,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,notes ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,swine1 ,,sheep1 ,,poultry ,,and ,,the ,,dog ,cause1 ,symptoms and ,treatments ,,by ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4,s4 ,graduate of the ,ontario ,veterinary ,college1 in affiliation with the ,university of ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,hon4 ,member of the ,ontario ,veterinary ,medical ,society4 ,ex4 ,state ,veterinarian for ,oregon4 ,ex4 ,president of the ,oregon ,state ,veterinary ,medical ,board of ,examiners4 ,author of 8,the ,veterinarian04 ,principal of the ,veterinary ,science ,association of ,america4 ,sixteen years of ,practical ,experience as a ,veterinary ,surgeon4 ,illustration3 ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,copyright #aiag by the ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,chapter ,i4 ,diseases of ,swine1 ,cause1 ,symptoms and ,treatment #f ,chapter ,,ii4 ,diseases of ,sheep and ,goats1 ,cause1 ,symptoms and ,treatment #cg ,chapter ,,iii4 ,diseases of ,poultry1 ,cause1 ,symptoms and ,treatment #fj ,chapter ,,iv4 ,diseases of the ,dog1 ,cause1 ,symptoms and ,treatment #he ,,table ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,points of ,swine #c ,points of ,sheep #ce ,points of ,poultry #eh ,points of the ,dog #hc ,,diseases ,,of ,,swine ,illustration ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,illustration3 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,swine4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,swine #a4 ,mouth4 #b4 ,nostrils4 #c4 ,face4 #d4 ,eyes4 #e4 ,ears4 #f4 ,jaws4 #g4 ,jowl4 #h4 ,neck4 #i4 ,shoulder4 #aj4 ,fore flanks4 #aa4 ,chest floor4 #ab4 ,pasterns4 #ac4 ,dew claws4 #ad4 ,sheath4 #ae4 ,belly4 #af4 ,side or ribs4 #ag4 ,heart girth4 #ah4 ,back4 #ai4 ,loin4 #bj4 ,rump4 #ba4 ,coupling4 #bb4 ,rear flanks4 #bc4 ,tail4 #bd4 ,thigh4 #be4 ,hocks4 ,,preface ,this chapter on diseases of swine has been written with the purpose of placing in the hands of ,students and the ,veterinary ,profession1 a book of practical worth2 hence1 all unnecessary technical language or terms have been eliminated and only such language used as all may read and understand4 ,the treatment recommended in each disease is one ,i have used and found efficient in my many years of practice as a ,veterinary ,surgeon4 ,if my readers will study the following chapter carefully1 they will save much unnecessary loss to the swine industry and be of great value to the community in which they reside4 ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,hog ,,regulator ,,and ,,tonic4 ,nux ,vomica1 one pound2 ,hardwood ,charcoal1 two pounds2 ,sulphur1 two pounds2 ,common ,salt1 three pounds2 ,sulphide of ,antimony1 one and one-half pounds2 ,glauber ,salts1 two pounds2 ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 four pounds2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 four pounds2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 one pound2 ,quassia1 one-half pound2 ,gentian ,root1 one pound2 ,iron ,sulphate1 one pound2 pulverize and mix well4 ,to every one hundred pounds of hog weight1 give one tablespoonful in feed or swill once or twice daily4 ,for hogs weighing two hundred pounds1 the dose would be two tablespoonfuls2 for a hog weighing fifty pounds1 one-half tablespoonful4 ,hogs1 like other animals1 require tonics1 bowel regulators and worm expellers4 ,for these purposes1 ,i have prescribed under a number of the diseases of hogs1 which ,i cover in this chapter1 the above general tonic and regulator which ,i have used in my personal practice with marked success1 especially serving the purpose of aiding hogs in the convalescence from debilitating diseases and in their recovery from a general run-down condition4 ,aside from its general tonic and regulative effect1 this prescription contains nerve tonics1 intestinal antiseptics1 laxatives1 worm expellers1 and aids digestion1 etc4 ,if regularly given to hogs1 and sanitary conditions are maintained1 this tonic and regulator will largely fortify them against contagious diseases4 ,,abortion4 ,,cause4--,sows may abort at any state of pregnancy by slipping1 falling1 receiving kicks1 or by being caught while crawling through or under fences4 ,sows may also abort when allowed to crawl into quarters where there are other hogs4 ,contagious diseases1 such as ,cholera and ,pleuropneumonia also produce abortion4 ,there is also a contagious form of abortion in sows1 but this is very uncommon1 as the disease spreads very slowly4 ,,symptoms4--,there is no warning given1 as a rule2 the sows expel their pigs before any signs of abortion are noticed4 ,in other cases the sows refuse to eat1 become uneasy1 shivering and trembling of the muscles1 and straining or labor pains are noticed4 ,as a rule1 when a sow aborts1 she will not prepare a bed1 as she would normally4 ,,treatment4--,preventive is the only safe and sure treatment1 although when the first signs of abortion appear1 and there are no signs of the membranes coming away1 remove the sow to quiet1 warm1 clean quarters by herself1 and if straining1 give one dram of ,chloral-,hydrate in her drinking water every two or three hours4 ,when a sow aborts1 burn the pigs and afterbirth1 and disinfect the pens with a ,coal ,tar disinfectant4 ,keep this up for several days1 and do not breed until all discharges from the vagina have ceased flowing4 ,,administration ,,of ,,medicine ,,to ,,hogs4 ,to administer medicine to hogs may seem easy1 but1 nevertheless1 it is a difficult task4 ,never lay a hog on his back to drench him1 as in so doing there is great danger of strangling4 ,the proper method is to stand or set him on end1 holding him up by the ears1 and by the use of a bottle with a piece of hose drawn over its neck1 give the medicine very slowly1 so as not to allow a large quantity to accumulate in the mouth or throat at one time4 ,there is always danger of some of the liquid escaping into the lungs and causing the hog to strangle1 and thus it may produce pneumonia4 ,however1 this is the best method of giving hogs medicine by force4 ,hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or drinking water1 unless they are very sick1 or the medicine is extremely disagreeable to the taste4 ,,bag ,,inflammation4 ,,cause4--,injuries1 obstructed teats1 accumulation of milk in the sow's bag after the loss of part or all of her litter4 ,difficult birth1 slight wounds in the bag permit invasion of germs1 which is frequently the common cause of bag inflammation4 ,,symptoms4--,heat1 pain and swelling in one or more teats4 ,the general body temperature is elevated one or two degrees above normal4 ,the sow perhaps refuses her feed1 although she will drink water in large quantities4 ,,treatment4--,feed soft1 sloppy food and vegetables4 ,give ,epsom ,salts1 two to four ounces1 in milk or feed4 ,it is also well to milk the sow by hand1 relieving her of the milk three or four times a day4 ,this is very necessary4 ,camphorated ,oil is very soothing1 and ,i would recommend its use freely over affected teats4 ,,black ,,tooth4 ,,cause4--,black ,tooth1 so called in swine1 is principally due to injuries to the teeth received by chewing hard matter1 such as bone1 etc41 which causes them to decay4 ,,symptoms4--,toothache4 ,toothache in swine is similar to that exhibited by man1 in showing loss of appetite1 salivation1 or slobbering1 hanging the head mostly to the side which is affected1 loss of fear of man1 and offensive breath4 ,if the hogs are fed on strongly acid food for any length of time1 their teeth may become dark colored4 ,as the teeth are not materially injured1 so long as decayed tooth substance cannot be noticed1 and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog do not appear to be diminished1 no interference will be necessary4 ,it is customary with some people to examine the teeth of hogs1 and if one tooth is found darker colored than the others1 it is supposed to be the cause of the hog not doing well1 if he is in poor condition1 and the tooth is hammered off flush with the jaw1 leaving the broken roots1 lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's suffering4 ,if the hog recovers1 it is often concluded that this was a case of ,black ,tooth4 ,my advice is1 if you are determined to have the tooth out1 extract it properly4 ,do not break it off4 ,when your hogs are not thriving1 give them the regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,,blood ,,poisoning4 7,pyemia ,septicemia7 ,,cause4--,due to the toxic substance produced by germs that invade wounds1 bruises1 abscesses1 or womb following farrowing1 if lacerated4 ,,symptoms4--,the seat of injury becomes swollen1 pus may adhere to the hair1 temperature elevated1 appetite poor1 hog moves about very slowly1 becomes separated from the rest of the drove1 lies around in some cool1 quiet place1 eventually becomes very weak and poor and dies1 if good attention is not given4 ,,treatment4--,separate from the other hogs and remove to a clean1 comfortable place and wash the seat of injury with some good disinfectant1 as a five per cent ,carbolic ,acid solution4 ,in cases of abscess1 open it low so as to assure good drainage4 ,keep clean1 cool water before your hogs at all times4 ,give mashes made from wheat bran and hot water1 or any good substantial food that is easily digested containing regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,,bronchitis4 ,,cause4--,lung worms1 poorly ventilated sleeping quarters1 sleeping in straw stacks1 in manure heaps1 over-heated1 filthy pens1 where the animals inhale irritating gases given off the bodies of other hogs1 and from filth4 ,smoke and dust are very common producers of bronchitis4 ,,symptoms4--,breathing fast1 appetite poor1 slight rise in temperature and coughing4 ,the hog is dull and stupid1 refuses food1 but drinks water frequently4 ,,treatment4--,preventive2 avoid the above named causes1 but when hogs become affected1 move them to clean1 well ventilated quarters1 avoiding dust and gases1 disinfect bedding and floors with some good disinfectant1 as ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 sprayed4 ,also give large doses of the hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,feed vegetables1 or any easily digested food1 and hot wheat bran mashes4 ,in case the disease is due to lung worms1 confine the animals in a closed shed and permit them to inhale the steam from ,turpentine and water for a few minutes1 by placing water and ,turpentine in a tin receptacle holding about two gallons1 and inserting heated bricks or stones into the solution4 ,,castration4 ,this is generally understood by every stockraiser1 yet there are some points many do not know4 ,for instance1 you should use in this operation an antiseptic solution1 as ,carbolic ,acid or ,bichloride of ,mercury4 ,wash thoroughly with antiseptic your hands and knife1 also the seat of operation and make your incision as low as possible to permit the pus to drain out nicely4 ,if this is not practiced1 the pus will become absorbed into the blood1 producing blood poison1 which may produce death1 or at the best will cause the hog to become stunted1 whereas1 if the operation is performed properly1 the hog will thrive1 regardless of the shock from the operation4 ,i may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or hogs when their stomachs or intestines are empty1 and it is always good practice to feed laxative and easily digested foods sparingly after this operation4 ,,choking4 ,,cause4--,vegetables such as potatoes1 etc41 roots1 as carrots1 turnips and sometimes pieces of bone or glass1 lodge in the gullet4 ,paralysis of the muscular fibres of the gullet is a very common cause of choking in swine4 ,,symptoms4--,the hog is unable to swallow1 producing a frothing at the mouth and1 if the obstruction cannot be dislodged1 death occurs in a very short time4 ,sometimes the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from the outside with the hand4 ,,treatment4--,the administration of small doses of ,raw ,linseed or ,olive ,oil1 or ,lard1 will assist in dislodging the obstruction4 ,also careful manipulation of the gullet from the outside with the hand assists in either forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through hog's mouth4 ,if vomiting can be produced1 it will dislodge the obstruction4 ,if immediate results are not obtained from the above treatments1 ,i would recommend butchering the hog for meat immediately4 ,,cold ,,in ,,the ,,head4 7,nasal ,catarrh7 ,,cause4--,exposure to cold2 a very common condition in cold1 wet weather when hogs are allowed to sleep in manure heaps1 straw stacks1 or pile up together1 when they become over-heated and later chill4 ,nasal ,catarrh may also be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal is stupid and feverish1 coughing and sneezing frequently2 appetite is poor1 eyes watery and inflamed2 a discharge of mucus from the nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose1 if examined1 is found to be inflamed and ulcerated4 ,,treatment4--,the best and safest treatment is to provide clean sleeping quarters1 avoid overcrowding in dusty1 dirty sheds1 especially during cold weather4 ,pigs affected with cold in the head should be fed on laxative food1 such as boiled carrots1 potatoes1 apples1 hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,confine the affected hogs to a shed1 close windows and doors and any large cracks2 then compel them to inhale steam from the following mixture3 ,turpentine1 eight ounces2 ,pine ,tar1 one pint2 ,water1 two gallons4 ,place in tin receptacle in center of shed and heat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixture occasionally4 ,compel the hogs to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes twice a day4 ,give chlorate of ,potash in twenty grain doses three times a day in feed or drinking water4 ,this treatment is very successful if the inflammation has not extended to the lungs4 ,,diarrhoea ,,in ,,young ,,pigs4 7,scours7 ,,cause4--,decomposed foods1 slops1 etc41 fed to the mothers1 causing them to give toxic milk4 ,poorly ventilated1 filthy1 cold and damp pens1 insufficient exercise1 lack of sunlight1 raising pigs by hand or with other sow4 ,,symptoms4--,frequent movement of the bowels1 the passage being of a grayish-white color and the odor very disagreeable4 ,at this stage of the disease1 reliable remedies must be given or the pig will die very soon4 ,the discharge from the bowels becomes very thin1 the tail and legs become soiled1 loss of appetite1 the pigs become weak and dull1 hair rough and it is difficult for them to move about4 ,in very young pigs1 treatment is of little value4 ,,treatment4--,as ,scours in pigs is a disease frequently caused by faulty food and insanitary surroundings1 a preventive treatment is of great importance1 and much better results are thus obtained than by the use of medical agents4 ,medical treatment consists in first cleaning away the irritant present in the bowels4 ,for this purpose give one to two teaspoonfuls of ,castor ,oil4 ,at the time of farrowing all sows should receive a light diet and be kept in clean1 dry quarters4 ,the pigs should be allowed pure air1 sunshine and exercise4 ,if the sow appears hot and feverish1 give one to three ounces of ,castor ,oil in milk or swill4 ,avoid feeding decomposed1 moldy food1 or sour milk4 ,to check the diarrhoea in pigs1 use the following after the irritant is removed or cleaned out as above stated3 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 thirty grains2 ,protan1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two ounces4 ,make into sixty capsules or powders and give one1 three or four times a day4 ,the sow should receive a dose about eight times the size of that of the pigs4 ,,hog ,,cholera4 7,swine ,fever7 ,,cause4--,by the ,bacillus ,sius2 contaminated food1 stagnant water1 filth1 etc41 all have a tendency to aid its progress4 ,i have seen farms1 although located in sections where ,cholera was prevalent1 not in the least troubled with the malady1 perhaps due to careful feeding of clean foods1 care in watering1 cleanliness about the pens and sheds and disinfecting occasionally1 but no doubt a better explanation is that those hogs received tonics1 containing worm expellers1 at least four times a year4 ,many a case of supposed ,hog ,cholera is due to worms irritating and producing inflammation of the intestines1 followed by diarrhoea4 ,a person not familiar with the disease calls this 8hog cholera40 ,in other cases1 hogs which are fed swills from restaurants1 hotels1 etc41 containing soap1 washing powders1 small particles of glass1 etc41 will die with symptoms leading a person to think they had ,hog ,cholera1 but if a thorough investigation is made the true cause of death can easily be discovered4 ,,symptoms4--,in true ,hog ,cholera1 the temperature will be elevated two to four degrees above normal4 ,there will be a loss of appetite1 vomiting1 diarrhoea1 although there may be constipation when the hog is first affected4 ,the hog wanders off by itself to some cool1 quiet place and lies down4 ,when it walks it will stagger and show great stiffness in its hind parts1 due to soreness of the intestines4 ,the hair will have a roughened appearance1 the back arched1 the eyes inflamed and discharging pus1 red blotches will show themselves back of the ears1 inside the legs and on the abdomen4 ,at this stage the diarrhoea is watery1 dark and tinged with blood1 and very offensive in odor1 breathing is very fast and labored4 ,the hog grows very weak and dies4 ,,treatment4--,prevention must always be borne in mind4 ,do not feed filthy food4 ,always feed good1 wholesome food1 and give clean water to drink4 ,watch the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feeding4 ,burn manure and bedding and disinfect carefully4 ,do not permit your hogs to drink out of running streams of water1 especially if ,hog ,cholera is in your neighborhood4 ,when buying hogs1 it is well to keep them off by themselves for two or three weeks1 as they may be diseased4 ,do not permit neighbors1 their stock or dogs on premises when ,hog ,cholera is raging1 as the infection of ,hog ,cholera can be spread very rapidly by matter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of man1 to the feet of stock and hogs1 etc4 ,i am positive that if this method were properly practiced by all hog raisers and feeders1 ,hog ,cholera would be a very rare disease4 ,,serum ,,treatment4--,this is successful in some cases1 and in others unsuccessful4 ,the latter perhaps is due to poor serums1 or the disease being so far advanced in its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery4 ,serum treatment is very expensive and1 as it requires a strictly septic operation of injecting the serum1 the average hog raiser or grower is not qualified to administer the treatment properly4 ,an additional and necessary expense is the services of a ,veterinary ,surgeon4 ,therefore1 ,i strongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated4 ,use some good disinfectant1 such as ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 which destroys the ,bacillus of ,hog ,cholera4 ,also administer hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,this will expel worms1 tone the system1 regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against ,hog ,cholera4 ,,indigestion4 ,,cause4--,worms are perhaps one of the most common causes4 ,unwholesome1 irritating food or swill containing soap or washing powder have a tendency to derange the process of digestion4 ,,symptoms4--,abdominal pain1 vomiting1 back arched1 breathing rapid and temperature elevated from two to three degrees4 ,there may be diarrhoea or the animal may be constipated4 ,vomiting1 as a rule1 relieves acute attacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels4 ,when it takes a chronic form1 the hogs become stunted4 ,,treatment4--,endeavor to find out the cause and remove it4 ,if constipated1 give ,calomel1 fifteen to twenty grains1 or1 if diarrhoea appears1 give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,feed with hot wheat bran mashes4 ,this will expel all worms and aid digestion4 ,,jaundice4 7,yellows7 ,,cause4--,liver flukes1 intestinal worms1 gall stones1 lack of exercise1 overfeeding1 or a stoppage of the bile duct4 ,,symptoms4--,the white portions of the eyes take on a yellow color1 as do the membranes of the mouth1 back arched1 hair looks rough1 vomiting1 temperature elevated1 constipation1 although diarrhoea is sometimes noticed4 ,the urine is passed frequently1 and is of a dark amber color4 ,,treatment4--,this disease requires careful feeding and plenty of exercise4 ,give ,calomel1 ten to twenty grains1 then follow with large doses of regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it is important in this disease1 especially if due to worms4 ,feed clean swill and vegetables4 ,give hogs all the pure water they will drink4 ,,kidney ,,congestion4 ,,cause4--,hogs are subject to various injuries about the kidneys1 due to a large number of hogs piling up1 exposure to cold1 wet rains1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,small quantities of dark colored urine are passed frequently1 appetite poor1 no energy to move about4 ,hogs lie around a great deal2 at times they may be paralyzed and drag their hind quarters4 ,,treatment4--,apply cloths or blankets wrung out of hot water over the loin2 also give ,potassium ,acetate in twenty grain doses four or five times a day in drinking water4 ,feed soft1 sloppy food1 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,it contains nerve stimulants1 just what is required in paralysis4 ,,kidney ,,worm4 ,,cause4--,damp1 filthy surroundings seem to favor the growth of embryos of this worm4 ,they are taken into the digestive canal with the food and eventually pass to the region of the kidneys1 where they find conditions favorable in which to multiply4 ,,symptoms4--,may produce paralysis of the hind quarters1 in which case the animal would not exhibit such marked tenderness on being pressed over the loins with the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hind quarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins4 ,occasionally hogs may suffer from the presence of one or more worms in the kidneys2 but the ailment is rarely fatal1 becoming so only after a long time of suffering resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys4 ,it is almost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys of hogs1 except by chance through a microscopic examination of the urine4 ,if worms are found in the kidneys of a hog that has died or has been slaughtered for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other hogs of the same herd not acting normal are infected with worms of the same species4 ,,treatment4--,teaspoonful doses of ,turpentine in milk three times a week is the only treatment ,i could recommend4 ,preventive measures is the only practical method of treating a disease of this nature4 ,give your hogs pure water and food4 ,disinfect pens occasionally and keep them clean4 ,,lice ,,on ,,hogs4 ,dip1 spray or scrub your hogs with some good ,coal ,tar disinfectant1 but whatever remedy is used it should be applied more than once which1 of course1 causes considerable work where there is a large number of hogs infested1 unless dipped1 which is more quickly done4 ,the reason for repeated applications being necessary is that although the lice which hogs pick up from the ground1 bedding and rubbing places1 may be killed by first application1 it often does not affect the nits1 which remain intact and hatch within a week or ten days4 ,a new crop of ,lice appears on the hog from this source4 ,remove all manure and bedding from pens and sheds and burn it4 ,disinfect floors and spray sides of shed1 pens and rubbing places with disinfectants1 one part to seventy-two parts of water1 once a month and you will be handsomely repaid for your labor4 ,,lung ,,fever4 7,inflammation of the ,lungs7 ,,cause4--,sudden changes1 exposure to storms1 piling up of hogs during cold nights1 or sleeping in manure heaps1 old straw stacks1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,pig or hog is taken with shivering spells1 is stupid1 his back is arched1 loss of appetite1 temperature elevated two to four degrees above normal1 short hurried breathing1 generally accompanied with cough1 which is deep and hoarse4 ,as a rule the hog is constipated4 ,,treatment4--,place in good1 clean1 warm1 well ventilated quarters1 free from drafts4 ,keep water before them at all times1 adding ,saltpeter1 one teaspoonful to every gallon of water4 ,if constipated1 do not give physics2 give injections of soap and warm water2 also administer about one-half teaspoonful of ,pine ,tar on the tongue with a wooden paddle4 ,this adheres to the tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellent results1 as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing4 ,during the convalescent stage1 give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,lung ,,worms4 ,,cause4--,by thread-like worms varying in length from one-half to one and one-half inches and of brownish-white color4 ,they are found in the windpipe and tubes leading into the lungs4 ,the adult worms in the lungs produce large quantities of eggs1 which are coughed up with mucus and become scattered over premises where other hogs are permitted to walk4 ,the hogs inhale the dust containing the eggs into their lungs1 where the eggs find moisture sufficient for their development4 ,,symptoms4--,severe coughing spells4 ,large quantities of mucus will escape from the nose and mouth4 ,the hog becomes stunted1 although he may eat fairly well1 but if not relieved1 the worms collect in the ,bronchi and produce sudden death due to suffocation4 ,the worms may set up an inflammation of the lining membranes of the lungs1 which is sometimes taken for ,swine ,plague1 or ,cholera4 ,this disease is not uncommon1 especially in old1 filthy1 poorly drained hog houses and pastures4 ,,treatment4--,confine the affected hogs to a shed2 close the windows and doors and any large cracks1 then compel the hogs to inhale steam from the following mixture3 ,turpentine1 eight ounces2 ,pine ,tar1 one pint2 ,water1 two gallons4 ,place in tin receptacle in center of the shed and heat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixture occasionally4 ,compel them to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes twice a day4 ,feed wholesome food to which add hog tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,a strong1 vigorous hog may have worms1 but it retains its vitality so long as it is well fed4 ,,mange4 ,,cause4--,by the ,sarcoptes ,scabei4 ,this parasite burrows under the outer surface of the skin4 ,,symptoms4--,the parasite usually manifests itself on the skin under the armpits1 thighs and inside of the fore legs4 ,at first small red blotches or pimples appear1 and these gradually spread as the parasites multiply and burrow under the skin4 ,,treatment4--,there is no other way of curing this disease1 or of preventing it1 than by killing the parasites and their eggs2 not only on the pigs themselves1 but also on the sides of the pens1 sheds1 rubbing-posts1 or anything that an affected hog rubs against4 ,when treating this disease1 the real aim must be to kill the parasite by the prompt and continuous use of external remedies1 such as washing or dipping1 which is better done with some good disinfectant1 one part to seventy parts water4 ,repeat this every ten days until cured4 ,two dippings are generally sufficient4 ,it is well to feed cooling foods1 such as clean slops and vegetables1 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,navel ,,rupture4 7,navel or ,umbilical7 ,,cause4--,injuries4 ,pigs crowding through narrow doorways or openings in fences1 small pigs sleeping with large pigs1 and allowed to pile up1 or being thrown about feed troughs when feeding4 ,weakness and constipation also predisposes them to ,navel or ,umbilical ,rupture4 ,,symptoms4--,a soft1 puffy swelling about the navel or umbilicus1 varying in size from a hazelnut to that of an ostrich egg4 ,when a pig is placed on its back the intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity1 providing the intestines have not adhered to the walls of the rupture4 ,,treatment4--,this is more difficult than the ,scrotal or ,inguinal ,rupture operation1 as often times the intestines will adhere to the inner surface of the rupture and1 unless the operation is carefully performed1 there is great danger4 ,great care must be exercised in preparing the pig by fasting it for twenty-four hours4 ,after this is accomplished1 prepare an antiseptic solution1 ,carbolic ,acid1 five per cent1 or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one in one-thousandths2 also have a needle and absorbent silk or cat-gut ready4 ,place the pig on its back1 with its head downward4 ,now1 wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution4 ,then make an incision through the skin carefully2 as stated before1 intestines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rupture4 ,if such is the case1 wash the hands in the antiseptic solution and with the fingers carefully break the adhesions or separate the intestines from their adhesions4 ,after this is accomplished1 sew the inner lining of the abdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut4 ,then sew the outer skin with cotton or linen cord and your operation is complete4 ,feed the hog sparingly for a few days following the operation on easily digested1 laxative foods4 ,,nettle ,,rash4 7,urticaira7 ,,cause4--,irritations of the skin produced by sprinkling hogs with irritating solutions and powders1 or from irritating dips when treating for lice1 etc4 ,feeding highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to this disease2 also filth1 poorly drained sheds and pens2 is especially common in young pigs4 ,nettle ,rash is not contagious1 but what produces it in one hog may produce it in several at the same time4 ,,symptoms4--,red1 swollen blotches appear on the skin very suddenly1 especially about the ears and the inside of the thighs1 perhaps due to the skin being thin and deprived of hair4 ,the hog rubs account of the intense itching1 and he will not thrive when in this condition4 ,in most cases there is a fluid oozing from the blotches1 causing dirt and filth to adhere to the hair4 ,however1 if the disease is properly treated1 a recovery is sure to follow in about two weeks4 ,,treatment4--,prevention against this disease is most important1 and it consists in keeping shoats and pigs in clean1 well ventilated sheds and pens4 ,do not sprinkle them with irritating solutions or powders1 or irritating dips1 but when the disease once shows itself give each pig or hog affected a dose of ,epsom ,salts1 one ounce to every twenty-five pounds of hog weight1 in feed1 swill or drinking water4 ,if the weather is hot1 keep them in a clean1 cool place1 also purify their blood by feeding regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,apply some good ,coal ,tar disinfectant1 one part to one hundred parts of water4 ,this is non-irritating1 and will destroy hog lice1 and will heal the pustules of nettle rash4 ,apply twice ten days apart4 ,it also must be borne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be disinfected2 the old bedding and manure burned and replaced with good1 clean straw or hay4 ,feed easily digested food1 slops1 etc4 ,,paralysis ,,of ,,the ,,hind ,,quarters4 ,,cause4--,there are a great many things that may produce paralysis of the hind quarters4 ,for instance1 shipping hogs in crates2 fractions of thigh bones2 ,rickets1 due to feeding food that is deficient in mineral matter2 hogs piling up2 kicks or injuries to the back2 frequently seen in sows nursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down condition4 ,constipation and indigestion also produce paralysis of the hind quarters4 ,some think it is caused by worms in the kidneys2 this is not always the case4 ,it is true that the presence of a parasite around the kidneys may cause irritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in paralysis4 ,yet1 it is more often the result of weakness and loss of nervous power of the hind parts4 ,,symptoms4--,regardless of the cause1 the symptoms in either case1 for they cannot be distinguished1 are weakness of the back1 wriggling of the hind parts1 and finally the hogs sit down on their haunches4 ,after some effort1 they get up and run in a straight line quite fast1 but swing to one side for a while and then go over to the other side1 and finally get down so that they cannot rise1 but drag themselves about4 ,the appetite is good until a day or two before they die4 ,,treatment4--,place the hog in clean1 comfortable quarters1 with plenty of fresh water to drink4 ,give sour milk1 fruit or vegetables1 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it contains nerve stimulants and blood purifiers4 ,if the hog is constipated1 add two to four ounces of ,epsom ,salts to its feed4 ,treatment of all such cases requires perseverance1 recovery being slow and not always certain4 ,,piles4 7,prolapse of the ,anus7 ,,cause4--,although the pig may look well1 he has a weakness of the circular fibres of the intestines1 due to irritating foods that either constipate or produce diarrhoea4 ,,symptoms4--,very plain4 ,a protrusion of the rectum all the way from two to four inches4 ,the pig irritates the protrusion by rubbing it against the sides of pens1 etc42 it cracks1 bleeds and in warm weather will become fly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities4 ,,treatment4--,in the first stages of this disease1 wash the protruded parts with an antiseptic solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,give rectal injections of ,soap and ,warm ,water or ,sweet ,oil1 give about two ounces of ,castor ,oil internally and feed soft1 sloppy food4 ,in chronic cases of long standing1 remove the exposed portion of the intestine after washing nicely with the antiseptic solution4 ,remove the protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end of intestine edges to the anus4 ,feed easily digested food1 such as wheat bran1 mixed with flaxseed meal on which boiling hot water has been poured1 cooling before feeding4 ,also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,pin ,,worms4 ,,cause4--,hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well matured embryonic worms with their food or drinking water4 ,these worms multiply very rapidly in the small intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length4 ,,symptoms4--,no signs are noticed unless the worms are very abundant1 as they are small and difficult to see with the naked eye4 ,the principal point of attack is in the back part of the small intestines1 where considerable inflammation is set up1 especially when there are other worms1 such as the ,roundworm1 present4 ,,treatment4--,is of little value1 as the worms in the intestines are very difficult to get at1 but as their presence causes very little disturbance1 it is hardly worth while treating2 however1 preventive measures should be applied by disinfecting1 burning manure and bedding4 ,the following has proven a very effective treatment for ,pinworms3 ,powdered ,quassia1 one pound2 ,sulphur1 two pounds2 ,glauber ,salts1 one pound2 ,powdered ,tobacco1 one-half pound2 ,sulphide of ,antimony1 one pound2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two pounds2 ,beechwood ,charcoal1 one pound2 ,common ,salt1 two pounds4 ,the above must be well powdered and thoroughly mixed4 ,give one heaping teaspoonful to every one hundred pounds of hog weight4 ,to small pigs1 give doses in proportion to weight4 ,place it in their feed or slop twice a day4 ,in addition to being a vermifuge1 it is an alterative and tonic that should be given pigs and hogs which do not thrive properly4 ,best results are obtained in treatment of ,pinworm when the principal food consists of vegetables1 mashes and slops4 ,,pleurisy4 ,,cause4--,exposure to cold1 damp1 chilly weather1 especially to drafts1 or by a large number of hogs being allowed to pile up during cold nights1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,chilling1 temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal2 breathing fast4 ,the hog will show great pain when pressed over the lungs by flinching1 squealing or grunting2 couching suppressed1 ribs rigid2 breathing mostly with the muscles of the flanks2 appetite poor and eventually there will be fluids accumulate in the lung cavities4 ,at this stage1 the breathing is labored and difficult4 ,if the ear is pressed over the lungs1 the fluids can be heard1 and in the first stage the sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair between the finger and thumb4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause4 ,the treatment is satisfactory if applied in due time4 ,place in clean1 comfortable shed1 seeing that it is well ventilated1 omit drafts2 apply equal parts of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 ,turpentine and ,sweet ,oil over the lungs and give two or four ounces of ,castor ,oil in milk4 ,feed easily digested food1 such as hot wheat bran mashes1 containing hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it is also well to feed vegetables4 ,,rheumatism4 ,,cause4--,exposure1 as in cold1 damp houses4 ,overfeeding also has a tendency to cause swellings of the joints and muscles4 ,,symptoms4--,lameness of one or more limbs1 swelling of the joints about the legs and feet4 ,the hog does not care to move1 refusing its feed in most cases3 temperature slightly elevated2 breathing quick and short2 he will drink water frequently if offered4 ,,treatment4--,i am of opinion that ,rheumatism in hogs would be a very rare disease if they were properly provided with clean1 dry quarters1 with a liberal quantity of bedding4 ,do not allow hogs to pile up1 as it is very injurious to them4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,consists of feeding sloppy food to which add one-half dram of ,sodium ,salicylate two or three times a day in their feed4 ,vegetables and green grass are very beneficial in this disease1 as they have a cooling effect on the blood4 ,the hog tonic and regulator recommended on first page of this chapter is very beneficial when given with food of a sloppy nature4 ,,rickets4 ,,cause4--,food deficient in mineral matter or lime2 filth1 lack of exercise1 and crowded quarters1 all tend to produce a softening of the bones and swelling of the joints4 ,,symptoms4--,the pigs affected generally appear in good condition and seem to be doing well1 but suddenly they become paralyzed in the hind quarters1 owing to the weakened condition of the bones1 which sometimes fracture without receiving injury or any additional weight to that of the pig itself4 ,the bones of the snout1 back1 limbs and feet bend and become deformed4 ,the pigs grow weak1 poor and stunted and perhaps the best treatment is to destroy them4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,careful feeding of good1 wholesome food4 ,this disease is very seldom seen where hogs are frequently fed corn4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,when the first signs of ,rickets appear1 feed regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it contains the mineral matter needed by the hog4 ,,round ,,worms4 ,,cause4--,is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating food or drinking water contaminated with well developed eggs or embryos of roundworms1 thus taking them into their digestive canal1 where they multiply rapidly and set up considerable irritation4 ,this worm varies in length from three to thirteen inches1 and is of a reddish-brown color4 ,,symptoms4--,the ,roundworm is generally passed with the feces1 and can be readily seen with the naked eye4 ,a hog infested with a large number of these worms is generally restless1 appetite varied4 ,when these worms develop in large numbers1 they obstruct the intestines4 ,in other cases they irritate and inflame the intestines1 causing inflammation and diarrhoea1 and death may be due to either obstruction or inflammation of the bowels4 ,,treatment4--,treatment is very satisfactory4 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours4 ,then place in one pint of finely ground feed1 ,calomel and ,santonin1 each five grains to every one hundred pounds of hog weight4 ,for instance1 if the hog affected with round worms weighs two hundred pounds1 double the dose by giving ten grains of each of the above1 but if the hog only weighs fifty pounds1 give one-half the dose mentioned1 or two and one-half grains of each4 ,this treatment should be repeated in a week or ten days to assure the expulsion of worms that might have survived the first dose4 ,feed sparingly on laxative food1 as bran mashes and vegetables1 for a few days following each treatment4 ,,rupture4 7,scrotal or ,inguinal7 ,,definition4--,in the male the intestines pass through the wide ,inguinal ,canal1 through which the cord of the testicle passes4 ,it is not difficult to recognize this form of rupture1 as the scrotum that normally retains only the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowels entering it4 ,sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the ground1 and in this case1 both sides of the scrotum1 or the sack which contains the testicles1 also contains intestines4 ,if the pig is held up by the hind parts1 the intestines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity1 but as soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return into the scrotum4 ,the testicles can be located at the bottom of the enlargement4 ,,cause4--,hereditary tendencies predisposes them to rupture2 pigs having large ,inguinal ,canals through which the testicle passes2 by pigs being crowded1 injured1 squeezed at troughs1 or passing through narrow doorways4 ,weakness and severe straining from constipation also produce rupture4 ,,symptoms4--,an enlargement of the sack containing the testicles4 ,sometimes there may be a strangulation of the intestines where they fold or twist4 ,they become inflamed and produce death4 ,the pig dies in great pain1 but fortunately1 strangulated ruptures in pigs are very rare1 as the scrotum and canal which the intestines occupy relax and become very roomy4 ,,treatment4--,operation is the only method of relieving or curing ,inguinal or ,scrotal ,rupture4 ,my advice is to operate as soon as possible4 ,when the pigs are small1 there is less danger4 ,the pig to be operated on should be fasted for at least twenty-four hours1 as it is easier on both the operator and the pig when the intestines are empty1 or nearly so4 ,the operation which ,i have found to be very successful is as follows3 ,have an assistant hold the pig up by its hind legs4 ,prepare an antiseptic solution of ,carbolic ,acid five per cent1 or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one in one-thousandths1 in a pan4 ,have a needle threaded with a medium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture4 ,prepare a clean1 sharp knife2 wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution4 ,now1 proceed to locate the testicle by having the hind parts elevated4 ,the intestines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity4 ,the testicle will remain in the sack or scrotum2 now grasp the testicle between the fingers and make the incision through the scrotum and to the lower portion4 ,it may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw the testicle4 ,when the testicle is located1 withdraw it4 ,before cutting it off it is well to run a needle containing a thread through the last covering of the testicle so as to prevent the membrane from returning4 ,after this is securely done1 remove the testicle and sew the inner membranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with what is called a 8tobacco pouch suture40 ,draw it together firmly and tie and cut off suture about one-half inch from the knot4 ,your operation is now complete4 ,do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum1 as it would have a tendency to accumulate dirt and hold pus4 ,it should have a free drainage4 ,wash with one of the above mentioned antiseptics twice daily until thoroughly healed4 ,also feed laxative foods that are easily digested4 ,,sore ,,feet4 ,,cause4--,filth1 especially common in large hogs when confined to hard floors or driven over rough1 hard roads1 or continually kept in filthy pens4 ,the tissues of the feet become softened1 especially those between the claws4 ,irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions4 ,,symptoms4--,the hogs will be noticed going very lame and if closely examined the above named conditions will be found4 ,,treatment4--,remove the hogs to clean1 dry pens containing plenty of clean bedding1 and wash the affected parts with some good disinfectant1 as five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,repeat this treatment at least once a day4 ,in case the feet are badly inflamed1 ,i would advise the application of hot ,flaxseed ,meal poultices to the feet4 ,feed easily digested food1 as it aids materially in the treatment of infectious wounds4 ,,sore ,,mouth4 ,,cause4--,decomposed foods4 ,also slops or stagnant water1 washing powders1 broken glassware1 etc41 from the tables1 fed in slops1 barley or wheat beards1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,difficulty in eating1 or refusal to eat at all4 ,stringy secretions of saliva continually oozing from the mouth4 ,the mouth gives off a very offensive odor4 ,,treatment4--,in this form of sore mouth1 remove the cause4 ,feed soft1 wholesome food1 such as wheat bran mashes and vegetables4 ,in cases where it is due to the lodging of beards of wheat or barley1 gag the hog's mouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with forceps4 ,keep clean1 cool water before them at all times and avoid feeding dry1 hard food4 ,,sows ,,eating ,,their ,,young4 ,,cause4--,insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior to farrowing2 constipation is also a fruitful cause4 ,,prevention4--,careful feeding for a few days prior to farrowing of slops1 free from soap or washing powders2 cool food1 such as wheat bran mashes1 with hog tonic and regulator as prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,this is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineral matter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in the above mentioned condition4 ,,sun ,,or ,,heat ,,stroke4 ,,cause4--,hogs that are very fat1 and driven1 hauled or shipped to market when the weather is warm1 are frequently stricken with heat or sun-stroke4 ,sometimes when hogs are overcrowded and not protected from the rays of the sun1 or from heat1 they may become victims of heat or sun-stroke4 ,,symptoms4--,first they stagger when walking1 then they become very weak and temperature elevates three or four degrees higher than normal4 ,prostration or extreme depression1 or sometimes involuntary spasms or contractions of muscles occur4 ,,treatment4--,prevention4 ,do not drive1 haul or ship during the hottest part of the day1 hogs that are not accustomed to exercise or extreme heat4 ,do not crowd hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months1 as their bodies give off considerable heat in addition to that of the sun4 ,see that they are protected from the sun4 ,when hauling or shipping hogs1 wet them occasionally with water4 ,it prevents heat stroke4 ,in case a hog is suffering from heat or sun-stroke1 place it in a cool1 shady place and apply ice or cold water to the head only4 ,also give ,saltpeter in teaspoonful doses every six hours diluted in one ounce of water4 ,also give ,alcohol1 one teaspoonful1 every three hours in one ounce of water4 ,good recovery is often obtained from the above treatment4 ,,thorn-,,headed ,,worms4 ,,cause4--,a white grub that is found in old manure heaps1 straw stacks and hog lots carries eggs containing embryos of the ,thorn-headed ,worm4 ,the white grub is eaten by the hog4 ,the larvae of the ,thorn-headed ,worm is liberated by the process of digestion and becomes a parasite in the intestines of the hogs1 where it develops into a fully matured worm4 ,large numbers of hogs quickly become infested with this parasite1 as they multiply very rapidly4 ,these worms vary from two to twelve inches in length1 and have a whitish color4 ,,symptoms4--,as a general rule1 a worm can be seen in the feces4 ,other signs are that the hog loses flesh1 appetite irregular1 constipation1 and then again there may be diarrhoea1 especially where there are large numbers of worms present4 ,,treatment4--,first of all1 burn all manure or decomposed vegetation that the hogs are liable to come in contact with4 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours and give one teaspoonful of ,oil of ,turpentine to every one hundred pounds of hog weight1 or if the hog weighs less than one hundred pounds1 doses should be given in proportion4 ,follow this treatment for three or1 four consecutive days4 ,turpentine is easily given to hogs1 as they will drink it in milk when well mixed4 ,perhaps it is advisable1 where a large number of hogs are affected1 to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs1 as they are thus less likely to get an overdose4 ,feed laxative food4 ,clean and disinfect troughs and feeding floors4 ,also give prescription on first page of this chapter4 ,,thumps4 ,,cause4--,disorders of the digestive system from overloading the stomach and causing irritation of the nerves leading to the diaphragm1 which is the membrane that separates the lungs and heart from the intestines1 stomach1 liver and spleen4 ,it is a spasm of this membrane that causes a hog or pig to have 8,thumps40 ,insufficient exercise2 a large number of pigs may become affected at the same time when closely confined4 ,,symptoms4--,jerking of the flanks2 the pig or hog becomes very weak and stunted in a very short time4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause4 ,in pigs1 when first affected1 careful feeding and exercise will generally effect a cure4 ,in some cases1 where the pigs are very small1 it is well to take them away from the mother1 permitting them to nurse very little4 ,give them ,castor ,oil in teaspoonful doses1 and compel them to exercise4 ,it may be necessary to give them ,chloral ,hydrate ten to fifteen grains two or three times a day diluted in a teaspoonful of water4 ,where the pigs will not eat mashes or drink milk1 give them medicine by force with a teaspoon4 ,,after ,,treatment4--,give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,whip ,,worm4 ,this worm is very uncommon1 but occasionally is found in the large intestines4 ,,cause4--,the eggs become imbedded in the manure1 bedding1 etc41 and then mix with the food and drinking water and are taken into the digestive canal where they develop into matured worms4 ,this worm is from one to three inches in length1 the hind extremity of which is very thin1 hence the name1 8,whipworm40 ,,symptoms4--,they produce very little disturbance1 even though present in large quantities1 except when other worms assist in their irritating the lining membranes of the large intestines4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours1 then give one teaspoonful of ,gasoline thoroughly mixed with milk1 to every one hundred pounds of hog weight4 ,small hogs1 reduce the dose in proportion to their weight4 ,it is advisable to follow this dose for two or three consecutive days4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 and see that they have fresh water to drink4 ,,diseases ,,of ,sheep and ,goats ,illustration ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,illustration3 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,sheep4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,sheep #a4 ,mouth4 #b4 ,nostrils4 #c4 ,eyes4 #d4 ,forehead4 #e4 ,poll4 #f4 ,ears4 #g4 ,neck or scrag4 #h4 ,throat or throttle4 #i4 ,brisket or breast4 #aj4 ,shoulder vein4 #aa4 ,shoulder4 #ab4 ,legs4 #ac4 ,fore flank4 #ad4 ,heart girth4 #ae4 ,crops4 #af4 ,back4 #ag4 ,loin4 #ah4 ,rump4 #ai4 ,coupling4 #bj4 ,ribs4 #ba4 ,belly4 #bb4 ,sheath4 #bc4 ,scrotum4 #bd4 ,rear flanks4 #be4 ,leg of mutton4 #bf4 ,twist4 #bg4 ,tail or dock4 #bh4 ,rump4 ,,preface ,this chapter on the diseases of sheep and goats has been written for the benefit of the ,student of ,veterinary ,science as well as for the ,veterinary ,profession4 ,i feel it will suffice to say that ,i have endeavored to the best of my ability to render the matter contained in the following chapter of as great practical value as possible1 to present in the most plain and concise manner each disease in the form in which it most frequently occurs4 ,i wish to express a hope that this chapter will be appreciated by all into whose hands it may find its way1 more particularly by ,veterinary ,students and ,practitioners4 ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,abortion4 ,,cause4--,is usually produced by injuries1 or by the ewes being poisoned from eating poisonous foods1 plants1 etc4 ,it has never occurred in infectious form in this country1 although sometimes an outbreak is thought infectious on account of several ewes aborting about the same time1 but all such outbreaks have been traced to some irritating poison which they had taken with their food or drinking water4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,remove the aborted lambs or kids and afterbirth from the yards1 and also withdraw the ewe or nanny and place her in comfortable quarters4 ,she requires care and extra nursing1 or she will become very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,if due to poisonous plants1 etc41 when the first symptoms of ,abortion or poisoning are noticed1 give six to ten ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,warm the oil so it will run freely4 ,set the sheep or goat upon its haunches and pour very slowly4 ,great care must be exercised so as not to let any of the oil enter the lungs1 as it may produce fatal pneumonia4 ,feed food that is easily digested and supply them with pure water to drink4 ,when the general condition is weak or run down1 so to speak1 the following tonic is recommended3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,potassium ,nitrate1 one ounce2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 three ounces2 ,protan1 three ounces4 ,mix and make into twenty-four powders4 ,give one powder two or three times daily well back on the tongue4 ,,remember all tonics are bitter1 therefore beware of any so-called tonics that the animals eat readily1 as these possess no real tonic values4 ,,black ,,scours4 7,verminous ,gastritis--,strongylosis7 ,,cause4--,due to a worm 7,strongylus ,contortus7 measuring one-fourth to one inch in length1 inhabiting the intestines and the fourth stomach of sheep and goats4 ,this disease is frequently seen in low1 marshy pastures1 where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or egg with the feces1 the eggs developing into an embryotic worm which is again taken with the food or water by non-infected animals1 whereby this disease again attacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop4 ,,symptoms4--,naturally1 the symptoms vary according to the violence of the attack4 ,in well developed cases1 the animal strains to defecate1 and passes shreds of intestinal mucous along with blood-stained feces4 ,finally a severe dysentery takes place1 the animal becomes correspondingly weak1 and death takes place in two or three days4 ,some cases become chronic1 in which death does not take place for a month or more4 ,however1 the latter is uncommon4 ,other signs are staggering gait1 trembling1 eyes fixed1 showing wild expression1 neck turned to one side4 ,then the animal appears as if in pain1 and looks around at the flank frequently4 ,there is a chopping of the jaws1 and a very free flow of stringy saliva from the mouth4 ,when an animal dies from the symptoms just described1 it should be cut open and carefully examined for this particular parasite1 which can be easily seen with the naked eye4 ,,treatment4--,very successfully treated when the first symptoms appear by administering one ounce of ,gasoline with a pint of ,milk4 ,to lambs or kids give half the dose4 ,every precaution should be taken so as to prevent the drench from entering the lungs4 ,perhaps the best method is to set the animals on its haunches and pour the liquid slowly and carefully2 if they cough1 let them down4 ,any drench entering the lungs produces fatal pneumonia4 ,feed good nourishing food1 and supply them with fresh water to drink4 ,,catarrh4 7,cold in the ,head7 ,,cause4--,atmospheric changes1 sudden exposure to cold1 wet weather after being accustomed to warm1 comfortable surroundings1 inhaling dust1 smoke and gases or1 in fact1 anything that will produce an irritation to the membranes lining the nose2 commonly seen in the spring and fall4 ,,symptoms4--,chilling1 elevation of temperature1 nose dry1 breathing hurried1 sneezing1 coughing1 dullness1 appetite varied4 ,in the first stages of the malady1 the nostrils are considerably inflamed1 but in the course of a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish-white discharge flows from the nose continuously4 ,,treatment4--,keep the affected animals dry1 omit drafts1 feed good1 wholesome food1 and provide bedding for them to lie upon4 ,in the first stages of this malady1 it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn1 closing the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale steam from boiling hot water and ,pine ,tar4 ,the best method to accomplish this is by placing a tub about half full of water in the center of the barn and add about one gallon of ,pine ,tar4 ,then heat bricks or stones and place them into the tub4 ,in this way a large number can be treated at one time4 ,the sheep should be compelled to inhale this steam for thirty to forty minutes twice a day4 ,in addition to the above1 the following is very beneficial3 ,chlorate of ,potash1 one ounce2 ,nitrate of ,potassi1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen powders and give one powder to each sheep in its drinking water two or three times daily4 ,feed hot bran mashes and vegetables if possible4 ,,diarrhoea4 7,dysentery7 ,,cause4--,diarrhoea1 or ,dysentery1 is a sign of some irritation of the intestines resulting in increased secretions1 or increased muscular contraction1 or both4 ,the irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from exposure1 improper feeding1 as contaminated or frozen foods1 irritating foods1 drinking cold or stagnant water1 indigestion1 organic diseases of the intestines1 or parasitic diseases4 7,see ,strongylosis47 ,,symptoms4--,movements from the bowels are frequent1 as first consisting of thin fecal matter1 but as this malady progresses it becomes watery and offensive in smell1 and streaked with blood4 ,at first the animal shows no constitutional disturbances1 but eventually it becomes weak and shows signs of abdominal pain by looking around to the flank1 throwing the feet together1 lying down1 or moving restlessly4 ,sometimes this disease is accompanied by fever1 great depression1 loss of strength1 rapid loss of flesh2 terminating in death4 ,,treatment4--,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,when the disease is due to irritating properties of food which have been fed the animal1 it is well to give a physic of ,castor ,oil in two to six ounce doses1 according to the size of the animal4 ,when there is debility1 want of appetite1 and temperature normal1 but continuous water discharge from the bowels1 give ,protan1 two ounces2 ,gum ,cathechu1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 one ounce2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains4 ,make into sixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue every three or four hours1 according to the severity of the attack4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 as wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 etc4 ,see that the drinking water is fresh and clean4 ,,foot ,,rot4 7,foul in the ,foot7 ,,cause4--,foot ,rot is produced by inflammation of the soft structures of the foot between the claws or toes4 ,it may be due to an overgrowth and inward pressure1 etc41 or from filth accumulating and hardening between the claws1 producing inflammation and softening or ulceration of the skin in the interdigital space 7between the claws74 ,under some conditions several sheep or goats in the same drove become affected at the same time1 leading many to think that the disease is contagious4 ,when ,foot ,rot appears in a very short time1 among sheep or goats1 this condition can almost always be traced to filth1 irritation1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal is observed to limp when walking4 ,on careful examination of the foot we find it hot1 swollen above the claws and in the soft parts between them1 frequently spreading the claws apart to a considerable extent1 or the inflammation may have advanced to softening and sloughing of the soft structure between the claws4 ,if this condition is neglected at this stage1 deep abscesses form and the pus burrows under the horny wall1 and the joints within the hoof become inflamed and destroyed1 in which case the treatment is difficult and recovery will be very arduous4 ,,treatment4--,in the early stages of the disease1 before the pus burrows beneath the horny structures of the foot1 any foreign substances impacted between the claws should be removed4 ,then place a trough about one foot wide1 six to eight inches high1 and twelve to sixteen feet long1 and fill with water and ,coal ,tar ,dip1 diluted in proportions of one part dip to fifty parts of water4 ,build a fence on each side of the trough1 just wide enough for one sheep to pass through1 and compel every sheep to walk in the solution slowly4 ,this treatment should be repeated once or twice a week until the lameness has disappeared4 ,in cases where deep sloughing has taken place under the horny structures1 saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in the following liniment3 ,oil of ,origanum1 ,oil of ,pisis1 ,oil of ,turpentine1 each four ounces4 ,place it between the claws and hold it there by means of a bandage4 ,repeat this application every other day4 ,the animals that do not show signs of improvement under this treatment in a few days invariably have the joints of the foot affected and should not be driven4 ,,forage ,,poisoning4 ,,cause4--,this condition is produced by animals eating various foliage 7,grass or ,shrubbery7 at a time when the peculiar poisonous principles are developed in it1 as appears to happen in certain seasons4 ,the disease is liable to affect a large proportion of animals which are under the same grazing conditions4 ,,symptoms4--,generally takes two or three days to develop4 ,the animal gradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed1 staggers when forced to walk1 and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its feet1 it is extremely averse to going down1 and leans for support against any convenient object4 ,it breathes in a snorting manner4 ,the mucous membranes are tinged with yellow1 and the bowels constipated4 ,in other cases severe diarrhoea follows1 and the animal becomes very weak and dies in convulsions or spasms4 ,recovery may be expected in cases that are not marked by severe symptoms4 ,,treatment4--,endeavor to find out the true cause and remove it if possible4 ,change range or pasture for a short time2 this has successfully eradicated this malady4 ,the animal showing the above symptoms should receive four to eight ounces of ,castor ,oil regardless of whether there is diarrhoea or constipation4 ,in either case the irritation will be relieved by its laxative effect4 ,in cases where diarrhoea becomes chronic1 after administering the ,castor ,oil1 the following will be found very efficient in its control3 ,protan1 three ounces2 ,ginger1 one ounce2 ,gum ,catechu1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen powders and place one powder well back on the tongue every four or six hours4 ,feed clean1 wholesome food and supply clean1 fresh water to drink4 ,provide shelter for the animal if the weather is hot4 ,,garget4 7,congestion and ,inflammation of the ,udder7 ,,cause4--,as a rule1 in ,garget or ,congestion of the ,udder in heavy milking ewes1 just before and after lambing1 the glands of the udder enlarge1 become hot1 tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends forward from the glands on the lower surface of the abdomen4 ,this physiological condition is looked upon as a matter of course and disposed of in two or three days when the secretions of milk have been fully established4 ,general breaking up of the udder may be greatly hastened by the sucking of a hungry lamb and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose is beneficial4 ,the above mentioned congestion or ,garget may emerge into active inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold weather1 standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder from stone1 clubs1 feet of other animals1 overfeeding or rich food1 like cotton seed or soy bean1 sore teats or a ewe losing her lamb in the period of full milking2 serious disturbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon the udder4 ,,symptoms4--,the symptoms and mode of attack vary in different cases4 ,following exposure to cold drafts or cold1 wet weather1 there is usually severe chilling with cold ears and limbs and general dryness and brittleness of the wool4 ,this is followed by a flush of heat1 the ears and limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell up and become firm and solid in one or both sides of the udder4 ,the muzzle is hot and dry1 temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal1 pulse firm and quick1 excited breathing1 appetite and rumination suspended1 bowels constipated1 urine scanty and the yield of milk may be entirely suppressed in the affected side4 ,,treatment4--,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,move the affected animals to comfortable quarters1 supply liberal quantities of bedding for the animal to lie upon4 ,give two to six ounces of ,glauber ,salts dissolved in a pint of hot water4 ,permit it to cool4 ,place the ewe on her haunches and drench carefully4 ,feed laxative foods as hot bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables1 supplying the animal with pure water to drink1 to which add two drams of ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two or three times a day4 ,in some cases it is advisable to apply ,camphorated ,ointment to the udder once or twice a day4 ,,gid4 7,sturdy7 ,,cause4--,gid is produced by a bladder worm1 a larva or an egg of the tapeworm infesting the intestines of dogs1 wolves and coyotes4 ,the eggs of these tapeworms are scattered over the range or pastures in the droppings of infested dogs1 wolves or coyotes1 and these when swallowed in the food or water by the sheep1 hatch out and the embryos migrate to the brain1 spinal cord1 etc41 where they develop into cysts1 bladder worms or water bags1 etc4 ,when the organs of sheep1 thus infested1 are eaten by dogs1 wolves or coyotes1 the cyst worms are also likely to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms4 ,,symptoms4--,in case a large number of embryos become lodged in the brain of sheep1 the first signs will be shown in about eight to twelve days4 ,bladder worms produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness1 dizziness1 indicating an affection of the brain1 walking or turning in circles4 ,if the left side of the brain is affected1 they will turn to the left2 if the right side is affected1 they will turn to the right4 ,the head eventually droops1 the eyes become red and the vision is impaired1 the head very hot over the affected region1 the affected sheep become separated from the flock4 ,sometimes the sheep are partially or completely paralyzed4 ,,prevention4--,prevention is the only method by which this disease can be eradicated4 ,prevent the sheep from becoming infected with these parasites4 ,stray dogs1 wolves or coyotes should be killed whenever found1 and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm4 ,meat should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be free from tapeworm cysts4 ,,grubs ,,in ,,the ,,head4 7,head ,maggot7 ,,cause4--,grubs in the head of sheep are produced by the ,sheep ,gadfly which is yellowish-gray in color with five well divided rings around its body1 covered over with fine hair and the lower portion of the head white4 ,this fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly4 ,it attacks sheep and goats during the ,summer and ,fall and deposits its larva about the sheep's and goat's nostrils4 ,this larva attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the nostrils with two hooklets by which it gradually works into the air cavities of the head1 remaining there for about ten months4 ,then it again passes from the nostrils1 burrows into the ground and becomes a fully matured ,gadfly in six or eight weeks1 which completes its life cycle1 the head of the sheep or goat being its intermediate host where the newly born ,gadfly again attaches its larva4 ,,symptoms4--,when sheep or goats are attacked by this ,gadfly1 they run1 strike at the nose with their front feet1 rub the nose on the ground or against other sheep4 ,in case only three or four larvae gain entrance to the sinuses of the head1 they produce very little1 if any1 ill effects1 but where they become numerous1 they cause the animal to cough and sneeze continually1 discharge from the nose1 which is occasionally tinged with blood4 ,the appetite becomes impaired1 the animal shows signs of emaciation1 becomes very weak1 raises the nose in the air1 but eventually becomes so weak it reels when walking and finally lies down4 ,it becomes so weak it cannot toss the head or rise1 and dies4 ,,prevention ,,treatment4--,very successful4 ,paint the sheep's or goat's nose with ,pine ,tar1 or better still1 place salt in a trough1 covering it with boards1 with holes bored in them just large enough for the animal to insert its nose4 ,smear ,pine ,tar about the holes once or twice a week4 ,this treatment has proven very efficient in localities where sheep ,gadflies are numerous4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,after the animal once becomes infected with these grubs1 bore holes 7trephine7 through the skull with a sharp instrument made for this purpose and remove the grubs4 ,,hoven4 7,bloating--,acute ,tympanites--,acute ,indigestion7 ,,cause4--,hoven is caused by various kinds of food which produce indigestion or fermentation and resultant gases in the rumen or paunch4 ,when sheep are first turned into young clover1 they eat so greedily of it that bloating frequently results4 ,turnips1 potatoes and cabbage may also produce it4 ,middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise to it4 ,in this connection it may be stated that an excessive quantity of any food1 before mentioned1 may bring on this disorder1 or it may not be due to excessive eating but to eating too fast4 ,sometimes the quality of food is at fault4 ,grass1 clover or alfalfa1 when wet with dew or rain soaked1 frequently produce digestive disorders and bloating follows4 ,frozen roots or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded as dangerous4 ,when food has been eaten too hastily or when it is cold and wet1 the digestive process is imperfectly performed and the food contained in the paunch ferments1 during which process large quantities of gas are formed4 ,this same result may follow when a sheep is choking1 as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing of gas from the stomach so that the gas continues to accumulate until severe bloating results4 ,,symptoms4--,the swelling of the left flank is very characteristic1 as in well marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level of the backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a drum-like sound4 ,the animal has an anxious expression1 moves uneasily and is evidently distressed4 ,if relief is not obtained in time the sheep breathes with difficulty1 reels in walking or standing and in a short time falls down and dies from suffocation4 ,the distention of the stomach or rumen may become so great that it pushes the diaphragm 7the membrane separating the lung and intestinal cavity7 forward against the lungs1 so as to squeeze and stop their movements1 thus preventing the animal from breathing and in some instances the case may be complicated by a rupture of the stomach4 ,,treatment4--,do not waste any time4 ,puncture about three inches downward and forward from the point of the hip bone with a clean sharp knife1 or any instrument that is clean and sharp4 ,a special instrument made for this purpose1 the trocar1 is a very useful instrument4 ,sometimes bloating becomes chronic1 and if such is the case dissolve two teaspoonfuls of ,turpentine in one-half pint of milk and drench the animal very carefully1 as some of this drench may escape into the lungs and produce fatal pneumonia4 ,set a sheep upon its haunches to give the medicine2 if it coughs let it down quickly to prevent strangulation4 ,,indigestion4 7,dyspepsia7 ,,cause4--,irritant food1 damaged food1 overloaded paunch or sudden change of diet may produce this disease4 ,want of exercise predisposes an animal to it and it is caused by woody or indigestible food4 ,food which possesses astringent 7drying7 properties tends to check the digestive secretions and may also act as an exciting cause4 ,food in excessive quantity may lead to disorders of the digestion and to this disease4 ,it is very likely to appear towards the end of the protracted season of drought1 therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of the conditions which favors its development4 ,,symptoms4--,appetite diminished2 rumination1 or chewing the cud1 irregular2 tongue coated1 mouth slimy1 feces passed apparently not well digested and offensive in odor1 dullness and fullness of the flanks4 ,this disease may1 in some cases1 assume a chronic character1 for in addition to the above mentioned symptoms1 slight bloating of the left flank may be observed4 ,the animal breathes with great difficulty and grunts with each respiration4 ,the ears and legs alternately become hot and cold4 ,the rumination1 or cud chewing1 at this stage ceases and the usual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible4 ,the passage of feces is entirely suspended and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally4 ,sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate2 there is a rise in temperature in many cases4 ,the disease continues for a few days or a week in this mild form1 while the severe form of the disease may last for several weeks4 ,in the severe form the emaciation and loss of strength may be very great4 ,there is no appetite1 no rumination or rumbling sound in the stomach or intestines4 ,the mouth is hot and sticky1 the eyes have retracted in their sockets and the milk secretion has ceased4 ,in such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable4 ,the affected animals fall away in flesh and become very weak1 which is shown by the fact that one finds the animal lying down4 ,on examination of sheep or goats which have died of this disease1 it is found that the lining membranes of the fourth stomach and intestines1 particularly the small intestines1 are red1 swollen1 streaked with deep red or blushed lines or spotted4 ,the lining of the third stomach is more or less softened and may be easily peeled off4 ,the third stomach contains dry1 hard food masses1 closely adhering to its walls4 ,in some cases the brain appears to become affected1 probably from the pain endured and weakness and absorption of poisons generated in the digestive canal4 ,in such cases there is weakness and a staggering gait2 the sheep or goats do not appear to see1 and will consequently run against obstacles4 ,after a time it falls down and gives up to a violent disordered struggle4 ,this delirious condition is succeeded by stupor and death4 ,,treatment4--,successful1 if fed in its first stages on small quantities of roots1 sweet silage or select grasses or hay4 ,this should be offered several times daily4 ,very little food should be allowed if the animal is constipated1 in which case give two to four ounces of ,glauber ,salts dissolved in a pint of hot water4 ,when it cools1 set the animal on its haunches and pour slowly and carefully4 ,if they strangle or cough let them down1 as some of the drench may escape into the lungs and produce lung complications4 ,after the ,glauber ,salts have acted and if there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not chew the cud regularly1 the following tonic will be found beneficial3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 two ounces4 ,mix thoroughly and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day well back on the tongue4 ,the food must be rather laxative and of a digestible character4 ,after an attack of this form of indigestion1 ice cold water should be avoided4 ,food should be given in moderate quantities1 as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functions may bring on a relapse4 ,,jaundice4 7,liver ,congestion--,inflammation of the ,liver7 ,,cause4--,jaundice or ,liver ,congestion is due to constipation where there is an inactive or torpid condition of the bowels and the bile which passes into the intestines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining of ,jaundice4 ,jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease and ought to direct attention to ascertain if possible the cause or causes which give rise to it4 ,inflammation of the liver usually occurs as a complication of infectious diseases4 ,it may also occur as a complication of intestinal catarrh1 or in hot weather from overheating1 eating decomposed or irritating food or from drinking stagnant water4 ,,symptoms4--,the signs are sometimes obscure and their real significance is frequently overlooked4 ,the most prominent symptoms are the yellowness of the white of the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth1 appetite poor1 body presents an emaciated appearance1 the feces is light in color1 while the urine is likely to be unusually dark and there is great thirst present4 ,the gait is weak and the animal lies down more than usual and while doing so frequently has its head around resting on the side of its chest4 ,temperature is slightly elevated above normal and breathing is somewhat hurried4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause if possible4 ,give ,glauber ,salts in three to four ounce doses1 diluted in a pint of hot water permitted to cool and give at one dose4 ,when drenching1 be very careful1 as some of the liquid may escape into the lungs and produce severe complications4 ,feed green food or hot bran mashes and supply them with a liberal quantity of pure water to drink4 ,,liver ,,fluke4 ,,cause4--,the parasite that produces ,liver ,fluke in sheep has an oblong1 flat1 leaf-like body1 brownish in color1 measuring from one-fourth to one-half inch in length4 ,sheep become infected with this ,liver ,fluke from grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the larvae of ,liver ,fluke4 ,,symptoms4--,a sheep1 when first infected with ,liver ,fluke1 generally thrives as the parasites tend to stimulate the process of digestion1 being located as they are in the liver1 but eventually rumination becomes irregular1 the sheep becomes anemic1 weak and the visible mucous membranes of the mouth1 nose and eyes become pale1 bloodless1 taking on a yellowish color as the disease progresses4 ,swellings will also appear under the jaw along the neck and under the lung cavity4 ,the process of breathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular4 ,pregnant ewes will generally abort and nursing ewes' milk will become so deprived of its nourishing properties that the lambs become emaciated1 although not necessarily affected with the ,liver ,fluke4 ,,prevention4--,move to non-infected pastures1 supply the animals grazing on low marshy pastures with a liberal amount of salt1 also introduce frogs1 toads1 carp1 etc41 into the marshy ponds1 as they destroy the parasite in its first stages of development1 feeding on their intermediate host1 the snail4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,this is of little value4 ,after an animal once becomes infected with the parasite1 it never makes a complete recovery1 although ,calomel administered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks appears to have a very good effect in some cases1 if fed freely on nitrogenous food and permitted to drink well of pure running water4 ,,lung ,,fever4 7,pneumonia--,congestion of the ,lungs--,pulmonary ,apoplexy7 ,acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tissues of the lungs is frequently seen in sheep1 the same as in other animals4 ,,cause4--,sheep that are overdriven are subject to ,lung ,congestion in acute or chronic form and sometimes ,pulmonary ,apoplexy1 and especially when in a plethoric condition are predisposed to inflammation of the lungs4 ,the exciting cause is very much the same as in different diseases of the air passage and it is not uncommon for the inflammation to extend from these parts of the lungs4 ,however1 there are a number of causes in addition to those already mentioned4 ,it frequently results when sheep are accustomed to warm1 comfortable quarters and are changed to cold1 drafty pens1 or shipping some distance in open stock cars during cold weather4 ,in fact1 any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of lung disorders4 ,giving fat sheep too much exercise when they are not accustomed to it is a very frequent cause of ,congestion and ,inflammation of the ,lungs4 ,this may occur when they are chased by dogs1 etc41 or when driven to a distant market at too rapid a gait4 ,exercise during the hot summer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung substance1 as well as heat stroke4 ,dipping sheep during cold weather may chill the body and result in this disease4 ,,symptoms4--,if due to severe exercise1 the animal appears greatly exhausted and the ,congestion of the ,lungs is marked4 ,death may occur at this stage of the disease4 ,inflammation of the ,lungs usually begins with a chill and is followed by a high fever4 ,the sheep stand most of the time and may eat nothing1 or very little4 ,the breathing is hurried at first1 but when the lungs become badly involved1 it is also labored4 ,the character of the pulse beat varies1 depending on the extent of the inflammation and the stage of the disease4 ,in most cases the pulse is full and quick during the early stages of the disease4 ,a very weak pulse is present in severe and fatal cases of ,pneumonia4 ,the visible mucous membranes have a red colored appearance and there may be a slight discharge from the nostrils4 ,the expression of the face is anxious and distressed in severe cases and rigors and chilling of the body occur4 ,the respiratory sounds are more or less normal4 ,the cough at first is deep and dry2 later it becomes loose and moist4 ,it may be accompanied by a hemorrhage during this stage of the disease4 ,other respiratory sounds are revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest walls and listening to the sound of the lungs4 ,this cannot be practiced in long wooled sheep with satisfaction1 as the chest walls are so thick that the lung sounds are deadened1 or the noise made by the animal hides the respiratory murmurs in the very early stages of ,inflammation of the ,lungs4 ,a crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the diseased parts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas4 ,later when the engorgement of the lung substance occurs and the air cells become filled with an inflammatory serum1 the respiratory sounds are deadened1 but on returning to the normal1 a rattling sound occurs4 ,these symptoms help greatly in determining the animal's condition and in watching the progress of the disease4 ,the chances for the recovery depend on the extent and the acuteness of the inflammation4 ,careless handling1 exercising1 etc41 lessen the chances for a favorable termination in the disease1 but good care helps more to bring about recovery than the medical treatment4 ,the recovery is more unfavorable in fat than in lean sheep1 as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former4 ,the course is from seven to twenty-one days and it may become chronic if the irritation is kept up4 ,in such cases1 unthriftiness is a prominent sign4 ,,treatment4--,the preventive treatment in ,pneumonia must not be overlooked4 ,briefly1 it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose the animal to the disease or act in any way as an exciting cause4 ,careful nursing is a very important part of the treatment4 ,the sheep should be given a comfortable1 well ventilated shed and kept as quiet as possible4 ,if the bowels become constipated1 give two or three ounces of ,castor ,oil and feed sloppy food4 ,as one attack predisposes the sheep to a second1 it should be protected from severe cold1 or the other extreme1 heat1 for a month after making a complete recovery4 ,the following prescription will be found very beneficial3 ,iodide of ,ammonia1 one-half ounce2 ,chlorate of ,potassi1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one ounce4 ,make into twenty-four powders and give one powder every four hours well back on the tongue4 ,continue this treatment until the animal has recovered4 ,,lung ,,worms1 ,,lamb ,,disease4 7,verminous ,bronchitis7 ,,cause4--,due to a white thread-like worm 7,strongylus ,filaria7 varying in length from one to three inches4 ,the worms affect and live in the trachea 7windpipe7 and bronchial tubes4 ,infected animals1 in coughing1 expel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stagnant water4 ,the larvae are again taken up either in the drinking water or in eating grass or hay gathered on low marshy soil4 ,warm wet weather favors their development4 ,,symptoms4--,this worm is liable to attack a number of animals at the same time4 ,the weakest sheep and young lambs are the first to show signs by coughing forcibly1 distressing1 hacking and convulsive in character4 ,a stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm of coughing4 ,this mucus contains worms which can be detected1 or their ova observed under a magnifying glass4 ,in the latter stages of the disease1 they cough severely at night4 ,these attacks have a sub-acute character and prove very exhausting4 ,the parasite by becoming entwined in balls severely affects the animal's breathing which is always remarkably labored in the latter stages of the disease4 ,the animal refuses to eat1 becomes emaciated1 anemic1 mucous membranes of the eyes1 mouth and nose become very pale and the sheep die in convulsions from suffocation4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,avoid grazing your sheep on low marshy soil1 especially during warm wet weather4 ,young lambs and weak ones are especially susceptible to this disease4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,the writer has tried various treatments as fumigation with different substances and injection of remedies into the windpipe by the use of a hypodermic syringe1 etc41 but none have proven very successful1 from a practical standpoint4 ,i would recommend placing the affected animals in a tightly closed barn or shed1 in the center of which place a pan of red hot coals and cover with ,sulphur4 ,a person should remain in the barn or shed as long as he possibly can and after the fumes become so irritating that he cannot endure them any longer1 he should immediately make his exit4 ,the sheep should be compelled to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open the doors and windows4 ,repeat this treatment once or twice a week4 ,feed affected animals well4 ,give them fresh water to drink and protect them from exposure4 ,this treatment1 as above described1 has given very good results1 providing the parasites were not too numerous4 ,,scab4 7,mange7 ,,cause4--,the mange mite 7,psoroptes ,communis74 ,this parasite is equipped with stylets which pierce the skin at the seat where the mange mite penetrates the skin1 and produces small red spots followed by a blister filled with serum1 which ruptures1 the serum drying and forming a small scab4 ,it is in this way that innumerable mange mites cause the piling up of scabs thus producing a very scaly condition4 ,as ,mange advances1 the scaly patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness of one-half inch1 unless these scabs have been severely rubbed4 ,,symptoms4--,very easily detected1 as a bunch of sheep that have been recently infected will be uneasy or restless1 rubbing against fences1 posts1 brush1 etc41 causing bunches of wool to loosen4 ,the itching seems to be more intense at night and during warm weather4 ,the affected animals will even make attempts to bite themselves1 due to the agony produced by the mange mite4 ,if the skin is examined by the aid of a magnifying glass1 the mange mite can be easily noticed1 or by scraping the skin with a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and exposed to the warmth of the sun1 the mange mite moving about can readily be seen with the naked eye4 ,mangy sheep become very poor and eventually die4 ,,prevention4--,this is important1 for although the disease is treated with very good results1 the mange mite annoy the sheep until they become very weak and emaciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affected animal continually rubbing against fences1 brush1 etc4 ,,treatment4--,consists of using various dips1 as ,lime and ,sulphur1 which is recommended by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,this is very effective and inexpensive4 ,scabby sheep should be dipped a week or ten days after shearing2 two dippings are necessary at the interval of ten days4 ,after dipping1 move to non-infected range or pastures4 ,,tick4 7,louse ,fly7 ,,cause4--,the tick that infects sheep has a very small head sunken into its round body4 ,the head possesses a flexible trunk or snout that penetrates the skin4 ,through this trunk1 the ticks derive their nourishment by sucking the blood from the body of the sheep4 ,the tick is also provided with three pairs of legs4 ,the female lays her young in the form of a spun egg 7cocoon7 which is oblong in shape and brown in color4 ,this egg is cemented to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in about four to six weeks4 ,,symptoms4--,long wooled sheep are more susceptible to this tick as their wool provides shelter for both the tick and its eggs4 ,after shearing the sheep the ticks have a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to the legs or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce the skin which appears to become infected1 producing a swelling and inflammation4 ,the infected sheep run1 scratch and bite themselves4 ,when these ticks become developed in large quantities1 they produce a paleness of the mucous membranes of the eyes1 mouth and nose1 as the ticks suck large quantities of blood1 which produces an anemic condition4 ,the sheep become poor1 weak and unthrifty4 ,,treatment4--,satisfactorily treated by dipping infected sheep in ,coal ,tar dips or ,emulsions of ,crude ,petroleum4 ,shearing the sheep has a good effect1 but care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate to the lambs4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,poultry ,illustration ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,illustration3 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,fowl4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,fowl #j4 ,beak4 #a4 ,comb4 #b4 ,face4 #c4 ,wattles4 #d4 ,ear lobe4 #e4 ,hackle4 #f4 ,breast4 #g4 ,back4 #h4 ,saddle4 #i4 ,saddle feathers4 #aj4 ,sickles4 #aa4 ,lesser sickles4 #ab4 ,tail coverts4 #ac4 ,main tail feathers4 #ad4 ,wing bow4 #ae4 ,wing coverts1 forming wing bar4 #af4 ,secondaries1 wing bar4 #ag4 ,primaries or flight feathers4 #ah4 ,flight coverts4 #ai4 ,point of breast bone4 #bj4 ,fluff4 #ba4 ,thigh4 #bb4 ,knee joint4 #bc4 ,shank4 #bd4 ,spur4 #be4 ,toes1 or claws4 ,,preface ,this chapter1 as its title indicates1 is to give to the ,students and ,veterinary ,profession a general view of the diseases of poultry1 their causes1 symptoms and treatment in a condensed and yet in a complete form4 ,thousands of dollars worth of poultry are lost each year because of the veterinarians not having for immediate reference a book giving full information regarding the causes1 symptoms1 and treatment of diseases1 with reliable and authentic advice on what to do for poultry that are sick or unthrifty4 ,if this brief chapter proves itself of value to our students to which it is most fraternally dedicated1 the writer will feel himself amply repaid4 ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,air ,,sac ,,mite4 ,,cause4--,produced by a parasite called ,cylodites ,nudus1 which bears a close resemblance to the parasite causing mange or scabies in the domesticated animal4 ,owing to the peculiar construction of their breathing organs fowls are more susceptible to parasites than animals4 ,in addition to effecting the lungs1 the ,air ,sac ,mite may extend its operations to the intestines1 kidneys1 liver and bones4 ,,symptoms4--,unthriftiness is first noticed1 but after the parasites become numerous1 the fowl shows signs of difficult breathing1 perhaps terminating in bronchial pneumonia4 ,in some cases death occurs without apparent cause4 ,the bird will be inactive1 becomes separated from the rest of the flock1 comb pale1 head drawn close to the body1 wings hang pendulous1 lose flesh1 breathing becomes hard1 coughing1 sneezing and a rattling from the mucus in the windpipe is heard4 ,death is produced from suffocation4 ,,treatment4--,separate the sick from the healthy fowls4 ,disinfect coops and runways of both sick and healthy birds with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,also fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hot water and ,pine ,tar4 ,this may be done by placing the water and ,tar in a pan and then inserting a hot stone or brick in the solution4 ,this perhaps is the simplest method of fumigation4 ,also mix ,sulphur in their feed regularly4 ,,apoplexy4 7,hemorrhage of the ,brain7 ,due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and pressure from the escaping blood4 ,,cause4--,mechanical injuries1 straining when laying eggs 7hens are frequently found dead on the nest from this cause71 overfeeding1 stimulating food1 etc41 all tend to produce apoplexy4 ,,symptoms4--,appear very suddenly1 bird is seen to walk unsteadily1 falls1 or perhaps is found dead4 ,,treatment4--,in mild attacks1 apply cold water or ice to fowl's head until thoroughly cooled4 ,give one-half grain of ,calomel1 feed soft food1 compel the bird to exercise4 ,owing to the loss of blood a tonic will be necessary4 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 ,pulv4 ,saltpeter1 ,capsicum and ,ferri ,sulphate ,pulv4 equal parts one ounce4 ,mix and place one teaspoonful in feed for every twenty-five fowls4 ,this tonic purifies and builds up the blood1 just what is needed in this particular condition4 ,,baldness4 7,favus7 ,,cause4--,due to fungi4 ,,symptoms4--,the first noticeable sign is the whitish appearance of the comb due to gray spots about the size of a pin head4 ,as the disease progresses1 this condition spreads to other parts of the body2 the feathers look rough and dry and break easily4 ,the fowl grows weaker1 refuses to eat and if not properly treated1 dies4 ,,treatment4--,remove the scabs by separating the feathers and using a brush4 ,apply ,sulphur ,ointment4 ,repeat this treatment after two or three days4 ,great care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling or taking cold4 ,,beak ,,and ,,throat ,,obstruction4 ,,cause4--,lodgment in the beak or food canal of a foreign substance1 such as a kernel of corn1 sunflower seed1 bone1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,fowl jerks its head suddenly and frequently attempts to swallow4 ,if a close examination is made the foreign body can be felt from the outside4 ,,treatment4--,for the removal of such obstructions1 no special treatment is needed further than to use care and avoid any injury to the beak or throat4 ,feed nutritious food1 as wheat bran mashes and vegetables and see that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at all times4 ,,blackhead4 7,infectious ,entero ,hepatitis of ,turkeys7 ,,cause4--,due to a protozoa taken into the system with the food or drinking water4 ,this parasite enters the caeca which becomes inflamed and discolored and the liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spots about the size of a pea4 ,,symptoms4--,although this disease is termed ,blackhead1 the discoloration of the head is not necessarily present in all cases2 neither is this condition confined to this particular disease4 ,one of the first symptoms is loss of appetite1 followed in most cases by diarrhoea4 ,the fowl becomes weak and loses weight rapidly4 ,examination of the liver after death will determine whether or not death has been caused by ,infectious ,entero ,hepatitis4 ,the dead birds should be burned to prevent the spread of the disease4 ,,treatment4--,prevention is one of the most important factors as this disease is very contagious and the protozoa once implanted in the turkey runs is almost impossible to eradicate4 ,provide clean1 well ventilated coops and feed clean1 wholesome food and good fresh water to drink4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,give ,bismuth ,salicylate and ,quinine ,sulphate each one grain two to three times a day4 ,also mix ,hyposulphite of ,soda in the proportion of two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking water twice daily4 ,disinfect coops and runs with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,,body ,,lice4 ,,cause4--,insanitary conditions4 ,communicated by direct contact4 ,,symptoms4--,young chicks become emaciated and die quickly4 ,older birds withstand the parasite much longer1 but in time show signs of uneasiness by dusting themselves frequently4 ,the comb and wattles become pale and bloodless1 the feathers rough1 dry and brittle4 ,the birds grow weak1 poor and eventually die4 ,,treatment4--,dust the birds with the following3 ,sulphur1 one part2 ,napthaline1 one part2 ,tobacco ,dust1 twenty-eight parts and seventy parts of middlings4 ,powder finely and mix well together and dust the birds once daily4 ,also sprinkle freely in the dust baths4 ,,bronchitis4 ,,cause4--,exposure to dampness1 cold drafts of air1 inhaling irritating gases1 vapors or dust4 ,the fowls should be carefully examined1 as bronchitis is occasionally caused by the presence of gapeworms4 ,,symptoms4--,loss of appetite1 the bird moves about slowly1 breathing with difficulty and making a sort of whistling sound accompanied by a cough4 ,as the disease progresses1 there will be a peculiar bubbling sound from breathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus in the windpipe4 ,at this stage of the disease the bird becomes very weak and if not properly treated and cared for will rapidly lose strength1 the feathers will become rough1 head and wings droop1 and the bird dies4 ,,treatment4--,this disease is most satisfactorily treated by placing the affected birds in warm1 dry1 well ventilated quarters1 admitting sunlight if possible1 but excluding all drafts of air4 ,feed stale bread1 middlings1 etc4 ,also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop and compel them to inhale steam from hot water and ,turpentine4 ,this is readily done by placing the water and ,turpentine in a pan and then insert a hot stone or brick in the solution4 ,force them to inhale this steam from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day4 ,also add ,chlorate of ,potash to their drinking water1 one teaspoonful to every twenty-five aged fowls4 ,to chicks add one-fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five4 ,if the weather is favorable and the above treatment is followed1 bronchitis yields very favorably4 ,,bumble ,,foot4 7,corns--,deep ,bruises--,abscesses7 ,,cause4--,sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise the feet or where the perches are high1 heavy fowls often injure their feet by alighting on stones or other hard objects4 ,,symptoms4--,the bird limps or hobbles about1 moving with great difficulty4 ,examination will show the foot to be hot and tender to the touch4 ,,treatment4--,wash with clean1 warm water and in some cases it is advisable to apply ,hot ,flaxseed poultices4 ,when soft spots or abscesses develop1 lance them with a clean1 sharp knife4 ,after abscesses and bruises are opened1 treat them antiseptically by washing with a solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,the foot should be bandaged to keep out dust and dirt4 ,,catarrh4 ,,cause4--,exposure2 poorly constructed coops which admit rain or drafts4 ,weak birds are very susceptible to ,catarrh4 ,,symptoms4--,the bird is dull1 moves about slowly1 coughing or sneezing2 appetite is poor1 the mucous membrane of the air passage becomes inflamed and the breathing difficult1 especially through the nose4 ,the discharge from the nostrils at first watery1 becomes mucus-like and thick and sticky1 closing the nose1 causing the bird to breathe wholly through the mouth with a wheezing sound4 ,,treatment4--,the cause of ,catarrh shows the necessity of clean and comfortable quarters for the fowls4 ,keep the birds strong and vigorous by feeding clean1 nourishing food4 ,,medical ,,treatment4--,to each fowl administer in their drinking water or feed3 ,chlorate of ,potash1 one grain1 twice daily4 ,,chicken ,,pox4 7,sore ,head--,warts7 ,,cause4--,these diseases are due to low forms of parasites or fungi and occur most frequently in wet weather especially if the coops are leaky and allow the rain to fall on the droppings1 causing mold or fungi4 ,poor ventilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of fungi4 ,,symptoms4--,the disease is usually confined to the head and affects principally young chickens1 pigeons and turkeys1 but rarely ducks and geese4 ,the infection appears in form of yellowish warts or nodules about the nose1 eyelids1 comb1 wattles1 under the wings1 or any unfeathered place4 ,the warts vary in size from that of a pin head to the size of a pea and they discharge a fluid which at first is thin and watery but as the disease progresses1 it becomes thick and sticky1 yellow in color and fetid in smell4 ,at this stage the appetite is poor1 the feathers appear rough1 and where the eyelids are affected1 as in most cases1 the bird cannot see1 fails to eat1 becomes emaciated1 loses weight and strength rapidly and if not properly treated1 dies4 ,,treatment4--,this disease is very contagious1 therefore the coops and runs should be disinfected with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,in the drinking water add ,hyposulphite of ,soda in the proportion of one to two grains to each fowl 7one-half grain to chicks74 ,wash the nodules or warts about the head with ,carbolic ,acid solution1 one teaspoonful to a quart of water4 ,feed easily digested food1 such as vegetables or warm bran mashes4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,liver4 ,,cause4--,lack of exercise1 overfeeding1 tainted or moldy food1 infection1 or impure blood4 ,,symptoms4--,birds suffering from this disease seldom show signs of sickness and it is well to dissect the fowl after death to ascertain the exact cause4 ,if death is caused by ,congestion of the ,liver1 the organ will be greatly enlarged and easily torn4 ,,treatment4--,if the fowls are fat and sluggish1 compel them to exercise by driving them about4 ,also give fifteen to twenty grains of ,epsom ,salts to each affected fowl4 ,feed laxative foods that are easily digested1 as vegetables and warm bran mashes4 ,they are cooling and relieve congestion4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 7,pulmonary ,congestion7 ,,cause4--,exposure2 the bird chills1 causing contraction of the blood vessels near the surface of the body1 thereby forcing a large quantity of blood to the internal organs2 the small blood vessels in the lungs become distended with blood and rupture4 ,,symptoms4--,rapid and difficult breathing2 the bird appears stupid and sleepy and does not care to move about2 appetite poor1 wings drooping1 plumage ruffled1 a thick mucus1 colored with blood1 escapes from the mouth1 comb and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen in the blood4 ,this disease is of very short duration1 the bird dying within a few hours4 ,it is very common among young chicks and turkeys that are permitted to run out in the early spring rains4 ,,treatment4--,medical treatment is of no value1 as the disease progresses so rapidly that the bird dies shortly after the first symptoms appear4 ,sanitary surroundings1 good light1 pure air and exercise are essential4 ,do not allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains1 especially during the molting season4 ,keep your poultry strong and vigorous by feeding clean1 nourishing food and give them pure water to drink4 ,,constipation4 7,intestinal ,obstruction7 ,,cause4--,irritation of the membranes lining the intestines1 caused by dry feed1 glass or gravel2 may also be due to parasitic worms4 ,obstruction may occur in any part of the intestines although the external opening is the part most frequently affected4 ,,symptoms4--,bird appears dull and stupid1 walks with difficulty and attempts frequently to expel the obstructing material4 ,the appetite is poor and the feathers rough4 ,by examination and manipulation the obstruction may be located4 ,dried masses of excrement by adhering to the feathers sometimes block the outer opening of the intestines4 ,,treatment4--,remove the waste matter clinging to the feathers with warm water or by clipping the feathers off4 ,if the ,cloaca is obstructed1 give injections of ,sweet ,oil or ,olive ,oil with a small bulb syringe4 ,also give one to two grains of ,calomel and feed clean food and soft mashes containing ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one grain to each fowl twice daily4 ,this stimulates the worm-like movement of the bowels and assists in expelling their contents4 ,,crop ,,impaction4 7,obstruction1 ,paralysis1 ,inflammation1 ,catarrh7 ,,cause4--,errors in feeding2 birds that are not fed regularly are predisposed to any of the above conditions2 may also be due to swallowing large pieces of bone1 thread1 nails1 pins1 glass1 gravel1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,loss of appetite1 frequent attempts to swallow1 crop greatly distended and hard on pressure2 eventually the food decomposes and a liquid may escape from the mouth and nose4 ,the bird appears dull1 stupid and sleepy1 comb pale1 feathers rough1 beak open1 owing to pressure on the windpipe4 ,if caused by swallowing sharp objects1 they may penetrate the crop and skin1 causing a gangrenous condition4 ,grain in the crop will sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths4 ,,treatment4--,if no sharp objects are present1 give two teaspoonfuls of ,sweet or ,olive ,oil4 ,this will lubricate the esophagus and crop4 ,manipulate the crop upward1 forcing the food gently through the mouth1 adding oil occasionally4 ,if1 however1 sharp objects penetrate the crop it is best to remove them through an artificial opening4 ,clip the feathers from around the intended seat of operation and wash the clipped surface with a ,carbolic ,solution1 one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,the incision should not be over one-half inch long and should be made as high as possible and in the center of the crop4 ,after removing the contents1 sew up with ordinary thread and needle and wash occasionally with the above antiseptic solution4 ,the operation is not difficult and will be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed4 ,after-treatment consists of feeding very little food until the crop is fairly well healed4 ,feed soft bran mashes and vegetables4 ,to the drinking water add ,boracic ,acid1 one grain1 twice daily4 ,it relieves the catarrhal condition that is present1 such as irritations of the crop and intestines4 ,,diarrhoea4 7,gastro-,intestinal ,catarrh--,enteritis7 ,,cause4--,inflammation of the digestive organs can be traced in every instance to the quality or quantity of food and water consumed4 ,the food or water may contain parasites1 or large quantities of mustard1 pepper1 or may be moldy or tainted4 ,,symptoms4--,loss of appetite1 the feathers appear rough1 the crop is sometimes paralyzed and distended with gas1 the bird moves slowly1 the droppings vary in color from a white to a yellow or a green and finally becomes tinged with blood2 at this stage there is a rise in temperature accompanied by great thirst and signs of pain4 ,mild cases of simple diarrhoea if not properly treated when first symptoms appear1 will develop the same severe conditions described above4 ,,treatment4--,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,see that the food is clean and nutritious1 the coops well ventilated1 the runs well lighted4 ,sunlight is very beneficial4 ,avoid exposures1 drafts and dampness4 ,place oatmeal in their drinking water1 also give two grains of ,bismuth mixed with dough and make into a small pill4 ,give one every six hours4 ,when in addition to the above symptoms a bloody discharge is present1 give six drops of ,tincture of ,catechu every four hours4 ,warm mashes made of bran or oatmeal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinal canal4 ,,diphtheretic ,,roup4 7,diphtheria7 ,,cause4--,due to a specific germ4 ,the disease is very contagious and is communicated by direct contact4 ,great care should be exercised1 therefore1 when showing or buying birds4 ,any new birds to be added to the flock should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to make sure they are in good condition4 ,,symptoms4--,the first symptoms are similar to those of catarrh or cold4 ,a clear1 watery liquid escapes from the eyes and nostrils1 the head is drawn in toward the body1 the feathers appear rough1 the breathing fast1 the temperature rises from three to five degrees above normal4 ,the bird walks about as if blind1 sneezing1 swallowing with difficulty1 and showing signs of great weakness4 ,if the mouth is open small white spots or elevations will be seen on the back of the tongue4 ,there may be diarrhoea of a green or yellow color4 ,as the disease progresses the discharge from the nose and eyes becomes thick and stringy1 obstructing the air passages and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids4 ,the mouth1 throat and tongue are very much inflamed and swollen and in most cases it is impossible for the bird to make a sound4 ,recovery is doubtful after the disease has reached this stage4 ,,treatment4--,isolate the affected birds in some clean1 warm1 light1 well ventilated quarters1 excluding drafts4 ,dissolve thirty grains of ,chlorate of ,potash in one ounce of water and one ounce of ,glycerine1 and to the average sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times a day4 ,to chicks give one-fourth the dose4 ,when the scum loosens in the back part of the tongue1 remove gently4 ,care should be taken so as to prevent bleeding4 ,feed soft1 nourishing food4 ,,double-,,yolk ,,eggs4 ,eggs are frequently found with two yolks4 ,this condition is produced by two ovary capsules bursting at about the same time and gaining entrance together into the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell4 ,double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may injure the oviduct when expelled4 ,when hatched they produce twins or abnormal chicks4 ,,dropsy4 7,ascites7 ,,cause4--,generally due to irritating1 indigestible food1 causing inflammation of the membraneous lining of the intestinal cavity4 ,,symptoms4--,the abdomen becomes enlarged1 is tender to the touch and contains a watery fluid1 the movement of which can be heard in most cases by pressure on the swollen parts4 ,the bird appears stupid1 the comb pale and the appetite poor4 ,,treatment4--,unless the bird is very valuable1 treatment is not advisable4 ,in case the bird is valuable1 give one grain of ,potassium ,iodide twice daily in the feed or drinking water4 ,also feed nourishing food as beef-scraps1 vegetables1 wheat bran mashes1 etc4 ,,egg ,,bound4 7,difficult ,laying2 ,obstruction of the ,oviduct7 ,,cause4--,due to the eggs being too large1 the bird too fat1 or to the absence of the secretions lubricating the oviduct4 ,,symptoms4--,the first signs are scarcely noticeable but soon the feathers appear rough1 the bird becomes dull and moves slowly1 making frequent efforts to expel the egg4 ,,treatment4--,remove the egg by injecting ,sweet ,oil1 assisting the bird with gentle pressure4 ,in some cases it is well to puncture the egg and collapse the shell4 ,if the bird is very fat1 reduce by careful feeding4 ,if the bird is of normal size1 the trouble is probably due to the absence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct1 in which case the following tonic should be given3 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 each one dram4 ,mix and make into thirty powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day in their feed for a week or ten days4 ,,egg ,,eating4 ,,cause4--,is usually due to lack of shell-building material in the food2 in such case the shell of the egg is thin and easily broken and the fowl craving the lime contained in the egg shell1 naturally contracts the habit4 ,,treatment4--,supply ground bone and oyster shells4 ,feed green food such as cabbage1 kale1 potatoes1 carrots1 etc4 ,,eggs ,,without ,,shells4 7,soft-,shelled ,eggs7 ,,cause4--,deficiency of shell material2 or it is possible that fright sometimes causes premature expulsion of the eggs before the shell is formed4 ,,treatment4--,feed ground bone1 oyster shells4 ,they contain egg shell producing material4 ,perhaps the best results are obtained when mixed with wheat bran4 ,also feed vegetables such as cabbage1 potatoes and carrots4 ,,feather ,,pulling4 7,feather ,eating7 ,,cause4--,irritation of the skin due to lice1 mites1 or to lack of exercise and improper food4 ,,treatment4--,feed meat1 ground bones and vegetables4 ,place the food where the fowls are compelled to scratch and work to obtain it4 ,dust the fowls with ,powdered ,aloes4 ,if due to lice1 treat the same as recommended under the heading of ,lice4 ,,gapes4 7,verminous ,trachea ,bronchitis7 ,,cause4--,a red1 parasitic worm1 the male measuring about one-fifth of an inch and the female one-half an inch in length4 ,fowls become infected by eating worms containing this parasite or its eggs1 and by coming in contact with other birds suffering from the disease4 ,,symptoms4--,the most noticeable symptom is frequent gaping2 the ,gapeworms attach themselves by their mouths to the walls of the windpipe where they suck the blood which nourishes them2 they cause irritation and inflammation of the windpipe1 bronchial tubes and lungs2 breathing is difficult and the bird loses strength rapidly2 windpipe eventually becomes totally obstructed and the bird dies from suffocation and exhaustion4 ,young1 weak chickens are more susceptible to this disease than strong ones4 ,,treatment4--,separate the sick birds from the healthy ones4 ,clean and disinfect the coops and runs4 ,burn all manure4 ,remove the worms from the windpipe by the use of a feather1 from which the fan has been stripped1 leaving only a small brush at the end4 ,dip the feather into ,oil of ,turpentine or ,coal ,oil1 removing the surplus liquid by drawing the feather between the fingers4 ,now insert the feather into the windpipe of the bird and by turning gently you will dislodge the worms from their attachments4 ,repeat this treatment once a day for two or three days4 ,disinfect coops and runs with undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid4 ,feed good nutritious food as wheat bran mashes1 etc4 ,,head ,,lice4 ,,cause4--,result of insanitary conditions and lack of care4 ,communicated by direct contact with infected birds1 or by infected coops or brooders4 ,,symptoms4--,the head soon becomes denuded of feathers1 and also sore by being constantly scratched with the feet4 ,if not properly treated the chicks weaken and die4 ,,treatment4--,an ointment made of one part ,sulphur and four parts ,lard well mixed and applied two to three times will exterminate the lice4 ,if the fowl is run down in condition1 feed good nutritious food as wheat bran mashes4 ,,how ,,to ,,feed ,,young ,,poultry4 ,withhold all food for at least eighteen hours2 then feed stale bread moistened with boiled milk every three hours4 ,when they are three or four days old1 feed rolled oats1 ground corn moistened with pure water1 finely chopped meat and boiled vegetables4 ,feed them often and you will be well repaid by their rapid growth1 strength1 and the low death rate4 ,after they reach the age of one week or ten days1 watch them closely and regulate their feed to their apparent needs4 ,,incomplete ,,egg4 7,abortion7 ,,cause4--,irritation of the oviduct2 improper secretion of albumen or internal egg-producing material4 ,,treatment4--,careful feeding will overcome this condition4 ,warm wheat bran mashes1 ground bone1 beef scraps1 all tend to allay the irritations of the oviduct and stimulate the secretions of albumen4 ,,jaundice4 ,,cause4--,obstruction of the bile duct1 due to rich1 nitrogenous food and insufficient exercise4 ,,symptoms4--,disease is not easily detected4 ,the yellow color of the wattles and comb is the first symptom2 the appetite is variable1 the feathers appear rough and dry1 the head is retracted1 and the bird finally dies owing to the absorption of bile in the blood4 ,,treatment4--,change food4 ,feed upon a vegetable diet1 also give one grain of ,calomel1 which is particularly useful in a case of sluggish liver in poultry4 ,also give one grain of ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root and one grain of ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 twice daily in feed4 ,,mange4 7,scabies of the ,body7 ,,cause4--,due to a parasite that resembles the mite4 ,,symptoms4--,when the affected bird is closely examined large quantities of scales or scabs are found in the soft feathers4 ,the appetite is poor2 the bird walks slowly about showing signs of uneasiness4 ,if the disease is allowed to run its course1 the bird grows weak and eventually dies4 ,the disease is easily transmitted from one bird to another and should be treated without delay4 ,,treatment4--,disinfect roost1 coops and pens with undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid4 ,apply to the irritations that present themselves on the body of the birds3 ,sulphur ,ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing food as wheat bran mashes and vegetables4 ,,pip4 7,inflammation of the ,mouth7 ,,cause4--,irritations1 injuries1 or micro-organisms4 ,it is sometimes caused by nothing more than a dry condition of the mucous membrane due to the bird breathing through the mouth when suffering from respiratory diseases4 ,,symptoms4--,dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth2 especially the part covering the tongue1 which becomes hard and ragged1 forming rough edges along its sides4 ,these dried portions become loose and partially detached from the tongue1 interfering with its movements and causing more or less pain and annoyance4 ,,treatment4--,do not forcibly detach these pieces1 but assist nature to remove them4 ,this can be accomplished by mixing ,glycerine and ,water1 equal parts1 and dropping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe or dropper4 ,it is advisable to add ,boracic ,acid1 one teaspoonful to every gallon of drinking water1 which will prevent the entrance of parasites into the blood4 ,,red ,,mite4 ,,cause4--,these grow spontaneously in favorable surroundings1 as the interior of poultry houses and brooders containing numerous cracks and crevices4 ,,symptoms4--,this mite is a blood-sucker2 irritates the skin and sometimes causes sores to form on the body of the chick4 ,the birds grow stupid and weak and die rapidly if not properly treated4 ,older fowls withstand the irritation of mites much longer1 but do not thrive1 or lay regularly1 and will finally die if the insects become too numerous4 ,the insect may be transmitted to horses1 cattle1 and even to man4 ,,treatment4--,paint the roosts and spray the interior of the coops and runs with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted1 being very careful that the solution reaches the bottoms of the cracks and crevices4 ,also paint the interior of brooders with the same solution4 ,,rheumatism4 7,leg ,weakness--,gout--,paralysis7 ,,cause4--,damp coops and pens1 lack of ventilation and improper food4 ,,symptoms4--,fowl refuses to stand or walk1 and on examination1 the legs are found to be swollen and painful1 especially about the joints4 ,in some cases suppuration of the joints takes place and they become open running sores4 ,the bone finally becomes diseased and the fowl dies4 ,,treatment4--,preventive measures are first to be considered4 ,see that the coops and pens are clean and dry4 ,avoid drafts4 ,feed vegetables1 also wheat bran mashes4 ,give internally ,salicylic ,acid1 one-half grain1 twice daily4 ,when the legs are swollen and sore apply ,zinc ,ointment once or twice daily4 ,,scaly ,,leg4 7,scabies7 ,,cause4--,due to a mite that burrows under the scales of the leg4 ,,symptoms4--,white1 scaly-looking scabs form about the upper part of the foot4 ,the feet and legs become swollen and painful as the disease progresses and if not checked will result in lameness1 inflammation of the joints1 and the toes may slough off4 ,great care is necessary as the disease is very easily transmitted from one bird to another4 ,,treatment4--,use boiling water or ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted1 on the perches4 ,wash the feet and legs with warm water and soft soap4 ,dry well and apply ,carbolated ,ointment4 ,repeat the above treatment every other day for a week4 ,,sore ,,mouth4 7,aphtha2 ,thrush7 ,,cause4--,a vegetable parasite called ,oidium ,albicans4 ,,symptoms4--,inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth1 throat1 gullet and crop1 which finally terminates in white ulcerations4 ,other symptoms are swelling of the head1 poor appetite and a rapid loss in weight and strength4 ,,treatment4--,isolate the sick from the healthy fowls4 ,give as much sunlight as possible1 feed nourishing food1 such as warm oatmeal mashes1 kale1 potatoes1 etc4 ,add one grain each of ,chlorate of ,potash and ,boracic ,acid to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times a day or oftener if they will drink it4 ,a good disinfectant must be used to prevent the disease from spreading and ,i would recommend the use of undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid about the coops and poultry runs4 ,,tuberculosis4 ,,cause4--,this dreaded disease is caused by the ,bacillus of ,tuberculosis4 ,damp1 ill-ventilated1 and poorly-lighted coops are favorable to the development of the disease4 ,,symptoms4--,except in advanced stages1 this disease is not easily detected as it affects various organs1 and considerable experience in post-mortems and a skillful use of the microscope is required to successfully diagnose a case4 ,,treatment4--,preventive measures should be practiced as the disease is incurable4 ,do not expose the fowls to cold wet weather4 ,see that the coops are well ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food4 ,,vent ,,gleet4 ,,cause4--,constipation is perhaps the most common cause1 the hard droppings causing irritation of the vent which is followed by inflammation and suppuration of the membranes lining the rectum and oviduct4 ,,symptoms4--,frequent straining due to irritation4 ,as the disease progresses a pus-like discharge is noticed4 ,the disease may extend into the rectum or oviduct4 ,the bird appears stupid1 the plumage rough1 the comb pale1 and if not properly treated1 dies a lingering death4 ,,treatment4--,preventive treatment is the best4 ,feed green food occasionally and warm bran mashes4 ,this prevents constipation4 ,when the bird strains frequently and a discharge is present the following solution should be injected3 ,sugar of ,lead1 two drams2 ,zinc ,sulphate1 one dram4 ,mix with two quarts of water4 ,inject about one ounce with a syringe twice daily until the discharge has ceased4 ,,white ,,diarrhoea4 7,fowl ,cholera7 ,,cause4--,germ 7,bacilli of ,fowl ,cholera7 gaining entrance to the body through the bowels1 lungs or wounds of the skin4 ,death results from toxic material produced while the germs are multiplying4 ,,symptoms4--,all poultry1 cage or wild birds are subject to this disease4 ,the first symptoms are loss of appetite2 diarrhoea is present and the discharge is almost white in color and tinged with transparent mucus4 ,the affected bird becomes separated from the flock1 seems weak and stupid and appears to be asleep2 feathers are rough1 the wings droop and the head is drawn in toward the body2 crop is generally full1 owing to improper digestion4 ,the comb is pale and bloodless1 the temperature raised from three to five degrees above normal and the bird loses weight rapidly2 it may die with convulsions and cries1 or without a sound or struggle4 ,,treatment4--,to grown fowls1 give ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates in one-half grain doses three times a day in their food or drinking water4 ,to chicks1 dissolve thirty grains of ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water4 ,saturate feed1 as stale bread1 etc41 and give three times a day4 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially prepared for septic conditions of the intestines1 and very useful in treatment of ,white ,diarrhoea and ,fowl ,cholera4 ,in severe cases of diarrhoea1 give ,bismuth ,salicylate1 one grain1 three times daily in feed or make into a pill with dough4 ,when the fowls will eat1 feed them clean1 nitrogenous food that they can digest easily1 as oatmeal mashes4 ,it is also necessary to give them pure water to drink at all times4 ,disinfection of the premises is another essential factor in the treatment of this disease1 and undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid is a disinfectant that we can rely upon at all times4 ,i cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very difficult and expensive to produce and different breeds of birds require varying doses1 therefore1 vaccinating poultry for ,white ,diarrhoea or ,fowl ,cholera is not attended with any great degree of success4 ,,worms4 ,,cause4--,few fowls are entirely free from worms4 ,the soil over which the chicks are permitted to run may be infected1 or the food may contain the eggs or embryos of worms4 ,,symptoms4--,the presence of worms in fowls may not be at once detected1 since only a close observer would notice them in the droppings4 ,if the birds eat well but remain poor1 and the feathers appear rough and the comb and wattles pale1 there is reason to suspect the existence of worms4 ,,treatment4--,preventive treatment is the best4 ,sprinkle the runs and coops regularly with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,give two drops of ,turpentine in twice this quantity of ,sweet or ,olive ,oil4 ,this dose should be repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure the expulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may have survived the first treatment4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,dog ,illustration ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,illustration3 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,dog4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,dog #a4 ,forehead4 #b4 ,junction of nose and forehead4 #c4 ,nose4 #d4 ,nostrils4 #e4 ,muzzle4 #f4 ,temple4 #g4 ,ears4 #h4 ,occiput4 #i4 ,posterior angle of jaw4 #aj4 ,neck4 #aa4 ,withers4 #ab4 ,saddle4 #ac4 ,loins4 #ad4 ,croup4 #ae4 ,dewlap4 #af4 ,brisket4 #ag4 ,arm4 #ah4 ,shoulder4 #ai4 ,point of elbow4 #bj4 ,ribs4 #ba4 ,flank4 #bb4 ,forearm4 #bc4 ,knee or wrist4 #bd4 ,pastern4 #be4 ,toes4 #bf4 ,buttock4 #bg4 ,first thigh4 #bh4 ,stifle4 #bi4 ,second ,thigh4 #cj4 ,point of hock4 #ca4 ,front of hock4 #cb4 ,pastern4 #cc4 ,toes4 #cd4 ,cheeks4 #ce4 ,tail or stern4 #cf4 ,sheath4 ,,preface ,in offering this chapter for the consideration of the ,students as well as to the ,veterinary ,profession and others who are interested in the study of diseases of the dog ,i feel it will suffice to say that ,i have endeavored to the best of my ability to render the matter contained in the following chapter of as great practical value as possible1 to present in the most plain and yet concise manner the nature1 causes1 symptoms1 treatment1 and prevention of each disease in the form in which it most frequently occurs4 ,i wish to express a hope that this chapter will be favorably received by all ,students of ,veterinary ,science and the ,veterinary ,profession4 ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,abscesses ,,of ,,the ,,ear4 7,haematoma7 ,,cause4--,irritations or injuries to the ear4 ,washing dogs with irritating soap and not properly drying them causes dogs to have an itchy sensation which they constantly aggravate by scratching the ear with the paw and shaking the head and flopping the ears violently1 resulting in this disease4 ,,symptoms4--,the dog will be noticed carrying the head to one side and shaking it frequently in a violent manner4 ,it will also scratch the ear with the paw involuntarily4 ,when the inner surface of the ear is carefully examined it will be found extremely swollen and have an abnormal appearance1 will be stiff and extend out from the head4 ,great heat and pain will be evinced when pressure is applied4 ,the puffy swelling inside the ear will contain a serous fluid which is very offensive in odor4 ,,treatment4--,with a clean1 sharp knife open the abscess and allow the bloody fluid to escape4 ,then dress the wound twice a day with clean cotton and a solution made from ,tincture of ,iodine1 one dram1 to one-half ounce of water4 ,to prevent the dog from scratching and flopping the ears1 which would cause further irritation1 bind the ears to the head by means of a bandage or hood4 ,feed clean1 wholesome1 laxative food and compel him to exercise1 as good physical condition and clean surroundings assist materially in healing wounds of the flesh4 ,,apoplexy 7,congestion of the ,brain7 ,,cause4--,congestion or rupture of the blood vessels of the brain1 which causes a sudden arrest of sense and motion1 the dog lying as if in a deep sleep4 ,it seldom attacks young1 but occurs frequently in fat dogs1 especially if aged and not accustomed to exercise4 ,,symptoms4--,they are very hard to detect1 as the dog generally becomes unconscious before any violent symptoms are noticed1 but there is generally unsteadiness in the walk1 dizziness1 deafness1 blindness1 constipation1 etc41 preceding an attack1 but only a careful observer will notice them4 ,,treatment4--,as this is a very dangerous disease1 no time should be lost4 ,the first thing is to relieve the head from the accumulation of blood to prevent further congestion and avoid inflammatory action4 ,to accomplish this place the head well up and apply cold to the head by means of pounded ice in a cloth bag4 ,loosen the collar around the neck and apply hot packs to the feet to induce the flow of blood to the lower extremities4 ,also give a physic consisting of one to two grains of ,calomel4 ,after the dog recovers from the fit great care will be required to prevent a second attack4 ,the diet should be light and nutritious4 ,always avoid feeding too large a quantity at one time1 to prevent overloading of the stomach4 ,also avoid excitement or excessive exercise on a hot day4 ,a cathartic as ,calomel should be administered when a dog shows any signs of constipation4 ,,asthma ,,cause4--,in some instances ,i believe it is hereditary1 although in others no influence of this nature can be discovered4 ,this affection frequently follows organic diseases of the chest4 ,the spasms of difficult breathing may be directly due to irritants inspired into the lungs1 such as smoke1 gas1 or dust and cold air containing infectious matter4 ,overfeeding frequently produces this condition1 as an abnormal distention of the stomach presses against the lungs and causes them to become inactive and spasmodic contraction of the muscular fibers of the bronchial tubes follows4 ,dogs with narrow chest cavities are predisposed to asthma1 which condition is hereditary4 ,,symptoms4--,this disease is attended with difficulty of breathing and a sensation of constriction of the chest1 giving rise to wheezing1 coughing and general nervousness4 ,the animal becomes emaciated1 the hair has a rough1 faded appearance1 although it will continue to eat well4 ,constipation is generally associated with this disease4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in clean1 comfortable surroundings1 exercise carefully as violent exercise would tend to aggravate the disease4 ,feed sparingly on nitrogenous food that is easily digested2 also administer ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic1 four drops1 twice daily4 ,this can be placed on the food1 as the dog will take it readily4 ,if the bowels are constipated1 give one to two tablespoonfuls of ,castor ,oil4 ,good care and careful feeding play a very important part in the treatment of asthma4 ,,barrenness ,,cause4--,either the extreme of overfeeding and insufficient exercise or of overworking and insufficient supply of food4 ,contraction of the neck of the womb or atrophy of the ovaries may produce barrenness4 ,there are also other conditions that produce failure to breed1 such as inflammation or growths in the womb or ovaries1 leucorrhea1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,if due to ,leucorrhea there will be a white1 glary discharge from the vagina1 which looks like curdled milk4 ,it sometimes accumulates in the uterus and comes away in large quantities and there is a fetid smell4 ,the animal generally becomes debilitated4 ,in other cases1 where there is a contraction of the womb or atrophy of the ovaries1 no abnormal conditions will be noticed except that the animal fails to conceive when bred4 ,,treatment4--,use both local and constitutional treatment4 ,feed sparingly on nitrogenous food that is easily digested4 ,allow to exercise moderately and the bitch may become fertile1 if no morbid conditions are present4 ,if the animal is constipated administer one to two ounces of ,castor ,oil and if in a run-down1 debilitated condition give ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 ,pulv4 ,ginger ,root1 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 each one dram4 ,make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule three times daily4 ,,bronchitis ,,cause4--,sudden change of temperature1 etc41 choking1 drenching1 inhalations of irritating material as certain vapors1 dust1 etc41 containing infectious material2 accumulations of gas in the stomach containing particles of food may be regurgitated up into the esophagus frequently producing bronchitis4 ,,symptoms4--,the chief symptoms consist of fever1 hurried breathing with a sense of tightness about the chest1 but not always acute pain4 ,the cough is severe and dry at first1 but later expectoration commences4 ,the discharge that is raised from the bronchial tubes at first is a clear1 thin mucus1 but afterwards it becomes thicker1 more abundant and purulent4 ,it is difficult for persons not accustomed to examining the chest to always distinguish the disease from pneumonia1 if the case is one of severity4 ,in mild cases the symptoms need not usually occasion much alarm4 ,,treatment4--,this disease may be prevented frequently by giving five to ten grains of ,dover's ,powder as soon as it is discovered that the dog has taken a cold4 ,it is best given in the evening then placing the dog in a warm bed2 also give some warm stimulants to drink as ,tincture of ,capsicum1 five to fifteen drops in a teaspoonful of luke warm water4 ,in the morning1 give one to two grains of ,calomel4 ,if the above does not cut the disease short1 then keep the dog confined to warm quarters and give inhalations of steam from hot water and ,turpentine4 ,for the cough1 which is usually troublesome1 give the following mixture3 ,potassium ,chlorate1 one dram2 ,liquor ,ammonia ,acetate1 three ounces2 ,vini ,ipecac1 two drams2 ,tincture of ,camph4 ,co41 one-half ounce2 ,aqua ,chloroform1 quantity sufficient to make four ounces4 ,give one to two teaspoonfuls three or four times daily4 ,also feed nutritious food that is easily digested and permit the animal to have access to pure cold water4 ,,burns ,,and ,,scalds ,there is considerable difference in the extent of injury from the burns produced by hot vapors1 fluids1 etc4 ,in some cases1 which are only superficial1 there will be slight inflammation or redness produced1 while in others the burn may be of severity and cause the death of the skin1 followed by sloughing4 ,,treatment4--,for ,burns and ,scalds of ordinary severity1 ,i have derived excellent results from equal parts of ,raw ,linseed ,oil and ,lime ,water1 as it removes the soreness and restores the part to its normal condition4 ,in cases where the skin is sloughed off1 in addition to the above recommended1 dust with ,boracic ,acid1 two ounces2 ,corn ,starch1 two ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,iodoform1 two drams4 ,mix and powder finely4 ,place in sifter top can and apply two or three times daily to the moist1 sloughing surface4 ,,canker ,,of ,,the ,,ear ,,cause4--,filth and dust1 especially in long-eared hunting dogs1 as the inner surface of the ear becomes dirty and damp from wading streams and running through tall1 wet grass4 ,this condition is not serious at first1 but it will irritate the dog so as to cause him to shake his head and scratch the ear with his paw4 ,permit no filth to enter the ear as this will assist to develop a ,canker1 which becomes very painful4 ,,symptoms4--,the dog shakes the head violently and scratches the ears with the paw and even howls from the severe pain produced4 ,the ears will be moist and have a poked-out appearance1 due to the swelling4 ,as the disease progresses1 there will be a very disagreeable discharge from the ear that can be very easily detected some distance from the animal4 ,ulceration eventually follows1 affecting the internal structure of the ear1 which condition is very difficult to treat4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause1 if possible4 ,then inject ten to fifteen drops of the following solution3 ,mild ,chloride of ,mercury1 fifteen grains2 ,lime ,water1 four ounces4 ,shake well and apply to the ear as above mentioned two to three times a day4 ,place a small piece of cotton in the ear after each injection4 ,also place a hood over the ears or bandage them down with a cloth4 ,,catarrh 7,cold in the ,head7 ,,cause4--,the most common1 perhaps1 is exposure1 especially after a dog has been used to warm closed quarters4 ,dogs used for hunting purposes1 when in a poor condition1 with their system weakened1 are often victims of ,catarrh4 ,,symptoms4--,slight dullness4 ,may not take food very well1 hair standing to some extent1 pulse not much affected1 throat becomes sore4 ,after the congestion passes off1 exudation takes place1 followed by discharge and it may be very profuse1 but it need not alarm you4 ,there is generally impaired secretion of urine1 but breathing not much affected in most cases4 ,we also have a discharge from the nose in other diseases1 such as ,distemper1 ,bronchitis1 ,pneumonia1 etc4 ,,treatment4--,the treatment should be constitutional as well as local4 ,place the animal in clean1 well-ventilated quarters2 feed good nourishing food1 which is quite important4 ,the following prescription is very beneficial in suppressing the secretion from the nostrils3 ,ferri ,hypophosphitis1 five grains2 ,quinine ,sulphate1 three grains2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 two drams2 ,arsenous ,acid1 one-half grain4 ,make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day4 ,give inhalations of steam from hot water and ,oil of ,eucalyptus for one-half hour twice daily4 ,permit the dog to exercise if the weather is favorable4 ,if constipated give rectal injections and feed laxative food4 ,avoid giving physics in ,catarrh1 especially if there is fever present4 ,,chorea 7,st4 ,vitus ,dance7 ,,cause4--,due to an irritation of the nervous system4 ,it is especially associated with debility1 although it may follow constitutional diseases1 such as ,distemper1 etc4 ,it is sometimes caused by a direct injury to the brain or spinal cord4 ,,symptoms4--,a continuous twitching of the muscles which is noticeable even though the animal sleeps4 ,the muscles of the head may be affected1 or those of one or both fore limbs or of a hind limb4 ,an animal affected with ,chorea will show an unsteady gait when walking and usually becomes very poor1 although it will have a very good appetite at all times4 ,,treatment4--,in severe cases the dog will not1 as a rule1 respond to treatment4 ,in milder cases1 if taken in hand early1 improvement may be brought about1 but seldom a complete recovery4 ,many drugs have been tried in the treatment of ,chorea1 but the superiority of one medicine over another has not been practically demonstrated4 ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic given in from two to eight drop doses has been tried in a large number of cases and in my experience it has given the best results4 ,the drug should be given at first in small doses and gradually increased as tolerance is established4 ,if the physiological action of the ,arsenic becomes manifested it should be discontinued for a few days4 ,in severe cases1 ,sedatives are indicated4 ,of these1 either ,bromide of ,potassi or ,sodii should be given in ten to twenty grain doses1 prepared in gelatin capsules and administered three or four times a day4 ,attention to the digestive organs and to the diet is necessary during the treatment4 ,if the dog is constipated one or two tablespoonfuls of ,castor ,oil should be administered4 ,feed nitrogenous food that is easily digested and provide comfortable sleeping quarters4 ,,colic ,,cause4--,worms1 indigestible or decomposed irritating food1 compaction or obstruction1 calculus1 strictures of the intestines or it may be due to liver complication and animals swallowing sharp bones1 etc4 ,several forms of poisoning may produce ,colic4 ,,symptoms4--,the dog evinces severe abdominal pain1 usually with constipation and often vomiting4 ,as a rule1 there is no fever or quickness of the pulse4 ,the pain1 which is spasmodic1 is relieved on pressure as the dog prefers to lie on his abdomen in many instances4 ,the dog frequently eats green grass as this causes him to vomit1 which is nature's method of relieving the digestive tract of irritating material4 ,,treatment4--,in cases which are not very severe1 the application of hot cloths to the abdomen frequently affords relief4 ,ginger1 ten to twenty grains1 dissolved in a teaspoonful of water may relieve a mild attack1 but when the above treatment fails the following is recommended3 ,fluid ,extract of ,cannabis ,indica1 one dram2 ,chloroform1 one dram2 ,tincture of ,capsicum1 ten drops2 ,oil of ,peppermint1 ten drops2 ,morphine1 three grains2 water1 quantity sufficient to make one fluid ounce4 ,give ten to fifteen drops every hour1 if necessary4 ,a physic is indicated in the majority of cases of ,colic for the purpose of removing irritants or obstructions from the intestines4 ,calomel1 one to two grains1 is a very efficient drug1 while ,castor ,oil is given with great difficulty and it should be administered only where diarrhoea is a complication of ,colic4 ,rectal injections of warm water is very beneficial in the treatment of intestinal obstructions4 ,it is good practice to give a dog some vermifuge after an attack of ,colic1 as worms frequently produce it4 ,,constipation ,,cause4--,insufficient exercise1 overfeeding or feeding decomposed or irritating foods4 ,dogs are predisposed to indigestion as they frequently swallow a large quantity of indigestible food without masticating it4 ,poor care and exposure to cold also frequently produce ,constipation4 ,,symptoms4--,constipation is often a complication of other diseases1 the feces is dry-looking and may be more or less covered with a mucus4 ,a prominent symptom is straining1 attempts to defecate1 the appetite is greatly impaired1 the dog acts dull and stands with the head down or goes off to some quiet place and lies down4 ,protrusion of the rectum or piles may occur1 especially if the animal has eaten freely of dry1 indigestible food4 ,colicky pains are sometimes manifested4 ,constipation occurring from causes other than a complication of diseases seldom takes on a serious form4 ,,treatment4--,when a dog becomes constipated1 all dry1 indigestible food should be withheld4 ,a soft1 easily digested diet should be fed sparingly and a liberal supply of water allowed4 ,in some cases it is well to exercise the dog4 ,a physic of two to four ounces of ,castor ,oil should be given1 but overdosing with physics avoided4 ,the action of the physic should be assisted by injecting into the rectum warm1 soapy water4 ,tonics which assist digestion by stimulating secretions of the bowels1 should be administered1 as ,ferri ,sulphate1 one-half dram2 ,quinine1 one-half dram2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one-half dram2 ,gentian ,root1 one dram4 ,mix and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule three or four times a day4 ,the above treatment must be persisted in until the constipated condition is relieved4 ,,diarrhoea ,,and ,,dysentery ,,cause4--,among the common causes of ,diarrhoea and ,dysentery can be mentioned irritating foods1 sudden change in feed1 decomposed matter1 irritation from intestinal worms1 imperfect mastication of food and its imperfect preparation for digestion1 eating more food than the digestive organs can well digest1 debilitated condition and irritation from indigestible food4 ,the immediate cause is perhaps the irritated condition of the mucous membranes lining the intestines and a profuse secretion from the intestinal glands1 nature's own method of removing poisonous or infectious matter from the digestive canal4 ,,symptoms4--,undue amount of liquid feces1 the dog weakly and sickly1 the coat staring and perhaps a sort of curdled fluid passes with the feces4 ,if the fecal matter is tinged with blood1 then it is called ,dysentery1 and this is more serious than common ,diarrhoea4 ,these conditions are generally associated with other diseases and should be examined very carefully for complications4 ,,treatment4--,treatment consists of keeping the dog as quiet as possible1 feed sparingly on clean1 easily digested food1 as raw eggs1 etc4 ,it may be necessary to give a dose of physic1 as ,castor ,oil in two to four ounce doses which is an excellent remedy for expelling irritants from the bowels without griping4 ,after the cause or irritant from within the intestines is removed administer ,protan1 one-half ounce2 ,gum ,catechu1 one-half ounce2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 two grains4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four hours4 ,this dose is prepared for a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,to larger dogs or puppies give the same medicine in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,,distemper ,,cause4--,is due to a specific bacteria that is developed spontaneously1 although ,i am of the opinion that insanitary surroundings1 as dark1 damp1 ill-ventilated quarters play a very active part in its causation as well as food that is decomposed1 contaminated or deficient in nitrogenous matter1 or any condition that has a tendency to weaken the dog's constitution4 ,,symptoms4--,the first symptom revealed is a bad cold4 ,the dog chills1 the eyes become inflamed and a thin watery discharge oozes from them as well as from the nostrils1 and1 as the disease progresses1 this thin watery discharge takes on a pus-like character1 becomes thick1 yellow1 tinged with blood1 sticky and very offensive in smell4 ,the dog vomits and has a dry1 husky cough1 the temperature rises from two to four degrees above normal1 the pulse considerably weakened1 breathing hurried and labored and the dog walks around in a staggering stupor and may even go into convulsions4 ,there is also a twitching of the muscles in many cases1 as in ,chorea1 and this disease generally follows ,distemper4 ,in other cases1 the dog will lie flat on the side1 breathe with great difficulty1 in a half-unconscious manner4 ,this is a very unfavorable symptom1 as lung complications have developed4 ,constipation or diarrhoea and even dysentery that is foul in odor may accompany this disease4 ,the dog grows very poor1 weak1 the legs1 nose and ears grow cold and clammy1 and death follows4 ,when the above described symptoms are present1 the dog generally dies in from two to four days4 ,if he lives through this stage1 chances are that he will develop ,chorea and be of practically no value4 ,,treatment4--,as this disease runs its course in about eighteen days1 good sanitary surroundings are very beneficial4 ,pure1 fresh air1 light1 clean and comfortable place to lie upon are also necessary4 ,feed albuminous food1 as raw eggs1 milk1 etc4 ,beef broth is very beneficial in many cases2 also permit the dog to have free access to pure water at all times4 ,if vomiting accompanies the disease1 the following prescription should be administered3 ,diluted ,prussic ,acid1 nine drops2 ,morphine ,hydrochlorate1 ten grains2 ,bismuth ,nitrate1 one dram2 water1 quantity sufficient to make three ounces4 ,give one tablespoonful not oftener than six hours4 ,this should be given a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,when constipation is present1 give two to four ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,the general medical treatment for ,dog ,distemper consists of the following3 ,quinine ,sulphate1 two drams2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 three drams2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 two drams4 ,mix well and make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every two or three hours4 ,this dose should be proportionately increased in dogs weighing over forty pounds1 or decreased for dogs weighing less than forty pounds4 ,of course a difference of five pounds should not be considered4 ,bathe the nose and eyes several times daily in a five per cent solution of ,boracic ,acid4 ,when complications1 as ,chorea or ,pneumonia develop1 use the treatments as described under their respective headings4 ,,eczema 7,surfeit7 ,,cause4--,derangements of the digestive canal1 dogs recovering from distemper1 or a bitch after whelping1 is predisposed to ,eczema4 ,dogs exposed to a sudden chilling of the surface of the body1 when heated1 frequently develop ,surfeit4 ,sometimes dogs confined to poorly ventilated1 damp kennels develop ,eczema1 or ,surfeit4 ,in fact1 any condition that tends to cause a sluggishness of the circulation produces impure blood1 and eruptions of the skin naturally follow as a result4 ,,symptoms4--,this disease generally affects the neck1 back1 inside the thighs1 arms and the abdomen4 ,the skin becomes red1 painful to the touch1 small pimples form and serum oozes from them4 ,this gradually spreads and the skin becomes raw and ulcerated4 ,the dog will continue to scratch and bite himself violently1 producing further irritation1 if not properly treated4 ,,treatment4--,internal treatment is just as essential as applications to the skin4 ,digestive and blood disorders must be eradicated before the outer surface of the body will yield to a treatment4 ,internally1 give ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic1 two to eight drops1 three times daily in the food4 ,the drug should be given at first in small doses and gradually increased as tolerance is established4 ,if the bowels are sluggish1 give one to three grains of ,calomel4 ,this will relieve any irritant in the alimentary canal4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 as vegetables1 ,cod ,liver ,oil1 etc4 ,beef ,broth is beneficial1 but a heavy meat diet should be discontinued4 ,to the irritated surface of the skin1 the following is soothing as well as healing3 ,zinc ,oxide1 one ounce2 ,pisis ,liquid1 one ounce2 ,mercurial ,ointment1 one ounce4 ,mix and apply sparingly once a day4 ,poisons are readily absorbed through the skin1 therefore1 be very careful when using powerful antiseptics over a large surface of the body4 ,,eye ,,injuries 7,conjunctivitis7 ,,cause4--,direct or indirect injuries1 as a blow from a whip1 dust1 sand or chaff in the eye1 or may be due to extreme cold1 or heat1 or foul air4 ,,symptoms4--,an inflammation of the superficial structures of the eye1 with a partial or complete closure1 and a watery discharge due to the overstimulation of the lachrymal glands1 the fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tear duct to carry it away1 hence there will be a continuous flow of tears running down the side of the dog's face4 ,the formation of a film or a scum over the eyes need not cause alarm if the eyeball shows no sign of being lacerated or punctured4 ,,treatment4--,examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body with a clean cloth or feather1 and use a solution made from distilled water containing three per cent ,boric ,acid1 and apply ten or twelve drops to the eye by the use of an ordinary eye-dropper4 ,keep the animal in a clean1 dark room1 as it hastens recovery and avoids other serious eye complications4 ,,fits 7,epilepsy7 ,,cause4--,usually arises from excessive nervous irritation1 induced by disturbances of the stomach and bowels from the presence of worms1 indigestible food1 etc41 or it may arise occasionally from a hereditary predisposition1 sexual excess1 urine irritation1 or from other causes inducing extreme nervousness1 irritability1 etc4 ,dogs affected with this disease are usually troubled with dyspepsia and constipation4 ,,symptoms4--,the leading symptoms of the disease are sudden loss of consciousness1 with spasms of muscles1 followed by exhaustion and drowsiness4 ,after a certain length of time has passed1 the attack returns4 ,about five or ten per cent of the cases give some warning for a short time before the fits come on1 but in most cases the fit comes on suddenly1 the dog whines1 and at once falls to the ground senseless with convulsions4 ,the eyes are partly open1 the eyeballs rolling1 and a gnawing of the teeth1 foaming at the mouth2 the tongue is usually extended out1 and many times badly bitten4 ,the nose is usually cold and clammy and breathing laborious4 ,the fit usually lasts from a few minutes to one-half hour1 but in some cases continues for longer time4 ,,treatment4--,the dog should be placed on a blanket to prevent inhalations of dust1 etc41 remove the collar from around the neck1 and apply cold applications of ice to the head4 ,the remedy most to be relied upon is ,bromide of ,potassium1 and should be given to a dog weighing forty pounds in doses of twenty grains three times a day4 ,the dose to larger or smaller dogs should be given in proportion to their weight4 ,if necessary1 the dose may be increased one-third for a short time4 ,also give ,castor ,oil1 one to two ounces4 ,to puppies give in proportion to their weight4 ,pay strict attention to the organs of digestion1 and see that the nourishment taken is sufficient to nourish the body well1 but be careful not to have an over-amount at one time4 ,also regulate the feed so as to always have five or six hours elapse between feeds4 ,it is advisable to give a vermifuge in all cases of fits1 as worms are frequently producers of the malady4 ,,fractures 7,bone ,fractures7 ,,cause4--,there are several different varieties of fractures1 but for convenience sake ,i will divide them into four varieties3 #a4 ,simple fracture is one in which a bone is broken and the muscles and skin are not severely injured4 #b4 ,compound fracture is one in which the sharp ends of the broken bone penetrate and perhaps pass through the skin4 ,this is considered a rather severe fracture4 #c4 ,comminuted fracture is one in which a broken bone is badly shattered4 #d4 ,complicated fracture is one in which important articular joints and large arteries are injured4 ,some people imagine that the bones of the dog will not unite as quickly as the bones of man1 but ,i am of the opinion that they will unite quicker if the bones are properly placed and the animal kept quiet4 ,i will admit that fractures are somewhat troublesome to treat in some cases1 although ,i have seen dogs with severe fractures make good recoveries without any assistance other than that of nature4 ,in treating a fracture where the bones penetrate the skin1 cut the hair from around the surface and wash with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,place the broken bones in position1 wrap the surface with a thin layer of cotton and retain the bones in position with splints and bandages4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed on soft laxative good4 ,if bowels become constipated1 give two to four ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,if severe swelling follows in a few days1 and the dog shows signs of great pain1 remove the bandage and wash clean with an antiseptic4 ,then place fresh cotton around the part and bandage the same as before4 ,,goiter 7,bronchocele7 ,,cause4--,generally associated with a debilitated condition of a heavy pregnant bitch that is poorly fed1 and exposed to various temperatures4 ,the offspring of such a bitch are very often victims of ,goiter4 ,when the puppies are born the mother's milk lacks sufficient nitrogenous properties2 they are consequently deprived of mineral matter and develop ,goiter4 ,some writers hold that this is hereditary1 because one or more puppies become affected at the same time4 ,i believe that it is due to debility1 starvation1 and what produces it in one dog will produce it in another4 ,although full-grown dogs are often victims of ,goiters1 it is due to some debilitated condition drawing on their systems4 ,even though the dog looks well1 and appears to be in good condition1 his food may be deficient in mineral properties4 ,,symptoms4--,enlargement of the ,thyroid bodies of the ductless gland situated on the under surface of the neck4 ,it may vary from the size of a pigeon's egg to the size of a man's two fists4 ,it is very easily detected1 and does not often interfere with the animal's breathing unless it becomes abnormally large and causes pressure on the windpipe1 jugular vein and esophagus4 ,a dog affected with ,goiter does not thrive1 his hair looks faded1 dusty and rough4 ,,treatment4--,administer ,adrenolin twice daily in five to ten grain doses half an hour before feeding1 and two to five grains of ,potassium ,iodide two times daily shortly after feeding4 ,the ,potassium ,iodide should be discontinued when the skin scales1 or when an abnormal watery discharge from the eyes is present4 ,to the enlargement apply ,tincture of ,iodine once a day with a camelhair brush4 ,if the dog has long hair1 clip it off from over the enlargement4 ,feed the dog on nitrogenous foods1 as raw eggs1 ,cod ,liver ,oil1 ,beef ,broth1 and also supply him with soft bones to chew4 ,where the bowels are constipated1 give one to two ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,the above medicines prescribed are prescribed for dogs weighing forty pounds1 and should be increased when given to larger1 or decreased when given to smaller dogs proportionately to their weight4 ,see that the dog has clean1 light and well ventilated quarters to sleep in4 ,,indigestion 7,dyspepsia7 ,,cause4--,intestinal worms1 indigestible and unnutritious food1 foreign bodies in the stomach1 eating too large a quantity or1 in many cases1 eating too fast1 torpidity of the liver1 derangements of the teeth1 as the accumulations of tartar cause the gums to become soft and sore1 resulting in the dog not taking sufficient time to chew food properly2 excessive or inexcessive exercise1 or improper attention to the hygienic surroundings often derange the digestive system4 ,,symptoms4--,the appetite is depraved1 the dog eats grass freely1 and vomits often2 colicky pains1 persistent constipation and bloating1 causing the dog serious inconvenience4 ,he is irritable1 dull and evidently out of sorts2 his coat looks faded and feels rough2 the temperature and pulse are not much affected2 as a rule the breath is foul1 the tongue covered with a whitish fur1 loss of flesh occurs1 and paleness of the skin4 ,,treatment4--,good hygiene1 careful feeding of nitrogenous foods and regular exercise plays a very important part in the treatment of indigestion4 ,first1 endeavor to clean out the ,alimentary ,canal by the careful use of physics1 as ,calomel in one to three grain doses4 ,feed raw eggs1 sweet milk1 boiled vegetables1 fresh raw beef finely chopped4 ,also give one tablespoonful of ,cod ,liver ,oil two or three times a day4 ,i have derived good results in the treatment of ,indigestion by using the following gastric tonic3 ,pepsin1 two ounces2 ,syrup of ,orange1 two ounces2 ,tincture of ,columbia1 five drams2 ,tincture ,nux ,vomica1 one dram2 ,tincture ,gentian1 one dram2 water1 quantity sufficient to make six ounces4 ,mix and give one or two teaspoonfuls three times daily before feeding4 ,in cases where there is great difficulty in the dog passing the feces1 give rectal injections of soap and warm water4 ,,jaundice 7,liver ,congestion7 ,,cause4--,a sluggishness of the liver1 or by the bile duct becoming obstructed by a ,calculi 7,gall ,stone74 ,either condition suppresses the flow of bile into the bowels1 hence the bile is taken up by the blood and causes the visible mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth to become yellowish in color4 ,the predisposing causes are improper and overfeeding1 combined with lack of exercise in house dogs1 or excessive exercise in hunting dogs1 exposure to damp1 ill-ventilated sleeping quarters1 producing debility1 and liver complications are likely to follow4 ,,symptoms4--,appetite varied1 thirst great1 vomiting occasionally1 the dog shows signs of dullness and sleepiness4 ,then there may be alternate diarrhoea and constipation1 the tongue coated and foul in smell1 the eyes1 mouth1 inside of the ears1 and the skin inside the thighs and fore legs become very yellow and dry1 temperature and pulse not much affected1 the dog passes small quantities of dark amber colored urine frequently1 due to the bile it contains4 ,in severe cases1 the dog loses strength and flesh readily and soon becomes a mere skeleton4 ,jaundice is often a complication of other diseases1 as distemper1 indigestion1 colic1 constipation1 etc4 ,,treatment4--,endeavor to make the dog as comfortable as possible by placing him in quiet1 clean1 light and well ventilated quarters4 ,if he is in great pain1 apply hot applications over the seat of pain and administer ,calomel1 one-half grain2 ,podophyllin1 two grains2 ,powdered ,jalap1 one dram2 ,powdered ,rhubarb1 one dram4 ,make into six capsules and give one capsule once daily to a dog weighing forty pounds2 to smaller or larger dogs regulate the dose in proportion to their weight4 ,the above prescription stimulates the flow of bile from the liver into the bowels1 which is very important in the treatment of ,jaundice4 ,tonics are also necessary1 and ,i have found the following very beneficial in treating convalescing diseases1 especially where the appetite is poor3 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 one dram2 ,quinine ,sulphate1 one dram2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one dram2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two drams4 ,mix and make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three times daily just before feeding4 ,this dose should be given to a dog weighing about forty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,feed raw eggs1 pure sweet milk1 fresh beef finely chopped1 cooked vegetables1 beef broth1 etc4 ,do not feed too large a quantity at any one time4 ,,lung ,,fever 7,congestion of the ,lungs--,pneumonia7 ,,cause4--,frequently occurs when dogs are accustomed to warm1 comfortable quarters1 then exposed to cold1 drafty kennels during cold weather4 ,in fact1 any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of lung disorders4 ,giving fat dogs too much exercise when they are not accustomed to it is frequently the cause of engorgement and inflammation of the soft spongy tissue of the lungs4 ,excessive exercise or running during the hot summer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung tissue as well as heat stroke4 ,washing or dipping dogs during cold weather may chill the outer surface of the body and result in ,congestion of the ,lungs4 ,,symptoms4--,lung ,fever follows as a result of a bad cold1 and is preceded by the symptoms of the primary disease4 ,if due to severe exercise1 the animal appears greatly exhausted1 and the congestion of the lung substance is marked and may occur at this stage of the disease4 ,lung ,fever usually begins with a chill1 and is followed by a high fever4 ,the dog lies down most of the time1 and eats nothing1 or very little4 ,the breathing is hurried and fast1 but when the lung becomes badly involved it is labored4 ,the character of the pulse beat varies1 depending on the extent of the inflammation and the stage of the disease4 ,in most cases the pulse beats are full and quick during the first stage1 but later1 as the condition of the dog improves1 more nearly normal4 ,a very weak pulse is present in severe and fatal lung inflammation4 ,the visible mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth have a congested appearance1 and there may be a slight discharge from the nostrils1 reddish in color4 ,the expression of the face is distressed and anxious1 and in severe cases1 rigors and chilling of the body occur4 ,the respiratory sounds become more or less changed from normal4 ,the cough is at first deep and dry1 later loose and moist4 ,it may be accompanied by a hemorrhage of the lungs during the first stages of the disease4 ,other respiratory sounds are revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest wall and listening4 ,in the very early stages of lung fever1 a crepitating1 or crackling sound can be heard in the diseased parts2 and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas4 ,later1 when the engorgement of the lung substance occurs1 and the air cells become filled by the inflammatory exudation1 the respiratory sounds are deadened4 ,on returning to the normal1 rattling sounds occur4 ,these signs aid greatly in determining the dog's condition4 ,the chance for recovery depends on the extent and acuteness of the disease4 ,careless handling1 exercise1 etc41 lessens the chance for a favorable termination in this disease1 and good nursing helps more in bringing about a recovery than the medical treatment4 ,the chances are more unfavorable in fat dogs than in lean ones1 as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former4 ,the course of the disease is from one to three weeks1 and it may become chronic if the irritation is kept up4 ,in such cases1 unthriftiness is a prominent sign4 ,,treatment4--,preventive treatment in ,lung ,fever must not be overlooked4 ,briefly1 it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose the dog to the disease1 or act in any way as an exciting cause4 ,careful nursing is a very important part of the treatment4 ,the dog should be given a clean1 comfortable1 well ventilated kennel1 and kept as quiet as possible4 ,to keep the bowels from becoming constipated1 give one-half to one ounce of ,castor ,oil daily4 ,feed raw eggs1 pure fresh milk1 beef broth1 etc4 ,in severe cold weather1 the dog must not be permitted to chill or take more cold4 ,cover him with a blanket1 or use artificial heat4 ,as one attack predisposes a dog to the second1 he should be protected from severe cold1 or the other extreme1 heat1 for a few weeks after making a complete recovery4 ,it is advisable to apply strong stimulating liniments over the lungs1 as ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 one ounce2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 one ounce2 ,sweet ,oil1 two ounces4 ,shake well and apply once daily4 ,i have found the following prescription very beneficial in the treatment of ,lung ,fever1 as it regulates the heart action1 lowers the temperature and stimulates the body in general3 ,tincture ,digitalis1 one dram2 ,tincture ,nux ,vomica1 one dram2 ,nitrous ,ether1 two drams2 ,liq4 ,ammonia ,acet41 four drams2 water1 quantity sufficient to make four ounces4 ,give one teaspoonful every two or three hours4 ,all drugs prescribed in the above treatment are based on a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,larger or smaller dogs should receive the same medicine but in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,,mammitis 7,garget1 or ,inflammation of the ,udder7 ,,cause4--,inflammation of the ,udder commonly occurs in heavy milkers1 and is caused by all the milk not being removed4 ,sometimes it occurs as the result of the milk accumulating in the udder when the bitch has lost part of her litter4 ,other causes are obstructed teats1 injuries to the glandular tissues1 and infection from germs4 ,congestion and inflammation of the udder frequently follow difficult birth4 ,,treatment4--,milk the bitch three or four times a day4 ,this will usually relieve the congestion4 ,a physic of ,castor ,oil1 one or two ounces1 should be given and the animal fed on easily digested food1 as boiled vegetables1 fresh raw beef finely chopped1 pure sweet milk1 etc4 ,the udder should be massaged gently with the fingers1 and the following ointment applied3 ,gum ,camphor1 one dram2 ,fluid ,extracts of ,belladonna1 one dram2 ,lanolin1 three ounces4 ,mix and apply two or three times daily4 ,fomentations of hot water are beneficial in the majority of cases4 ,if the appetite is deprived1 administer ,nitrate of ,potash1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one dram2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one dram4 ,mix and make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three times daily before feeding4 ,this dose is based on a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine1 but in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,,mange ,,cause4--,this skin eruption is produced by the ,sarcoptes ,scabi4 ,there are two other forms of parasites that produce ,mange1 but they are so rarely found that we need not mention them4 ,insanitary conditions favor their production4 ,a dog in a poor condition1 with a dirty skin1 etc41 is more liable to be attacked than dogs in good condition and with clean skins4 ,it may be communicated in various ways1 through kennels1 brushes1 collars1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,are generally very plain4 ,it usually attacks the back1 about the root of the tail1 and extends to the head and neck1 spreading quickly4 ,the scabs do not pile up as they do on other large animals1 because the dogs1 on account of the intense itching1 continually rub and scratch themselves so that only thin scabs can form4 ,the affected skin becomes denude of hair1 the dog becomes thin1 emaciated1 etc4 ,the parasites can be seen with an ordinary magnifying glass1 or if the small scabs be scraped off and placed on a dark paper in the warm sun1 you can readily see small1 white objects moving about4 ,eczema usually attacks the belly1 etc41 while true ,sarcoptic ,mange attacks the back and then spreads4 ,,treatment4--,feed soft1 laxative food and give one to two ounces of ,castor ,oil2 also provide clean1 dry sleeping quarters4 ,i have found the following remedy very successful in the treatment of ,mange3 ,oil of ,tar1 one-half ounce2 ,vinice ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,sublime ,sulphur1 one pound2 ,crude ,petrolatum1 one quart4 ,apply once a day4 ,a few applications are generally sufficient to effect a cure4 ,great care should be exercised1 as this disease is very contagious1 and communicated to other dogs4 ,,pleurisy ,,cause4--,the common cause1 perhaps1 is a sudden chilling of the body2 cold1 damp1 chilly weather and damp1 drafty kennels are favorable conditions to cause chilling of the body and the rheumatic form of ,pleurisy4 ,germs may also produce it4 ,it is commonly met with in specific diseases1 as ,distemper1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,chilling and high temperature1 two to four degrees above normal1 the dog generally refuses to eat1 and acts dull4 ,pain is a noticeable sign1 and when the sides of the chest are pressed with the hand the dog will flinch2 this is very noticeable during the early stage of the inflammation1 and may cause a dog to act restless4 ,when breathing the ribs are always held rigid4 ,the breathing movements are mostly in the muscles of the flanks1 the dog getting his breath in short jerks4 ,later1 when fluids collect in the chest cavity1 the breathing is more labored1 and all of the abdominal muscles are used4 ,on absorption of this fluid1 the movements of the lungs may again become jerky in case the inflammation becomes chronic4 ,the character of the pulse beats varies1 and in some cases is very weak4 ,in the early stage of the disease1 friction sounds1 caused by the dry inflamed membranes rubbing against each other1 are detected on placing the ear against the chest walls4 ,later1 the collection of fluids around the lungs may deaden all lung sounds1 especially towards the lower part of the chest4 ,in a mild case of ,pleurisy1 the inflammation is localized to just part of the lungs1 or pleura4 ,a lameness in both front limbs and stiffness in moving about are the most noticeable signs in this form of disease4 ,in ,chronic ,pleurisy a dog is usually very weak and depressed4 ,he is seen frequently lying on his side1 and shows great difficulty in walking4 ,the course of ,acute ,pleurisy is from six to eighteen days2 the chronic form may run a course of two or three months1 or longer4 ,this form is unsatisfactorily treated1 and the dog eventually dies4 ,,treatment4--,place the dog in clean1 warm1 comfortable surroundings2 fresh air is very beneficial1 but omit any drafts4 ,internally1 administer the following3 ,quinine ,sulphate1 two drams2 ,potassium ,iodide1 two drams2 ,carbonate of ,ammonia1 one dram2 ,potassium ,nitrate1 four drams4 ,mix and make into thirty-two capsules4 ,give one capsule every three or four hours4 ,this dose is based on a dog weighing forty pounds2 to smaller or larger dogs give the same medicine1 but in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,feed the dog raw eggs1 pure fresh milk1 cooked vegetables1 finely chopped beef or beef broth1 and in some cases ,i believe it is very beneficial to give the dog small doses of brandy4 ,over the lungs apply the following liniment3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 one ounce2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 one ounce2 ,sweet ,oil1 two ounces4 ,shake well and apply like a shampoo once daily4 ,,piles 7,prolapse of the ,rectum7 ,,cause4--,overfeeding with too stimulating food1 deficiency in exercise1 constipation1 causing straining2 consequently1 ,piles frequently follows4 ,this condition sometimes occurs in weak1 debilitated dogs1 due to a relaxed condition of the intestines4 ,,symptoms4--,in some cases only a portion of the rectal mucous membrane protrudes outside of the anus4 ,in the more severe cases red1 bleeding tumors will be present4 ,after being exposed for a time1 it becomes enormously swollen and dark in color1 and finally dries and cracks on its surface4 ,the protruded part itches intensely1 and the dog rubs and injures the intestine trying to relieve the irritation4 ,usually the appetite falls off1 and the dog is restless if not relieved4 ,,treatment4--,when the dog is constipated1 as is usually the case it should be given a laxative1 such as one to three ounces of ,castor ,oil1 and fed on food that is loosening to the bowels4 ,the protruded rectal mucous membrane should be washed with warm water containing five per cent ,carbolic ,acid until clean2 then replace4 ,if badly swollen and inflamed1 astringent wash should be used1 made from ,water and ,powdered ,alum five per cent4 ,the protrusion can be returned by gentle pressure of the fingers4 ,in case the protruded rectum shows signs of sloughing1 it should be cut off and the cut edges of the rectum stitched to the edges of the anus4 ,,rabies 7,mad ,dog7 ,,cause4--,rabies is produced by a specific micro-organism that is known to exist in the brain1 spinal cord and the saliva of affected animals4 ,this disease is communicated from one animal to another by inoculation1 usually by the bite of a rabied dog1 or the saliva entering a wound or abrasion4 ,wild animals1 as well as domesticated1 no doubt spread the disease by biting1 but it is a fact that dogs are inclined to bite1 and have a good opportunity to attack people1 and hence are considered the principal factor in the spread of the disease4 ,,symptoms4--,are characterized by two forms of ,rabies3 ,furious and ,dumb4 ,in ,furious ,rabies1 the general habits of the dogs are changed4 ,they become very restless1 excited1 and frequently are more affectionate than usual1 licking the hands or face1 soliciting sympathy and help4 ,this form of ,rabies is extremely dangerous1 for the dog's tongue is covered with saliva containing micro-organisms which1 coming in contact with thin skin1 wounds or abrasions1 may inoculate the person to whom the dog is attempting to prove its fondness1 etc4 ,this form of inoculation is not uncommon4 ,usually1 the dog becomes dull1 melancholy1 etc41 seeking some cool1 dark and quiet place4 ,the eyes at times are fixed1 or are rolled about1 and there is an abundant secretion of saliva1 which dribbles from the mouth4 ,it frequently gnaws wood1 especially if tied or locked up1 and makes a desperate effort to get away4 ,it also swallows indigestible objects1 and attempts to bite its master1 mistress and animals4 ,paralysis soon develops1 and the dog has difficulty in swallowing1 and is unable to move about4 ,,dumb ,,rabies4--,this form of ,rabies is accompanied by depression and a tendency to lick objects4 ,paralysis of the muscles that close the mouth causes the jaw to drop or hang down4 ,the dog is unable to bite and1 owing to the relaxed conditions of the mouth1 he cannot close it4 ,the tongue hangs out1 and stringy saliva escapes4 ,the dog may attempt to bite even though the muscles that close the mouth are paralyzed4 ,the duration of the disease is short2 paralysis develops early in the attack1 and death usually occurs in from two to four days4 ,,treatment4--,prevention4 ,all vagrant dogs should be exterminated1 and all dogs that appear in public highways1 streets or public places should be muzzled4 ,this precaution has practically eradicated the disease in ,europe4 ,medical treatment is useless after the first appearance of the symptoms4 ,however1 a wound infected by ,rabies should be immediately cauterized1 or even completely cut away1 care being taken to cut entirely around the wound in the healthy flesh4 ,for cauterizing the wound1 use ,nitric ,acid or a hot iron4 ,sometimes a ten per cent solution of ,zinc ,chloride is used1 and perhaps it is the most successful4 ,to afford absolute protection1 this should be done within a few minutes after being bitten4 ,however1 treatment even as late as a few hours has been known to suppress the development of the disease4 ,pasteur has originated a virus which is used with great success1 and any person bitten by a dog suspected of ,rabies should be submitted to ,pasteur's treatment4 ,,rheumatism 7,articular and ,muscular7 ,,cause4--,this disease is generally attributed to cold1 damp1 filthy1 ill-ventilated kennels1 and exposure1 but it may occur in dogs that are well cared for4 ,overfeeding is also liable to produce it4 ,the most frequent forms of ,rheumatism in dogs are ,lumbago1 ,chest ,founder1 or ,kennel ,lameness4 ,,symptoms4--,the symptoms are quite marked4 ,these are severe loss of appetite1 lameness and general lack of condition4 ,sometimes large swellings appear in the region of the hock1 knee1 and joints of the feet4 ,the muscles of the back are held stiff and arched1 the muscles are tender and sensitive when pressed1 and the dog may be unable to move his hind parts4 ,other cases may show a serious train of symptoms4 ,a bitch that has raised a litter of pups1 when in poor flesh1 is often affected with this disease4 ,a lameness of one or more of the limbs that shows a tendency to shift about is the only sign noticed in the mild form of the disease4 ,stiffness of the joints is noticed1 especially if the quarters are affected1 and the dog lies around a good share of the time and refuses to go far for its food4 ,in ,acute ,rheumatism1 the pain in the affected muscles and joints is intense1 and when these parts are handled1 or the joints moved1 the dog will whine from the pain produced4 ,when lying down1 asleep1 sudden contractions of the muscles may be noticed4 ,this is due to the pain resulting from the relaxing of the muscles4 ,this disease may pursue a long course2 the joints become greatly enlarged1 and the dog grows very thin and weak4 ,in such cases1 a complete recovery seldom follows4 ,,treatment4--,prevention is very important1 such as providing dry1 comfortable quarters1 and the avoidance of exposure4 ,unless this is practiced1 but little can be obtained from medical treatment4 ,a soft laxative diet is also indicated3 ,salicylate ,soda1 three drams2 ,quinine ,sulphate1 one dram4 ,make into twenty capsules and give one capsule every three or four hours4 ,when the bowels are constipated1 give two or three ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,the above doses are based on a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine but proportionately to their weight4 ,it is advisable1 in cases where the limbs are badly swollen1 to apply liniments1 and ,i would recommend the following3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,shake and rub on the affected parts once or twice daily4 ,,rickets ,,cause4--,perhaps the most common cause of this disease is a faulty diet1 as food that is deficient in inorganic matter4 ,unless supplemented by milk or other foods containing lime salt1 the bones are not supplied with the necessary elements2 lack of exercise1 ill-ventilated1 filthy kennels1 etc41 help in causing the disease4 ,a tendency towards ,rickets in pups is no doubt hereditary4 ,,symptoms4--,the dog is usually in good condition at the beginning of the disease4 ,large1 well grown pups may suddenly develop symptoms of paralysis of the hind parts4 ,the weakened condition of the thigh bone1 not being able to support the dog's weight1 fractures4 ,at other times there is a weakness and bending of bones in the limbs1 breaking down of the feet1 bending or arching of the back1 straddling gait1 deformed or disfigured condition of the face or nose4 ,,treatment4--,rickets can be prevented by careful feeding on suitable foods and keeping the dog clean in well ventilated kennels1 where he can get plenty of exercise4 ,whenever a litter of several pups show symptoms of the disease1 the character of the food should be looked into1 and if faulty corrected by adding to it medicines or food containing required elements4 ,it is hardly practical to use medical treatment other than bitter tonics4 ,unless the disease is in an advanced stage1 it can usually be controlled by careful feeding of a ration rich in inorganic substances1 as bone dust1 lime water1 and crushed egg shells1 with a view of supplying calcareous matter to the system4 ,this can be fed to the bitch nursing the pups or1 if the pups are weaned1 feed them carefully4 ,,ringworm ,,cause4--,dogs may become infected with ,ringworm by coming in contact with infected dogs1 or by being shipped in crates or boxes in which infected dogs have recently been transported1 or by using blankets1 brushes1 collars1 etc41 which have been recently used by infected dogs4 ,,symptoms4--,small red spots first appear on the skin1 gradually enlarging1 and are covered with a thin1 grayish scale1 under which is found a serum4 ,the hair falls out as a result of the infection of the skin by the parasite4 ,the outside of the affected patches is red1 while the inner portion takes on a grayish-white color1 giving it a ring appearance4 ,this condition is followed by severe itching2 the dog rubs and scratches severely4 ,,treatment4--,the most effective drug is ,tincture of ,iodine1 applied once daily with a brush4 ,great care must be exercised1 as this disease may be transmitted to man1 and to all domestic animals4 ,sanitary surroundings and good1 clean food1 that is easily digested1 assists materially in eradicating the parasites4 ,,roundworms 7,maw ,worms7 ,this worm is commonly seen infesting the intestines of puppies4 ,the body is generally white in color and slightly curved at the head4 ,this worm has a stiff1 wiry appearance1 and measures from one to three and one-half inches in length4 ,,symptoms4--,puppies are more susceptible to these worms1 although we find them in aged dogs4 ,about fifty per cent of the dogs are infested with these worms4 ,they cause irritation of the intestines1 irregularity of digestion1 diarrhoea1 colic1 nervousness1 constipation1 irregular appetite and a rough1 dry1 unthrifty appearance of the hair and skin1 and the dog becomes emaciated4 ,after this worm migrates into the stomach1 it causes nausea and vomiting1 occasionally the bowels are filled with large masses of these worms1 and their passage aids in determining the cause of the dog's debility4 ,,treatment4--,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours and administer ,thymol1 one grain2 ,santonin1 three grains2 ,calomel1 two grains4 ,mix and place in capsule and give in one dose to a dog weighing fifty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same prescription1 but in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,,sore ,,throat 7,pharyngitis--,laryngitis7 ,,cause4--,sore ,throat is frequently complicated by a cold4 ,sometimes it is produced by inhaling irritating gases1 or administering irritating medicine4 ,injuries from sharp pointed sticks1 eating sharp bones1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,it is more or less severe4 ,the eyes are red and watery1 and the dog is dull and lies around most of the time4 ,the appetite is poor and1 because of the pain and difficulty in swallowing1 the dog may refuse food4 ,the pain in the throat is sometimes severe1 and causes the dog to move about in a restless manner4 ,the character of the cough depends on the part inflamed4 ,when the larynx 7opening of the windpipe7 is involved1 the cough is usually hoarse and the breathing noisy and labored1 as the opening is more or less closed by the inflammation4 ,at other times it is dry and1 when the dog moves about1 or the parts are irritated by dust1 cold air1 etc41 coughing spells usually follow4 ,the throat may be swollen so as to be noticeable from the outside4 ,simple ,sore ,throat is not a serious affection1 and lasts but a short time4 ,the symptoms may be so mild as to escape observation2 however1 if the conditions are favorable1 it may re-occur and assume a severe form or become chronic4 ,,treatment4--,place the dog in clean1 warm1 well ventilated quarters and feed soft food that is easily digested1 as hot milk1 boiled rice1 etc41 and administer the following3 ,potassium ,chlorate1 one dram2 ,liq4 ,ammonia ,acet41 three ounces2 ,vini ,ipecac1 two drams2 ,tincture ,camph4 ,co41 one-half ounce2 ,aqua ,chloroform1 quantity sufficient to make six ounces4 ,give one teaspoonful every four hours4 ,this dose is based on a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,to smaller or larger dogs give doses in proportion to their weight4 ,when the throat becomes badly swollen1 apply a liniment made from equal parts of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 ,turpentine and ,sweet ,oil4 ,apply over the throat and rub in briskly4 ,,tapeworm 7,tenia ,marginata7 ,,cause4--,a dog eating raw flesh of sheep or cattle infested with the larva of the ,tapeworm or ,gid1 ,sturdy1 or ,water ,balls4 7,see ,gid in ,sheep47 ,,symptoms4--,tapeworms in dogs are numerous4 ,it must be borne in mind that an animal is not free from them until the ,tapeworm's head1 apparently the most insignificant part1 has passed from the intestines4 ,so long as the head remains attached to the wall of the bowels by its hooklets it will develop fresh eggs1 producing segments which are passed and prove the means of scattering the parasites4 ,a dog infected with ,tapeworm1 as a rule1 is liable to reflex paralysis1 coughing and convulsions from the irritation caused by its presence in the bowels1 depraved appetite1 unthriftiness1 a rough1 unhealthy condition of the skin1 loss of hair1 anemia1 irregularity of the bowels1 and the feces offensive and slimy4 ,there is generally a certain amount of irritation of the anus1 which renders the dog fond of licking those parts or dragging them along on the ground4 ,tapeworms frequently cause vomiting1 and ,i have seen portions of ,tapeworms expelled in this way4 ,in other cases there may be diarrhoea and obstinate indigestion may be traced to the presence of ,tapeworms4 ,,treatment4--,withhold all food for twenty-four hours and administer ,extract of ,mail ,fern1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,areca ,nut1 one dram4 ,mix in two tablespoonfuls of syrup and give at one dose4 ,follow this treatment in about two hours with one to two ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,this treatment should be repeated in a week or ten days4 ,these doses are based on a dog weighing forty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same medicine1 but in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,,vomition ,,cause4--,this is a symptom which shows itself in almost any disease to which the dog is subject1 so extensive are the reflex influences which follow disease in a dog4 ,this process of ,vomiting can be brought about in the dog by means of many medicines1 and the good effect of emetics is appreciable even to the most casual observer4 ,this class of medicines has been much abused by those caring for sick dogs1 emetics being given for any and every disease4 ,they sometimes free the stomach of irritants and poisons which cause disease and poisoning1 but their use requires care and judgment4 ,,symptoms4--,the dog shows very marked symptoms of pain1 but usually the first signs exhibited are those of a sense of discomfort4 ,the dog moans in his sleep1 wakes suddenly1 curls himself up and goes to sleep again4 ,this continues until at last the vomiting is too urgent to allow rest4 ,the dog utters sharp1 shrill1 continuous cries1 tries all sorts of positions to get itself at ease1 and walks about with the back arched4 ,there may be distention of the abdomen1 due to the gases generated in the bowels from the fermentation of their contents4 ,colicky symptoms frequently accompany vomiting1 due to the spasmodic contractions of the stomach relieving itself of some irritant4 ,,treatment4--,knowing that the causes operating in the production of ,vomiting are so numerous1 it will be easily understood that the treatment must be equally variable4 ,if due to the torpidity of the liver1 give ,calomel1 one to two grains4 ,when worms are suspected1 give worm treatment recommended under the heading of ,worms4 ,when due to poisoning1 give milk and raw eggs4 ,in case it is due to faulty digestion1 or where a dog is recovering from some debilitating disease1 give one-fourth to one-half teaspoonful of ,baking ,soda in a gelatin capsule two or three times a day4 ,the following prescription is recommended when all suspected irritants are removed from the stomach3 ,diluted ,prussic ,acid 7,b4 ,p471 twelve drops2 ,bismuth ,nitrate1 one dram2 ,lime ,water1 four ounces4 ,mix and give one tablespoonful three times daily4 ,this dose is based on a dog weighing fifty pounds4 ,smaller or larger dogs should receive the same prescription1 but in doses proportionate to their weight4 ,this medicine should be administered with great precaution1 as it is very poisonous when used in larger doses1 or given at shorter intervals than above recommended4 ,,wounds ,a wound is a disruption of the soft parts of the body due to external violence4 ,wounds are of various kinds1 as incised1 lacerated1 punctured1 gunshot and poisonous4 ,,treatment4--,if a wound is extensive1 and bleeding is present1 first arrest it1 and the most satisfactory method is as follows3 ,tie the artery from which the blood is escaping1 or twist with forceps1 cauterize with hot iron1 compress by bandaging tightly and apply ,tincture of ,chloride of ,iron4 ,this coagulates the blood1 and is very effective4 ,one important factor in treating wounds is to attend to the drainage1 as decomposed matter absorbed into the blood produces blood poisoning4 ,dogs lick wounds and keep them clean1 therefore it is hardly necessary to apply medicine4 ,,sewing ,,wounds4--,i cannot recommend sewing except in cases of incised or clean-cut wounds4 ,after clipping the hair from around the incision1 and washing it thoroughly with a one in one-thousandth solution of ,bichloride1 stitch with cat-gut or absorbent silk suture4 ,in case of deep1 punctured or gunshot wounds1 with a syringe wash out the wounds1 using a one in one-thousandth ,bichloride solution4 ,for open wounds1 use dusting powders1 as ,iodoform1 ,boracic ,acid1 etc4 ,to keep flies from annoying a wounded dog1 apply the following prescription3 ,oil of ,origanum1 one ounce2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 one ounce2 ,sweet ,oil1 one ounce4 ,apply to and around the wound with a feather4 ,this is also a good healing liniment as well as a fly repellent4 ,,index ,swine ,abortion1 #g ,administration of ,medicine to ,hogs1 #g ,anus1 ,prolapse1 #bc ,bag ,inflammation1 #h ,black ,tooth1 #h ,blood ,poisoning1 #i ,bronchitis1 #aj ,castration1 #aj ,catarrh1 ,nasal1 #ab ,choking1 #aa ,cholera1 #ac ,cold in the ,head1 #ab ,congestion of the ,kidneys1 #af ,diarrhoea in ,young ,pigs1 #ab ,heat ,stroke1 #ca ,hind ,quarter ,paralysis1 #bb ,hog ,cholera1 #ac ,hog ,lice1 #ah ,hog ,regulator and ,tonic1 #f ,indigestion1 #ae ,inflammation of the ,bag1 #h ,inflammation of the ,lungs1 #ah ,inguinal ,rupture1 #bh ,jaundice1 #af ,kidney ,congestion1 #af ,kidney ,worm1 #ag ,lice on ,hogs1 #ah ,location of ,parts of ,swine1 #f ,lung ,fever1 #ah ,lung ,inflammation1 #ah ,lung ,worms1 #ai ,mange1 #bj ,nasal ,catarrh1 #ab ,naval ,rupture1 #bj ,nettle ,rash1 #ba ,paralysis of the ,hind ,quarters1 #bb ,pig ,eating1 #cj ,piles1 #bc ,pin ,worm1 #bd ,pleurisy1 #be ,prolapse of the ,anus1 #bc ,pyemia1 #i ,rheumatism1 #bf ,rickets1 #bf ,round ,worms1 #bg ,rupture1 ,inguinal1 #bh ,rupture1 ,naval1 #bj ,rupture1 ,scrotal1 #bh ,scours in ,young ,pigs1 #ab ,scrotal ,rupture1 #bh ,septicemia1 #i ,sore ,feet1 #bi ,sore ,mouth1 #cj ,sows ,eating ,their ,young1 #cj ,sun ,stroke1 #ca ,swine ,fever1 #ac ,thorn-,headed ,worms1 #cb ,thumps1 #cb ,umbilical ,rupture1 #bj ,urticaira1 #ba ,whip ,worm1 #cc ,worm in the ,kidney1 #ag ,worm1 ,lung1 #ai ,worm1 ,pin1 #bd ,worm1 ,round1 #bg ,worm1 ,thorn-,headed1 #cb ,worm1 ,whip1 #cc ,yellows1 #af ,sheep ,abortion1 #cg ,acute ,indigestion1 #df ,acute ,tympanitis1 #df ,black ,scours1 #ch ,bloating1 #df ,bronchitis1 ,verminous1 #ed ,catarrh1 #ci ,cold in the ,head1 #ci ,congestion of the ,liver1 #ej ,congestion of the ,lungs1 #eb ,congestion of the ,udder1 #dc ,diarrhoea1 #dj ,dyspepsia1 #dh ,dysentery1 #dj ,fluke in the ,liver1 #ea ,foot ,rot1 #da ,forage ,poisoning1 #db ,foul in the ,foot1 #da ,garget1 #dc ,gid1 #dd ,grubs in the ,head1 #de ,head ,grubs1 #de ,head ,maggot1 #de ,hoven1 #df ,indigestion1 #dh ,indigestion1 ,acute1 #df ,inflammation of the ,liver1 #ej ,inflammation of the ,udder1 #dc ,jaundice1 #ej ,lamb ,disease1 #ed ,liver ,congestion1 #ej ,liver ,inflammation1 #ej ,liver ,fluke1 #ea ,location of ,parts of ,sheep1 #ce ,louse ,fly1 #eg ,lung ,fever1 #eb ,lung ,worms1 #ed ,mange1 #ee ,pneumonia1 #eb ,poisoning on ,forage1 #db ,pulmonary ,apoplexy1 #eb ,scab1 #ee ,scours1 ,black1 #ch ,strongylosis1 #ch ,sturdy1 #dd ,tick1 #eg ,tympanitis1 ,acute1 #df ,udder ,congestion1 #dc ,udder ,inflammation1 #dc ,verminous ,bronchitis1 #ed ,verminous ,gastritis1 #ch ,worm1 ,lung1 #ed ,fowl ,abortion1 #gf ,abscesses1 #fe ,air ,sac ,mite1 #fa ,aphtha1 #gi ,apoplexy1 #fb ,ascites1 #gb ,baldness1 #fb ,beak ,obstruction1 #fc ,blackhead1 #fc ,body ,lice1 #fd ,body ,scabies1 #gf ,brain ,hemorrhage1 #fb ,bronchitis1 #fd ,bronchitis1 ,tracheo ,verminous1 #gd ,bruises1 ,deep1 #fe ,bumble ,foot1 #fe ,catarrh1 #ff ,catarrh1 ,gastro-,intestinal1 #gj ,catarrh of the ,crop1 #fi ,chicken ,pox1 #ff ,cholera1 ,fowl1 #hj ,congestion of the ,liver1 #fg ,congestion of the ,lungs1 #fh ,constipation1 #fh ,corns1 #fe ,crop ,catarrh1 #fi ,crop ,inflammation1 #fi ,crop ,impaction1 #fi ,crop ,obstruction1 #fi ,crop ,paralysis1 #fi ,diarrhoea1 #gj ,diarrhoea1 ,white1 #hj ,diphtheretic ,roup1 #ga ,diphtheria1 #ga ,double-,yolk ,eggs1 #gb ,dropsy1 #gb ,eating ,eggs1 #gc ,eating ,feathers1 #gd ,egg ,bound1 #gc ,egg ,eating1 #gc ,egg1 ,incomplete1 #gf ,eggs with ,double ,yolks1 #gb ,eggs without ,shells1 #gc ,eggs with ,soft ,shells1 #gc ,enteritis1 #gj ,favus1 #fb ,feather ,eating1 #gd ,feather ,pulling1 #gd ,feeding ,young ,poultry1 #ge ,fowl ,cholera1 #hj ,gapes1 #gd ,gastro-,intestinal ,catarrh1 #gj ,gleet1 ,vent1 #hj ,gout1 #gh ,head ,lice1 #ge ,hemorrhage of the ,brain1 #fb ,how to ,feed ,young ,poultry #ge ,impaction of the ,crop1 #fi ,incomplete ,egg1 #gf ,infectious ,entero ,hepatitis of ,turkeys1 #fc ,inflammation of the ,crop1 #fi ,inflammation of the ,mouth1 #gg ,intestinal ,obstruction1 #fh ,intestinal ,catarrh1 #gj ,jaundice1 #gf ,leg ,weakness1 #gh ,lice1 ,body1 #fd ,lice1 ,head1 #ge ,liver ,congestion1 #fg ,location of ,parts of the ,fowl1 #ei ,lung ,congestion1 #fh ,mange1 #gf ,mite1 ,air ,sac1 #fa ,mite1 ,red1 #gg ,mouth ,inflammation1 #gg ,mouth ,sore1 #gi ,obstruction of the ,beak1 #fc ,obstruction of the ,crop1 #fi ,obstruction of the ,intestines1 #hf ,obstruction of the ,throat1 #fc ,paralysis1 #gh ,paralysis of the ,crop1 #fi ,pip1 #gg ,pox1 ,chicken1 #ff ,pulling ,feathers1 #gd ,pulmonary ,congestion1 #fh ,red ,mite1 #gg ,rheumatism1 #gh ,roup1 ,diphtheretic1 #ga ,scabies1 #gh ,scabies of the ,body1 #gf ,scaly ,leg1 #gh ,soft ,shelled ,eggs1 #gc ,sore ,head1 #ff ,sore ,mouth1 #gi ,throat ,obstruction1 #fc ,thrush1 #gi ,tuberculosis1 #gi ,turkey 7,blackhead71 #fc ,vent ,gleet1 #hj ,verminous ,tracheo ,bronchitis1 #gd ,warts1 #ff ,weakness of the ,legs1 #gh ,white ,diarrhoea1 #hj ,worms1 #hb ,dog ,abscesses of the ,ear1 #he ,apoplexy1 #hf ,articular ,rheumatism1 #aab ,asthma1 #hf ,barrenness1 #hg ,bone ,fractures1 #ajj ,brain ,congestion1 #hf ,bronchitis1 #hh ,bronchocele1 #aja ,burns1 #hi ,canker of the ,ear1 #ij ,catarrh1 #ij ,cold in the ,head1 #ij ,colic1 #ib ,congestion of the ,brain1 #hf ,congestion of the ,liver1 #ajc ,congestion of the ,lungs1 #ajd ,conjunctivitis1 #ih ,constipation1 #ic ,chorea1 #ia ,diarrhoea1 #id ,distemper1 #ie ,dysentery1 #id ,dyspepsia1 #ajb ,ear ,abscesses1 #he ,ear ,canker1 #ij ,eczema1 #ig ,epilepsy1 #ih ,eye ,injuries1 #ih ,fits1 #ih ,fractures1 #ajj ,garget1 #ajg ,goiter1 #aja ,haematoma1 #he ,indigestion1 #ajb ,inflammation of the ,udder1 #ajg ,injuries to the ,eye1 #ih ,jaundice1 #ajc ,laryngitis1 #aaf ,liver ,congestion1 #ajc ,location of ,parts of ,dog1 #hc ,lung ,fever1 #ajd ,mad ,dog1 #aaa ,mammitis1 #ajg ,mange1 #ajg ,maw ,worm1 #aae ,muscular ,rheumatism1 #aab ,pharyngitis1 #aaf ,piles1 #aaj ,pleurisy1 #ajh ,pneumonia1 #ajd ,prolapse of the ,rectum1 #aaj ,rabies1 #aaa ,rheumatism1 #aab ,rickets1 #aad ,ring ,worm1 #aae ,round ,worm1 #aae ,scalds1 #hi ,sore ,throat1 #aaf ,st4 ,vitus ,dance1 #ia ,surfeit1 #ig ,tapeworm1 #aag ,tenia ,marginata1 #aag ,udder ,inflammation1 #ajg ,vomition1 #aah ,worm1 ,maw1 #aae ,worm1 ,tape1 #aag ,wounds1 #aai