ctly ,assyrian 9 motive & design 7,fig4 #bja71 & f _m elephants' tusks t h come to light f ! ru9s ( ! buri$ palaces2 b x has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! art 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,assyria by ! importation ( ! ,egyptian plaques & o!r c>v+s1 & also by ! imitations ( ,egyptian articles made by ,phnician arti/s1 & probably sold to ! ,assyrians z ! product ( ,egypt4 ,fig4 #bjb1 a small plaque1 is q likely to be "o ( ^! imitations ( ,egyptian design ) ! lotus-tree ( life :i* re/s on a support or top ( a capital4 ,?is =m ( lotus capital is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ,cyprus1 & 9 all c\ntries :]e ,phnician trade ext5d$4 ,x is di/9ctly ,egyptian 9 orig91 & m ?an likely is ! orig9 ( ! ,ionic volute capital ( ! ,greeks4 ,! small & beautifully c>v$ sph9x 7,fig4 #bjc7 is "o ( ! _m ,egyptian ivories t _h f\nd its way to ,assyria1 & is immeasurably sup]ior 9 workman%ip to any ( ! ,assyrian c>v+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,ivory ,fragm5t 9 ,briti% ,museum2 ,actual ,size4 ,drawn by ,gauti]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t ! ,assyrian arti/ excell$ 9 ! flat or engrav$ treatm5t ( 8 designs 9 ne>ly e bran* ( art1 b 0 inf]ior 9 workman%ip to ! ,egyptian 9 c>v$ "w 9 ! r\nd2 ?\gh 9 express+ int5se life1 virility1 & movem5t1 especially 9 ! repres5tation ( animals1 he 0 sup]ior to ! ,egyptian arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,bronze ,platt]1 #i ins4 diamet]4 7,b4,m47 ,drawn by ,wallet4 7,p4 ,c47 ,!re is "o important product ( ,assyrian art t des]ves notice--! exquisite bronze b[ls1 cups1 & platt]s1 made 9 rep\ss & f9i%$ (f ) ! engrav]'s bur9 7,fig4 #bjd1 #bje74 ,9 ^! products we may recognise ! r5aissance ( ,assyrian art1 bas$ on ! art ( ! ,egyptians4 ,t !y mu/ h _h _! orig9 9 ,assyria no "o c d\bt1 :5 we ?9k t ! work+ 9 bronze 0 s well kn[n 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia2 = example1 we quote ! magnific5t ,balwt plates1 ( rep\ss bronze1 ( ,%almanes] ,,ii4 7,b4,c4 #hei-hbd7 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & al?\gh ! designs on "s ( !m are di/9ctly ,egyptian 7,fig4 #bjd71 n "o specim5 ( su* b[ls or platt]s has yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,nile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--;,bronze ,cup1 diamet] #aa ins42 f ,lay>d4 ,x may be reasonably assum$ t ! ,egyptian motives 7 copi$ f ivories or pa9t$ vases br\ght to ,assyria by ! ,phnicians1 & t ^? ma/] work]s 9 bronze1 ! ,assyrians1 copi$ su* designs on _! platt]s & cups1 & aft]w>ds introduc$ _! own di/9ctive designs1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bje1 a design :i* is ,assyrian 9 e detail1 ) no ,egyptian trace4 ,designs l ! latt] disprove ! !ory t ^! bronze b[ls & di%es 7 altoge!r made 9 work%ops ( ,tyre & ,byblos1 b und\bt$ly ! ,phnician arti/s--:o really inv5t$ no?+--may h 9 _! turn copi$ ^! designs on _! w>es1 :5 !y f\nd su* h&y & portable goods might be easily transport$1 & w\ld be sure to f9d a ready m>ket 9 o!r c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 z we %all see :5 treat+ ( ,phnician ,art4 ,! importance ( ! design on su* h&y & inde/ructible articles on ! art ( ! ,greeks1 ,cypriots1 & ,etruscans1 n only f ! workman%ip po9t ( view1 b f ! !mes portray$ on !m sugge/+ ornam5t1 & o!r subject matt]1 p]haps religi\s motives z well1 to ! ris+ civilisation ( ! c\ntries nam$1 c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--;,bord] ( a ,bronze ,cup2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 pa9t+ on pla/] 7,fig4 #aih7 or enamell+ on tiles 7,figs4 #aid & #bjj7 & bricks1 ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians us$ v few col\rs1 n m ?an five or six1 b !y us$ !m ) great advantage & decorative effect1 & always 9 flat t9ts4 ,_! pa9t$ figures 71 z a rule1 n int5d$ = any o!r mean+ ?an _! geometric ornam5t1 & m]ely us$ z units 9 ! ornam5tal s*eme 7,fig4 #aid74 ,! col\rs 73 blue f ! lapis lazuli2 yell[1 an antimoniate ( lead & a little t92 :ite1 an oxide ( t92 black1 an animal *>coal2 r$1 an oxide ( iron2 & ano!r blue f ! oxide ( copp] completes1 z ne> z possible1 ! range ( _! palette4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,cyl9d]2 f ,soldi4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,assyrian ,cyl9d]4 ,wor%ip ( ,sacr$ ,tree4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ne>ly univ]sal col\r ( ! gr\ndwork 0 blue1 a deep d>k blue f ! lapis lazuli4 ,at ,khorsabad ,m4 ,place f\nd a mass ( p[d]$ blue1 ov] two p\nds 9 weight1 t 0 f\nd to be made f ! lapis lazuli = ! purpose ( enamell+4 ,! ma9 portion ( ! decoration 0 yell[1 b (t5 :ite 0 us$ ) black outl9es1 & r$ sp>+ly4 ,a gre5 t9t 0 less common1 b 0 suppos$ to be obta9$ f a mixture ( ! yell[ & copp] blue oxide4 ,rema9s ( pott]y are n v pl5tiful1 & ! =ms h no?+ di/9ctive t calls = special notice4 ,! vessels1 su* z vases1 cups1 & buckets ( bronze1 are elegant 9 =m & decoration 7,fig4 #bji74 ,jewell]y & p]sonal decoration h only be5 f\nd 9 a limit$ quantity1 & n ( a v good quality 9 design or mat]ial3 ! bas-reliefs furni% our be/ in=mation on :at exi/$ 9 ^! articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,bronze ,bucket2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,gem cutt+ & cyl9d] engrav+ 7 arts v mu* practis$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,fig4 #bjh74 ,! cyl9d]s usually 7 engrav$ ) subjects ( a religi\s "*4 ,! illu/ration %[s "o ( ! be/ engrav$ ,assyrian cyl9d]s t has yet be5 f\nd4 ,x repres5ts ! k+ & deities at ! wor%ip ( ! ,sacr$ ,tree1 & ! ,god ,assur4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! deities may be se5 ! bronze buckets %[n at ,fig #bji4 ,?is subject is suppos$ to be a copy f a bas-relief4 ,! mat]ial ( ^! cyl9d]s 0 g5]ally ( s]p5t9e1 *alc$ony1 agate1 black m>ble1 jasp]1 c41 & !y 7 us$ to impress clay docum5ts )1 9 a simil> way z 9 ! use ( ord9>y seals 7,fig4 #bjg74 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ph,,nician ,,art4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,phnician p rema9s 9 obscurity4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 we le>n t !y came z an ,ea/]n bran* ( ! ,canaaniti% peoples1 ( :i* race ! ,greeks 7 also a "p1 & :o settl$ at ! foot ( ,lebanon1 on ! ,syrian sea-coa/1 betwe5 ,m\nts ,c>mel & ,casius4 ,! ,phnician & ,hebrew languages resembl$ ea* o!r v closely1 & f ?is x has be5 argu$ t ! ,phnicians belong$ to ! ,semitic race ( ! ,hebrews4 ,anci5t ,phnicia 0 a n>r[ /rip ( l&1 #acj miles long by only a few miles 9 wid? at its wide/ "p4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal t[ns 9 anci5t times 7 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 & ,joppa2 ?ree o!rs ( importance 7 ,arvad1 ,gebal or ,byblos1 & ,ac*o or ,acre4 ,arvad 9 ! nor?1 01 l ,tyre 9 ! s\?1 built on a rock "s little di/ance f ! ma9l&4 ,tyre 0 = a long "t impregnable on its rocky seat1 ) a *annel ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile divid+ x f ! coa/ ( ! ma9l&4 ,ow+ to its peculi> position1 x c\ld defy all unm>itime nations1 & x 0 n until ,alex&] ! ,great built an i/hmus connect+ x ) ! ,phnician coa/ t x fell4 ,! inhabitants ( ,gebal or ,byblos 71 accord+ to ,rnan1 m ,jewi%-l ?an any o!r ,phnician p4 ,sidon 0 ! fir/ t[n ( ,phnicia to rise to importance1 & ,tyre aft]w>ds1 ) great] vig\r1 rose to p[] & greatness2 & bo?1 f be+ orig9ally colonies ( poor fi%]m51 became ! fam\s ports :i* s5t =? %ips to all po9ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ev5 to ! ,briti% ,isles1 c>ry+ all k9ds ( m]*&ise to b>t] = silv]1 gold1 & t91 z well z = o!r raw mat]ials f ! b>b>ians beyond ! seas1 & c>ry+ ^! raw mat]ials back to supply ! arti/s & artific]s ( ! ,ea/4 ,no two cities ( ! anci5t _w did s mu* = ! spread & progress ( human civilisation z ! m>itime cities ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--,phnician ,m]*ant ,galley2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,l ! re/ ( ,phnicia1 ,sidon1 ! fir/ 9 p[]1 accept$ )\t resi/ance ! supremacy ( ,egypt4 ,?is 0 inde$ to h] great advantage1 = ! %ips ( ,sidon c\ld fly ! ,egyptian flag 9 any "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean or o!r seas1 & s exi/ secure "u ! protection ( ! mighty mon>*s ( t great c\ntry4 ,9 return = ?is protection ! ,phnicians c>ri$ on a successful trade ) ,egyptian goods1 ?us b5efit+ !mselves1 & _! ma/]s to ev5 a great] degree4 ,! ,phnician fleets 71 9 fact1 at ! entire disposal ( ! ,egyptians1 :o possess$1 9 ! e>ly days1 no fleet ( _! own4 ,sidon 0 sack$ & tak5 by ! ,phili/9es ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajjj or #ijj1 & f t p]iod ,tyre rose 9 supremacy4 ,! fir/ ,tyrian k+ kn[n by "n 0 ,abibaal1 ! contempor>y ( ,david2 8 son 0 ,hiram1 ! fri5d ( ,solomon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--,phnician ,w> ,galley2 f ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,aft]w>ds ,tyre1 ) its close int]c\rse ) ,egypt1 e/abli%$ colonies on ! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 ! mo/ r5[n$ ( :i* 0 call$ ! 8,new ,city10 ,k>?ada/1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,c>*$on1 & by ! ,romans ,c>?age4 ,?is daught] ( ,tyre rose to great prosp]ity1 b nev] =got h] allegiance to ! "m city4 ,_! comb9$ fleets sail$ to1 & f\nd$1 colonies 9 ,s>d9ia1 ,cyprus1 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 & to ,spa91 do+ enorm\s trade ) bo? ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! ,phnician %ips t are kn[n to u f ! relief repres5tations are ( two k9ds1 ! r\nd-pr[$ galleys1 or c>go-c>ri]s 7,fig4 #baj71 & ! ram-/emm$ vessels1 or w> galleys 7,fig4 #baa74 ,!re is no record t has be5 f\nd ( _! l>g] sea-go+ 8m]*antm50 %ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,c>?ag9ian ,co91 ,silv]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,greeks & ,etruscans1 & _! improvem5t 9 %ipbuild+1 0 a new competition ) ! %ips ( ,tyre 9 ! ,ea/1 & at l5g? =c$ ! ,tyrians to f9d new m>kets 9 ! ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--;,c>?ag9ian ,co91 ,electrum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! /aple trade ( ! ,tyrians _h n[ become t ( metals1 ! *ief ( :i* 0 t91 ow+ to ! great dem& = x 9 ! manufacture ( bronze 9 ?is p]iod4 ,_! %ips w5t z f> z ! ,scilly ,isles1 to ,cornwall1 & to ,irel&4 ,diodorus m5tions t ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 7 mu* s(t5$ 9 _! mann]s by _! int]c\rse ) ! 8/rang]s0 :o came to _! %ores = t94 ,x is suppos$ t ! /rang]s allud$ to 7 ! ,phnician ,c>?ag9ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--,votive ,/ele1 f ,c>?age1 ) ,sacr$ ,emblems4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--,sacr$ ,emblems1 f a ,c>?ag9ian ,votive ,/ele4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,c>?ag9ians wag$ a w> aga9/ ! ,sicilian ,greeks1 & c>ri$ (f ! /atues ( gods f _! temples1 & w5t s f> z to copy _! money ! e>ly ,phnician co9s be+ copies ( ,greek ones 7,figs4 #bab1 #bac74 ,! votive /ele 7,fig4 #bad71 f ,c>?age1 %[s ! ,greek ,ionic-l columns1 ) ! 8bless+ h&10 & a collection ( sacr$ ,phnician emblems4 ,greek ar*itects 7 employ$ 9 ,c>?age ab\t ?is "t4 ,phnician ar*itecture 9 e case consi/$ ( borr[$ =ms f surr\nd+ nations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--;,co9 ( ,byblos1 ) ,sacr$ ,cone1 enl>g$4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! sacr$ emblems 7,fig4 #bae7 are suppos$ to repres5t ! cone-%ap$ /ones1 betyl1 f ,be!l1 ! 8,h\se ( ,god10 ! great wor%ip ( ! ,phnicians4 ,! sign at ! top is meant = a rude idea ( ! head & arms ( a god 7,tanit1 face ( ,baal874 ,! figure on ! "r is ! cone aga91 ) ! emblems ( ! goddess ,a/>te 7,aphrodite71 ! lun> signs4 ,! sacr$ cone is se5 surr\nd$ by ! temple c\rt on ! co9 ( ,byblos 7,fig4 #baf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,a/>te1 t]ra-cotta1 height #aj ins4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! small /atuettes ( ! ,phnician gods & goddesses 7,fig4 #bag7 7 ! orig9als f :i* ! ,greeks develop$ _! sculptur$ figures 9 ! r\nd4 ,among ! gods ( ! ,phnicians 73 ,baal1 ! ,ma/]1 ! ,bel ( ,assyria1 :i* seems to be a g5]ic title = any *ief div9ity ( a t[n or place1 su* z ,baal ,peor1 ,baal-,sidon1 ,baal-,ts\r1 or ! ,baal ( ,tyre2 ,tanit1 or ! face ( ,baal1 wor%ipp$ at ,c>?age2 ,molo*1 or ,melek4 ,melk>t-,baal-,ts\r 0 ! full "n ( ! ,great ,god ( ,tyre1 :i* means 8,melk>t1 ,ma/] ( ,tyre40 ,baalat 0 ! title = 8mi/ress10 ! goddess :o %>$ ! ?rone ( ,baal4 ,sidon-,a/oret 0 ! ,baalat ( ,sidon1 ! goddess ,a/>te1 ! ,i/> ( ! ,assyrians1 & ! ,aphrodite or ,v5us ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 7,fig4 #bag74 ,%e 0 a fav\rite div9ity ) ! ,phnicians1 & m p]sonal ?an any ( _! o!r div9ities4 ,%e 0 nature itself1 ! great goddess ( life1 presid+ ov] creation & also de/ruction4 ,?is ,syro-,phnician goddess ( ! ,sidonians 0 adopt$ by ,cyprus1 ,cy!ra1 ,paphos1 & ,eryx1 9 ,sicily4 ,%e is also suppos$ to be ! ,moon-,goddess4 ,! dove 0 sacr$ to h]1 & 0 (f]$ to h] 9 sacrifice2 a ,phnician /atuette 7,fig4 #bag7 repres5ts h] ) a dove 9 h] h&4 ,! ,phnicians _h _m o!r m9or gods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--,model ( a ,small ,temple1 9 t]ra-cotta1 ,l\vre4 7,p4 ,c7 ,a t]ra-cotta model ( a small temple is peculi> 9 design 7,fig4 #bah72 x 0 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 & may h be5 ! model ( ! %r9e sacr$ to ,a/>te4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 ,phnician ar*itecture1 f ! few rema9s ( x t h be5 f\nd1 consi/s ( borr[$ =ms f o!r nations1 & if any developm5t ev5 9 ! ornam5tal =ms is noticeable1 x c g5]ally be trac$ to ! ris+ influ5ce ( ! ,greeks1 especially 9 ,cyprus & ,c>?age4 ,! tomb at ,amrit 7,fig4 #bai7 is1 on ! o!r h&1 decid$ly ,assyrian 9 e detail1 & is a happy example ( ar*itectural proportion4 ,! fragm5t ( an entablature f a temple at ,byblos 7,fig4 #bbj7 is ( a lat] date1 & has = design & decoration ( ! m\ld+ ! /rongly m>k$ features ( ,grco-,roman "w1 ) ! addition ( ! ,egyptian w+$ globe & asps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--,tomb ( ,amrit1 re/or$ f ,r5an4 7,p4 ,c47 ,cyprus 0 a ,phnician dep5d5cy2 _m vases1 & a great multitude ( o!r objects ( art & treasures1 h be5 br\ght to light f tombs & f ! subt]ranean *amb]s ( =m] temples1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,g5]al di ,cesnola4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,entablature1 f a ,temple at ,byblos4 ,drawn by ,wallet4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! s]ies ( capitals 7,figs4 #bba to #bbd7 %[ /rongly ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ionic volutes4 ,! fir/ 7,fig4 #bba7 is ! simple/1 ! next 7,fig4 #bbb7 has ! triangul> po9t betwe5 ! l[] volutes t we see 9 s _m lotus =ms 9 ,egyptian "w 7see ,fig4 #bjb71 & has besides ! curi\s d\ble boat-%ap$ volutes above1 ) o!r lotus-buds "u ! abacus4 ,ano!r capital 7,fig4 #bbc7 has all ! elem5ts ( ! ,erec!um ,ionic capital1 b arrang$ 9 a totally diff]5t ord]1 & is m ,byzant9e ?an any?+ else4 ,! capital f\nd at ,kition1 9 ,cyprus1 is decid$ly ,ionic ,greek1 b 9 its e>li] /age1 j be=e ! p]iod ( ! fully develop$ ,ionic 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! fir/ two ( decid$ly ,egyptian elem5ts are d]iv$ f ! lotus1 & may c]ta9ly be tak5 z ! =]unn]s ( ! pure ,ionic ,greek4 ,! capital f ,kition belong$ to a temple ( ,a/>te1 t once /ood on ! m\nd at ,kition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--;,cypriot ,capital4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,cypriot ,capital4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! capital f\nd at ,golgos 7,fig4 #bbe7 is di/9ctly an e>ly =m ( ,greek ,doric4 ,if little rema9s ( ,phnician ar*itecture h be5 f\nd1 on ! o!r h& _m objects ( m9or art h be5 br\ght to light1 be>+ on _! face ! unmi/akable /amp ( ,phnician workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,capital at ,djezza1 lime/one4 ,drawn by ,salad94 ,height1 #bf ins4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--;,capital f ,kition1 height #ah ins4 ,drawn by ,salad94 7,p4 ,c47 ,"s ( ! bronze b[ls & platt]s1 & cups ( silv]1 & also c>v+s 9 ivory1 al?\gh g5]ally compos$ ( ,egyptian or ,assyrian design1 7 really ! "w ( ,phnician artific]s4 ,! latt] 7 n sl[ 9 copy+ ! motives ( ! above-nam$ nations1 b ! workman%ip1 especially 9 bronze & silv]1 0 _! own4 ,! ,phnicians 7 highly skill$ 9 metal "w1 & we h pro( t !y 7 employ$ 9 ! build+ & decorat+ ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,! bronze & silv] b[ls & platt]s 7 c>ri$ to all c\ntries :]e ! ,phnicians _h trad+ transactions1 & !y h be5 f\nd at ,myc51 ,etruria1 ,cyprus1 ,s>d9ia1 c4 ,z /at$ be=e 9 our notice ( ^! objects 9 ,assyrian art1 ! ,assyrians 7 ! fir/ to make ^! articles f copies ( ,egyptian design1 & !n produc+ o!rs ) purely ,assyrian designs4 ,! ,phnicians 9 _! turn imitat$ bo?1 & did a great trade ) !m4 ,! silv] platt] 7,fig4 #bbf7 0 f\nd1 9 #ahgf1 9 ! ,necropolis ( anci5t ,prne/e1 9 ,latium1 & 9 ! same tomb 0 f\nd a quantity ( vases1 diadems1 & jewels1 all ( ,phnician workman%ip4 ,on ?is platt] a cle>ly engrav$ inscription occurs 9 ,phnician *>act]s1 giv+ ! "n ( ! fir/ own]1 ,esmunjair-b5-,a/o4 ,! ,phnician inscriptions1 & above all1 ! want ( me?od or arrangem5t ( !mes or motives on ! articles1 /amp !m to be ( ,phnician orig94 ,! silv] platt] has m mean+ 9 ! use ( ! ,egyptian motives ?an "s o!rs1 b ! hi]oglyphics are n to be reli$ on z correctly ,egyptian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--;,capital f ,golgos 7,ceccaldi74 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--,phnician ,platt]1 ,silv]1 diamet] #g ins4 ,drawn by ,wallet4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! silv]-gilt cup or pat]a f ,curium 7,fig4 #bbg7 is a fair illu/ration ( ?is mixture ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian ideas put toge!r f a multitude ( /ock-9-trade subjects or patt]ns4 ,! c5tre piece is ,assyrian1 & also ! cable ornam5t4 ,! inn] r[ ( animals are ,assyrian 9 feel+1 b an ,egyptian sph9x is introduc$ among/ !m2 b ! out] bord] is ! mo/ curi\s ( all1 z x conta9s six or sev5 di/9ct ,egyptian sc5es1 ea* divid$ by ! tree ( life or palmates1 tak5 at haphaz>d f designs ( bas-reliefs4 ,! ,phnician goldsmi?1 evid5tly n und]/&+ ! /ory ( ^! ,egyptian my/]ies1 us$ !m m]ely z decorative units4 ,! workman%ip is admirable2 fir/ ! "w is beat5 up 9 rep\ss & !n *as$ aft]w>ds1 & may be describ$ z a mixture ( ! two me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--,pat]a f ,curium1 diamet] #h ins4 7,p4 ,c47 ,a beautiful ,egyptian design ( a c[ & calf 9 a papyrus brake =ms ! c5tre m$allion ( a ,phnician cup f\nd at ,ca]e 7,fig4 #bbh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--;,c5tre ,m$allion2 f a ,cup f ,griffi4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,egyptian vessels figur$ 9 ! tomb ( ,rekhm>a 7,fig4 #bbi7 are mo/ly made 9 metal & are ( ,phnician design4 ,!y w\ld be sold to ! ,egyptians1 z ! =m] suppli$ ! latt] 9 mo/ articles ( metal workman%ip2 _m rims & h&les ( elaborate workman%ip h be5 f\nd1 b sc>cely any :ole =ms ( ^! vases1 ?\gh we h _m ( _! =ms pres]v$ 9 ,greek & ,etruscan "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,vessels figur$ 9 ! ,tomb ( ,rekhm>a2 f ,wilkman4 ,9 articles ( p]sonal jewell]y ! ,phnicians 7 z skilful z ! ,greeks & ,etruscans2 x 0 only 9 ! matt] ( high] motives 9 design t ! ,greeks excell$ ! ,phnicians4 ,we give "o or two specim5s ( _! jewell]y at ,figs4 #bcj to #bcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--;,gold ,bracelet2 f ,?>ros4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,cyprus 0 inhabit$ f ! e>lie/ "t ) a mixture ( races 9 :i* ! ,greek or ,hell5ic elem5t 0 repres5t$1 & ?\gh nom9ally a ,phnician dep5d5cy1 ! ,greek sup]iority ( arti/ic g5ius ass]t$ itself at a v e>ly date 9 ! art ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s ( ! ar*itectural features already notic$1 notably ! ,ionic capitals1 may be giv5 z examples ( ?is2 & ano!r v important bran*1 ! m9or art ( pott]y1 may furni% fur!r examples ( ! ,greek art t5d5cy1 ?\gh infus$ ) a mixture ( ,phnician influ5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,silv] ,p91 ,cesnola4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--,p5dant1 ,wild ,goat1 ,gold4 7,b4,m47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,e>r+1 ,gold1 f ,cesnola4 ,cyprus has always be5 p>ticul>ly not$ = its c]amic products4 ,! isl& is ri* 9 pott]'s clay ( two k9ds--a black e>?1 & a r$ k9d4 ,! olde/ k9d ( ,cyprian kn[n is ( a good %ape1 & is g5]ally furni%$ ) h&les accord+ to ! uses ( ! vase4 ,! mak+ & fitt+ on ( h&les is only a*iev$ :5 ! art ( ! pott] has be5 well advanc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--;,bottle ) ,incis$ ,ornam5t1 f ,cesnola4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4--;,bottle ) ,geometric ,decoration4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! two vases 7,figs4 #bcd1 #bce7 are ( ! olde/ dates1 & are decorat$ purely 9 ! olde/ =m ( geometric ornam5t4 ,! "o ) ! h&le is p>ticul>ly good 9 =m1 & has ! decoration incis$ l sgraffito "w4 ,fanta/ic %apes ( animals made z vases & dr9k+ vessels 7 v common 9 ,cyprus4 ,al?\gh n _m ( !m c be call$ beautiful1 /ill x requir$ consid]able skill & k to model !m 7,fig4 #bcf74 ,! goat-%ap$ vessel is v lifelike4 ,! b[l or crat] 7,fig4 #bcg7 has ! lotus fl[] & geometric b&s & divisions = its decoration2 x is pa9t$ ) light br[n & r$ on a cream-col\r$ gr\nd4 ,! decoration f a cup is m elaborate1 x has a new elem5t 9 ! %ape ( "s k9d ( wat] bird arrang$ ,assyrian-l on ea* side ( ! sacr$ tree1 & has a sun sign fill+ up a space close to "o ( ! bird's legs 7,fig4 #bch74 ,ano!r v int]e/+ & beautiful vase is ! no*o 7,fig4 #bci74 ,ano!r bird is pa9t$ on ?is1 & at ! same "t ! geometric *eck]s & l9es /ill cl+ to x z "p ( ! decoration4 ,on ?is vase1 also1 may be se5 two moon signs1 & ! sacr$ sun sign1 ! fylfot1 or swa/ika1 repeat$ f\r times4 ,^! sacr$ signs are (t5 f\nd on ,cyprian pott]y4 ,! latt] vase 9 %ape & decoration is m ,greek 9 feel+ ?an mo/ ,cyprian vases4 ,! l>g] no*o 7,fig4 #bdj7 has ! human figure ) "s k9d ( wat] f[ls2 x has a sacr$ sign on its lips4 ,?\gh ! subject recalls ,egypt1 ! design & execution might h be5 done by a clev] ,greek arti/4 ,! /yle ( execution & draw+ on ^! vases may be a little ar*aic1 b ! design & bold mann] ( execution is em95tly correct & c\ld n be bett] = ! decoration ( pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,vessel 9 ! ,%ape ( a ,goat4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--;,b[l 9 ! ,piot ,collection1 height #f ins4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! discov]y ( glass mak+ has be5 attribut$ to ! ,phnicians1 b ?is is n correct2 ! ,egyptians made glass articles1 & us$ glass 9 _! vitre\s enamell$ tiles & bricks long be=e ! ,phnicians _h any connection ) ,egypt4 ,x 0 mo/ likely because ! ,phnicians trad$ s mu* 9 glass1 & = ! reasons also t !y _h l>ge glass manufactories at ,tyre & o!r places1 t !y h receiv$ ! cr$it f e>ly times ( be+ ! inv5tors ( glass4 ,! olde/ dat$ glass bottle or vase 9 ! _w is "o f ,egypt1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x be>s ! "n ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #afjj74 ,! body is turquoise blue ) yell[ details ( decoration & hi]oglyphics2 ! h&le is d>k blue ) yell[ & :ite m>k+s4 ,! ,phnicians at a lat] p]iod 7 ext5sive mak]s ( glass articles1 & made glass ( ?ree k9ds1 ! cle> & transp>5t1 b always ) a slight gre5i% hue1 ! col\r$ & transp>5t1 & ! opaque4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--;,detail ( ! ,decoration ( a ,cup4 7,p4 ,c47 ,a great quantity ( glass bottles1 /atuettes1 vases1 plaques1 & beads h be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus4 ,! bottles & vases t 7 priz$ mo/ highly 7 decorat$ *iefly 9 alt]nat+ l9es ( bright col\rs1 su* z blues1 gre5s1 yell[s1 :ite1 & purple4 ,beads1 cones1 amulets1 sc>abs1 heads ( animals1 & /atuettes1 z well z bottles & vases1 7 made bo? by ,phnician & ,egyptian workm51 "s ca/ 9 m\lds & "s bl[n4 ,!re is a cup 9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,libr>y call$ ! cup ( ,*osroes ,,ii41 made ( glass1 & decorat$ ) artificial gems4 ,! f9e/ "w ( art 9 glass is ! fam\s ,portl& vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! decoration on ?is vase is 9 relief 9 cameo glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--no*o1 ,new ,york ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! small cyl9drical p]fume bottles 9 glass kn[n z alaba/rons are ( ! highe/ antiquity2 !y 7 usually plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! dead4 ,9 ! art ( weav+ & mak+ textiles ! ,phnicians are n cr$it$ ) mak+ any?+ diff]5t f ! ,ori5tals or ,egyptians1 & p]haps suppli$ !mselves ) ! ,egyptian musl9s & l95s1 & _h _! rugs & c>pets f ! ,ea/1 :i* 7 fam$ !n z n[ = _! s(t nature & brightness ( col\r+4 ,we h evid5ce f ,hom] t ! ,sidonian slaves 7 v skilful at embroid]y4 8,) ?reads ( gold1 or ) a col\r contra/+ ) t ( ! gr\nd1 !y drew fanta/ic bea/s ( e k9d40 ,^! embroid]ies w\ld likely h simil> decoration to t :i* is f\nd on ! metal platt]s1 & p]haps imitations ( ^? decorations we see on ! embroid]$ robes ( ! ,assyrian k+s' mantles 7,figs4 #afb;,a1 #afc;,a71 & ! s*eme ( decoration w\ld likely be a division ( ! field into b&s & circles1 ea* fill$ ) ,egyptian or ,assyrian motives4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--no*o1 ,new ,york ,museum4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 ,cyprus1 we c easily inf] t ! textiles w\ld be /rongly influ5c$1 z o!r manufactures 71 by ,egyptian art4 ,! ,phnicians 7 not$ = _! fam\s purple dye obta9$ f ! ,murex & ,purpura families ( %ell-fi%4 ,?is purple dye 0 ( _w-wide r5[n4 ,its great advantage 0 t on its exposure to light & sun%9e x became m fa/ & m int5se 9 col\r1 :i* is contr>y to mo/ dyes4 ,x 0 v co/ly by reason ( ! difficulty 9 extract+ x f ! fi%1 & ( ! enorm\s quantities requir$ to produce ev5 a small quantity ( ! dye4 ,! city ( ,tyre _h ext5sive factories = ! manufacture ( ! ,tyrian purple4 ,x is n obta9$ n[ f ! %ell-fi%1 z1 ( c\rse1 _m o!r ways & *eap] h be5 f\nd to produce a simil> col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--;,intaglio on ,*alc$ony4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,phnicians 7 adepts at ivory-c>v+1 %ell-engrav+1 & gem-cutt+ 7,fig4 #bda71 z _m examples ( ^! arts h be5 f\nd1 b we regret t ! limitations ( ?is volume prev5t u f go+ into ^! subjects z fully z we might wi%4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,p]sia4 ,p]sia occupies :at is kn[n z ! tablel& ( ,iran1 & is a plateau b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! ,elburz ,m\nta9s1 ,arm5ia1 & ,afghani/an2 ! ,bol-ur & ,h9du-,ku% 9 ! ea/2 ! heights t are p>allel to ! ,indian ,ocean 9 ! s\?2 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! *a9s ( ,zagros1 & ,ar>at 9 ! we/4 ,! ,zagros ,m\nta9s sep>at$ ,p]sia on t portion ( ! ,iran plateau f ,assyria1 :i* 0 kn[n z "p ( ,m$ia4 ,! ,assyrians "u ,tigla?-,piles] scal$ ^! m\nta9s & conqu]$ ! ,m$es4 ,! ,m$es h always be5 consid]$ ) ! ,p]sians z =m+ "p ( "o nation1 be+ closely relat$ to ea* o!r 9 language1 religion1 mann]s1 & cu/oms4 ,! ,m$es 7 ! fir/ to em]ge f b>b>ism1 ow+ to _! ne>ness to ! ,assyrians4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,babylon 7,b4,c4 #eci7 ! ,m$es & ! ,p]sians desc5d$ f _! m\nta9s into ! valley ( ! ,tigris1 "u ,cyrus1 ! fir/ ,p]sian k+ ( ! ,a*m5idan dyna/y4 ,! "n ,a*m5id 0 giv5 by ! ,greeks to ! desc5dants ( a native *ief call$ ,akhamani%1 & "o ( ! olde/ families ( ,p]sia4 ,cyrus m>*$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or to ,asiatic ,greece1 seiz$ all ! cities on 8 way1 & made !m pay tribute4 ,"u ,cambyses 7,b4,c4 #ebg7 ! c\ntries ( ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,phnicia1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 & ,egypt--ne>ly all ! old-_w civilisation f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,indus--belong$ to ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,ho/ilities 7 kept up betwe5 ! ,asiatics & ,hell5es = two hundr$ ye>s1 until ,alex&] ! ,great end$ !m at ! battles ( ,issus & ,arbela 7#ccd-ccj ,b4,c474 ,= ne>ly a c5tury ,p]sia 0 "u ! vassalage ( ! ,greeks1 b /ill kept h] anci5t cu/oms & h] anci5t cult ( fire-wor%ip1 ! national religion1 al?\gh ?is 0 9 a great measure und]m9$ & weak5$ by ! tea*+s ( ! ,greek conqu]ors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--,nak%-i-,ru/em1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,rock-cut ,tombs4 7,f4,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--,p]sepolis4 ,tomb on ! ,nor?-ea/4 ,elevation4 7,f4,c47 ,! ,greeks 71 9 turn1 ov]?r[n by ! ,p>?ians1 a nor!rn ,asiatic tribe :o rul$ 9 ,p]sia d[n to ,b4,c4 #bbf1 :5 ! native ,sassanid family ( ! s\? re/or$ ,p]sia to h] =m] fre$om1 & in/all$ aga9 ! anci5t wor%ip ( ,ahur-,mazda1 & also tri$ to re/ore ! art ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y4 ,! ,greek & ,roman influ5ce 01 h[ev]1 too /rong at ?is p]iod to be entirely %ak5 (f1 9 spite ( ! r5ew$ display ( patriotism4 ,= in/ance1 a great quantity ( ,greek furniture1 ut5sils1 & figures ( ,greek gods mu/ h f\nd _! way into ,p]sia dur+ ! reign ( ! ,seleucid--! ,greek rul]s--& mu/ h influ5c$ ! native ,p]sian art2 besides borr[$ ideas f ! art objects & o!r ?+s t ! ,p]sians at a =m] "t pillag$ f ! ,greek temples & c>ri$ home ) !m4 ,:5 ! ,arabs f9ally ov]?rew ! ,sassanid ,dyna/y & conqu]$ ,p]sia1 ! /ate religion ( fire-wor%ip 0 proscrib$1 b ! ,moslem religion nev] took ! same hold 9 ,p]sia z x did 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! ,p]sians adopt+ ! secul> =m ( x--! ,%iah--z oppos$ to ! m dev\t =m1 ! ,sunni4 ,to ?is reason is assign$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,p]sia to ! pres5t day among/ ! o!r ,moslem c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--;,fun]al ,t[] at ,nak%-i-,ru/em4 7,d47 7,p4 ,c47 ,x 0 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,fir/ ,empire t ! greate/ works 9 ar*itecture fir/ appe>$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,x is cle> f ! rema9s ( ?is p]iod t ! national ar*itecture ( ,p]sia 0 compos$ ( a mixture ( ,assyrian1 ,egyptian1 & ,greek elem5ts1 bl5d$ toge!r 9 an orig9al way4 ,! arti/s & ar*itects :o produc$ ! national ,p]sian /yle 7 h>dly native ,p]sians1 z !re 0 no previ\s /yle ( any importance 9 ,p]sia on :i* su* great works z ! fam\s palaces c\ld be f\nd$ or develop$ f4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q likely t ! arti/s & ar*itects 7 ( ,phnician or ,greek nationality4 ,inde$1 records ( ,greek names appe> on ! build+s z ar*itects ( "s ( ! palaces ( ! be/ p]iods1 & anci5t hi/ory m5tions ! names ( m ?an "o ,greek sculptor t 0 br\ght to ,p]sia = ?is purpose by ! victori\s k+s1 & induc$ to "w = !m by be+ well treat$ & c>$ =4 ,_m ( ! ,greek arti/s 7 also political refugees :o f\nd employm5t & a he>ty welcome 9 ,p]sia4 ,x 0 :5 ,cyrus _h become ma/] ( ,we/]n ,asia t ! ,p]sians began to ?9k ( build+ ! fam\s palaces at ,p]sepolis1 ,susa1 & ,pas>gad4 ,mo/ ( ^! palaces & ! tombs 7 built ( a close-gra9$ lime/one t is f\nd v pl5tiful 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry ( ,p]sia4 ,! royal tombs 71 z a rule1 cut out ( ! liv+ lime/one rock 7,fig4 #bdb74 ,!y are ( ! "t ( ,d>ius1 & are all ( "o type t seems to h be5 inv5t$ by "o m9d1 &1 aft] ! fir/ 0 cut1 speos-l1 out ( ! native rock--probably t ( ,d>ius itself--! re/ 7 copi$ fai?fully f x4 ,! great height f ! gr\nd ( ! tomb itself 0 arrang$ = safety f violation4 ,! sculptur$ figure ( ! k+ is repres5t$ ne> ! top1 9 ! act ( wor%ipp+ ! sacr$ fire se5 on ! "r2 at ! c5tre ( ! top ( ! field is se5 ! emblem ( ! god ,ahur-,mazda & ! sun disk 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,an old] =m ( tomb1 ! 8built0 tomb1 is se5 at ! "r ( ! rock-cut tombs1 & a l>g] illu/ration ( ?is rectangul> cemet]y is se5 at ,fig4 #bdd4 ,! latt] type ( tomb belongs to ! "t ( ,cyrus4 ,we mu/ n look = mu* 9 ! way ( religi\s ar*itecture 9 ,anci5t ,p]sia4 ,:]e temples 9 o!r c\ntries 7 requir$1 fire-alt>s took _! place 9 ,p]sia 7,fig4 #bde74 ,^! alt>s1 by reason ( _! uses1 7 g5]ally f\nd 9 8high places10 on summits ( hills & on rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4--;,fire ,alt>s1 ,nak%-i-,ru/em4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! fire-alt>s at ,nak%-i-,ru/em are really "o ) ! rock on :i* !y /&4 ,rema9s ( a fire-temple h be5 discov]$ at ,f]z-abad1 :i* is suppos$ to h _h a ro(2 b ! ends ( ! temple w\ld be op51 ) ! sacr$ he>? on ! top & c5tre ( a l(ty flight ( /eps1 on a quadrangul> plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--,p]sepolis2 ,/aircase ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius4 7,d47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--;,fragm5t ( a ,door-,frame f a ,hypo/yle ,hall1 ,sausa4 7,d47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! build+s 9 ,p]sia ( ! ,a*m5id ,dyna/y1 bo? palaces & tombs1 are ( ! pill> & beam1 or ! ar*itrave sy/em ( con/ruction4 ,! horizontal ceil+s 7 ( wood1 & 7 panell$ v elaborately1 & re/$ on /one supports4 ,! doorways & w9d[s are squ>e-head$1 uphold+ a l9tel 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,illu/ration3 ,face & ,pr(ile ( ,pr9ciple ,doorways4 ,face & ,pr(ile ( ,lat]al ,doorways4 ,pr(ile ( ,w9d[4 ,face ( ,cornice4 ,pr(ile ( ,ni*e4 ,fig4 #bdh4--;,elevations & ,sections ( ,doorways & ,w9d[s ( a ,palace at ,p]sepolis4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--,p]sepolis1 ,doorway to ,royal ,tomb4 7,d47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! doorway1 at ,fig4 #bdi1 ( a royal tomb1 is a v ri* specim5 ( a decorat$ ,p]sian doorway4 ,! ,egyptian 8gorge0 is se5 9 ! cornice1 b ! ,p]sian treatm5t ( ?is feature is %[n 9 ! *annell$ grooves1 ) imbricat$ m>k+s betwe5 ea* *annel4 ,! rosettes1 too num]\s "h to be 9 good ta/e1 are evid5tly borr[$ f ! ,assyrians4 ,! door-frame1 f ,susa 7,fig4 #bdg71 re/or$ by ,dieulafoy1 is1 on ! contr>y1 a beautiful example ( good proportion & re/ra9t 9 decoration4 ,x w\ld pass = an example ( ,greek "w 9 its classic simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4--,view ( a ,gr\p ( ,dom$ ,build+s1 f an ,assyrian ,bas-relief4 ,lay>d4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! walls ( ! palaces 7 usually cr5ellat$ or embattl$ 7,figs4 #bdf & #bfa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--,palace at ,s>vi/an1 ,pr9cipal ,faade4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,example ( ,dom$ & ,vault$ ,/ructure4 ,! /aircase walls & o!r p>ts ( ! build+s 7 (t5 cov]$ ) tiles made ( a :ite cem5t1 & enamell$ 9 col\r decoration4 ,^! h be5 f\nd *iefly at ,susa4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts or body ( ! build+ 7 ( /one or brick1 & ! upp] p>ts 7 suppos$ to be ( wood4 ,?is is correctly inf]r$ by ! /epp$ not*es /ill to be se5 9 ! ant1 or corn] pi]s ( /one1 :i* mu/ h be5 cut 9 ?is way to receive ! ends ( ! ceil+ beams 7,p]rot ,*ipiez74 ,wood 0 a sc>ce mat]ial 9 ,p]sia1 & mu/ h be5 br\ght f ! ,elburz ,m\nta9s at a great co/ ( "t & lab\r2 b ?is w\ld be no?+ to a k+ l ,d>ius1 ^: rev5ue 0 reckon$ at ab\t #bg1jjj1jjj ( ,engli% money4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4--;,column ) ,volute ,capital1 ,p]sepolis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--;,base ( ,pill> at ,susa4 7,d47 7,p4 ,c47 ,rema9s ( ,p]sian build+s ( ano!r ord]1 ! vault$ /ructures 7,fig4 #bea71 h be5 f\nd at ,s>vi/an & ,f]z-abad1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,f>s 7,anci5t ,p]sia71 :i* "s ar*ologi/s h ascrib$ to ! "t ( ! ,sass9id ,dyna/y1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f _! prototypes1 ! dom$ & vault$ build+s ( ,assyria 7see ,fig4 #bej74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--;,base & ,capital f ,p]sepolis2 ,propyla4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--;,capital & ,base f ,hypo/yle ,hall ( ,x]xes1 ,p]sepolis4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4--,upright ( ,royal ,?rone1 ,nak%-i-,ru/em4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,! mo/ di/9ctly ,p]sian feature 9 all ! ar*itecture ( ,p]sia is und\bt$ly ! column ) its d\ble-bull-head$ capital 7,fig4 #bed74 ,ar*ologi/s are divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r x is d]iv$ f ,egyptian or f ,assyrian s\rces4 ,if x is a borr[$ idea1 ! ,p]sians may c]ta9ly be cr$it$ ) develop+ ! suppos$ idea into some?+ wond]fully unique & int]e/+ z a capital4 ,! "n ,zoophoros 7life-be>+7 has be5 giv5 to x4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez 7f :om ! illu/rations are tak57 say t ! capital 0 9 design an inspiration f ! ,assyrian national /&>d 7,fig4 #afa71 :ile ,dieulafoy ascribes to x an ,egyptian orig94 ,! =m] appe> to h ! be/ ( ! argum5t1 = !re is no?+ 9 ,egyptian ornam5t t comes s ne> x z ! animals ( ! ,assyrian /&>d1 z reg>ds position1 b ! suppos$ resemblance ( idea ev5 is n v cle> 9 ?is case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4--,/aircase ,wall ( ! ,palace ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis4 7,f4,c47 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4--;,cr[n+ ,wall ( ,/aircase1 ,palace ( ,x]xes1 ,p]sepolis4 ,! base ( ! ,p]sian bull-head$ columns is almo/ z unique 9 its way z ! capital4 ,x is ( ! %ape kn[n z ,campani=m1 & consi/s ( an inv]t$ bell ( beautiful cont\r1 ri*ly decorat$ ) fall+ leaves1 a torus m\ld+ & fillet connect+ x ) ! %aft 7,fig4 #bec74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4--,temple 9 a ,royal ,p>k4 7,b4,m47 7,p4 ,c47 ,ano!r capital has1 in/ead ( ! bull heads1 a lion's head1 ) ! horn ( a unicorn4 ,?is capital is want+ 9 ! volutes & l[] capital4 ,x is z poor1 9 ?is respect1 z ! volut$ capital is d\bly ri*1 & c h>dly be call$ beautiful 7,fig4 #bee74 ,x belongs to ! hypo/yle hall ( ,x]xes1 at ,p]sepolis4 ,! %aft ( ! ,p]sian column is *annell$ or flut$ 9 ne>ly all cases1 & ! numb] ( flut+s is v great1 be+ f ?irty-two to fifty-two1 :ile ! ,egyptian column has nev] m ?an sixte51 & ! ,greek f sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! great *>act]i/ic ( ! ,p]sian column is its sl5d] & airy appe>ance4 ,at ,p]sepolis ! total height is twelve diamet]s ( its %aft4 ,"s are ev5 m sl5d] ?an ?is4 ,! ,egyptian av]ages1 9 contra/1 f five to six diamet]s1 & ! ,greek sev5 to n9e4 ,! ,p]sian column _h its orig9 9 timb] supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--;,enamell$ ,ornam5t on ,bricks f ,susa4 ,drawn by ,gauti]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,besides ! unique capitals & bases 9 ,p]sian art !re is n mu* ( ! anci5t ,p]sian ornam5t & decoration t does n /rongly p>take ( =eign influ5ces4 ,! upright support ( ! royal ?rone 7,fig4 #bef7 is di/9ctly ,assyrian 9 feel+1 & ! upp] horizontal m\ld+ is v l ,greek "w4 ,a m\ld+ is se5 on ! upp] r\nd$ edges ( ! /aircase 7,fig4 #bdf7 & on ! inn] portion ( ! p>apet wall 7,fig4 #beg7 ( an elongat$ egg %ape1 :i* is "o ( ! r>e exceptions ( ornam5t t is really ,p]sian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--,upp] ,"p ( ,p>apet ,wall1 ,susa4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,assyrian daisy1 pat]a1 or rosette is a v *>act]i/ic ornam5t 9 ,p]sian decoration 7,figs4 #bdi1 #beh74 ,?is is also a typical ornam5t 9 ,greek ar*itecture4 ,two well-kn[n ornam5tal =ms ( ,assyrian ornam5t occur on ! cr[n+ wall ( ! /aircase ( ! ,palace ( ,x]xes 7,fig4 #beh71 ! cone-%ap$ p9e-tree =m1 & ! palmate-cr[n$ tree /em4 ,! prototype ( ! =m] may be se5 z an ideal r5d]+ f nature ( ! cypress or p9e-tree 7,fig4 #bei7 9 ! ,assyrian illu/ration ( a royal p>k4 ,! cont\r ( ?is ornam5t may h rem9d$ ! ,p]sian fire-wor%ipp]s ( ! flame %ape1 :i* circum/ance may h acc\nt$ = _! fondness = us+ x s mu*4 ,! o!r adjo9+ palmate ornam5t is di/9ctly ,assyrian2 z also are ! daisy bord]s4 ,a common =m ( ornam5t is se5 on ! enamell$ bricks f ,susa 7,fig4 #bfj7 consi/+ ( a d\ble palmate or lotus =m ( fl[]1 alt]nat+ & jo9$ to conc5tric circles to =m a b&4 ,bel[ is an ,egyptian *evron r out ( proportion to ! re/ ( ! design4 ,! :ole ?+ has a decid$ ,egyptian look1 & may be a copy ( ! enamell$ ornam5t ( t c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--,lion1 f ! ,lion ,frieze 9 ,enamell$ ,bricks at ,susa4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,p]sian palaces 7 ri*ly decorat$ ) enamell$ bricks & tiles1 9 /rong blue1 orange1 :ite1 & br[n col\r+1 z ! ar*]'s & lion's friezes f ,susa 7n[ 9 ! ,l\vre7 te/ify4 ,^! two works are reproduc$ 9 col\rs 9 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez' 8,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,p]sia40 ,! upp] "p ( ! cr5ellat$ p>apet wall ( ! /aircase at ,susa gives an idea ( ! extreme ri*ness ( ! decoration 9 glaz$ tiles ) enamell$ cov]+ 7,fig4 #bfa74 ,! ,p]sians le>nt _! art ( enamell+ tiles & bricks f ! ,*aldeans1 & !y h nev] lo/ x4 ,"u ! ,moslem rule 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! tiles & majolica t 7 made = ! decoration ( ! mosques rea*$ a high /age ( p]fection1 especially 9 ! col\r+4 ,?is beauty is se5 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! deep azure gr\nds1 & 9 _! treatm5t ( conv5tional fl[] decoration t has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,?is subject w be fur!r treat$ 9 ! future notice ( mod]n ,p]sian ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--;,head ( "o ( ! ,lions f ! ,frieze at ,susa4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 animal & figure design1 ! ,p]sians closely imitat$ ! ,assyrians & ,*aldeans1 b 7 n s successful 9 _! g5]al treatm5t ( !m4 ,! lion 0 "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite animals 9 ,p]sian art4 ,! lions 9 ! 8lion frieze0 at ,susa 7 repres5t$ ) m ?an usual vig\r & ability4 ,?is frieze rema9s ! f9e/ "w ( ,p]sian design t is yet kn[n to u1 & probably 0 ! "w ( a ,*aldean arti/ employ$ by ! great ,p]sian k+1 ,d>ius1 to decorate 8 palace at ,susa4 7,see ,figs4 #bfb1 #bfc74 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,grecian ,,p ,,& ,,my?ology4 ,! e>ly inhabitants ( ,greece 7 ! ,pelasgians1 a p :o _h ! reputation ( be+ great build]s4 ,at ,a!ns1 ar\nd ! ,acropolis1 & at o!r places1 rema9s ( huge walls1 made ( unsqu>$ /ones laid 9 mud1 h be5 f\nd2 ^! are ! rema9s ( ! ,pelasgian walls4 ,! olde/ hi/orians 7 n dispos$ to make any diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hell5es & ! ,pelasgians1 b see 9 ! =m] a cont9uation m]ely ( ! old ,pelasgi /ock4 ,! ,dorians came f ! m\nta9s ( ,!ssaly1 & /eadily ga9$ an asc5dancy ov] ! o!r tribes ( ,greece4 ,! ,ionians 9 ! ,ea/ gave an ,ori5tal col\r+ to ,hellas1 bo? 9 mann]s1 cu/oms1 & 9 art4 ,!re 7 ?ree dialects 9 ! language ( ! ,greeks3 ! ,doric1 broad & s(t2 ! ,ionic1 melodi\s & ri*2 & ! olic1 a mixture to :i* no?+ ( a special "* is giv51 except t x is ! ne>e/ to ! ,lat94 ,! ,greeks 7 a light-he>t$ & joy\s race3 !y wor%ipp$ _! gods 9 ev]y?+ !y did--9 runn+1 wre/l+ & danc+1 9 build+1 c>v+1 & pa9t+1 9 writ+ & recit+ ( poetry2 _! :ole life 0 "o ( int5se arti/ic devotion1 & all _! works ( art 7 s _m pray]s to _! gods4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! racial diff]5ces ( ! ,hell5ic peoples1 !y unit$ all _! physical & intellectual ef=ts to p]fect _! civilisation4 ,!y em]g$ f ar*aic b>b>ism /ep by /ep1 to su* a ref9em5t ( culture t has _h no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give an outl9e ( ,grecian or ,roman art )\t describ+ at lea/ ! outl9es ( _! religi\s beliefs z %ad[$ =? 9 _! my?s & 9 _! pla/ic repres5tations ( ! same4 ,x w\ld be advisable1 !re=e1 to sket*1 9 z brief a mann] z possible1 "s ( ! sup]ior deities & _! attributes1 9 ord] to und]/& bett] ! art t 0 ! glory ( ,greece & ! gr&eur ( ,rome4 ,! ,!ogony1 or my?s t relate to ! orig9 ( ! ,greek gods1 includes t ( ! ,romans1 s9ce ! latt] did n tr\ble !mselves ) ! inv5t+ ( any orig9s = _! gods1 b simply borr[$ !m1 z !y did all _! art1 direct f ! ,greeks1 m]ely sub/itut+ ,lat9 names = _! borr[$ deities1 in/ead ( ! orig9al ,greek ones4 ,zeus 7,jupit]7 0 ! ,supreme god ( ! ,greeks1 *ief ( ! ,olympian deities1 ! 8,sky ,fa!r10 ! rul] & controll] ( ! univ]se1 disp5s] ( ! ?und] & lightn+1 ra91 hail1 & f]tilis+ dew4 ,be=e ! bir? ( ,zeus1 ! ,greek poets tell u t ,ge 7! e>?7 fir/ em]g$ f ,*aos1 & sep>at$ itself imm$iately f ,t>t>us 7! abyss b5ea?71 & t ,eros1 or love1 !n fir/ sprang into exi/5ce4 ,ge 7! e>?7 !n begat ,uranus 7! m\nta9s & ! heav5s71 & ,pontus 7! sea74 ,by ! union ( ! e>? & ,uranus1 ! twelve ,titans came into exi/5ce4 ,!y repres5t$ ! elem5t>y =ces ( nature2 !re 7 also f ?is union ! ?ree ,cyclops1 ?und]1 lightn+1 & %eet-lightn+1 & ! ?ree ,c5timanes 7hundr$-h&$71 :i* are suppos$ to repres5t ! /ormy w9ds1 ! /ormy sea1 & ! e>?quakes4 ,by union ) ,pontus1 ! e>? became ! "m ( _m fabul\s sea-deities4 ,o!r deities1 (fspr+ ( ! ,titans1 are ,helios1 ! ,sun2 ,sel5e1 ! ,moon2 ,eos1 ! dawn4 ,f ,cu & ,phbe1 deities ( ! night1 are ,leto 7d>k night7 & ,a/]ia1 7/>ry night74 ,cronus & ,rhea1 ( ! family ( ! ,titans1 _h six *ildr51 ! y\nge/ ( :om 0 ! great god ,zeus4 ,he 0 rescu$ f ! fate ( be+ swall[$ by 8 fa!r1 z 8 five bro!rs & si/]s _h be51 & 0 br\ght up secretly 9 a grotto1 on ,m\nt ,dicte1 9 ,crete1 0 nurs$ by nymphs & ! %e-goat ,amal!a1 :il/ ! bees br\ght him honey to eat4 ,?us ! y\?ful ,zeus grew up 9 secrecy until he became a mighty god4 ,! fir/ ( 8 exploits 0 to attack 8 fa!r1 & compel him to re/ore to life aga9 8 five bro!rs & si/]s4 ,he !n f\nd x 0 necess>y = 8 supremacy to fight ! ,titans1 :o disput$ 8 au?ority1 :i* he did f 8 /& on ,m\nt ,olympus1 9 ,!ssaly1 :ile ! ,titans f\ght f ! opposite ,m\nt ,o?rys4 ,?is fight la/$ = t5 ye>s1 & end$ 9 ! defeat ( ! ,titans4 ,aft] ?is battle ,zeus %>$ ! rul+ ( ! _w ) 8 two bro!rs1 ,poseidon 7,neptune7 & ,hades 7,pluto72 ! =m] he set z rul] ov] ! sea1 & ! latt] z k+ ( ! inf]nal regions4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! e>? _h produc$ ano!r enemy to vex ! peace ( ,zeus--,typhu1 a mon/] ) a hundr$ fire-brea?+ dragons' heads1 :i* ,zeus 0 oblig$ to fight also4 ,aft] a mighty battle ! ?und]bolts ( ,zeus prevail$1 & ! mon/] 0 ca/ into ,t>t>us1 or z ,virgil & ,p9d> h x1 into ,m\nt tna1 9 ,sicily1 :]e he /ill %[s 8 ang] at times1 by brea?+ out fire & flames aga9/ ! maje/y ( heav54 ,ano!r battle /ill is record$ to ! cr$it ( ,zeus be=e he 0 able to enjoy 8 undisput$ dom9ion ov] ! _w1 t is ! battle ) ! ,giants1 :5 !y attempt$ to scale ! sacr$ ,olympus by 8pil+ ,ossa on ,pelion40 ,zeus & 8 adh]5t gods 7 aga9 victori\s1 & rema9$ ev] aft] ! undisput$ lords ( ,olympus4 ,! /ory ( ! battle ) ! ,giants1 ! ,giganto-,ma*ia1 =m$ a fav\rite subject = illu/ration ) ! ,greek sculptors4 ,! cameo ( ,a!nion depicts ,zeus 9 8 *>iot1 & ! ,giants attack+1 hav+ snakes = _! legs 7,fig4 #bfd74 ,zeus 0 ! national god ( ! ,greeks1 & 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ on high places & m\nta9 tops long be=e any temples 7 rais$ to 8 hon\r4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$ all ov] ,greece1 & "o ( 8 e>lie/ %r9es 0 at ,dordona1 9 ,epirus4 ,! greate/ ( all 8 %r9es 0 at ,olympia1 on ! nor!rn banks ( ! ,alpheus4 ,x 0 "h t ! ,olympian games 7 celebrat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--;,cameo ( ,a!nion4 ,x 0 also "h t ! great /atue ( ,zeus 0 set up1 :i* 0 ! "w ( ! r5[n$ ,greek sculptor ,phidias 7,b4,c4 #ejj-dcb74 ,?is fam\s /atue ( ! supreme god ( ! ,greeks 0 a seat$ figure on a l(ty ?rone1 & 0 m ?an #dj feet high4 ,x 0 made (1 or probably cov]$ ov] )1 plates ( ivory & gold 7*ryselephant9e72 ! ivory plates cov]$ ! expos$ p>ts ( ! fle%4 ,9 8 "r h& he held a figure ( ,victory1 also made ( ivory & gold4 ,! sculptor s\ght to give 8 /atue a look ( sublime maje/y1 z ! rul] ( gods & m51 &1 at ! same "t1 a k9dly expression ( b5evol5ce1 z ! graci\s fa!r & disp5s] ( good gifts to mank9d4 ,?\s&s are said to h come f great di/ances 9 ord] to gaze on ?is ma/]piece ( ! greate/ sculptor ( ,greece4 ,x rema9$ 9 its place = m ?an eight hundr$ ye>s1 & 0 suppos$ to h be5 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! "t ( ,!odosius ,,iii4 ,! co9s ( ,elis h a seat$ figure1 & ! head ( ,zeus on !m 7,fig4 #bfe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4--;,co9s ( ,elis ) ! ,phidian ,zeus 7aft] ,ov]beck74 ,a suppos$ copy ( ! head ( ! god is 9 ! ,vatican ,museum4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,otricoli 9 ! la/ c5tury 7,fig4 #bff74 ,! wor%ip ( ,jupit] 0 also univ]sal 9 ,italy2 _m temples h be5 erect$ to 8 hon\r4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! 0 ! "o erect$ by ,t>qu9 on ! ,capitol at ,rome4 ,x _h a /atue ( ,jupit]1 ! "w ( ! ,greek arti/ ,apollonius1 made ( ivory & gold1 & said to be a copy ( ! ,phidian ,zeus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4--,zeus ( ,otricoli1 ,vatican ,museum4 ,zeus is cr$it$ ) a num]\s family4 ,he produc$ ,pallas ,a!ne f 8 own head2 ! bir? ( ,a!ne is suppos$ to h =m$ "p ( ! subject ( ! sculptures on ! p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non 7,temple ( ,a!ne at ,a!ns7 ! rema9s ( :i* are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b un=tunately ! c5tral figures ( ! p$im5t are want+ :i* depict$ ! ev5t4 ,"o ( 8 goddess-wives 0 ,!mis1 ( ! ,titan family1 ^: *ildr5 are ! ,fates4 ,dione 0 8 ,dodonian wife1 by :om he _h z daught] ,aphrodite 7,v5us74 ,! ,arcadian ,zeus _h = 8 wife ,maia1 :o 0 ! "m ( ,h]mes 7,m]cury74 ,by ,demet] 7,c]es7 he _h a daught] ,p]sephone 7,pros]p9a71 ! fl[] goddess4 ,by ,eurynome1 ! ,graces1 & by ,leto 7,latona7 ,apollo & ,artemis 7,diana74 ,lat] my?ology recognises ,h]a 7,juno71 8 si/]1 to be 8 only legitimate wife 7,fig4 #bfg71 & by h] he _h 8 *ildr5 ,ares 7,m>s71 ,heph/us 7,vulcan71 & ,hebe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--;,head ( ,h]a1 p]haps aft] ,polycletus4 ,8 e>?ly mi/resses 7 ,semele1 daught] ( ,cadmus1 ,k+ ( ! ,greek ,!bes1 & "m ( ,dionysus 7,bac*us7 & o!rs2 ,l$a1 ,dana1 ,alcm5e1 ,europa1 & ,io4 ,! ,roman ,jupit] _h at fir/ no family1 nor wives1 b lat]1 :5 ! ,greek influ5ces 7 m /rongly develop$ 9 ,roman my?ology1 he 0 made to be ! son ( ,saturn1 & _h ,juno = 8 wife1 & ,m9]va 7,a!ne7 = 8 daught]4 ,h]a 7,juno7 is ! fem99e c\nt]p>t ( ,zeus 7,jupit]74 ,%e repres5ts air or atmosph]e1 is ! que5 ( heav51 & is ! gu>dian goddess ( m>riage ties ) bo? ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! peacock1 goose1 & ! cuckoo z ! h]ald ( spr+1 are sacr$ to h]4 ,! beautiful head 7,fig4 #bfg7 ( ,h]a is suppos$ to be ! "w ( ,polycletus1 a celebrat$ ,greek sculptor4 ,pallas ,a!ne 7,m9]va7 is ! great virg9 goddess ( wisdom1 ( ! dawn1 & ( w>4 ,accord+ to "s ,greek acc\nts %e sprang =? to life f h] fa!r's head 7,zeus7 fully arm$ ) helmet & spe>1 *ant+ a w> song1 at :i* ev5t ! :ole e>? & sea trembl$ ) commotion4 ,%e is repres5t$ 9 sculpture z ! w> goddess1 9 fl[+ robes ) helmet & spe>1 & we>+ ! dreadful gis1 ! brea/plate ( mail1 ) ! snakes & head ( ,m$usa1 t 8turn$ all m5 to /one :o gaz$ on x0 7,fig4 #bfh74 ,! s]p5t1 ! owl1 & ! cock are sacr$ to h]4 ,apollo 0 ! fav\rite son ( ,zeus1 & 0 a great god ) bo? ,greeks & ,romans4 ,he is ! god ( light1 ( music1 & ( heal+4 ,he is sometimes ! god ( dea?1 s5d+ out 8 arr[s ( sun%9e t (t5 bre$s pe/il5ce1 z well z giv+ heal?4 ,8 fav\rite in/rum5t is ! lyre1 :i* he plays at ! fea/s ( ! gods4 ,8 sons 7 ,orpheus1 ! god ( music1 & ,asclepius 7sculapius71 god ( heal+4 ,delphi 0 ! *ief seat ( 8 wor%ip1 :]e a gorge\s temple 0 erect$ to him4 ,!re ! prie/ess ,py?ia utt]$ ! oracles t 7 suppos$ to come to h] e>s alone1 f out ( a cleft 9 ! rock "u ! sacr$ tripod1 f :i* also issu$ gase\s vap\rs4 ,^! oracles 7 sacr$ words ( advice or w>n+ = ^? :o came to consult !m4 ,o!r oracles ( ,apollo 7 at ,didyma ne> ,miletus1 at ,cl>us1 & at ,!bes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--;,a!ne ,polias 7,villa ,albani74 ,! ,roman ,emp]or ,augu/us erect$ a great temple to ,apollo on ! ,palat9e ,hill1 9 :i* 0 plac$ ! celebrat$ /atue ( ,apollo ,ci?>dus 7,apollo ) ! lyre71 a "w by ! fam\s ,greek sculptor ,scopas4 ,! /atues ( ,apollo are ( two k9ds3 "o repres5ts him z a conqu]+ deity1 /rong & h&some1 ( y\?ful beauty bo? 9 face & body 7,fig4 #bgj72 ! o!r is 9 ! m b5ign "* ( ! ,py?ian lute play]1 ) long fl[+ g>m5ts ( a fem99e nature1 & ) a pleas+ expression4 ,scopas & ,praxiteles made _m /atues ( ,apollo2 copies ( "s ( ^! are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,^! sculptors fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #djj4 ,! celebrat$ /atue ( ! y\?ful ,apollo kn[n z ! ,apollo ,sauroctonus 7! liz>d slay]7 is a "w ( ,praxiteles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4--,pallas ,a!ne1 ,naples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--;,apollo ,belv$]e1 ,vatican4 ,aphrodite 7,v5us7 0 8born ( ! sea foam10 z "s say ne> to ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 :]e %e 0 fir/ suppos$ to t\* ! l&2 _m temples 7 built to h] wor%ip 9 ?is isl&4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( love & beauty1 & ( ! g5]ative & creative =ces 9 nature2 ! goddess ( spr+1 & all k9ds ( f]tility1 bo? 9 cele/ial & t]re/rial regions4 ,%e 0 ! fav\rite deity ( ! ,grecian m>9]s1 & 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,cyprus & ! isles ( ,greece m ?an any o!r div9ity4 ,iris 9 ! ,tempe/1 9 ref]r+ to ,v5us1 says-- 8,i met h] deity ,cutt+ ! cl\ds t[>ds ,paphos1 & h] son ,dove-drawn ) h]40 ,! /ory ( h] love = ,adonis1 & ( 8 dea? & com+ to life aga91 is b ! decay ( nature 9 autumn1 & its resuscitation 9 ! spr+4 ,! ,seasons & ! ,graces are h] att5dants1 :o dress & adorn h]4 ,%e is accompani$ by ,eros & ,hym51 ! gods ( love & m>riage4 ,v5us ( ! ,romans is ! goddess ( spr+1 & ! mon? ( ,april 0 held sacr$ to h] by ! e>ly ,italians4 ,%e 0 also1 ) !m1 ! goddess ( love & m>riage4 ,! be/ arti/s ( ,greece put =? all _! p[]s 9 pa9t+ & sculpture 9 _! repres5tations ( ! seaborn ,aphrodite1 & if we except ,zeus himself1 !re is no o!r div9ity ( ! ,greek my?ology t has s]v$ s mu* z a model = ! lovelie/ creations ( ! pla/ic g5ius ( ! ,greeks4 ,! gr&e/ conception ( ! goddess z a "w ( art is ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 f\nd 9 #ahbj 9 ! isl& ( ,melos 7,milo7 7,fig4 #bga71 & n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! gr&eur & maje/y ( ?is fam\s piece ( sculpture is beyond praise4 ,x ought to be se5 9 ! ,l\vre1 to be appreciat$ at its wor?1 z draw+s & ca/s d n give an adequate idea ( its beauty4 ,! ,m$icean ,v5us is a "w ( ! ,a!nian arti/ ,cleom5es1 ( ! lat] ,attic s*ool1 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a /atue ( ,v5us ,anadyom5e 7ris+ f ! sea71 ( 8,v5us cr\*+ 9 ! ,ba?0 7,vatican collection71 & ( 8,v5us loos+ h] ,s&al10 are all ( ?is lat] & decl9+ p]iod ( ,greek sculpture1 :]e ! goddess is repres5t$ undrap$ & m reali/ic 9 conception4 ,v5us _h _m attributes4 ,! dove1 sp>r[1 & ! dolph91 & 9 plants ! myrtle1 rose1 apple1 poppy1 & lime-tree1 7 sacr$ to h]1 b v>i$ accord+ to ! locality & times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4--,v5us ( ,milo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--,/atue ( ,h]mes1 ,capitol4 ,h]mes 7,m]cury7 is ! god ( %eph]ds & ( pa/ures1 & also ( comm]ce & trade4 ,:5 a *ild he inv5t$ ! lyre f a tortoise-%ell :i* he 0 =c$ to give up to ,apollo4 ,he is repres5t$ ) w+s on 8 cap & feet1 & a h]ald's /aff z ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 & ) a well-fill$ purse z an emblem ( trade 7,fig4 #bgb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--;,diana ( ,v]sailles4 ,artemis 7,diana7 0 ! tw9-si/] ( ,apollo1 & 0 at fir/ ! goddess ( ! moon4 ,h] fav\rite amusem5t is ! *ase1 b 9 ! /atue 7,fig4 #bgc7 f ! ,villa ,hadrian1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 %e is repres5t$ z ! protectress ( wild animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--,melpom5e1 ,vatican4 ,mnemosyne 7,memory7 is ! "m ( ! ,muses4 ,! n9e ,muses are--,clio 7hi/ory71 ,melpom5e 7trag$y7 7,fig4 #bgd71 ,t]psi*ore 7danc+71 ,polyhymnia 7religi\s s]vice71 ,?alia 7com$y71 ,urania 7a/ronomy71 ,eut]pe 7lyric poetry71 ,erato 7erotic poetry & geometry71 & ,calliope 7epic poetry & sci5ce g5]ally74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--;,dionysus & ! ,lion1 f ! ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates4 ,dionysus or ,bac*us is1 ) bo? ,greeks & ,romans1 ! god ( w9e1 ( v9ey>ds1 & ( autumn bless+s4 ,naxos 0 ! *ief seat ( 8 wor%ip4 ,x 0 on ?is isl& t he met & m>ri$ ,ariadne1 ! daught] ( ,m9os1 ,k+ ( ,crete1 :o _h be5 des]t$ "h by ,!seus1 h] =m] lov]4 ,! /ory ( ,dionysus puni%+ ! ,tyrrh5ian pirates :o took him prison]1 int5d+ to sell him z a slave1 & ( 8 *ang+ himself to a lion & s t]rify+ ! sailors1 :o jump$ ov]bo>d & 7 *ang$ into dolph9s1 is ! subject ( ! f9e relief on ! frieze ( ! ,lysikrates monum5t 7,fig4 #bge & ,frontispiece74 ,! lion1 tig]1 bull1 & ram are 8 fav\rite animal attributes4 ,among plants1 ! v9e1 ! ivy1 & ! laurel 7 sacr$ to him4 ,bac*analian subjects & fe/ivals ( ,dionysus occupy a l>ge & important place 9 ! art ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4--,victory1 ,muni* ,collection4 ,nice1 ,victoria1 or ,victory is always repres5t$ ) w+s1 a palm bran*1 & hold+ a laurel wrea?1 &1 z w\ld be expect$1 0 m ext5sively v5]at$ at ,rome ?an 9 ,greece4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry h] /atues are g5]ally ( a small size1 & %e is an accompany+ goddess to ,a!ne & ,zeus 7,fig4 #bgf74 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,art ,,9 ,,primitive ,,greece4 ,x 0 n only on _! temples & images ( _! gods t ! ,greeks put _! be/ ef=ts 9 art2 b 9 _! vases1 jewell]y1 furniture1 & humbl] ut5sils ( ! h\sehold & ( e-day life1 we f9d ! ,greek arti/ p\r+ out "s ( 8 ri*e/ fancies1 & ! same spell ( beauty is ca/ ov] !m all4 ,& did n ,p]icles1 ! son ( ,xan?ippus1 eulogise 8 c\ntrym5 9 8 fam\s spee* on ^? :o _h fall5 9 ! ,peleponnesian ,w>1 z 8lov]s ( ju/ice & wisdom10 8philosoph]s1 lov]s ( beauty1 & =emo/ among m508 ,9 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,p]sia we f9d all ! arti/ic k ( ^! c\ntries 0 lavi%$ on ! temples1 & to ! glorification ( _! autocratic rul]s2 b sc>cely any rema9s are f\nd t w\ld imply a fo/]+ ( ! m9or arts among ! common p4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,greece art impregnat$ ! life & "w ( all classes1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ 9 ! /ate4 ,?is 0 only possible :5 entire fre$om prevail$1 z x did 9 ! mass ( ! ,greek p4 ,"s ( ! olde/ monum5ts ( primitive ,greece h be5 f\nd at ,myc51 ,troy 7,hiss>lik71 & ,tiryns4 ,^! consi/ ( dom$ tombs1 su* z ! tomb ( ,agamemnon1 or ! s-call$ 8,treasure-h\se0 ( ,atreus1 & o!rs1 z ! rock-cut tombs4 ,! site ( anci5t 8,troy div9e0 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,s*liemann 9 ! ye> #ahge1 "u ! m\nd ( ! mod]n ,hiss>lik1 9 ! ,trojan pla91 9 ! nor?-we/ corn] ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! "* ( ! /one1 clay1 wood1 & lime mat]ials1 & simil>ity ( ! con/ruction1 enable ! ar*ologi/ to place ! rema9s f\nd at ^! ?ree places z belong+ to ! same epo* ( "t & /yle ( art :i* has be5 call$ ,myc5ian4 ,! olde/ monum5t ( ,greek sculpture yet discov]$ is suppos$ to be ! ,lion's ,gate ( ! ,myc5ian ,acropolis 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4--,p]spective ,view ( ! ,lion's ,gate4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4--;,alaba/] ,frieze1 ,tiryns4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4--,plan ( ,fig4 #bgh1 ,alaba/] ,frieze4 7,p4 ,c47 ,pausanias ?us alludes to ,myc5 & ,tiryns3--,a portion ( ! enclosure wall /ill rema9s1 & ! pr9cipal gate1 ) ! lions ov] x4 ,^! 7! walls7 7 built by ! ,cyclops :o made ! wall at ,tiryns = ,prteus4 ,among ! ru9s at ,myc5 is ! f\nta9 call$ ,p]seia1 & ! subt]rane\s build+s ( ,atreus & 8 *ildr51 9 :i* _! treasures 7 /or$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4--;,ivory ,plaque f ,myc54 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4--;,fragm5t ( ,frieze f ,myc54 7,p4 ,c47 ,! sculptur$ lions are /ill !re1 s is ! spr+ ,p]seia1 & ! wond]ful treasure-h\se ( ,atreus is /ill ! be/ pres]v$ ( all ! dom$ tomb build+s ( ,myc54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4--,myc5ian ,palace1 ,second ,epo*4 ,ar*itrave & ,frieze4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4--,myc5ian ,palace1 ,second ,epo*4 ,re/oration ( ,entablature4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4--;,entablature ( ,c4 ,sel9\s ,temple4 7,p4 ,c47 ,f ! rema9s ( ,myc5ian ar*itecture1 ,messrs4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez h +5i\sly re/or$ "s ( ! wood5 con/ruction ( ! palaces ( t e>ly p]iod1 & h assum$ t1 f ^! e>ly wood5 con/ructions ( ,myc51 ! ,greeks develop$ ! r5[n$ ord] ( ,doric ar*itecture4 ,we h se5 t1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 /one ar*itecture1 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 0 b copies ( ! e>li] wood5 con/ruction4 ,! ,doric ord] seems to h be5 no exception to ?is rule1 = "h aga9 ! /one-cutt] has borr[$ f ! c>p5t]4 ,to g back = "s ( ! suppos$ beg9n+s ( ! ,doric frieze1 ! alaba/] frieze1 %[n 9 plan & elevation at ,figs4 #bgh & #bgi1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( a palace at ,tiryns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4--,vase ( ,woman's ,=m1 ,troy4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! patt]n ( ?is frieze is ! same z t :i* has be5 frequ5tly f\nd on o!r fragm5ts f ,myc54 ,x resembles ! ,doric triglyphs & metopes 9 consi/+ ( a d\ble design2 two semicircles back to back1 divid$ by a v]tical rectangul> b&1 :i* is subdivid$ by a v]tical c5tral division1 hav+ rosettes arrang$ v]tically on ei!r side4 ,two simil> designs are se5 on ! ivory plaque 7,figs4 #bhj & #bha7 & fragm5t ( frieze f ,myc54 ,! same design appe>s also on ! r$ porphyry fragm5ts ( ! faade decoration on ! ,myc5ian beehive tombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4--,vase f ,troy4 7,p4 ,c47 ,an illu/ration f ,p]rot & ,*ipiez %[s an assemblage ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ?is frieze patt]n1 ) a portion ( ! ar*itrave 9 wood 7,fig4 #bhb74 ,we ref] ! read] = a full] description ( ! transition ( ! ,doric entablature f ! ,myc5ian wood con/ruction to ,p]rot & ,*ipiez' 8,art 9 ,primitive ,greece10 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,we extract a portion 9 explanation ( ! illu/rations 7,figs4 #bhb & #bhc71 :]e ! analogy betwe5 ! wood5 con/ruction ( ! =m] & ! /one con/ruction ( ! latt] is cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4--,pilgrim's ,bottle1 ,ialysos4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4--,?ree-,h&l$ ,amphora1 ,ialysos4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 ,fig4 #bhd we h ! entablature ( ! ,c4 ,temple ( ,sel9\s 7"o ( ! olde/ examples ( ,doric ar*itecture71 r5d]$ fam\s by ! ar*aic sculptures embelli%+ its metopes4 ,!re is n "o ( all ! memb]s we h pass$ 9 review b :i* appe>s 9 x4 ,?us1 a pair ( /one beams1 correspond+ ) ! l numb] ( timb]s 9 ! ,myc5ian wood frame1 con/itute ! ar*itrave2 & "u li/el ,c surm\nt+ x1 pe]s1 flu% ) ! triglyphs1 ! small plank ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4--,vase ) ,geometric ,decoration4 7,p4 ,c47 ,its l[] section is adorn$ by ! ornam5t kn[n z gutt1 ! orig9 & mean+ ( :i* _h hi!rto be5 unsatisfactorily expla9$4 ,! gutt are cyl9drical 9 %ape deta*$ f ! walls1 & 9 e respect id5tical ) ! wood5 pegs :i* occur 9 ?is situation bel[ ! timb] entablature4 ,^! same pegs aga9 appe> above ! frieze 9 ! semblance ( ano!r ornam5tal =m1 ! 8mutules0 :i*1 until lately1 _h seem$ e :it z /range & problematical z ! gutt4 ,! /one table ,n1 9 ! l[] surface ( :i* ! gutt are c>v$1 is no o!r ?an our old wood-plate1 :i* 9 ! ,myc5ian c>p5try "w exhibits ^! same sali5ces or pegs1 & s]v$ to fix ! l9+ ( ! joi/s bel[4 ,if ! ,sel9\s mutules are slop$1 x is because !y are associat$ ) a ridg$ ro(2 b z a flat cov]+ has be5 assum$ = ,myc51 x involv$--)\t prejudice to ! sy/em--a horizontal position = ! mutules4 ,z reg>ds ! frieze1 bo? "h & 9 e ,doric build+1 x inv>iably consi/s1 l ! alaba/] frieze1 ( pill>s ,d alt]nat+ ) slabs ,e4 ,! function ( ! pill>s 7triglyphs7 is to ma9ta9 ! slabs 7metopes7 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4--,! ,m>seilles ,ew]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,comp>ison betwe5 ^! two figures w fur!r %[ all ! details1 ) slight modifications1 to be practically simil>4 ,?us1 ! :ole ( ! ,doric ord]1 ! basis ( all ,greek ar*itecture1 includ+ ! column1 longitud9al beams1 & joi/s support+ ! ro(1 z well z ! second>y decorative con/ruction1 _h its orig9 9 wood5 con/ruction1 & !re is h>dly any d\bt b t ! ,myc5ian palace 0 its prototype4 ,! ,greeks ( lat] days =got ! borr[+ ( ! timb] con/ruction1 & h giv5 names to "s p>ts1 su* z 8gutt0 7drops71 :i* ought to be m correctly pegs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4--;,gold ,p5dant1 f ,troy4 7,p4 ,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4--;,gold ,ornam5ts1 f ,troy4 7,p4 ,c47 ,great quantities ( pott]y & objects ( indu/rial art 9 metal--m especially 9 gold--h be5 f\nd 9 ! excavations at ,myc51 ,tiryns1 & ,troy4 ,! e>!nw>e pott]y is g5]ally decorat$ 9 col\rs ( br[n1 r$1 & greyi% :ite4 ,! patt]ns are v simple1 b&s & squ>es arrang$ 9 r[s1 "s animal =ms1 leaves ) wavy /ems1 & spirals2 "s ( ! pott]y is decorat$ ) m>9e animals1 su* z ! octopus1 cuttle-fi%1 argonaut1 & ) seawe$4 ,"s curi\s %ap$ vases ( woman =ms 7,figs4 #bhe1 #bhf7 h be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,s*liemann4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4--;,gold ,plate ,ornam5t1 f ,troy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4--;,gold ,disc4 7,p4 ,c47 ,a pilgrim's bottle f ,ialysos decorat$ ) circul> b&s1 & an amphora ) ?ree h&les1 f ! same place1 decorat$ ) b&s & lily =ms ) curl$-back petals1 are v beautiful1 & a small vessel ) geometric ornam5t are all ( ! same "* 7,figs4 #bhg1 #bhh1 & #bhi74 ,! mo/ beautiful =m ( ,myc5ian pott]y is ! ,m>seilles vase or ew]1 9 ! ,borly collection 7,fig4 #bij74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4--;,gold ,disc4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! decoration is a br[n-black on a light gr\nd1 & consi/s ( ! argonaut %ellfi% & seawe$4 ,x is likely to h be5 a copy f a metal object ow+ to its %ape1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4--;,gold ,cup1 ,troy4 7,p4 ,c47 ,9 metal-"w g5]ally1 & 9 ! inlay+ ( gold & electrum 9 a bronze gr\nd1 ! ,myc5ian arti/s h produc$ "s spl5did "w4 ,!re are six *romoli?ographs 9 ,messrs4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez's 8,art 9 ,primitive ,greece0 ( bronze ,myc5ian dagg]s inlaid ) gold & electrum ( v>i\s %ades3 "o has ! repres5tation ( pan!rs hunt+ birds on a riv]-bank--! riv] is /ock$ ) fi%2 ano!r has a lion hunt by arm$ m52 a ?ird1 lions hunt+ gazelles2 a f\r? has runn+ lions2 a fif?1 spiral ornam5tation2 & ! six? a free r5d]+ ( lilies bo? on h&le & blade4 ,! art & workman%ip ( !m all are ( a high ord]4 ,"s gold ornam5ts f ,troy 7,figs4 #bia & #bib7 %[ _! skill 9 h&-wr\ght jewell]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4--;,gold ,ew]1 ,troy4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! gold5 butt]fly 7,fig4 #bic7 & ! two gold discs 7,figs4 #bid & #bie7 are /amp$ on ! metal1 & 7 us$ z dress decorations2 !y 7 f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ! tombs ( ! wom5 at ,myc54 ,"o is an octopus design1 & ! o!r a butt]fly4 ,! gold cup 7,fig4 #bif7 & ew] 7,fig4 #big71 f\nd at ,troy along ) _m o!rs 9 silv]1 gold1 & bronze1 give a fair idea ( ! beauty ( %ape & design ( su* articles ( ?is p]iod4 ,!y %[ m>ks ( injury by fire4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,ord]s ,,( ,,ar*itecture4 ,al?\gh ,egypt & ,assyria are ju/ly cr$it$ ) ! creation ( ! models & ! inv5tion ( ! me?ods t subsequ5tly ar\s$ to life ! arti/ic g5ius ( ! ,greeks1 yet ! fact rema9s t1 f all ! weal? ( arti/ic =ms bequea!d to succe$+ ages by ! nations ( ho>y antiquity1 prior to ! ,grecian p]iod1 no?+ has surviv$ except ^? =ms :i* ,greece has select$ f h] pr$ecessors1 & aft] remodell+ !m by h] own /&>ds ( beauty & fitness1 has left !m z imp]i%able models ( art = all nations t foll[ h]4 ,all hi/oric art & ar*itecture1 :e!r classic or :at n1 s9ce ! days ( ,p]icles1 is bas$ on ,greek art1 not)/&+ ! _m modifications :i* we see 9 ,byzant9e1 ,s>ac5ic1 ,romanesque1 & _! (f%oots4 ,all ( !m owe _! life & vitality to ,greek traditions & to ,greek pr9ciples4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! e>li] ,greek build+s1 su* z ,myc5ian palaces1 timb] con/ruction mu/ h l>gely ent]$ into ! ar*itecture ( t p]iod1 & x is q likely t timb] 0 us$ = ! great] "p ( ! ,greek dome/ic dwell+s1 :i* may acc\nt = no rema9s ( !m hav+ be5 f\nd4 ,! rock-cut tombs ( ,lycia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 af=d to u a fur!r pro( ( timb] con/ruction :i* may h be5 9 use 9 ! ,e>ly ,greek p]iod 9 ,europe1 & ^! tombs ( ,lycia t5d to ?r[ a side light on ! probable =ms ( ,greek con/ruction t exi/$ betwe5 ! date ( ! ,myc5ian build+s & t ( ! olde/ ,doric rema9s t are at pres5t kn[n1 = ! ,lycians _h free int]c\rse ) ! ,ionians & ,european ,greeks4 ,! e>li] ,lycian tombs are ( a great antiquity1 & ! same =m ( tomb has be5 us$ 9 ,lycia d[n to p]iods :5 ,greece 0 f> advanc$ 9 art 7,figs4 #bih & #bii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4--,lycian ,rock-built ,tomb at ,p9>a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,lycians =m$ a connect+ l9k ) ! ,ant]ior ,asiatics & ! ,ionian ,greeks4 ,_! orig9 & _! language 7 ,asiatic1 b ! great] "p ( _! art 0 ! product ( ,hell5ic arti/s f ,ionian ,greece1 &1 !re=e1 ! ,lycians mu/ h be5 intimately connect$ ) ! ,greeks1 & mu/ h play$ an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,hell5ic culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4--,lycian ,rock-built ,tomb at ,p9>a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,! ,greek temples 7 9 "s respects relat$ to ! ,egyptian temple4 ,! pill> & beam con/ruction 0 copi$ f ,egypt1 & also ! rectangul> plan4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 ! two 0 t r[s ( columns 7 plac$ outside ! temples ( ! ,greeks1 :i* gave to !m a light & airy appe>ance1 :ile 9 contradi/9ction ! ,egyptians _h _! r[s ( columns inside ! great hypo/yle halls & gall]ies ( _! temples :i* gave to !m ! effect ( oppressive gloom9ess4 ,broadly speak+1 ! ,greek temple 0 some?+ ( ! model ( an ,egyptian temple turn$ inside out4 ,! int]ior ( a ,greek temple 0 simply a rectangul> cella or cell :]e ! /atue ( ! god or goddess 0 set up1 & sometimes a small] *amb] beh9d call$ ! treasury4 ,! small] temples consi/$ ( ! cella only4 ,a r[ ( light] columns sometimes support$ ! ro( ( ! cella1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,p>!non4 ,x 0 only 9 ! case ( ! l>g] temples t we f9d m ?an "o cell1 :ile ! ,egyptian temple 0 (t5 a maze ( l>ge & small *amb]s1 ! multitude add+ to ! my/]y s\ght = 9 all ,egyptian ar*itecture4 ,! ,greek temples 7 usually plac$ on a basem5t ( /eps1 & built on elevat$ positions4 ,! ,greeks s\ght all publicity 9 ! hon\r+ ( _! deities1 & 9 pleas+ ! pass]-by ) ! sight ( _! beautiful build+s1 on :i* _! be/ decoration 0 %[n on ! outside4 ,greek ar*itecture dates f ! end ( ! ,ar*aic age d[n to ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 f ab\t ,b4,c4 #fjj to ,b4,c4 #ccc4 ,x is usually divid$ into ?ree ,/yles or1 z !y are call$1 8,ord]s10 namely1 ! ,doric1 ! ,ionic1 & ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! ,doric repres5ts ! ,european phase ( ! ,greek /yle1 ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian hav+ m ( ! ,asiatic features4 ,! ?ree ord]s 7 9 use 9 ,greece at ! same "t1 t is to say1 a m sev]e & correct phase ( ! ,doric--! old] ord]--0 us$ aft] build+s 9 ! new] ord]s _h appe>$4 ,?omson1 9 8 8,ode to ,lib]ty10 has allud$ to ! ord]s 9 ! l9es-- 8,fir/1 unadorn'd ,& nobly pla91 ! manly ,doric rose2 ,! ,ionic !n1 ) dec5t matron grace1 ,h] airy pill> heav$2 luxuriant la/1 ,! ri* ,cor9?ian spread h] wanton weal?40 ,! ,greeks made use ( ! v]tical & horizontal l9e 9 _! ar*itecture2 ! curv$ l9e 0 n us$1 except1 ( c\rse1 9 decoration4 ,! half-diamet] ( ! column 0 ! module or unit by :i* ! :ole build+ 0 measur$1 & ! column 0 limit$ 9 height accord+ to ! diamet] ( its base4 ,?is did n preclude fre$om 9 design2 on ! contr>y1 fre$om 0 all[$ & practis$ to su* an ext5t t h>dly two ,grecian build+s ( any "o ord] 7 alike 9 proportion or design4 ,ev5 ! m\ld+s 7 v>i$ 9 curve & proportion2 ^! memb]s t 7 ) ! ,romans m]ely segm5ts ( circles1 7 9 section ) ! ,greeks ei!r p>ts ( ! curve ( ! ellipse or p>abola1 & 9 _m cases 7 design$ by freeh&4 ,"s v subtle devices to ov]come natural optical effects :5 view+ ! build+s h be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,p5ne?orne & ,mr4 ,p5rose1 m especially 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,x is well kn[n t ! entasis1 or slight swell+ made 9 ,greek columns1 :i* makes a convex l9e ( _! pr(iles1 is done to prev5t ! column f look+ holl[$ 9 ! c5tre1 :i* x w\ld d if x 7 p]fectly /raight2 b 9 addition to ?is ! ar*itects above nam$ h discov]$ 9 ! ,p>!non a correction 9 ! v]tical l9es1 to prev5t ! app>5t t5d5cy :i* all high v]tical l9es h to spread out at ! top1 9 ! mak+ ( ! columns to incl9e slightly inw>ds2 & ! /eps ( ! basem5t & horizontal l9es ( ! ar*itraves are f\nd to be slightly curv$ upw>ds 9 ! middle to prev5t ! t5d5cy t all long horizontal l9es h to droop 9 ! middle4 ,?us we le>n h[ admirably pa9/ak+1 & h[ well ! ,greeks appli$ _! pr(\nd k to _! ar*itecture1 z !y did 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,! jo9ts ( _! m>ble masonry 7 z a rule s f9e & accurate 9 ! fitt+ toge!r1 t x has be5 said a razor edge c\ld n be ins]t$ betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4--,! ,p>!non4 ,greek ,doric1 enl>g$ ,section ( ,annulets at ,a4 ,! ,greek ,doric ord] 7,fig4 #cjj7 is )\t a base2 ! %aft ( ! column has tw5ty flut+s2 sunk l9es or r+s encircle ! %aft a little bel[ ! m\ld+ ( ! capital4 ,?is m\ld+--! e*9us--is ( ! be/ possible pr(ile t a support+ memb] c\ld h2 x is divid$ f ! %aft by ?ree or five annulets4 ,above ! e*9us re/s ! squ>e tile-l cap--! abacus--:i* c>ries ! ar*itrave4 ,! latt] is a m>ble beam ) squ>e ends1 & above ! ar*itrave is ! frieze sep>at$ by a b& 7ta5ia74 ,! frieze has triglyphs alt]nat+ ) metopes4 ,! =m] consi/s ( *annell$ pi]-l =ms "o ov] & "o betwe5 ea* column1 & ! metopes are squ>e panels betwe5 two triglyphs on :i* are usually f\nd sculptur$ subjects4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* triglyph1 sep>at$ by a fillet1 is a r[ ( pegs1 cyl9drical or conical 9 %ape1 call$ 8gutt0 or drops4 ,above ! frieze ! cornice projects1 :i* 9 pr(ile consi/s ( a flat b&--! corona--& ! cr[n+ memb]1 an ovolo m\ld+4 ,"u ! project+ eave ( ! cornice are slant+ slabs ( m>ble--p>allel to ! ro( tiles--plac$ "o ov] ea* triglyph1 & "o ov] ea* metope4 ,^! are call$ mutules1 & !y h r[s ( gutt on _! "u surface4 ,! cr[n+ memb]s ( ! cornice are c>ri$ ar\nd ! slop+ l9es ( ! triangul> p$im5ts at ea* end ( ! build+4 ,on ! p$im5ts 7 sculptur$ ! figure subjects t _h usually "s relation to ! div9ity to :om ! temple 0 d$icat$2 z1 = example1 on ! ,p>!non p$im5t ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,a!ne 0 ! subject execut$ & design$ by ,phidias1 :o also 0 ! sculptor ( ! celebrat$ ,pana!nic frieze t adorn$ ! out] "p ( ! cella ( ! ,p>!non4 ,ict9us 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,p>!non & also ( ! temples ( ,apollo ,epicurius at ,bass & at ,phigallia1 bo? 9 ,arcadia4 ,! ,p>!non 0 f9i%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #dch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4--,temple on ! ,ilissus2 ,greek ,ionic4 ,! ,greek ,ionic ord] 9 its capital & ornam5ts is q di/9ct f ! ,doric1 & has m m\ld+s4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! temple is ! same z 9 ! ,doric1 b ! proportions ( ! v>i\s p>ts are m sl5d]4 ,x has be5 g5]ally ?\ght t ! ,ionic volute 0 a developm5t ( ! volutes f ! ,p]sian capital at ,p]sepolis1 b x is m likely1 z be=e /at$ 7on page #hg71 t _! prototype is f\nd on capitals d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian lotus4 ,! ar*itrave is sometimes pla9 & sometimes divid$ into ?ree facias4 ,! frieze 0 usually occupi$ ) sculpture1 & ! base ( ! column 0 compos$ ( a d\ble torus1 ) a holl[ betwe52 ! l[] torus 0 pla91 & ! upp] "o flut$ 7,fig4 #cja74 ,! ,temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 ! ,erec!um1 & ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassus 7 among ! f9e/ examples ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord] 0 m ,roman ?an ,greek1 ?\gh ( ,greek inv5tion1 & 0 a ri* type ( ar*itecture t suit$ ! gr[+ vanity = love ( display ) ! ,romans1 :o eag]ly appropriat$ x 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & erect$ _m f9e build+s 9 ?is ord]2 b (t5 enri*+ ! m\ld+s & all pla9 spaces almo/ beyond recognition4 ,! mo/ p]fect & truly beautiful example ( ! ,greek ,cor9?ian is ! small ,*oragic monum5t ( ,lysikrates at ,a!ns 7,frontispiece74 ,its praises & m]its h be5 spok5 & writt5 ( by almo/ e ar*itect ( em95ce2 x may be said ( x & ( ! ,p>!non t = proportion1 & = m>vell\s unity ( p>ts1 & also = ! p]fect m>riage ( sculpture ) ar*itecture1 no build+s h ev] be5 erect$ to equal !m4 ,! bell ( ! ,cor9?ian capital1 z 9 ! ,lysikrates monum5t1 is surr\nd$ at ! base by a r[ ( wat]-plant leaves2 acan?us leaves spr+ f ^!1 & out ( ! latt] spr+ volutes 7cauliculi71 ! l>g] ones ( :i* meet at ! upp] corn]s2 ! f\r small] ones meet 9 ! middle1 & f ! junction ( ! upp] middle ones an upright palmate appe>s2 rosettes are plac$ betwe5 ea* ( ! eight acan?us leaves4 ,! abacus is m\ld$ & curv$ 9 plan4 ,! capital1 z a :ole1 is design$ 9 a ma/]ly way1 s z to give ! utmo/ v>iety & contra/ ( beautiful =ms 7,fig4 #cjb74 ,! frieze is sculptur$ ) figures :i* illu/rate ! /ory ( ,dionysus & ! ,tyrrh5ian pirates 7,frontispiece74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4--;,capital ( ! ,lysikrates ,monum5t2 ,greek ,cor9?ian4 ,! ,etruscans 7 a race ( p :o settl$ 9 ! we/ ( ,italy1 betwe5 ! ,arno & ! ,tib]1 at a v e>ly date4 ,_! orig9 is unc]ta91 b !y are suppos$ to h come f ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y 7 kn[n z great build]s1 & 7 well skill$ 9 all ! arts4 ,9 _! l>g] works ( =tifications & great walls !y us$ /ones ( an enorm\s size 7,cyclopean74 ,_m places 9 ,italy /ill atte/ to ! pres5ce ( ! ,etruscans by ! rema9s ( ^! ,cyclopean walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4--;,etruscan ,door f ,p]ugia4 ,!y 7 consid]ably advanc$ 9 ar*itecture & ! m9or arts at ! "t :5 ,rome 0 fir/ beg9n+ to %[ its signs ( p[]1 & 7 ! ar*itects & build]s :o execut$ all ! works = ! e>ly ,romans4 ,! ,etruscans us$ ! ar* v mu* 9 build+1 a feature t ! ,greeks1 al?\gh !y 7 acqua9t$ ) its use1 did n ?9k x necess>y 9 _! trabeat$ sy/em ( build+4 ,x 01 on ! o!r h&1 a v fav\rite feature ) ! ,etruscans1 f :om ! ,romans le>nt ! use ( x4 ,! ,t>qu9s 7 an ,etruscan family :o 7 ma/]s ( ,rome 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & x 0 "u ^! ,emp]ors t ! great sew]1 kn[n z ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 0 built1 "p ( :i* is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is "w consi/s ( an ar*$ wat]way built 9 ?ree conc5tric r+s ( l>ge w$ge-%ap$ /ones 7v\ssoirs74 ,! ,etruscans con/ruct$ temples1 palaces1 & dwell+-h\ses1 all ( :i* h p]i%$ or h be5 de/roy$1 & only a few rema9s ( _! wall$ cities survive4 ,! gate ( ,p]ugia 7,fig4 #cjc7 is ! rema9s ( a *>act]i/ic ,etruscan build+4 ,! ar* is se5 9 p]fect con/ruction1 & ! ,doric frieze2 above is se5 a little ,ionic column4 ,etruscan ar*itecture 0 mo/ly a k9d ( ,doric ) a r\nd %aft4 ,accord+ to ,vitruvius ! ,etruscan temple consi/$ ( ?ree cells1 ) "o or m r[s ( columns 9 front1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! columns1 or int]columniation1 be+ mu* great] ?an 9 ,greek temples4 ,sometimes ! temple consi/$ ( a circul> cell only & a por*1 l ! lat] developm5t ( ?is =m 9 ! ,roman temple at ,tivoli1 & ! ,mausoleum ( ,hadrian4 ,_m ,etruscan tombs h be5 f\nd1 consi/+ ( rock-built & deta*$ /ructures4 ,"s ( ! rock-built tombs at ,ca/el d',asso h beams & raft]s cut out ( ! rock 9 imitation ( wood5 con/ruction1 & also figures cut out 9 high relief all ar\nd ! *amb]s4 ,great quantities ( vessels 9 pott]y & metal-"w objects1 & also jewell]y1 h be5 f\nd 9 recesses ( ! walls & ro(s ( ^! *amb]s4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us at ,rome 0 an ,etruscan build+4 ,! ,etruscan religion 0 d>k & full ( sup]/ition2 _! gods 7 mo/ly deities ( ! ?und] & lightn+ & subt]ranean spirits r ?an div9ities ( com=t & m]cy1 & ! ,romans adopt$ mo/ ( !m 9 _! my?ology4 ,! ,romans hav+ ma/]$ ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 made v good use ( x4 ,! great] numb] ( _! pr9cipal build+s 7 erect$ 9 a mixture ( ! ar* & trabeat$ sy/em4 ,! ,roman ,doric & ,ionic ord]s 7 ill-proportion$ 9 _! v>i\s memb]s1 bad 9 pr(il+1 & also v heavy 9 appe>ance4 ,! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus is an example ( ! =m] 9 its l[] columns1 & ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis an example ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4--,roman ,cor9?ian1 half ,capital ( ,m>s ,ultor4 ,! ,tuscan ord] is not$ = a m elegant developm5t ( ! ,etruscan smoo? column1 & a great projection ( cornice4 ,a good example ( ?is ord] may be se5 9 ! portico ( ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur* 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london1 design$ by ,inigo ,jones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cje4--,roman ,cor9?ian1 ,entablature1 ,capital1 & ,base ( ! ,pan!on4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord] receiv$ bett] treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! ,romans2 "s ( _! build+s are f9e examples ( ?is ord]4 ,"s ( ! ,roman ,cor9?ian capitals are well design$1 & h a v gr& & impos+ effect1 z t ( ! ,m>s ,ultor 7,fig4 #cjd7 & ! ,pan!on4 ,! ,m>s ,ultor capital is und\bt$ly f9e & ri* 9 ! extreme2 t ( ! ,pan!on is m re/ra9$2 & 9 bo? ( !m is us$ ! olive-leaf v>iety ( acan?us1 ea* t9e or leaflet ( :i* is holl[$ out2 & ?us ! :ole capital 9 a full light w\ld h a sp>kl+ effect ( light & %ade1 s t ev5 at a great height & di/ance f ! eye none ( ! modell+ w\ld be lo/ to sight4 ,! ,roman ,cor9?ian has m m\ld+s1 & has modillions or brackets 9 ! cornice in/ead ( ! usual ,greek d5tils 7,fig4 #cje74 ,! entablature f ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,tonans 7,fig4 #cjf7 is an example ( ! inord9ate love ( ov]-ri*ness & display t 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla & ( ,diocletian are ! only ones t h rema9$ to u 9 any /ate ( pres]vation1 & %[ f ! rema9s :at spl5did examples ( public build+s !y mu/ h be54 ,!y 7 built ( brick mo/ly1 & l9$ ) /ucco on :i* frescoes 7 pa9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4--,roman ,cor9?ian1 ,entablature ( ,jupit] ,tonans4 ,! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 at ! foot ( ! ,av5t9e ,hill1 7 erect$ ,a4,d4 #bag4 ,!y cov]$ a rectangul> piece ( gr\nd ab\t #a1aej feet ea* way1 & 7 a great assemblage ( ba?-rooms1 public & private1 ( cold1 vap\r1 & hot ba?s2 swimm+ & o!r k9ds ( ba?1 gymnasium hall1 libr>ies1 read+-rooms1 assembly halls1 c41 all compris$ "u ! "o ro(1 surr\nd+ ! op5 c\rty>d 9 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal swimm+ ba?1 9 a build+ #gcj ft4 by #chj ft4 9 dim5sion4 ,9 ! c5tre & at ! back ( ?is gr\p ( build+s 0 a circul> hall1 ) a dom$ ro(1 call$ ! ,sol> cell1 ! walls ( :i* 7 l9$ ) brass4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ ( ,roman /atu>y adorn$ ^! halls4 ,! pr9cipal hall ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian1 erect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 is call$ ! ,ephebeum1 & is /ill us$ z ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,degli ,angeli4 ,x is almo/ #cjj ft4 long by #ij ft4 wide1 & 0 re/or$ by ,mi*elangelo4 ,its ro( consi/s ( ?ree great cross vaults support$ by eight granite columns1 #de ft4 9 height4 ,ano!r class ( build+s t ! ,romans 7 fond ( 0 ! amphi!atres4 ,rema9s ( !m h be5 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire1 ! mo/ /up5d\s ( :i* 0 ! ,coliseum or ,flavian ,amphi!atre4 ,x 0 begun by ! ,emp]or ,vespasian & f9i%$ by 8 son ,titus1 & its ru9s /ill atte/ to its greatness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4--;,bas-relief on ! ,ar* ( ,titus4 7,p4 ,c47 ,x is elliptical 9 plan1 is f\r /ories 9 height2 ! ?ree l[e/ are pi]c$ ) eighty op5+s1 semi-circul> ar*$1 ) columns & pi]s betwe54 ,! fir/ /ory is ,doric1 ! second ,ionic1 & ! ?ird ,cor9?ian4 ,ea* column & pi] is rais$ on a /ylobate1 & ! columns c>ry entablatures cont9u\sly ar\nd ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4--;,jewi% ,c&le/ick1 ,ar* ( ,titus4 7,p4 ,c47 ,an almo/ solid wall is ! feature ( ! f\r? /ory1 :i* has a s]ies ( ,cor9?ian pila/]s1 & project+ brackets = c>ry+ ! awn+ poles4 ,! faade is built ( /one qu>ri$ f ! neighb\r+ hills1 & ! int]ior portions are built ( brick4 ,! dim5sions are #fbj ft4 9 l5g?1 #eac ft4 wide1 & #afb ft4 9 height4 ,d\ble corridors run ar\nd ! build+ on ea* floor1 & x _h seats = m ?an #hj1jjj spectators4 ,*>iot races1 mimic sea-fights1 :5 ! ar5a w\ld be flood$ artificially ) wat]1 gladiatorial combats1 & fights ) wild animals & bulls1 7 among ! amusem5ts ( ! ,romans t 7 p]=m$ 9 ! amphi!atres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4--,roman ,composite ,ord]1 f ! ,ar* ( ,titus4 ,o!r monum5ts1 su* z triumphal columns & ar*es1 7 erect$ by ! ,emp]ors to commemorate _! victories1 & ^! 7 ( ! mo/ elaborate & ri* description4 ,! column ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 kn[n z ! ,anton9e column1 & ! column ( ,trajan set up by t ,emp]or 9 ,trajan's ,=um at ,rome 9 commemoration ( 8 victory ov] ! ,dacians1 are ! two be/ kn[n ( ^! commemorative monum5ts4 ,! latt] column has be5 reproduc$1 & a ca/ ( x may be se5 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! orig9al is ne>ly #acc ft4 high1 & is ri*ly sculptur$ ) bas-reliefs on m>ble slabs fa/5$ toge!r 9 a spiral =m ar\nd ! c5tral /ructure4 ,! ord] is ,doric1 ! %aft be+ set up on a l>ge p$e/al ) v f9e sculptures ( figures1 arm\r1 & inscriptions4 ,! triumphal ar*es are rectangul> masses ( masonry ) ar*$ op5+s1 sometimes ) "o ar* & sometimes ?ree1 a l>ge "o & two small] ones1 z ! ar*es ( ,con/ant9e & ,septimus ,sev]us2 & sometimes small] ones _h pi]s & pila/]s ) a l9tel entablature in/ead ( an ar*1 z 9 ! ,goldsmi?'s ,ar* 9 ,rome4 ,! ar* ( ,titus 7erect$ to commemorate ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem ,a4,d4 #gj71 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! monum5ts1 is int]e/+ = two reasons3 "o is t x has reliefs on x record+ ! capture ( ,j]usalem1 ) ! repres5tation ( ! sev5-bran*$ gold5 c&le/ick ( ! ,temple 7,figs4 #cjg1 #cjh71 & ! o!r is t ! ar* itself is "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! ar*itectural ord] t 0 creat$ by ! ,romans--! ,composite--7,fig4 #cji71 :i* is a graft+ ( ! ,ionic on ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! decoration ( ?is ord] is extremely ri* 9 "*3 ! l[] half ( ! capital has ! ,cor9?ian leaves1 :ile ! upp] half is almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,ionic volut$ capital add$2 ! cornice has bo? ! ,ionic d5tils & ! ,cor9?ian modillions4 ,! ar* ( ,septimus ,sev]us & ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian are ( ! ,composite ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,ornam5t4 ,greek ornam5t--z f\nd on ! c>v$ m\ld+s1 friezes1 acrot]ia1 antifexes1 & capitals1 or1 z 9 ! pa9t$ v>iety1 f\nd on vases1 pla9 m\ld+s1 b&s1 plates1 & o!r surface decorations1 or incis$ on ! bronze ci/ & mirrors--0 ( a sev]e & ref9$ ord]1 almo/ all ( :i* _h its bir?place 9 ,egyptian & ,assyrian =ms1 t 9 ! fir/ in/ances 7 us$ 9 a symbolic s5se1 b "u ! h&s ( ,greek arti/s _h lo/ all _! =m] mean+1 & 7 develop$ & p>tly trans=m$ into a weal? ( purely /hetic =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4--;,greek ,frets4 ,! simple/ =ms 7 frets or ! s-call$ key patt]n 7,figs4 #caj1 #caa1 & #cae74 ,! ^w me&] is sometimes appli$ to ! ,greek frets2 ?is is n correct1 z ! ^w implies a curv$ l9e1 n a rectangul> "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4--;,greek ,c>v$ ,fret4 ,! guillo*e1 sn>e-"w1 or cable ornam5t1 is us$ on flat b&s1 & also z ! decoration ( torus m\ld+s 7,figs4 #cab & #cac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4--,treble ,guillo*e ,ornam5t4 ,! ,greeks us$ ! honeysuckle patt]n 9 an endless v>iety ( =ms bo? 9 c>v+ & 9 pa9t+1 examples ( :i* are at ,figs4 #cad & #cae4 ,! ivy 0 us$ v mu* 9 bord]s ( _! pa9t$ vases 7,fig4 #caf74 ,! ogee m\ld+ 0 usually decorat$ ) ! wat]-leaf & tongue ornam5t1 & ! ovolo ) ! *>act]i/ic egg & tongue1 & ! r\nd fillets ) beads & reels4 ,a f9e example ( ?is gr\p ( decorat$ m\ld+s comes f ! ,temple ( ,m9]va ,polias at ,a!ns 7,fig #cag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4--;,d\ble ,guillo*e4 ,an elongat$ type ( ! egg & tongue comes f ! ,erec!um 7,fig4 #cah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4--;,an!mion 7c>v$71 f ,apollo ,epicurius4 ,! ,greeks seldom us$ l>ge scrolls 9 ornam5t2 an exception is ! scroll ornam5t f ! ro( ( ! ,lysikrates monum5t1 & 9 ! ,cor9?ian cauliculi or volutes 7see ,fig4 #cjb74 ,! ,greek v>iety ( acan?us foliage is se5 9 ! capital f ! same monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4--;,greek ,bord] ) ,fret ,b&s4 ,roman ar*itectural ornam5t 0 simply ,greek ) a few v>iations1 n always improvem5ts4 ,x 0 less ref9$1 b 9 "s cases1 especially 9 ! examples ( l>ge acan?us scrolls on friezes1 panels1 & pila/]s 7,fig4 #cai71 & 9 _! l>ge capitals1 ! ornam5t 0 design$ ) great skill & virility4 ,!y us$ ! s(t]-leav$ v>iety ( acan?us--! mollis--:ile ! ,greeks us$ ! sp9osus1 or prickly-leav$ v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4--;,greek ,ivy ,me&] ,bord]4 ,! decorations ( ! ,roman m\ld+s 7 less elegant ?an ^? ( ! ,greeks1 ow+ to ! cont\rs be+ segm5ts ( circles :]e ! ,greeks us$ =ms l conic sections1 & ! execution 0 less arti/ic 9 ! ,roman m\ld+s 7,figs4 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4--;,decorat$ ,m\ld+s f ! ,temple ( ,m9]va ,polias2 ,ogee ,ovolo1 & ,beads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4--,! ,ovolo1 ) ,egg & ,tongue1 f ! ,erec!um4 ,! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ,greece is guess$ at by ! rema9s ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 :i*1 ?\gh ,roman prov9cial cities1 7 9 /yle & decoration a fair reflection ( ,greek art4 ,! rema9s ( ! art f\nd 9 ^! cities h be5 /yl$ ,greco-,roman4 ,! de/ruction ( ,pompeii 0 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4--;,anci5t ,roman ,panel1 ,flor5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4--,ovolo & ,a/ragal ,m\ld+s2 ,roman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba4--,ogee & ,flut$ ,cavetto ,m\ld+2 ,jupit] ,tonans4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( a ,roman h\se 0 rectangul> 9 plan1 )1 & sometimes )\t1 a ve/ibule 9 front4 ,! front door op5$ on a passage call$ ! pro?yrum :i* l$ to ! atrium1 an op5 c\rt p>tly ro($2 ! op5+ 0 9 ! c5tre1 & 0 call$ ! impluvium2 exactly "u x 9 ! floor 0 a tank call$ ! compluvium2 ?is receiv$ ! ra9 wat]4 ,9 l>ge h\ses ! atrium ro( 0 support$ by columns1 !n ! atrium 0 sometimes call$ ! cavdium1 at ! end ( :i* op5$ out ?ree rooms ! l>g] & c5tral "o 0 call$ ! tabl9um1 & ! two side ones al2 ^! 7 ! rooms :]e ! family records1 docum5ts1 hi/ories1 de$s1 c41 7 kept4 ,a passage l$ f ! atrium to ! pr9cipal private reception-room1 call$ ! p]i/ylium1 :i* _h a ro( p>tly op5 to ! sky4 ,?is room 0 ! f9e/ 9 ! h\se1 & 0 ri*ly decorat$ ) r>e m>bles1 bronzes1 & fresco pa9t+s :]e ! own] 0 weal?y4 ,r\nd ! p]i/yle 7 arrang$ ! small] rooms1 su* z ! p>l\rs call$ ex$r1 ! *apels l>>ia1 & ! picture gall]ies p9aco!c4 ,kit*5s & o!r (fices 7 beh9d1 z also 7 ! v>i\s sleep+-rooms4 ,"s ( ! rooms 7 badly light$1 & _h to dep5d = ! light f ! doors or artificial light1 b 9 "s cases w9d[s1 r small 9 size1 7 plac$ high up 9 ! walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4--,ogee ,decorat$1 & ,a/ragal2 ,jupit] ,/ator4 ,! walls ( ! ,pompeian h\ses 7 ri*ly decorat$ 9 /rong col\r+1 :]e v]milion1 black1 gre51 & orange pr$om9at$4 ,! subjects 7 figure gr\ps1 animals1 birds1 & grotesques ( all k9ds1 encas$ 9 fanta/ic ar*itectural fram+s 7,fig4 #cbc74 ,sometimes a dead wall ( ! y>d w\ld be pa9t$ elaborately to repres5t a g>d54 ,sculpture also decorat$ ! ap>tm5ts1 ! floors 7 9 mosaic1 & ! ceil+ ri*ly panell$ & decorat$4 ,roman1 ,greek1 & ,pompeian ornam5t w aga9 be notic$ 9 ! second volume "u ! m9or arts ( ^! c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4--,mural ,pa9t+ f ,pompeii4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,indian ,,art ,,& ,,ar*itecture4 ,an ,aryan race ( p came into ,india ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj across ! ,upp] ,indus4 ,!y settl$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ! ,punjab1 9 ! wat]%$ ( ! ,sutlej & ! ,jumna1 & f9ally 9 ,oude & ! ea/4 ,aft] "o ?\s& ye>s !y lo/ _! purity ( race by mix+ ) ! aborig9al natives4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! prophet ,sakya ,muni1 or ,buddha1 arose1 & app>5tly succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,india to ,buddhism4 ,he di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #edc1 & ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 or ab\t ,b4,c4 #bej1 ,k+ ,asoka proclaim$ ,buddhism z ! /ate religion1 & = ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s aft] x cont9u$ z ! /ate religion ( ,india1 al?\gh at ! pres5t day !re are said to be no native ,buddhi/s 9 ,india4 ,hi/oric art 9 ,india began 9 ,asoka's reign4 ,! e>li] rock-tombs & o!r ar*itecture ( ,asoka's "t are evid5tly /one copies ( /ill e>li] wood5 con/ructions4 ,monum5ts consi/+ ( edict columns or lats1 peculi> to ?is p]iod1 h be5 f\nd 9 isolat$ positions erect$ to ! hon\r ( ,buddha 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,allahabad & ,delhi2 !y are above ?irty-?ree feet 9 height1 & h a curv$1 inv]t$1 bell-%ap$ capital on :i* probably /ood a :eel1 ! emblem1 or a lion1 ! symbol1 ( ,buddha4 ,?is capital is simil> 9 =m to ! base ( a ,p]sian column1 & "s ( ! ornam5tation ar\nd ! neck ( ! column is compos$ ( ,greek & ,assyrian =ms1 all ( :i* proves t ! e>ly ,indian art owes some?+ to ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 & ,greece 7,fig4 #cbd74 ,probably ?is came ab\t by ! subjugation ( ,p]sia by ,alex&] ! ,great1 :o is said to h pu%$ 8 conque/s z f> z ! banks ( ! ,indus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4--,ornam5t f ,asoka's ,pill>1 ,allahabad4 7,b47 ,! next great immigration t we he> ab\t is t ( ! ,s\!rn ,dravidian p1 :o cross$ ! ,l[] ,indus to ,guz]at1 & 9 c\rse ( "t _h settl$ !mselves 9 ! s\!rn angle ( ,india1 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,!y 7 a great build+ race ( p4 ,ano!r immigration took place 9 ! fir/ or second c5tury ,b4,c41 & cont9u$ = "s c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,^! p occupi$ ne>ly ! we/]n half ( ,india1 & erect$ build+s f ,mysore 9 ! s\? to ,delhi 9 ! nor?4 ,?is ar*itecture is kn[n z ! ,*alukya & ,ja9a /yles4 ,! f\r? great immigration 0 t ( ! ,mohamm$ans f ! elev5? to ! f\rte5? c5turies4 ,! f\r pr9cipal /yles ( ,indian ar*itecture are ! ,buddhi/1 ! ,dravidian1 ! ,nor!rn ,h9doo1 & ! ,*alukyan or ,ja9a4 ,9 addition to ! edict-pill>s z illu/rations ( ,buddhi/ ar*itecture1 _m solid m\nds ( masonry1 call$ topes1 dagobas1 or /upas1 are f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,punjab & nor? ( ,india4 ,^! are relic-m\nds1 erect$ ov] ! suppos$ relics ( ,buddha & ( ,buddhi/ prie/s1 & are sometimes erect$ alone to ! hon\r ( ,buddha4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important is ! ,san*i ,tope 9 ,bhopal1 ,c5tral ,india 7,fig4 #cbe74 ,mr4 ,f]guson1 9 8 8,/udy ( ,indian ,ar*itecture10 describes ?is rem>kable monum5t z foll[s3 8,x 0 built probably 7! tope7 ,b4,c4 #ejj1 ! /one rail+ ,b4,c4 #bej1 & ! gateways ,a4,d4 #ai to #cg4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! build+ consi/s ( a dome #ajf feet 9 diamet] & #db feet 9 height4 ,! f5ce by :i* ?is tope is surr\nd$ is extremely curi\s4 ,x consi/s ( /one po/s #h feet #h in*es 9 height1 & a little m ?an #b feet ap>t1 surm\nt$ by a pla9 ar*itrave1 & betwe5 e two uprights ?ree horizontal cross-pieces ( /one are ins]t$4 ,/ill m curi\s are ! f\r /one torans or gateways1 "o ( :i*--! ea/]n--is %[n at ,fig4 #cbe4 ,x consi/s ( two squ>e pill>s cov]$ ) sculptures1 & ) bold elephant capitals1 ris+ to a height ( #ah feet #d in*es4 ,above ^! are f\r l9tels slightly curv$ upw>ds 9 ! c5tre1 & end+ 9 ,ionic scrolls2 !y are support$ by cont9uations ( ! columns1 & ?ree uprights are ins]t$ betwe5 ! l9tels4 ,all ?is con/ruction is cov]$ ov] ) elaborate sculpture1 & surm\nt$ by emblems4 ,! total height is #cc feet #f in*es40 ,sir ,g4 ,birdwood says3 8,! symbols are ! trisula1 ! :eel1 & ! lion1 repres5t+ ! ,buddhi/ic triad1 ,buddha1 ! law1 & ! congregation4 ,! gr\nd plan ( ! /upas or topes1 ) ! return rail+s & ! project+ doorways or entrances1 =m a gigantic swa/ika 7#8auspici\s''71 ! my/ic cross 7fylfot7 ( ! ,buddhi/s40 ,f]guson says ! ,buddhi/ dagoba is a direct desc5dant ( ! sepul*ral tumulus ( ! ,turanian races1 l ^? f\nd 9 ,etruria1 ,lydia1 & among ! ,scy?s ( ! ,nor!rn ,/eppes4 ,x is pla9ly se5 t ! details ( ,buddhi/ic ornam5t are d]iv$ f ,greek & ,assyrian s\rces mix$ ) ,buddhi/ emblems2 a few native ideas may be se5 9 ! con/ruction1 & 9 ! sub/itut+ ( ! ,indian elephant = ! ,assyrian or ,p]sian bull4 ,a f9e ca/ ( ! ,san*i gateway may be se5 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4--,! ,san*i ,tope1 ,bhopal1 ,c5tral ,india4 ,z an example ( ,h9du or ,brahm9ical ar*itecture ! rock-cut temple at ,ellora1 call$ ! ,kylas1 or 8,p>adise10 is "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ wond]ful 7,fig4 #cbf74 ,! int]ior ( ! temple is n only cut out ( ! solid rock1 b ! ext]ior also1 ) its wond]fully ri* squ>e por*1 & its two great squ>e pill>s or deepdans 7lampo/s7 left /&+ 9 front1 all lit]ally cut out ( ! solid rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4--;,brahm9ical ,rock-,temple at ,ellora4 ,! int]ior1 :i* has excit$ ! wond] & admiration ( all travell]s1 is rectangul> 9 plan2 ! pill>s are squ>e & v %ort 9 proportion to _! bread?2 ! bases are compos$ ( pl9?1 circul> holl[s1 & a torus m\ld+2 ! squ>e %aft is flut$1 ! upp] extremity ( :i* is convex & ornam5t$ ) foliage2 & above ?is are r+s1 neck1 & a capital 9 ! %ape ( a depress$ sph]e4 ,above ! capital are bracket supports1 on :i* ! beams re/4 ,! ro( is panell$1 & ea* panel has a c5tral floral decoration4 ,! ,kylas 0 suppos$ to h be5 cut out ( ! rock by ! ,s\!rn ,dravidians4 ,! ,h9du or ,brahm9ical temples ( ! e>lie/ type exhibit a m>k$ imitation ( timb] con/ruction 9 almo/ e detail 7,fig4 #cbg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4--,temple ( ,biskurma at ,ellora4 ,brahm9ical ar*itecture has ?ree v>ieties--! ,dravidian1 :i* is common to ! ,dakhan1 s\? ( ! ,ki/na2 ! ,*alukyan1 betwe5 ! ,ki/na & ! ,mahanuddi2 & ! ,indo-,aryan1 :i* prevails 9 ,h9du/an4 ,! ,dravidian temple is *>act]iz$ by a horizontal sy/em ( /ori$ t[]s1 & has a gr& & impos+ look ( solemnity4 ,examples ( ,dravidian ar*itecture occur 9 ! temples at ,s]+ham1 ,t9nevelly1 ,madura1 ,p]91 ,vellore1 c4 ,! ,*alukyan is di/+ui%$ by its />-l plan & pyramidal t[]4 ,! great d\ble temple ( ,siva at ,hullabe$1 ,mysore1 is an example ( ?is ar*itecture4 ,x is rem>kable = its ri* sy/em ( sculptur$ friezes4 ,! build+ is rais$ f ! gr\nd by a t]race five or six feet 9 height2 above ?is is an extraord9>y frieze ( two ?\s& sculptur$ elephants2 ! next frieze above is compos$ ( lions1 !n a b& ( ri* floriat$ scroll-"w2 above ?is is a frieze ( horsem51 !n ano!r b& ( scroll-"w2 & ov] ?is appe>s ! frieze ) ! conque/ ( ,ceylon by ,rama2 o!r friezes & b&s above ?is are divid$ by m\ld+s1 & h cele/ial birds & bea/s2 a scroll-"w cornice ov] all support+ a rail divid$ into panels1 9 ea* ( :i* are two figures4 ,w9d[s ( pi]c$ /one are ov] ^!1 & gr\ps ( sculptur$ gods ( ! ,h9du pan!on at regul> int]vals4 ,! usual t[]s are want+ 9 ?is wond]ful build+1 & d\btless w\ld h be5 add$ aft]w>ds _h n ! "w be5 /opp$ ow+ to ! ,mohamm$an invasion 9 ,a4,d4 #acaj4 ,o!r temples ( ! ,*alukyan /yle are se5 at ,somna?pur1 at ,baillur1 9 ,mysore1 & at ,bu*ropully4 ,! ,ja9as sect makes its appe>ance 9 ,india ab\t ! sev5? or eight c5tury4 ,!y did n believe 9 ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,v$as1 or sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus1 b z long z !y obs]v$ ca/e & ackn[l$g$ ! gods ( ! ,h9du pan!on--:i* !y /rictly did--! ,brahmans did n "q any o!r ( _! p>ticul> beliefs1 & refra9$ f p]secut+ !m4 ,if ! ,buddhi/s1 = in/ance1 _h only con=m$ to ! obs]vance ( ca/e1 !y w\ld nev] h be5 driv5 out ( ,india by ! ,h9du devotees ( ca/e4 ,! ,ja9as are peculi> 9 _! wor%ip ( _! f\r-&-tw5ty sa9ts call$ 8,j9s40 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,ja9as began :5 ! ,buddhi/ 0 dy+ out4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,ja9a ar*itecture is ! horizontal ar*way1 & ano!r is ! bracket =m ( capital 7,fig4 #cbh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4--,pill> & ,bracket1 ,doorway ( a ,pagoda4 ,ja9a temples are f\nd at ,palat9a & ,girn> 9 ,guj>at1 & ! fam\s 8,t[] ( ,victory10 erect$ to commemorate ! victory ( ! ,rajput raja ,khambo ov] ,mahmud ( ,malwa1 ,a4,d4 #adci4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! transition ( ,indian ar*itecture to ,mohamm$an =ms occurs 9 ! ,mosque ( ,mohfiz ,khan1 at ,ahm$abad4 ,?is mosque 0 built 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & is ,h9du 9 "*1 ) a ,s>ac5ic influ5ce 9 ! decoration & o!r details4 ,! great omissions 9 ! sculptures are ! animal & figure =ms1 s de> to ! ,h9du arti/1 b ! ,moslem religion =bids ! repres5tation ( ^!1 & 9 place ( figures 9 ! w9d[ spaces we see "s ( ! fir/ indications ( ,s>ac5ic trac]y1 execut$ mo/ likely by ,h9du workm54 ,^! w9d[s are typical (1 & simil> to1 ! exce$+ly f9e trac]y ( ! w9d[s ( ! ,buddha at ,ahm$abad1 :i* consi/ ( beautiful /ems & floral trac]y4 ,f ! eigh? to ! eighte5? c5turies ,india 0 subject to ! invasions ( ! ,arabs1 ! ,afghans1 & ,mongols1 :o deva/at$ ! c\ntry & sack$ & pillag$ _m ( ! f9e/ ,h9du %r9es1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 built "s magnific5t mosques & palaces1 9 :i* ! ,s>ac5ic influ5ces are pr$om9ant4 ,! palace ( ,delhi 0 built 9 #afbg-afeh by ! ,mongol ,emp]or ,%ah ,jehan1 ! k+ :o built ! pres5t city ( ,delhi1 :i* city conta9s ! f9e/ examples ( ! ,mohamm$an /yle 9 ,india4 ,! ,dewanne ,khas1 or pr9cipal hall ( ! palace ( ,delhi 7,fig4 #cbi71 is a v ri* & ornate example ( ?is /yle4 ,x is vault$ l a ,go?ic ca!dral & is inlaid ?r\gh\t ) ri* m>bles & mosaic "w4 ,x has a ni*e inlaid ) preci\s /ones 9 :i* once /ood ! fam\s peacock ?rone ( ,delhi4 ,! ?rone 0 made 9 enamell$ "w1 9 ! %ape ( a peacock ) a spread-out tail1 & 0 set ) diamonds & preci\s /ones to imitate ! natural col\rs ( ! peacock4 ,x 0 c>ri$ (f by ,nadir ,%ah at ! sack+ ( ,delhi1 ,a4,d4 #agch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4--;,int]ior ( ! ,palace at ,delhi2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,ar\nd ! frieze ( "o ( ! halls ( ?is palace runs ! fam\s inscription1 8,if !re is a heav5 on e>?1 x is ?is1 x is ?is40 ,"o ( ! lovelie/ & mo/ impressive build+s 9 ,india is ! ,taj ,mehal at ,agra1 on ! riv] ,jumna4 ,x is 9 ,mohamm$an /yle ) domes & m9>ets1 & is erect$ on a plat=m #cjj feet squ>e & #ah feet 9 height4 ,x 0 erect$ by ! ,emp]or ,%ah ,jehan ab\t #afde z ! tomb ( 8 fav\rite wife4 ,! ,emp]or himself is also buri$ 9 ! ,taj4 ,on ! c5tre ( ! plat=m is ! tomb1 #ahf feet squ>e1 ) ! corn]s cut (f2 ov] ?is rises ! dome1 #eh feet 9 diamet] & #hj feet 9 height4 ,! outside ( ! build+ is fac$ ) :ite m>ble1 inlaid ) beautiful designs 9 col\r$ m>bles & preci\s /ones4 ,! effect ( ?is beautiful build+ 9 its dazzl+ :it5ess surr\nd$ by luxuriant vegetation1 z se5 "u a moonlit sky1 is said to be en*ant+ & beyond description4 ,! indu/rial arts ( ,india w be notic$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,japanese ,,ar*itecture4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,*9a does n possess :at we might call a s]i\s "*4 ,f\nd$ ma9ly on ,buddhi/ic elem5ts1 z f> z ! m important ef=ts ( _! temple ar*itecture is conc]n$1 ! only orig9al developm5t t m>ks ! ,*9ese /ructural design is ! pagoda t[]--9 itself really a ,buddhi/ic idea--b ! ,*9ese h ! cr$it ( c>ry+ x fur!r 9 _! ,taas or ,pagodas by plac+ /ory ^u /ory until sometimes a great height 0 atta9$2 z1 = example1 9 ! great porcela9 t[] at ,nank91 :i* is #bjj feet 9 height1 consi/s ( n9e /ories1 & is #dj feet 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,ea* /ory dim9i%es 9 size1 & ! concave ro( ( e l[] /ory is 9 front ( ! rec$+ "o above4 ,v>ni%$ pill>s1 re/+ on a deep /one basem5t1 support ! v]&ah-l ro( ( ! l[e/ /ory1 & a f5ce ( gild$ trellis-"w surr\nds ! l[] half ( ! pill>s4 ,! eaves ( ! ro(s curl upw>ds & end 9 po9ts f :i* bells are susp5d$4 ,c>v$ dragons pe] out f "u ! raft]s1 & ! :ole build+1 inside & out1 z well z ! ro( tiles1 is fac$ ) :ite porcela9 slabs or tiles fa/5$ to ! inn] brick /ructure2 "s p>ts--! ro(s especially--are pa9t$ 9 alt]nat+ b&s ( gre51 yell[1 & r$4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,*9ese h\ses are wood5 con/ructions1 & h movable walls ( v>i\s mat]ials1 :i* slide 9 framework4 ,! walls d n support ! ro(1 :i* is1 z a rule1 support$ on po/s1 indep5d5t ( !m4 ,9 ! gateways to ! ,confucian temples "s attempts at ar*itectural con/ruction are se51 :]e a column w\ld h a prop] capital & a base1 & a l9tel or ar*$ op5+ w\ld appe>4 ,^! ,pae-lus or triumphal gates h ! usual fanta/ic curl$ ro(s s peculi> to ,*9ese ar*itecture 7,fig4 #ccj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4--;,gateway ( ! ,temple ( ,confucius1 ,%anghai4 ,! g5ius ( ! ,*9ese z great build]s & eng9e]s is express$ bett] 9 _! works ( public utility1 z 9 _! f9ely-con/ruct$ bridges1 _! canals1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,great ,wall1 built to protect _! c\ntry f ! incursions ( ! ,nor!rn hordes1 & :i* is a monum5t at ! same "t to _! native love ( exclusiv5ess f surr\nd+ nations4 ,! ,great ,wall 0 built ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjj1 is #a1djj miles long1 #ae to #cj feet 9 height1 #be feet ?ick at ! base1 & slopes upw>ds to #bj feet 9 wid? at ! top4 ,x has ba/ions or t[]s ( def5ce at int]vals1 :i* are #dj feet squ>e at ! base1 & ! wall is c>ri$ ov] hills & m\nta9s reg>dless ( all ob/acles4 ,_! c\ntry is a network ( canals1 "s ( :i* are #gjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 !y are no fur!r advanc$ 9 ar*itecture ?an !y 7 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 or1 inde$1 9 h>dly any ( ! arts4 ,at ! same "t ! ,*9ese are rem>kably skill$ 9 porcela9 manufacture1 silk weav+1 embroid]y1 col\r pr9t+1 ivory & jade c>v+1 enamell+1 metal-work+1 ca/+1 & decorative pa9t+4 ,_! ornam5t is v conv5tional & ri* 9 col\r+1 b _! ornam5tal =ms are limit$1 & _! decoration s full ( repetition t x becomes v monoton\s :5 judg$ by a ,european /&>d4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,japan diff]s v slightly f t ( ,*9a1 z x is ei!r an (f%oot f ! old] civilisation ( ,*9a1 or has be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rces1 ?r\gh ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,"s *anges h occurr$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( ,japan 9 rec5t ye>s ow+ to ! m ext5d$ use ( /one 9 _! build+s1 :i* has be5 br\ght ab\t by _! int]*ange ( ideas ) ,we/]n nations4 ,_! ,buddhi/ temples are simil> to ! ,*9ese1 ) _! curi\s turn$-up ro(s1 b ! ,%9to temples are usually cov]$ ) ro(s t h great project+ eaves1 :i* d n turn up at ! angles4 ,! por*es or gateways 7,torii7 to ! temples are built 9 /one1 b 9 imitation ( _! e>li] wood5 con/ruction2 !y are ( ! pill>-&-beam ord]1 & recall some:at ! con/ruction1 on a small] scale1 ( ! 8torans0 or gateways ( ! ,san*i ,tope 9 ,india 7,fig4 #cbe74 ,! ,japanese c>ve _! wood5 raft]s1 beams1 po/s1 l9tels1 & /r+c\rses v skilfully1 ) conv5tional ornam5t1 dragons1 & grotesque animals4 ,! bett] class ( ,japanese dwell+s are usually ( two /ories2 ! l[] /ory has a v]&ah1 & ! upp] "o is recess$ back1 & is small] ?an ! l[]1 :i* produces a pleas+ effect4 ,_! walls are1 l ! ,*9ese1 m or less movable p>titions4 ,japanese ornam5t & indu/rial art 7:i* w be treat$ 9 ano!r place7 is m virile1 has m v>iety1 & is m arti/ic 9 execution1 ?\gh gov]n$ less by ar*itectural arrangem5t1 ?an ! art ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! ,japanese are1 h[ev]1 e day becom+ m impregnat$ ) ,we/]n ideas1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 _! wond]ful arti/ic feel+ & native ref9em5t ( design1 execution1 & col\r+ are 9 a fair way ( los+ ^? s$uctive qualities t hi!rto h *>act]iz$ ! arti/ic productions ( ^! int]e/+ p4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,& ,,byzant9e ,,ar*itecture4 ,= ! fir/ ?ree c5turies aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians suff]$ mu* p]secution & m>tyrdom4 ,! new religion 0 ridicul$ & despis$1 & ! conv]ts ( ! new fai? 7 oblig$ to hold _! meet+s & to wor%ip 9 secret1 :i* !y did 9 ! n>r[ b ext5sive catacombs 9 :i* !y secretly buri$ _! dead4 ,! catacombs are f\nd *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome & ,naples1 & are cut 9 ! d>k s(t tufa /one1 9 ! nature ( long passages1 w9d+ & d\bl+ 9 _! labyr9?9e twi/+s4 ,"s ( ^! passages are s n>r[ z to b>ely admit ( "o p]son to pass 9 height or wid?4 ,on ei!r side ( ^! n>r[ ways are cut out op5+s j l>ge en\gh = ! bodies ( deceas$ p]sons to be deposit$4 ,! body ( ! deceas$ 0 ?us ?ru/ into ! n>r[ tomb1 & ) x 0 buri$ a flask ( sacr$ oil4 ,! entrance 0 !n clos$ ) a /one1 on :i* w\ld be engrav$ ! "n or initials ( ! dead4 ,"s ( ! catacombs 7 holl[$ out 9 places into l(ty & capaci\s *amb]s & ni*es4 ,^! 7 us$ z *apels = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 ! walls & ceil+s ( :i* 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+s ( a v primitive "*4 ,! m important ( ^! catacombs 9 :i* *apel-l rooms are f\nd are ^? ( ,s4 ,cali/o1 ,s4 ,seba/iano1 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 & ,s4 ,agnese1 at ,rome2 & at ,naples ^? ( ,s4 ,m>io della ,sanita1 ,s4 ,g5n>a de ,pov]i1 & ,s4 ,m>ia della ,vita4 ,con/ant9e became ,emp]or ( ! ,romans 7,a4,d4 #cab-ccg71 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign embrac$1 or pr(ess$1 ,*ri/ianity1 & proclaim$ x ! /ate religion4 ,aft] ?is ev5t fre$om 0 all[$ ! conv]ts ( ! new fai? to celebrate _! love-fea/s 9 a public & op5 mann]4 ,x 0 f\nd difficult all at once to provide ! necess>y build+s = ?is purpose1 & we he> ( ! hea!n temples & great halls ( ! ,roman ba?s be+ us$ z ,*ri/ian *ur*es--! ,pan!on at ,rome 0 us$ = ?is purpose--b few ( ^! build+s 7 l>ge en\gh or ( ! "r %ape to hold l>ge masses ( ! fai?ful1 & at ! same "t to provide = ! celebration ( ! wor%ip by ! bi%ops & prie/s 9 pres5ce ( ! congregation1 besides ! objection ( hav+ ! od\r ( hea!nism /ill cl++ to !m4 ,! suppos$ model = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es 0 f\nd 9 ! halls ( ju/ice & comm]ce ( ! ,roman times4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture ow$ s mu* to ! basilica =m ( ju/ice halls z has be5 s g5]ally suppos$4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! basilica *ur*es 0 rectangul>1 ) a semicircul> portion add$ to ! back1 z ! plan ( ! apse2 9 ! front 0 ! atrium1 a free quadrangul> =e-c\rt surr\nd$ ) pill>s4 ,?is 0 usually ro($ on ! f\r sides1 ) an op5+ 9 ! c5tre1 l ! atrium ( a ,roman h\se4 ,next to ! atrium 0 ! n>!x1 or por*1 :i* l$ to ! *ur* direct4 ,sometimes !re 0 only ! n>!x )\t ! atrium4 ,a c5tral av5ue1 or nave1 ) two aisles1 & ! semicircul> apse at ! end ( ! nave1 0 ! usual int]ior =m ( ! e>ly basilicas4 ,! nave 0 wide & l(ty1 & 0 usually divid$ f ! aisles by two r[s ( columns1 & f ! apse by a l>ge semicircul> ar*4 ,! capitals ( ! columns c>ri$ ! arcad$ upp] /ory1 9 ! walls ( :i* 7 ! w9d[s t light$ ! *ur*4 ,9 ! olde/ type ( ! basilica !re 0 no w9d[ 9 ! apse1 s ?is portion ( ! *ur* 0 ba!d 9 a my/]i\s twilight1 add+ a poetic *>m to ! gold mosaics ) :i* ! ro( ( ! apse 0 decorat$4 ,sometimes w9d[s 7 introduc$ into ! l[ walls ( ! aisles2 ! aisles 7 cov]$ ) %$-l wood5 ro(s1 :i* 7 support$ on truss$ framework4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca4--;,ambo or ,pulpit f ,/4 ,george's at ,salonica4 ,sometimes ! trusses 7 ceil$1 & on ! ceil+s 7 pa9t$ scriptural subjects4 ,! wall spaces ( ! second /ory 9 ! nave 7 also occupi$ ) pa9t+s ( sacr$ subjects4 ,! floor ( ! apse 0 rais$ high] ?an t ( ! nave1 & 0 approa*$ by /eps2 seats 7 plac$ ar\nd ! wall ( ! apse = ! prie/s1 & 9 ! c5tre 0 ! elevat$ ?rone = ! bi%ops4 ,a portion ( ! nave space 0 sometimes appropriat$ = ! *oir1 scre5$ (f by a m>ble /ructure1 & at ei!r end ( ! *oir 7 plac$ ! 8ambos0 or pulpits 7,fig4 #cca74 ,! alt> 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! apse1 g5]ally ov] ! tomb ( a ,*ri/ian m>tyr1 & und]nea? all1 or sometimes a portion only ( ! *ur*1 0 ! crypt4 ,! nave usually _h ?ree entrance doors1 & ! aisles "o or m ea*4 ,z ! hea!n religions1 & consequ5tly ! anci5t temples1 fell into disuse1 !re 0 pl5ty ( build+ mat]ials ready =m$ & dress$1 :i* ! ar*itects ( ! new build+s appropriat$ = _! own purposes 9 ! erection ( ! basilicas4 ,?is acc\nts = ! great numb] ( ,roman ,cor9?ian & ,ionic columns f\nd 9 ! build+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 & we (t5 f9d t :5 an anci5t column 0 too %ort1 x 0 simply rais$ on a high] base1 & if too long x 0 cut d[n to fit its new position4 ,x 0 g5]ally 9 ! lat] basilicas t ?is occurr$1 z might be expect$1 = ! e>li] basilicas are ri*] & bett] decorat$ 9 _! beautiful details1 see+ t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian build]s _h ! fir/ *oice ( ! ri* ornam5tal "w ( ar*itectural sculpture t _h belong$ to ! anci5t ,roman temples4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe at ,rav5na may be cit$ z "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ & mo/ beautiful ( ! e>ly basilicas1 :i* 0 erect$ ) mu* ( ?is old mat]ial4 ,al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian ar*itects & arti/s 7 sl[ 9 produc+ new =ms ( pla/ic art1 z long z !y c\ld adapt ! exi/+ fragm5ts ( ar*itectural sculpture to _! uses2 on ! o!r h&1 ! art ( pa9t+ & decorat+ by mosaic pictures on ! great spaces ( ! walls & ceil+s ( ! basilicas 0 develop$ to a high degree ( monum5tal spl5d\r1 & brilliant effects 7 ga9$ by ! use ( gold & bright col\rs4 ,mosaics z wall decoration 9 ! basilicas 7 sugge/$ by ! pa9t+s 9 ! catacombs4 ,^! primitive pa9t+s 7 borr[$ 9 _! =m & ess5ce f anci5t my?ological works4 ,at fir/1 "s ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts at decoration 9 ! catacombs consi/$ m]ely ( monograms & symbols1 su* z ! ,greek lett]s ,alpha & ,omega1 & ! initials or monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccb4--,pa9t+ f ! ,catacomb ( ,s4 ,agnese4 ,! use ( ^! d\btless arose f ! desire to deprecate any?+ t sav\r$ ( ! images ( hea!ndom1 b evid5tly ! e>ly ,*ri/ians soon arriv$ at ! idea t pa9t+ might be admissible 9 a *ur* :]e sculptur$ images c\ld n be tol]at$--! latt] rem9d+ !m too mu* ( ! sculptur$ deities ( ! anci5ts--& consequ5tly we f9d t ! pa9t$ subjects f ! hea!n ,pan!on 7 adapt$ by ! arti/s :o decorat$ ! catacombs1 b ! figure ( ,*ri/ 0 introduc$ :]e =m]ly a ,roman god 0 ! p]sonage1 !reby giv+ ! my?ological subject a new ,*ri/ian mean+4 ,9 ! catacombs ( ,s4 ,agnese ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z ! 8,good ,%eph]d10 c>ry+ on 8 %\ld]s ! lamb t _h be5 lo/ 7,fig4 #ccb72 & 9 ! catacombs ( ,s4 ,calixtus1 on a wall pa9t+1 he is portray$ "u ! type & figure ( ,orpheus1 *>m+ all nature ) 8 music 7,fig4 #ccc74 ,9 ! c5tral octagonal panel he is repres5t$ ) a h>p1 surr\nd$ by ! bea/s & birds ( ! field4 ,9 ! eight comp>tm5ts ar\nd ! c5tral panel1 f\r l&scapes alt]nate ) f\r figure subjects3--,moses /rik+ wat] out ( ! rock1 & opposite1 ,*ri/ rais+ ,laz>us1 :o is repres5t$ z a mummy2 ,daniel 9 ! lions' d51 & opposite ?is1 ,david ) ! sl+4 ,! hea!n subjects ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 & o!rs1 h be5 us$ to repres5t ,*ri/ian symbols4 ,9 sculpture1 !re are "s rema9s ( e>ly ,*ri/ian art 9 :i* ! figures ( ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les are clo!d 9 ! dress1 & work$ some:at 9 ! _s1 ( ! antique4 ,! s>cophagus "u ! pulpit ( ,s4 ,ambrogio at ,milan is a good example ( ?is k9d ( art4 ,"s ivory c>v+s ( ?is p]iod h be5 execut$ z tablets1 ) scriptural subjects1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,roman ,consul> dipty*s4 ,^! ivory c>v+s1 t exhibit a true _s ( ! antique 9 _! design1 are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! lat] ,byzant9e dipty*s t 7 execut$ 9 a m ar*aic /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4--,wall ,pa9t+ f ! ,catacombs ( ,s4 ,calixtus4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury1 & ev5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r?1 we see ! m *e]ful _s ( ! antique "* dy+ out1 & ! art ( ! "t exhibits a great] importance & att5tion :i* is giv5 to l>ge masses1 :ile small] or m9or surfaces are left empty1 & decorative detail suppress$4 ,!re is an app>5t /riv+ to r5d] ! figure ( ! ,r$eem]--! *ief p]sonage--l>g] & m important 9 ! scale ( ! decoration1 & at ! same "t to give him m individuality4 ,z ! te*nical qualities ( ! ,*ri/ian art dim9i%$1 ! maje/y & sublimity ( ! ,great ,tea*] 0 express$ 9 a m spiritual conception ( 8 div9ity4 ,sev]al examples ( decoration illu/rat+ ?is phase ( ,*ri/ian art occur 9 ! wall pa9t+s 9 ! catacombs ( ,s4 ,ponziano at ,rome4 ,! face ( ,*ri/ 9 ^! repres5tations is full ( e>ne/ & mild s]5ity2 ! "r h& is rais$ z if 9 bless+1 & ! left holds ! book ( life4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 mosaic 0 us$ 9 ! basilicas z a means ( decorat+ ! apse & walls1 z ! ,romans be=e _h us$ x 9 _! floors & dados4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! e>ly & inexp]i5c$ arti/s1 ! "* ( ! mat]ial 9 mosaic _h a great deal to d1 b n all1 9 ! creat+ ( ! type ( angul> & rigid =ms ( ! figures1 :i* 0 transmitt$ to all subsequ5t ,*ri/ian mosaics4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 ! int5se desire to make ! figures ( ,*ri/ & ( o!r sacr$ p]sonages ( a sorr[ful & au/]e "*4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 trace 9 ^! figures ! magi/]ial dignity t inve/s ! sculptur$ figures ( ! ,emp]ors & ,s5ators ( ,roman art4 ,9 ,italy1 ! ,*ri/ian mosaics assum$ m & m a decid$ break+ away f ! traditions ( ! antique4 ,l>ge masses z s+le figures 7 symmetrically arrang$1 ornam5tal details 7 suppress$1 & b&s ) inscriptions fram$ ! l>ge spaces ( ! walls & ! apse4 ,! figures 7 m isolat$1 att5uat$1 sev]e ( expression1 & leav+ mu* to be desir$ 9 _! anatomical con/ruction or 9 ! natural movem5t ( ! body2 b all ?is t5d$ to give !m t expression ( devotional simplicity aim$ = by ^? e>ly my/ics1 :o only look$ on ! _w z a 8vale ( te>s40 ,9 ! vault$ ro( ( ! fun]al *apel erect$ to ! memory ( ! daught] ( ,con/ant9e at ,rome--,/a4 ,co/anza--"s ( ! e>lie/ mosaic "w is to be f\nd1 consi/+ ( an antique treatm5t ( ! v9e & t5drils us$ 9 a symbolic s5se2 & 9 ano!r *apel1 t ( ! ,empress ,galla ,placida1 at ,rav5na1 simil> "w is se51 mix$ ) symbolic signs1 z ! h>t--pant+ = wat] brooks--a symbol ( ! s\l ?ir/+ = salvation4 ,?is *apel 0 erect$ ,a4,d4 #ddj4 ,aft] ?is "t1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 we f9d ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,*ri/ian art m insi/$ 93 su* z ! colossal portraits & figures ( ,*ri/1 ! isolation ( s+le figures1 ! symmetrical gr\p+ ( cr[ds ( small] figures1 & ( ! repres5tatives ( ! angel1 bull1 eagle1 & lion1 z w+$ symbols ( ! ,evangeli/s1 all r5d]$ ! m impressive by ! ar*itectural spac+1 & ! pla9 blue gr\nd :i* surr\nd$ mo/ ( ! figures4 ,two *ur*es may be m5tion$ t conta9$ f9e examples ( ! above type ( e>ly ,*ri/ian mosaics2 "o is ! great basilica ( ,/4 ,paul1 )\t ! walls at ,rome1 built "u ,!odosius & ,honorius ab\t ,a4,d4 #chf1 & ! o!r t ( ,/4 ,cosmo e ,damiano 9 ,rome4 ,! great mosaics 9 ! apse ( ! latt] *ur* 7 execut$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ebf & #ecj by ,pope ,felix ,,iv4 ,! floors ( ^! *ur*es are made ( :at is kn[n z 8,opus ,alex&r9um10 ! f9e/ & gr&e/ floor decoration t exi/s 7,fig4 #ccd74 ,circul> slabs ( porphyry & s]p5t9e m>ble sawn 9 disks f antique columns are laid d[n1 & twi/$ int]lac+s & r+s surr\nd !m z b&s compos$ ( triangul> bits ( :ite1 black1 or col\r$ m>ble1 =m+ simple & effective patt]ns 9 a quiet h>mony ( col\r4 ,"s ( ?is "w may be se5 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4--,opus ,alex&r9um ,pavem5t1 ,san ,m>co1 ,rome4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury ,*ri/ian art 9 ,italy 0 at a l[ ebb1 z by ?is "t ne>ly all ! antique rema9s & culture _h be5 us$ up2 b =tunately1 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es 7 n z yet divid$ 9 doctr9e1 & a fre% life _h be5 imp>t$ to ,italian art f ! ,byzant9e culture ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,besides ! basilica =m ( build+1 ano!r antique =m ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture 0 develop$1 call$ a 8bapti/]y10 :i* g5]ally took ! =m ( a deta*$ build+1 ) a circul> or polygonal plan4 ,9 "s cases ! bapti/]y adjo9s ! atrium ( ! basilica1 b (t5 is a deta*$ build+ ( consid]able importance4 ,! /ructure is suppos$ to h be5 sugge/$ by ! circul> portion ( ! ,roman ba?s1 & consi/s ( a circul> r[ ( columns support+ ! upp] /ructure2 ! c5tral portion is surr\nd$ by a l[ cloi/]-l aisle1 & ! f\nta9 is 9 ! middle ( ! build+4 ,! circul> build+ kn[n z ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,co/anza 9 ,rome--! fun]al *apel be=e m5tion$--! octagonal bapti/]y ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! f9e bapti/]y at ,rav5na1 are examples ( ?is k9d ( build+4 ,ano!r beautiful example is ! octagonal bapti/]y ( ! ,lat]an1 belong+ to ! fif? c5tury2 x has eight l>ge antique columns1 :i* support an ar*itrave1 ^u :i* re/ ano!r s]ies ( eight small] columns1 c>ry+ ano!r ar*itrave & ! dom$ ro(4 ,! :ole build+ has a pleasant & agreeable effect ( extreme air9ess4 ,,byzant9e ,,ar*itecture4 ,! anci5t t[n ( ,byzantium1 ! mod]n ,con/ant9ople1 0 mo/ly 9 ru9s :5 ,con/ant9e ! ,great select$ x = ! new capital ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,he rebuilt ! old t[n & nam$ x aft] himself1 & 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ccj ! inauguration ( ! new capital 0 celebrat$4 ,lat] on1 "u ,!odosius1 ! ,roman ,empire 0 divid$1 & ,con/ant9ople became ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n portion4 ,x 0 ! great connect+-po9t betwe5 ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,! inhabitants ( ! new city be+ mo/ly ,greeks1 ! native arti/s & ar*itects employ$ by ,con/ant9e imp>t$ a decid$ ,grecian "* to ! ornam5t & decoration1 especially ( ! *ur*es & o!r build+s t 7 erect$ by ?is emp]or4 ,! occasion ( ! new political *ange & ! rapid spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion s]v$ to give a great impetus to ! build+ & lavi% decoration ( *ur*es & public edifices4 ,al?\gh ! new ar*itecture 0 f\nd$ on ! ,roman orig9als1 yet 9 ! h&s ( ! ,greeks bo? ar*itecture & ornam5t assum$ a new & orig9al "*4 ,f ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ,con/ant9ople to ! date ( ,ju/9ian's reign 7,a4,d4 #ebg-efe71 :5 ! great *ur* ( ,santa ,sophia--holy wisdom--0 built1 on ! ru9s ( an old] *ur* t 0 said to h be5 burnt d[n1 we c guess t x mu/ h be5 a "t ( exp]im5ts & developm5ts f ! basilica type ( build+ to ! well-def9$ dom$ /yle ( ar*itecture kn[n z ! ,byzant9e4 ,! timb]-ro($ & vault$ /yle ( /ructure n[ gave place to ! dome1 :i* result$ also 9 a *ange ( ! plan to ! squ>e =m1 in/ead ( ! rectangle4 ,dur+ ! two hundr$ ye>s previ\s to ! build+ ( ,santa ,sophia1 ! problem ( dome con/ruction1 ) o!rs ( a difficult nature 9 build+1 _h be5 successfully solv$ by ! ,greek ar*itects ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,ju/9ian employ$ ! ,greeks1 ,an!mius ( ,?ralles & ,isidorus ( ,miletus1 z ! ar*itects ( ,santa ,sophia1 & !y succe$$ 9 erect+ a m>vell\s /ructure t may ju/ly be reckon$ z "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,f\r va/ pi]s1 arrang$ on a squ>e plan1 support f\r solid ar*es ( masonry1 semicircul> 9 %ape1 & #ajj feet span ea*4 ,! f\r triangul> spaces at ! corn]s & ! spaces =m$ by ! angles1 ! semicircul> ar*es & portions ( ! r+ ( ! dome1 are fill$ ) 8p5d5tives10 :i* may be describ$ z cont9uations ( ! dome4 ,^! p5d5tives p>tly support ! dome1 & ! o!r po9ts ( support are on ! backs ( ! great ar*es4 ,! f\r p5d5tives meet 9 ! circul> r+ f :i* ! dome spr+s4 ,! dome is #df feet 9 height f ! level ( its base1 & #ajg feet 9 diamet]1 & is r flatti% 9 %ape4 ,on ! side ( ! dome1 ea/ & we/1 are two half-domes1 :i* cr[n apsidal walls4 ,o!r small apses are dom$ ov] at l[] levels1 & vault$ aisles ( two /ories run r\nd ! high] portions ( ! build+1 ! :ole =m+ almo/ a cube-l %ape4 ,aft] ,con/ant9ople 0 captur$ by ! ,turks 7,a4,d4 #adec71 ,santa ,sophia 0 conv]t$ into a mosque & f\r m9>ets1 or ,moslem t[]s1 7 add$ to its out] angles4 ,! int]ior ( ?is *ur*1 besides ! /up5d\s effect ( its unrivall$ ar*itectural con/ruction1 has its add$ beauties & spl5d\r 9 its inlaid m>bles1 its ri*ly c>v$ cornices & arcades 7,fig4 #cce71 & its vaults & domes glitt]+ ) gold mosaics ( *]ubim1 & dignifi$ ?\gh gaunt & ar*aic figures4 ,9 ! capitals ( ! columns 0 us$ ! %>ply-edg$ & und]cut acan?us foliage1 m 9 accordance ) ! old ,greek type ?an ! ,roman1 b h a di/9ctly ,byzant9e "* ( its own4 ,sacr$ signs1 emblems1 & birds 7 (t5 introduc$ into ! capitals2 ! g5]al %ape ( ! latt] 0 a cubical =m1 ! f\r faces slant+ inw>ds f above1 ?is =m giv+ a decid$ appe>ance ( great support+ & su/a9+ p[] 7,figs4 #ccf & #cch74 ,sometimes !y 7 boss$ out1 & (t5 conta9$ ! elem5ts ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian ord]s 7,figs4 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cci74 ,! w$ge-%ap$ portion on ! top ( ! capital is an ugly b di/9ctive feature ( ! ,byzant9e /yle 7,fig4 #cch74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4--;,cornice f ,santa ,sophia4 ,! spl5d\r & magnific5ce ( ! decoration 9 ,byzant9e *ur*es is prov]bial3 ! columns 7 (t5 ( porphyry & s]p5t9e m>ble1 & ! supports to ! alt> canopy 7baldac*9o71 ! scre5 7icono/asis7 & ! pulpit 7ambo7 7 (t5 inlaid ) gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones4 ,! alt> itself 0 a gorge\s piece ( workman%ip1 respl5d5t ) gold & enamels1 decorat$ ) hang+ lamps1 vases1 & c&le/icks1 all wr\ght 9 preci\s metal "w1 ?\gh ! actual design & workman%ip 0 r\gh & less ref9$ ?an antique "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccf4--;,capital f ,santa ,sophia1 %[+ ! boss+-out ( ! ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccg4--;,capital f ,/4 ,demetrius at ,salonica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cch4--;,capital f ,/4 ,demetrius4 ,! floor mosaics _h patt]ns consi/+ ( ! cross1 ! circle1 & ! cube1 ) int]lac+ l9es1 ! ornam5tal =ms "h z else:]e be+ ( a symbolical "*4 ,reliqu>ies1 %r9es1 & *alices 9 gold1 & enamels1 crosses1 & o!r accessories ( ! alt>1 & sculptur$ ivories ( a devotional "*1 ( ,byzant9e workman%ip1 7 made 9 great abundance4 ,! l>g] *ur*es especially1 su* z ,santa ,sophia1 & ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 possess$ great quantities ( ^! treasures4 ,sculpture 0 subord9ate to pa9t+ z pla/ic art 0 n enc\rag$1 because ( ! dislike to images %[n by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & s pa9t+ :i* l$ to ! mosaic picture1 :i* 9 its turn l$ to enamell+ on metals1 0 fav\r$ to a great ext5t by ! ,byzant9e arti/s4 ,ev5 flat b&s ) inscriptions & ornam5t 7 us$ in/ead ( m\ld+s 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cci4--;,byzant9e ,capital f ,santa ,sophia1 %[+ ! boss+-out ( ! ornam5t4 ,! city ( ,rav5na be+ situat$ betwe5 ,con/ant9ople & ,rome possess$ "s rem>kable build+s1 t d n belong exactly to ! ,ea/]n or ,we/]n type ( ar*itecture2 b on ! o!r h& h /rongly m>k$ influ5ces ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdj4--,/4 ,ni*olas at ,mosc[4 ,! mo/ important is t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,vitale2 x is octagonal 9 plan1 & is l ,santa ,sophia 9 hav+ a pr9cipal c5tral dome1 half-domes1 & vault$ aisles4 ,x is respl5d5t 9 elaborate decoration & c>v+s4 ,! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice is s well kn[n f illu/rations & photographs t x requires v little description4 ,x 0 built 9 ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #igg-ajga1 & its plans are said to h be5 drawn by ,greek ar*itects at ,con/ant9ople4 ,orig9ally x possess$ all ! features ( a g5u9e ,byzant9e edifice1 b has be5 alt]$ ext]nally1 & 9 "s places int]nally 9 bo? ,go?ic & ,r5aissance p]iods4 ,! ,byzant9e domes h _h bulb\s cov]+s plac$ ov] !m 9 lat] times4 ,/4 ,m>k's l ,santa ,sophia is squ>e 9 plan1 b has five pr9cipal domes1 "o 9 ! c5tre1 & "o at ea* angle or end ( ! ,greek cross plan4 ,! aisles1 ) _! s]ies ( l[-level dome ro(s1 make ! :ole build+ ne>ly squ>e4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntries ( ,bulg>ia1 ,s]via1 ,r\mania1 ,arm5ia1 & ,russia1 :i* embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian religion ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 possess examples ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture4 ,! ,russian type 9 its lat] developm5ts has di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( its own1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! use & %ape ( ! dome4 ,russian *ur*es consi/ usually ( a /ori$ t[] on :i* is plac$ five small domes ( a bulb\s %ape2 ^! are built on ! tops ( elongat$ drums4 ,! bulb\s tops ( ! domes gr[ into po9ts1 on :i* are plac$ tall crosses4 ,^! & o!r fanta/ic elem5ts are d]iv$ f ! timb] edifices ( ,p]sia & o!r ,asiatic c\ntries 7,fig4 #cdj74 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 its mo/ p]fect examples has a ?or\ghly di/9ctive /yle ( its own1 & _! ornam5t 9 its pure =m is unlike ! ornam5t ( any /yle t has hi!rto exi/$4 ,! orig9ality ( ! latt] arose f ! exp]im5t+ 9 ornam5tal patt]ns t %\ld h no lik5ess to plants1 animals1 or o!r natural =ms4 ,?is prohibition ( ! use ( objects f nature 9 _! ornam5t 0 "o ( ! articles ( ! ,moslem religion2 b to get any pleas+ v>iety 9 ornam5t & leave out all natural rem9isc5ces 9 ! designs is out ( human p[]1 s consequ5tly we h1 ev5 9 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t1 natural =ms put ?r\gh a geometrical process ( draughtsman%ip4 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t 9 :at is sometimes call$ ,arabian has leaf & bud-l =ms int]lac$ ) /rap-"w1 :i* is (t5 v beautiful & is kn[n "u ! "n ( 8,arabesque0 7,figs4 #cda1 #cdb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cda4--;,arabesque ,ornam5t f ! ,wekla ( ,kx ,bey4 7,l4-,p47 ,! ,s>ac5s 7 orig9ally compos$ ( ,arab h]dsm51 nomadic w&]]s ( ! des]t1 c>ri]s or m]*ants1 & dwell]s 9 villages1 :o cultivat$ ! l& ar\nd !m4 ,! e>lie/ build+ ( any importance t c be call$ ,s>ac5ic is ! 8,kaaba0 or ,moslem temple at ,mecca1 :i* conta9$ ! sacr$ br[ni%-black /one plac$ by ,mahomet 9 ! s\?-ea/ angle ( ?is squ>e temple4 ,?is black /one is suppos$ to be a meteorolite1 hemisph]ical 9 %ape1 & ab\t #f by #h in*es 9 ! wide/ dim5sion4 ,"s hundr$s ( /one images or 8gods0 us$ to be wor%ipp$ at ,mecca by ! ,mohamm$ans 9 _! e>ly days1 or 9 :at !y call _! 8days ( ignorance10 b ^! 7 de/roy$ by ! prophet's ord]s4 ,mohamm$ himself 0 a fanatic t c\ld nei!r read nor write2 he made up ! ,korn f _m s\rces1 su* z ! ,bible1 ! ,apocryphal gospels1 ! ,talmud1 & possibly a good _m orig9al passages ( 8 own1 :i* he says he receiv$ f ! m\? ( ! angel ,gabriel 9 visions4 ,! ,mohamm$an cre$ conta9s its ess5ce 9 ! words3--,!re is no ,god1 b ,god1 & ,mohamm$ is 8 ,prophet4 ,?is text is f\nd v frequ5tly z a decorative leg5d on ! walls ( ! mosques & on pa9t$ tiles4 ,at fir/ ,mohamm$'s new religion 0 n fav\rably receiv$1 =1 aft] conv]t+ 8 ne> relations & a few o!r foll[]s1 he _h to fly f ,mecca to ,m$9a1 to escape assass9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdb4--,rosette 9 ,mosque ( ,suyurghatmi%2 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 7,l4-,p47 ,! 8,hegira10 or flight ( ,mohamm$1 took place ,a4,d4 #fbb4 ,he compil$ m ( 8 ,korn at ,m$9a1 & alt]$ p>ts ( x1 especially z reg>ds ! puni%m5t ( idolat]s1 :i* naturally includ$ 8 late p]secutors4 ,! puni%m5t 0 to be ( an et]nal nature 9 ! next _w1 & extirpation 9 ?is1 unless !y embrac$ ,islmism4 ,mohamm$ v soon began to make 8 p[] felt2 he made a few m>aud+ exp$itions ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ga9$ _m conv]ts1 especially :5 !y became conv9c$ t ,islm 0 to conqu] ! :ole _w by ! sword4 ,8 army1 h[ev]1 0 ne>ly annihilat$ by ! ,byzant9e emp]or1 ,h]aclius1 9 a battle at ,muta1 b he recov]$ himself1 & m>*$ on to ,mecca1 :]e he put to ! sword all ^? t did n embrace 8 religion1 & de/roy$ all ! rema9+ idols 9 ! city4 ,he all[$ 8 army all ! plund] !y c\ld get1 aft] he _h a ti! to himself1 b x is said t he l$ a v ab/emi\s life1 dress$ poorly1 & resid$ ) 8 wives 9 ! %abbie/ type ( dwell+s4 ,he di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fcb1 or t5 ye>s aft] ! ,hegira1 f :i* ev5t is dat$ ! ,mohamm$an era4 ,aft] 8 dea? _m ( ! conv]ts became backslid]s1 b 8 successor1 ,abu-,bekr1 & m especially ! r5[n$ ,om>--! second caliph--br\ght ! ,s>ac5s to a great p[]4 ,!y 7 v w>like1 & capable ( endur+ great h>d%ips1 & z !y _h ev]y?+ to ga9 & no?+ to lose1 !y made w> _! sole trade1 & c>ri$ _! successful arms to ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 & ,egypt4 ,! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 ,spa91 & ! s\?-ea/ ( ,france1 7 by !m also invad$1 ravag$1 & p>tly conqu]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4--;,alhambra ,diap]1 ,sup]pos$ ,ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4--,/alactite ,vault+4 ,9 ! y\?ful days ( ,s>ac5ic p[]1 z e>ly z ! second caliphate1 ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or _h be5 plund]$ & pillag$ ( _! co/ly & valuable objects 9 silv]1 gold1 embroid]$ c>pets1 & silk5 goods4 ,! weal? ( ! ,moslem conqu]ors 0 n[ consid]able1 & 0 accumulat+ fa/2 ! sight ( s mu* t 0 f9e & /rik+ 9 ! arts & ar*itecture ( ! c\ntries !y _h conqu]$1 9 ! eyes ( ^! p--:o 7 no bett] ?an b>b>ians or b&itti--began to h a m civilis+ effect on !m4 ,add to ?is ! influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 especially at ,con/ant9ople1 ) ! ,s>ac5s1 ^: religion 0 9 "s respects n unlike ! ,*ri/ian1 especially z 9 bo? cases !re 0 ! /]n prohibition ( idols or grav5 images2 & s x 0 q natural t ! ,moslem mosque %\ld be built & decorat$ on ! ma9 l9es ( ! ,byzant9e ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! dome & ! ni*e 7mehrab7 came f ! ,byzant9e2 ! m9>ets--:i* are n /rictly ess5tial 9 ,moslem ar*itecture--probably f ! ,p]seopolitan columns4 ,! ,moslem dome1 h[ev]1 may h _h its orig9 9 ! dom$ palaces ( ,p]sia1 ( ! ,a*m$ian dyna/y4 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t is mo/ly1 h[ev]1 d]iv$ f ! geometric ,byzant9e ) a /rong da% ( ,indian =ms 9 its mixture4 ,! sup]-pos+ 9 _! ornam5t ( diff]5t planes 7,fig4 #cdc71 ! class ( ornam5t kn[n z 8mnemonic0 7,figs4 #cfb1 #cfc71 & ! /alactite decoration ( vaults & domes 7,fig4 #cdd7--;all ^! ?ree classes des]ve ! cr$it ( be+ di/9ctly ,s>ac5ic1 al?\gh "s say t ! /alactite ornam5t 0 kn[n 9 ,p]sia be=e ! days ( ,mahomet4 ,among ! e>lie/ mosques we may m5tion t ( ,om> at ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be a small wood5 mosque1 n[ de/roy$4 ,f]guson says x 0 ! ,mosque ( ,el ,aksah4 ,! ,mosque ( ',amr at ,old ,cairo 0 built ,a4,d4 #fda by ,amru-,ibn-al-,as1 ! g5]al & gov]nor :o conqu]$ ,egypt1 ,a4,h4 #ba 7aft] ! ,hegira74 ,x has be5 frequ5tly re/or$ & enl>g$4 ,! columns :i* support ! arcad$ ar*es are classical 9 "*1 ! ar*es are slightly horse%oe 9 ! curve1 & are ti$ toge!r4 ,! build+ is ne>ly squ>e 9 plan 7,figs4 #cde1 #cdf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cde4--;,ea/ ,colonnade ( ! ,mosque ( ',amr4 7,l4-,p47 ,! mosque ( ,ibn-,tln 7,son ( ,tln7 9 ,old ,cairo 0 built by ,ahmad-ibn-,tln1 f\nd] ( ! h\se ( ! ,tln gov]nors ( ,egypt1 ,a4,h4 #bfc-e4 ,?is mosque & t ( ',amr are :at are kn[n z 8cloi/]$0 mosques4 ,! plan ( ! latt] 7,fig4 #cdf7 gives a g5]al idea ( a cloi/]$ mosque4 ,! ess5tial requirem5ts ( a mosque are v few & simple4 ,mahomet's mosque at ,m$9a 0 a small squ>e brick-built /ructure1 ) a wood5 ro( pla/]$ ov]3 ! *ief ?+ requir$ 0 retirem5t f ! public = m$itation & pray]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdf4--,plan ( ! ,mosque ( ',amr4 7,l4-,p47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4--,m9>et ( ! ,mosque ( ,kal\m at ,cairo4 ,x 0 n ess5tial t all ! rectangul> or squ>e c\rt t =ms ! mosque %\ld be cov]$ ) a ro(1 provid$ !re 0 suffici5t %elt] = ! numb] ( wor%ipp]s1 :i* 0 g5]ally small at a "t1 & if a l>g] space 7 requir$1 a portion or all ( ! op5 c\rt c\ld be ro($ 94 ,:at we w\ld call ! ea/ end ( a *ur* correspond$ to t "p ( a mosque :]e ! kibla1 or l9e ( direction1 w\ld be indicat$--t[>ds ,mecca--!re ! mihrab or ni*e w\ld be fix$4 ,close to ! mihrab is ! mimb>1 or pulpit1 = ! s]mon1 & 9 close vic9ity ! dikka or tribune1 a rais$ plat=m1 f :i* ! imm intones ! pray]s & reads passages f ! ,korn4 ,! m9>et is a lat] addition1 b is se5 on e mosque2 x is us$ by ! ,muezz91 :o asc5ds to its gall]ies & calls ! fai?ful to pray] five times a day 7,fig4 #cdg74 ,a f\nta9 is necess>y = ! lawful ablutions be=e pray]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh4--,mausoleum at ,cairo4 ,! dome is n a necess>y feature to a mosque2 x only occurs ov] ! tomb ( "s sultan or o!r dignit>y1 & may be us$ z a *apel1 b only :5 x cov]s a tomb4 ,! majority ( mosques1 h[ev]1 h a dome1 ei!r z a pr9cipal feature1 or atta*$ to "s "p ( ! build+4 ,cairo is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 dom$ mausoleum /ructures 7,fig4 #cdh74 ,! domes or cupolas 9 ,moslem build+s g5]ally swell up beyond ! semicircle1 & are rais$ consid]ably by hav+ _! l[] p>ts /raight-sid$ or cyl9drical2 ?is "p is sometimes pi]c$ ) a r[ ( small w9d[s1 & is recess$ back on a pyramid-l /ory1 ) a squ>e or polygonal base1 :i* 9 its turn re/s on ! top ( a squ>e embattl$ t[]4 ,! dome is usually built ( brick1 ! c\rses project+ r\ghly "o ov] ! o!r1 dim9i%+ t[>ds ! top1 & ?ickly pla/]$ ov] inside & out to get an ev5 surface2 sometimes ! mort> is ?ick] ?an ! bricks 9 ,s>ac5 build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdi4--,mosque ( ,kx ,bey1 ,cairo4 7,l4-,p47 ,wood5 frames are (t5 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( domes :i* support ! pla/] "w4 ,"s domes are built ) slabs ( /ones on :i* a geometric patt]n is c>v$ on ! outside 7,figs4 #cdh1 #cdi72 ^! are g5]ally ( a late p]iod1 z ! tomb mosque ( ,kx ,bey1 built ab\t ,a4,d4 #adfh 7,fig4 #cdi74 ,! olde/ mosque 9 ,cairo is t ( ,ibn ,tln 7,fig4 #cej74 ,x is a cloi/]$ mosque1 is built 9 a massive /yle1 & has a high pla9 wall ar\nd x2 x cov]s ab\t f\r hundr$ squ>e feet ( gr\nd4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! inn] c\rty>d is a squ>e /one build+ surm\nt$ by a dome1 "o ( ! e>lie/ c>ri$ on /alactites4 ,?is build+ is a c5tury lat] ?an ! cloi/]s1 & is built ov] a well or f\nta94 ,! great c\rt is surr\nd$ by arcades ( po9t$ ar*es1 t h a slight t5d5cy to turn inw>ds at ! base1 & are built z pi]s ( pla/]$ brick2 x is said to be ! fir/ mosque built on pi]s1 in/ead ( ! usual r\nd columns4 ,! ,s>ac5s did n make columns !mselves1 b took !m f ! ru9s ( ,roman build+s1 or ev5 f exi/+ ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & z (t5 z n us$ ! capitals turn$ upside d[n z bases4 ,! ,s>ac5s h a =m ( capital ( ,moori% design :i* h>monizes ) _! ar*itecture2 x has a slightly tap]+1 smoo?1 long neck1 a heavy project+ head1 & is well cov]$ ) *>act]i/ic foliat$ "w 7,fig4 #cea74 ,9 ! mosque ( ,ibn-,tln !re are only two columns2 ^! are plac$ at ! ni*e or mihrab4 ,?ree sides ( ?is mosque h two r[s ( ar*es1 & ! f\r?--! side t[>ds ,mecca--:i* is ! liwn or sanctu>y1 has five4 ,! ar*itect ( ?is mosque 0 a ,coptic ,*ri/ian1 :o receiv$ #e1jjj & a co/ly dress ( hon\r z 8 fee4 ,! total co/ ( ! build+ 0 #fj1jjj 7,lane-,poole74 ,ar\nd ! ar*es & ! w9d[s1 :i* 7 plac$ high up betwe5 ! ar*es1 are b&s ( palmat$ ornam5t4 ,^! bord]s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,/anley ,lane-,poole1 are ! e>lie/ examples ( geometrical design & scroll-"w t aft]w>ds became s *>act]i/ic ( ,s>ac5ic ornam5t4 ,!y 7 made 9 pla/] or /ucco-"w by h&1 :ile ! pla/] 0 wet1 & n ca/ 9 m\lds1 :i* 0 ! case ( lat] ,moori% pla/] ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cej4--;,arcades 9 ! ,mosque ( ,ibn-,tln4 7,l4-,p47 ,! arcades 7 ro($ ov] ) sycamore planks re/+ on heavy beams1 & ! :ole /ructure 0 cr[n$ ) cr5ellations or embattlem5ts4 ,"o ( ! back walls ( ! arcades is pi]c$ ) grilles ( /one1 ( beautiful trac]y design4 ,! ,arabian or ,s>ac5 ar*es are ( ?ree k9ds--! ,ogee1 ! ,horse%oe1 & ! ,po9t$ 7,fig4 #ceb1 a1 b1 c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cea4--,moori% ,capital4 ,a peculi> arrangem5t ( cusp$ int]-ar*+1 comb9$ ) ! horse%oe ar*1 is se5 9 ! maksura1 or space 9 front ( ! mihrab1 ( ! mosque ( ,cordova1 built ,a4,d4 #ghf 7,fig4 #cec74 ,?is arrangem5t ( cusp+1 ?\gh *>act]i/ically ,moori%1 is any?+ b beautiful4 ,! ,mosque ( ,cordova 0 begun by ! ,caliph ,abd-al-,rahman 9 ! ye> be=e he di$1 & 0 cont9u$ by 8 son ,hi%am1 & 8 gr&son ,el-,hakim4 ,x is "o ( ! great congregational mosques1 & occupi$ a space ( gr\nd #ehj feet by #dce feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceb4--;,ar*es2 a1 ogee2 b1 horse%oe2 c1 po9t$4 ,! m9>et is (t5 a feature ( great beauty1 & is pre-em95tly di/9ctive ( ,s>ac5ic mosque ar*itecture2 x may be call$ ! belfry ( ! mosque4 ,sometimes x is engag$ to ! ma9 build+1 & sometimes />ts f ! ro( ( ! mosque4 ,! base plan is g5]ally polygonal1 & ! upp] /ories above ! ma9 gall]y are (t5 circul>2 ! top is cr[n$ ) a pe>-%ap$ cupola4 ,t ( ! mosque ( ,sultan ,hasan is "o ( ! highe/1 be+ ab\t #ccj feet 9 height4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ornate & beautiful is ! m9>et t adorns ! mosque ( ,kx ,bey1 at ,cairo 7see ,fig4 #cdi74 ,f ! ro( ( ! mosque x />ts on a solid squ>e base1 & develops into an octagon /ory1 :i* is pi]c$ ) w9d[ op5+s1 & has an elaborate cornice gall]y1 consi/+ ( a pi]c$ balu/rade1 support$ by /alactite brackets4 ,! next upp] division is cyl9drical1 decorat$ ) geometrical int]lac$ ornam5t2 ano!r /ory is above ?is1 cr[n$ ) a cupola1 on ! top ( :i* is plac$ a pe>-%ap$ ball1 end+ 9 a f9ial4 ,wood5 bracket-l =ms project out ( ?is1 f :i* lamps are susp5d$ at fe/ivals4 ,! m9>et & dome are cov]$ ) elaborate c>v+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cec4--;,cusp$ int]-ar*+1 ,mosque ( ,cordova4 ,! mimb>s or pulpits are s+ul> 9 con/ruction1 & are usually well cov]$ ) decoration 7,fig4 #ced74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ced4--,pulpit ( ! ,sultan ,kx ,bey3 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 7,l4-,p47 ,! rema9s ( dome/ic ar*itecture are n v pl5tiful--at lea/1 ( any examples ( ! be/ p]iod ( ! ,s>ac5 /yle4 ,! ma9 idea 9 ! design ( ! h\ses 0 to h !m built s t p outside %\ld see z little z possible ( ! inmates or inside1 & t ! wom5 especially %\ld see z little ( /reet life z possible2 s ! fir/ r[ ( ! w9d[s 0 plac$ high up1 & all ! w9d[s 7 ?ickly lattic$1 s t little c\ld be se5 f ! inside & no?+ f ! outside 7,fig4 #cee74 ,an int]e/+ & picturesque feature 0 ! me%rebiyas1 or dr9k+-places1 s call$ because !y 7 little project+ %ad$ /ructures ( lattice-"w1 support$ on brackets1 t conta9$ ! wat] 9 vessels & o!r dr9ks2 ! curr5ts ( air t ru%$ ?r\gh ! lattice-"w s]v$ to keep ! dr9k+ wat] cool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cee4--;,a ,/reet 9 ,cairo4 7,l4-,p47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4--,lattice-"w1 ,s4,k4,m4 7,l4-,p47 ,! me%rebiyas are (t5 v beautiful ) _! v>i$ patt]ns ( elaborate lattice-"w1 :i* is peculi>ly ,arabian 9 design4 ,x is compos$ ( _m pieces ( turn$ & c>v$ pieces t are +5i\sly fitt$ into ea* o!r to =m ! patt]n 7,figs4 #cef-g-h74 ,9 ! museum at ,k5s+ton _m examples ( ^! lattice patt]ns may be se51 & also "s ( ! me%rebiyas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4--,lattice-"w1 ,s4,k4,m4 7,l4-,p47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4--,lattice-"w1 ,s4,k4,m4 7,l4-,p47 ,9 ! illu/ration ( a 8,/reet 9 ,cairo0 7,fig4 #cee71 two ( ^! me%rebiyas project on brackets f a h\se front4 ,a ri*] /yle ( ! lattice-"w decoration 0 us$ 9 op5 panels & balu/rades ( ! pulpits1 :]e ! triangles & hexagons t =m "p ( ! design are c>v$ on ! surface1 & inlaid back & front ) ivory or ebony4 ,! h\ses 9 ,cairo ( ! pure/ ,s>ac5 /yle h ! be/ "p ( ! c>v+s & decoration 9 ! inside2 !y are g5]ally two or ?ree /ories 9 height1 b 7 mu* high] 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,! l[] p>ts are built ( /one1 & ! upp] /ories ( brick & wood1 pla/]$ :ite4 ,! l[] /ory has ! /ones col\r$ 9 alt]nate c\rses ( r$ o*re & :ite limewa%4 ,! doorways are sometimes decorat$ by hav+ peculi> v\ssoirs & int]lac$ ornam5t 7,fig4 #cei74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4--;,doorway ( a ,private ,h\se4 7,l4-,p47 ,!re is an illu/ration ( a %op-front 9 ,m4 ,b\rgo9's 8,elm5ts de l',art ,arabe0 :i* is an exquisite example ( ,s>ac5 "w ( good proportion & design 9 its doors & w9d[s4 ,s>ac5ic ornam5t1 z x appe>s 9 pla/]1 /one1 wood1 & mosaic decoration1 ( ! mosques1 pulpits1 & weklas or khans1 des]ves special notice on acc\nt ( its extreme orig9ality ( design & treatm5t1 inasmu* z1 :atev] may be its true orig91 we mu/ c]ta9ly admit t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ornam5t ( any o!r hi/oric /yle4 ,! mosques built ant]ior to t ( ,suyurghatmi% 7,a4,d4 #acef7 7 decorat$ 9 pla/]4 ,! rosette 7,fig4 #cdb7 %[s a transitional piece ( "w ( great beauty1 t looks l a copy 9 /one ( l[-relief pla/]-"w1 & has e sign ( a ,byzant9e-l orig91 se5 m especially 9 ! leaf-l m>k+s & g5]al treatm5t ( ! six l>ge c5tral fl[]s2 ! int]lac+ & o!r details are also ,byzant9e4 ,x is q likely t ?is example 0 design$ by a ,*ri/ian ,coptic arti/1 z1 inde$1 ne>ly all ! ,s>ac5 art 9 ,egypt ( ?is p]iod 0 design$ by ,coptic ,egyptians4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! illum9at$ ,korn ( ! ,sultan ,%a' ,ban1 ( a ye> or two lat] 7,a4,d4 #acfh74 ,all ! floral "w 9 ?is is di/9ctly ,p]sian 9 "*1 )\t any rem9isc5ce ( ,byzant9e1 b %[s r a ,*9ese or ,indian influ5ce 7,fig4 #cfj74 ,x is probably copi$ f a ,p]sian embroid]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfj4--;,illum9at$ ,korn ( ! ,sultan ,%a' ,ban2 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 7,l4-,p47 ,ano!r example ( ,s>ac5ic ornam5t is ! /one sculptur$ decoration f ! portal ( ! mosque ( ,sultan ,hasan1 9 ,cairo 7,a4,d4 #aceh71 7,fig4 #cfa74 ,f be+ c>v$ 9 /one ! ornam5t is mu* /iff] ?an ! two previ\s examples1 b x is m ?or\ghly ,s>ac5ic or ,arabian ?an ei!r ( !m2 ! l>ge fl[]-l =ms 9 elevation are evid5tly developm5ts ( ! ,assyrian =m ( ! lotus1 & h "h almo/ ! =m ( ! fleur-de-lis4 ,?is type ( design 0 successfully develop$ 9 ! ,moresque diap]s ( ! ,alhambra1 :]e ! conv5tional leaves & fl[] =ms 7 mix$ ) ,s>ac5ic inscriptions1 & 7 r$eem$ f _! aridity by ! almo/ s5su\s "* ( ! col\r+1 :i* has a comb9ation ( r$1 blue1 :ite1 & gold1 & fur!r by ! sup]impos$ planes ( ! ornam5tal composition 7see ,fig4 #cdc74 ,x may be notic$ t "s ( ! leaf-"w 9 ^! diap]s h a fea!r-l decoration1 :i* gives ri*ness & v>iety to ! ornam5t3 ^! m>k+s are evid5tly d]iv$ f ! p>allel ve9+ ( ,byzant9e acan?us leaf-"w4 ,! l>g] /rap-"w runn+ ?r\gh is int]lac$ 9 ! =m ( po9t$ & horse%oe ar*es1 :i* makes ! ornam5t 9 appropriate h>mony ) ! ,moori% ar*itecture1 :ile ! flat treatm5t ( ! :ole is di/9ctively *>act]i/ic ( all ,s>ac5ic ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfa4--,ornam5t f ! ,portal ( ,sultan ,hasan4 ,two examples ( ,mnemonic ornam5t are giv5 at ,figs4 #cfb & #cfc4 ,! =m] is a ,kufic inscription arrang$ s z to =m a b& ornam5t4 ,?is is 9 ! angul> & old] =m ( writ+4 ,! latt] is an example ( ! cursive ,arabian h& :i* 0 m g5]ally adopt$1 & is t]m$ ! ,vaskhy3 x is m r\nd & fl[+ ?an ! ,kufic4 ,! typical fea!r ornam5t =ms a backgr\nd to mo/ ( ^! inscriptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4--,kufic ,writ+1 f ! ,alhambra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4--;,arabian ,cursive ,writ+1 f ! ,alhambra4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( purely ,s>ac5ic ornam5t are f\nd on ! s+ul>ly ornate mimb>s or pulpits 7,figs4 #ced & #cfd74 ,! simplicity ( _! /raight-l9$ silh\ettes is 9 re/ra9$ contra/ to ! extreme elaboration ( _! c>v$ surfaces4 ,! /one pulpit f ! mosque ( ,b>kuk is e>ly fifte5? c5tury "w4 ,x is made ( solid /one slabs1 ) doorway1 /aircase1 & canopy rais$ on small pill>s & surm\nt$ by ! usual pe>-%ap$ cupola4 ,! /one slabs are elaborately c>v$ ) geometrical patt]ns1 arabesques1 & inscriptions1 & are said to be ! f9e/ examples ( /one c>v+ 9 ,cairo4 ,ano!r pulpit 7,fig4 #ced7 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 made by ord] ( ! ,sultan ,kx ,bey1 is built 9 wood2 x is n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 & be>s ! "n ( ?is ,mamlk ,sultan1 :o 0 ! rul] ( ,egypt at ! end ( t c5tury4 ,! fold+ doors & ! ni*e ( ?is pulpit are decorat$ ) /alactite ornam5t2 ! cupola is copp]2 ! c>v+ is mo/ elaborate1 & is also inlaid ) ebony & ivory4 ,"s ( ! c>v$ panels f ! build+ kn[n z ! wekla or khan ( ,kx ,bey1 %[ ,s>ac5ic ornam5t 9 its pure/ =m--bo? ! geometrical v>iety & arabesques4 ,?is ,sultan & 8 arti/s h %[n ! mo/ ref9$ ta/e ( all ! great ,s>ac5 build]s4 ,! wekla or khan is a rectangul> build+ ) an op5 c\rt 9 ! c5tre1 & consi/s ( num]\s *amb]s t 7 occupi$ by m]*ants = a %ort season :5 !y came to buy & sell 9 ,cairo1 & 01 9 fact1 a sort ( ,ea/]n hotel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfd4--,/one ,pulpit 9 ,mosque ( ,b>kuk2 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,! /abl+ 0 plac$ beh9d on ! gr\nd floor1 & ! ext]ior consi/$ ( a r[ ( small %ops4 ,! wekla ( ,kx ,bey _h ?irte5 ( ^! %ops on "o ext]ior1 & betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh? 0 plac$ a spl5did ar*$ gateway4 ,x is a po9t$ ar* ( eight feet 9 wid?1 ! edge ( :i* is decorat$ ) ?ree ti]s ( /alactites t are c>v$ on ! sides ( ! ar*way1 & has a f9e b& ( c>v$ scroll-"w runn+ r\nd ! face ( ! ar*way & sp&rels4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( alt]nat+ int]lac+ & arabesque ornam5t is t :i* =ms an ar* ov] a horizontal panel ( c>v$ ornam5t4 ,?is ar* is %[n at ,fig4 #cfe4 ,a f9e *>act]i/ic piece ( c>v$ ornam5t f ! same build+ is ! subject ( ! illu/ration ,fig4 #cda4 ,figure & animal repres5tation1 ?\gh prohibit$ by ! ,moslem religion1 0 9 _m cases practis$ by ! ,s>ac5 sculptors2 = in/ance1 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,l\is is a l>ge copp] b[l inlaid ) silv] figures 7,msil "w7 made at ,msil 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,^! figure & animal designs are f ,mesopotamian s\rces1 z may easily be se5 9 ! examples giv5--f ! ,m>/an ( ,kalaun 7,figs4 #cff & #cfg71 :]e on ! la/ a c5taur is %oot+ an arr[ at a unicorn1 balanc$ by a simil> animal on ! opposite side2 & on ! o!r example is a peacock 9 ! c5tre1 ) figures ( m5 on ei!r side hav+ dr9k+ vessels & musical in/rum5ts1 an evid5t repres5tation ( a conc]t & dances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4--,ornam5t on an ,ar* ( ! ,wekla ,kx ,bey4 7,l4-,p47 ,! scroll bord]s ar\nd ?is panel1 & ! execution ( ! "w1 are 9 ! ,s>ac5ic mann]1 b ! motives ( ! designs are ,p]sian4 ,o!r simil> c>v+s 9 :i* animals figure & birds are introduc$ are to be se5 9 ! same build+1 & are ( late ?irte5? c5tury "w4 ,^! illu/rations are tak5 f ,mr4 ,/anley ,lane-,poole's 8,s>ac5ic ,art 9 ,egypt10 aft] 8,prisse d',av5nes10 to :i* ! /ud5t is ref]r$ = an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! ,s>ac5 art 9 ,egypt4 ,we extract ! foll[+ summ>y ( ?is art f ! above au?or1 :o quotes f ,franz ,pa%a1 ! ar*itect to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,kh$ive4 8,:ile be/[+ _! full me$ ( praise on ! wond]fully ri* ornam5tation & o!r details ( ,arabian ar*itecture1 "o _c help feel+ t ! /yle fails to give entire /hetic satisfaction2 want ( symmetry ( plan1 pov]ty ( articulation1 insuffici5cy ( pla/ic decoration1 & an incongru\s m+l+ ( wood & /one are ! imp]fections :i* /rike mo/ ,nor!rn critics4 ,! ar*itects1 9 fact1 be/[$ ! :ole ( _! att5tion on ! decoration ( surfaces2 & d[n to ! pres5t day ! ,arabian arti/s h always display$ f> great] ability 9 design+ ! mo/ complicat$ ornam5t & geometrical figures on plane surfaces ?an 9 ! treatm5t & proportion+ ( masses4 ,al?\gh we occasionally see difficulties ( con/ruction well ov]come 444 ^! in/ances seem r to be successful exp]im5ts ?an ! result ( sci5tific workman%ip4 ,! real excell5ce ( ! ,arabian ar*itects lay 9 _! skill 9 mask+ abrupt angles by ! use ( /alactites1 or brackets10 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cff1 #cfg4--;,c>v$ ,panels f ! ,m>i/an ( ,kalaun 7aft] ,prisse d',av5nes73 ,late ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 7,l4-,p47 ,?is ar*itect is "r1 g5]ally speak+1 9 8 admirable rem>ks1 b we ?9k1 al?\gh x is admitt$ t ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture lacks ! cohesion & unity ( p>ts t is ! *ief beauty 9 ,greek & be/ examples ( ! ,go?ic1 t 9 "s in/ances1 9 ! mosques & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! weklas & 9 dome/ic ar*itecture1 ! ,s>ac5 ar*itects h prov$ !mselves ma/]s 9 ! creation ( ar*itectural works second to none 9 po9t ( beauty1 :ile 9 _! ar*itectural application ( ornam5t to ! decoration ( ! v>i\s surfaces & o!r features ( _! build+s !y are unrivall$4 ,!y h n only inv5t$ a new /yle ( ornam5t1 b 9 _! correct application ( x !y h sc>cely ev] be5 equall$4 ,! decoration ( surfaces1 :i* is ! *ief glory ( all ,s>ac5ic art & ar*itecture1 0 ! fir/ & la/ lesson !y le>nt f _! ,p]sian ma/]s 9 art1 = ,p]sian art1 l ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p1 has all its beauty & polit5ess on ! surface4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,romanesque ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t4 ,romanesque is ! "n giv5 to ! ar*itectural /yle develop$ by ! ,we/]n b>b>ians :o ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire1 aft] _! p>tial civilisation1 :5 !y _h le>n$ ! art ( build+4 ,! /yle arose *iefly f ! copy+ ( ,roman build+s & _! rema9s1 ) "s add$ features ( ,byzant9e build+s4 ,out ( ?is ,romanesque1 9 its turn1 !re sprang ano!r /yle :i* 0 f\nd$ on ! ,romanesque & on ! ar*itecture ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ! new ma/]s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! c\rse ( _! milit>y exp$itions to ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e1 7 br\ght 9 contact ) ! ,s>ac5s & _! ar*itecture1 & 9 com+ back to ,europe !y br\ght ) !m new ideas ( build+1 su* z ! po9t$ ar* ( ! ,s>ac5s1 :i* feature toge!r ) new =ms ( ornam5t 7 add$ by !m to ! preval5t ,romanesque /yle1 ! mixture produc+ an entirely new /yle1 :i* has be5 curi\sly nam$ aft] ! e>ly ,nor!rn b>b>ians--! ,go?ic4 ,! subsequ5t ,crusades aga9/ ! ,mohamm$ans _h ! effect1 among o!rs1 ( ext5d+ ! k ( ma!matics & geometry among ! ,crusad]s1 sci5ces 9 :i* ! ,s>ac5s excell$2 & 9 com+ home aga9 to ! ,we/1 !y appli$ _! geometrical k to ! developm5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture to su* an ext5t t1 t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?is ar*itecture c\ld %[ examples ( ! mo/ l(ty & d>+ con/ructions 9 /one t 7 m>vels 9 ! sci5ce ( build+4 ,"s ,go?ic build+s pres5t ) _! frett$ p9nacles1 spires1 fly+ buttresses1 int]sect+ & pi]c$ "w1 9 flamboyant trac]y1 d>+ vault+1 & int]-p5etrat+ m\ld+s1 a work$-out solution ( "s intricate ma!matical problem4 ,9 its complicat$ phases ,go?ic con/ruction is m sci5tific ?an arti/ic1 h[ev] mu* "o may admire ! gr\p+ or design ( ! ,go?ic pile z a picturesque conception4 ,return+ to ! ,romanesque /yle1 we f9d t 9 ! six? c5tury ,!odoric ! ,o/rogo? _h1 9 ! erections ( *ur*es1 palaces1 & ( 8 tomb 9 ,rav5na--8 capital--s[n ! fir/ se$s ( ! future developm5ts ( ! ,g]man ,romanesque1 & 9 "s degree ( ! lat] ,g]man ,go?ic /yle4 ,9 produc+ ^! works 8 ambition 0 to emulate ! gr&eur ( ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,! ,longob>ds1 ! successors ( ! ,o/rogo?s1 cont9u$ ?is build+ activity ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & h left to u monum5ts ( _! g5ius 9 ! e>ly & rude ,duomo ,vec*io ( ,brescia1 & among/ _m o!rs ( _! noble/ works 7 ,sant' ,ambrogio at ,milan1 & ,san ,z5o at ,v]ona4 ,prior to ! ,c>lov+ian era1 ! ,g]manic p began to cultivate ! f9e arts 9 a t5tative mann]4 ,?is 0 br\ght ab\t by ! contact ( ,g]man *iefs & w>riors ) ,italian pomp & spl5d\r1 :i* also br$ 9 !m a love = p]sonal adornm5t1 t /rongly m>k$ ! nobles & w>riors ( ?is p]iod4 ,*>lemagne 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or ( ,g]many at ,rome1 on ,*ri/mas ,day 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #hjj4 ,! dream & ambition ( ?is great ,g]man ,pr9ce 0 to e/abli% a mighty ,*ri/ian ,empire 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe t %\ld rival pagan ,rome itself1 n only 9 milit>y p[]1 b 9 a widespread culture ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & arti/ic excell5ce4 ,^! 7 ! days ( ,*ivalry1 ( ! ,crusad]s2 ! days :5 m5 7 ri* 9 high & l(ty ideals2 :5 ^? knightly my/ics1 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* & ,vogelweide1 sang ( ! ,p>sival & ! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,graal1 ( songs ( love & *ivalry1 ( deliv]ance f wrongs1 & ( _m /irr+ & tuneful !mes4 ,?\gh ,*>lemagne nev] le>n$ to read or write1 he ?or\ghly appreciat$ ! value ( le>n+4 ,he ga!r$ toge!r le>n$ m51 ar*itects1 & arti/s1 & e/abli%$ a s*ool ( religi\s music4 ,he built _m *ur*es1 palaces1 & bridges1 & collect$ _m /atues f ,rome & else:]e = ! adornm5t ( 8 great *ur* at ,aix-la-,*apelle2 he organiz$ & enc\rag$ ! pr(essions & trades ( 8 t[ns & cities4 ,! great tomb-*ur* at ,aix-la-,*apelle--or ,aa*5--0 built by ,*>lemagne1 & became ! prototype ( all subsequ5t *ur*es erect$ 9 ! ,romanesque /yle 9 ,g]many4 ,x 0 9 ! region bord]+ on ! ,rh9e t ! great *ur* build+ activity 0 develop$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! cities ( ! p[]ful bi%oprics rivall$ ea* o!r 9 pomp & spl5d\r1 z we see 9 su* build+s z ! ,doms ( ,spi]s1 ,may5ce1 & ,cologne1 & 9 ! ,romanesque *ur*es ( ,swabia1 ,franconia1 ,we/phalia1 & ,l[] ,saxony4 ,! ,romanesque /yle is also f\nd 9 ! *ur*es or ,doms ( ,bamb]g1 ,brunswick1 & ,osnabruck2 ! ,godeh>di & ,mi*ael's *ur*es at ,hilde%eim1 ! c>v+ 9 :i* excels t 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,rh9el&4 ,! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! ,g]man ,romanesque are ! great octagonal dome-l t[]s t arise f ! cross+ ( ! nave & transept1 & ! flank+ t[]s at ea* end t are sometimes unit$ to ! c5tral t[] by an outside we/]n gall]y or faade4 ,a f9e mod]n *ur*1 built 9 ! ,romanesque /yle1 is t ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,f\rvire1 on ! hill ov]look+ ! city ( ,lyons 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4--,r\nd ,ar* ,frieze4 ,illu/ration3 #cfi4--;,int]sect+ ,bl9d ,arcade4 ,"s ,g]man ,romanesque *ur*es h a we/]n z well z an ea/]n apse1 & ! *ur* kn[n z ! ,apo/elkir*e 9 ,cologne has ! transept1 bo? ( :i* features are di/urb+ elem5ts 9 any *ur* :]e ! *ief att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! culm9at+ po9t :]e ! *oir1 r]$os1 or alt> are usually f\nd--9 ! apse or *ancel1 & at ! ea/]n end only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgj4--,rose ,w9d[4 ,! *ur* ar*itecture ( ! ,we/--! ,romanesque foll[$ closely ! requirem5ts ( ! ,we/]n ritual1 :ile ! *ur*es :i* obs]v$ ! ,ea/]n ritual kept to ! ,greek or ,byzant9e models4 ,romanesque *ur*es ( ! t5? c5tury are di/+ui%$ by ! basilica plan1 ! apsidal ea/ end1 r\nd-head$ ar*es1 & s+le or d\ble-light w9d[s4 ,! walls h g5]ally a decoration1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( flat pila/]s--rem9isc5ces ( classic ar*itecture--& ! ro(s 9 _m cases 7 vault$4 ,arcad$ decoration1 ) or )\t small column> supports 7,figs4 #cfh & #cfi7 & rose w9d[s 7,fig4 #cgj7 are features ( ! ,romanesque4 ,"s ( ! r\nd-head$ doorways are especially ri* 9 "*1 & h (t5 five or six recess$ columns 7,fig4 #cga7 t c>ry ri*ly m\ld$ heads1 & c>v$ capitals ( qua9t animal & bird decoration 7,fig4 #cgb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cga4--,por* ( ! ,heilsbronn ,mona/]y1 ne> ,nremb]g4 ,! %afts ( ! columns are usually pla91 ?\gh 9 "s in/ances1 = ! sake ( contra/1 !y are twi/$ or imbricat$1 & ! bases are copies ( ! classic ord]s 7,fig4 #cgc74 ,above ! l9tel & "u ! r\nd ar* m\ld+s is ! lunette or tympanum2 ?is space (t5 has ri* decoration ( figures & ornam5t2 sometimes x is divid$ into two spaces1 :5 ! entrance doorway is divid$ by a c5tral pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgb4--;,capital f ,w>tburg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgc4--,romanesque ,%aft & ,base4 ,! details & motives ( ,romanesque decoration are d]iv$ f classic ornam5t--mo/ly ,roman--& are1 z a rule1 debas$ =ms ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4--,ro( ,cornice ( ,*ur* at ,al/adt-,rottweil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cge4--,lat] ,romanesque ,ornam5t4 ,! cable or rope torus-ornam5t1 ! scale or imbricat$ "w1 ! *evron or zigzag1 bead & reel1 scroll1 billet1 *eck]s1 & diap]s1 7 all ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,romanesque1 _m ( :i* h be5 reta9$ 9 ! lat] =ms ( ,go?ic ornam5t4 ,figs4 #cgd1 #cge1 & #cgf are examples ( ! above ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration a1 ,arcad$4 b1 ,*eck]s4 c1 ,wav$ ribbon4 d1 ,cable or ,torus4 e1 ,*evron or ,zigzag4 f1 ,billet4 g1 ,nail-head4 h1 ,scales or ,imbrication4 i1 ,loz5ge4 k1 ,too? ,ornam5t4 ,fig4 #cgf4--,v>i\s ,romanesque ,m\ld+ ,ornam5ts4 ,! t[] 0 a feature ( lat] ,romanesque "w1 :i* m>k$ ! broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! latt] & ,byzant9e ar*itecture2 ^! t[]s _h _! /ories decorat$ ) semicircul> ar*es on corbels or on small pill>s 7,fig4 #cgg74 ,! corbels usually consi/$ ( masks or grotesque figures1 animals1 dragons1 or twi/$ snakes4 ,^! =ms ( decoration 7 also us$ 9 ! capitals & cornices1 bo? 9 ! ,romanesque transitional & ,go?ic p]iods4 ,grotesque =ms 7 us$ v mu* z sculptural decoration 9 ! ,lomb>dic ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,9 ,sc&9avia & 9 ,irel& ?is k9d ( ornam5t assum$ ! =ms ( snakes1 s]p5ts1 & int]lac+s develop$ f !m4 7,see ,fig4 #fe1 #fi1 #gj47 ,! capitals 7 at fir/ rude copies ( ! ,roman ,cor9?ian ord] 7,fig4 #cji71 develop$ lat]--aft] ! "* ( ! ,byzant9e cubical =ms--to a solid cubic %ape1 call$ 9 ! ,norman /yle ( ,romanesque 9 ,engl&1 ! 8cu%ion-head$0 capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgg4--,t[]s & ,r\nd-ar*$ ,frieze1 ,abbey ( ,komb]g4 ,w9d[-op5+s 7 usually small1 & ! gr\p+ ( two or m lights "u "o arcad$ head occurs 9 ,byzant9e1 ,romanesque1 & ,go?ic build+s4 ,! light came usually f ! cl]e/ory1 b sometimes small] circul> w9d[s 7 introduc$ into ! end gables1 :i* subsequ5tly 7 develop$ into w9d[s ( great] importance & intricacy ( design 9 ! great ,go?ic *ancels & 9 we/]n lights4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4--;,capital f ,palace ( ,b>b>ossa1 ,gelnhaus54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4--;,capital f ,/4 ,cross1 ,w9*e/]4 ,romanesque ar*itecture1 & especially its decorative ornam5tation1 0 nev] q free f ,byzant9e or ,s>ac5ic influ5ces4 ,x 0 ( itself an incongru\s mixture1 out ( :i*1 :5 ! po9t$ ar* ( ! ,s>ac5s 0 adopt$1 & ! ornam5tal features modifi$ to con=m ) x1 ! new ogival or ,go?ic /yle arose4 ,9 e "p ( ,europe 9 :i* ! ,romanesque took root1 !re may be notic$ s _m di/9ct v>ieties4 ,! /yle 9 ,rome & ,c5tral ,italy naturally foll[$1 z we h se51 ! antique ,roman =ms4 ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,pisa ! capitals are ,cor9?ian1 & !re is a great] display "h ( mosaics & col\r$ m>bles1 bo? on ! ext]ior & 9 ! int]ior1 ?an 9 mo/ ,romanesque build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chj4--,por* ( ,/4 ,z5o at ,v]ona4 ,! /yle 9 ,lomb>dy & ,upp] ,italy is1 on ! o!r h&1 diff]5t to t ( ,c5tral ,italy1 z x !re inh]it$ ! ,g]man traditions4 ,! columns _h 9 _! capitals leafage ( a diff]5t "* to t ( ! classic ord]s1 & _h birds & animals c>v$ among/ x1 & ! bases ( ! columns re/$ on animals4 ,doorways 7 squ>e-head$1 & _h also a circul> ar*1 ov] :i* 0 a p$im5t$ canopy 7,fig4 #chj74 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ,lomb>dic ,romanesque is ! ,/4 ,z5o ,*ur* at ,v]ona1 :i* has a doorway ( ?is description4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,monreale 9 ,sicily 7,a4,d4 #aagd71 & ! ,ca!dral ( ,pal]mo1 exhibit a mixture 9 :i* ,byzant9e & ,s>ac5ic influ5ces are well def9$2 ?is 0 ow+ to ! successive p[]s t 7 at diff]5t p]iods ma/]s ( t c\ntry4 ,! ,normans at a lat] date made *anges 9 ! ar*itecture ( ,sicily1 & ,norman ar*itecture 0 develop$ to a great ext5t 9 ?is place4 ,x 0 9 ,sicily t ,norman ar*itecture fir/ develop$ ! *>act]i/ic zigzag feature t is se5 s mu* 9 ! ,norman portals & w9d[-heads 9 ,engl& 7,figs4 #cha & #chb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cha4--,norman ,doorway1 ,semp]+ham ,*ur*1 ,l9coln%ire4 7,g47 ,! po9t$ ar* ( ! ,s>ac5s 0 add$ to ! ,norman ,romanesque 9 ,sicily4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,cefalu 7#aacb71 & ! palace ( ,la ,ziza at ,pal]mo1 are examples4 ,n[h]e else 0 ! ,romanesque ( s mix$ a "*4 ,! illu/ration f ,pal]mo 7,fig4 #chc7 cle>ly %[s ! po9t$ ,s>ac5ic ar*1 us$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,romanesque r\nd ar*+1 :ile "s o!r portions ( ! details are di/9ctly ,byzant9e4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france ,romanesque ar*itecture is f> m ornate ?an t ( ! ,norman /yle 9 ,norm&y1 or o!r p>ts ( ! ,nor?2 9 fact1 ! latt] /yle 9 ,france has its ornam5t conf9$ to purely l9e> decoration2 b ! *ur*es t 7 built at ! end ( ! elev5? & beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5turies1 :i* repres5t ,norman ar*itecture 9 its pure/ phases1 7 noble edifices1 pla9 & solidly built1 ( :i* ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,eti5ne is a good example4 ,its arcades re/ on pi]s1 x has a vault$ nave & aisles1 & has a f9e transept4 ,! gable ( ! nave is flank$ by two we/]n t[]s1 ! we/]n front is built 9 ?ree /ories1 & has two ranges ( five-light w9d[s4 ,! ,ca!drals ( ,bayeux & ,evreux may be m5tion$ z two o!r f9e examples ( ,norman ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chb4--;,b]keley ,ca/le1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chc4--,po9t$ ,arcad+ f ! ,ca!dral ( ,pal]mo4 ,! ,romanesque doorway 7,fig4 #chd7 f ! ,s\? ( ,france illu/rates ! some:at motley "* ( ?is ar*itecture 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s *ur*es ( ?is locality %[ ! rec$+ ar*es 9 ! doors & arcad+1 support$ by engag$ columns1 :i* feature 0 develop$ v mu* 9 ! lat] ,go?ic4 ,! ,romanesque /yle 9 ,engl& is se5 9 build+s t 7 erect$ be=e ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chd4--;,door ( ,/4 ,gabriel's1 ,s\? ( ,france4 ,! build+s ( ?is p]iod--! elev5? c5tury--h receiv$ ! "n ( 8,anglo-,saxon40 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by ! r\nd op5+s ( doors & w9d[s1 ! latt] be+ sometimes triangul>-head$4 ,! t[] ( ,e>l's ,b>ton1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 is an example ( ,anglo-,saxon4 ,x has pila/]-l /rips ( /one decorat+ & ty+ ! masonry toge!r2 small triangul> & circul> /one-"w connect+ ! p]p5dicul> /rips--a rem9isc5ce ( arcad+--gives a di/9ctive appe>ance ( wood-fram+ to ! :ole "w1 :i* is probably a copy ( ! e>li] timb] con/ruction4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon t[] at ,sompt+1 ,sussex1 & ! ,saxon *ur* at ,brad=d-on-,avon 7,a4,d4 #gje71 are also examples ( e>ly "w execut$ 9 ,engl& prior to ! ,norman ,conque/ 7#ajff74 ,! "w we und]/& z ,norman 9 ,engl& 0 9 exi/5ce long be=e ! ,conqu]or's "t1 & x is q likely t ! subsequ5t ,engli% ,go?ic w\ld h develop$ j ! same if ! ,normans _h n invad$ ,engl&4 ,! ,engli% ,romanesque1 or ,e>ly ,norman /yle1 dates1 z ne> z possible1 f ,edw>d ! ,confessor's "t 7#ajda-ajfe74 ,?is k+ f\nd$ ! great ,abbey ( ,we/m9/]1 ( :i* ! ,dormitory sub/ructure walls & vault+ /ill rema91 b ! re/ ( ! orig9al *ur* has disappe>$4 ,on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,engl&1 j aft] ! ye> #ajjj1 a great build+ p]iod set 91 z = _m ye>s prior to ?is date a correspond+ p]iod ( an opposite k9d1 or a le?>gy 9 ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian peoples1 & consequ5tly an inactivity 9 all build+ op]ations1 0 manife/$1 ow+ to ! prophecy t ! end ( ! _w w\ld come 9 ! ye> #ajjj4 ,:5 ?is 0 f\nd to be a delusion1 a build+ craze spread ov] ,europe1 & ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5? c5turies 7 ! great build+ ages1 :5 bo? ,*ri/ian & ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture advanc$ ) leaps & b\nds4 ,! ,normans 9 ,engl& aft] ! ,conque/1 no d\bt1 ha/5$ ! advancem5t ( ar*itecture2 = ! rule seems to h be5 t :]ev] !y f\nd a small or old *ur* ( ! ,anglo-,saxon type or p]iod1 !y inv>iably pull$ x d[n1 re-dress$ ! /ones1 & built a mu* l>g] & bett] *ur* on ! same site1 us+ up ! old mat]ial :5 available1 besides build+ _m *ur*es on new sites4 ,! ,normans 7 also mu* bett] build]s ?an ! ,saxons1 & at ?is "t great numb]s ( ,norman masons 7 br\ght ov] f ,france4 ,! /rongholds1 or ca/les1 ) _! massive keeps1 7 built at ?is p]iod by ! new ,norman b>ons1 9 ord] n only to h /ately dwell+s = !mselves1 b to protect _! newly-acquir$ hon\rs & possessions f _! ,saxon foem54 ,rema9s ( _m ( ^! /rongholds1 especially ( ! keeps1 are /ill to be se5 at ,h$+ham ,ca/le at ,ro*e/]2 ,gundulph's ,t[]--! olde/--at ,mall+1 ,k5t2 ,newca/le1 ,guild=d1 ,col*e/]1 ,ri*mond1 & ,conisbor\gh 9 ,york%ire1 c4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ is ! great ,:ite ,t[] ( ,london1 9 :i* is f\nd ! beautiful little ,norman ,*apel1 "o ( ! be/ & mo/ p]fect examples ( ,norman ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,norman keeps1 or t[]s1 are uni=m 9 design1 hav+ a squ>e plan1 ) a squ>e project+ turret at ea* angle1 & a flat1 ?9 buttress 9 ! c5tre ( ! walls2 w9d[s 7 small1 & 7 r\nd or squ>e-head$4 ,! doorways 7 r\nd-head$1 recess$1 & 7 g5]ally ornam5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che4--,! ,l&grave's ,room at ! ,w>tburg4 ,portions ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 z inde$1 ( almo/ all ! pr9cipal ,engli% ca!drals1 & _m old *ur*es1 7 built 9 ! ,norman p]iod1 :i* %[s h[ ext5sively *ur* build+ mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on f ! ,conque/ 7#ajff7 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 7#aahi74 ,! ,norman & olde/ p>ts ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 built by ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc 7#ajgj-ajhi71 are ! t[]s =m+ ! *oir transepts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chf4--,romanesque ,ornam5t1 ,iron ,h+e f ,notre-,dame1 ,p>is4 ,prior ,ernulf1 "u ,/4 ,anselm1 rebuilt mu* ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral 7#aacj71 & add$ ri*] elem5ts to ! ornam5tation4 ,! peculi> pla9 cu%ion1 or cubic capital1 f\nd s mu* 9 ,engl& 9 ,norman "w1 0 meant to be c>v$ or enri*$ aft]w>ds1 b (t5 ! want ( funds1 or ha/e & c>elessness 9 aft] ye>s1 7 ! causes t left !m pla91 until x 0 too late1 :5 ! /yle _h *ang$1 & !y 7 sup]s$$ by lat] developm5ts4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y 7 n int5d$ to rema9 s1 = _m h be5 left half-f9i%$ 9 ! c>v+1 & "s pla9 ones are f\nd to alt]nate ) o!rs ( ! same type1 b ri*ly c>v$1 z at ,cant]bury & "s o!r places4 ,sometimes ! int5tion seems to h be5 to decorate !m ) pa9t$ ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chg4--,romanesque ,panel f a ,*ur* at ,bonn4 ,at ,w9*e/] & ,ro*e/] ,ca!drals1 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,nor?ampton1 ! transepts ( ,exet]1 ,pet]bor\gh1 &1 above all1 at ,durham1 ! ,norman /yle is se5 bo? 9 its be/ e>li] & lat] developm5ts4 ,! ornam5ts are v few1 ! zigzag be+ ! *ief4 ,! loz5ge & billet are also us$ 9 ! e>ly "w1 b 9 ! lat]1 z 9 ! ri* doorways1 su* z t at ,iffley1 ,ox=d%ire 7#aafj71 grotesque masks1 frets1 int]lac+s1 birds1 dragons1 fi%es1 & ! quadruple =m ( ! zigzag are add$4 ,! columns 9 "s cases are twi/$ & b&$1 & ,ionic volutes appe> 9 ! capitals4 ,9 "s late ,norman "w ! tympana are ri*ly c>v$ ) figures & ornam5t4 ,_m examples ( ,romanesque non-ecclesia/ical build+s are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ,g]many1 or h be5 skilfully re/or$ z su*1 :i* give a tol]ably good idea ( ! private dwell+s ( ?is p]iod4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #che7 is an example ( ! dome/ic ,romanesque4 ,x is ! int]ior ( ! ,l&grave's room at ! ,w>tburg1 ,g]many4 ,examples ( ,romanesque ornam5t are giv5 9 ! iron h+e f ! ,*ur* ( ,ntre ,dame1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #chf71 & ! panel f ,bonn 7,fig4 #chg74 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t4 ,! ,go?ic or 8,po9t$0 /yle grew1 z we h se51 out ( ! ,romanesque4 ,*ur*es 7 built 9 :i* ! po9t$ ar* 0 us$ side by side ) ! r\nd ar* ( ,romanesque4 ,^! 7 ! build+s ( ! transitional p]iod4 ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & 9 ,engl& "s ( ! e>li] ,go?ic build+s 7 pur] 9 /yle ?an ^? ( ! lat] p]iod4 ,! "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is m correct 9 arti/ic pr9ciples1 m re/ra9$1 & less bewild]+ 9 ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction ?an ! "w ( any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! true home ( ! ,go?ic /yle 0 9 ,france1 f :i* c\ntry x ext5d$ to ,g]many & ,engl& almo/ simultane\sly4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,soissons 9 ,france may be m5tion$ z "o ( ! transitional build+s 7#abab71 ?\gh portions ( x are ( a /ill e>li] date4 ,x is not$ = its e>ly plate trac]y & v ornate foliat$ capitals4 ,! hall ( ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john at ,ang]s %[s _m features ( ! transitional /yle4 ,its vault$ ro(s & ar*+ are 9 ! ,go?ic or ,po9t$ /yle1 & ! w9d[s are 9 ! r\nd-head$ ,romanesque4 ,! hospital 0 built by ,h5ry ,,ii41 & complet$ ,a4,d4 #aahd4 ,9 ,engl&1 portions ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 ! hall at ,oakham ,ca/le1 ,rutl&%ire1 & ! ,temple ,*ur*1 ,london1 may be giv5 z examples ( ! transitional ,romanesque or ,norman to ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,9 all ! above examples1 ! squ>e-m\ld$ abacus ) debas$ ,cor9?ian foliage on ! bell und]nea? may be se51 :i* indicates ! transitional type ( capital4 ,! build+s ( ! transitional /yle may be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! e>li] "o by be+ mu* light] 9 con/ruction3 ! masons1 hav+ le>n$ _! trade bett]1 f\nd !y c\ld economise ! mat]ial--:i* 0 a great ?+ 9 ^? days ( rapid *ur* build+--by hav+ m sl5d] proportions1 :i* l$ to ! m ref9$ & elegant /yle ( ! ,e>ly ,go?ic bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chh4--;,ca!dral ( ,notre-,dame ,p>is4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,ntre-,dame 9 ,p>is is a f9e example ( ! ,e>ly ,fr5* /yle 7,fig4 #chh74 ,! t[]s look unf9i%$1 b !y _h at "o "t wood5 spires4 ,*>tres 7#abfj71 ,rheims 7#abej71 & ,r\5 7#abhj7 are o!r typical examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,! p]iod ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle la/$ f ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaij to #abgj1 embrac+ ! reigns ( ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john1 & ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,?is /yle is di/+ui%$ f ! ,norman transitional by ! light & l(ty pill>s us$ s+ly or 9 gr\ps & clu/]s1 lancet w9d[s1 po9t$ ar*es1 & by ! additional use made ( buttresses & p9nacles4 ,! slope or pit* ( ! ro( is 9 h>mony ) ! po9t$ ar*es & lancet w9d[s1 & also ! pyramidal t[]s or spires4 ,! greate/ possible diff]5ce is ?us exhibit$ betwe5 ! ,norman ,romanesque & ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,al?\gh ! gr\nd plan is h>dly alt]$ 9 ! latt] /yle1 ! g5]al lightness & so>+ v]tical "* ( almo/ e detail1 & ! multiplication ( buttresses & p9nacles1 give to ! ,go?ic erections ( ?is p]iod a triumphal look ( ma/]y ov] ! mat]ial t 9 ! sci5ce ( build+ 0 hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! ,e>ly ,po9t$ /yle 9 ,engl& is se5 at its be/ 9 ,l9coln1 ,york1 & ,salisbury ,ca!drals & 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,fig4 #chi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chi4--,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,cologne f\nd$ by ,conrad von ,ho*/ad5--t wond]ful & huge pile ( ,go?ic ar*itecture--belongs p>tly to ! ?irte5? b m prop]ly to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 hav+ its f\ndations laid 9 #abdh & consecrat$ 9 #acbg4 ,x has be5 add$ to consid]ably ev5 until mod]n days4 ,x pres5ts a slightly we>isome repetition ( p>ts1 especially 9 ! buttresses1 p9nacles1 & o!r v]tical =ms ( ! ext]ior1 t 9 a measure robs x ( "s "p ( ! gr&eur & sublimity :i* we %\ld naturally expect 9 an edifice ( its size & proportions4 ,x is bas$ p>tly on ! design ( ! great ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s 9 ,france4 ,! v ri* canopies & w9d[s ( geometrical trac]y 7,fig4 #cij7 are lat] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & correspond closely to ! ,decorat$ p]iod 9 ,engl& 7#abgj to #achj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cij4--,w9d[1 ,gable1 & ,p>apet 9 ,cologne ,ca!dral4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,cologne ,ca!dral is /rik+ly illu/rative ( ! real _s ( ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! consi/5t unity & simplicity ( its /up5d\s & upw>d-so>+ nave1 & its /ill simpl] *oir--:i* has only z its ornam5tal features ! /r+c\rse bel[ ! tri=ium & ! c>v$ capitals ( ! %afts--comb9e to produce 9 ! spectator t feel+ ( rev]5ce & deep respect1 n only = ! sacr$ associations ( ! build+1 b = ! great ma/]-spirits :o conceiv$ ! design1 & :o 7 able to "w out to su* a degree ( p]fection ?is great ma!matical problem 9 /one4 ,?is triumphal a*ievem5t ( 8/yli/ic or?odoxy0 on ,g]man soil is z mu*1 if n m s ?an any o!r ,go?ic build+ 9 ,g]many1 indebt$ to ,fr5* inspiration & ,fr5* models4 ,!re are also _m o!r *ur*es 9 ,g]many1 9 ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,rh9e--,/rasburg ,ca!dral = in/ance--t h /rongly m>k$ features ( ! ,fr5* ogival /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cia4--,por* ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,nremb]g4 ,! t[]s ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce's at ,nremb]g are some:at ,romanesque2 b ! w9d[s1 door op5+s1 buttresses1 & p9nacles are 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! recess$ por* has a squ>e-head$ d\ble doorway1 ri*ly decorat$ 7,fig4 #cia74 ,! int]ior 7,fig4 #cib7 ( ?is *ur* is extremely arti/ic 9 its g5]al effect4 ,! /onework is ( t d>k br[n col\r t is se5 9 s _m ,g]man *ur*es2 ! ri* col\r ( ! /a9$ glass1 ! pictures1 & %ields hung up r\nd ! pi]s & on ! walls1 ) _! ri* tones ( gold & col\rs1 ! graceful pi]s end+ 9 ! ribs & support+ ! vault+ ( ! ceil+s1 ! c>v$ rood-cross & pulpit1 & above all ! great c>v$ wood m$allion ( ! ,annunciation1 by ,veit ,/oss 7#aeah71 make up ! ri*e/ ( pictures1 :i* is a sample ( :at may be se5 9 _m int]iors ( ,g]man *ur*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cib4--;,int]ior ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,nremb]g4 ,ano!r int]e/+ *ur* 9 ,nremb]g is t ( ,/4 ,sebaldus1 m f its association ) ! "n & works ( ,adam ,kraft1 :o c>v$ ! figure "w on ! ext]ior1 & ,pet] ,vis*]1 ^: celebrat$ "w is ! *ief glory ( ?is *ur*--! ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,sebaldus 7,fig4 #cic71 "o ( ! mo/ important works ( ! fifte5? c5tury--?an f its m]its z an ar*itectural "w4 ,! plan ( ?is *ur* is bad 9 hav+ its nave & aisles ( equal wid?1 :i* is at utt] v>iance ) all ideas ( good proportion & ( ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! %r9e ( ,/4 ,sebaldus is modell$ & ca/ 9 bronze2 ,pet] ,vis*] & 8 five sons lab\r$ on x = twelve ye>s be=e x 0 complet$4 ,x is ,go?ic entirely 9 con/ruction1 b mo/ ( ! =ms & details ( ! ornam5t & figure "w are purely ,italian2 = at ?is "t--! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,g]manic arti/s 7 fasc9at$ & /rongly influ5c$ by ! art t fl\ri%$ beyond ! ,alps4 ,a f9e ca/ ( ?is monum5t is 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! 8,bride's ,door0 ( ,/4 ,sebaldus 7,fig4 #cid7 has an int]e/+ canopy ( ,g]man trac]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cic4--,%r9e ( ,/4 ,sebaldus1 at ,nremb]g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cid4--,! 8,bride's ,door0 ( ,/4 ,sebaldus1 at ,nremb]g4 ,art hav+ gradually pass$ into ! h&s ( ! b\rgeois elem5t1 ! pr9cipal cities 9 ,g]many1 especially ^? ( ! nor?1 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! erection ( t[n halls & civic build+s 7,fig4 #cie74 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 ,brussels1 ,bruges1 ,antw]p1 ,l\va91 ,nremb]g1 ,augsb]g1 & ,m>i5b]g1 _m qua9t edifices are /ill f\nd ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 consi/+ (t5 ( brick glaz$ black & r$1 & wide-jo9t$1 or ( /one ?r\gh\t4 ,!y h mo/ly /eep ro(s1 battlem5t$ cornices1 & /epp$ gables4 ,!y are decorat$ ) little spires or p9nacles1 & h horizontal or po9t$ op5+s to doorways & w9d[s1 ri*ly decorat$ friezes & /r+c\rses1 op5 arcades "u ! fir/ /ory1 picturesques balconies1 & corn] turrets end+ 9 corbels1 :i* 7 (t5 ri*ly c>v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cie4--,t[n ,hall1 ,m>i5b]g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4--,w9d[ ,gable1 f ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 ,! ,go?ic /yle 0 introduc$ into ,italy 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 b x nev] took any great root 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 ,rome !re are no ,go?ic build+s ( ?is p]iod3 !re is "o ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,*ur* ( ,m9]va1 b is a bad example ( ! /yle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s exceptionally f9e examples ( ,go?ic canopies1 ( tombs & alt>s 9 sev]al *ur*es 9 ,italy4 ,x is believ$ t !y 7 copies ( ,fr5* or ,engli% ,go?ic & 7 all ! "w ( "o family ( arti/s call$ ! ,cosmati4 ,mix$ ) ^! ,go?ic =ms 9 /onework !y introduc$ b&s & panels ( col\r$ mosaic1 & also are cr$it$ ) ! execution ( mu* ( ! mosaic beautiful pavem5t "w kn[n z opus ,alex&r9um4 ,a p>ticul> =m ( ! ,go?ic /yle appe>s 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 & has be5 call$ ! 8,lomb>dic0 or ! 8,pisan0 /yle4 ,?is /yle ( ,italian ,go?ic 0 nev] q free f classical influ5ces4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by hav+ num]\s small columns employ$ to decorate ext]iors & int]iors4 ,examples occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pisa1 ,lucca1 & 9 places bord]+ on ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,lean+ ,t[] ( ,pisa 7#aagd-acej7 is an example4 ,"p ( ! ,bapti/]y 7#abgh7 & ! e>li] portion ( ! ,duomo or ,ca!dral ( ,pisa are built 9 ?is /yle4 ,lomb>d ,go?ic 0 !re=e contempor>y ) ! ,e>ly ,engli% & ,fr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cig4--;,crockets1 ,l9coln4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cih4--;,f ! ,temple ,*ur*4 ,9 ,flor5ce a v beautiful mixture ( ! dome feature ) ,go?ic is se5 9 ! ,duomo or ,ca!dral1 a well-kn[n & magnific5t build+4 ,! w9d[ gable 7,fig4 #cif7 gives a good idea ( ,italian ,go?ic4 ,! ,ca!drals ( ,orvieto are o!r examples ( ,italian *ur*es 9 :i* ,go?ic =ms are us$4 ,9 all ^! *ur*es ! faades are inlaid ) col\r$ m>bles ( elaborate panell+4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,milan is ! f9e/ example ( a *ur* 9 ! ,go?ic /yle 9 ,italy1 ?\gh x is by no means pure ,go?ic4 ,x is built ( :ite m>ble & has "s rem>kably good /a9$-glass w9d[s4 ,! ,palazzo ,publico at ,flor5ce & t ( ,si5a are built 9 ! ,italian ,go?ic /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cii4--;,dog's ,too? or ,nail-head ,ornam5t1 f ,/one ,*ur*1 ,k5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djj4--,sp&rel1 f ,/one ,*ur*1 ,k5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djj;,a4--,prie/s' ,entrance1 ,bi%op/one ,*ur*1 ,wilts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dja4--,norman & ,go?ic ,m\ld+s4 a b c1 ,norman2 d e f1 ,e>ly ,engli%2 g h1 ,decorat$2 i j k1 ,p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djb4--,p$e/al1 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful build+s 9 ! _w is ! well-kn[n ,doges' ,palace at ,v5ice4 ,! pr$om9ant =ms are ,go?ic1 especially ! l[] arcad+ & ! po9t$ w9d[ op5+s4 ,x re/s on columns & ar*es :i* compose ! l[] /ory1 & has also ! second /ory arcad$1 & pi]c$ 9 its upp] "p ) quatre-foil$ op5+s4 ,above ?is is a high rectangul> /ory1 built ) loz5ge-%ap$ slabs ( p9k m>ble1 & pi]c$ ) a r[ ( l>ge po9t$ w9d[s1 & has small] circul> op5+s above ^!4 ,a ri*ly design$ battlem5t cr[ns ! walls ( ! upp] /ory4 ,! caps ( ! columns are beautifully c>v$1 & sculptur$ figure subjects decorate ! corn]s ( ! build+4 ,?is palace 0 a long "t 9 build+2 be=e x 0 complet$ ! /yle _h p]ceptibly *ang$1 s 9 consequ5ce ! portico 9 "s p>ts belongs to ! f\rte5? & "s to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djc4--,place ,h\se1 ,cornwall4 ,?r\gh\t ,v5ice ! ar*itecture ) ,go?ic pret5sions is mix$ v mu* ) fifte5? & sixte5? ,v5etian or ,r5aissance =ms4 ,! ogee ar* 0 us$ v mu*1 & ! ,decorat$ /yle ( w9d[s & doorways1 arcad+s1 & balconies ) ,italian =ms made a qua9t mixture t gives a v pleas+ appe>ance to "s ( ! ,v5etian palaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djd4--;,flamboyant ,panel4 ,fr5*1 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dje4--;,flamboyant ,panell+4 ,fr5*4 ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ,engl& has be5 divid$ into ?ree /yles2 ! ,e>ly ,engli%1 :i* la/$ f ab\t ,a4,d4 #aahi-abgb1 9 ! reigns ( ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john1 & ,h5ry ,,iii42 ! ,decorat$1 ,a4,d4 #abgb-acgg1 9 ! reigns ( ,edw>d ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii42 & ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 ,a4,d4 #acgg-aedg1 f ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 to ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,aft] ?is x became debas$1 & f9ally m]g$ into ! ,tudor or ,engli% ,r5aissance1 sometimes call$ ! 8,elizabe?an40 ,a /ill lat] mixture ( ,engli% ,go?ic ) ,italian or ,flemi% ,r5aissance details 0 develop$ 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i41 :i* has be5 call$ 8,jacobean40 ,! two latt] /yles nev] f\nd mu* fav\r 9 ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 b 7 develop$ mo/ly 9 dome/ic & civic build+s1 & us$ 9 ! designs ( pulpits1 scre5s1 & *ur* furniture4 ,a great quantity ( c>v$ oak & *e/nut furniture 0 made 9 ! ,jacobean /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djf4--;,=ms ( ,go?ic ,ar*es4 a1 ,po9t$2 b1 ,cusp$2 c1 ,depress$2 d1 ,flamboyant4 ,! v>i\s /yles ( ,engli% ,go?ic h _! transitional p]iods t ext5d & ov]lap !m s mu*1 t makes x extremely difficult 9 "s build+s to det]m9e :i* /yle !y belong to2 ! difficulty is usually got ov] by assign+ !m to _! respective p]iods z ! beg9n+1 middle1 or end ( a /yle4 ,we h already notic$ ,e>ly ,engli%1 :i* is ! be/ & pure/ =m ( ! ,go?ic 9 ,engl&4 ,9 x we see ! f9e/ developm5t ( w9d[ trac]y bas$ on geometric l9es4 ,mullions take ! place ( pi]s1 w9d[s h two or m lights1 ! beg9n+s ( ! fly+ buttress1 p9nacles1 crockets 7,fig4 #cig71 columns 9 clu/]s1 r\nd-head$ capitals ) or )\t ! *>act]i/ic trefoil foliage 7,fig4 #cih7 kn[n z ,e>ly ,engli% foliage 7,fig4 #cih71 :i* has be5 develop$ f ! ,romanesque4 ,! ornam5t call$ 8dog's too?0 is common to ! e>ly examples ( ?is /yle1 & is also a ,romanesque decoration 7,fig4 #cii74 ,! ,decorat$ /yle is a ri* & m ornate phase ( ! prec$+ /yle1 & is fur!r m>k$ by ! ext5sive use ( ! ogee ar* 9 doorways & w9d[s 7see ,fig4 #djj;,a71 & by ! great] pr(usion ( sculptur$ foliage1 fl[]s1 & ornam5t 9 ! decoration4 ,! ball fl[] us$ 9 ! holl[ m\ld+s is *>act]i/ic ( ?is /yle1 z ! too? ornam5t is ( ! ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djg4--;,=ms ( ,go?ic ,trac]y4 a1 ,trefoil2 b1 ,qu>trefoil2 c1 ,c9quefoil2 d1 ,cusp$ ,qu>trefoil2 e1 ,po9t$ & ,cusp$2 f1 ,flamboyant4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 z its "n d5otes1 is *>act]iz$ by its long & n>r[ly divid$ w9d[s & simil> panell+s4 ,in/ead ( ! fl[+ l9es ( trac]y 9 ! w9d[s1 ! mullions are ( a /raight l9$ & v]tical "*1 & are divid$ at int]vals by transoms1 or horizontal divisions4 ,! p$e/al 7,fig4 #djb7 f ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel is ( ,p]p5dicul> panell+4 ,! beautiful fan trac]y se5 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey & 9 ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral is a v>iety ( ?is panell+4 ,! doorways 9 ?is /yle h po9t$ b depress$ ar*es1 & z a rule are enclos$ ) squ>e-head$ m\ld+s or labels4 ,! sp&rels =m$ by ?is arrangem5t are fill$ ) trac]y & %ields4 ,t[]s & cornices h battlem5ts1 c4 7,fig4 #djc74 ,a g5]al squ>5ess is giv5 to all ! ornam5ts1 & a m sev]e & dry "* is ! *ief feature ( ! ,p]p5dicul> decoration4 ,! ,flamboyant ,go?ic /yle ( ! ,cont95t is contemporane\s ) ! ,engli% ,p]p5dicul>4 ,! panels at ,figs4 #djd & #dje are v good examples ( ,flamboyant panel decoration4 ,=ms ( ,go?ic ar*es & trac]y are giv5 at ,figs4 #djf & #djg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t4 ,_m ?+s t5d$ to br+ ab\t ! art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! great impulse giv5 to le>n+ by ! /udy ( ! writ+s ( ! ,greek & ,roman poets1 lawy]s1 & philosoph]s1 & ! ke5 /udy ( ! ri* legacy ( art & ar*itecture left by ,greece & ,rome1 may be reckon$ among ! *ief causes :i* l$ to ! developm5t dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ( ! ,re-,bir? or ,r5aissance bo? ( lit]ature & art4 ,dante1 & 8 successors ,petr>* & ,boccaccio1 7 call$ 8,humani/s10 = ! reason t !y /udi$ & advocat$ ! k t 0 ne$ful to man 9 8 progress & 9 relation to 8 life 9 ?is _w1 & did n conf9e !mselves :olly to !ology1 :i* 0 ! case ) ^? :o devot$ !mselves to le>n+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is l$ to a wid] spread ( k among ! p1 :i* 0 greatly /imulat$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! rul]s ( ! p also enc\rag$ le>n+ & promot$ ! arts to an ext5t unkn[n be=e4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 especially1 "u ! p[]ful & b5efic5t rule ( ! ,m$ici family1 art & lit]ature receiv$ e att5tion1 & made rapid progress 9 e dep>tm5t ( cultur$ k & skilful h&icraft4 ,great arti/s l ,niccola ,pisano1 ,brunellesco1 ,donatello1 ,giotto1 ,alb]ti1 & o!rs ( ! e>ly p]iod1 ^: individuality & great p]sonality did m ?an any?+ else to br+ ab\t ! epo* & ! art ( ! ,r5aissance1 /udi$ ) evid5t purpose ! exi/+ rema9s ( ! art ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,9 ?is !y only foll[$ ! movem5t ( ! day 9 e bran* ( art & le>n+3 all classes 9 e walk ( life 7 !n direct+ _! foot/eps to ,rome 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,ab\t ! ye> #adad ! discov]y 0 made 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,gall ( ! celebrat$ codex ( ,vitruvius1 a "w :]e9 ! le>n$ writ] _h set =? ! pr9ciples ( ,roman ar*itecture ( ! ,augu/an era4 ,?is "w 0 repr9t$ lat] at ,rome1 & 0 v mu* us$ by ar*itects z a guide = ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! ,roman temples & o!r build+s4 ,z ! ,go?ic /yle 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & 9 ,engl& 0 approa*+ its climax1 ! art ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy 0 develop+1 & ! p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ! =m] 0 contemporane\s ) ! f9e/ p]iod ( ! latt]--t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! transition1 or e>ly beg9n+s ( ! ,r5aissance1 has be5 call$ ! ,trec5to 7#acjj7 /yle1 :i* 9 its ornam5tal features is *>act]is$ by a free use ( conv5tional foliage1 mix$ ) ,s>ac5ic or ) ,byzant9e ornam5t1 int]lac+s1 & scroll "w2 9 sculpture & pa9t+ by a clos] /udy ( nature & ( antique rema9s1 ) an endeav\r to %ake (f ! =m] /iff ,byzant9e traditions2 & 9 ar*itecture by ! use ( ! r\nd ar* & a revival ( "s o!r features ( ! classic ord]s4 ,niccola ,pisano1 ,arnolfo di ,lapo1 ,orcagna1 & ,giotto 7 "s ( its expon5ts4 ,! next division is kn[n z ! ,quattroc5to 7#adjj71 :i* is m prop]ly ! e>ly =m ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! real f\nd]s ( ! /yle3 ,filippo ,brunellesco 7#acgg-addf71 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti 7#acha-adee71 & ,donatello 7#achf-adfh72 ! =m] m p>ticul>ly 9 ar*itecture1 & ! latt] two 9 sculpture4 ,! ornam5t ( ! ,quattroc5to p]iod--! fifte5? c5tury--is di/+ui%$ by its prom95ce ( elaborate natural =ms 9 fe/oons1 scroll "w1 & o!r compositions2 all ! ornam5t 0 decoratively arrang$ m or less geometrically1 b ! details & actual work+ out 7 closely copi$ f nature4 ,! bronze gates ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,san ,giovanni 7#adbe-eb7 are ! f9e/ examples ( ! ,quattroc5to /yle1 bo? z reg>ds ornam5t & figure "w4 ,! modell$ "w 9 high relief ( fruit1 fl[]s1 & foliage on ^! gates1 & simil> "w on great m$allions & alt>-pieces ( ,luca della ,robbia 7#acee-adcj7 is *>act]i/ic ( ?is /yle4 ,^! natural =ms1 mix$ ) trac]y ornam5tation1 acan?us foliage1 treat$ 9 symmetrical arrangem5ts1 & occasionally c>t\*e or /rap-"w1 7 us$ 9 ! ,italian ornam5t ( ?is p]iod4 ,! panel =ms 7 usually ,byzant9e1 b ! re/ ( ! ornam5t _h no symbolic mean+4 ,besides ,luca della ,robbia1 ! "n ( ,jacopo dell' ,qu]cia 7#acgd-adch71 ! ,si5ese sculptor1 may be m5tion$ z "o :o execut$ "s ( ! f9e/ "w 9 figure & ornam5t 9 ! above /yle4 ,! ,c9quec5to /yle 7#aejj7 0 ! culm9atory ef=t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x is ! art ( ,italy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & is entirely devoid ( symbolism 9 its ornam5t4 ,al?\gh ! diff]5ce is great 9 ! matt] ( /yle betwe5 ! classic ornam5t ( ! ,greeks & t ( ! ,italian ,c9quec5to1 yet 9 _! aim & expression !y are id5tical1 = 9 bo? !re is ! same /riv+ to rea* ! highe/ possible /hetic ideal1 ! same delight 9 ! production ( beautiful l9es & =ms = _! own sakes1 & a simil> expression ( appropriate fitness--! outcome ( a correct con=mity to ar*itectural pr9ciples--p]vades ! ornam5t ( bo? /yles4 ,return+ to ! art ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 we h to m5tion two great names1 already ref]r$ to--,giotto 9 pa9t+1 & ,niccola ,pisano 9 sculpture1 :o may be ju/ly call$ ! h>b+]s ( ! new era ( ,italian art4 ,! latt] 0 ! fir/ to g to ! antique = 8 inspiration & /yle 9 sculpture4 ,x appe>s--accord+ to ,vas>i--t 9 ,pisa !re _h be5 accumulat$ a great collection ( antique sculpture--! spoils ( w>--& among !m a s>cophagus1 on :i* ! ,hunt ( ,meleag] & ! ,calydonian bo> 0 wr\ght ) great skill1 :i* 0 plac$ = ornam5t on ! faade ( ! ,ca!dral3 ?is & o!r antique rema9s 9 ! city 7 /udi$ to great advantage by ,niccola1 to ! great improvem5t ( 8 /yle4 ,"o f9e "w ( 81 execut$ 9 ! _s ( ! antique1 0 ! pulpit = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,pisa1 on :i* are great numb]s ( figures1 repres5t+ ! ,univ]sal ,judgm5t4 ,= ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a he also execut$ a simil> "w ) subjects f v>i\s passages 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,on ?is pulpit he _h ! assi/ance ( ,arnolfo & ,lapo1 8 pupils1 & probably also t ( 8 son ,giovanni4 ,^! works prov$ ! great turn+-po9t 9 sculpture1 f ! ar*aic productions ( ! ,middle ,ages to an era ( bett] ?+s1 al?\gh 9 execution !y left mu* to be desir$4 ,giotto 0 n only ! great pa9t] :o fir/ inve/$ 8 works ) poetry1 feel+1 & expression1 b 0 also a skilful ar*itect1 z 8 f9e ,campanile1 or bell-t[]1 9 8 native city ( ,flor5ce be>s witness4 ,dante & ,petr>* 7 8 fri5ds1 ! =m] especially s2 ! portrait ( ,dante by ,giotto /ill exi/s 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,pode/a at ,flor5ce4 ,brunellesco1 z we le>n f ,vas>i1 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( m51 & "o ( ! mo/ capable arti/s ( 8 "t1 a man ( acute g5ius & ready res\rce4 ,9 ! e>ly ,r5aissance p]iod ar*itecture 0 /udi$ by ne>ly all sculptors & pa9t]s1 & _m1 z we h se51 7 appr5tic$ 9 _! y\? z goldsmi?s4 ,brunellesco 0 no exception to ?is rule1 = we f9d t he 0 a clev] goldsmi? & work] 9 niello4 ,! greate/ "w ( 8 life 0 ! build+ ( ! cupola or dome ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce--he 0 ! only ar*itect ( 8 day t 0 f\nd able to d x4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 ! "w ( ! ,flor5t9e ar*itect1 ,arnolfo di ,lapo1 ! f\ndations ( :i* 7 laid 9 ! ye> #abih4 ,brunellesco also built ! sacri/y & dome on ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) sculpture by ,donatello1 & 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,pitti ,palace1 besides _m o!r works4 ,he ga9$ 8 k ( ! con/ruction ( domes 9 ,rome1 m p>ticul>ly f t ( ! ,pan!on1 hav+ drawn f & made models ( ! domes ( all t 0 wor? copy+ ( ! anci5t rema9s at ,rome1 9 company ) 8 fri5d ,donatello1 ! sculptor4 ,! latt]1 ) ,brunellesco1 ,ghib]ti1 & a few o!r sculptors1 compet$ ) _! designs = ! "w ( mak+ ! celebrat$ bronze doors ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,san ,giovanni at ,flor5ce1 :5 ,ghib]ti's design 0 adjudg$ ! be/1 & ( :i* ,mi*elangelo at a lat] p]iod said1 :5 speak+ ( ! gates1 t !y 7 8fit to be ! gates ( ,p>adise40 ,brunellesco's design 0 good1 0 m re/ra9$ 9 "*1 & 0 m consi/5t ) correct ar*itectural pr9ciples ?an ,ghib]ti's2 b ! latt]'s design 0 s fre% & s vigor\s1 t 9 spite ( its be+ too picturesque = sculpture x won univ]sal admiration4 ,! next great "n 9 ar*itecture is t ( ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti 7#adjd-adgb71 :o naturally foll[s ,brunellesco4 ,8 mo/ complete "w is ! ,rucellai ,palace at ,flor5ce2 he built & re/or$ _m *ur*es1 tombs1 & palaces2 0 a great ma!matician1 & v le>n$ 9 ,lat91 9 :i* language he wrote poems1 plays1 & treatises on pa9t+ & ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djh4--,portion ( ! ,/rozzi ,palace4 ,! ,rucellai ,palace is a v f9e "w ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x has ! ?ree ord]s ( ar*itecture 9 its pila/]s1 ) _! entablatures4 ,! l[] /ory has a small squ>e w9d[ plac$ high f ! gr\nd betwe5 e two pila/]s1 & has two squ>e-head$ doorways4 ,betwe5 ea* pair ( pila/]s 9 ! upp] /ories are r\nd-head$ w9d[s1 :i* h ea* a d\ble light divid$ by a small column4 ,! /yle ( build+ is call$ 8ru/icat$10 l s _m ( ! ,italian palaces 7,fig4 #djh74 ,?is is a r\gh5$ =m ( /onework1 & 0 copi$ f ,roman build+s1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! heavy cornices & symmetrical repetition ( w9d[s1 gave ^! palaces a heavy & impos+ look4 ,ano!r palace ( ! ,rucellai type is ! ,cancell]ia at ,rome1 :i* 0 built by ,bramante 7#addd-aead71 a native ( ,ca/el-,durante1 9 ,urb9o1 :o also built ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & :o 0 ! greate/ ar*itect ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( :om ,mi*elangelo te/ifi$ 8t ,bramante 0 equal to any ar*itect :o has appe>$ f ! "t ( ! anci5ts to our own1 c by no means be d5i$40 ,mi*elangelo himself 0 ! ar*itect ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & 8 sublime works 9 sculpture & fresco adorn ! int]ior4 ,! ,cancell]ia ,palace is a ma/]piece ( elegance & good proportion4 ,x has two impos+ doorways1 & ! pla9ness ( its l[] /ory contra/s agreeably ) ! upp] two1 :i* h r[s ( r\nd-head$ w9d[s enclos$ 9 flat or squ>e-head$ ar*itraves1 & are plac$ at agreeable di/ances above ! entablatures ( ! l[] /ories4 ,! two upp] /ories are divid$ alt]nately into wide & n>r[ divisions by pila/]s1 ! w9d[s be+ plac$ 9 ! wide divisions4 ,?is build+ is a m>k$ improvem5t 9 po9t ( beauty on ! ,pitti & ,rucellai palaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dji4--,upp] ,/ory ( ! ,f>nese ,palace1 ,rome4 ,design$ p>tly by ,m4 ,angelo4 ,! ,f>nese ,palace is ano!r typical build+ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! design ( x is attribut$ to ,antonio ,picconi1 :o took ! surname ( ,san ,gallo 7#adh8-aedf74 ,x is built 9 ?ree /ories1 )\t pila/]s1 ) a widely project+ cornice1 & has r a monoton\s look ) its num]\s w9d[s ( equal size4 ,mi*elangelo is said to h design$ "s ( ! w9d[s & ! cornice 7,fig4 #dji71 ?\gh "s say t ! ar*itect ,vignola 0 ! design] ( ! cornice1 ,! c5tral doorway is 8ru/icat$0 & ar*$1 & ! angles ( ! build+ are ( dress$ /ones4 ,! celebrat$ build+ kn[n z ! ,c]tosa 7,*>t]-h\se7 ( ,pavia 0 begun by ,borgognone 9 ! ye> #adgc1 is an example ( ! mo/ ornate phase ( ! ,r5aissance1 & (f]s a widely-m>k$ contra/ to ! almo/ bald simplicity ( ! palace j describ$ 7,fig4 #daj74 ,z a :ole1 ! faade ( ?is build+ _c be call$ a model ( good ar*itectural composition1 b x is easi] to criticise its faults 9 ?is respect ?an to sugge/ improvem5ts4 ,x conta9s1 h[ev]1 _m /rik+ elem5ts ( beauty1 & is full ( useful sugge/ions to ! ar*itect & decorative arti/4 ,! plan & %ell ( ,r5aissance build+s 7 usually ( ! ,romanesque or ,go?ic types2 ! dome1 columns1 & ornam5t g5]ally 7 all borr[$ f ! ,roman rema9s4 ,! column1 r\nd ar*1 & horizontal l9tel or ar*itrave feature 7 ext5sively us$ 9 ! palaces & o!r build+s ( ,v5ice 7,fig4 #daa71 ?\gh ! ,r5aissance /yle _h a difficult task to make headway 9 ,v5ice aga9/ ! /rong ,byzant9e & ,go?ic traditions t _h hi!rto prevail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daj4--,portion ( ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia4 ,! g5]al type ( ! ,v5etian palaces is a solid panell$ wall & pi] arrangem5t or ru/icat$ l[] /ory1 :i* supports a c5tral loggia1 or arcad$ second /ory1 t has circul>-head$ w9d[s & heavy cornices & balconies4 ,! :ole faade is ri*ly decorat$ ) engag$ columns & pila/]s4 ,! ,corn>o1 n[ ! ,moc5igo ,palace1 ! ,grimani on ! ,gr& ,canal1 n[ ! ,po/ ,(fice1 & ! ,sp9elli ,palace1 are said to h orig9ally be5 built f ! designs ( ! great milit>y ar*itect1 ,san ,mi*ele1 ( ,v]ona 7#adhd-aehh71 to :om ! ,signori ( ,v5ice ow$ s mu* z ! design] ( _! =tifications4 ,jacopo ,sansov9o1 :o built ! ,libr>y ( ,san ,m>co at ,v5ice 7,fig4 #daa72 ,palladio 7#aeah-aehj71 ! well-kn[n writ] on ar*itecture2 ,scamozzi1 & ! ,lomb>di family1 may be m5tion$ z o!r celebrat$ ar*itects & ornam5ti/s1 :o execut$ _m works 9 ,v5ice & 9 ,v]ona1 ,flor5ce1 ,padua1 ,vic5za1 ,rome & ,milan1 etc41 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod to build palaces & ca/les1 & 9 ! lat] times municipal & private dwell+s1 z le>n+ & ! arts 7 gett+ into ! h&s ( ! laym51 9 contra/ to ! days ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! cl]gy & monks 7 ! ar*itects & ma/]-build]s3 9 ^? days h>dly any?+ b *ur*es _h ar*itectural pret5sions2 b ! case 0 diff]5t 9 ! ,r5aissance times1 :5 ! ar*itects 7 n b\nd by ! /rict canonical laws ( /yle2 h5ce we f9d a great] v>iety & wid] range ( ideas express$ 9 ! art ( ! p]iod1 due 9 a great measure to ! individuality ( ! arti/s1 :i* has giv5 to ! art ( ! ,r5aissance a diff]5t "* 9 e c\ntry1 di/rict1 or city to :i* x _h spread4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daa4--,libr>y ( ,san ,m>co1 ,v5ice4 ,by ,sansov9o4 ,! greate/ ,v5etian ar*itect ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,longh5a1 fl\ri%$ 7#afjb-hb7 :5 ! ,r5aissance _h ent]$ into its ,b>oque phase or p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,he built _m *ur*es & palaces 9 ,v5ice & 9 "s o!r cities ( ,italy1 b 8 greate/ "w is ! celebrat$ ,*ur* ( ! ,salutation--,santa ,m>ia della ,salute--9 ,v5ice1 a picturesque build+ t has be5 pa9t$ & photograph$ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r *ur* 9 ! _w4 ,) its domes & bell-t[]s1 & its great buttresses decorat$ ) figures t support ! drum ( ! dome1 x pres5ts a /rik+ object ( picturesque beauty4 ,?is *ur* & ! ,pes>o & ,rezzonico palaces are exce$+ly ri* & ornate1 b are ov]load$ ) figures & decorative details--! ,pes>o ,palace especially--:i* is v *>act]i/ic ( ! florid "w ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,_! magnific5ce ( /yle reflects ! palmy days ( ,v5etian gr&eur1 & contra/s /rongly ) ! simpl] & bett] ar*itecture ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance spread to ,france 9 ! days ( ,l\is ,,xii41 & ,francis ,i41 ! mon>* :o did s mu* = ,fr5* art4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 :o greatly fav\r$ ,italian art & arti/s1 we f9d ! ,r5aissance tak+ a deep root 9 ,france4 ,fra ,giocondo 0 summon$ to ,france f ,italy by ,l\is ,,xii41 :o reign$ #adie to #aeae1 & caus$ to be built ! ,*teau de ,blois1 & ! ,*teau de ,gaillon 9 ,norm&y 7#aejb-aj7 ,9 ^! two build+s ! native ,fr5* ,go?ic receiv$ a graft+ ( ! ,italian =ms4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ,france = a long "t1 z 9 t c\ntry ! ,go?ic /yle 0 !n 9 ! full z5i? ( its ,flamboyant p]iod4 ,! ,ca/le ( ,*ambord is "o ( ! f9e/ examples1 & a portion ( ! ,*teau de ,blois1 by ,vi>t1 ! ar*itect ( ,francis ,i4 ,! e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance is q diff]5t f ! ,italian1 p>tly f ! reasons we h /at$1 b x has a livel9ess & exub]ance t is full ( inv5tive res\rce4 ,! build+s are not$ = _! po9t$ ro(s1 & = _! multitude ( picturesque t[]s & p9nacles1 & also ri* c>v+s ( a ref9$ class ( ornam5t4 ,! ,fr5* ,flamboyant ,go?ic & ! ,italian ,decorative =ms are happily bl5d$ 9 ?is /yle1 to :i* ! "n ( 8,franois ,premi]0 7,ier7 has be5 giv54 ,?is /yle 0 *iefly br\ght ab\t by ! employm5t ( ! ,italian sculptors & ar*itects1 ,s]lio1 ,vignola1 ,primaticcio1 ,il ,rosso1 ,cell9i1 & o!rs :o _h be5 invit$ by ,francis ,i4 to build & decorate 8 *teaux & palaces4 ,primaticcio 0 also entru/$ ) ! task ( collect+ a s]ies ( antique ca/s & copies ( antiques f ,rome = ! g>d5s ( ! palace at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 _h ! effect ( help+ to =m ! ta/e = classic art among ,fr5* arti/s4 ,ow+ to all ! above circum/ances1 ,fr5* art began to %[ m ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian /yle4 ,! ,roman ord]s 7 h5ce=? inv>iably us$1 b /ill ! new /yle 0 modifi$ 9 a great measure to suit ! ,fr5* ta/e4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,h5ri ,deux 7,h5ry ,,ii47 /yle is ano!r ,fr5* developm5t ( ! ,c9quec5to1 9 :i* !re is a prepond]ance ( /rap-"w1 ) figures1 masks1 grotesques1 c>t\*es ( all k9ds1 & mu* ( ! conv5tional ,s>ac5ic ornam5t4 ,! monogram ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ! arms ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici (t5 appe> 9 ?is ornam5t1 z se5 9 ! decorations ( ! ,*teau d',anet 7#aedh7 & on ! ,oiron or ,h5ri ,deux pott]y4 ,pi]re ,lescot 7#aeaj-aegh7 design$ ! we/]n faade ( ! ,l\vre1 9 ,p>is1 & ,jean ,buillant design$ ! olde/ p>ts2 ^! two ar*itects & ano!r1 ,philib]t ,delorme1 br\ght ! ,r5aissance to su* a head 9 ,france t x became imm$iately ! national /yle4 ,! great names 9 ar*itectural sculpture ( ! e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance 7 ,jean ,g\jon & ,paul ,ponce1 :o c>v$ ! pr9cipal figures ( ! faades ( ! ,l\vre4 ,t[>ds ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ar*itecture began to assume a m florid "*1 "u ! h&s ( ,lepautre & ,du ,c]ceau4 ,x became ri*]1 b less pure 9 /yle1 an example ( :i* is ! ,apollo ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 design$ by ,lepautre4 ,by ! "t ( ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! desire = %[ & ! expression ( magnific5ce1 especially br\ght ab\t by ! 8,gr& ,mon>que10 ,l\is ,,xiv41 assi/$ by ! ef=ts ( 8 ar*itects1 ,mans>d1 ,p]rault1 ,lem]ci]1 & ,blondel1 :o m9i/]$ to ! :ims ( ! p[]ful ,k+1 spe$ily laid ! f\ndations = ! loose & unre/ra9$ ,b>oque or ,rococo /yle :i* subsequ5tly foll[$4 ,! "n ( 8,l\is ,quatorze0 has be5 giv5 to ! /yle develop$ 9 ! reign ( ?is k+4 8,l\is ,qu9ze0 & 8,l\is ,seize0 are names ( subsequ5t ,fr5* /yles1 :i* w be consid]$ "u ! head ( ,r5aissance ,ornam5t4 ,! tame & spiritless palace ( ,v]sailles 0 design$ by ,franois ,mans>d1 :o inv5t$ ! ,mans>d ro(s :i* h be5 us$ toge!r ) ?is /yle = ne>ly all ! palatial build+s ( ,europe4 ,! purity ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 =gott5 or ignor$ by ! nations ( ,europe1 & ! /iff & pomp\s build+s ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7 accept$ z ! patt]ns t all civilization 0 eag] to copy4 ,ev5 old *ur*es & m$ival ca/les 7 trans=m$ 9 "s portions ( _! int]iors into ,l\is ,,xiv4 imitations4 ,9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le ! great ballroom has be5 vilely treat$ ) ! mean+less incru/ations ( ?is p]iod1 by ! way ( decorations1 endeav\r+1 h[ev]1 to make am5ds = its ta/eless pov]ty ( inv5tion by ! arrogant display ( its ri* cov]+ ( gold leaf4 ,9 ! late sev5te5? & dur+ ! eighte5? c5turies1 ! ,rococo or ,b>oque phase ( ! ,r5aissance 0 9 vogue 9 ,italy & ,france1 & inde$ ev]y:]e 9 ,europe4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,b>oque /yle is ! undue prom95ce giv5 to ! ornam5t & decoration1 :i* arose f a gradual =getfulness ( ! ,roman & ,greek pr9ciples ( con/ruction1 & a want ( ord] 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! pr9cipal =ms 9 ! ar*itecture4 ,by degrees ^! =ms took a second>y position3 columns support$ no?+ or only a few m\ld+s1 cornices & p$im5ts 7 brok51 brackets & consoles 7 inv]t$1 m\ld+s end$ 9 scrolls1 hang+ curta9s 7 repres5t$ on /one c>v+1 also wrea?s ( roses2 p$im5ts & gables _h weak outl9es ( c>v$ =ms1 %ells & rock-"w 7rococo7 end+ 9 we$y scrolls1 :i* d\btless 0 a ,*9ese inspiration1 graft$ on ! prevail+ /yle2 9 fact1 ! utmo/ lic5se & riot 9 decoration seem$ to be all[$1 z x aimlessly sprawl$ ov] ar*itecture1 furniture1 & int]iors1 until art _h almo/ evaporat$ f ! decorative productions ( ! age4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 some?+ mu/ be said 9 fav\r ( ! ,rococo3 at ! lea/ x 0 homog5e\s 9 its way2 "s ( ! figure "w t =ms "p ( ! ornam5t is v f9e1 ! f9i% & p]fection also ( ! c>v$1 pa9t$1 & gilt surfaces1 f a te*nical po9t ( view1 leave usually no?+ to be desir$4 ,! curv$ & brok5 "* ( ! ornam5t is excell5t = %[+ ! play ( light & %ade on ! gild$ surface1 & ! effect ( "s int]iors is v ri* & brilliant2 b :5 decoration takes ! place ( con/ruction1 h[ev] well execut$ x may be1 x becomes m ( an incru/ation ?an a requirem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dab4--,portion ( ! ,faade ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,l\is at ,p>is4 ,lor5zo ,b]n9i 7#aehi-afhj7 & ,francesco ,borrom9i 7#aeii-affg7 7 ,italian ar*itects :o *iefly br\ght ab\t ! ,rococo 9 ,italy4 ,!y treat$ ! classical =ms ) extraord9>y fre$om4 ,! column especially 0 degrad$ 9 its use4 ,x sometimes support$ only a few m\ld+s1 & at o!r times 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh two or ?ree /ories1 :5 its prop] function is to repres5t "o /ory4 ,"o k9d ( ar*itectural /yle a little lat] ?an ?is p]iod 0 call$ ! 8,jesuit ,/yle0 7,fig4 #dab71 9 :i* *ur*es ( ! ,jesuit ,ord] 7 built4 ,on ! vault$ ceil+s ( ^! *ur*es a florid type ( pa9t+ ( sacr$ subjects 0 us$ z decoration4 ,9 ,spa9 ! ,r5aissance1 mix$ ) "s ,s>ac5ic features1 produc$ "s v good "w2 ! typical example ( ,spani% ,r5aissance is ! ,escurial1 ! great palace ( ! ,spani% k+s4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,italian ,r5aissance made b a t>dy advance1 & 0 nev] ?or\ghly at home 9 t c\ntry4 ,g]man ,r5aissance is f> less ref9$ ?an t ( o!r c\ntries :i* 7 influ5c$ by ! ,italian /yle4 ,x is *iefly 9 pa9t+1 furniture1 book illu/ration1 & 9 goldsmi?s' "w t x appe>s at its be/1 & n 9 ar*itecture4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! art ( ,g]many be+ at t "t 9 ! h&s ( ! burgh]s :5 ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance took place1 & also t ! mass ( ! p 7 m conc]n$ 9 ! /udy ( e?ics & philosophy ?an ! arts4 ,ano!r reason may be add$1 t ! nation 0 unsettl$1 & occupi$ ) ! great religi\s upheaval ( ! ,re=mation4 ,all ^! ?+s prov$ to be suffici5t to ret>d ! advancem5t ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,g]many = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ! ,r5aissance we c po9t to 9 ,g]many is ! ,ca/le ( ,heidelb]g1 built by ! ,elector ,otto ,he9ri* 7#aeef-aeei74 ,! two faades ( ?is ca/le1 :i* are n[ 9 ru9s1 h engag$ columns & pila/]s2 ! w9d[s h r heavy-head$ features1 & are ri*ly c>v$2 /atues are plac$ 9 ! ni*es betwe5 ! w9d[s4 ,! portico ( ! ,t[n ,hall at ,cologne is ano!r example1 & ! ,clo? ,hall at ,brunswick is a v int]e/+ specim5 ( ,g]man ,r5aissance4 ,x is defici5t 9 proportion1 h[ev]1 by ! extreme horizontality ( its eight s]ies ( l[ /ories 9 ! pr9cipal faade1 b is o!rwise v picturesque4 ,! ,g]man ,r5aissance t[>ds ! lat] p]iods 0 *>act]is$ by its elaborate c>v+ ( ornam5t1 figures1 & animals 9 wood & /one2 armorial be>+s1 escut*eons1 %ields1 & c>t\*es or ornam5tal labels 7 v common 9 ,g]man "w1 & 9 mo/ o!r =ms ( ,r5aissance ornam5t 9 ,europe1 except 9 ! pure/ =m ( ! ,italian ,c9quec5to1 :5 highly decorative vase =ms & labels took ! place ( ! %ield & c>t\*e "w ( ! ,quattroc5to p]iod4 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,engl& made its e>lie/ appe>ance 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,john ( ,padua 0 an ,italian ar*itect employ$ by t k+4 ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace 9 its e>li] portions1 built by ,c>d9al ,wolsey 9 #aeae1 is ,go?ic1 b x has be5 consid]ably add$ to s9ce1 & p>tly rebuilt 9 ! "t ( ,william ,,iii4 9 a k9d ( ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,que5 ,elizabe? & ,james ,i41 ! ,elizabe?an or ,engli% ,r5aissance & ! ,jacobean respectively 7 pr$om9ant4 ,! latt] /yle 0 develop$ by ,dut* ar*itects work+ 9 ,engl& on ! ,elizabe?an models1 & is di/+ui%$ by %ield "w & c>v+s 9 high relief1 9 opposition to ! l[] relief c>t\*e & /rap-"w ( ! ,elizabe?an /yle4 ,! ,elizabe?an ,r5aissance is m l ,g]man "w ?an ! ,fr5*1 b1 ( c\rse1 has its native peculi>ities1 develop$ f its mixture ) ! ,tudor ,go?ic ( ! "t4 ,?is mixture is se5 9 _m ( ! old halls & mansions built ab\t ?is "t 9 ,engl&4 ,wollaton ,hall is a f9e example ( ! ,elizabe?an 7,fig4 #dac71 & ,holl& ,h\se1 ,k5s+ton1 is ano!r f9e mansion ( ! same /yle 7,fig4 #dad74 ,^! ca/ellat$ build+s ( ! ,elizabe?an /yle1 9 r$ brick & /one dress+s1 are 9 s+ul> & pleasant h>mony ) ! gr& p>ks & ri*ly wood$ ,engli% l&scape ) :i* !y are usually surr\nd$4 ,inigo ,jones1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 8 successor1 7 ! greate/ names 9 ar*itecture ( ! ,engli% ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,! =m] 0 a close foll[] ( ! ,italian ar*itect ,palladio1 & design$1 usually1 8 build+s aft] ! ,roman models4 ,! palace at ,:itehall1 ! *ur* & piazza 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 & ,crewe ,hall 9 ,*e%ire 7 built f 8 designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dac4--;,elizabe?an1 ,nor? ,entrance1 ,wollaton ,h\se4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul's is too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,x may be m5tion$ z ! mo/ important example ( ! late ,r5aissance 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 ?irty-five ye>s 9 build+ 7#afge-agaj71 & al?\gh "s details & ! ornam5t g5]ally incl9e to ! ,b>oque1 ! build+ z a :ole is "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ impressive works ev] produc$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,wr5 built a great _m *ur*es 9 ,london dur+ ! "t t 0 occupi$ 9 ! build+ ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook1 be+ "o ( 8 f9e/4 ,*elsea ,hospital1 ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 toge!r ) "s ,city ,halls & tw5ty-five *ur*es1 7 built f 8 designs or "u 8 directions4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! pres5t day 9 ,france leans mo/ly to ,r5aissance traditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dad4--,! ,anci5t ,p>l\r1 ,holl& ,h\se4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,greek & ,roman /yles f9d fav\r1 b ,go?ic & ,r5aissance1 & sometimes ,romanesque /yle ( build+s are n[ erect$4 ,9 ,engl& ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0 a ,greek revival1 due 9 a great measure to ! publication ( ,/u>t & ,revett's works 9 connection ) _! close /udy ( ,grecian ar*itectural rema9s4 ,/4 ,pancras ,*ur*1 9 ,london1 is "o ( ! outcomes ( ?is revival4 ,sir ,william ,*amb]s 0 ! ar*itect ( ! beautiful riv]side build+--,som]set ,h\se1 on ! ,?ames ,embankm5t 7#agbe-agif72 he also design$ a great deal ( furniture & ! ,/ate c>riage4 ,he publi%$ important works on ar*itecture & furniture1 :i* _h consid]able influ5ce on ! design ( ! latt] 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury a ,go?ic revival took place1 :i* 0 greatly br\ght ab\t & assi/$ by ! writ+s & ar*itectural "w ( ,a4 ,w4 ,pug94 ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 built by ,b>ry1 are ! f9e/ examples ( ! ,go?ic revival 9 ,engl&4 ,!y are built 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> or ,tudor /yle4 ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott 0 a late expon5t ( ! mod]n ,go?ic /yle 7#ahaa-gh71 & 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,alb]t ,memorial 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 ,/4 ,pancras ,railway ,/ation & ,hotel1 ,london1 besides build+ & re/or+ _m *ur*es 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! pres5t day 9 ,engl& t5ds to ! ,r5aissance1 ) a slight mixture ( ,go?ic & mu* t is orig9al 9 ! ornam5tal details1 b ,go?ic is /ill a fav\rite /yle = *ur*es4 ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,! ornam5t ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod 0 f\nd$ on ! ,roman4 ,be=e describ+ ! =m] x w be necess>y to say a few words conc]n+ its prototype1 ! ,roman4 ,m ?an any?+ else ! great use ( ! acan?us foliage *>act]izes ! ornam5tal art ( ! ,romans4 ,! treatm5t ( ! acan?us 9 ,roman ar*itecture has already be5 notic$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w4 ,a f9e boldness & fre$om 0 ev]y:]e app>5t 9 ! ,roman treatm5t ( ?is foliage 7,figs4 #bh & #bi74 ,l>ge scrolls ( acan?us 7see ,fig4 #cai7 9 :i* birds1 reptiles1 & insects are arrang$ to fill ! unoccupi$ spaces are us$ 9 pila/]s1 friezes1 & panels4 ,*im]as z :ole or half figures ) foliage end+s1 griff9s1 & l>ge vases well decorat$1 7 us$ z symmetrical arrangem5ts 9 friezes4 ,! well-kn[n acan?us scroll frieze f ,trajan's ,=um is a v typical example ( ! s(t-leav$ acan?us4 ,! rosette ( ! scroll1 z 9 ne>ly all classic ornam5t1 is made up f acan?us-leaves arrang$ 9 a radiat+ mann]1 l a fl[] 7,fig4 #dae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dae4--,rosette f ,scroll1 ,=um ( ,trajan4 ,"s ( ! ornam5t on ! antique ,roman bronze & silv] "w is p>ticul>ly beautiful & delicate1 z may be se5 on ! silv] w9e crat] f\nd at ,hilde%eim 9 ,hanov]1 :i* is "o object ( a collection f\nd at t place 9 ! ye> #ahfi4 ,^! & ! treasures f\nd at ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 toge!r ) ! wall pa9t+s at ! same places1 give u a good idea ( ,roman art 9 dome/ic decoration & ! m9or arts & crafts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daf4--,ne/ ( ,scroll1 ,roman ,panel1 ,flor5ce4 ,! ,pompeian objects1 *iefly 9 bronze 7,fig4 #dag7 & ! wall pa9t+s 7,figs4 #dah-bj7 are z mu* ,greek z ,roman 9 /yle1 z !y are *iefly ! "w ( ,greek arti/s execut$ = ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dag4--,objects ( ,art h&iwork1 f ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dah4--,! ,goddess ,demet] en?ron$4 ,wall pa9t+ f ,pompeii4 7,b47 ,! ,ba?s ( ,titus & ,diocletian & ! palace ( ! ,cs>s on ! ,palat9e ,hill1 ,rome1 7 decorat$ ) grotesques simil> to ^? ( ,pompeii1 & 7 /udi$ to great advantage by ,raphael & 8 pupils & assi/ants :5 decorat+ ! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican4 ,?9 t5drils1 fe/oons ( fruit1 animals1 masks1 all k9ds ( grotesque =ms & birds fly+ & play+ 9 & out ( light scrolls1 ar*itectural con/ructions ( a light & fanta/ic "*1 & panels ( l&scapes =m$ ! subjects t 7 pa9t$ on ! walls1 :i* 7 (t5 divid$ into friezes1 panels1 & dados4 ,^! decorations 7 execut$ 9 temp]a col\rs ( bright r$s1 gre5s1 yell[s1 blues1 & black4 ,! antique grotesques1 s call$ f be+ f\nd on ! walls ( und]gr\nd *amb]s1 or 8grottos10 toge!r ) ! figure subjects tak5 f ,greek gems1 furni%$ ,raphael & 8 celebrat$ pupils ,giovanni da ,ud9e 7#adhg-aefa7 & ,p]9o del ,vaga 7#aejj-dg7 ) fanciful ideas = ! decoration ( ! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican1 & ! ,villa ,madama1 at ,rome4 ,^! grottes*es 7 pa9t$ 9 a k9d ( fresco or temp]a on a :ite gr\nd ) a fairly bright v>iety ( col\r+4 ,"s portions ( ! decorations 7 execut$ 9 /ucco relief made ( a composition ( lime & m>ble du/1 & 7 sometimes gild$4 ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 or ,ricamatore1 z he is also call$1 0 especially celebrat$ at ?is /ucco-"w1 & 9 ! draw+ ( animals & birds4 ,he1 & ano!r celebrat$ arti/1 ,primaticco1 assi/$ ,raphael's great pupil ,giulio ,romano 7#adib-aedf7 9 a simil> k9d ( decoration at ! ducal palace ( ,mantua4 ,! latt] arti/ execut$ ! pr9cipal figure "w at ,mantua1 & also at ! ,villa ,madama4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dai--,pan4 ,wall ,pa9t+ at ,h]culaneum4 7,b47 ,!re is no lack ( good examples ( ,italian ornam5t1 especially 9 c>v$ m>ble & wood1 9 ! *ur*es & palaces ( ,italy & ,france4 ,! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is ri* 9 ca/s & 9 real examples ( ,italian ornam5t1 has excell5t copies ( ! ,raphael pila/]s & o!r examples ( pa9t$ decorations4 ,9 addition to ?is ! maiolica plates & vases furni% good examples ( pa9t$ decoration ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,x is only necess>y "h to illu/rate & describe a few examples ( ! /yle1 z !y appe> 9 ar*itectural decoration1 = "u ! heads ( ! v>i\s hi/oric indu/rial arts _m examples ( ,r5aissance ornam5t w come "u our notice 9 a succe$+ volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbj4--,mural ,pa9t+4 ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dba4--,pila/] by ,donatello4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbb4--,ornam5t f ,bapti/]y ,gates1 ,flor5ce4 ,belong+ to ! ornam5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 or z x is call$ ! 8,quattroc5to0 7#adjj71 we h a beautiful little pila/] 7,fig4 #dba71 design$ by ,donatello 7#achf-adch74 ,! portion ( ! ornam5t ( ! ar*itecture f ,ghib]ti's bronze gates ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #dbb7 %[s ! use ( natural =ms ornam5tally arrang$1 :i* 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,quattroc5to /yle2 & ! tab]nacle 7,fig4 #dbc7 %[s ! transition betwe5 ! use ( ! natural =ms & ! m sev]e conv5tional ornam5t ( ! ,c9quec5to p]iod4 ,luca della ,robbia 7#adjj-ha7 0 "o ( ! able/ ma/]s ( ! ,quattroc5to1 & ,riccio1 call$ ,briosco1 0 also an arti/ ( ?is p]iod :o 0 engag$ on ! decorative "w ( ! ducal palace at ,v5ice4 ,! ,c9quec5to 7#aejj7 is ! "n giv5 to ! /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,s _m brilliant names belong to ?is p]iod t x becomes a difficulty to give 9 our space an adequate selection ( ?is "w4 ,x 0 t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury t _m ( ! anci5t monum5ts _h be5 excavat$2 & ! ,italian arti/s f ,mi*elangelo & 8 great contempor>ies d[n to ! arti/s ( less] p[]s1 foll[$ ! /rong incl9ation ( ! times 9 _! deep /udy ( ! antique1 & s\ght m & m to inve/ _! creations ) ! _s ( anci5t art4 ,! l+]+ traditions ( ,byzant9e =ms t 7 9 "s degree a "p ( ! ,quattroc5to /yle 7 n[ entirely exclud$ f ! pur] art ( ! ,c9quec5to1 & any?+ t _h a prec$5t = exi/5ce 9 ! antique 0 copi$ or imitat$ 9 a modifi$ mann]1 & improv$ ^u 9 po9t ( delicacy 9 ! treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbc4--,tab]nacle4 ,end ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,italian4 7,p47 ,?\gh ! arabesques ( ,raphael & 8 pupils 9 ! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican 7#aeae7 h be5 sev]ely criticis$ z be+ full ( co>se absurdities & design$ ) que/ionable ta/e1 /ill1 tak+ !m z a :ole1 !y 7 a decid$ improvem5t on ! gross] absurdities ( ! ,pompeian s*ool ( grotesque decoration1 & !y are c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ by good draw+ & clev] execution4 ,d\btless ! lat] a*ievem5ts 9 pa9t$ decoration at ! ,villa ,madama & ! ducal palace ( ,mantua _h less incongruities ( design & 7 m ref9$ ?an ! ,vatican pila/]s1 b !y lack ! fre%ness1 ! boldness1 & virility ( ! latt]4 ,x is n always a good argum5t1 = in/ance1 to say--:i* has (t5 be5 said ( ! decoration 9 "q--t a ?ick /em %\ld be us$ to support heavy masses1 = x c be said ) equal tru? t a ?ick /em may be pa9t$ to look l a weak vegetable flabby /alk--l t ( a cabbage--& s h really a weak] appe>ance ?an "o pa9t$ to repres5t ! fibr\s /em ( a woody tree2 & besides1 if a ?9 /em support+ a heavy mass is vigor\sly drawn1 x w look /rong en\gh1 & be useful also 9 giv+ ! necess>y am\nt ( contra/ t is want$ 9 decoration4 ,su* a ?+ may be q admissible 9 pa9t$ ornam5t t w\ld be out ( place 9 sculptur$ "w or 9 ar*itectural =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbd4--;,c9quec5to ,floral ,ornam5t4 ,acan?us1 ,oak1 ,convolvulus1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbe4--,v5etian ,panel4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! ,c9quec5to arti/s 7 bett] craftsm5 ?an ! ,romans4 ,! design & delicacy ( f9i% on "s ( ! sculptur$ ornam5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury h nev] be5 excell$ 9 any p]iod ( ! _w's art hi/ory4 ,x is /range t _m ( our w\ld-be tea*]s 9 design ( ! pres5t day are n 9 sympa?y ) x2 p]haps h[ev]1 x is n to be wond]$ at1 = !y may h tri$1 & f\nd h[ difficult x really is to get )9 measurable di/ance ( its excell5ce4 ,x is *eap & plausible to say t a /yle is dead ) ! p :o creat$ x2 b ?is is n :at ! arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury said1 & we "k :at !y produc$ out ( a dead /yle4 ,by all means let u h orig9ality1 if x is good art1 b let u h ! good art fir/4 ,9 ! ,c9quec5to ornam5t we f9d t a great] v>iety ( plants1 animals1 & design$ objects1 su* z vases1 c&elabra1 & arm\r1 7 made use ( ?an is g5]ally f\nd 9 antique ornam5t4 ,! acan?us1 v9e1 oak1 & poppy foliage h all be5 simplifi$ to a g5]al type ( acan?oid leafage 7,fig4 #dbe74 ,su* animals z ! lion1 goat1 & ! dolph9 fi% =m occur frequ5tly1 sometimes almo/ naturally1 b m (t5 ) foliat$ end+s 7,figs4 #dbe & #dbf74 ,"s compositions are made up entirely ) well-*os5 vase & c&elabra =ms 7,fig4 #dbg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbf4--;,c9quec5to2 f ! ,m>t95go ,tomb1 ,brescia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbg4--;,c&elabra & ,vase ,panel4 ,9 ! ,c9quec5to1 ! ,greek guillo*e patt]n ) rosettes is us$1 & an ,italian r5d]+ ( ! an!mion1 & also ( ! ,greek honeysuckle b& patt]n 7,fig4 #dbh74 ,! ,lomb>di family ( ,v5ice 7 celebrat$ z sculptors 9 ornam5t4 ,pietro ! eld] 7#adha7 0 ! ar*itect ( ,dante's tomb 9 ,san ,francesco at ,rav5na1 b 8 greate/ "w 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia de' ,miracoli at ,v5ice1 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ by 8 sons ,tullio & ,antonio 9 ! sculptur$ decorations4 ,tullio 0 ! mo/ gift$ z a sculptor1 & 8 ornam5t is ! be/ ( ! ,c9quec5to p]iod at ,v5ice 7,fig4 #dbi74 ,m>t9o ,lomb>do 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,scuda di ,san ,m>co at ,v5ice1 9 ! decorations ( :i* he 0 aid$ by ,tullio4 ,"s ( ! be/ specim5s ( ! ornam5t ( ?is p]iod are to be f\nd on ! ,m>t95go tomb1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,corpo di ,cri/o 7#aecj74 ,! ornam5t be>s a /rong resemblance to ! ,lomb>di1 b ! sculptor is n kn[n 7,fig4 #dbf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbh4--;,f a ,m>ble ,f\nta9 9 ! ,l\vre4 7#aejh47 ,! ceil+s f ,s]lio's book ( ar*itecture1 & f ,san ,spirito1 by ,sansov9o1 are good examples ( ! ,r5aissance panell+ & decorative fill+ 7,figs4 #dca & #dcb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbi4--,panel f ,santa ,m>ia de' ,miracoli1 ,brescia4 ,by ,tullio ,lomb>do4 7#aejj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcj4--,panel f ! ,facade ( ,santa ,m>ia de' ,miracoli1 ,brescia4 7#aecj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dca4--,r5aissance ,ceil+4 7,f ,s]lio's ,ar*itecture47 ,"o ( ! pure/ examples ( ! ,c9quec5to 9 ,france is ! ornam5t f\nd on ! pila/]s ( ! monum5t erect$ to ,l\is ,,xii4 at ,/4 ,d5is1 ,p>is 7,fig4 #dcc74 ,! sculptors are said to h be5 ,jean ,j & ,franois ,g5til4 ,! figure "w on ?is monum5t 0 execut$ by ,trebatti1 a ,flor5t9e sculptor4 ,ano!r phase ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,france is ! ,h5ry ,deux /yle4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ! c>v$ door-panels f ! ,*teau d',anet 7,figs4 #dcd & #dce7 7#aedh71 :]e ! trac]y1 int]lac$ "w1 & %ields are comb9$ to =m ! features ( ?is ornam5t4 ,! initial lett] ,h ( ! k+ & ! cresc5t arms ( ,diana ( ,poiti]s are se5 v (t5 on ! %ields4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcb4--;,ceil+ ,decoration1 f ,san ,spirito1 ,flor5ce4 ,by ,sansov9o4 ,jean ,g\jon & ,jean ,c\s9 7 employ$ on ! decoration ( ?is ca/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcc4--,pila/]s1 f ! ,monum5t to ,l\is ,,xii41 ,/4 ,d5is1 ,p>is4 ,an extremely ri* example ( ,fr5* c>v$ wood is ! panel f ! ,*teau ,gaillon1 9 ,norm&y 7#aeae7 7,fig4 #dcf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcd4--;,c>v$ ,panel1 ,h5ry ,,ii4 /yle1 f ! ,*teau d',anet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dce4--;,c>v$ ,panel1 ,h5ry ,,ii4 /yle1 f ! ,*teau d',anet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcf4--;,c>v$ ,wood2 ,*teau ,gaillon4 7#aeje47 ,! above examples1 & ! *imney-piece panel by ,g]ma9 ,pilon 7#aefj7 7,fig4 #dcg71 ano!r sculptor employ$ by ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 are a few ( ! be/ specim5s ( ! ,c9quec5to p]iod 9 ,france4 ,elizabe?an ornam5t1 or t ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,engl&1 is *>act]iz$ by a prepond]ance ( /rap-"w1 & has animals1 masks1 rosettes1 half-lion or half-human t]m9als1 debas$ class ( m\ld+s1 & v little foliage4 ,! example giv5--! panell+ f ! ,old ,gu>d ,*amb]1 ,we/m9/] 7#afjj71 exhibits a /rong influ5ce ( ,s>ac5ic trac]y t 0 preval5t 9 mu* ( ! lat] furniture & textiles ( ! ,r5aissance 7,fig4 #dch74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcg4--,panel f ,*imneypiece2 ,l\vre4 ,by ,g]ma9 ,pilon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dch4--;,elizabe?an ,panell+1 f ! ,old ,gu>d ,*amb]1 ,we/m9/]4 ,%ield-"w 0 n s prom95t 9 ! pure ,elizabe?an z 9 ! ,jacobean 7,james ,i47 /yle2 ! c>v$ /one escut*eon-l "w f ,crewe ,hall1 ,*e%ire1 attribut$ to ,inigo ,jones 7,fig4 #dci71 %[s ! beg9n+ ( ! ,jacobean %ield-"w4 ,?is /yle is be/ se5 9 ! c>v$-wood furniture ( ! p]iod1 & bo? x & ! ,elizabe?an are g5]ally speak+ (f%oots ( ! ,flemi% & ,g]man phases ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,elizabe?an ornam5t is ( great v>iety1 ! panell+ & o!r arrangem5ts are sometimes compos$ purely ( /rap-"w ( a rectangul> flat p]=at$ appe>ance1 sometimes se5 9 ! doorways & *imney fronts1 z at ,h>dwick ,hall1 ,haddon ,hall1 ,speke & ,crewe ,halls4 ,ano!r k9d is ( a m curv$ v>iety1 ) figures & animals1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration f an old h\se at ,exet] n[ 9 ,k5s+ton ,museum 7,fig4 #ddj72 ano!r k9d is c>v$ 9 rectangul> or curv$ & not*$ frames ( c>t\*e "w ) ! small] spaces & little panels c>v$ 9 imitation ( jewels ) oval or loz5ge-%ap$ facets4 ,columns ( ,ionic or ,cor9?ian ord]s1 & classic m\ld+s1 d5tils1 & ! egg & tongue 7 frequ5tly us$4 ,! ceil+s 7 (t5 panell$ & m\ld$1 incl9+ 9 ?is respect m to ! ,go?ic ?an classic4 ,a biz>re k9d ( ,r5aissance ar*itectural feature 0 preval5t 9 ,holl& & 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 :i* seems to h be5 ! model = mu* ( ! 8bolt & lock0 /yle ( "s ,elizabe?an gateways4 ,! ar*itect ,diett]l91 ( ,/rassburg 7#aeej-aeii71 0 an extraord9>y expon5t ( ?is twi/$ & bolt$ =m ( fanta/ic ar*itecture1 :i* _h become only too fa%ionable at ?is p]iod4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #dda7 %[s an example ( :at might be call$ a mild specim5 ( ! /yle ( ,diett]l94 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,diett]l9 craze 0 ow+ to ! circulation ( sev]al volumes he _h publi%$ ( 8 impossible designs1 "s ( :i* designs 7 evid5tly adapt$ by ! ,elizabe?an ar*itects1 b 9 a mu* m retic5t _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dci4--;,doorway1 ,crewe ,hall4 ,inigo ,jones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddj4--;,elizabe?an ,c>v$ ,ornam5t1 f an old h\se at ,exet]4 7#aeij47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dda4--;,example ( ,diett]l9's ,ar*itecture2 ,g]man1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e41 ,,& ,,great ,,w9dmill ,,/reet1 ,w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,art ,,publications4 ---------- ,,broome--,bru%-"w = ,s*ools4 ,by ,,flor5ce ,,broome4 ,) =ty-eight ,designs 9 ,col\r4 ,small #dto4 ,new ,edition4 #es4 net4 ,,bullmore--,memory ,draw+ ( ,plant ,=m & ,design4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,bullmore4 ,9 ,two ,p>ts1 ea* consi/+ ( six ,arti/ically ,pr9t$ ,plates 9 ,portfolio4 ,price #as4 net ea* ,"p2 po/age #b;d4 ,,bullmore--,copies 9 ,silh\ette = ,bru%-,draw+4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,bullmore4 ,"p ,i4 ,natural ,=ms4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,simple ,patt]ns4 ,books1 #f;d4 ea* net2 po/age extra4 ,,bullmore--,s5ior ,bru%-,draw+ ,c>ds4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,bullmore4 ,"p ,i4 ,natural ,=ms4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,simple ,patt]ns4 ,ea* consi/+ ( twelve ,c>ds4 #as4 #c;d4 net ea*2 po/age #b;d4 ,?is "w conta9s ! same examples z ! au?or's 8,copies 9 ,silh\ette10 ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii1 b pr9t$ on /\t c>ds in/ead ( 9 book =m4 ,,dawson--,elem5t>y ,design4 ,by ,,*>les ,,fr$]ick ,,dawson4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,,d\glas--,a ,sy/em ( ,bru%-draw+4 ,by ,r4 ,,smeaton ,,d\glas & ,,ada ,,hill ,,walk]4 ,oblong #dto4 #cs4 net4 ,,furniss--,h[ to draw 9 ,p5 & ,ink4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,furniss4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,h>butt--,h>butt's ,pla/ic ,me?od1 & ! use ( ,pla/ic9e 9 ! ,arts ( ,writ+1 ,draw+1 & ,modell+ 9 ,educational ,"w4 ,by ,,william ,,h>butt4 ,) fifty-six ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #dto4 #ds4 ,,h>butt--,pla/ic ,me?ods = ,pla/ic ,m9ds3 ,a ,tea*]'s ,h&book ( easy ,lessons 9 ,modell+ 9 ,pla/ic9e = ,infants & ,"y ,*ildr54 ,by ,mrs4 ,,h>butt4 ,) ?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,a ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,small #dto4 #as4 net4 ,,h>p]--,a ,practical ,h&book ( ,draw+1 = mod]n me?ods ( ,reproduction1 ) _m ,illu/rations %[+ comp>ative results4 ,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,h>p]4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ & add$ to4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,hatton--,! ,craftsman's ,plant-,book3 or ,figures ( ,plants select$ f ! ,old ,h]bals4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations 9 col\r & black & :ite4 ,arrang$ ) ,notes & additional ,draw+s1 & an ,essay on ! ,use ( ,plants 9 ,decorative ,design4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,hatton1 ,hon ,a4,r4,c4,a4 7,lond474 ,demy #hvo4 ,9 ! press4 ,,hatton--,p]spective = ,art ,/ud5ts1 ,arti/s & ,draughtsm54 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,hatton4 ,) #bjh ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,hatton--,design4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,decoration4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,hatton4 ,) #agg ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,hatton--,figure-,draw+4 ,a new "w = ,arti/s & ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,hatton4 ,) ne>ly #djj ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,hatton--,figure ,composition4 ,a companion to 8,figure-,draw+40 ,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,hatton4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,jackson--,wood-,c>v+ z an ,aid to ! ,/udy ( ,elem5t>y ,art4 ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #cs4 net4 ,,jackson--,metal ,"w3 ,*as+ & ,rep\ss = ,home ,art ,work]s4 ,by ,,frank ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo4 #cs4 net4 ,,jackson--,decorative ,design4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-book ( ,pr9ciples & ,practice4 ,by ,,frank ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,l>ge4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,jackson--,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,design4 ,an ,advanc$ ,textbook on ,decorative ,art4 ,by ,,frank ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,) #gjj ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,jackson--,! ,a ,b ,c ( ,draw+ & ,design4 ,by ,,frank ,g4 ,,jackson4 ,cr[n #dto4 ,9 two p>ts1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea* net4 ,^! ,illu/rations1 ) additional ex]cises1 h also be5 prep>$ on /\t c>ds4 ,to correspond ) ,"p ,i4 ,set ,i4 #cj c>ds1 #bs4 net4 ,,ii4 #cj 0 #bs4 ,,iii4 #cj 0 #bs4 ,to correspond ) ,"p ,,ii4 ,,iv4 #bd 0 #bs4 ,v4 #ab 0 #as4 ,,lant]i--,modell+4 ,a ,guide = ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,e4 ,,lant]i1 ,pr(essor ( ,sculpture at ! ,royal ,college ( ,art1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,,volume ,i4--,) a ,portrait ,draw+ ( ! ,au?or by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,legros & =ty-two full-page ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,e4 ,,onsl[ ,,=d1 ,r4,a41 contributes a ,preface4 ,cr[n #dto4 #afb pages4 #aes4 net4 ,,volume ,,ii4--,) num]\s ,illu/rations & a ,preface by ,sir ,w4 ,b4 ,,ri*mond1 ,r4,a4 ,cr[n #dto4 #aes4 net4 ,,l9dsay--,geometrical ,draw+4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,,l9dsay4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,lunn--,pott]y4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,art ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,r4 ,,lunn1 ,tea*] at ! ,royal ,college ( ,art1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,demy #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,mann--,! ,art ( ,%ad+4 ,a ,complete & ,graduat$ ,guide to ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,draw+ 9 ,light & ,%ade4 ,by ,,william ,,mann4 ,) =ty ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #cs4 net4 ,,midgley & ,,lilley--,/udies 9 ,plant ,=m & ,design4 ,by ,w4 ,,midgley & ,a4 ,e4 ,v4 ,,lilley4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,t5? ,?\s&4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,demy #hvo4 #fs4 ,,midgley--,! ,life & ,leaf ,set ( ,draw+ & ,design ,c>ds4 ,by ,w4 ,,midgley1 ,a4,r4,c4,a4 ,london4 #dto4 #bs4 net4 ,,muybridge--,! ,human ,figure 9 ,motion4 ,an ,electro-,photographic ,inve/igation ( ,consecutive ,phases ( ,muscul> ,actions4 ,by ,,eadw>d ,,muybridge4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s full-page ,photo-,mezzot9t ,engrav+s reproduc$ f ! ,orig9al ,negatives4 ,oblong4 #bjs4 net4 ,,muybridge--,animals 9 ,motion4 ,an ,electro-,photographic ,inve/igation ( ,consecutive ,phases ( ,progressive ,movem5ts4 ,by ,,eadw>d ,,muybridge4 ,n9ety-five full-page ,photo-,mezzot9t ,engrav+s1 reproduc$ f ! ,orig9al ,negatives1 & m ?an #a1fjj ,half-tone ,figures ( ,horses1 ,dogs1 ,elephants1 ,lions1 & o!r ,animals1 :ile engag$ 9 walk+1 gallop+1 leap+1 or "s o!r act ( motion1 & ( ,birds :ile fly+4 ,oblong4 #bjs4 net4 ,,poynt]--,t5 ,lectures on ,art4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,poynt]1 ,r4,a4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,rhead--,/udies 9 ,plant ,=m & ,natural ,objects4 ,by ,,george ,,wolliscr(t ,,rhead1 ,r4,e4 ,set #a4--,,plant ,,=ms4 ,set #b4--,,natural ,,objects4 ,p] ,set1 #fs4 net4 ,ea* conta9s ,six ,outl9e & ,six ,t9t$ subjects4 ,,rhead--,memory ,draw+ ( ,plant ,=m1 & ,blackbo>d ,draw+4 ,twelve ,c>ds ( ,plant ,=m to meet ! above ,syllabuses1 drawn f ,nature by ,g4 ,w4 ,,rhead4 ,r4,e4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,size1 #aj 94 #g 94 ,,seeman 7,o47--,! ,my?ology ( ,greece & ,rome1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to its ,use 9 ,art4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,,bian*i4 ,sixty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,/a?am--,mod]n ,ar*itecture4 ,a ,book = ,ar*itects & ! ,public4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,/a?am4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations ( ,contempor>y ,build+s4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,/a?am--,ar*itecture = ,g5]al ,read]s4 ,a ,%ort ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples & ,motives ( ,ar*itectural ,design4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,/a?am4 ,) #bej ,illu/rations drawn by ! ,au?or4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #abs4 ,,taylor--,elem5t>y ,art ,tea*+4 ,an ,educational & ,te*nical ,guide = ,tea*]s & ,le>n]s4 ,by ,e4 ,r4 ,,taylor4 ,) ov] #fjj ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,tebbs--,! ,new ,lace ,embroid]y 7,punto ,tagliato74 ,by ,,l\isa ,a4 ,,tebbs4 ,) ?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 #dto4 #es4 net4 ,,tebbs--,! ,art ( ,bobb9 ,lace4 ,a ,practical ,text-book ( ,workman%ip1 ,illu/rat$ ) orig9al designs 9 ,italian1 po9t de ,fl&re1 ,bruges ,guipure1 ,du*esse1 ,honiton1 8,rais$0 ,honiton1 ,appliqu1 & ,bruxelles4 ,also h[ to clean & repair valuable lace1 etc4 ,by ,,l\isa ,a4 ,,tebbs4 #dto4 #es4 net4 ,,v9ycomb--,fictiti\s & ,symbolic ,creatures 9 ,art4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ces to _! ,use 9 ,briti% ,h]aldry4 ,by ,,john ,,v9ycomb4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,w>d & ,,ait*ison--,! ,pr9ciples ( ,ornam5t4 ,by ,j4 ,,w>d4 ,ed4 by ,,george ,,ait*ison1 ,a4,r4,a4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,w>d--,col\r ,h>mony & ,contra/4 ,= ! use ( ,art ,/ud5ts1 ,design]s1 & ,decorators4 ,by ,,james ,,w>d4 ,) sixte5 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations & sev]al ,half-tone ,pictures4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,w>d--,floral ,/udies = ,decorative ,design4 ,by ,,james ,,w>d4 ,9 ,portfolio4 #bjs4 net4 ,,w>d--,progressive ,design = ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,james ,,w>d4 ,) =ty-two full-page ,plates1 compris+ upw>ds ( #a1gjj ,draw+s4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,w>d--,hi/oric ,ornam5t4 ,a ,treatise on ,decorative ,art & ,ar*itectural ,ornam5t4 ,by ,,james ,,w>d4 ,,volume ,i4--,prehi/oric ,art2 ,anci5t ,art & ,ar*itecture2 ,ea/]n1 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian1 ,byzant9e1 ,s>ac5ic1 ,romanesque1 ,go?ic1 & ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture & ,ornam5t4 ,) #dcf ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,volume ,,ii4--,pott]y1 ,enamels1 ,ivories1 ,metal ,"w1 ,furniture1 ,textile ,fabrics1 ,mosaics1 ,glass1 & ,book ,decoration4 ,) #cag ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,w>d--,fresco ,pa9t+3 its ,art & ,te*nique4 ,) special ref]5ce to ! ,buono & ,_s ,fresco ,me?ods4 ,by ,,james ,,w>d4 ,) f\r ,plates 9 ,col\r & ?irty-"o ,half-tone ,illu/rations ( ,italian & o!r ,fresco ,pa9t+s4 ,royal #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,wornum--,! ,analysis ( ,ornam5t--,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,/yles4 ,by ,r4 ,n4 ,,wornum4 ,new ,edition4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,royal #hvo4 #hs4 ------------------------------------ ,,plants ,,& ,,animals ,,z ,,f\ndations ,,= ,,designs ,,9 ,,=m ,,& ,,col\r4 ,,v]neuil--,! ,animal 9 ,decoration4 ,by ,m4 ,p4 ,,v]neuil4 ,introduction by ,,eug5e ,,grasset4 ,?is magnific5t "w consi/s ( ,t5 ,p>ts1 ea* conta9+ six ,col\r$ ,plates1 treat+ ( ! use ( c]ta9 animal =ms 9 decorative design4 ,sixty ,plates4 ,9 ,t5 ,p>ts1 ea* conta9+ six ,plates1 #hs4 net p] "p4 ,,grasset--,plants & ,_! ,application to ,ornam5t4 ,edit$ by ,,eug5e ,,grasset4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,?is magnific5t "w conta9s sev5ty-two ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,9 ,twelve ,p>ts1 #hs4 net p] "p4 ,,grasset--,plants & ,_! ,application to ,ornam5t4 ,edit$ by ,,eug5e ,,grasset4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,?is magnific5t "w conta9s sev5ty-two ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,9 ,twelve ,p>ts1 #hs4 net p] "p4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ltd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,"s inconsi/5cies 9 =matt+ conv5tions h be5 correct$1 )\t fur!r m5tion4 ,occasionally1 diacritical m>ks are us$ 7or n us$7 inconsi/5tly z well1 & be5 be5 made regul> to facilitate se>*es4 ,a quot$ passage on p4 #cbf1 beg9s ) 8,x 0 built probably44401 & app>5tly cont9ues into ! foll[+ p>agraph 7)\t ! conv5tional op5+ quotation m>k7 & ends ) 8444 total height is #cc feet #f in*es40 ,x is uncle> h[ mu* ( ?is passage is a direct quotation1 s9ce x includes a ref]5ce to an illu/ration 9 ! curr5t text4 ,9 any case1 x is giv5 "h z pr9t$4 ,any errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,! ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 ! orig9al4 ,! foll[+ issues %\ld be not$1 along ) ! resolutions4 xiv4#b #bge4 ,dionysus & ! ,lion ,add$4 xv4#ae #aj_/fg4 ,fragm5t ( ,bord] ( ,fig4 #aff ,replac$4 xvi4#ce ,lake ,dwell+s1 ,objects from ,add$4 xvii4#ah ,mosque ( ,ka_/it ,bey1 ,cairo ,correct$4 xvii4#cc ,ornam5t on an ,ar* ( ! ,wekla ,ka_/x ,bey ,replac$4 xviii4#df ,pulpit ( ! ,sultan ,ka_/it ,bey ,correct$4 #ace4d !re is none end ,sic ,k+ ,james v]sion #gi4ab appe>ance ( ! :ole build+4 ,re/or$4 #ij4;f#aba ,nymph_/a nelumbo2 ,fl[]1 ,leaf1 & ,fruit4 ,correct$4 #add4;f#aib drawn by ,gauti]4 7,p4 ,c47 ,add$4 #afc4ah _! sculptur$ figures 9 ! r\nd4 ,re/or$4 #agj4bc b ! hi]olygglyphics are n to be ,transpos$4 reli$ #bbc4bb 8 fav\rite animal attributes4 ,re/or$4 #bbe4ba ! mass ( ! ,greek p4 ,add$4 #bda4ac ,!y %[ m>ks ( injury by fire4 ,re/or$4 #bgf4f aa_/nd ! ,indo-,aryan ,correct$4 #cdb4bg are also examples ( e>ly "w execut$ 9 ,ins]t$4 ,engl& #cdi4aj ,! ,*ur* ( ,no_/tre-,dame ,correct$4 #cec4ah 9 _m int]iors ( ,g]man *ur*es4 ,add$4 #cef4ae battlem5t$ cornices1 & /epp$ gables4 ,add$4 #cfe4b ) fifte5? & sixte5? ,v5etian or sic3 ,r5aissance =ms c5tury8 #cgf4e ,san ,mi*ele1 ( ,v]ona 7#adhd-aehh7 sic d4 #aeei4 #cgi4af ,:at is kn[n z ! ,h5ri ,deux 7,h5ry ,,ii47 ,add$4 /yle #chc4bd built ab\t ?is "t 9 ,engl&4 ,add$4 #chf4bg 0 f\nd$ on the ,roman ,re/or$4