,,tr,,bn]',s ,,ori5tal ,,s]ies4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,life ,,or ,,leg5d ,,( ,,gaudama ,,! ,,buddha ,,( ,,! ,,burmese4 ,) ,annotations4 ,,! ,,ways ,,to ,,neibban1 ,,& ,,notice ,,on ,,! ,,phongyies ,,or ,,burmese ,,monks4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,p4 ,,big&et1 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,rama?a1 ,,vic> ,,apo/olic ,,( ,,ava ,,& ,,pegu4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,,london3 ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,broadway ,,h\se1 ,,c>t] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 #aiab4 ,! rights ( translation & ( reproduction are res]v$4 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh ,,cont5ts4 ,,leg5d ,,or ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,burmese ,,buddha1 ,,call$ ,,gaudama4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,buddha1 be+ sev5ty-n9e ye>s old1 deliv]s in/ructions to ! ,rahans--,prea*+s 9 ! village ( ,patalie--,miracul\s cross+ ( ! ,ganges--,conv]sion ( a c\rtesan--,sickness ( ,buddha--,8 in/ructions to ,an&a--,la/ mom5ts & dea? ( ,?>iputra--,8 eulogium by ,buddha--,dea? ( ,maukalan--,reflections ( ,buddha on t ev5t #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,voyage to ,we?alie--,la/ temptation ( ,manh--,causes ( e>?quake--,new in/ructions to ! ,rahans--,la/ meal ( ,buddha--,8 pa9ful di/emp]--,8 conv]sation ) "o ( ! ,malla ,pr9ces--,sign =e%[+ ,buddha's com+ dea?--,arrival 9 ! ,koo!9>on =e/--,buddha lays himself on 8 c\*--,wond]s att5d+ t ev5t--,in/ructions to ,an&a--,eulogium ( ,an&a by ,buddha--,conv]sion ( ,?\bat--,la/ words ( ,buddha to ! ,rahans--,8 dea? #bh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,/anzas utt]$ aft] ,buddha's dea?--,an&a in=ms ! ,malla ,pr9ces ( ,buddha's demise--,prep>ations = ! fun]al--,arrival ( ,ka?aba at ! spot :]e ! body 0 expos$ to public v5]ation--,he wor%ips ! body--,wond] on t occasion--,! burn+ ( ! corpse--,p>tition ( ! relics made by a ,p\nha call$ ,dauna--,extraord9>y hon\rs paid to ! relics by ,k+ ,adzata?at--,dea? ( t k+ & ( ,ka?aba #ge ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,aft] ,buddha's dea?1 zeal ( ,ka?aba 9 uphold+ g5u9e doctr9es--,he selects five hundr$ eld]s to become memb]s ( a c\ncil or assembly--,radzagio is fix$ ^u = ! hold+ ( ! c\ncil--,he repairs ?i!r ) a portion ( ! appo9t$ memb]s--,behavi\r ( ! amiable ,an&a previ\s to 8 dep>ture = ,radzagio--,k+ ,adzata?at supports ,ka?aba 9 8 views--,! hall = hold+ ! c\ncil is prep>$ by 8 ord]s--,an&a is qualifi$ 9 a miracul\s mann] = sitt+ z a memb] ( ! c\ncil--,hold+ ( ! c\ncil "u ! presid5cy ( ,ka?aba--,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,religi\s era--,de/ruction ( ,we?alie by ,adzata?at--,! successors ( t ,pr9ce--,9 ! days ( ,k+ ,kala?oka a second c\ncil is held at ,pataliputra "u ! presid5cy ( ,ra?a--,causes t provok$ ! hold+ ( a second assembly #aja ,,*apt] ,v4 ,kala?oka is succe$$ by 8 elde/ son1 ,baddas5a--,& f9ally by ! y\nge/1 ,pitzamuka--,?is pr9ce is kill$ & succe$$ by a *ief ( robb]s1 nam$ ,ouggas5a-n&a--,k+ ,ts&a-gutta--,k+ ,b&asura--,miracul\s dreams ( ,a?oka's "m--,k+ ,a?oka--,8 conv]sion--,8 zeal = ,buddhism--,f9d+ ( ! relics--,di/ribution ( !m--,?ird c\ncil held "u ! presid5cy ( ,mauggalipata--,prea*+ ( religion 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,?aton--,voyage ( ,buddhagosa to ,ceylon--,e/abli%m5t ( religion 9 ,pagan--,v>i\s p>ticul>s relat+ to ! importation ( ! ,scriptures 9 ,burmah #abc ,,an ,,ab/ract ,,( ,a ,,few ,,small ,,dzats1 ,,& ,,( ,,two ,,pr9cipal ,,ones1 ,,kn[n ,,z ,,nemi ,,& ,,dzanecka #aec ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,sites ,,& ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,places ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,or ,,life ,,( ,,gaudama #agg ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ways ,,to ,,neibban #ahi ,art4 ,i4--,( ! ,precepts #aia ,art4 ,,ii4--,( ,m$itation & its v>i\s ,degrees #bjb ,art4 ,,iii4--,( ! ,nature ( ,be+s #bab ,art4 ,,iv4--,( ! ,cause ( ! ,=m & ( ! ,"n1 or ( ,ma/] & ,_s #bah ,art4 ,v4--,( ! ,true ,meggas or ,ways to ,p]fection #bbg ,art4 ,,vi4--,( ! ,progress 9 ,p]fect ,sci5ce #bcc ,,notice ,,on ,,! ,,phongyies1 ,,or ,,buddhi/ ,,monks1 ,,sometimes ,,call$ ,,talapo9s #bda ,art4 ,i4--,a %ort ,p>allel betwe5 ! ,brahm9ical & ,buddhi/ic ,religi\s ,ord]s #bdd ,art4 ,,ii4--,nature ( ! ,religi\s ,ord] ( ,phongyies #bea ,art4 ,,iii4--,hi]>*y ( ! ,ord] #bfa ,art4 ,,iv4--,ord9ation1 or ,c]emonies obs]v$ at ! ,admission into ! ,society #bgb ,art4 ,v4--,rules ( ! ,ord] #bhb ,art4 ,,vi4--,occupations ( ! ,buddhi/ ,monks #bif ,art4 ,,vii4--,religi\s ,influ5ce ( ! ,phongyies--,respect & ,v5]ation paid to !m by ! ,laity #cjc ,,add5da #cba ,,on ,,! ,,^w 8,,nat0 #cbd ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,burmese ,,buddha ,,call$ ,,gaudama4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,buddha1 be+ sev5ty-n9e ye>s old1 deliv]s in/ructions to ! ,rahans--,prea*+s 9 ! village ( ,patalie--,miracul\s cross+ ( ! ,ganges--,conv]sion ( a c\rtesan--,sickness ( ,buddha--,8 in/ructions to ,an&a--,la/ mom5ts & dea? ( ,?>iputra--,8 eulogium by ,buddha--,dea? ( ,maukalan--,reflections ( ,buddha on t ev5t4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,buddha 0 travell+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 prea*+ ! law to ^? t 7 wor?y to obta9 ! deliv]ance4 ,he _h rea*$ 8 sev5ty-n9? ye>4#a ,at t "t !re 7 eighte5 mona/]ies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,radzagio1 peopl$ by a great numb] ( religi\s4 ,on a c]ta9 day1 ,buddha said to ,an&a1 8,invite all ! ,rahans to assemble 9 ! ,gny-,moora hall40 ,:5 !y _h ga!r$ toge!r 9 t place1 ,buddha repair$ ?i!r1 & spoke to !m z foll[s3 8,belov$ ,bickus1 z long z y %all rema9 unit$1 & cont9ue to hold regul> meet+s1 y %all c]ta9ly prosp] & fl\ri%--z long z y %all agree toge!r1 & come unit$ly to a decision on all pr9cipal affairs1 s t y w impose no obligation :]e !re is no precept1 & t y w f]v5tly obs]ve all ! comm&s1 /rictly adh]+ to all ! rules ( y\r pr(ession1 y w ev] be 9 a prosp]\s condition4 ,x is requir$ t y %\ld behave respectfully t[>ds y\r sup]iors1 yield+ due ob$i5ce to _! injunctions4 ,bew>e ( passions1 & p>ticul>ly ( concupisc5ce1 le/ y %\ld ev] be br\ght "u _! tyrannical yoke4 ,love retreat & solitude2 endeav\r to obs]ve y\r regulations1 z well z all ! ord9ances & c]emonies ( ! law4 ,let x be a pleasure to y to receive k9dly good religi\s :o may come to y\r mona/]ies1 & conv]se ) !m4 ,avoid c>efully to take pleasure 9 :at y d or say1 or pride y\rselves 9 ! numb] ( y\r att5dants4 ,%un bad company2 apply y\rselves dilig5tly to acquire k & wisdom2 m$itate on ! great tru?s1 mutability1 pa91 & unreality4 ,z long z y obs]ve ^? important po9ts & adh]e to !m1 y %all prosp] & be ev] respect$ by all4 ,moreov]1 y w be !reby enabl$ to avoid all t :i* is base & unbecom+ 9 y\r sacr$ call+40 ,:5 ! in/ruction 0 ov]1 ,buddha call$ ,an&a & bade him in=m ! ,rahans to hold !mselves ready = go+ to ,ampaladaka4 ,:il/ /ay+ 9 a dzeat or bungal[1 ,?>iputra approa*$ ,buddha1 & hav+ paid him 8 respects1 said to him1 8,o mo/ illu/ri\s ,buddha1 !re is no "o t surpasses1 or t is ev5 equal to y 9 ! k ( ! law4 ,!re has nev] be51 nor w ev] be1 a be+ t c be comp>$ to y4 ,?is is :at elicits my admiration t[>ds & love = y\r p]son40 ,buddha repli$1 8,y are n mi/ak51 ,?>iputra2 bless$ are !y :o1 l y1 "k ! value & ! sci5ce ( a ,buddha40 ,desir+ to try ! wisdom ( 8 great disciple1 he add$1 8,belov$ son1 h[ d y "k t no "o c be comp>$ to me1 & t my k ( ! law is unrivall$80 ,?>iputra answ]$1 8,i h n ! k ( ! pres5t1 nor ( ! pa/ & future1 b ,i und]/& ! law2 ?r\gh y1 ,o mo/ glori\s ,buddha1 ,i h come to t und]/&+2 y h said t y h inf9ite wisdom1 h5ce ,i conclude t y "k ! pres5t1 ! pa/1 & ! future--y are to be ev] prais$2 y are mo/ excell5t1 ev] glori\s1 & free f all passions1 & !re=e to y ,i attribute all ! qualities inh]5t 9 him :o is inve/$ ) ! ,buddha%ip40 ,f ,ampaladaka ,buddha w5t to ! l>ge village ( ,nal&a1 :]e he 0 well receiv$ by ! inhabitants4 ,he prea*$ to !m & made a %ort /ay ) !m4 ,phra summon$ aga9 ,an&a to 8 pres5ce1 & direct$ him to tell ! ,rahans to be ready = a voyage1 z he desir$ to g to ! village ( ,patalie4 ,:5 he arriv$ at t place1 ! p prep>$ = him ! dzeat#b or hall1 :i* _h be5 erect$ by ! ord] ( ,k+ ,adzata?at1 = receiv+ ! ,letziwy pr9ces ( ,we?alie1 :o _h come to a conf]5ce = settl+ "s affairs ) him4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ready1 !y invit$ ,phra1 :o by 8 sil5ce te/ifi$ 8 acceptance ( _! invitation4 ,wat] to dr9k1 r9se ! m\?1 & wa% 8 h&s & feet1 0 ready4 ,buddha sat lean+ aga9/ ! c5tral po/ ( ! hall1 fac+ ! ea/4 ,8 disciples rema9$ beh9d 9 a humble po/ure1 :]eas ! p sat opposite to him1 hav+ _! faces turn$ t[>ds ! we/4 ,phra began to expla9 to ! num]\s he>]s ! dem]its & puni%m5ts att5d+ ! trespass+ ( ! precepts ( ! law1 & ! advantages res]v$ to ^? :o religi\sly obs]ve !m4 8,d>akas10 said he1 8:oev] trespasses ! moral precepts1 or is remiss 9 obs]v+ !m1 w see 8 happ9ess & =tune gradually decreas+1 & 8 good "* fall+ away4 ,he w ev] live 9 a sad /ate ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty1 & at la/1 :5 dea? %all h put an end to 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 he w fall into hell4 ,b ! lot ( ! fai?ful obs]v] ( ! great precepts %all be widely diff]5t4 ,he w obta9 ri*es & pleasures1 & ga9 an hon\rable reputation4 ,he w be welcome 9 ! assemblies ( pr9ces1 p\nhas1 & ,rahans2 d\bt %all nev] ent] 8 m9d1 & 8 dea? w op5 be=e him ! way to ! pleasant seats ( ,nats40 ,! p 7 s mu* tak5 up ) ! prea*+ t !y rema9$ 9 ! dzeat until a v late h\r4 ,at la/ !y paid _! homage to ,buddha1 rose up1 turn$ on ! "r1 & dep>t$4 ,x is 9 ! foll[+ ye> t ! same k+ built ! city ( ,patalibot or ,pataliputra1 on t same spot4 ,9 anticipation ( t ev5t1 ,buddha =etold t ! village w\ld become a great city1 :i* w\ld obta9 a r5[n$ celebrity among all o!r cities4 ,?i!r c\ntless m]*ants w\ld resort f all p>ts ( ,dzampoodipa4 ,at ! same "t he pr$ict$ ! great calamities t w\ld befall x4 ,int]nal discords1 fire1 & inundation ( ! ,ganges w\ld gradually "w out its total de/ruction4 ,9 ! morn+ ,buddha w5t to ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,ganges1 & prea*$ ! law to "s p\nhas1 :o1 9 return1 made him (f]+s & paid him mu* respect4 ,he /ood on t place z if wait+ = "s boat to cross ! mighty /ream4 ,"s ( ! p 7 look+ out = boats1 o!rs 7 busily engag$ 9 prep>+ rafts4 ,:il/ !y 7 mak+ all ! necess>y arrangem5ts1 ,buddha /ret*$ bo? arms & f\nd himself1 ) all 8 ,rahans1 on ! opposite bank4 ,turn+ 8 face 9 ! direction ( ^? :o 7 9 se>* ( boats & rafts1 he said3 8,he :o has cross$ ! sea ( passions is an ,ariah4 ,! practice ( ! great duties are ! boats & rafts :]eupon he contrives to cross ! sea ( passions4 ,he :o desires to pass a riv] wants ! aid ( rafts & boats1 :i* are made up ( diff]5t pieces ( wood jo9$ toge!r2 b he :o has become an ,ariah by ! k ( ! great roads t lead to p]fection1 weak5s all passions & extricates himself f ! :irlpool ( concupisc5ce3 he c also1 )\t ! help ( boats or rafts1 cross riv]s40 ,phra in=m$ ,an&a t he int5d$ to g to ! village ( ,kantikama4 ,hav+ rea*$ t place1 he expla9$ to ! ,rahans ! glori\s & sublime pr]ogatives ( ,ariahs4 ,!nce he pass$ ov] to ! village ( ,nadika4 ,x 0 9 t place t ,an&a ask$ him :at _h become ( a c]ta9 ,rahan1 nam$ ,?amula1 & ( a c]ta9 ,rahaness1 nam$ ,anaunda1 :o _h bo? j di$4 8,! ,rahan10 answ]$ ,buddha1 8has conqu]$ all 8 passions & obta9$ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,z to ! ,rahaness1 %e has gone to "o ( ! seats ( ,brahmas3 !nce %e w migrate to ,neibban )\t reappe>+ 9 ! _w ( passions40 ,buddha w5t to ! c\ntry ( ,we?alie ) 8 disciples1 & dwelt 9 a beautiful grove ( mango-trees4 ,!re he e>ne/ly recomm5d$ 8 disciples to h _! m9ds always att5tive & ready to engage 9 s]i\s reflections & m$itations4 ,9 ,we?alie liv$ a fam\s c\rtesan1 nam$ ,apapalika4 ,%e _h h] dwell+ 9 a beautiful place1 ne> to an ext5sive & delightful grove1 plant$ ) mango-trees4 ,%e w5t along ) o!rs to he> ! prea*+ ( ,gaudama1 :i* _h ! good effect ( dispos+ h] to make a great (f]+ to ! di/+ui%$ prea*] & 8 foll[]s4 ,buddha 0 submissively reque/$ to come on ! foll[+ day ) all ! ,rahans to receive 8 food4 ,! invitation 0 graci\sly accept$4 ,! c\rtesan ha/5$ to prep>e ! meal = ,buddha & 8 foll[]s4 ,on ! same day he prea*$ ! law to a numb] ( "y pr9ces :o _h (f]$ to supply him ) 8 meal on ! foll[+ day4 ,he refus$ to accept ! invitation1 because he _h already promis$ to ,apapalika to g to h] place = ! same purpose4 ,! pr9ces _h come 9 _! f9e/ & ri*e/ dress2 9 _! deportm5t !y vi$ 9 beauty ) ! ,nats4 ,b =esee+ ! ru9 & mis]y t 0 soon to come ^u !m all1 ,buddha exhort$ 8 disciples to ent]ta9 a ?or\gh contempt = ?+s t are dazzl+ to ! eyes1 b ess5tially p]i%able & unreal 9 _! nature4 ,! pr9ces 7 greatly disappo9t$ at ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! c\rtesan4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ,gaudama w5t to ! grove ( mango-trees1 att5d$ by all 8 ,rahans4 ,aft] ! meal1 ,apapalika pres5t$ ! grove to ,gaudama1 :o readily accept$ ! pi\s gift4 ,hav+ rema9$ a :ile on ?is spot1 ,buddha w5t to ! village ( ,weluwa1 :]e he sp5t ! =ty-fif? & ! la/ season4 ,!re he assembl$ ! ,rahans & said to !m3 8,i int5d to sp5d ! season 9 ?is place1 b y h my p]mission to g & rema9 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts40 ,! reason t induc$ him to "p = a :ile ) 8 disciples 0 ! smallness ( ! place & ! difficulty ( procur+ rice1 :il/ 9 ! contigu\s di/ricts !re 7 _m mona/]ies & an abundance ( all ! necess>ies ( life4 ,he w\ld n1 h[ev]1 all[ !m to )draw to too great a di/ance1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because he knew t 9 t5 mon?s h5ce he w\ld atta9 ! /ate ( ,neibban2 &1 second1 because he desir$ to see !m assembl$ 9 8 place sev]al times e mon?1 t he might h opportunity to prea* ! law1 & deliv] to !m 8 f9al in/ructions4 ,:il/ he 0 liv+ 9 t place ,buddha 0 visit$ ) a mo/ pa9ful di/emp]1 :i* ?rew him into a /ate ( prolong$ agony4 ,b ow+ to ! abs5ce ( 8 disciples1 & kn[+ besides t ?is 0 n ! spot he 0 to select = 8 la/ mom5ts1 he ov]came1 by 8 incomp>able p[]1 ! evil influ5ce ( ! illness1 & ent]+ soon into a /ate ( absolute trance1 he rema9$ !re9 = a :ile4 ,awak5+ f t situation1 he appe>$ anew ) 8 /r5g? & usual vig\r4 ,:5 he came out f ! mona/]y to take 8 wont$ walk1 ,an&a w5t into 8 pres5ce1 & express$ to him ! pr(\nd grief felt by all ^? :o _h he>d ( 8 illness4 8,:5 ,i saw y ill1 ,o illu/ri\s ,buddha10 said ! fai?ful ,an&a1 8,i 0 s deeply affect$ t ,i c\ld sc>cely hold up my head or draw my brea?4 ,i always *]i%$ ! hope t y w\ld n g to ,neibban ere y _h prea*$ once m ! law to u all40 8,an&a10 repli$ ,buddha1 8:y are ! ,rahans s mu* conc]n$ ab\t my p]son8 ,:at ,i h prea*$ has no ref]5ce to :at is )9 me or )\t me4 ,besides me !re is no "o else to prea* ! law4 ,7 !y n look+ ^u me z su*1 x w\ld be p]fectly useless to attempt to prea* to !m4 ,i am n[ v old2 my ye>s numb] eighty4 ,i am l an old c>t1 ! iron :eels & wood ( :i* are kept toge!r by con/ant repair+2 my e>?ly frame is kept entire & :ole by ! =ce & p[] ( trance4 ,o ,an&a1 ,i feel truly happy :5ev] ,i consid] ! /ate ( ,arahat1 :i* is ! deliv]ance f all ! mis]ies ( ?is _w1 :il/ at ! same "t x sets a be+ free & dis5tangl$ f all visible & mat]ial objects4 ,z to my disciples1 z long z my religion %all la/ !y ought to rely on !mselves1 & take refuge 9 ! law1 = !re is no o!r refuge4 ,!y w truly rely on !mselves :51 by a c>eful att5tion1 pr(\nd reflection1 & true wisdom1 !y w be b5t ^u ! de/ruction ( concupisc5ce & ang]1 & engag$ on m$itat+ ^u ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ?is body40 ,su* 7 ! in/ructions he gave to ,an&a4 ,hav+ sp5t ! season 9 ! village ( ,wel\wa1 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha desir$ to return by ! same way he _h previ\sly foll[$ to ! c\ntry ( ,?awattie4 ,hav+ arriv$ !re1 he took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! mona/]y ( ,dzetawon4#c ,! great disciple ,?>iputra1 hav+ j return$ f begg+ 8 rice1 ha/5$ to r5d] to ,buddha ! usual s]vices4 ,he swept ! place1 spread ! mat1 & wa%$ 8 feet4 ,^! duties be+ p]=m$1 he sat 9 a cross-legg$ position1 ent]$ into a /ate ( trance = a :ile1 :5ce hav+ awak5$1 he ?\ght )9 himself z foll[s3 ,has x be5 ! cu/om 9 =m] ages = ! ,buddhas to arrive fir/ at ! /ate ( ,neibban1 or = _! great disciples to prec$e !m 9 t way8 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! latt] alt]native always happ5$1 ,?>iputra exam9$ 8 own exi/5ce1 & f\nd t ! p]iod ( 8 life 0 n to ext5d beyond sev5 days4 ,he next consid]$ :at place 0 ! fitte/ = him to dep>t f & g to ,neibban4 ,! remembrance ( 8 "m occurr$ to 8 m9d1 & he said to himself1 ,my "m has giv5 bir? to sev5 ,rah&as1 & %e has n z yet tak5 refuge 9 ! ?ree preci\s ?+s--,buddha1 ! law1 & ! assembly ( ! p]fect4 ,is %e capable ( und]/&+ & kn[+ ! f\r ways to p]fection8 ,yes1 %e is inde$4 ,b :o is de/9$ to prea* to h]8 ,i am ! p]son :o ought to p]=m su* a good (fice to h]4 ,i w g1 tea* h]1 &1 by my in/ructions1 make h] r5\nce h] false belief & embrace ! true "o4 ,! v room ,i 0 born 9 %all be ! spot :]efrom ,i %all dep>t = ! re/ ( ,neibban4 ,on ?is day ,i w ask ,buddha's leave to g to my bir?place4 ,hav+ come to ?is resolution1 he call$ ! fai?ful ,ts&a1 & said to him1 8,g & summon my five hundr$ ,rahans to att5d at my place40 ,ts&a dep>t$ =?)1 & said to ! ,rahans1 8,! great ,?>iputra desires to g to ! village ( ,nal&a2 be ready to accompany him2 arrange ev]y?+ 9 y\r own place1 take up y\r pattas & tsiw>ans40 ,! five hundr$ ,rahans imm$iately compli$ ) ! reque/1 & 7 ready to foll[ _! ma/]4 ,?>iputra1 hav+ dispos$ ev]y?+ 9 8 own cell1 rose up1 & ca/+ an att5tive & s]i\s look ^u ! place he 0 wont to sit on dur+ ! day1 he said1 8,?is is ! la/ "t ,i w ev] see ?is place2 nev] w ,i any m ent] into ?is cell40 ,!reupon he left ! spot foll[$ by ! five hundr$ ,rahans1 w5t to ! pres5ce ( ,gaudama1 & humbly reque/$ p]mission to g & quietly ent] into ! /ate ( ,neibban1 & !reby be deliv]$ f ! :irlpool ( endless exi/5ces4 ,gaudama ask$ him 9 :at place he int5d$ to obta9 ,neibban8 ,?>iputra repli$3 8,9 ! c\ntry ( ,maga?a1 9 ! village ( ,nal&a1#d 9 ! v room :]e ,i 0 born40 8,y alone1 ,o ,?>iputra10 said ,buddha1 8"k ! "t ( y\r ent]+ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,z x is difficult1 if n impossible1 ev] to f9d among all my disciples "o l unto y1 ,i desire y to prea* once m to ! assembly ( ,rahans40 ,?>iputra1 kn[+ t ,buddha wi%$ him at ! same "t to %[ a display ( 8 p[]1 pro/rat$ himself be=e him1 !n rose up 9 ! air to ! height ( "o palm-tree1 & came d[n to wor%ip ,buddha4 ,he rose sev5 times 9 succession1 ea* "t high] by ! l5g? ( a palm-tree ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,on ! la/ "t he /ood 9 ! air = a :ile1 & ann\nc$ ! law to ! multitude ( ,rahans & p2 !n com+ d[n1 he submissively reque/$ ,buddha to )draw into ! int]ior ( ! mona/]y4 ,buddha1 comply+ ) 8 wi%es1 ent]$ into a hall /udd$ ) diamonds4 ,?>iputra1 hav+ b[$ t[>ds ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 said3 8,o mo/ glori\s ,buddha1 a hundr$ ?\s&s ( worlds ago ,i 0 pro/rat$ at ! feet ( ,buddha ,anaumada?i1 & e>ne/ly pray$ t ,i might enjoy ! happ9ess ( see+ all successive ,buddhas t w\ld appe> dur+ ! p]iod ( my c\ntless exi/5ces4 ,my pray] has be5 he>d1 & n[ ,i contemplate y1 ,o mo/ glori\s ,buddha1 & x is ! la/ "t t ,i w ev] enjoy y\r pres5ce4 ,n[1 ,o ,buddha1 wor?y to be ador$ by all rational be+s1 ,i w soon be free f ! ?raldom ( exi/5ces1 & ?is exi/5ce %all be ! la/2 ?is my pro/ration be=e y %all be ! la/4 ,! end ( my life is ne> at h&3 sev5 days h5ce1 l a man :o rids himself ( a heavy load1 ,i w be fre$ f ! heavy burd5 ( my body40 ,he rais$ 8 jo9$ h&s to 8 =ehead1 & f ! extremities ( 8 t5 f+]s rays ( glory %ot =?4 ,9 ?is position he b[$ to ,buddha1 & )draw+ sl[ly1 ) 8 face t[>ds ,buddha1 he cont9u$ b[+ d[n z long z he c\ld see him1 because x 0 = ! la/ "t4 ,:5 ,buddha 0 out ( sight he took 8 dep>ture4 ,at ! same "t ! e>? trembl$ ) a trem5d\s %ake4 ,buddha said to ! ,rahans t surr\nd$ ,?>iputra3 8,belov$ *ildr51 y\r eld] bro!r is dep>t+2 accompany him = a :ile40 ,! p1 too1 he>+ t ,?>iputra 0 go+ away1 came =w>d1 & ga!r+ 9 l>ge cr[ds1 said to ea* o!r3 8,! great ,?>iputra1 hav+ obta9$ leave f ,buddha1 is go+ to prep>e himself = ! /ate ( ,neibban2 let u foll[ him1 t we may /ill enjoy 8 pres5ce40 ,:]eupon tak+ fl[]s & p]fumes 9 _! h&s1 !y ran 9 ! direction he _h tak51 ) di%evell$ hair1 cry+ al\d1 ) te>s & lam5tations1 8,:]e is ,?>iputra80 ,hav+ come up to him1 !y said3 8,illu/ri\s ,rahan1 y h left ,buddha2 :om d y n[ int5d to jo980 ,?>iputra1 full ( ! mo/ affectionate feel+s t[>ds ! p1 mildly desir$ !m n to accompany him f>!r1 & he add$ a few la/ words1 enjo9+ ^u !m ev] to rememb] ,buddha & ! ,rahans4 ,dur+ ! sev5 days t 8 j\rney la/$1 ,?>iputra nev] ceas$ to praise & exalt ! affection & k9dness ! p bore to him4 ,x 0 a little be=e d>k :5 ! great ,rahan arriv$ at ! entrance ( ! ,nal&a village4 ,he w5t to re/ at ! foot ( a banyan-tree close to t spot4 ,at t "t !re came a "y man1 8 nephew1 nam$ ,oop>ewata1 :o1 p]ceiv+ ,?>iputra1 b[$ d[n be=e him1 & /ood 9 t place4 ,! great ,rahan said to him3 8,is y\r gr&mo!r at home80 ,hav+ be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 he cont9u$ address+ him3 8,g n[ to h]1 & tell h] to prep>e = me ! room :]e9 ,i 0 born1 & a place = ^! five hundr$ ,rahans t accompany me4 ,i w /ay = a:ile 9 ! village1 & w g to h] h\se some:at lat]40 ,! lad w5t 9 all ha/e to 8 gr&mo!r's h\se1 & said to h]3 8,my uncle is come1 & is /ay+ at ! entrance ( ! village40 8,is he alone80 inquir$ ! gr&mo!r1 8or has he ) him a num]\s ret9ue8 ,= :at purpose is he com+ "h80 ,! "y man relat$ to h] all ! p>ticul>s ( 8 int]view ) 8 uncle4 ,noopa?>i1 ! "m ( ,?>iputra1 ?\ght )9 h]self1 ,p]haps my son1 :o has be5 a ,rahan f 8 y\?1 desires 9 8 old age to leave 8 pr(ession4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 gave ord]s to h ! desir$ room clean$1 & a place prep>$ = all 8 att5dants4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ! great disciple w5t to 8 "m's h\se ) all 8 foll[]s4 ,he asc5d$ to ! room prep>$ = him & re/$ !re94 ,he bade all ! ,rahans )draw & leave him alone4 ,!y _h sc>cely dep>t$1 :5 a mo/ viol5t disease seiz$ ,?>iputra1 :i* caus$ an abundant vomit+ ( blood1 s great1 inde$1 t ! vessel into :i* x fl[$ c\ld n hold x4 ,8 "m1 at ! sight ( su* an awful di/emp]1 did n d>e to approa*1 b retir$1 ) a brok5 he>t1 into h] own room1 & lean$ aga9/ ! door4 ,at t "t1 f\r great ,nats1 a ,?agia _! *ief1 & f\r ,brahmas1 came to see him1 & to m9i/] to him dur+ 8 pa9ful illness2 b he bade !m retire4 ,8 "m1 see+ ! com+ & go+ ( s _m di/+ui%$ visitors1 & ! respect !y paid to h] son1 drew ne> to ! door ( 8 room1 & call+ ! fai?ful ,ts&a1 inquir$ ( him :]e=e s _m di/+ui%$ individuals _h come4 ,ts&a expla9$ to h] t ! great ,nats & a *ief ,?agia _h come to visit & assi/ h] son1 & enjoy ! pres5ce ( ! great ,rahan4 ,mean:ile he in=m$ ! pati5t t 8 "m wi%$ to see him4 ,?>iputra repli$1 t ! mom5t 0 n a prop] "o1 & he ask$ 8 "m ! motive ( h] untimely visit4 8,belov$ son10 said %e1 8,i am come "h to contemplate y\r ev] de> c\nt5ance4 ,b :o are !y t h j come to see y80 ,?>iputra expla9$ to h] h[ he _h be5 visit$ by ,nats1 ,?agias1 & ,brahmas4 ,8 "m inquir+ ( him if he 7 great] ?an any "o ( ^!1 he unhesitat+ly repli$1 t he 0 m excell5t ?an any ( !m4 ,8 "m ?\ght )9 h]self3 ,if my son be s exalt$1 h[ mu* m mu/ ,buddha be6 ,h] he>t !n ov]fl[$ ) ! pure/ joy4 ,?>iputra rightly und]/ood t ! mom5t _h come to prea* ! law to 8 "m4 ,he said to h]1 8,woman1 at ! "t my great tea*] 0 born1 :5 he obta9$ ! supreme intellig5ce1 & prea*$ ! mo/ excell5t law1 a great e>?quake 0 felt ?r\gh\t t5 ?\s& worlds4 ,no "o has ev] equall$ him 9 ! practice ( virtue1 9 und]/&+1 wisdom1 & 9 ! k ( & affection = ! transc5d5t excell5cies ( ! /ate ( ,arahat40 ,he !n w5t on expla9+ to h] ! law1 & _m p>ticul>s relat+ to ! p]son ( ,buddha4 8,belov$ son10 said 8 "m1 delight$ ) all t %e he>d1 8:y h y be5 s late 9 acqua9t+ me ) su* a p]fect law80 ,at ! conclusion ( ! in/ruction1 %e atta9$ ! /ate ( ,?autapan4 ,?>iputra repli$1 8,n[1 woman1 ,i h repaid y = all ! lab\rs y h be/[$ on me 9 be>+1 nurs+1 & educat+ me2 dep>t f me & leave me alone40#e ,?>iputra inquir$ ( ! devot$ ,ts&a :e!r ! mom5t _h come4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ t x 0 ne>ly daylight1 he reque/$ to be set up4 ,by 8 ord] all ! ,rahans 7 call$ to 8 pres5ce1 & he said to !m1 8,= ! la/ =ty-f\r ye>s y h ev] be5 ) me2 if ,i h (f5d$ any "o ( y dur+ all t "t1 ,i beg to be p>don$40 ,! ,rahans answ]$ him3 8,great tea*]1 we h liv$ ) y dur+ ! la/ =ty-f\r ye>s1 & h be5 y\r insep>able att5dants1 foll[+ y ev]y:]e1 z ! %ad[ foll[s ! body4 ,we h nev] exp]i5c$ ! lea/ dissatisfaction ) y1 b we h to reque/ y\r =be>ance ) u & p>don = ourselves40 ,x 0 on ! ev5+ ( ! full moon ,tatsaongmon 7,novemb]71 :5 ,?>iputra w5t to 8 "m's place1 & lay d[n 9 ! room :]e9 he _h be5 born4 ,dur+ ! night he 0 attack$ ) ! mo/ di/ress+ di/emp]4 ,9 ! morn+1 at daylight1 he 0 habit$ ) 8 tsiw>an & made to lie on 8 "r side4 ,he ent]$ into a sort ( ec/asy1 pass$ successively f ! fir/ /ate ( ,dzan to ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r?1 & !nce div$ into ! bottomless /ate ( ,neibban1 :i* is ! complete exemption f ! influ5ce ( passions & matt]4 ,noopa?>i1 ba!d 9 h] te>s1 gave full v5t to h] grief & desolation4 8,alas60 exclaim$ %e1 look+ on ! lifeless body1 8is ?is my belov$ son8 ,8 m\? c no m utt] a s\nd40 ,ris+ up1 %e flung h]self at 8 feet1 & ) a voice ev] int]rupt$ by sobs & lam5tations1 said1 8,alas6 belov$ son1 too late h ,i kn[n ! treasure ( p]fections & excell5cies t 0 9 y4 ,_h ,i be5 aw>e ( x1 ,i w\ld h invit$ to my h\se m ?an t5 ?\s& ,rahans1 f$ !m1 & made a pres5t ( ?ree suits ( dresses to ea* ( !m4 ,i w\ld h built a hundr$ mona/]ies to receive !m40 ,day#f hav+ dawn$1 %e s5t = ! mo/ skilful goldsmi?s1 op5$ h] *e/s1 & gave !m a great quantity ( gold4 ,by h] comm&1 five hundr$ small pia?ats & z _m dz$is 7 prep>$3 ! outsides 7 all cov]$ ) gold leaves4 ,! great ,?agia s5t d[n on ! spot a numb] ( ,nats1 :o made also ! same numb] ( religi\s ornam5ts4 ,9 ! middle ( ! city a high squ>e t[] 0 erect$2 f its c5tre a tall spire rose to an imm5se height4 ,?is pr9cipal "o 0 surr\nd$ by a great numb] ( small] ones4 ,m5 & ,nats m+l$ toge!r1 unit+ 9 _! endeav\rs to d hon\r to ! deceas$4 ,! :ole place 0 l9$ ) c\ntless be+s1 vie+ ) ea* o!r 9 _! ef=ts to %[ ! utmo/ respect1 joy1 & exultation on ?is extraord9>y occasion4 ,! nurse ( ,?>iputra1 nam$ ,rewati1 came & deposit$ r\nd ! mortal rema9s ?ree gold5 fl[]s4 ,at t v mom5t ! great ,?agia made 8 appe>ance1 surr\nd$ ) myriads ( ,nats4 ,z soon z ! multitudes p]ceiv$ him1 !y )drew ha/ily to make room = him4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! confusion1 ,rewati fell d[n1 0 trampl$ ^u1 & di$4 ,%e migrat$ to ! =tunate seat ( ,tawade9?a1 became a daught] ( ,nats1 & inhabit$ a ni*e made ) ! mo/ consummate skill1 & adorn$ ) ! ri*e/ mat]ials4 ,h] body %one l a beautiful /atue ( gold1 & 0 ?ree gawoots tall4 ,h] dress exce$$ 9 ri*ness1 v>iety1 & beauty all t _h ev] be5 hi!rto se54 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ,rewati came f h] glori\s seat to ! spot :]e cr[ds ( p surr\nd$ ! body ( ! deceas$4 ,%e approa*$ ) ! dignifi$ c\nt5ance & maje/ic be>+ ( a que5 ( ,nats4 ,no "o recognis$ h]1 ?\gh ! eyes ( all 7 rivet$ on h] p]son1 encompass$ ) ! spl5d\r ( ,nats4 ,:ile all ! spectators1 ov]aw$ by ! pres5ce ( t cele/ial be+1 rema9$ motionless ) a sil5t admiration1 ,rewati said to !m1 8,h[ is x t none ( y recognise me8 ,i am ,rewati1 ! nurse ( ! great ,?>iputra4 ,to ! (f]+ ( ! ?ree gold5 fl[]s made by me & plac$ at ! feet ( ! mortal rema9s ( ! great ,rahan1 ,i am indebt$ = ! glory & spl5d\r ( my pres5t position40 ,%e expla9$ at great l5g? ! advantages procur$ by do+ m]itori\s actions4 ,hav+ /ood = a:ile above ! c5otaph1 :]eupon !y _h deposit$ ! body ( ! deceas$1 %e came d[n1 turn$ ?ree times r\nd x1 b[+ d[n ea* "t1 & !n return$ to ! blissful seat ( ,tawade9?a4 ,dur+ sev5 consecutive days1 rejoic+s1 danc+s1 & amusem5ts ( e description 7 un9t]rupt$ly kept up 9 hon\r ( ! illu/ri\s deceas$4 ,! fun]al pile 0 made ( sc5t$ wood2 ^u x !y scatt]$ pr(usely ! mo/ r>e & fragrant p]fumes4 ,! pile 0 n9ety-n9e cubits high4 ,! corpse hav+ be5 plac$ ^u x1 fire 0 set to x by means ( /r+s made ( fl[]s & combu/ibles4 ,dur+ ! :ole night t ! c]emony la/$1 !re 0 a con/ant prea*+ ( ! law4 ,anoor\da ext+ui%$ ! fire ) p]fum$ wat]4 ,ts&a c>efully & pi\sly collect$ ! rema9+ relics1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 a filt]4 8,n[10 said he1 8,i w g to ,buddha ) ^! relics1 & lay !m 9 8 pres5ce40 ,) 8 companion ,anoor\da1 he took1 toge!r ) ! relics1 ! patta & tsiw>an ( ! deceas$1 & return$ to ,buddha to relate to him all ! p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! la/ mom5ts ( 8 great disciple4 ,ts&a 0 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ! great ,?>iputra4 ,x 0 to him t ! hon\r belong$ ( be+ ! p]son select$ to convey to ,buddha ! preci\s relics4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he _h come to ! mona/]y1 he 0 unwill+ to g alone into ,buddha's pres5ce4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,an&a1 8 intimate fri5d1 & said to him1 8,my bro!r ,?>iputra has obta9$ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,"h are ! patta1 tsiw>an1 & relics10 exhibit+ be=e him1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ^? preci\s articles4 ,bo? w5t toge!r to ,buddha's place1 & laid at 8 feet ! patta1 tsiw>an1 & relics ( ! great disciple4 ,buddha1 plac+ ! relics on ! palm ( 8 "r h&1 call$ all ! ,rahans & said to !m1 8,belov$ ,rahans1 ?is is all t rema9s ( "o :o1 a few days ago1 0 p]=m+ wond]s 9 y\r pres5ce1 & has n[ rea*$ ! /ate ( ,neibban1 some?+ resembl+ a pure :ite %ell4 ,dur+ an a ?+ie & hundr$ ?\s&s ( worlds1 he has p]fect$ himself by ! practice ( virtue4 ,belov$ *ildr51 he c\ld prea* ! law l ano!r ,buddha4 ,he knew h[ to ga9 fri5ds2 cr[ds ( p foll[$ him to he> 8 in/ructions4 ,except+ me1 no "o 9 t5 ?\s& worlds 0 equal to him4 ,8 wisdom 0 at once great & *e]ful1 8 m9d quick & p5etrat+4 ,he knew h[ to re/ra9 8 desires1 & to be easily satisfi$ ) little4 ,he lov$ retirem5t4 ,he sev]ely rebuk$ evil-do]s4 ,belov$ *ildr51 ,?>iputra r5\nc$ all pleasures & gratifications to become a ,rahan2 he always %unn$ /rifes & cont5tions1 z well z long & idle conv]sations4 ,8 pati5t zeal = ! diffusion ( my religion equall$ ! ?ickness ( ! globe4 ,he 0 l a bull1 ! horns ( :i* h be5 brok54 ,my belov$ ,rahans1 look once m at ! relics ( my wise son1 ,?>iputra40 ,buddha 9 ?is mann] eulogis$ ! virtues ( ! illu/ri\s deceas$ 9 five hundr$ /anzas4#g ,on he>+ all t ,buddha _h said to hon\r ! memory ( ,?>iputra1 ,an&a 0 fill$ ) s5tim5ts ( ! t5d]e/ emotion4 ,he c\ld n refra9 f %$d+ abundant te>s4 ,buddha quickly rem>k$ all t 0 tak+ place 9 8 fai?ful & lov+ att5dant1 & said to him1 8,an&a1 on =m] occasions ,i h1 9 my prea*+s1 endeav\r$ to %elt] y\r s\l f ! impressions caus$ by su* & l emotions4 ,two ?+s c alone keep u sep>at$ f fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 c41--9 a ^w1 f all t we mo/ *]i%1 viz41 dea? & di/ance4 ,i1 ?\gh a ,buddha1 h be5 expos$ to all ^? *anges br\ght on by di/ance :5 ,i practis$ ! great virtues 9 ! solitude1 :5 ,i display$ wond]s & sp5t a season 9 ! seat ( ,tawade9?a4 ,9 ^? circum/ances1 di/ance kept me f> f all ^? t 7 de>e/ to me4 ,w\ld x n h be5 consid]$ z useless1 if n unbecom+1 to %$ te>s ei!r on my acc\nt or t ( o!rs8 ,c !re ev] be a "t :5 any1 h[ pa9ful soev]1 occurr5ce may w>rant wail+ & lam5t+80 ,) ^! & o!r consid]ations1 ,buddha soo!d ! affliction ( ,an&a1 & fill$ 8 s\l ) consolations4 ,buddha1 to complete1 z x 71 ! "w ( praises 9 fav\r ( 8 great disciple1 caus$ a dz$i to be erect$ 9 8 hon\r ne> ! entrance ( ! ,dzetawon mona/]y4 ,hav+ satisfi$ ! sacr$ duty ( gratitude t[>ds ! greate/ ( 8 disciples1 ,gaudama resolv$ to leave ! mona/]y ( ,dzetawon = ! c\ntry ( ,radzagio4 ,an&a 01 z usual1 direct$ to in=m ! ,rahans to hold !mselves ready = imm$iate dep>ture4 ,! mo/ excell5t ,phra hav+ rea*$ ,radzagio1 :i* he 0 to visit = ! la/ "t1 took 8 abode into ! ,welo[on mona/]y4 ,he _h n /ay$ long 9 t place :5 ! o!r great disciple1 ,maukalan1 w5t to ,neibban4 ,"h are ! p>ticul>s respect+ ! la/ mom5ts ( ! illu/ri\s companion ( ,?>iputra4 ,! het]odox ,rahans1 :o liv$ 9 a /ate ( complete nak$ness1 7 extremely jeal\s ( ! popul>ity ( ,buddha1 & covet$ ! abundant alms t 7 (f]$ to him & 8 disciples4 ,maukalan1 :o 0 liv+ on ! ,isigili m\nta91 9 ! cave ( ! d>k rock1 0 suppos$1 on acc\nt ( 8 great atta9m5ts & pr(\nd sci5ce1 to be ! cause ( ! great respect ! p paid to 8 ma/]4 ,!y resolv$ to kill him4 ,= t purpose !y arm$ five hundr$ robb]s1 & gave !m "o ?\s& pieces ( silv] to p]petrate ! horrible crime4 ,! assass9s w5t twice to ! cave2 b _! victim twice escap$ _! fury4 ,at la/1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( a =m] bad de$1 ,maukalan resign$ himself into ! h&s ( ! ruffians1 :o put him to dea?4 ,!y beat him s sev]ely1 t 8 lifeless rema9s 7 no m ?an a heap ( mangl$ fle%1 :i* !y ?rew into ! mid/ ( bu%es4 ,! news ( ! appall+ murd] spread rapidly ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,k+ ,adzata?at _h ! murd]]s arre/$4 ,hav+ kn[n f _! own confession t ! nak$ ,rahans 7 ! in/igators ( ! murd]1 he _h !m likewise arre/$4 ,9 front ( 8 palace he ord]$ "o ?\s& holes to be dug2 9 ea* hole a crim9al 0 sunk up to 8 navel4 ,all ! gr\nd 0 !n ov]spread ) /raw1 :i* be+ set fire to1 all ! wret*es soon p]i%$4 ,on he>+ su* news ! disciples 7 greatly griev$1 & ask$ ea* o!r :at might h be5 ! cause :i* _h br\ght ! ag$ ,maukalan to su* a cruel end4 ,buddha1 appe>+ sudd5ly among !m1 said1 8,belov$ sons1 :at is ! subject ( y\r conv]sation80 ,!y repli$ t !y 7 conv]s+ on ! tragical dea? ( _! great companion4 8,i decl>e unto y10 retort$ ,buddha1 8t ,maukalan has met a well-m]it$ dea?4 ,9 "o ( 8 =m] exi/5ces1 my belov$ son1 at ! in/igation ( 8 wife1 misl$ 8 ag$ & bl9d p>5ts into a =e/1 :]e1 leav+ !m alone1 he w5t away = a:ile4 ,on 8 return1 affect+ ! mann]s & voice ( a highwayman1 he kill$ 8 p>5ts1 & ?rew _! bodies into a ?icket4 ,= ?is crime he has suff]$ ! torm5ts ( hell dur+ "o ?\s& ye>s1 & has _h to und]go ! cruel dea? t has put an end to 8 la/ exi/5ce40 ,hav+ ?us spok51 he ord]$ t a dz$i %\ld be erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,maukalan ne> ! gate ( ! ,welo[on mona/]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,voyage to ,we?alie--,la/ temptation ( ,manh--,causes ( e>?quake--,new in/ructions to ! ,rahans--,la/ meal ( ,buddha--,8 pa9ful di/emp]--,8 conv]sation ) "o ( ! ,malla pr9ces--,sign =e%[+ ,buddha's com+ dea?--,arrival 9 ! ,koo!9>on =e/--,buddha lays himself on 8 c\*--,wond]s att5d+ t ev5t--,in/ructions to ,an&a--,eulogium ( ,an&a by ,buddha--,conv]sion ( ,?\bat--,la/ words ( ,buddha to ! ,rahans--,8 dea?4 ,hav+ left ,radzagio ,buddha intimat$ to ,an&a t he wi%$ to return to ,we?alie4 ,on 8 way to ! "r bank ( ! ,ganges1 he arriv$ at a place call$ ,oukkatsela1 :]e he prea*$ on ! dea? ( 8 two greate/ disciples4 ,!nce he cross$ ! mighty /ream & %ap$ 8 c\rse t[>ds ,we?alie4 ,on ! day t he ent]$ ! city he w5t 9 que/ ( 8 food4 ,hav+ p>tak5 ( :at he _h receiv$1 he call$ ,an&a1 bade him take 8 mat & cu%ion1 & foll[ him to ! ,tsapala dz$i1 :]e he int5d$ to sp5d a "p ( ! day4 ,comply+ ) ! comm&1 ,an&a foll[$ ,buddha1 & ) him w5t to ! beautiful site ( ,tsapala1 to ! place prep>$ = 8 ma/]4 ,an&a approa*$ ,phra1 &1 respectfully pro/rat$1 said to him1 8,?is is1 inde$1 a v agreeable place40 ,:]eupon ,buddha1 rejoic+1 prais$ ! diff]5t sites ( t c\ntry :i* 7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,we?alie city1 z well z ! dz$is t adorn$ !m1 & add$1 8,an&a1 e wise p]son ought to be e>ne/ 9 p]fect+ himself 9 ! f\r laws ( edeipat4 ,hav+ advanc$ 9 ! practice ( ^! laws1 he c1 if he *oose to d s1 rema9 9 a /ate ( fixity dur+ a :ole revolution ( nature1 & ev5 m4 ,i1 ! ,buddha1 h become p]fect 9 ^? laws1 & ,i may rema9 z ,i am n[ dur+ an innum]able numb] ( ye>s40 ,?ree times ! same words 7 repeat$4 ,b ,an&a1 entangl$ z yet 9 ! me%es ( ! tempt] ,manh ,nat1 rema9$ pro/rat$ be=e ,buddha4 ,x nev] came to 8 m9d to entreat him to rema9 long] on e>? = ! b5efit ( mortals1 :o w\ld d]ive ! greate/ advantages f 8 pres5ce4 ,at t "t ,an&a rose up1 ) 8 m9d tr\bl$ by ! influ5ce ( ! evil "o1 )drew f ,buddha's pres5ce & w5t to ! foot ( a tree at a small di/ance4 ,he _h sc>cely left ,buddha alone :5 ! ,nat ,manh1 p]ceiv+ t ,buddha rema9$ alone = a:ile1 approa*$ ne> 8 p]son1 & keep+ at a respectful di/ance1 said to him1 8,great1 illu/ri\s1 & glori\s ,phra1 :o prea*e/ an excell5t law1 x is n[ "t = y to ent] into ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,y said 9 =m] times1 t z long z y\r disciples 7 n mu* advanc$ 9 k1 z long z !y _h n obta9$ a ?or\gh comm& ov] _! he>t1 m\?1 & s5ses1 z long z !y 7 /ill want+ 9 firmness & dilig5ce = he>+ & und]/&+ ! law1 or unequal to ! task ( prea*+ ! law1 y w\ld n g to ,neibban4 ,n[ ! ,rahans1 memb]s ( ! assembly & y\r disciples1 bo? males & females1 are ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 all ! p>ts ( ! law2 !y are firm 9 controll+ _! passions2 !y c prea* ! law to ! o!r mortals2 ! ,nats & ,brahmas h he>d y\r prea*+s1 & c\ntless numb]s among !m h obta9$ ! deliv]ance2 ! "t1 !re=e1 is come = y to ent] into ! /ate ( ,neibban40 ,buddha kn[+ ! wick$ "o1 ) 8 evil dispositions1 repli$1 8,ha6 wret*$ ,manh1 d n conc]n y\rself ab\t me4 ,ere long ,i w g to ,neibban40 ,:il/ he 0 ne> ! dz$i ( ,tsapala1 ,buddha1 9 a mom5t ( p]fect calmness ( m9d1 ent]$ into a sort ( extraord9>y /ate ( contemplation1 9 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 he ma/]$ completely ! pr9ciples ( life1 & appe>$ z if he _h ab&on$ life4 ,b x ought n to be und]/ood t he p>t$ ) life1 z a man lets g a /one t he has 9 8 h&s2 b he e/rang$ himself f ! mat]ial life1 r5\nc$ x1 & plac$ himself beyond ! rea* ( ! influ5ce t produces rew>d 9 ! mat]ial or immat]ial seats1 & above t o!r influ5ce :i*1 procur+ m]its or dem]its1 keeps a be+ 9 ! :irlpool ( transmigration4 ,z a mighty w>rior on ! battle-field ?r[s d[n e b>ri] or ob/acle t he meets1 s ,buddha broke d[n all ! ties t _h hi!rto l9k$ him to ! /ate ( exi/5ce4#h ,at t v in/ant ! e>? trembl$ ) su* viol5ce t x caus$ ! hairs ( "o's head to /& on end4 ,!n he said to all pres5t1 8,i am deliv]$ f ! influ5ce ( ! _w ( matt]1 ( ! _w ( passions1 & f e influ5ce t causes ! migration f "o exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,i enjoy n[ a p]fect calm ( m9d2 l ! mighty w>rior :o on ! field ( battle has conqu]$ all 8 enemies1 ,i h triumph$ ov] all passions4 ,i h ma/]$ exi/5ce itself by de/roy+ ! pr9ciple t causes x40 ,^! words 7 utt]$ by ,phra1 le/ p]haps "s p might inf] t he ent]$ into ! extraord9>y /ate on :i* he ma/]$ ! elem5ts ( life1 f fe> caus$ by ! language ( ! tempt]1 invit+ him to g =?) to ,neibban4 ,an&a1 hav+ felt ! e>?quake1 respectfully approa*$ ,buddha & pro/rat$ himself be=e him4 ,)draw+ !n to a becom+ di/ance1 he ask$ him ! causes t produce ! extraord9>y & t]rify+ ph5om5on ( e>?quakes4 8,my son10 answ]$ ,buddha1 8eight causes make ! e>? tremble3 #a/1 ,! e>? lies on a mass ( wat]1 :i* re/s on ! air1 & ! air on space2 :5 ! air is set 9 motion1 x %akes ! wat]1 :i* 9 its turn %akes ! e>?2 #b;d1 any be+ gift$ ) extraord9>y p[]s2 #c;d1 ! conception ( ,phralaong = 8 la/ exi/5ce2 #d?1 8 bir?2 #e?1 8 becom+ a ,buddha2 #f?1 8 prea*+ ! law ( ! :eel2 #g?1 8 ma/]+ & r5\nc+ exi/5ce2 #h?1 8 obta9+ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,^! are ! eight causes ( e>?quakes4 ,an&a1 a little :ile aft] hav+ become a ,buddha1 ,i 0 9 ! solitude ( ,ouro[ela1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,n]itz>a1 "u ! %ade ( a banyan-tree plant$ by "s %eph]ds4 ,! wick$ ,nat came into my pres5ce & reque/$ me to g =?) to ,neibban4 ,i refus$ !n to comply ) 8 dem&1 & said to him1 #8,wret*$ ,manh1 my disciples1 memb]s ( ! assembly1 ei!r males or females1 ! believ]s1 ei!r m5 or wom51 h n yet acquir$ suffici5t k1 prud5ce1 & p5etration1 c\rage1 & resolution4 ,!y h n be5 z yet prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 ! mo/ ess5tial & highe/ articles ( ! law2 !y are unable to tea* o!rs3 my religion is n yet re/+ on a /rong f\ndation4 ,! "t1 !re=e1 is n yet come = me to ent] into ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,n[1 ne> ?is v dz$i ( ,tsapala1 he has come anew & told me ! same ?+4 ,d n tr\ble y\rself1 mis]able wret*1 h ,i said to him2 ?ree mon?s h5ce1 ,i w obta9 ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,on ?is occasion ,i h fall5 into ! /ate 9 :i* ,i h ma/]$ ! pr9ciples ( life by ! means ( ! f\r laws ( edeipat4'0#i ,an&a said to ,phra3 8,illu/ri\s ,buddha1 please to rema9 dur+ a :ole ,kalpa 9 ?is _w = ! b5efit ( m51 ,nats1 & ,brahmas40 8,an&a10 repli$ ,phra1 8y\r pres5t reque/ is too late & _c be grant$40 ,?ree times ! fai?ful disciple begg$ ( 8 great tea*] ?is fav\r1 & ?ree times he receiv$ ! same refusal4 8,d y believe1 ,o ,an&a1 t ,i "k ! f\r ways t lead to sci5ce & wisdom1 & t ,i am p]fect 9 ! f\r laws ( edeipat80 8,i d believe x10 answ]$ ,an&a4 8,d y recollect1 ,o ,an&a1 t a little :ile ago ,i said to y ?ree times t he :o 0 p]fect 9 ! laws ( edeipat c\ld rema91 if he *ose1 dur+ an entire ,kalpa 9 ?is _w8 ,i add$ t ,i 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ^! f\r laws2 b y rema9$ sil5t1 & made no dem& ( me to rema9 long] 9 ?is _w4 ,! "t = mak+ ?is reque/ is n[ irrevocably pa/4 ,! t]m ( my life is = ev] fix$ly det]m9$4 ,n[1 ,an&a1 let u g to ,mahawon ,kootag>a 9 ! =e/ ( ! sala-trees40 ,hav+ rea*$ ! place & /ay$ !re9 = a few days1 he desir$ 8 fai?ful att5dant to g to ,we?alie & assemble all ! ,rahans 9 ! ,gnyipoora hall4 ,:5 !y _h all assembl$ 9 t place1 ,an&a in=m$ ,buddha t 8 ord] _h be5 duly execut$4 ,phra w5t to ! hall1 & sat 9 ! place prep>$ = him4 ,he !n1 address+ ! assembly1 said3 8,my belov$ *ildr51 ! law :i* my supreme wisdom has discov]$1 ,i h ann\nc$ = y\r b5efit & advantage4 ,y h att5tively & p]sev]+ly li/5$ to x1 firmly adh]$ to its t5ets1 & zeal\sly propagat$ !m4 ,n[ my religion %all la/ = a long p]iod1 & prove ! s\rce ( great bless+s to all ,nats4 ,b to ! end t my religion may la/ long1 %9e =? ) spl5d\r1 & be productive ( incalculable b5efits1 x is necess>y t great att5tion %\ld be paid to ! ?irty-sev5 laws f :i* all good works proce$4#aj ,^! laws y h be5 acqua9t$ ) by my prea*+s2 x is to y to ann\nce !m to all be+s4 ,m$itate ) unremitt+ att5tion on ! pr9ciples ( *ange & mutability4 ,z to me1 ere long ,i w g to ,neibban2 ?ree mon?s m1 & ?is la/ drama %all be ov]40 ,9 ! morn+ ,buddha1 putt+ on 8 dress1 w5t out to beg 8 food1 c>ry+ ! patta on 8 left arm4 ,:5 he _h eat5 8 meal1 he look$ ) ! /ead9ess ( an elephant ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! reason :y he ca/ a look l an elephant ov] ,we?alie is1 z he expla9$ x to ,an&a1 ! foll[+3--,! neck-bone ( all ,buddhas is n l ! l9ks ( a *a91 b consi/s ( "o s+le solid bone3 h5ce :5 !y wi% to consid] "s object ly+ beh9d !y _c turn _! heads backw>ds1 b ! :ole body1 l t ( ! elephant1 mu/ foll[ ! same motion4 ,on ?is & o!r occasions ( ?is k9d1 our ,buddha _h n to make any ef=t1 b ! e>? turn+ r\nd1 l ! :eel ( ! pott]1 br\ght ! object to be look$ at be=e him4 ,! great city ( ,we?alie 0 )9 ?ree ye>s to be de/roy$ by ,k+ ,adzata?at4 ,z ,buddha _h always receiv$ _m m>ks ( respect & att5tion f ! inhabitants ( t city1 he felt ! greate/ commis]ation = !m4 ,8 la/ glance 0 a sorr[ful f>ewell he bade to ! devot$ city4 ,?is is ! motive t induc$ ,buddha to ca/ a la/ look ov] x4 ,buddha w5t to a place call$ ,pantoogama4 ,he pass$ successively ?r\gh ,hatti1 ,tsamp\1 & ,app>a1 & !nce to ,bauga4 ,9 ! latt] place he prea*$ ! f\r laws ( ,padesa4 ,summon+ ,an&a to 8 pres5ce1 he desir$ him to in=m ! ,rahans to hold !mselves ready to g to ! ,pawa c\ntry4 ,hav+ rea*$ t di/rict1 he w5t ) all 8 ,rahans to live 9 a mona/]y built 9 a grove ( mango-trees erect$ by ,tsonda1 ! son ( a weal?y goldsmi?4 ,tsonda _h previ\sly se5 ,buddha1 & obta9$ ! /ate ( ,?autapan4 ,8 gratitude induc$ him to build a mona/]y1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! grove1 he _h giv5 ov] to ,buddha4 ,8 arrival at t place happ5$ on ! #ad? ( ! wax+ moon ( ,katson4 ,in=m$ t ,phra _h come to ! mona/]y1 ,tsonda repair$ ha/ily ?i!r1 pro/rat$ himself be=e him1 & hav+ tak5 a seat at a becom+ di/ance1 reque/$ ,buddha to accept ! meal he w\ld prep>e = him & all ! ,rahans4 ,buddha by 8 sil5ce acquiesc$ 9 ! reque/4 ,tsonda rose up1 b[$ d[n1 & turn+ to ! "r1 left ! mona/]y4 ,dur+ ! :ole night1 all sorts ( ! *oice/ di%es 7 prep>$4 ,he _h a "y pig1 nei!r fat nor lean1 kill$1 & ! fle% dress$ ) rice 9 ! mo/ exquisite mann]4 ,! ,nats infus$ into x ! mo/ delici\s flav\r4 ,at daybreak1 ev]y?+ be+ ready1 ,tsonda w5t to ! mona/]y1 & invit$ ,buddha & all ! ,rahans to come & p>take ( ! meal t 0 ready = !m4 ,buddha rose up1 &1 c>ry+ 8 patta1 w5t to ,tsonda's h\se1 :]e he sat 9 ! place prep>$ = 8 reception4 ,he took = himself ! pork & rice1 b 8 att5dants fea/$ ^u ! o!r di%es4 ,:5 he _h eat51 he desir$ ,tsonda to bury 9 ! e>? ! rema9s ( ! pork & rice1 because no "o 9 ! ,nats' or ,brahmas' seats b himself c\ld dige/ su* a food4 ,a little :ile aft]1 ,buddha 0 seiz$ ) a viol5t attack ( dys5t]y1 ! pa9 :]e( he bore ) ! greate/ pati5ce & composure4 ,he suff]$ s mu*1 n because ( ! food he _h tak51 z he w\ld o!rwise h be5 expos$ to ! same di/emp]4 ,! pa9 0 r alleviat$ by ! eat+ ( ! pork & rice1 because ! ,nats _h infus$ !re9 ! *oice/ flav\r4 ,buddha desir$ ,an&a to be ready to g to ! t[n ( ,k\!9>on4 ,:ile on ! way he felt v weak1 & retir$ "u ! %ade ( a tree1 comm&+ ,an&a to fold 8 dug\t to sit ^u4 ,:5 he _h re/$ a little1 he call$ ,an&a & said to him3 8,an&a1 ,i am v ?ir/y2 br+ me "s wat]40 ,an&a repli$3 8,"o ( ! ,malla pr9ces1 nam$ ,p\ka?a1 has j pass$ ?r\gh ! ,kak\da riv] ) five hundr$ c>ts1 & ! wat] is q muddy40 ,! ,malla pr9ces rul$ by turn ov] ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! "t = rul+ _h n yet come1 or _h pass$1 _m ( !m devot$ _! "t to ! pursuit ( trade4 ,not)/&+ ?is objection1 ,buddha repeat$ ?ree times ! injunction4 ,an&a at la/ took up ,phra's patta & w5t to ! /ream to fet* wat]4 ,h[ great 0 8 surprise :5 he f\nd ! wat] cle> & limpid4 ,he said to himself3 8,great inde$ is ! p[] ( ,buddha1 :o has work$ su* a wond]ful *ange 9 ?is /ream40 ,he fill$ ! patta ) wat] & br\ght x to 8 great tea*]1 :o drank ( x4 ,pr9ce ,p\ka?a _h be5 a disciple ( ! ,ra!e ,al>a4 ,he came to ,buddha1 & said to him1 :il/ he 0 "u ! %ade ( ! tree3 8,great inde$ is ! peace & calm composure ( m9d ( ! ,rahans4 ,on a =m] occasion10 add$ he1 8:il/ ! ,ra!e ,al>a 0 travell+1 he w5t to re/ "u ! %ade ( a tree1 at a small di/ance1 by ! wayside4 ,a m]*ant ) five hundr$ c>ts happ5$ to pass by4 ,a man t foll[$ at a di/ance came to ! place :]e ,al>a 0 re/+1 & inquir$ ( him if he _h se5 ! five hundr$ c>ts t _h j pass$ by4 ,al>a repli$ t he 0 n aw>e t any c>t _h come 9 sight4 ,! man at fir/ suspect$ t ,al>a 0 uns\nd 9 8 m9d1 b he 0 soon conv9c$ t :at he 0 at fir/ incl9$ to attribute to m5tal d]angem5t 0 caus$ by ! sublime ab/raction ( ! ,ra!e f all t 0 tak+ place40 ,buddha hav+ he>d ?is /ory1 rejo9$3 8,:i* is1 9 y\r op9ion1 ! m wond]ful occurr5ce1 to see a man 9 8 s5ses & awake n to notice ! pass+ ( five hundr$ c>ts or ev5 ( "o ?\s&1 or to see ano!r man1 equally awake & 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 m5tal faculties1 :o did n he> ! viol5ce ( a /orm1 a heavy fall ( ra91 accompani$ ) l\d peals ( ?und] & un9t]rupt$ fla%es ( lightn+8 ,9 =m] times1 ,i1 ! ,buddha1 0 sitt+ "u a small %$4 ,a mo/ viol5t /orm came on2 peals ( ?und] res\nd$ m awfully ?an ! ro>+ ( ! sea1 & lightn+s seem$ to r5d ! atmosph]e 9 e direction4 ,at t "t two bro!rs 7 pl\gh+ 9 a field ) f\r bullocks4 ,!y 7 all kill$1 m5 & bullocks1 by lightn+4 ,a man came to me :il/ ,i 0 walk+ 9 front ( ! %$1 & told me t he came to see ! accid5t t _h j happ5$1 & ask$ me "s p>ticul>s conc]n+ x4 ,i answ]$ him t ,i 0 n aw>e t any /orm _h rag$ ne> ?is place1 nor any accid5t att5d$ x4 ,! /rang] inquir$ ( me :e!r ,i 0 asleep2 or if n1 :e!r ,i 0 9 possession ( my s5ses4 ,i answ]$ him t ,i 0 n asleep1 & t ,i 0 9 ! p]fect enjoym5t ( my m5tal & physical faculties4 ,my answ] made a p[]ful impression ^u him3 he ?\ght )9 himself t great & wond]ful is ! p[] ( ,?amabat1 :i* procures to ! ,rahans su* an imp]turbable calm ( m9d1 :i* _c be di/urb$ by ! mightie/ convulsions ( nature4 ,n[1 ,pr9ce ,p\ka?a1 9 :om d y ?9k t ! greate/ calm ( m9d has prevail$80 8,mo/ excell5t ,phra10 repli$ ! pr9ce1 8! great respect ,i bore =m]ly unto ! ,ra!e ,al>a has disappe>$ l ! *aff be=e ! w9d1 & run out l ! wat] ( a rapid /ream4 ,i am n[ l a man to :om ! true road has be5 po9t$ out1 :o has discov]$ hidd5 ?+s1 & :o has a %9+ light be=e him4 ,y h ann\nc$ to me ! true law1 :i* has dispell$ ! cl\d ( ignorance & br\ght happ9ess & calm to my hi!rto di/urb$ s\l4 ,f ?is mom5t ,i believe 9 ,buddha1 ! law1 & ! assembly1 & to ! end ( my life ,i w ev] rema9 a believ]40 ,! ,pr9ce call$ a "y man1 & direct$ him to g & br+ two beautiful & ri* pieces ( clo? hav+ ! col\r ( pure gold ?read4 ,:5 !y _h be5 br\ght ov]1 ! pr9ce1 hold+ !m 9 8 h&1 said3 8,o mo/ glori\s ,buddha1 ^! pieces ( clo? ,i h occasionally worn3 !y are 9 col\r l gold1 & ! tissue is ( ! f9e/ description2 please to accept !m z an (f]+ ,i make to y40 ,phra desir$ him to pres5t "o ( ! pieces to himself1 & ! o!r to ,an&a1 t 8 m]its might be great]1 s9ce ! (f]+ w\ld be made to ,buddha & to ! assembly 9 ! p]son ( ,an&a4 ,?is att5tion 9 fav\r ( ,an&a 0 also int5d$ to rew>d him = 8 unremitt+ ex]tions dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s he _h s]v$ ,buddha ) ! utmo/ respect1 c>e1 & affection1 )\t hav+ receiv$ any adequate return = 8 s]vices4 ,buddha prea*$ aft]w>ds ! law to ! pr9ce4 ,:5 ! in/ruction 0 ov]1 ,p\ka?a believ$ 91 & firmly adh]$ to1 ! ?ree preci\s ?+s1 & became a s9c]e conv]t4 ,he rose up1 pro/rat$ himself be=e ,buddha1 turn$ on ! "r1 & dep>t$4 ,an&a1 aft] ! pr9ce's dep>ture1 br\ght ! two dresses to ! great ,phra1 :o put "o on 8 %\ld]s1 :il/ ! o!r 0 gird$ r\nd 8 wai/4 ,8 body appe>$ %9+ l a flame4 ,an&a 0 exce$+ly surpris$4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d _h z yet happ5$4 8,y\r ext]ior appe>ance10 said he to ,buddha1 8is at once :ite1 %9+1 & beautiful above all expression40 8,:at y say1 ,o ,an&a1 is p]fectly true4 ,!re are two occasions :5 my body becomes extraord9>ily beautiful & %9+3 ! fir/ 0 on ! night ,i obta9$ ! supreme intellig5ce2 & ! second n[1 :5 ,i am ab\t to ent] into ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,d\btless1 ,o ,an&a1 on ! morn+ aft] ?is v night1 9 a corn]1 ne> ! ,k\!9>on city1 t belongs to ! pr9ces ,malla1 9 ! =e/ ( sala-trees1 ,i w g to ,neibban4 ,! %9+ light emanat+ f my body is ! c]ta9 =]unn] ( ?is great ev5t40 ,an&a1 summon$ by ,buddha to 8 pres5ce1 receiv$ ! ord] to move to ! banks ( ! ,kak\da /ream4#aa ,hav+ rea*$ ! place1 ,buddha desc5d$ into ! /ream1 ba!d1 & drank "s wat]4 ,!nce he direct$ 8 /eps t[>ds a grove ( mango-trees4 ,an&a _h rema9$ to dry ! ba?+-robes ( 8 ma/]4 ,phra call$ ! ,rahan ,ts&a1 & direct$ him to fold 9 f\r 8 dug\t1 because he wi%$ to re/4 ,! ord] hav+ be5 compli$ )1 ,buddha sat d[n1 ly+ on 8 "r side1 ) ! solemn & fe>less appe>ance ( a lion4 ,dur+ 8 %ort sleep ,ts&a wat*$ by 8 side4 ,an&a soon came up4 ,buddha call$ him1 & said1 8,! meal :i* ! goldsmi?'s son has prep>$ = me1 :i* ,i h eat51 is my la/ meal4 ,he is1 =soo?1 mu* griev$ because ( ! illness t has come ^u me aft] hav+ eat5 at 8 place4#ab ,g n[ to him1 & make him acqua9t$ ) ! m]its he has ga9$ 9 mak+ an (f]+ to me4 ,two meals t ,i h tak5 dur+ ?is exi/5ce are equally des]v+ ( ! greate/ rew>ds4 ,! fir/ 0 ! ,nogana1 s]v$ up to me a little :ile be=e ,i obta9$ fir/ ! ,neibban ( ,kile?a1 or ! de/ruction ( passions1 & subsequ5tly ! supreme intellig5ce2 ! second is ! "o j (f]$ to me by ! goldsmi?'s son1 :5 ,i ate ! di% ( rice & pork4 ,t is ! la/ food ,i w ev] take until ,i atta9 ! /ate ( ,neibban1 t is to say1 ! ,neibban ( ,kh&as1 or ! de/ruction ( all ! supports ( exi/5ce4 ,bo? ^! meals 7 excell5t1 & are des]v+ ( an equal rew>d2 viz41 beauty1 a long life1 happ9ess1 a l>ge cr[d ( att5dants1 ! happ9ess ( ! ,nats' seats1 & all sorts ( hon\rs & di/9ction4 ,su* are ! m]its res]v$ to ,tsonda1 ! son ( ! goldsmi?2 g & m5tion !m to him1 t 8 sorr[ may be assuag$40 ,gaudama utt]$ on ?is occasion ! foll[+ /anzas3#ac 8,alms-de$s c def5d f & protect aga9/ ! influ5ce & ! s\rces ( dem]its1 :i* are man's true enemies4 ,he alone :o is full ( m]its & wisdom %uns evil do+s1 puts an end to concupisc5ce1 ang]1 & ignorance1 & rea*es ,neibban40 ,buddha1 call+ ,an&a1 said to him1 8,let u n[ g to ! bank ( ! riv] ,hign>awati1 9 ! =e/ ( sala-trees belong+ to ! ,malla pr9ces40 ,att5d$ by a cr[d ( ,rahans1 he w5t to ! bank ( ! /ream4 ,! =e/ 0 on a tongue ( l&1 encircl$ on ?ree sides by ! riv]4 8,an&a10 said ,buddha1 8y see ^? two l(ty trees on ! skirt ( ! wood2 g & prep>e a re/+-place = me betwe5 ^? two trees1 9 su* a way t1 :5 recl9+ !reupon1 my head %\ld be turn$ t[>ds ! nor?4 ,! c\* mu/ be arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t "o extremity may be ne> "o tree1 & ! o!r extremity close to ! opposite tree4 ,an&a1 ,i am mu* fatigu$1 & desire to re/40 ,?\gh ,buddha's /r5g? 0 equal to t ( a ?\s& k\des ( black elephants1 x =sook him almo/ entirely f ! "t he _h eat5 ! di% ( ,tsonda's rice & pork4 ,?\gh ! di/ance f ! place ( ,pawa to ! =e/ ( sala-trees 9 ! di/rict ( ,k\!9>on is b ?ree gawots1 he 0 compell$ to re/ 9 trav]s+ x tw5ty-five times1 & x 0 by d9t ( great ex]tions t he rea*$ ! place aft] sunset4 ,f\r places along ! road f ,pawa to ,k\!9>on became subsequ5tly celebrat$ by ! resort ( _m pilgrims :o visit$ !m4 ,rem>ks ( ! ,burmese ,translator4--,x has be5 (t5 ask$ :y ,phra all[$ 8 body to exp]i5ce fatigue4 ,! reason ( 8 conduct 0 to convey in/ruction to all m51 & to make !m fully prep>$ to be> pa9 & sickness4 ,%\ld any "o ask :y ,buddha ex]t$ himself s mu* to g to ,neibban 9 t p>ticul> place1 x %\ld be answ]$ t ,buddha saw ?ree reasons = act+ 9 ! mann] he did4 #a/4 ,to prea* ! great ,sooda?ana4 7,?is is ! /ory ( a pr9ce call$ ,maha ,s\dana1 :o rul$ ov] ! c\ntry ( ,k\sawatti4 ,at ! conclusion ,buddha decl>es t 9 t great pr9ce ! law ( mutability has act$ ?r\gh\t 8 life ) an irresi/ible =ce2 :ile1 z = himself1 he n[ delights at be+ emancipat$ f its ?raldom1 & longs to be fre$ f ! prison ( 8 body47 #b;d4 ,to in/ruct ,?\bat & lead him to p]fection4 #c;d4 ,to secure t ! disputes t 7 to arise on acc\nt ( ! division & possession ( 8 relics %\ld be quiet$ by ! ,p\nha ,dauna1 :o w\ld fairly & peaceably effectuate ! p>tition ( ^? sacr$ rema9s4 ,phra1 hav+ rea*$ ! c\*1 lay d[n on 8 "r side ) ! noble composure & undaunt$ fe>lessness ( a lion4#ad ,! left leg 0 ly+ directly on ! "r "o2 b 9 ord] to avoid pa9 & ! accompany+ tr\ble1 ! situation ( ! two legs 0 su* z to prev5t ! imm$iate contact ( ! two ankles & knees4 ,! =e/ ( sala-trees lies at ! s\?-we/ ( ! city ( ,k\!9>on4 ,%\ld any "o wi% to g to ! city f ! =e/1 he mu/ fir/ g due ea/1 & !n turn nor?4 ,! place1 !re=e1 :]e ,phra /ood 0 a tongue ( l&1 surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by ! riv]4 ,:5 ,buddha 0 recl9+ on ! c\*1 ! two sala-trees became sudd5ly load$ ) fragrant blossoms1 :i* g5tly dropp$ above & all r\nd 8 p]son1 s z almo/ to cov] x4 ,n only ^! two trees1 b all ^? ( t =e/1 & also ^? 9 t5 ?\s& worlds1 exhibit$ ! same wond]ful & graceful appe>ance4 ,all ! fruit-trees yield$ out ( season ! be/ fruits !y _h ev] produc$2 _! beauty & flav\r exce$$ all t _h ev] be5 se54 ,! five k9ds ( lilies %ot =? f ! bosom ( ! e>?1 & f e plant & tree2 !y display$ to ! a/oni%$ eyes ! mo/ ravi%+ sight4 ,! mighty m\nta9 ( ,hymawonta1 :i* is ?ree ?\s& y\dzanas 9 ext5t1 %one ) all ! ri*ness ( ! col\rs ( ! peacock's tail4 ,! ,nats1 :o wat*$ ov] ! two +i5 or sala-trees1 %[]$ d[n )\t int]ruption ! mo/ fragrant fl[]s4 ,f ! seats ( ,nats1 ! fl[] ,m&>awan1 :i* gr[s on ! banks ( ! lake ,m&awan1 & glitt]s l ! pure/ gold1 ) leaves exp&+ l an umbrella1 0 %[]$ d[n by ! ,nats1 toge!r ) p[d] ( s&al-wood & o!r odorif]\s plants4 ,! ,nagas & ,galongs1 jo9+ ! ,nats1 br\ght f _! respective seats all k9ds ( fl[]s & p]fumes1 :i* !y let drop l dew ov] & ab\t ,buddha's sacr$ p]son4 ,phra1 see+ ! wond]ful display p]=m$ by m51 ,nats1 ,nagas1 & ,galongs1 to d him hon\r1 & he>+ ! sweet acc5ts ( ,nats' voices1 s++ 8 praises1 call$ ,an&a & said to him1 8,y witness all t display#ae :i* is int5d$ to d me hon\r2 x is n z yet wor?y ( me1 :o possess ! k ( ! mo/ sublime law4 ,no "o c be my true foll[]1 or accompli% ! comm&s ( ! law1 by su* a va9 & outw>d homage4 ,e ,rahan or ,rahaness1 e believ]1 man or woman1 :o practises ! excell5t works lead+ to p]fect happ9ess1 ^! are ! p]sons t r5d] me a true homage1 & pres5t to me a mo/ agreeable (f]+4 ,! obs]vance ( ! law alone entitles to ! "r ( belong+ to my religion4 ,ev] rememb] ?is1 ,o ,an&a1 & let e believ] 9 my religion act up to x40 ,:y did ,buddha1 on ?is la/ occasion1 lay little /ress on ! (f]+s t 7 made1 :il/ on =m] occasions he _h mu* extoll$ ! innum]able m]its to be d]iv$ f ! mak+ ( (f]+s8 ,! reason ( 8 conduct 0 to give e "o to und]/& t religion c\ld n subsi/ unless by ! practice ( all ! duties x comm&s1 & t x w\ld soon disappe> 7 x support$ only by alms-de$s1 (f]+s1 & o!r outw>d c]emonies4 ,alms-de$s are productive ( great rew>ds1 b ! practice ( virtue alone secures to religion a prolong$ exi/5ce4 ,at t "t an illu/ri\s ,rahaness1 nam$ ,oupalawana1#af at a s+le ^w f ,buddha1 l[]$ h] fan & w5t to sit at a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,an&a1 :o _h se5 ?is ,rahaness att5d+ assidu\sly on ,buddha's p]son dur+ m ?an tw5ty seasons1 0 surpris$ at see+ t1 )\t any app>5t reason1 %e _h be5 desir$ on t occasion to )draw to a di/ance4 ,phra1 read+ 9 ! s\l ( ,an&a 8 inn]mo/ ?\ghts1 said to him1 8,an&a1 ,i am n displeas$ ) ,oupalawana2 b h] body be+ ( a v l>ge size1 x prev5ts ! myriads ( ,nats t h come f t5 ?\s& worlds to see & contemplate me on ?is supreme mom5t4 ,! ,nats c see ?r\gh ! bodies ( ! g5]ality ( m51 b ?is p[] falls %ort ) p]sons mu* advanc$ 9 m]its4 ,i !re=e desir$ h] to remove a little f>1 t ! ,nats might n be angry at n see+ my p]son40 ,an&a put a great _m que/ions to ,buddha1 :i* are relat$ at full l5g? 9 ! ,p>9ibana ,?oots4 ,he ask$ him1 among o!r topics1 h[ ! ,rahans 7 to behave :5 wom5 %\ld resort to _! mona/]ies4#ag 8,an&a10 answ]$ ,buddha1 8a ,rahan1 desir\s to free himself f ! /+ ( concupisc5ce & keep 8 he>t firm & /eady1 ought to h 8 door %ut1 & nev] look at ! wom5 com+ to ! mona/]y or /&+ at ! entrance2 because ?r\gh ! eyes concupisc5ce f9ds its way into ! he>t1 & %akes its firme/ purposes40 8,b10 repli$ ,an&a1 8:at is to be done :5 !y come ov] to br+ food to ! inmates ( ! mona/]y80 8,an&a10 said ,buddha1 89 su* a case no conv]sation is to take place ) !m4 ,mu* saf] & bett] x w\ld be to hold conv]sation ) a man :o1 sword 9 h&1 w\ld ?reat5 to cut (f our head1 or ) a female ,biloo ready to dev\r u ! mom5t we op5 ! m\? to speak4 ,by conv]s+ ) wom51 "o becomes acqua9t$ ) !m2 acqua9tance begets famili>ity1 k9dles passion1 leads to ! loss ( virtue1 & precipitates into ! f\r /ates ( puni%m5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ prud5t n to h any conv]sation ) !m40 8,:at is to be done1 ,o ,buddha1 9 cases :5 wom5 come to ! mona/]y to he> religi\s in/ructions1 to expose _! d\bts1 to seek = spiritual advice1 to le>n ! practice ( religi\s duties1 & r5d] becom+ly c]ta9 s]vices to ! ,rahans8 ,%\ld a ,rahan be sil5t on su* occasions1 !y w ridicule him & say1 #8,?is ,rahan1 =soo?1 is deaf or too well f$2 he !re=e _c speak4'0 8,an&a10 repli$ ,buddha1 8:5 on su* occasions a ,rahan is oblig$ to speak1 let him consid] z mo!rs ^? :o are old en\gh to be mo!rs1 z eld] si/]s ^? :o appe> a little old] ?an he1 z y\ng] si/]s or *ildr5 ^? t are y\ng] ?an he4 ,nev]1 ,o ,an&a1 =get ^! in/ructions40 ,an&a inquir$ ( ,buddha :at c]emonies 7 to be p]=m$ on 8 mortal rema9s aft] 8 demise4 8,an&a10 repli$ ,buddha1 8d n be mu* conc]n$ ab\t :at %all rema9 ( me aft] my ,neibban1 b be r e>ne/ to practise ! works t lead to p]fection4 ,be n ov] solicit\s conc]n+ ! affairs ( ?is life1 :]e ! pr9ciple ( *ange is ev] entire2 put on ^? inw>d dispositions :i* w enable y to rea* ! undi/urb$ re/ ( ,neibban4 ,!re are _m among ! pr9ces1 ri* m5 & p\nhas :o are well dispos$ t[>ds me1 & :o w gladly p]=m all ! usual c]emonies on my rema9s40 8,!y w10 repli$ ,an&a1 8no d\bt come to me1 & ask advice z to ! mo/ suitable mode ( arrang+ ev]y?+ 9 a becom+ mann]40 8,an&a10 answ]$ ,buddha1 8"h are ! fun]al c]emonies p]=m$ aft] ! dea? ( a ,tsekiawaday k+4 ,:5 su* a mon>* is dead1 !y wrap 8 body ) a new f9e clo? ( ,ka?ic>itz1 surr\nd x ) a ?ick lay] ( ! :ite/ cotton1 wrap x aga9 ) a second clo? ( ! same c\ntry1 place ov] x ano!r lay] ( cotton1 & repeat ! same process five hundr$ times4 ,! body1 ?us prep>$1 is deposit$ 9 an op5 c(f91 gilt outside1 & rubb$ inside ) fragrant oil4 ,ano!r c(f91 also gilt1 is turn$ ov] x z a cov]+4 ,! pile is made ( s&al & o!r odorif]\s woods2 fl[]s1 p]fumes1 & sc5t$ wat] are pr(usely spread ov] x4 ,! c(f9 hav+ be5 plac$ on ! pile1 fire is set to x4 ,simil> c]emonies %all be p]=m$ on my body aft] my dea?4 ,on ! spot :]e f\r roads meet1 a dz$i is to be erect$4 ,:oev] %all come to t place & make (f]+s ( flags1 umbrellas1 fl[]s1 & p]fumes1 %all !reby p]=m an act ( religion1 & give a tok5 ( 8 respect & affection = my p]son4#ah ,he %all ga9 _m m]its2 among o!rs1 a complete exemption f all tr\bles & disquietudes dur+ a long p]iod4 ,an&a1 f\r sorts ( p]sons are des]v+ ( ! hon\r ( hav+ dz$is erect$ aft] _! dea?3 #a4 ,! ,buddha :o possesses ! inf9ite sci5ce2 #b4 ,a semi-,buddha2 #c4 ,a ,rah&a2 #d4 ,! ,tsekiawaday k+4 ,he :o builds a dz$i 9 hon\r ( ,buddha1 %all1 aft] 8 dea?1 migrate to a place ( re/ 9 ! seats ( ,nats4 ,to him t %all build a dz$i 9 hon\r ( a semi-,buddha1 an inf]ior hon\r %all be aw>d$ 9 a l[] seat ( ,nats1 & a simil> rew>d %all be enjoy$ by ^? :o erect dz$is 9 hon\r ( ,rah&as & ,tsekiawaday k+s4 ,x may be ask$ :y ! hon\r ( a dz$i is conf]r$ on a k+ :o lives 9 ! _w1 enjoys its pleasures1 c41 :il/ x is d5i$ to a ,rahan1 :o has r5\nc$ ! _w1 & practis$ ! excell5t works4 ,=m]ly1 9 ,ceylon1 ! dz$is erect$ 9 hon\r ( deceas$ ,rahans became s num]\s t !y ?reat5$ to cov] ! sup]ficies ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,x 0 !n resolv$ t none %\ld be built = ,rahans1 ?\gh x is ackn[l$g$ t !y des]ve su* di/9ction4 ,! same reason does n exi/ = a ,tsekiawaday k+1 :o is alone1 & appe>s 9 ! _w at b di/ant int]vals4 ,b all ! ,rahans t are full ( m]its are des]v+1 aft] _! demise1 ( all hon\rs1 except t ( a dz$i40 ,:5 ,buddha _h f9i%$ 8 in/ruction1 ,an&a ?\ght )9 himself3 ,phra1 ! mo/ excell5t among all be+s1 has j taught me h[ to hon\r dz$is & o!r religi\s monum5ts rais$ to ! glory ( religion2 he has po9t$ out to me ! s\rce ( m]its2 he has indicat$ to me ! sure way to deal ) wom51 :5 !y resort to our mona/]ies = ! purpose ( he>+ ! prea*+ ( ! law1 &1 f9ally1 he has decl>$ t !re 7 b f\r sorts ( p]sons des]v+ ( ! hon\r ( a dz$i aft] _! dea?4 ,f ! t5or ( ^! in/ructions1 ,i "k ) c]ta9ty t on ?is v day ,buddha is to ent] ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,unwill+ to %[ 8 pr(\nd affliction 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 illu/ri\s ma/]1 he retir$ into ! hall ( ! ,malla pr9ces close by1 & lean+ on ! door-bolt1 wept bitt]ly1 & said1 8,alas6 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha soon %all be no m4 ,by :at means %all ,i obta9 ! ?ree la/ degrees ( p]fection8 ,:o %all be my tea*]8 ,to :om %all ,i h5ce=? br+ wat] 9 ! morn+ to wa% ! face8 ,^: feet %all ,i h to wipe dry8 ,= :om %all ,i prep>e ! place = sitt+1 & ! c\* = sleep+8 ,^: patta & tsiw>an %all ,i h to hold ready1 & to :om %all ,i r5d] ! ord9>y s]vices80 ,9 ! mid/ ( sobs & wail+s1 he 0 giv+ v5t to 8 deep affliction4 ,x 0 n long ere ,buddha1 n obs]v+ ! fai?ful ,an&a among ! ,rahans1 said1 8,my de> ,rahans1 :]e is ,an&a80 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ ( all t 0 tak+ place1 he desir$ a ,rahan to g & call ,an&a4 ,! message hav+ be5 convey$ rapidly to ,an&a1 he ha/5$ to come back into ! pres5ce ( ,buddha1 :om he salut$ z usual1 & !n took 8 seat4 ,buddha1 address+ him1 said1 8,o ,an&a1 y\r te>s & lam5tations are to no purpose2 d n give y\rself up to disquietude2 cease to %$ te>s4 ,h ,i n previ\sly said to y t di/ance or dea? mu/ sep>ate u f ! de>e/ objects8 ,9 ! body !re is a pr9ciple :i* causes its exi/5ce & its pres]vation z long z ! opposite pr9ciple ( de/ruction does n prevail4 ,x is true y h m9i/]$ unto me = _m ye>s ) all y\r /r5g? & ! mo/ p]fect devot$ness4 ,b y %all reap ! rew>d due = s _m good (fices4 ,apply y\rself to ! ex]cise ( ,kamatan1 & soon y %all be fre$ f ! _w ( passions & ! influ5ce ( mutability40 ,address+ !n ) a g5tle voice all ! ,rahans pres5t1 ,buddha began to praise ,an&a1 say+1 8,belov$ ,rahans1 ,an&a#ai has be5 dur+ _m ye>s my fai?ful & devot$ att5dant4 ,he has s]v$ him :o is wor?y to receive all (f]+s1 & is1 moreov]1 acqua9t$ ) all ! laws ( ! physical & moral _w4 ,an&a is a true sage2 he is well v]s$ 9 all t relates to my p]son2 he c %[ to ! male ,rahans & female ,rahans1 z well z to ! cr[ds1 ! "t1 ! mom5t1 & ! place to approa* my p]son & pay ! hon\rs due to me4 ,an&a is graceful & full ( amiability amid/ all o!r ,rahans4 ,he has he>d & se5 mu*2 he %9es 9 ! mid/ ( ! assembly4 ,rahans w come f a di/ance1 on he>+ all t is said ( 8 graces1 to see & admire him2 & all w agree 9 say+ t :at !y obs]ve surpasses all t !y _h he>d4 ,an&a w make inquiries reg>d+ _! heal?2 !y1 on he>+ 8 words1 w be fill$ ) joy4 ,he w !n keep sil5t1 & !y w retire ) an increas$ desire to li/5 to him4 ,he w say to ! female ,rahans t w come to see him1 #8,si/]s1 obs]ve ! eight precepts4' ,on he>+ ,an&a1 !y w be exce$+ly glad4 ,he w !n rema9 sil5t1 & 8 sil5ce w grieve !m4 ,! laym5 & laywom5 on he>+ all t is said ( ,an&a %all come to contemplate him4 ,he w say to !m1 #8,adh]e to ! ?ree preci\s ?+s2 obs]ve ! five great comm&s2 keep ! f\r days ( wor%ip ( ea* mon?2 pay hon\r & respect to y\r fa!r & "m2 fe$ ! ,rahans & p\nhas t obs]ve /rictly ! law4' ,!y w all be delight$ at he>+ 8 in/ructions4 ,8 sil5ce w leave !m e>ne/ly wi%+ to he> some?+ else f him4 ,belov$ ,rahans1 ,an&a mu* resembles a ,tsekiawaday k+4 ,l him1 he is exce$+ly beautiful1 amiable1 & lovely2 he c fly ?r\gh ! air2 he c tea* ! p & ju/ly adm9i/] ! law40 ,:5 ,buddha _h f9i%$ 8 disc\rse1 ,an&a said3 8,o illu/ri\s ,buddha1 x is n becom+ y\r dignity t y %\ld g to ,neibban ne> su* a small city1 & 9 a place almo/ surr\nd$ by =e/s4 ,we are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! great c\ntries ( ,tsampa1 ,?awattie1 ,?akila1 & ,b>ana!e4 ,! k+s1 p\nhas1 noblem51 & p ( ^? c\ntries are full ( love & rev]5ce = y\r p]son4 ,!y c\ld r5d] great] hon\rs to y\r mortal rema9s40 8,an&a10 repli$ ,buddha1 8d n call ! c\ntry ( ,k\!9>on a small c\ntry4 ,i h on =m] occasions (t5 be5 to ?is place & extoll$ its ri*es & cr[d$ population4 ,?is is ! place :]e x is mo/ becom+ ,i %\ld ent] into ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,g n[ to ! city & in=m ! ,malla pr9ces t to-morr[ morn+1 at ! break ( ! day1 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha %all g to ,neibban4 ,let !m n h reason to compla9 h]eaft] t !y h n receiv$ a timely in=mation ( ?is ev5t1 nor say t !y _h n _h a la/ opportunity to come & see me40 ,an&a1 putt+ on 8 dress & c>ry+ 8 patta1 w5t alone to ! city4 ,at t mom5t ! pr9ces 7 assembl$ 9 ! hall to delib]ate ^u "s important affair4 ,z soon z ! message 0 deliv]$1 ! pr9ces1 ) _! wives1 _! sons1 & daught]s1 began to cry al\d1 8,alas6 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha is too soon go+ to ,neibban40 ,"s appe>$ ) di%evell$ hair2 "s lift$ _! h&s to _! =eheads2 "s1 cry+ out & wail+1 ?rew !mselves on ! gr\nd1 roll+ & toss+ ab\t1 z p]sons ^: h&s & feet _h be5 cut (f4 ,!y all set out 9 ha/e ) ,an&a at _! head t[>ds ! place :]e ,buddha 0 ly+ on 8 c\*4 ,all ( !m 7 admitt$ into ! pres5ce ( ,buddha & paid _! respects to him4 ,9 ! city ( ,k\!9>on liv$ a c]ta9 p]sonage hold+ h]etical op9ions4#bj ,8 "n 0 ,?\bat1 a p\nha ( ! ,oudeitsa race1 :o wore a :ite dress4 ,8 m9d1 hi!rto unc]ta9 & unfix$1 hesitat$ betwe5 ! belief 9 ,buddha's doctr9es & 8 =m] op9ions4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ t !re 0 a ,buddha 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & t he 0 soon to g to ,neibban1 he desir$ to see him1 &1 9 8 conv]sation1 to cle> up 8 d\bts4 ,8 age 0 n great1 b he enjoy$ su* a r5[n = le>n+ t he 0 call$ ! ma/] ( ma/]s4 ,?\bat w5t at fir/ to ,an&a1 /at$ to him t he felt irresi/ibly a /rong atta*m5t to1 & a s9c]e affection =1 ! great ,buddha1 t 8 m9d 0 prey$ ^u by d\bts & unc]ta9ties1 & t he hop$ a %ort conv]sation ) ! great ,gaudama w\ld relieve 8 m9d f its pres5t pa9ful situation4 ,an&a1 fe>+ t su* a conv]sation might be mu* protract$1 refus$ to admit ,?\bat into ! pres5ce ( ,buddha1 repres5t+ 8 extreme weakness & inability to speak mu*4 ,?\bat made sev]al entreaties1 b ) no bett] success4 ,an&a p]si/$ 9 8 refusal to introduce him4 ,buddha1 he>+ "s noise1 inquir$ f ,an&a :at 0 ! cause ( ! noise he he>d4 ,an&a relat$ to him all t _h tak5 place betwe5 him & ,?\bat4 8,all[ him to come10 said ,buddha2 8,i wi% to he> him4 ,soon he %all be enlight5$ & conv9c$4 ,i h come to ?is spot = ! v purpose ( prea*+ to him ! mo/ p]fect law40 ,an&a return$ to ,?\bat1 & said to him1 8,! mo/ excell5t ,buddha desires to see y40 ,?\bat1 full ( joy1 arriv$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,buddha1 salut$ him1 &1 sitt+ at a becom+ di/ance1 said to him1 8,d ! six celebrat$ tea*]s1 :o are always att5d$ by a great numb] ( disciples1 :o are fam\s amid/ o!r doctors1 "k all laws8 ,are !re "s laws !y are unacqua9t$ )8 or d !y tea* "s doctr9es :i* !y b p>tially und]/&80 ,buddha hav+ g5tly rem9d$ ,?\bat t su* que/ions 7 n suitable & unpr(itable1 said1 8,o ,?\bat1 ,i w prea* to y ! law2 li/5 ) att5tion to my words1 & treasure !m 9 y\r he>t4 ,no h]etic has ev] kn[n ! "r ways t lead to p]fection1 &1 9 ! religion ( h]etics1 no "o c obta9 ! /ate ( ,?autapan1 & become a ,rah&a4 ,b 9 my religion !re are f\nd p]sons t h become ,?autapan1 ,anagam1 c41 & f9ally ,rah&as4 ,except 9 my religion1 ! twelve great disciples :o practise ! highe/ virtues1 & /ir up ! _w to free x f its /ate ( indiff]5ce1 are n to be met )4 ,!y are n to be f\nd among h]etics4 ,o ,?\bat1 f ! age ( tw5ty-n9e ye>s up to ?is mom5t1 ,i h /riv5 to obta9 ! supreme & p]fect sci5ce1 & ,i h sp5t to t end fifty-"o ye>s1 foll[+ ! ways ( ,ariahs1 t lead to ,neibban40 ,on he>+ ^! words1 ,?\bat1 ov]:elm$ ) joy1 endeav\r$1 by sev]al similitudes1 to express to 8 great in/ructor ! pleasure he _h d]iv$ f 8 prea*+4 8,o mo/ illu/ri\s ,buddha10 add$ he1 8n[ ,i believe 9 y1 & adh]e to all y\r doctr9es2 ,i wi% to become a ,rahan4 ,b x is a cu/om ) y1 n to admit to ! dignity ( ,rahan a h]etic :o is newly conv]t$1 except aft] a f\r mon?s' probation4 ,i wi% to rema9 dur+ t p]iod z a probation]1 & beg aft]w>ds to be admitt$ among ! ,rahans40 ,buddha1 :o knew ! f]v\r ( ! new conv]t1 desir$ to disp5se 9 8 case ) ! f\r mon?s' probation4 ,he call$ ,an&a & comm&$ him to admit ,?\bat to ! dignity ( ,rahan4 ,an&a =?) l$ ,?\bat into a becom+ place1 p\r$ wat] ov] 8 head1 :il/ repeat+ c]ta9 =ms ( pray]1 %av$ 8 head & be>d1 put on him ! tsiw>an1 & taught him to repeat ! =mulas :]eby he pr(ess$ to take refuge 9 ,buddha1 ! law1 & ! assembly4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ,?\bat 0 conduct$ into ! pres5ce ( ,phra1 :o desir$ he %\ld be promot$ to ! dignity ( ,patz91 & in/ruct$ 9 ! k ( ,kamatan4 ,?\bat w5t into ! g>d51 walk$ = a :ile1 & soon le>nt ! =ty ,kamatans4 ,he 0 ! la/ conv]t ,buddha made1 be=e he ent]$ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,buddha1 call+ ,an&a & all ! ,rahans1 said to !m3 8,:5 ,i %all h disappe>$ f ! /ate ( exi/5ce1 & be no long] ) y1 d n believe t ! ,buddha has left y1 & ceas$ to dwell among y4 ,y h ! ,?oots & ,abidama :i* ,i h prea*$ to y2 y h ! discipl9e & regulations ( ! ,w9i4 ,! law1 conta9$ 9 ^? sacr$ in/ructions1 %all be y\r tea*] aft] my demise4 ,by ! means ( ! doctr9es :i* ,i h deliv]$ to y1 ,i w cont9ue to rema9 among/ y4 ,d n1 !re=e1 ?9k or believe t ! ,buddha has disappe>$ or is no m ) y40 ,a little :ile aft]1 ,buddha1 address+ ! ,rahans1 gave !m "s in/ructions reg>d+ ! att5tion & respect ! ,rahans 7 to pay to ea* o!r4 8,z long10 said he1 8z ,i h be5 ) y1 y h call$ "o ano!r by ! "n ( ,awoo?au1 b aft] my demise y w no m make use ( su* a title4 ,let ^? :o are m advanc$ 9 dignity & 9 ye>s ( pr(ession call ^? t are _! inf]iors by _! names1 t ( _! family1 or "s o!r suitable appellation2 let ! inf]iors give to _! sup]iors ! title ( ,bante4 ,an&a1 let a ,rahan ,hauna be visit$ ) ! puni%m5t ( ,brahma40 8,b :at is ?is puni%m5t80 repli$ ,an&a4 8,! ,rahan ,hauna is indiscreet 9 8 spee*2 he says indiscrim9ately all t comes into 8 head4 ,let ! o!r ,rahans avoid speak+ ) him1 or ev5 rebuk+ him4 ,?is is ! puni%m5t ( ,brahma40 ,address+ aga9 all ! assembl$ ,rahans1 ,buddha said to !m#ba3 8,my belov$ ,bickus1 if among y !re be "o t has any d\bt respect+ ,buddha1 ! law1 ! assembly1 ! ways ( p]fection1 & ! practice ( virtues1 let him come =w>d & make kn[n 8 d\bts1 t ,i may cle> !m up40 ,! ,rahans rema9$ all sil5t4 ,! same "q 0 ?ree times repeat$1 & ?ree times ! ,rahans cont9u$ sil5t4 ,!n he add$3 8,my belov$ ,bickus1 if y h any respect = my memory1 communicate y\r dispositions t[>ds my p]son & doctr9es to ! o!r ,rahans :om y %all h]eaft] meet )40 ,! ,rahans /ill rema9$ sil5t4 ,an&a !n said to ,buddha3 8,o mo/ exalt$ ,buddha1 is x n truly surpris+ t among s _m n "o %\ld be f\nd ent]ta9+ any d\bt respect+ y\r doctr9e1 b all %\ld feel s /rong an atta*m5t to x80 8,an&a10 repli$ ,buddha1 8,i knew well t d\bt & false doctr9e c\ld nev] be h>b\r$ 9 ! s\l ( a true ,rahan4 ,suppos+ a numb] ( five hundr$ ,rahans1 & tak+ ! "o :o is ! la/ 9 m]its1 he is at lea/ a ,?autapan1 & z su* !re is no dem]it 9 him t c\ld lead him to "o ( ! f\r /ates ( puni%m5t2 8 he>t is fix$ ^u ! fir/ way t leads to p]fection1 & he con/antly /rives to advance to ! ?ree sup]ior ways ( p]fection4 ,no d\bt1 !re=e1 & no false doctr9e c ev] be f\nd 9 a true ,rahan40 ,aft] a %ort pause1 ,buddha1 address+ ! ,rahans1 said3 8,belov$ ,bickus1 ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce & mutability c>ries along ) x ! pr9ciple ( de/ruction4 ,nev] =get ?is2 let y\r m9ds be fill$ ) ?is tru?2 to make x kn[n to y1 ,i h assembl$ y40 ,^! are ! la/ words ,buddha ev] utt]$4 ,z a man :o is ab\t to und]take a long j\rney takes an affectionate f>ewell ( e "o ( 8 relatives & fri5ds1 & fondly embraces successively all ( !m1 ,buddha likewise wi%$ to visit = ! la/ "t ! abodes :]e9 8 s\l _h s amor\sly dwelt dur+ 8 long & l(ty m5tal p]egr9ations4 ,he ent]$ into ! fir/ /ate ( dzan1 !n ! second1 ! ?ird1 & ! f\r?3 he asc5d$ !refrom successively to ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? immat]ial seats4 ,:5 he _h rea*$ ! f\r? /ate1 :i* is ! f>!/ b\nd>y ( exi/5ce1 ,an&a ask$ ! ,rahan ,anoor\da :e!r ,phra _h complet$ 8 ,neibban4 8,n z yet10 answ]$ ,anoor\da1 8b he has rea*$ ! la/ /age ( exi/5ce40 ,a little :ile aft]1 ,buddha _h ent]$ into ! p]fect /ate ( ,neibban4#bb ,?us 9 ! fir/ wat* ( ! night he _h prea*$ ! law to ! ,malla pr9ces2 at midnight he _h conv]t$ ! h]etic ,?\bat2 & 9 ! morn+ wat* he _h in/ruct$ ! ,rahans4 ,x 0 n q full dawn ( ! day :5 he ent]$ ! /ate ( ,neibban1 9 ! #adh? ye> ( ! ,eetzana era1 on ! full moon ( ,katson1 on a ,tuesday1 a little be=e daybreak4#bc ,n to leave out a s+le p>ticul> connect$ ) ! epo*s ( ,gaudama's life1 ! ,burmese au?or sums up all t has already be5 relat$ on ?is subject1 by /at+ t he 0 conceiv$ 9 8 "m's womb1 9 ! ye> #fg ( ! ,eetzana era1 "u ! con/ellation ,outt>a?an1 & born 9 #fh1 "u ! con/ellation ,)aka1 on a ,friday4 ,he w5t into ! solitude 9 ! ye> #if1 on a ,monday4 ,he became a ,buddha 9 ! ye> #ajc1 on a ,w$nesday 7,)aka74 ,9 ! ye> #adh1 on ! full moon ( ,katson1 on a ,tuesday 7,)aka71 he expir$2 on ! #ab?1 aft] ! full moon ( ! same mon?1 8 corpse 0 laid on ! fun]al pile4 ,at ! v mom5t he _h yield$ up ! gho/1 a trem5d\s e>?quake 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w2 x took place ) su* a viol5ce t x fill$ e "o ) fe> & trembl+1 & caus$ _! hair to /& on end4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,/anzas utt]$ aft] ,buddha's dea?--,an&a in=ms ! ,malla pr9ces ( ,buddha's demise--,prep>ations = ! fun]al--,arrival ( ,ka?aba at ! spot :]e ! body 0 expos$ to public v5]ation--,he wor%ips ! body--,wond] on t occasion--,! burn+ ( ! corpse--,p>tition ( ! relics made by a p\nha call$ ,dauna--,extraord9>y hon\rs paid to ! relics by ,k+ ,adzata?at--,dea? ( t k+ & ( ,ka?aba4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,buddha's ,neibban1 ! *ief ( ,brahmas utt]$ ! foll[+ /anzas3--8,o ,rahans1 ! great ,buddha :o has appe>$ 9 ?is _w1 :o knew ev]y?+1 :o 0 ! tea*] ( ,nats & m51 :o /ood )\t an equal1 :o 0 mighty & knew all laws & all ! great pr9ciples1 ! mo/ excell5t & glori\s ,buddha1 is gone to ,neibban4 ,:]e is ! be+ :o %all ev] escape dea?8 ,all be+s 9 ?is _w mu/ be dive/$ ( _! t]re/rial & mortal frame40 ,! *ief ,?agia1 on ! same occasion1 repeat$ al\d ! foll[+ words3--8,o ,rahans1 ! pr9ciple ( mutability is oppos$ to ! pr9ciple ( fixity4 ,x c>ries ) x ! elem5ts ( creation & de/ruction4 ,!re is no happ9ess b 9 ! /ate ( ,neibban1 :i* puts an end to all *anges40 ,! great ,anoor\da said 9 8 turn3 8,o ,rahans1 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha1 free f all passions1 has ent]$1 by ?is dea?1 into ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,he ^: s\l1 ev] firm & un%ak51 0 a /rang] to impati5ce & fe>1 has gone out f ! :irlpool ( exi/5ces1 & is no long] subject to ! com+ into exi/5ce & to ! go+ out !refrom4 ,passions h no m influ5ce ^u him4 ,he is dis5gag$ f ! trammels ( mutability1 & has end$ l ! light ( a lamp1 ! oil ( :i* is exhau/$40 ,an&a add$3 8,o ,rahans1 :5 ! great ,buddha1 full ( ! mo/ transc5d5t excell5cies1 atta9$ ! /ate ( ,neibban1 ! e>? quak$ ) t viol5ce :i* fills ! s\l ) fe>1 & causes ! hair ( ! head to /& on an end40 ,aft] ! demise ( ,buddha1 ! ,rahans t _h rea*$ ! two /ates ( ,?autapan & ,?akadagan1 lift+ to ! =ehead _! jo9$ h&s1 began to wail & l\dly lam5t4 ,m5 ?rew !mselves d[n on ! gr\nd1 bitt]ly lam5t+ ! loss ! _w _h su/a9$4 ,!y all exclaim$1 8,! glori\s & illu/ri\s ,buddha has too soon gone to ,neibban4 ,he :o nev] spoke b good & in/ructive words1 he :o has be5 ! light ( ! _w1 has gone too soon to ,neibban40 ,9 ^! & o!r words !y gave utt]ance to _! grief & affliction1 ) te>s & lam5tations4 ,! ,rahans :o _h rea*$ ! two la/ /ates ( p]fection1 ! ,anagans & ,rah&as1 m calm & /eady 9 _! m9d1 7 satisfi$ ) repeat+ 9 solemn tones1 8,!re is no?+ fix$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( mutability4 ,buddha1 ent]+ 9 ! curr5t ( *ange1 c\ld n b die2 8 body 0 to be de/roy$40 ,!y rema9$ m$itat+ on ?is great tru?1 reta9+ an un*angeable & calm composure4 ,anoor\da1 assembl+ toge!r all ! ,rahans1 said to !m1 8,cease n[ to weep & lam5t2 bani% sorr[ & affliction f y\r he>ts2 rememb] pres5tly :at ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha has told u1 t all t exi/s is liable to de/ruction1 :i* x c nev] escape4 ,:at w become ( ,nats & m58 ,:at w !y say :5 !y see ! ,rahans deliv]$ up to grief1 & giv+ v5t to x 9 l\d wail+s80 ,an&a inquir$ f ,anoor\da :at actually took place among ! ,nats on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( ! great ,buddha4 ,he 0 told t "s ( !m1 lift+ up ! jo9$ h&s to ! =ehead1 l\dly wept & lam5t$2 b o!rs m wise1 be>+ 9 m9d :at ,buddha _h said on ! subject ( ! pr9ciple ( mutability1 rema9$ wrapt up 9 a solemn & resign$ composure ( m9d4 ,anoor\da sp5t ! rema9d] ( ! night 9 prea*+ ! law4 ,he said to ,an&a1 8,g n[ to ! city ( ,koo!9>on1 say to ! ,malla pr9ces t ! great ,buddha is gone to ,neibban2 t !y ought to dispose ev]y?+ = ! fun]al40 ,at daybreak ,an&a put on 8 tsiw>an1 &1 tak+ 8 patta1 w5t alone to ! city4 ,he met ! pr9ces assembl$ 9 ! public hall1 delib]at+ on :at 0 to be done :5 ,phra %\ld h gone to ,neibban4 ,he said to !m1 8,o pr9ces ( ! ,wa?ita race1 ! great ,buddha has gone to ,neibban2 ! mom5t is come = y to g to ! spot :]e are 8 mortal rema9s40 ,:5 ! pr9ces he>d ?is sad news f ! m\? ( ,an&a1 !y1 ) _! wives & *ildr51 began to wail & lam5t1 & give all ! m>ks ( ! deepe/ grief1 unceas+ly repeat+1 8,! mo/ excell5t ,buddha1 :o 0 inf9itely wise & knew all laws1 has too soon gone to ,neibban40 ,! pr9ces1 n[ select+ "o ( _! family1 direct$ him to g ?r\gh\t ! city & collect all ! ri*e/ & r>e/ p]fumes1 to keep 9 read9ess ! drums1 h>ps1 flutes1 & all o!r musical in/rum5ts1 & h !m c>ri$ to ! place :]e ! rema9s ( ,buddha 7 ly+4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! spot1 ! pr9ces began to make (f]+s ( fl[]s & p]fumes ) ! greate/ pr(usion1 9 ! mid/ ( danc+s1 rejoic+s1 & ! un9t]rupt$ s\nds ( all ! musical in/rum5ts4 ,a tempor>y canopy 0 erect$ ) ! f9e/ pieces ( clo?1 & !y rema9$ "u x dur+ sev5 consecutive days4 ,aft] ?is lapse ( "t1 eight ( ! y\nge/ & /ronge/ pr9ces1 hav+ wa%$ _! heads & put on _! f9e/ & be/ dresses1 prep>$ to c>ry ! corpse to a place situat$ 9 ! s\? ( ! city1 :]e !y int5d$ to h x burn$4 ,9 spite ( _! unit$ ef=ts1 !y c\ld n remove x f ! place x 0 laid on4 ,anoor\da1 consult$ on ! subject ( ?is extraord9>y & unexpect$ occurr5ce1 said1 8,o pr9ces1 y\r int5t does n agree ) t ( ! ,nats4 ,y wi%1 aft] hav+ p]=m$ all c]emonies ab\t ! corpse1 to c>ry x to a c]ta9 place 9 ! s\? ( ! city2 b ! ,nats w n agree to ?is2 !y int5d to accompany ! corpse ) music1 danc+s1 s++s1 & (f]+s ( fl[]s & p]fumes4 ,!y desire t ! corpse %\ld be c>ri$ to ! we/]n side ( ! city1 !nce to ! nor!rn "o1 aft]w>ds to re-ent] ?r\gh ! nor!rn gate1 & g to ! middle squ>e2 !nce to sally =?1 ?r\gh ! ea/]n "o1 & take ! body to ! place call$ ,makula-b&an1 :]e ! ,malla pr9ces are wont to assemble = _! fe/ivals & rejoic+s40 8,let x be done10 answ]$ all ! pr9ces1 8accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! ,nats40 ,! fun]al procession !n set out4#bd ,! ,nats 9 ! air hon\r$ ! corpse ) _! music1 s++1 & ! %[]+ d[n ( fl[]s & p]fumes4 ,m5 did ! same all r\nd ! corpse4 ,! way :i* ! procession sl[ly mov$ ?r\gh 0 /rew$ ) ! f9e/ & *oice/ fl[]s4 ,:5 ! cortge _h rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! city1 ! wid[ ( ,g5]al ,b&oola1 nam$ ,mallika1 he>+ ( ! approa* ( ! fun]al procession1 took a magnific5t piece ( clo?1 call$ ,mahalatta1 :i* %e _h nev] worn s9ce h] husb&'s dea?4 ,%e p]fum$ x ) ! *oice/ ess5ces1 &1 hold+ x 9 h] h&s until ! procession rea*$ ! front ( h] h\se1 %e desir$ ! be>]s to wait = a :ile1 t %e might (f] to ! body h] beautiful piece ( clo?1 & ext5d x ov] x4 ,h] reque/ 0 grant$4 ,by a v happy *ance1 ! clo? _h ! desir$ dim5sions 9 bread? & l5g?4 ,no?+ c\ld equal ! magnific5t sight ( ! body2 x look$ beautiful1 l a /atue ( gold1 :5 cov]$ ) t spl5did clo?1 f9ely work$ & adorn$ ) ! ri*e/ embroid]y4 ,! cortge hav+ rea*$ ! place ,matulab&ana1 :]e ! fun]al pile 0 erect$1 ! corpse 0 l[]$ d[n4 ,! pr9ces inquir$ f ,an&a :at 0 to be done to p]=m 9 a becom+ mann] ! la/ rites ov] ,buddha's rema9s4 ,fai?ful to ! la/ reque/ ( ,buddha1 ,an&a said to !m t on ?is occasion !y 7 to obs]ve ! same c]emonies z 7 prescrib$ = ! fun]als ( a ,tsekiawade pr9ce4 ,! body 0 =?) wrapt up ) a f9e clo?1 cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( cotton2 to :i* a second succe$$1 & !n ano!r lay] ( clo?1 & s on1 until ! same process 0 repeat$ five hundr$ successive times4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! corpse 0 plac$ 9 a gold5 c(f91 & ano!r ( ! same =m & size 0 turn$ ov] x z a cov]+4 ,a fun]al pile1 made ) fragrant wood & spr9kl$ ) ! *oice/ p]fumes1 0 prep>$4 ,^u x ! c(f9 0 pomp\sly deposit$4 ,at t "t1 ! great ,ka?aba1 att5d$ by five hundr$ ,rahans1 0 go+ f ! city ( ,pawa to ! city ( ,koo!9>on4 ,on _! way1 at noon1 ! heat 0 s excessive t ! soil appe>$ to burn l fire "u _! feet4 ,! ,rahans1 extremely fatigu$1 desir$ to re/ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day1 int5d+ to ent] ! city ( ,koo!9>on dur+ ! cool ( ! night4 ,ka?aba )drew to a small di/ance f ! road1 &1 hav+ ext5d$ 8 dug\t "u ! %ade ( a l>ge tree1 re/$ ^u x1 refre%+ himself by wa%+ 8 h&s & feet ) wat] p\r$ f a vessel4 ,! ,rahans foll[$ ! example ( _! *ief1 & sat d[n "u ! trees ( ! =e/1 conv]s+ among !mselves ^u ! bless+s & advantages ( ! ?ree preci\s ?+s4 ,:il/ !y 7 re/+1 a h]etic ,rahan appe>$1 com+ f ! city ( ,koo!9>on1 on 8 way to t ( ,pawa1 c>ry+ 9 8 h& a /ick1 at ! extremity ( :i* !re 0 a l>ge fl[]1 r\nd l a broad cupbo>d1 =m+ z x 7 an umbrella ov] 8 head4 ,ka?aba p]ceiv+ ! man at a di/ance ) t extraord9>y fl[]1 ! ,m&aw>a1 ,eri?r9a fulg5s1 ?\ght )9 himself1 8,x is v r>e ev] to see su* a k9d ( fl[]2 x appe>s only ?r\gh ! miracul\s p[] ( "s extraord9>y p]sonage & on great & r>e occasions4 ,x %ot =? :5 my illu/ri\s tea*] ent]$ 8 "m's womb1 :5 he 0 born1 :5 he became ,buddha1 wr\ght miracles at ,?awattie1 & came d[n f ! seat ( ,tawade9?a4 ,n[ t my great ma/] is v old1 ! appe>ance ( ?is fl[] indicates t he has gone to ,neibban40 ,:]eupon he rose f 8 place1 wi%+ to "q ! travell]2 b he desir$ to d x 9 su* a way z to %[ 8 great respect = ! p]son ( ,buddha4 ,he put on 8 cloak1 &1 ) 8 jo9$ h&s rais$ ov] 8 =ehead1 w5t to ! travell] & ask$ him :e!r he knew 8 great tea*]1 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha4 ,! ascetic answ]$ t he knew him well2 b t sev5 days ago he _h rea*$ ! /ate ( ,neibban1 & x 0 f ! place :]e ?is occurr5ce happ5$ t he _h br\ght ! ,m&aw>a fl[]4 ,he _h sc>cely said ?is ^w1 :5 ^? among ! ,rahans :o _h b ent]$ into ! two fir/ ways ( p]fection began to wail & l\dly lam5t ov] ?is untimely occurr5ce1 exhibit+ e sign ( ! deepe/ grief & greate/ desolation4 ,! o!rs t 7 m advanc$ 9 p]fection rema9$ calm & compos$1 rememb]+ ! great maxim ( ,buddha1 t ev]y?+ t has come into exi/5ce mu/ also come to an end4 ,! "n ( ?is h]etic 0 ,?\bat4#be ,he _h be5 previ\s to 8 app>5t conv]sion a h]mit1 lead+ an ascetic's life4 ,subsequ5tly he became a disciple ( ,gaudama1 b reta9$ 9 8 he>t an ill feel+ t[>ds 8 spiritual ma/]1 :i* reveal$ itself 9 ! mann] he communicat$ ! sad news to ,ka?aba & 8 companions4 ,see+ !m p5etrat$ ) ! deepe/ affliction1 & exhibit+ 9 an unfeign$ mann] ! grief :i* weigh$ on _! he>t1 he said to !m3 8,:y d y weep & cry8 ,y h no reason = do+ s2 we are n[ fre$ f ! control ( ! great ,rahan4 ,he 0 always tell+ u3 ,d ?is1 or d n d t4 ,9 e way he annoy$ & vex$ u4 ,n[ e "o c act z he pleases40 ,! ,rahan ,?\bat bore envy & rev5ge t[>ds ,buddha = ! foll[+ reason4 ,=m]ly he 0 a b>b] 9 ! village ( ,atooma1 :]e he !n became a ,rahan4 ,at ! "t we speak (1 ,buddha 0 com+ to t place1 att5d$ by twelve hundr$ ,rahans4 ,?\bat wi%$ to make an (f]+ to ,buddha & 8 foll[]s & give !m food4 ,= ?is purpose he resort$ to ! foll[+ v que/ionable exp$i5t = obta9+ f ! villag]s rice & o!r eatables1 & prep>+ !m = ! great occasion4 ,?\bat _h two sons :o wore ! dress ( ,samane4 ,he gave to ea* ( !m a pair ( scissors1 & desir$ !m to g ?r\gh ! /reet ( ! village & %ave ! head ( all ! *ildr5 !y might meet )1 z a tok5 ( _! ent]+ into religion4 ,! ord] 0 punctually execut$4 ,! p>5ts ( ! lads 7 !n told1 t on su* an occasion x 0 cu/om>y to make consid]able (f]+s4 ,! (f]$ articles1 h[ev]1 w\ld be on ?is occasion employ$ = fe$+ ! great ,gaudama1 :o 0 expect$ 9 ! place ) a great numb] ( disciples4 ,all ! p br\ght 9 l>ge (f]+s ( v>i\s articles ( food1 su* z rice1 oil1 butt]1 & o!r come/ibles4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by means ( su* an exp$i5t1 ! cunn+ ,?\bat1 )\t any co/ to himself1 0 able to make a great display ( ! *oice/ di%es to be laid be=e ,gaudama & 8 disciples on _! arrival to ,atooma1 & e>n = himself ! reputation ( a v lib]al & g5]\s man4 ,buddha1 acqua9t$ ) 8 conduct on ! occasion1 refus$ to accept ! (f]+1 & =bade all 8 foll[]s to eat ( ! food prep>$ by ,?\bat4 ,f t "t ! latt] ev] ent]ta9$ ill-feel+ t[>ds ,buddha1 ?\gh he did n d>e op5ly to give v5t to 8 passion4 ,ka?aba 0 ?und]/ruck at he>+ su* an unbecom+ language#bf f ! m\? ( ! ,rahan ,?\bat4 ,he said to himself3 8,if at ?is "t1 :5 !re are only sev5 days s9ce ,buddha ent]$ ,neibban1 !re are to be f\nd p hold+ su* a language1 :at w happ5 h]eaft]8 ,^! p]sons w soon h foll[]s :o w embrace ! pr(ession ( ,rahans1 & !n ! true religion %all be totally subv]t$3 ! excell5t law %all be 9 ! h&s ( su* p]sons l a heap ( un/rung fl[]s t are scatt]$ by ! w9d4 ,! only rem$y to su* an imp5d+ mis=tune is to assemble a c\ncil compos$ ( all ! true disciples1 :o1 by _! decisions1 %all insure /ability to religion1 & fix ! mean+ ( e portion ( ! law1 conta9$ 9 ! ,w9i1 ! ,?oots1 & ! ,abidama4 ,i am1 z x 71 b\nd to wat* ov] ! religion ( ,buddha because ( ! peculi> pr$ilection he has ev] %[n to me4 ,on "o occasion ,i walk$ ) ,buddha ! di/ance ( ?ree gawots2 dur+ t "t he prea*$ to me1 & at ! end ( ! in/ruction we made an ex*ange ( our tsiw>ans1 & ,i put on 8 own4 ,he said3 #8,ka?aba is l ! moon3 ?ree times he has obta9$ ! inh]itance ( ! law4 ,8 affection to my p]son1 8 zeal = my religion1 h nev] be5 equall$4 ,aft] my demise1 x w behove him to /em ! curr5t ( evil1 to humble ! wick$1 & condemn _! false tea*+s z subv]sive ( ! g5u9e doctr9e4 ,) su* en]getic means1 my religion %all rema9 pure & undefil$1 & its t5ets %all n be lo/ & dr[n$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! rag+ waves ( errors4' ,!re=e10 said ! great disciple1 8,i w hold an assembly ( all ! disciples1 = ! promotion & exaltation ( ! holy religion40 ,?is design ,ka?aba kept p]fectly secret1 & made kn[n to no "o4 ,at t "t1 f\r ( ! able/ ,malla pr9ces1 hav+ wa%$ _! heads1 & ea* put on a f9e new dress1 tri$ to set fire to ! fun]al pile1 made ( s&al & o!r odorif]\s woods1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty cubits high4 ,_! ef=ts prov+ useless1 all ! o!r pr9ces jo9$ !m1 9 ! hope t1 by _! unit$ ex]tions1 !y w\ld be able to set fire to ! pile4 ,fans made ( palm-leaves 7 vigor\sly agitat$ ov] ! heap ( coals2 bell[s made ( lea!r blew 9 ! same direction2 b all ! ef=ts 7 ( no avail4 ,! pr9ces1 surpris$ & di%e>t5$1 consult$ ,anoor\da z to ! cause ( su* a disappo9tm5t4 ,anoor\da said to !m1 t ! ,nats did n approve ( _! proce$+s2 !y wi%$ t ! great ,ka?aba %\ld arrive & v5]ate ! corpse1 ere x be consum$ by fire4 ,no fire c\ld be light$ be=e ! great ,rahan _h made 8 appe>ance4 ,! p1 he>+ ! answ] ( ,anoor\da1 wond]$ at ! transc5d5t m]it ( ! great ,ka?aba1 & anxi\sly wait$ = 8 arrival4 ,!y said to ea* o!r1 8,:o is ?is di/+ui%$ ,rahan8 ,is he :ite or black1 %ort or tall80 ,!y took p]fumes1 fl[]s1 & flags1 & w5t out to meet him & hon\r him 9 a becom+ mann]4 ,:5 ! great ,ka?aba arriv$ 9 ! city ( ,koo!9>on1 he )\t delay repair$ to ! place :]e ! fun]al pile 0 erect$4 ,he adju/$ 8 clo!s 9 ! mo/ becom+ mann]1 &1 ) 8 h&s jo9$ to ! =ehead1 ?ree times turn$ r\nd ! pile1 say+ at ea* turn1 8,?is is ! place ( ! head2 t is ! place ( ! feet40 ,/&+ !n on ! spot opposite to ! feet1 he ent]$ into ! f\r? /ate ( dzan = a :ile4 ,8 m9d hav+ em]g$ !refrom1 he made ! foll[+ pray]3--8,i wi% to see ! feet ( ,buddha1 :]eupon are impr9t$ ! m>ks t =m]ly progno/icat$ 8 future glori\s de/9y4 ,may ! clo? & cotton !y are wrapp$ ) be unloos5$1 & ! c(f91 z well z ! pile1 be laid op51 & ! sacr$ feet appe> out & ext5d s f> z to lie on my head40 ,he _h sc>cely utt]$ 8 pray]1 :5 ! :ole 0 sudd5ly op5$1 & !re came out ! beautiful feet1 l ! full moon em]g+ f ! bosom ( a d>k cl\d4 ,! :ole assembly bur/ into l\d applauses & cont9u$ *e]s on see+ ?is mat*less prodigy4 ,ka?aba1 /ret*+ 8 two h&s1 t resembl$ two lilies j bloom+1 held bo? feet firmly by ! heels1 plac$ !m on 8 head1 & wor%ipp$4 ,all 8 disciples foll[$ 8 example1 & wor%ipp$4 ,p]fumes & fl[]s 7 pr(usely (f]$ by ! cr[d4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! feet sl[ly )drew into _! place1 ! pile & c(f9 resum$ _! natural position4 ,z ! sun & ! moon disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon1 s ! feet ( ,buddha disappe>$1 buri$ z x 71 9 ! folds ( clo? & cotton4 ,! p1 at ?is mom5t1 wept & l\dly wail$3 _! affection = ,buddha 0 ev9c$ on ?is occasion m =cibly ?an :5 he ent]$ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,! feet _h h>dly be5 conceal$ f ! sight ( ! p1 :51 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( any "o1 fire caught ! pile1 & soon set x 9 a blaze ( flames4 ,! sk91 ! fle%1 ! muscles1 ! entrails1 & liv] ( ! body 7 all consum$1 )\t leav+ any trace ( a%es & *>coal2 z butt] or oil1 p\r$ on a great fire1 burn & are consum$ )\t any?+ rema9+4 ,( ! body all _h disappe>$ except ! relics4 ,all ! pieces ( clo? t s]v$ to wrap up ! body1 except ! out]mo/ & inn]mo/1 7 all consum$4 ,! relics ( =m] ,buddhas1 ^: lives 7 v long1 resembl$ a lump ( gold4 ,our ,buddha1 ^: life _h be5 comp>atively ( a %ort duration1 _h said :il/ yet alive3 8,dur+ my lifetime1 religion has n be5 suffici5tly diffus$2 ^?1 !re=e1 :o1 aft] my ,neibban1 %all obta9 ( my relics a small portion1 be x b ( ! size ( a mu/>d-se$1 & build a dz$i to place !m 91 & wor%ip & make (f]+s to !m1 %all obta9 a place ( happ9ess 9 "o ( ! seats ( ,nats40 ,among ! relics 7 ! f\r can9e tee?1 ! two bones t connect ! %\ld]s ) ! neck-bone1 & ! frontal bone4 ,^! are ! sev5 great relics4 ,!y 7 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation1 n at all damag$ by fire1 & are call$ ,a?amb9ana4 ,besides ^! relics !re 7 "s o!rs ( a small] dim5sion1 9 suffici5t quantity to fill up sev5 ts>\ts4 ,"h is ! size & %ape ( ^? sacr$ rema9s3 ! smalle/ 7 ( ! size ( a mu/>d-se$1 & resembl$ ! bud ( ! ,h+-k[2 ! middle ones equall$ ! size ( a rice-gra91 divid$ into two p>ts1 & look$ l pe>ls2 ! l>ge/ 7 ( ! size ( a pea1 & appe>$ l gold4 ,:5 ! pile 0 consum$ by fire1 wat] came d[n f ! sky1 z ?ick z ! arm1 :i* soon ext+ui%$ ! fire4 ,! ,malla pr9ces p\r$ also ^u x an imm5se quantity ( sc5t$ wat]4 ,dur+ all ! :ile ! pile 0 burn+1 /reams ( flames issu$ f ! leaves & bran*es ( ! trees1 %9+ =? ) uncommon brightness1 )\t burn+ ! trees2 insects ( e description 7 se5 fly+ 9 sw>ms on ^? trees1 )\t receiv+ ! lea/ injury4 ,9 ! place :]e ! corpse _h be5 expos$ dur+ sev5 days1 ! relics 7 deposit$ dur+ ! same l5g? ( "t1 & (f]+s ( p]fumes & fl[]s 7 incessantly made4 ,above !m1 a canopy bespangl$ ) gold & silv] />s 0 rais$1 & b\quets ( fl[]s & p]fumes 7 hang+ !refrom4 ,f t place to ! "o :]e ! ornam5ts 7 deposit$1 ! road 0 l9$ on bo? sides ) f9e clo?2 ! road itself 0 cov]$ ) ! f9e/ mats4 ,above ! road 0 spread a spl5did canopy bespangl$ ) gold5 />s & fl[]s4 ,! int]ior ( ! build+ 0 ri*ly decorat$2 p]fumes & fl[]s 7 se5 hang+ f ! canopy4 ,ar\nd ! build+1 ma/s 7 plant$1 & adorn$ ) ! five sorts ( flags4 ,planta9-trees 7 plant$ on bo? sides ( ! road1 & j>s ( cool wat] 7 laid d[n at a v %ort di/ance "o f ! o!r4 ,f po/s ( well-poli%$ wood 7 susp5d$ lamps to be light$ day & night4 ,! box1 conta9+ ! relics1 0 plac$ on ! back ( a ri*ly-cap>ison$ elephant1 & ! preci\s rema9s 7 hon\r$ 9 e possible way by (f]+s ( fl[]s & p]fumes2 by danc+1 s++1 music1 rejoic+s1 & l\d acclamations4 ,! ,malla pr9ces1 to insure ! safety ( ! relics1 _h a l9e ( elephants drawn r\nd ! place1 !n a second l9e ( horses1 !n a ?ird ( *>iots1 !n a f\r? ( w>riors4 ,su* precautions 7 tak5 bo? = insur+ ! safety ( ! relics1 & all[+ "t to ev]ybody to come & d hon\r to !m4 ,at t "t ! c\rti]s ( ,k+ ,adzata?at1#bg kn[+ well ! t5d] affection _! royal ma/] bore to ,buddha's p]son1 7 reluctant to convey to him ! sad intellig5ce ( 8 demise1 = fe> ( caus+ 9 him too great an affliction4 ,!y took e possible precaution1 & devis$ v>i\s means = prep>+ ! k+'s m9d to be> ) composure ! loss he _h su/a9$4 ,z soon z ! mon>* und]/ood :at ! c\rti]s int5d$ to say1 he fa9t$ ?ree times 9 succession4 ,ea* "t /eam ba?s & an abundant p\r+ ( wat] ov] ! head re/or$ him to consci\sness4 ,:5 he became s5sible1 he wail$ & lam5t$ = a long "t4 ,recov]+ f ! %ock ( 8 deep affliction1 he desir$ to assuage ! grief caus$ by ,buddha's dea? by procur+ "s ( 8 relics4 ,= t purpose a mess5g] 0 despat*$ to ! ,malla pr9ces ) ! foll[+ reque/3 8,y are ! desc5dants ( ! great ,?amadat2 ,i too1 :o rule ov] ! ,maga?a c\ntry1 boa/ ( ! same noble orig94 ,= ?is reason1 ,i put =w>d my claim = obta9+ ! possession ( "s ( ,buddha's relics1 :i* are n[ 8 repres5tatives4 ,i w give directions = ! erection ( a beautiful & tall dz$i :]e9 !y %all be deposit$4 ,i & my p %all h ?us an object ( wor%ip40 ,! pr9ces ( ,we?alie & ( ! neighb\r+ /ates s5t a simil> reque/4 ,^? ( ,kapilawot & ,alekapa foll[$ _! example4 ,! k+s ( ,rama & ,pawa1 ! p\nhas ( ,)adipa also s5t 9 _! reclamations1 ) a ?reat ( hav+ rec\rse to ! =ce ( arms1 if _! dem&s %\ld be disreg>d$4 ,!y soon foll[$ _! mess5g]s at ! head ( _! troops4 ,! ,malla pr9ces1 on receiv+ ^? messages1 consult$ among !mselves z to :at 0 to be done4 ,!y agre$ t1 ! relics ( ,buddha be+ ! mo/ valuable possessions 9 ! _w1 !y w\ld n "p ) !m4 ,_m angry words 7 ex*ang$ among cont5d+ p>ties4 ,!y 7 almo/ ready to draw ! sword :5 a celebrat$ p\nha1 nam$ ,dauna1 made 8 appe>ance4 ,he /ood on an elevat$ spot1 & mak+ a sign ) 8 h&1 began to speak 9 a language calculat$ to soo! ! irritation ( ! p>ties4 ,great 0 8 influ5ce ov] all1 s9ce !re 0 sc>cely a man 9 ! isl& ( ,dzamp\dipa :o did n ackn[l$ge ,dauna z 8 tea*]4 8,o k+s & pr9ces10 said he1 8he> "o ^w t ,i h to say to y4 ,our mo/ excell5t ,buddha always extoll$ ! virtue ( =be>ance2 b y are ready to fight = ! possession ( 8 relics4 ,?is is n good4 ,let all ( y be n[ ( "o m9d1 ) *e]ful dispositions4 ,i w divide ! relics into eight equal portions4 ,let e "o be ev] solicit\s to multiply 9 all directions dz$is 9 hon\r ( him1 :o 0 possess$ ( ! five visions1 t _m may feel affection = ! mo/ excell5t "o40 ,dauna w5t on expla9+ m fully ! two /anzas he _h recit$1 say+3 8,o k+s & pr9ces1 our mo/ excell5t ,buddha1 previ\s to 8 obta9+ ! ,buddha%ip1 :il/ he 0 ev5 an animal1 /ill m a man & a ,nat1 practis$ ! virtue ( pati5ce2 he always recomm5d$ x 9 all 8 subsequ5t prea*+s4 ,h[ c\ld y h rec\rse to op5 viol5ce1 to w>like weapons1 = 8 relics8 ,y are k+s ( eight c\ntries2 come to a quiet & peaceable arrangem5t on ?is subject2 speak to ea* o!r words ( peace & good-w4 ,i w h ! relics divid$ into eight equal p>ts4 ,y are all equally wor?y to receive y\r %>e40 ,! k+s1 on he>+ ! words ( ,dauna1 came to ! place :]e he /ood1 & entreat$ him to make eight equal portions ( ! relics4 ,dauna ass5t$ to _! reque/4 ,!y w5t ) him to ! place ( ! relics4 ,! gold5 c(f9 t conta9$ !m 0 op5$1 & !re appe>$ to _! reg>ds all ! relics beautiful l gold4 ,! pr9ces see+ !m said3 8,we h se5 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha gift$ ) ! six glories1 & all ! bodily qualifications ( ! mo/ accompli%$ p]son3 :o c\ld believe t ^! are ! only ?+s t rema9 ( him80 ,!y all wept & lam5t$4 ,:il/ !y 7 ov]:elm$ ) grief1 ,dauna ab/ract$ "o ( ! can9e tee? & conceal$ x 9 ! folds ( 8 turban4 ,all ! relics 7 duly apportion$ to all ! k+s4 ,a ,?agia1 :o _h se5 ! do+ ( ,dauna1 took adroitly ! too?1 & )\t be+ p]ceiv$ c>ri$ x into ! ,nats' seats1 & plac$ x 9 ! ,dzoolamani dz$i4 ,:5 ! p>tition 0 ov]1 ,dauna 0 surpris$ n to f9d ! too? he _h /ol53 he did n1 h[ev]1 d>e to compla91 z 8 pi\s fraud w\ld h be5 discov]$4 ,to console himself = su* a loss1 he ask$ = ! possession ( ! gold5 vessel :]e9 ! relics _h be5 kept4 ,8 dem& 0 fav\rably receiv$1 & ! gold5 vessel 0 giv5 to him4 ,! ,maurya pr9ces1 :o rul$ ov] ! c\ntry ( ,pipilawana1 he>+ :at _h be5 done by ,adzata?at & o!r k+s1 w5t also ) a great ret9ue to ! city ( ,koo!9>on4 ,! ,malla pr9ces in=m$ !m t ! relics _h already be5 divid$1 & t !re rema9$ no?+ b ! coals ( ! fun]al pile4 ,!y took !m away1 built a l>ge pagoda ov] !m1 & wor%ipp$4 ,! places :]e ! relics 7 deposit$ are ,radzagio1 ,koo!9>on1 ,we?alie1 ,kapilawot1 ,allakapata1 ,rama1 ,pawa1 & ,witadipakka4 ,k+ ,adzata?at ord]$ a beautiful & well-levell$ road1 eight oo?abas broad1 to be made f ! city ( ,koo!9>on to t ( ,radzagio4 ,! di/ance is tw5ty-five y\dzanas4 ,he wi%$ to adorn x1 9 all its l5g?1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,malla pr9ces _h done ! road lead+ f ! place :]e ! cremation ( ! corpse _h tak5 place to t :]e ! relics _h be5 deposit$4 ,at fix$ & prop] di/ances h\ses 7 built = re/+ & sp5d+ ! night4 ,! k+1 att5d$ by a c\ntless cr[d ( p1 w5t to take ! relics & c>ry !m into 8 c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! j\rney1 s++1 danc+1 & play+ ( musical in/rum5ts 7 un9t]rupt$4 ,(f]+s ( p]fumes & fl[]s 7 incessantly made by ! p4 ,at c]ta9 int]vals !y /opp$ dur+ sev5 days1 :5 fre% hon\rs 7 paid to ! relics 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ rejoic+s4 ,9 ?is mann] sev5 mon?s & sev5 days 7 employ$ 9 go+ ov] ! di/ance betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,at ,radzagio ! relics 7 deposit$ 9 a place prep>$ = t purpose1 & a dz$i 0 erect$ ov] !m4 ,! sev5 o!r k+s built also dz$is ov] ! relics !y _h obta9$4 ,dauna built "o1 too1 ov] ! gold5 vessel1 & ! ,maurya pr9ces erect$ likewise "o religi\s monum5t ov] ! coals4 ,?us !re 7 at t "t t5 dz$is1 situat$ respectively 9 ,radzagio1 ,koo!9>on1 ,we?alie1 ,kapilawot1 ,allakapata1 ,witadipaka1 ,rama1 ,pawa1 ! ,dauna village1 & ,papilawana4 ,! p>tition ( ! relics happ5$ on ! fif? ( ! wax+ moon ( ,nayon 7,june74 ,!re 7 altoge!r eight ts>\ts ( relics2 t is to say1 a basketful4 ,ea* pr9ce _h "o ts>\t2 t is to say1 two pyis4 ,! upp] "r can9e too? 0 tak5 to ! ,nats' seats2 ! l[] "r too? 0 c>ri$ to ! ,g&ala c\ntry2 ! upp] left too? 0 remov$ to ,kal+ga1 & ! l[] left too? to ! ,naga seat4 ,! o!r tee? & hairs ( ! head & body 7 di/ribut$ by ! ,nats 9 a great numb] ( o!r worlds4 ,:5 ! fun]al c]emonies 7 complet$1 & ! di/ribution ( ! relics effect$ 9 a mann] satisfactory to all p>ties1 ,ka?aba1 :o 0 ! ackn[l$g$ head ( ! assembly1 advis$ ,k+ ,adzata?at to d away ) ! ,eetzana era1 & e/abli% a new "o1 t w\ld be call$ ! era ( religion1 beg9n+ ) ! ye> ( ,buddha's ,neibban1 t is to say1 on ! ye> #adh ( ! ,eetzana era4 ,! k+ joyfully ass5t$ to ! pi\s reque/ ( ! ,buddhi/ patri>*1 & 0 exce$+ly rejoic$ to h ?is opportunity ( af=d+ a fre% tok5 ( ! great e/eem he _h = ,buddha's p]son4 ,_m ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! great ,ka?aba ent]ta9$ "s fe> 9 8 m9d respect+ ! safety ( ! relics1 di/ribut$ ov] eight di/9ct places1 viz41 ,koo!9>on1 ,radzagio1 ,kappila1 ,allakabat1 ,watadipaka1 ,rama1 ,pawa1 & ,we?alie4#bh ,he wi%$ to h !m all put toge!r 9 a safe & secure place1 :]e !y c\ld be pres]v$ until bett] circum/ances w\ld af=d an opportunity to br+ !m =?1 & expose !m to ! respect & v5]ation ( ! true believ]s all ov] ! ,dzamp\dipa isl&4 ,= ?is purpose1 9 ! ye> ( religion #bj1 he w5t to ,k+ ,adzata?at & said to him t precautions 7 to be tak5 = secur+ ! pres]vation ( ! relics4 ,! k+ ask$ him by :at means all ! relics c\ld be _h f ^? :o n[ possess$ !m4 ,ka?aba repli$ t he w\ld "k h[ to manage su* a delicate affair4 ,he w5t to ! sev5 k+s1 :o gave to him all ! pr9cipal relics1 keep+ beside !mselves only :at 0 /rictly necess>y to be deem$ an object ( wor%ip & good-w t[>ds ,buddha's p]son4 ,"o exception 0 made 9 fav\r ( ! relics deposit$ 9 ! village ( ,rama1 because !y 7 9 future times to be c>ri$ to ,ceylon & plac$ 9 ! great wih>a or pagoda4 ,all ! relics hav+ be5 br\ght to ,radzagio1 ,ka?aba took ) him ^? pi\s articles1 & w5t out ( ! city4 ,he direct$ 8 /eps 9 a s\?-ea/]n direction1 load$ ) ?is preci\s burd51 :i* he c>ri$ all ! way4 ,hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 spot1 he made ! foll[+ pray]3--8,may all ! rocks & /ones ( ?is place disappe>1 & !re be1 9 place !re(1 a f9e s&y soil2 may wat] nev] issue f ?is spot40 ,adzata?at ord]$ ! soil to be dug v deep4 ,) ! e>? bricks 7 made1 & eight dz$is 7 built4 ,?is 0 done = ! express purpose ( prev5t+ p suspect+ ! real object t bo? ,ka?aba & ! k+ _h 9 view4 ,! dep? ( ! hole 0 eighty cubits4 ,its bottom 0 l9$ ) iron b>s4 ,to t bottom 0 l[]$ a *apel mona/]y made ( brass1 simil> 9 %ape & proportions to ! great wih>a ( ,ceylon4 ,six gold boxes conta9+ ! preci\s relics 7 plac$ 9 ?is *apel mona/]y4 ,ea* box 0 enclos$ 9 "o ( silv]1 ! latt] 9 "o adorn$ ) preci\s /ones1 & s on1 until eight boxes 7 plac$ "o )9 ! o!r4 ,!re 7 also arrang$ #eej /atues1 repres5t+ ,buddha 9 #eej prec$+ exi/5ces describ$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 ! /atues ( ! eighty great disciples1 ) ^? ( ,?oodaudana & ,maia4 ,!re also 7 arrang$ #ejj lamps ( gold & #ejj lamps ( silv]1 fill$ ) ! mo/ fragrant oil1 ) wicks made ( ! ri*e/ clo?4 ,! great ,ka?aba1 tak+ a leaf ( gold1 wrote ^u x ! foll[+ words3--8,9 aft]times a "y man1 nam$ ,piada?a1 %all asc5d ! ?rone1 & become a great & r5[n$ mon>* "u ! "n ( ,a?oka4 ,?r\gh him ! relics %all be spread all ov] ! isl& ( ,dzampoodipa40 ,k+ ,adzata?at made new (f]+s ( fl[]s & p]fumes4 ,all ! doors ( ! mona/]y 7 %ut1 & fa/5$ ) an iron bolt4 ,ne> ! la/ door he plac$ a l>ge ruby1 ^u :i* ! foll[+ words 7 writt53 8,let ! poor k+ :o %all f9d ?is ruby pres5t x to ! relics40 ,a ,?agia ord]$ a ,nat to wat* ov] ! preci\s deposit4 ,! ,nat dispos$ ar\nd x ! mo/ hide\s & t]rify+ figures1 arm$ ) swords4 ,! :ole 0 encompass$ by six walls made ( /one & brick2 a l>ge slab ( /one cov]$ ! upp] "p1 & ^u x he built a small dz$i4 ,five ye>s aft]w>ds1 t is to say1 9 ! tw5ty-fif? ye> ( ! religi\s era1#bi ,k+ ,adzata?at di$2 &1 likewise1 all ^? t _h be5 pres5t on ?is occasion disappe>$ "o aft] ! o!r f ! sc5e ( ?is _w4 ,a small dz$i indicat$ ! place :]e ! sacr$ relics _h be5 religi\sly deposit$4 ,b 9 due c\rse ( "t1 ! place1 be+ no long] he$$ by ! p1 soon became ov]gr[n ) bu%es1 :i* scre5$ f sight ! mode/ monum5t itself4 ,! relics rema9$ buri$ 9 t mann] 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 until aft] a long p]iod ( "t !re 0 to appe> at la/ a mighty rul]1 full ( zeal = ! promotion ( religion1 :o w\ld be wor?y to r5d] a becom+ hon\r to ! relics1 & to di/ribute !m ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! isl& ( ,dzampoodipa4 ,?is great ev5t %all be n>rat$ 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,aft] ,buddha's dea?1 zeal ( ,ka?aba 9 uphold+ g5u9e doctr9es--,he selects five hundr$ eld]s to become memb]s ( a c\ncil or assembly--,radzagio is fix$ ^u = ! hold+ ( ! c\ncil--,he repairs ?i!r ) a portion ( ! appo9t$ memb]s--,behavi\r ( ! amiable ,an&a previ\s to 8 dep>ture = ,radzagio--,k+ ,adzata?at supports ,ka?aba 9 8 views--,! hall = hold+ ! c\ncil is prep>$ by 8 ord]s--,an&a is qualifi$ 9 a miracul\s mann] = sitt+ z a memb] ( ! c\ncil--,hold+ ( ! c\ncil "u ! presid5cy ( ,ka?aba--,e/abli%m5t ( ! religi\s era--,de/ruction ( ,we?alie by ,adzata?at--,! successors ( t pr9ce--,9 ! days ( ,k+ ,kala?oka a second c\ncil is held at ,pataliputra1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,ra?a--,causes t provok$ ! hold+ ( a second assembly4 ,hav+ complet$ ! n>rative ( all t relates to ! relics1 we h to trace back our /eps1 & give an acc\nt ( ! developm5t & spread ( ,buddhism into v>i\s c\ntries4 ,aft] ! cremation ( ,buddha's mortal rema9s & ! di/ribution ( ! relics1 peaceably manag$ by ! ,p\nha ,dauna1 ,ka?aba1 on acc\nt ( ! high e/eem ,buddha ev] _h = him--e/eem :i* he _h manife/$ 9 a /rik+ mann] :5 he inve/$ him ) 8 "o robe--consid]$ himself z hav+ be5 !reby especially appo9t$ to provide effectual means = plac+ ! law on an un%ak5 f\ndation4 ,z a mon>* be=e 8 dea? appo9ts 8 son to succe$ him1 to wield ! supreme p[] & keep x 9 8 family1 9 a l mann] ,buddha _h appo9t$ 8 elde/ spiritual son to take 8 place4 ,be+1 !re=e1 ! ackn[l$g$ head ( ! assembly1 he _h b "o object 9 view1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! doctr9es & in/itutions ( 8 great ma/] 9 _! orig9al purity1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( religion on a firm basis4 ,:5 on 8 way f ! t[n ( ,pawa to t ( ,koo!9>on1 to be pres5t at ! fun]al ( ,buddha1 he _h met ) a ,rahan1 :o _h giv5 him p>ticul>s respect+ ! la/ mom5ts & dea? ( ,gaudama1 & at ! same "t _h d>$ to express feel+s ( satisfaction on t m\rnful occasion 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,n[ t our ma/] has gone to ,neibban1 he w be no long] among/ u1 to tell u1 #8,y mu/ d ?is1 y h to %un t2 su* a regulation ought to be obs]v$2 su* a duty is to be p]=m$4' ,we %all he> no long] ! reproa*es he 0 wont to address to u4 ,at pres5t we are at lib]ty to d :at we l1 & to foll[ our own incl9ations40 ,su* unbecom+1 nay1 impi\s language1 /ung to ! quick ! ard5t s\l ( ! v5]able ,ka?aba4 ,f t mom5t he 0 daily engag$ 9 revolv+ 9 8 m9d1 & exam9+ )9 himself1 :at w\ld be ! be/ c\rse to be ent]$ ^u1 9 ord] to keep intact ! doctr9es he _h he>d f ! m\? ( ,buddha himself1 & e/abli% ^u a firm basis ! religi\s in/itutions he s mu* valu$4 8,z soon10 said he )9 himself1 8z ! fun]al ( ! mo/ excell5t ,phra %all h be5 p]=m$ ) a becom+ solemnity1 ,i %all congregate toge!r ! mo/ zeal\s & le>n$ memb]s ( ! assembly1 &1 ) _! unit$ ef=ts & en]gy1 ,i w oppose ! spread+ ( false doctr9es1 :i* obscure ! true ones4 ,i w put d[n ! newly-inv5t$ errone\s discipl9>y regulations1 by sett+ 9 a /rong light ! g5u9e ones4 ,to prev5t1 9 future1 ! re-occurr5ce ( simil> evils s detrim5tal to religion1 all ! prea*+s ( ,buddha z well z ! discipl9>y rules %all be arrang$ "u sev]al heads1 & committ$ to writ+4 ,! books conta9+ ! above %all be held up z sacr$40#cj ,agreeably to ! plan he _h fix$ ^u tw5ty days aft] ,buddha's demise1 ! great ,ka?aba1 pr(it+ by ! circum/ance t _h br\ght toge!r s _m ,rahans f all p>ts to ! t[n ( ,koo!9>on1 communicat$ 8 views to all ! ,rahans congregat$ 9 t place4 ,hav+ receiv$ f all 8 bre?r5 a suitable enc\ragem5t1 ,ka?aba select$ f among !m f\r hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ( ! mo/ le>n$4 ,!y 7 all ,rah&as1 t is to say1 !y _h all rea*$ ! la/ degree ( p]fection1 ) ! exception ( ,an&a1 :o 0 b a ,?autapan1 &1 !re=e1 _h only ent]$ into ! curr5t t 0 to drift him to p]fection4 ,x may be ask$ :y ,an&a 0 select$ z a memb] ( ! future c\ncil1 s9ce1 9 po9t ( spiritual atta9m5ts1 he 0 v inf]ior to all 8 bre?r5 ^u :om ,ka?aba's selection _h fall54 ,let x n be believ$ t he ow$ ?is di/9ction to 8 royal extraction1 or to 8 be+ fir/ c\s9 to ,buddha & ! fri5d ( ,ka?aba1 or to ! v5]able appe>ance :i* grey hairs imp>t$ to 8 p]son4 ,8 bre?r5 7 full ( love & e/eem = him4 ,!y _h ! greate/ reg>d = all t he said1 because1 hav+ always att5d$ on ,buddha's p]son dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s1 liv$ ) him 9 ! greate/ intimacy1 & foll[$ him z ! %ad[ does ! body1 he 0 p]fectly conv]sant ) ! doctr9es ( ,gaudama1 :i* he _h he>d exp\nd$ on all occasions & to all sorts ( p4 ,all ! religi\s 7 unanim\s 9 decl>+ him wor?y to be associat$ ) ^? :o 7 to compose ! synod4 ,ka?aba 0 delight$ at su* an op9ion1 :i* agre$ s well ) 8 own4 ,ka?aba exam9$ aft]w>ds :at 0 ! mo/ befitt+ place = hold+ ! c\ncil4 ,hav+ review$ successively ! v>i\s cities situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,koo!9>on1 he 0 pleas$ ) none ( !m4 ,radzagio appe>$ to him 9 e respect ! be/ place t c\ld be select$4 ,! city & its suburbs 7 v popul\s2 ! p liv$ 9 afflu5t circum/ances2 alms c\ld easily be procur$ ev5 = a l>ge assembly dur+ any p]iod ( "t2 mona/]ies ab\t ! city 7 bo? num]\s & ( great ext5t4 ,all ^! advantages comb9$ toge!r induc$ ,ka?aba to give ! pref]5ce to t city4 ,to ?is 8 bre?r5 unanim\sly ass5t$4 ,:5 ^! prelim9>ies _h be5 settl$1 ,ka?aba1 on ! fif? ( ! wax+ moon ( ,nayon1 spoke z foll[s to ! memb]s ( ! future c\ncil3 8,bre?r51 y h be=e y =ty days to prep>e y\rselves1 & dispose ev]y?+ to hold y\rselves ready = beg9n+ ! great & important affair = :i* we h to assemble at ,radzagio4 ,let none ( y br+ =w>d any pretext = po/pon+ 8 go+ to ! place t has be5 fix$ ^u1 su* z sickness1 or ! consid]ation ( p>5ts1 fri5ds1 relatives1 or ev5 tea*]4 ,e "o ( u mu/ be prep>$ to =sake ev]y?+ to promote ! great object we h 9 view1 ! exaltation ( religion40 ,:5 he _h spok5 9 ?is mann] he took ) himself two hundr$ & fifty religi\s1 & %ap$ 8 c\rse 9 ! direction ( ,radzagio4 ,"s :ile aft]w>ds ,anoor\da1 att5d$ by ne>ly a simil> numb] ( bre?r51 w5t to ! same place by foll[+ ano!r road4 ,! v5]able p\nha rema9$ 9 ,koo!9>on ) sev5 hundr$ bre?r54 ,! o!r religi\s1 n designat$ by ,ka?aba1 )drew into v>i\s o!r localities4 ,:il/ ^! ?+s 7 tak+ place1 ! ev] k9d-he>t$ & affectionate ,an&a avail$ himself ( a portion ( ! =ty days all[$ by ,ka?aba to proce$ to ,radzagio1 to give full scope to ! feel+s ( love he ent]ta9$ = ! p]son ( ,buddha4 ,he employ$ a "p ( t "t 9 revisit+ ! v>i\s places t _h be5 ! fav\rite resorts ( 8 belov$ dep>t$ ma/]1 ! ,dzetawon mona/]y 9 p>ticul>4 ,full ( love = ! memory ( ,buddha1 he 0 se5 ent]+ into ! mona/]ies :]e he 0 wont to s]ve him daily ) a mo/ affectionate reg>d1 8 eyes ba!d 9 te>s1 & do+1 out ( respect = him1 ! same humble b devot$ s]vices4 ,he swept ! room1 made ! b$1 br\ght ! wat] 9 ! same way z if ,buddha _h be5 pres5t4 ,) a l[ tone ( voice1 (t5 int]rupt$ by sobs1 he 0 he>d repeat+1 ) ! acc5t ( a deep sadness1 temp]$ by love1 8,?is is ! place :]e ! mo/ excell5t ,phra sat d[n2 ?is is ! b$ ^u :i* he slept2 ?is is ! v]&ah ?r\gh :i* he pac$ to & fro2 ?is is ! place :]e he ba!d20 & on ea* spot he /ood a:ile & %$ abundant te>s4 ,at su* a sight ! p felt _! love t[>ds ,buddha's p]son increas+ t5fold4 ,!y accompani$ 8 lov+ disciple1 jo9$ him 9 8 pi\s (fices1 & ) him wept z bitt]ly1 9 rememb]+ ! p]son ( ! great tea*]1 8 mann]s & 8 prea*+s1 z !y did :5 !y he>d ( 8 dea?4 ,hav+ p]=m$ all ^! pi\s duties1 ,an&a left t place1 & ha/5$ to ! city ( ,radzagio4 ,:5 all ! religi\s _h congregat$1 ! occupants ( ! eighte5 mona/]ies t 7 spread 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,radzagio _h to leave !m1 & make !m ov] to ! new-com]s4 ,all ! five hundr$ religi\s sp5t ! fe/ival day ( ! full moon ( ,watso toge!r ) ! occupants ( ^? places4 ,aft] ! p]=mance ( ! usual devotions !y 7 left alone 9 ! undi/urb$ possession ( ! above-nam$ mona/]ies4 ,b ! build+s 7 f\nd 9 su* a bad ord] t !y requir$ important & imm$iate repairs4 ,moreov]1 !y 7 9 a /ate ( unbe>able uncleanness1 & x 0 deem$ necess>y to h !m well rubb$ & wa%$4 ,! cause ( ?is disord]$ /ate 0 ?is3 :5 ! occupants ( ^? places he>d ( ! approa*+ dea? ( _! great tea*]1 !y _h ha/5$ to ,koo!9>on1 & !re 0 no "o left to take c>e ( ! dwell+s & keep !m 9 good ord]4 ,to h ! evil rem$i$1 ,ka?aba1 accompani$ by a l>ge ret9ue ( 8 mo/ rem>kable bre?r51 w5t on ! second day aft] ! full moon ( ,watso to ! palace ( ,k+ ,adzata?at1 :o receiv$ him ) e m>k ( respect1 & imm$iately inquir$ ab\t ! object ( 8 visit4 ,ka?aba expla9$ to ! mon>* ! purpose ( 8 com+ to ,radzagio ) five hundr$ ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ religi\s4 8,i desire10 said he1 8to confute error & to proclaim tru?4 ,my greate/ wi% is to promote ! sacr$ cause ( our holy religion4 ,= t purpose ,i h1 ) ! concurr5ce ( all my bre?r51 resolv$ to hold a synod compos$ ( ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! assembly4 ,we ask f y1 ,o ,k+1 ! fav\r ( caus+ ! eighte5 mona/]ies ( ,radzagio to be repair$ = our dwell+1 & also to give ord]s = ! erection ( a spaci\s hall1 :i* %all be ! place ( our meet+s = discuss+ v>i\s subjects relat+ to religion40 ,adzata?at joyfully ass5t$ to ! proposal & dem&s ( ! ,buddhi/ patri>*4 ,he gave full lib]ty = ! hold+ ( ! c\ncil1 say+1 8,my p[] & t ( ! law are n[ at y\r comm&40 ,he gave imm$iate ord]s = putt+ 9 p]fect ord] ! dwell+-place ( ! ,rahans4 ,on ! s\!rn face ( ,m\nt ,webh>a !re 0 a cave :i* _h be5 a fav\rite place ( resort ) ,buddha dur+ ! seasons t he sp5t at ,radzagio 9 ! ,welo[on or bamboo-grove mona/]y4 ,t spot 0 fix$ ^u z ! fitte/ = ! hold+ ( ! assembly4 ,adzata?at summon$ to 8 pres5ce ! mo/ skilful workm51 & comm&$ !m to ex]t all _! skill & tal5ts 9 erect+ a hall wor?y ( ! assembly t 0 to meet )9 its prec9cts4 ,! gr\nd 0 fir/ encircl$ ) a f5ce4 ,a f9e flight ( /eps1 made ) ! utmo/ c>e1 l$ f ! bottom ( ! hill to ! spot :]e 0 built ! magnific5t hall1 decorat$ ) a pr(usion ( ! *oice/ ornam5ts1 & surpass+ 9 beauty & elaborate "w ! /ately dwell+s ( pr9ces4 ,five hundr$ mats = ! accommodation ( ! religi\s 7 dispos$ 9 ! s\? ( ! hall4 ,! seat ( ! presid5t 0 plac$ opposite1 9 ! nor!rn "p4 ,9 ! c5tre1 b fac+ ! ea/1 a seat resembl+ a pulpit 0 rais$2 ^u x 0 laid a beautiful fan1 made ( ivory4 ,:5 ! "w 0 f9i%$1 ,adzata?at in=m$ ,ka?aba t ! "w 0 complet$1 & ! hall ready = ! project$ meet+s4 ,x 0 on ! full moon ( ! ,wakhaong 7,augu/7 t ! fir/ conf]5ce 0 to take place & ! c\ncil to be op5$4 ,on ! day previ\s "s ,rahans made a rem>k on ! circum/ance ( ,an&a be+ all[$ to become a memb] ( ! c\ncil1 ?\gh he 0 b a ,?autapan1 & _h /ill to asc5d ! ?ree o!r /eps ( ,?akadagan1 ,anagan1 & ,rah&a be=e he became an ,arahat4 ,?is rem>k1 made ) v little mod]ation1 greatly affect$ & griev$ ! t5d] he>t ( ,an&a4 ,no "t 0 to be lo/2 he knew t on ! foll[+ day ! c\ncil w\ld be op5$1 & he c\ld sc>cely hope to be tol]at$ z an exception 9 ! mid/ ( 8 bre?r54 ,he )drew to a quiet & retir$ place1 & resolv$ to d 8 utmo/ to obta9 t :i* he felt he 0 9 ne$ (4 ,he began to m$itate ) mu* att5tion2 b ! desir$ object ( 8 wi%es 0 z yet f> f him4 ,he ?\ght ( ,buddha4 ,:il/ he 0 cont9u+ 8 m5tal lab\r until midnight1 he he>d a voice tell+ him to apply himself to ! lab\r ( a high] ord]1 to ,kamatan4 ,?is 0 a fla% ( light t illum9at$ 8 m9d4 ,! ex]cise la/$ until a little be=e daybreak4 ,at t "t ,an&a left ! walk+ place1 & w5t to 8 room to take a little re/4 ,he sat on 8 b$4 ,betwe5 ! %ort "t t x took to raise 8 feet f ! gr\nd & lay ! head ov] ! pill[1 ,an&a 0 deliv]$ f ! b&s t keep a be+ 9 ! :irlpool ( exi/5ces1 & he became a ,rah&a4 ,on ! fif? ( ! wax+ moon ( ,wakhaong ! #dii v5]able memb]s1 attir$ 9 _! cloaks & c>ry+ ! m5dicants' pots1 assembl$ 9 ! hall at ! entrance ( ! ,webh>a cave4 ,ea* memb] occupi$ 8 own place2 ,an&a's alone 0 )\t its occupant4 ,on a sudd51 by ! p[] ( ! virtue n[ inh]5t 9 8 p]son1 ,an&a appe>$ among 8 bre?r54 ,! appe>ance ( 8 face resembl$ a ripe palm fruit4 ,x 0 beautiful z ! moon at its full em]g+ f ! bosom ( a cl\d2 z a newly poli%$ preci\s /one on a piece ( f9e clo?2 z ! wat]-lily bloom+ 9 ! rays ( ! morn+ sun4 ,x reflect$ ! inw>d p]fection :i* _h j be5 communicat$ to him1 & exhibit$ x 9 unmi/akable signs to ! assembl$ religi\s4 ,e arrangem5t be+ complet$1 & ! memb]s occupy+ 9 sil5ce _! respective seats1 ,ka?aba ?ree times prais$ ,buddha4 ,he !n ask$ ! fa!rs ( ! assembly :i* ( ! ?ree p>ts--! in/ructions1 ! discipl9e1 or ! metaphysics--des]v$ ! priority 9 ! discussions t 7 to beg94 ,!y answ]$ t ! discipl9e1 be+ ! s\l & ornam5t ( religion1 des]v$ ! pref]5ce4 ,he ask$ !m to appo9t him :om !y ?\ght ! fitte/ to occupy ! pulpit4 ,!y 7 unanim\s 9 select+ ,oopali1 ?\gh ,an&a 0 wor?y ( su* a di/9ction4 ,! reason ( ! selection is ! foll[+3 ,on "o occasion ,buddha _h op5ly decl>$ t among all ! religi\s1 or ! memb]s ( ! assembly1 ,oopali 0 ! mo/ f]v5t 9 obs]v+ ! regulations ( ! ,w9i4 ,!n ,ka?aba said1 8,bre?r51 s9ce y h giv5 ! pref]5ce to ! v5]able ,oopali1 let him h x40 ,! v5]able ,oopali said 9 8 turn1 8,bre?r51 he>k5 to my words3 hav+ be5 select$ by ! assembly to answ] all ! que/ions relat+ to ! ,w9i1 ,i accept ! hon\rable task ?us impos$ ^u me40 ,:5 he _h spok5 he rose f 8 place1 ?rew a "p ( 8 cloak ^u "o %\ld]1 b[$ to ! memb]s ( ! assembly1 w5t to ! pulpit1 sat d[n1 & held ! ivory fan 9 8 h&4 ,ka?aba1 f 8 own seat1 address$ ,oopali1 & said1 8,v5]able ,oopali1 9 :at place has ! mo/ excell5t ,phra enact$ ! comm&m5t respect+ ! fir/ ( ! f\r s9s1 call$ ,p>adzika80 ,oopali answ]$1 8,9 ! c\ntry ( ,we?alie40 8,to :om 0 allusion made :5 ?is comm&m5t 0 publi%$80 8,allusion 0 made to ,?\de91 ! son ( ,tan&a ,p\nha40 8,:at 0 ! cause ( su* an enactm5t80 8,! s9 ( =nication he _h committ$40 ,! presid5t1 address+ ! assembl$ fa!rs1 said1 8,bre?r51 y h all he>d :at reg>ds ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! fir/ ,p>adzika4 ,let ?is article be not$ d[n1 & its admission & sanction be proclaim$ al\d40 ,x 0 done s4 ,all ! memb]s accept$ x4 ,at t mom5t an e>?quake 0 felt4 ,! same me?od 0 obs]v$ z reg>ds ! ?ree o!r ,p>adzika4 ,!y 7 unanim\sly accept$ by ! memb]s ( ! assembly4 ,oopali 0 successively que/ion$ by ! presid5t ^u ! o!r regulations ( ! ,w9i1 viz41 ! #ac ,?+adi!it1 ! #b ,donay-a-niga1 ! #cj ,niseggi ,padzeit1 ! #ib ,padzeit1 ! #d ,walida?ani1 ! #ge ,!ikkabot1 :i* are nam$ ,adik>ana-?ama2 9 all1 #bbg regulations4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 add$ ! #hj 7,banaw>a7 ,kh&aca & ! #be ,p>awira4 ,^! sev]al divisions =m ! collection call$ ,w9i ,pitagat4 ,:5 ! f9al sanction _h be5 giv5 to all ^? po9ts a mighty e>?quake 0 felt a second "t4 ,! v5]able ,oopali laid d[n ! ivory fan1 rose up1 came d[n f ! pulpit1 rev]5tially salut$ all ! bre?r51 & return$ to 8 own seat4 ,! presid5t1 address+ ! company1 said1 8,bre?r51 he>k5 to my words4 ,if x be y\r good pleasure1 we %all discuss at pres5t ! ?oots or ! in/ructions orally deliv]$ unto u by our mo/ excell5t ma/]4 ,:om %all we appo9t to answ] ! que/ions ,i %all put him on ?is subject80 ,!y unanim\sly elect$ ,an&a1 :o1 hav+ always & on all occasions accompani$ ,buddha1 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) 8 prea*+s ?an any o!r religi\s4 ,!n ! presid5t add$1 8,bre?r51 if x be agreeable to y1 ,i w duly "q ! v5]able ,an&a40 ,! latt] likewise said1 8,bre?r51 he>k5 to my words4 ,s9ce x is acceptable to y1 ,i w answ] all ! que/ions on ! ?oots :i* our v5]able presid5t %all put to me40 ,!n he rose f 8 seat1 arrang$ 8 cloak on "o ( 8 %\ld]s1 respectfully b[$ to ! assembly1 &1 asc5d+ ! /eps ( ! pulpit1 he sat d[n1 & held 9 8 h& ! ivory fan4 ,! presid5t1 address+ ! assembly1 said1 8,bre?r51 9 ! ?oots !re are sev]al p>ts or divisions4 ,!re is ! division call$ ,?+iti1 :i* has also subdivisions4 ,:i* %all ,i fix ^u to beg9 our session80 ,!y answ]$1 8,let u beg9 ) ! ,diga-?+iti1 :i* conta9s ?irty-five ?oots1 & out ( ?is ! ,silakh&a :i* includes ?irte5 s]mons or ?oots40 ,x 0 on ! fir/1 call$ ,bhramadzala1 t ! que/ions 7 put4 ,! presid5t put ! foll[+ que/ions to ! v5]able ,an&a3 8,9 :at place 0 ! ,bhramadzala ?oot prea*$80 ,he answ]$1 8,9 ! ,m+oon hall1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( a grove ( mango-trees half-way betwe5 ,radzagio & ! village ( ,nal&a40 8,to :om 0 allusion made80 8,to ,?\ppya1 a hold] ( false doctr9es1 & to a "y man nam$ ,bramada40 8,= :at reason 0 su* allusion made80 8,because bo? _h be5 ungrateful to ,buddha40 ,simil> que/ions 7 put = ea* ?oot ( ?is division1 & suitable answ]s 7 giv5 9 a l mann]4 ,! same mode ( proce$+ 0 obs]v$ = ea* s]mon or ?oot ( ! foll[+ divisions4 ,:5 all ! explanations _h be5 giv5 by ! speak]1 all ! assembl$ bre?r51 ) a p]fect unanimity1 ass5t$ to all t _h be5 said4 ,:5 ! "w on ! ?oots 0 complet$1 ! :ole collection 0 call$ ! ,pitagat ,?oots4 ,an&a rose f ! pulpit1 plac$ ! ivory fan ^u ! table1 respectfully b[$ to ! assembly1 & return$ to 8 own place4 ,! presid5t1 address+ aga9 ! assembly1 reque/$ !m to designate him :o1 9 _! op9ion1 appe>$ to be be/ fitt$ = answ]+ all que/ions on ! ?ird "p ( ! sacr$ scriptures1 ! ,abidama4 ,!y unanim\sly select$ ! v5]able ,anoor\dha4 ,:5 ! *oice _h be5 fix$ ^u & agre$ to1 ,anoor\dha accept$ ! hon\r conf]r$ on him1 rose f 8 seat & salut$ 8 bre?r54 ,he !n gravely asc5d$ ! pulpit1 sat d[n1 & held ! ivory fan 9 8 h&4 ,! presid5t que/ion$ him on ! sev5 divisions ( ! ,abidama1 foll[+ ! same ord] he _h obs]v$ previ\sly 9 treat+ ( ! two fir/ p>ts call$ ,pitagat4 ,! occupant ( ! pulpit hav+ return$ due answ]s1 & ! assembly hav+ te/ifi$ _! approbation 9 a unanim\s mann]1 ! c\ncil 0 br\ght to a close4 ,x _h la/$ sev5 mon?s1 f ! full moon ( ,wakhaong to ! full moon ( ,tabaong4#ca ,! fir/ c\ncil is call$ ,pitzasatika ,sang>ana1 because x 0 compos$ ( five hundr$ religi\s4 ,x is also nam$ ,t]ika-sang>ana1 because x 0 compos$ ( religi\s ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! s\l ( ,ka?aba1 at ! happy conclusion ( ?is important und]tak+1 ov]fl[$ ) ! pure/ joy4 ,he felt t ) su* a "w ! religi\s in/itutions re/$ on a /rong basis1 & w\ld la/ ! :ole p]iod ( #ejjj ye>s assign$ to ! duration ( religion by ,gaudama himself4 ,x 0 at ! conclusion ( ! c\ncil t ,k+ ,adzata?at1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! ,buddhi/ patri>*1 did away ) ! ,eetzana era1 & sub/itut$ ! religi\s era beg9n+ 9 ! ye> #adh ( ! said era2 t is to say1 on ! ye> ( ,gaudama's dea?1 on a ,monday1 ! fir/ ( ! wax+ moon ( ,tabaong4 ,"h is ins]t$1 z a g5ealogical l9k1 ! names ( ! k+s :o reign$ at ,pataliputra1 f ,adzata?at to ,kala?oka1 "u ^: reign ! second c\ncil 0 held4 ,agreeably to ! pr$iction ( ,gaudama respect+ ! calamities t 7 to befall ,we?alie on ! ?ird ye> ( ! religi\s era1 ,adzata?at1 hav+ contriv$ to s[1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( a fam\s p\nha1 ! se$ ( diss5sion among ! pr9ces ( t city1 flung himself on a sudd5 ) a l>ge =ce on ! devot$ city1 possess$ himself ( x1 & totally de/roy$ x4 ,on 8 return to 8 own t]ritories1 ! conqu]or c>ri$ away z captives ?ree hundr$ ( ! pr9ces & nobles ( ! conqu]$ /ate4 ,8 reign la/$ altoge!r ?irty-five ye>s4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #be ( ! religi\s era4 ,he 0 sla9 by 8 own son ,oudaia-badda1 :o succe$$ him & reign$ until ! ye> #dj4 ,he 0 9 8 turn murd]$ by 8 son ,anoor\da1 :o also fell aft] a %ort reign by ! h& ( 8 son & successor1 ,manta4 ,?is pr9ce reign$ until ! ye> #di4 ,he met ) a simil> tragical end4 ,8 son ,nagata-saka kill$ him & asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,he reign$ until ! ye> #ec4 ,! p ( ,pataliputra1 ju/ly %ock$ at ! horrible & b>b>\s murd]s :i* incessantly sulli$ ! v /eps ( ! ?rone1 revolt$ aga9/ ! race ( ^! bloody pr9ces1 & put an end to ! l9e ( k+s :o are aptly call$ ! p>ricide k+s4 ,among ! ?ree hundr$ pr9ces & nobles :om ,adzata?at _h br\ght ov] f ,we?alie1 "o ( !m _h a daught] rem>kable = ! attractions ( h] p]son & ! accompli%m5ts ( h] m9d4 ,%e 0 by ! ord] ( ! k+ rais$ to ! position ( a c\rtezan 9 ,radzagio4 ,:il/ engag$ 9 t c\rse %e _h a male *ild1 :om1 ) unnatural feel+s1 %e ord]$ to be ?r[n dur+ ! night into ! mid/ ( bu%es1 outside ! city4 ,a ,naga gu>dian ( ! place wat*$ ov] ! infant & c>efully protect$ him4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 ! k+1 happ5+ to pass by1 he>d ! s\nd ?oo-?oo _m times repeat$4 ,x 0 ! ,naga :o made ?is noise 9 ord] to attract 8 att5tion4 ,! k+ hav+ s5t "o ( 8 (fic]s to ! spot ! s\nd 0 com+ f1 0 in=m$ t an infant /ill alive 0 ly+ !re "u ! gu>d ( a ,naga4 ,mov$ ) compassion1 he ord]$ ! *ild to be =w>d$ to 8 palace & _h him c>efully br\ght up4 ,on acc\nt ( ! s\nd ?oo-?oo :i* _h be5 he>d1 & ( ! ,naga t _h be5 met on ! spot1 ! *ild 0 nam$ ,?oo-?oo-naga4 ,he grew up & became an accompli%$ pr9ce4 ,! p1 :o _h rid !mselves ( ! l9e ( p>ricide k+s1 unanim\sly proclaim$ him k+ 9 #fc4 ,t mon>*1 n unm9dful ( 8 "m's orig91 re-e/abli%$ ! city ( ,we?alie1 & fix$ 9 x ! royal resid5ce4 ,f t "t ,radzagio lo/ h] rank ( royal city1 :i* %e nev] aft] recov]$4 ,he di$ 9 #ha1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,kala?oka1 :o1 z we %all see subsequ5tly1 _h a long reign ( tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,we mu/ %[ n[ h[ !re has ev] be5 a regul> & un9t]rupt$ succession ( em95t doctors1 :o h successively communicat$ to ea* o!r ! g5u9e doctr9e1 f ,buddha d[n to ! "t ( ! ?ird c\ncil1 t is to say1 dur+ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! v5]able ,oopali _h le>n$ ! ,w9i at ! feet ( ,buddha himself1 & _h = 8 *ief pupil ! v5]able ,dantaka1 :o 9 8 turn became ! tea*] ( ! v5]able ,?aunaka4 ,! latt] 0 ! in/ructor ( ! v5]able ,seiggiwa1 :o also br\ght up 9 ! k ( ! true doctr9e ! v5]able & r5[n$ ,mauggalipatta4 ,dantaka belong$1 by bir?1 to ! p\nha race ( ,we?alie4 ,hav+ become a patz91 he atta9$ to s great a pr(ici5cy 9 ! religi\s sci5ce1 t ,oopali appo9t$ him ! in/ructor ( a ?\s& religi\s 9 ! ?ree ,pitagats4 ,?aunaka 0 ! son ( a ri* m]*ant4 ,he became a conv]t to ,buddhism1 & ent]$ z a religi\s at ,radzagio4 ,8 rem>kable m5tal atta9m5ts induc$ 8 sup]ior to give him ! *>ge ( initiat+ o!rs into ! k ( ! sacr$ doctr9es4 ,seiggiwa 0 ! son ( a nobleman ( ,pataliputra4 ,on a c]ta9 day he w5t ) _m companions into ! mona/]y ( ,?aunaka1 & f\nd him 9 a /ate ( trance4 ,! "y visitor wond]$ at :at he saw4 ,f admiration he pass$ to respect & love1 & wi%$ to become a disciple "u him4 ,he succe$$ s well 9 8 /udies t he m]it$ to become ! ma/] ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all1 ,mauggalipatta4 ,previ\s to 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 ! latt] 0 9 "o ( ! seats ( ,brahmas4 ,he 0 inc>nat$ 9 ! womb ( a p\nha woman4 ,:5 he 0 born1 he grew up & %[$ a decid$ incl9ation to become a ,buddhi/1 & tread 9 ! foot/eps ( ,gaudama4 ,x 0 9 #afc t ! future presid5t ( ! ?ird c\ncil became a patz94 ,9 ! #bj? ye> ( ! reign ( ,kala?oka1 9 ! ye> #ajj1 !re happ5$ a sort ( s*ism among/ ! ,rahans ( ,we?alie4 ,^? ( ! ,weitzi di/rict1 little reg>d+ ! positive injunctions ( ! ,w9i1 indulg$ 9 c]ta9 practices op5ly at v>iance ) !m4 ,?is occasion$ /rong remon/rance on ! "p ( ! ,rahans liv+ 9 ! we/]n di/rict1 call$ ,paw]a4 ,! dispute among ! religi\s 0 soon nois$ abroad & caus$ "s sc&al4 ,x 0 ! foll[+ incid5t :i* reveal$ all ! p]il4 ,! v5]able ,ra?a 0 !n liv+ 9 ! mona/]y1 situat$ 9 ! ,mahawon1 9 ! di/rict ( ,we?alie4 ,*anc+ to travel ?r\gh ! ,weitzi di/rict1 he he>d t on fe/ival days ! ,rahans 7 wont to place ne> ! entrance ( _! mona/]ies c]ta9 vessels half full ( wat]1 & advis$ ! p to put !re91 ea* ( !m1 a piece ( silv]1 say+ t ! produce w\ld be employ$ 9 pur*as+ dresses & ! o!r ut5sils requir$ by ! ,rahans4 ,!y also all[$ z lawful ! use ( spirits1 & 7 n v p>ticul> respect+ ! obs]vance ( ! law ( celibacy4 ,ra?a 0 greatly sc&alis$ at all t he saw4 ,he boldly told ! p t x 0 n good to make (f]+s ( money1 because x 0 unlawful = religi\s to possess any4 ,he made simil> obs]vations respect+ ! o!r trespass+s4 ,on ! foll[+ fe/ival day no money 0 (f]$4 ,! ,rahans 7 mu* inc5s$ at su* a neglect4 ,ra?a said to ! p3 8,laym51 because ( su* irregul>ities1 ! beauty ( ! days ( wor%ip is fad+1 ! glory ( religion is d>k5$4 ,buddha 9 8 days =bade ! (f]+ ( money1 ! use ( liquors1 & sev]al o!r practices :i* are n[ introduc$ 9 ?is place4 ,by ! innovators ,i am held up z a revil] ( ! ,rahans1 & z "o defici5t 9 b5evol5ce t[>ds y4 ,i1 z well z ! ,rahans ( ! royal race1 att5d only to ! prescriptions ( ! ,w9i1 su* z !y h be5 laid d[n & publi%$ by ,buddha40 ,! p repli$ to him3 8,v5]able ,ra?a1 y are a true ,rahan1 & y foll[ ! "r way4 ,pray /ay ) u & be our tea*]2 we w abundantly supply y ) ! necess>ies ( life40 ,ra?a1 go+ on 8 way1 0 always foll[$ by ! p1 :o1 9 tok5 ( _! respect & love1 accompani$ him to ! ,kootag>a mona/]y1 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/ ( sala trees4 ,! guilty ,rahans1 he>+ ( all t _h be5 said & fe>+ ! p>am\nt influ5ce ( ! v5]able ,ra?a ov] ! p1 said to !m3 8,we %all n jo9 ) ! ,rahans ( ! royal race4 ,we %all hold no int]c\rse ) !m4 ,we %all expel ,ra?a f ?is di/rict40 ,) ^! dispositions !y enc\rag$ ea* o!r 9 ! det]m9ation to (f] a mo/ decid$ opposition & ma9ta9 _! newly inv5t$ practices4 ,on 8 side1 ! v5]able ,ra?a1 anxi\s = ! safety ( ! g5u9e practices1 & zeal\s = ! exaltation ( religion1 ha/5$ to ,ko?ambi to w>n ! religi\s ( t & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts aga9/ ! evil practices ( ! ,weitzi ,rahans4 ,to ^? :om he c\ld n meet 9 p]son he s5t lett]s & mess5g]s to say to !m3 8,bre?r51 be=e ! evil-do]s succe$ 9 _! iniquit\s ef=ts to subv]t religion1 & r5d] d\btful & unc]ta9 ! g5u9e regulations ( ! ,w9i1 ere !y h "t to set up false t5ets1 let u assemble1 & ) our unit$ ef=ts give /r5g? & confid5ce to ! good & righte\s1 & cru% ! wick$ & ! impi\s40 ,at t "t !re liv$ on a m\nta91 9 ! ,upp] ,ganges1 a celebrat$ religi\s1 nam$ ,samputa-kami4 ,he 0 #abj ye>s old1 & _h be5 a disciple ( ,an&a4 ,to him ! zeal\s ,ra?a appli$ 9 ord] to h ! que/ions at issue ) ! ,weitzi ,rahans f9ally settl$4 ,he m9utely expla9$ to him ! t5 po9ts ( discipl9e on :i* !y 7 at v>iance ) ! ,w9i4 ,samputa-kami fully agre$ ) ! proposal1 & 0 ( op9ion t !re %\ld be held a g5]al assembly1 9 :i* ! po9ts 9 dispute %\ld be exam9$ & ! s*ism put an end to4 ,"s religi\s1 ab\t sixty 9 numb]1 appe>$ to h a lean+ t[>ds ! s*ismatical p>ty4 ,!y resolv$ to g to ,?aurya1 :]e liv$ ! celebrat$ ,rewati1 ^: extraord9>y wisdom equall$ ! quickness & fla% ( ! lightn+4 ,! v5]able ,rewati1 he>+ ( _! wick$ design1 w\ld n1 9 8 abhorr5ce = _! op9ions1 meet !m on any acc\nt4 ,he left 8 own place1 & w5t f ,?aurya to ! t[n ( ,sankasa4 ,:5 he _h he>d t !y 7 foll[+ him1 & 7 already close to ! place he liv$ 91 he remov$ to ,kai9na-g\tra1 !n to ,oudamp>a1 subsequ5tly to ,eggalam\ra & to ,?>audzati4 ,at ! same "t1 x happ5$ t ,ra?a1 ) ! v5]able ,tsamputa1 wi%$ to g & h a meet+ ) ,rewati1 9 ord] to place him on 8 gu>d & to br+ him ov] to _! p>ty4 ,!y met him at ,?>audzati 9 ! ev5+1 & dur+ ! :ole night made him acqua9t$ ) all ! do+s ( ! ,weitzi ,rahans1 & begg$ him to decl>e op5ly :i* ( ! two p>ties 0 9 ! "r4 ,rewati at once pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,paw]a ,rahans1 & condemn$ ! opposite p>ty on ea* ( ! t5 po9ts 9 dispute1 & look$ ^u !m z innovators & s*ismatics4 ,dur+ t "t ! s*ismatic ,rahans 7 n idle4 ,!y wi%$ also to draw ,rewati to _! p>ty4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t he liv$ 9 ,?>audzati1 !y w5t by boat & asc5d$ ! riv] z f> z t place4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m _m pres5ts suitable = religi\s4 ,hav+ l&$1 !y took _! qu>t]s "u a l>ge tree4 ,rewati1 kn[+ _! wick$ int5t1 w\ld n receive _! pres5ts1 nor hold communion ) !m4 ,undismay$ by ?is fir/ *eck :i* !y _h receiv$1 !y tri$ to obta9 access to ! ma/] by means ( ! disciple4 ,!y (f]$ him "s pres5ts1 :i* 9 8 simplicity he accept$4 ,mean:ile !y urg$ him to prevail ^u 8 tea*] to give !m a fav\rable he>+4 ,he only once made ! attempt to introduce ! subject ) ! greate/ caution4 ,rewati1 h[ev]1 0 on 8 gu>d3 he adm9i/]$ to 8 imprud5t disciple su* a rebuke z to det] him f mak+ any fur!r attempt4 ,8 "n 0 ,outt>a4 ,he & all ! ,rahans w5t to ,we?alie4 ,to calm ! heat ( discussion1 & br+ ! "q at issue to a complete settlem5t1 ! ,walik>ama mona/]y 9 ,we?alie 0 select$ z ! fitte/ place = hold+ a g5]al assembly1 :]e bo? p>ties w\ld att5d1 & endeav\r to come to a mutual und]/&+4 ,out ( an imm5se numb] ( religi\s1 #gjj1 ! mo/ conspicu\s = _! le>n+ 7 select$ by ,ra?a & ,rewati to be memb]s ( ! assembly4 ,b to r5d] ! discussion cle>] & easi]1 x 0 agre$ t ea* ( ! t5 po9ts %\ld be fir/ discuss$ by eight ,rahans1 f\r f ea* p>ty4 ,rewati1 ,samputa1 ,ra?a1 & ,?\mana repres5t$ ! we/]n or or?odox p>ty3 ,samputa-kami1 ,?ala1 ,k\dyabantaka1 & ,wa?akami act$ = ! opposite p>ty4 ,x 0 evid5t t 9 ?is dispute ! "q 0 n ab\t ! ,pitagat itself2 ?is 0 admitt$ by bo? p>ties4 ,! difficulty affect$ c]ta9 po9ts ( discipl9e1 t5 9 numb]1 :i* 7 to be settl$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,kambawa & ,patimauk4 ,! eight delegates hav+ met 9 a private hall ( ! mona/]y1 ,rewati 0 desir$ to "q ! v5]able ,samputa-kami on ! t5 po9ts on :i* !re 0 disagreem5t4 ,he said3 8,is x lawful to add to ! food t is receiv$ "s salt or o!r condim5ts80 ,samputa-kami answ]$3 8,x is n lawful40 8,9 :at place 0 t po9t settl$80 8,9 ,we?alie1 z be+ contr>y to ! _s ( ! ,w9i40 8,:at s9 is entail$ on him :o does su* a ?+80 8,! s9 ( ,patzeit40 ,que/ions ( a simil> import 7 put z reg>ds ! dr9k+ ( milk 9 ! aft]noon1 ! use ( wat]s half-f]m5t$1 ! dr9k+ ( spirits1 ! receiv+ ( gold & silv]4 ,answ]s 7 giv5 agreeably to ! t5or ( ! ,w9i regulations4 ,:5 ! eight delegates _h come to a decision ^u ! t5 po9ts ( discipl9e1 !y w5t into ! great hall :]e ! #gjj ,rahans 7 assembl$4 ,ra?a 0 ! presid5t ( ! assembly4 ,samputa-kami 0 desir$ to asc5d ! pulpit & hold ! fan4 ,! presid5t said to ! assembl$ ,rahans3 8,bre?r51 if x be pleas+ to y1 ,i w int]rogate ! v5]able ,samputa-kami on ! ,w9i1 & on ! t5 po9ts 9 discussion40 ,he foll[$ ! same ord] t _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ meet+ ( ! eight ,rahans4 ,! answ]s 7 unanim\sly receiv$ & approv$ ( by ! :ole assembly4 ,!n ! presid5t said3 8,all discussion conc]n+ ! t5 po9ts is n[ ov]2 let e "o accept ! decisions ( ! assembly & act agreeably to !m40 ,?is second c\ncil is call$ ,?attasakita1 or ! assembly ( ! #gjj ,rahans4 ,x 0 held 9 #ajb1 "u ! reign ( ,kala?oka4 ,t pr9ce appe>s to h fav\r$ ! p>ty ( ! ,weitzi ,rahans4 ,! assembly la/$ eight mon?s4 ,! canon ( scriptures 0 likewise arrang$ & det]m9$ z x _h be5 done by ,ka?aba 9 ! fir/ c\ncil4 ,among ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! assembly 7 ,samputa-kami1 ,?ala1 ,k\dzasambita1 ,rewati1 ,?auna1 & ,samputa1 :o _h be5 disciples ( ,an&a4 ,?\mana & ,wau?abakami _h be5 disciples ( ! v5]able ,anoor\da4 ,p>tly f ! c\nt5ance giv5 by ! k+ to ! condemn$ p>ty1 & p>tly f ! ob/9acy %[n by ! ea/]n]s 9 resi/+ ! decisions ( ! c\ncil1 ! ,buddhi/ic society 0 divid$ into two great factions4 ,! latt]1 t is to say ! ,weitzi ,rahans1 e/abli%$ ! great s*ool call$ ! ,maha ,?+ika4 ,! ,t]a-?aka 0 t ( ! or?odox2 x nev] *ang$ 9 doctr9e or 9 discipl9e4 ,until ! ?ird c\ncil1 t is to say1 dur+ ! space ( m ?an a c5tury1 eighte5 diff]5t s*ools bran*$ (f4#cb ,( ^!1 sev5te5 (f]$ ! sad spectacle ( important *anges 9 po9ts ( discipl9e & ( doctr9e4 ,b ! ,t]awada nev] *ang$3 x reta9$ bo? doctr9e & discipl9e 9 _! orig9al purity4 ,all ! diff]5t s*ools receiv$ _! d5om9ation f _! respective f\nd]s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,kala?oka is succe$$ by 8 elde/ son1 ,baddas5a--,& f9ally by ! y\nge/1 ,pitzamuka--,?is pr9ce is kill$ & succe$$ by a *ief ( robb]s1 nam$ ,ouggas5a-n&a--,k+ ,ts&a-gutta--,k+ ,b&asura--,miracul\s dreams ( ,a?oka's "m--,k+ ,a?oka--,8 conv]sion--,8 zeal = ,buddhism--,f9d+ ( ! relics--,di/ribution ( !m--,?ird c\ncil held "u ! presid5cy ( ,mauggalipata--,prea*+ ( religion 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,?aton--,voyage ( ,buddhagosa to ,ceylon--,e/abli%m5t ( religion 9 ,pagan--,v>i\s p>ticul>s relat+ to ! importation ( ! scriptures 9 ,burmah4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! synod1 ,samputa-kami & sev]al ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,buddhi/ic assembly1 a/oni%$ at ! progress ( s*ism & diss5sion :i* ! unit$ voices ( sev5 hundr$ religi\s _h n be5 able entirely to root up1 endeav\r$ to div9e1 z f> z human wisdom c\ld rea*1 :at w\ld be 9 aft] times ! fate ( religion4 ,!y =esaw t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s h5ce1 !re w\ld be at ,pataliputra a mighty rul] full ( love = religion1 & zeal\s = its propagation1 :o w\ld d mu* to promote its exaltation4 ,b be=e ! reign ( t pi\s mon>* !y saw di/9ctly t !re w\ld appe> _m h]etics1 fond ( _! own w1 co9+ doctr9es ( _! own inv5tion1 & t !y w\ld !reby inflict ! mo/ s]i\s h>m on religion4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 ! consolation to "k t ?is 0 to come to pass aft] _! dea?4 ,b :o 0 ! =tunate be+ :o 0 de/9$ to *eck effectually ! com+ evil8 ,!y saw him 9 "o ( ! seats ( ,brahmas4 ,8 "n 0 ,teissa4 ,9 due "t he w\ld come d[n to ! seat ( man1 op]ate 8 inc>nation 9 ! womb ( a p\nha female1 nam$ ,maugali1 & w\ld aft]w>ds become a fam\s religi\s "u ! "n ,mauggalipatta4 ,?is vision fill$ _! s\ls ) ! pure/ joy1 :i* 0 increas$ by ! view ( ! expansion & developm5t :i* religion w\ld receive ?r\gh ! zeal ( t great p]sonage4 ,aft] a reign ( tw5ty-eight ye>s1 ,k+ ,kala?oka di$1 leav+ n9e sons1 ! elde/ ( :om 0 nam$ ,baddas5a4 ,!y all reign$ "o aft] ! o!r ?r\gh a p]iod ( ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,! la/ ( !m1 ,pitzamuka1 0 ! y\nge/4 ,dur+ 8 reign a gang ( robb]s desolat$ ! c\ntry ( ,maga?a4 ,on a c]ta9 day a man nam$ ,ouggas5a1 hav+ fall5 9 ) t gang1 inquir$ ( !m :at pursuit !y foll[$ 9 ord] to obta9 _! livelihood4 ,!y pla9ly told him t !y knew no?+ ab\t ! tillage ( ! fields1 & 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! bus9ess ( trade2 !y _h no o!r way left = ma9ta9+ !mselves b to seize by =ce :atev] !y *anc$ to meet4 ,ouggas5a1 tak5 up ) ! boldness ( ^! desp]adoes1 (f]$ to jo9 _! company ) 8 eight bro!rs4 ,! (f] 0 gladly accept$4 ,x happ5$ aft]w>ds t 9 "o ( _! depr$atory exp$itions _! *ief 0 sla94 ,ouggas5a 0 appo9t$ by common cons5t to take 8 place4 ,be+ ( a bold & l(ty d>+1 he said to 8 associates3 8,fri5ds1 x does n suit brave & ent]pris+ m5 z y are to conf9e y\r attacks to petty villages & small t[ns3 y ought to aim high]40 ,he !n repres5t$ to !m 9 =cible language t ,k+ ,pitzamuka 0 defici5t 9 c\rage1 & neglect$ entirely ! duties ( a k+4 8,! mom5t is fav\rable10 add$ he1 8to attack ,pataliputra itself40 ,8 op9ion 0 univ]sally accept$4 ,! k+1 fond] ( pleasure ?an ( bus9ess1 (f]$ little resi/ance4 ,he 0 kill$ at ! tak+ ( 8 capital1 & ,ouggas5a sat on ! ?rone1 "u ! "n ( ,ouggas5a-n&a4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 eight bro!rs4 ,!y reign$ successively dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! la/ ( !m 0 call$ ,dzan&a4 ,^! pr9ces 7 n foll[]s ( ,buddha1 b !y support$ ! p>ty ( ! p\nhas1 to :i* !y adh]$4 ,_! g5]osity t[>ds ! p\nhas 0 v great4 ,!y f$ daily a great numb] ( !m 9 _! own palace4 ,among ! p\nhas :o 7 ma9ta9$ by ! k+'s lib]ality1 !re 0 "o nam$ ,dzanecka1 :o 0 mu* v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( a/rology4 ,be+ once 9 ! c\ntry1 he saw 9 himself c]ta9 signs indicat+ t "o day he w\ld become a k+4 ,hav+ communicat$ ?is intellig5ce to 8 "m1 %e wisely advis$ him to ignore su* dang]\s signs1 :i* w\ld inevitably br+ ! k+'s ang] ^u him1 & expose him to great p]ils4 ,dzanecka 0 wise en\gh to comply ) 8 "m's wi%es4 ,on a c]ta9 day ,dzanecka return$ to ,pataliputra1 f ! c\ntry place :]e 8 "m liv$4 ,on 8 arrival1 he1 9 company ) 8 bre?r51 w5t to ! palace to receive alms1 t 7 to be di/ribut$ 9 ! k+'s pres5ce 9 a l>ge hall1 fitt$ = t special purpose4 ,he occupi$ ! =emo/ rank4 ,! k+1 :o saw him1 c\ld n help rem>k+ some?+ extraord9>y 9 8 p]son4 ,suspicions arose 9 8 bosom respect+ ! fidelity ( t p\nha4 ,he in/antly felt angry ) him4 ,unable to control 8 passions1 he ord]$ "o ( 8 (fic]s to turn him out ( ! palace )\t giv+ him any?+4 ,! p\nha _h b to obey ! unwelcome summons4 ,/ung to ! quick by %ame & rage1 he rose f 8 place4 ,:5 he 0 j cross+ ! ?re%old ( ! hall's entrance1 he took (f 8 ca/e's /r+1 & cut x 9 pieces2 he likewise broke 8 m5dicant's pot1 & flung all aga9/ "o po/ ( ! door ( ! hall1 utt]+ at ! same "t imprecations1 & pray+ t ! k+ might nev] f t day enjoy re/4 ,he ran away z f> z he c\ld1 & "u a disguise he elud$ ! pursuit ( ^? t _h be5 s5t to arre/ him4 ,he escap$ into ,tekkaso4 ,!re he plott$ ! de/ruction ( ! k+4 ,9 "o ( 8 rambles ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ,dzanecka met by *ance a *ild1 :om he knew to belong to a royal race4 ,he at once adopt$ him1 & br\ght him up ) ! greate/ c>e & att5tion4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 ere he f\nd out t ! signs progno/icat+ promotion to royalty 7 r d\btful & some:at insuffici5t4 ,he c\ld n rely on him = ! execution ( ! important & long-*]i%$ design he _h 9 8 he>t4 ,he _h n[ to look out = "s o!r "o1 :o c\ld af=d him a great] subject = hope & confid5ce4 ,*ance soon s]v$ him admirably well1 to ! utmo/ ( 8 wi%es4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ,we?alie by ,adzata?at1 ! pr9ces t _h escap$ f ! massacre _h fl$ 9 an ea/]n direction1 & built a city call$ ,maurya4 ,new mis=tunes hav+ befall5 !m1 !y 7 oblig$ to se>* = safety 9 precipitate flight4 ,"o ( ! wives ( ^? pr9ces1 be+ 9 ! family way1 0 l$ to ! city ( ,p\ppaya4 ,hav+ be5 deliv]$ ( a son1 %e _h ! b>b>ity to ord] ! little creature to be put into a j>1 :i* 0 ca/ 9 a neighb\r+ c[-p54 ,! ,nats wat*$ ov] ! *ild1 & ! bull ( ! h]d1 /ation+ itself ne> ! infant1 kept1 ) 8 horns & feet1 at a di/ance any animal t came ne>4 ,! c[-keep]1 obs]v+ :at 0 tak+ place1 took ! *ild & gave x to 8 wife ,ts&a to br+ him up z if he 7 _! own *ild4 ,he 0 call$ f ! "n ( 8 adopt$ p>5ts1 ,ts&a-gutta4 ,:5 ! lad _h come to ! age to play ! c[h]d1 he assum$ among 8 fell[-h]dsm5 all ! ways & mann]s & deportm5t ( a k+4 ,he appo9t$ "s ( !m 8 m9i/]s2 o!rs 7 inve/$ ) o!r mock dignities4 ,he w\ld sit on a tribunal1 decide small cases1 & /rictly en=ce ! execution ( 8 s5t5ces4 ,! ,p\nha ,dzanecka1 :o 0 liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 he>+ all ?is1 wi%$ to see ! extraord9>y boy4 ,he recognis$ at a glance 9 ! lad ! sure signs =e%ad[+ 8 com+ greatness4 ,he pur*as$ him = ! sum ( "o ?\s& pieces ( silv]1 & br\ght him up along ) 8 o!r adopt$ son4 ,ea* ( ! boys _h a spl5did necklace ( gold4 ,on a c]ta9 day1 ,dzanecka ord]$ ,p\ppata1 = su* 0 ! "n ( ! fir/ adopt$ son1 to take a sword & g to ,ts&a-gutta :il/ asleep1 & take f him 8 necklace ( gold1 )\t1 h[ev]1 cutt+ ! ?read1 or ev5 unloos+ x4 ,p\ppata1 agreeably to 8 fa!r's ord]1 w5t ne> ! place :]e 8 bro!r 0 sleep+4 ,he /ood ov] him1 & exam9$ att5tively by :at means he c\ld execute 8 fa!r's ord]4 ,aft] _m fruitless comb9ations1 f9d+ x impossible to d s1 he w5t back to 8 fa!r & relat$ 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,dzanecka1 )\t address+ him a ^w ( blame1 rema9$ sil5t4 ,a few days aft]w>ds1 ,dzanecka call$ ,ts&a-gutta1 & commission$ him to take a sword1 & dur+ 8 bro!r's sleep to /eal away f him 8 gold necklace1 c>efully avoid+ ei!r to cut ! /r+ or to untie x4 ,ts&a-gutta w5t to ! place :]e 8 bro!r 0 sleep+4 ,aft] a few mom5ts ( reflection1 see+ b "o way to obey 8 fa!r's ord]1 he cut (f at once 8 bro!r's head1 & br\ght entire ! necklace ( gold1 :i* he plac$ at 8 fa!r's feet4 ,! latt]1 )\t giv+ a sign ( approbation or displeasure1 rema9$ sil5t4 ,dzanecka gave all 8 treasures to ,ts&a-gutta4 ,hav+ po9t$ out to him & m9utely expla9$ ! c\rse he _h to foll[ = obta9+ ! high /ation he 0 de/9$ to1 ! p\nha repair$ to "s o!r place1 bidd+ him rememb] him aft] he became a k+4 ,) ! treasures left at 8 disposal1 ,ts&a-gutta levi$ m51 & w5t on f success to success1 until he possess$ himself ( ,pataliputra & kill$ ,dan&a4 ,he receiv$ ! wat] ( consecration1 & began 8 reign 9 #afc4 ,t mon>* seems to h be5 accu/om$ to ! use ( poisons4 ,= x happ5$ t1 on a c]ta9 day1 8 fir/ que51 belong+ to ! ,maurya race1 ta/$ a m\?ful ( a di% prep>$ = ! k+4 ,?is caus$ h] dea?4 ,at ! "t ( t fatal occurr5ce %e 0 f> advanc$ 9 pregnancy4 ,! k+1 )\t a mom5t's delay1 ord]$ h] belly to be op5$2 ! infant 0 tak5 out & put 9 ! belly ( a goat fre%ly sla94 ,! *ild liv$1 & 0 call$ ,b&asura4 ,ts&a-gutta1 aft] a reign ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 di$ 9 #ahg1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,b&asura1 only sixte5 ye>s old4 ,bo? ! fa!r & ! son 7 support]s ( ! p\nhas1 & f$ daily an imm5se numb] ( !m 9 _! palace4 ,b&asura reign$ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 t is to say1 until ! ye> #bad4 ,he _h altoge!r #aja sons4 ,8 fir/ que51 call$ ,damma1 _h become ! "m ( two sons1 call$ ,a?oka & ,teissa4 ,:5 %e 0 pregnant ( ! fir/1 %e _h five dreams3 ,fir/1 %e ?\ght %e 0 /ret*+ h] two feet1 "o re/+ on ! sun1 & ! o!r on ! moon2 second1 x appe>$ to h] t %e 0 dev\r+ ! />s2 ?ird1 %e fanci$ %e 0 eat+ ! cl\ds2 f\r?1 %e imag9$ %e 0 eat+ ! worms' dunghills2 fif? & f9ally1 %e imag9$ %e 0 eat+ ! leaves ( all ! trees4 ,accord+ to ! pr$iction ( ! soo?say]s1 ! five dreams meant t ! son :om %e _h 9 h] womb w\ld rule ov] ! :ole ( ! isl& ( ,tsamp\dipa2 t he w\ld de/roy all 8 bro!rs1 :o w\ld unite to dispute ! ?rone ) him2 t he w\ld disp]se all ! h]etics or uphold]s ( false t5ets1 :o1 l cl\ds1 obscure ! glory ( religion2 t he w\ld possess all above ! e>? to ! height ( "o y\dzana1 & all bel[ ! e>? to an equal dep?4 ,:5 ,a?oka 0 sixte5 ye>s old1 8 fa!r s5t him to ,outz5i to gov]n t city1 & ! t]ritories annex$ to x4 ,on 8 way to t city1 ,a?oka _h to pass ?r\gh ,w$ika1 di/ant fifty y\dzanas f ,pataliputra1 9 an ea/]n direction4 ,! t[n _h be5 f\nd$ by ! pr9ces ( ,kapilawot1 :5 t city _h be5 almo/ de/roy$ 9 ! days ( ,buddha4 ,9 t place he m>ri$ ! daught] ( a ri* man1 nam$ ,dewa4 ,aft] 8 arrival at ,outz5i1 ,a?oka's wife pres5t$ him fir/ ) a son1 :o 0 nam$ ,mahe9da1 & subsequ5tly ) a daught]1 call$ ,se+amitta4 ,a?oka rema9$ n9e ye>s at ,outz5i4 ,at ! end ( t p]iod1 he>+ t 8 fa!r lay dang]\sly ill1 he ha/5$ to ,pataliputra1 to assi/ him & r5d] all ! s]vices dictat$ by filial love4 ,on 8 return1 hav+ to pass ?r\gh ,w$ika1 he left 9 t place 8 wife & 8 two *ildr54 ,a little :ile aft] 8 arrival at 8 fa!r's capital1 ! k+ brea!d 8 la/1 & ,a?oka 0 proclaim$ k+4 ,! new mon>*1 h[ev]1 f\nd himself soon surr\nd$ by _m enemies4 ,) ! exception ( ,teissa1 :o 0 born f ! same "m1 all 8 bro!rs conspir$ aga9/ him4 ,! olde/ ( all1 nam$ ,?\mana1 0 ! orig9ator & lead] ( ! rebellion4 ,aft] a protract$ /ruggle1 ,a?oka's good =tune prevail$4 ,8 rebelli\s bro!r ,?\mana 0 ov]come & made a prison]2 soon aft]1 he 0 put to dea?4 ,! same sad & cruel fate befel ! o!r n9ety-eight bro!rs4 ,b x took ?ree ye>s be=e ,a?oka c\ld free himself f all 8 enemies4 ,on ! f\r? ye> aft] 8 accession to ! ?rone1 t is to say1 9 #bah1 he receiv$ ! royal consecration1 & 9 hon\r ( 8 "m took ! "n ( ,damma?oka4 ,he obta9$ a univ]sal sway all ov] ,dzamp\dipa4 ,up to ! p]iod ( 8 consecration1 ,a?oka _h always fav\r$ ! p\nhas4 ,9 imitation ( 8 fa!r's conduct1 he f$ daily an imm5se numb] ( !m 9 8 palace4 ,!y all dress$ 9 :ite clo!s4 ,x 0 only aft] he _h receiv$ ! royal consecration t he became a conv]t to ,buddhism1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( 8 own nephew1 ! ,rahan ,nigrauda4 ,a few p>ticul>s respect+ ?is celebrat$ religi\s may n be unacceptable to ! read]4 ,aft] ,?\mana's dea?1 8 wife ,?\mana-dewi 0 ne> ! mom5t ( h] conf9em5t4 ,"u disguise1 %e contriv$ to baffle ! sn>es ( h] husb&'s enemies & elude _! pursuit4 ,%e w5t to ! neighb\rhood ( ! village ( ,d\ntsanka1 a little di/ant f ,pataliputra 9 an ea/]n direction1 & re/$ "u a banyan tree4 ,a small %$ 0 provid$ = h]1 & ! head man ( ! village1 :o look$ ^u h] z 8 daught]1 suppli$ h] ) food4 ,%e 0 deliv]$ ( a son1 :om %e nam$ ,nigrauda4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t sev5 ye>s old he 0 confid$ to ! c>e ( ! v5]able ,v>una1 :o in/ruct$ him 9 8 mona/]y1 & taught him ! ,kamatan4 ,he became a religi\s1 & 0 made a patz94 ,! mona/]y ( ! v5]able ,v>una 0 n v di/ant f ! s\!rn gate ( ! city4 ,on a c]ta9 day ! "y religi\s ,nigrauda rose up at an e>ly h\r1 & hav+ paid 8 respects to 8 great in/ructor1 put on 8 cloak1 &1 tak+ "u 8 arm ! m5dicant's pot1 left 8 mona/]y1 ent]$ ! city by ! s\!rn gate1 & %ap$ 8 c\rse t[>ds ! ea/]n "o1 ) ! int5tion ( go+ to visit 8 "m4 ,at t v mom5t ,k+ ,a?oka 0 /&+ ov] ! lion's gate ( 8 palace enjoy+ ! cool ( ! morn+ breeze4 ,he saw ! "y religi\s pass+ ) a grave & /eady /ep4 ,all 0 graceful & dignifi$ 9 8 deportm5t4 ,a placid joy1 a s]5e mode/y1 & a maje/ic appe>ance beautifi$ 8 c\nt5ance to su* an ext5t t1 at ! fir/ look1 ! k+ felt an irresi/ible affection = ! "y ,samane4 ,)\t a mom5t's delay he despat*$ an (fic] to call him4 ,) a k9d & affectionate tone ! k+ invit$ him to asc5d ! /eps ( 8 palace1 & insi/$ on s]v+ him ) 8 meal4 ,:5 ! repa/ 0 ov]1 ,a?oka said3 8,"y ,samane1 d y "k well all ! doctr9es taught by y\r in/ructor80 8,i am some:at acqua9t$ ) !m10 repli$ ,nigrauda mode/ly4 8,if su* be ! case1 w y be pleas$ to expla9 !m to me80 ,he !n said 9 reply3 8,he :o is dilig5t 9 practis+ ! duties t procure m]its enjoys true happ9ess2 he %all be exempt f dea?4 ,he :o neglects ! duties t procure m]its is unhappy1 & is 9 a /ate ( dea?40 ,! k+1 delight$ ) ! in/ruction deliv]$ to him by ! "y ,samane1 (f]$ him sev]al pres5ts suitable to ! religi\s pr(ession4 ,b ,nigrauda w\ld n accept !m1 except 9 ! "n & = ! b5efit ( 8 in/ructor2 because x 0 he :o _h ! *>ge ( tea*+ p to avoid evil1 to d good1 & to practise ! religi\s duties4 ,z to him1 he 0 b a disciple4 ,a?oka 0 greatly pleas$ ) ! mode/y & dis9t]e/$ness ( ! "y ,samane4 ,on o!r occasions ! k+ s5t = ,nigrauda1 & he>d 8 in/ructions ) su* a good result t he gradually became a p]fect conv]t4 ,by ! advice ( 8 spiritual guide1 ,a?oka made daily pres5ts to a c]ta9 numb] ( religi\s ( ! ,buddhi/ic p]suasion4 ,! numb] ( ! religi\s :o e day att5d$ ! c\rt to receive pres5ts gradually swell$ to ! am\nt ( #fj1jjj4 ,nigrauda in/ruct$ 8 royal pupil on ! ?ree ,s>anans & ! five precepts4 ,he infus$ into 8 s\l a t5d] love = ,buddha & 8 religion4 ,! great *ange 9 ! k+'s dispositions happ5$ on ! f\r? ye> aft] 8 coronation4 ,up to t "t he _h fav\r$ ! p>ty ( ! p\nhas1 z 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r _h done4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( daily af=d+ food & ma9t5ance to sixty ?\s& p\nhas we>+ ! :ite dress4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! lib]al (f]+s ( e day1 ! k+ said to ! ,rahans3 8,my int5tion is to build a great numb] ( dz$is 9 all ! cities ( ,dzamp\dipa4 ,b :]e are to be f\nd ! relics ( ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha1 t !y may be divid$ & en%r9$ 9 ! pr9cipal dz$is80 ,by 8 ord] ! relics 7 se>*$ = 9 e direction4 ,! dz$is already built 9 ,we?alie1 ,kapilawot1 ,allakappa1 ,pawa1 & ,k\!9>on 7 all demoli%$4 ,an exception 0 made 9 fav\r ( ! dz$i 9 ! village ( ,rama4 ,! ,nagas1 gu>dians ( ! place1 w\ld n all[ t monum5t to be t\*$4 ,9 va9 did ! workm5 /rive ) pickaxes to demoli% ! dz$i4 ,_! in/rum5ts broke 9 pieces z soon z !y came 9 contact ) ! build+4 ,b 9 none ( !m c\ld ! preci\s deposit be f\nd4 ,! k+ comm&$ t ! demoli%$ sacr$ monum5ts %\ld be rebuilt precisely 9 ! same %ape & =m z !y /ood previ\sly4 ,a?oka1 disappo9t$ b undismay$ by 8 want ( success1 direct$ 8 /eps t[>ds ,radzagio1 & resolv$ n to relax 9 8 ex]tions until he _h f\nd ! preci\s object ( 8 eag] desires4 ,hav+ arriv$ at t place1 he assembl$ all ! ,rahans & p1 & inquir$ if !re 0 no p]son :o c\ld lead him 9 ! way to discov] ! relics4 ,9 ! cr[d !re 0 a ,rahan "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s old1 :o said t :5 he 0 a ,samane ab\t sev5 ye>s old1 8 sup]ior direct$ him to take "s fl[]s & p]fumes1 &1 lead+ him to a retir$ place1 said to him1 8,y see t d>k bu% 9 ! middle ( :i* !re is a small /one dz$i2 let u pro/rate ourselves be=e x & make our (f]+40 ,:5 ?is 0 done he add$ ) a solemn tone ( voice1 8,"y ,samane1 obs]ve well ?is spot1 & ev] rememb] x40 ,he said no?+ m1 & we return$ to our home4 8,?is is d\btless10 said ! k+1 8! v spot ,i am se>*+ aft]1 )\t hav+ ev] be5 able hi!rto to discov] x40 ,! k+ & 8 p ha/5$ to ! indicat$ place4 ,great (f]+s 7 made to ! gu>dian ,nat 9 ord] to propitiate him4 ,! ,nat1 assum+ ! %ape ( a "y man1 remov$ all ! ob/acles t ob/ruct$ ! way to ! place4 ,:5 ! k+ 0 ne> ! fir/ door1 he discov]$ ! ruby :]eupon 0 se5 ! above-relat$ inscription4 ,on t\*+ ! bolt ! door 0 sudd5ly op5$1 :51 to ! great surprise ( all pres5t1 ! lamps t _h be5 light$ two hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s ago 7 f\nd burn+ & full ( oil2 ! fl[]s1 )\t ! lea/ sign ( )]+1 7 z fre% & beautiful z ^? 9 ! g>d5s2 ! smell ( ! p]fumes seem$ to be ev5 m exquisite ?an t ( new ones4 ,! k+1 tak+ ! gold leaf1 read ! inscription conc]n+ him4 ,he took all ! relics1 except a few t he left !re91 replac$ & arrang$ ev]y?+ z he _h f\nd x4 ,! f9d+ ( ! relics happ5$ 9 #bah4cc ,all t has be5 h]e9 above relat$ respect+ ! p>tition ( ! relics by ,dauna1 c41 has be5 extract$ f ! book call$ ,nibana ,?oot4 ,b he :o wi%es to "k all ! p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! places :]e ! relics h be5 deposit$1 c41 mu/ h rec\rse to ! books call$ ,data ,w9 & ,nalatadata ,w94 ,on a c]ta9 day a lik5ess ( ,buddha 0 plac$ be=e ! eyes ( ,a?oka4 ,! k+ 0 delight$ ) x4 ,he wi%$ to multiply ! numb] ( /atues1 s t !y c\ld be se5 9 e "p ( 8 dom9ions4 ,he gave ord]s = ! build+ ( mona/]ies 9 ! #hd1jjj t[ns ( 8 imm5se dom9ions4 ,?is happ5$ 9 #bbj ( ! religi\s era4 ,x 0 b ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 t is to say1 9 #bbc1 t ! d$ication or consecration ( ! dz$is took place1 9 :i* portions ( ! relics 7 to be en%r9$4 ,?r\gh\t 8 realm ! k+ issu$ a proclamation invit+ all ! p to att5d to ! obs]vance ( ! eight precepts4 ,! royal m&ate 0 duly att5d$ to1 & ! religi\s fe/ival celebrat$ ) ! greate/ solemnity4 ,on t occasion ! k+ made abundant donations to ! religi\s1 & /rove to display 8 zeal = ! promotion ( religion4 ,delight$ ) all t he _h done1 ! k+ said to ! v5]able ,mauggalipata3 8,i h endeav\r$ to lab\r = ! exaltation ( religion by e means 9 my p[]4 ,i h built religi\s monum5ts ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( my dom9ions2 ,i h made (f]+s on ! gr&e/ scale4 ,may ,i n[ consid] myself z entitl$ to ! inh]itance ( religion80 ,! v5]able ,mauggalipata repli$3 8,great pr9ce1 y h inde$ done mu* t[>ds ! advancem5t ( ! good cause4 ,b some?+ else m excell5t /ill is to be p]=m$ t y may acquire a "r to ! inh]itance ( religion40 8,:at is t80 ask$ ! k+4 8,x is mo/ p]fect & m]itori\s10 repli$ ,mauggalipata1 8t y %\ld consecrate y\r son ,mahe9da & y\r daught] ,s+ameitta to ! s]vice ( religion40 ,a?oka imm$iately ask$ 8 son1 :o 0 eighte5 ye>s old1 :e!r he w\ld l to become a religi\s4 ,mahe9da answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,he 0 =?) orda9$ ,samane4 ,mauggalipata act$ on ! occasion z presid5t1 & ,mahadewana z ma/] ( ! c]emonies4 ,s+ameitta 0 simil>ly orda9$4 ,! presid5t 0 ,dammapata1 & ! p]son act+ 9 ! c]emony 0 ,oopali4 ,?is happ5$ 9 #bbc4 ,mahe9da le>n$ ! ,pitagat "u ! imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce & tuition ( ,mauggalipata himself4 ,8 pr(ici5cy bo? 9 ! /udy ( religi\s sci5ce & 9 ! practice ( virtue 0 s great t 8 tea*] plac$ him at ! head ( a ?\s& ,rahans1 :om he 0 commission$ to in/ruct4 ,! great lib]ality ( ! k+ t[>ds ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ef=ts t he made = ! promotion ( ! new religion he _h embrac$1 al>m$ ^? :o belong$ to ! opposite p>ty4 ,! p\nhas saw !mselves )\t support1 & unable to provide = _! ma9t5ance4 ,!y _h rec\rse to ! foll[+ exp$i5t to secure _! livelihood1 & also a well-conc]t$ plan to weak5 _! enemies4 ,!y all assum$ ! yell[ dress1 ent]$ into ! ,buddhi/ic mona/]ies1 & affect$ to be conv]ts1 )\t be+ s 9 reality4 ,!y reta9$ _! own op9ions1 & ev5 z reg>ds regulations !y refus$ to comply ) "s ( ! ord9ances ( ! ,w9i4 ,"s ( !m f$ l>ge fires2 o!rs expos$ !mselves to v>i\s degrees ( excessive heat2 o!rs affect$ ! mania ( fix+ _! eyes ^u ! sun 9 ! morn+1 & foll[+ x 9 its c\rse dur+ ! :ole day4#cd ,_m appe>$ to lay little /ress on sev]al portions ( ! ,pitagat4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! true religi\s 7 mu* sc&alis$ at su* a conduct1 & refus$ to hold communion ) !m on ! days ( wor%ip4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 aft] hav+ la/$ sev5 ye>s1 produc$ an irritation t c\ld be no long] tol]at$4 ,mauggalipata1 disgu/$ at su* a p]turbation1 left ,mahe9da at ! head ( ! community1 & )drew to ! ,ahan ,g+a m\nta9 to enjoy "s tranquillity4 ,k+ ,a?oka 0 in=m$ ( ! prevail+ disord]4 ,) ! view ( pacify+ ! inmates ( ! mona/]ies1 he s5t an (fic] ( 8 h\sehold ) /r+5t ord]s to oblige ! two p>ties to come to an und]/&+1 to communicate ) ea* o!r1 & to wor%ip 9 common on ! fe/ival days4 ,! (fic] w5t to "o ( ! mona/]ies1 expla9$ ! royal ord]1 & drew 8 sword1 ?reat5+ to cut (f ! head ( ! fir/ ,rahan :o w\ld d>e to (f] opposition4 ,"o ( ! or?odox p>ty came =w>d1 & hav+ expla9$ ! true /ate ( ?+s1 conclud$ by firmly /at+ t he w\ld n hold communion ) h]etics4 ,! (fic] 9 va9 expo/ulat$1 & entreat$ ! religi\s n to be s t5aci\s 9 8 views1 b r to %[ a will+ness to obey ! k+'s ord]s1 = ! sake ( peace4 ,! latt] p]si/$ 9 8 refusal4 ,! (fic]1 c>ri$ away by passion1 /ruck (f ! head ( ! refractory ,rahan4 ,an imm5se upro> foll[$ ?is tragical occurr5ce4 ,all hopes ( br++ ab\t a pacification 7 !n at an end4 ,! (fic] )drew f ! mona/]y1 & relat$ to ! k+ all ! p>ticul>s z !y _h occurr$4 ,a?oka bitt]ly deplor$ ! murd] t _h be5 committ$ on a sa9tly p]sonage1 & reproa*$ ! (fic] ) hav+ out/epp$ ! ord]s he _h receiv$4 ,8 religi\s feel+s 7 griev\sly hurt1 & 8 consci5ce greatly al>m$4 ,he s5t = sev]al religi\s1 & consult$ !m z to :e!r he 0 responsible = ! murd] committ$ by 8 (fic]4 ,! spiritual advis]s did n agree 9 _! decision4 ,"s ( !m 7 ( op9ion t ! k+ 0 answ]able = ! do+ ( 8 mess5g]2 o!rs decl>$ t ! k+1 hav+ giv5 no ord] to ! effect ( us+ viol5ce1 ! (fic] alone 0 responsible = ! murd]4 ,su* conflict+ op9ions increas$ ! k+'s p]plexities1 & ?rew him 9 a /ate ( great anxiety & uneas9ess4 ,"s c\rti]s1 griev$ at ! sadness :i* ov]spread _! ma/]'s m9d1 advis$ him to s5d = ! celebrat$ ,mauggalipata1 & abide by ! decision ( t em95t man1 ^: k 0 unsurpass$4 ,! k+ gladly accept$ ! proposal4 ,a mess5g] ) a great ret9ue 0 at fir/ s5t to ! place ( ,mauggalipata4 ,! k+'s desires 7 respectfully expla9$4 ,b ! old ascetic refus$ to quit 8 abode ( peace4 ,a second mess5g] 0 despat*$1 b ) no bett] success4 ,at la/ a ?ird "o 0 s5t on ! same err&1 ) sev]al religi\s4 ,! latt]1 :o knew ! great zeal ( ,mauggalipata = promot+ ! cause ( religion1 repres5t$ to him ! imm95t dang]s religion 0 ?reat5$ )1 & entreat$ him to come1 & by 8 pres5ce save x f an approa*+ ru94 ,on he>+ ?is sad news ! old man no long] hesitat$4 ,he imm$iately left 8 abode1 w5t 9 ! boat prep>$ = him1 & g5tly sail$ d[n ! mighty /ream to ,pataliputra4 ,! news ( 8 com+ d[n 0 spread 9 a mom5t4 ,:5 ! boat 0 report$ to be ne> ! city1 ! k+1 ) 8 :ole c\rt1 ha/5$ to ! banks ( ! ,ganges4 ,on h] ne>+ ! bank1 ,a?oka w5t knee-deep into ! /ream1 & help+ ! v5]able ,mauggalipata ) 8 royal h& out ( ! boat1 l$ him into a g>d51 :]e a suitable place _h be5 prep>$ = 8 resid5ce4 ,!re he sat at 8 feet1 & r5d]$ to him ! same humble s]vices :i* a disciple is wont to t5d] to 8 tea*]4 ,! k+1 anxi\s to alleviate 8 scruples & relieve 8 mu*-tr\bl$ consci5ce1 relat$ ! p>ticul>s ( ! case ( ! ,rahan's murd]1 & conclud$ by ask+ :e!r he 0 to be consid]$ z responsible = ! dea? ( ! religi\s4 ,mauggalipata said1 8,o k+1 _h y1 :5 y despat*$ ! (fic]1 ! int5tion ( hav+ any refractory ,rahan put to dea?80 8,no10 repli$ ! k+4 8,s9ce y gave no su* ord] to y\r (fic]1 & y _h no int5tion t any disob$i5ce to y\r ord]s %\ld be visit$ ) capital puni%m5t1 ! murd] ( ! religi\s c 9 no way be imput$ unto y1 because int5tion is ! ?+ t makes actions good or bad1 & entails m]its or s9 on ! p]petrator40 ,a?oka recov]$ at once 8 peace & tranquillity ( m9d4 ,mean:ile he entreat$ ! v5]able ,mauggalipata to lab\r = ! ext9ction ( s*ism & ! exaltation ( religion4 ,sev5 days aft] ! arrival ( ! great religi\s1 a va/ hall 0 erect$ 9 ! grove :]e ,mauggalipata 0 liv+4 ,at ! end ( x a f9e pavilion made ( clo? ( v>i\s & bright col\rs 0 prep>$ = ! accommodation ( ! mon>*4 ,ea* religi\s _h !n to be exam9$ sep>ately 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mauggalipata on ! doctr9es & practices he held z g5u9e & good4 ,^? ^: doctr9es & obs]vances 7 f\nd to be at v>iance ) ! ,pitagat 7 expell$ f ! assembly1 /ripp$ ( ! canonical robe1 & compell$ to resume ! :ite dress1 t is to say1 ! "o befitt+ ! p\nhas4 ,! pres5ce ( ! k+ sil5c$ all murmurs1 & r5d]$ any attempt at resi/ance impossible4 ,9 ?is mann] ! or?odox ,rahans 7 sep>at$ f ! het]odox ones4 ,to heal ! w\nds inflict$ on religion by s*ism1 to re/ore purity ( doctr9e1 & confirm ! g5u95ess ( ! canon ( scriptures1 su* z _h be5 done by ,ka?aba 9 ! fir/ c\ncil1 & by ,ra?a 9 ! second "o1 ,mauggalipata1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! pi\s ,damma?oka1 resolv$ to hold a ?ird c\ncil4 ,f ! ,rahans !n pres5t at ,palibotra he select$ a ?\s&1 & ) !m he regulat$ ! ,pitagat4 ,! c\ncil 0 op5$ 9 ! ye> #bce1 & end$ 9 #bcf to #cjg ,b4,c4 ,x 0 presid$ ov] by ,mauggalipata1 :o 0 sev5ty-two ye>s old4#ce ,at ! conclusion ( ! c\ncil1 ! presid5t1 :o 0 ackn[l$g$ ! head ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ?\ght ( ext5d+ ! sway ( ! new religion ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,dzamp\dipa4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ,maga?a4 ,n[ ! "t _h come to ext5d x f> & wide among ! nations & tribes ( ! :ole _w4 ,to c>ry out su* a bold & compreh5sive plan1 ,mauggalipata made an appeal to ! able/ & mo/ zeal\s memb]s ( ! c\ncil1 & *>g$ a c]ta9 numb] ( !m to g & prea* ! true law 9 ! c\ntries beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,maga?a4 ,! v5]able ,mitzaganti ) f\r companions1 0 direct$ to proce$ to ! c\ntry ( ,ka%m]a-g&>a4 ,rewati 0 ord]$ to g to ,mahi?akan-pantala4 ,gaunaka-damma ,reckita w5t to ,ap>anta4 ,maha-damma ,reckita 0 s5t to ! ,mahrata c\ntry4 ,damma ,reckita receiv$ a mission to proce$ to ,yaunaka1 :i* is ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! ,pantsays4 ,! v5]able ,mitzi direct$ 8 /eps1 9 company ) sev]al bre?r51 t[>ds "s p>ts 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,?auna & ,outt>a proce$$ 9 a s\?-ea/]n direction to ! c\ntry ( ,s\wana-b\mi4 ,f9ally ,mahe9da1 ,ittia1 ,outtia1 ,?amala1 & ,badda?ala w5t to e/abli% religion into ! isl& ( ,tappapani 7,ceylon74#cf ,great success att5d$ ! prea*+s ( ! ,buddhi/ h]alds4 ,if cr$it c be giv5 to all t is relat$ 9 ! books on ?is subject1 religion mu/ h tak5 deep root 9 ! he>t ( ! p dwell+ 9 ^? di/ant l&s4 ,z reg>ds ,ceylon1 !re is an important fact to be /at$4 ,x appe>s t until ! ye> ( religion #ded1 ! k ( ! ,pitagat 0 transmitt$ by means ( oral tradition4 ,! heads ( mona/]ies requir$ f _! pupils to "k ! :ole collection by he>t4 ,x is probable t "o portion ( ! scriptures 0 le>n$ by "o section ( ! community1 & ano!r by ano!r4 ,9 ?is mann] ! :ole ,pitagat 0 kn[n 9 ea* mona/]y1 & c\ld be rehe>s$ 9 full by ! inmates4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/$ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! great inconv5i5ce necess>ily att5d+ x 0 soon felt s ke5ly t "s means _h to be devis$ 9 ord] to r5d] ! /udy ( ! sacr$ books sur] & easi]4 ,9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,watakamani five hundr$ religi\s assembl$ 9 ! village ( ,mallaya1 & wrote ! :ole ,pitagat 9 ,sanscrit1 & ) ! ,sanscrit *>act]s4 ,"u ! reign ( t mon>* a great de>? prevail$ all ov] ! isl&4 ,num]\s ,buddhi/ religi\s cross$ ov] to ! cont95t1 & e/abli%$ religion 9 _m p>ts ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! p59sula4 ,t pr9ce also built ! fam\s ,bayagiri mona/]y4 ,) ! ,mahawih>a already exi/+1 & ! ,dzetawon mona/]y subsequ5tly erect$1 !re sprung up ?ree di/9ct s*ools4 ,! latt] 0 erect$ 9 #haa1 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,ma!na ( ,ceylon4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ! ,mahawih>a 0 ! only "o truly or?odox4 ,aft] a protract$ exi/5ce1 !y 7 all m]g$ 9 ! ,mahawih>a s*ool1 "u ! reign ( ,?iri ,s+a-bodip>anna-maba1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,p\ppa-dzau era 7,pagan era71 #ebb2 ( religion1 #agad to #aafa ,a4,d4 ,! v5]able ,?auna & ,outt>a ( ! p\nha race came to ! di/rict ( ,?aton1#cg :i* is call$ ,s\wana-b\mi1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,ramagnia1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ religion 9 t di/ant l&1 :i* lies s\?-ea/ ( ,mitzima4 ,?iri-ma?auka 0 ! k+ :o at t "t reign$ at ,?aton4 ,previ\s to ! arrival ( ! ,buddhi/ mess5g]s ( peace1 ! t[n 0 desolat$ by ! ravages ( ,biloos1 :o1 com+ f ! sea1 dev\r$ all ! newly-born infants4 ,a great con/]nation & panic _h seiz$ ! inhabitants :5 !y saw ! two /rang]s1 clo!d 9 yell[ robes1 sett+ _! feet ^u ! %ore4 ,!y mi/ook !m = mon/]s ( a new description1 :o 7 com+ to increase _! mis=tune4 ,!y ran to arms1 & 7 prep>+ to attack ! two religi\s4 ,! latt]1 p]ceiv+ ! dang] t ?reat5$ !m1 said ) a meek tone ( voice to ! infuriat$ mob1 8,:y d y attack u8 ,we are n ,biloos1 nor are we come hi!r ) any ho/ile int5tion4 ,"k ye t we pr(ess a religion :i* =bids u to take away int5tionally ! life ( ev5 ! smalle/ insect1 to rob1 to commit adult]y1 & to use spiritu\s & intoxicat+ liquors4 ,by our regulations we are all[$ to eat rice b once 9 a day40 ,on he>+ ! explanations giv5 by ! two /rang]s1 ! p ( ,?aton 7 quiet$4 ,!y receiv$ !m ) k9dness1 & treat$ !m ) great respect4 ,by ! p[] inh]5t 9 ! two religi\s1 ! sea-,biloo 0 put to flight1 & 0 se5 no long]4 ,! k+ & ! p1 grateful = ! s]vice !y _h receiv$1 & delight$ ) ! new doctr9e prea*$ to !m1 accept$ joyfully ! five precepts1 & promis$ to obs]ve !m4 ,an imm5se numb] ( m5 & wom5 7 conv]t$4 ,among ! new conv]ts1 a great _m embrac$ ! religi\s life4 ,k+ ,?iri-ma?auka 0 in=m$ t1 a little :ile aft] ,gaudama's dea?1 a ,rahan1 nam$ ,gambawatti1 _h br\ght ?irty-?ree tee? ( ,buddha1 & deposit$ !m 9 a dz$i ^u ! m\nt ,inda-danoo1 :i* lies nor?-ea/ ( ,?aton4 ,moreov]1 he _h he>d t aft] ! eigh? season1 ,gaudama _h gone to ,mitila4 ,:il/ he dwelt into t place1 x happ5$ t a c]ta9 ,rahan came to rememb] ( "s ( 8 relatives :om he _h kn[n dur+ a =m] exi/5ce4 ,he saw !m liv+ 9 ,?aton4 ,he !n e>ne/ly supplicat$ 8 great ma/] to condesc5d to g to t place & prea* ! law to 8 relatives4 ,gaudama1 comply+ ) ! reque/1 resort$ ?i!r ?r\gh ! air1 att5d$ by a great ret9ue4 ,he prea*$ ! law1 & previ\s to 8 dep>ture1 gave to ! rul] ( ,?aton eight hairs ( 8 head4 ,rely+ on ! accuracy ( ! in=mation1 ,?iri-ma?auka felt a great desire to f9d out ! preci\s relics1 9 ord] to h !m di/ribut$ 9 elev5 t[ns ( ,h5zawatti1 9 elev5 t[ns ( ,k\!91 & 9 elev5 t[ns ( ,m\ttama4 ,^! ?ree c\ntries con/itute :at is call$ ,ramagnia4 ,all happ5$ agreeably to 8 wi%es4 ,! relics 7 duly f\nd on m\nt ,inda-danoo1 9 ! v dz$i 9 :i* !y _h be5 en%r9$1 & 7 di/ribut$ 9 ! v>i\s t[ns1 z above m5tion$4 ,x is probable t !re occurr$ at ,?aton ! same curi\s fact :i* we "k to h tak5 place 9 ,ceylon1 viz43 ,religion 0 propagat$ at fir/ by ! means ( oral tradition4 ,! fir/ "o :o made an attempt to possess himself ( a copy ( ! sacr$ scriptures 0 ,buddhagosa1 a religi\s ( ,?aton1 ( ! p\nha race4 ,t man emb>k$ at ,?aton1 :i* 0 !n on or ne> ! sea4 ,t place is 9 ! ,ramagnia c\ntry1 & is inhabit$ by a p call$ ,m\n4 ,he sail$ to ,ceylon 9 ! ye> ( religion #idc1ch "u ! reign ( ,k+ ,mahanama4 ,he resid$ ?ree ye>s on t isl&1 wrote ! ,pitagat on palm leaves ) ! ,burmese *>act]s :i* 0 f\nd writt5 9 ! language & *>act]s ( ,ceylon4 ,9 ano!r manuscript we read t he translat$ into ,pali ! scriptures :i* 7 9 ! language ( ,ceylon4 ,buddhagosa rema9$ ?ree ye>s 9 ,ceylon1 9 ord] to complete ! "w he _h und]tak54 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 t isl& ! p 7 s mu* pleas$ ) him t !y made him _m & co/ly pres5ts on 8 leav+ _! c\ntry4 ,he br\ght ov] ) him to ,s\wana-b\mi1 :i* is 9 ! ,ramagnia c\ntry1 a complete collection ( ! scriptures4 ,9 or ab\t ! ye> ( ! ,pagan era #dai1ci ! =ty-second1 "s say1 ! =ty-f\r? k+ ( ,pagan1 nam$ ,anaurata1 hav+ invad$ ! ,ramagnia c\ntry1 possess$ himself ( ! ,m\n's t]ritories & ent]$ triumphant into ! v5]able city ( ,?aton4 ,he took away f t place ! collection ( scriptures br\ght ov] f ,ceylon by ,buddhagosa1 z well z ! mo/ le>n$ among ! ,rahans4 ,) ! aid ( ^! di/+ui%$ ,rahans1 religion 0 !n firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,pagan4 ,he became ma/] ( ! :ole ( ! ,ramagnia c\ntry1 :i* includes ,h5zawatti1 ,m\ttama1 & ,k\!94 ,we h allud$ briefly to ! reconciliation t has tak5 place 9 ,ceylon betwe5 ! ?ree great s*ools4 ,two ( !m1 ! ,bayagiri & ! ,dzetawon1 m]g$ into ! great ,mahawih>a s*ool1 :i* _h always held up ! or?odox doctr9es4 ,9 ! ye> t foll[$ t ev5t--t is to say1 9 ! ye> ( religion #agad ( ! ,pagan's era #ebbdj--_m ,rahans1 natives ( ,?aton1 ,pagan & o!r places 9 ,ramagnia1 att5d$ by a l>ge ret9ue1 cross$ ov] to ,ceylon = ! express purpose ( wor%ipp+ ! relics & ! ,bodi tree1 & mak+ !mselves p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! g5u9e doctr9e & discipl9e4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 !y jo9$ ! ,mahawih>a s*ool4 ,!y rema9$ on t isl& dur+ ne>ly "o ye>4 ,"o ( ! p>ty1 nam$ ,tsapada1 :o 0 b a "y ,samane1 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( ,patz91 accord+ to ! rules & regulations adopt$ by ! ,mahawih>a4 ,! p>ty1 hav+ p]=m$ _! devotions1 & p5etrat$ !mselves ) ! _s ( ! community 9 :i* !y _h sp5t a ye>1 return$ to _! c\ntries4 ,! "y religi\s1 :o _h be5 b rec5tly orda9$1 appli$ to 8 sup]ior & obta9$ p]mission to rema9 beh9d 9 ,ceylon = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! ,pitagat & ma/]+ its cont5ts4 ,aft] t5 ye>s ( unwe>i$ application he w5t back ) f\r companions1 nam$ ,mahe9da1 ,?iwali1 ,an&a1 & ,rahula4 ,aft] _! l&+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cape ,negrais1 !y sp5t a ye> 9 ,k\!91 & f9ally rea*$ ,pagan 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,n>apati-sisoo ( ! ,pagan era #ecd to #aagc ,a4,d4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by ! ex]tions ( ^? five religi\s1 ! religion ( ,ceylon 0 firmly e/abli%$ & set up 9 ,pagan4 ,9 ?is mann] ! doctr9es & in/itutions prea*$ & set up 9 ,ceylon by ,mahe9da & 8 companions 7 bl5d$ ) ! doctr9es & in/itutions :i* ! v5]able ,?auna & ,outt>a _h e/abli%$ 9 ,?aton4 ,bo? fl\ri%$ 9 ,pagan & 7 mu* ext5d$4#da ,! brilliant & glori\s reign ( ,n>apati-sisoo 0 soon foll[$ by a s]ies ( mis=tunes1 :i* contribut$ to ! weak5+ ( 8 great empire1 & f9ally br\ght on its total ov]?r[4 ,pagan 0 tak5 by =eign invad]s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( su* calamities ?ree noblem51 nam$ ,radzas+ian1 ,as9k>a1 & ,sihasoo1 set !mselves up z k+s1 ! fir/ 9 ,miyntsa91 ! second 9 ,pekk>a1 & ! ?ird 9 ,p9lay1 9 ! ye> #ffb to #acja ,a4,d4 ,! ,k+ ( ,miyntsa91 hav+ trea*]\sly entic$ ,kiantza1 ! k+ ( ,pagan1 to visit him 9 8 new capital1 deta9$ him "u v>i\s pretexts1 & f9ally _h him murd]$4 ,?aunit1 ! son ( ,kiantza1 he>+ ( 8 fa!r's det5tion1 asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,pagan1 & reign$ tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,m\hnit1 :o reign$ =ty-?ree ye>s4 ,) him end$ ! l9e ( ,pagan k+s 9 #gcj to #acfi ,a4,d4 ,sihasoo1 ! ,k+ ( ,p9lay1 reign$ 9 t place twelve ye>s1 & 9 #fhd remov$ ! seat ( royalty to ,panya4 ,9 t place !re 7 successively five k+s1 ^: aggregate numb] ( ye>s on ! ?rone am\nts to fifte54 ,"o son ( ,sihasoo1 nam$ ,a?9k>a-dzau-g\n1 e/abli%$ royalty 9 ,tsitka9 9 #fhd to #acbc ,a4,d4 ,"u ! reign ( 8 son & successor1 nam$ ,?irimega1 a can9e too? ( ,gaudama 0 br\ght to ,tsitka94 ,! k+ _h ! preci\s relic plac$ 9 a gold5 casket1 & en%r9$ 9 a turret ( 8 palace4 ,he daily wor%ipp$ x4 ,?irimega hav+ di$1 8 two sons ,dzeta & ,tissa qu>rell$ ab\t ! cr[n4 ,nei!r ( !m ev] _h ! title ( k+2 bo? ( !m oppress$ ! c\ntry dur+ n9e ye>s4 ,! son ( ,dzeta1 nam$ ,budadasa1 became k+1 & reign$ dur+ tw5ty-n9e ye>s4 ,x 0 "u ! reign ( t mon>* t five v5]able religi\s1 :o 7 well v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ! ,pitagat1 translat$ ! :ole compilation1 :i* 0 9 ,sanscrit1 into ! language ( ,ceylon 7,pali74#db ,tsitka9 ceas$ to be a royal resid5ce 9 #gbe to #acfd ,a4,d41 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! city ( ,ava 0 f\nd$ on ! six? ( ! wax+ moon ( ,tabaong1 on a ,tuesday at noon1 "u ! con/ellation ,p\nna-pha-%\4 ,on ! foll[+ ye>1 ,m\hnit1 k+ ( ,pagan1 di$ at ! age ( sixty-f\r1 aft] a reign ( =ty-?ree ye>s1 ) :om end$ ! l9e ( ! ,pagan mon>*s4 ,9 ! great city ( ,ava religion greatly fl\ri%$1 & 9 #aacd to #aggc ,a4,d41 ?is book 0 compos$#dc 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dybay54 ,= ! purpose ( creat+ & increas+ feel+s ( affection t[>ds ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha1#dd :o is great] ?an ! ?ree rational be+s1 t[>ds 8 glori\s p]fections1 z well z ! law & ! assembly1 ,i h1 to ! be/ ( my abilities1 endeav\r$ to translate f ! ,pali into ,burmese ! sacr$ book call$ ,malla-l9k>a-w\ttoo1 or hi/ory ( ! mo/ excell5t fl[]4 ,,an ,,ab/ract ,,( ,a ,,few ,,small ,,dzats1 ,,& ,,( ,,two ,,pr9cipal ,,ones1 ,,call$ ,,nemi ,,& ,,dzanecka4 ,! writ] has ?\ght t x w\ld n be )\t int]e/ to ! read] to make a few rem>ks respect+ ! five hundr$ & t5 ,dzats s fam\s among/ ! ,burmese1 & to give z a specim5 ( ^? compositions ! abbreviat$ translation ( "s ( ^? fabul\s acc\nts4 ,we w beg9 ) a few ( ! small ,dzats1 & end ) ! comp5di\s summ>ies ( two ( ! great ones1 kn[n "u ! names ( ,nemi & ,dzanecka4 ,! ,buddhi/s ( ^! p>ts ma9ta9 t all ! ,dzats conta9 a %ort & concise n>rative ( "s ( ! circum/ances att5d+ c]ta9 exi/5ces ( ,gaudama1 :5 he 0 born 9 ! /ate ( animal1 man1 pr9ce1 nobleman1 poor1 ri*1 ,nat1 c4 ,! n>rator is no o!r ?an ,gaudama himself1 :o is suppos$ to h condesc5d$ to make 8 disciples & ! cr[ds ( he>]s acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 p>ticul>s relat+ to 8 p]son :il/ he 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! sl[ process ( metempsy*osis & gradually gravitat+ t[>ds ! p]fection he _h at la/ rea*$4 ,9 fact1 ea* ( ^! pieces is prefac$ ) ^! words3 ,:5 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha 0 9 su* a mona/]y1 surr\nd$ ) 8 disciples1 he spoke z foll[s1 c4 ,x is n improbable t "s ( ^! /ories may h be5 told by ,gaudama = ! two foll[+ purposes3 ,fir/1 to impress 8 he>]s ) a pr(\nd respect = 8 incomp>able wisdom1 :i* enabl$ him to p5etrate into ! deep recesses ( ! pa/1 & to br+ to light "s ev5ts hi!rto buri$ 9 its d>k bosom4 ,! second & pr9cipal object he _h 9 view 0 to give "s important lessons to 8 disciples1 to correct "s ( _! defects1 & /ir up o!rs to ! practice ( ! highe/ de$s :i* he _h himself p]=m$ dur+ =m] exi/5ces4 ,on 8 respect ,gaudama foll[$ ! practice ( all ,ea/]n sages1 :o _h rec\rse to ! use ( p>ables1 similitudes1 apologues1 c41 9 ord] to convey1 "u a g5tle1 amiable1 graceful1 & int]e/+ =m1 ! mo/ important in/ructions1 design$ to enlight5 ! m9d & correct ! he>t4 ,! collection or compilation comprises mo/ ( ^? fables t are to be met ) among/ mo/ ( ! ,asiatic nations1 :5ce !y h f\nd _! way to ,europe1 fir/ among ! ,greeks1 & next ! ,we/]n nations4 ,! writ] has be5 n a little surpris$ to f9d 9 t collection a numb] ( fables ! v same z ^? s inimitably n>rat$ by ! great ,fr5* fabuli/1 ! good ,la ,fonta9e4 ,?is is ano!r confirmation to ! old adage1 ,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,^! /ories h c]ta9ly an ,indian orig92 at lea/ ! ,burmans h receiv$ !m1 z almo/ all ! ?+s t are connect$ ) _! religion1 f t qu>t]4 ,"u despotic gov]nm5ts1 ! pla9 & nak$ tru? _c %[ itself1 or make its voice to be he>d1 )\t expos+ its fri5ds to ! mo/ imm95t dang]s on ! "p ( ^? tyrants :o practically ma9ta9 t _! w mu/ ev] /& above tru? & reason4 ,/ories nicely told 7 ! pleas+ & innoc5t b necess>y dress :i* t sacr$ goddess 0 oblig$ to we> 9 ord] to make h] pres5ce supportable to ! despots1 & help h] fri5ds to f9d fav\r ) ^? ^: absolute & uncontrollable sway made ev]ybody b[ ! head 9 _! awful ?\gh dete/$ pres5ce4 ,! fir/ five hundr$ /ories h1 x seems1 no hi/orical value :atev]4 ,!y are mo/ ( !m %ort & concise4 ,b ! la/ t5 may v likely conta9 _m facts or allusions to individuals & places t might af=d a clue to "s p>ts ( ! hi/ory & geography ( ,india 9 days ( a remote antiquity4 ,a complete translation ( ! t5 ,dzats might n be )\t int]e/1 provid$ su* a "w be accompani$ ) copi\s notes1 made by a compet5t p]son1 well acqua9t$ ) ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,india4 ,all ! /ories end ) a mo/ important disclosure made by ,gaudama himself4 ,! p]sonage t has play$ ! mo/ important & praisewor?y rle is1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 our ,buddha himself4 ,^? :o befri5d$ him1 assi/$ him1 & r5d]$ him any s]vices1 are ^? :o subsequ5tly became 8 fav\rite & mo/ di/+ui%$ disciples & he>]s2 :il/ ^? :o act$ 9 any repreh5sible mann]1 :o oppos$ him & did him h>m1 aft]w>ds became ! individuals :o 7 9 8 days h]etics or hold]s ( false doctr9es1 & 9 p>ticul> 8 ar* enemy1 ! notori\sly wick$ ,dewadat4 ,! compilation ( all ^! /ories is prefac$ z foll[s3--,9 ! c\ntry ( ,am>awadi liv$ a p\nha nam$ ,?\m$a4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r he became ! own] ( a consid]able e/ate4 ,hav+ enjoy$ x dur+ _m ye>s1 he began to reflect on ! _m & v>i\s accid5ts att5d+ human life1 & came to ! resolution ( leav+ ! _w4 ,he !re=e di/ribut$ 9 alms all 8 ri*es1 & )drew into solitude1 to lead an ascetic life4 ,he soon rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,at t "t ,deip9k>a1 "o 9 ! s]ies ( ! tw5ty-eight ,buddhas1 came to t c\ntry1 att5d$ by #djj1jjj ,rahans1 to beg 8 food4 ,our ,ra!e ,?\m$a1 hav+ no?+ to (f] to ! great ,buddha & ! assembly1 came1 ?rew himself at 8 feet1 & deliv]$ himself up s\l & body to 8 s]vice4 ,9 ano!r compilation x is /at$ t ,?\m$a _h volunte]$ 8 s]vices to level a portion ( a road t ,deip9k>a 0 to foll[4 ,! "w 0 f9i%$1 ) ! exception ( a small gap t 0 n yet fill$1 :5 ! ,buddha made 8 appe>ance4 ,! h]mit1 )\t a mom5t's hesitation1 flung himself on ! gr\nd1 & bridg$ ! place ) 8 own body4 ,x 0 at ! sight ( su* a p]fect abnegation ( self t ,buddha gave to ,?\m$a ! assurance t "o day he w\ld become a ,buddha4 ,on t occasion great wond]s took place4 ,f t "t he began to practise ) a f]v5t e>ne/ness ! great virtues & p]fections prescrib$ by ! law4 ,! :ole p]iod ( "t t elaps$ f ! "t ,gaudama 0 ! p\nha ,?\m$a to ! "t he became ,pr9ce ,we?&>a--t is to say1 rea*$ t exi/5ce :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! la/ "o1 :5 he became ,buddha--is ( f\r ?+ies & "o hundr$ ?\s& worlds or revolutions ( nature4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! mo/ m]itori\s & int]e/+ actions p]=m$ by him dur+ sev]al exi/5ces t illu/rat$ t almo/ incalculable p]iod is to be f\nd 9 ! great dz$i ( ,ceylon4 ,! acc\nts mu/ be %ort & concise1 o!rwise ! dz$i above ref]r$ to1 h[ l>ge soev] we may suppose x to h be51 c\ld nev] h held !m4 ,,! ,,fox ,,& ,,! ,,lion4 #a4 ,:5 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha 0 9 ! ,dzetawon mona/]y1 surr\nd$ by 8 disciples1 desir+ to correct a religi\s :o 0 9 ! habit ( keep+ bad company1 he n>rat$ ! foll[+ /ory3 ,at ! "t t ! ,pr9ces ,bramanas reign$ at ,b>ana!e1 ,phralaong 0 !n a lion1 fa!r to two little ones1 "o male & ! o!r female4 ,! fir/ 0 nam$ ,m5&za4 ,! lion's h\sehold1 :5 ,m5&za 0 gr[n up & _h m>ri$1 0 compos$ 9 all ( five individuals4 ,m5&za1 /rong & bold1 w5t out e day 9 que/ ( prey = ! support ( 8 f\r relations t rema9$ 9 ! d54 ,"o day1 9 ! middle ( "o ( 8 pr$atory excursions1 he happ5$ to meet ) a fox1 :i* 0 ly+ on 8 belly1 9 a mo/ respectful po/ure4 ,on be+ ask$ by ! pr\d lion1 ) a t]rific voice1 height5$ by a ?reat5+ glance1 :at he 0 do+1 ! fox respectfully answ]$3 8,i am humbly pro/rat$ "h to d homage & pay my respects to y\r maje/y40 8,well10 said ,m5&za2 & he took him alive to 8 d54 ,z soon z ! fa!r saw ! fox1 he said to 8 son3 8,my son1 ! fox is an animal full ( cunn+ & deceit1 fai?less1 )\t hon\r1 addict$ to all wick$ practices1 & always engag$ & embroil$ 9 "s bad affairs2 be on y\r gu>d2 bew>e ( su* a companion1 & =?) s5d him away40 ,unhe$+ 8 fa!r's wise advice1 ,m5&za p]si/$ 9 8 resolution1 & kept 8 new fri5d ) him4 ,on a c]ta9 day ! fox intimat$ to ,m5&za t he long$ to eat ! fle% ( a "y colt4 8,:]e is ! place ^! animals are wont to graze80 ask$ ,m5&za4 8,on ! banks ( ! riv] ( ,b>ana!e10 repli$ ! fox4 ,bo? />t$ imm$iately = ! indicat$ spot4 ,!y saw !re a great numb] ( horses ba?+ 9 ! riv]4 ,m5&za1 9 an in/ant1 p\nc$ ^u a "y "o1 & c>ri$ x to 8 d54 8,x is n prud5t10 said ! old fa!r1 8to eat ^? animals :i* belong to ! k+4 ,"o day he w cause y to be %ot f a di/ance ) arr[s1 & kill y4 ,no lion t eats horse-fle% has ev] liv$ long4 ,f ?is day cease to attack ^? animals40 ,deaf to su* :olesome w>n+s1 ,m5&za cont9u$ to c>ry de/ruction among ! horses4 ,news 0 soon convey$ to ! k+ t a lion & a fox 7 mak+ great havoc among 8 horses4 ,he ord]$ ! animals to be kept )9 ! t[n4 ,! lion1 h[ev]1 contriv$ to seize "s & c>ry !m away4 ,ord]s 7 giv5 to keep !m 9 an enclosure4 ,despite ?is precaution1 "s horses disappe>$4 ,enrag$ at ?is1 ! k+ call$ a b[man & ask$ him :e!r he c\ld transfix a lion ) 8 arr[s4 ,! b[man said t he c\ld d x4 ,h]eupon1 leav+ ! k+1 he w5t & hid himself beh9d a po/1 wait+ = ! (f5d]4 ,x 0 n long ere he made 8 appe>ance2 b ! cauti\s fox _h rema9$ some:at to ! re>1 hidd5 9 a dra94 ,9 "o />t1 ! lion1 ) ! quickness ( lightn+1 0 on ! wall1 & /raightway he w5t to ! /able4 ,! b[man said )9 himself3 8,! lion's movem5ts are v quick2 ,i w wait until he come back load$ ) 8 prey40 ,he _h sc>cely revolv$ ?is ?\ght 9 8 m9d1 :5 ! lion 0 already on 8 way back c>ry+ a horse4 ,! b[man1 all ready1 %ot an arr[ t transfix$ ! fi]ce animal4 ,! lion made a />t1 cry+ ) a t]rific voice1 8,i am w\nd$40 ,! fox1 he>+ 8 fri5d's acc5ts1 & ! %>p :i/l+ ( ! b[-/r+1 knew at once :at _h happ5$4 ,he said to himself1 %ak+ 8 head3 8,!re is no fri5d%ip1 =soo?1 ) ! dead2 my fri5d has fall5 "u ! b[man's arr[2 my life is safe2 ,i w g back to my =m] place40 ,! w\nd$ lion1 mak+ a la/ ef=t1 w5t back to 8 d51 & dropp$ dead at its entrance4 ,m5&za's relatives1 p]ceiv+ ! w\nd & ! blood gu%+ out ( x1 und]/ood at once t he _h be5 %ot ?r\gh ) an arr[1 & t ! fox 0 ! cause ( 8 mis]able & untimely end4 ,8 "m gave v5t to h] grief z foll[s3 8,:oev] associates ) ! wick$ %all n live long2 behold my ,m5&za is no m1 because he foll[$ ! fox's advice40 ,! fa!r1 9 8 turn1 bewail$ ! loss ( 8 son3 8,he :o goes 9 company ) ! wick$ %all meet ) "s evil fate2 witness my son1 :om 8 desolate "m sees welt]+ 9 ! v blood %e gave him40 ,8 si/] cri$ al\d3 8,he :o does n foll[ ! advice ( ! good %all rep5t ( x2 he is mad1 &1 l my bro!r1 %all come to an untimely & cruel end40 ,m5&za's wife exclaim$3 8,he :o belongs to a sup]ior rank ought to bew>e to associate ) ^? ( a rank inf]ior to 8 own1 o!rwise he soon becomes z despicable z ^? he associates )4 ,he loses 8 position1 & becomes ! laugh+-/ock ( all40 ,buddha conclud$ 8 disc\rse ) ?is reflection1 t no "o ought to keep company ) ^? t are wick$ & ( an inf]ior position4 ,! religi\s pr(it$ s well by ! lecture t he broke at once ) 8 =m] fri5ds1 & soon rea*$ ! /ate ( ,?autapan4 ,! fox has be5 s9ce ,dewadat1 ,m5&za1 ! religi\s1 ! object ( ! lecture1 ,m5&za's si/]1 ,oopalawon2 8 wife1 ,kema2 8 "m1 ,ya?aud>a2 8 fa!r1 ,phralaong4 ,,! ,,jackal ,,& ,,! ,,hunt]4 #b4 ,:5 ! mo/ excell5t ,phra 0 9 ! ,welo[on mona/]y1 allud+ to ,dewadat1 :o aim$ at h>m+ him1 he spoke z foll[s3 8,at ! "t ! ,pr9ces ,bramanas reign$ at ,b>ana!e1 ,phralaong 0 !n a jackal1 presid+ ov] #ejj o!r jackals ( 8 own tribe4 ,8 dwell+-place 0 9 a cemet]y4 ,"o day x happ5$ t ! inhabitants ( ,radzagio made a great fea/1 :]e e "o ate & drank z mu* z he lik$4 ,! repa/ 0 ne>ly ov] :5 "s "o ask$ = a la/ piece ( meat1 to give ! f9i%+-/roke to 8 appetite4 ,he 0 told t n ! smalle/ morsel rema9$4 ,on he>+ ?is unwelcome news1 he rose up1 lay+ hold ( a wood5 club1 & w5t /raight to ! cemet]y4 ,!n /ret*+ himself on ! gr\nd1 he lay d[n z if dead4 ,phralaong1 cauti\sly draw+ ne> to ! pret5d$ dead body1 smelt x f a becom+ di/ance1 & soon discov]$ ! sn>e laid = him4 ,com+ up close to him1 he sudd5ly seiz$ ! club ) 8 tee?1 pull+ x ) all 8 might4 ,! "y man did n let g 8 hold4 ,! animal1 )draw+1 said to ! hunt]3 8,"y man1 ,i p]ceive n[ t y are n dead40 ,! hunt]1 goad$ ) %ame & ang]1 rose up1 & ) m en]gy ?an dext]ity flung 8 club at ! jackal2 b he miss$ him4 8,g away10 said he1 8wret*$ bea/2 y may boa/ t y h escap$ ?is "t40 8,yes10 mildly repli$ ! jackal2 8,i h be5 sav$ f y\r club2 b no "o %all ev] be able to pres]ve y f ! puni%m5t 9 ! eight great hells40 ,hav+ ?us spok51 he soon disappe>$4 ,! "y man1 hav+ wa%$ away 9 ! dit* ! du/ t cov]$ him1 walk$ back1 q disappo9t$1 into ! t[n4 ,! hunt] 0 ! same t subsequ5tly became ,dewadat4 ,z to ! jackal1 he is ! same t has s9ce become ,buddha4 ,,! ,,pigeon ,,& ,,! ,,hunt]4 #c4 ,:5 ,phra 0 9 ! ,dzetawon mona/]y1 desir+ to give in/ruction to ! "y son ( a nobleman1 nam$ ,oot>a1 he spoke z foll[s4 ,at ! "t ! ,pr9ces ,bramanas reign$ at ,b>ana!e1 ,phralaong 0 a pigeon4 ,!re 0 !n a man 9 t c\ntry :o 0 wont to cat* pigeons1 br+ !m to 8 h\se1 & c>efully fe$ !m until !y became fat1 :5 he !n sold !m at a high rate4 ,toge!r ) o!r pigeons1 ,phralaong 0 caught & br\ght ov] to ! h\se4 ,b he w\ld n peck ! gra9 t 0 spread be=e him4 8,%\ld ,i eat10 said he to himself1 8,i w soon get fat1 & !n be sold l o!rs40 ,he soon became wret*$ly ?94 ,surpris$ at ?is1 ! hunt] took ! pigeon out ( ! cage1 plac$ x on ! palm ( 8 h& to exam9e x m closely & f9d ! cause ( its great leanness4 ,phralaong1 wat*+ ! opportunity ( a fav\rable mom5t :5 ! att5tion ( 8 gu>dian 0 call$ to "s o!r object1 flew away to 8 own old place1 leav+ ! hunt] q vex$ at & a%am$ ( 8 confid+ simplicity4 ,! hunt] is 9 ^! days ,dewadat2 & ! pigeon is n[ ,buddha himself4 ,"h is ! abridgm5t ( two /ories1 well kn[n to ! read]s ( fables4 #d4 ,:5 ,phralaong 0 a de]1 he became intimate fri5d ) ! bird kha\k%ia & a turtle4 ,on a c]ta9 night x happ5$ t a hunt] hav+ laid d[n 8 net1 ! de] 0 caught4 ,a tortoise t 0 ne> to ! place came & bit ! net2 ! de] !n soon made 8 escape f ! dang]\s position he 0 94 ,:il/ ?is 0 go+ on ! fri5dly kha\k%ia1 p]ceiv+ ! dang] 8 fri5d 0 91 amus$ ! hunt] by fly+ "r & left close to him1 to ret>d 8 progress t[>ds ! place :]e ! net 0 laid4 ,mad at ! escape ( ! de]1 he seiz$ ! turtle & ?ru/ h] into 8 bag4 ,b ! wily bird contriv$ by its peck+s to make a l>ge hole 9 ! bag1 & ! tortoise too made h] escape4 #e4 ,"o day ,phralaong1 be+ !n a husb&man1 obs]v$ once1 to 8 great surprise1 t a lion ( an uncommon size paid frequ5t visits to 8 rice field1 & ate & de/roy$ _m ( ! "y plants4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion he exam9$ closely ! intrud]1 & p]ceiv+ ! extremities ( 8 feet1 he discov]$ t ! pret5d$ lion 0 b a colt t _h clo!d himself 9 a lion's sk94 ,,nemi4 ,:5 ! mo/ excell5t ,buddha 0 9 ! c\ntry ( ,mitila1 he w5t1 att5d$ by a great _m ,rahans1 to ! mona/]y ( ,meggadawa1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( a beautiful grove ( mango trees4 ,he spoke z foll[s to ! assembly3 8,belov$ ,bickus1 9 =m] times ,i liv$ 9 ?is v place :]e we are n[ congregat$1 & 0 ! rul] ( ! c\ntry ( ,mitila40 ,he !n rema9$ sil5t4 ,an&a respectfully entreat$ him to condesc5d to n>rate to !m "s ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts t happ5$ at t "t4 ,buddha ass5t$ to ! reque/1 & said3 8,=m]ly !re reign$ at ,mitila a pr9ce nam$ ,m+gadewa4 ,dur+ #hb1jjj ye>s he rema9$ a pr9ce1 & sp5t all 8 "t 9 ! enjoym5t ( all sorts ( pleasure2 he 0 cr[n pr9ce ( t c\ntry dur+ ! same space ( "t1 & reign$ z k+ dur+ a simil> p]iod40 ,on a c]ta9 day ! b>b] ( ! k+ hav+ detect$ a grey hair on ! royal head1 exhibit$ x to 8 a/oni%$ reg>ds4 ,! k+1 /ruck at su* a sight1 soon und]/ood t ?is object 0 ! =]unn] ( dea?4 ,he gave up ! ?rone1 & resolv$ to become a ,rahan4 ,hav+ put into execution 8 resolve1 he practis$ ) ! greate/ zeal ! highe/ virtues1 & aft] 8 dea? migrat$ to "o ( ! =tunate seats ( ,brahmas4 ,! #hb1jjj pr9ces :o succe$$ him foll[$ 8 foot/eps1 inh]it$ 8 virtues1 & aft] _! demise obta9$ a place 9 ! same seat4 ,pr9ce ,m+gadewa1 :o _h op5$ ! way to su* a succession ( pi\s mon>*s1 p]ceiv+ t 8 race 0 ne> be+ ext9ct1 left ! seat ( ,brahmas & took fle% 9 ! womb ( ! que5 ( ! k+ :o !n gov]n$ ,mitila4 ,on ! t5? mon? ! que5 0 deliv]$ ( a son1 :o receiv$ ! "n ( ,nemi4 ,! p\nhas :o 7 invit$ to ! palace to tell ! horoscope ( ! royal *ild assur$ ! k+ t ?is *ild w\ld foll[ ! example ( all 8 pr$ecessors :o _h left ! ?rone & embrac$ ! pr(ession ( ,rahans4 ,f 8 t5d] age ! "y pr9ce display$ ! mo/ lib]al & pi\s dispositions 9 mak+ abundant alms1 & f]v5tly obs]v+ all ! religi\s practices4 ,all ! inhabitants ( t k+dom foll[$ 8 example1 & :5 "s "o di$1 he migrat$ to "o ( ! ,nats' seats4 ,dur+ ^? happy times1 hell seem$ to h become q unnecess>y4 ,on a c]ta9 day ,nemi appe>$ to be mo/ anxi\s to "k :i* 0 ! mo/ excell5t practice1 ! be/[+ ( alms1 or ! obs]vance ( ! precepts4 ,! great ,?agia came d[n f 8 glori\s seat1 encompass$ ) an incomp>ably %9+ brightness1 & w5t to ! place :]e ! pr9ce 0 busy revolv+ ?is ?\ght 9 8 m9d4 ,! angelical visitor told him t ! be/[+ ( alms c\ld only procure an admittance into ! seats ( ,nats1 b t a p]fect compliance ) ! ord9ances ( ! law op5$ ! way to ! seats ( ,brahmas4 ,z soon z he _h giv5 8 decision1 he return$ to 8 blissful seat4 ,on 8 arrival he f\nd cr[ds ( ,nats giv5 up to rejoic+s4 ,! ,?agia gave !m a detail$ n>rative ( all t he _h se5 on e>? dur+ 8 err&1 & 9 p>ticul> eulogis$ at great l5g? ! religi\s dispositions ( ,pr9ce ,nemi4 ,enraptur$ ) ! he>t-mov+ description !y he>d1 all ! ,nats at once exclaim$ t !y wi%$ to see 9 _! seats s accompli%$ & virtu\s a pr9ce4 ,! ,?agia comm&$ a "y ,nat1 nam$ ,matali1 to h 8 c>riage ready1 dep>t = ! c\ntry ( ,mitila1 & br+ to ?is =tunate seat ! rul] ( t c\ntry4 ,matali1 b[+ be=e ! ,?agia1 =?) left ! seat ( ,nats 9 a magnific5t *>iot4 ,x 0 !n ! day ( ! full moon1 :5 all ! inhabitants ( ,mitila 7 busily engag$ 9 dis*>g+ _! prescrib$ religi\s duties4 ,on a sudd5 !re appe>$1 issu+ f ! ea/1 ! magnific5t & bright equipage ( ! ,nat1 spl5didly em]g+ f ! bosom ( cl\ds at ! same "t z ! moon 9 its full4 ,surpris$ at su* an unexpect$ sight1 all wond]$1 & believ$ t two moons 7 miracul\sly ris+ on t occasion4 ,!y 7 soon undeceiv$ by ! ne>] approa* ( ,matali's c>riage4 ,! mess5g] w5t to ! k+1 & convey$ to him ! intellig5ce t ! ,nats 7 exce$+ly anxi\s to see him4 ,)\t a mom5t's hesitation ! k+ /epp$ into ! c>riage1 & ab&on$ himself to ! guidance ( 8 heav5ly guide4 8,two roads are n[ op5$ be=e u10 said ,matali1 8! "o ?r\gh ! dismal dungeons1 :]e ! wick$ are consign$ to und]go puni%m5t = _! (f5ces1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ! blissful seats1 :]e ! good are enjoy+ ! rew>ds allott$ to !m = _! virtues4 ,:i* ( ! two d y wi% to foll[80 ,! pr9ce said t he wi%$ to visit bo? places4 ,matali answ]$ 9 a mild tone ( voice t 8 reque/ %\ld be compli$ )4 ,! cele/ial guide direct$ 8 rapid c\rse ?r\gh ! regions ( desolation1 :]e dwells an et]nal horror4 ,! fir/ object !y met ) 0 a broad & deep riv]1 fill$ ) frightful :irlpools1 :]e ! wat] seem$ z if boil+4 ,x 0 gl[+ l a flame1 & ! :ole mass ( wat] appe>$ l a lake ( fire4 ,! riv] is call$ ,wattoorani4 ,on ! banks ( t riv] /& ! inf]nal m9i/]s1 arm$ ) all sorts ( %>p-edg$ in/rum5ts1 cutt+1 w\nd+1 pi]c+ ! un=tunate wret*es1 :o try to get out ( t horrible & burn+ wat]4 ,!y are =cibly pu%$ aga9 into ! same place ( torm5ts1 & tumble ov] po9t$ d>ts1 :5ce !y are tak5 up & roa/$ on liv+ coals4 ,no?+ is he>d b ! horrify+ h[l+s & yells ( ^? un=tunate be+s1 :o are wait+ ) ! greate/ impati5ce ! mom5t ( _! deliv]ance4 8,:at are ! crimes10 ask$ ! t]rifi$ pr9ce1 8t h committ$ ! un=tunate inhabitants ( ?is place to und]go su* unhe>d-( suff]+s80 8,!y are10 repli$ ,matali1 8! p]secutors ( ! weak1 ! he>tless oppressors ( ! poor1 c41 :o are doom$ to und]go su* puni%m5ts40 ,!nce ! guide drove rapidly to ano!r place1 :]e dogs1 ea* ) five hide\s heads1 fami%$ eagles1 & dev\r+ cr[s1 f$ ) a rav5\s hung] on ! bodies ( un=tunate victims1 ! fle% ( :i* is incessantly reproduc$ to af=d a cont9ual prey to ^! nev]-satiat$ f]oci\s animals4 8,^!10 said ,matali1 8suff] = hav+ done no good to _! fell[-creatures1 = prev5t+ o!rs to d "s1 & = hav+ borne envy to _! neighb\rs40 ,"h foll[s a long description ( ! o!r places ( hell1 giv5 to ,nemi by 8 cele/ial guide4 ,we omit x1 le/ its t$i\s & revolt+ p>ticul>s tire & disgu/ ! read]4 ,suffice x to m5tion t ! torm5ts ( ,tantalus are describ$ "h ) a horrify+ correctness1 su* z almo/ ca/s into ! %ade ! description giv5 to u by ! ,lat9 poet4 ,hav+ rang$ ! v>i\s regions ( hell1 & he>d all ! p>ticul>s giv5 to him by ,matali1 ,nemi 0 sudd5ly br\ght ov] to ! beautiful1 smil+1 & blissful seats ( ! bless$4 ,he soon descri$ at a di/ance ! celebrat$ palace1 made ( diamonds1 dispos$ 9 an imm5se squ>e ( twelve y\dzanas on ea* side1 & five /ories high2 !n ! g>d51 ! tank1 & ! pade?a tree4 ,9 t palace ,biranee occupi$ a spl5did ap>tm5t2 %e 0 !n ly+ on a s(t s(a1 surr\nd$ by m ?an a ?\s& beauties4 8,:at good works10 ask$ ,nemi1 8has ,biranee practis$1 to des]ve su* a magnific5t rew>d80 ,matali repli$1 8,?is daught] ( ,nats 0 =m]ly a slave 9 ! h\se ( a p\nha4 ,%e 0 always v att5tive to all ! duties ( h] position1 & at ! same "t regul>ly obs]v$ ! precepts ( ! law4 ,on a c]ta9 day h] mi/ress1 :o 0 wont to fe$ eight ,rahans daily1 fell into a fit ( ang]1 & said t %e 0 unable to be> any long] ! fatigue att5d+ ! ma9t5ance ( ^! religi\s4 ,b ! "y slave1 full ( religi\s zeal1 took ^u h]self ! lab\r ( fe$+ ! ,rahans4 ,= ?is good & m]itori\s "w %e is enjoy+ ! happ9ess ( h] pres5t position40 ,nemi 0 successively l$ into ! v>i\s seats ( ! inhabitants ( ^? blissful regions1 & 8 guide expla9$ at great l5g? ! good works t _h procur$ to ea* ( !m ! respective happy situation :i* !y enjoy$1 & occasionally m5tion$ ! p]iod ( "t !y 7 all[$ to dwell 9 ^? abodes ( unp>allel$ happ9ess4 ,he 0 f9ally introduc$ to ! pres5ce ( ! great ,?agia1 :o is ! *ief ( all ,nats4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! survey ( all ! seats ( ,nats1 ,nemi 0 br\ght back to ! seat ( m5 9 8 own capital by ! same cele/ial guide4 ,on 8 return ,nemi saw himself surr\nd$ by 8 pi\s subjects1 :o eag]ly inquir$ ( him all ! p>ticul>s respect+ 8 j\rney4 ,he m9utely expla9$ to !m all t he _h se5 bo? 9 ! region ( hell & 9 ^? ( ,nats1 & conclud$ by exhort+ 8 p to be lib]al 9 be/[+ alms1 t !y might h]eaft] be admitt$ to %>e 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! ,nats' happ9ess4 ,nemi1 p]ceiv+ t 8 hairs 7 turn+ grey1 became /ill m zeal\s 9 ! practice ( alms-de$s1 & resolv$ to embrace ! pr(ession ( ,rahans4 ,b previ\s to 8 tak+ su* a /ep he _h 8 son ,ral>adzana appo9t$ to succe$ him4 ,) t pr9ce t]m9at$ ! long succession ( k+s :o 9 ! decl9e ( _! lives became ,rahans4 ,,dzanecka4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ writt5 ,dzats possess$ by ! ,burmese4 ,! writ] has translat$ x f beg9n+ to end2 b he w give "h only an outl9e ( its cont5ts4 ,! n>rator1 z usual1 is our ,buddha himself1 :5 he 0 9 ! ,welo[on mona/]y1 surr\nd$ by ! memb]s ( ! assembly & a cr[d ( he>]s4 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ,mitila !re reign$ a k+ nam$ ,dzanecka1 :o _h two sons call$ ,arita ,dzanecka & ,paula ,dzanecka4 ,aft] a long & prosp]\s reign he pass$ to ano!r exi/5ce4 ,arita ,dzanecka1 hav+ celebrat$ 8 fa!r's obsequies & made ! usual purifications1 asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,he confirm$ 8 y\ng] bro!r 9 ! situation ( comm&]-9-*ief1 :i* he _h hi!rto held4 ,on a c]ta9 day a vile c\rti]1 by a false report1 awak5$ 9 ! k+'s brea/ s5tim5ts ( jeal\sy & suspicion aga9/ 8 bro!r's fidelity4 ,! innoc5t pr9ce 0 ca/ into a dungeon2 b 9 ! virtue ( 8 innoc5ce he f\nd means to make 8 escape1 w5t to a "p ( ! c\ntry :]e he _h p[]ful support]s1 & soon f\nd himself 9 a condition to bid defiance to 8 bro!r4 ,! k+ assembl$ 8 troops2 a battle ensu$1 9 :i* ! k+ 0 sla91 & ,paul ,dzanecka asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,! que51 :o 0 ) *ild1 on he>+ ! news ( su* a disa/]1 w5t to ! treasury1 took "s ornam5ts ( ! pure/ gold & ! mo/ valuable preci\s /ones1 & plac$ ! :ole 9 a basket4 ,%e !n spread out rice s z to cov] ! treasure1 & ext5d$ an old & dirty clo? ov] ! op5+ ( ! basket4 ,putt+ on ! dress ( "o ( ! meane/ wom51 %e w5t out ( ! t[n1 c>ry+ ! basket ov] h] head4 ,%e left ! city ?r\gh ! s\!rn gate & pass$ into ! c\ntry )\t be+ notic$ by ! gu>ds4 ,hav+ gone to a c]ta9 di/ance f ! place1 ! que5 did n "k :i* way to direct h] /eps4 ,%e sat 9 a dzeat dur+ ! heat ( ! day4 ,:il/ 9 ! dzeat %e ?\ght ( ! c\ntry ( ,tsampa1 :]e "s ( h] relatives liv$1 & resolv$ to g ?i!r4 ,%e began to make inquiries at ! p t 7 pass+ by respect+ ! r\te %e w\ld h to foll[4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! att5tion ( a ,nat 0 sudd5ly attract$ by ! inspiration ( ,phralaong1 :o 0 9 ! que5's womb1 to ! sad position 8 "m 0 94 ,he1 leav+ =?) 8 blissful seat1 assum$ ! appe>ance ( an old man guid+ a c>riage along ! road4 ,he came close to ! dzeat & invit$ ! que5 to asc5d 8 c>riage1 assur+ h] t he w\ld convey h] safely to ,tsampa4 ,! (f] 0 accept$4 ,z ! que5 0 f> advanc$ ) *ild1 %e _h "s difficulty 9 gett+ into ! conveyance1 :5 t portion ( ! e>? :i* %e 0 /&+ ^u sudd5ly swell$ & rose to ! level ( ! c>riage4 ,! que5 /epp$ into ! *>iot & !y dep>t$4 ,dur+ ! night !y arriv$ at a beautiful place close to ! neighb\rhood ( ,tsampa4 ,! que5 alight$ 9 a dzeat4 ,h] cele/ial guide bade h] to wait until daybreak be=e %e v5tur$ into ! city1 & return$ to ! seat ( ,tawade9?a4 ,dur+ t v night a fam\s p\nha1 att5d$ by five hundr$ ( 8 disciples1 _h left ! t[n at a late h\r1 to take a walk by moonlight & enjoy ! cool ( ! night & a ba? 9 ! riv]4 ,pama\ka1 = su* is ! "n ( ! p\nha1 came by *ance to ! v place :]e ! que5 0 seat$4 ,8 disciples cont9u$ _! walk & w5t on ! bank ( ! riv]4 ,%e appe>$ full ( y\? & beauty4 ,b by ! virtue ( ,phralaong ! p\nha knew t %e 0 9 ! family way1 & t ! *ild %e bore 0 a ,phralaong4 ,pama\ka alone approa*$ close to ! que5 & entreat$ h] to ent]ta9 no fe> :atev]2 t he look$ ^u h] z 8 si/]4 ,! que5 relat$ to him all ! p>ticul>s ( h] mis=tune4 ,! great p\nha1 mov$ ) compassion1 resolv$ to become h] support] & protector4 ,at ! same "t he recomm5d$ h] to say t he 0 h] bro!r1 & :5 8 disciples %\ld come back1 to %$ te>s 9 tok5 ( ! t5d] emotion %e felt at meet+ ) him4 ,ev]y?+ hav+ be5 arrang$1 ,pama\ka call$ 8 disciples1 told !m h[ happy he 0 at hav+ f\nd 8 si/]1 f :om he _h p>t$ _m ye>s ago4 ,mean:ile he direct$ !m to take h] to 8 h\se1 & recomm5d$ h] to ! special c>e ( 8 wife4 ,z = him1 he w\ld be back soon aft] hav+ p]=m$ ! usual ablutions4 ,! que5 0 welcome 9 ! p\nha's h\se1 & treat$ ) ! greate/ c>e & t5d]e/ affection4 ,a little :ile aft] %e 0 deliv]$ ( a beautiful *ild1 resembl+ a /atue ( gold4 ,!y gave him ! "n ( ,dzanecka4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! ye>s ( boyhood1 he 0 "o day play+ ) boys ( 8 own age1 :51 by way ( teaz+1 !y call$ him ! son ( ! wid[4 ,^! ke5 taunt+s made him urge 8 "m to reveal to him ! "n ( 8 fa!r4 ,x 0 !n t he knew ! au?or ( 8 bir?4 ,pama\ka taught him all ! sci5ces kn[n 9 ^? days1 su* z m$ic9e1 ma!matics1 c4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 ye>s "y ,dzanecka _h complet$ all 8 /udies4 ,dzanecka resolv$ to devote himself to trade1 & acquire !reby ample means to reconqu] "o day ! ?rone ( 8 ance/ors4 ,) a "p ( ! treasure 8 "m _h br\ght ) h]1 he 0 9 a position to fit out a %ip 9 company ) sev]al o!r m]*ants4 ,he resolv$ to sail = a place call$ ,caumawat\ra4 ,he _h sc>cely be5 at sea two days :5 a mighty /orm came on4 ,! vessel1 aft] hav+ held out "s "t aga9/ ! ro>+ & rag+ bill[s1 at la/ gave way1 & 0 brok5 9 pieces4 ,all ! crew & pass5g]s1 am\nt+ to #gjj1 mis]ably p]i%$ 9 ! sea1 )\t mak+ ! lea/ ef=t to save !mselves4 ,our ,phralaong1 on ! contr>y1 seiz+ ! extremity ( a log ( wood1 swam ) all 8 /r5g?1 resolv$ to /ruggle to ! la/ aga9/ adv]sity4 ,mighty 7 8 ef=ts = sev]al days4 ,at la/ a daught] ( ,nats1 ^: duty x 0 to wat* ov] ! sea1 saw 8 g5]\s & c\rage\s behavi\r1 took pity on him1 & came to 8 assi/ance4 ,!re foll[$ a sort ( dialogue betwe5 h] & ,dzanecka4 ,! latt] display$ 8 undaunt$ c\rage & firm purpose4 ,! =m] admir$ ! m 8 det]m9$ resolution4 ,%e resolv$ to save him f ! dang]\s position4 ,tak+ him 9 h] arms1 %e c>ri$ him1 accord+ to 8 wi%es1 to ! c\ntry ( ,mitila1 9 ! g>d5 ( mango-trees1 & plac$ him on ! v table-/one :]e 8 ance/ors 7 wont to enjoy !mselves ) a num]\s ret9ue4 ,phralaong imm$iately fell asleep4 ,! daught] ( ,nats1 hav+ enjo9$ ! ,nat1 gu>dian ( ! place1 to wat* ov] ! pr9ce1 return$ to h] blissful seat4 ,on ! v day t ! vessel 0 wreck$ ! rul] ( ,mitila di$1 leav+ "o daught]1 nam$ ,?iwalee4 ,previ\s to 8 giv+ up ! gho/ & asc5d+ to ! seats ( ,nats1 ! k+ _h ord]$ 8 m9i/]s into 8 pres5ce1 & enjo9$ on !m to select = ! husb& ( 8 daught] a man rem>kable = ! beauty & /r5g? ( 8 body1 z well z by ! acut5ess & p5etration ( 8 m9d4 ,he 0 to be able to b5d & unb5d an enorm\s b[1 a feat :i* ! unit$ ef=ts ( a ?\s& soldi]s c\ld sc>cely a*ieve1 & f9d ! place :]e he _h conceal$ sixte5 gold5 cups4 ,on ! sev5? day aft] 8 dea?1 ! m9i/]s & p\nhas began to delib]ate among !mselves ab\t ! *oice ( a mat* wor?y ( ! pr9cess4 ,sev]al competitors (f]$ !mselves = ! h& ( ,?iwalee1 b !y 7 all reject$4 ,at la/1 n kn[+ :at to d1 !y resolv$ to leave to *ance ! solution ( ! difficulty4 ,!y s5t out a *>m$ *>iot1 conv9c$ t by ! virtue inh]5t 9 x !y w\ld f9d out ! =tunate man ^: de/9ies 7 to be unit$ to ^? ( ! pr9cess4 ,! *>iot 0 s5t out att5d$ by soldi]s1 musicians1 p\nhas1 & noblem54 ,x came /raight =w>d to ! mango-trees g>d51 & /opp$ by ! side ( ! table-/one ,phralaong 0 sleep+ ^u4 ,! p\nhas1 on inspect+ ! h&s & feet ( ! /rang]1 saw unmi/akable signs =e%[+ 8 elevation to ! royal dignity4 ,!y awak5$ him by ! s\nd ( musical in/rum5ts1 salut$ him k+1 & begg$ ( him to put on ! royal dress1 m\nt on ! *>iot1 & proce$ triumphantly to ! royal city4 ,he ent]$ ! palace ?r\gh ! ea/]n gate4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ ( ! k+'s la/ int5tions1 he =?) b5t & unb5t ! b[1 f\nd out ! sixte5 gold5 cups1 & 0 duly unit$ to ! beautiful & y\?ful ,?iwalee4 ,all ! p %[$ signs ( ! greate/ rejoic+s2 ! ri* made him all sorts ( (f]+s2 ! p\nhas 9 :ite co/ume1 hold+ ! sacr$ :ite %ell1 adorn$ ) fl[]s & fill$ ) wat]1 ) _! bodies b5t =w>d1 p\r$ respectfully ! wat]1 implor+ bless+s on ! new mon>*4 ,:5 ! rejoic+s 7 ov]1 ! k+ rew>d$ ! p\nha ,pama\ka1 :o _h be5 z a fa!r to him dur+ 8 exile4 ,he appli$ himself to d z mu* good z he c\ld 9 reliev+ ! poor1 & promot+ ! welf>e ( all4 ,he delight$ 9 m5tion+ to 8 c\rti]s 8 mis=tune1 & ! great ef=ts he _h made to extricate himself f difficulties4 ,he prais$ ! rew>d :i* att5d$ g5]\s ef=ts1 & exhort$ !m nev] to fl9* "u difficulties1 b always to exhibit a /rong & unconqu]able resolution "u all trials1 because x mu/ soon] or lat] be cr[n$ ) success4 ,dur+ ! #gjjj ye>s t he reign$ ov] ,mitila ) ! que5 ,?iwalee1 he fai?fully practis$ ! obs]vances ( ! law1 gov]n$ ju/ly1 f$ ! ,rahans & ,pitzega-buddhas1 & gave abundant alms to ! poor4 ,on ! #aj? mon? ,?iwalee 0 deliv]$ ( a son1 :om !y call$ ,diga\t4 ,on a c]ta9 day1 ! k+1 hav+ receiv$ f 8 g>d5] "s mangoes full ( flav\r & beauty1 wi%$ to g to ! g>d5 to see ! tree t yield$ su* delici\s fruits4 ,:5 he arriv$ at ! place1 he saw two mango-trees1 "o ) a luxuriant foliage1 b )\t fruits1 ! o!r load$ ) fruits4 ,! mon>* approa*$ ! tree1 rid+ 8 elephant1 & pluck$ "s mangoes1 :i* he ate & f\nd delici\s4 ,!nce he proce$$ fur!r to inspect ! o!r p>ts ( ! ext5sive g>d54 ,! c\rti]s & ! p t foll[$ pluck$ fruits f ! same tree1 & did x ) su* eag]ness t !y left nei!r fruits nor leaves on ! tree4 ,on 8 return ! k+ 0 surpris$ to see ! fruitful tree de/itute ( bo? leaves & fruits1 :il/ ! b>r5 "o _h a beautiful appe>ance4 ,! mon>*1 aft] a l5g!n$ dialogue ) 8 c\rti]s1 conclud$ z foll[s3 8,! ri*es ( ?is _w are nev] )\t enemies2 he :o possesses !m resembles ! fruitful mango-tree4 ,we mu/ look out = goods t excite nei!r envy1 jeal\sy1 nor o!r passions4 ,! ,rahans & ,pitzega-buddhas alone possess su* ri*es4 ,i w take a lesson f ! b>r5 mango-tree4 ,t ,i may cut (f & eradicate ! tr\bles1 vexations1 & anxieties ( life1 ,i w r5\nce ev]y?+ & embrace ! pr(ession ( ,rahan40 ,) ?is idea /rongly impress$ on 8 m9d1 ,dzanecka came back to 8 palace4 ,he =?) s5t = ! g5]al ( 8 troops1 & direct$ him to place a /rong gu>d 9 front ( 8 ap>tm5t1 & all[ no "o = f\r consecutive mon?s to come into 8 pres5ce1 n ev5 ! que51 b only him :o w\ld br+ 8 daily meal4 ,he gave ord]s to 8 m9i/]s to judge ) imp>tiality1 agreeably to ! law4 ,hav+ ?us arrang$ ev]y?+1 he )drew alone to ! upp] ap>tm5t ( 8 palace4 ,"h foll[s a /anza 9 praise ( ! pr9ce1 :o _h sep>at$ f 8 que51 concub9es1 & all ! pleasures & hon\rs att5d+ royalty4 ,dzanecka alone began to m$itate on ! happ9ess ( ! life ( p\nhas & ,pitzega-buddhas2 he admir$ _! poor diet1 _! zeal 9 practis+ ! obs]vances ( ! law1 _! e>ne/ long+s aft] ! happ9ess ( ,neibban1 _! dis5gagem5t f ! ties ( passions1 ! /ate ( inw>d peace & fixity :i* _! s\ls enjoy$4 ,9 8 en?usiasm he v5]at$ !m ) a holy f]v\r1 call$ !m 8 ma/]s & preceptors1 & exclaim$3 8,:o w tea* me to imitate _! lives1 & help me to become simil> to !m80 ,9 t5 /anzas ,dzanecka reviews successively all t _h belong$ to him1 8 capital ) its /ately edifices1 f9e gates1 ! ?ree walls & dit*es1 ! beautiful & f]tile c\ntry ( ,w9tze>itz1 ! palace ) its l(ty domes & massive t[]s1 ! beautifully ornam5t$ ?rone1 ! ri* & magnific5t royal dresses1 ! royal g>d5 & tank1 ! elephants1 horses1 & *>iots1 ! soldi]s1 ! p\nhas1 ! pr9ces1 8 que5 & concub9es4 ,he !n concludes ea* /anza ) ! foll[+ words3 8,:5 %all ,i leave all ^! ?+s1 become poor1 put on ! humble habit ( ,rahans1 & foll[ ! same mode ( a p]fectly retir$ life80 ,) ^! & simil> reflections ,dzanecka endeav\r$ to sund] "o aft] ! o!r _m ?reads ( passions1 to pull d[n successively ! bran*es ( ! impure tree1 until he c\ld give a f9al /roke to ! roots4 ,at ! conclusion ( f\r mon?s' retirem5t1 ,dzanecka s5t = a fai?ful s]vant1 & direct$ him to procure = him ! v>i\s articles ( ! dress ( a ,rahan4 ,he _h 8 head & be>d %av$2 put on ! *]i%$ habit1 & plac+ a /aff 9 8 h& walk$ out ( 8 ap>tm5ts1 & direct$ 8 c\rse t[>ds ! gate1 ) ! dignifi$ deportm5t ( a ,rahan ( sixty ye>s' pr(ession4 ,que5 ,?iwalee 0 tir$ ( hav+ be5 s long depriv$ ( h] husb&'s company4 ,%e summon$ sev5 hundr$ ( ! h&some/ damsels ( ! palace to g ) h] to ! k+1 & by ! ef=ts ( _! unit$ *>ms entrap him 9 ! net ( passion & prevail ^u him to come back to _! society4 ,:5 !y asc5d$ ! /air-case1 !y met ) ,dzanecka 9 8 new attire4 ,none recognis$ him2 b all paid him due rev]5ce z "s holy p]sonage t _h come to give in/ructions to ! k+4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! ap>tm5t & se5 ! royal dress set aside1 & ! beautiful & long black hairs laid on "o ( ! s(as1 ! que5 & h] att5dants soon und]/ood ! sad & he>t-r5d+ intimation :i* ^! objects 7 design$ to convey4 ,%e ran 9 all ha/e ) all h] ret9ue d[n ! /airs & ov]took ! new ,rahan at ! mom5t he 0 cross+ ! out] gate ( ! palace4 ,e means t c\ld be devis$ to make impression on ! k+'s he>t 7 resort$ to by ! que5 & ! damsels1 9 ord] to prevail ^u him to =ego 8 resolution4 ,te>s1 cries1 wail+s1 /rik+ ( ! brea/1 display ( ! mo/ graceful & s$uc+ =ms1 supplications1 entreaties1 7 all us$ 9 va92 ! new ,rahan1 unmov$ & firm1 cont9u$ 8 c\rse1 prote/+ t passions & concupisc5ce 7 dead 9 him1 & t :at c\ld be said or done to engage him to *ange 8 resolution 0 9 va94 ,dur+ 8 progress t[>ds ! solitude ( ,himawonta1 he 0 com=t$ & enc\rag$ by ! advice & in/ruction ( two ,ra!es1 :o f _! solitude flew ?r\gh ! air to witness ! beautiful /ruggle betwe5 passions & virtue1 & help him n to fl9* be=e ! repeat$ ob/acles ! que5 put 9 8 way1 to ret>d1 imp$e1 & prev5t ! execution ( 8 holy design4 ,! names ( ^! two in/ructors 7 ,n>ada & ,migalze92 !y 7 clo!d 9 ! sk9s ( pan!rs4 ,!y in/ruct$ him 9 ! duties ( 8 new call+1 & exhort$ him to root out ( 8 he>t ) p]sev]ance all passions1 & 9 p>ticul> concupisc5ce & pride4 ,com=t$ ) su* timely in/ructions1 ! new ,rahan felt himself m ?an ev] fix$ 9 8 resolution4 ,on 8 way to ! solitude1 ,dzanecka arriv$ "o ev5+ at ! gates ( a t[n call$ ,daunu4 ,he pass$ ! night "u a tree1 at a di/ance f ! que5 & ! cr[d t foll[$ h]4 ,on ! morn+ he ent]$ ! t[n1 & w5t1 z usual1 along ! /reets to beg 8 food4 ,he happ5$ to /op = a :ile at ! %op ( a man t 0 fabricat+ arr[s4 ,dzanecka1 see+ ! workman %utt+ "o eye & look+ ) ! o!r to see if ! %aft ( ! arr[ 0 /raight1 ask$ him ! reason ( 8 do+ s1 z he w\ld see bett] ) bo? eyes ?an ) "o4 ,! workman told him t x 0 n always good t ea* object 9 ?is _w %\ld h a mat*4 8,%\ld ,i10 said he1 8look on ?is %aft ) bo? eyes1 my sight1 di/ract$ by sev]al objects1 c\ld n p]ceive ! defects ( ! wood1 c41 b by look+ on x ) only "o eye ! lea/ irregul>ity is easily detect$4 ,:5 we h a "w to p]=m1 if !re be two opposite wills 9 u1 x _c be regul>ly made4 ,y h put on ! habit ( ,rahan2 y h app>5tly r5\nc$ ! _w2 h[ is x t y are foll[$ by su* a l>ge ret9ue ( wom5 & o!r att5dants8 ,x is impossible to att5d well to ! duties ( y\r pr(ession1 & at ! same "t keep su* a company40 ,?is cutt+ rem>k made a deep impression on ,dzanecka4 ,he _h gone ov] a little di/ance1 :5 he met a numb] ( little girls play+ toge!r4 ,"o ( !m _h a silv] bangle on ea* h&1 ) "o ( gold on ! "r h&4 ,:5 %e agitat$ ! "r h&1 ! two bangles hitt+ ea* o!r produc$ a s\nd4 ,dzanecka1 will+ to try ! wit ( ! little creature1 ask$ h] ! reason :y ! movem5t ( "o h& produc$ a s\nd1 :il/ t ( ! o!r did n4 ,%e repli$1 8,my left h&1 t has b "o bangle1 is ! image ( ! ,rahans :o ought to be alone4 ,9 ?is _w1 :5 an object has its mat*1 "s collision & noise inevitably result4 ,h[ is x t y1 :o h put on ! habit ( ,rahan1 all[ y\rself to be foll[$ by t woman :o is /ill full ( fre%ness & beauty8 ,is %e y\r wife or si/]8 ,%\ld %e be only y\r si/]1 x is n good t %e %\ld be ) y4 ,x is dang]\s = ,rahans to keep ! company ( wom540 ,?is %>p lecture1 f ! m\? ( a little girl1 produc$ a deep impression on our ,rahan4 ,he left ! city4 ,a l>ge =e/ 0 9 ! vic9ity3 he resolv$ to "p company ) ! que5 at once4 ,at ! entrance he /opp$ a:ile1 & paus$ = a mom5t4 ,!re1 on a sudd51 /ret*+ 8 arm1 he broke ! small bran* ( a tree1 & %[+ x to ,?iwalee he said1 8,pr9cess1 y see ?is small bran*2 x c nev] be reunit$ to ! /em x has be5 tak5 f4 ,9 l mann]1 x is impossible t ,i %\ld ev] g back ) y40 ,on he>+ ! fatal words ! que5 fa9t$4 ,all h] att5dants cr[d$ r\nd h]1 to af=d h] "s relief4 ,dzanecka himself1 9 ! tumult & confusion t 0 go+ on1 /ole away ) rapidity & disappe>$ 9 ! =e/4 ,! que5 0 !n c>ri$ back to ,daunu by h] att5dants1 :5ce !y all return$ to ,mitila4 ,alone 9 ! solitude1 ,phralaong enjoy$ ! sweets ( p]fect contemplation dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,?iwalee1 on h] "p1 resolv$ to r5\nce ! _w & foll[ ! example ( h] husb&4 ,%e became a ,rahaness1 9 "o ( ! royal g>d5s1 dur+ ! same p]iod ( ye>s1 & subsequ5tly migrat$ to "o ( ! seats ( ,brahmas1 call$ ,brahma-p>i?itsa4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! n>rative ,buddha add$3 8,mani-megala1 ! daught] ( ,nats1 :o sav$ me 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 is n[ my belov$ fair disciple ( ! left1 ,oopalawon4 ,! little girl :o gave me su* a :olesome in/ruction1 at ! gate ( ! t[n ( ,daunu1 is n[ ,kema1 my fair disciple ( ! "r4 ,! ,ra!e ,n>ada has s9ce become my great disciple ,?>iputra1 ^: wisdom is second only to my own4 ,! o!r ,ra!e ,miga-dze9 is n[ my disciple ,maukalan1 ^: p[] = display+ wond]s yields only to m9e4 ,! arr[-mak] has s9ce become ,an&a1 my fai?ful & dutiful att5dant4 ,que5 ,?iwalee has become ! ,pr9cess ,ya?aud>a4 ,z to ,pr9ce ,dzanecka1 he is n[ ! ,phra :o is be=e y & addresses y1 :o is p]fectly acqua9t$ ) all ! laws & pr9ciples1 & :o is ! tea*] ( m51 ,nats1 & ,brahmas40 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,sites ,,& ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,places ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,! ,,leg5d4 ,! id5tification ( ! places m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,life ( ,gaudama is c]ta9ly a great desid]atum4 ,?is difficult & labori\s task has be5 boldly und]tak5 by sev]al gov]nm5t s]vants ( bo? s]vices4 ,great & important successes h att5d$ _! ef=ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful among !m has be5 ,major-,g5]al ,cunn+ham1 ! ar*ological surveyor to ! gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,! sph]e ( 8 labori\s & sci5tific rese>*es has ext5d$ ov] nor? & s\? ,beh>1 ! cradle ( ,buddhism1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,punjaub & ,pe%aw>4 ,"u 8 direction excavations h be5 made1 inscriptions f\nd & deciph]$1 ! nature & dim5sions ( old ru9$ monum5ts correctly asc]ta9$4 ,9 8 valuable reports may be f\nd important elem5ts = recon/ruct+ ! hi/ory & geography ( anci5t ,india4 ,he has be5 greatly assi/$ by ! hi/ory ( ! voyages ( ! ,*9ese pilgrim1 ,hw5 ,?sang1 :o sp5t sixte5 ye>s 9 travell+ ?r\gh\t ,india1 & visit+ all ! places r5d]$ fam\s by ! actions connect$ ) ! life ( ,buddha1 & ! spread ( 8 doctr9es & in/itutions4 ,! voyage began 9 #fbi & end$ 9 #fde ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! it9]>y beg9s ) ! />t+ ( ! travell] f a city on ! banks ( ! ,hoang-ho4 ,he %ap$ 8 c\rse ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,t>t>y1 ent]$ by ! nor!rn extremity ( ! plateau ( ,pan9 into :at is call$ n[ ,indep5d5t ,t>t>y1 visit$ ,sam>c&1 :]e !re 7 no ,buddhi/s1 b only fire wor%ipp]s4 ,!nce he pass$ ov] to ,balk1 :]e he f\nd religion 9 a fl\ri%+ condition4 ,he asc5d$ ! mighty ,h9du ,ku% m\nta9s1 p5etrat$ into ,cabul & ,pe%aw>1 cross$ ! ,indus at ,attock1 & turn+ abruptly to ! nor?1 visit$ ,oudiana1 :]e he f\nd dz$is & mona/]ies on ! gr&e/ & mo/ magnific5t scale1 & came back to ,attock1 foll[+ ! we/]n bank ( ! ,indus4 ,he !n proce$$ ?r\gh ! ,punjaub to ,ma?ura1 & m9utely exam9$ all ! ,buddhi/ic monum5ts to be f\nd 9 ! t]ritories situat$ betwe5 ! ,ganges1 ! ,gunduck1 & ,nepaul4 ,he w5t to ,b5>es1 ,pataliputra1 & all ! places 9 ,maga?a1 or s\? ,beh>1 :]e 8 religi\s curiosity c\ld be satisfi$4 ,!nce he %ap$ 8 c\rse 9 an ea/]n direction1 & visit$ ! :ole ( ,b5gal4 ,he pass$ to ,orissa1 visit$ _m places 9 ,c5tral ,india & a portion ( ! ,upp] ,deccan4 ,he w5t to ,molwa & ,guz]at1 return$ to ,maga?a1 & began 8 homew>d voyage4 ,he recross$ ! ,indus at ,attock1 foll[$ up ! valley ( ! ,cabul riv]1 & ) unhe>d-( difficulties & dang]s pass$ ov] ! ,h9du ,ku% range4 ,8 r\te across ,*9ese ,t>t>y l$ him back ?r\gh ,ka%g>1 ,y>k&1 & ,khotan1 to 8 native place4 ,x is a matt] ( surprise to see h[ acute 9 8 obs]vations1 correct 9 8 descriptions1 & exact 9 8 measurem5ts1 our pilgrim has be54 ,) 8 book 9 h&1 ! above-nam$ em95t ar*ologi/ 0 enabl$1 9 _m in/ances1 to id5tify at once m]e m\nds ( ru9s1 & satisfy himself t !y 7 ! remnants ( ! monum5ts describ$ by our pilgrim4 ,:5 he ent]ta9$ any d\bts 9 8 m9d1 he _h rec\rse to excavations1 :i*1 9 mo/ in/ances1 demon/rat$ ! p]fect accuracy ( ,hw5 ,?sang4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s previ\s to ! voyage ( ,hw5 ,?sang1 ano!r ,*9ese pilgrim nam$ ,fa-hian _h und]tak5 a simil> j\rney4 ,impell$ by a purely religi\s zeal1 he came to ,india = ! sole purpose ( visit+ ! places r5d]$ fam\s & v5]able by ! bir?1 life1 do+s1 & dea? ( ,foe1 ! same p]sonage :o is kn[n 9 ^! p>ts "u ! "n ,buddha ,gaudama4 ,8 object 0 also to make a complete collection ( all ! religi\s books ackn[l$g$ z g5u9e 9 ,india1 & c>ry !m ) him to ,*9a4 ,! err& ( ,hw5 ,?sang _h a simil> object4 ,our wor?y travell]1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 pass$ ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,?ibet1 ,little ,t>t>y1 & visit$ successively ,cabul1 ,ca%m]e1 ,c&ah>1 & ! ,punjaub4 ,foll[+ a ne>ly s\?-ea/]n direction1 he rea*$ ,ma?ura on ! ,upp] ,jumna1 cross$ ! ,ganges at ,kan\j1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,kali ) t riv]1 travell$ almo/ 9 an ea/]n direction ?r\gh ,oude1 & cross$ ! ,gogra ne> ! ,fyzabad4 ,keep+ close to ! ea/]n bank ( t /ream1 he /ruck 9 a slightly nor!rn direction1 pass+ ! ,rapti s\? ( ,goruckpore1 & foll[$ ! same c\rse1 ne>ly to ! we/]n bank ( ! ,gunduck4 ,f !nce he %ap$ 8 c\rse 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction1 p>allel to ! c\rse ( t riv]1 :i* he cross$ a little high] up ! place :]e x empties into ! ,ganges4 ,foll[+ !n a s\!rn direction1 he cross$ ! ,ganges ne> ! place :]e ! city ( ,patna is n[4 ,f !nce our pilgrim travell$ 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction1 cross$ successively ! ,morh> & ! ,fulgo1 exam9$ all ! places 9 ! neighb\rhood1 s\? & s\?-we/ ( ,beh>1 :i* are s celebrat$ 9 ,buddhi/ic annals4 ,aft] hav+ sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ,india1 busy 9 ma/]+ ! ,pali language & collect+ copies ( ! religi\s works1 he !n emb>k$ on ! ,ganges4 ,ne> its m\? he w5t on bo>d ( a %ip b\nd to ,ceylon4 ,aft] hav+ visit$ t celebrat$ isl&1 ,fa-hian sail$ 9 ! direction ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 call$ at ,java1 & safely arriv$ at 8 c\ntry1 aft] hav+ p]=m$ "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y & difficult j\rneys any man c\ld h und]tak5 9 ^? anci5t times4 ,x 0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury t ?is feat 0 p]=m$ 9 ! space ( m ?an sev5 ye>s4 ,he sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ,india1 & two at ,ceylon4 ,! ,*9ese orig9al ( ,fa-,hian has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,a4 ,remusat4 ,! ,engli% v]sion f ! ,fr5* is accompani$ by ! annotations ( ,remusat & ^? ( o!r celebrat$ ,ori5tali/s4 ,! book ( ,hw5 ,?sang has be5 translat$ by ,m4 ,juli54 ,= ! loan ( ^! two works ! writ] is indebt$ to ! ev]-oblig+ k9dness ( ! wor?y & le>n$ ,*ief ,commission] ( ,briti% ,burma1 ,col4 ,a4 ,p4 ,phayre4 ,f ^! works we h extract$ ! above & foll[+ p>ticul>s4 #a4 ,! "n giv5 by nor!rn ,buddhi/s to ,buddha is ,?akiamuni1 :i* means ! religi\s ( ! ,?akia family4 ,he belong$ to ! ,k%atria1 or ! w>riors' ca/e4 ,! "n ,gaudama1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! late ,e4 ,burn\f1 is ! "n ( ! religi\s in/ructor ( 8 family1 :i* memb]s ( families ( t ca/e (t5 adopt$4 ,?is in/ructor might h be5 a desc5dant ( ! celebrat$ philosoph] ,gotama1 m5tion$ 9 c]ta9 writ+s1 b di/9ct f our ,buddha4 #b4 ,kapila1 or ,kapilawot1 ! bir?place ( ,buddha1 0 situat$ on ! left bank ( ! ,gogra1 /raight nor? ( ,b5>es4 ,x 0 a heap ( ru9s :5 ,fa-,hian visit$ x1 & ! c\ntry almo/ a des]t4 ,"s are ( op9ion t x 0 situat$ ne> ! m\nta9s t sep>ate ,nepaul f ,goruckpore1 on ! riv] ,roh9i1 a m\nta9 /ream1 fe$] ( ! ,rapti4 ,b ?is ass]tion has v few support]s1 & appe>s improbable4 #c4 ,! riv] ,anauma _c be ! ,amanat 9 ,beh>1 s\? ( ,patna4 ,x is probably "o ( ! fe$]s ( ! ,gogra1 & to be met ) half-way betwe5 ,kapila & ,radzagio1 ! site ( :i* city1 z w be subsequ5tly se51 lies close to mod]n ,beh>4 ,! leg5d be>s out ?is supposition4 ,buddha travell$ ?irty y\dzanas f ,kapila to ! riv] ,anauma1 !nce ?irty to ,radzagio4 ,! y\dzana ( ^? times 9 ,maga?a is suppos$ to h be5 equal probably to sev5 miles4 #d4 ,oor\wela 0 "o ( ! m\nta9s fam\s = ! numb] ( ! h]mits t )drew ?i!r = ! purpose ( m$itation4 ,x is n f> f ,gaya ,buddha4 #e4 ,! riv] ,n]itz>a1 9 ,mongol1 ,nir&z>a1 is a consid]able /ream fl[+ f ! s\?-we/4 ,x unites ) ! ,monah & =ms ! ,fulgo4 #f4 ,b>ana!e is beyond d\bt ! fam\s city ( ,b5>es4 ,! ,burmans call x by "n ( ,b>ana!e1 or r ,v>anasi4 ,! t[n is s nam$ f its situation betwe5 ! small riv] ,v>ana & ! ,asi1 a m]e brook4 ,! solitude ( ,migadawon1 :i!r ,buddha w5t to prea* ! law to ! five ,rahans t _h s]v$ him dur+ ! six ye>s ( mortification :i* he sp5t 9 ! =e/ ( ,oor\wela1 lies 9 its vic9ity4 ,b5>es is fam\s 9 ! ,buddhi/ic annals1 because 9 its neighb\rhood ! law ( ! :eel1 or r ! sup]-excell5t law ( ! f\r sublime tru?s1 0 ann\nc$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,migadawon means ! de]-=e/4 ,x lies ?ree & a half miles f ,b5>es 9 a nor!rn direction4 ,x is said t1 aft] hav+ travell$ n9e miles f ! ,bodi tree1 ,buddha _h to g ov] a di/ance ( eighte5 y\dzanas ere he rea*$ ,b5>es1 mak+ a total ( ab\t #abj miles4 #g4 ,radzagio1 or ,radzagihra1 0 ! capital ( ,maga?a or ,s\? ,beh>4 ,its situation is well asc]ta9$4 ,its ru9s h be5 m9utely describ$ by sev]al travell]s4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! left bank ( ! same small riv] z ,beh>1 b a few miles s\? ( t place4 ,! m\nta9s or peaks surr\nd+ t anci5t city are full ( caves1 t5ant$ 9 =m] ages by ,buddhi/ ascetics4 ,! m\nta9 ,gaya?i?a1 :]e ,buddha prea*$ 8 fam\s s]mon1 lies 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x is p]haps ! same z ! ,gridrakuta1 or ! ,vulture's ,peak4 #h4 ,! ,buddhi/ annals (t5 m5tion ! c\ntry ( ! middle or ,mitzima-desa4 ,x compris$ ! c\ntries ( ,ma?ura1 ,kosala1 ,kapila1 ,we?alee1 & ,maga?a2 t is to say1 ! prov9ces ( ,agra1 ,delhi1 ,oude1 & ,s\? ,beh>4 ,maga?a1 s\? ( ! ,ganges1 _h = capital at fir/ ,radzagio1 until ,kala?oka1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,gaudama1 transf]r$ ! seat ( 8 empire to ,pataliputra1 or ,palibo?ra4 ,! celebrat$ ,welo[on mona/]y 0 situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,radzagio1 & 0 (f]$ to ,buddha by ,k+ ,pimpa?>a1 ! rul] ( t c\ntry4 #i4 ,kosala is ! same z ! k+dom ( ,ayodya1 n[ call$ ,oude4 ,?awattie1 or ,crawa/u1 0 ! capital ( a di/rict ( t c\ntry4 ,x 0 situat$ ne>ly at ! same place :]e at pres5t /&s ! mod]n t[n ( ,fyzabad4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! di/ance f ,radzagio to ,?awattie is =ty-five y\dzanas ( ab\t sev5 miles4 ,twelve hundr$ paces f t city 0 to be met ! r5[n$ mona/]y ( ,dzetawon1 or ! grove ( ! victori\s4 ,_m ru9s t h be5 visit$ & exam9$ leave no d\bt reg>d+ ! c]ta9 position ( ,?awattie4 #aj4 ,?+-ka-?a1 or ,tsam-pa-?a1 lies 9 an ea/]n direction betwe5 ,ma?ura & ,kan\j1 ne> ! site occupi$ by ! t[n ( ,f]ruckabad4 ,capta9 ,a4 ,cunn+ham has met ) ! ru9s ( t place 9 ! village ( ,samkassa1 on ! left bank ( ! ,kal9adi1 twelve cos f ,f]rukabad4 ,accord+ to a popul> tradition1 x 0 de/roy$ 9 #aahc by ! ,k+ ( ,kan\j1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,brahm9s1 :o endeav\r$ by e means 9 _! p[] to sweep all ! remnants ( ,buddhism f ^? p>ts ( ! p59sula4 ,x 0 9 t place t ,buddha arriv$ on 8 return f ! seats ( ,nats1 :i!r he _h gone to prea* ! law to 8 "m4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! di/ance f ,?awattie to ,?+-ka-?a is ?irty y\dzanas 9 a we/]ly direction4 ,fa-,hian says t he saw 9 "o ( ! temples ( t place ! ladd] ,buddha _h us$ :5 he came d[n f ! seats ( ,nats4 #aa4 ,! village ( ,patali is ! v place :]e 0 subsequ5tly e/abli%$ ! r5[n$ city ( ,palibo?ra1 capital ( ,maga?a4 ,! place _h rea*$ ! height ( its glory :5 ,mega/h5es1 ! ambassador ( ,seleucus1 visit$ x 9 ! reign ( ,*&ragupta4 ,9 ! "t ( ,buddha x 0 b an insignificant place4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a sort ( =t to arre/ ! inroads ( "s tr\blesome neighb\rs4 ,buddha1 :5 he pass$ ?r\gh t place1 pr$ict$ t x w\ld become a fl\ri%+ t[n4 ,! pr$iction began to h its accompli%m5t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 :5 ,k+ ,kala?oka left ,radzagio1 & remov$ ! seat ( 8 empire to ,palibo?ra ne> ! place :]e ! mod]n city ( ,patna /&s4 #ab4 ,! t[n ( ,we?alie is suppos$ to h /ood nor? ( ,patna on ! ,gunduck1 n f> f ! place :]e t riv] jo9s ! ,ganges4 ,! l>ge village ( ,bes>h1 tw5ty miles nor? ( ,hajipur1 occupies a portion ( ! place on :i* /ood ,we?alie4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,buddhism 0 !re on its decl9e2 false doctr9es1 z says "o ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims1 7 mu* prevail+4 ,no?+ 0 to be se5 at t "t b a ru9$ t[n & _m mona/]ies1 almo/ des]t$1 & also fall+ into decay4 ,_m signs ( anci5t ru9s are also to be met ) betwe5 ,bes>h & ,bakra2 !y belong to ! same city1 :i* 0 bo? popul\s & weal?y4 ,its circumf]5ce 0 ab\t twelve miles1 includ+ ! two mod]n places ( ,bakra & ,bes>h4 ,all ! m\nds ( ru9s h be5 c>efully se>*$ & describ$ by ,a4 ,cunn+ham1 & ! sites ( anci5t tanks exactly laid d[n4 ,!re is a curi\s episode 9 ! leg5d connect$ ) ! "n ( ,we?alie4 ,a c\rtesan1 :o1 despite h] di%on\rable call+1 occupi$ a brilliant position 9 ! c\ntry1 c\rt$ ! fav\r ( fe$+ ,buddha ) all 8 foll[]s4 ,! latt] accept$ h] invitation1 & receiv$ a beautiful grove1 :i* %e pres5t$ to him & to ! assembly4 ,x does n appe> t h] avocation 0 look$ ^u z a disgraceful "o4 ,x is probable t p]sons ( ?is description 7 z mu* = ! intellectual z = ! s5sual enjoym5ts ( _! visitors4 ,!re exi/$ 9 ,greece & at ,rome some?+ simil> to :at is "h allud$ to4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,aspasia at ,a!ns 0 c\rt$ by ,p]icles on acc\nt ( h] high lit]>y atta9m5ts & political abilities4 ,socrates visit$ h] sometimes 9 company ) 8 disciples4 ,visitors took occasionally _! wives to h] place1 = ! purpose ( enjoy+ ! *>ms ( h] highly ref9$ & in/ructive conv]sation4 ,! same philosophical biograph] does n scruple to quote sometimes ! say+s ( ! celebrat$ ,roman c\rtesan1 nam$ ,flora4 #ac4 ,nala or ,nal&a 0 a ,brahm9 village ab\t sev5 miles nor? ( ,radzagio4 ,x 0 ! bir?place ( ! great disciple ,?>iputra4 ,x seems t !re 0 !re a sort ( ,academia1 :i!r ! le>n$ ( ,radzagio resort$ to disc\rse on moral & philosophical subjects4 ,! magnific5t ru9s1 :i* subsi/ up to ?is day 9 t locality1 h be5 m9utely exam9$1 measur$1 & describ$ by sev]al visitors4 ,! great temple mu/1 9 ! op9ion ( ,a4 ,cunn+ham1 h be5 built 9 ! six? c5tury ( our era4 #ad4 ,koo!9>on is ! place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* ,buddha ent]$ into ! /ate ( ,neibban1 or di$4 ,"s antiqu>ians1 lay+ mu* /ress on ! "n ( a village up to ?is day call$ ,ku%ia1 h plac$ ! position ( ,koo!9>on on ! road betwe5 ,betiah & ,goruckpore4 ,on t spot is to be se5 a pyramidical-look+ m\nd ( bricks1 ov] :i* spreads a l>ge banyan tree4 ,b1 f ! n>rative ( ! leg5d1 we mu/ look = ! site ( ,koo!9>on ne>] to ! riv] ,higni>ati or ,gunduck1 s9ce ! spot :]e ,gaudama di$ 0 ne> to ! city1 & is describ$ z surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by ! riv]4 ,koo!9>on 0 situat$ a little nor? or nor?-we/ ( ,betiah1 on or ne> ! banks ( ! ,gunduck4 ,!re too ru9s are to be se51 :i* d\btless w prove to be ^? ( ,koo!9>on4 ,! "n may h subsequ5tly migrat$ to ! locality above m5tion$4 #ae4 ,papilawana1 ! capital ( ! ,mauria pr9ces1 0 situat$ betwe5 ! ,rapti & ! ,gunduck1 ne>ly ea/ ( ,goruckpore4 ,s\? ( t place ,fa-,hian visit$ ! dz$i ( ! coals4 ,! ,mauria pr9ces1 agreeably to ! text ( ! leg5d1 hav+ come too late = %>+ 9 ! p>tition ( ! relics1 took ) !m ! coals t rema9$ aft] ! cremation ( ,buddha's rema9s1 c>ri$ !m into _! c\ntry1 & built a dz$i ov] !m4 ,x 0 n f> f t place t ! ,brahm9 ,dauna built ano!r dz$i ov] ! vessel t _h conta9$ ,buddha's relics4 #af4 ,! village ( ,rama is ! same z ! ,ramaganio ( ! ,c+alese collection4 ,! two ,*9ese pilgrims 9 _! relations call t place ,lan-mo4 ,c x be t ! mod]n ,ramnag> is indicative ( ! anci5t ,ramaganio8 ,at all ev5ts we w\ld n be f> f ! tru? if we place x betwe5 ! ,gogra & ! ,rapti1 b ne>] to ! latt]1 almo/ due we/ ( ,goruckpore4 #ag4 ,! ,pawa t[n is suppos$ by ,a4 ,cunn+ham to h occupi$ ! same site z ! l>ge village ( ,pad>awana1 twelve miles to ! we/ ( ! riv] ,gunduck1 & =ty miles nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ,goruckpore4 ,a l>ge m\nd ( m ?an #bjj feet 9 l5g? by #abj 9 bread? exi/s 9 t locality4 ,f ! excavations made on ! place1 x is suppos$ t !re 0 a c\rty>d1 ) cells = monks1 on ea* side1 ! c5tre be+1 z 0 (t5 ! case1 occupi$ by a dz$i4 ,! p ( ,pawa obta9$ "o-eigh? ( ! relics1 aft] ! cremation ( ,buddha's rema9s1 & built "o dz$i ov] !m4 #ah4 ,kapilawot1 or ,kapilawa/u1 0 situat$ betwe5 ,fyzabad & ,goruckpore1 b a little ne>] to ! latt] place4 ,x 0 on or ne> ! banks ( ! ,gogra4 ,! small riv] ,roh9i =m$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! t]ritory ( ,kapilawot & t ( ,kaulia4 #ai4 ,gaya & ,buddha-,gaya are two di/9ct places4 ,! fir/ is well kn[n z ! t[n ( ,gaya4 ,! second lies six miles s\?w>d1 & is fam\s z ! locality ( ! ,pipal or ,bodi tree1 "u :i* ,gaudama obta9$ ! ,buddhahood4 ,a tree ( ! same description is /ill to be se5 on ! same spot4 ,! pres5t "o 0 9 full vig\r 9 #ahaa1 :5 ,dr4 ,bu*anan saw x4 ,he describes x z n be+ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,a4 ,cunn+ham says t x is n[ mu* decay$4 ,"o l>ge /em ) ?ree bran*es on ! we/w>d side are /ill gre52 b ! o!r bran*es are b>kless & rott54 ,hw5 ,?sang1 9 8 it9]>y1 speaks ( an e>ly r5ewal ( t tree by ,k+ ,purna ,v>mma1 aft] its de/ruction by ,k+ ,sasangka1 :o1 ) a true ,brahm9ical & inimical feel+1 dug up ! v gr\nd on :i* x _h /ood1 & moi/5$ ! e>? ) sug>-cane juice1 to prev5t its r5ewal4 ,! same em95t ar*ologi/ describes a massive brick temple1 /&+ ea/ ( ! ,bodi tree1 & ) great plausibility ma9ta9s t x is ! same :i* has be5 describ$ by ! above-nam$ ,*9ese pilgrim4 ,z ,fa-,hian is sil5t respect+ t temple1 ,a4 ,cunn+ham concludes t x 0 erect$ dur+ ! six? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ,buddhism1 "u ! fav\r ( ,k+ ,am>a-s9ha & "s ( 8 successors1 rega9$ a vigor\s asc5dancy at lea/ 9 ,maga?a4 ,x is probable t all ! temples1 ! ru9s ( :i* h be5 exam9$ at ,buddha-,gaya1 ,nal&a1 & ,beh>1 hav+ a simil>ity 9 ar*itectural plans & ornam5ts1 7 erect$ dur+ ! six? & a "p ( ! sev5? c5tury ( our era4 ,! inf]5ce !refrom is t ,buddhism 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ,maga?a at t p]iod4 ,hw5 ,?sang1 :o has visit$ & describ$ ^? monum5ts 9 or ab\t #fbe1 speaks ( !m 9 ! highe/ t]ms4 ,h[ long la/$ ! prosp]\s days ( ,buddhism 9 ^? p>ts8 ,x is difficult to /ate ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,b x seems probable t x ma9ta9$ itself 9 a satisfactory condition until ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,x _h !n to give way be=e ! irresi/ible & triumphant asc5dancy ( ,brahm9ism4 ,to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! great temple is a small tank :i* is probably t ( ! ,naga1 :o protect$ ,buddha dur+ "o ( ! sev]al /ations t he made r\nd ! ,bodi tree4 #bj4 ,anawadat is ! "n ( a lake fam\s 9 ,buddhi/ sacr$ hi/ory4 ,its etymological mean+ is1 agreeably to "s savans1 exempt ( tumult1 &1 accord+ to o!rs1 n bright5$4 ,?is la/ appellation is ow+ probably to ! high peaks t surr\nd x & prev5t its be+ bright5$ by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! fam\s & ext5sive lake1 :i* cov]s a portion ( ! high table-l& ( ,pamir4 ,x has be5 visit$ & describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,wood4 ,:at he /ates f a c>eful obs]vation on ! spot agrees well ) :at is f\nd 9 ! it9]>ies ( ! ,*9ese travell]s4 ,f t high plateau :i* embosoms ! lake fl[s 9 an ea/]n direction "o ( ^? small /reams t =m ! riv] ,ganges2 :il/1 9 an opposite direction1 ! ,oxus1 issu+ f ! we/]n slope1 %apes its c\rse ne>ly t[>ds ! we/4 #ba4 ,udiana is a c\ntry ! position ( :i* is fix$ on ! banks ( ! ,indus1 betwe5 ,cabul & ,ca%m]e1 we/ ( ! latt] c\ntry4 ,g&>a is1 x appe>s1 ! c\ntry call$ ,c&ah> by ! ,mussulmans1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,swat & ! ,indus4 ,! ,burmese au?or m5tions always ,ka%m]a along ) ,g&>a4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! two places are 9 ! vic9ity ( ea* o!r1 & t !y =m$ primitively "o & ! same /ate4 ,yaunaka is p]haps ! p59sula ( ,guz]at4 ,b ! writ] ent]ta9s s]i\s d\bts on ?is subject4 ,x might be ! c\ntries situat$ we/ ( ! ,h9du ,ku%1 t is to say1 ! anci5t ,bactriana4 ,! ,burmese au?or /ates t ,yaunaka 0 inhabit$ by a p call$ ,pantsays4 ,:at p 7 !y8 ,is x an allusion to ! ,greeks t _h settl$ 9 ,bactriana8 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to he> our ,*9ese travell] /at+ t religion 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ! above-m5tion$ c\ntries1 :il/ 9 ! ,punjaub he met ) religi\s ) :om he decl9$ hold+ int]c\rse1 & ( :om he speaks 9 r unfav\rable t]ms4 ,h5ce we may conclude t h]etical op9ions 7 !n prevail+ 9 t c\ntry1 & t doctr9es at v>iance ) ^? ( ,buddha _h already tak5 a deep root1 & 9 _! gr[? almo/ *ok$ g5u9e ,buddhism1 if x _h ev] be5 ! prevail+ cre$ 9 ! l& ( ! five riv]s4 #bb4 ,on 8 way d[n ! ,ganges1 our pilgrim does n appe> to h left 8 boat = any consid]able "t2 he cont5ts himself ) m5tion+ a fact t to "s may appe> some:at d\btful1 viz41 ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ! ,buddhi/ religion z f> z ! neighb\rhood ( ! pres5t metropolis ( ,india4 ,he speaks ( ! k+dom ( ,*ampa4 ,campapuri1 or ,k>napura1 0 ! capital ( t /ate4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! site ( ! pres5t ,bhagulpore1 or n f> f x4 ,!nce ,fa-,hian came to ! /ate ( ,tam>alipti4 ,! t[n :i* bore t "n is ! mod]n ,tumlook1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,hoogly1 n f> f ,calcutta4 ,x 0 at t port t he emb>k$ on bo>d ( a %ip b\nd to ,ceylon4 ,tam>alipti mu/ h be5 a fam\s sea-port sev]al c5turies be=e ,fa-,hian's days4 ,we are in=m$ t ,mahe9da & 8 companions1 :o 7 appo9t$ to proce$ to ,ceylon to prea* ,buddhism to ! p ( t isl&1 emb>k$ at ! same place4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ways ,,to ,,neibban4 ,?is is an abridgm5t ( all ! pr9ciples t con/itute ! sy/em ( ,buddhism4 ,9 ! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,buddha ! read] has become acqua9t$ ) ! life ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 religion1 & ! promulgation ( 8 *ief doctr9e4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages he w f9d compress$ )9 n>r[ limits ! sev]al obs]vances to be att5d$ to 9 ord] to rea* ! goal ( quiesc5ce4 ,z x is *iefly & pr9cipally by ! help ( m$itation & contemplation t su* a po9t c ev] be atta9$1 ! read] mu/ be prep>$ to wade up to 8 v *9 9 ! some:at muddy wat]s ( metaphysics if he has a wi% to p5etrate into ! v sanctu>y ( ,buddhism4 ,to enc\rage ! read]1 & console him 9 ! mid/ ( 8 fatigu+ j\rney ?r\gh su* dre>y tracts1 ! writ] w\ld rem9d him t he has fir/ borne up ! fatigues ( su* a j\rney1 & t1 impell$ by fri5dly feel+s1 he has endeav\r$ to smoo? ! rugg$ pa? 9 behalf ( ^? t w\ld foll[ him on ! same err&4 ,h[ f> he has succe$$ 9 8 well-meant ef=ts he w n presume to /ate4 ,b he w say ?is mu*1 t if 8 success be comm5surate ) 8 ex]tions he may ent]ta9 a well-f\nd$ hope t he w n be altoge!r disappo9t$ 9 8 anticipation1 & feel some:at confid5t t he has af=d$ to ! un9itiat$ "s help to g ov] ! difficult gr\nd ( metaphysics4 ,foll[+1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! l9e ( conduct he has adopt$ ?r\gh ! =ego+ pages ( ?is book1 ! writ] w all[ ! ,buddhi/ au?or to speak = himself & expla9 8 own views on ! diff]5t subjects "u consid]ation4 ,8 sole aim w ev] be to convey z fai?fully & z succ9ctly z possible ! mean+ ( ! orig9al he has "u 8 eyes4 ,! task1 h[ev] simple x may appe>1 is f> f be+ an easy "o1 z ! ,burmese are utt]ly incapable ( fully und]/&+ ! metaphysical portion ( _! religi\s sy/em4 ,_! ignorance is calculat$ to r5d] ev5 m obscure :at is p] se almo/ beyond ! range ( compreh5sion1 because !y mu/ h frequ5tly put an errone\s int]pretation on _m ,pali words1 ! mean+ ( :i* is f> f be+ accurately det]m9$4 ,our ,buddhi/ doctor beg9s 8 "w ) enum]at+ ! advantages to be d]iv$ f a s]i\s & con/ant application to ! e>ne/ /udy ( ^! sev5 ways4 8,su* an ex]cise10 says he1 8has ! virtue to free u f all evils2 x exp&s ! intellig5ce 9 ! highe/ degree1 & leads /raight to ,neibban4 ,man1 ?r\gh x1 is deliv]$ f all errors1 is happy1 & becomes dur+ 8 life an hon\r to ! holy religion ( ,buddha40 ,! v>i\s subjects he int5ds to treat ( 9 ?is "w are arrang$ "u sev5 heads1 :i* are laid d[n 9 8 own orig9al way z foll[s3--,! obs]vance ( ! precepts & ! practice ( m$itation are ! two-fold f\ndation ( ! spiritual edifice4 ,! consid]ation ( ! nature & =m ( matt] %all be ! "r foot ( ! sage2 ! inve/igation ab\t ! causes & pr9ciples ( liv+ be+s %all be z 8 left foot2 ! application ( ! m9d to f9d out ! f\r high-roads to p]fection1 & ! obta9+ ! fre$om f all passions1 %all be z 8 "r & left h&s2 & ! possession ( ! p]fect sci5ce or k %all be z 8 head4 ,! happy man :o %all h rea*$ s f> w be c]ta9 to obta9 ! deliv]ance4 ,?is summ>y is ?us divid$ by our guide into sev5 di/9ct p>ts1 :i* w be cond5s$ into six articles4 ,x is z well to add t ?is "w1 an abridg$ translation ( :i* is n[ set be=e ! read]1 0 compos$ at fir/ 9 ! ,siamese language at ,bangkok1 & has be5 subsequ5tly translat$ into ,burmese4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t all ! pr9ciples exp\nd$ ?r\gh\t are receiv$ z g5u9e on ! banks ( ! ,irrawaddy z well z on ^? ( ! ,me9am1 & may be look$ ^u z a fai?ful exposition ( ! highe/ t5ets ( ,buddhism1 su* z !y are held 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,?is obs]vation confirms a notion :i* has be5 d5i$ by _m1 viz41 t ! *ief doctr9es ( ,buddhism are pretty ne>ly ! same 9 all ! places :]e x has become ! dom9ant cre$4 ,! discrepancies to be met "h & !re relate pr9cipally to practices & obs]vances :i* pres5t to ! eyes ( ! obs]v] an inf9ite v>iety ( hues & =ms4 ,:5 ,buddhism 0 e/abli%$ 9 sev]al c\ntries1 x did n de/roy _m obs]vances & practices t 7 f\nd deeply engraft$ on ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! p2 x tol]at$ !m1 & made ) !m a tacit compromise4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! wor%ip ( ,nats exi/$ among ! tribes ( ! ,irrawaddy valley long be=e ! introduction ( ,buddhism4 ,mo/ ( ! sup]/iti\s rites n[ prevail+ 9 ,burmah orig9ate f t belief4 ,) ! ,*9ese ! wor%ip ( ance/ors cont9ues to subsi/ side by side ) ,buddhism1 ?\gh ! latt] cre$ has no?+ to d ) x4 ,9 ,nepaul & at ,ceylon1 ,h9du sup]/itions obtrude !mselves on ! view ( ! obs]v] to su* an ext5t t x is n easy to /ate :i* ( ! two cre$s obta9s ! pref]5ce4 ,,article ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,precepts4 ,our au?or1 9 a truly philosophical _s1 at fir/ puts to himself ! ?ree foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! law8 ,:at is man1 ! subject ( ! law8 ,:at is ! individual :o is ! promulgator ( ! law8 ,! ?ree que/ions he answ]s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a/4 ,all t exi/s is divid$ into two di/9ct p>ts1 ! ?+s :i* are liable to *ange & obey ! pr9ciple ( mutability1 su* z matt]1 its modifications1 & all be+s :i* h a cause2#de & ^? :i* are et]nal & immutable1 t is to say1 ! precepts ( ! law & ,neibban4 ,^! h nei!r au?or nor cause2 !y are self-exi/+1 et]nal1 & plac$ f> beyond ! rea* ( ! influ5ce t causes mutability4 #b;d4 ,z to ! publi%] ( ! law1 ,buddha1 he is a m]e man1 :o dur+ myriads ( c5turies has accumulat$ m]its on m]its1 until he has obta9$ ! ,neibban ( ,kile?a1 or ! deliv]ance f all passions4 ,f t mom5t till 8 dea? ?is em95t p]sonage is con/itut$ ! ma/] ( religion & ! doctor ( ! law4 ,ow+ to 8 p]fect sci5ce he f9ds out & discov]s all ! precepts t con/itute ! body ( ! law4 ,impell$ by 8 mat*less b5evol5ce t[>ds all be+s1 he promulgates !m = ! salvation ( all4 ,he is n ! inv5tor ( ^? precepts2 he m]ely discov]s !m by ! p[] ( ! supreme intellig5ce1 9 ! same mann] z we p]ceive cle>ly dur+ ! night1 by ! help ( a light1 objects hi!rto wrapp$ 9 utt] d>kness4 #c;d4 ,man1 :o is to be subject$ to ! obs]vance ( ! law1 is di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics4 ,he possesses m k ?an ! animals & o!r be+s1 except ! ,nats & ,brahmas2 8 intellig5ce & ?\ghts rea* f>!r ?an ^? ( o!r be+s2 he is capable ( reflect+1 comp>+1 draw+ inf]5ces1 & obs]v+ freely ! rules ( life2#df despite ! allurem5t ( 8 passions1 he c free himself f ! ?ree great passions1 concupisc5ce1 ang]1 & ignorance2 f9ally1 he is a desc5dant f ^? ,brahmas :o1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is _w1 came f _! seat1 liv$ on e>?1 &1 by _! eat+ ! rice ,tsale1 lo/ all _! glori\s privileges1 & became be+s simil> to ^? :o are kn[n to u "u ! d5om9ation ( m54 ,! great end to be aim$ at 9 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts ( ! law & ! ex]cise ( m$itation is ! obta9+ ( a /ate ( complete indiff]5ce to all ?+s4 ,! /ate ( indiff]5ce allud$ to does n consi/ 9 a /upid c>elessness ab\t ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,x is ! result ( a k acquir$ ) mu* lab\r & pa94 ,! wise man :o has possess$ himself ( su* sci5ce is no long] liable to ! influ5ce ( t vulg> illusion :i* makes p believe 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s t h no reality ab\t !m1 b subsi/ only on an ephem]al basis1 :i* incessantly *anges & f9ally vani%es away4 ,he sees ?+s z !y truly are4 ,he is full ( contempt = ?+s :i* are at be/ a m]e illusion4 ,?is contempt g5]ates a complete indiff]5ce = all t exi/s1 ev5 = 8 own be+4 ,he longs = ! mom5t :5 x %all be giv5 to him to ca/ away 8 own body1 t he may no long] move )9 ! circle ( endless & mis]able =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se mu/ be und]/ood ! /ate ( p]fect quietism or indiff]5ce1 :i* is ! la/ /age ! wise man may rea* by ! help ( ! sci5ce he possesses4 ,! religi\s ( ! ,brahm9ical cre$ h pr(ess$ ! same indiff]5ce = all ! accid5ts ( life4 ,h5ce our ,buddha1 :5 he became a p]fect$ be+1 look$ on ! wick$ ,dewadat ) ! same feel+s z he did on ! great ,maia1 8 "m4 ,numb]less ,ra!es or an*orites h ev] be5 eulogis$ = hav+ all[$ !mselves to be dev\r$ by f]oci\s bea/s or bit by v5om\s snakes1 r ?an (f] ! lea/ resi/ance t c\ld exhibit a sign ( non-indiff]5ce4 ,entire 0 _! unconc]n t[>ds _! v body1 :i* !y knew well is1 z ev]y?+ else1 a comp\nd ( ! f\r elem5ts1 a m]e illusion1 totally di/9ct f self4 ,five comm&m5ts con/itute ! v basis :]eupon /& all morals1 & are obligatory on all m5 )\t exception4 ,!y include five prohibitions4 7,x is n a little surpris+ t ! five precepts obligatory on all m5 are m]ely five prohibitions design$ n to tea* m5 :at !y h to d1 b w>n+ !m n to d su* ?+s z are int]dict$ to !m4 ,?is supposes t man is prone to d c]ta9 acts :i* are s9ful4 ,! ,buddhi/ law ( ! five precepts =bids him to yield to su* prop5sities1 b x does n tea* him p>ticul> duties to p]=m4 ,x does n elevate man above 8 orig9al level1 b x aims at prev5t+ him f fall+ l[]47 ,! five prohibitions are3 ,n to de/roy ! life ( any be+2 n to /eal2 n to commit adult]y2 n to tell lies2 n to dr9k any intoxicat+ liquors or bev]ages4 ,our au?or seems to be a p]fect ma/] 9 casui/ry1 z he %[s ! greate/ nicety & exactness 9 expla9+ all ! requisite conditions t con/itute a trespass+ ( ^? precepts4 ,we w give "h b a few samples ( 8 uncommon pr(ici5cy 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ prohibition1 he says1 five ?+s are necess>y to con/itute an (f5ce aga9/ ! fir/ comm&m5t1 viz41 a be+ t has life1 ! int5tion & w ( kill+ t be+1 an act :i* is capable ( inflict+ dea?1 & ! loss ( life ( t be+ consequ5t on ! inflict+ ( t action4 ,%\ld b "o ( ^! conditions be want+1 ! s9 c\ld n be said to h tak5 place1 & !re=e no complete trespass+ ( ! fir/ prohibition4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ! second precept1 five circum/ances or conditions are necess>y to con/itute a trespass+1 viz41 an object belong+ to ano!r p]son1 :o nei!r by words nor signs %[$ any int5tion to "p ) x2 ! kn[+ t ! own] int5ds to keep possession ( x2 hav+ ! actual int5tion to take away secretly or =cibly t object2 an ef=t to become possess$ ( ! ?+ by deceiv+1 injur+1 or by mal-practices caus+ ! own] or keep] ( ! ?+ to fall asleep2 &1 f9ally1 remov+ ! ?+ f its place1 h[ev] %ort may be ! di/ance1 %\ld x be b t ( ! l5g? ( a hair ( ! head4 ,= ! infraction ( ! ?ird precept ! foll[+ conditions are requir$3 ! int5tion & w ( s9n+ ) any p]son ( ano!r sex1 :i* comes )9 ! d5om9ation ( ,akamani-ja?an1 t is to say1 p]sons :om x is =bidd5 to t\*2 act+ up to t int5tion & ! consummat+ ( su* an act4 ,wom5 t fall "u ! above d5om9ation are divid$ into tw5ty classes4 ,! eight fir/ classes include ^? t are "u ! gu>dian%ip ( _! p>5ts or relatives2 ! n9? class comprises ^? affianc$ be=e !y be ( age2 ! t5?1 ^? res]v$ = ! k+4 ,)9 ! t5 o!r classes come all ^? :o1 ow+ to _! hav+ be5 slaves1 or f any o!r cause1 h become concub9es to _! ma/]s1 or m>ri$ _! s$uc]s1 c4 ,! f\r? prohibition ext5ds n only to lies1 b likewise to sl&]1 co>se & abusive expressions1 & va9 & useless words4 ,! f\r foll[+ conditions con/itute a lie1 viz41 say+ a ?+ t is untrue2 ! int5tion ( say+ su* a ?+2 mak+ manife/ su* an int5tion by say+ ! ?+2 & "s "o's he>+ & cle>ly und]/&+ ! ?+ t is utt]$4 ,t ! s9 ( m$isance may be said to exi/1 x is requir$ t ! au?or ( x %\ld speak ) ! int5tion ( caus+ p>ties to hate ea* o!r or qu>rel ) ea* o!r1 & t ! words spok5 to t end %\ld be he>d & und]/ood by ! p>ties allud$ to4 ,! fif? precept =bids ! dr9k+ ( ,sura & ,m]ia1 t is to say1 ( di/ill$ liquors & ( intoxicat+ juices extract$ f fruits & fl[]s4 ,! m]e act ( putt+ ! liquor 9 ! m\? does n con/itute a s92 ! swall[+ ( x is impli$4 ,besides ^! five g5]al precepts1 obligatory on all ! fai?ful )\t exception1 !re are ?ree o!r precepts1 or r c\nsels1 t are /rongly recomm5d$ to ! ,upasakas1 or pi\s laym54 ,!y are design$ z b>ri]s aga9/ ! great prop5sity inh]5t 9 nature :i* causes m5 to exce$ 9 all t is us$1 ?r\gh ! s5ses ( ta/e1 he>+1 see+1 smell+1 & feel+4 ,!y are s _m means t help to obta9 a sob] mod]ation 9 ! daily use ( ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ c\nsel regulates all t reg>ds eat+4 ,x =bids us+ any come/ible f noon to daybreak ( ! foll[+ morn+4 ,! second int]dicts ! assi/+ at plays1 com$ies1 & ! use ( fl[]s & ess5ces ) ! int5tion ( fondly h&l+ & smell+ !m4 ,! ?ird prescribes ! =m & size ( b$s1 :i* ought nev] to be m ?an "o cubit high1 pla9 & )\t ornam5ts4 ,! use ( mattresses & pill[s1 fill$ ) cotton or o!r s(t sub/ances1 is positively prohibit$4 ,! v int5tion ( ly+ ^u ^! en]vat+ sup]fluities1 & a =tiori recl9+ on !m1 con/itutes ! break+ ( su* a comm&4 ,^! ?ree latt] precepts are to be obs]v$ *iefly 9 ! foll[+ days1 on ! #e?1 #h?1 #ad?1 & #ae? ( ! wax+ moon1 & on ! #e?1 #h?1 & #ad? ( ! wan+ moon1 z well z on ! new moon4 ,! pi\s ,upasakas sometimes obs]ve !m dur+ ! ?ree consecutive mon?s ( ! season ( ,l5t4 ,9 ! op9ion ( our au?or ^? m5 & wom5 are des]v+ ( ! respectable title ( ,upasakas :o h ! greate/ respect = & ent]ta9 a pi\s affection t[>ds ! ?ree preci\s ?+s1 ,buddha1 ! law1 & ! assembly ( ! p]fect4 ,!y mu/ ev] view !m z ! hav5 ( salvation & ! secure/ asylums4 ,!y mu/ be ready to sacrifice ev]y?+1 _! v life1 = ! sake ( ^! ?ree p]fect ?+s4 ,dur+ _! lifetime1 "u all circum/ances1 !y mu/ aim at foll[+ scrupul\sly ! in/ructions ( ,buddha1 su* z !y are embodi$ 9 ! law & prea*$ by ! ,rahans4 ,five (f5ces disqualify a man = ! hon\rable title ( ,upasaka1 viz41 ! want ( belief & confid5ce 9 ! ?ree preci\s ?+s1 ! non-obs]vance ( ! eight precepts1 ! believ+ 9 lucky & unlucky days1#dg or 9 good & bad =tune1 ! belief 9 om5s & signs1 & keep+ company ) ! impi\s1 :o h no fai? 9 ,buddha4 ,we n[ come to ! rules :i* are prescrib$ to all ! ,buddhi/ religi\s4 ,!y are #bbg 9 numb]1 & are f\nd 9 a book call$ ,patimauk4 ,?is book is ! vade mecum ( all religi\s4 ,!y /udy x & (t5 le>n x by he>t4 ,on c]ta9 days ( ea* mon? ! religi\s assemble 9 ! ,!94 ,! ,patimauk is !n read1 expla9$1 & comm5t$ ^u by "o ( ! eld]s ( ! frat]nity4 ,x is an abridgm5t ( ! ,w9i1 ! great book ( discipl9e4 ,x tea*es ! v>i\s rules respect+ ! f\r articles (f]$ by ! fai?ful to ! religi\s2 t is to say1 ve/m5ts1 food1 mats1 & ! +r$i5ts = ma/ication4 ,^! rules likewise regulate all t relates to ! mode ( mak+ pray]s1 devotions1 walk+1 sitt+1 recl9+1 travell+1 c4 ,ev]y?+ is describ$ ) a m9ute p>ticul>ity4 ,"h1 if any int]e/ c\ld be awak5$1 w\ld be ! place to ent] into ! sy/em ( casui/ry c>ri$ by ,buddhi/ religi\s to a po9t ( nicety & ref9em5t truly a/oni%+4 ,suffice x to /ate t !y h gone ov] ! b\ndless field ( speculative conjectures respect+ all ! possible ways ( fulfill+ or trespass+ ! precepts & regulations t conc]n ! body ( religi\s4 ,e law & precept mu/ h a sanction4 ,?is ess5tial requisite is n want+ 9 ! ,buddhi/ sy/em4 ,let u exam9e 9 :at consi/s ! rew>d att5d+ a regul> & correct obs]vance ( ! precepts1 & :at is ! puni%m5t inflict$ on ! transgressors ( ^! ord9ances4 ,z usual1 we w foll[ our au?or & all[ him to make kn[n 8 own op9ions on ?is important subject4 ,x is (t5 inquir$ ( u1 says he1 :y "s individuals live "h dur+ _m ye>s1 :il/ o!rs appe> b = a %ort "t on ! sc5e ( ?is _w4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! respective condition ( ^! p]sons is obvi\s & evid5t4 ,! fir/1 dur+ _! =m] exi/5ce1 h fai?fully obs]v$ ! fir/ comm& & refra9$ f kill+ be+s1 h5ce _! long life2 ! second1 on ! contr>y1 h be5 guilty ( "s trespass+s ( ?is precept1 & !re=e ! influ5ce ( _! =m] crimes causes ! %ortness ( _! life4 ,9 a simil> mann] we acc\nt = all ! diff]5ces t exi/ 9 ! conditions ( all be+s4 ,! obs]vance or trespass+ ( "o or sev]al precepts creates ! positions ( happ9ess & unhapp9ess1 ( ri*es & pov]ty1 ( beauty & ugl9ess1 t *equ] ! lives & positions ( mortals 9 ?is _w4 ,9 addition to ! rew>ds be/[$ imm$iately 9 ?is _w1 !re are ! six seats ( ,nats1 :]e all sorts ( recomp5ses are allott$1 dur+ imm5se p]iods1 to ^? :o h correctly att5d$ to ! ord9ances ( ! law4 ,!re are likewise places ( puni%m5t 9 ! sev]al hells1 res]v$ to ! transgressors ( ! precepts4 ,! conditions ( animal1 ,a?oorikes & ,preittas1 are o!r /ates ( puni%m5t4 ,a l5g!n$ acc\nt ( all t relates to ! blissful regions ( ,nats & ! gloomy abodes ( hell is f\nd 9 "o ( ! great ,dzats1 or acc\nts ( ! =m] exi/5ces ( ,gaudama1 giv5 by himself to 8 disciples1 :5 he 0 a pr9ce "u ! "n ( ,nemi4 ,! writ] has read & p>tly translat$ ?is "w1 :i* delightfully rem9d$ him ( ! f9e episodes on simil> subjects he _h read 9 ! six? book ( ! neid4 ,! wilde/1 mo/ f]tile1 & inv5tive imag9ation seems to h exhau/$ its descriptive p[]s1 on ! "o h&1 9 multiply+ ! pleasures enjoy$ 9 ! seats ( ,nats1 & beautify+ & adorn+ ^? delightful regions2 &1 on ! o!r1 9 repres5t+ ) a d>k & bloody p5cil ! frightful picture ( ! numb]less & horrid torm5ts ( ! regions ( desolation1 despair1 & agony4 ,all t is s abundantly relat$ ( ! =tunate abodes ( ,nats 9 _! sacr$ writ+s supplies ! ,buddhi/ religi\s ) agreeable & inexhau/ible topics ( s]mons :i* !y deliv] to _! he>]s1 to excite !m m effectually to be/[ on !m abundant alms4 ,! cr$ul\s he>]s are always told t ! mo/ conspicu\s places 9 ^? regions are allott$ to ^? :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! great lib]alities4 ,we ?9k x idle & sup]flu\s1 un9t]e/+ & fatigu+ to repeat ^? fabul\s acc\nts ( ! seats ( ,nats & abodes ( hell1 z giv5 at great l5g? by ,buddhi/ au?ors4 ,! only p>ticul>s des]v+ to be att5d$ to are ^!3 ! rew>d is always proportionate to ! sum ( m]its1 & puni%m5t to t ( dem]it4 ,!re is no et]nity ( rew>d or ( puni%m5t4#dh ,?is fir/ article %all be conclud$ by an important rem>k be>+ ^u ! sy/em "u consid]ation4 ,! seats ( happ9ess1 z already m5tion$1 are divid$ into two great classes2 ! "o includ+ ! sup]ior1 & ! o!r ! inf]ior seats4 ,! latt] are ! six seats ( ,nats1 & are t5ant$ by be+s z yet "u ! influ5ce ( concupisc5ce & o!r passions4 ,^? :o obs]ve ! five g5]al precepts h plac$1 &1 z x 71 e/abli%$ !mselves on ! basis :]eupon /&s p]fection1 b n yet 9 p]fection itself2 !y h j cross$ ! ?re%old !re(4 ,!y are z yet imp]fect2 b !y h prep>$ !mselves = ent]+ ! way t leads t[>ds p]fection2 t is to say1 m$itation1 or ! sci5ce ( ,dzan4 ,! v rew>d enjoy$ 9 ^? seats is1 !re=e1 z yet an imp]fection4 ,! sup]ior seats c only be rea*$ by ^? :o apply !mselves to m5tal ex]cises4 ,^! ex]cises are ! real f\ndation ( ! l(ty /ructure ( p]fection & ! high-road to x4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,( ,,m$itation ,,& ,,its ,,v>i\s ,,degrees4 ,?is & ! foll[+ articles conta9 subjects ( s ab/ruse & ref9$ a nature1 t x w\ld require "o to possess ! sci5ce ( a ,buddha to come to a "r und]/&+ ( !m4 ,! difficulties aris+ f ?is /udy are due to ! confus$ & v unsatisfactory ideas ( ! ,buddhi/ philosoph]s respect+ ! s\l & its spirituality1 & p]haps to ! inability ( ! writ] to und]/& ! vague & undef9$ t]ms employ$ to convey _! ideas on ^! matt]s4 ,! field ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics is1 to a ,european1 9 a great measure a new "o2 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms is half-und]/ood by ! ,burmese translators2 def9itions ( t]ms d n convey explanations su* z we anticipate1 & ideas seem to run 9 a new *annel2 !y assume1 if we may say s1 /range =ms3 divisions & subdivisions ( ! v>i\s topics h no resemblance to :at a ,european is us$ to 9 ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,! /ud5t feels himself u%]$ into a new region2 he is doom$ to f9d 8 way by grop+4 ,f9ally1 ! false position assum$ by ! ,indian philosoph]s1 & ! false conclusions !y arrive at1 contribute to r5d] m complicat$ ! task ( elucidat+ ?is portion ( ! ,buddhi/ sy/em4 ,t ! difficulties may be some:at less5$1 & ! pa?way r5d]$ less rugg$ & a little smoo?1 ! writ] proposes to avoid z mu* z x is 9 8 p[] ov]*>g+ ) ,pali t]ms ! explanations he is ab\t to af=d1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,buddhi/ au?or4 ,9 ! prec$+ article we h treat$ ( m]itori\s actions t are purely ext]ior1 & briefly allud$ to ! nature ( ! rew>ds be/[$ on e>? & 9 ! six seats ( ,nats ^u ^? :o h p]=m$ ^! good actions4 ,n[ we leave beh9d all ! ext]ior good de$s1 & turn ! att5tion ( our m9d to some?+ m excell5t1 to ^? acts t are purely int]ior1 & are p]=m$ solely by ! s\l & ! "r ex]cise ( its faculties2 t is to say1 by m$itation & contemplation4 ,! root ( all human mis]ies is ignorance4 ,x is ! g5]at+ pr9ciple ( concupisc5ce & o!r passions4 ,x is ! d>k b l(ty b>ri] t encircles all be+s & reta9s !m )9 ! vortex ( endless exi/5ces2 x is ! cause ( all exi/5ces1 & ( all ^? illusions to :i* be+s are mis]ably subject$2 x causes ^? cont9ual *anges :i* take place 9 ! production ( all be+s4 ,?is great cause once f\nd & proclaim$ by ,buddha1 x 0 necess>y to procure a rem$y to c\nt]act ! action ( ignorance1 & successfully oppose its progress4 ,ano!r antagoni/ic & opposite pr9ciple _h to be f\nd1 adequate to resi/ ! baneful ag5cy ( ignorance & /em its sad & mis=tune-creat+ influ5ce4 ,t pr9ciple is sci5ce or k4 ,ignorance is b a negative ag5t3 x is only ! abs5ce ( sci5ce4 ,let k be1 & ignorance %all vani% away 9 ! same mann] z d>kness is noiselessly b irresi/ibly dissipat$ by ! pres5ce ( light4 ,all be+s 9 ?is univ]se1 says our au?or1 are doom$ to be born & die4 ,we quit ?is place to g & live 9 ano!r2 we die "h to be born else:]e4 ,we c nev] be fre$ f pa91 old age1 & dea?4 ,:e!r we l x or n1 we mu/ suff] & always suff]4 ,b :y is x s8 ,because we d n possess ! p]fect sci5ce4 ,7 we bless$ ) x1 we w\ld infallibly look t[>ds ,neibban1 & !n1 escap+ f ! pursuit ( pa9 & mis]ies1 we w\ld infallibly obta9 ! deliv]ance f ^? evils :i* n[ incessantly press ^u u4 ,x re/s ) u only to p]fect our intellig5ce1 s t we might gradually atta9 to ! p]fect sci5ce1 ! s\rce ( all good4 ,b by :at means is s desirable an end to be obta9$8 ,by ! ex]cise ( m$itation1 answ]s1 ) a decid$ tone1 our philosoph]4 ,?is ^w implies1 besides1 our intellectual op]ations ( a sup]ior ord]1 su* z contemplation1 visions1 ec/asy1 union1 c41 :i* are ! m or less complete results ( t intellectual ex]cise4 ,! act ( m$itat+ c take place b 9 ! he>t1 :]e resides ! mano1 or ! faculty ( kn[+4 ,its object c nev] be b ! nam-damma1 lit]ally ! "n ( ! ?+2 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 ! ?+s ( a purely intellectual nature4 ,b x c by no means happ5 9 ! seats ( ! o!r s5ses or organs1 su* z ! eyes1 ! e>s1 c41 :i* are only *annels to communicate impressions to ! faculty ( mano4 ,! con/itutive p>ts ( m$itation are five 9 numb]4 ,witteka1 ! action ( rais+ ! m9d to an object2 ,witz>a1 ! att5tive consid]ation ( t object2 ,piti1 ! br++ ( ! s\l & body to a /ate ( satisfaction2 ,suka1 ! pleasure enjoy$ 9 ! ?+ consid]$2 ,ekatta1 ! p]sev]ance or /ability ( ! m9d 9 t object4 ,!re is also ,upekka1 :i* implies a great] & m int5se degree ( fixity ( ! m9d1 ext5d+ n only to "o object 9 p>ticul>1 b to all ?+s4 ,x may be call$ ! absolute quietism ( ! s\l1 & ! net result ( a complete c\rse ( g5]al m$itation on ! univ]sality ( ?+s4 ,x is ! la/ & highe/ po9t t c ev] be rea*$4 ,to expla9 m fully ! nature & def9itions ( ! two fir/ p>ts1 our philosoph] has rec\rse to ! foll[+ comp>ison4 ,let u suppose a man t has to cleanse a ru/y copp] vessel4 ,) "o h& he grasps ! vessel1 & ) ! o!r he rubs x up & d[n1 "r & left4 ,?is is exactly :at is done by ! means ( ,witteka & ,witz>a4 ,! fir/ gets hold ( ! object ( m$itation1 & ! second causes ! m9d to pass & repass ov] x1 until x has p]fectly se5 x 9 all its p>ticul>s4 ,! ?ird /age 9 ! ex]cise ( m$itation is t ( ,piti1 :i* consi/s 9 a sort ( transitory delectation1 exp]i5c$ by him :o has rea*$ t ?ird /ep ( m5tal lab\r4 ,x produces on ! :ole frame ! foll[+ effects3--,x seems to him t is engag$ 9 t ex]cise t ! hairs ( 8 head /& on an end1 s /rong is ! s5sation he !n feels2 at o!r times x produces 9 ! s\l s5sations simil> to t ( ! lightn+ t r5ds ! atmosph]e4 ,sometimes x is 9 a commotion resembl+ t ( mighty waves break+ on ! %ore2 at o!r times ! subject is1 z x 71 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air1 or only rais$ above ! gr\nd1 & occasionally x causes a *ill runn+ ?r\gh\t all ! limbs4 ,:5 ^! results h be51 ?r\gh p]sev]+ ef=ts1 repeat$ly exp]i5c$ ) an ev]-increas+ degree ( int5sity1 ! foll[+ effects are atta9$3--,! body & ! s\l are completely re/ra9$1 subdu$1 & compos$2 !y are almo/ beyond ! influ5ce ( concupisc5ce4 ,bo? acquire a rem>kable lightness1 s t ! ex]cise ( m$itation (f]s no fur!r tr\ble or lab\r2 ! natural repugnance or opposition to self-recollection is done away )1 !n ! ex]cise ( m$itation becomes pleas+ f ! pleasurable /ate ( ! s\l & body1 & f9ally bo? p>ts are 9 a true & g5u9e condition1 s t :at !re 0 previ\sly 9 !m ei!r vici\s or oppos$ to tru? disappe>s at once & vani%es away4 ,su* are ! v>i\s effects exp]i5c$ by ! s\l t has rea*$ ! degree ( ,piti1 or m5tal satisfaction4 ,:5 ! s\l & body h ?us be5 p]fectly subdu$1 & fre$ f all t c\ld wrongly affect !m1 ! s\l !n rea*es ! /ate ( ,suka1 t is to say1 ( p]fect & p]man5t pleasure & inw>d delight4 ,! effects or results !re( are call$ ,samati1 or peace or quiesc5ce ( ! s\l4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 t /ate ( inw>d peace has sev]al degrees bo? z reg>ds ! "t x la/s & ! int5sity ( ! affection4 ,x la/s sometimes = a mom5t1 or = a p]iod ( unc]ta9 duration1 z x happ5s :5 we reflect on "s subject1 or we li/5 to a s]mon4 ,at o!r times its duration is long]2 :51 = in/ance1 we are ab\t to ent] into contemplation or ec/asy1 & x la/s z long z we are 9 "o ( ^! /ates4 ,f ,piti orig9ates ! ,samati-tseit1 ! idea or consci\sness ( inw>d quiesc5ce4 ,x is ! second>y cause ( ! real joy & delight1 & is foll[$ by an un%ak5 resolution to adh]e to all ! precepts ( ! law4 ,x produces 9 ! s\l a c]ta9 fre%ness1 expansion1 & ravi%m5t 9 ! practice ( virtue4 ,su* a /ate is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ comp>ison4 ,a travell] has to g ov] a v difficult road2 he is expos$ to an int5se heat1 & torm5t$ ) a burn+ ?ir/4 ,let u imag9e ! int5sity ( 8 delight :5 he f9ds himself on ! br9k ( a rivulet ( cle> & cool wat]2 su* is precisely ! /ate ( ! s\l "u ! influ5ce ( ,piti4 ,! /ate ( ,suka foll[s x v soon4 ,x is exemplifi$ by ! condition ( ! travell] :o has be5 p]fectly refre%$ & reliev$ f ?ir/ & fatigue1 & enjoys ! delightful & pleasurable effects result+ !refrom4 ,! la/ /ate or ! cr[n+ po9t to be arriv$ at by ! means ( m$itation is t ( ,upekka1 or p]fect fixity1 :5ce orig9ates an entire indiff]5ce to love or hatr$1 pleasure or pa94 ,passions c no m affect ! s\l 9 t happy condition4 ,b 9 ?is1 z well 9 ! prec$+ /ates1 !re are sev]al degrees1 accord+ to ! v>i\s objects x ref]s to4 ,9 ! ,upekka1 relat+ to ! five s5ses1 man is no m affect$ by beautiful or unseemly objects1 by h>% or melodi\s s\nds1 c4 ,z to :at ref]s to creatures1 man has nei!r love nor dislike = !m4 ,man obta9s ! /ate ( ,upekka1 relat+ to sci5ce or k1 by exam9+ & consid]+ all ?+s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ?ree great pr9ciples1 aneitsa1 duka1 anatta1 t is to say1 *ange1 pa91 & illusion4 ,!re is also ! uirya upekka2 z :5 a man1 aft] great /ruggles & ef=ts to obta9 a c]ta9 object1 sees t he _c rea* x1 he becomes indiff]5t to x1 & )\t tr\ble or ! lea/ disquiet gives up ! und]tak+4 ,!re are _m o!r effects ( ! ,upekka m5tion$ by our au?or1 ! enum]ation ( :i* w\ld prove t$i\s4 ,:at has be5 j /at$ is suffici5t to af=d a correct idea ( ! nature ( ! highe/ /ate ( m$itation t ! human m9d c ev] rea*4 ,! la/ & mo/ transc5d5t result ( ! condition ( ,upekka is ?is3 :5 an individual1 by successful ex]tions1 has asc5d$ to ! top ( ! spiritual ladd]1 !re is a c]ta9 virtue t attracts ev]y?+ to him4 ,he becomes a c5tre to :i* all appe> to conv]ge4 ,he is l ! c5tral po9t ( our planet1 t ev] rema9s di/9ct f ! bodies x incessantly draws to itself4 ,seat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! mo/ complete quietism1 ! sage contemplates1 )\t ! lea/ ef=t1 ! uncl\d$ tru? t indef9itely unfolds itself be=e him4 ,h5ce1 z our au?or obs]ves1 ! sage t has rea*$ ! /ate ( ,upekka has no m to pass successively ?r\gh ! f\r prec$+ /ages to be enabl$ to m$itate2 t is to say1 he no m requires ! help ( ?\ght1 reflection1 satisfaction1 & pleasure4 ,he is 9 ! middle ( ! cl\dless atmosph]e ( tru? :i* he enjoys1 & !re9 rema9s z unmov$ z tru? itself4 ,z /at$ 9 ! previ\s article1 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts1 or ! p]=mance ( ext]ior good actions1 draws abundant rew>ds ^u ^? :o fai?fully comply ) !m4 ,^! rew>ds are be/[$ ei!r 9 ! seat ( man or 9 ! six abodes ( ,nats1 :i* we w agree to call ! six inf]ior heav5s1 :]e concupisc5ce z yet holds its empire4 ,! inw>d good de$s produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! intellectual faculties ( ! s\l be+ ( an incomp>ably great] value ?an ! ext]nal ones1 ! recomp5se ( ! =m] is ( a high] ord] ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce !re are tw5ty sup]ior heav5s res]v$ to ! sages t h made progress 9 m$itation4#di ,! acc\nts ( ! ,buddhi/s respect+ ! ext5t ( ^! seats1 _! respective di/ance 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 ! myriads ( c5turies to /ay 9 ea* ( !m1 c41 are pu]ilities n wor? att5d+ to1 & 9 no way belong+ to ! g5u9e & orig9al ,buddhism4 ,!y are ! inv5tions 9 subsequ5t ages ( individuals :o wi%$ to emulate _! neighb\rs & rivals1 ! ,h9dus1 at a "t :5 ! latt] sub/itut$ ! gross & revolt+ idolatry ( ! ,puranas = ! pur] doctr9es ( ! ,v$as4 ,b :at is directly to our purpose is ! di/9ction ( ^! tw5ty seats into two classes4 ,! fir/ comprises sixte5 seats1 "u ! designation ( ,rupa1 or matt]2 ! second includes f\r seats1 call$ ,arupa1 or immat]ial abodes or conditions4 ,"h are locat$ on a gr& & imm5se scale1 accord+ to _! respective pr(ici5cy 9 sci5ce & m$itation1 ! be+s t h /riv5 to advance 9 k by ! ex]tion ( ! m5tal faculties4 ,! g5]al appellation giv5 to ea* class be>s a great mean+1 & !re=e des]ves explanation4 ,9 ! sixte5 seats ( ,rupa are plac$ ! contemplatives :o h z yet a body1 & h n be5 hi!rto able to dis5gage !mselves f "s affection to matt]4 ,! subjects ( _! m$itations are /ill ! be+s inhabit+ ?is mat]ial _w1 toge!r ) "s ( ! ,ka?a91 or co>s] portion ( _! be+4 ,b 9 ! f\r seats call$ ,arupa1 :i* t]m9ate ! s]ies ( ,buddhi/ heav5s1 ! contemplatives are de/itute ( %ape & body2 !y are almo/ br\ght to ! condition ( pure spirits4 ,9 _! sublime & l(ty flight 9 ! regions ( spiritualism1 !y seem to h bid a la/ f>ewell to ?is _w1 & to be no long] conc]n$ ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,let u glance rapidly ov] ^! v>i\s seats1 & pay a visit to ! be+s t h be5 rew>d$ ) a place 9 !m1 ow+ to _! great pr(ici5cy 9 ! m5tal ex]cise ( m$itation4 ,we w beg9 ) ! l[e/ seat1 & f x successively asc5d to ! l(tie/4 ,we mu/ be> 9 remembrance t !re are1 z above /at$1 five degrees ( m$itation or five p>ts1 viz41 p]ception1 reflection1 satisfaction1 happ9ess1 & fixity4 ,he :o has be5 mu* ex]cis$ 9 ! fir/ degree %all inhabit "o ( ! ?ree fir/ seats ( ,rupa4 ,^? :o1 leav+ aside ! fir/ degree1 %all delight 9 ! second & ?ird1 %all inhabit1 accord+ to _! respective progress1 "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ seats4 ,^? :o take delight only 9 ! f\r? degree1 hav+ no fur!r aid ( ! ?ree fir/ p>ts1 p]ception1 consid]ation1 & satisfaction1 %all be locat$ 9 ! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? seats4 ,:5 ! fif? degree ( ,dzan1 or m$itation1 has be5 atta9$1 t is to say1 :5 a privileg$ contemplative is able to m$itate & contemplate1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! repres5tation & consid]ation ( ! object1 )\t all[+ himself to be influ5c$ by pleasures or joy1 !n he has atta9$ to ! /ate ( fixity & indiff]5ce2 he occupies ! t5? & elev5? seats4 ,! five rema9+ seats be> ! collective "n ( ,?oodawata1 or abodes ( ! pure or p]fect1 t is to say1 ! dwell+-place ( ^? :o h ent]$ into ! curr5t ( p]fection4 ,!y are inhabit$ by ! ,kaliana ,putadzans1 & ! f\r sorts ( contemplatives call$ ,?autapan1 ,?akadagan1 ,anagan1 & ,rah&as4 ,! latt] h ent]$ into ! ,?oda1 or curr5t ( p]fection4 ,! ,?autapans & ,?akadagans are pure & exempt f all influ5ce ( dem]its2 ! ,anagans are deliv]$ f ! five concupisc5ces4 ,! ,rah&as are enjoy+ a p]fect indiff]5ce = all4 ,!y are /rang]s to su* language z ?is3 ,i am great1 ,i am great]1 ,i am greate/4 ,su* t]ms ( comp>ison are b m]e illusions2 !y are deceitful s\nds t confuse1 di/ract1 & bewild] ! ignorant4 ,above ! ,?oodawata seats are ! f\r call$ ,arupa1 or immat]ial4 ,! d5iz5s ( ^! places fir/ recognise t ! mis]ies att5d+ man 9 ?is _w h _! orig9 9 ! body4 ,!y !n conceive ! utmo/ disgu/ & horror = x2 !y long = ! dissolution ( ?is ag5t to all wick$ness4 ,s great is _! horror = bodies & matt]1 t !y no long] select !m = subjects ( m$itation2 !y endeav\r to cross beyond ! limits ( mat]iality1 & laun* =? into ! b\ndless space1 :]e ?is mat]ial _w does n seem to rea*4 ,! inhabitants ( ! fir/ seat h assum$ = _! subject ( m$itation ! ,akasa1 ! air1 ! fluid ( ! atmosph]e1 or ! space4 ,^? ( ! second m$itate on ! ,w9iana1 or ! _s1 or life ( be+s1 tak5 9 an ab/ract s5se2 ^? ( ! ?ird contemplate ! ,ak9tzi1 or imm5sity2 ^? ( ! f\r?1 ,newa?agnia1 lose !mselves 9 ! inf9ity4 ,by :at m5tal process has ! sage to pass 9 ord] to rea* ! fir/ degree ( sublime contemplation8 ,he w h to beg9 ) ! consid]ation ( ! =m ( "s mat]ial object1 say "o ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,let him aft]w>ds set aside ^? ,ka?a91 or mat]ial portions ( ! elem5t br\ght "u consid]ation1 & occupy 8 m9d ) ! e!r1 or fluid1 or space2 ! =m]1 t is to say1 ! ka?a91 %all disappe> to give place to some?+ dive/$ ( all ^? co>s] =ms1 & ! m9d %all be fix$ only on ! aka?a4 ,! sage !n %all repeat t5 hundr$ ?\s& times ^! words1--,! space or air is inf9ite1 until !re w appe> at la/ ! fir/ tseit1 or idea ( arupa4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! tseit akan1 or ! idea ( con=mity ) purpose1 disappe>s2 !n beg9s ! sci5ce ( upekka1 or indiff]5ce1 ) its f\r degrees2 ! idea t !n succe$s is precisely t ( akasa an&a1 or inf9ite e!r1 or space4 ,?is un9telligible m5tal process is expla9$ by a comp>ison4 ,if !y %ut ) a :ite clo? ! op5+ ( a w9d[1 ! p]sons inside ! room1 turn+ _! eyes 9 ! direction ( ! op5+1 see no?+ b ! :ite clo?4 ,%\ld ! clo? be sudd5ly remov$1 !y p]ceive no?+ b t portion ( ! space correspond+ ) ! ext5t ( ! w9d[4 ,! piece ( clo? repres5ts ! mat]ial =ms1 t are ! subjects ( m$itation1 or contemplation1 ( ^? liv+ 9 ! seats ( ,rupa2 ! free op5+ ( ! w9d[ exemplifies ! subjects ( contemplation res]v$ to ! fir/ class ( arupa4 ,hav+ rea*$ s f>1 ! contemplative soon feels ! utmo/ disgu/ = all mat]ial =ms1 & is entirely deliv]$ f ! ?ree ,?agnia1 or false p]suasions1 suppli$ by matt]1 by ! action ( ! s5ses1 & by ! result ( m]its & dem]its4 ,he is displeas$ ) all ! co>s] =ms ( be+s4 ,! action ( ! contemplative has its sph]e 9 ! mano1 or seat ( k4 ,! ideas orig9at+ f ! action ( ! s5ses h no %>e 9 t purely intellectual lab\r4 ,9 t /ate1 ! sage has fall5 into a condition ( s p]fect ab/raction1 t all ! accid5ts on ! "p ( ! elem5ts c produce no effect ov] him4 ,! action ( ! s5ses is completely susp5d$ dur+ all ! "t t ! contemplation la/s4 ,9 fact ?is is no?+ else b ?amabat1 or ec/asy4 ,! same c\rse ( m$itation mu/ be foll[$ by ! sages inhabit+ ! o!r ?ree seats2 only ! object to be contemplat$ w be diff]5t4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! important subject ( m$itation1 endeav\r$ to %[ ! diff]5t p>ts or degrees ( t intellectual ex]cise1 & giv5 a fa9t outl9e ( ! recomp5ses be/[$ on ^? t h di/+ui%$ !mselves by pr(ici5cy 9 t ex]cise1 we h n[ to foll[ our au?or1 &1 ) him1 make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal subjects t attract ! att5tion ( ! contemplative4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,be+s4 ,! ,buddhi/ philosoph]1 9 8 e>ne/ prosecution aft] ! antidote ( ignorance1 t is1 sci5ce1 rightly /ates t all be+s1 & man1 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ ev] be ! fir/ & mo/ int]e/+ subject ! sage has to /udy4 ,! k ( man 9 p>ticul> con/itutes a mo/ important portion ( ! sci5ce he mu/ acquire1 ere he c become a p]fect be+1 & be deem$ wor?y to be admitt$ to ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,9 ! v limit$ sket* ( ?is "p ( ! "w "u consid]ation1 ! att5tion ( ! read] w be direct$ on man z ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all be+s4 ,) our ,buddhi/ au?or1 !re=e1 he w take human be+s z ! subject ( 8 inve/igations4 ,provid$ ) ! philosophical dissect+ knife1 he w anatomise all ! compon5t p>ts ( t extraord9>y be+1 ^: nature has ev] pres5t$ an insoluble problem to anci5t sages4 ,:at is to be said on ?is subject w be suffici5t to convey a correct idea ( ! mode ( reason+ & argu+ foll[$ by ,buddhi/ philosoph]s1 :5 !y analyse o!r be+s & select !m = ! subjects ( _! m$itations4 ,at ! v beg9n+1 our au?or proclaims ?is great maxim3 ,all be+s liv+ 9 ! ?ree worlds1 heav51 e>?1 & hell1 h 9 !mselves b two ?+s or attributes1 ,rupa & ,nam1 =m & "n4 ,accu/om$ z we are to a language t expresses cle> & di/9ct notions1 we w\ld l to he> him say1 9 nature !re are b two ?+s1 matt] & _s4 ,b su* is n ! language ( ,buddhi/s1 & ,i appreh5d t 7 we giv+ up _! some:at extraord9>y1 &1 to u1 unusual way ( express+ _! ideas1 we c\ld n come to a correct k ( ! notions !y ent]ta9 respect+ ! nature ( man4 ,let u all[ our au?or to speak = himself1 &1 z mu* z possible1 express himself 9 8 own way4 ,by rupa1 we und]/& =m & matt]2 t is to say1 all t is liable p] se to be de/roy$ by ! ag5cy ( second>y causes4 ,nam1 or nama1 is ! ?+1 ! nature ( :i* is kn[n to ! m9d by ! in/rum5tality ( mano1 or ! kn[+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ! five aggregates con/itut+ man1 viz41 mat]iality or =m1 ! organs ( s5sation1 ( p]ception1 ( consci\sness1 & ^? ( intellect1 !re is no?+ else to be f\nd b =m & "n4 ,we are at once br\ght to ?is mat]iali/ conclusion1 t 9 man we c discov] no o!r elem5t b t ( =m & t ( "n4 ,to convey a sort ( explanation ( ?is subject1 our au?or gives "h a few notions respect+ ! six s5ses4 ,i say six s5ses1 because ) him1 besides ! five ord9>y s5ses1 he m5tions ! mano1 or ! kn[+ pr9ciple t resides 9 ! he>t1 z "o ( ! s5ses4 ,! organs or faculties ( see+1 he>+1 feel+1 ta/+1 smell+1 & kn[+1 he calls ! inw>d s5ses4 ,^! same organs1 z !y come 9 contact ) ext]ior objects1 are call$ ext]ior s5ses4 ,! faculty inh]5t 9 ea* ( ! s5ses :]eby is op]at$ ! action betwe5 ! organ & its object is designat$ by ! appellation ( ! life ( ! s5ses1 z1 = in/ance1 ! eye see+1 ! e> he>+1 c4 ,9 ?is treble mode ( consid]+ ! s5ses1 :at d we meet ) b =m & "n1 ideas & matt]8 ,suppos+ ! organ ( see+ to exi/1 & an object to be se51 !re w necess>ily result1 z an ess5tial consequ5ce1 ! p]ception or idea ( su* a ?+4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! mano1 :]e !re exi/s ! he>t on "o side1 & tru? on ! o!r1 !re w foll[ imm$iately ! idea or p]ception ( tru?4 ,?is mat]iali/ doctr9e1 if ! mean+ ( our au?or be accurately und]/ood1 is fur!r confirm$ by ! me?od he proposes = c>ry+ on ! inve/igation respect+ ! nature ( ?+s4 ,he :o desires to p5etrate deeply into su* a sublime sci5ce mu/ h rec\rse to ! help ( m$itation4 ,hav+ select$ an object1 he consid]s x by ! means ( witekka4 ,he passes successively ?r\gh ! ideas & impressions he d]ives f ! contemplation ( su* an object4 ,he !n says to himself3 ! ideas obta9$ by means ( witekka1 or ! fir/ degree ( dzan1 or m$itation1 are no?+ b nam-damma1 s9ce _! nature is to (f] !mselves to ! arom1 z ! ?\ght to its object4 ,b :]e is ! seat ( t arom8 ,x resides 9 ! sub/ance ( ! he>t1 :i*1 9 reality1 af=ds asylum bo? to x & to ! nam-damma4 ,x is n[h]e else to be f\nd4 ,b :at is ! he>t8 ,:5ce does x come8 ,by :at is x =m$8 ,to ^! ?ree que/ions we answ]1 t ! he>t is compos$ ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,x is b "o & ! same ?+ ) !m4 ,?is />tl+ doctr9e is explicit1 & excludes at once ! idea ( a spiritual sub/ance4 ,our au?or has n[ rea*$ ! elem5ts ( ! p>ts con/itut+ all t exi/s ) a =m4 ,he boldly ass]ts t all t has an exi/5ce is b an aggregate ( e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air2 all ! =ms are b modifications & comb9ations ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,! b>e enum]ation ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple is n suffici5t to satisfy our philosoph]4 ,he wi%es to "k & expla9 ! reason ( ev]y?+4 ,"h beg9s an analysis entirely unkn[n to our *emi/s & philosoph]s ( ! we/4 ,! body is divid$ into ?irty-two p>ts1 :i* are (t5 enum]at$ 9 =mulas ( pray] by pi\s ,buddhi/s4 ,ea* ( ^! ?irty-two p>ts is subdivid$ into =ty-f\r4 ,! hair1 h[ sl5d] soev] x appe>s1 is submitt$ to t m9ute analysis4 ,! result ( ?is subtle division is to %[ :at is ! proportion ( ea* elem5t t ent]s into ! =mation ( ^! atomical p>ts4 ,we h n ! pati5ce to write d[n ^! un9t]e/+ details1 nor d we believe t ! read] w be displeas$ if we sp>e him ! tr\ble ( go+ ov] su* wor?less nom5clature4 ,!re is ano!r division ( matt]1 or body1 into =ty-two p>ts1 call$ akan4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! di/9ction ( ! f\r elem5ts t ent] unequally into ! =mation ( ! body2 tw5ty p>ts belong to ! e>?1 twelve to wat]1 six to fire1 & six to w9d4 ,!n aga9 ! body is divid$ into sixty p>ts2 ! division is bas$ ^u ! di/9ction ( ! t5 con/itutive p>ts belong+ to ea* ( ! s5ses1 z x w be h]eaft] expla9$4 ,! object :i* ,buddhi/ philosoph]s h 9 view 9 ent]+ into s _m divisions & subdivisions ( ! =ms ( ! body is to prove1 9 _! op9ion to demon/ration1 t1 by ! nice/ analysis ( e "p ( ! body1 we f9d 9 ! end no?+ b ! prim>y elem5ts t are call$ ! supports ( all t exi/4 ,we h n[ to foll[ our au?or ?r\gh a pa? m difficult ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & he> him expla9 ! !ory ( ideas & _! v>i\s modifications4 ,^!1 says he1 are kn[n1 n by _! =ms1 s9ce !y h none1 b only by _! "n4 ,?r\gh ! practice ( reflection & m$itation we become acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,we call !m arupa damma1 ?+s )\t a =m or %ape4 ,!y are designat$ "u ! "n ( tseit & ts$a?it1#ej t is to say1 ideas & ! result ( ideas4 ,:]e are ^! ideas to be met8 ,:]e h !y _! seat8 ,9 ! six s5ses & n[h]e else1 is ! answ]4 ,hav+ already become acqua9t$ ) ! organs ( ! s5ses1 x w be easy to f9d out ! ideas t are z ! t5ants ( ! s5ses4 ,all ! tseits inhabit+ ! organs ( s5se are call$ loki tseit1 t is to say1 ideas ( ! _w1 because !y are to be met ) 9 all ! be+s z yet subject$ to concupisc5ce4 ,!y are di/9ct f lok\dra tseits1 :i* belong prop]ly to ! be+s free f passions1 & :o h ent]$ into ! f\r megga1 or ways to p]fection4 ,! tseits ( ?is _w are eighty-"o 9 numb]1 classifi$ z foll[s3 ! p]ception ( ea* ( ! five organs1 & ! p]ception ( ! respective faculties ( ^? organs4 ,?is gives t5 tseits4 ,!re are ?ree = ! s5se ( ! he>t1 ! p]ception ( ! sub/ance ( ! he>t1 ( its faculty ( kn[+1 & ( ! object ( its k4 ,ea* ( ! six s5ses has t5 con/itutive =ms or p>ts1 viz43 e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air1 col\r1 od\r1 ta/e1 fluid1 life1 & ! body atta*$ primitively !reto4 ,n[ !re is an action f ea* ( ^! =ms ^u ! subject4 ,!nce t5 tseits to ea* ( ! six s5ses4 ,!re are no words s ill def9$ & s ill und]/ood by our philosoph] z ! two words ,tseit & ,ts$a?it4 ,! fir/ 9 a moral s5se means idea1 ?\ght1 p]ception1 etc42 9 a physical s5se x means t second>y cause creat$ by kan1 produc+ ! liv+ be+1 ! s5ses :]e9 reside ! moral tseit4 ,ts$a?it1 be+ ! result ( ideas1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 h likewise two mean+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place x w designate ! impressions made ^u u by ideas2 9 ! second1 x w mean ! second>y cause or life 9 ! body1 or ! modifications ( ! pr9ciples ( corporeal life4 ,?is be+ premis$1 we may a little und]/& our au?or :5 he says3 ,!re are sev5 ts$a?its exi/+ at ! same "t z ! eighty-"o above-m5tion$ tseits1 viz43 pasa ts$a?it1 s call$ because x is ! real effect ( ! ts$a?it to atta9 its object1 &1 z x 71 to t\* x4 ,we may call x ! agreem5t betwe5 ! idea & its object4 ,w$ana ts$a?it1 ! feel+ ( ! impression ( an idea2 ?agnia ts$a?it1 ! compreh5sion ( ! object2 dzetana ts$a?it1 ! incl9ation = ! object2 eketa ts$a?it1 ! fixity on ! object2 dziwi-te9dre ts$a?it1 ! obs]vance ( :at relates to =m & "n2 & mana sik>amana ts$a?it1 consci\sness4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! ts$a?it is nei!r ! idea nor ! object ( ! idea1 b ! result f ! idea t has come 9 contact ) an object4 ,^! sev5 results are1 if we may say s1 ! ?ird "p ( ! idea4 ,!y d n give occasion to modifications ( ideas4 ,b ^? :i* really give rise to ! greate/ v>iety ( results are ! akuso ts$a?it1 or ! results ( evil ?\ghts & ideas1 & _! opposite1 or kuso ts$a?it1 or ! consequ5ce ( good & virtu\s ?\ghts4 ,to m5tion "h all ! kuso & akuso ts$a?it w\ld be b a dry exposition ( ! nom5clature ( ! vices & virtues1 su* z is met ) 9 ! catalogues ( ,buddhi/ morali/s4 ,!y are all enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,=m#ea ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,"n1 ,,or ,,( ,,matt] ,,& ,,_s4 ,! duty ( our intellig5ce is to inve/igate ! cause ( all ! modifications ( =ms & names4 ,?is be+ effect$1 we are deliv]$ f all d\bts & disquietude4 ,:5 we p]ceive su* a =m1 su* an idea1 c41 we are able =?) to acc\nt = its causes4 ,9 ?is /udy we mu/ copy ! conduct ( ! physician1 :o1 :5 att5d+ a pati5t1 sits by 8 b$side1 closely exam9es ! nature ( ! di/emp] & ! causes t h giv5 rise to x1 9 ord] to f9d out c\nt]act+ ag5ts or rem$ies to *eck its progress at fir/1 & gradually to uproot x f ! con/itution4 ,9 ! moral ord]1 ! philosoph] too has to exam9e ! nature ( all moral di/emp]s1 asc]ta9 ! pr9ciples or causes !y spr+ f1 & !reby become qualifi$ to cure ^? disord]s4 ,! be+s t inhabit ! ?ree worlds1 says our au?or1 mu/ h a cause4 ,to say t !y exi/ ( !mselves & )\t a cause is an absurdity4 ,! v dissimil>ity we obs]ve among !m indicates t _! mode ( exi/5ce results f c]ta9 causes4 ,we1 h[ev]1 _c agree ) our antagoni/s1 ! ,brahm9s1 :o ma9ta9 t ,maha ,brahma is ! cause ( all t exi/s4 ,?is be+ is n out ( ! circle ( ,rupa & ,nam2 he is himself a comp\nd ( ,nam & ,rupa1 t is to say1 effect b n cause4 ,9 va9 our oppon5ts w add t all t is di/9ct ( ,maha ,brahma is subject$ to a cause1 b t ! ,rupa & ,nam1 con/itut+ 8 ess5ce1 are )\t a cause4 ,?is is remov+ ! difficulty a little fur!r1 )\t advanc+ a /ep t[>ds its solution2 our answ] mu/ ev] be ! same4 ,be=e exp\nd+ ! op9ions ( our philosoph] on ?is important subject1 x is necess>y to /ate ! views ent]ta9$ by t class ( philosoph]s ^: doctr9es appe> to h tak5 root 9 ^! p>ts4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t !y are modifications ( ! op9ion ( ! ,h9dus on ! same subject1 & ak9 to t respect+ ! ,adi ,buddha1 or supreme ,buddha4 ,"s doctors ma9ta9 t !re is a fir/ cause or be+ t has made matt] & _s4 ,o!rs1 admitt+ ! et]nal co-exi/5ce ( matt] & ( ! supreme be+1 say t he is ! remote cause ( ! organisation ( matt]1 z we at pres5t see x4 ,b all agree 9 ?is1 t no "o c ev] come to ! k ( t fir/ cause1 & x is impossible ev] to h an idea ( x4 ,h5ce x is ! height ( folly & ra% presumption to attempt to come to ! k ( :at is plac$ beyond ! range ( human inve/igation4 ,x behoves u to apply all ! p[]s ( ! m9d to discov] ! imm$iate cause t c]ta9ly produces exi/5ce4 ,! sage1 to be wor?y ( 8 sublime call+1 mu/ rema9 satisfi$ ) /riv+ to f9d out t imm$iate cause :i* br+s into action ! =m & "n1 & causes ! appe>ance ( all ^? modifications :i* we call be+s or =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,he ought to /rive to acc\nt = ! organisation ( matt] & all its modifications1 by discov]+ ! hidd5 spr+ t effectually sets all 9 motion1 9 action1 9 comb9ation ( exi/5ces4 ,n[1 our au?or puts ?is important "q3 ,:at ?+ is to be consid]$ z ! mov] ( ! =ms & ideas8 ,we "k1 says he1 t ! human body has its beg9n+ 9 ! womb ( ! "m2 we are acqua9t$ ) its position 9 t ftid & n>r[ prison2 its be+ surr\nd$ ) n]ves1 ve9s1 c41 hav+ above x ! new elem5ts1 & "u x ! old ones4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! body orig9ates 9 ! womb mu* resembles ! process by :i* worms & insects are =m$ 9 rott5 sub/ances1 & 9 putrid & /agnant wat]4 ,b ?is is n acc\nt+ = ! real cause ( liv+ bodies4 ,! real causes1 accord+ to "s doctors1 are five 9 numb]1 viz41 ignorance1 concupisc5ce1 desire1 kan 7! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its71 & ahan 7! alim5ts74 ,!y concur toge!r 9 ! =mation ( ! liv+ body 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,ignorance1 concupisc5ce1 & desire give asylum to ! body1 z ! "m supplies ! infant ) a refuge 9 h] womb4 ,kan1 l ! fa!r1 is ! cause productive ( ! body4 ,ahan af=ds n\ri%m5t to ! body4 ,! ideas are b ! result ( ! =mation ( ! organs ( s5ses4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 ! organ ( see+4 ,! ,tsekk\ ,wignian1 t is to say1 ! life ( ! eyes1 or ! ideas connect$ ) ! use ( t s5se1 presupposes two ?+s1 ! organ & a =m or an object on :i* ! organ acts4 ,^! exi/+1 !re necess>ily result ! idea ( vision1 ! p]ception1 c41 9 a ^w1 all ! ideas aris+ f ! action ( ! eyes ^u v>i\s objects4 ,! same mode ( argu+ is employ$ relatively to ! o!r five s5ses4 ,o!r philosoph]s argue 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! prim>y causes ( all ideas & ?\ghts are dispos$ "u two heads1 t ( ideas :i* h a fix$ place1 & t ( ^? t h no fix$ place4 ,"u ! fir/ head are compris$ ! six ,ayatana1 or seats ( s5ses1 & ! six ,arom1 or ! objects ( s5ses4 ,!nce fl[ all ! ideas & consequ5ces t relate to m]it & dem]it4 ,"u ! second head are plac$ ! causes or ag5ts t produce ideas & ?\ghts1 ! ex]cise ( ! intellect hold+ ! fir/ rank4 ,he :o applies 8 m9d to ! m$itation ( :at is good1 su* z ! comm&s & o!r p>ts ( ! mo/ excell5t law1 & lab\rs to f9d out t all t is 9 ?is _w is subject$ to *ange1 pa91 & illusion1 op5s at once ! door to ! com+ 9 ( ! tseit1 or ideas connect$ ) m]it4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! application ( ! m9d to ?+s bad & errone\s1 contr>y to ! prescriptions ( ! holy law1 g5]ates ! idea ( dem]it4 ,su* are ! causes ( ! ideas & ?\ghts4 ,z to ! cause ( =m1 !y ass]t t kan1 tseit1 fire1 & ahan are ! sole ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( ! liv+ body4 ,kan1 z ! workman1 makes ! body & sets 9 x all t relates to its good & bad qualities4 ,! tseit1 sev5ty-five 9 numb]1 are also pr9ciples ( ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 ( :i* =ty-f\r are call$ ,kamawatz>a tseit2 !y relate to ! dem]it & m]it ( ^? :o are /ill "u ! influ5ce ( concupisc5ce2 fifte5 rupa watz>a tseit1 relat+ to be+s 9 ! seats ( rupa2 eight arupa watz>a tseit1 relat+ to ^? 9 ! seats ( arupa2 eight lok\d>a tseit1 relat+ to ! be+s t h ent]$ on ! f\r ways ( p]fection4 ,! ,t$zo-dat1 or ! elem5t ( fire1 contributes its %>e by ! head & rays ( light1 & ahan by supply+ ! requir$ alim5ts4 ,"s o!r philosoph]s acc\nt = ! causes ( =m & ideas foll[+ ?is c\rse ( argum5t4 ,! =m & ideas t con/itute all be+s are liable to mis]ies1 old age1 & dea?1 because !re is g5]ation & dea?4 ,g5]ation exi/s because !re are worlds1 worlds exi/ because !re is desire1 desire exi/s because !re are organs1 organs exi/ because !re are =m & "n1 =m & "n exi/ because !re are concepts1 concepts exi/ because !re is m]it & dem]it1 m]it & dem]it exi/ because !re is ignorance4 ,! latt] is1 inde$1 ! real cause ( all =ms & ideas4 ,!re is no d\bt b ?is latt] op9ion is ! fav\rite "o ) our au?or4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! !ory ( ! twelve ,nidanas1 or causes & effects1 & appe>s to be ! or?odox op9ion1 & be>s ! /amp ( great antiquity4 ,hav+ ?us acc\nt$ 9 ! be/ way he c\ld = ! exi/5ce ( all t relates to ! be+s 9 ! ?ree worlds1 our au?or fondly dwells on ! b5efits t accrue f ! k ( causes4 ,x dissipates all ! d\bts t _h previ\sly d>k5$ ! m9d2 x quiets all ! anxieties ( ! he>t1 & af=ds p]fect peace4 ,= want ( x1 ! impi\s fall f "o error into ano!r2 ! disciples ( ,buddha are *iefly p]fect$ by its help4 ,we read 9 ! ,buddhi/ scriptures t a ,brahm9 w5t to consult ,buddha on "s po9ts t mu* p]plex$ 8 m9d4 ,he said to him1 8,i am beset ) d\bts respect+ ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,respect+ ! pa/1 ,i ask myself1 ,h ,i pass$ ?r\gh =m] g5]ations or n8 ,:at 0 my condition dur+ ^? exi/5ces8 ,my answ] is1 ,i am ignorant on all ^? po9ts4 ,:at 0 my position previ\s to ^? g5]ations8 ,i "k x n4 ,z to ! pres5t1 is x true t ,i exi/8 or is my exi/5ce b an illusion8 ,%all ,i h to be born aga9 or n8 ,:at are ^? liv+ be+s t surr\nd me at pres5t8 ,are !y b s _m illusions :i* deceive me by _! appe>ance ( reality8 ,on ^! po9ts ,i am sunk 9 complete ignorance4 ,! future is likewise full ( d\bts & mo/ p]plex+ unc]ta9ties4 ,%all ,i h o!r g5]ations or n8 ,:at %all be my condition dur+ ^! com+ exi/5ces8 ,a ?ick veil hides f my eyes all t conc]ns my future de/9y4 ,:at are ! means to cle> up all ^? d\bts t encompass me on all sides80 ,buddha said to him1 8,reflect fir/ on ?is ma9 po9t1 t :at we are wont to call self1 or moi1 is no?+ b "n & =m--t is to say1 a comp\nd ( ! f\r elem5ts1 :i* und]goes p]petual *anges "u ! action or influ5ce ( ,kan4 ,hav+ acquir$ ! conviction ( ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 x rema9s ) y to inve/igate c>efully ! causes :i* produce bo? "n & =m4 ,?is simple exam9ation w lead y at once to ! p]fect solution ( all y\r d\bts4 ,behold ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! hold]s ( false doctr9es & ! true believ]s4 ,! =m]1 :om we may almo/ call animals1 nev] take ! tr\ble to exam9e ! nature ( be+s or ! causes ( _! exi/5ce4 ,!y are /ubbornly atta*$ to _! false !ories1 & p]si/ 9 say+ t :at ! ignorant1 deliv]$ up to illusion1 are us$ to call an animal1 a k+1 a subject1 a foot1 & a h&1 c41 is really an animal1 a k+1 a subject1 a foot1 & a h&1 c42 :il/ all liv+ be+s & _! compon5t p>ts are no?+ else b "n & =m--t is to say1 a comp\nd made up ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,^? impi\s are deliv]$ up to error2 h5ce x happ5s t !y foll[ all diff]5t ways4 ,we reckon among !m m ?an sixty diff]5t sects1 all at v>iance among !mselves1 b all unit+ 9 a common ob/9acy to reject ! true doctr9e ( ,buddha4 ,!y are doom$ to move incessantly )9 ! circle ( endless & wret*$ exi/5ces4 8,h[ diff]5t is ! condition ( ! true believ]s1 our foll[]s6 ,!y "k t ! liv+ be+s inhabit+ ! _w h a beg9n+4 ,b !y are s5sible ( ! folly ( attempt+ to rea* ?is beg9n+ or fir/ cause4 ,?is is above ! capacity ( ! l(tie/ intellig5ce4 ,x is evid5t1 = in/ance1 t ! se$s ( plants & trees1 :i* are cont9ually 9 a /ate ( reproduction1 h a beg9n+2 b :at t beg9n+ is1 no "o presumes to det]m9e4 ,s x is ) man & all liv+ be+s4 ,!y "k well1 too1 t :at is vulg>ly call$ man1 woman1 eyes1 m\?1 are all illusory di/9ctions1 vani%+ away 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sage1 :o sees no?+ 9 all t b "n & =m1 ! production ( ,kan & ,wibek1 t is to say1 ( ! fir/ & second causes4 ,^! two ?+s are n ! man & ! woman1 c41 b !y are ! effici5t causes ( bo?4 ,:at we say respect+ man & woman may be appli$ to animals & to all o!r be+s4 ,!y are all ! productions or results ( ,kan & ,wibek1 q z di/9ct f ^! two ag5ts z effect is di/9ct f its cause4 ,to expla9 ?is doctr9e1 ,buddhi/s h rec\rse to ! comp>ison ( a burn+-glass4 ,:5 !re is su* an in/rum5t 9 "o h&1 & ! rays ( ! sun pass ?r\gh x to ! o!r1 fire is !n produc$2 b fire is q di/9ct f ! two causes t h concurr$ jo9tly 9 produc+ x4 ,our disciples1 too1 are aw>e t ! five kh&as1 or aggregates con/itut+ a liv+ be+1 succe$ ea* o!r at ea* g5]ation1 b 9 su* a way t ! second g5]ation p>takes or reta9s no?+ ( ! kh&as ( ! fir/4 ,b ! causes produc+ !m--su* z ,kan & ,wibek--nev] *ange2 !y ev] rema9 ! same4 ,let u suppose lamps light$ up4 ,if !y burn always1 x is ow+ to ! action ( individuals t supply !m ) oil1 & light !m z soon z !y are ext+ui%$4 ,su* is ! condition ( ! kh&as4 ,^? :i* belong to "o exi/5ce h no m 9 common ) ^? ( ! foll[+ "o ?an ! fire ( ! lamp j light$ anew has ) t ( ! fire ( ! lamp t has j di$ away4 ,z to ! way be+s are reproduc$1 we say t :5 a man is dy+1 ! la/ tseit hav+ appe>$ & soon disappe>$1 x is succe$$ =?) by ! patti tseit or ! tseit ( ! new exi/5ce2 ! int]val betwe5 bo? is s %ort t x c sc>cely be appreciat$4 ,?is fir/ tseit has no?+ 9 common ) ! la/ "o4 ,x is1 let x be well rememb]$1 ! production ( kan1 or ( ! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its1 z well z ! kh&as above allud$ to40 ,?is article is by f> ! mo/ important ( all4 ,! latt] "p1 9 p>ticul>1 elucidates 9 a di/9ct mann] ! g5u9e op9ions ( ,buddhism on po9ts ( ! greate/ conc]n4 ,we may sum up ! :ole z foll[s3-- #a4 ,!re is a fir/ cause t has act$ 9 br++ into be+ all t exi/s2 b t fir/ cause is unkn[n1 nor c we ev] come to ! k ( x4 #b4 ,! imm$iate causes ( all ! modifications ( be+s1 or /ates ( be+1 are ignorance & kan4 #c4 ,all be+s are b comp\nds ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,! intellectual op]ations are c>ri$ on by ! in/rum5tality ( ! he>t1 9 ! same mann] z vision is obta9$ by ! means ( ! eye & ( an object to act ^u4 #d4 ,ea* succe$+ exi/5ce is br\ght on & modifi$ by ! action ( ,kan1 or ! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its4 #e4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( a new be+ are 9 no way connect$ ) ^? ( ! previ\s be+4 ,?is is ! key to ! difficulty _m p]sons f9d 9 acc\nt+1 9 a ,buddhi/ic s5se1 = ! process ( metempsy*osis4 ,a new t]m ought to be co9$ to express t doctr9e4 #f4 ,! "q respect+ ,neibban may be !oretically resolv$ )\t difficulty1 by application ( ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ article4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! solution =c$ ^u ! m9d f :at has be5 above /at$ is t ! end ( ! p]fect$ be+ is annihilation4 ,horrify+ z ?is conclusion is1 x is n1 aft] all1 worse ?an t :i* is ! t]m9us ( ! !ories ( "s mod]n s*ools4 ,:at an abyss is ! poor human m9d liable to fall into :5 x ceases to be guid$ by ,revelation6 ,,article ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,true ,,meggas ,,or ,,ways ,,to ,,p]fection4 ,! subject "u consid]ation is a v important "o4 ,x compreh5ds & comprises a summ>y ( _m p>ticul>s already allud$ to 9 ! =ego+ two articles4 ,! read] w f9d ! pa? he has to foll[ less rugg$1 & ! gr\nd he w h to g ov] n s arid4 ,our au?or seems to lay great /ress on ?is special po9t4 ,! sage1 says he1 :o is desir\s to arrive at ! supreme p]fection1 mu/ apply all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d to disc]n ! true ways f ! false ones4 ,_m are deceiv$ 9 ! mid/ ( _! rese>*es aft] wisdom4 ,! real crit]ion betwe5 ! true & false ways is ?is3 :51 9 consid]+ an object1 & mak+ a philosophical analysis ( x1 ! sage f9ds x someh[ connect$ ) concupisc5ce & o!r passions s f> t he _c1 z x 71 dissolve x by ! application ( ! ?ree pr9ciples ( aneitsa1 duka1 & anatta--t is to say1 *ange1 pa91 & illusion1 !n he mu/ conclude t he is out ( ! "r ways2 ! high road to p]fection is b>r$ be=e him4 ,b on ! contr>y1 :5ev]1 by ! appliance ( ! ?ree great pr9ciples1 he sees t all ! objects br\ght "u 8 consid]ation are no?+ m or less ?an ! m]e comp\nd ( ! f\r elem5ts1 dive/$ ( ^! illusory appe>ances :i* deceive s _m1 !n he may be c]ta9 t he is 9 ! "r position1 & is sure ( mak+ progress 9 ! way to p]fection4 ,to facilitate ! /udy ( ! ,meggas1 ,buddhi/s h classifi$ all real & imag9>y be+s "u a c]ta9 numb] ( heads4 ,! sage1 to complete 8 labori\s task1 has to exam9e sep>ately ea* ( ^! subjects & submit !m to ! foll[+ l5g!n$1 difficult1 & complicat$ process4 ,he takes up "o subject1 att5tively consid]s its ext]ior & int]ior comp\nd p>ts1 its connection & relation ) o!r ?+s1 its t5d5cy to adh]e to or "p ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,pursu+ 8 inquiries into ! pa/1 he endeav\rs to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! /ate & condition ( t object dur+ sev]al p]iods t h elaps$2 :5 8 m9d is satisfi$ on ?is po9t he foll[s up 9 future ! same object1 & calculates f ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ :at *ange x may h]eaft] become subject$ to4 ,?is /udy enables him to p]ceive di/9ctly t x is subject$ to ! ?ree great laws ( mutability1 pa91 & illusion4 ,?is conviction once deeply seat$ 9 8 s\l1 ! sage holds t object 9 supreme contempt2 f> f hav+ any affection = or atta*m5t to x1 he feels an int5se disgu/ at x1 & longs = ! possession ( ,neibban1 :i* is ! exemption f ! influ5ce ( mutability1 pa91 & illusion4 ,:at we h n[ /at$ is tol]ably cle> & intelligible2 b :at foll[s is less evid5t4 ,x p>takes ( t obscurity & complication s peculi> to ,buddhi/ metaphysics4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is creat$ & ma9ta9$ *iefly by a mania = divisions & subdivisions t w\ld h puzzl$ ev5 ! s*oolm5 ( ! middle ages4 ,we h to li/5 to :at our au?or says respect+ ! me?od to be obs]v$ 9 c>ry+ on ! great exam9ation ( all subjects ( inve/igation4 ,if t lab\r be pati5tly & p]sev]+ly prosecut$ until all ! objects ( inquiry be exhau/$1 ample & magnific5t %all be ! rew>d = su* lab\rs4 ,! sage w be 9 possession ( ! p]fect sci5ce2 ,neibban w appe> to him2 he w long = x1 & unremitt+ly %ape 8 c\rse 9 its direction3 9 a ^w1 he %all h rea*$ ! acme ( p]fection4 ,seat$ on t l(ty position1 enjoy+ a p]fect calm 9 ! bosom ( absolute quietism1 ! sage is beyond ! rea* ( passions2 !re is no illusion = him2 he has cut ! la/ ?read ( future g5]ations by ! de/ruction ( ! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its2 he has obta9$ ! deliv]ance f all mis]ies2 he has rea*$ ! peaceful %ores ( ,neibban4 ,b su* a prize is n easily obta9$2 x is to be pur*as$ only at ! exp5se ( an imm5se am\nt ( la/+ & /r5u\s m5tal ex]tion4 ,! sage1 agreeably to ! old & always true say+1 ,"k ?yself1 v prop]ly beg9s 8 mightily difficult task ) ! exam9ation ( ! five aggregates con/itut+ a liv+ be+1 ! organs ( ! six s5ses1 & all t relates to !m4 ,!n he applies himself to ! /udies ( ! five ,dzan1 or ! p>ts ( m$itation & contemplation1 & to all t is connect$ ) ! seats ( ,rupa & ,arupa4 ,all ! objects ( exam9ation rang$ on t scale are #fjj 9 numb]4 ,we %all rapidly glance ov] ?is table1 indicat+ b ! heads ( ! pr9cipal divisions4 ,we ought n to =get t ! five aggregate1 or kh&as1 con/itut+ a liv+ be+1 are =m1 s5sation1 p]ception1 consci\sness1 & intellect4 ,suppos+ t we take ! fir/ ( ^? attributes z subject ( exam9ation4 ,we mu/ repres5t x to ! m9d1 c>efully exam9e x 9 all its be>+s & prop]ties1 respect+ ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,we mu/ proce$ on & br+ x 9 contact ) ! ?ree great pr9ciples ( aneitsa1 duka1 & anatta1 & inquire :e!r =m be *angeable or n1 passive or impassive1 transi5t or p]man5t4 ,we !reby acquire ! k ( ! foll[+ great tru?2 viz41 =m is ess5tially liable to *ange1 pa91 & illusion4 ,! exam9ation ( ea* ( ! f\r o!r attributes is proce$$ on 9 a l mann]1 & a simil> result ensues4 ,! six organs ( ! s5ses come next "u consid]ation4 ,^! are ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! nose1 ! tongue1 ! body1 or r ! sk9 t envelops x1 & ! he>t 9 a physical s5se1 & mano 9 a moral "o4 ,ea* ( ! six s5ses p>takes ( ! elev5 conditions or attributes we are ab\t to describe2 & ea* ( ^! elev5 attributes be+ br\ght successively into relation ) ea* ( ! six s5ses1 mu/ be consid]$1 z above /at$1 "u ! treble relation to mutability1 pa91 & illusion4 ,?is w supply ! inquir] ) a good am\nt ( in=mation4 ,b to %ort5 ?is long enum]ation1 we w m5tion n[ successively ^? elev5 attributes ! s5ses may be affect$ by1 & make ! application ( all to "o ( ! s5ses1 ! eye4 ,! same process may be easily repeat$ = ea* ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,no?+ is to be *ang$ b ! "n ( ! s5se t has become ! subject ( exam9ation4 #a4 ,ayatana1 ! door1 ! op5+ ( ea* ( ! s5ses4 ,appli$ to ! eye1 x is ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ext]ior s5sations are communicat$ to ! he>t by ! organ ( see+4 #b4 ,arom1 ! object ( ea* ( ! s5ses4 ,) reg>d to ! eye1 x is ! appe>ance or =m p]ceiv$ by ! eye2 ) respect to ! e>1 x is ! s\nd4 #c4 ,w9ian1 ! action ( p]ceiv+ & kn[+4 ,appli$ to ! eyes1 x is ! eye see+ & p]ceiv+1 or ! sight4 #d4 ,phasa1 lit]ally ! feel+ or com+ 9 contact ) objects1 appli$ to ea* ( ! s5ses4 ,) ! eye1 x is ! passive & active impression x d]ives f ! objects x consid]s1 & :i* x conveys to ! he>t4 ,) ! e> x is ! impression x receives1 & simil>ly communicates to ! he>t4 #e4 ,w$ana1 ! s5sation ( pa9 or pleasure obta9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,) ! eye x is ! s5sation creat$ by ! sight ( objects p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 & communicat$ to ! he>t4 #f4 ,?angia1 ! idea or p]suasion result+ f ! six s5ses1 or1 accord+ to "s doctors1 ! id5tity ( ! appe>ance ) reality4 ,) ! eye1 x is ! conviction we h t su* an object1 p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 is r\nd or squ>e1 c41 accord+ to ! impressions receiv$ by t organ4 #g4 ,dzetana1 ! incl9ation or r adhesion to good or bad1 consequ5tly to ! impressions receiv$ f ea* ( ! six s5ses4 #h4 ,tahna1 concupisc5ce orig9at+ f ! impressions ( agreeabl5ess communicat$ by ! six s5ses4 #i4 ,witeka1 ! idea or repres5tation ( objects to ! m9d ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! s5ses4 #aj4 ,witz>a1 ! consid]ation ( ! objects (f]$ to ! m9d by ! in/rum5tality ( ! s5ses4 #aa4 ,dat1 ! matt] or elem5ts ( ! six s5ses1 or1 to speak ! language ( our au?or1 t on :i* ! organs re/1 t :i* supports !m4 ,aft] ! exam9ation ( ! s5ses & ( ! elev5 subjects j relat$1 we f9d ! almo/ b\ndless field ( inquiry to exp& 9 proportion z we appe> to make rapid progress4 ,!n come successively = exam9ation3 #a4 ,! t5 ,kasa+s1 or ! t5 p>ts or elem5ts to be f\nd 9 ea* "p ( a liv+ be+1 viz41 e>?1 wat]1 fire1 col\r1 od\r1 flav\r1 & grease1 to :i* we add ! ,dziwa or life1 & t ( ! organ to :i* belongs ! "p "u consid]ation4 #b4 ,! ?irty-two ,akan1 or ?irty-two p>ts ( ! liv+ body1 ( :i* ! fir/ are ! hairs1 ! be>d1 ! nails1 ! tee?1 c4 #c4 ,! twelve ,ayatana1 or seats ( ! six s5ses4 ,ea* s5se is d\ble1 z f> z x is consid]$ 9 a d\ble capacity1 t ( receiv+ & t ( transmitt+ ! impressions4 #d4 ,! eighte5 ,dat1 or matt] ( ! six s5ses4 ,! organs af=d six ,dat2 ! objects t act ^u ! organs supply six o!r ,dat2 & ! la/ six are af=d$ by ! objects submitt$ to ! action ( ! s5ses4 #e4 ,! tw5ty-two indre1 or faculties or capabilities ( ! organs4 ,ea* organ has ?ree4 ,! eye1 = in/ance1 is capable ( receiv+ an impression & ( transmitt+ x2 ! eye really receives & transmits impressions4 ,! mano1 or he>t1 be+ a d\ble organ1 has six faculties2 ?ree if x be consid]$ physically1 & ?ree if morally or intellectually4 #f4 ,! n9e ,bon1 or seats occupi$ by ! ,brahmas4 #g4 ,! five ,rupa ,dzan1 or degrees ( contemplation prop] to ! ,brahmas :o h a =m4 #h4 ,! f\r ,megga1 or ways t lead ne> to ,neibban4 ,!y are foll[$ by ! ,brahmas occupy+ ! f\r sup]ior seats ( ,rupa4 #i4 ,! ,arupa ,dzan1 or contemplation prop] to ^? :o inhabit ! f\r immat]ial seats4 #aj4 ,! n9ete5 ,damma4 ,?is ^w means :at we "k z c]ta9 by ! use ( our m5tal faculties4 ,:5 ! mano1 by a "r use ( its ?ree faculties1 has fre$ itself f ! pr9ciple ( illusion & error1 !n !re w be ! sixte5 virtues or good qualities1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,phola & ,megga4 #aa4 ,f9ally1 ! twelve ,patan1 or elem5ts t are 9 ! mano1 :i* con/itute ! memory1 & enable man to rememb]1 & sil5tly repeat ! impressions transmitt$ by ! s5ses4 ,su* is ! imm5se ext5t ( obs]vations ! sage has to range = obta9+ ! p]fect sci5ce4 ,?is task is truly an ,h]culean "o2 v few c p]=m x4 ,be=e com+ to ! la/ article1 ! writ] w make a rem>k t5d+ to %[ t !re is m ( ! analytic _s 9 all :at is told u by ,buddhi/ philosoph]s respect+ ^? ab/ruse subjects ?an "o may be tempt$ to give !m cr$it =4 ,we h se5 t ! numb] ( precepts & c\nsels is almo/ c\ntless1 yet x is agre$ by all doctors t ! five g5]al precepts are ! basis ( all1 & t he :o obs]ves !m 9 all _! be>+s is z mu* advanc$ 9 ! pa? ( righte\sness z c be expect$4 ,aga91 ,buddhi/s c nev] exhau/ ! /ores ( all t !y h to say ab\t ! m5tal op]ations & m$itation4 ,yet all is summ$ up 9 ! comp>atively %ort doctr9e ( tseit & ts$a?it4 ,! liv+ be+s are by !m inf9itely modifi$1 yet aft] all we f9d ev]y?+ cond5s$ 9 two words1 ,nama & ,rupa4 ,! !ory respect+ ! g5]ation ( be+s & _! mutual dep5d5ce ^u ea* o!r is a b\ndless field4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t1 aft] all1 kan1 or ! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its1 is ! sole cause ( & ag5t 9 ! exi/5ce & modification ( all be+s4 ,m5tal op]ations are numb]$ by hundr$s1 b ! six s5ses are1 aft] all1 ! f\ndation on :i* t enum]ation is rais$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples & prim>y ideas ( all ^! metaphysical !ories d\btless belong to g5u9e & e>ly ,buddhism4 ,b su* pla9 & elem5t>y pr9ciples hav+ be5 got hold ( by heads ( philosophical s*ools1 & work$ ^u 9 _! intellectual laboratory1 !re h come out !refrom at v>i\s p]iods ^? !ories :i* h giv5 to ! doctr9es ( ,buddhism s _m diff]5t hues1 & at ! same "t contribut$ s mu* to puzzle & torm5t ! ,european /ud5t4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,9 ,,p]fect ,,sci5ce4 ,9 ! prec$+ article we h review$ ! :ole scale ( be+s1 & analys$ summ>ily "s ( !m1 m]ely to %[ ! way to ! g5]al analysis ( all o!rs4 ,! ultimate result ( su* an inve/igation is to acquire ! conviction t all be+s are subject$ to mutability1 pa91 & illusion4 ,?is conviction1 once seat$ 9 ! s\l1 g5]ates a g5]\s contempt = su* mis]able objects4 ,9 ?is article we mu/ see by :at means ?is philosophical s5tim5t may be firmly root$ 9 ! s\l1 & man may f9ally ent]ta9 a ?or\gh disgu/ = all creatures1 ev5 = 8 own body4 ,?is loa?som5ess = all t exi/s is imm$iately foll[$ up by an ard5t desire ( becom+ free & dis5tangl$ f all ! ties & trammels t encompass o!r be+s4 ,:5 a man has become famili> ) su* a conviction to ! ext5t t 8 ?\ghts1 desires1 & actions are entirely regulat$ by its imm$iate influ5ce1 he is free f ! errors t deceive almo/ all o!r be+s2 he sees ?+s z !y are 9 _! nature1 & appreciates !m by _! real value4 ,he e/ranges himself f !m4 ,he is 9 m9d 9 ! /ate ( ,neibban1 until dea? w complete outw>dly :at 0 already exi/+ inw>dly 9 8 m9d4 ,we are all aw>e1 says our au?or1 t ! pr9ciple ( in/ability p]vades all t exi/s 9 hell1 on e>?1 & 9 ! sup]ior seats4 ,b ?is important sci5ce is ) _m too sup]ficially & b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,our great object is to root x deeply 9 our m9d1 s t we might ev] be pres]v$ f ^? false impressions :i* too (t5 tempt u to believe t mutability & *anges are n affect+ all be+s4 ,:at are ! ob/acles t oppose 9 u ! progress to true sci5ce8 ,!re are ?ree4 ,! fir/ is ,santi1 or duration ( exi/5ce4 ,we all[ ourselves to be lull$ into ! op9ion t our life %all be mu* long] prolong$2 t we h z yet _m days1 mon?s1 & ye>s to sp5d 9 ?is _w4 ,?is gr\ndless supposition prev5ts u f att5d+ to ! pr9ciple ( mutability4 ,to c\nt]act ?is dang]\s impression1 let u exam9e h[ all ?+s are born only soon to die1 & !re=e let u h always dea? pres5t to our m9d4 ,let u consid] ! %ort duration & vanity ( our be+1 !n we w soon be conv9c$ t ! =m ( ! body is l ! waves ( ! sea1 t swell = a mom5t & soon disappe>2 t s5sation is produc$ l fro? f ! da%+ ( ! waves2 t ! ,?angia1 or p]suasion we acquire1 has no m /ability or reality ?an lightn+2 t ! ,sangk>a1 or concept1 or production1 is l ! planta9-tree )\t /r5g?1 & t ! view ( objects ?r\gh our s5ses des]ves no m cr$it ?an ! words ( a quack4 ,let u reason 9 a simil> mann] on ! ephem]al exi/5ce ( all ! be+s t are 9 ?is _w2 we w easily come to a simil> conclusion1 t !y are ! victims ( mutability1 incessantly toss$ ab\t z a piece ( wood by ! bill[s ( ! sea4 ,a second ob/acle to our p]ceiv+ ! great pr9ciple t pa9 is heavily weigh+ on all creatures is ! iriabot1 or ! f\r situations or positions :i* ! body assumes1 viz41 sitt+1 /&+1 ly+1 & walk+4 ,if a man enjoys good heal?1 he owes x *iefly to ! *ange ( situation4 ,7 he doom$ to occupy always ! same place1 or rema9 9 ! same situation1 he w\ld feel q mis]able4 ,he mom5t>ily relieves himself f 8 tempor>y afflictions by a *ange ( situation4 ,?is relief makes him =getful ( ! great pr9ciple ( duka4 ,b 9 tru? our body is l a pati5t t requires ! con/ant att5dance ( ! physician4 ,we mu/ fe$ x1 refre% x1 wa% x1 clo! x1 c41 to save x f hung]1 ?ir/1 dirt1 & cold4 ,:at is all t b a sad & con/ant pro( t we are slaves to pa98 ,!re is no?+ b pa9 & affliction 9 ?is wret*$ _w4 ,! same fate awaits all o!r be+s2 !y are all 9 a /ate ( endurance & suff]+1 proclaim+ al\d ! irresi/ible action ( duka4 ,a ?ird ob/acle to our be+ conv9c$ t all is illusion 9 ?is _w is t false p]suasion :i* makes u to say1 ,?is is a foot1 a h&1 a woman1 c42 :il/ ^! ?+s h no reality1 no consi/5ce1 b are m]e %ades1 ready at any mom5t to vani% & disappe>4 ,^! & l expressions be+ always us$1 imp>t at la/ a sort ( conviction t !y are true2 b1 aft] all1 :at are all ^! ?+s b a comp\nd ( ! f\r elem5ts1 or m simply nama & rupa8 ,9 addition to ?is exam9ation1 ! sage consid]s also our ideas & ! op]ations ( our m5tal faculties4 ,"h he sees ^! ideas appe>+ = a mom5t & !n disappe>+2 he concludes t ideas are likewise subject$ to ! great law ( mutability4 ,he f9ds z mu* mis]y 9 8 own m9d z he has met ) 9 ! ext]ior objects2 all ar\nd 8 m9d is only illusion4 ,:5 he has rea*$ ?is po9t1 he is deliv]$ at once ( ! ?ree ,nimeit t make "o believe t !re is some?+ real 9 bir?1 exi/5ce1 & action4 ,! de/ruction ( all be+s1 ( all ?+s1 is ev] pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,9 su* a /ate1 ! sage is free f all errone\s doctr9es2 he is disgu/$ ) life2 ! ex]cise ( m$itation is easy to him1 & almo/ un9t]rupt$4 ,he is free f all passions4 ,our au?or has ano!r *apt] devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! mis]ies att5d+ all liv+ be+s4 ,to make u bett] in=m$ on ?is subject1 he desires ! sage to m$itate ^u ! mis]ies att5d+ bir?1 exi/5ce1 old age1 & dea?2 he wi%es him to exam9e att5tively ! condition ( all creatures1 t he might nev] be s$uc$ by ! dazzl+ appe>ance t encompasses !m4 ,he insi/s at great l5g? ^u ! dang]s surr\nd+ ! wise man1 z yet compell$ to rema9 9 contact ) ?is mat]ial _w4 ,to make u bett] und]/& ?is subject1 he makes use ( ! foll[+ similitude4 ,a man worn out ) fatigue ent]s a cave :]e9 he longs to enjoy a refre%+ re/4 ,he is j ly+ d[n 9 ! hope ( ab&on+ himself to ! sweet delight ( undi/urb$ repose1 :51 on a sudd51 he p]ceives close by him an infuriat$ tig]4 ,at t mom5t all idea ( re/1 ( sleep1 ( happ9ess1 vani%es away2 he is tak5 up solely ) ! imm95t dang] ( 8 position4 ,su* is ! position ( ! sage :o1 liv+ among creatures1 may be tempt$ to all[ himself to look on !m ) an idea ( enjoym5t4 ,b :5 he has come to t /ate1 to be disgu/$ ) all ! modifications matt] is subject$ to1 he is lik5$ to ! pure swan :o nev] sets 8 feet 9 l[ & dirty places1 b delights to re/ on ! bosom ( a beautiful lake1 ( limpid & cle> wat]4 ,our sage1 :o has 9 abhorr5ce all ! fil? ( ?is mis]able _w1 is delight$ only 9 ! consid]ation ( tru?4 ,he is displeas$ ) ! _w & all ?+s t are !re94 ,8 m9d is busily engag$ 9 f9d+ out ! mo/ effectual means to break ) ?is _w1 & r5d asund] ! ties t reta9 him l9k$ to x4 ,he is l a fi% caught 9 ! net1 or a frog seiz$ by a snake1 or a man %ut up 9 a dungeon4 ,all ?ree /rive1 to _! utmo/1 to escape ! dang] t ?reat5s !m & rega9 _! lib]ty4 ,su* is ! condition ( ! p]fect :o has att5tively consid]$ ! _m sn>es t are ar\nd !m4 ,he1 too1 has b "o object 9 view1 t ( free+ himself f !m & obta9+ ! deliv]ance4 ,! be/ & sure/ means to save himself f ! dang]s att5d+ exi/5ce is a pr(\nd & unremitt+ m$itation on ! ?ree great pr9ciples3 aneitsa1 duka1 & anatta4 ,we w select among _m reflections suppli$ by our au?or1 a few on ea* ( ^! pr9ciples1 to convey to ! read] "s ideas respect+ ! subjects t engross mu* ( ! att5tion ( ! ,buddhi/ sage4 ,mo/ ( ^! reflections are /rik+ly true1 & c\ld z well f9d place 9 ! m9d ( a ,*ri/ian z 9 t ( a ,buddhi/4 ,speak+ ( aneitsa1 our au?or says3 ,let u reflect on ?is1 t !re is no?+ p]man5t or /able 9 ?is _w4 ,we hold all ?+s z a sort ( borr[$ prop]ty1 or on t5ure2 we are by no means proprietors ( :at we possess4 ,we acquire goods b to lose !m v soon4 ,all 9 nature is subject$ to pa91 old age1 & dea?2 ev]y?+ comes to an end1 ei!r by virtue ( its own condition1 or by ! ag5cy ( "s ext]nal cause4 ,%all we ev] be able to f9d 9 ?is _w any?+ /able8 ,no2 we leave "o place1 b only to g & occupy ano!r1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is soon vacat$4 ,no "o is able to enum]ate ! c\ntless *anges t incessantly take place4 ,:at exi/s to-day disappe>s to-morr[4 ,9 fact1 all nature is p]vad$ f beg9n+ to end by ! pr9ciple ( mutability1 :i* incessantly works ^u x4 ,on ! mis]ies ( ?is _w our philosoph] speaks z foll[s3 ,pa9 is ! ess5tial app5dage ( ?is _w4 ,survey1 if y c1 ! :ole ( ?is univ]se1 & ev]y:]e y w f9d a heavy load ( pa9 & afflictions1 s h>ass+ & oppress+ t we c sc>cely be> !m ) a tol]able am\nt ( pati5ce4 ,look at bir?1 exam9e exi/5ce dur+ its duration1 consid] s5ses1 ! organs ( our life4 ,9 e direction our eyes w meet ) an accumulation ( pa91 suff]+s1 & mis]ies2 on e side we are beset ) dang]s1 difficulties1 & calamities2 n[h]e la/+ joy or p]man5t re/ is to be f\nd4 ,9 va9 we may g 9 que/ ( heal? & happ9ess2 bo? are *im]ical objects n[h]e to be met )4 ,ev]y:]e we meet ) afflictions4 ,9 speak+ ( ! anatta1 or illusion 9 :i* we are mis]ably rock$ z long z we /ay 9 ?is _w1 our philosoph] is equally eloqu5t4 ,if we consid] ) "s att5tion ?is _w1 we w nev] be able to discov] 9 x any?+ else b "n & =m2 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 all t exi/s is b illusion4 ,"h is ! mann] we mu/ c>ry on our reason+4 ,! ?+s t ,i see & "k are n myself1 nor f myself1 nor to myself4 ,:at seems to be myself is 9 reality nei!r myself nor belongs to myself4 ,:at appe>s to me to be ano!r is nei!r myself nor f myself4 ,! organs ( s5ses1 su* z ! eyes1 ! e>s1 c41 are nei!r myself nor to myself4 ,!y are b illusions1 or z no?+ relatively to me4 ,! =m is n a =m2 ! attributes ( a liv+ be+ are n attributes2 be+s are n be+s4 ,all t is an aggregate ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & ^! aga9 are b =m & "n1 & ^! two are b an illusion1 de/itute ( reality4 ,9 a be+1 !n1 !re are two attributes1 =m & s5sation1 t appe> to h "s m consi/5cy ?an o!r ?+s4 ,yet !y h no reality2 _! nature & condition is to be de/itute ( all reality & /ability4#eb ,p5etrat$ ) ! tru? ( ^! & l consid]ations1 ! sage decl>es at once t all ?+s are nei!r himself nor belong to himself4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 appe>s wor?y 8 notice4 ,he at once divorces himself f ! _w & all ! ?+s t are !re94 ,he w\ld fa9 h no?+ to d ) x2 he holds x 9 supreme contempt & utt] disgu/4 ,he :o has rea*$ ?is l(ty po9t ( sublime sci5ce is at once secure f ! sn>es ( s$uction & ! pa? ( error4 ,he w escape f ! :irlpool ( human mis]ies1 & infallibly rea* ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,! mo/ p]fect among ! p]fect are s mu* tak5 ^u ) & deeply affect$ by ! view ( ,neibban1 t !y t5d 9 t direction )\t ef=t4 ,o!rs1 some:at less advanc$ 9 ! sublime sci5ce1 discov]1 x is true1 ! /ate ( ,neibban at a di/ance1 b its sight is z yet dimm$ & some:at obscur$4 ,!y want z yet to tra9 up _! m9d to & p]fect x 9 ! ex]cise ( t m$itation ( :i* we h giv5 an abbreviat$ analysis4 ,,notice ,,on ,,! ,,phongyies1 ,,or ,,buddhi/ ,,monks1 ,,sometimes ,,call$ ,,talapo9s4#ec ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h fir/ giv5 a sket* ( ! life ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 & 9 ! accompany+ notes endeav\r$ to expla9 ! m important p>ticul>s respect+ ! extraord9>y religi\s sy/em he has e/abli%$4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! way to ,neibban1 we h laid d[n1 9 z few words z possible1 ! great metaphysical pr9ciples ^u :i* is rais$ ! great /ructure ( ,buddhism1 & po9t$ out ! way lead+ to ! pret5d$ p]fection1 or r ! end ( p]fection1 ,neibban4 ,x seems to be necess>y to devote a p>ticul> notice to ! religi\s ,ord] :i* =ms ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( t religion1 :i* has ext5d$ its sway ov] s _m nations4 ,! association ( devotees holds ! fir/ rank among ! foll[]s ( ,buddha2 x comprises ! lite ( t imm5se body4 ,! sy/em ( discipl9e to :i* ! ,buddhi/ religi\s are subject$1 is ! highe/ practical illu/ration ( ! doctr9es & practices ( ,buddhism4 ,we may see reflect$ 9 t corporation ! greate/ results t ! work+ ( ^! religi\s in/itutions c ev] produce4 ,all t ,buddha1 9 8 ef=ts1 has be5 able to devise z mo/ fit to lead man to ! p]fection1 su* z he und]/ood x1 w be f\nd 9 ! con/itutions ( t ord]4 ,x is a liv+ mirror 9 :i* we may contemplate ! ma/]piece ( 8 creation4 ,! ,buddhi/ religi\s con/itute ! ?anga1 or assembly ( ! p]fect1 t is to say1 ( ! disciples :o h left ! _w1 con=m$ _! life to t ( _! tea*]1 & /riv5 to acquire ! sci5ce t w qualify !m = ent]+ into ! way lead+ to p]fection4 ,!y are ! /rict foll[]s ( ,buddha1 :o1 l him1 h r5\nc$ ! _w1 to devote !mselves to ! two-fold object ( ma/]+ _! passions & acquir+ ! true wisdom :i* alone c lead to ! deliv]ance4 ,! be/ me?od = obta9+ correct in=mation respect+ ! ,buddhi/ religi\s is n1 x seems1 to consid] _! ord] f an ab/ract po9t ( view1 b r 9 connection ) ! religion x has sprung f1 z af=d+ a p]fect exemplification ( its highe/ practices1 maxims1 & t5d5cies1 z well z ( ! real nature & true _s ( t cre$4 ,buddhism is evid5tly an (f-%oot ( ,brahm9ism4 ,we f9d x replete ) pr9ciples1 practices1 obs]vances1 & dogmas belong+ to ! great ,h9du sy/em4 ,gaudama1 be+ himself a ,h9du1 re>$ 9 a ,h9du society1 tra9$ up 9 ! ,h9du s*ools ( philosophy1 c\ld n b imbibe1 to a great ext5t1 ! op9ions & obs]vances ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he diss5t$ f !m1 x is true1 9 _m important po9ts1 b 9 ! g5]ality ( 8 tea*+s he seems to h agre$ ) !m4 ,he f\nd exi/+ 9 8 times a body ( religi\s & philosoph]s1 ^: mode ( life 0 peculi> & q di/9ct f t ( ! p4 ,:5 he laid ! plan = ! religi\s in/itution he contemplat$ to e/abli%1 he f\nd ar\nd him mo/ ( ! elem5ts he requir$ = t "w4 ,he _h b to improve on :at he saw exi/+1 & make 8 new ord] agree ) ! religi\s t5ets he innovat$4 ,9 ! hope ( trac+ up ! ties ( relation%ip t mu/ h exi/$ betwe5 ! religi\s ( ! ,brahm9ical ord]1 & ^? ( ! ,buddhi/ "o1 ! writ] w beg9 ?is notice ) e/abli%+ a %ort p>allel betwe5 ! =m]1 su* z !y are describ$ 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5oo1 & ! in/itution ( ! latt]1 su* z x is expla9$ 9 ! ,w9i1 or ,book ( discipl9e4 ,aft]w>ds ! nature ( ! ,buddhi/ ord] & ! object its memb]s h 9 view 9 embrac+ x w be exam9$2 next to t1 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( t body & its hi]>*y %all receive a due %>e ( att5tion4 ,we w describe at ! same "t ! c]emonies obs]v$ on ! solemn occasion ( admitt+ individuals into ! religi\s society1 & exp\nd briefly ! rules t direct & regulate ! :ole life ( a pr(ess$ memb] z long z he rema9s 9 ! bro!rhood4 ,x w n be f\nd amiss to inquire into ! cause & nature ( ! great religi\s influ5ce und\bt$ly possess$ by ! memb]s ( ! ord]1 & exam9e ! motives t induce ! vot>ies ( ,buddhism to %[ ! greate/ respect & give unfeign$ m>ks ( ! deepe/ v5]ation to ! ,talapo9s or ,phongyies4 ,?is w be conclud$ ) a %ort acc\nt ( ! l[ & degrad$ /ate into :i* ! society has fall5 9 ^! p>ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 :at has ref]5ce to k & in=mation4 ,,article ,i4 ,a ,,%ort ,,p>allel ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,brahm9ical ,,& ,,! ,,buddhi/ic ,,religi\s ,,ord]s4 ,x has be5 /at$1 on app>5tly incontrov]tible gr\nds1 9 ! =ego+ pages1 t ,buddhism has orig9at$ to a consid]able ext5t f ,brahm9ism4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks w corroborate ! /atem5t1 & give an additional weight to ! reasons already br\ght =w>d4 ,9 fact1 bo? sy/ems h ! same objects 9 view1 viz41 ! dis5tangl+ ( ! s\l f passions & ! influ5ce ( ! mat]ial _w1 & its p]fect lib]ation f metempsy*osis & ! action ( matt]4 ,! f9al end to be arriv$ at is1 h[ev]1 widely diff]5t4 ,! p]fect$ ,brahm9 longs = 8 absorption 9 ! inf9ite be+2 ! p]fect ,buddhi/ ?ir/s aft] a /ate ( complete isolation1 :i* is no?+ %ort ( total annihilation4 ,b ! means = obta9+ ! ard5tly covet$ p]fection are 9 _m respects ! same4 ,! moral obs]vances en=c$ by bo? cre$s diff] s little f ea* o!r t !y appe> to be almo/ id5tical4 ,9 bo? sy/ems1 moreov]1 we f9d a body ( individuals :o aim at a complete & p]fect obs]vance ( ! highe/ injunctions1 /riv+ to rea* ! v summit ( t p]fection po9t$ out by ! f\nd]s ( _! respective in/itutions3 ^! are ! ,brahm9ical & ,buddhi/ religi\s4 ,to glance ov] ! regulations enjo9$ on ! ,brahm9s1 su* z we f9d !m 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5oo1 & ^? prescrib$ by ! ,w9i to ! ,talapo9s1 _c fail to be truly int]e/+4 ,a summ>y comp>ison w enable ! read] to p]ceive at once h[ closely alli$ are ! two cre$s1 & h[ great is ! resemblance betwe5 !m bo?4 ,he w see on ! cle>e/ evid5ce t to ,buddha is n to be ascrib$ ! m]it ( hav+ orig9at$ s _m f9e moral precepts & admirable discipl9>y regulations1 b t he f\nd 9 8 own c\ntry1 9 ! s*ools :]e he /udi$ wisdom1 already well-kn[n1 pure moral precepts1 actually discuss$1 /udi$1 & by _m /rictly obs]v$1 toge!r ) ! discipl9>y regulations4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 a society :i* beheld ) a/oni%m5t & admiration a body ( religi\s m5 entirely devot$ to ! great "w ( secur+ ! triumph ( ! spiritual pr9ciple ov] ! mat]ial "o1 & endeav\r+ by d9t ( ! greate/ & sev]e/ au/]ities1 ! mo/ rigor\s p5ances1 & ! mo/ entire r5\nc+ ( all ?is mat]ial _w1 to break d[n ! mat]ial b>ri]s t _h hi!rto kept ! s\l captive1 & prev5t$ h] f tak+ h] flight into regions ( blissful fre$om & p]fect quiesc5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! sac]dotal ca/e ( ,brahm9s & ! memb]s ( ! ,buddhi/ monki% in/itution4 ,! position ( ! =m] is h]$it>y2 he is r5d]$ illu/ri\s by 8 l9eage & desc5t4 ,t ( ! second is p]sonal1 & ends ) him2 x is ! result ( 8 own free *oice2 he d]ives all ! glory t %9es r\nd him f 8 virtu\s life & a /rict adh]5ce to ! in/itutions ( ! ,w9i4 ,! ,brahm9 owes ev]y?+ to religion & to bir?4 ,! ,buddhi/ religi\s is indebt$ = all t he is solely to religion2 ! monk's title to di/9ction is ! holy mode ( ! sa9tly life t he has embrac$4 ,bo? are ! greate/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 _! respective societies2 b m]it & intr9sic wor? alone elicit v5]ation & respect 9 behalf ( ! humble religi\s1 :il/ ! casual bir? ( ! ,brahm9 f individuals belong+ to ! highe/ ca/e c5tres ^u 8 p]son ! reluctant homage ( m5 belong+ to inf]ior ca/es1 :o1 9 virtue ( ! prejudices 9 :i* !y are re>$1 consid] !mselves oblig$ to d homage to him4 ,! p]son ( bo? is sacr$ & look$ ^u ) awe & v5]ation1 b f some:at opposite & diff]5t motives4 ,not)/&+ ^! & _m o!r diff]5ces & discrepancies1 x is n ! less /rik+ to f9d 9 ! ,brahm9ical body1 su* z x is con/itut$ by ! regulations ( ! ,v$as1 ! g]m ( all ! pr9cipal obs]vances enjo9$ on ! ,buddhi/ t leaves ! _w1 to foll[ ! pa? lead+ to p]fection4 ,! life ( a ,brahm91 n z x is n[1 b z x orig9ally 01 & n[ ought to be1 if ! regulations ( ! ,v$as _h n be5 p>tly set aside1 is "o ( labori\s /udy1 au/]ity1 self-d5ial1 & retirem5t4 ,! fir/ qu>t] ( 8 life is sp5t 9 ! capacity ( /ud5t4 ,8 great & sole object is ! /udy ( ! ,v$as1 & ! ma/]+ ( _! cont5ts4 ,worldly /udies are n to be ?\ght (4 ,he is entirely "u ! control ( 8 preceptor1 to :om he has to yield ob$i5ce1 respect1 & s]vice 9 all t relates to 8 daily wants4 ,he mu/1 moreov]1 daily beg 8 food f door to door4 ,! ,buddhi/ novice likewise )draws f 8 family1 ent]s ! mona/]y1 lives "u ! discipl9e ( ! head ( ! h\se1 :om he obeys & s]ves 9 8 daily necessities1 & devotes all 8 undivid$ att5tion to ! /udy ( religi\s books4 ,he pays no reg>d to worldly k4 ,he has likewise to g out e morn+ to beg ! food t he w use dur+ ! day4 ,! second qu>t] ( ! ,brahm9's life is ?us employ$4 ,he m>ries & lives ) 8 family1 b he mu/ consid] 8 *ief employm5t to be ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$as & a zeal\s dis*>ge ( ! religi\s obs]vances & ( all t relates to public wor%ip4 ,he mu/ s$ul\sly ab/a9 f too s5sual & worldly enjoym5ts1 ev5 f music1 danc+1 & o!r amusem5ts calculat$ to lead to dissipation4 ,! ,buddhi/ monki% in/itution be+ n h]$it>y1 & its cont9uance & developm5t hav+ n to dep5d ^u g5]ation1 its memb]s are b\nd to a /rict celibacy1 & to an absolute & entire ab/95ce f all s5sual & worldly enjoym5ts inconsi/5t ) gravity1 self-recollection1 & self-d5ial4 ,_! *ief occupation is tea*+ to *ildr5 ! rudim5ts ( read+ & writ+1 t !y might read religi\s books1 :i* are ! only ones us$ 9 s*ools4 ,he mu/ pay a /rict reg>d to devotional practices1 & take c>e t ! religi\s obs]vances & c]emonies be regul>ly att5d$ to 9 8 mona/]y4 ,! ?ird qu>t] ( 8 life is sp5t by ! ,brahm9 9 solitude z an an*orite4 ,he dwells 9 ! =e/s1 :]e he mu/ procure :at is necess>y = food & raim5t4 ,! latt] article is look$ aft] :5 he ?9ks x to be a requisite to cov] 8 nak$ness4 ,) _m ( !m fanaticism has s f> prevail$ ov] reason & ! s5se ( dec5cy t !y live 9 a /ate ( disgu/+ nak$ness4 ,! roots ( plants1 ! fruits & leaves ( wild trees1 w supply ! ne$ful = ! support ( nature4 ,t "t too mu/ be devot$ to ! infliction ( ! sev]e/ p5ances & to ! practice ( ! h>de/ de$s ( mortification4 ,to ! ,buddhi/ monk solitude & retirem5t mu/ ev] be de>4 ,ascetic life is mu* recomm5d$1 & prais$ z mo/ excell5t4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* 9 use among religi\s ,buddhi/s4 ,9 ,burmah sev]al places are po9t$ out ) respect z hav+ be5 sanctifi$ by ! resid5ce ( holy an*orites4 ,n[ 9 our days a few zealots1 to be>1 z x 71 witness to ?is anci5t obs]vance1 retire into solitude dur+ a portion ( ! ?ree mon?s ( ,l5t4 ,! _s ( mortification & self-r5\nc+ is em95tly ,buddhi/2 b f ! v days ( ,gaudama we rem>k a positive t5d5cy on ! "p ( 8 religi\s to give up & r5\nce ^? unnatural & ultra-rigor\s p5ances regul>ly obs]v$ by _! bre?r5 ( ! opposite cre$4 ,! pr9ciple is *]i%$ by !m1 b ! mode ( c>ry+ x into practice is m mild1 & m consonant ) reason & mode/y4 ,! la/ portion ( ! ,brahm9's life is devot$ likewise to m$itation & contemplation4 ,he is no m subject$ to ! ordeal ( rigor\s p5ances2 nature has be5 subdu$2 passions sil5c$ & de/roy$2 ! s\l has obta9$ ! ma/]y ov] ! body & ! mat]ial _w4 ,%e is free f all ! trammels & ob/acles t imp$$ h] contemplation ( tru?4 ,%e is ready to quit ?is _w1 z ! bird leaves ! bran* ( ! tree :5 x pleases him4 ,! ,buddhi/ religi\s1 hav+ likewise cru%$ 8 passions & dis5tangl$ 8 s\l f affection to matt]1 delights only 9 ! contemplation ( tru?4 ,z ! mighty :ale sports 9 ! bosom ( ! b\ndless ocean1 s ! p]fect$ ,buddhi/ laun*es =? into ab/ract & inf9ite tru?1 delights 9 x1 completely e/rang$ f ?is _w1 :i* m$itation has taught him to consid] z a m]e illusion1 z de/itute ( reality4 ,he is !n ripe = ! s ard5tly covet$ /ate ( ,neibban4 ,:5 ,buddha orig9at$ ! plan ( a society ( religi\s1 & fram$ ! regulations :]eby x 0 to be gov]n$1 he _h b to look ar\nd him = patt]ns ( a religi\s life4 ,! c\ntry :]e he _h be5 born1 ! society 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up1 sw>m$ ) religi\s foll[+ ! diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy prevail+ 9 ^? days4 ,he saw !m1 conv]s$ ) !m1 & = "s "t liv$ 9 _! company "u ! same discipl9>y in/itutions4 ,he 01 !re=e1 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) all t 9 8 days con/itut$ a religi\s life4 ,b ! same bold & ent]pris+ _s :i* made him diss5t f 8 ma/]s & contempor>ies on _m important que/ions ( morals & metaphysics1 & induc$ him to improve1 z he ?\ght1 & p]fect !ories 9 speculative & practical philosophy1 impell$ him also to d some?+ simil> respect+ ! discipl9>y regulations to :i* 8 religi\s 7 to be h]eaft] subject$4 ,we freely confess t on ?is latt] po9t he 0 em95tly successful4 ,! body ( ,buddhi/ religi\s is inf9itely sup]ior 9 mo/ respects to ! o!r societies ( ,indian religi\s4 ,! regulations ( ! =m] brea! a _s ( mode/y1 mildness1 & unaffectation1 :i* 9 a /rik+ mann] contra/s ) ^? disgu/+ exhibitions ( self-inflict$ p5ances s fondly c\rt$ by ,brahm9s1 :]e immode/y seems to dispute ! palm ) cruelty4 ,buddha op5$ ! door ( 8 society to all m5 )\t any di/9ction or exception1 implicitly pull+ d[n ! b>ri]s rais$ by ! prejudices ( ca/e4 ,did he 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 public c>e] lay d[n ! plan ( de/roy+ all ve/iges ( ca/e1 & proclaim+ ! pr9ciple ( equality among/ m58 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 v d\btful4 ,! equalis+ pr9ciple itself 0 nev] di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 8 disc\rses4 ,b he _h s[n all ! elem5ts con/itutive ( t pr9ciple 9 8 in/ructions4 ,e memb] put on ! religi\s dress ( 8 own free *oice1 & set x aside at 8 pleasure2 no h]$it>y "r1 !re=e1 c\ld be ?\ght (2 ! dy+ religi\s c\ld bequea? to 8 bre?r5 b ! example ( 8 virtues4 ,8 complete sep>ation f ! _w _h brok5 all ! ties ( relation%ip4 ,! d\ble v[ ( /rict pov]ty & ( celibacy1 cutt+ ! root ( cupidity & s5sual enjoym5ts1 preclud$ him f aim+ at ! influ5ce & p[] :i* is conf]r$ by weal? & rank4 ,) ! ,brahm9ical religi\s ! case is ! v rev]se4 ,8 sac]dotal ca/e1 exclusive ( 8 p]sonal m]its1 conf]s on him an almo/ div9e sacr$ness1 :i* is to be propagat$ by g5]ation4 ,he may possess ri*es & h a num]\s po/]ity4 ,he is1 !re=e1 almo/ irresi/ibly impell$ to seize on a p[] :i* is =c$ on him by ! treble influ5ce ( bir?1 religion1 & weal?4 ,! subject ( ! comp>ison betwe5 ! two societies ( religi\s might receive fur!r developm5ts1 b :at has be5 briefly /at$ appe>s suffici5t to be> out ! po9t x 0 int5d$ to e/abli%1 viz41 ! close resemblance subsi/+ betwe5 ! two religi\s ord]s 9 bo? sy/ems1 & ! necess>y inf]5ce t ! ord] ( ,buddhi/ religi\s is an improvem5t on ! ord]s ( religi\s subsi/+ 9 ,india 9 ! days ( ,gaudama4 ,!re is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! religi\s ord] ( ,buddhi/s :i* has fav\rably op]at$ 9 its behalf1 & p[]fully contribut$ to ma9ta9 x = s _m c5turies 9 s compact & solid a body t x seems to bid defiance to ! de/ructive action ( revolutions4 ,we allude to its regul>ly con/itut$ hi]>*y1 :i* is z p]fect z x c be expect$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,burmah & ,siam4 ,! p[] & influ5ce ( him :om we may call ! g5]al ( ! ord] 9 ,burmah1 & :o is kn[n "u ! appellation ( ,?a-?ana-pa+1 :51 z 0 v (t5 ! case1 back$ by ! temporal p[]1 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 & mu* contribut$ to ma9ta9 good ord] & discipl9e 9 ! great body ( religi\s4 ,! action ( ! prov9cial or sup]ior ( ! religi\s h\ses ( a prov9ce is m directly & imm$iately felt by all ! subord9ates4 ,x does n appe> t ! religi\s ( ! ,h9du s*ools1 at lea/ 9 our days1 possess su* an advantage t !y may well envy _! bre?r5 ( ! ,buddhi/ sect4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,brahm9ical body are n kept toge!r by ! p[] & gov]nm5t ( sup]iors1 b by regulations t are s deeply root$ & firmly seat$ 9 ! m9d ( individuals t !y are fai?fully obs]v$4 ,! sup]iority ( ca/e1 connect$ too ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( spiritual pride1 has be5 hi!rto suffici5t to ma9ta9 t body di/9ct & sep>ate f all t is )\t itself4 ,! religi\s _s t p]vades t body 9 our days seems to h abat$ f its orig9al f]v\r & en]gy4 ,! ,brahm9 has ma9ta9$ ) ! utmo/ jeal\sy ! sup]iority t ca/e conf]s ^u him1 b appe>s n to h be5 s p>ticul> 9 keep+ up ! g5u9e spiritual supremacy1 :i* a /rict adh]5ce to ! prescriptions ( ! ,v$as mu/ h ev] firmly secur$ to him4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,ord] ,,( ,,phongyies4 ,he :o has n s]i\sly /udi$ ! religi\s sy/em ( ,buddhism1 nor acquir$ accurate notions ( its doctr9al pr9ciples1 is sc>cely capable ( =m+ a correct op9ion ( ! religi\s ord] ( ^? au/]e recluses1 :om ,europeans1 ) a m9d biass$ by educational influ5ce1 d5om9ate prie/s ( ,buddha4 ,7 we to apply to ! memb]s ( t ord] ! notions g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( a prie/hood1 we w\ld =m a v errone\s conception ( ! real "* ( _! in/itution4 ,= 9 e religi\s sy/em admitt+ ( "o or sev]al be+s sup]ior to man1 ^: provid5tial action influ5ces 8 de/9ies ei!r 9 ?is or ! next _w1 p]sons inve/$ ) a sac]dotal "* h always be5 consid]$ z m$iators betwe5 m5 & ! ackn[l$g$ deity1 (f]+ to ! supreme be+ on all public occasions ! pray]s & sacrifices ( ! p1 & solicit+ 9 return 8 graci\s protection4 ,:5 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w ! sac]dotal dignity 0 c\pl$ ) ! patri>*al or regal ones1 :5 9 ! succe$+ ages !re exi/$ a regul> & di/9ct prie/hood1 su* z subsi/$ "u ! ,mosaic disp5sation1 or among ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,gauls1 c41 ! prie/s 7 look$ ^u z delegates ( ! p 9 all t relat$ to national wor%ip1 c>ry+ on 9 ! "n ( ! ,deity ! my/]i\s int]c\rse t l9ks heav5 to e>?4 ,prie/hood1 !re=e1 necess>ily implies ! belief 9 a be+ sup]ior to man & controll+ 8 de/9ies4 ,! mom5t su* a belief is disreg>d$1 ! v idea ( prie/hood vani%es4 ,buddhism1 su* at lea/ z x is f\nd exi/+ 9 ,ceylon1 ,burmah1 ,siam1 & o!r places1 is a purely a!i/ical religi\s sy/em1 & pres5ts ! solit>y in/ance1 at lea/ z f> z my in=mation goes1 ( a religi\s cre$1 admitt$ by v>i\s nations1 ! doctr9es ( :i* are n bas$ ^u ! notion ( a supreme be+ controll+ m or less ! affairs ( ?is _w4 ,9 support ( an ass]tion t may appe> to _m some:at haz>d\s1 we w briefly lay d[n ! lead+ t5ets ( ! ,buddhi/ic doctr9e4 ,accord+ to t sy/em1 matt] is et]nal4 ,! exi/5ce ( a _w1 its duration1 de/ruction1 & reproduction1 all ! v>i\s comb9ations & modifications matt] is liable to1 are ! imm$iate results ( ! action ( et]nal & self-exi/+ laws4 ,?r\gh life man is subject$ to ! cont9ual b successive influ5ces ( 8 good & bad de$s4 ,?is d\ble influ5ce always att5ds him ?r\gh 8 numb]less exi/5ces1 & inevitably aw>ds him happ9ess or mis=tune1 accord+ z ! respective sum ( good or evil pr$om9ates4 ,!re exi/s an et]nal law1 :i*1 :5 oblit]at$ f ! memory ( m51 c be kn[n aga91 &1 z x 71 recov]$ only & ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! incomp>able g5ius & mat*less wisdom ( c]ta9 extraord9>y p]sonages1 call$ ,buddhas1 :o appe> successively & at int]vals dur+ ! v>i\s s]ies or successions ( worlds4 ,^! ,buddhas ann\nce t law to all ! !n exi/+ rational be+s4 ,! great object ( t doctr9e is to po9t out to ^? be+s ! means ( free+ !mselves f ! influ5ce ( passions1 & becom+ ab/ract$ f all t exi/s4 ,be+ !reby deliv]$ f ! action ( good or evil influ5ce1 :i* causes mortals to turn incessantly 9 ! :irlpool ( nev]-end+ exi/5ces1 m5 c obta9 ! /ate ( ,neibban1 or re/1 t is to say1 accord+ to ! popul> op9ion1 a situation :]e9 ! s\l1 dis5tangl$ f all t exi/s1 alone ) h]self1 indiff]5t to pa9 z well z to pleasure1 fold$1 z x 71 ^u h]self1 rema9s = ev] 9 an incompreh5sible /ate ( complete ab/raction & absolute re/4 ,i say t su* is ! popul> op9ion1 =tunately unbiass$ by s*ola/ic !ories4 ,b ! op9ion ( ! ,buddhi/ doctors respect+ ,neibban is t x means ! negation ( all /ates ( be+2 t is to say1 a desolat+ & horrify+ annihilation4 ,a ,buddha is a be+ :o1 dur+ myriads ( exi/5ces1 sl[ly & gradually gravitates t[>ds ?is c5tre ( an imag9>y p]fection by ! practice ( ! highe/ virtues4 ,hav+ atta9$ !reto1 he becomes on a sudd5 gift$ ) a b\ndless g5ius1 :]e) he at once discov]s ! wret*$ /ate ( be+s & ! means ( deliv]+ !m f x4 ,he ?or\ghly und]/&s ! et]nal law :i* alone c lead mortals 9 ! "r way1 & enable !m to come out ( ! circle ( exi/5ces1 :]e9 !y h be5 unceas+ly turn+ & mov+ 9 a /ate ( p]petual agitation1 opposite to t ( fixity or re/4 ,he prea*es t law :]eby man is taught ! practice ( ^? virtues :i* de/roy gradually 9 him all evil influ5ces1 toge!r ) e affection = all t exi/s1 & br+s him at la/ to ! end ( exi/5ce1 ! possession ( ,neibban4 ,8 task fulfill$1 ,buddha dies1 or r1 to use ! language ( ,buddhi/s1 he ent]s into ! /ate ,neibban4 ,9 t situation1 :i* is truly inexplicable1 he kn[s no?+ ( & ent]s no wise into ! affairs ( ?is _w4 ,he is z if he 0 n or _h nev] be54 ,he is inde$ annihilat$4 ,buddhi/s v5]ate ?ree preci\s ?+s--,buddha1 8 law1 & ! assembly ( ! j or p]fect--9 ! same s5se z we v5]ate & admire :at is morally good & beautiful1 su* z virtue consid]$ ab/ract$ly1 & ! acts orig9at+ f x4 ,! /atues ( ! la/ ,buddha ,gaudama are hon\r$ by 8 foll[]s1 n ) ! idea t c]ta9 p[]s or virtues are inh]5t 9 !m1 b solely because !y are ! visible repres5tations ( ,buddha1 :o1 accord+ to ,buddhi/s1 desir$ t ! same hon\rs %\ld be paid to !m z w\ld be (f]$ to 8 p]son1 7 he yet liv+ among !m4 ,?is fa9t outl9e ( ! ,buddhi/ic cre$ is suffici5t to be> out ! above ass]tion1 t x is 9 no wise bas$ on ! belief 9 a supreme be+1 b t x is /rictly a!i/ical1 & !re=e t no real prie/hood c ev] be f\nd exi/+ "u su* a sy/em4 ,x may prove1 too1 ( "s assi/ance = bett] und]/&+ :at is to be said reg>d+ ! subjects ( ?is notice4 ,! ,talapo9s are call$ by ! ,burmese ,phongyies1 :i* t]m means great glory3 or ,rahans1 :i* means p]fect4 ,!y are kn[n 9 ,ceylon1 ,siam1 ,?ibet1 "u diff]5t names1 convey+ ne>ly ! same mean+ & express+ ei!r ! nature or ! object ( _! pr(ession4 ,:at induces a foll[] ( ,buddha to embrace ! ,talapo9ic /ate8 ,:at is ! object ( 8 pursuit 9 ent]+ on su* a peculi> & extraord9>y c\rse ( life8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions w supply u ) accurate notions ( ! real nature ( ?is s+ul> ord] ( devotees4 ,a ,buddhi/ on becom+ a memb] ( ! holy society proposes to keep ! law ( ,buddha 9 a m p]fect mann] ?an 8 o!r co-religioni/s4 ,he int5ds to obs]ve n only its g5]al ord9ances obligatory on e individual1 b also its prescriptions ( a high] excell5cy1 lead+ to an uncommon sanctity & p]fection1 :i* c be ! lot ( b a comp>atively small numb] ( f]v5t & resolute p]sons4 ,he aims at weak5+ )9 himself all ! evil prop5sities t give orig9 & /r5g? to ! pr9ciple ( dem]its4 ,by ! practice & obs]vance ( ! highe/ & sublime/ precepts & c\nsels ( ! law1 he e/abli%es1 confirms1 & consolidates 9 8 own s\l ! pr9ciple ( m]its1 :i* is to "w ^u him dur+ ! v>i\s exi/5ces he has z yet to g ?r\gh1 & gradually lead him to t p]fection :i* w qualify him = & entitle him to ! /ate ( ,neibban1 ! object ( ! ard5t desires & e>ne/ pursuit ( e true & g5u9e disciple ( ,buddha4 ,! life ( ! la/ ,buddha ,gaudama1 8 doctr9es z well z 8 examples1 he proposes to copy ) a scrupul\s fidelity & to foll[ ) unremitt+ ard\r4 ,su* is ! great model t he proposes to himself = imitation4 ,gaudama )drew f ! _w1 r5\nc$ its s$uc+ pleasures & dazzl+ vanities1 curb$ 8 passions "u ! yoke ( re/ra9t1 & /rove to practise ! highe/ virtues1 p>ticul>ly self-d5ial1 9 ord] to arrive at a /ate ( complete indiff]5ce to all t is )9 or )\t self2 :i* is1 z x 71 ! ?re%old ( ,neibban4 ,! ,talapo91 fix+ 8 reg>ds on t mat*less patt]n ( p]fection1 w\ld fa9 reproduce1 z f> z x lies 9 8 p[]1 all its features 9 8 own p]son4 ,l ,buddha himself1 he p>ts ) 8 family1 relatives1 & fri5ds1 & seeks = admission into ! society ( ! p]fect2 he ab&ons & leaves 8 home1 to ent] into ! asylum ( peace & retirem5t2 he =sakes ! ri*es ( ?is _w to practise ! /ricte/ pov]ty2 he r5\nces ! pleasures ( ?is _w1 ev5 ! lawful ones1 to live accord+ to ! rules ( ! sev]e/ ab/95ce & pure/ *a/ity2 he ex*anges 8 secul> dress = t ( ! new pr(ession he ent]s on2 he gives up 8 own w1 & fett]s 8 own lib]ty1 to att5d1 ?r\gh e act & all ! p>ticul>s ( life1 to ! regulations ( ! bro!rhood4 ,he is a ,talapo9 = himself & = 8 own b5efit1 to acquire m]its :i* he %>es ) nobody else4 ,on ! occasion ( c]ta9 (f]+s or alms be+ pres5t$ to him by "s b5evol5t admir]s ( 8 holy mode ( life1 he w repay 8 b5efactors by repeat+ to !m c]ta9 precepts1 comm&s1 & po9ts ( ! law2 b he is n b\nd by 8 pr(essional "* to exp\nd ! law to ! p4 ,sep>at$ f ! _w by 8 dress & 8 peculi> way ( liv+1 he rema9s a /rang] to all t takes place )\t ! walls ( 8 mona/]y4 ,he is n *>g$ ) ! c>e ( s\ls1 & !re=e nev] presumes to rebuke any "o t trespasses ! law1 or to c5sure ! conduct ( ! pr(ligate4 ,! c]emonies ( ! ,buddhi/ic wor%ip are simple & few4 ,! ,talapo9 is n consid]$ z a m9i/] ^: pres5ce is an ess5tial requisite :5 !y are to be p]=m$4 ,pagodas are erect$1 /atues ( ,buddha are inaugurat$1 (f]+s ( fl[]s1 tap]s1 & small ornam5ts are made1 p>ticul>ly on ! days ( ! new & full moon1 b on all ^? solemn occasions ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,phongyie is 9 no way consid]$ z necess>y1 s t ! :ole wor%ip exi/s indep5d5tly ( him4 ,he is n to be se5 on ! p>ticul> occasions ( bir?s & m>riages4 ,he is1 x is true1 occasionally ask$ to att5d fun]als2 b he !n acts1 n z a m9i/] p]=m+ a c]emony1 b z a private p]son4 ,he is pres5t = ! sake ( receiv+ alms t are pr(usely be/[$ ^u him by ! relatives ( ! defunct4 ,! ,buddhi/s h ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>1 f ! full moon ( ,july to ! full moon ( ,octob]1 p>ticul>ly devot$ to a /rict] obs]vance ( ! practices & c]emonies ( ! law4 ,cr[ds ( p ( bo? sexes resort to ! pagodas1 & (t5 sp5d :ole nights 9 ! build+s erect$ close to ^? places4 ,! mo/ f]v5t among !m fa/ & ab/a9 f pr(ane amusem5ts dur+ t p]iod2 !y devote m "t to ! read+ ( _! sacr$ books & ! repetition ( c]ta9 =mulas calculat$ to rem9d !m ( c]ta9 important tru?s1 or int5d$ to praise ! la/ ,buddha ,gaudama & ! law he has publi%$4 ,alms p\r m abundantly into ! peaceable dwell+s ( ! pi\s recluses4 ,dur+ all ! "t ! ,talapo9 quietly rema9s 9 8 place1 )\t alt]+ 8 mode ( life1 or deviat+ 9 ! lea/ f 8 nev]-*ang+ usages & ord9>y habits4 ,by ! rules ( 8 pr(ession he is direct$ to pay1 dur+ t "t1 a p>ticul> reg>d to religi\s obs]vances1 to jo9 8 bre?r5 f "t to "t 9 ! recital ( c]ta9 =mulas1 & 9 ! read+ ( ! book embody+ ! regulations ( ! pr(ession4 ,he enjoys1 z usual1 ! good ?+s :i* 8 lib]al co-religioni/s take pleasure 9 pr(f]+ to him4 ,on two occasions ! writ] has se51 & on _m has he>d ( ,talapo9s )draw+ dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( ,l5t to "s lonely place1 liv+ alone 9 small huts1 %unn+ ! company ( m51 & lead+ an eremitical life1 to rema9 at lib]ty to devote all _! "t to m$itations on ! mo/ excell5t po9ts ( ! law ( ,buddha1 combat+ _! passions1 & enjoy+ 9 t retir$ situation a =eta/e ( ! nev]-tr\bl$ re/ ( ,neibban4 ,9 _m respects ! ,talapo9ic in/itutions may be lik5$ to ^? ( "s religi\s ord]s t appe>$ successively 9 almo/ e ,*ri/ian c\ntry previ\s to ! era ( ! ,re=mation1 & t are1 up to ?is day1 to be met ) amid/ ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek rites4 ,l ! monk1 ! ,talapo9 bids a f>ewell to ! _w1 we>s a p>ticul> dress1 leads a life ( community1 ab/racts himself f all t gives /r5g? to 8 passions1 by embrac+ a /ate ( volunt>y pov]ty & absolute r5unciation ( all s5sual gratifications4 ,he aims at obta9+1 by a /rict] obs]vance ( ! law's mo/ sublime precepts1 an uncommon degree ( sanctity & p]fection4 ,all 8 "t is regulat$ by ! rules ( 8 pr(ession1 & devot$ to repeat+ c]ta9 =mulas ( pray]s1 read+ ! sacr$ scriptures1 begg+ alms = 8 support1 c4 ,^! features ( ext]ior resemblance1 common to in/itutions ( cre$s s opposite to ea* o!r1 h induc$ sev]al writ]s1 little fav\rable to ,*ri/ianity1 to pron\nce )\t fur!r inquiry t ,ca?olicism has borr[$ f ,buddhism _m c]emonies1 in/itutions1 & discipl9>y regulations4 ,"s ( !m h gone s f> z to pret5d to f9d 9 x ! v orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 be5 ably confut$ by ,abel ,remusat1 9 8 ,memoir entitl$ 8,*ronological ,rese>*es into ! ,lamaic ,hi]>*y ( ,?ibet40 ,)\t ent]ta9+ 9 ! lea/ ! presumptu\s idea ( ent]+ into a controv]sy entirely =eign to 8 purpose1 ! writ] w conf9e himself to mak+ "o or two rem>ks calculat$ to %[ t ! fir/ conclusion is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 a premature "o4 ,:5 9 two religi\s cre$s1 entirely oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! ultimate object1 !re are sev]al m9or objects equally set =? by bo?1 x w necess>ily happ5 t1 9 _m in/ances1 means ne>ly simil> w be prescrib$ on bo? sides = effectually obta9+ !m1 indep5d5t ( any previ\sly conc]t$ plan or imitation4 ,! ,*ri/ian sy/em & ! ,buddhi/ic "o1 ?\gh diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _! respective objects & ends1 z mu* z tru? f error1 h1 x mu/ be confess$1 _m /rik+ features ( an a/oni%+ resemblance4 ,!re are _m moral precepts equally comm&$ & en=c$ 9 common by bo? cre$s4 ,x w n be deem$ ra% to ass]t t mo/ ( ! moral tru?s prescrib$ by ! ,gospel are to be met ) 9 ! ,buddhi/ic scriptures4 ,! ess5tial1 vital1 & capital discrepancy lies 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! ends to :i* ! two cre$s lead1 b n 9 ! v>iance ( ! means !y prescribe = ! atta9m5t ( !m4 ,! ,gospel t5ds to reunite man to 8 ,mak]1 po9ts out to him ! way he mu/ foll[ = arriv+ at ! possession & enjoym5t ( ,him :o is ! great pr9ciple & end ( all ?+s1 & tea*es him1 z a p>am\nt duty1 to con=m 8 w & incl9ations to ,8 comm&s4 ,buddhism t5ds to ab/ract man f all t is )\t self1 & makes self 8 own & sole c5tre4 ,x exhorts him to ! practice ( _m em95t virtues1 :i* are to help him to rise to an imag9>y p]fection1 ! summit ( :i* is ! incompreh5sible /ate ( ,neibban4 ,x is ! milde/ expression :i* ! writ] c comm& :5 he has to speak ( s sad a subject1 ! f9al end ( a ,buddhi/4 ,x w\ld be m correct to say at once t ! pret5d$ p]fect be+ is l$1 by ! pr9ciples ( 8 cre$1 into ! d>k & fa?omless abyss ( annihilation4 ,if ! end aim$ at by ! foll[]s ( ,buddha is widely diff]5t f t :i* ! disciples ( ,*ri/ /rive to obta91 ! means prescrib$ = ! atta9m5t ( ^! two ends are1 9 _m respects1 v mu* simil> to ea* o!r4 ,bo? cre$s tea* man to combat1 control1 & ma/] ! passions ( 8 he>t1 to make reason pr$om9ate ov] s5se1 m9d ov] matt]1 to root up f 8 he>t e affection = ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & to practise ! virtues requir$ = ! atta9m5t ( ^! great objects4 ,is !re any?+ surpris+ t p]sons1 hav+1 9 _m respects1 views ne>ly simil>1 resort to means or exp$i5ts ne>ly alike = secur+ ! object ( _! pursuit1 )\t hav+ ev] se5 or consult$ ea* o!r8 ,he :o int5ds to practise absolute pov]ty mu/ ( c\rse ab&on all 8 e>?ly prop]ty4 ,he :o proposes r5\nc+ ! _w ought to )draw f x4 ,he :o w lead a contemplative life mu/ look out = a retir$ place1 f> f ! gaze & agitation ( ! _w4 ,to control passions1 & p>ticul>ly ! fi]ce/ ( all1 ! s5sual appetite1 x is requir$ t "o %\ld keep himself sep>ate f all t is calculat$ to k9dle its fires & fe$ its viol5ce4 ,e pr(ession has its di/9ctive m>ks & peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,h5ce peculi>ity ( dress1 mann]s1 & habits 9 ^? :o h adopt$ a mode ( life diff]+ f t ( ! re/ ( ! community4 ,he :o has b\nd himself to ! daily recitation ( c]ta9 pray]s or devotional =mulas a c]ta9 numb] ( times w h rec\rse to "s in/rum5t1 or devise "s means = asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( times he has compli$ ) 8 regulation 9 ?is respect4 ,he1 too1 :o is eag] to acquire self-k & to c>ry on a successful w> ) himself w apply to a guide to :om he w lay op5 8 :ole s\l1 & ask spiritual advice t w enable him to ov]come ! ob/acles he meets on 8 way to p]fection4 ,^! & _m o!r po9ts are common to all ^? t int5d to obs]ve n only ! precepts b also ! m]e c\nsels ( _! respective cre$s4 ,causes be+ ! same1 9 _m in/ances1 9 bo? sy/ems1 consequ5ces almo/ analog\s mu/ inevitably result !refrom4 ,religi\s in/itutions always be> ! /amp ( ! religi\s ideas t h giv5 rise to !m4 ,!y1 toge!r ) _! rules & regulations1 are n ! pr9ciple1 b ! imm$iate consequ5ce or (fspr+ ( religion1 su* z x is und]/ood by ! p pr(ess+ x4 ,!y exemplify & illu/rate religi\s notions already ent]ta9$1 b !y nev] create su* z are n yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! le>n$ %all h collect$ suffici5t mat]ials = giv+ an accurate hi/ory ( ! orig91 progress1 spread1 & dogmatical revolutions ( ,buddhism1 x w n be un9t]e/+ to inquire into ! causes t h op]at$ 9 communicat+ to two religi\s sy/ems ess5tially diff]+ 9 _! respective t5d5cies s _m po9ts ( resemblance4 ,b t /udy is yet to be made4 ,we "k v little on all ^? po9ts4 ,! be/ in=m$ are compell$ to ackn[l$ge t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( in=mation we are /ill 9 ! d>k1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is occasionally reliev$ by a few transi5t & unc]ta9 glimpses :i* are insuffici5t to enlight5 ! m9d1 & enable ! se>*] aft] tru? to guide safely 8 /eps4 ,9 read+ ! p>ticul>s ( ! life ( ! la/ ,buddha ,gaudama1 x is impossible n to feel rem9d$ ( _m circum/ances relat+ to our ,savi\r's life1 su* z x has be5 sket*$ out by ! evangeli/s4 ,! orig9 ( ! close aff9ity betwe5 _m doctr9al po9ts & maxims common bo? to ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 x w n be difficult to f9d out & expla9 h[ ! vot>ies ( bo? h come to adopt s _m practices1 c]emonies1 obs]vances1 & in/itutions ne>ly simil>4 ,hav+ endeav\r$ to expla9 ! nature ( ! in/itution ( ! ,talapo9s1 & ! object aim$ at by its pr(ess$ memb]s1 we w n[ proce$ to exam9e its sy/ematical organisation1 or sacr$ hi]>*y4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,hi]>*y ,,( ,,! ,,ord]4 ,x is some:at surpris+ to f9d 9 ! middle ( half-civilis$ nations1 su* z ! ,burmese1 ,siamese1 ,c+alese1 & ,?ibetans1 a religi\s ord]1 ) a di/9ct & well-m>k$ hi]>*y1 con/itutions & regulations1 provid+ = ! admission ( memb]s1 det]m9+ _! occupations1 duties1 obligations1 & _! mode ( life1 & =m+1 z x 71 a compact1 solid1 & p]fect body1 t has subsi/$1 almo/ )\t *ange1 dur+ sev]al c5turies1 & surviv$ ! de/ruction ( k+doms1 ! fall ( royal dyna/ies1 & all ! confusion & agitation produc$ by political commotions & revolutions4 ,x is 9 ,?ibet t ! ord] is f\nd exi/+ 9 ! greate/ p]fection1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! ,gr& ,lama1 or ,high ,prie/1 :o comb9es 9 8 own p]son ! regal z well z ! sac]dotal dignity & p[]4 ,9 ! city ( ,lassa1 a pontifical c\rt1 an elective sac]dotal *ief1 & a college ( sup]ior ,lamas imp>t to ! ord] dignity1 dec5cy1 respectability1 & /ability1 :i* insure its cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & m or less ext5d its influ5ce ov] its memb]s liv+ 9 di/ant c\ntries4 ,! p]iod ( ! introduction ( ,buddhism f ,india into ,?ibet is v unc]ta91 if n q unkn[n4 ,buddhi/ annals m5tion t aft] ! hold+ ( ! ?ird c\ncil1 #bcf ye>s aft] ,gaudama's dea?1 "s mission>ies 7 deput$ by ! presid5t ( t assembly to g & prea* religion 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,himalayan range4 ,we may suppose t ?is _h ref]5ce to ! s\!rn slopes ( ! m\nta9s4 ,be t z x may1 x appe>s c]ta9 t ! e/abli%m5t ( a pontifical *ief or sov]eign1 ) royal pr]ogatives1 0 set up by "o ( ! gr&sons ( ! great ,t>t> w>rior ,g5gis 9 or ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! ord] has no connection :atev] ) ! civil p[]1 we c sc>cely expect to see x surr\nd$ ) an equal spl5d\r1 or subsi/+ 9 ! same /ate ( spl5d\r & regul>ity4 ,?\gh ?is is ! case 9 ,burmah1 x is impossible n to ackn[l$ge ! fact t ! regulations ( ! ,w9i are m c>efully att5d$ to 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 ,?ibet4 ,! conduct ( ! monks "h is incomp>ably m regul>4 ,! public c\ld n be> an op5 d]eliction ( ! duties impos$ by ! v[s ( pov]ty & *a/ity4 ,b1 if cr$it be giv5 to ! n>ratives ( travell]s1 ! ,?ibetan monks d n scruple to =sake occasionally ^? duties1 )\t appe>+ to fe> ! ris+ ( a popul> cry ( indignation1 on acc\nt ( _! misbehavi\r 9 po9ts consid]$ ( su* va/ importance4 ,extraord9>y1 inde$1 w\ld be its vital en]gies1 7 ! remote/ p>ts ( ?is great & f>-spread body to receive ! same impulse & exhibit ! same symptoms ( vitality z ^? ne>e/ to ! he>t or pr9ciple ( life4 ,hav+ nev] met ) any detail$ p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! ,?ibetan monks1 we mu/ rema9 satisfi$ ) lay+ be=e ! read] an acc\nt ( all t relates to ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ord]1 su* z !y are f\nd exi/+ 9 ,burmah & develop$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,! :ole frat]nity is compos$1 #a/1 ( "y m5 :o h put on ! ,talapo9ic dress )\t be+ consid]$ pr(ess$ memb]s ( ! frat]nity1 or hav+ hi!rto pass$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 ordeal some:at resembl+ an ord9>y2 !y are call$ ,%y9s2 #b;d1 ( ^? :o1 hav+ liv$ = a :ile 9 ! community 9 a probation>y /ate1 are admitt$ pr(ess$ memb]s ) ! c]emonies usually obs]v$ on su* occasions1 :]eby ! title & "* ( ,phongyie are solemnly conf]r$2 !y are d5om9at$ ,patz9s2 #c;d1 ( ! heads ( ea* h\se or community1 :o h ! p[] to control all ! inmates ( ! h\se2 #d?1 ( a prov9cial1 ^: jurisdiction ext5ds ov] all ! communities spread 9 ! t[ns & villages ( ! prov9ce or di/rict2 #e?1 ( a sup]ior g5]al1 resid+ 9 ! capital or its suburbs1 call$ ,tsaia-dau1 or great ma/]1 hav+ ! g5]al managem5t & direction ( all ! affairs ( ! ord] ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,he is emphatically call$ by ! "n ( ,?a-?ana-pa+1 :i* means t he has ! p[] ov] religion4 ,let u say some?+ ^u ea* ( ^! five degrees ( ! ,buddhi/ic hi]>*y4 ,x is an almo/ univ]sal cu/om among ! ,burmese & ,siamese to cause boys :o h atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty1 or ev5 be=e t "t1 to ent] = a ye> or two "o ( ! _m ,talapo9ic h\ses1 to put on ! yell[ dress1 = ! d\ble purpose ( le>n+ to read & write1 & ( acquir+ m]its = future exi/5ces4 ,on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( c]ta9 p]sons1 x happ5s sometimes t a memb] ( ! family w ent] ! community = six mon?s or a ye>4 ,:5 a "y lad is to make 8 fir/ entrance into a h\se ( ! ord]1 he is l$ !reto1 rid+ on a ri*ly cap>ison$ pony1 or sitt+ 9 a f9e palanqu9 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( f\r or m m54 ,he is all[$ to use "o or sev]al gold umbrellas1 :i* are held op5$ ov] 8 head4 ,dur+ ! triumphal m>* he is prec$$ by a long l9e ( m5 & wom51 attir$ 9 _! ri*e/ dresses1 c>ry+ a l>ge quantity ( pres5ts de/9$ = ! use ( ! inmates ( ! ,kiaong 7su* is ! g5]al "n giv5 to all ! h\ses ( ! bro!rhood 9 ,burmah7 :i* ! "y po/ulant is to reside 94 ,9 ?is /ately ord] ! procession1 att5d$ ) a b& play+ on v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1 moves on sl[ly & circuit\sly ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets ( ! t[n t[>ds ! mona/]y t has be5 fix$ ^u4 ,?is display ( an o/5tati\s pomp is1 on ! "p ( ! p>5ts & relatives1 an hon\r paid to ! po/ulant :o g5]\sly consecrates himself to s exalt$ a call+1 & on ! "p ( ! y\? a la/ f>ewell to worldly vanities4 ,he has no soon] desc5d$ f 8 spl5did conveyance & cross$ ! ?re%old ( ! kiaong ?an he is deliv]$ by 8 p>5ts into ! h&s ( ! sup]ior1 & plac$ "u 8 c>e4 ,8 head is in/antly %av$2 he is /ripp$ ( 8 f9e secul> dress1 & habit$ 9 ! pla9 & humble yell[ g>b2 he mu/ lay aside e sort ( ornam5t1 & rema9 cont5t$ ) ! unassum+ simplicity becom+ 8 new position4 ,! kiaong is to become 8 home1 & its inmates are sub/itut$ 9 ! room ( 8 fa!r & "m1 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! duty ( ! "y %y9 is to m9i/] to ! wants ( ! eld]s ( ! h\se1 to br+ & place be=e !m at fix$ times ! usual supply ( wat]1 ! betel-box1 & ! daily food2 to att5d !m on "s pi\s err& ?r\gh ! t[n or ! c\ntry4 ,a portion ( 8 "t is devot$ to acquir+ ! art ( read+ & writ+1 & occasionally ! elem5ts ( ari?metic4 ,!re are five g5]al precepts obligatory on all m52 b ! %y9 is b\nd to ! obs]vance ( five additional ones1 mak+ t5 altoge!r1 by :i* he is =bidd5--#a/1 to kill animals2 #b;d1 to /eal2 #c;d1 to give himself up to c>nal pleasures2 #d?1 to tell lies2 #e?1 to dr9k w9e or o!r intoxicat+ liquors2 #f?1 to eat aft] mid-day2 #g?1 to dance1 s+1 or play on any musical in/rum5t2 #h?1 to col\r 8 face2 #i?1 to /& on elevat$ places1 n prop] = him2 #aj?1 to t\* or h&le gold or silv]4#ed ,! trespass+ ( ! five fir/ precepts is visit$ ) expulsion f ! kiaong2 b t ( ! five la/ may be expiat$ by a prop] p5ance4 ,! "y %y9s1 z be=e obs]v$1 d n rema9 9 ! kiaong beyond ! p]iod ( "o or two ye>s2 !y g5]ally leave x & return to a secul> life4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ( !m1 :o1 fond ( ! easy & quiet life ( ,talapo9s1 or actuat$ by o!r motives1 pref] rema9+ long] 9 ^? places ( retirem5t4 ,!y betake !mselves to ! /udy ( ! duties1 rules1 & obligations ( ! pr(ess$ memb]s ( ! society2 !y pay m att5tion to ! read+ ( religi\s books1 & endeav\r to obta9 ! requir$ qualifications4 ,be+ suffici5tly in/ruct$ on all ^! po9ts1 & hav+ atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty ye>s1 !y are solemnly admitt$ among ! pr(ess$ memb]s ( ! bro!rhood "u ! "n ( ,patz94 ,! int]e/+ c]emonies obs]v$ on ! occasion w h]eaft] be fully describ$4 ,! /ate ( ,patz9 is1 !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 t ( ,phongyie1 ?\gh t "n is sometimes res]v$ = him :o is ! head ( a mona/]y4 ,e o!r /ep or promotion 9 ! hi]>*y is purely honor>y1 9 s f> t x does n impose ^u him :o is s promot$ any new duty or obligation diff]5t f :at is obligatory on e pr(ess$ memb]2 b x conf]s a p[] or jurisdiction = comm&+1 controll+1 & gov]n+ all ! bre?r5 "u 8 c>e4 ,9 virtue ( su* di/9ctions1 a sup]ior1 h[ high soev] 8 rank may be1 is b\nd to ! obs]vance ( ! same rules1 duties1 & obligations z ! la/ ,patz92 8 sacr$ "* is n enl>g$ or alt]$2 he is only entru/$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( jurisdiction ov] "s ( 8 bre?r54 ,! ,talapo9 is b\nd to 8 community1 s t 9 e kiaong or h\se ( ! ord] !re are ord9>ily to be met sev]al ,patz9s & a good numb] ( %y9s4 ,ea* kiaong has a *ief :o presides ov] ! community1 "u ! appellation ( ,tsaya1 or1 z is m (t5 ! case1 "u t ( ,phongyie4 ,he is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ! nom9ee ( ! individual :o has built ! mona/]y1 & :o is ve/$ ) a k9d ( "r ( patronage to appo9t :om he likes to be ! head ( ! h\se he has erect$4 ,he :o is ! head ( ! h\se has p[] ov] all ! inmates1 & e "o ackn[l$ges him z 8 imm$iate sup]ior4 ,he has ! managem5t ( all ! little affairs ( ! community1 en=ces ! regul> obs]vance ( ! rules & duties ( ! pr(ession1 corrects abuses1 rebukes ! trespass]s1 spurs ! lazy1 excites ! lukew>m1 keeps peace & ma9ta9s good und]/&+ among/ 8 subord9ates4 ,he receives1 9 8 (ficial "*1 ! pi\s visitors :o resort to 8 mona/]y1 ei!r = ! sake ( mak+ volunt>y (f]+s 9 tok5 ( _! respect = & admiration ( 8 em95t sanctity1 or = conv]s+ ) him on "s religi\s subjects1 :i*1 let x be said quietly1 out ( def]5ce to human frailty1 sometimes make room = ^? ( a worldly "*4 ,if ! alms-giv]s or advice-seek]s belong1 z (t5 happ5s1 to ! fair & dev\t sex1 !y mu/ rema9 at a di/ance ( six or twelve cubits1 z ! place may all[1 f _! pi\s advis]4 ,x is suppos$ t a ne>] proximity might endang] ! virtue ( ! holy recluse4 ,9 e t[n a consid]able numb] ( kiaongs are f\nd1 ei!r 9 ! suburbs or )9 ! walls1 9 a qu>t] res]v$ = ! purpose4 ,9 e village ! kiaong is to be met )1 z ! p>son's h\se 9 our villages ( ,europe4 ,! poore/ place is n )\t a small & (t5 v humble h\se = ! ,phongyie :o resides !re1 if n dur+ ! :ole ye>1 at lea/ dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,"o or sev]al dz$is1 a sort ( flag/aff pa9t$1 & ) "s ( its p>ts gilt1 be>+ ! emblem ( ! sacr$ bird h5za1 or ,brahm9ical duck1 at ?ree-f\r?s ( its height1 f :i* hang d[n gracefully sev]al /ream]s1 amid a grove ( fruit trees1 indicate to ! travell] ! habitation--sometimes humble1 sometimes /ately--) its sup]pos$ ?ree ro(s1 :]e ! ,rahans dwell4 ,! kiaong is also a place :]e ! travell] is well receiv$1 & c /ay = a day or two4 ,dur+ ! dry season1 :5 !re are few boys rema9+ ) ! ,phongyies1 x is a place mu* saf] ?an ! dzeats4 ,! inmates are g5]ally v glad to receive /rang]s1 :o by _! conv]sation af=d !m "s mom5ts ( pleasant div]sion :i* relieve ! habitual monotony ( _! life4 ,^! v>i\s communities are plac$ "u ! jurisdiction ( a g5]al sup]ior1 or a prov9cial nam$ ,tsaia-dau1 or great ma/]2 !y =m1 "u 8 au?ority1 a prov9ce ( ! ord]2 a division mu* simil> to t ( sev]al religi\s ord]s 9 ,europe4 ,he enjoys a l>ge %>e ( public respect & v5]ation4 ,8 kiaong out%9es ! o!rs 9 spl5d\r & decorations4 ,! fir/ & weal?ie/ inhabitants ( ! place are pr\d to call !mselves 8 disciples & support]s1 & to supply him lib]ally ) all t he may require4 ,8 *ief duty is to settle disputes t n unfrequ5tly arise betwe5 rival communities4 ,! demon ( discord (t5 haunts ^! abodes ( peace & retirem5t4 ,! au?ority ( ! prov9cial int]f]es to put d[n feuds & cont5tions1 :i* envy & jeal\sy1 ! two great enemies ( devotees1 n unfrequ5tly excite4 ,:5 a ,talapo9 is accus$ ( incont95ce or o!r s]i\s infr+em5t ( ! vital rules ( ! pr(ession1 he is summon$ to ! tribunal ( ! ,tsaya-dau1 :o1 assi/$ & advis$ by "s eld]s1 exam9es ! case & pron\nces ! s5t5ce4 ,sup]ior intellectual atta9m5ts d n appe> to be ! ess5tial qualifications = obta9+ ?is high dignity4 ,! writ] has met ) two or ?ree ( ^! dignit>ies :o1 9 8 op9ion1 7 va/ly inf]ior to _m ( _! subord9ates 9 tal5ts & capacity4 ,!y 7 old & good-natur$ m51 :o _h sp5t almo/ all _! lives )9 ! prec9cts ( ! mona/]y4 ,_! dress1 mann]s1 & habits 7 entirely simil> to ^? ( _! bre?r5 ( inf]ior grade4 ,9 ! capital1 or its suburbs1 ( ! k+dom ( ,ava1 :]e is ! key-/one ( ! ,talapo9ic fabric1 ! sup]latively great ma/] resides4 ,8 jurisdiction ext5ds ov] all ! frat]nity )9 ! realm ( 8 ,burmese maje/y4 ,8 position ne> ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & 8 capacity ( k+'s ma/] or tea*]1 mu/ h at all times conf]r$ ^u him a v great degree ( influ5ce ov] all 8 subord9ates4 ,he is hon\r$ ) ! em95t title ( ,?a-?ana-pa+1 mean+ t he has p[] & control ov] all t app]ta9s to religion4 ,x does n appe> t peculi>ly %9+ qualifications or high atta9m5ts are requir$ 9 him :o is hon\r$ ) su* a dignity4 ,! m]e accid5tal circum/ance ( hav+ be5 ! k+'s in/ructor :5 he 0 z yet a y\? is a suffici5t1 nay1 ! only necess>y recomm5dation = ! promotion to su* a high position4 ,h5ce x g5]ally happ5s t ea* k+1 at 8 accession to ! ?rone1 conf]s ! highe/ dignity ( ! ord] on 8 fav\rite ,phongyie4 ,9 t case ! actual incumb5t has to resign ! place to 8 m influ5tial bro!r1 & becomes an ord9>y memb] ( ! frat]nity1 unless he pref]s leav+ ! society altoge!r1 & re-ent]+ ! lay condition4 ,great inde$ is ! respect paid by ! k+ to ! head ,phongyie4 ,:5 on c]ta9 days ( wor%ip he is invit$ to g to ! palace & deliv] "s in/ructions to 8 maje/y1 ! pr\d mon>* quits ! some:at elevat$ place he occupies1 & takes "o almo/ on a level ) t ( ! c\rti]s1 :il/ ! v5]able p]sonage goes to sit on ! v same c>pet j vacat$ by ! k+4 ,:5 he happ5s to g out & visit "s mona/]ies or places ( wor%ip1 he is g5]ally c>ri$ on a gilt litt]1 9 great /ate1 att5d$ by a l>ge numb] ( 8 bre?r5 & a consid]able ret9ue ( laym54 ,dur+ ! passage1 m>ks ( ! greate/ respect are giv5 by ! p4 ,! mona/]y he lives 9 is on a scale ( spl5dor truly surpris+4 ,its =m & appe>ance are simil> to t ( o!r religi\s h\ses1 b 9 v>iety & ri*ness ( decorations x surpasses !m all4 ,x is entirely gilt bo? inside & out2 n only are ! po/s cov]$ ) gold leaves1 b (t5 !y are inlaid ) rubies1 :i* ,i suppose are ( ! commone/ description & ( little value4 ,to conf] an additional sacr$ness to 8 p]son & position1 ! ,?a-?ana-pa+ lives by himself1 ) b "o or two ,phongyies1 :om we may consid] z 8 secret>ies or major-domos1 :o rema9 9 an ap>tm5t ne> to ! entrance1 to receive visitors & u%] !m into ! pres5ce ( ! great p]sonage4 ,besides1 !re are lay gu>dians :o take good c>e t n ! lea/ noise %\ld ev] di/urb ! sil5ce ( ! place4 ,:5 ! writ] fir/ visit$ t dignit>y1 he 0 mu* amus$1 on 8 approa* to ! place1 to meet ) ^? mute gu>dians1 :o by all sorts ( signs & ge/ures 7 endeav\r+ to make him und]/& t he mu/ walk sl[ly & noiselessly1 & bew>e to speak al\d4 ,:5 admitt$ to ! pres5ce ( ! ,tsaya-dau1 he 0 n a little surpris$ to f9d a man exce$+ly self-conceit$1 :o ?\ght t to him alone belong$ ! "r ( speak+4 ,8 language 0 t ( a ma/] to :om no "o 0 expect$ to presume to (f] ! lea/ contradiction4 ,he appe>$ q (f5d$ :5 8 visitor 0 compell$ to diss5t f him on c]ta9 po9ts br\ght =w>d dur+ ! conv]sation4 ,he 0 !n ab\t fifty ye>s old4 ,he 01 = a ,burman1 ( a tall /ature1 ) regul> & h&some features4 ,! face 0 a little emaciat$1 z becomes a monk4 ,8 spiritual pride ca/ a d>ki% & unpleasant appe>ance on 8 p]son4 ,he spoke quickly & s5t5ti\sly2 appe>+ all ! :ile sc>cely to notice 8 int]locutor4 ,admiration ( self & vanity pi]c$ ?r\gh ! ?9 veil :i* 8 affect$ humility spread ov] 8 c\nt5ance4 ,! writ] left him ) an impression v diff]5t f t :i* a wor?y ,engli% envoy1 9 ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ent]ta9$ ( a simil> p]sonage1 ^: mild1 b5ign1 & pi\s ext]ior captivat$ him to su* an ext5t z to elicit f him a reque/ to be rememb]$ 9 8 pray]s4 ,9 our days1 ! p[] ( ! ,?a-?ana-pa+ is m]ely nom9al2 ! effects ( 8 jurisdiction are sc>cely felt beyond 8 own neighb\rhood4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case 9 =m] times4 ,spiritual commission]s 7 s5t ye>ly by him1 to exam9e into & report on ! /ate ( ! communities ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces4 ,!y _h to inquire p>ticul>ly :e!r ! rules 7 regul>ly obs]v$ or n1 :e!r ! pr(ess$ memb]s 7 really well qualifi$ = _! holy call+ or n4 ,!y 7 emp[]$ to repress abuses1 & :5ev] "s unwor?y bro!r1 or black %eep1 0 f\nd )9 ! enclosure ( a mona/]y1 he 0 =?) degrad$1 /ripp$ ( ! yell[ g>b1 & compell$ to resume a secul> c\rse ( life4 ,un=tunately = ! welf>e ( ! ord]1 ^? salut>y visits no m take place2 ! :olesome *eck is done away )4 ,left )\t a sup]ior control1 ! ord] has fall5 into a l[ degree ( abjectness & degradation4 ,! situation ( ,talapo9s is (t5 look$ ^u n[ z "o fit = lazy1 ignorant1 & idle p1 :o1 be+ anxi\s to live well & d no?+1 put on ! sacr$ dress = a c]ta9 "t1 until1 tir$ ( ! duties & obligations ( _! new pr(ession1 !y retire & betake !mselves anew to a secul> life4 ,?is practice1 z f> z my obs]vation goes1 is pretty g5]al1 if n almo/ univ]sal4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few exceptions4 ,?\gh lab\r+ "u _m s]i\s disadvantages1 ! society cont9ues to subsi/ ) all its ext]ior *>act]i/ics2 ! v>i\s /eps ( its hi]>*y are z well m>k$ & def9$ n[ z !y 7 be=e "u m fav\rable circum/ances4 ,its framework rema9s entire1 b ! mat]ials compos+ x are some:at imp]fect & uns\nd4 ,!re is 9 t religi\s body a lat5t pr9ciple ( vitality1 t keeps x up & communicates to x an am\nt ( /r5g? & en]gy t h hi!rto ma9ta9$ x 9 ! mid/ ( w>s1 revolutions1 & political convulsions ( all descriptions4 ,:e!r support$ or n by ! rul+ p[]1 x has rema9$ always firm & un*ang$4 ,x is impossible to acc\nt satisfactorily = su* a ph5om5on1 unless we f9d a cle> & evid5t cause ( su* an extraord9>y vitality2 a cause indep5d5t ( ord9>y occurr5ces1 "t1 & circum/ances2 a cause deeply root$ 9 ! v s\l ( ! populations1 t exhibit be=e ! obs]v] ?is great & /rik+ religi\s feature4 ,t cause appe>s to be ! /rong religi\s s5tim5t1 ! firm fai? t p]vades ! masses ( ,buddhi/s4 ,! laity admire & v5]ate ! religi\s1 & volunt>ily & *e]fully contribute to _! ma9t5ance & welf>e4 ,f its ranks ! religi\s body is con/antly recruit$4 ,!re is sc>cely a man t has n be5 a memb] ( ! frat]nity = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,surely su* a g5]al & cont9u$ impulse c\ld n la/ long1 unless x 7 ma9ta9$ by a p[]ful religi\s conviction4 ,! memb]s ( ! ord] pres]ve1 at lea/ ext]iorly1 ! decorum ( _! pr(ession4 ,! rules & regulations are tol]ably well obs]v$2 ! grades ( hi]>*y are ma9ta9$ ) a scrupul\s exactitude4 ,! life ( ! religi\s is "o ( re/ra9t & p]petual control4 ,he is d5i$ all sorts ( pleasures & div]sions4 ,h[ c\ld su* sy/em ( self-d5ial be ev] ma9ta9$1 7 x n = ! belief :i* ! ,rahans h 9 ! m]its t !y amass1 by foll[+ a c\rse ( life :i*1 aft] all1 is repugnant to nature8 ,x _c be d5i$ t human motives (t5 influ5ce bo? ! laity & ! religi\s1 b dive/$ ( fai? & ( ! s5tim5ts inspir$ by ev5 a false belief1 _! action c\ld n produce1 9 a la/+ & p]sev]+ mann]1 ! extraord9>y & /rik+ fact we witness 9 ,buddhi/ic c\ntries4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,ord9ation1 ,,or ,,c]emonies ,,obs]v$ ,,at ,,! ,,admission ,,into ,,! ,,society4 ,we w n[ expla9 r m9utely1 & describe z accurately z possible1 ! v>i\s c]emonies p]=m$ on ! occasion ( ! promotion ( a %y9 to ! rank ( patz91 or pr(ess$ memb]4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is ordeal ?r\gh :i* he has to pass1 or ord9ation1 z we may aptly p]haps t]m x1 :i* he has to receive1 does n conf] any peculi> "*1 or give any special spiritual p[] to ! admitt$ c&idate2 b x m]ely initiates him to a m p]fect c\rse ( life1 & makes him ! memb] ( a society compos$ ( m5 aim+ at a high] degree ( sanctity or p]fection4 ,! incumb5t mu/ be provid$ = ! c]emony ) a dress su* z is us$ 9 ! community2 he mu/ be f\nd exempt f c]ta9 moral & physical defects t w\ld r5d] him unwor?y ( be+ admitt$ a memb] ( ! ord]2 he mu/ pl$ge himself to a rigor\s obs]vance ( c]ta9 regulations :i* =m ! con/itutions ( ! society4 ,! place :]e ! c]emony is to be p]=m$ is a hall measur+ at lea/ twelve cubits 9 l5g?1 n includ+ ! space occupi$ by ! ,rahans ^: pres5ce is requir$ on ! occasion4 ,! assembly ( ,phongyies1 or ,rahans1 mu/ include t5 or twelve memb]s at lea/ if ! c]emony be p]=m$ 9 t[ns1 & f\r or six if x be 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he :o presides ov] ! c]emony is call$ ,upitze1 mean+ ma/] or guide2 he has an assi/ant1 nam$ ,cambawa ,tsaia1 ^: (fice x is to read ! sacr$ ,cambawa1 or book ( ord9ation1 to pres5t ! c&idate to ! ,upitze & 8 assembl$ bre?r51 to put to him ! requisite que/ions z prescrib$ by ! ritual1 & to give him in/ructions on c]ta9 po9ts1 ! ignorance ( :i* w\ld prove highly prejudicial to & greatly (f5sive 9 a pr(ess$ memb] ( ! ord]4 ,all ! regulations prescrib$ & ! c]emonies obs]v$ on ! occasion are conta9$ 9 a book writt5 9 ,pali1 ! sacr$ language4 ,?is book may be aptly t]m$ ! ritual ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,x is held 9 great respect1 & "s copies writt5 on %eets ( ivory ) gilt edges are truly beautiful1 & bespeak ! high value ,buddhi/s set on ! "w4 ,! copyi/s h reta9$ ! use ( ! old squ>e ,pali lett]s1 in/ead ( employ+ ! circul> ,burmese *>act]s4 ,all ! ord9ances & prescriptions 9 ?is book are suppos$ to h be5 promulgat$ & sanction$ by no less an au?ority ?an ,gaudama himself1 ! la/ ,buddha & ! ackn[l$g$ orig9ator & f\nd] ( ! ,talapo9ic ord]4 ,h5ce ! high respect & pr(\nd v5]ation all ,buddhi/s be> to its cont5ts4 ,! c&idate1 previ\sly to ! beg9n+ ( ! c]emony1 mu/ be provid$1 z a=esaid1 ) 8 patta1 or m5dicant's pot1 & a tsiw>an1 ! cl]ical dress or monki% habit4 ,! patta is an op5-m\!d pot ( a truncat$ sph]oidal =m1 :]e9 ea* memb] ( ! bro!rhood mu/ receive ! alms :i* e morn+ he goes to collect 9 ! /reets4 ,! tsiw>an or yell[#ee g>m5t1 ! only dress becom+ a ,rahan1 is compos$ fir/ ( a piece ( clo? b\nd to ! lo9s ) a lea!rn girdle1 & fall+ d[n to ! feet2 second1 ( a cloak ( a rectangul> =m1 cov]+ ! %\ld]s & brea/ & rea*+ some:at bel[ ! knee2 &1 ?ird1 ( ano!r piece ( clo? ( ! same %ape1 :i* is fold$ _m times & ?r[n ov] ! left %\ld]1 ! two ends hang+ d[n be=e & beh9d4 ,ano!r article always requir$ = complet+ ! full dress ( ! ,rahan is ! awana1 a sort ( fan made ( palm leaves1 set 9 light oval-%ap$ wood5 frame1 ) a s]p5t9e h&le1 some:at resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! lett] ,s4 ,! ,burmese translator ( ! ,pali text has int]polat$ 8 "w ) _m rem>ks t5d+ to elucidate ! text1 & to %[ ! v>i\s motives & reasons t h induc$ ,gaudama to decree & publi% z obligatory ! regulations laid d[n 9 ! sacr$ ,cambawa4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 too1 t ! omission ( "s ess5tial p>ts ( ! c]emonies annuls de facto ! ord9ation1 :il/ ! non-compliance ) o!rs ( m9or importance1 ?\gh n invalidat+ ! act ( admission into ! sacr$ family1 entails s9 ^u all memb]s ( ! bro!rhood assembl$ ex (ficio = ! c]emony4 ,! read] mu/ be prep>$ to obs]ve _m po9ts ( close resemblance betwe5 ! c]emonies obs]v$ at ! reception ( a monk1 or ! ord9ation ( a prie/1 & ^? p]=m$ 9 ^! p>ts on ! solemn occasion ( admitt+ a c&idate to ! dignity ( ,patz94 ,! prep>ations = ! solemnity be+ complet$1 & ! assembl$ fa!rs hav+ occupi$ _! respective seats "u ! presid5ce ( ! ,upitze1 ! c&idate is introduc$ into _! pres5ce att5d$ by ! assi/ant or read] ( ! ,cambawa1 & c>ry+ 8 patta & yell[ g>m5ts4 ,he is enjo9$ to repeat di/9ctly ?rice ! foll[+ s5t5ce to ! ,upitze1 kneel+ d[n1 & 8 body b5t =w>d1 ) 8 jo9$ h&s rais$ to ! =ehead3 8,v5]able ,presid5t1 ,i ackn[l$ge y to be my ,upitze40 ,^! words hav+ be5 ?ree times repeat$1 ! assi/ant1 address+ himself to ! c&idate1 says3 8,do/ ?\ ackn[l$ge ?is to be ?y patta1 & ^! ?y sacr$ ve/m5ts80 ,to :i* he audibly answ]s1 8,yes40 ,^u ?is ! translator rem>ks t1 on a c]ta9 day1 a ,rahan t _h be5 orda9$ )\t be+ suppli$ ) ei!r patta or tsiw>an w5t out q nak$1 & receiv$ 9 ! palms ( 8 jo9$ h&s ! food (f]$ to him4 ,s extraord9>y1 "o w\ld h said s un$ify+1 a proce$+ hav+ be5 m5tion$ to ,gaudama1 he ord]$ t h5ce=w>d no ,rahan %\ld ev] be orda9$ unless he _h be5 previ\sly int]rogat$ reg>d+ ! patta & ! ve/m5ts4 ,any disob$i5ce to ?is injunction w\ld entail s9 on ! assembl$ fa!rs4 ,! assi/ant hav+ desir$ ! c&idate to )draw f ! assembly to a di/ance ( twelve cubits1 & ! latt] hav+ compli$ ) 8 reque/1 he turns t[>ds ! assembl$ fa!rs & addresses !m z foll[s3 8,v5]able ,upitze1 & y bre?r5 h]e9 congregat$1 li/5 to my words4 ,! c&idate :o n[ /&s 9 a humble po/ure be=e y solicits f ! ,upitze ! fav\r ( be+ hon\r$ ) ! dignity ( patz94 ,if x appe>s to y t ev]y?+ is prop]ly arrang$ & dispos$ = ?is purpose1 ,i w duly admoni% him4 ,o c&idate1 be att5tive unto my words1 & bew>e le/ on ?is solemn occasion ?\ utt]e/ an untru? or conceale/ aught f our k4 ,le>n t !re are c]ta9 incapacities & defects :i* r5d] a p]son unfit = admittance into our ord]4 ,moreov]1 :5 be=e ?is assembly ?\ %alt be int]rogat$ respect+ su* defects1 ?\ art to answ] truly1 & decl>e :at incapacities ?\ maye/ lab\r "u4 ,n[ ?is is n ! "t to rema9 sil5t & decl9e ?y head2 e memb] ( ! assembly has a "r to int]rogate !e at 8 pleasure1 & x is ?y b\nd5 duty to return an answ] to all 8 int]rogations40 8,c&idate1 art ?\ affect$ ) any ( ! foll[+ compla9ts3 ! leprosy1 or any su* odi\s maladies8 ,ha/ ?\ ! scr(ula or o!r simil> compla9ts8 ,do/ ?\ suff] f a/hma or c\ghs8 ,art ?\ afflict$ ) ^? compla9ts t arise f a corrupt$ blood8 ,art ?\ affect$ by madness or ! o!r ills caus$ by giants1 wit*es1 or evil spirits ( ! =e/s & m\nta9s80 ,to ea* sep>ate int]rogation he answ]s3 8,f su* compla9ts & bodily disord]s ,i am free40 8,art ?\ a man80 8,i am40 8,art ?\ a true & legitimate son80 8,i am40 8,art ?\ involv$ 9 debts80 8,i am n40 8,! b\nd5 man & und]l+ ( "s great man80 8,no1 ,i am n40 8,h ?y p>5ts giv5 cons5t to ?y ord9ation80 8,!y h giv5 x40 8,ha/ ?\ rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty ye>s80 8,i h atta9$ x40#ef 8,are ?y ve/m5ts & sacr$ patta prep>$80 8,!y are40 8,c&idate1 :at is ?y "n80 8,my "n is ,wago10 mean+1 metaphorically1 a vile & unwor?y be+4 8,:at is ! "n ( ?y ma/]80 8,8 "n is ,upitze40 ,! assi/ant1 hav+ f9i%$ ! exam9ation1 turns 8 face t[>ds ! assembl$ fa!rs1 & ?us proce$s3 8,v5]able ,upitze1 & ye assembl$ bre?r51 be pleas$ to li/5 to my words4 ,i h duly admoni%$ ?is c&idate1 :o seeks f y to be admitt$ into our ord]4 ,does ! pres5t mom5t appe> to y a meet & prop] "t t he %\ld come =w>d8 ,if s1 ,i %all ord] him to come ne>]40 ,!n turn+ to ! c&idate1 he bids him come close to ! assembly & ask _! cons5t to 8 ord9ation4 ,! ord] is in/antly compli$ ) by ! c&idate1 :o1 hav+ left beh9d him ! di/ance ( twelve cubits t sep>at$ him f ! fa!rs1 squats on 8 heels1 ! body b5d+ =w>d & ! h&s rais$ to 8 =ehead1 & says3 8,i beg1 ,o fa!rs ( ?is assembly1 to be admitt$ to ! pr(ession ( ,rahan4 ,h pity on me2 take me f ! /ate ( layman1 :i* is "o ( s9 & imp]fection1 & advance me to t ( ,rahan1 a /ate ( virtue & p]fection40 ,^! words mu/ be repeat$ ?ree times4 ,! assi/ant !n resumes 8 disc\rse z foll[s3 8,o ye fa!rs "h assembl$1 he> my words4 ,?is c&idate1 humbly pro/rat$ be=e y1 begs ( ! ,upitze to be admitt$ into our holy pr(ession2 x seems t he is free f all defects1 corporal infirmities1 z well z m5tal incapacities1 t w\ld o!rwise deb> him f ent]+ our holy /ate2 he is likewise provid$ ) ! patta & sacr$ ve/m5ts2 moreov]1 he has ask$1 9 ! "n ( ! ,upitze1 p]mission ( ! assembly to be admitt$ among ! ,rahans4 ,n[ let ! assembly complete 8 ord9ation4 ,to :omsoev] ?is seems good1 let him keep sil5ce3 :osoev] ?9ks o!rwise1 let him decl>e t ?is c&idate is unwor?y ( be+ admitt$40 ,& ^! words he repeats ?ree times4 ,aft]w>ds he proce$s3 8,s9ce1 !n1 none ( ! fa!rs object1 b all are sil5t1 x is a sign t ! assembly has cons5t$2 s1 !re=e1 be x done4 ,let !re=e ?is c&idate pass out ( ! /ate ( s9 & imp]fection into ! p]fect /ate ( ,rahan1 & ?us1 by ! cons5t ( ! ,upitze & ( all ! fa!rs1 let him be orda9$40 ,& he fur!r says3 8,! fa!rs mu/ note d[n "u :at %ade1 on :at day1 at :at h\r1 & 9 :at season ! ord9ation has be5 p]=m$40 ,?is be+ done1 ! read] ( ! sacr$ ,cambawa adds3 8,let ! c&idate att5d to ! foll[+ duties1 :i* x is incumb5t on him to p]=m1 & to ! faults h]eaft] enum]at$1 :i* he mu/ c>efully avoid4 8#a4 ,x is ! duty ( ea* memb] ( our bro!rhood to beg = 8 food ) lab\r1 & ) ! ex]tion ( ! muscles ( 8 feet2 & ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life he mu/ ga9 8 subsi/5ce by ! lab\r ( 8 feet4 ,he is all[$ to make use ( all ! ?+s t are (f]$ to him 9 p>ticul>1 or to ! society 9 g5]al1 t are usually pres5t$ 9 banquets1 t are s5t by lett]1 & t are giv5 at ! new & full moon & on fe/ivals4 ,o c&idate1 all ^! ?+s y may use = y\r food40 ,to ?is he replies1 8,sir1 ,i und]/& :at y tell me40 ,! assi/ant resumes 8 in/ructions3 8#b4 ,x is a "p ( ! duty ( a memb] ( our society to we>1 ?r\gh humility1 yell[ clo!s1 made ( rags ?r[n ab\t 9 ! /reets or among ! tombs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by 8 tal5ts & virtue "o procures = himself _m b5efactors1 he may receive f !m = 8 habit ! foll[+ articles1 cotton & silk1 or clo? ( r$#eg & yell[ wool40 ,! elect answ]s1 8,z ,i am in/ruct$1 s ,i w d40 ,! in/ructor goes on3 8#c4 ,e memb] ( ! society mu/ dwell 9 h\ses built "u ! %ade ( l(ty trees4#eh ,b if1 ow+ to y\r pr(ici5cy & zeal 9 ! dis*>ge ( y\r duties1 y secure to y\rself p[]ful support]s :o are will+ to build = y a bett] habitation1 y may dwell 9 x4 ,! dwell+s may be made ( bamboo1 wood1 & bricks1 ) ro(s adorn$ ) turrets or spires ( pyramidal or triangul> =m40 ,! elect answ]s3 8,i w duly att5d to ^! in/ructions40 ,aft] ! usual answ]1 ! in/ructor proce$s3 8#d4 ,x is incumb5t ^u an elect to use1 z m$ic9e1 ! ur9e ( ! c[1 :]eon lime & ! juices ( lemon or o!r s\r fruits h be5 p\r$4 ,he may also avail himself1 z m$ic9es1 ( articles ?r[n out ( baza>s & pick$ up 9 corn]s ( /reets4 ,he may accept1 = m$ic9al purposes1 nutmegs & cloves4 ,! foll[+ articles may also be us$ m$ic9ally--butt]1 cream1 & honey40 ,n[ ! assi/ant in/ructs ! new religi\s on ! f\r capital (f5ces he mu/ c>efully avoid1 "u p5alty ( =feit+ ! dignity he has j atta9$ to1 & solemnly w>ns him aga9/ committ+ "o ( !m4 ,^? s9s are =nication1 !ft1 murd]1 & spiritual pride4 ,! committ+ ( "o ( ^! s9s by religi\s aft] _! ord9ation1 9 ! days ( ,gaudama1 induc$ him to decl>e ^? exclud$ de facto f ! society :o _h be5 guilty ( su* (f5ces2 & he enjo9$ t ! assi/ant %\ld imm$iately aft] ! c]emony solemnly admoni% ! newly orda9$ ,patz9 c>efully to %un su* odi\s (f5ces4 ,! assi/ant1 )\t delay1 proce$s z foll[s3 8,o elect1 be+ n[ admitt$ into our society1 x %all be no long] lawful = y to indulge 9 c>nal pleasures1 :e!r ) y\rself or animals4 ,he :o is guilty ( su* s9 c no long] be numb]$ among ! p]fect4 ,soon] %all ! sev]$ head be jo9$ aga9 to ! neck1 & life be re/or$ to ! brea?less body1 ?an a ,patz9 :o has committ$ =nication recov] 8 lo/ sanctity4 ,bew>e1 !re=e1 le/ y pollute y\rself ) su* a crime4 8,aga91 x is unlawful & =bidd5 to an elect to take ?+s t belong to ano!r1 or ev5 to covet !m1 al?\gh _! value %\ld n exce$ ab\t six annas 7"o-f\r? ( a tical74 ,:oev] s9s ev5 to t small am\nt is h]eby depriv$ ( 8 sacr$ "*1 & c no m be re/or$ to 8 pri/9e /ate ?an ! bran* cut f ! tree c reta9 its luxuriant foliage & %oot =? buds4 ,bew>e ( !ft dur+ ! :ole ( y\r mortal j\rney4 8,aga91 an elect c nev] kn[+ly deprive any liv+ be+ ( life1 or wi% ! dea? ( any "o1 h[ tr\blesome soev] he may prove4 ,soon] %all ! cleft rock reunite s z to make a :ole1 ?an he :o kills any be+ be readmitt$ into our society4 ,cauti\sly avoid s he9\s a crime4 8,aga91 no memb] ( our bro!rhood c ev] arrogate to himself extraord9>y gifts or sup]natural p]fections1 or1 ?r\gh va+lory1 give himself out z a holy man2 su*1 = in/ance1 z to )draw into solit>y places1 &1 on pret5ce ( enjoy+ ec/asies l ! ,ariahs1 aft]w>ds presume to tea* o!rs ! way to uncommon spiritual atta9m5ts4 ,soon] may ! l(ty palm-tree t has be5 cut d[n become gre5 aga91 ?an an elect guilty ( su* pride be re/or$ to 8 holy /ation4 ,take c>e = y\rself t y d n give way to su* an excess40 ,! elect replies z be=e3 8,z ,i am in/ruct$1 s ,i w p]=m40 ,"h ends ! c]emony4 ,! elect jo9s ! body ( ,rahans1 & )draws 9 _! company to 8 own kiaong4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ?is c]emony or ord9ation does n imp>t any spiritual "* inh]5t 9 ! p]son ( ! elect2 b x is a m]e =mality he has to g ?r\gh1 to ent] into ! family ( ! p]fect4 ,! admitt$ memb] is n l9k$ indissolubly to 8 new /ate2 he is at lib]ty to leave x :5 x pleases him1 & re-ent] secul> life4 ,he may1 moreov]1 if incl9$1 apply = re-admission into ! ord]1 b he mu/ g ?r\gh ! same c]emonies t 7 obs]v$ on 8 fir/ ord9ation4 ,x is n v common to meet among ! ,burmese ,rahans m5 :o f _! y\? h p]sev]$ to an old age 9 _! vocation4 ,^? =m ! r>e exceptions4 ,!y are v mu* respect$1 & held 9 high consid]ation dur+ _! lifetime1 & ! greate/ hon\rs are lavi%$ ^u _! mortal rema9s aft] _! demise4 ,!y are (t5 designat$ by ! hon\rable d5om9ation ( 8pure f _! infancy40 ,,article ,v4 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,ord]4 ,! obligations inh]5t 9 ! dignity ( ,patz91 & ! multif>i\s duties prescrib$ to ! ,buddhi/ monks1 are conta9$ 9 a book call$ ,patimauk1 :i* is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! manual ( ! ord]1 & ! ,vade ,mecum ( e ,talapo91 :o is oblig$ to /udy x ) great c>e & att5tion4 ,x is ev5 ord]$ t on fe/ival days a c]ta9 numb] ( recluses %all meet 9 a p>ticul> place call$ ,!91 to li/5 to ! read+ ( t book1 or at lea/ a "p ( x2 t e bro!r %\ld h always pres5t to 8 m9d ! rules & regulations ( 8 pr(ession1 & be prompt$ to a /rict obs]vance ( all ! po9ts !y en=ce4 ,?is injunction is a v prop] "o1 s9ce x is a fact confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ages t relaxation & dissipation f9d _! way 9 all communities at ! v mom5t ! rules are p>tially lo/ sight (4 ,s att5tive to ?is duty are "s ,phongyies t !y c repeat by he>t all ! cont5ts ( ! ,patimauk4 ,we h read ! book ) a good deal ( att5tion4 ,_m wise & well-dige/$ rules are to be met ) "h & !re1 b !y are m]g$ 9 a heap ( m9ute1 n to say ridicul\s & *ildi%1 details1 n wor? repeat+4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to give a correct & di/9ct outl9e ( ! mode ( life1 mann]s1 habits1 & occupations ( ! ,talapo9s1 we w extract f x all t has appe>$ to be int]e/+ & calculat$ to atta9 ! above purpose1 leav+ aside ! incongru\s mass ( useless rubbi%4 ,e memb] ( ! ord]1 on 8 ent]+ ! pr(ession1 mu/ r5\nce 8 own w & b5d 8 neck "u ! yoke ( ! rule4 ,s anxi\s inde$ has be5 ! fram] ( its /atutes to leave no room or field op5 to ! indep5d5t ex]tions ( ! m9d1 t e action ( ! day1 ! mann] ( p]=m+ x1 ! "t x ought to la/1 ! circum/ances t mu/ att5d x1 h all be5 m9utely regulat$4 ,f ! mom5t a ,rahan rises 9 ! morn+ to ! mom5t he is to g to enjoy 8 natural re/ 9 ! ev5+1 8 only duty is to obey & foll[ ! ev]-subsi/+ w & comm&s ( ! f\nd] ( ! society4 ,he advances 9 p]fection proportionately to 8 f]v5t compliance ) ! injunctions (1 & to 8 consci5ti\sly avoid+ all t has be5 =bidd5 by1 ! sagaci\s legislator4 ,! trespass+ ( "o article ( ! rule con/itutes a s94 ,! v>i\s s9s a ,rahan is liable to commit are compris$ "u sev5 pr9cipal heads4 #a/1 ! ,p>adzekas2 #b;d1 ! ,?+a-de-ceits2 #c;d1 ! ,patzei2 #d?1 ! ,toolladzi2 #e?1 ! ,duka2 #f?1 ! ,dupaci2 & #g?1 ! ,pati-de-kani4 ,^! sev5 k9ds ( s9s are subdivid$ & multipli$ to ! numb] ( #bbg1 :i* con/itute ! total am\nt ( s9s ei!r ( commission or omission t a ,phongyie may commit dur+ ! "t t he rema9s a memb] ( ! holy society4 ,! ,p>adzikas are f\r 9 numb]3 =nication1 !ft1 kill+1 & va+lory 9 attribut+ to "o's self high atta9m5ts 9 p]fection4 ,a recluse1 on ! day ( 8 admission1 is1 z be=e relat$1 w>n$ nev] to commit ^! f\r s9s1 "u ! p5alty ( be+ exclud$ f ! society4 ,!y are irremissible 9 _! nature4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is1 ,he :o has _h ! mis=tune ( yield+ to temptation1 & committ+ "o ( ^! f\r (f5ces1 is no long] to be consid]$ z a memb] ( ! ,?anga1 or ( ! assembly ( ! p]fect4 ,he is de facto exclud$ f ! society4 ,he may ext]iorly cont9ue to be a memb] ( ! ,?anga1 b inw>dly he really no long] belongs to x4 ,all o!r (f5ces are subject$ to ! law ( confession1 & c be expiat$ by virtue ( ! p5ances impos$ ^u ! del9qu5t aft] he has made a public av[al ( 8 s9s4 ,! read] w no d\bt be />tl$ by ! unexpect$ in=mation t ! practice ( confession has be5 e/abli%$ among ! ,talapo9s1 & is up to ?is day obs]v$1 ?\gh v imp]fectly1 by e f]v5t religi\s4 ,"s zeal\s ,patz9s w resort to ! practice once1 & sometimes twice a day4 ,"h is :at is prescrib$ on ?is subject 9 ! ,w9i1 or book ( scriptures1 :i* conta9s all t relates to ! ,phongyies1 ! ,patimauk be+ b a comp5dium ( x3 :5 a ,rahan has be5 guilty ( a violation ( 8 rule1 he ought imm$iately to g to 8 sup]ior1 &1 kneel+ be=e him1 confess 8 s9 to him4 ,sometimes he w d ?is 9 ! ,!91 ! place :]e ! bro!rs assemble occasionally to speak on religi\s subjects or li/5 to ! read+ ( ! ,patimauk 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembly4 ,he mu/ confess all 8 s9s1 su* z !y are1 )\t attempt+ to conceal ^? ( a m revolt+ nature1 or less5+ aggravat+ circum/ances4 ,a p5ance is !n impos$1 consi/+ ( c]ta9 pi\s =mulas to be repeat$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times dur+ ! night4 ,a promise mu/ be made by ! p5it5t to refra9 9 future f su* trespasses4 ,?is extraord9>y practice is obs]v$ n[1 "o w\ld say1 pro =ma4 ,! p5it5t approa*es 8 sup]ior1 kneels d[n be=e him1 & hav+ 8 h&s rais$ to 8 =ehead1 says3 8,v5]able sup]ior1 ,i d confess "h all ! s9s t ,i may be guilty (1 & beg p>don = ! same40 ,he ent]s ^u no detail$ enum]ation ( 8 trespasses1 nor does he specify any?+ respect+ _! nature & ! circum/ances att5d+ !m4 ,! sup]ior rema9s satisfi$ ) tell+ him3 8,well1 take c>e le/ y break ! regulations ( y\r pr(ession2 & h5ce=w>d endeav\r to obs]ve !m ) fidelity40 ,he dismisses him )\t inflict+ any p5ance on him4 ,?us an in/itution1 s well calculat$ to put a re/ra9t & a *eck ^u human passions1 s well fitt$ to prev5t man f occasionally break+ comm&s giv5 to him1 or at lea/ f slipp+ into ! dang]\s habit ( do+ x1 is n[1 by ! want ( f]v\r & en]gy 9 ! h&s ( t body1 r$uc$ to be no m ?an an useless & ridicul\s c]emony1 a m]e %ad[ ( :at is actually prescrib$ by ! ,w9i4 ,! puni%m5ts inflict$ = ! repeat$ transgressions ( "o or sev]al po9ts ( ! rule are1 g5]ally speak+1 ( a light nature1 & seldom or nev] corporeal1 z flagellations1 c4 ,! sup]ior sometimes ord]s a del9qu5t to walk ?r\gh ! c\rty>d dur+ ! heat ( ! day = a c]ta9 "t1 to c>ry to a di/ance a c]ta9 numb] ( baskets-ful ( s&1 or a jug ( wat]4 ,meekness1 be+ a virtue mo/ becom+ a recluse1 =bids ! resort to p5ances ( a m sev]e nature4 ,humility1 pov]ty1 self-d5ial1 & *a/ity are to him :o has receiv$ ! ord] ( ,patz9 c>d9al & mo/ ess5tial virtues1 :i* he ought to practise on all occasions4 ,he mu/1 9 all 8 ext]ior deportm5t1 give unequivocal m>ks ( 8 be+ always influ5c$ by ! _s !y inspire4 ,! fram] ( ! rules & regulations ( ! ord] seems to h _h no o!r object 9 view ?an t ( lead+ 8 bre?r5 by v>i\s ways & means to ! practice ( ^! virtues1 & inculcat+ on _! m9ds ! necessity ( att5d+ to ! obs]vances prescrib$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is f ?is po9t we mu/ view ! /atutes ( ! frat]nity 9 ord] to und]/& !m well & rightly1 & appreciate !m accord+ to _! wor? & m]it4 ,we w\ld inde$ =m a v errone\s op9ion ( in/itutions ( pa/ ages if we 7 to exam9e !m1 to praise or blame !m1 )\t a due reg>d be+ paid to ! _s t guid$ ! legislator1 & to ! object he aim$ at :5 he laid !m d[n4 ,our own ideas1 cu/oms1 mann]s1 & education w (t5 dispose u to disapprove at fir/ ( in/itutions made 9 =m] ages1 among/ nations diff]+ f u 9 all respects1 "u ! pretext t !y are n su* z we w\ld h !m to be n[1 mak+ unaw>es our own prejudices ! /&>d :]eby to measure ! m]it or dem]it ( all t has be5 e/abli%$ previ\sly to our own times4 ,! in/itutions ( ! middle ages1 a celebrat$ mod]n hi/orian has said1 are intelligible to him t has ent]$ into ! _s ( ^? days1 & :o ?9ks1 feels1 & believes z did ! p ( ^? bygone c5turies4 ,?is obs]vation holds good to a c]ta9 ext5t1 &1 mutatis mut&is1 9 respect to ,buddhi/ic in/itutions4 ,! :ole religi\s sy/em mu/ be und]/ood1 ! object :i* ! f\nd] ( ! ord] _h 9 view ought to be di/9ctly rem>k$ & always borne 9 m9d1 ere we presume to pron\nce ^u ! fitness or unfitness ( ! means he has employ$ = obta9+ x4 ,= humility's sake e ,talapo9 is b\nd to %ave e "p ( 8 body4 ,9 comply+ ) ?is regulation he mu/ consid] t ! hairs t are %av$ (f are useless ?+s1 s]v+ m]ely = ! purposes ( vanity1 & he ought to be z unconc]n$ ab\t !m z a great m\nta9 :i* has be5 cle>$ ( ! trees on its summit4 ,influ5c$ by ! same _s1 ! religi\s mu/ always walk b>efoot$1 except 9 case ( 8 lab\r+ "u "s infirmity1 or = "s o!r good reason2 he is !n all[$ to use a c]ta9 k9d ( pla9 & unornam5t$ slipp]1 ! %ape1 col\r1 & dim5sions ( :i* are c>efully prescrib$ by ! rule4 ,:5 ! ,rahans travel f "o place to ano!r1 !y are all[$ to c>ry ) !m ! broad fan1 made ( palm-leaves1 & a common pap] umbrella to protect _! b>e head f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 or scre5 x f ! heat ( ! sun4 ,_! dress1 consi/+1 z above m5tion$1 ( ?ree p>ts1 is z pla9 z possible4 ,accord+ to ! ,patimauk1 ea* sep>ate "p mu/ be made ( rags pick$ up "h & !re1 & sew$ toge!r by !mselves4 ,?is regulation1 ?\gh disreg>d$ by _m1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t obs]v$ by ! great] numb]1 b 9 a mann] r contr>y to ! _s1 if n to ! lett]1 ( ! rule4 ,on _! receiv+ f b5efactors a piece ( silk or cotton1 !y cut x into sev]al small squ>e p>ts1 :i* !y aft]w>ds contrive to h /it*$ 9 ! be/ way !y c1 s z to make _! ve/m5ts accord+ to ! prescription ( ! /atutes4 ,! ve/m5t ought to be ( "o col\r1 yell[ 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* ,mahometanism does n prevail4 ,! yell[ col\r is a m>k ( m\rn+1 z ! black is among/ mo/ ( ! nations ( ,europe4 ,sev5 articles are consid]$ z ess5tial to e memb] ( ! holy family1 viz41 ! k[ot1 ?9-ba91 dug\t 7! ?ree pieces con/itut+ 8 ve/m5t71 a girdle1 a patta1 a small hat*et1 a ne$le1 & a small app>atus = /ra9+ ! wat] he dr9ks4 ,! entire numb] ( articles he is p]mitt$ to use & possess am\nts to sixty4 ,!y are all pla91 common1 almo/ valueless1 (f]+ no inc5tive to cupidity & leav+ him :o is only possess$ ( !m 9 ! humble /ate ( /rict pov]ty4 ,! possession ( temporal goods is /rictly =bidd5 to ! ,rahans1 z calculat$ to h9d] !m f m$itat+ ^u ! law & att5d+ to ! v>i\s duties ( ! pr(ession4 ,no?+ inde$ opposes a /rong] b>ri] to ! atta9m5t ( ! p]fect abnegation ( self & a ?or\gh contempt = mat]ial ?+s1 ?an ! possession ( worldly prop]ty4 ,h5ce a true ,rahan has no object :i* he c1 prop]ly speak+1 call 8 own4 ,! kiaong :]e9 he lives has be5 built by b5efactors1 & is suppli$ by !m ) all t is necess>y or useful to him4 ,food & raim5t are procur$ = him )\t 8 hav+ to feel conc]n$ ab\t !m4 ,! pi\s lib]ality ( 8 support]s assidu\sly provides = 8 wants4 ,b x is expect$ t he %all nev] conc]n himself ) worldly bus9ess or transactions1 ( :atev] nature !y may be4 ,he c nei!r lab\r1 plant1 traffic1 nor d any?+ ) ! int5t ( d]iv+ pr(it !refrom4 ,agreeably to ! maxim1 8,suffici5t to ! day is ! evil !re(10 ! ,rahan _c make any /ores = ! "t to come4 ,he mu/ tru/ 9 ! nev]-fail+ g5]osity & ev]-wat*ful att5tion ( 8 support]s = 8 daily wants4 ,n[1 let x be said to ! praise ( ! ,buddhi/s1 t he is seldom disappo9t$ 9 ! reliance he places on !m4 ,t he may be m effectually deb>r$ f a too easy & frequ5t use ( ! ?+s ( fir/ necessity1 a ,talapo9 is b\nd to g ?r\gh a t$i\s c]emony1 call$ ,akat1 or pres5tation1 be=e he c lawfully t\* any?+4 ,:5 he has occasion = food1 dr9k1 or any?+ else1 he turns to 8 disciples & tells !m to d :at is lawful4 ,:]eupon "o ( !m1 or sev]al1 z circum/ances may require1 rises f 8 place1 &1 tak+ ! ?+ or ?+s he wants ) bo? h&s1 approa*es him respectfully1 & pres5ts to him ! articles1 say+1 ,?is is lawful4 ,!n ! ,rahan takes ! ?+s into 8 own h&s1 & uses !m or lays !m by1 z may suit 8 conv5i5ce4 ,:5 a ?+ is pres5t$1 ! disciple mu/ be at a di/ance ( "s cubits1 o!rwise ! recluse is guilty ( a s92 & if :at he receives is food1 he commits z _m s9s z he eats m\?fuls4 ,gold & silv] be+ ! two greate/ fe$]s ( covet\sness1 ! rule =bids ! ,phongyies to t\* !m1 & a =tiori to h !m4 ,b on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 human covet\sness has brok5 ?r\gh ! /rong b>ri]s ! fram] ( ! /atutes has wisely devis$ = effectually protect+ recluses f its dang]\s allurem5t4 ,gold & silv] are n inde$ t\*$ by ! pi\s devotees1 b ! preci\s & dazzl+ metals are conv5tionally h&$ to ! disciples1 :o put !m into ! box ( ! sup]ior1 :o1 :il/ b[+ obsequi\sly to ! lett] ( ! rule1 disreg>ds its _s4 ,sometimes an innoc5t ruse is resort$ to by a gre$y religi\s = sil5c+ ! remorse ( 8 consci5ce2 he cov]s 8 h&s ) a h&k]*ief1 & )\t scruple receives ! sum t is (f]$ to him4 ,x w\ld be unfair to pass a g5]al & sweep+ s5t5ce ( condemnation = covet\sness ^u all ! memb]s ( ! frat]nity4 ,!re are "s ^: h&s h n be5 pollut$ by ! h&l+ ( money1 & ^: he>ts h always be51 we may say1 /rang]s to ! crav+s ( ! auri sacra fames2 b x _c be d5i$ t _m among !m are insatiable 9 _! lu/ = ri*es1 & n unfrequ5tly ask = !m4 ,no ,rahan c ev] ask = any?+2 he is all[$ to receive :at is spontane\sly (f]$ to him4 ,9 ?is po9t too ! _s ( ! rule is frequ5tly done away )4 ,! recluse w n ask an object he covets 7,i beg 8 p>don = mak+ use ( su* a t]m7 9 direct words2 b by "s indirect means or circuit\s ways he w give significantly to und]/& t ! possession ( su* an object is mu* ne$$ by him1 & t ! (f]+ ( x w\ld be a s\rce ( great m]its to ! donor4 ,9 ?is mann] he moves ! he>t ( 8 visitor1 & soon k9dles 9 8 brea/ a desire to pres5t ! ?+1 almo/ z eag] z 8 own is to receive x4 ,celibacy is /rictly enjo9$ on e pr(ess$ memb] ( ! society4 ,on ! day ( 8 reception he is solemnly w>n$ by ! in/ructor nev] to d any?+ contr>y to t mo/ ess5tial virtue4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ord] & ! fram] ( its /atutes has ent]$1 on ?is subject1 into ! mo/ m9ute details1 & prescrib$ a multitude ( regulations t5d+ to =tify ! ,rahans 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! solemn v[ !y h made1 & to remove f !m all occasions ( s91 ev5 ! mo/ di/ant4 ,we mu/ give him cr$it = an uncommon acqua9tance ) ! weakness ( human nature1 z well z ) ! viol5ce ( ! fi]ce/ passion ( ! he>t1 s9ce he has lab\r$ s mu* to /r5g!n & uphold ! =m]1 & bridle ! latt] by e means 8 anxi\s m9d c\ld devise4 ,he 0 deeply read 9 ! secrets ( ! human he>t1 & knew well t ! sure/ tactics = c>ry+ on successfully ! w>f>e betwe5 ! _s & ! fle% consi/ 9 r avoid+ c>efully ! enc\nt] ( ! enemy1 & skilfully manuvr+ at a di/ance f him1 ?an 9 boldly enc\nt]+ him 9 ! op5 field4 ,h5ce ! repeat$ injunctions to %un all ! occasions ( s94 ,! ,phongyies are =bidd5 to /ay "u ! same ro(1 or to travel 9 ! same c>riage & boat1 ) wom52 !y _c receive any?+ f _! h&s4 ,to su* a height are precautions c>ri$ t ! religi\s are n p]mitt$ to t\* ! clo!s ( a woman1 or c>ess a female *ild1 h[ev] "y1 or ev5 h&le a female animal4#ei ,:5 visit$ 9 _! dwell+s by wom51 :o resort ?i!r = ! purpose ( mak+ (f]+s1 or li/5+ to ! recital ( a few passages ( ! sacr$ books1 !y mu/ rema9 at a great di/ance f !m1 & be surr\nd$ by "s ( _! disciples4 ,! ,phongyies are to look ^u ! old ones z mo!rs & ^u ! "y z si/]s4 ,! conv]sation mu/ be z %ort z dec5cy all[s1 & no useless or light expressions be ev] utt]$4 ,on ! fe/ival days1 :5 cr[ds ( p1 m5 & wom51 g to ! kiaongs to he> ! t>a1 or "s p>ts ( ! law repeat$1 ! ,rahans1 array$ 9 front ( ! congregation1 keep _! fans be=e _! faces all ! :ile1 le/ _! eyes %\ld meet ) dang]\s & tempt+ objects4 ,mu* great] precautions are /ill requir$ 9 _! int]c\rse ) ! ,rahanesses1 a sort ( female recluses1 ^: in/itute is greatly on its decl9e 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,burmah4 ,= bett] secur+ ! obs]vance ( cont95ce1 a ,phongyie nev] walks out ( 8 mona/]y1 or ent]s a private dwell+1 )\t be+ att5d$ by a few disciples4 ,popul> op9ion is inflexible & inexorable on ! po9t ( celibacy1 :i* is consid]$ ess5tial to e "o t has a pret5sion to be call$ a ,rahan4 ,! p c nev] be br\ght to look ^u any p]son z a prie/ or m9i/] ( religion unless he live 9 t /ate4 ,any infr+em5t ( ?is mo/ ess5tial regulation on ! "p ( a ,rahan is visit$ ) an imm$iate puni%m5t4 ,! p ( ! place assemble at ! kiaong ( ! (f5d]1 sometimes driv+ him out ) /ones4 ,he is /ripp$ ( 8 clo!s2 & (t5 public puni%m5t1 ev5 t ( dea?1 is inflict$ ^u him by ord] ( gov]nm5t4 ,! poor wret* is look$ ^u z an outca/1 & ! woman :om he has s$uc$ %>es 9 8 %ame1 confusion1 & disgrace4 ,su* an extraord9>y op9ion1 s deeply root$ 9 ! m9d ( a p r not$ = ! lic5ti\sness ( _! mann]s1 c]ta9ly des]ves ! att5tion ( e dilig5t obs]v] ( human nature4 ,:5ce has orig9at$ among corrupt$ & half-civilis$ m5 su* a high respect & pr(\nd e/eem = s exalt$ a virtue8 ,:y is its rigor\s practice deem$ ess5tial to ^? :o pr(ess$ly t5d to an uncommon degree ( p]fection8 ,ow+ p>tly to ! weight ( public op9ion1 & p>tly to "s o!r reasons1 ! law ( celibacy1 ext]nally at lea/1 is obs]v$ ) a great scrupulosity1 & a brea* ( x is a r>e occurr5ce4 ,z ! rule1 9 ?is respect1 b9ds ! ,phongyie only z long z he rema9s 9 ! pr(ession1 he :o feels 8 moral /r5g? unable to cope successfully ) ! /+ ( passion pref]s leav+ ! frat]nity & return+ to a secul> life1 :5 he c safely put an end1 by a lawful alliance1 to ! int]nal /rife1 r ?an expose himself to a transgression :i* is to entail ^u him consequ5ces s disgraceful4 ,! sagaci\s legislator ( ! ,buddhi/ic religi\s ord]1 pre-occupi$ ) ! idea ( elevat+ ! spiritual pr9ciple above ! mat]ial "o1 & secur+ to reason a ?or\gh control ov] bodily appetites1 has prescrib$ temp]ance z a fundam5tal virtue ess5tial to e ,rahan4 ,9 common ) all _! fell[-religioni/s1 ! ,rahans are comm&$ to ab/a9 f ! use ( spiritu\s liquors & ( intoxicat+ sub/ances4 ,su* a prohibition is ! wise/ /ep t ,gaudama c\ld h adopt$ to pres]ve 8 foll[]s f ! %ameful vice ( drunk5ness4 ,all uncivilis$ p make use ( spirits = ! sole purpose ( creat+ 9 !m ! effects ( intoxication4 ,7 x n = su* an excell5t regulation1 ! memb]s ( ! ,?anga w\ld soon become1 by _! excesses1 ! laugh+-/ock ( ! laity4 ,! "t allott$ = tak+ _! meals ext5ds f daybreak to ! mom5t ! sun has rea*$ ! middle ( its c\rse2 b z soon z ! lum9\s globe has pass$ ! m]idian1 ! use ( food is /rictly int]dict$4 ,a /oma*1 m or less load$ ) nutritive sub/ances tak5 9 ! ev5+1 weighs d[n ! body1 en]vates ! en]gies ( ! s\l1 cl\ds ! intellect1 & r5d]s a man r unfit to devote himself to ! high ex]cises ( /udy1 m$itation1 & contemplation1 :i* ought to be ! pr9cipal occupations ( a f]v5t ,rahan4 ,he is all[$ to make two meals 9 ! =5oon1 b x is expect$ t he w eat no m ?an is requir$ to support nature4 ,he mu/ always take 8 meals 9 company ) ! memb]s ( 8 community4 ,to /ifle ! crav+ ( gluttony & eradicate immod]ate desires1 he ought to repeat frequ5tly )9 himself ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,i eat ?is rice1 n to please my appetite1 b to satisfy ! wants ( nature20 j z he says :5 he puts on ! habit1 8,i dress myself1 n = ! sake ( vanity1 b to cov] my nak$ness40 ,rice & vegetables are1 accord+ to ! /atutes1 ! /aple food ( ! ,phongyies2 ! use ( fi% & meat is tol]at$1 & n[ x has become a daily prevail+ cu/om :i* has r5d]$ ! practice a lawful "o4 ,/rictly speak+1 a ,talapo9 mu/ rema9 satisfi$ ) rice & v>i\s sorts ( boil$ vegetables :i* he has receiv$ 9 8 patta dur+ 8 morn+ p]ambulations ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! place4 ,z x happ5$ among ! ,romans t ! law repress+ convivial sumptu\sness & luxury prov$ an ineffectual b>ri] aga9/ gluttony & o!r passions1 s amid/ ! ,rahans ! /rict regulations prescrib+ a poor & unsav\ry diet h be5 oblig$ to yield be=e ! t5d5cies to satisfy ! ev]-increas+ dem&s ( appetite4 ,mo/ ( ! ,phongyies give to dogs1 or to ! boys :o live 9 ! mona/]y1 ! vulg> food !y h begg$ 9 ! /reets1 & fe$ on alim5ts ( bett] quality suppli$ to !m regul>ly by "s p]sons 9 easy circum/ances1 :o call !mselves support]s ( ! kiaong & ( its inmates4 ,! ord9>y f>e consi/s ( rice & sev]al small di%es = season+ ! rice1 9 :i* are "s little pieces ( fle%1 dress$ accord+ to ! cul9>y abilities ( ! cooks ( ! c\ntry1 :i* are n c]ta9ly ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,to ?is are add$ "s ( ! fruits ( ! season accompani$ by sweetmeats1 :i* female devotees are wont ev]y:]e s c>efully to prep>e & s fondly to (f] to ^? :o are ! objects ( _! pi\s admiration & respect4 ,! alim5ts suppli$ to ! humble recluses are ( ! be/ description = ! c\ntry !y live 94 ,"o w\ld say t !y live on ! fat ( ! l&4 ,! mo/ delicate rice & ! f9e/ fruits inv>iably f9d _! way to ! mona/]ies4 ,b )al1 ! ,phongyies are n to be *>g$ ) ! s9 ( intemp]ance or gluttony4 ,! quantity ( food !y may take is also an object ( regulation1 z well z ! v mode ( tak+1 & ev5 ( swall[+ x4 ,ea* m\?ful mu/ be ( a mod]ate size2 a second ought n to be c>ri$ to ! m\? be=e ! fir/ has be5 completely dispos$ ( by ! ma/icatory process1 & f\nd its way d[n ?r\gh ! sophagus4 ,! contr>y w\ld be consid]$ gluttony1 & an evid5t sign t ! eat] has some?+ else 9 view besides appeas+ ! m]e wants ( nature4 ,x is r an amus+ sight to gaze at ! solemn indiff]5ce ( a ,talapo9 tak+ 8 meal4 ,"o w\ld be tempt$ to believe t he is reluctantly submitt+ to ! dire necessity ( m9i/]+ to ! wants ( a nature too l[ & mat]ial4 ,! rule =bids ,talapo9s to eat human fle%1 or t ( ! monkey1 snake1 elephant1 tig]1 lion1 & dog4#fj ,z a mitigation ( ! sev]ity ( ! discipl9>y regulation prohibit+ ! recluses f tak+ any food f twelve o'clock 9 ! day until ! next morn+1 ! use ( c]ta9 bev]ages is p]mitt$ dur+ t "t1 su* z cocoa-nut wat]1 ! juice ( ! sug>-cane1 & o!r refre%+ draughts4 ,! rule be+ sil5t reg>d+ ! consumption ( ! betel-leaf & o!r +r$i5ts con/itut+ ! delici\s m\?ful = ma/icatory purposes1 ! ,talapo9s avail !mselves l>gely ( ! lib]ty left to !m on ?is subject4 ,! quantity ( betel & o!r accompany+ sub/ances :i* !y consume is truly enorm\s4 ,^! articles hold a pre-em95t place among/ ! objects t are pres5t$ to ! inmates ( mona/]ies4 ,! d>k-r$ sub/ance adh]+ to ! tee? & occasionally accumulat+ at ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 ! incessant motion ( ! l[] jaw1 ! /ream ( r$di% spittle issu+ frequ5tly f ! lips ( ! ,talapo9s1 are unque/ionable pro(s ( bo? _! ard5t fondness & copi\s consumption ( t h>mless n>cotic4 ,except dur+ ! %ort mom5ts allott$ = tak+ meals1 a ,rahan's m\? is always full ( betel1 & ! ma/icat+ or *ew+ process is incessantly go+ on4 ,a great mode/y mu/ di/+ui% a memb] ( ! family ( ! p]fect f a layman2 t virtue mu/ %9e =? 9 8 c\nt5ance1 demean\r1 gait1 & conv]sation4 ,any sign on 8 face indicat+ ! inw>d action ( ang] or any o!r passion is f\nd unbecom+ 9 a p]son ^: compos$ness & s]5ity ( s\l ought nev] to be di/urb$ by any inord9ate affection4 ,he nev] speaks precipitately or l\dly1 le/ x might be inf]r$ t passion r ?an reason influ5ces him4 ,worldly or amus+ topics ( conv]sation are /rictly int]dict$1 ei!r ) 8 bre?r5 or laym54 ,! rule requires him to walk ?r\gh ! /reets ) affect$ simplicity1 avoid+ hurry z well z sl[ness1 keep+ 8 eye fix$ on ! gr\nd 9 front1 look+ n fur!r ?an t5 or fifte5 cubits4 ,curiosity t5ds to exp& ! s\l on surr\nd+ objects2 b a ,rahan's pr9cipal aim be+ to att5d dilig5tly to himself1 to pref] ! c>e ( self be=e all o!r c>es1 & to conc]n himself v little ab\t all t takes place )\t1 he assidu\sly lab\rs to keep 8 s\l free f va9 inquiry1 f eag] desire ( he>+ news1 & f an idle or unnecess>y int]f]5ce 9 ?+s or matt]s /range to him4 ,x seems t he has ! wise say+ always pres5t to 8 m9d1 8,:]e art ?\ :5 ?\ art n pres5t to ?yself8 ,& :5 ?\ ha/ run ov] all ?+s1 :at pr(it w x be to !e if ?\ ha/ neglect$ ?yself80 ,dur+ 8 p]ambulations he nev] salutes or notices ! p]sons he meets on 8 way2 he is indiff]5t to ! att5tions & m>ks ( ! highe/ v5]ation paid to him by ! p2 he nev] returns ?anks = (f]+s made to him1 nor does he repay ) a s+le reg>d ! k9dness pr(f]$ to him4 ,objects mo/ calculat$ to awak5 curiosity by _! novelty & int]e/ ought to f9d him cold1 indiff]5t1 & unconc]n$4 ,8 self-collection accompanies him ev]y:]e1 & disposes 8 s\l to an un9t]rupt$ m$itation on "s po9ts ( ! law4 ,x is a c\nsel ( ! ,w9i to obs]ve p>ticul>ly ! f\r cleannesses1 viz41 great mode/y 9 ! /reets & public places1 ! confession ( all fail+s1 ! avoid+ ( all occasions ( s9s1 & ! keep+ oneself free f ! sev5 k9ds ( s94 ,su* a wise injunction c only be att5d$ to & obs]v$ by keep+ a vigilant wat* ov] ! s5ses1 :i* are ! v gates lead+ into ! sanctu>y ( ! s\l4 ,we c\ld ent] into full] & m p>ticul> details reg>d+ ! regulations ( ! ,talapo9ic ord]1 b !y w\ld prove little int]e/+1 & only corroborate :at has be5 previ\sly /at$1 t e action ( a bro!r1 ev5 ! mo/ common1 su* z ! mann] ( sitt+1 ris+ up1 sleep+1 eat+1 c41 has become ! object ( ! legislative att5tion ( ! f\nd] ( ! ord]4 ,no?+ seems to h escap$ 8 cle> =esight1 & he has admirably succe$$ 9 leav+ no room = ! ex]cise ( individual lib]ty4 ,! rule is z a great moral be+ ^: absolute comm&s mu/ be always obey$4 ,e individual is b\nd to lay aside 8 own self1 & unconditionally foll[ ! impulse ( 8 guid+ influ5ce4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,occupations ,,( ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,monks4 ,! :ole life ( a recluse be+ conf9$ )9 a n>r[ compass1 we w h v little to say reg>d+ 8 daily occupations4 ,z soon z a ,talapo9 has left at an e>ly h\r ! sleep+ horizontal position1 he r9ses 8 m\?1 wa%es 8 face1 & recites a few =mulas ( pray]s1 :i* he l5g!ns or %ort5s accord+ to 8 devotion4 ,he attires himself 9 8 pr(essional co/ume1 gets hold ( 8 m5dicant's pot1 & sallies =?1 9 company ) "s bre?r5 or disciples1 9 que/ ( 8 food4 ,he p]ambulates ! /reets 9 v>i\s directions1 &1 )\t any solicitation on 8 "p1 receives ! rice1 curry1 vegetables1 & fruits :i* pi\s donors h be5 prep>+ f two to ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 wat*+ at ! door ( _! h\ses ! arrival ( ! yell[-clad monks4 ,hav+ receiv$ :at is consid]$ suffici5t = ! day1 he returns to ! mona/]y1 & sets himself to eat ei!r :at he has br\ght1 or some?+ m delicate & bett] dress$ :i* 8 support]1 if he has any1 has s5t to him4 ,on ! pr9cipal fe/ivals1 or on extraord9>y occurr5ces1 abundant alms are br\ght to 8 domicile4 ,sometimes he is call$ by a pi\s donor to come & receive !m 9 ! pagodas1 or 9 l>ge tempor>y %$s erect$ = ! purpose res]v$ = ! occasion4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( mattresses1 pill[s1 betel-boxes1 mats1 tea-cups1 & v>i\s articles he is all[$ to make use (4 ,on ^! occasions he repays 8 b5efactors by repeat+ to !m ! five great precepts1 & "s ( ! pr9cipal t5ets ( ! ,buddhi/ic cre$1 & ! *ief po9ts ( ! law4 ,he enum]ates at great l5g? ! num]\s m]its res]v$ to alms-giv]s4 ,on ?is po9t x mu/ be confess$ t he is truly eloqu5t1 & 8 language fl[+ & abundant3 8 expressions are ready at h& & mo/ gl[+1 calculat$ to please ! e>s ( 8 he>]s & w>m _! s\ls to make fre% ef=ts 9 procur+ him m copi\s alms4 ,occasionally he w recite long praises 9 hon\r ( ,gaudama1 ! la/ ,buddha1 = hav+ dur+ 8 previ\s exi/5ce practis$ em95t virtues1 & !reby qualifi$ himself = ! high dignity ( ,phra4 ,! s]mon goes on sometimes 9 ,pali or sacr$ language1 :i* nei!r he nor 8 he>]s c und]/&4 ,! ,phongyies are sometimes reque/$ to visit ! sick1 n s mu* = ! purpose ( m9i/]+ to ! spiritual wants ( ! suff]] z = af=d+ him "s relief by 8 pres5ce4 ,x is believ$ t ! appe>ance ( a holy p]sonage may h "s effect 9 free+ ! diseas$ f 8 di/emp]1 & fright5+ ! evil spirits t may be ! mis*iev\s ag5ts 9 h>m+ pati5ts4 ,! visitor repeats ov] !m "s po9ts ( ! law t are int5d$ to act z antidotes aga9/ ! ag5cy ( ! wick$ "o4 ,phongyies are v p>ticul> on ! po9t ( etiquette4 ,:5 "o ( !m has to ent] into upp]-/ori$ h\ses1 ! yell[-habit$ religi\s1 previ\s to 8 v5tur+ into ! l[] /ory1 w make x sure t !re is no "o1 & p>ticul>ly no woman1 9 ! upp] ap>tm5ts1 z x w\ld be highly unbecom+ t any man1 & a =tiori a woman1 %\ld h _! feet above 8 head4 ,to avoid su* an indecor\s cont+5cy1 9 case ! sick p]son lies 9 a room up/airs1 ! ,phongyie has rec\rse to an exp$i5t few1 ,i presume1 w\ld h ?\ght (4 ,by 8 direction a ladd] is br\ght1 ! l[] "p ( :i* re/s on ! /reet1 & ! upp] leans on "o ( ! upp] w9d[s2 up goes ! pi\s visitor1 :o by su* a contrivance reconciles ! obs]vance ( etiquette ) ! compliance to 8 duty4 ,! writ] confesses t he 0 mu* amus$ ! fir/ "t t he witness$ su* a feat p]=m$ at ,p5ang by a ,siamese ,phongyie4 ,! little cr[d1 attract$ by ?is novelty1 exhibit$ a curi\s mixture ( feel+s4 ,"s laugh$2 _m rema9$ sil5t2 b _! deportm5t 0 evid5tly indicative ( ! respect & admiration t seem$ to !m to inspire ! scrupul\sly t5d] consci5ce ( ! religi\s4 ,we mu/ all[ t ! ,talapo9s conf] a truly invaluable b5efit ^u ! p ( ^! c\ntries by keep+ up s*ools1 :]e ! boys resort = ! purpose ( le>n+ to read1 write1 & acquire ! rudim5ts ( ari?metic4 ,9 ?is respect !y are em95tly useful1 & ! in/itution1 ?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t bur!nsome to ! p1 9 ?is respect des]ves well ( ! c\ntry4 ,! _m abuses t at pres5t att5d x are almo/ fully aton$ = by ! great s]vice its memb]s gratuit\sly r5d] to _! c\ntrym54 ,!re are no o!r s*ools ?an ^? "u _! managem5t4 ,! tyrannical gov]nm5ts ( ,siam & ,burmah d n take any /eps to propagate in/ruction among _! subjects1 :om !y look ^u z slaves1 fit only = bodily lab\r4 ,! h\ses ( ,talapo9s are s _m little seats ( elem5t>y le>n+2 & z !y are v num]\s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 e facility is af=d$ to male *ildr5 to le>n to read & write4 ,! female *ildr5 are exclud$ f p>tak+ ( ?is great boon by ! /rictness ( ! mona/ic regulations4 ,x is a great mis=tune1 mu* to be lam5t$1 z "o half ( ! population is ?us doom$ to live 9 p]petual ignorance4 ,ow+ to ! gratuit\s education giv5 by ! ,buddhi/ monks1 !re are v few m5 ?r\gh\t ! bread? & l5g? ( ,burmah :o are n able to read & write4 ,x is true t too (t5 ! k ?us acquir$ is v sup]ficial & incomplete4 ,b z reg>ds ! o!r half ( ! population1 x may be /at$ t sc>cely a woman among ?\s&s c be f\nd capable ( spell+ "o ^w4 ,! ,talapo9s be+ mu* addict$ to slo? & indol5ce1 ! s*ools are und\bt$ly mis]ably manag$4 ,! boys are (t5 left to !mselves )\t regul> control or discipl9e4 ,:5 a boy ent]s ! mona/]y z /ud5t1 8 tea*] places into 8 h&s a piece ( black5$ bo>d1 :]eupon are writt5 ! fir/ lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! poor lad has to repeat ov] & ov] ! "n ( ! lett]s1 cry+ al\d ) all ! p[]s ( 8 lungs4 ,he is left = sev]al weeks at ! same subject1 until 8 in/ructor is satisfi$ t he kn[s 8 lett]s4 ,9 ! next /ep ! boy is direct$ to /udy ! symbols ( ! v[els :i* are to be jo9$ ) consonants s z to =m syllables & words4 ,:5 ?is is done he is initiat$ into ! art ( unit+ toge!r & articulat+ prop]ly ! sev]al consonants ) ! symbolic *>act]s4 ,he sl[ly %apes 8 c\rse ?r\gh ! app>5tly mu*-complicat$ sy/em ( all ! comb9ations ( lett]s1 s z to be able to spell correctly all ! words ( ! language4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( ord] & me?od on ! "p ( ! tea*]s1 boys sp5d a long "t1 sometimes "o or two ye>s1 9 ma/]+ ^? difficulties1 :i*1 if prop]ly expla9$1 w\ld mu* %ort5 ! "t usually devot$ to su* a /udy4 ,! ,burmese alphabet1 ) ! v>i\s comb9ations ( lett]s & symbols = mak+ words1 is bas$ on a mo/ p]fect & sci5tific me?odical & simple process1 borr[$ f ! ,sanscrit4 ,! me?od is pla9 & easy1 z soon z x is und]/ood4 ,any p]son t has receiv$ "s education1 & ^: m9d is some:at develop$1 w be able1 ) ! occasional assi/ance ( an intellig5t ma/]1 to g all ov] ! v>i\s comb9ations 9 less ?an two mon?s4 ,! results d]iv$ f ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,burmans are s great & complete t1 aft] hav+ gone ov] ! g5]al alphabet ) att5tion1 ! beg9n] is able to read all ! ,burmese words he may meet )4 ,we d n mean1 ( c\rse1 to say t he w be able to pron\nce e ^w correctly4 ,?is is ano!r ?+ altoge!r4 ,b x is no less evid5t t ! sy/em us$ by ,burmese 9 ! comb9ations ( lett]s leads to results inf9itely m satisfactory ?an ^? obta9$ ?r\gh ! sy/em ( elem5t>y read+ & spell+ us$ 9 ,europe4 ,unacqua9t$ ) ! rules ( gramm>1 ! tea*]s are incapable ( imp>t+ any s\nd k ( ! v]nacul> language to _! num]\s pupils4 ,h5ce writ+1 z f> z or?ography goes1 is extremely imp]fect2 ! spell+ ( words1 hav+ no fix$ /&>d1 v>ies to an indef9ite ext5t4 ,z soon z ! s*ol>s h ma/]$ ! difficulties ( ! long & complicat$ alphabet1 "s portions ( ! sacr$ writ+s are put into _! h&s = read+4 ,! result is t ! ,burmese 9 g5]al acquire "s k1 m or less ext5sive1 ( _! religi\s cre$4 ,?\gh none among !m c be f\nd :o und]/&s compreh5sively ! ,buddhi/ic sy/em1 yet mo/ ( !m are possess$ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( m or less limit$ in=mation conc]n+ ,buddha & 8 law4 ,9 ?is respect !y are p]haps ahead ( _m nom9al ,*ri/ians 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe1 :o dwell 9 l>ge manufactur+ t[ns & remote c\ntry di/ricts & belong to ! l[] classes1 & :o live )\t ev5 a slight acqua9tance ) ! ess5tial t5ets ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,9 addition to ! em95tly useful task ( tea*+ y\?1 ! ,buddhi/ic recluse devotes occasionally "s portion ( 8 "t to ! useful lab\r ( copy+ manuscripts on palm-leaves1 ei!r = 8 p]sonal use or to increase ! small libr>y ( 8 mona/]y4 ,! "w is consid]$ z a v excell5t "o1 des]v+ ( great m]its1 & mu* recomm5d$ by ! rules ( ! society4 ,x is a matt] ( regret t ! native laz9ess ( ! ,phongyies1 z well z _! total want ( ord] 9 acquir+ k1 ?w>t to a great ext5t ! practical work+ ( ! wise provisions made by ! fram] ( ! rules4 ,7 x n = su* causes1 copies ( all ! be/ & mo/ int]e/+ works on ! religi\s sy/em ( ,buddhism w\ld be greatly multipli$1 & c\ld be easily procur$2 :il/ n[ !y are exce$+ly sc>ce & h>dly to be _h at all4 ,! few copies to be _h ) mu* difficulty are to be paid = v high4 ,all ! books are made ( palm-leaves4 ,! leaves are ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 & f ?ree to f\r 9 bread?4 ,on ea* face ( ! leaf f sev5 to n9e or t5 l9es are writt54 ,a copyi/ uses a /yle ( iron by way ( p54 ,) ! %>p po9t he scrat*es ! epid]mis ( ! leaf to =m ! lett]s4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! lett]s p]fectly visible1 he rubs ov] ! page j writt5 ) a piece ( rag "s petroleum1 :i*1 p5etrat+ into ! p>ts scrat*$ by ! /yle1 causes ! lett]s to become q di/9ct & app>5t4 ,! ,talapo9s sp5d ! be/ "p ( ! day sitt+ 9 a cross-legg$ position1 *ew+ betel & conv]s+ ) ! _m idl]s t are always to be f\nd 9 great numb]s ab\t _! dwell+s4 ,:5 tir$ ( ! v]tical position1 !y adopt ! horizontal "o1 recl9+ ! head on pill[s & g5tly submitt+ to ! soporific influ5ce ( good ,morpheus4 ,!y h always 9 _! h&s a /r+ ( beads1 on :i* !y are wont to repeat c]ta9 devotional =mulas4 ,! mo/ common is ! foll[+1 8,aneitsa1 duka1 anatta20 mean+ t ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w is subject$ to ! law ( *ange & mutability1 to t ( pa9 & suff]+1 & to t ( entire & un9t]rupt$ illusion4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an imm5se field op5$ to a reflect+ m9d by ^! ?ree v significative expressions = c>ry+ on s]i\s & prolong$ m$itation2 b none ( ! ,talapo9s1 at lea/ ( ^? ,i h be5 acqua9t$ )1 are capable ( und]/&+ compreh5sively _! mean+4 ,!y (t5 repeat ! =ty great subjects ( m$itation1 & ! rule enjo9s !m to be zeal\sly addict$ to contemplation1 :i* is pron\nc$ to be ! *ief ex]cise ( a true foll[] ( ,buddha4 ,b h[ c !re ev] be expect$ f weak & ignorant p]sons ! habitual practice ( s high an ex]cise1 requir+ an intellectual vig\r ( ! v fir/ ord]8 ,!y mu/ repeat on _! beads at lea/ a hundr$ & tw5ty times a day ! f\r foll[+ consid]ations on ! f\r ?+s m imm$iately necess>y to m51 food1 raim5t1 habitation1 & m$ic9e3 8,i eat ?is rice1 n to please my appetite1 b to satisfy ! wants ( nature4 ,i put on ?is habit1 n = ! sake ( vanity1 b to cov] my nak$ness4 ,i live 9 ?is kiaong1 n = va+lory1 b to be protect$ f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,i dr9k ?is m$ic9e m]ely to recov] my heal?1 t ,i may ) great] dilig5ce att5d to ! duties ( my pr(ession40 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,religi\s ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,phongyies--,,respect ,,& ,,v5]ation ,,paid ,,to ,,!m ,,by ,,! ,,laity4 ,:5 we speak ( ! great influ5ce possess$ by ! religi\s ord] ( ,buddhi/ monks1 we d n int5d to speak ( political influ5ce4 ,x does n appe> t 9 ,burmah !y h ev] aim$ at any %>e 9 ! managem5t or direction ( ! affairs ( ! c\ntry4 ,s9ce ! accession ( ! h\se ( ,alomphra to ! ?rone1 t is to say1 dur+ a p]iod ( above a hundr$ ye>s1 ! hi/ory ( ,burmah has be5 tol]ably well kn[n4 ,we d n recollect hav+ ev] met ) "o in/ance :5 ! ,phongyies1 z a body1 h int]f]$ 9 ! affairs ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y also seem to rema9 indiff]5t to family or dome/ic affairs4 ,! regulations !y are subject$ to1 & ! object :i* !y h 9 view 9 ent]+ ! religi\s pr(ession1 deb> !m f conc]n+ !mselves 9 affairs t are =eign to _! sacr$ call+4 ,b 9 a religi\s po9t ( view alone1 _! influ5ce is a mighty "o4 ,^u t v ord] h+es ! :ole fabric ( ,buddhism4 ,f x1 z f a s\rce1 fl[s ! life t ma9ta9s & invigorates religi\s belief 9 ! masses t pr(ess t cre$4 ,we may view ! memb]s ( ! ord] z religi\s1 & z in/ructors ( ! p at l>ge1 & pr9cipally ( y\?4 ,9 t d\ble capacity !y ex]cise a great control & reta9 a /rong hold ov] ! m9d ( ! p4 ,!re is 9 man a natural disposition & incl9ation to admire individuals :o1 actuat$ by religi\s feel+s1 are induc$ to leave ! _w & sep>ate f society 9 ord] to devote !mselves m freely to ! practice ( religi\s duties4 ,! m society is corrupt$1 ! m its memb]s value ^? p]sons :o h ! moral c\rage to e/range !mselves f ! c5tre ( vice1 t !y may pres]ve !mselves f contam9ation4 ,9 fact1 religi\s are e/eem$ 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! contempt !y h = ?is _w4 ,! ,phongyies occupy precisely ?is position 9 ! eyes ( _! co-religioni/s4 ,_! ord] /&s 9 bold relief ov] ! society !y belong to4 ,_! dress1 _! mode ( life1 _! volunt>y d5ial ( all gratification ( s5sual appetites1 c5tre ^u !m ! admir+ eyes ( all4 ,!y are look$ ^u z ! imitators & foll[]s ( ,buddha2 !y hold o/5sibly be=e ord9>y believ]s ! patt]n ( t p]fection !y h be5 taught s fondly to rev]e4 ,! ,phongyies are z liv+ mem5toes1 rem9d+ ! p ( all t is mo/ sacr$ & p]fect 9 practical religion4 ,no "o w d5y t ! view ( a body ( religi\s exi/+ 9 a community1 keep+ an int]c\rse ) its memb]s1 mu/ ev] h a p[]ful t5d5cy to fo/] religi\s feel+s 9 ! m9d ( a half-civilis$ p z ! ,burmese are4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! ,phongyies comm& ! respect & v5]ation ( ! p1 & ex]cise a consid]able am\nt ( religi\s influ5ce ov] ! masses4 ,b 9 ! capacity ( in/ructors ( ! p1 ! memb]s ( ! ord] act z yet m directly & actively ^u ! p4 ,9 ,burmah !re are no s*ools b ^? kept by ! religi\s4 ,! mona/]ies are z s _m little sem9>ies :]e male *ildr5 receive elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,! k t is imp>t$ to !m by _! ma/]s is n secul>1 b purely religi\s4 ,x is a po9t ^u :i* ! undivid$ att5tion ( a ke5 obs]v] mu/ be c5tr$ 9 ord] to und]/& ! full mean+ ( ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,we d n mean to say t ! in/ructor has always pres5t to 8 m9d1 z a pr(essor1 ! direct tea*+ ( religi\s t5ets2 b ! fact is t no in=mation is convey$ to ! pupils except t :i* comes f religi\s books4 ,no o!r books are ev] us$ 9 s*ools4 ,z soon z boys are able to read1 religi\s books are put into _! h&s4 ,dur+ all ! "t !y rema9 at s*ool !y g ov] books t h a direct ref]5ce to religion4 ,)\t ev5 be+ aw>e ( x1 !y imbibe religi\s notions1 & become acqua9t$ ) "s p>ts ( ! religi\s cre$1 p>ticul>ly ) :at relates to ,gaudama's prec$+ & la/ exi/5ce4 ,:5 !y gr[ up to manhood1 if !y happ5 to read1 !y h1 z a g5]al practice1 no o!r books b su* z h a ref]5ce to religion4 ,:5 p assemble toge!r1 ei!r 9 ! dzeats on ! occasion ( fe/ival days1 or at home on o!r public occasions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! days foll[+ ! dea? ( "s relatives1 "o or sev]al eld]s read "s passage ( _! scriptures1 & !reby supply topics = conv]sation ( a religi\s turn4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s orig9ates almo/ entirely 9 ! e>ly education receiv$ 9 ! mona/]ies at ! h&s ( _! ma/]s1 ! ,phongyies4 ,x p[]fully contributes to popul>ise & fo/] religi\s notions1 :il/ x indirectly height5s & bright5s 9 ! eyes ( ! p ! position ( ! religi\s4 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly int]c\rse betwe5 ! y\? & _! ma/]s t5ds to br+ into clos] contact & union bo? ! religi\s & ! laity4 ,x draws ne>] ! ties t b9d toge!r ^! two fractions ( ! ,buddhi/ society4 ,! relation ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! tea*]s & ! taught is fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! greate/ numb] ( ! male portion ( ! community become affiliat$1 dur+ a long] or %ort] p]iod1 to ! society1 & subject$ to its rules & regulations2 !y are ca/ 9 ! m\ld ( religi\s1 & reta9 dur+ ! rema9d] ( _! life "s ( ! features t h be5 at an e>ly p]iod /amp$ on _! "y m9ds4 ,_! memory rema9s load$ ) all t !y le>n$ by he>t dur+ ! days !y sp5t 9 ! mona/]ies z /ud5ts or memb]s ( ! society4 ,?\gh ! ,phongyies or ,talapo9s are n rem>kable = _! zeal 9 deliv]+ in/ructions or s]mons to ! p1 !y dis*>ge occasionally t duty on ! eve ( & dur+ fe/ival days1 & on all occasions :5 consid]able (f]+s are br\ght to !m 9 _! mona/]ies4 ,sometimes1 too1 !y are reque/$ to g to c]ta9 places prep>$ = t purpose1 to deliv] in/ructions & receive (f]+s t5d]$ to !m by "s pi\s laym54 ,! prea*+ nev] consi/s 9 exp\nd+ ! text ( ! religi\s books1 & develop+ c]ta9 po9ts ( ! law2 x is a m]e rehe>sal & repetition ( ! precepts ( ! law or ( regul> =mulas 9 praise ( ,gaudama1 & an enum]ation ( ! m]its to be ga9$ by ^? :o be/[ alms on !m4 ,^! & simil> circum/ances mu* contribute to keep up ! position ( ! religi\s1 & aid !m 9 reta9+ a p[]ful religi\s hold ov] _! respective communities4 ,we repeat x z our delib]ate op9ion1 t ^u ! religi\s association "u consid]ation pr9cipally re/s1 z on a /rong basis1 ! great fabric ( ,buddhism4 ,7 su* an in/itution to give way & crumble to ! du/1 ! vital en]gies ( t false cre$ w\ld soon be weak5$ & completely p>alys$4 ,buddhism w\ld yield be=e ! fir/ attack t w\ld be skilfully & vigor\sly direct$ aga9/ x4 ,9 ,burmah ! ,phongyies are highly respect$ by e memb] ( ! community4 ,:5 !y appe> 9 public1 walk+ 9 ! /reets1 !y are ! objects ( ! greate/ att5tion4 ,! p )draw be=e !m to leave a free passage4 ,wom5 are se5 squatt+ on bo? sides ( ! way1 ?r\gh respect = ! v5]at$ p]sonages4 ,:5 visit$ 9 _! dwell+s1 ev5 by p]sons ( ! highe/ rank1 ! etiquette is t e visitor %\ld pro/rate himself ?ree times be=e ! head ( ! mona/]y1 utt]+ ! foll[+ =mula3--8,to ! end ( obta9+ ! remission ( all ! faults ,i h committ$ ?r\gh my s5ses1 my spee*1 & my he>t1 ,i make a fir/1 second1 & ?ird pro/ration 9 hon\r ( ! ?ree preci\s ?+s--,phra1 8 law1 & ! assembly ( ! p]fect4 ,mean:ile1 ,i e>ne/ly wi% to be pres]v$ f ! ?ree calamities1 ! f\r /ates ( puni%m5t1 & ! five enemies40 ,to :i* ! recluse answ]s3--8,= 8 m]it & rew>d1 may he :o makes su* pro/rations be fre$ f ! f\r /ates ( puni%m5t1 ! ?ree calamities1 ! five sorts ( enemies1 & f all evil :atsoev]4 ,may he obta9 ! object ( all 8 wi%es1 walk /eadily 9 ! pa? ( p]fection1 enjoy ! advantages result+ !refrom1 & f9ally obta9 ! /ate ( ,neibban40 ,on ! visitor )draw+ f 8 pres5ce1 ! ?ree pro/rations mu/ be repeat$2 he !n /&s up1 falls back to a di/ance ( t5 feet1 z x w\ld be highly unbecom+ to turn ! back sudd5ly on ! holy man1 :eels r\nd on ! "r1 & goes out4 ,?is usage is d\btless v anci5t1 & is at ! same "t look$ ^u z a v important "o4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,gaudama we h se5 x m5tion$ on all occasions :5 visitors w5t to pay _! respects to him4 ,pr9ces & nobles obs]v$ ! c]emony ) ! utmo/ punctuality4 ,! be/ pro( ( ! high v5]ation ! p ent]ta9 = ! ,talapo9s is ! truly surpris+ lib]ality ) :i* !y gladly m9i/] to all _! wants4 ,!y impose ^u !mselves great sacrifices1 incur enorm\s exp5ses1 place !mselves joyfully 9 n>r[ circum/ances1 t !y might h ! means to build mona/]ies ) ! be/ & mo/ sub/antial mat]ials1 & adorn !m ) all ! luxury ! c\ntry c af=d4#fa ,gold is (t5 pr(usely us$ = gild+ ! po/s1 ceil+1 & o!r p>ts ( ! int]ior1 z well z sev]al trunks or *e/s = /or+ up manuscripts4 ,two or ?ree ro(s sup]pos$ ^u ea* o!r 7a privilege exclusively res]v$ to royal palaces1 pagodas1 & kiaongs7 indicate to ! /rang] t ! build+ is a mona/]y4 ,! recluse's h\se is well suppli$ ) ! v>i\s articles ( furniture becom+ ! pi\s inmates4 ,! individual :o builds at 8 own exp5se su* a h\se1 assumes ! mu*-envi$ title ( ,kiaong-taga1 or support] ( a mona/]y4 ,?is title is = ev] c\pl$ ) 8 "n3 x is us$ z a m>k ( respect by all p]sons conv]s+ ) him1 & x appe>s 9 all pap]s or docum5ts :i* he may h to sign4 ,! be/1 f9e/1 & mo/ sub/antial articles1 if all[$ by ! regulations z fit = ! use ( ! ,talapo9s1 are g5]\sly & abundantly af=d$ by b5evol5t p]sons4 ,:5 ! k+ is religi\sly incl9$1 ! be/ & mo/ co/ly pres5ts he receives are deposit$ 9 ! mona/]ies1 to adorn ! place or hall :]e ! pr9cipal idol is4 ,gov]nm5t does n int]f]e or give any assi/ance 9 build+ pagodas or kiaongs2 nor does x provide = ! support ( ! pi\s ,rahans2 b ! lib]ality ( ! p amply suffices = all cont+5cies ( ! k9d4 ,:5 a man has made "s pr(it by trad+1 or any o!r way1 he w almo/ infallibly be/[ ! be/ portion ( 8 lucre 9 build+ a kiaong1 or fe$+ ! inmates ( a religi\s h\se = a few mon?s1 or 9 giv+ g5]al alms to all ! recluses ( ! t[n4 ,su* lib]ality1 :i* is by no means uncommon1 has its root1 we believe1 9 a /rong religi\s s5tim5t1 & also 9 ! insecurity--nay1 ! dang]--( hold+ prop]ty to a l>ge am\nt4 ,:5 a ,talapo9 is address$ by a layman1 ! latt] assumes ! title ( disciple2 & ! =m] calls him simply ,taga1 or support]4 ,! attitude ( ! layman 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,phongyie is indicative ( ! v5]ation he ent]ta9s t[>ds 8 p]son4 ,he squats d[n1 & he nev] addresses ! yell[-dress$ individual )\t jo9+ 8 h&s 9 tok5 ( respect1 & rais+ !m up ) a little motion indicative ( int5d$ pro/ration4 ,z !re is 9 ,burmah a c\rt language1 s !re is a language1 or r a c]ta9 numb] ( expressions1 res]v$ to designate ?+s us$ by ,talapo9s1 z well z mo/ ( ! actions !y p]=m 9 common ) o!r m51 su* z eat+1 walk+1 sleep+1 %av+1 c4 ,! v turn ( ! commone/ s5t5ce is indicative ( respect :5 speak+ to a ,rahan4 ,he is call$ ,phra1 ! mo/ hon\rable t]m ! language c af=d4 ,8 p]son is sacr$1 & no "o w\ld d>e to (f] him ! lea/ insult or viol5ce4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,talapo9 ^u ! p is consid]able1 9 proportion to ! great respect borne to 8 sacr$ "*4 ,s extraord9>y has x be5 on c]ta9 occasions1 t ,phongyies h be5 se5 rescu+ =cibly f ! h&s ( ! police culprits on _! way to ! place ( execution4 ,no resi/ance1 !n1 c\ld be made by ! policem5 )\t expos+ !mselves to ! dang] ( committ+ a sacrilege1 by lift+ _! h&s aga9/ !m :5 su* an occurr5ce takes place4 ,! lib]at$ wret*es are !n =?) l$ to ! next mona/]y4 ,_! heads hav+ be5 %av$1 !y are attir$ 9 ! yell[ g>b1 & _! p]sons become at once sacr$ & inviolable4 ,! v5]ation paid to ,talapo9s dur+ _! lifetime accompanies !m aft] _! dea?4 ,_! /ate is consid]$ z "o ( peculi> sanctity4 ,x is suppos$ t _! v bodies too p>take ( ! hol9ess inh]5t 9 _! sacr$ pr(ession4 ,h5ce _! mortal rema9s are hon\r$ to an ext5t sc>cely to be imag9$4 ,z soon z a di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! bro!rhood has giv5 up ! gho/1 8 body is op5$1 ! visc]a extract$ & buri$ 9 "s dec5t place )\t any p>ticul> c]emony1 & ! corpse embalm$ 9 a v simple mann] by putt+ a%es1 bran1 & o!r desiccative sub/ances into ! abdom9al cavity4 ,x is !n swa!d ) b&s ( l951 wrapp$ r\nd x _m times1 & a ?ick coat ( v>ni% laid ^u ! :ole4 ,on ?is fre% v>ni% gold leaves are sometimes plac$1 s t ! :ole body is gild$ ov] f head to feet4 ,:5 ! p are poor & _c af=d to buy gold = ! above purpose1 a piece ( yell[ clo? is consid]$ z ! mo/ suitable sub/itute4 ,! body1 ?us attir$1 is laid 9 a v massive c(f91 made1 n ) planks1 b ( a s+le piece ( timb] holl[$ 9 ! middle = receiv+ ! e>?ly frame ( ! deceas$4 ,a spl5did c5otaph1 rais$ 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge build+ erect$ = ! purpose1 is prep>$ to support a l>ge *e/ :]e9 ! c(f9 is deposit$4 ,! *e/ is (t5 gilt inside & out1 & decorat$ ) fl[]s made ( diff]5t poli%$ sub/ances ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,pictures1 su* z native arti/s contrive to make1 are dispos$ r\nd ! c5otaph4 ,!y repres5t ord9>ily religi\s subjects4 ,9 ?is /ately situation ! body rema9s expos$ = sev]al days1 nay sev]al mon?s1 until prep>ations are complet$ = ! gr& day ( ! obsequies4 ,dur+ t p]iod fe/ivals are (t5 celebrat$ ab\t x1 b&s ( music play1 & p resort 9 cr[ds to ! spot = ! purpose ( mak+ (f]+s to defray ! exp5se to be incurr$ = ! fun]al c]emony4 ,:5 ! appo9t$ day = burn+ ! corpse at la/ arrives1 ! :ole population ( ! t[n w be se5 flock+ 9 _! f9e/ dresses to witness ! display ( fireworks :i* takes place on ! occasion ( burn+ ! corpse4 ,a fun]al pile ( a squ>e =m is erect$ on ! mo/ elevat$ spot4 ,its height is ab\t fifte5 feet1 & x ends ) a small room made = receiv+ ! c(f94 ,! corpse hav+ be5 hoi/$ up & laid 9 ! place de/9$ = its reception1 fire is set to ! pile 9 a r uncommon way4 ,an imm5se rocket1 plac$ at a di/ance ( ab\t =ty y>ds1 is direct$ t[>ds ! pile by means ( a fix$ rope guid+ x !reto4 ,sometimes ! rocket is plac$ on a huge c>t1 & pu%$ 9 ! direction ( ! pile4 ,9 its erratic & unc]ta9 c\rse x happ5s occasionally t x deviates f its c\rse1 & plunges into ! ranks ( ! cr[d1 w\nd+ & kill+ ^? x meets4 ,z soon z x comes 9 contact ) ! pile1 ! latt] imm$iately takes fire by means ( combu/ibles heap$ = t purpose1 & ! :ole is soon consum$4 ,! few rema9+ pieces ( bones are religi\sly collect$1 & buri$ 9 ! vic9ity ( "s pagoda4 ,"h ends ! pr(\nd v5]ation1 am\nt+ almo/ to wor%ip1 :i* ,buddhi/s pay to _! recluses dur+ _! life & aft] _! demise4 ,two *ief motives induce ! sect>ies ( ,buddha to be s lib]al t[>ds ! ,talapo9s1 & to pay !m s high a respect2 viz41 ! great m]its & abundant rew>ds !y expect to d]ive f ! pl5tiful alms !y be/[ ^u !m1 & ! pr(\nd admiration !y ent]ta9 = _! sacr$ "*1 au/]e mann]s1 & purely religi\s mode ( life4 ,! fir/ motive orig9ates f int]e/$ views2 ! second has its root 9 t reg>d m5 naturally h = p]sons :o di/+ui% !mselves f o!rs by a m absolute self-d5ial1 a great] re/ra9t & control ( _! passions1 a r5\ncem5t ( p]mitt$ pleasures & s5sual gratifications f religi\s motives4 ,accord+ to ! fundam5tal dogma ( ,buddhism1 any (f]+ made to1 or inde$ any action done = ! b5efit (1 a fell[-man is des]v+ ( rew>d dur+ future exi/5ces1 su* z digg+ a well1 build+ a re/+-place1 a bridge1 c42 b f> m abundant are ! m]its result+ f pres5t+ a ,talapo9 ) "o or sev]al articles necess>y to 8 daily use1 z !y increase proportionately to ! dignity ( ! p]son to :om ! ?+s are (f]$4 ,we may judge f ! foll[+ in/ance ( ! pl5tiful h>ve/ ( m]its :i* a support] ( ,phongyies is promis$ to reap h]eaft]3 ,he :o %all make an (f]+ ( a m5dicant's pot or ,?abeit %all receive z 8 rew>d cups & o!r ut5sils set ) jewels2 he %all be exempt$ f mis=tunes & calamities1 disquietude & tr\ble2 he %all get )\t lab\r all t is necess>y = 8 food1 dress1 & lodg+2 pleasure & happ9ess %all be 8 lot2 8 s\l %all be 9 a /ate ( /ead9ess & tranquillity1 & 8 passion = ! sex %all be consid]ably weak5$4 ,! (f]+ ( o!r objects secures to ! donor weal?1 dignity1 high rank1 pleasure1 & an admittance into ! =tunate c\ntries or seats ( ! ,nats1 :]e all ! ?+s are to be met ) & enjoy$ t are calculat$ to conf] on man ! greate/ sum ( happ9ess4 ,! p believe unhesitat+ly all t is said to !m 9 ?is respect1 & !y gladly /rip !mselves ( _m valuable ?+s 9 ord] to obta9 & enjoy1 dur+ com+ exi/5ces1 ! ri*es & pleasures promis$ to !m by _! ,rahans4 ,! insecurity ( prop]ty "u tyrannical rul]s may op]ate to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 det]m9+ p to "p ) _! ri*es1 & consecrate !m to religi\s purposes1 r ?an see !mselves viol5tly depriv$ ( !m by ! odi\s rapacity ( ! vile in/rum5ts ( ! av>ice1 tyranny1 & cruelty ( _! he>tless pr9ces & gov]nors4 ,x c sc>cely be a matt] ( wond] t ,buddhi/s s mu* hon\r & respect a ,talapo91 :5 we consid] t1 9 _! op9ion1 he is a true foll[] ( ,buddha1 :o /rives to imitate 8 great prototype 9 ! practice ( ! highe/ virtues1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 incomp>able mortification & self-d5ial1 t he might secure ! asc5dancy ( ! spiritual pr9ciple ov] ! mat]ial "o1 weak5 passions :i* are ! real causes ( ! disord] t reigns 9 our s\l1 & f9ally dis5gage h] f _! baneful influ5ces1 & f t ( matt] 9 g5]al4 ,he is exce$+ly res]v$ & ab/emi\s reg>d+ food1 ! use ( creatures1 & ! enjoym5t ( pleasures1 9 ord] to secure to reason ! noble/ faculty ( an intellig5t be+1 a p]fect control ov] ! s5ses4 ,he is inde$ 9 ! "r way lead+ to ,neibban1 ! summit ( p]fection4 ,9 ! op9ion ( a ,buddhi/1 nobody c be comp>$ to a true & f]v5t ,rahan 9 /]l+ wor? & m]it4 ,8 moral dignity & elevation ca/ into ! %ade ! dazzl+ spl5d\r t surr\nds loyalty4 ,he is a pi\s recluse1 a holy p]sonage1 a true memb] ( ! holy ,?anga1 & des]v+1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ admiration & respect4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! pr(\nd v5]ation 9 :i* ,talapo9s are publicly held1 !y are exempt$ f contribut+ to public *>ges1 tribute1 corves1 & milit>y s]vice4 ,x is an imm5se fav\r1 p>ticul>ly among ! nations ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 :]e ! rul]s look ^u _! subjects z m]e slaves & tools "u _! comm& = execut+ ! absolute ord]s ( _! caprici\s fancy4 ,"u ! pres5t rul] ( ,burmah1 ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ,phongyies are b5efit$ by ! fact ( _! sons be+ 9 a mona/]y4 ,!y are exempt$ f pay+ taxes1 & are treat$ ) "s att5tion by ! (ficials :o wi% to +ratiate !mselves 9 ! fav\r ( 8 mo/ ,buddhi/ maje/y4 ,!y h (t5 ! honor>y affixes jo9$ to _! names4 ,9 conclud+ ?is notice1 we w briefly sket* ! actual situation ( ! ,talapo9ic ord] 9 ^? p>ts :]e we h _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ x1 & w allude to ! causes t h op]at$ 9 s$uc+ x into vices1 abuses1 & imp]fections :i* are l[]+ x greatly 9 ! op9ion ( all =eign]s & ( a few well-in=m$ natives4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal cause t has br\ght ! ,society into disrepute & op5$ ! door to numb]less abuses is ! total abs5ce ( disc]nm5t 9 ! selection ( ! individuals t seek = an admittance !re94 ,e applicant is indiscrim9ately receiv$ z a memb] ( ! bro!rhood4 ,no previ\s exam9ation takes place = asc]ta9+ ! dispositions1 capacity1 & sci5ce ( ! po/ulant4 ,no inquiry is ev] made reg>d+ ! motives t may h induc$ him to =sake ! _w & take s important a /ep4 ,8 vocation is expos$ to no trial4 ,he has b to pres5t himself & he is sure to be imm$iately receiv$1 provid$ he cons5t to con=m ext]iorly to ! usual practices ( 8 bre?r54 ,no acc\nt is tak5 ( 8 =m] conduct4 ,! v fact ( 8 apply+ to be admitt$ into ! society ( ! p]fect atones amply = all pa/ irregul>ities4 ,! only respectability inh]5t 9 ! mod]n ,talapo9s is t d]iv$ f ! sacr$ yell[ dress he we>s4 ,x may aptly be said ( him t he is monk by ! fact ( 8 we>+ ! canonical dress4 ,! h\ses ( ! ord] are1 9 _m in/ances1 fill$ ) wor?less individuals totally unfit = ! pr(ession1 :o h be5 induc$ by ! base/ motives to ent] into !m1 *iefly by laz9ess1 idl5ess1 & ! hope ( sp5d+ quietly _! "t beyond ! rea* ( want1 & )\t be+ oblig$ to "w = _! livelihood4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is1 ,i w m5tion ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,dur+ ! second ye> ( my /ay 9 ,burmah1 ,i _h ) me1 9 ! capacity ( s]vant1 an old /upid native4 ,on a c]ta9 day he gravely told me t he int5d$ to leave my s]vice & become a ,phongyie4 ,i laugh$ at fir/ at :at ,i consid]$ to be v presumptu\s & imp]t95t language4 ,! old man1 h[ev]1 kept 8 ^w4 ,hav+ left my h\se a few days aft] our conv]sation on ! subject ( 8 new vocation1 ,i he>d no m ( him till x happ5$ a few mon?s aft] t ,i met him 9 a mona/]y1 attir$ 9 ! full dress ( a ,phongyie1 & s pr\d ( 8 new position t he h>dly condesc5d$ to put himself on a foot+ ( equality ) 8 =m] ma/]4 ,ignorance prevails to an ext5t sc>cely to be imag9$ among ! g5]ality ( ! ,phongyies4 ,i h met ) a great numb] ( laym5 :o 7 incomp>ably bett] in=m$1 & f> sup]ior 9 k to !m4 ,_! m9d is ( ! n>r[e/ compass4 ,?\gh b\nd by _! pr(ession to /udy ) p>ticul> c>e ! v>i\s t5ets ( _! cre$ & all t relates to ,buddhism1 !y are sadly defici5t 9 ?is respect4 ,!y h no ard\r = /udy4 ,:ile !y read "s book1 !y d x )\t att5tion or ef=t to make !mselves fully acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts4 ,!re is no vig\r 9 _! intellect1 no compreh5siv5ess 9 _! m9d1 no ord] or connection 9 _! ideas4 ,_! read+ is ( a desultory nature1 & ! notions /or$ up 9 _! memory are at once incoh]5t1 imp]fect1 & too (t5 v limit$4 ,!y possess no g5]al or correct views ( ,buddhism4 ,i nev] met ) "o :o c\ld embrace ! :ole sy/em 9 8 m9d & give a tol]ably accurate acc\nt ( x4 ,! only faculty t !y cultivate ) great c>e is memory4 ,x is surpris+ to he> !m repeat+ by he>t ! cont5ts ( a book !y h /udi$4 ,z ! numb] ( books is v limit$ 9 c\ntries :]e ! art ( pr9t+ has n be5 introduc$1 ! pupils ( ! mona/]ies are compell$ to commit to memory ! greate/ portion ( ! books !y /udy4 ,he :o has liv$ 9 ,burmah mu/ h (t5 he>d1 to 8 great surprise1 laym5 repeat+1 dur+ sometimes a :ole h\r1 =mulas 9 ,pali1 or religi\s /ories 9 ,burmese1 :i* !y _h le>n$ 9 ! s*ool1 or :5 !y _h put on ! monki% habit4 ,phongyies are fond ( exhibit+ _! k ( ! ,pali language1 by repeat+ f memory1 & )\t /amm]+ or /umbl+1 long =mulas & s5t5ces2 b ,i h conv9c$ myself t v few among !m und]/ood ev5 imp]fectly a small "p ( :at !y recit$4 ,^? :o enjoy popul>ly a reputation = uncommon k affect to speak v little1 %[ a great res]ve1 despis+ z ignorant ! p]son t approa*es _! abodes or holds conv]sation ) !m4 ,b sil5ce1 :i* 9 a le>n$ man is a sign ( mode/y1 is too (t5 ) !m a cloak to cov] _! ignorance1 & a cunn+ device = disguis+ pride "u ! g>b ( humility4 ,! latt] virtue1 ?\gh mu* recomm5d$ 9 ! ,w9i1 is n a fav\rite "o ) ! ,talapo9s4 ,x is inde$ impossible t !y c\ld ev] und]/& or practise x1 s9ce !y are unacqua9t$ ) ! two great ways t lead to x1 viz41 a pr(\nd k ( ,god & a ?or\gh k ( self4 ,talapo9s1 :o are di/+ui%$ among _! bre?r5 = _! great au/]ity ( mann]s & m p]fect obs]vance ( _! regulations1 are ! mo/ unpleas+ be+s ! writ] has ev] met )4 ,!y are cold1 res]v$1 speak+ ) affect$ concis5ess3 _! language is s5t5ti\s1 season$ ) an uncommon dose ( pret5sion4 ,s5t5ces fall+ f _! lips are half f9i%$1 & involv$ 9 a my/]i\s obscurity1 calculat$ to fill ) awe & admiration _! num]\s he>]s2 a c]ta9 haught9ess & contempt ( o!rs always %[s itself ?r\gh _! affect$ simplicity & humble deportm5t4 ,vanity & selfi%ness1 lat5t 9 _! he>ts1 =ce !mselves on ! att5tion ( an acute obs]v]4 ,9 _! mann]s !y are occasionally s affect$ by a ridicul\s res]ve t "o might be tempt$ to ?9k t _! bra9 is n q s\nd4 ,talapo9s1 9 g5]al1 ent]ta9 a v high idea ( _! own excell5ce2 & ! great respect paid to !m by ! p contributes n a little to fo/] x1 & make !m believe t nobody on e>? c ev] be comp>$ to !m4 ,to su* a height has _! pride rea*$ t !y believe x w\ld be d]ogatory to _! dignity to return civility = civility1 or ?anks = ! alms p be/[ on !m4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! "* ( ! ,talapo9s is _! incomp>able idl5ess4 ,we may say t1 9 ?is respect1 !y resemble _! c\ntrym51 :o are v prone to t vice4 ,two causes ( a v diff]5t nature seem1 9 our op9ion1 to act toge!r on ! p ( ^! c\ntries to produce su* a result4 ,! fir/ is a physical "o2 ! heat ( ! climate1 c\pl$ ) a p]petual uni=mity 9 ! temp]ature1 produc+ a g5]al relaxation 9 ! :ole sy/em1 :i* is nev] combat$ or c\nt]act$ by an opposite action or influ5ce4 ,! second cause is a moral "o1 ! tyranny ( ! despotic gov]nm5ts rul+ ov] ! populations ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,prop]ty is ev]y:]e insecure4 ,he :o is suspect$ ( be+ ri* is expos$ to numb]less vexations on ! "p ( ! vile satellites ( tyranny1 :o soon f9d out "s app>5t pretext = confiscat+ a "p or ! :ole ( 8 prop]ty1 or depriv+ him ( life1 %\ld he d>e to (f] resi/ance4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s e "o is satisfi$ ) ! ?+s ( fir/ necessity4 ,want =ms ! /ronge/ tie t b9ds toge!r individuals & races1 & at ! same "t holds out ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive to ex]tion4 ,! p ( ^! p>ts h b few wants1 & !re=e !y lack inducem5t to lab\r = acquir+ any?+ beyond :at is /rictly necess>y4 ,emulation1 ambition1 ! desire ( gr[+ ri*1 :i* are ! ma9 spr+s t move man to ex]tion1 disappe> & leave him 9 an abject & s]vile indol5ce1 :i* soon becomes 8 habitual /ate1 & ! grave :]e9 is entomb$ all 8 moral en]gy4 ,l _! c\ntrym51 ,phongyies are expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! above causes1 b _! mode ( life is a ?ird additional reason :y !y are m indol5t ?an o!rs4 ,!y h n to tr\ble or ex]t !mselves = ! articles requir$ = _! subsi/5ce & ma9t5ance2 ^! are abundantly suppli$ to !m by _! co-religioni/s4 ,!y are b\nd1 x is true1 to read1 /udy1 & m$itate2 b _! ignorance & laz9ess incapacitate !m = su* intellectual ex]cises4 ,!y rema9 dur+ ! be/ "p ( ! day sitt+ 9 a cross-legg$ position1 or recl9+1 or sleep+1 or at lea/ attempt+ to d s4 ,!y occasionally resume ! v]tical position to get rid ( ennui1 "o ( _! deadlie/ enemies1 & by repeat$ /ret*+s ( arms & legs1 & successive yawn+s1 try to free !mselves f t dome/ic foe4 ,! tea*+ ( _! s*ol>s occupies a few ( !m = a %ort "t 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+4 ,!y are (t5 reliev$ f _! mortal ennui by visitors z idle z !mselves1 :o resort to _! dwell+s to kill "t 9 _! company4 ,to keep up respectability be=e ! public1 ! ,rahans assume an air ( dignity & res]ve4 ,!y avoid all t c\ld lead !m into dissipation4 ,ext]ior cont95ce is g5]ally obs]v$1 & ?\gh !re are occasional trespasses1 x w\ld be unfair to lay on !m g5]ally ! *>ge ( incont95ce4 ,_! life s f> may be consid]$ z exempl>y4 ,?\gh p>tly dive/$ ( t op5-he>t$ness :i* is a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( _! c\ntrym51 !y are tol]ably k9d & affable ) /rang]s4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 _c rel9qui% 9 _! conv]sation ) !m a c]ta9 air ( sup]iority1 inspir$ by ! admiration ( self & ! high op9ion !y ent]ta9 ( _! exalt$ pr(ession & sacr$ "*4 ,!y are unwill+ to see !m sitt+ unc]emoni\sly close to !mselves2 & :5 ?is _c be avoid$1 !y seek = an opportunity ( remov+ to ano!r place a little m elevat$ ?an t occupi$ by ! visitor1 z x w\ld be highly unbecom+ t laym5 %\ld ev] presume to sit on a level ) a recluse4 ,su* a /ep w\ld imply a sort ( equality betwe5 !m bo?1 :i* is nev] to be dreamt (4 ,_! smoo? & quiet c\nt5ance1 _! meek deportm5t1 are1 z x 71 slightly frett$ ) a c]ta9 r\ghness & rud5ess peculi> to individuals lead+ a retir$ life1 & e/rang+ !mselves1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f ! place ( society4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h endeav\r$ to give a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! great religi\s ord] exi/+ 9 c\ntries :]e g5u9e ,buddhism is ! prevail+ cre$4 ,we h be5 oblig$1 = ! sake ( tru?1 to m5tion _m abuses t h sl[ly crept into x2 b we nev] ent]ta9$ ! slighte/ int5tion ( ca/+ a malignant contempt or a sne]+ ridicule ^u its memb]s4 ,mo/ s9c]ely we pity ^? un=tunate victims ( error & sup]/ition :o are wa/+ _! "t & en]gies 9 ! fruitless pursuit ( an imag9>y felicity4 ,no language c adequately express ! ard\r & int5sity ( our desires1 sighs1 & pray]s to ha/5 ! com+ ( ! day :5 ! ?ick mi/ & d>k cl\d t encompass _! s\ls %all be dissipat$1 & ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness %all %$ into !m 8 vivify+ beams4 ,h[ev] deplorable _! intellectual bl9dness may be1 we always felt t !y h a "r to be fairly & imp>tially dealt )4 ,! religi\s ord] !y belong to is1 aft] all1 ! greate/ 9 its ext5t & diffusion1 ! mo/ extraord9>y & p]fect 9 its fabric & con/itu5t p>ts1 & ! wise/ 9 its rules & prescriptions1 t has ev] exi/$ ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times )\t ! pale ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,add5da4 ,_m p]sons h (t5 put to ! writ] ! foll[+ "q3--,is x cr$ible t ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism e/abli%$ f ! beg9n+ a body ( religi\s1 ) s p]fect an hi]>*y & s complete an organisation z to elicit ! wond] & a/oni%m5t ( all ^? :o contemplate x ) a s]i\s att5tion8 ,no d\bt1 ,buddhi/s attribute to ,gaudama all ! regulations conta9$ 9 ! ,patimauk1 or ! book ( ! enfran*isem5t2 !y ma9ta9 t ! cont5ts ( ,cambawa1 or book = ! ord9ation ( ,patz9s1 h be5 arrang$ by ! same h&4 ,b ! absurdity ( su* an ass]tion _c fail to /rike ! eyes ( ev5 a sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,^! two books1 ) _! elaborate divisions & subdivisions1 mu/ h be5 gradually prep>$ & arrang$ at an epo* :5 ,buddhism _h tak5 deep root & spread its bran*es f> & wide1 & _h become ! dom9ant religion 9 ! c\ntries :]e x is fl\ri%+4 ,to conf] spl5d\r on ! admittance ( individuals into ! body ( monks1 ! rules ( ! ,cambawa 7 enact$4 ,to r5d] ! life ( religi\s an object ( great] v5]ation 9 ! eyes ( ! community1 ! regulations ( ! ,patimauk 7 devis$1 & 7 v likely br\ght1 by a sl[ process1 to ! /ate ( complet5ess we see !m at pres5t4 ,?\gh ,gaudama _h no?+ to d ) ! r$action ( ! books "u exam9ation1 he is1 nev]!less1 ! au?or ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ important regulations4 ,x is 9 ! ,?oots or in/ructions he has deliv]$ on diff]5t occasions t we mu/ se>* = discov]+ ! g]m & orig9 ( ! pr9cipal po9ts conta9$ 9 ! ,patimauk & ! ,cambawa4 ,at ! conclusion ( _m ( 8 in/ructions we f9d "s he>]s believ+ 9 him1 & apply+ = admittance into ! society ( 8 disciples4 ,:5 he approv$ ( _! dispositions1 ! applicants _h b to r5\nce ! ord9>y pursuits ( life1 ex*ange _! dress = ! "o regul>ly prescrib$1 & engage to live 9 a /ate ( /rict *a/ity3 !y !n became at once memb]s ( ! ,?anga1 )\t hav+ to g ?r\gh a prescrib$ ordeal4 ,fai? 9 ,buddha on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r will+ness to live 9 pov]ty & *a/ity1 7 ! only requisites = obta9+ admittance into ! spiritual family ( ,buddha4 ,! applicants 7 oblig$ to live 9 pov]ty1 & dep5d = _! food on ! alms !y c\ld procure by begg+4 ,h5ce !y 7 call$ ,bickus1 or m5dicants4 ,!y _h to we> a dress made ) rags pick$ up 9 cemet]ies & /it*$ toge!r4 ,!y plac$ !mselves "u ! guidance ( ,gaudama1 & d5i$ to !mselves all s5sual gratifications4 ,su* 7 ! fir/ & pr9cipal obligations impos$ on ! new conv]ts :o embrac$ a religi\s life4 ,! ,bickunies1 or wom5 :o _h embrac$ ! holy pr(ession1 7 gradually subject$ to ! same regulations4 ,! m9or details ( ! rule 7 introduc$ z consequ5ces fl[+ f ! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,?is has be5 ! "w ( "t1 & p]haps ( "o ( ! c\ncils4 ,x does n appe> f ! in/ructions ( ,gaudama t ! /eps ( ! hi]>*y 7 def9$ & fix$ by him1 z !y h subsequ5tly be54 ,we rem>k 9 ! assembly1 ! ,bickus1 or m5dicants1 con/itut+ ! great mass ( ! religi\s1 !n ! ,!ra1 or1 z ! ,burmans write x1 ,ma!ra1 ! anci5ts1 or memb]s ( ! assembly di/+ui%$ by _! age & pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+ & virtue1 & ! ,aryias1 or ^? :o _h made ! greate/ progress 9 m$itation & contemplation1 & _h ent]$ into ! curr5t ( p]fection4 ,x has be5 ask$ also :e!r ^? :o _h rea*$ "o ( ! f\r ,meggas--t is to say1 :o _h become a ,?autapan1 a ,sakadagam1 c4--7 always memb]s ( ! ,?anga1 & c\ld n live 9 ! _w4 ,f ! t5or ( c]ta9 passages 9 ! life ( ,gaudama we see t _m pi\s laym5 became ,?autapan1 ,sakadagam1 & ev5 ,anagam2 t is to say1 foll[$ ! ?ree fir/ ,meggas1 ?\gh !y cont9u$ to live 9 ! _w4 ,! fa!r ( ,buddha1 ,k+ ,?oodaudana1 ! fa!r ( ,ra?a & _m o!rs1 rea*$ "o ( ! above-m5tion$ /ates1 ?\gh !y cont9u$ to foll[ ! ord9>y pursuits ( life4 ,?is fact des]ves att5tion1 because x %[s t ! in/itutions ( ,gaudama re/$ on a broad basis1 & t a life 9 ! _w 0 n an ob/acle to foll[+ ! ways ( p]fection4 ,,on ,,! ,,^w 8,,nat40 ,9 a note on ! ,nats1 ! writ]1 hav+ express$ ! op9ion t ! ^w 8,nat10 us$ by ,burmans1 0 d]iv$ f ! ,sanscrit t]m ,na?1 :i* means "l1 ,major ,phayre gave x z 8 decid$ op9ion t ! expression 0 a purely ,burmese "o1 n at all d]iv$ f ! ,sanscrit4 ,leav+ aside ! etymological "q1 ( :i* x may be said t adhuc sub judice lis e/1 we are happy to communicate to ! read] ! foll[+ reflections t h come f ! p5 ( t di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 :o is s intimately acqua9t$ ) all t relates to ,buddhism4 8,! mod]n ,burmans ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 be+s :i*1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 we w call #8almo/ spiritual be+s4' ,!y apply to !m ! "n ,nat4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,burmese notions1 !re are two di/9ct bodies or sy/ems ( ^! creatures4 ,! "o is a regul>ly con/itut$ company1 if ,i may say s1 ( :i* ,?agya ,m5g is ! *ief4 ,mo/ und\bt$ly t body ( #8,nat' 0 unkn[n to ! ,burmans until !y became ,buddhi/s4 ,^? are ! real ,dewah or ,dewata4 8,b ! o!r set ( ,nats are ! creatures ( ! indig5\s sy/em1 exi/+ among all ! wild tribes bord]+ on ,burmah4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ^! be+s con/itutes _! only wor%ip4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,i consid] t ! ,burmese ackn[l$g$ & wor%ipp$ su* be+s be=e !y 7 conv]t$ to ,buddhism4 8,n[1 if !y ackn[l$g$ su* be+s1 !y1 no d\bt1 _h a "n = !m1 simil> 9 g5]al import to ! #8fairy1 elf1' & s on among ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 = be+s ( a quasi-spiritual nature4 ,i may obs]ve !re is a complete analogy 9 ! /ate ( ,burmese belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* be+s & t :i* prevail$ =m]ly 9 ,europe1 & "s remnants ( :i* may be f\nd ev5 n[ exi/+ among ! un$ucat$4 ,i mean t be=e ! ,anglo-,saxon tribes 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity ! belief 9 fairies & elfs 0 univ]sal4 ,) ,*ri/ianity came a belief 9 a diff]5t ord] ( spiritual be+s1 & ) t a new "n d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 angel4 ,?is is some:at analog\s to ! /ate ( ?+s among ! ,burmese be=e & aft] _! conv]sion to ,buddhism4 8,b to return to ! ,burmese4 ,!y1 :5 !y receiv$ ,buddhism1 appe> to h g5]ally reta9$ _! v]nacul> "n = ! be+s call$ 9 ,pali ,dewa4 ,:y ?is %\ld be done is c]ta9ly n app>5t4 ,:y h ! ,engli% & all ,teutonic nations reta9$ ! anci5t "n ,evil1 & spirits1 ?\gh !y adopt$ ) ,*ri/ianity a new t]m = good spirits g5]ally8 ,i allude to ! t]m ,devil1 :i*1 !re is no d\bt1 is philologically connect$ ) t ,pali ^w ,dew-a or ,dev-a4 8,reg>d+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,nat 9 ,pali1 ,i h no ,pali diction>y1 b ,i h ! ord9>y ,oordoo ,diction>y1 :i* includes all ord9>y ,sanscrit words4 ,i f9d !re ! ,sanscrit ^w #8,na?1' & ! mean+ r5d]$ #8ma/]1 husb&1 "l4' ,!re is no?+ to %[ t x ref]s to any sup]natural be+1 b is only a t]m ( respect4 ,z su* x might 9 ,pali be made applicable to ,nats4 ,9 ,burmese1 ! p :o believe 9 ,nats seldom use t ^w1 b "s honorific phrase4 ,"s fi%]m5 ,i knew qu>rell$ ab\t _! %>es 9 a pool ( wat]4 ,9 ! case !y con/antly ref]r$ to ! %>e ( ! #8,a%+-gyee1' :o 0 no o!r ?an ! presid+ ,nat ( ! said pool40 ,,footnotes #a ,! fir/ p>ticul> relat$ at l5g? by ! compil] ( ?is "w is "o ( peculi> int]e/4 ,buddha summons ! ,rahans to 8 pres5ce1 ?r\gh ! ev] fai?ful & dutiful ,an&a1 & addresses to !m in/ructions :i* =m ! basis ( ! duties & obligations ( all true disciples4 ,he /yles !m ,bickus--t is to say1 m5dicants--to rem9d !m ( ! _s ( pov]ty & ( ! contempt ( worldly ?+s :i* mu/ ev] be de> to !m4 ,! epi!t 8belov$0 is always prefix$ to ! ^w ,bickus1 z convey+ an idea ( ! true & pure affection ! ma/] bore to 8 disciples1 or r 8 spiritual *ildr54 ,buddha *>ges !m at fir/ to be always dilig5t 9 hold+ assemblies1 :]e religi\s subjects %\ld be discuss$1 controv]sies settl$1 & unity ( fai? secur$4 ,?is obligation has long be5 held z a b9d+ "o by ! primitive ,buddhi/s1 z m5tion is always made 9 _! books ( ! ?ree great assemblies held dur+ ! ?ree fir/ c5turies ( ! ,buddhi/ic era1 :5 ! sacr$ writ+s 7 c>efully revis$1 am5d$1 &1 z x 71 purg$ ( all spuri\s doctr9es4 ,x 0 dur+ ! la/ c\ncil t ! canon ( scriptures 0 adopt$1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 ma9ta9$ by or?odox ,buddhi/s4 ,no?+ c be wis] ?an ! desire he s /rongly expresses t no "o %\ld ev] presume to alt] ! true & g5u9e nature ( ! precepts1 by mak+1 accord+ to 8 :im1 light :at is heavy1 or obligatory :at is b a matt] ( c\nsel4 ,he expresses ! /ronge/ wi% to see !m always unit$ among !mselves1 & f]v5t 9 ! obs]vance ( ! precepts ( ! law4 ,he e/abli%es z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ! ob$i5ce to sup]iors4 ,!re is no society ( a religi\s "* among hea!ns :]e ! v>i\s /eps ( ! hi]>*y are s well m>k$ & def9$ z 9 ! ,buddhi/ic in/itution4 ,! :ole body ( religi\s has a g5]al sup]ior 9 ea* prov9ce1 ex]cis+ a ?or\gh control ov] all ! h\ses )9 ! limits ( ! prov9ce2 he may be look$ ^u z a regul> diocesan4 ,9 ea* h\se ( ! ord] !re is a sup]ior1 hav+ p[] & jurisdiction ov] all ! inmates ( ! place4 ,"u him we f9d ! pr(ess$ memb]s ( ! society1 !n ^? :o may be call$ novices1 & la/ ( all ! po/ulants & disciples all[$ to we> ! cl]ical dress1 or yell[ g>b1 )\t any p[] or au?ority1 & be+ look$ ^u m]ely z /ud5ts 9 ! way ( probation4 ,9 8 *>ge to 8 disciples1 ,buddha lays mu* /ress ^u ! necessity ( de/roy+ 9 !mselves ! pr9ciple ( passion1 & 9 p>ticul> concupisc5ce4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( all 8 prea*+s is to tea* m5 ! means ( free+ !mselves f ! tyrannical yoke ( passions4 ,no "o1 inde$1 c obta9 ! /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce or ,neibban unless he has annihilat$ 9 himself all passions1 & !reby qualifi$ himself = ! practice ( all virtues4 ,! "* ( ! great body ( religi\s ,buddhi/s is cle>ly set =? 9 ! exhortations _! great ma/] directs to !m to love retreat & solitude4 ,! noise1 tumult1 & bu/le necess>ily att5d+ ! position ( a man liv+ 9 ! _w are entirely oppos$ to ! acquirem5t ( self-k1 self-possession1 & self-control1 s mu* requir$ 9 a religi\s4 ,z long1 concludes ,buddha1 z y %all rema9 fai?ful to y\r regulations y w prosp]1 & secure to y\rselves & y\r ord] ! respect & admiration ( all4 ,he w9ds up 8 spee* by exhort+ !m to act 9 a mann] ev] becom+ _! sacr$ call+4 ,! greate/ morali/1 possess+ ! mo/ consummate & p]fect k ( human nature1 c\ld n lay d[n wis] regulations = sett+ on a firm & la/+ f\ndation a great & mighty in/itution1 de/9$ to spread itself f> & wide amid/ nations & tribes1 & subsi/ dur+ an unlimit$ p]iod4 #b ,a dzeat is a build+ erect$ by ! piety ( ,buddhi/s = ! purpose ( af=d+ %elt] & a place ( re/ to devotees1 travell]s1 & /rang]s4 ,^! build+s are to be f\nd at ! entrance ( t[ns1 9 villages1 & (t5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( pagodas4 ,^? ( ,burmah are erect$ 9 ! pla9e/ mann]4 ,a v]&ah 9 front ext5ds to ! full l5g? ( ! build+1 a spaci\s hall runn+ p>allel to ! v]&ah occupies ! rema9+ place4 ,!re is no p>tition betwe5 ! hall & ! v]&ah4 ,x happ5s sometimes t a space at "o ( ! hall's corn]s1 scre5$ by mats or dry leaves1 (f]s an asylum to him :o does n l to mix ) ! vulgus4 ,! c>elessness ( ,gov]nm5t 9 all t relates to ! com=t ( ! p is amply comp5sat$ by ! zeal ( pi\s laym51 :o readily und]take ! erection ( ^? works ( public utility 9 ! hope ( secur+ to !mselves ! atta9m5t ( m]its to be enjoy$ p]haps 9 ?is1 b c]ta9ly 9 "s future exi/5ces4 ,9 ,burmah prop] "s ( ! dzeats are1 = ! c\ntry1 beautiful build+s4 ,! edge ( ! ro( & ! front "p are cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( sculptures & c>v+s t vie ) ^? t adorn ! f9e/ mona/]ies4 ,?is fact1 among _m1 indicates ! truly b5efic5t & philan?ropic influ5ce ex]cis$ by "s t5ets ( ,buddhism ov] ! foll[]s ( t cre$4 ,pride & va+lory may h _! %>e 9 ! erection ( ^? monum5ts ( b5evol5ce1 b x is n ! less c]ta9 t ^? :o build !m yield fir/ & pr9cipally to ! /rong influ5ce ( religi\s feel+4 ,on ?is occasion ,buddha prea*$ to ! cr[d1 :5 we see a l9e ( di/9ction well drawn betwe5 ! assembly ( ! disciples ( ,buddha & ^? we may m]ely /yle he>]s4 ,! latt] are address$ by ! "n ( d>akas1 mean+ laym5 t he> ! prea*+4 ,a d>aka is n z yet a p]fect conv]t1 & !re=e n a memb] ( ! assembly ( ! p]fect4 ,! d>aka diff]s f ! ,upasaka4 ,! latt] is n only a m]e he>] ( ! law2 he is a firm believ]1 & f]v5tly practises ! precepts3 he is among laym5 a pi\s ,buddhi/2 ! =m] is n s =w>d3 he beg9s to he> & believe ! doctr9es prea*$ to him4 ,he has already "s fai? 9 ,buddha2 he is "u in/ruction1 b he _c be call$ a pr(ess$ disciple4 ,! rew>ds ( fai? are bo? ( a natural & sup]natural ord]4 ,ri*es1 happ9ess1 an hon\rable reputation1 are promis$ to ! fai?ful obs]v] ( ! law4 ,he is to be ev] free f d\bts1 s9ce fai? makes him adh]e firmly to all ! in/ructions ( ,buddha2 & aft] 8 dea? he is to migrate to "s ( ! seats ( ,nats4 ,! trespass+ ( ! law is to be att5d$ ) pov]ty1 %ame1 & mis]y1 d\bts 9 an unsettl$ m9d1 & at la/ puni%m5t 9 hell4 ,t place ( suff]+ is m9utely describ$ 9 ,buddhi/ic works4 ,su* a description appe>s1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 ( no importance to ^? :o desire to und]/& n ! sup]ficial portion ( ,buddhism1 b its fundam5tal & con/itutive p>ts4 ,hell is a place ( puni%m5t & torm5t1 z ! ,nats' seats are places ( rew>d & happ9ess4 ,!re is no et]nity ( suff]+s2 ! un=tunate inhabitant ( ^? d>k regions is doom$ to rema9 !re1 until ! sum ( 8 (f5ces has be5 fully aton$ = by suff]+s4 ,:5 ! evil influ5ce creat$ by s9 is exhau/$1 puni%m5t ceases too1 & ! wret*$ suff]] is all[$ to migrate to ! seat ( man 9 ord] to acquire m]its & prep>e himself = happi] future exi/5ces4 ,9 record+ ! acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( a c\rtesan nam$ ,apapalika1 h] lib]ality & gifts to ,buddha & 8 disciples1 & ! pref]5ce design$ly giv5 to h] ov] pr9ces & nobles1 :o1 humanly speak+1 seem$ 9 e respect bett] entitl$ to att5tions1 "o is almo/ rem9d$ ( ! conv]sion ( ! woman t 0 a s9n] m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel4 #c ,! duties p]=m$ by ,?>iputra on ?is occasion exhibit m fully ?an language c express ! pr(\nd v5]ation he ent]ta9$ = ,buddha4 ,he 0 ) ,maukalan ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! assembly2 he occupi$ ! fir/ rank among ! disciples2 9 po9t ( intellectual & spiritual atta9m5ts & transc5d5t qualifications1 he /ood second to none b to ,buddha4 ,not)/&+ 8 exalt$ position1 he did n hesitate to r5d] to 8 sup]ior ! l[e/ s]vices4 ,! high op9ion he _h ( ,buddha's sup]em95t excell5cies prompt$ him to ov]look 8 own m]it1 & to admire )\t res]ve t mat*less patt]n ( wisdom & k4 ,h5ce ! inw>d satisfaction he sweetly enjoy$ 9 s]v+ z an humble disciple him ^: unutt]able p]fections ca/ 9 ! %ade 8 f>-fam$ & mu*-prais$ acquirem5ts4 ,! unaffect$ humility ( ! disciple does ! greate/ cr$it to ! /]l+ wor? ( 8 inw>d dispositions1 & conveys ! highe/ idea ( ! respect & v5]ation ent]ta9$ = ! ma/]'s p]son4 ,9 ! h\ses :]e ,buddhi/ monks are liv+ x is a fix$ rule t ! sup]ior & eld]s ( ! in/itution %\ld be att5d$ 9 ! m9ute/ s]vices by ! y\nge/ memb]s we>+ ! canonical dress4 ,! fram] ( ! discipl9>y regulations1 int5d+1 on ! "o h&1 to conf] dignity on ! assembly1 &1 on ! o!r1 to oppose a /rong b>ri] to covet\sness & to all inord9ate worldly affections1 wisely laid d[n a /r+5t ord] to all ! memb]s ( ! society nev] to t\* or make use ( any article ( food1 dress1 c41 unless x _h previ\sly be5 pres5t$ to !m by "s att5dant1 layman or cl]ical4 ,h5ce :5 wat] is ne$$ = wa%+ ! head1 h&s1 & feet1 or = r9s+ ! m\?1 :5 meals are s]v$ up1 :5 (f]+s are made1 a "y po/ulant1 hold+ a vessel ( wat] on ! bo>d :]eupon are plac$ ! di%es1 or ! articles int5d$ to be (f]$1 respectfully approa*es ! eld]1 kneels be=e him1 squatt+ on 8 heels1 lays be=e him ! object to be pres5t$1 b[s d[n ) ! jo9$ h&s rais$ to ! =ehead1 resumes !n ! article ) 8 two h&s1 pres5ts x1 ) ! upp] "p ( ! body b5t 9 tok5 ( respect4 ,be=e accept+ x ! eld] asks1 ,is x lawful8 ,! answ]1 ,x is lawful1 hav+ be5 duly return$1 ! article is ei!r tak5 f ! h& ( ! (f]]1 or he is direct$ to place x )9 ! rea* ( ! eld]4 ,any infraction ( ?is c]emonial is consid]$ z a s94 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! p ! monks nev] fail to submit to t some:at annoy+ etiquette4 ,_! c\nt5ance on su* occasions assumes a dignifi$ & grave appe>ance1 t has always mu* amus$ ! writ] :5ev] he _h ! opportunity ( witness+ ?is c]emony1 :i* is call$ ,akat4 ,!re is no d\bt b ?is cu/om is a v anci5t "o4 ,we f9d x bl5d$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! mann]s ( ! nations inhabit+ ea/]n ,asia4 ,x is m9utely describ$ 9 ! ,w9i1 & c>efully obs]v$ by ! inmates ( ! ,buddhi/ic mona/]ies4 ,x agrees rem>kably well ) ! _s t has orig9at$1 promulgat$1 & sanction$ ! discipl9>y regulations4 ,he :o 9 ?is in/ance w\ld look at ! m]e skeleton ( ! rule )\t any ref]5ce to ! object aim$ at by ! legislator w\ld %[ himself 9 ! light ( a v sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,?is1 un=tunately1 is too (t5 ! case :5 we scorn & laugh at cu/oms1 ! dem]it ( :i* consi/s simply 9 n be+ simil> to ours1 :]eas ! commone/ s5se tells u t we ought to judge !m 9 connection ) ! in/itutions !y h sprung f1 & ! end aim$ at by him :o has e/abli%$ !m4 ,! n>rative ( ,?>iputra's dep>ture = 8 bir?place & ( 8 la/ mom5ts sugge/s to ! m9d sev]al reflections4 ,he is c]ta9 ( ! la/ day ( 8 exi/5ce2 he =esees ) a prophetic glance t 8 "m is well prep>$ = he>+ pr(itably ! prea*+ ( ! mo/ p]fect law4 ,by ! incomp>able p[]s ( 8 memory he relates to ,buddha t #ajj1jjj revolutions ( nature ago he 0 possess$ ) ! /rong desire ( see+ him & he>+ 8 in/ructions1 c4 ,h[ c ^! p>ticul>s be acc\nt$ =1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ic notions8 ,! spr+ all evils or dem]its fl[ f is ignorance4 ,a be+ is imp]fect 9 proportion to 8 be+ sunk deep] 9 ! bosom ( ignorance4 ,on ! contr>y1 a be+ p]fects himself 9 proportion to ! ef=ts he makes = dispell+ ! ?ick cl\d ( ignorance t encompasses 8 m9d4 ,! m a man gr[s 9 ! k ( tru? ! f>!r he removes ! horizon ( d>kness4 ,he :o has made ! greate/ & mo/ p]sev]+ ef=ts 9 f]v5tly prosecut+ ! "w ( se>*+ tru? by /udy+ ! law t tea*es ! way ( rea*+ x1 contemplates & enjoys a portion ( tru? comm5surate to 8 ef=ts & success4 ,a ,buddha1 :o has rea*$ ! la/ b\nd>ies ( k1 has !re=e triumph$ ov] ignorance & indef9itely enl>g$ ! sph]e ( tru?4 ,he enjoys1 9 fact1 a cl\dless sight ( all t exi/s2 8 sci5ce is unlimit$1 ext5d+ ov] all ! c\ntless s]ies ( worlds1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,buddhi/s1 are suppos$ to =m a sy/em ( nature4 ,?>iputra1 ?\gh mu* advanc$ 9 p]fection1 _h n z yet rea*$ its acme4 ,8 k1 h[ev]1 0 wond]fully great & ext5sive2 x enabl$ him to obta9 a cle> insight into ! d>kness ( ! pa/ & a di/9ct =esight ( ! future4 #d ,! village ( ,nal&a1 ! site ( :i* is at pres5t occupi$ by t ( ,b>agaon1 0 ! bir?place ( ! great disciple ,?>iputra4 ,8 illu/ri\s companion 9 religion1 ,maukalan1 0 born 9 ! village ( ,kaulita1 ab\t "o & a half miles s\?-we/ ( t place4 ,nal&a1 says ,fa-,hian1 ! ,*9ese travell]1 lies "o y\dzana nor? ( ,radzagio1 t is to say1 sev5 ,engli% miles accord+ to ,cunn+ham's measurem5t1 & is sev5 y\dzanas or =ty-n9e miles di/ant f ! tree ,bodi4 ,x 0 ! great seat ( ,buddhi/ic le>n+1 r5[n$ all ov] ,india4 ,n[ ! :ole site is cov]$ ) anci5t tanks & m\nds ( ru9s on an imm5se scale1 (f]+ f9e specim5s ( sculpture4 ,! great mona/]y & five small] ones 7 all )9 "o enclosure4 ,a r[ ( l(ty conical m\nds1 runn+ nor? & s\?1 #afjj feet by #djj1 indicates ! place & ext5t ( ^? religi\s build+s4 ,outside ( ! enclosure !re 7 sev]al temples4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham fixes ! era ( ! con/ruction ( ^? edifices betwe5 ,a4,d4 #dbe & #fbe4 ,among ! sev]al pro(s adduc$ 9 support ( 8 op9ion !re is "o t appe>s conclusive4 ,fa-,hian1 :o visit$ all ! places fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 & describes !m ) a m9ute att5tion1 simply alludes to ,nal&a z ! bir?place ( ,?>iputra1 )\t say+ a ^w ab\t mona/]ies or temples1 :il/ ,hwe-,?sang1 :o visit$ ! same spot 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 describes ! spl5did temples & mona/]ies :i* he saw1 & f 8 /atem5t we inf] t ! pr9cipal edifices 7 n inf]ior to ^? ( ,buddha ,gaya 9 size & height4 ,"s ( !m rea*$ to a height ( #agj & #bjj feet4 ,! greate/ 0 #cjj feet high4 ,! numb] & ext5t ( ! tanks is truly surpris+4 ,two ( !m1 9 ! nor?-ea/1 7 ne>ly a mile 9 l5g?1 :ile ano!r 9 ! s\? 0 half a mile4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! above is1 t dur+ ! fif? & ! six? c5tury ( our era1 ,buddhism 0 9 a fl\ri%+ condition 9 ! c\ntry ( ,maga?a or ,s\? ,beh>1 s9ce ! f9e/ & l(tie/ /ructures 9 ! %ape ( mona/]ies & temples h be5 rais$ )9 t p]iod1 bo? at ,nal&a & ,buddha ,gaya4 ,x appe>s t1 dur+ ! ?ree fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 its =tune alt]nat$1 & met ) v>i$ results1 agreeably to ! fav\rable or unfav\rable dispositions ( ! rul]s ( ! c\ntry t[>ds ! foll[]s ( ! philosoph] ( ,kapilawot4 ,?is succession ( successes & rev]ses reveals ! important fact t ,buddhism _h n /ruck deep root 9 ! he>t ( ! inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,india1 s9ce its fate dep5d$ f ! w & op9ions ( ! mon>*1 & 0 almo/ at ! m]cy ( 8 caprices4 ,moreov]1 9 ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,ganges1 su* z ,we?alie1 ,?awattie1 ,kapilawot1 places :i* _h be5 fav\r$ ) ,buddha's incessant prea*+s1 religion 0 on its decl9e at ! "t ( ,fa-,hian's visit1 t is to say1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury2 mona/]ies 7 des]t$ & empti$1 dz$ies 7 crumbl+ d[n & fa/ decay+4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h]etics1 t is to say1 p\nhas1 occupi$ ! dwell+s =m]ly t5ant$ by hold]s ( ! g5u9e doctr9es4 ,?is unexpect$ sight v mu* griev$ ! he>t ( ! good ,*9ese pilgrim4 ,x mu/ be regrett$ t we h n ! writt5 j\rnals ( "s o!r ,*9ese travell]s 9 ! eigh? or n9? c5tury to reveal to u ! /ate & condition 9 :i* !y f\nd ! magnific5t temples ( ,nal&a & ,buddha ,gaya :5 !y visit$ !m4 #e ,! conduct ( ,?>iputra on ?is occasion we>s an appe>ance ( rud5ess t[>ds 8 ag$ "m1 :i* at fir/ hurts ! feel+s ( human nature4 ,b a close exam9ation ( all ! circum/ances connect$ ) ?is la/ episode ( ! great disciple's life1 %[s t he 0 f> f be+ dive/$ ( filial piety4 ,he leaves 8 belov$ ma/]1 und]takes a long & fatigu+ j\rney = ! sole purpose ( prea*+ ! law to 8 "m1 & conf]r+ ^u h] a boon ( great] value ?an t he _h receiv$ f h]4 ,9 return = all ! fav\rs be/[$ ^u him by 8 "m1 he initiates h] 9 ! k ( tru?1 & enables h] to ent] into ! great ways t lead to ! deliv]ance1 t is to say1 to ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 8 language on ?is occasion p>took ( an au/]e tone1 s\nd+ h>% to ! e>s ( worldly m51 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,?>iputra 0 an old ascetic1 dead to all affections ( nature1 look+ ^u tru? alone 9 an ab/ractively pure =m1 )\t any reg>d to mat]ial objects4 ,he lov$ ! law ( tru?1 :i* he _h le>n$ f ,buddha1 & aft]w>ds prea*$ to o!rs ) an unp>allel$ zeal & f]v\r4 ,! _s ( ,buddha liv$ 9 him3 he desir$ to see all be+s avail+ !mselves ( ! means ( salvation :i* he _h x 9 8 p[] to imp>t unto !m2 he lov$ !m all ) an equal affection2 ! /ate ( ignorance !y 7 sunk 9 deeply affect$ 8 compassionate s\l1 & he _h b "o desire1 t ( dispell+ ! ?ick mi/ ( ignorance by ! pure light ( tru?4 ,:5 ! in/ruction to 8 "m 0 ov]1 ,?>iputra desir$ to be left alone ) 8 disciples4 ,8 la/ words to !m bespeak ! humble s5tim5ts ( 8 m9d4 ,?\gh ! fir/ memb] ( ! assembly ( ! p]fect1 he begs p>don ( 8 inf]iors = ! causes ( (f5ce he may h unwill+ly giv5 !m dur+ ! p]iod !y _h liv$ toge!r3 reg>dless ( all ! good he _h done unto !m1 he feels t he c\ld n well "p ) !m ere he _h aton$ to !m = any wrong1 h[ev] involunt>y1 he might h done to "s ( !m4 ,= ^? un9itiat$ 9 ,buddhi/ic metaphysics x is n easy to und]/& & di/9ctly to appreciate ! situation ( ,?>iputra at 8 la/ mom5ts4 ,x is /at$ t he fell into ec/asy or trance1 ?\gh 8 s\l rema9$ z yet connect$ ) ?is _w by sl5d] & almo/ invisible ties4 ,?is 0 ! la/ & mighty /ruggle ( a be+ to dis5gage himself f ! trammels ( exi/5ce & become free f all ext]ior influ5ce4 ,so>+ above all t exi/s1 ,?>iputra's s\l pass$ successively ?r\gh ! f\r /ages he _h s (t5 visit$1 :il/ engag$ 9 ! ardu\s ef=t ( inve/igat+ tru?1 prep>+ to ent] ! fif? & la/ "o1 :]e he 0 to /ay f9ally & p]petually1 )\t any fur!r *ange1 9 a /ate ( quiesc5ce4 ,:5 ! sage1 dur+ 8 m$itations1 has br\ght 8 m9d to be> ^u "s object1 he wi%es to contemplate att5tively & ?or\ghly to compreh5d1 he at fir/ gets hold ( t object by 8 ?\ght1 he !n exam9es x by means ( reflection3 ! k he ?us acquires nev] fails to create a pleasurable s5sation2 ?is pleasure or satisfaction conveys to ! s\l enjoym5t & happ9ess2 he loves ! tru? he has discov]$1 & he re/s fix$ly 9 x4 ,?is is ! la/ /age he ev] c or wi% to rea*4 ,:at has human m9d1 inde$1 to d1 aft] hav+ f\nd tru?1 b to cl+ to x1 & rema9 ev] atta*$ to x8 ,dur+ ! la/ trance1 ,?>iputra1 ) 8 almo/ imm5sely develop$ m5tal faculties1 knew compreh5sively tru?1 reflect$ on x1 felt a pleasure 9 consid]+ x1 enjoy$ x1 or r f$ ^u x1 & at la/ adh]$ s p]fectly to x1 t he became1 z x 71 m]g$ into x4 ,he !n _h rea*$ ! /ate ( ,neibban1 :]e he 0 = ev] exempt f ! influ5ces creat$ & put 9 motion & activity by matt] & passions 9 e /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,buddhi/s1 9 ,burmah1 at lea/1 ow+ to _! v limit$ & imp]fect education1 are unable to give any satisfactory or ev5 intelligible acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ,neibban or p]fection4 ,:at is "h b sup]ficially /at$1 has be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ! la/ ,buddhi/ic compositions on ?is & o!r metaphysical subjects4 ,full] p>ticul>s %all1 h]eaft]1 be giv5 z to ! /ate ( ,neibban1 :5 ! dea? ( "o great] ?an ,?>iputra %all be relat$4 #f ,9 ,burmah1 :5 a p]son has j giv5 up ! gho/1 ! inmates ( ! h\se s5d = musicians1 :o soon make _! appe>ance ) _! respective in/rum5ts4 ,!y =?) set to "w1 & keep up an incessant noise dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs t elapse be=e ! corpse is remov$ to ! place :]e x is to be burnt4 ,relatives1 fri5ds1 & eld]s resort to ! deceas$'s h\se = ! o/5sible purpose ( condol+ ) ^? :o h lo/ _! k9sman1 b 9 reality = %>+ 9 ! mir? & amusem5ts t g on 9 su* occasions4 ,/range to say1 ! ?\ght ( dea? /rikes no "o's m9d2 ! fate ( ! deceas$ is sc>cely piti$1 nay1 rememb]$4 ,7 x n = ! pres5ce ( ! corpse1 & ! p]haps conv5tional cries & lam5tations ( "s old wom5 at c]ta9 int]vals1 no "o c\ld imag9e1 /ill less f9d out1 ! real motive t has induc$ su* a cr[d to assemble on t spot4 ,if ! dep>t$ belong to a respectable family 9 tol]ably good circum/ances1 ! fun]al c]emony is arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,pres5ts1 int5d$ z (f]+s = ! ,buddhi/ monks1 hav+ be5 made ready1 !y are invit$ = ! occasion1 & _! pres5ce is expect$ 9 numb]s proportionate to ! am\nt ( (f]+s4 ,! procession />ts f ! deceas$'s h\se1 & directs its c\rse t[>ds ! place ( burn+ or ! cemet]y4 ,x is head$ by ! yell[-dress$ monks1 c>ry+ _! broad1 palm-leaf fans on ! %\ld]1 & att5d$ by _! disciples4 ,next foll[ ! be>]s ( ! (f]+s 9 two l9es4 ,!y are p>tly m5 & p>tly wom51 b walk sep>ately & ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,! c(f9 appe>s next1 laid on ?ick poles1 & c>ri$ by six or eight m54 ,9 front ( ! c(f91 & sometimes at ! sides1 are arrang$ ! musicians1 :o p]=m all ! way )\t an in/ant's int]ruption4 ,beh9d ! c(f9 are gr\p$ ! male relatives1 fri5ds1 c41 & la/ly ! procession is clos$ by cr[ds ( wom51 attir$ 9 _! f9e/ dress4 ,! c(f9 is beautifully decorat$1 & c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( six or eight /\t "y m5 by means ( bamboos or poles4 ,an unnatural m]rim5t is all[$1 & g5]ally kept up all ! way to ! cemet]y1 & fanta/ic ge/ures & dances are p]=m$ by ! be>]s & _! fri5ds to ! imm95t dang] ( upsett+ ! c(f94 ,! burn+ place is g5]ally )\t ! prec9cts ( ! t[n1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( "s l>ge pagodas4 ,! fun]al pile is ( a v simple /ructure2 its %ape is t ( an oblong squ>e ( a mod]ate size4 ,two l>ge pieces ( wood are at fir/ laid p>allel1 at a di/ance ( eight feet2 o!r logs ( wood1 dispos$ at ab\t six or eight in*es f ea* o!r1 are laid across ! two fir/ m5tion$1 s t _! extremities are support$ on ^! two pieces4 ,a second set ( logs is laid at "r angles ) ! fir/2 a ?ird "o plac$ across ! second1 & s on1 until ! pile is ?ree1 f\r1 or five feet high4 ,! c(f9 is deposit$ ^u x4 ,fire is set bel[ ! pile by means ( inflammable mat]ials :i* soon communicate fire to ! logs ! pile is made (4 ,! :ole is soon 9 a blaze & rapidly consum$ by ! dev\r+ flames4 ,! by/&]s talk1 laugh1 or busy !mselves 9 /irr+ ! fire4 ,z to ! ,talapo9s1 !y sometimes take position "u a neighb\r+ %$1 repeat a few passages ( ,buddha's law1 & :5 !y are tir$ !y give ord]s to _! disciples to take up ! (f]+s & !n g back to _! peaceable abodes4 ,v (t5 !y d n take ! tr\ble ( mutt]+ pray]s2 !y dep>t =?)1 foll[$ by ! (f]+s int5d$ = !m4 ,! fire be+ ext+ui%$1 ! a%es1 *>coal1 c41 are c>efully se>*$1 & ! p>ticles ( bones discov]$ are pi\sly collect$ by ! ne>e/ relatives1 & !n buri$ 9 a hole dug = t purpose ne> "s pagoda4 ,p]sons 9 good circum/ances keep up = sev5 days 9 _! h\ses a sort ( solemnisation ( ! fun]al4 ,e day1 9 ! ev5+ p>ticul>ly1 musicians are kept up play+ until a v late h\r at night4 ,! h\se is all ! :ile cr[d$ ) p1 :o come = ! purpose ( enjoym5t4 ,"s play at v>i\s games2 o!rs dr9k tea2 all *ew betel-leaves' tobacco 9 pr(usion4 ,sometimes /ories relat+ to ,gaudama's =m] exi/5ces are read & li/5$ to by ! eld]s ( ! p>ty4 ,?is mode1 int5d$ ei!r to d hon\r to ! deceas$'s memory or to af=d relief to ! grief ( relatives1 is r exp5sive1 & might (t5 prove a heavy dra9 on ! limit$ means ( mo/ ( ! families4 ,b ! _s ( mutual assi/ance on ?is occasion removes ! difficulty4 ,e visitor1 accord+ to 8 means1 makes a pres5t ( "s money to ! ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,?\gh ! pres5t ( ! greate/ numb]s ( visitors is comp>atively small1 yet1 :5 add$ toge!r1 !re is a consid]able sum1 :i* is g5]ally m ?an suffici5t to defray all exp5se t may be incurr$4 ,?is cu/om or sy/em ( volunt>y contributions burd5s no "o 9 p>ticul>1 :il/ x enables a family to make a %[ ( lib]ality :i*1 o!rwise1 w\ld almo/ prove ru9\s 9 _m in/ances4 ,! cu/om ( burn+ ! dead prevails among/ ! ,h9dus1 ! ,c+alese1 ,nepaulese1 ,burmese1 ,siamese & ,cambodians4 ,?\gh hold+ ! t5ets ( ,buddhism1 ! ,*9ese h nev] adopt$ ?is usage4 ,! ,mahom$ans1 liv+ 9 ,h9du/an & ! c\ntries ( ea/]n ,asia1 reta9 ! cu/om ( bury+ ! dead4 ,buddhi/s h d\btless receiv$ t practice f ! ,h9dus4 #g ,! cu/om ( mak+ fun]al orations = ! purpose ( eulogis+ di/+ui%$ individuals aft] _! demise is ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,! sacr$ records be> witness to its exi/5ce among/ ! ,jews4 ,! pres5t leg5d (f]s repeat$ in/ances ( eulogia made to hon\r ! memory ( ! dead4 ,on ?is occasion ,buddha w\ld n leave to ano!r ! hon\r ( extoll+ ! extraord9>y m]its & transc5d5t excell5cies ( ! illu/ri\s ,?>iputra4 ,b he _h a high] object 9 view :5 he exhibit$ to ! eyes ( ! assembl$ ,rahans ! relics ( ! deceas$1 :i* 7 all t rema9$ ( s celebrat$ a disciple1 :o _h liv$ ) !m = s _m ye>s1 & _h j p>t$ f !m4 ,x 0 impossible to give !m a m =cible illu/ration ( ! tru? he _h s (t5 ann\nc$ to !m1 t !re is no?+ p]man5tly subsi/+ 9 ?is _w1 b t all ?+s are liable to a p]petual & nev]-end+ *ange4 ,! /]n ,buddha g5tly rebuk$ ! amiable ,an&a = ! signs ( inord9ate grief he gave on ?is occasion2 because1 said he1 ! law ( mutability act+ ^u all t surr\nds u1 we mu/ ev] be prep>$ to be sep>at$ f :at is de>e/ to our affections2 grief on su* occasions is useless1 & q inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( a wise man4 ,to hon\r ! memory ( ,?>iputra1 & p]petuate ! remembrance ( 8 virtues1 ,buddha direct$ t a dz$i %\ld be erect$ on ! v spot :]e he _h he>d ! news ( 8 dea?4 ,a dz$i is a religi\s monum5t v common 9 ,burmah1 & to be se5 on all ris+ gr\nds 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t[ns4 ,)9 ! enclosure ( all mona/]ies1 a dz$i is inv>iably erect$2 x is ! only purely religi\s build+ to be f\nd 9 ,burmah4 ,! travell] 9 t c\ntry is always delight$1 & exp]i5ces ! mo/ pleasurable s5sations on approa*+ "s t[n or village1 :5 he sees sev]al dz$is ( v>i\s heights rais+ _! :ite cones capp$ ) ! gilt cr[n f ! bosom ( beautiful groves ( tall cocoa-nut trees1 graceful areca palms1 & massive tam>9d1 mango1 & jack trees1 all load$ ) a gre5 & luxuriant foliage4 ,:5 ! monum5t is on a gr& scale1 ni*es are made 9 ! middle ( ea* side ( ! squ>e1 fac+ ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass4 ,9 ^? ni*es are plac$ /atues ( ,buddha1 exhibit+ him 9 ! usual cross-legg$ position4 ,! size ( ^? religi\s monum5ts v>ies mu* 9 dim5sions4 ,!y range f ! height ( a few feet to ! colossal proportions ( ! tall ,dagon ,pagoda at ,rangoon4 ,! cu/om ( rais+ monum5ts ov] ! a%es ( religi\s di/+ui%$ by _! virtues & extraord9>y atta9m5ts1 is a v anci5t "o1 coeval 9 all probability ) ! fir/ ages ( ,buddhism4 ,!y 7 real tumuli1 surm\nt$ ) "s ornam5ts 9 ! %ape ( a cone4 ,su* ornam5ts are se5 t[]+ ov] ne>ly all ! religi\s monum5ts 9 ,burmah4 ,royalty1 9 its head p>aph]nalia1 & 9 its abode1 has appropriat$ !m to its own uses4 ,we may at once inf] t !y are ( a ,h9du orig94 ,! great mon>*s :o are call$ ,tsekiawade k+s1 because !y rul$ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,dzamp\dipa isl&1 71 accord+ to ,buddha's op9ion1 entitl$ to ! hon\r ( a dz$i aft] _! demise4 #h ,x is v difficult to und]/& ! extraord9>y /ate 9 :i* ,buddha plac$ himself on ?is occasion4 ,x mu/ h be5 a rem>kable occurr5ce1 s9ce x caus$ a viol5t commotion :i* %ook our planet4 ,! only int]pretation t c be put on ! t]ms us$ to describe ?is p>ticul> action ( ,buddha is ?is3 ,he r5\nc$ exi/5ce1 t is to say1 n only ! actual exi/5ce t he enjoy$1 b also all o!r =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,he sev]$ connection ) ?is & o!r worlds2 he broke ! ties t _h hi!rto reta9$ him l9k$ to a =m ( exi/5ce4 ,he _h come n[ to ! end ( all transmigrations4 ,by ! p[] ( 8 w1 he plac$ himself 9 ! /ate ( complete isolation f all t exi/s1 ev5 f self1 t is to say1 into ,neibban1 a /ate :i* dea? 0 soon to realise & r5d] visible to ! eyes ( 8 disciples4 ,x is n dea? t causes a be+ to rea* ! /ate or condition ( ,neibban1 b x is ! ab/raction f all conceivable =ms ( exi/5ce t con/itutes its v ess5ce4 ,! expression made use ( by our au?or to designate ! p>ticul> condition 9 :i* ,gaudama br\ght himself1 & :i* caus$ a t]rific %ake ( ! e>?1 is ?is3 ,he p>t$ ) ! life ( *ange1 ( mutability1 t is to say1 he _h no?+ m to d ) exi/5ces1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,buddhi/s1 are produc$ by ! pr9ciple ( mutability4 ,buddha call$ himself ,z9a1 or conqu]or1 aft] he _h obta9$ ! p]fect ma/]y ov] 8 passions4 ,we may give him ! same title on ! occasion :5 he has obta9$ ! ma/]y ov] exi/5ce itself4 ,?is la/ a*ievem5t is ! greate/ ( all3 ! fir/ "o 0 only prep>atory to secur+ ! second "o4 ,! writ] is well aw>e t su* a language is at v>iance ) ! notions t ! read] is famili> )4 ,to und]/& its true & correct mean+ "o mu/ be initiat$ into ! doctr9es ( ,buddhism4 ,! prea*+ ( ! law ( ! :eel1 :i* is m5tion$ z "o cause t produces ! ph5om5a ( e>?quake1 took place1 z above relat$1 9 ! ,migadawon =e/1 or ! ,de]'s grove1 ne> ,b5>es1 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ,buddha's public life1 aft] he _h left ! ,bodi tree4 ,! prea*+ ( ! law ( ! :eel is no?+ else ?an ! manife/ation ( ! f\r sublime & transc5d5t tru?s1 :i*1 z m5tion$ 9 =ego+ pages1 con/itute ! ess5ce ( ,buddha's doctr9es4 #i ,! p>ticul>s ( ! app>ition ( ! evil "o1 or ! tempt]1 relat$ by ,buddha himself to ! fai?ful & amiable ,an&a1 %[ ! incessant ef=ts made by ,manh to r5d] abortive1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! b5evol5t mission und]tak5 by ,buddha to procure deliv]ance to numb]less be+s1 & supply o!rs ) adequate means = ent]+ into1 & /eadily foll[+1 ! way t leads to x4 ,he _h be5 defeat$ 9 8 endeav\rs to prev5t ,phra f leav+ ! _w & obta9+ ! ,buddha%ip4 ,he _h be5 ?w>t$ 9 8 wick$ designs to weak5 ! effects ( ,buddha's prea*+s4 ,h]etics ( all sorts _h be5 summon$ to 8 /&>d1 to c>ry on a mo/ active w>f>e aga9/ 8 oppon5ts1 b he _h fail$ 9 all 8 attempts4 ,buddha _h n[ almo/ complet$ ! great & b5eficial "w he _h und]tak53 8 religi\s in/itutions1 kn[n ov] a va/ ext5t ( t]ritory1 & zeal\sly propagat$ by f]v5t & devot$ disciples1 seem$ to be n[ firmly e/abli%$4 ,! edifice1 inde$1 0 rais$1 b x requir$ ! action ( a f9i%+ h&2 ! key-/one 0 yet want+ 9 ! vault to r5d] x complete & durable4 ,manh 0 aw>e ( all t2 h5ce 8 la/ & wily ef=t = imp$+ ! f9i%+ & p]fect+ ( a "w he _h va9ly oppos$ 9 its beg9n+ & dur+ its progress4 ,! l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! assembly & ! mass ( ^? :o m]ely believ$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ,buddha1 )\t leav+ ! _w1 is pla9ly drawn by ,buddha himself2 !re=e1 !re c be no d\bt t1 f ! orig9 ( ,buddhism1 !re exi/$ a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! body ( laym5 & t ( ,rahans4 ,aga91 ! body ( ! p]fect1 or ^? :o =m$ :at may emphatically be t]m$ ! assembly1 0 compos$ ( m5 & wom51 liv+1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 sep>ately1 9 a /ate ( cont95ce1 & subject$ to ! discipl9>y regulations :i* we f9d embodi$ 9 ! ,w9i4 ,9 ,burmah1 ve/iges ( female devotees1 liv+ seclud$ f ! _w1 are to be met ) 9 _m places1 b1 z already notic$ 9 a =ego+ rem>k1 ! ord] ( religi\s females has mu* fall5 (f4 ,its pr(ess$ memb]s are few 9 numb]1 & ! ext]ior obs]vance ( ! regulations is mu* neglect$4 ,! compreh5siv5ess ( ,buddhism1 its t5d5cy to br+ all m5 to ! same level1 & all[ ( no diff]5ce betwe5 man & man b t :i* is e/abli%$ by sup]iority 9 virtue1 its expansive prop]ties1 all ^? /rik+ *>act]i/ics h mightily work$ 9 elevat+ ! "* ( ! woman1 & rais+ x to a level ) t ( man4 ,:o c\ld ?9k ( look+ ^u ! woman z a some:at inf]ior be+1 :5 we see h] rank+1 accord+ to ! degrees ( h] spiritual atta9m5ts1 among ! p]fect & =emo/ foll[]s ( ,buddha8 ,h5ce 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ,buddhism has /ruck a deep root & ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ov] ! mann]s ( nations1 ! condition ( ! woman has be5 mu* improv$ & plac$ on a foot+ f> sup]ior to :at %e occupies 9 ^? c\ntries :]e t religi\s sy/em is n ! preval5t "o1 or :]e x has n =m$ or consid]ably influ5c$ ! cu/oms & habits ( ! p4 #aj ,! ,buddhi/s ( ^! p>ts1 foll[+ ! track ( _! ance/ors1 or r copy+ _! writ+s1 are fond ( arbitr>y divisions 9 all t conc]ns ! diff]5t p>ts ( _! metaphysics4 ,buddha1 on ?is occasion1 alludes to ?irty-sev5 articles1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! f\ndation :]eon re/s philosophical & moral wisdom4 ,!y are call$ ,bodi-pek-k]a2 mean+1 ,i believe1 po9ts or articles ( wisdom4 ,!y are subdivid$ into sev5 classes4 ,9 ! fir/ are enum]at$ ! f\r subjects mo/ des]v+ ( att5tion1 viz41 ! body1 ! he>t1 ! s5sations1 & ! law4 ,9 ! second are describ$ f\r objects extremely wor?y ( our ef=ts1 viz41 prev5t+ ! law ( dem]its to come into exi/5ce2 prev5t+ its developm5ts1 :5 x exi/s2 caus+ ! law ( m]its to come into exi/5ce1 & fur!r+ its progress :5 x is already exi/+4 ,9 ! ?ird are f\nd likewise f\r po9ts m]it+ control1 viz41 "o's w1 "o's he>t1 "o's ef=ts1 & "o's ex]tions4 ,9 ! f\r? class we f9d enum]at$ five pre-em95tly necess>y dispositions or incl9ations2 t is to say1 disposition to b5evol5ce1 to dilig5ce1 to att5tion1 to /eady direction t[>ds :at is excell5t1 & to consid]ate wisdom4 ,! fif? class comprises ! pola1 or rew>ds or good effects result+ f ! above incl9ation1 viz41 p]fect b5evol5ce1 dilig5ce1 att5tion1 /ead9ess 9 :at is excell5t1 & consid]ate wisdom4 ,! six? class compreh5ds ! sev5 foll[+ virtues1 :i* enable man to raise himself v high 9 ! scale ( p]fection3--,att5tion1 consid]ation ( ! law1 dilig5ce1 equanimity ( ! s\l1 con/ancy 9 good1 fixity1 & delight4 ,! sev5? class comprises ! ways t lead to good & p]fection4 ,!y are eight 9 numb]3--,p]fect doctr9e1 int5tion1 language1 actions1 regul> mode ( life1 dilig5ce1 att5tion1 & fixity 9 good4 ,a volume might be writt5 ^u ^! ?irty-sev5 pr9ciples or po9ts ( moral philosophy1 by way ( comm5t & explanation2 b we ?9k x bett] to leave ! read] to make 8 own reflections1 & run at lib]ty ov] ?is broad field ( metaphysics4 #aa ,! ,kak\da /ream 0 "o ( ! arms or *annels ( ! little ,gundak4 ,x is at pres5t dri$ up1 b up to ?is day are to be se5 sev]al m>ks indicat+ ! anci5t b$ ( t /ream4 ,! riv] ,hiranyawati is "o ( ! *annels ( ! little ,gundak1 :i* 0 fl[+ a little we/ ( ! city ( ,k\!9>on4 ,! ,gundak be+ v w9d+ 9 its c\rse1 & ! mass ( wat] be+ sometimes v consid]able1 !re is to be se5 a great numb] ( old *annels1 n[ dri$ up1 or occasionally fill$ 9 ! "t :5 inundation is prevail+4 ,= ?is reason1 x becomes difficult 9 "s in/ances to foll[ ! ,*9ese pilgrim1 ,hw5 ,?sang1 ?r\gh 8 m9ute & accurate description ( ! places he has visit$4 ,! m\nds ( ru9s :i* /ud ! gr\nd may n be always correctly id5tifi$1 because !y are n at pres5t1 relatively to ! riv]1 9 ! same position z t m5tion$ 9 8 int]e/+ it9]>y4 ,h[ev]1 !re are "h & !re "s remnants ( ! old *annels :i* are suffici5t to guide safely ! sure & pati5t ,gov]nm5t ,ar*ological ,surveyor1 :o n[ does s mu*1 ) ! assi/ance d]iv$ f ! books ( ! two ,*9ese pilgrims1 to f9d out & id5tify on ! spot mo/ ( ! places & localities m5tion$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ writ+s4 ,x is n a little surpris+ t we %\ld h to ackn[l$ge ! fact t ! voyages ( two ,*9ese travell]s1 und]tak5 9 ! fif? & sev5? c5turies ( our era1 h done m to elucidate ! hi/ory & geography ( ,buddhism 9 ,india1 ?an all t has hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ! ,sanscrit & ,pali books ( ,india & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! "y religi\s :o is call$ ,ts&a 0 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,?>iputra4 ,he seems to h %>$ ) ,an&a ! hon\r ( att5d+ on ,buddha's p]son4 ,! =e/ :i* 0 close to ! vic9ity ( ,k\!9>on 0 plant$ ) trees :i* ! ,burmans call +i51 ! ,b5galies1 sal4 ,! latt] "n is evid5tly ! ,sanscrit & ,pali appellation ( ! tree1 :i* ! ,burmese au?or has reta9$ b once or twice ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 & wrote ,sala4 ,x is ! ,%orea robu/a4 ,! f\r laws ( edeipat1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,buddha1 c conf] to him :o kn[s & possesses !m ! extraord9>y privilege ( an indef9itely prolong$ exi/5ce1 are1 absolute p[] ov] ! w1 absolute p[] ov] ! m9d1 absolute p[] ( ex]tion1 absolute p[] ov] ! means to atta9 any object4 ,h[ c a man1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( exi/5ce1 obta9 ! possession ( su* a p[]8 ,! only way t a ,buddhi/ has to acc\nt = x is ! foll[+3--,a p]fect be+1 hav+ e/rang$ himself f all passions1 f matt] & its concomitant influ5ces1 solely by ! p[] & en]gy ( 8 w1 acquires a fre$om f all imp$im5ts1 an unb\nd$ lib]ty ( motion1 & a lightness & swiftness :i* enable him to d all t he pleases4 ,he is indep5d5t ( ! elem5ts ( ?is _w1 :i* c no m (f] ob/acles & resi/ance to 8 wi%es4 ,sev]al in/ances ( some?+ approa*+ to ^? wond]ful atta9m5ts h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,we h se5 h[ ^? mu* advanc$ 9 p]fection c\ld raise !mselves v high1 & travel ?r\gh ! air ) an almo/ incr$ible velocity4 ,?is 0 b ! beg9n+ ( f> sup]ior & transc5d5t qualifications obta9$ only by ^? t _h made great] progress 9 sci5ce1 9 virtue1 & 9 ! r5\nc+ ( all ?+s2 9 a ^w1 by ^? :o _h ma/]$ ! f\r laws ( edeipat4 ,mahawon ,kootag>a means ! hall ( ! upp] /ory 9 ! great =e/4 ,n f> f ,we?alie !re 0 a mona/]y ( great celebrity1 situat$ 9 a =e/ ( sala-trees4 ,x _h1 at lea/1 an upp] /ory1 9 :i* 0 ! hall :]e ,gaudama (t5 prea*$ to 8 disciples & to ! p4 #ab ,! meal ,buddha p>took ( 9 company ) 8 disciples at ,tsonda's resid5ce is ! la/ repa/ he ev] made4 ,! viol5t di/emp] :i* foll[$ imm$iately is n1 says ! au?or ( ! leg5d1 to be attribut$ to ! food he took on ?is occasion4 ,on ! contr>y1 t v food1 ow+ to ! virtue infus$ !re9 by ! ag5cy ( ,nats & ,brahmas1 0 r an antidote aga9/ ! illness t 0 to come inevitably ^u ,phra's p]son4 ,previ\s to ! dissolution ( 8 bodily frame1 x 0 decre$ t ,buddha %\ld suff]4 ,no occurr5ce c\ld ev] cause or av]t ?is tragical circum/ance4 ,he _h =ese5 x1 & ) p]fect resignation submitt$ to :at 0 absolutely to happ54 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,buddhism1 :5 a deadly antagonism ) ,brahm9ism began to fill ! p59sula ( ,h9du/an ) endless disputes betwe5 ! support]s ( ! rival sy/ems1 ,brahm9s1 ) a cutt+ sne]1 insult$ _! oppon5ts by rem9d+ !m t ! f\nd] ( _! cre$1 :om !y s mu* rev]$ & exalt$1 _h di$ f ! effects ( 8 hav+ indulg$ too mu* 9 pork4 ,ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 :5 ! writ] 0 9 ,burmah1 he *anc$ to meet ) a %rewd old ,*ri/ian1 :o1 by ! way1 0 fond] ( disput+ ab\t religion ?an pay+ reg>d to ! practice !re(4 ,he boa/$ ( hav+ at 8 comm& deadly weapons aga9/ ,buddhi/s1 & unansw]able argum5ts to be> ) an irresi/ible =ce on ! vital p>ts ( _! cre$4 ,! *ief "o1 :i* he always br\ght =w>d ) a ,brahm9ical scorn & laugh1 0 t ,gaudama _h di$ f 8 hav+ eat5 pork4 ,he always did x ) s mu* mir? & wit t 8 poor ignorant adv]s>ies 7 completely ov]aw$ & effectually sil5c$ by 8 bold & positive ass]tion1 & left to him unconte/$ ! field ( battle1 & all[$ him to c>ry away undisput$ ! palm ( victory4 ,?is way ( argu+ may prove a v amus+ "o1 b x c nev] be approv$ (1 z error is nev] to be combat$ by ano!r error or a false supposition4 ,! ,burmese translator 0 d\btless aw>e ( ! weak side (f]$ to ! attacks ( malignant oppon5ts by ! unpleasant di/emp] t foll[$ ! la/ meal ( ,buddha4 ,he /r5u\sly lab\rs to def5d ! "* ( 8 h]o by prov+1 9 ! be/ way he c1 t su* a bodily disord] 0 necess>ily to take place1 9 ord] to set 9 relief ! pati5ce1 composure1 & o!r /]l+ virtues ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,! text ( ! leg5d has be5 read ov] sev]al times ) ! greate/ att5tion1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! reasons put =w>d to acc\nt = su* an occurr5ce1 b ! result has prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,a ?ick veil wraps 9 complete obscurity ?is curi\s episode ( ,buddha's life4 ,all t c be said is ?is3 x 0 preorda9$ t ,buddha %\ld be visit$ ) a mo/ pa9ful di/emp] ere he atta9$ ,neibban2 & s x happ5$4 ,to prove t ! eat+ ( pork _h no?+ to d ) ! di/emp] t foll[$1 we h ! au?ority ( ,gaudama himself1 :o comm5d$ ! delicacy & flav\r ( t di%1 & plac$ x on ! same foot+ ) ! delici\s ,nogana he ate on ! morn+ ( ! day previ\s to 8 obta9+ ! ,buddha%ip4 ,he desir$ 8 ev]-fai?ful att5dant1 ,an&a1 to repair to ,tsonda's place1 & expla9 to him ! great rew>ds res]v$ to him = hav+ made ! (f]+ ( su* an excell5t food4 ,! practical work+ ( ! ,buddhi/ic sy/em relatively to almsgiv+ des]ves "s notice4 ,a man be/[s alms on ! ,rahans1 or sp5ds money t[>ds promot+ "s religi\s purpose2 he does s ) ! belief t :at he be/[s n[ 9 ! way ( alms w secure to him c\ntless advantages 9 future exi/5ces4 ,^? fav\rs1 :i* he anticipates to enjoy h]eaft]1 are all ( a temporal nature1 relat+ only to heal?1 pleasures1 ri*es1 hon\rs1 & a long life ei!r 9 ! seat ( man or 9 ! seats ( ,nats4 ,su* is ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ by all ,buddhi/s 9 our days4 ,talapo9s make ! prea*+ ( ! law consi/ *iefly 9 enum]at+ ! m]its & rew>ds att5d+ ! be/[+ ( alms on p]sons devot$ to a religi\s mode ( life4 ,9 ?is respect ! practical result ( _! s]mons is c]ta9ly mo/ b5eficial to !mselves4 ,! spiritually-m9d$ ,buddha seems to h levell$ a bl[ at concupisc5ce & covet\sness by op5ly /at+ t alms h n ! p[] to /em ! curr5t ( dem]its1 to give rise & en]gy to ! pr9ciple ( m]its1 or to lead to wisdom1 :i* enables man to weak5 gradually concupisc5ce1 ang]1 & ignorance1 & to op5 & prep>e ! pa? to ,neibban4 ,true k1 att5d$ by ! practice ( ! virtues peculi> to ^? :o h ent]$ into ! curr5t ( p]fection by foll[+ ! f\r ,meggas1 c alone enable a man to rea* ,neibban4 ,_m excell5t practices en=c$ by ,buddhism h1 s to speak1 be5 r$uc$ to a m]e lifeless skeleton by ignorance & passions1 b !y w\ld appe> 9 a v diff]5t light 7 !y animat$ ) ! _s t has br\ght !m into exi/5ce4 #ac ,! obs]vance ( ! five precepts incumb5t ^u all ,buddhi/s is ! f\ndation :]eupon is to be erect$ ! spiritual edifice2 x is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! great ways lead+ to p]fection2 x is prep>atory = ! great ex]cise ( m$itation1 by :i* true wisdom may be acquir$4 ,! fai?ful :o obs]ve ! five precepts & ! ?ree additional c\nsels %[ t fai? is liv+ 9 _! he>ts1 & give unmi/akable m>ks ( _! zeal 9 ! practice ( religion4 ,!y are real ,upasakas1 or laym51 f]v5tly adh]+ to & tak+ refuge 9 ,buddha1 ! law1 & ! assembly2 b !y _c take rank among ! memb]s ( ! assembly or ,?anga4 ,practice ( & progress 9 m$itation c alone u%] an ,upasaka into ! sanctu>y ( ! p]fect4 ,! rew>ds de/9$ to ! fai?ful aft] _! dea? are exactly proportionate to _! m]its & ! real wor? ( _! de$s4 ,! seats ( ,nats1 plac$ imm$iately above ! seat ( m51 b "u ! sixte5 seats res]v$ to ! p]fect1 are op5$ to ! pi\s ,upasaka :o migrates f ! seat ( probation & trial4 ,! nature ( ! pleasures enjoy$ 9 ! ,nats' seats are all ref]able to ! s5ses4 ,all t c be imag9$ be/ fitt$ = ! delectation ( ! five s5ses is accumulat$ 9 ^? blissful regions1 & pr(f]$ ) an ev]-r5ew$ pr(usion to _! =tunate inhabitants4 ,! vivid imag9ation ( ,asiatics has1 "o w\ld say1 exhau/$ its /ores 9 pictur+ ) an amaz+ v>iety ! ri*es to be possess$ !re4 ,x w\ld be ( no utility to attempt to give a comp5di\s n>rative ( :at we meet ) 9 ,buddhi/ic compositions respect+ ^? regions4 ,suffice x = our purpose to say t ! di/9ction ( sexes rema9s 9 ! ,nats' c\ntries4 ,9 ! two l[e/ seats connection takes place betwe5 ! sexes1 b no procreation ev] results f x2 9 ! ?ird seats ! ,nats ( diff]5t sexes are fully gratifi$ by a simple kiss2 9 ! f\r?1 by ! t\* ( ! h&2 9 ! fif?1 by m]ely look+ at ea* o!r2 & 9 ! six?1 by ! m]e fact ( _! be+ 9 ! same place1 ^u :i* we may make two obs]vations4 ,! fir/ is t pleasures !re9 enjoy$ lose _! co>s5ess1 & become m ref9$ & m p]fect 9 proportion z ! seats are m elevat$4 ,! great] are ! m]its ( ! ,upasaka 9 ?is life1 ! high] is ! seat he is de/9$ to occupy1 & ! m ref9$ are ! pleasures & enjoym5ts allott$ to him4 ,h5ce our ,gaudama hav+1 dur+ ! exi/5ce prec$+ ?is la/ "o1 practis$ moral virtues ( ! highe/ ord]1 migrat$ to ,toocita1 ! f\r? seat ( ,nats4 ,! second obs]vation is1 t ! duration ( ! enjoym5ts 9 ! ,nats' seats increases 9 an ari?metical progression2 t is to say1 ! pleasures ( ! second seat la/ twice z long z ^? ( ! fir/ or l[e/ seat4 ,^? ( ! ?ird seat la/ twice z long z ^? ( ! second1 & s on to ! la/ or highe/ seat4 ,9 ! s]mons t ! ,talapo9s address to ! p = /irr+ up _! zeal *iefly 9 mak+ alms to !m1 !y are mo/ flu5t & abundant 9 ! promises ( rew>ds 9 ! ,nats' seats1 z a p[]ful inducem5t held out to !m = keep+ up _! zeal 9 be/[+ alms4 ,!y admirably succe$ 9 obta9+ _! object ) mo/ ( _! he>]s4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ^? poor delud$ foll[]s ( ,buddha are fully conv9c$ ( all t is n>rat$ to !m by ,talapo9s respect+ ! ,nats' seats4 ,su* is ! implicit fai? ( ! mass ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,"o may occasionally meet ) a few individuals :o laugh at ^? fables1 b ^! are look$ ^u 9 no bett] light ?an t ( rationali/s or free?9k]s by ! or?odox portion ( ! community4 #ad ,! po/ure assum$ by ,buddha at ?is la/ /age ( 8 life has suppli$ ! subject ( an arti/ic composition to ! ,s\!rn ,buddhi/ sculptors4 ,a /atue repres5t+ ,phra 9 t recl9+ position is to be se5 9 almo/ e pagoda4 ,"s ( ^! /atues are made on truly gigantic proportions4 ,i h measur$ "o t 0 =ty-five feet long4 ,if we take su* r\gh works z exhibit+ ! am\nt ( skill possess$ by natives 9 ! art ( c>v+1 we mu/ confess t t art is ) !m yet 9 its infancy4 ,! huge idols ,i h met ) are nev] made ( wood or hew$ /ones1 b are built up ) bricks4 ,! arti/1 hav+ made 9 ?is way ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! /atue1 cov]s ! :ole ) a ?ick coat ( mort>1 ! s(tness ( :i* enables him )\t mu* lab\r to put ! f9i%+ h& to 8 "w4 ,^! /atues are inv>iably made aft] a c]ta9 patt]n belong+ to ! antiquity1 & to an epo* :5 ! art 0 yet 9 its v infancy3 !y are1 9 an arti/ic po9t ( view1 ! wor/1 rude/1 & co>se/ attempts at /atu>y ,i h ev] se54 ,gold is1 h[ev]1 pr(usely lavi%$ on ^? %apeless & =mless works4 ,! big idol above ref]r$ to 0 cov]$ ) gold1 t is to say1 gilt f head to feet4 ,idols ( small] dim5sions1 ^? 9 p>ticul> repres5t+ ,buddha sitt+ 9 a cross-legg$ position1 9 ! attitude ( m$itation1 are likewise wret*$ specim5s ( art4 ,a great _m are made ( a s(t /one1 almo/ :ite1 resembl+ m>ble 9 appe>ance1 & capable ( receiv+ a mo/ p]fect poli%4 ,ab\t ?ree miles we/ ( ! old & ru9$ city ( ,tsaga9 is a place :]e ! manufactur+ ( m>ble idols is c>ri$ on to a great ext5t4 ,! /one us$ by ! c>v]s is br\ght f a place nor? ( ,am]apoora1 :]e x is abundant4 ,x is s(t1 transp>5t1 :ite1 & sometimes1 :5 poli%$1 exhibits a slightly blui% appe>ance4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ by ! arti/s are simple & few4 ,7 x n = ! cu/om :i* obliges !m to foll[ always ! same patt]ns1 ! ,burmese workm5 w\ld mu* improve 9 t bran* ( ! f9e arts4 #ae ,if ,buddha ev] des]v$ ! surname ( sage1 x 0 assur$ly on ?is occasion t he entitl$ himself to su* an hon\rable di/9ction4 ,all nature rev]s$ its c\rse on 8 acc\nt3 wond]s ( ! mo/ extraord9>y "* l\dly proclaim$ 8 sup]em95t excell5cies3 ! mo/ exalt$ be+s unit$ _! voices 9 extoll+ 8 transc5d5t m]its1 & %[+ _! unb\nd$ respect = 8 p]son2 all t c\ld dazzle ! eye1 please ! e>1 & flatt] ! he>t1 0 display$ on an unp>allel$ scale to d hon\r to him :o 0 ab\t to leave ?is t]re/rial abode4 ,buddha1 h[ev]1 solemnly decl>es1 & unhesitat+ly says to ,an&a1 t su* a display is inf9itely bel[ 8 m]its & p]fections1 & c be> no comp>ison ) 8 fa?omless wisdom & b\ndless k ( tru?4 ,su* ?+s1 9 8 op9ion1 are m]e ext]nals1 q de/itute ( sub/antial wor?2 !y conf] no real hon\r to him4 ,!y1 adds he1 :o truly d hon\r to me are ^? :o practise all t is enjo9$ by ! mo/ excell5t law2 no?+ %ort ( ! obs]vance ( ! law c please me2 ! practice ( ! virtues lead+ to p]fection alone give ! "r to be call$ my disciple4 ,my religion c re/ firmly only on su* solid f\ndation4 ,^! expressions make e read] und]/& t1 9 ,buddha's op9ion1 religion is n a m]e !ory1 tea*+ f9e moral precepts1 de/9$ to excite a va9 admiration 9 ! m9d1 or elicit useless applauses2 b x is a moral & practical sy/em1 mak+ man acqua9t$ ) ! duties he has to p]=m 9 ord] to %un vice & practise virtue4 ,no?+ c be m explicit & positive ?an ! notions he ent]ta9s ( religion4 ,!y are wor?y ( ! f\nd] ( a religi\s sy/em n[ believ$ & admitt$1 ) m or less consid]able v>iety1 by ne>ly "o-f\r?1 or at lea/ "o-fif?1 ( ! great human family4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! high religi\s s5se ent]ta9$ by ,buddha1 & communicat$ 9 all its purity to 8 imm$iate disciples1 has almo/ vani%$ away 9 all ,buddhi/ c\ntries4 ,) ! p religion consi/s 9 c]ta9 ext]ior obs]vances1 su* z giv+ alms to ! ,talapo9s1 build+ pagodas1 & mak+ (f]+s dur+ ! ?ree mon?s especially consecrat$ to religi\s duties4 ,! influ5ce ( religi\s tea*]s1 ow+ to ignorance & want ( zeal1 may be ?\ght by _m to be almo/ null1 & sc>cely felt by ! masses ( nom9al ,buddhi/s4 ,two causes1 h[ev]1 seem to be ! g5]ators & support]s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t t influ5ces ! p1--education1 & ! political in/itutions4 ,! male portion ( ! community is br\ght up 9 ! mona/]ies by ! ,phongyies4 ,all ! books t are put into _! h&s1 & mo/ ( ^? t !y subsequ5tly read1 are treatises on religi\s subjects4 ,?is sy/em keeps up1 9 a wond]ful mann]1 ! k ( religion1 :i* ex]cises a great control ov] ! actions ( individuals1 & regulates _! conduct4 ,b1 besides1 ! religi\s elem5t almo/ pr$om9ates 9 ! body ( ! civil laws2 x acts indirectly ^u ! p1 & mu/ be all[$ a great %>e ( influ5ce 9 all t reg>ds _! morals4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to political in/itutions t ,buddhism owes mu* = ! cont9uation ( its exi/5ce 9 ^! regions4 ,7 x depriv$ ( su* a p[]ful support1 !re is e reason to believe t x c\ld n p]haps long reta9 its hold ov] ! masses1 :5 regul>ly & ext5sively attack$ by ! foll[]s ( ano!r sy/em4 ,b ! fir/ cause is by f> ! weighti] & ! m influ5tial4 #af ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w ! writ] _h made an error 9 suppos+ ,oupalawana to h be5 a male religi\s4 ,ano!r palm-leaf manuscript t he has consult$ leaves no d\bt ab\t h] real "*4 ,%e 01 among ! female body ( religi\s1 ! disciple ( ! left2 & ,kema1 :o _h be5 = _m ye>s ! fir/ wife ( ,k+ ,pimpa?>a1 0 ! disciple ( ! "r4 ,oupalawana belong$ to a di/+ui%$ family ( ,kapilawot4 ,! female portion ( ! ,?anga or assembly 0 con/itut$ aft] ! mode ( ! ,rahans4 ,?>iputra & ,maukalan 7 respectively ! disciples ( ! "r & ( ! left4 ,"o ( ! duties ( ! ,rahaness ( ! left 0 to fan ,buddha on c]ta9 occasions1 & r5d] to him su* s]vices z 7 compatible ) h] sex4 ,! ord] ( nuns 9 ,burmah 9 our days has fall5 v l[4 ,in/ead ( ! yell[ col\r1 !y h adopt$ ! :ite "o = _! dress1 :i*1 9 o!r respects1 resembles t ( ! ,phongyies4 ,_! head is %av$4 ,!y are to be se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( pagodas1 & 9 ! /reets1 go+ ab\t to beg ! food requir$ = _! ma9t5ance4 ,! only l>ge conv5t ( ^? nuns :i* ,i h ev] met is "o on ! "r bank ( ! ,irrawaddy1 ab\t five miles nor? ( ,tsaga94 ,x conta9s ab\t =ty or fifty inmates4 ,"s ( !m belong to good families1 & reside 9 ! h\se = a few ye>s1 aft] :i* !y return into _! home4 ,t h\se is "u ! special protection ( ! k+1 :o supplies ! nuns ) all ! necess>ies ( life4 ,9 ! valley ( ,tavoy a small conv5t also has be5 po9t$ out to ! writ]4 ,x 0 situat$ on a beautiful spot1 we/ ( ! riv]4 ,:5 he w5t to see x1 he 0 surpris$ to meet ) two or ?ree old wom51 habit$ 9 ! canonical dress1 :o appe>$ to be wret*$ly poor & slov5ly 9 _! habits4 ,! h\se 0 9 e respect 9 keep+ ) ! ext]ior appe>ance ( ! t5ants4 ,! nuns d absolutely no "w1 except 9 c]ta9 localities :]e !y try to d away ) a portion ( _! "t 9 cle>+ ! we$s :i* gr[ s luxuriantly 9 ! enclosure ( "s fam\s pagoda4 ,!y h no s*ools to tea* girls ! rudim5ts ( read+ & writ+4 ,!y are on ?is head greatly beh9d ! ,buddhi/ monks1 :o h assum$ to !mselves ! great & important task ( tea*+ boys 9 ! t[ns & villages4 #ag ,! f\nd] ( ,buddhism %[s himself on ?is p>ticul> subject a consummate morali/4 ,he :o c\ld h spok5 z he did on ?is truly delicate po9t mu/ h be5 deeply v]s$ 9 ! k ( human nature1 & ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) its frailties & weaknesses4 ,buddha desir$ to ma9ta9 ! memb]s ( ! assembly 9 a /ate ( spotless purity4 ,to atta9 t desirable object he rais$ ! /ronge/ b>ri] aga9/ ! wilde/ passion ( ! he>t4 ,no virtue1 9 8 op9ion1 c )/& ! incessant assaults direct$ aga9/ x by daily & famili> int]c\rse ) p]sons ( ano!r sex4 ,he w\ld h1 if possible1 ! inmate ( a cell 9 a mona/]y out ( ! rea* ( temptation itself2 he kn[s t ! be/ tactics aga9/ su* an enemy d n consi/ 9 boldly meet+ ! adv]s>y1 b r 9 c>efully avoid+ enc\nt] ) him1 manuvr+ 9 su* a way z to keep f> f him4 ,h5ce idle conv]sations ) female visitors are n only =bidd5 9 a mo/ positive mann]1 b ! v sight ( wom5 is to be1 if possible1 avoid$4 ,:5 duty %all oblige a recluse to come face to face ) ! enemy1 x is 8 b\nd5 obligation to keep at z great a di/ance f female visitors z practicable4 ,! subject ( ! conv]sation ought to be ( a purely religi\s "*2 "s portions ( ! law may be exp\nd$1 d\bts ( consci5ce may be propos$1 & a solution giv5 to !m1 c4 ,on su* occasions ! spiritual advis] is nev] to be left alone1 b he mu/ be surr\nd$ by "s ( 8 bre?r5 or disciples1 at all times v num]\s 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to place "o's self 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,buddhi/ic sy/em1 & exam9e !refrom ! motives t h induc$ ,buddha to enjo9 celibacy on all ! memb]s ( ! assembly1 & en=ce x ) ! utmo/ rig\r by all ! means t ! pr(\nde/ morali/ c\ld devise4 ,! philosophy ( ,buddhism has = its prim>y object to lead man into ! way ( free+ himself f ! influ5ce produc$ ^u ! s\l by ext]ior objects1 ?r\gh ! m$ium or *annel ( ! s5ses4 ,t influ5ce sets 9 motion ! v>i\s passions :i* d>k5 ! intellect & tr\ble ! he>t1 oppos+ an insup]able b>ri] to ! acquirem5t & intuition ( tru?1 & to ! progress t[>ds ! /ate ( quiesc5ce1 s ard5tly covet$ & long$ = by e true ,buddhi/4 ,no "o is ripe = ! /ate ( ,neibban z long z he reta9s affection = ?+s )\t self4 ,! la/ & greate/ ef=t ( wisdom is ! emancipation ( self f e possible influ5ce creat$ & produc$ by objects or ?+s di/9ct f self4 ,concupisc5ce1 z ! mean+ ( ! ^w implies1 is t disposition ( ! s\l to se>* aft]1 long =1 & cleave to ?+s plac$ )\t self4 ,su* a disposition is diametrically oppos$ to ! p]fect indep5d5ce aim$ at by a p]fect ,buddhi/1 & leads to results ! v rev]se ( ^? to be arriv$ at2 x reta9s man 9 ! vortex ( nev]-end+ exi/5ces1 & precludes him f ! possibility ( ev] rea*+ ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,concupisc5ce1 tak5 9 a m re/rict$ & limit$ mean+1 signify+ ! prop5sity to ! indulg5ce ( s5sual pleasures by ! union ( sexes1 mu/ ev] prove ! greate/ ob/acle 9 ! way lead+ to p]fection1 inasmu* z x fo/]s 9 m5 ! /ronge/ affection to ext]nal objects4 ,buddha is great1 9 8 own op9ion1 because he has conqu]$ all passions1 n by curb+ !m "u ! yoke ( reason1 b by root+ !m out ( 8 v be+4 ,:5 he wi%$ to become an ascetic1 he practis$ at fir/ self-r5\nc+1 n m]ely by giv+ up ri*es1 palaces1 dignities & hon\rs1 b *iefly & pr9cipally by d5y+ to himself & = ev] ! enjoym5t ( s5sual pleasures4 ,a firm & un%ak5 resolution ( p>t+ = ev] ) 8 wife & concub9es1 & liv+ 9 a p]petual celibacy1 0 consid]$ z a prelim9>y & ess5tial /ep = ent]+ ^u ! c\rse ( life ( a s9c]e se>*] aft] tru? & p]fection4 ,dur+ ! six ye>s he sp5t 9 solitude1 he lab\r$ ) unremitt+ zeal = secur+ to ! spiritual pr9ciple an undisput$ control ov] ! mat]ial "o1 by /ifl+ ! vehem5ce & ard\r ( 8 passions4 ,8 au/]ities & mortifications dur+ t long p]iod _h no o!r object ?an t ( fir/ weak5+ & !n f9ally de/roy+ passions1 & 9 p>ticul> concupisc5ce4 ,:5 he is prais$ 9 ! writ+s1 he is mu* extoll$ = hav+ come out f ! net ( passions4 ,8 victory ov] concupisc5ce is repeat$ly allud$ to z ! greate/ ( all a*ievem5ts4 ,! ma/]1 !re=e1 hav+ laid su* /ress on ?is fav\rite & important maxim1 c\ld n b prea* & enjo9 x on all 8 future imitators & disciples4 ,! e>lie/ records ( ,buddhism be> te/imony to ! p>am\nt importance atta*$ to ! practice ( *a/ity4 ,x has ev] be5 consid]$ z an ess5tial requirem5t 9 all ^? t h desir$ to foll[ ! foot/eps ( ,buddha & imitate 8 mode ( life4 ,no qualification1 ev] s great & %9+1 c\ld be admitt$ z a sub/itute = *a/ity4 ,sci5ce1 tal5t1 zeal1 & f]v\r c\ld nev] entitle an individual to ! di/9ction ( memb] ( ! assembly ( ! p]fect )\t hav+ previ\sly giv5 up ! gratification ( s5sual pleasures4 ,indep5d5tly ( :at is f\nd writt5 on ?is subject 9 ! ,w9i1 or book ( discipl9e1 ! op9ion ( ! ,buddhi/ public is on ?is subject positive1 univ]sal1 & absolute4 ,he :o leaves ! condition ( layman to become a religi\s mu/ live 9 a /ate ( p]fect cont95ce4 ,an infraction ( ! regulations on ?is po9t is look$ ^u ) horror & indignation by ! p at l>ge4 ,! guilty individual is inexorably expell$ f ! religi\s h\se1 aft] hav+ be5 previ\sly /ripp$ ( 8 religi\s dress & subject$ to a humiliat+ degradation 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembl$ memb]s ( ! community4 ,no?+ %ort ( su* a sev]e treatm5t c\ld satisfy a public s deeply hurt & (f5d$ 9 _! religi\s feel+s4 ,h[ is x t ! practice ( p]fect cont95ce is n m]ely a desid]atum 9 an individual consecrat$ to religion1 b an absolutely requir$ qualification1 :i* c nev] be equival5tly suppli$ by any o!r moral or sci5tific atta9m5t8 ,h[ is x t su* a notion is univ]sally adh]$ to by nations not$ = ! und\bt$ laxity ( _! morals8 ,c a notion s g5]ally believ$ & s t5aci\sly reta9$1 9 spite ( its direct opposition to ! wilde/ & ! de>e/ passion ( ! he>t1 be ev] call$ a prejudice8 ,is x possible to trace its connection ) "s ( ! noble/ feel+s ( our nature & ! mo/ ref9$ ideas ( our m9d8 ,to a sup]ficial & biass$ obs]v]1 _m ?+s appe> contradictory & irreconcilable1 :i* a s]i\s1 acute1 & dispassionate inquir] aft] tru? readily compreh5ds1 easily connects & acc\nts =1 & satisfactorily reconciles "o ) ! o!r4 #ah ,x is curi\s to inve/igate ! orig9 & ! real nature ( ! wor%ip & hon\r paid by ,buddhi/s to ,gaudama1 to 8 relics1 to 8 /atues1 z well z to monum5ts erect$ = en%r9+ & %elt]+ ^? objects ( devotion4 ,! attempt at elucidat+ ?is po9t is beset ) difficulties4 ,! m we att5tively reflect on ! inw>d op]ations ( ! s\l 9 all t relates to religion1 ! m we f9d ourselves puzzl$ & hesitat+ 9 qualify+ & select+ ! appellation mo/ befitt+ !m4 ,all ! simple t]ms ( our language int5d$ to express ! sev]al sorts ( acts ( wor%ip & adoration paid to objects p>tak+ ( a religi\s nature1 are inadequate to repres5t to u1 by s\nds1 ! nature ( ! inw>d work+s ( ! s\l :5 %e c>ries on a pi\s int]c\rse ) ! object ( h] devotion4 ,! t]ms t are us$ m]ely express to u ! ext]ior acts ( wor%ip1 z manife/$ by peculi> attitudes ( ! body 7:i* v>y accord+ to ! habits & cu/oms ( v>i\s nations71 or s++1 mak+ (f]+s1 & o!r visible signs4 ,!y may be1 9 fact !y are1 us$ ) equal fitness all ov] ! _w by ! wor%ipp]s ( ! true ,god z well z by ! ador]s ( idols4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & false wor%ip does n consi/1 !re=e1 9 ! ext]nals1 nor 9 ! c]emonies or ext]ior signs t make impression on ! e> & ! eye1 b x is to be f\nd 9 reality 9 ! objects t ! ador]s h 9 view4 ,"h lies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & false wor%ip4 ,?is be+ premis$1 we h naturally to ask3 ,:at is ,gaudama1 ! great & pr9cipal object ( wor%ip to all ,buddhi/s8 ,gaudama1 9 _! op9ion1 is a m]e man1 t has atta9$1 by ! practice ( virtue1 & pr9cipally by 8 almo/ inf9ite sci5ce1 ! highe/ po9t ( p]fection a be+ c ev] rea*4 ,! fir/ qualification entitles him to ! unb\nd$ admiration ( 8 foll[]s2 x inspires !m ) expressions ! be/ calculat$ to eulogise him1 & repres5t him z ! fir/ & greate/ ( all be+s4 ,aga91 ,gaudama is repres5t$ to !m full ( b5evol5ce & compassion = all be+s1 :om he e>ne/ly wi%es to deliv] f _! mis]ies1 & help to obta9 t /ate 9 :i* !y come = ev] to a p]fect re/ f all transmigrations1 or to :at !y emphatically call ! deliv]ance4 ,! second qualification is mu* insi/$ ^u by ,buddhi/s1 & f x orig9ate ^? feel+s ( love & t5d] affection = him :o has lab\r$ s mu* = enlight5+ all be+s1 & %[+ to !m ! way t leads to ! deliv]ance4 ,buddhi/s on ?is subject are v eloqu5t4 ,! writ] has (t5 admir$ _m f9e ?\ghts & truly beautiful expressions he has met 9 "s writ+s devot$ to ! praises ( ,buddha4 ,x may be ask$ :e!r ! foll[]s ( ,gaudama 9 ! wor%ip !y pay ! au?or ( _! religion expect any aid or assi/ance f him4 ,! answ] is an easy "o4 ,gaudama to !m is no m4 ,8 int]f]5ce ) ! affairs ( ?is _w or ( 8 religion absolutely ceas$ ) 8 exi/5ce4 ,he sees no "o2 he he>s no pray]2 he c af=d no help nei!r "h on e>? nor 9 any o!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 to ! ,buddhi/s !re is no ,provid5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re c be no real pray]1 none ( ! feel+s t con/itute its ess5ce4 ,all ! wor%ip ( ,gaudama may be summ$ up 9 a few words3 he is admir$ z ! greate/1 wise/1 & mo/ b5evol5t ( all be+s2 he is prais$1 eulogis$ z mu* z language c express2 he is ! object ( a t5d] affection = ! good t he has done4 ,no idea :atev] ( a supreme be+ is to be met 9 ! g5u9e wor%ip paid to ,gaudama by 8 mo/ en?usia/ic adh]5ts4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 9 practice1 ,buddhi/s ( ^! p>ts betray (t5 )\t p]ceiv+ x t !y h "s vague idea ab\t a supreme be+1 :o has a controll+ p[] 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w & ! de/9y ( man4 ,b su* an idea does n come f _! religi\s cre$2 x is ! (fspr+ ( t innate s5tim5t adh]5t 9 our nature1 z is ma9ta9$ by "s philosoph]s3 or x is a remnant ( a primitive tradition1 :i* error has nev] be5 able entirely to oblit]ate1 z ass]t$ by o!rs4 ,! wor%ip paid to ,buddha does n ext5d fur!r ?an x has be5 above /at$1 s9ce x is always plac$ on a foot+ ( equality ) ! "o due to ! law & to ! assembly4 ,^! ?ree preci\s ?+s are always enum]at$ toge!r2 no di/9ction is made betwe5 !m2 !y are equally entitl$ to ! v5]ation ( all believ]s4 ,let u come n[ to ! v5]ation (f]$ to ! /atues & relics ( ,gaudama1 & to ! religi\s monum5ts call$ dz$is4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages we h se5 ,buddha giv+ to two bro!rs :o _h reque/$ him to supply !m ) "s object ( wor%ip eight hairs ( 8 head4 ,aft] 8 dea? & ! combu/ion ( 8 body1 ! rema9+ bones1 or p>ts ( bones1 ev5 ! v a%es & *>coals1 7 pi\sly covet$1 ) an eag]ness t indicat$ ! high value p set on ^! articles4 ,accord+ to sev]al ,buddhi/ au?ors1 ,gaudama1 previ\s to 8 dea?1 intimat$ to 8 disciples t 8 religion 0 to la/ five ?\s& ye>s2 t1 z he w\ld be no long] among 8 believ]s 9 a visible mann]1 he wi%$ t !y w\ld keep up 8 /atues z 8 repres5tatives1 & pay to !m ! same hon\r !y w\ld pay to 8 own p]son4 ,rely+ ^u ?is positive injunction1 ! ,buddhi/ looks on ! /atues ( ,buddha z objects de/9$ to rem9d him ( ,buddha3 !y are ! visible mem5toes ( him :o is inf9itely de> to 8 affections2 !y put him1 by _! v>iety ( %apes & =m1 9 remembrance ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts connect$ ) 8 exi/5ce4 ,! pr9ces t h be5 mo/ rem>kable = _! religi\s zeal & piety1 su* z ,adzata?at & ,a?oka1 7 anxi\s to multiply ! /atues ( ,buddha & ! religi\s monum5ts1 to n\ri% 9 ! s\l ( all ! fai?ful1 z says our ,burmese au?or1 a feel+ ( t5d] affection1 ( lovely disposition = ! p]son ( ,buddha & 8 holy religion4 ,! relics be+ articles t h be5 mo/ intimately connect$ ) ,buddha's p]son1 are design$ to act on ! religi\s feel+s ( ! p ev5 m p[]fully ?an ! /atues4 ,!y are treasur$ up ) ! greate/ c>e1 wor%ipp$ ) ! pr(\nde/ respect1 look$ ^u ) a mo/ affectionate reg>d4 ,no e>?ly treasure c be comp>$ ) !m4 ,z ,buddha's sacr$ p]son is m valuable 9 _! eyes ?an ! :ole _w1 8 relics p>take ( t invaluable e/imation4 ,x becomes evid5t t ! /atues & relics are s mu* valu$1 e/eem$1 & wor%ipp$ because ( ! intimate connection !y h ) ! p]son ( ,buddha1 & ! great help !y af=d 9 keep+ alive a religi\s _s & a t5d] affection = him4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( /atues & relics1 sup]/ition has _h its %>e too 9 giv+ an undue ext5sion & developm5t to ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,?is developm5t has br\ght into exi/5ce ! belief 9 prodigies & miracles wr\ght by ! virtue ( ! relics4 ,?is popul> error has always f\nd a p[]ful support among ! ignorant masses2 x has be5 mu* propagat$ by t inord9ate & irrational t5d5cy t[>ds all t is new & extraord9>y4 ,man wants b a pretext1 ev5 a v futile "o1 to give cr$it to ! mo/ incr$ible occurr5ces1 :5 !y h a ref]5ce to a deeply *]i%$1 &1 z x 71 fav\rite object4 ,b 9 no way d we f9d g5u9e ,buddhism c\nt5anc+ su* spiritual ecc5tricities or extravagances1 :i* h _! orig9 9 ignorance & an inord9ate fondness = ! m>vell\s4 ,! articles ( wor%ip (f]$ to or plac$ be=e ! /atues ( ,buddha1 & ! %r9es suppos$ to conta9 "s ( 8 relics1 are few & rem>kable = _! simplicity4 ,!y consi/ 9 fl[]s arrang$ 9 f9e b\quets1 9 flags & /ream]s made ( clo?1 sometimes ( pap]1 & cut into a great v>iety ( figures1 ) consid]able ta/e & skill4 ,!re are to be se5 also small wax c&les1 little e>!n lamps1 & sometimes inc5se & sc5t$ wood1 :i* are consum$ 9 l>ge burn]s1 plac$ on p$e/als made ( masonry4 ,! wor%ipp]s are g5]ally 9 a squatt+ position1 ! back re/+ on ! heels1 ! body slightly b5d+ =w>d1 ! jo9$ h&s rais$ to ! =ehead4 ,ord9>ily a /r+ ( fl[]s1 or little bits ( wood adorn$ ea* ) a small pap] flag1 are held on ^! occasions4 ,on ! days ( wor%ip1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( ,l5t1 ! cr[d ( p ( e age1 sex1 & condition1 resort+ to ! mo/ v5]at$ pagoda ( ! place1 is truly extraord9>y4 ,m5 & wom5 ( a c]ta9 age h 9 _! h&s a /r+ ( beads1 ^u :i* !y repeat ! =mula ,aneitsa1 ,duka1 ,anatta1 or "s o!r4 ,s9ce ! ,buddhi/ kn[s t 8 ,buddha is no m1 &1 !re=e1 c af=d him no assi/ance :atev]1 t !re is no virtue inh]5t 9 8 relics or images1 9 fact1 t !re is no ,provid5ce1 x is difficult to acc\nt = ! zeal t he (t5 displays 9 hon\r+ ! great f\nd] ( 8 religion1 & all t has a ref]5ce to him4 ,to acc\nt satisfactorily = su* a moral ph5om5on1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! belief t he has 9 ! intr9sic wor? ( ! devotional practices he p]=ms4 ,^? works are good p] se2 !y give rise1 p[]1 & en]gy to ! law ( m]its1 or to ! good influ5ce :i* w procure to him abundant rew>ds 9 future exi/5ces1 & gradually lead him to ! h>b\r ( deliv]ance1 ! object ( 8 mo/ ard5t wi%es4 ,t hope is1 z x 71 ! great fe$] ( 8 devotion4 #ai ,on a =m] occasion1 ,buddha _h rais$ 8 voice to be/[ praises on ! memory ( ! great ,?>iputra1 ^: relics he 0 hold+ on ! palm ( "o ( 8 h&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembl$ ,rahans4 ,n[1 a %ort "t be=e he yields up ! gho/1 he summons all 8 /r5g?1 & at great l5g? passes ! highe/ encomium on 8 amiable & ev]-devot$ att5dant1 ! truly k9d-he>t$ ,an&a4 ,^! are ! only two in/ances m5tion$ 9 ?is compilation1 :5 ,buddha has condesc5d$ to eulogise ! great virtues & em95t m]its ( two disciples4 ,9 ,?>iputra1 ,buddha extoll$ ! transc5d5t m5tal atta9m5ts1 ! h]oic a*ievem5ts 9 ! practice ( virtue1 ! f]v\r & zeal = ! propagation ( religion1 :i* _h ev] di/+ui%$ ! illu/ri\s fri5d ( ,maukalan4 ,9 ,an&a1 ! se>*+ & ke5 eye ( ,buddha discov]$ excell5cies ( a less %9+ & bright hue1 b1 9 po9t ( /]l+ wor?1 second to none4 ,an&a is a mat*less patt]n ( g5tl5ess1 amiability1 devot$ness1 & placid religi\s zeal4 ,he loves all 8 bre?r51 & he is1 9 return1 belov$ by !m all4 ,8 sup]ior goodness ( he>t & placidity ( temp] secure to him an almo/ undisput$ prec$5ce ov] ! o!r memb]s ( ! assembly4 ,te>+ ! veil t conceals futurity f our eag] reg>ds1 ,buddha =etells ! future conque/s to be made by ! mild & p]suasive eloqu5ce ( 8 ev] de>ly belov$ disciple4 ,! f>-spread fame ( ,an&a %all 9 days to come attract cr[ds ( visitors1 eag] to see & he> him4 ,! sight ( 8 graceful & lovely appe>ance %all rivet to 8 p]son ! att5tion & affection ( all4 ,enraptur$ at ! fl[ ( ?is t5d]1 t\*+1 & he>t-mov+ eloqu5ce1 visitors %all eag]ly li/5 to him2 !y w exp]i5ce sadness only :5 8 sil5ce %all deprive !m ( t food :i* _! m9d & he>t 7 fea/+ on4 ,! eulogium ( ,an&a by ,buddha is unque/ionably "o ( ! f9e/ passages ( ! leg5d4 ,dive/$ ( its orig9al beauties by hav+ pass$ ?r\gh sev]al translations1 x reta9s1 h[ev]1 some?+ t *>ms & pleases4 ,! read] is involunt>ily rem9d$ ( simil> specim5s f\nd "h & !re 9 ! e>lie/ records ( antiquity4 ,9 ! in/ructions t ,an&a is to give to laym51 x is some:at curi\s to see ,buddha di/9ctly /at+ t ,an&a w exhort ! p to make (f]+s bo? to ,rahans & to p\nhas2 t is to say1 to ! memb]s ( ! assembly1 & to ! ,brahm9s4 ,f ?is passage1 x becomes evid5t t1 9 ! days ( our ,buddha1 ! two sects t 7 subsequ5tly to /ruggle dur+ _m ages = sup]iority ov] ! ,indian ,p59sula1 subsi/$ free f inimical feel+s t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,x might be said t no l9e ( sep>ation kept !m ap>t1 indicat+ or po9t+ out _! respective limits4 ,! wide gap t 0 dur+ succe$+ c5turies to int]v5e betwe5 ^? two great religi\s sects 0 n p]ceptibly felt4 ,! levell+ results ( ,buddhism _h n yet awak5$ ! susceptibilities ( ! pr\d ,brahm9s4 ,buddhi/s & ,brahm9i/s liv$ on fri5dly t]ms1 & look$ ^u ea* o!r z bre?r54 ,! discrepancies 9 ! respective cre$s 7 reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce1 z involv+ only philosophical subtleties1 well suit$ to af=d occupation to ideologi/s1 & give to disputants ! opportunity ( display+ _! abilities 9 argu+1 reason+1 & def9+4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e :e!r ! conduct ( ,buddha 0 regulat$ by a well-calculat$ policy1 int5d$ to calm ! suspici\s scruples ( 8 oppon5ts1 or :e!r he 0 actuat$ by pla9 & /raight=w>d pr9ciples4 ,x is probable t at t "t _m ,brahm9s foll[$ a mode ( life almo/ simil> to t ( ! disciples ( ,buddha2 !y 71 !re=e1 entitl$ to ! same hon\rs & support4 #bj ,buddha _h s mu* at he>t ! conv]sion ( ! h]etic ,?\bat1 t ! e>ne/ desire ( p]=m+ ?is great & m]itori\s action 0 "o ( ! ?ree motives t induc$ him to select ! comp>atively insignificant city ( ,k\!9>on = ! la/ /age ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,p>ticul>s reg>d+ t p]sonage w\ld prove int]e/+1 because he is ! la/ conv]t ,buddha made4 ,f :at has be5 allud$ to 9 "s ,buddhi/ic writ+s reg>d+ ,?\bat1 x is c]ta9 t he 0 ( ! ca/e ( p\nhas or ,brahm9s4 ,he _h /udi$ 9 "s ( ! num]\s s*ools ( philosophy1 at t "t s common 9 ,india4 ,f 8 way ( address+ ,buddha1 !re is no d\bt b he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal !ories upheld by ! mo/ r5[n$ ma/]s 9 ^? days4 ,x is relat$ ( ,?\bat t1 9 a =m] exi/5ce1 he 0 till+ a field ) "o ( 8 bro!rs1 :5 "s ,rahans happ5$ to pass by4 ,8 bro!r gave abundant alms to ! holy p]sonages1 :il/ ,?\bat %[$ less lib]al dispositions4 ,:51 !n1 ,buddha appe>$1 ! law 0 ann\nc$ to ! g5]\s donor1 & 9 company ) eighte5 k\des ( ,brahmas he obta9$ ! /ate ( ,?autapan4 ,! r p>simoni\s ,?\bat obta9$ ! fav\r ( conv]sion at ! elev5? h\r4 ,he mu/ h1 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly aton$ = ?is (f5ce1 z 8 dispositions seem to h be5 ( ! highe/ ord] :5 he came into ,buddha's pres5ce4 ,9 a few h\rs he _h gone ov] ! f\r ways lead+ to p]fection1 & _h become a ,rah&a4 ,9 ! days ( ,buddha1 ! philosophical s*ools ( ,india seem to h _h six em95t tea*]s1 ^: doctr9es exhibit$ on "s po9ts a consid]able v>iance4 ,9 a book ( religi\s controv]sy betwe5 a ,*ri/ian & a ,buddhi/1 compos$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago by a ,ca?olic prie/ at ,ava1 ! writ] _h ! *ance ( meet+ ) a fa9t outl9e ( ! lead+ t5ets ma9ta9$ by ! six tea*]s1 s (t5 allud$ to 9 ?is compilation4 ,"o ( !m ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce & ag5cy ( numb]less g5ii1 :o1 at _! w1 c\ld fav\r man ) =tune & e possible temporal b5efits1 z well z visit him ) _! displeasure1 by depriv+ him ( all happ9ess & heap+ mis]y & all sorts ( calamities ov] 8 head4 ,g5iolatry 0 ! necess>y consequ5ce fl[+ f su* a pr9ciple4 ,a second tea*] d5i$ at once ! dogma ( metempsy*osis1 & ma9ta9$ t e be+ _h ! innate p[] ( reproduc+ by way ( g5]ation1 c41 ano!r be+ ( simil> nature4 ,a ?ird "o _h s+ul> notions reg>d+ ! nature ( man4 ,he said t he _h 8 beg9n+ 9 ! womb ( 8 "m1 & t dea? 0 ! end & de/ruction ( 8 be+3 su* a de/ruction he call$ ,neibban4 ,a f\r? tea*] taught t all be+s 7 )\t beg9n+ & end+1 & t !re exi/$ no influ5ce ( good & bad de$s4 ,a fif? doctor def9$ ,neibban1 a long life l t ( ,nats & ,brahmas4 ,he saw no h>m 9 ! kill+ ( animals1 & he ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,! la/ tea*] boldly ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 creator ( all t exi/s1 & alone wor?y ( receiv+ adorations4 ,?\bat's m9d 0 r p]plex$ by s _m contradictory & opposite op9ions & doctr9es4 ,he _h liv$1 x appe>s1 9 a /ate ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty1 fluctuat+1 z x 71 betwe5 conflict+ !ories :i* c\ld n c>ry conviction to 8 s\l4 ,he _h he>d ( ,buddha & wi%$ to see him1 hop+ t p]haps he might fall 9 ) ! tru? he 0 s ard5tly pant+ aft]4 ,) ^! dispositions1 he came to ! spot :]e ,buddha 0 ly+ on 8 c\*1 9 ! hope ( eas+ 8 m9d f ! /ate ( d\bt & fix+ x 9 tru?4 ,l a man ( consummate abilities 9 ! way ( argu+ & conv9c+ 8 adv]s>y1 ,buddha sets aside all t 0 put =w>d by 8 antagoni/1 &1 com+ at once to ! po9t1 prea*es to him ! true doctr9e4 ,z light dispels d>kness1 s tru? disp]ses ! mi/ ( error4 ,?\bat1 see+ tru?1 at once embrac$ x1 gladly ridd+ himself ( ! burd5 ( errors t _h hi!rto weigh$ d[n 8 s\l4 ,all 8 d\bts vani%$ away1 & he f\nd himself1 on a sudd51 safely an*or$ 9 ! calm & nev]-agitat$ h>b\r ( p]fect tru?4 ,next to ! conv]sion ( ,?\bat1 foll[s an int]e/+ in/ruction deliv]$ to ,an&a & ! assembl$ ,rahans4 ,"h ,buddha displays ! sup]iority ( 8 l(ty m9d4 ,cl++ to ! pr9ciples ( ab/ract tru?1 he has no reg>d = p]sons or ?+s4 ,?is mat]ial _w1 man includ$1 is1 9 8 op9ion1 a m]e illusion1 exhibit+ no?+ real1 b only an un9t]rupt$ succession ( *anges1 :i* exclude ! idea ( immutable fixity4 ,he app>5tly has no wi% to infuse consolation into ! afflict$ s\ls ( 8 disciples4 ,he supposes t1 be+ all initiat$ 9 ! k ( tru?1 & hav+ ent]$ 9 ! ways ( p]fection1 !y mu/ "k t ! p]son ( a ,buddha is subject$ to ! law ( mutability1 &1 !re=e1 to de/ruction or to dea?4 ,he says pla9ly to !m t 8 abs5ce f among !m is a circum/ance sc>cely wor? notic+3 by 8 doctr9es conta9$ 9 ! ,abidama1 ! ,?oots & ! ,w9i1 he w ev] be pres5t among !m4 ,9 ^! sacr$ writ+s !y w possess some?+ m valuable ?an 8 mat]ial be+3 !y w h & enjoy ! tru? t 0 9 him1 & t he has communicat$ to !m by 8 oral in/ructions4 ,he e>ne/ly invites !m to lay /ress only on t doctr9e :i* !y h receiv$ f him4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to notice a s]i\s ana*ronism made by ! unskilful compil] ( ?is leg5d on ?is occasion4 ,we "k t ,buddha wrote no?+1 & t ! compilation ( 8 doctr9es ) its division 9 ?ree di/9ct portions 0 ! "w ( ! ?ree great c\ncils held aft] ,gaudama's dea? or ,neibban4 ,h[ c\ld ! dy+ orig9ator ( ,buddhism speak ( compilations ( 8 doctr9es1 :i* 7 n z yet exi/+8 #ba ,buddha's zeal is n *ill$ 9 ! lea/ by ! cold ( approa*+ dea?4 ,8 b\ndless k enabl$ him at a glance to obta9 ! mo/ intimate acqua9tance ) ! inw>d dispositions ( 8 disciples' m9ds4 ,if1 !re=e1 he ask$ !m ?ree successive times :e!r !y ent]ta9$ d\bts on any doctr9al po9ts1 x 0 n to satisfy himself t _! fai? 0 firm & un%ak54 ,he wi%$ to make !m consci\s ( a fact :i* 0 felt & cle>ly und]/ood by e "o 9 p>ticul>1 b 0 n z yet fully appreciat$ by ! univ]sality ( 8 disciples4 ,e individual 9 p>ticul> 0 well aw>e ( ! unwav]+ dispositions ( 8 m9d respect+ ,buddha's tea*+s1 b no "o ev] _h ! opportunity ( asc]ta9+ t all 8 bre?r5 _h ! same firmness ( belief4 ,on ?is solemn occasion !y witness$ ! mo/ com=t+ sight ( a p]fect unity ( fai? 9 all ! memb]s ( ! assembly4 ,buddha reveal$ !n "o great tru? :i* no "o b himself c\ld be acqua9t$ )4 ,a true ,rahan1 says he1 has ent]$ at la/ 9 ! fir/ way t leads to p]fection2 he is1 !re=e1 no m expos$ to ! dang] ( wav]+ 9 8 belief2 he kn[s en\gh ( tru? to adh]e firmly to x1 & is enabl$ to prosecute safely 8 rese>*es aft] :at is /ill unkn[n to him4 ,e memb] ( ! assembly is a true believ]1 m or less advanc$ 9 ! k ( ! law1 x is true1 b at lea/ he is consci\s ( 8 be+ 9 ! "r way4 ,on ?is subject no d\bt subsi/s 9 8 m9d2 he adh]es to ,buddha & 8 doctr9es z to ! c5tre ( tru?1 & nev] ?9ks = a mom5t to "q ! v]acity ( 8 doctor1 or to call 9 d\bt any portion ( 8 in/ructions4 ,! la/ words ( ,buddha to ! assembl$ ,bickus are design$ to rem9d !m ( ! great & vital pr9ciple he has endeav\r$ to inculcate 9 _! m9ds dur+ ! =ty-five ye>s ( 8 prea*+1 viz41 t *ange & mutability are act+ ^u all t exi/s1 & are inh]5t 9 all p>ts ( nature4 ,?is _w1 !re=e1 (f]+ b an endless vicissitude ( =ms1 t appe> & disappe>1 has no real exi/5ce4 ,x is an illusion f beg9n+ to end4 ,z long z man rema9s ti$ up1 s to speak1 to nature1 he is c>ri$ away by ! ev]-act+ pr9ciple ( *ange3 n[h]e c he f9d any re/ or fixity2 he quits "o exi/5ce to pass into ano!r2 he leaves "o =m to assume a diff]5t "o4 ,:at happ5s to man befalls all o!r p>ts ( nature4 ,f ?is notion1 ,buddha inf]s t !re is no?+ exi/+ b "n & =m4 ,!re is no sub/ance 9 nature1 & !re=e no reality4 ,s mu* /ress 0 laid by ,buddha on ?is capital pr9ciple t he bequea!d x1 z 8 la/ ,w1 to 8 disciples3 he wi%$ t !y %\ld ev] be> 9 _! m9ds & rememb] t he came among !m = ! purpose ( mak+ !m ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) x4 ,f ?is c>d9al po9t he inf]r$ ! *ief conclusions t =m 8 religi\s sy/em1 viz41 metempsy*osis1 ! contempt ( ! _w1 & ,neibban4 ,by ! law ( endless *anges1 man is hurri$ f "o /ate into ano!r1 or f "o =m ( be+ into ano!r =m4 ,:]e is ! wise man t c\ld love a _w1 or an exi/5ce !re91 :5 he f9ds no sub/ance1 no reality 9 x8 ,is he n induc$1 or r compell$1 to se>* aft] a /ate 9 :i* he c f9d fixity1 reality1 & tru?1 or at lea/ an exemption f ! h>ass+ condition ( p]petual migration f "o /ate into ano!r8 ,! read] :o has be5 almo/ born ) & educat$ 9 !i/ic notions1 & :o sees 9 ! _w no?+ b :at has be5 creat$ by a supreme & all-wise ,be+1 is at a loss to und]/& h[ a grave philosoph]1 z und\bt$ly ,buddha 01 gift$ ) great p[]s = obs]v+1 argu+1 discuss+1 & inf]r+ conclusions1 c\ld h fall5 into errors s gl>+ & s contr>y to 8 reason4 ,t we might prop]ly appreciate ! ef=ts ( su* a g5ius1 & h "s correct ideas ab\t 8 process ( argu+1 we mu/ dive/ ourselves ( ! k suppli$ to u by revelation1 & desc5d to ! level occupi$ by ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,unacqua9t$ ) a fir/ cause1 or ) ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 he /udies nature z he f9ds x4 ,:at does he see 9 x8 ,p]petual *anges1 endless vicissitudes4 ,! =m t he p]ceives to-day has und]gone "s *ange on ! foll[+ day4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t him gr[s1 rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n falls into decay4 ,he f9ds no?+ t /&s always 9 ! same condition4 ,h5ce he proclaims ! great law ( mutability p]vad+ all nature1 & concludes t all t we feel1 see1 or he>1 is illusion & deception1 c42 depriv$ ( all reality1 fixity1 & sub/ance4 ,8 philosophical m9d is n satisfi$ ) su* a discov]y4 ,he pants aft] tru? & reality1 :i* are n to be f\nd "h4 ,he feels t he mu/ dis5tangle himself f ! condition ( illusion & deception4 ,b :]e is reality & fixity to be f\nd8 ,beyond all1 t exi/s 9 ,neibban4 #bb ,! epo* ( ,gaudama's dea? is a po9t on :i* ! v>i\s nations pr(ess+ ,buddhism d n agree4 ,! ,c+alese1 ,burmese1 & ,siamese annals place t ev5t some:at be=e ! middle ( ! six? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! diff]5ce ( dates is b ( a few ye>s1 & is s inconsid]able z n to be wor? notice4 ,! ,?ibetans1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! ,mongolians ) ! ,*9ese1 place t ev5t sev]al hundr$ ye>s previ\s to ! epo* j m5tion$4 ,not)/&+ ?is discrepancy1 x seems difficult n to adopt ! *ronology ( ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,! savans 9 ,europe1 :o h be/[$ a consid]able degree ( att5tion on ?is int]e/+ subject1 give a decid$ pref]5ce to ! op9ion ( ! =m]4 ,we h n to dep5d solely on ! *ronological tables ( k+s1 suppli$ by ! ,h9dus1 = settl+ ?is po9t1 b =tunately we are put indirectly by ,greek writ]s 9 possession ( a fix$ & well-e/abli%$ epo*1 f :i* we c take ) a suffici5t degree ( c]ta9ty our dep>ture = arriv+ at a satisfactory conclusion4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,seleucus1 "o ( 8 lieut5ants1 obta9$ = 8 %>e all ! prov9ces situat$ ea/ ( ! ,euphrates1 9 :i* ! ,indian conqu]$ t]ritories 7 includ$4 ,seleucus1 at fir/ 9 p]son1 & next by an ambassador1 came 9 contact ) a p[]ful ,indian k+1 nam$ ,*&ragupta1 :o _h ! seat ( 8 empire at ,palibotra or ,pataliputra4 ,?is int]c\rse took place ab\t #caj ,b4,c4 ,! ,h9du *ronological tables m5tion ! "n ( ?is pr9ce z well z t ( 8 gr&son1 call$ ,a?oka1 :o1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! ,burmese au?ors1 asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,palibotra two hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s aft] ,gaudama's dea?4 ,we may suppose t ,a?oka reign$ 9 or ab\t #bgj or #bhj ,b4,c4 ,^! two p]iods add$ toge!r w give b a sum ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re w rema9 a diff]5ce ( only =ty ye>s1 = :i* x is n easy to acc\nt ) suffici5t precision1 unless we suppose t ! reign ( ,a?oka began e>li] ?an is g5]ally admitt$4 ,cunn+ham has giv5 v /rong reasons = fix+ ! p]iod ( ,gaudama's dea? sixty-six ye>s lat] ?an ! usual "o1 hi!rto g5]ally admitt$1 #edc2 t is to say1 9 ! ye> #dgg ,b4,c4 ,?is new epo* enables u to adh]e at once ) p]fect safety to ! computation above relat$1 & does away ) ! small discrepancy ( a few ye>s t has be5 m5tion$4 ,tradition & anci5t inscriptions leave almo/ no d\bt ^u ?is important po9t4 ,our leg5d is positive 9 /at+ t ,gaudama di$ "u ! reign ( ,adzata?at1 z w h]eaft] be se54 ,b ! ,h9du *ronologi/s place ! reign ( t mon>* ab\t #bej or #bfj ye>s be=e t ( ,*&ragupta1 :o1 z /at$1 0 a contempor>y ( ,seleucus ,nicator4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! comb9$ au?ority ( bo? =eign]s & natives = admitt+ ! *ronology ( ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s respect+ ! epo* ( ,gaudama's dea?1 9 pref]5ce to t ( ! nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 & = fix+ t ev5t dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! six? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 or r sixty-six ye>s lat]1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 #bc ,:at is ,neibban1 ! end a true ,buddhi/ ev] longs = ?r\gh\t 8 great /ruggles 9 ! practice ( virtue & 8 con/ant ef=ts = atta9+ ! k ( tru?1 :i* he f9ally rea*es :5 he has become p]fect8 ,! writ] confesses at once 8 inability to answ] satisfactorily ?is "q1 because ,buddhi/s d n agree among !mselves 9 expla9+ ! nature ( ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( _! religion we see ! ,brahm9s ke5ly taunt+ _! oppon5ts = ! discordance ( _! op9ions on a subject ( ! utmo/ importance--a subject :i* _h ev] be5 prom95t 9 ,buddha's tea*+s1 & held up z ! only "o wor?y ( ! mo/ e>ne/ & ard5t desires1 ! fitte/ rew>d ( ! g5]\s & extraord9>y ex]tions ( a p]fect$ be+1 & ! f9al /ate 9 :i* 8 s\l1 we>i$ aft] su* a prolong$ spiritual w>f>e1 long$ to re/ = ev]4 ,a c]ta9 s*ool ( ,buddhi/s has ma9ta9$ t ,neibban impli$ ! de/ruction ( ! /ate ( be+1 & consequ5tly complete annihilation4 ,?is op9ion is at once practically reject$ by ! portion ( ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s1 :o are n s well acqua9t$ ) ! m philosophical "p ( _! cre$4 ,!y ass]t t a p]fect$ be+1 aft] hav+ rea*$ ,neibban1 or hav+ arriv$ at ! end ( 8 la/ exi/5ce1 reta9s 8 individuality1 b !y utt]ly fail 9 _! attempts at expla9+ ! situation & condition ( a be+ 9 ,neibban4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! op9ion ab\t a supreme ,buddha1 uncreat$1 et]nal1 & inf9ite1 began to ga9 gr\nd1 & modifi$ to a consid]able ext5t on _m po9ts ! views ( ! e>li] ,buddhi/s4 ,neibban1 accord+ to ! comp>atively mod]n s*ool1 is b an absorption into ! supreme & inf9ite ,buddha4 ,?is op9ion s mu* approximates to t ( ! ,brahm9s t we may say x is almo/ ! same4 ,! means ( obta9+ p]fection are some:at diff]5t 9 bo? sy/ems1 b ! end to be obta9$ is precisely ! same4 ,sett+ aside idle speculations1 let u try to =m "s idea ( ,neibban by expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 & ! def9ition su* z we f9d x 9 ! ,burmese writ+s4 ,! ^w ,neibban1 9 ,sanscrit ,nirvana1 accord+ to its etymology1 means :at is no m agitat$1 :at is 9 a /ate ( p]fect calm4 ,x is compos$ ( ! negative prefix nir & va1 :i* means to be set 9 motion1 z ! w9d4 ,x implies ! idea ( re/ 9 opposition to t ( motion or exi/5ce4 ,to be 9 ! /ate ( ,neibban is !re=e to be c>ri$ beyond ! range ( exi/5ce1 z und]/ood by ,buddhi/s2 !re c be no long] migration f "o /ate ( be+ to ano!r4 ,?is po9t is admitt$ by all sects ( ,buddhi/s4 ,to ! idea ( ,neibban is (t5 atta*$ t ( ext9ction1 z a lamp :i* ceases to burn & ^: light becomes ext9ct :5 ! oil is exhau/$4 ,! sum ( exi/5ce be+ exhau/$1 a be+ ceases to be or to move )9 ! range ( exi/5ce2 he becomes ext9ct relatively1 at lea/ to all k9d ( exi/5ces we h a notion (4 ,9 conv]s+ ) ! ,buddhi/s ( ,burmah1 ! writ] has obs]v$ t ! ideas ( re/ & ext9ction are inv>iably c\pl$ ) ! notion ( ,neibban4 ,9 _! r\gh attempt at expla9+ ! inexplicable nature ( t /ate !y _h rec\rse to sev]al comp>isons int5d$ to convey to ! m9d t !y believ$ ,neibban to be a /ate ( undi/urb$ calm & a nev]-end+ cessation ( exi/5ce1 at lea/ su* z we h an idea ( 9 ?is _w4 ,:5 que/ion$ on ! situation ( ,buddha 9 ,neibban1 !y answ] t !y believe him to be 9 a b\ndless space or vacuum beyond ! b\nd>ies ev] rea*$ by o!r be+s1 alone by himself1 enjoy+1 if ! expression be correct1 a p]fect re/1 unconc]n$ ab\t ?is _w1 hav+ no fur!r relation ) all exi/+ be+s4 ,!y ass]t t he is to rema9 = ev] a /rang] to all s5sations ( ei!r pa9 or pleasure4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is is ! popul> op9ion r ?an ! philosophical "o4 ,talk+ "o ev5+ ) a well-in=m$ ,burman on ,neibban1 ! light ( a lamp t 0 burn+ on ! writ]'s table happ5$ to die away = want ( oil4 ,! ,buddhi/1 ) an exult+ tone ( voice1 exclaim$1 8,d n ask any m :at ,neibban is2 :at has happ5$ to ! lamp j n[1 tells y :at ,neibban is4 ,! lamp is ext9ct because !re is no m oil 9 ! glass4 ,a man is 9 ,neibban at ! v mom5t t ! pr9ciple or cause ( exi/5ce is at an end or entirely exhau/$40 ,h[ f> su* an answ] c satisfy a sup]ficial m9d l t ( a half-civilis$ ,burman1 x is difficult to say2 b x appe>s c]ta9 t he does n c>ry 8 rese>*es nor pursue 8 inquiries beyond ^! n>r[ b\nd>ies4 ,any fur!r attempt to p5etrate deep] into ! d>kness ( ,neibban is1 9 8 op9ion1 presumptu\s & ra%4 ,buddhi/ metaphysicians 9 ,india1 9 _! fooli% ef=ts to survey t t]ra incognita1 h orig9at$ sev]al op9ions t h _h _! support]s 9 ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy4 ,! m anci5t philosoph]s or heads ( s*ools1 9 attempt+ to give an analysis ( a ?+ !y knew no?+ ab\t1 approximat$ to ! op9ion t ,neibban is no?+ m or less ?an a complete or entire annihilation4 ,foll[+ ! c\rse ( argum5ts1 & admitt+ _! premises1 "o is reluctantly compell$ to come to ! awful conclusion t ! f9al end ( a p]fect$ ,buddha is ! de/ruction ( 8 be+1 or annihilation4 ,?is op9ion is /ill fur!r corroborat$ by ! %ort exposition ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,! crude/ mat]ialism is op5ly & di/9ctly pr(ess$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 man di/9ct f ! six s5ses4 ,! faculty ( p]ceiv+ ! object !y come 9 contact ) is inh]5t 9 _! nature4 ,! six? s5se1 t is to say1 ! he>t1 has ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ ideas1 t is to say1 ?+s t h no =m or %ape4 ,b ?is p[] is n di/9ct f ! liv+ s5se2 x disappe>s :5 ! life ( t s5se is ext9ct1 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 :5 ! he>t is de/roy$4 ,to ! hold]s ( su* an op9ion ! cessation ( exi/5ce1 ! go+ out ( ! circle ( exi/5ces1 by ! de/ruction ( kan1 or ! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its1 mu/ be & _c b be complete annihilation4 ,f a long p]iod ! pla9 s5se ( ! masses ( believ]s1 unprejudic$ by sophi/ical bias1 revolt$ aga9/ su* a doctr9e1 & at once reject$ ! horrible conclusion arriv$ at by =m] disputants4 ,no "o 9 practice op5ly admits t ,neibban & annihilation are synonym\s t]ms4 ,if _! views c be prop]ly und]/ood1 we may inf] f :at !y say t a be+ 9 ,neibban reta9s 8 individuality1 ?\gh isolat$ f all t is di/9ct f self4 ,he sees ! ab/ract tru?1 or tru? z x is 9 itself1 dive/$ ( ! mat]ial =ms "u :i* we 9 our pres5t /ate ( exi/5ce b imp]fectly see x4 ,passions & affections are n to be f\nd 9 su* a be+2 8 position1 9 tru?1 c sc>cely be und]/ood & /ill less express$ by u1 :o c nev] come 9 communication ) an object b ?r\gh our passions & affections4 ,we "k t !re exi/s a spiritual sub/ance1 b we c h no di/9ct idea ( x4 ,we v\* = its exi/5ce by :at we obs]ve ( its op]ations1 b x is impossible = u to expla9 its nature4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t ,buddhi/s %\ld be at a loss to acc\nt = ! /ate 9 :i* a p]fect$ be+ is :5 9 ,neibban4 ,! idea ( a /ate ( apa?y or re/ mu/ be und]/ood z express+ simply a situation q opposite to t ( motion1 9 :i* all be+s are z long z !y are )9 ! pale ( exi/5ces4 ,if x be admitt$ t ! p]fect$ be+ reta9s 9 ,neibban 8 individuality1 x mu/ be inf]r$ t he becomes1 z x 71 m]g$ into ! ab/ract tru? 9 :i* he lives & re/s = ev]4 ,b we mu/ di/9ctly /ate anew t ?is view is 9 opposition to ! doctr9es ( ! e>lie/ ,buddhi/s1 & ! philosophical pr9ciples & inf]5ces ma9ta9$ z g5u9e4 ,?is contradiction illu/rates ! tru? ( a rem>k made above1 t error c nev] entirely oblit]ate f man's m9d ! k ( c]ta9 fundam5tal tru?s1 :i* are almo/ con/itutive ( 8 moral be+4 ,let u come n[ to a def9ition ( ,neibban translat$ f ,pali by ! ,burmans4 ,neibban is ! end ( all exi/5ces1 ! exemption f ! action ( kan1 i4e41 ! good or bad influ5ce produc$ by m]its or dem]its2 ( ,tsit1 i4e41 ! pr9ciple ( all volitions1 desires1 & passions2 ( ! seasons1 & ( ta/e or s5sations4 ,:at means ?is r curi\s1 n to say almo/ un9telligible1 def9ition8 ,to und]/& x ! read] mu/ be aw>e t kan is ! pr9ciple :i* causes all be+s to move incessantly f "o exi/5ce into ano!r1 f a /ate ( happ9ess to "o ( unhapp9ess1 f a position :]e m]its are acquir$ into ano!r :]e fur!r m]its are to be obta9$ & great] pr(ici5cy 9 p]fection secur$1 f a /ate ( puni%m5t or dem]its into a worse "o1 c4 ,kan may be call$ ! s\l ( transmigration1 ! hidd5 spr+ ( all ! *anges exp]i5c$ by an exi/+ be+4 ,9 ,neibban ! law ( kan is de/roy$1 & !re=e !re are no m *anges or transmigrations4 ,by ,tsit is und]/ood ! pr9ciple ( all volitions & desires4 ,buddhi/ metaphysicians1 always fond ( divisions & classifications1 reckon "o hundr$ & tw5ty ,tsits4 ,"s are ! root ( all dem]its1 & _! opposites are ! pr9ciples ( m]its4 ,"s h = object matt] ?is mat]ial _w2 o!rs h = object ! immat]ial _w1 or1 z ,i believe1 ideas & ?+s t h no =m4 ,! la/ ( tsits1 & ( c\rse ! mo/ p]fect1 is entire fixity4 ,?is is ! la/ /age ev] to be rea*$ by a p]fect$ be+ 9 ! _w ( exi/5ces4 ,"o /ep fur!r1 & he has rea*$ ! undi/urb$ %ores ( ,neibban4 ,9 t latt] /ate !re is no m op]ation ( ! m9d or ( ! he>t2 or at lea/ !re is no intellectual work+1 su* z we conceive x 9 our actual condition4 ,! ^w ,udoo1 or season1 is evid5tly us$ = designat+ a revolution ( nature4 ,! mean+ is obvi\s1 & af=ds no difficulty4 ,9 ,neibban !re is nei!r nature nor revolutions ( nature4 ,neibban1 if a /ate x be1 lies 9 vacuum or space f> beyond ! ext5sive horizon t encircles ! _w or worlds1 or sy/ems ( nature4 ,! ^w ,ah>a1 :i* lit]ally means ta/e1 is int5d$ to designate all s5sations acquir$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,by means ( ! s5ses1 inde$1 we obta9 p]ceptions & acquire k2 b ! p]fect$ be+ hav+ come to ! possession ( univ]sal sci5ce1 no fur!r k is ne$$2 ! s5ses are1 !re=e1 useless4 ,! s5ses1 moreov]1 are ! app5dage ( our nature1 z x is dur+ its exi/5ces4 ,neibban putt+ an end to fur!r exi/5ces1 x de/roys also ! con/itu5t p>ts or portions ( our be+4 ,admitt+ t ! above def9ition ( ,neibban is a correct "o1 & t x has be5 und]/ood 9 a purely ,buddhi/ic s5se1 we may conclude t 9 t /ate !re is no m influ5ce1 & consequ5tly no transmigration1 no volition ( ! m9d1 no desires ( ! he>t1 no mat]iality1 & no s5sations4 ,! difficulty z to :e!r ,neibban is annihilation seems all b entirely & completely solv$4 ,!re is ano!r way ( arriv+ at a simil> conclusion4 ,let u asc]ta9 :at are ! con/itu5t p>ts ( an intellig5t be+1 & !n inquire :e!r ^! p>ts are entirely de/roy$ & annihilat$ 9 ,neibban4 ,9 an intellig5t be+1 accord+ to all doctors1 we f9d mat]iality1 s5sations1 p]ceptions1 consci\sness1 & intellect4 ,^! five aggregates con/itute a ?9k+ be+4 ,^!1 ass]t ! same doctors1 d n exi/ 9 ,neibban2 !y are de/roy$4 ,"o ^w m & ! "q w\ld be settl$2 b t ^w has n be51 at lea/ to my k1 ev] di/9ctly utt]$4 ,x is probable t ^! five aggregates or compon5t p>ts are1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 ! conditions ( exi/5ce su* z we n[ und]/& x4 ,b x w\ld be too ha/y to conclude t a be+ "u diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce c\ld n reta9 8 individuality ?\gh depriv$ ( ^! five compon5t p>ts4 ,buddhi/s1 z already said1 h v imp]fect notions ( a spiritual sub/ance4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t !y _c express !mselves 9 a mann] m di/9ct1 precise1 & intelligible :5 !y treat ( subjects s ab/ruse & difficult4 ,9 practice !y admit ! exi/5ce ( some?+ di/9ct f matt]1 & surviv+ 9 man aft] ! de/ruction ( ! mat]ial portion ( 8 be+2 b _! attempts at giv+ a satisfactory explanation ( ! nature ( t surviv+ individuality h always prov$ abortive4 ,9 _! process ( argu+ ! le>n$ reject su* an admission4 ,! "q1 z may be inf]r$ f ! =ego+ l9es1 if consid]$ 9 ! light ( purely !oretical notions1 is philosophically left little op5 to discussion1 ?\gh x w probably ev] rema9 )\t a p]fect solution4 ,b ! logical inf]5ces to be d$uc$ f ! pr9ciples ( g5u9e ,buddhism inevitably lead to ! d>k1 cold1 & horrify+ abyss ( annihilation4 ,if exam9$ f a practical po9t ( view1 t is to say1 tak+ into acc\nt ! op9ions ( ! masses ( ,buddhi/s1 ! difficulty may be consid]$ z resolv$ too1 b 9 an opposite s5se4 #bd ,! l5g!n$ description ( ,buddha's fun]al has sugge/$ ! idea ( lay+ be=e ! read] a brief acc\nt ( ! c]emonies obs]v$ by ,buddhi/s 9 ,burmah1 :5 fun]al rites are p]=m$ on ! mortal rema9s ( ,talapo9s1 :o h be5 em95t 9 ! pr(ession & h sp5t _! :ole lives 9 mona/]ies4 ,by comp>+ ! foll[+ acc\nt ) ! n>rative ( ! leg5d1 we w see t ! rubrics ( ! fun]al s]vice1 9 our days1 are ne>ly ! same z ^? exi/+ at ! orig9 ( ,buddhism4 ,:5 a ,buddhi/ recluse has giv5 up ! gho/1 ! corpse is c>efully & dilig5tly wa%$ by laym51 or ! y\ng] inmates ( ! mona/]y4 ,a l>ge incision is made 9 ! abdom52 its cont5ts are tak5 out & buri$ 9 ! e>? )\t any c]emony be+ obs]v$ on ! occasion4 ,! empty cavity is fill$ up ) a%es1 bran1 or "s o!r desiccative sub/ances = prev5t+ putrefaction4 ,! corpse is !n tightly wrapt ) b&s or swa!s ( a :ite col\r f head to foot1 & !n cov]$ ) ! yell[ habit ( ! pr(ession4 ,sometimes a coat ( black v>ni% is put ov] & !n leaves ( gold1 s t ! :ole body is gilt4 ,x is aft]w>ds b\nd all ov] ) ropes tight5$ z mu* z possible1 s z to br+ x )9 ! n>r[e/ dim5sions4 ,:5 ?us prep>$1 ! corpse is plac$ 9 an op5 c(f94 ,! c(f9 is made ( ! trunk ( a tree1 rudely holl[$1 & (t5 s imp]fectly scoop$ out z n to af=d suffici5t room = ! corpse4 ,9 ! middle ( ! int]ior "p ( ! c(f91 an op5+1 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 has be5 made1 to af=d issue to ! hum\rs t may ooze out ?r\gh ! swa!s4 ,! c(f9 is unc]emoni\sly laid on ! floor ( ! mona/]y4 ,a bamboo1 #g or #h feet long1 is procur$2 "o ( its ends is ins]t$ 9 ! hole made 9 ! c(f91 & ! o!r is sunk into ! gr\nd bel[2 x is ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! hum\rs fl[ into ! e>?4 ,aft] a lapse ( t5 or twelve days1 ! body is suppos$ to be q dry2 !y set ab\t putt+ a cov]+ ov] ! c(f9 & effectually %utt+ x4 ,:il/ resid+ at ,tavoy1 ,i wi%$1 on a c]ta9 day1 to g & witness all ! p>ticul>s obs]v$ on su* occasions4 ,a mo/ opportune ev5t fav\r$ ! prosecution ( my wi%es4 ,a ,talapo9 ( my acqua9tance _h di$ a =tnight be=e1 aft] ?irty ye>s ( pr(ession4 ,8 body1 laid 9 ! c(f91 0 to be = ev] conceal$ f human sight4 ,i w5t into ! mona/]y1 :]e ,i met a l>ge p>ty ( ! bre?r5 ( ! deceas$1 :o _h assembl$ = ! c]emony4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 kn[n to me4 ,my reception 0 at once k9d & cordial4 ,great 0 my surprise at see+1 in/ead ( ! grief & m\rn+ :i* ! circum/ance seem$ to dem&1 laugh+1 talk+1 & amusem5t1 go+ on at a rate :i* is to be call$ sc&al\s4 ,no "o appe>$ to take ! lea/ notice ( ! deceas$1 ^: corpse 0 ly+ at our feet4 ,a mom5t>y /op 0 put to ! indecor\s behavi\r ( ! assi/ants by ! appe>ance ( two /\t c>p5t]s br++ a bo>d f\r or five in*es ?ick1 design$ = ! cov]4 ,!y va9ly tri$ to fit x 9 its place2 ! holl[ ( ! c(f9 0 nei!r broad nor deep en\gh = hold+ ! corpse1 ?\gh r$uc$ to ! smalle/ proportions4 ,! op]ation 0 n a v easy "o to br+ ! bo>d 9 contact ) ! sides ( ! c(f91 despite ! resi/ance t 0 to be (f]$ by ! corpse4 ,! c>p5t]s 7 det]m9$ n to be disappo9t$4 ,at ! two ends & 9 ! middle ( ! c(f91 ropes 7 pass$ sev]al times r\nd x ) ! utmo/ t5sion1 9 su* a mann] z to h six or sev5 coils 9 ! same place4 ,enorm\s wood5 w$ges 7 ins]t$ "r & left 9 ?ree places betwe5 ! sides & ! coils4 ,on ^! w$ges ! workm5 hamm]$ ) _! :ole /r5g? dur+ ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 to ! great amusem5t ( all ! by/&]s4 ,ea* bl[ ( ! hamm] less5$ ! di/ance betwe5 ! cov] & ! brim ( ! c(f94 ,e p]ceptible success1 ga9$ ov] ! lat5t resi/+ p[]1 elicit$ a bur/ ( applause1 & a *e] to ! p]sev]+ workm54 ,at la/ all resi/ance be+ ov]come1 ! cov] re/$ fix$ly 9 its place4 ,x is ne$less to add t ! corpse inside 0 b a hide\s mass ( mangl$ fle% & brok5 bones4 ,accord+ to ! cu/om obs]v$ on su* occasions1 a rude build+ 0 erect$ = ! purpose ( plac+ !re9 ! mortal rema9s ( ! deceas$1 until prep>ations on a gr& scale %\ld h be5 made = do+ hon\r to ! illu/ri\s dep>t$ individual4 ,t build+1 z well z ^? made = a simil> purpose1 is b a tempor>y edifice rais$ = ! occasion1 & made ( bamboos ) an attap ro(4 ,9 ! c5tre ( t l>ge bungal[ 0 erect$ a k9d ( e/rade1 ab\t twelve feet high1 well decorat$4 ,! upp] "p is (t5 gilt1 b always plat$ ) ?9 metal leaves & t9sels ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,f ! sides hang r\gh draw+s1 repres5t+ animals1 mon/]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 religi\s subjects1 & o!rs1 b r>ely ( great indec5cy4 ,ar\nd ?is e/rade are dispos$ po/s1 f ! top ( :i* are susp5d$ small flags & /ream]s ( diff]5t =ms & %apes4 ,on ! summit is arrang$ a place = ! c(f91 b ! f\r sides at t place are ab\t two or ?ree feet high] ?an ! level :]eupon re/s ! c(f91 s t x is conceal$ entirely f ! sight ( ! visitors4 ,?+s rema9$ 9 t /ate = f\r mon?s1 t is to say1 until all ! arrangem5ts _h be5 made = ! gr& c]emony1 ! exp5se ( :i* is commonly defray$ by volunt>y contributions4 ,! arrangem5ts be+ all complete1 a day 0 appo9t$ at ! s\nd ( gongs1 = burn+ ! corpse ( ! pi\s recluse4 ,at noon ( t day1 ! :ole population ( ! t[n flock$ to a va/ & ext5sive pla9 beyond ! old wall & dit* 9 ! nor?4 ,m5 & wom51 dress$ 9 _! f9e/ attire1 sw>m$ 9 e direction1 select+ ! mo/ suitable & conv5i5t situations = enjoy+ a comm&+ view ( ! fte4 ,! fun]al pile occupi$ ne>ly ! c5tre ( ! pla92 x 0 ab\t fifte5 feet high1 ( a squ>e %ape1 encas$ ) planks1 :i* gave to x a neat appe>ance4 ,x 0 l>ge at ! base1 & w5t on dim9i%+ 9 size 9 ! upp] "p1 t]m9at+ 9 a squ>e plat=m :]e ! c(f9 0 to be deposit$4 ,a small ro(1 support$ on f\r bamboo po/s1 elegantly adorn$1 ov]%ad$ ! plat=m4 ,a huge f\r-:eel$ c>t1 decorat$ 9 ! mo/ fanta/ic mann]1 0 descri$ at a di/ance2 x 0 drawn by a great numb] ( m51 & br\ght to ! foot ( ! pile4 ,^u x 0 ! c(f94 ,imm5se *e]s1 %\ts ( ?\s&s1 _h ann\nc$ ! progress ( ! c>t ) its preci\s relics1 z x pass$ ?r\gh ! cr[d4 ,! c(f9 0 =?) hoi/$ on ! plat=m4 ,mats 7 !n spread r\nd ! pile1 :]eupon sat numb]s ( ,talapo9s1 recit+ al\d long =mulas 9 ,pali4 ,! devotions be+ p]=m$1 !y rose up & prep>$ to dep>t1 att5d$ ) a ret9ue ( _! disciples1 :o load$ !mselves ) ! (f]+s made on ! occasion4 ,^! (f]+s consi/$ ( planta9s1 cocoa-nuts1 sug>-canes1 rice1 pill[s1 mats1 mattresses1 c4 ,ma/]s & disciples return$ to _! mona/]ies ) _! valuable collections4 ,! place be+ cle>$1 ! eyes 7 all rivet$ on two l>ge rockets1 plac$ horizontally1 ea* betwe5 two ropes1 to :i* !y 7 connect$ by two side r+s4 ,"o ( ! ends ( ! ropes 0 /rongly fix$ at po/s beh9d ! rockets1 & ! o!r 0 made z tight z possible at ! foot ( ! pile4 ,at a giv5 signal1 ! rockets1 emitt+ smoke1 ru%$ =w>d ) a l\d1 hiss+1 & irregul> noise1 tremul\sly glid+ along ! ropes1 & 9 an in/ant p5etrat+ into ! int]ior ( ! pile1 & sett+ fire to a heap ( inflammable mat]ials1 amass$ be=eh& = t purpose4 ,9 a %ort :ile ! :ole pile 0 9 a blaze1 & soon entirely consum$ ) ! c(f9 & ! corpse4 ,! bones or half-burnt bits ( bones t rema9$1 7 c>efully collect$1 to be subsequ5tly int]r$ 9 a becom+ place4 #be ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 allusion is (t5 made to p\nhas :o appe> to h l$ a mode ( life n altoge!r ! same1 b v>y+ consid]ably accord+ to circum/ances4 ,all ! p\nhas 7 d\btless religi\s1 :o practis$ c]ta9 duties n reg>d$ z obligatory by ord9>y p1 & liv$ "u c]ta9 regulations1 :i* sep>at$ !m m or less f society1 & di/+ui%$ !m f ^? :o foll[$ ! ord9>y pursuits ( life4 ,! diff]5ce among !m orig9at$ 9 a sort ( religi\s en?usiasm1 :i* impell$ _m to p]=m p5it5tial de$s ( ! mo/ cruel & sometimes revolt+ nature4 ,"s ( ! p\nhas are describ$ z liv+ 9 villages or t[ns1 & we>+ a :ite dress4 ,9 _m ( _! practices !y appe> to h approximat$ to ! ,buddhi/ monks1 except t 9 _m in/ances !y m>ri$4 ,o!rs are m5tion$ z liv+ 9 a /ate ( complete nak$ness1 /ay+ 9 ! mid/ ( fil? & dirt4 ,x seems t ^? :om ,alex&] ! ,great met 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,punjaub1 belong$ to ?is class4 ,_m ( ^! disgu/+ fanatics deliv]$ !mselves up to cruel tortures1 mu* 9 ! same way z we see "s fakhirs & jogies d ev5 9 our days1 & "u our eyes4 ,a ?ird class ( p\nhas affect$ to live 9 lonely places1 on high m\nta9s1 9 small huts made ( bran*es ( trees1 & sometimes at ! foot ( trees1 expos$ to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,!y 7 h]mits4 ,!y clo!d !mselves 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 all[$ ! hairs ( ! head to gr[ to ! greate/ l5g?1 divid$ !m into sev]al p>ts :i* !y twi/$ sep>ately l a rope1 s t1 :5 look+ at !m1 "o w\ld h ?\ght t in/ead ( hairs1 sev]al small ropes 7 hang+ d[n on ! back & ! %\ld]s1 giv+ to !m ! wilde/ & mo/ fanta/ic appe>ance4 ,"s ( ^? h]mits1 fam\s = _! sci5ce1 attract$ r\nd _! p]sons _m pupils eag] to acquire sci5ce & discipl9e "u !m4 ,su* 7 ! ?ree ,ka?abas1 :om ,gaudama conv]t$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 public life4 ,o!rs travell$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 exhibit+ !mselves 9 ! capacity ( prea*]s & m5dicants4 #bf ,! virtu\s & zeal\s ,ka?aba 0 at once conv9c$ ( ! absolute necessity ( soon hold+ a meet+ ( ! wise/ memb]s ( ! assembly1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+1 & au?oritatively det]m9+1 ! g5u95ess ( ,buddha's doctr9es4 ,human passions 7 already at "w1 de=m+ m or less 9 v>i\s ways ! in/ructions ( ! great prea*]4 ,_m1 lay+ m /ress on _! tal5ts ?an on ! au?ority ( _! dep>t$ in/ructor1 began to ent]ta9 on c]ta9 que/ions views & op9ions evid5tly at v>iance ) ^? ( ,buddha4 ,! enemies ( tru? 7 num]\s ev5 dur+ 8 lifetime1 :5 z yet ov]aw$ by 8 pres5ce & mat*less wisdom4 ,ka?aba sagaci\sly =esees t _! numb] & boldness w\ld soon increase to a fe>ful ext5t & ?reat5 ! v exi/5ce ( religion4 ,he 0 r\s$ to ex]tions by su* consid]ations1 & on t v mom5t he resolv$ to assemble ! eld]s ( ! assembly1 z soon z conv5i5t aft] ,buddha's fun]al4 ,he 01 x appe>s1 ackn[l$g$ by common cons5t ! fir/ ( ! disciples4 ,he 0 entitl$ to t di/9ction by ! r5[n ( 8 abilities be=e 8 conv]sion1 & by 8 great pr(ici5cy "u ,buddha's tea*+s subsequ5tly to t ev5t4 ,b a circum/ance relat$ by ,ka?aba cle>ly indicates ! intimate famili>ity exi/+ betwe5 ! ma/] & ! disciple1 & ! unb\nd$ confid5ce ! =m] plac$ 9 ! latt]4 ,dur+ a walk1 ! two fri5ds1 if su* an expression be all[$1 _h ent]$ into a m ?an usual intimate communion ( ?\ghts & feel+s2 ! s\l ( ! "o _h pass$ into ! p]son ( ! o!r1 or r bo? s\ls 7 bl5d$ toge!r1 & unit$ s z to become "o 9 ! bosom ( a virtu\s1 high1 ref9$1 sublime1 & philosophic fri5d%ip4 ,!y made an ex*ange ( _! cloaks4 ,ka?aba1 by putt+ on ,buddha's cloak1 inh]it$ z x 7 8 _s & 8 au?ority4 ,h5ce 8 legitimate "r to be appo9t$ presid5t or head ( ! fir/ c\ncil1 assembl$ a little :ile aft] ,gaudama's ,neibban4 ,our au?or ma9ta9s t ! fir/ c\ncil 0 held ?ree mon?s aft] ,gaudama's demise4 ,?is important /ep 0 tak5 at ,radzagio1 ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,k+ ,adzata?at1 :o d\btless made use ( 8 royal p[] to secure tranquillity dur+ ! delib]ations ( ?is assembly1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,ka?aba4 ,! numb] ( religi\s t =m$ ! c\ncil is reckon$ at five hundr$4 ,its object 01 z m5tion$ by ,ka?aba himself1 to sil5ce ! voice ( _m :o wi%$ to innovate 9 religi\s matt]s1 & foll[ _! own views1 in/ead ( ! doctr9es ( ,buddha4 ,!y wi%$ to %ake (f ! yoke ( au?ority1 & arrange all ?+s 9 _! own way4 ,! second g5]al assembly ( ! ,buddhi/ religi\s 0 held "o hundr$ ye>s lat] at ,we?alie1 9 ! t5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,kala?oka1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,ra?a1 :o 0 assi/$ by sev5 hundr$ religi\s4 ,! object ( ?is assembly 0 to regulate sev]al matt]s ( discipl9e4 ,x is probable t a _s ( innovation _h reappe>$ & begun to und]m9e ! /rictness ( ! discipl9>y in/itutions1 ?reat5+ to weak5 ! ties t kept toge!r ! memb]s ( ! religi\s body1 & deprive x ( t halo ( sacr$ness t _h hi!rto r5d]$ x an object ( s pr(\nd & g5]al e/eem1 respect & v5]ation4 ,! c\ncil1 moreov]1 revis$ ! canon ( sacr$ books1 & purifi$ x f all ! imp]fections & spuri\s writ+s t _h be5 embodi$ 9 x4 ,two hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s aft] ,gaudama's dea?1 ,k+ ,dama?oka or ,a?oka asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,palibotra1 :i* 0 ! capital ( a va/ & p[]ful empire4 ,x 0 9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( t mon>*'s reign t ! ?ird & la/ g5]al assembly 0 held at ,palibotra1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,maugalipata4 ,! la/ & f9al revision ( ! sacr$ scriptures 0 made ) ! greate/ c>e & lab\r4 ,! pi\s ,a?oka l5t to ! decisions ( ! assembly ! influ5ce ( ! secul> p[]4 ,! ,pittagat1 or ! collection ( ! religi\s books1 su* z x n[ exi/s1 is suppos$ to be ! "w ( t c\ncil4 ,9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s1 ! subject ( ! c\ncils %all receive ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,!re is a mo/ important fact to be notic$ "h1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z a mo/ rem>kable result ( ! ?ird assembly4 ,x =ms ! gr&e/ era 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 & x is c>efully not$ d[n by our ,burmese au?or4 ,i mean ! extraord9>y zeal & f]v\r :i* seem$ at t "t to h simultane\sly & p[]fully act$ = ! br++ ab\t ( ?is mighty b peaceful religi\s commotion1 t 0 to be felt1 n only 9 ! ,indian ,p59sula1 b f> beyond ! valley ( ,ca%m]e1 ! c\ntry ( ,guz]at 9 ! we/ & nor?-we/1 beyond ! sn[y ranges ( ! ,himalaya 9 ! nor?1 & ! t]ritories & k+doms 9 an ea/]n direction4 ,k+ ,a?oka 0 !n at ! height ( 8 p[]4 ,8 religi\s zeal induc$ him to make use ( all ! va/ res\rces at 8 comm& to fav\r ! developm5t ( ! comp>atively new religion4 ,dur+ ! hold+ ( ! c\ncil1 ! religi\s temp]$1 z x 71 _! zeal1 f]v\r1 devotion1 & ard\r = _! religi\s cre$1 9 ! middle ( _! conf]5ces4 ,!y resolv$ to propagate ) unremitt+ zeal ! t5ets ( ! holy religion1 & ext5d x all ov] ! _w4 ,! _s ( ,gaudama seem$ to h be5 infus$ into ! s\l ( e individual religi\s4 ,8 ard5t f]v\r gl[$ 9 ! s\l ( all1 :o f t p]iod _h b "o desire1 t ( ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( _! spiritual empire4 ,?is is c]ta9ly "o ( ^? extraord9>y epo*s1 :5 ! indol5t & apa!tic m9d ( ! ,h9dus1 aft] c5turies ( a pr(\nd slumb]+1 seems on a sudd5 to awake1 &1 ) an unexpect$ vig\r & y\?ful en]gy1 bur/+ =? z a t]rific hurricane1 br+s ab\t ! mo/ a/\nd+ revolutions1 or commotions1 t sweep away ) irresi/ible p[] ! old political & religi\s =ms1 to e/abli% new ones on ! ru9s ( ! =m]4 ,! religi\s zeal t seiz$ on ! ,buddhi/s ( ^? days1 & impell$ !m ) an unhe>d-( resolution to dissem9ate _! doctr9es1 c\pl$ ) ! a/oni%+ success t att5d$ _! prea*+s1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ prom95t p]iods 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! _w4 #bg ,x is n easy to det]m9e ) precision 9 :at ye> occurr$ ! conv]sion ( ,k+ ,adzata?at to ,buddhism4 ,?\gh 8 fa!r ,pimpa?>a 0 a zeal\s ,buddhi/ f ! v beg9n+ ( ! prea*+ ( ,gaudama1 8 son seems to h kept alo( f ! religi\s movem5t t took place 9 ! royal city ( ,radzagio1 )9 ! prec9cts ( ! royal palace1 & cont9u$ to adh]e to ! t5ets ( ! anci5t cre$4 ,8 fai?1 h[ev]1 9 ! hi!rto national religion1 t is to say1 ,brahm9ism1 does n appe> to h be5 deeply seat$ 9 8 s\l4 ,he 0 a %rewd1 ambiti\s1 & crafty politician2 & f :at we "k ( ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 8 political pr9ciples 7 ( ! mo/ ela/ic nature4 ,ev5 aft] 8 conv]sion to ,buddhism1 he does n appe> to h scrupl$ 9 ! lea/ to resort to ! mo/ que/ionable means = satisfy+ 8 ambition4 ,! disputes betwe5 ! uphold]s ( ! cont5d+ sy/ems _h1 z is (t5 ! case1 %ak5 8 =m] convictions )\t imp>t+ new ones4 ,p]haps he rema9$ 9 t ambigu\s position = a political object4 ,he 0 glad to place himself at ! head ( ! malcont5ts1 :o1 on acc\nt ( ! k+'s religi\s innovations1 mu/ h be5 num]\s4 ,be t z x may1 we see ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,radzagio receiv+ ) op5 arms ,dewadat1 ! enemy ( ,buddha1 esp\s+ 8 p>ty1 & look+ ^u him z 8 spiritual advis]4 ,?is occurr$ ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s be=e ,buddha's dea?4 ,) ! advice ( 8 new fri5d1 he compass$ & effect$ ! de/ruction ( 8 fa!r ?ree or f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 & became k+ 9 ! sev5? ye> be=e ,phra's ,neibban4 ,8 conv]sion probably took place aft] ! dea? ( ,dewadat1 f\r or five ye>s subsequ5t to t ev5t2 b x appe>s to h be5 s9c]e & e>ne/4 ,8 love = ,buddha's p]son 0 s int5se t x aton$ fully = ! h>m :i*1 "u 8 "n & protection1 ,dewadat _h endeav\r$ to inflict on 8 great relative4 ,adzata?at reign$ ?irty-two ye>s1 t is to say1 tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ,gaudama's dea?4 ,"u 8 reign1 ! fir/ c\ncil 0 held ) 8 cons5t1 & a promise to make ! decisions ( ! assembly be receiv$ ) respect & /rictly att5d$ to4 ,?is is ! fir/ direct int]f]5ce ( ! secul> p[] 9 matt]s ( a purely ecclesia/ical nature4 ,adzata?at 01 h[ev]1 too prud5t 9 8 policy to p]secute directly ! hold]s ( anti-,buddhi/ic op9ions1 :o z yet =m$ ! great mass ( ! p4 ,he zeal\sly support$ ! new cre$ he _h adopt$1 b he left full lib]ty to ! foll[]s ( ! p\nhas4 ,by ! advice ( ,ka?aba1 ,adzata?at fix$ ! beg9n+ ( ! religi\s era 9 ! ye> ( ,buddha's demise4 ,x is ! "o :i* is foll[$ by all ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,x 0 n ! necessity ( correct+ c]ta9 errors 9 ! cal5d> :i* induc$ ! k+ to adopt t measure1 s9ce a correction _h be5 made a hundr$ & =ty-eight ye>s ago by ,k+ ,eetzana ) ! assi/ance ( a celebrat$ h]mit4 ,a religi\s motive alone induc$ ! k+ to obtemp] ! solicitations ( ,ka?aba on ?is subject1 & lay1 z ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! reckon+ ( ye>s1 ! great ev5t ( ! dea? ( ! f\nd] ( religion4 ,! two names ( ,pimpa?>a & ( 8 son ,adzata?at are indissolubly connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ,buddhism & its spread ?r\gh ! ,maga?a c\ntry4 ,to ! fir/1 ,gaudama ow$ mu* = ! extraord9>y success t att5d$ 8 prea*+s & ! conv]sion ( rem>kable p]sonages4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,india1 ! example ( ! k+ mu/ h ex]t$ an extraord9>y influ5ce ov] ! c\rti]s & ! weal?y & p[]ful p]sons4 ,! second r5d]$ no less important s]vices to ! cause ( religion1 by support+ op5ly ! great ,ka?aba1 ! patri>* ( ,buddhism1 & c\nt5anc+ ! decisions ( ! fir/ c\ncil1 :i* secur$ unity among ! memb]s ( ! assembly at ! v "t t evil-m9d$ individuals endeav\r$ to s[ ! se$s ( diss5sion among ! religi\s1 & upset ! fabric :i* ,buddha's g5ius & zeal _h j set up4 ,"u ! reign ( ^? two sov]eigns religion ga9$ a firm foot+ 9 ,maga?a1 & secur$ = itself an asc5dancy :i* x reta9$ ) v>i\s successes = _m c5turies4 #bh ,we are )\t any direct in=mation conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s t elaps$ aft] ,gaudama's dea?4 ,b we h allusions made 9 sev]al places :i* cle>ly indicate t ! new religion _h to /ruggle ) _m difficulties be=e x c\ld ga9 a firm foot+ 9 ! places ly+ nor? ( ! ,ganges4 ,?\gh !y _h be5 ! seat ( ,buddha's prea*+s1 ?\gh ! p _h be5 intimately acqua9t$ ) all 8 do+s1 x appe>s t ! p\nhas contriv$ to ?w>t to a great ext5t ! results ( 8 lab\rs4 ,at ,koo!9>on1 on ! v spot r5d]$ illu/ri\s by 8 dea?1 we h se5 an individual rejoic+ at ,buddha's demise1 because he w\ld be n[ at lib]ty to act accord+ to 8 wi%es4 ,he 0 n a solit>y in/ance ( op5 insubord9ation1 s9ce ,ka?aba felt t x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to *eck ! gr[+ evil1 to assemble a c\ncil ?ree mon?s aft] ! dea? ( ,gaudama4 ,?is /ep does n appe> to h produc$ all ! good effects t 7 anticipat$4 ,! patri>* ( ! ,buddhi/ic ,*ur* is repres5t$ to u z trembl+ = ! safety ( ! relics4 ,:at c\ld h caus$ ?is great anxiety8 ,d\btless !re 0 a /rong p>ty1 ei!r )9 or )\t ! assembly1 :i* 0 inimical to ! wor%ip paid to ! rema9s ( ,buddha1 & aim$ at procur+ _! total de/ruction4 ,9 ! relation ( ,hw5-,?sang ! writ] has met ) a passage 9 :i* m5tion is made ( a p]iod ( "t :5 ! pure doctr9e alone 0 held1 & ( a subsequ5t p]iod :5 ! wor%ip ( relics w\ld be prevail+4 ,x is n improbable t 9 ?is passage allusion is made to ! "t :5 ! relics 7 buri$ secretly1 by ! c>e ( ,ka?aba1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,radzagio1 & rema9$ conceal$ dur+ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! conduct ( ,ka?aba 9 secur+ ! safety ( ! relics reveals an important fact1 viz41 t !re exi/$ f ! e>lie/ days ( ,buddhism a great antipa?y1 9 a fraction ( ! community1 aga9/ keep+ & v5]at+ ,buddha's rema9s4 ,x creat$ a s*ism among ! disciples :i* 0 nev] heal$ up1 z ! sequel w %[4 #bi ,9 ! previ\s note on ,neibban1 ! writ]1 hav+ =gott5 to m5tion ! application :i* ! ,burmese make ( ?is t]m to ?ree di/9ct objects1 supplies "h ! omission1 9 ! hope t :at foll[s may enable ! read] to come ne>] to ! true ,buddhi/ic mean+ ( ,neibban4 ,!re are1 say ! ,buddhi/ doctors1 ?ree k9ds ( ,neibban respect+ ! p]son ( ,gaudama--! ,neibban ( ,kile?a1 or passions2 ! ,neibban ( ,kh&as1 or supports ( ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ be+2 & ! ,neibban ( ,dat\1 or ( ! relics4 ,! fir/ took place at ! foot ( ! gniaong or bodi-tree1 :5 ,gaudama became ,buddha4 ,!n1 to make use ( ! language ( ,buddhi/s at t mom5t1 ! fifte5 hundr$ passions--t is to say1 all passions--7 quiet$1 ext+ui%$1 & = ev] put an end to4 ,! second k9d ( ,neibban happ5$ ne> ! t[n ( ,koo!9>on1 :5 ! five ,kh&as1 or ! con/itutive p>ts ( ,gaudama's be+1 7 quiet$1 t is to say1 ceas$ to act1 & 7 absolutely de/roy$4 ,! ?ird k9d w take place at ! end ( ! p]iod ( five ?\s& ye>s1 reckon+ f ! dea? ( ,gaudama4 ,?is is ! p]iod :i* he has assign$ to ! duration ( 8 religion4 ,!n all ! relics ( ,buddha t w be /ill exi/+ w be miracul\sly congregat$ on ! spot :]e /ood ! tree ,bodi4 ,aft] hav+ be5 ! c5tre ( ! display ( sev]al extraord9>y wond]s1 !y w be consum$ by a fire t is to come out ( !m4 ,!y w disappe> & vani% = ev]1 z ! flame t has consum$ !m4 ,! idea sugge/$ to u by ! application ( ! ^w ,neibban to ^! ?ree objects is t ( a cessation ( action1 cessation ( exi/5ce1 & cessation ( be+4 ,inde$1 x is impossible n to see 9 ! mean+ ( ?is ^w ! horrify+ idea ( absolute annihilation4 ,! writ] frankly av[s t he has be51 dur+ _m ye>s1 unwill+ to adopt a conclusion :i* ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! words po9t out 9 a cle> mann]4 ,he hop$ t a deep] insight into ! sy/em ( ,buddhism w\ld lead him to a conclusion m consonant ) reason4 ,b he has be5 completely disappo9t$ 9 8 expectations4 ,by :at process ( argu+ has ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism arriv$ to su* a despair+ t]m9us8 ,h[ has he be5 l$ into t horrible abyss8 ,h[ has he contriv$ to sil5ce ! voice ( consci5ce1 & set aside ! cle>e/ innate notions ( ! human m9d8 ,gaudama took 8 dep>ture f a true pr9ciple1 viz43 t !re are mis]ies 9 ?is _w1 att5d+ ! condition ( all be+s mov+ )9 ! circle ( exi/5ces4 ,b ignorant ( ! real cause t has import$ mis]ies into ?is _w1 he nev] c\ld discov] ! way by :i* man c conv]t !m to a useful & b5eficial result4 ,he decl>$ t all ! ef=ts ( a wise man ought to conv]ge t[>ds "o po9t1 t ( free+ himself f all ! /ates ( exi/5ce4 ,! f\r meggas or ways to p]fection lead to t great result4 ,by sci5ce1 connect$ ) ! practice ( virtue1 ! wise man frees himself f all passions1 :i* are ! real causes :i* make a be+ move 9 ! circle ( exi/5ces4 ,:5 !y are n subdu$ b ext]m9at$1 !re is no long] a cause t impels man into ano!r exi/5ce4 ,! end ( a be+ has come4 ,:5 we speak ( ! end ( a be+1 we und]/& its complete & entire de/ruction1 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 its ,neibban4 ,no?+ rema9s ( him4 ,! mat]iali/ic pr9ciples ( g5u9e ,buddhism =bid u to ?9k ( a s\l or spiritual sub/ance surviv+ ! de/ruction ( ! t]re/rial portion ( man's be+4 ,:5 ,gaudama unfolds 8 precepts & maxims = guid+ man 9 ! acquisition ( sci5ce & ! de/ruction ( 8 passions1 he elicits ! admiration1 nay1 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! read]1 at ! sight ( ! pr(\nd k ( human nature :i* he displays4 ,b ?is feel+ soon gives place to ano!r ( pity1 sadness1 & horror1 :5 "o sees t he has be5 l$ to ! br9k ( ,neibban4 #cj ,ka?aba speaks ( ! ,pitagat or collection ( ! scriptures z ( a compilation t 0 to be put 9 writ+ = bett] secur+ its fixity & p]man5cy1 & prev5t+1 z f> z human wisdom c\ld rea*1 ! introduction ( new & het]odox doctr9es4 ,i feel incl9$ to believe t ?is expression is put into ! m\? ( ! patri>*1 & t 9 all likelihood he nev] utt]$ x4 ,x is probable t1 dur+ ! fir/ ages ( ,buddhism1 ! doctr9es 7 n put 9 writ+1 b orally transmitt$4 ,= support+ ?is app>5tly incr$ible ass]tion1 we h ! te/imony ( ! au?ors ( ! ,c+alese collection1 :o di/9ctly /ate t1 dur+ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! religion 9 ,ceylon1 tradition 0 ! only vehicle = transmitt+ ! cont5ts ( ! ,pitagat4 ,moreov]1 x is by no means c]ta9 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,irrawaddy valley possess$ a copy ( ! sacr$ scriptures previ\s to ! voyage ( ,buddhagosa f ,?aton to ,ceylon 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,he w5t to t isl& = ! express purpose ( mak+ a copy ( ! ,pitagat1 & br++ x ov] to 8 c\ntrym54 ,be t z x may1 ! "q on ?is subject is f> f be+ settl$4 ,x well des]ves ! att5tion ( ! le>n$4 ,a satisfactory solution may ?r[ a mu* want$ light ^u ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,buddhism4 ,:5 we consid] t ,mahe9da1 ! son ( ! mighty & pi\s ,a?oka1 0 ! head ( ! mission1 :i*1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! ?ird c\ncil1 w5t to prea* religion 9 ,ceylon1 x is impossible n to suppose t he w\ld h br\ght ov] ) him a copy ( ! collection ( ! sacr$ scriptures1 _h t collection be5 put 9 writ+ at ! "t t he left ,pataliputra on 8 pi\s err&4 #ca ,! collection ( ! ,buddhi/ scriptures is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 call$ ! ?ree ,pitagats1 or ! ?ree baskets1 respectively nam$ ! ,w9i ,pitagat1 ! ,?oots ,pitagat1 & ! ,abidama ,pitagat4 ,! manuscript t ! writ] has _h = 8 use1 ?\gh correct 9 ! ma91 is c]ta9ly defective 9 ! enum]ation ( ! divisions & subdivisions ( ! ?ree great collections4 ,he w1 h[ev]1 m5tion !m1 su* z !y are enum]at$ by ! ,burmese au?or2 ! few errors t may be detect$ c easily be correct$ by ^? :o h 9 _! possession ! ,ceylonese collection1 z !re is no d\bt t ! "w n[ "u consid]ation is an abridgm5t ( a m volum9\s compilation to be f\nd 9 ,ceylon4 ,! divisions ( ! ,w9i are3 ,bikoo ,patim\k1 ,bikoonee ,patim\k1 ,bikoo ,wit9 7probably ,bikoo ,w971 ,bikooni ,w91 twelve ,k&aka1 & sixte5 ,p>iw>a4 ,! ?oots are consid]$ z ! in/ructions orally deliv]$ by ,gaudama himself1 ei!r to 8 disciples 9 private1 or to ! assembl$ multitudes1 dur+ ! =ty-five ye>s ( 8 public mission4 ,9 ?is collection ! disciples h le>n$ ! doctr9es ( ! ma/]1 & f\nd all ! elem5ts necess>y to compose all ! treaties1 :i* subsequ5tly h =m$ ! collections call$ ,w9i ,pitagat & ,abidama ,pitagat4 ,no "o c\ld ev] believe t ! au?or ( ,buddhism c\ld h busi$ himself 9 writ+ treatises on metaphysics1 or m9utely & elaborately publi%+ ! regulations "u :i* ! body ( 8 foll[]s1 call$ ! ,sanga1 7 to live & sp5d _! "t4 ,9 8 in/ructions ,gaudama gave utt]ance to c]ta9 pr9ciples1 :i*1 be+ appropriat$ by 8 disciples & _! successors1 7 enl>g$1 develop$1 & r$uc$ to ! %ape ( a treatise4 ,9 fact1 he s[$ ! se$ :i*1 be+ let into ! soil ( ! m9d ( en?usia/ic disciples1 grew up & multipli$ into ! volum9\s above-nam$ collections4 ,g5u9e ,buddhism mu/ be f\nd 9 ! ?oots ( ! olde/ /amp4 ,any:]e else we meet ) ! ,buddhism su* z x has be5 develop$ by doctors & comm5tators4 ,!re are f\r collections ( ! ?oots1 nam$ ,nidia ,nike1 ,midzima ,nike1 ,?ang\tta ,nike1 & ,eng\tt>a ,nike4 ,!y are likewise arrang$ "u fifte5 heads1 call$3 ,k\dakapata1 ,dammapata1 ,oodana1 ,i?i1 ,w\?aka1 ,?\ttanibat1 ,wi1 ,mama-w\ttoo1 ,pita-w\ttoo1 ,t]akatta1 ,t]ikatta1 ,dzattakani1 ,piti-sambika1 ,apadana1 ,buddha-wattoo4 ,! ,abidamma has sev5 divisions1 viz41 ,damma?+akani1 ,witt91 ,datoogatta1 ,p\ggala-pignia1 ,ka?awattoo1 ,yamaik1 ,patan4 ,! att5tive read] _c be b surpris$ to see h[ ! ?ree great divisions ( ! ,buddhi/ic scriptures are m5tion$ by ! memb]s ( ! fir/ c\ncil z ?+s already exi/+ & arrang$ ) ! same me?od z !y h be5 dispos$ dur+ succe$+ ages4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* divisions ( ,gaudama's doctr9es did n !n exi/ at t "t4 ,are we to conclude !refrom t ! fact ( ! hold+ ( ! fir/ c\ncil is to be reject$ z a m]e inv5tion1 because ! mode ( relat+ "s p>ticul>s conc]n+ t great assembly is liable to be s]i\sly object$ to8 ,x seems t su* a conclusion w\ld be a too ha/y "o4 ,= e/abli%+ ! fact ( ! hold+ ( ! fir/ c\ncil1 we h ! evid5ce suppli$ to u by all ! ,buddhi/ic writ+s1 f\nd 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries :]e t religion has be5 e/abli%$4 ,moreov]1 sev]al monum5ts ( great antiquity allude to t fir/ assembly4 ,we c sc>cely raise a d\bt ^u ! exi/5ce ( ! fact4 ,b h[ are we to acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* m5tion is made ( compilations :i* und\bt$ly 7 n exi/+ at t "t8 ,! r$action ( all ! p>ticul>s connect$ ) ! fir/ assembly mu/ h be5 made a consid]able "t aft] ! hold+ ( ! said assembly1 at an epo* :5 ! ,buddhi/ic scriptures _h already be5 arrang$ "u ?ree di/9ct heads4 ,! au?or1 famili> ) ! division or compilation into ?ree p>ts1 call$ ,pitagats1 has arrang$ 8 n>ration 9 su* a way z to give x a sort ( agreem5t ) a =m :i* he ?\ght mu/ h be5 z famili> to o!rs z x 0 to himself4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! po9ts ( discussion1 su* z we f9d !m 9 ! n>rative1 7 actually br\ght =w>d be=e ! assembly1 b 9 a %ape m simple & g5]al1 & less te*nical & positive4 ,?is is :at c be said 9 ! pres5t imp]fect k ( ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 = ext5uat+ ! *>ge ( wilful =g]y1 :i* might be br\ght aga9/ ! au?or ( ! r$action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :il/ prud5t discretion comm&s u n to be too ha/y 9 pass+ a sweep+ condemnation ^u ! compilation1 we mu/ be v cauti\s 9 n admitt+ at once1 & n giv+ an absolute cr$it to all t is f\nd 9 writ+s :i* d convey to u _m ?+s ( great antiquity1 b evid5tly mix$ ) multif>i\s details ( a comp>atively mod]n orig94 ,?is la/ rem>k ought to be ev] pres5t to ! m9d ( him :o p]uses "s portions ( ! ,pitagats4 ,! huge mass ( rubbi% :i* con/itutes ! l>ge/ portion ( ! scriptures is ! production ( ! v>i\s ,buddhi/ic s*ools :i* fl\ri%$ eight & t5 c5turies aft] ! fir/ c\ncil4 #cb ,! few & meagre p>ticul>s :i* we possess respect+ ! causes t h occasion$ ! hold+ ( ! second c\ncil1 disclose a curi\s /ate ( ?+s z exi/+ 9 ! ,buddhi/ community4 ,! discipl9>y regulations appe> to h occupi$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! discussions t took place dur+ ! p]iod ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,"s ( ^? regulations 7 ( trifl+ importance4 ,we wond] h[ ! religi\s c\ld lay s mu* /ress ^u su* a trifle z ?is1 8,is is lawful to put salt or o!r condim5ts into articles ( food1 t w\ld h be5 (f]$ )\t su* requisites80 ,! activity display$ by bo? p>ties 9 ! controv]sy indicates ! gradual work+ ( op9ions :i* 9 ^? p>ts _h be5 always inimical to g5u9e ,buddhism4 ,9 ,we?alie & ,?awattie1 ! hold]s ( false t5ets _h be5 at all times bold & num]\s4 ,9 ! days ( ,buddha1 h]etics 7 sw>m+ 9 ^? places4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ( our era1 ,fa-hian1 :5 he visit$ ^? places1 says t he f\nd t religion _h almo/ disappe>$1 & t h]etics 7 prevail+ 9 e direction4 ,we mu/ conclude f ^! two circum/ances t ,buddhism nev] fl\ri%$ 9 ^? places1 or1 at lea/1 t x 0 nev] ! prevail+ cre$ ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,! disputes t took place 9 ^? days 7 n look$ ^u z ( s]i\s mom5t1 s9ce we see sev]al religi\s ( em95ce support+ ! anti-or?odox p>ty4 ,k+ ,kala?oka himself 0 9 favor ( ^? ^: op9ions 7 condemn$ by ! c\ncil4 ,we may also inf] f ?is sate ( ?+s1 t ! discipl9>y regulations 7 f> f be+ settl$ at t "t4 ,x requir$ ! exp]i5ce ( succe$+ g5]ations to det]m9e exactly :at 0 be/ fitt$ = promot+ ! well-be+ ( ! religi\s body1 & caus+ its memb]s to live agreeably to ! _s :i* ,gaudama desir$ to infuse into ! s\ls ( 8 foll[]s4 ,x _c !re=e be a matt] ( surprise to see ! assembly /riv+1 9 ! mid/ ( discussions1 to elaborate ! fram+ ( ! rules de/9$ to guide ! religi\s 9 ! details ( _! daily duties4 ,"u su* circum/ances !re c\ld n b be a great v>iety ( op9ions1 support$ ) t heat & ard\r s peculi> to individuals :o live e/rang$ f ! _w4 ,moreov]1 ! conflict+ op9ions 7 ma9ta9$ by ! v>i\s s*ools1 :i*1 f ! e>ly p]iod ( ! exi/5ce ( ,buddhism1 sprung up & divid$ ! memb]s ( ! religi\s body4 ,circum/antial details respect+ ! v>i\s s*ools we allude to1 w\ld prove ( ! greate/ advantage = elucidat+ ! /ate ( ! great religi\s sy/em "u consid]ation1 = enabl+ u to ent] into ! hi/ory ( its int]nal developm5t1 & witness+ ! v>i\s incid5ts t h m>k$ its progress ?r\gh ages1 d[n to ! p]iod :5 x gradually lo/ its foot+ 9 ! ,indian ,p59sula4 ,! eighte5 diff]5t s*ools :i* h obta9$ celebrity ?r\gh\t ! ,buddhi/ _w are m5tion$ 9 ! ,c+alese collection1 & 9 t ( all ! nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 includ+ ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ! manuscript :i* ! writ] possesses no?+ is m5tion$ respect+ ^! s*ools b _! respective names4 ,_h ! *ief op9ions held out by ea* s*ool be5 giv5 out1 !y w\ld h be5 exp\nd$ "h at great l5g? & ) a scrupul\s correctness4 ,su* n be+ ! case1 ! au?or has ?\ght t x 0 useless to ! read] to lay be=e him a dry & un9t]e/+ array ( names4 #cc ,x has be5 ?\ght ( "s importance to m5tion 9 a p>ticul> note all ! pr9cipal epo*s nam$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 & to %[ h[ !y /& relatively to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! />t+-po9t = ! reckon+ & comput+ ( ye>s is ! epo* ( ,gaudama's dea?1 :i* is fix$ by ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s 9 ! ye> #edc ,b4,c4 ,! exactness ( ?is epo* has be5 conte/$ by ,a4 ,cunn+ham1 "o ( ! greate/ au?orities 9 su* matt]s4 ,9 8 op9ion1 ! epo* ( ,gaudama's ,neibban ought to be plac$ sev5ty ye>s lat]4 ,b z 8 views on ?is subject h n z yet be5 univ]sally receiv$ by ! le>n$ 9 ,europe1 we w rema9 satisfi$ ) ! hi!rto g5]ally accept$ data4 ,! fir/ era is t ( ,k+ ,eetzana1 ! gr&fa!r ( ,gaudama by 8 "m's side4 ,x 0 made by ! help & "u ! guidance ( a fam\s h]mit1 nam$ ,deweela1 :o is m5tion$ z highly v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 su* z x exi/$ 9 ^? days4 ,! k+'s object 0 to correct ! gl>+ errors t _h crept into ! cal5d>4 ,x is said t he did away ) ! era #hfdj on a ,saturday1 on ! day ( ! new moon ( ,tabaong 7,m>*71 & fix$ ! beg9n+ ( ! new era on ! foll[+ day1 t is to say1 on a ,sunday1 ! fir/ day aft] ! new moon ( ! same mon?4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ye> #fia ,b4,c4 ,?is new reckon+ ( ye>s la/$ only a hundr$ & =ty-eight ye>s1 ! epo* ( ,gaudama's ,neibban1 #edc ,b4,c4 ,! second era1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all1 is ! religi\s "o4 ,k+ ,adzata?at & ! v5]able ,ka?aba1 actuat$ by ! desire ( r5d]+ ev] memorable ! dea? ( ! f\nd] ( _! religion1 & pay+ to him a homage t w\ld be re-e*o$ by succe$+ g5]ations1 came to ! resolution ( do+ away ) ! ,eetzana computation1 & fix$ a new reckon+ ( ye>s1 f ! annual revolution :i* witness$ t ev5t1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ,buddhi/s1 is ! greate/ ( all4 ,9 ! ye> #adh1 ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ( ,tagoo 7,april71 :i* fell on a ,sunday1 0 fix$ z ! beg9n+ ( ! new computation1 emphatically call$ ! era ( religion1 #edc ,b4,c4 ,x is adopt$ by all ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,9 addition to ?is g5]al era1 ,buddhi/ nation has _h1 = "o reason or = ano!r1 p>ticul> p]iods1 f :i* !y h reckon$ "t & comput$ ye>s4 ,x is probable t ! re=m 9 ! cal5d>1 necessitat$ by ! errors introduc$ into x ow+ to incorrect computations1 h giv5 rise to sev]al eras1 :i* are g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ! k+s "u ^: reign !y h tak5 place1 & by ^: au?ority !y h be5 introduc$ & br\ght into common use4 ,! ,burmans h ! era call$ ,d&ora?a4 ,x 0 introduc$ by ,?amugd>a1 or1 z spelt by o!rs1 ,?amugd>itz1 k+ ( ,prome1 9 ! ye> ( religion #fbe to #ha ,a4,d4 ,t mon>* is repres5t$ z well in=m$ & skill$ 9 ! k ( ! a/ronomical calculations4 ,! mon?s 7 no long] 9 unison ) ! seasons4 ,:at did ! royal re=m] ( ! cal5d> d to rem$y ! evil8 ,no o!r p>ticul> is m5tion$ 9 ! manuscript :i* ! writ] has 9 8 possession1 except t ! k+ did away ) #fbb1 & began ! re=m$ computation ) two1 s t its beg9n+ mu/ be made to agree ) ! ye> #gi ,a4,d4 ,t era la/$ only #efb ye>s4 ,! re=m] on ?is occasion 0 ,p\ppa-dzau1 k+ ( ,pagan1 :o is repres5t$ to u z well v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomical computations4 ,?is mon>* imitat$ 9 ?is re=m ! conduct ( ! k+ ( ,prome4 ,he did away ) #efj ye>s1 & _h 8 new era to beg9 ) two4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ye> ( religion #aahb to #fci ,a4,d4 ,?is is ! common era us$ by ! ,burmese up to ?is day1 & is kn[n z ! ,pagan or ,p\ppa-dzau era4 ,we f9d also m5tion$ occasionally ! ,?aton era4 ,x is made to beg9 ) ! ye> ( ! arrival ( ! two ,buddhi/ mission>ies1 ,?auna & ,outt>a1 9 ! great place ( ,?aton1 9 ! ye> ( religion #bcg to #cjf ,b4,c4 ,?irima?oka 01 at t "t1 k+ ( t c\ntry4 ,t p]iod ( ye>s has la/$ #acfb ye>s4 ,x end$ 9 ! ye> ( religion #aeii #aaef ,a4,d41 :5 ! k+ ( ,pagan1 ,naurata-dzau1 invad$ ! c\ntry1 possess$ himself ( ,?aton1 & c>ri$ away captive ! la/ k+1 ,me9-hnit4 ,x is p]haps z well to m5tion "h an epo* :i* has be51 at all times1 fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,burmah4 ,i allude to ! voyage :i* a religi\s ( ,?aton1 nam$ ,buddhagosa1 made to ,ceylon 9 ! ye> ( religion #idc to #djj ,a4,d4 ,! object ( ?is voyage 0 to procure a copy ( ! scriptures4 ,he succe$$ 9 8 und]tak+4 ,he made use ( ! ,burmese or r ,tala+ *>act]s1 9 transcrib+ ! manuscripts1 :i* 7 writt5 ) ! *>act]s ( ,maga?a4 ,! ,burmans lay mu* /ress ^u t voyage1 & always c>efully note d[n ! ye> 9 :i* x took place4 ,9 fact1 x is to ,buddhagosa t ! p liv+ on ! %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,m>taban owe ! possession ( ! ,buddhi/ scriptures4 ,f ,?aton1 ! collection made by ,buddhagosa 0 transf]r$ to ,pagan1 #fef ye>s aft] x _h be5 import$ f ,ceylon4 ,)\t ! k ( ^? v>i\s epo*s1 x is difficult to und]/& ) any?+ approa*+ to cle>ness & exactness ! dates t we f9d allud$ to & m5tion$ 9 ! ,burmese lit]>y compositions4 ,! =ego+ p>ticul>s appe> to be suffici5t = all practical purposes4 #cd ,f ?is passage we see t1 9 ^? days ( remote antiquity1 !re exi/$ 9 ! ,indian ,p59sula individuals :o1 l$ away by a fanaticism /ill exi/+ 9 our own days1 devot$ !mselves to rigor\s & extravagant p5ances1 (t5 9 a /ate ( complete nak$ness4 ,9 ! days ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ! same fanatics 7 met ) 9 ! ,punjaub4 ,su* ridicul\s & unnatural exhibitions1 f> f be+ approv$ ( & c\nt5anc$ by ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 7 positively prohibit$4 ,?\gh he aim$ at subdu+ passions1 & elevat+ ! spiritual pr9ciple above ! mat]ial "o1 he recomm5d$ 9 ! spiritual w>f>e a l9e ( conduct m consonant ) reason1 & suppli$ 8 disciples ) weapons ( a f> bett] quality & a sup]ior description4 #ce ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t no details conc]n+ t ?ird assembly ( ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,pataliputra c\ld be f\nd by ! writ] 9 ! manuscript he has 9 8 possession4 ,! cause t occasion$ ! hold+ ( ! c\ncil 0 ! desire to e/abli% a p]fect unity 9 ! practices ( discipl9e among ! religi\s1 & to come to an agreem5t on ! subject ( ! g5u95ess ( ! scriptures4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( #bcf ye>s t elaps$ f ! dea? ( ,gaudama1 ,buddhism seems to h rema9$ conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ,maga?a1 t is to say1 nor? & s\? ,beh>4 ,its hold ov] ! m9d ( ! p )9 ^? limits appe>s to h be5 v imp]fect & unc]ta91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! p>ts nor? ( ! ,ganges4 ,x is f ! reign ( ,k+ ,a?oka t ! propagation ( ,buddhism 9 e direction dates4 ,! un9t]rupt$ successes :i* att5d$ 8 arms enabl$ him to af=d a p[]ful support to ! propagators ( ! new religion 9 ! remote/ p>ts :i* !y visit$4 ,b we h no reason to suspect t he _h rec\rse to viol5ce 9 ord] to ga9 proselytes4 ,no d\bt he protect$ !m1 & suppli$ all _! wants on a lib]al scale4 ,he does n appe> to h ext5d$ f>!r ! effects ( ! c\nt5ance he l5t to ! h]alds ( ! new religion4 ,he built mona/]ies & dz$is ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( 8 imm5se dom9ions2 he erect$ /one pill>s1 :i* he cov]$ ) inscriptions commemorative ( 8 piety & zeal1 a few ( :i* exi/ up to ?is day4 ,a?oka may be look$ ^u z a mon>* :o did m = ! propagation ( ,buddhism 9 =eign p>ts ?an any ( ^? :o prec$$ him or came aft] him4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism 9 ,ceylon is m5tion$ at great l5g? 9 ! writ]'s manuscript1 b he has ?\ght x unnecess>y to relate all t he has f\nd on ?is subject1 z be+ =eign to ! purpose he has _h 9 view 9 ! publication ( ?is book4 ,9 a =ego+ note x has be5 /at$ h[ extraord9>y is ! fact t dur+ m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ,buddhism 0 propagat$ 9 ,ceylon solely by means ( oral tradition )\t writ+4 ,! ,c+alese au?ors are s unanim\s on ?is po9t t x _c be d\bt$4 ,b 9 ! ,burmese manuscript we h f\nd /at$1 9 unmi/akable expressions1 t ! religi\s :o assembl$ 9 ! village ( ,malliya wrote ! ,pitagat 9 ,sanscrit1 & ) ! ,sanscrit *>act]s4 ,! ^w made use ( is ,sansk>a91 :i* surely is design$ to mean ,sanscrit4 ,h[ c ?is be reconcil$ ) ! und\bt$ fact t all ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s h ! scriptures 9 ,pali & n 9 ,sanscrit1 :il/ ! nor!rn nations t h embrac$ ,buddhism possess ! scriptures 9 ,sanscrit8 ,until we c obta9 fur!r in=mation on ! subject1 ,i h no hesitation 9 /at+ t ! ,burmans1 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! two di/9ct languages--! ,pali & ! ,sanscrit--are v apt to mi/ake ! "o = ! o!r1 & t 9 _! op9ion :at !y call ! language ( ,maga?a1 ,pali1 & ,sanscrit are b "o & ! same language1 to :i* diff]5t names h be5 giv5 by anci5t au?ors4 ,z ! translator ( a manuscript1 ! writ] 0 b\nd to r5d] into ,engli% :at he has f\nd writt5 9 ,burmese4 ,?is is ! reason :y he has1 aga9/ 8 intimate conviction1 made use ( ! ^w ,sanscrit1 appli$ to ! fir/ compilation ( scriptures made 9 ,ceylon "u ! reign ( ,k+ ,watakamani4 #cf ,! isl& ( ,ceylon 0 call$1 says ! ,burmese au?or1 9 =m] times1 by diff]5t names--,audzadipa1 ,w>adipa1 ,mautadipa1 ,s+gadipa1 ,sihala1 & ,tappapani4 ,!re is no d\bt b ! la/ "n 0 corrupt$ by ! ,greeks into ,tapobrane4 #cg ,! ,burmans h1 f ! "t ( _! conv]sion to ,buddhism1 or at lea/ f ! p]iod !y became famili> ) ! scriptures1 _h ! mania ( giv+ ,pali names to c\ntries1 l>ge t[ns1 & new places t 7 settl$ by ! au?ority ( ! rul]s1 9 addition to ! ord9>y & common names4 ,:at has be5 ! result ( su* a measure8 ,! p h cont9u$ to designate su* places by ! vulg> names1 :il/ 9 mo/ ( ! public docum5ts & 9 ! c\rt !y h always us$ ! sci5tific & uncommon names4 ,h5ce has aris5 a confusion 9 ! m9ds ( ! p to su* an ext5t t 9 _m in/ances !y believe t two names giv5 to ! same place indicate two di/9ct t[ns & localities4 ,! position ( ,?aton is well kn[n1 & is betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! ,salwe5 & ! ,tsitang riv]s4 ,its actual di/ance f ! sea is ab\t eight or n9e miles4 ,9 ! days ( ,buddhagosa1 t is to say1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ( our era1 x 0 a sea-port4 ,! ,burmese writ]s inv>iably call ,?aton1 n by ! "n ( city1 b by t ( c\ntry4 ,!y add ! epi!t ( ,s\wana-b\mi1 ! l& ( gold4 ,accord+ to ! same writ]s1 ,?aton 0 situat$ 9 ! /ate or k+dom ( ,ramagnia4 ,f :at is f\nd m5tion$ ab\t ,ramagnia1 x appe>s t x compris$ ?ree di/9ct p>ts or di/ricts2 t ( ,k\!91 :i* is ! pres5t ,p\!9 or ,basse91 includ+ ! t]ritory situat$ betwe5 ! ,irrawaddy & ! m\nta9s ( ,arracan2 t ( ,h5?awati1 betwe5 ! ,irrawaddy & ! ,tsitang riv]2 & t ( ,m\ttama1 or ,m>taban1 betwe5 ! ,tsitang & ! ,salwe54 ,x seems t ! k+dom ( ,ramagnia ext5d$ 9 ! nor? z f> z ,aka\k-taong1 s\? ( ,prome4 ,! limits t are assign$ mu/ h und]gone consid]able *anges1 on acc\nt ( ! cont9ual w>s t h rag$ 9 ^? p>ts1 b !y are ^? assign$ by sev]al native au?ors4 ,! p t dwelt 9 ,ramagnia are call$ ,m\n4 ,!y are ! ,tala+s or ,peguans ( mod]n times4 ,!y _h atta9$ a consid]able degree ( civilisation at a "t :5 ! ,burmans 7 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,! proximity ( ! sea af=d$ !m opportunities ( com+ 9 contact ) o!r nations--! ,h9dus 9 p>ticul>1 :o appe> to h settl$ at ,?aton 9 great numb]s4 ,! ,rahan ,buddhagosa is said to h belong$ to ! p\nha race1 ?\gh he 0 a f]v5t ,buddhi/4 ,! t[n :i* 0 ! capital ( ! t]ritory call$ ,h5zawati _c1 we believe1 be ! t[n :i* is call$ at pres5t ,pegu1 b ano!r "o1 mu* m anci5t1 ! ru9s ( :i* are /ill visible close to ! ea/]n side ( ,pegu4 ,! language ( ! ,tala+s is totally diff]5t f t ( ! ,burmans1 b ! *>act]s = writ+ are some:at ! same4 ,x is f !m t ! latt] h receiv$ _! religion1 ! scriptures1 & ! *>act]s us$ 9 writ+4 ,s9ce ! f9al conque/ ( ,pegu by ,alaong-phra 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ! ext]m9ation ( a great numb] ( its inhabitants1 ! rema9+ ,peguans h gradually amalgamat$ ) ! ,burmans4 ,) _! nationality !y h lo/ also _! language to su* an ext5t t x is n[ spok5 only 9 a few isolat$ places4 ,x is n unusual to meet ) desc5dants ( ,peguans ^: ag$ p>5ts /ill speak _! native language1 :il/ !y "k & speak only ,burmese4 #ch to #djj ,a4,d4 #ci to #ajeh ,a4,d4 #dj to #aafa ,a4,d4 #da ,x is obvi\s f ! te/imony ( ,burmese writ]s t !y ackn[l$ge ! fact t ! ,scriptures br\ght f ,ceylon by ,buddhagosa1 & ! in/itutions fl\ri%+ 9 ,?aton1 f\nd _! way to ,pagan 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,naurata-dzau4 ,!y likewise affirm t "u ! reign ( ,n>apati-sisoo ! religi\s :o came f ,ceylon1 imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! ,mahawih>a s*ool1 set up practices :i* 7 little1 if at all1 obs]v$ 9 ,pagan at t "t4 ,!re 0 no d\bt a great revival ( ,buddhism 9 ,pagan1 f ! days ( ,k+ ,naurata-dzau to ^? ( ,n>apati-sisoo4 ,mo/ ( ! great monum5ts :i* excite ! admiration ( ! travell]s :o visit ,pagan 7 rais$ dur+ t p]iod4 #db ,x is probable t our ,burmese au?or makes "h a mi/ake simil> to ! "o allud$ to 9 a =ego+ note4 #dc ,:5 ! writ] set at "w to publi% ! second edition ( ?is book he _h at 8 disposal a ,burmese palm-leaf manuscript1 9 :i* he f\nd a va/ am\nt ( in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory ( ,buddha1 :i* 0 want+ 9 ! "w call$ ,malla-l9k>a-w\ttoo1 ! translation ( :i* has af=d$ matt] = ! fir/ edition ( ! leg5d ( ,gaudama4 ,! "w is nam$ ,ta?aga?a-oudana1 ! mean+ ( :i* is1 ,praises ( him :o has come l all 8 pr$ecessors4 ,?is is "o ( ,buddha's titles ( hon\r4 ,he is sometimes call$ ,bagawat1 ! bless$ or b5evol5t2 ,suga?a1 he :o has happily come2 ,dz9a1 ! conqu]or4 ,f :at is /at$ at ! end ( ! "w1 x appe>s t x 0 compos$ 9 ! t[n ( ,dibay51 sometimes call$ ,tabay91 ly+ we/ ( ! riv] ,mu1 at a di/ance ( ab\t fifte5 miles4 ,! place is at pres5t 9 a ru9\s condition4 ,?\gh ! prov9ce cont9ues to be> ! "n ( ,tabay91 ! resid5ce ( ! gov]nor is 9 ! t[n ( ,ye-ou1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,mu4 ,! compil] ( ! "w 0 a ,phongyie1 :o1 accord+ to 8 own te/imony1 f9i%$ 8 task on ! ?irty-eigh? ye> aft] he _h become a ,patz91 n9ety-?ree ye>s ago4 ,he 01 !re=e1 at lea/ fifty-eight ye>s old1 z he c\ld n become a ,patz9 be=e he _h rea*$ 8 tw5tie? ye>4 ,! compilation conta9s #fcf pages ( t5 l9es ea*1 is writt5 on palm leaves1 & =ms two huge volumes4 ,we may well say t ! n>ration beg9s at ! beg9n+4 ,! au?or in=ms u ( ! orig91 n ( ,gaudama1 s9ce he has obta9$ ! ,buddha%ip1 b ( ! be+ :o 0 inde$ h]eaft] to become a ,buddha1 b :o _h to move into ! circle ( c\ntless exi/5ces1 sl[ly gravitat+ t[>ds t p]fect$ /ate 9 :i* he 0 to be fitt$ = dis*>g+ ! duties ( a deliv]]4 ,he pres5ts u ) a sket* ( ! orig9 ( ! c\ntry ( ,kapilawot1 & ( ! k+s f :om ,gaudama's fa!r desc5d$4 ,! above p>ticul>s 7 n to be f\nd 9 ! ,malla-l9k>a4 ,9 all t relates to ! bir?1 boyhood1 c41 ( ,gaudama1 bo? compilations agree 9 ! ma94 ,! v>iations are few & unimportant4 ,! au?or ( ! ,ta?aga?a-oudana is imm5sely diffuse :5 he relates all t took place 9 ,buddha's m9d dur+ ! =ty-n9e days t he sp5t ar\nd ! tree ,bodi4 ,besides ! important !ory ( ! twelve ,nidanas1 or causes & effects1 he supplies u ) a complete exposition ( ! :ole ,buddhi/ic sy/em ( metaphysics1 ontology1 geography1 & cosmography1 ! v>i\s seats 9 :i* all rational be+s are plac$1 f ! l[e/ hell to ! la/ or ! highe/ ( ! immat]ial seats4 ,all ^! details are purposely omitt$ by ! compil] ( ! ,malla-l9k>a4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or supplies u ) a few p>ticul>s respect+ ,buddha1 dur+ ! tw5ty fir/ seasons or ye>s ( 8 public life4 ,! /ory ( ,dewadat is pres5t$ at great l5g?4 ,b :at is m important1 we possess 9 ! compilation ( ! ,ta?aga?a-oudana a concise acc\nt ( ! ?ree great assemblies or c\ncils held 9 ,radzagio1 ,we?alie1 & ,pataliputra1 ) ! names ( ! sov]eigns :o h rul$ ov] ,maga?a f ,adzata?at1 "u ^: reign ,gaudama di$1 to ,a?oka1 :o promot$ religion m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & :o by 8 royal influ5ce support$ ! decisions ( ! la/ c\ncil4 ,he likewise m5tions ! names ( ! religi\s1 :o1 aft] ! ?ird c\ncil1 7 commission$ to g & prea* religion 9 v>i\s c\ntries out ( ,maga?a4 ,f ?is la/ expression we le>n t ,buddhism1 until #bcf aft] ,gaudama's dea?1 _h n ext5d$ its influ5ce beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,maga?a4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 our au?or dwells m p>ticul>ly on ! two missions t 7 s5t1 ! "o to ,ceylon & ! o!r to ,?aton4 ,he enables u to foll[ ! developm5t ( ,buddhism 9 ,pegu & ,burmah1 by in=m+ u t ,k+ ,naurata-dzau ( ,pagan1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,?aton1 took ! k+ prison]1 seiz$ ^u ! collection ( ! scriptures1 & !re) c>ri$ to 8 capital all ! be/ in=m$ ( ! ,phongyies1 9 #ajef ,a4,d4 ,our au?or br+s 8 n>ration to ! "t ( ! f\ndation ( ,ava1 9 #acfe ,a4,d4 ,9 imitation ( all o!r compil]s1 our au?or ends 8 n>rative ) ! foll[+ pi\s wi%es4 ,z a fit rew>d ( ! good "w t ,i h happily br\ght to a close1 ,i desire to become 9 "s future exi/5ce a true ,buddha1 possess+ all ! sci5ce :i* w enable me to "k all be+s1 _! /ate & condition1 & all ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 !m1 & likewise to be gift$ ) a true compassion = & b5evol5ce t[>ds all be+s1 :i* w prompt me to lab\r = _! deliv]ance4 ,i desire t dur+ ! exi/5ces :i* are to prec$e ! la/ "o1 ,i may cont9ually practise ! t5 great & pr9cipal virtues4 ,may my fa!r1 "m1 relatives1 tea*]s1 & fri5ds1 h _! %>e 9 ?is my good "w6 ,?\gh f> m compreh5sive ?an t ( ! au?or ( ,malla-l9k>a1 ! compilation ( ! ,ta?aga?a-oudana is v inf]ior to x z reg>ds ! draw+ up ( ! subject & ! disposition ( its p>ts4 ,bo? are made by ,burmans4 ,we d n mean to say t ! ,burmans h made works ( an orig9al "*4 ,! au?ors h extract$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! scriptures all ! mat]ials !y want$ = compos+ a "w :i* might be consid]$ z ! hi/ory ( ! f\nd] ( _! religion4 #dd ,! ,burmese translator ( ! ,malla-l9k>a f9i%es 8 "w by c&idly /at+ ! motives t h induc$ him to und]take x4 ,he desires to create1 promote1 & propagate1 9 ! he>t ( future g5]ations1 religi\s s5tim5ts1 & feel+s ( ! t5d]e/ affection = ! p]son ( ,buddha & 8 doctr9e1 t is to say1 ! law & ! assembly ( ! p]fect4 ,su* are ! l(ty objects he _h 9 view :5 he began to write4 ,he 0 enc\rag$ 9 8 difficult task by purely religi\s consid]ations1 viz41 ! promotion & triumph ( ,buddhism4 ,= secur+ ! atta9m5t ( :at he consid]$ to be a mo/ desirable end1 he summon$ all 8 abilities ) a mo/ praisewor?y en]gy & p]sev]ance4 ,) a some:at diff]5t object 9 view1 ! ,burmese "w has be5 translat$ into a ,european language4 ,! translation has be5 accompani$ ) notes int5d$ to expla9 ! text1 :i* w\ld o!rwise prove1 9 _m p>ts1 almo/ un9telligible to ! g5]ality ( read]s4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,buddhism1 su* z !y are held & pr(ess$ by ,buddhi/s 9 g5]al1 b 9 p>ticul> by ^? inhabit+ ,burmah1 h receiv$ a c]ta9 degree ( att5tion1 & h be5 exam9$ z c>efully z possible f a ,buddhi/ic po9t ( view4 ,t great religi\s sy/em has be5 consid]$1 z x is 9 itself1 )\t any reg>d to its intr9sic m]its or dem]its4 ,! notes are n design$ to be an apology or a confutation ( ,buddhism1 b an exposition ( its doctr9es1 su* z !y are f\nd 9 ! be/ writ+s & believ$ by its vot>ies4 ,:5 c]ta9 t5ets or practices 7 to be acc\nt$ =1 rec\rse has always be5 _h to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,buddhism & to ! notions c]ta9ly prevail+ at v>i\s p]iods 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries4 ,x is ne$less to add t ! notes1 hav+ be5 hurri$ly writt5 9 ! mid/ ( almo/ un9t]rupt$ & "t-absorb+ occupations1 are de/itute ( pret5sion ei!r to deep rese>* or sci5tific m]it4 ,9 =m] ye>s1 ! writ] be/[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t & ef=ts on ! /udy ( ,buddhism 9 ,burmah1 :]e x has be5 = c5turies ! only religi\s cre$4 ,a portion ( ! k ?us acquir$ has be5 embodi$ 9 ! =ego+ notes1 ) ! int5tion ( compress+ )9 a n>r[ compass ! elem5t>y pr9ciples & g5]al notions ( ,buddhism1 af=d+ !reby to ! read]s1 :o _c h access to ! volum9\s writ+s ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man ,ori5tali/ savans1 on ! great religi\s sy/em ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 comp>atively easy means to obta9 "s in=mation on a religion1 :i*1 false z x is1 des]ves to be kn[n & und]/ood1 s9ce 9 po9t ( antiquity x is second to none except to ,brahm9ism1 & z reg>ds diffusion ext5ds its sway ov] probably "o-fif? ( ! human race4 #de ,! di/9ction allud$ to by our au?or is a mo/ important "o4 ,:at does he mean :5 he /ates t all ?+s 9 ?is _w obey ! pr9ciple ( mutability1 & are liable to p]petual *anges & modifications1 & t !y h a cause8 ,"o w\ld be tempt$ to believe t ! ,buddhi/s admit ( a fir/ cause4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,to und]/& su* a language com+ f a ,buddhi/'s m\?1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! !ory ( ! twelve ,nidanas1 or causes & effects4 ,ea* ( ! ,nidanas is an effect relatively to ! prec$+ "o1 & a cause to ! foll[+ "o4 ,all exi/+ be+s are1 relatively to ea* o!r1 effects & causes4 ,all und]go ! irresi/ible influ5ce ( mutability & *ange4 ,! be+s t reside 9 ! seats ( ,brahma are n beyond ! rea* ( t influ5ce1 n ev5 ^? :o dwell 9 ! f\r immat]ial seats4 ,are !re ?+s :i* are fix$ly & ev]la/+ly ! same1 ^u :i* no *ange1 no vicissitude c ev] act8 ,!re is ! law1 !re is ! /ate ( ,neibban4 ,! law is ! expression ( tru?1 :i* is reality1 9 contradi/9ction to ! unreality ( ! visible _w4 ,! ess5ce ( ! law is conta9$ 9 ! f\r sublime tru?s1 :i* are emphatically call$ ! ,law ( ! ,:eel4 ,!y are ! decl>ation ( ! true /ate & condition ( all be+s2 !y proclaim ! necessity ( putt+ an end to su* a mis]able /ate ( ?+s1 & po9t out ! sure means ( free+ oneself f ! mis]ies att5d+ exi/5ce4 ,^! tru?s are et]nal1 insomu* t :at !y proclaim has ev] be5 true 9 all ! worlds t h prec$$ ! pres5t "o1 s9ce !y always resemble ea* o!r1 & w ev] be equally true dur+ ! endless s]ies ( worlds t w foll[4 ,9 ?is s5se ! law1 9 ! op9ion ( ,buddhi/s1 be+ ! decl>ation ( tru?1 or ( :at is1 mu/ be et]nal1 z tru? itself is ev]la/+4 ,! /ate ( ,neibban1 9 contradi/9ction to t ( exi/5ce su* z we compreh5d x1 is likewise a ?+ :i* nev] *anges1 s9ce x is ! end ( *anges4 ,x rema9s always ! same2 x is ! opposite ( exi/5ce4 ,:at is !n call$ "h ev]la/+1 or et]nal1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,buddhi/s1 b ! ?+s t are conceiv$ z subsi/+ ab/ractively p] se1 & nev] affect$ by ! great pr9ciple ( mutability t p]vades all be+s4 ,to sum up ! :ole 9 a few words1 ! sci5ce :i* po9ts out ! means ( com+ out ( ! :irlpool ( exi/5ces1 & ! be+ out ( t circle1 su* are ! two ?+s :i* are always ! same1 nev] und]go any *ange1 & are et]nal4 #df ,9 ! def9ition ( man :i* is giv5 by ! ,buddhi/ au?or1 we f9d ! words intellig5ce1 capacity = reflect+1 comp>+ & draw+ inf]5ces1 c4 ,he :o is n famili> ) ! revolt+ mat]iali/ doctr9es ( ,buddhism w\ld be tempt$ to believe t !y admit ( a s\l or spiritual pr9ciple subsi/+ 9 man4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,! faculty = p]=m+ all ! functions :i* we rightly attribute to ! s\l resides 9 ! six? s5se1 call$ mano1 or ! he>t1 or ! kn[+ pr9ciple4 ,b ?is s5se1 9 _! op9ion1 is z mat]ial z ! eye1 ! e>1 & ! o!r s5ses4 ,x is delightful to ! ,*ri/ian read] to f9d 9 ! mid/ ( a heap ( rubbi% & fables a few fragm5ts ( ! primitive revelation4 ,we see man com+ f a noble orig91 appe>+ 9 ?is _w ) ! mo/ glori\s privileges1 :i* he =feits by eat+ ! rice call$ ,tsale1 :i* produc$ on 8 be+ ! same de/ructive effects :i* ! eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit caus$ on our fir/ p>5ts 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 #dg ,buddhi/s lay ! greate/ /ress on ! belief 9 ! ?ree preci\s ?+s4 ,x is ! f\ndation on :i* re/s ! :ole spiritual edifice4 ,b x is some:at extraord9>y to see t ! sup]/ition ( believ+ 9 lucky & unlucky days1 9 good & bad luck1 is op5ly condemn$1 & entails ^u him :o is addict$ to x ! sev]e/ p5alty4 ,?\gh su* *ildi% belief is s exce$+ly common 9 ,burmah t x influ5ces man 9 8 daily & h\rly affairs1 yet we mu/ admit t x is oppos$ to ! t5ets ( /rict ,buddhism4 ,!re c nev] be any good or bad luck 9 ! op9ion ( him :o has fai? 9 ! influ5ce ( m]its & dem]its4 ,!re is no o!r ag5t 9 ?is _w b t "o2 x is x alone t br+s 9 & regulates all ! accid5ts :i* att5d ! life ( man4 ,su* is inde$ ! !ory ( ! true ,buddhi/4 ,b h[ widely diff]s ! practice f ! !ory8 ,he :o has liv$ = "s "t 9 a ,buddhi/ c\ntry1 & made himself acqua9t$ ) ! intimate habits ( ! p1 w soon discov] t sup]/iti\s ideas1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 sup]/iti\s practices1 are ! spr+ & prime mov] ( all actions f morn+ to night4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,buddhi/ monks diff] n f ! laity2 nay1 !y are (t5 se5 z ! lead]s ( ! p 9 ! p]=mance ( rites at v>iance ) ! t5ets ( _! cre$4 #dh ,?is is a consequ5ce ( ! axiom e/abli%$ by our au?or1 viz41 t ! pr9ciple ( mutability p]vades all ! be+s :i* reside 9 ! ?irty-"o seats allott$ to !m4 ,x _c be suppos$ = a mom5t1 accord+ to ,buddhi/s1 t a be+1 :atev] may be ! am\nt ( 8 m]its & dem]its1 c ev] be plac$ )\t ! pale ( ! influ5ce ( 8 good or bad de$s4 ,x accompanies him 9 all positions1 & causes ! vicissitudes t att5d 8 exi/5ce4 ,x works ^u him 9 hell1 z well z on e>?1 & 9 ! seats ( ,nats & ,brahmas4 ,fixity is to be f\nd n[h]e except 9 go+ out ( ! circle ( exi/5ces1 t is to say1 9 ,neibban4 ,:5 we speak ( exi/5ce 9 a ,buddhi/ic s5se1 we mean a /ate ( be+ 9 any conceivable =m or situation or place4 ,fixity 9 ! enjoym5t ( rew>d or 9 ! und]go+ ( puni%m5t is a contradiction ) ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,buddhism4 ,! aw>d] ( rew>d or puni%m5t is ! above-nam$ influ5ce1 :i* proce$s f ! actions p]=m$1 & 9 its turn allots good or evil 9 exact proportion ) ! cause t has creat$ x4 ,gaudama1 hav+ wilfully & unwilfully ignor$ a fir/ cause f :i* all ! ?+s t exi/ draw _! be+ & life1 has be5 =c$ to all[ to an imag9>y ag5t ! v same attributes :i* belong exclusively to ! supreme be+4 ,on ! rock ( a!ism he has made a sad %ipwreck4 ,ap>t f ?is capital error x is surpris+ to see him ma9ta9+ ) an admirable acut5ess ! exi/5ce ( _m fundam5tal tru?s2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! rew>d ( good actions & ! puni%m5t ( bad ones4 ,) him ! do+ ( evil is ev] att5d$ ) consequ5ces fatal to ! p]petrator1 :il/ ! p]=mance ( good is always accompani$ ) b5eficial results4 ,"o w\ld be incl9$ to believe t ,gaudama has appropriat$ to himself ) a great tact all ! tru?s emanat+ f ! belief 9 a supreme be+2 & :il/ he has1 ) a b>efac$ & impi\s audacity1 d5i$ to ! et]nal au?or ( all ?+s ! v exi/5ce1 he has be5 plac$ "u ! necessity ( acc\nt+1 9 a mo/ unlogical mann]1 = ! exi/5ce ( ?is _w4 #di ,x w p]haps be ( "s int]e/ to a few ( our read]s to m5tion ! names ( ! ?irty-"o seats 9 :i* ,buddhi/s h locat$ all be+s4 ,let u beg9 ) ! l[e/ /ep ( t imm5se ladd]4 ,! f\r fir/ /eps are ! f\r /ates ( puni%m5t4 ,9 !m are to be f\nd liv+ ! un=tunate be+s :o1 pursu$ by ! inflexible law ( _! dem]its1 are doom$ to atone 9 diff]5t ways = ! evil t !y h done4 ,! l[e/ seat is ,nga-yai or hell4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( our planet1 & subdivid$ into eight pr9cipal qu>t]s1 ! la/ ( :i* is call$ ,awidzi4 ,! second /ep ( ! ladd] is occupi$ by ! seat ( ,animals2 ! ?ird by c]ta9 mon/]s call$ ,preittas2 & ! f\r? by ano!r k9d ( inf]ior be+s nam$ ,a?\rikes4 ,^! f\r seats are t5ant$ by be+s :o und]go puni%m5t = ! evil de$s !y h p]=m$4 ,! fif? seat is t ( ,manusa1 or m54 ,! be+s t occupy x are 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y c m]it or dem]it4 ,x may be call$ a position ( probation4 ,above ! seat ( man are ! six seats ( ,nats call$ ,tsadoom>itz1 ,tawade9?a1 ,yama1 ,toocita1 ,niman>ati1 ,p>e-neimittawasawati4 ,! d5iz5s ( ^? seats enjoy ! rew>d aw>d$ to !m = ! p]=mance ( good & m]itori\s ext]ior works4 ,! ?ree places above ^? ( ,nats1 call$ ,brahma-p>isitsa1 ,brahmah-p>au-hita1 ,maha-,brahma1 are occupi$ by ! contemplatives :o h rea*$ ! fir/ /ep ( ,dzan1 or m$itation4 ,! ?ree foll[+1 ,p>eitta-ba1 ,appa-ma-naba1 ,appa-s>a1 are t5ant$ by ! be+s :o h atta9$ ! second degree ( contemplation4 ,! ?ree next to ^? j enum]at$ are3 ,paweitta-s\-ba1 ,appa-mana-s\-ba1 ,s\ba-kannaka4 ,!y are ! abodes ( ! contemplatives :o h asc5d$ to ! ?ird /ep ( m$itation4 ,! two foll[+ /eps ( ! ladd]1 ,wa-happala1 ,a-s\-gna-sat1 are t5ant$ by ! contemplatives ( ! f\r? degree2 & ! five t foll[1 viz41 ,awiha1 ,atabpa1 ,s\-dasa1 ,s\-dasi1 ,agga-nita1 are occupi$ by ! contemplatives ( ! fif? degree2 t is to say1 by ! be+s :o h ent]$ ! ,?oda1 or curr5t ( p]fection1 & :o h qualifi$ !mselves = obta9+ ! /ate ( deliv]ance1 or ,neibban4 ,above ^? seats we f9d ! f\r & la/ abodes ( ,arupa1 )\t =m4 ,!y are call$3 ,akasanitza-yatana1 ,wigniana-witza-yatana1 ,akeitsignia-yatana1 ,newa-?agnia-na?agnia-yatana4 #ej ,! numb] ( tseits or ideas is "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 divid$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! tseits or ideas ( ! be+s z yet "u ! influ5ce ( passion2 !y are nam$ ,kama-wats>a-tseits4 #b4 ,! tseits or ideas peculi> to be+s :o h n z yet be5 able to raise !mselves entirely above mat]iality2 !y are call$ ,rupa-watz>a-tseits4 #c4 ,!re are f\r tseits peculi> to ^? be+s1 :o1 sett+ aside ! co>s] portions ( ?is _w1 laun* =? into ab/ract tru?1 & delight 9 ! contemplation ( ! highe/1 pure/1 & mo/ b\ndless ?+s ! m9d may imag9e4 ,!y are kn[n z ! ideas work+ on :at may be call$ immat]ial1 impalpable objects4 ,! ideas ( ! fir/ s]ies belong to all ! be+s locat$ 9 ! f\r /ates ( puni%m5t1 9 ! seat ( man1 & 9 ! six seats ( ,nats1 t is to say1 9 ! elev5 seats :]e is ! reign ( passions4 ,^? ( ! second s]ies belong to ! be+s locat$ 9 ! sixte5 seats ( ! ,brahmas1 includ+ ^? :o h ent]$ into ! curr5t ( p]fection1 by foll[+ ! f\r ,meggas1 & enjoy+ ! m]its & rew>ds connect$ ) ! condition ( ! p]fect4 ,! ideas ( ! ?ird s]ies are ! happy lot ( ^? sup]ior be+s :o so> high 9 ! regions ( pure spiritualism1 leav+ bel[ !m all ! ?+s t h a ref]5ce to ?is _w1 su* z we see x4 ,! ,ts$a?its1 or results ess5tially connect$ ) ideas1 are fifty-two 9 numb]4 ,! sev5 enum]at$ at ! end ( ?is article are3 contact1 s5sation1 p]ception1 incl9ation1 fixity1 comm& ov] self1 & remembrance3 !y are inh]5t 9 all ideas4 ,six ,ts$a?its are connect$ ) ! act ( p]ception1 viz41 ?\ght1 reflection1 decision1 en]gy1 pleasure1 & lib]ty4 ,f\rte5 o!rs are connect$ ) ! ideas ( dem]its1 viz41 impud5ce1 audacity 9 evil1 un/ead9ess1 concupisc5ce1 pride1 boa/+1 griev\s (f5ce1 envy1 anxiety1 want ( respect1 l[ness ( feel+s1 d\bt or indecision1 covet\sness4 ,! ,ts$a?its connect$ ) m]its are3 affection = all t ref]s to religion1 remembrance ( all t is good1 %ame ( all t is bad1 fe> ( evil1 exemption f concupisc5ce & f ang]1 s]5ity ( s\l1 fre$om f evil incl9ations & evil ?\ghts1 swiftness ( ! body & ( ! m9d1 good habits ( ! body & ( ! s\l1 uprightness 9 ! feel+s & ! ?\ghts1 good words1 good actions1 good behavi\r1 compassion1 joy at ! prosp]ity ( o!rs1 wisdom1 or ! acquirem5t ( ! k ( tru? by reflection4 #ea ,hav+ 9 two previ\s notes expla9$ :at reg>ds ! ideas1 & ! results f or ! ?+s connect$ ) ideas1 we mu/ come to ! ?ird great pr9ciple1 viz41 ,rupa1 or =m1 or matt]1 & /ate fur!r ! curi\s divisions ( our ,burmese metaphysicians4 #a4 ,! =m ( all t is visible is f\nd 9 ! f\r elem5ts3 e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air4 #b4 ,! =m = com+ 9 contact are ! five s5ses1 ! eyes1 ! e>1 ! nose1 ! tongue1 & ! body1 or r ! sk9 ( ! body4 #c4 ,! =m ( ! objects ( ! s5ses is likewise divid$ into five p>ts1 ess5tially connect$ ) ! five above-enum]at$ s5ses4 #d4 ,! =ms peculi> to ! liv+ be+s are ! male & female sexes4 #e4 ,! =ms ( life tak5 ab/ract$ly are ! life ( ! body & ! life ( language or utt]$ words4 #f4 ,! =ms 9 :i* appe>ance exhibits itself are swiftness1 s(tness1 & act+4 #g4 ,! =ms ( ! signs ( be+ are3 ! appe>ance ( be+1 on com+ into be+1 ! rema9+ into be+1 ! fulness ( ! /ate ( be+1 & ! de/ruction ( be+4 ,! la/ great pr9ciple is ,neibban1 t is to say1 ! exemption f ! action ( ! influ5ce orig9at+ f m]its & dem]its1 f ! volitions ( ! m9d1 f ! seasons or "t1 & f n\ri%m5t1 :i* are ! causes ( mutability2 x is ! end ( exi/5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! /ate ( man & t ( o!r rational be+s1 !re are sev]al notions :i* are arrang$ 9 a curi\s mann] "u sev]al heads1 :i* x is ?\ght necess>y to notice z briefly z possible4 #a4 ,! five ,kh&as1 or supports ( man's be+3 mat]iality1 s5sation1 p]ception1 mutability1 & intellect or ?\ght4 #b4 ,! inw>d five ,ayatana1 or seats ( ! s5ses ( see+1 ( he>+1 ( smell+1 ( ta/+1 & ( feel+4 #c4 ,! outw>d five ,ayatana1 or seats ( :at is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 viz41 appe>ance or =m1 s\nd1 od\r1 ta/e1 tangibility1 & idea4 #d4 ,! t5 ,dat1 or con/itutive p>ts ( ! five s5ses1 & ( ! five results ( ! p]ception ( ! five s5ses1 z above enum]at$4 #e4 ,! f\r ,?itsa1 or tru?s3 ! tru? ( ! mis]ies att5d+ exi/5ce2 ! tru? ( concupisc5ce or passions1 ! cause ( all mis]ies2 ! tru? ( ! ,neibban ( passions1 or ! de/ruction ( passions1 ! summit ( :i* is ,neibban1 ! tru? ( ! ,megga or ways to ,neibban4 #f4 ,! tw5ty-two ,indray1 or dispositions or capacities = act+1 viz41 ! capacity ( see+1 he>+1 smell+1 ta/+1 feel+1 ( unit+ "o sex ) ! o!r1 ( ?9k+1 ( enjoy+ peace1 ( be>+ pa91 ( yield+ to ang]1 ( enjoy+ pleasure1 ( rema9+ indiff]5t1 ( us+ ex]tions1 ( be+ att5tive1 ( adh]+ to true doctr9e1 ( putt+ on s5tim5ts ( b5evol5ce1 ( se>*+ aft] wisdom1 ( us+ meekness1 ( ent]+ ! f\r ways ( p]fection1 & ( enjoy+ ! happ9ess result+ f foll[+ ^? ways4 #g4 ,! n9e ,phola1 or rew>ds result+ f walk+ 9 ! pa? ( p]fection are3 int5sity ( b5evol5ce1 ( dilig5ce1 ( att5tion1 ( fixity ( wisdom1 ( %ame ( all t is bad1 ( fe> = all t is bad1 ( dilig5ce 9 avoid+ evil1 & ! fe> ( h>dness 9 s94 #h4 ,! ,megga1 or ways1 are3 good doctr9e1 good ?9k+1 good language1 & good actions4 ,:at foll[s is b a completive ( ! above1 viz41 good conduct1 good dilig5ce1 good att5tion1 & good fixity4 #i4 ,! ,dzan1 or m$itation1 h five p>ts1 viz41 ?\ght ( ! object1 reflection on ! object1 satisfaction result+ !refrom1 affectionate incl9ation = ! object1 fixity 9 ! object4 ,! writ] craves ! read]'s indulg5ce 9 sett+ be=e him su* a dry nom5clature2 b no "o c und]/& ! language ( ,buddhi/ metaphysicians1 unless he has made himself famili> ) ! t]ms !y use1 & ! arbitr>y di/9ctions !y h adopt$4 #eb ,9 ?is latt] "p our au?or cle>ly expla9s 8 op9ion on ?is _w1 t is to say1 on all t exi/s4 ,he /ates at fir/1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t :at we see & p]ceive by means ( our s5ses1 possesses no reality2 x is a m]e illusion4 ,our ignorance ( ! real /ate ( ?+s deceives u1 by mak+ u believe 9 ! reality ( objects t h no?+ b an ephem]al & illusory exi/5ce4 ,he proce$s a little f>!r1 & treats our s5ses 9 l mann]4 ,!y are ! in/rum5ts t procure unto u a g5]al illusion4 ,b ! s5ses1 :at are !y8 ,!y are di/9ct f u4 ,by a /rict analysis we f9d !m to be b a comp\nd ( ! f\r elem5ts1 liable to dissolution & de/ruction4 ,a liv+ be+ has c]ta9 attributes :i* are ! supports ( 8 exi/5ce2 b ^? attributes are equally a comp\nd ( ! elem5ts1 subject$ to ! same modifications ( reproduction & de/ruction & depriv$ ( consi/5ce4 ,! attributes ( ! liv+ be+s be+ dispos$ ( 9 ?is mann]1 ! be+ itself vani%es away4 ,!re rema9 b "n & =m4 ,b does :at we call =m possess a real exi/5ce8 ,und\bt$ly n4 ,x is a m]e phantom1 an illusion4 ,our au?or comes to ! necess>y & f9al consequ5ce t !re is no _w really exi/+4 ,9 fact1 he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( matt] & _s4 ,) su* an abuse ( ! p[]s ( reason+1 !re is no wond] t he looks ^u ,neibban1 or annihilation1 z ! only end to be arriv$ at4 ,man 9 8 op9ion be+ b a comp\nd ( ! f\r elem5ts1 :i* h no real exi/5ce1 _c be himself b an illusion )\t a reality4 ,graci\s ,heav5s6 :at an excess ( m5tal ab]ration w man rea* :5 he is left to himself1 depriv$ ( ! light f above6 ,nev] has ! writ] witness$ su* a total eclipse ( human intellect4 #ec ,! ^w ,talapo91 import$ into ,europe by ! writ+s ( e>ly ,portuguese au?ors 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 d]ives its orig9 probably f two ,pali words1 ,tala-pat1 mean+ ! leaf ( ! palm-tree4 ,^! two words1 c\pl$ toge!r1 are us$ by ! ,siamese to designate ! l>ge fan made ( palm-leaves1 set 9 a sl5d] wood5 frame1 :i* ,talapo9s c>ry ) !m on c]ta9 occasions :5 !y g abroad4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is notice we w indiscrim9ately make use ( ! words ,phongyies1 ,talapo9s1 & ,rahans to designate ! ,buddhi/ religi\s4 #ed ,9 glanc+ ov] ! latt] "p ( ,buddha's life1 ! read] has se5 t ! less important po9ts ( discipl9e h be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion 9 ! e>ly days ( ,buddhism4 ,among ^? po9ts ( dispute & cont5tion 7 ! la/ five articles above enum]at$4 ,! second c\ncil 0 assembl$ = ! purpose ( settl+ w>m disputes :i* di/ract$ ! ,buddhi/ ,?anga1 or ,assembly1 & caus$ great di/urbances4 ,! v5]able ,rasa1 :o liv$ 9 ,we?alie1 a city situat$ on ! ,gunduck1 nor? ( ,hajipoor1 und]took a long j\rney1 z f> z ,kosambi1 = ! express purpose ( w>n+ ! religi\s ( t c\ntry aga9/ ! dang]\s innovations :i* 7 introduc$ by a consid]able body ( ,rahans belong+ to ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ,we?alie4 ,! j\rney 0 c]ta9ly a long "o 9 a we/]n direction4 ,! ru9s ( ! fam\s city ( ,kosambi h be5 discov]$ at a place call$ ,kosam1 ?irty miles above ,allahabad1 on ! ,jumna4 ,!y are mo/ ext5sive1 & at once indicate ! importance t place mu/ h _h 9 ! days ( its prosp]ity4 ,a brok5 pill>1 ! poli%$ %aft ( :i* mu/ h measur$ #cd feet1 is cov]$ ) inscriptions2 x is "o ( ! mo/ important ,buddhi/ relics4 ,x is probably "o ( ^? pill>s erect$ by ,a?oka 9 e "p ( 8 ext5sive dom9ions4 ,x be>s no inscription m anci5t ?an ! second & ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,a simil> "o 0 erect$ at ,prayag1 an anci5t city m5tion$ by ,hw5 ,?sang z be+ situat$ at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,ganges & ! ,jumna1 & f9ally de/roy$ by ! gradual encroa*m5ts ( ! riv]s4 ,! place rema9$ ab&on$ until ! days ( ! ,emp]or ,akhb>1 :o built a =t call$ ,illahabas4 ,! new city receiv$ ! "n ( ,allahabad f ! ,emp]or ,%ah ,jehan4 ,! fam\s pill> call$ ! ,allahabad ,pill> be>s ?ree inscriptions4 ,! fir/ is t ( ,asoka1 #bdj ye>s ,b4,c41 record+ 8 edicts = ! propagation ( ,buddhism2 ! second is t ( ,samudra ,gupta1 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 commemorative ( 8 ext5sive dom9ions2 ! ?ird is t ( ,jehangir1 m5tion+ 8 accession to ! ?rone4 ,! la/ re-sett+ up ( ?is fam\s pill> took place 9 #ahch4 #ee ,among s\!rn ,buddhi/s1 pref]5ce is giv5 to ! yell[ col\r = ! monk's habit4 ,! juice extract$ f ! ,jack-tree wood1 by ! process ( boil+1 supplies ! necess>y +r$i5t = dye+4 #ef ,! writ] does n ?9k x wor? repeat+ ! reasons t induc$ ,gaudama to lay d[n ^? sev]al regulations4 ,!y owe _! orig9 to ! fact t "s individuals contriv$ to be orda9$ ?\gh lab\r+ "u physical defects1 & !reby became a sort ( /&+ disgrace to ! society4 ,x 0 at ! reque/ ( 8 fa!r t ,buddha =bade receiv+ to ord9ation sons :o _h n ! cons5t ( ! p>5ts1 & fix$ tw5ty ye>s z ! age requisite 9 him :o w\ld (f] himself = ! promotion to ! ord] ( ,patz94 ,no slave1 no debtor1 c\ld be orda9$1 because a man 9 su* a condition does n belong to himself1 & _c dispose ( 8 p]son1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t is ! prop]ty ( 8 ma/] & cr$itor4 #eg ,x is probable t ! allusion to ! r$ col\r has a ,?ibetan orig94 ,! ,buddhi/ monks ( t c\ntry h adopt$ ! r$ = _! dress1 9 pref]5ce to ! yell[1 :i* is ! canonical col\r ( ! habit ( all ! monks among ! s\!rn ,buddhi/s4 #eh ,9 ?is "p ( ! regulations ! elect is rem9d$ ( ! primitive condition ( ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,9 imitation ( _! bre?r5 ( ! ,brahm9ical p]suasion1 & also = ! purpose ( liv+ 9 seclusion1 ! ,rahans1 9 ! beg9n+1 7 satisfi$ ) dwell+ 9 huts rais$ at ! foot ( "s tall tree4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ,buddhism ga9$ foot+ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 we see t k+s1 nobles1 & weal?y p]sons vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 erect+ spl5did h\ses = ! use ( ! monks4 ,gaudama himself 0 pres5t$ by ,k+ ,pimpa?>a at ,radzagio ) ! spl5did ,welo[on mona/]y4 ,9 ,?awattie ! ri* man ,anatape9 (f]$ him ! fam\s ,dzetawon mona/]y2 & ! ri* lady ,)aka ( ! same c\ntry gave him1 z a gift1 ! no less spl5did mansion nam$ ,p\ppayon4 ,g5]al ,a4 ,cunn+ham has discov]$ ! ru9s ( ,?awattie1 fifty-eight miles nor? ( ,fyzabad1 on ! ,rapti1 9 a place call$ ,sahet ,mahet1 situat$ betwe5 ,akaona & ,bulrampur1 five miles f ! =m] & twelve f ! latt]4 ,x 0 ! capital ( ,k+ ,pa!nadi1 situat$ 9 nor? ,kosala4 ,9 ! ,leg5d ( ,buddha we h se5 h[ t mon>* 0 dispossess$ ( 8 ?rone by "o ( 8 sons1 & di$ :ile on 8 way to ! capital ( ,adzata?at1 8 son-9-law4 ,! ru9s ( ! r5[n$ ,dzetawon mona/]y h be5 id5tifi$ by means ( ! in=mation suppli$ by ! writ+s ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims we h (t5 m5tion$4 ,! mona/]y 0 di/ant #abjj paces f ! s\!rn gate ( ! city4 ,! sc>cely less fam\s ,p\ppayon mona/]y 0 erect$ to ! ea/ ( ! ,dzetawon4 ,m\nds ( ru9s 9 t v same direction leave no d\bt t 9 _! bosom ! la/ rema9s ( t celebrat$ place are entomb$4 ,x is said t ,gaudama1 be+ fifty-five ye>s old1 began to reside p]man5tly 9 mona/]ies built = him1 & t he sp5t1 out ( ! la/ tw5ty-five seasons1 n9ete5 9 ! ,dzetawon & six 9 ! ,p\ppayon4 ,accord+ to ,hw5 ,?sang1 ! place occupi$ by ! ,dzetawon mona/]y 0 a squ>e1 hav+ #ajjj cubits on ea* face or side4 ,besides ! mona/]y1 !re 7 two temples & two tanks )9 ! enclosure4 #ei ,9 treat+ ( ! precept ( nev] t\*+ wom51 x is add$ 9 ! ,w9i t ?is prohibition ext5ds to "o's own "m2 & ev5 %\ld x happ5 t %e fall into a dit*1 h] son1 if a ,talapo91 mu/ n pull h] out4 ,b 9 case no o!r aid is ne> at h&1 he may (f] h] 8 habit1 or a /ick1 to help h] out2 b at ! same "t he is to imag9e t he is only pull+ out a log ( wood4 #fj ,! ,phongyies pr(ess to h a t5d] compassion = ! life ( animals1 & w\ld n on any acc\nt all[ !mselves to be suspect$ ( hav+ contribut$ to ! kill+ ( an animal = ! sake ( fe$+ on 8 fle%4 ,! writ] has (t5 tak5 a pleasure 9 taunt+ !m on ?is acc\nt :5 he happ5$ to see !m eat+ pieces ( boil$ meat1 by %[+ to !m t _! practice 0 little 9 accordance ) _! !ory4 ,!y always answ]$ t 8!y _h n kill$ ! animal1 ! fle% ( :i* !y 7 eat+2 b _h m]ely receiv$ a piece ( meat t _h no life4 ,z to ! man :o _h depriv$ ! animal ( its life1 he _h c]ta9ly s9n$1 & w\ld suff] = 8 misde$4 ,b t 0 an affair = :i* ! p]petrator ( ! de$ 0 alone answ]able1 & :i* conc]n$ him alone40 ,to ?is answ]1 ( a r ela/ic nature1 ! writ] jocosely repli$ t 8if !re 0 no eat] ( meat !re w\ld be no kill] ( animals2 & t1 9 8 op9ion1 if s9 !re 01 bo? _h a %>e 9 x40 ,:]eupon ! yell[-dress$ int]locutors inv>iably laugh$1 & feel+ t !y /ood on insecure gr\nd1 adroitly *ang$ ! subject ( conv]sation4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,phongyies believe t x is s9ful to kill animals1 b at ! same "t !y confess t x is difficult1 nay1 almo/ impossible1 to live 9 ?is _w )\t committ+ su* a trespass4 #fa ,! writ]1 :5 he visit$ ,bhamo two ye>s ago1 _h ! opportunity ( witness+ a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! above ass]tion4 ,liv+ 9 a f9e & sub/antial dzeat1 9 ! vic9ity ( a l>ge pagoda1 he rem>k$ an eld]ly ,burmese woman com+ e morn+ ) "s fl[]s1 :i* %e respectfully deposit$ 9 front ( a ni*e t5ant$ by a huge m>ble idol4 ,%e 0 poorly dress$1 b h] mi5 & c\nt5ance indicat$ t %e _h se5 bett] days4 ,ent]+ into conv]sation ) h]1 ! writ] le>n$ f h] t %e 0 ! wid[ ( a weal?y man :o _h be5 ! pr9cipal writ] ( ! gov]nor4 ,h] husb& _h sp5t twelve ?\s& rupees 9 build+ ! pagoda 9 front ( u & ! dzeat1 & _h j di$ :5 ! "w 0 complet$1 leav+ to h] & h] only daught] no?+ b ! h\se !y n[ dwelt 94 ,%e 0 )\t any means ( support4 ,hav+ be5 ask$ :e!r %e did n feel "s regret t no?+ _h be5 left = h] subsi/5ce1 & :e!r %e did n ?9k h] husb& w\ld h behav$ bett] 9 be/[+ "o-half ( 8 money = religi\s purposes & keep+ ! o!r half = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 family1 ! old lady g5tly smil$1 & said1 )\t hesitation or %[+ ! lea/ sign ( rep9+1 t h] husb& _h act$ v well & = ! be/2 t %e & h] daught]1 by _! ex]tions1 w\ld always be able to support !mselves 9 _! humble & poor condition4 ,9 _m places ! travell]'s eyes are attract$ by ! sight ( a l(ty & roomy kiaong1 adorn$ ) f9e c>v+s4 ,:5 he inquires ab\t ! individual ^: pi\s lib]ality has erect$ t edifice1 he is surpris$ & a/oni%$ to see him liv+ 9 ! poor & wret*$ h\se :i* is po9t$ out to him4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london