,illustration3 ,cover3 ,columnar        
rhyolite in the ,balanced ,rock         
area4                                   
,,chiricahua                            
,,national ,,monument    ,weirdly       
beautiful pinnacles and columns eroded  
in volcanic rocks high   in a forested  
range1 which forms a mountain island in 
a desert sea4     ,the ,national ,park  
,system1 of which this area is a unit1  
is dedicated to conserving the scenic1  
scientific1 and historic heritage of the
 ,united ,states for the benefit and    
enjoyment of its people4   ,unbelievably
 tall and slender pinnacles1 startling  
likenesses of giant beasts and men1     
grotesque and weird figures such as     
might inhabit another world--all these  
and many more1 carved by ,nature in     
volcanic rock1 are crowded into #ag     
spectacular square miles of ridge and   
canyon on the west flank of the         
,chiricahua ,mountains4  ,rising steeply
 from the grasslands of southeastern    
,arizona and southwestern ,new ,mexico1 

the ,chiricahuas present a verdant1     
forested island in a brown sea of       
desert4 ,many varieties of trees1       
shrubs1 and flowering herbs clothe steep
 canyon walls4 ,shady glens1 alive with 
birds1 are frowned upon by rows of      
strange massive spires1 turrets1 and    
battlements in this fascinating         
wonderland of rocks4   ,geological      
,story  ,what geological forces created 
these striking and peculiar pinnacles   
and balanced rocks8 ,geologists explain 
that millions of years ago volcanic     
activity was extensive throughout this  
region4 ,a series of explosive eruptions
 covered the level area with layers of  
volcanic rock fragments4 ,many years    
elapsed between such periods of         
activity1 resulting in a series of      
blankets1 layer upon layer4 ,since the  
eruptions varied in magnitude1 the      
resulting deposits were of different    
thickness4  ,finally1 the eruptions     
ceased1 and were followed by movements  
in the earth's crust which slowly lifted

 and tilted great rock masses to form   
mountains4 ,the stresses responsible for
 the movements caused a definite pattern
 of vertical cracks4 ,storms and other  
agencies of erosion1 especially running 
water carrying small particles of rock1 
immediately set to work on the long1    
slow task of wearing down these         
mountains4 ,shallow canyons became      
deeper and more rugged as time passed4  
,weathered rock formed soil which       
collected in pockets1 and plant life    
gained a foothold4  ,where previous     
volcanic activity had spread sheets of  
lava1 the mountains were now capped with
 layers of volcanic rock4 ,along the    
vertical cracks and lines of horizontal 
weakness1 erosion began its persistent  
work4 ,cracks were widened to form      
fissures2 fissures grew to breaches4    
,undercutting slowly took place4        
,gradually the lava masses were cut by  
millions of erosional channels into     
blocks of a multitude of sizes and      
shapes to be further sculptured by the  

elements4  ,erosion is still going on   
slowly and persistently among the great 
pillared cliffs of the monument4 ,some  
of the most exposed portions have       
already been worn away4 ,pedestal or    
balanced rocks have formed and fallen2  
others are tottering2 more are just     
taking shape4 ,within the span of a     
human life1 only minor changes may be   
noticed1 but with the passage of the    
centuries the face of ,nature is ever   
changing4  ,although the spectacular    
erosional remnants and the massive      
columnar structure of the cliffs will   
impress you even if you hurry through1  
you will see much more of geological    
interest if you can stop and use the    
trail4 ,here and there are exposed beds 
of volcanic ash and cinders1 indicating 
the explosive nature of some of the     
ancient eruptions4 ,road construction   
has uncovered shale which was once the  
mud of a lake bed4 ,one trail is strewn 
with volcanic hailstones weathered out  
of a ledge composed of millions of      

marblelike pellets firmly cemented      
together into a peculiar peanut-brittle 
rock4   ,plant and ,animal ,life        
,because of its location as a           
mountainous island in a sea of arid     
grassland1 the ,chiricahua ,range       
affords a haven for a multitude of      
plants and animals of many varieties4   
,winter snows and summer rains result in
 springs and small streams4 ,dense      
vegetation covers the shaded canyon     
bottoms and the cool north slopes of the
 higher elevations4 ,in contrast1 south 
exposures feel the full heat of the     
summer sun and have plants              
characteristic of the desert4           
,red-stemmed manzanitas and             
bark-shedding madrones rub branches with
 the chalky-white limbs of the sycamore 
and the feathery gray foliage of the    
,arizona cypress4 ,green slopes1 covered
 by chaparral of scrub oak and          
manzanita1 face open hillsides dotted   
with a desert vegetation of yuccas1     
century plants1 and cactuses4 ,seasonal 

changes bring with them many varieties  
of wildflowers4  ,arizona whitetail deer
 are numerous in the ,chiricahuas1 and  
in the monument1 where they are         
protected1 they become accustomed to man
 and are frequently seen4 ,coatimundi   
and peccary are increasing in numbers4  
,rodents are common1 as are birds of    
many species4 ,each vegetative belt and 
plant association has its own           
distinctive animal population1 some of  
which are unique because of the relative
 and long-established isolation of the  
,chiricahua ,range4   ,historical       
,background  ,what student of ,american 
history has not heard of ,geronimo1     
famous warrior of the ,chiricahua       
,apache ,indians8 ,when1 in #ahhf1      
,geronimo and his band finally          
surrendered to ,united ,states soldiers1
 there ended one of the most stubborn   
phases of aboriginal resistance to white
 domination4 ,the ,chiricahua ,mountains
 and their neighboring ranges were the  
ancestral home of the nomadic ,apache   

,indians4 ,living mainly on wild animals
 and native plants1 these resourceful   
people moved from place to place        
depending upon the requirements of the  
season and the supply of food4          
,occasionally they raided the farmer    
,indians of the desert valleys1 and with
 the coming of the ,spaniards1 they     
found increased incentive to pillage the
 ,european cattle1 horses1 and grains   
introduced by the white men4  ,stolen   
horses greatly increased the power and  
widened the range of ,indian activities1
 and the southeastern corner of what is 
now ,arizona became an ,apache          
stronghold4 ,with the ,gadsden ,purchase
 in #ahec and the opening of settlement 
of the region to ,united ,states        
citizens1 the ,apache raiders became    
more and more a hazard4 ,united ,states 
troops were dispatched to the ,southwest
 to protect settlers1 prospectors1      
travelers1 and the mail- and            
passenger-carrying stages of the        
,butterfield ,route which were often    

attacked4 ,cavalry camps and bases were 
established4 ,one of the most famous of 
these1 ,fort ,bowie1 established in     
#ahfb1 commanded strategic ,apache ,pass
 at the end of the ,chiricahua          
,mountains1 north of the monument4 ,from
 #ahfj until #ahgb1 the ,chiricahua     
,apaches under the leadership of the    
wily ,cochise matched the strategy of   
the soldiers4  ,in #ahgf1 the           
,chiricahua ,apaches were finally       
rounded up and placed on a reservation1 
but hostilities continued to flare up   
when bands left the reservation to      
attack travelers and pillage isolated   
ranches4 ,geronimo1 who was the most    
persistent and cunning of the leaders1  
was captured in #ahhf4 ,this ended the  
organized resistance of the ,chiricahua 
,apaches1 but ,big ,foot ,massai staged 
several one-man escapades in later      
years4 ,cochise ,head1 just north of the
 monument1 and ,massai ,point and       
,massai ,canyon1 within its boundaries1 
immortalize the names of two of the     

famous ,apaches of the ,chiricahua      
group4   ,the ,monument  ,chiricahua    
,national ,monument1 established by     
,presidential proclamation on ,april    
#ah1 #aibd1 has an area of nearly #ag   
square miles4 ,elevations within the    
monument range from #e1afj to #g1cfe    
feet above sea level4 ,the monument     
entrance1 which is on the west1 is      
reached by roads from ,bowie and        
,willcox1 or by paved roads from        
,douglas and ,bisbee4                   
,illustration3 ,geronimo1 famous warrior
 of the ,chiricahua ,apaches4   ,about  
,your ,visit  ,you may obtain           
information and can register at monument
 headquarters1 about #a mile beyond the 
entrance4 ,there is a small exhibit room
 here1 and free interpretive service is 
provided4 ,when personnel is available1 
visitors are accompanied to points of   
interest by park rangers who explain the
 geologic phenomena4  ,a paved mountain 
road will take you up scenic ,bonita    
,canyon to ,massai ,point from which you

 can get an extensive view of the       
monument and of the ,sulfur ,springs    
,valley to the west and ,san ,simon     
,valley on the east4 ,the geological    
story is told at the ,massai ,point     
,exhibit ,building4 ,for added          
enjoyment1 we suggest you take one or   
more of the following trips3  ,massai   
,point ,trail4--,a self-guiding trail4  
,interesting features include a balanced
 rock1 lookout point with telescope1 and
 ,transition ,life ,zone plants4 ,secure
 leaflet at the ,exhibit ,building4     
,time1 #bj to #cj minutes4  ,echo       
,canyon4--,one of the most scenic       
sections of the monument4 ,the walk of  
#a miles to ,echo ,park is very         
spectacular4  ,heart of ,rocks4--,a nice
 #d- or #e-;hour hike to interesting    
rock formations1 such as ,punch and     
,judy and ,big ,balanced ,rock4 ,take   
water4  ,sugarloaf ,peak4--,one of the  
highest points in the monument with an  
extensive view of entire region4 ,one   
mile from ,sugarloaf parking area by    

trail4  ,foothill ,forest ,trail4--,a   
self-guiding trail1 starting at the     
museum parking area1 will take you past 
plants of the ,upper and ,lower ,sonoran
 ,life ,zones4 ,time1 #ae to #bj        
minutes4  ,horseback ,trip4--,horses are
 available at the ,faraway ,ranch and   
all trails are open to horseback        
parties4  ,there is a campground in     
,bonita ,canyon1 one-half mile above    
monument headquarters1 at #e1cdj feet   
elevation4 ,drinking water1 fireplaces1 
wood1 and picnic tables at #cj          
campsites2 restrooms1 showers1 and      
laundry room are centrally located4     
,campers may heat water for showers or  
laundry in a wood-burning waterheater4  
,although the campground is open all    
year1 shower rooms may be closed during 
freezing weather4      ,illustration3   
,punch and ,judy4  ,temperatures are    
generally moderate--the mean daily      
temperature in ,january is #dj and in   
,july1 #gd4 ,most of the average yearly 
precipitation of #ah inches occurs      

during the rainy season of ,july and    
,august4 ,except for light snowfall in  
winter1 the rest of the year is         
comparatively dry4  ,camping and        
picnicking are restricted to the        
campground area4 ,as wood is provided   
here1 the gathering of firewood is      
prohibited4  ,housetrailers can be      
accommodated1 but no special facilities1
 such as electricity1 are available4    
,there is a #cj-;day limit on camping1  
which may be reduced during periods of  
heavy use4 ,all pets must be leashed or 
kept in a vehicle4  ,meals and lodging  
can be obtained at ,silver ,spur ,ranch 
and housekeeping cabins and meals at the
 ,faraway ,ranch1 both of which are on  
private lands4      ,illustration3 ,duck
 on a ,rock4  ,hunting1 or injury to any
 plant1 animal1 or feature of the       
monument1 is prohibited4   ,mission #ff 
,mission #ff is a program designed to be
 completed by #aiff which will assure   
the maximum protection of the scenic1   
scientific1 wilderness1 and historic    

resources of the ,national ,park ,system
 in such ways and by such means as will 
make them available for the use and     
enjoyment of present and future         
generations4   ,administration          
,chiricahua ,national ,monument is      
administered by the ,national ,park     
,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of the    
,interior4 ,a superintendent1 whose     
address is ,dos ,cabezas1 ,ariz41 is in 
immediate charge4      ,illustration3   
,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,the         
,,interior  ,march #c1 #ahdi            
,,national ,,park ,,service             
,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior      
,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of     
,,the ,,interior                        
,fred ,a4 ,seaton1 ,secretary           
,,national ,,park ,,service             
,conrad ,l4 ,wirth1 ,director           
,illustration3 ,,chiricahua ,,national  
,,monument ,,arizona ,,july #aieh       
,n4,m4     ,,chir #gjje-;,a             
,,trail ,,distances                     
,,miles            ,,massai ,,point ,,to

 ,,heart-,,of-,,rocks                 #d
           ,,massai ,,point ,,to        
,,headquarters ,,via               #g   
,,heart-,,of-,,rocks           ,,echo   
,,parking ,,area ,,to ,,echo ,,park     
#a           ,,echo ,,parking ,,area    
,,to ,,headquarters              #d     
,,bonita ,,canyon ,,road ,,to ,,natural 
,,bridge           #b                   
,,sugarloaf ,,parking ,,area ,,to       
,,sugarloaf ,,peak       #a             
,u4 ,s4 ,,government ,,printing         
,,office3 #aieh--,o-#dgfcbg             
,revised #aieh                          
,transcriber's ,notes   --,silently     
corrected a few typos4  --,retained     
publication information from the printed
 edition3 this e,book   is public-domain
 in the country of publication4  --,in  
the text versions only1 text in italics 
is delimited by   underscores4