,,! ,,common ,,rocks ,,& ,,m9]als ,,( ,,miss\ri ,w4 ,d4 ,,kell] ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri ,,press ,,columbia ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,press1 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri #febja ,,isbn #j-hbfb-jehe-b ,libr>y ( ,congress ,c>d ,numb] #fg-ffagc ,pr9t$ & b\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,all rights res]v$ ,fir/ ,edition #aide ,revis$ ,editions #aidh1 #aifa ,repr9t$ #aiga1 #aigc1 #aigh1 #aihf1 #aihi1 #aiib1 #bjjd ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,,introduction #e ,,det]m9ative ,,key #f ,,rock ,,& ,,m9]al ,,description #aj ,lime/one & ,dolomite #aj 8,cotton ,rock0 ,lime/one #ae ,m>ble #ae ,cave ,onyx & ,deposits #af ,trav]t9e #af ,calcite #af ,dolomite #ah ,%ale #bj ,fire ,clay #bd ,pla/ic ,fire ,clay #bf ,fl9t ,fire ,clay #bf ,diaspore #bg ,burley ,clay #bi ,s&/one #cj ,*]t1 ,fl9t #cd ,wea!r$ ,*]t #cf 8,kaole50 #cg ,tripoli #cg ,agate #cg ,jasp] #ch ,granite #ch ,qu>tz #da ,feldsp> #dc ,mica #dd ,porphyry1 ,rhyolite #de ,basalt #df ,gabbro1 ,diabase #dh ,goal #di ,pyrite1 ,m>casite #ea ,conglom]ate #ed ,gneiss #ed ,hematite #ef ,limonite #eg ,pa9t ,ore1 ,o*re #eh ,iron ,b& ,diaspore #eh ,manganese ,ore #eh ,gal5a #ei ,sphal]ite #fj ,b>ite #fa ,gypsum #fc ,meteorites #fd ,gold #fe ,silv] #fe ,diamonds #fe ,uranium ,m9]als #fe ,,miscellane\s ,,rock ,,/ructures #ff ,concretions #ff ,geodes #fg ,fossils #fi ,arr[ ,heads1 ,artifacts #ga ,,! ,,rocks ,,( ,,miss\ri #ga ,,m9]als ,,( ,,miss\ri #gd ,,geological ,,values #gd ,,index #gf ,,introduction ,miss\rians are int]e/$ 9 ! rocks & m9]als :i* !y f9d on _! f>ms1 9 excavations1 & :ile on _! vacation trips4 ,"s ( ! specim5s are unusual 9 %ape or appe>ance1 "s are cry/all9e & beautiful1 "s may be ores ( economic importance1 b _m simply ar\se ! curiosity ( ! f9d]4 ,_m ( ^! specim5s are receiv$ ea* ye> at ! ,univ]sity at ,columbia1 & ea* is usually accompani$ by a reque/ = in=mation on ! correct "n = ! specim51 its composition1 its comm]cial value1 & ! mann] ( its =mation4 ,frequ5tly ! reque/s include que/ions ( a broad] geological nature1 or seek ! recomm5dation ( a g5]al1 easily-read book writt5 on rocks & m9]als :i* may be pur*as$ at a book /ore or consult$ at a libr>y4 ,moreov]1 _m p]sons ask h[ !y may det]m9e = !mselves ! geological specim5s :i* !y h collect$4 ,?is little booklet has be5 prep>$ ) ! int5tion ( answ]+ ! que/ions mo/ commonly ask$ by citiz5s ( ! /ate ab\t ,miss\ri rocks & m9]als4 ,descriptions & photographs ( ,miss\ri rock & m9]al occurr5ces are provid$1 & ess5tial facts ab\t ! geological conditions ( _! =mation are simply told4 ,a det]m9ative key is suppli$ 9 ord] t ! read] may id5tify & "n mo/ ( ! common specim5s :i* he collects )9 ! /ate 7& else:]e1 also74 ,no special det]m9ative equipm5t w be sugge/$1 & only non-te*nical language w be employ$ because ! *ief objective "h is to furni% a useful1 und]/&able geological acc\nt ( ! common ,miss\ri rocks & m9]als to ! av]age p]son )\t geological tra9+4 ,9 fact1 = ! purposes ( id5tification no diff]5tiation is made betwe5 m9]al & rock1 al?\gh ! pr(essional geologi/ does sep>ate !m 9 def9ition4 ,= our purpose1 a rock is an aggregate ( m9]al p>ticles1 b a m9]al is a sub/ance 7)\t life7 hav+ m def9ite & con/ant prop]ties ?an a rock4 ,= ^? int]e/$ fur!r1 m te*nical & m ne>ly correct def9itions1 ) explanations1 are giv5 at ! back1 on page #gd4 ,! r>] m9]als & ^? requir+ special equipm5t = det]m9ation may be s5t to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri at ,columbia = id5tification free ( *>ge4#a ,names us$ locally1 & sometimes incorrectly f a /rictly te*nical s5se1 = rocks & m9]als w foll[ ! g5]ally accept$ names1 & bo? w be duplicat$ 9 ! index at ! back ( ! pamphlet to facilitate f9d+ ei!r "o4 ,,det]m9ative ,,key ,a rock or m9]al specim5 :i* is unfamili> to ! collector may be id5tifi$ by us+ ! in=mation 9 ?is booklet 9 ei!r ( two ways3 7#a7 ! read] may turn ?r\gh ! pages & comp>e 8 specim5 ) ! photographs ( o!rs nam$ !re & read _! descriptions until he f9ds a mat* = 8 specim52 or 7#b71 ! bett] way1 he may classify 8 specim5 fir/ by ! use ( ! det]m9ative key :i* foll[s & be direct$ !reby to ! pages 9 ! book = confirmation ( ! "n by ! photographs1 description1 & discussion ( ! sub/ance4 ,! writ] recomm5ds ! second me?od & has prep>$ ?is booklet on ! assumption t ! det]m9ative key w be us$4 ,! simple/ & probably ! be/ means ( sep>at+ specim5s ( diff]5t rocks & m9]als is on ! basis ( h>dness1 :i* means resi/ance to scrat*+4 ,cru%+ /r5g? is diff]5t f h>dness2 !re=e1 9 te/+ = h>dness1 d n attempt to pulv]ize4 ,m]ely det]m9e if ! specim5 c be scrat*$ ) ! sub/ance indicat$4 ,det]m9ation ( ! m>k or 8/reak0 ( a m9]al :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or unglaz$ porcela9 is demon/rat$ 9 ! photograph on page #ef4 ,a4 ,specim5s t c be scrat*$ readily ) ! ,,?umb ,,nail4 #a4 ,become muddy :5 rubb$ ) a wet f+]4 ,page ,%ale #bj ,fire ,clay #bd ,fl9t ,fire ,clay #bf ,diaspore ,clay #bg #b4 ,crumble easily into h>d s& gra9s4 ,s&/one #cj #c4 ,*alky1 :ite1 por\s4 ,tripoli #cg ,wea!r$ ,*]t #cf 8,cotton ,rock0 ,dolomite #ae #d4 ,cle> & glassy1 or gli/5+ :ite2 may split & %[ glassy1 flat faces4 ,gypsum #fc ,b4 ,specim5s scrat*$ readily ) a ,,pocket ,,knife1 or ,,iron ,,nail b n ) ! ?umb nail4 #a4 ,loose s& gra9s scrat*$ (f4 ,s&/one #cj #b4 ,granul>1 b gra9s are tightly int]lock$2 also 8bubbles0 or eff]vesces 9 dilute muriatic 7hydro*loric7 acid4 ,lime/one #aj ,dolomite #aj ,m>ble #ae ,=m$ 9 a cave4 ,cave ,onyx #af ,trav]t9e #af #c4 ,*alky :ite1 por\s4 ,wea!r$ ,*]t #cf #d4 ,black4 ,coal #di ,black ,%ale #bj #e4 ,pebbles or gravel cem5t$ toge!r4 ,conglom]ate #ed #f4 ,p[d] becomes muddy :5 wett$4 ,h>d ,%ale #bj ,fl9t ,fire ,clay #bf ,diaspore ,clay #bg #g4 ,int5se r$2 leaves a r$ m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,hematite #ef ,iron ,b& ,diaspore #eh ,pa9t ,ore #eh #h4 ,yell[1 br[n1 or black & leaves a yell[-to-br[n m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,limonite #eg ,o*re #eg #i4 ,heavy1 black1 leaves a black or br[ni% black m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,manganese ,ore #eh #aj4 ,heavy1 ) bright metallic lu/]1 & lead-color$ on a fre%ly brok5 surface4 ,gal5a #ei #aa4 ,looks l ros91 or may be ruby-color$ or black1 b has a high res9\s lu/] on fre%ly brok5 surface4 ,sphal]ite #fj #ab4 ,glassy lu/]2 wat]-:ite1 milky1 honey-color$1 p9k1 gray2 may occur 9 six-sid$ cry/als1 sometimes pyramid-%ap$2 always breaks ) flat gli/5+ faces2 always reacts 9 ! lump ) cold dilute muriatic 7hydro*loric7 acid4 ,calcite #af #ac4 ,l calcite above b may h a p9k1 pe>ly lu/] & curv$ cry/al faces2 reacts ) cold dilute acid :5 p[d]$ b n readily 9 lump =m4 ,dolomite #ah #ad4 ,opaque :ite1 glassy or blui%1 v heavy1 lu/r\s on fre%ly brok5 surface2 does n react ) acid4 ,b>ite #fa #ae4 ,flaky1 micace\s l 8is+lass04 ,mica #dd ,c4 ,specim5s ,,too ,,h>d to be scrat*$ readily on a fre% surface ) a pocket knife or iron nail2 wea!r$ specim5s may be slightly scrat*$4 #a4 ,v f9e-gra9$ ?r\gh\t1 compact2 occurs 9 nodules1 pebbles2 breaks ) a slick1 curv$1 oy/]-%ell-l 7con*oidal7 fracture4 ,*]t1 if :ite1 gray or /a9$ yell[ or r$ #cd ,fl9t1 if black #cd ,agate1 if b&$ #cg ,petrifi$ ,wood1 if x %[s ! gra9 or b>k ( wood #cg #b4 ,granul> l s&/one b extremely h>d & breaks ?r\gh ! gra9s z readily z ar\nd !m4 ,qu>tzite #da ,qu>tzitic ,s&/one #cj #c4 ,f9e-gra9$1 d>k gre5 to d>k gray to gre5i% black2 occurs 9 b\ld]s nor? ( ,miss\ri ,riv] & 9 ! granite & porphyry c\ntry or s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,basalt #df #d4 ,v f9e-gra9$1 compact1 p9k1 r$1 br[n1 gray2 usually 8freckl$0 or spr9kl$ ) gra9s ab\t #a_/af in* 9 diamet]4 ,porphyry #de ,rhyolite #de ,rhyolite ,porphyry #de #e4 ,co>se-gra9$ 7,,bb-%ot size to consid]ably l>g]71 glassy lu/] :]e fre%ly brok52 p9k1 r$1 grey4 ,granite #ch ,gneiss1 l granite b b&$2 occurs 9 b\ld]s nor? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] #ch #f4 ,co>se-gra9$1 d>k gre51 d>k gray1 gre5i%-black4 ,gabbro #ed ,diabase #dh #g4 ,brassy1 metallic1 heavy2 leaves a black to gre5i% black m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,pyrite #ea ,m>casite #ea #h4 ,glassy fragm5ts break+ ) r\gh fracture1 or may occur 9 six-sid$ cry/als2 cle>1 wat]-:ite1 milk-:ite1 gray or p9k2 9 s& gra9s2 9 granite4 ,qu>tz #da #i4 ,int5se r$2 leaves a r$ m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,hematite #ef ,iron ,b& ,diaspore #eh ,pa9t ,ore #eh #aj4 ,yell[1 br[n or black1 b leaves a yell[ to br[n m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,limonite #eg ,,rock ,,& ,,m9]al ,,descriptions ,lime/one & ,dolomite ,lime/one is a b$d$ or lay]$ rock f\nd abundantly 9 ,miss\ri 9 bluffs1 creek b$s1 hill sides1 & is kn[n to und]lie ! soil 9 mo/ ( ! s\? half ( ! /ate4 ,x occurs 9 ?9 slabs1 ?ick lay]s1 & 9 massive b$s :i* may make a small cliff 9 !mselves4 ,lime/one is s(t en\gh to be scrat*$ ) /eel4 ,x is commonly :ite to grayi%1 b may be /a9$ tan1 yell[i%1 or r$di% by iron oxide1 or d>k5$ ?r\gh %ades ( gray to black by ! pres5ce ( v f9ely-divid$1 black c>bonace\s matt]4 ,x may be microscopically f9e-gra9$ 7& !n x c be us$ 9 li?ographic pr9t+ 9 ! reproduction ( v f9e images71 or its gra9s may v>y 9 size up to "o-half in* 9 cross section4 ,illu/ration3 ,lime/one 7dolomite7 bluff ne> ,jeff]son ,city4 ,x is det]m9$ z lime/one ) c]ta9ty by wett+ ) dilute cold acid2 !n x 8bubbles0 or eff]vesces1 & ev5tually dissolves entirely4 ,ord9>y or regul> lime/one conta9s ! m9]al calcite1 b ! magnesian v>iety ( lime/one1 dolomite1 conta9s ! m9]al dolomite1 :i* does n eff]vesce freely 9 lump size 9 dilute acid1 b :i* does eff]vesce :5 p[d]$ or :5 treat$ ) hot acid or conc5trat$ acid4 ,! pref]r$ acid to use is muriatic 7hydro*loric1 ! 8n-cut0 sold]+ acid7 dilut$ "o "p ( acid to "o "p ( wat]4 ,caution6 ,?is acid mixture %\ld be /or$ 9 a glass or porcela9 conta9] away f *ildr5 or animals6 ,acid /rong en\gh to dissolve rock w ru9 clo!s1 de/roy fle%1 & is poison\s6 ,dilute sulphuric 7/orage batt]y7 acid w also give ! eff]vesc5ce te/1 & ! acid ( v /rong v9eg> w react ) lime/one sl[ly4 ,9 mak+ ! te/ x %\ld be recogniz$ t ! lime/one :i* acts z a cem5t 9 s&/one1 or lime/one impurities 9 %ale w also eff]vesce1 b ^? m9or p>ts ( ! rock w dissolve & leave ! residues ( s&/one or %ale1 :i* are insoluble4 ,illu/ration3 ,a co>se-gra9$ lime/one eff]vesc+ 9 dilute muriatic acid4 7,?is photograph & o!r close-up views tak5 by ,j4 ,f4 ,b>ham & ,all5 ,b>nes1 ,univ]sity photograph]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,solid dolomite does n eff]vesce 9 dilute acid4 ,note ! :ite rock p[d] scrap+s adjac5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,dolomite p[d] does eff]vesce 9 dilute muriatic acid4 ,n all dolomite is ?is f9e 9 gra94 ,"s lime/ones are *emical deposits b _m are consolidat$ accumulations ( fossil %ells & %ell fragm5ts--organic lime/one4 ,= example1 a widespread lime/one1 ! s-call$ ,burl+ton lime/one1 ext5d+ across c5tral ,miss\ri1 conta9s _m cr9oid /em fragm5ts & plates1 atte/+ to ! abundance ( cr9oids liv+ 9 ! sea at ! "t ?is lime/one 0 laid d[n4 ,cr9oids are sea animals :i*1 because ( _! bran*+ /ructure & sup]ficial resemblance to plants1 h be5 nicknam$ 8sea lilies40 ,except = calc>e\s cave & spr+ deposits1 almo/ all lime/one =mations 9 ,miss\ri conta9 a few fossils ( animals :i* liv$ 9 ! ocean1 & !re=e ,miss\ri lime/ones are consid]$ m>9e 9 orig94 ,!y (f] evid5ce = ! v int]e/+ l&-sea *anges :i* ?is /ate has und]gone 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,lime/one compos$ almo/ entirely ( cr9oid 7m>9e animal fossil7 /em plates1 f ne> ,columbia4 ,pure lime/one is compos$ ( #ajj calcium c>bonate 7calcite m9]al71 :]eas pure dolomite conta9s #ed4ce calcium c>bonate & #de4fe magnesium c>bonate 7dolomite m9]al74 ,magnesium c>bonate has slightly high] acid-neutraliz+ prop]ties ?an calcium c>bonate1 weight = weight1 & because analyses ( lime/one to be us$ = soil sweet5+ & agricultural f]tiliz] purposes are commonly report$ 9 calcium c>bonate equival5ts1 a dolomite or dolomitic lime/one may be report$ ov] #ajj calcium c>bonate equival5t4 ,unless "o und]/&s ! full mean+ ( ! report he may be bewild]$ by a /atem5t ( ! value ov] #ajj4 ,! calcium & magnesium :i* =m lime/one 7or dolomitic lime/one7 9 ! ocean are c>ri$ !re 9 solution by ! /reams :i* dra9 ! l&4 ,ra9 wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd & rocks becomes slightly acidifi$ ) c>bon dioxide 7l ! c>bonat$ wat] 9 bev]ages7 & dissolves ! calcium & magnesium f prim>y igne\s rocks l gabbro & basalt :i* are wea!r+1 or f preexi/+ lime/ones :i* primitively 7 d]iv$ f igne\s rocks4 ,?is calcium & magnesium 9 solution are responsible = ! h>dness ( ! wat]4 ,9 fact1 ! h>d wat] 9 ,miss\ri spr+s1 wells1 & /reams is h>d because x conta9s ei!r or bo? calcium 78lime07 & magnesium 9 solution4 ,?is soluble calcium & magnesium fl[s on 9 ! /ream to ! ocean because ( its comb9ation ) ! dissolv$ c>bon dioxide4 ,9 ! %all[ p>ts ( ! ocean1 z on ! cont95tal %elves :]e ! wat] is less ?an #fjj feet deep1 ! lime/one is deposit$ 9 lay]s j l ! :ite lime lay] deposits on ! bottom ( ! teakettle 9 :i* h>d wat] has be5 boil$4 ,*emical processes1 temp]ature *anges1 evaporation ( ! ocean wat]1 & organisms are responsible = mo/ ( ! lime/one deposition4 ,ext5sive lime/one deposition is tak+ place today (f ! coa/ ( ,florida & ar\nd ! tropical isl&s ( ! s\!rn ,pacific4 ,! uses ( lime/one are num]\s4 ,x is an excell5t build+ /one 9 ei!r ! r\gh1 sawn1 or dress$ /ate4 ,x is us$ = rubble /one1 rip-rap1 railroad balla/1 cru%$ gravel1 & aggregate 9 concrete4 ,x is "o ( ! raw mat]ials ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,quicklime & hydrat$ lime are prep>$ f lime/one :i* has be5 heat$ to drive (f ! *emically comb9$ c>bon dioxide4 ,lime/one is add$ z a flux+ mat]ial 9 metallurgical processes4 ,x is ! l[e/ pric$ s\rce ( alkali 9 *emical indu/ry4 ,pulv]iz$ lime/one may be us$ z a fill] 9 pa9ts1 putty1 pap]1 or rubb]2 & rock wool is made by melt+ & bl[+ a lime/one hav+ a suitable *emical composition4 ,two =mations develop a 8spongy0 appe>ance 78sponge rock0 or 8sponge lime/one07 ^u wea!r+ & are utiliz$ abundantly 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate = rock g>d5s & = ornam5tal & decorative /one4 ,_m tons ( lime/one are us$ ea* ye> 9 ,miss\ri z a soil f]tiliz] because x neutralizes acidity1 coagulates ! clay1 furni%es calcium to ! plants by way ( ! colloidal clay1 & frees o!r *emical elem5ts s t !y become available to ! plants4 ,no d\bt rocks o!r ?an lime/one w be cru%$ & add$ to ! soil 9 ! future1 b today our att5tion is focuss$ *iefly on lime/one & dolomite4 ,! value ( a lime/one qu>ry = agricultural purposes dep5ds ^u availability1 am\nt ( ov]burd51 purity ( ! /one1 ease ( cru%+1 & size ( deposit4 ,= in/ance1 a /one ( #ij purity1 :i* is close at h&1 w probably be m valuable ?an "o ( #ih purity :i* mu/ be haul$ fifte5 miles4 ,b>e hillsides or creek banks :]e a cru%] c be set up to h&le ! /one )\t extra lift+ are pref]able = qu>ry sites4 ,usually ! ov]burd5 is less 9 su* an expos$ face4 ,impurities 9 lime/one deposits may be l>ge *]t 7fl9t7 nodules :i* c be h&-sort$ out1 s& gra9s1 clay :i* settl$ into & onto ! /one dur+ its accumulation1 & pyrite 7fool's gold7 or o!r m9]als ( less] importance4 ,clay impurities simply act z useless extra weight :i* mu/ be h&l$4 ,s& gra9s1 h[ev]1 are h>d1 & w abrade & we> out cru%+ equipm5t4 ,*]t & f9e-gra9$ silica likewise are h>d] ?an /eel & w we> a cru%] excessively4 ,pure lime/one 7calcite or dolomite m9]al7 has a h>dness less ?an t ( /eel & w only poli% or we> ! metal slightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical1 int]mitt5tly-op]at$1 f>m lime/one qu>ry ne> ,nor? ,kansas ,city4 ,x w probably pay to give "s ?\ght to ?is matt] ( cru%+ :5 select+ a qu>ry site = agricultural lime/one4 ,! sev]al b$s ( /one available %\ld be te/$ n only = am\nt1 b k9ds ( impurities4 ,samples s5t 9 = te/+ mu/ be repres5tative ( ! rocks "u consid]ation or ! analytical results are mean+less4 ,! writ] does n believe ?is po9t c be ov]-emphasiz$4 ,"t aft] "t he has se5 samples tak5 ( geological deposits = te/+ :i* no m repres5t$ ! deposits ?an a bantam roo/] pick$ out ( a *ick5 p5 w\ld repres5t ! egg-lay+ or weight-production possibilities ( ! flock ( ,plym\? ,rock h5s4 ,if five lay]s or b$s ( /one are to be prop]ly te/$1 !n five samples mu/ be tak51 "o brok5 f ea* lay] ( solid rock 9 place4 ,! five lay]s may h ! same color1 or look mu* ! same1 b f9e gra9s ( s&1 h>dly visible )\t magnification1 may be abundant 9 "s lay]s & n 9 o!rs4 ,if circum/ances d n p]mit hav+ five diff]5t te/s made1 b all[ only "o sample to be run1 !n specim5s %\ld be tak5 f all five b$s1 _! sizes be+ 9 proportion to ! relative am\nts expect$ to be qu>ri$ f ea* b$1 & all five specim5s s5t to ! analy/1 :o c cru% & mix !m4 ,a s+le grab sample tak5 f loose rock on a hillside1 9 expectation t x w repres5t ! rocks inside1 dep5ds z mu* on luck z bett+ on ! wea!r next #d? ( ,july1 a ye> h5ce4 ,! *emi/ :o analyzes ! lime/one = calcium c usually report on ! k9d ( impurity if he w take ! "t to d x4 8,cotton ,rock0 ,lime/one 8,cotton rock0 ref]s to a :ite to slightly gray or buff v>iety ( lime/one :i* has a 8s(t01 some:at *alky & por\s appe>ance t is sugge/ive ( cotton4 ,miss\ri 8cotton rock0 is usually dolomitic4 ,al?\gh ! t]m 8cotton rock0 has no /&+ 9 a te*nical s5se1 its fairly wide use indicates t ! "n has descriptive value4 ,m>ble ,m>ble1 9 a sci5tific s5se1 is a metamorphic rock & does n occur z su* 9 ,miss\ri4 ,h[ev]1 m>ble has be5 us$ z a "n 9 comm]cial trade to ref] to a cry/all9e1 fairly pure lime/one1 :i* possesses mo/ ( ! useful qualities ( true m>ble4 ,9 t s5se ! 8m>bles0 qu>ri$ ne> ,ozora & ,c>?age1 ,miss\ri1 are v excell5t /one4 ,no d\bt "s recry/allization has occurr$ 9 connection ) ! fault+ 9 ! ,ozora region1 & ?is may be int]pret$ z mild metamorphism4 ,! ,c>?age 8m>ble0 is qu>ri$ f b$s ( lime/one well develop$ = /ructural purposes4 ,^! 8m>bles0 eff]vesce 9 acid1 ( c\rse1 j z describ$ = lime/one4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! poli% on lime/one or m>ble is n durable :]e expos$ to ! wea!r 9 ! same s5se z is ! poli% on granite4 ,because lime/one & m>ble are s(t] ?an granite !y may be cut & poli%$ at l[] co/1 b because ( _! ease ( attack by acid1 wat]1 & abrasion !y soon become dull :5 us$ z an ext]ior /one4 ,= int]ior decoration !y are excell5t1 ( c\rse4 ,granite conta9s h>d m9]als :i* happ5 n to be attack$ appreciably by dilute acids1 & !re=e x reta9s a poli% = a long "t ev5 :]e expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,cave ,onyx & ,deposits ,! /alactites 7rock icicles7 hang+ f cave ceil+s1 /alagmites built up f ! floors1 & o!r drip /one deposits ( caves are l>gely calcite1 ! m9]al ( lime/one4 ,aga91 ?is c be recogniz$ by ! lime/one acid te/ 7eff]vesc5ce1 see lime/one74 ,cave onyx may be b&$ l agate4 ,x is !n commonly call$ ,mexican onyx4 ,! "n trav]t9e has also be5 appli$ to su* deposits f wat]4 ,trav]t9e ,trav]t9e is a g5]al "n = calcium c>bonate deposits ( v>y+ size1 %ape1 color1 texture1 & purity :i* orig9ate l>gely ?r\gh evaporation ( spr+ or surface wat]4 ,its composition ( calcium c>bonate1 calcite m9]al1 is easily confirm$ by eff]vesc5ce 9 acid1 l lime/one4 ,calcite ,calcite 7sometimes call$ 8tiff0 locally 9 s\?-we/]n ,miss\ri71 ! ess5tial m9]al 9 lime/one1 c be recogniz$ by sev]al def9ite *>act]i/ics3 #a4 ,x bubbles1 8fizzes10 or eff]vesces 9 dilute acid4 ,see page #aa4 #b4 ,x is easily scrat*$ ) a knife4 #c4 ,x breaks or cleaves into rhomboh$ral %apes1 ( :i* at lea/ "o flat1 gli/5+ side is visible on e individual gra9 9 ! brok5 surface ( lime/one4 #d4 ,x has a glassy lu/] on cry/al & cleavage faces4 #e4 ,x cry/allizes into six-sid$ cry/al =ms1 :i* c be diff]5tiat$ f qu>tz 7also six-sid$7 by te/s 7#a7 & 7#b7 above4 ,! "o s+le te/ ( calcite :i* is mo/ diagno/ic1 & :i* appeals to mo/ p]sons1 is numb] "o above1 eff]vesc5ce ( ! solid lump 9 dilute acid4 ,! bubbles are fill$ by c>bon dioxide gas :i* comes f1 & is fre$ f1 ! calcite by ! reaction ( x ) ! acid4 ,calcite is calcium c>bonate1 ,ca,c,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,a small calcite cry/al f ! ,jopl9 region4 ,_m ,miss\rians h n realiz$ t ! ord9>y1 ev]yday lime/one 7f9e to co>se granul>71 :i* is s abundant "h1 is compos$ ( a m9]al--calcite :i* makes up ! gra9s4 ,! /rik+ly beautiful calcite cry/als 7display$ 9 museums7 d]iv$ f ! calcite cry/al caves f\nd 9 "s m9es 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict are accept$ )\t "q z m9]al specim5s ( calcite1 b ! idea t all ( ! commonplace gli/5+ gra9s 9 ! local lime/one are also m9]al gra9s is a new ?\ght to mo/ p]sons4 ,a pure lime/one is compos$ entirely ( calcite4 ,ev5 impure lime/ones :i* conta9 subord9ate am\nts ( qu>tz s&1 *]t1 clay1 or iron oxide are 9 ! ma9 also calcite4 ,dolomite & dolomitic lime/ones conta9 ! m9]al dolomite4 ,! m9]al ( ord9>y m>ble is calcite2 dolomite m>ble conta9s dolomite4 ,! cem5t+ mat]ial 9 s&/one & a common accessory m9]al 9 %ale are calcite4 ,x is truly a wide-spread & abundant m9]al4 ,ev5 ! lime deposit 9 ! bottom ( ! tea-kettle1 ! wat] heat]1 boil]1 or automobile cool+ sy/em is calcite1 or aragonite1 a tw9 bro!r to calcite4 ,! use ( calcite 9 ! =m ( lime/one is treat$ "u lime/one4 ,z = ! use ( l>ge calcite cry/als1 !y are sold z ornam5ts & curiosities4 ,visitors to ! ,miss\ri ,/ate ,fair may recall ! exhibit ( a beautiful1 recon/ruct$ cry/al cave :i* 0 l9$ ) l>ge calcite cry/als4 ,calcite cry/als h be5 %ipp$ 9 c>-load lots to beautify grottos1 notably "s 9 ,i[a & ,ill9ois1 & are display$ 9 almo/ all prom95t museums4 ,wat]-:ite 7cle>71 optical-quality calcite cry/als1 :i* comm& a high price1 are relatively r>e & h n be5 f\nd 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! optical prop]ty ( calcite :i* acc\nts = its high value is its ability to sep>ate1 or refract1 e s+le ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh x into two widely sep>at$1 easily di/+ui%able rays1 h5ce d\bl+ _! numb]4 ,?is is call$ d\ble refraction1 & is %[n by ! d\ble image ( an object view$ ?r\gh ! calcite4 ,in/rum5ts :i* pol>ize light may conta9 calcite cry/als4 ,! artificial product1 8,pol>oid01 is us$ = a simil> purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,calcite cleavage rhomb1 *>act]i/ic rhomboh$ral %ape4 ,note ! d\ble image due to high d\ble refraction ( calcite4 ,dolomite ,dolomite m9]al occurs 9 ,miss\ri z a con/itu5t ( dolomitic lime/one or z a ve9 & cavity fill+ 9 ! rocks ( ! ,jopl9 m9+ di/rict & z a l9+ 9 cavities 9 ! dolomitic lime/ones ( ! s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,dolomite :5 p[d]$ 7by scrap+ ! surface ( ! specim51 = dolomite is s(t] ?an /eel or glass7 eff]vesces freely 9 cold dilute hydro*loric 7muriatic7 acid1 b ! lump dolomite eff]vesces v sl[ly1 if at all4 ,calcite eff]vesces freely 9 ! lump ) cold dilute acid4 ,?is acid te/ is ! "o c]ta9 te/ = dolomite1 & works ) ! ?ick-b$d$ =mations z well z ) ! %[y1 cry/al-fac$ mat]ial f ve9s4 ,see page #aa4 ,dolomite cry/als h a pe>ly lu/] & are usually pale p9k 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict4 ,_! faces are commonly curv$ b :]e brok5 %[ gli/5+ to pe>ly cleavage faces4 ,^! prop]ties assume m significance 9 m9]al det]m9ation z "o becomes famili> ) m9]al collections1 b ! non-te*nical p]son c rely on ! acid te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical dolomite cry/als f ,jopl9 region4 ,) ! above in=mation 9 m9d1 "o may proce$ ) c]ta9ty to id5tify a lay] ( dolomite f a qu>ry or hillside1 or a cry/al ( x 9 a h& specim54 ,fir/1 det]m9e t x is scrat*$ readily ) a knife blade or iron nail4 ,any?+ too h>d to be scrat*$ by /eel is nei!r calcite nor dolomite4 ,second1 scrape a small m\nd ( p[d] on ! lump specim5s4 ,?ird1 apply "o or two drops ( cold dilute acid to ! lump ne> ! p[d] & all[ ! acid to run into ! p[d]4 ,if ! lump eff]vesces freely ! specim5 is calcite m9]al or lime/one rock4 ,if ! lump does n eff]vesce freely b ! p[d] does1 x is dolomite m9]al or dolomite rock1 dolomitic lime/one4 ,if nei!r lump nor p[d] eff]vesce x is nei!r calcite 7ord9>y lime/one7 nor dolomite 7dolomitic lime/one74 ,9 ! latt] case1 x may be gypsum1 b>ite1 ,%ale1 wea!r$ *]t1 clay1 or fire clay1 or o!r rock4 ,! composition ( dolomite is calcium-magnesium c>bonate1 ,ca,mg7,,co71 & :5 pure runs ab\t #ed p] c5t calcium c>bonate & #de p] c5t magnesium c>bonate4 ,h[ev]1 dolomite is n a me*anical mixture ( ! two c>bonates2 x is a s+le cry/all9e comp\nd :]e9 ! calcium & magnesium are securely int]lock$ )9 ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms4 ,= t reason1 ! extraction ( magnesium metal or o!r magnesium comp\nds f dolomite is s difficult & co/ly t o!r magnesium m9]als1 al?\gh n ne>ly s abundant & accessible to indu/ry z dolomite1 h be5 process$ to obta9 ! lightweight metal magnesium4 ,! ?ick b$s ( ,miss\ri dolomitic lime/one 7& "s fairly pure dolomite7 h be5 us$ *iefly z agricultural /one = soil sweet5+1 = build+ /one1 gravel1 & o!r purposes to :i* r\gh /one is put4 ,%ale ,illu/ration3 ,%ale bluff at a /rip m9e ne> ,columbia4 ,%ale is a compress$1 & lay]$ or lam9at$ clay or mud rock4 ,consequ5tly x w return to mud if x is wett$ ) wat] & rubb$4 ,?is may s]ve z a te/ = %ale4 ,x may occur 9 ?ick lay]s or =mations1 five1 t5 to fifty or m feet 9 ?ickness1 & x ranges d[nw>d to pap]-?9 p>t+s betwe5 b$s ( lime/one4 ,x is also commonly associat$ ) coal b$s4 ,! color ( %ale v>ies f light gray to black1 or x may be tan1 yell[1 r$1 ru/1 purpli%1 or gre54 ,x is platy1 & ^! ?9 plates or lam9ae1 pil$ on ea* o!r1 make up ! %ale b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,h& specim5 ( %ale %[n 9 prec$+ picture4 ,note ! *>act]i/ic ?9 lay]+ or lam9ation4 ,"s %ales are h>d1 t\gh1 & /rong en\gh to s]ve z tempor>y m9e ro(s4 ,h>d %ales are sometimes call$ 8slate0 b ?is "n is te*nically incorrect4 ,true slate is a metamorphic rock1 compos$ *iefly ( ! m9]al mica 9 v f9e flakes1 & w resi/ ! action ( wat] 7wea!r+7 = a long "t4 ,!re=e1 x is a good ro(+ mat]ial = build+s1 :]eas %ale is compos$ *iefly ( clay m9]als1 & despite ! /r5g? & compactness ( ! m 8slaty0 v>ieties soon dis9tegrates 9 wat]4 ,miss\ri 8slaty0 %ale w\ld n s]ve z satisfactory ro(+ mat]ial4 ,! r$ 8burn$0 %ale f\nd on burn$-out coal m9e dumps is call$ 8%ale0 locally4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 %ale :i* has be5 fir$ m or less to ! condition ( build+ brick by ! hot burn+ wa/e coal4 ,! same orig9al %ale c\ld be cru%$1 mold$ into brick1 8burn$0 9 a kiln1 & become a satisfactory build+ brick4 ,! 8burn$ %ale0 ( ! coal m9e dumps is us$ 9 _m places z a drive-way cov]+4 8,soap/one0 is a "n appli$ by "s p]sons to "s s(t1 slipp]y to greasy %ales1 b ?is "n is incorrect 9 a te*nical s5se4 ,true soap/one is a metamorphic rock 7%ale is s$im5t>y7 :i* is compos$ *iefly ( ! m9]al talc4 ,soap/one occurs abundantly 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s b is exce$+ly sp>se 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! *ief comm]cial uses ( %ale are 9 ! manufacture ( common brick1 build+ brick1 build+ tile1 dra9 tile1 sew] pipe1 ,portl& cem5t1 & o!r c]amic products4 ,_m %ale b$s & occurr5ces are te*nically suitable = ^! uses b h no real comm]cial value because o!r necess>y factors are lack+4 ,9 ord] to make brick1 tile1 or cem5t !re mu/ be suffici5t fuel available at l[ co/1 l[-pric$ bulk transportation ( ! raw & f9i%$ products1 available labor1 capital = ! erection ( a plant1 & above all a l>ge ne>-by1 dep5dable m>ket = ! manufactur$ product4 ,! value ( a %ale deposit1 !re=e1 dep5ds z mu* ^u outside conditions z ^u ! prop]ties ( ! rock 7%ale7 itself4 ,! %ales ( ,miss\ri 7 =m$ f deposits ( mud t settl$ out 9 sea wat] :i* 9 ! pa/ cov]$ ?is /ate4 ,fossil rema9s ( sea-liv+ organisms :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! %ale give evid5ce ( ! m>9e conditions once exi/5t "h4 ,l ! muds t are accumulat+ along ! ,atlantic coa/ & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e ! ,mississippi ,riv] is dis*>g+ its load ( silt & clay1 s did mud =m lay]s on ! bottom ( geologically anci5t int]ior seas4 ,9 "s cases s& 0 lat] wa%$ 9 & cov]$ ! mud2 9 o!r cases lime/one-=m+ mat]ial 7l (f ! coa/ ( ,florida today7 0 deposit$ on top ( ! mud4 ,! weight ( ! ov]ly+ b$s & ! sl[ movem5t :i* rais$ ! sea bottom up to l& squeez$ out ! excess wat]1 compress$ & compact$ ! muds into ?9 lay]s1 & br\ght ab\t ! %ale rock :i* is expos$ to u today4 ,illu/ration3 ,s(t1 easily erod$ b$ ( %ale betwe5 two m resi/ant b$s ( lime/one ne> ,columbia4 ,black muds1 ri* 9 humus & o!r organic mat]ial1 =m$ black %ales2 r$ & yell[ clays color$ by r$ & yell[ iron oxides 7iron ru/s7 =m$ r$ & yell[ %ales2 & s&y muds 7 compact$ into gritty1 s&y %ales4 ,all ( !m 7 d]iv$ f erod+ l& & soils j z today our erod+ soils contribute to ! =mation ( m %ale n[ 9 ! long1 sl[ process ( =mation4 ,! *emical composition ( an av]age %ale is n simple1 z is %[n by ! subjo9$ composite analyses ( s$im5t>y rocks tak5 f ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #abg4 #gh %ales #bec s&/ones #cde lime/ones ,si,o #eh4aa #gh4ca #e4ai ,al,o #ae4dj #d4gf 4#ha ,fe,o #d4jb #a4jh 4#ed ,fe,o #b4de 4#cj ,mn,o #b4dd #a4af #g4hi ,ca,o #c4aj #e4ej #db4eg ,na,o #a4cj 4#de 4#je ,k,o #c4bd #a4cb 4#cc ,h,o #c4ff #a4cb 4#ef ,h,o- #a4cc 4#ca 4#ba ,,co #b4fc #e4jd #da4ed ,ti,o 4#fe 4#be 4#jf ,p,o 4#ag 4#jh 4#jd ,,s 4#fe 4#jg 4#je ,organic c>bon 4#hj -- -- 7#ajj47 7#ajj47 approx4 7#ajj47 ,_m p]sons ^u le>n+ t av]age %ale1 & ev5 8clay dirt10 may conta9 #ae alum9a1 ,al,o 7equival5t to almo/ #h metallic alum9um71 become ?\ghtlessly & errone\sly en?usia/ic ab\t alum9um ore possibilities on _! f>ms or prop]ties4 ,! alum9um is !re all "r1 b x is s securely comb9$ ) silica & o!r elem5ts t ! co/ ( extraction is n[ great] ?an ! price ( alum9um obta9$ f less abundant ores4 ,until *emi/s f9d a me?od ( extraction ( ! metal f ord9>y clay or %ale t c be c>ri$ out at consid]ably less exp5se ?an is n[ possible1 ! va/ quantities ( clay & %ale on ! e>?'s surface mu/ be consid]$ a di/ant res]ve ( a prohibitively high co/ alum9um4 ,miss\ri possesses a little bauxitic clay 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! /ate b un=tunately does n conta9 deposits ( high grade bauxite1 ! *ief ore ( alum9um1 & s does n contribute to ! alum9um production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ! discussion "u ,,diaspore ,,clay74 ,arkansas is a lead+ produc] ( bauxite1 b ! geological conditions pres5t 9 t bauxite locality are s diff]5t f ,miss\ri geology t little hope is held = f9d+ bauxite 9 ,miss\ri1 except possibly 9 ! extreme s\!a/]n "p4 ,fire ,clay ,fire clay resembles %ale 9 t x is also a clayey rock & becomes muddy ^u wett+ & rubb+4 ,x diff]s f %ale at sight 9 t x 7fire clay7 is n lam9at$ l %ale1 b occurs in/ead 9 a massive /ructure :i* is relatively uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,fire clay fractures naturally into blocky or irregul> fragm5ts rang+ 9 size f b\ld]s to r\gh flakes1 :]eas %ale wea!rs into lay]$1 platy *ips4 ,%ales are commonly buff1 yell[1 r$di%1 gre5i%1 or br[n 9 addition to gray 9 color1 :]eas good useable fire clay pr$om9ates 9 :ite1 cream1 & gray to almo/ black 7if mu* organic matt] is conta9$ 9 x74 ,%ale is ord9>ily gritty ) h>d s& p>ticles1 b mo/ good ,miss\ri fire clay conta9s only a small am\nt ( s&4 ,( c\rse1 fire clay may grade into s&/one ?r\gh a s&y clay phase1 b ?is "p w\ld n be confus$ ) a lay]$1 gritty %ale4 ,! really det]m9+ *>act]i/ic ( fire clay is its resi/ance to melt+ "u high temp]ature4 ,! mo/ positive te/ = ?is prop]ty is to heat ! fire clay to a :ite heat 9 comp>ison ) /&>d prep>ations 7,pyrometric ,te/ ,cones7 ^: fusion temp]atures are kn[n4 ,mo/ ( ,miss\ri fire clay w )/& a clean oxidiz+ heat ( ov] #cjjj ,fahr5heit )\t melt+4 ,clay m9]als orig9ate1 9 g5]al1 f ! wea!r+ ( previ\sly exi/+ silicate rocks & h !re=e be5 call$1 on occasions1 8rott$ rocks40 ,! writ] has long insi/$ t clays1 p>ticul>ly fire clays1 %\ld be ?\ght ( in/ead z purifi$ or ref9$ rocks4 ,! orig9al silicate rocks & m9]als1 :i* 7 ri* 9 con/itu5ts melt+ at l[ temp]atures1 h be5 soak$1 lea*$1 & wa%$ by *emically active gr\nd wat] & ra9 wat] until _m ( ! undesirable elem5ts h be5 c>ri$ away1 leav+ a ref9$ mat]ial :i* we use & "k z fire clay4 ,miss\ri possesses "o ( ! l>ge/ res]ves ( f9e/ quality fire clay 9 ! _w4 ,special bullet9s on ,miss\ri fire clay are publi%$ by ! ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,rolla1 ,miss\ri1 & may be obta9$ f 8 (fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,pla/ic fire clay4 ,%[s typical break & naturally poli%$ slick5-sid$ surfaces4 ,f ,mexico1 ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical break4 ,p]sons :o h undevelop$ fire clay deposits on _! prop]ty frequ5tly ask advice on :om to contact & h[ to arrange = sale ( _! fire clay1 ) ! expectation ( a fair return & fair treatm5t4 ,! writ] recomm5ds 9 su* cases t ! own] ( ! clay dig into 8 deposit to obta9 a fre%1 clean1 repres5tative specim5 ( 8 fire clay 7ab\t "o p\nd7 & s5d x to "o or m ( ! l>ge sub/antial fire brick or refractories companies op]at+ 9 ,miss\ri4 ,obvi\sly ! company locat$ ne>e/ ! deposit1 or ) ! l[e/-co/ %ipp+ facilities1 w be 9 a favor$ position to pur*ase ! clay4 ,if ! individual is skeptical ab\t ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! company's report1 he may s5d opposite p>ts ( ! sample lumps to competitive companies4 ,( c\rse1 ! individual may h 8 clay te/$ by an indep5d5t laboratory at 8 own exp5se1 b ?is is ord9>ily a useless1 co/ly exp]i5ce because a company w duplicate ^? te/s 9 its own laboratory be=e pur*as+ ! clay4 ,if ! refractories companies f9d ! clay useful to !m !y w proce$ ) negotiations4 ,if ! clay is ( inf]ior quality or if x is n ne$$ by ! p>ticul> company at t "t1 ev5 ?\gh ( acceptable quality1 usually ! company w return a tru?ful report at no co/ to ! clay own]4 ,! same g5]al advice is giv5 9 reg>d to ! developm5t ( any m9]al deposit :i* ! hold] may h4 ,! caution ab\t obta9+ a repres5tative sample is especially to be emphasiz$4 ,x applies to ! metallic ores1 m9]al wat]1 & common rock z well z to fire clay4 ,pla/ic ,fire ,clay ,pla/ic fire clay =ms a /icky1 s(t mass :5 wett$ & knead$ ) wat]1 & w bond toge!r o!r clays or rocks4 ,l>ge pla/ic fire clay deposits occur 9 ,audra91 ,callaway1 & ,/4 ,l\is c\nties1 & less] quantities are kn[n 9 ,boone1 ,osage1 ,gasconade1 & ,phelps c\nties4 ,! l>g] deposits assume a blanket %ape ) a highly irregul> l[] surface4 ,fl9t ,fire ,clay ,fl9t fire clay is v f9e-gra9$1 smoo? or slick1 & breaks ) a %ell-l 7con*oidal7 fracture4 ,x v>ies 9 color f :ite to black1 b mo/ fl9t fire clay m9$ is ne> to :ite4 ,x is relatively non-pla/ic--t is1 does n readily slake or =m a /icky mass :5 work$ a little 9 wat]4 ,9 fact1 fl9t fire clay has be5 us$ locally z road surfac+ because x does n become v muddy & /icky4 ,( c\rse1 x is inf]ior to black-top or concrete road surfaces & has too high a comm]cial value n[ to be us$ ext5sively z road metal4 ,a h>d1 :ite v>iety ( fl9t fire clay :i* breaks ) num]\s con*oidal fractures 9 appropriate %ap$ fragm5ts has be5 call$ locally 8pop-corn fl9t40 ,?is clay1 & o!r s&-free fl9t clay1 :5 cru%$ betwe5 "o's tee? 8goes to wat]0 9 ! m\?4 ,_m clay m9]s use ! *ew+ te/ to e/abli% ! fre$om ( _! clays f gritty s&1 :i* r5d]s fl9t clay inf]ior 9 quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fl9t fire clay %[+ typical 8slick break0 & con*oidal fracture1 f ne> ,new ,flor5ce4 ,fl9t fire clays occur geologically 9 old l& depressions & 9 r\ghly funnel-%ap$ pits surr\nd$ by an enclos+ lay] ( s&/one1 ! :ole ly+ )9 lime/one c\ntry rock4 ,! mo/ prom95t fl9t fire clay deposits are f\nd 9 ,callaway1 ,w>r51 ,l9coln1 ,osage1 ,gasconade1 ,m>ies1 ,frankl91 & ,phelps c\nties4 ,diaspore ,clay ,diaspore clay is a h>%1 usually por\s1 e>?y type ( clay :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ,w>r51 ,osage1 ,gasconade1 ,m>ies1 ,frankl91 ,phelps1 & ,craw=d c\nties 9 ,miss\ri4 ,"s diaspore clay is mealy1 or f9ely granul>1 "s is *alky to compact1 & mu* ( x is m or less oolitic4 ,oolites 7oolitic /ructure7 are small r\nd$ bodies v>y+ 9 size f ab\t bird %ot to ,,bb %ot size1 & ^? 9 diaspore may be solid or holl[4 ,_! holl[ /ructure contributes to ! por\s condition 9 diaspore clay4 ,see page #bi4 ,x is almo/ impossible to write a description ( diaspore clay :i* c be us$ to det]m9e x because ! clay has s few individual *>act]i/ics4 ,a p]son famili> ) diaspore clay1 h[ev]1 c recognize x at a glance4 ,probably diaspore clay w n be f\nd outside ! c\nties li/$ above1 & )9 ^? c\nties _m p]sons "k ! clay f contact ) ! comm]cial production ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,diaspore clay1 ov] #gj alum9a1 f ne> ,belle4 ,diaspore clay occurs 9 old s9k-hole1 funnel-%ap$ pits :i* =m$ 9 ! dolomite 7lime/one7 und]ly+ t region4 ,a s&/one lay] :i* l9es ! pit & commonly /&s some:at above ! level ( ! clay because ( ! s&/ones sup]ior resi/ance to wea!r+ is kn[n z ! 8rim rock0 ( ! pit4 ,! diaspore clay may be ?\ght ( z an extra-ref9$ type ( fire clay f :i* silica has be5 lea*$ dur+ prolong$ solution 9 swamps & gr\nd wat] & ! m /able alum9a 7,al,o7 left beh9d z ! ref9$ product4 ,pits 9 ! diaspore region may conta9 f a few truck loads ( clay to ov] #ej1jjj tons ( x1 b a pit :i* produces #aj1jjj tons ( good clay is a valuable & n v common deposit4 ,a small =tune falls to ! l&[n] :o f9ds a l>ge diaspore deposit 7pit7 on 8 f>m1 = royalty rates at ?is "t are n less ?an #a4jj p] ton = fir/ grade1 #gj ,al,o clay4 ,because ( ! high value ( diaspore1 a highly competitive prospect+1 leas+1 m9+1 & brok]age bus9ess has develop$ 9 ! diaspore region4 ,practically all ( ! ?rills1 hopes1 disappo9tm5ts1 & good =tunes t are associat$ ) oil booms are f\nd 9 ?is bus9ess & clay area2 clay pits are only small] 9 scale ?an wild oil gu%]s4 ,clay sc\ts "w 9 secret1 m9+ leases are conte/$ 9 c\rt1 rumors fly fa/ 9 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 & ,g]man-,swiss ov] ! c\ntry telephones1 prospect+ results may be hidd51 p]sonal pressure may be br\ght to influ5ce a deal1 & spe$y salesman%ip is employ$ :5 an excit+ f9d is 9 ! (f+4 ,:5 ! leg5ds1 traditions1 & facts ( ! diaspore region are collect$ & record$1 an int]e/+ & ess5tial "p ( ,miss\ri hi/ory w h be5 writt54 ,miss\ri has ! only locality 9 ! entire _w :]e relatively pure diaspore clay is n[ m9$ 9 comm]cial quantities4 ,because ( its extreme resi/ance to fusion "u v high temp]atures1 diaspore has be5 call$ ! 8ari/ocrat ( fire clays40 ,diaspore conta9s a high] p]c5tage ( alum9um ?an does bauxite1 ! *ief ore ( alum9um1 b because ( diaspore's extremely refractory nature x is less easily r$uc$ to alum9um metal ?an is bauxite1 & !re=e f9ds a m specializ$ use 9 ! manufacture ( refractory & sup]-refractory brick & tile :i* may ev5 be us$ 9 furnaces to calc9e alum9um ore4 ,:]e resi/ance to v high temp]ature has be5 requir$1 diaspore sup] fire brick has be5 rem>kably useful4 ,burley ,clay ,illu/ration3 ,burley clay4 ,note ! oolitic /ructure1 ! 8burls40 ,f a diaspore pit ne> ,swiss4 ,burley clay is a fire clay int]m$iate 9 alum9a cont5t betwe5 fl9t clay & fir/ quality diaspore4 ,x takes its "n f ! oolites 7r\nd$ pellets ( diaspore7 :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh a fl9t clay base & :i* 7 call$ 8burls0 by ! e>ly clay m9]s4 ,z ! relative numb] ( diaspore oolites increase1 an o!rwise fl9t clay becomes burley-fl9t1 !n typical burley1 & f9ally grades into second quality & fir/ quality diaspore4 ,clay 9 any /age ( ! v>iation may be f\nd 9 "s "p ( ! diaspore region or pits4 ,mo/ ( ! rem>ks writt5 on diaspore apply z well to burley clay4 ,s&/one ,s&/one is a rock made ( s&-size p>ticles m or less well cem5t$4 ,x is recogniz$ by ! gra9s ( s& :i* are dislodg$ or scrat*$ loose :5 ! rock is brok51 or :5 scrap$ ) a piece ( /eel or ano!r h>d rock4 ,! old-fa%ion$ gr9d/one is a s&/one nicely cem5t$ by nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,s&/one bluff ne> m9e entrance1 ,cry/al ,city4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,company47 ,s&/one occurs 9 ?9 lay]s to ?ick massive b$s & deposits :i* may exce$ fifty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 addition to possess+ horizontal b$d+ & p>allel b$d+ planes1 "s s&/one displays beautiful1 intricate cross-b$d+ or cross-lam9ation4 ,! gra9s ( s& compos+ ! /one may be ei!r angul> or r\nd$4 ,!y may sp>kle 9 ! light f reflections f _! cry/al faces1 or !y may h dull1 fro/$ surfaces4 ,s&/ones are ord9>ily ne>ly :ite 9 color except :]e ! gra9s are cov]$ ) coat+s ( yell[ or r$ iron oxide 7ru/74 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-b$d+ 9 s&/one nor? ( ,fr$]ickt[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,s&/one 9 h& specim54 ,magnification #dx4 ,illu/ration3 ,qu>tz s& gra9s4 ,magnification #bax4 ,! gra9s !mselves are pr$om9antly p>ticles ( ! m9]al qu>tz1 al?\gh any rock or m9]al ( s& size may be pres5t 9 s&/one4 ,! qu>tz 7see discussion ( qu>tz on page #da7 may h be5 d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ s&/ones or m directly f granite1 porphyry1 or o!r igne\s rocks 9 :i* qu>tz cry/alliz$ :5 ! hot liquid rock solidifi$4 ,today qu>tz gra9s :i* are wea!r+ out ( igne\s rocks & s&/ones are be+ c>ri$ by ! ,miss\ri riv] & tribut>ies to ! ,mississippi riv] & !nce to ! ocean1 :]e ext5sive deposits ( s& are accumulat+1 probably de/9$ to become widespread b$s ( s&/one4 ,! gra9s ( s& may be brok5 & become angul> dur+ _! long trip to ! ocean1 or !y may become r\nd$ by rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,if !y exi/ 9 s& dunes1 bl[n ab\t by ! w9d be=e be+ cem5t$ into rock1 ! gra9s usually become some:at r\nd$4 ,ev5 aft] s&/ones are buri$ b5ea? o!r rocks1 silica1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 solution by gr\nd wat]s p]colat+ ?r\gh ! s&/one1 may cry/allize out on ! s& gra9s & re/ore "s brilliant1 angul> cry/al faces to ! o!rwise r\nd$ gra9s4 ,cem5tation ( loose s& to m or less firm s&/one is due to ! pres5ce ( clay1 iron oxides1 or calcite 7m9]al ( lime/one7 :i* may be deposit$ ) ! s&4 ,all ( ^! cem5ts are s(t] & weak] ?an qu>tz1 !reby be+ brok5 fir/ & free+ ! h>d] qu>tz :5 ! rock is scrat*$ or cru%$4 ,a v>iety ( v h>d s&/one call$ qu>tzite is "o t is s /rongly cem5t$ t x breaks ?r\gh ! s& gra9s in/ead ( ar\nd !m z is ! case ) ord9>y s&/one4 ,?is condition is br\ght ab\t by _! be+ cem5t$ ) silica 7*emically ! same z qu>tz71 :i* makes = ess5tially uni=m h>dness ?r\gh\t ! rock4 ,qu>tzites are1 z previ\sly not$1 extremely h>d1 & resi/ abrasion & *emical wea!r+4 ,r$di% qu>tzite b\ld]s occur r abundantly nor? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 9 ! glacial clay1 s&1 & gravel :i* ov]lie ! s$im5t>y rocks t =m ! b$ rock or c\ntry rock !re4 ,locally1 ! h>d1 r$ qu>tzite b\ld]s may be call$ 8r$ nigg]heads01 al?\gh ! t]m 8nigg]head0 is m (t5 appli$ to black or d>k gre5i% black b\ld]s ( basalt 7see page #dh7 also pres5t 9 ! glacial drift4 ,x is to be recall$ t ! di/+ui%+ h>dness ( qu>tzite is due to ! h>dness ( ! qu>tz gra9s plus ! equal h>dness ( ! silica cem5t4 ,asphaltic s&/one is a s&/one impregnat$ ) a bitum9\s residue f ! evaporation ( petroleum :i* once occupi$ ! pores ( ! rock4 ,x has be5 report$ f m ?an a doz5 c\nties 9 we/]n ,miss\ri1 b ! mo/ ext5sive deposits are probably 9 ,b>ton1 ,v]non1 & ,lafayette c\nties4 ,att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! orig9 ( s&/ones f ocean deposits ( s& & f s& dunes1 b x %\ld be recogniz$ also t riv] *annels & /ream valleys :i* conta9 deposits ( s& 7su* z ^? on floodpla9s1 riv] bottoms1 & s& b>s7 may be cov]$1 & ! s& consolidat$ to s&/one4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ev5 long ago geologically1 a l>ge riv]1 almo/ comp>able 9 size to ! ,miss\ri riv]1 occupi$ a *annel :i* is n[ repres5t$ by a long n>r[ s&/one deposit ext5d+ f a little nor? ( ,cl9ton ?r\gh ,w>r5sburg to ,lex+ton & !n ea/ ?r\gh ,mob]ly almo/ to ,p>is4 ,small] *annel s&/ones are abundant 9 o!r areas 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! s&/ones ( ! s-call$ ,r\bid\x =mation1 :i* occurs 9 s\? c5tral ,miss\ri1 commonly %[ well-pres]v$ ripple m>ks on ! rock slabs4 ,^! m>ks 7 =m$ exactly z _! "n sugge/s--9 s& :i* 0 ?r[n into ripples by ! %all[ wat] 9 :i* x accumulat$ & 0 cov]$ & cem5t$ s z to reta9 ! ripple =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,ripple m>ks 9 limy s&/one4 ,s&/one is us$ = build+ /one1 walks1 gr9d/ones1 furnace l9+s1 & rock g>d5s4 ,l>ge quantities are m9$ ea* ye> ne> ,pacific1 ,fe/us & ,cry/al ,city1 ,klondike1 & ,h]mann1 = ! manufacture ( glass & o!r uses4 ,common glass is a cool$ melt ( relatively pure silica s&1 soda a%1 & lime4 ,asphaltic s&/one is us$ 9 road build+4 ,s&-lime brick are made ( s&4 ,s& is us$ z a mold+ mat]ial = metal ca/+s1 a p>t+ sub/ance betwe5 brick 9 kilns1 & 9 l>ge quantities 9 concrete & mort> mixtures4 ,*]t1 ,fl9t ,! names *]t & fl9t h 9 "s regions be5 us$ = ! same h>d1 f9e-gra9$ rock f\nd s abundantly 9 ,miss\ri1 b correct usage employs *]t = ! :ite & gray v>ieties1 & fl9t = ! black v>iety4 ,fl9t may be ?\ght ( z slightly impure *]t1 a *]t :i* is color$ black by a small am\nt ( pigm5t1 usually f9e c>bon1 or p]haps iron sulphide1 scatt]$ ?r\gh x l f9e du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,*]t1 fossilif]\s & slightly speckl$4 ,note typical %>p edges1 smoo? surfaces1 & con*oidal fracture4 ,f ne> ,columbia4 ,*]t is *>act]iz$ by be+ h>d] ?an glass1 brittle1 v f9e-gra9$1 & by break+ ) a smoo?1 r\nd$ or holl[$ clam %ell-l 7con*oidal7 fracture & %>p edges4 ,x 0 us$ by ,indians to make arr[ heads4 ,x accumulates 9 abundance bo? 9 /ream b$s z gravel :i* has be5 m or less r\nd$ by we>1 & on ! hillsides )9 ! soil & sub-soil4 ,yell[ & r$ iron oxides may /a9 & p5etrate wea!r$ *]t gravel s t x becomes r$di%1 ru/y1 tan1 yell[ or br[n4 ,*]t rema9s abundant because ( its extreme resi/ance to wea!r+4 ,x is s h>d t /ream action we>s x only v sl[ly4 ,its *emical composition is silica1 ,si,o1 a sub/ance :i* is b little affect$ *emically by gr\nd wat]4 ,:]e *]t has conta9$ f9e gra9s ( calcite scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 ! calcite may be remov$ 9 solution1 leav+ pores1 & a zone ( por\s1 light weight1 tripolitic *]t1 h>% to ! feel & envelop+ an unalt]$ int]ior 7,see ,,wea!r$ ,,*]t74 ,n uncommonly1 fossil rema9s ( calcite :i* 7 emb$d$ 9 *]t h be5 dissolv$1 leav+ _! holl[ impressions4 ,*]t 9 ,miss\ri orig9ally occurs *iefly 9 lime/one =mations1 :]e x is f\nd z nodules1 l5ses1 /r+]s1 & irregul> =ms 9 & betwe5 ! lime/one b$s4 ,*]t & fl9t may be deposit$ directly f silica 9 solution1 or !y may replace 7sub/itute =7 wood1 fossils1 or old] rock :]e silica-be>+ solutions contact & react ) ! replac$ sub/ance4 ,= example1 petrifi$ wood usually is wood :i* has be5 replac$ molecule by molecule ) silica4 ,?is /atem5t applies equally to ! brightly color$ petrifi$ wood 9 ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ 9 ,arizona & to t ) comp>atively drab color+ 9 ,miss\ri4 ,_m o!r silice\s fossils1 notably animal rema9s1 are replacem5ts ( calcite 7lime/one7 by silica4 ,9 anticipation t ! read] may h difficulty und]/&+ h[ silica may g into solution if *]t 7silica7 is h>dly attack$ by ! wea!r+ process1 x %\ld be expla9$ t silica is fre$ 9 solution pr$om9ately dur+ ! wea!r+ ( complex silica-comb9ations1 silicates1 r ?an f uncomb9$ silica4 ,= in/ance1 feldsp> & pyrox5e f granite or gabbro wea!r 9 gr\nd wat] to a soil-=m+ clay m9]al & release "s silica 9 solution 9 ! gr\nd wat]4 ,aft] ?is silica is r$eposit$ 9 an uncomb9$ =m1 l *]t1 x becomes highly insoluble4 ,an obs]vation 9 reg>d to fl9t is t ! metallic 8fl9ts0 :i* are us$ to ignite gas burn]s or cig>ette light]s are n black *]t1 ,si,o4 ,in/ead1 !y are special alloys conta9+ r uncommon elem5ts :i* possess ! useful *>act]i/ic ( emitt+ a brilliant hot sp>k :5 h>%ly scrat*$4 ,*]t is ! *ief s\rce ( natural gravel 9 ,miss\ri because x accumulates 9 /ream b$s & on hillsides on acc\nt ( its resi/ance to wea!r+4 ,! piles ( 8*ats0 9 ! ,jopl9 region1 conta9+ ?\s&s ( tons ( cru%$ *]t1 h be5 us$ 9 "p 9 road surfac+ mat]ial4 ,wea!r$ ,*]t ,wea!r$ *]t1 or lea*$ *]t1 is a :ite to gray1 or yell[i%1 por\s1 light-weight1 h>% to feel1 *alky-appe>+ rock :i* occurs ov] mu* ( ! s\!rn half ( ,miss\ri4 ,x does n eff]vesce 9 acid4 ,usually x occurs z a zone f a fraction (1 to m ?an an in* 9 ?ickness1 ab\t a d5s] core ( h>d1 compact *]t 7fl9t71 or makes up an entire small rock fragm5t or gravel4 ,illu/ration3 ,*]t h& specim5 %[+ qu>tz-l9$ fossil cavity 9 c5t]1 compact fre% *]t 9 int]ior1 & *alky-appe>+ wea!r$ outside m>g9s4 ,f ne> ,columbia4 ,x develops z a relatively insoluble residue left :5 ! m soluble rock mat]ial 9 association has be5 lea*$ away dur+ ! wea!r+ process4 ,its composition approa*es pure silica4 ,x has no e/abli%$ use & no comm]cial value4 8,kaole50 8,kaole50 is a t]m us$ locally 9 "p ( s\?-c5tral ,miss\ri to ref] to a *alky1 :ite to tan or buff1 por\s wea!r$ *]t1 b ! "n %\ld be dropp$ because x is unnecess>y 7use wea!r$ *]t71 confus+1 & n recogniz$ else:]e4 ,mo/ probably ! t]m arose 9 corruption ( ! ^w kaol91 :i* is ! "n = a true1 high-quality clay1 to :i* ! lea*$ & wea!r$ *]t be>s a slight resemblance4 ,kaol9 has ! *emical composition ( clay 7hydr\s alum9um silicate71 :]eas 8kaole50 is impure silica4 ,see ! discussion on ,wea!r$ ,*]t4 ,tripoli ,tripoli occurs 9 ! vic9ity ( ,s5eca1 ,newton ,c\nty1 ,miss\ri4 ,x is a light-weight1 por\s1 :ite to creamy1 silice\s rock1 :i* may be scrat*$ because ( its s(tness4 ,tripoli repres5ts ! por\s insoluble residue ( an e>li] rock1 :i* 0 compos$ ( skeletal insoluble silica & int]/itial soluble calcium c>bonate 7calcite71 ! latt] hav+ be5 dissolv$ away by gr\nd wat]4 ,tripoli has a *alky appe>ance b is totally unlike *alk *emically4 ,tripoli is ne>ly pure silica1 :]eas *alk is calcium c>bonate4 ,any tripoli-l rock f\nd 9 ,miss\ri outside ! region ( tripoli m9es is likely to be a fragm5t ( wea!r$ *]t :i* is describ$ above4 ,tripoli has be5 us$ z an abrasive1 a poli%+ ag5t1 a p>t+ mat]ial 9 mold+ s&1 & a filt] rock4 ,agate ,agate is a b&$ v>iety ( *]t4 ,al?\gh ! *emical composition ( agate is ,si,o1 ! same z *]t1 a microscopically fibr\s "p ( x hav+ a waxy lu/] or v>y+ 9 color or transluc5cy may give ! appe>ance to ! rock t we associate ) ! "n agate4 ,! m9]al "n *alc$ony is giv5 to ! fibr\s1 waxy mat]ial4 ,typical agates are mo/ abundant 9 ,miss\ri 9 ! glacial & /ream gravels 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate1 al?\gh "p ( ! ,potosi drusy qu>tz & *alc$ony 9 ! s\!a/ is also priz$4 ,! l>ge gravel pit ne> ,la,grange1 9 ! nor!a/1 has furni%$ _m beautiful specim5s1 n only ( agate1 b also ( petrifi$ wood & fossils4 ,miss\ri lapidi/s & collectors ( semi-preci\s /ones f9d pl5ty ( int]e/+ raw mat]ial )9 _! own /ate4 ,jasp] ,jasp] is *]t :i* is color$ r$ or yell[i% br[n by iron oxides4 ,granite ,illu/ration3 ,close view ( a granite h& specim54 ,feldsp> pr$om9ates4 ,qu>tz appe>s d>k 9 ! photograph1 b %[s gli/5+ edges & po9ts4 ,f ,graniteville4 ,granite is a granul> 7co>se-gra9$7 rock :i* has a glassy lu/] & is too h>d to be scrat*$ appreciably by /eel4 ,x may be :ite to gray1 tan1 br[n1 or p9k to r$ 9 color1 b p9ki% to r$ granite pr$om9ates 9 ,miss\ri4 ,"s black /one1 ref]r$ to locally z 8black granite10 is usually a v>iety ( gabbro4 ,mo/ ,miss\ri granite is co>se-gra9$1 s t ! con/itu5t m9]al gra9s--qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & 7less frequ5tly7 mica--c be readily recogniz$ by anyone famili> ) ^? m9]als4 ,x makes up _m ( ! m\nta9s & hills 9 ,iron1 ,madison1 & ,/4 ,francois c\nties & adjac5t regions4 ,nor? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 or :]e ! glacial deposits rema91 granite b\ld]s may occur 9 ! s&y & clayey glacial drift4 ,! m9]al qu>tz is recogniz$ 9 granite by its gli/5+1 oily lu/]1 really m brilliant ?an ! lu/] ( glass1 & by its curv$ to irregul> brok5 surface4 ,fur!rmore1 ! brilliant lu/] ( qu>tz is n dull$ by exposure to wea!r4 ,! m9]al feldsp>1 9 granite1 has a glassy lu/] on ! t9y flat cleavage faces :]e ! individual gra9s are brok54 ,:]e wea!r$1 feldsp> becomes dull$1 & *alky to du/y or clayey4 ,fre% feldsp> may be glassy1 :ite1 buff1 p9k1 r$1 9 int]m$iate %ades 9 color4 ,) ! mica1 x imp>ts mo/ ( ! color to granite4 ,mica is recogniz$ by its s(tness & its ability to be split v easily into t9y flakes4 ,o!r m9]als may be f\nd 9 granite "u ! microscope1 b !y h little importance or significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,granite at ! 8,elephant ,rocks10 ,graniteville4 ,! l>ge b\ld]s n[ r\nd$ by wea!r+ are remnants ( a high] "p ( ! l>ge granite body :i* und]lies ?is region4 7,photograph c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,noel ,hubb>d74 ,granite is an intrusive igne\s rock2 t is1 x solidifi$ f a hot liquid /ate 7l lava7 9 a l>ge body1 b5ea?1 or surr\nd$ by pre-exi/+ rocks4 ,because ( sl[ solidification a co>se-gra9$ texture 0 develop$4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri :]e granite is n[ expos$ at ! surface 7= example1 ! ,elephant ,rocks ,/ate ,p>k at ,graniteville71 t granite 0 cov]$ orig9ally by hundr$s ( feet ( rock at ! "t x solidifi$ f a liquid4 ,dur+ ! millions ( ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! granite solidifi$1 its cov] & ! upp] "p ( ! granite h be5 erod$ away by /reams & ra9 aft] wea!r+ to soil mat]ial4 ,9 fact1 ! ocean has cov]$ ! area sev]al times dur+ its long geological hi/ory4 ,miss\ri has a f9e quality ( granite 9 l>ge quantity 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,granite is us$ = build+1 /ructural & monum5t purposes 7see discussion "u m>ble71 = rubble /one1 rip-rap1 balla/1 gravel1 pav+ blocks1 cru%$ *ick5 gravel1 & = o!r specializ$ uses :]e favorably locat$4 ,*emical analyses ( granite & porphry1 tak5 f ,miss\ri ,geological ,survey ,report1 ,volume ,,viii1 #ahie1 foll[4 ,porphyry #f miles ea/ ,granite #f miles ea/ ( ,ironton ( ,ironton ,si,o #ga4hh #gb4ce ,al,o #ab4hh #ac4gh ,fe,o #c4je #a4hg ,fe,o #a4je #j4cf ,ca,o #a4ac #j4hg ,mg,o #j4cc #j4db ,k,o #d4df #d4di ,na,o #d4ba #d4ad ,p,o #j4ae #j4ac ,ti,o #j4bb #j4dd ,ignition loss #j4bf #j4ed ,! glacial granite b\ld]s f\nd 9 c5tral to nor!rn ,miss\ri also solidifi$ z intrusive rock 9 ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ,canada4 ,aft] be+ expos$ at ! surface !y 7 pick$ up & c>ri$ d[n by ! geologically rec5t1 cont95tal ice %eet 7glaci]7 t mov$ d[n f ,canada to across ! nor!rn half ( ,miss\ri4 ,scrat*es & grooves may h be5 cut 9 "s ( ^! b\ld]s1 or flat faces sc\r$ & plan$ (f z !y 7 scrap$ aga9/ o!r h>d rocks4 ,qu>tz gravel is usually pres5t1 (t5 9 abundance1 9 glacial deposits4 ,small specim5s ( native metallic copp]1 :i* come f ne> ,lake ,sup]ior1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,miss\ri glacial deposits4 ,ev5 diamonds f an unkn[n s\rce 9 ! nor? 7 c>ri$ by ! ice d[n into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! hi/ory ( ! glaciation is a spectacul> acc\nt ( *anges :i* our cont95t has und]gone 9 ! geological pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,glacial scrat*es on b\ld] c>ri$ by ! l>ge glaci] 9 nor!rn ,miss\ri long ago4 ,b\ld] f ne> ,columbia4 ,qu>tz ,qu>tz is a m9]al ( wide-spread occurr5ce :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! foll[+ prop]ties3 7#a7 x is consid]ably h>d] ?an glass or /eel1 7#b7 x has a high lu/]1 glassy to oily1 7#c7 x breaks ) an irregul> or r\gh gli/5+ fracture1 & 7#d7 x cry/allizes 9 six-sid$ cry/als :5 x gr[s unob/ruct$4 ,ord9>y acids d n attack qu>tz1 & x is relatively unaffect$ by *emical wea!r+ 9 ,miss\ri4 ,its composition is silicon dioxide1 ,si,o4 ,qu>tz occurs 9 granite z ! lu/r\s1 p>tially r\nd$ gra9s :i* con/itute p]haps #bj ( ! rock 7feldsp> makes up mo/ ( ! m opaque rema9d] :i* breaks ) _m small flat faces71 & is recogniz$ 9 ! small gli/5+ gra9s 9 ! porphyry4 ,h5ce x is an important igne\s rock-=m+ m9]al4 ,s&/one 9 ,miss\ri is made almo/ entirely ( qu>tz gra9s :i* h be5 brok51 worn1 & m or less r\nd$ dur+ _! long travel hi/ory4 ,! s&/one =mation qu>ri$ & m9$ ne> ,pacific & ,cry/al ,city1 nam$ ! ,/4 ,pet] s&/one =mation1 is an out/&+ly pure qu>tz s&/one & !re=e usable 9 ! glass indu/ry4 ,x is obvi\s t qu>tz is an important con/itu5t ( s$im5t>y rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,lu/r\s1 transluc5t qu>tz4 ,! irregul> fracture & oily lu/] are *>act]i/ic4 ,fur!r1 9 ! s$im5t>y dolomite =mation ne> ,potosi1 f9e to co>se qu>tz cry/als l9e ! surfaces ( cavities & pockets 9 ! /one4 ,?is cavity coat+ ( qu>tz :i* reflects light brilliantly f ! _m small cry/al faces is call$ drusy qu>tz by ! m9]alogi/1 b is locally & popul>ly kn[n z 8blossom rock40 ,?\s&s ( p\nds ( 8blossom rock0 are sold ea* ye> = rock g>d5s & v>i\s ornam5tal purposes4 ,9 nor!a/]n ,miss\ri qu>tz cry/als l9e ! holl[1 m or less sph]ical bodies call$ ,geodes1 :i* v>y 9 size f small nuts to melons1 & wea!r out ( ! s-call$ ,w>saw =mation4 ,o!r types ( holl[ cavities 9 _m ,miss\ri rocks may conta9 qu>tz gr[+ inw>d f _! walls4 ,miss\ri *]t is compos$ prim>ily ( qu>tz 9 microscopically f9e gra9s2 likewise1 agate & petrifi$ wood may conta9 abundant qu>tz4 ,o!r v>ieties are rock cry/al1 rose qu>tz1 ame?y/1 false topaz1 blood/one1 c>nelian1 & onyx4 ,qu>tz cry/alliz$ 9 an igne\s rock z ! hot fluid cool$ ?r\gh its 8freez+0 temp]ature int]val1 :i* 0 probably n bel[ #ajjj;,f4 ,9 ! cases ( ! qu>tz 9 geodes1 ! drusy qu>tz1 or t 9 cavities )9 petrifi$ wood1 qu>tz cry/als grew f gr\nd wat] solutions :i* mu/ h c>ri$ v l[ conc5trations ( silica 9 solution1 & ^: temp]atures did n dep>t f> f t ( rocks buri$ at v>i\s dep?s today4 ,al?\gh qu>tz is a v common & abundant m9]al1 our specific k ab\t its transport & deposition is surpris+ly meag]4 ,illu/ration3 ,qu>tz cry/al clu/]4 ,cry/als are six-sid$4 ,f ,arkansas4 ,qu>tz cry/als are us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 radio app>atus :]e x is necess>y to ma9ta9 v close control on ! tun+ ( a circuit4 ,?is use requires qu>tz ( highe/ quality & cry/als above m9imum size1 :i* h nev] be5 f\nd 9 ,miss\ri & probably are n pres5t4 ,silica production f ?is /ate is 9 its s&/one1 tripoli1 *]t *ats1 & rock g>d5 ornam5tal /one4 ,feldsp> ,feldsp> is a :ite to p9k or r$ m9]al hav+ a glassy lu/] on its flat brok5 surfaces 7cleavage faces74 ,x w scrat* w9d[ glass4 ,x is ! mo/ abundant m9]al 9 granite & usually controls ! color ( t rock2 = example1 ! r$ granite at ,graniteville conta9s r$ feldsp>1 & ! p9k-gray granite 9 ! ,knoblick region has feldsp> ( ^? colors4 ,small bodies or b&s ( v co>se feldsp>1 qu>tz1 & mica 7pegmatite dikes7 :i* cut ! granite may conta9 cry/als ( feldsp> l>ge en\gh to be recov]$ z small1 h& specim5s1 b o!rwise x does n occur 9 co>se fragm5ts4 ,! recognizable cry/als1 or ph5ocry/s1 9 ! porphyry are ma9ly feldsp>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a l>ge piece ( feldsp> %[+ cleavage surfaces4 ,feldsp> is really a family "n = a gr\p ( sev]al m9]als1 all ( :i* are cry/alliz$ 9 ! igne\s rocks4 ,! potassium 7pota%7-conta9+ v>ieties1 nam$ or?oclase & microcl9e1 occur 9 ! granite & porphyry1 :]eas plagioclase1 a calcium-sodium 7lime-soda7 feldsp> is 9 gabbro1 diabase1 & basalt4 ,plagioclase commonly has a ?91 la? %ape1 is a %ade ( gray1 & makes up ! light] color$ "p ( ! gre5i% to d>k gray igne\s rocks4 ,fur!r diff]5ces betwe5 x & or?oclase may int]e/ ! m9]alogi/ b are ( little conc]n to ! non-te*nical p]son4 ,pulv]iz$ feldsp>s are us$ ext5sively 9 ! c]amic indu/ries1 b ,miss\ri does n h any productive deposits4 ,"u natural1 long-"t wea!r+ processes feldsp> usually decomposes to clay :i* may be us$ te*nically1 b ! usual fate ( x is soil =mation4 ,mica ,mica1 incorrectly call$ is+lass1 is an ela/ic1 fairly s(t1 platy m9]al1 :i* may be split into flakes ( pap] ?9ness4 ,! relatively cle> v>iety is call$ muscovite1 & ! br[ni% black to black v>iety is biotite1 bo? be+ memb]s ( ! mica family4 ,!y may occur 9 ,miss\ri 9 small gra9s 9 ! igne\s rocks1 except t muscovite may be pres5t 9 s&/one1 :]e x 0 deposit$ along ) ! qu>tz s&4 ,mica is us$ *iefly z insulat+ mat]ial 9 ! electrical indu/ry :]e l>ge %eets are requir$4 ,ano!r use is z w9d[ or *imney mat]ial 9 /oves or lant]ns4 ,miss\ri has no mica :i* is satisfactory = ^! purposes4 ,porphyry1 ,rhyolite1 ,rhyolite ,porphyry ,porphyry & granite are ! two mo/ abundant igne\s rocks 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri 7,iron1 ,madison1 & ,/4 ,francois c\nties1 & adjac5t c\ntry74 ,! porphyry !re is a compact1 v f9e-gra9$1 almo/ glassy1 h>d1 brittle rock t v>ies 9 color f light gray ?r\gh p9k & r$ to d>k purpli% r$ & almo/ black4 ,x always breaks ) a horny1 fl9ty fracture4 ,small m9]al cry/als ( gli/5+ qu>tz & usually r$di% feldsp> are g5]ally scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! d5se backgr\nd 7gr\ndmass74 ,! cry/als are commonly ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 cross section & ord9>ily con/itute f ab\t t5 to tw5ty p] c5t ( ! rock4 ,o!r names1 some:at m specific ?an simple porphyry1 :i* are appli$ te*nically to c]ta9 phases ( ! rock are rhyolite1 & rhyolite porphyry4 ,illu/ration3 ,rhyolite porphyry %[+ ph5ocry/s 7light 8freckles07 ( qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,f ne> ,ironton4 ,! porphyry ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri is igne\s rock :i* 9 ! ma9 p\r$ out z lava fl[s1 millions ( ye>s ago4 ,volcanic du/ or 8a%0 0 erupt$ dur+ ! same p]iod1 & lay]s ( x1 n[ /rongly cem5t$1 are f\nd 9 association ) ! fl[ rock4 ,! ,miss\ri rhyolite porphyry has ab\t ! same *emical composition 7see page #dj7 z ,miss\ri granite1 b :]eas granite is co>se-gra9$1 ! porphyry has an extremely f9e-gra9$ to almo/ glassy gr\nd-mass4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 texture 7gra9 size7 is due to ! diff]5ce 9 rate ( solidification4 ,! porphyry lava fl[s *ill$ & solidifi$ v rapidly1 !reby freez+ ! liquid to glassy & extremely f9e-gra9$ rock1 except = ! scatt]$ l>g] cry/als 7ph5ocry/s7 :i* _h develop$ prior to eruption4 ,granite1 on ! o!r h&1 solidifi$ v sl[ly "u a ?ick cov] ( rock :i* act$ z a heat insulator1 & dur+ ! long "t ( solidification l>ge or co>se gra9s ( m9]als c\ld gr[ & develop by cry/allization s t a co>se-textur$ rock 7granite7 0 =m$4 ,! relative ages ( ! ,miss\ri igne\s rocks are ( int]e/ to geologi/s & to mo/ p]sons :o recognize ! diff]5t types )9 a small area4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! prophyry 0 invad$ by ! granitic liquid1 t bo? ! porphyry & granite 7 crack$ aft] solidification1 & t liquid basalt rose & fill$ ! cracks4 ,h5ce ! porphyry is ! olde/1 ! granite next 9 age1 & ! basalt is y\nge/4 ,9 fact1 x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ t "s basalt & alli$ dikes h be5 f\nd cutt+ ?r\gh ! s$im5t>y s&/one1 %ale1 & lime/one :i* ov]lie ! igne\s granite & porphyry & are mu* y\ng]4 ,miss\ri porphyry has little use or value o!r ?an ( bulk or cru%$ /one4 ,basalt ,basalt is a f9e-gra9$1 d>k-gray1 d>k-gre51 or gre5i%-black rock :i* is h>d en\gh to be scrat*$ ) difficulty by /eel4 ,x orig9at$ by ! solidification ( lava4 ,today1 basalt rock is =m+ :]e lava at ! ,hawaiian volcanoes solidifies4 ,! relatively small am\nt ( basalt 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri solidifi$ mo/ly 9 cracks )9 o!r rocks ?r\gh :i* x rose4 ,^? occurr5ces--t is1 fill+s 9 ne>ly v]tical cracks--are call$ dikes4 ,! basalt dikes 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri h be5 expos$ by ! wea!r+ & erosion ( rocks :i* previ\sly cov]$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a d>k dike ( basalt 9 granite ne> ,silv] ,m9es4 ,9 nor!rn ,miss\ri1 b\ld]s ( basalt may be f\nd 9 deposits ( glacial clay1 s&1 & gravel 7glacial drift71 :]e !y 7 left aft] ! melt+ ( ! great ice %eet :i* br\ght ! basalt d[n f anci5t dikes & igne\s bodies cropp+ out 9 ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,_m ( ! b\ld]s h be5 r\nd$ by wea!r+1 & _! %ape1 toge!r ) _! d>k color1 has /imulat$ ! local "n 8nigg]head0 = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,basalt 9 h& specim54 ,basalt is a /rong1 t\gh1 well-knit rock t w )/& heavy bl[s f a sl$ge hamm]1 :i* usually reb\nds ^u /rik+4 ,except = use z rubble /ones1 basalt has no comm]cial value4 ,x wea!rs *>act]i/ically to a yell[i%1 br[ni%1 or r$di% surface coat+ ( iron oxide & clay4 ,gabbro & ,diabase ,gabbro & ,diabase are d>k-color$1 co>se-gra9$1 h>d igne\s rocks1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! granite & porphyry regions ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri & z sep>ate b\ld]s 9 ! glacial deposits nor? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,bo? resemble basalt1 :i* has be5 describ$ 9 detail else:]e1 except t basalt is f9e-gra9$1 :]eas gabbro & diabase are co>se-gra9$ 7sep>ate gra9s easily di/+ui%$ )\t a magnify+ glass74 ,! layman is ord9>ily n conc]n$ ) ! te*nical diff]5ces betwe5 gabbro & diabase1 :i* appe> ab\t ! same4 ,bo? conta9 plagioclase feldsp> 7see ,,feldsp>7 & a d>k gre5 m9]al ( ! pyrox5e family4 ,illu/ration3 ,diabase h& specim54 ,f ne> ,roselle4 ,gabbro & ,diabase are sometimes call$ 8black granite40 ,_! *ief use is z bulk or rubble-/one1 al?\gh special v>ieties may be us$ = build+ purposes4 ,coal ,coal is s well kn[n t little ne$ be writt5 ab\t its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,mo/ ( ! coal 9 ,miss\ri is ( ab\t bitum9\s rank1 al?\gh "s cannel coal1 :i* is discuss$ bel[1 is also pres5t4 ,miss\ri bitum9\s coal occurs 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,x conta9s b&s ( dull coal1 b&s ( gli/5+ 8glance0 coal1 ! sooty 8m9]al *>coal10 & common m9]al impurities l calcite1 gypsum1 pyrite & m>casite 78sulphur071 clay m9]als1 & qu>tz4 ,bitum9\s coal breaks ) ess5tially a cubical fracture4 ,x occurs 9 horizontal or ne>ly horizontal b$s or 8seams10 :i* may be foll[$ consid]able di/ances lat]ally )\t necess>ily enc\nt]+ mu* *ange4 ,usually1 a fire clay or a fire clay-l "u-clay imm$iately und]lies ! coal1 b ! ov]ly+ rock 7! ro(7 may be %ale 7slate8 see discussion ( ,,%ale71 s&/one1 or less commonly1 lime/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,b$ ( coal expos$ by /ream erosion1 ne> ,columbia4 ,coal orig9ates f pre-exi/+ plants & may be ?\ght ( z ,"m ,nature's /orage cell> ( 8pres]v$0 plant life4 ,! ,miss\ri coal began millions ( ye>s ago z mosses1 tree-l f]ns1 conif]s1 & v>i\s plants t reproduce by spores1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 great wide-spread swamps4 ,insects 7 abundant1 z is indicat$ by _! rema9s4 ,ra9 0 probably pl5tiful & climate favorable1 s t su* vegetation ?riv$ luxuriantly4 ,today1 fall5 =e/ timb] ( ! highl& disappe>s by oxidiz+ & decay+ 9 ! air2 b 9 swamp l& ! leaves1 /ems1 poll5 & woody trunks fall into & "u wat] & "u favorable conditions decompose ?r\gh bact]ial & *emical action into lay]s & pools ( slipp]y1 oozy1 blacki% humic gel 7l br[ni% black gelat91 8jello071 :i* rema9s4 ,likewise1 9 ages pa/1 m & m plant mat]ial cont9u$ to live1 fall1 & accumulate 9 ! old coal swamps until v ?ick deposits ( ! woody gel exi/$4 ,ev5tually l&-sea or climatic conditions *ang$1 & plant life di$ out z mud1 s&1 or o!r rock-=m+ mat]ial 0 swept 9 to cov]1 z a lid1 ! /or$-up plant rema9s4 ,! weight ( ov]ly+ b$s squeez$ out excess wat] f ! woody gel1 & f ! "t ( cov]+ ?r\gh ! pres5t day1 gases 7l m9e gases71 & o!r volatile con/itu5ts ( ! coal h be5 giv5 (f4 ,a b$ ( coal1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( black combu/ible c>bon1 ) volatile con/itu5ts & non-volatile a% sub/ances1 has result$4 ,man uses ! coal by burn+ x directly1 or x may be cok$ & ! volatile con/itu5ts recov]$ 9 coal t> & o!r comp\nds4 ,! m9]al impurities l ! calcite1 gypsum1 clay1 s&1 & brassy pyrite or m>casite1 are %ak5 ?r\gh ! grates z a% or melt$ z cl9k]s4 ,9 nature1 ! pyrite & m>casite m9]als may oxidize 9 gr\nd wat] p]colat+ ov] !m to =m dilute sulphuric acid1 ! acid m9e wat]s4 ,cannel coal 9 ,miss\ri has be5 f\nd *iefly 9 old s9khole deposits ?r\gh "p ( c5tral ,miss\ri4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by fractur+ con*oidally & hav+ a m massive /ructure 7in/ead ( ! lay]$ /ructure common to bitum9\s coal74 ,cannel coal burns to a v hot1 r quick fire because ( high volatile cont5t1 & is ?\ght to h develop$ f accumulations v ri* 9 plant spores4 ,coal m9+ is an important indu/ry 9 ,miss\ri1 & a special bullet9 on coal has be5 publi%$ by ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey at ,rolla1 ,miss\ri4 ,pyrite & ,m>casite ,pyrite & ,m>casite 7,fool's gold1 8sulphur07 are brassy yell[1 metallic1 heavy m9]als :i* w scrat* glass b :i* _c !mselves be scrat*$ by a knife1 & :i* w leave a d>k-gre5i% to black m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ across unglaz$ porcela9 or *]t rock4 ,bo? are compos$ ( iron sulphide1 ,fe,s--iron #df4f p] c5t1 & sulphur #ec4d p] c5t4 ,al?\gh !y h ! same *emical composition1 !y diff] 9 int]nal atomic & cry/all9e /ructure1 :i* is ( int]e/ to sci5tific m9]alogi/s4 ,pyrite may cry/allize 9 cubes1 or 9 =ms call$ pyritoh$rons1 nam$ f pyrite1 :]eas m>casite cry/allizes 9 *>act]i/ic arr[-%ap$ or cockscomb =ms4 ,m>casite wea!rs a little m readily ?an does pyrite1 b o!rwise !y are mu* ! same to ! casual obs]v]4 ,pyrite & m>casite h be5 call$ 8fool's gold0 because s _m p]sons h be5 fool$1 sometimes ) s]i\s f9ancial consequ5ces1 by _! slight resemblance to true gold4 ,true gold is s(t1 usually slightly orange-yell[ 9 color1 malleable1 & unaffect$ by ord9>y acids2 & x leaves a gold-color$ /reak :5 rubb$ on unglaz$ porcela9 or a h>d :ite rock4 ,pyrite1 9 contra/1 is q h>d 7h>d] ?an /eel71 is brassy yell[ ) p]haps a slight gre5i% t+e except :]e t>ni%$1 is brittle1 is corrod$ by acids or oxidiz+ gr\nd wat]s1 & leaves a gre5i% black to black /reak on a :ite rock4 ,"o readily notices ! diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 pyrite & gold 7su* z is 9 a piece ( good quality jewelry71 :5 ! two are view$ close toge!r4 ,yell[i%1 p>tially wea!r$ mica has also be5 mi/ak5 = gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,brassy1 granul> pyrite 9 h& specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,pyrite 9 cry/al cubes1 & replacem5t ( fossils4 ,pyrite & m>casite occur abundantly 9 mo/ ( ! metal-m9+ di/ricts ( ,miss\ri1 z ! 8brass10 or 8sulphur balls10 etc41 9 coal1 z small nodules or pellets 9 "s lime/one1 %ale & s&/one1 z replacem5ts ( fossils1 & z m9ute cry/als 9 granite1 porphyry1 & ! o!r igne\s rocks4 ,sev]al m>casite m9es h be5 develop$ 9 old s9khole deposits 9 s\? c5tral ,miss\ri1 b ^! are n 9 production at ! "t ( ?is writ+4 ,! s9khole iron m9es ( s\? c5tral ,miss\ri conta9$ pyrite-m>casite be=e oxidation to ! iron oxide ore1 & "s ( !m /ill conta9 ! sulphides 9 _! l[] levels4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>casite cry/al clu/] f ,jopl9 region4 ,! arr[head or cockscomb cry/al =m is *>act]i/ic ( m>casite4 ,m>casite wea!rs 7oxidizes7 v readily "u mo/ conditions1 ) ! =mation ( 7#a7 yell[i% br[n iron oxide1 ! m9]al limonite1 :i* may /a9 rocks1 soil1 /ream bank1 etc41 & 7#b7 weak sulphuric acid wat]4 ,! sulphuric acid solution may react ) m m>casite or pyrite & evolve a gas1 hydrog5 sulphide1 ,h,s1 :i* has a rott5-egg odor4 ,?is expla9s ! f\l odor (t5 notic$ ar\nd old coal m9e dumps4 ,heat is evolv$ 9 ^! reactions1 & coal wa/e on ! dump may be ignit$ by ! heat ( ! *emical reactions4 ,! burn+ pyrite1 or elem5tal sulphur1 gives (f sulphur dioxide1 8burn+ sulphur fumes10 :i* add to ! odor & heat ar\nd a coal m9e dump4 ,! burn+ coal wa/e & ! *emical reactions may raise ! temp]ature ( ! coal wa/e pile high en\gh to fire or 8burn0 ! %ale rock to a r$1 p>tially vitrifi$1 natural brick-l mat]ial1 :i* is sold or di/ribut$ z 8coal dump %ale0 or 8burn$ %ale10 or 8r$ %ale0 = all-wea!r surfac+ ( drives or walks4 ,pyrite & m>casite h be5 us$ 9 ! comm]cial manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 b elem5tal sulphur c n[ be utiliz$ m economically1 s t n[ no m>ket exi/s = pyrite or m>casite 9 ,miss\ri4 ,9 e>li] times only l>ge deposits conta9+ ?\s&s ( tons ( ! m9]al _h any value4 ,9 "s =eign c\ntries pyrite is burn$ & ! fumes utiliz$ = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 :ile ! c9d]1 an iron oxide & iron ore1 is smelt$ to recov] metallic iron4 ,! orig9 ( pyrite & m>casite is z v>iable z its enclos+ rock4 ,no g5]al /atem5t c be made :i* w include ! igne\s rock pyrite1 ! ,jopl9 m>casite1 ! 8sulphur0 ( ! coal1 & occurr5ces 9 s9k holes & v>i\s s$im5t>y rocks4 ,a discussion ( all ^! orig9s alone w\ld fill a pamphlet z l>ge z ?is "o on ,miss\ri rocks4 ,conglom]ate ,conglom]ate is a rock compos$ ( gravel1 pebbles1 & b\ld]s cem5t$ toge!r1 ) m or less s& & clay betwe5 ! l>g] fragm5ts4 ,x is truly a conglom]ation ( rock fragm5ts z "o w\ld f9d loose today 9 a /ream or ocean %ore gravel b>1 or 9 a hillside gravel bank4 ,probably ! conglom]ate mo/ abundantly expos$ 9 ,miss\ri is t ov]ly+ ! igne\s rocks 9 ! s\!a/ "p ( ! /ate4 ,gneiss ,gneiss is a h>d1 granul> rock :i* exhibits a co>sely b&$ /ructure 7result+ f metamorphism74 ,! b&s are evid5t because ( color diff]5ces due to diff]5t m9]al cont5t2 ^? d>k 9 color are commonly ri* 9 d>k mica 7biotite7 or hornbl5de 7a d>k gre5 to black1 h>d m9]al71 :]eas ! light b&s conta9 feldsp> & qu>tz4 ,_m gneisses h ab\t ! same m9]al composition z granite2 h5ce1 = our nonte*nical purposes1 a b&$ rock1 o!rwise granite-l1 is a gneiss4 ,illu/ration3 ,gneiss typically b&$4 ,gneiss is a metamorphic rock1 a *ang$ rock4 ,! b&$ /ructure 0 develop$ by a comb9ation ( v high pressure1 high temp]ature1 & solutions act+ on a previ\sly exi/+ rock 9 ess5tially a solid condition4 ,! orig9al rock may h be5 an igne\s or s$im5t>y rock :i* has be5 cru%$ or made to fl[ into b&s1 or has be5 re-cry/alliz$4 ,! trem5d\s pressure :i* op]at$ dur+ ! b&+ ( mo/ gneisses also crumpl$ squ>e miles ( rock ?\s&s ( feet ?ick into fold$ & brok5 7fault$7 m\nta9s4 ,true slates1 m>bles1 & "s qu>tzites are =m$ f s(t %ales1 lime/ones1 & s&/ones1 respectively1 9 ! metamorphic process4 ,almo/ no metamorphic rock ( ?is regional type crops out 9 ,miss\ri1 b ! b\ld]s ( gneiss :i* are f\nd 9 ! glacial deposits 7 pick$ up 9 ,canada or ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & c>ri$ to ,miss\ri by a cont95tal glaci] ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,except = use z bulk /one or possible /ructural purposes ! gneiss 9 ,miss\ri has no value4 ,! gli/5+ yell[i% mica sometimes se5 9 gneiss is n gold1 ( c\rse1 & is likewise valueless4 ,hematite ,hematite 78keel07 is a heavy1 r$ to purpli% r$1 dull to gli/5+ m9]al :i* leaves a r$ m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ on a h>d :ite rock 7l *]t7 or on unglaz$ porcela94 ,?is r$ color ( hematite coat+ or /a9 is responsible = our r$ clays1 r$ soils1 r$ iron ru/1 r$di% creek-wat]1 & almo/ e bit ( natural1 r$ m9]al matt] 9 ,miss\ri4 ,hematite is iron oxide1 ,fe,o1 & has a close associate1 limonite1 :i* is yell[ to br[n 9 color1 & has ! *emical composition ,fe,on,h,o4 ,! two are m5tion$ toge!r "h because !y are commonly associat$ 9 nature1 :]e !y c be recogniz$ 9 mixture by ! yell[i% r$ or r$di% br[n colors on rocks or soils4 ,individual discussion is giv5 limonite "u its head+1 b its relation%ip to hematite is repeat$ "h = obvi\s reasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,hematite3 gli/5+1 f9e-gra9$1 & d>k r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,hematite makes a deep r$ m>k or /reak on a h>d :ite rock or unglaz$ porcela94 ,hematite v>ies 9 h>dness en\gh t "s specim5s c be scrat*$ easily ) iron1 :]eas o!rs are almo/ z h>d z t metal itself4 ,:]e clay occurs mix$ ) hematite1 z 9 pa9t ore1 x may be q s(t1 b 8blue kidney ore0 is usually h>d4 ,hematite is ! ore 7iron ore7 m9]al at ,iron ,m\nta9 & ,pilot ,knob m9+ di/ricts & 9 ! v>i\s s9k-hole m9es or pits 9 s\? c5tral ,miss\ri4 ,scatt]$ b\ld]s ( hematite occur 9 non-comm]cial quantities )9 a %aly lay] 7l[] "p ( ,p5nsylvanian age rocks7 :i* crops out ext5sively 9 c5tral ,miss\ri1 & ! f9d+ ( ^! b\ld]s has at times1 un=tunately1 /imulat$ %ort-liv$ hopes ( locat+ a valuable deposit ( iron ore4 ,flam+ r$ soil or m\nta9s ( r$ solid rock 7z are pres5t 9 we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates7 may be color$ by less ?an five p] c5t iron oxide & are 9 no s5se iron ore because ! iron is n conc5trat$4 ,iron is ! f\r? mo/ abundant elem5t 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 b workable iron m9es & deposits are few & f> betwe54 ,to be comm]cially valuable an iron ore deposit mu/ conta9 t5s ( ?\s&s ( tons & be relatively free f impurities1 notably sulphur & phosphorus4 ,h5ce1 n _m ,miss\ri f>ms are locations ( iron ore deposits4 ,! orig9 ( ,miss\ri hematite is ab\t z div]se z its occurr5ces4 ,hot iron-ri* solutions com+ f an igne\s s\rce bel[ are believ$ to h introduc$ ! hematite 9 ! ,iron ,m\nta9-,pilot ,knob area1 b ! s9k-hole hematite result$ f ! oxidation ( iron sulphide4 ,wea!r+ ( old] iron-conta9+ rocks & m9]als gave rise to ! color+ hematite se5 on our sub-soil & surface rock4 ,hematite is us$ z a poli%+ ag5t1 z a pigm5t 9 pa9t1 &1 ( c\rse1 z an ore ( metallic iron4 ,9 ! smelt+ ( iron f hematite ! ore is mix$ 9 a huge1 *imney-%ap$ bla/ furnace ) coke 7f coal7 & lime/one4 ,air is bl[n into ! furnace z into a blacksmi?'s =ge2 & ! coke & gasses1 burn+ at an inc&esc5t heat1 take ! oxyg5 f ! ,fe,o1 leav+ metallic iron :i* melts & is run out ( ! furnace at p]iodic int]vals4 ,?us ! smelt+ process is ! opposite ( ! ru/+ process4 ,! impurities & c9d] run out z molt5 slag4 ,limonite ,illu/ration3 ,d>k br[n limonite4 ,illu/ration3 ,/alactitic limonite f s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,limonite is a heavy1 yell[ to br[n1 or br[ni% black m9]al :i* always leaves a yell[ to br[n m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ across a h>d :ite rock or unglaz$ porcela94 ,x usually has a dull lu/] on a brok5 surface1 & may v>y f ?umb-nail h>dness to almo/ t ( /eel4 ,! di/+ui%+ te/ is its yell[ to br[n /reak4 ,9 composition limonite is iron oxide :i* conta9s m or less wat] *emically comb9$1 ,fe,on,h,o4 ,t is1 x may be dri$ bone-dry at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 b ^u heat+ to r$ness ! additional1 *emically held wat] w be driv5 (f4 ,limonite is ord9>ily =m$ f ! wea!r+ ( o!r iron-conta9+ m9]als 7pyrite1 = example7 & is !re=e a wide-spread m9]al 9 surface rock1 9 films on pools ( wat]1 & 9 soil1 all ( :i* x colors yell[ to br[n4 ,9 fact1 almo/ all ( ! yell[ to br[n inorganic m9]al color & /a9 se5 9 nature is t ( limonite4 ,comm]cial deposits ( limonite occur 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri :]e l>ge b\ld]s1 discont9u\s & irregul> l5ses or b$s1 pipes1 nodules1 & gravel to clay-siz$ p>ticles ( ! m9]al are associat$ ) ! *]ty1 gravelly residual clay4 ,usually ! ore is cru%$1 h&-sort$1 & wa%$ prep>atory to conc5tration = %ipm5t to a furnace or = use 9 cem5t manufacture4 ,z 9 ! case ( hematite1 unless "o has a deposit am\nt+ to ?\s&s ( tons ( ore x has little comm]cial value1 & unless ! m9]al is relatively pure x c n be us$4 ,pa9t ,ore or ,r$ ,o*re ,an int5sely r$-color$1 clayey iron ore has be5 m9$ = pa9t pigm5t 9 sev]al deposits 9 s\? c5tral ,miss\ri4 ,x occurs 9 s9k hole deposits l ^? conta9+ fire clay4 ,br[n o*] may be available f s\!a/ ,miss\ri4 ,iron ,b& ,diaspore ,%ells ( r$ or r$di% br[n iron oxide occur ab\t cores ( diaspore clay 9 "s ( ^? deposits s\? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,previ\sly ?is mat]ial _h no value1 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s x has be5 pur*as$ = & %ipp$ to a cem5t company1 :i* us$ x 9 ! manufacture ( cem5t4 ,diaspore clay is discuss$ else:]e 9 ?is pamphlet4 ,manganese ,ore ,sev]al manganese m9]als make up ! manganese ore :i* occurs to a limit$ ext5t 9 s\!a/ ,miss\ri1 pr9cipally 9 ,%annon1 ,reynolds1 ,c>t]1 ,iron1 & ,madison c\nties4 ,al?\gh ! ,miss\ri manganese m9]als are usually heavy1 black or ne>ly s1 & h a black or br[ni%-black m>k or /reak1 ! id5tification ( ! individual m9]als is difficult & %\ld be left to a te*nically tra9$ m9]alogi/4 ,manganese m9]als are us$ 9 ! *emical indu/ry & 9 ! production ( c]ta9 k9ds ( iron4 ,a special report on ! manganese deposits ( ,miss\ri is available at ! ,miss\ri ,geological ,survey1 ,rolla1 ,miss\ri4 ,gal5a ,gal5a 78lead07 is a heavy1 s(t1 some:at brittle ore ( lead4 ,x has a brilliant metallic lu/]1 & silv]y gray color on a fre%ly brok5 surface4 ,:]e wea!r$ x appe>s dull gray4 ,x c be scrat*$ ) a knife1 & breaks ) surfaces at #ij1 =m+ cubes4 ,! unbrok51 orig9al cry/al =m ( gal5a :i* has gr[n unob/ruct$ 9 a ve9 op5+ is commonly cubical 9 habit or a modification !re(4 ,x leaves a d>k1 lead-gray to black m>k or /reak :5 rubb$ across unglaz$ porcela9 or *]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a 8cube0 ( gal5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,clu/] ( gal5a cry/als f ,jopl9 region4 ,gal5a is lead sulphide1 ,pb,s1 & :5 pure conta9s #hf4f p] c5t lead & #ac4d p] c5t sulphur4 ,small am\nts ( silv] may also be pres5t4 ,gal5a commonly occurs 9 ,miss\ri z a cavity fill+ 9 cru%$ lime/one or *]t1 or z a replacem5t 9 lime/one or dolomite1 or 9 %ale1 s t a l>ge quantity ( practically wor?less enclos+ rock 7gangue7 mu/ be tak5 out 9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ gal5a4 ,if a p]son desires to e/imate ! value ( 8 gal5a 7lead7 prospect by hav+ an analysis or assay made ( 8 ore1 he mu/ include 9 8 sample ! gangue rock t w\ld ( necessity h to be tak5 out :5 m9+ 8 ore4 ,too (t5 p]sons c>efully select = analysis a *oice gal5a specim5 :i* may run ov] #hj lead1 only to f9d t z a practical m9e product x w\ld be r$uc$ to less ?an #e lead 9 all ! rock :i* also w\ld h to be tak5 out4 ,aft] a gal5a ore is m9$ x is cu/om>ily cru%$ & ! gal5a remov$ f ! gangue by a gravity-sep>ation process :i* takes advantage ( ! diff]5ce 9 8heav9ess0 7specific gravity7 betwe5 gal5a 7#g4e7 & lime/one 7calcite7 or *]t 7#b4g-b4f71 or by a fro? flotation process 9 :i* ! gal5a is pref]5tially wett$ & c>ri$ (f by an oily fro? or foam4 ,! gal5a conc5trate is roa/$ to burn out ! sulphur1 r$uc$ by c>bon1 & smelt$ to metallic lead4 ,! orig9 ( "s ,miss\ri lead deposits is debatable1 b ! writ] believes ! mo/ reasonable explanation to be t w>m1 *emically active wat]s arose f an igne\s body bel[ & c>ri$ to ! place ( deposition ! lead :i* !y held 9 solution4 ,miss\ri is "o ( ! lead+ produc]s ( lead 9 ! _w f its ,flat ,riv]1 ,fr$]ickt[n1 ,jopl91 & c5tral ,miss\ri di/ricts1 f :i* 9 #aida lead conc5trates hav+ a value ( ov] #ae1jjj1jjj 7 produc$4 ,sphal]ite ,sphal]ite 7locally call$ ,jack1 ,ros9 ,jack1 ,black ,jack1 ,ruby ,jack1 ,z9c1 ,ros9 ,sp>7 is a tan-br[n1 res9\s1 br[n or br[ni% black m9]al hav+ a v high lu/] on its brok5 7cleavage7 surfaces4 ,mu* ( x s /rongly resembles lump ros9 t ! t]m 8,ros9 ,jack0 is truly descriptive4 ,less commonly1 a ruby r$ v>iety occurs z cry/als p]*$ on o!r sphal]ite or on wa/e rock4 ,sphal]ite is readily scrat*$ ) /eel4 ,its *emical composition is z9c sulphide1 ,zn,s--z9c #fg p] c5t1 sulphur #cc p] c5t--& x is an important ore ( z9c4 ,sphal]ite occurs abundantly 9 ! m9+ di/rict ( s\?we/ ,miss\ri1 b small1 non-comm]cial am\nts ( x h be5 f\nd ?r\gh an area ext5d+ ev5 nor? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,at ! m9es1 aft] ! ore & rock are tak5 out1 !y are cru%$ & sep>at$1 ! ore go+ to ! smelt] & ! rock to tail+s piles4 ,"u ! old mill+ process employ$ 9 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri1 ?\s&s ( tons ( co>se tail+s1 l>gely *]t1 7 p\r$ onto huge 8*at0 piles1 _m ( :i* rema9 z a l[-pric$ by-product = "s "o to put to use4 ,?is *at diff]s m9]alogically f ! s\?ea/]n ,miss\ri *at1 :i* is l>gely dolomite4 ,illu/ration3 ,sphal]ite f ne> ,jopl94 ,b>ite 78,tiff07 ,b>ite 78,tiff0 9 s\?ea/ ,miss\ri1 ,heavy ,sp>1 ,b>ytes7 occurs 9 ,miss\ri pr$om9antly z a :ite1 q heavy1 s(t1 non-metallic m9]al :i* has a high lu/] on a fre%ly brok5 surface4 ,slightly blui% 8glass0 b>ite or 8glass tiff0 has be5 f\nd 9 small] quantity ) ! m abundant1 opaque :ite mat]ial4 ,! glassy b>ite may sup]ficially resemble calcite or sel5ite gypsum1 b 9 di/9ction1 b>ite breaks or cleaves to surfaces jo9+ at "r angles & does n eff]vesce ) acid1 :]eas calcite does eff]vesce 9 acid & cleaves at oblique angles 7rhomboh$ral cleavage74 ,gypsum is s s(t t x c be scrat*$ v easily ) ! ?umb-nail1 :]eas b>ite is scrat*$ ) difficulty1 if at all1 by ! ?umb-nail4 ,notably1 aga91 b>ite is 8heavy10 ) a specific gravity ( ab\t #d4e1 :]eas calcite1 gypsum1 lime/one1 & *]t are 8light]10 ) a specific gravity ( ab\t #b4f to #b4g4 ,b>ite has ! composition b>ium sulphate1 ,ba,s,o1 ( :i* b>ium oxide con/itutes #fe4g p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree pieces ( b>ite1 ! cre/$ & blad$ =m at ! left1 8glass0 b>ite 9 ! c5t]1 & a small cry/al at ! "r4 ,b>ite occurs 9 abundance 9 ! ,jeff]son-,wa%+ton c\nties di/rict1 :i* furni%es ab\t #hj ( ,miss\ri production4 ,o!r production comes f ne> ,h\/on1 ,texas c\nty1 & f ! c5tral di/rict--,mill]1 ,moniteau1 ,morgan1 ,cole c\nties1 & adjac5t t]ritory4 ,9 ! ,jeff]son-,wa%+ton c\nties di/rict1 x is dug f residual clay ov] dolomite & is run ?r\gh wa%+ & conc5trat+ mills :i* remove ! clay & light] wa/e rock4 ,mo/ ( ! c5tral di/rict production comes f old s9khole deposits1 ! ore be+ also cru%$1 wa%$1 & conc5trat$ 9 prep>ation = %ipm5t4 ,miss\ri b>ite :i* 0 produc$ dur+ #aida _h a value ( ov] #a1cjj1jjj & con/itut$ ab\t #dj ( ! total ,unit$ ,/ates productions4 ,b>ite is us$ z a pa9t pigm5t & ext5d]1 z a flux1 z a s\rce ( b>ium 9 ! *emical indu/ry1 z a fill] 9 rubb]1 pap]1 oil clo?1 textiles1 & lea!r1 & z a heavy sub/ance 9 oil well drill+ mud4 ,! l>ge/ s+le use is 9 ! manufacture ( li?opone pa9t4 ,gypsum ,gypsum is a s(t m9]al :i* c be scrat*$ easily ) ! f+] or ?umb-nail4 ,x may be glassy or transp>5t1 or may grade into an opaque :ite body1 possibly /a9$ by iron oxide1 b x is always v s(t4 ,( ! ?ree v>ieties ( gypsum--sel5ite1 alaba/]1 & sat9sp>--only ! fir/ two h be5 f\nd 9 ,miss\ri by ! writ]4 ,! *emical composition ( gypsum is ,ca,s,o#b;,h,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,transp>5t1 flexible v>iety ( gypsum 7sel5ite74 ,illu/ration3 ,f9e-gra9$1 :ite1 opaque gypsum 7alaba/]74 ,! *ief use ( gypsum is 9 ! manufacture ( pla/] ( p>is1 dur+ :i* x is pulv]iz$ & heat$ to drive (f "p ( ! wat] ( cry/allization s t its composition corresponds to ,ca,s,o,h,o4 ,?is p[d]1 :5 mix$ ) wat] & p\r$ into a mold1 heats & sets2 t is1 x h>d5s by tak+ up en\gh ( ! wat] to re/ore its orig9al composition4 ,al?\gh ?ick1 wide-spread b$s ( gypsum occur 9 o!r localities1 probably mo/ ( ! gypsum 9 ,miss\ri has be5 second>ily =m$1 z f ! reaction ( sulphuric acid f oxidiz+ pyrite on calcite2 & its quantity is limit$ to small cry/als1 ve9s1 & cru/s 9 or on o!r rocks4 ,gypsum may be an impurity 9 coal1 & "s beautiful cry/als a few in*es long h be5 f\nd 9 wea!r+ clay deposits4 ,x !re=e _c be consid]$ z a comm]cially valuable m9]al ( ?is /ate4 ,meteorites ,meteorites1 ! rock-l specim5s :i* h come to our e>? z sp>kl+ meteors 9 ! sky1 are p]haps ! mo/ priz$ specim5s :i* ! av]age collector hopes to f9d1 & p]haps m specim5s are mi/ak5 = meteorites ?an = any o!r geological sub/ance4 ,meteorites are r>e & n easy to f9d2 !y are also n easy to det]m9e4 ,! iron v>iety is usually a heavy1 r\ghly-pitt$1 br[n1 t\gh1 metallic1 nickel alloy ( iron4 ,!re=e1 a positive *emical te/ = nickel is usually /rongly sugge/ive ( a meteoric orig91 b confirmation almo/ requires t a surface be poli%$ & et*$ ) dilute acids to br+ out typical & *>act]i/ic /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,! poli%$ & acid-et*$ surface ( an iron meteorite4 ,%[s ! ,widman/att5 figures *>act]i/ic ( iron meteorites4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york74 ,! /ony v>iety ( meteorites usually conta9s a rock-=m+ m9]al call$ oliv9e1 b5ea? its pitt$ br[n surface4 ,9 case ( ei!r v>iety1 s9ce special equipm5t is requir$ = f9al te/+ & det]m9ation1 x is recomm5d$ t ?is be done at a laboratory appropriately equipp$4 ,gold ,gold is n kn[n to occur 9 ,miss\ri1 except = v small quantities :i* h be5 c>ri$ into ! /ate ) ! glacial deposits 9 ! nor? half4 ,m9]s h se>*$ c>efully1 & geologi/s h /udi$ ,miss\ri rocks int5tly1 comp>+ !m ) ! gold ve9s ( ! we/]n /ates1 b !y f9d no promise ( a gold deposit 9 ,miss\ri4 ,we h be5 favor$ ) o!r geological products1 b x is a wa/e ( "t to se>* = gold 9 ,miss\ri4 ,silv] ,silv] has be5 recov]$ f ore 9 ! ,silv] ,m9es area 9 ,madison c\nty & f ! gal5a ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,except = occurr5ces )9 ! igne\s rock area & ! lead m9+ regions1 geologi/s d n expect to f9d additional silv] ore deposits4 ,diamonds ,no diamond has ev] be5 f\nd 9 native ,miss\ri rock4 ,x is possible = diamonds to h be5 c>ri$ into ! /ate ) ! glacial deposits 9 ! nor!rn "p1 b ! probability ( f9d+ "o1 if x did come 91 is extremely remote4 ,diamonds d occur 9 "o "p ( ,arkansas1 b ^? rocks are /rik+ly diff]5t f all ,miss\ri rocks except 9 a few localities1 hav+ small areas ab\t ! size ( "o's h\se1 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,! writ] has receiv$ qu>tz & calcite cry/als = te/+ f p]sons :o hop$ !y might be diamonds4 ,x is almo/ a =egone conclusion t diamonds d n occur 9 ,miss\ri4 ,a diamond may be recogniz$ by its extreme h>dness4 ,x is ! h>de/ sub/ance kn[n1 natural or artificial1 & w scrat* any kn[n sub/ance2 b x1 9 turn1 is scrat*$ only by ano!r diamond4 ,acids d n affect diamonds 9 ! lea/4 ,uranium ,m9]als ,?ree uranium-conta9+ m9]als1 tyuyamunite 7pron\nc$ tyew-yuh-moon-ite71 possibly c>notite1 & metatorb]nite1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,miss\ri b none has be5 m9$ comm]cially4 ,tyuyamunite & c>notite are can>y yell[ p[d]y m9]als s simil> 9 appe>ance !y c be diff]5tiat$ only by *emical & x-ray prop]ties4 ,bo? m9]als conta9 uranium1 vanadium1 oxyg51 wat]1 & "o o!r elem5t1 :i*1 if x is calcium1 ! m9]al is tyuyamunite1 b if x is potassium ! m9]al is c>notite4 ,! can>y yell[ color ref]r$ to is di/9ctly diff]5t f ! br[ni% or r$di% yell[ color ( iron oxide m9]als4 ,^! yell[ uranium m9]als h be5 f\nd ne> ,/e4 ,g5evieve along cracks 9 lime/one & 9 ! black %ale above ! lime/one1 & 9 d>k1 s&y %ales ne> ,%elb9a1 & else:]e nor? ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,black %ales 7high 9 organic matt]7 ( m>9e orig9 are ! mo/ highly radioactive1 :]eas black %ales deposit$ on l& 7z ) coal71 & all %ales ( o!r colors are usually l[] 9 radioactivity4 ,metatorb]nite is a s(t1 pale apple-gre5 scaly m9]al t has be5 f\nd 9 pap]-?9 cracks 9 fl9t fire clay deposits4 ,x conta9s uranium1 copp]1 phosphorus1 oxyg51 & wat]4 ,all ( ^! uranium m9]als activate a ,geig] c\nt]4 ,,miscellane\s ,,rock ,,/ructures ,concretions ,a concretion is an aggregate ( inorganic matt] 9 ! %ape1 r\ghly1 ( a ball1 disc1 rod1 or irregul> nodul> body4 ,usually ! aggregation or accumulation />t$ ar\nd a small c5t] gra9 or p>ticle & cont9u$ 9 ! gr[? ( lay]s ab\t x l ! %ells ( an onion1 or 9 ! gr[? ( ne$le-l fib]s :i* radiate f ! c5t] l p9s /uck into a sph]ical p9 cu%ion4 ,concretions v>y 9 size f buck-%ot 7buck-%ot concretions 9 ! soil7 to oddities t5 or tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 or ev5 long] 9 elongate =ms4 ,! v>iety ab\t "o-sixte5? or "o-?irty-second ( an in* 9 diamet] is call$ an oolite 7pron\nc$ oh-oh-lite74 ,"s *]t ( s\!rn ,miss\ri1 mo/ ( ! diaspore & burley clay1 & a lime/one cropp+ out ne> ,l\isiana1 ,miss\ri1 are made up p>tly to almo/ entirely ( oolites4 ,see page #bi4 ,concretions may be compos$ ( pyrite1 calcite1 limonite1 *]t1 cem5t$ s&/one1 or ev5 cem5t$ clay4 ,!y are usually recogniz$ by _! /ructure aft] ! previ\sly enclos+ rock has be5 erod$4 ,?us pyrite1 limonite1 or calcite 7lime/one7 concretions rema9 aft] %ale has s(t5$ & wa%$ away1 *]t rema9s aft] lime/one1 & /rongly cem5t$ 8irony0 7limonite or hematite7 or silice\s s&/one concretions may be f\nd on ! outcrop :]e ! s(t] or less resi/ant ho/ rock has be5 c>ri$ (f4 ,! irregul>-%ap$1 int]gr[n1 nodul> lime/one concretions 7sometimes call$ 8loess-k9d]01 or loess dolls7 9 ! upp] "p ( loess deposits along ! ,miss\ri & ,mississippi ,riv]s c be f\nd rema9+ on ra9-wa%$ slopes4 ,limy1 mud/one concretions & br[n iron c>bonate concretions are abundant 9 c]ta9 localities 9 nor?we/]n & s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 :]e !y are us$ z oddities 9 rock g>d5s or walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,concretions4 ,d>k1 limy concretion at left & brassy pyrite at c5t] & "r4 ,note ! int]-gr[n pair 9 c5t]4 ,"s concretions are =m$ at ! same g5]al "t z ! surr\nd+ rock accumulates1 b o!rs may be =m$ ye>s aft] ! surr\nd+ rock has be5 buri$ or remov$ f ! environm5t ( its =mation4 ,9 ei!r case1 deposition ( ! m9]al matt] foll[s ! patt]n ( addition or 8gr[?0 f inside out4 ,?is gr[?1 ( c\rse1 does n involve a life process l t ( a plant or animal4 ,if two or m c5t]s ( deposition occur close toge!r1 ! sev]al gr[+ concretions may t\*1 int]gr[1 & develop "s weird =ms1 sugge/+ organic gr[?4 ,h[ev] odd ^! curiosities may become1 !re is no "q t !y are n fossils1 or evid5ce ( life4 ,probably concretions excite ! int]e/ ( p]sons m ?an any o!r rock /ructure4 ,gr\nd wat]1 c>ry+ calcium c>bonate1 silica1 or iron comp\nds 9 solution1 is a great concretion build]4 ,x p]colates ?r\gh s&/one or o!r p]meable rock & sl[ly leaves beh9d envelop+ lay]s or additions ( m9]al matt]1 until a concretion is =m$1 to rema9 hidd5 f view until its ho/ rock is s(t5$ & remov$ by ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,geodes ,a geode is usually a holl[1 m or less sph]ical or ball-%ap$ %ell ( m9]al & cry/al gr[? :i* has =m$ )9 surr\nd+ rock4 ,miss\ri geodes commonly v>y 9 size f hickory nuts to small wat]melons1 al?\gh nei!r direction ( v>iation is limit$4 ,!y wea!r out abundantly at sev]al localities 9 nor!a/ ,miss\ri f ! s-call$ ,w>saw =mation1 a limy %ale4 ,"h !y are d>k br[n1 r\gh & irregul> on ! outside1 b :]e brok5 op5 %[ _m brilliant1 gli/5+ faces ( int]gr[n qu>tz cry/als4 ,less frequ5tly calcite1 *alc$ony1 kaol9ite1 & r>ely mill]ite 7nickel sulphide7 may occur 9 ,miss\ri geodes4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical small geode f nor!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,! m9]als & cry/als ( a geode gr[ inw>d f ! walls ( a cavity 9 ! rocks4 ,! m9]al matt] is c>ri$ !re 9 solution by gr\nd wat] & cry/allizes out v mu* m sl[ly b 9 ! same mann] t sug> or salt cry/als develop 9 a saturat$ solution ( ^? sub/ances4 ,if cry/al gr[? cont9ues until ! geode is solid1 x may be> sup]ficial resemblance to a concretion1 b ! latt] /ructure is "o :i* has gr[n outw>d4 ,! idea ( 8gr[?0 9 ei!r case is t ( m9]al cry/allization & enl>gem5t1 b does n 9 ! lea/ involve life l t ( a plant or animal4 ,geodes h no value or use o!r ?an = ornam5tal purposes4 ,fossils ,fossils are also f\nd & collect$ by p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 rocks & m9]als4 ,! v>i$ rema9s ( plants & animals long s9ce petrifi$ or replac$ by m9]al matt] h /imulat$ ! curiosity & become a s\rce ( enjoym5t to _m p]sons1 f ^? :o m]ely give a pass+ glance to ! peculi> organic /ructures 9 ! rocks to ^? :o make a s]i\s hobby or bus9ess ( collect+ & classify+ ! unreplaceable h]itage f ! anci5t rocks4 ,fossils are int]e/+ 9 "p because ( _! v>iety1 = !y include petrifi$ wood1 %ells l ^? ( oy/]s1 fi% tee?1 foot-pr9ts1 amb]1 d9osaur eggs1 coal1 impr9ts ( f]n leaves1 ( insects1 & ( fi%es1 & ! bones ( small & gigantic d9osaurs & elephants4 ,9 fact1 a fossil is any evid5ce ( life 9 ! geologic pa/ pres]v$ 9 ! rocks4 ,miss\ri rocks furni% fossils rang+ 9 size f microscopically small fi% tee? to ! big skeletal rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 an ance/or ( ! elephant2 b ! mo/ common ones are ! /ructures & %ells ( anci5t clams1 corals1 bra*iopods1 cr9oids1 & trilobites4 ,illu/ration3 ,a too? ( a ma/odon1 ab\t "o-half natural size4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,morrison1 ,l\isiana1 ,miss\ri47 ,illu/ration3 ,fossils4 ,upp] r[1 coral on left1 trilobite on "r2 c5t] r[1 bra*iopods2 l[] r[1 coil$ cephalapod1 cr9oid head1 & a bryozoan spiral4 ,! accompany+ photographs illu/rate a few fossils t may be f\nd )9 our /ate1 b a ?or\gh1 non-te*nical treatm5t ( ,miss\ri fossils is available 9 a companion volume to ?is booklet1 8,! ,common ,fossils ( ,miss\ri0 by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,g4 ,unklesbay1 ,miss\ri ,h&book ,no4 #d4 ,! /udy ( fossils1 or paleontology1 is a fasc9at+ bran* ( geology :i* ext5ds f> beyond ! recognition & catalog+ ( ! specim5s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t c]ta9 p>ticul> fossils occur 9 rocks ( ! ages :i* produce petroleum1 & ! se>* = t valuable sub/ance has be5 direct$ 9 _m in/ances by ! fossil cont5t ( ! rocks4 ,rocks ( diff]5t ages c>ry diff]5t fossil assemblages1 & a man skill$ 9 paleontology utilizes ! fossils 9 dat+ geologic hi/ory l ! page numb]s 9 a book ( human hi/ory4 ,fur!r1 any /ud5t ( pres5t-day animals & plants is aid$ 9 8 und]/&+ ( !m if he kn[s ! fossil record ( _! ance/ors ( ! long geologic pa/4 ,arr[ ,heads & ,o!r ,indian ,artifacts ,arr[ heads1 scrap]s1 rock knives & saws :i* 7 left by ! ,indians :o =m]ly liv$ 9 ,miss\ri may be f\nd 9 mod]ate abundance 9 _m p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,usually ^! artifacts are *]t 9 its v>i\s colors1 :ite1 gray1 mottl$1 r$di%1 or black 7fl9t74 ,see ! discussion ( *]t on page #cd4 ,*]t1 because ( its con*oidal fracture1 lack ( cleavage1 resi/ance to *emical wea!r+1 & sup]ior h>dness1 is an exceptionally useful rock = mak+ tools & weapons4 ,hamm]s & axes ( basalt1 & arr[ heads ( rhyolite are less abundant ?an ! *]t artifacts4 ,,! ,,rocks ,,( ,,miss\ri ,geologi/s classify rocks into ^! gr\ps3 igne\s1 s$im5t>y or metamorphic4 ,repres5tatives ( all ?ree h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,arr[heads made f :ite1 gray1 p9k1 & black *]t4 7,c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,jeffrey1 ,columbia1 ,mo47 ,s$im5t>y rocks are ^? ^: p>ticles settl$ d[n ?r\gh ! air or wat] to =m rocks 9 lay]s or b$s2 h5ce lay]$1 b$d$1 or s-call$ /ratifi$ rocks are s$im5t>y rocks4 ,= in/ance1 ! s& & mud settl+ out ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 7or ocean7 aft] be+ br\ght 9 by ! ,mississippi ,riv] is on its way t[>d becom+ s&/one & %ale4 ,lime/one is =m+ (f ! coa/ ( ,florida n[4 ,all ( ^! rocks are accumulat+ 9 lay]s4 ,:]e "o sees regul>ly-lay]$ or /ratifi$ rocks 9 /reams1 road cuts1 qu>ries1 bluffs or hillsides1 he expects !m to be s$im5t>y rocks4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks t h be5 describ$ h]e9 include3 ,lime/one ,dolomite ,*]t ,%ale ,fire clay ,fl9t fire clay ,diaspore & ,burley clay ,s&/one ,qu>tzite ,trav]t9e ,coal ,igne\s rocks are ^? :i* solidifi$ f a hot liquid :i* 0 ei!r =c$ into old] surr\nd+ rocks 7intrusive7 or dis*>g$ on ! e>?'s surface z a lava fl[ or products f a volcano 7extrusive74 ,! examples giv5 bel[ illu/rate ! two types4 ,ev]yone kn[s ab\t ! extrusive =ms f acc\nts ( pres5t-day volcanoes & occasional lava fl[s1 l ^? ( ,vesuvius1 ,p>icut91 & ,mauna ,loa4 ,an intrusion 0 inject$ b5ea? ! ,yell[/one ,p>k area ye>s ago1 & its heat1 ) /eam & gases1 is contribut+ to ! unusual natural features :i* are f\nd 9 ! p>k & :i* make x fam\s4 ,igne\s rocks 9 ,miss\ri are3 ,granite ,porphyry1 ,rhyolite1 ,rhyolite porphyry ,gabbro & ,diabase ,basalt ,metamorphic rocks are rocks :i* h be5 *ang$ ?r\gh ! effects ( trem5d\s pressure 7en\gh to raise m\nta9s7 & high temp]ature :ile 9 ! solid /ate4 ,9 mo/ cases a b&$ rock results4 ,! metamorphic rocks m5tion$ 9 ?is booklet are3 ,gneiss ,m>ble ,no d\bt x has become app>5t to ! read] t rocks ord9>ily occur 9 great quantities1 t !y are compos$ ( multitudes ( gra9s 7m9]al gra9s71 & t _! prop]ties & compositions v>y ) ! diff]5t m9]als :i* are pres5t 9 ! gra9s ( ! rock4 ,a rock c1 !re=e1 be diff]5t f a m9]al4 ,9 fact1 a rock may be def9$ z 8an aggregate ( m9]al p>ticles10 or m broadly 8a typical "p ( ! e>?40 ,to focus clos] att5tion on m9]als we may discuss !m = _! own sake bel[4 ,,m9]als ,,( ,,miss\ri ,a m9]al is *>act]iz$ by a con/ancy ( composition & ( prop]ties :i* sets x ap>t f rocks :i* v>y widely4 ,m9]als may be metallic1 l pyrite1 or non-metallic1 l b>ite2 !y may be ore1 l gal5a1 or rock-=m+1 l qu>tz or feldsp>2 !y may %[ cry/al faces1 or !y may be fragm5ts ) r\nd$ or brok5 surfaces4 ,a favor$ def9ition tea*es t 8a m9]al is a naturally occurr+1 inorganic sub/ance hav+ a def9ite *emical composition & def9ite physical prop]ties1 )9 limits40 ,! ,miss\ri m9]als li/$ h]e9 include3 ,qu>tz ,mica ,calcite ,dolomite ,sphal]ite ,gal5a ,b>ite ,m>casite ,c>notite ,tyuyamunite ,pyrite ,hematite ,limonite ,gypsum ,pyrox5e ,or?oclase feldsp> ,microcl9e feldsp> ,plagioclase feldsp> ,metatorb]nite ,,geologic ,,values ,al?\gh ! emphasis 9 ?is pamphlet has be5 on ! recognition ( ,miss\ri rocks & m9]als1 x is n out ( ord] to consid] ! broad values t !y contribute to our civilization4 ,_! use z build+ mat]ials has be5 not$1 b x %\ld be fur!r recogniz$ t z our timb] is be+ rapidly deplet$ m & m /ructures w be built out ( e>? mat]ials4 ,miss\ri possesses a weal? ( beautiful lime/one t is s]viceable & readily qu>ri$4 ,:]e lime/one is n ne>1 !re is usually %ale or glacial clay :i* c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( brick & tile4 ,p]man5cy w be ! keynote ( ! rock & c]amic /ructures4 ,gravel & s& are abundant 9 ,miss\ri = concrete & o!r v>i$ uses4 ,! soil is ,miss\ri's mo/ valuable e>? mat]ial4 ,hundr$s to ?\s&s ( ye>s ( normal wea!r+ are requir$ to develop ! rocks & m9]als & texture ( ! inorganic fraction ( ! soil4 ,we %\ld pres]ve x & prev5t disa/r\s soil erosion4 ,aside f ^! m tangible values1 a fasc9at+ & in/ructive hobby c be made ( collect+1 arrang+1 & /udy+ rocks & m9]als4 ,"o ga9s a full] und]/&+ & appreciation ( nature f _! /udy4 ,! ord]l9ess1 con/ancy1 & int]relation )9 ! rock & m9]al 8_w0 is a re/ful contra/ to ! "o :i* man (t5 keeps 9 turmoil4 ,! beauty ( a gli/5+ cry/al or a poli%$ m9]al or /one is z inspir+ z a lovely fl[]1 yet x la/s & la/s ?r\gh c5turies1 a v]itable 8rock ( ages40 ,sugge/$ ,collat]al ,read+ ,mat]ial ,books on ,rocks & ,m9]als ,h[ to ,"k ! ,m9]als & ,rocks1 by ,pe>l2 publi%]1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,a ,field ,guide to ,rocks & ,m9]als1 by ,p\gh2 publi%]1 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,gem/ones & ,m9]als3 ,h[ & ,:]e ,to ,f9d ,!m1 by ,s9kankas2 publi%]1 ,van ,no/r&1 ,pr9ceton1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,look = pap] back editions ( ^! & o!r books :i* may be widely available4 ,fossils ,! ,common ,fossils ( ,miss\ri1 by ,a4 ,g4 ,unklesbay1 ,miss\ri ,h&book ,no4 #d4 ,magaz9es on ,rocks1 ,m9]als1 & ,fossils ,rocks & ,m9]als1 ,box1 #bi1 ,peekskill1 ,n4,y4 ,gems & ,m9]als1 ,p4,o4 ,box #fhg1 ,m5tone1 ,calif4 ,! ,m9]alogi/1 ,p4,o4 ,box #hjh1 ,m5tone1 ,calif4 ,am]ican ,m9]alogi/1 te*nical (ficial publication ( ! ,am]ican ,m9]alogical ,society1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 editorial (fice1 ,dept4 ( ,m9]alogy1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,books on ,m9]alogy & ,rocks 7,te*nical7 ,dana's ,manual ( ,m9]alogy1 by ,hurlbut2 publi%]1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,dana's ,textbook ( ,m9]alogy1 by ,=d2 publi%]1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,m9]alogy1 by ,b]ry & ,mason2 publi%]1 ,freeman ,co41 ,san ,francisco4 ,rocks & ,rock ,m9]als1 by ,knopf2 publi%] ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,rocks1 by ,spock2 publi%]1 ,h>p] ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,books on ,g5]al ,geology ,introduction to ,geology1 by ,branson1 ,t>r1 & ,kell]2 publi%]1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,introduction to ,college ,geology1 by ,holmes2 publi%]1 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york4 ,books on ,physical ,geology ,geology1 by ,emmons1 ,?iel1 ,/auff] & ,allison2 publi%] ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 by ,gilluly1 ,wood=d1 & ,wat]s2 publi%]1 ,freeman ,co41 ,san ,francisco4 ,physical ,geology1 by ,leet & ,judson2 publi%]1 ,pr5tice-,hall ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,books on ,hi/orical ,geology ,! ,geological ,evolution ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,cl>k & ,/e>n2 publi%]1 ,ronald ,press ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,"t1 ,life1 & ,man1 by ,/irton2 publi%]1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,^! books may be borr[$ f public libr>ies1 or pur*as$ f ! publi%]s & retail book /ores4 ,at ,columbia1 ! ,univ]sity ,book ,/ore1 & ! ,miss\ri ,/ore ,co41 sell mo/ ( !m f %elf /ock4 ,miss\ri ,geology ,publications ,miss\ri has an excell5t ,/ate ,geological ,survey :i* has publi%$ num]\s volumes on v>i\s geologic topics & areas )9 ! ,/ate4 ,inquiry ab\t ^! bullet9s1 circul>s1 maps1 & individually h&l$ correspond5ce1 %\ld be address$ to !3 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,miss\ri ,geological ,survey ,rolla1 ,mo4 ,,footnotes #a,?is s]vice is also (f]$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology1 ,miss\ri ,s*ool ( ,m9es & ,metallurgy1 ,rolla1 ,miss\ri1 & by ! ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,rolla1 ,miss\ri4 ,,index ,a ,acid1 te/+1 muriatic1 hydro*loric1 /orage batt]y1 sulphuric #aj ,agate #cg ,alaba/] gypsum #fc ,alum9um #bc ,ame?y/ #db ,aragonite #ag ,arr[ heads #cd1 #ga1 #gb ,artifacts #ga1 #gb ,asphaltic s&/one #cb ,audra9 ,c\nty #bf ,b ,b>ite #ai1 #fa1 #gd ,b>ton ,c\nty #cb ,basalt #ac1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #ga1 #gc ,bauxite #bc1 #bi ,biotite mica #dd1 #ed ,black jack z9c ore #fj ,blood/one #db ,blossom rock #db ,boone ,c\nty #bf ,brick #bb1 #gd ,burley clay #bi1 #ff1 #gc ,burl+ton lime/one #ab ,burn$ %ale #ba1 #ed ,c ,calcite #ab1 #af1 #cg1 #di1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #gd ,calcium c>bonate #ab1 #af1 #cg1 #fg ,callaway ,c\nty #bf1 #bg ,cannel ,coal #ea ,c>nelian #db ,c>notite #fe ,c>t] ,c\nty #eh ,c>?age m>ble #ae ,cave deposits #af ,*alc$ony #cg1 #fh ,*ats #ce1 #dc1 #fj ,*]t #ad1 #cd1 #cg1 #db1 #ei1 #fb1 #ff1 #ga1 #gc ,cl9ton #cc ,coal #bj1 #di1 #ec1 #fc1 #gc ,cole ,c\nty #fb ,con*oidal fracture #bf1 #cd1 #ea ,concretion #ff1 #fh ,conglom]ate #ed ,copp] #dj1 #ff ,cotton rock #ae ,craw=d ,c\nty #bg ,cr9oids #ab ,cross-b$d+ #cj1 #ca ,cry/al ,city #cc1 #da ,d ,def9ition1 rock & m9]al #e1 #gc1 #gd ,develop+ m9]al deposit #bd1 #ei ,diabase #dd1 #dh1 #di1 #gc ,diamonds #dj1 #fe ,diaspore clay #bg1 #eh1 #ff1 #gc ,dike #df1 #dg1 #dh ,dolomite #aj1 #aa1 #ah1 #ei1 #fj1 #gc1 #gd ,dolomite *emical composition #ab1 #bj ,d\ble refraction #ah ,drusy qu>tz #db ,e ,eff]vesc5ce #aj1 #aa1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai ,elephant ,rocks #ci1 #da ,f ,feldsp> #ch1 #ci1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #ed1 #gd ,fe/us #cc ,fire clay #ai1 #bd1 #gc ,flat ,riv] #fj ,fl9t #ad1 #cd ,fl9t fire clay #bf1 #gc ,fool's gold #ad1 #ea ,fossils #ab1 #bb1 #ce1 #cf1 #eb1 #ec1 #fi ,frankl9 ,c\nty #bg ,fr$]ickt[n #fj ,g ,gabbro #ac1 #ch1 #dd1 #dh1 #gc ,gal5a #ei1 #fe1 #gd ,gasconade ,c\nty #bf1 #bg ,geig] ,c\nt] #ff ,geode #db1 #fg ,geological ,survey1 ,miss\ri #f ,glacial b\ld]s & deposits #dj1 #dh1 #ee1 #fe1 #gd ,glass 8tiff10 b>ite #fa ,gneiss #ed1 #gc ,gold #ea1 #ec1 #fe ,granite #af1 #ca1 #ch1 #dc1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #ec1 #ed1 #gc ,graniteville #ci1 #dc ,gypsum #ai1 #di1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #gd ,h ,h>dness #f1 #ai1 #fe ,heavy sp> #fa ,hematite #ef1 #ff1 #gd ,h]mann #cc ,h\/on #fb ,hydro*loric acid #aj ,i ,igne\s rock #gc ,iron b& diaspore #eh ,iron ,c\nty #ci1 #de1 #eh ,iron ,m\nta9 #ef ,iron ore #ef1 #eg ,is+lass #dd ,j ,jack z9c ore #fj ,jasp] #ch ,jeff]son ,c\nty #fb ,jopl9 #fj ,jopl9 dolomite #ai ,k 8,kaole50 #cg 8,keel0 #ef ,klondike #cc ,l ,lafayette ,c\nty #cb ,la ,grange #cg ,lava fl[ #df1 #gc ,lead ore #ei ,lex+ton #cc ,lime #ac ,lime/one #aj1 #bb1 #ec1 #ee1 #ei1 #fb1 #ff1 #gc1 #gd ,lime/one1 *emical1 composition #ab1 #bc ,limonite #ec1 #ef1 #eg1 #ff1 #gd ,l9coln ,c\nty #bg ,loess dolls1 -k9d] #ff ,m ,madison ,c\nty #ci1 #de1 #eh ,magnesium c>bonate #ab ,manganese ore #eh ,m>ble #ae1 #ee1 #gc ,m>casite #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #eg1 #gd ,m>ies ,c\nty #bg ,m>k ( m9]al #f1 #ef ,metamorphic rock #ae1 #ba1 #ee1 #gc ,metatorb]nite #fe ,meteorites #fd ,mica #ch1 #ci1 #dd1 #ec1 #gd ,microcl9e feldsp> #dd1 #gd ,mill] ,c\nty #fb ,mill]ite #fh ,m9]al1 def9ition #e1 #gd ,miss\ri ,geological ,survey #f1 #ei ,miss\ri ,s*ool ( ,m9es & ,metallurgy #f ,mob]ly #cc ,moniteau ,c\nty #fb ,morgan ,c\nty #fb ,muriatic acid #aj ,muscovite mica #dd ,n ,nickel #fd 8,nigg]heads0 #cb1 #dh ,o ,o*re #eh ,oliv9e #fe ,onyx #af1 #db ,oolites #bg1 #bi1 #ff ,or?oclase feldsp> #dd1 #gd ,osage ,c\nty #bf1 #bg ,ozora m>ble #ae ,p ,pacific #cc1 #da ,pa9t ore #eh ,paleontology #ga ,p>is #cc ,petrifi$ wood #ce1 #dc1 #fi ,petroleum #ga ,phelps ,c\nty #bf1 #bg ,ph5ocry/s #df ,pilot ,knob #ef ,plagioclase feldsp> #dd1 #di1 #gd ,pla/] ( p>is #fc ,pla/ic fire clay #bf ,poli% on m>ble & granite #af ,pop-corn fl9t fire clay #bf ,porphyry #ca1 #dj1 #dd1 #de1 #ec1 #gc ,porphyry1 *emical composition #dj ,potosi #cg ,pyrite #ad1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #eg1 #eh1 #fc1 #ff1 #gd ,pyrox5e #di1 #gd ,q ,qu>ry #ad ,qu>tz #cj1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #de1 #di1 #ed1 #fe1 #fh1 #gd ,qu>tzite #cb1 #ee1 #gc ,r ,radioactivity #ff ,reynolds ,c\nty #eh ,rhyolite1 rhyolite porphyry #de1 #ga1 #gc ,ripple m>ks #cc ,rock cry/al #db ,rock1 def9ition #e1 #gc ,rock wool #ac ,rose qu>tz #db ,ros9 jack z9c ore #fj ,ros9 sp> z9c ore #fj ,ruby jack z9c ore #fj ,s ,sampl+ rock or ore #ae1 #ei ,s& #ad1 #cj ,s&/one #cj1 #da1 #dc1 #ec1 #ee1 #ff1 #gc ,s&/one1 *emical composition #bc ,sat9sp> gypsum #fc ,s$im5t>y rock #gb1 #gc ,sel5ite gypsum #fc ,%ale #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #ej1 #ec1 #ee1 #ff1 #gc1 #gd ,%ale1 *emical composition #bc ,%annon ,c\nty #eh ,silica #ce1 #dc1 #ff ,silv] #ei1 #fe ,silv] ,m9es #fe ,six-sid$ cry/als #af1 #da ,slate #ba1 #ej1 #ee ,soap/one #ba ,soil sweet5+ #ac1 #ad1 #bj ,sphal]ite #fj1 #gd 8,sponge0 lime/one rock #ac ,/alactites #af ,/alagmites #af ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,geological ,survey #f1 #bd1 #ea1 #ei ,/4 ,francois ,c\nty #ci1 #de ,/4 ,l\is ,c\nty #bf ,/4 ,pet] s&/one =mation #da ,/e4 ,g5evieve #fe ,/reak ( m9]al #f1 #ef ,sulphur #ea ,sulphuric acid #aj1 #ec1 #fc ,t ,texas ,c\nty #fb ,tiff #af1 #fa ,trav]t9e #af1 #gc ,tripoli #cg1 #dc ,tyuyamunite #fe1 #gd ,u ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,geology ,dep>tm5t #f ,uranium ,m9]als #fe1 #ff ,v ,vanadium #ff ,v]non ,c\nty #cb ,w ,w>r5 ,c\nty #bg ,w>r5sburg #cc ,wa%+ton ,c\nty #fb ,wea!r$ *]t #ai1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg ,widman/att5 figure #fd ,z ,z9c ore #fj ,,( ,,relat$ ,,int]e/ ,,! ,,common ,,fossils ,,( ,,miss\ri ,a4 ,g4 ,unklesbay ,,our ,,/oreh\se ,,( ,,miss\ri ,,place ,,names ,rob]t ,l4 ,ramsay ,,indians ,,& ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,miss\ri1 ,,revis$ ,,edition ,c>l ,h4 ,*apman & ,eleanor ,f4 ,*apman ,,isbn-#ac3 #igh-j-hbfb ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri ,,press ,columbia & ,london ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4